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  <row Id="2" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:00:01.793" Score="42" ViewCount="44681" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following tooth cracks are noticeable when a torch is shining on them (without the torch, they aren't visible).  Are they serious?  How viable are the teeth, and might they need to be replaced with false teeth in the near future?  There is no pain experienced, but they seem to look quite bad:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2sgis.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Teeth 1&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k3R8j.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Teeth 2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="8" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T19:33:14.567" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T04:22:54.330" Title="What are these lines in teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:06:32.503" Score="14" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;(By 'fortified', I refer to this definition: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/fortify?q=fortified&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increase the nutritive value of (food) by adding vitamins&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any differences between calcium supplements (as pills or tablets), and foods fortified with calcium (e.g., artificially added to products such as soy milk)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't the solid calcium carbonate in supplements chemically the same as aqueous calcium carbonate in fortified drinks? I'm lactose-intolerant. Alas, purely natural foods don't contain enough calcium for the Recommended Daily Intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Optional Reading and Addendum:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/features/calcium-supplements-pills?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1. WebMD&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Keep in mind that there's really not that much difference between getting calcium in a supplement and calcium in food.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &quot;Calcium-fortified foods -- such as cereals, some juices, and soy milk -- are excellent sources of the mineral, experts tell WebMD.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/high-calcium-intake-from-supplements-linked-to-heart-disease-in-men-2013020658610&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2. health.harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;: An 8-ounce portion of off-the-shelf orange juice contains about 300 mg of calcium. The calcium in fortified soy milk also compares favorably to whole milk.&#xA;  Breakfast cereals (which are also fortified) contain substantial amounts of calcium, especially when combined with low-fat milk.&#xA;  A portion of oatmeal on its own contains just 100 mg of calcium. “But if you cut up some dried figs and add it to a bowl of oatmeal with milk, you easily get about half of what you need without having any supplements,” Dr. Hauser says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/thinking-twice-about-calcium-supplements-2/?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3. NY Times Blog&lt;/a&gt;,   &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/health/25brody.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4. NY Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: I originally posed this &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/10429/4466&quot;&gt;at Biology SE&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T00:01:10.120" Title="Calcium supplements versus &quot;fortified with calcium&quot;" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:11:24.947" Score="32" ViewCount="929" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most often-cited facts about human life, compared to those of other animals, is that the main reason we live so much longer is modern medicine. Because we can treat illnesses that would previously affect lifespan, we are far more likely to live greatly extended lifespans. However, this leads to two possible (conflicting) logical conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who by chance didn't get deadly diseases before modern medicine would live as long as people today, meaning the ability for any &lt;em&gt;individual&lt;/em&gt; to survive ninety or more years, far longer than nearly all animals, is unrelated to modern medicine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every illness one experiences weakens the body in some way, robbing it of future years. This would mean the role of modern medicine in extending lifespan is treating these illnesses to prevent the gradual reduction in lifespan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the first is true, then lifespan itself isn't influenced by modern medicine unless it prevents death as the direct result of a disease, and only &lt;em&gt;average&lt;/em&gt; lifespan is affected. In other words, if nine in ten dies at age thirty due to a deadly disease, and one in ten dies at age eighty by avoiding disease, the average life expectancy is thirty five, even though an individual could by living an extremely careful life survive to reach eighty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the second is true, then short periods of non-deadly illnesses experienced by everyone each shorten life expectancy by a tiny amount, together decreasing &lt;em&gt;everyone's&lt;/em&gt; lifespan to the same thirty five, rather than the effect being a result of averages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So does each illness shorten lifespan, or is it only a result of averages that lifespan was so low pre-modern medicine, and humans always had the capacity for exceptionally-long lives?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T14:14:31.053" Title="If human life is so long largely due to modern medicine, does every illness shorten lifespan?" Tags="&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:21:14.007" Score="16" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time one takes a pill, drinks a glass of wine, or uses an illicit drug, it is understood that the effects are temporary. Caffeine only keeps one awake for a few hours, alcohol only intoxicates for a few hours, aspirin only staves off a headache for a few hours. This is because the immune system breaks medicines down, and when they're entirely gone, so is the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can the body break down anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The assumption is that the body remains alive long enough to finish breaking down (or not breaking down) the substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T18:37:28.483" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T10:40:39.660" Title="Can the immune system break down anything?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="478" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:26:15.727" Score="25" ViewCount="6266" Body="&lt;p&gt;While playing indoor soccer a couple days ago, I was fouled and fell forwards so that my hand skidded across the court a bit. It left the blister as you see in the image here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PDHo5m.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;the blister&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I consider when deciding to remove this blister? I could open and drain this blister, removing the excess skin afterwards, or leave it as is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I figure since it's in a place that is likely to be touched/disrupted I should remove it since it's likely to open anyways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T04:27:47.377" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T18:13:37.963" Title="What should I consider when deciding to remove a blister or not?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;&lt;removal&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:28:52.820" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, it's best to leave blisters undisturbed. Unroofing the blister completely is definitely ill-advised, as it exposes the entire dermis underneath, removing a primary barrier to infection. Cover it loosely with rolled gauze and leave it alone; it will either drain on its own, or reabsorb the fluid over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T19:28:52.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:29:37.167" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certainly not.  By definition, it cannot break down poisons (at least not quickly enough) to stop the body being harmed or killed.  In addition, it can not break down (or &quot;neutralize&quot;) many radioactive substances.  A famous example of this was the murder of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko#Poisoning_and_death&quot;&gt;Alexander Litvinenko&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised. His illness was later attributed to poisoning with radionuclide polonium-210 after the Health Protection Agency found significant amounts of the rare and highly toxic element in his body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T19:29:37.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:31:01.247" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, in the case of most drugs, it has nothing to do with the immune system &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. Generally, drugs are either chemically modified (often in the liver) to make them inert, or excreted (either in the urine or the stool) thus removing them from the body. When the liver or the kidneys are not working properly, drugs fail to be excreted or digested, resulting in accumulation, which may be toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T19:31:01.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:36:37.267" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both. Human cells largely exhibit a phenomenon called &lt;em&gt;senescence&lt;/em&gt; - they just give up and die after they reach a certain age via a biochemical mechanism called &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26873/&quot;&gt;apoptosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. The outer limit of survivability for human cells is generally understood to be in the 100-120 year range. One of the things that makes a cancer cell cancerous is the deactivation of the signals for apoptosis, making the cell effectively immortal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, most illnesses, particularly the &quot;lifestyle illnesses&quot; (diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia) so common today, do induce some changes which shorten lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most significant changes which extended human life were the development of (a) sanitation and (b) antibiotics. These together dramatically reduced death by infectious disease. Removal of early death from infection exposed these diseases of late-life and lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastEditorUserId="174" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T11:05:57.097" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T11:05:57.097" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:38:35.420" Score="19" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.webmd.com/womens-health/2014/10/do-you-really-need-calcium-supplements.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Do You Really Need Calcium Supplements?&lt;/em&gt;, Margaret Polaneczky MD, 2014 Oct 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also have heard that taking calcium supplements can lead to heart disease. It’s still an open question. Some studies suggest up to a 20% increase in heart disease in men and women who take calcium supplements, but other studies do not find this risk, or find it only in men and not women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Recommendation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you're at increased risk for a fracture (you can calculate your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/click?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2FFRAX%2F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fracture risk here&lt;/a&gt;), forgo the supplements and get your calcium from food and drinks. If you don't eat dairy, look to non-dairy calcium sources. If you can't get your entire recommended daily allowance (RDA) of it from food, &lt;strong&gt;only take as much calcium supplementation as you need to make up the difference between dietary sources and the RDA for your age group&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My teenage cousin doesn't suffer from any problems due to Calcium deficiency or that need Calcium supplementation. He's lactose-intolerant.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.osteoporosis.ca/osteoporosis-and-you/nutrition/calcium-requirements/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; states that he needs 1000 mg of Calcium daily but it fails to address the impracticality of satisfying RDA from eating only  natural foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given his fear, he'll keep any consumption of Calcium supplements far below the maximum dosage. Then are Calcium supplements safe to consume?  Conflicting answers from different doctors (whom he consulted) worsen his confusion. Some recommend Calcium supplements, but others reject them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: I read the following which I list chronologically, but they sound uncertain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health-navigator/two-new-studies-add-fuel-to-the-calcium-supplement-debate/article8626924/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Globe and Mail article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Science Based Medicine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/calcium-supplements-and-heart-attacks-more-data-more-questions/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/do-calcium-supplements-cause-heart-attacks/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T17:09:22.513" Title="Are calcium supplements harmful, even if you stay short of the maximum dose?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:39:31.057" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calcium carbonate is largely insoluble in aqueous solutions; you need stomach acid to change it into calcium BIcarbonate, which is much more soluble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calcium-fortified foods are generally fortified with other calcium salts which are more soluble, such as calcium acetate, calcium lactate, or calcium gluconate, unless the food is high in acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T19:39:31.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18" CreationDate="2015-03-31T19:58:50.160" Score="40" ViewCount="1575" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been argued by various medical organizations that male circumcision has various medical benefits, such as reducing the risk of catching HIV, or reducing the risk of urinary tract infections, for instance.  Are there any respectable scientific studies to back these assertions up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T23:40:46.263" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T23:15:39.403" Title="Are there any health benefits to male circumcision?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:06:23.537" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that those lines are craze lines. &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Craze lines are merely cracks in the enamel that do not extend into the dentin.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; They occur because of stress in your teeth, ie: grinding your teeth, biting your nails, and even routine use of your teeth. What you've said also matches up with craze lines in that you don't experience any pain. Those craze lines aren't nearly as bad as some other teeth. Craze lines rarely lead to tooth breakdown, so you almost definitely won't have to get them replaced. There are some studies that say that craze lines may be spots where cavities can form, but these potential problems can be easily detected by dentists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most craze lines, like the ones below, are much worse than yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7VFy0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Craze Lines&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oralanswers.com/craze-lines-in-teeth/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Craze Lines: Hairline Cracks In Your Front Teeth&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T01:00:04.903" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T01:00:04.903" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:13:07.203" Score="18" ViewCount="26152" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floater#Diagnosis&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; on eye floaters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Floaters are often caused by the normal aging process and will usually disappear as the brain learns to ignore them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if this might be the case for very small floaters, what about larger ones that cannot be &quot;hidden&quot; from our vision (but that might be moved away from the point we're looking at)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will they remain visible or could they disappear with time? I couldn't find credible sources or agreement on their fate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="36" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T04:40:57.250" LastActivityDate="2020-12-09T04:37:49.780" Title="Will eye floaters ever disappear?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="313" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:17:59.453" Score="12" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that diet factors play a big role in the creation of calcium oxalate kidney stones? Some doctors and other sources recommend cutting out coffee, tea, soft drinks, and dietary calcium to reduce the risk of stones. Other sources seem to recommend cutting out dietary items that increase oxalate levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that scientists have a good understanding of how kidneys function, yet there doesn't seem to be a consensus for dietary recommendations for these types of stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most obvious answer would seem to be water consumption. The less water one consumes, the less dilute the urine in the kidney becomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="39" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T02:12:20.970" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T02:12:20.970" Title="Dietary Factors for Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones" Tags="&lt;renal&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="17" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="257" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:18:23.647" Score="9" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our daughter was diagnosed with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (WPW) at zero weeks age in April 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a very interesting &lt;a href=&quot;http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1115726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study from 1990 that talks about the long term development of WPW&lt;/a&gt;. It can be summarized as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among those whose tachycardia began at age 0 to 2 months, it disappeared in 93% and persisted in 7%. In 31%, it disappeared and reappeared at an average age of 8 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the study is 25 years old, I was wondering whether or not there are newer studies that better results (especially how the recurrence for patients given drugs compares to those without drugs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So my question is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any recent studies about the long term development/evolution of WPW in toddlers/kids/young adults?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="33" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T00:23:48.500" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T00:29:06.523" Title="Are there current studies about long term development of WPW in children?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="18" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:29:08.227" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is evidence that neonatal circumcision saying that the benefits of circumcision outweigh the risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a study done on neonatal circumcision&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;, the lifetime benefits of being circumcised outweighed the risks 100 to 1. Some of the risks people may associate with circumcision are very unlikely. Excessive bleeding only happens 0.1% of the time, infections 0.02% of the time, and loss of penis 0.0001% of the time. The percentage of death is only 0.00001%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it shows that males who have been circumcised require half as much medical attention as males who have not been circumcised. Also, the overall risk of circumcised men having serious medical implications is 1 to 5000; this includes things like HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00036-6/fulltext#tbl4&quot;&gt;This graph&lt;/a&gt; contains other relevant information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some people who disagree with the article mentioned above.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; In a direct statement against the article, it is said that the article is &quot;marred by bias.&quot; They note how the article fails to mention many things, such as statements against circumcision and harms in sexual experience. It doesn't completely refute the article that says circumcision is beneficial, but it is something good to think about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00036-6/fulltext#sec3&quot;&gt;Circumcision Rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00747-2/fulltext&quot;&gt;Bias and Male Circumcision&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T01:10:09.960" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T01:10:09.960" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="19" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="20" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:33:22.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="21" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="37" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:37:34.437" Score="45" ViewCount="4012" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can MRIs have any deleterious effect on one's health? Or would it be safe to have say 5 MRIs per year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T13:28:28.673" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T13:28:28.673" Title="Can MRI scans be dangerous for one's health?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="22" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:41:07.330" Score="14" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use speech recognition all day long for my work and most of my personal activities. Put aside taking frequent short breaks, making sure that I don't speak unnecessarily louder than I need to achieve a high speech recognition accuracy, and drink frequently, what else can I do to avoid voice strain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more advice from &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170226165240/https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/taking-care-your-voice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170226165240/https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/taking-care-your-voice&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stay hydrated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Limit your intake of drinks that contain alcohol or caffeine, which can cause the body to lose water and make the vocal folds and larynx&#xA;  dry. Alcohol also irritates the mucous membranes that line the throat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use a humidifier in your home. This is especially important in winter or in dry climates. Thirty percent humidity is recommended.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Avoid or limit use of medications that dry out the vocal folds, including some common cold and allergy medications. If you have voice&#xA;  problems, ask your doctor which medications would be safest for you to&#xA;  use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maintain a healthy lifestyle and diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't smoke and avoid second-hand smoke. Smoke irritates the vocal folds. Also, cancer of the vocal folds is seen most often in&#xA;  individuals who smoke.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Avoid eating spicy foods. Spicy foods can cause stomach acid to move into the throat or esophagus, causing heartburn or GERD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Include plenty of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables in your diet. These foods contain vitamins A, E, and C. They also help keep the&#xA;  mucus membranes that line the throat healthy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Wash your hands often to prevent getting a cold or the flu.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Get enough rest. Physical fatigue has a negative effect on voice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Exercise regularly. Exercise increases stamina and muscle tone. This helps provide good posture and breathing, which are necessary for&#xA;  proper speaking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If you have persistent heartburn or GERD, talk to your doctor about diet changes or medications that can help reduce flare-ups.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Avoid mouthwash or gargles that contain alcohol or irritating chemicals. If you still wish to use a mouthwash that contains alcohol,&#xA;  limit your use to oral rinsing. If gargling is necessary, use a salt&#xA;  water solution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Avoid using mouthwash to treat persistent bad breath. Halitosis (bad breath) may be the result of a problem that mouthwash can't cure, such&#xA;  as low grade infections in the nose, sinuses, tonsils, gums, or lungs,&#xA;  as well as from gastric acid reflux from the stomach.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-02-26T16:58:38.803" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T19:14:16.257" Title="How can I avoid voice strain when using speech recognition all day long?" Tags="&lt;voice&gt;&lt;computers&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="23" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="28" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:42:38.480" Score="4" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosporin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Neospirin&lt;/a&gt;'s instructions that it is advised to apply only a thin layer of it. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:54:09.007" Title="When applying Neospirin to a wound, why is it advised to apply only a thin layer of it?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="24" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:46:23.263" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;While they're sometimes confused by the public, X-Ray CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) work by entirely different priniciples. X-Ray radiation is harmful, and any unnecessary exposure should be limited. MRI works by putting the subject into a very strong magnetic field and using radiowaves to excite specific nuclei. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential dangers of MRI are equivalent to the dangers of strong magnetic fields and radiowaves (and potentially any contrast medium that is used, which can cause allergic reactions). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.htm&quot;&gt;According to the FDA:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no known harmful side-effects associated with temporary exposure to the strong magnetic field used by MRI scanners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the strong magnetic field you need to avoid bringing any metal objects near the MRI, they will be attracted by the magnet and become dangerous projectiles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:46:23.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="25" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:48:22.580" Score="8" ViewCount="563" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using computers, I often want to send more inputs than my keyboard can. I once tried to use a foot pedal (a.k.a. footswitch) to send mouse clicks and modifier keys, but it seemed to put a lot of strain on my ankle. Is it possible to use a foot pedal to send mouse clicks and modifier keys without getting any &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RSI&lt;/a&gt;-like issues, and if so, how shall I use it ergonomically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the foot pedal I use: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/product/savant-elite-dual-action-usb-foot-switch&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Savant Elite Dual Action USB Foot Switch by Kinesis Corporation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KHyVU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My posture:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FFxa6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T23:42:23.710" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T23:42:23.710" Title="Can I use a foot pedal to send mouse clicks and/or modifier keys ergonomically?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="26" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="39" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:52:12.037" Score="50" ViewCount="1407" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cellular phones are taking ever increasing part in our lives, and I keep hearing people saying they are harmful to our health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific researches so far proving or disproving those claims?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found couple of semi-scientific articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/cell-phones-and-cancer/faq-20057798&quot;&gt;Is there any link between cellphones and cancer?&lt;/a&gt; which says:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The possible connection between cellphones and cancer is controversial. Many years' worth of studies on cellphones and cancer have yielded conflicting results&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In one study that followed more than 420,000 cellphone users over a 20-year period, researchers found no evidence of a link between cellphones and brain tumors&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Another recent study suggested a possible increased risk of glioma — a specific type of brain tumor — for the heaviest cellphone users, but no increase in brain tumor risk overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834888&quot;&gt;Long-term Cell Phone Use Linked to Brain Tumor Risk&lt;/a&gt; which says:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long-term use of both mobile and cordless phones is associated with an increased risk for glioma, the most common type of brain tumor, the latest research on the subject concludes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The new study shows that the risk for glioma was tripled among those using a wireless phone for more than 25 years and that the risk was also greater for those who had started using mobile or cordless phones before age 20 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the second appears to conclude direct health risk, I'm pretty sure it's not yet any hard proof otherwise we would have seen huge lawsuits being filed all over the place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If really  harmful, what factors are in place e.g. cellular phone model, signal strength, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-03T23:16:27.640" LastActivityDate="2020-07-03T23:16:27.640" Title="Is there any health risk in cellular phones?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;&lt;health-outcomes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="27" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:52:43.560" Score="6" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;When suffering from a tendinopathy (e.g. an epicondylitis), one often faces the dilemma between exercising to regain strength, stretching and resting. How to decide what is the most appropriate action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T21:18:37.570" Title="To heal a tendinitis, how to decide when to exercise, stretch and rest?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="28" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:54:09.007" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like many medications you want to use the amount necessary, no more, no less. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674453&quot;&gt;Contact dermatitis has been caused by Neosporin&lt;/a&gt; (and similar products). I would mention a few particular reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21247665&quot;&gt;Topical antibiotics can contribute to medication resistant germs&lt;/a&gt;, and having goop sliding out of a bandage and onto non-injured areas of your skin serves no beneficial purpose but does increase medication resistance. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The more you expose yourself to Neosporin-esque products, the higher your rates for &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Contact_Dermatitis&quot;&gt;contact dermatitis&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The effect of having a gooey half-Neosporin / half-body-fluid ooze coming out of your bandage isn't going to help anything, will weaken the bandage, and is spreading its little cocktail all over your skin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short it's pretty common to always use the smallest amount of pharmacology to achieve whatever ends. The more medicine you use, the greater the chance of side effects and the greater their impact will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T20:54:09.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="29" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:55:13.177" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several good tips to help avoid voice strain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Like you said, drink a lot of water (6-8 glasses a day); also, limit your intake of caffeinated drinks or alcoholic drinks, as they dry your throat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you are talking, support your voice with deep breaths, like singers have to; speaking from your diaphragm puts less stress on your voice and also make you talk clearer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you start to feel that you are getting voice strain, stop talking and just rest for a little while. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/takingcare.aspx#4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Taking Care of Your Voice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T20:30:07.750" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:30:07.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="30" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="61" CreationDate="2015-03-31T20:59:16.880" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;When suffering from some tendinopathy, how to distinguish whether the pain comes from a non-inflammatory tendinopathy (a.k.a tendinosis) or from an inflammatory tendinopathy (a.k.a. tendinitis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:01:14.110" Title="How to distinguish a non-inflammatory tendinopathy (a.k.a tendinosis) from an inflammatory tendinopathy (a.k.a. tendinitis)?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="31" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:06:18.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source does not explicitly tell the long-term story, but I presume that since those particles are actual matter inside your eye (due to the ageing process as your body slowly disseminates), then they would not dissolve with the time, nor leave the eye-ball. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logically, they might stick to the wall of an eye-ball or something similar. Nor is it likely that the new particles would occur very often. But that is just an educated guess based on the source (TED-Ed): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6e_m9iq-4Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6e_m9iq-4Q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="40" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T21:06:18.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="32" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:11:37.670" Score="4" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dexamethasone&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;iontophoreses&lt;/a&gt; used to treating a tendinopathy known to have any deleterious effect on tendons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T18:09:03.287" Title="Effect of dexamethasone iontophoreses on tendons" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;dexamethasone&gt;&lt;iontophoresis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="34" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="27" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:18:37.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Purely anecdotal, but I've never seen good results from pushing tendinitis (and bursitis, and really any connective tissue inflammation). Decades of (amateur) athletics have taught me that the magic to treating tendinitis is to identify it early and stop aggravating it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little bit of tendinitis is a lot easier to work through than a lot of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/23662/should-i-squat-with-sore-knees/23666#23666&quot;&gt;&quot;good vs bad pain&quot; continuum&lt;/a&gt;, tendinitis is very much on the &quot;bad&quot; spectrum. In large part this is why proper training spends so much time ensuring that you don't develop overuse injuries (such as tendinitis) since it is so debilitating and can easily sideline progress for weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T21:18:37.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="35" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="36" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:19:12.927" Score="3" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble distinguishing the roles of an occupational therapist and physical therapist in the USA. In the French health system, patients simply go to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A9sith%C3%A9rapie&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;masseur-kinésithérapeute&lt;/a&gt; and I don't believe there is such distinction (I might be  wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say I have a tendinopathy in the USA: should I go to the occupational therapist or the physical therapist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T21:28:57.040" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T19:00:44.770" Title="Should I go to the occupational therapist or the physical therapist if I have a tendinopathy in the USA?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="36" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="35" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:28:09.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should probably go to a physical therapist. Physicals therapists are more specialized in that they will treat the actual injury and its source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Occupational therapy (OT) addresses patients' impairments and functional limitations with the purpose of increasing their capability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs).&quot; Occupational therapy is more for helping people get on with their everyday life, usually when you have a permanent disabilities, such as an amputated limb. They help people do things such as bath and cook independently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Physical therapy (PT) is a health profession that focuses on the movement of the human body. Physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapy assistants (PTAs) treat patients of all ages with physical impairments and functional limitations as a result of a medical condition or injury.&quot; Physical therapy is more for injuries that can be fixed (not 100% of the time, but close to it). This fits what you need, so the better option would be to go to a physical therapist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.missouricollege.edu/student-life/blog/october-2014/difference-between-occupational-and-physical-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;The Difference Between Occupational and Physical Therapy&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T03:23:16.953" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T03:23:16.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="37" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:31:01.373" Score="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the greatest benefits of MRI scans is their safety. Unlike PET, X-ray, CT and most other scans, MRIs use the properties of body tissues in magnetic fields to produce an image. The MRI machine produces a powerful magnetic field which interacts with body tissues to produce radio waves, which are in turn interpreted by a computer to determine the location of the tissues.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/How-does-it-work.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not, however, mean MRIs are completely without risk. First and foremost, an MRI machine is basically a giant magnet. If one has metal in his or her body, from a medical implant, car accident, or even an improperly done tattoo, the MRI machine can move it, potentially violently. In the case of medical implants, an MRI machine can easily destroy any electrical components.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asnr.org/patientinfo/procedures/mri.shtml#block2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; There are a number of different reasons metal might be present in the body.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/Who-can-use-it.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; This is why MRI technologists are trained to ask, repeatedly, about any metal that may be present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to metal, some MRIs involve contrast media, chemicals injected or consumed that increase visibility of certain tissues in MRI scans. These chemicals are normally removed by the body rather quickly, and except in individuals with reduced kidney function, are for the most part safe. However, there have been cases of allergic reactions and side effects.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insideradiology.com.au/pages/view.php?T_id=38#.VRsOKzvF_pb&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Also, recently, questionable studies have presented possible links between gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, though the American FDA has stated that this link is only significant in patients with kidney disease, as &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;NSF has not been reported in patients with normal kidney function&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm223966.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In Short&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In healthy individuals, with properly-functioning kidneys, no medical implants, no improperly-done tattoos, and no metal embedded in the body, MRIs are completely safe, once or even quite often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T20:51:50.083" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="39" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:40:06.870" Score="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;The IARC has concluded that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet&quot;&gt;cell phones are a &quot;possible carcinogen&quot;&lt;/a&gt; due to the amount of evidence going both directions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gist of it is summarised on the website itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cell phones emit radiofrequency energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closest to&#xA;  where the phone is held.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The amount of radiofrequency energy a cell phone user is exposed to depends on the technology of the phone, the distance between the&#xA;  phone’s antenna and the user, the extent and type of use, and the&#xA;  user’s distance from cell phone towers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Studies thus far have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or&#xA;  neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology and how&#xA;  people use cell phones have been changing rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928468014000649&quot;&gt;Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma – Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997–2003 and 2007–2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="47" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T12:19:33.383" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T12:19:33.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="40" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4717" CreationDate="2015-03-31T21:40:37.900" Score="7" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;When suffering from tendinitis, does the inflammation itself cause any pain, and if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T05:12:41.263" Title="Why are inflammations painful in the case of a tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="41" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="42" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:07:14.380" Score="14" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;My young son keeps getting ear infections. The otolaryngologist want to perform surgery to put tubes in his ear drums. How does putting a tube in the ear drum help with the ear infections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:21:57.667" Title="How do tubes help treat ear infections?" Tags="&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="42" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="41" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:17:10.527" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ear tubes do many things to help ear infections. The most important things they do are draining the ear of fluid and ventilating the ear. Overall, this will help your child hear better. The tubes also stop fluid from building up behind the ear drum, which should help prevent the ear infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Stuff to watch out for&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is always the possibility of ear infections coming back after the 6-12 months that the tubes will be in. There is also a minor chance of hearing loss because of scarring of the ear drum. The tube can become blocked, stopping it from working. To help prevent these complications, you will have to routinely visit the doctor for a systems check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/tubes-for-ear-infections&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;WebMD - Tubes for Ear Infections&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.entnet.org/content/ear-tubes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Ear Tubes&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:21:57.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="43" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="44" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:23:31.990" Score="9" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Type 1 Diabetes, also known as &quot;Juvenile-onset&quot; diabetes (due to the fact that it's often diagnosed early in life) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by the body's inability to to produce insulin, the body's primary means of regulating glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes this disease? Can it result from eating too much candy at a young age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="49" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T01:51:45.447" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T07:22:06.437" Title="What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="44" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:23:31.990" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/type-1-diabetes-cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;short answer&lt;/a&gt; is that Type 1 diabetes is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;autoimmune disease&lt;/a&gt;, a disease that is caused by the body's own immune system attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells, called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;beta cells&lt;/a&gt; (which are located in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;islets of Langerhans&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What, exactly, kicks off this autoimmune response &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1#Cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is as yet unclear&lt;/a&gt;. Some options are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432533&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genes&lt;/a&gt;, and different components of the environment, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v3/n4/full/ni0402-338.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;viruses&lt;/a&gt;, and certain &lt;a href=&quot;http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/category-details?id=6918&amp;amp;table=copytblagents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemicals&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptozotocin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to diabetes professional &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/darthskeptic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;@darthskeptic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That candy won't give you diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unless it's molded into a blade, hardened, sharpened, then used to&#xA;  remove your pancreas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/darthskeptic/status/508508744100347904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6 Sep 2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/51/49&quot;&gt;Is there evidence that eating too much sugar can increase the risk of diabetes?&lt;/a&gt; for info on Type 2 Diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;sub&gt;Funny what I could have told you as a five-year-old&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="49" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T16:13:41.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="45" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="227" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:24:56.640" Score="18" ViewCount="1294" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I travel I take vitamin C supplements. The product I use has 1000 mg of vitamin C. When traveling I take multiple doses every day. This way exceeds the US RDA of 90 mg for adult males. Is it bad to take too much vitamin C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T21:08:52.940" Title="Is exceeding the US RDA for vitamin C dangerous?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="46" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="77" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:26:21.513" Score="23" ViewCount="960" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a lot of noise about health risks of consuming artificial sweeteners, especially aspartame and saccharin. Many sources argue that these chemicals carry huge risks of developing cancer and neurological problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I be concerned? Is moderate consumption (say, a few diet sodas a week) of artificial sweeteners considered safe by the currently available research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2019-05-06T09:14:12.277" Title="Are artificial sweeteners safe?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="47" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:27:45.463" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T22:27:45.463" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T22:27:45.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="48" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:27:45.463" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:46.653" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:46.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="49" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="50" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T22:31:06.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="51" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:31:43.487" Score="31" ViewCount="639" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure this question is asked a lot. I asked it of two different doctors myself recently, one of them a diabetes specialist. They both said that causing too much sugar did increase the risk. Neither offered any actual evidence. The specialist gave a rather strange reason, which now escapes me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This idea has inherent plausibility, because eating a lot of sugar could be assumed to stress the  body mechanisms that keep sugar level in the blood under control. Too much stress could cause these mechanisms to break down. This is, however, not the reason the specialist gave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A confounding factor could be that eating too much sugar might cause weight gain, which might increase the risk of diabetes for different reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are (at least) two kinds of answers that would be useful here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Actual clinical trials/studies attempting to address this question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Descriptions of medical research which suggest mechanisms by which&#xA;excessive sugar consumption could increase the likelihood of&#xA;diabetes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;too much&quot;, of course, is ill-defined. An answer could attempt to quantify this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="52" LastEditorUserId="113" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T01:23:18.363" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T08:08:44.627" Title="Is there evidence that eating too much sugar can increase the risk of diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="52" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="85" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:33:47.010" Score="110" ViewCount="6212" Body="&lt;p&gt;My job requires long periods of computer screen use. I have good eyesight (20/15) and don't wear glasses, but I definitely notice my eyes feeling fatigued at the end of the day. Sometimes when I'm short on sleep, I have trouble focusing or see slightly blurred vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to protect my eyesight as much as possible. What are the best practices for doing so if you spend a lot of time staring at screens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T03:45:01.663" LastActivityDate="2019-11-23T18:36:52.357" Title="How can I protect my eyesight when using computers?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="33" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="53" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:37:04.143" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One answer to this is &lt;strong&gt;give it some time&lt;/strong&gt;.  Your voice will get used to being used much more than it has in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I became a teaching assistant I was suddenly using my voice to address large groups for long periods of time when I had previously only been using it for occasional conversation.  My voice was raw for a few days at the beginning of the semester, but my body was able to adapt (I should note that this experience was fairly general among the group of graduate students I served with, not just me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible approach might be &lt;strong&gt;ramp up&lt;/strong&gt;.  Don't go straight from not using your voice at all to using it all day.  If it's possible to do part of your work by typing and the other with voice commands, alternate a little as your voice gets accustomed to heavier usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remedies for raw throat are discussed here in an article about drill sergeants, but they are anecdotal: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.militarytimes.com/2013/04/08/di-secrets-theres-a-human-side-to-these-larger-than-life-marines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.militarytimes.com/2013/04/08/di-secrets-theres-a-human-side-to-these-larger-than-life-marines/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT:  previous link died.  I found the article again, searching for &quot;the human side of these larger than life marines&quot;--here are the suggestions from the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Same as sore throat remedy--honey, lemon, hot water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hot tea followed by a cold drink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pickle juice or lime juice mixed with salt&#xA;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T15:49:03.153" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T15:49:03.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="55" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:41:24.753" Score="21" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; on medical cannabis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back&#xA;  thousands of years across many cultures. Its usage in modern times&#xA;  is controversial, and in recent years the American Medical&#xA;  Association, the MMA, the American Society of Addiction Medicine, and&#xA;  other medical organizations have issued statements opposing its usage&#xA;  for medicinal purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hear a lot about how cannabis &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; have anti-cancer properties, or &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; help reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. A lot of the findings seem (to me, as a layperson) to be very early, or speculative, and the reporting seems to be frequently caught up in the political issues surrounding legalization of cannabis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current state of hard research into the health and medicinal effects of cannabis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T08:06:52.667" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T15:58:49.303" Title="Is there any evidence for health benefits from cannabis?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="56" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:42:55.277" Score="21" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I teach martial arts, and my wife teaches dance. I know of one student for sure (And I would presume that there are at least a few others) that have not received the normal United States progression of childhood inoculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have a &amp;lt;6 month old newborn that occasionally gets taken to the classes with us as we have somewhat conflicting schedules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much (if any) do I need to limit the exposure of the newborn to children that are not vaccinated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T03:08:06.927" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T20:06:28.100" Title="How cautious do I need to be with unvaccinated students around newborns?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infant&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="57" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:44:16.197" Score="10" ViewCount="30866" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a large plantar wart (a wart on the bottom of my foot). It's been resistant to freezing and acid. My dermatologist said I just need to wait until my immune system is ready to get rid of it, and I could try placebo treatments like putting a banana peel on it if I wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought he was joking until I recently found out that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/warts&quot;&gt;banana peel cure is considered a real home remedy.&lt;/a&gt; Is there any scientific evidence that it works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T12:15:40.793" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T04:18:51.923" Title="Can a banana peel cure a plantar wart?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="58" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:46:59.430" Score="10" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bicycle quite a bit, and recently had a crash where I have some fairly extensive road rash on my hip, knee, calf and shoulder area. While most are fairly scabbed over, the ones on my shoulder and knee tend to crack and bleed with movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the precautions I need to take when going to work and/or the gym? I want to protect myself against infection, but I also don't want to leave a gory trail behind me either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:11:05.443" Title="Wound precautions in public facilities?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="60" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="51" CreationDate="2015-03-31T22:55:56.027" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;High consumption of sugar can up the risk of diabetes, but it is not the only contributing factor. There have been studies that have shown that sugar-sweetened drinks (mainly soda) have increased the probability of type 2 diabetes.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620057&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; There is a less subtle way that sugar can cause diabetes, which is by weight gain.&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/5/911.full.pdf+html&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Obesity has been shown to cause diabetes&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39840&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and too much sugar can cause obesity, so technically sugar can cause obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, sugar is fine in moderation (as most things are) and usually it won't cause diabetes. There are some links between the two though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620057&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620057&quot;&gt;Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/5/911.full.pdf+html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/5/911.full.pdf+html&quot;&gt;Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39840&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39840&quot;&gt;Why Does Obesity Causes Diabetes?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:26:22.103" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:26:22.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="61" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="30" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:01:14.110" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, something falls under the classification of &quot;inflammed&quot; based on the following five criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Redness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swelling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of Function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any of these apply to your tendinopathy, then it is probably tendinitis. Otherwise, it's probably non-inflammatory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="63" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:01:14.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="62" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="56" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:03:24.383" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; are immunized, there is of course less risk of you contracting a given disease through contagion from an of an unvaccinated carrier.  However, &lt;strong&gt;if your child is young enough (e.g. &amp;lt; 6 months old as in the question here), your child is unlikely to have had the full range of recommended vaccinations yet&lt;/strong&gt;.  (The American Academy of Pediatrics has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.aap.org/immunization/izschedule.html&quot;&gt;list&lt;/a&gt; online with the recommended schedule.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common sense tells me that this is a real risk that is worth consulting with a doctor about.  Keep in mind that you also need to find out about the vaccination status of the environments that you might choose as alternatives, like a baby sitter or day care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you should find out from a doctor what the specific risk of contagion is like for the diseases covered by MMR, for example (that is one that is later in the schedule than the age of your child).  Is it ok as long as no students handle the baby, or is the risk airborne or transferrable from them to you by skin contact (which could be a part of the instruction in either dance or martial arts)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:03:24.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="63" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="56" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:09:42.423" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a link (as one would expect) between areas with a higher concentration of unvaccinated individuals and disease outbreaks (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/21/5329478/vaccine-preventable-disease-outbreaks-show-anti-vaccine-movement-influence&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/#map&quot;&gt;source data map&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recent (2015) measles outbreaks in California are a good example: at least 70-80% of those infected were unvaccinated (including a number of newborns too young to be vaccinated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;State officials say that 28 were not vaccinated at all, one was partially vaccinated and five were fully vaccinated. Six of the unvaccinated were babies, too young to be vaccinated.&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/01/22/379072061/disneyland-measles-outbreak-hits-59-cases-and-counting&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, unvaccinated individuals are more likely to be carrying a vaccine-preventable disease compared to the rest of the population. If your newborn is not vaccinated yet he or she is at risk. In the case of measles or whooping cough, an infection could turn deadly, as can many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert in pathology, nor am I a parent, but I would at the very least &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; let these individuals hold or come near your newborn, and would preferably keep my newborn completely away from them until a later time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:09:42.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="64" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="58" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:11:05.443" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a rule of thumb:   anywhere that blood is coming out, you should be assuming that pathogens can be transferred in.  In this situation I would smear with antibiotic ointment and wrap with sterile gauze every day (and after every shower) until the cracking-and-bleeding-with-motion stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-03-31T23:11:05.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="65" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="76" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:14:22.620" Score="28" ViewCount="50252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like coffee, but caffeine seems to 'wire' me much more extremely than most other people. I feel energized or even shaky after less than half a normal cup, and a whole 8 ounces will usually cause me to sweat or make my heart race uncomfortably. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even decaffeinated coffee seems to have this effect, which seems strange to me (although I am aware that it still contains a small amount of caffeine). I typically drink green tea instead of coffee, since the effect is more mild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this an indication that my body metabolizes caffeine faster (or slower?) than normal? What else can cause caffeine sensitivity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:56:43.043" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T17:29:23.030" Title="Why do I feel shaky after only a small amount of caffeine?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;shake-tremble-fidget&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="66" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:14:27.713" Score="8" ViewCount="714" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have used vitamin E to help prevent scarring.  Are there any other topical applications that can assist wound healing and prevent scarring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="69" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T16:59:59.200" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T16:59:59.200" Title="What topical applications can assist wound healing and prevent scarring?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="67" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="275" CreationDate="2015-03-31T23:20:03.347" Score="12" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study seems to indicate that some plant essential oils have antibacterial properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/39&quot;&gt;In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Out of 21 essential oils tested, 19 oils showed antibacterial activity against one or more strains. Cinnamon, clove, geranium, lemon, lime, orange and rosemary oils exhibited significant inhibitory effect. Cinnamon oil showed promising inhibitory activity even at low concentration, whereas aniseed, eucalyptus and camphor oils were least active against the tested bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that essential oils are a good alternative to alcohol-based disinfectant products for everyday use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T14:38:46.570" Title="Are essential oils good disinfectants?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;essential-oil&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="72" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="174" CreationDate="2015-04-01T00:23:14.523" Score="6" ViewCount="2656" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foreword:&lt;/strong&gt; Please beware that I ask this question only for mouthwash with NO alcohol whatsoever; so please omit alcoholic mouthwashes (which can cause cancer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since my grandmother continues to develop cavities, she  twice daily brushes, flosses, then flosses again with interdental brushes, and concludes with a   Crest mouthwash with 0 alcohol (see the footnote). She also abstains from any added sugar or sweeteners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question 1:&lt;/strong&gt; How does saltwater compare with non-alcoholic mouthwash for daily lifelong use? Her dentist does not know of any relevant research, and only recommends saltwater for short-term use. So her dentist agrees with some of the claims &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todaysdentistry.com.au/mouthwash-or-salt-water-rinse/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; by Dentist &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todaysdentistry.com.au/about-us/meet-the-team/our-dentists/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Kerr&lt;/a&gt; (B.DSc (Hons) BSc (Hons), University of Queensland).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Question 2:&lt;/strong&gt; But is Dentist Kerr perfectly right in his criticism (of saltwater) below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todaysdentistry.com.au/mouthwash-or-salt-water-rinse/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How about using salt water long term?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer term, the salt water is acidic, so there would be a problem if you were to use it every day, it could erode the teeth, but is not necessarily abrasive to the teeth. It is the acidity of the salt water that could eat away and soften the enamel on the teeth making them more susceptible to wearing, chipping and cavities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Footnote:&lt;/strong&gt; My grandmother uses this brand because it contains cetylpyridinium chloride, which (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-you/oral-health/6-reasons-to-rinse-well-with-mouthwash?slide=2#l1KdrksIr7zYQBbc.97&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt; claims)  has 'been proven to reduce plaque or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.besthealthmag.ca/get-healthy/oral-health/6-things-everyone-should-know-about-cavities&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fight cavities&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T05:10:54.753" Title="For long-term use: Non-Alcoholic Mouthwash vs Saltwater" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-28T04:00:17.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="74" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="107" CreationDate="2015-04-01T00:28:56.583" Score="8" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard a fair amount of talk recently about how safe the long spine boards frequently used by EMS personnel after falls and car accidents are. How many - if any - studies have been done on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there have been studies done on this I would like to know what the conclusion was. What are the chances of having damage done by being on one for any length of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emsworld.com/article/10964204/prehospital-spinal-immobilization&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMS World&lt;/a&gt; is where I got the information about the possible safety issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T01:14:04.153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T01:14:04.153" Title="How safe are backboards?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="75" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T00:34:02.630" Score="10" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course it is said that vitamins C and E are good for skin, but I would like to know if it is actually possible to reverse any of the skin cell damage i.e. &lt;em&gt;sunburn, skin aging, melanoma&lt;/em&gt; caused by sunlight through some vitamin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="71" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T09:33:01.907" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T13:43:55.447" Title="Is it possible to reverse the skin cell damage caused by sunlight by taking appropriate vitamins?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="76" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="65" CreationDate="2015-04-01T00:48:00.220" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine metabolism has to do with your genetic makeup. The slower you metabolize caffeine, the more effect it will have on you. The cause for the differences that people have in how fast they metabolize caffeine has to depend on the CYP1A2 gene. Variants of this gene can cause you to metabolize faster or slower. The C allele variant in the AHR gene, which controls the turning on and off the the CYP1A2 gene, is common in people who have a high metabolism for caffeine. You probably do not have this variant. That with a few other factors that depend on variants in your DNA are the reason that caffeine has a strong effect on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gbhealthwatch.com/Trait-Caffeine-Consumption.php&quot;&gt;Caffeine Consumption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T20:03:50.140" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T20:03:50.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="77" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="46" CreationDate="2015-04-01T00:48:24.407" Score="21" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been numerous studies on this topic, and there are a number of artificial sweeteners, so the following is a discussion of three of the most important, saccharin, cyclamate and aspartame, as well as three more which are currently approved for use in food by the FDA, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, and neotame, in less detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Saccharin&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been over 50 studies discussing saccharin, specifically its effects on rats, especially regarding cancer. About 20 of these involved rats consuming saccharin for over 1.5 years, nineteen of which found no significant differences between rats fed saccharin and rats not fed saccharin.&lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The cancer-positive study did find a link between saccharin and bladder cancer, but used a type of rat susceptible to bladder cancer.&lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full#ref-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full#ref-6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been multi-generational studies in which saccharin was fed to rats and their offspring, and found that male, second-generation rats fed saccharin were more at risk for bladder cancer than male, second-generation rats not fed saccharin.&lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full#ref-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full#ref-8&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; However, the same link could not be found in humans, as studies have found that cancer in rats is not a good predictor of cancer in humans. For example, low doses of Vitamin C cause cancer in rats.&lt;a href=&quot;http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PTYDMGWHhfwJ:foodbiology.org/index.php/foodbio/article/download/16465/8560%20&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ct=clnk&amp;amp;gl=us&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; With no conclusive evidence linking saccharin to human health risk, bans on saccharin were lifted, at least in the United States.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ThisWeek/ucm117714.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ThisWeek/ucm117714.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cyclamate&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After being approved by the FDA for use in food in 1951, cyclamate became a common artificial sweetener in American households. After a study in 1969 found links between cyclamate and bladder cancer in rats,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/168/3939/1605.1.full.pdf?ijkey=16a7af61bde2e72ab732c0609872f62949fa6051&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the FDA banned cyclamate in food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later, a long-term study was conducted in which monkeys were fed cyclamate every day for 24 years. One group was fed cyclamate at dosages equivalent to 6 cans of diet soda a day, another at dosages equivalent to 30 cans of diet soda a day. The study concluded that there is no significant link between cyclamate and cancer in monkeys.&lt;a href=&quot;http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/1/33.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; While a petition has been filed with the FDA for the lifting of the cyclamate ban, however, the petition is not being actively considered for reasons unrelated to cancer.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Aspartame&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approved for use in food by the FDA in 1981, a 1996 study posited a possible link between a general increase in brain tumor incidence and aspartame.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whilesciencesleeps.com/pdf/329.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A multitude of studies followed, among the largest of which found no link between aspartame consumption and brain tumors,&lt;a href=&quot;http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/15/9/1654.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and no link between aspartame consumption and changes in brain function.&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/68/3/531.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At one point, an editorial intended to directly address the 1996 study revealed that the conclusion was largely the result of ecological fallacy, essentially blind assumption.&lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/10/1460.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Of course, this is a small sample of the large numbers of studies conducted, including a human study that found little evidence that aspartame is likely to act as a human brain carcinogen.&lt;a href=&quot;http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/14/1072.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, the FDA released a statement citing a press release by the European Food Safety Authority. The statement, in addition to declaring its intent to better study aspartame, stated that the FDA has not been presented with scientific information that would support a change in its conclusions about the safety of aspartame.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108650.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Acesulfame potassium, Sucralose and Neotame&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acesulfame potassium was approved by the FDA for use in food in 1988. Sucralose was approved by the FDA for use in food in 1998. Neotame was approved by the FDA for use in food in 2002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA states that it reviewed more than 100 safety studies before approving these sweeteners, and that the results of these studies showed no evidence that these sweeteners cause cancer or pose any other threat to human health.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In Short&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been a number of studies reviewing the safety of common artificial sweeteners, with mixed results. However, the quorum conclusion appears to be that even in very high doses, these substances are safe for human consumption. Note, however, that a number of artificial sweeteners were not discussed above, some of which may pose health risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T00:48:24.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="78" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T01:00:43.637" Score="10" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ask about natural options that specifically kill bacteria in acne. These options should be interchangeable with conventional antibiotics.  Medicine such as topical retinoids don't answer this question, although they help reduce acne, they don't directly kill the bacteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/topical-retinoid-medications-for-acne&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Source:]&lt;/a&gt; Topical retinoids work by unplugging clogged pores, allowing other topical medicines such as antibiotics to enter the hair shaft and fight underlying infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please exclude controversial medicines&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(eg  benzyl peroxide, &lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;amp;q=benzoyl+peroxide+cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is claimed to  promote cancer&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: I ask this because &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110914/study-antibiotic-ointments-may-spread-of-mrsa&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;topical antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T13:19:33.010" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T13:19:33.010" Title="Are there proven natural treatments to kill acne-causing bacteria?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="79" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="81" CreationDate="2015-04-01T01:23:34.707" Score="14" ViewCount="2103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that carrots help improve eyesight, but the sources are pretty unreliable (TV shows, mostly). Are there any studies that prove (or show good evidence) that carrots improve eyesight? Or is this just a myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T03:27:44.087" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T18:56:22.643" Title="Do carrots actually improve eyesight?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="80" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="337" CreationDate="2015-04-01T01:35:32.083" Score="7" ViewCount="7622" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using a machine (such as CPAP, APAP, BiPAP) to help control sleep apnea, is there anything that can be done to help lower your AHI (apnea-hypoapnea index; the number of sleep apnea events per hour) if it is still higher then you want it to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those that may be concerned a doctor is involved, just asking in case anyone has experience with it during treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T21:53:13.620" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T21:27:10.893" Title="How to reduce apnea/hypoapnea events?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="81" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="79" CreationDate="2015-04-01T02:00:21.793" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is debunked with little reference on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snopes.com/food/ingredient/carrots.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snopes&lt;/a&gt;.  It is claimed there that the origin of the myth was deliberate misinformation to hide the use of a game-changing technology used by the RAF to shoot down German planes.  This claim regarding the propaganda origin is sourced a bit better at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cunningham_(RAF_officer)&amp;amp;oldid=651180263#Propaganda&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on one of the officers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The grain-of-truth (which probably helps perpetuate the myth) is mentioned in the Snopes article as well and partially backed up at the (archived) &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20070421214532/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/carrot.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC article on carrots&lt;/a&gt; that they link to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Beta-carotene, which is found in the vegetable, may help reduce the risk of cataract and macular degeneration. However, it needs be pointed out that studies which have posited this link used doses of Vitamin A or beta-carotene that were higher than what is found in the standard diet. It would be quite difficult to eat the requisite number of carrots to match this level of intake. Also, among those who suffer a Vitamin A deficiency, nyctanopia (also known as nyctalopia or night blindness; the inability to see well in poor light) can be at least somewhat helped by adding carrots to the sufferer's diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T18:56:22.643" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T18:56:22.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="82" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="45" CreationDate="2015-04-01T02:00:57.713" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overloading on vitamin C won't cause death. At around 1000 mg, you will probably have nausea, diarrhea, and stomach aches. 2000 mg is the daily limit, and if you get that high, you will experience more severe side-affects such as severe headaches, vomiting, heartburn, insomnia, and even kidney stones. You probably shouldn't have that much vitamin C, so if you have to take multiple 1000 mg doses everyday, you should talk to your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, taking that much vitamin C is not necessarily &quot;dangerous&quot;, but it can lead to major discomfort and could possible put you in the hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/vitamin-overdose-taking-too-many-vitamins-can-be-bad-your-health-how-many-would-it-315426&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin Overdose: Taking Too Many Vitamins Can Be Bad For Your Health, But How Many Would It Take To Kill You?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:29:32.440" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:29:32.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="83" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="614" CreationDate="2015-04-01T02:03:46.197" Score="15" ViewCount="1512" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whooping cough is a chronic cough resulting from an infection with the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis.  The cough resulting from the infection may last several weeks, and as such whooping cough is sometimes called the 100 day cough.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that the Bordetealla Pertussis infection produces a cough that lasts so long compared to other infections, and is there anything that can be done to reduce the cough's duration?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2020-01-25T18:23:17.017" Title="Why does whooping cough last so long and can the duration of cough be reduced?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="84" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="78" CreationDate="2015-04-01T02:18:31.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I ask about natural options only to kill bacteria in acne; these options should replace only antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use raw, organic, unfiltered, and unpasteurized &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/apple-cider-vinegar-and-health?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Apple Cider Vinegar - ACV&quot;&gt;apple cider vinegar&lt;/a&gt;, but dilute it (4 parts water, 1 part vinegar, that's 1/4 cup of vinegar in 1 cup of water)&lt;sup&gt;Note 1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now swab it on your face with a rag or cotton balls; it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar#Antimicrobial_and_medicinal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kills bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulating/category/skincare/premium-Keratolytic-Treatments-for-Acne-A-Review-208733901.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Keratolytic Agents loosen dead skin&quot;&gt;keratolytic agent&lt;/a&gt;, which helps loosen dead skin cells and opens your pores&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Removes excess &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland#Acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Excess sebum oil clogs pores and produces acne&quot;&gt;sebum oils&lt;/a&gt; from your skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Downsides: It smells to high heaven until it dries or you rinse it off, but if you do this at night nobody but your spouse will care.  It's safe to rinse off after about five minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Note 1&lt;/sup&gt; You can get &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acne.org/messageboard/topic/153848-apple-cider-vinegar-burned-my-skin-help/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;straight ACV will burn your skin&quot;&gt;chemical burns&lt;/a&gt; from undiluted apple cider vinegar, so be sure to dilute it.  Also some people with extra-sensitive skin might react to it, so be sure to test it on a small area of your face first (such as under your chin).  If you have a reaction, you can try to dilute it more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="82" LastEditorUserId="82" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T02:23:52.223" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T02:23:52.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="85" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:30:24.763" Score="75" Body="&lt;h3&gt;20-20-20 Rule&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every 20 minutes of looking at the screen, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Also, try to blink a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Adjusting settings&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using a larger font to read helps to reduce eye strain. Adjusting your brightness helps, usually brighter screens are better in brighter rooms, dimmer screens are better in dark rooms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, try to make your computer screen lower than your eyes; more of your eye is covered by your eyelid when you look down, so there will be more lubrication and you will subconsciously blink more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Eating&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eat foods with vitamin A, which helps with the health of your eyes. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/79/do-carrots-actually-improve-eyesight&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://visianinfo.com/the-20-20-20-rule-preventing-digital-eye-strain/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;The 20-20-20 Rule: Preventing Digital Eye Strain&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://commons.erau.edu/jaaer/vol24/iss2/5/?utm_source=commons.erau.edu%2Fjaaer%2Fvol24%2Fiss2%2F5&amp;amp;utm_medium=PDF&amp;amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Assessing Computer Vision Syndrome Risk for Pilots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eyestrain/basics/prevention/con-20032649&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eyestrain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T02:42:55.287" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="86" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:35:49.513" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T03:35:49.513" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T03:35:49.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="87" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:35:49.513" Score="0" Body="Dexamethasone is a type of steroid medication. " OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:04:16.037" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:04:16.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="88" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="94" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:42:04.687" Score="19" ViewCount="1309" Body="&lt;p&gt;An ovo-lacto vegetarian includes both eggs and dairy products in his diet, but meat is completely excluded. In a regular non-vegetarian diet, meat is very important and provides many benefits if properly consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard of many problems that can be induced by vegetarianism, because the body stops receiving important nutrients and it's common that the diet is not changed to compensate for the lack of meat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should an ovo-lacto vegetarian compensate? The meat benefits are lost, and the body still needs them. Which changes in diet should a vegetarian perform to keep receiving the nutrients that the meat stopped providing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, what diet should a ovo-lacto vegetarian have to be healthy without meat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastEditorUserId="87" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T15:41:20.710" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T12:36:18.327" Title="How should ovo-lacto vegetarians compensate the lack of meat in their diets?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="89" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:46:21.730" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T03:46:21.730" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T03:46:21.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="90" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:46:21.730" Score="0" Body="Iontophoresis is a physical process in which ions flow diffusively in a medium driven by an applied electric field." OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:03:48.910" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:03:48.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="91" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:54:02.823" Score="11" ViewCount="6893" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been a competing athlete, mostly in endurance sports for nearly 45 years now. As part of military and other physicals, I have had blood glucose levels come back several times with high levels, and follow up Fasting Glucose Tolerance Tests come back as negative. In one of my most recent blood panels (for a medical study group) came back with HbA1c levels that indicated I was prediabetic, but again, follow up studies were negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://fitafter40vancouver.blogspot.com/2010/12/hba1c-and-athletes.html&quot;&gt;a blog post&lt;/a&gt; discussing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17614026&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, which indicated that highly trained endurance athletes (In this case, a cohort of 47 professional and 72 elite male cyclists, compared to 58 sedentary donors) trended higher HbA1c levels than the sedentary group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also read that many of the blood glucose levels were established using diabetic patients, so does that mean that the levels are not valid for me since I am a lifelong endurance athlete? Or is this something that I should just keep following up with potentially unnecessary tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="15709" LastEditDate="2019-02-21T13:34:22.043" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T18:24:27.060" Title="Fasting blood glucose and Hemoglobin A1C not valid for athletes?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="92" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2015-04-01T03:59:22.983" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meat mostly provides you with protein and fat, so you'll have to make up for this. This will be easier for an ovo-lacto vegetarian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sources of fat&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nuts, nut butters (peanut butter, almond butter, etc.), oils, avocados&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sources of protein&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nuts, nut butters, eggs, dairy, soy foods (tofu, soy milk)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Vitamin B12&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cow milk, soy milk, eggs, fortified cereals (Multi-Grain Cheerios, Corn Flakes, Special K)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/12/05/vegetarian-diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Be a Healthy Vegetarian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:33:18.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="93" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="333" CreationDate="2015-04-01T04:09:12.990" Score="9" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the possible causes and most probable causes of raised liver function tests (in particular AST and ALT) in an otherwise healthy, asymptomatic, young adult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T18:59:21.617" Title="What causes elevated liver function tests in a young asymptomatic patient?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="94" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2015-04-01T04:16:27.357" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few considerations when looking at a healthy lacto-ovo vegetarian diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complete Proteins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is fairly easy in this type of diet, as eggs contain complete proteins. There are also a few plant sources (such as quinoa, buckwheat and hempseed) that contain either a complete protein profile or the 9 essential amino acids in good amounts. Hempseed also contains Omega-3 fatty acids which can be difficult to get without seafood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Healthy Fats&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main reasons for healthy fats in the diet is for the proper transport of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) into the body. Nuts and avocados are examples of healthy fats, as are olives and olive oils. If possible, for olive oils get extra virgin and as fresh as possible, as this will ensure the highest levels of polyphenols.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along with the basic considerations, you need to be aware of possible deficiencies due to age, sex, things of this nature. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570032&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; suggests that B-12 deficiency can be a problem in pregnant lacto-ovo vegetarians. High soy intake can possibly impact estrogen levels in both men and women, and possibly delay maturation/height in maturing individuals, although this is only a precaution (most of what I've read suggests further studies are needed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would talk with a nutritionist and/or doctor about the diet, and why you want to follow it. There's no reason you can't be healthy and safe about whatever diet plan you choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T03:17:06.763" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T03:17:06.763" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="95" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="293" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:02:14.820" Score="7" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my cousins is diagnosed with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Limited Scleroderma&lt;/a&gt;. Is there a complete cure for it? If not, are there any suggestions on reducing the pain and lead a normal day-to-day life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A wide range of suggestions and treatment methods were mentioned in various websites, but they didn't help as more choices led to more confusion. Since this is a site for health experts, it would be great if concise treatment/cure information is given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T16:51:52.247" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T16:51:52.247" Title="Is there a complete cure for Limited Scleroderma?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="96" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="45" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:03:55.997" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two important types of vitamins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fat soluble and Water Soluble.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body will store fat soluble vitamins but will discard excess water soluble vitamins in your urine. Because of this fat soluble vitamins carry a greater risk of toxicity while water soluble carry a greater risk of deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples of fat soluble &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09315.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;A, D, E, K&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and water soluble &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09312.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;B, C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're fine with taking 1k of C everyday but it's unlikely to benefit you anymore once the body absorbs the 90mg it needs. Splitting a pill up into quarters (250mg) and consuming it with food (to increase chance of absorption) could work too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the dangerous part, yes. Despite what it may seem, more does not equal better. Balance and moderation is key. Anything is dangerous if overdosed, including water, oxygen, or ____&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T05:03:55.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="97" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="98" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:08:06.040" Score="11" ViewCount="464" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several dermatologists says that CO2 laser treatment is still the best solution for acne scars. Does CO2 laser treatment provide a smooth skin or just mitigate these scars? What are the side effects of this treatment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user76" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T11:16:57.353" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:35:16.103" Title="Does CO2 laser treatment work well with acne scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;laser&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="98" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="97" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:24:59.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;CO2 laser treatments work by vaporizing the damaged skin cells. After the procedure, you will need to take medication to reduce swelling in your eyes, but you can also ease the swelling by elevating your head when sleeping. You will be itchy for 12-72 hours after the procedure. For the next week, your skin will get dry and peel. Your face will also be red for 2-3 months after the procedure. Other side effects are burns from the laser, scarring, and changes in your skin's pigmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is it worth it?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can cost upwards of $2000, but it does seem to work. The burning or scarring from the laser are unlikely, so it is up to you to decide. If you want more reviews go &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.realself.com/CO2-laser/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/laser-skin/laser-resurfacing?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - Laser Resurfacing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:35:16.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="99" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T05:46:01.820" Score="17" ViewCount="76582" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was given antibiotics for fever by my doctor, I noticed that my urine is unusually yellow. Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:59:44.013" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:59:44.013" Title="Why does my antibiotic make my urine yellow?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="100" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="206" CreationDate="2015-04-01T06:44:54.093" Score="11" ViewCount="11044" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 120mg pill of Sudafed (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride), for example, lasts for 12 hours. You are not supposed to take another Sudafed pill before the 12 hours are up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How exact is this 12-hour limit?&lt;/strong&gt; Do i have to wait at least exactly 43200 seconds between pills? How much leeway is there? Could i take the second pill a few minutes (5? 10? 30?) before the time is up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Sudafed is used as an example here. The same should apply to any other drug with a time limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="100" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T09:03:57.290" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T07:05:03.127" Title="How exact are the times for how long to wait between pills?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-17T22:40:08.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="143" CreationDate="2015-04-01T08:47:25.943" Score="15" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been hearing lots of contradictory message about stretching in relation to sports. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some says that it's no use to stretch muscle before practicing physical activities while others always do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do understand the benefits for after-effort stretching as a mean to alleviate muscle pain or cramps. I'm a regular runner and baseball player, should I encourage myself to stretch before practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="108" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T11:30:20.743" Title="When to stretch as a sportsman" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="714" CreationDate="2015-04-01T08:53:40.857" Score="7" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to identify if someone suffers from migraine? and how is the migraine categorised ie whether it is severe, mild etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="110" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:50:42.990" LastActivityDate="2019-10-08T19:40:02.323" Title="What are the symptoms of Migraine and how to categorise into severe or mild etc" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T08:58:14.703" Score="5" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;what are the general causes of migraine and What is the best way to identify the root cause of migraine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seem to be a significant percentage of population suffering from migraine but still I havent seen a scientific way of identifying the root cause of migraine in people. I understand that migraine can be caused by different/multiple reasons but there seems to be no way in identifying the cause of migraine for the individual except for hit and trial method&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="110" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T06:12:43.633" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T06:12:43.633" Title="What are the general causes of migraine and how can it be treated?" Tags="&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T09:02:27.887" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/fda-approves-first-retinal-implant-1.12439&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Retinal implants&lt;/a&gt; have been used in retinitis pigmentosa to restore some vision when the optic nerve is still intact, and experimental &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~dh329/bmes212/cortical.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cortical implants&lt;/a&gt; when the optic nerve is damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these devices suitable for those who have either fully or partially lost vision from glaucoma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="110" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:57:43.290" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:57:43.290" Title="Can electronic device help with glaucoma?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;optic-nerve&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-24T17:55:42.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T09:23:00.067" Score="6" ViewCount="12509" Body="&lt;p&gt;For an asthmatic, drinking cold water can apparently trigger (or worsen) an asthma attack. (See &lt;a href=&quot;http://integrativepulmonarysleepmedicine.com/asthma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for example.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How cold is cold water for this purpose?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find some threshold, between room temperature and ice cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="100" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T19:59:59.133" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T19:59:59.133" Title="How cold can an asthmatic's drinking water be?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;asthma-attack&gt;&lt;exacerbate-exacerbation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T09:41:42.973" Score="6" ViewCount="589" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a nose bleeding issue from childhood when my body heat gets too high. This can happen from weather, or food like almonds, raisin, dates etc. But I've gotten a bit of a cold during recent weather changes and it has stuck with me. Doctor said to take soup and other hot things, but the weather is already getting warmer and I've already got one nose bleed instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I follow the doctors recommendation to take soup and other warm foods, but still avoid the nosebleeds? (The nosebleed is unrelated to the cold that I have.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="394" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T21:29:57.190" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T02:46:12.220" Title="How to handle cold in summers with nose bleeding issues?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-06-12T15:31:24.677" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="74" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:16:53.497" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only studies I'm aware of come from the Emergency Medicine Journal, but other should exist for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some say it has drawbacks (discomfort, pressure sore) and that alternatives such as the vacuum mattress should be preferred:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emj.bmj.com/content/20/5/476.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Comparison of a long spinal board and vacuum mattress for spinal immobilisation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emj.bmj.com/content/18/1/51.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The use of the spinal board after the pre-hospital phase of trauma management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, according to official guidelines (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Le-ministere/Securite-civile/Documentation-technique/Le-secourisme/Les-textes-reglementaires&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PSE1 and PSE2&lt;/a&gt; that we apply here in France and that follow international guidelines), each tool has its proper use cases. For example (non-exhaustive list):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vacuum mattress is used in case of suspected trauma of the&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;head&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;spine (lying victim)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pelvis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;femur&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and for multiple traumas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is carried on a stretcher or a spinal board, once the victim installed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;while the spinal board is used for&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;single traumas not listed above and preventing the victime from moving &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;spine trauma of a sitting or standing vitim, in conjunction with other tools&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drawning &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;carrying the vacuum mattress (see above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a few more cases not listed here. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And the spinal board allows doing CPR, while the vacuum mattress doesn't.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Respecting these use cases is the best way to reduce the risk for the victim, according to the professionals who wrote these international guidelines. This may evolve in the future or not, depending on studies and feedback, but currently, this is the standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, as the spinal board is used in a context of first-aid, the victim is not immobilized on it for a long time: just the time to provide first aid and to evacuate to the hospital. I have personnaly never seen (nor heard about) any pressure sore or anything like that appearing after a spinal board immobilization. But it is true this board is not comfortable at all (I tried).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T13:03:04.357" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T13:03:04.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:19:23.107" Score="13" ViewCount="955" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera seems to be everywhere these days, especially in skin products. However you can also buy Aloe vera gel intended for human consumption and food items that contain Aloe vera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24042237&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study by Boudreau et al. (2013)&lt;/a&gt; concludes that …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;… nondecolorized Aloe vera caused cancers of the large intestine in male and female rats and also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, and lymph nodes in male and female rats. Aloe vera extract also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine in male and female mice and hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph node in male mice and hyperplasia of the stomach in female mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health benefits and risks of consuming Aloe vera?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="113" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T11:54:20.340" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T14:07:45.690" Title="What are the health benefits and risks of ingesting Aloe vera?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="109" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="321" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:32:30.470" Score="14" ViewCount="982" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 28, male, and the hair above my forehead started to fall about 2 years ago and my scalp is finally starting to shine out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this has to do with genetics etc. but still, are there any natural ways to prevent or delay this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="115" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T18:21:38.167" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T09:40:19.190" Title="Natural ways to stop/delay hairloss?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;alopecia&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="110" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:35:40.627" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T10:35:40.627" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T10:35:40.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="111" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:35:40.627" Score="0" Body="Hair-loss from the scalp or elsewhere, which can occur in men, women, and children." OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="115" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:04:30.973" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:04:30.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="108" CreationDate="2015-04-01T10:59:48.813" Score="7" Body="&lt;h3&gt;What is Aloe vera?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aloe vera&lt;/a&gt; is the common name of one particular species of the genus Aloe (member of the Xanthorrhoeaceae family). There are over 420 different plant species and the most commonly used in consumer products. Most commonly used is Aloe barbadensis, Aloe barbadensis (Mill.) or (Miller) or Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (scientific name).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Processing&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary component of the plant used in most products is the leaf, which can be processed in two ways to make aloe vera juice, powder or concentrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other substance found within the leaf that has been used in commerce, primarily as an OTC laxative drug, is the aloe latex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For oral consumption Aloe vera needs to be carefully filtered by different processing procedures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera leaf juice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A charcoal filtration process which decolorize and remove some of the components (including &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraquinone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anthraquinone&lt;/a&gt; which acts as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;laxative&lt;/a&gt;) as some studies shown to be carcinogenic on rats, but not on mice (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toxicity&lt;/a&gt;). NTP did not conduct studies of the Aloe vera gel (decolorized whole leaf extracts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aloe vera leaf juice is made by taking entire aloe vera leaves and grinding them up via some type of maceration. Typically some enzymatic treatment is used (such as cellulase) to break down the rind and heavier-weight materials, and then the resulting slurry is filtered, usually with charcoal filtration, to remove any other unwanted materials such as the aloe latex (yellow, bitter tasting exudate that is a powerful laxative). The remainder is aloe vera leaf juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera inner leaf juice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aloe vera inner leaf juice is made by removing the rind prior to processing, either by machine or by hand, and then rinsing away the aloe latex. The remaining, gelatinous inner-leaf material is then ground/crushed into aloe vera inner leaf juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some other countries Aloe vera juice is produced using the patented &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aloecorp.com/production&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TTS (Time, Temperature, Sanitation)&lt;/a&gt; method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once Aloe vera gel is filtered out for consumption, then it's considered safe, because without filtration it can be harmful causing potential toxicity when swallowed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera that contains &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aloin&lt;/a&gt; (however it's not for sure) in excess amounts may induce side effects, but there is very little data about what levels of aloin are in most liquid products (according to one research, it's less than 1ppm), however in solid/semi-solid products it could be 10-100 times higher.  If aloin is the cause of the tumors in rats, then the lower the concentration of aloin, then it's less harmful. However more research is needed to answer these questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is Aloe vera regulated?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In US Aloe vera is a dietary supplement and it's not regulated drug, so there is no guarantee of strength, purity, or safety of these products. Currently Aloe vera is approved by FDA as a food addictive for flavor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the UK, European Union, China, and Korea content and purity of Aloe is regulated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iasc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IASC&lt;/a&gt; (International Aloe Science Council Seal of Approval) which established standards to define what is (and what is not) &quot;aloe vera&quot; in finished products. The IASC standard states that only products containing acemannan, or the beta 1-4 acetylated glucomannans, can be accurately labeled as aloe vera. Acemannan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is present in aloe vera and is used as an identifier of the botanical by analytical means. Products that do not contain acemannan are not considered to be true aloe vera based on this standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How can I tell if a product truly contains Aloe vera?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In countries where Aloe vera is regulated, you should check the label for seal-based certification (see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iasc.org/pdfs/10_0405_IASC_Labeling_Guidance_Definitions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;labeling guidance&lt;/a&gt;). You may also check the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iasc.org/complete.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;certified products list on IASC website&lt;/a&gt;. Also make sure that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aloin&lt;/a&gt; content has been removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Health benefits&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Potential health benefits of drinking Aloe vera juice includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;support the digestive system and relieve constipation,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example mixing Aloe with different oils and lemon juice can reach the entire gastrointestinal track to the colon. Oil blocks absorption of two other ingredients too soon so lemon juice can dissolve deposits in GI tract, gall bladder and pancreatic ducts, and after absorption, in the kidneys. Aloe can also heal infection such as erosions in the lining of the digestive track. &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://merlin.pl/Zdrowie-na-wlasne-zyczenie-1-Oczyszczenie_Jozef-Slonecki/browse/product/1,475683.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;book source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;enhance natural immunity,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improve skin condition and health,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;naturally contains &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;polysaccharides&lt;/a&gt; which provide many benefits to the body such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;healthy blood sugar levels,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;liver function,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;intestinal health: helping to reduce colon cancer,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduce serum cholesterol levels,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some other benefits include: hair loss, Helicobacter, atherosclerosis, sensitization, overweight, mycosis, neuroses, sepsis, cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera gel is also used as traditional medicine (especially in Asia) for multipurpose skin treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However relatively few studies about possible benefits of Aloe gel taken internally have been conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you've any concerns or medical conditions, you should speak with your physician before altering any existing treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/aloe_vera_508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Toxicology Program - Aloe Vera (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iasc.org/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IASC Aloe Vera FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T12:32:55.917" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T12:32:55.917" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:02:55.343" Score="11" ViewCount="44412" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that if you are in the wilderness and need a sterile fluid to rinse a wound, urine is an acceptable choice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometime ago this topic came up while discussing emergency treatment.  It was suggested that as urine is a sterile fluid it would be a good choice for rinsing an open wound.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where good means less likely for an infection to set in as if it would if the wound was not rinsed OR if the wound was rinsed with ground or another non-sterile water source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does using urine helps in this regad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T12:07:16.830" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T08:34:24.247" Title="Is using urine to clean a wound better than non-sterile water?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="101" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:30:13.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although stretching is not the only answer, you should certainly do some pre-exercising. In a state of inaction, your muscles contract and tighten, and also lose heat. This makes them brittle and inert. Going straight into heavy exercise can cause significant damage, and so in going from inactive to fully active, you should ideally 'warm-up' with a more moderate set of exercises. This can include stretching, and should address all the muscle groups your main activity uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some references that agree with me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ausport.gov.au/participating/coaches/tools/the_training_session/Warmup-Cooldown&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Australian Sports Commission&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sports-specific/warm-up-cool-down&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sports Injury Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With running you can combine the warm-up into the run by starting off by almost walking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T11:30:20.743" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T11:30:20.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16362" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:33:51.263" Score="17" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO recently published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/&quot;&gt;this recommendation regarding sugar consumption&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keeping intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake reduces the risk of overweight, obesity and tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They define &lt;em&gt;free sugars&lt;/em&gt; as …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;… monosaccharides (such as glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (such as sucrose or table sugar) added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, they state that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The WHO guideline does not refer to the sugars in fresh fruits and vegetables, and sugars naturally present in milk, because there is no reported evidence of adverse effects of consuming these sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is &lt;em&gt;natural sugar&lt;/em&gt; healthier than &lt;em&gt;refined sugar&lt;/em&gt;? Also, how is sugar in fresh fruits healthier than sugar naturally present in fruit juices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="113" LastEditorUserId="113" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T16:37:04.623" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T15:43:54.323" Title="Why is natural sugar healthier than refined sugar?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="99" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:44:36.527" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The anti-biotic could possibly be having an antidiuretic effect. This reduces the amount of water in urine, and so the natural yellow hue is intensified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a definition of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;antidiuretic at Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;. The key element of the body's natural ability to retain urine is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vasopressin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are natural remedies for both urine retention and lack of urine retention. Try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LiveStrong : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/195020-natural-antidiuretic-herbs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antidiuretic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LiveStrong : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/293172-list-of-natural-diuretics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diuretic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2015-07-12T06:16:35.437" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T06:16:35.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="118" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:45:44.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First aid is emergency care or treatment given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury. It can be practised alone as a layperson or in team by trained professional or volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of first aid is to preserve life, to prevent worsening, and if possible to promote recovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Performing CPR while awaiting for a professional medical help,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;ABCDE&quot;, bodycheck, prior calling the Emergency Medical Dispatcher (team first-aid context),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bandaging wounds,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:04:18.357" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:04:18.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="119" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T11:45:44.850" Score="0" Body="First aid is typically the first care provided to a critically injured or ill patient. This can include controlling substantial bleeding, providing CPR or maintaining the airway of an unconscious patient.  " OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T13:37:06.347" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:37:06.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="307" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:14:46.297" Score="27" ViewCount="7352" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes doctors prescribe steroid tablets to suppress pain for diseases, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/drugs/steroid-tablets.aspx&quot;&gt;arthritis&lt;/a&gt;. Why do they prescribe it even though they know the side effects? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T01:51:40.330" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T02:23:03.097" Title="Why do doctors prescribe steroid tablets even though they know the side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:36:29.873" Score="6" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been going to the gym for about a year, and because I didn't wear gloves at first, I developed some calluses on my palms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't hurt much, but aesthetically, they aren't the most beautiful thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way I can treat my hands, so as to remove them completely, or reduce their visibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T09:57:56.693" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T09:57:56.693" Title="How can I treat calluses on my palms?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;calluses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="138" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:39:53.867" Score="37" ViewCount="1281" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past month, I've been really busy with the university and stuff, and I don't sleep as much as I used to. I usually sleep 4-5 hours a night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been doing that extensively ( I always kept a good sleeping routine), but can the lack of sleep affect my health on the long term ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastEditorUserId="121" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T13:41:46.463" LastActivityDate="2016-12-09T15:37:02.590" Title="Does the lack of sleep affect my health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:44:34.470" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;NOTE: this answer only focuses on proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Short answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With beans (beans, chickpeas, lentils, etc.) and cereals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are proteins in many vegetable foods, the difference with meat is the percentage of protein. Here you have a table of protein content of most protein-rich plant foods, plus beef meat for comparison (values are g  of protein per 100 g of uncooked product):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;beef meat 22&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;beans 24&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chickpeas 21&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lentils 23&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wheat (bread, pasta, etc.) 10-13&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;corn 10&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rice 6-8&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a omnivore diet, meat is just one source of proteins among others, and provides just a part of total protein intake. It's perfectly possible to get enough proteins without meat. Actually our society is suffering from diseases that are caused by excess, not lack, of proteins [3,4].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Essential amino acids&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every protein we eat through the diet is made of amino acids. There are some amino acids we need to eat in order to satisfy our requirements, these are called &lt;em&gt;essential amino acids&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While meat contains all essential amino acids, common vegetable foods -individually- lack some essential amino acid. The essential amino acids that are not found in some vegetable foods can be found in other vegetable foods, for this reason it's important to eat variedly. If focusing on one type of bean, like soy, can lead to deficiencies, we avoid them by rotating the consumption of beans and cereals over the week. Some examples can be found on the web[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bastyr.edu/news/health-tips/2011/09/what-are-complementary-proteins-and-how-do-we-get-them&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Vegan diets&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was said until now is also valid for vegan diets: diets that exclude any animal product as meat, fish, milk, dairy, eggs, honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With diets based on vegetable foods it's perfectly possible to satisfy all nutritional needs '&lt;em&gt;during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes&lt;/em&gt;', as stated by the American Dietetic Association in 2009[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]. You just have to eat enough beans, cereals and vegetables (they contain proteins too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] Report of a Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation. (2003). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. World Health Organization technical report series (Vol. 916). doi:ISBN 92 4 120916 X ISSN 0512-3054 (NLM classification: QU 145)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[4] World Cancer Research Fund, &amp;amp; American Institute for Cancer Research. (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Cancer Research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T12:36:18.327" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T12:36:18.327" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="152" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:51:50.053" Score="23" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;Discovery called sitting &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.discovery.com/human/is-sitting-the-new-smoking-120301.htm&quot;&gt;the new smoking&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, and while this is somewhat hyperbolic, there seems to be hard data that indicates sitting (e.g., at a desk) for long periods of time is unhealthy (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20150127sitting.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://revdesportiva.pt/files/form_cont/Sitting_Time_and_Mortality_from_All_Causes.pdf&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case, and what can be done to mitigate the risks if your job requires sitting at a desk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T10:09:27.323" Title="Why is sitting for long periods unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="177" CreationDate="2015-04-01T12:54:48.460" Score="8" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parents of young children with amblyopia are often advised that vision in the weak eye can be improved by covering the healthy eye with an eye patch for a couple of hours every day. At what age does eye patching become less effective? Does the age at which the patching began matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T13:25:30.180" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:36:56.000" Title="Is eye patching effective for older children with amblyopia?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="126" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:01:05.873" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T13:01:05.873" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T13:01:05.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="127" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:01:05.873" Score="0" Body="For questions about the usage of medical devices (e.g. CT, MRI, Orthoses, ...)" OwnerUserId="108" LastEditorUserId="108" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:03:34.573" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:03:34.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:26:50.567" Score="13" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;LASIK, or laser eye surgery, is a surgery which reshapes the cornea to correct sight problems (e.g. short sighted, long sighted, astigmatism). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can laser (which is simply light) reshape the cornea? I'm particularly interested in &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; the procedures work, not the general steps of the operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:58:33.630" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:58:33.630" Title="How does LASIK (laser eye surgery) work?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="129" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:30:20.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For questions relating to the eyes, the human organs of vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/ophthalmology&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'ophthalmology'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;ophthalmology&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/optometry&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'optometry'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;optometry&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:03:17.010" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:03:17.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="130" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:30:20.403" Score="0" Body="Questions related to diseases that affect the eye, visual acuity, lenses and glasses." OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T21:35:43.593" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T21:35:43.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:30:24.983" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are some reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Free sugars contribute to the overall energy density of diets. [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12768890&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Free    sugars promote a positive energy balance. (= excess of energy intake) [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12768890&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drinks that are rich in free sugars increase overall energy intake by&#xA;reducing appetite control. [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12768890&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruit sugar is less cariogenic than refined sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12768890&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some sources talk about the potential damages of substances involved during refining of sugar: phosphoric acid [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sugaraustralia.com.au/Industry.aspx?content=RefiningBusiness&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;],  calcium hydroxide [&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] and sulfur dioxide [&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finally free sugars and sweetened foods have higher glycemic index than naturally sweetened foods [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-eating/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more note in terms of &lt;em&gt;health&lt;/em&gt;: free sugars have no minerals, vitamins nor fiber, that are usually contained in fruits and fruit juices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T13:30:24.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="132" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:35:46.573" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T13:35:46.573" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T13:35:46.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="133" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:35:46.573" Score="0" Body="Questions relating to the intake, safety, effects of nutrients, and their biochemical interactions with our body." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T22:51:52.347" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T22:51:52.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="134" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:39:58.490" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about the skin and how to keep it safe and healthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/dermatology&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'dermatology'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;dermatology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:03:57.523" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:03:57.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="135" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:39:58.490" Score="0" Body="Questions about the skin and how to keep it safe and healthy. See also [dermatology]." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:03:25.280" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:03:25.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="124" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:47:12.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sitting for long periods of time is unhealthy because you do not get good blood circulation. Most of your muscles are not moving. Passengers are recommended to get up and walk around on a long haul flight every few hours for the same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In serious cases, the blood may clot in the legs. This is known as &lt;em&gt;deep vein thrombosis&lt;/em&gt;. I have heard people who, after a long flight, fainted as they get up after landing. This is because there was insufficient blood pressure to carry nutrition to the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use a bad sit posture, it may lead to back pains as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T13:47:12.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2015-04-01T13:53:12.170" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, and according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/about&quot;&gt;the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lack of sleep can, in the short term, &quot;affect judgment, mood, ability to learn and retain information, and may increase the risk of serious accidents and injury&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the long term, it may &quot;lead to a host of health problems including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even early mortality&quot;. (We are speaking about an actual sleep deprivation here)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have published a complete set of articles about that, &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/consequences&quot;&gt;the entry point is here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T14:33:55.733" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T14:33:55.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="106" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:08:52.200" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosebleed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nosebleed&lt;/a&gt; (medical term: epistaxis) can be caused by number of factors and its cause is not always determined. You could have either anterior (inside your nostrils) or posterior nosebleed (at the back of your nose). If the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mucous membrane&lt;/a&gt; becomes inflamed or cracked, it's more likely to bleed if it is disturbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be caused by an infection, changes in humidity or temperature (such as cold weather). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During cold winter seasons nose bleeding is associated with low &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relative humidity&lt;/a&gt; of inhaled air, so you could try some air room humidifiers and see if &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/3997/how-to-increase-humidity-indoors&quot;&gt;increasing humidity&lt;/a&gt; will make any difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nosebleeds aren't usually serious, however if node bleeding happens quite often or lasts for too long, you should seek for medical help or contact &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;otolaryngologist&lt;/a&gt; so it can be assessed and the exact cause can be determined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nosebleeds can be stopped without the need for medical attention. To do that you may firmly pinch the soft part of your nose (just above your nostrils) for 10-15 minutes, lean forward and breathe through your month to drain blood down your nose, instead of down the back of your throat. You can also place an ice pack covered by a a tower on the bridge of your nose. And staying upright would reduce the blood pressure.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Nosebleed/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you nose has stopped bleeding, you can reduce the risk of your nose bleeding again by following the advice below:&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Nosebleed/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid blowing or picking your nose,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid heavy lifting or intensive exercise,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;don't remove any crusts as they're useful part of the healing process,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sneeze with open mouth to reduce the pressure inside your nose,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid people with coughs and colds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:43.037" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T12:33:36.550" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="103" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:17:55.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exact cause of migraines is unknown, although they are thought to be the result of temporary changes in the chemicals and blood vessels in the brain. Some people find migraine attacks are associated with certain triggers, which can include starting their period, stress, tiredness and certain foods or drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no cure for migraines, but migraines can be usually treated with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;painkillers&lt;/strong&gt; – including over the counter medicationssuch as paracetamol and ibuprofen,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;triptans&lt;/strong&gt; – medications that can help reverse the changes in the brain that may cause migraines,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;anti-emetics&lt;/strong&gt; – medications often used to reduce nausea and vomiting.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people find that sleeping or lying in a darkened room can also help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a specific trigger can cause migraines, such as stress or a certain type of food (artificial sweeteners, preservatives), so avoiding it can reduce your symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/Pages/symptoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;symptoms of a migraine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Migraine/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;treating migraines&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Migraine/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Migraine&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T14:17:55.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="102" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:24:54.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The migraine is a chronic neurological disease. Its main symptom is usually an intense headache that occurs at the front or on one side of the head and the pain could gets worse when you move and prevents you from carrying out normal activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms of a migraine can usually last for few hours or few days. Other common symptoms could include: nausea, vomiting and increased sensitivity to light and sound, however not everyone experiences these additional symptoms. Some other could include sweating, poor concentration, feeling very hot or very cold, abdominal (tummy) pain and diarrhoea. Migraine headaches are often undiagnosed and untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several types of migraine how it's categorised, such as&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;migraine with aura,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is when there are warning sings before migraine starts (such as flashing lights).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;migraine without aura,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where migraine occurs without warning sings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;migraine aura without headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where other symptoms are experienced (such as aura), but without headache. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the main stages of a migraine (although not everyone goes through all of these) are&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/migraine/Pages/symptoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;'&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prodromal&lt;/a&gt;' (pre-headache) stage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This early symptom can indicate the start of a disease. For example changes in mood, energy levels, behaviour and appetite can occur several hours or days before an attack. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(symptom)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aura&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_migraine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retinal migraine&lt;/a&gt; (visual migraine) can be accompanied by visual disturbances such as flashes of light or blind spots, which can last for five minutes to an hour or even temporary blindness in one eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It vary by individual experience (smells, lights, or hallucinations).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Headache stage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Throbbing or pulsatile pain on one side or both sides of the head lasting for few hours to 72 hours. Often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and/or extreme sensitivity to bright light and loud sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Postdrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Resolution stage)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When symptoms gradually fade away, you may till feel tired for a few days afterwards. During this time you may feel drained and washed out, some other people report feeling mildly euphoric.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/103/114&quot;&gt;What are the general causes of migraine and how can it be treated?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_headache&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tension headache&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/basics/symptoms/con-20026358&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Migraine Symptoms&lt;/a&gt; by Mayo Clinic Staff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T17:29:18.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="121" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:44:00.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A callus is a thickening of the skin that occurs in response to repeated friction, in order to protect the area that is affected. If you remove the calluses, then you will need to either wear gloves or other protective gear to prevent them from reforming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have calluses, there are a few ways you can reduce them. It's not recommended to simply cut them off or similar, as the skin underneath will (generally) not be sufficient to protect the area when the stress reoccurs. This can lead to blisters and/or breaks in the skin, which opens up the possibility of infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lotions and soaks such as epsom salts can help soften the area, and then something like a pumice stone can be gently used to abrade away the surface of the callus. Again, do not try to remove the entire area at one time. There are also many home remedies such as soaking in chamomile tea and similar, but I have no experience with their efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to prevent them in the future, take note of where on your hands they form, and then look for gloves that have padding in those specific areas. Be aware, that even with good gloves, you may still get callus formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T14:44:00.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="101" CreationDate="2015-04-01T14:59:45.670" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three main types of stretching that the general layman will be familiar with. There are a couple of others, but they are extreme techniques, and generally not used by the everyday athlete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ballistic - The &quot;lean and bounce&quot; method, where you repeatedly bob back and forth in the stretch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dynamic - Mimics the motion of the activity in increasing amplitude&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Static - Traditional &quot;lean and hold&quot; type of stretching.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ballistic is old fashioned, and has been contraindicated for quite a while. One of the big risks is activating the stretch reflex in the tendon (This is what causes your knee to jerk when the doctor whacks you with the hammer), and this causes your muscle to try and tighten (shorten) at the same time you are actively lengthening it. This can produce tears, avulsions or tendon ruptures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dynamic is recommended before activity, especially if you are doing an activity that requires great extremes of motion (Such as martial arts or gymnastics). This is simply doing the motions of the sport starting with slow, short movements and gradually increasing the range and power. Skips into bounds before running is one example of this. As evidenced &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2008/11000/The_Acute_Effects_of_Dynamic_and_Ballistic.18.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;by this study&lt;/a&gt;, dynamic stretching before activity showed greater gains in jump power, where ballistic and static stretching did not show the same gains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Static should be done after activity if it is done. Several studies have shown that static stretching before activity (especially in power based activities) actually decreases performance. The main purpose of static stretching is to increase range of motion (ROM) in the area being stretched. &lt;a href=&quot;http://saudeemovimento.net.br/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/402_EFFECT_OF_STATIC_AND_BALLISTIC_STRETCHING_ON.PDF&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; shows a decreased resistance to passive resistive torque (How far the joint can move before resistance begins), i.e. gains in flexibility with static where ballistic did not show the improvement. Ballistic did, however, reduce stiffness in the studied tendon (Achilles).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently no evidence that stretching will alleviate muscle pain, and while it is popular to do, not much evidence that it helps alleviate cramps, either. Static stretching (contrary to popular belief) has also not been proven to reduce injury rates (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gytk.sote.hu/gyki/Oktatok/Horpet/Bozot_suggested_article.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;As shown by this review article of the literature&lt;/a&gt;) or assist with such things as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), &quot;flush&quot; lactate out of the muscles, or anything. If it helps relax you, or if you need extreme ranges of motion for a specific sport, it can help, but other than that, there isn't much evidence for it to support performance increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, since you mention that you play baseball, there is some evidence (Although I can't find the study at the moment) that preswing warmups should be done with a lightweight bat rather than a weighted bat, as it helps increase the following swing speeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addition: While reading through references, I did find some notations that ballistic stretching post exercise could possibly produce greater gains in flexibility, at the cost of a higher injury risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T21:44:58.237" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T21:44:58.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="99" CreationDate="2015-04-01T15:04:20.400" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The color, odor and consistency of urine can be differ and can reveal what you've been eating, how much drinking and what diseases you have, so change of the color is usually something completely normal. All substances circulating in your body (including bacteria, yeast, excess protein/sugar can make their way there. It's an important part of your body's disposal process and it's useful tool of diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tomas Griebling, MD, MPH (vice chair of the urology department at the University of Kansas) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From a historical view, urinalysis was one of the original windows into what's happening in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anthony Smith, MD (professor and chief of urology at the University of New Mexico) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The urine is there primarily to get rid of toxins or things that would otherwise build up in the body that would be bad for the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urine gets it color from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urobilin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;urochrome pigment&lt;/a&gt; and it ranges between light straw/yellow and dark/deep amber (honey). Darker color is normally when you're urinating first in the morning (this indicates your liver was busy at night to get rid of toxins). During day or evening can indicate &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;dehydration&lt;/a&gt;, so you should drink more water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are some of the medicines and vitamins that can change the colour of urine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yellow or yellow-green: cascara, sulfasalazine, the B vitamins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orange: rifampicin, sulfasalazine, the B vitamins, vitamin C.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pink or red: phenolphthalein, propofol, rifampicin, laxatives containing senna.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Green or blue: amitriptyline, cimetidine, indomethacin, promethazine, propofol, triamterene, several multi-vitamins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brown or brownish-black: levodopa, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, some anti-malarial agents, methyldopa, laxatives containing cascara or senna.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/urinary-incontinence/urine-colour-changes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Urinary Incontinence health centre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you worry about your urine color (apart of contacting your doctor of course), you may purchase &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_strip&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;urine test strips&lt;/a&gt; for determination of leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood, specific gravity, ketone, bilirubin and glucose in urine. You can easily check if your infection is gone or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the following chart (The Color of Pee) found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2013/10/what-the-color-of-your-urine-says-about-you-infographic/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthhub.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/13-HHB-1407-The-Color-of-Pee-Infographic_FNL-finalnm.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wnF9a.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Color of Pee: Pale straw, Transparent Yellow, Dark yellow, Amber of honey, Syrup, Pink, Orange, Blue, Green, Foaming or fizzing&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthhub.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/13-HHB-1407-The-Color-of-Pee-Infographic_FNL-finalnm.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF version&lt;/a&gt; of it.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/features/the-truth-about-urine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What do urine color and odor changes mean?&lt;/a&gt; at WebMD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T15:04:20.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6" CreationDate="2015-04-01T15:31:52.007" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A blister is a small pocket of fluid in the upper skin layers and is one of the body’s responses to injury or pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the cause, the treatment could include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sterile drainage of fluid,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;professional dressing or padding techniques,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antibiotics, in the case of a bacterial infection,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antifungal preparations, in the case of fungal infection,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antiviral preparations, in the case of viral infection,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;treatment for any underlying allergy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Blisters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Better Health&lt;/a&gt; at Australian State Government of Victoria&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, you shouldn't break small blisters (no bigger than your little fingernail) and &lt;strong&gt;leave blisters intact&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;do not attempt to pop them&lt;/strong&gt;). However if blisters break, clean the area with mild soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment if you see signs of infection (apply &quot;patch test&quot; to make sure you don't have a bad reaction), and cover/protect it with a nonstick gauze bandage (a clean dressing). Do not tear off the flaps of skin left over from broken blisters. You'll shed them soon enough; don't risk irritating your skin even more now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For soothing, you may take a cool bath or shower and apply a a clean towel dampened with cool tap water&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-sunburn/basics/art-20056643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mayo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you develop larger blisters, contact a doctor (podiatrist, pharmacist, dermatologist), because large blisters are best removed, as they rarely will remain intact on their own. Also seek medical help if you experience immediate complications, such as extreme pain, headache, confusion, nausea or chills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These herbs may be applied topically to minor burns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply moisturizer such as Aloe vera lotion, cream or gel, or low-dose hydrocortisone cream, which may provide relief in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apply externally to the burned area, 3 - 4 times daily as needed, for soothing and healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calendula (Calendula officinalis), or pot marigold, as an ointment or a tea applied topically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To make tea from tincture, use 1/2 to 1 tsp. diluted in 1/4 cup water. You can also steep 1 tsp. of flowers in one cup of boiling water for 15 minutes, then strain and cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gotu kola (Centella asiatica)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A cream containing 1% of the herb, may help repair skin tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Propolis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A resin created by bees to build their hives, has been used historically to treat skin wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One study found that people given propolis to apply to minor burns healed as well as those treated with silver sulfadiazine, a prescription ointment. More research is needed, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/burns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burns&lt;/a&gt; at UMMC&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following tips may improve your healing and general health:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the burn is very recent, eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes) and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One study found that high doses of vitamin C post burn reduced fluid requirements by 40%, reduced burn tissue water content 50%, and reduced ventilator days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold water fish, tofu (soy) or beans for protein.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid caffeine and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/burns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burns&lt;/a&gt; at UMMC&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other natural home remedies include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Brew three or four teabags in a pitcher of warm water&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/burns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UMMC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the tea is almost black, remove the teabags and let the liquid cool to room temp. Gently dab at the sunburn with a cloth soaked in the tea, the more the better. Do not wash it off. If the cloth causes pain, dab at the burn with the teabags instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply witch hazel lotion which may soothe your skin&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-227-witch%20hazel.aspx?activeingredientid=227&amp;amp;activeingredientname=witch%20hazel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Egg Oil (Oleova).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Egg oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids like Docosahexanoic Acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The omega-3 fatty acids in egg oil are bound to phospholipids which have the ability to form liposomes (nanoparticles), which may be able to penetrate deep and heal the dermis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid egg whites, peanut butter, petroleum jelly, and vinegar in particular&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-sunburn/basics/art-20056643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mayo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-a-Sunburn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Treat a Sunburn&lt;/a&gt; at wikiHow&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/75/is-it-possible-to-reverse-the-skin-cell-damage-caused-by-sunlight-by-taking-appr&quot;&gt;Is it possible to reverse the skin cell damage caused by sunlight by taking appropriate vitamins?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T18:13:37.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="75" CreationDate="2015-04-01T15:51:58.103" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't reverse the skin damage, but you can treat wounds and burns, so your skin cell can regenerate faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating food full of antioxidants and vitamin C, such as blueberries, tomatoes, and cherries can reduce the body’s need for fluids, lowering only the risk for dehydration &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/burns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a skin sunburn, here are few advices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not pick, poke, scratch or peel your sunburn. It can cause even more irritation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply moisturizer, or low-dose hydrocortisone cream, which may provide relief in some cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply Aloe vera lotion or gel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used in traditional medicine by applying the clear gel from the Aloe plant and rubbing on the skin as ointment &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr553.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;safety study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 2007 review of aloe vera's use in burns concluded, &quot;cumulative evidence tends to support that aloe vera might be an effective interventions used in burn wound healing for ﬁrst- to second-degree burns. Further, well-designed trials with sufficient details of the contents of aloe vera products should be carried out to determine the effectiveness of aloe vera.&quot;.&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera#Research_into_medical_uses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider cortisone cream.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Watch for signs of infection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't put ice on them, as it can damage your skin further. Instead have a cool bath or gentle shower, which may be soothing. Or apply a clean towel dampened with cool tap water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply a cold wet compress.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take an over-the-counter pain reliever or some topical pain reliever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wear loose cotton clothing over sunburned areas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't break small blisters. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/6/should-blisters-be-removed&quot;&gt;Should blisters be removed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay close attention to any medications (herbal remedies or essential oils) that list an increased sensitivity to sunlight as a side effect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call emergency services for third-degree burns.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've signs of heatstroke or dehydration such as weak, faint, dizzy, rapid breathing, your eyes hurt, vomiting/diarrhea or something similar - call a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T15:51:58.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="128" CreationDate="2015-04-01T15:54:44.173" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LASIK&lt;/strong&gt; is an acronym for &lt;em&gt;Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis&lt;/em&gt;, with &lt;em&gt;Keratomileusis&lt;/em&gt; meaning surgical improvement of the cornea's refractive capabilities, i.e. usually to overcome the defects of myopia (short-sightedness), hyperopia (long-sightedness) and astigmatism (distorted vision).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process involves first cutting a corneal flap to allow access to the defective corneal tissue. This process involves keeping the eye open, and making an incision across the protective cornea tissue to form a flap. This is achieved via a suction ring. The flap is then lifted back (note that it is still connected to the rest of the eye). Lasers are then used to reshape the cornea tissue to remove the defects. The flap is pulled back over the cornea tissue and left to heal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The laser used operates using rapid pulses of low-energy-level ultraviolet light. The are other forms of eye surgery other than LASIK, but they depend more on the patients individual eye issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/SurgeryandLifeSupport/LASIK/ucm133329.htm&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration shows the processes involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T16:04:02.293" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:04:02.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="120" CreationDate="2015-04-01T16:22:02.993" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very good question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put: among doctors we call them &lt;em&gt;wonder drugs&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;life saving drugs&lt;/em&gt;. In a number of emergencies, such as severe drug reactions, life-threatening asthma or allergies, or inflammatory conditions (such as your example of arthritis), no other drugs act like steroids. They act quickly and effectively, reducing inflammation and decreasing allergic responses, opening swollen airways, etc. They are used because they are so effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steroids do have side effects; they can cause kidney stones, decrease bone density, may cause diabetes, nervous system related diseases and many more, but only when used continuously for more than 3 to 6 months or so. Usually, however, steroids are only used until the patient is out of danger or experiences relief of their sudden severe pain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steroids are not alien to our bodies; they are naturally produced by the adrenal gland, which lies above kidney. Therefore they are unlike paracetamol (which we take for fever) and other drugs which are synthetic (not natural). By giving steroids to patients, we are just strengthening a natural response our bodies attempt to mount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you not take any steroid for more than 3 months, and only under a doctor's supervision. Your doctor can advise you of any alternatives to steroids if available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T01:52:18.403" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T01:52:18.403" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="124" CreationDate="2015-04-01T16:25:29.157" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your body uses motion in several ways to maintain function.&#xA;One of them is called muscle milking&#xA;Muscle Milking is the process where blood is pushed back up to your heart by your muscles compressing on the veins. Since the veins have valves to ensure one-way direction, compression (usage) of the muscles causes it to move up, against gravity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lymph also piggybacks on this process to push fluid upwards, otherwise occasionally resulting in edema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Movement of blood is incredibly important. It transports white blood cells to fight various infections in your body, platelets have a tendency to start clotting when blood is moving too slow for a extended period of time (however are extremely important in injuries), nutrients are carried from your intestines, oxygen is carried to cells and carbon dioxide is carried away, filtering by the kidney's, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another component is the the body's powerful ability to adapt. It doesn't like spending energy when it doesn't have to. Sitting for extended periods of time frequently means your heart doesn't need to be very strong. Should at some point you do need it to do more (like when you're standing or exercising) it must quickly work overtime to keep up. This invites high blood pressure, dizziness and general fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To push the point, imagine someone who has been bed-ridden for several weeks due to surgery, illness, etc. While in supine (lying on your back) the person may feel fine. However when sitting up the person experiences dizziness, light-headedness and occasionally nausea. Overtime, especially following exercises, the symptoms fade as the body adjusts to being in a sitting position. The same occurs when standing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What to do&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution is simple. Move. Work out so that periods of inactivity are the exception and not the norm. A strong heart can handle higher level exercises and inactivity. A weak heart will have trouble with the former.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it's the inactivity with sitting that is unhealthy. You can stand and be inactive just as well (standing desk). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@kevin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have heard people who, after a long flight, fainted as they get up after landing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blood vessels constantly vaso dilate (get wider) and vaso constrict as needed.&#xA;Following a nights sleep, you may feel dizzy if you quickly stand up. This is because over the course of the night you were likely sitting in supine. Since only minimal pressure is needed to maintain flow in supine, the vessels can vaso dilate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon standing or sitting, the situation changes quickly and the body is not quick enough to respond. Since the body cannot get blood to the highest point (brain) fast enough, it cannot function. Luckily, when people faint they go into a horizontal posture, rapidly providing blood to the brain again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above invites trauma of course, but the risk of trauma is less of a issue then the lack of nutrients to the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T16:25:29.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T17:43:53.167" Score="9" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tradition says that dairy products are good sources of calcium just because they have it; while some modern studies (see below) show that protein digestion produces acidic environment, and body uses calcium from the bones to re-establish the correct pH. These opinions say that dairy products could even be detrimental to bone density and osteoporosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the end calcium balance is positive or negative from the consumption of dairy products?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Protein metabolism and calcium loss&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was asked in the comments to provide some reference about the &quot;modern studies&quot; relating calcium loss to protein intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The specific amino acid profile—especially of amino acids containing sulfur—determines the calciuretic effect of protein. Sulfate generated from the metabolism of these amino&#xA;  acids increases the acidity of the urine, causing greater amounts of calcium to be excreted in the urine. The proteins of many&#xA;  plants, especially legumes, have lower amounts of methionine and cysteine than do animal proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Weaver, C. M., Proulx, W. R., &amp;amp; Heaney, R. (1999). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet&lt;/a&gt;. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3 Suppl), 543S–548S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To date, the accumulated data indicate that the adverse effect of protein, in particular animal (but not vegetable) protein, might outweigh the positive effect of calcium intake on calcium balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Amine et al. (2002). &lt;a href=&quot;http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30010488&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:33:16.137" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T16:12:56.983" Title="Are dairy products effective sources of calcium?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:23:53.043" Score="13" ViewCount="3296" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it better to stand or sit when eating? If it is better to sit, what posture should I go for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T18:27:33.133" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T09:50:44.343" Title="What are the health tradeoffs between eating while standing vs. sitting vs. in reclining position?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="113" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:32:21.040" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extended contact of urine on skin will cause skin irritation and eventual breakdown. On the other hand, that water may contain flesh eating bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a situation of a lesser of two evils. Each wound is different and the causes numerous. The only reason you would need to &quot;clean&quot; a wound is if there is something in the wound that presents a hazard. Is that hazard greater then the damage urine will cause it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bleeding does not necessarily require cleaning. Bleeding in it's very nature is bleeding out and not in, decreasing the odds of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urine is designed to remove waste materials and isn't designed for bacteria. A UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) is normally introduced externally rather then interiorly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as sterility goes, completely sterile water is uncommon. I would trust water from my water bottle more then urine, even if it does contain bacteria from my mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T18:32:21.040" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:37:45.920" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In first aid, we normally leave blisters alone. But there is one exception. In multi day walking events, there is a protocol to treat blisters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We clean the blister and the skin around in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We make it as sterile as possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a single use sterile needle to make two holes on each of the sides of the blister in walking direction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gently empty the blister, while collecting the fluid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clean it again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Now you can use the right tape to cover the area. This can be tricky because each wrinkle kan lead to new blisters.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the blister is open or it contains blood, consult a medical professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T18:37:45.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="159" CreationDate="2015-04-01T18:38:46.777" Score="4" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_First_Responder_in_France&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;certified first responder in France&lt;/a&gt;, but laws and protocol may differ from a country to another. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May I use the techniques I am certified for here in other countries without legal issues? I'm not so much speaking about civil issues, but penal, as I could be considered non-certified outside my country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-01T20:36:15.137" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T20:36:15.137" Title="Legal issues when using first aid techniques that require certification in foreign countries" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-04-02T04:12:54.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="158" CreationDate="2015-04-01T19:33:02.260" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does differ from country to country. For example, in France (As I'm sure you are aware), if a person &lt;em&gt;fails&lt;/em&gt; to render assistance to a person in danger then they can by held liable. This falls under the &quot;duty to rescue&quot; concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here in the United States (and elsewhere), this is covered by something called the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_law&quot;&gt;Good Samaritan Law&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, which is intended to remove the fear of litigation preventing someone from aiding another in times of distress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is not a blanket immunity from someone suing. One of the concepts that I was taught when I was a first responder and ER medic in the Armed Forces, is that you are pretty much safe if you act in a manner consistent with either your own training or the training of the general person on the street.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is not a guarantee, if you stick within the scope of your training and provide assistance, then you should pretty much be protected. You may still be sued, as there is no bar against a lawsuit being brought, but the Samaritan concept should protect you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, this is not something that covers everything. For example, I was trained and certified in starting IV fluids. US protocol, however, provides that this can only be done when there is contact with a medical control available, and transport to a facility. If I came upon a hiking accident and whipped out an IV, I could still be held liable since that is out of protocol, and I would be considered to be acting outside the scope of common practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are traveling, your best bet is to look up the laws of emergency responders in the country you are going to. In some countries if it becomes known that you have the certification and you passed by an accident, you can then be held liable and possibly removed from certification because you failed in your duty to act.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-01T19:33:02.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="163" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T22:15:37.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Injuries or diseases of &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/tags/tendons/info&quot;&gt;tendons&lt;/a&gt; are called  tendinopathy. The clinical presentation of tendinopathy includes tenderness on palpation and pain, often when exercising or with movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q7ucz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q7ucz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aidmyachilles.com/tendon-muscle-injuries-in-the-leg/chronic-tendonitis-information.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AidMyAchilles&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most tendon injuries are either in the elbow (Triceps Tendon) or the heels (Achilles Tendon). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tag is for questions related tendon injuries, such as tendinitis or tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/tc/tendon-injury-tendinopathy-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of Tendinopathy: What Works, What Does Not, and What is on the Horizon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wdcphysiotherapy.co.uk/conditions-treated/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Achilles Tendinopathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/tendinitis&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;tendinitis&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;tendinitis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/tendons&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;tendons&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;tendons&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:50:53.170" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:50:53.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="164" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T22:15:37.310" Score="0" Body="Questions related to tendon injuries, such as tendinitis or tendinosis." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="29" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:04:35.887" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:04:35.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="179" CreationDate="2015-04-01T23:30:16.037" Score="6" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;Naproxen has some side effects, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/naproxen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;upset stomach, mild heartburn or stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But can it be responsible for ulcerative colitis or a Crohn's desease flare?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T08:37:07.903" LastActivityDate="2018-11-11T23:52:38.917" Title="Crohn's disease and naproxen" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="168" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-01T23:40:30.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;People and medical studies usually refer to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vegetarianism&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;ovo-lacto vegetarianism&lt;/strong&gt; as the diet that excludes meat (red meat, poultry, seafood and the flesh of any other animal), but includes both eggs and dairy products.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Veganism&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;strict vegetarianism&lt;/strong&gt; as the diet that excludes all animal products as meat, milk, dairy, eggs, honey. Thus veganism is one of the possible vegetarian diets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People choose to follow a vegetarian diets for many different kinds of reasons: ethics, health, environmental sustainability, social justice, cheapness, religious beliefs, aesthetics, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health profile of vegetarian diets has been a largely controverted subject in the history of medicine, passing from a general mistrust to increasing level of acceptance and support, nowadays.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12936940&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:04:52.007" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:04:52.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="169" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-01T23:40:30.733" Score="0" Body="For questions related to diets that restrict use of animal products." OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:02:27.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:02:27.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-01T23:52:36.577" Score="3" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often recommended not get over around 2 cortisone injections for a tendinitis. Why are cortisone injections deleterious for tendons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qr.ae/TbMNEb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://qr.ae/TbMNEb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-05-07T19:09:03.093" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T19:09:03.093" Title="Why are cortisone injections deleterious for tendons?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="171" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="203" CreationDate="2015-04-01T23:59:46.100" Score="6" ViewCount="731" Body="&lt;p&gt;Moles are underneath or in the deeper parts of the skin I believe. Do they use lasers or something? How do they prevent or try to prevent scarring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T20:11:55.917" Title="What is the process for removing moles (cancerous or non-cancerous) from skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T00:12:28.827" Score="4" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is recommended to apply ice as soon as possible after tendinitis symptoms appear. Is icing quickly after the injury much more effective than after a while (e.g. a few days), and if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120319084321AAjvZRG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yahoo answer post&lt;/a&gt; by Susan says :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apply ice in the first 48 hours following an injury is effective in&#xA;  that it will constrict blood vessels, thereby limiting fluid rushing&#xA;  to the area and reducing swelling. The cold can also be helpful in&#xA;  pain reduction. With an injury, a knee included, the R.I.C.E. method&#xA;  is best to employ- Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. Rest the&#xA;  area, apply Ice (15-20 minutes at a time, never directly on the skin&#xA;  and always allowing the skin to return to normal body temperature&#xA;  before reapplication- this usually means waiting at least 60 minutes&#xA;  between applications), Compression as in an Ace bandage or similar&#xA;  wrap and Elevating the affected limb on pillows or in a sling above&#xA;  the level of the heart. You can take Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen for&#xA;  pain relief with Ibuprofen being the better choice due to its&#xA;  anti-inflammatory properties. It is best to take it with food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Icing an injury will not stiffen a joint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The cons to icing an injury are leaving the ice on for too long a&#xA;  period of time or icing the injury beyond the first 48 hours. After&#xA;  the first 48 hours, moist heat should be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the patient is undergoing Physical Therapy, often the Therapist&#xA;  will begin the session with moist heat to relax and loosen the area to&#xA;  be worked and after going through exercises they may apply ice briefly&#xA;  in closing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does not give a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T15:24:08.790" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T15:24:08.790" Title="Why does icing work best when applied shortly after tendinitis symptoms appear?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="72" CreationDate="2015-04-02T00:28:10.370" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Comparing &quot;saltwater&quot; to non-alcoholic mouthwash may be too general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I remember correctly, pH is dependent on OH- (hydroxide) and H+ (Hydrogen) levels. Depending on the type of salt, let's say NaCl (table salt), water will recombine with the salt, but OH and H levels aren't affected. Na binds to OH and H binds to CL in equal quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the following that I found below, I believe &quot;alkalinize&quot; can't be taken to mean below neutral. I think it means that it lowers the pH level, whether to basic or less acidic. How I think of it is that you start with a highly acidic environment due to the bacteria. Then you use something with less acidity to average out the pH. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Salt water rinses are good because they alkalinize the mouth (opposite of acidify, which is what the bacteria create.) Use one-half teaspoon each of baking soda and salt in a cup of warm water. The alkalinity helps decrease the bacteria count because they like an acid environment. As far as hot or cold, I'm not sure it matters. The rise in pH (alkalinity) is temporary. That is why the docs are promoting the Peridex, because they last longer.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ped-onc.org/treatment/mouthcare.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I believe that &lt;strong&gt;the acidity is relative&lt;/strong&gt;. So for short term, it kills the bacteria, but for long term I believe Dr. Kerr is correct: it erodes teeth, which are made from Ca+ and probably fall to influence of the Cl- present in the solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cetylpyridinium chloride is a modern anti-sceptic. Despite the hazards of LARGE quantity exposure, &quot;CPC was one of only three antimicrobial systems to be classified as safe and efficacious for the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, along with stannous fluoride and essential oils.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/2011/09/cpc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; So it's safe in the amounts we use. Plus, hopefully you're not swallowing your mouthwash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ped-onc.org/treatment/mouthcare.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: Ped-Onc Resource Center - Mouth and Teeth: Care and Problems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/2011/09/cpc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: Cetylpyridinium chloride reduces plaque, calculus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cetylpyridinium-chloride.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is Cetylpyridinium Chloride?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T05:10:54.753" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T05:10:54.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="125" CreationDate="2015-04-02T00:59:19.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some studies have shown that eye patching has been effective in adults. One study&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lazyeye.org/lazy-eye-amblyopia-age-treatment-adult.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tested teenagers ages 13-17 and found that, combined with glasses and near vision activity, patching was effective in treating lazy eye. In fact there have been studies on treatment of amblyopia in older children/adults as early as 1957&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764839/#R44&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but this study was only performed on seven cases of amblyopia, so while it did show that patching combined with vision therapy did help treat amblyopia. Luckily, scientists have developed other ways to treat it, such as playing Tetris.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/New-hope-for-adults-with-amblyopia.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lazyeye.org/lazy-eye-amblyopia-age-treatment-adult.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lazyeye.org/lazy-eye-amblyopia-age-treatment-adult.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Successful Improvement of Eyesight with Therapy for Patients with Lazy Eye Proven Possible at Later Ages by Many New Scientific Studies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764839/#R44&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764839/#R44&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Treatment of amblyopia exanopsia in adults; a preliminary report of seven cases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/New-hope-for-adults-with-amblyopia.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/New-hope-for-adults-with-amblyopia.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;New hope for adults with amblyopia (lazy eye)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:36:56.000" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:36:56.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="178" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="180" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:01:47.637" Score="39" ViewCount="2288" Body="&lt;p&gt;I love all kinds of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungency&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pungent&lt;/a&gt; food such as chili peppers etc., the hotter the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know, are there any significant dangers or benefits related to consuming them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CGzbbt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kexPZt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vuQFHt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6ygs7t.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="115" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T01:58:57.203" LastActivityDate="2020-10-28T21:31:31.173" Title="Is eating spicy hot (pungent) food (hot chilli &amp; peppers etc.) healthy or harmful?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="167" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:10:25.780" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;em&gt;World Journal of Gastroenterology&lt;/em&gt;, a 2006 submission on Excerabation of IBD by NSAIDS and cox-2 inhibitors: Fact or Fiction, found a weak link between NSAIDs and a IBD flare but some patients will experience a flare up on the medication. The article ends with the recommendation that NSAIDs should be avoided if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, research done by the NIH, from 1990 to 2008, on 76,000 predominantly white women, found an absolutely increase in incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis when the patients were given NSAIDs. They didn't claim it was statistically significant just an absolute increase; this generally occurred with women using the drugs at least 15 days per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/1509.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: Fact or fiction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need PubMed access for article two. Neither article had a definitive answer but extended use seems to be associated with flare ups. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T08:40:49.163" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T08:40:49.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="178" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:25:54.500" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously some spicy foods are better for you than others, but I am assuming you want an answer about spicy foods in general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest benefits of eating spicy foods, especially chili peppers, is that it helps you lose weight. Spicy foods help to raise your metabolic rate, which will slow down your weight gain. If you eat spicy foods often, the effects add up.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2007 study by Nottingham University&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; found that spicy foods can help kill cancer cells. Capsaicin, which is what makes many foods spicy, attacks the mitochondria of the cancer cells, triggering their death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spicy foods have also been found to help decongest your sinuses. A 1998 study&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; found that a capsaicin nasal spray helped to clear the sinuses of people. Eating spicy foods has been known to have a similar effect.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for some risks of eating spicy food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you are eating spicy foods, there are only a few risks to watch out for. Spicy foods have been known as foods that can trigger heartburn, so anyone with heartburn should avoid them.&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; Some spicy foods that don't contain capsaicin, like horseradish, can sometimes damage tissue.&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are usually more risks when handling spicy foods, especially peppers. If pepper juice gets in your eye, it will cause pain and possibly swelling. If this ever happens, there are ways to flush out your eyes.&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; Handling peppers and sometimes horseradish before eating can cause pain, swelling, redness, and irritation in your hand. To avoid this, wear gloves when cutting peppers and wash your hands thoroughly after (washing with milk will help).&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/chili-peppers-may-solve-obesity-epidemic-spice-your-weight-loss-these-3-recipes-321370&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chili Peppers May Solve Obesity Epidemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6244715.stm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How spicy foods can kill cancers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9824407&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The long-term effects of capsaicin aqueous spray on the nasal mucosa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[4] &lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=Ht4J6mvKTwMC&amp;amp;pg=PA230&amp;amp;dq=spicy+food+sinuses&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=LNFBTuucJK_WiALql92nBQ&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=3&amp;amp;ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=spicy%20food%20sinuses&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diseases of the Sinuses: A Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnosis and Treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[5] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/america-asks-9/spicy-foods&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heartburn Prevention Tips for Spicy Food Lovers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[6] &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-eating-extremely-spicy-food-harmful-health-2660.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can Eating Extremely Spicy Food Be Harmful to Your Health?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[7] &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/5656/removing-pepper-juice-from-eyes/5658#5658&quot;&gt;Removing Pepper Juice From Eyes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:43.037" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T20:16:49.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="181" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:41:29.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tendinitis is inflammation of tendons which connect muscle to bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:02:34.873" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:02:34.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="182" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:41:29.367" Score="0" Body="Tendinitis is inflammation of tendons which connect muscle to bone." OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:03:36.237" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:03:36.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="183" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:44:00.100" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything regarding the absorption, break down to inactive or active metabolites, distribution, and elimination of the drug through the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:02:40.067" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:02:40.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="184" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:44:00.100" Score="0" Body="Anything regarding the absorption, break down to inactive or active metabolites, distribution, and elimination of the drug through the body. " OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:03:20.743" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:03:20.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="185" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:46:45.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In pharmacology, a drug is &quot;a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.&quot;[6] Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recreational drugs are drugs that are not used for medicinal purposes, but are instead used for pleasure. Common recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, as well as other substances such as opiates and amphetamines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Drug definition from Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:02:42.900" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:02:42.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="186" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T01:46:45.417" Score="0" Body="Questions related to medical drugs used by doctors for treatment of diseases." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T13:37:11.143" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:37:11.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="187" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T02:14:57.830" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T02:14:57.830" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:14:57.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="188" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T02:14:57.830" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding the ability of organisms to cause illness or disease in the body upon entering and multiplying in it should use this tag. It may be a virus, bacterium, parasite or other organism which uses the body as a host to the host's detriment. Some infections are subclinical or result in carrier states. Symbiosis is not considered an infection." OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T17:51:28.543" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T17:51:28.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="101" CreationDate="2015-04-02T02:25:25.330" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/30957/12909&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; from yesterday on Biology.SE. There is probably some overlap but I have linked articles with data available with my answer that may be of interest. As a note, the question on Bio was about warm showering to prepare for a sporting event. I am leaving the post as is since the information is still relevant and useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to address only the stretching portion of the question since some misinformation is out there. When you say stretching, I hope you mean dynamic as opposed to static stretching especially if you are about to compete in a sport. If you are referring to static stretching, taking a shower may be a better option then, but if you mean dynamic stretching, a shower will not provide a greater benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For peak performance, athletes or weekend warriors should use dynamic stretching prior to an event.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In previous research it has been recommended to use dynamic stretching as the primary method of stretching pre-event warm-up before high speed, and power activities (Little &amp;amp; Williams, 2004). The findings of this study agree with that recommendation for agility activities as well. This study supported the use of dynamic stretching in eliciting the greatest performance in agility movements by decreased T-Drill time. The findings&#xA;  of the current study are consistent with those of Fletcher and Jones (2004), and Young and Behm (2003) who determined that dynamic stretching elicits the best performance in power and high-speed activities &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&amp;amp;context=etd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, static stretching does not improve performance and can actually lead to injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The current study found static stretching to have a negative effect on agility, and acceleration (Fletcher &amp;amp; Jones, 2004; Nelson et al., 2005). As acceleration is a component of agility, these findings support those of Fletcher and Jones (2004) and Nelson et al. (2005). Agility also involves components of braking, and change of direction. Static stretching prior to agility activities was found to have a negative effect on agility performance &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&amp;amp;context=etd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To read up on dynamic and static stretching as well as other types of stretching, I would recommend MIT's &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.mit.edu/tkd/stretch/stretching_4.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Types of Stretching&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the references to my reference one provides many more useful articles to look into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1691&amp;amp;context=etd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Static versus dynamic stretching effect on agility and performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T02:25:25.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="120" CreationDate="2015-04-02T02:59:55.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason drugs with adverse side effects are prescribed are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally the benefits outweigh the risk,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every side effect that was discovered during trials, no matter how rare, must be listed, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hopefully the FDA in the US or the similar administration in the other countries did their due diligence in order to protect consumers from drug companies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors only prescribe untested drugs to terminal ill patients who sign numerous waivers in order to take them. So on average, a patient should only rarely experience the side effects and usually the milder ones will present; however, some people will present with the more serious adverse reactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if any side effect does present itself, the patient should consult their physician since alternatives may be available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T01:31:04.803" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T01:31:04.803" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="191" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="197" CreationDate="2015-04-02T03:02:41.087" Score="8" ViewCount="4697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm Shimmy, almost 30ish, Male, 6', 158 lbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a heavy computer user and sit in front of my homedesk for long intervals (5-18h daily).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use the computer mostly for working with text (software development), selecting text, accessing menus, drag-drop etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In seasons, depending on how heavily I'm sitting at my desk, I suffer from right hand strain and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be due the wrong chair height or desk setup, wrong sitting, hand rest or whatever. Please help me find out what's causing the problem, what does this kind of pain signal, and what can I do to avoid it and any related injury.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect it might be because of the hand-rest, is it related? If yes, should I rest/unrest my hand on it? Should I completely remove it? Should I lift my chair a bit? Any other mouse set ups and other alternatives to consider?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BcZxt.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In the preceding figure, I tried to mark on this picture the channels I feel pain, but the most of it is either at the wrist knuckle (between arm and hand), and at my hand top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use the &lt;a href=&quot;http://tzora-global.com/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tzora Rialto&lt;/a&gt; chair, not that I believe anyone knows, but it's a pretty customizable chair, I just don't know to choose the right setup (you can see the available customizations in their website, see the middle tab on the bottom):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/tyZMfKD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nVNOKt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; title=&quot;Click to enlarge chair&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here're some pictures of my desk setup and my hand as I normally sit on it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uhYp4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uhYp4t.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; title=&quot;Click to open&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4h2b9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4h2b9t.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; title=&quot;Click to open&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dhzQ9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dhzQ9t.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; title=&quot;Click to open&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T05:48:12.227" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T15:44:20.847" Title="Right wrist pain from using computer mouse" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-02T14:51:16.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="192" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T03:38:39.033" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T03:38:39.033" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T03:38:39.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="193" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T03:38:39.033" Score="0" Body="Questions about health risks associated with living below the poverty threshold." OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T05:04:15.733" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T05:04:15.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="194" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T03:41:53.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While side effect is mostly used to describe negative, adverse effects. Sometimes it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Occasionally, drugs are prescribed or procedures performed specifically for their side effects (off-label-use). In that case, said side effect gradually ceases to be a side effect, and becomes an intended effect. For instance, X-rays were historically (and are currently) used as an imaging technique; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their employ in radiotherapy (ablation of malignant tumours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T02:39:24.387" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T02:39:24.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="195" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T03:41:53.123" Score="0" Body="Questions about secondary or unwanted effects a drug can cause on a person; ie: how depression medication can cause suicidal thoughts." OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T02:39:03.863" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T02:39:03.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="191" CreationDate="2015-04-02T04:27:12.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After experimenting different motions with my mouse for some while, I'm now certain it has to do with the effort spent in mouse-movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel that it's the hand-movement that causes the pain rather than the clicks.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Anyway my system (Win8.1) is configured with max speed, but I believe this already fits in &lt;a href=&quot;https://superuser.com/questions/211410/increase-mouse-pointer-speed&quot; title=&quot;Increase mouse pointer speed&quot;&gt;another scope&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which led me to the following conclusions about the mouse environment, which I'm sure when addressed, will solve my hand-pain issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wired mouse (as opposed to wireless) not only slows down the mouse but also restrains the mouse and forces the hand with having to extra-pull the mouse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A smooth and clean mouse pad - to avoid mouse obstacles and smooth moving of it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A clean mouse bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A light mouse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Led of mouse that responds very efficiently&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish there would be a hovering mouse. That would surely solve lots of problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will keep on updating after I fix up my environment. It might take a while until I go shopping but I sure will update once I have news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As some suggested here, I started using the mouse with my left hand, which is also a great solution. Indeed a big challenge at first, but the advantages are not only health and no-pain, but I think it also develops the sensitivity of the left hand, wrist and fingers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-20T10:18:34.890" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T15:44:20.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="212" CreationDate="2015-04-02T04:44:12.693" Score="6" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a possibility to improve the deteriorating eyesight naturally? If yes, how is it possible? If the eye sight continues to get worse, is there a chance of losing eyesight completely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="100" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T06:49:31.403" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T14:07:13.113" Title="Naturally improve eyesight" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2015-04-02T14:26:33.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="154" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:03:04.380" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dairy products are not the best source of calcium for many reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Lactose Intolerance&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactose intolerant people can't have dairy products as they will usually cause various symptoms like diarrhea or cramping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;High Saturated Fat Content&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most dairy products are high in saturated fat, which can be a risk factor for heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milk has been able to cut down on this with reduced fat and fat-free options, but other dairy products, like cheese and ice cream are still very high in fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Cancer Risk&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ovarian Cancer - Studies have shown that high intakes of lactose (equal to 2-3 servings of milk) can increase the risk of ovarian cancer&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prostate Cancer - Studies showed inconclusive evidence that some men with a higher calcium intake might have a higher risk of prostate cancer; &lt;strong&gt;Evidence was not conclusive&lt;/strong&gt;; Could also be linked to just calcium rather than dairy products&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though dairy products are a convenient source, and they are high in protein and vitamins A and D, they are not the best source for calcium. In small amounts, dairy is fine, but there are good alternative sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other sources&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leafy green vegetables - kale, spinach, lettuce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beans, legumes, and almonds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium supplements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492930?dopt=Citation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dairy products and ovarian cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2360740/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium-full-story/#calcium-from-milk&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should You Get Calcium from Milk?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T20:07:10.670" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:07:10.670" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="204" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:06:46.500" Score="5" ViewCount="28513" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say a person is sick with the flu currently. They also take a regular daily prescription pill which should only be taken once a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Scenario&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fred takes his prescription pill today, but then like 10 minutes after taking it he throws up. Would Fred need to take another pill since he likely threw up most of the medication? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user147" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T21:08:10.357" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:20:22.847" Title="Took a daily prescription pill but vomited shortly after" Tags="&lt;pill&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-04-22T23:40:42.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="205" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:23:26.647" Score="5" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people now a days, use the computer a lot. A very lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing it's normal to feel some slight discomfort, small pain regularly in your dominant hand, wrist, and/or underside of forearm if you use the computer for greater than 5 hours a day everyday?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is this a sign that you may be developing/have carpal tunnel syndrome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user147" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T13:51:31.653" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T08:26:59.117" Title="How to tell the difference between not so serious wrist, finger, arm pain/strain/weakness and carpal tunnel syndrome?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;&lt;carpal-tunnel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="171" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:39:04.907" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are actually a few ways that moles are removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cutting it off&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes moles can be &amp;quot;shaved&amp;quot; off if the cells don't go very deep. Other times, the mole cells will be deeper in your skin, so the doctor will have to make a deeper cut to prevent it from coming back (like taking a weed out by its roots). The deeper cuts will usually require stitches. This process is called 'excision'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases where the mole is suspected to be cancerous, this is always the method used - usually a full excision is performed to make sure no potentially-cancerous cells are left behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Freezing it off with liquid nitrogen&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small amount of liquid nitrogen (which is extremely cold) will be placed on the mole. A small blister might form, but it will heal by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Burning it off&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An electric current is passed through a wire which will burn off the upper layers of the skin (where the mole is) off. Can require multiple treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/removing-moles-and-skin-tags-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;WebMD - Removing Moles and Skin Tags&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/how-do-doctors-remove-moles.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;How Do Doctors Remove Moles?&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T20:11:55.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="201" CreationDate="2015-04-02T05:45:43.060" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on the type of pill you are taking, but there are a few good rules to follow. You may also want to talk with your doctor when your medication is prescribed, in case something like this happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less than 30 minutes after - take the pill again (this is what should happen in the situation you described)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;More than 90 minutes after - definitely don't take the pill again; it has probably gone past your stomach&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;30-60 minutes after - if the risk of taking the pill outweighs the benefits, take the pill; if unsure, contact your doctor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;60-90 minutes after - usually don't take the pill, unless the pill is really, really important; again, if unsure, contact your doctor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers are more of an estimate, combined from numbers taken from several sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Note: this can vary from pill to pill, so it is best to call your doctor&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.getpharmacyadvice.com/what-to-do-if-you-vomit-after-taking-your-medication/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What To Do If You Vomit After Taking Your Medication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a697037.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Azithromycin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379826/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vomiting of Oral Medications by Pediatric Patients: Survey of Medication Redosing Practices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T21:20:22.847" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:20:22.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="202" CreationDate="2015-04-02T06:38:03.183" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Slight discomfort or little pain is &lt;em&gt;quite obvious&lt;/em&gt; when you use computers for more than 5 hrs a day, that too for many months/years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, such situation is all set to bring in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. As a medical professional, I think the most important symptoms you should check/watch for include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;tingling sensation and numbness (emptiness)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the symptoms that are alarming signs of CTS. At times, these are associated with weakness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When to count it seriously?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the time is when it disturbs your &lt;em&gt;routine works&lt;/em&gt; or wakes you up in the nights.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastEditorDisplayName="user147" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T01:23:05.270" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T01:23:05.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="100" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:05:03.127" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question though a broad one! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, it all depends on the 'pill' or 'medicine' you are on. Different medicines have different &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nmp/sonet/rlos/bioproc/halflife/&quot;&gt;half-lives&lt;/a&gt;. And 'half-life' is the factor that mostly decides the 'dosage/timings'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, if you go by general guidelines, all doctors agree upon one thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Take a missed pill the &lt;em&gt;moment&lt;/em&gt; you remember it. But then, &lt;strong&gt;if&lt;/strong&gt; it is almost the time for the next dose, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;skip it.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; That said, &lt;strong&gt;don't&lt;/strong&gt; ever take two pills together (compensating the missed dose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best practice is ask your healthcare provider about it. They can precisely tell you what should you do (though most of them would advise what I wrote). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T07:05:03.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="83" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:13:59.070" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you mentioned, whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis. It proves to be a very stubborn diseases especially in children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why this cough lasts so long?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could be many reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, the bacteria attach themselves to the cells lining the airways and then gradually spread all over. The area of lungs and airway is quite large and it gives them all playground to multiple and have greater impact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, it is a specialty of this bacterium that &lt;strong&gt;even if it is treated and terminated&lt;/strong&gt;, the coughing remains for long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.patient.co.uk/health/whooping-cough-leaflet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient.co.uk writes:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bordetella pertussis bacteria affect the lining of the airways in some way to cause symptoms (mainly a cough) to continue for a long time &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;after the bacteria have gone.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be due to the damage they made and the healing time our body requires. I may not deny the theory that affected area might have some residuals of the microorganisms that might be causing 'irritation' to the throat that ultimately produces coughing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T07:13:59.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="208" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:15:26.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions related to the wrist and any medical issues with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/hand&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'hand'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;hand&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/carpal-tunnel-syndrome&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged 'carpal-tunnel-syndrome'&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;carpal-tunnel-syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T13:50:56.180" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T13:50:56.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="209" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:15:26.450" Score="0" Body="Questions related to the wrist and any medical issues with it." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T13:51:19.280" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T13:51:19.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="210" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:16:19.613" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T07:16:19.613" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T07:16:19.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="211" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-02T07:16:19.613" Score="0" Body="Questions having to deal with the kidneys." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T13:51:39.703" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T13:51:39.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="198" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:07:48.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ps:myopia is condition your cousin is having most likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;children's bodies grow, so do the eyes, which may cause a gradual increase in myopia. And just as bodily growth can be in uneven spurts, the changes in myopia may be similarly uneven. During adolescence, the change can be rather rapid and require a new, thicker eyeglass correction more than once a year, but when body growth slows or stops (usually by age 18), the myopia tends to stabilize. There is normally no reason to worry about the frequent changes in lens correction that occur during adolescence. Almost never is there any real danger to eyesight, and vision can almost always be corrected to 20/20 or better with eyeglasses or contact lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: There is an extremely rare type of myopia, called malignant progressive myopia, which is a serious condition and leads to gradual structural damage to the eye. This type needs regular clinical evaluation. It is not related to ordinary myopia and does not develop from ordinary myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For your cousin, it may be the correct time for his eyeball to stop growing . Ask him to do check up regularly. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it still continues, ask him to check his doctor. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Balanced diet is recommended to prevent further deteriorating of myopia aka distant vision problem, esp vit A. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is an irreversible process, you can't bring his power back to normal naturally &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;But you can go for lasik surgery, but I don't recommend it personally. .  It has its own line of complications &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="29" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T14:07:13.113" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T14:07:13.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:09:12.133" Score="7" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a cliche saying that women freeze faster than men. Also, there have been several articles in health journals addressing this question. (e.g. this article:  &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/health/health+news/why+women+feel+the+cold+more+than+men,13259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Why women feel the cold more than men&lt;/a&gt;&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any &lt;strong&gt;scientific evidence&lt;/strong&gt; to support the claim &lt;strong&gt;that women tend to feel cold faster than men?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="152" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T19:14:48.977" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T14:11:49.297" Title="Is there evidence that women feel cold faster than men?" Tags="&lt;senses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:15:11.120" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;RSI refers to Repetitive Stress Injury. You see the word 'repetitive' there? So, it has to come with &lt;strong&gt;anything&lt;/strong&gt; that you repeatedly do. No matter wrist, ankle, elbow, knee! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then, if you think a bit more, the strength we have in our extremities is different from each other. Said that, by nature, legs are stronger than hands. Extending this further, toes are stronger than fingers, knee ...than elbow, and hip joint ...than shoulder. The same goes true in case of foreleg vs forearm, thighs vs biceps and so ankle vs wrist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't say that using ankles won't cause RSI), BUT as compared to wrists, your ankles are a bit stronger so they'll take &lt;em&gt;longer&lt;/em&gt; time to get affected. But RSI -repetitive...so doing it again and again won't spare you at all!   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T08:15:11.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="170" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:35:27.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Effects of cortisone ie. glucocorticoids (GCs) are very variable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One effect of GC is the inhibition of collagen formation. Collagen is the main ingredient of tendons. Collagen units form the backbone for tendons and makes them as strong as they are. As every tissue in human reproduces all the time so do tendons by forming new collagen as the old molecules deteriorate. If collagen formation is blocked this naturally leads to possible rupture of tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also important to note that GCs should never be injected IN tendon. Instead injection should be put as peritendinous to avoid imminent rupture. Of course in long run repeated peritendinous injections may lead to rupture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;peritendinous = surrounding the tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-05-18T19:47:04.067" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T19:47:04.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="218" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="222" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:49:50.700" Score="8" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an individual with poor eyesight undergoes LASIK surgery, will it return the sight exactly to normal? What are the risks of the procedure? Are there any side effects or complications to be concerned about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:22:18.220" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:22:18.220" Title="Outcomes and risks of LASIK surgery" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="171" CreationDate="2015-04-02T08:57:34.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Treatment of moles is very dependable to whom you refer for treatment. Dermatologist have more sophisticated methods for mole treatment compared to a general practitioner or a general surgeon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major factor influencing to treatment of moles is the possibility of &lt;em&gt;melanoma&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melanoma should be suspected as follows &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asymmetry &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Borders (irregular)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Color (variegated)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diameter (greater&#xA;than 6 mm (0.24 in)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Evolving over&#xA;time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melanoma or a suspected melanoma should ALWAYS be treated by surgical incision and removal. Futhermore, the removed skin sample should be sent to pathologist. Of course if mole are treated with laser or other non-invasive methods, adequate histological diagnosis can not be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current medical literature does not describe many proven method for prevention of scars. Whether large scar or even celoid will develop is very patient spesific. Some patients will develop large, very ugly scars and some will have total healing within months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Silicon containing bands and bandages can be used to treat scar celoid, but the effectiveness of prevention remains unknown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T08:57:34.903" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="297" CreationDate="2015-04-02T09:36:56.863" Score="12" ViewCount="7832" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard many contradictory things related to the harm breaststroke can do to the back. (All during informal discussions. I have no references to include here, so my question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some say swimming can only be good for the back and the rest of the body&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some other say that breaststroke can be deleterious for the back, even if the swimmer submerges his/her head. (So a great care must be given to the technique, even in a recreational context).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect the truth to be somewhere in between these two extremes, but I have no way to figure out by myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T01:52:25.603" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:34:24.213" Title="Can breaststroke be harmful for the back?" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;back&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="218" CreationDate="2015-04-02T10:39:58.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Post-operative complications include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visually significant wrinkles or striae in the flap (1%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dislocated flap (early postoperative period)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infection (early postoperative period; very rare; &amp;lt; 0.02%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diffuse intralamellar keratitis (&amp;lt; 0.1%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epithelial ingrowth (early to late postoperative; 1-2%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Under/overcorrection (see results)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ectasia (incidence unknown; &amp;lt; 0.01%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, LASIK results are better for patients with low myopia (between 1-6 D) and low astigmatism (&amp;lt; 1 D). Stability has been reported to be good with little or no change noted in most patients between 3 months and 1 year postoperative. Other factors that can affect results include the type of laser and microkeratome used and surgeon experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But personally I have heard from some of my colleges that it can recur again after 10yr or so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The procedure is nothing but to reduce cornea part of eye, so in future at old age if you develop cataract (which has incidence of above 70%among old age people), cataract surgery options gets limited because we have lost considerable amount of cornea for this LASIK.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My old Opthalmology professor, denied me to go for LASIK (I am too myopic - wear glass). He gave me 5 min lecture on that day telling about complication (I miss him now though). This conversation happened 2 yr back.  Not ages old.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He just told &quot;don't waste your cornea&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="129" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T17:45:09.027" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T17:45:09.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T10:47:58.683" Score="10" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see more and more e-cigarette users around me making their own liquid instead of buying industrial products already assembled. They use exactly the same components (glycerin, propylene glycol, flavour, and optionally nicotine) as the industry, and they decide to do that for various reasons: taste, fun, money, and even health for some. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This health reason is the one that makes me ask a question here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the impression that DIYing liquid is actually unsafe. Because there is more dust in a regular room than in a laboratory, and also because the bottles, pipes, etc, used for making/storing the liquid are unlikely to be as clean as those used in professional laboratories. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This being said, I might be wrong or missing something. And I can't find any serious reference regarding this issue, to make my mind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2018-01-25T06:44:55.143" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T13:45:11.567" Title="E-cigarette. Making liquid vs. buying liquid" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="249" CreationDate="2015-04-02T11:01:00.473" Score="18" ViewCount="2342" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/Sport.aspx&quot;&gt;commonly said&lt;/a&gt; that, after eating, you should wait 2-3 hours before exercising. It isn't recommended to eat and right afterwards to exercise (or swim).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I haven't really understood why that is. Does this bad behavior affect me immediately (if I'm in robust health) or does it affect me in the long term? Αnd how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:54:47.537" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T08:54:47.537" Title="Why am I advised not to eat immediately before exercise?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="280" CreationDate="2015-04-02T11:17:49.563" Score="8" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some of the causes of elevated systolic blood pressure in an otherwise young, healthy and asymptomatic patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:49:59.563" Title="Causes of hypertension in young, healthy patient?" Tags="&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="258" CreationDate="2015-04-02T11:21:13.410" Score="14" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some natural evidenced based approaches that can be used to reduce blood pressure in a patient with hypertension, or prevent hypertension in an otherwise healthy patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T16:43:40.393" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T06:34:41.107" Title="What are some natural ways to reduce blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="45" CreationDate="2015-04-02T11:53:13.140" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C (ascorbic acid - an antioxidant and reducing agent) is water soluble (so dietary excesses not absorbed), and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine. It exhibits remarkably low toxicity , however LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; in humans remains unknown given lack of any accidental or intentional poisoning death data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Government recommended intake:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;United States vitamin C dose recommendations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance (adult male):  90 mg per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance (adult female):    75 mg per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tolerable Upper Intake Level (adult male):   2,000 mg per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tolerable Upper Intake Level (adult female): 2,000 mg per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;40 milligrams per day or 280 milligrams per week taken all at once: the United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;45 milligrams per day 300 milligrams per week: the World Health Organization,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;80 milligrams per day: the European Commission's Council on nutrition labeling,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;90 mg/day (males) and 75 mg/day (females): Health Canada 2007,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60–95 milligrams per day: United States' National Academy of Sciences,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100 milligrams per day: Japan's National Institute of Health and Nutrition, however the NIHN did not set a Tolerable Upper Intake Level.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on US upper level recommendations taking up to 1g per day is still fine, however it depends on your body tolerance and previous intake (as for some 5-10g could be still normal), especially if your body needs it for optimum health and to meet stresses or infections. Although the body's maximal store of vitamin C is largely determined by the renal threshold for blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if you exceed the upper limits of your body/bowel tolerance, in general any drug overdose is dangerous causing some side effects. Relatively large doses of ascorbic acid may cause indigestion, particularly when taken on an empty stomach and it can case diarrhoea. In one trial in 1936 (6g doses) toxic manifestations were observed in 5/29 adults and 4/93. Symptoms of Vitamin C overdose could include: skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, facial flushing, headache, fatigue and disturbed sleep. As well as itchy skin (prurutis), dizziness and abdominal pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's usually advised to take smaller doses more frequently (e.g. ever hour), than larger doses in short amount of time in order to simulate endogenous production and increase your tolerance threshold. On the other hand your body would &quot;learn&quot; daily intake and it will expect similar doses on daily basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C&quot;&gt;Vitamin C&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T11:53:13.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="55" CreationDate="2015-04-02T13:01:25.100" Score="13" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Marijuana as medicine&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its usage in modern times is controversial, however studies of chemicals in the plant (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabinoids&lt;/a&gt; such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;THC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CBD&lt;/a&gt;) has lead to two FDA-approved medications and more research may lead to more medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marinol which has been approved by FDA is used for the treatment of anorexia in HIV/AIDS patients as well as for nausea and vomiting of patients undergoing chemotherapy&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol#Marinol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THC increases appetite and reduces nausea. It may also decrease pain, inflammation and muscle control problems. CBD does not affect the mind, but it can be useful in reducing pain and inflammation, controlling epileptic seizures and possibly treating mental illness and addictions&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailycaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/df_ismarijuanamedicine_4_2015.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH 2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Treatment for cancer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marijuana (whole unprocessed plant or its basic extracts) kills cancer cells and it has been confirmed by US government. The federal government funded research was carried by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDA&lt;/a&gt; and the publication admits that cannabis has medicinal value&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailycaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/df_ismarijuanamedicine_4_2015.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent animal studies have shown that marijuana can kill certain cancer cells and reduce the size of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence from one animal study suggests that extracts from whole-plant marijuana can shrink one of the most serious types of brain tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research in mice showed that these extracts, when used with radiation, increased the cancer-killing effects of the radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The U.S. Food and FDA conducted studies to determine the benefits and risks, however not recognized or approved marijuana plant as medicine for cancer, because researchers did not conducted enough large-scale clinical trials which showed the health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A molecular biologist from Spain, Dr. Christina Sanchez explains has been studying the anti-tumor effects of THC for over a decade and she explains how it kills cancer cells entirely. See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://vimeo.com/83094404&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Health benefits&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other potential health benefits can include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/patents/US6630507&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;US6630507&lt;/a&gt; by 3 scientists from the Department of Health and Human Services which describe in abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. &lt;strong&gt;The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia.&lt;/strong&gt; Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids, such as cannabidoil, are particularly advantageous to use because they avoid toxicity that is encountered with psychoactive cannabinoids at high doses useful in the method of the present invention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonpsychoactive CBD anti-tumor activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study published in the journal &lt;a href=&quot;http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/1/90.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Cancer Therapeutics&lt;/a&gt; state that cannabis having anti-tumor effects and found it could be the answer to the increasing number of treatment-resistant cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Italian researchers published a study in &lt;a href=&quot;http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/308/3/838.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics&lt;/a&gt; which tested cannabidiol on human brain tumor cells and they've found that the non-psychoactive cannabis compound to have detrimental effects on the viability of these cells, inhibiting their growth “significantly”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antiproliferative action on brain tumour cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study found in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v95/n2/abs/6603236a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Cancer&lt;/a&gt; found that THC and other cannabinoids were able to inhibit the growth of brain tumors. In two out of nine patients, the compounds were able to decrease the number of tumor cells, all without psychoactive effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cannabinoid system can serve to protect the brain against neurodegeneration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/17/6475.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Neuroscience&lt;/a&gt; contains another study from 2001 in which THC-treated rats received neuro-protective benefits. Neuro-degeneration refers to progressively worsening brain function commonly found in age-related dementia but also when the brain is damaged. The researchers found that rats treated with THC were protected against such damage, indicating it as a potential solution for slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease and also acute damage that could occur as a result of directed tumor treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antibacterial effects of cannabinoids&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2008 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18681481&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; led by Appendino et al. demonstrated that cannabinoids have antibacterial activity even on MRSA. They stated that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All five major cannabinoids (cannabidiol (1b), cannabichromene (2), cannabigerol (3b), Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (4b), and cannabinol (5)) showed potent activity against a variety of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of current clinical relevance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, in Hindu texts cannabis was known as ‘sacred grass’. It has also been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is medical marijuana?&lt;/a&gt; at Drug Abuse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/marijuanainfo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Marijuana Resource Center&lt;/a&gt; at White House&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/08/23/20-medical-studies-that-prove-cannabis-can-cure-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;20 Medical Studies That Show Cannabis Can Be A Potential Cure Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://naturalsociety.com/4-studies-marijuana-treat-brain-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4 Studies Proving That Marijuana Can Treat Brain Cancer&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Documentary: &lt;a href=&quot;http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/run-from-the-cure/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Run From The Cure&lt;/a&gt; - The Rick Simpson Story - made by Christian Laurette in 2008&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://naturalsociety.com/molecular-biologist-explains-thc-kills-cancer-completely/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Biologist Explains How THC Kills Cancer Completely&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hempforfuture.com/2014/04/11/recipe-to-make-cannabis-oil-for-chemo-alternative/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recipe To Make Cannabis Oil For Chemo Alternative&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hightimes.com/read/rick-simpsons-hemp-oil-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rick Simpson's Hemp-Oil Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T15:58:49.303" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="289" CreationDate="2015-04-02T13:22:39.117" Score="1" ViewCount="4588" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to a doctor a few days ago for a chronic ache at the left hip. She performed some kinesiology tests on me and said that's the wisdom tooth position that influenced my hip and causes me pain. She suggested to do an x-ray and have it out if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="155" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:00:31.697" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T00:00:31.697" Title="Can wisdom tooth cause hip ache?" Tags="&lt;hips&gt;&lt;wisdom-teeth&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;referred-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ClosedDate="2015-04-03T17:37:19.487" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="65" CreationDate="2015-04-02T13:24:02.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All caffeinated beverages like coffee (even decaffeinated) and soft drinks give short bursts of energy, temporarily raise blood pressure, and reduces blood flow to inactive limbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon after you drink coffee (containing caffeine), it’s absorbed through the small intestine and dissolved into the bloodstream and it’s able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your sensitivity really depends on your body tolerance threshold (e.g. renal threshold for blood) and your average daily intake, in other words it's determined by the efficiency of the human body to process and metabolize caffeine. It's usually to do with person’s unique DNA which determines to what degree a given amount of caffeine will affect a person (as described in the other answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coffee.stackexchange.com/questions/464/what-are-the-side-effects-of-drinking-too-much-coffee&quot;&gt;What are the side effects of drinking too much coffee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:52.923" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T13:24:02.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T13:32:12.630" Score="7" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine has avoided eating any conventional processed meat products for almost a decade because he heard about a risk of cancer and/or prostate problems associated with consumption of nitrites and nitrates used as preservatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen a few studies that suggest this is the case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/10/5/439.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Systematic Review of the Prospective Cohort Studies on Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk&quot;&gt;Systematic Review of the Prospective Cohort Studies on Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16550597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Processed meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women&quot;&gt;Processed meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current medical consensus on this? Is it advisable to avoid processed meat products and anything else containing nitrites and nitrates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T14:02:59.627" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T16:44:25.283" Title="Are nitrites/nitrates in processed meat unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="292" CreationDate="2015-04-02T13:43:04.047" Score="5" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been reports of molybdenum in milk &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(51)91818-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;since before 1951&lt;/a&gt;. However, supposedly &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/molybdenum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;there [is] no data on bioavailability in cow's milk&lt;/a&gt;&quot; after all these years. Most sources I find claim milk contains somewhere on the order of 50 μg/L. I'm having troubles finding more detail. Mostly I'm curious about my daily intake, and possible cheap but still mostly healthy meal replacements for lazy days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much molybdenum can I expect (as a low ball estimate) to count towards the &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;daily RDA of 45 μg&lt;/a&gt; from the about 35 μg in three cups of milk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the best way to answer this is to find out in what compounds the molybdenum are in in milk and see if there's any details on those compounds' bio-availability. I know they said the nutrient fed to the cows to increase the molybdenum content was ammonium molybdate, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1136.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which, along with sodium molybdate and potassium molybdate, should be bioavailable (along with most soluble molybdenum sources)&lt;/a&gt;. The Soylent discussion site (which is oddly appropriate to why I'm asking), &lt;a href=&quot;http://discourse.soylent.me/t/bioavailability-of-different-nutrient-forms/2830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;has other citings on their bio-availability listings&lt;/a&gt; which confirm this. If I find an answer, I'll post it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="157" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T00:22:42.867" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T00:22:42.867" Title="Details on molybdenum bioavailability in milk?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;meal-replacement&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="57" CreationDate="2015-04-02T14:06:13.253" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems you're expecting yes or no answer, but it's not possible as different warts are caused by different factors (e.g. often by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HPV&lt;/a&gt; and 35 other which can result in potassium deficiency) and it also should be not confused with moles which can look similar or some warts can turn into cancerous tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wart removal rarely involves anything more complicated than an at-home remedy and usually over-the-counter medicines can help (liquid, cream, or bandage forms) by applying them directly to the wart. Other traditional methods include freezing or placing a small piece of duct tape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though a potassium deficiency is not directly responsible for causing warts, it can be a contributing factor to outbreaks. So warts are the effects of being low in potassium, so it's likely that banana peels would help in this case as it's rich in potassium (as well as potato peels and Apple Cider Vinegar). And increasing your intake of potassium will limit the chances of your warts coming back. Bananas are considered safe to use as there are no side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd say it's worth to try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalremedies.org/warts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Warts at Natural Remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lacetoleather.com/warts.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Natural Cures for Warts - More Than Home Remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.herballegacy.com/Warts_&amp;amp;_Moles.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Warts &amp;amp; Moles&lt;/a&gt; at Herbal Legacy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Warts and moles are usually the result of a nutritional deficiency and they should be treated internally, as well as externally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Potassium Deficiency for Warts and Moles: When cysts or tumors grow in places where they can be seen outside the body, often we react by having them cut out. This defeats healing by working on the effect instead of the cause. You can cut cysts out, tumors off, and burn warts off (which are also a potassium deficiency), or get rid of as many moles as you wish, but unless you go to the cause, they will grow back again, and you may end up with as many or more cysts, tumors, moles as before. Different signs of potassium deficiency will keep popping out on the body because the condition that needs correcting is on the inside. You have to go into the cause, Dr. Christopher always insisted, which is the way we have been eating. [EWH p.125] Potassium sources: There are several ways to receive your potassium. Dr. Bernard Jensen sells a potassium broth made from dehydrated vegetables. Dr. Bronner makes a similar, excellent product. You can also make your own potassium broth by simmering equal parts of red potatoes, celery, carrots, onions, and herbs to taste. Raw vegetable and fruit juices also flood the system with potassium. [EWH p.125]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tips, Tips and More Tips by Anne J.B. Skinner (p. 103, 113)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are very few studies that directly tie diet and mineral deficiencies to immune system function. So it's likely there is no scientific evidence that banana peels or &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/06/02/apple-cider-vinegar-hype.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vinegar&lt;/a&gt; (ACV) is an effective treatment for wart removal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one which I've found close enough: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312655/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Evaluation of Topical Potassium Hydroxide Solution for Treatment of Plane Warts&lt;/a&gt; and the conclusion was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Topical &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;KOH&lt;/a&gt; solution is proved to be an effective and safe treatment of plane warts in both concentrations (5% and 10%) with no important side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T21:11:02.480" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T21:11:02.480" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2015-04-02T14:34:05.667" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The health of your eyesight when using computer it really depends what kind of screen you're using and many other factors (DNA, diet, etc.), but in general, modern monitors (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LCD&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD_display&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LED-backlit&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_display&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;white-LED&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED#Disadvantages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OLED&lt;/a&gt;) does nothing to the health of your eyes, unless you're still using &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CRT&lt;/a&gt; monitor. The bigger issue is rather neck and back if you don't site properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, if you feel your eyes are not comfortable, you may adjust the brightness and contrast of your screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using computer for too long, it's completely normal that your eyes would be tired and it really depends on the person (professionals can spent 8-12 everyday for years and their eyesight is perfect, for other 1h is enough). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, you simply need a rest. It's usually advice to do short breaks and take a fresh air. You may also consider to train your eye muscles as a number of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ophthalmologists&lt;/a&gt; believe that an exercise programme based on something called the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_method&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bates Method&lt;/a&gt; may keep eyes in better shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/can-you-really-train-your-eyes-to-see-better-1240390.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Can you really train your eyes to see better?&lt;/a&gt; where we can read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some of the principles of the Bates Method are already accepted by mainstream eye care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information about older monitors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CRT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using CRT most people experience mild discomfort unless the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;refresh rate&lt;/a&gt; is set to 72 Hz or higher. A rate of 100 Hz is comfortable at almost any size. It's usually advice to have a screen protector. However CRT are long lost technologies and this doesn't apply anymore to LCD monitors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T09:44:04.967" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T09:44:04.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="191" CreationDate="2015-04-02T14:59:08.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The image you drew to image the pain is almost perfectly aligned with your wrist muscles, specifically: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coursesmart.com/clinical-kinesiology-and-anatomy-5th-edition/lippert-lynn/dp/9780803626324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Book&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extensor Carpi Ulnaris&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you feel the pain on the palm &lt;em&gt;(anterior)&lt;/em&gt; side too?&#xA;The above muscles work with: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coursesmart.com/clinical-kinesiology-and-anatomy-5th-edition/lippert-lynn/dp/9780803626324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Book&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flexor Carpi Radialis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flexor Carpi Ulnaris&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to create a ulnar &lt;em&gt;(towards pinky)&lt;/em&gt; and radial &lt;em&gt;(towards thumb)&lt;/em&gt; deviation &lt;em&gt;(movement)&lt;/em&gt; of the wrist&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If during your 5-18 hour's daily you make extensive use of the mouse, wrist pain makes sense.&#xA;The best thing to do is to rest the hand from making these movements which means stop using the mouse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You say you use Windows, but if you are dealing heavily with text I would actually suggest using Vi or Vim. Vi is designed around not using the mouse and using keyboard shortcuts for everything. I'm fairly sure Vi is available for windows &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Vi+for+windows&amp;amp;t=lm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T14:59:08.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-02T15:39:30.523" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that consuming sugars can induce many different health problems. I wouldn't really mind excluding them from my diet, but would it be safe? Or do we have a minimum sugar requirement? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T15:03:47.127" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T15:16:51.310" Title="Is it safe to stop consuming sugars?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2015-04-03T15:59:41.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="155" CreationDate="2015-04-02T16:59:02.067" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some research that has been done on this, as well as some more anecdotal/lifestyle based evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a study done in 1914, published in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=GPYEAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PA114&amp;amp;dq=eating%20sitting%20position%20standing%20reclining&amp;amp;ots=dp30D7yrn_&amp;amp;sig=BRynH9whTS71gD5KAij8alhwfVs#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;American Journal of Physiology&lt;/a&gt;, where they examined the carbon dioxide tension of the blood after eating. CO2 tension is a byproduct of food metabolism, and in high amounts can cause dyspnea, acidosis and possibly altered consciousness. The findings showed that standing, then sitting, then lying each produced higher CO2 tension than the previous position. Trendelenburg (Lying with head lower than legs) produced less than lying, approximating the sitting position. Sitting erect also had lower tension than sitting reclined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More anecdotally, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/why-you-should-sit-on-the-floor-while-eating/&quot;&gt;this website posting&lt;/a&gt; looks at the traditional Indian position of sitting on the floor while eating, which promotes a more erect sitting stance than sitting on a chair/couch or reclining while eating. While not backed up with studies, it also claims that the vagus nerve response is enhanced in this position, resulting in quicker time to satiety (You eat less as a result). Many Middle Eastern cultures eat this way, as do more traditional Asian homes where the seats are merely cushions on a floor around a short table. There are many other benefits listed in the article, but for brevity and provability I won't cite them all here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also ran across references (But was unable to find the actual study) to a 2007 study involving women published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, that found people standing up tended to pay less attention to the food, and as a result ate faster and more. It's fairly well established that the vagus nerve response to feel full is in the neighborhood of 20 minutes to take effect, so if you eat slower (as promoted by sitting down) you will also tend to eat less overall. It's also been shown that eating without distractions such as television and reading promotes lower consumption overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in effect, it appears that sitting in an erect position is possibly the best happy medium, and if possible, eating without distractions to be able to concentrate on the food. Especially if you suffer from acid upsets or other related ailments, the more erect you are the more you may ease your symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T16:59:02.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15" CreationDate="2015-04-02T17:05:55.040" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general any cellular material within the vitreous may cause eye floaters, for example red blood cells as a result of hemorrhage and white blood cells as a result of infection or inflammation. So cause of it should be always determine by a doctor (ophthalmologist). Abnormal eye floaters are associated with bleeding in the vitreous from diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears, retinal detachment or large degrees of nearsightedness. If floaters are accompanied by flashes of light or a loss of side vision, seek medical advice immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most eye floaters decrease/reduce in size on their own due to absorption through the natural processes within the eye. The brain also adapts to the floaters, teaching the eyes to become less aware of them. With age almost everyone has it, but some are more aware than the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no safe and proven methods to cure in both safe and effective way, however appropriate anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics prescribed by your doctor could reduce the number of white blood cells which are results of inflammation are common types of cellular material causing eye floaters. No other medications or eye drops have been proven effective in the treatment of eye floaters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vitreous itself can also be surgically removed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrectomy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitrectomy&lt;/a&gt;. It removes the actual vitreous from the eye, eliminating the eye floaters in the process, but it also increase risk of retinal detachment or cataract, so surgery should only be used as a treatment for eye floaters in extreme cases. Some laser procedures are also used to get rid of floaters, but they also contain risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some health professionals believe that certain nutritional supplements and lifestyle (e.g. reducing stress) changes may help get rid of eye floaters as well as certain herbs, vitamins and odine-containing products have been touted as effective in decreasing eye floaters (none of these have been proven effective in clinical trials).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These might include antioxidant vitamins, MSM eyedrops and hyaluronic acid to keep the eye hydrated (See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Floaters&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Reduce Floaters&lt;/a&gt;), for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antioxidant vitamins (such as turmeric, wild rose hip, propolis concentrate and hawthorn berry) in concert with other vitamins, are proven to be effective in treating macular degeneration, but not in reducing floaters. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/health/sc-health-0530-eyesight-supplements-20120530_1_age-related-eye-disease-study-antioxidant-vitamins-beta-carotene-and-zinc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;MSM eyedrops. MSM, or methylsulfonylmethane (dimethyl sulfone), is a widely-used nutritional supplement, most notably for arthritis. For uses other than arthritis, however, studies show only dubious results. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.natural-remedies-review.com/msm.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ginko biloba has been proven effective in increasing ocular blood flow and is used by patients suffering from glaucoma. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385132&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lysine is a vasodilator, which means that it widens blood vessels, particular in large veins. Lysine has proven effective in widening blood vessels in some areas, but not necessarily in the eyes. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8732492&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bilberry is used both for improving eyesight and for widening blood vessels (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/202.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). More tests are needed to investigate the efficacy of bilberry in treating floaters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrients which are important in managing eye floaters according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturaleyecare.com/eye-conditions/eye-floaters/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NaturalEyeCare&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hyaluronic acid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) is a large molecule found in the vitreous gel which it is believed contributes to its gel-like quality and may also support related connective tissue. Elsewhere in the body it is found in the gel-like fluid that lubricates joints and it is a component of the tissue healing process. As we age, the amount of hyaluronan in the body decreases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyaluronic acid has been shown to be effective in helping eyes heal after cataract surgery. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.natural-remedies-review.com/msm.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glucosame sulfate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Glucosamine sulfate helps maintain connective tissue integrity. Some floaters are caused by disintegration of the lining of the vitreous sac. This nutrient may help slow down the natural aging effect on a weakening vitreous. Many people have noted an increase in floaters when they have joint disorders which may be related to chronic, systemic inflammation and its effect on eye health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that is essential for overall eye health. Since floaters are often the result of vitreous tears/detachments and/or clumping of the vitreous due to aging, vitamin C plays a role in blood and lymph circulation, waste elimination and supporting connective tissue. It may play a role in supporting the body in breaking down eye floaters. Learn more about the role of vitamin C in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;L-methionine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This amino acid can assist in removal of heavy metals and toxins that can contribute to eye disease. Methionine has a role in the body's synthesis of cysteine and taurine, two other important amino acids for vision health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inositol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The carbohydrate inositol plays a role in moderating levels of calcium in the cell membrane and within each cell, which in turn plays a role in protecting the vitreous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calcium &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Calcium supports healthy connective tissue of the eye and throughout the body. Researchers have found that low levels of calcium (in proportion to phosphorus) is tied to increases in floaters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zinc, Copper &amp;amp; Chromium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Zinc has some antioxidant characteristics. It plays a major role in bringing Vitamin A from the liver to the retina and helps Vitamin A create a protective pigment called melanin. Zinc also helps support the health of tiny capillaries in the eye, which are essential in nourishing the retina and related connective tissue. Zinc and copper, in balance, help support a proper acid balance in the body, which in turn helps may help avoid development of new floaters. Chromium may help limit nearsightedness, a risk factor for eye floaters. Chromium also has a role in sugar balance in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/eye_floaters/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eye Floaters&lt;/a&gt; at Medicine Net&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_vitreous_detachment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11131410&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pars plana vitrectomy for persistent, visually significant vitreous opacities.&lt;/a&gt; (study)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T17:05:55.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="267" CreationDate="2015-04-02T17:11:04.607" Score="17" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;What effects would removing sugars from a balanced diet have on an otherwise healthy person have? I've heard that both refined and natural sugars can have a negative impact in the body. Is it safe to stop consuming sugars all together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T15:03:35.883" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T07:27:32.817" Title="Which are the effects of removing sugars from a balanced diet for an otherwise healthy person" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="202" CreationDate="2015-04-02T17:48:08.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is very common disease and the prevalance of CTS has increased in modern times due to increased time spent on computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should point out that CTS is NOT a dangerous disease. It may be life disturbing but it is very easy to manage operatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most important symptoms associated to CTS include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;numbness and tingling in fingers 1-3, rarely 4 but NEVER finger 5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;symptoms are most disturbing at night or at the time of awakening&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;clumsiness while opening a door with key or while holding a mug&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the reason for any hand or finger related symptoms, one could try to use a wrist brace at nights. If that helps,  it is a very good indicator of stress or ergonomy related issue or CTS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any progression in the symptoms occur you should refer to your GP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T17:48:08.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="202" CreationDate="2015-04-02T17:58:56.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is compression of the median nerve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have several muscles that go through a band (tunnel) which your median nerve uses as well. For whatever reason, if for overuse causing inflammation, structural damage, etc, the median nerve gets compressed you will start to feel tingling sensations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few tests including Tinel's sign&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinel%27s_sign&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, Phalens test&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalen_maneuver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overuse can lead to pain as well. The solution here is simple, stop using it. Let it rest. Do activities with the hand that aren't repetitive motions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T17:58:56.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2015-04-02T18:01:05.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It takes energy (and blood) to digest the food. So when you eat shortly before exercising, you need the energy at two places (digestion and muscles) and the muscles win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean it is bad to eat before (or during) exercise. Some exercises (like running a marathon) requires you to replenish the energy (and the food) but you can't eat anything. You need to time your consumption. (Heavy foods take longer to digest so the time gap needs to be longer). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have most of this information from a book on sport injuries. But I have found a &lt;a href=&quot;http://dailyburn.com/life/health/pre-workout-fuel/&quot;&gt;reasonable reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T18:01:05.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="251" CreationDate="2015-04-02T18:02:39.930" Score="12" ViewCount="1706" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many digital bathroom scales nowadays include automatic measuring of the (approximate) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fat_percentage&quot;&gt;percentage of body fat&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of/&quot;&gt;guidelines for percentage of body fat loss&lt;/a&gt;, but are there actually any scientific studies about the recommended body fat percentage for optimal health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="113" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T22:38:25.820" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T22:38:25.820" Title="Is there an optimal body fat percentage?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="326" CreationDate="2015-04-02T18:20:31.853" Score="3" ViewCount="29236" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a few weeks now, I have had inexplicable rashes on the backs of my legs, behind the knee area.  It looks like some odd highly-localized form of eczema.  They are sometimes itchy, and they get better and worse over time, but never quite go away.  What might be causing them?  I don't have this skin phenomenon anywhere else on my body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OhdAx.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T01:44:53.660" Title="Rashes on back of knees" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;knee&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-11-13T06:16:26.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="250" CreationDate="2015-04-02T20:00:11.823" Score="7" ViewCount="25443" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I get bad Hay Fever, I take either Benadryl or Loratadine. I am wondering what the active ingredients are in these, and Is it okay to take them both together (or would that be over dosing)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, is there any &lt;em&gt;benefit&lt;/em&gt; to taking them both at once - should I stagger them or just take one or the other - whichever works best for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T19:49:04.317" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T04:10:43.657" Title="Do Benadryl and Loratadine contain the same active ingredient?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;&lt;hay-fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2015-04-02T20:07:10.723" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have two main nervous systems when it comes to energy usage / conservation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sympathetic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased Heart Rate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dilation of bronchioles [increased intake /&#xA;exhalation of air] &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dilation of Pupils &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vaso constriction in skin    [tightening of blood vessels near skin]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vaso dilation in skeletal    muscles [widening of blood vessels near&#xA;muscles]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slowing of    peristalsis conversion of glycogen  to glucose in liver&#xA;secretion of    epinephrine and norephinephrine [ hormones to&#xA;increase heart rate]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Parasympathetic&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constriction of pupil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constriction of bronchioles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slowing of heart rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase secretion of digestive glands&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (21)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you decide to eat, the parasympatheic nervous system begins conserving energy so that more of it goes to digesting food and other bodily functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you decide to exercise, the sympathic nervous system begins expending energy so that you can do exercise x.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both of these, the other nervous system is reduced, permitting more energy to be given as needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you both consume food and exercise the body is placed in a tricky position. It can't say no to digesting food, it will begin to rot (gas anyone?) and it needs that food to generate more energy later on. But it can't say no to exercise, that could very realistically kill you in a survival situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it does a compromise, both will function at decreased levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean you can't eat food while exercising. As otherwise mentioned, marathoners do consume food. But it's unlikely they will eat complex foods like fat or protein and go straight to simple foods like carbohydrates since it is easier for the body to break it down. Despite simple foods, energy must be used to digest so it makes exercising harder. But the benefit of the energy is more quickly greater then not consuming it. Consuming too much can override this though. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://antranik.org/the-catabolism-of-fats-and-proteins-for-energy/&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There aren't any long term marathoners I know of that eat a thanksgiving dinner prior and expect to make it very far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="90" LastEditorUserId="90" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T01:46:54.717" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T01:46:54.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="248" CreationDate="2015-04-02T21:24:09.613" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, they do not contain the same active ingredient. Benadryl (trade name) is also known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine&quot;&gt;diphenhydramine&lt;/a&gt; (generic name); &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine&quot;&gt;loratidine&lt;/a&gt; (generic name) is also known as Claritin (trade name). Both drugs are primarily antihistamines and primarily active antagonists at the H1 subtype of histamine receptor. It is this property that makes them effective for treatment of allergies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between the two medications is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine&quot;&gt;diphenhydramine&lt;/a&gt; is a first generation or “non-selective” antihistamine. The term “non-selective” refers to these drugs' activity at a variety of receptors other than H1 - primarily, acetylcholine receptors. This can lead to more anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth, urinary retention, etc. First generation antihistamines are also highly &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophilicity&quot;&gt;lipophilic&lt;/a&gt;, which means they cross the blood-brain barrier and have central nervous system activity. It is this property which makes them quite sedating (primarily due to activity at CNS histamine receptors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second generation antihistamines were designed to avoid some of the side effects of first generation agents. They are more specific for the H1 receptor and are mostly &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipophobicity&quot;&gt;lipophobic&lt;/a&gt;, meaning they poorly penetrate the blood-brain barrier, resulting in fewer CNS effects. For more information about antihistamines, this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50558/&quot;&gt;Drug Class Review&lt;/a&gt; is quite informative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is one better than the other for hay fever?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably not. It’s just a matter of dose that determines how much anti-histamine activity each provides. The trouble is that many people will find the side effects of diphenhydramine and other non-selective agents to be dose-limiting, in which case practically it may not be as effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Should they be taken together (staggered or otherwise)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see no clear benefit to this. Again, their activity against hay fever is mediated by the same receptor. As such, they will just have additive effects. Taking twice as much of one or the other would similarly increase activity against hay fever and/or to contribute to untoward side effects. So it’s “OK” to take them together in the same way that it’s “OK” to take twice as much of either one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, I see little reason to use diphenhydramine for allergic indications unless there is a desire for the sedative properties. Loratadine and other second generation agents have overtaken it in usefulness in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-02T21:46:04.400" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T21:46:04.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="246" CreationDate="2015-04-02T22:02:22.787" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I am not aware of any scientifically based recommendations for levels of healthy body fat. There are empirical observations and actuarial tables/considerations, but there hasn't been a definitive &quot;For a 30 year old Caucasian male, 8-15% body fat is ideal for health&quot; studies out yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a study in 2000 that was published in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/72/3/694.long&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; that attempted to lay some groundwork for this kind of evaluation, and they came up with some interesting formulae for body fat assessment, but it was left as very open ended and needing much more study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a chart available through the American Council on Exercise (ACE) that shows levels of fat for various categories of men and women, but it makes no distinction on age, merely on activity level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MSjAr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another pair of charts from Accufitness (Makers of body fat calipers) I like better, as it accounts for both age and sex, but makes no allowances for activity level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t9KNk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mzJpz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at BMI charts, anything below 18.5 is considered unhealthy, and anything over 25-30 (depending on chart) is trending towards the obese range. These are more statistical/actuarial tables than anything, however and have been around (largely unchanged) since inception in the early/mid 1800's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the measurement, there are three different types of fat, subcutaneous (under the skin), visceral (Around body organs) and intramuscular (In the muscles, like marbling on a steak). Bioelectric impedance (Such as the scale you mention) work by passing a low electric current through the body and measuring the resistance. These can have a +/- accuracy range of 3-10% depending on the model, and can be affected by hydration, time of day, wet skin, and other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin calipers done by an experienced practitioner can have a variance as low as 3%, underwater weighing (Again done properly) can get below 3%, and the gold standard is a DXA scan that measures everything from bone density to total fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far everyone agrees that too low or too high a weight is bad and carries risk of injury/illness/disease, but we haven't agreed yet on what is good for which population cohort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-02T22:02:22.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="266" CreationDate="2015-04-02T22:55:20.173" Score="14" ViewCount="877" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read (a long time ago, in an old book) that butter is good for burns. Is this true, and if so what is it that helps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is salted or unsalted butter better? And how should it be applied, and kept there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T13:08:01.847" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T10:32:04.567" Title="Would butter on burns help or harm?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="172" CreationDate="2015-04-03T00:04:16.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We ice injuries like tendinitis because they reduce the pain and inflammation. Ice does not actually fix your tendinitis, it just makes it easier to deal with. The reason it is recommended that you ice immediately after you see symptoms of tendinitis is so you can relieve the pain quicker. Icing after a few days will probably be little less effective (the tendon will have also healed a bit naturally, so the difference will be less), but if you can get rid of the pain and reduce the inflammation earlier, why wouldn't you? This is more of logic thing rather than a scientific study. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you do wait a few days before doing anything, apply heat as it will increase blood flow to the injury, allowing it to heal faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.painscience.com/articles/icing.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Pain Science - Icing for Injuries, Tendinitis, and Inflammation&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tendinitis/expert-answers/tendinitis/faq-20057872&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Mayo Clinic - Which is better for relieving tendinitis pain — ice or heat? (Expert Answer)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T15:28:54.987" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T15:28:54.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-03T00:12:14.527" Score="4" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;When suffering from a tendinopathy, ice pack therapy reliefs pains. Does it have any healing effect as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T02:51:42.077" Title="Does ice pack therapy have any healing effect for a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17" CreationDate="2015-04-03T00:29:06.523" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are the following newer studies which are related to that one from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229769&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1990&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1992: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1550021&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Usefulness of predischarge electrophysiologic study in predicting late outcome after surgical ablation of the accessory pathway in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1992: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1382283&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnosis and localization of accessory pathways.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WPW syndrome is a curable disease. The evolution of nonpharmacological methods of accessory pathway ablation has had a significant impact on management strategies in patients with arrhythmias mediated by accessory pathways. Despite an incidence of preexcitation in the general population of 0.1% to 0.3%, curative therapy is underutilized. This review has highlighted the traditional and newer methods of diagnosing and localizing accessory pathways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1992: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1416552&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wolff-Parkinson-White disease in childhood: follow up of 36 cases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have studied 36 patients (19 females and 17 males), controlled between 1973 and 1989, who suffered Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern in their electrocardiogram. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutional data were reviewed. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 4 years and 3 months, with 48% younger than six months of age. The average time for the follow-up period was 4 years and 2 months. There was not familiar occurrence. Six (16%) of the patients had associated heart disease. Seventeen (47%) had type A of WPW, 12 (33%) type B and 7 (20%) were not defined. An echocardiographic study was done in 20 patients (61%). Twenty-seven patients (75%) showed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which in 22 of these cases was the reason for seeking consultation. Children without SVT, 9 (25%), did not need any form of treatment. Twenty-four (889) of the patients with SVT required treatment to prevent recurrence. In the 27 studied episodes of SVT, Verapamil IV (55%) and vagal manoeuvres were the most efficient treatments. Seventeen (47%) of the patients presented a persistent WPW pattern and 11 (31%) experienced a normalization of their electrocardiogram with a mean time of 2 years-2 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1994: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8037505&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surgical treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in infants and children.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1998: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9579160&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tuberous sclerosis complex and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ten patients with concurrent diagnoses of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and tuberous sclerosis were identified. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presented early in life, nine cases being diagnosed in the first year. Eight of the 10 cases were male. In eight cases, the syndrome was associated with supraventricular tachycardias, and in nine with cardiac rhabdomyomata. One child died from cardiac failure secondary to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by a rhabdomyoma. Five of nine survivors showed resolution of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome on follow up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;2007: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972375&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Ebstein's anomaly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no specific newer studies which relates to recurrence for patients given drugs compares to those without drugs, however study from 1992 has some follow-up of 36 cases of patients from 1973-1989 who suffered WPW which could be some interest for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T00:29:06.523" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="226" CreationDate="2015-04-03T00:51:29.307" Score="13" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Walking&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Several studies have been done on the effects of walking and high blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One Korean study&lt;a href=&quot;http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.2.67&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; had 23 men with hypertension; they found that taking a 40 minute walk helped to reduce the blood pressure in the test subjects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Eating&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-diet&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid salt (sodium) because it puts higher strain on your blood vessels, which raises your blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat fruits and vegetables (apples, bananas, grapes, broccoli, carrots) because they contain potassium, magnesium, and fiber, which all help to control blood pressure, and they are also low in sodium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other good foods to eat are nuts, legumes, and poultry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Relaxation&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stress is an indirect cause of high blood pressure; sometimes people cope with stress by doing unhealthy things like smoking or eating junk food, which can raise blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meditation is a great way to reduce stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get more sleep&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.2.67&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.2.67&quot;&gt;The Effect Size Analysis of Exercise on Body Composition, Blood Pressure, and Physical Fitness in Korean Adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-diet&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-diet&quot;&gt;WebMD - High Blood Pressure Diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp&quot;&gt;American Heart Association - Stress and Blood Pressure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:46:09.650" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:46:09.650" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="261" CreationDate="2015-04-03T02:44:08.780" Score="8" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Throughout my life, I've had body parts fall asleep (mostly my feet). I get a weird sensation called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Paresthesia&lt;/a&gt;, or &quot;pins and needles&quot;. Though it goes away after a some time, I hate the several minutes that I do have because it is very uncomfortable. I always thought they were caused by just inactivity, but I realized that I've had lots of times when my feet have been inactive for hours (mostly when I'm sleeping, but a lot of times when I'm working too) but I never get pins and needles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, &lt;strong&gt;What causes body parts to fall asleep?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:35:21.350" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T08:35:21.350" Title="What causes body parts to fall asleep?" Tags="&lt;feet&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="255" CreationDate="2015-04-03T02:51:42.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/254/26&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;, icing is not meant to heal tendinopathy. It is supposed to be a painkiller. It can have some effects that may feel like they are fixing the problem though. The cold ice forces blood vessels to contract which can help reduce the inflammation. This might be considered healing, but the tendinopathy is still there, until the tendon heals itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T02:51:42.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="259" CreationDate="2015-04-03T03:01:06.303" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paresthesia can be caused by inactivity, sustained pressure on the nerve, neurological disorder, or nerve damage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the causes is from pressure, the user &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/5694/v-ix&quot;&gt;V_ix&lt;/a&gt; on Biology gave the following answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/16082/12909&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; which I have quoted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Underneath the superficial layers of your skin there are receptors which sense pressure, temperature and pain. These receptors are part of the peripheral nervous system which senses stimuli and they take the message conveying details about the stimulus to the somatosensory cortex of the brain. Here is where the perception of pain, burning, pressure etc is ultimately made. To take the simplest example, if you stop blood flow for a short amount of time in a limb, these receptors are activated, and will send signals to the brain that are interpreted as tingling or numbness. With more severe pain, different receptors are activated which , again, project to the same brain area but a different message is read out. If the pressure from one limb is removed, the receptors will go back to normal function as blood flow is restored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If what you experience is chronic, you may need to see your healthcare provider in order to rule out a neurological disorder or nerve damage. You can find more information on paresthesia from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke as well as clinical trials if you are really concerned about this on their site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paresthesia/paresthesia.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paresthesia/paresthesia.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T03:01:06.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="268" CreationDate="2015-04-03T04:30:28.427" Score="1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a normal ultrasound, what are some possible causes of a dull right lower quadrant abdominal pain lasting up to a week in duration in a 30 year old female patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T04:32:03.283" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T04:32:03.283" Title="What can cause right lower quadrant abdominal pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-04-03T11:00:04.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="270" CreationDate="2015-04-03T04:44:45.557" Score="6" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that oxytocin &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improves mood drastically, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is secreted in the body during certain activities, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can be synthesized artificially, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;and the artificially synthesized oxytocin can be consumed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does consumption of artificially synthesized oxytocin cause any side effects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the artificially synthesized oxytocin cause the same effects on the body as the hormone which is naturally secreted?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T21:53:46.393" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T21:53:46.393" Title="Effects and side effects of artifical oxytocin" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="262" CreationDate="2015-04-03T04:59:37.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The immediate issue comes to my mind is appendix. However, you have defined a larger area whereas this pain is somewhere around McBurney's point. But then you say that it's a normal USG!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The area you are defining is typical for appendicitis. And if this is not the problem, the causes may range from pelvic inflammatory conditions (radiating there) to constipation and UIT to salpingitis. But who are you? A man or a woman? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it depends on other symptoms and not just pain. Because 'pain' is very general (if I do workout after a week or so, I'll have pain wherever I focused during workout). And that is the reason, the pain is &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; considered with &lt;strong&gt;other&lt;/strong&gt; symptoms or associated problems. What is the consistency of your stools, urine report, or whether it's just muscular pain etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T04:59:37.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="259" CreationDate="2015-04-03T05:08:32.387" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While dustin has explained it in a modern way, I'll have my two cents talking about this problem in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ayurveda describes that there is a poor blood circulation and vitiation of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chopra.com/vata-dosha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vata dosha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. The body cells require oxygen constantly, and in certain quantity. For some or the other reason, if they don't get sufficient 'food' (i.e. oxygen), they start behaving abnormally and one of their characteristic of being abnormal is causing weakness, tingling or emptiness. Modern science considers 'neuropathy' as one of the causes and in &lt;em&gt;most of the cases&lt;/em&gt;, the patients are prescribed with vitamin pills especially containing &lt;em&gt;methylcobalamin&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in Ayurveda, improving blood circulation (and so taking oxygen to every peripheral tissue) comes with good massage. The therapy can be augmented with medicated oil that has &lt;em&gt;anti-vata&lt;/em&gt; properties. Some physiotherapy, massage, yoga etc. can help you get rid of this problem. Take a note that &lt;strong&gt;alternative medicines are never considered as a first line treatment&lt;/strong&gt;. That's why they are alternative. So, what I suggested is beneficial in reducing/preventing it but it's not the primary treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastEditorUserId="149" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T04:20:24.417" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:20:24.417" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="252" CreationDate="2015-04-03T08:54:51.403" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Short anwser&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://firstaid.about.com/od/injuriesathome/ht/06_burns.htm&quot;&gt;Never put butter, oil, etc&lt;/a&gt;, on a burn.  This would worsen the burn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting butter, oil, or anything else would trap heat and make the burn deeper. It would also make further treatment harder and would &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthcommunities.com/burns/overview-of-burn-injuries.shtml&quot;&gt;make the risk of infection higher&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don’t apply burn ointments.&lt;/strong&gt; Like butter (or mayonnaise), these ointments, usually oil-based, won’t relieve pain but instead will trap heat, slow down healing, and increase the risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What to do instead&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Once it happens, a burn is actually &quot;cooking inside&quot;, and this for a while after the exposure, so the first thing to do is to stop this internal reaction using flowing water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36645/277100/file/PSC1_version%201.1.1.pdf&quot;&gt;official guidelines for general public in France&lt;/a&gt; (page 12-14), and sticking to thermal burns here (not chemical nor electrical), you should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quickly water the burn &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Act right after the burn if safely possible. (You are not supposed to put yourself in danger to save someone: this is the best way to end up with two victims instead of one)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the burn under flowing water, between 15 and 25° Celsius. The tap is fine to to that, just keep in mind to keep the water pressure low enough not to press the burn.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While watering, remove the clothes of the victim unless they adhere to the burn (should they adhere, don't pull on clothes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evaluate the burn&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No blister or blister smaller that 1/2 of the victim's palm ; far from natural orifices ; not on the neck, face or joints ; just red, not black and white: this is a &lt;strong&gt;minor burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any burn that does not match the criteria above, or any large red area on a children, is a &lt;strong&gt;major burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should it be a &lt;strong&gt;minor burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep on watering as long as the burn hurts and the victim doesn't feel cold. Not just a couple of seconds: 5 or 10 minutes is not surprising, it's actually fine. Watering is what prevents (more) blisters from appearing later on.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depending on the pain, aspect and victim's age: watch over the burn or ask a doctor or a physician. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't pierce blisters should there be any. Cover them with a sterile plaster. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should blisters, fever, heat, pain, etc, appear later on, ask for medical advice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should it be a &lt;strong&gt;major burn&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call the medical emergency services, and, without hurrying (very important! Being calm is gaining time.)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your name, phone number, current location,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell this is for a burn, and tell the victim's gender and age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Describe the result of the evaluation you made. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They will guide you in accordance to the protocols applicable in your country. This guidance will certainly include watering, covering the victim if he/she feels cold...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do NOT hang up the phone before they tell you to do so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep on watering as instructed by the medical assistance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make the victim to lie down in a way he/she cannot fall (floor, bed...). Sitting down is OK the victim has difficulties to breathe. The victim should NOT sit on a chair but on the ground to prevent him/her from falling. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protect the victim with a clean linen. The burnt body parts should remain visible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Watch over the victim until the arrival of the ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T10:32:04.567" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T10:32:04.567" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="241" CreationDate="2015-04-03T09:29:59.773" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, removing all &lt;strong&gt;added&lt;/strong&gt; sugars from you diet certainly will improve your general health in the long term due to the decreased risk of diabetes: your blood glucose level will be more stable with less variability and your diet will include less &quot;empty calories&quot;. In order to endure in work, in hobbies, in exercise and in day to day living does not rewuire added sugar in a diet. They are bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Removing &lt;strong&gt;carbohydrates&lt;/strong&gt; from your diet may have some negative impact but not necessarily. Classic low carb diets recommend to remove all substances with a high glycemic index (GI) from your diet. The higher the GI, the faster your blood glucose level will rise when digesting the food. White bread or white rice are examples of foods with a high GI value. In the very extreme, a low carb diet may result in ketosis, which means that your body will get slightly acidic and all your energy consumption is due to burning fat. Removing all carbohydrates stops the citric acid cycle inside cells and this results in the formation of ketone substances which are acidic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ketosis may improve your weight loss by burning fat more efficiently. However there are considerable between-subject variations in this. Low carb diets and subsequent ketosis may result in nausea, headaches and general illness. Not all people  tolerate low carb diets or ketosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you perform long duration exercises I can´t recommend removing high GI  substances from your diet. Skeletal muscles need a lot of energy  while doing long duration exercises. The most important energy storage is muscle glycogen. This is consumed in long duration exercises, and after it runs out the body starts to use fats and proteins. Foods with a high GI value are important to restore your muscle glycogen storages after exercise. Therefore removing, say, white rice from your diet won´t be good for exercise if they are usually long duration. Interval or strength training is a different issue. It is also important to note that even a long day at work may be similar to long duration exercise. How well your body does tolerate the lack of your muscle glycogen, is very depending on your general health and fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-13T07:27:32.817" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T07:27:32.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="262" CreationDate="2015-04-03T09:43:17.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right lower quadrant pain is typically appendiceal or ovarian. It can also be salpingitis - which does last longer, or PCOS, depending on the duration of the symptoms, or cystic Lymphangioma. Finally, it could be a stone at the junction of the ureter and bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally when a patient (or person) is asking about a symptom, they should be able to answer nine questions (O/S/Q/L/T/A/P/P/C):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Onset&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Severity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Quality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Location&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Timing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Associated sx&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Palliatiated by&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Precipitated by&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Course.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A normal ultrasound would not rule out all of these, but would be a good start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T09:43:17.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:08:22.403" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you say&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In one of my most recent blood panels (for a medical study group) came back with HbA1c levels that indicated I was prediabetic, but again, follow up studies were negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the HbA1C level, and what follow-up study was negative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17614026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lippi study&lt;/a&gt;, HbA1c values between sedentary individuals and professional cyclists were 5.2 +/- 0.3% versus 5.4 +/- 0.2% respectively. That's really fairly marginal. Normal levels are below 5.7 percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HbA1C levels are indeed valid concerns for athletes, as valid as for anyone else. The risk of heart disease, however, is lower in this group &lt;strong&gt;in spite&lt;/strong&gt; of the elevated A1C because of fitness levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose molecules don't respect elite cyclists more than couch potatoes. End-organ damage (through glycosylation) is the primary concern here. Your kidneys and eyes (among other things) aren't helped by your exercise, but they are damaged by diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20031902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 2 diabetes Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-02-21T18:05:50.710" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T18:05:50.710" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="263" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:13:11.337" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oxytocin is typically produced by the body and brain during childbirth. It assists with the mother's pain relief, initial bonding with her child, and forces the body to perform contractions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has difficulty crossing the blood/brain barrier when administered intravenously, therefore the pain relief and other mental effects are significantly less pronounced. (When produced naturally during childbirth it is secreted by the hypothalamus, placenta, and ovaries.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Synthetic oxytocin (it usually has the trade names Pitocin or Syntocinon) is typically administered to induce regular contractions. Its standard use during labour is rather controversial outside of the USA, due to a direct statistical correlation with unnecessary C-Sections and other complications for both mother and child.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="66" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T22:12:59.213" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T22:12:59.213" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="277" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:32:50.717" Score="11" ViewCount="2860" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to maintain a high-fibre diet, and I understand that snacking on nuts regularly is a good way to do this.  At the moment, I tend to snack on Brazil nuts, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, and pecan nuts.  Do some nuts have a higher fibre percentage than others?  Which are the best for a high-fibre diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T04:37:06.247" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T04:37:06.247" Title="Which nuts are best to snack on for a high-fibre diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;nuts&gt;&lt;snacks-snacking-snack&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="105" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:39:43.617" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking cold water having asthma can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchospasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bronchial spasm&lt;/a&gt;, a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiole&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bronchioles&lt;/a&gt; (tightness in the chest), causing difficulty in breathing. This can be also triggered by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_bronchoconstriction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchospasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/N04Q6.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bronchospasm - Source Wikipedia&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The neurotransmitter &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acetylcholine&lt;/a&gt; is known to decrease sympathetic response by slowing the heart rate and constricting the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;smooth muscle tissue&lt;/a&gt;. Ongoing research and successful clinical trials have shown that agents such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diphenhydramine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;atropine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ipratropium bromide&lt;/a&gt; (act as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;receptor antagonists&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;muscarinic acetylcholine receptors&lt;/a&gt;) are effective for treating asthma and COPD-related symptoms.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchospasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Studies from 2000&lt;/a&gt; has been shown that both exercise and drinking ice water can induce &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_obstruction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;airways obstruction&lt;/a&gt;, however there is a limited interpretation of results, because of the difficulty of separating the temperature and humidity of the airways during experiments (where airway microcirculation could be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1440473&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an important factor&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how cold the water should be? I don't think it's possible to answer and it really depends on the individual organism and many other factors. If more studies would follow, it would give you only the averages, nothing more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following study used ice water (0-4°C) and warm water 37°C:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of ice water ingestion on asthmatic children after exercise challenge.&lt;/a&gt; (2000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirty Chinese asthmatic children underwent exercise challenge by ergocyclometer for 6 minutes and then were further challenged by immediate ingestion of ice water (200 ml, 0-4 degrees C), warm water (200 ml, 37 degrees C) or no ingestion on three different days in one week. Each patient completed the three different water ingestion tests after exercise challenge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) developed in about two thirds of the 30 patients, regardless of whether ice water, warm water or nothing at all was ingested after exercise challenge. There was no statistically significant difference in spirometric data among the 3 different water tests at various time points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A statistically significant difference was found between ice water and warm water tests for FEV1 and PEF (p = 0.0293 and p = 0.0308 respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Those who ingested warm water after exercise had a better bronchodilator response than those who ingested ice water.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they had ice in it - I don't know. However based on the above you should drink warm water just to be safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T10:39:43.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2015-04-03T10:58:57.023" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It greatly depends on the wound: is it clean or infected? A cut on an abrasion? Acute or chronic. Associated with disease (diabetes), immobility (pressure) or other? Is it a burn?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honey is often overlooked. It is an antibacterial and a humectant, both helping wounds to heal better. Epidermal growth factor also helps but is not easy to get. Silver is preferred for burns (nanosilver is making an appearance). Collagen gels and other topicals are helpful. The body of literature is huge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like an ointment with lanolin and allantoin, both of which promote healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/jwocnonline/Abstract/2002/11000/Honey__A_Potent_Agent_for_Wound_Healing_.8.aspx&quot;&gt;Honey: A Potent Agent for Wound Healing?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.21210/full&quot;&gt;Wound healing dressings and drug delivery systems: A review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962206008279&quot;&gt;Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/1/2&quot;&gt;Systematic review of the use of honey as a wound dressing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T10:58:57.023" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="67" CreationDate="2015-04-03T12:14:27.503" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many essential oils and each can work differently and on different micro-organisms. They could affect the skin and mucous membranes in ways that are valuable or harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example steam-distilled &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;eucalyptus oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is used as a primary cleaning/disinfecting agent added to soaped mop and countertop cleaning solutions, however there are hundreds of species of eucalyptus and dozens are used as sources of essential oils, so products of different species differ greatly in characteristics and effects and also the products of the very same tree can vary grossly&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil#Eucalyptus_oil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15824699&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; show that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil#Medical_use&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tea tree oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is capable of killing &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRSA&lt;/a&gt; in a laboratory setting, however there is insufficient evidence. A 2012 review by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt; rates Tea tree oil as &quot;possibly effective&quot; for: treating acne, fungal toenail infection or symptoms of athlete's foot. Which indicates its antibacterial properties only against certain infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand some other essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in their undiluted or &quot;neat&quot; form, as can cause potential danger such as severe irritation, provoke an allergic reaction and, over time, prove &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hepatotoxic&lt;/a&gt;. Some other, including many of the citrus peel oils, are photosensitizers, increasing the skin's vulnerability to sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, &lt;strong&gt;non-therapeutic grade essential oils are never recommended for topical or internal use&lt;/strong&gt; (including animals, which could cause extreme hepatotoxicity and dermal toxicity), unless specific essential oil has pharmaceutical properties and you know they're safe for use, however they're not good alternative to alcohol-based disinfectant products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T14:38:46.570" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T14:38:46.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="278" CreationDate="2015-04-03T13:21:13.100" Score="12" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo&quot;&gt;vitiligo&lt;/a&gt;, and have done for the last couple of years. I am not worried about how it looks, and I know about camouflage makeup - I chose not to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am concerned, however, about the risk of sunburn and possibly other illnesses caused by that (for example, some skin cancers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what extra precautions I have to take to keep myself safe - other than the basics that everyone does of suncream if it is sunny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:33:45.660" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T22:33:45.660" Title="What are the risks of vitiligo, and how should I keep myself safe?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="271" CreationDate="2015-04-03T13:52:15.647" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nuts and legumes are an excellent source of fiber.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/top-10-sources-of-fiber&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  If you're looking for the highest fiber content, here are the top candidates ranked by total grams of fiber (insoluble and soluble) per ounce&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prebiotin.com/resources/fiber-content-of-foods/&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Almonds&lt;/strong&gt;: 2 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lentils&lt;/strong&gt; (dried): 1.95 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pine nuts&lt;/strong&gt;:  1.8 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pistachios&lt;/strong&gt;: 1.7 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Peanuts&lt;/strong&gt;: 1.7 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beans&lt;/strong&gt; (lima, kidney, soy etc.) 1.2 - 1.7 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pecans&lt;/strong&gt;: 1 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Walnuts&lt;/strong&gt;: 0.7 g/oz&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;mixed nut&quot; product that includes almonds, peanuts, pecans, and walnuts would be a great way to get an assortment of the highest-fiber nuts (plus a lot of other great nutrients and healthy fats).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grains such as amaranth and barley are also good sources, as are sunflower seeds. Many fruits (apples, pears, coconut, bananas, strawberries, raspberries) are high in fiber as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T13:52:15.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="276" CreationDate="2015-04-03T14:37:46.000" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no cure for vitiligo, but there are treatments that may reduce the discoloring in your skin and possibly  even restore skin color. The main treatments used by doctors are either restoring the skin to normal color, or bleaching the skin, so that all of the skin is an even color. They do these things in a number of ways, including topical treatments and some surgical treatments.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There still might be some side-effects, though. Some people might suffer from psychological distress, but as you said, that doesn't affect you. There is also an increased risk for sunburn and even skin cancer when exposed to the sun. Vitiligo can also cause inflammation of the iris, causing you to have eye problems. There is also a chance of hearing problems. Lastly, as a side-effect of any treatments you might be receiving, you may get dry skin and feel itchy.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To help prevent these side-effects (besides the last one) there are many things you can do other than getting treatments. The most important thing is to protect yourself from UV light. It is recommended that you use sunscreen with at least 30 SPF(Sun Protection Factor). Try to be in the shade whenever possible and wear clothing that will protect your skin from the sun (ie: long sleeve shirts, pants, hats, etc.). Covering up will help with most side-effects, especially the sunburn and the skin cancer, which you are a higher risk for than eye or hearing problems. Also, &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; get a tattoo. Getting a tattoo will cause more damage to your skin, which can make more patches of vitiligo to appear on your skin.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.avrf.org/treatments-products/vitiligo-treatments.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vitiligo Treatments&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitiligo/basics/complications/con-20032007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Vitiligo Complications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitiligo/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20032007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Vitiligo Lifestyle and Home Remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T03:23:56.023" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T03:23:56.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="271" CreationDate="2015-04-03T15:23:14.023" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As already pointed out, nuts and legumes make very good snacks. My only caution with the nuts is that they are also very calorie dense, so to have a filling snack you may add more calories than you would want. You can combine them with fruit, yogurt or other similar foods to make a healthy snack that isn't as high in calories per serving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to maintain a high fiber diet, there are many alternatives that you can mix in either as snacks or as meal focuses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a comparison, 1 cup of almonds has 11 grams of fiber, 526 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Raspberries - 8 grams per cup, 65 calories.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avocados - (1/2 avocado) - 7 grams, 160 calories&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blackberries - same as Raspberries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pears - 4 grams, 80 calories per cup.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Split peas - 16 grams per cup (cooked), 231 calories&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other things you can do include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add a tablespoon of ground flaxseed to smoothies or similar - nearly 4 grams of fiber and about 30 calories. (Also adds Omega-3 fatty acids)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chia seeds - 5.5 grams per tablespoon, 65 calories&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fullplateliving.org/high-fiber-foods/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://fullplateliving.org/high-fiber-foods/list&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax#Flax_seeds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax#Flax_seeds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T00:33:47.370" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T00:33:47.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="225" CreationDate="2015-04-03T15:54:24.710" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably some of the more common causes would be poor diet and lack exercise. Not everyone who eats poorly and doesn't exercise will be over weight since genetics plays a role. That is, a young adult can appear to be healthy but be internally suffering. Another question would be is this otherwise health individual a smoker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two recent studies confirm the blood pressure benefits of maintaining a healthy diet. First is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) clinical study, which tested the effects of food nutrients on blood pressure. It emphasizes consumption of fruits, vegetables, and lowfat dairy foods, whole grains, poultry, fish, and nuts, and stresses reduction of fats, red meats, sweets, and sugared beverages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second is the DASH-sodium study, which demonstrates the importance of lowering sodium (salt) intake. Most Americans consume far more than the current, daily recommendation of 2,400 milligrams (mg) of sodium—about a teaspoon of table salt—or less. This includes all salt and sodium consumed, not just at the table, but also in cooking. For those with high blood pressure, consuming even less may be advisable, since the DASH-sodium study revealed that diets containing no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day had still greater pressure-lowering effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular physical activity is another good step toward controlling or even preventing high blood pressure. Start with 30 minutes of moderate-level activity, such as brisk walking, bicycling or gardening on most—preferably all—days of the week. The activity even may be divided into three, 10-minute periods each. For added benefit, these moderate half-hours may be increased or supplanted by regular, vigorous exercise. Of course, prior to upping the activity level, people should check with their physicians, especially if they have had heart trouble or a previous heart attack, a family history of heart disease at an early age, or other serious health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another healthy move is to limit alcohol intake. Excess alcohol can raise blood pressure as well as damage the liver, heart, and brain. Drinks should be kept to a maximum of one per day for women, and two for men. (One drink equals 12 ounces of beer or five ounces of wine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, quit smoking. Among other things, smoking damages blood vessel walls and speeds hardening of the arteries. Ceasing smoking reduces the risk of heart attack in just one year &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/fall11/articles/fall11pg10-11.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say this would probably be the most common causes of a young, health adult presenting with asymptomatic hypertension; however, there can be other reasons as well. For instance, another cause could be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraganglioma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;paraganglioma&lt;/a&gt;. The NIH presented a case of a 19 year old female with asymptomatic severe hypertension in 2010. The woman had a BP of 220/140 mmHg. Her lab results showed elevated plasma norepinephrine, 1807 pg/ml, and 24h urinary free catecholamines, 483 ug/24h. After resection of the tumor, the patients BP was normal during followup. You can read the entire article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031332/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; which is rather interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031332/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paraganglioma in a young patient with asymptomatic severe hypertension: a case report and review of the literature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whoever is experience high blood pressure should definitely consult a physician since untreated high blood pressure can result in organ damage &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0215/p470.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally reading on paraganalioma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pheochromocytoma/Patient/page1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/pheochromocytoma/Patient/page1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/nonsyndromic-paraganglioma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/nonsyndromic-paraganglioma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T16:01:41.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:04:12.593" Score="17" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard from both an ENT (ear, nose, and throat doctor) and an audiologist (hearing specialist) that in the case of sudden hearing loss, time is of the essence, and the patient should be seen as soon as possible. The audiologist I was speaking with related that her audiology teacher experienced sudden hearing loss herself, and missed class to drive as fast as possible to the doctor to be seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, neither of these professionals explained &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; this was the case. &lt;strong&gt;Why the urgency to take care of sudden hearing loss?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it due to a concern that it will worsen to the point that it will not be curable? Is there a particular treatment that won't work (as well?) after an amount of time? Or is it just due to the discomfort of being unable to hear for an amount of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="49" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T03:07:58.883" Title="What's the rush in the case of sudden hearing loss?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="317" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:07:50.960" Score="6" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am also interested in removing as much added sugar from my diet as possible, however I am unfamiliar with what constitutes an added sugar when I look at an ingredient label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than the ubiquitous HFSC (High fructose corn syrup), what are the most common added sugars that I should look for in labeling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:44:07.257" Title="What are the most common sources of added sugars?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:12:19.677" Score="20" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to clean up my diet, and be more aware of what I'm eating and how much, but I'm not sure how to read a nutrition label. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see the breakdowns of various vitamins, the calories and the breakdown of various elements (fats, protein, etc), but I want to be able to relate that to my daily needs. When I look at the ingredient list, I also don't know how much of each is in the food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain how a US based food label should be read?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:50:19.097" Title="How do you read a US nutrition label?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="281" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:12:29.243" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason why you should see a doctor right away is because some causes of sudden hearing loss need to be treated right away. Common causes of sudden hearing loss are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/sudden.aspx&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;infectious disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trauma such as head injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;autoimmune disease such as Cogan's syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ototoxic drugs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood circulation problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a tumor on the nerve that connects the brain to the ear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neurology disease and disorders such as multipe sclerosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;disorders of the inner ear such as Meniere's disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having to see a doctor right away does not imply the hearing loss will be permanent, but since some of the causes of sudden hearing loss can be serious, the need to see a specialist sooner rather than later is paramount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, &quot;treatment is directed at any known cause of the sudden deafness. When the cause is unknown, many doctors try giving corticosteroids along with antiviral drugs effective against herpes simplex (such as valacyclovir or famciclovir). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear_nose_and_throat_disorders/hearing_loss_and_deafness/sudden_deafness.html&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T16:12:29.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="281" CreationDate="2015-04-03T16:13:03.143" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/sudden.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Department of Health &amp;amp; Human Services&lt;/a&gt;, a sudden hearing loss (Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss) is considered as a medical emergency as the treatment is more efficient if given as soon as possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] delaying SSHL diagnosis and treatment may decrease the effectiveness&#xA;  of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This appears in the section 1 of the linked document. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only answers your main question though, not the secondaries, as no further detail is given regarding why the treatment could be less efficient over the time. But the diagnosis and the treatment are both explained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T03:07:58.883" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T03:07:58.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-03T17:01:03.713" Score="9" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the European Union, food labeling is currently harmonized by &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regulation 1169/2011&lt;/a&gt;. In it, the &lt;em&gt;Reference Intakes&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;RI&lt;/em&gt; (previously &lt;em&gt;Guideline Daily Amount&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;GDA&lt;/em&gt;) are defined as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;Energy or nutrient   Reference intake&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xA;Energy               8400 kJ / 2000 kcal&#xA;Total fat              70 g&#xA; Saturates             20 g&#xA;Carbohydrates         260 g&#xA; Sugars                90 g&#xA;Protein                50 g&#xA;Salt                    6 g&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The energy and nutrients contained in a given product are then stated on the label in absolute values as well as percentages of these reference values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what do these values actually mean? Are all of them maximum amounts? What about minimum amounts? How do I know which values I should aim for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="113" LastEditorUserId="113" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T20:07:33.753" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T14:31:03.450" Title="What do the European reference intake values used for food labels actually mean?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="283" CreationDate="2015-04-03T17:13:39.780" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're going to want to read the label from top to bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Serving Size and Calories&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing you will see at the top tells you the serving size and the amount of calories. It will say &amp;quot;Serving Size {x} &amp;quot; where x is the amount of whatever measurement is used. It may also give the amount of another measurement (usually grams) and sometimes even amount of how many of the product is one serving size (chip bags usually do this). Using the amount of servings that you eat, you can use simple math to determine how much of each nutrient/vitamin you have, this also includes the daily value percentage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the serving size, there will be the amount of calories and the amount of calories from fat. The calories shown are the calories per serving, so if you eat two servings, then you can double the amount of calories. You can compare the calories that you eat to the daily amount you are supposed to have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General rules for calories (based on a 2000 calorie diet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;40 calories or less - low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Around 100 calories - moderate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;400 calories or more - high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories from fat are just the amount of calories that come from fat in the product. Calories are important because eating too many calories is linked to obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Nutrients&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next section (under calories) on the food label is about the nutrients in the food. There are two subsections in this section, nutrients to limit and nutrients to get enough of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nutrients to Limit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total Fat - under it there will also be trans and saturated fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cholesterol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These nutrients have been shown to increased risks some cancers, heart disease, and high blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nutrients to get Enough of&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dietary Fiber - under Total Carbohydrates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamins A and C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iron&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting more of these has been shown to reduce the risk of many of the diseases and problems mentioned, but you shouldn't have too many of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other nutrients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total Carbohydrates - sugar is under this&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These foods are neutral-ish, but there are some risks in having too much (over the limit) of these. In fact, too much sugar has been shown to increase the risk of diabetes.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reading the numbers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutrients to limit usually have both an actual amount and a daily value percentage (%DV) based on a 2000 calories diet. The nutrient to get enough of usually don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guide to %DV&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5% or less - low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20% or more - high; most products won't have anything higher than 20%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have something that has 20%DV of vitamin A, then there will 80%DV of vitamin A left. You could eat 4 more products with 20%DV of vitamin A or some other combination that equals 80%DV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Footnote&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will three columns, one with the daily recommended amount for a 2000 calories diet and one for a 2500 calorie diet. All of the %DV are based on the 2000 calorie diet, but you can easily convert the percentages to the 2500 calorie diet if you have a calculator (or you can do them by hand). The one column I didn't mention is the calories column. If it says &amp;quot;Less than&amp;quot; then you should have less than the amount said in the column of the diet you are on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually &amp;quot;Total Fat&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Sat Fat&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Cholesterol&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;Sodium&amp;quot; will have a &amp;quot;Less than&amp;quot; next to them, so you should have less of these than the amount to the right says. &amp;quot;Total Carbohydrates&amp;quot; and under it &amp;quot;Dietary Fiber&amp;quot; will usually have nothing next to them, so you should get the recommended value to the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Reading an ingredient list&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit trickier than reading the actual label, but the ingredients should be put in order of quantity. There isn't any definite way to see the exact amount of each ingredient in the product, though. It is better to rely on the amount of each nutrient instead of trying to guess how much of each ingredient there is. If you just want to know what you are eating, then there are some good tricks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugar has many names - high-fructose corn syrup or corn syrup, agave nectar, barley malt syrup, dehydrated cane juice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium does too - salt, sodium benzoate, disodium, monosodium glutamate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trans fat - not listed as an ingredient, but it is in hydrogenated oil which is a common ingredient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/60/26&quot;&gt;Is there evidence that eating too much sugar can increase the risk of diabetes?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm274593.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Understanding-Ingredients-on-Food-Labels_UCM_433234_Article.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding Ingredients on Food Labels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:50:19.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="230" CreationDate="2015-04-03T17:19:03.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;human kinetics&lt;/a&gt;, the movements of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hip&lt;/a&gt; muscles in hip joint are performed by a series of muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when hip is doing external rotation (30° with the hip extended, 50° with the hip flexed), it's using the gluteal muscles including &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliopsoas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iliopsoas&lt;/a&gt; (combination of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;psoas major&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliacus_muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iliacus&lt;/a&gt; at their inferior ends).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28Chinese_medicine%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meridian system&lt;/a&gt;, these muscles help keep the lumbar curve in the spine and weakness on one side can cause the hip to drop or the foot to turn in on the affected side causing low back/pelvic pain or a problem with the ileocaecal valve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when a wisdom tooth is extracted (or possibly when it's in the wrong position), it usually forms a cavitation within the jawbone leaching toxins and causing a variety of chronic health consequences which can adversely affect the heart, small intestine, hormone production and further forming cavitations may cause problems with the large intestine or lung (See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thenaturalrecoveryplan.com/articles/Dental-Cavitations.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dental Cavitations&lt;/a&gt;, video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjnTZQoP-a8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKg5IGJM_ao&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). This may also relate to persistent or recurrent shoulder pain or weakness (due to subscapularis tension or laxity) which may be indirectly associated with the extraction site and an indicator of a heart issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional Asian medicine has long maintained that every body part (ie: organs, tissues, glands, etc) is animated by a specific &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28Chinese_medicine%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acupuncture meridians&lt;/a&gt; (pathways). All the meridians run through the teeth or their sockets and in this way each tooth is related to the rest of the body. The following chart explains that relationship:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thenaturalrecoveryplan.com/articles/Interactive-Tooth-Meridian-Relationships-Chart.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jvz9f.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;meridian tooth chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which can help you to establish potential links between dental and systemic health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This short &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt6yQKxzw9U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; explains how there is a two-way relationship such that stresses within the body can manifest in the mouth as toothache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thenaturalrecoveryplan.com/articles/Muscles-Associated-With-Meridians.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Muscles Associated With Meridians&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_%28Chinese_medicine%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The meridian system&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-03T18:42:47.447" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T18:42:47.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="66" CreationDate="2015-04-03T18:00:05.637" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many treatments that claim to reduce and improve the look of scars, however if they work, it's another thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1319735/How-make-scar-vanish-There-host-treatments-work.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Daily Mail reviews of various treatments&lt;/a&gt;, however remember, you should always talk to your surgeon or doctor before starting a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are my cherry picks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Silicone patches&lt;/strong&gt; are effective over a wound which seems to help a scar to heal better.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aloe vera gel&lt;/strong&gt; on the skin and Vitamin E cream as you suggested.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Alternative medicine.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please don't expect any miracles here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;therapeutic ultrasound&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three primary benefits to ultrasound:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speeding up of the healing process from the increase in blood flow in the treated area.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease in pain from the reduction of swelling and edema.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gentle massage of muscles tendons and/ or ligaments in the treated area because no strain is added and any scar tissue is softened.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the scar is old, it may trigger natural healing by increasing local blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;infrared sauna&lt;/a&gt; (alternative to Sun)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This therapy which can assist with wound healing by deep penetrating heat human tissue and increased blood delivery to the surface of the skin which can speed up healing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;dermatological roller&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also try dermatological roller which simply is damaging old skin tissue in order to re-heal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;C60/EVOO (C60 in Extra Virgin Olive Oil)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C60/EVOO is an strong anti-oxidant at intracellular level which results in better functioning mitochondria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24021223_Fullerene_nanomaterials_potentiate_hair_g%20rowth/links/0c960528b84a79db7e000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Studies&lt;/a&gt; in 2009 showed that fullerene nanomaterials potentiate hair growth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In SKH-1hairless mice fullerene derivatives given &lt;strong&gt;topically&lt;/strong&gt; or subdermally markedly increased hair growth. This was paralleled by a significant increase in the number of hair follicles in fullerene-treated mice as compared with those mice treated with vehicle only. The fullerenes also &lt;strong&gt;increased hair growth in human skin sections&lt;/strong&gt; maintained in culture. These studies have wide-ranging implications for those conditions leading to hair loss, including alopecia, chemotherapy, and reactions to various chemicals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] &lt;strong&gt;We report that fullerene derivatives accelerate the growth of hair in mice and human skin.&lt;/strong&gt; [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Moussa has studied the effects of C60 on animals for 18 years and claim C60 in olive oil is safe and anti-toxic (has no toxicity effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.longecity.org/forum/user/19769-turnbuckle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;researcher&lt;/a&gt; who was/is taking C60-EVOO orally/topically for over 3 years, claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More youthful skin. Skin pinch test went from 1-2 seconds to 0 seconds. (I had very youthful skin to begin with).&#xA;  Two small scars from 8 years ago have disappeared. Two similar scars of much older vintage did not.&#xA;  Strengthening of nails, hair regrowth, and the disappearance of small scars that I have observed from my own use could be the result of stem cell action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However based on my experience, it could work differently on different people, but it's worth to try just topically (e.g. before dermarolling skin).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T18:00:05.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="282" CreationDate="2015-04-03T18:54:36.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of different sources in food products that are added sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High Fructose Corn Syrup - you already mentioned, but this is probably the most common added sugar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glucose - also very common&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Honey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sucrose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;How to avoid added sugars&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Limit yourself when eating sweets&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chocolate is the biggest offender; try dark chocolate instead of plain chocolate or even better, a banana&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drink less soda and juice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many sodas (especially Coca-Cola) and fruit juices are very high in added sugar; you can usually buy less sugary juice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less dairy products - dairy products have a lot of lactose and they have  &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/154/are-dairy-products-effective-sources-of-calcium/200#200&quot;&gt;some risks too&lt;/a&gt;; milk is usually fine, but ice cream and yogurt are usually high in other types of sugar too&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/goodfood/pages/top-sources-of-added-sugar-in-our-diet.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Top sources of added sugar in our diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:44:07.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="233" CreationDate="2015-04-03T19:49:16.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diet.com/g/molybdenum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diet.com&lt;/a&gt; suggests that molybdenum sources in food are between 57% and 88% efficient in absorption rates nutritionally, and additionally lists milk content as 4.9 μg per cup, which is much lower than the suggestions elsewhere. This may be a good lower bound for calculation. However, remember that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1136.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tolerable upper limit for adults is considered to be 0.6 mg of molybdenum&lt;/a&gt;, according to the European Food Safety Authority as of 2000. Alternatively, Diet.com listed it as 2 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="157" LastActivityDate="2015-04-03T19:49:16.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="95" CreationDate="2015-04-03T20:35:07.807" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &lt;em&gt;complete&lt;/em&gt; cure for Limited &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scleroderma&lt;/a&gt; (LS). Luckily, there are good ways that doctors can treat the symptoms of it and help prevent any complications.&lt;sup&gt;1,2,3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Topical treatments&lt;/strong&gt; - one of the complications of LS is skin ulcers; if these become infected, there are some topical treatments to stop them from spreading&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antacid drugs&lt;/strong&gt; - used to stop some of the heart problems that may come with LS, especially heartburn&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other drugs&lt;/strong&gt; - doctors may prescribe other drugs to prevent lung problems  and other heart problems&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical Therapy&lt;/strong&gt; - stiff joints and skin are common problems with LS; physical therapy, mostly stretching, can help to keep your body flexible, including your face&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Occupational Therapy&lt;/strong&gt; - helps overcome any problems that LS patients might have on a daily basis; ie: special toothbrushes and flossing devices help with any dental problems&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surgery&lt;/strong&gt; - surgery might need to be done to help with some complications, such as calcium deposits under the skin, red spots caused by swollen blood vessels, and possibly amputation of fingertips if and infection causes gangrene (unlikely as infections are usually stopped before they can spread)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crest-syndrome/basics/treatment/con-20031524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=478648&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JAMA Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962205046074&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A randomized controlled study of low-dose UVA1, medium-dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T22:36:40.377" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T22:36:40.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="287" CreationDate="2015-04-03T22:14:00.280" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this case 8400 kJ or 2000 kcal indicates the amount energy what an AVERAGE weighing human doing AVERAGE amount of work per day needs to meet his/her &lt;em&gt;basal metabolic rate&lt;/em&gt;. As so when daily input of energy is 8400 kJ / 2000 kcal this AVERAGE (wo)man neither gains or loses weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are so many factors influencing this basal metabolic rate that I wont dig in to those. Basically these reference values are VERY vague, since same reference dont apply to man weighing 200kg, doing hard manual labor compared to 45kg weighing woman doing nothing demanding work. But naturally byrocrats need some reference values to be able give some guidelines what food should be offered to students in schools and old people in retirement homes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each domain of this reference intake is then calculated or defined against current evidence in literature. Humans need salt, but salt intake of &gt;6g is known to cause CV diseases and hypertension &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/elena/titles/sodium_cvd_adults/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Evidence for Nutrition Actions)&lt;/a&gt;. Human needs fat but excessive amount of especially saturated fats leads to heart disease and high cholesterol &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002137.pub3/abstract;jsessionid=08A1F0F5920E6521FD39681C07A5B68A.f01t01&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Cochrane Heart Group) &lt;/a&gt;. Too much protein can affect kidney function in population level &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2557.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies)&lt;/a&gt;. Then the remaining energy intake should come from carbohydrates, maily food substances with low glygemic index &lt;a href=&quot;http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/1/5/e000752.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(J Am Heart Assoc.&#xA;2012,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/11/2701.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care November 2004) &lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these values are not maximum, they are not minimum but they give the RATIO how you should eat carbohydrates, fat and protein in order to avoid life-style related diseases. The more you weigh, the more you need energy. The harder you work the more you need energy. The more you do strength trainig the more you need proteins. The more you do long duration exercises the more you need carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T14:31:03.450" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T14:31:03.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T00:29:22.950" Score="4" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tendinitis/expert-answers/tendinitis/faq-20057872&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page from the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your tendons become less flexible with age, so tendinitis is more common as you get older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do tendons become less flexible with age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T22:04:25.890" Title="Why do tendons become less flexible with age?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="295" CreationDate="2015-04-04T00:59:59.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you grow older, your tendons become more rigid and brittle. This is probably because of decrease in the water content of tendons, which is one of the reasons why tendons are flexible. This decrease in water content makes your tendons stiffer and weaker. They also become less tolerable of stress. This causes you to be more prone to tendon injuries, which can then lead to tendinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of Aging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/effects_of_aging_on_the_musculoskeletal_system.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of Aging on the Musculoskeletal System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T22:04:25.890" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T22:04:25.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="220" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:21:04.757" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most cases, swimming is good exercise. Light swimming is also a therapy for people with joint and back pain. The breaststroke is not usually the recommended stroke for therapy because, if done incorrectly, it can be harmful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you have to keep bringing your head up to breath, the joints in your upper back and neck get extended, and have to deal with a lot of stress from repetitive movement. This can cause a lot pain, especially to those who have experienced back problems before. Having your head up and looking forward can also cause your hips to drop, which puts extra strain on the lower back. This can lead to extra back problems, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperextension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hyperextension&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some tips to help you avoid back pain when swimming the backstroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep your head underwater as long as possible; wearing goggles helps with this&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try to keep your head looking down instead of towards the end of the pool&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get swimming lessons - swimming instructors can be found everywhere, and if you really want to swim the breaststroke without any pain, then it would be a good thing to considers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, there is some middle ground between the things you have heard, but the second thing that you mentioned is probably more accurate. Done correctly, you will be fine, but done incorrectly, you could injure your back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/sports-and-spine-injuries/swimming-and-back-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Swimming and Back Pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:34:24.213" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:34:24.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="298" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:32:27.677" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T03:23:16.070" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T03:23:16.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="299" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:32:27.677" Score="0" Body="Questions about the effects and improvement of structured eating plans. Questions should usually also be tagged [nutrition]. Questions that are not about eating plans but are instead about nutrition more generally should be tagged only [nutrition].&#xD;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-23T21:05:13.810" LastActivityDate="2015-08-23T21:05:13.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="300" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:38:38.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions having to deal with sugar, the sweet carbohydrates usually used in food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions may include &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/diet&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;diet&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;diet&lt;/a&gt;s involving sugar or the effects of sugar on diseases and medical problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional tags may include the specific type of sugar (high fructose corn syrup, maltrose, dextrose, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:11.457" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:11.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="301" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:38:38.673" Score="0" Body="Can refer to: cane sugar, sucrose, dextrose, fructose, or another kind of sweetener. Generally a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, used as sweetener in food and drink." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:15.040" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:15.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="302" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:39:25.990" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T03:39:25.990" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T03:39:25.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="303" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:39:25.990" Score="0" Body="Questions about dealing with, relieving, and causes of pain." OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T13:36:38.267" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:36:38.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="308" CreationDate="2015-04-04T03:48:45.757" Score="7" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitizer&quot;&gt;hand sanitizers&lt;/a&gt; contain triclosan to kill bacteria. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16922622&quot;&gt;Triclosan has been found&lt;/a&gt; to contribute to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance&quot;&gt;antibacterial resistance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to reduce my use of products that contribute to antibacterial resistance, but hand sanitizers are convenient when hand washing is unavailable. If I switch to a hand sanitizer with Isopropyl alcohol, will that still effectively kill germs without contributing to antibacterial resistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:50:27.683" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:50:27.683" Title="Do all hand sanitizers contribute to antibacterial resistance?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="120" CreationDate="2015-04-04T05:45:22.447" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think a missing bit of information that might help you get a better sense of this practice is: &lt;strong&gt;steroids are miracle drugs.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, that was in jest - no miracles here. Truth be told, though, if there is a single class of drugs that has added more &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year&quot;&gt;quality-adjusted life-years&lt;/a&gt; to human history than any other, steroids must be competing with just a few antibiotic classes for that title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make clear what we’re talking about, the term “steroid” as a label for drugs generally refers to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid&quot;&gt;glucocorticoids&lt;/a&gt; (GCs) - drugs that act like cortisol, an endogenous steroid hormone. Commonly used GCs include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short acting&lt;/strong&gt;: hydrocortisone, cortisone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intermediate-acting&lt;/strong&gt;: prednisone, prednisolone, mehthylprednisolone, triamcinolone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long-acting&lt;/strong&gt;: betamethasone, dexamethasone, paramethasone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question poses a specific example of one indication for steroids but seems to be asking about the use of these drugs more generally. As others have brought up, any decision about drug treatment involves weighing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;risk-benefit ratio&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Benefits&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although going through the efficacy data for various conditions is beyond the scope of this answer, I list a sampling of the common indications for GC treatment, and in the concluding paragraph I will provide specific efficacy data for arthritis.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Replacement therapy&lt;/strong&gt;: due to either primary adrenal insufficiency (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/basics/definition/con-20021340&quot;&gt;Addison’s disease&lt;/a&gt;) or secondary/tertiary insufficiency (at the level of the hypothalamus or pituitary.   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inflammatory conditions&lt;/strong&gt; (deep breath in): asthma, eczema, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic rhinitis/sinusitis, eosinophilic anything, inflammatory arthritis, anaphylaxis, septic shock (in very specific circumstances), polymyalgia rheumatica, polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, minimal change glomerulonephritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, urticaria, autoimmune hepatitis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other things that aren’t (necessarily) obviously inflammatory&lt;/strong&gt;: increased intracranial pressure, intractable nausea, acute leukemia, sarcoidosis, cluster headaches, dermatomyositis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Risks&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, please note that a few of the indications for GC require only a very brief burst of high-dose GC. In this time course, these drugs actually very few serious side effects (psychiatric effects and hyperglycemia are exceptions, but rarely outweigh the benefit). Over the longer term, however, supra-physiologic doses of GC have an array of adverse effects that fall into a few categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis&lt;/strong&gt;: Exogenous GCs suppress the hypothalamic pathway that stimulates the adrenal gland, resulting in adrenal atrophy. This means that if the exogenous GC is abruptly discontinued, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000357.htm&quot;&gt;adrenal crisis&lt;/a&gt; can ensue. The rule of thumb I learned was that &gt;3 weeks treatment with  &gt;10 mg prednisone (or equivalent) can cause HPA suppression. As a result, GC treatment that meets these criteria is generally ended with a taper, allowing the adrenal to regenerate, whereupon it can resume normal function.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This side effect is usually a non-issue if the medication is tapered correctly. Therefore, the benefits of treatment will generally outweigh the risks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cushing’s syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;: This term is generally applied to the  constellation of symptoms occuring with chronic administration of supra-physiologic doses of GC. &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperglycemia   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypertension  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychiatric effects: insomnia, precipitation of mania or psychosis in susceptible individuals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Salt retention&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased bone mineral density&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight gain: generally in a pattern characterized by central adiposity and peripheral muscle atrophy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased intra-ocular pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after all that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why do doctors prescribe steroid tablets though they knew the side effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the benefit outweighs the risk.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; For the example you gave &amp;mdash; arthritis&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &amp;mdash; the best paper I found was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/7/807.long&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; that used a statistical method that compares the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_needed_to_treat&quot;&gt;number needed to treat&lt;/a&gt; (NNT) with the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_needed_to_harm&quot;&gt;number needed to harm&lt;/a&gt; (NNH) for long-term (&gt;1 year) treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The ratio there NNH/NNT was 0.25, which is considered “good.” I’ll let you read their methods if you’d like the details. For further reading on this methodology and insights into how we quantitatively assess the comparison between risks and benefits, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20412543&quot;&gt;this article by Guo et al.&lt;/a&gt; provides some good bedtime reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Notes&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. This is actually a mineralocoricoid rather than a GC effect, only present for those GCs whose receptor specificity overlaps, most prominently the short-acting agents hydrocortisone and cortisone.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Usually. Steroids are probably over-used in some settings because most people know that steroids tend to “make everybody feel better.” They can be an easy way to make patients happy if the side effects aren’t fully appreciated. Thus (in case you needed me to tell you!), your question is a valid one.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3. I’m assuming here rheumatoid arthritis, because this is the most common type of arthritis for which steroids are appropriate. For the more common osteo-“arthritis” &amp;mdash; a.k.a. degenerative joint disease &amp;mdash; I’m sure steroids would make patients feel better, but the benefit there &lt;em&gt;rarely&lt;/em&gt; outweighs the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Guo JJ, Pandey S, Doyle J, Bian B, Lis Y, Raisch DW. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20412543&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A review of quantitative risk-benefit methodologies for assessing drug safety and efficacy-report of the ISPOR risk-benefit management working group.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Value Health. 2010 Aug;13(5):657-66.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, Krishnamoorthy P, Mandelcorn ED, Leigh R, Brown JP, Cohen A, Kim H. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+practical+guide+to+the+monitoring+and+management+of+the+complications+of+systemic+corticosteroid+therapy&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013 Aug 15;9(1):30.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Mycek RJ, Harvey RA, Champe PC. &lt;em&gt;Pharmacology&lt;/em&gt;. Lippincotts’s Illustrated Reviews, 2nd Ed. Lippincott, 1997: 272-276.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Ravindran V, Rachapalli S, Choy EH.Rheumatology (Oxford). &lt;a href=&quot;http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/7/807.long&quot;&gt;Safety of medium- to long-term glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis.&lt;/a&gt; 2009 Jul;48(7):807-11.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T04:01:36.617" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:01:36.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="304" CreationDate="2015-04-04T06:37:57.557" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The safest hand sanitizer from the perspective of reducing antibiotic resistance is the alcohol-based sanitizer. It's effective against a wide variety of microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, though, that hand sanitizers don't remove dirt and chemicals from your skin, and all of the ingredients in hand sanitizers are left to fully absorb into your skin. Alcohol makes the skin a bit more permeable to chemicals, so the current recommendation in hospital workers is to wash with soap and water after a few uses of hand sanitizer. (See the first reference for the rest of us.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hand sanitizers should primarily be used only as an optional follow-up to traditional hand washing with soap and water, except in situations where soap and water are not available. In those instances, use of an alcohol-based sanitizer is better than nothing at all. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer are about equal in their ability to remove or kill germs on hands, shown in many studies including one small one involving influenza:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hand hygiene with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub is highly effective in reducing influenza A virus on human hands, although soap and water is the most effective intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soap and water eliminated more virus than the three alcohol-based hand rubs, although the difference between these strategies was not great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While in theory this remains possible, research so far has not found evidence that use of triclosan leads to bacterial resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The [FDA] said there is no evidence to date suggesting that triclosan is hazardous to humans, but several studies have found that triclosan can contribute to the development of bacterial resistance (Aiello AE et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45[suppl 2]:S137-S147). In addition, animal studies have found that the chemical can interfere with thyroid function (Paul KB et al. Toxicol Sci. 2010;113[2]:367-379).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pediatricians are recommending that it be avoided in homes with children. It has become almost ubiquitous in the environment, so it should probably be avoided in hand-cleansers, as most of it ends up not on out hands, but in our water supply, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The evidence is a only a bit clearer for quaternary ammonium compounds (such as benzalkonium chloride) because of a bacterial genetic element called an &lt;em&gt;integron&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In recent decades, various genetic mechanisms involved in the spread of resistance genes among bacteria have been identified. Integrons – genetic elements that acquire, exchange, and express genes embedded within gene cassettes (GC) – are one of these mechanisms. ...Initially studied mainly in the clinical setting for their involvement in antibiotic resistance, their role in the environment is now an increasing focus of attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that QAC's may cause a selection pressure for bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance integrons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class 1 integrons are genetic elements that carry antibiotic and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes that confer resistance to detergents and biocides. ...We show that prevalence of class 1 integrons is higher in bacteria exposed to detergents and/or antibiotic residues...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resistance toward QACs is widespread among a diverse range of microorganisms... Development of resistance in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria has been related to application in human medicine and the food industry. QACs in cosmetic products will inevitably come into intimate contact with the skin or mucosal linings in the mouth and thus are likely to add to the selection pressure toward more QAC-resistant microorganisms among the skin or mouth flora.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy732&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hand Hygiene and Hand Sanitizers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;good overview&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321497/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Integron Involvement in Environmental Spread of Antibiotic Resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v5/n8/abs/ismej201115a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/3/285.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy of Soap and Water and Alcohol-Based Hand-Rub Preparations against Live H1N1 Influenza Virus on the Hands of Human Volunteers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/mdr.2009.0120&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does the wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds enhance the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus threaten our health?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T06:37:57.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="311" CreationDate="2015-04-04T06:40:31.087" Score="24" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much coffee can a healthy adult drink before it starts to affect them in a bad way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, some friends of mine get headaches if they drink more than 2 cups in a single day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T20:10:12.490" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T06:47:47.200" Title="How much coffee can a healthy adult drink?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="518" CreationDate="2015-04-04T06:49:10.047" Score="9" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently practicing a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.highexistence.com/the-wim-hof-method-revealed-how-to-consciously-control-your-immune-system/&quot;&gt;heavy and fast breathing technique&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;strong&gt;supposedly&lt;/strong&gt; boosts immunity by pumping the lymph&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, considering I have bronchitis at the moment could that further the illness in any way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="107" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T16:54:30.847" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T16:54:30.847" Title="Does breathing heavily whilst having bronchitis have potential of furthering the illness?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="309" CreationDate="2015-04-04T07:02:24.443" Score="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors in determining how much coffee one can drink in a day. Caffeine metabolism&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; is a big one. People who metabolize caffeine slow, probably shouldn't have more than 100mg of caffeine (about a cup) a day. Fast metabolizers of caffeine can usually have between 400-500mg (about 5 cups) a day.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; For the general population, 400mg (about 4 cups) should be the limit. Going over this may cause several side effects such as insomnia, restlessness, headaches, and upset stomach.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; It usually isn't very hard to know your limit of drinking coffee. If coffee has a strong effect on you right away, drink less coffee, or consider drinking tea. If coffee has a weak effect on you, then you can drink more. Most people will fall somewhere in between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/65/why-do-i-feel-shaky-after-only-a-small-amount-of-caffeine/76#76&quot;&gt;Why do I feel shaky after only a small amount of caffeine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gbhealthwatch.com/Trait-Caffeine-Consumption.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine Consumption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678?pg=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine: How much is too much?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T20:01:56.883" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="490" CreationDate="2015-04-04T07:06:56.073" Score="25" ViewCount="7594" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, it is known if you listen to music through headphones a lot of time, you damage your ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how long should I use the headphones? And how loud can they be so as not to affect my hearing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T06:16:59.277" Title="When does the use of headphones become harmful?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2015-04-04T07:32:36.770" Score="11" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Background&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most kidney stones (~80%) are calcium stones, and the majority of those are primarily composed of calcium oxalate. Oxalate (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;) is a dianion that combines with divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium. The magnesium salt is much more soluble than the calcium salt. Because these cations compete for binding to oxalate, both lower magnesium levels and higher calcium levels will tend to cause precipitation (movement out of solution into crystalline form) of calcium oxalate. When this happens in the urine in large enough quantities, it can form “stones.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Does diet matter?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As introduced by the OP, doctors have historically advised patients who have demonstrated a propensity toward calcium oxalate stone formation (or, more generically: kidney stones) to decrease dietary intake of calcium and oxalate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary calcium&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1993, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441427&quot;&gt;a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt; dispelled the notion that a low calcium diet should be advised for these patients. They found the opposite association: higher calcium intake correlates with &lt;em&gt;reduced&lt;/em&gt; stone formation (RR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.43 - 0.73). This somewhat counter-intuitive effect may be explained by the binding of calcium with oxalate in the gut, which tends to decrease oxalate absorption. The recommendation to decrease calcium intake, then, appears not to be valid. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11784873&quot;&gt;Further studies&lt;/a&gt; have refined this recommendation, and it is now generally said that a &lt;strong&gt;normal&lt;/strong&gt; calcium intake is probably best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary oxalate&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oxalate is found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/urology-kidney/treatments-procedures/kidney-stones-oxalate-controlled-diet&quot;&gt;an odd assortment of foods&lt;/a&gt;: beets, spinach, rhubarb, strawberries, nuts, chocolate, tea, wheat bran, and all dry beans (fresh, canned, or cooked), excluding lima and green beans. This has largely been a “seems like it should work” approach rather than data-driven. In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17538185&quot;&gt;large epidemiological studies&lt;/a&gt; have not shown an association between oxalate intake and stone formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other dietary associations&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441427&quot;&gt;NEJM study mentioned above&lt;/a&gt; also looked at other correlations between stone formation and dietary components. Animal protein was directly correlated with increased risk of stones, whereas potassium and fluid intake were correlated with decreased risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A different approach&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24560157&quot;&gt;most recent interesting development&lt;/a&gt; in this area that I’m aware of was published in the American Journal of Kidney Disease in 2014 and compared the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)-style diet with a low-oxalate diet for prevention of stones. Their reasoning is nicely summarized in the abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[M]ost people do not eat isolated nutrients, but meals consisting of a variety of foods with complex combinations of nutrients. A more rational approach to nephrolithiasis prevention would be to base dietary advice on the cumulative effects of foods and different dietary patterns rather than single nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The DASH diet was, as its name suggests, developed as a tool to mitigate hypertension, but it has been used as a sort of paradigm “healthy diet” in trials of a variety of interventions. It is, as described in the paper above, high in fruits and vegetables, moderate in low-fat dairy products, and low in animal protein. The high fruit and nut content may be expected to increase urinary oxalate, but these foods also tend to be high in magnesium and citrate, both of which are inhibitors of calcium stone formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors collected 24-hour urine samples in participants with a known history of stones and randomized them to a DASH diet vs a low-oxalate diet. They found that urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (a measure of tendency to form calcium oxalate stones) was decreased in the DASH group compared to the low-oxalate group. This occurred despite a trend toward &lt;em&gt;increased&lt;/em&gt; oxalate excretion in that group. The authors posit that this may have been due to the increased urinary pH and concentrations of citrate, magnesium, and potassium, all of which tend to decrease stone formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are not solid data supporting a low oxalate diet for stone prevention. Other dietary factors that are probably helpful include: normal calcium intake; high intake of fluid, magnesium, and potassium; low animal protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Borghi L., Schianchi T., Meschi T., et al: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11784873&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; N Engl J Med 2002(346):77-84.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E. (2005). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16200192&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Kidney stone disease.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; J Clin Invest. 115(10):2598–2608.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Curhan G.C., Willett W.C., Rimm E.B., and Stampfer M.J.: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441427&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; N Engl J Med 1993(328):833-838.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Noori N, Honarkar E1, Goldfarb DS2, Kalantar-Zadeh K3, Taheri M1, Shakhssalim N1, Parvin M1, Basiri A. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24560157&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Urinary lithogenic risk profile in recurrent stone formers with hyperoxaluria: a randomized controlled trial comparing DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)-style and low-oxalate diets.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Am J Kidney Dis.2014; 63(3):456-63.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Taylor E.N., and Curhan G.C.: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17538185&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Oxalate intake and the risk for nephrolithiasis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007(18):2198-2204.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T07:32:36.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="563" CreationDate="2015-04-04T11:16:53.300" Score="16" ViewCount="1689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not had a CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) class in 10 or more years, but I used to take them all the time (&lt;em&gt;like yearly&lt;/em&gt;).  For one person CPR the ratio of compression to breaths was always changing.  In the US there were two major providers of approved CPR training, It was not unusual for both to have different ratios as &quot;the correct value&quot; at the same time, and the following year, one or both would be different. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are the ratios determined? What impact if any do minor changes in the ratio have? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T18:16:17.730" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T20:38:25.283" Title="How are ratios for one person CPR arrived at?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5106" CreationDate="2015-04-04T11:54:16.430" Score="13" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;Idiopathic (or spontaneous, unknown origin) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ventricular tachycardia&lt;/a&gt; is a type of ventricular tachycardia (VT) that occurs in patients with structurally normal hearts. I would like to know what the pros and cons are of the three main corrective actions physicians seem to prefer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapamil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Verapamil&lt;/a&gt;: This seems like the drug of choice, but it tends to cause a drop in blood pressure (BP). If the patient already has a low BP (even if merely because of being young and fit), providers may be reluctant to give this drug fearing a significant drop in BP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amiodarone&lt;/a&gt;: This is a drug with significant toxicity that stays in your system for a long time (&lt;em&gt;weeks to months&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Defibrillation&lt;/a&gt;: Assuming the patient returns to normal rhythm after the treatment and is not conscious when delivered, it seems to have less side effects than the drugs. I have looked around and have not found any negative long term side effects, but short term (&lt;em&gt;seconds to minutes&lt;/em&gt;) there are some risks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research so far is inconclusive on what the least harmful long term impact of the three are. I am pretty sure Amiodarone should be a last choice, but unsure about the other two. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the pros and cons of these treatment options that a patient diagnosed with idiopathic VT should understand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:43:13.603" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:43:13.603" Title="What are pros and cons of different approaches to aborting ventricular tachycardia?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="282" CreationDate="2015-04-04T12:30:15.220" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to avoid added sugars is to look at the ingredients list for the following items. This list is not complete, but I've organized it into categories to make it easier to remember and draw conclusions about unnamed ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, anything labeled &quot;sugar&quot;, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;brown sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;confectioner's powdered sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;invert sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;raw sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;white granulated sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cane sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;date sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_sugar&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sugar beet/beet sugar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many things labeled as &quot;syrup&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;corn syrup/corn syrup solids [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malt syrup [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maple syrup [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pancake syrup [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;honey syrup [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many things labeled as &quot;juice&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Evaporated cane juice [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] (may be listed as 'cane juice', 'cane juice solids', 'cane juice crystals' or dehydrated cane juice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruit juice concentrates [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] (or listed as a specific fruit)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruit juice (or listed as a specific fruit)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In chemistry, sugar names end in -ose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dextrose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] (also anhydrous dextrose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fructose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] (also crystalline fructose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lactose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maltose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sucrose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;glucose [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And some ingredients that you might find in your own kitchen   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;honey [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;molasses [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nectars (e.g., peach nectar, pear nectar) [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosemyplate.gov/weight-management-calories/calories/added-sugars.html&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Agave nectar [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miscellaneous other ingredients that can signal sugars:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cane crystals [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;corn sweetener [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maltodextrin [&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltodextrin&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T12:30:15.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T13:09:19.143" Score="13" ViewCount="7154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/37/3/416.abstract&quot;&gt;coffee consumption can inhibit iron intake&lt;/a&gt; and in some cases is even linked to iron deficiency anemia, as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee#Health_and_pharmacology&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says. It is unclear to me, however, how this happens. On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_caffeine&quot;&gt;page about health effects of caffeine&lt;/a&gt;, I can't find anything about iron deficiency anemia. Some health blogs claim that both caffeine and other substances inhibit iron intake, but I couldn't find reliable sources (e.g. other than forum discussions and fact sheets &lt;a href=&quot;http://r.duckduckgo.com/l/?kh=-1&amp;amp;uddg=http%3A%2F%2Fteeccino.com%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fpages%2FFile%2FDECAF.pdf&quot;&gt;like this&lt;/a&gt; which were compiled by a company selling coffee substitute) yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What substances in coffee inhibit the iron intake to which amount, and is decaffeinated coffee more beneficial in that respect than regular coffee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T16:35:43.633" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T17:30:04.240" Title="Does decaffeinated coffee inhibit iron intake as much as normal coffee does?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="309" CreationDate="2015-04-04T13:20:30.367" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;While this is not a complete answer, I'm pointing out here that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee#Health_and_pharmacology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coffee intake is adverse to iron absorption&lt;/a&gt;. Caffeine does play a role here, although I don't know to what extent other substances in coffee do. I have asked a &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/318/does-decaffeinated-coffee-inhibit-iron-intake-as-well&quot;&gt;separate question here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, it is recommended not to drink coffee together with, or directly after iron-rich meals (say, a breakfast with oatmeal and fruits) since the intake and the benefits of the iron would be inhibited. This applies especially to people who have low haemoglobin levels, but also to healthy adults who want to keep their iron levels up. Pregnant women should be especially careful and best avoid coffee completely since &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3414579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coffee consumption is linked to iron deficiency anemia in their infants&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="134" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T13:20:30.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="309" CreationDate="2015-04-04T13:42:43.000" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It really depends on the coffee which its caffeine content (its main psychoactive substance) can vary by size, bean origin, roast method and other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine a day appears to be safe for most healthy adults. That's roughly the amount of caffeine in four cups of brewed coffee, 10 cans of cola or two &amp;quot;energy shot&amp;quot; drinks. Although caffeine use may be safe for adults, it's not a good idea for children. See: Caffeine: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How much is too much? at Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higher consumption of 1000–1500 mg per day is associated with a condition known as caffeinism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeinated beverages like coffee and soft drinks give short bursts of energy, but can actually cause fluid loss. Caffeine has been shown to temporarily raise blood pressure, and reduces blood flow to inactive limbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like many drugs, caffeine is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/05/us/yes-people-are-right-caffeine-is-addictive.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemically addictive&lt;/a&gt; and recent publication of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), caffeine withdrawal was finally included as a mental disorder for the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon after you drink coffee (containing caffeine), it’s absorbed through the small intestine and dissolved into the bloodstream and it’s able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular ingestion of the drug (i.e. coffee/tea, soda or energy drinks) alters your brain’s chemistry and physical characteristics actually change over time, leading to fatigue, headaches and nausea if you try to quit. However, compared to many drug addictions, the effects are relatively short-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few quotes from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2792690/sales-sugar-caffeine-laden-energy-drinks-restricted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large amounts of &lt;strong&gt;caffeine can cause heart palpitations, fits and even death&lt;/strong&gt;, as well as raising the risk of Type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heavy consumption has also been linked to &lt;strong&gt;a greater risk of depression, addiction and alcohol dependency&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Energy drinks could be more likely to cause a caffeine overdose because they can be drunk quickly, unlike hot drinks like tea or coffee, the Energy Drink Consumption in Europe study said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several deaths worldwide have been linked to excessive consumption of energy drinks, although scientists say more research is needed to prove a link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended maximum caffeine intake is about 400mg per day – equivalent to around five cups of filter coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Reproductive-aged women (⩽ 300 mg caffeine per day) and children are ‘at risk’ subgroups who may require specific advice on moderating their caffeine intake', &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content%7Edb=all%7Econtent=a713811152?waited=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/34765-coffee-drinking-is-mental-disorder-dsm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Live Science&lt;/a&gt; we can read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coffee drinking could lead to a mental disorder. If you experience&#xA;five or more symptoms, such as red face, nervousness and restlessness,&#xA;during or right after your cup of Joe, you may be diagnosed with&#xA;coffee intoxication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a new edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), excessive caffeine intake can lead to a condition known as “caffeine intoxication,”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, &lt;strong&gt;caffeine withdrawal is now a recognized disorder, and is listed in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dsm5.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DSM-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“&lt;strong&gt;Caffeine is a drug, a mild stimulant&lt;/strong&gt;, which is used by almost&#xA;everybody on a daily basis,” said Dr. Charles O’Brien, who chairs the&#xA;Substance-Related Disorder Work Group for DSM-5 (via New York Post).&#xA;“But it does have a letdown afterwards. If you drink a lot of coffee,&#xA;at least two or three [236 ml] cups at a time, there will be a rebound&#xA;or withdrawal effect.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-withdrawal-symptoms-top-ten&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;top 10 caffeine withdrawal symptoms&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleepiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritability&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lethargy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constipation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscle Pain/Stiffness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lack of Concentration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flu-like symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insomnia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In rare cases when consumed at high enough doses, caffeine can kill.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hPa5n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;caffeine curve&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_caffeine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health effects of caffeine&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_caffeine_on_memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of caffeine on memory&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(article) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2792690/sales-sugar-caffeine-laden-energy-drinks-restricted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sales of sugar and caffeine laden energy drinks should be restricted as they 'pose a danger' to children&lt;/a&gt; at Daily Mail&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coffee.stackexchange.com/questions/479/whats-the-minimum-recommended-age-for-drinking-a-coffee&quot;&gt;What's the minimum recommended age for drinking a coffee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-is-how-your-brain-becomes-addicted-to-caffeine-26861037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This Is How Your Brain Becomes Addicted to Caffeine&lt;/a&gt; at Smithsonian&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lifehacker.com/5585217/what-caffeine-actually-does-to-your-brain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Caffeine Actually Does to Your Brain&lt;/a&gt; at Life Hacker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(study) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content%7Edb=all%7Econtent=a713811152?waited=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of Caffeine on Human Health&lt;/a&gt;, P. Nawrot, S. Jordan, J. Eastwood, J. Rotstein, A. Hugenholtz and M. Feeley, Food Additives and Contaminants, 2003, Vol. 20, No. 1, pg. 1-30.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(study) &lt;a href=&quot;http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/83.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors That Contribute to Its Widespread Use&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/05/31/caffeine-withdrawal-is-now-a-mental-disorder/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine Withdrawal Is Now a Mental Disorder&lt;/a&gt; at Time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(book) Buzz: The Science and Lore of Alcohol and Caffeine by Stephen Braun&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T17:26:25.857" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="109" CreationDate="2015-04-04T14:09:37.003" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to stop or delay hair loss, it mainly depends on your cause and there many reasons of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_loss&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hair loss&lt;/a&gt; (alopecia) as this can be caused by oxidative stress, alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder, fungal infection, traumatic damage, iron deficiency and many more and it can occur anywhere and at any age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general nutrients and antioxidants in food play an key role in body defence mechanism including hair growth. Antioxidants help to neutralize certain free radicals which have the potential to damage human cells and genetic material. They basically halting the oxidation reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Antioxidants&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C &amp;amp; E&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a potent antioxidant that help in maintaining healthy hair. It help to increase scalp circulation and oxygenation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Polyphenol antioxidants&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569505/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polyphenols have many health benefits and their antioxidant properties promote hair growth. They're also photoprotective, radioprotective, anti-inflammatory and highly antioxidant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant_effect_of_polyphenols_and_natural_phenols&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;C60/EVOO (C60 dissolved in Extra Virgin Olive Oil)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C60/EVOO is an strong anti-oxidant at intracellular level which results in better functioning mitochondria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24021223_Fullerene_nanomaterials_potentiate_hair_g%20rowth/links/0c960528b84a79db7e000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Studies&lt;/a&gt; in 2009 showed that fullerene nanomaterials potentiate hair growth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In SKH-1hairless mice fullerene derivatives given &lt;strong&gt;topically&lt;/strong&gt; or subdermally markedly increased hair growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fullerenes also &lt;strong&gt;increased hair growth in human skin sections&lt;/strong&gt; maintained in culture. These studies have wide-ranging implications for those conditions leading to hair loss, including alopecia, chemotherapy, and reactions to various chemicals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] &lt;strong&gt;We report that fullerene derivatives accelerate the growth of hair in mice and human skin.&lt;/strong&gt; [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from Luna &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com.tr/patents/US20110003773&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;US20110003773&lt;/a&gt; patent:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using fullerenes to enhance and stimulate hair growth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been discovered that &lt;strong&gt;fullerenes can stimulate hair growth&lt;/strong&gt;, restore hair growth in areas of hair loss, and induce the formation of new hair follicles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Moussa has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.owndoc.com/pdf/C60-Fullerene.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;studied&lt;/a&gt; the effects of C60 on animals for 18 years and claim C60 in olive oil is safe and anti-toxic (has no toxicity effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.longecity.org/forum/user/19769-turnbuckle/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;researcher&lt;/a&gt; who was/is taking C60-EVOO orally/topically for over 3 years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hair regrowth that filled in a patch in the back that had been thinning for thirty years and was bare in a spot about as big as my palm. (A Norwood 4 in the back and a 1.5 in the front).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have now seen further improvement by applying a small amount dissolved in 91% rubbing alcohol, applying it with a dropper to the scalp for a few days. So topical treatment may be better than oral for hair regrowth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T11:28:25.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="322" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T14:40:59.680" Score="4" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), rheumatism is known as &quot;wind-wetness&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adherents to TCM:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Believe that being wet and exposed to wind greatly increases the chances that one will suffer from rheumatism in old age. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to great lengths to stay dry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have such horror stories as people becoming permanently disabled after going to bed one night with the body still wet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What merit is there in the theory that 'wind' and 'wetness' aggravates rheumatism? Are such horror stories (such as the one mentioned above) even possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T23:41:52.550" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T23:41:52.550" Title="Rheumatism as &quot;Wind-wetness&quot;" Tags="&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;&lt;folk-medicine&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="223" CreationDate="2015-04-04T15:10:44.427" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not believe that you will be able to find a decent article which swings one way or the other due to the fact that this particular form of smoking is still in its relative infancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this it is a fairly broad statement to declare something unsafe where individual methods may vary greatly. ( someone who works in a lab running elisa tests all day is going to take a little bit more care than your average high-school dropout. ) and on the flip-side of that coin I somehow doubt that the majority of manufacturers are properly sterilizing everything which comes into contact with the product and then following a complete clean-room protocol. I would guess that the standard of cleanliness is more in line with food preparation as opposed to pharmaceutical production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liquid itself would most likely provide a really nice environment for bacterial growth if it is stored at a appropriate temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand the majority of e-cigarettes use a wick which absorbs the liquid which runs out of the chamber and into a separate coil, which should filter the majority of non-liquid particles out of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="66" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T15:10:44.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="247" CreationDate="2015-04-04T16:04:42.943" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the picture and the symptoms you mentioned, especially the itchiness, it seems that you are right about it being that being eczema. Also, eczema is common behind the knees. From that picture though, it does not seem like that eczema is very bad. There are a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;worse cases&lt;/a&gt;. Though there is still some dispute in the medical world, one study&lt;a href=&quot;http://nationaleczema.org/study-reveals-eczema/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; says that the cause of eczema is a bacteria that lives on the skin. This bacteria blocks the sweat ducts, which causes a reaction in the immune system that causes irritation, itchiness, and rashes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; says that it is likely that the immune system causes the reaction, but they also provide some other possible causes, such as genetics (eczema is usually common in families), certains environments you may be, and skin irritants like chlorine, makeup, and even some soaps and cleansers. It is likely that these skin irritants cause the bacteria mentioned above to react, which in turn cause the immune system to create rashes and irritation on certain parts of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tips for treating eczema&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than drugs that can be prescribed by your doctor, there are a few things you can do to help treat eczema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use more mild soap - some soaps can cause dry skin; these are the types of soap that tend to irritate eczema; try to get soaps that won't make your skin dry (usually your doctor can recommend a brand)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Showering - taking long, hot showers can also cause your skin to dry up; instead take shorter, &lt;strong&gt;warm&lt;/strong&gt; (not hot) showers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reduce stress - stress can be a factor for an irritation in your body; just relax sometimes; also, try to get more sleep&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Petroleum jelly - using petroleum jelly on the spot of the eczema can help relieve the need to scratch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moisturize your skin - dry skin is a side effect of eczema, so moisturizing your skin is important&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://nationaleczema.org/study-reveals-eczema/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationaleczema.org/study-reveals-eczema/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Eczema Association - Study Reveals the Cause of Eczema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - Eczema Health Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:32:06.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16" CreationDate="2015-04-04T16:26:25.107" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a health professional, but I did some research on exactly your question because my friend, who is quite young, has calcium oxalate kidney stones. Most of my citations are not directly from academic journals, but from websites of well known medical centers (see below). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few things that I learned (in addition to Susan's answer):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-drinking enough fluids seems to be the most important thing for prevention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&quot;Sodium, often from salt, causes the kidneys to excrete more calcium into the urine. High concentrations of calcium in the urine combine with oxalate and phosphorus to form stones. Reducing sodium intake is preferred to reducing calcium intake.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-reduce oxalate intake. University of Pittsburgh Medical School has comprehensive information about this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this doesn't answer to what extent calcium oxalate stones can be prevented with diet, but those things appear to contribute to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/basics/definition/con-20024829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/Kudiseases/pubs/kidneystonediet/index.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH, National Kidney and Urologic Diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upmc.com/patients-visitors/education/nutrition/pages/low-oxalate-diet.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Univ. of Pittsburgh Medical School&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T16:27:35.907" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T16:27:35.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-04T16:57:54.130" Score="5" ViewCount="1043" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do cold sprays, cold gels, ice bath, and ice packs compare when treating a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-08T16:38:23.693" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T16:38:23.693" Title="Cold spray vs cold gel vs ice pack vs ice bath for tendinopathy" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="318" CreationDate="2015-04-04T17:24:20.027" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does coffee inhibit the absorption of iron? The answer appears to be yes (see links and references below). So does tea. Note that this does not have to do with caffeine, but rather polyphenols, phytates found in them. So, my answer would be that both regular coffee and decaf coffee inhibit iron, but I don't know whether one does so more than the other. Also, if you add milk to your coffee, that may also have some effect, because calcium inhibits iron absorption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also depends on whether it's heme iron (mostly from animals) or non-heme iron (from plant sources, iron fortified foods). This matters if you eat primarily a vegetarian diet, because the recommended intake for non-heme iron is 1.8 times, compared to those who eat meat . &lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot;&gt;NIH's Iron&#xA;Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet &lt;/a&gt; compiled a great literature review on iron intake.  See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/vitamins/iron.html&quot;&gt;CDC.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:289–95.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Layrisse M1, García-Casal MN, Solano L, Barón MA, Arguello F, Llovera D, Ramírez J, Leets I, Tropper E. Iron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols. J Nutr. 2000 Sep;130(9):2195-9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zijp IM1, Korver O, Tijburg LB. Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2000 Sep;40(5):371-98.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastEditorUserId="179" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T17:30:04.240" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T17:30:04.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="122" CreationDate="2015-04-04T18:26:55.823" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would also add that if you're consistently getting 4-5 hours of sleep (instead of about 8) then it's counterproductive for studying. Aside from affecting your ability to concentrate, there's also the effect on memory, especially memory consolidation for instance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a grad student, I know that it's a constant challenge balancing sleep and studying, but I would still urge you to consider this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See a review here for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rasch, Björn and Jan Born. &lt;a href=&quot;http://physrev.physiology.org/content/93/2/681&quot;&gt;About Sleep's Role in Memory.&lt;/a&gt; Physiol Rev. 2013 Apr; 93(2): 681–766.&#xA;doi:  10.1152/physrev.00032.2012&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T18:26:55.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="93" CreationDate="2015-04-04T18:59:21.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two important questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has AST/ALT elevation been present only once in blood sample?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the elevation more than 3x the upper limit?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basis for &quot;normal&quot; values should be understood. &quot;Normal&quot; values indicate confidence interval which includes 95% of healthy individuals. As so, any blood test with slightly elevated value may be normal, since all healthy individuals does not belong to the 95% confidence interval on which the &quot;normal&quot; values are based. As so you should not be automatically concerned if your blood level is above &quot;normal&quot;.  Of course this does not imply that fact that you should refer to your GP for more information and further investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T18:59:21.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="353" CreationDate="2015-04-04T19:10:10.870" Score="9" ViewCount="11307" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I press in my nose, it goes from sticking out by 2.5 cm to just 0.5 cm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J5jEe.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this, and is it anything to worry about? (I am 12 in case that matters)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2018-02-04T12:43:36.547" LastActivityDate="2018-02-04T12:43:36.547" Title="My nose presses in a lot" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="315" CreationDate="2015-04-04T20:48:45.437" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Europe we use 30/2 for adults and 15/2 for children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For children heart problems are rare, so the focus lies on breathing (we also start with 5 breaths). With adults the focus lies on chest compressions, hence the double amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of research going on and as a result of the research, the guidelines are changed, each 5 years. (Last time the dept of the compression increased and the frequency went up.) We hope to receive the new guidelines in 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All ERC (European Resuscitation Council) trained instructors should use the same guidelines in their courses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual survival chance has increased a lot the last 20 years (if CPR is started with 6 minutes). Two pieces of equipment have helped. First the mobile phone (no delay in finding a phone so professional help can be summoned as soon as possible). And the use of the AED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T20:48:45.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="80" CreationDate="2015-04-04T20:55:20.537" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) is a measure of severity in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/resources/factsheets/sleepapnea.pdf&quot;&gt;obstructive sleep apnea&lt;/a&gt;. It is calculated as the number of times per hour that the airway partially or completely collapses, associated with a drop in oxygen levels.  Partial collapse is labeled a hypopnea, whereas complete collapse is labeled an apnea. CPAP treatment uses air pressure delivered through a mask to stent open the airway. &lt;em&gt;If there continues to be partial or complete collapse despite CPAP, the basic idea, in theory, is that the pressure is inadequate.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The major caveat&lt;/strong&gt;: &#xA;Where are you getting this AHI? Most likely, you’re reading it off a PAP machine. The upshot of this answer is that, as much as we all love numbers, such readings should not be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AHI was initially validated in the setting of overnight polysomnography, i.e. a sleep lab. There a technician watches the tracings generated from a nasal pressure transducer, chest/abdomen effort belts, and continuous pulse oximetry. There are specific criteria for scoring apneas and hypopneas. The recommended &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/articles.aspx?id=4203&quot;&gt;criteria from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine&lt;/a&gt; for a hypopnea are now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a. The peak signal excursions drop by ≥30% of pre-event baseline using nasal pressure...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;b. The duration of the ≥30% drop in signal excursion is ≥10 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;c. There is a ≥3% oxygen desaturation from pre-event baseline and/or the event is associated with an arousal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt; of controversy in recent years as to whether that number in the c criterion should be 3% or 4% drop in pulse oximetry. &lt;strong&gt;Why should we care?&lt;/strong&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number you’re getting off your PAP machine has no pulse oximetry to correlate with. They must therefore be using some &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; non-standard metric. How do they calculate this? This, unfortunately, is proprietary information known only to the PAP manufacturers. Occasionally there are validation studies of varying quality published, but there is no uniformity in the industry as to what algorithm is used, and there is very little transparency about where these numbers are coming from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What, then?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Monitoring of sleep apnea treatment is symptom-based. If symptoms improve, good enough, keep with it. If there is inadequate improvement or recurrence of symptoms after improvement, things should be re-evaluated. Generally this involves one or more of the following:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;assessing the interface (Is the mask leaking? That will cause inadequate pressure delivered to the airway.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;home overnight pulse oximetry  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;adjustment of the settings on an auto-titrating machine to allow for higher pressures  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;empirically increasing the pressure on a fixed-pressure CPAP  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a repeat sleep study while using PAP, adjusting the pressure settings (i.e. a titration study)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Most likely, in the next few years these technologies will get better, and hopefully transparency and uniformity will improve. In the meantime, take the AHI number on your CPAP machine with a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Kryger, Roth, Dement. &lt;em&gt;Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine.&lt;/em&gt; Chapter 107: Positive Airway, Pressure Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. pp 1219-1232.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Epstein, LJE, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960649&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009 Jun 15;5(3):263-76.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Caveat lector&lt;/em&gt;: In addition to the afore mentioned references, this answer contains my own impressions gleaned from training in the area.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-04T21:13:09.080" LastActivityDate="2015-04-04T21:13:09.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="437" CreationDate="2015-04-05T02:16:41.240" Score="6" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/173/174&quot;&gt;an answer to a different question&lt;/a&gt; on a related topic.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing there would have to be a period to measure the current rate of hair loss before making changes on current diet and habits and after that period the patient would start the new prescribed diet and/or habits and we would continue to monitor/measure in order to calculate a new rate of hair loss. And as a result we would have an actual record of improvement (if any).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would be used to measure what and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T06:46:46.957" Title="How can one measure if vitamins are really helping a patient to delay hair loss?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;alopecia&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T02:34:37.247" Score="5" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have 24/7 access to a patient and I would like to record a complete profile of his/her hormonal activity throughout a period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the raw data. I want tons of qualitative and quantitative data to study and rearrange later in discrete and continuous arrays to look for insights.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:14:17.183" Title="What is the cheapest or more accessible way to measure day-to-day hormonal activity variation on a patient?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;instruments&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2015-04-17T21:23:06.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T02:41:26.110" Score="4" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use hands-free &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenomask&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stenomasks&lt;/a&gt; for extended periods of time. How healthy are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly worried about the quality of the air I inhale, and I would like to know the effect on the skin to have something firmly pressed on it for extended periods of time (&amp;gt; 8 hours a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have one stenomask that covers my mouth, And a second one that covers my nose and mouth. My stenomasks' model is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.microphones.com/microphone.cfm?URLID=SM200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Talk Technologies Sylencer SM 200&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T08:36:07.030" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T10:07:05.577" Title="How healthy are hands-free stenomasks?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T02:49:53.340" Score="4" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;A fair amount of patients suffer from chronic tendinopathy. Why aren't defectuous tendons replaced by artificial tendons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:38:46.993" Title="Why aren't tendons affected by chronic tendinopathy replaced by artificial tendons?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="341" CreationDate="2015-04-05T03:10:29.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tendons don't usually get replaced because there is tendon repair surgery instead. Getting your tendon (or any body part for that matter) replaced by an artificial tendon usually takes longer to recover than a tendon repair surgery, and also leaves you with some lifetime limitations, such as not be able to lift weight and you will not be able to compete in sports that involve the tendon that got replaced as actively. Tendon repair surgeries tend to take less time to recover from, and they also have a high success rate (if you do proper therapy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/tendon-repair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendon Repair Surgery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uwmedicine.org/health-library/Pages/hand-surgery-replacement-and-tendon-repair.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hand Surgery: Replacement and Tendon Repair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T04:38:46.993" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T04:38:46.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="385" CreationDate="2015-04-05T03:16:32.757" Score="40" ViewCount="1420" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a popular perception, and many marketing claims, that organic produce (and food in general) is &lt;strong&gt;healthier&lt;/strong&gt; than food grown with conventional methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most commonly, the reasons given are: less or no pesticide use, lack of synthetic/chemical pesticides and herbicides, no artificial growth hormones, genetic modification, or other &quot;interference&quot; with nature, and higher nutritional content due to better soil conditions and better/natural fertilizers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies that back up these claims?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T21:29:16.520" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T09:55:09.217" Title="Are organic foods healthier than conventional foods?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-05T03:19:52.817" Score="5" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uwmedicine.org/health-library/Pages/hand-surgery-replacement-and-tendon-repair.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;page from University of Washington on replacement and tendon repair&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, replacement joints cannot withstand heavy lifting, so we would recommend that patients avoid such activity even if they could otherwise pursue arduous physical tasks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't artificial tendons withstand heavy lifting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T08:16:04.877" Title="Why can't artificial tendons withstand heavy lifting?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="358" CreationDate="2015-04-05T04:34:21.563" Score="18" ViewCount="800" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you train yourself to sleep fewer number of hours forever, nightly, while remaining at least as  fit and healthful (without harming or impairing yourself in any way) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question was inspired by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/07/sachs200707&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; on Columbia Professor Jeffrey Sachs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, the only time Sachs slows down is when he sleeps, &lt;strong&gt;never more than four or five hours a night&lt;/strong&gt;. His wife, Sonia Ehrlich, a pediatrician and the mother of his three children, has been quoted saying (more than once), &quot;I'm a happily married single parent.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:43:41.607" Title="Can you sleep less permanently, but stay at least as healthy?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-08T16:55:06.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="354" CreationDate="2015-04-05T07:39:57.697" Score="11" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have eczema and as a result I have to use moisturizer to reduce the dryness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that coconut oil is pretty good.  I tried it and indeed it helped. But I was told that I shouldn't use it constantly since my skin will gradually produce less of its natural oil because it has a replacement, and therefore I depend more on moisturizer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T12:33:40.380" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T16:58:11.077" Title="Is constantly using oily moisturizer bad for your skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2015-04-05T09:27:02.237" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question can be approached from many levels. There are many physiological factors having influence to sleeping of which circadian rhytm is one of the most important. Messing with your circadian rhytm would take guru's strength of mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a population level I would say it is not possible. I have two aspects for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) In year 2015 we are able to teleport photons and each person on Earth carries thousands times more sophisticated computer chips in their pockets than it took to land on Moon. However we still dont know exactly WHY we have to sleep. Of course there is increasing knowledge regarding those physiological activies which happen during sleep but the very basic reason for sleep is unknown. As so, in my opinion we should thoroughly establish the very basic ideology in sleep in order to reduce itś duration from the average 7-8 hours a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Millions of years of evolution has brought us here. Some few ten thousands of years ago it was dangerous to sleep. You had to minimize your sleep time since all that time you were vulnerable to your fellow primitive humans and wild animals. Whether humans slept less in those days or not, I can´t say. However is not influecing today's humans when obviously we are living quite different times. But I think that if it was possible to reduce sleep hours from 7-8 to, say, 4-5 hours a day this ability would have developed during evolution. This ability may also have diminished during evolution, but again that would have happened due to changing enviroment we are living and reduced sleep for modern human would be nearly impossible in population level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if we are looking from individual level, sure it could be possible to sleep less. You can start reducing your sleeping time and see the effects. Some of us can run 100m in less than 9.80 seconds, someone can run a marathon in less than 2:10 and someone can benchpress over 300kgs. But in population level I would say it is not possible to permanently reduced sleeping time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T09:27:02.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="344" CreationDate="2015-04-05T10:42:13.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sensing some mix up here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your are asking about artificial tendons but your quote is stating about joint replacements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically your equating apples and oranges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joint replacements or joint arthroplasties are used to treat severely destructed joints. In four cases of five the reason for joint destruction is osteoarthrosis in which the joint cartilage has worn off resulting to pure bone to bone contact which is very painful and disabling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During joint replacement surgery the severely damages joint surfaces are sawed off and they are replaced with identically shaped components. These component usually have two options for fixation. They can be cemented, in which polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is put in both components. Then components is compressed to molded end of the bone and cement penetrates to porous bone tissue. The better and deeper the cement penetration, the firmer is the fixation. Another option is to use hydroxyaphatite (HA) coated components. Component is again compressed against bone, but the fixation is achieved by bone ingrowth to to HA coating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bearing material is also important aspect in joint replacements. Knee and hip are by far the most commonly replaced joint. In hips there is usuallu metallic head bearing agains cup made from polyethylene (PE). In knee both komponents are usually metallic but there is an &lt;em&gt;insert&lt;/em&gt; made from PE between components to reduce friction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixation and bearing materials are the weak links in joint replacements. Weight lifting or heavy exercises are not recommended in patients with replaced joint. Most importantly wear is always present in each and every joint replacement, current medicine does not know a bearing material which does not wear. Wear of PE correlates with use. The more you put weight or strain to your hip/knee replacement the more it wears and more likely it will result to complications associated to increased release of PE particle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intense repetitive movement in the joint can also cause cement debonding or breakage in the bone-HA interface and to loosening of the components. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hip or knee are so complex mechanical systems that each and every movement or momentum can not be handled with current knowledge regarding mechanical aspects joint replacements. At this time joint replacements tolerate very well walking, daily activities and light weight training. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course nowadays we can use all ceramic or all metallic bearings but I won´t dig in to those. Use of PE is so common and traditional in joint replacements that these restriction quoted by OP are important to &gt;90% of patients. Tour de France winner &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Landis#Hip_ailment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Floyd Landis&lt;/a&gt; for example has all metallic hip replacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Artificial tendons are another thing. Treatment of ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is very common procedure these days. Most commonly ACL is replaced with autograft. That means a tissue retrieved from another site in the SAME patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ACL reconstruction common site for tendon autograft is hamstring or gracilis tendon graft. This graft is retrieved with special instruments, cut to required length ja then fixed with bioabsorbable screws to femur and tibia. With time the tendon provides perfect ingrowth to the bone since the tendon is retrieved from same patient and there is no issue regarding tissue rejection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually young patient with ACL rupture can return to heavy exercise without any restrictions after successful ACL reconstruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T16:05:05.527" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T16:05:05.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="334" CreationDate="2015-04-05T18:03:23.203" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your nose is impressively compressible! However, if you don't have any other problems, there's nothing wrong with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're young, and have less bone and more cartilage in your nose relative to it's size than adults have. If you find and press the noses of other kids your age, then do so with adults, you'll notice a significant difference between the adults and the kids, though not all of the kids' noses will flatten as much as yours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though noses are different, in this picture you can see a woman and a young child. Their noses are quite different in length. The baby's would be very compressible. The woman, not so much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/v3L7S.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a young woman's nose with the underlying structures labeled. The septal cartilage, from the top almost to the bottom between the nostrils and the two upper lateral nasal cartilages fuse together and to the nasal bone. (The lower nasal cartilages don't fuse, so the tip of the nose always stays very flexible. Your lower nasal cartilages make up more of your nose than hers, so more of your nose is flexible.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your nose will be bendable depending on how long your nasal bone is - it's longer in some than in others, and it's longer in adults than kids. Your nasal bone - the really hard part that projects down from between your eyebrows - may be short, making your nose more compressible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSuyk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I said in the beginning &quot;if you don't have any other problems&quot;. Place your index finger on your upper lip and press hard enough that you can feel your teeth and gums. Now move your whole finger up toward the columulla (it separates the two nostrils on the outside.) Did you feel a hard bone above your lip (it's kind of triangle shaped with the base - against your lip - wider than the tip (which fuses with the septal cartilage.) If you don't have a bone there, you should ask your doctor to check your nose just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congenital anomalies of the nose are very rare and occur in 1/20,000&#xA;to 1/40,000 newborns, so it's highly unlikely you have one. Most of the time they are associated with other facial problems, for example a small chin (I can see yours, and it's fine). If you can breathe normally through your nose, and the only trick you can do with your body is to flatten your nose (great party trick!) you are just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/51141251_Isolated_congenital_partial_absence_of_the_left_lower_lateral_nasal_cartilage_case_report&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Isolated congenital partial absence of the left lower lateral nasal cartilage: case report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/837236-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Congenital Malformations of the Nose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-05T18:54:21.250" LastActivityDate="2015-04-05T18:54:21.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="347" CreationDate="2015-04-05T20:02:35.013" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your skin will not make enough protective lipids regardless of whether you use moisturizer or not. With your skin, it's actually better if you use it every day, at least on areas where you get eczema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eczema (or Atopic Dermatitis) is an incompletely understood skin disorder, in which the normal skin barrier function (permeability) is compromised, allowing the skin to dry out more than normal skin. The cause of the dryness in AD is thought by some to be a deficiency of a naturally occurring fatty substance in the skin called &lt;em&gt;ceramide&lt;/em&gt;. Others believe it's an abnormal or missing protein which causes the skin barrier to be compromised, allowing allergens and irritants to cause immune responses more easily, triggering the itch/chronic inflammation (this might explain the response seen with topical steroids). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the case may be, moisturizers do provide a barrier of some type to the skin and help to decrease transepidermal water loss; therefore they are highly recommended for AD. Not using moisturizer will leave you open to more problematic eczema. Your skin will not make enough protective lipids regardless of whether you use moisturizer or not. You should use it every day, at least on areas where you get eczema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other things which help Atopic Dermatitis involve water temperature when bathing (the cooler, the better), patting your skin dry instead of vigorous rubbing, applying the moisturizer immediately after bathing when your skin has already been moistened by the water, getting a reasonable amount of sun on affected areas, avoiding wool and heavy clothing that might make you sweat, using &quot;gentle&quot; soaps (only soaping up areas that need cleaning), showering briefly twice a day instead of once (applying moisturizer afterwards!) etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some new ceramide-based moisturizers that have been shown to be helpful in AD. Some are very expensive while others are more reasonably priced. Some dermatologists have recommended &lt;em&gt;TriCeram&lt;/em&gt;. You can spot test it (one arm or one affected area) to save money while evaluating how well it works for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Determining what kinds of moisturizers work best for you involves trial and error, but whatever works, from petrolatum or Aquaphor, coconut oil (frectionated coconut oil and Johoba oil absorb into the skin a bit better so are less greasy), or another type, don't be hesitant to use it. Your particular skin needs it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622%2802%2900048-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: Changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962214012572&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study Supports Theory That No Single Genetic Defect Explains Atopic Dermatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eczema/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20032073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Atopic dermatitis - Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T16:58:11.077" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T16:58:11.077" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="447" CreationDate="2015-04-06T01:43:33.433" Score="33" ViewCount="1465" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most countries, there is a legal drinking age: 21 in the U.S., 18 in most European countries. I've always been told that legal drinking age is in place because alcohol has harmful effects on underage people. I've never been told what these harmful effects are, though. I've also questioned sometimes if this is true or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does alcohol have harmful effects on underage (say under 18) children? If so, what are the effects?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T17:45:05.537" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T12:39:24.440" Title="What effects does alcohol have on underage children?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="357" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="361" CreationDate="2015-04-06T04:36:20.447" Score="40" ViewCount="2125" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems the question of vaccine harm has been around at least as long as vaccines&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_controversies&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Specifically, the claim that vaccines can cause or contribute to autism has been hotly debated in the last decade. Many claim that there is a dangerous (possibly hidden) link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current state of medical research on this topic? Could there be a conspiracy in the pharmaceutical industry to cover up a link?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T20:44:30.587" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T15:38:20.010" Title="Do vaccines cause autism?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="346" CreationDate="2015-04-06T04:43:41.607" Score="11" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Modern Science&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sdd/why&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute&lt;/a&gt;, sleep is certainly needed, that too quality sleep for certain hours. 4-5 hours seems less to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says --&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies show that a good night's sleep improves learning. Whether you're learning math, how to play the piano, how to perfect your golf swing, or how to drive a car, sleep helps enhance your learning and problem-solving skills. Sleep also helps you pay attention, make decisions, and be creative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies also show that sleep deficiency alters activity in some parts of the brain. If you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. Sleep deficiency also has been linked to depression, suicide, and risk-taking behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep plays an important role in your physical health. For example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of your heart and blood vessels. Ongoing sleep deficiency is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep deficiency also increases the risk of obesity. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Sleep deficiency increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/25/sleeping-six-hours-night-activity-genes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Guardian&lt;/a&gt; reports that &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;less than six hours&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of sleep affect the genes. And, there are many drawbacks as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About celebs or known personalities sleeping &lt;strong&gt;4 hours&lt;/strong&gt; and working perfectly okay is considered as a &lt;strong&gt;myth&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD, in its &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/7-myths-about-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;7 Myths About Sleep&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; mentions...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Legendary short sleepers — including Bill Clinton, Madonna, and Margaret Thatcher — don't necessarily do better on fewer Zs. &amp;quot;They're just not aware of how sleepy they are,&amp;quot; says Thomas Roth, Ph.D., sleep researcher at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. Too little sleep is bad for your health and your image: It can make you ineffective (it impairs performance, judgment, and the ability to pay attention), sick (it weakens your immune system), and overweight. In fact, women who slept five hours or less a night were a third more likely to gain 33 pounds or more over 16 years than women who slept seven hours, according to a Harvard Nurses' Health Study. Oddly, cutting too much sleep and getting less than six hours is associated with the same problems as sleeping too long: a higher risk of heart problems and death. And, of course, cheating on sleep hurts you behind the wheel: &amp;quot;Wakefulness for 18 hours makes you perform almost as though you're legally drunk,&amp;quot; says Walsleben.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2157461/Less-6-hours-sleep-significantly-increases-risk-stroke-fit-healthy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DailyMail.co.uk,&lt;/a&gt; it says that less than 6 hr of sleep increases the risks of having stroke &lt;strong&gt;even if you are fit and healthy&lt;/strong&gt;. That said, those sleeping for less hours &lt;em&gt;might look fit&lt;/em&gt;, but they are at the risks of something fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[For those who believe &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; in evidences, the answer &lt;strong&gt;ends&lt;/strong&gt; here]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[For those who believe more in traditional medicines, folk medicines and alternative medicines than researches, Ayurveda has an explanation]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ayurvedic Aspect&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's something called 'satmya (saa-t-m-ya)'. In Ayurveda, it's described that if you start 'practicing' something with your body, your body 'gets adjusted' and it does not suffer the way others suffer with 'that practice'. In other words, I have been eating potatoes both the times for past 35 years &lt;strong&gt;AND&lt;/strong&gt; it does not cause &lt;em&gt;any harm&lt;/em&gt; to my body. It &lt;strong&gt;has become&lt;/strong&gt; an integral part of my life and my body &lt;strong&gt;considers&lt;/strong&gt; it as 'natural thing'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Said that, if someone, right from his/her childhood or early adulthood has started practicing sleeping for a few hours, the body adjusts to it, and they find &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; problem with sleeping less &lt;strong&gt;as compared to&lt;/strong&gt; those sleeping for 8 hrs regularly (from their childhood/early adulthood).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my practice, I've seen people with more than 140 sugar, or 140/100 mmHg blood pressure &lt;strong&gt;with absolutely no signs&lt;/strong&gt; of deteriorated health. While modern science finds it difficult to answer, Ayurveda says that the body has adjusted to whatsoever conditions it's living in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="149" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T04:43:41.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-06T05:42:09.383" Score="10" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know (or should know) that the overuse of antibiotics is causing a rise in &quot;superbugs&quot; that are resistant to them.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This means that we should avoid using them when we don't need to, for example, in soaps and similar products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How far should we be going to avoid using them?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For example, are there occasions when even prescribed antibiotics should be avoided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="190" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T05:42:43.383" Title="How far should I go to avoid antiboitics?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="446" CreationDate="2015-04-06T06:26:14.253" Score="14" ViewCount="772" Body="&lt;p&gt;In what ways does consuming alcohol affect a mother and her child during pregnancy? Can it cause serious effects on the baby that is yet to be born? Can it cause any consequences to the mother and child during the delivery of the child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="100" LastEditDate="2015-04-06T12:31:44.487" LastActivityDate="2016-12-16T23:47:54.550" Title="Alcohol consumption during pregnancy" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="357" CreationDate="2015-04-06T06:45:51.907" Score="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been a controversial dispute for a long time and it can involve a lot of personal opinion, but I will try to answer this as scientifically as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There hasn't been any viable evidence that vaccines do cause autism. Several different theories have been proposed on why vaccines could cause autism, such as the ingredient in some vaccines thimerosal being harmful, but these have all been disproved by many different experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many reliable sources such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; says that there is no link between autism an vaccines. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190024/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2011 report&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from the Institute of Medicine that tested 8 different vaccines on both adults and children showed that the vaccines are very safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(13)00144-3/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 CDC study&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; added to the research showing that vaccines do not cause ASD. The study looked at the number of antigens (substances in vaccines that cause the body’s immune system to produce disease-fighting antibodies) from vaccines during the first two years of life. The results showed that the total amount of antigen from vaccines received was the same between children with ASD and those that did not have ASD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC has also funded many other studies on vaccine ingredients and their links to autism, especially &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/thimerosal/thimerosal_faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;thimerosal&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a mercury-based ingredient used in some vaccines. These studies have shown &amp;quot;no link between thimerosal-containing vaccines and ASD, as well as no link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and ASD in children.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/00_pdf/CDCStudiesonVaccinesandAutism.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Full list of CDC studies on the link between vaccines and autism&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are pretty convincing, but you can't just rely on one source, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/4/456.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;An issue in the Oxford Journal&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; also shows how even though there have been many claims that vaccines do cause autism, there aren't any studies that help support this claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A worldwide increase in the rate of autism diagnoses—likely driven by broadened diagnostic criteria and increased awareness—has fueled concerns that an environmental exposure like vaccines might cause autism. Theories for this putative association have centered on the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, thimerosal, and the large number of vaccines currently administered. However, both epidemiological and biological studies fail to support these claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01239-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;One study that took place in the UK from 1979-1992&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; found that even though there was an increase in cases of autism, there was no jump in the amount of cases when the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, another controversial vaccine, was introduced in 1988.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/2/259.abstract?ijkey=dc1d00324fa8cd6bb885c9cb3ab0e919d0b62a53&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 2003 study in metropolitan Atlanta&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Georgia compared the ages that the MMR vaccine was given in children with autism against the age that children without autism received it. The results were that the proportion of time that children were vaccinated in both control groups was similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Oxford Journal entry mentioned many other studies that tested the link between MMR vaccines and autism and there has been no plausible evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other vaccine ingredient that is also said to cause autism is thimerosal, which I mentioned before. The Oxford Journal issue also shows studies about this link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/3/604.abstract?ijkey=e453250183c05a382ba493c5ffcfbd44ed3fac79&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A study in Finland&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; helped show that there wasn't a link between thimerosal and autism. In fact, cases of autism increased in 1992 after thimerosal-containing vaccines were discontinued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/3/577.abstract?ijkey=02f2f424eae1686eeaa627cd2e939a39a0bbf3b4&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study in the UK&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; also disproved the theory that thimerosal causes autism. They actually found that thimerosal-containing vaccines might even have a beneficial effect in children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been many other studies that invalidate the link between thimerosal and autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One last theory that has been proposed is that multiple vaccines being administered to a child simultaneously can weaken their immune system and cause autism. This theory is flawed for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full#sec-16&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; used data from many studies and found that vaccines do not overwhelm and weaken an infant's immune system. Infants are able to respond well to the many vaccines that are given to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=515726&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; found that vaccines did not weaken the immune system to any diseases. They were unable to find consistent relationship between infectious diseases and immunization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this scientific evidence leaves one question left to be answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do any people believe that vaccines cause autism?&lt;/strong&gt; (this part will get some more opinion then you may like, but it is necessary)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A fraudulent 1998 study&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues was one of the main reasons that this controversy over vaccines and autism began. It &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136032/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;used falsified data&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to support their claim that the MMR vaccine caused developmental problems and other autism symptoms. This study has since been retracted as it was demonstrated to be false. Dr. Wakefield, a physician in the UK, was struck off the Medical Registry due to his participation in this fraud.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/searching-for-answers/vaccines-autism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; also talks about why there are still some people that believe that vaccines are the cause of autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when something bad happens to a child, people demand to know what or whom is to blame. &amp;quot;Parents are clamoring for a cause,&amp;quot; says David Tayloe, MD, a pediatrician in Greensboro, N.C., and president-elect of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;It's a terrible condition. It upsets families, and it upsets me.&amp;quot; But all the fear and anger about vaccines is misplaced, he says. &amp;quot;There's just nothing there.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems most people who claim that vaccines cause autism are just looking for something to blame for what is happening to children. Many parents may become angry when they find out their child has autism, and they put that anger against vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some logical arguments that people may present, such as changing of their child's behavior after receiving vaccines. This is mostly coincidence, as most children are vaccinated around the same time autism symptoms begin to appear (usually 12-18 months)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms-appear.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Other than this and some of the arguments mentioned earlier, there is almost no reason to believe that vaccines cause autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190024/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190024/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(13)00144-3/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(13)00144-3/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Increasing Exposure to Antibody-Stimulating Proteins and Polysaccharides in Vaccines Is Not Associated with Risk of Autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/thimerosal/thimerosal_faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/thimerosal/thimerosal_faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Frequently Asked Questions About Thimerosal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/00_pdf/CDCStudiesonVaccinesandAutism.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/00_pdf/CDCStudiesonVaccinesandAutism.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Vaccines and Autism: A Summary of CDC Conducted or Sponsored Studies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/4/456.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/4/456.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01239-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(99)01239-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/2/259.abstract?ijkey=dc1d00324fa8cd6bb885c9cb3ab0e919d0b62a53&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/2/259.abstract?ijkey=dc1d00324fa8cd6bb885c9cb3ab0e919d0b62a53&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children With Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/3/604.abstract?ijkey=e453250183c05a382ba493c5ffcfbd44ed3fac79&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/3/604.abstract?ijkey=e453250183c05a382ba493c5ffcfbd44ed3fac79&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence From Danish Population-Based Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/3/577.abstract?ijkey=02f2f424eae1686eeaa627cd2e939a39a0bbf3b4&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/3/577.abstract?ijkey=02f2f424eae1686eeaa627cd2e939a39a0bbf3b4&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Support a Causal Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full#sec-16&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full#sec-16&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=515726&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=515726&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DTP Immunization and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)11096-0/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136032/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/searching-for-answers/vaccines-autism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The MMR vaccine and autism: Sensation, refutation, retraction, and fraud&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/searching-for-answers/vaccines-autism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/searching-for-answers/vaccines-autism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - Autism-Vaccine Link: Evidence Doesn't Dispel Doubts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms-appear.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms-appear.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;When do children usually show symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T18:12:35.563" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="373" CreationDate="2015-04-06T09:41:11.077" Score="14" ViewCount="640" Body="&lt;p&gt;In what way does smoking cigarettes by the mother affect the child and the mother during the pregnancy? What are further consequences it might have during the pregnancy and delivery of the baby?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T11:06:03.457" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T11:06:03.457" Title="Is smoking during pregnancy harmful to child and mother?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="366" CreationDate="2015-04-06T09:45:54.847" Score="30" ViewCount="4711" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to attend classes at the university, band rehearsals, I live with my family, so I come close with many people during the day. I have to meet most of these people on a daily basis, even when I have the (common) cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I prevent it  from spreading to the people around me? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T20:14:46.377" Title="How can I prevent a cold from spreading to the people around me?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="365" CreationDate="2015-04-06T10:20:51.673" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of things you can do to be a responsible and considerate individual. Props for even asking this question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cover your cough to prevent air-borne transmission with the inner part of your arm or your shoulder- whichever come into contact with other people less.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wash your hands with water and soap regularly for at least 20 seconds. That means before every meal and bathroom trip at least! Try as hot as you can bare so that it kills the bacteria. Carry hand sanitizer or some antibiotic wipes in case you don't have access to a sink or water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rest and recovery (refer to anongoodnurse below) will build up antibodies. Try to get some sleep on your own and hold back on curling up with another person to avoid getting them sick too. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/healing-power-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Be sure to change your sheets regularly as well&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't touch your face. Take caution to avoid eyes, nose, mouth, particularly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use and carry tissues or napkins. Discard after use, wipe, or even just dabs. If you keep dabbing and leaving them on a surface, you'll risk contamination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take a hot shower after you get home everyday. Doing so minimizes any other threatening particles that you may have acquired throughout the day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't share food or drinks with anyone. Anything your mouth touches will be contaminated and may sicken others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you play a woodwind, try a decongestant so that you don't accidentally sneeze on a fellow band member and so that you can properly channel your breath.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side notes- &#xA;If the hot water starts drying out your skin, use a moisturizer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel better soon!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infectious-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infectious-diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T20:14:46.377" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T20:14:46.377" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="365" CreationDate="2015-04-06T12:07:17.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A cold can be spread through:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;direct contact (via airborne droplets) – if you sneeze or cough, tiny droplets of fluid containing the cold virus are launched into the air and can be breathed in by others&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;indirect contact – if you sneeze onto a door handle and someone else touches the handle a few minutes later, they may catch the cold virus if they then touch their mouth or nose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These things can help you to prevent it from spreading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wash your hands regularly&lt;/strong&gt; and properly, particularly after touching your nose or mouth and before handling food,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;always sneeze and cough into tissues&lt;/strong&gt; as this will help to prevent the virus-containing droplets from your nose and mouth entering the air where they can infect others; throw away used tissues immediately and wash your hands,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;clean surfaces regularly&lt;/strong&gt; to keep them free of germs,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;use your own cup&lt;/strong&gt;, plates, cutlery and kitchen utensils,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;use disposable paper towels&lt;/strong&gt; to dry your hands and face, rather than shared towels and always dispose of the paper towels after you have finished using them,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use disposable devices that &lt;strong&gt;cover your mouth&lt;/strong&gt; and nose with scarf, veil, face shields or surgical mask while sitting with people which will provide minimal protection from viruses for other people around.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cold-common/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cold, common: Introduction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cold-common/pages/prevention-old.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing a common cold&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/417/114&quot;&gt;How long is someone infectious after a cold?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/452/114&quot;&gt;Effect of the common cold on the immune system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T17:36:50.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2015-04-06T13:27:56.177" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;How refreshing to see someone with this attitude! Kudos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors have been so long accustomed - and accosted - to prescribe unnecessary antibiotics (you wouldn't believe some of my experiences&lt;sup&gt;***&lt;/sup&gt;) that sometimes on a borderline case, they'll just write out the script. What a welcome question this would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Doctor, I'd like to avoid antibiotics if it's safe to do so. Is there an alternative, or do you think it's better to be on one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No decent doctor will be dissuaded by this question from prescribing a necessary antibiotic (if they're not decent, you shouldn't be seeing them!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt you would ever pressure a doctor to give you an antibiotic if they don't think you need one. For anyone else reading this: &lt;strong&gt;please don't&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following pertains to all members of your family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Never save the last few pills &quot;in case you get sick again&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't take anyone else's antibiotics &quot;'til you have a chance to see a doctor&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Better a higher dose for a shorter time than a lower dose for a longer time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ask if a narrow-spectrum antibiotic would treat your illness as well as a broad spectrum antibiotic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Get all your recommended vaccines! Some of them are for common bacteria now.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't ask for an antibiotic over the phone because &quot;this is exactly like what I had last time&quot;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Read about when antibiotics (and doctor visits) are and aren't necessary, e.g. at the CDC's &lt;em&gt;Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work&lt;/em&gt;, etc. (See links)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Take and finish your antibiotics as prescribed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of home and personal hygiene, don't be afraid of germs; there are more harmless ones out there than dangerous ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't try to sanitize your house. Water and mild detergent is good enough for cleaning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use a mild soap for bathing, something without anti-bacterials.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;***&lt;sub&gt;I once saw a patient who presented with &quot;sinusitis&quot; since &quot;this morning&quot;. He wanted antibiotics. On reviewing his symptoms (and clinical exam), he had no evidence of sinusitis. I gently refused, explaining the common risks of unnecessary antibiotics. He persisted. I went further, explaining to him the uncommon but much more serious risks, e.g. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (aka &lt;em&gt;C. diff&lt;/em&gt;). He persisted. I went even further, explaining the &lt;em&gt;really serious - but possible - risks&lt;/em&gt; and discussed the risk-to-benefit ratio. He called me ridiculous and left in a huff. Two days later, I got a call from the Hospital Administrator's office (my employer's boss). Turned out that the patient was a golfing buddy of his. The &lt;em&gt;Hospital Administrator&lt;/em&gt; (not a physician, but a businessman) told me in no uncertain terms that he expected me to give patients antibiotics when they asked for them! (I'll spare you the details of the rest of the story.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/01/28/peds.2013-4016.full.pdf&quot;&gt;Reducing Unnecessary Antibiotics Prescribed to&#xA;Children: What Next?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/&quot;&gt;Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/about/initiatives/choosing-wisely.html&quot;&gt;Choosing Wisely&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0915/p999.html&quot;&gt;Appropriate Antimicrobial Prescribing: Approaches that Limit Antibiotic Resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:27:56.177" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="233" CreationDate="2015-04-06T13:34:26.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222301/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes&lt;/a&gt; by Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients we can read that RDA for adult men and women is 45 μg/day. The average dietary intake of molybdenum by adult men and women is 109 and 76 μg/day, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Biego and his coworkers&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222301/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; in 1998 reported an average molybdenum concentration of 4 μg/L in human milk with stage of lactation not reported and much higher concentrations of molybdenum in cow's milk (50 μg/L, as does soymilk) and infant formula, however as you suggested - the data on the bioavailability of molybdenum in cow milk and infant formulas are not available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much it's per cup of milk - it can really vary on milk, however &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diet.com/g/molybdenum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diet.com&lt;/a&gt; suggest it's around 4.9μg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222301/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;: Biego GH, Joyeux M, Hartemann P and Debry G, 1998. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10211184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Determination of mineral contents in different kinds of milk and estimation of dietary intake in infants.&lt;/a&gt; Food Additives and Contaminants, 15, 775-781.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T13:34:26.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="224" CreationDate="2015-04-06T13:56:05.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your body needs time to digest (which depends on how much you've eaten) as it takes a lot of energy. Too much fat or protein can only slow down the  movement of foods from the stomach making you feel uncomfortable&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/Sport.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.  It's also important to be well hydrated when exercise, and when digesting food the water is important as part of the digestion process to break down the fat molecules, so you can be more easily dehydrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the digestion process, your body produces more &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzyme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;digestive enzymes&lt;/a&gt; (stomach acid) and if you'd change your body position during the exercises, you put more pressure on your LES (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lower esophageal sphincter&lt;/a&gt;). In normal condition it holds the top of the stomach closed, however if you've a weak &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sphincter&lt;/a&gt; or you're pre-disposed to develop GERD (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acid reflux disease&lt;/a&gt;), the changes in the barrier can cause stomach acids coming up from the stomach into the esophagus (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reflux disease&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heartburn&lt;/a&gt; is usually associated with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regurgitation&lt;/a&gt; of gastric acid (gastric reflux) which is the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Especially after eating spices, high fat or high acid food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're young and healthy, it is fine, but it all depends on your health condition (GERD predispositions and risk of disease).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore if you're planning an exercise, consider limit your meal or aim for a snack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/408/114&quot;&gt;Is eating one's dinner right before going to sleep bad for health?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/155/114&quot;&gt;What are the health tradeoffs between eating while standing vs. sitting vs. in reclining position?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T15:21:34.757" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="371" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="379" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:09:20.633" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in exactly how penicillin was discovered, and did they realise what it does immediately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to know how quickly it became a prescribed treatment, and which country started first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:15:06.513" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T11:15:06.513" Title="How was penicillin discovered, and was the use of it immediately realised?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-13T17:09:59.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="232" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:13:11.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nitrates and nitrites cause a lot of consumer confusion. They're naturally occurring molecules in vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several foods are sources of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitrates&lt;/a&gt; (salts) which are a normal part of the diet as they occur naturally and they're produced by a number of species of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrifying_bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitrifying bacteria&lt;/a&gt;. Only excessive levels can cause any health problems (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;methemoglobinemia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite#Nitrite_in_food_preservation_and_biochemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sodium nitrite and potassium nitrite&lt;/a&gt; (salts) are added to cured and processed meats as reducing agent (opposite of oxidation agent) to delay spoilage and pathogenic bacteria growth and to preserve its color.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Historically nitrite and nitrate were considered harmful food additives where they were considered carcinogenic, however recent research has change our ideas about health effects of both nitrite and nitrate and newly studies show no association between its intake and stomach or ovarian cancer. Further more, they're now considered as essential nutrients for cardiovascular health by promoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitric oxide&lt;/a&gt; (NO) production.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889895&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However under certain conditions, nitrite can form nitrosamines, molecules that cause cancer in lab animals. This happens when nitrites are exposed to high heat during cooking or strongly acidic conditions (stomach acids), they could form carcinogenic &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitrosamines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16865769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309174007001994&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. As the result the U.S. Department of Agriculture established the safety limits on the amount of nitrites used in meat products in order to decrease cancer risk in the population. This could indicate that nitrosamines may be carcinogenic in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although available evidence supports a positive association between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer (GC) and oesophageal cancer (OC), they're not conclusive&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087738/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosamine#Cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recent research suggests that nitrite preservatives have &quot;been found to be safe&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889895&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. However it doesn't mean processed meats are healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/36057-truth-nitrites-lunch-meat-preservatives.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Truth About Nitrite in Lunch Meat&lt;/a&gt; (2011) at Live Science&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T15:47:57.703" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T15:47:57.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="364" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:24:45.817" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smoking during pregnancy is bad. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Really bad&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. It will be damaging to the baby, and possibly even to the mother.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriages. It can also cause premature birth, which can lead to many health complications, such as low weight, feeding difficulties, and breathing problems. A mother who smokes while pregnant is also twice as likely to have abnormal bleeding during both pregnancy and delivery. This is dangerous for both the birth mother and the baby. Smoking can also cause some birth defects and puts the baby at a higher risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). The child also has a higher chance of having Cerebral Palsy (CP). When a child of a mother who smoked during pregnancy grows older, they might have lung and brain damage as they grow older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a mother is exposed to secondhand smoke during pregnancy, there is still a risk of many of the complications stated above. So, whether you are a pregnant mother or the husband of one or anyone else living or spending a lot of time with a pregnant mother, don't smoke. &lt;strong&gt;It's not worth it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/390/26&quot;&gt;this related answer.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/pregnancy.html#how-baby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;CDC - Smoking, Pregnancy, and Babies&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/smoking-during-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;WebMD - Smoking During Pregnancy&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T04:10:16.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="225" CreationDate="2015-04-06T14:49:59.563" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most cases there is no definite cause, but here are factors which potentially can contribute to raised blood pressure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoking or too much drinking alcohol,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lack of physical activity,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;being overweight,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;having too much salt in your diet,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not eating enough fruit and vegetables,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stress.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also relate to low levels of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nitric oxide&lt;/a&gt; which plays a leading role in blood flow and it is an essential molecule involved in key functions in our body. It acts as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vasodilator&lt;/a&gt; (dilates the blood vessels to allow blood to flow), so low levels could have considerable health implications. Enough levels improved blood flow and avoidance of dangerous cardiovascular conditions. As we age, the level of nitric oxide declines. By eliminating a nitric oxide deficiency, you can improve blood flow and balances blood pressure by helping arteries to expand and blood to flow more freely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antiaging-systems.com/234-neo40-test-strips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is nitric oxide and why test nitric oxide levels in the body?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nitrate-rich vegetables, in particular leafy greens, such as spinach and arugula, and beetroot, have been shown to increase cardioprotective levels of nitric oxide with a corresponding reduction in blood pressure in pre-hypertensive persons.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide#Biological_functions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Monitoring nitric oxide status can be achieved by saliva testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T14:49:59.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="220" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:05:28.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general hydrotherapy is advised and can improve mobility and help relieve discomford and promote recovery from injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've neck or back problems, you may find that breaststroke aggravates your condition rather than improves it, but it could simply be down to poor technique. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/National/Arthritis%20Research%20UK/assets/Keepmoving.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Keep moving&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953356&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevention and Treatment of Swimmer's Shoulder (2006)&lt;/a&gt; study we can read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Movement at the shoulder during breaststroke can vary, with more motion occurring below the surface of the water than any other stroke. Like the butterfly, the arms are moved simultaneously through a motion that starts in full flexion with internal rotation. However, the elbows remain flexed during the pull-through until the humerus is fully adducted and brought into horizontal adduction with forearms touching each other. Unlike the other strokes, the hands never move below the hips so the tensile forces on the rotator cuff that occurs during the other strokes at the end of pull-thorough does not occur during breaststroke&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1]: Shapiro C. Swimming. In Shamus E, Shamus J, editors. (eds)Sports injury prevention and rehabilitation. New York: McGraw-Hill;2001:103–154&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T15:05:28.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="218" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:20:04.347" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Risks of LASIK (Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis) can include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/news/20061010/lasik-surgery-safer-than-contacts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vision loss due to infection&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers calculated the risk of significant vision loss consequence of LASIK surgery to be closer to 1-in-10,000 cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Higher-order aberrations,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These aberrations include 'starbursts', 'ghosting', 'halos' and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dry eyes,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although it is usually temporary it can develop into &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dry eye syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Halos,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some post-LASIK patients see halos and starbursts around bright lights at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other complications include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;flap complications (0.244%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;slipped flap&quot;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Flap interface particles&quot;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_lamellar_keratitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diffuse lamellar keratitis (or DLK)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infection (0.4%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-LASIK_ectasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Post-LASIK corneal ectasia&lt;/a&gt; (similar to keratoconus),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;subconjunctival hemorrhage (10.5%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Corneal scarring,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;epithelial ingrowth (0.1%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;traumatic flap dislocations,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Glaucoma&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_detachment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Retinal detachment&lt;/a&gt; (0.36%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroidal_neovascularization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choroidal neovascularization&lt;/a&gt; (0.33%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uveitis&lt;/a&gt; (0.18%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;corneal keratocytes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Late postoperative complications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A large body of evidence on the chances of long-term complications is not yet established and may be changing due to advances in operator experience, instruments and techniques.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced quality of life because of vision problems or physical pain associated with the surgery. A small percentage of patients may need to have another surgery because their condition is over-corrected or under-corrected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK#Risks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;LASIK - Risks&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T15:20:04.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="213" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:27:36.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Feeling cold can vary on our perception, age, race and hormonal concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18215727&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gend Med study from 2007&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More women than men had sensitivity to cold&lt;/strong&gt;. Whereas the percentage of men who had sensitivity to cold significantly increased with aging (P &amp;lt; 0.05), &lt;strong&gt;the percentage of women who had sensitivity to cold was already high&lt;/strong&gt; (23.7%) at 50 to 60 years of age and did not change with aging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore based on the numbers we can say that sensitivity increases with aging and it is different in men and women. And this was not not associated with circulating hormonal concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies were tested only on Japanese men and postmenopausal women aged &gt;=50 years, so if it's the evidence based on the numbers, it's up to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T14:11:49.297" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T14:11:49.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="371" CreationDate="2015-04-06T15:41:20.087" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The discovery of penicillin by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming&quot;&gt;Sir Alexander Fleming&lt;/a&gt; was accidental. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1927 he had been investigating the properties of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus&quot;&gt;staphylococci&lt;/a&gt; and when he returned to his laboratory after few weeks (which was often untidy), to his surprise one culture was contaminated with a fungus and the colonies of staphylococci immediately surrounding the fungus had been destroyed, whereas other staphylococci colonies farther away were normal. He identified the mould as being from the Penicillium genus and after some months of calling it &quot;mould juice&quot;, named the substance it released &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium&quot;&gt;penicillin&lt;/a&gt; on 7 March 1929.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fleming would later say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer, but I suppose that was exactly what I did.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming&quot;&gt;Sir Alexander Fleming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin#Discovery&quot;&gt;Discovery of Penicillin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T15:41:20.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-06T17:33:02.980" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;When going vegetarian, there is a problem; where can one get the protein he/she used to get from meat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can one create a healthy and balanced vegetarian diet, so as to get the proper nutrition people get when they eat meat, which eating it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2015-04-06T17:33:02.980" Title="How can I create a healthy and balanced vegetarian diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-06T20:47:19.487" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-06T21:06:08.673" Score="8" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can an adult in robust health find out how many calories his daily intake needs to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not asking for loss/gain of weight; simply to maintain my weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T04:39:09.713" Title="What should my daily intake of calories be?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="386" CreationDate="2015-04-06T22:14:54.240" Score="8" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like to snack on nuts as part of ensuring a high-fibre diet, but I prefer the taste of salted nuts over non-salted.  Will eating salted nuts cause me significant dehydration or other health issues?  Is it likely to cause me to have too high a daily salt intake?  Or is it basically OK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T00:26:03.503" Title="Is it OK to snack on salted nuts for a high-fibre diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-06T22:38:23.520" Score="11" ViewCount="934" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are tests to check if a single drug is useful or useless by arranging groups of people where half receive the actual drug and half receive the placebo, but those are testing the drug, not the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is regarding a test for the opposite (a single patient with a group of pills, from which half would be the actual drug and half would be placebos) It sounds like I just answered my own question, or at least I designed the base experiment, but my question is not on the logic of such experiment, &lt;strong&gt;the real question is, are there any serious studies like the one I just described&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that knowing I'm testing myself may spoil the whole point. So if you can't be unaware of the fact that you are being tested, you can introduce some entropy to the timing of real dosage vs placebo. &lt;strong&gt;So maybe a machine-assisted test?&lt;/strong&gt; A machine would give me pills, some days it would be the real formula, some other days it would be a placebo. Every day I'd have to measure the effects, so it would have to be a pill with immediate but temporal effects, something not crucial for my well being, a drug I don't really need, like a muscle relaxant (e.g. Carisoprodol, maybe?) and I would have to &lt;em&gt;measure&lt;/em&gt; the results, maybe with electrodes or anything that register actual measurement and not just my biased perception; &quot;&lt;em&gt;I feel relaxed&lt;/em&gt;&quot; is not very scientific. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it funny, but also interesting. Has science found a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;proven&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; way to self-test on placebo effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastEditorUserId="174" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T07:05:45.680" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T17:09:53.203" Title="Is there a proven way to test if I'm susceptible to the placebo effect?" Tags="&lt;scientific-method&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2015-04-06T23:36:26.930" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; - Organic foods don't seem to have a significant difference as of what studies can prove, which is why conventional or organic, people should make sure they're getting the proper nutrients that their bodies need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brief History of Pesticide Usage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first recorded use of insecticides is about 4500 years ago by Sumerians who used sulphur compounds to control insects and mites, whilst about 3200 years ago the Chinese were using mercury and arsenical compounds for controlling body lice. In the 1920s there were even cases of using arsenic, which was replaced by DDT usage until the new chemical was discovered to have severe consequences (harm to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Info/DDT.html&quot;&gt;non-target plants and animals&lt;/a&gt; as well as problems with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.idosi.org/ejas/4(2)12/2.pdf&quot;&gt;residues&lt;/a&gt;). DDT is linked with cancer, endocrine disruption, and reproductive and developmental effects. Over time, people began to switch to organic pesticides to get away from the health scares (or threats) of these synthetic chemicals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address the question, we should first be clear about what organic means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding produce:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contrary to what most people believe, &quot;organic&quot; does not automatically mean &quot;pesticide-free&quot; or &quot;chemical-free&quot; ... it means that these pesticides, if used, must be derived from natural sources, not synthetically manufactured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding Farmed Meats (some of the key requirements):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must be raised organically on certified organic land&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must be fed certified organic feed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No antibiotics or added growth hormones are allowed*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Must have outdoor access&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Organic food covers a wide variety of techniques and different types of foods that all have their own types of legal loop-holes, or possible work-around strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many pesticides that are naturally produced by plants which farmers use, but that doesn't mean they aren't dangerous. In contrast, just because a pesticide is synthetic doesn't immediately indicate that it's more dangerous than natural products. Some pesticides that are approved by the government may be harmless in small quantities, but when organic producers attempt to refuse these, they may turn to alternatives that are even more dangerous, just to keep the label &quot;organic&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another case, farmers could claim &quot;natural methods are insufficient to address critical issues of production&quot;, and then treat their animals with antibiotics while still calling the meat organic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side of this issue, some people argue that the less chemicals we consume in general, the better. Even if they might be government approved, that doesn't prove they're completely non-toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Stanford paper claim that there just isn't enough evidence to prove a significant difference in health benefits/risks. They don't necessarily have more nutrients, decrease the risk of any diseases, or have higher nutritional content except for phosphorus, which most people get enough of anyways. However, the study &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; suggest organic foods contain less pesticides. The health risks of consuming less pesticides though, &lt;strong&gt;are still contested&lt;/strong&gt;. &quot;Additionally, organic chicken and pork appeared to reduce exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, &lt;strong&gt;but the clinical significance of this is also unclear&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Well what about taste?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taste is to a large extent subjective. Add to that&#xA;  different varieties, different weather conditions, different soil&#xA;  types and different soil management practices...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mofga.org/Publications/MaineOrganicFarmerGardener/Summer2003/Taste/tabid/1484/Default.aspx&quot;&gt; - Does Organically Grown Food Taste Better?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's nearly impossible to give a definitive answer of which tastes better. To pile onto the confusion, it's possible that the taste differences touted by some may simply derive from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329313000141&quot;&gt;&quot;health halo&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetically Modified Organisms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to the scares involved with pesticides in general, people began to research methods to minimize the amount of pesticide used. Basically, DNA from an external source is inserted into a plant so that the plant inherits some desirable traits. This allowed plants to develop natural immunities to certain bacteria and produce more or bigger produce. Over time, people became scared of GMOs as too good to be true. For the most part, scientists agree that GMOs pose no greater risk than conventional food (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919210000254&quot;&gt;Expert evaluations from Europe found no verifiable toxic or deleterious effects from GM foods and crops&lt;/a&gt;). There are still legitimate concerns about using GMOs, such as allergy development in humans, toxicity levels of naturally produced pesticides in the plant, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://civileats.com/2015/03/24/study-links-widely-used-pesticides-to-antibiotic-resistance/&quot;&gt;antibiotic resistance&lt;/a&gt; of bacteria, but for the most part these are tested before distribution. Public wariness may be influenced by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm&quot;&gt;labels and commercialism.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Secondary Effects of Organic Farming&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Organic farming is good for the environment in the sense that it often leads to less pollution. Pesticides on crops often run-off into streams and rivers, interfering and even hurting local wildlife, but with organic pesticides, the chemicals decompose faster before they can cause massive change to their environment. There may be other potential benefits, but to feed the immense population that exists on earth, many debate whether organic farming is truly sustainable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Healthier&quot; depends on the context of the food:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much pesticide is being used? How much exposure becomes a detriment? Does it have long-term consequences? What are the loopholes that producers are using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you say &quot;organic&quot; and &quot;conventional&quot; it really depends on the process, producer, and product- all of which need to be studied in more detail to develop solid claims. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;History of Pesticides:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://agrochemicals.iupac.org/index.php?option=com_sobi2&amp;amp;sobi2Task=sobi2Details&amp;amp;catid=3&amp;amp;sobi2Id=31&quot;&gt;IUPAC - History of Pesticide Use&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/pesthist.htm&quot;&gt;Oregon State - History of Pesticide Use&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ipm.ncsu.edu/safety/factsheets/pestuse.pdf&quot;&gt;Pesticide Usage in the United States: History, Benefits, Risks, and Trends&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/DDT&quot;&gt;Toxipedia - DDT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GMOs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Genetically Modified Organism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary Effects of Organic Farming:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq6/en/&quot;&gt;FAO - What are the environmental benefits of organic agriculture?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern Pesticide Usage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1355685&quot;&gt;Stanford Researchers - Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?: A Systematic Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/organic-food-no-more-nutritious-than-conventionally-grown-food-201209055264&quot;&gt;Harvard - Organic food no more nutritious than conventionally grown food&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2012/09/little-evidence-of-health-benefits-from-organic-foods-study-finds.html&quot;&gt;Stanford - Little evidence of health benefits from organic foods, study finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safefruitsandveggies.com/sites/default/files/organic-report.pdf&quot;&gt;Pesticide Use Regulations on ORGANIC Fruit and Vegetable Farms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://freakonomics.com/2010/10/20/pesticide-politics/&quot;&gt;Pesticide Politics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.science20.com/agricultural_realism/muddled_debate_about_pesticide_and_gm_crops-101857&quot;&gt;Science 20 - The Muddled Debate About Pesticide and GM Crops&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T21:42:06.080" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T21:42:06.080" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="383" CreationDate="2015-04-06T23:44:01.723" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like most foods, salt should be consumed in moderation. Your body needs salt, but a good idea would be to try and cut down salt from some other parts of your diet. For example, get unsalted fries or no ketchup. Check the daily recommended value for an estimate of how much salt you're intaking. Furthermore (thanks to Carey Gregory for pointing this out), drinking water may NOT be the best idea to offset the sodium intake. According to dietitian Monica Reinagel(from LiveStrong link), &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;drinking some extra water after a high-sodium meal may help flush&#xA;  some of the sodium from your body and may also help get rid of some&#xA;  retained water to reduce bloating...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just drinking more water, however, is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not a solution for a long-term&#xA;  high-sodium diet&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, says Reinagel. The increased blood volume that&#xA;  results from your body holding onto the excess water is what &lt;strong&gt;raises&#xA;  your blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So depending on the rest of your diet, you could better judge for yourself whether salted nuts are ok, or maybe unsalted would be better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you happen to have a high-sodium diet and don't like the taste of unsalted nuts, it would be a good time to look into alternative sources of fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/salt-and-your-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/salt-and-your-health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/65/1/332.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jap.physiology.org/content/65/1/332.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/529042-does-drinking-water-flush-out-sodium-in-the-body/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/529042-does-drinking-water-flush-out-sodium-in-the-body/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting Read if you want to know more about sodium removal from body- &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267797/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: Sweat rate and sodium loss during work in the heat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T00:26:03.503" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T00:26:03.503" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="382" CreationDate="2015-04-07T00:24:07.807" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an approximation, there exist several different equations for calculating a basal/resting metabolic rate. These are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harris-Benedict&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harris-Benedict revised&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cunningham&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Katch-McCardle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mifflin St. Jeor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of these takes various factors such as age, lean body mass, sex into account in varying emphases to come up with a basal, or resting metabolic rate. This rate is basically how many calories you would need on a daily basis to simply breathe in and out all day long. If you run through all of them and then average, you should come pretty close to your basic needs. There are many calculators already programmed on the internet with these formulas, or you can get them &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot;&gt;here at the wiki link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have that, then you can take a look at the various sites on the internet that have calorie expenditures for various activities such as housework, office work, weightlifting, running, really just about any activity. Most of these are again approximations, the best charts will account for height/weight/age/sex. Add those to your BMR, and you should be pretty close to a daily intake need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really, though, all you need to do is track your weight. Take note of any long term trends on the scale, and if you are gaining weight, cut back on calorie intake or food makeup (healthier vs. unhealthy). If you are losing too much weight, eat more. Don't be alarmed by daily fluctuations, you can vary quite a bit during a day. Best bet is to weigh yourself under the same conditions daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are lucky enough to have a college lab or similar that supports general testing for the public (You can occasionally get in on a kinesiology class testing phase where they need subjects), you can get exhaled gas analysis, and this can give you a very close estimate of calories burned during a specific activity. This is somewhat rare and/or costly to have done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T00:24:07.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="360" CreationDate="2015-04-07T01:58:56.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking alcohol can have some detrimental effects. While someone is pregnant, binge drinking of alcohol is very dangerous, while mild-to-moderate is more safe, but still not advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, so does her baby.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Drinking alcohol during pregnancy raises the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and some physical and mental disabilites known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Children that develop FASDs are at risk for a variety of problems, such as facial defects, smaller body size, intellectual/learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and some problems in the body (vision, hearing, and organ problems). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A meta-analysis of over 30 studies on this topic found that binge drinking causes a higher risk of FASDs in children. Moderate drinking can also be dangerous, though, and it is recommended that pregnant mothers don't drink any alcohol. &quot;The results of this review highlight the importance of abstaining from binge drinking during pregnancy and provide evidence that there is no known safe amount of alcohol to consume while pregnant.&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is recommended that mothers abstain from drinking while pregnant, even mild drinking. Why take the risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/373/26&quot;&gt;this related answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Alcohol Use in Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.today.com/parents/new-study-shows-no-harm-moderate-drinking-pregnancy-experts-urge-2D11849699&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;New study shows no harm from moderate drinking in pregnancy, but experts urge caution&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T04:11:27.990" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="382" CreationDate="2015-04-07T04:39:09.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;JohnP has already given the right answer for it, but here is a quick solution if you are not so much into all those calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Amount of calories you should take everyday = Basal metabolic Rate&#xA;  over 24 hours X Physical Activity Level&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical activity level for most people with sedentary lifestyle can be safely assumed to be 1.53 (a gross generalisation). So  using 1.53 in the above formula, the caloric requirement comes down to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;daily requirement in kcal/kg = (24 X 1.53 X wt in kg)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for a 72 kg male, with no other co-morbidities with sedentary lifestyle who looks to maintain wait, the caloric requirement is 2644 kcals per day. If you have an active lifestyle, then replace 1.53 with 1.8 and then the formula becomes &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;daily requirement in kcal/kg = (24 X 1.8 X wt in kg)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since PAL(physical activity level) varies from individual to individual, giving the same formula to everyone is not right. However, these are safe approximations. This page gives a table of approximate PALs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBiology/Nutrition/Physical-Activity-Level.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBiology/Nutrition/Physical-Activity-Level.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T04:39:09.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-07T10:16:03.887" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Exploding Head Syndrome:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exploding head syndrome is a form of auditory hallucination and is a rare and relatively undocumented event in which a person experiences a loud bang in their head - any form of loud, indecipherable noise that seems to originate from inside the head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any effective way to make it stop? It doesn't happen very regularly, but when it does it's very annoying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-07T14:07:20.690" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T14:07:20.690" Title="Can I do anything about my exploding head?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-07T21:17:25.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="75" CreationDate="2015-04-07T10:31:04.817" Score="6" Body="&lt;h1&gt;No&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin damage is irreversible. The only thing you can do is make sure your skin is not damaged in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin damage is caused by a variety of factors, but by far the most important one for most people is UV exposure. The primary source of UV is the Sun, but tanning booths may be a significant factor for some people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While sun burn causes an extreme amount of damage, all sun exposure will have an effect. If you are in the sun often, cover your skin, and wear high-factor sun cream on any exposed areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin is made up of layers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p5tzD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;Image source: nih.gov&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin damage from UV occurs when the rays reach and burn the dermis. This damage &lt;strong&gt;changes the cells' DNA&lt;/strong&gt;, by creating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_%28chemistry%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;free radicals&lt;/a&gt;. For this reason, although the cells are replaced every 21 days, the new cells inherit the same damage. This same mechanism is what causes tattoos to be present even in new skin cells - they 'inherit' the ink from the source cells in the dermis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently no therapy or treatment for this kind of cell damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For cells that have metastasised into melanoma, if they are caught soon enough, they are removed entirely, leaving a scar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T13:43:55.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="398" CreationDate="2015-04-07T10:36:31.847" Score="10" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I think a mole has changed, or my partner thinks they have noticed a change, what should I do about it? Is there any way of finding out for sure if a mole has changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastEditorUserId="200" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T09:11:00.367" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T16:06:54.663" Title="If I think my mole is changing, what should I do?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="397" CreationDate="2015-04-07T10:36:31.847" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Get to a doctor or dermatologist straight away&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A changing mole is an indicator of possible melanoma. Melanoma spreads very quickly, and mortality rates rise fast if it is left to grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Moles/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is some information on what to look for, and potential indicators of melanoma&lt;/a&gt; (UK NHS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melanomas usually appear as a dark, fast-growing spot where there was not one before, or a pre-existing mole that changes size, shape or colour and bleeds, itches or reddens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A specialist will be able to do a diagnosis, and advise you on future checks. If they think it could be a melanoma, they will remove the mole and perform a biopsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T10:43:07.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="155" CreationDate="2015-04-07T13:40:59.050" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When we sit we eat slower and digest the food more properly, because we're more calm. When standing we do things faster, hence we are less focused what we eat and not chew food properly by adding saliva and its digestive enzymes which helps to digest and metabolise your food more efficiently. More stress could also have negative effect on your esophagus. However studies from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8194499&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1994&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160046&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt; found no relationship with the frequency of indigestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reflux&lt;/a&gt; symptoms are advised to remain upright during and after eating which can keep the acid down in the stomach where it belongs (so doesn't comes back up into the oesophagus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have weakness of the muscles around the mouth, they should seek advice from a speech and language therapist concerning the best sitting position for safe swallowing.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/national/multiple%20sclerosis%20trust/assets/areyousittingcomfortably.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(NHS)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as long as you're healthy and chew food properly in non-stressful environment, there doesn’t seem to be any harm in what position do you eat and how fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130502-is-eating-on-the-run-bad-for-you&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does eating standing up give you indigestion?&lt;/a&gt; at BBC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-07T13:40:59.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="154" CreationDate="2015-04-07T14:08:39.123" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue whether “excess” dietary protein intake adversely affects bone in humans is a subject of current controversy in nutrition&lt;sup&gt;(1),(2),(3)&lt;/sup&gt; with one group concluding that “excess protein will not harm the skeleton if the calcium intake is adequate”&lt;sup&gt;(3)&lt;/sup&gt; and group that “excessive dietary protein from foods with high potential renal acid load (e.g., animal foods) adversely affects bone, unless buffered by the consumption of alkali-rich foods (e.g. vegetable foods)”&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt; (quoted by Frassetto 2000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies reporting better bone health in women with greater protein intakes&lt;sup&gt;(4),(5)&lt;/sup&gt; (high protein intake prevents BMD decrease). Further, the Munger study reported that higher intakes of animal sources of dietary protein were associated with a 70% reduction in hip fracture, even after controlling for major confounding variables (Hannan 2000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more: &lt;a href=&quot;https://scienceandveganism.wordpress.com/topics/calcium-bmd-osteoporosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Calcium, BMD and Osteoporosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In overall it's difficult to say whether calcium intake has positive or negative effect from the consumption of dairy products on our bones, based on the sample size and subject characteristics of the studies, so more studies needs to be conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Barzel US, Massey LK. Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998;128:1051–1053.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Massey LK. Does excess dietary protein adversely affect bone? Symposium overview. J Nutr. 1998;128:1048–1050.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heaney RP. Excess dietary protein may not adversely affect bone. J Nutr. 1998;128:1054–1057.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Freudenheim et al.(46, Freudenheim JL, Johnson NE, Smith EL 1986&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;47, Munger Cerhan JR, Chiu BC 1999 Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T00:21:36.157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T00:21:36.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="170" CreationDate="2015-04-07T14:41:05.607" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8894337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published in 1996 in the Clinical Journal of Sport Medicince&lt;/a&gt; said that there are insufficient published data to determine the comparative risks and benefits of corticosteroid injections. Most side effects are temporary, but skin atrophy and depigmentation can be permanent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a further study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published in 2002 in Foot and Ankle Clinics&lt;/a&gt; we read:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intimidation with adverse effects of peritendinous corticosteroid injections is based on case reports only rather than convincing data from controlled clinical studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Although a complete tendon rupture with loading after steroid injection has been reported, no reliable proof exists of the deleterious effects of peritendinous injections&lt;/strong&gt;; conclusions in literature are based mainly on uncontrolled case reports that fail under scientific scrutiny, whereas scientifically rigorous studies have not been performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although corticosteroid injections are one of the most commonly used treatment modalities for chronic tendon disorders, there is an obvious lack of good trials defining the indications for and efficacy of such injections, and subsequently, many of the recommendations for the use of local corticosteroid injections do not rely on sound scientific basis. Thus, &lt;strong&gt;there is an obvious need for high-quality basic science studies and controlled clinical trials in examining the effects corticosteroids on various tendon disorders&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on above studies, the effect of local corticosteroid injection(s) for tendon disorders is unknown. The extent of the tendon problem, the duration of the symptoms, and the phase of healing at the time of injection are factors that may modify the efficacy and side effect profile of this procedure. More studies need to be conducted to determine how these factors influence outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Tendonitis/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt; has provided the following advice about corticosteroid injections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corticosteroids can be injected around injured tendons to reduce pain&#xA;and inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While these injections can help reduce pain, they aren't effective for&#xA;everyone and the effect sometimes only lasts a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The injections can be repeated if they help, but a gap of at least six&#xA;weeks between treatments, and a maximum of three injections into one&#xA;area, is usually recommended because frequent injections can cause&#xA;side effects. Possible side effects include the weakening of the&#xA;tendon (which can increase the risk of rupturing or tearing), and&#xA;thinning and lightening of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T13:31:41.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="178" CreationDate="2015-04-07T15:00:10.220" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chilli pepper is usually referred to plants from the genus Capsicum and the substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are &lt;a href=&quot;http://capsaicin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;capsaicin&lt;/a&gt; and several related (called as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin#Capsaicinoids&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;capsaicinoids&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health benefits of eating chilli peppers can include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/news/2010/04april/pages/chilli-peppers-fat-burning-and-appetite.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chilli peppers 'help to burn fat'&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21093467&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effects of capsaicin, the chemical that makes peppers and chillies hot, have been studied again in a small trial investigating what effects hot red (cayenne) pepper has on energy expenditure, body temperature and appetite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/news/2010/08august/pages/chilli-blood-pressure-link.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chillies lower blood pressure.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(10)00228-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Effects on gastric emptying and intestinal transit&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1543869&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1992&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutritional value (per 1 pepper ~45g):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin C:    181%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin A:    10%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin B-6:  5%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iron: 2%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnesium:    2%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yellow and green chilies (which are essentially unripe fruit) contain lower amount of carotene and vitamin C substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T16:05:17.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="405" CreationDate="2015-04-07T15:38:49.490" Score="5" ViewCount="1612" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Type 1 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt; is a chronic disease characterized by the body's inability to regulate blood sugar due to a disabled pancreas' not producing insulin. People with diabetes regulate their own blood sugar &quot;manually,&quot; by administering insulin either by syringe, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pen&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_pump&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pump&lt;/a&gt; to lower blood sugar levels, and sugar or glucagon to raise it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different substances can have unintended effects on the treatment of diabetes; for example, caffeine can raise blood sugar (possibly because &lt;a href=&quot;http://sixuntilme.com/wp/2015/03/25/stress-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it can be a stressor&lt;/a&gt;) while alcohol will do funky things like raising it and dropping it quickly. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dexcom.com/safety-information#dexcom-g4-platinum-safety-statement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Acetaminophen&lt;/a&gt; doesn't appear to affect blood sugars, but it can affect the accuracy of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/glucosemonitor/index.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;continuous glucose monitor&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd like to know what, if any, affects &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;melatonin&lt;/a&gt; might have on the treatment of T1DM -- has this been studied at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="49" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:45:07.877" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T02:45:07.877" Title="Does melatonin have an effect on the treatment of type 1 diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="404" CreationDate="2015-04-07T20:57:45.153" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that melatonin decreases blood pressure in a way that occurs nocturnally in normal persons. Interestingly, it is being investigated as a possible anti-hypertensive in Type 2 diabetics. It doesn't seem to have any undesirable side effects, making it an ideal anti-hypertensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In patients with diabetes the mean BP during sleep was lower on melatonin than before treatment... In controls there was no significant effect of melatonin on BP. There was no significant effect of sleep duration or number of awakenings on the BP responses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears to have other effects on T2DM, but that is primarily on beta-cells, which should not affect someone with T1DM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066051&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blood pressure-lowering effect of melatonin in type 1 diabetes.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T01:48:12.537" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T01:48:12.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="409" CreationDate="2015-04-07T23:34:58.220" Score="22" ViewCount="597" Body="&lt;p&gt;A commonly quoted figure is that 1-2 pounds (0.5-1 kg) a week is a healthy rate at which to lose weight, and that 'crash diets' are bad for you.  What is this figure based on, and in what way is losing weight faster than this unhealthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="207" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T12:42:17.860" LastActivityDate="2019-01-10T00:35:23.057" Title="Is rapid weight loss unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T02:26:09.307" Score="13" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;Health benefits of eating whole-grain rice are often mentioned. But is there any downside in eating whole-grain rice instead of white rice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T19:15:29.327" Title="Is there any downside in eating whole-grain rice instead of white rice?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T02:28:31.080" Score="8" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often read or hear that eating one's dinner right before going to sleep is bad for health. How true is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T05:43:25.400" Title="Is eating one's dinner right before going to sleep bad for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="406" CreationDate="2015-04-08T02:28:50.570" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quoted &quot;1-2&quot; pounds per week (or approximately 0.5 - 1 kilo) is based on the traditional 3500 calories burned = 1 pound of fat. Now, while the exact figure of 3500 calories is somewhat open to debate, that is the rationale. 500 calories a day = 1 pound of loss per week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with crash dieting is twofold. One, the majority of the weight lost is water weight, and will rapidly return once the person hydrates themselves. The second problem is that in an effort to lose large amounts of weight in a short time is that people will essentially starve themselves, and possibly do so while adding in exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the very short term, this may not pose any problems for a healthy person, but if the dieter is compromised in any way health wise, or the practice is continued for a longer period then nutrient deficiencies can start arising, which can introduce a long litany of health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem is that people that lose large amounts of weight in a short time tend to binge eat once the diet period is over, and regain most if not all the weight. Many even end up weighing more than they did before they did the extreme dieting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been studies comparing many of the popular diets such as Atkins, South Beach, China Study, Paleo, and on and on. They have all shown that weight loss is a simple factor of calorie reduction. Eat less calories than you expend, and you will lose weight. Period. (And &quot;starvation mode&quot; is a myth.) When you first start dieting, you may lose more than the 1-2 pounds a week, which is normal. After a bit, your body will readjust and the weight loss will slow down, however if you maintain the calorie deficit, you will eventually lose the weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As requested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa0804748&quot;&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=668717&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine&lt;/a&gt; (Short abstract)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822398000935&quot;&gt;Journal of the American Dietetic Assn.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604169869&quot;&gt;The Lancet&lt;/a&gt; (Not a study, but references two studies)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets found that the &lt;strong&gt;weight loss achieved is associated with the duration of the diet and restriction of energy intake&lt;/strong&gt;, but not with restriction of carbohydrates. Two groups have reported longer-term randomised studies that compared instruction in the low-carbohydrate diet with a low-fat calorie-reduced diet in obese patients (N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2082–90; Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 778–85). &lt;strong&gt;Both trials showed better weight loss on the low-carbohydrate diet after 6 months, but no difference after 12 months.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T02:13:37.160" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T02:13:37.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="410" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="413" CreationDate="2015-04-08T04:34:41.290" Score="25" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;For years I've been seeing advertisements for zinc supplements for the common cold, and I've heard recommendations from people who swear that they work, either wiping out a cold completely or shortening its duration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The studies I have seen were for zinc gluconate specifically. Apparently, once they had a nasal spray that was even more effective, but was pulled off the market for causing permanent anosmia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a placebo effect, or is there actually evidence that zinc helps? If so, does it depend on the formulation (zinc gluconate, zinc acetate or zinc citrate?) Are there any risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T15:30:34.640" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T08:43:37.730" Title="Do zinc lozenges really help the common cold?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="412" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="779" CreationDate="2015-04-08T05:49:16.290" Score="9" ViewCount="764" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the possible consequences and health problems that a person staying very close to mobile signal towers could be subjected to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard that the people who stay very close these towers will be subjected to a huge amount of radiation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the harmful effects or problems a person staying in such places will could have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T23:05:39.437" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T23:05:39.437" Title="Effects caused by staying near the mobile network towers" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="410" CreationDate="2015-04-08T06:24:07.940" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overall, there has been inconsistent data on the effects of using zinc lozenges to treat the common cold. Most studies have also been done on children, which may lead to more uncertainty about its effects on adults, but some of the studies I will mention have been tested on adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study showed the effects of using zinc to prevent the common cold in schoolchildren. They found that between the two groups they studied (one took zinc sulfate tablets, the other placebos) that the zinc-supplemented group had less of a chance of getting the cold. They concluded that zinc supplements have a beneficial effect on children.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ijp.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijp/article/viewArticle/928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study (done by the same researchers as the second study I linked to) tested the effects of zinc lozenges on treating cold symptoms. They found that taking zinc lozenges within 24 hours of first getting cold symptoms may reduce the length of the cold. They do not give any firm recommendation though, because of insufficient data. They also mention the same side-effects as above.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This study is also backed up by other similar study which found that zinc lozenges reduced the duration of colds by about 7 days, again with only minor side effects such as bad taste and mouth irritation.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other similar reports' results showed that zinc lozenges not only reduce the duration of colds, but also the severity.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279051?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496046?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies say that zinc lozenges do not have any noteworthy therapeutic effect in treating the common cold.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aac.asm.org/content/31/8/1183.abstract?ijkey=c54e7d9e7cfc347b5eb4aca02fe68276ebe7863b&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073753?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Should you take zinc lozenges?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No studies have provided sufficient information to prove or disprove beneficial effects of taking zinc lozenges to prevent and treat the common cold. The consumption of zinc lozenges doesn't present any dangerous or deadly effects, unless you consider bad taste and nausea deadly. As of now, experts recommend talking to your doctor to decide if taking zinc &#xA;lozenges is right for you.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/zinc-for-colds/faq-20057769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the best type of zinc lozenge to take?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well first, as I said above, there is no conclusive evidence. There is also no definite best type of zinc lozenge to take. Of the studies that showed positive results, zinc gluconate was used the most, but zinc sulfate and zinc acetate were also shown to be effective. Of the trials that showed no noteworthy effect, zinc gluconate was also the most tested type, but zinc acetate also showed no effect. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/zinc-lozenges-cold-remedy#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, researchers are still trying to figure out which type of zinc lozenge is the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risks of taking zinc supplements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking zinc lozenges hasn't been shown to produce any major side-effects. Sometimes, people taking them may experience bad taste in their mouth and possibly nausea. Nasal spray, as you mentioned is also not good. It may even cause loss of smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://ijp.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijp/article/viewArticle/928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://ijp.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijp/article/viewArticle/928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of Zinc Supplementation in Occurrence and Duration of Common Cold in School Aged Children during Cold Season: a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zinc for the common cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279051?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279051?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Duration and severity of symptoms and levels of plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, and adhesion molecules in patients with common cold treated with zinc acetate.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496046?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15496046?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://aac.asm.org/content/31/8/1183.abstract?ijkey=c54e7d9e7cfc347b5eb4aca02fe68276ebe7863b&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://aac.asm.org/content/31/8/1183.abstract?ijkey=c54e7d9e7cfc347b5eb4aca02fe68276ebe7863b&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Two randomized controlled trials of zinc gluconate lozenge therapy of experimentally induced rhinovirus colds.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073753?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073753?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/zinc-for-colds/faq-20057769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/zinc-for-colds/faq-20057769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Will taking zinc for colds make my colds go away faster?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/zinc-lozenges-cold-remedy#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - Zinc for Colds: Lozenges &amp;amp; Nasal Sprays&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2019-11-19T08:43:37.730" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T08:43:37.730" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="408" CreationDate="2015-04-08T07:02:51.600" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you eat a lot of food, your stomach will be full. And if you lie down immediately after that, your horizontal posture would put the food (and the acid) in such a way that it puts lot more pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter. If you are a patient of acid reflux disease (or if you have a comparitively weak sphincter and are pre-disposed to develop acid reflux disease), then doing this would greatly increase your chances of developing it. So lifestyle modifications doctors prescribe to patients of acid reflux disease is that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat in small quantities, and in multiple meals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Give a time gap between dinner and sleep&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevate head end of your bed when you go to sleep. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acid reflux during sleep is notorious because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It damages the mucosa (from below upwards, all of it) making the patient susceptible to Barrett's oesophagus and Oesophageal Ca&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acid refluxing into the mouth would mean poor oral hygiene, bad breath in the morning, slowly degrading tooth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aspiration of acid can damage the larynx and can cause Ca Larynx, and can even cause chemical pneumonitis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/what-is-acid-reflux-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What Causes Acid Reflux Disease?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/complications/con-20025201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GERD Complications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastEditorUserId="37" LastEditDate="2015-05-21T05:43:25.400" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T05:43:25.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="384" CreationDate="2015-04-08T08:08:09.150" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there isn't, not in any meaningful way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The placebo effect&quot; is an umbrella term, used primarily in the media/pop science. That isn't to say it isn't real or valid, but it covers outcomes from a great many different studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In drug trials, the effects of a drug are often compared to a placebo - a sugar pill/saline injection - even placebo &lt;em&gt;surgery&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The placebo &quot;effect&quot; is what happens when you compare a placebo to nothing at all, and the patients on the placebo have statistically better outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key points here are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The placebo effect is a feature of large studies. You can't perform a large study on a single patient. In individual cases, there is simply too much variability - you can never know if a difference in outcome was due to &quot;the placebo effect&quot; or some other variable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You cannot perform the two halves of the study (placebo/nothing at all) yourself. You would have to run them sequentially, i.e. on different instances of cold/flu. This adds more variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The placebo effect requires you to not know you're taking a placebo (patients in these studies are not told what it is about, they're just given pills/injections etc.) I can't think of a way you could feasibly set up a scenario where you were A) testing yourself for &quot;the placebo effect&quot;, and B) not aware you are being given a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T08:08:09.150" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="443" CreationDate="2015-04-08T09:16:01.497" Score="13" ViewCount="627" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard even passive smokers are subjected to many health issues even though they don't smoke directly. What are the issues related to health that can occur in the passive smokers, and does it includes any long term effects on health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:33:53.157" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T05:05:53.813" Title="Effect of cigarettes on passive smokers" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="419" CreationDate="2015-04-08T10:45:20.357" Score="8" ViewCount="2123" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long is someone infectious after a cold? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am talking about a common cold, not something extreme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T17:30:30.320" Title="How long is someone infectious after a cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="418" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="422" CreationDate="2015-04-08T11:25:07.330" Score="5" ViewCount="661" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a healthy person is near a person that has pneumonia, is there any risk of infection for the former?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how is it passed on? Is it via coughing / sneezing or skin contact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="121" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T14:36:44.927" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T15:34:32.993" Title="Is pneumonia contagious?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="417" CreationDate="2015-04-08T12:26:15.577" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tl;dr&lt;/strong&gt; - More contagious at the beginning, much less at the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;common cold&quot; (or upper respiratory infection) is associated with over 200 different viral types&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold#Virology&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and many times more than one virus is present. Because of this, there's probably no &lt;em&gt;completely&lt;/em&gt; specific answer to this question, but it can be answered generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rhinovirus-caused colds (which are a large majority of &quot;common&quot; colds) are typically contagious at the beginning, and are much less contagious after a few days&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/6/1287&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. You are most at risk of transmitting the virus to someone else for the 4-5 days after being &lt;em&gt;exposed&lt;/em&gt; yourself&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/when-are-colds-contagious&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; - not necessarily when symptoms appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, you can definitely be asymptomatic and still contagious. On the other hand, if you still feel symptoms after a week, the chances are much lower that you're actually still contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold#Virology&quot;&gt;Common Cold: Virology (wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/6/1287&quot;&gt;Incubation Periods of Experimental Rhinovirus Infection and Illness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: &lt;a href=&quot;http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/when-are-colds-contagious&quot;&gt;When are colds contagious?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T12:26:15.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="416" CreationDate="2015-04-08T12:42:00.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcsite.nsf/pages/bhc_aboutus?open&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Better Health Channel&lt;/a&gt; (independant of any business, funded by the State Government of Victoria, Australia), passive smokers are exposed to many health risks that include long-term effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make it short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second-hand smoke is a danger to everyone, but children, pregnant women and the partners of people who smoke are most vulnerable. Passive smoking increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS or cot death), middle ear disease, asthma, respiratory illnesses, lung cancer and coronary heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have never smoked who live with people who do smoke are at increased risk of a range of tobacco-related diseases, including lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full explanation (and list of risks depending on subjects) is available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/passive_smoking&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here on the BHC website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T12:42:00.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="418" CreationDate="2015-04-08T12:57:52.973" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mostly it depends on the cause of the pneumonia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pneumonia is the name for infection or inflammation of the lungs. It can be primary or secondary. A good example of the difference is pneumonia caused by the influenza virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Influenza affects the lungs directly. That's a primary pneumonia, and yes, this is contagious, as the air one coughs out contains droplets carrying the virus. Pneumonia caused by viruses is more common in children and young adults (except for influenza, which affects all age groups), and is therefore contagious to people who have never been exposed to the virus - usually other children/young adults. In general, primary pneumonia tends to be more contagious, and besides viruses, it can be caused by mycoplasma and tuberculosis. These are contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The damage done by the influenza virus in the lungs leaves the person susceptible to attack by bacteria that would not normally gain a foothold in the lung. This is secondary pneumonia, and because &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; lungs are not damaged - and you already have the same bacteria in your mouth and throat as someone with secondary pneumonia but are not ill - you are much less likely to get sick from being exposed to bacterial pneumonia than from someone with viral pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, pneumonia is more common in smokers with damaged lungs, or in people with some degree of decreased immunocompetence. Alcohol, other drugs, and people with swallowing disorders can aspirate leading to pneumonia; surgery or chest injuries where deep breathing hurts can also lead to pneumonia. These pneumonias aren't likely to be contagious. Finally, some pneumonias are caused by exposure to chemicals. Since there's no infectious agent involved, you can't be affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are now vaccines against some of the bacterial pneumonias, so vaccines against influenza and others help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you might not know what kind of pneumonia someone has, practicing good hygiene is always a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/definition/con-20020032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pneumonia Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/topicModules/viewTopicModule.htm?topicModuleId=22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T10:14:15.523" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T10:14:15.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11" CreationDate="2015-04-08T14:37:02.707" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In the past 10-15 years, thinking on calcium supplementation has shifted significantly. In 2001, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176917/&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis&lt;/a&gt; made the recommendation that calcium should be supplemented to maintain daily intake 1000 - 1500 mg/day in older adults. The reasoning behind this was that calcium is crucial for maintaining bone mass, which tends to deteriorate during the aging process, leaving this group at increased risk for fractures. The panel acknowledged that most older adults do not obtain this amount of calcium from their diet; they therefore suggested supplementation to this level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Emerging Skepticism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Since the NIH recommendation in 2001, several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have called into question the efficacy of calcium supplementation to prevent fractures. Although &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720017&quot;&gt;total fracture risk appears to be marginally reduced&lt;/a&gt;, the data suggested that hip fractures, which cause the most significant morbidity and mortality, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065599/&quot;&gt;are not prevented with calcium supplementation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Risks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In addition to questions about efficacy, concerns have been raised about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198394/&quot;&gt;possible increase in cardiovascular events&lt;/a&gt; in those receiving calcium supplements, especially women. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198394/&quot;&gt;one RCT&lt;/a&gt;, postmenopauasal women were randomized to calcium supplementation or placebo. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_ratio&quot;&gt;rate ratio&lt;/a&gt; of myocardial infarction was 1.67 in the calcium group compared to placebo.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Current State of Affairs&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &#xA;In 2013 the US Preventive Services Task Force issued &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440163/&quot;&gt;a statement&lt;/a&gt; recommending against calcium supplementation for primary prevention&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of fractures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Calcium supplementation has questionable efficacy for reducing clinically important fractures, and there is evidence to suggest that it may increase cardiovascular risk. Because of these factors, large groups of smart people who spend their lives analyzing epidemiological data (&lt;em&gt;read&lt;/em&gt;: the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440163/&quot;&gt;USPSTF&lt;/a&gt;) do not recommend calcium supplementation for primary prevention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Notes&lt;/strong&gt; (a.k.a. &lt;em&gt;my shameless plug for epidemiology education&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. From such data we get headlines: &lt;strong&gt;Calcium increases the risk of heart attack by 167%!&lt;/strong&gt; When you see these things, have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198394/&quot;&gt;the abstract&lt;/a&gt; with special attention to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval&quot;&gt;confidence interval&lt;/a&gt;. Here, the interval was 0.98-2.87. Because it crosses 1, this is actually considered a not &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance&quot;&gt;statistically significant result&lt;/a&gt;. Although the trend is there, and similar results have been reproduced, this broad confidence interval at least warrants some caution when thinking about &lt;em&gt;what the risk really is&lt;/em&gt;. When interpreting data about rare outcomes, calculation of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.patient.co.uk/health/absolute-risk-and-relative-risk&quot;&gt;Absolute Risk&lt;/a&gt; is also worthwhile for perspective.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Primary_prevention&quot;&gt;Primary prevention&lt;/a&gt; refers to measures to avert an undesirable outcome in people with no history of a such a problem (here, fractures). This stands in contrast to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Secondary_prevention&quot;&gt;secondary prevention&lt;/a&gt;, which involves a population who has already experienced one incident where the goal is to prevent recurrence. The latter group is expected to be at higher risk given their demonstrated propensity for the outcome. For this reason, measures that incrementally decrease this risk tend to provide more absolute benefit compared to primary preventative measures. This is based on the principle that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_risk_reduction&quot;&gt;absolute risk reduction&lt;/a&gt; depends on baseline risk, an important concept to understand when evaluating this literature.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Bischoff-Ferrari, HA et al. 2007. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065599/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The American journal of clinical nutrition 86(6):1780–90.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt; &#xA;Bolland, MJ et al. 2008. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198394/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; BMJ 336(7638):262–66.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Moyer, V. A., U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440163/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Annals of internal medicine 158(9):691–96.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. 2001. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11176917/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pp. 785–95 in, vol. 285.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Tang, BMP et al. 2007. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720017&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Lancet 370(9588):657–66.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="214" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T08:22:46.973" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T08:22:46.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="425" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="448" CreationDate="2015-04-08T16:44:06.107" Score="7" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;A person (close to me genetically) recently had a surgery to replace an aortic heart valve that the surgeon called &quot;the ugliest valve he'd seen in a long time&quot;.  Two of the leaflets were fused together, which the doctor said could have been since birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if this condition is known to be hereditary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T02:37:04.197" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T01:33:19.840" Title="Is having a congenitally fused heart valve a hereditary condition?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heredity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2015-04-08T17:10:41.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When working with speech recognition systems, you should take the following steps to minimise strain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sit comfortably,&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;poor posture in sitting can lead to: swallowing, talking and breathing difficulties if your chest is slumped and unable to expand &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/national/multiple%20sclerosis%20trust/assets/areyousittingcomfortably.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;speak at a normal pitch/volume,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take breaks,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drink regularly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/accessibilityhelp/Factsheets/Voice-recognition-software-an-introduction.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS: Voice Recognition Software - An Introduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-08T17:18:43.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T17:18:43.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2015-04-08T17:47:56.900" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence which supports that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21590467&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370585&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, however the evidence of an HIV benefits for men who have sex with men is less clear&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18840841&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678366&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and its use to prevent HIV in the developed world is unclear either&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844437&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment option for pathological phimosis, refractory balanoposthitis and UTIs is only contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=or15PgAACAAJ&quot;&gt;(6)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=V8lMJniWK_QC&quot;&gt;(7)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO recommends considering circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV program only in areas with high rates of HIV (e.g. Africa)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835757/&quot;&gt;(8)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/&quot;&gt;(9)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore if you're not living in Africa or areas with high rates of HIV, the potential risks outweighs health benefits associated with circumcision. As currently no major medical organization recommends non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, and no major medical organization calls for banning it either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision&quot;&gt;Circumcision&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T17:47:56.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="32" CreationDate="2015-04-08T18:09:03.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The penetration is limited, therefore it's less risky than a steroid injection which carries a higher risk of tendon rupture&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10372854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study&lt;/a&gt; conclusion from 1999 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.17.3136&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;) by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Medical_Journal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SMJ&lt;/a&gt; was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Iontophoresis using sterile water or corticosteroid resulted in minimal or no biochemical and histologic changes in the tendon compared with injection of either substance. The method of corticosteroid delivery may be as important as the actual drug effects on the biomechanical and histologic properties of tendons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T18:09:03.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="338" CreationDate="2015-04-08T18:47:15.347" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can think of multiple ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of the important manifestaions of hair loss is development of baldness. So if there is such a manifestation, (such as development of male pattern baldness or any growing bald spot), the area of it can be successfully measured, and the rate of growth of area can be a measure of hair loss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If that kind of thing is absolutely necessary, the person can wear a cap around his head all day long. By measuring the amount of hair inside that cap, a rough measure can be made. (this can be done on a bath to bath 24 hour basis). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even after doing all these, there will always be the question of how useful that will be, because absolute hair loss depends on a large number of factors. And there may not even be a large or measurable difference pre or post treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T18:47:15.347" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-08T18:55:13.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any drug taken by mouth are being absorbed by the digestive system where a large amount may be destroyed by metabolic enzymes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first-pass metabolism&lt;/a&gt;) and enters the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hepatic portal system&lt;/a&gt;. Then it's carried through the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_vein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;portal vein&lt;/a&gt; into the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;liver&lt;/a&gt; to be absorbed into the bloodstream and excrete the waste through &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bile&lt;/a&gt;. Some other bypass the liver, entering the blood directly. Only around 2-5% of the dose is excreted in an unchanged form in the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The biological half-life&lt;/a&gt; of a substance refers to the body's cleansing through the function of kidneys and liver in addition to excretion functions to eliminate a substance from the body (time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to halve its steady-state).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the common prescription medications which has its high half-life:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4–16 days: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fluoxetine&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 weeks: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutasteride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dutasteride&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;22-110 days: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiodarone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amiodarone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5.5 months: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedaquiline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bedaquiline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here are the metals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mercury (as methylmercury) in the body has a half-life of about 65 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lead in the blood has a half life of 28–36 days. In bone about 10 years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cadmium in bone about 30 years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plutonium in the liver about 40 years. Plutonium in bone about &lt;strong&gt;100 years&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T15:50:35.237" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T15:50:35.237" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="79" CreationDate="2015-04-08T18:58:47.990" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/fact-fiction-myths-about-eyes#0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMd&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;has an interesting section entitled &amp;quot;Myths About Your Eyes and Vision.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relevant portion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating Carrots Will Improve Your Vision&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fact: Carrots are high in vitamin A, a nutrient essential for good vision. Eating carrots will provide you with the small amount of vitamin A needed for good vision, but vitamin A isn't limited to rabbit food; it can also be found in milk, cheese, egg yolk, and liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the explanation is not as in-depth as the CDC article cited by @msouth, it appears to be a decent corroboration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T18:58:47.990" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-08T19:57:35.983" Score="14" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m daily visiting a patient in a hospital who has a high risk of infection. Before entering her room, I’m required to put on a gown and a face mask, and to disinfect my hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gowns and masks are available in the corridor in front of the room; hand disinfection is available in the corridor in front of the room as well as inside of the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m coming from outside, carrying a jacket and a backpack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In which order should I perform the involved steps?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m a medical layman, so maybe none of this matters, but I always wonder if I’m not undermining certain safety measures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially regarding touching my jacket and backpack as well as the door handle &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; disinfecting my hands. My assumption is that it would make more sense to disinfect my hands after entering the room and putting away my stuff, but maybe this increases the risk?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, would putting on the mask and gown with non-disinfected hands be risky? So should I disinfect before &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; after entering the room?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="181" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T21:02:08.590" Title="In which order to put on a mask, a gown and to disinfect when visiting a hospital patient?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="433" CreationDate="2015-04-08T21:02:08.590" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most isolation cases, the actual order isn't going to matter, since the typical isolation area that you would be allowed to enter isn't for the patient's benefit, but other people, so that they don't catch what the patient has. In this case, it doesn't matter which order you put it on. (Especially since they are being stored in an area where anyone walking by can contaminate them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will also most likely be asked to remove jackets/backpacks and other items and leave them either outside, or in the intermediate dressing area if provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient is immuno compromised to the point where they are worried about what you might be bringing in, then there will be a very different set of isolation precautions, and you either won't be allowed in, or they will walk you through the washing/garb donning procedures and assist you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-08T21:02:08.590" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="440" CreationDate="2015-04-09T04:53:08.220" Score="13" ViewCount="491" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that usage of sunscreen products causes skin cancer. Is this true, and if so, what are the ingredients in it that are reason for such a medical condition. Are there any safe products or methods of application that they don't harm skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T12:31:58.823" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T06:05:35.933" Title="Does the usage of sunscreen cause skin cancer?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="441" CreationDate="2015-04-09T06:11:32.633" Score="17" ViewCount="1606" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are genetically modifying crops to change the way they look, to produce more out of less, or to make them resistant to certain diseases; they are subsequently being consumed by humans and animals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What, if any, are the side effects or harmful effects on the human body caused by consuming these products? Does this include any long term health effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:51:14.517" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:51:14.517" Title="Side effects of genetically modified food products" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;artificial&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;&lt;gmo&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="338" CreationDate="2015-04-09T06:46:46.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The absolute key to know if &lt;strong&gt;ANY&lt;/strong&gt; treatment is working would be to find out that things get better after such treatment started, in this particular case, you want hair-loss to &lt;strong&gt;decelerate&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to register a change, you need to first register the previous state of affairs, so you'd have to &lt;strong&gt;calculate&lt;/strong&gt; hair-loss rate both before and after the treatment was started.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;First of all&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; you wanna be sure it is actually a problem or if it isn't at all.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the rate of hair loss is not accelerating in a way that indicates some pathological problem, then there wouldn't be anything to worry about because humans normally lose some hair and grow some new.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Otherwise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, if the hair is falling in an accelerating manner and the amount of new hair does not correlate, then a diagnose of the &lt;em&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt; and a treatment may be necessary.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt; is beyond the scope of this question so &lt;strong&gt;I'll stay on topic by elaborating on measurement and calculations&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This calculations shouldn't be done by means of human perception (e.g. photographs or simple observation) you want a method that's less fallible, there are other suggested &quot;practical&quot; methods like wearing a cap all day and then count the amount of hair that stays on the cap when you take the cap off and when you take a bath, this kind of methods are messy and there are multiple chances where mistakes can be made, so I'd say error-prone methods like this are useless. Not to mention, wearing a cap at all times is not practical and may even make things worse.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some very interesting articles licensed under &lt;a href=&quot;https://creativecommons.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Creative Commons&lt;/a&gt; in the National Library of Medicine.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938572/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The first one&lt;/a&gt; describe a variety of methods, ranging from non-invasive to semi-invasive to invasive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-invasive methods&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;e.g., Questionnaire, daily hair counts, standardized wash test, 60-s&#xA;  hair count, global photographs, dermoscopy, hair weight, contrasting&#xA;  felt examination, hair feathering test, phototrichogram and&#xA;  TrichoScan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Semi-invasive methods&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;e.g., Trichogram and unit area trichogram (UAT).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Invasive methods&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;e.g., Scalp biopsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A scalp biopsy seems way to invasive and not suitable to be doing it frequently in order to calculate a rate of acceleration/deceleration, so I investigated further on the Thrichogram option; it turns that method has been used and approached from different angles &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2688520&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;since the 80s&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This personal technical adaptation gives an easily obtainable definition of five &lt;strong&gt;quantitative parameters&lt;/strong&gt; analysing the hair on a given area of the scalp: density of implantation, telogen percentage, growth rate, mean anagen diameter and percentage of fine hair less than 40 mu in diameter. In the normal male adult our measurements gave the following results on the vertex: density 204 +/- 10 hair per square centimeter, telogen percentage 17.8 +/- 2.8 p. 100, growth rate 0.35 +/- 0.03 mm p. day, mean anagen diameter 76 +/- 5 mu, percentage of fine hair 9.2 +/- 1.8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there seems to have been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3681107/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some progress recently&lt;/a&gt; in the development of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;instruments&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to aid in such methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To properly assess the progression and treatment response of alopecia, one must measure the changes in hair mass, which is influenced by both the density and diameter of hair. Unfortunately, a convenient device for hair mass evaluation had not been available to dermatologists until the recent introduction of the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cross-section trichometer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which directly measures the cross-sectional area of an isolated bundle of hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article mentions one particular trademarked device but there must be others. So there you have it, I'll venture to state with some confidence that the best approach is to use some device like that one and measure your scalp at least one time a day. And for security sake and professionalism sake, I'd recommend some expert assistance from a dermatologist. But if you have a &lt;strong&gt;Scientific Mind and a Hacker Spirit&lt;/strong&gt;, do it yourself, why not.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(Just the measurement part, don't diagnose yourself.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in this particular case, if vitamins don't decelerate your hair loss rate, then to hell with vitamins, you may need something else, so go to a doctor and get properly diagnosed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T06:46:46.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="435" CreationDate="2015-04-09T08:22:09.657" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question sounds like it generalizes about all sunscreen products. But not all sunscreen products are created equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand your concern because according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671455&quot;&gt;this report from the National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent reports about sunscreen safety have received widespread media&#xA;  attention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Media attention will lead to opinion based questions. So here's my recollection of opinions + facts:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that anything that damages your DNA has the potential to cause cancer, excess and misuse of sunscreen can cause cancer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading a bit from experts on the topic my non-expert recommendation would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use it in moderation. Use sunscreen only when you are going to be&#xA;exposed directly to the sun for more than a few minutes on peak sun&#xA;hours (10 am to 2 pm). Or if you are going to be exposed for several&#xA;hours regardless of peak hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use it in the form of ointment/gel/liquid/unguent. Don't use sprays&#xA;because you should never be breathing that stuff. Use it in the skin&#xA;only. Don't use it in sensible areas that could absorb it faster,&#xA;like areas where there are mucous tissue (eyes, mouth, genitals,&#xA;etc). You should never be eating that stuff.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use inorganic sunscreen because organic has a higher potential to&#xA;cause allergies and/or disrupt your hormones.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: My informed opinion is no substitute for professional advice. Consult your physician or GP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt; obtained from pubmed, and there's some expert's opinion you can read in the following article (it is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not licensed under creative commons&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; so that's why I paraphrased it), the article is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671455&quot;&gt;directly referenced by the National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt; so I'd say is somewhat reliable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct link:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cutis.com/?id=27148&amp;amp;tx_ttnews[tt_news]=372913&amp;amp;cHash=2f78ef616315bff3cc04ef761a0611bd&quot;&gt;http://www.cutis.com/?id=27148&amp;amp;tx_ttnews[tt_news]=372913&amp;amp;cHash=2f78ef616315bff3cc04ef761a0611bd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the direct link doesn't work enter:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cutis.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.cutis.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And search for &quot;sunscreens-causing-cancer-the-facts&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastEditorUserId="174" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T11:56:20.527" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T11:56:20.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="435" CreationDate="2015-04-09T09:24:39.940" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_health_risks_of_sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potential health risks of sunscreen&lt;/a&gt; include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The absence of UVA filters combined with a longer exposure time of the sunscreen user&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7790106&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415716&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18022535&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Suppression of the skin's production of melanin, a natural broad-spectrum photoprotectant&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7790106&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15068035&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin penetration (free radical generation) by sunscreen chemicals&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8860435&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1996&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310609&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1997&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17015167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617675&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects of nanoparticles (zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) toxicity) &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10564183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20110422105411/http://www.tga.gov.au/npmeds/sunscreen-zotd.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TGA study from 2006&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20110406145019/http://www.tga.gov.au///npmeds/sunscreen-zotd.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;) concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is evidence from isolated cell experiments that zinc oxide and titanium dioxide can induce free radical formation in the presence of light and that this may damage these cells (photo-mutagenicity with zinc oxide). However, this would only be of concern in people using sunscreens if the zinc oxide and titanium dioxide penetrated into viable skin cells. The weight of current evidence is that they remain on the surface of the skin and in the outer dead layer (stratum corneum) of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;DNA damage causing skin cancer (carcinogenic effects of sunscreen ingredients related to vitamin A)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580/listedreports/tr568/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Read below.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D deficiency&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495109/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The strong promotion of limiting sunlight exposure because of increased risk of skin cancer has resulted in the widespread use of sunscreens. Although sunscreens are very beneficial in reducing skin damage to excessive exposure to sunlight, they also can markedly reduce the photosynthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When used properly a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 8 reduces the skin's ability to produce vitamin D3 by 97.5%&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Holick 2002&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/research/cdc-americans-carry-body-burden-toxic-sunscreen-chemical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) toxicity concerns&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The CDC study from 2008 reveals that 97% of Americans are contaminated with a widely-used sunscreen ingredient called oxybenzone that has been linked to allergies, hormone disruption, and cell damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EWG research shows that 84% of 910 name-brand sunscreen products offer inadequate protection from the sun, or contain ingredients, like oxybenzone, with significant safety concerns. Although oxybenzone is most common in sunscreen, companies also use the chemical in at least &gt;500 other personal care products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chemical was detected in the urine of nearly every study participant. Typically, women and girls had higher levels of oxybenzone in their bodies than men and boys, likely a result of differences in use of body care products including sunscreens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A companion study released a day earlier revealed that mothers with high levels of oxybenzone in their bodies were more likely to give birth to underweight baby girls (Wolff 2008).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A palmitate) controversy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Toxicological_Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA's NCTR&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NTP&lt;/a&gt; in 2009 posted on the NTP website data from FDA’s long-term photocarcinogenicity tests of retinyl palmitate on UV-exposed laboratory animals. In the studies, high doses of topical &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinyl_palmitate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retinyl palmitate&lt;/a&gt; (a form of vitamin A) were shown to accelerate cancer (skin tumors or lesions) in lab animals that grew significantly faster than mice treated with vitamin-free cream (NTP 2009).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dFPlUm.png&quot; alt=&quot;Low doses of Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) significantly speed growth of skin tumors and lesions in lab animals - chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: EWG analysis of data from FDA photocarcinogenicity study of retinyl palmitate (NTP 2009). Percent decreases in time to development of a significant tumor or lesion (for animals exposed to cream laced with retinyl palmitate) are relative to that for animals exposed to cream free of the compound.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists have known for some time that retinyl palmitate can spur excess skin growth (hyperplasia), and that in sunlight it can form free radicals that damage DNA (NTP 2000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previous data were preliminary, however in 2011 the link between &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinyl_palmitate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retinyl palmitate&lt;/a&gt; (RP), sunlight and the increased risk of cancer has been confirmed by the National Toxicology Program after a year long &lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2011/january/drafttr568.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study on mice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EWG&lt;/a&gt; and and New York Senator Chuck Schumer have called attention to the fact that high doses of topical retinyl palmitate were shown to accelerate cancer in lab animals and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EWG&lt;/a&gt; published the following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/news/news-releases/2011/01/26/nih-panel-links-vitamin-sunscreen-skin-tumors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statement&lt;/a&gt; (which was scheduled for immediate release):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A key independent science advisory panel has voted to confirm federal researchers' conclusion that retinyl palmitate, a form of vitamin A found in two-fifths of U.S. sunscreens, speeds the development of skin tumors and lesions when applied to the skin in the presence of sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;A compound that causes skin damage and tumors on sun-exposed skin has no place in sunscreens or other daytime skin products,&quot; said Jane Houlihan, EWG senior vice president for research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More than 200 sunscreens from 44 companies listed vitamin A or retinyl palmitate on their labels in 2010, according to EWG's analysis of beach and sport sunscreens with SPF ratings of 15 or higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In light of those findings, EWG recommends that manufacturers of cosmetics, sunscreens and other personal care products remove retinyl palmitate from all products to be used on sun-exposed skin and that consumers avoid buying products that contain this chemical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite of that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_health_risks_of_sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sunscreen controversy&lt;/a&gt;, another study from 2010 by JAAD determined that &quot;there is no convincing evidence to support the notion that [retinyl palmitate] in sunscreens is carcinogenic.&quot;. Therefore EWG  has since refuted this analysis directly&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/research/what-scientists-say-about-vitamin-sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2011)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A panel of independent scientists convened by the NTP in January 2011 unanimously &lt;strong&gt;confirmed the study’s conclusion that retinyl palmitate “enhanced the photocarcinogenic activity” of sunlight&lt;/strong&gt; (NTP 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The strong scientific consensus that has formed around the NTP-FDA vitamin A study has afforded the FDA an exceptional opportunity to take a bold public health stand on a cosmetic ingredient that has proven harmful in multiple studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/research/what-scientists-say-about-vitamin-sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2011)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then the FDA has set a minimum performance standard for sunscreens that use the term “broad spectrum” to denote that they provide a measure of protection from ultraviolet-A rays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent government scientific study from August 2012 by NTP has demonstrated that &lt;strong&gt;retinyl palmitate speeds photo-carcinogenic effects on test animals&lt;/strong&gt; and concluded that diisopropyl adipate increased incidence of skin tumors in mice, and the addition of either retinoic acid or retinyl palmitate both exacerbated the rate and frequency of tumors&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580/listedreports/tr568/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2012)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr568_508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The study (Photococarcinogenesis Study Of Retinoic Acid And Retinyl Palmitate) was conducted at a federal research center co-hosted by the FDA and NTP, found that mice treated with &lt;strong&gt;small doses of retinyl palmitate and ultraviolet light developed skin tumors faster than untreated&lt;/strong&gt;, light-exposed mice or those treated only with a control cream. There were &lt;strong&gt;more numerous tumors on every animal treated with retinyl palmitate&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the conclusion was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Under the conditions of these studies, the topical treatment of SKH-1 mice with the control cream resulted in earlier onsets of in-life skin lesions and higher incidences and multiplicities of in-life skin lesions, when compared to untreated controls, in the absence and presence of SSL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RMiHv.png&quot; alt=&quot;Retinyl palmitate and light cause animals to develop skin tumors faster - chart - NTP&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;This graphic presents skin tumor onset data for female and male mice exposed to the amount of UV light equivalent to 30 percent of the UV dose that causes sunburn in people. The bottom axis indicates weeks of retinyl palmitate + light treatment. (NTP 2010).&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sunscreen industry and its paid consultants have rejected the NTP findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether RP in sunscreens is carcinogenic is a controversial issue for the cosmetics industry and FDA is reviewing data from several studies since July 2009. Nearly 33 years after it began considering regulation of sunscreen products, the FDA has yet to review or certify the safety of chemicals formulated into sunscreen products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EWG supports FDA’s proposal for further testing to determine the potential phototoxicity and/or photocarcinogenicity of diisopropyl adipate. However, more tests are likely to take some years with detailed toxicity testing with action to remove harmful ingredients from body care products. And until the government takes decisive action, consumers can have no confidence that the regulatory system for sunscreens and cosmetics is screening out suspect ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/research/what-scientists-say-about-vitamin-sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What scientists say about Vitamin A in sunscreen&lt;/a&gt; at EWG&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_health_risks_of_sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potential health risks of sunscreen&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinyl_palmitate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A palmitate)&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen#Potential_risks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunscreen: Potential risks&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/12411/does-sun-screen-cause-cancer&quot;&gt;Does sun screen cause cancer?&lt;/a&gt; at Skeptics SE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/7962/is-there-a-health-risk-from-nanoparticles-in-sunscreens&quot;&gt;Is there a health risk from nanoparticles in sunscreens?&lt;/a&gt; at Skeptics SE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2010: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/link-ingredient-sunscreen-skin-cancer-schumer-article-1.179345&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Possible link between ingredient in sunscreen and skin cancer: Schumer&lt;/a&gt; at NY Daily&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2010 article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.truthinaging.com/review/retinyl-palmitate-sunscreen-and-skin-safety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retinyl palmitate sunscreen and skin safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2011 article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.truthinaging.com/review/new-study-links-retinyl-palmitate-to-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New study links retinyl palmitate to cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T12:57:17.647" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="436" CreationDate="2015-04-09T11:28:36.653" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;GM food topic is controversial and it's subject of protests, vandalism, referenda, legislation, court action and scientific disputes and this involve consumers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations and scientists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main concerns about GM (genetic modified) &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;food&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;crops&lt;/a&gt; is whether they have any negative effects on our health and the environment. And before implementation of these new GM strategies, we should take a full risk assessment which is necessary to understand the possible impacts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transgenesis&lt;/a&gt; of food organisms is likely to grow further and used in the world food supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetic engineering and breeding has aim of building plants that are superior (&quot;superweeds&quot; and &quot;superbugs&quot;) which holds great promise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GM crops (such as corn, soybean, rapeseed and cotton) already been produced a range of GM characters such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resistance to certain viral pathogens (cucumber mosaic virus), insect, pests, diseases (citrus greening disease) or environmental conditions,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduction of spoilage,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. herbicide),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;enhancing yields or improved nutritional value,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;modification of enzymes involved in bioprocessing&lt;sup&gt;2006, 2007&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;altering oil content,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tomato - delayed fruit ripening,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alfalfa - aimed at the reduction of lignin content&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa#Genetically_modified_alfalfa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and many more&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Health concerns&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However some health groups claim that there is potential long-term impact on human health have not been adequately assessed&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phaa.net.au/documents/policy/GMFood.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, however the broad scientific consensus is that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk than conventional food&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919210000254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120150/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general those who create genetically engineered seeds argue the seeds are safe and critics say that FDA has relied on studies the industry paid for in comparison with overseas studies which show increasing signs of concern (e.g. increasing the size of organs in mice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main concerns raised by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BMA&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;) in 2004 are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allergens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Possible effects of GM foods on allergic responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It&#xA;  remains possible that any new food products could elicit new allergies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is evidence that the food matrix can affect the release of other&#xA;  nutrients during digestion and it seems likely that it can also influence the release and digestion of&#xA;  allergens in the digestive tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With regard to sensitisation it is still not known whether other&#xA;  components in the food matrix can have an adjuvant effect on the development of IgE responses in&#xA;  susceptible individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The concerns are that they may contain allergenic substances due to introduction of new genes into crops&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nutritional status&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is possible that GM technology could lead to unpredicted harmful&#xA;  changes in the nutritional status of foods&lt;sup&gt;MRC 2000&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GM foods could conceivably have different effects on those of poor nutritional status and/or those belonging to ‘vulnerable groups’ (notably the foetus, infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and those with chronic disease) when compared with healthy individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Genetic transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fate of GM plant DNA in the digestive system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While gene transfer has been observed in the gastrointestinal tract of some mammals &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08910609109140149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1991&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8111532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1993&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and birds &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC91691/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; there is still great uncertainty as to the extent and the consequences of this transfer &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17523530.400-does-it-matter-if-genes-can-jump-from-gm-food-to-bugs-in-human-gut.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Potential effects on human health resulting from the use of viral DNA in plants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plant viral DNA sequences are commonly used in the construction of the genes inserted into GM plants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The concern is that genetic engineering often involves the use of antibiotic-resistance genes as &quot;selectable markers&quot; and this could lead to production of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains that are resistant to available antibiotics. This would create a serious public health problem.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Environmental impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent UK Farm Scale Evaluations of GM herbicide-tolerant&#xA;  crops (GMHT)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693271/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; indicate that if GMHT beet and spring oilseed rape were introduced and managed as they were in the trial, a significant reduction would be expected in weed biomass and weed seed return. This would result in fewer nectar resources for pollinators and fewer weed seed resources for granivorous birds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Canadian farmers found that their fields filled with stray GM crop plants known as ‘volunteers’. These were resistant, not only to the substance against which the main crop was engineered, but to the other two herbicides used as well.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.economist.com/node/975762&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The potential impact of GM crops on the environment and biological diversity is the issue that has given rise to most concern and it remains in doubt&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tna.europarchive.org/20120605160537/http://www.food.gov.uk/gmdebate/?view=GM%20Microsite&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Experimental design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research into the possible health effects of GM foods in this country has been limited to date by the lack of firm hypotheses regarding such effects, difficulties of defining individual consumption, and the generally low levels of consumption of GM foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other groups such as Greenpeace and WWF have concerns that risks of GM food have not been adequately identified and managed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One cellular biologist, David Williams, says that anyone in this field knows that genome is not a static environment and can be transformed by several different means, and it can happen generations later which can result in potentially toxic plants slipping through testing&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-genetically-modified-food/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;D. Williams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other studies indicated that there may be specific health risks associated with consumption of GM foods, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16119037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The 2005 study by Allergy Asthma Proc.&lt;/a&gt; toward assessing the allergenic potential of GMO food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The skin test results of 49 patients showed 13 positive results to wild soybeans and 8 positive results to GMO soybeans. One patient had a positive skin test result to GMO soybeans only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gmopundit.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/full-report-of-austrian-study-on-gm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The 2008 study of biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The RACB trial showed time related negative reproductive effects of the GM maize under the given experimental conditions. The outcome of this study suggests that future studies on the safety of GM feed and food should include reproduction studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Study in 2007 &amp;amp; 2009 found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MON_810&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MON810’s transgene structure in GM maize&lt;/a&gt; used around the world caused liver, kidney, and heart damage in rats, however EFSA reviewed and concluded that the differences observed were within a normal range for control rats and deemed the statistical methods used inappropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other concerns&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People questioning this new technology and activists around the world demonstrate to express their concerns while food industries trying to push this technology forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are common claims from opponents that consumption of GM can cause cancer or birth defects, however there currently is no evidence to support this claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required over 60 countries&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/2014/04/27/gmo-labeling-came-pass-vermont/8166519/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, the US does not require this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on above, many unanswered questions remain, especially with potential long-term impact of GM foods on animal and human health and the environment and it currently. The GM foods are very complex and currently there is a lack of evidence-based research with regard to medium/long-effects on health and it remains as a matter of great public concern. Further research is required on how best to carry the experiments (modern profiling techniques and define the 'normal' compositions of conventional plants), risk assessments and surveillance studies with respect to GM crops and foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Royal Society in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/publications/2002/9960.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2002 report&lt;/a&gt; saying there is at present no evidence that GM foods cause allergic reactions, use of&#xA;specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible and conclude that consumption poses no significant risk to human health, and that ingestion of GM DNA has no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003 by J Toxicol Environ Health&lt;/a&gt; summarise it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The review of available literature indicates that the genetically modified crops available in the market that are intended for human consumption are generally safe; their consumption is not associated with serious health problems. However, because of potential for exposure of a large segment of human population to genetically modified foods, more research is needed to ensure that the genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently the broad scientific consensus states that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919210000254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546547&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further readings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genetically modified food&lt;/a&gt; (GM food)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genetically modified crops&lt;/a&gt; (GMOs, biotech crops, transgenic plants)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genetically modified organism&lt;/a&gt; (GMO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genetically modified food controversies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genetic engineering&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transgenesis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cisgenesis&lt;/a&gt;, Subgenic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding#Genetic_modification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Plant breeding: Genetic modification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Detection of genetically modified organisms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetically_modified_organisms_in_agriculture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM organisms in agriculture&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM soybean&lt;/a&gt; (controversies: safety),&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM tomato&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM wheat&lt;/a&gt; (controversies: safety, ecological, intellectual property law, contamination of the non-GM, etc.),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM rice&lt;/a&gt; (controversies: safety, should be labeled, intellectual property, contamination of the non-GM, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa#Genetically_modified_alfalfa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM alfalfa&lt;/a&gt; (and legal issues in the UK),&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Growers can spray fields of Roundup Ready alfalfa with the glyphosate herbicide and kill the weeds without harming the alfalfa crop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AquAdvantage_salmon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AquAdvantage salmon&lt;/a&gt; (trade name for GM Atlantic salmon)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerns: survival, rate of growth, smoltification, allergenicity, muscle fibers, lack of fertilization, swimming capabilities, decreased sperm velocity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM canola&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM maize&lt;/a&gt; (Effects on nontarget insects, Gene flow, corn recalls)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-genetically-modified-food/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Truth about Genetically Modified Food&lt;/a&gt; at Scientific American&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innerself.com/Health/frankenfood.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Are You Eating Frankenfood?&lt;/a&gt; article by Martin Teitel, Ph.D.&#xA;and Kimberly A. Wilson&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results coming in from the first objective tests are not encouraging. Scientists issue cautionary statements almost weekly, ranging from problems with monarch butterflies dying from genetically modified corn pollen to the danger of violent allergic reactions to genes introduced into soy products, as well as experiments showing a variety of actual and suspected health problems for cows fed genetically engineered hormones and the humans who drink their milk. And this doesn't even consider slow-acting problems that might not show up for years or decades. Who decided this was an acceptable risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T13:18:24.180" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T13:18:24.180" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="445" CreationDate="2015-04-09T12:35:37.180" Score="14" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than the condom, are there any other methods of preventing contracting STIs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, do any of these also provide an effective form of contraception?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastEditorUserId="163" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T20:57:29.457" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T21:53:11.400" Title="What forms of prevention of STIs are there?" Tags="&lt;sti&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="416" CreationDate="2015-04-09T13:50:54.037" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Passive (or secondhand) smoking&lt;/a&gt; can increase your risk of cancer and other health problems. Inhaled smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is harmful and may cause a wide range of adverse health effects, particularly harmful for children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children who breathe in secondhand smoke have an increased risk of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cot death (sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS) – this is twice as likely in babies whose mothers smoke&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sudden-infant-death-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lung infections&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10333302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12818898&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586058&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060193&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/factsheets/prevention/pdf/smoking.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;developing asthma – smoking can also trigger asthma attacks in children who already have the condition&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allergies,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crohn's disease&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206676&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;serious respiratory (breathing) conditions such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchitis/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bronchitis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Pneumonia/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pneumonia&lt;/a&gt; – younger children are also much more likely to be admitted to hospital for a serious respiratory infection,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meningitis&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cough/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coughs&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cold-common/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;colds&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Otitis-media/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a middle ear infection&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;otitis media&lt;/a&gt;), which can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hearing-impairment/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hearing loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18484936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;learning difficulties, developmental delays, and neurobehavioral effects&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8619139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1996&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20090327101820/http://www.iceh.org/pdfs/LDDI/LDDIStatement.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an increase in tooth decay&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/2289.aspx?categoryid=53&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is passive smoking harmful?&lt;/a&gt; at NHS and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For adults this includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cancer,&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lung cancer,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breast cancer,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;brain tumor,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;risk of ear infections,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cardiovascular disease:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;risk of heart disease,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduced heart rate variability,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;higher heart rate,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased risk of atherosclerosis&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19302752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;respiratory disease such as lung problems and risk of asthma,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cognitive impairment and dementia,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;during pregnancy can cause:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low birth weight,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;premature birth,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;damage to children's carotid arteries at birth and at age 5&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and low birth weight&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;skin disorders (such as Atopic dermatitis)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062947/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;worsening of asthma, allergies, and other conditions&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased risk of death&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1984876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1991&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1638735&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1992&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2003, IARC and WHO reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer and concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies confirmed these findings, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267733&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from 2007&lt;/a&gt; by American Journal of Public Health which claim&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A strong relationship was observed between lung cancer and duration of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The findings provide the strongest evidence to date that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace is associated with &lt;strong&gt;an increased risk of lung cancer&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vVC2m.png&quot; alt=&quot;Risks from Smoking&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Risks_form_smoking-smoking_can_damage_every_part_of_the_body.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Passive smoking: Effects&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/364/smoking-during-pregnancy&quot;&gt;Health effects of smoking during pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T14:34:22.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="364" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:20:35.907" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smoking during pregnancy is related to many effects on health and it increases the risk in children as well. Even if the mother doesn't smoke, the risk increases significantly with higher amount of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;passive/secondhand smoking&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These health risks include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;on ongoing pregnancy:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_rupture_of_membranes#Risk_factors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;premature rupture of membranes&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placental abruption&lt;/a&gt; (the fetus can be put in distress, and can even die),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_praevia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placenta previa&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;premature birth (~1%),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;implications for the umbilical cord (can result in heavy bleeding during delivery that can endanger mother and baby, although cesarean delivery can prevent most deaths),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;effects on the child after birth:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low birth weight,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sudden-infant-death-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;future obesity&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20100728080358/http://www.montrealgazette.com/health/Teen+obesity+linked+birth+tobacco+exposure+Study/2956850/story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;future smoking habits,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;damage to children's carotid arteries at birth and at age 5&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lung infections&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_praevia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22201150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060193&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and low birth weight&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;babies are exposed to the harmful effects of nicotine through breast milk, however benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766521&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other birth defects such as reduced birth circumference, altered brainstem development, altered lung structure, and cerebral palsy, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quitting smoking at any point during pregnancy is more beneficial than continuing to smoke, especially if it's within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ZL1xl.png&quot; alt=&quot;Risks from Smoking&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Risks_form_smoking-smoking_can_damage_every_part_of_the_body.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Smoking and pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/114&quot;&gt;Effects on children who breathe in secondhand smoke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health effects of tobacco&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2023.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why should I stop smoking if I’m pregnant?&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T15:07:56.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="442" CreationDate="2015-04-09T14:44:25.430" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC lists two:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/brief.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;complete abstinence, and being in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sexual intercourse naturally introduces microtears (small tears in the the epithelial layer) through which diseases can transfer between partners.  One might think that additional lubrication would help with this, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.catie.ca/en/pif/spring-2011/research-update-are-lubes-safe-anal-sex&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the jury is most definitely out on that.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's pretty safe to say that if there was another clinically verified way of preventing STDs, the CDC would have put it on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/prevention/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt;.  (For example, they note that there are specific things you can be vaccinated against, namely hepatitis B and HPV.)  It strains credulity to think that there is a mechanism available that the CDC just forgot to mention there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said all of that, I'll just mention the fact that there are a variety of types of condoms.  If you are in a situation where you need to use them (e.g. non abstinent and not in a long term monogamous relationship), you might be able to find a brand or type that works better for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:  A comment has pointed out that a cervical barrier method can reduce the risk of transmission of certain types of STIs.  Since that does not show up on the CDC list I mentioned, I feel that it's worth bringing up.  By no means is that a &quot;safe substitute&quot; for a condom (and I don't think anyone is implying that it is).  However, as a risk &lt;em&gt;reducer&lt;/em&gt;, it should be added to the list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastEditorUserId="53" LastEditDate="2015-04-09T21:53:11.400" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T21:53:11.400" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="360" CreationDate="2015-04-09T15:10:22.707" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;High levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy can be harmful which can develop physical and mental defects in a fetus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you drink, alcohol passes from your blood through &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;placenta&lt;/a&gt; to a baby and can stunt fetal growth, facial deformities, damage neurons and brain structures which can result in intellectual disability and also cause other physical damage. A baby's liver is one of the last organs to develop fully and doesn't mature until the latter stages of pregnancy, so cannot process alcohol. So if you drink at any time during your pregnancy, the alcohol can affect your baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the effects attributed to alcohol are still more common in heavier drinkers, they seem to happen at much lower drinking levels than seen in those with FAS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most severe of the alcohol-related conditions (due to heavy drinking) is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)&lt;/a&gt;. It causes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Problems with physical and emotional development.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperactivity and poor attention span.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor short-term memory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baby with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_of_baby_with_FAS.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PHRPim.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Baby with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fasstar.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki / Teresa Kellerman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Children with FAS have distinct facial features including: small and narrow eyes, a small head, a smooth area between the nose and the lips and a thin upper lip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also show the following symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hearing and ear problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth, teeth and facial problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weak immune system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epilepsy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liver damage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kidney and heart defects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cerebral palsy and other muscular problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Height and weight issues.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hormonal disorders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/fertility-and-pregnancy/foetal-alcohol-syndrome-(fas)/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drinkaware&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FASD&lt;/a&gt; (Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders) is the umbrella term used to describe the conditions that occur in people who have been diagnosed with some, but not all, of the symptoms of FAS. It is more difficult for a specialist to diagnose FASD than it is FAS, because children with FASD may not have facial deformities. However the following symptoms can show up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Learning difficulties.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Problems with language.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lack of appropriate social boundaries (such as over friendliness with strangers).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor short term memory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inability to grasp instructions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Failure to learn from the consequences of their actions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Egocentricity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixing reality and fiction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty with group social interaction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor problem solving and planning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperactivity and poor attention.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor coordination.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UK's Department of Health recommends that if you're pregnant you should avoid alcohol altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which advises healthcare professionals (GPs and nurses), advice pregnant women to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not to drink alcohol in the first three months of pregnancy, because there may be an increased risk of miscarriage,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if they choose to drink alcohol while they are pregnant, they should drink no more than one or two units of alcohol, once or twice a week as there is uncertainty about how much alcohol is safe to drink in pregnancy, but if a low level is consumed there is no evidence of harm to an unborn baby,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if women want to avoid all possible alcohol-related risks, they should not drink alcohol during pregnancy, as the evidence on this is limited.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2270.aspx?CategoryID=54&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can I drink alcohol if I’m pregnant?&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/958.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is it safe to drink alcohol while breastfeeding?&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/alcohol-medicines-drugs-pregnant.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol in pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/fertility-and-pregnancy/foetal-alcohol-syndrome-(fas)/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)&lt;/a&gt; at Drinkaware&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fetal alcohol syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (FAS) at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder&lt;/a&gt; (FASD) at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol misuse&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/alcohol-medicines-drugs-pregnant.aspx#close&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol and drugs during pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-09T15:10:22.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="355" CreationDate="2015-04-09T16:07:50.137" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking under-age increases alcohol risks in later life. Research shows the brain keeps developing well into the twenties, during which time it continues to establish important communication connections and further refines its function and studies show that young people who drink heavily may put themselves at risk for a range of potential health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extreme alcohol consumption can cause memory loss, loss of coordination and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/alcohol-poisoning/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;alcohol poisoning&lt;/a&gt;, in some cases can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health risks associated with drinking include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;brain effects,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol interferes with communication between nerve cells and all other cells limiting the ability to think clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First alcohol affects the forebrain responsible for motor coordination and decision making. Secondly it knocks out the midbrain, so you lose control over emotions and you've more chances of black outs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jmq6qm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;How alcohol attacks the brain&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://immortalalcoholic.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/rileys-brain-damage.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Immortal Alcoholic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research has shown that animals fed alcohol during this critical developmental stage continue to show long-lasting impairment from alcohol as they age&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638993&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Subtle changes in the brain may be difficult to detect but still have a significant impact on long-term thinking and memory skills.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA67/AA67.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;liver effects,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time you drink, your liver has to filter it out of your blood and a lot of alcohol over a short period of time (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BAC&lt;/a&gt;) won't give enough time for the body to process it all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition persons below the age of 25 and women may process alcohol more slowly&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content#Metabolism_and_excretion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Elevated liver enzymes, indicating some degree of liver damage, have been found in some adolescents who drink alcohol&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584156&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Young drinkers who are overweight or obese showed elevated liver enzymes even with only moderate levels of drinking&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839867&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2000&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;growth and endocrine effects,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consuming alcohol largely affects the body's endocrine system resulting in changes of various hormone levels which can disrupt a normal growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drinking alcohol during puberty period of rapid growth and development may upset the critical hormonal balance necessary for normal development of organs, muscles, and bones. Studies in animals also show that consuming alcohol during puberty adversely affects the maturation of the reproductive system&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910704&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol and cortisol&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA67/AA67.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Underage Drinking at NIAAA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T12:39:24.440" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T12:39:24.440" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="425" CreationDate="2015-04-10T00:13:21.127" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fused leaflets?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The condition you’re referring to is known as Congenital &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/disorders/valve/bicuspid_aortic_valve_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bicuspid aortic valve&lt;/a&gt; (BAV). It is the most common congenital heart valve abnormality, present in 1-2% of live births. Normally there are three leaflets (a.k.a. cusps) comprising the aortic valve. BAV refers to the situation when there are only two cusps, a hemodynamically less favorable scenario. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although generally benign in itself, BAV has been associated with an increased risk of several serious complications. In particular, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aortic stenosis&lt;/a&gt;, a condition in which the blood flow exiting the heart is limited by a narrowed valve, is more common in individuals with BAV and often occurs at a younger age. Aortic stenosis in BAV patients is also frequently accompanied by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aortic insufficiency&lt;/a&gt;, back flow through the valve. Both properties reflect the anatomic descriptor you give: &lt;strong&gt;ugly&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is BAV hereditary?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Yes. This can be demonstrated by looking at familial clustering of the condition. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In one study&lt;/a&gt;, the researchers started with thirty patients diagnosed by echocardiography with congenital BAV.* All first-degree relatives were contacted, and 90% of them agreed to undergo echocardiography. Of those, 9% were found to have BAV. This is significantly higher than the baseline population risk (~1%). The distribution was compatible with an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002049.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;autosomal dominant&lt;/a&gt; inheritance pattern with incomplete &lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=penetrance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;penetrance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15234422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A more recent study&lt;/a&gt; used fancy math to determine the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;heritability&lt;/a&gt; of BAV.** They found that 89% of the risk for BAV is due to heritable factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*This paper is available in full for free and provides a nice review of the background (summarized here) as well as the findings I presented: &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Huntington K, Hunter AG, Chan KL. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A prospective study to assess the frequency of familial clustering of congenital bicuspid aortic valve.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Dec;30(7):1809-12.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;**Cripe L, Andelfinger G, Martin LJ, Shooner K, Benson DW. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15234422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bicuspid aortic valve is heritable.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jul 7;44(1):138-43.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T17:36:54.353" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T17:36:54.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="365" CreationDate="2015-04-10T00:31:48.190" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to offer a different perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DaveL's answer is helpful if&lt;/strong&gt; you absolutely have to carry on being a &quot;productive&quot; person and attend critical events for your career or life in general, all those recommendations DaveL offered will &lt;em&gt;reduce&lt;/em&gt; the amount of people you'll infect, but chances are &lt;em&gt;you'll infect people anyway&lt;/em&gt; because many diseases are infectious since before you show symptoms and you don't need to sneeze to spread it, talking can spread some viruses too, (e.g. the seasonal influenza is contagious since before you even know you are infected&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/spread.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽¹⁾&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] flu viruses are spread mainly by droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze &lt;strong&gt;or talk&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  [...] Most healthy adults may be able to infect other people beginning &lt;strong&gt;1 day before symptoms develop&lt;/strong&gt; and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Children may pass the virus for longer than 7 days. Symptoms start 1 to 4 days after the virus enters the body. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick. &lt;strong&gt;Some people can be infected with the flu virus but have no symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;. During this time, those persons may still spread the virus to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;social aspect&lt;/strong&gt; is why people are &lt;em&gt;thanking you for even asking&lt;/em&gt;. So from a social perspective, DaveL's recommendations are also helpful if you want others to &lt;em&gt;perceive&lt;/em&gt; you're &lt;em&gt;trying&lt;/em&gt; not to get them infected, but in reality some people will know you should have stayed home because many people around you &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; get infected&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/spread.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽¹⁾&lt;/a&gt; (but most importantly, you should stay home to get better).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People with flu can spread it to others up to about 6 feet away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;First of all, you need the assistance of a professional to get properly diagnosed.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to know why you have this &quot;common cold&quot; symptoms, so your treatment is adequate for just having a common cold or something a bit more serious or a lot more dangerous, many illnesses display symptoms of the common cold (e.g. the flu, but the list is big).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/flu-cold-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽²⁾&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several hundred different viruses may cause your cold symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mean time and while you get properly diagnosed, IMHO any disease that has the potential to be airborne infectious can be somewhat mitigated and contained following the procedures, precautions and advice given by CDC to contain and deal with the flu. So I will elaborate on that particular case (again, I can't stress this enough, &lt;strong&gt;ask for professional advice&lt;/strong&gt;, this answer should only broaden your general sense of how to avoid contagion for you and for others to some degree).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Stay home if sick, or get vaccinated every season before you get sick (flu only).&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People will appreciate that you stood home &lt;strong&gt;better&lt;/strong&gt; than sneezing or coughing &quot;with the inner part of your arm&quot; (which by the way is more ritual than safe practice, it is better to fully cover your mouth and nose&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/covercough.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽³⁾&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are the type of person who can't afford to stay home if you catch the flu, then &lt;strong&gt;the more reason&lt;/strong&gt; you should get vaccinated every season&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽⁴⁾&lt;/a&gt; (Getting vaccinated won't protect you against anything and everything but it will protect you from a broad range of flu type viruses).  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;1. About Staying home.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/stopgerms.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽⁵⁾&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't &lt;strong&gt;&quot;have to&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; attend anything that's not critical, attend your health and well being, that is critical. Staying home will dramatically reduce the amount of possible subjects to be infected, in this case your family, so stay home and follow all hygienic recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ventilate your house and specially your room, if you have a window to&#xA;the street, open that (unless it is raining outside).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change your sheets and blankets as regular as possible (every 2-3&#xA;days until 5 days after you recovered, 7 days for children). Do it&#xA;when you're alone and everyone else went to work/school. If you have&#xA;both washing and drying machines, great, if not, at least take them&#xA;out to the sun, &lt;em&gt;do not&lt;/em&gt; keep infected used blankets inside your&#xA;home.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;2. About Getting Vaccinated.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽⁶⁾&lt;/a&gt; (flu only)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best prevention is not to get sick at all.&#xA;If you're not sick then you're not contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The single best way to prevent the flu is to get a flu vaccine each season. The seasonal flu vaccine protects against the influenza viruses that research indicates will be most common during the upcoming season. There are several flu vaccine options for the 2014-2015 flu season.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Some additional info.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virus that are so commonly transmitted like the flu are not going away anytime soon. Unless all potential hots/carriers get vaccinated at the same time repeatedly season after season until all types (A, B &amp;amp; C types)&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽⁷⁾&lt;/a&gt; of influenza viruses die with no viable hosts to replicate and evolve on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those viable hosts include more than 7 billion human beings and who knows how many animals that can carry along the virus and help it keep evolving&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/transmission.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;⁽⁸⁾&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/prX5d.png&quot; alt=&quot;a graphic table depicting the kind of animals affected by different strands of influenza; which include humans, poultry, pigs, and to less degree other animals including bats &quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;And most importantly, consult your GP.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Reference index.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/spread.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How Flu Spreads&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;2. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/flu-cold-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flu or Cold Symptoms?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;3. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/covercough.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cover Your Cough&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;4. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing Seasonal Flu With Vaccination&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;5. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/stopgerms.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stopping the Spread of Germs at Home, Work &amp;amp; School&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;6. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;7. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Types of Influenza Viruses&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;8. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/transmission.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transmission of Influenza Viruses from Animals to People&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="174" LastEditorUserId="174" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T20:14:50.263" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T20:14:50.263" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-10T02:24:40.530" Score="9" ViewCount="505" Body="&lt;p&gt;In hospitals, they encourage (and sometimes require) visitors to disinfect their hands. Public bathrooms provide disinfection next to the soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After going to the toilet, should visitors &lt;strong&gt;wash and then disinfect&lt;/strong&gt;, or &lt;strong&gt;disinfect and then wash&lt;/strong&gt; their hands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="181" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T04:23:21.620" Title="In which order to disinfect/wash your hands after going to the toilet in a hospital?" Tags="&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="450" CreationDate="2015-04-10T03:49:47.607" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you must use both to maximally remove infectious organisms from the hands, it's best to wash hands with soap and water, dry, then apply hand sanitizer and allow to air-dry on the skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because dirt, food, oils, etc. on your hands can make the sanitizers less effective. If you first wash your hands to remove barriers to their effectiveness, the sanitizer will be more useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a non-hospital setting, though, it's unnecessary to wash with soap and water &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; use a hand sanitizer. For the most part, proper hand washing is as good or better than using hand sanitizers at removing bacteria and viruses from your hands.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research has shown that hand sanitizers can be as effective as hand washing only in certain situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major problem is that many people don't take the time to thoroughly wash their hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasons to use both include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;coming in close physical contact with persons at high risk for infection (such as newborns, the very old, the ill, or the immunosuppressed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;having direct physical contact with someone with an upper respiratory infection, skin infection or diarrhea,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;working in settings where infectious diseases are commonly transmitted, such as food preparation, and/or crowded living areas (child-care centers, preschools, prisons, or chronic-care residences), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;when you're uncertain if the water you're using to wash your hands is drinking-water clean (e.g. after a flood or when you have a &quot;boil water&quot; advisory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;How to wash hands properly: 1. Wet hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap. 2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. &lt;strong&gt;Be sure to lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.&lt;/strong&gt; 3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the &quot;Happy Birthday&quot; song from beginning to end twice. 4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water. 5. If you're using a tap, turn water off with a paper towel. 6. Dry your hands using a clean (new) towel or air dry them.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy732&quot;&gt;1 Hand Hygiene and Hand Sanitizers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/&quot;&gt;Wash Your Hands - CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-10T04:23:21.620" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T04:23:21.620" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5048" CreationDate="2015-04-10T06:31:28.087" Score="24" ViewCount="4907" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that once a person catches a cold, his whole immune system becomes weak and is affected. In what way does having a cold influence the immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it does weaken it, how can one keep the immune system strong while the person is infected with a cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:25:54.523" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T04:02:25.277" Title="Effect of the common cold on the immune system" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="436" CreationDate="2015-04-10T08:10:17.040" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/&quot;&gt;The WHO considers the genetically modified food currently on the market to be safe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8. Are GM foods safe?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different&#xA;  ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be&#xA;  assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make&#xA;  general statements on the safety of all GM foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GM foods currently available on the international market have passed&#xA;  safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human&#xA;  health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a&#xA;  result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in&#xA;  the countries where they have been approved. Continuous application of&#xA;  safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and,&#xA;  where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the&#xA;  basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/Biotechnology/ucm346030.htm&quot;&gt;The FDA also considers them safe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Are foods from genetically engineered plants safe?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Foods from genetically engineered plants must meet the same&#xA;  requirements, including safety requirements, as foods from&#xA;  traditionally bred plants. FDA has a consultation process that&#xA;  encourages developers of genetically engineered plants to consult with&#xA;  FDA before marketing their products. This process helps developers&#xA;  determine the necessary steps to ensure their food products are safe&#xA;  and lawful. The goal of the consultation process is to ensure that any&#xA;  safety or other regulatory issues related to a food product are&#xA;  resolved before commercial distribution. Foods from genetically&#xA;  engineered plants intended to be grown in the United States that have&#xA;  been evaluated by FDA through the consultation process have not gone&#xA;  on the market until the FDA’s questions about the safety of such&#xA;  products have been resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8. Are foods from genetically engineered plants more likely to (1) cause an allergic reaction or (2) be toxic?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The foods we have evaluated through the consultation process have not&#xA;  been more likely to cause an allergic or toxic reaction than foods&#xA;  from traditionally bred plants. When new genetic traits are introduced&#xA;  into plants, the developer evaluates whether any new material could be&#xA;  (1) allergenic or (2) toxic if consumed in foods made from the&#xA;  genetically engineered plants or from ingredients derived from these&#xA;  plants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10. Are there long-term health effects of foods from genetically engineered plants?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When evaluating the safety of food from genetically engineered plants,&#xA;  scientists with experience in assessing the long-term safety of food&#xA;  and food ingredients consider several factors, such as information&#xA;  about the long-term safety of the food from traditionally bred crops&#xA;  in combination with information on the food safety of the newly&#xA;  introduced traits. Foods from genetically engineered plants that have&#xA;  been evaluated by FDA through the consultation process have not gone&#xA;  on the market until the FDA’s questions about the safety of such&#xA;  products have been resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf&quot;&gt;The AAAS also declared that eating Genetically modified food is safe&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the&#xA;  U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and&#xA;  every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has&#xA;  come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients&#xA;  derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods&#xA;  containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant&#xA;  improvement techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a broad scientific consensus that the genetically modified crops on the market are safe. There is also quite rigorous testing of any new GM crop before they are approved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are real concerns like allergies, as genetically modified organisms typically add a protein that wasn't present before in those organisms. Any protein can potentially be allergenic, because of this the allergenicity is tested before the modified crop is approved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few studies that showed negative effects of GMOs on rats, but most of them were from a single research group lead by Gilles-Éric Séralini and have been widely criticized (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ralini_affair&quot;&gt;summary of the Séralini results and the criticism on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-seralini-gmo-study-retraction-and-response-to-critics/&quot;&gt;Blog post on Science Based Medicine&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/elsevier-announces-article-retraction-from-journal-food-and-chemical-toxicology&quot;&gt;The 2012 study from Séralini was also retracted by the publisher&lt;/a&gt; and they stated that no conclusions could be reached from the experiments, mostly because the sample size was too small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a vast consensus among scientists and regulatory agencies that genetically modified food is safe.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10" LastEditorDisplayName="user10" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T10:36:33.120" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T10:36:33.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-10T14:32:08.917" Score="8" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have 2 English phrases A and B. How to know whether phrase A causes less stress on my vocal cords than phrase B? A and B are short phrases, ranging from 1 to 4 words. I use them as voice commands in my speech recognition system, which I continuously use throughout the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;code&gt;touch&lt;/code&gt; vs. &lt;code&gt;click&lt;/code&gt;: I have been told that &lt;code&gt;touch&lt;/code&gt; put less stress on my vocal cords than &lt;code&gt;click&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T23:00:12.717" Title="How to know whether phrase A causes less stress on my vocal cords than phrase B?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;voice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="467" CreationDate="2015-04-10T16:07:40.760" Score="8" ViewCount="456" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifedipine&quot;&gt;Nifedipine&lt;/a&gt; usually is used against high blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also nifedipine cream is used for treatment of anal fissures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the topical cream applied anally also cause hypotension? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T17:17:32.253" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T17:17:32.253" Title="Topical nifedipine cream and hypotension" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="477" CreationDate="2015-04-10T16:19:31.857" Score="46" ViewCount="1938" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are people who avoid preparing their food in microwave ovens for various health-related reasons. The claims most often stated are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microwave radiation is harmful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microwaving destroys vitamins and other nutrients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence to suggest that microwaved food is less healthy compared to food prepared in more conventional ways?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="113" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T15:19:31.520" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T16:56:20.140" Title="Is food prepared in a microwave oven less healthy?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;&lt;microwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="487" CreationDate="2015-04-10T16:37:38.870" Score="11" ViewCount="2557" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hurt the base of my right thumb about a year ago. The immediate area swelled up, so I saw a doctor soon after who diagnosed it as gamekeeper's thumb. I wore a splint for a two weeks and everything was great after taking it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I recently aggravated it again. It isn't painful most of the time, but sometimes clicks when flexing the entire range of motion (the same way as it did originally after the injury).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the best thing I can do now to re-heal (hopefully better) the injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastEditorUserId="25" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T11:46:27.627" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T14:47:25.553" Title="Gamekeeper's thumb - long term healing" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="417" CreationDate="2015-04-10T17:01:34.667" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, a person first becomes contagious two to three days before their symptoms begin, and they remain contagious until all their symptoms have gone. So most people will be contagious for around two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and fever which usually resolve in seven to ten days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks as the body fights off the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colds in younger children can last up to two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should see your GP if your symptoms persist for more than three weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most colds get better on their own without treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cold-common/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cold, common&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cold-common/Pages/Commoncoldinchildren.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common cold in children&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common cold&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/452/114&quot;&gt;Effect of the common cold on the immune system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/365/114&quot;&gt;How can I prevent a cold from spreading to the people around me?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-10T17:30:30.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="456" CreationDate="2015-04-10T18:30:55.013" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heat in a microwave oven is generated by the rotation of water molecules by bombarding them with electromagnetic radiation in the microwave spectrum (non-ionizing electromagnetic waves between common radio waves and infrared frequencies) causing polarized molecules in the food to rotate or collide and subsequently thermal energy is built up (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_heating&quot;&gt;dielectric heating&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Heat-sensitive vitamins and nutrients&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One 1998 study shown that microwaving food can lead to faster breakdown of vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10554220&quot;&gt;1998&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. This is because microwaved food can get locally hotter than the boiling point of water (100°C/212°F).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17979232&quot;&gt;study from 2007 by J. Agric. Food Chem.&lt;/a&gt; show a general decrease in the levels of all the studied compounds except for mineral nutrients which were stable under all cooking conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitamin C showed the greatest losses mainly because of degradation and leaching, whereas losses for phenolic compounds and glucosinolates were mainly due to leaching into water. In general, the longest microwave cooking time and the higher volume of cooking water should be avoided to minimize losses of nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that the most heat-sensitive nutrients such as folic acid, vitamins B and C (mainly water-soluble vitamins)are the most affected when microwaving food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Broccoli&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study published in The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture in 2003 found that microwave cooking destroyed more flavonoids than other methods. When steamed or cooked without water, the broccoli retained most of its nutrients and antioxidants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loss of flavonoids in Broccoli Study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microwaved: 97%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boiled :66%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pressure Cooked: 47%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Dr Cristina García-Viguera, leader of the study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During microwave heating they leach into the cooking water, removing their nutritional benefits from the foodstuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However other studies didn't show a high loss of nutrients with microwave cooking, in fact two studies indicate that microwave cooking helps retain flavonoids better than other methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art52758.asp&quot;&gt;Healthy Microwave Cooking of Vegetables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Tomatoes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loss of flavonoids from Tomatoes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microwaved 65%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boiled 82%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art52758.asp&quot;&gt;Healthy Microwave Cooking of Vegetables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Potatoes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loss of flavonoids from Potatoes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microwaved 45%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boiled 60%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Baked 100%&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art52758.asp&quot;&gt;Healthy Microwave Cooking of Vegetables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To minimize phenolic losses in potatoes, microwaving should be done at 500W&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0023643808000509&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Spinach&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study at Cornell University showed that spinach retains nearly all its folate when cooked in a microwave&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html&quot;&gt;NYT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bacon&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study at Cornell University found that bacon cooked by microwave has significantly lower levels of cancer-causing nitrosamines than conventionally cooked bacon&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html&quot;&gt;NYT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Acrylamide health risks&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acrylamide is considered a potential occupational carcinogen by U.S. government agencies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylamide&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and it can be found in starchy foods, such as potato chips/crisps, French fries and bread that had been heated higher than 120°C (248°F)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12166997&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Acrylamide levels appear to rise as food is heated for longer periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike frying and baking, based on FDA studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/ChemicalContaminants/ucm151000.htm&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, microwaving whole potatoes with skin on to make “microwaved baked potatoes” does not produce acrylamide, although unlike deep-frying, it has limited effectiveness in reducing glycoalkaloid (i.e. solanine) levels&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/picoline_508.pdf&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However acrylamide can been found in other microwaved products such as popcorn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Foodborne illness&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating leftover food, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the safe temperature is not reached, resulting in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness&quot;&gt;foodborne illness&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Radiation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing (in comparison to X-rays and high-energy particles which are associated with the cancer risks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term studies to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity microwave radiation (2.45GHz) even with chronic exposure levels&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9806599&quot;&gt;1998&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9453703&quot;&gt;1998&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with the oven door open, the radiation may cause damage by heating, although the modern design of microwave ovens is equipped with safety switches that turn off the radiation when the door is open and ovens are sufficiently insulated to allow only &quot;minimal leakage&quot; when the oven is working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any form of cooking will destroy vitamins and other nutrients in food, but it depends how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked and at what temperature&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However comparative cooking method studies generally find that, if properly used, microwave cooking does not affect the nutrient content of foods to a larger extent than conventional heating&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/00346659510088654&quot;&gt;1995&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven#Effects_on_food_and_nutrients&quot;&gt;Microwave: Effects on food and nutrients&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/files/microwave_ra_e.pdf&quot;&gt;Microwave cooking and food safety&lt;/a&gt; at CFS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T16:02:53.443" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T16:02:53.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="461" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="465" CreationDate="2015-04-10T21:26:02.123" Score="18" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was younger, I was told not to have too much sugar (candy, soda, ice cream - anything sweet really) because I would get too hyper and I wouldn't be able to sleep at night. I never really felt very affected by sugar, but I have seen people that I do think get affected by sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does sugar cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003256.htm&quot;&gt;hyperactivity&lt;/a&gt; in children? If so, how much is too much?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T23:41:37.363" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T23:41:37.363" Title="Does sugar cause children to become hyperactive?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;hyperactivity-hyperactive&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="495" CreationDate="2015-04-10T23:09:58.007" Score="66" ViewCount="5511" Body="&lt;p&gt;The received wisdom seems to be that bending forward for prolonged periods of time is bad for the back.  Fine.  However, the &quot;received wisdom&quot; has been, for a long time now, that sitting bolt upright is the best posture for the back.  However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6187080.stm&quot;&gt;a study&lt;/a&gt; actually concluded that much more of a reclined posture was actually better for the back:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oTrmy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Back posture image&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the scientific consensus on this, or is it still under debate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:24:34.183" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T07:11:51.853" Title="What's the best long-term sitting posture?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="22" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="461" CreationDate="2015-04-11T15:20:26.707" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a hot topic, and I don’t think there is a firm consensus in the child psychiatry world about the answer. I think a good summary of the literature would leave you with: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;X, Y, and Z studies showed an association; Χ, Ψ, and Ω studies showed no association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excellent. Ιn lieu of that, I'm going to use one study to illustrate a couple methodological points to show you &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; this answer is difficult to know. My goal is to help the reader develop a skeptical eye when research of this type is presented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779528/&quot;&gt;One study&lt;/a&gt; used teacher questionnaires about hyperactivity symptoms and student questionnaires about dietary habits to see if a relationship existed between high sugar intake and hyperactivity. They found that children were at statistically higher risk for ADHD if they consumed:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;less sugar from fruit snacks  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low Vitamin C &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the total simple sugar intake did &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; correlate with hyperactivity symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This makes very little sense.&lt;/strong&gt; Why should fruit snacks be different from other sugar, and where did Vitamin C come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Statistical noise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Data interpretation relies on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=jHe6dsZLGcMC&amp;amp;pg=PA116&amp;amp;dq=david+katz+signal+to+noise+ratio&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=KDopVbTpNsHHsQSs5oHgCA&amp;amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=david%20katz%20signal%20to%20noise%20ratio&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;ratio of signal:noise&lt;/a&gt; to find the signal (in this case, an association). A 5-second brainstorm will bring to mind dozens of unrelated (to usual dietary patterns) topics that may affect what students write down on questionnaires: literacy, gender, upbringing, vocabulary, organization, memory, day-of-the-week, recent holidays, who won the Red Sox game, etc. etc. etc. Some of these may reflect recent dietary patterns that skew the memory of &lt;em&gt;usual&lt;/em&gt; dietary patterns; others simply affect the accuracy of report. One could generate an equally diverse list of factors that may affect teacher reports. Either way, the result is the same: a noisy signal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biostathandbook.com/confounding.html&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Confounding&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. A &lt;em&gt;confound&lt;/em&gt; exists when an extraneous factor exists that correlates with both the independent (dietary report) and the dependent (inattentiveness) variable. In this case, one could imagine that students who tend to be careless about reporting might also be those displaying symptoms of hyperactivity (which tends to run with inattentiveness). It’s not obvious whether that would lead to &lt;em&gt;under&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;over&lt;/em&gt; reporting of sugar intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, obvious confounders can be adjusted for statistically (here, I don't see that they did much of that, although they did do separate analyses for boys vs girls). However, no amount of math can adjust for factors that aren’t measured. There was no “carelessness independent of hyperactivity” score obtained here, and we couldn’t expect it &amp;mdash; it’s a basically unknowable parameter. Certain confounders are inherent to the methodology. Math never fixes this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biostathandbook.com/multiplecomparisons.html&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multiple comparisons&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The basic principle is: if you look at enough factors, &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; is going to be statistically associated with something else &lt;strong&gt;for reasons that have nothing to do with reality.&lt;/strong&gt; That’s because we define statistical significance as a result that would occur by chance &amp;lt;5% of the time. If you run 20 tests, you have a good chance of coming up with one of them that appears to be positive simply by chance. In data that has a low signal:noise ratio (see #1), this problem is all the more apparent. This is something to think about when unexpected results pop up from a study that was designed to look at something completely different. Vitamin C??!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note: this is not meant to be (primarily) a critique of this particular study. My goals here were to help the reader understand: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why do I find different answers to this question every time I do a google search?   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How should we think critically about epidemiological data presented on Health.SE?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Kim, Y. Chang, H. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779528/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary behavior in school children.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Nutr Res Pract. 2011 Jun;5(3):236-45.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="252" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T02:58:30.823" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T02:58:30.823" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="471" CreationDate="2015-04-11T16:43:28.717" Score="20" ViewCount="1241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Growing up, my parents were very strict about sugar intake, because they had heard &quot;somewhere&quot; that eating refined sugar lowered your immune system function for 12-24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time, this seemed to be &lt;strong&gt;anecdotally&lt;/strong&gt; true to me, because as a kid if I did actually eat something with a lot of sugar (candy, dessert) I would often have a sore throat or stuffy nose the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/10-immune-system-busters-boosters&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; seems to support this, but doesn't cite any references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eating or drinking too much sugar curbs immune system cells that attack bacteria. This effect lasts for at least a few hours after downing a couple of sugary drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any large studies that show this link? What is the current medical consensus on whether sugar intake makes you more susceptible to infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T14:30:12.093" Title="Does intake of processed sugar lower the immune system?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="455" CreationDate="2015-04-11T17:17:16.410" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a684028.html&quot;&gt;Nifedipine&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyridine&quot;&gt;dihydropyridine&lt;/a&gt; calcium channel blocker. As you point out, it is used via oral administration for treatment of hypertension. Its effects are mediated primarily by blocking &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel&quot;&gt;voltage-dependent calcium channels&lt;/a&gt; in the walls of systemic vasculature, causing vasodilation. This has the effect of lowering blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question, then, rests on  whether the nifedipine applied topically to the anus will reach the calcium channels in the vasculature. This is: &lt;strong&gt;is topical nifedipine systemically absorbed to a clinically relevant extent?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer, based on the research I can find, is no. This was explored directly in a study&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163278&quot;&gt;Serum levels and possible haemodynamic effects following anorectal application of an ointment containing nifedipine and lignocaine : a study in healthy volunteers.&lt;/a&gt; The authors used 3 g of an ointment containing 0.3% w/w&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; nifedipine, applied twice daily for 7 days. Serum levels of nifedipine were below the below the limits of quantification, consistent with therapeutically negligible concentrations. Mean blood pressure was not changed when compared to baseline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Notes&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163278&quot;&gt;Perrotti P1, Grumetto L, Barbato F, Antropoli C. Clin Drug Investig. 2006;26(8):459-67.&lt;/a&gt; Note: I was not able to locate a free full text version of this. All of the information reported in my answer is verifiable using the abstract at the link provided. If you would like more information about the specifics of methodology, please fell free to ask in comments or ping me in chat.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Weight/weight. If the concentration is significantly higher, the answer may be different.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T17:17:16.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2015-04-11T20:19:58.553" Score="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some options you have to reduce eye strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can get an anti glare cover for your monitor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also adjust lighting of your work area (not always possible) &#xA;by lowering internal lighting and blocking external lighting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can adjust the setting of your monitor to make the brightness&lt;br&gt;&#xA;similar to your surroundings which will help with strain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can blink more often to keep your eyes from drying out   You can &#xA;take breaks both by leaving your computer or by moving your eyes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;around the room/desk and avoiding your computer every once in a&lt;br&gt;&#xA;while.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can set up your desk to make sure printed material is in easy eye&#xA;reach and lighted similarly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can look into getting specialized gaming/computer glasses which&lt;br&gt;&#xA;are designed to reduce eye strain and fatigue&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/irritated.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/irritated.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastEditorUserId="38" LastEditDate="2015-04-11T20:28:44.490" LastActivityDate="2015-04-11T20:28:44.490" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-11T23:57:55.180" Score="4" ViewCount="1691" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rentacar.fr/vehicules-tourisme/88-voiture-boite-auto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rentacar.fr/vehicules-tourisme/88-voiture-boite-auto&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Les déplacements en famille se font aisément surtout avec des enfants souffrant du mal des transports; la souplesse de la boîte automatique les soulagera pour leur plus grand bonheur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It basically says that cars with automatic transmission tend to make passengers less car sick than manual transmission cars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How true is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:34:13.113" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T07:34:13.113" Title="Do cars with automatic transmission tend to make passengers less car sick than cars with manual transmission?" Tags="&lt;nausea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="469" CreationDate="2015-04-12T03:38:03.253" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to understand this claim you have to first understand what causes car sickness in the first place. What is basically happening is the motion you sense with your inner ear is different from the motion you are visualizing. This is easily caused by motions that you sense with your body that you can't see with your eyes or that you can't anticipate. This is most common in cars when people are doing other activity while riding in them such as readying a book or playing on an electronic device. It is generally not an issue for the driver since they are in control and able to anticipate everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to your question the there really isn't any difference in the motion of an automatic car and a manual car as when driven properly there will be no noticeable changes in motion when shifting gears. I would chalk that site up to an advertisement for selling cars with an automatic transmission as it just seems to talk about how an automatic transmission is better then a manual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look around online you will find claims that both an automatic and a manual are better for preventing carsickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note there is talk about how driver less cars might make carsickness worse for some people as it will take away the advantages that are gained from driving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/motion_sickness_sea_sickness_car_sickness/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medicinenet.com/motion_sickness_sea_sickness_car_sickness/article.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T03:38:03.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="466" CreationDate="2015-04-12T14:30:12.093" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that sugar does suppress the immune system. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/26/11/1180.abstract&quot;&gt;study that everyone seems to point to&lt;/a&gt; was conducted in 1973, where they fed sugar in 100g doses to people and measured the effect on phagocytosis (where immune cells engulf invader bacteria to destroy it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result was that sugar intake did appear to suppress the ability of the immune system to destroy invading bacteria. This function was suppressed for up to 5 hours in control subjects, while fasting comparisons did not have the same effect. Additionally, they counted the number of neutrophils (type of white blood cells), and they were not diminished, which suggests it was a function blocking mechanism, not that it suppressed the number. So it does limit the effectiveness, but this is not really a suppression of the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of this may be due to the sugar molecule being structurally similar to Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), and that it competes for the space and prevents the cells from effectively using Vitamin C to destroy bacteria. (Based off studies Linus Pauling did, but I could not find the study, merely references to it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are suggestions that sugar also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17709452?dopt=Abstract&quot;&gt;may contribute to insulin resistence&lt;/a&gt;, and that it may &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17402291?dopt=Abstract&quot;&gt;contribute to increased inflammation&lt;/a&gt;, but these either state more study is needed or are in the incidence of specific other deficiencies (Such as magnesium).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T14:30:12.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="457" CreationDate="2015-04-12T14:39:18.530" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some discrepancies in your question. &quot;I hurt the base...&quot; and then you talk about tendonitis. For me as a medical professional &lt;em&gt;hurting&lt;/em&gt; means something like you tripped and your thumb overextended agains ground or you got your thumb crushed in someting. Acute or chronic tendinitis or tendinopathy is usullay assocciated to something repetitive and long lasting movements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore if you really &lt;em&gt;hurted&lt;/em&gt; your thenar area I would make sure there is not any ligament tears present in your thumb. For example a rupture of ulnar collateral ligamenti of thumb, ie. gamekeeper's thumb or skiier's thumb is quite common injury which, if unsuccesfully treated initially, requires surgical repair later to &quot;re-heal&quot;. Base of thumb is quite vague term, if your pain and clicking is near first metacarpophalangeal joint, I would be conserned about this injury. If your symptoms are present more proximally injury of carpar ligaments may be present still and those should be ruled out. Clicking is a symptom which usually originates from anatomical reasons, for example a torn supportive ligaments which predisposes to tendon subluxations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if you meant that &lt;em&gt;hurting&lt;/em&gt; is something repetitive and long standing you may indeed have chronic tenditis in some tendon responsible for thumb extension or adduction.  Chronic tenditinis can be really disturbing condition. Curative treatment is hard to obtain and really the only help is immobilisation, avoidance of aggrevating movements and repeated courses of NSAIDs. Bascially I would recommend ANYTHING which even one person have found helpful for chronic wrist or thumb tendinitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic tendinitis is also really unsatisfactory for medical professionals since there is so little one can do for the patient, especially if he/she can´t change the working enviroment. In some cases if the condition really persists for a long some kind of tendon surgery may be helpful but results are very controversial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T14:39:18.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-12T14:59:50.403" Score="9" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary (TL;DR):&lt;/strong&gt; In the interest of brevity, I abbreviate 'herbal tea' as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tisane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tisane&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there any evidence that tisanes can energize? If so, which ones?&lt;br&gt;&#xA; Please exclude teas with caffeine (eg black and green teas) or artifices (eg pepper, sugar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google offered the following links, which assert that these tisanes  will energize, but without proof. I merely list them as examples; please criticise them and/or recommend other tisanes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://herbs.lovetoknow.com/7_Top_Herbs_for_Energy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stinging Nettle&lt;/a&gt;;     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://marie-mckeown.hubpages.com/hub/Herbals-Teas-to-Increase-Energy-Levels-Naturally&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Licorice, Ginko Biloba, Rosehip&lt;/a&gt;;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalnews.com/035888_herbs_energy_boost_natural.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ashwagandha&lt;/a&gt;;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-eats/nutrition/7-herbal-teas-that-will-make-you-healthy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rooibos and chamomile&lt;/a&gt;, but isn't chamomile soporific? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-03-02T22:02:22.167" LastActivityDate="2019-08-18T17:00:37.063" Title="Which herbal teas have been proven to energize?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="525" CreationDate="2015-04-12T15:53:02.673" Score="17" ViewCount="741" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of products, foods, and activities that claim they &quot;boost&quot; the immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard good things about yogurt, probiotics, superfoods, herbs, oils, supplements, acupuncture, yoga... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/pictures/boost-your-immune-system-cold-flu-season/&quot;&gt;7 Ways to Boost Your Immune System for Cold and Flu Session&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doctoroz.com/slideshow/boost-your-immunity-naturally&quot;&gt;Dr. Oz's 14 Natural Immunity Boosters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalhealthmag.com/health/your-best-health&quot;&gt;15 Ways to Boost Your Immune System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this marketing, or is there hard science to back some of these up? How does one measure the relative &quot;strength&quot; of the immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T14:23:17.127" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T17:49:35.710" Title="How can I boost my immune system?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-04-21T01:34:49.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-12T17:06:07.737" Score="14" ViewCount="550" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foreword:&lt;/strong&gt; I ask this only for mouthwashes with no alcohol; so please omit alcoholic mouthwashes (which &lt;a href=&quot;http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/alcohol-mouthwash-does-it-cause-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;may hurt the mouth and may have been claimed to cause cancer&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My grandmother uses the Crest Pro-Health Rinse which contains '&lt;a href=&quot;http://(http://news.crest.com/about/faq/faq_crest_pro_health)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;anti-microbial agent, cetylpyridinium chloride&lt;/a&gt;'. Yet &lt;a href=&quot;http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-05-07-crest-rinse_N.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;USA Today in 2008&lt;/a&gt; and  &lt;a href=&quot;http://bc.ctvnews.ca/consumers-spitting-mad-after-mouthwash-turns-teeth-brown-1.993571&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CTV News in 2012&lt;/a&gt; reported complaints that the mouthwash browns and stains teeth, and also numbs taste. From the CTV article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parent company of Crest, Proctor and Gamble, told CTV News that the ingredient Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride is what causes some people’s teeth to turn brown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dentist Shaireen Lalani says the stains are not permanent and can be removed with professional cleaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases, Crest has reimbursed consumers to have their teeth professionally cleaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the risks to using such mouthwashes? Most mouthwashes recommend two rinses daily, but is this advice safe and correct? How often should they really be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:09:53.737" Title="How frequently should non-alcoholic mouthwashes be used?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;proper-use&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="456" CreationDate="2015-04-12T21:06:41.340" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt;: No, food cooked via a microwave oven is generally not less healthy than food cooked by other methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, cooking by any method destroys or reduces nutrient value&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/cooking-food-reduce-vitamin-content-5164.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Does Cooking Food Reduce the Vitamin Content?&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Claim: Microwave Ovens Kill Nutrients in Food&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. This is due to a number of factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Solubility. Water-soluble nutrients (like Vitamin B, C) are highly prone to leach out if cooking in water&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/fresh-ideas/dinner-food-facts/does-cooking-vegetables-diminish-their-nutrients.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Does cooking vegetables diminish their nutrients?&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (boiling, for example). Fat-soluble nutrients are at a similar risk when cooking in a fat medium or when the fat is lost in the process (e.g., frying, grilling)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/cooking-review-eufic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heat. Both fat- and water-soluble nutrients are susceptible to heat from any cooking source, while mineral nutrients are less so&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/cooking-review-eufic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Duration. Methods with shorter cook times (e.g., stir-frying, blanching, microwaving) reduce the effects of heat degradation because the food is not exposed to heat for as long&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/cooking-review-eufic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It's not even always a loss: some nutrients are &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; available after cooking, because heat breaks down thick cell walls that our digestive system has trouble with, which means that the nutrients are easier for our bodies to uptake&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/raw-veggies-are-healthier/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Fact or Fiction: Raw veggies are healthier than cooked ones&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each cooking method has a &lt;strong&gt;different combination&lt;/strong&gt; of the above factors, and so has different effects on nutrients in food. Microwave cooking has the advantage of not cooking in water, and being able to reach a higher heat in a shorter time. Depending on the food, this means that microwaving is sometimes &lt;em&gt;better&lt;/em&gt; at preserving nutrients. For example, boiling spinach causes a much higher loss (77% vs. almost none) of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;folate&lt;/a&gt; compared to microwaving&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Claim: Microwave Ovens Kill Nutrients in Food&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, when people make claims about microwaved food being less healthy, they are &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; referring to a fear that the act of microwave heating (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_heating#Microwave_heating&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dielectric heating&lt;/a&gt;) is 'unnatural' in some way, or is subjecting the food to dangerous radiation (which may then be ingested). This is simply not supported&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252762.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Microwave Oven Radiation&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; by scientific literature, which indicates that microwave ovens, when used properly, are safe and effective -- with &lt;strong&gt;two caveats&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Human milk. The CDC&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/recommendations/handling_breastmilk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Proper Handling and Storage of Human Milk&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; does not recommend heating human milk in the microwave, because of the risk of uneven heating of the liquid (which could scald a baby), and because there is some evidence&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1557249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Effects of microwave radiation on anti-infective factors in human milk&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; that it decreases its anti-infective properties.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Superheating of liquids. If water is heated in a microwave in a smooth container, it can pose a risk of scalding due to superheating&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252762.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Microwave Oven Radiation&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. From &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheating#Occurrence_via_microwave_oven&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Superheating: Occurrence via microwave oven&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Superheating can occur when an undisturbed container of water is heated in a microwave oven. When the container is removed, the water still appears to be below the boiling point. However, once the water is disturbed, some of it violently flashes to steam, potentially spraying boiling water out of the container. [...] There are ways to prevent superheating in a microwave oven, such as putting a popsicle stick in the glass or using a scratched container.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, microwaving food is a safe alternative to cooking via other methods&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252762.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Microwave Oven Radiation&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Any cooking method will decrease the nutritional value of food, but this is usually an acceptable tradeoff because of the benefits gained from cooking&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/cooking-review-eufic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Microwaves do not cause food to be radioactive or acutely dangerous in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/cooking-food-reduce-vitamin-content-5164.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Does Cooking Food Reduce the Vitamin Content?&quot;&gt;Does Cooking Food Reduce the Vitamin Content?&lt;/a&gt; - SFGate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/fresh-ideas/dinner-food-facts/does-cooking-vegetables-diminish-their-nutrients.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Does cooking vegetables diminish their nutrients?&quot;&gt;Does cooking vegetables diminish their nutrients?&lt;/a&gt; - HowStuffWorks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/raw-veggies-are-healthier/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Fact or Fiction: Raw veggies are healthier than cooked ones&quot;&gt;Fact or Fiction: Raw veggies are healthier than cooked ones&lt;/a&gt; - Scientific American&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/health/17real.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Claim: Microwave Ovens Kill Nutrients in Food&quot;&gt;The Claim: Microwave Ovens Kill Nutrients in Food&lt;/a&gt; - New York Times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eufic.org/article/en/expid/cooking-review-eufic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&quot;&gt;The Why, How and Consequences of cooking our food&lt;/a&gt; - European Food Information Council&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/recommendations/handling_breastmilk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Proper Handling and Storage of Human Milk&quot;&gt;Proper Handling and Storage of Human Milk&lt;/a&gt; - Centers for Disease Control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1557249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Effects of microwave radiation on anti-infective factors in human milk&quot;&gt;Effects of microwave radiation on anti-infective factors in human milk&lt;/a&gt; - Quan R, Yang C, Rubinstein S, Lewiston NJ, Sunshine P, Stevenson DK, Kerner JA Jr. Pediatrics. 1992 Apr;89(4 Pt 1):667-9.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheating#Occurrence_via_microwave_oven&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Superheating: Occurrence via microwave oven&quot;&gt;Superheating: Occurrence via microwave oven&lt;/a&gt; - Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts/ucm252762.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Microwave Oven Radiation&quot;&gt;Microwave Oven Radiation&lt;/a&gt; - U.S. Food and Drug Administration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="14066" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T16:56:20.140" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T16:56:20.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6" CreationDate="2015-04-12T23:24:46.667" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the blister shown, the likelihood of rupture is decreased because of the thickness of the epidermis on the palm of the hand, so you can leave it alone until the underlying area re-epithelializes. You'll know this is happening because of the decreased pain and the slow reabsorption of the fluid. Eventually you will just peal it off what's left of the blister, finding clean new skin underneath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is a great starting point for an answer about the treatment of blisters in general: is it better to leave them alone, drain the fluid, or de-roof them (take the top of the blister off)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of disagreement about what constitutes the optimal treatment of blisters. Some background might be in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2lJIv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blisters form when the upper layers of the epidermis separate from the lower layers, usually at the level of the stratum spinosum. At that level, the cells (because of proximity to the dermis, which contains the capillaries) have moisture in and between them. When the separation occurs, &lt;em&gt;sterile&lt;/em&gt; fluid from the stratum spinosum oozes unopposed into the space between the layers, and a blister forms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fluid, similar to plasma, contains molecules which may promote the rapid division which takes place in the stratum basale.  This then differentiates into the upper layers of the epidermis and healing by new skin formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hydrostatic pressure causes the area of the separation to fill with a fluid that is similar in composition to plasma but has a lower protein level. About 6 hours after formation of the blister, cells in the blister base begin to take amino acids and nucleosides; at 24 hours, there is high mitotic activity in the basal cells; at 48 and 120 hours, new stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, respectively, can be seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;sterile&lt;/em&gt; fluid is a very rich and inviting growth medium for bacteria. For this reason, some people think it should be removed. The denuded skin underneath has lost some of it's protection against infection. For this reason, some think the blister should be left intact. Between these two extremes are those who favor drainage of the fluid leaving the cover intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my thinking (and training), this is the worst option. Poking a hole in the blister, no matter how cleanly it's done, will leave a point of entry for bacteria (it doesn't take much). The bacteria will flourish in the moisture (which will still seep into the space) under the roof of the blister, protected from being washed away. This may (and often does) lead to an infection of the wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's much better to prevent infection than to treat it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning of either of the other camps is more supportable. I favor leaving the blister intact as long as possible, giving the underlying wound time to form new stratified protective epidermalis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment by people in this camp consists of carefully cleaning and disinfecting the surface of the blister and the surrounding skin, and covering it loosely with protective padding, usually gauze, then wrapping the entire thing with gauze wrap. The patient is instructed to check the blister daily; if it &quot;pops&quot; or becomes cloudy, the roof must be removed (most people prefer to have this done by a doctor or nurse), the area cleaned to remove any bacteria which might have entered, and a sterile dressing (over a light application of an antibacterial cream) reapplied, and changes daily until healed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opposite camp reasons that the blister will break anyway, so get it over with and get the sterile dressing on, then clean and redress (with a light application of an antibacterial cream) daily. Also, if the blister is tense, it may be impeding healing of the base by decreasing blood flow. The problem with this approach is that it hurts more than leaving it alone, and the risk of infection is still greater than if the blister is intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many studies have been done to try to determine the best approach. Common sense plays a role. If the blister is very delicate (as in a large, tense and fragile blister of a burn), or if it looks unstable, I'll remove the roof of the blister. If I think it can be preserved for even one or two days, I'll leave it on. Every day it's left on without infection is a day of healing and decreased pain as new skin is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From one paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There seems to be a paucity of good clinical evidence related to this subject, despite several review articles. The sole paper found involved a small sample, but showed infection rates to be higher if blisters are aspirated or deroofed, and that pain scores were higher in the group that underwent deroofing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a pain point of view:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;aspiration appears to result in less pain than deroofing. (See above: also more infection.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common sense comes in with type, size, and location of blister, reliability of care by the patient or their family, location or level of activity likely to cause rupture, or in the case of hikers' blisters (and others away from medical care), what the best model is to prevent infection while still using the involved area if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also changing the scene are the new available protective dressings of deroofed blisters that allow moist healing, non-occlusive protection and visibility of the underlying skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564175/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Management of burns blisters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8570998&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Friction blisters. Pathophysiology, prevention and treatment.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-12T23:49:25.310" LastActivityDate="2015-04-12T23:49:25.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-13T02:49:01.527" Score="12" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been diagnosed with sleep apnea and am currently treating it with an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure#Mechanism_of_action&quot;&gt;apap&lt;/a&gt;. When I was fitted for the apap (and associated masks), the provider told me that if I start drooling I should call them and ask for a chin strap. Drooling is a sign that I am breathing through my mouth, and since the apap mask only covers my nose I shouldn't be doing that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After about a year with the apap, I finally gave in to my dentist's urging that I wear a mouthguard to sleep because I'm grinding my teeth (and broke a crown). Now with the mouthguard, I started drooling in my sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I dutifully called the medical equipment provider and asked for a chin strap like I was instructed. However, the chin strap interferes with the fitting of my mask so I keep waking up at night with air blowing in my face. I don't like it and I haven't been using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another solution for mouth breathing besides a chin strap?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T11:05:41.190" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T11:05:41.190" Title="How can I stop mouth breathing while I sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="480" CreationDate="2015-04-13T02:58:30.187" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can get a full face mask and then it wont matter if you are breathing through your mouth or not. I would contact your medical equipment provider again and see what they have in options for full face masks. Personally I use Quattro full face mask and have no issues with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cpap.com/cpap-masks/full-face-cpap-mask.php&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an idea of what masks are out there to chose from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cpaptalk.com/CPAP-Sleep-Apnea-Forum.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more information and a group that will be able to answer questions about a wide variety of masks and they might have a solution to help you with your current problem without having to switch mask styles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T02:58:30.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="485" CreationDate="2015-04-13T07:32:13.423" Score="8" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear about runners who need to put more iron in their diet, but then also about toddlers overdosing. I'm wondering what purpose iron serves in carrying oxygen through the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T07:42:29.440" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T22:38:26.350" Title="What is iron's role in oxygenation in the human body?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="540" CreationDate="2015-04-13T07:53:10.113" Score="18" ViewCount="4221" Body="&lt;p&gt;The skin produces natural oils, but when we shower, we remove those with water and wiping down. I'm wondering if our bodies adjust to the constant showering by producing oils faster. Sometimes, if I shower every day for a week, and then stop for a day, my head feels like it gets oily faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T13:47:12.840" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T13:47:12.840" Title="Does frequent showering change the amount of oils our skin produces?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="482" CreationDate="2015-04-13T09:21:00.733" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This a vast topic, and sorry for the superficial nature of my answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Iron is an essential component of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin&quot;&gt;hemoglobin&lt;/a&gt;. Hemoglobin is a coloured pigment which binds to oxygen and carries it across the body. It binds to oxygen at a place where there is high oxygen tension (for example, lungs) and release it at a place where there is low oxygen tension (such as the tissues). Iron atoms exist as Fe2+ within the hemoglobin molecules. When oxygen is added to those atoms, they bind to the iron and this prevents the oxygen from leaving it. Oxygen only leaves the iron when it reaches the tissues. So basically you need iron to carry oxygen across the body, because iron (in hemogloobin) is the oxygen carrier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person have a high oxygen requirement at the tissues (such as an athlete), then the body looks to produce more red blood cells (within which the hemoglobin recides) so that it can increase the overall oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. So in order to do that, the body needs needs more iron. So atheletes needs to take more iron because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a progressively increasing need for more hemoglobin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a need to maintain the large red blood cell mass that are already existing&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RBCs die after their life span of 120 days. So there is a constant rate of RBC production and killing of them. And then there is iron loss from body in various forms. The body has a store of iron (in liver). So if there is not enough supply of iron (as in pure vegetarians who does not take proper amount of green leafy vegetables), then the body will start utilising those iron stores. When the stores are over, then the body will start exhibiting symptoms of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_deficiency&quot;&gt;iron deficiency&lt;/a&gt;. In order to solve that deficiency, various iron preparations can be prescribed, and Iron tablets are only one of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as I had described, athletes may need a higher iron supply than normal people. In addition to that, there are other people too, who need higher iron input in their diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pregnant women (they are prescribed iron and folic acid tablets during gestation)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Menstruating women (there is monthly blood loss, and hence iron loss)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Growing children (constantly increasing RBC mass, and other growth demands)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People with problems in iron absorption&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People living in the mountains&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a need to supplement, that can be done using the iron preparations I was talking about. Out of all ingested iron, at most 10-20% is only absorbed. However, the beauty of the human &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism&quot;&gt;iron metabolism&lt;/a&gt; is that it is strongly regulated. Body will only absorb iron if it is needed. If there is adequate iron in the body already, then the absorption mechanisms are downregulated. However, in overdose, these &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifeinthefastlane.com/toxicology-conundrum-034/&quot;&gt;mechanisms are deranged&lt;/a&gt; and hence there will be over absorption. This occurs more commonly in pediatric age groups who accidentally consumes excess of iron tablets. In those patients the iron gets accumulated in blood (and not in the RBCs are hemoglobin) and harms the cells by various ways. The only way for body to get rid of excess iron is by loss of red blood cells. Hence iron supplementation has to be a carefully monitored procedure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence iron is an absolute necessity in carrying oxygen around in the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastEditorUserId="37" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T17:04:30.930" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T17:04:30.930" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="172" CreationDate="2015-04-13T14:41:16.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clinical studies indicate that icing is helpful and offer symptomatic relief for tendinopathies even though the reason of its action is not yet fully understood. It is thought that ice causes vasoconstriction and address the abnormal neovascularization of the tendon tissue&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20086639&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2000&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.massagebyjoel.com/downloads/OveruseTendinosis-PhysSptsmed.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually it's advised to use ice for 15–20 minutes several times a day (allowing for at least 45 minutes in between icing session), and after engaging in activities that utilize the tendon&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. However it's hard to say if ice has any long-term beneficial effect on tendinosis, but it's an excellent form of pain control (as long you won't &quot;ice burn&quot; from too much ice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Icing is most effective shortly after symptoms appear in the immediate period following an injury, because it reduces the blood flow and provide temporary pain relief (similar to ice massage therapy). It can also help to reduce swelling and inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendinosis.org/current.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Current Treatments for tendinosis (ISTS 2012)&lt;/a&gt; at Tendinosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sprainsstrains/ht/iceinjury.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How To Ice An Injury&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312643/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendinopathy: Why the Difference Between Tendinitis and Tendinosis Matters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T14:49:36.397" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T14:49:36.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="457" CreationDate="2015-04-13T14:42:17.330" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Gamekeeper's thumb&quot; - named because of the &lt;em&gt;chronic&lt;/em&gt; injury incurred when rabbit keepers broke rabbits' necks between the base of the thumb and index finger - has more recently been referred to as &quot;skier's thumb&quot;, now the most common &lt;em&gt;acute&lt;/em&gt; mechanism of the injury.  &lt;em&gt;If&lt;/em&gt; you fell on an outstretched hand hyperextending your thumb (did it feel as if the thumb was stressed beyond its normal range of motion?) &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; your doctor was correct, you injured the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) of the thumb. This would cause significant pain and swelling at the base of the thumb in the &quot;web space&quot; between thumb and index finger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EHrj3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GEnMa.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the picture on the right, the UCL appears partially torn. If it does not heal completely, it can result in an insufficiency of that ligament. In this case, the condition not uncommonly becomes chronic because of repeated injury to the already weakened UCL. It causes varying degrees of instability of that joint with pain and weakness of the pincer grasp (imagine squeezing an m&amp;amp;m between your thumb and your index finger.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial treatment to optimize ligament healing is immobilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can you do now? If you think you re-injured it, you can apply a cold pack (e.g. a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a dry washcloth) to the thumb as tolerated for ~20 minutes, up to four times per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immobilizing the thumb with a bulky, loose ACE wrap or a commercially available thumb brace in the neutral position will help lessen the pain.&#xA;You can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain relief if you have no contraindications*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing you can do is see a doctor (perhaps an orthopedist or a hand specialist would be wise), since chronic pain and instability of the thumb is not insignificant. They can do a thorough evaluation of your thumb&#xA;and either splint/cast your thumb, give you rehabilitative exercises to help you strengthen your thumb, or recommend surgery if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;Contraindication = any reason you shouldn't take it.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Always keep a cloth between your skin and the ice pack, and press firmly against all the curves of the affected area. Remove the ice pack if it causes pain, and don't fall asleep with the pack in place.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/97679-overview#a0199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gamekeeper's Thumb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/gamekeepers_thumb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gamekeeper's Thumb: Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-13T14:47:25.553" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T14:47:25.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="435" CreationDate="2015-04-13T15:01:46.387" Score="10" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Wearing sunscreen while out in the sun cuts your risk of skin cancer.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, there are some potential risks associated with wearing sun screen. However, if you are out in the sun, these risks are &lt;em&gt;far&lt;/em&gt; outweighed by the risk of UV exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/14269&quot;&gt;This Skeptics.SE answer&lt;/a&gt; has a very comprehensive overview of the facts, in particular citing a recent &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;critical review&lt;/a&gt; that assessed &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; studies related to sun screen to date. This was the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given sunscreens prevent Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and sunburn (although this study claims it is inconclusive in preventing melanomas and and basal cell carcinoma (BCC)), their use seems justified despite the fears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="200" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T15:01:46.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="526" CreationDate="2015-04-13T15:02:16.593" Score="20" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard of acupuncture being used for pain management. Are there clear scientific proofs that indicate it is more effective than a placebo treatment for pain?  If so what types of pain has it been shown to effective for? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T07:35:04.613" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T02:35:17.707" Title="Is there any proof that acupuncture is an effective pain remedy?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;&lt;acupuncture&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="312" CreationDate="2015-04-13T15:59:38.470" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using headphones at a sufficiently high volume level may cause cause trauma to cochlear structure in the inner ear which gives rise to temporary or permanent hearing impairment or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;deafness&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sound pressure is measured in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;decibels&lt;/a&gt; and exposure to 75dB (even after long exposure) are usually safe. However, long or repeated to sounds at above 85dB can cause hearing loss. &lt;strong&gt;The louder the sound, the shorter the amount of time it takes for NIHL to happen.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk is higher especially in loud places as volume often needs to compete with the background noise. For example, the average sound level on a busy street is about 80dB. In the Airo study, when the outdoor noise was a mere 65dB, listeners raised headphone volume levels to over 80dB&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/19991117210432/http://hearnet.com/text/mainframe.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1997&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This figure shows the average chosen listening levels for our subjects across the different background noise levels&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20080807140756/http://www.hearingconservation.org/docs/virtualPressRoom/FligorIves.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/psOnGl.png&quot; alt=&quot;Average chosen listening level&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we experience sound in our environment (TV, radio, traffic), normally these sounds are at safe levels, however long period of exposure to high sound pressure levels at high volume can be damaging to sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anatomy of hearing loss (simplified view):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HGCCX.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Simplified View of Ear Structure&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://headwize.com/?page_id=266&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HeadWise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hearing damage from headphones is probably more common than from loudspeakers, even at comparable volumes, due to the close coupling of the transducers to the ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of hearing damage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ringing or buzzing in the ears.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty in understanding speech.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slight muffling of sounds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty understanding speech in noisy places or places with poor acoustics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Recommendations&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO recommends that young people limit the use of personal audio player to one hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NIOSH recommends a safe headphone listening volume of 85dB. Although headphones are not sold with SPL meters, they can be purchased separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One could note of the volume control setting that pumps out 85dB, any music recorded at a higher level would still play back at dangerous levels. The headphones would have to be recalibrated whenever the music changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While in-the-ear earphones can produce higher sound levels than over-the-ear earphones, they are not necessarily used at higher levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lrNwl.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Maximum listening time per day using NIOSH damage-risk criteria.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The table above shows NIOSH recommended maximum listening time per day, depending on the style of earphones used and the volume control settings on the player. On this chart, the “Isolator” style refers to earphones that have been reported to block out background noise, and “Supra-Aural” style refers to earphones that sit on top of the ear. The final column shows our measurements for the iPod, using the stock earbuds from Apple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the average decibel ratings of some familiar sounds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;45dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The humming of a refrigerator.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;60dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal everyday conversation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ringing telephone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal piano practice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;70dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restaurant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;80-85dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heavy city traffic, alarm clock at 2 feet, factory noise, vacuum cleaner, garbage disposal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;90-95dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Motorcyles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Subway trains, motorcycle, workshop tools, lawn mower.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;100-110dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An MP3 player at maximum volume.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dance club.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain saw, pneumatic drill.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Timpani &amp;amp; bass drum rolls.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;120dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sirens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symphonic music peak. Rock concert speaker sound, sandblasting, thunderclap.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;130dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jet take off.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gunfire.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;150dB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Firecrackers and firearms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rock music peak.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The distance from the source of the sound and period of time are also important factors in protecting your hearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/activities/IECD_2015_Press_Release_EN.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss - WHO highlights serious threat posed by exposure to recreational noise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Data from studies in middle- and high-income countries analysed by WHO indicate that among teenagers and young adults aged 12-35 years, nearly 50% are exposed to unsafe levels of sound from the use of personal audio devices and around 40% are exposed to potentially damaging levels of sound at entertainment venues. Unsafe levels of sounds can be, for example, exposure to in excess of 85 decibels (dB) for eight hours or 100 dB for 15 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Teenagers and young people can better protect their hearing by keeping the volume down on personal audio devices, wearing earplugs when visiting noisy venues, and using carefully fitted, and, if possible, noise-cancelling earphones/headphones. They can also limit the time spent engaged in noisy activities by taking short listening breaks and restricting the daily use of personal audio devices to less than one hour. With the help of smartphone apps, they can monitor safe listening levels&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asha.org/public/hearing/disorders/causes_adults.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Causes of Hearing Loss in Adults&lt;/a&gt; at ASHA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Very loud noise can cause permanent hearing loss. This is called noise-induced hearing loss. Listening to loud noise for long periods of time can damage the hair cells in the inner ear. Noise-induced hearing loss usually develops gradually and painlessly. A single exposure to an extremely loud sound such as an explosion can cause a sudden loss of hearing. This is called acoustic trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/noise.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Noise-Induced Hearing Loss&lt;/a&gt; at NIDCD&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://headwize.com/?page_id=266&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://media.paisley.ac.uk/~campbell/ASP/Preventing%20Hearing%20Damage%20When%20Listening%20With%20Headphones.doc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(DOC)&lt;/a&gt; at HeadWise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hearinglossweb.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hearing Loss Web&lt;/a&gt; site&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20080807140756/http://www.hearingconservation.org/docs/virtualPressRoom/FligorIves.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(PDF) &quot;Does earphone type affect risk for recreational noise-induced hearing loss?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; Brian J. Fligor, Sc.D., CCC-A and Terri Ives, Sc.D, 2006&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20080726181956/http://www.hearingconservation.org/docs/virtualPressRoom/portnuff.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Sound Output Levels of the iPod and Other MP3 Players: Is There Potential Risk to Hearing?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; Cory D. F. Portnuff and Brian J. Fligor, Sc.D., CCC-A, 2006&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&amp;amp;p_id=9735&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Occupational noise exposure&lt;/a&gt; at OSHA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Fletcher–Munson curves&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T15:59:38.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-13T16:42:13.427" Score="9" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the recent highlighting of the long term health implications of head trauma and concussions in professional sports, has there been any research done on what level of impact is needed to produce these effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been a competitor in various sports for 40+ years, including almost 30 years in martial arts. During this time I have sustained one impact that produced a loss of consciousness, as well as several less severe head impacts during sparring competition. We wear 1&quot; thick foam helmets, face shields and hand/foot padding, but impacts can still rattle you a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study evidence showing the effects of repeated low level (sub concussive) head impacts on long term health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T07:38:45.520" Title="Implications of repeated low level head impact?" Tags="&lt;head-trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="344" CreationDate="2015-04-13T16:53:42.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cite relates to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_replacement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;joint replacement&lt;/a&gt;, a procedure of removing the painful joint surfaces and replacing them with an artificial joint (usually made of a soft synthetic material) which are placed in the ends of the bone – re-creating the joint that has been removed. The artificial surfaces of the joint replacement are shaped in such a way as to allow joint movement similar to that of a healthy and natural joint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sports or occupations requiring repetitive overhead motion or heavy lifting can place a significant strain on rotator cuff muscles and tendons. Over time, as a function of aging, tendons become weaker and degenerate which can lead to complete tears of both muscles and tendons&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Shoulder_Problems/default.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other risk of heavy lifting (sudden trauma on the joint) can include &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shoulder dislocation&lt;/a&gt; as the result of loosening of the components (between the bone and the components) and weakening the muscles around the joint causing the ball of the prosthesis come out of its socket. In most cases, the hip can be corrected without surgery&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Joint_Replacement/default.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T16:53:42.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="384" CreationDate="2015-04-13T17:09:53.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The placebo effect is a very interesting thing to study. To keep this scientific, though, let's divide your question into three addressable points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the placebo effect work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the placebo effect work on you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the placebo effect be scientifically tested?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If each of these points can be resolved as true, then it would be fair to call the question answered. Also, at the bottom you'll find some suggestions for a placebo self-test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What is a Placebo, What is the Placebo Effect?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A placebo is a treatment that looks like a regular treatment, but is actually an inactive look-alike, and not a medicine. Placebos are used in medicine to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, as often some of the benefit from a treatment will actually be due to the placebo effect. In a controlled trial, some trial subjects are given the treatment being tested, and some are given placebos. Ideally, the subjects can't tell the difference, and at the end of the study, the effectiveness of the drug can be compared to that of the placebo.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/placebo-effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, this often means sugar or cornstarch pills, but can extend to other treatments as well. In fact, even surgical procedures can be placebos. Known as sham surgeries, surgical placebos often involve the administration of anesthesia followed by several incisions similar to those that would be made during typical surgery.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422430/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the placebo effect that makes all of this necessary? The placebo effect is the improvement in a medical condition resulting from the &lt;em&gt;belief&lt;/em&gt; that one is being treated, rather than the effectiveness of the treatment itself.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/pages/placebo-effect.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Because patients tend to believe they are being given an effective treatment, this belief itself contributes to improvement in condition.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-sense/201201/the-placebo-effect-how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Does the Placebo Effect Work?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of examples can be used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the placebo effect. Several of them conclude that not only is the placebo effect powerful, it is sometimes more powerful than the medication alternatives.&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.nature.com/spoonful/2014/01/migraine-study-attributes-more-than-half-a-drugs-benefit-to-placebo-effect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A migraine study conducted in 2014 compared the effect of the migraine treatment rizatriptan (sold by Merck Pharmaceuticals as Maxalt) to a placebo, by administering envelopes with drugs in them to migraine sufferers. The subjects were instructed to take the medication in case of migraine. The envelopes came in pairs labeled 'Placebo', 'Maxalt' or 'Placebo or Maxalt', however, each pair actually had one placebo envelope and one Maxalt envelope. Yet, subjects reported the same level of pain relief from placebo labeled Maxalt as from Maxalt labeled placebo, suggesting that placebos are sometimes as effective as actual medication. Patients also reported pain relief from the placebo labeled placebo, suggesting that even one who knowingly takes a placebo can still be subject to the effect.&lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.nature.com/spoonful/2014/01/migraine-study-attributes-more-than-half-a-drugs-benefit-to-placebo-effect.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study specifically designed to evaluate the placebo effect compared fake acupuncture to fake pills, a comparison of two placebos. Subjects suffering from arm pain were either prescribed acupuncture or pain medication, but the pain medication was cornstarch pills, and the acupuncture used needles with tips that retract into themselves upon touching skin, like stage knives. The subjects were warned about possible side effects of the treatment, with the side effects mentioned taken from actual side effects of either real treatment. Interestingly, one third of patients reported the exact side effects they were warned about, including excessive drowsiness in the pill group, and redness and inflammation in the acupuncture group, even though the skin wasn't actually pierced. Some patients in both groups reported extreme pain, but more interestingly, most of the subjects reported extreme pain relief.&lt;a href=&quot;http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/the-placebo-phenomenon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Does the Placebo Effect Work on You?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An effective method of proving widespread viability of the placebo effect is showcasing its virality, quite literally. When one believes he is sick, and starts developing actual symptoms as a result, the medical community refers to this condition as 'psychogenic illness,' or actual illness spawned from the belief of illness. When this believed illness is believed to be contagious, anyone who hears about it can himself become ill, experiencing the full range of purported symptoms. This is known as 'sociogenic illness', and it is potentially the most infectious category of illness in existence. This is because it &amp;quot;infects&amp;quot; through information, making mass media often the single greatest transmission vector. Most worryingly, the current medical opinion is that there is no particular predisposition to mass sociogenic illness and it is a behavioral condition that anyone can show in the right circumstances.&lt;a href=&quot;http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/180/4/300.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2006 study testing individual sensitivity to GSM cellphone signals found no evidence that people with self-reported sensitivity to mobile phone signals are able to detect such signals or that they react to them with increased symptom severity. As sham exposure was sufficient to trigger severe symptoms in some participants, this condition was most likely sociogenic illness.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7546/886?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=16520326&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2012 study testing whether media coverage of people sensitive to WiFi signal contributed to reports of WiFi sensitivity concluded that media reports about the adverse effects of supposedly hazardous substances can increase the likelihood of experiencing symptoms following sham exposure and developing an apparent sensitivity to it.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(12)00335-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A case study about mass illness attributed to toxic exposure at a high school had features of mass psychogenic illness. Notably, widespread subjective symptoms thought to be associated with environmental exposure to a toxic substance persisted in the absence of objective evidence of an environmental cause.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200001133420206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, sociogenic and psychogenic illness exist, there is no particular predisposition to mass sociogenic illness and it is a behavioral condition that anyone can show in the right circumstances.&lt;a href=&quot;http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/180/4/300.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Can the Placebo Effect be Scientifically Tested?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the previous studies seem to indicate that yes, the placebo effect can be scientifically tested, but as a final confirmation, a study conducted on subjects with Alzheimer's disease showed that these subjects got less pain relief from pain medications. They required higher doses, possibly because they had forgotten that they were getting the drugs, or they forgot that the pain medicines had worked for them before.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/placebo-effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, Alzheimer's disease seems to allow the comparison of placebo effect and the lack thereof. Because Alzheimer's disease patients do not remember taking their medication, they receive far less benefit from it due to the lost contributions from the placebo effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A Suggestion of Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that we've scientifically proven that the placebo effect works, it is powerful, and it by all means should work for you, even if you know you are or may be taking a placebo, we may devise some methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will likely need an external source of entropy, and should most likely not use a placebo in place of actual necessary treatment. This would mean that you will want a medication that does not cure any particular disease, though maybe alleviating symptoms is a better bet. I assume that this is why the studies above tend to stick with pain relief for evaluating placebos. Pain relief is easy to judge and quantify on a personal level, and the lack thereof does not threaten anyone's life. If you are injured and in pain, there is your test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not injured, however, and have no desire to be,&lt;a href=&quot;http://guides.library.jhu.edu/c.php?g=202502&amp;amp;p=1335759&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; you may want to try medication that causes noticeable benefit rather than treatment. For example, caffeine. Find two coffees, one caffeinated, one decaffeinated, that you can't tell tell apart with taste alone. Ideally, add something with a strong taste masking ability to each to help prevent differentiation. Have a friend divide up the two coffees into numbered plastic bags, one bag for each day of the experiment, without you knowing which bags are which. Also, it is important to prevent bias that you not be able to connect different days of the experiment, so no evens and odds. Your friend's numbering system should be sufficiently random that you can't figure out which bags are which. When you are ready, begin the experiment, using a bag of your choice for each day of the experiment. Chart, on an hourly basis, the amount of &amp;quot;buzz&amp;quot; you experience from that coffee number, and after maybe a month try to take a guess using the chart at which bag numbers were caffeinated and which were decaffeinated. Then, ask for your friend's table of which were which, and evaluate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was just a suggestion, but this and similar study designs should by all means allow you to test the placebo effect on yourself. Feel free to experiment, that's how science progresses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T17:09:53.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="463" CreationDate="2015-04-13T17:20:34.150" Score="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best long-term perfect posture is subjective due to the variety of body types, incorrect posture differs from person to person and person's proper posture can be incorrect posture for someone else and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually the good sitting posture can be determined by the following methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Support your back to avoid back pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adjust your chair.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rest your feet on floor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're using computer, then:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;place your screen at eye level,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;place your keyboard in front of you when typing,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;position and use the mouse as close to you as possible,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid screen reflection,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if using spectacles, it's important to see the screen easily without having to raise or lower your head.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make frequently used objects accessible (such as telephone, stapler),&#xA;so you can avoid repeated stretching or twisting to reach things.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/workplacehealth/Pages/howtositcorrectly.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to sit correctly&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common mistakes involve:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hunched back and 'text neck'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/g0w2h.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hunched back and &amp;#39;text neck&amp;#39;.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When hunching over a computer, your head may tend to lean forward, which can cause stiffness and pain in the neck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over time, this type of posture can contribute to you developing a rounded upper back, a condition called kyphosis, which can cause shoulder and upper back stiffness and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Poking your chin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZqlp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Poking your chin.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The poking chin posture is often caused by sitting too low, a screen set too high, a hunched back or a combination of all three.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A poking chin posture can lead to muscle weakness around the neck, compressing the neck joints, which over time can lead to stiffness and pain in the neck, shoulders and upper back and cause headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rounded shoulders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0z2TC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Rounded shoulders.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rounded shoulders are typically caused by poor posture habits, muscle imbalances and an uneven exercise regimen, such as too much focus on chest strength and neglecting the upper back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over time, these muscle imbalances will result in poor positioning of your shoulders, which can lead to shoulder and neck stiffness and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sitting cross legged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CG2ic.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Sitting cross legged.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over time you may develop muscle imbalances in your hips, which can cause stiffness and pain in the hips and lower back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cradling your phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gMjCJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Cradling your phone.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Slouching in a chair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E40ZE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Slouching in a chair.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Backpain/Pages/back-pain-and-common-posture-mistakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common posture mistakes and fixes&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_posture&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; summarise that in the following way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rounded and elevated shoulders and a pushed-forward head position,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This position places stress on the spine between the top of the neck and skull and the base of the neck and upper shoulders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a forward tilting of the hips which is increasing the curve of the lumbar spine, and a protruding stomach&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This position places stress over both the hip joints and lower back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poor posture can result in musculoskeletal distortion in the neck, and lower and upper back, it can also impede the ability of the lungs to expand and many other injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the posture is correct, it allows your body muscles to breathe at optimum capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-14T16:04:26.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T16:04:26.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="537" CreationDate="2015-04-13T17:40:59.707" Score="16" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I currently am trying to understand &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686891/&quot;&gt;Tinnitus&lt;/a&gt; and am having issues with it, because I can't find an official source to see exactly what sort of sound frequency, if heard too often would cause the damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does one type of frequency, if heard too often at too high volume trigger it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I know from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/basics/causes/con-20021487&quot;&gt;sources that loud noise is a potential cause&lt;/a&gt; but can't find the reference that stated a certain frequency might be to blame. This is upsetting, Internets. As far as I know, though low frequency (bass) causes Tinnitus more often than high pitched sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="107" LastEditorUserId="107" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T06:52:08.783" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:51:25.987" Title="Does the *frequency* of loud sounds one is exposed to affect Tinnitus risk?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="407" CreationDate="2015-04-13T18:50:13.377" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some downsides to eating whole-grain rice, primarily that brown rice has &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es702212p&quot;&gt;consistently higher levels of inorganic arsenic in it&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/11/arsenic-in-your-food/index.htm&quot;&gt;including rice found in the U.S.&lt;/a&gt;. The EPA's maximum contaminant level for arsenic is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/Arsenic_summary.pdf&quot;&gt;10 micrograms/L in water&lt;/a&gt;, and there's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108001759&quot;&gt;some suggestion&lt;/a&gt; that the level of arsenic contamination in brown rice could be pushing up against that threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware though, there haven't been any definitive studies on health outcomes for people consuming brown vs. white rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-13T18:50:13.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="598" CreationDate="2015-04-13T19:55:08.793" Score="12" ViewCount="925" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mixing milk and meat &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;is prohibited&lt;/a&gt; by an ancient Jewish law. Jews have followed those rules for millennia out of religious belief, not science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern science can probably dig deeper and find actual reasons to follow such rules - is there any such research that proves mixing meat and milk might cause health issues, hence better be avoided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="290" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T02:07:05.837" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T10:33:53.643" Title="Does the Jewish law forbidding the mixing of milk and meat have health benefits?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="503" CreationDate="2015-04-14T11:34:48.730" Score="25" ViewCount="42429" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently told that I should use hot water to wash my hands rather than using cold water because the hot water will kill germs better. The person who told me this isn't a very reliable source, so I'm not sure if I should believe them or not. It does seem like it makes sense, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does washing your hands with hot water kill germs better than washing them with cold water?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T01:58:09.117" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T21:51:10.650" Title="Does hot water kill germs better than cold water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="512" CreationDate="2015-04-14T12:09:13.337" Score="16" ViewCount="38722" Body="&lt;p&gt;A person's O2 saturation, when measured in ambiant air at sea level with a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry&quot;&gt;pulse oxymeter&lt;/a&gt; (SpO2), is considered as normal between 95 and 100%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read (&lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxym%C3%A9trie_colorim%C3%A9trique&quot;&gt;non-sourced Wikipedia FR fragment&lt;/a&gt;, no mention of this in Wikipedia EN) and heard (informal discussions with medical and rescue staff) that this value decreases significantly if the subject is a smoker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This raises the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this true, and why? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are usual SpO2 values for smokers? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was a smoker, my own SpO2 was usually 100%. The saturation of my smoker colleagues who tried is also normal. This doesn't prove anything as this does not constitute a study - just a bunch of measure without methodolology -, this is just to say I never observed this phenomenon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-14T21:14:38.837" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T03:42:15.053" Title="Oxygen saturation value of smokers" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-14T13:12:03.680" Score="20" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;That HIV causes AIDS always seemed like an obvious fact to me, this seemed to be the widely accepted opinion. But just now I found the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00154/full&quot;&gt;&quot;Questioning the HIV-AIDS hypothesis: 30 years of dissent&quot;&lt;/a&gt; in a peer-reviewed journal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to that article there are some serious doubts about the connection between HIV and AIDS. Is HIV actually the cause of AIDS, or is this widely accepted theory really wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="249" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-29T07:00:57.447" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T13:54:51.917" Title="Is HIV the cause of AIDS?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="500" CreationDate="2015-04-14T13:57:52.163" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surprisingly, no&lt;/strong&gt;. Hot water does kill bacteria, but what's comfortable for your hands is also pretty comfortable for bacteria. Most pathogens start to die off around 60°C to 70°C (140°F to 158°F)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-2-the-pre-travel-consultation/water-disinfection-for-travelers&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, but water from the &quot;hot&quot; tap in a sink is typically below that (40° to 55°C or 104° to 131°F)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/12/131213-washing-hands-hot-water-wastes-energy-health/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In order to kill bacteria, the water would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to National Geographic, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/12/131213-washing-hands-hot-water-wastes-energy-health/&quot;&gt;Washing Hands in Hot Water Wastes Energy&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found &quot;no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.&quot; Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed, and dried properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This agrees with the World Health Organization's conclusion&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water temperature&lt;/strong&gt; -&#xA;  Apart from the issue of skin tolerance and level of comfort,&#xA;  water temperature does not appear to be a critical factor for&#xA;  microbial removal from hands being washed. In contrast, in a&#xA;  study comparing water temperatures of 4 °C, 20 °C and 40 °C,&#xA;  warmer temperatures have been shown to be very significantly&#xA;  associated with skin irritation. The use of very hot water for&#xA;  handwashing should therefore be avoided as it increases the&#xA;  likelihood of skin damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of studies that have looked into water temperature and handwashing and concluded that there is little to no added benefit to washing with hotter water, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00043.x/full&quot;&gt;Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy.&lt;/a&gt;. Michaels, B., Gangar, V., Schultz, A., Arenas, M., Curiale, M., Ayers, T. and Paulson, D. (2002), Food Service Technology, 2: 139–149&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23814480&quot;&gt;The Environmental Cost of Misinformation: Why the Recommendation to Use Elevated Temperatures for Handwashing is Problematic.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Carrico AR, Spoden M, Wallston KA, Vandenbergh MP.&#xA;Int J Consum Stud. 2013 Jul 1;37(4):433-441. (This study examines &lt;em&gt;beliefs&lt;/em&gt; about handwashing and unintended economic or climate effects, rather than water temperature directly.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;It's all about the technique&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC recommends &lt;strong&gt;using soap&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;scrubbing&lt;/strong&gt; for at least 20 seconds, and &lt;strong&gt;rinsing&lt;/strong&gt; under running water&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-handwashing.html&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Based on the currently available scientific literature, it does not recommend using hotter water, as it does not seem to have an effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, scrubbing and using soap are far more effective for hand-washing than using hot water is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-14T13:57:52.163" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="502" CreationDate="2015-04-14T14:02:48.383" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;With respect to your peer-reviewed journal article, &lt;em&gt;Frontiers&lt;/em&gt; isn't a particularly well-regarded journal series.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AIDS denialism is alive and well, but there's a massive body of evidence pointing to HIV infection as the cause of AIDS. Just as a starting point, consider this 2010 report from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/howHIVCausesAIDS/Pages/HIVcausesAIDS.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One should also consider what would be required for this widely accepted theory to be wrong &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; for that to remain hidden. I can tell you as an epidemiologist that, if I actually &lt;em&gt;had&lt;/em&gt; solid evidence that there was a different causal mechanism for AIDS, that would do fascinating things for my career. To suppress something like that would not only require massive fraud, but massive fraud contrary to the incentives of the academic community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastEditorUserId="206" LastEditDate="2016-06-22T13:54:51.917" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T13:54:51.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="501" CreationDate="2015-04-14T14:46:19.300" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, SpO2 levels can be depressed in smokers, but the body will compensate for some of the effects which can explain why you may have had normal saturation levels. There are also age considerations, as well as how much a person smokes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the culprits in cigarette smoke is CO, or Carbon Monoxide. CO shares the same binding sites as O2 in blood hemoglobin (Hg), and actually has 200 times greater affinity than O2. So when you smoke, the CO travels across and prevents some Hg from picking up oxygen. The net result is that your heart starts working harder to get more blood around, which can keep up your sat levels. There is a decent &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/smoking-starve-the-heart-of-oxygen1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plain English explanation here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to this, there are other changes that can occur in longtime smokers. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC459657/?page=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; from 1983 found that in females and smokers over 50 have associated increases in red cell volume and reduced plasma volume. This suggests that the body adapts to the decreased O2 count by producing more RBC's. While this sounds like a great adaptation, it also means that with the reduced plasma volume, the blood is &quot;thicker&quot;, which means that the heart has to work harder to push it around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/41/6/845.full.pdf?sso-checked=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; also notes decreased plasma volume and greater RBC counts in long time CO exposure subjects as well as other significant blood composition changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Yes, O2 saturation is impaired by continued exposure to CO as a long term effect. However, the good news is that the body is remarkably resilient, and depending on length of time a person smokes, the body will start reversing the effects of smoking within a week or two. Shameless self promotion: &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7990/how-long-does-it-take-lungs-to-recover-after-quitting-smoking/7992#7992&quot;&gt;Reversing effects of smoking.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T15:07:59.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="506" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="562" CreationDate="2015-04-14T15:25:17.177" Score="24" ViewCount="641" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say normally, I go to sleep at 00:00 and wake up at 08:00. I know that 3 days from now, I will have to work in another city for just that day and wake up at 05:00 to account for the travel time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I plan my activities and rest, so that I will not feel sleepless the night before, or feel tired when I wake up at 05:00?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I exercise in the afternoon, so my body feels tired and I can go to sleep early?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I eat more or eat less?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I gradually adjust my sleeping time starting from 3 days before, then adjust it back? (3 days before + 3 days after = my sleeping is irregular for 7 days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not interested in medicines like a sleeping pill, as I believe some can be harmful to health in the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T15:42:12.017" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T08:39:41.783" Title="How to avoid fatigue if I foresee irregular sleeping time?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="511" CreationDate="2015-04-14T17:55:00.503" Score="15" ViewCount="1551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told that wearing eyeglasses to correct poor vision can cause your vision to degrade even further. In other words, &quot;Hold off wearing glasses for as long as possible, because once you start, it gets much worse.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim is that with glasses, the eyes don't have to work as hard to focus and then become &quot;lazier&quot; (for lack of a better term), leading to a vicious cycle of needing more and more correction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T14:59:27.047" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T14:59:27.047" Title="Can wearing eyeglasses cause your eyesight to degrade further?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="684" CreationDate="2015-04-14T18:56:38.043" Score="11" ViewCount="3993" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cinnamon is touted to have many health benefits - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266069.php&quot;&gt;helping fight fungi, helping lower blood sugar, helping with lipid management, helping fight Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peoplespharmacy.com/2013/12/30/cinnamon-offers-health-benefits-but-also-carries-serious-risks/&quot;&gt;but it also has a limit&lt;/a&gt;. Ignoring whether the health claims are valid (I mostly am interested in the taste, although the supposed circulation boost would be nice), what is a good daily limit for cinnamon intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest I've seen to an answer was not more than 6 grams a day, 5 days a week (will cite when I find that again), with a warning to not take cinnamon daily as there needs to be a detox period. I would think a smaller dose would allow for a continuous usage. Also, keep in mind, the chemical thought to be the toxin in cinnamon that is linked to liver failure, coumarin, is much higher in cassia cinnamon than Ceylon cinnamon. Details on both would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="157" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T19:09:43.250" Title="How much cinnamon is too much?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="506" CreationDate="2015-04-14T20:26:21.257" Score="6" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Body's biological clock&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Wkoqt.png&quot; alt=&quot;Biological clock human&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Credits: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A circadian rhythm&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two main hormones which plays important role in sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Melatonin (also called a youth hormone) which is produced at night which plays a fundamental role in your body's biological clock (it governs the entire sleep and wake cycle).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Serotonin (“feel good” hormone) which affects wakefulness and our mood. Low levels  (depression, fatigue).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you are going sleep, your serotonin levels are converted into sleep-promoting melatonin by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually body adjust to irregular sleep patterns (such as changing time zones) naturally, but it takes some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if your body has a problem of adjusting to new pattern, you may considering regulating your biological clock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;consider taking a melatonin (1mg or 3mg, usually sold freely over-the-counter) which in general it is considered to be effective and safe (as it's naturally occurring hormone) for short term use and long-term use of up to 12 months&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23044640&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;learn how to fall asleep naturally by reprogramming your brain and internal body clock to the new routine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sleep well&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep is important for our health and lack of sleep can put give you tiredness, fatigue and you're also increasing risk of serious medical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When planning your activities and rest, you should consider around 8 hours of good quality sleep a night to function properly (some of us need more or less time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Take a nap&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a disturbed sleep patterns (such as irregular work times, night shifts) and you can't afford a good quality sleep, you can have a nap (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_nap&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a power nap&lt;/a&gt;) during the day when you get tired, it helps a lot. The benefits of napping could be best obtained by training the body and mind to awaken after a short nap. Naps of fewer than 30 minutes restore wakefulness and promotes performance and learning&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.co-internalmedicine.com/pt/re/cointernalmed/abstract.00132980-200702000-00014.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18275549&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Relax your mind and body&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before going sleep, it's important to create an environment which can help you to sleep by relaxing your mind and body, and everyone have their own way, so here are some suggestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;try to avoid TV, radio, using mobile or reading a book which can distract your mind,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;turn of the light, draw the curtains, limit exposure to artificial light (it suppresses production of melatonin)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take a warm bath (it'll reach a temperature that's ideal for rest),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do some physical exercises:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;relaxation exercises to relax your muscles (such as yoga),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vigorous physical activity (sex makes us sleepy as well),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;try to listen to hypnotic music and sound effects to relax,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medication can help with sleeping problems,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;write &quot;to do&quot; list for the next day to clear your mind of any distractions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/insomnia/pages/bedtimeritual.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to get to sleep&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/sleep/pages/sleep-home.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Better sleep: How to get to sleep&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/self-help-energy-tips.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Self-help tips to fight fatigue&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T13:43:35.843" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T13:43:35.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="507" CreationDate="2015-04-14T23:17:53.010" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Mayo Clininc, &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;. They write in their eye myths and facts section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myth: Wearing eyeglasses will weaken the eyes:&lt;/strong&gt; The eyeglasses worn to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia will not weaken the eyes any more than they will permanently &quot;cure&quot; these kinds of vision problems. Glasses are simply external optical aids that provide vision to people with blurred vision caused by refractive errors. Exceptions are the kinds of glasses given to children with crossed eyes (strabismus) or lazy eye (amblyopia). These glasses are used temporarily to help straighten the eyes or improve vision. Not wearing such glasses may lead to permanently defective vision &lt;a href=&quot;http://mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/la-crosse/medical-services/ophthalmology/myths-and-facts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorUserId="3248" LastEditDate="2016-06-09T15:44:12.757" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T15:44:12.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="501" CreationDate="2015-04-15T00:38:27.027" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The OP observes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I was a smoker, my own SpO2 was usually 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although &lt;em&gt;long-term&lt;/em&gt; smoking often does lead to changes in the lungs that cause hypoxemia (low peripheral O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Saturation, a.k.a. SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), these effects are not immediate. In fact, in the short term, SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; may even be spuriously &lt;strong&gt;high&lt;/strong&gt;, consistent with your observation. We should distinguish between the factors that drive changes in O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; saturation in long-term when compared to short-term smoking.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Short term&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/505/165&quot;&gt;Another answer&lt;/a&gt; discussed the increased carbon monoxide (CO) levels in smokers, which &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739872&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an immediate effect of the inhaled cigarette smoke that is dose-dependent&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. heavy smokers will inhale more CO than light smokers). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/pulmonary/oximetry_92,p07754/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A pulse oximeter&lt;/a&gt; measures the percentage of circulating hemoglobin to which oxygen is bound. By standard pulse oximetry, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/poisoning/carbon-monoxide-poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carboxy-hemoglobin is indistinguishable from oxyhemoglobin&lt;/a&gt;. Also, carbon monoxide causes a left-shift of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ventworld.com/resources/oxydisso/dissoc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve&lt;/a&gt;. This means the hemoglobin is holding onto the oxygen more tightly, resulting in a higher saturation of hemoglobin. It is for both of these reasons that students are often taught about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Carbon+Monoxide+Poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“cherry red” appearance of skin&lt;/a&gt; and mucous membranes in carbon monoxide poisoning.** In contrast to hypoxemia (low SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) when mucous membranes tend to turn blue due to low oxygen saturation, the hemoglobin saturation in carbon monoxide poisoning will be seen (both by our eyes and by pulse oximetry) as high. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=buckley+pulse+oximetry+gap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pulse oximetry may be spuriously high&lt;/a&gt; in smokers due to the presence of carboxyhemoglobin.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most young, healthy people, oxygen saturation is 98-100% anyway, so this difference is usually negligible. However, the point remains that the OP’s observation is fully consistent with the effects of short-term smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long-term&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term smokers frequently do have low oxygen saturation &lt;em&gt;despite&lt;/em&gt; the spurious elevation due to carbon monoxide. A full explanation of the mechanism would require a textbook of respiratory physiology. The basic idea is that the toxins in cigarette smoke lead to inflammation and remodeling in the lung that cause both &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obstructive pulmonary disease&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLCO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decreased alveolar diffusing capacity&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been shown that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24307008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;early inflammatory changes are present even in young smokers with normal pulmonary function tests&lt;/a&gt;. These microscopic changes in the lung do not cause measurable changes in oxygen saturation or pulmonary function tests. However, evidence like this should reinforce to the OP (and any other former smokers around) how absolutely &lt;strong&gt;fabulous&lt;/strong&gt; it is that you quit smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Notes&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*The exact time period (more precisely, number of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-year&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pack-years&lt;/a&gt;) after which the long-term effects begin to dominate the acute effects has substantial inter-individual variability.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;**This is rarely seen in real life, and it would only be present in those with higher doses of CO than that incurred from normal cigarette smoking. The theoretical point remains.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T04:35:38.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="502" CreationDate="2015-04-15T01:26:54.880" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;To turn this question on its head, I'd like to propose a different question that the AIDS deniers haven't answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If HIV were not the cause of AIDS, why would &lt;em&gt;anti-retroviral therapy&lt;/em&gt; be so successful in preventing the disease? Each of the meds in the cocktails that stave off AIDS limit the ability of the virus - the HIV virus - to reproduce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be argued that AZT is effective against more viruses than HIV alone. Reverse Transcriptase (necessary for viral replication) is an enzyme necessary to the replication of many viruses. However, the AIDS denialists claim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...because the drugs are anti-viral and &lt;em&gt;anti-bacterial in nature&lt;/em&gt;, they give a false impression of being effective for treating HIV infection. What appears a miraculous recovery in many patients is, in fact, the drugs’ effects upon the opportunistic infectious agents the person may harbor at the time, other than HIV. (from your source)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AZT is not an antibactial. Antibiotics (as well as things not to be taken internally, e.g. bleach) are antibacterials. Antibiotics treat &lt;em&gt;Pneumocystis jiroveci&lt;/em&gt; (formerly known as &lt;em&gt;Pneumocystis carinii&lt;/em&gt;) and other microbial infections; they are useless against the common cold and other viruses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pneumocystis first came to attention as a cause of interstitial pneumonia in severely malnourished and premature infants during World War II in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, it is more common in immunosuppressed patients: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinically significant Pneumocystis pneumonia is virtually never observed in immunocompetent adults. Indeed, documentation of Pneumocystis jirovecii&#xA;  in a patient without known underlying disease should prompt a careful search for occult immune suppression... trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole [the &lt;em&gt;antibiotic&lt;/em&gt; Bactrim] remains  the  most  effective regimen for treating severe Pneumocystis pneumonia... Patients with previous Pneumocystis pneumonia should receive lifelong secondary prophylaxis, unless reconstitution of the immune system occurs. ...Ledergerber and colleagues analyzed episodes of recurrent Pneumocystis pneumonia in 325 HIV-infected patients after they had peripheral blood CD4 cell count greater than 200 cells/ml and found no cases of recurrent Pneumocystis during a follow-up period totaling 374 person-years. Prophylaxis should be reintroduced if the CD4+ count falls below 200 cells/ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An antibiotic can treat P. pneumonia in HIV-infected patients, but cannot restore immunocompetency; only anti-retrovirals can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The standard treatment [of HIV] consists of a combination of at least three drugs (often called “highly active antiretroviral therapy” or HAART) that suppress HIV replication. Three drugs are used in order to reduce the likelihood of the virus developing resistance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the near-miraculous effect of combined antiretroviral in the treatment of HIV, your paper observes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because these drugs also attack non-infected cells, they can destroy the immune systems’ healthy T-cells, and even cause a collapse identical to AIDS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But they offer no evidence of such a claim. No drug is without potential side effects. Some antibiotics can cause aplastic anemia, a condition certain to result in an immunocompromised status. However combined antiretrovirals save lives, they do not &lt;em&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt; AIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper is full of similar holes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deniers gain footholds by building straw men and knocking them down, not by advancing credible science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Untreated, HIV causes AIDS. Anti-retrovirals prevent it's development. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/tb-opi/treatment-of-fungal-infections-in-adult-pulmonary-critical-care-and-sleep-medicine.pdf&quot;&gt;An Official American Thoracic Society Statement: Treatment of Fungal Infections in Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care Patients (2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/topics/antiretroviral_therapy/en/&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2081238&quot;&gt;White swans, black ravens, and lame ducks: necessary and sufficient causes in epidemiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventing_the_AIDS_Virus&quot;&gt;Inventing the AIDS virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T01:26:54.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T01:34:58.603" Score="7" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;During college I faithfully got my flu vaccine every year. Shortly after I left college the US had a year with a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4073505&quot;&gt;bad flu vaccine shortage (2004)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When discussing the shortage with my coworkers at the time (who grew up in a different part of the country than I did), they replied that they didn't ever get the flu vaccine because they were told that if they ever had to skip a year (such as the year there were shortages) they would give much sicker than if they had never gotten the flu vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific truth to this belief?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:55:00.400" Title="Can getting the flu shot make you sicker next year?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="514" CreationDate="2015-04-15T02:58:05.547" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've worked on influenza in the past, and I've never heard &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; particular justification for missing a flu vaccine before. I confess I can't even find it when I Google for that particular belief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some viral diseases where it's true that prior vaccination (or natural exposure) may cause a severe overreaction of the immune system that results in more severe disease. However, the only common one I know of is &lt;a href=&quot;http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/12/21/dengue/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dengue fever&lt;/a&gt;, where exposure to one strain makes infections from other strains much more severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Were your friend's belief be true, all vaccines that miss a strain (which are functionally similar to not being vaccinated) would be serious problems for the next year, because everyone would be in the position you're describing - immunologically having missed a vaccine - and there's no evidence I can find of that, and absolutely no mention of it in most &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/whoshouldvax.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;influenza vaccination guidelines&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastEditorUserId="206" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T21:55:00.400" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T21:55:00.400" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="519" CreationDate="2015-04-15T04:39:01.340" Score="11" ViewCount="818" Body="&lt;p&gt;What interval should blood donors wait between donations, and what are the risks involved in donating with shorter intervals than recommended? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T08:43:25.333" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T08:43:25.333" Title="Time intervals between blood donations" Tags="&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;donor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="528" CreationDate="2015-04-15T04:44:58.337" Score="14" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects to wearing contact lenses for a long time? Is there any way that wearing them can damage your eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm referring to long-term use that is within or close to the manufacturer's recommendations (removing at night, cleaning, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T13:41:03.217" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T03:03:15.637" Title="How safe are contact lenses?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="310" CreationDate="2015-04-15T04:51:42.833" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the factors that cause an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease&quot;&gt;acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&lt;/a&gt; (such as bronchitis), you will find that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cause can not be identified in one third of the cases. In the ones with identifiable causes, they may be&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Respiratory infections (bacterial and viral)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allergy&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Toxins&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Non adherenace to medications. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I read through the technique you were talking about, I found that there is no such risk factors in that technique. However, you should take the following precautions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid this exercise when you have an active acute exacerbation of the disease. Fast breathing causes &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_resistance&quot;&gt;airways to collapse&lt;/a&gt; by Bernoulli's principle, and hence you will have more difficulty breathing. Even though it can potentially clear your airway, it is better avoided at that times.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure that you sit in a place with clean air when you do this exercise. You don't want allergens, toxins or even pathogens in the air entering your lungs when you are breathing like that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No cold exposure. Cold exposure can trigger a vasovagal attack and can cause constriction of airways. This can even precipitate an acute attack. So a big no no to that. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even though it is a no brainer, it is important that you monitor yourself all the time. If you feel not so good, stop immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, it is generally considered a safe practice to do breathing exercises, and are sometimes adviced to patients of bronchitis. If you follow these precautions, you should be fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T04:51:42.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="516" CreationDate="2015-04-15T05:24:52.150" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The only known significant long-term risk of blood donation is iron deficiency.&lt;/a&gt; Immunity (which you asked about) is primarily mediated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;white blood cells&lt;/a&gt;, which can be easily deployed from the lymphatic system and bone marrow to replace those lost in donation. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Red blood cells&lt;/a&gt;, on other hand, are not stored as mature cells in large numbers outside of the bloodstream. They also contain hemoglobin, which requires iron for its production. The body has a limited supply of iron, and when red blood cells are removed via blood donation, this can be depleted. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/#__sec4title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Approximately 200 - 230 mg of iron is lost during a standard blood donation&lt;/a&gt; (~450 mL whole blood). It has been shown that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15383019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;short-term iron supplementation is effective in replacing iron loss&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/eligibility-requirements/eligibility-criteria-alphabetical-listing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American Red Cross recommends&lt;/a&gt; donors wait 8 weeks between transfusions. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-donation/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The NHS guideline&lt;/a&gt; is more conservative, recommending 12 weeks for men and 16 weeks for women. The difference between the sexes in that recommendation is because women lose blood regularly through menstruation and thus tend to have lower stores of iron and can easily become anemic. The threshold hemoglobin level required for donation is also different between the US and Europe: 12.5 g/dL for both sexes in the US; 12.5 g/dL for women but 13.5 g/dL for men in the Europe.* &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;optimal&lt;/em&gt; interval for blood donation remains a bit of an open question. (Note that for women, the NHS recommendation is twice as long as the Red Cross’s recommendation!) To investigate that, there was recently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intervalstudy.org.uk/about-the-study/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a large trial conducted within NHS&lt;/a&gt; centers that randomized men to 12-week, 10-week, or 8-week intervals between donation while women were randomized to 16-week versus 14-week versus 12-week intervals.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; They will report hemoglobin levels in donors, including the number of donations that have to be deferred due to hemoglobin levels below the recommended levels (NHS guidelines above). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4177700/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The full methodology is available online&lt;/a&gt;, but to my knowledge the results have not yet been published.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;References&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. Radtke H, Mayer B, Röcker L, Salama A, Kiesewetter H. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15383019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Iron supplementation and 2-unit red blood cell apheresis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Transfusion. 2004 Oct;44(10):1463-7.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Moore C, Sambrook J, Walker M, Tolkien Z, Kaptoge S, Allen D, Mehenny S, Mant J, Di Angelantonio E, Thompson SG, Ouwehand W, Roberts DJ, Danesh J. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230735&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The INTERVAL trial to determine whether intervals between blood donations can be safely and acceptably decreased to optimise blood supply: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Trials. 2014 Sep 17;15:363. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-363.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*Note: The European guideline appears to be a practical concession to the fact that many menstruating woman have hemoglobin &amp;lt;13.5 g/dL. However, to my knowledge there is no physiologic reason to believe that women should &lt;em&gt;tolerate&lt;/em&gt; an absolute hemoglobin level lower than men. Thus, the logic of it is somewhat lost on me.&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T02:49:28.130" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T02:49:28.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T06:19:13.460" Score="17" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;While answering &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/516/165&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; about the possible detrimental effects of iron deficiency caused by frequent blood donation, I was reminded of a theory I heard long ago about a possible &lt;em&gt;benefit&lt;/em&gt; of mild iron deficiency for reducing cardiovascular disease. The theory goes that the lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in pre-menopausal women (vs men of a similar age) is due to mild, chronic iron deficiency induced by menstruation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;old observational literature&lt;/a&gt; suggesting that there might be an association between blood donation and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Somewhat more recently, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12430669&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;large retrospective study&lt;/a&gt; seemed to support this. However, neither is a controlled study, and I’ve not heard this possible benefit promulgated by the Red Cross or anyone else collecting blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there strong randomized data in support of the idea that regular blood donation reduces cardiovascular risk? Has the “optimal” hemoglobin concentration been determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T23:35:33.830" Title="Does blood donation reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="535" CreationDate="2015-04-15T09:09:25.170" Score="10" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/fr/Le-ministere/Securite-civile/Documentation-technique/Le-secourisme/Les-textes-reglementaires&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;team first aid guidelines in France&lt;/a&gt; say that for an adult victim, a saturation (SpO2) below 94 triggers the administration of 9L/min of oxygen using a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-rebreather mask&lt;/a&gt;. We first aid guys are not doctors, so we strictly apply this rule before reporting to the medical control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I noticed that when the victim is known or suspected&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; to have certain pulmonary diseases&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, we are instructed to reduce the oxygen flow to 2L/minute or so, even if the SpO2 is still low&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. This happens either when we contact the medical control or when a doctor arrives on the scene by request. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find this interesting, so the following questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a precise pulmonary diseases list that require oxygen therapy to be handled that way ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why could a high O2 flow be deleterious for these particular diseases and not others?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just curiosity. I mean by this that I won't try to anticipate should such a case occur again in the future: it's only up to the doctor to order an oxygen flow that doesn't appear in the first-aid guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnotes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; We don't determine that by ourselves, a doctor does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Not completely sure of what kind. Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169/anongoodnurse&quot;&gt;@anongoodnurse&lt;/a&gt;'s heads-up I could determine that some of them were diagnosed or suspected COPDs, and some of them unknown to us (we were just not told what was precisely diagnosed or suspected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; The doctor can instruct us to do this, even if not according to the first-aid guidelines, as he/she has a higher competence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T15:51:02.387" Title="Pulmonary diseases and oxygen therapy" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="522" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T13:03:59.590" Score="12" ViewCount="6511" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone has no chronic health problems (but a family history of diabetes and high blood pressure), is there a good medical reason for them to keep their old blood test results that doctors have ordered? Or is it perfectly fine to just throw these out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect any doctor interested in blood test results would just order a new test. Is there any real chance they would want to look at old results, too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="255" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T21:01:16.987" Title="How long should a person keep blood test results?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="523" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="530" CreationDate="2015-04-15T14:04:38.250" Score="7" ViewCount="4187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently picked up some new shampoo and didn't notice that it included caffeine. I'm curious if this is just a marketing gimmick. Does having a small concentration of caffeine on my scalp for 30-60 seconds actually have a chance of being absorbed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/65/why-do-i-feel-shaky-after-only-a-small-amount-of-caffeine&quot;&gt;fairly sensitive&lt;/a&gt; to caffeine, and I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; I can feel it, but it could easily be the placebo effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T02:53:57.777" Title="Can caffeinated shampoo have a noticeable effect?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="474" CreationDate="2015-04-15T14:46:52.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;How to boost immune system&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sleep boosts immunity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep is very important for our health and lack of sleep can affect our whole immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's because our body's biological clock is set for 24-hour rhythm and certain periods of light and darkness (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a circadian rhythm&lt;/a&gt;), and when it's thrown off, so is the immune system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Wkoqt.png&quot; alt=&quot;Biological clock human&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A circadian rhythm&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular poor sleep or prolonged lack of sleep can disrupt your body's natural immune system and can lead to many illnesses such as infections (such as cold/flu&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/immune-system-lack-of-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;webmd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) and increasing risk of serious medical conditions such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes as well as it can shortens your life expectancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So every time when you catch cold and flu, you could blame your bedtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore when planning your activities and rest, you should consider around 8 hours of good quality sleep a night to function properly (some of us need more or less time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/lack-of-sleep-health-risks.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why lack of sleep is bad for your health&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a disturbed sleep patterns you can have [a power nap] during the day when you get tired, it helps a lot. The benefits of napping could be best obtained by training the body and mind to awaken after a short nap. Naps of fewer than 30 minutes restore wakefulness and promotes performance and learning&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/immune-system-lack-of-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/08/sleep-immune-system-body-clock_n_4235943.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceNOW: Sleep's Effects On Your Immune System Revealed In New 'Body Clock' Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/506/114&quot;&gt;How to avoid fatigue if I foresee irregular sleeping time?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Reduce stress to boost energy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress uses a lot of energy and introducing relaxing activities into your day can improve your energy. This can include deep muscle relaxation, physical exercises (yoga, tai chi or vigorous physical activity at gym), relaxed breathing (yoga, medication), spa, listen to music or sound effects, spending some time with friends and anything else that relaxes you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relaxation can help you to relieve symptoms of stress and calm you down&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/Pages/ways-relieve-stress.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relaxation tips to relieve stress&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our immune system requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, and food energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods rich in certain fatty acids (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conjugated linoleic acid&lt;/a&gt;, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punicic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;punicic acid&lt;/a&gt;) may boost your healthy immune system by providing additional energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed is also important so intake isn't too much (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overnutrition&lt;/a&gt;) or too less (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;malnutrition&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Drink less alcohol&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular drinking can affect your immune system and heavy drinkers tend to catch more infectious diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cut down on alcohol before bedtime, you'll get a better night's rest and have more energy next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Tipsoncuttingdown.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tips on cutting down&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption#Immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-term effects of alcohol consumption - Immune system&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cut out caffeine&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you find that not consuming caffeine gives you headaches, you should cut down on the amount of caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Royal College of Psychiatrists recommends that anyone feeling tired should cut out caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/self-help-energy-tips.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Self-help tips to fight fatigue&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Drink more water for better energy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes we feel tired, because we're mildly dehydrated, so glass of water can help (especially after exercise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/self-help-energy-tips.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Self-help tips to fight fatigue&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T17:49:35.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="474" CreationDate="2015-04-15T16:42:15.193" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I am aware, the immune system does not have a &quot;boosted&quot; state. There is a medical doctor, Mark Crislip, who wrote a post about this on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/boost-your-immune-system/&quot;&gt;Science-based medicine&lt;/a&gt;, and I'll cite here the most pertinent lines. Even though he takes a very one-sided position, I personally find his writing convincing, and the whole article is worth reading. It makes many more points I'm leaving out here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does that mean: boost the immune system? Most people apparently think that the immune system is like a muscle, and by working it, giving it supplements and vitamins,  the immune system will become stronger. [...] The other popular phrase is “support”. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The immune system, if you are otherwise healthy, cannot be boosted&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you google the phrase “boost the immune system” you will find over 288,000 pages that give advice on how to give that old immune system a lift. Curiously, a Pubmed search with the same phase yields 1100 references, most concerning vaccination. If you Pubmed ‘enhanced immune system’ you get 41,000 references mostly concerning immunology. None of the references concern taking a normal person and making the immune system work better than its baseline to prevent or treat infection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Those who say that that their product, for example probiotics, boost the immune system, point to studies such as these that show that in response to bacteria, cells of the immune system are activated [...] They call it boosting. I call it the inflammatory response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article then goes on to cite several studies which found that being constantly subject to inflammatory response has several ill effects on health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He does admit that you need to be otherwise healthy (by following what he calls &quot;kindergarten advice&quot; of eating healthy, getting enough sleep and exercise) to have an immune system working at its baseline. So maybe you could say that, if your immune system is running at reduced &quot;strength&quot; due to increased stress, you could &quot;boost&quot; it by reducing your stressors. But this does not mean that, if you are stressed and consume probiotics or other presumably boosting products, you'll somehow get to the baseline. Also, I share Crislip's view here: it would be misleading to call it boosting when it's simply being returned to its standard state. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another possible meaning of &quot;boost the immune system&quot; which does have a basis in fact. If you get a vaccine against a certain disease, you are not exposed to a constant inflammatory response, but you will be able to fight off this one disease better. I was not going to post it here, as this is not the sense usually meant in marketing materials. But the first tip in the first link you gave said &quot;get a flu vaccine&quot;, so I thought it's worth mentioning. It will not have any effect on other aspects of your health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-04-15T17:02:02.610" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T17:02:02.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="489" CreationDate="2015-04-15T17:12:38.920" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current research seems to indicate that the brain is responding to anticipation or visual stimulus of needles being inserted, not that any of the theories supporting acupuncture are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steven Novella &lt;a href=&quot;http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/phantom-acupuncture/&quot;&gt;reviewed the following article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chae Y, Lee IS, Jung WM, Park K, Park HJ, Wallraven C. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681621&quot;&gt;Psychophysical and neurophysiological responses to acupuncture stimulation to incorporated rubber hand.&lt;/a&gt; Neurosci Lett. 2015 Feb 11;591C:48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.025. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm going to quote from Novella's review because it's easier for a lay person to read/understand, and I don't have full access to the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As background, he states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There have been in total several thousand clinical studies looking at the apparent effects of acupuncture. These have failed to convincingly reject the null hypothesis, meaning that they have not demonstrated a clear biological response to acupuncture for any indication. The better controlled studies consistently show that needle location does not matter (sham acupuncture), and that needle insertion does not matter (placebo acupuncture). You can literally have a non-acupuncturist randomly poke someone with toothpicks and get the same response as the full acupuncture treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And described the current paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A recent study looked at performing acupuncture on a phantom limb.&#xA;  They used a now well-established technique of tricking the brain into&#xA;  incorporating a dummy body part as if it were real. They placed&#xA;  subjects in front of a table so that one of their arms was below the&#xA;  table, with a rubber arm above the table placed in such a way that&#xA;  visually the rubber arm looked like their own arm. They then stroke&#xA;  the rubber arm and the subjects real arm simultaneously. The brain&#xA;  sees and feels the rubber arm being stroked, and this sensory feedback&#xA;  is often enough for the brain to create the sensation of ownership&#xA;  over the rubber arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers then placed acupuncture needles into the rubber arm&#xA;  that subjects had incorporated as their own. Obviously there is no&#xA;  possibility of any physiological response from the needle penetrating&#xA;  the rubber arm. I further think it is reasonable to conclude that&#xA;  placing a needle into a rubber arm cannot activate acupuncture points&#xA;  (if they existed) or alter Qi (if it existed). This experiment nicely&#xA;  eliminates local physiological responses and any Qi responses to the&#xA;  needles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers performed functional MRI scanning (fMRI) on subjects&#xA;  while needles were placed in their phantom rubber limbs. Keep in mind&#xA;  that fMRI research involves collecting lots of data and aggregating&#xA;  it. So the researchers are not looking at brain reactions in real&#xA;  time, just the aggregate brain activity of many subjects over many&#xA;  trials. They then look for statistical associations in the activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What they found was the same brain activation that previous studies&#xA;  have found with acupuncture of real limbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;When the rubber hand was fully incorporated with the real body,&#xA;    acupuncture stimulation to the rubber hand resulted in the experience&#xA;    of the DeQi sensation as well as brain activations in the dorsolateral&#xA;    prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, secondary somatosensory cortex&#xA;    (SII), and medial temporal (MT) visual area. The insular activation&#xA;    was associated with the DeQi sensation from the rubber hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If these results hold up, this implies that the brain is simply&#xA;  responding to the expectation and visualization of the needle&#xA;  penetration. Actual needle penetration is unnecessary. The most&#xA;  parsimonious interpretation of this data is that acupuncture is all in&#xA;  the mind. There is no need to hypothesize the existence of Qi,&#xA;  acupuncture points, or a specific physiological mechanism for&#xA;  acupuncture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are plenty of studies that show that the perception of pain is&#xA;  easily manipulated by simple things such as distraction. Swearing,&#xA;  distorting body image, and crossing your arms while one of them is&#xA;  pricked will all reduce pain perception. Pain perception is closely&#xA;  tied to attention, and so simple distraction is effective. It’s no&#xA;  surprise, therefore, that the brain responds to phantom stimulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the very least this study demonstrates that all prior studies&#xA;  looking at fMRI responses to acupuncture needle insertion were likely&#xA;  simply showing a non-specific brain response to the expectation and/or&#xA;  visualization of needle insertion, without the need to invoke any&#xA;  specific physiological responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastActivityDate="2015-04-15T17:12:38.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-15T21:34:15.860" Score="8" ViewCount="1971" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that paracetamol is pretty bad for the liver - in fact, it relies so much on the human liver breaking it down that one pill of the stuff will kill a cat, whose liver can't deal with it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, and assuming no alcohol intake during the same period, how long can the average healthy adult continue to take paracetamol for if they take it at the generally recommended dose - 1000mg four times a day?  How long until there is a risk of serious liver damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T14:39:25.150" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T14:39:25.150" Title="How long can one safely take paracetamol for?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-04-17T21:13:45.113" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="517" CreationDate="2015-04-16T00:14:53.477" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all contacts are made the same even in the same pack. I have no idea what the acceptable level of failure is for contact manufacturers though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that you abide by all the usage instructions; that is, if they are monthly, weekly, or daily, you change them at that correct interval. Also, note that some contact lenses will have a longer life span with certain contact lens solutions. Off the top of my head, Air Optix is one of these brands. With this brand, you should be using Pure Moist I believe. Just following the boxes cleaning regiment will not suffice if you are using the wrong solution with the lenses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's suppose you are doing everything correctly. Unfortunately, some lenses will not be up to par (such is engineering and in life not everything is perfect). Therefore, this set of lenses will become less breathable in a shorter amount of time. If you are the unlucky soul who perpetually gets the dud box, there can be negative side effects. One side effect is from ischemia which was mentioned in the comments. When the eye is starved of oxygen, blood vessels will begin to grow on the eye in order to get oxygen rich blood to the tissue and over time will cause Corneal Neovascularization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario I described is a long shot but it cold theoretically happen although it is very unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other side effects could be that you get some kind of dirt or grim in your eye that gets under the contact lenses. This foreign body could end up scratching the cornea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you are diligent in following your eye care instructions, use the correct contact lenses solutions, and use common sense, more than likely, you will not have any problems from wearing contact lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://optometrist.com.au/corneal_neovascularization/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Contact Lenses cause Corneal Neovascularization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/corneal-abrasions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Corneal Abrasion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T04:08:21.553" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T04:08:21.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="681" CreationDate="2015-04-16T02:52:41.643" Score="46" ViewCount="3645" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read conflicting information on how many eggs one can eat per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailyhealthpost.com/how-many-eggs-a-day-can-you-safely-eat/2/&quot;&gt;Daily Health Post - How Many Eggs a Day Can You Safely Eat?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How many eggs a day can you safely eat? Apparently, as many as you want, if you pay attention to your total calorie intake and are careful about carbohydrate intake. If you have diabetes, you can safely eat eggs too, but will need to be particularly attentive to carbohydrates and blood sugar control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mensfitness.com/nutrition/what-to-eat/eating-too-many-eggs&quot;&gt;Men's Fitness - Am I Eating Too Many Eggs?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 2008 report from the Physicians Health Study backs up Smith’s suggestion, finding that eating one egg per day is generally safe—but that more than that can increase your heart disease risk later in life. (Note that we’re talking about yolks here. You can have unlimited whites.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The individual is healthy, BMI of 20, has no major medical condition, and regarding sports activities walks 30 minutes per day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eggs are large chicken eggs (50 grams)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am looking for an approximate upper bound on the number of eggs one can eat per day on average while staying healthy in the long run&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T21:21:19.713" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T01:55:20.380" Title="How many eggs can one eat per day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="523" CreationDate="2015-04-16T02:53:57.777" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243011/&quot;&gt;described at nih.gov&lt;/a&gt; about the rate of absorption of caffeine through the skin and how hair follicles contribute to it (&quot;significantly&quot;, is apparently the answer to that).  Another study compared &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/8571074_In_vitro_predictions_of_skin_absorption_of_caffeine_testosterone_and_benzoic_acid_a_multi-centre_comparison_study&quot;&gt;how three different substances, including caffeine traveled through different thicknesses of skin in humans and animals&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first-referenced article above has this summary about what was known at the beginning of the study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recently, it has been shown that the hair follicles are responsible&#xA;  for a fast delivery of topically applied substances. After topical&#xA;  application, caffeine was already detected in the blood of the&#xA;  volunteers after 5 min, whereas, when the hair follicles were&#xA;  selectively blocked utilizing the newly developed Follicular Closing&#xA;  Technique (FCT), caffeine was detectable only after 20 min&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Faith Williams, a researcher who studies skin's permeability to chemicals, had this to say about caffeinated soap in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/science/2003/nov/27/thisweekssciencequestions1&quot;&gt;a 2003 article for the Guardian&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine does go through the skin if you apply it to the surface in&#xA;  solution But I would have&#xA;  thought that not much would go through [from soap] because I don't&#xA;  think it would stay in contact for very long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that statement, you might experiment on yourself (after getting all the requisite sign-offs that you're complying with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/ethics/research/en/&quot;&gt;human subject research ethics&lt;/a&gt; of course) by leaving the shampoo on your scalp for a longer time before rinsing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="53" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T02:53:57.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="544" CreationDate="2015-04-16T05:07:58.733" Score="8" ViewCount="10356" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum number of times a person can safely undergo x-ray scanning?  If this limit is exceeded, are there serious and/or life threatening side effects that the person may experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T20:57:20.650" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T20:57:20.650" Title="Effects of X-rays on the human body" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T06:27:42.030" Score="6" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;It occurred to me that oils float on water, and the stomach is always full of aqueous solution. The stomach empties at the bottom, meaning that oils would only ever pass out of the stomach when it is clear of water, which it never is. Assuming stomach acid is not an emulsion, oils would slowly build up above the water, which would negatively affect health if they never drain. Assuming it is an emulsion, the oils can drain with the aqueous components, and that is that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does the stomach have some special way of draining oils, or is stomach acid actually an emulsion. In either case, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T09:27:44.460" Title="Is stomach acid an emulsion?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="532" CreationDate="2015-04-16T09:27:44.460" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you eat a number of things - protein, carbohydrates, fats, water, alcohol (at times), etc.  Digestion begins in the mouth.The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion, breaking it into tiny particles called &quot;chyme&quot;, which can indeed be an emulsion. The stomach doesn't act as a beaker; it has input and shakes things up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chyme is passed into the duodenum, where digestion takes place, and continues through the small intestines. Once the food reaches the large intestion, it is pretty much digested, and water reabsorption takes place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/women/features/stomach-problems&quot;&gt;Surprising Facts About Your Stomach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T09:27:44.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="521" CreationDate="2015-04-16T12:24:26.503" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic idea is that &lt;strong&gt;people with pulmonary diseases that involve chronic hypoventilation rely on mild hypoxia to stimulate respiration.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand this, consider a basic homeostatic feedback loop that controls respiratory drive. During a breath hold, carbon dioxide levels rise and oxygen levels fall. Carbon dioxide diffuses across the blood-brain barrier and causes a decrease in CSF pH sensed at central chemoreceptors in the brainstem. The peripheral serum pH may also be depressed, stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies. In normally ventilating people, these &quot;hypercarbic indicators&quot; are the primary mediators of the drive to breath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In patients with chronic hypoventilation, PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is chronically elevated. Common hypo-ventilatory diseases include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obesity-hypoventilation syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neuro-muscular weakness syndromes (generally only in later phases when the diaphragm is affected: Becker/Duchenne muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The old theory goes that because these folks have chronically elevated PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*, the hypercarbic respiratory feedback loop described above “acclimates” and is no longer the primary driver of breathing. Instead, they rely on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxic_drive&quot;&gt;hypoxic respiratory drive&lt;/a&gt;, which is secondary in normal people. These individuals may have a usual SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ~88-90%. When a non-rebreather mask is applied and suddenly drives their SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; up to 100%, their respiratory drive decreases because their blunted hypercarbic response mechanisms do not respond normally to the progressive rise in PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are data in support of this theory. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645328/#bib42&quot;&gt;One study in COPD patients&lt;/a&gt; administered 100% oxygen to patients with COPD and observed a 18% decrease in ventilation after 15 minutes that returned to baseline when oxygen was removed (Aubier). However, these authors also showed that two other factors were at play explaining the observed rise in PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;About 30% of the  increase in PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; associated with high-flow oxygen administration was attributable to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interactive-biology.com/6717/the-haldane-effect-and-uptake-of-carbon-dioxide-from-tissues/&quot;&gt;Haldane effect&lt;/a&gt;, which is basically an offloading of CO2 by hemoglobin (due to a rightward shift of the carboxyhemoglobin dissociation curve), increasing the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dissolved in blood but not reflecting a true change in ventilation. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An additional 48% of the increase in hypercapnia was due to dead space ventilation. The simplified idea is that the vessels in the lung compensate for hypoxia by vaso-constricting areas with low oxygen tension, so-called ventilation-perfusing matching. When high-flow oxygen is administered, the vaso-constriction is released so perfusion of poorly ventilated areas increases. Now a higher percentage of the blood is not being cleared of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. This is called ventilation-perfusion  &amp;#8203;&lt;strong&gt;mis&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;#8203;matching. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1087886&quot;&gt;Something similar has been demonstrated in patients with obesity-hypoventilation&lt;/a&gt; (Wijesinghe). In light of this, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645328/#bib42&quot;&gt;a recent study&lt;/a&gt; investigated the best strategy for oxygen administration in patients with chronic hypoventilation (Kim). They found that a strategy titrating oxygen administration to achieve SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 88% to 92% minimized the risk of worsening hypoventilation while achieving adequate relief of shortness of breath and adequate oxygenation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682248/&quot;&gt;A helpful review of these topics&lt;/a&gt; provides a bit more detail for those interested (Abdo).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Abdo WF and Heunks LM. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682248/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Oxygen-induced hypercapnia in COPD: myths and facts.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Crit Care. 2012;16(5):323.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Aubier M, Murciano D, Milic-Emili J, Touaty E, Daghfous J, Pariente R, Derenne JP. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645328/#bib42&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Effects of the administration of O2 on ventilation and blood gases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute respiratory failure.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Nov;122(5):747-54.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Kim V, Benditt JO, Wise RA, Sharafkhaneh A.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%3A+PMC2645328&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008 May 1;5(4):513-8. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Wijesinghe M, Williams M, Perrin K, Weatherall M, Beasley R. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20947648&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The effect of supplemental oxygen on hypercapnia in subjects with obesity-associated hypoventilation: a randomized, crossover, clinical study.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Chest. 2011 May;139(5):1018-24. .&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*normal PaCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = 40 mmHg; may be 50-80 mmHg in chronic retention, possibly higher&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T15:51:02.387" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T15:51:02.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T12:45:21.787" Score="4" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;My fiancee had suffered from viral meningitis last year. She was treated in hospital, spent there 10 days and was released to home. Since then she sometimes (once every 3-4 weeks) has episodes of head pain and neck pain/stiffness, which she usually helps with paracetamol + codeine (500mg + 30 mg does the trick).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When she catches a cold, these symptoms usually come back stronger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - is there any kind of treatment/therapy that would make these symptoms go away? Or will she be dependant on painkillers for the rest of her life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="213" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T12:45:21.787" Title="How to fight stiff neck after viral meningitis?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-04-28T04:24:22.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="496" CreationDate="2015-04-16T13:51:25.987" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different hairs cells in inner ear (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cochlea&lt;/a&gt;) vibrate in various ways in respond to different sound frequencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9yNj7.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The hairs vibrate in various ways in respond to the resonance in the cochlear fluid.&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small temporary changes or damages in the outer hair cells of the cochlea can trigger the emergence of tinnitus by increasing the gain of the central auditory system&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686891/#B8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most patients (both tinnitus and hearing loss) reports that the frequency of the tinnitus correlates with the severity and frequency characteristics of their hearing loss and that intensity of the tinnitus is usually less than 10dB above the patient's hearing threshold at that frequency&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686891/#B6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the risk of hearing loss is not related to specific sound frequency, but rather to sound pressure (loudness) as it's stated in the article which you linked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exposure to loud noise.&lt;/strong&gt; Loud noises, such as those from heavy equipment, chain saws and firearms, are common sources of noise-related hearing loss. Portable music devices, such as MP3 players or iPods, also can cause noise-related hearing loss if played loudly for long periods. Tinnitus caused by short-term exposure, such as attending a loud concert, usually goes away; long-term exposure to loud sound can cause permanent damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tinnitus is one of the most important symptoms that can signal the onset of acoustic trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those exposed to over 85 decibels of sound continually are at a higher risk for acoustic trauma. In other words, the ear can be exposed to short periods in excess of 120dB without permanent harm (having discomfort and possibly pain), however long term exposure to sound levels over 80dB can cause permanent hearing loss&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&amp;amp;p_id=9735&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OSHA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&amp;amp;p_id=9735&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Occupational Safety &amp;amp; Health Administration: Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)&lt;/a&gt;, these noise levels are permissible noise exposures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;______________________________________________________________&#xA;                            |&#xA;  Duration per day, hours   | Sound level dBA slow response&#xA;____________________________|_________________________________&#xA;                            |&#xA;8...........................|                    90&#xA;6...........................|                    92&#xA;4...........................|                    95&#xA;3...........................|                    97&#xA;2...........................|                   100&#xA;1 1/2 ......................|                   102&#xA;1...........................|                   105&#xA;1/2 ........................|                   110&#xA;1/4  or less................|                   115&#xA;____________________________|________________________________&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of&#xA;  each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tinnitus&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIHL&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/312/114&quot;&gt;When does the use of headphones become harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T13:51:25.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="507" CreationDate="2015-04-16T14:48:51.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another explanation for the eye mis-focusing is that the problem is &quot;habitual strain,&quot; not the shape of the eye, and that glasses do nothing but exacerbate this strain. Instead, the cure is relaxation and exercises, via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_method&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bates Method&lt;/a&gt;. This explanation is still alive, despite a lack of scientific evidence that it works; Bates's seminal &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1484061748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Perfect Sight Without Glasses&lt;/a&gt;, first published in 1920, is now in its 6th edition (2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, though, glasses may cause the wearer to realize how bad their vision was before. And as with any impoverished sense, the brain will have learned to fill in the perceptual gaps automatically. New glasses-wearers may find their vision &quot;degrading&quot; as they lose their internalized accommodations, which are no longer needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T14:48:51.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="46" CreationDate="2015-04-16T14:59:18.050" Score="-5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Aspartame&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Also known as: NutraSweet, Equal, Equal-Measure, Indulge, Spoonful, Canderel, E951, APM, etc.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Safety concerns and health effects&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are over 90 health symptoms attributed to aspartame which were submitted to the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6slyp.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Symptoms attributed to aspartame in complaints submitted to the FDA&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This include decreased cancer, tumors, vision impairment or even blindness (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol#Toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methanol toxicity&lt;/a&gt;), hearing impairment, neurologic, psychological, psychiatric, chest, gastrointestinal, skin and allergies, endocrine and metabolic problems and many other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, the symptoms of Aspartame Toxicity include: brain damage, birth defects, peptic ulcers, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Headaches are the most common symptom reported by consumers&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sweetpoison.com/aspartame-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspartame Side Effects at Sweet Poison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However FDA analyzed 251 reports of seizure anecdotally associated with aspartame consumption (received through ARMS from 1986–1990) and concluded that approximately half were highly unlikely to be related to aspartame&lt;sup&gt;1992, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mpwhi.com/rtp_aspartame_report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Controversy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safety of aspartame has been the subject of several political and medical controversies since its initial approval by the FDA since 1974.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Nov 1996 John W. Olney, M.D, reported that brain tumor rates had risen for 17 years with a sudden 10% increase three years after aspartame was introduced. Olney linked aspartame's mutagenicity to the function of aspartate as an excitotoxic neurotransmitter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1999 Dr. Ralph Walton declared that NutraSweet-funded studies showed in general safety in comparison to 83 of 90 independent studies which showed it harmful&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mpwhi.com/answering_monsantos_denial.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392232/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from 2006&lt;/a&gt; reported multiple tumors of different types and sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from 2007&lt;/a&gt; showed multipotential carcinogenicity at a dose level close to the acceptable daily intake for humans and its carcinogenic effects are increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another independent self-funded 2,5-year study found huge tumors as result of putting aspartame in the form of packets of NutraSweet in the drinking water of 60 rats (a dose equivalent to that of 14 cans of diet — a number considered ‘reasonable’ by the FDA - a 50mg per kilogram ratio):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the 30 females in the aspartame group, 20 or 67% developed tumors the size of golf balls or greater. Seven males from the aspartame group developed visible tumors -- 23% of all males on aspartame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This experiment resulted in the book: &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1439210462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My Aspartame Experiment: Report from a Private Citizen&lt;/a&gt; as well as the shorter summary version &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1456377736&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Are Your Diet Sodas Killing You? Results from My Aspartame Experiment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://myaspartameexperiment.net/summary.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My Aspartame Experiment&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;ved=0CCsQFjAB&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpwhi.com%2Faspartame_study_female_rats_developed_visible_tumors.doc&amp;amp;ei=JMIvVajvOcr5asR7&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNFgjhFcawMNUk0tpScPewUQ5QOOkQ&amp;amp;sig2=tkAezw_M4ZTo2BTp3PUKXw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspartame researcher Dr. Soffritti did a similar pair of studies to Innes-Brown’s and his first study found that consumption of the equivalent of 4 to 5 bottles of diet soda per day yielded high rates of cancerous growths among many of his subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such studies have indicated that aspartame can yield other more dangerous chemicals such as methanol and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame#Safety_and_health_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspartame: Safety&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame_controversy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspartame controversy&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sweetpoison.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sweet Poison - Aspartame Dangers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.md-health.com/Aspartame-Poisoning.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspartame Poisoning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/jan03/012203/02p-0317_emc-000199.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reported Aspartame Toxicity Effects&lt;/a&gt; at FDA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Documentary: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usGh-SRUWBQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspartame Sweet Misery, A Poisoned World&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454639/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IMDb&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://naturalsociety.com/revealing-cancerous-truth-aspartame-artificial-sweetener/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Deathly Icing On The Cake: Revealing The Cancerous Truth About Aspartame&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://myaspartameexperiment.net/cat7.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Get Support and Learn More About Aspartame&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Method of action&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon ingestion, aspartame breaks down into 3 main components&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15061638&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;aspartic acid,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;phenylalanine,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;methanol (highly toxic, see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol#Toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methanol poisoning&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However according to studies the methanol from aspartame is unlikely to be a safety concern&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The weight of existing evidence is that aspartame is safe at current levels of consumption as a nonnutritive sweetener.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspartame has been found to be safe for human consumption by more than ninety countries worldwide with with FDA officials describing aspartame as &quot;one of the most thoroughly tested and studied food additives the agency has ever approved&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20071214170430/www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/699_sugar.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The agency says the more than 100 toxicological and clinical studies it has reviewed confirm that aspartame is safe for the general population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NutraSweet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutraSweet Co.&lt;/a&gt; said it has plans to exit the aspartame manufacturing business to focus on more profitable lines of sugar substitutes, which will result in the closing of a plant by the end of the year&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nutrasweet-to-exit-aspartame-business-2014-09-24-17103036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MW&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-16T18:37:18.887" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T18:37:18.887" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2015-04-16T16:45:16.117" Score="5" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Shampooing&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first synthetic shampoos were introduced in the 1930's and by '70s and '80s, daily shampooing became norm in the US. So shampooing in the modern sense (water to produce a soapy lather) is only about 100 years old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our modern shampoos are a combination of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;surfactants&lt;/a&gt; (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_dodecyl_sulfate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SLS&lt;/a&gt;) which dissolve natural oils (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sebum&lt;/a&gt;) and remove dirt particles. As result, it reduces the natural oils in your hair and scalp making it drier than usual, causing the scalp to produce more oil to compensate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some dermatologists, a gradual reduction in shampoo causes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sebaceous glands&lt;/a&gt; to produce sebum at a slower rate resulting in less oil on the scalp and in the hair&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102062969&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Michelle Hanjani, a dermatologist at Columbia University explains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wash your hair every day, you're removing the sebum, then the oil glands compensate by producing more oil&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She recommends that patients wash their hair no more than two or three times a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 2010 book Packing for Mars, Soviet research said&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393068474&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the skin halts its production of sebum—after five to seven days of not bathing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this could vary greatly from person to person, as some people could respond better to some products with different concentrations of surfactants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if you have &amp;quot;oily hair&amp;quot; you need a higher concentration of SLS to help dissolve the oils, when you have &amp;quot;dry and frizzy hair&amp;quot;, it would exacerbate the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2007 radio audition, Australian &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Glover_(radio_presenter)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Richard Glover&lt;/a&gt; decided to challenge his audience to go without shampoo for six weeks. 86 percent of those who 500 people who participated reported that &amp;quot;their hair was either better or the same&amp;quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_poo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Studies&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.scconline.org/pdf/cc1997/cc048n02/p00117-p00121.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from 1997&lt;/a&gt; showed a link between excessive oil production and anti-dandruff shampoos containing selenium sulfide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study was conducted in 120 men in order to quantify the effect of eight proprietary antidandruff shampoos on sebum flow dynamic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two shampoos exhibited a significant effect upon the sebum follicular reservoir, steadily increasing the sebum excretion rate in time. One other product induced a significant decrease in sebum output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only a few topical products are known to decrease the sebum output at the skin surface:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among them, the effect of progesterone, astringents, erythromycin-zinc complex, corticosteroids, and elubiol have been documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For older studies, see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4177572&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1968&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6580909&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1983&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2013, the FDA announced that triclosan was found to affect hormone levels in animals&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm205999.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animal studies have shown that triclosan alters hormone regulation. However, data showing effects in animals don’t always predict effects in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent study from 2014 showed that shampooing impact on cortisol levels in human hair:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chemical processing and frequent shampooing affect cortisol levels measured in hair. Chemically processed or excessively shampooed hair should be avoided when recruiting subjects for hair cortisol studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on above it seems that chemical properties in modern shampoos can affect our hormones, however more studies needs to be conducted to see how exactly it affects our natural oil production (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sebum&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30337386/ns/health-skin_and_beauty/t/ditching-shampoo-dirty-little-beauty-secret/#.VS_UjJTF9v1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ditching shampoo a dirty little beauty secret&lt;/a&gt; at NBC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102062969&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;When It Comes To Shampoo, Less Is More&lt;/a&gt; at NPR&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/fashion/21SKINOne.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Of Course I Washed My Hair Last Year&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Curly Girl by Michele Bender (2002)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_poo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;No poo&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; sham&lt;strong&gt;poo&lt;/strong&gt;) at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:17:23.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-16T17:33:58.517" Score="10" ViewCount="390" Body="&lt;p&gt;People naturally have varied preferences for bed firmness / angle / temperature, but is there any evidence that a soft bed improves sleep quality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spending ~8 hrs a day on a soft cushion (instead of some leaves or animal furs) is a recent development in human evolution, but this practice has been widely adopted, seemingly to no ill effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, any sleeping arrangement that makes it difficult to get to sleep or to stay asleep is inferior. But supposing that I can easily acclimate myself to sleeping on the bare floor, or on a $10K mattress, is there any reason to choose one over the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="141" LastActivityDate="2020-07-03T03:00:17.767" Title="Does bed type have an effect on sleep quality?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-03T04:11:42.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="43" CreationDate="2015-04-16T18:06:24.003" Score="4" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person's blood sugar (glucose) level to become too high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of diabetes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Type 1&lt;/strong&gt; (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) – where the pancreas doesn't produce any insulin (10% of all diabetes, often inherited/genetic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Type 2&lt;/strong&gt; – where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body’s cells don't react to insulin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very important to be diagnosed as soon as possible, as it can get progressively worse if left untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age (usually before age of 40), particularly in childhood (that's why it's called juvenile).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Causes of type 1 diabetes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type 1 diabetes is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;autoimmune condition&lt;/a&gt; which arise from an autoimmune disease or virus infection&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919574&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and as a result of the body's pancreas is unable to produce insulin to be converted into energy and without insulin your body will break down its own fat and muscle, resulting in weight loss. In other words glucose can't be moved out of your bloodstream into your cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. However a number of theories explains that cause may be one of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;genetic susceptibility,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Balance between regulatory and effector T cells determines disease risk, timing of disease activation, and disease tempo&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432533&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a diabetogenic trigger (such as virus infection&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919574&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Evidence is emerging that insulin-producing beta cells are highly susceptible to acute infection by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackievirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coxsackie virus&lt;/a&gt; if their production of interferon is inhibited, resulting in diabetes. Coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) have been implicated in human diabetes and can induce diabetes in animal models, which provides a strong basis for virus involvement&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v3/n4/full/ni0402-338.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This relationship is currently being studied further.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;environmental&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941471&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (such as exposure to an antigen&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306330&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other factors possibly playing a role in modifying the development of the disease are vaccinations, psychological stress and climatological factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It may partly explain why the disease incidence increased has so much in the last three decades despite markedly improved hygiene and health care standards.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941471&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Diabetes-type1/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diabetes-type1/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Causes of type 1 diabetes&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes mellitus type 1&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T18:09:38.170" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T18:09:38.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="541" CreationDate="2015-04-16T20:07:29.327" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems like a common sense type of question (why don't you sleep on the floor when there's a sofa available, and why don't you sleep on a sofa when there's a comfortable bed available?), and it turns out it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a small study done recently in a sleep laboratory,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Information concerning the stages of sleep is one of the most important clues for determining the quality of a particular mattress. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of mattress type on sleep quality by measuring skin temperature, by using a subjective mattress rating system, and through the use of Polysomnogram (the recording of brain waves through electroencephalography, the generation of a video graphic record of eye movement, chin movements, and heart rhythm.) ...The percentages of wake after sleep onset and stage 1 sleep were lower when subjects slept on “comfortable” mattresses. Subjective ratings of sleep quality paralleled recorded sleep data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Comfortable&quot; is the key word here. How comfortable a mattress is depends on personal preferences, position of sleep (side sleepers vs back/stomach), presence/absence of low back pain, heat retention properties of mattress/bedding, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this would seem like an important area to study, there has been very little in the way of well-developed recent studies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the recent studies on mattress types are concerned with the prevention of SIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814106001508&quot;&gt;Quantitative effects of mattress types (comfortable vs. uncomfortable) on sleep quality through polysomnography and skin temperature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-16T20:07:29.327" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="531" CreationDate="2015-04-16T22:42:04.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A person should undergo Xrays as often an they are &lt;em&gt;necessary&lt;/em&gt;, because the risk-to-benefit ratio is usually very far in favor of the benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example of this idea of risk-to-benefit ratio, lets take getting into a car.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; a risk to getting into a car. After all, they move quickly, slide on slippery roads, and hurl towards (and potentially &lt;em&gt;at&lt;/em&gt;) each other at a frightening rate of speed. You probably know someone who died in a car accident. Yet, probably without giving it a single thought - except when you're buckling your seat belt - you get into a car several times per day/week. Because the benefit (distance transportation, convenience) is higher than the risk of injury in a motor vehicle accident (this example is actually flawed, but we'll ignore that for the moment.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, there is &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; a risk to getting an xray, but sometimes you just have to get them. The risk is low compared to the benefit. You wouldn't want anyone putting you in a cast without knowing what kind of bone fracture you had, because some kinds need to be casted differently, some need to be casted longer, some need operative repair, and some only need a splint. The benefit outweighs the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no completely safe lower limit of radiation. Radiation (especially in fetuses and children) increases the likelihood of cancer. Our information comes mostly from atomic bomb survivors, people exposed at Chernobyl (nuclear reactor accidents), people treated with high doses of radiation for cancer and other conditions, and people exposed to high levels of background radiation, e.g. uranium miners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radiation doses are measured in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/perspective.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;millisieverts&lt;/a&gt; (mSv). For comparison's sake, you should know that, depending on where you live, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;natural background radiation exposure accounts for an average of &lt;strong&gt;3.1 mSv/yr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A seven hour airplane trip exposes you to &lt;strong&gt;0.02 mSv&lt;/strong&gt; of radiation per trip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Backscatter Wave Scanners in airports exposure is just less than 0.0001 mSv per scan (so one average year exposes you to 31,000 times as much radiation as an airport scanner.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a four bite-wing dental series is about 0.005 mSv&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a two view Chest X Ray doses you 0.1 mSv&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your average CT scan is going to give you 7 mSv of exposure &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that safe? What is your chance of getting a lethal cancer from that? The answer is: no one knows. It depends on a lot of unmeasurable things: genetics, your age, your ability to repair the damage, which area of the body is being dosed, whether there are other carcinogens at work (e.g. viruses or co-carcinogens), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following all give you a (estimated) &lt;em&gt;1 in a million&lt;/em&gt; chance of dying from that event:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Driving 40 miles in a car (accident)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Flying 2500 miles in a jet (accident)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Canoeing for 6 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Receiving 10 mrem (.1 mSv) of radiation (cancer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can estimate that (maybe) the risk of dying from a 7 mSv CT scan is about equivalent to driving 2800 miles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken individually: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the maximum number of times a person can undergo x-ray scanning? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As often as necessary. As long as the benefit outweighs the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is their a maximum limit? If so, what are the side effects that the person will be subjected to if he undergoes x-ray scanning more number of times?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, there's no maximum limit. The risk is cancer. The risk is low, but not negligible. It doesn't go up linearly with every Xray study you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are they life threatening and do they have long term effects on the body of the person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes; cancers are often life threatening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can you do about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't ask your doctor for an unnecessary Xray.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask your doctor if an Xray they ordered is necessary (sometimes they are ordered to reassure the patient - or their parents, in the case of head injury - that nothing is wrong.) A doctor worth their salt will respect you for asking. Sometimes it's ok to take a &quot;wait-and-see&quot; approach. Sprained ankles meeting certain criteria never need an Xray. It's ok to ask.&#xA;_ If your doctor orders a CT scan of something, ask if an MRI would be better. (They cost more, and are sometimes as good or better than a CT scan.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wear a shield when offered (will shield the parts of your body they don't need to see.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask about the age of the machine (newer machines often use lower dosages than older ones (post 2005 is better).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xrayrisk.com/faq.php#q20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;X Ray Risk.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/radiation-safety/risks-of-radiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risks of Radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radiation and Risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html#est_health_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radiation Protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T09:24:58.300" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T09:24:58.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="550" CreationDate="2015-04-17T04:32:18.320" Score="10" ViewCount="504" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person is bitten by a snake, what first aid measures should be taken to prevent the venom from spreading all over the body until the proper medical help arrives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:56:15.640" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T20:29:57.850" Title="First aid measures for a snake bite" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;venom&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T11:06:16.137" Score="13" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a child, I was diagnosed with spine deformations: scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The scoliosis is the most pronounced one in my case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The professionals (I don't remember if it was the doctor or the rehabilitator who led my medicinal gymnastics classes) told us that it is connected to the bed I sleep in, and advised that I start sleeping on a firm mattress. I don't know exactly if they suggested that a soft mattress causes the deformation to start, or if it only exacerbates it once it has started. And indeed, in my childhood, I was sleeping on an old metal-springs bed which was quite sagging. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advice has an obvious logic to it, but in the meantime, I've learned that many of the obvious things in medicine just ain't so. And also that doctors are as likely to fall for urban legends as anybody else. So I would like to hear if anybody has found out that there is a connection between bed firmness and spine curvature/spine deformities. If yes, does it only matter in childhood, or also for adults? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T21:51:26.720" Title="Is there a link between bed firmness and spine deformations?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="545" CreationDate="2015-04-17T15:27:45.740" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are the steps that you want to take:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you can see the snake, be prepared to describe it. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT&lt;/strong&gt; attempt to catch it. If you can get a quick picture with a camera/cell phone, do so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get the person out of biting distance of the snake. (Avoid getting bitten yourself)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep the person calm, with the wound below the level of the heart, preferably lying down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cover the wound with a loose sterile bandage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call Emergency Medical or take the victim to an ER. Even if the person appears healthy, toxin effects can take several hours to appear, and early intervention is always better.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there is inflammation or swelling, trace around it with a pen. This can give an indication of reaction progression.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Removed jewelry/rings/watches as swelling can prevent removal later. (Thanks to Shublu, I had forgotten this one).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not near a civilized area (Such as hiking, backpacking, camping), several &quot;tried and true&quot; methods are not actually effective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cut and suck: You can introduce venom into yourself, the cutting can spread the venom further, and you risk damaging underlying muscle/organs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use ice: It doesn't prevent the spread of venom, and can cause frostbite if applied for too long&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrical shocks - Ineffective and can cause burns and/or stop the heart.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use alcohol - It may deaden pain, but will cause blood vessels to expand, increasing the spread of venom.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a tourniquet/constriction band - Have not proven effective, and can cause more tissue damage and possibly cause limb loss if left on too long.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Give aspirin - Aspirin is a blood thinner and can cause increase bleeding/spread.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, that is a list of &lt;strong&gt;^^^WHAT NOT TO DO^^^&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good thing about snake bites is that many bites do not actually envenom the victim, and of those that do, it may not be a full dose. Keeping calm and keeping the bite victim calm are going to be the best things you can do, as panic can cause other symptoms that may be mistakenly attributed to the snakebite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that children and small people are at a higher risk because of body size, as are people that are already compromised in some way health wise. Keep calm, make the victim comfortable and contact EMS or get to an ER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fairly comprehensive review&lt;/a&gt; as published by the NIH (National Institute of Health, US-based entity) of the steps to take, as well as the listing of common venomous creatures encountered. My only contention is that if a person is exhibiting shock signs it recommends elevating the legs, but very often the leg is where the bite is. I would (personally, anyway) maintain a lying, neutral position in those cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, while it recommends the use of a venom kit (Sawyer makes a very popular model) it has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747805&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shown in a study&lt;/a&gt; that such kits failed to remove any &quot;venom&quot; from the test site. (Further discussion at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124208165196508345&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-03-29T20:29:57.850" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T20:29:57.850" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="545" CreationDate="2015-04-17T15:58:41.253" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of snake bite, the protocol to apply varies slightly depending on the country. What follows is based on the guidelines provided by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Health Service of England&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aboutmedlineplus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health of the United States&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36656/277162/file/PSE2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ministry of Interior of France&lt;/a&gt; (this last document is the national team first-aid guidelines applied by firemen and certified volunteers. It is not translated in English, sorry about that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few contradictions exist between these sources regarding the position of the victim, the bandage to apply and the use of a pump suction device. I highlighted these contradictions in the protocol below. As I am certified in France, this protocol might be little &quot;french oriented&quot; though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't hunt the snake&lt;/strong&gt; (don't risk another bite). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Try to remember the snake's color and aspect&lt;/a&gt; as this will be useful information for the medical assistance. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keep the victim calm&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reassure that snake bites can actually be handled at the hospital.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Only if the area is not safe and cannot be secured, reach the nearest safe area&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.firstaidanywhere.com/snake-bite-first-aid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Movements should be minimized as much as possible&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36656/277162/file/PSE2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Make the victim lie down on the ground&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;em&gt;This is the French guideline. The American guideline instructs to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keep the affected area below heart level unless there is a sign of shock&lt;/a&gt;, and the British guideline just say the bitten body part must stay &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as still as possible&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remove any jewelry or watches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from the bitten limb as the affected area may swell.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Loosen clothing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if possible, but do not remove clothes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(US) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Use a pump suction device&lt;/a&gt; should you have one &#xA;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;em&gt;This is the American guideline. The French and English guidelines instruct &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; to use such a device, the word 'forbidden' is even used in the french guideline. It was really hard for me to write this bullet point as I would NEVER use a pump, personally&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should you be able to do so, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;monitor the victim's temperature, pulse, the rate of breathing&lt;/strong&gt;, and blood pressure&lt;/a&gt;. Try do detect any signs of shock.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contact the medical assistance right away, even if the wound looks clean and is not painful&lt;/strong&gt; as venom can take effect after hours. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You should assume this is a medical emergency&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. So, without hurrying (very important! Being calm is gaining time):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your name, phone number, current location,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell this is for a snake bite and tell the victim's gender and age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Describe the circumstances of the bite, including the snake's aspect, color and size. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should you have monitored the victim's vital parameter above, list them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Describe all that you did to the victim.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They will guide you in accordance with the protocol applicable in your country. This will certainly include an immobilization of the wounded limb and maybe a compression bandage. &lt;strong&gt;What they will tell you prevails on all what follows&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; hang up the phone until instructed to do so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(FR) If possible, &lt;strong&gt;apply a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36656/277162/file/PSE2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;compression bandage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to the wound. &lt;strong&gt;It should not stop the blood circulation&lt;/strong&gt; (tip: you should be able to insert a finger under the bandage). &#xA;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;em&gt;This is the French guideline. American and English guidelines instruct &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; to compress the wound&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Immobilize the wounded limb as instructed&lt;/strong&gt;. It can be either a sling (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt;), or a splint using a rigid support (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bites-snake/pages/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36656/277162/file/PSE2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FR&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Watch over the victim&lt;/strong&gt; while awaiting the ambulance&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also things &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not leave the victim on his/her own&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not cut the bite to extract the venom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not suck the venom out of the bite&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not raise the wounded limb above the heart level&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not apply a tourniquet (&lt;strong&gt;Never&lt;/strong&gt;. This may have terrible consequences!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not apply cold&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not give any medication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not give anything by mouth, not even water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not use any pump suction device &#xA;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;em&gt;These are the French and English guidelines. American guidelines allow using such pumps, as seen above&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not apply any compressive bandage &#xA;&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;em&gt;These are the English and American guidelines. French guidelines &lt;strong&gt;do recommend&lt;/strong&gt; to apply such a bandage, see above&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-06-20T10:20:54.767" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T10:20:54.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T19:08:21.400" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purposely generalise by writing 'a viral infection', instead of asking only about only colds or flus. I itemise the verbs in decreasing order of effect on the virus. Does echinacea (eg tea) help:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;prevent&lt;br&gt;&#xA;and/or mitigate, relieve a viral infection?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least, does it allay or soothe the symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/echinacea/faq-20058218&quot;&gt;mayoclinic.org  by Brent A. Bauer, M.D.&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/echinacea-common-cold&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/echinacea-common-cold&lt;/a&gt; vacillate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T00:51:13.510" Title="Does echinacea help prevent or treat a viral infection?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="407" CreationDate="2015-04-17T19:15:29.327" Score="5" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Nutrients&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors (depends on the strain of rice and its color). Comparative nutrition studies on varieties of rice suggest that highly colored rice strains have more antioxidant properties&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138081&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red or black rice consumption was found (in mammals) to reduce the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, however white rice consumption offered no similar benefits which can suggest may be due in in a lack of antioxidants found in other varieties of rice&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340093&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comparison to whole grain, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rice&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;white rice&lt;/a&gt; is milled rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For full comparison table of nutrient content, please check: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Comparison_of_rice_to_other_major_staple_foods&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of rice to other major staple foods at Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Inorganic Arsenic in Rice&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside of eating different type of rice can be amount of arsenic (naturally occurring element in air, soil, water and foods). It has been found that rice is susceptible to accumulation of arsenic from soil&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2011/12/08/you-need-worry-about-arsenic-rice/KGsMAwBoe0NnYupiC68v9N/story.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Boston Globe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Arsenic exposure during pregnancy is a public health concern due to potential health risks to the fetus&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-12-rice-source-arsenic-exposure.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Xpress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary table of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iFifr.png&quot; alt=&quot;FDA - Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/UCM352467.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inorganic Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm319916.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Full Analytical Results&lt;/a&gt; at FDA&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA, the agency responsible for overseeing the safety of our food supply, has been monitoring arsenic content for more than 20 years, however not indicated that the average daily intake of arsenic is unsafe and not established standards the acceptable limit standards of arsenic in food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;Read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning#Food&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arsenic poisoning: Food&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Arsenic_concerns&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rice: Arsenic concerns&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-12-rice-source-arsenic-exposure.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rice as a source of arsenic exposure&lt;/a&gt; at Medical Xpress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.speciation.net/News/Surprisingly-high-concentrations-of-toxic-arsenic-species-found-in-US-rice-;~/2005/08/03/1561.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surprisingly high concentrations of toxic arsenic species found in U.S. rice&lt;/a&gt; at Evisa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.speciation.net/News/China-Inorganic-Arsenic-in-Rice--An-Underestimated-Health-Threat--;~/2010/05/19/5027.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;China: Inorganic Arsenic in Rice - An Underestimated Health Threat?&lt;/a&gt; at Evisa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/arsenic.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arsenic Compounds&lt;/a&gt; at EPA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/ordntrnt/ORD/priorities/docs/Arsenic_in_Food_FS.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;EPA Computer Models Predict Exposures to Arsenic that Echo Reality (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/meetings/cccf/cccf5/cf05_10e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Discussion Paper on Arsenic in Rice&quot; (2011) (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Book: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400729469&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andrew A. Meharg and Fang-Jie Zhao, Arsenic &amp;amp; Rice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T19:15:29.327" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="691" CreationDate="2015-04-17T20:39:57.903" Score="12" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people don't sleep enough due to work, school, or personal issues. Regardless of the cause, what are the long-term impacts of losing sleep when describing mental performance in particular? I am interested in memory and measures of cognition, not psychological health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T03:33:14.223" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T03:31:58.733" Title="What are the consequences of chronic sleep deprivation for mental function?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-17T20:56:06.047" Score="19" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a lot of conflicting information about the long-term effects. Could someone please clarify at least the proven risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I've decided to answer my own question, but I'd prefer to hear from others too. Following the guidelines of this site, any academic studies related to this question are welcome and encouraged, NOT pure opinion or anecdotal evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:42:16.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T04:44:50.347" Title="In what ways do studies indicate that smoking marijuana is detrimental to long-term health, if any?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="556" CreationDate="2015-04-17T21:47:34.470" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems like a difficult question as there &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34110/title/Is-Cannabis-Really-That-Bad-/&quot;&gt;continues&lt;/a&gt; to be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927402&quot;&gt;large&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319626&quot;&gt;amount&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16054989&quot;&gt;conflicting&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004418&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt; about the extent of biological&#xA;   consequences regarding cannabis usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is general consensus that smoking cannabis causes irreversible cognitive impairment in    &lt;strong&gt;children and pre-pubescent&#xA;adolescents&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article?id=127603&quot;&gt;{6}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Marijuana smoke has been listed on the California Proposition 65&lt;br&gt;&#xA;warning list as a carcinogen since 2009. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single060614.pdf&quot;&gt;{7}&lt;/a&gt; One should note this is the smoke, not the plant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cannabis consumption in pregnancy is associated with restrictions in&#xA;growth of the fetus, miscarriage, and cognitive deficits in&#xA;offspring. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818851/&quot;&gt;{8}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contrary to common belief, marijuana can be addictive. Research&#xA;suggests that about 1 in 11 users becomes addicted to marijuana&#xA;(Anthony, 1994; Lopez-Quintero 2011).This number increases among&#xA;those who start as teens (to about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) and among&#xA;people who use marijuana daily (to 25-50 percent) (Hall, 2009a; Hall,&#xA;2009b).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana&quot;&gt;{9}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above references, there are some points that should be emphasized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Marijuana use is not associated with elevated cancer risk as shown&#xA;in preclinical studies.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/10-facts-about-marijuana&quot;&gt;{10}&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501729.html&quot;&gt;(Separate link to news article here.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[Marijuana does not cause long-term cognitive impairment in users who&#xA;start after 21 years old.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/10-facts-about-marijuana&quot;&gt;{12}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compared to other substances, marijuana is not very addicting. It is&#xA;estimated that 32% of tobacco users will become addicted, 23% of&#xA;heroin users, 17% of cocaine users, and 15% of alcohol users. Cocaine&#xA;and heroin are more physically harmful and nicotine is much more&#xA;addictive. It is much harder to quit smoking cigarettes than it is to&#xA;quit smoking pot.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some studies that indicate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280514&quot;&gt;&quot;marijuana may increase cravings for other drugs&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=10.1038%2Fnpp.2013.16&quot;&gt;&quot;THC exposure increases tobacco’s addictive effects&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, which is what leads to the Gateway Drug Theory. This is the theory that marijuana causes an individual to become addicted to other drugs more easily. Although not fully proven, these sources indicate some correlations when tested on mice, meaning people who use marijuana may be more likely to get addicted to cocaine, heroin, and other similar heavily addicting drugs. This sounds frightening except that the majority of people don't try those more dangerous drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Boiling it all down, these sources seem to suggest that marijuana is NOT a carcinogen if you don't smoke it, but does cause mental and physical detriments to anyone still growing. There's a small chance you could get addicted if you use it as a coping mechanism, but statistically speaking, there's a less than 10% chance of getting addicted. Additionally, if you decide to use marijuana, don't try other drugs that could be addictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-17T22:10:39.520" LastActivityDate="2015-04-17T22:10:39.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="553" CreationDate="2015-04-18T09:53:12.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some species are used to treat and prevent common cold, flu, and other infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12484708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt; didn't find any significant differences between the echinacea and placebo groups for any measured outcomes. Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657066&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study from 2003&lt;/a&gt; confirmed that Echinacea purpurea was not effective in treating URI (upper respiratory tract infections) symptoms in children and its use was usually associated with an increased risk of rash. The more recent one from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554461&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt; didn't provide enough benefits for treating colds by using Echinacea products, although there could be a weak benefit, but potential effects are of questionable clinical relevance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So two NCCIH-funded studies didn't find any benefits from using it. Others found that it may be beneficial, so the results are mixed and it's not clear whether it can prevent or effectively treat URIs (such as common cold) and NCCIH is continuing to support the study of echinacea as well as potential effects on the immune system&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/echinacea/ataglance.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NCCIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T00:51:13.510" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T00:51:13.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-18T14:03:02.790" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen many people who live in the same environmental conditions as that of mine but they never got infected by cold. For example my father would get cold only one or two times a year but I get infected by cold nearly every month. Not only this there is an old friend of mine whom I've never seen sick. When we were young he always asked me why do you get sick so often whereas he would never be sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do some people gain high immunity genetically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="168" LastEditorUserId="168" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T16:03:06.500" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T16:03:06.500" Title="Do some people gain high immunity genetically?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-04-18T15:27:43.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="506" CreationDate="2015-04-18T14:18:31.920" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/510/165&quot;&gt;other answer&lt;/a&gt; provided some general tips about sleep hygiene and noted that melatonin might be helpful, your question actually touches on an aspect of circadian biology that has been very well worked out, and a more specific answer is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question boils down to: &lt;strong&gt;How can I advance my circadian phase by 3 hours?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a question relevant for Eastward travel. It also comes into play during the spring time change for those who live where DST is observed as well as in the shift from weekend/holiday to weekday sleep patterns for many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Begin by thinking of your body’s circadian pattern on an X,Y graph&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;= time&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;= activity&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdHzb.png&quot; alt=&quot;graph&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your goal (“phase advance”) is to shift this curve leftward by three hours along the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; axis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When attempting to manipulate circadian phase, the key is to understand your body’s &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.circadian.org/dictionary.html#zeitgeber&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zeitgebers&lt;/a&gt;.Your body intrinsically has circadian oscillators that confer the cycle and determine the period; Zeitgebers are external agents that &lt;em&gt;entrain&lt;/em&gt; this oscillation by maintaining or shifting it along the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; axis. The most powerful Zeitgeber, hands down, is &lt;strong&gt;light&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question is: what is the relationship between light and this curve? That turns out to be slightly complex in that the answer depends on the time in the circadian cycle during which the stimulus is applied. The relationship has been very well worked out in some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;very cool experimental protocols&lt;/a&gt;. Here it is:&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ex2zN.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your goal is to achieve &lt;code&gt;y= +3&lt;/code&gt; (which corresponds to &lt;code&gt;Δ= -3&lt;/code&gt; along the &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; axis on the first graph). You can see here that an optimal light stimulus perfectly timed is able to achieve almost a 3-hour shift in a single cycle. The optimal stimulus is going to be bright light in the blue frequency range, and the optimal timing is going to be about 2 hours before your habitual wake time. (About 45 min duration is probably just as good as a longer duration.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practically, a good tip is: for two days prior to leaving, set your alarm an hour early and expose yourself to bright light (either broad-spectrum sunlight or blue light from a lightbox) for 30-45 min immediately upon waking. Each day’s exposure can be expected to achieve a 1-1.5 hour phase advance, and this protocol can be remarkably effective for mitigating the jet lag on the following day when you need to get up 3 hours prior to your habitual wake time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/510/165&quot;&gt;The other answer&lt;/a&gt; mentioned melatonin. Administered exogenously, this is indeed another Zeitgeber, although much less powerful than light. Melatonin also has a phase response curve that turns out to be basically 180&amp;#186; shifted relative to the light PRC. That is, if the optimal timing for light to phase advance is around 2 hours prior to the habitual wake time, the optimal timing for melatonin administration will be 12 hours prior to that. For most people that corresponds to  4-6 hours prior to their habitual bedtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating and exercise are both fairly weak Zeitgebers, and I wouldn’t worry about them too much. As usual in circadian biology, &lt;strong&gt;it’s all about light!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. Image from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeReviews/cpr_Actigraphy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeReviews/cpr_Actigraphy.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Ancoli-Israel et al. &lt;em&gt;The Role of Actigraphy in the Study of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms&lt;/em&gt; SLEEP 2003;26(3):342-92.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This sort of graph is obtained by plotting a cosine curve with a period of 24h using least-squares from data derived from wrist actigraphs that measure movement.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Image from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3. All of this can be found in any introduction to circadian biology and/or sleep medicine. My own textbook is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. 2011: Saunders. St. Louis, MO.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;The review of experimental protocols from Dr. Czeisler’s lab is also excellent and is freely available from PMC: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Duffy, JF. Czeisler, CA. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sleep Med Clin. 2009 Jun; 4(2): 165–177.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;N.B. ! Melatonin or light administered at the wrong time does the exact opposite. Although a three-hour phase shift is fairly easy to manage by predicting the phase of the PRC based on prior sleep habits, this starts to become more complicated in larger shifts. This is especially problematic in the case of Eastward travel &gt;5h, when morning light at the destination ends up falling within the &lt;em&gt;negative&lt;/em&gt; phase of the PRC and therefore &lt;em&gt;delays&lt;/em&gt; the circadian curve. This is the &lt;strong&gt;wrong thing&lt;/strong&gt; in this setting and is a common reason for protracted jet lag. Here, it is actually avoidance of morning light that is desired. This is complicated!&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T08:39:41.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="315" CreationDate="2015-04-18T14:44:51.007" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: The following is excerpted from an article written in 2005. For lay (Non trained) people, there are more updated recommendations. The following is an example of the process, not the current recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To be effective, CPR must restore adequate coronary and cerebral blood flow. Interruptions in chest compressions lower coronary perfusion pressure and decrease rates of survival from cardiac arrest. In the first minutes of VF SCA, ventilation does not appear to be as important as chest compressions, but it does appear to contribute to survival from prolonged and asphyxial arrest. Certainly the ventilation rate needed to maintain a normal ventilation-perfusion ratio during CPR is much smaller than normal because pulmonary blood flow is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is one of the opening paragraphs &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/24_suppl/IV-206.full&quot;&gt;from this article&lt;/a&gt; published on the American Heart Association (AHA) website from 2005, regarding CPR evaluation and recommended changes. (VF SCA = Ventricular Fibrillation Sudden Cardiac Arrest)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a summation, a group of scientists and heart experts (281 experts over 36 months) gathered to review all the study and epidemiological data regarding survival rate in witnessed SCA. They reviewed the (then) current survival rates, sequence and priorities in CPR to see how differences affected the survival rate. There are 57 articles cited throughout the article that are all listed with links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest factors was that few people received early CPR, and those that did, it wasn't always effective CPR. Some of the factors that they found were that chest compressions were inadequately performed, slow, and often interrupted for too long for rescue breaths, especially among lay CPR performers (Non EMS trained). This resulted in inadequate cerebral blood flow and cardiac output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they determined that, the following excerpt explains how they evaluated the recommended changes (at that time, this is a 2005 publication.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mathematical and animal models showed that matching of pulmonary blood flow and ventilation might be more appropriate at compression-ventilation ratios higher than 15:2. There was concern, however, particularly among pediatric experts, that inadequate ventilation rates could reduce survival from pediatric and asphyxial (eg, drowning) arrest. To achieve optimal compression rates and reduce the frequency of interruptions in compressions, a universal compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for all lone rescuers of victims from infancy (excluding newborns) through adulthood is recommended by consensus, based on integration of the best human, animal, manikin, and theoretical data available. The 30:2 ratio is recommended to simplify training in 1-rescuer or 2-rescuer CPR for adults and all lay rescuer resuscitation. A compression-ventilation ratio of 15:2 is recommended for 2-rescuer CPR (a skill taught chiefly to healthcare providers and lifeguards) for infants and children (to the onset of puberty). This recommendation will result in the delivery of more rescue breaths per minute of CPR to victims with a high prevalence of asphyxial arrest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, a panel of experts gets together and reviews current literature and reports on survival from both field and hospital based sources. Along with that they review changes and practices that have been implemented (There is reference to early Automatic External Defibrillator {AED} devices being a key factor in survival rates) since the last recommendation. They pair this with animal and computer modeling to determine what should used for compression rates and compression/breath ratios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the differences, I do not know how to account for those other than people using outdated information, or not following guidelines. Here in the United States, (as far as I know), all CPR certification falls under the guidelines of the AHA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-18T16:08:48.047" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T16:08:48.047" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-18T14:56:53.547" Score="5" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Organic fruits can still be treated with pesticides. I would like to limit my intake (or eliminate entirely) of these pesticides. Has there been any investigation into how much pesticides remain on a harvested organic fruit so that I can make a determination on whether or not to eat the rinds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T23:52:31.263" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T14:12:35.327" Title="How much pesticide remains on a harvested organic fruit?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;organic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="357" CreationDate="2015-04-18T21:33:58.953" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have already gotten an excellent answer on the scientific evidence for the autism-vaccination link (namely, that there isn't one). I would however like to address this part of your question directly, as an academic epidemiologist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could there be a conspiracy in the pharmaceutical industry to cover up&#xA;  a link?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a relatively common tactic in the various denial communities (vaccines, HIV, climate change, etc.) to posit that a major conspiracy exists to hide the truth, and thus explain away the utter lack of evidence for their position. But one should consider what that kind of conspiracy would actually entail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, a number of researchers into vaccine safety are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; paid by pharmaceutical companies. Which means they don't particularly have any financial incentive to play along.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, some of the scientific evidence for the lack of a link between autism and vaccines emerges from birth cohorts in countries with a national health registry, &lt;a href=&quot;http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1919642#Results&quot;&gt;such as this study&lt;/a&gt;. The authors report no pharmaceutical funding (nor would they need it for a registry study), so for this study a conspiracy would not only have to involve researchers who are not compensated, but the suborning of an entire national health registry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, even absent financial incentives, a conspiracy to hide the truth is actively counter to the incentives that researchers &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; have. Null results, like &quot;nope, vaccines still not associated with autism...&quot; are not exactly amazing results. Controversial ideas that turn out to be true, like the link between HPV and cancer, even if they're an uphill battle, win people &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vch.ca/media/public_health_nobel_winning_hpv.pdf&quot;&gt;Nobel Prizes&lt;/a&gt;. Actually figuring out the causal mechanism of autism? That's a potentially career changing result. Getting an entire &lt;em&gt;field&lt;/em&gt; and the healthcare systems of entire countries to take a pass in favor of pharmaceutical profits that those researchers don't get a share in? That's well outside the realm of possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-18T21:33:58.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T02:43:26.780" Score="3" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two main kinds of silent input on a phone are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swype&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;swyping&lt;/a&gt; and typing. Is Swype less &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RSI&lt;/a&gt;-prone than typing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RSI = repetitive strain injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swype = virtual keyboard for touchscreen smartphones and tablets originally developed by Swype Inc. where the user enters words by sliding a finger or stylus from the first letter of a word to its last letter, lifting only between words.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T08:25:15.970" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T08:25:15.970" Title="Is swyping less repetitive strain injury-prone than typing?" Tags="&lt;cellular-phone&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="571" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-19T12:16:10.033" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T12:16:10.033" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T12:16:10.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="572" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-19T12:16:10.033" Score="0" Body="Question about sexually transmitted infections." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T13:23:55.337" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T13:23:55.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2015-04-19T14:15:47.367" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;strong&gt;YES&lt;/strong&gt;, and there's a quite strong scientific evidence about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Detailed answer&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The importance of review articles&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to avoid &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/150/how-can-we-prevent-users-from-cherry-picking-references&quot;&gt;cherry-picking&lt;/a&gt; of studies supporting one opinion I have only quoted the review articles (= publications that summarize the conclusions of hundreds of other studies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Healthy nutrients&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have more minerals, like iron (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), magnesium (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), and phosphorus (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;). Individual studies show differing levels of some minerals, and differences are dependent upon the particular fruit, leafy vegetable, or root crop. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have more antioxidants (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352689.2011.554417#.VTOvXiG8PGc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;), like (poly)phenolics and flavonoids (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have more vitamins, like vitamin C (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352689.2011.554417#.VTOvXiG8PGc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;), and carotenoids (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have better proteins, content of amino acids is more balanced (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Toxic and potentially dangerous compounds&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have less pesticide residues (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have less nitrates (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have less heavy metals, like cadmium (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;), lead (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), mercury (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) and aluminium (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other findings&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic crops have less proteins (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) and vitamin E (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are no significant differences about contents of As and Pb (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lester and Saftner (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) in their review address the aspect of &lt;strong&gt;taste evaluation&lt;/strong&gt;: &quot;&lt;em&gt;Few organically versus conventionally grown produce comparison studies include consumer or trained sensory tests. Consumer sensory tests generally consist of nontrained panelists with no prior knowledge of the objectives of the sensory test&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and conclude that more scientific studies with more standardized evaluation methods are required to conclusively assess about the issue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Discrepancies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies have concluded that there's &quot;&lt;em&gt;no evidence of a difference in nutrient quality between organically and conventionally produced foodstuffs&lt;/em&gt;&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;). Probably this is due to the smaller base of evidence, as stated by Baranski et al. 2014 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;) that relies on 343 publications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dangour et al. 2009, that relies on 55 studies, agrees on higher phosphorus content of organic crops, but doesn't detect any difference in the other nutrient categories. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lester-Saftner 2011 doesn't explicitly mention the number of articles it relies on; the &quot;references&quot; section is made of 66 articles. It shares most of the findings with other studies, except for heavy metals and B-complex vitamins. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smith-Spangler 2012, based on 223 studies, identifies some evidence for the superiority of organic foods, but considers it limited, not robust enough. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Notes about GMOs and environmental sustainability&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The field of study is very wide, consensus is not reached and a correct answer would require a separate thread only dedicated to this topic. As you ask in your question about this topic, I shortly list some notes catched from a good study (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grain.org/fr/article/entries/1090-la-soja-transgenica-en-america-latina-una-maquinaria-de-hambre-deforestacion-y-devastacion-socioecologica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;) that can be used to get a &lt;strong&gt;quick idea&lt;/strong&gt; about the issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GMOs increase the risk of exposure to herbicide residues, that are found to be toxic, and their toxicity may increase based on interaction among individual compounds;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GMOs might cause allergic reactions;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GMOs might be poorer of micronutrients due to increased yields and diluition effect;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GMOs are related to deforestation and desertification, but this is more related to development policies and economics than biology;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some GMOs might be related to death of nontarget insects, like bees that are essential to plant reproduction;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GMOs affect food sovereignty and small scale producers survival due to intellectual property rights issues.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) Worthington, V. (2001). Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 7(2), 161–73. doi:10.1089/107628001300303691&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf202385x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) Lester, G. E., &amp;amp; Saftner, R. A. (2011). Organically versus conventionally grown produce: common production inputs, nutritional quality, and nitrogen delivery between the two systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(19), 10401–6. doi:10.1021/jf202385x&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=9325471&amp;amp;fileId=S0007114514001366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;) Barański et al. (2014). Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium&#xA;concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in&#xA;organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and&#xA;meta-analyses. The British Journal of Nutrition, 112(05), 1–18.&#xA;doi:10.1017/S0007114514001366&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;) Dangour et al. (2009). Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(3), 680–5. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28041&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352689.2011.554417#.VTOvXiG8PGc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;) Brandt, K., Leifert, C., Sanderson, R., &amp;amp; Seal, C. J. (2011). Agroecosystem Management and Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods: The Case of Organic Fruits and Vegetables. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 30(1-2), 177–197. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.554417&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;) Smith-Spangler, C., Brandeau, M. L., Hunter, G. E., Bavinger, J. C., Pearson, M., Eschbach, P. J., … Bravata, D. M. (2012). Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(5), 348–66. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grain.org/fr/article/entries/1090-la-soja-transgenica-en-america-latina-una-maquinaria-de-hambre-deforestacion-y-devastacion-socioecologica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;) Altieri, M. A., &amp;amp; Pengue, W. A. (2006). La soja transgénica en América Latina. Biodiversidad, 47, 14–19.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T16:43:14.143" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T22:48:43.623" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-19T14:32:59.667" Score="5" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any substance that is released when the sun or some other heat source heats a plastic bottle (e.g. PET)? Are these substances dangerous to human health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A note about materials: I don't know the differences between PET and other kinds of plastic like polycarbonate, so if there are any differences regarding exposure of different kinds of materials (used for food and beverages) to sunlight, please feel free to add as much information as you feel is useful to advice about human health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="6432" LastEditDate="2016-08-14T03:51:19.377" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T03:51:19.377" Title="Why is it recommended to not expose plastic water bottles to sunlight?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="574" CreationDate="2015-04-19T20:27:15.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If talking about the container itself and the chemicals it might leave on the product being consumed then these fears are mostly related to the fact that BPA  (bisphenol A) is present in poly-carbonate bottles and on the adverse effects this has on the brains and development on reproductive organs of mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when compared and related to humans, the effects &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; seem to be that devastating to human health, see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bisphenol-a.org/whatsNew/20080205.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bisphenol-a.org/whatsNew/20080205.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T20:27:15.673" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="578" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-19T21:18:47.233" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T21:18:47.233" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T21:18:47.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="579" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-19T21:18:47.233" Score="0" Body="The group of cellular and molecular processes that the body uses to fight bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Autoimmune and inflammatory disease are caused by malfunctioning of this system and should also be tagged with the disease name." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T22:38:47.993" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T22:38:47.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="580" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-19T21:25:27.807" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T21:25:27.807" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T21:25:27.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="581" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-19T21:25:27.807" Score="0" Body="A constellation of upper respiratory and systemic symptoms, often including cough, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and/or fever. The common cold is caused by a variety of viral pathogens, most commonly rhinovirus species. For questions about influenza, use the influenza tag instead." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-19T22:38:53.477" LastActivityDate="2015-04-19T22:38:53.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1702" CreationDate="2015-04-20T04:41:48.620" Score="11" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that the sleeping position of a person affects his health in many ways.  Is this true, and if so, in what way does it affect a person and which is the best position to sleep in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:24:46.467" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T11:57:16.633" Title="Does sleeping position affect health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="613" CreationDate="2015-04-20T08:52:13.860" Score="12" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m aware that the CDC released &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/news/updated-vaccine-effectiveness-2014-15.htm&quot;&gt;this abysmal report&lt;/a&gt; on the effectiveness of this year’s influenza vaccination, including data collected through Jan 30, 2015. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In practical terms, this means the flu vaccine reduced a person’s risk of having to seek medical care at a doctor’s office for flu illness by 19%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is missing much (possibly most) of the flu season. Are there more updated numbers on vaccine effectiveness and/or reports that include data from other (non-U.S.) locales with a similar flu season (i.e. temperate Northern Hemisphere)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T18:01:15.153" Title="How effective was the 2014-2015 influenza vaccination?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="588" CreationDate="2015-04-20T09:32:40.730" Score="7" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that eating too much sugar say for example doughnuts can give you headaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="270" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T13:25:39.747" Title="Does having too much sugary things cause headaches?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="585" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="603" CreationDate="2015-04-20T09:37:03.600" Score="12" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that moderate alcohol consumption may prevent cardiovascular disease, but I have also heard that even moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of cancer (particularly breast cancer in women).  Does current evidence suggest that the benefits of alcohol outweigh the risks in terms of mortality, and what is the optimal level of alcohol consumption for maximizing life expectancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T00:36:31.413" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:58:16.720" Title="Is moderate alcohol consumption beneficial for maximizing life expectancy?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T10:35:10.707" Score="3" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific literature investigating physical and psychological addiction to food? like e.g. sugar, refined flour, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987708006427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; talk about this subject but I'm interested to know more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T10:49:57.777" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T10:49:57.777" Title="Can food be addictive?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;food-addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T12:24:50.867" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a lot of discussion in the media lately about glyphosate (Roundup) and what some see as a huge risk of exposure to a possibly carcinogenic chemical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/real-reason-for-toxic-wheat-its-not-gluten/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Real Reason Wheat is Toxic (it’s not the gluten)&lt;/a&gt; - The Healthy Home Economist [posted as an example, not because I agree with this blogger.]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/widely-used-herbicide-linked-to-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Widely Used Herbicide Linked to Cancer&lt;/a&gt; - Scientific American&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of this discussion was spurred by the IARC's reclassification of glyphosate as a Group 2A carcinogen: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/MonographVolume112.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of&#xA;five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is exposure to glyphosate through the food supply something to be concerned about? I'm not talking about field workers who may come in contact with concentrated amounts, but whether the levels that could be encountered on or in produce in a general consumer type setting could be a health risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:14:45.813" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T08:34:55.847" Title="Should I be worried about glyphosate exposure?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;&lt;herbicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="584" CreationDate="2015-04-20T13:25:39.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our body needs sugar (carbohydrates) where most of our energy comes from. When you eat sugar, it's converted into glucose and carried in the blood to different parts including brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you eat too much sugar, it can cause ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_hypoglycemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reactive hypoglycaemia&lt;/a&gt;’ when your sudden rise of blood-glucose can trigger an over-production of insulin which in turn makes the blood-glucose levels fall too low. As result of excessive insulin release your brain is not receiving enough glucose and the symptoms could include headache and migraine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.migrainetrust.org/factsheet-hypoglycaemia-and-migraine-10907&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Migraine Fact Sheets&lt;/a&gt; at Migraine Trust&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_crash&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sugar/glucose crash&lt;/a&gt; from happening, you should limit your sugar intake (e.g. by eating smaller portions). Also exercising regularly increases sugar uptake which decrease excessive insulin release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T13:25:39.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="586" CreationDate="2015-04-20T13:36:46.583" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consumption of large quantities of sugar has been shown to cause a state of addiction&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_addiction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12055324/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Study from 2002&lt;/a&gt; shown that excessive intake of sugar can cause signs of opioid dependence, because this kind of food stimulates our neural systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Repeated, excessive intake of sugar created a state in which an opioid antagonist caused behavioral and neurochemical signs of opioid withdrawal. The indices of anxiety and DA/ACh imbalance were qualitatively similar to withdrawal from morphine or nicotine, suggesting that the rats had become sugar-dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was confirmed by another study from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617461&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt; that suggest sugar releases opioids and dopamine, therefore it might be expected to have addictive potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been proven in animal model, so it may translate to some human conditions as well causing eating disorders and obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/584/114&quot;&gt;Does having too much sugary things cause headaches?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T10:21:56.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T16:09:51.903" Score="8" ViewCount="2833" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36656/277162/file/PSE2.pdf&quot;&gt;French team first-aid guidelines&lt;/a&gt; define that the torso straps of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Extrication_Device&quot;&gt;KED&lt;/a&gt; should be fastened and secured in the following order: middle, low, top. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This order seems to be the same in other countries, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mums.ac.ir/shares/darman/emergency/ked0102_000.pdf&quot;&gt;Ireland&lt;/a&gt;, where the straps are placed in a slightly different order but secured in exact same order.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a result driven difference, or is there another rationale?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:31:55.387" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:31:55.387" Title="Rationales behind the order of applying the torso straps of a Kendrick Extrication Device" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;emt&gt;&lt;torso&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2015-04-20T16:30:00.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The more healthy can be defined in terms of nutritional value, sensory quality, and food safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we know the potential long-term health effects of exposure to pesticides can include: cancer, neurotoxic effects and many more&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides#Long-term_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, because the pesticides needs to be toxic to kill pests. However under the FQPA, EPA has the authority to ensure that all pesticides meet the safety standards by setting permittable &lt;em&gt;tolerance&lt;/em&gt; levels and it's testing carcinogenicity of chemicals as part of &lt;a href=&quot;http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cpdb/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Carcinogenic Potency Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Washing and peeling conventional fruits and vegetables has only limited effect by reducing the levels of pesticides only from the surface as per USDA test data&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Pesticide/fs24.consumer.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, but some plants can absorb pesticides systemically&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/foodnews/faq.php#question_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EWG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Older studies comparing different type of foods were inconsistent. For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11833635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from 2002&lt;/a&gt; showed no strong evidence that organic and conventional foods differ in concentrations of various nutrients and microbiological contamination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more recent study from 2006 of comparison of chemical composition and nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown plant showed that &lt;strong&gt;organic crops contain a significantly higher amount of certain antioxidants&lt;/strong&gt; (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids), higher dry matter content and minerals with lower level of pesticide residues, nitrate and some heavy metal contaminations. Therefore there is is a relationship between these two plant production systems and the nutritional composition of crops&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17297755&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consequently, it can be concluded that organically produced plant derived food products have &lt;strong&gt;a higher nutritional value, including antioxidants than conventional ones&lt;/strong&gt;. Furthermore, due to the fact that there is a &lt;strong&gt;lower level of contamination&lt;/strong&gt; in organic crops, the risk of diseases caused by contaminated food is significantly reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was confirmed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968103&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analysis of 343 studies in 2014&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, &lt;strong&gt;organic crops, on average, have higher concentrations of antioxidants, lower concentrations of Cd and a lower incidence of pesticide residues&lt;/strong&gt; than the non-organic comparators across regions and production seasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of pesticide residues was found to be four times higher in conventional crops, which also contained significantly higher concentrations of the toxic metal Cd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The summary of this meta-study and antioxidant activity in ORG/CONV food can be shown in the following figures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4IfZH.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Results of the standard unweighted and weighted meta-analyses for antioxidant activity&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Q5c9El.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Results of the standard unweighted and weighted meta-analyses for different crop types/products for antioxidant activity&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image source: Br J Nutr. 2014 Sep 14; 112(5): 794–811, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141693/figure/fig3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fig. 3&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141693/figure/fig4/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fig. 4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on above we can say that organic foods are more healthy than the conventional ones, because of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;significant differences of minerals and vitamins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a higher nutritional value,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;higher antioxidant concentrations (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lower incidence of pesticide residues,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lower concentration of toxic/heavy metals (around 4 times less).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it can vary on agronomic practices/protocols and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soil pollution&lt;/a&gt; which can affect crop composition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_food#Chemical_composition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Organic food: Chemical composition&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_residue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pesticide residue&lt;/a&gt; at Wikipedia&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T17:39:45.653" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T17:39:45.653" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="585" CreationDate="2015-04-20T17:05:00.983" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;With many of the studies on alcohol consumption and heart health, they look at people who drink moderately, generally a glass of red wine (resveratrol). Some researchers hypothesis that it is the resveratrol that leads to reduce atherosclerosis. This thought comes from the French paradox or the resveratrol paradox [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398412/&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. The paradox is why do the French live so long with a diet high in saturated fats while they also consume a lot of red wine (since alcohol is a poison).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, correlation doesn't equal causation, i.e, there can be third a factor. Researchers from Harvard found that being stressed and unhappy can have lasting negative effects on the body [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/happiness-stress-heart-disease/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A vast scientific literature has detailed how negative emotions harm the body. Serious, sustained stress or fear can alter biological systems in a way that, over time, adds up to “wear and tear” and, eventually, illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Chronic anger and anxiety can disrupt cardiac function by changing the heart’s electrical stability, hastening atherosclerosis, and increasing systemic inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this relate to moderating drinking? It relates to moderate drinking through research on social circles and prolonged life spans. A team of Australian researchers found that individuals with stronger and bigger social circles have a longer life span [&lt;a href=&quot;http://jech.bmj.com/content/59/7/574.abstract&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Survival time may be enhanced by strong social networks. Among older Australians, these may be important in lengthening survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we parse this information? Many who drink moderately tend to go out for that glass of wine and when they go out there is a social aspect to the setting. Husband/wife, children, dinner with other couples, etc. That is, there is a continual social bound occurring. So is it alcohol that is benefit or social circle? Does a positive social circle have an effect on stress and longevity? Luckily &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/bio.htm&quot;&gt;Dr. Martin Seligman&lt;/a&gt; from the University of Pennsylvania has already done the research. His work as well as many other researchers on the subject are cited, quoted, and expanding on in &lt;em&gt;Perceptions of Longevity and Successful Aging in Very Old Adults&lt;/em&gt; by Katie E. Cherry, Loren D. Marks, Tim Benedetto, Marisa C. Sullivan, and Alyse Barker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ample experimental evidence documents the association between religious participation and mortality, where religious individuals live longer than do their non-religious counterparts (e.g., McCullough, Friedman, Enders, &amp;amp; Martin, 2009). For example, Hummer, Rogers, Nam, and Ellison (1999) have shown that Americans who attend worship services twice a week live an average of 7.6 years longer than their non-attending counterparts (a figure that nearly doubles to 13.7 years among African Americans; see Marks et al., 2005). Hummer et al.’s study was based on a national sample of 20,000+ that included a variety of faiths (Christian and non-Christian) and received the highest possible rating (‘10’) for methodological rigor (Koenig et. al., 2001, p. 562). The “key” to this longevity difference in Hummer et al. appeared to be frequency of worship service attendance, not world faith or denomination (see also Gillum, King, Obisesan, &amp;amp; Koenig, 2008; Hill, Angel, Ellison, &amp;amp; Angel, 2005; Musick, House, &amp;amp; Williams, 2004) [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864892/&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hummer et al. noted that the key to longevity was the frequency of attending a social event in this case church, but if you read the entire pub med paper in [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864892/&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;], you will see this extends to non-church social event frequency as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So researchers have shown that social circles lower stress, keep people happy, and promote longevity. Many of the researchers who look at moderator drinkers don't look at the social aspect of the group just the fact that they (A) consume moderate amount of alcohol and (B) haven't died of a heart attack. Therefore, they conclude A causes B but A could be causing more social get togethers where the moderate consumption of alcohol occurs and these social settings will help reduce stress, promote community, and belonging which promotes longevity which leads to lower rates of atherosclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the American Red Cross circulation &lt;em&gt;Red Wine and your Heart&lt;/em&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/2/e10.full&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite considerable data from epidemiological studies and strong suggestions from experimental research, the evidence is still insufficient to encourage patients who do not drink to start consuming red wine as part of a strategy to protect against atherosclerosis. Too much alcohol consumption has been shown repeatedly to contribute to cardiovascular disorders such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (which develops when the heart muscle becomes too weak to pump blood effectively), high blood pressure, and certain electrical disturbances of the heartbeat. Excessive alcohol use can lead to liver cirrhosis, cancers, pancreatitis, neurological disorders, motor vehicle accidents, and addiction. Individuals with a personal or family history of alcohol abuse or liver disease should avoid drinking alcohol. Nevertheless, many medical societies view light use of ethanol as potentially beneficial to the cardiovascular system, although no formal recommendations for light alcohol consumption have been made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, alcohol has no formal recommendation and light consumption may be &lt;em&gt;beneficial&lt;/em&gt;, but again there is no mention of environment. Moreover, the Mayo Clinic makes the same statement but never analyzed the persons environment as well [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/red-wine/art-20048281?pg=2&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until more studies start to look at social environmental factors and not just the consumption point of view, I don't think ingesting a poison to maximize life expectancy is the way to go since there is no medical recommendation on doing so; hence, it is still called the Resveratrol paradox and not a theory or fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T17:05:00.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="564" CreationDate="2015-04-20T17:55:05.410" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Washing and peeling conventional fruits and vegetables only helps to reduce the levels of pesticides that may be on the surface as reflected by USDA test data&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Pesticide/fs24.consumer.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. As we know the pesticides needs to be toxic to kill pests, therefore potential long-term health effects of exposure to pesticides can include: cancer, neurotoxic effects and many more&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides#Long-term_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the FQPA, EPA has the authority to ensure that all pesticides meet the safety standards. They estimates the exposure to a pesticide from different sources such as food, determine the health risks and set the limits of tolerance which is maximum amount of pesticides that is permitted in/on the food. This is systemically tested as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cpdb/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carcinogenic Potency Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recent meta-analysis of 343 studies from 2014 shown that organic food has 4 times less &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_residue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pesticide residues&lt;/a&gt;, toxic/heavy metals (e.g. Cd and Pb) and other chemicals than in conventional crops which can bioaccumulate in the body over time &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141693/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to EWG, buying certain organic food can significantly lower residue exposure&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_residue#Residues_on_food&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, because organic crop production standards prohibit the use of synthetic chemical products and certain mineral fertilisers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How much pesticide residue remains on organic food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toxicology of natural and synthetic chemicals is similar, so it's probable that almost every fruit and vegetable contains natural pesticides&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/258/5080/261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1992&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One scientific literature notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does not follow from this, however, is that chronic exposure to the trace amounts of pesticides found in food results in demonstrable toxicity. This possibility is practically impossible to study and quantify&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_food#Consumer_safety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it's not possible to determine health benefits of eating organic food by measuring how much pesticides remain on food as it really depends on agronomic practices/protocols and soil pollution which can affect crop composition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore eating organic fruits in general is safe and you shouldn't worry about pesticides too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/343/114&quot;&gt;Are organic foods more healthy than conventional foods?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T14:12:35.327" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T14:12:35.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T19:30:45.630" Score="12" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like to eat fish on a regular basis, most notably salmon and tuna. Recently, I've been reading about some of the dangers of fish raised on fish farms. Notably, these can include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased level of PCB's&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High levels of antibiotics to combat crowded conditions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toxic environment (Often in excrement being flushed out to sea)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower level of Omega-3 fatty acids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Added dyes and colors to enhance flesh color&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any of this been proven, or is this just media hype?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T13:28:12.773" Title="Are farm raised fish unhealthier than their wild caught counterparts?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="590" CreationDate="2015-04-20T20:28:10.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kendrick Extrication Devices (KED) are used during extrications (Such as in automobiles) where space is limited, and a backboard can't be used safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally the mnemonic for securing the straps is My Baby Looks Hot Tonight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Middle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Body (Torso)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Head&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Top&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is to be noted, that recently in the US, the recommended order is My Baby Looks Totally Hot, recommending securing the Top before the Head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the reasons behind the order are that if the top is secured first, it creates uneven pressures (Think of a teeter totter, securing one end pushes the other away), and that securing one end does not prevent the other from sliding around. This is why torso and body are secured first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Extrication_Device&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wiki entry&lt;/a&gt;, there is no peer reviewed support for preferred strap order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An exhaustive search of the literature for peer reviewed scientific data regarding the positive or negative effects of application of the K.E.D. straps in any specific order found no results. It is likely such data does not exist, and that there are valid arguments on both sides of the issue. However, best practices indicate that the manufacturer's directions should be followed whenever using any piece of medical equipment. That being said, whenever the EMS professional is in doubt about a medical procedure it is advisable to contact your local medical director.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent user manual that I could find is dated 2001, and it recommends the MBLHT order of strap securing. I did find a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/ems/pdf/communication_statements/2009_01_Updated_KED_Clarification_Memo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clarification memo from the State of Connecticut&lt;/a&gt; dated 2009, which states that they will be following the manufacturers recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Teaching and testing standards for long backboard and short spine board fixation sequences have always been clear. Criteria identified by the National Registry and observed by OEMS for several years have identified that the sequence for both long and short spinal immobilization&#xA;  devices should be in the following order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; 1. Torso fixation&#xA; 2. Leg fixation&#xA; 3. Head fixation&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many of the commonly used EMT-Basic and Paramedic texts have also identified this sequence as the standard. However, the Kendrick Extrication&#xA;  Device (KED) product manual suggests that the top torso strap be secured last, and after the head is secured. This apparent “exception to the&#xA;  rule” may have contributed to student, instructor and examiner confusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Office contacted the Ferno –Washington, Inc., the manufacturers of the KED for clarification. Based on responses from Ferno spokespeople and effective immediately, the expected sequence of strap application in the Spinal Immobilization - Seated (if the KED is used) will be: Middle Strap, Lower Strap, Leg Straps, Head Immobilization and lastly the Top Strap,&#xA;  as described in the Ferno KED user manual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these are all dating from up to 2009, and several forum postings from 2011 and later suggest that the order changed, and this is supported by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nremt.org/nremt/downloads/E211%20Spinal%20Immobilization%20Seated.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;testing sheet currently in use&lt;/a&gt; by the National Registry for EMT's (NREMT) in the United States. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Secures the device to the patient’s torso&#xA;Evaluates torso fixation and adjusts as necessary&#xA;Evaluates and pads behind the patient’s head as necessary&#xA;Secures the patient’s head to the device&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further supporting this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=PJyhIH8N8qgC&amp;amp;pg=PA1193&amp;amp;lpg=PA1193&amp;amp;dq=Kendrick%20extrication%20user%20manual&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=aPWUrVa-AN&amp;amp;sig=CrbbQGCXTAIuTxmLn_IIzhCigsI&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=I181VeikAYX7oQT_z4GoBA&amp;amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Kendrick%20extrication%20user%20manual&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mosby's Paramedic Manual&lt;/a&gt; which also specifies the head being last (Step 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the absence of evidence to the contrary (Such as a current user manual), I would state that the current recommendation in the United States is the MBLTH order, with the head being last. (It is to note that this is different than when I was certified EMS, in that the Top was the last strap, not the Head).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the differences between different countries/districts, I would posit that they are following whatever protocol exists, and it either was not updated, or there was a feeling that no update needed to be made in this case. Hardly definitive, but this is the most that I could find that is in any way current enough to be relative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-20T20:52:31.757" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T20:52:31.757" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="597" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="599" CreationDate="2015-04-20T20:48:34.340" Score="11" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people have &lt;a href=&quot;http://celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease&quot;&gt;celiac disease&lt;/a&gt; and are instructed to avoid eating gluten, a protein found in certain grains. However, food manufacturers market gluten-free products to the general public as if gluten was detrimental for everybody. Are there proven health benefits of avoiding gluten for those without celiac disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:22:49.803" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T10:22:49.803" Title="Are there health benefits associated with avoidance of gluten?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;gluten&gt;&lt;celiac-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="498" CreationDate="2015-04-20T21:45:07.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scientific research has been conducted on the absorption of nutrients provided by both food groups when combined. From a nutritional point of view, the absorption of both &lt;code&gt;calcium&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;iron&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;could&lt;/strong&gt; have the former prevent the absorption of the latter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In single-meal human absorption studies, both haem- and non-haem-Fe absorption was inhibited by Ca supplements and by dairy products, the effect depending on the simultaneous presence of Ca and Fe in the lumen of the upper small intestine and also occurring when Ca and Fe were given in the fasting state. The quantitative effect, although dose dependent, was modified by the form in which Ca was administered and by other dietary constituents (such as phosphate, phytate and ascorbic acid) known to affect Fe bioavailability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of most multiple-meal human studies suggest that Ca supplementation will have only a small effect on Fe absorption unless habitual Ca consumption is very low. Outcome analyses showed that Ca supplements had no effect on Fe status in infants fed Fe-fortified formula, lactating women, adolescent girls and adult men and women. However it should be noted that the subjects studied had adequate intakes of bioavailable Fe and, except in one study, had relatively high habitual Ca intakes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19087437&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastEditorUserId="46" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T10:33:53.643" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T10:33:53.643" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="597" CreationDate="2015-04-20T22:50:40.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two main reasons why foods are made (or advertised) as gluten free. In short it is partially to meet the needs of a small but growing group of people who are allergic to gluten and also to catch people who are taking part in the gluten free fad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason is that there are different conditions out there that cause a person to have issues dealing with gluten one of them is a condition called celiac diease (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/celiac-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;http://celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Celiac.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Celiac disease -- also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy -- is a digestive and autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the lining of the small intestine when foods with gluten are eaten. Gluten is a form of protein found in some grains. The damage to the intestine makes it hard for the body to absorb nutrients, especially fat, calcium, iron, and folate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is something that can be a very serious issue for people that have it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Celiac disease can leave a person susceptible to other health problems, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteoporosis, a disease that weakens bones and leads to fractures. This occurs because the person has trouble absorbing enough calcium and vitamin D.&#xA;Miscarriage or infertility.&#xA;Birth defects, such as neural tube defects (improper formation of the spine) caused by poor absorption of such nutrients as folic acid.&#xA;Seizures.&#xA;Growth problems in children because they don't absorb enough nutrients.&#xA;Cancer of the intestine (very rare).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with one of these conditions need to avoid all foods with gluten in them in order to avoid the effects of the condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second reason that food are made this way are because going gluten free has become a fad and food manufacturers are just cashing in on the latest trend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when it comes to gluten free food there are some things that you need to remember. First there are types of gluten free food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods that are naturally gluten free and just need to be advertised as such&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods that have gluten in them but easy changes can be made to remove it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods that have are based primarily on gluten based products and need to be changed drastically in order to be gluten free.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason that knowledge is important is that people who have a sensitivity to gluten can easily have issue from cross contamination. An example of this would be if a pizza place was making a gluten free pizza but they used the sauce and ladle that is used on normal pizza which will bring in contaminates to the gluten free food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="38" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T22:50:40.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="454" CreationDate="2015-04-20T23:00:12.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You produce sound by flowing air through your &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_folds#Oscillation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vocal folds and making them oscillate&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;More&lt;/strong&gt; oscillations produce a &lt;em&gt;higher&lt;/em&gt; sound frequency, while &lt;strong&gt;less&lt;/strong&gt; oscillations produce a &lt;em&gt;lower&lt;/em&gt; sound frequency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;strong&gt;also alter the shape&lt;/strong&gt; of your &lt;code&gt;folds&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;mouth&lt;/code&gt; to produce different sounds and words. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above taken into consideration, I'd &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;choose words that cost the least amount of effort&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to produce. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frequencies:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Low frequencies put less strain (less oscillations) on the folds, however you might need more air flow (lung pressure) to create the volume required for the speech recognition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sounds:&lt;/strong&gt; As far as the altering of the shape of your mouth and vowels goes, I think eventually a certain type of &lt;em&gt;repetitive strain injury&lt;/em&gt; could occur depending on often you use the words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider this: if your mouth is &lt;strong&gt;closed&lt;/strong&gt; at rest, try to pronounce: &quot;up&quot;. Now try the same starting with your mouth &lt;strong&gt;opened&lt;/strong&gt;. In the former case you first need to open your mouth, while in the latter you can start by flowing air. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look closely at the amount of effort you have to put into producing a certain word. Depending on your 'natural voice' (having a certain frequency), your lung capacity and your resting position you should decide what feels most comfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding &quot;touch&quot; and &quot;click&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; - &#xA;The &lt;em&gt;'ou'&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;touch&lt;/code&gt; tends to have lower frequencies than the &lt;em&gt;'ick'&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;click&lt;/code&gt;.  Also to connect the &lt;em&gt;'c'&lt;/em&gt; to the &lt;em&gt;'l'&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;click&lt;/code&gt; you have to move the tip of your tongue to touch right behind your teeth in your upper jaw, whereas this is already the starting position for the &lt;em&gt;'t'&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;code&gt;touch&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="46" LastActivityDate="2015-04-20T23:00:12.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-20T23:58:36.847" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to use a head-controlled mouse (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalpoint.com/smartnav/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SmartNav&lt;/a&gt;) 10 hours a day while avoiding neck pain? Are there any particular ways of using such mice that reduce the risk of getting neck pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T04:32:11.653" Title="Can head-controlled mice cause neck pain?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-21T00:44:33.350" Score="12" ViewCount="739" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vertical mice are often marketed as more ergonomics than traditional mice. Is that true? I am especially interested in stress on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of such claim, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://evoluent.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://evoluent.com/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YIJPY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T13:41:02.560" Title="Do vertical mice cause less stress on the hand, wrist and arm than traditional mice?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="585" CreationDate="2015-04-21T04:13:23.790" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/592/165&quot;&gt;Another answer&lt;/a&gt; did a great job laying out some of the difficulties plaguing research on this topic. Observational data in the area are (hopelessly?) confounded. I would like to point out two alternative lines of research that may leave the reader with some hope that we’ll eventually have a good answer to this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surrogate markers&lt;/strong&gt;: A major difficulty with research in this area is that it’s not practical to randomize an adequate number of people to alcohol vs no alcohol&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; for a long enough period of time to see statistically significant differences in outcomes like heart attacks, strokes, and death. However, in many areas &amp;mdash; most prominently cardiovascular disease &amp;mdash; researchers have used &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/25_suppl_1/IV-20.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surrogate markers&lt;/a&gt; that tend to evolve more quickly and have been shown to correlate with the &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; endpoint that we are interested in. This approach allows us to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acquire &lt;strong&gt;randomized&lt;/strong&gt; data due to the shorter duration of study required, avoiding all of the mess of observational confounds or; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Less optimal but still something): use observational methods but analyze endpoints that are less likely to be confounded. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I include two papers that review interventional data suggesting a benefit of alcohol on surrogate endpoints: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25805864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Insulin Sensitivity and Glycemic Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Intervention Studies.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the feasibility benefits of surrogate endpoints, these &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/25_suppl_1/IV-20.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“markers of malign” carry certain caveats&lt;/a&gt; and can not be regarded as providing a definitive answer about whether alcohol should be recommended to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials&lt;/strong&gt; (with real endpoints) &lt;strong&gt;in the making&lt;/strong&gt;: &#xA;This is what we want. There is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/ac_search_results.htm?text_curr=U34&amp;amp;Search_Type=Activity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH U34&lt;/a&gt; active for planning a multi-center &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.collectiveip.com/grants/NIH:8757476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;long-term randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of alcohol on the development of chronic diseases.&lt;/a&gt; You may be wondering how you randomize and blind people to alcohol consumption. Although the methodology of that large trial is not yet published (to my knowledge), the Mukamal lab has a history of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00786279?term=mukamal&amp;amp;rank=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;putting tasteless grain alcohol in Crystal Light&lt;/a&gt; (see also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2009/05/06/grain-alcohol-and-crystal-light-its-for-science/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WallStreet Journal blog piece&lt;/a&gt;). That feasibility study was completed; I look forward to updating this answer in a few years when the data from the large RCT are published.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. Note that although resveratrol, a component of red wine, has been publicized as the possibly beneficial agent (partly because it can be put in supplements and sold...), many researchers in the field consider ethanol itself to be of more interest. The data in this answer all investigate ethanol rather than other components of wine or beer, several of which may carry additional benefits.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Brien, SE et al. BMJ.2011;342:d636&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3. Schrieks IC et al. 2015 Apr;38(4):723-732.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:58:16.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="612" CreationDate="2015-04-21T04:15:43.823" Score="2" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum titre of typhoid that can cause damage internally,  which are the organs that are prone to get affected by this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorDisplayName="user139" LastEditDate="2015-04-21T04:26:30.950" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:31:25.277" Title="What is the minimum titer of typhoid?" Tags="&lt;typhoid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="639" CreationDate="2015-04-21T04:22:57.397" Score="5" ViewCount="3783" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any chances of a person being reinfected with typhoid at regular intervals again if they don't follow proper medication and diet, even though they are cured or survived the first infection? Can you gain immunity to typhoid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T21:40:25.613" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T21:40:25.613" Title="Can typhoid occur multiple times?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;typhoid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="607" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="611" CreationDate="2015-04-21T04:26:18.520" Score="4" ViewCount="3322" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can typhoid spread from one person to the other through any medium? if so what are the measures that should be taken to avoid it from spreading?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:24:33.213" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T08:24:33.213" Title="Is typhoid contagious?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;typhoid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-21T10:41:23.543" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;The liver acts as a filter that cleans our blood, but some substances (chemical pollutants in the environment, in the food, heavy metals, etc.) can accumulate and cause several diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example is the case of PCBs: they &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014111368790078X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;might be present in food&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X01993603&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;promote carcinogenesis&lt;/a&gt;, and have been found into the liver of several &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0166445X93900453&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt; and humans (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566611/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1976.tb03204.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653508003238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking to get more information about this topic: which substances are these, where do they come from, and how to get rid of them if there's a way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure the field of human exposure to environmental chemicals is very wide but people here on SE are really good at giving informed, educational answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:29:56.953" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:29:56.953" Title="Which waste residues accumulate into the liver? How to get rid of them?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-04-21T15:22:24.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="343" CreationDate="2015-04-21T13:52:03.497" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Mathematics, the &lt;em&gt;Annals of Mathematics&lt;/em&gt; is the most sought after journal to have your research accept to. The article of research on this topic I am presenting was published in the &lt;em&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine&lt;/em&gt;. However, I don't know if it carries the same weight. If it does, then we can rest assure that this research was meticulously scrutinized and still was able to earn a spot in the journal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr.s Crystal Smith-Spangler, Margaret L. Brandeau, Hau Lui, Patricia Schirmer, Ingram Olkin, and Dean Bravata along with Grace E. Hunter, Clay Bavinger, Maren Pearson, Vandana Sundaram, and Christopher came to the conclusion that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticides residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria [&lt;a href=&quot;https://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/download/attachments/51457571/Are+Organic+Foods+Safer+or+Healthier+Than+Conventional+Alternatives.pdf&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives? A Systematic Review. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a non-funded study so sponsorship bias shouldn't play a role in the outcome of their work. The researchers collected data from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAD Direct, Agricola, TOXNET, Cochrane Library, and bibliographies of retrieved articles from 1966 to 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The studies findings on Vitamin and Nutrient Levels by Food Origin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamins&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They did not find significant differences in the vitamin content of organic and conventional plant of animal products&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nutrients&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Out of the 11 nutrients reported only 2 were significantly higher in organic compared to conventional.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phosphorous but the removal of one study rendered the effect size insignificant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids in milk and chicken&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Contaminants&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pesticides: detectable pesticides residues were found in 7% of organic produces and 38% of conventional produces. Organic was 30% less likely to have pesticide residue but the results statistically heterogeneous due variable levels of detection in the studies. Additionally, only three studies reported contamination exceeding maximum allowed limits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacterial&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E. Coli: 7% organic; 6% conventional which is not a statistically significant difference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Campylobacter in chicken: 67% organic; 64% conventional&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Salmonella in chicken: 35% organic; 34% conventional&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E. Coli in pork: 65% organic; 49% conventional&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Listeria monocytogenes: 3% organic; 4% conventional&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antibiotic Resistance: the risk of isolating bacteria resistant to three or more antibiotics was 33% higher in conventional chicken and pork. Bacteria from retail chicken and pork had a 35% lower risk of resistance to ampicillin but the removal of one study rendered it statistically insignificant. However, of the remaining bacteria, greater resistance among bacteria from conventional methods was statistically insignificant.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fungal Toxin and Heavy Metal&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ochratoxin: no difference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deoxynivalenol: lower risk in organic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cadmium or lead: no difference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, the researchers found publication bias in many of the articles over the 45 year period. In the discussion, the researchers write:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumers purchase organic foods for many reasons. Despite the widespread perception that organically produced foods are more nutritious than conventional alternatives, we did not find robust evidence to support this perception. Only phosphorous demonstrated superiority in organic foods... although it is unlikely to be clinically significant because near-total starvation is needed to produce dietary phosphorous deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The researchers also admit to their own publication bias:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies were heterogeneous and limited in number, and publication bias may be present. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the Mayo Clinic appears to stand by the research given in this article [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/organic-food/art-20043880?reDate=20042015&amp;amp;pg=1&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Definitions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Statistically heterogeneous: the ideals were not fully met&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user139" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T13:52:03.497" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="607" CreationDate="2015-04-21T17:22:35.977" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, typhoid is most certainly contagious. Indeed, one of the major figures in the history of public health, Mary Mallon (aka &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_Mary&quot;&gt;Typhoid Mary&lt;/a&gt;) is associated with this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only known hosts for &lt;em&gt;Salmonella typhi&lt;/em&gt;, the causal organism for typhoid fever, are &lt;a href=&quot;http://iai.asm.org/content/70/5/2249&quot;&gt;humans and higher primates&lt;/a&gt;, so it is &lt;em&gt;definitely&lt;/em&gt; spread from person to person. This is primarily through the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/&quot;&gt;fecal-oral route&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, wherein water or food contaminated with the bacteria from an infected individual's intestinal track is then ingested, proliferates, and causes illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of preventing its spread, because of it's fecal-oral transmission route, the major methods are personal hygiene and sanitation. Hand washing, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/&quot;&gt;avoiding high risk foods&lt;/a&gt; (those that cannot be peeled, cooked throughly, etc.) are the usual steps to avoid enteric pathogens of all sorts. There is also a vaccine available, though it is not routinely administered in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt; nor heavily pushed by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; except in cases of &quot;prolonged exposure to potentially contaminated food and water in high-risk areas&quot;, and does not provide complete protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:22:35.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="604" CreationDate="2015-04-21T17:31:25.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The minimum infectious dose for a disease like typhoid is hard to obtain, because the most controlled method of obtaining this information is via human challenge studies, and those are essentially no longer performed due to some ethical issues. That means one must look at older data or observational studies, which have some methodological drawbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/6/1096.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;somewhat older review&lt;/a&gt; suggests the necessary dose to provoke clinical disease was &amp;lt;10^3 organisms. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/salmonella-ent-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Public Health Canada&lt;/a&gt; characterizes the infectious dose for enteric fever (which is another name for typhoid fever) as ~ 10^5 organisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of which organs can be effected - in the most severe cases, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/salmonella-ent-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;complications can be fairly systemic, with the most dangerous complication being haemorrhage due to intestinal perforation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T17:31:25.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="583" CreationDate="2015-04-21T18:01:15.153" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been no additional reports in the &lt;em&gt;Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report&lt;/em&gt;, which was where your original article points to regarding the efficacy of the flu vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6408a2.htm?s_cid=mm6408a2_w&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;most recent update&lt;/a&gt; on influenza activity within the United States, which was about a month later than your report, does not suggest there has been any mid-season change in the dominant circulating strains, so the early estimates are likely in the same area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one thing that may change this is that a larger number of last season cases of influenza are typically caused by influenza B viruses, as shown in this figure below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H10nw.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The low effectiveness of the vaccine against the dominant circulating A strains does not necessarily imply a similarly low effectiveness against the later B strains, especially as B strains &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2014-2015/images/image141.gif&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;appear to be somewhat more stable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T18:01:15.153" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="83" CreationDate="2015-04-21T18:22:10.317" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you have noted, the &quot;paroxysmal&quot; stage of a clinical case of pertussis, which involves the rapid, exhausting coughing fits and the characteristic &quot;whoop&quot; at the end can often be extremely long. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/features.html&quot;&gt;While it usually lasts 1-6 weeks, it can persist for up to 10 weeks&lt;/a&gt;, followed by a convalescent period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One reason for the long duration of the cough is that by the time one has reached that phase of disease, they are largely beyond the help of antibiotics, which &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prrjournal.com/article/S1526-0542(08)00041-9/abstract&quot;&gt;will not shorten the clinical course of the disease in infected patients&lt;/a&gt;, but are intended to prevent its transmission to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the actual mechanism of action for pertussis helps making the coughing longer. &lt;em&gt;Bordetalla pertussis&lt;/em&gt; infect the upper respiratory system and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/causes-transmission.html&quot;&gt;bind to the lining of your respiratory system&lt;/a&gt;, decreasing the movement of your cilia, which serve to help clear mucous from your lungs. They also produce toxins which can cause inflammation and damage the cilia. As a result, even once the bacteria are dead, there is lingering damage to your respiratory system that will result in continued coughing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-21T18:22:10.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-21T21:56:18.990" Score="3" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ruptured my right Achilles tendon in a martial arts class in late May, 2012. It was a full rupture, and surgically repaired within a week by a reputable orthopedic surgeon (Consultant/surgeon for professional sports teams).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therapy took 1 year before I was fully cleared for jumping activities (Cleared mid June, 2013), but I healed very well and regained full use, mobility and range of motion. Recently, however, I noticed a small bit of adhesion in the skin (It puckers slightly at the base of the original incision towards the ankle when I plantar flex).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that this is anything that I need worry about, as I would expect any complications would have shown up before this, but is there anything I can do to release the adhesion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:53:54.900" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:53:54.900" Title="Possible to remove Achilles skin adhesions after significant time?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;incision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="618" CreationDate="2015-04-21T23:34:11.190" Score="13" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will occasionally notice minor molds developing on bread I've left for a few days at room temperature. Often, there will be some mold noticeable on a few pieces, while other pieces are fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know next to nothing about molds in general. Aside from the &quot;ick&quot; factor, is consuming a piece of bread with a small amount of mold on it dangerous? What adverse health effects (if any) could result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T11:17:27.413" Title="Are bread molds dangerous to ingest?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3332" CreationDate="2015-04-21T23:34:19.017" Score="8" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sleep on my back and have acne there. What can I do to keep the acne from getting worse and prevent future acne from developing? (I'm not sure if sleeping position matters.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T00:24:22.957" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T15:21:02.733" Title="What are some ways to stop and prevent acne?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="616" CreationDate="2015-04-22T00:13:58.460" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple concerns with eating food with mold on it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The growth of mold implies that microbial contaminants can grow on the food, which means there is a potential for spoilage even if the mold itself isn't pathogenic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mold itself can cause health problems. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/molds-on-food-are-they-dangerous_/&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt; recommends discarding molded bread, as a &quot;bit of mold&quot; that is visible likely means a much greater penetration of mold in sub-visible amounts throughout the bread as a whole.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common health threats from the mold itself are likely exposure to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin&quot;&gt;mycotoxins&lt;/a&gt; or allergic reactions - consider, for example, that penicillin is a mold that can grow on bread, and also causes fairly serious allergic reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the risk is likely small (you are exposed to tremendous numbers of molds in the process of going about your life), it's also fairly avoidable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T00:13:58.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T01:21:40.680" Score="6" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read in some places that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_technology#Mechanical-switch_keyboard&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mechanical keyboards&lt;/a&gt; alleviate the pain of RSI (vs. regular keyboards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://techshift.net/5-reasons-why-you-should-buy-a-mechanical-keyboard/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://techshift.net/5-reasons-why-you-should-buy-a-mechanical-keyboard/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5 reasons why you should buy a mechanical keyboard&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third benefit is reduced strain. I realize this is closely related to comfort but I felt that this deserved its own section simply because of RSI(Repetitive Strain Injury). We use our computers for hours and some of us do not take RSI seriously. I take good care of my hands. And so should you. For most people, their hands are their livelihood. Hand health is very important if you are a musician, laborer, or athlete. One thing I’ve notice after spending a few months with my mechanical keyboard compared to keyboards of my past is finger pain. I use to get finger pain after prolonged typing on the rubber dome keys. They were all I knew so I didn’t question. It wasn’t until I was in the market for a better keyboard where I found out about mechanical key switches. Subsequently, it wasn’t until I was typing on them for hours until I realized my finger pain was mainly caused by the cheap rubber-dome keyboards. If you are on the computer for hours, or if your profession involves extensive amounts of typing, consider investing on a mechanical keyboard for this very reason. These key switches will reduce finger strain. Your hands will thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How true is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T03:33:36.763" Title="Can mechanical keyboards alleviate the pain of RSI (vs. regular keyboards)?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T04:40:01.183" Score="5" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by intermittent pain, usually on one side of the face, somewhere along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve (ear to eye, nose and jaw). Sometimes there's a headache with it (same side), sometimes not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are &lt;em&gt;no other symptoms&lt;/em&gt; and it goes away for months at a time, and the pain can be largely controlled by avoiding triggers and taking ibuprophen, is it really necessary to have imaging studies done to rule out compression of the nerve or the small chance that it's the first sign of MS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If such a condition has been occurring intermittently for years, if it was caused by a compression of the nerve, wouldn't there be definitive symptoms after such a period of time? If it were MS, would other signs have manifested themselves during a period of years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:45:01.760" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:45:01.760" Title="Should everyone with trigeminal neuralgia get imaging studies?" Tags="&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;jaw&gt;&lt;trigeminal-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T10:55:15.023" Score="3" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific literature investigating physical and psychological addiction to white flour made of wheat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987708006427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; talk about this subject but I'm not well informed and interested to know more by experts' voices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T14:41:49.190" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:01:44.270" Title="Can refined flour be addictive?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;refined-foods&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-06-03T18:02:33.023" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="626" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-22T11:03:42.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some examples of refined foods are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;white sugar, the most common type of sugar used&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;white flour, where some parts of the grain are taken over before milling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;refined salt, quite common, composed mainly by sodium chloride&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some concerns related to refined foods because they contain less micronutrients than the original foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T13:18:05.640" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T13:18:05.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="627" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-22T11:03:42.113" Score="0" Body="Refined foods are foods that have been subjected to processes to make them more durable and/or visually attractive." OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T13:18:01.977" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T13:18:01.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="629" CreationDate="2015-04-22T13:46:39.373" Score="5" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that we absorb minerals from cooked food less efficiently, because the membranes of our cells are made up mostly of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrogen ions&lt;/a&gt;, therefore cooking food lose its anionic charge and it become more cationic? So in other words, it makes the food less healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be demonstrated by Kirlian photography of cooked food which capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oOmsl.png&quot; alt=&quot;Kirlian photography, cooked food&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image found at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://thetaoofdana.com/post/74865712793/the-energy-of-your-food-dramatically-affects-your&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Tao of Dana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which gives the impression of reduction of anionic charge. Therefore if alkalinity is altered due to cooking, it could influence the structural, functional and enzymatic aspects of the food making the nutritions less absorbable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T18:07:55.940" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T18:07:55.940" Title="Does cooking food prevent the body from efficiently absorbing minerals?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="628" CreationDate="2015-04-22T14:03:44.010" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cell membranes are made out of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid&quot;&gt;phospholipids&lt;/a&gt; and a lot of proteins, not of hydrogen ions. A membrane of hydrogen ions doesn't make any sense chemically in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cooking doesn't change the overall charge of molecules in food, you can't create or destroy charges out of thin air. To change the charges, essentially the pH of your solution, you need to either add acid or base. Of course you do that quite often in cooking, but the cooking process itself can't change any charges by itself. And even if it did, stomach acid has a very low pH and will change the charges of food anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Kirlian photography is pretty, but that's it. The strength of the effect is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/194/4262/263&quot;&gt;sensitive to moisture&lt;/a&gt; for example, there are all kinds of reasons why cooked and raw food could look differently in these images. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10" LastEditorDisplayName="user10" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T14:28:00.973" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T14:28:00.973" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="616" CreationDate="2015-04-22T14:31:51.380" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Molds, fungus and yeasts produce &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mycotoxin&lt;/a&gt;, a toxic chemical which can cause both acute and chronic health effects via ingestion, skin contact or inhalation&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749975&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.  The danger associated with exposure depends on the type of mycotoxin, concentration and length of exposure as well as exposed individual (age, health and sex)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In same rare cases can be even deadly (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aflatoxins&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330360&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comparison, molds such as found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blue cheese&lt;/a&gt; are harmless, because they contain specially cultivated bacteria and they're considered safe to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore if you're not sure what kind of mold it is, for your own health your should limit your exposure to all kinds of molds, fungus and yeasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T14:53:41.583" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T14:53:41.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T14:38:53.207" Score="11" ViewCount="1278" Body="&lt;p&gt;Until a couple of years ago, in case of cardiac arrest, first-aid guidelines (in France at least) were instructing not to use an AED on infants (&amp;lt; 1 yo), even with pediatric pads or with an energy dose reducer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, it is more and more recommended to use an AED on infants&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Preferably using pediatric pads, and even with adult pads should no pediatric pads or reducer be available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What the French guidelines say:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Children and infants&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;br/&gt;Defibrillation should be performed using appropriate devices (pediatric pads, energy dose reducer...). Should no suitable AED be available, an &quot;adult&quot; AED may be used. The pads are in this case applied to the center of the chest for one, and to the center of the back for the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above is a translation I made. The original text is:&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chez l’enfant ou le nourrisson&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sup&gt;&lt;br/&gt;La défibrillation doit être réalisée avec des appareils adaptés (électrodes enfants, réducteur d’énergie...). En l’absence d’un DAE adapté, un DAE «Adulte» peut être utilisé. Les électrodes adultes sont alors positionnées en avant au milieu du thorax pour l’une et au milieu du dos pour&#xA;  l’autre.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36645/277100/file/PSC1_version%201.1.1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PRÉVENTION ET SECOURS CIVIQUES de niveau 1&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, French Ministry of Interior&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What the Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, US, say:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use the small pads meant for infants. If these are not available, use the adult pads. When applying the adult pads, make sure the pads don’t touch each other. If it looks like the pads will touch, apply one pad to the center of the baby’s chest. Apply the other pad to the center of the baby’s upper back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fairview.org/healthlibrary/Article/116208EN&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CPR And Automated External Defibrillator (12 Months Or Younger)&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the precise drawback of using adult pads? Is the AED likely to harm the infant&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, or is it likely to miss shockable rhythms (and therefore fail to deliver required shocks)&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, or even both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1- The Ministry of Interior of France, the Fairview Health Services (Minneapolis, US), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lifesavingsociety.com/media/100282/98pushhardpushfastinsert2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Life Saving Society&lt;/a&gt; (Toronto, CA) do. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; doesn't.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2- As the recommended dose is 2-4 J/Kg (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938491/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Defibrillation in children&lt;/a&gt;, Pubmed, 2010 Jul-Sep)&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3- Found no reference, just wondering whether the nature of the pads would lead to a calibration problem impairing the rhythm detection process.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T10:24:12.763" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T19:41:19.377" Title="AED on infants: risks of using adult pads" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="489" CreationDate="2015-04-22T16:42:22.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acupuncture is often used to treat pain conditions such as headache, lower back and osteoarthritis. It is based on scientific evidence that treatment can stimulate nerves under the skin and in muscle tissue and as result body is producing pain-relieving substances (such as endorphins)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acupuncture/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NICE recommends acupuncture only as a treatment option for chronic lower back pain, chronic tension-type headaches and migraines which are based on the scientific evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However more research is needed to established whatever acupuncture should be used for other pain remedies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Acupuncture/Pages/Evidence.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Acupuncture - Evidence at NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more about evidence at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/Search?q=acupuncture+pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Evidence Search at NICE&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochranelibrary.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cochrane Library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T16:42:22.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T16:54:42.493" Score="10" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many articles and products that claim that toxins (pollutants from the environment, chemicals from pesticides, heavy metals from drinking water, etc.) can accumulate in the liver and cause adverse health effects. Many times, a &quot;liver detox&quot; is recommended to help the liver clear out these toxins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you inhale or ingest something toxic then the toxins enter your circulation and head directly to your liver. [...] If your liver cannot do its job well or has been inundated with too much work (toxic exposure, illness, etc), then toxic levels rise in your blood and this is considered a significant stress by your body as these toxins can irritate vital organs like your heart, brain, and kidneys as they remain in the circulation too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wellnessresources.com/health_topics/detoxification/liver.php&quot;&gt;Liver Detox: Get Rid of Toxins&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If “the norm” for you is constant misery and dis-ease, it may be an indication that your body and liver are overloaded with function-impeding toxins. In such instances, the best course of action is to take inventory of your lifestyle to remove the sources of toxins and complement that lifestyle change with a liver cleanse using all-natural, organic methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from blog post &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/symptoms-of-liver-toxicity/&quot;&gt;Symptoms of Liver Toxicity&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be some vagueness here. In at least in these two examples, the &quot;toxins&quot; aren't specified. My question is: Is there any validity to these claims? Can harmful compounds bioaccumulate in the liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T17:06:25.690" Title="Can toxins accumulate in the liver?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-22T19:16:02.830" Score="3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=15672&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Data from the USDA&lt;/a&gt; show that many US residents fail to meet adequate intakes -based on average requirement- of several micronutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example only 8% of US citizens meet requirements for fiber, 7.6% for potassium, and 43% for magnesium, 51% for vitamin C and 13.6% for vitamin E.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find similar statistics for european countries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T19:08:17.977" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T16:36:23.003" Title="Where can I find statistics about micronutrients deficiencies in European countries?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="635" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-22T19:22:34.523" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T19:22:34.523" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T19:22:34.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="636" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-22T19:22:34.523" Score="0" Body="Micronutrients are those nutrients that are needed in human nutrition in smaller quantities than macronutrients." OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-04-22T19:50:24.837" LastActivityDate="2015-04-22T19:50:24.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="602" CreationDate="2015-04-23T00:10:55.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)&lt;/strong&gt; is numbness, tingling, weakness, and other problems in your hand because of pressure on a nerve (median&#xA;  nerve) going through your wrist. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/carpal-tunnel/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;{1}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pressure or swelling of the median nerve causes CTS and making the same hand movements over and over may induce swelling. The swelling can get even worse if the wrist is bent down (your hands lower than your wrists) or by making the same wrist movements repeatedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ergonomic mouse serves to prevent people from holding their mice on the edge of their desks or other surface, which naturally rests in a manner that bends the wrist. The person has to keep their wrist straight in order to use the mouse, thus reducing swelling over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be annoying to adjust to an ergonomic keyboard or mouse, but they help keep the wrists straight, which can be a problem for anyone sitting all day at a computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given what an ergonomic mouse and keyboard are &lt;em&gt;supposed&lt;/em&gt; to do, &lt;strong&gt;there is little or no data to support the concept that activity adjustment&lt;/strong&gt; prevents carpal tunnel syndrome. The study cited below has results that are inconsistent and non-conclusive. The researchers even state in their conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Speculative causal theories should be analyzed through a rigorous&#xA;  approach prior to wide adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0363502308000087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;{The Quality and Strength of Evidence for Etiology: Example of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome }&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T16:17:50.900" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T16:17:50.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="633" CreationDate="2015-04-23T02:27:30.860" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Detoxification is one of the primary functions of the liver. When you ingest something, if it is absorbed, it enters the portal vein which delivers the blood directly to the liver. There, the liver metabolizes, &quot;detoxifies&quot;, excretes, synthesizes, and stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What needs to be stored&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liver stores excess glucose in the form of glycogen, fat-soluable vitamins A, D, K, iron used for the synthesis of red blood cells, copper (used as an integral part of enzymes), fat, B12, and some other substances. (This is why eating polar bear liver results in hypervitaminosis A.) It does not store toxins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How the liver &quot;detoxifies&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liver has a staggering number of metabolic pathways involving a series of enzymatic reactions that neutralize and solubilize toxins for excretion by the liver or kidney. It should be noted that some of the same enzymes are used to render &quot;pro-drugs&quot; into active drugs, and that delivery of absorbed molecules directly to the liver (where they may be converted or removed, called &quot;first pass&quot; metabolism) is the reason that some drugs simply are less effective or ineffective if taken by mouth. (The gut also is responsible for some metabolism.) This is so much a feature of the liver that first-pass metabolism of medications must be taken into consideration to determine the right dose of a drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally lipid soluble toxins are first made water soluble by any of a group of enzymes called the CYPs, e.g. cytochrome P450. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter very many different toxins. Liver enzymes then add another water soluble molecule (called conjugation) to the toxin which renders it less toxic and water-soluable enough to be transported for excretion by the liver (with bile, which is excreted into the intestines and carried out of the GI Tract) or the kidneys (in urine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxins can kill the host, injure a specific tissue (for example, an overdose of acetaminophen can cause enough liver damage to shut down detoxification leading to death), act as carcinogens altering DNA, be metabolized and excreted, sometimes be stored in adipose tissue (fat), or take other routes through the body. I personally know of no toxin (nor could I find one) that can bypass these things and be stored in the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are toxins that damage the liver: alcohol for example. Yet that doesn't get stored in even a damaged liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly there are toxins everywhere that we don't even know about, but if drugs and toxins* studied are metabolized and excreted by the liver (or follow other routes), it stands to reason that the ones we don't know about are probably being handled similarly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Disclaimer: Heavy metals are handled differently. Also, this answer doesn't deal with concentration of toxins in other tissues, e.g. fat. (Some toxins are stored in fat cells, and become mobilized again on weight loss.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lef.org/Protocols/Metabolic-Health/Metabolic-Detoxification/Page-02?checked=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Metabolic Detoxification&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nlfindia.com/liverZone/functions.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/15218/Medical%20Books/Medical%20Physiology%202nd%202003%20Rhoades/Medical%20Physiology%202nd%202003%20Rhoades/smch28.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Physiology of the Liver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/288/2/G292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of yo-yo diet, caloric restriction, and olestra on tissue distribution of hexachlorobenzene&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T07:04:24.883" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T07:04:24.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="606" CreationDate="2015-04-23T04:01:19.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reinfection with typhoid fever is certainly possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427859/?page=4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;older human challenge study&lt;/a&gt; found that individuals with an induced infection were less likely to develop an infection if they had been previously infected, but 23% of them still developed a clinical fever. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC269142/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Another somewhat old study&lt;/a&gt; suggests that unless immunologically boosted, immunity to typhoid fever cannot last for more than ~ 1 year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even immunity that arises from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4314.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vaccination&lt;/a&gt; wanes and needs a booster after a few years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reinfection, regardless of the success of your treatment or diet, is very possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T04:01:19.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="641" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="643" CreationDate="2015-04-23T04:41:28.430" Score="0" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the medications that are available for treating asthma? Do they have any side effects or long term effects on the patient's body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T15:20:00.977" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T11:38:37.457" Title="Medications for asthma" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-04-24T02:26:01.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="753" CreationDate="2015-04-23T04:49:27.687" Score="5" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can a person get to know that he/she is suffering from colon cancer? What are the symptoms, and how long does it take for them to appear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-14T19:28:44.170" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T19:28:44.170" Title="How to detect colon cancer?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="641" CreationDate="2015-04-23T12:19:18.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are long-term medications, those that will get asthma under control:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;long-acting beta-agonists: bronchodilators, they open the airways&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;leukotriene modifiers: they block the components that cause inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mast cell stabilizers: they prevent / reduce the release of chemicals (from your body) that cause inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;theophylline: is a bronchodilator, used to prevent nighttime attacks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immunomodulator: when you have asthma that is allergy-related and hasn't respond to inhaled medications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each kind has one or more available drugs, and each one can have different side effects, specially on the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/asthma-medications#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/asthma-medications#1&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/condition/asthma.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.drugs.com/condition/asthma.html&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/in-depth/asthma-medications/art-20045557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/in-depth/asthma-medications/art-20045557&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="286" LastEditorUserId="286" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T11:38:37.457" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T11:38:37.457" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="671" CreationDate="2015-04-23T13:04:42.363" Score="6" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mint oil is often refered to as a remedy for headaches, especially for migraine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example these articles from health magazines (Article &lt;a href=&quot;http://migraine.com/migraine-treatment/natural-remedies/peppermint-oil/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://thepaleomama.com/2014/01/20-miracle-uses-peppermint-oil/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthextremist.com/how-to-use-peppermint-essential-oil-for-headaches/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;), claim that you can reduce headache pains by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;applying a few drops of mint oil to the forehead&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;massaging the temples with mint oil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or using a roll-on made from peppermint and lavender essential oil along with some fractionated coconut oil. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there studies and/or scientifical proof to back up the claim that mint oil is an effective remedy for headaches?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="152" LastEditorUserId="152" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T13:18:13.250" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T13:18:13.250" Title="Is mint oil an effective remedy for headaches?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;essential-oil&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="664" CreationDate="2015-04-23T14:29:05.250" Score="9" ViewCount="4595" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it mean when a toenail turns black after a minor physical impact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ylwvjm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this disappear by itself (it's already over a month)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="123" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T15:18:54.040" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T04:41:05.903" Title="Why do toenails turn black after impact?" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="745" CreationDate="2015-04-23T14:35:13.323" Score="7" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is this condition called when one or more fingers go pale every time when being in a cold environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d9YPwm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it something that can be handled without having to relocate to exotic countries? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="123" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T14:32:29.270" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T14:32:29.270" Title="How to deal with pale fingers in cold weather?" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="701" CreationDate="2015-04-23T16:01:01.997" Score="2" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oligonol are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polyphenols&lt;/a&gt; found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lychee&lt;/a&gt; fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vfqsOm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image credits: &lt;a href=&quot;http://lovingthemes.com/health-benefits-lychee-fruit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Loving Themes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that it has antioxidant properties which can fight the virus infections and it's used as a natural remedy for a number of health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health benefits of consuming it (oligonol)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T08:50:24.543" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T06:05:00.950" Title="What are the health benefits of consuming oligonol?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="651" CreationDate="2015-04-23T16:05:17.300" Score="10" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the end of a bout of flu or fever, I often get a cold sore on my lip area. Why there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="77" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T14:03:28.673" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T14:03:28.673" Title="Cold sores: why do we get them on the lips?" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="650" CreationDate="2015-04-23T16:20:05.723" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fever blisters, or cold sores, are an infection with the type 1 or Type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2). The herpes simplex virus usually enters the body through a break in the skin around or inside the mouth and travels into the nerve for the lip. It's been estimated that 65% of the US population has this infection (I do not have worldwide data).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This version of the virus is relatively benign, but it never leaves the body. It takes up residence in the roots of nerves; in the case of cold sores, it is a nerve near the cheekbone. In times of stress, fever, illness or even over exposure to sunlight, it can activate and travel down the the nerve and erupt as lesions in and around the lips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All information contained here can be referenced through &lt;a href=&quot;http://publications.usa.gov/epublications/fever-blister/fever-canker.html&quot;&gt;this government posting&lt;/a&gt;, however there is a huge reference pool available. Currently there is no cure or vaccine for HSV-1 or 2 (The HSV-2 is genital herpes, however HSV-1 as has been pointed out, may be introduced through oral contact with genitalia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T21:51:37.300" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T21:51:37.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-23T16:23:47.537" Score="11" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the health risks of cooking/frying with healthy oils past their &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point&quot;&gt;smoke point&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that the oil is decomposed and toxin are formed. How does that affect our health when we eat fried foods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T14:12:54.360" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T23:23:19.467" Title="What is the health danger of frying past a smoking point?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="647" CreationDate="2015-04-23T16:47:50.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's much the same as any other traumatic impact, it's a collection of blood from ruptured vessels. In the skin, it appears as a bruise. When under the nail, it appears as a black shape, usually a crescent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the amount of blood is significant, or if the pressure of it causes pain, you should have it checked out by a podiatrist. It is also possible that if the trauma was severe, that there can be a risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will last quite a long time, as the nails (both fingers and toes) are relatively slow growing (average 3mm/month). It is possible that you will lose the nail, although after a month that is less likely. It is also possible that the nail will not grow back in a normal shape, as you may have caused trauma to the nail bed. The black shape (old, clotted blood, actually) will move out with the growth, and may possibly cause nail splitting and separation from the bed in the affected area. Eventually it will reach the end of the nail and can be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not urgent after a month, there are possibilities of complications, so if you notice any pain, further discolorations or odors, have it checked by a professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T16:53:18.530" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T16:53:18.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-23T17:05:23.273" Score="7" ViewCount="564" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read and heard contradicting personal experiences on how much stress on the hand, wrist and arm &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apple.com/magictrackpad/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Apple's Magic Trackpad&lt;/a&gt; put compared to a traditional mouse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://softwareprototyping.net/is-your-apple-magic-trackpad-giving-you-rsi/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://softwareprototyping.net/is-your-apple-magic-trackpad-giving-you-rsi/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am starting to suffer from pain in my right hand which I am wondering might be due to the use of the Magic Trackpad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://erikrunyon.com/2011/01/rsi-and-the-magic-trackpad/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://erikrunyon.com/2011/01/rsi-and-the-magic-trackpad/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Back to the question of RSI. After three months of use, I’ve noticed a significant decrease in pain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does Apple’s Magic Trackpad put  more stress on the hand, wrist and arm than a traditional mouse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/S1xBK.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T07:50:01.180" Title="Does Apple’s Magic Trackpad put more stress on the hand, wrist and arm than a traditional mouse?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="633" CreationDate="2015-04-23T17:06:25.690" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, these claims do not hold any validity. As you have said, the claims are vague, often saying that these &quot;toxins&quot; (not specified) are the cause of a catch-all list of symptoms. Unsurprisingly, they are usually associated with some sort of &quot;detox&quot; product or program. After all, the premise of &quot;toxins accumulate&quot; goes hand-in-hand with &quot;therefore we need to detox.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no medical standard for this type of &quot;detox.&quot; There is no consistency in the ingredients of these products. There is no scientific evidence that these things help your health. There are &quot;success stories.&quot; Some people may feel better after treatment. But those that feel worse are often told that this is part of the process, that they will feel worse before they feel better. (In other words, there is no chance of not being a success.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly, there are &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; substances with &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; effects that have &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; treatments, all scientifically validated. It is true, for example, that arsenic in drinking water over time at high enough levels can cause chronic toxicity. This is a poisoning. It has characteristic symptoms and standards for treatment. There are methods to confirm or to rule out the diagnosis. The claims you cited aren't talking about poisonings, though; they are much too nebulous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend this article on Science-Based Medicine, which goes into more detail about this type of claim:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/detox-what-they-dont-want-you-to-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/detox-what-they-dont-want-you-to-know/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="288" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T17:06:25.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="659" CreationDate="2015-04-23T18:10:20.307" Score="8" ViewCount="281" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a case of pediatric cataract surgery where the lens was not replaced, there is no lens to serve as a barrier between the aqueous and the vitreous.  I once asked an ophthalmologist what keeps them from mixing together in that case -- are they of different viscosities, like oil and water, for instance?  She said it's something like that, but that with aging the vitreous gradually thins (causing floaters, among things) and they end up blending together.  She said this isn't really a problem in practice, as each humour's main function is to deliver nutrients to the right parts of the eye and they can still do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the aqueous drains through a duct, so that part isn't a closed system.  But the vitreous usually is a closed system, as I understand it, which is why floaters don't go away.  A remedy for floaters that is sometimes brought up is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrectomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vitrectomy&lt;/a&gt;, but that carries risk of retinal detachment (according to Wikipedia, and I think I remember hearing that from an ophthalmologist too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting all of these together, it seems possible that with aging, as the vitreous becomes less distinct from the aqueous, some of the vitreous might end up draining through the same duct that the aqueous drains through, in an eye with no lens to serve as a barrier.  Is that the case?  And if it is, does it carry with it a higher risk of the things that can go wrong with vitrectomy (especially retinal detachment)?  Or does the risk that comes with that procedure not arise with a slow, gradual aging process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I've seen a reference to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_membrane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hyaloid membrane&lt;/a&gt;, which, in addition to the lens, sits between the vitreous and aqueous.  I don't know if this membrane is also removed when a lens is removed or if it remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="290" LastEditorUserId="290" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T13:48:22.807" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T13:48:22.807" Title="Long-term effects of lens removal as the vitreous ages?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-23T19:42:24.550" Score="6" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the above title, 'nutrition'  is intended to mean the nutrients predominant in milk. (I'm not a biochemist; so I wrote  this vaguely.)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Calcium/Food-Sources-of-Calcium.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Dietitians of Canada&lt;/a&gt; assert that everybody of ages 19-50 need 1000 mg of Calcium daily. Please omit all those foods (eg &lt;a href=&quot;http://greatist.com/health/18-surprising-dairy-free-sources-calcium&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;from which the quantity needed  to satisfy the Recommended Daily Allowance,&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;cannot be productively consumed.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It's unrealistic to eat daily 5 cups of collards, kale, yogurt; or 10 cups of turnip, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/walter-willett/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Walter Willett&lt;/a&gt; MD (Michigan) MPH DPH (Harvard) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/research/profile.php?id=jenkins&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Jenkins&lt;/a&gt; DPhil DM (Oxford).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/23/drinking-milk-not-essential-for-humans-despite-belief-it-prevents-osteoporosis-nutritionist-says/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Source:]&lt;/a&gt; But there has been this general belief that we need to consume a lot of milk because that will prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Yet studies that have looked at milk and dairy consumption do not show that people who drink more cow’s milk have lower fracture risk.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Humans have no nutritional requirement for animal milk, an evolutionarily recent addition to the diet,” Willett and his co-author, David Ludwig, of Boston Children’s Hospital, wrote in an article published last September in the journal, &lt;em&gt;JAMA Pediatrics&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-april-21-2015-1.3041807/got-milked-author-alissa-hamilton-wants-dairy-food-group-gone-1.3041822&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This CBC program&lt;/a&gt; also doubts milk, and features &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joshgitalis.com/interview-with-dr-alissa-hamilton/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alissa Hamilton&lt;/a&gt; JD (Toronto) PhD (Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/sites/uoguelph.ca.foodscience/files/public/Professor%20H%20Douglas%20Goff%27s%20Professional%20Profile.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prof Douglas Goff&lt;/a&gt; MS PhD (Cornell)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: My fears of charlatanism and pseudoscience oblige me to include the postnomials, but sorry if they're excessive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T02:22:44.323" Title="What to substitute for milk, in search of sufficient calcium and nutrition?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="657" CreationDate="2015-04-23T20:03:37.663" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are eliminating milk only, then many of the other dairy sources still hold true as valuable sources of calcium. For example, an 8 ounce serving of fruit yogurt has ~ 300mg of calcium. This would also allow for cheese, which is also in the neighborhood of 300 mg for a 1.5 ounce serving. This makes it fairly easy to avoid milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you eliminate dairy, then your three best sources out of native food are going to be canned salmon, sardines and tofu. The salmon and sardines have calcium because they have the bones included. Tofu is ground up soybeans, and it has about 800mg of calcium per 1 cup. The canned fish is 200-300 depending on the size of the can/serving, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what makes it easier is to add fortified foods to your list. A single cup of calcium fortified orange juice has 500mg of calcium. That gets you half way there, and if you make a turkey sandwich with enriched bread and throw on some kale you can easily get to your daily requirement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, you avoid enriched foods and all dairy, then you probably will need to either eat a lot of tofu or be prepared to eat a lot of varied foods. You can also consider supplements such as vitamins or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference from a US based source, the University of California has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/calcium_content_of_selected_foods/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reference page on calcium in food&lt;/a&gt;, as does the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt;. Also, google will bring up nutritional information on foods when searched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T21:53:43.723" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T21:53:43.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="656" CreationDate="2015-04-23T20:34:23.103" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...it seems possible that with aging, as the vitreous becomes less distinct from the aqueous, some of the vitreous might end up draining through the same duct that the aqueous drains through, in an eye with no lens to serve as a barrier. Is that the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a normal (i.e. lens intact) eye, that would, I think, be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aqueous humor is a self-replenishing system, whereas the vitreous humor is made and completed before birth. There is no replenishment of it, although, because it is near a capillaries bed, there is diffusion of small molecules like glucose back and forth that takes place between the blood and the vitreous humor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're correct that the vitreous humor (initially a very well organized gel-like substance) liquifies as aging occurs, but the predominant effect of this is floaters (vitreous detachments*), retinal pulls, tears, hemorrhages and detachments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GcKKZ.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fluid (aqueous humor) is produced by cells in the ciliary body (which is part of the ciliary muscle, with ligamentous connections to the edge of the lens) behind the iris. This fluid-filled space is called the posterior chamber. The fluid then passes from behind the iris into the anterior chamber, between the iris and the cornea, and finally drains through a permeable network (the trabecular meshwork) near the base of your the anterior part of the iris. So, there is constant production and drainage of aqueous humor, keeping the fluid level balanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When too much fluid is made, or not reabsorbed, the anterior chamber bulges, deforming the shape of the vitreous humor and placing pressure on the optic nerve. There is no fluid exchange between the two unless there is disease of the posterior chamber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the vitreous humor liquifies, the volume stays the same. If it could drain out of the trabecular meshwork, I would imagine there would be a much greater risk of more serious vitreous detachments and subsequent  retinal detachments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of a lens removed in childhood, the vitreous humor, being a highly organized gel, is probably little affected by lens removal. With age, because liquifaction happens from the middle of the vitreous; the effect of loss of the lens is still probably small, but I imagine - I'm not an opthalmologist - it might be different for someone who has had a lifetime to accommodate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I might have to read and edit this answer again.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;Not the sole cause of floaters&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;cross-section image from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.patient.co.uk/health/acute-angle-closure-glaucoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient.co.uk: Acute Angle-closure Glaucoma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_46.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_46.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770054/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Clin Pathol. 2003 Sep; 56(9): 720: Concurrent vitreous disease may produce abnormal vitreous humour biochemistry and toxicology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-23T21:14:18.117" LastActivityDate="2015-04-23T21:14:18.117" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="106" CreationDate="2015-04-23T21:38:44.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't address how you can avoid your body temperature rising with certain foods like almonds or raisins, as I'm unfamiliar with that issue. Soups can be eaten cold or at room temperature, and you can lower your body temperature slightly with iced drinks, quick sponge baths, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But controlling the most frequent causes of nosebleeds might help you reduce their occurrance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of bloody noses in healthy individuals (by that, I mean people without specific diseases of the blood or mucous membranes, etc.) arise from one specific area in the nose (on either side):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tDxYJ.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mucosa of the nasal septum (the cartilagenous structure separating the nose into two sides), there is an area where several arteries &quot;meet&quot;, giving it an exceptionally rich vascular supply, called Kiesselbach's plexus. It is on the anterior surface, and exposed to dry air and trauma (even such as might be sustained by a bad cold). People often get nosebleeds from nasal mucosal irritation due to upper respiratory infections. Bleeding typically occurs when the mucosa erodes for any reason, and the capillaries and venules (and sometimes arterioles) become exposed and subsequently break. The result is the familiar bloody dripping of a nosebleed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common treatment is &lt;em&gt;direct pressure&lt;/em&gt; (squeezing the sides of the nose together) for 5-10 minutes. This works because putting direct pressure on any bleed stops the blood flow long enough for a clot to form and the arteriole to close down. If needed, more aggressive control can be achieved by a professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the immediate treatment of bloody noses, anything that helps with the integrity of the nasal mucosa is going to help reduce nosebleeds. One can &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;run a humidifier in dry weather&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid irritating by touching the nose or blowing nose too often&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;apply a very light layer of petrolatum or Bacitracin ointment to the inside of the nose covering Kiesselbach's plexus at night so the nose-breathing doesn't dry out your nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use nasal saline spray to moisten and soothe the nasal membranes (don't rub the tip of the spray bottle against the nasal membranes, though) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*more serious or recurrent bleeding needs medical attention to rule out  other conditions that are associated with frequent nose bleeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to reflect additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/863220-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epistaxis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T02:46:12.220" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T02:46:12.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="986" CreationDate="2015-04-24T02:04:38.567" Score="7" ViewCount="2813" Body="&lt;p&gt;People with open-angle glaucoma sometimes see halos or rainbows around bright lights (e.g. headlights at night), but not always.  Glaucoma results in elevated intraocular pressure and thence pressure on the optic nerve, so it doesn't surprise me that there'd be visual effects -- but why &lt;em&gt;halos&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;rainbows&lt;/em&gt; specifically and not, say, blurry vision or flashes of light or some other deviation from normal vision?  And what factors govern when it happens, since it's not a constant state?  Is that just caused by minor fluctuations in the pressure level, which I understand varies through the course of the day, or is there some other factor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="290" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T09:01:08.273" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T09:01:08.273" Title="When someone with glaucoma sees rainbows around lights, what exactly is happening physically?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;&lt;intraocular-pressure-iop&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="647" CreationDate="2015-04-24T03:19:47.573" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you have is called a subungual hematoma; that's just a fancy way of saying &lt;em&gt;a collection of blood under the nail&lt;/em&gt;. It may happen with any kind of direct trauma, including (perhaps the worst?) a broken toe. It is similar to any other injury causing bleeding; the major difference is you can actually see the dark blood because the nail is transparent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it will disappear by itself, but as already noted by @JohnP, it will take a long time, as the clotted, thickened blood residue will be pulled towards the tip of the toe at the same rate that your toenail grows. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a picture of a subungual hematoma (SUH) after six months of growth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qacCU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there is a nice, normal nail growing out. I will hazard a guess that this particular injury was a lot like yours by the ridge formed across the top of the new nail. This indicates that the nail was lifted slightly off the nail plate. Also, this is a &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; slow growing nail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your SUH needs no treatment this far out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @JohnP noted, if there was significant injury to the growth plate, your nail may be permanently changed: it may be thicker, ridged, shorter, etc. But often this grows out without any problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acute care includes ice and elevation. If very painful, most doctors are capable of trephining the SH under sterile conditions (burning a small hole in the nail through which the blood may escape.) This sounds much worse than it is; in actuality, it provides immediate relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Because this was associated with trauma, it is a SUH. However, if it was not associated with trauma, one would need to consider a subungual melanoma, meaning a skin cancer under the nail. These can spread into adjacent soft tissue. Keep it in mind as it grows out; it should be replaced by fresh, unaffected nail.&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/poslfit/14094821/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Photo courtesy of John Chew via Flikr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/82926-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subungual Hematoma Drainage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/em-news/Fulltext/2003/08000/Evaluation_and_Treatment_of_Subungual_Hematoma.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluation and Treatment of Subungual Hematoma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T14:01:23.253" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T14:01:23.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="707" CreationDate="2015-04-24T04:35:29.323" Score="8" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;What amount of daily salt intake is ideal for a person? Does increased consumption cause any adverse effects on the health of the person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T23:59:40.467" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T23:59:40.467" Title="What is the ideal amount of salt intake (daily)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="680" CreationDate="2015-04-24T04:41:46.987" Score="9" ViewCount="1584" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why the donors are always advised not to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol for a particular amount of time before blood donation? What adverse effects can the receiver be subjected to if the blood of a donor affected by tobacco or alcohol is given?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T04:32:40.777" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T16:24:09.150" Title="What are the hazards from smoking or drinking and then donating blood?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;donor&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="670" CreationDate="2015-04-24T05:55:04.757" Score="5" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello this is my first post here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to lose weight and I'm eating healthy and do sports for at least five days a week (Running and Cycling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I gained 100 grams in two days, what am I doing wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For breakfast I have about 30 grams of Oatmeal with a bit of soy milk at lunch I eat mainly vegetables with a bit of chicken or tuna or just vegetables. For dinner I eat whole grain rice with chicken breast and again a lot of vegetables. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the day I eat about two pieces of fruit, like an apple or kiwi and drink about 2 liters of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="298" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T09:25:29.547" Title="Eating healthy and sporting, gaining weight" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="669" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T08:47:42.240" Score="9" ViewCount="2208" Body="&lt;p&gt;What suggestions are there for pain relief caused by stones in the gallbladder, while waiting for surgery date? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Placing something cold as an ice bag on the area, reduces the pain, and that helps, but any other recommendations would be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="106" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T00:55:54.847" LastActivityDate="2016-08-05T04:13:37.740" Title="Gallstones pain relief?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="668" CreationDate="2015-04-24T08:58:18.097" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Judging from your description, you're most probably doing everything correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But ok, if you wanted to be absolutely sure, you really would have to precisely measure your calorie intake vs calorie expenditure (with a tool like cronometer or sth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as far as gaining 100 grams in 2 days goes, that's just jumping to conclusions and easily falls within normal day-to-day weight fluctuations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have personally lost almost 20 pounds in just 24 hours in a weight loss experiment - just to prove how much water weight can be lost (without burning off almost no body fat). And guess what...all that lost weight came back after just 2 days on my normal diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, those 100 grams could easily mean you drank 1 extra dl of water, or that you didn't visit the toilet before weighing, or something similarly insignificant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to be sure whether or not you're gaining/losing actual body fat would be if you actually measured your body fat percentage...but even in this case, the measurements would not be precise enough to confirm what's actually happening if your weight changes by mere 100 grams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user300" LastEditorDisplayName="user300" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T09:05:12.487" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T09:05:12.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="644" CreationDate="2015-04-24T12:59:48.377" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;tl;dr&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peppermint oil combined with ethanol may be useful when applied topically for tension headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Details&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A review (Kligler) found two studies that looked at peppermint oil when combined with ethanol for the treatment of &lt;strong&gt;tension headache.&lt;/strong&gt; They rated the evidence a &quot;B&quot; for &lt;strong&gt;&quot;inconsistent  or  limited-quality  patient-oriented  evidence&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my own search I only found the same two studies listed in the review. The studies were placebo controlled, double blinded, and random crossover in design, so can be considered good quality experimental design, but they were limited in the number of subjects (one studied 32 patients and the other 41 patients). They did find that &lt;strong&gt;the topical application of peppermint oil and ethanol reduced headache severity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies only considered tension type headaches, so the results may not be applicable to other types of headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gobel  H,  Schmidt  G,  Soyka  D.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.014003228.x/abstract&quot;&gt;Effect  of  peppermint &#xA;and  eucalyptus  oil  preparations  on  neurophysiological &#xA;and  experimental  algesimetric  headache  parameters.&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Cephalalgia 1994;14:228-34.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gobel  H,  Fresenius  J,  Heinze  A,  Dworschak  M,  Soyka &#xA;D.   &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/8805113&quot;&gt;Effectiveness   of   oleum   menthae   piperitae   and &#xA;paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;[German]. Nervenarzt 1996;67:672-81.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kligler, Benjamin and Sapna Chaudhary. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.isdbweb.org/app/webroot/documents/file/910_6.pdf&quot;&gt;Peppermint Oil.&lt;/a&gt; American Family Physician. Volume 75, Number 7; April 1, 2007&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T12:59:48.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="673" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="674" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T13:38:00.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T16:06:25.447" Score="3" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_posturing#Decorticate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decorticate response&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GCS&lt;/a&gt;-4:112) or worse, decerebrate response (GCS-5:113), whatever the reason, are a sign of brain damage&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the US National Institute of Health:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003300.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decorticate posture&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;sign of damage to the nerve pathway between the brain and spinal cord&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003299.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decerebrate posture&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;severe injury to the brain&quot;. (And brain stem damage according to the Wikipedia article above, that uses paper sources).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are such brain damage irreversible or is there a chance, even slight, that the person recovers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1- &lt;em&gt;As this was asked in comments and chat&lt;/em&gt;: this does not mean that all kinds of brain damages lead to these postures. Maybe some don't. The question here is limited to the damages these two posture reveal. The reason for focusing on these two postures is that they have a special meaning in first-aid, when evaluating the conscious state of a victim.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T06:40:16.110" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T06:40:16.110" Title="Decorticate or decerebrate response: may the underlying damages be reversible?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T16:29:27.390" Score="5" ViewCount="1471" Body="&lt;p&gt;About a year and a half ago, I was rear-ended pretty hard.  The car was totaled, and I sustained minor injuries on the left side of my body where the impact threw me against the driver's-side door. I had no back or neck pain, but I did have bad pain for nearly two weeks in my shoulder, hips, and legs.  After the pain went away, I was, for all intents and purposes, fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of the past two weeks, however, I've been feeling the same type of numbness and tingling in my leg that one would feel after their leg had fallen asleep. I have no back pain and no weakness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbness and tingling is almost always there (it doesn't come and go), starting about 7 inches above my right knee and all the way down to just above my ankle on the outside (not the inside) of my leg. It becomes very mild to the point where I'll forget about it if I'm distracted, but, if I stop to think about it, sure enough, it's there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will also note that I purchased a standing treadmill desk early January of this year and have been standing for six hours a day after work during the week and all day long during the weekend.  I'd attribute the numbness and tingling my constant standing if it weren't for the facts that 1) it's only started to happen only recently and 2) I feel it in the morning when I wake up and at work while I am sitting down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that my accident resulted in a lower back injury that is only now starting to cause symptoms to emerge?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="305" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T04:34:59.583" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T04:34:59.583" Title="Could being rear-ended result in numbness and tingling in my leg nearly two years later?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;tingling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T17:13:51.663" Score="5" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read in some individual accounts that standing desks alleviate the pain of RSI (vs. a traditional sitting desk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.treehugger.com/health/how-standing-desk-changed-my-life.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I kept my regular desk and decided to test standing at my desk as cheaply and quickly as possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is that around the 4th week, my feet stopped hurting and my RSI problems have stayed mostly under control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can using a standing desk alleviate the pain of RSI (vs. a traditional sitting desk)? I am mostly interested in RSI affecting the hand and upper extremity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-24T18:00:15.320" Title="Can using a standing desk alleviate the pain of RSI (vs. a traditional sitting desk)?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-24T18:44:43.283" Score="7" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency&quot;&gt;Aortic insufficiency&lt;/a&gt; is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the modern available treatments for that kind of heart valve disease (whether medical or surgical)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T10:49:19.070" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T13:20:00.603" Title="What are some treatment procedures for aortic insufficiency?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="679" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="690" CreationDate="2015-04-24T19:14:39.097" Score="13" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;One common suggestion when trying to lose weight is to switch from sugary sodas and juices to zero-calorie drinks, such as water and diet soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the artificial sweeteners in diet products affect weight loss? Is there any benefit to choosing &quot;diet&quot; products instead over plain water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="25" LastEditDate="2015-04-24T19:16:39.540" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T19:41:12.410" Title="How do artificial sweeteners affect weight loss?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;artificial&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="666" CreationDate="2015-04-24T22:15:16.097" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smoking and drinking both put the recipient of the blood donation at risk or possible risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smoking causes nicotine to enter your bloodstream and usually breaks down into cotinine. Both of these are connected with increasing plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels, which &lt;strong&gt;may&lt;/strong&gt; be involved in the progression of both vascular disease and cancer. The researchers note: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;These findings may give a clue as to the mechanisms by which nicotine&#xA;  and cotinine from cigarette smoking increase vascular disease&#xA;  progression and tumor growth and metastasis.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850669/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850669/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol will immediately be absorbed through the lining of your stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream, meaning it will also be in the blood that you try to donate! &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA67/AA67.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;{2}&lt;/a&gt; If your recipient happen to be a child, that alcohol can damage the developing brain and liver. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.princeton.edu/uhs/healthy-living/hot-topics/alcohol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;{3}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-18T16:24:09.150" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T16:24:09.150" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="529" CreationDate="2015-04-25T00:34:15.297" Score="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Metabolic rate, individual genetics, cholesterol-absorption controversies, nutrients of the egg, size of the egg, and definition of &quot;maximum&quot; all contribute to ambiguity.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eggnutritioncenter.org/egg-facts/nutrition-facts-panels/&quot;&gt;This list of egg sizes and corresponding nutrition panels with daily recommended values is a good starting place&lt;/a&gt;, but I will also address this in a general context of what experts recommend and nutrient content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cholesterol&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people talk about eggs, they usually want to talk about cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that the body doesn't fully absorb all of the cholesterol, so there's no hard rule. What we do know is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A large egg contains about 185 mg of cholesterol. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/cholesterol/FAQ-20058468&quot;&gt;{2}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Although there is no precise basis for selecting a target level for&lt;br&gt;&#xA;dietary cholesterol intake for all individuals, the AHA recommends&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&amp;lt;300 mg/d on average. &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/18/2284.full&quot;&gt;{3}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your body doesn't absorb everything you eat. (That's part of why we go to the bathroom.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Registered dietitian Leslie Beck recommends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People at high risk for cardiovascular disease – e.g. people with diabetes, high cholesterol, and/or hypertension and smokers – should definitely limit their intake of egg yolks... some experts advise avoidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for healthy people with no medical condition, regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight are better strategies to guard against heart disease and stroke, not cutting down on eggs (for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340654/&quot;&gt;70&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776466&quot;&gt;75%&lt;/a&gt; of the population). The two studies cited indicate that consumption of eggs does not raise cholesterol levels significantly for about 3/4ths of the population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fat and Calories&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each egg yolk contains 6 g of fat and 54 kcal. Even though they're full of nutrients, they still do contain calories, so factor that into your daily intake. Someone who does an average amount of physical activity would probably require an average amount of eggs. Definitely not something on the level of dozens, but even so, giving any numbers would be hard since there are so many factors in play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamins and Minerals&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eggs are naturally rich in vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B12, vitamin D, selenium and iodine. They also contain vitamin A and a number of other B vitamins including folate, biotin, pantothenic acid and choline, and essential minerals and trace elements, including phosphorus. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.egginfo.co.uk/egg-nutrition#sthash.ueExphBh.dpuf&quot;&gt;{6}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before reaching a daily recommended value of any of these nutrients though, you would probably far exceed the daily recommended values for fat and calories first, but it's possible to overdose on anything, so be sure to keep track of how much of these nutrients are in each egg that you consume in the event that you're burning off all the fat and calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know your &quot;maximum&quot; number of eggs, you should probably talk to a dietitian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eggnutritioncenter.org/egg-facts/nutrition-facts-panels/&quot;&gt;http://www.eggnutritioncenter.org/egg-facts/nutrition-facts-panels/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/cholesterol/FAQ-20058468&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/cholesterol/FAQ-20058468&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/18/2284.full&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/102/18/2284.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340654/&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340654/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776466&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776466&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.egginfo.co.uk/egg-nutrition#sthash.ueExphBh.dpuf&quot;&gt;http://www.egginfo.co.uk/egg-nutrition#sthash.ueExphBh.dpuf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T02:42:38.613" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T02:42:38.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-25T01:22:36.297" Score="25" ViewCount="473" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about possible health consequences of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep&quot;&gt;polyphasic sleep patterns&lt;/a&gt;, which involves sleeping multiple times in a 24-hour period — usually more than two, in contrast to getting all sleep in one block (monophasic). I'm interested in cases of more than just an afternoon nap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies that suggest possible risks or benefits to health regarding polyphasic sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T07:40:09.703" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T14:38:43.753" Title="Are alternative sleep pattern viable?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="508" CreationDate="2015-04-25T01:46:33.813" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment has established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of &lt;strong&gt;0.1 mg coumarin per kg body weight&lt;/strong&gt;, but also advises that higher intake for a short time is not dangerous. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faq_on_coumarin_in_cinnamon_and_other_foods-8487.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;{1}&lt;/a&gt; Meanwhile, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the United States does not classify coumarin as a carcinogen for humans. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_229620.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;{2}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two very distinct kinds of spices on the market which are commonly called &quot;cinnamon&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;True cinnamon&lt;/a&gt; (derived from the plant &lt;em&gt;Cinnamomum verum&lt;/em&gt;), also called Ceylon cinnamon and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cassia cinnamon&lt;/a&gt; (derived from the plant &lt;em&gt;Cinnamomum cassia&lt;/em&gt;). Although they are closely related they are different species and the distinction between the two was made early on since they are not only regionally separated but also tasting slightly different. And since your tongue might already tell you that: meaning their chemical composition is different. Concerning the quality of taste: true cinnamon is commonly described as milder, weaker, more elegant. Cassia on the other hand is cheaper per volume &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; more efficient to achieve a certain level of cinnamon taste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll focus on cassia cinnamon rather than Ceylon (&quot;natural cinnamon&quot;) because the levels of coumarin are higher and it's better to be safe than sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing the math, take your weight (in lbs.) and multiply by .221 to get the daily recommended limit in milligrams (in Germany).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ceylon Cinnamon has less than 0.04% Coumarin while Cassia Cinnamon has&#xA;  in the region of 4%. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faq_on_coumarin_in_cinnamon_and_other_foods-8487.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;{1}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you're petite or a developing child (80 lbs.) and can't handle as much coumarin. 80 * .221 = 17.68 milligrams of coumarin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we imagine 17.68 as 4% of some daily intake of cinnamon, that would be 442 milligrams or .442 grams of cinnamon daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you happened to weigh twice as much, your intake would be twice that, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you want to take 6 grams of cinnamon per day, &lt;strong&gt;it seems that Ceylon is the better choice to prevent overexposure to coumarin, since you can take close to a hundred times more.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimers:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Levels of coumarin in cassia cinnamon &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713513005379?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vary greatly&lt;/a&gt; even in bark from&#xA;the same tree. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101103135352.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;{4}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The recommended daily intake exists in Europe, &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not US&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Levels of coumarin from cassia are already too high from a health standpoint if &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/793.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eaten as a spice in comparatively low amounts&lt;/a&gt;, intake levels needed for a &quot;natural supplement&quot; of unproven benefit will quickly exceed that range&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faq_on_coumarin_in_cinnamon_and_other_foods-8487.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faq_on_coumarin_in_cinnamon_and_other_foods-8487.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_229620.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_229620.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101103135352.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101103135352.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T19:09:43.250" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T19:09:43.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="685" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-25T02:49:09.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Numbness is a decrease or total loss of sensation in a part of the body. It is not weakness or inability to move; it is only a sensory phenomenon, also described as a deadening or dullness of an area. It is sometimes accompanied by tingling (&quot;pins-and-needles&quot;) or weakness. If so, please add a separate tag for each symptom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T03:21:23.863" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T03:21:23.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="686" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-25T02:49:09.503" Score="0" Body="Questions relating to a decrease or loss of sensation or feeling. It can be a physical or an emotional symptom." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T02:56:35.710" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T02:56:35.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="687" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="688" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" Score="0" Body="For questions about tingling (a feeling sometimes described as &quot;pins-and-needles&quot;, prickling or &quot;falling asleep&quot;.)  It is commonly associated with numbness. It can have a vascular or neurological etiology, or may be caused by a transient lack of oxygen or a chemical imbalance in the blood. Please add a separate tag for each symptom, and a tag for the cause of the problem if it is known." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T03:49:02.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="706" CreationDate="2015-04-25T06:34:14.660" Score="10" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my friends works on rotational shifts (if she works a week during the day, another week she needs to work during the night). Her sleeping cycles are changing continuously. Will this cause any health problem in the near future? Are there any long term health problems that can occur associated with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T12:19:42.300" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T08:14:24.740" Title="Are there any hazards associated with changing sleep schedules (shift work)?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="679" CreationDate="2015-04-25T07:02:59.767" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a lot of debate over the topic of artificial sweeteners and weight loss. Some studies say that artificial sweeteners do promote weight loss, while others argue the complete opposite, that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do artificial sweeteners in diet products affect weight loss?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most diet products use artificial sweeteners because they provide the sweetness of sugar without adding any extra calories. How this affects weight loss is uncertain. Several studies, both long term and short term, favor each side of the debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3190220?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;A 1988 study&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; had two groups of obese men and women. Both groups were placed on the same diet, except that one group had aspartame, an artificial sweetener used in some diet products, added to the diet. Both groups also had regular exercise instruction. The men in both groups lost a significant amount of weight in the 12 week period, while the women, who also had good results, had more of a difference in the two groups, with the group whose diet was supplemented with aspartame losing about four more pounds on average. This showed that artificial sweeteners can help weight loss, but because the group was small (59), no firm conclusions could be drawn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022524?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;Another similar study&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; also showed positive results in taking aspartame. In a group of 163 obese women, some of them assigned to have products with aspartame and some assigned to abstain from it, it was shown that having aspartame promoted more weight loss and allowed more weight control during a follow-up period. This study had more conclusive evidence than the previous study, but still not enough to be considered definite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2349932?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;One more study&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; whose results leaned towards artificial sweeteners promoting weight loss (but still inconclusive) tested beverages with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup (which I won't talk about because it's usually not used in diet products) on normal-weight men and women. The beverages with aspartame did appear, relative to when no beverages were given, to reduce weight in male subjects, but did not have a noticeable effect on females. Once again, this leaves us with an unsatisfactory result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I mentioned earlier, there are some studies that say artificial sweeteners don't have any significant effect on weight or sometimes even promote weight gain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2008.284/full&quot;&gt;A long-term study in San Antonio&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; studied a few thousand people and asked them how often they drank beverages with artificial sweeteners. The amount of total consumption of artificial sweeteners was then estimated. About 7 or 8 years later, the subjects were re-examined and it was found that higher consumption of artificial sweeteners may be linked with a higher body mass index (BMI) and weight gain. There are many other factors that could've changed this result, and they were handled as well as they could, but still not perfectly. Because of this, the result is once again inconclusive. The study article even says, &quot;There may be no causal relationship between [artificial sweetener] use and weight gain.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714671&quot;&gt;One last study&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; also says that there is no evidence that artificial sweetener consumption &quot;helps weight loss or prevents weight gain.&quot; It showed no significant link between weight loss or gain and the amount of artificial sweeteners consumed. Of course, this study has many variables that were handled as adequately as possible, but still this leads to the real result of the experiment being inconclusive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we can see, it is nearly impossible to tell how artificial sweeteners affect weight loss. They're not really bad for your health, so it is fine to have them. It does seem that the studies that showed weight loss from artificial sweetener consumption had a higher percentage of weight difference than the studies that showed other results. From this you may conclude that the benefits outweigh the risks. The only thing I can recommend is to have artificial sweeteners in moderation, just like anything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any benefit to choosing &quot;diet&quot; products instead over plain water?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can also be a controversial subject, but there are also studies on it. Sadly, they are inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20737/full&quot;&gt;This study&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tested men and women with two groups, one was an artificial sweetener beverage group and the other was a water group. Both groups also took part in a behavioral weight loss treatment program. The results showed that the artificial sweetener group lost more weight on average than the water group. Still, this study was not large enough and did not have sufficient enough evidence to be considered conclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether diet products are better than water can still depend. You can argue the same as above that the benefits of artificial beverages outweigh the risks, but you could also say that water is a safe enough choice. This is usually up to whoever is debating between diet products and water, but your doctor can be contacted if the need is really felt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3190220?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3190220?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;An evaluation of the effect of aspartame on weight loss.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022524?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022524?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2349932?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2349932?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot;&gt;Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2008.284/full&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2008.284/full&quot;&gt;Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-term Weight Gain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714671&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714671&quot;&gt;Artificial sweetener use and one-year weight change among women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20737/full&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20737/full&quot;&gt;The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss during a 12-week weight loss treatment program&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/artificial-sweeteners/&quot;&gt;Harvard - Artificial Sweeteners&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/&quot;&gt;Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T14:48:11.490" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T14:48:11.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="555" CreationDate="2015-04-25T07:43:43.313" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the time it is critically important to realize that sleep deprivation is very often due to unrecognized sleep disorders. After a typical night's sleep, you may not feel restored and refreshed and be sleepy during the day, but be totally unaware that you are sleep-deprived or have a sleep disorder. You might tend to think, &quot;It's just the stress of work or the kids,&quot; or you might have &quot;always felt this way&quot; and had no idea that you should feel differently. This lack of awareness compounds the consequences, because so many people remain undiagnosed for years.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Now speaking about the disorders or consequences that the sleep deprivation can cause are. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Decreased Performance and Alertness:&lt;/h1&gt; Sleep deprivation induces significant reductions in performance and alertness. Reducing your nighttime sleep by as little as one and a half hours for just one night could result in a reduction of daytime alertness by as much as 32%.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Memory and Cognitive Impairment:&lt;/h1&gt; Decreased alertness and excessive daytime sleepiness impair your memory and your cognitive ability -- your ability to think and process information.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Automobile Injury:&lt;/h1&gt; The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates conservatively that each year drowsy driving is responsible for at least 100,000 automobile crashes, 71,000 injuries, and 1,550 fatalities.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Increase Stroke risk:&lt;/h1&gt;Even without the typical risk factors, like being overweight or having a family history, short sleep can up your risk for stroke, according to 2012 research. Adults who regularly slept fewer than six hours a night had four times the risk of stroke symptoms,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Fuel Memory Loss:&lt;/h1&gt;You probably know that on the days when you are most tired, you're forgetful and unfocused -- but sleep deprivation can lead to permanent cognitive issues. The less we sleep, the less we benefit from the memory-storing properties of sleep. But additionally, a lack of sleep can cause &quot;brain deterioration,&quot; according to a 2013 study, which may at least in part explain memory loss in seniors.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/important-sleep-habits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Important sleep habits:webMd.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/18/scary-sleep-deprivation-effects_n_2807026.html?ir=India&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;8 Scary Side Effects Of Sleep Deprivation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19961/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Extent and Health Consequences of Chronic Sleep Loss and Sleep&#xA;Disorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sleep Deprivation: Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-13T03:31:58.733" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T03:31:58.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-25T14:57:50.617" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can one sleep in such a way that one avoids stressing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lateral epicondyle of the humerus&lt;/a&gt;? I would tend to issue that back sleeping is advised, but is there is any recommended angle for the elbow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T21:19:02.630" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T21:19:02.630" Title="Sleeping position to avoid stressing the lateral epicondyle" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-25T16:24:25.143" Score="10" ViewCount="1542" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know hair turns &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color#Gray_and_white_hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gray or white hair&lt;/a&gt; due to a lack of pigmentation and melanin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-05/new-cream-returns-natural-color-white-hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; and study from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fasebj.org/content/23/7/2065.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/foas-gha050313.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013&lt;/a&gt; suggest that accumulation of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is due to oxidative stress which can affects human hair color leading to low serotonin and melatonin levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that elevated amounts of hydrogen peroxide can be the main cause of gray hair. Therefore removing/dissolving hydrogen peroxide from hair follicles (under the scalp) and hair shafts would help to reverse going gray from age. Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking for interpretation of above studies. If so, does it mean we've already a cure for gray hair? What are these cures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I've heard about depo-melanin containing some acid which could potentially dissolving hydrogen peroxide under the scalp to prevent gray hair and this is what they claim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Depo-melanin is a 100% drug free hair serum that is formulated with the main ingredients of pseudocatalase and catalase, which is scientifically proven to prevent gray hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true? Does it mean we've the cure for gray hair? Or there are any other cures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-07-21T09:20:51.760" LastActivityDate="2019-07-22T12:33:29.467" Title="What are the cures for gray hair?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-25T18:34:55.600" Score="4" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I jog about 30 minutes 5 days each week and was wondering how long it will take to start losing belly fat, like timewise. Is there a specific formula or something that i can use for jogging? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="316" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T18:34:55.600" Title="How long does it take to start losing belly fat" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-04-27T13:20:29.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="702" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:14:12.367" Score="11" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand what food poisoning is. I've heard that it's something to do with too much bacteria that produce toxins in the body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Food poisoning is a common...and sometimes life-threatening problem for... people... throughout the world. People &lt;em&gt;infected with food-borne organisms&lt;/em&gt; may... have symptoms ranging from mild intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea. Depending on the &lt;em&gt;type of infection&lt;/em&gt;, people can even die as a result of food poisoning&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is associated with, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/food-poisoning&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria, botulism, and norovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's the case, then wouldn't it just be called an infection instead of food poisoning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:49:35.053" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:49:35.053" Title="What is food poisoning?" Tags="&lt;salmonella&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="697" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="698" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" Score="0" Body="Questions related to foodborne illnesses (illnesses which result from consuming contaminated food). Applies to all types of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, paracytes,  protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis) or the toxins that they produce. If you know the agent, please add that tag." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T23:44:32.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="699" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:58:55.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about diseases or disorders of the skin fall under the general tag &quot;dermatology&quot;, which is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. This includes the skin's structure and function as well as any disorders or diseases. It also deals with structures generated in/by the skin, e.g. sweat, oils/sebum, hair, nails, moles, warts, skin coloration and its disorders, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T19:56:19.900" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T19:56:19.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="700" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:58:55.563" Score="0" Body="Questions about diseases or disorders of the skin fall under the general tag &quot;dermatology&quot;, which is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. This includes the skin's structure and function as well as any disorders or diseases. It also deals with structures generated in/by the skin, e.g. sweat, oils/sebum, hair, nails, moles, warts, skin coloration and its disorders, etc." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-25T23:58:55.563" LastActivityDate="2015-04-25T23:58:55.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="649" CreationDate="2015-04-25T23:59:11.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Risks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; suggests that Oligonol is safe for consumption and does not pose any proven threats or harmful consequences to health (1 &amp;amp; 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible Benefits:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies suggest that its benefits may include reducing:&#xA;visceral fat (5),&#xA;the risk of mental degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer's (6), stress-induced inflammation (7),&#xA;and excessive sweating (8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also possible correlation with strengthening the immune system (9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimers&lt;/strong&gt; (Thanks JohnP!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These studies don't suggest that Oligonol is a panacea, but rather&#xA;indicate &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; benefits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In many of them, there are the same scientists cited as authors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Sources 1 &amp;amp; 2) &lt;em&gt;Conflict of Interest Statement:&lt;/em&gt; [The authors] are employees of Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd. and BAM and AR are consultants to Amino&#xA;Up Chemical Co., Ltd. - (A biotechnology company that produces nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oligonol is a particularly promising source of&#xA;  polyphenols since it provides higher concentration of phenolic&#xA;  monomers and oligomers, and thus the &lt;strong&gt;bioavailability of these&#xA;  polyphenols are higher, with &lt;em&gt;potential&lt;/em&gt; for enhanced beneficial health&#xA;  effects.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of Oligonol to produce an antioxidant benefit in human beings&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;needs to be studied in future clinical trials&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See more: Links 3 and 4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17081671&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691508002949&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691508002949&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://oligonol-net.com/e/publication/conference.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://oligonol-net.com/e/publication/conference.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://oligonol-net.com/e/applications/circulate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://oligonol-net.com/e/applications/circulate.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464609000565&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464609000565&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23537529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oligomerised lychee fruit-derived polyphenol attenuates cognitive&#xA;impairment in senescence-accelerated mice and endoplasmic reticulum&#xA;stress in neuronal cells.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25861417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protective role of oligonol from oxidative stress-induced&#xA;inflammation in C6 glial cell.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25602687&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oligonol Supplementation Modulates Plasma Volume and Osmolality and&#xA;Sweating After Heat Load in Humans.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24962480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oligonol supplementation affects leukocyte and immune cell counts&#xA;after heat loading in humans.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T06:05:00.950" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T06:05:00.950" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="696" CreationDate="2015-04-26T00:07:41.143" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Food poisoning is something of a catch-all term for any one of a number of infections caused by microbial contamination of food - it should be noted that it is not necessarily just bacterial contaminants. For example, Norovirus is actually the most common food-borne pathogen &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/overview.html&quot;&gt;in the United States&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why not just calling it an infection, there are two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is possible to get food poisoning from microbially produced toxins within food even without an active infection. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxin&quot;&gt;enterotoxins&lt;/a&gt; might be present in sufficient quantities to produce clinical illness even if the bacteria that produced them are dead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The two are not mutually exclusive - food poisoning relates more to a common exposure source (food), and a collection of similar symptoms, such as nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, and especially in mild cases, similar treatments. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although food poisoning may be caused by an infection, it's mainly a syndromic description of a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T04:21:07.083" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T04:21:07.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="703" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="704" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" Score="0" Body="Questions related to hair, that fine, cyindrical, pigmented, keratinized filament growing out of a mammal's skin. Please use this tag for function of hair, hair color, hair loss, no hair (alopecia or baldness), too much hair (hirsuitism), or with diseases associated somehow with hair." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T00:14:48.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-26T02:06:51.240" Score="9" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat anything I like without regard to calorie-value. Pies, carbohydrates, cream, butter - everything that is generally considered fattening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not get any exercise beyond regular commuting/housework. This means I do not go to the gym, or jog or explicitly work out in any way, though I do bike small distances to commute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve been to a few health talks, and they have always suggested that with my lifestyle, I should be gaining a lot of weight. However, I am not only not gaining weight, but actually losing weight at a slow pace over the last few years. My BMI is close to perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live a normal life, apart from the fact that I tire easily. This is the reason I don’t exercise. I once attended a yoga class where the instructor claimed that after some light yoga in the morning, participants would feel energized all day. Whereas other participants reported that this was indeed the case with them, I would go home and need to sleep (presumably from exhaustion). From childhood, I have always been described by friends and family as having a ‘weak constitution’.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I stress that as long as I don’t explicitly exercise, I function perfectly normally, and probably come across as a generally energetic individual, though I still seem to need more sleep than average (8.5 to 10 hours). I do not have any medical problems at all (assuming that ‘weak constitution’ does not qualify as a disease or medical condition).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that I can eat fattening foods, not exercise, and yet not put on weight? I have been told that this is due to a ‘high metabolic rate’. I have an intuitive idea of what this means, but what are its consequences? Is it a good or bad thing? If both, what are the positive and negative aspects of it? Should I try to exercise? How can I do so without exhausting myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m 29 and male.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="319" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T12:45:38.633" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T17:15:00.353" Title="Why do I eat anything I like and yet not gain weight?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-05-05T14:18:28.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="689" CreationDate="2015-04-26T08:14:24.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is difficult to know if your friend will experience adverse health affects associated with shift work, as everyone has different levels of tolerance for the effects of shift work.  Shift work however has been shown to increase the risk of some adverse health effects.  The following is a list of adverse health effects that have are commonly associated with those working shift work or working long hours:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sleep&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientific publications on the topic generally agree that working shift work or working long hours has adverse affects on sleep (1).  In particular the quantity of sleep may be reduced by up to 2 hours per day, with a reduction in REM and stage 2 sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fatigue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is logical that decreased sleep will also lead to increased levels of fatigue.  Reports of fatigue among shift workers is very common, and remains an important, but vague symptom often a major cause of shift work intolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mental Health&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been reports of increased anxiety and depression among shift workers.  The question of whether shift work &lt;strong&gt;causes&lt;/strong&gt; increased psychiatric morbidity however is still an open question, as correlation doesn't always imply causation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cardiovascular Disorders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scandinavian studies show that shift workers have a 40% increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including angina, hypertension and myocardial infarction.  It is thought this increase risk may be associated with disturbances in the circadian rhythm, increased stress, poor diet and lack of exercise.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reproductive Disorders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is increasing evidence that shift work may lead to increased risk of spontaneous abortion, low birth weight and prematurity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks of developing any of these adverse health affects from shift work may also depend on age, sex and personality.  Evidence shows older people are able to tolerate shift work less than younger people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Harrington, J. Malcolm. &quot;Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work.&quot; Occupational and Environmental medicine 58.1 (2001): 68-72.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Akerstedt T. Psychological and psychophysiological effects of shiftwork.&#xA;Scand J Work Environ Health 1990:16(suppl 1):67–73.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boggild H, Knuttson A. Shift work, risk factors and cardiovascular disease.&#xA;Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25:85–99.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spurgeon A. Working time, occupational health and safety. Geneva: ILO (in&#xA;press)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T08:14:24.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="665" CreationDate="2015-04-26T09:05:47.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recommended daily intake of salt varies, but Nutrition Australia recommends 1.15-2.00 grams per day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you consume more salt than this, your blood pressure increases as a result of the body's compensatory mechanism for controlling the increase in plasma sodium.  The body prefers to have higher blood pressure than to have a higher sodium concentration, as a high sodium concentration can be catastrophic and can lead to seizures and coma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism behind the increase in blood pressure in order to control sodium concentration is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The increase in plasma osmolarity due to the increased plasma sodium causes the osmoreceptor cells located in the anterior hypothalamus near the supra-optic nuclei to shrink.  This shrinkage of the osmoreceptor cells causes them to fire, sending nerve signals to nerve cells in the supra-optic nuclei, which eventually transmit signals to the posterior pituitary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This results in increased release of the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) from the posterior pituitary.  This ADH hormone then enters the blood stream, moves to the kidneys and increases the permeability of the collecting tubules to water, resulting in increased water resorption in the kidneys, leading to urine being more concentrated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The net result is an increase in water resorption and an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High blood pressure is associated with many adverse health effects, particularly cardiovascular disease, including stroke and myocardial infarction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T09:05:47.927" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="631" CreationDate="2015-04-26T11:12:23.750" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adult pads have a larger area. And they provide more energy. The higher energy is needed because most adults have more body mass than children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lower energy is more suitable for children. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aedbrands.com/blog/2012/07/30/do-you-really-need-pediatric-pads/&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I teach CPR according to the European standards (ERC). You can use an AED with adult pads on a child, but you should put one pad on the front and the other on the back (both sides of the heart). So they can't touch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aedbrands.com/blog/2012/07/30/do-you-really-need-pediatric-pads/&quot;&gt;http://www.aedbrands.com/blog/2012/07/30/do-you-really-need-pediatric-pads/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T11:12:23.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="595" CreationDate="2015-04-26T13:28:12.773" Score="6" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The claim that farmed salmon have more PCBs than wild salmon is&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;true&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this paper from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=14716013&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science&lt;/a&gt; shows that the PCB (and other organic pollutant) concentrations are approximately 8 times higher in farmed than in wild salmon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DjV7u.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The claim that Omega-3 fatty acids are lower in farmed than wild&#xA;salmon is &lt;strong&gt;false&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the USDA, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4687?format=Full&amp;amp;reportfmt=pdf&amp;amp;pdfQvs=%7B%7D&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;farmed salmon&lt;/a&gt; has a higher concentration of Omega-3 fatty acids than &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4531?format=Full&amp;amp;reportfmt=pdf&amp;amp;pdfQvs=%7B%7D&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wild salmon&lt;/a&gt; at 4.2g vs 3.4g for the default 1/2 fillet tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The claim that dyes are added to make salmon pink is &lt;strong&gt;true&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019032&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; describes an assay to measure astaxanthin content, which is one of the dyes added to the feed of farmed salmon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Astaxanthin is the single most expensive constituent in salmonid fish feed. Even though astaxanthin constitutes less than 20% of the total fish feed costs, control and optimization of the concentration of astaxanthin from feed to fish is of paramount importance for a cost effective salmonid fish production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T13:28:12.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="993" CreationDate="2015-04-26T14:17:55.693" Score="9" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil&quot;&gt;Olive oil&lt;/a&gt; is often presented as a healthy alternative to other oils for cooking. The problem is, depending who you ask, it sometimes is presented as something to avoid, toxic, dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://authoritynutrition.com/is-olive-oil-good-for-cooking/&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many people believe that it is unsuitable for cooking because of the unsaturated fats. I used to believe in this myth, but after doing more research I realized that I was mistaken. Today, I’d like explain why olive oil is an excellent choice for cooking, even for high heat methods like frying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/diet/10970070/Why-olive-oil-should-be-kept-out-of-the-frying-pan.html&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With scientists advising against cooking with olive oil - it is claimed to produce toxic chemicals when heated - what should you use instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the actual scientific consensus? Does it really affects the health negatively? Should we be worried and avoiding it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T14:12:54.890" Title="Can consuming food that was cooked with olive oil have a negative impact on health?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4532" CreationDate="2015-04-26T14:56:42.383" Score="11" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease&quot;&gt;Lyme disease infection (borreliosis)&lt;/a&gt; can persist despite antibiotic treatment in early stages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any definite proof of this in medical literature? If there is, why is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postlds/&quot;&gt;Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; still considered a thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="325" LastEditorUserId="325" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T13:01:52.183" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T17:35:44.317" Title="Does chronic Lyme disease really exist?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="102" CreationDate="2015-04-26T15:25:10.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;How to identify migraine&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally, if you had headaches you would discuss your symptoms with a doctor who would then classify the type of headache you had based on what you reported. If you didn't think of something to report, or didn't think (for example) that your nausea was related to your headaches (and so didn't report it), then your headache type may be misdiagnosed. Personally, I received several different &quot;headache diagnoses&quot; over the years, depending on how I reported my symptoms and the doctor I was seeing at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2003, a group of researchers published a study (Lipton) where they determined the ID Migraine test was a reliable screening test for determining whether a patient had migraine. This test was further validated by additional studies in 2011 (Cousins), and has since been translated into additional languages and studied further (Karli). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ID Migraine Test&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ID Migraine test is considered positive for migraine if the patient answers yes to 2 or more of the following 3 questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has a headache limited your activities for a day or more in the last three months?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are you nauseated or sick to your stomach when you have a headache?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does light bother you when you have a headache?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Migraine Symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More generally, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/basics/symptoms/con-20026358&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptoms of migraine&lt;/a&gt; may include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain on one side or both sides of your head&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain that has a pulsating, throbbing quality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sensitivity to light, sounds and sometimes smells&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nausea and vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blurred vision&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lightheadedness, sometimes followed by fainting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aura &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visual phenomena, such as seeing various shapes, bright spots or flashes of light&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vision loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pins and needles sensations in an arm or leg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speech or language problems (aphasia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to classify severity of migraine&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severity of migraine is usually judged based on how the symptoms affect the patient's ability to conduct daily activities. There are several scales available to test this, but the two most popular seem to be the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and the Headache Impact Test (HIT).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MIDAS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MIDAS was developed in 2001 (Steward) and is based on asking the patient to count the number of days they have been impacted by their headaches (specifically addressing work, household, and social activities). The more days a person is impacted, the more severe their migraine is considered.  MIDAS can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.achenet.org/midas/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found online&lt;/a&gt; at the American Headache Society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIT is a newer test, developed in 2011 (Yang). It asks the patient to consider the impact of migraine on their activities in the past 4 weeks, on a five point scale that progresses from &quot;Never&quot; to &quot;Always&quot;. Having more responses on the positive end of the scale (Sometimes/Very Often/Always) will indicate that a person is more severely affected by migraine. The HIT can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.headaches.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/pdf/HIT-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found online&lt;/a&gt; on the National Headaches Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cousins G1, Hijazze S, Van de Laar FA, Fahey T. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21649653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic accuracy of the ID Migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Headache. 2011 Jul-Aug;51(7):1140-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01916.x. Epub 2011 Jun 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Karli, N, Mustafa Ertas, Betül Baykan, Ozlem Uzunkaya, Sabahattin Saip, Mehmet Zarifoglu, Aksel Siva, and MIRA study group. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3451667/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The validation of ID migraine™ screener in neurology outpatient clinics in Turkey.&lt;/a&gt; J Headache Pain. 2007 Sep; 8(4): 217–223. Published online 2007 Sep 24. doi:  10.1007/s10194-007-0397-4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipton RB, Dodick D, Sadovsky R, Kolodner K, Endicott J, Hettiarachchi J, Harrison W; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A self-administered screener for migraine in primary care: The ID Migraine validation study.&lt;/a&gt; Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):375-82.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Development and testing of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire to assess headache-related disability.&lt;/a&gt; Neurology. 2001;56(6 Suppl 1):S20-8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yang M, Rendas-Baum R, Varon SF, Kosinski M. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057423/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Validation of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6TM) across episodic and chronic migraine.&lt;/a&gt; Cephalalgia. 2011;31(3):357-367. doi:10.1177/0333102410379890.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A prospective study on osmophobia in migraine versus tension-type headache in a large series of attacks&#xA;Terrin A, Mainardi F, Lisotto C, Mampreso E, Fuccaro M, Maggioni F, Zanchin G. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419877661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A prospective study on osmophobia in migraine versus tension-type headache in a large series of attacks&lt;/a&gt;Cephalalgia. 2019 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419877661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419877661&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="16938" LastEditDate="2019-10-08T19:40:02.323" LastActivityDate="2019-10-08T19:40:02.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-26T15:59:59.823" Score="11" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are pain medications that I can buy Over the Counter (OTC) any safer than prescriptions I receive from a doctor to manage pain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have migraines. There are several OTC medications advised for migraines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acetaminophen/Paracetamol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aspirin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ibuprofen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Naproxen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While my headache specialist has prescribed several other medications for my pain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imitrex (and other triptans) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Midrin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prochlorperazine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cambia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anaprox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the OTC pain medications safer? Why are some pain medications OTC and others only available by a prescription?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T14:15:09.247" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:30:13.210" Title="Are OTC pain medications safer than prescriptions?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="715" CreationDate="2015-04-26T19:34:08.610" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a medical professional I find this very important question. No, OTC drugs are not any safer than drugs needing prescriptions. They are more dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rationale for this statement is that always when patients are given a prescription, a detailed dosing guidelines are given to patient. Also physicians make sure that the prescripted drug is suitable to use with existing medication without any adverse interactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrary, people can buy OTC drug as much they can and use them how ever they feel it is possible. Of course, majority of patients ask or seek for guidance, but in population level there will always be the minotiry who use OTC drugs with high doses and experience adverse events. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They reason why paracetamol/ibuprofen/aspirin are OTC drugs is that these  drugs have quite a few interactions with other drugs. Paracetamol is the safest minding the correct dosing. Daily dosage exceeding 4g are associated to liver damage. Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs cannot be used with warfarin, which is pretty much the only major interaction. Adverse effects include GE tract bleeding and kidney injury if daily dosage is high or there is pre-existing condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the drugs You mention are highly spesific drugs with complex mechanism of actions and they have many significant interactions and contra-indications. Proper assessment must done by a professinal and not by common people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It varies from country to country and depends on local regulation which drugs are OTC. Usually the safest one are, like those you mention and for example antihistamins and some proton-pump inhibitioners. There must be an equilibrium which drugs are OTC and which are not. Certain drugs must be OTC so people can buy those freely and does not need to see a doctor every time they need paracetamol. That would pose a significant burden for health care system. Also, not all drugs should be OTC, most importantly those which have many major interactions and those which are suitable for abuse. Moreover, majority of drugs are used for treatment of chronic diseases so when people run out of prescription they must meet their doctor and thus the status of any illness can be assessed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T19:34:08.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="669" CreationDate="2015-04-26T19:52:00.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your abdomen pain in the upper right quadrant have been diagnosed as gall bladder stones and you are awaiting for surgery, I am very puzzled that you have not received a prescription for appropriate pain relief medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Finland the drug of choice is Litalgin, which contains metamizole and pitophenone. The former is a pain killer and the latter is muscle relaxant which affects directly to smooth muscle tissues located in GI and urinary tract. It is also very good medication for kidney stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another good medication for gallbladder stones is any fast acting NSAID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should contact your GP or treating surgeon for appropriate medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-04-26T19:52:00.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-27T02:48:06.507" Score="5" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;A class of blood pressure medications called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor&quot;&gt;angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors&lt;/a&gt; (ACEI, e.g. lisinopril, benazepril, etc) sometimes have a side effect of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000846.htm&quot;&gt;angioedema&lt;/a&gt;, usually manifesting as lip swelling. As described in that link, angioedema is also part of some types of allergic reactions. In those cases it is generally treated with steroids, antihistamines, and bronchodilators. However, ACEI angioedema is a bradykinin-mediated, a side effect of the drug’s mechanism of action rather than an IgE (immune system) mediated allergic reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are steroids (glucocorticoids) helpful for treatment of ACEI angioedema?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T04:48:40.937" Title="Are steroids effective for treatment of ACEI-induced angioedema?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="719" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="720" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" Score="0" Body="Used here to refer to a class of drugs that are technically known as glucocorticoids. (For the endogenous hormones, please tag with name of hormone and 'endocrinology' if appropriate.)  Steroids are used for a wide variety of allergic and inflammatory disorders. " OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T02:58:12.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1008" CreationDate="2015-04-27T03:44:37.380" Score="8" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whitening strips are very thin, virtually invisible strips that are&#xA;  coated with a peroxide-based whitening gel. The strips are applied&#xA;  twice daily for 30 minutes for 14 days. Initial results are seen in a&#xA;  few days and final results are sustained for about four months.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/teeth-whitening&quot;&gt;{1}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I heard from someone that whitening strips can cause gum deterioration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies that indicate teeth-whitening strips have negative consequences on teeth or general health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T07:07:21.333" Title="What are the possible health consequences of using whitening strips?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="713" CreationDate="2015-04-27T04:08:44.880" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is &quot;of course,&quot; but one must be careful about defining terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly the infection can persist for years in untreated patients.  That qualifies as &quot;chronic.&quot;  There is no question that chronic Lyme disease exists as part of the natural history of Lyme disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're asking whether the infectious agent can persist after what is normally a curative dose of antibiotics, the answer is also &quot;of course.&quot;  A &quot;normally curative dose&quot; isn't going to be the right dose for everyone.  Some people will need more, or some people will have infection in an immunologically privileged area of their body.  It only takes one failure of the normally curative dose to make the answer to this scenario &quot;yes,&quot; so certainly that has happened at some point.  How often is another question entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are asking whether ill effects of the initial infection can persist after treatment eradicates the organism, the answer is still yes.  Many infections continue to exert ill effects after eradication of the infectious agent because they have incited an autoimmune response from the body.  Antibiotics don't help autoimmune disorders.  But again, the right question is: how often does this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're asking whether people who get normally curative doses of antibiotics can continue to have wacky symptoms with no trace of the infectious agent nor objectively demonstrable pathology -- well, the answer is again &quot;of course,&quot; but ... it is not (and cannot) be proven that their symptoms are due to the Lyme infection because, as noted, there is no objectively demonstrable pathology.  Maybe they were going to get those symptoms anyway.  Maybe their symptoms of physical illness are really symptoms of a mental illness.  There is also a big problem around the term &quot;objectively demonstrable&quot; -- it depends on how thoroughly the search is made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask a simple question, get a complicated answer.  :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For people who want to read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430045/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chronic Lyme Disease: An appraisal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra072023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Critical Appraisal of “Chronic Lyme Disease”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T16:16:48.443" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T16:16:48.443" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="410" CreationDate="2015-04-27T04:38:07.883" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I put a lot of trust in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cochrane Collaboration's answer&lt;/a&gt; for just about any question they answer.  @michaelpri cited their answer to this question, and I think it is worth posting as a separate answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Zinc administered within 24 hours of onset of symptoms reduces the duration of common cold symptoms in healthy people but some caution is needed due to the heterogeneity of the data. As the zinc lozenges formulation has been widely studied and there is a significant reduction in the duration of cold at a dose of ≥ 75 mg/day, for those considering using zinc it would be best to use it at this dose throughout the cold. Regarding prophylactic zinc supplementation, currently no firm recommendation can be made because of insufficient data. When using zinc lozenges (not as syrup or tablets) the likely benefit has to be balanced against side effects, notably a bad taste and nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T00:40:40.267" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T00:40:40.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="733" CreationDate="2015-04-27T10:02:02.457" Score="9" ViewCount="947" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though there is no mention of this in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36654/277153/file/PSE1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;french team first-aid guidelines&lt;/a&gt;, instructors, teams chiefs and doctors all instruct us rescuers not to monitor the blood pressure&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of a victim who has or had a breast cancer on the arm located on the side of the affected area. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we never do that, but why? I found no clear explanation when searching (but plenty of forums or discussions all stating the same).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1- We use either a manual &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aneroid sphygmomanometer&lt;/a&gt; or a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smiths-medical.com/catalog/multi-parameter-monitors/advisor/advisor-vital-signs-monitor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multi-parameters monitor&lt;/a&gt;. Both use a biceps cuff.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T12:13:47.107" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T12:13:47.107" Title="Blood pressure monitoring and breast cancer" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="732" CreationDate="2015-04-27T11:28:43.990" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer have their axillary lymph nodes removed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main roles of the lymphatic system is to assist in draining extra-cellular fluid to the thoracic duct and ultimately back into the blood stream.  Therefore, when axillary lymph nodes are removed, there is risk of developing lymphodema (swelling) in the corresponding arm.  This puts the arm at a greater risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a blood pressure cuff is applied to the arm, the pressure of the cuff may further inhibit the drainage of the extra-cellular fluid in the arm, further enhancing the risk of the patient developing lymphodema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore as a precuationary measure, it is not recommended to use a blood pressure cuff on the arm of the side effected by breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also recommended that injections are not given, and blood not taken from the affected arm.  This is because the removal of axillary lymph nodes results in a higher risk of infection in that arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Petrek JA, Pressman PI, Smith RA. Lymphedema: current issues in research and management. CA Cancer J Clin. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):292–307. quiz 308-211.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Loudon L, Petrek J. Lymphedema in women treated for breast cancer. Cancer Pract. 2000 Mar-Apr;8(2):65–71.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652571/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Preventative measures for lymphedema: Separating fact from fiction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T01:36:32.177" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T01:36:32.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="736" CreationDate="2015-04-27T17:47:42.767" Score="40" ViewCount="1602" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that a dentist is doing a standard dental procedure, e.g. drilling out decay, on me, and I start feeling pain as he does it. Assuming that I can handle the pain silently, so I don't &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to report it for my own sake, is it at all helpful to the dentist's work for me to report it? Is this feedback that the dentist can use to detect issues with the actual work as he goes along, or would the only purpose of reporting it be to try to get him to do something to mitigate it, for the sake of my immediate experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note: I'm using &quot;me&quot; as a stand-in for a typical patient.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="321" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:23:45.693" Title="Is it helpful to a dentist to report pain during a procedure?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="735" CreationDate="2015-04-27T19:11:11.460" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most dentists - for &lt;em&gt;most&lt;/em&gt; procedures - aim for a &lt;em&gt;painless&lt;/em&gt; experience. If there is reason to keep some pain sensation intact, the dentist will inform you, and ask at appropriate intervals if you can feel pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The efficacy of lidocaine and other local anesthetics depends on how closely your nerve distribution comes to the norm (they will inject the environs of the &quot;normal&quot; anatomical position of the nerve), how much anesthetic is injected, whether there are local factors which alter the local tissue pH (e.g. presence of an abscess or infection), how quickly it is removed from the site, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this feedback that the dentist can use to detect issues with the actual work as he goes along, or would the only purpose of reporting it be to try to get him to do something to mitigate it, for the sake of my immediate experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Local anesthetics prevent pain sensation, but not vibration or pressure, which themselves can be unpleasant. Hypothetically, a dental procedure which should be painless with anesthesia can be carried out equally well whether the patient feels pain or not, so if you are stoic, feeling pain and not telling your dentist will not likely affect the outcome of that procedure. However, informing the dentist helps them to know if your anatomy is different (valuable information for the next time they need to do a similar local or regional block, your response to the anesthetic used (they might try another anesthetic or approach in the future), or if there might be an unseen infection altering the pH (and efficacy) of the anesthetic. Therefore it is probably wise to let your dentist know what you're feeling. They can reassess the situation, then offer you relief of some kind: a painless injection (the second injection into an already partially anesthetized region is truly painless), nitrous oxide (a gas), or other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would liken this for most instances to suturing a laceration. There is &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; a time when I wish the patient to feel pain while I'm addressing the repair. I address what I see. If a patient feels pain, I want to know that and address the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-68/issue-9/546.pdf&quot;&gt;An Update on Local Anesthetics in Dentistry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T19:11:11.460" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="715" CreationDate="2015-04-27T22:30:13.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, I'd say no, OTC medications are not safer than prescribed medications. However, I disagree with the opinion that they are more dangerous. Primarily I'd like to address a misconception people have about OTC medications (meds). (I will not discuss dietary supplements - also potentially very harmful - because the FDA does not regulate these.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people think that OTC meds are safe because &quot;the government wouldn't let a dangerous medication be sold over the counter, would they?&quot; In the US, the &quot;government&quot; usually is a reference to the Food &amp;amp; Drug Administration. The answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, the FDA &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; allow dangerous medications be sold over the counter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just look at acetaminophen/paracetamol (ACAP). Before blister-packs were mandated for ACAP, it was the drug of choice for suicide in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is true that the FDA must approve both OTC and prescription drugs, they are assessed for safety, efficacy, possible drug interactions, and &lt;strong&gt;appropriate dosages&lt;/strong&gt;. ACAP is OTC because &lt;em&gt;used as directed&lt;/em&gt;, the benefits significantly outweigh the risks. This does not address OTC meds that were once FDA approved but have lost approval because of poor labeling practices&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are prescription medications safer because they are &quot;prescribed&quot;? Not really, because many patients (in many studies, up to 50-60%, which is believed to be an underestimate) don't take their medication as prescribed. This poses a significant burden to health care costs and utilization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly not all medications eventually become OTC - I don't expect to ever see chemotherapy drugs go OTC, for instance. But many do. This has something to do with patent expiration, being beneficial to patients who can't afford a physician for treatment of common illnesses, e.g. gastric reflux or (in days bygone) gastric ulcers. Allergy medications usually become OTC, antibiotics (in Mexico and other countries), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs are drugs, inherently dangerous when the risk outweighs the benefit or when used improperly. So is water. Too much or too little will kill you; it doesn't mean bottled water is safer than tap water in that instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 Unapproved Prescription Cough, Cold, and Allergy Drug Products: Recent US Food and Drug Administration Regulatory Action on Unapproved Cough, Cold, and Allergy Medications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jrheum.org/content/32/11/2218.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Patterns of use and public perception of over-the-counter pain relievers: focus on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=195142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Long-term Persistence in Use of Statin Therapy in Elderly Patients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-5866-2_4#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medication adherence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T22:30:13.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="739" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hematology is the study, treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of blood-related diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/blood&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;blood&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;blood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="740" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" Score="0" Body="Questions about the study, treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of blood-related diseases. See also [blood]" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" LastActivityDate="2015-04-27T23:50:49.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="520" CreationDate="2015-04-28T02:18:45.283" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;In premenopausal women, the risk of developing atherosclerosis is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364080&quot;&gt;half that of men&lt;/a&gt;.  In 1991, Sullivan proposed the iron hypothesis which attributed this decreased risk to  premenopausal women's lower blood iron levels, and suggested that blood donation may reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The validity of the hypothesis is still an open question and presenting an analysis of current evidence would be long and inappropriate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However honing in on the question of randomized clinical trials on the effects of blood donation, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299195&quot;&gt;a first randomized clinical trial&lt;/a&gt; (FeAST) was conducted by Dr. Zacharski et al. in 2007, examining the effects of phlebotomy on the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).  The study found that a reduction in body iron stores did not significantly decrease all-cause mortality or death plus nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This FeAST trial has several limitations one primarily being that the trial focused on secondary prevention in patients who had existing PAD, rather than focusing on primary prevention as postulated by the iron hypothesis.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore further research is still required before a conclusion can be reached on the validity of the iron hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="83" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T02:25:04.807" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T02:25:04.807" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="742" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7004" CreationDate="2015-04-28T04:06:08.740" Score="5" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of taking Vitmain B-Complex tablets. I am concerned about my overall metabolism and my prime concern is my hairs. Does it also help in treating premature grey hairs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="350" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T22:38:14.990" Title="Does taking Vitmain B-Complex with zinc through tablets really help in reversing hair fall" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="718" CreationDate="2015-04-28T04:48:40.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the answer to your question is we simply do not know.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been no trials of antihistamines or corticosteroids for ACEI associated angioedema and these treatments are of unproven efficacy and&#xA;may be ineffective, despite often be used as standard therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2011/December/201112andrew.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2011/December/201112andrew.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T04:48:40.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15581" CreationDate="2015-04-28T05:16:45.777" Score="9" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that results in the body absorbing too much iron, leading to excessive iron in the body which can lead to organ damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of hemochromatosis tend to occur after age 40, however, early iron overload may have no symptoms even though organ damage is occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question relates to how iron levels change in a patient with hemochromatosis over time.  Specifically, if iron studies are done in a young patient under age 25 and return a normal result, can we conclude the young person doesn't have hemochromatosis, or is it possible that they still have the disease and if we test them again in 10 years their iron levels will have increased?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is possible for a patient with hemochromatosis to have normal iron levels at a young age, is it possible for organ damage resulting from the disease to occur before iron levels are outside normal range or only after this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:02:56.120" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T21:14:55.083" Title="Can a young person with hemochromatosis have normal iron levels?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="648" CreationDate="2015-04-28T06:03:13.640" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon you are describing and the one shown in the picture is known as Reynaud's phenomenon.  In cold temperatures, the body constricts the peripheral blood vessels to prevent losing heat from the blood to the outside air.  In Reynaud's phenomenon, this constriction is exaggerated  and may prevent blood flow to the fingers or toes (and sometimes other areas) giving rise to the pale appearance shown in your picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reynaud's phenomenon can be classified as primary or secondary.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary Reynaud's phenomenon, often simply referred to as Reynaud's disease is where the phenomenon is not associated with any underlying disease, and the cause is ideopathic (unknown).  Primary Reynaud's phenomenon is considered to be a benign condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary Reynaud's phenomenon occurs when there is an underlying disease that is causing the condition, the most common of which are connective tissue disorders such as lupus (SLE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For treating the phenomemon, your doctor will first want to ensure that you do not have secondary Reynaud's phenomenon, and if you do, the treatment will vary depending on the underlying disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are found to have primary Reynaud's disease, then there are also a variety of treatment options available that should be discussed with your health care provider.  Some of the options include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vasodilators - Vasodilators relax blood vessels increasing blood flow.  Creams such as nitroglycerin cream applied to base of fingers may help heal ulcers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium channel blockers - Relax and open small blood vessels in your&#xA;hands and feat, decreasing frequency of attacks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alpha blockers - These drugs counter the actions of noradrenaline, a&#xA;hormone that acts to constrict blood vessels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, your doctor will likely advise you to not smoke (as smoking is associated with lower skin temperature due to constriction of blood vessels), exercise more (as exercising can increase circulation) and control stress (which may help avoid attacks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T06:03:13.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8811" CreationDate="2015-04-28T06:43:29.803" Score="5" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or&#xA;  symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity&#xA;  in the brain. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiley Online Library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to prevent myself from getting a epileptic seizure? Cause-effect answers that explain triggers would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T03:13:44.160" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T13:00:12.210" Title="What steps can I take to prevent a seizure from occurring?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="751" CreationDate="2015-04-28T06:46:27.837" Score="25" ViewCount="3106" Body="&lt;p&gt;What first-aid measures should be taken when someone is having a seizure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="62" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T23:42:52.253" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T22:51:36.867" Title="What should I do if someone has a seizure in front of me?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="750" CreationDate="2015-04-28T07:18:14.473" Score="6" ViewCount="709" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any chance of epileptic seizure becoming life threatening or fatal if proper care is not taken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T08:37:17.263" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T09:00:27.417" Title="Can epileptic seizures become life threatening?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="749" CreationDate="2015-04-28T09:00:27.417" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Most seizures are brief, resolving spontaneously within 1-2 minutes.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; These are rarely fatal. On the other hand, &lt;em&gt;status epilepticus&lt;/em&gt; is not infrequently associated with death. &lt;em&gt;Status epilepticus&lt;/em&gt; (sometime referred to in shorthand as just &lt;em&gt;status&lt;/em&gt;) just means a prolonged seizure lasting at least 30 minutes. It can also refer to a situation that is technically multiple seizures back-to-back, but without complete return to baseline in between. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908090&quot;&gt;A recent review of &lt;em&gt;status epilepticus&lt;/em&gt; quoted the statistic&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The overall mortality associated with status epilepticus approaches 20%, with generalised convulsive status epilepticus representing about 45–74% of all cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it has long been recognized that it is very difficult to know whether the seizure itself or the factor that provoked the seizure is actually responsible for death.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The strongest predictor of death from &lt;em&gt;status&lt;/em&gt; is the underlying cause. For instance, in &lt;em&gt;status&lt;/em&gt; attributable to hypoxia, death occurs over 50% of the time.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; That is because a seizure is likely to be provoked only by a pretty dire state of hypoxia &amp;mdash; either not responsive to maximal interventions or occurring in a setting where such interventions are not available or not desired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the extent that death is directly attributable to the seizure, it is generally because of what doctors often refer has “inability to protect the airway.” Normal, conscious people have reflexes that “protect” the airway at the level of the oropharynx to prevent aspiration. People having a generalized seizure lack such reflexes and can aspirate on their own oral secretions causing hypoxemic respiratory failure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;References&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;1. Betjemann JP, Lowenstein DH. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908090&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Status epilepticus in adults.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Apr 20. [Epub ahead of print]&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;2. Jane G. Boggs, M.D. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC324580/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mortality Associated with Status Epilepticus.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Epilepsy Curr. 2004 Jan; 4(1): 25–27.&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T09:00:27.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="747" CreationDate="2015-04-28T10:07:27.960" Score="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The typical scenario of a seizure is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;loss of consciousness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;uncontrolled movements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;recovery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conduct to adopt during each of these phases follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;During 1. and 2.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person will fall on the ground if standing and may get hurt, either due to the fall or due to the uncontrolled movements that will follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The only things you can (and should) do at that stage&lt;/strong&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If possible, &lt;strong&gt;ease the victim to the floor&lt;/strong&gt; when falling, without restricting his/her movements. Be careful for yourself. Do not face the person (you could get punched, and even a thin person is very strong in such cases), stand on his/her back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Should the victim wear eyeglasses, remove them carefully&lt;/strong&gt;. If you can, carefully loosen clothes or jewellery around the neck.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insert a cushion or some folded clothes under the victim's head&lt;/strong&gt;. Here again, be careful not being hit and do not restrict the victim's movements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clear the area&lt;/strong&gt;: remove any object that can be dangerous for the victim. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Be calm and reassuring for people around&lt;/strong&gt;. Ask them to stay away from the victim, or to go next room should this happen inside a building. Ask at least one to stay at your disposal in case of need. This may be useful later.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monitor how long this phase lasts&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you're not aware of the victim's history with seizure, try to find any card or jewellery mentioning it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are things &lt;strong&gt;you should absolutely avoid doing&lt;/strong&gt; as they would do way more bad than good:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT hold the victim or restrain his/her movements.&lt;/strong&gt; The victim may hurt him/herself, the only thing you should do is to secure the area as much as you can (see above).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT insert anything into the victim's mouth.&lt;/strong&gt; The victim is NOT going to swallow his/her tongue. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT try to make the victim bite anything.&lt;/strong&gt; No belt, no pencil, nothing. The victim may bite his/her own tongue, you cannot and should not try to prevent that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT move the victim&lt;/strong&gt;, unless there is an immediate, real, and out-of-control danger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DO NOT leave the victim on his/her own.&lt;/strong&gt; Don't stay too close, though. Be careful for yourself and get ready to do some more securing should this be needed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;During 3.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The victim will not necessarily be aware of what happened, and will need time to recover. He/she might be disoriented/confused, and he/she may have lost urine during the previous phase. You should calmly expect both signs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some do's and don't here, as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gently put the victim in recovery position&lt;/strong&gt; (on a side: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Accidents-and-first-aid/Pages/The-recovery-position.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;video and explanations here&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As long as the victim has not recovered consciousness, &lt;strong&gt;ensure the victim still breathes&lt;/strong&gt;. To do this, approach your ear to his/her mouth, while looking at his/her chest, for 10 seconds. This allows you to hear the sound of breathing, feel his/her breath, and see the movements of his/her chest. &lt;strong&gt;Should you perceive none of these that's a medical emergency&lt;/strong&gt; (potential cardiac arrest, which is another question&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;) - This is quite unlikely to happen but you have to check.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Without being intrusive&lt;/strong&gt;, visually check whether urine seems to appear on the person's clothes. &lt;strong&gt;Failing to determine this is not a problem.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During the recovery, &lt;strong&gt;speak calmly, be friendly and gentle&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once the victim has regained enough consciousness, &lt;strong&gt;explain what happened and be reassuring&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ask the victim to show his/her tongue, and explain why&lt;/strong&gt;. He/she can be hurt without knowing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Depending on what you know or discovered regarding the victim's history with seizure, and depending on the time the previous phase lasted, you may have to call the medical emergency services&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the last phase (1. + 2.) have lasted more than 5 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should this be the first time the person has a seizure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person have stopped breathing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should another loss of consciousness occurs &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should another series of uncontrolled movements occurs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person remain disoriented after a few minutes of recovery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person be aggressive/violent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person be hurt &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person be a pregnant woman&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the person ask you to call the emergency services&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or &lt;strong&gt;should you have any doubt&lt;/strong&gt;, assume you should call the emergency medical services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When calling the medical emergency services&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't be in a hurry, stay calm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your name, phone number, current location,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell this is for a seizure, and tell the victim's gender and age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Describe the victim's condition, tell what of the above makes you call, tell whether there is a loss of urine or any injury.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They will guide you. Do whatever they tell you and answer any question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do NOT hang up the phone before instructed to do so&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Should no emergency call be needed&lt;/strong&gt;, offer some help to the person: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lead him/her away from any danger, a quiet bench nearby is appropriate should you be outside. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Offer him/her to call a friend, a relative or a cab.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the US, and probably in some other countries, it's illegal to drive within 6 months after having had an unexplained seizure (not caused by eclampsia, hypoxia, head injury, etc.). Should this be the case, you don't have to force the person not to drive, but you can strongly discourage it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't speak fast&lt;/strong&gt; or act in any way that could frighten the victim. Keep in mind the recovery phase is a slow process during which the victim feels dizzy and confused.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't propose water or food before complete recovery or if you had to call the medical emergency services.&lt;/strong&gt; In this last case, ask them whether you can propose anything.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1- Being nonresponsive and not breathing triggers the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CPR process&lt;/a&gt;. It is not described here as it is a question on its own.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=4&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;sqi=2&amp;amp;ved=0CFcQFjAD&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F36645%2F277100%2Ffile%2FPSC1_version%25201.1.1.pdf&amp;amp;ei=-Vo_VcHwF_Cf7gbIx4CIBg&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNEy-sRV1JA6qrwjNaMT2Hk6_9D7ZA&amp;amp;sig2=L5jX6wAjZl4xKxzvI8YF-w&amp;amp;bvm=bv.91665533,d.bGQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Premiers Secours civiques 1&lt;/a&gt; (First-aid guidelines for general public), Ministry of Interior, France&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/basics/first_aid.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;First-aid for seizures&lt;/a&gt;, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/firstaid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What to do when someone has a seizure&lt;/a&gt;, the British Epilepsy Action Charity, Leeds, UK  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-06-17T22:51:36.867" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T22:51:36.867" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="642" CreationDate="2015-04-28T16:43:27.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of symptoms of colorectal cancer can include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A feeling that you need to have a bowel movement that is not relieved&#xA;by doing so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rectal bleeding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood in the stool, which may cause the stool to look dark&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cramping or abdominal (belly) pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weakness and fatigue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unintended weight loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But most importantly, in the absence of symptoms, people over age 50 should be screened regularly (every 1 to 2 years) for bowel cancer, or precancerous polyps, with a simple faecal occult blood test (FOBT) followed by colonoscopy if the result is positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screening can detect precancerous polyps early, which can then be removed before bowel cancer even begins to develop, and thus many countries now have a screening program for their citizens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/CA.2007.0018/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008&lt;/a&gt;: A Joint Guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-28T20:35:00.963" LastActivityDate="2015-04-28T20:35:00.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="755" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="758" CreationDate="2015-04-28T21:30:26.010" Score="13" ViewCount="5216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that every time I am in the same room as an operating ultrasound machine, I can hear it. And not the machine making noises, but the actual ultrasounds (I know because it decreases in intensity after the gel is added).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Ultrasound' refers to sound waves with a frequency too high for humans to hear (Wikipedia). Except, it seems, for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply, my question is, &quot;Is this normal?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="224" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T10:30:01.957" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T13:43:22.290" Title="Can I hear ultrasounds?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="755" CreationDate="2015-04-29T02:31:59.137" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is likely you are not hearing the ultrasound itself (typical frequencies are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;upwards of 1 MHz&lt;/a&gt;, far beyond what the human hearing system is capable of detecting).  You are probably hearing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_noise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coil whine&lt;/a&gt; from the electronics -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;switched-mode power supplies&lt;/a&gt; in particular tend to operate towards the upper end of the hearing range, and the intensity of this sound changes as the power consumption does (eg. when the imaging system goes from &quot;idle&quot; to &quot;active&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T16:44:36.607" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T16:44:36.607" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T05:36:11.557" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO definition of low (&amp;lt;2500g) and very low (&amp;lt;1500g) is referenced in many academic papers, but I haven't seen a citation for it. Is there a WHO document I can cite with these definitions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="362" LastEditorUserId="206" LastEditDate="2015-04-29T18:21:01.037" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T18:21:01.037" Title="Where is the WHO definition of (very) low birth weight?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T07:57:04.990" Score="2" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I get excited about something or having a good laugh, suddenly in the middle of this excitement, I feel a moderate bolt of electric shock (usually lasts 2-4 seconds) on the upper right side of my chest, that interrupts my excitement. This happened quite a few number of times and so I was thinking I should consult a physician. But before I consult one, I thought I should research if this problem is really a serious one... Why do you think this happens? Is it something more serious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="365" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T07:57:04.990" Title="Bolt of electric shock on upper right chest" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-04-29T09:06:55.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="759" CreationDate="2015-04-29T18:14:38.643" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A low birth weight baby is one that weighs less than 2500 g at birth. As growth is a progressive process, a baby may weigh less than 2500 g at birth because it is born too soon, or because it is small for its gestational age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/fetomaternal/9241594004/en/&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/fetomaternal/9241594004/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;LBW infants are classified as very low birth weight (VLBW) if their birth weight is less than 1.5 kg, and as extremely low birth weight (ELBW) if their birth weight is less than 1 kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9789241548366.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9789241548366.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are not necessarily the original sources of those classifications - neither one is cited, so it's not even necessarily possible to follow that definition backwards along a citation path, but those are both official WHO documents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-04-29T18:14:38.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T20:46:53.027" Score="5" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have mild exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB, once called exercise induced asthma), to where I have been prescribed inhalers (ProAir HFA - Albuterol sulfate) but have very rarely needed to use them post endurance exercise sessions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran across a &lt;a href=&quot;http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/24265.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication referring to a study&lt;/a&gt; on a new Omega-3 formulation from an Australian mussel source, indicating that supplementation with this had a drastic (59%) reduction impact on EIB both during and after exercise bouts. (With a disclaimer that the formulator of the Omega-3 supplement paid for, but did not participate in the study).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The merits of the study aside, I'm interested in knowing what the mechanism of action would be in the Omega-3 formulation that could cause this reduction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T19:56:22.600" Title="Role of Omega-3 in exercise induced bronchospasm?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T21:08:30.277" Score="7" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most internet sources when talking about the causes of myopia only tell some variation of the following taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;webmd&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who are nearsighted have what is called a refractive error. In nearsighted people, the eyeball is too long or the cornea has too much curvature, so the light entering the eye is not focused correctly. Images focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive part of the eye, rather than directly on the retina, causing blurred vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nearsightedness runs in families and usually appears in childhood. Usually, the condition plateaus, but it can worsen with age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tells us that the cause of the refractive error is the too long eyeball or the excessive curvature of the cornea,&#xA;but nothing about why this may happen other than an observed genetic component.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know anything more than this about what causes the eyeball elongation and/or the excessive curvature of the cornea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="101" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T21:46:18.763" Title="What are the main causes of myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="778" CreationDate="2015-04-29T23:32:32.903" Score="7" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of conflicting messages on high fructose corn syrup. In popular media, it is frequently demonized as a hidden danger or silent killer that should be avoided at all costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://drhyman.com/blog/2011/05/13/5-reasons-high-fructose-corn-syrup-will-kill-you/&quot;&gt;5 Reasons Why High Fructose Corn Syrup Will Kill You&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When used in moderation it is a major cause of heart disease, obesity, cancer, dementia, liver failure, tooth decay, and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you'd expect, the corn industry argues otherwise and says HCFS is as safe as table sugar. Besides industry responses, though, there are some studies that found little ill effects, such as this one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991323/&quot;&gt;Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data&lt;/a&gt;, Rizkalla SW (2010).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there enough high-quality evidence to determine if high fructose corn syrup is, in fact, dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:06:15.793" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T04:13:58.360" Title="Is high fructose corn syrup bad for you?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-29T23:58:16.623" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read and heard contradicting personal experiences on how good trackballs are to avoid RSI as they put more stress on the hand, wrist and arm than a traditional mouse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do using trackballs put more stress on the hand, wrist and arm than a traditional mouse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in both thumb trackballs and finger trackballs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mnivk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T08:07:05.237" Title="Do using trackballs put more stress on the hand, wrist and arm than a traditional mouse?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="774" CreationDate="2015-04-30T02:59:44.707" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term &quot;high fructose corn syrup&quot; is not a good descriptor of its&#xA;  composition, but the term was mandated to distinguish the newly&#xA;  developed fructose-containing corn syrup from traditional all-glucose&#xA;  corn syrups. Factors that may account for the different effects of&#xA;  fructose alone or a mixture of fructose and glucose could be its&#xA;  gastrointestinal effects and absorption characteristics. (5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Problem&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today we have too much access to energy that we don't need. This leads to the problem of obesity when people consume too many calories, pointing towards higher risks of cardiovascular diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Possible Culprit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) contributes to this problem because when consumed, it does not stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin. In animal models, it even induces insulin resistance, leading to diabetes (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;the long-term consumption of diets high in fat and fructose is likely&#xA;  to lead to increased energy intake, weight gain, and obesity&quot; (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Additionally, when ingested by itself, fructose is poorly absorbed&#xA;  from the gastrointestinal tract, and it is almost entirely cleared by&#xA;  the liver since it's absorbed through a different system than glucose.&#xA;  This puts more work on the liver. (2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, HFCS &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;did not suppress circulating ghrelin, a major appetite-stimulating&#xA;  hormone&quot; - (2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even though you're taking in a massive amount of energy and overworking your liver, you don't feel full, which causes you to keep eating and drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For runners and other endurance athletes, this is ideal. They can store up massive amounts of energy without the need to stuff themselves until their stomachs are nearly exploding. For people who burn a massive amount of energy on a regular basis, HFCS comes as a good source for replenishing and preparing that energy for usage, but for everyone else who doesn't burn high levels of calories, this indicates a high influx of potential energy without anywhere to go. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Counter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This short-term study notes,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There were no differences in energy or macronutrient intake on day 2.&#xA;  The only appetite variable that differed between sweeteners was desire&#xA;  to eat&quot; (4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study notes that most of the testing has been done on rats, whereas in humans, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;for people with insulin resistance, diets&#xA;  with 50 grams or more per day (high consumption) may result in&#xA;  elevated triglycerides, but there is no effect with normal levels of&#xA;  fructose consumption. (5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Caution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fructose is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract when it is&#xA;  consumed alone, but absorption improves when fructose is consumed in&#xA;  combination with glucose and amino acids. In addition, the principal&#xA;  sweetener in soft drinks in the US, HFCS, is not pure fructose but a&#xA;  mixture of fructose (55%) and glucose (45%). HFCS is predominately&#xA;  present as HFCS-55 (55% fructose, 41% glucose, and 4% glucose&#xA;  polymers) or HFCS-42 (42% fructose, 53% glucose and 5% glucose&#xA;  polymers) (5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies on humans hasn't been substantial enough to develop hard evidence. In fact, one of the studies indicates that fructose increased appetites while another claimed it inhibited appetite! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's one thing that seems highly possible right now, it's that high fructose corn syrup gives energy, whether you need it or not. Since most people don't, that contributes to possible obesity (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/5/911.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/4/895.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How bad is Fructose?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S26/91/22K07/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A sweet problem: Princeton researchers find that high-fructose corn syrup prompts considerably more weight gain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(5) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991323/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T16:38:29.757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T16:38:29.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="412" CreationDate="2015-04-30T03:48:37.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many countries have done studies that seem to indicate short-term exposure to the radiation does not increase risk of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(German) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443797&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Danish) &lt;a href=&quot;http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/98/23/1707.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/98/23/1707.abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Swedish) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746469&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(US) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/newsfromnci/2012/GliomaCellPhoneUse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/newsfromnci/2012/GliomaCellPhoneUse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some countries are still uncertain about this, and have requested companies move their towers away from people by at least 100 meters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Italian court even acknowledged a &quot;causal&quot; link:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prlog.org/12004383-italian-supreme-court-rules-cell-phones-can-cause-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.prlog.org/12004383-italian-supreme-court-rules-cell-phones-can-cause-cancer.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but this has been deeply criticized by public health leaders in places like the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part, there hasn't been substantial evidence to say that the towers cause harm to humans more than 100 meters away. Particularly in the case of short-distance exposure, there hasn't been much data because many times base stations are not turned off during maintenance, but the power being sent through to the antennas is cut off, so that the workers do not have to work near live antennas, but a study over around 50 years of people exposed to Radio Frequency (RF) waves indicates no significant negative consequences. In the conclusion the author notes a well-worded disclaimer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The controversy about cell phones and cancer is likely to&#xA;  continue either until clear-cut evidence of a hazard is established or&#xA;  until the public (including politicians, businessmen, lawyers and&#xA;  journalists) concludes that there is little likelihood of a real and&#xA;  significant hazard. Perhaps the greatest contribution that scientists&#xA;  can make to this debate is to help educate the public (and other&#xA;  scientists) about the uncertain nature of risk assessment, and about the&#xA;  breadth of disciplines and rigor of analysis that must be brought to&#xA;  bear if high-quality risk assessment is to be accomplished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comes from the following article (same one, two different links):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10319725?dopt=AbstractPlus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10319725?dopt=AbstractPlus&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/3580028?origin=crossref&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.jstor.org/stable/3580028?origin=crossref&amp;amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been studies done on animals with respect to RF exposure with possible consequences that you can read about on wikipedia:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health#cite_note-95&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health#cite_note-95&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but when we're talking about these levels of radiation, you would have to be extremely close for an extended period of time, which is why we haven't yet found results in humans. For the most part, we don't stay close enough to have measurable results and those who do take precautions and avoid long-term exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T03:48:37.353" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-04-30T03:48:37.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="785" CreationDate="2015-04-30T08:11:23.540" Score="11" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies that support some type of health benefit associated with receiving a massage of any type?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T05:09:33.377" Title="Do professional massages have any health benefits or do they merely feel good?" Tags="&lt;massage&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3087" CreationDate="2015-04-30T11:33:34.897" Score="14" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to stop beard dandruff? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wash my face regularly with Detol anti-bacterial soap, and for my hair and beard, I use a wide range of Pantene Pro-V products for my hair and beard (such as Repair and Protect, Sleek and Smooth) and conditioner. However, after a day or so I get itchy skin and dandruff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I possibly using the wrong conditioner/shampoo for my beard and is there an alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="379" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T19:13:04.810" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T20:20:15.040" Title="Facial hair hygiene recommendations" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T12:49:17.277" Score="10" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often use a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smiths-medical.com/catalog/multi-parameter-monitors/advisor/advisor-vital-signs-monitor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multi-parameters monitor&lt;/a&gt; to monitor the victim's pulse, SpO2 and blood pressure&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using these devices on children, we have to switch them to 'pediatric mode' first. And for blood pressure we have to install a pediatric cuff of course. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when monitoring the victim's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse#/media/File:Pulse_evaluation.JPG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pulse&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer#/media/File:Sphygmomanometer%26Cuff.JPG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BP&lt;/a&gt; manually, we do the same way for adults and children - not speaking about infants here as we actually don't take their pulse &lt;a href=&quot;http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/infant-pulse-checking-demonstration-5345445.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exactly the same way&lt;/a&gt;. Simple saturometers, on their side, are more than frequently said &quot;both pediatric and adult&quot;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; without having to switch from a mode to another&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm wondering: would using such a multi-parameter monitoring device on children in adult mode give wrong (over or underestimated) values for pulse, sat and/or BP? (So could be dangerous for childrens' health as information would be bad). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent quite a lot of time searching without finding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 - These devices are also able to monitor ventilation and do 3 or 5-leads ECG using some optional peripherals, but we don't use these features. We take the ventilation visually and we simply don't do ECG.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2 - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amperordirect.com/pc/c-pulse-oximeter/choice-finger-oximeter-md300c63.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is an example&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nonin.com/Finger-Pulse-Oximeter/Onyx-Vantage-9590&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here is another&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3 - Not always though. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drivemedical.com/b2b/index.php/pediatric-pulse-oximeter-2574.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Some are specialized&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T22:16:49.473" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T00:45:15.497" Title="Multi-parameters monitors: pediatric vs. adult mode" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2015-04-30T13:19:04.857" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a pragmatic approach I would suggest the following. Back pain and neck pain are the most common reasons why people seek for massage therapy. Most common reason for back and neck pain are muscle spasms. They are painful which cause more spasm a so a vicious circle is ready. Reason why people suffer from muscle spasm is multifactorial. Static working postures, poor muscle strength or generally bad posture leads to unfavourable muscle strains and spasms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Massage can be really effective for the treatment of these muscle spasms. Massage relieves tension, boosts the blood flow in muscle and helps to remove lactic acid stored in muscles. However, the spasms will definitely appear again if one does not to anything to treat the fundamental reasons why muscle spasm occurs. As so there is no long term effect with massage therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two Cochrane reviews published in this topic &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub2/abstract&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004871.pub4/abstract&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Massage might be beneficial for patients with subacute and chronic non-specific low-back pain, especially when combined with exercises and education &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub2/abstract&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no explicit evidence for the benefits, but what is important is that there is basically no adverse effects related to massage therapy. So in that sense massage can be helpful also for your mind and wellbeing. Exercise and education indicates the same thing I said in the beginning, in addition to relieving the spasms in your back you should also focus on the overall situation, &quot;why do I have backpain&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regard to neck pain the evidence is much more controversial. My personal opinion is that this might be related to etiology of the pain and spasm. Lower back in more common is obese people with poor physical condition &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/basics/causes/con-20020797&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt; whereas neck pain is associated to overuse and bad postures &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/basics/causes/con-20028772&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T15:35:25.167" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T15:35:25.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2015-04-30T15:29:05.397" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of studies that show massage will help with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after exercise, but that it doesn't really impact range of motion (ROM) or peak maximal force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1250256/&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; used a small cohort of 5 males, 5 females, doing arm exercises designed to produce DOMS. One arm got massaged, the other didn't. They self reported less DOMS in the massaged muscle, but it showed no impact on ROM or peak force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/37/1/72.full&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; followed a similar path, examining hamstring contractions with a slightly larger group of 18. Each leg was exercised, and only one was massaged with similar results to the first study I cited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, massage can reduce some of the after effects of intense exercise sessions, it hasn't been proven to actually improve performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T15:29:05.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T16:23:26.023" Score="10" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like many people, I use the internet and various online resources to search for questions that I have about my personal diet, fitness and health regimens/questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, often I run across information that seems correct, but I'm not quite sure of. Often these have what appear to be scientific studies backing them, but when I do a little more investigation, I find other studies directly refuting the claims of the first study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add to this there are many sites promoting their own slant on things, such as Dr. Oz, &lt;a href=&quot;http://foodbabe.com/&quot;&gt;The Food Babe&lt;/a&gt; (Who is often directly contradicted by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scibabe.com/&quot;&gt;The Science Babe&lt;/a&gt;), Mark's Daily Apple, and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I compare differing sources of information to make the best informed choices for my own health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T01:24:56.817" Title="How do I determine reputable health information?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="794" CreationDate="2015-04-30T16:59:26.567" Score="14" ViewCount="4604" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin B12 is stored over a very long time such that vegans, for example, only get any signs or symptoms of B12 deficiency after a span of years, even though they have hardly any sources of the vitamin in their diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dose required daily to prevent disease seems to vary dramatically, or maybe it is very hard to determine accurately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-Consumer/&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; says pregnant women need less than 3 micrograms (µg)/day (where pregnant women need more than non-pregnant women).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A friend of mine got her blood values in order by ingesting 7 µg/day.     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My apothecary person told me 500-1000 µg per day are needed to even start absorbing meaningful quantities by ingestion.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My doctor prescribed 200 µg/day for me. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor is that apparently your intestinal bacteria determine the rate of absorption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the amount of B12 needed per day? Please note that this is not about deficient absorption, where the amount would be above what healthy people need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="381" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T08:58:36.587" LastActivityDate="2019-07-18T18:06:32.963" Title="How much Vitamin B12 do you need?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;apothecary&gt;&lt;prenatal-vitamins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="826" CreationDate="2015-04-30T13:04:01.720" Score="2" ViewCount="8439" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that when I use computer for long hours, a part of my wrist and palm color turns dark brownish because of the excessive use of the mouse. And this darkening of skin doesn't go away by washing my hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6CW47.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above picture I have encircled the part of my hand which gets darkened. Is there anything I can do to prevent this? It is not possible for me to use computer less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="403" OwnerDisplayName="Vibhu" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T03:17:27.097" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T20:49:40.230" Title="How to prevent darkening of wrist?" Tags="&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-07-31T00:23:44.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="789" CreationDate="2015-04-30T14:24:39.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its pressure that's causing the problem - on my hand, that area is darkened, constantly reddish purple; on a friend who uses the computer for up to 18 hours a day, he's got a purplish, reddish brown, calloused, dry area in that region. When you use the mouse, unless you've got a special mat which raises your wrist, that area rests on the desk or work surface. It's a bony area, without much padding over it, so your body's trying to compensate for the constant pressure, the way it does on our feet by building hard skin and callouses. You either need to pad that area of your wrist with something, or get a mouse mat which has a support bar to stop this problem. I find the support mats very uncomfortable to use, but lots of people do have them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Bamboo" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T14:30:46.340" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="789" CreationDate="2015-04-30T17:57:18.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Place the mouse close enough to the edge of your work surface that your hand does not touch the surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Use a trackball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="jamesqf" LastActivityDate="2015-04-30T17:57:18.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T22:55:10.183" Score="5" ViewCount="18869" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that about 3500 calories is equivalent to 1 pound (7500 cals for 1kg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can a piece of food weighing one pound have more than 3500 calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the highest and lowest energy dense foods? and will consuming the former make you less full while the latter make you feel fuller for less calories? or do the calories consumed cause you to feel full?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a limit to how many calories can be in 1 pound of food (including artificially made &quot;foods&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastEditorUserId="385" LastEditDate="2015-04-30T23:33:59.203" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T18:02:42.587" Title="Can food make you put on more weight than it's own weight?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-06-23T13:56:49.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="788" CreationDate="2015-04-30T22:55:24.033" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The estimated daily requirement needed to maintain body stores of B12 varies, an estimate being from 2µg to 5µg, more if stores have been depleted in any way. It is estimated that the average person stores about 1 mg (1000 µg) of B12 in their liver, and other smaller amounts elsewhere. The recommended daily allowance assumes a 50% absorption rate of ingested B12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a good question to discuss the limits of medical science. How is the requirement for B12 determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Longitudinal studies&lt;/em&gt; are those that follow people over many years (even decades.) Humans are not subjected to longitudinal studies involving, say, B12 because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it would be &lt;strong&gt;unethical&lt;/strong&gt; to withhold from some subjects a vitamin necessary for health and well-being while providing it to others just to get an exact number (for the sake of scientific curiosity)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there are ethical issues in involvement of the young (parental consent should not extend to potential harm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if participants are paid volunteers, the study introduces a bias in recruitment (more poor people?) This affects the ability to generalize to the total population, because there may be inherent risks of confounding variables&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the cost of such a study would be prohibitive (who will collect the data, control the diets, pay for the food, and determine outcomes, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is impossible to regulate someone's diet for years or decades (one person sneaking out to eat a dozen oysters could ruin the experiment)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it would be unethical to control someone's diet for decades (what if someone who signed up for the study later became a vegan on moral grounds? They would either be forced to eat meat or drop out of the study) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;longitudinal studies suffer from cumulative attrition - people die of unrelated causes, move to another area, decide to drop out for other reasons, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(many more problems)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore different study models must be used, which give us less accurate information, such as retrospective studies, animal studies, studies of treatment of pernicious anemia (a result of B12 deficiency), pregnant and lactating vegans, people who have undergone certain bypass procedures, etc. By studying those patients, it can be determined how much B12 is necessary to the first signs of B12 deficiency away (usually apparent in blood).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B12 is a particularly difficult vitamin to pin down because of its&#xA;complexity, the fact that it is synthesized by intestinal flora, and the various steps involved in its absorption which might be influenced by age and other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, the estimated daily requirement of B12 varies from ~ 2µg to 5µg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there are no known adverse effects of excess B12 intake, it's not unreasonable to take more than the minimum if warranted. However, a recommendation of 500 - 1000 µg/day seems quite unnecessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=p7XwAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PA459&amp;amp;dq=minimum+daily+requirement+of+B12+in+humans&amp;amp;ots=jlX0km_i0w&amp;amp;sig=brLcOBBtgdOWs1mpqUMDDt4Mq20#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics (Carl A. Burtis, David E. Bruns, 2014, p 474&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T20:29:50.900" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T20:29:50.900" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="795" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-30T23:26:33.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Micronutrients are essential for normal functioning of the body. They cannot be sinthethysed by the body, but have to be taken in through diet. Although they are necessary in small quantities, deficiency in micronutrients can severely affect health. Two groups of micronutrients are vitamins and trace minerals. Vitamins further consist of two groups: liposoluble and hydrosoluble. Liposoluble vitamins inclute: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. Hydrosoluble vitamins include: vitamins of B group (i.g. thiamine - B1, riboflavin - B2 etc.) and vitamin C. Trace minerals include: iron, zinc, selenium, iodine and many others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T21:58:30.187" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T21:58:30.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="796" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-30T23:26:33.483" Score="0" Body="Questions about micronutrients - substances necessary for normal metabolism, growth and development, and regulation of cell functions, but needed only in very small amounts. Vitamins (such as A, B group, C, E, K etc.) and trace minerals (such as zinc, selenimum etc.) are micronutrients. " OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T21:58:44.833" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T21:58:44.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-04-30T23:33:09.487" Score="15" ViewCount="1707" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are attempting to lose weight via dieting and/or exercise, you will see this number EVERYWHERE on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you create a deficit of 3500 calories you will lose one pound, as simple as that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is that really true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely there are many factors which will affect how true this is?. &#xA;That different energy sources have different energy densities, such as muscle and fat, for one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And where does this number even come from, how is it derived?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T19:44:03.067" Title="Does 3500 calories really equal a pound?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="798" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-04-30T23:57:56.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calories are the basic units used in measuring the amount of energy in food. All bodily process (cell growth and division, muscle movement, metabolism, maintenance of body temperature, etc) require energy. What is not used on absorption is stored as  fat. This is what causes weight gain. The tag &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/diet&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;diet&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;diet&lt;/a&gt; should be used for structured eating plans. The tag &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/obesity&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;obesity&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;obesity&lt;/a&gt; should be used for weight equal to or greater than 20% above ideal body weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T23:26:35.467" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T23:26:35.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="799" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-04-30T23:57:56.930" Score="0" Body="Calories are the basic units used in measuring the amount of energy in food. All bodily process (cell growth and division, muscle movement, metabolism, maintenance of body temperature, etc) require energy. What is not used on absorption is stored as  fat. This is what causes weight gain. The [diet] tag should be used for structured eating plans. The [obesity] tag should be used for weight equal to or greater than 20% above ideal body weight." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T23:26:48.457" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T23:26:48.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T00:50:20.987" Score="5" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds dangerous, or at least uncomfortable, but I have a friend who thinks drinking milk daily will help cure him of lactose intolerance. Are there any studies that indicate that prolonged exposure can acclimate the body to processing lactose? If so, please describe how that is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:07:58.103" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T00:38:41.653" Title="Can a person eliminate lactose intolerance through extended exposure?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7127" CreationDate="2015-05-01T00:53:45.173" Score="10" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard about people who weren't allergic to peanut butter or pollen previously in their lives, but suddenly develop an allergy to that substance. What is the mechanism behind an allergy &quot;suddenly&quot; appearing later in life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T22:20:23.860" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T16:46:00.567" Title="How does the body develop an allergy during a lifetime?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2015-05-01T00:58:49.227" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to be equating food weight with body weight, and they are not directly related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if you eat a pound of something, you will immediately weigh one more pound, as your body has not had a chance to digest it and process it as needed. However, that doesn't mean that you will have gained one permanent pound. The body will break down the food, distribute the end result to various places for either use or storage, and get rid of whatever is not digestible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weight fluctuates during the day, so the best gauge of your weight is to weigh yourself at the same time every day, under the same conditions. Track that number, and that gives you your true weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, weight gain/loss is a relationship between how many calories you need to sustain your day to day activities, and how many you eat. If you consistently eat more calories than you need for a day, then you will gain weight. If you consistently eat less, then you will lose weight. The rate at which you do so varies on how big the deficit/surplus is, how efficient your metabolism, type of calories, many factors such as these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your main question, 3500 calories per pound of food is very calorie dense. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4978?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=35&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=&amp;amp;qlookup=16398&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;For example, 1 lb of peanut butter is going to be ~ 2600 calories&lt;/a&gt;. The higher the fat content, the closer you get to that mark. If you ate a straight pound of fat, for example, you would get just over 4000 calories. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Data/Classics/ah74.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Using the typically accepted 9 calories per gram of fat, which is also not 100% accurate&lt;/a&gt;). So yes, it is possible to get more than 3500 calories in a pound of food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T20:58:35.010" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T20:58:35.010" CommentCount="16" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="787" CreationDate="2015-05-01T00:59:04.350" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great question! There are actually a number of resources out there that answer this question. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cps.ca/documents/position/guiding-parents-health-information-internet&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a very dry (but unbiased) answer from the Canadian Paediatric Society written for paediatricians who are helping parents with this issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some quick question to ask yourself when appraising the website you're looking at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Most importantly, whose website is it? The most reliable are generally university or health agency websites. Next would be not-for-profit professional organizations (for example the American Academy of Cancer Researchers or the American Medical Association). Be wary of for-profit organizations and websites run by one individual or a small group of individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is the information referenced and peer reviewed? An unreferenced statement is useless. Even if it's referenced, the reference should ideally point to the peer reviewed literature, not to a secondary source (such as a news site).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Is the website itself peer reviewed? This isn't mandatory but it helps you have trust in the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have the background you can go to the references and evaluate the literature itself - is the population described relevant to you? Was the intervention what you were looking for? This is advanced and probably unnecessary if you follow the other rules (especially number 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that reputable organizations are likely to have accurate information. The NIH, CDC, or Mayo Clinic will always be more reliable than a single person's website (no matter who they are). Look for .gov or .edu at the end of the URL - these are reasonable indicators that the information has at least been vetted by more than one person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="387" LastEditorUserId="387" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T01:24:56.817" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T01:24:56.817" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="797" CreationDate="2015-05-01T01:59:41.133" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The original 3500 calorie theory comes from a correspondence &lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=328550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published in 1959, by a Dr. Max Wishnofsky&lt;/a&gt;, where he equates it to pounds lost in observed obese patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's further perpetuated by badly applied mathematics. White adipose tissue has the responsibility for energy storage in the body. This tissue is composed of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anywhere from 60% to 85% lipid&lt;/a&gt; (fat). If you take the commonly accepted 9 calories of energy per gram of fat (Which is also not quite accurate), you get the following formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9 (calories/gram) * 454 grams (grams in a pound) * .85 = 3465 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the original estimation was that there were 3500 calories in a pound of human fat, so to lose a pound you had to burn 3500 calories. Since this &quot;makes sense&quot;, it was widely repeated and used, and became entrenched. It is not accurate, and implying that to lose a pound of fat you have to burn exactly 3500 calories is erroneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: While researching something else, I came across this article, titled &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/111114p36.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Farewell to the 3500 calorie Rule&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, on Today's Dietitian website. One paragraph from the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's been estimated that the 3,500-calorie rule is cited in more than 35,000 educational weight-loss sites.1 In September, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a patient handout titled Healthy Weight Loss, in which the first sentence states, &quot;A total of 3,500 calories equals 1 pound of body fat. This means if you decrease (or increase) your intake by 500 calories daily, you will lose (or gain) 1 pound per week.&quot;2 Undoubtedly, the 3,500-calorie dogma still is being taught even though it's been shown that it simply doesn't work this way. So where did the 3,500-calorie weight-loss wisdom come from? It originated from researcher Max Wishnofsky, MD, in 1958, who calculated that 1 lb of fat stores approximately 3,500 kcal of energy.3 It was appealingly simple, and it stuck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-11-20T14:35:45.150" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T14:35:45.150" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="818" CreationDate="2015-05-01T07:41:45.600" Score="16" ViewCount="992" Body="&lt;p&gt;We recently got some new kittens and my step son is allergic to them. He mostly suffers from a runny nose, but also had itchy eye last night after he &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Left a robe in the kitten room all day &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put it on after getting home from school  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kept scratching his eye after playing with the kittens etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, so he's trying an antihistamine to see if this will combat the allergies. From sites like WebMD I've read that the cat allergy is an overreaction of his immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the antihistamine doing something regarding his immune's system reaction or is it doing something about the symptoms? How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will his immune system learn how to behave whilst taking antihistamines? Would the process of learning be better or worse for taking them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="390" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-05-01T20:41:37.247" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T00:22:21.083" Title="How do antihistamines work?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="810" CreationDate="2015-05-01T12:11:09.970" Score="9" ViewCount="9176" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many flea &amp;amp; tick treatments that you just put a few drops on the skin of your pet regularly and keeps them protected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease&quot;&gt;Lyme Disease&lt;/a&gt; is currently problematic in my area. The drops work good for pets, so it seems reasonable they would work just as well on a person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would happen if a person used Flea &amp;amp; Tick drops on themselves?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:11:59.030" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:11:59.030" Title="What would happen if a person used Flea medicine on themselves?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;fleas&gt;&lt;insecticides&gt;&lt;insect-repellents&gt;&lt;lyme-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="829" CreationDate="2015-05-01T13:56:40.487" Score="7" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was using this spray meant to hasten recovery from the common cold. &lt;a href=&quot;http://trials.boehringer-ingelheim.com/trial_results/clinical_trials_overview/1326/1326_1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt;, sponsored by the pharmaceutical company that produces the spray, stated it reduced virus by 92%, and so shortens the duration of the common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile a doctor told me that these kinds of things don't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does someone have some perspective on this? Is this a believable study? Was it well designed, and has it been duplicated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, why wouldn't the pharmaceutical produced a certified and expensive drug instead of a no-prescription drug?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="392" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T23:21:06.673" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T23:21:06.673" Title="Is this study stating red algae reduces cold virus by 92% believable?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="807" CreationDate="2015-05-01T15:58:06.010" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many of the active ingredients in flea and tick powders are harmful to humans, or suspected of being carcinogenic, or have effects on the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/resources/tips/flea_tick_OTC_pet_products.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Humane Society&lt;/a&gt; has a page on OTC flea and tick products, one of the sections details a couple of these effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides pyrethroid-based products, ingredients to be wary of are organophosphate insecticides (OPs) and carbamates, both of which are found in various flea and tick products.  The only OP currently found in flea and tick products in the U.S. is tetrachlorvinphos.  This chemical is classified by the EPA as being &amp;quot;likely to be carcinogenic to humans.&amp;quot;  There are questions about the effects of long-term, cumulative exposures as well as combined exposures from the use of other products containing OPs and carbamates.  Permethrin is another chemical that the EPA has classified as &amp;quot;likely to be carcinogenic to humans&amp;quot; if ingested orally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the ingredient list includes carbaryl or propoxur, the product contains a carbamate.  According to the NRDC, the potential dangers posed by thee products are greatest for children and pets.  Propoxur is considered to be a &amp;quot;probable human carcinogen&amp;quot; by the EPA.  As of September 2010, Carbaryl will no longer be permitted for use in new pet products.  However, existing stock of flea/tick products containing carbaryl can still be sold.  The HSUS recommends that pet products containing carbaryl should be disposed of and not used on pets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, one of the current varieties of powder (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.petco.com/product/12687/K9-Advantix-II-Dog-Flea-And-Tick-Drops.aspx#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;K9 Advantix II&lt;/a&gt;) has the following warning on it's website for the product:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hazards to Humans: Warning. Causes substantial but temporary eye injury. Do not get in eyes or on clothing. Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if absorbed through skin. Avoid contact with skin. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. Remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are a host of possible side effects, from possible nerve damage up through it being a possible carcinogen. I would not advise using them on yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T16:49:20.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="811" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1650" CreationDate="2015-05-01T16:54:32.143" Score="9" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are ads and web pages that suggest using an exercise ball as a desk chair.  Some are self promoting and others are not well referenced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found mentions of possible lumbar issues related to using an exercise ball in the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there reputable studies that indicate a significant difference and benefits of using an exercise ball?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T07:53:00.523" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T07:53:00.523" Title="Exercise Ball Vs. Desk Chair" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;office&gt;&lt;exercise-ball&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T18:06:00.573" Score="3" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the causes of bags under the eyes, and is it serious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to prevent them, and what actually makes the skin sag?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="163" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T08:30:39.183" Title="What do bags under the eyes mean, and what causes them?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-05T19:07:36.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T18:22:56.787" Score="-2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personal lubricants are often used during sexual activity to decrease friction.  Many have the label '&lt;strong&gt;glycerin based&lt;/strong&gt;'.  What should be considered before choosing a glycerin based personal lubricant? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T08:50:46.457" Title="What are the pros and cons of a glycerin based personal lubricant?" Tags="&lt;sexuality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-01T20:52:30.333" Score="10" ViewCount="4931" Body="&lt;p&gt;I quit smoking over a year ago, before that, i used to smoke up to a maximum of 9 cigarettes a day. However, up until now, I did not cough up tar, only clear sticky mucus comes out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know when will I expel tar from my lungs, if so then how? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="395" LastEditorUserId="395" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:04:40.660" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:19:15.733" Title="How long after quitting smoking to expel tar from lungs?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="830" CreationDate="2015-05-01T20:55:51.470" Score="22" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;As most people know, it's a common thing to say something like &quot;better wear a sweater, otherwise I'll get the cold tomorrow.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my limited understanding, the common cold is caused by a virus. How does being cold affect this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can being cold and/or wet be a significant influence in your chances of 'catching' the common cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="394" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T01:38:57.513" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T08:26:15.740" Title="Can being cold or wet be a significant influence in getting the common cold?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="813" CreationDate="2015-05-01T20:58:12.027" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: Some of the sources in this post should likely be considered &quot;Not Safe for Work&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glycerine-based lubricants, which are likely the most common form of water-based lubricants on the market (consider, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astroglide.com/products/astroglide-liquid/&quot;&gt;Astroglide&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.k-y.com/products/lubricants/k-y-liquid-lubricant-5oz&quot;&gt;K-Y&lt;/a&gt;) have a number of positive properties to them (when compared to silicon or oil-based lubricants):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They are safe for use with latex-based condoms. Oil-based lubricants can have negative impacts on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8142525&quot;&gt;both slippage and breakage&lt;/a&gt; of condoms, which is of course a bit of a problem, as presumably that condom is meant for either pregnancy prevention or disease prevention, both of which rely on an intact and in-place condom.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Similarly, they are safe for use with toys of various sorts. Some silicone-based lubricants can interact with silicon-based toys.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because they are water based, they are relatively easy to clean.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also a number of drawbacks, compared to alternatives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As they are water based, they can become tacky over time, and when used in water, may wash off, resulting in an essentially unlubricated surface (water has this same effect on vaginal secretions).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is some suggestion that these products are associated with an increased risk of yeast infections when used vaginally, but at least &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2013/04000/Intravaginal_Practices_and_Risk_of_Bacterial.12.aspx&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; did not find such an effect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There has been some noted damage to cellular tissue from the use of some lubricants, as they may be hyperosmotic compared to the tissue they're coming into contact with. This has been shown in some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/10/331&quot;&gt;animal models&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/195/5/703&quot;&gt;human studies&lt;/a&gt;, and may not be as much of a problem in some &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048328&quot;&gt;silicon-based lubricants&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastEditorUserId="206" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T19:46:59.317" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T19:46:59.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="773" CreationDate="2015-05-01T21:46:18.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nature ran an article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/the-myopia-boom-1.17120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The myopia boom&lt;/a&gt; last month, focusing in the explosive increases in cases of myopia in many countries (with some Asian countries going from ~20% in 1940 to ~80% in 2010).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The precise cause is not determined with certainty, but there is a very good correlation between developing myopia and spending time indoors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers have consistently documented a strong association between measures of education and the prevalence of myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;one in five of the children had developed myopia, and the only environmental factor that was strongly associated with risk was time spent outdoors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;children who spent more time outside were not necessarily spending less time with books, screens and close work. “We had these children who were doing both activities at very high levels and they didn't become myopic,”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposed mechanism for this is the lack of light:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Retinal dopamine is normally produced on a diurnal cycle — ramping up during the day — and it tells the eye to switch from rod-based, nighttime vision to cone-based, daytime vision. Researchers now suspect that under dim (typically indoor) lighting, the cycle is disrupted, with consequences for eye growth. “If our system does not get a strong enough diurnal rhythm, things go out of control,” says Ashby, who is now at the University of Canberra. “The system starts to get a bit noisy and noisy means that it just grows in its own irregular fashion.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is the subject of on-going research, and not everyone agrees. Other factors &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; also play a part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some researchers think that the data to support the link need to be more robust. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[..]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He says that the greater viewing distances outside could affect myopia progression, too. “Light is not the only factor, and making it the explanation is a gross over-simplification of a complex process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="394" LastActivityDate="2015-05-01T21:46:18.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="806" CreationDate="2015-05-01T22:42:14.113" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;very brief&lt;/em&gt; review of an allergic response is in order so that the answer makes sense. Think of a linked chain of events here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &quot;allergen&quot; is something a person is allergic to, e.g., cat dander or pollen. When someone is exposed to an allergen, they either become allergic or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a susceptible individual, something in the allergen (called an antigen, usually a protein of some kind) causes the person's immune system to produce an antibody (or Immunoglubin, in this case Immunoglobin E, or IgE) to the antigen, which then circulates throughout the entire system. The individual is now considered &quot;sensitized&quot;. The IgE's bind to receptor sites on mast cell surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a sensitized individual is re-exposed to the antigen, the antigen binds to the IgE's changing the cell surface, triggering a response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mast cells, found in connective tissues throughout the body - but especially in mucus membranes and skin - make and store a molecule called histamine. When the antigen binds to the IgE's on the mast cell, the cell is &quot;signalled&quot; to release (among other things) histamine, a molecule which causes local capillaries to swell and leak fluid: the typical runny/stuffy nose, red/itchy/watering eyes, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's a basic allergic response involving histamine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the antihistamine doing something regarding his immune's system reaction or is it doing something about the symptoms? How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The antihistamine essentially blocks the effect of histamine on the capillaries. It doesn't decrease his immunity to the antigen (it doesn't stop IgE from being produced); it just treats the symptoms (stuffy nose, watery eyes, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will his immune system learn how to behave whilst taking antihistamines? Would the process of learning be better or worse for taking them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The antihistamine will have [little or]* no effect - either positive or negative - on his immune system. It is used only to make the allergic symptoms more tolerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zBKyE.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;The immune system is so incredibly complex, many things are still being worked out. I would not categorically rule out some kind of modulation, but for all intents and purposes, this is not what antihistamines are used for.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Image from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theasthmacenter.org/index.php/disease_information/asthma/what_is_asthma/definition_of_asthma/mediator_release/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Asthma Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2901408-4/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v18/n5/full/nm.2755.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;IgE and mast cells in allergic disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27112/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Janeway, &lt;em&gt;Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2811%2901408-4/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Histamine and H1-antihistamines: Celebrating a century of progress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T00:22:21.083" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T00:22:21.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T00:43:01.737" Score="6" ViewCount="1166" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend and I have a fairly well-rounded diet. We eat a lot of vegetables, beans, and grains, some dairy and a moderate amount of meat (maybe one serving per day). I would assume our diet to be at least as high in fiber as the average or recommended diet. We both eat at least 3 meals per day and often she eats a slightly larger meal than I do. I have a thin frame and hers is average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here's where we differ. I defecate generally once or sometimes twice per day, and my output is usually at least a foot long and floats. I think it looks pretty healthy. But she only defecates around once &lt;em&gt;every other day&lt;/em&gt; and it is only a relatively small amount of hard deer pebbles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does all her waste go? Does she have incredibly efficient enzymes that are making use of the roughage rather than tossing it out? Either way it doesn't seem very healthy for her stool to be so compact, but no amount of fruit or fiber bar eating seems to change the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="397" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:23:35.703" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T19:22:59.877" Title="Why does my girlfriend have such smaller stools when we eat the same food?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;defecation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1368" CreationDate="2015-05-02T04:10:30.983" Score="4" ViewCount="1929" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some dental calculus on the back of my mandibular incisors (bottom front teeth). Some of the calculus is beneath the gum line (I'm not sure how far), and the gums are starting to recede (very slightly). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ordered a set of dental picks and I am going to remove the calculus that is above the gumline, and I am wondering if this will help break down the deposits that are below the gumline. What will be the long-term effects of me only removing the calculus above the gumline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there any sort of mouthwash/rinse that I can use that will help break down thick deposits to make them easier to remove? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="398" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T03:02:55.380" Title="How does removal of calculus/tartar above the gum line affect deposits below gum line?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T05:53:52.903" Score="4" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The day time temperature ranges here from 41 to 43 degree Celsius. I have a white collar job and go to office on scooter with takes 30 minutes on one side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have low blood pressure. I take two packets of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laminatorsprinters.com%2Fimages%2FORS.jpg&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laminatorsprinters.com%2Fmedical-packaging.html&amp;amp;docid=qL3dS9QUWen5CM&amp;amp;tbnid=L3NsnJ0VRdCaKM%3A&amp;amp;w=400&amp;amp;h=300&amp;amp;ei=H2VEVaTeJob_UtK7gPAL&amp;amp;ved=0CAIQxiAwAA&amp;amp;iact=c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these salts&lt;/a&gt; daily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know if I have exceeded the oral rehydration salts daily dose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T05:53:52.903" Title="I have low blood pressure. How do I know if I have exceeded the oral rehydration salts daily dose?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T06:00:16.703" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;What should be preferred for oral rehydration out of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laminatorsprinters.com%2Fimages%2FORS.jpg&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laminatorsprinters.com%2Fmedical-packaging.html&amp;amp;docid=qL3dS9QUWen5CM&amp;amp;tbnid=L3NsnJ0VRdCaKM%3A&amp;amp;w=400&amp;amp;h=300&amp;amp;ei=H2VEVaTeJob_UtK7gPAL&amp;amp;ved=0CAIQxiAwAA&amp;amp;iact=c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;salts&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.in/Glucon-D-Plain-1-kg-Jar/dp/B00I4S9Q64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;glucose + vitamin D&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do both need to be taken in equal amounts? Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T06:00:16.703" Title="What should be prefered for oral rehydration out of salts and glucose?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-02T06:35:03.410" Score="3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a friend of mine who takes antidepressants regularly, and now he is kind of addicted to them. Will this cause any health problems for him? How about any long term side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T03:02:20.963" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T03:02:20.963" Title="Antidepressants and side effects" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-08T16:39:48.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="492" CreationDate="2015-05-02T07:17:50.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In March, journal &quot;Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience&quot; published three reviews in Article in Press -section related directly to this topic &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770439&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Ling et al. 2015, &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25758552&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Daneshvar et al. 2015, &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25748121&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gardner and Yaffe 2015)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is major epidemiological evidence stating the association between moderate or traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurogenerative diseases such as Alzheimers (AD) and Parkinsons disease (PD) (Gardner and Yaffe 2015). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several studies investigating association between one time MTBI and dementia. Schofield and co-coworkers stated &quot;Incident Alzheimer's disease was significantly associated with head injury which occurred within the preceding 30 years&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/62/2/119.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Schofield et al. 1997)&lt;/a&gt;. There have been many recent studies in this topic. Lee et al. stated &quot;TBI is an independent significant risk factor of developing dementia even in the mild type&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0062422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Lee al al. 2013)&lt;/a&gt;. Nordströn et al. stated &quot;In the present study, we found strong associations between YOD (young onset dementia) of non-AD forms and TBIs of different severity&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24812697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Nordström et al. 2014)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these studies are cited in recent literature review in which authors state &quot;Taken together, these studies suggest that there is likely a small, but significant, risk of dementia following a single MTBI that is not solely due to reverse-causation or confounding. It is likely, however, that younger adults may be more resilient or may take longer to develop dementia than older adults who sustain a MTBI&quot; (Gardner and Yaffe 2015).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CTE (Chronic traumatic encephalopathy) is a neurogenerative disease linked to exposure to repetitive MTBI &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. CTE has been associated with mood, behavior, cognitive, and/or motor symptoms (including parkinsonism and/or motor neuron disease). CTE is officially &lt;em&gt;a postmortem&lt;/em&gt; diagnosis. Prevalance of CTE among former professional American football players have ranged from 50% to 97%. In one study stage of CTE was associated to years of football exposure, &quot;lending weight to a true causal association&quot; (Gardner and Yaffe 2015). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so there is mounting evidence of the association between (repetitive) MTBI and neurogenerative diseases but there are many epidemiological (&quot;secular trends&quot;,&quot;reverse-causation&quot;) and study protocol related (clinical criteria for CTE, quantification of MTBI) issues which warrant further research in this topic. Authors of the recent review state &quot;Recently, large epidemiological studies have reported that MTBI and repetitive MTBI are also significant risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, but these associations are not yet aswell established and require further replication&quot; (Gardner and Yaffe 2015).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T07:38:45.520" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T07:38:45.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="865" CreationDate="2015-05-02T08:09:48.980" Score="11" ViewCount="389514" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for a person to at times feel their heart beat in their chest without actually placing their hand on their chest, while at other times not be able to (even though the pulse is strong, regular and consistent in both instances) or is this potentially a symptom of a cardiovascular disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T14:35:58.147" Title="Is it normal to feel your heart beat in your chest?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="789" CreationDate="2015-05-02T16:35:19.140" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would try a cordless keyboard and get used to using the mouse pad and keyboard shortcuts as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T16:35:19.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2015-05-02T16:37:39.887" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;My experience has been that when I, or someone in my family, gets chilled, this seems to increase the chance of coming down with a cold. I tried searching on google for this, and found &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2015/01/06/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, which says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in mouse airway cells, rhinovirus replicates preferentially at nasal cavity temperature due, in part, to a less efficient antiviral defense response of infected cells at cool temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pnas.org/content/112/3/827&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is the abstract of the study they were talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T02:11:24.100" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T02:11:24.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="819" CreationDate="2015-05-02T16:44:15.683" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's how poop gets made.  In the intestines, some molecules are removed and sent to where they need to go.  The leftovers collect and come out as poop.  The density of the poop is a function of the degree of moistness.  It seems that your poop is moister.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If she has a tendency to a slight bit of constipation, and wishes to remedy this, she could increase her roughage intake, and drink MORE WATER.  Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-constipation-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-constipation-prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2015-05-02T22:14:53.217" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T22:14:53.217" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="808" CreationDate="2015-05-02T20:03:57.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at this from the perspective of an infectious disease epidemiologist, the kind of person who often reads (and occasionally runs) studies of this type, I'm skeptical. A number of reasons why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The only results are a synopsis. More details and data are apparently available, but there is no manuscript, and their &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://trials.boehringer-ingelheim.com/transparency_policy/policy.html#accordion-1-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transparency Policy&lt;/a&gt;&quot; has a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; of caveats in it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's not a peer reviewed study.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Their treatment protocol is oddly variable - 4 mandatory days plus a possible additional six days based on...?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Again, since they're not providing tables, this gets a little frustrating to try to consider, but their treatment arm is fairly heavily skewed toward women - they claim it's similar in the control arm, but they won't show you how similar.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They fail at their primary endpoint, being the mean number of symptoms reported between the treatment and control. The mean number of symptoms are about half-a-symptom less between the treatment and control arms, but the result isn't statistically significant, they do some statistical adjustment I'm a little skeptical of - because they don't describe it - and they end up using somewhat...loose...language like &quot;was a strong trend in favour of Bisolviral®.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is all based on patient self-report of symptoms, and interestingly, there's &lt;em&gt;absolutely&lt;/em&gt; not an effect for self-reported assessment of efficacy between the treatment and control arms. Further, looking at viral load assays, there's also no &lt;em&gt;biological&lt;/em&gt; evidence that anything is happening.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find the specific language about the 92% claim you cite in your question, but my assessment of the overall evidence that this compound works would be &quot;Faint and preliminary, at best&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-05-02T20:03:57.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2015-05-03T00:31:17.313" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a pretty old old-wives tale, taking many forms: don't go out into the cold while it's raining, or without a hat, with wet hair, without a warm coat or scarf, without boots, etc., &quot;or you'll catch your death of cold.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The old wive's tale was immortalized by Jane Austin in her book, &lt;em&gt;Pride and Prejudice&lt;/em&gt;, when the heroine's sister Jane falls ill after getting a soaking in the rain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been studied extensively. A New York Times article describes one such uncomfortable-sounding study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the 1950's, Chicago researchers repeated the experiment on a larger scale with several hundred volunteers sitting in their socks and underwear in a 60-degree room before being inoculated with infectious mucus. Others, in coats, hats and gloves, spent two hours in a large freezer. The conclusion: all 253 chilled volunteers caught cold at exactly the same rate as 175 members of a warm control group. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, being cold had no effect on &lt;em&gt;catching&lt;/em&gt; a cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 1968 experiment studied the effect of (among other methods of chilling) a cold water bath at several stages during and after inoculation with rhinovirus (one of the many viruses responsible for the common cold). No effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet the studies continue, because anything shown to decrease the incidence of the common cold would be beneficial to the sufferers, as in the US alone, 75 to 100 million physician visits are due to the common cold, and millions of days are lost from school and work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what has never been proven is that getting chilled in any way causes one to come down with a cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/science/you-ll-catch-your-death-an-old-wives-tale-well.html&quot;&gt;'You'll Catch Your Death!' An Old Wives' Tale? Well...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm196810032791404&quot;&gt;Exposure to Cold Environment and Rhinovirus Common Cold — Failure to Demonstrate Effect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=effect+of+body+temperature+and+rhinovirus+infection&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C39&amp;amp;as_sdtp=&quot;&gt;Acute cooling of the body surface and the common cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T00:37:15.500" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T00:37:15.500" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T06:47:45.587" Score="3" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was using this spray meant to hasten recovery from the common cold. A study [1], sponsored by the pharmaceutical company that produces the spray, stated it reduced virus by 92% (this value only appear on the promotional material), and so shortens the duration of the common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile a doctor told me that these kinds of things don't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some &quot;similar&quot; studies [2,3, 4, 5 ,6] but I lack the competence to assert their value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does someone have some perspective on this? Are these believable studies? Was it well designed, and has it been duplicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, why wouldn't the pharmaceutical produced a certified and expensive drug instead of a no-prescription drug? I would think anything that would hasten common cold would get an enormous buzz (and profit...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01944631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01944631&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mrmjournal.com/content/9/1/57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mrmjournal.com/content/9/1/57&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819411&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819411&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[4] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923116/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923116/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[5] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25411637&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25411637&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[6] &lt;a href=&quot;http://respiratory-research.com/content/14/1/124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://respiratory-research.com/content/14/1/124&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="392" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T03:34:20.403" Title="Are these studies about red algae reducing cold virus by 92% believable?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-04T04:07:00.567" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T08:05:56.017" Score="4" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this genetic? On what factors does it depend whether I am going to have high or low blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T08:05:56.017" Title="Why do some people have high blood pressure and others have low, constantly?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="833" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="836" CreationDate="2015-05-03T08:09:44.257" Score="5" ViewCount="434" Body="&lt;p&gt;My BP is 87 by 69 as I post this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something which I can consume daily in a certain amount to keep my blood pressure normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there any other ways to increase the blood pressure naturally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="71" LastEditDate="2015-05-03T16:41:36.320" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T12:55:06.610" Title="What are the natural ways to increase the blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T08:15:01.533" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are results different for both the arms? Which arm should be prefered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T08:15:01.533" Title="When measuring blood pressure at home which arm should I prefer? Why?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T08:20:05.770" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I decide which blood pressure measuring device should I prefer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T08:20:05.770" Title="What are the types of blood pressure measuring devices available? What are their pros and cons?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="833" CreationDate="2015-05-03T10:59:15.733" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're saying that you have a low blood pressure and you're seeking to reestablish a phisiological value I would answer you that low blood pressure it's not a disease unless it's really too low, but this is something you should &lt;strong&gt;clarify with your doctor&lt;/strong&gt;. Also, if there's a disease, you should first cure the causes instead of lookin for functional foods to use as they were pills (=&amp;quot;I have X, I eat Y for this&amp;quot;). Again this is something to check with doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're asking which foods have the power to increase blood pressure, I would answer: &lt;strong&gt;salt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/27/3/481.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;liquorice&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11494093&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Then I suggest you to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;check a link&lt;/a&gt; that might be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T10:59:15.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T13:12:10.903" Score="10" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tobacco usage in the US (and the world) has impacted the lives of many.  It's use and health risks has been the subject of much discussion, controversy and legal action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the earliest research indicating tobacco products are addictive and/or harmful to the users health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:33:43.743" Title="What is the earliest research indicating tobacco products are addictive and/or harmful to the users health?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="838" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="933" CreationDate="2015-05-03T15:33:18.047" Score="6" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;At what blood pressure levels (either too high or too low) should I be alarmed and seek a doctor's advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T22:48:47.840" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T18:03:25.897" Title="What are too high and too low levels of blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1560" CreationDate="2015-05-03T15:37:04.673" Score="13" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard 120 by 80 is considered normal blood pressure.&#xA;What do these numbers indicate?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a science student. Please explain in non-complicated language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T03:28:51.027" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T11:11:51.130" Title="What do blood pressure readings indicate?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-03T15:40:44.293" Score="7" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why not the other body parts like legs? What are the reasons for preferring arms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T04:35:29.530" Title="Why are only arms used for measuring the blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="676" CreationDate="2015-05-03T19:18:00.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will not get into the possible association between your symptoms and treadmill or any possible etiologies regarding your symptoms. However, I am fairly certain that your numbness has nothing to do with your accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we are considering symptoms in limb and possible spinal injury the pathophysiology would be some kind of nerve or medullar compression in back causing symptoms in extremity. First of all, numbness you are feeling is not following any anatomical boundaries, ie. dermatomes &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1878388-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(eMedicine)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don´t specify exactly how you hurt yourself during the accident. For example, was there any forceful forward flexion in your lower back. Anyway, if you had injured your lower back in the accident, the most dreadful injury would have been a vertebral fracture. That would have been symptomatic instantly. We can rule that out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another likely outcome from the accident would have been some kind of injury or trauma to any of intervertebral discs in your lumbar region. Repetitive strain or forceful movement can cause deterioration of &lt;em&gt;annulus fibrosus&lt;/em&gt; in those discs &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. Weaking of &lt;em&gt;annulus fibrosus&lt;/em&gt; would result to disc herniation some time after the accident if another forceful movement is targeted to lower back &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/basics/definition/con-20029957&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(MayoClinic)&lt;/a&gt;. It is however &lt;em&gt;very unlikely&lt;/em&gt; that the time interval would be one and half years. A week or two would be very likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some other more uncommon reasons for radiculopathy in younger persons, but none of them are not a result from injury &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiculopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, I am fairly certain that your numbness is not due to the accident. Any form of neural damage or compression in peripheral nervous system is possible in your case but as far as the accident and possible injury to your lower back is considered, I will stick to the aforementioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-05-03T19:18:00.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="815" CreationDate="2015-05-04T01:08:53.247" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an old wives tale. Being cold in and off itself will not cause you to catch a cold because a cold is viral. &lt;a href=&quot;http://io9.com/does-being-cold-make-you-more-susceptible-to-catching-c-510314172&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, being cold for a long time can lower your immune response and if your system was already fighting a cold then symptoms may present that were not needed before. This is because your scored an own goal when you lowered your immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that possible miss-attribution aside (you already had a cold but did not know it) no, being cold will not cause you to become ill... unless you stay so cold that your body starts to shut down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] found that the cells stored at 98.6 degrees launched a more robust immune attack than the ones at 91 degrees. &lt;a href=&quot;http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2015/01/06/catch-cold-being-cold/#more-9526&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1411030112&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study at the Common Cold Centre in Cardiff found that people who chilled their feet in cold water for 20 minutes were twice as likely to develop a cold as those who didn't chill their feet. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/coldsandflu/Pages/Preventionandcure.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="411" LastEditorUserId="411" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T13:39:08.770" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T13:39:08.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="839" CreationDate="2015-05-04T03:26:51.913" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two numbers indicate different amounts of pressure (measured in millimeters of mercury) in the arteries at different times in the cardiac cycle. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Cardiac_Cycle&quot;&gt;cardiac cycle&lt;/a&gt; just refers to the different phases during a single beat of the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The top number is called the “systolic blood pressure.” That’s because it corresponds to the phase of the cardiac cycle called “systole,” from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsustolh%2F&quot;&gt;the Greek word for “contraction.”&lt;/a&gt; That is when the ventricles of the heart are squeezing out the blood. During this phase, the pressure in the arteries is higher because the blood is being pumped into them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom number is called the “diastolic blood pressure.” It corresponds to the phase of the cardiac cycle called “diastole,” from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddiastolh%2F&quot;&gt;the Greek word for “a separation.”&lt;/a&gt; This is the time in between the heart beats when the ventricle is relaxing. Because the blood is not actively being pushed into the vessels, this number is always lower. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Cardiac_Cycle&quot;&gt;This physiology textbook&lt;/a&gt; has a good explanation of the cardiac cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case by “what do the numbers indicate?” you intended something about clinical outcomes, I will speak to that briefly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12698068&quot;&gt;People argue about&lt;/a&gt; whether systolic or diastolic blood pressure is a more important during treatment of high blood pressure. The answer probably varies according to age, among other factors. The most widely used (in the US) &lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497&quot;&gt;consensus guidelines&lt;/a&gt; state;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is strong evidence to support treating hypertensive persons aged 60 years or older to a BP goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg and hypertensive persons 30 through 59 years of age to a diastolic goal of less than 90 mm Hg; however, there is insufficient evidence in hypertensive persons younger than 60 years for a systolic goal, or in those younger than 30 years for a diastolic goal, so the panel recommends a BP of less than 140/90 mm Hg for those groups based on expert opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T03:26:51.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="831" CreationDate="2015-05-04T03:34:20.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One might wonder why they gave an ambiguous and questionably relevant figure like &quot;reduces virus by 92%&quot; rather than saying &quot;people recovered more quickly&quot; or something like that. The answer is that in reference 1, which used real-world measures of cold severity and duration, the drug was a total failure. You can see this by looking on the results tab at the &quot;95% confidence interval.&quot; This is intended to represent a range of plausible values for the true effect of the drug, extrapolating from the sample of people that was studied (it gives a range of values because you can never know the exact value -- due to random chance, the people who were included in a study won't perfectly represent the entire population of people who might use the drug). By scientific convention, if the 95% confidence interval includes zero, the evidence isn't strong enough to say that the drug has an effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study looked at several outcomes, including patients' ratings of their symptoms, their impression of whether the drug worked, and the duration of their cold. For the first four outcomes, the confidence interval includes zero. For #5, duration of the cold, they don't report that kind of confidence interval, but they report a p-value which tells you the same thing (if p&gt;.05, then by convention the evidence is not strong enough). For #6 they used a test where the critical value for the confidence interval is 1 and not 0. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the clinical trial of this particular drug gives us little reason to believe that it works. That doesn't mean that it &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; work, but they certainly haven't made a convincing case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="236" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T03:34:20.403" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-04T06:23:04.980" Score="3" ViewCount="467" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I get my hemoglobin tested, I am always below average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctors here say that the &quot;average&quot; has been calculated according to values from western countries, and that they don't apply to, for example, people in India; that even if you have a below-average hemoglobin, you are pretty safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish to know if plasma hemoglobin is dependent on the region you live in, and if is it true that the average rate for populations in western countries may not be applicable for Indians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T06:31:12.827" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T20:06:20.157" Title="Does a person's healthy hemoglobin level vary from country to country?" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="852" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="854" CreationDate="2015-05-04T06:51:28.830" Score="4" ViewCount="14182" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-treatment&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/heart/understanding-low-blood-pressure-treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Are the Treatments for Low Blood Pressure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Avoid prolonged exposure to hot water, such as hot showers and spas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What has hot shower to do with low blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T18:43:09.217" Title="What has hot shower to do with low blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-04T08:47:05.163" Score="4" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have back problems and need to work on my posture, one element is the lower ab to 'pull' my lower back into a more upright position (I tend to fall into a hollow back).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I ask about activation, I mean this: get the relevant muscles to stay tense and active for a long time after the workout so that my posture stays OK with less conscious effort. What is a training modality or exercise to achieve this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mostly looking at planks and kneeling ab-wheel rollouts as exercises that have, I think, a more max-strength focus for me but I also occasionally do exercises with a stronger strength-endurance focus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I prioritize one over the other to achieve muscle activation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/19556/best-way-to-achieve-muscle-activation-in-the-lower-abs&quot;&gt;I've asked this on fitness&lt;/a&gt; but it may be appropriate here, too)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T04:29:01.630" Title="How can I achieve long term activation of the lower back to improve my posture?" Tags="&lt;back&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="852" CreationDate="2015-05-04T09:27:04.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the body is exposed to hot temperatures, the normal response of the body is  dilation of the peripheral blood vessels so that the heat energy in the blood can be released into the external environment, increasing the rate at which the body cools down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This dilatation also leads to decreased peripheral vascular resistance (blood pooling in the extremities, for instance), and thus a decrease in blood pressure.  Thus if one already suffers from low blood pressure, exposure to hot environments may temporarily exacerbate the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/courses/1230jbasey/abstracts%202007/17.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/courses/1230jbasey/abstracts%202007/17.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T18:43:09.217" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T18:43:09.217" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="861" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:41:04.573" Score="5" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a person is bitten by a dog infected with rabies what are the first aid measures that must be taken? And within how much time should the person consult a doctor? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T18:11:14.357" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T18:11:14.357" Title="First aid for a rabies dog bite" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="872" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:44:01.310" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the symptoms that show up in the person who is infected by rabies, and how much time will it take for these symptoms to show up? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T18:12:09.587" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T18:12:09.587" Title="What are the symptoms of rabies?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="857" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="871" CreationDate="2015-05-04T10:46:58.617" Score="1" ViewCount="2240" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the rabies disease contagious, that is can it spread from one human to other by means of sharing food?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, through what means does can spread, and  what are the measures and precautions that must be taken to avoid the spreading of the disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T18:09:56.010" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T18:09:56.010" Title="Is rabies contagious?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="855" CreationDate="2015-05-04T12:16:22.017" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wound cleansing&lt;/strong&gt; is especially important when bitten, as it has been shown to remarlably reduce the risk of infections from animal bites in general, and in some animal studies, the likelihood of rabies infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This treatment should be immediate: irrigate with water or diluted water povidone-iodine solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should consult a doctor as soon as possible. Animal bites are, by themselves, potentially very serious puncture wounds, and have the potential for a number of other infections beyond simply rabies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Post-exposure vaccination&lt;/strong&gt; - For people who have never been vaccinated against rabies previously, post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination should always include administration of &lt;strong&gt;both passive antibody and vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, post-exposure prophylaxis consists of a regimen of one dose of immune globulin and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period. Rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine should be given by your health care provider as soon as possible after exposure. Additional doses or rabies vaccine should be given on days 3, 7, and 14 after the first vaccination. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/medical_care/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Rabies: Medical Care&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Rabies: When should I seek medical attention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T01:53:53.713" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T01:53:53.713" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="549" CreationDate="2015-05-04T12:19:25.710" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;We should clarify some terms here. Scoliosis &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; a deformation, but Lordosis and kyphosis are not. The latter two are normal structural parts of human spine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to your question, we don´t know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether the pathogenesis of scoliosis is poorly established and mostly unknown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In adolescent scoliosis, it seems that presence of scoliosis is mostly associated to genetic factors &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293085/pdf/1748-7161-6-26.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Burwell et al.)&lt;/a&gt;. 97% of patients presenting with adolescent scoliosis have a positive familial history &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566252/pdf/11832_2012_Article_458.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Dayer et al.)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent review article sums the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of scoliosis (Dayer et al.). The interactions in molecular level, brain, vestibular system and in structural biomechanics are extremely complex and authors conclude quite fairly: &quot;Many factors are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of adolescent scoliosis, leading some authors to formulate a complex collective model from these different concepts.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so there is not currently any explicit evidence which would state the harms of any static risk factors (sleeping) affecting to development of scoliosis. Partly due to this vagueness I think the debate regarding risk of scoliosis is prone to bias and emotional &quot;truths&quot; and wisdoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a recent population level study, authors found that sleeping in hammock was inversely associated to scoliosis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340998/pdf/je-25-212.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Baroni et al.)&lt;/a&gt;. Still, it's possible that this study failed to take into account the possibility that children with scoliosis might be less likely to sleep in a hammock because of possible back pain in the morning. Correlation (or inverse correlation) does not imply causation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-05-06T21:51:26.720" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T21:51:26.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="825" CreationDate="2015-05-04T12:34:14.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is known as Palpitations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palpitations&lt;/strong&gt; are feelings or sensations that your heart is pounding or racing. They can be felt in your chest, throat, or neck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Palpitations are not serious most of the time. Sensations representing an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) may be more serious.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following conditions make you more likely to have an abnormal heart rhythm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Known heart disease at the time the palpitations begin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Significant risk factors for heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An abnormal heart valve&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An electrolyte abnormality in your blood&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Causes&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Anxiety, stress, panic attack, or fear, caffeine intake, nicotine intake, cocaine or other illegal drugs.&#xA;However, some palpitations are due to an abnormal heart rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When to call a doctor&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If you have never had heart palpitations before, see your health care provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of alertness (consciousness)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chest pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortness of breath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unusual sweating,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dizziness or light-headedness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T12:34:14.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="825" CreationDate="2015-05-04T18:04:10.710" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it normal for a person to at times feel their heart beat in their chest without actually placing their hand on their chest, while at other times not be able to...? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, people do not feel their heart beating in their chest at rest. It is one of those things similar to breathing - it's happening, but we're not often aware of it (which is good as it might be very distracting otherwise.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, an alteration in the steady background of the beating heart is often perceived. Sometimes the alteration is due to increased rate or force of contractions. If so, the sensation of feeling your heart beating (normally under the circumstances) is called &lt;em&gt;physiological palpitations&lt;/em&gt; (i.e. normal.) If they are a result of an &quot;abnormal&quot; rate or rhythm, the phenomenon is known as &quot;palpitations&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In normal resting conditions, the activity of the heart is generally not perceived by the individual. However, during or immediately after intense physical activity or emotional stress, it may be quite normal to become aware of one's own heartbeat for brief periods; these sensations are regarded as physiological palpitations, in that they represent the normal or expected response to a certain challenge or activity leading to an increase in the frequency and strength of the contraction of the heart. Outside of such situations, instead, palpitations are perceived as abnormal.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sensory mechanisms responsible for palpitation are unknown.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we do know, though, is that if the heart beats faster or more forcefully, we do feel this, both in our chest, and in our necks, as exemplified in the expression, &quot;my heart rose into my throat.&quot; We have baroreceptors in major blood vessels in our neck; when more blood is pushed into our arteries by a forceful beat, there is an awareness of increased pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Palpitations are a symptom defined as awareness of the heartbeat and are described by patients as a disagreeable sensation of pulsation or movement in the chest and/or adjacent areas.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more forceful contraction means more blood is pumped in that heart cycle. This can happen if suddenly stressed (e.g. you're speeding and you see a police car pull into your lane behind you); the adrenaline increases both the rate and the force of your heartbeat.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, when you have a premature ventricular contraction, or PVC. The first beat is early; this allows the next cycle to have a longer &quot;filling time&quot;, and the resultant more forceful contraction will be felt. Medically speaking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In cases of isolated extrasystoles, the augmented post-extrasystolic beat may be felt in place of, or in addition to, the premature beat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have an irregular heartbeat - the weaker ones will not be felt, but the more forceful ones will. This often is perceived as a fluttering in the chest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, some people are just more sensitive to their heart beat. This also occurs in hypervigilant states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202/&quot;&gt;1 Palpitations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europace.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/7/920&quot;&gt;2 Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-04T23:49:29.490" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T23:49:29.490" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-04T19:23:55.793" Score="7" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandmother has has type 1 diabetes for more than 25 years (she's now 79 years old). My mother died when I was a kid, so I don't have any information about her health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know my what are my chances of getting diabetes and how can I prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="417" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T14:18:22.943" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T17:13:59.210" Title="Chances of getting diabetes type 1?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-04T19:30:54.797" Score="9" ViewCount="1519" Body="&lt;p&gt;I broke my elbow (radial head fracture, approximately 13 months ago). A year after the accident it still hurt during some activities (such as riding my bicycle), so I returned to the orthopedist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The orthopedist gave me a cortisone shot and told me to make sure I ride my bicycle and report back in a month how my elbow feels. A month after the injection, my elbow is not in the same condition that it was in before the injury, but I no longer experience stabbing pain when I ride my bicycle (it feels numb and tired).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The orthopedist declared the cortisone shot a successful treatment and said that I should continue riding my bicycle and practicing yoga, and perhaps start lifting weights as well because improving my strength will help. He said that if it starts hurting again, to come in and get another shot. As long as I don't get the cortisone shots more than annually he doesn't see that there will be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm 35 years old, and hope to be active for a LONG time. An annual cortisone shot is still a lot of cortisone. What are the long term risks of repeated injections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="62" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T21:10:09.687" Title="What are the long term health risks from repeated cortisone injections?" Tags="&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="851" CreationDate="2015-05-04T20:06:20.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be precise, one needs to know what &quot;normal&quot; means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Normal&lt;/em&gt; is actually a function of two measurements (for example, hemoglobin level and number of people sampled with said hemoglobin level). This generates a bell-shaped curve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graph of the normal distribution gives us both the mean and standard deviations from the mean. If the standard deviation is large, the curve is shorter and wider. If the standard deviation is small, the curve is taller and narrower. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if one measured 500 American males at 30 years of age who were 5'10 inches tall, your curve would look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sqNgF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where zero (the mean) might be 177 pounds. Including one standard deviation above and below the mean would represent ~68% of the population. Some will be thin, some will be heavy; they will fall outside this 68%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the same measurements were taken in Africa, for instance, where there is a difference in diet and body habitus, then the mean might be 134 pounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, it is possible to have different &quot;normals&quot; for different countries. However, that does not mean the same thing as &quot;healthy&quot; or &quot;optimum&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By and large, human beings are human beings, and what is regarded as healthy for an average person in Europe should be the same for an average person in India. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are exceptions, for example, sherpas in Nepal have a lower number of red blood cells compared to lowlanders who must accommodate themselves to lower oxygen in the highlands by making more red blood cells. This is a result of selection for a gene that regulates red blood cell production in the low oxygen of the highlands, with other compensatory mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T20:06:20.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="857" CreationDate="2015-05-04T22:07:27.090" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, rabies is most definitely contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most &lt;em&gt;common&lt;/em&gt; route of infection is from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bite of an infected animal&lt;/a&gt;, which introduces virus-laden saliva to the victim. It's also possible, though much less likely, to be exposed to infective saliva in the eyes, nose and mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC claims that a person-to-person transmission of the virus via bite is theoretically possible, but has not been documented:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/exposure.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;...bite and non-bite exposures inflicted by infected humans could theoretically transmit rabies, but no such cases have been documented&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has however been person-to-person transmission of the virus through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5327.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;organ transplants&lt;/a&gt;, also documented &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa043018&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of avoiding spreading the disease, the routes of transmission suggest several clear methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding contact with wild animals, or domestic animals in rabies endemic areas showing signs of infection, such as hydrophobia or aggressive behavior.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vaccinating animal populations to interrupt transmission of the virus within wildlife.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/medical_care/vaccine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Postexposure prophylaxis&lt;/a&gt; for people who have come in contact with a potentially infectious animal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Screening of organ donors for rabies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:07:27.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="856" CreationDate="2015-05-04T22:22:15.347" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with many viral diseases, the symptoms begin &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;very similar to those for influenza&lt;/a&gt;, including weakness and discomfort, general malaise, fever and headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The acute period for rabies generally lasts from 2 to 10 days, and may involve itching or prickling at the site of the bite (notwithstanding the symptoms of having been bitten) and then progress to a number of serious neurological symptoms, including anxiety, confusion, agitation, delirium, hallucinations and insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that once these clinical signs appear, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/60.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the survival rate for the disease approaches 0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:22:15.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="837" CreationDate="2015-05-04T22:33:43.743" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It very much depends on what you mean by evidence, but if you're talking about major studies that produced meaningful results that actually captured people's attention, &lt;a href=&quot;http://smm.sagepub.com/content/7/2/87.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;it was a series of case-control studies in 1950&lt;/a&gt;'s, followed by a fair amount of more intensive research in the late 1950's and early 1960's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a somewhat technical paper, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Citation/2010/01000/On_the_Origin_of_Risk_Relativism.2.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; describes both some of the early results, the medical research community's reactions to them, and the broader impacts on medical research as a field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-05-04T22:33:43.743" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="874" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3576" CreationDate="2015-05-05T02:57:02.480" Score="22" ViewCount="977" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started flossing regularly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm not sure if I'm doing it right because sometimes my gums bleed. If I floss the right way, should it never bleed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from bleeding, how can I know if flossing makes a positive effect? What should I notice in 2 weeks time? How about 4 weeks? 3 months? 1 year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="420" LastEditorUserId="420" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T03:09:02.600" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T02:36:32.983" Title="How do I know if I'm flossing correctly?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-05T03:01:51.877" Score="23" ViewCount="1565" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started using a mouthwash recently (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/874/how-do-i-know-if-im-flossing-correctly&quot;&gt;Yes, I recently started taking care of my teeth more&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've read that (I'll link when I find the article again) mouthwashing everyday doesn't really help as much as doing it everyday for 2 weeks, taking a break, then using it for another 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How often should I use mouthwash, and are there any consequences to doing it everyday?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="420" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T13:37:03.633" Title="How often should I use mouthwash?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="881" CreationDate="2015-05-05T10:32:49.793" Score="6" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are medicines for gas that you can give to children.  How do they work? They are sold (in the US) over the counter indicating they are of low health risk, but are there any issues if to much is consumed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; I was not aware that there may be multiple solutions.  I am asking about the Simethicone types with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.littleremedies.com/natural-remedies/stomach-gas-remedies/gas-relief-drops/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Little Tummys&lt;/a&gt; being the brand name. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2015-05-06T12:14:15.150" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T12:14:15.150" Title="How do anti-gas remedies work?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-05T15:16:45.913" Score="4" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it be bad to get pregnant a month after getting a root canal?  Are there any negative effects from the anesthesia, etc.? If so, how long should we wait after the root canal before trying?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="422" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T15:20:55.597" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T22:54:20.617" Title="Root canal before trying to get pregnant" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="877" CreationDate="2015-05-05T15:55:41.400" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The anesthetics used for the root canal are not very long lasting. An example of the longer-acting local anesthetics is Bupivacaine. The average half-life of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride in adults is 2.7 hours (that is, within 2.7 hours, half of the total dose absorbed is metabolized. In people with liver  or renal failure, it may be longer, as it is metabolized by the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While various factors may increase or decrease the half-life of bupivacaine, it is exceedingly unlikely that there will be any bupivicaine left in her system a week from having a root canal, let alone a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the exact drug(s) used by her dentist may differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/documents/Bupivacaine.pdf&quot;&gt;Bupivacaine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-05T22:54:20.617" LastActivityDate="2015-05-05T22:54:20.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T01:51:27.703" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find an open source collection of pediatric inpatient discharge best practices using the current Cerner EMR? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="426" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T01:51:27.703" Title="Pediatric inpatient discharge best practices" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="876" CreationDate="2015-05-06T10:23:10.933" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot speak of all possible gas medicines. But there is a class of them which is indeed low risk and over the counter. These are silicones, and they work in a purely mechanical way, not getting absorbed by the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These silicones are the same stuff which you get in hair conditioner. They are quite inert chemically, and all they do is to change the surface tension of the liquid it is dissolved in - it becomes slippery, and if gas is pumped into it, it cannot form a bubble. As a result, it does not foam. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bacteria in your intestine presumably continue to produce gas, but it quickly passes to its now-slippery contents, instead of being trapped and expanding them like the head of a poured beer. It does not exert painful, rumbling pressure anymore, and exits the intestine in small, less noticeable portions instead of creating mini-explosions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a reference, you can see this patent describing the mechanism of action of simethicone tablets: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/patents/US5612054&quot;&gt;http://www.google.com/patents/US5612054&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T10:23:10.933" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T12:07:00.330" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working out, and I would like to make sure that I am taking in enough protein. I am a 21 year old male, and I do about an hour to an hour and a half of daily cardio type exercise. I currently weigh 85 kg (187 lbs) at 5'6&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know how much protein should I be taking per day, and is there any problem or advantage in taking spirulina as tablets rather than in powder form?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="427" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-05-06T18:56:04.580" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T10:01:19.237" Title="Protein and Spirulina" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-06-27T14:28:18.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="833" CreationDate="2015-05-06T12:55:06.610" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Increase your caffeine intake&lt;/strong&gt;-&#xA;Caffeine can cause a short, but dramatic increase in your blood pressure, even if you don't have high blood pressure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-pressure/faq-20058543&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reference article&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="429" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T12:55:06.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="889" CreationDate="2015-05-06T17:46:33.847" Score="3" ViewCount="15573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though I eat a lot food, my hands are very thin but I have a pot-belly.  I eat 3/4 KG of rice daily which is more than normal but I still don't gain weight in my hands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the cause of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please don't suggest to do hand related exercises because I see that most people don't do exercises, yet still gain weight in their hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T04:42:37.677" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T10:42:09.920" Title="Why my hands are thin and stomach has a lot of fat" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-07T19:39:44.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="888" CreationDate="2015-05-06T19:17:28.713" Score="9" ViewCount="6423" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the &lt;em&gt;Sugars&lt;/em&gt; category not have a %DV column on US &lt;em&gt;Nutrition Facts&lt;/em&gt; Labels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Nutrition Facts labels in the US, almost every major category of nutrient has a daily value. Sugars, which appears in many foods, has no daily value recommendation. I find this rather surprising, especially because of how much sugar impacts the nutritional value of a food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="435" LastEditorUserId="435" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T15:52:05.530" LastActivityDate="2020-12-02T05:10:46.537" Title="Why is the percentage of daily value for sugar omitted on US Nutrition Facts labels?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-06T19:56:44.117" Score="4" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to devise therapies for a child with writing difficulties.&#xA;This child has developmental coordination disorder (DCD), therefor he has problems with his fine motor skills. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to treat this child using neuromotor task training, but I struggle to integrate this therapy into fun games. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought about using a sandbox and having the child draw circles using a stick. But I struggle with finding a way I could make it more or less difficult for the child.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="436" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T01:08:19.443" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T01:08:19.443" Title="How to devise therapies using neuromotor task training for a child with writing problems?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="886" CreationDate="2015-05-06T20:09:54.077" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm274593.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the FDA website&lt;/a&gt;, no daily reference value has been established for sugars because no recommendations have been made for the total amount of sugar to eat in a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that the sugar values listed do not distinguish between naturally occurring and added sugars because it is not a chemically meaningful distinction. So unlike nutritional information about vitamins, proteins, fats, etc, there really is no level of &quot;recommended sugar&quot; that would make a good blanket statement for everyone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Claims that high consumption of added sugars harmful to your health is an extremely complicated subject. It's not that the sugar itself is inherently harmful due to any of its chemical properties, it's just that added sugar tends to be in products that have extremely high fat and high calorie content and are easy to consume in large quantities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So saying to avoid foods high in added sugars is good general advice, but labeling products to indicate that you should consume {x} amount of sugar per day was &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; a piece of nutritional guidance the FDA was prepared to make in that labeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29" LastEditorUserId="29" LastEditDate="2018-07-08T08:37:58.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-08T08:37:58.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="884" CreationDate="2015-05-06T20:24:01.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;People tend to gain weight around the abdomen and hips because we generally have many more millions out fat cells in those areas and very few in the hands. It is possible to gain weight in your hands, but it is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; possible to target weight gain in &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; your hands. Weight gain and weight loss happens systemically; that is, that your entire body gains and loses weight at the same time in proportion to the amount of fat cells in that part of your body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the disproportionate amount of fat cells in your abdominal region compared to your hands, I'm afraid you are just built that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="29" LastActivityDate="2015-05-06T20:24:01.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T07:44:29.130" Score="4" ViewCount="1315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the combination skin. Skin becomes visibly red after threading the upper lips. What is the way to get rid of the redness that appears on the skin immediately after threading the upper lips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T12:50:27.603" Title="What is the way to get rid of the redness that appears on the skin immediately after threading the upper lips?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T08:28:59.697" Score="8" ViewCount="1046" Body="&lt;p&gt;Daily heavy alcohol users frequently experience a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0315/p1443.html&quot;&gt;withdrawal syndrome&lt;/a&gt; if they suddenly stop drinking. I’m pretty confident that 2 standard drinks per day is rarely enough to trigger withdrawal, and those who drink 8-10/day almost always experience some withdrawal, but I’m not clear on where the line is. I realize there is a lot of inter-individual variability in this, but I’m wondering if it has been investigated systematically. The duration of use clearly also affect this.* &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, I would like to see a 3D graph showing the likelihood of withdrawal (at some threshold level of severity) according to daily dosage and length of exposure. Not being confident that this exists, any studies looking into the threshold daily intake required to trigger withdrawal would be welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*There’s also a (somewhat controversial) concept known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/25-34.pdf&quot;&gt;‘kindling’&lt;/a&gt; whereby repeated detox attempts may cause worsening of withdrawal, but for the purpose of this question I’m assuming a first detox attempt.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-07T10:33:17.707" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T02:29:39.313" Title="How much alcohol intake is required to trigger withdrawal?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="931" CreationDate="2015-05-07T09:19:47.087" Score="9" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a vegan or vegetarian diet help people treat their diabetes, or at least have a positive effect on them? Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T04:36:41.890" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T08:25:46.280" Title="Can vegan or vegetarian diets have a positive effect on people with diabetes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T09:56:04.370" Score="5" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some relatives of mine have low blood sugar. Doctor told them to eat table sugar whenever they get a feel of low blood sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK table sugar is not good for health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are the natural and healthy ways to increase blood sugar?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T09:04:40.877" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T09:04:40.877" Title="What are the natural and healthy ways to increase blood sugar?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="917" CreationDate="2015-05-07T10:09:26.303" Score="9" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does it even matter if I measure my blood pressure at night or in morning or during lunch time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best time of the day to measure blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T15:41:06.930" Title="Is there a best time of the day to measure blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="452" CreationDate="2015-05-07T12:49:57.347" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you get infected your immune system gets damaged a little because it is already being engaged in fighting the existing disease. Its priority will be to fight the disease completely but not maintain a good level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a little extra amount of work is required to increase the optimum immunity level in your body. That is why people say, you need to be safe from falling prone to attract new diseases when already infected (like don't have cool drinks etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keeping immunity levels to the peak &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; is the best advice and it has to be done constantly not only being conscious when you're affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from only having foods which have positive effects on immunity e.g. essential Vitamins like C, A, D etc. our daily lifestyle also matters a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways to answer your specific question, &quot;what to do when you're ill?&quot;, WebMD has drafted a good article and check list which has to be made sure we follow always. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/10-immune-system-busters-boosters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6 Immune System Busters &amp;amp; Boosters&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. You're short on sleep.&#xA;2. You don't exercise.&#xA;3. Your diet is off.&#xA;4. You're always stressed.&#xA;5. You're too isolated.&#xA;6. You've lost your sense of humor.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cutting down each one of the culprits should help. Please follow the link for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="747" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T12:49:57.347" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="900" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1577" CreationDate="2015-05-07T18:24:27.273" Score="3" ViewCount="9194" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an article about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.curemanual.com/detox-protocols-and-treatments/kidney-cleansing/how-to-make-avocado-leaves-tea-for-kidney-cleansing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how to make avocado leaves tea for kidney cleansing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Toxicity_to_animals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's page regarding avocado,&lt;/a&gt; states that &quot;avocado leaves are documented to be harmful to animals.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this imply avocado tea would be harmful to humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, are there any health benefits of avocado tea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T22:17:20.457" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T13:16:41.023" Title="Is avocado leaf tea potentially harmful to humans?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="904" CreationDate="2015-05-07T17:49:12.097" Score="8" ViewCount="1809" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to more fully understand a pathologist report and do not know what &quot;Prognostic Significance&quot; means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Estrogen Receptor&#xA;Result: 80% positive&#xA;Prognostic Significance: Favorable&#xA;Reference Range: &amp;gt; 1%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="444" OwnerDisplayName="Jason Geiger" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T11:24:49.463" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T11:24:49.463" Title="What does &quot;prognostic significance&quot; mean exactly?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-07T21:20:52.637" Score="11" ViewCount="1632" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a type-2 diabetic on oral medications (not insulin). On the recommendation of a relative, I started using rock salt in my food. Now, I have few questions on consumption of rock salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Primarily, I was told that rock salt will cut down on my sodium. Is that correct?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I was told that alternatives to common salt are heavy in potassium, which is bad, especially for diabetics as they might suffer from kidney related diseases. Is that true in the case of rock salt?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the composition of rock salt? Does it contain iodine? I am not sure about other countries, but iodine is a common element found in all salts sold in India, as Indians are found to be deficient in iodine, and salt is the cheapest way to get iodine to the population.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.greencart.in/shop/Organic-Tattva-Rock-Salt---Natural-500-gm-Pouch-cid-316-pid-7180-product&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="438" LastEditorUserId="162" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T00:17:47.823" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T07:17:59.140" Title="What is rock salt? Is it helpful for diabetics?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="901" CreationDate="2015-05-07T23:49:43.600" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it would be helpful if we knew what sort of pathology report this was, I surmise that it is likely describing analysis of a biopsy or surgically removed tissue specimen from a breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In breast cancer, &lt;a href=&quot;http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/16/6/494&quot;&gt;it has long been known&lt;/a&gt; that some but not all tumors express hormone receptors, particularly estrogen and progesterone. Although the mechanism is complicated, the basic idea is that estrogen can bind to the cells in the tumor and make it grow faster. For this reason, people with tumors expressing the estrogen receptor are often treated with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-treating-hormone-therapy&quot;&gt;hormonal therapy&lt;/a&gt; that blocks that hormonal stimulation. In pre-menopausal women, this is usually &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682414.html&quot;&gt;tamoxifen&lt;/a&gt; or a related drug, which blocks the receptors directly. In post-menopausal women, a class of drugs called aromatase inhibitors (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a696018.html&quot;&gt;anastrozole&lt;/a&gt;, letrozole, etc.) that block estrogen production are used. The important piece to note is that only tumors that express estrogen receptors respond to this type of hormonal treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Partly because of the availability of these hormonal treatments, and perhaps partly due to the biology of the tumors themselves, breast cancer that expresses estrogen receptors &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cihrt.nl.ca/exhibits/June%2023%20O%20Malley%20Exhibits/P-1720_Article%20entitled%20regarding%20Adjuvant%20Endocrine%20Therapy%20in%20Breast%20Cancer.PDF&quot;&gt;tends to have a better &lt;em&gt;prognosis&lt;/em&gt; than estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Prognosis&lt;/em&gt; can refer to a variety of outcomes; in cancer studies it’s usually either survival or cancer-free survival. Patients with estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer &lt;strong&gt;tend to fare better&lt;/strong&gt; than those with estrogen-receptor negative tumors. Another way of stating that is: &lt;strong&gt;the presence of the estrogen-receptor has a &lt;em&gt;favorable prognostic significance.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathology report (if I’ve got the context correct!) is saying that most (80%) of the cells in the specimen expressed the estrogen receptor. It then comments that this is known to be a favorable finding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-05-07T23:49:43.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="892" CreationDate="2015-05-08T03:07:57.260" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that you will find a definitive answer on this, unfortunately. There are too many factors on an individual basis to make it a blanket kind of projection. The closest that I found for any kind of writeup that addresses it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1540391/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this published article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pertinent part of that is this section here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How Much Alcohol Must Be Ingested (and over what period) for a Person to Develop Alcohol Dependence and to Be at Risk for Alcohol Withdrawal?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no absolute relationship between pattern of alcohol use and the risks of physiologic dependence and withdrawal, which most likely reflects the significant number of variables, in addition to duration and quantity of alcohol use, that can contribute to dependence and withdrawal risk for a given individual. Some of these additional variables include age, medical comorbidities (such as hepatic dysfunction), concomitant medication use, and seizure threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been easier to quantify the risk of benzodiazepine withdrawal, based on degree of benzodiazepine use (even though benzodiazepines act at the same receptor as does alcohol and are cross-reactive with it). For example, daily use of 20 mg of diazepam for 3 weeks or longer is believed to be sufficient to induce physiologic dependence.&lt;a href=&quot;http://Gonzales%20JJ,%20Stern%20TA,%20and%20Emmerich%20AD.%20et%20al.%20Recognition%20and%20management%20of%20benzodiazepine%20dependence.%20Am%20Fam%20Phys.%201992%2045:2269%E2%80%932276&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; However, the shorter half-life of alcohol (1–2 hours) has made similar predictions elusive in the case of alcohol abuse. In general, any suspicion of daily alcohol use over several weeks or more, regardless of quantity, should raise concern over possible alcohol withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, while you can make some possible predictions, you may just have to look at the drinking history pattern and project from that, and make preparations for withdrawal symptoms to occur in cases of extended consumption, even if it the first time the patient has consumed in that manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the preparations, there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/05-12.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; which addresses the clinical features, assessment and management of AWS (Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T03:07:57.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15679" CreationDate="2015-05-08T17:25:34.930" Score="12" ViewCount="2632" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there are natural substances to boost testosterone levels? WebMD has an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/features/can-you-boost-testosterone-naturally&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about boosting testosterone, but it's mainly about managing lifestyles. Mercola also has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2012/07/27/increase-testosterone-levels.aspx&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; about this topic that does mention some things like vitamin D, zinc, healthy fats, low sugar. Are there natural foods/berries/fruits/edibles that can be taken regularly that have the net effect of increasing testosterone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="77" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-05-08T22:31:55.840" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T02:28:06.977" Title="Natural testosterone booster intakes?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2015-05-08T17:44:31.173" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a href=&quot;https://justgetflux.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;f.lux&lt;/a&gt;, it is a software that adjusts automatically and according to your location the brightness and contrast of your monitor. It lowers UV light during day, and lowers IR light during night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="445" LastEditorDisplayName="user958" LastEditDate="2017-08-05T03:11:01.637" LastActivityDate="2017-08-05T03:11:01.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-08T17:52:03.623" Score="5" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are fructose, glucose, and high fructose corn syrhop all damaging to health if consumed in portions common to processed foods?&#xA;I hope for some clarification on what types of sugars are not found in nature and which are synthetic and damaging to one's health and encourages fat cell development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="446" LastEditorUserId="446" LastEditDate="2015-05-17T10:13:13.583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T10:13:13.583" Title="Are all sugars detrimental to health when consumed in the quantity of common processed foods?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="908" CreationDate="2015-05-08T18:22:24.583" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, sugar is sugar is sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although natural occurring sugar might be somewhat less harmful to your body, the basic effects of sugar on the body, like for people with diabetes, are usually not different, no matter what form the sugar is in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://authoritynutrition.com/6-healthy-sugars-that-can-kill-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6 Healthy Sugars That Can Kill You&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Sugar scares me.” – &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_C._Cantley&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Lewis Cantley, Cancer Researcher&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the sugar you eat will go down to your intestine, get broken down into glucose and fructose and eventually reach the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your liver does not know (or care) whether the sugar you eat is organic or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mobile.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17Sugar-t.html?referrer=&amp;amp;_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is sugar toxic?&lt;/a&gt; - Dr. Lustig&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T04:02:02.313" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="908" CreationDate="2015-05-08T18:24:08.050" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No sugar is harmful in moderation. Eating &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;too much sugar can be bad&lt;/a&gt;. There are several different &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sugar.org/all-about-sugar/types-of-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;types of sugar&lt;/a&gt;, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://foodwatch.com.au/blog/carbs-sugars-and-fibres/item/7-types-of-sugar-which-is-healthier.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fructose is metabolized differently to sugar and glucose&lt;/a&gt;, which some research suggests can be harmful &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/01/02/highfructose-corn-syrup-alters-human-metabolism.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in massive doses&lt;/a&gt;**, but when digested as part of your diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, it does not appear to cause problems (&lt;em&gt;Fructose natural occurs in fruit, which is how it gets its name&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T03:05:45.193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T03:05:45.193" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="906" CreationDate="2015-05-08T22:55:58.227" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite what the supplement industry would have you believe, unless you are an overweight, older female, the commonly available steroid precursors (or the natural foods that claim to boost them) don't really have any effects on testosterone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three precursors (Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA, A'dione, and A'diol) that are hormones used in endogenous (within the body, i.e. natural) testosterone production. Many of the supplements on the market that claim to boost testosterone do increase the amount of these three hormones, but in most cases, do not lead to concurrent elevations in testosterone. (There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164360/table/T1/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;chart showing a study review with outcomes here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the side effects, it's best summarized by the same review paper that produced the above chart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Side Effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant reductions in serum HDL cholesterol of 12% and 20% have been observed after A'dione and DHEA supplementation, respectively. Similar changes have been observed after AAS injection and have been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Broeder et al administered either A'dione or A'diol (200 mg/d) and observed that both adversely affected HDL-cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-to-HDL cholesterol ratios, and coronary heart disease risk. Thus, it is possible that long-term supplementation could have serious side effects similar to those associated with AAS use, such as &lt;strong&gt;suppressed testosterone production, liver dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, testicular atrophy, male-pattern baldness, acne, and aggressive behavior. If the supplements are taken before puberty, premature closing of the epiphysis and stunted growth could occur. In women, precursor-induced increases in testosterone concentrations could cause lowered voice pitch, hirsutism (changes in hair growth patterns, including facial hair), increased abdominal fat accumulation, and general virilization. Furthermore, increases in estrogen concentrations experienced by men could have feminizing effects, including gynecomastia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the above, there is no regulation on the supplement industry, so they may contain wildly varying levels of ingredients (Even in the same brand/line), and there have been reports of heavy metal contamination as well as contamination with actual steroid substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, you can really sum up the supplement industry in this way: If it works, it's illegal and should be only used under a doctor's care. If it is safe to use, it probably doesn't work like they claim. Also, while many people do not realize it, if you participate in 5k fun runs, amateur cycling, or any amateur competition where the governing body adheres to USADA (or the local national equivalent) strictures, you can be subject to testing, no matter your competitive level. Many supplements would cause you to test positive if you were selected. You can always get a current list of banned supplements at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.supplement411.org/hrl/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Supplement 411 site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If interested, all of the studies referenced in the above paper are listed with links below the paper writeup itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One caveat: Creatine Monophosphate is a legal supplement that has been proven to do what it says. It doesn't create more muscle, but it does create a bigger pool of energy rich fluid in the muscle to draw from, so that you can work out longer, which in turn will create more muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-08T22:55:58.227" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="916" CreationDate="2015-05-09T00:33:31.910" Score="5" ViewCount="3888" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the position of my arm and body matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, then how? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the best body position for measuring the blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="71" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T15:04:07.983" Title="What's the best body position for measuring the blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="915" CreationDate="2015-05-08T13:43:26.060" Score="10" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each day I take a multi-vitamin and a cod liver oil tablet (along with creatine and L-Glutamine). Both of these tablets claim to contain 100% RDA (Recommended Daily Amount) of Vitamin A. I take these last thing at night (except the creatine which is before/after workout).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that too much Vitamin A is not good for you, and going above the RDA by twice as much of anything probably isn't a good idea. But there is no way to avoid it as both capsules have 100% RDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I risking damaging my kidneys by giving them too much Vitamin A to process in one go? Should I take the cod liver oil in the morning, and the multivitamin in the evening? Or vice-versa?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="462" OwnerDisplayName="VictorySaber" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T10:30:29.653" Title="Taking Supplements - space out my Vitamin A? And the others?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-09T01:53:23.943" Score="3" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that watermelon can decrease soreness, but I don't know if that's proven. I'd love to hear about other produce that help the body recover.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T01:53:23.943" Title="What are some good natural fruits or vegetables to eat after a marathon and why?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="913" CreationDate="2015-05-09T08:53:26.440" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you're doing something stupid like eating polar bear liver, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypervitaminosis A&lt;/a&gt; is the result of long-term overconsumption: taking one supplement in the morning and one in the evening is no more or less dangerous than taking both at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the National Institutes of Health, the level of &lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/#h8&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin A overconsumption&lt;/a&gt; that presents a long-term risk to a healthy adult depends on the form that the vitamin is consumed in.  For pre-formed vitamin A (retinoids), the upper level is about three times the RDA, while for vitamin-A precursors (carotenoids), there is no known toxic effect for overconsumption, though it may raise the lung cancer risk of smoking or working with asbestos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T08:53:26.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="912" CreationDate="2015-05-09T15:04:07.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While trying to measure the blood pressure, the physician is most likely interested in measuring the pressure inside the left ventricle of the heart. So it is necessary that the Sphygmomanometer and the cuff should remain at the level of the heart. If it is above the level of heart, the reading is likely to be low, and if it is below the heart, the reading is likely to be high. Also, the blood pressure varies with the posture of the body in which the measurement is taken. So the blood pressure value that exists in most guidelines (for example JNC 8) is measured in the sitting position. Hence the value we are intenting to measure is the one with the patient is sitting position, back supported, legs uncrossed, and upper arm bared. The diastolic pressure is high in sitting position, and systolic pressure is high in supine position. Not supporting the back will increase diastolic pressure, while sitting cross legged increases systolic pressure. This is due to the inherent mechanisms in the human body to maintain perfusions to certain organs. The detailed biomechanics is beyond the scope of the present discussion though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/1001/p1391.html&quot;&gt;New AHA Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T15:04:07.983" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="895" CreationDate="2015-05-09T15:41:06.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure of a person varies throughout the day. This is attributed to numerous factors including stimuli from your sorroundings. As an innate tendency of the body. blood pressure is lower at night when you sleep, and is higher when you wake up in the morning. It continuously increases(roughly) as the day progresses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no one best time to measure your blood pressure. If what you are looking to do is to monitor your blood pressure, then it is important that you measure it at the same time everyday - at whatever time of the day it is. If what you are trying to get is an accurate measurement, then you are better of measuring it at two different times of the day(in the morning and in the evening) and taking an average, or measure it at two different times and report the readings along with the time of the day the measurement was taken. If you are on any medication to control your blood pressure, then you should measure your blood pressure once in the morning before taking any medications and once in the evening (assuming that you take medication in the morning). However, your doctor may specifically ask you to measure your blood pressure at a particular time of the day. That is because he is interested in that particular value for some reason. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/60/2/512.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Short- and Long-Term Blood Pressure Variability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20047889?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;High blood pressure (hypertension)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-05-09T15:41:06.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="942" CreationDate="2015-05-09T23:32:17.803" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I'm looking at Old Spice and Axe sprays. The labels warn that users should not inhale the fragrance (ironic given its purpose), but what are the consequences of prolonged inhalation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T11:35:30.313" Title="Are there studies of detriments to using deodorants?" Tags="&lt;deodorant&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="919" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1304" CreationDate="2015-05-10T01:42:55.873" Score="14" ViewCount="1401" Body="&lt;p&gt;What parts of the body need to be exposed to sunlight for the body to produce Vitamin D?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some say it's the skin, some say it's the eyes, and some say it's a combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common answer I have received from doctors is that &quot;it's just the skin, not the eyes&quot; (although I have heard all three from them).  But I remember seeing a television show that talked about dramatic increase in disease of indigenous people living near the Amazon river when they started wearing sunglasses provided introduced by non-natives.  The investigators came to the conclusion that the disease was most likely caused by the introduction of the sunglasses because they were preventing the production of Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, I take anything I hear, see, or read with a grain of salt (especially from the boob tube), but that TV show made an impression, for whatever reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although good for the eyes, does wearing sunglasses reduce the amount of Vitamin D we produce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-12T23:52:01.067" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T23:52:01.067" Title="What needs to be exposed for the body to produce Vitamin D?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-10T01:52:36.077" Score="21" ViewCount="6916" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do our bodies produce Vitamin D in the shade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is the percentage decrease in the amount of Vitamin D produced compared to full exposure to sunlight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, sitting outside in the sun will result in the production of x units of Vitamin D.  If the same person then sits under an umbrella, what percentage of x (if any) will they produce?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T00:28:30.950" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T00:28:30.950" Title="Do we produce Vitamin D in the shade?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-10T08:31:29.480" Score="14" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does someone with depression move forward when memories are so painful for them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that memories might hold someone back from recovery from depression, especially when those memories seem to take so prominent a position in the depressed person's thoughts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any method to erase memories, for example, of the last year in someone's life? Are memories stored in short-term or long-term memory?  Do memories impede recovery from depression?  Is so, why isn't memory loss a target of therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="456" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T11:44:51.033" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T15:09:39.340" Title="Can we erase problematic memories to aid recovery from depression?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="922" CreationDate="2015-05-10T11:08:17.743" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I understand you. I have been fighting a depression myself for the past months, although it must have gone on longer than that, undiagnosed. I know how it feels, and understand how you just want it gone away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The direct answer to your question is: Selective memory loss is impossible. There is no way to forget that past year. But there is a way to get over the depression without forgetting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The insidious thing about depression is that it makes everything seem like an insurmountable problem, and makes you feel incapable of solving it. So of course, you want the problems gone away. But the way forward is not to change the events which happened, or erase your memory of them. It is to learn that they are not really as bad as they feel, even when your depressed mind is convinced that they are terrible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it might seem impossible to you to do so - after all, you are feeling in your bones that they are bad things. But clinical practice, and my own experience, shows that it is very possible. &quot;Seeing the world with different eyes&quot; is a skill which can be learned, just like you can learn to knit socks or play the piano. And there are many things you can do to learn it - reading books, talking to a specialist (therapist), observing and imitating those who have it, talking with others who are going through the same process, practicing your new skill, and having support from non-affected friends and family members who cheer your success without putting you into a pressure trap. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the tricky things about depression is that it saps our motivation to do anything, even the things which will heal us. It is very logical: why do something that is hopeless? The important thing here is to recognize that this hopelessness is not real, it is an illusion created by the illness. It's hard to get over it, because it feels absolutely real, but it is possible. If your ability to motivate yourself is so far down you cannot start with something as hard as cognitive therapy, you could start a medication course (st john's worth for milder cases, if you don't take any other medications, or go straight for synthetic antidepressants), which will give you the initial &quot;spark&quot; which will give you the energy to pack your problems at the root. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will need a long time until you start feeling normal again, but believe me, it does work, even it is a hard, two-steps-forward-one-backward road. And even when the goal is still far away, the gradual progress is better than staying in place. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of it will be that you won't have forgotten what happened to you that last year. But the memories will just be memories, which will not make you feel like an anxious, hopeless failure, the way they do now. Right now, you experience them like a barrier blocking your way forwards in life, and want them gone. When you learn to manage the depression, they will be more like a chalk line on your way - you can step over it without it holding you back in any way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the resources you need have to be found locally, but I can suggest a few books. I have read tons of them in my own healing process, but these are the ones I found most helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1593851286&quot;&gt;&quot;The mindful way through depression&quot; by Mark Williams&lt;/a&gt;. It is a straight depression self-help book, and the program outlined there is worth it. But even if you can't bring yourself to go through the program, just reading it will bring you valuable insights. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0804136726&quot;&gt;&quot;Performing under pressure&quot; by Hendrie Weisinger and J. P. Pawliw-Fry&lt;/a&gt;. When you are depressed, your problems seem much more overwhelming, while the energy you have to deal with them goes down. Learning strategies to make the best out of your limited energy is very helpful, and can bring you into an important positive feedback loop - the more problems you solve, the less hopeless you feel. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/159285849X&quot;&gt;&quot;The gifts of imperfection&quot; by Brene Brown&lt;/a&gt;. Depression makes us feel flawed, like we have failed at being proper humans. There are schools of thought which support such conclusions, and this book exposes the errors of these ways of thinking. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/031254152X&quot;&gt;&quot;On being certain&quot; by Robert Burton&lt;/a&gt;. We grow up believing in, well, our beliefs. But a successful cognitive change requires us to recognize that some of our beliefs are wrong, no matter how right they feel. This book is probably not for everybody, and it does not address the problem of depression directly. But once you realize that there are cognitive illusions, just like there are optical illusions, it becomes much easier to understand how a cognitive behavioral therapy or a mindfulness training works, and to not dismiss it as mumbo jumbo from the start. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck with your journey. And don't forget: you don't have to be special, or a super hero, to get over your own depression. All you need is the knowledge how to do it (I listed the sources above) and the tenacity to not give up when it feels hopeless. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T15:09:39.340" LastActivityDate="2015-05-10T15:09:39.340" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="943" CreationDate="2015-05-09T01:40:18.607" Score="8" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a question that requires any knowledge of dentistry. All I ask for is your personal experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you in case of a cavity and don't want to go dentist because you fear the side effects of drilling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="463" OwnerDisplayName="Doeser" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-10T15:50:01.863" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T14:11:23.177" Title="How to stop or even reverse cavities?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="928" CreationDate="2015-05-10T18:56:55.637" Score="14" ViewCount="832" Body="&lt;p&gt;While middle/upper-class American parents often have their children get braces as teenagers, an adult getting braces out of his/her own volition could be viewed as a sign of vanity, much like plastic surgery. While in most communities, braces are seen as more socially acceptable than plastic surgery, both involve modifying the body to improve outward appearance to gain the attraction and respect of others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do adult braces have a medical needs, are are they purely to alter cosmetic appearance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="457" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:32:55.577" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:32:55.577" Title="Do adult braces have a medical need beyond cosmetics?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="920" CreationDate="2015-05-11T00:55:53.987" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 1/4 - it varies with the reflectivity of the surface, and angle of the sun. Detailed study is at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199222&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="459" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-11-03T01:26:30.017" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T01:26:30.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="925" CreationDate="2015-05-11T02:40:05.503" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are certain types of malocclusion that are have been shown to adversely affect quality of oral health and quality of life, but these are far, far fewer than the number of people sporting braces, adult or adolescent. The need for braces in the average teen, therefore, is no greater than the average adult. If you think of braces for teens as a necessity, it is no less a necessity for adults, that is, appearance is probably the only significant result for both average teens and adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, increased longevity has led to the need to keep healthy teeth for longer periods. Teeth continue to shift throughout life. Missing teeth (today's older adults are more likely to have had dental extractions than younger adults) allow teeth to shift, resulting in malocclusion. Malocclusion in turn can result in frequent inadvertent oral mucosal injuries. This can be corrected with braces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Missing teeth also mean less occlusive surfaces (chewing surface area). Believe it or not, this poses a choking hazard, as well as decreases a person's ability to enjoy certain foods. Braces or other orthodontic devices may be needed to shift teeth into proper position for bridges to restore occlusive surfaces. Since people are living longer, it makes sense to invest in procedures that will help you to continue to eat well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent reviews of dental literature, however, are showing that the oral health benefits of orthodontic intervention in adults are more limited. Malocclusion seems not to have a role in susceptibility to dental caries (as was previously believed), periodontal disease, and temporomandibular joint disorder. Therefor the oral health benefits of orthodontic intervention are more limited than previously believed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, there is some evidence that adult orthodontics can result in harm in the form of root shortening, which can lead to loose teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996901000231&quot;&gt;Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889540612005781&quot;&gt;Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: A systematic review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00016358909007704&quot;&gt;Causal relation between malocclusion and caries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T02:40:05.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="969" CreationDate="2015-05-11T02:57:00.877" Score="19" ViewCount="905" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advertising has extolled the benefits of electric-powered toothbrushes for decades now, and dentists seem to prefer certain brands over others, some even selling them in their offices. In almost every home I know of (including mine), someone uses an electric toothbrush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/gr/print/volume-2/issue-1/original-article/chronic-inflammation-an-important-factor-in-the-pathogenesis-of-oral-cancer.html&quot;&gt;Chronic inflammation&lt;/a&gt; has been shown to be an important factor in the risk of oral cancer, and gingivitis is a source of chronic inflammation. But, is the incidence of gingivitis decidedly decreased with electric toothbrushes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there really any long-term benefits associated with electric toothbrushes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, no &quot;my dentist told me my oral health was much better&quot; anecdotes. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-16T23:21:14.547" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T23:21:14.547" Title="Are there any proven benefits of electric toothbrushes over manual toothbrushing?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;brands&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="893" CreationDate="2015-05-11T15:01:25.360" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several investigations assessing this issue. In several clinical trials (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873779&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2009/04/01/ajcn.2009.26736H.short&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) Dr. Barnard has prooved that a low-fat vegan diet can improve serum values of &lt;strong&gt;HbA1c&lt;/strong&gt; and requirements for medication of patients affected by type 2 diabetes. The same studies found significant improvements in &lt;strong&gt;plasma lipids&lt;/strong&gt; (LDL and total cholesterols), that show decrease of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, often a complication of diabetes and metabolic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, clinical trials show that vegan and vegetarian diets promote &lt;strong&gt;weight loss&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9863851&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002934305002792&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506174&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;) and improved &lt;strong&gt;insulin sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002934305002792&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506174&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;) being these two important risk factors for type 2 diabetes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/risk-factors-for-diabetes&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasons of the effectiveness must be found in the fact -among others- that vegetarians and vegans eat less quantities of &lt;strong&gt;total fats&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;saturated fats&lt;/strong&gt; and highers amounts of &lt;strong&gt;fiber&lt;/strong&gt; and show lower &lt;strong&gt;BMI&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T15:01:25.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-11T17:07:57.253" Score="7" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to know whether a person can get rid of his/her past(need selective memory loss) say 5-6 months through ElectroConvulsive Therapy. Otherwise the question can be posed as &quot;Can the ElectroConvulsive Therapy take out a person's memory?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, how far is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If ECT can cause memory loss, explain it in detail&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="456" LastEditorUserId="456" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T16:21:42.983" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T20:36:51.117" Title="Can ElectroConvulsive Therapy help us to forget our memories?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="838" CreationDate="2015-05-11T17:48:47.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should consult a physician for treatment of hypertension if you fit into the categories below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When should you be alarmed? That's subjective. Physicians are alarmed when they see systolic blood pressure (SBP) is equal to or greater than 180 mm Hg, or where diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is equal to or greater than 120 mm Hg; HBP with any signs or symptoms (especially stroke symptoms, confusion, hallucinations, etc.) is an emergency. Patients should be alarmed long  before physicians are - in other words, get treated before it becomes dangerous! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Eighth Joint National Committee on Hypertension (JNC 8) analyzed large studies of hypertension from 1966 through 2009 - with some consideration of studies up to 2013 - and made recommendations for adults age 18 and older with hypertension. The outcomes considered in making these recommendations, i.e. what will happen if one fails to lower blood pressure (BP) were, among others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;overall mortality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related mortality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;myocardial infarction, heart failure, hospitalization for heart failure, stroke&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;need for coronary, carotid, renal, and lower extremity revascularization (bypass, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They rated their recommendations on strength of evidence. Grades were assigned.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;: Strong - based on substantial (good) evidence (strongly recommended)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;: Moderate - the net benefit is moderate to substantial&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;: Weak - moderate certainty that there is a small net benefit&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;: Against -no net benefit or that risks/harms outweigh benefits.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;: Expert Opinion  - &lt;em&gt;insufficient&lt;/em&gt; evidence but the committee recommends (no great studies available) - further research recommended&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt;: No Recommendation for or against - insufficient/unclear/conflicting evidence; further research is recommended in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade A&lt;/strong&gt;: aged 60 years or older, treat to lower BP if systolic blood pressure (SBP) is equal to or greater than 150 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg. Goal: SBP &amp;lt; 150 mm Hg; DBP &amp;lt; 90 mm Hg. (&lt;strong&gt;controversial&lt;/strong&gt; for individuals 60 years or older who do not have diabetes or chronic kidney disease)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade A&lt;/strong&gt;: ages 30 through 59 years, treat DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher; goal DBP &amp;lt; 90 mm Hg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade B&lt;/strong&gt;: patients &amp;lt; 60 years with hypertension (HTN): treat; goal: BP &amp;lt; 140/90 mm Hg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade E&lt;/strong&gt;: ages 18 through 29 years, treat DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher; goal DBP &amp;lt; 90 mm Hg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In patients with SBP between 130-150 mm Hg, there was no increase in risk in adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LOW BP: There are no JNC8 recommendations; the decision to treat is based on expert opinion only. Goal: decrease &lt;em&gt;symptoms&lt;/em&gt;; treat underlying cause (if any) (I.e.: if you're active, have no problems, but your BP is 80/60 - well... that's great! No adverse outcome is known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please see references for other treatment groups and recommendation strength.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=48192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hyp/treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How Is Hypotension Treated?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-11T18:03:25.897" LastActivityDate="2015-05-11T18:03:25.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="934" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="962" CreationDate="2015-05-11T18:27:11.887" Score="4" ViewCount="1748" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend just got discharged from the hospital after being treating for Hepatitis A for a week. Now she is being asked to take care regarding the food she eats and not exert pressure on liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Her mom keeps asking her to sleep straight and not the way usually she sleeps. She's unable to fall asleep straight, so we wanted to know that if sleeping is actually a concern an are there specific ways you should lie down during Hepatitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="466" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T11:06:15.730" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:23:01.630" Title="Sleeping position with Hepatitis A" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="932" CreationDate="2015-05-11T19:23:27.907" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to forget our past(bad memories) through Electroconvulsive Therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simplify somewhat, ECT &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; associated with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immediate general cognitive and memory dysfunction represented by disorientation (e.g. &quot;Where am I? Why am I here? What's the date today?&quot;): transient and generally resolves in a matter of 30-60 minutes after the procedure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECT &lt;em&gt;is often&lt;/em&gt; associated with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;loss of short-term memory during the period of time that you are having ECT treatments (e.g. &quot;Did I have lunch already? I saw you today? What did I say?&quot;: Your ability to remember new information will generally return to your normal level within a few weeks to a few months after the treatments are finished.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECT &lt;em&gt;is sometimes&lt;/em&gt; associated with: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;memory loss for past events. Events of 2-6 weeks before treatment are the more sensitive. Some patients have &quot;spotty&quot; memory loss for events as far back as 6 months before beginning ECT. (&quot;I can remember Christmas with my family, but I can't remember what gifts I got.&quot; &quot;I remember going to New York, but I don't remember where I stayed.&quot; This memory impairment is &lt;em&gt;potentially&lt;/em&gt; (not certainly) permanent. &lt;em&gt;Rarely&lt;/em&gt;, patients have reported a more severe memory loss of events which date back further than the 6 months preceding ECT treatments.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't count on ECT for &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; memory loss, since the norm is to remember everything within a few months at most. Also, as mentioned in comments, there is no way to know which memories will be affected. You might remember every painful detail of the past year, and forget some of the more pleasant ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007474.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Electroconvulsive therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T20:36:51.117" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T20:36:51.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T04:55:13.087" Score="5" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am starting to get a little concerned about something.  I haven't felt truly hungry in a few years.  I just eat because after a day or two of not eating I feel like the nutrients are necessary for my body, but it's not because I'm hungry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a little background I am in my early-mid 20's and 20-25 pounds overweight depending on the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked into this a little and a lot of the cases I have found are usually associated with going through a recent event that causes severe sadness or even depression.  However, I haven't really felt sad or depressed, so unless I am experiencing a more subtle form of depression/sadness I am guessing my problem is dietary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of what it feels like: it's like I always have a partially digested meal in my body even after a few days or not eating.  I am by no means well educated in this field, but the only two things I could think of are that either my metabolism is extremely slow, or that there is just something &quot;clogging&quot; my system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just looking for some possible explanations and solutions to what might be causing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="469" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T07:02:18.193" Title="I haven't been truly hungry in a few years" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-09-29T06:53:53.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1007" CreationDate="2015-05-12T09:30:06.857" Score="9" ViewCount="10586" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many of us will have experienced a sudden intense back pain, often caused just by turning sharply or reaching for something rather than anything physically arduous. The pain gradually diminishes over the course of a few days and doesn't recur. I have Googled for information on this, but back pain is such an extensive area it's hard to make sense of the flood of information. A common theme seems to be &lt;em&gt;muscle spasm&lt;/em&gt;, but comments about this tend to be vague.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: assuming there is no underlying medical condition, like a slipped disk, what exactly goes on when you experience this apparently random intense back pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="474" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:57:55.157" Title="What causes sudden stabbing back pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="918" CreationDate="2015-05-12T10:01:07.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't speak for Old Spice, but Lynx/Axe is basically just a solution of perfume in ethanol. The ethanol kills the skin bacteria that generate the malodour (though the population quickly recovers!) and the perfume just makes you smell nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pure/concentrated ethanol will destroy cell membranes, which is how it kills skin bacteria, so it's more dangerous than its widespread use in drinks would suggest (though fortunately diluting ethanol with water greatly reduces the damage to cell membranes). The solvent in Axe is about 95% ethanol and this is concentrated enough to cause damage. There isn't very much ethanol in a typical few seconds of spray, but I suppose if you pointed the can up your nose and inhaled as you sprayed you might cause some real damage. I suspect the intense pain it causes would mean most people will do this only once!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I would guess the most dangerous ingredient in the deodorant is the perfume. Perfumes are an unholy mixture of terpenes, alcohols, ketones and lots of other stuff, and many of these chemicals are irritating to skin. Handling flasks of pure perfume is done in a fume cupboard with gloves and protective eye wear. Getting any large amount of perfume onto a mucous membrane like the eyes, throat or lungs would cause irritation and pain. But again, the amount of perfume in a few seconds of spray is small and you'd have to work at it to do yourself any serious harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect the warnings not to breathe the spray are largely just being cautious and/or a way of being protected from being sued. Though in principle the contents of the spray can cause harm this would take exceptional circumstances, and even then the result is likely to be local irritation rather than any serious damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Later:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my considerable surprise I have found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.menards.com/msds/113571_001.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;safety data sheet for Axe deodorant online&lt;/a&gt; (note that this is a 55KB PDF). The sheet gives the formulation though it omits the perfume concentration. I would guess this is because the perfume concentration is below the level where it has to be disclosed. The section on toxicology states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SECTION XI. TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION&#xA;ACUTE EFFECTS&#xA;EYE CONTACT: May cause redness or irritation.&#xA;SKIN CONTACT: Overexposure may cause a skin reaction such as redness. Do not use on broken skin.&#xA;INGESTION: May cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.&#xA;RESPIRATORY: Intentional misuse by deliberately concentrating and inhaling the contents can be fatal or&#xA;harmful.&#xA;CHRONIC EFFECTS: None expected&#xA;CARCINOGEN CLASSIFICATIONS&#xA;NTP: None&#xA;IARC: None&#xA;OSHA: None&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="474" LastEditorUserId="474" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T11:35:30.313" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T11:35:30.313" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2015-05-12T11:13:12.230" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can speak from personal experience, and from experience working as a physical chemist peripherally associated with a group researching dental care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal experience is that I have a few lesions that my various dentists over the last couple of decades have decided not to fill because they are not serious and not getting any worse. So a dentist will not necessarily reach for their drill at every opportunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research experience is that at least &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; enamel can remineralise, but you are talking about incremental improvements and nothing approaching total repair of a cavity. Any major cavity will not repair itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible for you to assess the damage to your teeth because you have neither the skills nor the equipment required. Your dentist has both, and you should respect their judgement. Your dentist should probably not have been impatient with your questions, but bear in mind that by questioning him you are implying he does not know what he is talking about and even the most saintly of dentists will get fed up with this eventually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="474" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T11:13:12.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="985" CreationDate="2015-05-12T11:18:59.673" Score="9" ViewCount="803" Body="&lt;p&gt;The English Wikipedia article about &lt;strong&gt;infectious mononucleosis&lt;/strong&gt; says about &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis#Transmission&quot;&gt;transmission&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The length of time that an individual remains contagious is unclear, but the chances of passing the illness to someone else may be the highest during the first six weeks following infection. Some studies indicate that a person can spread the infection for many months, possibly up to a year and a half. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So according to this, you may be contagious for at most 78 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The German Wikipedia article about this disease (Pfeiffer-Drüsenfieber) says about &lt;a href=&quot;http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeiffer-Dr%C3%BCsenfieber#.C3.9Cbertragung&quot;&gt;transmission&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Außerdem kommt es nach der Ausheilung der Erkrankung immer wieder zu Reaktivierungen der persistierenden Viruserkrankung. Von diesen bemerkt der Betroffene in der Regel nichts, er scheidet dann aber wieder Viren im Speichel aus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This roughly translates to: The persistent viral disease reactivates itself frequently. Affected persons usually don’t notice this, but in these periods the virus is contained in their saliva.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So according to this, you may be contagious your whole life, but only periodically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this really contradictory or am I missing something? What is correct?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="181" LastEditorUserId="181" LastEditDate="2015-05-12T22:37:27.147" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T06:07:33.520" Title="How long is infectious mononucleosis contagious?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="945" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1835" CreationDate="2015-05-12T12:23:49.780" Score="13" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking into alternate day fasting (and it's variants such as the 5:2 diet and so forth) the internet is full of opinions and anecdotes and such but I would like to get my hands on some actual studies and facts both for and against if there are any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus: What evidence is there for and against Alternate Day Fasting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I am seeking papers published in respected journals, studies or a the very least some reasonably rigorous statistical evidences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="411" LastEditorUserId="411" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T10:41:48.970" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T11:59:39.070" Title="What evidence is there for and against Alternate Day Fasting?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="960" CreationDate="2015-05-11T15:29:38.233" Score="2" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made myself a standing workspace (because of getting strain injuries from sitting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything was going well until I started getting cramps in my feet.  I first noticed this while swimming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks as though the tendon running along the sole of the foot is being constantly stretched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone think of a good solution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of something like the mats they use at Dojos, something that the foot would sink into enough that it is supported everywhere, but I can't find any product that fits my needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="476" OwnerDisplayName="P i " LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-09-07T15:55:46.087" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T11:22:14.093" Title="Prevent foot cramp from standing at workspace" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;feet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="894" CreationDate="2015-05-12T17:57:33.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be some misunderstanding here, so this is going to be a long answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our body is very, very good at regulating several physical and chemical parameters inside itself &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. he most well known is the temperature: it does not matter if the air temperature is -50 Celsius or +50 Celsius, it will do its best to keep you between 36.5 and 37 Celsius, and will mostly succeed at that, with amazing precision, unless you get exposed for a long time to temperatures which are either too hot or too cold for its capabilities to adapt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The system for regulating blood sugar is similarly complicated. The body is actively trying to keep the blood sugar at a level which it &quot;believes&quot; is best for it, and unless its regulation mechanism is badly broken, it's succeeding at that, at least in the long term. Short term upward spikes and downward spikes do happen in the healthy human, if you are either eating or using up sugar at a rate too quick for the body to compensate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a theory that eating too much glucose and other simple sugars can break this regulation system. The reason: they cause upward spikes when they are eaten, because they can be transformed into blood sugar very quickly, quicker than the body can stabilize the level of blood sugar. The body then goes into &quot;alarm! too high blood sugar!&quot; mode, and mobilizes whatever it can to reduce the blood sugar before it causes problems. That overreaction gets the spike down soon, but the high hormone levels stay, such that you now get a downward spike in blood sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supporters of the &quot;this is unhealthy&quot; side of the debate (note that the matter is not yet settled in the scientific community, although I'm under the impression that it has been gaining ground lately) say that first, this creates hunger pangs (because when your blood sugar falls, one of the body's mechanisms to get it back up is to create the feeling of hunger, so you supply it with more food) and leads to overeating, and second, frequently straining the blood sugar regulation system will make it less effective over time, because it's overworked, and also because the body gets less sensitive to its signals. This leads to metabolic syndrome and later, diabetes type 2, such that the body can no longer keep the blood sugar at the level it wants it to be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gist of it is: &lt;strong&gt;The reason why table sugar is considered unhealthy is that eating it raises blood sugar. Consequently, any other food which raises the blood sugar is just as healthy/unhealthy as table sugar&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you can say that your friend seems to need her blood sugar raised, so for her, eating a food which raises it is not unhealthy. This is indeed logical, but in that case, then sugar is not unhealthy for her either. If she wants to try to raise her blood sugar with food, then pure glucose is indeed the best she can do, followed closely by table sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, if I were her, I would &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; try messing with my blood sugar levels through food. Her sugar regulating system is either working well, or malfunctioning. If it is working well, then there is nothing she should be doing about it, despite it not fitting some norm. &lt;em&gt;If it is malfunctioning, then she must have some serious underlying condition, and she should seek diagnosis and treatment for it instead of eating sugar&lt;/em&gt; (which is unlikely to help for timeframes over several minutes to an hour anyway). If she mistrusts her general physician's competence in that matter, she should visit an endocrinologist. If she has no symptoms from the low blood sugar and trusts him that there is no cause to worry, she should keep everything as it is, instead of trying to override her hormones by gorging on glucose, or any other food which raises the blood sugar level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; There are two cases that I know of where she can have too low blood sugar measured besides this value being the right one for her or her having a hormonal disturbance/diabetes. First, if she exercises too much, or after too long a time without eating (or drinking sweetened drinks), she can cause a downward spike in an otherwise healthy body. It will go away soon by itself. Second, if she is on a ketogenic diet (only fat and proteins, no carbohydrates at all), her blood sugar will plummet permanently. The solution there is to go back to normal food - unless there is medical indication for the ketogenic diet, such as epilepsy, in which case a health professional should decide whether the side effects are worth continuing it. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T17:57:33.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="959" CreationDate="2015-05-12T19:11:09.033" Score="10" ViewCount="5130" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated in the title, do we have any evidence that having a big muscular arm influence BP measurement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T22:38:49.247" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T22:38:49.247" Title="Does having more muscles influence blood pressure measurement?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="191" CreationDate="2015-05-12T19:32:18.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have suffered acutely from this phenomenon, and tried every single item in the list given in the accepted answer (as well as many others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important thing I found is separating the click from the move. So one hand moves and the other clicks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've mapped the &quot;Fn&quot; key on the bottom left of my Apple wireless keyboard to the left mouse button using &quot;Karabiner&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use a gel mousepad and hold the mouse between the thumb and third finger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have noticed is that typical mouse movement requires you to clamp the position of the mouse while you click, so that it doesn't move even by one pixel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you observe children attempting to use the mouse, you'll see that initially they have difficulty clicking, the click smears and turns into a drag. If you try using the mouse with your other hand, you will become aware of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I think it is the movement of a tendon through the wrist and arm in this state of tension that causes the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously I have used a footpedal to perform the click. I rigged it up so that it is beneath my heel, and lifting creates the mouse-down.  So that the foot is naturally in a relaxed position. Initially I was using this together with a head-pointing device, but as my health improved the path of least resistance returned (over several years) to being a conventional mouse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also alternating hands for the mouse is a good idea. Train yourself to use both hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using speech recognition is essential also to take load off the hands. I wouldn't be able to function without it now. On OS X this is now excellent -- I don't even need an external microphone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally I have got myself a standing workspace. I'm currently working on workspace that supports both standing and sitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="476" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T19:32:18.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="946" CreationDate="2015-05-12T20:29:37.490" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anti-fatigue mats will distribute pressure more evenly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamins A, B6 and B9, as well as copper and iron help produce blood, which, if lacking, can lead to cramps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink water! I read it helps cramps as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stay cool? Don't quote me on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do a warm-up before swimming, then after a cool-down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jump around when you wake up. It prevents muscles from tying up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stay flex. Stretch often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last (and maybe the least) drink pickle juice. And a Gatorade (electrolytes). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2015-05-12T20:29:37.490" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-12T22:29:58.257" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if I try to stay awake for as long as physically possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="480" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-05-13T10:37:07.350" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T10:37:07.350" Title="What will happen to my body if I do not sleep at all?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-05-13T11:05:44.663" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T00:17:03.040" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the interest of brevity, I'll denote 'molluscs' to mean the phylum that includes &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_edible_molluscs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the different classes for clams, mussels, scallops, etc.&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ought humans to avoid consuming the stomachs and other waste organs of such animals? Or do health benefits truly exist? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, mussels' stomachs are disgustingly black (or blackened green). The dross filtered from the water by molluscs, does it affect the nutrition value of bivalves? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="5243" LastEditDate="2016-09-24T11:27:41.877" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T11:27:41.877" Title="Is it healthy to eat the stomachs and waste organs of molluscs?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="958" CreationDate="2015-05-13T04:57:27.503" Score="8" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen a few people make their child drink alcohol when they have a cold. They believe that it can reduce the cold and cough. Is that true? If so, what is the right amount of alcohol the child can consume? In the case of my question, the child is 9 years old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="162" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T01:29:57.793" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T01:29:57.793" Title="Is it okay to make a child drink alcohol when they have a cold?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1075" CreationDate="2015-05-13T05:03:55.490" Score="6" ViewCount="2798" Body="&lt;p&gt;While using a mercury thermometer if it breaks and the mercury content in it is accidentally swallowed will it cause poisoning? and will it cause any long term effects or side effects on the body of the person swallowed it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T15:54:49.430" Title="Do the broken mercury thermometer causes any health problem or poisoning?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="971" CreationDate="2015-05-13T06:29:26.727" Score="10" ViewCount="7780" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long will it take to show the signs of pregnancy after having intercourse without using any birth control method? Please assume the couple as fertile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex:- Nausea with or without vomiting, Increased urination, Food aversions or cravings, Fatigue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="483" LastEditorUserId="483" LastEditDate="2018-12-23T05:17:58.933" LastActivityDate="2018-12-26T17:40:31.780" Title="How long will it take to show the signs of pregnancy after intercourse" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;conceive-conception&gt;&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1003" CreationDate="2015-05-13T07:32:56.440" Score="11" ViewCount="22493" Body="&lt;p&gt;While searching about laser surgery for my myopia, I came across different system to measure the quality of individuals' eye sight. When speaking about quality of eyesight, I am referring to the classic test where one has to read smaller and smaller symbols (usually letters or numbers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found four different measures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One is a scale from 0 to 1.0+, where the average/normal eyesight is 1.0. People can be above but I don't know how much higher than average.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another scale from 0 to 20+, the average between 20. I guess that this one is proportionally related to the first one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I saw negative integers (like -5,-2) sometimes, but I didn't understand how they work exactly. I guess they measure how bad your eyesight is compare to average.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My optometrist used dioptries. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question&lt;/strong&gt;: what are the (most used) measure of the quality eyesight and how do they relate to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="484" LastActivityDate="2019-02-18T16:45:49.937" Title="What are the different eyesight measures and how are they related to each other?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="954" CreationDate="2015-05-13T14:54:42.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The right amount is none. Not at all. Don't do it. Don't even consider it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been multiple studies on alcohol and brain development, quite a few of them on teens, as they are one of the higher risk groups. All of these show significant impacts on brain and social development. There are fewer on the young child (non infant) as they are not considered a risk group. More studies in that area look at the effect of the adults consumption around them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, studies such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/074183299090070S&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one on postnatal rats&lt;/a&gt; show that even a single day of alcohol exposure is enough to affect brain weight and development in the postnatal period. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0741832994900566&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; also suggests that once the brain is formed, and going through differentiation (The process by which cells become specialized for their various functions) alcohol has a greater impact than when it is forming in utero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, children should not be given alcohol for any reason. There are now warnings about such medications as cough syrups to not use them for any children under 4, as well as warnings about alcohol in formulas for older kids. I encourage you to read the labels, and choose non alcohol formulas if you do choose to administer cough syrup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T14:54:42.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="948" CreationDate="2015-05-13T15:04:11.903" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is evidence that a muscular arm will produce a higher systolic reading if the wrong sized cuff is applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two measurements in a blood pressure reading, the systolic and the diastolic. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) is the first number in a reading (Such as the 120 in 120/60), and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the second number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The method for taking an arm blood pressure is to wrap the cuff around the upper arm, place the stethoscope over the brachial artery, and inflate the cuff until you cannot hear any sounds. Slowly bleed the air out of the cuff, and note the number when the first sound appears, and when the sound disappears to get your reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593118&quot;&gt;study I refer to above&lt;/a&gt; was performed at a Mexican bodybuilding competition. When a medium cuff was used, the SBP was significantly higher than with the larger cuff. Blood pressure overall was slightly lower with the correct sized cuff as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while being muscular is not really a factor, clinicians should be aware of using the correct sized cuff to avoid artificially inflated blood pressure readings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T15:04:11.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="946" CreationDate="2015-05-13T15:26:13.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that shoes with good bridge support may be the answer here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been working wearing slippers (one of the many dangers of working at home!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that whatever tendon runs the length of the sole was getting put under constant stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've now taken a fortnight away from standing, and I'm using my tennis trainers upon return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a better solution would be if I could find some mat made out of some kind of spongy material that allows the entire foot to sink into it, maybe at a slight angle so the heels are at a higher level than the toes, as I would guess the heel will sink further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I won't accept this (or any other) answer until I am certain my feet are back to a healthy state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: June 2016, A HogHeaven anti-fatigue mat has done the job perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="476" LastEditorUserId="476" LastEditDate="2016-06-19T11:22:43.203" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T11:22:43.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="934" CreationDate="2015-05-13T17:23:01.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I might hazard a guess that &quot;don't put pressure on your liver&quot; means don't take medications that might tax the liver, or drink alcohol, etc. I don't &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; they meant &quot;don't squeeze the liver.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if they did mean that, it would be my recommendation that she sleep in the left lateral decubitus position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVUti.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the liver is on the right side, lying on her left side with the head of the bed slightly elevated will exert the least amount of pressure on the liver. Probably the next best thing would be on her back with the head of the bed slighty elevated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find one paper addressing the position of the body in the treatment of various illnesses, calling the role of position in treatment &quot;postural medicine&quot;. Much of this is common sense (that is, experience has taught us as much) but some of it is new to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinabiomolecular.com.br/biblioteca/pdfs/Doencas/do-1170.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of body position and gravity in the symptoms and treatment of various medical diseases&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-13T17:23:01.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T19:19:20.087" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;What will blood test results look like for someone on a very high protein diet consuming 1-2g of protein per pound of bodyweight? Is it healthy to maintain such a diet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-14T01:29:42.243" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T01:29:42.243" Title="What would the blood work look like for someone on a very high protein diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-05-23T15:48:54.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T19:31:38.700" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any weight loss benefits for splitting meals into smaller meals, other than getting less hungry because of more frequent consumption? Apparently metabolism increases, but this is deemed a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="489" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T17:32:29.703" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T17:32:29.703" Title="What are the weight loss benefits of splitting meals into smaller meals throughout the day every couple of hours?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-03-20T15:18:38.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T19:37:20.797" Score="5" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any negative health risks for dieters assuming that you take a multivitamin, and other required supplements daily? The caloric deficit would end once the goal weight is achieved, which is how diets usually work, but unfortunately they can take a year or so to end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="489" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T17:30:43.397" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T17:30:43.397" Title="What are the long term effects of dieting and maintaining a caloric deficit?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="970" CreationDate="2015-05-13T19:45:41.560" Score="5" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any health risks of consuming large quantities of water at a time or throughout the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorDisplayName="user147" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T08:08:58.703" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T08:08:58.703" Title="What are the health risks of consuming 6-8 liters (1.5-2 gallons) of water daily?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="929" CreationDate="2015-05-14T01:13:33.493" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some very good evidence that replacing a manual toothbrush with an electric toothbrush can help in reducing plaque and the risk of gingivitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Cochrane Oral Health Group published a review&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD002281/ORAL_poweredelectric-toothbrushes-compared-to-manual-toothbrushes-for-maintaining-oral-health&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; that summarized over 50 studies from 1964-2011. A majority of the studies tested the effects of a rotating oscillating electric toothbrush against a manual toothbrush. Overall, they found a 21% reduction in plaque and an 11% reduction in gingivitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some things that weren't found by the studies that were reviewed, mainly what the long-term dental benefits of electric toothbrushes. Also, side effects were rarely reported, so there was no sufficient evidence of whether electric toothbrushes can be harmful to your teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study done in 2008&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672987&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; tested oscillating powered toothbrushes against manual toothbrushes over a 9 month period. It started with a 3 week period of oral care. Then some people brushed twice daily with either an oscillating powered toothbrush, a manual toothbrush, and a manual toothbrush and flood together. The powered toothbrush was able to keep the levels of plaque lower than the other two groups and also help prevent gingival bleeding. Another 2010 study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250772&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; also found very similar results in which the oscillating toothbrush help reduce plaque and prevent gum bleeding. From these studies and many others, we can see that oscillating toothbrushes are better for your teeth than manual toothbrushes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another type of electric toothbrush, sonic toothbrushes. They work by vibrating the brush head at sonic speeds. Though there are more studies done on oscillating toothbrushes, there have been a few done on the effectiveness of sonic toothbrushes. This 2015 study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25793947&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; found that sonic toothbrushes were significantly better at reducing plaque than manual toothbrushes. An earlier study published in 2014&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738786&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; also found that sonic toothbrushes were more effective at plaque removal. They also found that for a short time (1 week), the sonic toothbrushes were better at reducing the risk of gingival inflammation. After 3 weeks though, the amount of papillary bleeding (bleeding in some parts of the mouth) were the same between those who used sonic toothbrushes and manual toothbrushes. Overall though, it seems that sonic toothbrushes are also better for your oral health than manual toothbrushes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we can see that both main types of electric toothbrushes are better than manual toothbrushes. But which is better, sonic toothbrushes or oscillating toothbrushes? In fact, a handful of studies has been done on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2013 study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282870&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; tested the two types of powered toothbrushes. Both the sonic and the oscillating toothbrushes were able to significantly reduce plaque and risk of gingivitis, but the results showed the oscillating toothbrush performed better than the sonic toothbrush. Three 2014 studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831599&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122979&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122976&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; agree with the conclusion that oscillating toothbrushes are better at reducing plaque and gingival bleeding than sonic toothbrushes. All of those studies were performed very similarly and had some of the same researchers between them. From these results, we can see that oscillating toothbrushes are superior to sonic toothbrushes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For both electric toothbrushes, we can see that risk of gingivitis and the amount of plaque on the teeth are reduced. You did ask more thing which I will answer more directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there really any long-term benefits associated with electric toothbrushes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, from the trials I've mentioned, we can see that this is most likely the case. The longest trial I directly mentioned&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672987&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; was 9 months long and it showed that 9 months of consistently using an electric toothbrush did help reduce plaque and gingival bleeding. Manual toothbrush can keep your teeth clean, but it takes more work than an electric toothbrush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why doesn't everyone use an electric toothbrush if they are proven to be better?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, there are a few things that come into play&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jeffersondentalclinics.com/blog/2014/04/30/manual-toothbrush-vs-electric-toothbrush-pros-and-cons-jefferson-dental-clinics/&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Even though electric toothbrushes are more effective at cleaning teeth and they don't take as much work as manual toothbrush, some people aren't willing to pay so much for a toothbrush. Some of the cheapest electric toothbrushes cost only $5, but the higher quality ones can go for over $100. You can get a five pack of manual toothbrushes for under $5. Another con of electric toothbrushes is that they are a hassle. They are bigger, and they require batteries or they have to be charged. Some people just don't want to deal with that. Lastly, electric toothbrushes can be easily broken. If you drop it, that might be it and you just lost $10. Now, electric toothbrushes are becoming more popular, but some of these cons are still holding people back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD002281/ORAL_poweredelectric-toothbrushes-compared-to-manual-toothbrushes-for-maintaining-oral-health&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD002281/ORAL_poweredelectric-toothbrushes-compared-to-manual-toothbrushes-for-maintaining-oral-health&quot;&gt;Powered/electric toothbrushes compared to manual toothbrushes for maintaining oral health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672987&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672987&quot;&gt;PComparison of the use of different modes of mechanical oral hygiene in prevention of plaque and gingivitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250772&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250772&quot;&gt;Manual orthodontic vs. oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush in orthodontic patients: a randomised clinical trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25793947&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25793947&quot;&gt;Is a new sonic toothbrush more effective in plaque removal than a manual toothbrush?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738786&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738786&quot;&gt;Toothbrush efficacy for plaque removal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282870&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282870&quot;&gt;A 12-week clinical comparison of an oscillating-rotating power brush versus a marketed sonic brush with self-adjusting technology in reducing plaque and gingivitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831599&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25831599&quot;&gt;A randomized clinical trial evaluating gingivitis and plaque reduction of an oscillating-rotating power brush with a new brush head with angled bristles versus a marketed sonic brush with self-adjusting technology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122979&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122979&quot;&gt;A randomized 12-week clinical comparison of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush to a new sonic brush in the reduction of gingivitis and plaque&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122976&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122976&quot;&gt;A six-week clinical evaluation of the plaque and gingivitis efficacy of an oscillating-rotating power toothbrush with a novel brush head utilizing angled CrissCross bristles versus a sonic toothbrush&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jeffersondentalclinics.com/blog/2014/04/30/manual-toothbrush-vs-electric-toothbrush-pros-and-cons-jefferson-dental-clinics/&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jeffersondentalclinics.com/blog/2014/04/30/manual-toothbrush-vs-electric-toothbrush-pros-and-cons-jefferson-dental-clinics/&quot;&gt;Manual Toothbrush VS Electric Toothbrush: Pros and Cons&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T05:36:27.943" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T05:36:27.943" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="968" CreationDate="2015-05-14T04:32:55.720" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary risk of excessive water intake is hyponatremia (low sodium level in the blood). While a healthy person who drinks 6-8 liters of water daily is unlikely to suffer significant hyponatremia, people who drink this much often have psychiatric illness that is accompanied by poorly understood hormonal changes that may indeed cause hyponatremia and its attendant symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychogenic polydipsia&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders drink more water than normal. This is termed psychogenic polydipsia. The cause is unknown.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyponatremia: mechanism&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sodium levels correlate closely with serum osmolality, since sodium is the primary cation contributing to osmotic pressure. The body maintains serum osmolality within a narrow range via regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, a.k.a. arginine vasopressin), a hormone that is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (a.k.a. neurohypophysis) at the base of the brain in response to a rise in serum osmolality. The hormone circulates in the blood and acts in the kidneys to increase free water resorption, thereby lowering serum osmolality. In the case of excess free water, ADH secretion will be maximally suppressed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy person, ADH suppression results in urine diluted to a concentration of about 60 mmol/kg,&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; which (assuming a normal glomerular filtration rate) corresponds to a fluid intake of about 28 L per day. Only above that level with serum osmolality be significantly compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SIADH&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, many people can not suppress ADH maximally. As a result, urine may be ‘inappropriately’ compromised in the face of falling serum osmolality. This is called, creatively, Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone (SIADH). For reasons that are incompletely understood, many psychiatric patients with psychogenic polydipsia (see below) have SIADH.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Some of the reasons that are understood: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medications including antidepressants (primarily SSRIs) and antipsychotics are well-established causes of SIADH.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Schizophrenia itself appears to be associated with SIADH. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chronic hyponatremia may lead to a ‘reset osmostat’ whereby the pituitary's threshold for ADH secretion is changed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyponatremia: consequences&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The constellation of symptoms associated with hyponatremia is termed hyponatremic encephalopathy.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; It includes: headache, blurred vision, weakness, muscle tremor and cramps, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, confusion. This can progress, in severe cases, to seizures, coma, and death. It would be exceedingly rare for a person with purely psychogenic polydipsia to progress to this point (in part because one is likely to develop depressed consciousness and stop drinking such that the kidney can fix the problem prior to dying). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One important point is that the level of hyponatremia required to cause these symptoms is largely dependent on the rapidity of change. Acute hyponatremia can cause symptoms at a level of 128-130 mEQ/L (normal 135-145 mEq/L). On the other hand, patients with chronic SIADH may walk around with sodium 120-125 mEq/L without symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;References&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. M Biswas and J S Davies. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600061/&quot;&gt;Hyponatraemia in clinical practice&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Postgrad Med J. 2007 Jun; 83(980): 373–378.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &#xA;2. Dundas B, Harris M, Narasimhan M.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17521521&quot;&gt;Psychogenic polydipsia review: etiology, differential, and treatment.&lt;/a&gt; Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Jun;9(3):236-41.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3. Illowsky BP, Kirch DG .&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=3285701&quot;&gt;Polydipsia and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients&lt;/a&gt;. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;145(6):675-83.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4. Robertson GL. Chapter 340. Disorders of the Neurohypophysis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-05-14T04:32:55.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="956" CreationDate="2015-05-14T17:55:47.533" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming pregnancy takes place, the only reliable sign that a woman is pregnant is cessation of her menstrual period. If she's late, urine tests are a reliable way to confirm pregnancy, especially if the woman has irregular periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to 50% of women will not experience nausea (the range, depending on the study, is 15-50%); while most will, when they do varies from early in the pregnancy (as early as 2 weeks after the first missed period, often peaking by the 9th week) to late (sometimes even into the early part of the second trimester). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urinary frequency is experienced in only about half of women in the first trimester (range 25-60%); Fatigue is subjective and depends on self-reporting; many women do not report fatigue in the first trimester, whereas nearly 100% do in the third trimester.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/708509&quot;&gt;Epidemiology of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: Prevalence, Severity, Determinants, and the Importance of Race/Ethnicity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15818433&quot;&gt;Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms during pregnancy in Taiwan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=N2vXGuG9AZ0C&amp;amp;pg=PA509&amp;amp;lpg=PA509&amp;amp;dq=epidemiology+of+frequency+of+micturition+in+pregnancy&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=zNbNRNQbCi&amp;amp;sig=af86LwhcBh_vzIhMoARba53fFJw&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=n95UVbjBBYqQsQT8kYHoDQ&amp;amp;ved=0CFIQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=epidemiology%20of%20frequency%20of%20micturition%20in%20pregnancy&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T16:44:35.143" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T16:44:35.143" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="974" CreationDate="2015-05-15T07:21:35.233" Score="1" ViewCount="3936" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A friend of mine drank camphor water today he also swallowed a small&#xA;  piece of camphor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-709-camphor.aspx?activeingredientid=709&amp;amp;activeingredientname=camphor#vit_sideeffects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;side effects&lt;/a&gt; in google it is said that after taking directly by mouth in 5 to 90 minutes vomiting will be occurred and also in some case it will also include to death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm happy to say that my friend didn't get any vomiting but he is saying that his stomach is having some burning sensation to some extent,that means is he safe now or any medical&#xA;  advice needed??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UcGIV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bBAbd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="497" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-05-16T08:33:08.573" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T08:33:08.573" Title="My friend accidentally drank camphor water and also swallowed a piece of camphor" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2015-05-15T09:41:07.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="973" CreationDate="2015-05-15T09:37:58.860" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Call the emergency services or the anti-poisoning centre &lt;strong&gt;right away&lt;/strong&gt;. Don't waste your time looking for effects on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep calm, and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your name, phone number, location, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell this is for a poisoning, and tell the victim's gender and age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell what was swallowed, how, how much and how long ago&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't hang up the phone before instructed to do so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will guide you and tell you what to do, should something needs to be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't take any initiative outside the instructions you will receive&lt;/strong&gt;. &#xA;Don't give water, don't give milk, don't to try to make the person to vomit, don't give any medication, and ask the person not to move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll elaborate (and reference) this answer further later should the question be reopen once made more general, but &lt;strong&gt;in the interest of the victim do this right now, even if he/she seems to feel good.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T09:57:30.693" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T09:57:30.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T09:39:15.740" Score="5" ViewCount="734" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some women have mild discomfort with their menstrual periods; some have much more pain. Is there anything anyone can do to decrease the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="499" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:56:23.333" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T12:56:23.333" Title="Is there anything anyone can do to decrease the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;dysmenorrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T11:01:35.877" Score="0" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are primary bladder neck obstruction treatments or cures besides alphablockers or bladder neck incision? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="502" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:03:29.103" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:03:29.103" Title="Primary bladder neck obstruction treatment or cure" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="978" CreationDate="2015-05-15T11:35:22.347" Score="9" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I lift my feet up they go numb and don't get enough blood I suppose. &#xA;Why isn't the same thing happening for my head in a normal upright posture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="503" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T12:41:38.113" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T12:55:37.133" Title="Why does your head get enough blood and your feet don't when lifted above your body?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="977" CreationDate="2015-05-15T12:39:02.843" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very good question. The answer: &lt;strong&gt;because your head was meant to be above your body!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body has very specific mechanisms for maintaining a constant blood flow in the cerebral circulation despite shifts in blood pressure, either due to changing blood pressure in the rest of the circulation or due to a different 'local' pressure because of position . This is termed &lt;em&gt;autoregulation&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blood pressure that the brain 'sees' is called 'cerebral perfusion pressure' (CPP). Technically CPP is the difference between intra-arterial pressure and the pressure in the veins, but venous pressure is very low (2-5 mm Hg), so we can estimate it as the arterial blood pressure (here, a weighted average of systolic and diastolic pressures). In a normal person accustomed to normal blood pressures, the body can maintain a constant blood flow of ~50 mL per 100 g of brain tissue per minute with a CPP range of ~60 to 160 mmHg. That’s a big range!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanisms of autoregulation are incompletely understood. Most likely reductions in CPP stimulate the release of substances that cause vasodilation (candidates include H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, adenosine), thereby increasing flow. On the other side, high pressures stimulate constriction of the myocites in cerebral vessels, reducing flow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result is that your brain ‘sees’ a relatively constant pressure regardless of what position you’re in or other factors that may change blood pressure. That having been said, if blood pressure fluctuates outside the range for which auto regulation can accommodate, position does indeed matter for blood pressure. If a patient is markedly hypotensive, for instance, it is traditional to tilt the bed so that their head is below their body.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; At the extremes, this manipulation can indeed affect blood flow to the brain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. This is termed the Trendelenberg position, although &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120887&quot;&gt;recent evidence indicates that this is not a good idea&lt;/a&gt; for hypotensive shock due to more complex cardiovascular considerations.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;All of this material is summarized nicely in this publicly available textbook:&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53082/&quot;&gt;Cipolla MJ. The Cerebral Circulation. San Rafael (CA): Morgan &amp;amp; Claypool Life Sciences; 2009. Chapter 5, Control of Cerebral Blood Flow.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T12:55:37.133" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T12:55:37.133" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="981" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1011" CreationDate="2015-05-15T13:47:56.017" Score="10" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, the average person will experience worsening metabolism with age. What makes it harder to lose weight for someone who is 40 versus say 20 assuming that the only difference is their age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T12:08:35.560" Title="Does it become harder to lose weight as you age?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-15T13:53:42.293" Score="3" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that you lose fat in the areas it was last gained. Similarly, the last place you'll lose it is the area you first put on the weight. What is the reason behind this mechanism? Is it a myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T13:53:42.293" Title="How accurate is the saying that fat loss occurs first in the place it was put on last, and vice versa?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-05T15:00:50.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="975" CreationDate="2015-05-15T18:02:20.740" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dysmenorrhea (pain with menstruation) can be &lt;em&gt;primary&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;secondary&lt;/em&gt;. The first thing a woman should do is see a physician to determine which kind of dysmenorrhea she has. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Primary dysmenorrhea&lt;/em&gt; is painful menstruation with a normal pelvic examination (no causes can be determined). It is is by far the most common gynecologic problem in menstruating women, can be worse in younger women than older ones, and is worse in smokers. Usually women refer to this kind of pain as &quot;menstrual cramps&quot;, and they tend to occur just before and in the early part of menstruation. The cause is increased production of endometrial &lt;em&gt;prostaglandins&lt;/em&gt;, natural hormones which cause uterine contractions. If the pain is severe enough, or in any way atypical, an pelvic ultrasound will be done to rule out pelvic pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) are the usual treatment because they are anti-prostaglandins; NSAIDS include ibuprofen, naproxin, aspirin, etc. If NSAIDS alone do not decrease pain sufficiently, patients are often placed on oral contraceptive pills, which will make periods lighter and less painful, or continuous-use OCP's that result in suppression of menses altogether. If these are inadequate in the absence of pelvic pathology, stronger medications can be prescribed, or one can try accupuncture. Topical heat is often comforting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Secondary dysmenorrhea&lt;/em&gt; is pain in the presence of gynecologic findings, usually endometriosis or adenomyosis (growth of endometrial tissue outside of the endometrial cavity, either outside of the uterus or in uterine muscle walls), adhesions, fibroid (benign) tumors, infection, or other problems. It tends to be more severe pain, later during the period, starts years after the onset of menses, can be associated with heavy menstrual flow or irregular cycles, or other. It's important to have a physician involved in the care of secondary dysmenorrhea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2nTaU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://patients.gi.org/topics/aspirin-and-nsaids/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin and NSAIDS &lt;/a&gt; - A very nice overview of NSAIDs&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0801/p489.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Primary Dysmenorrhea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://patients.gi.org/topics/aspirin-and-nsaids/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin and NSAIDS &lt;/a&gt; - A very nice overview of NSAIDs&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Trials of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units, laparoscopic presacral neuronectomy, acupuncture, omega-3 fatty acids, transdermal nitroglycerin, thiamine and magnesium all demonstrated &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; relief of dysmenorrhea symptoms.&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-15T19:06:17.850" LastActivityDate="2015-05-15T19:06:17.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="957" CreationDate="2015-05-16T05:25:31.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 0 to 1 scale is simply a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity#Expression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;decimal expression&lt;/a&gt; of the 20/20 (Imperial) or 6/6 (metric) measure of visual acuity.  It's related to the smallest gap size someone can see on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landolt_C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Landolt C chart&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dioptres&lt;/a&gt; are not a measure of eyesight quality &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;.  Rather, they're a measure of the focal length of the lenses needed to bring your eyesight to normal.  An &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eyeglasses prescription&lt;/a&gt; might specify two or three such measures to correct various aberrations (eg. &quot;-5 diopters; -1 diopter @ 180), in such a case, the first one is a spherical correction for distance vision, while the second is a cylindrical correction for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism_(eye)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;astigmatism&lt;/a&gt; and the third (in the rare case that it's present) is a prism correction for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergence#Vergence_dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alignment problems&lt;/a&gt;.  Eyesight expressed as a single diopter measure refers to the correction needed for distance vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your &quot;negative integers&quot; method may be diopters again: a diopter measure can be either positive or negative, depending on what vision problems it's correcting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find a &quot;0 to 20+&quot; scale for visual acuity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-05-16T05:25:31.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="944" CreationDate="2015-05-16T19:58:53.670" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You picked an interesting virus (and illness) to ask about. There are still a lot of studies being conducted and many of the answers aren't in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit of background. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV - the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) is a member of the herpesvirus family, very &quot;successful&quot; viruses in that most of the world's population are infected (90% of the world's population has been infected with EBV), and the viruses are known to remain in the host's body throughout their lifetimes (that is, the host doesn't usually die from the disease, instead living to pass it on to others). With Herpes Simplex, reactivation is in the form of cold sores. With varicella-zoster virus - the cause of chickenpox - reactivation takes the form of &quot;shingles&quot;. So, to expect EBV of periodic reactivation isn't very far fetched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US, ~50% of the population seroconverts (becomes infected as manifested by antibodies to the virus) before 5 years of age. This population has not been extensively studied for asymptomatic viral shedding. In the rest of the population, most cases of EBV infection are still subclinical, but some adolescents and young adults - about 25% of those newly infected - get the illness known as infectious mononucleosis (IM). This has been the group most studied group in terms of who is shedding virus and who isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once infected, humans carry the virus for life in a small number of white blood cells called &quot;memory B lymphocytes&quot;. Immediately following infection, the cells shedding the most virus are pharyngeal epithelial cells (though this has been challenged), so virus is present in the saliva, but has also been found in other bodily fluids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/v8u7F.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study in France followed 30 patients for 6 months: 20 after diagnosis of IM, and 10 healthy EBV carriers (determined by the presence of IgG antibodies against EBV and the absence of IgM) as controls. Blood and  saliva samples were collected at day 0 [D0]), D3, D7, D15, D30, D60, D90, and D180 on all subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infectivity of saliva was determined by lymphocyte transformation in cell cultures of fresh cord-blood lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All newly infected patients had sustained viral shedding in the saliva, and all still had infectious saliva at day 180, 16 patients maintaining a &lt;em&gt;high&lt;/em&gt; EBV load during the 6 months of follow-up, and 4 showing a &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt; level of virus, though viral load was significantly lower at D180 than at D90 in all patients. Of the &lt;em&gt;controls&lt;/em&gt; (healthy people who had positive antibodies), 8 subjects had 2–4 episodes of detectable EBV in their saliva, with the remaining 2 having no EBV in their saliva during the follow-up period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the patient blood samples, EBV-infected B cells decreased significantly from day 0 to day 180, with 18 showing a viral rebound between D30 and D90. Among these 18, 4 patients had tonsillitis and lymphadenopathy (!) which indicates a recurrence. Only one of the control subjects showed no detectable  EBV in their Memory B Cells during the entire follow-up period. This shows that patients with IM remain highly infectious during convalescence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Japanese study analyzed the prevalence of EBV in saliva and throat washings from healthy people. EBV DNA was detected in 43 of 48 throat washings from healthy adults aged 21 to 57 years of age, and in 35 of 93 salivas from healthy children 0 to 6 years old. Umbilical cord lymphocytes were transformed by some throat washings from EBV seropositive donors, indicating infectivity of the virus. Furthermore, EBV DNA was detected in throat washings from 2 healthy adults whose &lt;em&gt;EBV antibody was not detected&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study of 22 healthy EBV-seropositive blood donors over a period of 15 months, serology suggested reactivation (significant changes in viral load plus a serological response) in eight donors. Another five individuals also exhibited significant changes in viral load but no serologic response. Of the 13 volunteers with significant increases in viral load, 6 had a period of viremia accompanying the rise in viral load, that is, &lt;em&gt;they had a viral infection clinically.&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What triggers reactivation in healthy subjects is not known precisely. The presumption is that it occurs when latently infected B cells respond to unrelated infections, because B-cell receptor stimulation triggers reactivation in B-cell lines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, whatever you have read, there is probably proof for it, as well as much else that wasn't read! It appears that healthy adults and children shed virus intermittently for an unknown number of years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Image from &lt;em&gt;On the dynamics of acute EBV infection and the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis&lt;/em&gt;, Hadinoto et al, Blood. 2008 Feb 1; 111(3): 1420–1427.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Infectious Mononucleosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021204/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Progress and Problems in Understanding and Managing Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/191/6/985.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-Term Shedding of Infectious Epstein-Barr Virus after Infectious&#xA;Mononucleosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S128645790000277X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in salivas and throat washings in healthy adults and children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jcm.asm.org/content/41/12/5419.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Parameters for Precise Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Healthy Carriers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2214734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;On the dynamics of acute EBV infection and the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-07T06:07:33.520" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T06:07:33.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="663" CreationDate="2015-05-16T23:33:08.787" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The so-called halos are typical for spikes of intraocular pressure rise in high-tension glaucoma (or ocular hypertension) forms, most often in &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.01920.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;melanin-dispersion syndrome (MDS, or pigment-dispersion syndrome)&lt;/a&gt; which is a trigger for glaucoma in myopes and often begins in early adulthood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The halos appear when a spike in intraocular pressure leads to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eyecalcs.com/DWAN/pages/v4/v4c016a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;intracorneal edema&lt;/a&gt;, as the corneal endothelial cells which permanently pump the nutritious water out of the cornea cannot compete with the high pressure pushing the fluid into the cornea anymore. Thus, the cornea fills with water, leading to temporary loss of visual acuity and, as an early symptom, to halos and rainbows around sources of light due to increased dispersion of light. The regularity of the extracellular matrix, which is crucial for corneal transparency, is disturbed by the intrusion of water leading to cell displacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this can happen in other forms of high-tension glaucoma or ocular hypertension with momentarily raised intraocular pressure (IOP), too. Note that it only does in forms where the IOP rises quickly, whereas in a slow and constant rise (as it happens in many forms of chronic glaucoma) the endothelial cells can adapt and still drain the cornea from the excess water. So basically, the same happens in an attack of angle-closure glaucoma, just with the difference being that angle-closure glaucomas often don't go away without medical treatment, whereas in early adulthood IOP spikes due to MDS the halos often are the only symptom which is often triggered by exercise or in dim ambience light situations. This is due to the fact that when the iris moves (as in widened pupils due to adrenaline reactions when performing sports or whe the lights are dim) in a patient with MDS, it rubs against the lens, loses pigment by erosion and this then &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/8527032_Intraocular_pressure_spike_after_YAG_iridotomy_in_patients_with_pigment_dispersion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;clogs the eye's drain&lt;/a&gt; (in the anterior chamber angle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be seen as basic knowledge in ophthalmology. A first report on the mechanism leading to IOP rise dates &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002939453907995&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;back to 1953&lt;/a&gt;. The induction of IOP spikes by exercise has also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002939480900732&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;been known for a longer period of time&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: As your question explicitly relates to open-angle glaucoma, I'd like to add that there are different types of open-angle glaucoma, and only some of them are known for IOP spikes that could lead to said halos and rainbows. Primary open-angle glaucoma usually doesn't, but other than the mentioned pigmentaray dispension syndrome, &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=JZ9Gs3fLqrcC&amp;amp;pg=PA129&amp;amp;lpg=PA129&amp;amp;dq=pex+glaucoma+spikes&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=xeLL-Xtl0G&amp;amp;sig=4bl_Gz93-chlsUZcwbQwbhoPFT0&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=cfBZVfPHH8GNsgGkl4CACQ&amp;amp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAGoVChMIs8SA6bnLxQIVwYYsCh2kCwCQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=pex%20glaucoma%20spikes&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PEX glaucoma&lt;/a&gt; could, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oic.it/~egsmadrid2010/pdf/ps3b/P3.148.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;herpes simplex trabeculitis&lt;/a&gt; is also not uncommon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Academy of Ophthalmology has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://eyewiki.aao.org/Pigmentary_glaucoma_and_Pigment_Dispersion_Syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;good description on pigmentary glaucoma&lt;/a&gt; in their EyeWiki.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be also found in &lt;em&gt;Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, 7th Edition. Jack J. Kanski, B, Bowling. 2011, Saunders, ISBN 978-0-7020-4093-1, p:365ff.&lt;/em&gt;, and extensively in &lt;em&gt;Basic and Clinical Science Course 2007-2008 Section 10: Glaucoma. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2007, San Francisco, ISBN 978-0-7020-4093-1, p.101-103.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastEditorUserId="514" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T10:59:49.203" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T10:59:49.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-13T16:02:35.023" Score="11" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been smoking for the past three years and I have decided to quit smoking cold turkey. It has been three days now!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am used to smoking during breaks. The craving is the worst every time I even think about locking my computer screen. I have stopped taking breaks these days, but I can't work either. It is really disrupting things and I don't want to get back to smoking yet!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to go on gums or patches. Is there something else that I can try? I am hoping some breathing exercises could help. Someone suggested eating chocolate or bananas helps. YEating in general is helping - I feel if I smell things (like chocolate or banana or cookies or anything) then the craving subsides. I want to know more about healthy natural ways of staying clean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Inspired_Blue" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:17:42.757" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:17:42.757" Title="Natural ways to quit smoking" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;&lt;cravings&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-16T04:00:42.450" Score="4" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;When on a strict diet (low carb or low fat), I heard that sometimes people find it hard to recollect things, even things they were thinking about a few minutes ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One instance, you might be going out so you know that you need to get your sunglasses, and by the time you reached reach your closet (say, in about 20-30 seconds) you forget what you were supposed to get. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this common? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="523" OwnerDisplayName="Kevindra" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-17T00:30:54.040" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T17:15:27.827" Title="Does low sugar/fat intake cause short term memory loss?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="990" CreationDate="2015-05-15T16:01:06.813" Score="7" ViewCount="11347" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 100kg male. I'm losing 1kg-2kg per week with  cardio and diet. Recently I noticed an increase in acnes around my arm and back. Also my forehad is more oily than usual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these changes normal for someone who is losing weight? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am overweight because of junk food and I still eat junk food. 1/3 of my daily intake is chips, pizza etc. but it is limited to 500cal a day on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user4220128" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T17:44:28.473" Title="Increase in acne during weight loss. Is it normal?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="989" CreationDate="2015-05-15T17:52:42.487" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well unfortunately, without a lot more detail on the changes you've made to your diet and how you go about your exercise, it is impossible to exactly pin-point where the problem is, but here are some facts and pointers to help you out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three main factors here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hormone levels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diet changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How you exercise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hormone Levels&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, training alone doesn't cause significant increases in testosterone for there to be an effect on skin / acne, but if you are taking any supplements for this (like testosterone boosters), or happen to be going through puberty, then you may want to look into this with a doctor / dermatologist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diet Changes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of foods that you may have implemented in your new diet that can be causing acne. Dairy, for example, has had plenty of studies going back and forth as to the effects it has on acne, with a nice amount claiming certain amounts of dairy can cause it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on dietary causes, please read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/worst-foods-for-your-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; full of information and advice. It will help you spot any new foods you may have introduced into your diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How you Exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like the dairy studies, plenty of people have gone back and forth with studies and evidence on sweating clogging up your pores. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main principle behind this is that as you sweat, the sweat brings dirt and oils from the surface of your skin into your pores for them to get clogged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/men/sweating-odor/does-sweating-cause-acne.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; gives more information on how sweat affects acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from personal experience, sweating caused me to develop some acne when I started training, so if this is the cause of your acne, you need to look at a few things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How soon after your exercise do you shower? Leaving the sweat on your face for a prolonged amount of time isn't recommended, and you should wash your face as soon as you finish. On the counter-side of this, do not wash your face too often, as dry skin can also give you skin issues / acne. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While exercising, make sure you are using a clean towel free of dirt to dry your face. Do not reuse towels before washing them between workouts. The dirt and oil left on a towel can be detrimental in preventing acne developing when you sweat. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When showering, try using an exfoliating face wash that will assist you in properly deep cleaning your pores after a workout. Any product you use should be tested first, and used sparingly. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info on face washing, please check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acne.org/wash-face.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; for good tips on how to, and also for further tips on products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So in Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your acne can be caused by a plethora of changes you can be making to your body through hormones, diet, and exercise. But pinpointing the issue from the tips above and reading the cited material will help you make the changes needed to prevent it and finding the cause. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="515" OwnerDisplayName="Steven" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T17:44:28.473" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T17:44:28.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="711" CreationDate="2015-05-17T14:05:32.810" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I seem to perceive some confusion in your question, and I'll try to clarify all doubts as much as I can. Olive oil is one of the best oils you can use to cook. It is mainly composed by &lt;strong&gt;monounsaturated fatty acids&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chempro.in/fattyacid.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), that are neutral to &lt;strong&gt;cardiovascular risk and blood cholesterol&lt;/strong&gt;. There are some oils that are better, by this point of view, like canola oil, that has a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, that are beneficial to cardiovascular risk. Some oils are worse, like palm oil, because of the higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, that are detrimental to cardiovascular risk. For the same reason you should also avoid margarines and butter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Olive oil has also a &lt;strong&gt;high smoke point&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;), that makes it suitable for frying. Smoke point is the temperature at which toxic compounds are formed; it means that you should never heat beyond smoke point of &lt;strong&gt;any&lt;/strong&gt; oil. This is the reason why the dangerousness of very hot olive oil is not something specific of olive oil, but of any oil that is heated beyond its smoke point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, something that you should also be aware is that most of cooking oils are extracted with the use of &lt;strong&gt;hexane&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane#Uses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;), a chemical solvent. Although the oil is subsequently refined, &quot;cleaned&quot;, and the industry claims it's safe enough to be consumed, this procedure has risen a lot of concern.  &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Virgin&quot; and &quot;extra virgin&quot; olive oil&lt;/strong&gt; do not involve the use of any solvent during the production; this characteristic is shared with other oils that are cold pressed. Cold pressing is an extraction technique that, additionally, preserves the chemical content of the polyphenols, antioxidants, and vitamins present in the oil, that are reduced by high temperatures. The regulation of the definition of &quot;virgin&quot; oils and cold pressing is different between countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I apologize for my english, it is not my mother language. Here in Italy we speak a different language, and we know about oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-05-17T14:12:54.890" LastActivityDate="2015-05-17T14:12:54.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-17T21:19:21.583" Score="17" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sex therapy (including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_surrogate&quot;&gt;clinical, licensed sex itself&lt;/a&gt;) is a treatment option for &lt;em&gt;sexual health&lt;/em&gt; issues - when there are problems and goals pertaining to sex itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sexual health tends to be studied from the angle of being on the 'receiving' end of health, merely being 'improved' as a benefit of good health, or hampered as a result of bad health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wonder whether there have been examples of, any research on, or plausible basis for, sex (whether just orgasm as the common denominator, specific sexual techniques similar to Tantra, and whether solo or with a partner) being a 'medical treatment' mechanism for anything &lt;em&gt;non&lt;/em&gt;-sexual in nature also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, considering the opposite - sex helping to not only improve health itself - but actually be a legitimate and studied &lt;em&gt;field&lt;/em&gt; of (alternative) medical treatment for a whole range of scenarios whose goals have nothing to do with sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no collated research to offer up-front in the question, but only one particular angle of inquiry of my own, which is that sexual activity is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system&quot;&gt;parasympathetic nervous system&lt;/a&gt; and that, given the involuntary and powerful nature of sexual function, perhaps it might assist in nervous system balance/repair/damage/even issues with PTSD/fight-or-flight sympathetic nervous system issues (e.g. maybe it is the strongest way to activate and train the parasympathetic system where a patient has issues relating to it), if studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many studies that show sex (and especially intimate sexual activity with a partner) has many direct health benefits, proven mechanisms to relieve mental stress and certainly regulate hormones of the endocrine system which then has further beneficial domino effects itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there basis to suspect it could do more? (Similar to well-understood exercise and body movement therapies having massive positive and thus often healing effects on the body?) Has this been studied at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously in our current society the principal reason for a lack of such study would be the cultural and 'moral' taboos associated with this idea - sex always being an end, but hardly ever a means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="522" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:37:47.157" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T15:06:46.820" Title="Sex as a generic medical treatment modality?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;endorphins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="999" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1001" CreationDate="2015-05-18T08:11:55.027" Score="10" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, glass blocks &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_light_and_cancer&quot;&gt;UV light, which is cancerous&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we generate vitamin D behind a glass window, if we sit in the sun?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="107" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-07-29T08:29:38.557" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T08:29:38.557" Title="Is UV light necessary for vitamin D generation?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="999" CreationDate="2015-05-18T14:53:59.027" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076005002220&quot;&gt;No.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754279&quot;&gt;UVB rays are essential for Vitamin D synthesis&lt;/a&gt;. According to some studies, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23441390&quot;&gt;1 hour of sunshine&lt;/a&gt; is needed even in sunny climates - but only in average, still depending on latitude, skin color and other factors - to prevent Vitamin D deficiency. Still, even the average sun exposure in mid-latitude regions summers &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754279&quot;&gt;might not fulfill your body's needs for UV radation&lt;/a&gt; to supply itself with Vitamin D, but opinions on this differ (as can be seen in comparison with the first link of this paragraph). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when comparing it to 1 hour of full sun exposure in mild climates, it is safe to conclude that the UVB levels behind glass windows, as measured in the first overall link above, are so low that it is highly improbable to reach sufficient Vitamin D levels behind them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastActivityDate="2015-05-18T14:53:59.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1002" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4215" CreationDate="2015-05-18T21:36:08.070" Score="8" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to figure out whether or not my commute may be affecting my health in a major way. Does commuting have an effect on health in any way? If so, does it matter how long the commute is, what kind of transportation (bus, train, or car), or the time of day when commuting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried googling this but while I found several news articles, I haven't found links to studies and solid research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="531" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T22:24:57.037" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:24:29.727" Title="Effects of commuting on health" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;travel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="957" CreationDate="2015-05-18T22:59:51.033" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, one has to distinguish between &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;visual acuity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (VA), which is a measure for the maximal possible resolution your eye-brain-system can achieve, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;refractive error&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which measures the deviation of the optical system of your eye from &lt;em&gt;emmetropy&lt;/em&gt; (=perfectly balanced optics, sharp focus on retina without any glasses) in &lt;em&gt;diopters&lt;/em&gt; of spheres and cylinders and thus determines what corrective glasses you need to wear in front of your eye in order to achieve your maximum possible visual acuity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visual acuity can be measured without corrective glasses, i.e. the &quot;native&quot; VA of your eye, or with your best corrective glasses, which then gives you the value of your &quot;Best-corrected visual acuity&quot; (BCVA), and only this value is useful for comparison purposes, e.g. for driver's licenses (because errors that &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be corrected by glasses also &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; to be corrected by law, as this is rather easy to do for everybody), and also for scientific evaluation of eye performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also explains a common misconception: When somebody is very near- or farsighted (myope or hyperope), he has to wear glasses with a high (absolute) value of diopters, e.g. -7 dpt. But if he reaches 20/20 vision with his glasses on (again, BCVA), then to an eye doctor, this will matter the most; for the glasses are neglegible in comparison to &quot;real&quot; eye diseases which can impair your eye function and lower the BCVA your eye can reach. Many people incorrectly compare their eye functions by comparing the amount of diopters in their glasses, yet this doesn't really say anything about the maximum resolution their eyes have when wearing their best glasses. Refractive errors can be corrected by glasses, contact lenses and laser surgery, but the maximum visual acuity an eye-brain-system is able to achieve can &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; be altered in any (simple) way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when visual acuity is measured, a &lt;em&gt;full&lt;/em&gt; visual acuity, i.e. &quot;normal&quot;, or 100%, or any way you'd like to name it, has once simply deliberately been determined by a minimum angle of resolution of 1 arc minute, and the charts that are used for testing it have letters that correspond with this resolution. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 arc minute&lt;/a&gt; of resolution corresponds to being able to separate two points with 2,91 cm between them at a distance of 100 m. Now note that this does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; necessarily correspond with what most people are able to see; as said previously, the definition of 100% visual acuity was deliberate.&#xA;The capability to distinguish points with 1 arc minute of space between them has been defined as 20/20 (or 6/6) vision in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snellen charts&lt;/a&gt;, 1.0 vision in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Medical/Visual/Files/Visual%20Acuity%20Conversion%20Chart.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decimal charts (conversion table)&lt;/a&gt;, and later 0.0 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogMAR_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;logMAR&lt;/a&gt;, which is the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution and which has become &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icoph.org/dynamic/attachments/resources/icovisualacuity1984.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the gold standard in measuring and comparing visual acuity&lt;/a&gt; (see p.13 for conversion chart), but is predominantly used for scientific purposes and less in clinical environments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is basic knowledge in optics, optometry and ophthalmology. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; describes the correlations between the terms pretty well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastEditorUserId="15661" LastEditDate="2019-02-18T16:45:49.937" LastActivityDate="2019-02-18T16:45:49.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="976" CreationDate="2015-05-19T05:02:17.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is not much that can be done other than what you have mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The present guidelines for the management would include watchful waiting, medical (alpha blockers) or surgical (trans urethral bladder neck incision or resection). However, the present literature lack significant amount of randomized controlled trials that would provide reliable evidence regarding the efficacy of these treatment options. Existing reports provide contradicting results as well. Even though there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;success stories&lt;/a&gt; of complete cure by the trans urethral bladder neck resection, this still remains to be a topic where further exploration needs to be done regarding the natural history of the disease, and possible treatment modalities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1477631/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction in Men and Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T05:02:17.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="941" CreationDate="2015-05-19T06:53:37.107" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The causes of such pains are called back strains, and may be muscular or ligamentous in origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physical exertion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fall&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bending repeatedly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lifting heavy objects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Emotional Stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sitting in improper postures for long periods of time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens when a muscle/ligament is overstretched, resulting in the injury of the same. Since spine is essentially supported by a large number of muscles and ligaments, this can happen very easily. If there is an injury, the area around it gets inflamed, and these will lead to spasm of the muscles. Hence the movement of the spine in such conditions will be extremely painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment modalities are usually conservative, including rest, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, and physiotherapy when needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0315/p1779.html&quot;&gt;Diagnosis and Management of Acute Low Back Pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/low-back-strain&quot;&gt;Low Back Strain - WEBMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314730&quot;&gt;What's causing your lower back pain? The top three causes are sprains and strains, herniated discs, and stenosis&lt;/a&gt; (Full text may not be accessible). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T06:53:37.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="721" CreationDate="2015-05-19T07:07:21.333" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a study which show that teeth whitening using Hydrogen Peroxide can cause oral mucosa irritation, burns or sensitive teeth. However, these were found to be mild in nature and resolved spontaneously without any intervention. Since teeth whitening strips are hydrogen peroxide based, I think the results can be safely extrapolated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799793&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Teeth whitening with 6% hydrogen peroxide vs. 35% hydrogen peroxide, a comparative controlled study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T07:07:21.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-19T09:18:51.093" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what is the Thiamin quantity in Kiwi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two websites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2300?manu=&amp;amp;fgcd=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2300?manu=&amp;amp;fgcd=&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;which says that there is 0.027mg Thiamin in 100g of Kiwi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodcomp.dk/v7/fcdb_details.asp?FoodId=0465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.foodcomp.dk/v7/fcdb_details.asp?FoodId=0465&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;which says there is 0.006mg of Thiamin in 100g Kiwi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, one website claims the quantity is 4.5 times more than the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which information is more reliable and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any obvious reason that I am missing why there is such huge difference? I think the product name and quantity and units agree in both websites, so..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="537" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T09:18:51.093" Title="Thiamin quantity in Kiwi - which source to believe?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-03-20T15:14:49.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-19T11:40:40.447" Score="6" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason behind washing your face before applying retinoids? I do not know why this is required. Of course, assuming you haven't done anything dirty (like sweat) during the day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also recommended for benzoyl peroxide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:34:58.920" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:34:58.920" Title="Why are retinoids applied only after washing the face?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="981" CreationDate="2015-05-19T12:08:35.560" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, it is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot;&gt;basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the organism&lt;/a&gt; which in a person who doesn't exercise more than average, consumes &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/5/941.full&quot;&gt;most of the calories of the daily intake&lt;/a&gt;. It is dependent of age, sex, population and fat-free mass, i.e. the mass of muscles in your body, which consume a lot of energy just for maintenance. Studies show that it can vary individually &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280423&quot;&gt;between 1000 and 2500 kcal/day&lt;/a&gt; within just one population. Many factors and energy consumers contribute to the basal metabolic rate, but approximately 70% of it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/3/contents/3079f916-ceb8-591d-90da-02738d5b0739/M2845E00.HTM&quot;&gt;is used for maintenance of the body's main organs&lt;/a&gt;, and the rest is used for physical activity (in an average human) and for thermogenesis and digesting your food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not known why exactly the BMR decreases with age. While it can be partly attributed to lifestyle changes after early adulthood with decrease in exercise and physical activity, studies show that it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/259/2/E233.short&quot;&gt;not the only contributing factor&lt;/a&gt;. Part of it may be attributed to &quot;an alteration in tissue energy&quot;. But when you compare age 40 with age 20, another part is that human adolescence and body growth are active until approximately &lt;a href=&quot;http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/227.1.long&quot;&gt;age 17.5 in women and age 19 in men&lt;/a&gt;, which &lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/30408.pdf&quot;&gt;also heavily contributes to BMR&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the decrease in BMR with age is multifactorial, and thus may also be influenced in many ways, the most popular one being the increase of physical activity and thus fat-free mass, which is a big contributor to it as we learned &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280423&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/5/941.full&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastActivityDate="2015-05-19T12:08:35.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="819" CreationDate="2015-05-19T12:23:57.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modern evidence-based medicine won't be able to fully answer your question, but there are indications that &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-13-1-45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteria, or more exactly, the individual gut flora heavily influence your fecal weight or stool mass&lt;/a&gt;. E.g., in obstipated patients, &lt;a href=&quot;http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/46/18/679&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other types of gut bacteria were found than in the control group&lt;/a&gt;, which still can't tell what is cause and what is effect. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521691813000577&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stool transplantation&lt;/a&gt; is also an emerging therapy for various diseases (see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nrgastro/journal/v9/n2/full/nrgastro.2011.244.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4073534/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), so while there is no better explanation for your question, I think the difference in composition of gut flora may be a good candidate to explain individual variation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastEditorUserId="514" LastEditDate="2020-12-08T19:22:59.877" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T19:22:59.877" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1031" CreationDate="2015-05-19T14:31:58.853" Score="5" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the relationship between insulin sensitivity and weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T04:08:35.127" Title="How does insulin sensitivity affect weight loss?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1015" CreationDate="2015-05-19T15:46:05.673" Score="8" ViewCount="229" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was reading the accepted answer in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/307/99&quot;&gt;Why do doctors prescribe steroid tablets even though they know the side effects?&lt;/a&gt; question, I noticed this phrase located in the second paragraph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...if there is a single &lt;strong&gt;class of drugs&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what class of drugs we have. So I started researching and got to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/drug-classes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Classes&lt;/a&gt; page on Drugs.com. But I don't understand a word. And even if I can understand them, there are so many classes that I cannot remember them all. Do we have another class system that is more general and less number of classes? If there is not, which classes should I know as a layman?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clarification&lt;/strong&gt;: while I know nothing about medical, in my high school I used to study natural sciences very well, which include biology and chemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T15:31:59.300" Title="Do we have a general system of class of drugs that a layman can understand?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1014" CreationDate="2015-05-19T16:45:52.447" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no need for any person to learn any drug taxonomy, unless this person is creating or extensively using clinical or pharmacological documentation. I don't doubt that somewhere, a single unified taxonomy of drugs exists, prescribed by some standardization body - and I also don't doubt that it's a major pain to use and as hated by physicians as ICD-10. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For all medical purposes outside of documentation, people use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.de/Women-Fire-Dangerous-Things-Categories/dp/0226468046&quot;&gt;categorization&lt;/a&gt; the same way they do it for all other concepts in their life. They put a label on any group they (and hopefully their communication partner) readily recognize. And what they recognize depends on their level of expertise in the field. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you, the patient, will naturally say &quot;drugs for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine&quot;&gt;migraine&lt;/a&gt;&quot; while talking to a friend of physician. A physician will use categories such as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist&quot;&gt;serotonin receptor agonists&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. Neither of you two studied a taxonomy tree of drugs before using a correct category name. You knew &quot;there are migraines&quot; and derived a proper category name from it. The physician learned about the role of serotonin in the brain, and one chapter of his textbook explained how serotonin is connected to migraine, and another explained how there are drugs which mimic the effects of serotonin by activating the same receptors which are usually activated by serotonin, so they can stop a migraine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the two categories are not the same, even though they have some overlap. Some serotonin receptor agonists are a type of migraine drugs. But there are migraine drugs which are not serotonin receptor agonists, and there are serotonin receptor agonists which do something other than heal migraine, because they activate a slightly different set of serotonin receptors. But there is no simple way to translate the category &quot;serotonin receptor agonists&quot; to layman's terms. It's not even a matter of it resulting from too detailed criteria, and saying that it's good for a layman to learn the more general category above it - because the more general category of &quot;receptor agonist&quot; is not easier to understand. &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1591842948&quot;&gt;Experts' taxonomies are not simply more detailed versions of a layman's taxonomy of the same area, they are orthogonal to laymen taxonomies, because they are based on completely different principles.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If what you want is a categorization system reflecting your current knowledge, then you already have it. Talking about &quot;drugs for fever&quot; or &quot;drugs for migraine&quot; is not wrong in any way. Just say whatever you mean when you need it. There could be a category which you need to talk about but cannot come up with a succinct name for it, such as &quot;drugs for fever which are safe for toddlers and are taken through the mouth&quot; - but it is unlikely that it already makes a node in somebody else's standardized taxonomy, you have to describe it. And while your doctor might be inclined to use the description &quot;pediatric oral antipyretic&quot; instead, this does not make your label less valid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be able to work with a more intricate taxonomy, you'll need more medical knowledge. And that's great - everybody can use knowledge about such an important subject. But in this case, the knowledge comes first. Using the correct taxonomy will come naturally, as a byproduct of your increased knowledge. The other way round does not work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it can happen that you come across information which refers to a category you don't understand, for example in the list of interactions of a drug you are taking. But if you want to understand this information, the way is not through some special taxonomy (which cannot be mapped to concepts you already know anyway). If you really need to know what makes a class of drug a &quot;class&quot; and not a random collection of drugs, and a source you find does not explain it in terms you understand, you need another source which will try to explain the criteria behind the existing expert's category. I'm sure the users of this site will be happy to help you in this, too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T19:23:23.340" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T19:23:23.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-19T19:14:26.517" Score="4" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wondered what was the best for the health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general but also, I noticed that my sunflower oil indicates on its bottle that it shouldn't be cooked over 175 C°, what happens if we do (by mistake for instance)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bonus question:&lt;/strong&gt; I picked those two oils because this is the only ones I really know about, is there other good alternatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related question:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://sustainability.stackexchange.com/q/934/264&quot;&gt;Olive oil versus sunflower oil&lt;/a&gt; (on sustainability.stackexchange.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="543" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:49:28.187" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T13:47:55.717" Title="Olive oil versus sunflower oil" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;&lt;oil&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1017" CreationDate="2015-05-19T19:29:24.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, sunflower oil is very high in omega 6 and poor in omega 3 which isn't a good thing considering that the body needs a good balance between omega 6 and omega 3 to be healthy, and most modern food is way too high in omega 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion there aren't good oils and bad oils, it's all a matter of balance. I personally use olive oil for hot dishes, and colza oil for salads and stuff... most of the time. But you still can try and pick most of the oils if you feel curious (I think that palm oil is the only vegetable oil which isn't good for health even if used just a little).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://authoritynutrition.com/optimize-omega-6-omega-3-ratio/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to Optimize Your Omega-6 to Omega-3 Ratio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2014/01/03/the-shocking-truth-about-sunflower-oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Shocking Truth About Sunflower Oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="536" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T13:47:55.717" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T13:47:55.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1051" CreationDate="2015-05-19T20:45:59.313" Score="10" ViewCount="17184" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found &lt;a href=&quot;http://drinkh2o2.com/#hydrogen-peroxide-therapy&quot;&gt;some sites&lt;/a&gt; which claim that drinking hydrogen peroxide is &quot;very&quot; healthy for detoxification of the body. But these sites lack credible references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I remember from secondary school, oxygen is very reactive and can cause lungs cancer. I was searching for publications about &quot;hydrogen peroxide therapy&quot;, but I haven't found anything. I also searched &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&quot;&gt;here on NCBI&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; Is that a reliable place for searching such topics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to drink hydrogen peroxide according as these sites claim? Are there any more-credible publications about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="545" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:11:42.323" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T10:57:48.173" Title="Is hydrogen peroxide therapy (drinking it) safe?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;detox-purge&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1026" CreationDate="2015-05-19T20:47:38.987" Score="10" ViewCount="26422" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have observed that drinking a full glass of water prior to sleeping leads to urination in the morning, as would be expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have also observed that some people urinate more than once in the morning, often just an hour after the first full void.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I theorize that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The individual drank more than the bladder can hold, thus the body held onto the excess water until there was more room in the bladder before producing more urine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The body retains water overnight for some reason, and begins to move it to the bladder after one wakes up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the physiology of urination that yields this pattern?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="546" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-10-11T07:16:37.173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-11T07:16:37.173" Title="What is the physiological process that would cause one to void more than once in the morning?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-20T04:16:18.537" Score="4" ViewCount="3988" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know:&#xA;In which year was the first brain tumor discovered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="552" LastEditorUserId="29" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T10:50:33.363" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T05:08:41.447" Title="When was brain cancer first discovered?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1023" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-05-20T05:37:52.023" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T05:37:52.023" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T05:37:52.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1024" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-05-20T05:37:52.023" Score="0" Body="Questions about preventative measure to avoid pregnancy and how they relate to health. Contraception includes for example birth control pills, intrauterine devices, or nonhormonal methods such as condoms. " OwnerUserId="553" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:51:42.407" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T00:51:42.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1022" CreationDate="2015-05-20T08:49:18.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20150225220724/http://discovery.yukozimo.com/who-discovered-brain-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_brain_cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, brain cancer was first discovered in 1873 and brain tumor before that. We can't say for sure when the first case of brain tumor occurred because it may have been originated in the prehistoric times. Since no data was recorded in those times, it isn't certain to say when and where the first case of brain tumor occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It’s not that hard to answer the question of who discovered brain cancer – this breakthrough is credited to Gupta Longati, a Russian scientist, who discovered the disease in 1873.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="498" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T05:08:41.447" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T05:08:41.447" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1020" CreationDate="2015-05-20T10:49:15.067" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In healthy patients, a circadianic rhythm of urine excretion &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335055&quot;&gt;has been observed&lt;/a&gt;. In average, it depends &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335055&quot;&gt;on age, sex and total (consumed) fluid volume&lt;/a&gt;. Several factors contribute to this rhythm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17945293&quot;&gt;The rhythm of glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys&lt;/a&gt;. They &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2667855&quot;&gt;decrease filtration of urine at night.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many of the hormones which influence renal urine production - and also the parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous system, which controls bladder function - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3138846/&quot;&gt;follow observable day and night rhythms&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The former study also states that there is a possibility for regulatory clock genes, which might directly influence urine production or the urge to urinate.  They could be located in the bladder itself or the neurons controlling its function, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752602/&quot;&gt;or in the kidneys&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The role of this rhythm is still unclear. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3138846/&quot;&gt;In mice, the circadianic rhythm of urine excretion was lost 2 days into exposure to total darkness.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, altogether, there is evidence of multifactorial contributions to an observable circadianic rhythm of urine excretion of unknown purpose. But it is clear that at night, your kidneys filtrate and thus produce less, and the tonus of the bladder muscles is also decreased, in summary leading to your bladder preserving more urine for the morning, possibly &quot;to give you some rest&quot; at night. And it is also clear that if you're a man, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02228.x/full&quot;&gt;it is not going to get better with age&lt;/a&gt;, and this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369190543X&quot;&gt;very likely due to the increase of their prostate volume&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T10:49:15.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1141" CreationDate="2015-05-20T20:05:11.963" Score="6" ViewCount="1074" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a story of a birth of twins from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2038:27-30&quot;&gt;Genesis 38:27-30&lt;/a&gt; with some details that raise some medical questions. Among them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is implied that before birth, they knew the mother had twins.&#xA;The first thing to come out of the womb was one baby's arm (upon which the first thing the midwife does is tie a crimson thread to it).&#xA;The arm goes back into the womb.&#xA;The other baby is birthed, followed by the one with the thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without using modern medical technology, are any of those things medically impossible or are they just uncommon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="559" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T20:10:46.540" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T19:06:20.603" Title="In childbirth, can one twin's arm stick out of the womb and then the other child is born first?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1013" CreationDate="2015-05-20T21:54:12.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance and obesity are both symptoms of type 2 diabetes, although they also occur at a prediabetic stage, before the diabetes diagnostic criteria are met. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369292814V&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin resistance is highly predictive of diabetes&lt;/a&gt;. In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giovanni_Targher/publication/13533291_Prevalence_of_insulin_resistance_in_metabolic_disorders_the_Bruneck_Study/links/00b4951dd5f59ca7d2000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bruneck study&lt;/a&gt;, less than 10% of the insulin resistant subjects had no other metabolic disorder. But still, the exact relationship between insulin resistance and obesity is unclear, as they could&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have a common cause, or &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one of them causes the other, or &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be coupled in a positive feedback cycle, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all of the above. But we know that they are highly correlated in untreated patients. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JxrsV.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the prevalence of insulin resistance in adolescents from &lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/11/2427.full#F1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHANES&lt;/a&gt;, with white circles denoting normal weight adolescents, black squares denoting overweight adolescents and black circles denoting obese adolescents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://class.coursera.org/diabetes-003/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one of the theories&lt;/a&gt; for the progression to diabetes is that the capacity of the body's usual fat depots is overtaxed, leading to having too much fat where it does not belong (e.g. intraabdominal fat deposits), resulting in lipotoxicity and finally diabetes. This would be a potential argument for obesity leading to insulin resistance. A common cause could be searched e.g. in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diapedia.org/metabolism/glp-1-defects-in-diabetes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduced incretin secretion&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lufen_Chang/publication/11022576_A_central_role_for_JNK_in_obesity_and_insulin_resistance/links/5481cee20cf2941f830a02bd.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased JNK activity&lt;/a&gt;. But given the difficulty of finding a clear mechanism, and the complexity of the pathways involved, the connection is probably multifactorial.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weight loss is one of the goals in diabetes management. Exercise and dieting delay the progression of prediabetic stages to diabetes. They reduce both obesity and insulin resistance. So, to answer your question directly, &lt;strong&gt;if you had insulin resistance, and you managed to lose weight, it is very likely that your insulin sensitivity has increased.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above assumes that the patient is not taking any metabolic treatment. If he is taking diabetes medications, their effect on insulin sensitivity and weight will be independent. Some medication classes like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19952301&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GLP 1 agonists&lt;/a&gt; will reduce both obesity and insulin related effects, as will &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bariatric surgery&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metformin&lt;/a&gt; will improve insulin sensitivity without affecting weight much, while &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazolidinedione&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the glitazones&lt;/a&gt; reduce insulin resistance but lead to weight gain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-05-20T22:29:26.240" LastActivityDate="2015-05-20T22:29:26.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T07:06:03.820" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I had surgery on my shoulder to repair my torn labrum. After the surgery, I had the option of receiving a nerve block, which I took.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been periodically attempting to move my fingers despite the nerve block not having worn off yet. Sometimes I try to move my fingers with fair determination (trying pretty hard) and I feel mild to moderate tingling (corresponds to how &lt;em&gt;hard&lt;/em&gt; I try) in my wrist and hand which dissipates quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is trying frequently or with decent effort harmful? Can it damage anything? Am I free to keep trying or should I wait until the block is worn off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="563" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-21T11:21:38.683" LastActivityDate="2015-05-21T11:21:38.683" Title="Attempting to move with nerve block? Harmful?" Tags="&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-04-16T00:48:49.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T13:17:36.197" Score="3" ViewCount="1027" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the &quot;black&quot; ink of a ballpoint pen affect my health in any way, especially if it's applied in the same general area over a larger period of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="565" LastActivityDate="2020-01-01T01:04:08.573" Title="Is drawing with a pen on my wrist regularly unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-21T15:27:01.987" Score="6" ViewCount="1550" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are talking about 24g of sugar in Kool Aid Jammers. Does the sugar enter the stream nearly instantaneously or does it take a while? 10 minutes? 30?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="567" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T22:01:15.597" Title="How long does it take for the simple sugars in a drink to reach the bloodstream?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1109" CreationDate="2015-05-21T16:12:59.093" Score="8" ViewCount="2453" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) to adjust in response to dieting for long periods of time? If this does happen how much can it go down? I have heard that BMR ranges from 1000 - 2500 calories. Assume that multivitamins and other nutritional supplements (calcium, magnesium, minerals) are taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:44:47.527" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T12:44:47.527" Title="Does BMR adjust and decrease in response to calorie restriction diets?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1043" CreationDate="2015-05-22T03:11:35.263" Score="8" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at the death certificate of a relative, and I do not understand these names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Colon Carcinoma&#xA;    due to or as a consequence of&#xA;Abdominal Carcinomatosis&#xA;    due to or as a consequence of&#xA;Liver &amp;amp; Lung Metastatic Carcinoma&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="571" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T23:48:19.600" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T23:48:19.600" Title="Can someone explain these cancer names?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-22T09:17:11.967" Score="9" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be a relatively well-known fact that sudden extended periods of caloric restriction &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/weight/fewer-calories-stalls-metabolism.aspx&quot;&gt;will cause a severe drop in metabolism&lt;/a&gt;. But I can't seem to find much research about the reverse process. So the question is, does it work the other way too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic scenario I'm asking about is if one were to go from a lifestyle of plenty of exercise, and a high-calorie diet to compensate (if you need more detail, say the diet consists of plenty of proteins, decent fats, relatively-low carbs, so quite healthy) to a lifestyle of no exercise, half the calories, much more carbs, much less protein. Current evidence seems to indicate this would cause a significant drop in metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what about the inverse scenario? Say after six months, our subject adds back the exercise, and doubles calorie consumption by switching back to a diet of plenty of proteins, decent fats, and relatively-low carbs. Say this change takes place over a single week, and remains afterward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would this sudden change result in a rapid increase in metabolism, similar in magnitude to the rapid decrease caused by the inverse, and would it last? Is the body more conservative with increases in metabolism than with decreases? What would be the effects on the body?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: I realize &quot;metabolism&quot; is non-technical shorthand for the convergence of thousands of chemical processes used by the body to essentially process energy, and that the changes above would result in complex chains of changes that can't be exactly predicted. I'm not trying to calculate exactly what would happen, just get a general sense of how this process reacts to changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T09:43:19.983" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T16:00:40.013" Title="Can the body be shocked into a faster metabolism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1057" CreationDate="2015-05-22T12:40:39.353" Score="5" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which artificial sweeteners can cause insulin spikes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="489" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T17:26:52.743" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T20:13:50.250" Title="Do artificial sweeteners cause insulin spikes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1039" CreationDate="2015-05-22T14:07:15.460" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The causal sequence indicated here doesn’t make a lot of sense to me. Having signed many death certificates, I can sympathize with the doctor who signed off on it. Generally, these have to be typed up in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/death11-03final-acc.pdf&quot;&gt;a form&lt;/a&gt; (in my experience, on a typewriter....). Someone other than the doctor usually does that, which means there is some verbal communication between the doctor and an administrative person about what should go in the blanks and... it doesn’t always come out exactly perfectly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/basics/definition/con-20031877&quot;&gt;Colon carcinoma&lt;/a&gt; is generally used to indicate a &lt;em&gt;primary&lt;/em&gt; tumor of the epithelial cells of the colon. That is, the cells lining the inside of the colon underwent a mutation of some sort that caused a cancerous growth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abdominal carcinomatosis is what happens when cancer cells fall off (basically) the tumor and “seed” the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_26.html&quot;&gt;peritoneal space&lt;/a&gt;, which is the area outside the gut but inside the abdomen. The cells land in various places and start growing more tumors. Often, this is accompanied by secretion of fluid which results in &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170907-overview&quot;&gt;ascites&lt;/a&gt;, and the cancer can also spread by falling into this fluid and landing elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/metastatic-fact-sheet&quot;&gt;Metastatic carcinoma&lt;/a&gt; (here to lung and liver) is what happens when the cancer cells get in the bloodstream or lymphatic system and spread to ‘distant’ organs. There they set up new tumors, but the cells can still be identified as having originated from the colon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causal sequence is then:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;colon carcinoma &amp;#8594; abdominal carcinomatosis&lt;br&gt;&#xA;      colon carcinoma &amp;#8594; metastatic carcinoma (sites: liver and lung)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally it would also be possible to state a more proximate factor that directly resulted in death. For cancer metastatic to lung, that might be ‘hypoxemic respiratory failure’ (lack of oxygen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to indicate that on a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/death11-03final-acc.pdf&quot;&gt;death certificate&lt;/a&gt; would be;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; PART I. Enter the chain of events.....:&#xA;&#xA;         Hypoxemic respiratory failure &#xA;              due to (or as a consequence of): &#xA;         Metastatic Liver and Lung Carcinoma&#xA;              due to (or as a consequence of): &#xA;         Colon carcinoma  &#xA;&#xA; PART II. Enter other significant conditions contributing to death....:&#xA;&#xA;         Abdominal carcinomatosis &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-22T14:24:04.890" LastActivityDate="2015-05-22T14:24:04.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1045" CreationDate="2015-05-23T11:51:36.117" Score="4" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware that to sell food items supermarkets and such require licences and must pass health inspections. But what about the products themselves? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foodsafety.com.au/2015/03/are-supermarkets-safe-poor-food-safety-tests-for-imported-products/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; which mentions some low risk products can be sold before being tested. Does this imply all other foods require a lab test and government approval prior to sale? I believe the FDA is the department that keeps dodgy stuff out of US markets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T16:03:21.780" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T18:01:35.523" Title="Are consumable goods from stores safety tested?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1044" CreationDate="2015-05-23T16:27:56.987" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, products that comply with FDA guidelines are not tested before being offered to the public for sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible - literally* - to test every batch of ice cream, spinach, frozen hamburger, etc. that is shipped out to supermarkets for sale. The FDA relies on the good intentions of the manufacturer to follow its guidelines and results of evaluations. If they do not, they are held responsible for damages inflicted on the public, as well as punitive damages and fines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the example of ice cream, the FDA has guidelines for the facilities that produce the product based on years of studies and experience. They include cleaning recommendations, temperatures at certain stages, the amount of time the product must spend at certain temperatures, etc. The facilities are inspected routinely, and when a product ends up contaminated, the FDA does a new inspection and reviews the previous inspections for evidence that previous recommendations were ignored, or might have prevented what occurred. In other words, it's a continuous process that relies on the manufacturer to keep in compliance with FDA guidelines. Facilities that don't comply face recalls, fines, and ultimately closure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Blue Bell Ice Cream Listeria outbreak is a good case study in the process. The process can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2015/05/fda-posts-blue-bell-inspection-reports-from-2007-2014/#.VWCn9qbqmto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;examined here&lt;/a&gt; and by following the links within. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*The costs would be prohibitive to test for every possible pathogen and contaminant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T18:01:35.523" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T18:01:35.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-23T21:50:11.147" Score="5" ViewCount="10735" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother was scratched by a stray cat that lives in our apartment basement two days ago (when she was going out for a walk). Long story short, after about thirty minutes of walking, she noticed the scratch and that's when we cleaned it with running water and applied betadine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We went to the doctor (emergency hospital) exactly 24 hours after the incident. The doctor suggested us to get 4 shots: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tetanus, Tetanus Immune Glubin, Rabies, Rabies Immune Glubin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we opted to take just the first one, Tetanus. (For many reasons. It's gonna be super long if I had to explain everything)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been two days after the incident, and we are applying Bactron to the wound. Every time I apply the ointment, she says it stings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, my question is - will she be okay? Is the wound tetanus or not? Was it right to just take the Tetanus shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oh and additional info - she said the wound did not bleed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some images of the wound&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/P5UNv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5o6fM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="578" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:46:14.303" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:46:14.303" Title="Stray cat scratch - tetanus?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;zoonotic-diseases&gt;&lt;cat-scratch-fever&gt;&lt;tetanus-shot&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1048" CreationDate="2015-05-23T22:57:47.613" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can predict the future, nor can we diagnose over the internet, so I won't address that aspect of your question. However, I can tell you why the doctor wanted the following shots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tetanus immunization: Any time a person gets a &quot;dirty&quot; wound* (animal bites and cat scratches are considered dirty - think of what a cat does with it's paws), tetanus immunization should be considered if the last immunization was more than 5 years ago (10 years if it's a clean wound.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tetanus Immune Globulin: for dirty wounds in people with an unknown history of prior immunization, or if 2 or fewer doses in the past.  Often in the past, elderly individuals were unimmunized against tetanus because of the availability and scheduling of the immunization. The TIG is recommended because the tetanus toxoid - the &quot;tetanus vaccine&quot; - takes a while (and several doses) to induce immunity. The TIG provides immediate but temporary immunity by directly providing antitoxin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rabies/Rabies Immune Globulin - for any bite from an animal of unknown status. Nonbite exposures rarely cause rabies, however that does not mean &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt;. Such exposures should be evaluated for possible postexposure prophylaxis administration. If someone lives in an area where a significant numbers of rabid animals are known to exist, the recommendations will be different than in an area where rabies is rarely detected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if the cat can be caught and quarantined (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/animals/index.html&quot;&gt;if the animal can be found and held for observation&lt;/a&gt;), a physician &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/index.html&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; delay this treatment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a bit late now, but soap and water should be your first line of treatment for dirty wounds; if rabies is a possibility, apply Betadine/providone iodine after using soap and water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signs of wound infection include: puffiness, warmth, pain, redness extending outward from the wound, discharge of pus, a foul smell, streaks going up from the wound towards the body, fever, chills or muscle aches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always go back to the doctor if you are worried. It's never &quot;too late&quot;. You should also read about the signs and symptoms of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/&quot;&gt;tetanus&lt;/a&gt;, which is the results of an infection where &lt;strong&gt;the toxin&lt;/strong&gt; spreads through the body. You cannot tell by looking at a wound if it's &quot;tetanus&quot;. You can only tell if it's tetanus &lt;em&gt;prone&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you live in the US, you can often discuss the need for rabies prophylaxis not only with a doctor, but by calling your local or state Department of Health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, it's never too late to see a doctor, and you should do so if you have any concerns (which you clearly do.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the doctor should address whether other tetanus shots should be given and when.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;Such as, but not limited to, wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, soil, and saliva; puncture wounds; avulsions; and wounds resulting from missiles, crushing, burns, and frostbite.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Persons with wounds that are neither clean nor minor, and who have had fewer than 3 prior doses of tetanus toxoid or have an unknown history of prior doses should receive TIG as well as Td or Tdap. This is because early doses of toxoid may not induce immunity, but only prime the immune &#xA;system. The TIG provides temporary immunity by directly providing antitoxin. This ensures that protective levels of antitoxin are achieved even if an immune response has not yet occurred. - CDC, (Pink Book) Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Nonbite exposures from terrestrial animals rarely cause rabies. However, occasional reports of rabies transmission by nonbite exposures suggest that such exposures should be evaluated for possible postexposure prophylaxis administration. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/type.html&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-23T23:07:18.320" LastActivityDate="2015-05-23T23:07:18.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1019" CreationDate="2015-05-24T03:41:56.777" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), especially very high strength H2O2, can be very dangerous and can cause some serious health risks and possibly even death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcement made in 2006&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108701.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; says that drinking high strength H2O2, specifically H2O2 of 35%, is extremely dangerous and can cause several serious side effects. &quot;Ingesting hydrogen peroxide can cause gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration.&quot; It can also cause other health risks, some of which can be life threatening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another article from 2007&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658134/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; talks about a specific incident in which a 39 year old man accidentally drank 250mL of 35% H2O2. Though the man did not experience the worst possible side effects, he did have to go to the hospital and he did experience damage in his stomach. This is a good example of a real life situation in which H2O2 was consumed, and it did not turn out well. Another real world example&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24692088&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; turned out much sadder. A 2 year old girl swallowed two sips of 35% H2O2 and died. This happened because of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity&quot;&gt;cytotoxic&lt;/a&gt; (cell-killing) injury in the tissues and formation of oxygen gas (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity&quot;&gt;oxygen toxicity&lt;/a&gt;) caused by the H2O2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ingestion of 35% H2O2 is undeniably dangerous, but what about lower concentrations of H2O2, such as 3%? A study from the 1990's&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667471&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; studied 670 cases of mostly children being exposed, usually orally, to 3% H2O2. &quot;Exposure to hydrogen peroxide 3% is usually benign, however, severe gastric injury may occur following small ingestions in children.&quot; Overall, they found that a majority of the children were not affected by the low concentration H2O2, but there were special cases in which bad outcomes did occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, we can see that safeness of drinking H2O2 varies depending on what the concentration is. High concentrations, 35%, are extremely dangerous and should never be consumed, but low concentrations, 3%, present low risks. Now, the question is do the benefits of 3% H2O2 outweigh the risks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been unable to find any reliable sources showing that health benefits of drinking H2O2 of any concentration. Usually, it is used as a topical solution for minor cuts and wounds, not as something to be taken orally. Though the ingestion of 3% H2O2 hasn't been shown to be consistently dangerous, there have been cases of damage in the stomach and other parts of the body.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740449&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; H2O2 poisoning can be very dangerous, even with low concentrations of it, so I would not recommend drinkin H2O2, ever. For more on Hydrogen Peroxide Poisoning, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298493&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002652.htm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108701.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108701.htm&quot;&gt;FDA Warns Consumers Against Drinking High-Strength Hydrogen Peroxide for Medicinal Use: Ingestion Can Lead to Serious Health Risks and Death&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658134/&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658134/&quot;&gt;Accidental ingestion of 35% hydrogen peroxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24692088&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24692088&quot;&gt;Fatal accidental ingestion of 35 % hydrogen peroxide by a 2-year-old female: case report and literature review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667471&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667471&quot;&gt;Hydrogen peroxide 3% exposures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740449&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740449&quot;&gt;Hemorrhagic gastritis and gas emboli after ingesting 3% hydrogen peroxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298493&quot;&gt;Hydrogen peroxide poisoning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002652.htm&quot;&gt;Hydrogen peroxide poisoning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-24T19:36:32.500" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T19:36:32.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1054" CreationDate="2015-05-24T08:25:36.083" Score="3" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know if there are any ways or any preventive measure that a female can take to prevent the formation of ovarian cyst. In many websites I found that using oral contraceptives prevents the formation of ovarian cyst. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, is it logical/healthy to take oral contraceptives on a regular basis even if one is not using them as birth control?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="582" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T10:25:20.740" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T10:25:20.740" Title="Can oral contraceptives prevent ovarian cysts from forming?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1053" CreationDate="2015-05-24T13:17:32.677" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[I]s it logical/healthy to take in oral contraceptives on a regular basis even if one is not engaged in intercourse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several reasons to take oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) that have nothing to do with contraception. In that way, they can be considered medications to treat medical conditions, not contraceptives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of women who bleed heavily during their periods, or those have their periods too frequently or irregularly, OCP's can reduce the amount of bleeding preventing anemia and can &quot;regulate&quot; cycles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a woman has &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/975/&quot;&gt;excessive pain with menstruation&lt;/a&gt;, OCPs can decrease the pain significantly. If women suffer from debilitating premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms (aka PMS), OCP help considerably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OCPs have been used to treat acne, hirsutism (excessive body hair, especially facial), and significant menstrual-related migraines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In women with premature menopause, OCP's can decrease the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, OCPs are not considered a good treatment of functional ovarian cysts, though intuitively one would think they were. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients are unaware of these health benefits and therapeutic uses of oral contraceptives, and they tend to overestimate their risk. Counseling and education are necessary to help women make well-informed health-care decisions ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with any medication, discussion about the risks of OCP use should take place with the prescribing physician, and in the case of the benefits outweighing the risks, the choice to treat the condition with OCPs is quite logical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11727171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Noncontraceptive benefits and therapeutic uses of the oral contraceptive pill.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0801/p288.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACOG Guidelines on Noncontraceptive Uses of Hormonal Contraceptives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/2226910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hormonal treatment of functional ovarian cysts: a randomized, prospective study.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028207036618&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jcem.85.8.6738&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Long-Term Treatment with Metformin Added to Hypocaloric Diet on Body Composition, Fat Distribution, and Androgen and Insulin Levels in Abdominally Obese Women with and without the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T13:17:32.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T19:46:00.997" Score="3" ViewCount="2331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 185cm tall and not so flexible. I sometimes have to sit for prolonged periods of time (~1 hour or more) on the floor to use a low table, e.g. to eat or use a computer. It typically hurts my legs and back. How can I sit ergonomically on the floor when using a low table?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="222" LastEditDate="2015-05-25T17:10:07.427" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T05:29:55.680" Title="How can I sit ergonomically on the floor when using a low table?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4" CreationDate="2015-05-24T20:04:05.547" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The claim of modern medicine being responsible for longer lifespans is of course a statistical claim, i.e. the average/net effect. Thus your second assertion does not follow logically. Though it is an interesting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases, both now and in the past, do not have 100% mortality rates. If you followed the ebola outbreak you'd have heard stories of survivors are quite common. The same is true with measles, the common cold, lung infections, etc.  When we find a cure for a disease the lifespan statistic increases. This is because those people who would have died survive instead, NOT because infected people avoid long-term collateral damage that would have taken a few years of their 'original' lifespan. At least that is the current predominant view of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes decreases individual lifespan, ergo the average lifespan also decreases if enough people get diabetes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The common cold does not decrease individual lifespan, yet it still contributes to a lower average lifespan because it may be fatal in weak individuals.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we could say (almost) every illness shortens the &lt;em&gt;average&lt;/em&gt; lifespan, but not every illness shortens &lt;em&gt;individual&lt;/em&gt; lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T07:27:15.940" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T07:27:15.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1042" CreationDate="2015-05-24T20:13:50.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7521/full/nature13793.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a good article on that in &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where in a study it was found that non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) in fact do lead to a rise of serum insuline levels, possibly via a induced change of the gut flora, proven by the fact that the effect could be reproduced after fecal transplantation in mice. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://genie.weizmann.ac.il/pubs/2014_nature.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Full article here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is about the status of scientific knowledge about it. There is a good &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25828597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review on the NAS topic in childrens' diets&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aspartame exposure during pregnancy has been found to reduce insulin sensitivity in male mice&lt;/a&gt;, thereby showing a gender difference and other side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer the question: By today's knowledge it's yes, they may cause insulin spikes, but rather indirectly. But nonetheless, they produce measurable adverse effects on your glucose homeostasis, the pathways of which are still not quite clear but may - amongst others - have to do with your gut flora, your insulin receptor sensitivity or behaviourial mechanisms of the brain reacting to sweet taste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastActivityDate="2015-05-24T20:13:50.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T20:20:21.440" Score="3" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know a few people who would vomit after or during training (various running exercises). My trainer said it was due to the lactate level in the blood, though I can't find a source to corroborate this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the reference from &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_nausea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's entry on exercise-induced nausea&lt;/a&gt; the duration of exercise and intensity (aerobic vs anaerobic) and prior food or drink consumption are the main factors contributing to this effect. I gather it is not a very common phenomenon. It seems like a basic reflex to get rid of food so the muscles and/or brain can get more blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is a high lactate level and a non-empty stomach all there is to this? If so I think it would be more common. I'm guessing there is a psychological element too? Can anyone explain the triggers/causes better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario: a group of 30 people of a similar age perform intensive exercise. 2 people feel really nauseous afterwards. Assuming that hydration is not a cause, what mechanism(s) explain(s) why these people feel sicker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think assuming that only pH is a factor is flawed. The wikipedia article I mentioned &lt;em&gt;explicitly&lt;/em&gt; states that food intake affects nausea. I can also corroborate this with experiences of many of the people (friends/family) I asked.&#xA;The article also states that nausea is a consequence of bloodflow to the stomach/gut being restricted (implying the pH recepter does not directly induce nausea). So I'm guessing this flow restriction follows from the pH mechanism in the brain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By piecing together this info I then get this order of events:&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 1 - Exercise reduces pH&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 2 - Brain pH receptor reduces blood flow to stomach&lt;br&gt;&#xA; 3 - Stomach receptors trigger nausea when blood flow is low (stronger signal if stomach is fuller)&lt;br&gt;&#xA; This theory seems to cover both claims of pH (in the answer below) and food intake (in the wiki article). But it is just conjecture on my part.&#xA; I could imagine a 4th step where a person has less nausea if they produce more endorfins during exercise, or more when they have a psycological tendency to throw up whenever nauseous.&#xA; Or maybe I'm wrong about pH affecting blood flow to the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, barring hydration-related causes, is it just blood pH and stomach contents that determine the nausea felt after some forms of exercise?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And if pH is a factor (as stated by an answer), how much does sensitivity depend on 1)their fitness/condition to counter the pH decrease and 2) &#xA;their physical response to a low pH--e.g. maybe a genetic factor makes some people more sensitive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:35:30.097" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T07:35:30.097" Title="What factors affect exercise induced nausea?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-24T21:40:47.350" Score="9" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was used to have fruits normally after my main meal. Recently I read an article saying it is pointless and we need to try fruits on empty stomach or there should be an at least two hour gap with main meals to get the maximum amount of nutrition from fruits. If someone could explain the truth behind this that would be a great help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="583" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T22:24:41.170" Title="Would it be better to have fruits on an empty stomach rather after a full meal?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-25T08:34:01.960" Score="25" ViewCount="1487" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it better to drink water during or after a meal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, there are different opinions about this topic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/digestion/faq-20058348&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic article&lt;/a&gt;, it is mentioned that drinking water immediately after or during a meal should not make much difference, and in fact doing so actually aids digestion in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side, this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthxchange.com.sg/healthyliving/DietandNutrition/Pages/Drinking-Water-at-the-Right-Time.aspx&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; says exactly the opposite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remember not to drink too soon before or after a meal as the water will dilute the digestive juices.  Drink water an hour after the meal to allow the body to absorb the nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which approach is better for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="322" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:06:16.907" LastActivityDate="2019-04-14T11:21:09.603" Title="Is drinking water during or after a meal better?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;diluting&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2015-05-25T17:12:49.360" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, the 1000-2500 calorie statement &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/981/does-it-become-harder-to-lose-weight-as-you-age/1011#1011&quot;&gt;from the answer to this question&lt;/a&gt; is not due to formula inaccuracies (only 0.5% of the variation were attributed to that), but is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;actual measured BMR in a study within Scottish population&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, we know from the above mentioned question in SE that the BMR is dependent, amongst others, of fat-free body mass (FFM), i.e. muscle mass. In the forementioned study, 63% of BMR variation could be attributed to variations in FFM. And we also know that &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-200636030-00005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diets can lead to a loss of this mass, if they aren't overcompensated by exercise; thus the logical deduction can be made that a diet can lead to BMR decrease, if it's not compensated for&lt;/a&gt;, e.g. by exercise or high-protein-intake diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any other evidence on direct changes to BMR by a diet, so this connection (diet - FFM decrease - BMR decrease) may just be it for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="514" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-05-25T17:12:49.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1063" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1923" CreationDate="2015-05-26T05:10:32.323" Score="8" ViewCount="6076" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are some adults and children naturally drawn to sleeping on their stomachs if it's not a good sleep position (according to many articles)?  I understand it's not good for babies because of the increased SIDS risk, but I think I also recall hearing or reading that it would cause them to sleep deeper than on their back which, aside from SIDS risk, sounds like it has potential to be beneficial for people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Here are some example articles which speak negatively about stomach sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/19/healthiest.sleep.position/&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/19/healthiest.sleep.position/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doctoroz.com/article/best-sleep-positions&quot;&gt;http://www.doctoroz.com/article/best-sleep-positions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/multimedia/sleeping-positions/sls-20076452?s=3&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/multimedia/sleeping-positions/sls-20076452?s=3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="595" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:14:26.777" LastActivityDate="2021-01-01T18:47:58.797" Title="Sleeping on stomach - why are people naturally drawn to it if it's bad?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1064" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1067" CreationDate="2015-05-26T11:11:24.887" Score="8" ViewCount="2452" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like oranges. I &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; like oranges. But I go through cycles of eating them. When I start, they are &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; sweet. By my fifth of the day they have turned quite bitter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sensing a pattern I have performed an experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The theory is that the more vitamin C I eat, the less I want foods that contain vitamin C. So, I stopped eating oranges for a month. I had one orange and it was really sweet - which validates the inverse of my theory (the less vitamin C I eat the more I want foods that contain it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I then started taking vitamin C tablets for a week and had an orange, and it was bitter. To make sure it wasn't just a bitter orange I asked a friend to share it with me (without explaining why I wanted to share the orange with him). He said it was very sweet and enjoyed it loads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been unable to locate studies or anecdotes regarding this sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do our bodies alter our taste buds based on what we eat in order to maintain a stable balance of nutrients, vitamins, etc? (by encouraging/discouraging us to eat food x because we need/don't need the nutrients/vitamins/etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have previously noticed a similar alteration in sense of taste for spinach for a little while. I assume I needed the iron? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an evolutionary point of view this makes sense - as a way of encouraging us to eat what we need to stay healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="598" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-26T15:45:36.467" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T00:49:04.800" Title="Do vitamins affect sense of taste?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1059" CreationDate="2015-05-26T20:16:48.100" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This rumor is common enough that there is even a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snopes.com/food/warnings/fruit.asp&quot;&gt;Snopes article&lt;/a&gt; about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence no, this doesn't help, and is in fact closer to the opposite of the truth.  When eating a meal many more digestive enzymes and processes are started up then when only eating a small amount or say a pill.  This is one of the reason you should always take your multivitamin with or immediately after a meal.  The key factor here is known as gastric emptying, or how quickly the food is going through you.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577009&quot;&gt;When it happens quickly&lt;/a&gt;, only the nutrients that are easy to absorb (like fats) are obtained.  Eating more food at once (to a point) slows gastric emptying allowing for more complete digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two key aspects when looking at the digestion of fruit.  The first, and perhaps obvious, benefit is the absorption of nutrients.  All of the calories, vitamins, etc that one can get out of fruit falls into this category.  The second benefit is that of fiber which can help clear the gut of waste, bowel motility, maintenance of gut flora, and other uses that call for both soluble and non-soluble fibers which fruits are rich in.  A very good review on their benefit can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649719/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about when they are mixed together with other things?  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23944181&quot;&gt;When compared&lt;/a&gt; to milk and oatmeal, blue berries were found to have a synergistic effect with oatmeal, but milk was found to be inhibitory to both.  If you are willing to take &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029433&quot;&gt;an example with pigs&lt;/a&gt;, fruits and vegetables protected against some of the more harmful effects of a high fat and protein diet when eaten at the same time (though this could be because of simple decreases in the fat intake).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2015-05-26T22:24:41.170" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T22:24:41.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1064" CreationDate="2015-05-26T20:48:34.627" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;So it's important to separate cravings/&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_hunger&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific hungers&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;taste&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One's body should, to some degree be able to adjust it's specific hungers to meet it's dietary needs.  This one area where our larger brains come with a catch 22.  While being smarter and aware allows us to feed ourselves better, we also can ignore or improperly process the bodies attempt to control our appetites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moving on to taste buds (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24287552&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is a better review than wiki&lt;/a&gt;).  The average taste bud lasts 8-12 days (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24287552&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ibid&lt;/a&gt;), so if you're noticing an effect before then, it's probably not related.  Also, there development and distribution is associated with genetic and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;epigenetic&lt;/a&gt; factors, not environment and diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead I think that you are noticing that your taste receptors, like most sensory systems, become less responsive after saturation and repeated stimulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we look at part F of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345348/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;following figure&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Jabfv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Choi et al figure 5&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will notice how the response of the taste bud to a salty solution decreased significantly after each application (the time between each stimulus was 10 min).  Thus something that started as tasty and salty 30 min ago won't by the time you've finished gorging yourself on oranges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A way to test this at home, &lt;strong&gt;with the extreme caveat that I do not recommend super dosing vitamin C&lt;/strong&gt;, would be to try this with a fixed dose (appropate for age and weight) of vitamin C dissolved in water over the same interval you were eating the oranges.  I think you will notice little to no change in the taste of the vitamin C unless you are doing it in a very short amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2015-05-26T20:48:34.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-26T22:09:53.993" Score="7" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is blood cholesterol supposed to be always the same level or there are variations according to the age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T23:21:39.217" Title="Are there variations in blood cholesterol by age?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1087" CreationDate="2015-05-27T18:43:21.417" Score="11" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I struggle with insomnia. Sometimes if I'm not able to fall asleep, one of the best ways to resolve this is to munch until I feel full, and I get so sleepy that I almost can't make it to the bedroom without passing out. The meal would be less than only 500 calories, so I don't think this is the same as the effect you get on thanksgiving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T18:37:38.650" Title="What is the relation between the sensation of being full and the ability to fall asleep?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="955" CreationDate="2015-05-28T03:46:21.083" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mercury found in a thermometer is &lt;strong&gt;elemental mercury&lt;/strong&gt;. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the greatest problem with it is that, apart from ingestion, there can be another route of exposure without noticing. &lt;strong&gt;Elemental mercury easily evaporates on room temperature, and these vapours can be inhaled.&lt;/strong&gt; In this form Hg is liposoluble and is readily absorbed and passes the blood-brain barrier easily. Since main toxic effects of any form of mercury are neuro-toxic ones, this is a major concern. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is more information about toxicity of various forms of mercury in &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1175560-overview#aw2aab6b2b4aa&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Medscape article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An EPA &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/teach/chem_summ/mercury_elem_summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health&lt;/a&gt; Report on elemental mercury states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Elevated levels of elemental mercury or mercury vapor in indoor air can occur as a result of accidental spills and can be lethal to children. Spills have occurred in home and school environments. Attempted clean-up using a vacuum cleaner disperses elemental mercury into the air, and is likely &#xA;  to increase exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes: exposure to elemental mercury such as the one from a broken thermometer can cause poisoning. It can affect the nervous system, lungs, kidneys... &quot;Recovery is usually without sequela&quot; (without permanent consequences), but there have been cases with fatal outcomes. In pregnant women exposure has been associated with an increased rate of stillbirths. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-05-28T03:53:05.100" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T03:53:05.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T05:56:58.980" Score="11" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking for a case report or example to match something I've come across that I thought highly unlikely to the point of being untrue.  That is a adrenocortical adenoma (AA) was functional but solely producing testosterone in a male.  The patient (pt) reports no steroid or recreational drugs (tox comes up clean).  Endocrine panel only shows highly elevated testosterone. AA was detected in imaging.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm less specifically interested in the individual case, but can provide more details if needed (I was only an ID consult ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that functional AA are already rare, and that when they do produce hormones, it tends to be several (a broad array of over production).  Has anyone heard of or can find a case report of a functional AA producing a narrow spectrum or single hormone?  I understand that pure androgen-secreting tumors are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crie/2013/356086/&quot;&gt;rare&lt;/a&gt; to begin with, but even then multiple androgens are often produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956912&quot;&gt;this case&lt;/a&gt; but I'm trying to track down more details on it before I use it as a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T09:59:42.887" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T23:56:02.343" Title="&quot;Narrow&quot; Pure Androgen-secreting Adrenocortical Adenoma" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;androgen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1097" CreationDate="2015-05-28T06:51:17.140" Score="4" ViewCount="1174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been ill for the past week with food poisoning, buthave had no time to go to the docto,. as my registered GP is in my home city and I am at university.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've recovered now, but I was wondering if I were to go to the GP now, is there any way that they could tell of I was sick these last couple of days? Could this be done through a blood test or something similar? Ideally, I want proof that I have been ill this last week to claim mitigating circumstances for one of my exams, as I came down with the case of food poisoning two days before it. Will there be any trace of the bug left in my body? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="615" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T06:16:47.883" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T06:16:47.883" Title="Can food poisoning be detected in the blood after recovery?" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T13:32:43.540" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;A family member of mine works in a call center, and has been experiencing several symptoms whenever at work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;slightly, yet measurably elevated body temperature (~37,2 °C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rashes in the forearms, neck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;burning/stingy sensation in lungs and eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;runny eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;swollen and sore lymph nodes in the neck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;congestion and itching in nostrils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fatigue, with &quot;brain fog and dizziness&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pain in the joints&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list may be nonexhaustive, but these are the most prominent ones. The symptoms vary in severity, causing rather discomfort than cause for acute concern. She is not the only one experiencing these symptoms; in fact several employees have been moved to other locations due to similar symptoms while in this particular building, and even statistically there has been a minor increase in outbreaks of asthma among the employees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Samples have been taken from the air and the linoleum floor, and those have not shown any signs of bacteria, fungi or other volatile organic compounds including 2-ethylhexanol. Yet the symptoms continue, and the only possible explanations offered so far have been insufficient ventilation and psychosomatic causes. I found these explanations lacking however, since so far I haven't found evidence to suggest they could cause rashes that have been appearing symmetrically on the forearms. Also some (but not all) employees transferred to other locations stop experiencing symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symmetric appearance of the rashes could be an indication that the cause could, for example, be a cleaning agent used on the tables, but then again people working for the same employer in an adjacent building don't suffer from the same symptoms. I have no knowledge of whether the rashes are identical among all symptomatic employees or not. The buildings are not identical in layout, ventilation, or otherwise, but are cleaned by the same company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion the circumstances point to an airborne agent that is yet to be identified, however as I mentioned, the tests done so far have come back negative. I'm looking for ideas on what could be the cause of such symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more points to take into consideration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The buildings are made of reinforced concrete and have active ventilation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The building in which the symptoms appear has 3 stories and a basement. The actual office is in the second floor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There have been at least two occasions where water has seeped through the roof of the second floor office to the extent that the concrete has been visibly wet. I'm not 100% on what was the ultimate cause, but to my understanding it was not a faulty pipe, but rather extreme weather conditions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mold has been found in the basement, but the employer claims the basement is not in the same ventilation system. The basement is being renovated, and workers do not pass between the second floor and the basement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Workplace safety administration has been notified of the problems, and they ordered samples to be taken. As I mentioned above, the tested samples didn't show anything remarkable. At this point the employer also transferred all symptomatic employees to the adjacent building, which combined with the test results satisfied the officials and the case was closed. The employer has since started refusing transfer requests, and also actively refused when the employees suggested that they could hire a detection dog trained for mold at their own expense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately there are no other gov't departments that could be involved in the matter in any sensible amount of time unless there is something concrete (no pun intended) to show that the previous tests were not enough (&lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; that there is some foul play involved).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum things up, I'm not an expert on the subject, and was hoping to get some suggestions on what could cause the described symptoms. Having concrete suggestions would greatly help getting investigations started again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="617" LastEditorUserId="617" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T14:55:59.893" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T14:55:59.893" Title="Help identifying possible workplace contaminants" Tags="&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-28T14:45:21.170" Score="4" ViewCount="757" Body="&lt;p&gt;When blisters are formed, they usually grow from small to large. They also swollen as time goes by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a scientific method to measure the size of a blister? This would enable me to, for example, record its dimension in the morning and at night, to track whether it is growing or shrinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="94" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T11:17:44.373" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T11:17:44.373" Title="How to measure the size of a blister?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1081" CreationDate="2015-05-28T15:45:17.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is nothing very scientific about measuring a blister; measure it just as you would a mole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a ruler held above or next to it, note it's length and it's width, and it's general shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blisters from burns or friction or do not tend to &quot;grow&quot; once the damage to the epidermis is finished (The skin is cooled down or the shoe comes off). They may become more tense, but that doesn't change their length and width.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blisters from a process that separates the epidermis in an ongoing manner (e.g. an autoimmune reaction such as bullous pemphigoid or a drug reaction) or from a slow-acting contact irritant (e.g. poison ivy), etc., may grow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have blisters from an unknown source, you should see a physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-28T15:45:17.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1088" CreationDate="2015-05-28T16:03:50.587" Score="0" ViewCount="582" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassing_Bodies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;embarrassing&lt;/a&gt; bodies TV show I have noticed that hernias seem to be very simple to fix if deal with early on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be safe to reduce it by gently easing it back in behind the mussel, then strapping it until the muscle is strong enough to keep it held in? Avoiding surgery all together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T01:49:40.063" Title="Strapping a reduced hernia" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1058" CreationDate="2015-05-28T16:42:59.617" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is &quot;metabolic lactic acidosis&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_nausea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the duration of exercise and intensity (aerobic vs anaerobic) and prior food or drink consumption are the main factors contributing to this effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, the Wiki articles doesn't quite say that (?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior food/drink would determine the glucose and glycogen - the stored form of glucose - available. Also, hydration is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11237347&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very, very, very small study&lt;/a&gt; (12 volunteers) linked by Wikipedia concludes that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;nausea [was] greater during exercise at fasting state and immediately after eating [a hamburger patty] than those without exercise (p&amp;lt;0.05 during low-intensity exercise, and p&amp;lt;0.01 during high-intensity exercise). Immediately after eating, scores for nausea were greater during high-intensity exercise than during low-intensity exercise (p&amp;lt;0.05). During high-intensity exercise, scores for nausea were greater immediately after eating than without eating (p&amp;lt;0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, muscles using glucose as an energy source produce a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvic acid (or pyruvate). In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate is further metabolized into CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which is carried by the blood and exhaled from the lungs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercising beyond a certain point causes muscles to burn glucose under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions (the blood cannot deliver oxygen to the muscles quickly enough.) The result is that pyruvate is converted into lactate (lactic acid) instead of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; which is released from the muscle cells into the bloodstream, where it accumulates over time. Since lactate is a relatively strong acid, it results in a decreased pH (an increase in free hydrogen ions, or H+) of the blood. This is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactic acidosis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, H+ in the blood is efficiently handled by a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_solution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;buffer&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffering_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bicarbonate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rZy6Y.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The direction of the equation in the case of acidosis is driven to the left by the concentration of hydrogen ions. Normally, the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; that is formed is simply exhaled by increasing the respiratory rate. This decreases the H* concentration and is called compensatory &lt;a href=&quot;http://fitsweb.uchc.edu/student/selectives/TimurGraham/Introduction_to_Acid_Base_disorders.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respiratory alkalosis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is respiratory compensation whereby the body increases breathing to expel H+ in the form of CO2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the presence of excess H+, the body tries to compensate metabolically by increasing HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-, which takes time. With continued exercise, the body cannot 'make' enough HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;- to handle all the H+, and the blood's pH falls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the situation which results in nausea and vomiting if serious enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fitsweb.uchc.edu/student/selectives/TimurGraham/Introduction_to_Acid_Base_disorders.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Introduction to Acid-Base Disorders&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;- click through&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="618" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T14:22:52.190" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T14:22:52.190" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1072" CreationDate="2015-05-28T19:51:00.180" Score="10" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...I don't think this is the same as the effect you get on thanksgiving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, it probably is, and soon some people will be able to get that same sleep-inducing effect in the form of a pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your sleepiness after a meal is caused by the &lt;s&gt;presence or absence&lt;/s&gt; decrease of peptides in your brain called orexins (aka hypocretins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1998, two groups of researchers simultaneously discovered 2 small neuropeptide hormones that regulate, among other things, wakefulness and feeding behavior. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One group discovered them while searching for molecules that could bind to &quot;orphan&quot; receptors, that is, a brain receptor with an unknown &quot;binding&quot; molecule (called a ligand). They found that the prohormone &lt;em&gt;prepro-orexin&lt;/em&gt; was found in a very small area of the hypothalamus which had been implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis; this suggested the possibility that the neuropeptides might be involved in the regulation of food intake. When administered into free-feeding rats' brains, one of these peptides (orexin A/hypocretin 1) stimulated food consumption in a dose-dependent manner (with attention to light and dark periods, i.e. the circadian rhythm), with a lower dose increasing rat feeding about 2-fold, and the higher dose inducing a 3+-fold increase in feeding compared to rats injected with a solution without the peptide (the other stimulated feeding to a lesser degree). The effect persisted for 4 hours. Furthermore, fasting rats produced more than twice as much orexins as rats feeding freely. For this reason, the molecules were names &quot;orexins&quot;, after the Greek word &lt;em&gt;orexis&lt;/em&gt;, which means &quot;appetite&quot;. They speculated that the orexin-secreting neurons might somehow be modulated by glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, another group of researchers using a completely different approach found that the same group of hypothalamic neurons were stimulated by a peptide hormone similar in composition to the gut hormone &lt;em&gt;secretin&lt;/em&gt;. They identified the same prohormone and its two peptides, naming them &lt;em&gt;hypocretins&lt;/em&gt; for &quot;hypothalamus&quot; and &quot;secretin&quot;. They found that at least one of the peptides had a neuroexcitatory activity in specific areas of the brain (they mapped effects in the hypothalamic neurons, the posterior hypothalamus, the septal nuclei in the basal forebrain, the preoptic area, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the central gray, the locus coeruleus, the colliculi, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract) suggesting that the peptides acted within the central nervous system as homeostatic regulators with a role in nutritional homeostasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists have not decided on whether to call them &lt;em&gt;orexins&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;hypocretins&lt;/em&gt; yet, so both are used. They are found in all vertebrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b3FeV.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Mammalian orexin A sequences thus far identified (human, rat, mouse, pig, dog, sheep, and cow) are all identical, whereas the sequences of orexin B show some differences among species. From &lt;em&gt;Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy Homeostasis, and Reward System&lt;/em&gt;, Natsuko Tsujino and Takeshi Sakurai &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1999, a group of scientists found that narcolepsy (a sleep disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness) was caused by a lack of a hypocretin/orexin receptor 2 gene in certain dogs, therefore establishing that they play a very important part in the regulation of wakefulness.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then, an enormous body of work has shown that orexins/hypocretins (O/H from here on in) are involved in the regulation of a wide range of behaviors, including wakefulness and vigilance (needed to find food), systems that regulate emotion and reward (including drug-seeking behavior when stressed and eating for pleasure - &quot;consumption beyond homeostatic needs&quot; - leading to obesity), and more.**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does eating have to do with sleepiness?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies report that the firing rates of O/H neurons are influenced by serum glucose, triglycerides and amino acids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In English, and in your case: You are awake (O/H is being secreted by O/H neurons in your hypothalamus). You eat. Your serum glucose rises. The elevated glucose causes depolarization of inhibitory neurons &lt;em&gt;that hyperpolarize O/H neurons decreasing the amount of O/H. released.&lt;/em&gt; Result: wakefulness decreases. (You can barely make it to your bed, in your case!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What about Thanksgiving in a pill?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved suvorexant (Belsomra) for the treatment of chronic insomnia. The (prescription only) drug is an &lt;em&gt;orexin receptor antagonist&lt;/em&gt; and is the first approved drug of this type. It blocks the effect of orexin in wakefulness (isn't science grand?) Unlike benzodiazepines and other hypnotics, rather than promoting sleep, suvorexant inactivates wakefulness, and rebound insomnia and withdrawal effects were not observed when suvorexant was discontinued after 3 months or 12 months of &lt;em&gt;nightly&lt;/em&gt; use. It does have risks and side effects, but so far its safety profile looks pretty good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Comparing these two papers - the first and second references - is a wonderful example of the completely different methods used by scientists to investigate unknowns and up with the same basic conclusion.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400809496&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior&lt;/a&gt;, Cell 92 (4): 573–85&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC18213/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity&lt;/a&gt; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1): 322–7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2800%2981965-0?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867400819650%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Sleep Disorder Canine Narcolepsy Is Caused by a Mutation in the Hypocretin (Orexin) Receptor 2 Gene&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v15/n11/full/nrn3837.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of orexin in motivated behaviours&lt;/a&gt; A &lt;em&gt;Nature Neuroscience&lt;/em&gt; Review&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452210001582&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of orexin-A in food motivation, reward-based feeding behavior and food-induced neuronal activation in rats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*&lt;sub&gt;Human narcolepsy - caused by a destruction of O/H neurons - also is associated with metabolic abnormalities, including increased frequency of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and increased body mass index.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;**&lt;sub&gt;Chocolate is like a drug; a regular meal isn't. Didn't we all know that already?&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627303003313&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypothalamic Orexin Neurons Regulate Arousal According to Energy Balance in Mice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/61/2/162.long&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy Homeostasis, and Reward System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T02:15:20.250" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T02:15:20.250" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1083" CreationDate="2015-05-29T01:49:40.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simple answer is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[H]ernias seem to be very simple to fix if deal with early on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very true; so easy that it's often an outpatient procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Strapping&quot; (or belting) hernias has been done in one form or another for centuries. It's fine for people who have relatively small hernias that are asymptomatic. However, it's not a cure. The separation of the abdominal wall muscle is permanent (it's caused by either an inherent weakness at birth, and/or repetitive stress).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For inguinal hernias, watchful waiting (deferring surgery until it's necessary due to pain or other symptoms) is a perfectly acceptable way to &quot;treat&quot; hernias. Though there is considerable crossover to surgery, in one study, men have been watched for more than 11 years without any mortality and only 2 emergency repairs in a group of 254 men with inguinal hernias. The limitations are on lifting, activities, diet, constipation and other factors; many of the hernias become more painful with time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/education/patient%20ed/hernrep.ashx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;More than you ever wanted to know about hernia repairs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24022443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial of a nonoperative strategy (watchful waiting) for men with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A clinician's guide to patient selection for watchful waiting management of inguinal hernia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Management of asymptomatic inguinal hernia: a systematic review of the evidence.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T01:49:40.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-29T12:29:56.260" Score="6" ViewCount="1454" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a story where a character is thrown from a horse. In the fall he breaks his leg and his collar bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally when someone breaks their leg they walk on crutches, however with a broken collar bone that would be incredibly painful. How traditionally is someone treated (and given mobility) with both a broken collarbone and leg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="622" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T20:42:51.563" LastActivityDate="2018-06-25T17:10:51.817" Title="How to walk with a Broken collarbone and Leg?" Tags="&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-29T18:43:51.133" Score="15" ViewCount="1120" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/using-a-paper-bag-to-control-hyperventilation&quot;&gt;Some sources&lt;/a&gt; claim that breathing into a paper bag is a good way to control hyperventilation caused by a panic attack. The theory (I surmise) is that re-breathing CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; helps to mitigate the respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. If the alkalosis is perpetuating the anxiety, this seems like a logical intervention. Has this been shown to be an effective intervention for panic attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:42:35.773" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T16:13:28.600" Title="Is breathing into a paper bag an effective treatment for panic attacks?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;panic-attack&gt;&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1453" CreationDate="2015-05-29T20:52:19.483" Score="8" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 23 years old lanky guy, and my health is below average. I believe it's also wise to mention that I currently have Tuberculosis in my lymph nodes around the neck area, for which I'm taking my medications. My past health issues were typhoid and recently pneumonia (February 2014).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that being said, I'm currently working two jobs out of necessity. First starting from 1pm till 10pm, and another starting from 11pm till 5am. So my routine is work from 1pm till 5am, and reach home by 6am and sleep till 12 noon, get ready and the cycle continues. This happens 5 days a week, and I get a full two days of rest.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I've recently thought about taking a leave on my night job (11pm - 5am) every Wednesday, such that I'll get to have a good rest in the interval of 2 days (I hope you understand the pattern). By first thoughts, this feels like a good enough decision.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my concern is that I may worsen my health even more. I think I read somewhere that random changes on one's routine can confuse the body which will lead to serious health issues, and since this new routine is pretty random, I fear that I may fall sick all of a sudden, something that I cannot afford financially and health-wise too.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should I go ahead and follow this new routine? I know there aren't many options that I can choose from, but is there better routine that could follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="625" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T09:32:31.193" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T09:32:31.193" Title="Is it possible to maintain my health during irregular sleeping patterns?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;lymph-nodes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1090" CreationDate="2015-05-29T21:04:03.047" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A knee walker (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B003VMAKVS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Drive-Medical-Aluminum-Steerable-Alternative/dp/B003VMAKVS&lt;/a&gt;) would allow him to ambulate without a wheelchair or crutches. But as JohnP points out, the nature of the lower extremity fracture might make this suggestion impractical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="623" LastEditorUserId="623" LastEditDate="2015-05-29T21:13:06.090" LastActivityDate="2015-05-29T21:13:06.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1226" CreationDate="2015-05-30T11:38:17.923" Score="4" ViewCount="937" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, so this might sound highly masochistic but that's not for my personal enjoyment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a dog trainer I strongly advocate against the use of shock/electric/remote collar and I arrived at the idea that a video showing such a collar on a human would make a strong point. Indeed many people using these are saying that it is not that bad for the dog, which I really don't believe to be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are there actual risk (electrocution, burns, etc.) on demonstrating that on myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I certainly wouldn't start on my neck, maybe on my leg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="628" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T16:28:18.193" Title="How risky is it to try a dog shock collar (e-collar) on yourself?" Tags="&lt;burns&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1100" CreationDate="2015-05-30T16:43:42.970" Score="5" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hiccups can be annoying. I've heard about ways to stop them including breath holding, drinking warm water, and breathing really quickly, but these don’t seem to be consistently effective.  &lt;strong&gt;What sorts of interventions can be helpful for mitigating or even stopping hiccups?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="629" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T01:33:36.703" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T13:25:06.820" Title="Mitigating / Stopping hiccups" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1078" CreationDate="2015-05-30T17:17:28.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[I] was wondering if I were to go to the GP now is there any way they could tell that I was sick these last couple of days through some kind of blood test or something? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Food poisoning&quot; covers a vast number of illnesses, and whether it is detectable after your recovery depends on what type of illness caused it. For example, if your gastroenteritis was caused by a norovirus (formerly called Norwalk virus, the most common cause of food poisoning), a blood test for IgM (Immunoglobulin M) to the virus, indicating a recent illness, might be positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, diagnosing after the fact in a short term and self-limiting illness like norovirus infection is harder than diagnosis during the illness (which requires just a small stool sample), unless the pathogen is known with certainty, and even then, there may not be a residual response to test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, you will be paying for a large number of tests with only a chance that one of them will come up positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of getting a doctor's note, it's best if you a) have a prior relationship with the physician, b) call him while you're sick (not after) or c) see a health care provider, go to the school health clinic, a walk-in clinic, or something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Writing a note after the fact is a tricky area ethically. Many doctors who know and trust their patients will do it without hesitation. But I can understand others simply refusing the request for a post-illness work-up (which might be negative regardless) on the basis of cost and questionable need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to use a medical metaphor, an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85428/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antibody Test To Detect Genogroup II Norwalk-Like Virus Infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22354525&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Assessment of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the diagnosis of norovirus gastroenteritis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-30T17:17:28.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1102" CreationDate="2015-05-30T19:04:31.730" Score="13" ViewCount="30768" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take a number of different medications and herbal supplements. Because keeping separate containers in my pocketbook is cumbersome, I've been combining them together in the same prescription bottle. I'm wondering if this alters or diminishes their effectiveness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The combination includes: regular tablets, some of which have been cut in half; coated tablets; and capsules. The capsules are clear, made of plant-based hypromellose, and are filled with either powdered medication or ground herbs. There are no gel-caps or anything containing liquid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's usually some fine powder in the bottom of the bottle, which I assume comes from the broken pills. Other than that, everything appears intact and not misshapen, stuck together, or otherwise compromised. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an overarching rule of thumb for this situation, or would it depend on the specific medications? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="162" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T20:01:12.017" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T14:09:24.213" Title="Does keeping different types of medications in one pill bottle affect their quality?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T00:15:42.203" Score="20" ViewCount="783" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, I have 4 oranges. I can either eat them whole (assume I consume every last bit of the flesh) or blend them into a juice and drink it (assume I consume every last bit of it). Which is better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing I've heard is that you get less fibre if you have fruit in liquid form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T02:08:25.870" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T22:22:33.223" Title="Is it better to eat fruit as they are, than to have them in liquid form?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1096" CreationDate="2015-05-31T01:31:01.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I summarized the mechanism of hiccups in &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/21865/9268&quot;&gt;a question on biology.SE&lt;/a&gt; a few months ago. That may be useful background information for the answer to this question about what interventions work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the available data, as usual a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=23440833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Review&lt;/a&gt; provides the best meta-analysis, and as usual they conclude that there is insufficient evidence for anything. However, in practicality there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=8947969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decent&lt;/a&gt; observational &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=2024799&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;data&lt;/a&gt; available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because hiccups stem from a reflex arc involving the vagal nerve, physical maneuvers that stimulate the vagus often abort hiccups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These may include:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breath holding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6565684&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Valsalva maneuver&lt;/a&gt; (exhaling against a closed glottis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulating the nasopharynx or glottis (e.g. gargling cold water; upside down is often (reasonably) recommended to route water up into the nasopharynx where is is more likely to cause vagal stimulation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If none of these is successful, medications are occasionally used. The oldest and most well-established treatment is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=13221413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chlorpromazine&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. Thorazine), a first-generation antipsychotic. Although it is approved by the U.S. FDA for treatment of hiccups, even that has only been studied in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=13221413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;small case series&lt;/a&gt;, mostly in patients with hiccups due to cancer. Other medications that are sometimes used off-label include &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25069531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metoclopramide&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. Reglan) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=7758557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;baclofen&lt;/a&gt;. Although the studies of these medications are small, they do appear to be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most often, hiccups are benign, often triggered by gastric distention from over-eating or carbonated beverages. However, particularly intractable hiccups have been associated with serious conditions including intracranial problems such as stroke or encephalitis as well as many different kinds of cancer. If hiccups are occurring very frequently or are difficult to resolve, you should consult with a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;. Guelaud C, Similowski T, Bizec JL, Cabane J, Whitelaw WA, Derenne JP. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=7758557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Baclofen therapy for chronic hiccup.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Eur Respir J. 1995 Feb;8(2):235-7.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;. Friedgood CE et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=13221413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chlorpromazine (thorazine) in the treatment of intractable hiccups.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; J Am Med Assoc. 1955 Jan 22;157(4):309-10. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;. Friedman NL. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8947969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hiccups: a treatment review.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pharmacotherapy. 1996 Nov-Dec;16(6):986-95. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;. Kolodzik PW, Eilers MA. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2024799&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hiccups (singultus): review and approach to management.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ann Emerg Med. 1991 May;20(5):565-73. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;. Moretto EN, Wee B, Wiffen PJ, Murchison AG. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=23440833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interventions for treating persistent and intractable hiccups in adults.&lt;/a&gt; Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;1.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt;. Wang T, Wang D. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25069531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Metoclopramide for patients with intractable hiccups: a multicentre, randomised, controlled pilot study.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Intern Med J. 2014 Dec;44(12a):1205-9.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T02:06:21.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1417" CreationDate="2015-05-31T07:26:19.467" Score="13" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been a nocturnal for some period of time and thus altering the sleep cycle seems difficult i.e. moving back to the normal 10 to 5 sleep cycle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to revert back to the normal sleep cycle? Should I need to skip a day of sleep or you recommend any health hack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:35:55.377" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:35:55.377" Title="Reversing sleep cycle" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;productivity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1098" CreationDate="2015-05-31T18:01:38.523" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this does not alter them, or make them less effective. There are problems with a scant amount of medicine crumbling, as you've noticed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only real concern I'd have for anyone doing this is regarding the authorities: for example, while traveling out of the country, it's good to keep your medicines in their original prescription bottles because it supports you're assertion that the medicines are all &lt;em&gt;prescribed&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt;. In my entire life, I had only one border agent question my medications. So even there, it's rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you can tell which pill is which, this is perfectly safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to decrease crumbling of a pill is to put a piece of cotton in your container, so that when you close it, the pills don't rattle around in your purse. That's the reason many medications come with a cotton ball stuffed into the bottle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T18:01:38.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2015-05-31T19:29:35.377" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary risk is what is called Computer Vision Syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/computer-vision-syndrome&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/caring-for-your-vision/protecting-your-vision/computer-vision-syndrome?sso=y&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision_syndrome&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Optometric Association (referenced above) recommends the following changes in viewing habits to alleviate symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some important factors in preventing or reducing the symptoms of CVS&#xA;  have to do with the computer and how it is used. This includes&#xA;  lighting conditions, chair comfort, location of reference materials,&#xA;  position of the monitor, and the use of rest breaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Location of computer screen&lt;/strong&gt; - Most people find it more comfortable to&#xA;  view a computer when the eyes are looking downward. Optimally, the&#xA;  computer screen should be 15 to 20 degrees below eye level (about 4 or&#xA;  5 inches) as measured from the center of the screen and 20 to 28&#xA;  inches from the eyes. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference materials&lt;/strong&gt; - These materials should be&#xA;  located above the keyboard and below the monitor. If this is not&#xA;  possible, a document holder can be used beside the monitor. The goal&#xA;  is to position the documents so you do not need to move your head to&#xA;  look from the document to the screen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lighting&lt;/strong&gt; - Position the computer&#xA;  screen to avoid glare, particularly from overhead lighting or windows.&#xA;  Use blinds or drapes on windows and replace the light bulbs in desk&#xA;  lamps with bulbs of lower wattage. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anti-glare screens&lt;/strong&gt; - If there is no&#xA;  way to minimize glare from light sources, consider using a screen&#xA;  glare filter. These filters decrease the amount of light reflected&#xA;  from the screen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seating position&lt;/strong&gt; - Chairs should be comfortably&#xA;  padded and conform to the body. Chair height should be adjusted so&#xA;  your feet rest flat on the floor. If your chair has arms, they should&#xA;  be adjusted to provide arm support while you are typing. Your wrists&#xA;  shouldn't rest on the keyboard when typing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rest breaks&lt;/strong&gt; - To prevent&#xA;  eyestrain, try to rest your eyes when using the computer for long&#xA;  periods. Rest your eyes for 15 minutes after two hours of continuous&#xA;  computer use. Also, for every 20 minutes of computer viewing, look&#xA;  into the distance for 20 seconds to allow your eyes a chance to&#xA;  refocus. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blinking&lt;/strong&gt; - To minimize your chances of developing dry eye&#xA;  when using a computer, make an effort to blink frequently. Blinking&#xA;  keeps the front surface of your eye moist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regular eye examinations and proper viewing habits can help to prevent&#xA;  or reduce the development of the symptoms associated with Computer&#xA;  Vision Syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, from WebMD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tweak your computer settings.&lt;/strong&gt; You don't have to live with the factory-installed settings on your computer if you're uncomfortable. Adjust the brightness, contrast, and font size until you find the best settings for your vision.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gunnar glasses: Studies have shown &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Optiks&quot;&gt;some short term relief&lt;/a&gt; but generally no evidence has yet surfaced to support benefits of these glasses for long term health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="21" LastEditDate="2015-05-31T22:21:03.410" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T22:21:03.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1080" CreationDate="2015-05-31T21:08:24.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Framing the symptoms as mold-like biases thinking through the scenario. Contact dermatitis would account for multiple individuals experiencing rash with similar appearance and distributions. &#xA;The fact that people work in an adjacent building for the same employer imply they use the same cleaning service, same chemicals and identical ventilation.  Is this certain? &#xA;I disagree organic ( carbon-based?) agents have been ruled out, but respiratory complaints that resolve with a change in environment does  suggest an airborne component;  if fevers ( and not mistaking feeling warm, sweaty, shaky as signs of fever) are actually part of the picture, then I suggest reporting these cases to local public health department.  They would be on the best position to look at epidemiology of the cases, which may extend beyond this employer and building. &#xA;Alternatively, there may be a history of similar cases in this building, which would also be helpful to identify.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Follow up appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="426" LastActivityDate="2015-05-31T21:08:24.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-05-31T23:26:20.340" Score="4" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most likely essential amino acids to be deficient in a vegan diet? Where to find them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T22:11:41.500" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T12:42:14.143" Title="What are the most likely essential amino acids to be deficient in a vegan diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T04:47:26.947" Score="12" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nimtree&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is really precious when it comes to skin hygiene. It also has other vital health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it alright to take the Nimtree leaves directly?&lt;/strong&gt; As I heard from a friend that it is harmful to take Neem leaves without any processing. Although it can be processed and the juice can be taken without any second thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="638" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T02:49:06.303" LastActivityDate="2016-06-15T13:38:49.077" Title="Can Neem Leaves be taken directly (Azadirachta indica, Nimtree)" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1037" CreationDate="2015-06-01T04:48:38.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it can.  As a general statement, I'm not sure how much it can go down before it's a problem, which is what I think you are asking as your second question.  Starving to death might be seen as this taking the BMR close to zero (though I don't think you would get to zero before death).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a good reference for this is Peter Emery's review article &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v19/n10/full/6701959a.html#bib14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Metabolic changes in malnutrition&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;  There may be more appropriate references when concerning elective reductions in caloric intake, but I suspect the results are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1885261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;similar&lt;/a&gt; on a smaller scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few sections of the review that are worth quoting and discussing here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First the general trend and cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The basal metabolic rate actually increases during the first few days&#xA;  of starvation, under the influence of catecholamines that are secreted&#xA;  in response to decreasing blood glucose concentrations. This&#xA;  probably reflects the high rate of gluconeogenesis that occurs at this&#xA;  time. As fasting progresses, however, metabolic rate decreases as free&#xA;  T3 and catecholamine levels decrease and the rate of gluconeogenesis&#xA;  decreases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence, when you first start to fast (the references&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405717?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt; [1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837292?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2] &lt;/a&gt;that the review sites are from 1-4 days in this section) the body looks to other sources of energy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gluconeogenesis&lt;/a&gt;).  That is not sustainable over time, and then the BMR begins to drop.  How it begins to drop is largely through the lost of lean tissue, with a focus on muscle mass, which is probably a good evolutionary choice over more important systems such as the brain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The response to a less severe degree of food restriction can also be&#xA;  seen as a series of adaptive processes with the same priorities, that&#xA;  is to maintain the supply of glucose to the brain and to minimise the&#xA;  loss of lean tissue. Basal metabolic rate decreases to minimise the&#xA;  negative energy balance. This is achieved partly by loss of&#xA;  metabolically active tissue, but there is also some evidence that the&#xA;  efficiency of energy metabolism increases leading to a decrease in&#xA;  energy expenditure per unit cell mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365978?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;referenced review article&lt;/a&gt; is also worth a read, especially as it deals with otherwise healthy individuals and people &quot;dieting&quot; in the common sense of the word (but in no means the medical).  Again body composition and physical activity take a leading role here, but changes in efficiency are certainly noted if not understood.  A conclusion reached on efficiency calculation (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365978?dopt=Abstract&amp;amp;holding=npg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ibid&lt;/a&gt;) is also worth quoting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It would thus appear that the generally used indicator of metabolic&#xA;  efficiency in humans, that is a reduced oxygen consumption per unit&#xA;  fat free mass, is fraught with problems since it does not account for&#xA;  variations in contributions from sub-compartments of the fat free mass&#xA;  which include those with high metabolism at rest such as brain and&#xA;  viscera and those with low metabolism at rest such as muscle mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When in your life span you start on your low caloric diet can effect the outcome of the diet.  A commonly understood example is a shorter stature/smaller skeletal frame will develop under limited nutritional intake.  It's probably worth noting that on an evolutionary scale, having too many calories is an exceedingly new problem.  In other words, even if we wouldn't see it as preferential in the developed world today, it is probably an adaptive response to lose lean body mass or not develop additional skeletal structure (with goals of efficiency).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will end returning &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v19/n10/full/6701959a.html#bib14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dr. Emery's&lt;/a&gt; coverage of the same topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The main response in chronically malnourished populations is slow&#xA;  growth rate, delayed maturity, and small adult stature. Small stature&#xA;  can be seen as a successful adaptation to low-energy intake because&#xA;  overall basal metabolic rate will be low. However, when metabolic rate&#xA;  is adjusted for fat-free mass there is no significant difference&#xA;  between those who are most malnourished and those who are well&#xA;  nourished. The reason for this is that the main deficit in lean&#xA;  tissue mass is in muscle, which has a relatively low metabolic rate,&#xA;  while the size of the visceral organs, which are much more&#xA;  metabolically active, is much less affected. Hence these changes in&#xA;  body composition may cancel out any increase in the efficiency of&#xA;  cellular metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2015-06-01T05:23:59.493" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T05:23:59.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T06:17:03.430" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following post on a food-related forum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum/thread10121.html#post141067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Farmed fish do have omega 3 in them. They have a chunk of omega 6 too&#xA;  so while they do have omega 3, they're not ideal for normalizing the&#xA;  ratio. However there is a case in which sardine flesh is being sold&#xA;  after the omega 3 has been extracted to make sardine oil. A good rule&#xA;  of thumb is that the saturated fat should be about a quarter or less&#xA;  of of the total fat if the tin doesn't specifically say that it has&#xA;  omega 3. If saturated fat is a higher percentage of the sardine, the&#xA;  omega 3 has been removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this information accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="528" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:34:03.857" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:34:03.857" Title="Omega-3 from farmed sardines" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;omega-6&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="902" CreationDate="2015-06-01T08:44:16.923" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rock salt is no different from sea salt or table salt, chemically speaking, as all of them consist of nearly-pure sodium chloride (NaCl) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UK Consensus Action on Salt and Health organisation has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actiononsalt.org.uk/news/surveys/2011/gourmet%20salts/59309.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;released a study&lt;/a&gt; that showed that NaCl content of various types of standard and &quot;gourmet&quot; salts were not significantly different. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3b3zM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also detailed a few misconceptions about &quot;gourmet&quot; salts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myth 1. Gourmet salts contain less sodium than table salt so are&#xA;  better for your health Gourmet salts contain approximately 100% sodium&#xA;  chloride, just like your average table salt, meaning they will have&#xA;  exactly the same effect on your blood pressure and health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myth 2. Gourmet salts contain minerals essential for good health&#xA;  Gourmet salts are not a good source of essential minerals, instead you&#xA;  can get all the vitamins and minerals you need from a balanced diet&#xA;  with plenty of fruit and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myth 3. Gourmet salts taste better or stronger so you can use less&#xA;  There is no evidence that people use less of any type of salt. If you&#xA;  prefer the flavour of a particular type of salt, and really want to&#xA;  use it, use less to help cut down on your salt intake. Some gourmet&#xA;  salts also have a larger crystal size, these might not taste as salty&#xA;  as finer grains so the danger is you could end up using even more!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="323" LastEditorUserId="323" LastEditDate="2015-06-02T07:17:59.140" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T07:17:59.140" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T14:13:27.670" Score="3" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that brushing teeth with white grease (inedible pig lard) reduces cavities. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="652" OwnerDisplayName="Find Me In The Woods" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T17:22:18.023" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:24:10.000" Title="Can white grease help your teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T15:01:40.870" Score="8" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following post on a food-related forum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum/thread10121.html#post141067&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Farmed fish do have omega 3 in them. They have a chunk of omega 6 too&#xA;  so while they do have omega 3, they're not ideal for normalizing the&#xA;  ratio. However there is a case in which sardine flesh is being sold&#xA;  after the omega 3 has been extracted to make sardine oil. A good rule&#xA;  of thumb is that the saturated fat should be about a quarter or less&#xA;  of of the total fat if the tin doesn't specifically say that it has&#xA;  omega 3. If saturated fat is a higher percentage of the sardine, the&#xA;  omega 3 has been removed. Also be wary of fish canned in oil. Bad&#xA;  news!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should we be wary of fish canned in oil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="528" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T20:44:33.743" Title="What's wrong with fish canned in oil?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-01T15:07:16.710" Score="6" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following post on a food-related forum (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum/thread10121.html#post141067&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Farmed fish do have omega 3 in them. They have a chunk of omega 6 too&#xA;  so while they do have omega 3, they're not ideal for normalizing the&#xA;  ratio. However there is a case in which sardine flesh is being sold&#xA;  after the omega 3 has been extracted to make sardine oil. A good rule&#xA;  of thumb is that the saturated fat should be about a quarter or less&#xA;  of of the total fat if the tin doesn't specifically say that it has&#xA;  omega 3. If saturated fat is a higher percentage of the sardine, the&#xA;  omega 3 has been removed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &quot;farmed sardines&quot; mean that they are being grown in closed pools (which would be strange since I heard sardines are generally caught in the open seas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to distinguish between farmed and non-farmed sardines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="528" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T15:07:16.710" Title="The difference between farmed and non-farmed sardines" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1096" CreationDate="2015-06-01T21:37:11.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found a particular combination of actions has worked for me every time, and for all but one of the friends and acquaintances I recommended it to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get a glass of water (lukewarm is best)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperventilate a little (this is so you can hold your breath longer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a very deep breath and hold it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start taking very small swallows of water (not large swallows!)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep doing this for (almost) as long as you can hold your breath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Let your breath out in an easy, relaxed flow (if you let it out all at once you can re-start your hiccups)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After using it for so many years I can now simulate the underlying physical mechanism without the aids.  To me it feels like with each swallow you are pushing down on that muscle between your stomach and esophagus, making it clench and at some point it just gives up and stops clenching.  I can just visualize this happening (though I still have to hold my breath) and I can feel the exact moment when the hiccups stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, after reading @Susan's answer I think it might be the glottis that I feel like I'm putting pressure on.  The combination of breath holding and swallowing cause the glottal pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="646" LastActivityDate="2015-06-01T21:37:11.537" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1119" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1125" CreationDate="2015-06-02T00:24:33.543" Score="5" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to lose weight, and to that end, I've started logging my meals.  90% of the time it's very straightforward, except for one scenario: food that changes volume significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dry rice, when cooked with water, grows quite substantially. A single cup of dry rice might become 2-3 cups or more of cooked rice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternatively, a single serving of cooked (and thus wilted) spinach is often sold in containers that require moving equipment to get out to my car.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When reading nutrition tables and other statistics about food, should volumes be understood as pre-preparation, or post?  And is the answer standardized across all (or at least most) platforms and info sources, or does it change from place to place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I cook 1 cup of dry rice with water and it becomes 3 cups of cooked rice, and I eat it all, did I just eat 1 cup of rice, or 3?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:33:18.937" Title="Nutritionally speaking, are food volumes calculated pre- or post-preparation?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1119" CreationDate="2015-06-02T15:16:47.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no standard for calculating &quot;food volumes&quot;. The nutrition data of all foods is only consistent by weight. Standardized nutrition data labels all give nutrients per 100 g, frequently also adding the nutrient amount calculated for other weights, for example for one unit of packaging, or one piece when the food is in discrete pieces. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When somebody is talking of nutrition units (e.g. calories, grams of carbs, or whatever) per volume, they are probably using some volume conversion formula. But for most foods, there is no really good formula. Food volume changes a lot in preparation, and frequently it's not as predictable as the change in rice volume you describe - if you have chopped walnuts, the final volume depends on how finely they are chopped, and also how they were handled afterwards. Also, volume measurement of foods is imprecise to the point where it's useless (for example, a &quot;cup&quot; of flour can be anywhere from 100 to 160 grams for the same type of flour). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusions: 1) there is no way to predict what formula they are using (e.g. whether they are using the average for cooked or raw rice), because there is no standard for that, and 2) even if you happen to use their formula, you can't achieve precision. If you need precision, you'll have to switch to an app which lets you measure your food by weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-06-02T15:16:47.930" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-02T18:49:21.673" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prior to eating I count carbs and then use my insulin carb ratios to determine how much insulin I should take.  This is straight forward when I'm cooking my food, going to a chain restaurant, or have clear carb numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes however I end up in a restaurant where no carb information is available.  I order my food and then guess how many carbs there are.  I try to err on the side of being too low so that if anything my blood sugar will go high and I can take a correction dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do today is something like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3:00pm - Took 5 units of insulin for Dinner #3 at X restaurant.  Pre meal BGL was 85.&#xA;5:00pm - BGL is 200&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I say my BGL went up 115, next time take more insulin.  Next time I will add a couple of units.  I keep doing this until I get 'close'.  What would be ideal is if there is some formula I can use to calculate how many carbs that was, so the next time I eat the same thing I can dose correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="655" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T00:17:49.933" Title="Formula for determining carb count from blood sugar changes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1119" CreationDate="2015-06-02T20:40:19.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=101.12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;21 CFR 101&lt;/a&gt; provides reference amounts for serving sizes, which are usually followed somewhat closely (I wasn't able to determine if they are required by law) by food manufacturers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the specific case of rice, the standard serving size is &quot;140 g prepared; 45 g dry&quot; listed in the format &quot;_ cup(s) (_ g)&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, the nutritional label on the actual product package (no comment on databases on random websites and apps) will provide information about whether it is referring to prepared or &quot;raw&quot; state, or will provide both. The prepared state may include ingredients not provided in the package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Cheerios has a serving size of &quot;1 cup (28 g)&quot;, dry, and additionally provides a column with values for &quot;with 1/2 cup skim milk&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kraft Macaroni &amp;amp; Cheese Dinner gives the serving size as &quot;2.5 oz (70 g / about 1/2 box) (Makes about 1 cup)&quot;, and provides columns for &quot;as packaged&quot; and &quot;as prepared&quot;. Different pictures I found of the nutrition information and directions varied widely as to the calories of the &quot;as prepared&quot; column and the amount of butter called for; presumably these will match on any given box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to find any pictures of real nutrition labels for packages of plain rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google allows you to specify &quot;raw&quot; or &quot;cooked&quot; when searching for the nutrition information of rice - according to it, 100 grams of cooked long-grain brown rice has 111 calories, and 100 grams of raw long-grain brown rice has 370 calories. When the measure is switched to one cup, the calories are 216 and 684 respectively, with the weights being 195 and 185 grams. So, if your app doesn't say, it should be easy to figure out which numbers track better with how many calories it actually says a cup of rice has.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="657" LastEditorUserId="657" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T17:33:18.937" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:33:18.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1134" CreationDate="2015-06-02T21:12:08.073" Score="-1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the past 48 hours, I've had a miscolored, raised patch of skin on my elbow that has been itching non-stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UXjDr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've applied topical diphenhydramine hydrochloride (2%), which seems to have no affect on the itchiness.  The only way to stop the itch has been to wrap it with an ice pack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the possible causes of this?  Could it be serious enough that I need to consult a dermatologist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="658" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T16:32:56.770" Title="Itchy miscolored inflammed bump on elbow" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-06-09T13:15:15.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="78" CreationDate="2015-06-03T02:10:12.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I answer, I have to say that I disagree with several claims stated/implied in your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;antibiotics or any treatment cannot be simply replaced by another; many factors have to be taken into account, such as the type and severity of acne, the microorganism(s) (bacteria) causing the problem and many others&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;topical use of antibiotics definitely doesn't cause antibiotic resistance &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;, but &amp;quot;The &lt;strong&gt;inappropriate use&lt;/strong&gt; of antimicrobial drugs, including in animal husbandry, favours the emergence and selection of resistant strains, and poor infection prevention and control practices contribute to further emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the side effects and potential risks of certain therapeutic options - no one can absolutely guarantee that every possible outcome is predicted, but if there is evidence that potential risks outweigh the benefits, the substance/product will not be approved by regulatory agencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, there are natural (herbal based) therapeutic options for acne. One of them is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tea tree oil&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Melaleuca alternifolia&lt;/em&gt; (Maiden and Betch) Cheel, &lt;em&gt;Myrtaceae&lt;/em&gt; aetheroleum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Community_herbal_monograph/2015/04/WC500185282.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMeA's herbal monograph&lt;/a&gt; one of its therapeutic indications is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indication 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional herbal medicinal product for treatment of small boils (furuncles and mild acne)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The form in which it is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbal preparation in liquid and semi-solid dosage forms for cutaneous use&#xA;(indication 1-3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same document contains precautions, side effects, contraindications, posology etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (TTO) has been confirmed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; in various studies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you are interested in antibiotic resistance, this part might be the most interesting for you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The activity of TTO against antibiotic-resistant bacteria has attracted considerable interest, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) receiving the most attention thus far. Since the potential to use TTO against MRSA was first hypothesized (153), several groups have evaluated the activity of TTO against MRSA, beginning with Carson et al. (31), who examined 64 MRSA isolates from Australia and the United Kingdom, including 33 mupirocin-resistant isolates. The MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for the Australian isolates were 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively, while those for the United Kingdom isolates were 0.312% and 0.625%, respectively. Subsequent reports on the susceptibility of MRSA to TTO have similarly not shown great differences compared to antibiotic-sensitive organisms (39, 58, 68, 106, 115).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360273/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties&lt;/a&gt; C. F. Carson,1 K. A. Hammer,1 and T. V. Riley1,2,*, Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jan; 19(1): 50–62.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; - clinical efficcacy in at least one study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the same source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;One of the first rigorous clinical studies assessed the efficacy of 5% TTO in the treatment of acne by comparing it to 5% benzoyl peroxide (BP) (14). The study found that both treatments reduced the numbers of inflamed lesions, although BP performed significantly better than TTO. The BP group showed significantly less oiliness than the TTO group, whereas the TTO group showed significantly less scaling, pruritis, and dryness. Significantly fewer overall side effects were reported by the TTO group (27 of 61 patients) than by the BP group (50 of 63 patients).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether the effect will be bactericidal (killing bacteria) or  bacteriostatic (stopping their reproduction) depends on the concentration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;TTO is for the most part bactericidal in nature, although it may be bacteriostatic at lower concentrations.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T02:10:12.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T03:11:34.003" Score="8" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a bit of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.soylent.com/&quot;&gt;soylent&lt;/a&gt; fad in my friend group recently. I'm interested in it as an occasional replacement meal. I have noticed that I'm a little more energetic when I do, suggesting I need to change my diet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, there are some people who have taken the fad to close to extremes, and seem to be doing okay. There are plenty of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theverge.com/2014/7/17/5893221/soylent-survivor-one-month-living-on-lab-made-liquid-nourishment&quot;&gt;One&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://motherboard.vice.com/read/soylent-how-i-stopped-eating-for-30-days&quot;&gt;Month&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raptitude.com/2014/08/what-happened-during-my-30-days-on-a-liquid-superfood/&quot;&gt;Soylent&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.raptitude.com/experiment-no-18-a-month-on-soylent/&quot;&gt;Challenge&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://robrhinehart.com/?p=474&quot;&gt;longer&lt;/a&gt; blog posts that I've seen in passing, praising and condemning its merits. I know the liquid diet isn't a new thing, but some people claim that just merely by it being liquid has a detrimental effect, others claim that there's no way some miracle food can work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like variety, but I was wondering if anyone here had more down to earth criticisms. A lot of the anti-soylent things I've seen were mere opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="157" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T00:06:21.337" Title="Detriments to Soylent fad?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T10:59:22.830" Score="9" ViewCount="1098" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently removed a tick I must have caught while camping. Thinking of my plans for the summer (which involve frequently changing clothes in the wilderness), I realized I'd like to get a vaccination against tick borne encephalitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, a vaccine is not given right after potential exposure to the pathogens against which it protects. Is this so for the vaccine against tick encephalitis? How long do I have to wait after my last tick bite until it is safe to get the vaccine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how long does the vaccine &quot;hold&quot; without renewal? If it needs renewals, how is it best to time them (e.g. which season is optimal?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Update&lt;/em&gt; In case that ticks are a vector for different diseases in different parts of the world, I expect to get bitten in the southern parts of Germany and the eastern parts of France. I am worried about the disease known in German as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis&quot;&gt;FSME&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, which is endemic in these regions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T15:13:16.453" LastActivityDate="2016-11-05T10:55:20.577" Title="Do I have to wait after a tick bite to get vaccinated for encephalitis?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2015-06-03T14:21:48.977" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A vegan diet is based only on vegetal foods. If we analyze the amino acid content of different food protein sources (animal and plant proteins),  &lt;strong&gt;lysine&lt;/strong&gt; is consistently at a much lower concentration in all major plant-food protein groups than in animal foods (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065242309470070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;biomarkers&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/59/5/1203S.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;young pellet&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). Lysine is one of the essential amino acids, thus lysine is most likely to be the first limiting amino acid in diets that are based&#xA;predominantly on cereal grains (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/59/5/1203S.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;young pellet&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason the American Dietetic Association, in its 2009 position paper on vegetarian diets, recommends an increase of consumption of &lt;strong&gt;beans and soy products&lt;/strong&gt; in order to satisfy the essential amino acids requirements in vegan diets (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;ADA pos&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T14:21:48.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1130" CreationDate="2015-06-03T14:51:04.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The U.S. recommended primary immunization schedule for &lt;strong&gt;Ixiaro&lt;/strong&gt;, the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Vaccine (Inactivated) is one week &lt;strong&gt;prior&lt;/strong&gt; to exposure [1].  An adult patient (17 years old or older) may receive a booster after one year of completing the primary series; adolescents and children (less than 17) has not been studied [1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment for JE involves supportive care only [2].  There is no specific antiviral treatment for JE; ribavirin, interferon alpha-2a was trialed with no success [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonspecific symptoms appear after a 5 to 15 day incubation period followed by the specific mental status change manifestations [2].  The seasonality of the disease depends on the local area [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ixiaro Package Insert. FDA Approved Biologic Products. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM142569.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM142569.pdf&lt;/a&gt; [accessed 6/3/2015.]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Japanese encephalitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. UpToDate.com [accessed 6/3/2015.]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="662" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T14:51:04.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1153" CreationDate="2015-06-03T15:42:31.537" Score="8" ViewCount="8304" Body="&lt;p&gt;What form of probiotic has the greatest health benefit- Capsule or powder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched for it but the results talk about everything on probiotics except my question! &#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sm6oH.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(A snapshot of my endeavors)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion it is better to use capsule since it will protect the bacteria from the acid environment in the stomach. But then I'm skeptical about that: if the powder form is useless, why does it exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T16:06:43.203" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T12:47:45.587" Title="Probiotic: capsule or powder?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;pill&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1126" CreationDate="2015-06-03T16:32:56.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A proper diagnosis would require more questions for your particular situation.  For example:&#xA; - Do you have, or have you had, a fever since you noticed this bump? &#xA; - Do you any other skin reactions anywhere else on your body? &#xA; - Did you have any scratches or broken surface of the skin in the area of the bump before you noticed it and the swelling started? &#xA; - Do you know of insects, ticks, or spiders that may be common in your area? If so, do you feel you may have been exposed to these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears one possibility is a localized reaction resulting from an insect bite. The symptoms you are noticing are common after an arthropod bite, such as local discomfort or pain; pruritis (itchiness); and erythema (redness). Because there is blanching in the center with a ring of erythema around this, it may suggest a bite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another less likely possibility is cellulitis. Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and subcutaneous layer of tissue just below the skin. This can result from trauma to the skin such as a cut or a bite, when bacteria are able to enter through the disturbed skin surface. However, accompanying symptoms also include tenderness/pain at the site; chills; fever; and swollen lymph nodes near the site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen (e.g. Motrin) taken orally should help decrease inflammation around the site of the swelling, thereby alleviating some of the itching and discomfort. The topical corticosteroids available over the counter may not be in the strength you need to counter an inflammatory or allergic reaction.  Due to this, it would be prudent to consult your health care provider if this does not start to resolve within the next 24 hours as it sometimes may two to three days for the initial symptoms to subside if this resulted from a bite. Also, if you develop other symptoms such as fever, nausea, decreased appetite, fatigue, or hives you should see your provider right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insectbitesandstings.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insectbitesandstings.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/skin-and-soft-tissue-infection-cellulitis-beyond-the-basics?view=print&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/skin-and-soft-tissue-infection-cellulitis-beyond-the-basics?view=print&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="664" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T16:32:56.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="634" CreationDate="2015-06-03T16:36:23.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most accurate data sets about nutrient intake of european population are linked to basically two sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;EPIC&lt;/strong&gt; cohort study, involving more than half a million participants recruited across 10 European countries and followed for almost 15 years. The homepage of the project is &lt;a href=&quot;http://epic.iarc.fr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://epic.iarc.fr&lt;/a&gt; . There's not a unified table providing summarized statistics for all nutrients as I was asking in my question, but very reliable data can be extracted from individual studies that investigate singular nutrients; the list of these studies can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v63/n4s/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v63/n4s/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;European Nutrition and Health Report&lt;/strong&gt;, 2009, showing similar statistics, togheter with other health and lifestyle indicators and major critical issues in each country. The report is here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081327&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081327&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T16:36:23.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1115" CreationDate="2015-06-03T16:39:40.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oil-Pulling&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oil pulling is an ancient Ayurvedic practice that essentially involves&#xA;  swishing around oil in the mouth. Similar to a mouthwash, the oil&#xA;  “pulls” bacteria and toxins out of the mouth and, over time, can leave&#xA;  your teeth whiter and your gums healthier. And while oil pulling may&#xA;  seem a little “woo woo” at first, many studies have proven that the&#xA;  practice can be extremely beneficial to oral health and hygiene.]&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't use &quot;never&quot; as it's an absolute that usually doesn't work, yet there are some indications that oils may have certain oral health benefits such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alleviating halitosis&lt;/a&gt; (bad breath), and reducing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gingivitis&lt;/a&gt; (inflammation of the gums).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;White Grease&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;White grease is basically inedible pig fat used as lubricant in mechanics. The studies mentioned test traditional Indian folk remedies that rely on sesame or sunflower oil, but there doesn't seem to be much indication if any about white grease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decreasing the amount of bacteria in the mouth could contribute to less cavities, though there's no certainty of either effect in white grease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.panef.com/pdf/MSDS%20WGA-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;safety data sheet on White Lithium Grease&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;INGESTION: Ingestion may cause slight stomach irritation and&#xA;  discomfort.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're willing to bear the risks of accidental ingestion (which shouldn't happen anyways if you're using it like mouthwash), then maybe you could find out for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19336860&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.panef.com/pdf/MSDS%20WGA-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.panef.com/pdf/MSDS%20WGA-6.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T17:24:10.000" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:24:10.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="586" CreationDate="2015-06-03T17:01:21.377" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the studies study food addiction as a whole, because most of the biochemical mechanisms of food addiction are similar for the consumptions of sugar, refined flour, fats, caffeine and other substances. Also, addiction has been studied in relation of people's habit of eating food that is prepared with a combination of ingredients, as donuts or french fries, not separated ingredients. There are many studies that &lt;strong&gt;address the issue of excessive consumption of food as a real addiction&lt;/strong&gt;, similar to that caused by drugs such as cocaine, heroin, alcohol and tobacco (Blumenthal &amp;amp; Gold, 2010; Moreno &amp;amp; Tandon, 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Ifland identifies the &lt;strong&gt;refined products (sweeteners, carbohydrates, fat, salt and caffeine) as the substances that have the greatest potential to cause addiction&lt;/strong&gt;. Our body is programmed to recognize sugars and fatty substances as fundamental for life and health: they're energy reserves and address us toward the consumption of fruit, rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals. With the refining of foods we have an exaggerated concentration of sugars and fats, and this disrupts our evolutionary adaptation (Ifland et al., 2009).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;strong&gt;explanation of the mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt; of addiction, there are at least three factors that contribute to the excessive consumption of foods. In the case of sugar and refined flour, part of the explanation goes through the concept of glycemic index: foods with &lt;strong&gt;high glycemic index&lt;/strong&gt; - and load - cause a rise in blood sugar, which leads to an increase of insulinemia and subsequent hypoglycemia that is felt as hunger (Lennerz et al., 2013; Ludwig, 2002). Other explanations rely on the production of &lt;strong&gt;endogenous opioids&lt;/strong&gt; caused by sugars that then would act as stimulants (Drewnowski, Krahn, Demitrack, Nairn, &amp;amp; Gosnell, 1992, 1995), and the lower efficiency of &lt;strong&gt;dopamine receptors&lt;/strong&gt;, which would lead to increased consumption of food to achieve the same satisfaction (Wang et al., 2001; Wang, Volkow, Thanos, &amp;amp; Fowler, 2004). Lastly, a final interpretation refers to the fact that a high consumption of carbohydrates leads to increased levels of &lt;strong&gt;serotonin&lt;/strong&gt;, which is perceived as a pleasant sensation (Wurtman, 1988).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blumenthal, D. M., &amp;amp; Gold, M. S. (2010). Neurobiology of food addiction. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(4), 359–65. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ad4d4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D., Demitrack, M., Nairn, K., &amp;amp; Gosnell, B. (1992). Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement. Physiology &amp;amp; Behavior, 51(2), 371–379. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90155-U&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D., Demitrack, M., Nairn, K., &amp;amp; Gosnell, B. (1995). Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr, 61(6), 1206–1212. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/61/6/1206.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/61/6/1206.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ifland, J. R., Preuss, H. G., Marcus, M. T., Rourke, K. M., Taylor, W. C., Burau, K., … Manso, G. (2009). Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 72(5), 518–26. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.035&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lennerz, B. S., Alsop, D. C., Holsen, L. M., Stern, E., Rojas, R., Ebbeling, C. B., … Ludwig, D. S. (2013). Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(3), 641–7. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064113&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ludwig, D. S. (2002). The Glycemic Index. JAMA, 287(18), 2414. doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreno, C., &amp;amp; Tandon, R. (2011). Should overeating and obesity be classified as an addictive disorder in DSM-5? Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17(12), 1128–31. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492085&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., … Fowler, J. S. (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. The Lancet, 357(9253), 354–357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03643-6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Thanos, P. K., &amp;amp; Fowler, J. S. (2004). Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 23(3), 39–53. doi:10.1300/J069v23n03_04&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wurtman, J. J. (1988). Carbohydrate craving, mood changes, and obesity. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49 Suppl, 37–9. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3045110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3045110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:01:21.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="625" CreationDate="2015-06-03T17:01:44.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the studies study food addiction as a whole, because most of the biochemical mechanisms of food addiction are similar for the consumptions of sugar, refined flour, fats, caffeine and other substances. Also, addiction has been studied in relation of people's habit of eating food that is prepared with a combination of ingredients, as donuts or french fries, not separated ingredients. There are many studies that &lt;strong&gt;address the issue of excessive consumption of food as a real addiction&lt;/strong&gt;, similar to that caused by drugs such as cocaine, heroin, alcohol and tobacco (Blumenthal &amp;amp; Gold, 2010; Moreno &amp;amp; Tandon, 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Ifland identifies the &lt;strong&gt;refined products (sweeteners, carbohydrates, fat, salt and caffeine) as the substances that have the greatest potential to cause addiction&lt;/strong&gt;. Our body is programmed to recognize sugars and fatty substances as fundamental for life and health: they're energy reserves and address us toward the consumption of fruit, rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals. With the refining of foods we have an exaggerated concentration of sugars and fats, and this disrupts our evolutionary adaptation (Ifland et al., 2009).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;strong&gt;explanation of the mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt; of addiction, there are at least three factors that contribute to the excessive consumption of foods. In the case of sugar and refined flour, part of the explanation goes through the concept of glycemic index: foods with &lt;strong&gt;high glycemic index&lt;/strong&gt; - and load - cause a rise in blood sugar, which leads to an increase of insulinemia and subsequent hypoglycemia that is felt as hunger (Lennerz et al., 2013; Ludwig, 2002). Other explanations rely on the production of &lt;strong&gt;endogenous opioids&lt;/strong&gt; caused by sugars that then would act as stimulants (Drewnowski, Krahn, Demitrack, Nairn, &amp;amp; Gosnell, 1992, 1995), and the lower efficiency of &lt;strong&gt;dopamine receptors&lt;/strong&gt;, which would lead to increased consumption of food to achieve the same satisfaction (Wang et al., 2001; Wang, Volkow, Thanos, &amp;amp; Fowler, 2004). Lastly, a final interpretation refers to the fact that a high consumption of carbohydrates leads to increased levels of &lt;strong&gt;serotonin&lt;/strong&gt;, which is perceived as a pleasant sensation (Wurtman, 1988).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blumenthal, D. M., &amp;amp; Gold, M. S. (2010). Neurobiology of food addiction. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(4), 359–65. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ad4d4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D., Demitrack, M., Nairn, K., &amp;amp; Gosnell, B. (1992). Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement. Physiology &amp;amp; Behavior, 51(2), 371–379. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90155-U&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drewnowski, A., Krahn, D., Demitrack, M., Nairn, K., &amp;amp; Gosnell, B. (1995). Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr, 61(6), 1206–1212. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/61/6/1206.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/61/6/1206.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ifland, J. R., Preuss, H. G., Marcus, M. T., Rourke, K. M., Taylor, W. C., Burau, K., … Manso, G. (2009). Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 72(5), 518–26. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.035&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lennerz, B. S., Alsop, D. C., Holsen, L. M., Stern, E., Rojas, R., Ebbeling, C. B., … Ludwig, D. S. (2013). Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(3), 641–7. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064113&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ludwig, D. S. (2002). The Glycemic Index. JAMA, 287(18), 2414. doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreno, C., &amp;amp; Tandon, R. (2011). Should overeating and obesity be classified as an addictive disorder in DSM-5? Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17(12), 1128–31. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492085&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., … Fowler, J. S. (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. The Lancet, 357(9253), 354–357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03643-6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Thanos, P. K., &amp;amp; Fowler, J. S. (2004). Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 23(3), 39–53. doi:10.1300/J069v23n03_04&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wurtman, J. J. (1988). Carbohydrate craving, mood changes, and obesity. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49 Suppl, 37–9. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3045110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3045110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T17:01:44.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1133" CreationDate="2015-06-03T17:36:07.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they both contain the exact same substance, then powder form may be easier to measure more precisely. However, I cannot find any studies indicating any significant difference between capsule and powder form. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, I would like to give you &lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2014/11/25/do-probiotics-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; containing an interview with Dr. Stefano Guandalini, MD, Section Chief of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and Medical Director of the Celiac Disease Center at the University of Chicago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He gives a short list of probiotics which &quot;have been validated through clinical trials and published in peer-reviewed journals to show efficacy&quot;. For the rest, he states, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Outside of this incredibly short list, however, there is nothing&#xA;  else. There is no other probiotic that has been found to be effective&#xA;  in rigorous, controlled clinical trials. This is not to say they&#xA;  aren’t working, it’s just to say we don’t have any scientific proof&#xA;  yet.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T16:22:24.473" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T16:22:24.473" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-03T18:25:05.577" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.genome.gov/10001733&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medical tests are characterized by validity and utility&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Validity&lt;/strong&gt; is the probability that the test results are correct.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Utility&lt;/strong&gt; is the usefulness of having correct results (e.g. how much life-time can be gained by taking a test, finding out that there is a disease, and treating it in time).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for tables which show the validity and utility (and, maybe, also the cost) of some commonly used clinical tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't need them for clinical use; I only intend to bring some examples to illustrate a theoretical paper about diagnostics. So, the tables don't have to be very accurate or up-to-date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found several research papers that try to assess the validity and utility of novel tests, e.g. some genetic or molecular tests for cancer, but they are too difficult for me because I don't have sufficient background in genetics or molecular biology. I need a simpler and approximate table. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;NOTE: I asked this question in opendata.SE and got no reply. I hope this site is a better place for it. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastEditorUserId="654" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T18:09:41.437" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T18:09:41.437" Title="Validity and Utility of medical tests" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2015-12-15T11:46:00.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1030" CreationDate="2015-06-03T19:06:20.603" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;When the time came for her to give birth, there were twin boys in her womb. As she was giving birth, one of them put out his hand; so the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it on his wrist and said, “This one came out first.” But when he drew back his hand, his brother came out, and she said, “So this is how you have broken out!” And he was named Perez.  Then his brother, who had the scarlet thread on his wrist, came out. And he was named Zerah.&quot;&lt;/em&gt; - Genesis 38: 27-30&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is implied that before birth, they knew the mother had twins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any good midwife can determine when a woman is carrying twins. The uterus will be bigger, and there will be excess everything: excess heads, excess rumps, excess backbones (these are things that can actually be felt and located on manual examination). Late in the pregnancy, if both twins are head down (the usual and most common presentation), there will be two rumps up top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first thing to come out of the womb was one baby's arm... The arm goes back into the womb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my medical experience delivering babies (I've delivered a significant number), this is fairly unlikely &lt;em&gt;if the story is told without including pauses&lt;/em&gt;. For one thing, the waters would have had to have broken - at least one sac if they were dichorionic diamniotic twins, which is most common for non-identical twins (which they were). This usually occurs very close to the time of birth, when the pelvis would be already occupied by a head. There's not a lot of room for hands and arms to be swinging freely in there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tgBQd.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first thing to come out of the womb was one baby's arm (upon which the first thing the midwife does is tie a crimson thread to it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;compound presentations&lt;/strong&gt; may occur in a &quot;roomy&quot; pelvis, and are more likely to occur when the pelvis is not fully occupied by the fetus because of low birth weight, &lt;strong&gt;multiple gestation&lt;/strong&gt;, polyhydramnios, or a large pelvis. They occur in singleton pregnancies about once in ~1500 births, and usually, the &quot;misplaced&quot; part is a hand or arm. &lt;strong&gt;In general, if left unattended, the &lt;em&gt;hand will retract&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;the arm will extend further&lt;/em&gt; as labor progresses.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...unborn children have all their reflexes in utero, [therefore] unborn babies are fully capable, within the limitations of the space available, of reacting as they would as newborns. The simplest approach, therefore, may be to apply a benign noxious stimulus, such as a gentle pinch to a fingertip of the advancing hand. By applying a benign noxious stimulus (between contractions, of course), the hand may withdraw and never appear in the undesired position again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Genesis, note that the hand alone came out, and since it usually retracts, this is possible. The tying of thread around the infant's arm might be enough noxious stimuli to cause it to retract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said, with twins there's less room, however&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rupture of membranes when the presenting part is still high also increases the risk of compound presentation, cord prolapse, or both... In multiple gestations, a possible scenario involves the head of the first twin and an extremity of the second twin within the birth canal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which would be the exact scenario described in Genesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://radiopaedia.org/articles/dichorionic-diamniotic-twin-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Image from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beaumont.edu/womens-health/obstetrics/during-pregnancy/multiple-babies/about-multiple-births/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;About Multiple Birth Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262444-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Compound Presentations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-the-fetus-with-compound-presentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Management of the fetus with compound presentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T19:06:20.603" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2015-06-03T19:30:24.253" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simpler story is that it is better to eat whole fruit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with eating smoothies or even drinking fruit juice is that you are increasing the fruit's glycaemic index. For example, an orange has a glycaemic index of 40, while orange juice has a glycaemic index of 50&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. The theory goes that low glycaemic index foods lower the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes and there is indeed epidemiological data which confirms this specifically about fruit and fruit juice: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Greater consumption of specific whole fruits, particularly blueberries, grapes, and apples, is significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas greater consumption of fruit juice is associated with a higher risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;based on data from 3 studies which followed a total of ~150 000 women and ~35 000 men for 18 to 24 years.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Note that the consumption of fruit juice increases the diabetes risk when compared to baseline, not just when compared to whole fruit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing that the average person in a Western culture has a higher chance of developing a metabolic disorder than of having difficulties digesting cellulose, we can conclude that, ceteris paribus, fruit is healthier for you than fruit juice. I did not find data on smoothies and purees, they should fall between whole fruit and fruit juice in glycaemic index. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The story gets murkier when we consider your diet as a whole. People are unlikely to eat a whole orange when they are thirsty. So if you are currently drinking orange juice and planning to switch to the same amount of whole oranges and switch to drinking water, this is probably going to be a healthy decision. But if you are going to switch to drinking Coca cola when thirsty, it will likely be worse. While I did not look for data doing this comparison, the glycaemic index of Coca cola is 63&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, and it also contributes many calories without them being paired with micronutrients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been some debate on whether recommending diets based on GI makes sense, see these two 2002 reviews (paywalled): &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Anecdotally, I'd say that they make sense, as I have seen people lose weight on them without complaining of hunger pangs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-eating/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-eating/glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5001&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00079.x&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00079.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00080.x&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00080.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-06-03T19:47:53.987" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T19:47:53.987" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1366" CreationDate="2015-06-03T20:32:16.127" Score="17" ViewCount="7250" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another user mentioned that brushing teeth without toothpaste is dangerous because it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/a/6440/2713&quot;&gt;&quot;likely to cause micro-scratches in the enamel of one's teeth&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. How true is the claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be exact, let's assume that the mouth is &quot;&lt;strong&gt;fully rinsed&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; with clean tap-water and the bristles of the toothbrush are &quot;&lt;strong&gt;fully wet&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; with clean tap-water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is  brushing teeth without toothpaste actually bad for the gums (and teeth / general oral health)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:43.037" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T23:22:53.720" Title="Is brushing teeth without toothpaste actually harmful?" Tags="&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1116" CreationDate="2015-06-03T20:44:33.743" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is most likely referring to the fact that canned fish is often packed in vegetable oils, which add fat content while not providing the omega-3 content of fish oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="657" LastActivityDate="2015-06-03T20:44:33.743" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T00:34:43.293" Score="1" ViewCount="5193" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was in my backyard and a bug went down my throat and it got really irritated after. Why would swallowing a bug irritate my throat? (It was probably a gnat or mosquito by the way)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="666" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T02:06:32.790" Title="Why does my throat hurt so bad after a bug goes into it?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1146" CreationDate="2015-06-04T02:06:32.790" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can diagnose your particular problem over the internet, nor should they. However, some general guidelines may be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swallowing the average gnat should be completely painless, as should swallowing the average mosquito, as neither should be releasing any (or many) noxious chemicals to irritate one's oropharynx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some insects when swallowed do sting defensively, and can cause significant problems; I would include spiders and hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants, etc.) in this group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some insects (such as blister beetles, hairy spiders such as tarantulas, and certain hairy caterpillars, among others) have irritating toxins on them which can cause significant problems with swallowing (tarantula is considered a delicacy in some parts of the world, and this has caused such problems.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to the average person, mosquitoes and gnats should not present much of a problem. It's possible that if someone is extremely hypersensitive to mosquito saliva, the small amount of saliva which might be released by swallowing/crushing the mosquito may irritate one's throat slightly. However, a more likely cause of &lt;em&gt;minor&lt;/em&gt; irritation is &lt;em&gt;hypervigillance&lt;/em&gt;: the anxiety caused by a threat to one's health can cause an enhanced state of sensory sensitivity. In other words, if someone is anxious that something might hurt them, they might feel something that they might not otherwise pay much attention to, making it worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acmt.net/ijmt/ijmt/page.asp%3FPageID=163.html&quot;&gt;Pharyngeal Irritation After Eating Cooked Tarantula&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;- beware, yuk-inducing&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010104004969&quot;&gt;Severe tongue necrosis associated with pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni) ingestion in three dogs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/abstract/1999/02000/caterpillars__an_unusual_source_of_ingestion.10.aspx&quot;&gt;Caterpillars: An unusual source of ingestion.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144844&quot;&gt;Urticating Hairs in Arthropods: Their Nature and Medical Significance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;Physician's Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Sixth Edition&lt;/em&gt;, Jerome Goddard, CRC Press&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T02:06:32.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1156" CreationDate="2015-06-04T05:16:01.617" Score="5" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honey tastes sweet. But I am not sure whether or not it is safe for people suffering from diabetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is can diabetics daily consume honey?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="668" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T16:19:43.353" Title="Can diabetics consume honey?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1133" CreationDate="2015-06-04T12:03:04.627" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot answer your question directly, but explaining some general considerations might help to clarify what would be a sound choosing approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In my opinion it is better to use capsule since it will protect the bacteria from the acid environment in the stomach.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bear in mind that this applies to &lt;strong&gt;gastro-resistant&lt;/strong&gt; capsules only:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gastro-resistant capsules are delayed-release capsules&#xA;  that are intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release&#xA;  their active substance or substances in the intestinal fluid.&#xA;  Usually they are prepared by filling capsules with granules&#xA;  or with particles covered with a gastro-resistant coating or&#xA;  in certain cases, by providing hard or soft capsules with a&#xA;  gastro-resistant shell (enteric capsules).&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://lib.njutcm.edu.cn/yaodian/ep/EP5.0/07_monographs_on_dosage_forms/Capsules.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ph.Eur.5.0.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many manufacturers of probiotics use hard (gelatine) capsules which are not resistant to stomach acid. In fact these two sorts of capsules have to comply with different pharmacopoeial requirements: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gastro-resistant capsules&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disintegration&lt;/strong&gt;. For capsules with a gastro-resistant shell carry out the test for disintegration [...] use 0.1 M hydrochloric acid as the liquid&#xA;  medium and operate the apparatus for 2 h, or other such time as may be authorised, without the discs. Examine the state of the capsules.&lt;strong&gt;The time of resistance to the acid medium&lt;/strong&gt; varies according to the formulation of the capsules to be examined. It is typically 2 h to 3 h but even with authorised deviations it &lt;strong&gt;must not be less than 1 h. No capsule shows signs of disintegration or rupture permitting the escape of the contents.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Ph.Eur.5.0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas for &lt;em&gt;hard capsules&lt;/em&gt; it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Use water R as the liquid medium. When justified and authorised, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid or artificial gastric juice R may be used as the liquid medium. [...] Operate the apparatus &lt;strong&gt;for 30 min&lt;/strong&gt;, unless otherwise justified and authorised and examine the state of the capsules. &lt;strong&gt;The capsules comply with&#xA;  the test if all 6 have disintegrated.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Ph.Eur.5.0)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some strains of probiotics are found to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151822/#r27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;acid resistant&lt;/a&gt; which can be enhanced by formulation factors other than gastro-resistant coating. On the other hand, manufacturers of probiotics in gastro-resistant capsules often state (on their websites e.g.) that they deliver more units of probiotic bacteria to the intestines than conventional dosage forms. (It may depend on the strains they use.) Some probiotics can be found in yoghourt which is definitely not gastro-resistant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regulatory requirements are much stricter for medicines than for supplements in most countries, so if one is concerned with the sufficient drug delivery and the accuracy of medical claims, it is useful to know that for medicines to be approved for marketing much firmer evidence about these (and other concerns) has to be submitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does powder exist as a dosage form? There may be several reasons to produce and market oral powder as a dosage form: some people have difficulties to swallow capsules, it may depend on manufacturer's production line, powders allow for &lt;strong&gt;individualised&lt;/strong&gt; dosage (measuring the dose for a specific patient - but I don't think this would be necessary with probiotics), hygroscopic excipients which are incompatible with capsule shell etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dose you take in powder &lt;strong&gt;is not more precise&lt;/strong&gt; - even if it is sold in divided doses (each dose in one bag), because a small amount of powder can always remain on the walls. The precision of measurement is the same at best, if not in favour of the capsules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to chose?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the questions that should be taken into account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the patient allergic/intolerant to any of the formulation's ingredients?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a form preferred by the patient's physician, for some medical reason?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which form is the most convenient one for you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which form is accessible and affordable to you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T12:31:50.057" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T12:31:50.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19330" CreationDate="2015-06-04T12:18:20.763" Score="12" ViewCount="1460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to link the &lt;strong&gt;signs and symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; of eczema (especially atopic dermatitis) to its &lt;strong&gt;causes&lt;/strong&gt;. In short, what is the mechanism of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/354/99&quot;&gt;an answer of another question about eczema&lt;/a&gt;, @anongoodnurse has said (bolded words added by me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Signs and symptoms:&lt;/strong&gt; Eczema (or Atopic Dermatitis) is an incompletely understood skin disorder, in which the normal skin barrier function (permeability) is compromised, allowing the skin to dry out more than normal skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Causes:&lt;/strong&gt; The cause of the dryness in AD is thought by some to be &lt;strong&gt;(1)&lt;/strong&gt; a deficiency of a naturally occurring fatty substance in the skin called ceramide. Others believe it's &lt;strong&gt;(2)&lt;/strong&gt; an abnormal or missing protein which causes the skin barrier to be compromised, allowing allergens and irritants to cause immune responses more easily, triggering the itch/chronic inflammation (this might explain the response seen with topical steroids).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the cause is a deficiency of ceramide, what causes this cause? &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules&lt;/a&gt;, so exactly which chemical is produced? Is it because the skin produces another kind of ceramide which has lower quality, or it does not produce enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the cause is an abnormal or missing protein, what causes this cause? What protein it is? Is that something related to T cells (recognising antigens) or B cells (producing antibodies)? Is it a skin problem or an immune system problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, I heard from many sources that this is an immune system problem. And the source of this problem is the gut. &lt;a href=&quot;http://preventdisease.com/news/15/030615_All-Disease-Begins-In-The-Gut.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;They quote Hippocrates: &amp;quot;All disease begins in the gut&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; Is that true? Will just eating healthy food, adding more probiotics,  and applying moisturizer help the skin effectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-26T17:30:19.993" Title="What is the mechanism of eczema?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-04T15:31:32.617" Score="5" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that sitting in salt rooms, also known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;halotherapy&lt;/a&gt;, can help fight pollen allergies. Is there any scientific proof that this claim is true? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="674" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-04T20:39:02.677" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T20:39:02.677" Title="Do salt rooms really help fight pollen allergies?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1150" CreationDate="2015-06-04T16:19:43.353" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honey is rich in glucose (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey#Nutrition_and_composition&quot;&gt;31%&lt;/a&gt;) and contains other insulin-triggering sugars such as sucrose and maltose. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/34/3/362.full.pdf&quot;&gt;One study&lt;/a&gt; found that it has a glycaemic index of 87, much higher than that of table sugar (59), but note that GI is rather fickle to measure and you can probably find differing numbers for both. I've seen sources (not peer reviewed) which claim that honey's GI is somewhat lower than that of sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A diabetic can consume honey just like any other carbohydrate. He will have to adjust the amount of honey and other carbohydrates in the same meal such that his blood sugar does not overshoot the target amount. If he is insulin-dependent, he will have received guidelines how to adjust insulin injections depending on the amount of carbohydrates eaten, and will have to include the amount of honey he consumed in his calculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the diabetic is on a low-GI diet, honey may not be allowed by the diet-specific rules. This will be explained by the specialist who prescribed the diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-06-04T16:19:43.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1161" CreationDate="2015-06-04T16:32:33.140" Score="8" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a pollen allergic, should I avoid of eating some kinds of food which may increase pollen allergy symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="674" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T01:09:39.947" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T02:30:46.230" Title="Does some food increase pollen allergy symptoms?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-05T19:32:59.020" Score="18" ViewCount="3883" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know genital HSV1 can be contracted from unprotected oral sex, but what is the actual  likelihood? For example, what is the likelihood when the partner is asymptomatic vs symptomatic, and what is the likelihood if the person contracting it has already been exposed to oral HSV1 as a child? If genital HSV1 is contracted, how long does it usually take to find out? (when would symptoms start to appear)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="685" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T12:22:53.193" LastActivityDate="2016-12-30T00:14:04.260" Title="What is the likelihood of contracting genital HSV1 through oral sex?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1172" CreationDate="2015-06-06T00:34:07.490" Score="12" ViewCount="13779" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) are described by product manufacturers (and wikipedia!) as two separate things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have been unable to find a concise/complete description what is actually different, such as 1) voltage, 2) current, 3) frequency, 4) wave form, 5) location applied on body, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody clarify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="557" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T10:55:25.520" Title="Difference between TENS and EMS electro stimulation?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1157" CreationDate="2015-06-06T02:30:46.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are foods that won't increase your pollen allergy symptoms, but instead cause them. This is a condition called Oral Allergy Syndrome, also known as Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This is caused by a reaction to foods that contain similar ingredients or proteins to the type of pollen they are allergic to. So while this allergy is a bit different than just a regular pollen allergy, it is likely that, if you have a pollen allergy, there will be foods that trigger the same symptoms you may get from your pollen allergies.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/pollen-food-allergy-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few common types of pollen allergies that have foods associated with them. Ragweed allergy, which is caused by the pollen of ragweed and mainly causes symptoms like sneezing, itchy throat, stuffy/runny nose, and possible trouble breathing. Some of the foods that may cause these symptoms include watermelons, cantaloupes, bananas, and honey.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://acaai.org/allergies/types/ragweed-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A birch pollen allergy is also a common allergy which has many symptoms similar to those of ragweed allergy. Foods which many trigger those symptoms are kiwi, pears, apples, plums, cherries, carrots, and almonds. Grass pollen allergy is the other common type of pollen allergy and its symptoms, which are also like ragweed and birch allergy symptoms, can be triggered by foods like tomatoes, celery, peaches, and oranges. To help avoid the above mentioned foods, you can try many things, such as cooking the food or peeling it, if it is possible.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/oral-allergy-syndrome-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: Oral Allergy Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/pollen-food-allergy-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: Recognizing pollen food allergy syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://acaai.org/allergies/types/ragweed-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3: Rag Weed Allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/oral-allergy-syndrome-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4: Foods That May Worsen Pollen Allergies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T02:30:46.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T03:02:06.567" Score="12" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, in my high school health class we were learning about HIV and AIDS, and I was wondering what would happen to HIV if it killed off all of the cells that it uses to reproduce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, imagine this hypothetical scenario: A patient with HIV goes to a doctor who puts them in a sterile environment and gives them every medicine necessary to protect them from other diseases that might be lurking in their body (to protect them from common illnesses that could become deadly without an immune system, like the common cold). While they are in this sterile environment, they allow the HIV virus to attack all of the immune system cells, until eventually they are all destroyed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: If all the immune system cells are dead and the virus can't take them over, would the virus just &quot;die&quot; out, effectively curing the patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="687" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T09:38:16.090" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T01:08:40.690" Title="What happens to HIV once it completely destroys the immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1165" CreationDate="2015-06-06T10:43:31.393" Score="17" ViewCount="1487" Body="&lt;p&gt;Influenced by PETA, a lot of people have already changed to vegan status. I would like to know how well the transition may work? It can be either in a physical or mental way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some have changed for religious views, some for humanitarian reasons. But I would like to know the health beneficial aspects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T03:50:55.170" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T15:05:11.250" Title="Advantages of transition from non-vegetarian to vegetarian" Tags="&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;non-vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1164" CreationDate="2015-06-06T11:26:56.873" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question that cannot be answered by a simple yes or no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a vegetarian for health purposes (who was a vegan for 1 year) I say that the human isn't supposed to be vegetarian, but rather an opportunistic omnivore. The fact that we can eat meat doesn't mean we have to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of people that went from non-vegetarian to vegetarian (no meat, no fish) felt better the following weeks, however the reasons could be numerous and ambiguous:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe they were eating &lt;strong&gt;too much&lt;/strong&gt; meat until they stopped ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maybe the meat they were buying was bad quality meat ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, most of meat and fish's nutrients we need to live healthy are proven to be in eggs and milk with enough quantities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning the vegans (no eggs, no milk), the most recurrent problem is about the vitamin B12 that is very hardly obtained in vegan food, it can be found in some mushrooms, but in most cases you'll have to eat 4kg of that a day to fulfill your daily needs. It can also be found in some algaes and supplements like spirulina, but in that form it is nearly impossible for the body to be absorbed. Even though you might feel better the first year of veganism, you might be sick later on, even though some vegans never become sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also depends of the genes of each person. Some African ethnicities have evolved eating a lot of meat per day and still they remain healthier than most of people from Western countries. On the other hand, most Romans from the antiquity were eating less than 1kg of meat per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that the best way to find how being vegetarian is good for you is to try it out by yourself, pay attention at how you feel, and have regular blood tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://chriskresser.com/what-everyone-especially-vegetarians-should-know-about-b12-deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Everyone (Especially Vegetarians) Should Know About B12 Deficiency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="536" LastEditorUserId="784" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T12:19:23.060" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T12:19:23.060" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1175" CreationDate="2015-06-06T14:14:58.207" Score="10" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a common blood test spot cancer in general? Or is it necessary to take some specific tests for each kind of cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="688" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T08:47:37.660" Title="How to detect cancer in general?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T14:44:15.527" Score="3" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to overdose on nicotine from cigarettes? How many cigarettes would one have to smoke to reach this point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T18:51:35.830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T18:51:35.830" Title="Can overdoses occur from ingesting nicotine from cigarettes?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1168" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-06-06T15:05:30.533" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T15:05:30.533" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T15:05:30.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1169" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-06-06T15:05:30.533" Score="0" Body="For questions related to consuming animal products." OwnerUserId="558" LastEditorUserId="558" LastEditDate="2015-06-06T20:07:06.017" LastActivityDate="2015-06-06T20:07:06.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1182" CreationDate="2015-06-06T15:44:42.763" Score="4" ViewCount="992" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any proof that vibrating belts cause weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T21:32:50.117" Title="Do belts/bands that vibrate make you lose weight?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-06T20:49:23.697" Score="2" ViewCount="341" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend has an extreme form of vitiligo so she has developed an extreme sensitivity to the sun and gets sunburns quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She uses Biafine often and also Epitheliale AH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some alternatives to these that are functionally the same or perhaps even more effective? (Please also list pros and cons.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Lack of time but there you go, Biafine &amp;amp; Epitheliale AH heal but not quickly enough for my friend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="691" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-06T11:15:24.850" LastActivityDate="2019-12-06T11:15:24.850" Title="Better than biafine?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1160" CreationDate="2015-06-07T00:02:27.417" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you read, both TENS and EMS employ electrotherapy to treat acute and chronic pain, but the methodology differs. (Note that some of the references are to NMES, which stands for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation, and is considered synonymous with EMS.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS) use electrotherapy to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tensunitreviews.net/tens-vs-ems/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;stimulate the nerves&lt;/a&gt; and active therapeutic healing. Electronic Muscle Stimulators (EMS), on the other hand, sends electric impulses that cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tensunitreviews.net/tens-vs-ems/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;muscle contraction&lt;/a&gt;. EMS units are used to prevent atrophied muscles, for retraining muscles (e.g. in partial paralysis), to increase range of motion, and other uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the technology is described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tensunitreviews.net/tens-vs-ems/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A TENS unit uses microcurrent to increase the production of ATP, which is adenosine triphosphate and the substance that supplies energy to the body on a cellular level. Although lasting pain reduction may require regular microcurrent sessions, in some individuals the pain reduction begins to last longer and the time between sessions lengthens. This may be due to the increased circulatory action that enables the lymph system to begin clearing the body of accumulated toxins. The sensations of both the microcurrent and conventional TENS treatments are more like tingling sensations than the unpleasant feeling of a small electrical shock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EMS uses a cycle of stimulation, contraction and then relaxation, to increase blood flow to the area, which decreases inflammation and promotes healing and muscle growth. By stimulating the muscles at their basic structure, an EMS unit causes muscle contractions similar to those obtained by exercise. The EMS units are specifically used to prevent atrophied muscles or for retraining muscles, such as in an individual who has been paralyzed or partially paralyzed. In addition, EMS is used for many other applications such as range of motion improvement, increased circulatory action and the prevention of blood clots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both types of therapies are convenient, in that they're used at home, and the patient controls the dose, generally by way of either a knob or a switch. Electrodes are user-replaceable, though placement instructions are given and monitored by a physician or physical therapist. TENS units also have a &amp;quot;burst&amp;quot; feature, enabling the patient intermittent increases, which is helpful after strenuous activity or if you're just having a bad day. I personally found that feature very helpful!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Yale University study entitled &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3375668/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Skeletal Muscle Function&lt;/a&gt;(Yale J Biol Med. 2012) discussing electrical stimulation (ES), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and functional electrical stimulation (FES) states that the potential that electrical stimulation holds for rehabilitation recovery is immeasurable. It is used to improve muscle strength, increase range of motion, reduce edema, decrease atrophy, heal tissue, and decrease pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), used interchangeably with electrical stimulation (ES), is typically provided at higher frequencies (20-50 Hz) expressly to produce muscle tetany and contraction that can be used for “functional” purposes and can be found in literature as early as 1964. TENS is an alternate form of electrical stimulation that historically used high frequencies for pain relief but is now also administered at very low frequencies (sensory level TENS, 2-10 Hz). &lt;em&gt;TENS propagates along smaller afferent sensory fibers specifically to override pain impulses.&lt;/em&gt; When very low frequencies are used, TENS specifically targets sensory nerve fibers and does not activate motor fibers; therefore, no discernible muscle contraction is produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This source also has chapters on other subjects pertinent to your question, including, among others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parameters of electrical stimulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pulse width/duration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulation pulse patterns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulation intensity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dosing of stimulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limitations of electrical stimulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, you may also be interested in the following charts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For EMS, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electrotherapy.org/assets/Downloads/NMES%20Muscle%20Stimulation%20march%202013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; describes in detail which muscles are targeted by names, and at which frequencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tensunits.com/chart.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;shows placement of electrodes of TENS unit, based on the location of the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;For further information, including uses, cautions and case studies, see:&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325107-overview#aw2aab6b40&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/publishahead0/Effects_of_Three_Recovery_Protocols_on_Range_of.97263.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of Three Recovery Protocols on Range of Motion, Heart Rate, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Blood Lactate in Baseball Pitchers During a Simulate Game.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758879/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Serratus muscle stimulation effectively treats notalgia paresthetica caused by long thoracic nerve dysfunction: a case series&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tensunitshop.com/understanding-the-differences-between-tens-and-ems-units/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding the Differences Between TENS and EMS Units&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tensunits.com/work.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How Does A Tens Unit Work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="162" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T00:43:47.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="507" CreationDate="2015-06-07T05:12:05.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially there are 3 eye conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Myopia (also called shortsightedness or nearsightedness). People with this condition struggle to see far things clearly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypermetropia (also know as longsightedness or farsightedness). People with this condition often - but not always - struggle to see close objects clearly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Astigmatism: where the eye is shaped like a rugby ball and the vision can be blurry at distance and near. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A fourth condition, Presbyopia, tends to affect older adults but isn't relevant in a discussion about glasses weakening the eyes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only situation where wearing glasses may weaken the eyes is in the case of some young children who wear glasses to correct only small amounts of longsightedness. &#xA;If done at the right time and in the right manner by an Optometrist or other eye care professional these children can often gradually be weaned off their glasses with absolutely no adverse effects whereas if they are left alone and this is not done they may remain dependent on their glasses into adulthood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="540" LastActivityDate="2015-06-07T05:12:05.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2015-06-07T09:49:44.057" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus far, more than 20 different tumor markers have been characterized and are in clinical use... There is no “universal” tumor marker that can detect any type of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[L]imitations to the use of tumor markers[:] ...noncancerous conditions can cause the levels of certain tumor markers to increase. ...not everyone with a particular type of cancer will have a higher level of a tumor marker associated with that cancer. ...tumor markers have not been identified for every type of cancer. ...Although an elevated level of a tumor marker may suggest the presence of cancer, this alone is not enough to diagnose cancer. Therefore, measurements of tumor markers are usually combined with other tests, such as biopsies, to diagnose cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the national Cancer institute (updated 2011) &amp;quot;There is no universal marker for tumors&amp;quot;. Note that marker in that context refers to samples from any source, including blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tumor Markers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the converse, not all tumors need have unique markers. E.g. AFP is linked to several types of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T09:32:32.470" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1359" CreationDate="2015-06-07T14:44:51.860" Score="5" ViewCount="5796" Body="&lt;p&gt;Condoms have an expiry date, usually about five years from their production date, as far as I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, it means their effectiveness is dramatically reduced if used after that expiry time (and chance for tearing/holes increase), so there would be the usual risk of having unprotected sex if used for that purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other health risks beyond that? If there are, would they occur by simply handling the condom or using it for something other than its intended purpose? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-21T14:48:21.347" LastActivityDate="2018-11-19T15:35:07.380" Title="What health risks are associated with expired condoms?" Tags="&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1162" CreationDate="2015-06-07T18:52:27.467" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very interesting question. It's also highly speculative, and vague (what does &amp;quot;a doctor... gives them any medicine necessary to protect them from other diseases that might be lurking in their body&amp;quot; mean? Does it mean they treat the symptoms of AIDS (weight loss, diarrhea, etc?) If it does, then the difference between not treating HIV but treating every complication stretches this almost to the point of meaninglessness. If you are postulating treating all diseases, then I do believe this is speculative at best and unanswerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely scenario is that the patient would eventually die (but don't we all?) How he would die is pure speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, while you can place a patient in a sterile environment,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;you can't sterilize a patient&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it's exceedingly difficult to sterilize food&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;to prevent all possible hospital acquired bacterial infections, they would need a bubble-boy-like unit (very rare and extremely expensive)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;you can't predict if some previously unknown virus dormant in our bodies will be able to express itself. (See @Fomite's comment.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that you stipulate treatment for everything but the virus that replicates in certain blood cells associated with immunity is almost an aside if you're going to treat all pathogens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every bacteria and virus he has in his body will go into that sterile environment with him, so it depends what he has going in. When he no longer has enough immune competency to keep these under control, they will take their toll. If you treat him in a sterile environment and give him world-class treatment of all infections (anti-virals would be needed to treat herpesvirus recurrences, like chicken pox and HSV1, HCV, HepBV, or any other number of viruses one can carry, treat the encephalitis that comes with HSV/etc. He has a small chance of possibly outliving the disease, only to die in the 3-5 days after you turn him out, unless you include bone marrow transplant in the treatment as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The progress of HIV to AIDS is variable. Less than 0.5% of patients never develop any sign whatsoever of the infection except for undeniably positive titers. What if your patient is in this small but not-nonexistent subtype?  Then there are almost everything in between, with fewer patients on the healthy end than the sick end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best guess: your patient will die of some ultimately unconquerable disease you are treating in the bubble, for example, multi-drug resistant C. diff, Kaposi's sarcoma, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Toxoplasmosis (Up to 50% of the world's human population is estimated to carry Toxoplasma) liver failure from rampant Epstein-Barr, or some other opportunistic infection from something he carried in there but is either devastating or drug resistant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're asking if the virus will just &amp;quot;die&amp;quot; out, effectively curing the patient. That's kind of like letting the heart and lungs die, but keeping the patient alive on a heart-lung bypass machine. That's not a cure, and upon turning it off, the patient will die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's purely a guess, which, on SE, makes it worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=186199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-term Nonprogressive Disease Among Untreated HIV-Infected Individuals: Clinical Implications of Understanding Immune Control of HIV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-07T01:08:40.690" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T01:08:40.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1178" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1181" CreationDate="2015-06-07T20:51:06.280" Score="9" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a pre-transition transwoman living in Northern Illinois, US, and have been for years. Recently I went to my doctor's office to be prescribed to HRT medications, but my doctor said he's not qualified to prescribe it. Is that possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I can't get a prescription from my doctor, how do I get HRT? I don't have the income to spend a ton of money getting it by order through the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="698" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T03:14:44.273" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T04:02:40.253" Title="My doctor says he's not qualified to prescribe HRT" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-07T21:17:06.567" Score="1" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel like they're the same thing. Sprained syndesmotic ligaments, sprained deltoid and fractured fibula. So why is the maisonneuve fracture its own thing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="665" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:54:34.783" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:54:34.783" Title="What's the difference between a maisonneuve fracture and a Weber C fracture?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;sprain-strain-twist&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T03:40:36.853" Score="6" ViewCount="699" Body="&lt;p&gt;After having braces removed, a part of my gum was slightly larger than it was before, so my dentist suggested that I use chlorhexidine mouthwash. Is that type of mouthwash safe for general use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="699" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T03:27:32.333" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:28:58.380" Title="Are chlorhexidine mouthwashes safe?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1178" CreationDate="2015-06-08T04:02:40.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many primary care practitioners have not received training in the evaluation and treatment of patients who are transitioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I went to my doctor's office to be prescribed to HRT medications, but my doctor said he's not qualified to prescribe it. Is that possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible in that he may not &lt;em&gt;believe he's qualified&lt;/em&gt; to prescribe HRT for a transitioning female. Treating transitioning females hormonally is not a common occurrence, and doctors are allowed to refuse to treat conditions they're unfamiliar or (medically) uncomfortable with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transsexual patients often have difficulty finding care because many physicians are not comfortable prescribing appropriate hormone regimens. Management of hormones for transsexual patients is not difficult, and these medications are safer than many therapies routinely prescribed by the primary care physician. &lt;em&gt;The diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) must be established by an experienced mental health professional prior to consideration for hormonal management.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once this has been done, a specialist can easily communicate the treatment regimen to be followed, but it's really up to the individual physician to do so. Most will. Some won't. In that case, a reasonable physician will refer to a colleague who does do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There should not be any financial repercussions for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026563806480&quot;&gt;Clinical Update: Medical Care of Transsexual Patients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T04:02:40.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1170" CreationDate="2015-06-08T05:35:06.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There hasn't been any conclusive clinical studies that have found that vibrating belts, or any vibration exercise for that matter, can definitely help promote weight loss. Sadly, most studies have been done on full body vibration training, so some of the references I point to may not be specifically about vibration belts, but the mechanisms of each method are basically the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A review of several studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092513&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; on vibration exercise in general, including the use of vibration belts, found that vibration exercise was not very efficient in burning fat. It wasn't found to be very good at promoting weight loss or changing the body composition at all (ie: building muscle). One study did show possible signs that vibration exercise and vibration belts can burn fat, but overall, the rate at which fat is burned at when using a vibration belt or other form of vibration exercise is low. There are some possible benefits of vibration exercise, such as higher oxygen intake. This review did not provide fully conclusive results, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another review of many studies on whole-body vibration training&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/6656.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; found similar results, though they did point more in the favor of vibration exercise having benefits. The review states in its conclusion that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Whole-body vibration training] appears to be associated with three pathways involved in weight loss: inhibition of adipogenesis and reduction of fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and increase in muscle mass. After analysing the literature, none of the results for the proposed pathways are consistent, and indeed are often contradictory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review shows more positive results than the other review I mentioned that vibration training may promote weight loss, especially when used in conjunction with other exercises meant to help you lose weight. Vibration exercise does appear to be safe, though, so it can be used with a weight loss diet and exercises to help promote weight loss. Though this review was about whole-body vibration training, vibration belts work in a similar fashion, so it is likely that vibration belts may produce similar results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092513&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: Is vibration exercise a useful addition to a weight management program?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutricionhospitalaria.com/pdf/6656.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: Whole-body vibration training as complement to programs aimed at weight loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-08T21:32:50.117" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T21:32:50.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T08:54:36.513" Score="8" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father was bitten by a spider on the left side of his forehead in 1989 while visiting America.  The type of spider was never identified but the swelling was severe (almost baseball sized).   He recovered with no ill effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However each summer, around the anniversary of the bite, in extremely hot weather, the bite location will swell and become red/inflamed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has never sought medical care for the swelling but it has remained a mystery/puzzle.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 90's he was resigned to never knowing why but I thought I would pose the question to SE to finally shed some light on the issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The swelling has not returned since approximately 2002-3 and appears that whatever caused it has dissipated but I have wondered for a long time what would cause a decade long cycle of swelling?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="703" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T08:57:19.100" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T08:57:19.100" Title="Spider Bite : Swelling every 12 months - why?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;venom&gt;&lt;shape-form-pattern&gt;&lt;spider-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-27T22:23:23.730" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1187" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1193" CreationDate="2015-06-08T12:15:08.430" Score="5" ViewCount="2859" Body="&lt;p&gt;My metabolism is extremely high. Preparing meals/cleaning up/doing dishes would take up my entire day if I didn't eat out/order food for most of my meals. I'm wondering if there's such a thing as &quot;food pills&quot; or basically some kind of shake that I could get in bulk that I could just drink whenever I'm hungry (every 2 - 3 hours). I don't care about taste at all. Ideally, the shake/pills would have all the required nutrients and I would just take a couple minutes to consume it and then get back to working. If anyone has any ideas, I would be thrilled to hear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="707" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T15:03:30.293" Title="Are there any sustainable alternatives to eating food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:19:25.790" Score="4" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical acne medications are supposed to be used all over the face. However,  the skin under the eyelids is much thinner and weaker, which makes it completely different. I assume any medication should barely be used there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:36:51.513" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:36:51.513" Title="Are topical acne medications even allowed under the eyelid?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:43:10.210" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed something a bit worrying about the way certain surgeries are performed, and I was wondering if there is a better way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During surgery, medications are administered to induce unconsciousness, analgesia, amnesia and paralysis. Each of these has a role: unconsciousness as most people would be more than a little uncomfortable seeing their organs in living color, analgesia as the pain of being operated on can be quite significant, amnesia to prevent later trauma, and paralysis so the patient holds still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that while analgesia and paralysis can be independently controlled, anterograde amnesia tends to be more of a happy side effect of medications that induce unconsciousness and analgesia. This can be a problem with surgeries that require consciousness, such as many involving the brain or the spinal cord, or performed on pregnant women, as without severely impairing brain function there is no good way of inducing amnesia for the duration of the surgery. Hence it would seem a number of patients have traumatic memories of their brains being probed on the operating table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, is there a way of inducing anterograde amnesia without the mental &quot;fog&quot; for trauma reduction in surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T15:51:16.607" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T21:04:32.503" Title="Reducing trauma from surgery prohibiting sedation" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T14:47:59.103" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make a diabetes app to assist diabetic patients (not replace a doctor). What are basic parameters that a diabetic needs to track, record, or monitor? For example maybe: BMI, BMR, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="709" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T17:09:06.427" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T17:09:06.427" Title="What are basic parameters that need to be tracked, recorded or monitored in diabetic patients?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-08T16:46:52.480" Score="7" ViewCount="593" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there is a lot of information regarding the dangers of life-threatening levels of electricity, but I have not seen much about the dangers of low voltages of electricity. For example, I know that low levels of electricity won't immediately kill, but are there any long terms health effects that can come about from exposure to it? As an example of what low voltage is and for how long I would say 2V 30mA for an hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="710" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-11T22:14:08.153" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T23:38:53.513" Title="Low voltage exposure" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1224" CreationDate="2015-06-08T17:04:44.840" Score="5" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have ECG graphs and R-R peaks, but I need to calculate the HRV(heart rate variability). Is it possible to calculate this from the heart rate alone? How reliable would that be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="711" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:59:30.020" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:59:30.020" Title="Is it possible to calculating HRV from heart rate alone?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1187" CreationDate="2015-06-08T18:11:44.200" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.soylent.com&quot;&gt;Soylent&lt;/a&gt;, which is designed for exactly what you describe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even without considerations of taste, I'm very suspicious of this approach, because it's based on some assumptions that I would question. One is that we know exactly what the human body needs and can just put it in a shake. But what if there are micronutrients in real food that we just haven't discovered yet? Or what if the nutrient in the shake simply doesn't work when distilled into pure form, without the natural packaging provided by, say, the apple it came from. We evolved to eat food, and assuming that we can eat a processed version may be misguided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="443" LastActivityDate="2015-06-08T18:11:44.200" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T00:42:09.370" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I was on Reddit, I found an interesting claim about a leaf that looks like a mint that can numb toothaches. Here is the exact quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/35ygtj/i_imagine_early_humans_had_poor_dental_hygiene/cr9nub5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do know that some tribes in Cumberland island (along the coast of what is now Georgia) would place &lt;strong&gt;a mint-style leaf&lt;/strong&gt; in the side of their mouth to numb tooth aches. I can speak from experience that it is very powerful - I first learned this during a guided tour of the island many years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some more info and a citation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/pdfs/ethnobotany_webversion.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/pdfs/ethnobotany_webversion.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas, that link is nonoperative. So to what leaf was the above referring? Is the claim actually true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T13:47:26.583" Title="What leaf resembling a mint numbs toothaches?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T00:57:45.843" Score="7" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;From websites such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/basics/treatment/con-20026358&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this from Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, powerful migraine medications mostly appear to prevent migraines, and NOT to stop an acute episode? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if a migraine sufferer wants to minimize the quantity of medication consumed, are there any medications that are intended for a fast effect and relief? If so, which ones? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T04:05:30.497" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T04:05:30.497" Title="Are there medications that relieve and stop migraines quickly?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-09T08:08:32.037" Score="11" ViewCount="1374" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a location where &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard liquor&lt;/a&gt; (48%-52% alcohol by volume) is frequently given to small children as young as two years old. This is usually not in large quantities, although a recent story in the local newspaper did report the death of a three-year-old by alcohol poisoning for consuming about 100ml in a short period of time. (This would be without water, as shots, and possibly on an empty stomach, per the local custom.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone knows that &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/355/what-effects-does-alcohol-have-on-underage-children&quot;&gt;too much alcohol has averse effects&lt;/a&gt;, but I'd like to quantify this a bit if possible. Assume a healthy two-year-old child who weighs about 25 pounds; how much hard liquor would be unhealthy and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for an answer that isn't &lt;em&gt;zero&lt;/em&gt; for the sake of being zero (unless there's a true reason that &lt;em&gt;any amount at all&lt;/em&gt; is damaging). Kids often taste it off the end of a chopstick or something similar, so dosages of &amp;lt;1ml in an evening may be realistic in the common case, a couple of times per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other cases, a child will be able to drink from the glass, and once at a wedding I've seen a three-year-old nephew-in-law drunk as a result. His dad is undoubtedly giving him too much, but too much by how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/954/is-it-okay-to-make-a-child-drink-alcohol-when-they-have-a-cold&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is the closest related answer I found on this site. The research cited suggests that even a short period of time with high exposure is damaging (which is obvious), but not really the minimum dosage for damage. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20410314,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Several sources&lt;/a&gt; posit that a little alcohol each day is healthy, suggesting a threshold effect is in place. Does the threshold also exist for children with developing brains, given alcohol quantities proportional to body weight and likely a coefficient related to mental development stage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://life.familyeducation.com/toddler/safety/42326.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is the closest related question I found on a web search. The Question was &quot;&lt;em&gt;If the quantity is small, is it still a risk?&lt;/em&gt;&quot;; the Answer immediately sidesteps the question, asserts that 60ml is a small quantity, and then concludes by explaining that 60ml is not a small quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The correct answer may be that the truth is intractable, similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/465/713&quot;&gt;this fine answer&lt;/a&gt;, but the situation here is different. I'm not seeing multiple conflicting studies; rather, I'm seeing very little research on this topic. My guesstimate, based on absolute air, is that it's somewhere in the vicinity of 5ml, but I'm hoping there's some real relevant research out there given how important the issue and how absolutely prevalent of a practice it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit for clarification:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;For the purposes of this Question, I'm only interested in direct health effects and long-term damage, and not second-order effects like increasing propensity for alcoholism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm really trying to understand how much physical machinery a two-year-old child has when it comes to processing alcohol, such that a few hours later they'd be just fine in the same way an adult is just fine after drinking a small amount of liquor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the necessary enzymes exist at all in small children? If so, how much liquor would the child be able to process? (If not, what happened to the ~10ml that the child in my example consumed? What sort of damage did it cause?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="713" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:16:40.673" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:16:40.673" Title="How much hard liquor is safe for very small children?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;toddler&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1180" CreationDate="2015-06-09T11:23:49.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like almost all products, there are some side effects that come with using chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (CGM). Luckily, they are usually very minor and the ones that are more serious are extremely rare. WebMD&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5356/chlorhexidine-gluconate-mm/details/list-sideeffects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; lists some of the common side effects of using CGM, such as teeth and mouth discoloration, taste problems, and an increase of tartar formation in the teeth. There are also more serious side effects that can come from using CGM, but these are mostly allergic reactions to its ingredients and are very rare. The FDA&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/ucm330906.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; has also said that serious allergic allergic reactions can occur from using products with chlorhexidine gluconate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anaphylaxis, as well as serious allergic reactions, have been reported during postmarketing use with dental products containing chlorhexidine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are studies that agree with the information that WebMD has said. Many of them are older, but the results of them are still reliable. A 1988 study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3127483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; testing out the difference between 0.1% and 0.2% CGM. It found that with both there were possible minor side effects like discoloration and loss of taste. The only noticeable difference between the two is that the test subjects preferred the taste of the 0.1% CGM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also two studies from the 1980's&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6607936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; that suggest that CGM can also cause gingival bleeding. The studies did notice a slight increase in the frequency of gingival bleeding when using CGM as opposed to mechanical oral care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though there are side effects that can occur from using CGM, they are most likely not going to be very severe. Also, it is most likely that the benefits of using CGM will outweigh the risks. A 2006 study on both topical chlorhexidine gluconate and CGM&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00696.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; found that the topical and mouthrinse both helped treat plaque and prevent gingivitis when used properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Odds are, your dentist told you to use CGM because of the swelling of your gums, a sign of gingivitis. It is more than likely that the benefits of you using CGM will outweigh the risks. If you really are worried about getting bad side effects from CGM, ask your doctor and try to find out if you are allergic to any of the ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5356/chlorhexidine-gluconate-mm/details/list-sideeffects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: WebMD - Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash Side Effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/ucm330906.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: PerioChip (chlorhexidine gluconate)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3127483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3: Side-effects and patient acceptance of 0.2% versus 0.1% chlorhexidine used as post-operative prophylactic mouthwash&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4: Gingival bleeding after chlorhexidine mouthrinses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6607936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5: Gingival bleeding after chlorhexidine rinses with or without mechanical oral hygiene&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00696.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6: The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chlorhexidine gluconate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/chlorhexidine-topicalmucous_membrane/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse (Peridex, Periogard, Periochip)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-09T17:28:58.380" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:28:58.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1196" CreationDate="2015-06-09T13:09:07.817" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you alluded to in the question, medications used for migraine headaches generally fall into two categories, &lt;em&gt;prophylactic&lt;/em&gt; (meds taken daily to prevent migraines) and &lt;em&gt;abortive&lt;/em&gt; (meds taken when a migraine starts in order to stop it). Your question is about the second group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Instantly” (as noted in the comments) is a little absurd; there is obviously some delay between the time of ingestion of the medication and its effect at receptors that provides relief of pain. However, you’re right to note that the time-to-onset of anti-migraine effect is relevant, and this is a case where the available medications do vary in this respect in a way that tempers their usefulness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relevant pharmacology: routes of administration&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medications taken &lt;strong&gt;orally&lt;/strong&gt; (by mouth) are generally the slowest to onset of action. Intravenous medications, introduced directly into the bloodstream, are generally the fastest. Perhaps less well-known are other methods that are nearly as fast as IV: &lt;strong&gt;sublingual&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;intranasal&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;inhaled&lt;/strong&gt;. In each of these cases, the medication is placed in apposition to blood vessels that are able to absorb it directly. This only works for certain types of medications (mostly &lt;em&gt;lipophilic&lt;/em&gt; ones that can cross into blood vessels), but it’s fast and avoids some of the difficulties of oral administration.&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;strong&gt;Subcutaneous&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;transdermal&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;intramuscular&lt;/strong&gt; administration is generally also somewhat quicker to reach the bloodstream than oral medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Migraines: oral may not be best&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reasons that are not fully understood, abortive medications are more effective when used early in the attack, so the quicker routes of administration are also expected to provide relatively more benefit. In addition, migraine headaches are often associated with severe nausea and vomiting which may limit the utility of oral medications. Even when vomiting is not present, migraines are associated with gastric stasis, meaning that the stomach is slow to empty into the duodenum, the part of the gut where medications are generally absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abortive medications for migraines:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)&lt;/strong&gt;: particularly for mild attacks, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other NSAIDs are all effective. The only NSAID available for non-oral use (at least in the US) is ketorolac, which is effective with IV or IM administration (ASA and ketorolac references given below; others available upon request.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Triptans&lt;/strong&gt;: This class of drugs is the mainstay of abortive treatment for moderate to severe migraines. Triptans are available for a variety of routes of administration. Sumatriptan can be given as a subcutaneous injection (usually via auto-injector in the thigh), as a nasal spray, or orally; a transdermal preparation is planned to be marketed in 2015. Zolmitriptan is available for both nasal and oral use. Non-oral routes of administration tend to be fastest. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232272/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This pharmacokinetic paper&lt;/a&gt; demonstrates that nicely:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/MYaVrNn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Image from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232272/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232272/&lt;/a&gt; “Powder” here refers to an intranasal powder preparation.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ergots&lt;/strong&gt;: These vasoconstricting medications have a similar receptor activity as Triptans but carry relatively more risk for those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease so are used less frequently. Dihydroergotamine has somewhat fewer side effects than ergotamine itself and is available for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intranasal use. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Notes and references&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &#xA;*For practical purposes, all three of these routes tend to be not quite as quick as would be expected theoretically because a portion of the drug ends up swallowed and subject to all of the usual constraint of oral administration. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Kirthi V, Derry S, Moore RA &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633350&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD008041.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Stone AM, Láinez MJ, Sawyer JP. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11086366&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;*Stratified care vs step care strategies for migraine: the Disability in Strategies of Care (DISC) Study: A randomized trial.&lt;/a&gt; JAMA. 2000;284(20):2599.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A, Campbell S, Villa-Roel C, Rowe BH. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298250&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Headache. 2013 Feb;53(2):277-87.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlöf C, Pascual J, Láinez M, Henry P, Diener H, Schoenen J, Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10611116&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine: a review and European consensus.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Brain. 2000;123 ( Pt 1):9.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Tfelt-Hansen P &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9827244&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Efficacy and adverse events of subcutaneous, oral, and intranasal sumatriptan used for migraine treatment: a systematic review based on number needed to treat.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Cephalalgia. 1998;18(8):532.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T13:09:07.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1203" CreationDate="2015-06-09T13:36:03.817" Score="7" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was prescribed a short-term prednisolone therapy. From my research, it seems that many of the side effects are associated with prednisolone replacing the natural corticosteroids produced by the body, and changes to the adrenal-pituitary axis. But I couldn't find a source which explains how long it takes until the glands cease producing hormones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am of course interested in a yes/no answer for my specific case (a total of 500 mg prednisolone over 7 days, starting at 100 mg and tapering after day 3) but also would like to learn more about the time dimension of the side effects of corticosteroids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T10:34:17.147" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T10:34:17.147" Title="What is the time frame of developing adrenal suppression when taking oral corticosteroids?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1240" CreationDate="2015-06-09T14:22:35.003" Score="7" ViewCount="1261" Body="&lt;p&gt;I own a small tin of &quot;Dr Chase&quot; ointment that is probably 40 years old. This stuff is amazing. In my family we save it for particularly stubborn or difficult cuts and sores because it will heal anything. Recently, I had something on my leg that Polysporin was not helping - after a week of twice daily Polysporin I got out the Dr Chase and in two days it was better. It is a matter of family legend that it must contain radiation or mercury or something because it is just not like any other ointment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, it's not made any more. I would love to replace my tin and use it more often, but I haven't been able to find it. However, I can read the back of the tin just fine and it consists of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zinc Oxide, 18.6 % w/w&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phenol, 0.59% w/w&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc Oxide suspensions are easy to find (diaper cream) but they don't have phenol in them. I have turned up a Canadian ointment (how convenient, I am in Canada) called Ozonol that contains 0.18% phenol and 3.72% zinc oxide. How likely is this to be as good? The Dr Chase is a tiny little tin, 2&quot; across, and you use very little at a time of this very thick ointment - it's just like diaper cream. The Ozonal comes in a tube. Perhaps I could just use more each time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the more dilute cream likely to be a reasonable substitute for the thick ointment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T10:51:22.377" Title="How important is the amount of active ingredient in an ointment?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1201" CreationDate="2015-06-09T14:28:01.563" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question arises from your (correct) understanding that administration of exogenous (i.e. not produced by the body) glucocorticoids (GCs) can suppress the body’s ability to produce its own GCs in the adrenal glands. In order to understand the answer, a little background is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why does the body become unable to produce cortisone?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As in many endocrine systems, negative feedback maintains homeostasis. Exogenous GCs exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (a series of hormones starting in the hypothalamus) that normally stimulates GC production in the adrenals. This negative feedback is almost immediately reversible. However, with extended administration of exogenous GCs, the lack of stimulation via the HPA axis leads to atrophy of the adrenal gland, and it becomes unable to produce the horomone &lt;em&gt;even when the feedback suppression is removed&lt;/em&gt;. Your question is, &lt;strong&gt;how much exogenous GC is required to produce this effect?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s a very practical question because it affects how doctors prescribe steroids. &lt;em&gt;If&lt;/em&gt; adrenal suppression is expected, they must be tapered slowly. &lt;em&gt;If not&lt;/em&gt;, a “burst” can be administered and then immediately stopped. Because it’s such a practical question, people thought to study it quite a while ago, and the relevant literature is mostly pretty old (relative to most biomedical data, at least). (See below.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time required to achieve suppression depends upon:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the dose; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the length of time administered; and  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;factors unique to each patient, probably resulting from (ultimately genetic) differences in their rates of GC metabolism.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Who is likely to be suppressed: some general guidelines&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not suppressed&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GC treatment (any dose) for less than three weeks.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment with less than 10 mg total daily dose (prednisone equivalents) for any time period.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Suppressed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oral GC treatment of &gt;20 mg prednisone daily (or equivalent) for &gt;3 weeks  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any patient with clinical Cushing’s syndrome (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/307/165&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for description)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uncertain suppression&lt;/strong&gt;: The degree of suppression in this intermediate group is related to individual metabolism parameters that are not (yet!) established in a way that can be measured and used clinically.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less than 20 mg prednisone daily (or equivalent) for &gt;3 weeks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any dose for &gt;3 weeks administered every other day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rule of thumb I learned (which is fairly conservative): &gt;10 mg for &gt;3 weeks requires tapering.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In those patients who fall into the uncertain category, there is something called a &quot;cosyntropin stimulation test” that helps make the distinction. In this test, a doctor administers a hormone (cosyntropin, a.k.a. ACTH) that stimulates the adrenal gland and measures plasma cortisol concentrations to see if it responds appropriately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve been talking in prednisone “equivalents.” There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medcalc.com/steroid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;steroid equivalent converters&lt;/a&gt; around. In general, prednisolone and prednisone have a 1:1 dosing relationship. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question, then, is &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;. Seven days is a common prescription for a steroid “burst”, and tapering is generally considered to be unnecessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Ackerman GL, Nolsn CM. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196802222780801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adrenocortical responsiveness after alternate-day corticosteroid therapy.&lt;/a&gt; N Engl J Med. 1968;278(8):405. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Christy NP. &lt;em&gt;Corticosteroid withdrawal.&lt;/em&gt; In: Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd Ed, Bardin CW (Ed), BC Decker, New York 1988. p.113.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Danowski, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14175832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Probabilities of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness after steroid therapy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ann Intern Med. 1964;61:11.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Myles AB, Bacon PA, Daly JR. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4328107&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Single daily dose corticosteroid treatment. Effect on adrenal function and therapeutic efficacy in various diseases.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ann Rheum Dis. 1971;30(2):149.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T14:34:41.217" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="484" CreationDate="2015-06-09T15:52:07.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;To complete the answer of kenorb, I would like to add the second part&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Soaping&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/dermatology-a-to-z/health-and-beauty/general-skin-care/dry-skin-tips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;America Academy of Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;, the number one tip to prevent dry skin is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prevent baths and showers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/fashion/31Unwashed.html?_r=3&amp;amp;pagewanted=1&amp;amp;ref=fashion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Great Unwashed&lt;/a&gt;, The New York Times explains further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] researchers have discovered that just as the gut contains good bacteria that help it run more efficiently, so does our skin brim with beneficial germs that we might not want to wash down the drain. “Good bacteria are educating your own skin cells to make your own antibiotics,” said Dr. Richard Gallo, chief of the dermatology division at the University of California, San Diego, and “they produce their own antibiotics that kills off bad bacteria.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have long complained that showering too much makes their skin drier or more prone to flare-ups of, say, eczema, and Dr. Gallo said that scientists are just beginning to understand why. “&lt;strong&gt;It’s not just removing the lipids and oils on your skin that’s drying it out,&lt;/strong&gt;” he said. &lt;strong&gt;It could be “removing some of the good bacteria that help maintain a healthy balance of skin.&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Elaine Larson, a professor at the Columbia University School of Nursing with a Ph.D. in epidemiology, cautioned that subway riders, gymgoers and others who come into &lt;strong&gt;contact with many strangers&lt;/strong&gt; should consider soaping up. “If it’s cold and flu season, you want to get rid of the stuff that isn’t a part of your own normal germs,” she said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;However&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are about to think that not shower/bath because it's make your skin dry, there are other reasons to reconsider. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/benefits-cold-showers-7-reasons-why-taking-cool-showers-good-your-health-289524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Daily&lt;/a&gt;, there is 7 reasons to take a &lt;strong&gt;cool&lt;/strong&gt; shower:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increases Alertness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;“Seal” the pores in the skin and scalp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Improves Immunity and Circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulates Weight Loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speeds Up Muscle Soreness and Recovery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eases Stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-09T17:43:26.400" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1212" CreationDate="2015-06-09T17:17:53.303" Score="4" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/484/99&quot;&gt;Normal bodywashes remove the oils on skin that make it's dry&lt;/a&gt;. However, there is kind of body wash that specify for dry skin. I use them and they indeed make me feel less dry, however it's burning when I apply it to my wounded skin by scratching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower_gel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki of bodywash&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has advantages over soap because it is &lt;strong&gt;less&lt;/strong&gt; irritating to the skin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Less&lt;/em&gt; doesn't mean &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;. Is it because, in general, it still remove your skin oil? Therefore, after all I still need to apply moisturizer. In that case, what is the different to use normal soap and then use moisturizer after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B005Q8V8PM?_encoding=UTF8&amp;amp;isInIframe=1&amp;amp;n=65801031&amp;amp;ref_=dp_proddesc_0&amp;amp;s=drugstore&amp;amp;showDetailProductDesc=1#iframe-wrapper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ingredients of Cetaphil (RestoraDerm Body Wash)&lt;/a&gt;, a product that I'm prescribed. I hope the ingredients of other products are similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aqua/Water, Sodium Trideceth Sulfate, Butyrospermum Parkii Butter, Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil, Glycerin, Sodium, Lauroamphoacetate, Cocamide Mea, Sodium Chloride, Allantoin, Arginine, Caprylyl Glycol, Citric Acid, Disodium Edta, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, 1.2-Hexanediol, Methylisothiazolinone, Niacinamide, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Pca, Tocopheryl Acetate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T18:11:17.210" Title="How does body wash for dry itchy skin work?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;&lt;soap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-10T08:40:55.567" Score="3" ViewCount="1204" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to a fall (during training) on my left shoulder, about 6 months ago, I've been experiencing mild to severe pain in my left shoulder. Pressing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AC joint&lt;/a&gt; hurts and upward movements tend to increase the pain. Even after weeks of slight to no training, the pain comes back fast after light boxing. I've been placing a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_muscle_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EMS&lt;/a&gt; device daily, for about a week now. Will I benefit by this or not? Next to that, I take Brufen to reduce inflammation and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="640" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:45:13.387" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:45:13.387" Title="Is Electric Muscle Stimulation (EMS) treatment beneficial for shoulder injury?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-09-26T21:56:41.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-10T11:57:54.357" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of brand names for industrial moisturizers: Cetaphil, Ceradan, Vaseline, etc. Also, for natural ones, there are a lot too: coconut oil, olive oil, honey, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience, natural oils are much cheaper and their effective is much longer, so I tend to use them. However, industrial moisturizers are less greasy. But it is nothing related to health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the benefit of using industrial moisturizers over natural ones, and vice versa, when considering in health effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T11:57:54.357" Title="Industrial moisturizers vs natural moisturizers?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ClosedDate="2020-08-05T14:57:08.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1194" CreationDate="2015-06-10T12:50:38.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about the leaf you are asking about. But in India we use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove#Traditional_medicinal_uses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cloves&lt;/a&gt; since centuries to soothe toothache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a flower bud and very effective against toothaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="721" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T12:50:38.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1205" CreationDate="2015-06-10T17:53:50.613" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first ingredient is water; the second ingredient is a detergent (milder than SLS). The next ingredients are Shea Butter and sunflower seed oil (good for the skin), then a humectant (attracts moisture from the air to the skin), then another surfactant/detergent - very, very mild, then a thickener/foam enhancer (people don't like to wash up with stuff that doesn't make bubbles), then &lt;strong&gt;Allantoin&lt;/strong&gt;, one of my all-time favorite ingredients for skin care, then the rest are in amounts at or under 1% and are mostly to increase shelf life/prevent bacteria from growing in the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't seem like an answer to you, I'll put it in plain English, but first an aside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Romans (well, &lt;em&gt;maybe&lt;/em&gt; limited to the middle class and up), who had soap to wash garments with, did not use soap on their skin. Instead, they bathed in hot water, then were coated with an infused olive oil (say, lavender), then the oil was scraped from their skin with a scraper, taking away the old and (?)foul smelling, and leaving behind some of the nicer, new stuff. A couple of additional steps and they were clean. That was good skin care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one today washes that way. It would be prohibitively expensive and time consuming. By habit, many people would not feel clean, either, because they equate &quot;bubbles&quot; with &quot;clean&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your Cetaphil is trying to do that - replace oil removed with oil deposited - while still foaming and acting as a wash, which people expect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it because, in general, it still remove your skin oil? Therefore, after all I still need to apply moisturizer. In that case, what is the different to use normal soap and then use moisturizer after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, soap and detergent are different things. I'll assume you mean soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very high quality soap (which you can't buy commercially) will attempt to do the same thing by &lt;em&gt;superfatting&lt;/em&gt; the soap using oils with a great skin care profile: Jojoba oil, Macademia Nut oil, Shea butter, Cocoa butter, etc. to the point of almost not foaming (no bubbles). You would find the Cetaphil and the soap would leave you feeling about the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regualar soap strips the skin of all fats and sweat, dirt, etc. Then you replace the oils stripped with new oils and the other ingredients in your moisturizer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it matter? You can answer that yourself. In one scenario, you strip your skin of oils then add them back. In another, you have some good oils on your skin and you add to that. Which sounds healthier for your skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;If you wonder why I am so opinionated on the matter, it's because I used to make skin care products for health care professionals, who often developed nasty hand dermatitis from hospital supplied skin cleansers. When my husband developed a rash that wouldn't go away - winter or summer, on vacation, using other soaps, etc., - and under a dermatologist's care for two years, biopsied twice and using steroids and other topical meds, I decided I could do better. I learned everything I could about skin health, and made some wonderful soaps and lotions that cured my husband's and others' dermatological problems. I studied skin care for about six years, and made products for five, always improving my formulas. In that very narrow area, I'd pit my knowledge against any but the best dermatologist's. In every country I've visited, their most expensive soaps are no where close to mine. They might be quadruple-milled, but they still are basically oil-stripping soaps.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-06-10T18:11:17.210" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T18:11:17.210" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1215" CreationDate="2015-06-10T18:50:06.280" Score="8" ViewCount="597" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if there was a situation where someone had no water to drink or food to eat. Would it be safe for them to drink their own urine? What are the possible risks of doing this? Could there be any benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="727" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:11:27.997" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:11:27.997" Title="Is it safe to drink urine when you have nothing else to drink?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1246" CreationDate="2015-06-10T20:18:23.597" Score="5" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asking this question for somebody else here!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some parents that I know are very concerned, as their 16 year old's friend, has extrapulmonary TB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They have been rather ill for several months.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They have had a constant cough for several months.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They had their lymph nodes removed from their neck to try and cure this, as they were very swollen (you could see them bulging out of the neck)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;She says she has to have several antibiotics, with several side effects for six months. She also has check ups every fortnight at the hospital. She also says she has dizziness and numbness which is a side effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any long term complications of extrapulmonary TB? He is naturally concerned for his best friend's health.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: She has had it for almost a year before treatment started, as she was misdiagnosed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="728" LastEditorUserId="728" LastEditDate="2015-06-11T07:33:46.483" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T13:06:12.343" Title="Are there high chances of long term complications from having TB?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1213" CreationDate="2015-06-10T21:34:28.170" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are in a no-other-liquid situation then not, it's not safe to drink. The problem is that your urine is a way to remove superfluous minerals and other stuff from the body. The body's job, especially in a state of dehydration, is to remove this waste with the least amount of water sufficient to flush it away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then drink this urine, you are ingesting back all the salts you just got rid of. You are not getting your liquid-to-salts ratio better, you are making it worse. So when you are already dehydrated, you get dehydrated even quicker if you drink your urine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are at no risk of dehydration (you can additionally ingest sufficient water from drinks or food), then the above does not apply. As long as you don't have an urinary tract infection, your urine is also sterile, so you are not at risk of infection either. This makes urine safe to drink. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are people who drink urine (outside of dehydration situations) for supposed health benefits, but I have never heard of any evidence that such benefits exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of peer reviewed sources for this, but the dangers of drinking urine for survival are both logical from a theoretical view point and common knowledge in outdoor lore, for example see &lt;a href=&quot;http://survivalcache.com/water-purification/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://survivalcache.com/water-purification/&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/264/is-drinking-urine-safe&quot;&gt;Outdoors&lt;/a&gt; site has the same question, with a suggestion for a possible purification method which might remove the dissolved minerals. But urine is also rich in organic compounds and starts breeding bacteria almost immediately upon leaving your body. So I'd be weary to try it: fresh urine is safe, but urine which has stood around at room temperature isn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:01.770" LastActivityDate="2015-06-10T21:51:48.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T01:03:44.210" Score="7" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know CPR is usually commenced before defibrillation in a medical emergency, however we learned that defibrillation should be done &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; CPR in the case of ventricular fibrillation. Is there a reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="731" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-11T01:55:06.627" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T20:41:26.010" Title="Why is defibrillation commenced before CPR in ventricular fibrillation?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T03:50:22.987" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fish are generally known as food good for cardio-vascular health primarily due to its high Omega-3 content. We also are told that generally cholesterol is bad for cardio-vascular health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I just noticed when I checked nutritional facts that cholesterol in fish could be higher than in meat. For instance, sardines has almost 150mg while pork only has 75mg! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also heard that there are good and bad cholesterol. Maybe the cholesterol in sardines is the good one while on pork is the bad one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="712" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T03:50:22.987" Title="Cholesterol in Fish higher than in Meats?" Tags="&lt;fish&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1019" CreationDate="2015-06-11T08:17:22.467" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; this treatment is based on 2 claims: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cells produce hydrogen peroxide as an immune response/damaged tissue response.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pathogens can not survive in oxygen rich environment (recall H2O2 decomposes into H2O and O2)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may notice the reasoning is rather flawed, even if we assume these two claims to be true. As it turns out though these claims have a weak scientific basis, making the hypothesis for the hydrogen peroxide treatment &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  far-fetched.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's look at the (implied) reasoning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Cells make X to fight disease, so adding X would help fight disease better.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There are 2 problems with this. Firstly, a higher concentration of X does not garantee more effectiveness--there may be side-effects to consider too. Secondly, cells may create it locally, whereas by ingesting it or injecting it into the bloodstream X may not reach the important area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is&#xA;  disputed by mainstream scientists. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by&#xA;  the immune system but in a carefully controlled manner. Cells called&#xA;  by phagocytes engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to&#xA;  destroy them. The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen&#xA;  and so is kept within a special compartment, called a phagosome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)Oxygen kills pathogens, so adding oxygen to the cells will kill more pathogens.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This claim is complete non-sense. Firstly there is the problem again that the oxygen increase is not local. Secondly this increase may be negligible compared to the normal oxygen levels in the cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increase cellular levels of&#xA;  oxygen have not been supported. The quantities administered would be&#xA;  expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that&#xA;  available from normal respiration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly and most important, there is no proof that oxygen is lethal to cells capable of respiration. Some cancer cells may even depend on a respiration pathway to generate ATP. So &lt;strong&gt;the claim that oxygen is lethal to all pathogens is false&lt;/strong&gt;. This is not surprising as the basis for this claim, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_hypothesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Warburg theory&lt;/a&gt;, is also outdated and has been criticized for being a too simplistic view of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than saying if it is safe, because the context of the question mentions detox, this answer states that &lt;em&gt;there is no reason to drink it&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The American Cancer Society states that &quot;there is no scientific&#xA;  evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe, effective or useful cancer&#xA;  treatment&quot;. The therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2015-06-11T08:24:19.593" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T08:24:19.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T08:58:42.907" Score="7" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was prescribed a medication which can increase blood pressure as a side effect, so I impulsively bought a small home BP measurement unit of the foolproof kind. It is made by a known brand for home medical electronics, so I think it's of reasonable quality. I've never operated one before, although I've had it used on me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After extensive RTFM, I used it several times over two days, and I frequently got weirdly low measurements. Diastolic was mostly between 50 and 60, but a few times, I saw the display drop to 30, then turn off and give an error. Right now, half an hour after the medicine, diastolic was 63, but systolic was only 90. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing that I usually have a BP in the middle of the healthy range (when measured by somebody who presumably knows what he's doing), and I don't feel close to fainting, I assume that I'm doing something wrong when measuring. I tried doing everything right - sitting straight in a chair, cuff on the naked left arm at heart height, not moving for a while. What are the possible error sources left? Could I be making the cuff too tight or too loose? I am velcroing it at a width which feels similar to a long-sleeve undershirt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T08:32:18.147" Title="What user error can lead to a too-low blood pressure measurement?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T10:25:09.757" Score="11" ViewCount="779" Body="&lt;p&gt;I somehow stumbled upon this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1255998/Revealed-How-fizzy-vitamin-supplements-wreck-teeth.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Revealed: How fizzy vitamin supplements can wreck your teeth&lt;/a&gt;. Certainly, Daily Mail is probably not a very reliable source. But when I searched in &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=effervescent+multivitamin+teeth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt; and &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?q=effervescent+multivitamin+teeth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Books&lt;/a&gt;, it seems that there are more serious sources which study correlation between usage of effervescent tablets and some problems with teeth. For example, the book Dental Erosion: From Diagnosis to Therapy (edited by Adrian Lussi) &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=-l0ROzorSREC&amp;amp;pg=PA115&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentions&lt;/a&gt; link between use of effervescent tablets and tooth erosion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could somebody more knowledgeable tell me more about this? Specifically, I want to ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are effervescent tablets really bad for teeth health? Or is it ok assuming I  do not use them too much?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are only some of the effervescent tablets on the market problematic? If yes, how can I choose some which do not cause teeth problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If they are bad, is it still ok to use them if I brush my teeth right after using them?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="96" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T08:49:16.317" LastActivityDate="2016-09-12T16:10:32.360" Title="Can effervescent multivitamin tablets cause teeth problems?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-11T11:37:48.843" Score="6" ViewCount="1043" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a hard water area, and I sometimes get very itchy skin (typically on my arms and legs) that feels like having tiny pin-pricks, after taking a shower. It lasts for ten minutes or so, then goes away. I don't use any shower gel, soap or shampoo, so its pure tap water. I'm male, and I have hairy arms and legs. Could it be the hairs reacting to the change in temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="736" LastActivityDate="2017-09-19T16:34:36.873" Title="Why do I sometimes get itchy skin after taking a shower?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-11-28T17:47:15.750" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1192" CreationDate="2015-06-11T14:22:24.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the variation in the beat-to-beat interval. The heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats in some unit time (generally expressed as the number of beats per minute). In general, because measures of HR are an average over time, it will smooth out the variability in the heart rate. The amount of HRV cannot be estimated from a measure of the HR at a single time point. Estimating the amount of HRV from multiple measures of HR at different times is possible, but will be corrupted by changes in the average heart rate over time. So in summary, no HRV cannot be estimated from measures of HR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T14:22:24.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1191" CreationDate="2015-06-11T14:40:57.093" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an adage in electrical safety that &quot;It is not the voltage that kills you, it is the current&quot;. This was investigated at &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1664/is-it-the-current-that-kills-you-not-the-voltage&quot;&gt;Skeptics.SE&lt;/a&gt;. A review of literature regarding electrocution suggests &lt;a href=&quot;http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/JackHsu.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0.06 A to 0.07 A is fatal&lt;/a&gt;. That said, because of Ohm's law, voltage does play a role. Ohm's law says that V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-3/ohms-law-again/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This analysis&lt;/a&gt; measured R for the human body under various conditions (dry, damp, and with a metal ring) and calculated the various voltages needed to get lethal currents based on 17 mA across the chest being lethal. With clean dry skin you would need a voltage of 20 kV while with damp skin you need 340 V to kill you. If you are in contact with metal (e.g., wearing a ring), lethal currents can be generated at as low as 17 V. Even in the worst case scenario of a foot immersed in a conductive liquid with a total resistance of 100 Ohm, would mean that you would require 1.7 V to get a lethal current.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a 2V, 30 mA, AC power supply, under the right (or wrong) conditions, you could deliver an immediately lethal shock in excess of 17 mA across the chest. If we assume 100 Ohm is the lowest possible resistance, despite the 30 mA source, we are limited to 20 mA at 2 V. The exact impact of 20 mA will depend on the frequency of the source (AC and DC are different and 60 Hz AC is different from 10 kHz AC). With 20 mA at 60 Hz, you would probably lose voluntary muscle control and have pain (possibly sever) and would probably begin experiencing difficulty breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T16:38:48.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1095" CreationDate="2015-06-11T16:28:18.193" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a one off experiment, a search of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=dog+shock+collar+on+man&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTube &lt;/a&gt; suggests that while uncomfortable, testing a dog shock collar on yourself is not particularly risky. That said, if you wish to avoid the discomfort, existing videos might get the point across.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T16:28:18.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1221" CreationDate="2015-06-11T19:14:36.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest way to find out what might be wrong is to take the apparatus to a healthcare practitioner's office with you, and have your BP measured by someone trained to do so correctly, then use the cuff, and see how closely they match. Then adjust the looseness/tightness of the cuff, the position, etc., until you get matching BP's consistently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accurate BP measurements depend on a number of things, but one that is really important is the rate at which the cuff deflates. If it deflates too quickly, it will give you falsely low BP's, in addition to BP's &quot;all over the place&quot; (some accurate, some not, some with a normal systolic pressure, but an abnormal diastolic pressure, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't find out what's wrong by correlating with manual BP readings, the apparatus is unreliable, therefore worthless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-11T19:14:36.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1218" CreationDate="2015-06-11T19:33:05.537" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The timing of the first defibrillation attempts depends mostly on when defibrillation is detected. If it is witnessed - that is, the patient is being monitored and the alarm goes off, you're right there at the bedside, and the patient is in V Fib, it's fine to shock first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, whereas this used to be the norm - shock first - it no longer is, partly because the goals of CPR and ACLS (advanced cardiac life support) are changing. A bit over a decade ago, the goal was restoration of a perfusing rhythm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines call for CPR to be initiated immediately, assuming the paddles aren't right there and ready to go the moment someone goes into VFib. It needs to be noted, though, that this recommendation does not rest on defibrillation with the aim of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), but on improved neurological outcomes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the heart is in V Fib, there is no effective blood circulation; the heart and all the other organs are starving for oxygen. While setting up to defibrillate, the hypoxia continues, and the damage becomes more severe, especially to sensitive tissue like the brain. Compressions circulate blood; even blood with lower oxygen saturation is better than none. The brain is less hypoxic, then, and neurological outcomes improve if defibrillation is successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, not ROSC, is what the new ACLS recommendations are based on, because ACLS is not considered highly successful if the patient leaves the hospital only to be hospitalized elsewhere in a persistent vegetative state. And CPR first has been shown to provide better neurological outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://acls-algorithms.com/vfpulseless-vt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VF/Pulseless VT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Delaying Defibrillation to Give Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Patients With Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation A Randomized Trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T20:41:26.010" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T20:41:26.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T01:59:05.073" Score="8" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having problems sleeping because of loud neighbours. There isn't a diplomatic way to solve this. So I went looking for ways to make sleeping easier with noise, and I came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/questions/7200/sleeping-in-a-noisy-environment/7217#7217&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; in lifehacks.stackexchange, which suggests the use of white noise to mask the outside noise. And I understand that the way to do it would be just put some headphones or earphones, keep it playing and go for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This solution caught my attention, but I have worries such as becoming dependent on it to sleep, or having my hearing damaged because of it. Another quick research lead me to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/the_kids/2014/03/sound_machine_study_should_not_cause_parents_to_panic_white_noise_doesn.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/3855/are-there-any-dangers-or-downsides-to-white-noise-as-a-calming-tool&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; on parenting.stackexchange, which concern only babies and is not exactly of my interest (I found the answers there too specific for babies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I figured here would be a more appropriate place to ask and receive a more specific answer and information about the subject:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the risks caused by prolonged use of white noise to sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="396" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:30:21.947" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:30:21.947" Title="Possible harms of white noise" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;earplugs-earphones&gt;&lt;white-noise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-10-05T23:58:25.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T05:49:38.517" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the possible cause of Ganglion Cysts? What kind of health problem it can create? What kind of treatment available for it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="740" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T21:51:31.133" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T21:51:31.133" Title="How to identify Ganglion Cysts? What are possible treatment of it?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;ganglion-cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T12:38:29.710" Score="7" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard some good things about prebiotics and probiotics - for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://chriskresser.com/5-uncommon-uses-for-probiotics/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I also came across this line...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As with any dietary supplement, be aware that probiotic supplements are regulated as foods, not drugs - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/probiotics-topic-overview&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, here's my question, can you overdose on prebiotics or probiotics? How much would you have to take? I heard they're natural, but still wanted to know, if having more of those natural bacteria a problem at all? Could it depend on the specific type of bacteria? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="747" LastEditorUserId="747" LastEditDate="2015-06-13T09:06:44.843" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:57:36.423" Title="prebiotics and probiotics dosage &amp; can I have them regularly?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-12T16:22:23.313" Score="3" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always been overweight around the 90th percentile, but right when summer started I gained like 20lbs. I grew an inch, yet it seems whenever I grow, I only gain like a couple pounds. I see why this may have happened since all of my sports ended, but I was wondering what I should do to lose this weight. I'm 5' 5'' (1.65 m) and am 173 lbs (78.6 kg). I want to get down to at least 150 lbs (68.1 kg) by the end of summer. Please help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="748" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T15:46:10.450" LastActivityDate="2021-03-23T17:59:11.747" Title="How to lose weight as a 13 yr old?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-03-23T19:22:23.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T09:05:37.223" Score="2" ViewCount="400" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 19 years old, am 6 feet and 1 inch (1.85 meters) tall, and I weigh 130 pounds (59 kilograms). How can I increase my body weight? Are there any tablets that will do the job? Possibly the ones bodybuilders take to gain weight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="754" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T18:37:53.007" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T11:08:53.917" Title="How to increase my bodyweight?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-05-16T21:30:32.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1241" CreationDate="2015-06-13T09:05:44.070" Score="0" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am suffering from dry eczema on my foot over the past 6 years. I used moisturizing creams and pills as prescribed by skin specialists. As a result, I got a cure which was just temporary. It came over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also made a paste of neem tree leaves and applied it on the affected skin. But still pus discharge has not stopped. Normally I used to wear flip-flops or leather sandals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the real problem is, I have to wear formal shoes with socks to my workplace. How can I get a cure to this, or atleast, How can I prevent the pus from spreading over? Please help &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="753" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T12:26:22.977" Title="How to cure eczema on my foot?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-23T18:07:49.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1202" CreationDate="2015-06-13T10:28:33.883" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I answer your question: &lt;strong&gt;40 years is a very long time.&lt;/strong&gt; Your ointment should have an expiration date. You should not use it past that date. Not just that microbiological quality can't be guaranteed after that much time (not even with phenol which might have preserved it to a point, but not for 40 years), but also the chemical composition might have changed - both the active substances and the excipients might have underwent various chemical reactions - and no one can say with any certainty what you've got in there now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, onto your question: &lt;em&gt;How important is the amount of active ingredient in an ointment?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the ingredient. The &lt;strong&gt;concentration&lt;/strong&gt; is important because both safety and efficacy/effectiveness depend on it. Some ingredients have a very wide range of concentrations in which they are proven to be both safe and effective; others have a very narrow range of concentrations in which they should/(are recommended to) be used; some are somewhere in between. You are asking about an ointment with lesser concentrations of active substance than the one you previously used, so the efficacy of the 'new' ointment is what you are concerned with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Phenol&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phenol is used as an antiseptic in your ointments. The efficacy of antiseptics depends on many factors including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;concentration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;acidity (pH value) of the solution/medium/preparation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;duration of exposure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the type(s) and number of microorganisms present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;presence of organic matter (especially in forming a biofilm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the concentration is important, but there are other factors to be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference (34th edition), the Phenol monograph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aqueous solutions up to 1% are bacteriostatic while stronger solutions are bactericidal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both ointments you used contain phenol in bacteriostatic (inhibits growth of bacteria) and not bacteriocidal (kills bacteria) concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is various research on a MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of phenol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88911/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance&lt;/a&gt; G. McDonnell, A. D. Russell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pulvertaft and Lumb (386) demonstrated that low concentrations of phenols (0.032%, 320 μg/ml) and other (nonphenolic) agents lysed rapidly growing cultures of E. coli, staphylococci, and streptococci&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same source (based on references 226 and 440 provided in that research paper):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the MIC of phenol against &lt;em&gt;S. aureus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; is 2,000 μg/ml (which is &lt;strong&gt;0.2%&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00257609#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protection of bacteria against toxicity of phenol by immobilization in calcium alginate&lt;/a&gt;  Heribert Keweloh, Hermann-Josef Heipieper, Hans-Jürgen Rehm have used solutions of phenol in both 1 g/l (0.1%) and 2 g/l (0.2%) concentrations and got inhibition of growth of some bacteria (although they were testing something else, and I can't access the whole article).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: concentration of phenol in your ointment is close to or over the ones I found in these references, and should be sufficient to exibit bacteriostatic activity if other conditions (such as pH, lipophilicity/hydrophilicity of the preparation etc) are favourable.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;ZnO&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Zinc oxide is mildly astringent and is used topically as a soothing and protective application in eczema and slight excoriations, in wounds, and for haemorrhoids&lt;/em&gt; (Martindale).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is used in concetrations of up to 50% (Deutscher Arzneimittel Codex – DAC), but technical literature doesn't specify a minimal concentration at which it should be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Perhaps I could just use more each time?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You could, but you shouldn't. Follow the instructions included in the patient information leaflet.&lt;/strong&gt; (Using more most likely wouldn't enhance the efficacy anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end if a product is marketed as a &lt;strong&gt;medicine/drug&lt;/strong&gt; in your country, it has to be submitted to rigorous procedures before it is approved, i.e. authorised for sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before drug products are authorized for sale in Canada, Health Canada reviews them to assess their safety, efficacy and quality. Drug products include prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and sanitizers with disinfectant claims.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prior to being given market authorization, a manufacturer must present substantive scientific evidence of a product's safety, efficacy and quality as required by the Food and Drugs Act and Regulations.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/index-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health Canada&lt;/a&gt; webpage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have a database of products, but I suppose that you can always contact them if you have questions or concerns regarding a particular product on Canadian market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that it is very difficult (if not impossible) to directly compare concentrations in in an ointment (especially a lipid-based one) and in water or aqueous medium. The ultimate burden of testing the efficacy is on the manufacturer; the ultimate burden of ensuring that such tests have been conducted and gave sufficient results in on the regulatory agency responsible for a certain market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sweetman SC (Ed), Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Electronic version, (34th Edition [2005]).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88911/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance&lt;/a&gt; Gerald McDonnell, A. Denver Russell, Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan; 12(1): 147–179.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00257609#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protection of bacteria against toxicity of phenol by immobilization in calcium alginate&lt;/a&gt;  Heribert Keweloh, Hermann-Josef Heipieper, Hans-Jürgen Rehm, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology September II 1989, Volume 31, Issue 4, pp 383-389&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/index-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health Canada&lt;/a&gt; official website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T10:51:22.377" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1239" CreationDate="2015-06-13T12:26:22.977" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Firstly is it definitely eczema and is it only eczema?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discharge of pus suggests a bacterial infection (probably staphylococcal). Now this could be superimposed on eczema (which causes the skin barrier to break down causing an infection) or simply just a skin infection/abscess. Either way, if it really is an infection this usually requires antibiotics. Thus you should see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If it is eczema, once the infection is treated:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Self care techniques - is there a trigger? Avoid it and avoid as much as possible the compulsion to itch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steroid creams - these reduce the inflammation and are very helpful&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moisturising creams - these maintain the skin barrier. Use them for a long period of time even when the skin looks completely healthy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="686" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T12:26:22.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1214" CreationDate="2015-06-13T13:06:12.343" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are complications involved with TB itself and with the treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The TB itself is likely to resolve (assuming it isn't resistant which it should have been tested for). Thus no complications caused by TB should occur which would be damage to structures in the neck or elsewhere affected by TB and disease if TB had spread across the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment has a number of side effects. These include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The oral contraceptive might not work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can damage your liver and eyes. For this reason your liver and eyes are tested before treatment and during treatment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vomit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Numbness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If any of these occur, she should see a doctor. And honestly, she should discuss which complications she might face with a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="686" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T13:06:12.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-13T13:35:47.097" Score="6" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/&quot;&gt;The US RDA for calcium for children 9-18 is 1300mg/day&lt;/a&gt;, for which milk and dairy seem like the only reasonable source. The vegetable sources of calcium would need to be eaten in impractically large quantities (e.g. 10 pounds of broccoli), and I’m a little uncertain about the bio-availability of calcium in supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are bone fractures the only important thing to measure about calcium consumption, or could there be other important factors? Will children not be as tall and strong without that much calcium? Is the US RDA simply wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly, our Paleolithic ancestors weren’t drinking milk or taking supplements, yet &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17003019&quot;&gt;they seem to have been just as tall and strong as we are&lt;/a&gt;, and maybe more so. Could they possibly have been consuming that much calcium?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because we want them to be tall and strong, we try to have our kids drink 3 cups of milk per day, but I don't like the extra sugar calories in all that milk, and my kids don’t like it enough to drink that much without battles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should we stop worrying about calcium, or do they really need 1300mg/day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="443" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T02:54:24.677" Title="Do we really need as much calcium as the government recommends?" Tags="&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1257" CreationDate="2015-06-13T16:04:17.680" Score="10" ViewCount="895" Body="&lt;p&gt;Higher than average blood pressure is likely associated with higher mortality, but is there any study that showed that lowering it with medication is beneficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T02:42:46.567" Title="Is there evidence that lowering blood pressure via medication is decreasing mortality?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1236" CreationDate="2015-06-13T17:31:08.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you are a person &lt;em&gt;in normal good health&lt;/em&gt; who wants to lose weight, the best approach for you is to either decrease your intake, exercise to offset some of your intake, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You say you noticed the weight gain when all your sports ended. That does tell you something. Eating to maintain energy and strength during sports is physiological. Eating the same amount once you stop engaging in that sport is going to add weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are all kinds of diets out there which, usually for monetary reasons, claim superiority over one another. You don't need to read about or follow any one specific diet to lose weight. If you decrease caloric intake over a sufficient period of time, you will lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One approach you can take is to eat the same stuff you eat right now, but eat less of it. If you eat a Wendy's Baconator for lunch on Saturdays, leave some of it uneaten. Leave a third of your shake, a third of your fries, etc. At home, eat a smaller portion of everything equally. If you consume sweets, like soda or other nutritionally empty calories, cut them out or cut them back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise. Take walks, take hikes, ride a bike. A male your age probably plays video games. Cut back on these, and do something which exercises your body instead (it doesn't matter what; listening to your summer reading list on audiotape while walking/bicycling/etc. will do the job.) Learn to swim if you don't already know, and keep in shape this summer by swimming regularly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have medical problems, have other symptoms of concern other than just weight gain (e.g. fatigue, constipation, a change in your voice/hoarseness, weakness, etc.), or any other symptoms of concern, see a doctor. If, after an &lt;em&gt;honest effort&lt;/em&gt; was made to lose weight, you are unable to, you can see a doctor for more specialized help and to determine if you need testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa0804748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T00:11:11.333" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T00:11:11.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1252" CreationDate="2015-06-13T22:57:34.657" Score="5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;How quickly should you get kidney stones to your doctor for analysis after passing them? I was given essentially zero instructions apart from being handled some strainers to go panning for gold and a sterile container I was told to put my findings in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="757" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T23:54:59.247" Title="How quickly should you get kidney stones to your doctor for analysis after passing them?" Tags="&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1251" CreationDate="2015-06-13T23:54:59.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your doctor wants to know what the stones are made of (e.g. Calcium oxalate, etc.) Being in the container will not be alter that, nor will drying out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just put all the stones you find in the container, and follow the advice you were given about fluids, foods, etc. Drop the stones off whenever it's convenient - a week or two is fine. The sooner they are analyzed, however, the sooner your doctor can give you tailored advice on measures you can take that will decrease the likelihood of more stones forming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-13T23:54:59.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1253" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2000" CreationDate="2015-06-14T03:42:07.110" Score="14" ViewCount="4273" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for an antipyretic medication taken when not experiencing fever to cause a person's body temperature to drop below normal? I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7976349&quot;&gt;one article&lt;/a&gt; that seems to say yes, but only for large doses (in mg/kg) in mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="758" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-06-17T15:55:28.000" LastActivityDate="2018-06-17T15:55:28.000" Title="Can an antipyretic (I.e. Aspirin) lower normal body temperature?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2015-06-14T04:07:46.413" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one of the few areas of &lt;a href=&quot;http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/Chapter4BasicConceptsInPreventionSurveillanceAndHealthPromotion/Thestagesofprevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary prevention&lt;/a&gt;* where the data are clear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (intelligently) skeptical tone of your question suggests to me that you would be (appropriately) wary of drawing conclusions based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/13311&quot;&gt;observational data&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884846/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surrogate endpoints&lt;/a&gt;. Fortunately, you have asked a question about an area where rigorous data are available showing reductions in the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality on the basis of randomized, controlled trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cardiovascular events&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In large-scale randomized trials of people with primary hypertension,  antihypertensive therapy produces a nearly 50 percent relative risk reduction in the incidence of heart failure, a 30 to 40 percent relative risk reduction in stroke, and a 20 to 25 percent relative risk reduction in myocardial infarction.&lt;sup&gt;1,2,3,4&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefits show a consistent &quot;dose-response&quot; relationship. That is, larger improvements in blood pressure control are associated with greater decreases in risk. This is an important point, since it adds credibility to the association. This is demonstrated in graphs like this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/k96ECBL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Image from Reference 1, below: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386598/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386598/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the x-axis you see the degree of blood pressure lowering achieved with medications. On the y-axis is “relative risk” (RR). By definition, a null intervention yields RR=1. A relative risk of 0.5 represents a 50% decreased risk, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graph is showing meta-analysis data, i.e. data compiled from many clinical trials in order to increase statistical power. The basic idea is that each circle is a clinical trial and bigger circles represent “stronger” data (i.e. with lower variance). The regression line shows that there is a linear relationship between the degree of blood pressure lowering and the relative risk reduction (here for a composite endpoint of stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure.) This analysis included 31 randomized, placebo-controlled trials, with 190,606 participants. These are strong data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality data&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the dramatic reductions in adverse cardiovascular outcomes, blood pressure control has also been shown to reduce mortality. One meta-analysis used data from 42 randomized, controlled studies including nearly 200,000 subjects (Psaty). They found a reduction in cardiovascular disease mortality (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73-0.92); and total mortality (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96). The fact that these relative risk (RR) confidence intervals do not cross 1 demonstrates statistical significance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the RR value of 0.90 is considerably less impressive than the reductions in more specific outcomes (stroke, heart failure, etc), this is expected due to the myriad of other factors affecting mortality. A statistically significant relative risk of 0.90 for &lt;strong&gt;mortality&lt;/strong&gt; is actually quite dramatic. One would be challenged to find any other intervention for primary prevention that, in randomized trials, can be shown to decrease overall mortality with this degree of certainty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many interventions in modern medicine that are of questionable long-term benefit to healthy patients (i.e. primary prevention).** These include cholesterol lowering medications, aspirin, various forms of cancer screening, etc. In most cases, the disease-specific improvements in outcomes are subtle and debated, and randomized data showing a reduction in overall mortality are lacking or inconsistent. The use of blood pressure lowering medications in patients with hypertension falls into a different category. These medications are effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*That is, interventions aimed at preventing disease in &lt;em&gt;healthy&lt;/em&gt; people. This is in contrast to &lt;em&gt;secondary&lt;/em&gt; prevention, treating people after they have already had an adverse outcome. In general, secondary prevention is a much &quot;easier&quot; arena in which to demonstrate benefit because the risk of adverse outcomes is so much higher.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;**Here, I’m considering hypertension, hyperlipidemia to fall within the range of “healthy” because these abnormalities are only problematic if they cause a cardiovascular event of some sort.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration, Turnbull F, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Algert C, Arima H, Barzi F, Bulpitt C, Chalmers J, Fagard R, Gleason A, Heritier S, Li N, Perkovic V, Woodward M, MacMahon S. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=18480116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials.&lt;/a&gt; BMJ. 2008 May 17;336(7653):1121-3.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Law MR, Morris, Wald NJ. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b1665&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies.&lt;/a&gt; BMJ 2009; 338.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, Grimm RH Jr, Berge KG, Cohen JD, Lacy CR, Perry HM Jr, Blaufox MD, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Black HR, Schron E, Berkson DM, Curb JD, Smith WM, McDonald R, Applegate WB. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group.&lt;/a&gt; JAMA. 1997 Jul 16;278(3):212-6.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Pocock S, Coope J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Friedman L, Perry M, Prineas R, Schron E. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9148648&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA Investigators.&lt;/a&gt; Ann Intern Med. 1997 May 15;126(10):761-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, Weiss NS. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12759325&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2534-44.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:45:00.773" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T01:07:52.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1319" CreationDate="2015-06-14T12:10:52.817" Score="3" ViewCount="2656" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I put my retainer on in the evening it feels very tight, especially around the front teeth. Does it mean that my teeth have shifted during the day? What is the recommended amount of time to wear a retainer? Also, is it ok to drink water with a retainer on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="699" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T21:35:56.353" Title="Why is the retainer tight whenever I put it on?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1248" CreationDate="2015-06-15T02:42:46.567" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, mortality benefits for blood pressure medicine have been demonstrated in trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me just preface this by saying this was much harder to find than I was expecting. Questioning the benefit of blood pressure reduction is medical heresy, so you'd think you wouldn't have trouble finding the data out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, let's define the question. We're asking whether treatment of hypertension leads to lower mortality in the setting of a randomized clinical trial. Reading between the lines, I think what we really want to know is whether treatment of isolated hypertension (i.e. in patients that have no strokes, heart failure or other diseases associated with hypertension) leads to lower mortality in a randomized clinical trial. Treating hypertension after a stroke or heart attack is hands down beneficial (see HOPE, PART2, IDNT, NICOLE or PREVENT trials [1-5]). You can't answer the question with this data though, because maybe the drug is really just treating the heart attack or stroke. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get data specifically on treating hypertension itself, not in the setting of other medical problems, you have to go back to the 1960s. The VA COOP Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents [6,7] trial specifically looked at treating people who just came into the clinic with high blood pressure. Mortality was 5% lower in the treatment group, or, for every 20 people treated for 3.3 years (the average time people were enrolled in the study), 1 person will have their life saved. Honestly, this is a pretty good outcome as far as drugs go, taking aspirin to prevent heart attacks doesn't work nearly as well, for example. The authors collected these numbers on mortality but they didn't test for whether the numbers were likely to have just popped up by chance or not (statistical significance). I crunched them myself with Fisher's exact test and the results were unlikely to have just come up by chance (p value = 0.015) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some caveats. This study was old (the word negro is used), but it was really well done. They had the patients go through a 2 month run in phase where they had to take pills that turned their urine orange just so they could see whether they took their pills regularly before letting them in the trial. All the patients and the doctors were blinded. They used sealed envelope randomization. Patients were enrolled from eight different sites. Of course, it was done at the VA in the 60s, so every single patient was a man. Also, the patients weren't exactly free of other diseases. For some reason, the authors didn't just say how many patients had strokes or heart attacks in the past. They devised this &quot;severity score&quot; to assess how many health problems people had at the start of the trial. The score went from 0-4 and on average the patients were less than 1. I would say most weren't very sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other trials tried to test blood pressure medicines versus placebo but fell short. The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension [8] had many fewer events than the VA study so weren't quite able to show statistical significance. The benefits to treatment that they measured in this study were way smaller. Treatment reduced death by .15%. So for every 666 people taking the drug for 1 year, 1 person's life would be saved. They were only able to show this was statistically significant when they looked at the numbers for people actually taking the drug. You want to look at everyone that entered the study in the first place though (intention to treat), because you can always invent scenarios where you get biased results if you don't do this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was one other study that looked at this question. The Oslo study [9] also failed to show that treatment actually saved lives when treating patients with just hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that all of these studies were able to show benefit to treating (fewer strokes, less kidney failure) but mortality was really only lower in the VA trial. My gut tells me that this was because aged American veterans were less healthy to start with then relatively healthy Norwegians and Australians (the population from the other studies). It was less of a needle-in-a-haystack challenge in the VA trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometime in the 70s or 80s, it seems that doctors all decided that treating hypertension was the way to go no matter how healthy the patient was otherwise so we don't have any more studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) Study Investigators.&#xA;Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on&#xA;cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:&#xA;145–53.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MacMahon S, Sharpe N, Gamble G, et al. Randomised, placebocontrolled&#xA;trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,&#xA;ramipril, in patients with coronary or other occlusive vascular disease.&#xA;J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 438–43.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lewis E, Hunsicker L, Clarke W, et al. Renoprotective effect of the&#xA;angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy&#xA;due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851–60.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dens J, Desmet W, Coussement P, et al. Usefulness of nisoldipine for&#xA;prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary&#xA;angioplasty (results of the NICOLE study). Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:&#xA;28–33.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pitt B, Byington R, Furberg C, et al. Effect of amlodipine on the&#xA;progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events.&#xA;Circulation 2000; 102: 1503–10.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Effects of Treatment on Morbidity in Hypertension: Results in Patients With Diastolic Blood Pressures Averaging 115 Through 129 mm Hg. JAMA. 1967;202(11):1028-1034. doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03130240070013.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Effects Morbidity of Treatment on in Hypertension: II. Results in Patients With Diastolic Blood Pressure Averaging 90 Through 114 mm Hg. JAMA. 1970;213(7):1143-1152. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170330025003.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THE AUSTRALIAN THERAPEUTIC TRIAL IN MILD HYPERTENSION: Report by the Management Committee, The Lancet, Volume 315, Issue 8181, 14 June 1980, Pages 1261-1267, ISSN 0140-6736, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91730-4&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91730-4&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673680917304&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673680917304&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anders Helgeland, Treatment of mild hypertension: A five year controlled drug trial: The Oslo study, The American Journal of Medicine, Volume 69, Issue 5, November 1980, Pages 725-732, ISSN 0002-9343, doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90438-6.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="765" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T02:42:46.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1281" CreationDate="2015-06-15T10:09:15.767" Score="18" ViewCount="78188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder If a person without knowledge and tools cuts off somebody's penis and then doesn't call an ambulance immediately, is there a chance a person may not bleed to death within a short time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to know if you can still urinate, while the cutting is done without some tool you put into urethra?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found much related to this topic.&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="769" LastEditorUserId="769" LastEditDate="2016-01-08T09:34:44.623" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T18:29:54.400" Title="Do you bleed to death after your penis is cut off?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7320" CreationDate="2015-06-15T18:11:55.610" Score="2" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the best advices on how to get rid of anxiety and panic attacks? &#xA;It seems like there are so many advices out there that is hard to know which ones are good and which ones are bad. Any suggestions or personal opinions that anyone wants to share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="650" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T15:40:11.123" Title="Anxiety and panic attack relieves" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-28T14:21:07.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T19:07:28.110" Score="3" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if alcohol consumption causes hair loss/baldness? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I'm not bald, I'm only curious to know that if at a later stage of life, would I get bald for alcohol consumtion? I read that alcohol consumption causes iron and zinc deficiency, that help in hair growth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is, is alcohol bad for hair growth at a later stage in life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="772" LastActivityDate="2015-06-15T19:07:28.110" Title="Does consumption of alcohol cause hair loss?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-03-22T20:54:27.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T20:46:06.340" Score="3" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard sleeping directly after eating makes digestion less effective, i.e. you don't get all the nutrients you could get if you would stay awake.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I've also heard it raises sugar levels in the blood.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But does it have any negative long term affects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="774" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T10:23:20.787" Title="Does sleeping directly after eating cause permanent health issues?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-12-05T19:47:54.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-15T23:55:30.237" Score="6" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a 29 year old male, I live in an apartment, and the tenant above me is smoking a lot of marijuana every day and has been doing so for the last three months**. The fumes are entering my apartment through the HVAC system even when the system is turned off, my windows are open, and two air purifiers are on. I spend virtually every day in my apartment for almost the entire day. I jog 20min/day on the treadmill and my resting heart rate is around 65-75bpm when outside the apartment. While inside the apartment, I continuously experience:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;• Respiratory issues: shortness of breath, lung inflammation, sinus inflammation (flares up sometimes)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;•   Heart issues: elevated resting heart rate (80-110 bpm - almost always), heart pain (mild-moderate most of the time), arrhythmia (rarely)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;•   Headaches, fatigue, depression (all three: mild-moderate most of the time)&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have logged my symptoms and they are stronger when the smoking occurs, but persist in a more mild fashion even after the smoking. When the smoking occurs, I also notice several red bars appear on my air purifier air quality indicator. My roommate is not as sensitive to the fumes as I am and only experiences a subset of the above symptoms and those at a much milder level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While outside of the apartment, all these issues disappear. QVAR has been able to slightly ameliorate only the issue of shortness of breath. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the potential long-term issues if I continue to suffer under these symptoms (as I inhale the fumes) and how likely are these permanent issues to develop?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** (&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Off-topic because not health related&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, but I still mention it in case it comes up: I'm 33% through my lease and I cannot get out of it because my roommate refuses to break the lease even if I pay for the termination fees. Further, upon complaining to the smoker, he denies everything (even though the fumes could be smelled from his windows when he used to have them open - before I complained). The management company is afraid to do anything because of potential legal repercussions. The police always arrives about 1h after the smoke has settled. I suffer under the symptoms even when the fumes are very weak and barely noticeable.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I just found the following source:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Magnus Thorsten Jensen, M.D., cardiologist and researcher, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark; Gregg Fonarow, M.D., professor, cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; April 15, 2013, Heart&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;states that those with resting rates of 80+ tend to die 4-5 years earlier. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT2: The following aggregate analysis could explain the symptoms: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/570583_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/570583_1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would still welcome more answers of other issues I might have missed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="775" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:10:08.267" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T00:49:51.293" Title="How likely is a person to develop permanent health issues if he/she is sensitive to and continuously exposed to marijuana fumes?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1263" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1294" CreationDate="2015-06-16T00:49:59.447" Score="12" ViewCount="50443" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently bought a luggage set from Nautica and it came with a &quot;California 65 warning: This product contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and/or birth defects or other reproductive harm.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to use? I won't &quot;eat&quot; the luggage or anything similar, but is it possible to be affected just by being in contact with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that many products receive this warning in California, but it doesn't specify how carcinogen it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="777" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T16:27:46.550" Title="Safety of using a luggage with the prop. 65 warning" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T05:44:52.910" Score="12" ViewCount="655" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an adult, and I want to be taller. I know about many medicines which claim to treat stunted height.  Is there any truth behind these? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="779" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:01:15.527" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T06:25:41.727" Title="How to increase body height?" Tags="&lt;height&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-16T14:43:33.160" Score="7" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are advertised as low tar or low nicotine. The assumption is that they are therefore less bad for your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general:&#xA;Nicotine value ranges from 0.1 to 1.1 mg.&#xA;Tar value ranges from 1 to 14 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T15:18:51.977" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T16:47:19.517" Title="Do low-nicotine low-tar cigarettes have less negative impact on health than standard ones?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1264" CreationDate="2015-06-16T16:20:11.010" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, height is genetically based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 24 years old, it is unlikely that you will grow more, but the only way to know for sure is if you have an x ray done of the growth plates in your bones to see if they have disappeared. If they have, then there really is no natural way to increase height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are surgical procedures (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/320199&quot;&gt;See this article&lt;/a&gt;) where you can potentially add a few inches, but they are very costly (The procedure described in the article cost ~ $90,000 US dollars), and they are reported to be very painful, long (3+ months) and require extensive rehabilitation and physical therapy to be successful. According to the article, most places that do the procedure use it primarily for physical afflictions such as dwarfism, and do not recommend it for purely cosmetic reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T16:20:11.010" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1271" CreationDate="2015-06-16T16:35:21.163" Score="8" ViewCount="1380" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, I have an ear infection. The doctor says that I should not allow any water to go into my ears. However, I want to swim, but I don't want any water (even a tiny drop of water) go into my ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard there is a &quot;Waterproof Swim Cap&quot; for swimmers? See samples at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.swimcapsguide.com/best-waterproof-swim-cap/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this site about swimcaps&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm not sure whether it will prevent any tiny drops of water from going into my ears. I doubt that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="472" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:53:12.783" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T05:20:54.367" Title="Can &quot;Waterproof Swim Cap&quot; be good for people with ear infections?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1270" CreationDate="2015-06-16T17:51:14.317" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you're talking about otitis externa, an infection of the ear canal, a condition where you really should avoid getting any water in your ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've already identified that the cap in question is not really waterproof. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way (and really the only way) to keep water out of your ear is to stay out of the water until your ear has had time to clear the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To bathe, you can make a cheap waterproof ear plug by working a generous amount of petroleum jelly into a cotton ball, and using that as an earplug. You can also buy a special soft wax at most pharmacies. People roll a ball of the soft wax in their hands and press it into the outer ear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the infection is healed, if you're not prone to such infections, you can use home-made or pharmacy bought ear drops after occasional swimming which will help maintain the proper environment to minimize infection in the ear. Use of a hair dryer on low to dry your ear is also useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High-grade silicone ear plugs can be used once the ear is healed, &lt;em&gt;however&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;ear plugs can aggravate or cause the condition&lt;/em&gt;, so swimmers (or people occupationally required or recommended to wear ear plugs) usually consult with ear specialists to work out the best plug to use which will not cause damage to the ear canal, something critical for prevention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0301/p927.html&quot;&gt;Otitis Externa: A Practical Guide to Treatment and Prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-06-16T17:51:14.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1278" CreationDate="2015-06-17T16:21:46.920" Score="37" ViewCount="6358" Body="&lt;p&gt;I regularly donate blood, however, I am curious as to what happens to my blood after I donate.  Obviously some of it will go to people in emergency medical situations, as I intend.  However, I have never heard of situations where someone died because we didn't have blood to donate to them; which makes it sound as if we don't have a blood deficit.  That in turn makes me wonder what the excess blood is used for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have two related questions.  First, do we ever &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; a blood deficit, situations where someone who could have been saved in a hospital dies because there wasn't blood to treat them?  Or specifically situations like that caused by a lack of donors, not some logistical issue getting it where it needs to be.  I have had the red cross call me and tell me that they have a 'deficit' many times, but frankly I hear it so often it leaves me questioning their definition of deficit.  How often do we really run out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related, if we don't run a deficit then what happens to my excess blood?  I assume that some blood is regularly thrown out, but they figure it's better to have extra and risk it expiring then to run out during an emergency.  However, if we have a high enough surplus do they do something else with it?  For instance is it used for medical research?  If we had say 5% fewer donors would it be our medical research which suffered, but not patients in the hospital?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will continue donating blood regardless of the answer here.  I'm simply curious as to the result.  Well that and it informs this discussion: &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/28118/is-the-red-cross-policy-of-refusing-donation-from-homosexual-men-justified-by-in&quot;&gt;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/28118/is-the-red-cross-policy-of-refusing-donation-from-homosexual-men-justified-by-in&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:04:37.683" Title="What is excess blood from blood donations used for, and do we ever run out?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1276" CreationDate="2015-06-17T18:36:56.387" Score="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great question! I think it's answerable as an overview, but please know this is only the tip of the iceberg.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;: Yes, we have deficits of certain blood products in certain locations at certain times that affect patient care. However, a small percentage of blood product does expire unused (because it wasn't the &lt;em&gt;right&lt;/em&gt; product [see background] in the &lt;em&gt;right&lt;/em&gt; place at the &lt;em&gt;right&lt;/em&gt; time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A little background&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Donated blood is not usually transfused into a patient as whole blood. Instead, it's broken down into several components which are transfused in different clinical scenarios. The issues of storage and supply are different for each component. The components are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plasma, and derivatives&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Red Blood Cells (RBCs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platelets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Granulocytes (rarely transfused)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These different components require different storage conditions, so they are separated as soon as possible after donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OP's first question&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First, do we ever have a blood deficit, situations where someone who could have been saved in a hospital dies because there wasn't blood to treat them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Well, actually your question is impossible to answer. :-) We could never know whether someone could-have-been-saved with a transfusion nor whether someone who received a transfusion would-have-died. Those are hypothetical constructs that are interesting to think about but are not compatible with research. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, we &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; ask whether there is evidence that blood supply on a clinical level is limited, for instance: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;doctors are requesting products that aren't available for patients;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;doctors are requesting fewer products than they think would be ideal for a particular patient because of a blood bank shortage;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;elective surgeries are being postponed; or &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood banks are substituting products that may have a slightly increased risk of complications due to less-than-ideal immune compatibility.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these are more nuanced than they seem, but to some degree all do occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting from a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=17465938&quot;&gt;paper in the journal Transfusion entitled &lt;em&gt;How do I manage a blood shortage in a transfusion service?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although there are more than 16 million blood donations per year provided to more than 4 million recipients, blood shortages have recurred for decades [...] twice every year. Anyone with any experience at blood centers or transfusion services is quite accustomed to these expected shortages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He further notes that this problem is likely to worsen because the requirement for transfusions (all types) is increasing at a rate of 5-7% per year while donations are not matching that increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first thing that happens when there is a blood bank shortage usually involves the Transfusion Medicine specialist in the blood bank having a conversation with every doctor who orders the blood product that is limited. Together they determine whether a smaller amount of product or a deferment in transfusion might be clinically appropriate/acceptable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The distinction between those last two words &amp;mdash; &lt;code&gt;appropriate|accetable&lt;/code&gt; &amp;mdash; is the key to whether clinical care is actually being compromised. In many cases, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26019707&quot;&gt;clinicians indeed are requesting product beyond what is recommended in published guidelines&lt;/a&gt;, because they feel that the patient's condition warrants it due to some special circumstance. It seems likely that at least a small percentage of the time, the clinician was right, but this can never be proven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also the case that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf&quot;&gt;elective surgeries are sometimes postponed for this reason&lt;/a&gt; (see chart 8-1, p 43), although it's rare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Another question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Related, if we don't run a deficit then what happens to my excess blood?... is it used for medical research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although localized shortages of particular products do occur and are disruptive, it is true that a small percentage of the products expire unused. In the U.S., this was estimated at 14% of supply in 1989 and had fallen to 5.2% in 2011, per &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf&quot;&gt;a report from the US Dept Health and Human Services&lt;/a&gt;, the most recent data available I've found. These are complicated and nuanced data that this format does not allow complete explanation of (and I myself am not completely familiar with), but please read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf&quot;&gt;the linked HHS report&lt;/a&gt; if interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what happens to the excess - it's probably discarded, although I can't prove that. Regarding your question about research: In addition to being sub-optimal because it's old, the blood was originally collected from human donors. Such research would be subjected to IRB requirements for protection of human subjects. This would likely require researchers to obtain permission from donors (/subjects) at the time of donation to use the product for research. This may happen in localized settings, but I know of no large-scale project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;* I limit this discussion to the U.S. While I realize the weaknesses &amp;mdash; inadequacy, really &amp;mdash; of that approach, this is the healthcare system where I was able to locate data, the O.P. is apparently asking about the U.S. situation (Red Cross), and I am most familiar with the clinical situation here. If another answer can offer a more global perspective, please do.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-06-17T23:04:37.683" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T23:04:37.683" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3908" CreationDate="2015-06-17T19:45:47.723" Score="11" ViewCount="1006" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few months ago I showed up to donate blood and said I was willing to do any type of donation. I ended up getting dragged into donating platelets instead, which I admit I hadn't even realized was an option.  I'm trying to donate platelets more, now that I realize I can do it in between whole blood donations, though I admit I find the whole process far more annoying then whole blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what I find odd is how I've gotten far more pressure to come back to donate platelets then I ever did donating red blood, and the first time the clearly pushed me to donating platelets over whole blood even when I really didn't know anything about it and just going along to help out however they wanted me to.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This last time I showed up I told them that I thought I was due to donate whole blood, and if so wanted to do whole blood since I didn't have time for platelets, but would donate platelets if I wasn't due for whole blood.  Again they seemed very eager to get me to donate platelets, to the point of seeming really disappointing when I ended up donating whole blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's inconvenient, to say the least, to loose so much time multiple times a month, I'm happy to do it to help, but I'd at least like to have an idea of exactly how much I am helping when I do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there a reason they seem so eager to get platelet donations?  Would it do more good to never donate whole blood and only ever do platelets?  Can anyone give me an estimation of how much good a platelet donation does &lt;em&gt;on average&lt;/em&gt; (not the best case, but the average case of each donation from a B+ donor)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To try to make this easier I finally sat down and tried to answer another question of mine: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1289/how-many-lives-are-saved-from-one-donation-of-blood/3909#3909&quot;&gt;how many &amp;#39;lives&amp;#39; are saved from one donation of blood?&lt;/a&gt;  See my answer to it.  The numbers are not guaranteed by me, I am a layman who doesn't really know much about the medicine behind the statistics I looked up, but it may give an answer some basis for comparison of the two options; &lt;em&gt;IF&lt;/em&gt; they assume any of my numbers are right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2019-10-23T14:01:23.837" Title="Are platelet donations more needed then whole blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1258" CreationDate="2015-06-17T21:37:12.077" Score="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the person is not taking anticoagulants, it's actually quite difficult to bleed to death from dismemberment of small members (hands, feet, penis, ears, nose, etc). Even large members such as arms and legs are often survivable because the body is very good at protecting itself from blood loss. For example, transected arteries will spasm and clamp off blood flow, and loss of blood will cause the body to divert blood flow away from the extremities and to the vital organs, thereby slowing the bleeding and allowing it to clot. In fact, the whole shock process can be viewed as a set of defensive measures by the body to ensure survival in the face of serious injury. This was a bitter lesson learned by emergency medicine only fairly recently. The standard practice used to be to infuse hypovolemic patients with fluids to maintain normal blood pressure. The trouble is, a normal blood pressure prevents the body from realizing it has inadequate blood volume and turns off its defensive measures, thus allowing the bleeding to continue unabated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Left to fend for himself, a healthy adult would almost certainly survive having his penis removed. With modern medical care, that becomes a certainty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could he still urinate? Sure, as long as the urethra wasn't blocked. It could become blocked by clotted blood, but eventually the pressure of a full bladder would overcome the blockage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-06-17T21:37:12.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T02:18:45.557" Score="10" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;How common is it for healthy individuals to wake up with one nostril congested to the point where there is no airflow through that nostril, and respiration takes place solely through the other nostril?*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this symptom more common in vasomotor rhinitis sufferers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*You can easily test this condition yourself by placing the back of your palm under your nostrils, exhaling slowly, normally, and with one nostril pinched, and sensing the difference in air flow.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T01:21:53.277" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T20:23:53.577" Title="Nasal congestion on wakeup in healthy individuals vs. vasomotor rhinitis sufferers" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;vasomotor-rhinitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1284" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1303" CreationDate="2015-06-18T04:30:51.160" Score="11" ViewCount="1396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it theoretically possible to eat fast food from McDonald's or various other fast food restaurants every single day and still maintain or even lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am saying is, if you eat fast food everyday say at lunch time and if you count your calories every day, made sure you were not going over your calorie limit by eating something small for breakfast and dinner, like oats in the morning, and getting your servings of fruit and vegetables for dinner, and get regular exercise, going to the gym, not sitting down for too much, drinking plenty of water. Will you still get fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thinking is from what I know is weight lost is dependent on how many calories you put into yourselves and how many you burn off. So if your energy input is high and output is low, then you gain weight and vise versa for losing weight, regardless of carbs/protein/fat content, although fat contains higher energy per gram compared to carbs and protein so it is easier to go over your limit by eating fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="814" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T04:19:32.160" LastActivityDate="2017-06-01T09:48:14.953" Title="Eating fast food every single day" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T06:48:38.003" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently Nestle's Maggie Noodles was in news headlines and banned in India. It is said that the food crossed the permitted limits of chemicals such as monosodium glutamate, lead, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are all the aftereffects on people who were using this for a few of these years? What steps can be taken to  minimize the damages or aftereffects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="815" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-27T02:25:42.120" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T02:25:42.120" Title="What are the possible health issues caused by Maggie Noodles? What steps can be taken to minimize the aftereffects?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-27T05:57:54.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3941" CreationDate="2015-06-18T07:45:49.730" Score="6" ViewCount="1300" Body="&lt;p&gt;Twitching eyelids are common. The medical name for this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/eye-twitching/basics/causes/sym-20050838&quot;&gt;blepharospasm&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eye twitching can come and go unpredictably for a few days, weeks or months. The spasms don't hurt, but they can be annoying. In its most common form, eye twitching is harmless and stops on its own, although it may recur occasionally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can occur often throughout the day. The eyelid will rhythmically twitch. It will stop on it's own if nothing is done. Sometimes if it's pinched, it stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes this, and what can someone do to prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read this could be related to tiredness or stress. Are there other causes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="816" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:36:20.060" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:36:20.060" Title="What causes twitching eyelids? Can anything be done about them?" Tags="&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1289" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1329" CreationDate="2015-06-18T13:31:16.073" Score="10" ViewCount="13212" Body="&lt;p&gt;The red cross claims that donating blood can 'save up to three lives'  That seems a highly exaggerated best case scenario.  I'm curious, how many lives are really saved from a unit of blood?  Specifically, what is the odds of one pint of whole blood producing a product which will be used to successfully treat an otherwise fatal injury/illness etc, and that if the donor had not donated that pint a death would have occurred due to lack of sufficient supplies, or being forced to use fewer resources of less computable ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would love is the ability to do get as nuanced and exact numbers as possible, as part of the motivation of this question is to have the numbers needed to address another question on Skeptics.  If an answer doesn't want to do the exact math pointing me to the resources I need for me to do the math would be fine as well; but I don't even know what products are produced from a whole blood donation much less how to calculate the benefit of any one of those products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that blood type of the donor could play a factor here, but to address the question I'm interested in I'd prefer to know about the 'average' pint of blood, so in essence if all the donor of all the varous blood types in the US donated and you averaged all those various pings of different types together what would the average pint do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course being B+ myself I would be personally curious to know what the B+ blood type does, it would be cool to calculate a 'statistical lives saved' ratio for myself :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T14:43:19.243" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T20:50:29.293" Title="how many 'lives' are saved from one donation of blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-18T15:47:38.827" Score="4" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a young age we were taught that the treatment for a nettle sting was to rub it with a dock leaf. Conveniently, docks usually grow close to where there are nettles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this actually do something to help? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the effect entirely/mostly placebotic?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does it work? (and what is the best technique to use)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would washing/rubbing with water be as/more effective?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an adult if I get stung I have used the same treatment. It does seem to gradually calm the sting but it is difficult to say if the sting would be better without the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The treatment especially seems to help kids.&lt;/strong&gt; Looking around for dock leaves is a great distraction. Kids are really happy to be able to help and do something about the problem. I have also heard that getting stung with a nettle is &quot;lucky&quot; (think magic fairy type of lucky here - woo!) and also that it gives a boost to the immune system (now that sounds much more scientific!). These two things are another good distraction and comfort to kids especially. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical action ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does rubbing the sting with juice of dock leaf simple rub away the sting needles? And does the juice dilute the chemicals injected in the sting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the summer when the nettles are out and it is common to get stung I have found several times that no water is convenient (even in Ireland) so the best source of something cooling is a crushed dock leaf. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chemical action ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believed nettles had an acid in the sting and that dock leaves had a base. And a simple acid+base=&gt;salt+water neturalising reaction took place to calm the sting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, reading a bit more about this shows up different and sometimes contradictory information. It is hard to determine what are actual facts. What chemicals are involved depend on what article you are reading! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the facts on nettle sting are: Stinging nettles have sharp needles of silica(glass). There is a mix of chemicals which are injected by the needles. From wikipedia : several chemicals: acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT (serotonin), moroidin, leukotrienes, and possibly formic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stinging Nettle: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doc leaves are related to sorrel (and related to rhubarb). The leaves contain oxalic acid and tannins. It is also said they contains an antihistamine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dock leaf: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex_obtusifolius&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumex_obtusifolius&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="555" LastActivityDate="2015-06-18T15:47:38.827" Title="Does rubbing a nettle sting with a dock leaf actually help? How?" Tags="&lt;folk-medicine&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1315" CreationDate="2015-06-18T23:12:06.213" Score="7" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that it can cause cancer, but are there any studies that support this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T11:09:31.413" Title="What are the health risks associated with Monosodium Glutamate, if any?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1263" CreationDate="2015-06-19T01:20:54.640" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_65_(1986)&quot;&gt;California Proposition 65&lt;/a&gt; warning doesn't really tell you anything about the safety of the luggage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proposition 65 &lt;em&gt;requires&lt;/em&gt; warnings if somebody may be exposed to a substance that has a 1 in 100,000 chance of causing cancer over the course of 70 years, or has the possibility of causing birth defects or reproductive harm, as determined by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Office_of_Environmental_Health_Hazard_Assessment&quot;&gt;California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is nothing preventing warnings even if there is no risk whatsoever.  Proposition 65 permits members of the general public to sue over missing warnings, and California has a cottage industry of lawyers filing these suits any time they find something that doesn't have such a warning.  As a result, these warnings are often used as an incantation to ward off lawyers rather than an actual indication of hazard.  See, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf&quot;&gt;Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry members&lt;/a&gt;, where the list of potential carcinogens included &quot;automobile exhaust from cars in the parking lot&quot; and &quot;the possibility that someone on the grounds of the apartment building might be smoking a cigarette&quot;.  As part of the initial settlement of that suit, a warning was posted at the entrance to each building referring to a two-page list of things that might reasonably be found in or around an apartment building -- not because the apartment had lead-based paint, or used perchloroethylene cleaners, or had asbestos insulation, but to prevent further lawsuits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T01:20:54.640" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5329" CreationDate="2015-06-19T09:51:50.000" Score="4" ViewCount="353" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any studies that have investigated the effects of ingesting fluoridated drinking (esp. in high concentrations) on the intelligence (or IQ) of humans or animals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, have any such studies indicated that drinking fluoridated water may have a negative impact on intelligence (or IQ)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:17:04.340" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T06:02:07.130" Title="What is the relationship between fluoride and IQ?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1297" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1312" CreationDate="2015-06-19T12:45:32.837" Score="8" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 27 years old model and being under 8% body fat matters for me. I heard consumption of the right omega-3/6 ratio is important for this. I'm wondering whats the ideal ratio for my goal and why it is so important? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="780" LastEditorUserId="780" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T06:14:20.447" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T12:00:17.423" Title="Why omega-3/6 ratio is important?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;essential-oil&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-19T14:53:24.830" Score="7" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to read up on high cholesterol and there is &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of information out there about it. In addition to &quot;don't eat fatty foods&quot; and &quot;exercise more,&quot; there are some sources that mention vitamin D as a possible contributor to improving cholesterol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The test group received a daily dose of 1,000 mg of elemental calcium&#xA;  along with 400 IUs of vitamin D3....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blood levels of vitamin D, fasting plasma triglycerides, HDL, and LDL&#xA;  cholesterol levels were assessed at the beginning and end of the&#xA;  trial. After two years, women who received the vitamin D and calcium&#xA;  supplements had a 38 percent increased mean vitamin D level compared&#xA;  to the placebo group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They also had a 4.46-mg/dL mean decrease in LDL. Furthermore, higher&#xA;  vitamin D concentrations were associated with higher HDL combined with&#xA;  lower LDL and triglyceride levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/04/14/vitamin-d-cholesterol-levels.aspx&quot;&gt;Mercola&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like there is a correlation, but I'm curious how that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T18:50:11.547" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T09:43:14.947" Title="Is there a relationship between vitamin D levels and cholesterol?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;hdl&gt;&lt;ldl&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-19T17:39:48.667" Score="5" ViewCount="1649" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading a book about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Urine Therapy&lt;/a&gt; called &quot;The Water of Life&quot; by John W. Armstrong. The book states that urine contains many minerals, enzymes and hormones that are necessary for the body. The book recommends drinking urine to help with many diseases. It is recommended even for physical wounds and states that urine is a natural cure for many serious diseases. I have also read that there are many medicines which use extracts from the urine. Does urine contain extra minerals needed for the body? If so, is it advisable to drink urine directly to get them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, are there any active studies or research on the effectiveness of Urine therapy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some list of medicines which use extracts of urine (as said in above mentioned book),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2-CdA for treatment of cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;urokinase - heart treatment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;metrodin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pergonal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;panafil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Primarin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aminoserve&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="815" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T19:29:08.090" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T17:31:20.760" Title="What are the the possible effects of drinking urine? Does it provide extra minerals, hormones and enzymes needed for the body?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1300" CreationDate="2015-06-19T18:21:58.830" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your own Wikipedia page already states that &quot;There is no scientific evidence of a therapeutic use for untreated urine&quot; and &quot;According to the American Cancer Society, &quot;available scientific evidence does not support claims that urine or urea given in any form is helpful for cancer patients&quot; &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But lets me show you more detailed evidence. First urine is nothing more than : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with the remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration, urea 9.3 g/L, chloride 1.87 g/L, sodium 1.17 g/L, potassium 0.750 g/L, creatinine 0.670 g/L and other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds (see this &lt;a href=&quot;http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710023044_1971023044.pdf&quot;&gt;nasa study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that urine is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/urine-not-sterile-and-neither-rest-you&quot;&gt;not 100% sterile&lt;/a&gt;, but usually won't harm a healthy people if you drink it (and the urine is from a healthy person too that didn't drink any drug or poisons) but the only situation i can see it would be good to drink your own urine is if you are dehydrating to death and even that is not really recommended ( see this wonderful question on &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1540/is-it-a-good-idea-to-drink-your-own-urine-in-a-survival-situation&quot;&gt;skeptics.se&lt;/a&gt; ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you could think if we have potassium and other minerals in urine why not drink it? Because you can get much more by eating food and hormones are produced by your own body you don't need to drink pee to replace that, and they become urine for a good reason, see the conclusion of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032614/&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is strongly suggested that alternative therapies should be non-hazardous, and therefore, inappropriate administration of remedies, such as urine therapy in pediatric health conditions should be discouraged, considering the fact that no documented scientific / clinical evidence of the beneficial effect of urine therapy in clinical had been reported, while multiple antibiotic resistant bacterial species had also been recovered from such urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: About your medicines listed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/cons/metrodin.html&quot;&gt;Metrodin&lt;/a&gt; = Wrong. Metrodin is is a man-made hormone called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is produced in the body by the pituitary gland. &lt;strong&gt;May&lt;/strong&gt; appear on urine, however in &lt;strong&gt;very low&lt;/strong&gt; concentrations to justify drinking your own pee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/cons/pergonal.html&quot;&gt;Pergonal&lt;/a&gt; = Wrong. Menotropins are a mixture of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) that are produced in the body by the pituitary gland. &lt;strong&gt;May&lt;/strong&gt; appear on urine, however in &lt;strong&gt;very low&lt;/strong&gt; concentrations to justify drinking your own pee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.druglib.com/druginfo/panafil/description_pharmacology/&quot;&gt;Panafil&lt;/a&gt; = Wrong.It is a proteolytic enzyme derived from the fruit of carica papaya. The only &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; (not 100%) way its going to end up in your urine is if you are eating the fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/cladribine.aspx&quot;&gt;2-CdA&lt;/a&gt; = 2-CdA is the trade name for cladribine. Leustatin and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine are other names for cladribine. It &lt;strong&gt;was&lt;/strong&gt; extracted from urine and according to Wikipedia it was first synthesized at Brigham Young University (meaning they don't extract it from urine anymore), they do appear in urine but in &lt;strong&gt;too low&lt;/strong&gt; concentrations to justify drinking your own pee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/mtm/urokinase.html&quot;&gt;Urokinase&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Urokinase&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; = Urokinase is a man-made product developed using a protein that occurs naturally in the kidneys. Urokinase is made from human kidney cells and albumin (part of the blood) which may contain viruses and other infectious agents. Urokinase was originally &lt;strong&gt;isolated&lt;/strong&gt; from human urine, but is present in several physiological locations, such as blood stream and the extracellular matrix. Again, they do appear in urine but in &lt;strong&gt;too low&lt;/strong&gt; concentrations to justify drinking your own pee.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why drinking your own pee to get this substances is completely non-sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A single &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/45005-banana-nutrition-facts.html&quot;&gt;Banana&lt;/a&gt; have 450mg of potassium or 13% of our recommended intake. 2L of urine have 1500mg potassium or ~31% of recommended daily intake. But at this scale you would get 18,6g of urea, 3,74g of chloride and 2,34g of sodium too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Frequently-Asked-Questions-FAQs-About-Sodium_UCM_306840_Article.jsp&quot;&gt;American Heart Association in 2010 chose to recommend that Americans eat less than 1,500 mg/day sodium as part of the definition of ideal cardiovascular health.&lt;/a&gt;. So you going 840mg above your ideal sodium consumption only with urine, &lt;strong&gt;long term drinking urine and a diet high in sodium will really hurt your health.&lt;/strong&gt; (I don't think i have to cite the consequences of too much sodium right? Just google for it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now see the dangers of excess of &lt;a href=&quot;http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx&quot;&gt;Chloride&lt;/a&gt; note that &lt;strong&gt;The normal adult value for chloride is 97-107 mEq/L.&lt;/strong&gt; and you will be consuming 3,74g to get only ~31% of your potassium intake. I didn't find a good converter online so i will let this to someone who can do this math. But just 1g/l is a lot more than 107meq/l. You only going to make your poor kidney to work much harder to handle all this chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now about urea, this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/1022tr.pdf&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is limited information to suggest that the liver, kidney, and pituitary could be targets of urea toxicity. Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005a), there is “inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential” of urea. Epidemiologic studies of humans chronically exposed to urea alone or urea-containing mixtures are limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But drinking 18,6g of urea daily surely can't be good to you. There is no scientific evidence for health benefits of drinking this. Lack of studies is not equal to no toxicity! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For hormones i think you can see why is totally no-sense, the amount of urine you would have to drink to get any considerable amount would be insane and toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T04:44:10.420" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T04:44:10.420" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1302" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1332" CreationDate="2015-06-19T18:24:17.150" Score="6" ViewCount="2573" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done some research on this topic and there appears to be conflicting viewpoints. Some petroleum jelly products in stores state that it is non-comedogenic (it does not cause acne), while some health sources and experts state that it is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is petroleum jelly comedogenic (causes acne), or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:17:32.637" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T00:47:33.337" Title="Is petroleum jelly comedogenic?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1284" CreationDate="2015-06-19T18:34:00.440" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have eaten McDonalds for lunch every (week) day for the past 2+ years, I can tell you it has nothing to do with weight gain or loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the vast majority of people, losing and gaining weight is &lt;strong&gt;all about calories&lt;/strong&gt;; nothing else. Genetics plays a role, but it is insignificant in the grand scheme of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many problems with the quality of food from McDonalds, but I will focus on answering your question within regards to weight gain/loss only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The foods at McDonalds are very calorie-dense, and non-satiating. One big mac has ~563 calories... add on the large fires (~480) and large coke (~310) with that and it equals over 1300 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1300&lt;/strong&gt;+ calories is an INSANE amount for one meal, which won't even keep you satiated (full) for very long. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it's really a poor choice when it comes to weight loss.. because if you are trying to lose weight, your daily caloric intake wouldn't be too much higher than that (unless you're a bodybuilder or athlete). Some short women wouldn't even have 1300 calories total in their daily intake... that's how much calories that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, if you're on some kind of diet such as intermittent fasting, and you don't eat much else other than that single meal a day.. you can still successfully lose weight even if you eat this meal each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As long as the calories you consume each day is lower than your TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure), you will lose weight.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-06-19T19:18:52.837" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T19:18:52.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="919" CreationDate="2015-06-19T21:53:49.123" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is produced in the skin, not the eyes.&lt;a href=&quot;http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would imagine that when those indigenous peoples were introduced to sunglasses, they were also introduced to a number of other items they had never previously known, such as tobacco, alcohol and fast food. Diseases they had no immunity to might also have played a role. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The synthesis of vitamin D is well understood and sources describing it can be found in many places so I'm not going to quote the entire process, but a good explanation can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/6/1678S.full&quot;&gt;here under the heading &quot;PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. In short, it's a passive process that occurs in the skin and is not regulated by the brain, eyes, or other organs. What determines the amount of vitamin D synthesized by the body? Solely the amount of UVB photons penetrating the skin and the person's age:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anything that either influences the number of solar UVB photons that penetrate the skin or alters the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin influences the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. The amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermis is relatively constant until later in life, when it begins to decline (17, 18). &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/6/1678S.full&quot;&gt;Ibid., &quot;FACTORS THAT ALTER THE CUTANEOUS PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN D3&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no other factors mentioned in synthesis, and as you can see from the diagram &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/6/1678S/F3.large.jpg&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; there is no involvement of the eyes or brain in vitamin D physiology at any point. Could there be an indirect involvement of the brain since it also controls the parathyroid glands? Yes, there could, but that wouldn't change the results of how we measure vitamin D levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, an assertion that the eyes are involved in vitamin D deficiencies is purely speculative and the burden of providing evidence for it would be on the person making the assertion. I can find no evidence to support the notion. It's also a little odd considering that a huge number of people living in developed countries have been wearing sunglasses for many decades without ill effect. Why would we have not seen this effect long ago? Is it possible these indigenous peoples have unique genetic differences that altered their basic mammalian vitamin D physiology and somehow caused their eyes to be involved? Well, anything's possible, but that would be an &lt;em&gt;astonishing&lt;/em&gt; finding and it also is purely speculative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T16:10:56.020" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T16:10:56.020" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1128" CreationDate="2015-06-19T23:28:18.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the biggest issue (already mentioned by Joshua Frank) is our flawed understanding of how nutrition interacts with human health, especially for the long term. If nutrition were as easy as Soylent claims, well, we could take a multivitamin and eat ice cream for the rest of our lives, no problem. But what do you know, it's more complicated than that. We're constantly discovering new nutrients or new roles for nutrients we already knew about. We now know from microbiome- and psychology- related research that we are not simply the sum of what we eat, but also why we eat and how we eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably won't die from consuming Soylent (people eat more terrible things all the time), but I wouldn't consider it any healthier than, say, Wonderbread with a multivitamin chaser. In the end, I merely consider it another addition to our supermarkets full of highly processed food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And dude - it's made of people. Gross.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="831" LastActivityDate="2015-06-19T23:28:18.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1284" CreationDate="2015-06-20T00:06:23.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;em&gt;theoretically&lt;/em&gt; possible. However, if your goal is to lose or even maintain weight, eating fast food every day will make something already difficult even more difficult. Calories are not the whole picture. Achieving lasting weight loss requires changing one's relationship to food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="831" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T00:06:23.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-20T03:27:04.230" Score="5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several online drug interaction checkers such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/interaction-checker/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. This one classes interactions as one of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do Not Take Together &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serious &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minor &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible message that checkers like this can give is &quot;X will decrease/increase the level or effect of Y by altering drug metabolism&quot;. How offput should one be by this? (Where 'offput' is not some soft, subjective degree of worry, but strength of reasons to be put off taking something.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my particular case because the mix of anti-depresssion/anxiety drugs I've been prescribed for a long time (by a top level specialist) give such a mix:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ILDXs.png&quot; alt=&quot;drugs&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I've taken this without side effects.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise when I add modafinal (over the counter here, and I gather pretty safe), a similar message pops up (except that it's for a decrease):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4AFLV.png&quot; alt=&quot;modafinil&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="832" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-20T04:15:05.947" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T21:59:19.633" Title="How offput should one be when drug interaction checkers say &quot;X will decrease/increase the level or effect of Y by altering drug metabolism&quot;?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1310" CreationDate="2015-06-20T03:50:23.233" Score="3" ViewCount="3051" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much T4 thyroid is equivalent to an amount of T3? E.g. will x T4 generally be created to 1/2x T3?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="832" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T08:00:11.247" Title="How much T4 thyroid is equivalent to an amount of T3?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1311" CreationDate="2015-06-20T04:02:44.157" Score="5" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a non-citizen in Canada. What are the rules on getting personal prescriptions mailed to me from my home country? I have long-term prescriptions which would (I think?) be much more expensive to get here, but are free back home. I have a sympathetic doctor there who'd dispense them to my children to mail to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="832" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T13:29:13.260" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T13:29:13.260" Title="What are the rules on getting personal prescriptions mailed to you in Canada?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1308" CreationDate="2015-06-20T08:00:11.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://healthunlocked.com/thyroiduk/posts/789489/t3-vs-t4-read-t3-five-times-strength-t4.-also-t3-ten-times-stronger.-which-is-it-penny&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is the best answer I could find (from a page with more discussion):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a mythical &quot;normal&quot; human, around one third of the T4 is converted&#xA;  to T3. So you could argue that T3 is &quot;three times as strong as T4&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When taking tablets, for example, changing from T4 only to mixed T3&#xA;  and T4, it is common to estimate on the basis of T4 being one quarter&#xA;  the &quot;strength&quot; of T3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, 100 mcg T4 (thyroxine) could be similar to 25 mcg of T3&#xA;  (liothyronine) OR 50 mcg of T4 plus 12.5 mcg of T3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This seems a reasonable basis for estimating doses but it is no better&#xA;  than an informed guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BUT if you are NOT converting properly this falls down. Imagine if you&#xA;  are taking 100 mcg of thyroxine and NONE of it is converting. So you&#xA;  have NO T3. You then take just 10 mcg of T3 and that has an effect&#xA;  which the T4 NEVER had. So there really is no way you can think of one&#xA;  being stronger than the other. One does something; the other does not&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T08:00:11.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1309" CreationDate="2015-06-20T08:05:14.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can import 90 days (3 months) drug prescription supply - it sounds like you can do this in multiple times. There is a concise summary of this at &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140321030753AARucHH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140321030753AARucHH&lt;/a&gt; but the closest (imperfect) primary source I've found is &lt;a href=&quot;http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/medication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/medication&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The drug must be for your use or for the use of a person who is travelling with you and for whom you are responsible. The drug must be shipped or carried in hospital or pharmacy-dispensed packaging, the original retail packaging, or have the original label attached to it clearly indicating what the health product is and what it contains&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I also remember finding this from a more direct government source a year ago when I looked for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T08:05:14.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1297" CreationDate="2015-06-20T08:09:13.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;ved=0CB8QFjAB&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12442909&amp;amp;ei=3R6FVdGmEYKuoQTDuYToCw&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNH8dDURblsTT3fkyTWv3Q0AsGVhaQ&amp;amp;sig2=T9AqdFHg_Wj5XQv3fCj_OA&amp;amp;bvm=bv.96339352,d.cGU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From the NIH&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not undisputed though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#Interconversion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#Interconversion&lt;/a&gt; explains the importance. It's hard to summarize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="833" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T08:09:13.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1313" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10548" CreationDate="2015-06-20T08:53:32.523" Score="5" ViewCount="2775" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, alcohol has calories, 7 per gram. But there are many substances which have internal energy but are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; digestible by humans. For example, if I burn beeswax, I'll release lots of energy, but if I eat it, I think it won't count towards my caloric intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen diet information sources which warn about the calories present in alcohol, but I have never seen a nutrition label which lists the calories from alcohol. It is also not considered a macronutrient in the classic &quot;proteins, fats, carbohydrates&quot; list. While I get it why nobody would suggest that alcohol becomes a regular energy source in the diet, I had the impression that those three are an exclusive list of compounds the body can use to gain energy. I find these contradictions confusing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the end, are the calories from alcohol utilized by the body, or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T18:24:05.033" Title="Is drinking alcohol a form of energy intake?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1313" CreationDate="2015-06-20T09:58:08.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many lists of macro-nutrients that exclude alcohol but this is often due to the fact that alcohol is not essential to our survival.  Alcohol is the only other substance that provides the body energy in addition to the three main macro-nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, alcohol definitely can be absorbed by the body (as evidenced by the behaviors exhibited by many after consuming large quantities of it) and the body is able to utilize the energy from alcohol. Therefore you should definitely include it in your Calorie counting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site has a list of various alcoholic beverages and their energy contents for you to peruse at your leisure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weightlossresources.co.uk/calories-in-food/alcoholic-drinks.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.weightlossresources.co.uk/calories-in-food/alcoholic-drinks.htm&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T09:58:08.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1293" CreationDate="2015-06-20T11:09:31.413" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There several concerns related to MSG (monosodium glutamate):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it contains &lt;strong&gt;sodium&lt;/strong&gt;, so it might rise the blood pressure leading to &lt;strong&gt;hypertension&lt;/strong&gt;, a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it has been found to be strictly related to &lt;strong&gt;overweight and obesity&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/93/6/1328.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;), possibly because it improves the palatability of food (= it makes you feel you like it, and you want more) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938407005021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in relation to &lt;strong&gt;cancer&lt;/strong&gt;, I couldn't find much information about the topic. I would suggest you to visit whe webpage &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.msgtruth.org/cancer.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.msgtruth.org/cancer.htm&lt;/a&gt; . On the same page there are several links on the right side showing connections of MSG to &lt;strong&gt;other diseases&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T11:09:31.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-20T11:53:33.013" Score="15" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yoga has been accepted as a way of life by so many people irrespective of religion and country. There is world wide promotion for the Yoga and June 21 is going to be celebrate as International Yoga day. Yoga go hand in hand with body and mind, as mental health and body health are related. I want to know how beneficial is Yoga to body compared to other exercises like jogging, gym,etc ?    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="815" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:44:08.643" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:44:08.643" Title="What are the health benefits of Yoga?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;yoga&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1164" CreationDate="2015-06-20T12:04:37.977" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;This subject is very broad and a detailed answer would require to be a whole book. Shortly I can say that vegetarians and vegans have lower rates of &lt;strong&gt;mortality&lt;/strong&gt; (both by ischemic heart disease and total) (1-3) and lower incidence rates of &lt;strong&gt;diabetes&lt;/strong&gt; (4) and &lt;strong&gt;cancer&lt;/strong&gt; (5,6). Vegetarian diets are related to lower &lt;strong&gt;blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt; (7,8), lower &lt;strong&gt;body weight&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Body Mass Index&lt;/strong&gt; (BMI) (3,9), lower serum levels of &lt;strong&gt;total and LDL cholesterol&lt;/strong&gt; (3) (LDL is &quot;the bad one&quot;), lower levels of C-reactive protein (10) (= show a lower lever of chronical inflammation), and higher &lt;strong&gt;insulin sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; (11) (this means they're less prone to diabetes). All this has been found studying people that were already vegetarian or vegan at the moment of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also experiments of people &lt;strong&gt;switching&lt;/strong&gt; their diet to vegetarian or vegan for medical purpose, say get rid of &lt;strong&gt;diabetes or heart disease&lt;/strong&gt;. A review of these successful experiments is &lt;a href=&quot;https://lacucinadeibriganti.wordpress.com/articoli/diete-vegane-per-la-cura-delle-malattie-cardiovascolari-e-metaboliche/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;; basically people who switched to a low-fat lof-glycemic index vegan diet showed improvements in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemic control, insulin resistance, less need for drugs, reduction of cardiac events, reversal of heart disease. (12-16)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to read more scientific studies on vegetarianism you might also want to check these: 17-21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I would like to add my personal experience (3 years vegetarian + 8 vegan): I feel better, my mind is more active, I can keep working or studying after lunch, I stopped having terrible pain in the intestine (probably due to putrefaction of meat during digestion) and my blood analysis are perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R. Dietary and Lifestyle Determinants of Mortality among German Vegetarians. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22(2):228-236. doi:10.1093/ije/22.2.228.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thorogood M, Mann J, Appleby P, McPherson K. Risk of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat eaters. BMJ. 1994;308(6945):1667-1670. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6945.1667.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3):516S-524. Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/70/3/516s.short&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/70/3/516s.short&lt;/a&gt;. Accessed May 15, 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Snowdon DA, Phillips RL. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? Am J Public Health. 1985;75(5):507-512. doi:10.2105/AJPH.75.5.507.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(4):233-40. doi:10.1159/000337301.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lanou AJ, Svenson B. Reduced cancer risk in vegetarians: an analysis of recent reports. Cancer Manag Res. 2010;3:1-8. doi:10.2147/CMR.S6910.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fu C-H, Yang CCH, Lin C-L, Kuo TBJ. Effects of long-term vegetarian diets on cardiovascular autonomic functions in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(3):380-3. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.057.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(5):645-54. doi:10.1079/PHN2002332.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(6):728-34. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Blazicek P. C-reactive protein and nutrition. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2005;106(11):345-7. Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16541618&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16541618&lt;/a&gt;. Accessed May 15, 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kuo C-S, Lai N-S, Ho L-T, Lin C-L. Insulin sensitivity in Chinese ovo-lactovegetarians compared with omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(2):312-6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601783. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Jenkins, D. J. A., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, L., Green, A., &amp;amp; Ferdowsian, H. (2009). A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), 1588S–1596S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ornish, D., Brown, S. E., Billings, J. H., Scherwitz, L. W., Armstrong, W. T., Ports, T. A., … Brand, R. J. (1990). Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lancet, 336(8708), 129–133. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91656-U&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Esselstyn, C. B. (1999). Updating a 12-year experience with arrest and reversal therapy for coronary heart disease (an overdue requiem for palliative cardiology). The American Journal of Cardiology, 84(3), 339–341. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00290-8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Marchie, A., Faulkner, D. A., Wong, J. M. W., de Souza, R., … Connelly, P. W. (2003). Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA, 290(4), 502–10. doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.502&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Faulkner, D., Vidgen, E., Trautwein, E. A., Parker, T. L., … Connelly, P. W. (2002). A dietary portfolio approach to cholesterol reduction: combined effects of plant sterols, vegetable proteins, and viscous fibers in hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 51(12), 1596–604. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.35578&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Craig, Winston, J., Mangels, Ann, R., Craig, W. J., &amp;amp; Mangels, A. R. (2009). Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7), 1266–82. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ferdowsian, H. R., &amp;amp; Barnard, N. D. (2009). Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. The American Journal of Cardiology, 104(7), 947–56. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.032&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W., Marchie, A., Jenkins, A. L., Augustin, L. S., Ludwig, D. S., … Anderson, J. W. (2003). Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr, 78(3), 610S–616. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/610S.short&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/610S.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trapp, C. B., &amp;amp; Barnard, N. D. (2010). Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports, 10(2), 152–8. doi:10.1007/s11892-010-0093-7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trapp, C., &amp;amp; Levin, S. (2012). Preparing to Prescribe Plant-Based Diets for Diabetes Prevention and Treatment. Diabetes Spectrum, 25(1), 38–44. doi:10.2337/diaspect.25.1.38&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T12:04:37.977" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-20T20:32:39.090" Score="6" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the health implications of Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene presence in tap water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider three cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Direct consumption (drinking the water)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Indirect consumption (cooking with the water)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exposure (bathing/showering)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="836" LastEditorUserId="844" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T21:07:42.437" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T23:49:29.317" Title="Benzene derivatives in tap water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1255" CreationDate="2015-06-20T21:35:56.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will answer your questions separately:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;strong&gt;Teeth can shift on their own&lt;/strong&gt;, due to the fact that they are supported by the periodontal ligament (PDL) that holds the teeth by their roots in your mouth, while still allowing them to move slightly. Think of it as a shock absorber. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most movement of teeth happens due to pressure that is applied to your teeth (ex: biting when eating) but also when an orthodontist slowly moves the teeth into place by having the orthodontic wire push and pull your teeth in a certain way for a long time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wearing a retainer is important, to prevent the teeth from returning to the way they were before wearing braces. The periodontal ligament has a certain memory and will tend to &quot;spring&quot; back to where it was before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;strong&gt;Your orthodontist should tell you exactly how often and how long you should wear the retainer.&lt;/strong&gt; Here is an example of what an orthodontist might tell you: &quot;Some retainers are used full-time for the first 6 months; after that, the retainers are worn only at night, for a few years. Other retainers are worn full-time for about a week, and solely at night thereafter. Fixed retainers are normally kept in place for 5 years&quot; [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;strong&gt;Yes, you may drink water with your retainer in your mouth.&lt;/strong&gt; Avoid eating or drinking anything else when wearing your retainer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of my Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ndcs.com.sg/ForPatientsAndVisitors/ConditionsAndTreatments/Glossary/Pages/Orthodontics-AfterBracesAlwaysRetainers.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.ndcs.com.sg/ForPatientsAndVisitors/ConditionsAndTreatments/Glossary/Pages/Orthodontics-AfterBracesAlwaysRetainers.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T21:35:56.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1326" CreationDate="2015-06-20T22:27:38.957" Score="13" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any real trouble swallowing pills, and I do it several times a day.  But when I try to swallow a pill without food or water in my mouth, it is a bit tricky.  We're not talking about huge horse pills either, just regular, relatively small pills.  I can swallow a whole raw oyster, which is the size of hundreds of pills combined, but a single little capsule or tablet is too much for me to consume without food or water?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It feels like I am struggling to convince my tongue and throat to cooperate with me, and they don't trust my judgment in choosing what I should and shouldn't swallow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going on here?  Is there some sort of physiological explanation for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note:  I am fully aware that my tongue and throat don't have minds of their own, and are incapable of trusting or mistrusting me.  I am merely trying to explain what it feels like.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T15:09:45.947" Title="Why is it so much harder to swallow pills than it is to swallow food?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1321" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1721" CreationDate="2015-06-20T22:37:58.300" Score="9" ViewCount="1847" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people (especially those who take antidepressants), including myself, are familiar with the experience of what has been called &quot;brain zaps&quot;.  I was not aware that the sensation had a name or that it was experienced by other people until very recently.  I always thought of it as a mental strobe effect or mental flashes.  However, it appears that the popular term for it is indeed &quot;brain zaps&quot;.  People who take antidepressants know this feeling because it often reminds them that they haven't taken their medication that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is quite obviously not a medical diagnosis, and it is difficult to imagine a less technical term for the symptom.  Is there a real name for this condition or symptom?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T05:28:49.733" Title="Is there a technical term for the phenomenon known as &quot;brain zaps&quot;?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1284" CreationDate="2015-06-20T23:12:20.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible.  If you eat 0.0001 grams of McDonald's fast food every day, and nothing else, you will lose weight.  Guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of this rather silly answer is that it's the quantity of calories you eat (and burn), not anything magic about the source of the calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2015-06-20T23:12:20.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1128" CreationDate="2015-06-20T23:47:58.860" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wisest thing ever said on television was in an old margarine commercial: &quot;It's not nice to fool Mother Nature.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating Soylent exclusively, or as a high percentage of food intake, is unwise, and the fact that some people seem to be getting away with it, unscathed, should offer little reassurance.  As others have remarked, we have no way of knowing if we know all the essential nutrients Mother Nature wants us to have.  And we may not ever know, because nutrient deficiencies can take years or decades to appear.  Vitamin B12 and vitamin E are examples of this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recall one lecturer talk about a vitamin or mineral deficiency that was discovered by medical science only because a woman had habitually eaten nothing but an egg on toast for 20 years (cannot remember what it was).  And then there are other deficiencies that have come to light much more recently, when hyperalimentation solutions lacked something that humans had never before suspected was essential (I'm thinking vanadium, but again am not sure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this, I would additionally be concerned about the very naive medical reasoning that Soylent's inventor evinces.  On this page &lt;a href=&quot;http://robrhinehart.com/?p=424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://robrhinehart.com/?p=424&lt;/a&gt; he wonders if his family's fondness for tomatoes reflects a salutary  effect of lycopene peculiar to his family's genetics.  Nothing is impossible, of course, but the unstated assumption, which appears often in Soylent discussions, is that human appetite for specific substances is correlated with the body's need for, or benefit from, those specific substances.  Although true for calories (we get hungry when deprived of calories), in general it is balderdash -- go read about pica and cissa.  (You'll read, for example, about iron deficiency causing a massive craving for ice, which is, of course, iron-free.  Iron deficiency also causes craving for tomato seeds, which are poor in iron; maybe the inventor's family is iron deficient.)  And then you can go read about B12 deficiency (called pernicious anemia, because it was uniformly fatal).  Those people had aversions to meat, when, in fact, meat was the food richest in the nutrient they were missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Life is an exceedingly complex and subtle machine, and it's risky to think that humans can re-engineer macro processes that are built into us at the deepest levels.  If you consume a lot of Soylent and get a disease unknown to medical science, I will be very happy, because we will have learned something about metabolism, and minimally sad, because it was a choice you didn't have to make.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="332" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T00:06:21.337" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T00:06:21.337" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T02:18:14.060" Score="6" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally my sweat tastes salty.  But in hot weather it often gets bland.  I notice that when that happens I don't seem to retain water: I'll drink to the point that my urine is frequent and clear, but I'll still be thirsty.  And my perspiration rate will go up noticeably: I'll be dripping with sweat when I'm just a little hot, where in the same conditions with salty sweat my perspiration rate will be more measured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have long resorted to basically using the absence of salty sweat as a sign to supplement my salt intake, either by over-salting my food, eating salty snacks, or taking electrolyte pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a low-salt diet, and I don't work or exercise outside to the degree that many people do.  I'm in good shape and no blood or urine analysis has ever uncovered anything abnormal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I remember some time ago hearing that salt supplements were considered obsolete.  And nobody I know with more aggressive exercise routines supplements their salt intake.  In fact they all think the idea sounds ridiculous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So am I misreading the signs of electrolyte imbalance?  Or am I responding incorrectly?  Could I have an above-average electrolyte &quot;metabolism&quot; or demand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T23:44:20.427" Title="Should I use salt supplements if my sweat is bland?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1320" CreationDate="2015-06-21T11:55:53.760" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The human (and other animals) upper digestive tract is 'designed' to ingest relatively large (compared to most pills), soft, moist boluses.  The muscles of the tongue and pharynx can propel these kinds of objects (including liquid) into the esophagus with ease, unless there is some specific pathology at work.  Chewing also tends to naturally push food toward the swallowing position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tablets and capsules you asked about, on the other hand, tend to be dry and hard and are not chewed.  There is little for the tongue and throat muscles to 'grab' as they try to push the object back to where it can actually enter the esophagus.  They also tend to get stuck because of their dryness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have actually swallowed a pill without water or food to help it along, the difficulty for the ingestion process does not end.  The esophagus also has difficulty pushing them down to the stomach, though gravity helps.  Sometimes they do end up lodged in the esophagus where they ultimately dissolve and pass on down, but not before they may have caused damage to the lining of the esophagus from their caustic properties or just from the pressure of it's presence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The struggle is your tongue and throat telling you, &quot;You are asking me to do something I wasn't designed to do!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597750/&quot;&gt;Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing  – Normal and Abnormal&lt;/a&gt; is an excellent discussion of human swallowing by Koichiro Matsuo, DDS, PhD and Jeffrey B. Palmer, MD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="844" LastEditorUserId="844" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:09:45.947" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T15:09:45.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1307" CreationDate="2015-06-21T12:28:11.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;These interaction checkers are great tools and many physicians use them in making prescription decisions.  A very experienced physician will already know this information about medications they prescribe regularly, but there is so much information and so many medications now, it is good for healthcare consumers to educate themselves about what they are putting into their bodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next part of that education is to bring these results and your concerns to your healthcare provider and ask them to explain the risk/benefit balance they believe is being achieved with this particular mix of medications.  At the same time, make sure they are aware of the over-the-counter medications you are using as well, and get their advice on which of those to use or avoid with the mix of medications you are on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question was, &quot;How offput should one be by this?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ultimate answer for you question is be offput enough to &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; understand the decisions being made for you in the physician's office, so you can help in making those decisions.  That is how you become a participant, rather than just a consumer, in your healthcare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/ucm163354.htm&quot;&gt;Drug Interactions: What You Should Know&lt;/a&gt; is an article published by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration about this very topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="844" LastEditorUserId="844" LastEditDate="2015-06-21T15:22:20.980" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T15:22:20.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1289" CreationDate="2015-06-21T14:25:23.853" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your skepticism may come from not understanding the process behind the claim.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A single unit of blood is separated into 4 main &quot;blood products&quot;: red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. Another product called cryoprecipitate can be produced from frozen then thawed plasma and is used in special circumstances.  Whole blood is rarely used for transfusions anymore because of problems with transfusion reactions and, quite frankly, except in the case of massive hemorrhage, a single person rarely needs all these components all at once (and even then they probably won't need white blood cells).  Red blood cells (or packed red blood cells) are what most people think of when they get a &quot;blood transfusion.&quot;  Plasma is given to people who do not have enough clotting factors in their blood to stop bleeding that is currently occurring or if it should occur.  Platelets are given to people who are not producing enough platelets to keep them from bleeding to death.  White blood cells are rarely given anymore, but there may be occasion to use them in specific cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now did that one unit save up to 3 lives?  Well, to answer that the question of whether their lives were in danger to begin with has to be answered.  The answer is, &quot;Yes!&quot;  When will they die without the product?  For some it's in the next several minutes, for others it may be hours, days or weeks, but in every case these peoples lives are in danger without the products derived from human blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But did that unit all by itself achieve this? No, but in concert with the donations of others it &lt;strong&gt;contributed&lt;/strong&gt; to saving &quot;up to 3 lives.&quot; Because doctors try avoid using precious blood products until it is absolutely necessary by treating patients with other methods if possible, so by the time a person definitely requires blood products, they will get more than one unit, but had they been given products earlier without giving the 'other methods' a chance to work they would have needed just as much, maybe more, over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Cancer Society has an excellent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/bloodproductdonationandtransfusion/blood-transfusion-and-donation-types-of-transfusions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary of types of blood transfusions and what they are used for here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think the claim is derived from any particular set of statistics or the hard and fast numbers that you are seeking, but from the process involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best collection of statistical information online may be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood Transfusion and Donation&lt;/a&gt; published by the National Institutes of Health and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;, published by the US Department of Health and Human Services (and several other departments and agencies).  These 2 documents contain the most current comprehensive data available on blood collection and transfusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="844" LastEditorUserId="844" LastEditDate="2015-06-23T09:48:30.670" LastActivityDate="2015-06-23T09:48:30.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-21T17:01:32.320" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hereafter, for brevity, define 'regular' to mean NON-organic fruits. The collective noun 'exotic fruits' refers to  fruits excluded or neglected, in lists advising which to buy organic or not (eg &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Environmental Working Group's List of the 'Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen'&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/03/20/five-fruits-and-vegetables-where-paying-more-for-organic-might-really-be-worth-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Washington Post&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/food-recipes/healthy/news/g168/dirty-dozen-foods/?slide=11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;goodhousekeeping.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/ss/slideshow-to-buy-or-not-to-buy-organic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should only organic 'exotic fruits' be bought? If organic variants are not available, should I just skip the regular? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my local supermarkets sell only regular dragonfruit, guava, mango, and pineapple. However, these exotic fruits originate from countries with more dubious environmental or safety standards, or  without any norms or oversight whatsoever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T22:08:11.630" Title="For more exotic fruits, need you buy organic or not?" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;organic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1302" CreationDate="2015-06-21T19:46:44.587" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right that there are conflicting viewpoints about whether or not Vaseline and other types of petroleum jelly, also known as petrolatum, are comedogenic (can cause or worsen acne). There are medical professionals who will say that petroleum jelly will cause acne, while others might argue the opposite. The same also goes for research, though most research points to petroleum jelly being non-comedogenic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why might petroleum jelly be comedogenic? Petroleum jelly is very greasy. This greasiness could cause petroleum jelly to be comedogenic. Research has also shown this may be the case, but there is also some more reliable research that suggests that this is false. Because people have wondered if petroleum jelly is comedogenic for a long time, most studies on this topic are a little bit older (pre-2000). Also, most studies that suggest the petroleum jelly might cause acne were done on rabbits, who are much more sensitive to cosmetics than humans are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 1972 article that introduced acne cosmetica,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=532944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; acne caused by cosmetic products, tested many different cosmetic creams on rabbit ear canals, and found that many of them, including petroleum jelly, were mildly comedogenic. The research also found that using petroleum jelly or other cosmetic substances can cause mild acne breakouts in some woman. This research wasn't extremely convincing that petroleum jelly is comedogenic as rabbits aren't the perfect model for seeing what the effect would be on human skin. Also, the research done on petroleum jelly's effect on actual human skin showed that it caused comedonal reactions, but only in some women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most reliable study testing if petroleum jelly is comedogenic is probably a 1996 study by the same man who did the previous study I mentioned.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.scconline.org/pdf/cc1996/cc047n01/p00041-p00048.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The results, after testing different products that use petroleum jelly on different groups of patients, were that there wasn't any comedogenic potential in petroleum jelly. Petroleum jelly also didn't worsen acne at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is most likely that petroleum jelly is not comedogenic. Some studies point to it being comedogenic as a possibility, but rabbit ears are much more sensitive than human skin, so it is impossible to get definitive information from those studies. If you are worried about getting acne from using a product like Vaseline, you should be fine. Odds are, the Vaseline would be helping you more than hurting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=532944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: &quot;Acne Cosmetica&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.scconline.org/pdf/cc1996/cc047n01/p00041-p00048.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: Petrolalum is not comedogenic in rabbits or humans: A critical reappraisal of the rabbit ear assay and the concept of &quot;acne cosmetica&quot; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T00:47:33.337" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T00:47:33.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1307" CreationDate="2015-06-21T21:59:19.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These programs tend to flag &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; interactions, making it difficult for the patient to interpret the reaction's significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A decreased effect is usually not as dangerous (or as noticeable) as an increased effect (depending on the medication, of course), for example decreasing the metabolism of coumadin - a blood thinner - or it's active metabolites by adding an agent which inhibits it's clearance (e.g. an antifungal agent, ketaconazole). This can result in a life-threatening increased effect of coumadin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that not all drug checkers are alike in their ability to calculate risks/side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, at Web.MD, the combination of ketoconazole oral + warfarin oral will give you a &amp;quot;serious&amp;quot; risk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ketoconazole oral will increase the level or effect of warfarin oral by altering drug metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/interactions-check.php?drug_list=1412-0,2311-0&amp;amp;types%5B%5D=major&amp;amp;types%5B%5D=minor&amp;amp;types%5B%5D=moderate&amp;amp;types%5B%5D=food&amp;amp;professional=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; gives only a &amp;quot;moderate&amp;quot; risk, with the &amp;quot;professional&amp;quot; option going into more detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MONITOR: Azole antifungal agents that are potent inhibitors of CYP450 3A4 such as itraconazole, ketoconazole, and posaconazole may increase the plasma concentrations and hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin... (etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving warfarin should be closely monitored during concomitant therapy with azole antifungal agents that are potent inhibitors of CYP450 3A4. The INR should be checked frequently and warfarin dosage adjusted accordingly, particularly following initiation, change of dosage, or discontinuation of azole antifungal therapy. The same precaution may be applicable during therapy with other coumarin anticoagulants, although clinical data are lacking. Patients should be advised to promptly report any signs of bleeding to their physician, including pain, swelling, headache, dizziness, weakness, prolonged bleeding from cuts, increased menstrual flow, vaginal bleeding, nosebleeds, bleeding of gums from brushing, unusual bleeding or bruising, red or brown urine, or red or black stools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And gives you references!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a recommendation of one over another, but an example of how online checkers differ. A third option is to Google only the drugs you're mixing, which will give you not only several calculators but specific papers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, the best advice you can get is from a clinical pharmacologist, or from programs written for professionals by clinical pharmacologists. These programs cost money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be wise to approach drug interactions by asking both your doctor (when the drug is prescribed) &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; your pharmacist; if they have different advice, they should resolve it by discussing with a clinical pharmacologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Even though I check for and advise patients about possible drug interactions, I &lt;em&gt;always&lt;/em&gt; tell them to check with their pharmacist as well (in fact, it's a written part of my discharge instructions when I've prescribed a drug, mostly because many patients don't report all the drugs they are taking, don't consider OTC medications as drugs, etc.) This is a case where two heads are better than one.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T21:59:19.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1331" CreationDate="2015-06-21T22:08:11.630" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may have answered your own question (&quot;However, these exotic fruits originate from countries with more dubious environmental or safety standards, or without any norms or oversight whatsoever&quot;) if your goal is to eliminate toxic chemicals from your diet.  The point of growing organic food is to minimize, if not eliminate, the presence of toxic chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) in the food you consume.  The following articles may help you make the decision:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the article, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/organic-food/art-20043880?pg=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Organic foods: Are they safer? More nutritious?&lt;/a&gt; The Mayo Clinic explains the rationale for &quot;going organic&quot;, but they also provide some tips that may apply when an organic option is not available, as in the case you cite.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://suppversity.blogspot.com/2012/09/conventional-vs-organic-its-not-about.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Conventional vs. Organic: It's Not About Getting More, But Getting Less For Your Money. Less Pesticides, Dioxins &amp;amp; Co&lt;/a&gt;, a well documented article exploring the subject of organic vs. conventionally grown food by by Prof. Dr. Andro, Figure 1, near the top of the article shows a definite contrast in pesticide levels in organic exotic fruits vs conventionally grown exotic fruits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="844" LastActivityDate="2015-06-21T22:08:11.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5109" CreationDate="2015-06-21T23:23:10.870" Score="6" ViewCount="662" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this an urban myth, or is there a known association between lifting legs before going to sleep, and a reduction in the number of bathroom trips during the night? If so, what is the best time and duration for lifting legs? (I'm looking for basic ways to slightly improve sleep quality here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mylifestages.org/asktheexpert/QuestionAnswer.page?questionid=1679&quot;&gt;One article&lt;/a&gt; I've read mentions that elevating the legs can decrease nocturia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Simple solutions for reducing the number of times you have to void at night include restrict fluids in the evening... elevate the legs during the day (helps prevent fluid accumulation)... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:32:52.670" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:32:52.670" Title="Does lifting legs up before going to bed really reduce nocturia?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;legs&gt;&lt;nocturia&gt;&lt;elevating-elevation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3231" CreationDate="2015-06-21T23:32:47.297" Score="3" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pulse test invented by Dr. Coca involves measuring heart rate every 30 minutes after a meal to detect its rises after an allergenic meal  - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020108.coca.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020108.coca.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a device like fitbit hr or basis peak and their continuous heart rate monitor data be any useful for automating some of the pulse measuring? Has anyone practically documented the implementation of this test with such devices?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T15:53:23.157" Title="Can consumer-oriented heart rate tracking devices/smartwatches be used for implementing Dr. Coca's food sensitivity test?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T01:52:09.303" Score="5" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two years back a good friend of mine got in an accident where a nail got stuck in her waist. It was removed from her body, but after two weeks she got iron poisoning and fell into a coma for a week. Last week she again fainted. Doctors say it might be iron poisoning. Can iron poisoning return? Was it still in her body? She wasn't on any supplements or medication, so I'm not sure what could have caused this. Though it might be iron overload (hemochromatosis) from what her symptoms show. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="850" LastEditorUserId="850" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T03:06:47.237" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T06:51:01.467" Title="Does iron poisoning stay in your body?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1337" CreationDate="2015-06-22T04:59:09.120" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can't diagnose your friend on the internet; only her doctors can do that. Guesses are good in game shows; in medicine, it helps to have more to base a diagnosis on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that acute iron toxicity (for example, from children eating iron-containing vitamins because they are candy-like) can result in coma. But to my knowledge (and I have seen and treated many metallic foreign bodies), iron toxicity from such an exposure would be unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from ingestion, the two most common reasons for iron overload are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) repeated transfusions required for various anemias (where red blood cells are destroyed by the body and need to be replaced), or when bone marrow has stopped functioning properly and RBC's must be supplied; this is called &lt;strong&gt;secondary hemochromatosis&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) iron-overload disorders owing to genetic misregulation of iron absorption, referred to as hereditary hemochromatosis (or &lt;strong&gt;primary hemochromatosis&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary hemochromatosis can be treated by removing blood periodically, forcing the body to use up the excess iron, or by chelation therapy. So, untreated, yes, iron overload from this source is permanent. Acute iron toxicity can be treated with chelating agents is severe enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While hemochromatosis is not rare, fainting is &lt;em&gt;very common&lt;/em&gt; (so common it is difficult to estimate it's occurrence due to underreporting); rough estimates are that &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; 35% of the population will have at least one episode in their lifetime. There is a bimodal distribution, with the first peak around the late teens (one-third of medical students report at least one syncopal episode) and the second starting around the seventies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, numbers are hard to obtain for fainting (syncope), but the most common cause is vasovagal (fear, pain, prolonged standing, etc.), followed by cardiac causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although fainting is common, the only real way to determine its probable cause is to see a medical professional, who can gather the information necessary to make a diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemochromatosis/training/epidemiology/prevalence.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949417/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Molecular basis of HFE-hemochromatosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472771&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Epidemiology of syncope/collapse in younger and older Western patient populations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Incidence and prognosis of syncope&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-06-22T06:51:01.467" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T06:51:01.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T07:54:54.533" Score="8" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father recently forwarded me a factoid saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;most of us believe that heartburn is caused by excess production of gastric acid. In fact, in most cases it is caused by improper functioning of the stomach muscles, which increases the pressure within the stomach. This is why antacids create a very short-lived relieve, while taking herbs which soothe the stomach muscles are a permanent solution to the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, this sounds like bad advertising copy. But before I dismiss it completely, could they be partially or even completely right? What causes heartburn, is it acid overproduction, musculature problems, or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:29:21.237" Title="What is the mechanism of heartburn?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T14:12:41.623" Score="7" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a caregiver of a dementia patient, who forgets things all the time. I would like to know how to manage this symptom of dementia so I can help the patient. What should I do about this forgetfulness? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it advisable to use memory aids? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="854" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:08:24.703" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:08:24.703" Title="How can I manage the symptom of forgetfulness in a patient with dementia?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;&lt;short-term-memory-loss&gt;&lt;forgetfulness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-22T14:41:32.527" Score="7" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I diagnose the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? What are the most striking symptoms of the disorder? How can we help to diagnose the symptoms faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="855" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T01:37:44.590" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T01:37:44.590" Title="Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1351" CreationDate="2015-06-22T15:23:37.223" Score="6" ViewCount="2114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I aggressively cleaned my ear canal with my finger and the canal got scratched. After several weeks elapsed, it got naturally healed but I cannot hear clearly probably because of the dead skin left inside. I want to remove it but I am in Japan right now, so I need to find the correct English word first to be translated to Japanese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any word to convey the same meaning as the dead skin I described above? Medical terminology is preferred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="668" OwnerDisplayName="Friendly Ghost" LastEditorUserId="1004" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T22:08:03.950" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T22:08:03.950" Title="What is the word for the dead skin on the upper layer of a healed wound?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1284" CreationDate="2015-06-22T15:59:50.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it seems logical that you only need to consider the deficit or surplus on the energy balance to see if you'll gain or lose weight, this is not going to work because the body will regulate the metabolic rate to keep a certain amount of energy reserves. How much fat reserves your body decides to keep will depend on your physical fitness and physical activity levels, the intake of minerals that are essential for maintaining physical fitness, how much sleep you get etc. etc. In general, when you live an unhealthy lifestyle, your body's regulation of its metabolic rate will tend to lead to larger fat reserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a theoretical point of view, this is quite easy to understand. Whatever the precise biochemical mechanisms are that are involved in regulating metabolism (not everything is known), it remains the case that all these mechanisms have evolved in order to maximize survival probability of animals in Nature who  obviously don't do calorie counting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the problems evolution had to solve was how to make sure you don't starve to death due to a small shortage in the energy balance that you cannot make up for. Suppose you eat one sandwich a day worth 100 Kcal a day less and walk a bit more so that you expend 100 Kcal more per day. While this could lead to some weight loss, it cannot be the case that you'll continue to lose weight without limit. However, naive the calorie counting hypothesis suggests that a 200 Kcal deficit per day would lead to a long term weight loss trend of 1 kg of fat per 40 days. So, in a little over 2 years you would lose 20 kg of weight, which is clearly nonsense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animals living in the wild may find themselves having to deal with a bit less food that is also a bit harder to find. If they were to lose weight because the metabolic rate is cannot be actively regulated, it would only increase due to physical exertion, the animal would be doomed. This doesn't make sense for warm blooded animals that we know have mechanisms to regulate the metabolic rate, and who have metabolic rates that are ten times higher than what they need to just barely survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, it makes far more sense to make the metabolic rate dependent on the degree to which the fat cells are filled. So, if there is a shortage on the energy balance, the animal will initially lose weight, but then the metabolic rate will be down regulated, correcting the energy balance, a slight surplus  will be created, allowing the fat cells to be filled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the biochemical mechanisms the body uses for this are not well understood, but recently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10967095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it has been found&lt;/a&gt; that fat cells produce leptin, the more filled a fat cell is the more leptin is produced and besides regulating the appetite, leptin will let the hypothalamus produce more TRH, and TRH will let the pituitary gland produce more TSH and TSH will let the thyroid gland produce more thyroid hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the body will likely also make the set point for the fat reserves dependent on factors such as the amount of food intake, stress levels, sleep etc. The whole point of the fat reserves is to maximize survival probability, so the probability of a food emergency, the time it can survive without food etc. will all influence the set point for its fat reserves. It then makes sense that the outcome of evolution would be that the set point would be set higher when the animal has less to eat, has more stress doesn't get the optimal; amount of sleep. In that case, a food emergency is more likely and when it happens it is less likely to survive on some given amount of fat reserves. So, the smart thing to do is to save more energy under these circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, when you sleep better, eat more and exercise more, the body will think that the prospects of a food emergency are smaller, and if that were to happen you would be in stronger position to take measures to reverse the situation. So, you'll not keep as much fat reserves, because doing so does come at the cost of having to carry all that fat ballast with you all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T15:59:50.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1349" CreationDate="2015-06-22T20:15:59.030" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Frankly, medical terminology isn't necessary and might even lead to increased confusion, especially after being translated. All medical terminology is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; universal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just state your complaint in plain language as clearly as you can using layman's terms. I doubt that a Japanese doctor needs much more guidance from you than simply understanding your complaint. For example, you might say (in Japanese), &quot;Doctor, I can't hear as well as I used to and I think it may be due to an injury to my ear canal some time ago. Can you please have a look?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would expect the doctor to examine both ear canals. If your theory is correct, the doctor won't need further explanation. She will see it with her own eyes and know what to do about it. She will probably also want to test your hearing in both ears. I would not be terribly surprised to find that the cause is something other than what you suspect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you don't speak fluent Japanese and he/she doesn't speak fluent English, you might consider bringing a translator along with you since the doctor will no doubt have questions and perhaps need to explain things to you. It's the sort of situation where language barriers can be troublesome and you don't want to risk misunderstandings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-06-22T20:15:59.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1176" CreationDate="2015-06-23T13:39:37.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: using expired condom might lead to irritation on the skin of the sex organs involved in the act, and might also lead to skin inflammation and rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some self research, I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/complications-associated-with-using-expired-condoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; which while not scientific and official, is written by someone who appears to know what they're talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting the relevant part: (part about pregnancy isn't relevant to my case since the question is purely about health)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the common risks linked with using expired condoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritation: As mentioned earlier, a condom which has crossed its expiration date may get dried and weak. A dried and weak condom can cause irritation on the skin of your sex organ and also in the vagina. It can also lead to skin inflammation and rash.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-19T15:35:07.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-23T18:31:28.887" Score="9" ViewCount="5977" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much of a difference should there normally be, between systolic and diastolic pressures? What could cause them to be too far apart, or too close together? What other symptoms could such deviation cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="867" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T01:43:05.147" Title="How much difference should there be between systolic and diastolic pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-24T00:06:45.830" Score="1" ViewCount="467" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 7 month old son has Camptudactyly, in which some of his fingers do not open all the way.  The specialist who diagnosed him agreed that it would not do any harm to (judiciously) try a homemade splint before his treatment starts in about 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I make or where can I buy a splint that will either put some gentle opening pressure (or maybe just prevent closing of the hand) on the  on his middle, ring, and pinky fingers of my 7-month old child?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked around and seen many adult finger splints, thermoplastics, velcro, padded aluminum, stiff medical tape, etc, but the fact that he is a baby complicates things.  Here is a list of considerations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He'll likely only be able to wear the thing while sleeping, so we need to be able to slip it on without waking him.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He'll probably try to eat it at some point when we are not watching him, so it needs to be choking-safe and non-toxic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;His fingers are small and soft and his hand is chubby and squishy :)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="870" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T00:06:45.830" Title="How can I make a finger splint for a baby?" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-24T01:19:27.943" Score="2" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did a quick research &amp;amp; there seem to be a non-surgery treatment &lt;strong&gt;for babies&lt;/strong&gt; with talipes calcaneovarus (club foot) as &lt;a href=&quot;http://patient.info/health/club-foot-congenital-talipes-equinovarus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quoted from this website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Major surgery was often a common treatment used. However, the results of medical research studies have shown that other treatments without major surgery, particularly a treatment known as the Ponseti method, seem to give good long-term results for most children. The Ponseti method is now the preferred treatment by most orthopaedic surgeons throughout the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything similar &lt;strong&gt;for adults&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/valgus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/valgus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="872" LastEditorUserId="872" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T01:26:20.463" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T01:26:20.463" Title="Is there any treatment for adults with talipes calcaneovarus (club foot)?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;feet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1361" CreationDate="2015-06-24T01:43:05.147" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is known as the &lt;em&gt;pulse pressure&lt;/em&gt;. (If this doesn't make sense, please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/849/165&quot;&gt;another answer of mine&lt;/a&gt; where I explained the meanings of the different components of blood pressure.) There is no &quot;normal&quot; or &quot;should&quot; that are well defined here. Despite that, there is quite a bit that can be said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What causes them to be ... far apart?&lt;/strong&gt; * &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Age&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;On a population level, the biggest factor is age. With increasing age, pulse pressure increases, sometimes dramatically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arithmetically, this is because diastolic pressure peaks at about age 55 and delines thereafter, whereas systolic pressure continues to increase throughout life (see Franklin, 1997).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Physiologically, this is because the large vessels tend to &quot;stiffen&quot; with age to calcification. As such, when the heart pumps blood into them (systole), they aren't especially elastic, so the diameter doesn't increase much. The result is higher systolic pressure. Similarly, in the period of diastole when flow is lower, the arteries don't rebound to a smaller diameter as robustly as young vessels, so the pressure falls. It is common in 80+ year-olds to see blood pressures like 180/60. I've never seen such a pressure in a young person. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Valvular disease&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is the part with an obvious physiologic correlate that medical schools and board exams like to hammer on. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/basics/definition/CON-20022523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aortic regurgitation&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. aortic insufficiency) is the primary valvular disease associated with increased pulse pressure. That's because the incompetent aortic valve allows part of the blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole. If the aorta has access to the ventricle as it relaxes during diastole, the ventricle acts as a pressure sink, resulting in lower systemic pressures during that phase, increasing pulse pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The converse of this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-stenosis/basics/definition/CON-20026329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aortic stenosis&lt;/a&gt;, which is a valve that doesn't let adequate blood through during systole. Because the flow is less, the pumping ventricle does not change the pressure in the systemic circulation as much as it normally would.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD004.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This physiology text&lt;/a&gt; does a pretty good job explaining the valvular pathology in more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pulse pressure as a predictor of cardiovascular disease&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is extensive literature addressing the question of whether pulse pressure is a (semi-) independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, beyond that provided by systolic or diastolic pressure alone. I provide a few references below. The upshot is that the relationship between pulse pressure and risk is complicated and highly age-dependent. A high pulse pressure may be a better predictor of cardiovascular events than systolic pressure itself among the elderly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;*Removed &quot;too&quot; because this just isn't well defined.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Franklin SS, Gustin W 4th, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, Levy D. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=10421594&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study.&lt;/a&gt; Circulation. 1997 Jul 1;96(1):308-15.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vaccarino V, Berger AK, Abramson J, Black HR, Setaro JF, Davey JA, Krumholz HM. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=11703993&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pulse pressure and risk of cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Cardiol. 2001 Nov 1;88(9):980-6.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Circulation. 1999 Jul 27;100(4):354-60. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=10421594&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart Disease? The Framingham heart study.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pastor-Barriuso R, Banegas JR, Damián J, Appel LJ, Guallar E. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=14597457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure: an evaluation of their joint effect on mortality.&lt;/a&gt; Ann Intern Med. 2003 Nov 4;139(9):731-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T01:43:05.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1143" CreationDate="2015-06-24T02:27:26.007" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;My short answer is : &lt;strong&gt;Brushing your tooth without toothpaste will not cause a greater amount of micro-scratches than if you were to use toothpaste&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To begin, &lt;strong&gt;tooth paste&lt;/strong&gt;, is a product most often made of &lt;strong&gt;abrasive substances&lt;/strong&gt; that &lt;strong&gt;increases&lt;/strong&gt; the &lt;strong&gt;scrubbing power&lt;/strong&gt; of the toothbrush bristles. Some kinds of toothpaste can also accomplish other things, such as reducing dental sensitivity (potassium nitrate, Sensodyne®) or make teeth more resistant to caries and acidity (Fluoride).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words it is the &lt;strong&gt;physical movement&lt;/strong&gt; of the bristles of the brush that &lt;strong&gt;removes plaque&lt;/strong&gt; that accumulates on and between the teeth and gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it is not the tooth paste that will make the greatest impact on your teeth and gums but &lt;strong&gt;the way you move your toothbrush&lt;/strong&gt; on the surfaces of your teeth and gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you brush too aggressively, you will at first cause the gums to recede and then will use prematurely the enamel on your teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of things to do to brush properly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brush your teeth by using the modified Bass (roll-brush) method&lt;/strong&gt;. Keep your toothbrush at a 45º angle and make small circular movements, on a set of 2-3 teeth at a time. Avoid broad, horizontal, back-and-fourth movements, since they will irritate the gums. Once a set of teeth has been brushed, make one sweep from the gum to the teeth, to remove any debris stuck in between.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't put too much pressure&lt;/strong&gt;, and use a soft or super-soft bristle toothbrush. If done correctly, the plaque and bio-film will be removed by the movement of the toothbrush bristles. Anything that is harder than what a soft bristle can remove is probably tarter (calcified plaque) which needs to get removed by a dentist or hygienist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you need to remove food stuck between teeth, &lt;strong&gt;use floss&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more in-depth look into mechanical plaque control could be done, but it would be somewhat outside the scope of the original question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my references:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T02:27:26.007" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1397" CreationDate="2015-06-24T02:43:56.820" Score="7" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet is full of websites and people saying &quot;sweating is a good way to expel toxins.&quot;  An example is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-15166/why-sweating-is-the-best-way-to-get-rid-of-toxins.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the truth behind this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the scope of this question, toxins include substances like chemicals and heavy metals. And from Wikipedia &quot;In the context of alternative medicine the term is often used to refer to any substance claimed to cause ill health, ranging anywhere from trace amounts of pesticides to common food items like refined sugar or additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the large amount of toxins, I just want to know if sweating can expel &lt;strong&gt;any&lt;/strong&gt; toxin at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:34:20.430" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T10:34:20.430" Title="Does sweat expel toxins?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;detox-purge&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="820" CreationDate="2015-06-24T03:02:55.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will answer to each element of your quesiton separatly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculus (Tarter) is calcified bio-film and plaque that is stuck on the surfaces of your teeth. Inside are bacterias, dead or alive, along with their byproducts (and their toxins) that irritate the gums, which may eventually cause an immune response in the gums that will lead to a recession.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, &lt;strong&gt;scaling (removing) the &quot;half&quot; that is above&lt;/strong&gt; the gums will do &lt;strong&gt;little or nothing&lt;/strong&gt; to improve your situation, especially if there is anything left behind, bellow the gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The same can be said of any mouthrinces&lt;/strong&gt; and other products you might try. They will hardly have any effect on the surfaces of the teeth above the gum line, due to the relatively short amount of time most people keep mouthrince in their mouth, the slow diffusion of the active ingredients across the calculus. It will not even reach below the gums wont remove/dissolve sub-gingival plaque or calculus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you chose to attempt to perform scaling deeper with picks, you risk &lt;strong&gt;damaging your gums&lt;/strong&gt;, especially since the &quot;picks&quot; will be pointed towards your gums, and you will eventually slide them too far and therefore damage even more the soft tissues that surround and support your tooth, potentially accelerating the recession, or worsening the inflamation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dentists and hygienists use &lt;strong&gt;scalers and curettes&lt;/strong&gt;, which cause minimal damage to the gums if used properly. Do not attempt to use them at home, on yourself, if you don't know what you are doing or lack good dexterity and technique. There are numerous videos on YouTube about how to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, if you have access to a hygienist, a dentist or periodontist (dentist that specializes in the treatment of gums) you will be in good hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T03:02:55.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1371" CreationDate="2015-06-24T04:10:52.993" Score="4" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to remove mercury from the (live) human body without undergoing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;chelation therapy&lt;/a&gt;? Does the body remove it naturally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He switched to salmon and his mercury levels fell by half&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geekwire.com/2015/genomics-pioneer-lee-hood-new-startup-could-be-the-google-or-microsoft-of-scientific-wellness/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article on Lee Hood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first ~50 Google search results have been spectacularly unhelpful, pointing to &quot;alternative&quot; medicine pages like Mercola. Wikipedia didn't have anything on the topic (or I was unable to find it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T04:14:06.417" Title="How can mercury be removed from the body &quot;naturally&quot;?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1370" CreationDate="2015-06-24T04:14:06.417" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently the body does remove mercury naturally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sixty days after the amalgam removal, the Hg levels in blood, plasma, and urine had declined to approximately 60% of the pre-removal levels. [...] After removal, there was a considerable decline in the Hg levels of blood, plasma, and urine, which slowly approached those of subjects without any history of amalgam fillings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Sandborgh-Englund G1, Elinder CG, Langworth S, Schütz A, Ekstrand J. - &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - J Dent Res. 1998 Apr;77(4):615-24.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T04:14:06.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1300" CreationDate="2015-06-24T18:13:17.923" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have finished with the book 'The Water of Life' by John W. Armstrong and at the end of this translation there are references to different books wrote on Urine therapy from different authors from various part of the world. These books are examples for the researches conducted on this treatment technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Golden Fountain - Coen Van Der Kroon(Netherlands)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your Own Perfect Medicine - Martha Christy(USA)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urine Therapy - Dr.Beatrice Barnett(USA)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wonders of Urine Therapy - Dr. G.K. Thakkar(India)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shivambu Gita - Dr.G.K Thakkar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Amroli - Swami Sathyanand Saraswathi(India)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Urine Cure - John Rabitoch(Australia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suppressed Medical Discovery - Dr.Robert Beck(USA)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urine The Holy Water - Herald W.Tietze(Germany)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found these references towards the last pages of the book 'The Water of Life', so this is not a case of single author J.W Armstrong (he is considered as author of first book of this kind in modern medicine). There are old texts on the subject which is a 3000 years old book named 'Damar tantra shivambu kalpa vidhi' in India. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understood from the book, there were researches on this therapy and scientists have experimented with it and following are a few examples to the studies conducted on Urine, Urine's components and medicinal importance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hegyeli.A; M Laughlin. J.A; and Szent-Gyorgyi.A: 'Preparation of Retine from Human Urine', 'Science Magazine', December 20, 1963, pp.1571-1572 quoted in Your Own Perfect Magazine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Davies.O; 'Youthful Uric Acid' Omni Magazine, October 1982, continuum Section.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Souvenir of FNCUT, 2008, Kolhapur, page 37.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tierze W. Herald, Urine The Holy Water, p.78. Souvenir of FNCUT, 2008&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The answer is incomplete and needs to deal with some part of the question, will update with more details later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="815" LastEditorUserId="815" LastEditDate="2015-06-24T18:41:12.533" LastActivityDate="2015-06-24T18:41:12.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1392" CreationDate="2015-06-25T02:30:17.957" Score="10" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;By &quot;better done&quot; I mean more efficiently and without causing harm to gums, teeth, and other parts of the mouth. By what to avoid I'm referring to things that can harm, or not be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a million different ways to brush the teeth, but some might irritate the gums, some can cause bleeding, and some might not be very effective. Assuming that the teeth and mouth are healthy in general: what should we avoid? How should we be doing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T10:28:53.823" Title="Teeth brushing technique: what to avoid, and how is it better done?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-25T04:19:11.730" Score="21" ViewCount="35303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a coder and interested in save my eyesight. I've met the term named low blue light. Monitors decrease the level of blue color and theoretically protect my eyes. Here's a quote from monitor manufacturer &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.benq.com/microsite/eye-care-monitors/lbl.html&quot;&gt;Benq site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BenQ takes the eye health of users to heart and computer eye strain is&#xA;  no exception, offering a series of BenQ monitors designed to help&#xA;  everyone. Studies show that blue light from the sunlight, computer&#xA;  monitors and fluorescent lamps may be very harmful to the eyes causing&#xA;  macular degeneration or sleep disorders. These concerns are very&#xA;  serious and BenQ has developed a series of Eye-care monitors with&#xA;  features including Flicker-free and Low Blue Light technologies, so&#xA;  users can combat the possible side effects associated with blue light&#xA;  to keep eyes healthy and happy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you think about low blue light technology? Is it helpful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="877" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T03:54:27.403" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T13:00:19.167" Title="Is Low Blue Light helpful for preserving eyesight?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="88" CreationDate="2015-06-26T03:24:20.483" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to including nutrients in your diet, you can consider natural supplements in your diet as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because these days fruits and veggies are not as pure as they used to be, due to usage of fertilizers, insecticides etc. To get right nutrition, one option is to eat organic products but then they can be expensive. That's why I do not find harm in taking natural supplements. One such supplement is &lt;strong&gt;spirulina&lt;/strong&gt; (which @JohnP mentioned as well). Spirulina is considered as super food and is shown to have a lot of health benefits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/48853-spirulina-supplement-facts.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livescience.com/48853-spirulina-supplement-facts.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/09/29/spirulina-benefits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/09/29/spirulina-benefits.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T03:24:20.483" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-26T13:24:56.363" Score="7" ViewCount="2602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have eczema, and after knowing that I'm addicted to steroid drug, I decide to withdraw it and have many &lt;a href=&quot;http://itsan.org/what-is-rss/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptoms after discontinue using steroids&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;strong&gt;flaking skin&lt;/strong&gt;, irritated, infected, or reddened on skin. I go to an immunologist, and he prescribes me a SAStid bar for my eczema skin. He says that it will strip out all of my skin flakes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nxU7n.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nxU7n.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works. However my skin is very dry afterward. I search the side effect of the SAStid soap:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sastid Soap may cause the following symptoms that are &lt;strong&gt;related to&#xA;  eczema&lt;/strong&gt; (inflamed, red, itchy, scaking skin rash with sores and&#xA;  crusting):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Red/inflammed rash.&#xA; Reddening of the skin due to widening of small blood vessels (uncommon)&#xA; Shedding of skin (uncommon)&#xA; Skin disorders (uncommon)&#xA; Skin redness (uncommon)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://doublecheckmd.com/EffectsDetail.do?dname=Sastid%20Soap&amp;amp;sid=10637&amp;amp;eid=3110&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DoubleCheckMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/cdi/sastid-soap.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug.com&lt;/a&gt; recommends that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do not use SAStid soap on skin that is irritated, infected, or reddened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q&lt;/strong&gt;: I see many reviews that this product does what it supposes to do, but under my condition, I don't know if this prescription is good or not. &lt;strong&gt;Is using SAStid soap good for eczema skin?&lt;/strong&gt; (Especially during steroid withdrawal.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rgr1g.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T15:22:41.627" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T01:55:13.383" Title="Is using SAStid soap good for eczema skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;soap&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1376" CreationDate="2015-06-26T15:15:45.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a dentist, and I would look forward to reading other answers (I believe this topic is misunderstood and there is a lack of guidance generally), but these are my top tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't brush straight after eating&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your mouth becomes acidic after eating, and this can last for 60 minutes or so. So brushing immediately after eating is a bad idea, no matter what you've eaten, because the acidity will temporarily weaken the enamel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brush lightly&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe you can brush too hard, and I've heard that brushing should be more like a gentle tickle, without forcing the brush against your teeth, but I think this is hard to get across, as it is rather subjective. The very term 'brushing' also refers to activities that require physical effort and involve forcing things to move, eg brushing the floor or brushing your hair straight, so I'm not surprised if people over do it. Television has also been flooded with toothbrush adverts over the years, which normally contain an animation illustrating particles being 'brushed off' the tooth, and this gives the impression that some force is required.&#xA;Also, use a toothbrush with soft bristles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't rinse&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you rinse your mouth immediately after brushing, most of the residual toothpaste will be washed out completely, but if you don't rinse then the active ingredients are given a bit longer to help clean your teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Use a circular action&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use a small circular action when you brush, then you'll increase the contact of the bristles with the gaps between your teeth, and the circular motion can help to ease out little bits. If you simply move the toothbrush over and along the teeth, there will be less contact with the gaps.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="736" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T02:15:15.690" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T02:15:15.690" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1430" CreationDate="2015-06-26T15:43:27.087" Score="6" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is exercise while fasting mutually exclusive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fasting as in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one to three days on just water, &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;five days a month on a reduced calorie diet (fasting-mimicking diet)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NOT a one meal, eight hour period of no eating&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise as in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10 minutes of cardio with &gt; 70% of max heart rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;15 minutes of calisthenics (prison workout)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 minute of stretching&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies on how much or how intense exercise is safe while on a fast? I'm looking for exercise guidelines while being on both a total fast (water only) and a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/06/22/heres-how-a-five-day-diet-that-mimics-fasting-may-reboot-the-body-and-reduce-cancer-risk/&quot;&gt;fasting-mimicking diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fasting-mimicking diet: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;day one of the diet, they would eat 1,090 calories: 10 percent protein, 56 percent fat and 34 percent carbohydrates. For days two through five, 725 calories: 9 percent protein, 44 percent fat, 47 percent carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: there are some concerns raised about my particular biometrics, so I've posted it in my profile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm asking this question is not because I want to rapidly lose weight, as I already believe I'm at a healthy weight. In a nut shell, I've seen articles indicating that fasting can have a positive effect on the body (detox, etc.. ). The articles did not touch on activity while fasting, I was wondering if there were any studies that did. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="891" LastEditorUserId="891" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T14:30:02.753" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T16:57:23.563" Title="Effects of exercise while on a fast" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-26T16:17:00.033" Score="6" ViewCount="11559" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this habit where every morning I cook two fillets of tilapia for breakfast. I've been doing it every morning for over a year now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do the cooking directly on the plate I'm eating on. I'll rub some avocado oil on a plate, put the two fillets on it, season it, and put it in the oven just like that. When it's ready I put the plate on the table (with a wooden shim below the plate so the heat won't damage the table) and I eat directly from the plate. Not having to wash an extra dish every day means a lot to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been using plates made from porcelain and ceramics. Slowly over this time they've been breaking. So I ordered some plates from Amazon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are made from an advanced material called Vitrelle, a complex glass-like material. They're completely white with no markings, and they're marketed as oven-safe. I cooked my tilapia in them a couple of times and they didn't break, so that's good. But then I thought to call Corelle and ask them to what temperature these plates are oven-safe. I spoke to the Corelle representative and he said the plates are oven-safe up to 176 degrees Celsius. (That's 350 Fahrenheit.) But I cook my fillets at 250 degrees Celsius (which is 480 Fahrenheit.) I could cook them at a lower heat but then they'd take longer to cook and I don't have much spare time in the mornings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now of course, just because he said they're only safe up to 176 degrees doesn't necessarily mean they're not safe at 250 degrees. Maybe they are but the company doesn't want to take responsibility for that since most people won't check that when buying the product, so maybe it's just a cover-your-ass policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Do you think it's safe to cook in Corelle plates on 250 degrees Celsius?&lt;/strong&gt; I'm only concerned regarding health issues, I'm not concerned about the plates breaking at all, because if they break it's something I can see and deal with, while if the plates are releasing toxins into my food and damaging my health, that's something I can't detect. &lt;strong&gt;I'd appreciate responses from people who have professional knowledge of these issues, not laymen like me who use common sense.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="892" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-06-27T01:29:20.970" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T13:20:29.170" Title="Is it safe to cook in Corelle/Vitrelle on 250 degrees celsius?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-28T14:39:37.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-26T20:04:06.007" Score="4" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mostly stand during my job. At home I can either lie down or sit in a chair with a desk in front of me. So, is it healthier to lie in the bed/on the sofa (e.g. with laptop) or to sit on the chair in front of the desk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is mostly about keeping good posture and my spine healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="896" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:34:10.520" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:34:10.520" Title="Is it healthier to lie in the bed/on the sofa or to sit on the chair in front of the desk?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;sedentary-lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-05T15:00:31.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1367" CreationDate="2015-06-26T21:10:23.330" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The generally accepted medical wisdom seems to be that sweat is an insignificant mechanism for toxin elimination. However, there have been studies that suggest that wisdom may not be entirely correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23213291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genuis et al.&lt;/a&gt; found that some toxic elements were preferentially excreted in sweat, including elements that were not found in blood serum. That suggests those elements are bound in tissues and therefore not readily removed by the liver and kidneys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They conclude that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for&#xA;  monitoring bioaccumulation of toxic elements in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that they do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; conclude that sweating plays a significant role in toxin elimination. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that the sample size in this study was very small, and the author has numerous publications based on this single study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2012/184745/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;literature review&lt;/a&gt; of the subject found support for the idea that certain toxins are excreted in sweat, sometimes in higher concentrations than urine. They also noted as Genuis did that concentrations of some elements can be found in sweat that aren't detected in plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In individuals with higher exposure or body burden, sweat generally&#xA;  exceeded plasma or urine concentrations, and dermal could match or&#xA;  surpass urinary daily excretion. Arsenic dermal excretion was&#xA;  severalfold higher in arsenic-exposed individuals than in unexposed&#xA;  controls. Cadmium was more concentrated in sweat than in blood plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I cannot find is research showing that sweating produces any clinically significant benefit. Just because a compound can be found in sweat does not necessarily mean that sweating more will have a beneficial effect, and in fact no benefit to excessive sweating is known while there are known negative consequences, including potentially lethal ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I conclude from my research that the question can't be answered at this time, but there is sufficient evidence to justify additional research. I suspect that the most likely outcome will be new and/or improved testing methods rather than treatment methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-06-26T21:10:23.330" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1401" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18234" CreationDate="2015-06-27T08:44:03.617" Score="24" ViewCount="6338" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that rinsing with water after teeth brushing lowers or negates the benefits that fluoride provides to our teeth, but I've also heard everything in between; from there's no problem with it, to rinse with as little water as possible, to mix water with toothpaste and rinse with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth&quot;&gt;http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, should you rinse your mouth out with water when you have finished brushing or leave some toothpaste in your mouth? &quot;For children, I would say wash out, because if they still have adult teeth that have yet to come through, they may end up with too much fluoride in their body, which can damage their teeth. For adults, it's good to leave a film, but in moderation – you don't want a mouthful of toothpaste. I have a semi-rinse: I put a tiny bit of water in my mouth to brush away the toothpaste on my tongue.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and from &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifehacker.com/5978107/dont-rinse-your-mouth-out-after-brushing-your-teeth&quot;&gt;http://lifehacker.com/5978107/dont-rinse-your-mouth-out-after-brushing-your-teeth&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I know this this is not common practice, but it is actually quite important! Fluoride, one of the active ingredients in toothpaste, doesn't spend much time in contact when your teeth when you are brushing. Thus, it is crucial to let it work after you have already brushed your teeth. According to dentist Dr. Phil Stemmer, from The Fresh Breath Centre in London, &quot;Rinsing washes away the protective flouride coating left by the toothpaste, which would otherwise add hours of protection.&quot; If you are thirsty drink a glass of water before brushing your teeth!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, this article quotes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oralanswers.com/rinse-after-brushing&quot;&gt;http://www.oralanswers.com/rinse-after-brushing&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Previous studies have indicated that rinsing the mouth with a beaker of water after toothbrushing may compromise the caries reducing effect of fluoride toothpaste. It is concluded that post-brushing rinsing with water, under the conditions of this study, does not significantly affect the caries reducing effect of a fluoride toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I think the reason that there is some disagreement on this subject is because not rinsing after brushing appears to be only beneficial if you are at a high risk of getting cavities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as two commenters said below, not rinsing feels kind of counter intuitive, but seems to be the way to go. Is it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming normal and healthy teeth, what's actually better? Which one carries the most benefits? Should we rinse with water or not? Are there studies about this? Is there a consensus yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T08:43:53.243" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T16:14:40.620" Title="Should we rinse with water after brushing our teeth?" Tags="&lt;toothbrush&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;&lt;gargling-gargle&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-27T13:20:43.220" Score="5" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the physiological results of being hit by lightning? I guess this can be extended to other kinds of strong but short electric shock. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the path of the lightning get &quot;cooked&quot;? What is this path, nerves (they are our own electricity conductors after all) or something else? What parts of the body usually get damaged, and by what mechanism? What is the usual long-term outcome (someone said that death is rather rare)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2015-06-27T20:55:19.770" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T20:55:19.770" Title="How does lightning damage the body?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1402" CreationDate="2015-06-27T16:38:18.100" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;H = IxIxR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where H is the amount of heat produced when a current of I is flown through a conductor of resistance R. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock&quot;&gt;resistance of human body&lt;/a&gt; may be as high as 100,000 ohms. An average bolt produces &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning&quot;&gt;current of 30kA&lt;/a&gt;. If a typical lightning were to pass completely through a human body (even though this is not the case), the heat energy liberated will be 9X10^14 J which is HUGE. The human body is mostly made of protein, with water, fats, and nucleic acids for the most part. Protein coagulates and water evaporates as the temperature rises, and if it is too high the whole thing oxidises, and what will be left will unoxidisable ash and unburnt carbon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, yes it is the heat injury in lightning. But in electrocution, there can be other causes such as cardiac arrhythmia, because the amount of voltage need not necessarily be high enough to oxidise everything up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-06-27T16:38:18.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-28T13:36:39.137" Score="9" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a recent case of whiplash as a result of being on the receiving end of a car accident, I'm now wondering whether taking ibuprofen 4-7 times a week will help me heal quicker/more completely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the incident I took ibuprofen every day for about a week because the pain was intense, and since then less regularly when I've felt stiffness or pain. Now I'm quite comfortable most of the time but still find that I have limited range of motion, pain when I need to blow my nose a lot (thanks to hayfever).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My intuition tells me taking the painkillers speed up healing and ensure a fuller recovery. On the other hand I wonder if decreasing pain might cause further damage because the decreased pain will make me less careful in my activities so that I might re-injure it. I don't want to be on painkillers for weeks if there is little benefit to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do anything for actual tissue healing? I understand that they decrease pain, but are there any studies that show that they do anything &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; than decrease pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="908" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T09:35:21.510" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T09:35:21.510" Title="Do anti-inflammatory painkillers speed up healing?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1014" CreationDate="2015-06-28T14:41:20.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I second rumstscho's answer (except the part about ICD-10 being a major pain to use).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a classification system of medicines that is quite detailed and widely used, and it is called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can guess from the name it classifies medicines based on: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the organ or system on which they act and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;their therapeutic properties and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pharmacological properties and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chemical &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do they take all of these into account? By using a &lt;strong&gt;multilevel&lt;/strong&gt; classification system. The classification is paired with a code system, which can be used to search for a medicine on a regulatory agency's website, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ATC classification system has five levels: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First level&lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anatomical main group&lt;/a&gt; (this is a level a layperson can easily understand)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A     Alimentary tract and metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;B  Blood and blood forming organs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C  Cardiovascular system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;D  Dermatologicals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;G  Genito-urinary system and sex hormones&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;H  Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;J  Antiinfectives for systemic use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;L  Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;M  Musculo-skeletal system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;N  Nervous system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;P  Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;R  Respiratory system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;S  Sensory organs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;V  Various&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second level&lt;/strong&gt; - therapeutic main group (this is a level that an informed patient can understand - if you are somewhat familiar with the medical condition/indication the medicine is for, you can understand this level)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third level&lt;/strong&gt; - therapeutic/pharmacological subgroup (this is where things get quite technical; these waters are generally too deep for a layperson)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourth level&lt;/strong&gt; - chemical/therapeutic/pharmacological subgroup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fifth level&lt;/strong&gt; -  the chemical substance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are medicines included in the system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Inclusion and exclusion criteria&#xA;  The WHO Collaborating Centre in Oslo establishes new entries in the ATC classification on requests from the users of the system. These include manufacturers, regulatory agencies and researchers. The coverage of the system is not comprehensive. A major reason why a substance is not included is that no request has been received.&lt;/em&gt; [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Complementary, homeopathic and herbal traditional medicinal products are in general not included in the ATC system.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whocc.no/atc/structure_and_principles/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(if you are really interested in this subject, you might find some chapters of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whocc.no/filearchive/publications/1_2013guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this publication&lt;/a&gt; interesting.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is no need for you to learn this (or any other classification). If your goal is to gain knowledge on medicines the area you are interested in is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/a&gt; or more precisely &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pharmacodynamics&lt;/a&gt;. This is quite a large area, but a real catch for a layperson is that it is an applied science, sou you would need knowledge from physiology, patophysiology and medicinal biochemistry first; and for those you would need cell biology, some anatomy and histology, microbiology, biochemistry (for which you definitely need some chemistry)... This would be a few year's quest and you would still need a curriculum and someone to supervise your learning process to make sure you understand all important concepts correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean that you can't be a well informed, educated patient (or patient's caregiver, family member). You just don't need to learn about all of the major illnesses and medicines. Simply, when (if) a health problem occurs focus your efforts on that specific area. You cannot and should not use the knowledge you gain to self-medicate; it should serve you to communicate better with your health care providers, participate in the decisions, and if necessary consider if it's time to get a second opinion on something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aside: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=s2R-ZYz_iBYC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=%22rang+and+dale+pharmacology%22+%22table+of+contents%22&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=UhCQVen4JIX5UP66g_AC&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22rang%20and%20dale%20pharmacology%22%20%22table%20of%20contents%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is an example&lt;/a&gt; of how a book in pharmacology is organised. The lessons about specific medicines start from section 2. You can see that sometimes a cellular/chemical mechanism is used (section 2), and sometimes a whole organ or system of organs (section 3 and 4) or the disease to be treated (section 5 and chapters 43-45 in section 4 e.g.)  (whichever is better to explain how a certain medicine works). I do not recommend this book for you (not that it's not good, it's a great one) - because it's designed for grad students of medicine/pharmacy as well as phd students. While it is great because it encourages critical thinking, you can get lost in the quantity of details. I've just used its table of contents as an example how one can go about studying pharmacology. For a layperson I'd say that &lt;strong&gt;starting&lt;/strong&gt; with Wikipedia is not a bad thing (articles there are usually well organised), as long as you make sure to check the accuracy of information you find there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-06-28T15:31:59.300" LastActivityDate="2015-06-28T15:31:59.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1419" CreationDate="2015-06-28T17:49:44.710" Score="7" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never had any symptoms of a Herpes simplex virus 2 infection. However, I want to find out if I carry this type of virus in my body. Is it true that there is an antibody test to answer that question? Can it detect an inactive infection? If that test finds antibodies, does it mean I carry this virus for sure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="911" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T16:04:10.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T16:04:10.833" Title="How accurate is testing for HSV-2?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T02:27:36.953" Score="6" ViewCount="2314" Body="&lt;p&gt;After wearing earmuffs for noise protection, it seems like my ears will ache for five minutes or so.  It seems to be coming from the eardrum, but it's hard for me to really pinpoint this.  When I wear earplugs though, I never have a problem.  I couldn't find anything about this online.  I'm trying to figure out why this might be occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These earmuffs have a noise reduction rating of 25 dB.  I'm using them when doing basic DIY jobs around the house.  Things that involve a blower or a lawn mower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="914" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-08T01:58:13.657" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T18:19:07.413" Title="Why Do Ears Ache After Using Earmuffs" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;decibels&gt;&lt;eardrum&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T14:33:49.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1101" CreationDate="2015-06-29T02:30:43.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should just stick to the new desired sleep routine and then accept that you'll have a jet lag for a some time. You may not sleep well the first few days, but you should force yourself to get up at the scheduled wake-up time. If you want to set your biological clock 6 hours back, then it may take a week before you're fully adapted to the new routine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your bedroom is dark during sleeping time. After a few days into the new routine you should exercise, even if due to excessive sleepiness you don't feel like doing so. A potential problem a few days into the new routine can be that you have accumulated a sleep deficit due to not sleeping well a few days, but this will affect your brain far more than your body. If you give in to that  by avoiding physical activity, then you may continue to sleep badly and the change to the new routine may take longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, if you feel very sleepy, you should not exercise as fanatically as you are used to. Just start slowly (compared to your usual exercise routine), you may feel that during the exercise session the sleepiness goes away and stays away quite some time after you've finished. That's the desired effect, your body is then fully awake, and that allows you to sleep better at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T02:30:43.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T04:33:30.863" Score="21" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've passed half or more of my life, sleeping in very late and often after the sun rises. Now I believe that I'm already feeling its effect. Some of my hormones are under the ideal levels and I have a deficiency in vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the effects of sleeping during the day and not at night for work reasons or just habit? Is there any effect that can't be reversed simply by sleeping at night? (Assuming that you are sleeping enough time per day like 7-8 hours)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this sleep pattern be related to endocrine ills and other ills? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-08-24T04:15:50.787" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T04:15:50.787" Title="Can long term sleeping at day damage your health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T16:29:12.247" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that the chemicals used should be a cause for concern? Do any active ingredients enter the blood stream and is there any risk to damage to your pores?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="736" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:42:50.120" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:42:50.120" Title="Are there any health risks with regular, long term use of anti-perspirant?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;pores&gt;&lt;antiperspirant-deodorant&gt;&lt;skin-absorption&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1101" CreationDate="2015-06-29T17:05:56.867" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few things you can do to &quot;reset&quot; your sleep schedule, as shown by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/reset-sleep-cycle&quot;&gt;this WebMD article&lt;/a&gt;. However, be aware that due to your own circadian rhythms, that may not be the optimal pattern for you. Some of the suggestions include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bright lights - Use bright lights around you when you first get up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dim lights - Conversely, use dim lights in the evening.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't lay awake - If you tend to lay awake for a while, do something else before you go to bed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time meals - Use your meal times to help your body adapt to when to sleep. If you eat at irregular times, it can throw off your body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit caffeine intake (Especially later in the day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few other suggestions in the article, especially relating to travel. One of the other suggestions is supplementing with melatonin, but as can be seen by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11941/&quot;&gt;this study review&lt;/a&gt;, many of the studies are not very well done, and a few directly refute melatonin being a sleep aid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have trouble adjusting to a more traditional sleep schedule, you may want to look at biphasic sleeping (2, 4 hour sleep shifts) or contact a sleep center for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-06-29T17:05:56.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-29T20:10:43.663" Score="4" ViewCount="674" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a kid I got a cold sore / herpes simplex (1, I think) on the thigh. As far as I know, I haven't had any cold sores on the actual genital area, and it's been a while. I wonder if this is considered a genital herpes infection (on account of it being physically close) and thus an STI, or is it just exactly like a cold sore in the mouth? I wonder if I should be worried and take additional care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that sounds like a diagnosis question, but I'm genuinely curious how it is classified and the involved risks. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="922" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T10:00:45.707" Title="Is herpes simplex/cold sore on the thigh considered a sexually transmitted disease?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1408" CreationDate="2015-06-29T21:37:50.497" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most viruses can be in your body with no indications or current antibodies to detect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viruses live inside your cells, if they stay there they are very hard to detect, but may also do no damage, so they are generally not a problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some medical organisations may claim they can detect a virus from blood test, there is no 100% guarantee, especially if it not currently causing as antibody reaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For HSV specifically, the antibody tests are known not to be 100% accurate. The main failure is for lack of detection, not for false positive. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/Supplement_2/S173.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;oxford journals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people get HSV (1 or 2), have one minor reaction, which they may not even notice, and that's it for the rest of their live, no further issues. Only a small percentage of the population have continual issues. This applies to many other viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can probably also say that close to 100% of people will carry the HSV virus by their time of death. So don't worry about it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have active sores from HSV, treat them, and avoid behaviour that would spread them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&quot;Unlike love, Herpes is forever&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="842" LastEditorUserId="842" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T04:26:28.017" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T04:26:28.017" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T02:36:10.547" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it normally takes Government Health Care and Private Insurance to reimburse a Health Care Facility/Hospital for a surgery? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard estimates from (Incredibly Fast) 3 Months to More than year, are these numbers correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="924" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T02:36:10.547" Title="How long does it take for Medicaid/Medicare/Private Insurance to reimburse a Health Care Facility?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-06-30T02:50:31.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1418" CreationDate="2015-06-30T03:04:02.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to tell what actions led to the thigh infection, because there are multiple possible actions that could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation: Close bodily contact of any kind can transmit herpes.  That is, the virus jumps from an infected person to another person by close bodily contact (i.e. rubbing of some type).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone was engaged in a sexual act with you and rubbed an infected part of their skin on your thigh, then, yes, your infection would be considered a sexually transmitted infection.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your lesion is reasonably far from the genital area, however, it's more likely to be an instance of herpes gladiotorum, which is a sports disease, not a sexual disease.  Wrestlers, rugby players (in a scrum), and so on, engage in very close physical contact, and this can lead to spread of herpes from one person to another through a non-sexual route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a child, you may not have been playing rugby, but you might have been wrestling with an infected friend, or the friend may have bit you on the thigh, or who knows what.  Where your friend got infected, or how, is of lesser importance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it has not come back since the original appearance, I would not worry about it.  Could you as a child really tell a herpes vesicle from a bug bite?  Could you as an adult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="332" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T01:49:28.893" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T01:49:28.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1090" CreationDate="2015-06-30T03:20:01.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Walking cast, if the leg break is amenable to same.  Lots of examples if you search on that term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=walking+cast&amp;amp;ia=products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=walking+cast&amp;amp;ia=products&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May need a cane to steady himself, so might matter if the breaks are ipsilateral or contralateral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T03:20:01.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1393" CreationDate="2015-06-30T03:35:28.997" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you weigh 400 pounds, the answer is: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are an Olympic distance swimmer, the answer is: Go ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in between, the answer is: See your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, no one can give you a safe answer without knowing a lot more about you.  It is unwise to ask questions like this on the internet, and even unwiser to heed the answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T03:35:28.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T04:55:39.793" Score="9" ViewCount="2090" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in my mid-twenties and have never taken a laxative or used prune juice. I've experienced constipation and general discomfort before, but it never occurred to me that a laxative would be useful and I never really have 6 hours to literally flush down the toilet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When, if ever, should one use a laxative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="925" LastEditorUserId="925" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T06:25:21.730" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T03:57:01.773" Title="When, if ever, should one use a laxative?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1426" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1462" CreationDate="2015-06-30T09:43:22.407" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we are all aware, if you drink a large quantity of water in a short time period, you will  likely have to go to the toilet not too long afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body detects the increase in fluid volume (or more precisely in this instance the decrease in sodium concentration) and kicks off the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This ultimately results in a decrease in anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) which in turn decreases water absorption from the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule in the kidney.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, if we rapidly consume a large volume of water in a very short period of time, could the resulting decrease in ADH hormone overshoot the mark and result in the body eliminating more water than what is ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, could drinking a large amount of water in a short time actually have a dehydrating effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="83" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T14:44:57.370" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T10:55:18.280" Title="Body's response to rapid ingestion of water?" Tags="&lt;renal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-30T09:44:23.210" Score="7" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears to be accepted that anxiety and stress can cause constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, but how does your mental state actually affect the functioning of the bowel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="736" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T16:31:38.920" Title="How does anxiety and stress affect the bowels?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1425" CreationDate="2015-06-30T10:23:43.873" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;With most off-the-shelf oral laxatives, prune juice, or a couple of Kiwi fruits, they only have a mild laxative effect. They should be used when constipation first becomes painful, and will rarely cause more than one or two irregular bowel motions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of these laxatives will require some hours to work, often overnight is the recommended time frame. And they produce a reasonably normal bowel motion when they do work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e..g &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dulcolax.com/laxatives.html#faqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dulcolax&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miralax.com/miralax/faq/index.jspa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;miralax&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phillipsrelief.com/phillips-frequently-asked-questions/#quest4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;phillips&lt;/a&gt; etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They should not require you to sit on the toilet for six hours. If they did, you do need to see a doctor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Constipation is a good sign you need to change your diet to suite your body better, and if frequent, a sign you need to see a doctor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="842" LastEditorUserId="842" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T09:20:06.600" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T09:20:06.600" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1393" CreationDate="2015-06-30T16:37:36.043" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Provided that you are healthy, not suffering from a cold, disease state or other suppression of the immune system, moderate exercise during fasting periods should not impact your health. For submaximal efforts, you may notice earlier fatigue, and there will be definite performance impacts the closer you get to maximal efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caveat: You are still introducing an artificial state (fasted), which may have health complications. I would schedule a consult with a physician and explain your plans, and have them give you a checkup with that in mind before starting this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there will be some impact on the effective level of the exercise, and how well you are able to perform the exercise during the later parts of the fasting period. These changes include depression in max VO2 (Although this value is more of a performance predictor, not really a measurement metric), higher levels of free fatty acids (FFA's) in the blood, as well as a somewhat suppressed gluconeogenesis as well as a concurrent rise in fat based oxidation for energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means, is that your body will (mostly) use up all muscle and hepatic (liver) glycogen storage, and will turn to fax oxidation (ketone bodies) for fuel. There is not that much difference in the lactate/pyruvate levels during this time, suggesting that the switch is adequate to fuel performing muscles. There are other short term changes in several hormone and substrate (glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, etc) levels, but these are returned to normal after resuming normal dietary intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not an ideal state to pursue, intermittent periods of short fasting ( &amp;lt; 12 hours) or even up to a few days shouldn't have any health impacts, although you may notice some performance impairment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/238/4/E322&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; I was able to obtain, only the first page is freely available. This took 5 obese subjects, and in a clinical setting (hospital), underwent a 3-5 week fast, with only water and vitamin supplements for health. They showed the changes described above in hormone and substrates, with a drop in VO2 max levels at the 2 and 4 week exercise marks. There was also substantial weight loss, but that is to be expected. They showed no other adverse health effects during the prolonged fast, but to emphasize, they had adequate water intake and daily vitamin and potassium supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dartmouthsports.com/pdf9/2318985.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=11600&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;available through Dartmouth Sports&lt;/a&gt; looked at 12 hour fasting for Ramadan and the effect on athletic performance, and found that even in the limited fasting state, there is some performance impact. One passage stands out in the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An extensive review of the older literature on the effects of &#xA;  fasting on endurance performance was published by Aragón-&#xA;  Vargas.(21)&#xA;   The conclusion of this review was that a short period &#xA;  (24 h to 4 days) of fasting in humans resulted in a decreased &#xA;  capacity to perform endurance exercise. In spite of a rather &#xA;  consistent effect of fasting, however, there was no clear evi-&#xA;  dence as to the mechanism responsible for the earlier onset of &#xA;  fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is corroborated by other sections in the paper, one detailing performance impacts on cycling at 100% VO2 max level after 24 hours fast, and impacts on high intensity events such as the 100m and 800m runs. Interestingly, one section shows no difference in muscle glycogen stores in the absence of exercise during fasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There may be some effect of a reduction in the muscle &#xA;  glycogen store on the maximal rates of muscle glycogenol-&#xA;  ysis with a consequent loss of exercise performance dur-&#xA;  ing high-intensity exercise, but a few days of fasting in &#xA;  the absence of exercise has little effect on muscle glycogen &#xA;  content.(18)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do postulate that because of the metabolic acidosis that starts rising with prolonged fast is part of the reason for early fatigue in exercise, which is interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second paper also has 57 cited studies relating to exercise in a fasted state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-06-30T16:57:23.563" LastActivityDate="2015-06-30T16:57:23.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1377" CreationDate="2015-06-30T16:46:25.673" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two mechanisms of action how light affect humans discussed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amount of energy: shorter (blue) wavelengths are more energetic than lower (red), so it can be assumed that they damage photoreceptors more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychological: bluish light is associated with day by our biochemistry. Higher amounts of bluish light makes our brains more awake (e.g. suppressing production of melatonin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point 1 leaves conclusion that reducing amount of blue light from the monitor is always a good thing, while point 2 means that it's helpful as you plan to go to sleep. From my experience I can say that #2 is very true, as dim and warm light in the workplace made me sleepy and inefficient. Changing light sources to bright and cool fluorescent lights helped a lot. Also I've installed RGB led lighting in my living room and discovered that using only red light at the end of the day makes falling asleep easier. Just looking at BenQ's idea it certainly appeals to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the purpose of a monitor is to reproduce colors accurately. The question remains if the amount of blue can be reduced without affecting either color balance or just lowering brightness altogether. Modern &quot;white&quot; LEDs commonly used as source of light in LCD monitors are primarily blue light sources with some yellow phosphorus thrown in to balance out main emission. If BenQ used different kind of LEDs of CCFLs (less bluish) then this technology could not be turned on and off, much less adjusted. To truly limit the amount of certain component on the fly, RGB-LEDs would have to be used as backlight (they are not used here, and I'm not aware of any affordable monitor with RGB LEDs). What is presented on the video seems like simply changing color temperature to a warmer one - which is available in almost every color monitor. Even if it's not plain old color temperature, but something more sophisticated, e.g. clamp on blue channel in gamma ramp then same effect can still be achieved in software, in graphic card's gamma settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I disagree much with the video on the site you've linked. Even layman like me can easily point out errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saying that blue light is almost as bad as UV light just because it sits next to it on a spectrum is plain scaremongering. The biggest danger of UV comes from the fact that human eye can't see UV, so it won't close the iris to block it. The eye may &quot;think&quot; it's dark in very bright UV light and let it all in. Blue light, as part of visible spectrum, does not present this danger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The picture of blue-violet going &quot;deep into your eye&quot; is laughable. It shows other parts of spectrum stop at the lens while only blue reaches retina. It's plain lie, of course. Red and green do reach the retina just as well, otherwise we wouldn't be able to perceive them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: &lt;strong&gt;I think that the idea of reducing amount of blue light is good, but BenQ's execution is just a marketing gimmick or not much more&lt;/strong&gt; in the best case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to considerably reduce amount of blue light coming from your monitor, I recommend changing white backgrounds to yellow ones (if you work with lots of white backgrounds). This will drastically cut blue light reaching your eyes in a way not possible when still retaining impression of whiteness. Of course, eliminating large, bright areas by using dark themes (white-on-black text) will greatly cut ALL light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you seek to reduce strain on your eyes from monitor then I agree with statement that the biggest issue is not just the amount of light coming from the monitor. The biggest factor IMHO is the &lt;strong&gt;difference&lt;/strong&gt; between monitor and it's background, that is the rest of the room. Therefore never use a computer/phone/tablet in total darkness - leave some nightlight + lower brightness to match. Also don't be afraid to crank up monitor up to 11 in a sunny day. Most monitors are set up to allow easy access to brightness and contrast adjustment - exactly for this very reason. They are meant to be used every time light in the room changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="929" LastEditorUserId="8273" LastEditDate="2017-02-21T03:32:57.620" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T03:32:57.620" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T09:33:09.807" Score="14" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an adult, I second guess all of my parents' advice, seeing that most of it was ridiculous, but some of them just might have been true. A large swath of it was connected to eyesight: &quot;Don't watch too much TV or read too many books, you'll ruin your eyes&quot;, &quot;Don't watch TV without a lamp on, you'll ruin your eyes&quot;, &quot;Don't read lying down on your side&quot;, &quot;Don't read books in the morning before you've had at least something to drink, better yet breakfast&quot;, &quot;Don't hold the book too close or too far&quot;, &quot;Don't wear sunglasses indoors&quot;, and probably others I don't remember any more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They were never specific about what &quot;you'll ruin your eyes&quot; means, but as far as I know, the most usual vision problem in young people is myopia. But myopia's &quot;works&quot; through an anatomical mechanism, by having an eyeball of the wrong length, and I have no idea if any of these behaviors, or another one they failed to specify, can cause the eyeball to grow wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any known behaviors which cause or at least predispose for becoming myopic? Are any of the behaviors listed above connected to poor eyesight? Is it possible to reduce one's chances of becoming myopic by lifestyle and behavior change? If it is possible, does it only work before the process starts, or does it also slow down the progress of already existing myopia? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T09:43:34.813" Title="Are there behavioral causes for myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T12:49:47.220" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently here in the Netherlands we're having quite warm weather, I work in a greenhouse in which temperature's rise quite fast. I had to work in 40 degrees Celcius (104 Fahrenheit) last weekend. Upcoming weekend this might get up 47 degrees or 117 Fahrenheit, what I was wondering is how long can/may I work and do I damage myself if I work a full 8 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My work consists of helping customers find things, refilling plants, watering plants and moving trees/heaving things (around 20kg/44 lbs) for a full 8 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's not too busy at our greenhouse shop I can usually take a 15 minute break around 3:00PM and that's all I get for the day which is enough although I wonder if I should take precautions to make sure my body stays healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically I'm interested in  how long can a human being work in a store where it is 47 degrees C? I can understand that this is quite a broad question but I'm looking for a general answer and what precautions I can take. Would there be any side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="932" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:07:50.343" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T00:07:50.343" Title="Up to what temperature can you work without damaging yourself?" Tags="&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;heat-exhaustion&gt;&lt;heatstroke&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T15:29:00.813" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some research data for the amount of hearing loss resulting from otitis media with effusion (OME), or glue ear, or fluid in the middle ear. The typical answer I read is &quot;20-30dB&quot; but this result is never referenced. Median/average, 90 percentile, kind of data would be very useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="933" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T12:15:15.633" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T12:15:15.633" Title="Looking for research data for amount of hearing loss resulting from otitis media with effusion (OME)" Tags="&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;decibels&gt;&lt;middle-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T16:18:27.797" Score="2" ViewCount="1665" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found this from Wikipedia: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The cause of Beethoven's deafness is unknown, but it has variously been attributed to typhus, auto-immune disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus), and even his habit of immersing his head in cold water to stay awake. The explanation from Beethoven's autopsy was that he had a &quot;distended inner ear&quot;, which developed lesions over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone who indulges in cold showers myself on a regular basis, I was slightly taken aback by the possibility that his loss of hearing may have been induced by 'his habit of immersing his head in cold water to stay awake' - could this &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; be a cause of loss of hearing? If so, how does that work exactly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="934" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:04:24.903" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:04:24.903" Title="Can regular immersion in cold water cause loss of hearing?" Tags="&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;&lt;inner-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1432" CreationDate="2015-07-01T16:38:00.160" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there's  a link, but no one can say that this is the cause of myopia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia?sso=y&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Optometric Association&lt;/a&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The exact cause of nearsightedness is unknown, but two factors may be primarily responsible for its development: Heredity and Visual Stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even though the tendency to develop nearsightedness may be inherited, its actual development may be affected by how a person uses his or her eyes. Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop nearsightedness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some people may experience blurred distance vision only at night. This “night myopia” may be due to the low level of light making it difficult for the eyes to focus properly or the increased pupil size during dark conditions, allowing more peripheral, unfocused light rays to enter the eye.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People who do an excessive amount of near vision work may experience a false or “pseudo” myopia. Their blurred distance vision is caused by over use of the eyes’ focusing mechanism. After long periods of near work, their eyes are unable to refocus to see clearly in the distance. The symptoms are usually temporary and clear distance vision may return after resting the eyes. However, over time constant visual stress may lead to a permanent reduction in distance vision.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of nearsightedness may also be a sign of variations in blood sugar levels in persons with diabetes or an early indication of a developing cataract.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Short-sightedness/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NSH&lt;/a&gt; give us more input about your specifics questions :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One study found that children who read for 30 minutes or more each day were one-and-a-half times more likely to develop myopia than children who didn't read for this period of time.&#xA;  Research has also shown that children who spend time doing outdoor activities, such as playing sports, are less likely to become short-sighted and existing short-sightedness may progress less quickly.&#xA;  It is thought that this protective effect could be associated with the higher light levels outside than inside, and the fact that you are not constantly focusing on near objects.&#xA;  An &quot;everything in moderation&quot; approach is recommended. Although children should be encouraged to read, they should also spend some time away from reading and computer games each day doing outdoor activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, since most of studies link this cause of effect on developing eye's, i don't think this could make your myopia worse after you is past 21 years old and your eye's is completely grown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-07-01T17:17:01.843" LastActivityDate="2015-07-01T17:17:01.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1437" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1443" CreationDate="2015-07-01T17:48:10.833" Score="10" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just wondering about this subject, when I did a blood exam today and I picked a paper about available vaccines and I saw HPV, the same my mom always bothered me to take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm an adult man with active sexual life, so would I benefit from taking a HPV vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HPV is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Social Health Association reported estimates that about 75–80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T23:57:28.220" Title="Can the HPV vaccine be effective if you are already infected?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-02T10:33:52.643" Score="4" ViewCount="5659" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is normal range of Anti TPO antiodies test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My relative have undergone this test and got value 207.&#xA;Her TSH is also 5.8&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:05:27.107" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:05:27.107" Title="What is normal range of Anti TPO antiodies test?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;thyroperoxidase-tpo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1446" CreationDate="2015-07-02T15:38:21.613" Score="6" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was doing some muscle stretching after my daily run (the idea is to stretch to have flexible muscles) and it got me to think: is there a minimum amount of time required for the stretch to be effective? Is there a maximum time, in which past that limit we risk inducing injuries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="87" LastEditorUserId="87" LastEditDate="2015-07-02T20:26:47.527" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T00:17:26.017" Title="When doing static (traditional &quot;lean and hold&quot; type of stretching), how long should we hold the stretch?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1437" CreationDate="2015-07-02T16:09:15.987" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The HPV vaccine is &lt;em&gt;most&lt;/em&gt; effective when preventing you from initial infection. While common, it's possible you haven't been infected with HPV. Even if you are, there is some benefit to still being vaccinated if you're HPV positive. The reason for this is that there are a number of different types of HPV virus, and the vaccine should provide you some protection against types you have not already acquired. From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6305a1.htm&quot;&gt;this MMWR report&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the phase III trials, among females aged 16–26 years who had HPV&#xA;  vaccine type DNA detected at study enrollment (either seropositive or&#xA;  seronegative), there was no efficacy against progression to disease or&#xA;  impact on clearance of infection of that type (114,120). However, HPV4&#xA;  had 100% efficacy for prevention of CIN2+ attributable to types not&#xA;  already acquired (120). Among persons seropositive to the relevant HPV&#xA;  type but HPV DNA-negative, too few cases were detected to evaluate&#xA;  efficacy, but disease incidence was low and all cases occurred in the&#xA;  placebo group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HPV vaccination can provide protection against infection with HPV&#xA;  vaccine types not already acquired. Therefore, vaccination is&#xA;  recommended through the recommended age for females regardless of&#xA;  whether they have an abnormal Pap test result, and for females or&#xA;  males regardless of known HPV infection, HPV-associated precancer&#xA;  lesions, or anogenital warts. Females who have abnormalities on&#xA;  cervical cancer screening are likely to be infected with one or more&#xA;  genital HPV types. With increasing severity of Pap test findings, the&#xA;  likelihood of infection with HPV 16 or HPV 18 increases (70), and the&#xA;  expected benefit of vaccination decreases. Females who have had HPV&#xA;  testing as part of cervical cancer screening might have information&#xA;  about their HPV status. Males or females with AIN are likely infected&#xA;  with HPV. The presence of anogenital warts or a history of anogenital&#xA;  warts indicates present or past infection with HPV, most often HPV 6&#xA;  or HPV 11. Although vaccination is still recommended, patients should&#xA;  be advised that vaccination will not have any therapeutic effect on an&#xA;  existing HPV infection, HPV-associated precancer lesion, cancer, or&#xA;  anogenital warts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: It is likely still worth getting vaccinated to protect you from other strains of HPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-03T00:46:40.857" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T00:46:40.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1408" CreationDate="2015-07-02T16:58:14.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several types of HSV tests, with varying benefits and drawbacks. To address your questions regarding the antibody test:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can it detect an inactive infection: Yes. The antibody test isn't actually looking for the virus, it's looking for signs that your body has responded to an infection and produced antibodies for it. As such, infections in the past that are now inactive &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; produce a positive antibody test, though this depends on a lot of factors, like how long ago the infection took place, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If that test finds antibodies, does it mean I carry this virus for sure? No. All diagnostic tests have a false positive rate. That being said, based on the literature I can find for people without symptoms, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/Supplement_2/S173.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this rate appears to be fairly low&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;CDC does not recommend screening for HSV-1 or HSV-2 in the general population.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-07-02T16:58:14.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1435" CreationDate="2015-07-02T20:21:23.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible that hearing loss can be caused by cold water. Several different different types of benign growths can cause loss of hearing because they may block the ear canal. One of these types of growths are &lt;a href=&quot;http://radiopaedia.org/articles/exostosis-of-the-external-auditory-canal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exotoses in the ear canal&lt;/a&gt; (aka Surfer's ear). Surfer's ear is caused by exposure to cold air or cold water. Odds are that frequent cold showers won't cause Surfer's ear, because usually the growth is caused by both cold air &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; cold water (doesn't always have to be cold, but it is much more likely for cold air and water to cause it than warm air and water). Extoses be treated through surgery to remove the growth (obviously this wasn't possible in the 18th and 19th century).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible that loss of hearing can be be caused by a condition known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/basics/treatment/con-20014723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Swimmer's ear&lt;/a&gt; which is the result of prolonged exposure of the ear to moisture and water. Things like swimming (hence the name) or routine showering can cause this, which means it may be possible for you to experience a sudden loss of hearing. This water doesn't have to be cold though. Swimmer's ear doesn't always cause loss of hearing and when it does, it is only temporary and can be treated with some medications and eardrops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://radiopaedia.org/articles/exostosis-of-the-external-auditory-canal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exostosis of the external auditory canal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hearing-loss-cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hearing Loss Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-ear/basics/treatment/con-20014723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Swimmer's Ear&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/ear-infection/swimmers-ear-directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Swimmer's Ear Directory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-07T01:00:09.423" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T01:00:09.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1442" CreationDate="2015-07-02T20:54:17.037" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general consensus on the internet and among various physical trainers is that static stretching in 20-30 second segments is sufficient to increase range of motion (ROM) in a muscle. This is corroborated by two studies (Very similar in nature, conducted by the same people), where &lt;a href=&quot;http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/77/10/1090.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; showed that there was no difference when time was increased from 30 to 60 seconds and performed multiple times per day, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/74/9/845.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;another that showed&lt;/a&gt; no gains when solely increasing from 30-60 seconds per stretch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if your goal is to increase flexibility, then you may want to also look at adding proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) type stretching once or twice a week. The most basic form of this is to get into a stretch, and then isometrically contract (joint/muscle stay static, rather than moving) against the stretch. This is, however, an advanced stretching technique and should only be done after proper instruction. &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2011/11000/The_Acute_Effects_of_Different_Stretching.8.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; showed that PNF stretching also was the only one that produced performance enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ballistic stretching (lean and bounce) type stretching has been much maligned, and is still contraindicated because of the tendency towards producing injury. (It tends to activate the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_reflex&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;stretch reflex&lt;/a&gt; in muscles and produce tears/strains). However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2006/11000/Ballistic_Stretching_Increases_Flexibility_and.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there is some indication&lt;/a&gt; that it may aid in jumping type performances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dynamic stretching before workouts (active movement that mimics the motions of the sport), and static stretching after (30 seconds, and I personally do a stretch and hold, relax, repeat even deeper type of cycle for each muscle) produce some of your best gains for the typical everyday person. PNF can get even greater gains if needed. However, it has not been proven yet (Despite claims) that any type of stretching produces better injury prevention or reduces muscle soreness after workouts. Also, static stretching before performance has been shown to negatively impact performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-07-03T00:17:26.017" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T00:17:26.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1425" CreationDate="2015-07-03T03:57:01.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Laxatives&lt;/a&gt; can be of multiple types - from simple dietary roughage to some OTC mineral oils to prescription intestinal stimulants, there are simply a wide range of substances that can loosen stools and increase bowel movements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When should one take a laxative? I would say everyday. Dietary fibres are very good laxatives in normal individuals. Any diet should include plenty of dietary fibres. They also reduce the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/14/6453.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;risk of colorectal carcinomas&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionreviews.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/4/188&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reduce cholesterol&lt;/a&gt; and are all the more reasons to include in the diet - especially in the western population. For someone who follows a regular food habit and is generally healthy there won't be any reason to take anything else to increase bowel movements. So in short, dietary fibres(roughage) should be your everyday laxative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are acutely constipated for some reason, and is making you miserable, and do not have any other symptoms(such as vomiting, abdominal pain, blood in stool, etc) then you can take an over the counter laxative for one day and see if it resolves the issue. That can be simple mineral oil, castor oil, Isapghula, etc. If a single dose of any of those does not improve your costipation, then you should consult a doctor. The doctor can look at the cause of constipation and prescribe a medicine for you appropriately for a short duration of time. Some people who take certain pills (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26126675&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;opiod narcotics for example&lt;/a&gt;) are likely to be chronically constipated. In that case one may have to use laxatives for a long duration of time, but that decision is taken by a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why it is not recommended to take a laxative for a long duration of time without a good reason is that some laxatives reduce cause colonic tissues to wear out over time and make the patient permanently consipated(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative#Laxative_gut&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;laxative gut&lt;/a&gt;) There is also the risk of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative#Laxative_abuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reduced nutrient absorption, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, intestinal paralysis, irritable bowel syndrome, factitious diarrhea, etc&lt;/a&gt;. So chronic use of stimulant laxatives should be avoided whenever possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T03:57:01.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-03T10:11:20.643" Score="5" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a psychiatric nurse in the UK, the dosage of Quetiapine in the treatment of depression does not proportionally influence somnolence / sleepiness during the day. The dosage is taken at night. My own research suggests the opposite - I found that reducing the dose decreased somnolence so it seems to me that they are in fact linked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find information which will prove / disprove the nurse's assertion? This will be useful when requesting alternative medication. I would also be interested to know if this relates to the drug's half life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="951" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T02:00:38.060" Title="Will an increased dosage of Quetiapine increase somnolence?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-03T11:53:51.450" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, when people talk to me, I hear the words immediately but it then takes me longer than expected to decode those words and respond appropriately. This leads to odd pauses and I look a little slow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Probably unconnected but...&lt;/em&gt; I also frequently suffer from taking longer than normal to think of a specific word, sometimes I can fill with something similar or someone else fills in for me but still, awkward pauses in conversation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, it never used to happen - I was always quite witty and snappy with retorts and could throw together sentences in a blink. I started noticing a couple of years ago and I swear it's getting worse (or maybe I'm noticing more). Oh, I'm 26 by the way. So yeah, I guess it could be something like early-onset dementia but no history in the family! &#xA;Also, I still have a phenomenal memory for numbers/patterns/dates/events etc that I always used to have. That hasn't changed at all. Seems specifically to do with the language centre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Granny just recently had an operation to remove a Meningioma, is there any way it could be connected? I don't want to bother the NHS if I'm just imagining things!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="953" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T11:53:51.450" Title="Takes a while to decipher what people say, something wrong with my brain?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-07-04T04:15:34.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-03T14:04:40.550" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;The perfumes of Chanel fashion house are hypoallergenic? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are the perfumes of Chanel tested for hypoallergenic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="954" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T15:52:15.787" Title="Chanel hypoallergenic perfumes" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3900" CreationDate="2015-07-03T15:00:36.723" Score="19" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen plenty of references to the same study of how caffeine benefits memory after one day of use &lt;a href=&quot;http://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/12/caffeine-enhances-memory&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182035&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/caffeine-healthy-diet-may-boost-memory-thinking-skills-alcohols-effect-uncertain-201406187219&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;, but what about long-term use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are all sort of factors to long-term use such as sleep and adapting to dosage, and I'm extremely surprised that I haven't found any such study given the wide pervasiveness of caffeine in the modern world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="955" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T22:41:06.160" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T01:40:19.593" Title="What effect does long-term caffeine use have on memory?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1093" CreationDate="2015-07-03T18:50:33.613" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct to be worried about the effect of sleep on your physical health, especially because you seem to have bad luck (or bad genes) when it comes to serious infectious disease.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, back to the issue of sleep as it relates to infectious disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Sleep deprivation attenuates antibody responses to vaccine,&#xA; whereas good sleep imparts long-lasting immunoenhancing effects.&#xA; Furthermore, sleep is a profound regulator of cellular immunity&#xA; and formation of immunological memory critical for adaptive&#xA; responses to immune challenges.&#xA; -- from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695049/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's safe to presume that your lack of sleep is impairing your health.  No one can guarantee that good sleep will restore you to good health, but it can't hurt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T21:48:45.573" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T21:48:45.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1099" CreationDate="2015-07-03T22:22:33.223" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a simpler answer than others on this page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking the calories associated with 4 oranges can be done in about 5 seconds.  This does not give your body's satiety mechanisms time to kick in and diminish your appetite if you are already tanked up on the calories you need for that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, eating the fruit (with peeling-time thrown in) is much slower, and gives your satiety mechanisms a chance to tell you that you don't really need the calories in that 4th orange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest nutritional danger today is not scurvy or any other vitamin deficiency.  It's over-nutrition, i.e. too many calories.  By eating the oranges, vs. drinking then, you reduce the danger of over-nutrition.  Dr. Daniel Lustwig's editorial in JAMA first opened my eyes to this aspect of juice drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2015-07-03T22:22:33.223" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-04T03:38:43.010" Score="3" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite eating dinner and making sure to eat a lot, people sometimes still get hungry at night and get &quot;night-munchies&quot; or require a midnight snack. What attributes to this hunger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="957" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-01-31T22:14:07.843" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T22:14:07.843" Title="What causes late-night hunger in the body?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-04T20:12:08.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-04T03:55:02.153" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are you supposed to read nutrition information on food labels? For example, how to determine whether the packaged food is healthy or not depending on the amount of sodium, protein, sugar, carbohydrates it has. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have included two photos of similar cereals that I recently bought and I was wondering which one was healthier simply by reading the label? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OcW42m.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cereal 1&quot;&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YZUpSm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cereal 2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="699" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-04T04:45:00.050" LastActivityDate="2015-07-04T04:45:00.050" Title="How to read food labels?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-07-04T04:08:07.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1459" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1460" CreationDate="2015-07-04T20:21:06.273" Score="3" ViewCount="1044" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am from France, and noticed recently that many people I know - friends, family - would have died young without today's medicine. Apparently, in 1900, life expectancy at birth &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/publication/global-health-and-aging/living-longer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(LEB) in France was about 50 years old&lt;/a&gt;. I didn't do the maths (I have little data and I cannot say for sure that disease X would have killed a patient a century ago) but 50 years old &lt;strong&gt;average&lt;/strong&gt; seems high compared to my personal experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If today, in developed countries, we had to revert to using only 1900 medicine and surgery (we can discard the medical practices that were actually making things worse), with the same environment, would we live longer or shorter?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some random ideas of what could make LEB increase apart from medicine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Environment is better (food is better and more available, hygiene)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Better genes (mixing of populations..?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Social and technological progress (better working conditions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could make it decrease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Environment has degraded (unhealthy food and lifestyles, pollution?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genes have degraded (?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="962" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T09:19:39.873" Title="What would life expectancy be today without medicine and surgery?" Tags="&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-27T13:30:22.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1459" CreationDate="2015-07-05T09:04:28.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is too big to be answered with a formal analysis.  So here is a back of the envelope assessment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[A] We are worse off today (vs. 1900) because of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tobacco use&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;iPods (every adult will be deaf in 20 years)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;motor vehicle accidents, gun violence, immense wars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[B] We are better off today (vs. 1900) because of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;better nutrition (hunger was common in the USA even into the 1960s)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;public health improvements (e.g. clean water, shoes for all).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;refrigeration (stomach cancer was #1 in 1900, owing to widespread pickling of foods).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;safer work conditions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[C] Important medical developments since 1900:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antibiotics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anti-tuberculous medicines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hypertension control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;infant mortality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;everything else is rounding error&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[D] Not a factor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;genes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alcohol (bad, but probably same vs. 1900)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, life in 2015 = C + B - A.  Your question is whether B - A is better than life in 1900.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing survival curves, the biggest change in survival is the huge improvement in living to age 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20% of people dead by age 5 (USA whites, 1900)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8% of people dead by age 5 (USA whites, 1930)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5% of people dead by age 5 (USA whites, 1940)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;40% of people dead by age 5 (British India, 1921-1930)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the curves from 1900 vs. 1940, there is not that much difference once the initial large difference is subtracted.  I was too lazy to go looking for more recent curves, but I doubt it would be much different.  The median survival in 1940 was 70 years for USA whites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not think this early life difference can be explained by an improvement in medical care.  It was public health, i.e. improved living conditions (including adequate food).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find interesting historical survival curves in the book &lt;em&gt;Ageing: The Biology of Senescence&lt;/em&gt;, 1964.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastEditorUserId="332" LastEditDate="2015-07-05T09:19:39.873" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T09:19:39.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1426" CreationDate="2015-07-05T10:55:18.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't belive it is possible for the body to produce too much ADH.  The body will likely produce insufficient ADH to eliminate the ingested water, thus you will still remain in a state of hyponatremia even after the body's ADH response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body will then return to homeostatus by reducing thirst.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means of course that if you ingest too much water (ignoring your lack of thirst) you can create serious health problems for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="964" LastActivityDate="2015-07-05T10:55:18.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1468" CreationDate="2015-07-05T23:12:47.113" Score="6" ViewCount="780" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what is this color noise I see when I close my eyes. The visual field is black but there is definitely some subtle color noise which I can &quot;see.&quot; I wonder where it comes from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="967" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-07-14T10:08:10.207" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T10:08:10.207" Title="What is this noise I see when I close my eyes?" Tags="&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-01T16:34:01.790" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenarios:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario 1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3000 kcal daily intake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;250g protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3000 kcal daily intake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100g protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the protein ratio affect how much fat can be gained (in case of calorie surplus)? This means that in diets with the same amount of calories the protein-carb-fat ratio affects the quantity of fat gained.&#xA;I understand different foods have different thermic effects, but is there any logic correlation in the previous statement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="971" OwnerDisplayName="joao" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T01:01:19.407" Title="Different protein ratios in similar calorie diets" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1179" CreationDate="2015-07-06T10:37:35.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;Maisonneuve fracture is a special form of the Weber C fracture&lt;/strong&gt;. What makes it special is that the fracture of the fibula has to be localized within the &lt;strong&gt;proximal third of the fibula shaft&lt;/strong&gt; (see &quot;The Maisonneuve fracture is a spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079149&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Weber C includes all localizations&lt;/strong&gt; of the fracture of the fibula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="970" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T10:37:35.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1463" CreationDate="2015-07-06T10:47:03.090" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are seeing phosphenes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These have been described in medical notes for thousands of years&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are assumed to be caused by random firing of optic nerves due to stray electrical stimulation in the brain, or pressure on the eye&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other causes are; sudden changes in air pressure, moving from bright light outside into a dark room, violent body motions (like coughing or sneezing), over stimulation (sexual, drugs, grief), diabetic shock, violent sports (boxing, rugby etc); all these may cause pressure on the eye, or over stimulation of the bodies electrical system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are getting increased phosphenes, bright flashes of light, or fixed objects appearing with your eyes closed, these may be a sign of eye nerve damage, and a trip to the doctor may be a good idea&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, this is similar to the CCD device in a camera chip. They are very susceptible to stray electrical charge, and this causes a low level background noise in the picture, even in a totally dark room&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2189731/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological induction of phosphenes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Phosphenes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Phosphenes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Phosphene&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="842" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T22:36:59.883" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T22:36:59.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-06T12:00:07.360" Score="8" ViewCount="1299" Body="&lt;p&gt;A doctor has advised my friend to leave off eating junk food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following are things which he eats generally, but which are junk among them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pizza(Dominos)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruit Juice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pastry (Chocolate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soyabean (Roasted or Roasted Creamy nut butter)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soya Cheese&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Indian Puchkas (having Mint water, asofoetida water, gauva water)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spring Roll (Fried in Olive oil)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Veg Momos&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Burger &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T22:13:59.653" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T22:16:16.927" Title="What is Junk food? When doctors advise to avoid junk food, what does that mean?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1469" CreationDate="2015-07-06T16:53:55.800" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if there is an official definition of junk food. I think similar to pornography, it's best put by &quot;I know it when I see it.&quot; Most everything on your list is quite bad for normal consumption, especially the pizza, pastries, burgers, and fruit juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really recommend you see a movie called &lt;a href=&quot;http://fedupmovie.com/#/page/home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fed Up&lt;/a&gt;. It came out last year and addresses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What makes food &quot;good&quot; vs &quot;bad&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How food manufacturers use their lobbying power and marketing skills to trick the general public.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The real damage that comes from high sugar diets (which the one you listed is loaded with).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy it on amazon for &lt;a href=&quot;http://amzn.to/1S38Xkj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;$5&lt;/a&gt;. I would watch it and then get as many others as you can do the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T16:53:55.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-06T17:21:22.893" Score="13" ViewCount="861" Body="&lt;p&gt;I perform 12 push-up series with 1 minute and 15 seconds break between them each day.&#xA;After this session i feel my heart pounding like crazy for ~5 minutes. Even hours after, i feel the heart beating at a faster rate than usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering what effect does this have on the heart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="974" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T19:23:43.833" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T22:57:40.530" Title="Does the heart become stronger or weaker after an intensive workout?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1469" CreationDate="2015-07-06T22:09:30.420" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Junk food is a somewhat generic term that basically includes calories from food that has no real nutritional value, or is so loaded with artificial flavors, added sugars/fats that it overwhelms the nutritional value that was there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the items on your list &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be considered junk food, depending on how they are eaten, how much and how often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a Domino's thick crust pizza with pepperoni, sausage, extra cheese is loaded with saturated fats, lots of calories for not a lot of substance. However, you could get a thin crust pizza with a light amount of cheese, green peppers, mushrooms and black olives, and while still not the best of foods would be a much better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same for fruit juice - If you get a pure juice such as a squeezed orange juice with no additives, it will be much better than a cranberry juice from extract with added sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as noted in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/junk-food-facts&quot;&gt;WebMD article on junk food&lt;/a&gt;, these foods tend to be less satiating, that is they satisfy hunger much less than &quot;real&quot; foods, so that you typically end up eating more of them to satisfy hunger, which in turn leads to higher caloric intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other items, such as the chocolate, spring roll may not be the best (Depending on what is in the spring roll), but in little bits are ok. It's very hard to eat a clean diet, especially if you are busy, but with some planning and cooking ahead, you can make a diet very healthy, and still leave room for some items like chocolates, candies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the junk food is limited in intake, and doesn't make up the majority of the diet (As a personal rule, I try to limit &quot;junk&quot; calories to no more than 10% of my weekly intake), a little bit should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in light of this being a doctor's recommendation, and given the lab values in your other question, it might be a good idea to have a consultation with a dietitian/nutritionist to help create an achievable, healthy eating plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-07-06T22:16:16.927" LastActivityDate="2015-07-06T22:16:16.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-07T04:30:13.930" Score="8" ViewCount="1536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do 8 hours of work sitting before a computer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of no work or only performing a few actively-mobile jobs; I was sitting idle for last one month. I've gotten new work since then, but I do not want to do it for the below-listed reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms I'm experiencing include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My mind remains clouded, full of white noise, and I always feel like going outside. Even after I return, I immediately want to leave.  The muffled sensation in my ears is not helped by cleaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After months of no work, I feel torpid and completely lack motivation; I am forgetful about what little I do feel motivated to involve myself in.  My self-esteem has taken a steep downturn, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone please explain whether any of this are symptoms of insanity or just depression?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="940" LastEditorUserId="120" LastEditDate="2015-07-14T13:27:24.173" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T18:14:03.917" Title="Does sitting idle for one month without work lead to depression?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-07T07:42:25.823" Score="5" ViewCount="3670" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is maximum dose of olanzapine drug? My sister is at hospital and she was treated with 20mg of olanzapine and now it was raised to 25mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="978" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T18:18:02.300" Title="Maximum dose of olanzapine" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1475" CreationDate="2015-07-07T13:42:08.230" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.lilly.com/us/zyprexa-pi.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;manufacturer’s prescribing information&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. package insert) provides recommended dosing based on safety and efficacy data obtained during the drug development and approval process. It indicates that 10 mg/day is a “normal” target dose for most indications. A higher dose of 15 mg/day is appropriate in acute manic episodes. In the portion of the PI discussing safety data, it refers to the “maximum” dose as 20 mg/day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been reports of using up to 60 mg daily in cases of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but this is rare and the data supporting it are weak.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the course of normal clinical practice, including care of many psychiatric patients on atypical antipsychotics, I have never seen doses above 20 mg daily used. It is rarely used in twice daily dosing due to the long half-life of ~30 hours (as described in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pi.lilly.com/us/zyprexa-pi.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PI&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al, American Psychiatric Association, Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=15000267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(2 Suppl):1-56. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-07T18:18:02.300" LastActivityDate="2015-07-07T18:18:02.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2015-07-07T16:28:30.593" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well regular sleeping during the day might damage health. Try avoiding it if possible as research has been conducted which suggests that there is a linkage between irregular sleep and hormone production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence also suggests that lack of sleep won't do you as much damage as irregular or day sleep. I suggest try changing your profession. If that isn't possible due to personal or social reasons then I'd say try adjusting your shift so you can sleep at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Erratic sleep is bad no matter what. While you might be able to reduce the effects bit napping at night, it won't make much difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have Vitamin D deficiency because of lack of exposure to sunlight and pills and taking walk in the sunlight can fix that easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Growth Hormone deficiency does as a matter of fact effect your sleeping pattern and vice versa. I don't know your age neither am I a doctor but assuming you are young enough, this can be fixed by medical help and change in habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...shifted sleep appears to disrupt gene activity even more than not getting enough sleep, according to the research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study published in PNAS, 22 young, healthy subjects were tested in a sleep lab. Interrupting their sleep so that their longest period of sleep was from noon until about 6:30 p.m., they found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the days of shifted sleep... the number of genes tied to the body's clock dropped dramatically, to 228 genes, or only 1 percent of genes analyzed. ...The researchers estimated that the sleep disruptions would ultimately impact about a third of a person's genes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is significantly more than found in studies done on sleep deprivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We think that may be related to the negative health outcomes associated with long-term shift work,&quot; Dijk said. Shift workers are at higher risk for many health problems, including obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, disrupted menstrual cycles and cancer, he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SOURCE: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/news/20140121/sleep-during-the-day-may-throw-genes-into-disarray&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464567&quot;&gt;Growth hormone deficient children&lt;/a&gt; have a significant decrease in total sleep time, efficiency, movement and in non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="980" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T19:00:08.117" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T19:00:08.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-07T17:33:15.067" Score="8" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very susceptible to the common cold. I get it at least 2 - 3 times a year. Sometimes it goes away in a couple of days, sometimes it develops into a nasty throat/lung infection with an awful cough and I need to take inhalers. I have no asthma in general though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have this theory that if the mucous that comes up in the cough and through the nose is yellow/green, then it is an infection and merits a doctor visit. if it is clear, then it is just a cold and I should wait it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the idea wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:35:12.163" Title="How to tell if the common cold has turned to an infection" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1518" CreationDate="2015-07-07T17:45:44.977" Score="14" ViewCount="858" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all kinds of alcohol increase the risk of liver disease in a similar way? Or is an alcoholic beverage that is higher in alcohol by volume (e.g. scotch - ~60% and up) more harmful than those lower in alcohol by volume (e.g. red wine - 12%)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T03:53:03.063" LastActivityDate="2015-07-18T06:11:09.370" Title="Are all kinds of liquor and alcohol equally bad for liver?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T03:50:31.117" Score="5" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a healthy man with normal weight so I'm not concerned with weight loss.  For me milk is an important part of my diet. I've read recent studies saying that low fat products are not always good. I was searching online if I should use low fat milk or full fat. But I found contradicting posts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-fats.htm&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; claims that full fat milk should be replaced with low fat option. On the other hand &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.womansday.com/health-fitness/nutrition/advice/g894/unhealthy-fat-free-foods/?slide=4&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; claims otherwise. Whom to trust? Is there any scientific study which can give a definite answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastEditorUserId="861" LastEditDate="2015-07-08T03:56:10.723" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T09:25:01.850" Title="Should I choose low fat milk or full fat milk?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T07:17:55.153" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.afrezza.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Affreza's website&lt;/a&gt; mentions side effects in patients with chronic lung disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that insulin injections can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/lipohypertrophy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lipohypertrophy&lt;/a&gt;, what is the risk of inhaling insulin in this regard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T07:17:55.153" Title="How does Affreza inhalable insulin affect lungs in patients without lung disease?" Tags="&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1494" CreationDate="2015-07-08T07:41:55.967" Score="8" ViewCount="3387" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the International Topical Steroid Awareness Network (ITSAN) website, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://itsan.org/what-is-rss/#tab-f1c9d2cad5aa46946fb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of symptoms that relieve after you discontinuing topical steroid&lt;/a&gt;. I will list here some of them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Signs and symptoms of topical steroid withdrawal&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin flushing bright red, resembling a sunburn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visible and measurable flaking of skin – appears to be ‘snowing’&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oozing exudate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin cycling between oozing, swelling, burning, and flaking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Red sleeves: (arms/legs become red and inflamed, sparing palms/soles)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thermoregulation altered (feeling too cold or too hot)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypersensitivity of the skin to water, movement, moisturizer, fabrics, temperature, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nerve pain, sometimes described as “sparklers” or “zingers”&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Enlarged lymph nodes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fatigue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that topical steroid drug is a subset of glucocorticoid drug, so I widen my search. Below is some signs and symptoms of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency#Signs_and_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenal insufficiency&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Signs and symptoms of topical steroid withdrawal&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypoglycemia, dehydration, weight loss, and disorientation. Additional signs and symptoms include weakness, tiredness, dizziness, low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension), cardiovascular collapse, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except some overlap (lethargy, insomnia, fatigue), I find no link from the topical steroid withdrawal and adrenal insufficiency. I have read wiki articles about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_crisis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenal crisis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid#Withdrawal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glucocorticoid withdralwal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_steroid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;topical steroid&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Addison's disease&lt;/a&gt;, but still can't find the link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do topical steroid withdrawal relate to adrenal insufficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T06:27:46.327" Title="How do topical steroid withdrawal relate to adrenal insufficiency?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1482" CreationDate="2015-07-08T11:11:09.667" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My professor at university, class of nutrition, said he would prefer full fat milk because is much richer in liposoluble vitamins. The difference of calories is not that big if the rest of the diet is balanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T11:11:09.667" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1489" CreationDate="2015-07-08T13:20:05.630" Score="6" ViewCount="880" Body="&lt;p&gt;This always puzzled me. Not only because it is a nuisance, but also because I cannot understand it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I have to take a blood sample to run some tests on it, I am always told not to eat anything for about 12 hours before the test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes no sense to me. If they want to measure the sugar in my blood, for example, well, for sure what I eat affects that, but I'm always eating! If my blood is high on sugar when I eat my normal meals, guess what, that's how I am normally, 24/7, my whole life, so there is &lt;strong&gt;indeed&lt;/strong&gt; a problem. If I fast before the test, obviously my sugar will be low, right? But it doesn't matter, because that is a forced state, that never actually happens (apart from when I'm taking blood samples).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guess at the end of the test they should say &quot;well, you will probably be fine, as long as you take another blood test every couple of days.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="985" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T02:42:10.290" Title="Why should I fast before taking blood tests?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1500" CreationDate="2015-07-08T16:17:43.817" Score="8" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some home remedies (preventive) that I can try on a regular basis to increase my immunity to common cold?&#xA;I get it way too often, almost once every couple of months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it is viral and goes away (although the cough lingers), other times, it turns into a chest-lung infection with a cough that wakes up the neighborhood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't smoke. I don't mind a bit of cold and runny nose, but the cough is really bothersome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T09:00:17.827" LastActivityDate="2020-03-03T02:00:21.307" Title="Increase immunity to common cold and cough" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-03-03T05:55:34.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1487" CreationDate="2015-07-08T16:51:24.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your blood sugar, as well as other blood markers, are in equilibrium most of the time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A meal will create a rise in glucose, but this will only last about 2 hours, so that you will have raised glucose only 6 hours out of 24. So this is one reason why the fasting glucose is the glucose to which your body is exposed most of the time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But more important, the doctors don't care for your peak glucose levels, they care for the equilibrium level of your glucose homeostasis, and that's 5 mmol or somewhere very close to it. If it is not there, then the mechanism for achieving it is broken, no matter what your postprandial glucose levels are. So both of your assumptions are incorrect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you are on a diet which has your blood glucose levels constantly elevated, that's a very calorie dense diet and you are probably indeed in trouble. But even then, measuring your fasting glucose is important, because the doctor cannot make any conclusions from the raised levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, there is also another test for blood sugar which gives you an estimation of not the current blood sugar, but of the average blood sugar over the last few weeks. Both an elevated fasting glucose and an elevated hgb 1ac levels are diagnostic criteria for diabetes, so if you somehow managed to keep your fasting glucose low but your average glucose unreasonably high, this could be discovered and you will be diagnosed with diabetes or warned that you are in a prediabetic condition, depending on the current diagnose guidelines used in your country. But if you suspect this, you should probably inform your physician, as I don't think hgb a1c is measured in routine blood tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: a Coursera course on diabetes I can't link because it's no longer open, sorry. Maybe somebody else has a linkable source and can edit it in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T16:51:24.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-08T18:48:40.550" Score="10" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 24 year old girl. I have a computer job in ac and totally sitting kind of. No hard working to burn calories. I was advised to take water 3-4 litre water daily by a HERBALIFE trainer. I searched on google and found it should be only 2-2.5 litre only. I am taking 3-3.5 litre water from last 2 years.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user986" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T10:35:38.763" Title="Daily how much water intake is needed?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2015-07-08T19:46:10.440" Score="-6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's best to stick to drinking less than 3 liters if you are not sweating a lot. That will give you more room to increase fluid intake when it is necessary. Also,  while water poisoning won't happen at 4 liters a day, you may get &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes-insipidus/basics/causes/con-20026841&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other problems&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prolonged excessive water intake by itself can damage the kidneys and suppress ADH, making your body unable to concentrate urine. Primary polydipsia can be the result of abnormal thirst caused by damage to the thirst-regulating mechanism, situated in the hypothalamus. Primary polydipsia can also be caused by mental illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T01:55:11.270" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T01:55:11.270" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2015-07-08T22:44:59.820" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is based on normal situations (examples of an abnormal situations include patrolling in high temperatures in full protective gear, and strenuous exercise, especially in heat/cold) and normal health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm going to go on record here as a renegade who does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; believe in an &quot;8 glasses of water a day&quot; (1.9 L) regimen for normal healthy people in normal circumstances. My belief is, &lt;em&gt;if you're thirsty, drink something&lt;/em&gt;; make sure at least some of the time, it's water. If you're drinking caffeinated beverages or alcohol, drink a little more water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people will disbelieve this because of the popular press's obsession with 8 8-ounce glasses (1.9 L) per day myth. So some science is in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total water intake includes water in beverages, water in food, and water intake. Daily water &lt;em&gt;needs&lt;/em&gt; vary depending on humidity, temperature (sweating), physical exercise etc. But normal, healthy people regulate their daily water balance incredibly well despite changes in size/development (some factors, such as dementia, etc. can interfere with hydration.) &lt;em&gt;In general&lt;/em&gt;, as long as food and fluids are readily available, people only need to drink when they are thirsty. (Obviously strenuous exercise, illness, and other special circumstances require a different approach.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People born around the same time I was spent a large part of their lives never having seen people drink purchased water or toting bottles of water everywhere, and were probably as amused as I was to see the explosive growth of the bottled water industry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Institutes of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board issued a new report in 2004 establishing nutrient recommendations on &quot;water, salt and potassium to maintain health and reduce chronic disease risk&quot;. They stated that the vast majority of healthy people adequately meet their daily hydration needs &lt;strong&gt;by letting thirst be their guide&lt;/strong&gt;. In a press release:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We don't offer any rule of thumb based on how many glasses of water people should drink each day because our hydration needs can be met through a variety of sources in addition to drinking water,&quot; said Lawrence Appel, chair of the panel that wrote the report and professor of medicine, epidemiology, and international health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. &quot;While drinking water is a frequent choice for hydration, people also get water from juice, milk, coffee, tea, soda, fruits, vegetables, and other foods and beverages as well. Moreover, we concluded that &lt;em&gt;on a daily basis, people get adequate amounts of water from normal drinking behavior -- consumption of beverages at meals and in other social situations -- and by letting their thirst guide them&lt;/em&gt;.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report did not specify exact requirements for water, but &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;set general recommendations for women at approximately 2.7 liters (91 ounces) of total water - &lt;em&gt;from all beverages and foods&lt;/em&gt; - each day, and men an average of approximately 3.7 liters (125 ounces daily) of total water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The panel did not set an upper level for water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also stated that caffeinated beverages counted towards fluid requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;About 80 percent of people's total water intake comes from drinking water and beverages -- including caffeinated beverages -- and the other 20 percent is derived from food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will drinking even more water than necessary benefit people? Many ways. Here are a few that I can think of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decreased food intake&lt;/strong&gt;: drinking a glass of water half an hour before a meal has been shown to slightly decrease the amount of food a person will eat &lt;em&gt;without any distractions&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decreased spending&lt;/strong&gt; on high-calorie drinks: drinking water decreases thirst. &lt;em&gt;Maybe&lt;/em&gt; the decrease is enough to discourage reaching for unnecessarily high-calorie beverages. Unfortunately water doesn't taste as good as sugary beverages. :(&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Increased cardiovascular health&lt;/strong&gt;: drinking excess water, then using &lt;em&gt;a bathroom several flights up or down from the floor people work on&lt;/em&gt; (walking, not using the elevator) will promote a bit of decent exercise several times/day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Increased spiritual well being&lt;/strong&gt;: Before drinking, meditating for a few minutes (think about life without clean water to drink, to bathe in, to launder clothes, etc.; imagining a drought seriously impacting people, then thinking about water available for drinking) and experiencing gratitude for the gift of it is beneficial. Gratitude has been shown in many studies to increase happiness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are medical conditions wherein drinking more than as guided by thirst is recommended, but that is a different question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/283/5/R993&quot;&gt;“Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.” Really? Is there scientific evidence for “8 × 8”?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10925&quot;&gt;Report Sets Dietary Intake Levels for Water, Salt, and Potassium&#xA;To Maintain Health and Reduce Chronic Disease Risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/84/2/377/&quot;&gt;Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-08T22:44:59.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-09T01:46:47.093" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good day,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my mother was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer last year and have her right breast removed ( 1 month after discovery ), after the operation the doctor suggest her to undergo a chemotherapy but she was hesitant to do so because of its side effects (falling hair / affecting even healthy tissues / etc ). Then a her friend suggest her to go to a man ( known pastor that practice medicine , (im not really sure about it )). and This man suggest my mother to only eat very natural food and restricted her from eating any kind of food that has any kind of non-natural process in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im just wondering if it really helps her, because she drops too much weight (Im not really sure if its because of the diet or side-effect of operation ),shes not even taking medicine for cough and any pain-reliever tablet (if she has tooth ache) and when we have a celebration in our house and prepare some food ( ice cream/cake/pasta/viand etc ) she look really pitiful because she is not allowed to eat any of it and we feel sad as well and its been a year now since.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just want to hear if Its really worth it or it will just worsen her illnesses (because maybe shes missing the nutrients that this foods give e.g beef, pork) &#xA;any kind of advice is really appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="988" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T08:08:55.567" LastActivityDate="2016-12-18T18:07:13.193" Title="Is eating all natural food and avoiding any kind of proccess food / fertilized (fruit/veg) helps cure cancer?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1484" CreationDate="2015-07-09T02:06:50.333" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question! The missing bit of information here is that topical steroids are usually not absorbed systemically at high enough levels to cause adrenal suppression. However, they sometimes are. I shall explain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, regarding the relationship between &lt;em&gt;systemic&lt;/em&gt; corticosteroid administration and adrenal insufficiency, please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/1203/165&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. The basic idea (which I think you understand) is that exogenous administration of medications that mimic cortisol (a hormone produced in the adrenal gland) suppress the body’s processes for stimulating the hormone naturally. The adrenal gland atrophies due to the lack of natural stimulation. This causes a problem if the medication is suddenly withdrawn, because the body can’t quickly recover the ability to produce cortisol itself. This is called &lt;strong&gt;adrenal insufficiency&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;HPA axis suppression&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do topical steroid withdrawal relate to adrenal insufficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; topical steroids are absorbed into the bloodstream at high enough levels for a long enough time to suppress the HPA axis, they will cause adrenal insufficiency. Usually this degree of absorption occurs only with the use of “Group I” topical steroids, the strongest ones. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.the-dermatologist.com/files/docs/DrugGuide1006.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This list&lt;/a&gt; shows the different categories of topical steroids by potency. The “super-potent” Group I includes:&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Betamethasone 0.05% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clobetasol 0.05%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diflurasone 0.05%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Halobetasol 0.05%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flucinonide 0.1%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important factors that determine whether or not HPA suppression will occur are the potency of the drug, the dose, and the duration of use. The Group I agents can cause significant HPA suppression if used for two or more weeks at a dose of ~2g/day. Other factors that predispose to HPA suppression include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;application to permeable areas (face, mucous membranes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;occlusive dresssings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;compromised skin integrity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;young age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first list in your question appears to mostly outline &lt;em&gt;local&lt;/em&gt; effects of withdrawing topical steroids. These are possible with less potent steroids and do not require systemic absorption. The second list, on the other hand, describes a syndrome of adrenal insufficiency. These are likely only the circumstances described above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HPA stands for hypothalamus &amp;#8594; pituitary &amp;#8594; adrenal, the pathway for producing cortisol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;List was expanded a bit from that link using Bolognia et al., below.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tadicherla S, Ross K, Shenefelt PD, Fenske NA. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2002793&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Topical corticosteroids in dermatology&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(12):1093.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walsh P, Aeling JL, Huff L, Weston WL. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=8349876&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression by superpotent topical steroids.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29(3):501.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bolognia JL, chaffer JV, Duncan KO, Ko CJ. &lt;em&gt;Dermatology Essentials.&lt;/em&gt; Appendix 6: Potency ranking of some commonly used topical glucocorticosteroids. © 2014, Elsevier Inc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further reading see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This powerpoint presentation from the FDA: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3999S1_03_Cook.ppt.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The FDA Experience: Topical Corticosteroids and HPA Axis&#xA;Suppression&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This elaborates on the special problems of the pediatric population and discusses the likelihood and extent of suppression with lower potency steroids.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gilbertson EO, Spellman MC, Piacquadio DJ, Mulford MI. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486706&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Super potent topical corticosteroid use associated with adrenal suppression: clinical considerations.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Feb;38(2 Pt 2):318-21.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T03:09:10.047" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1493" CreationDate="2015-07-09T12:04:22.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancer starts when the growth of a cell is no longer controlled by the body, but the cell replicates itself without control (due to changes in the DNA) (refer to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer&lt;/a&gt;). Diet is known to &lt;strong&gt;alter the risk of developing cancer&lt;/strong&gt; but &lt;strong&gt;cancer cannot be cured by a healthy diet&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, the cancer needs a lot of nutrients for its growth. It is organized in a way that it actually gets more nutrients than the rest of the body (which is part of the illness). This quite often causes a weight loss in people suffering from cancer. Often enough the rest of the body does not get provided with enough nutrients, so other organs are impaired. It is strongly advised to provide the body with enough energy during illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, &lt;strong&gt;processed food in general is not considered bad for the body.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, your mother's case cannot be adressed individually here. You couldn't be able to provide sufficient information for that. But in general, I would strongly advise your mother to stop this diet. She is obviously suffering from malnutrition at the moment. This can actually worsen the prognosis. Please go and see a doctor and talk about other options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="989" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T12:04:22.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1493" CreationDate="2015-07-09T20:02:04.100" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with these diets is not only do they not &lt;em&gt;treat&lt;/em&gt; the cancer, but the false hope they offer prevents people (in this case, a woman with breast cancer) from receiving treatment that &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; reduce or potentially even eliminate the cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breast cancer is a common cancer in women, and it was politicized a couple of decades ago, meaning the discrepancies in funding for research (which was strongly geared towards studies of male diseases) was brought to light.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1993, a private philanthropist gave a generous grant to study the role of diet in preventing cancer progression because he/she believed that female cancer survivors should be able to make decisions without having “to rely on folklore, rumor and hearsay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of these studies was &lt;em&gt;The Women's Healthy Eating and Living&lt;/em&gt; study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies available then indicated that plant-derived foods contained anti-carcinogens. It was believed that a diet high in vegetables and fruit probably decreased breast cancer risk and that a diet high in total fat possibly increased risk. That belief was put to the test in the WHEL study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study subjects were previously treated &lt;strong&gt;early stage&lt;/strong&gt; breast cancer. These women had been &lt;em&gt;treated&lt;/em&gt; for breast cancer, that is, they were not only diagnosed, but had followed all the recommendations for breast cancer treatment at the time. This was a group for which there was high hope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diet was very intensive, very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat. Blood tests confirmed that the women were indeed on the diet. Unfortunately, no difference in breast cancer recurrence or death from breast cancer was found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, during a mean 7.3-year follow-up, we found no evidence that adoption of a dietary pattern very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat vs a 5-a-day fruit and vegetable diet prevents breast cancer recurrence or death among women with previously treated early stage breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If hair loss is a major concern to your mother, please let her know that some patients have responded very favorably to &quot;scalp cooling&quot; during chemotherapy. The theory is that cooling the scalp causes vasoconstriction and thus less drug to the scalp. An early study is referenced below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208026&quot;&gt;Influence of a Diet Very High in Vegetables, Fruit, and Fiber and Low in Fat on Prognosis Following Treatment for Breast Cancer: The Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Randomized Trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3/352.short&quot;&gt;Prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss by scalp cooling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T20:02:04.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-06-28T09:12:34.303" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to try using orthopedic insole, but found them extremely expensive if one want to get an individual design for some pair of shoes. In my basic understanding it should not be difficult to create it by our own means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any such experience? What are the materials I need to this (plaster?)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Ilan" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T04:13:25.473" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T04:13:25.473" Title="How can I create orthopedic insole/slipsole by my own means?" Tags="&lt;feet&gt;&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;&lt;bandaid-plaster-bandage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-08-05T14:51:13.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1488" CreationDate="2015-07-09T22:53:23.760" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;common cold&quot; is a syndrome that is characterized by signs and symptoms of upper respiratory infection: sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, rhinorrhea, cough, and sinus congestion.  Malaise (the feeling of &quot;feeling sick&quot;) is reported, but is generally more mild than with the flu.  Fever is uncommon with colds.  Myalgias and arthralgias (muscle and joint aches) are also reported but are typically more mild than with flu).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common cold is invariably caused by viruses and more than one family of viruses is capable of producing this syndrome with varying degrees of severity and duration depending on the virus.  The best known virus family is the &lt;em&gt;rhinoviridae&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rhinovirus has at least 99 serotypes.  This presents a challenge to the body's immune system as an immune response to one serotype may not provide any protection against other serotypes.  It is possible for a person to be consecutively infected with rhinoviridae of different serotypes.  The durability of immunity to a rhinovirus strain, once established, is not known.  It remains possible that over time, a person can become susceptible to reinfection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because human adaptive immunity requires antigen exposure, there is little that someone can do on their own to &quot;boost&quot; their specific immunity against cold viruses.  There is no vaccine (so many viruses and serotypes to consider). Boosting non-specific immunity (the acute inflammatory mechanisms) is a strategy that has not been well explored, but this approach is hard to recommend.  Non-specific immunity is a two-edged sword with the potential to damage the host's own body in addition to its role as the &quot;first responders&quot; to a pathogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Airborne like products.&lt;/strong&gt; Over the counter products that purport to &quot;boost immunity to colds&quot; are largely clinically untested.  Vitamin C has been examined.  In a July 2007 study, researchers wanted to discover whether taking 200 milligrams or more of vitamin C daily could reduce the frequency, duration, or severity of a cold. After reviewing 60 years of clinical research, they found that when taken after a cold starts, vitamin C supplements do not make a cold shorter or less severe. When taken daily, vitamin C very slightly shorted cold duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most over the counter immune boosters for colds are vitamin B and C based, which makes them safe and reasonably non-toxic so their use can't be discouraged.  Therapeutic doses of water-soluble vitamins usually result in very expensive urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Zinc.&lt;/strong&gt; Recently an analysis of several studies showed that zinc lozenges or syrup reduced the length of a cold by one day, especially when taken within 24 hours of the first signs and symptoms of a cold.  Studies also showed that taking zinc regularly might reduce the number of colds each year, the number of missed school days, and the amount of antibiotics required in otherwise healthy children.  Zinc can potentially have some side-effects, so you should talk to your doctor before beginning zinc supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR:&lt;/strong&gt; Rhinoviridae is very infectious, lives outside the body for hours to days, and is readily transmitted by auto-inoculation from encounters with contaminated surfaces.  The best &quot;immune booster&quot; for colds really, truly is frequent hand-washing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="994" LastEditorUserId="994" LastEditDate="2015-07-09T22:59:25.260" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T22:59:25.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1502" CreationDate="2015-07-09T23:25:59.427" Score="3" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before the BCG (TB) vaccine is given, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaf_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a Heaf test&lt;/a&gt; is first administered, often using a stamper tool which makes many small skin punctures to test the immune response. The stamper I received my Heaf test from strongly resembles that pictured in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/presentations.aspx?id=82&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the 5th slide in this presentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with how the BCG (TB) vaccine is typically administered with a regular hypodermic syringe injection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I received my BCG vaccination (at the age of 9) I distinctly remember receiving my vaccination using a the same stamping tool as well, except the cap was red and not yellow. I think I remember the nurse administering the vaccine saying it was an experimental delivery system, but this might be a false memory or corruption. I do not have a BCG scar and apparently I do have some level of TB resistance (according to the second Heaf test I took at the age of 14).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find any information about the BCG vaccine itself being delivered by any kind of stamping tool and I'm curious what exactly happened, and why the stamper isn't used (is it ineffective? is it too expensive? is it not having a scar worth it?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="995" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T18:41:02.157" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T18:41:02.157" Title="Did I receive the BCG vaccine via stamper, not hypodermic?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;hypodermic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1501" CreationDate="2015-07-09T23:31:42.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some more google-research, I found this paper, published a couple of years after I received my BCG vaccination: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745564/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745564/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper describes &quot;multipuncture&quot; as a method of delivering BCG as an alternative to the intradermal method, so apparently my memory was correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="995" LastActivityDate="2015-07-09T23:31:42.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1505" CreationDate="2015-07-10T00:09:13.633" Score="6" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take Nexium for acid reflux and I just got some C4 Mass Preworkout powder. On the casing of the C4 it says &quot;Do not take ... if you're on nitrates for chest pain&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't think that was what I was on, but later that night my chest was on fire and my throat felt like it was closing up. I'm not sure if it had anything to do with the C4 or the Nexium, but I would like to know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="996" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T00:33:43.697" Title="Is Nexium a Nitrate?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1522" CreationDate="2015-07-10T00:18:49.240" Score="12" ViewCount="781" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antimicrobial resistance is common. Why didn't smallpox develop resistance to its vaccine? Why was smallpox eradicable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="997" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T10:45:17.643" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T10:45:17.643" Title="Why didn't smallpox develop resistance to its vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1503" CreationDate="2015-07-10T00:33:43.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Nexium is the trade name of a generic drug called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.purplepill.com/home.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;esomeprazole&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000381.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;proton pump inhibitor&lt;/a&gt; used to treat &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/acid-reflux-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics?source=see_link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gastro-esophageal acid reflux&lt;/a&gt;. “Nitrates for chest pain” refers to the class of cardiac drugs that share a similar biochemical structure structure and pharmacologic mechanism, which involves conversion to nitric oxide. In the U.S., the available nitrates are:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nitroglycerin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;isosorbide mononitrate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;isosorbide dinitrate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are vasodilators, used for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3934954&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anginal chest pain&lt;/a&gt;, usually in combination with beta blockers. They work by dilating the arteries around the heart and improving blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A google search reveals that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cellucor.com/c4-mass&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;C4 is a dietary supplement&lt;/a&gt; that contains caffeine. I suspect that the warning about nitrates has to do more with identifying people who have cardiac problems (which could be exacerbated by caffeine) than any specific drug interaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea why your chest was on fire, and this site is not a good place to try to find out. You should certainly discuss this with your doctor if you’re concerned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T00:33:43.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1598" CreationDate="2015-07-10T02:17:50.850" Score="5" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently seen a number of articles in the lay public print on overdiagnosis, for example in the New York Times, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/06/health/study-warns-against-overdiagnosis-of-thyroid-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study Points to Overdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the article, they state that while the thyroid cancer rate in the United States has more than doubled since 1994, in South Korea, it has increased fifteenfold in the past two decades. As stated in the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although more and more small thyroid cancers are being found, however, &lt;em&gt;the death rate has remained rock steady&lt;/em&gt;, and low. If early detection were saving lives, death rates should have come down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a bit confusing to think of &quot;overdiagnosing&quot; cancer. Sloan-Kettering in New York obviously agrees, as they now offer patients with small thyroid tumors the option to wait and see if the tumor grows, but so far, not many patients have chosen this option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to imply in the US at least (and even more so in South Korea), there is too much screening and too much treatment occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is overdiagnosis? What is overtreatment? Should the average person  stop getting screened? Isn't screening a good thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:40:47.517" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:40:47.517" Title="What are the dangers of screening tests in overdiagnosis and overtreatment?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1487" CreationDate="2015-07-10T02:42:10.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main reason is because your body conditions change rapidly after a meal. These changes are also meal dependent (I work in a lab and we recently found a way to estimate a person's citrus fruit consumption fairly reliably based on changes in urine). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By instructing you to fast, healthcare providers are attempting to check you when your wildly fluctuating lab results are as stable as possible by minimizing factors like the timing and composition of your meal. That way any results they draw are more likely to reflect something actually wrong with your heath rather than what you last ate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="991" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T02:42:10.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1415" CreationDate="2015-07-10T03:05:02.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alright let's address some of those deficiencies!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin-D: You produce this when you stand in the sun. Seriously.&#xA;Unfortunately there isn't really good research about how long to go outside to get enough. Some sources suggest that 30 minutes twice a week is good enough. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634462?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634462?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AST and the IGF growth factor tests mean that the doc is checking for liver and/or pituitary gland issues that could be affecting your growth or overall health. It's entirely possible that these are out of range and not indicative of a problem. Assuming that you are healthy aside from the Vit-D, we will only consider sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is quite a bit of evidence for shift workers having increased rates of certain illnesses. Unfortunately, it is hard to say whether this is because of the actual timing of the work or because of the interruptions in sleep that tend to be more prevalent among people who sleep in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.324.9801&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.324.9801&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short, yes. Sleep can cause some illnesses. I can't find any references for growth hormone supression, but sleep disturbances can affect the endocrine system in other ways (like diabetes) that are fairly well documented. Now get off stack-exchange and go to bed. Oh, and go outside tomorrow and get your Vitamin D!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="991" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T03:05:02.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1554" CreationDate="2015-07-10T07:02:09.607" Score="8" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been a year since I quit smoking, but this year has been one of depression and counter-productivity at work. Is it common to experience things like this? If so, how long should it last? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="998" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-12T20:09:20.807" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T20:09:20.807" Title="Side effects of smoking cessation" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-10T11:06:23.973" Score="10" ViewCount="6893" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a full grown adult, 26 years in age. I work as a software developer, which requires I do a lot of reading. I am also trying to go through additional schooling, meaning even more reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I admittedly can't recall if this is a problem I have been having recently, or have always had, but I feel like recently I have been having a lot of trouble comprehending text. I often have to make the text much larger not because the words are unreadable, but because it seems like not having so many surrounding words helps. I often find that I have to read things several times over in order to grasp what I am reading as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that my attention span seems quite short as well, it is very difficult for me to concentrate. I can try and do something sometimes for a couple hours, and continuously get distracted by anything and everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does someone begin to get help finding out or a diagnosis if anything is wrong with them when they doubt their memory like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1001" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T17:37:05.623" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T23:21:29.937" Title="Difficulty comprehending and remembering text" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-11-13T20:04:16.957" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1514" CreationDate="2015-07-10T17:30:35.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You start with your doctor. You can also learn about how memory is made from reading new material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one can answer you over the internet regarding your particular problem; a neurologist would be able to test you for serious health problems regarding your memory, ability to concentrate, etc. But a few general guidelines can be given that might help those young, healthy people who feel they have mentally &amp;quot;slowed down&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People of all ages can have problems with their thyroid gland. Virtually every cell in your body is dependent on this &lt;em&gt;master gland's&lt;/em&gt; product. Both hypothryoidism and hyperthyroidism can affect thinking, from subtly to profoundly.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;  If your diet is deficient in any way, tests for that can be done as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are very young for early onset Alzheimer's &amp;amp; Dementia, but you can be tested for that as well. (The likelihood of having such a cognitive impairment with no other symptoms whatsoever - and without anyone else noticing it - are small.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many, many people worry about their ability to concentrate. I remember feeling mentally sluggish enough decades ago to take the then much-touted herbal supplement &lt;em&gt;ginko biloba&lt;/em&gt; (it hasn't been shown to do anything; don't waste your money.) The point is, that was three decades ago, I was young, concerned, and in a demanding profession, and I'm fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive science has given us some good information about learning; maybe this will help people identify when memory problems are &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;. Here, I'll deal mainly with reading, concentration, and learning together. And since it might all be new to you, you will very likely need to read it more than once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive load theory and schema (learning) theory&lt;sup&gt;[2][3]&lt;/sup&gt; go hand in hand in &lt;em&gt;learning&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Schemas&lt;/em&gt; are frameworks of information (imagine an empty skyscraper in your mind; you want to fill those rooms with what each needs to work and communicate with other rooms, so that in the end, you'll have a pretty-well functioning skyscraper with communication between all the departments.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schemas start as very basic (&amp;quot;This is a cell&amp;quot;) and become more complex and facile (&amp;quot;NADH-Q oxidoreductase, Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase are mitochondrial transmembranous enzyme complexes responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, etc.&amp;quot;) Schemas allow (and are the basic unit of) &lt;em&gt;Long Term Memory&lt;/em&gt; (LTM). To learn something, we need a framework (&amp;quot;cell&amp;quot;) into which we can stick a fact before we can remember it for more than a very few minutes. (Do you think you can remember what you just read about &amp;quot;mitochondrial transmembranous enzyme complexes&amp;quot;? I highly doubt it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more we know about something (the better our schemas are), the more easily we learn. &lt;em&gt;Working memory&lt;/em&gt; (WM) allows us to process what we are exposed to and place it &lt;em&gt;into a schema&lt;/em&gt; so that we can remember it. Like a computer, we have limited working memory (processing ability) available to us at any given time. Efficient processing results in placing material into a schema which then facilitates Long Term Memory (LTM). Efficient processing -&amp;gt; Long Term Memory (LTM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inefficient Processing (IP) -&amp;gt; &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;What Did I Just Read?&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; (I know I read it, I know it was in a language I understand, I understood it, but I can't remember what it said.) IP blocks schema identification which then blocks LTM. Failed schema identification means leads to inability to use information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Efficient processing (EP) -&amp;gt; &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;OK, That Makes Sense; What's Next?&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; (This relates to things I know; how does it relate to things I'm about to be exposed to?) EP allows schema identification which then allows LTM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does cognitive load come in? Cognitive Load takes up processing speed (reducing working memory). If cognitive load is great enough, all working memory is used up, and we will be unable to identify/form a schema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several types of Cognitive load:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;intrinsic&lt;/em&gt; (how complex is the information?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;extrinsic&lt;/em&gt;/ineffective (a bunch of things including distractions, emotionally demanding states [stress, anxiety, even the anxiety you feel when you see something new], and especially &lt;em&gt;the way in which material is presented&lt;/em&gt;, i.e. does it induce splitting of attention? etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;germane&lt;/em&gt; (what's left over to actually form schemas). They are (kind of) additive. Good schemas &lt;em&gt;reduce&lt;/em&gt; cognitive load (increasing working memory).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are (kind of) additive. Good schemas reduce cognitive load thereby increasing working memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are reading at your limit of working memory, one final additional 'load' (resulting in cognitive overload) will make you unable to remember what you have just/will immediately read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because cognitive overload &lt;em&gt;does not disappear immediately upon reduction of load&lt;/em&gt;, you need a few moments to experience reduced load before you regain working memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example: you read something while at the very edge of working memory. You realize that you have not remembered what you read, so you decrease attention splits (you commit to reread with intent.) Because you need a few moments of reduced load before your second reading, it might not sink in (now you become concerned, further increasing cognitive load), whereas if you got up, sipped water, and sat down again, you might have enough recovery time to regain working memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an interview with Felipe De Brigard, PhD of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Duke University, He emphasizes the importance of good sleep and giving learning tasks one's full attention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I also like to highlight the importance of attending to the information we want to encode. In today's world, people love to multitask. But, unfortunately, multitasking is very detrimental to memory consolidation. Attention and working memory are of the essence for information to be encoded. If you divide your attention between two events, you fail to fully encode either of them; at best, you end up half-encoding both of them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very minor example of cognitive overload: if 100 people write &lt;em&gt;which&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;else&lt;/em&gt; or other word you're familiar with 30 times in one minute, ~70% will begin to doubt that it is a real word. This is because of the increase of extrinsic load resulting in cognitive overload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might pay attention when your mind starts to not absorb material to see if anything like this is going on (How well is the material presented? Am I experiencing distractions (&amp;quot;not having so many surrounding words helps&amp;quot;)? Am I feeling stressed? Does a short break/turning off the music/etc. help? Try reading something undemanding (a line in a recipe  book if you like cooking, or a few lines from a favorite book you've read a few times. Is your memory better with this more familiar and less working-memory-requiring information?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The linked site presents different models of presenting information that promotes schema formation, identification and processing in different situations, and links to further work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17543038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 Thyroid hormones, learning and memory.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://coral.ufsm.br/tielletcab/Apostilas/cognitive_load_theory_sweller.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY, LEARNING DIFFICULTY, AND INSTRUCTIONAL  DESIGN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://prezi.com/1apjupioiqts/schema-theory-and-cognitive-load-theory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 Schema Theory and Cognitive Load Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;General references&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mild-cognitive-impairment/basics/definition/con-20026392&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mild cognitive impairment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=774828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_early_onset.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Younger/Early Onset Alzheimer's and Dementia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T23:53:35.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1481" CreationDate="2015-07-10T19:05:04.523" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only difference it makes to the liver how alcohol is consumed is how high the blood alcohol content becomes and for how long - the other particulars of the beverage will be filtered out by the digestion process. Beverages containing a higher alcohol content will tend to cause a higher peak blood alcohol content because they can be consumed more quickly than the same amount of alcohol in a larger volume, and the more concentrated alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach more quickly. The liver is limited in its capacity to process alcohol. Low blood concentrations of alcohol are efficiently converted into acetate and metabolized, but at high concentrations some of the alcohol is converted into toxic acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is thought to cause hangover symptoms and also contribute to liver cell death through oxidative stress (Min, JA; Lee, K; Ki, D. June 2010. &lt;strong&gt;The application of minerals in managing alcohol hangover: a preliminary review.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Current Drug Abuse Reviews&lt;/em&gt;, 3(2): 110-115). Replacement of these cells leads over time to enlargement of the liver, accumulation of scar tissue (cirrhosis) and cancer. So avoiding hangover by consuming alcohol in moderation may help avoid liver damage if alcohol is consumed. It is also very important to avoid consumption of acetaminophen with alcohol because processing the alcohol prevents the liver from properly eliminating the acetaminophen, which can cause severe liver damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like the liver, the brain is also only concerned with the concentration of alcohol in the blood and how long it has been that way, in terms of how intoxication is experienced. It will take more alcohol as beer to produce the same level of intoxication as vodka because more of it will have had time to metabolize before the peak blood concentration is reached. The brain also becomes more tolerant to the effects of alcohol as time passes, so that the blood concentration has to be increased over time to maintain the same level of intoxication. So having more drinks to maintain the same experience will be harder on the liver than the initial drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-07-10T23:07:39.183" LastActivityDate="2015-07-10T23:07:39.183" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="473" CreationDate="2015-07-10T19:57:37.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most clearly effective stimulating (energizing) herbs have run into legal restrictions, at least in the United States. The most notorious is the leaf of the E. coca tree, which contains cocaine. Another stimulating herb more recently banned is Catha edulis (Khat) which contains cathinone. The chemically similar stimulant ephedrine is the active constituent of Ephedra sinica (Mormon Tea), which has had sales restricted in recent years. Ephedra is used instead of black tea (Camellia sinensis) by Mormons because of their restriction against consuming caffeine. Psychedelics like mecsaline found in the common San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi), or ibogaine in Tabernanthe iboga, tend to be stimulating at doses below the psychedelic dose but are technically illegal to make tea from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stimulating herbs which have been legally ignored tend to have unwanted side effects, at least in comparison with caffeine. The bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe contains the adrenergic stimulant yohimbine, commonly marketed as a sex enhancer. Herbs like Nux vomica, which contains the convulsive stimulant strychnine, is certainly available, especially as rat poison. Species containing ketones like camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and thujone (Artemisia absinthium - the key ingredient wormwood used in absinthe) are said to be toxic but stimulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many other herbs have been promoted as stimulating, sedating, etc., without there being clear proof that they are more than placebos. I believe I have tried all the herbs in your list of suggestions but didn't notice any stimulating or other effects from them. Ginseng is commonly claimed to be stimulating but I haven't noticed any effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-10-06T16:41:38.140" LastActivityDate="2015-10-06T16:41:38.140" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1504" CreationDate="2015-07-11T00:36:56.097" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question, first it might be useful to talk about how a vaccine actually works: basically, through introducing dead or relatively harmless (attenuated) versions of a virus or bacteria (or more recently, synthetic virus-like particles meant to mimic the outside of a virus), you induce a reaction by your immune system to defend itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your immune system remembers pathogens it's encountered before based usually on a protein encountered on the outside of the virus or bacteria (an antigen), when it encounters the real deal, it can defend itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means the ability for a vaccine to work depends &lt;em&gt;entirely&lt;/em&gt; on your body's ability to recognize the vaccine you were given and the pathogen you encounter as &quot;the same&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, in turn, is a function of how fast the virus evolves. Some viruses, like influenza, have genomes that are very conducive to swapping between strains. This is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift&quot;&gt;antigenic shift&lt;/a&gt;. Other viruses, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937799/&quot;&gt;like HIV&lt;/a&gt;, have relatively rapid evolution brought on by methods of copying their genomes that are &quot;sloppy&quot; or error prone. This is sometimes called antigenic drift (influenza does this as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both of these mechanisms make it likely that, over time, the difference between the vaccine and the virus is such that your body will no longer recognize one as the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast to RNA viruses like HIV and influenza, viruses that have their genomes stored as double stranded DNA, like smallpox, have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.virology.ws/2009/05/10/the-error-prone-ways-of-rna-synthesis/&quot;&gt;much lower error rates&lt;/a&gt;, which means antigenic drift is less of a problem, and it's not prone to antigenic shift. This means that a vaccine developed against it wasn't made ineffective by the virus evolving such that it didn't provoke an immune response (known as antigenic escape).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This stability made smallpox an excellent target for a vaccine, and the lack of stability is why developing a long-lasting vaccine against influenza and HIV is so difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-07-11T00:36:56.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T07:27:52.093" Score="5" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to clean your teeth so well that there is no bleeding during bi-annual cleanings or is this goal unreasonable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am especially curious about the experience of dentists.  If you have patients who don't bleed during cleanings, what is the percentage of patients?  1 in 10?  1 in 20?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1011" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T05:35:14.517" Title="Dental cleaning and Bleeding" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-11T15:06:52.867" Score="5" ViewCount="1515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there such cases that a pre-seminal fluid can make a woman pregnant? Our clinical instructor told us that there are some individuals that has a strong sperm motility and high sperm concentration. Hence, it can make a woman pregnant even though in the stage of lubrication (where men's penis lubricates because of pre-ejaculation fluid).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are no records about that circumstances.  Is it really true that a woman may become pregnant without any ejaculation(man) inside the woman's organ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1016" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T19:59:15.157" Title="Cases of pregnancy due to pre-seminal fluid" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-12T00:06:59.320" Score="10" ViewCount="36208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wearing glasses since I was about 7 years old (I am now 26). I wear glasses from the moment I wake up until I go to bed (except in the shower). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had this problem for a very long time where the glasses leave a dent in my head. I can clearly see it in the mirror whenever I have just taken off the glasses and can also feel it when I move over it with my hand. Aesthetics-wise, it doesn't bother me, but I feel that it gives me a headache at times, especially when it's warm or I've just done some heavy exercise. I think that the heat causes the veins in my head to expand, but they are unable to because they are pressed shut by my glasses. When I take off my glasses and feel the dent when it's hot or I've just done a workout, I can feel the veins pulsating easily. I usually get a headache, but it feels relieved when I take off my glasses for a bit. Is this perhaps a psychological effect or my tight glasses be causing headaches?  I've had similar problems with other frames in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have taken my glasses to the store halve a year ago explaining my problem, but the people there didn't really say much.  They just took it to some other room, came back after 5 minutes, said they adjusted it a bit (I personally couldn't see a difference) and charged me 5 euros.  It didn't solve the issue I had at all but it did make me 5 euros lighter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT September 2016:&#xA;I notice this topic is gaining a lot of attention. The problem is actually solved now; the tight frames did in fact cause the headaches. At the time I posted this question I was wearing a metal frame that was not wide enough for my head (for 8 years). It's true that a skull is supposed to have those dents along the head, but the tight frames made it much more distinctive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 months ago I bought new glasses and I specifically looked for a frame that felt both comfortable and sturdy on my face. The frame now goes along the skin of my head instead of pushing it in. I no longer have the headaches which used to be so common for me. The trade-off is that it doesn't sit as tightly on my face as before, but I can run without my glasses falling off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1019" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T07:19:21.843" LastActivityDate="2019-06-20T00:26:25.657" Title="Can tight glasses cause headaches?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2015-07-12T02:31:51.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't wear glasses much (only to read) and I feel that same groove. I also feel other grooves on my head, for example I can feel a groove over either temple going somewhat vertically for quite a distance - all the way to the top of my head, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think what you (and I) are feeling is a &lt;em&gt;suture&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zPqfu.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between the plates or bones in our heads (separate in utero and infancy) are sutures which form slight depressions in our skulls which we can feel with our fingertips. Although they are similarly located on everyone, there is a degree of variation (on some skulls, for example, the squamous suture (between the pink parietal bone and the mauve temporal bone, the one I think we are feeling) is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;authuser=0&amp;amp;site=imghp&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;source=hp&amp;amp;biw=1274&amp;amp;bih=761&amp;amp;q=skull+anatomy+with+sutures&amp;amp;oq=skull+anatomy+with+sutures&amp;amp;gs_l=img.3...2045.26194.0.26670.28.14.0.14.4.0.127.1552.0j14.14.0....0...1ac.1.64.img..11.17.1455.rExtjoTtRXM#hl=en&amp;amp;authuser=0&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;q=human+skull+anatomy+sutures&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;less curved&lt;/a&gt; posterior to the eye. I can clearly feel my lambdoid, coronal, and sagittal sutures (not shown) as well. So, I think this is what you're feeling and seeing.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is, I would guess, why the people you explain this to don't say much. That dent is pretty much there on everyone (note, I'm not saying a lifetime of tight glasses don't make their mark. I just don't think that dent is unique to people who wear glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question about headaches from tight glasses is therefore separate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with that question is that both headaches and refractive errors requiring glasses are very common conditions in the general population. People often associate glasses and headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there isn't a very strong correlation between refractive errors and headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this perhaps a psychological effect or my tight glasses be causing headaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's safe to say that you might be projecting &lt;em&gt;the cause of your headaches&lt;/em&gt; onto your glasses. The only way to tell for sure is to switch to contacts and see if this relieves your activity-associated headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Headaches are very common and very often benign. However, if you're concerned, or perceive a change in the frequency or severity of your headaches, or they are associated with other symptoms, you should seek medical attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02077.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+12th+July+2015+at+10%3A00-16%3A00+BST+%2F+05%3A00-11%3A00+EDT+%2F+17%3A00-23%3A00+SGT+for+essential+maintenance.++Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.&amp;amp;userIsAuthenticated=false&amp;amp;deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Headaches Associated With Refractive Errors: Myth or Reality?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00571.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why do we still not know whether refractive error causes headaches? Towards a framework for evidence based practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;Now I just woke up my dog by poking around on her skull. I can feel her sagittal suture really well, the others not so much, probably because of the muscles she uses to orient her ears. I should know better, but she's very gracious and went right back to sleep.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T02:31:51.603" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-12T12:45:05.713" Score="5" ViewCount="11667" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drink 1.5 to 2 liters of milk a day. Is it healthy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1027" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T19:06:18.093" Title="Is it healthy to drink 1.5L of milk a day?" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-17T16:33:39.663" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1536" CreationDate="2015-07-12T14:33:29.847" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consuming anything in excessive amounts for a long period of time is not good for your health. There are two main problems. One is that the stomach  will get upset and other is that you can have allergies. The other problems depend on the elements that the food or drink contain most. Generally high amounts of milk are taken for protein and calcium. Such amounts are generally taken by body builders and athletes, but not for a long time. They start to take it several months before their competition, usually three or four months. Sometimes, for people with some medical conditions, consumption of high amounts of milk is suggested but not as high as 1.5 or 2 liters.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I answer your question some important things need to know are why you are drinking such a high amount of milk, how long will you be doing this, have you done this before, and what kind of the milk will it be (ie: cow, goat, soybean etc.). I am assuming that you want to drink cow's milk. The best way to get answer this question is google just type &quot;side effect of take excessive amount of milk&quot;. you will get many result. Here I have given some link generally i use these links...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/414574-are-there-any-side-effects-from-drinking-too-much-milk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Are There Any Side-Effects From Drinking Too Much Milk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&amp;amp;dbid=92#toxicitysymptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risk of Dietary Toxicity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=faq&amp;amp;dbid=30&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Food Sensitivities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=george&amp;amp;dbid=148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Milk and Food Allergy/Intolerance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&amp;amp;dbid=130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cow's milk, grass-fed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&amp;amp;dbid=45&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calcium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Foods List&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Milk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="584" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-13T19:06:18.093" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T19:06:18.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1536" CreationDate="2015-07-12T16:21:46.333" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;several risks&lt;/strong&gt; related to excessive consumption of milk. A 12 years prospective study run on around 78000 women showed that high consumption of milk (2-3 glasses per day) increased the &lt;strong&gt;risk of fracture&lt;/strong&gt; when compared to people who used to drink one glass or less per week. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.87.6.992&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) Similar results were found in other studies like, for example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/139/5/493.short&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount that you say, 1.5 L, contains about 1800 mg of calcium, that must be sum to other daily dietary sources (as dairy, green leaves, sesam seeds, water). A study showed that dietary intakes of calcium greater than 1400 were associated with &lt;strong&gt;higher death rates&lt;/strong&gt; from all causes, cardiovascular disease and ischaemic heart disease (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f228&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, high intakes of calcium can interfere with iron absorption and lead to &lt;strong&gt;iron deficiency&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/68/1/3.full.pdf&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="120" LastActivityDate="2015-07-12T16:21:46.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5269" CreationDate="2015-07-13T08:07:02.820" Score="9" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that Vitamin D is mainly obtained from the sun or you have to take supplements. Getting it from the sun also depends on many factors, such as the latitude, time of the day, skin color, area exposed etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a office worker with light brown skin. I walk in the sun for around 10-15 minutes a day which I think is insufficient. I do not take any Vitamin D supplements, as well. I am a vegetarian, but do drink milk (not fortified with Vitamin D, though) and other milk products. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am afraid I might have Vitamin D deficiency, but am not sure. Is there any symptom associated with Vitamin D deficiency? Or would this deficiency only be determined only by a test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find a reliable source of information on the web. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:04:40.987" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:04:40.987" Title="Are there any symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T15:14:43.137" Score="12" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from severe winter blues. It starts around January and by March, I am at my wits end. I come from a tropical climate and the sever cold and lack of sunlight makes me just want to go crazy.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have been living in Toronto for past 8 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Always taking a vacation to an exotic place is not possible. What are some things I can do? If I try to get used to winter sports, will it help? I am 34, quite fit but I tried skiing and it was so cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to become a couch potato watching tv for 4 - 5 months of the year. What are some things I can do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This year I bought  a 10,000 lux light bulb, will it help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T16:35:58.457" Title="How to deal with winter blues" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1474" CreationDate="2015-07-13T18:00:48.893" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've suffered from depression quite a few years in my life. One basic long-term cause I have found is my basic worldview - whether I see reality as fundamentally &quot;good&quot; or &quot;bad&quot;. This takes a long time to improve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the short term, I find my feelings strongly influenced by my ability to effectively respond to what life has brought along. If I set twenty goals and fail at all in a row, I tend to feel pretty low, whereas if I succeed then I tend to feel alright. When I advise students beginning research in chemistry, for example, I suggest that if they start to get frustrated to go &quot;wash the dishes&quot;. This is helpful because washing the glassware is an activity where success is very likely, whereas chemical research can be fraught with disappointments easily beyond the ability of a novice (or even expert) chemistry student to predict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we are seeing here is a phenomenon called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;learned helplessness&lt;/a&gt;. Since it affects rodents it should come as no surprise that it affects us too. All it amounts to is a basic learning process that generalizes recent failure at a particular task to be a reduced ability to accomplish all tasks. Unlike rodents, though, we have the advantage of seeing through reason that the depressed feelings are unjustified, and acting out of reason in spite of how we feel. Students with difficult or impossible chemistry research assignments can still know themselves as competent chemists and worthwhile people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could also be burn out. How long have you been at the same computer-related occupation? I've been an application developer for the last ten years myself, but my life is full of other activities outside of work. Your desire to be outside may be your healthy need for a variety of activities. This would be a good time to go camping. It sounds like you are ready for a career change too, but you will need peace of mind and vision to lead you to the next one. That's my main advice - do what it takes to relax so you can reflect and know what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-07-14T18:14:03.917" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T18:14:03.917" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1528" CreationDate="2015-07-13T19:30:32.803" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.metrovanurology.com/content/semen-analysis#Predicting%20the%20Probability%20of%20Pregnancy%20Using%20the%20Semen%20%20Analysis&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; should give an idea of the likelihood of pregnancy based on the number of sperm available. If you look at the graph of the Probability of Conception vs. the Sperm Concentration, it shows that at more than 10 million sperm/mL (or around 30-40 million total sperm, estimating average semen volume to be 3-4 mL), the probability of conception per month quickly reaches a plateau, while at under this concentration there is a roughly linear drop in the probability of conception to zero at zero sperm. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564677/&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; shows a high variability in the number of sperm present in pre-ejaculate. Of the 28 men tested, only 12 produced any detectable sperm in their pre-ejaculate at all. Of these 12, the sample with the highest number of sperm contained 35 million (subject 17). If this man consistently produced this many sperm in his pre-ejaculate, I would estimate the probability of him causing conception per month as 35 million divided by 35 million (from above) multiplied by ten percent, i.e., 10%/month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, it is possible, according to these studies, for pre-ejaculate to cause pregnancy. However, this evidence also suggests that some men, if their lack of sperm in pre-ejaculate is consistent, may be unable to cause pregnancy in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T19:30:32.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1198" CreationDate="2015-07-13T19:59:20.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I argue in my answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1481/are-all-kinds-of-liquor-and-alcohol-equally-bad-for-liver/1518#1518&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;, there seems to be a threshold in terms of the amount of alcohol likely to cause hepatocellular necrosis based on the production of acetaldehyde. However, alcohol causes damage to other cells in the body such as in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alcoholanswers.org/alcohol-education/health-topics/alcohol-and-mouth-esophagus.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;throat&lt;/a&gt;. Since your example is of hard liquor, there would be damage to the mouth and esophagus not present from consumption of more dilute solution. Although beyond the scope of your question, many people would consider changes like habituation to the effects and long-term tolerance, and even &quot;developing an acquired taste&quot; which could increase the propensity for alcoholism, to be harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1343022/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A study&lt;/a&gt; of two hospitalized toddlers found that their alcohol consumption was somewhat under 20 mL for the first one (who drank an acetaminophen elixir) and 2 to 7 mL for the second one (who drank mouthwash and collapsed). So it seems that toddlers are more sensitive to the depressant effect of alcohol than adults per kg of body weight, and that it is feasible for them to drink enough alcohol to suffer respiratory arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a whole &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/13xyho/are_really_small_amounts_of_alcohol_harmful_for/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thread&lt;/a&gt; on reddit discussing your very question. None of the answers were satisfyingly quantitative, but people pointed out that some pediatric medications contain ethanol (which should make it possible to calculate a &quot;sanctioned&quot; dose), that people in France and other places have a history of giving a little alcohol to young children, that ethanol is a metabolite (rum flavoring) or additive (flavoring extracts) in some foods, that it forms spontaneously in sugar-containing foods like juice and that it can form naturally in the intestine. So any of these approaches should make it possible to estimate a &quot;normal&quot; exposure of toddlers to ethanol, if not a &quot;safe&quot; one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T19:49:25.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T20:08:42.217" Score="9" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 34 years old. I have a decent IT job, but it is stressful and the 3 weeks vacation time seems more like 3 days, particularly because I need to keep 2 weeks out of those to visit family in India . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in Canada now. &#xA;One of my life goals is to take up a lower paying job (maybe 10% lower) after I reach 40, and hopefully this job will have lower stress and more generous vacation time. I love to travel and my partner loves it even more.( 5 weeks is my goal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that my finances are well enough for my needs, can I hope to become more happy and fulfilled because of the extra time off? Or am I kidding myself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T12:23:09.703" Title="Does more time off from work increase mental happiness" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T20:14:25.503" Score="6" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not going to try doing this, as I eat 6 meals a day, about 4000 Kcal in total. But since dinner for me is about 2000 Kcal and that's about what normal people eat during the whole day, it should be possible for most. Not only that, it  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20243692&quot;&gt;used to be normal eating habits for many millenia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Breakfast as we know it didn't exist for large parts of history. The Romans didn't really eat it, usually consuming only one meal a day around noon, says food historian Caroline Yeldham. In fact, breakfast was actively frowned upon.&#xA;  &quot;The Romans believed it was healthier to eat only one meal a day,&quot; she says. &quot;They were obsessed with digestion and eating more than one meal was considered a form of gluttony. This thinking impacted on the way people ate for a very long time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the Roman times to the Middle Ages everyone ate in the middle of the day, but it was called dinner and was the main meal of the day. Lunch as we know it didn't exist - not even the word.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is it then healthier to eat one meal a day or are modern eating habits healthier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T20:14:25.503" Title="Is eating one meal a day healthier for the body?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-03-15T19:11:04.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-13T21:15:55.643" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that hepatitis B symptoms in otherwise healthy adults typically present themselves between 6 weeks and 6 months, with one site indicating as early as 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How rare would presentation of symptoms be in 3-5 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1034" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T21:15:55.643" Title="Hepatitis B symptoms in less than a week?" Tags="&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1318" CreationDate="2015-07-13T23:49:29.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20188393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Less bad&lt;/a&gt; than benzene itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that the alkyl groups on toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene can all be metabolized to carboxylic acids by the liver rather than oxidizing the ring directly, which creates a phenol. Metabolism of benzene to phenol increases its toxicity (to the liver).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the cases listed I would expect cooking with the water to cause the least exposure to the dissolved hydrocarbons. The reason for this is that they are volatile with steam, so that boiling the water would cause the listed hydrocarbons to be quickly removed in the steam. By the same token, bathing with the water may cause significant exposure to the hydrocarbon as it evaporates into the air in the shower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastActivityDate="2015-07-13T23:49:29.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1548" CreationDate="2015-07-14T01:44:12.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;More vacation time  will come at the expense of a higher daily workload, which can cause even more stress, &lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.7005&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see e.g. here&lt;/a&gt;. If you can work 8 hours a day, exercise, eat dinner and go to bed on time, there should be no need to go on vacation just to wind down. So,on the long term, you'll be better off having a bit more free time every day and using that extra time to get some quality relax and exercise time. You'll become physically and mentally a lot stronger, which will allow you to enjoy the few weeks vacation per year a lot more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T02:01:52.790" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T02:01:52.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1512" CreationDate="2015-07-14T05:20:14.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recent review looked at 26 studies that examined mental state after smoking cessation.  The review found LESS depression among people who quit, not more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923980/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything is possible, but based on this, it would be best to look elsewhere for the cause(s) of your complaint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also remember that depression is a very treatable disorder, and the treatments are pretty safe.  You wouldn't take a depression-treating pill if it had a 50% chance of killing you, so it would be even more unwise to start using tobacco in the mistaken idea that it could help your mood (it has a 50% chance of killing you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note: schizophrenics are the ones who self-treat with nicotine, not depressives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2015-07-14T05:20:14.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1580" CreationDate="2015-07-14T10:40:24.117" Score="7" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is actually referred to hallucinogenic substances, in particular to mushrooms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand why alcohol or other substances that relate to body mass (fat in some cases) affect people to a greater or a lesser extent depending on their weight (for a given amount of a certain drug).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do not understand (perhaps this is not even true) is why the more mass a person has, more grams of mushrooms that person has to take in order to get the same psychoactive effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the active substance finally goes to the brain, where is the weight's role in this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with experience in this recommends intakes of a certain amount of grams depending on one's weight. Does this have a logical reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T14:32:01.500" Title="Why does the weight matter when consuming a certain amount of a specific drug?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1563" CreationDate="2015-07-14T10:58:27.370" Score="6" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few weeks ago while I was swimming, a wave crashed into my left ear and it felt like there was water in my ear. Later, that day while I was cleaning my nose, I realized air goes out. It can hear as well as my other ear, but when I use headphones it has no sensitivity to bass sounds. My question is, can my ear repair itself? Or should I have a small surgery? Are there any other options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="780" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T01:46:56.770" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T01:46:56.770" Title="Perforated Eardrum Issue" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="425" CreationDate="2015-07-14T11:14:24.600" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would just like to add one point. There are 3 important causes of aortic valve stenosis: congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, senile calcific aortic stenosis and rheumatic heart disease. In advanced stages of all 3 conditions, the morphology of aortic valve looks equally bad and it may difficult to ascertain the original pathology. Fusion of leaflets may occur in all 3 conditions. Senile degenerative aortic stenosis occurs mostly in the elderly, hence if the age of this patient is advanced, that is a very likely possibility and that condition is not familial or hereditary. Rheumatic heart disease is common in developing parts of the world and is most commonly associated with involvement of mitral valve also. Isolated aortic involvement is much less common in rheumatic heart disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all patients with bicuspid aortic valve will progress to narrowing or regurgitation. Stenosis/regurgiation may occur after many years or may not occur at all. Also, milder degrees of valve dysfunction do not cause any symptoms and do not need surgery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2812%2961880-1/abstract?cc=y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2812%2961880-1/abstract?cc=y=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004681779390267K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004681779390267K&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/9/2262.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/9/2262.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/106/8/900.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/106/8/900.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T01:33:19.840" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T01:33:19.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="839" CreationDate="2015-07-14T12:05:14.507" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to add a brief answer in common language. The heart is a pump which pushes blood into the arteries in pulsatile manner (pushes out blood with each heart beat). As the blood is pushed in the arteries, the pressure rises to a peak called systolic pressure, which is usually around 120 mm Hg. As the heart's main chamber (left ventricle) relaxes, the pressure tends to fall. But fall in pressure is arrested by closure of a valve called aortic valve. Further fall in pressure occurs by flow of blood to peripheral tissues.  The lowest limit to which the pressure falls in main arteries is called diastolic pressure and it is usually around 80 mm Hg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Morever, when the blood pressure is checked with a mercury instrument, the cuff around arm is inflated to about 200 mm Hg (to occlude the flow in artery of the arm) and then slowly pressure is reduced while listening to the sounds over artery in front of the elbow joint. Knocking sounds start coming at systolic pressure (usually around 120 mm Hg). These sounds disappear as the cuff pressure is lowered below diastolic blood pressure (usually around 80 mm Hg). Hence, the BP reading is said to be 120/80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following figure from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure#Pulse_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood pressure Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; should make this clearer. The notch on the downnstroke indicates point of closure of the aortic valve.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BBbY8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit in response to comment below: The mechanism of these sounds is not entirely clear and has been subject of study since long (see this 1929 article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ahjonline.com/article/S0002-8703(29)90277-5/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ahjonline.com/article/S0002-8703(29)90277-5/abstract&lt;/a&gt; . Many theories have been proposed e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2774311&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2774311&lt;/a&gt; . It is likely to originate from the artery wall due to vibrations created by turbulent flow that occurs when blood flow is partially obstructed (ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/cardio/auscul.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/cardio/auscul.htm&lt;/a&gt;). There is no sound when the flow is totally obstructed i.e. cuff pressure greater than systolic pressure. Also, there is no sound when cuff pressure is lower than diastolic since the flow then is laminar and not turbulent. The nature of sounds (called Korotkoff sounds) also varies as pressure is lowered from systolic to diastolic and 5 phases have been identified: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korotkoff_sounds#The_five_Korotkoff_sounds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korotkoff_sounds#The_five_Korotkoff_sounds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD002.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiac Cycle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T11:11:51.130" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T11:11:51.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3945" CreationDate="2015-07-14T14:20:21.723" Score="6" ViewCount="987" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see warnings on a variety of things, such as video game,&#xA;stating that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A very small percentage of people may experience a seizure when exposed to certain visual images, including flashing lights ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Quote from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://support.xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/games/photosensitive-seizure-warning&quot;&gt;X-Box 360 Photosensitive Seizure Warning&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been riding home in the dark lately, and several bikes near me had flashing front or back lights.&#xA;I don't have epilepsy, but it gave me a bit of a head-ache/eye strain after a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which makes me wonder what it would do to someone who did have photosensitive epilepsy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It it actually enough to cause a seizure, or would an epileptic person just feel the same eye strain as I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1045" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T22:44:34.420" Title="Are flashing bike lights likely to cause a seizure?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-14T18:28:06.373" Score="4" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caloric restriction is reported to slow degeneration in the human body. Is there scientific basis to support these claims? How widely accepted are they? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="34" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T11:59:07.690" Title="What is the scientific basis for the health benefits of caloric restriction?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1558" CreationDate="2015-07-14T19:01:41.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perforated eardrums (or ruptured tympanic membranes) are a problem older than mankind. The majority of cases (reported/observed, ~80%) heal spontaneously with little residual hearing loss or other problems, usually in a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is acceptable practice, therefore, to only observe traumatic TM perforations for healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still experiencing hearing loss, however, you should see an ear specialist (ear, nose and throat if in the US). They will determine if your hearing loss is due to a chronic perforation (one that has not healed itself), or middle-ear bone damage (or another possible cause) which occurred during the traumatic event. In most cases, there are surgical treatments. If the perforation is still present, a simple patch may be all that's needed. If a bone was injured, the surgery (bone repair or replacement) is more involved. Other injuries are treated dependent on case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to add: During healing, care should be taken to keep water out of the ear (no swimming; baths or showers with protection from water in ear), and, though I have not seen a study on it, I would recommend against headphones except at a very low volume. The healing membrane isn't as tough as the original. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/2676466&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Traumatic tympanic membrane perforations: complications and management.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032447&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A prospective study evaluating spontaneous healing of aetiology, size and type-different groups of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24822331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tympanic membrane perforation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Early paper patching versus observation in patients with traumatic eardrum perforations: comparisons of anatomical and functional outcomes.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22868290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spontaneous healing of traumatic eardrum perforation: outward epithelial cell migration and clinical outcome.&#xA;Lou ZC1.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:47:48.323" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:47:48.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1566" CreationDate="2015-07-15T02:13:46.340" Score="4" ViewCount="2072" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a particular scenario, how can one estimate the odds of becoming pregnant from a single act of intercourse? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the scenario I propose, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the male uses a condom before the penis touches any part of the body&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the male does not ejaculate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the timing of sex was the day after normal bleeding stopped&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is the person's first time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to calculate the likelihood of becoming pregnant from such an encounter? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1049" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T15:09:55.383" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:09:55.383" Title="Are there ways to calculate the chance of becoming pregnant from a single sexual encounter?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1565" CreationDate="2015-07-15T02:55:19.880" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long the condom don't break you are 99% safe of diseases and babies. Beware that even if the male doesn't ejaculate you can still get pregnant or get diseases if you do not use condoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also you can get pregnant or a disease even if the first time, the second or whatever. Always do safe sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All pregnancy tests look for the presence of hCG. hCG is short for &quot;human chorionic gonadotropin&quot; a hormone produced during pregnancy.&lt;a href=&quot;http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/How_Soon_Can_I_Take_a_Pregnancy_Test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get accurate results, take a pregnancy test 12-14 days after ovulation and retest after you miss your period if you get a negative result. Approximately 90 percent of pregnant women will get a positive result the first day after a missed period, but 10 percent of women will test negative even though they are pregnant.&lt;a href=&quot;http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/How_Soon_Can_I_Take_a_Pregnancy_Test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor may be able to perform a blood test that can pick up hCG in smaller amounts than a urine test. However, even blood tests cannot tell you whether or not you're pregnant until at least six to eight days after you ovulate, because hCG is not produced until implantation. The soonest you can take a pregnancy test, even if you go to your doctor, is seven days after you ovulate.&lt;a href=&quot;http://pregnancy.lovetoknow.com/wiki/How_Soon_Can_I_Take_a_Pregnancy_Test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T01:34:50.093" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T01:34:50.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1567" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1568" CreationDate="2015-07-15T07:52:35.783" Score="9" ViewCount="1732" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that we have a sense that allows the brain to keep track of the locations of each of our limbs, digits, etcetera, but I can never remember what it is called. I would guess that most people aren't aware that this sense even exists, although life would be very difficult without it (you know how hard it is to walk when you have a &quot;dead [i.e., numb] leg&quot;?  Imagine that, in all your limbs, all the time).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the technical term for this sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="838" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T08:01:06.027" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:01:06.027" Title="What is the name of the sense that keeps track of where your body parts are?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;senses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1567" CreationDate="2015-07-15T07:54:53.597" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This so-called sixth sense is called &lt;em&gt;kinesthesia&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;proprioception&lt;/em&gt;. There are some slight differences between the two, in that kinesthesia only refers to moving parts, whereas your proprioceptive sense can identify the position of your body even when still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kin·es·the·sia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pro·pri·o·cep·tion&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1050" LastEditorUserId="1050" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T07:57:20.123" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T07:57:20.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="735" CreationDate="2015-07-15T08:23:45.693" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can absolutely give the dentist information which will help him identity potential problems.  I recently had a root canal.  It was a two-visit procedure, and on the first day, he drilled out the nerve fibers, tissue, and pulp, then placed a temporary crown over the tooth.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second visit was supposed to be a simple matter of removing the temporary crown, filling the tooth, and inserting the permanent crown.  When he began to work, it was quite painful.  He was shocked, and immediately set about trying to determine the cause of the problem.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He spotted a bit of nerve fiber he had missed the first time, then completed the procedure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, the fact I was even able to feel pain was an indication that he had overlooked something earlier in the process.  If I hadn't told him about the pain, another procedure would have been necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T08:23:45.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1570" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1571" CreationDate="2015-07-15T13:37:44.790" Score="6" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently there have been questions on blood pressure and pulse pressure on this forum. Can the blood flow in arteries of a living human be non-pulsatile (i.e. not producing a pulse)? That is, the flow is continuous and at constant pressure, the systolic and diastolic being equal and pulse pressure being zero. Evidently, such people will not have a pulse since arteries are always distended at constant pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T23:35:59.953" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T11:46:05.697" Title="Medical puzzle: can blood flow in arteries be non-pulsatile?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1570" CreationDate="2015-07-15T14:39:13.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not in a normal human (non surgical intervention) simply because of the mechanism of how the blood is pushed through the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It isn't like a faucet, where you have constant pressure and regulate by opening or closing a valve in varying degrees. The heart has 4 chambers that alternately relax and fill, then squeeze and empty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The arterial pulse is from the left side of the heart. Oxygenated blood enters into the left atrium, and from there it is pushed into the left ventricle. When this portion of the heart contracts, this is what pushed blood out through the arteries to deliver oxygen to various systems (organs, muscles, skin, etc.) This surge is what you feel when you articulate a pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Yes it is possible in a surgical intervention which has been pointed out. There are LVAD's (Left Ventricular Assist Device) which will produce a pulseless human. When reading up on it, I did find an interesting study that suggests &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109714075822&quot;&gt;LVAD use may stimulate heart regeneration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T14:48:08.453" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T14:48:08.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1572" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1573" CreationDate="2015-07-15T15:30:51.513" Score="5" ViewCount="7168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking a lot of grapefruit juice is not recommended for patients with heart failure. Does the same apply to lemon juice? and whatever the answer, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My source for the assertion about grapefruit juice is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2474.aspx?CategoryID=73&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T12:25:01.063" Title="Is lemon juice bad for heart failure?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1572" CreationDate="2015-07-15T16:58:36.327" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study you link explains that the problem with grapefruit juice is its tendency to cause inhibition of the CYP3A4 liver enzyme, which is needed for the metabolism of many medications - including some statins prescribed to lower cholesterol. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; article on grapefruit explains this further, in particular:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mechanism of grapefruit–drug interaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Grapefruit juice contains furanocoumarins. Furanocoumarins&#xA;  irreversibly inhibit a cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzyme called&#xA;  CYP3A4, as stated above. CYP3A4 is a metabolizing enzyme for almost&#xA;  50% of drugs, and is found in the liver and small intestinal&#xA;  epithelial cells. As a result, many drugs are impacted by&#xA;  consumption of grapefruit juice. When the metabolizing enzyme is&#xA;  inhibited, less of the drug will be metabolized by it in the&#xA;  epithelial cells. A decrease in drug metabolism means more of the&#xA;  original form of the drug could pass unchanged to systemic blood&#xA;  circulation. An unexpected high dose of the drug in the blood&#xA;  could lead to fatal drug toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The furanocoumarins found in grapefruit juice are natural chemicals.&#xA;  Thus, they are present in all forms of the fruit, including freshly&#xA;  squeezed juice, frozen concentrate, and whole fruit. All these forms&#xA;  of the grapefruit juice have the potential to limit the metabolizing&#xA;  activity of CYP3A4. One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 mL (6.8 US&#xA;  fl oz) of grapefruit juice can cause drug overdose toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article goes on to explain that these furanocoumarins are unique to grapefruit, and I have not heard of any other fruit being associated with grapefruit in drug interaction warnings. However, since grapefruit is a cross of pumelo and a bitter orange, and since pumelo tastes like a big grapefruit, I would be cautious of pumelo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found no evidence that other common citrus contains furanocoumarins and would cause any adverse effects on drug metabolism. Furthermore, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.4960110902/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; found that grapefruit itself lowers cholesterol and recommended it for reducing the risk of heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-07-15T19:10:25.870" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T19:10:25.870" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1557" CreationDate="2015-07-15T20:09:32.433" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The volume of blood that the psychoactive substance dissolves in will be roughly proportional to the lean body mass, making its concentration in the brain inversely proportional to lean body mass. If the substance were highly lipophilic then it might additionally partition into fat, further reducing its blood concentration. An exception to this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubpeer.com/publications/2E2AFC4B2BFD48105D8BBF43E1993B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; of the best way to calculate a dose of propofol adjusts the dose to depend on body weight, after excluding the weight of the fat. Propofol is a slightly polar phenol like the psilocin in Psilocybe mushrooms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastActivityDate="2015-07-15T20:09:32.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1565" CreationDate="2015-07-15T22:57:19.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many facts to consider in answering the question, but in effect, yes, one can calculate the chances. Things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;type of condom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;correct usage of condom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;point in the menstrual cycle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Condom type&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Latex condoms are somewhat more effective than polyurethane condoms, mostly due to breakage and slippage. However, since in your scenario the condom doesn't break (and we assume it didn't slip), breakage or slippage would not be a problem in the calculations. For this scenario, we'll use the effectiveness of a latex condom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Correct usage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Male condoms remain a highly effective contraceptive method when used correctly. Latex condoms are 98% effective, meaning that two out of 100 women correctly using male condoms as a means of contraception will become pregnant &lt;strong&gt;in one year&lt;/strong&gt;. Use of out-of-date condoms, spermicidal jelly or the wrong kind of lubricant with latex condoms, etc. decreases the efficacy of condoms. In this scenario, we'll assume a not-expired condom, applied properly (not applied and taken off and reapplied, or used more than once, etc.) (Please note, however, it only takes one &quot;successful&quot; mating to become pregnant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The menstrual cycle&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A menstrual cycle begins on the first day of your period and ends the day before the next period begins. Most women will experience some variation in the length of cycles throughout their lives; normally, though, a cycle is between 21 and 35 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ovulation usually occurs about 14 days before the next cycle begins, but it can vary. If you have a short cycle (say, 24 days) and your bleeding lasts 5 days, this means you likely ovulate around day 10; add one day for every day that your cycle is longer (so in a 35 day cycle, you will likely ovulate on day 21.) Pregnancies occur within a 6 day fertile window. This “fertile window” is comprised of the five days before ovulation and the day of ovulation itself. Sex must occur on one of these days (and, yes, it can be only once. It makes no difference if it's the first time or the 50th.) This is because sperm can live for up to five days, traveling to meet the ovulated egg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, an estimated 2% of women were in their fertile window by the fourth day of their cycle and 17% by the seventh day (based on 213 women). This percentage peaked on days 12 and 13, when 54% of women were in their fertile window. If ovulation was delayed, women reached their fertile days much later. Among women who reached the fifth week of their cycle, 4-6% were in their fertile window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This graph shows the probability of women being in their fertile window on a specific day in their cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BwiRy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a woman has a 28 day cycle (the most common), and stops bleeding on day five, on day 6, there is a less than 20% chance that of her being in her fertile window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What it boils down to&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with ejaculation, a latex condom used correctly is between 98% and 99% effective (odds of pregnancy: .02); if the woman has a 28 day cycle, the odds of being in her window of fertility on day 6 is ~15% (.15). Doing the math, .15 x .02 = .0003, which means she has &lt;strong&gt;at most&lt;/strong&gt; a 3 in 10,000 chance of becoming pregnant from this interaction. Because of the lack of ejaculation, the chance is reduced by a factor of 10 (to account for sperm in the pre-ejaculate), so the chance is approximately 3 in 100,000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a very small chance of being pregnant. As a way to put that into perspective, that is only (roughly) 15 times more likely than a person's chance of being killed by an asteroid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the chance is very small, it is not zero. For this reason, one can take a urine test to reassure oneself as soon as the 28th day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Read the information in the references below to learn how to keep yourself safe while having sex.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Nonlatex+vs.+latex+male+condoms+for+contraception%3A+a+systematic+review+of+randomized+controlled+trials.&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nonlatex vs. latex male condoms for contraception: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception-guide/pages/male-condoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Condoms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/321/7271/1259.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T10:27:12.180" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T10:27:12.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1247" CreationDate="2015-07-15T23:34:19.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Humans are strange among mammals in making dairy products such a large proportion of their adult diet. It reminds me of this amusing quote by Henry David Thoreau:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One farmer says to me, 'You cannot live on vegetable food solely, for&#xA;  it furnishes nothing to make bones with;' and so he religiously&#xA;  devotes a part of his day to supplying his system with the raw&#xA;  material of bones; walking all the while he talks behind his oxen,&#xA;  which, with vegetable-made bones, jerk him and his lumbering plow&#xA;  along in spite of every obstacle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351141&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;seems&lt;/em&gt; to be saying that vegetables can supply as much calcium as milk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent absorption studies in humans with low-oxalate and low-phytate&#xA;  vegetables and pulses also showed that contrary to common&#xA;  presuppositions, these vegetables with low calcium chelators do have a&#xA;  comparable calcium absorbability to milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the intake of calcium is just part of the equation - calcium is also lost by excretion, which is what makes oisteoporosis possible. Many studies, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9614169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; entitled &quot;Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone&quot;, report that high consumption of protein in the diet leads to increased excretion of calcium due to the acids formed in the metabolism of protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium-full-story/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; published on Harvard's own website considers the 1,000-1,200 mg RDA for calcium recommended by the National Academy of Sciences, which were based on short-term studies, and raises them to question based on long-term studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In particular, these [long term] studies suggest that high calcium&#xA;  intake doesn’t actually appear to lower a person’s risk for&#xA;  osteoporosis. For example, in the large Harvard studies of male health&#xA;  professionals and female nurses, individuals who drank one glass of&#xA;  milk (or less) per week were at no greater risk of breaking a hip or&#xA;  forearm than were those who drank two or more glasses per week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article describes several more studies that found no benefit to bone strength from high milk consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T19:57:21.677" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T19:57:21.677" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="900" CreationDate="2015-07-15T23:55:52.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Toxicity_to_animals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; seems to blame the toxicity of some avacado parts to their content of persin. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; on persin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado. It is generally&#xA;  harmless to humans, but when consumed by domestic animals in large&#xA;  quantities it is dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in the case of animals, wikipedia suggests that it is the Guatemalan variety which is responsible for the reports of poisoning, not the Mexican variety. This is corroborated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/articles/detail/avocado-leaves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; which explains that the concern over the toxicity of avacado leaves originated with a 1984 study at the University of California at Davis. This study found that the consumption of very large amounts of avacado leaves was toxic to goats. However, an author of the atudy (Dr. Arthur Craigmill) clarified that the leaves in question were those of the Guatemalan avacado (&lt;em&gt;Persea american&lt;/em&gt;), and that the toxic effects were not observed when goats were fed Mexican avacado leaves (&lt;em&gt;Persea dryminfolia&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-07-17T19:44:15.327" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T19:44:15.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T08:23:44.057" Score="9" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using a prolactin inhibitor drug called &quot;Dostinex&quot;. In general, it has some positive effects on me (increased libido, better mood) and I haven't realized any bad side effects. I'm wondering, which systems in the body can be affected negatively by low prolactin levels? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="780" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T17:00:20.360" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T17:00:20.360" Title="Does inhibiting prolactin levels cause any health problems?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1557" CreationDate="2015-07-16T10:52:37.353" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the centre of confusion for you is this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the active substance finally goes to the brain, where is the weight's role in this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, when a substance has a systemic effect (as opposed to local) it somehow has to get from the point where it is applied to the site of action. So, if one ingests something that affects the brain, it has to travel from the stomach to the head somehow - and substances do this via blood. So &lt;strong&gt;the substance is liberated from the form in which one took it, then dissolved and absorbed into the bloodstream.&lt;/strong&gt; Since blood reaches all parts of the body, so does the substance. We usually see most of its effects on one body part/organ, but it gets distributed (more or less) everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does this have to do with body mass?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer this, we must look into the process in which a substance passes from the blood stream to a tissue. This can be done by several mechanisms such as: diffusion, active transport, pinocitosis etc. For many &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;xenobiotics&lt;/a&gt; (substances foreign to our body) the route of transport is diffusion through cellular membranes. &lt;strong&gt;The rate and the extent of diffusion are proportional to concentration gradient.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This means two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The higher the difference in the &lt;strong&gt;concentrations&lt;/strong&gt; between the blood and the other tissue, the higher the rate and extent of diffusion will be.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This process doesn't depend solely on the total amount of the substance taken; it depends on concentration.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since: &lt;strong&gt;c = amount/V&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we can see that, if we dissolve the same amount of a substance if different volumes (of blood e.g.) we will get different concentrations. Which brings us to the fact that &lt;strong&gt;blood volume is important&lt;/strong&gt;. Among other factors, &lt;strong&gt;blood volume depends on body mass&lt;/strong&gt;. The mass of the blood amounts for roughly 7% of our body mass, and the volume is proportional to that.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bigger body mass =&gt; higher blood volume =&gt; lesser substance concentration =&gt; lesser the rate and the extent of diffusion into the target organ (such as the brain)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the substance gets into a tissue, depending on its chemical structure it can: find a target protein and have an effect (note that this doesn't have to be the &quot;desired&quot; effect); it can dissolve in fat tissue; it can bind to proteins or other structures such as bones. Again the strength of these bonds depends on the chemical structure of the substance (among other factors) - it can bind reversibly and soon be on its way again or it can get deposed in a tissue it has chemical affinity for. We say that the substance is distributed to various compartments**. If the size of these compartments is bigger, than there is more &quot;room&quot; for the substance to be distributed, and potentially &quot;stored&quot;, so to speak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bigger body mass =&gt; (usually proportionally) bigger mas of many tissues =&gt; bigger volume to distribute the substance and potentially bigger deposing capacity.&lt;/em&gt; &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VsCm9.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: ref. 4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The catch&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things get complicated because many substances in our blood bind to plasma proteins (usually albumin) and the bound fraction is in equilibrium with the unbound (free fraction). It is only the free fraction of the substance that can diffuse through cell membranes (protein-substance complex is too large). Various substances have different binding potential, and they compete with each other for the same binding sites, and affect each other's kinetics. What's more, Liberation, Absorption and Distribution are followed by Metabolism and Excretion (the so called LADMER system). All these processes happen simultaneously after a (usually short) lag time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that &lt;strong&gt;the concentration of a substance in blood depends on many factors&lt;/strong&gt;. We calculate most of these factors in, based on information we get from testing on animals and from clinical trials, and use mathematical models and computer simulations to determine the dose and dosage which would achieve and maintain the concentration of a substance in blood in a certain range, and assume that this will have a predicted effect. &lt;strong&gt;All these calculations are approximations. Although body mass is an important factor in them, calculating a dose of a substance based only on total body mass is a very rough approximation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another catch for controlled substances: there is significantly less data on the kinetics of these substances than on medicines (which are intended to cure or manage a disease). So the &quot;calculations&quot; are limited. On the other hand when these substances reach other parts of the body, and are metabolised, aside from their psychoactive effects they can affect other organs as well, causing liver or kidney failure, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Gender, body structure (especially lean body mass), age and other factors determine the exact mass and volume of the blood; still total body mass is strongly correlated with the amount of blood in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** The division into compartments is theoretical, designed to make the calculations easier. It is based on the fact that the concentrations of a substance change differently in different compartments. In reality, all &quot;compartments&quot; are connected, and interact with each other at all times. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*** This explanation is simplified for general public. The equation above is for concentration in general. Blood concentration of a substance is never equal to simple quotient of the quantity and volume (remember to take point 2 and the catch into account). The theoretical term &lt;em&gt;volume of distribution&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;apparent volume of distribution&lt;/em&gt; is not equal to blood volume - it is calculated by considering various factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=YKPjtT-8GV8C&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=pharmacokinetics&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=disposition&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics: An Introduction, Fourth Edition&lt;/a&gt;, Notari, CRC Press, 1986; chapter 2, pages 48-49&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=9fwUQvF4r-cC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=pharmacokinetics&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=chapter%201&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Abused Drugs&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;edited by Steven B. Karch, MD, FFFLM, CRC Press, 2007 - chapter 1 (especially: 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.6)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.columbia.edu/itc/gsas/g9600/2004/GrazianoReadings/Drugabs.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DRUG ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION; &#xA;PHARMACOKINETICS&lt;/a&gt; - pages 25-26&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/media/us/samplechapters/9781416066279/Chapter%2002.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacology 3rd Edition&lt;/a&gt;, By George M. Brenner, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa, OK; and Craig Stevens, PhD, Professor of Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/calculator/estimated-blood-volume&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Estimated blood volume&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-07-16T14:32:01.500" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T14:32:01.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1562" CreationDate="2015-07-16T11:59:07.690" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calorie restriction is a complex phenomenon as the effects can vary depending on how much you restrict calories to when you restrict them. You can do daily calorie restriction, or you can restrict your calories with fasting in various intermittent fasting protocols. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the benefits of restricting calories, there seems to be several studies showing benefits in longevity and health. However, the fact that restricting calories will in most cases lead to weight loss, it is hard to determine whether it is the restriction itself that has benefits (and the hormonal changes that occur in the body due to restriction) or simply from the weight loss itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study, which is done on rodents, show that there are changes on the cellular level that can increase the lifespan of rodents: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272502000389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272502000389&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study shows that several age-related diseases can decrease with long-term calorie restriction. However, this study discusses the effects it has on yeast, worms, flies and rodents, and links these hypothetically to primates: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v6/n4/abs/nrm1616.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v6/n4/abs/nrm1616.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a similar study as the one above. It discusses studies done on yeast, worms, flies, rodents, and some primates (the Rhesus monkey) and draws conclusions from those studies to humans: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047637405000874&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047637405000874&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study is similar to the one above: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867405001030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867405001030&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find the conclusion of the last study to be of interest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CR has long been recognized for its ability to extend mammalian life&#xA;  span and to mitigate disease processes in many tissues. Humans have&#xA;  not fully harvested the benefits from the regimen, in part because of&#xA;  the extreme difficulty in complying with the regimen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term calorie restriction is very difficult for humans, and since we cannot do lab studies on humans, it is very hard to determine the long term effects of CR. However, there are several studies that seem to indicate that intermittent fasting (IF) can produce similar results as CR, and that IF can be much easier for humans to maintain in the long term. Since IF is not the topic of this question I will not link to studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1062" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T11:59:07.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3363" CreationDate="2015-07-16T12:29:30.857" Score="9" ViewCount="1121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which is better: thrombolysis (treatment with clot busting medication) or primary angioplasty (an invasive procedure for mechanical opening of the blocked artery)? Does it matter if the patient reaches very early to hospital (within 2-3 hours) or reaches late after onset of chest pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T12:16:02.037" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T12:16:02.037" Title="Clot-busting drugs versus balloon angioplasty for heart attack patients reaching early in hospital" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;angioplasty&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T13:15:01.120" Score="5" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;After years of being told that saturated fats are bad, there are now reports in the press that, after all, they are good for you. What is the most reasonable view on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979840&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this 2016 meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;, high intake of saturated fat may help to prevent stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/saturated-fat-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC Good Food, 2018&lt;/a&gt;, high saturated fat intake is not harmful for the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-03T07:30:49.800" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T10:40:19.203" Title="Is saturated fat beneficial after all?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T14:35:07.930" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;When playing piano on a piano bank I feel really comfortable but when I write at the computer using my old revolving chair I very quickly get tense in my back, shoulders, arms and hands, probably because it doesn't go as high as I would like. Seeing that a piano bank can be had for much less than a good new chair and that such a bank guarantees an upright posture it seems a better alternative to me, especially as there seem to be many old piano players in great health. Am I right in this estimation or is there some problem I can't see about the ergonomics of long term piano bank use for the computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1066" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:57:55.140" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T07:57:55.140" Title="Piano bank healthy for computer work?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1544" CreationDate="2015-07-16T22:07:50.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While most people don't want to believe it, the effect of winter on your mood is mostly all in how you choose to deal with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Tromso Norway, winter-time depression is among the lowest rates of any population in the entire world. They also have some of the longest winters, owing to the fact that they are among the northern-most cities in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason they don't experience depression is because they view the coming of winter as a positive thing. You should do anything you can to make you look forward to the season, such as taking up skiing or another winter sport. You could also ask some of your friends what they are doing during the season and see if you could join them. You can even stay inside and get the same effects, but you have to look forward to the time. Hot chocolate and a good book or favorite movie for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more in this article in the atlantic: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/the-norwegian-town-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise/396746/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/07/the-norwegian-town-where-the-sun-doesnt-rise/396746/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="991" LastActivityDate="2015-07-16T22:07:50.060" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-16T22:59:13.170" Score="4" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was a strange idea that popped into my head. Could wild infectious microbes be bred (directed evolution) by some mechanism (such as through hypothetical drug therapies) to &quot;domesticate&quot; them and reduce their infectious qualities? Can we transform infectious microbes into innocuous ones rather than fighting against their antimicrobial resistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="997" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T19:55:18.443" Title="Can microbes be bred to be less infectious?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1440" CreationDate="2015-07-16T23:22:05.127" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several reasons why we can't specify the range here on Health SE, especially for anti-TPO Ab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The test method&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibodies are proteins, produced by our immune system. Determining the concentration of a specific protein is somewhat more difficult than determining the concentration of a smaller molecule. Still, there are various methods for this - for antibodies those are mostly immunological assays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you test the same sample with various methods, you could get different results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/thyroid-antibodies/tab/test/#is&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lab Tests Online&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sensitivity and specificity of thyroid antibody testing is improving but is still not as good as health practitioners would like it to be. All of the thyroid antibody tests have changed over time. This is part of the reason that the tests have historically acquired many different names. &lt;strong&gt;There are also many distinct methodologies and each has different reference (normal) ranges.&lt;/strong&gt; If someone is having serial testing done for monitoring purposes, it is best to have test done by the same laboratory each time, using the same methodology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you trust these tests if they give different results? Each test method has to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/FieldScience/ucm171877.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;validated&lt;/a&gt; and standardised. This means that various parameters (that have been determined as important) are checked for each method against a standard or a referent method. The important thing is that one interprets the value obtained by testing a certain sample by a certain method by comparing it to the &lt;strong&gt;referent range for that method&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Demographics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reference values are dependent on many factors, including patient age, sex, sample population, and test method, and numeric test results can have different meanings in different labs.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;For these reasons, you will not find reference ranges for the majority of tests described on this web site. The lab report containing your test results should include the specific reference range for your test(s).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is pretty straight forward. E.g. if there are variations between sexes, the lab report should come with two referent ranges (one for each sex), and specify which is which. Sample population is also important, and some referent ranges are defined for the majority population living in a certain area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The units&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somebody told me that their body temperature is 97 degrees, I'd say that's impossible. This is because I'm used to Celsius scale, where water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unit-conversion.info/temperature.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt; shows that 97.16 degrees Fahrenheit corresponds to 36.2 degrees Celsius, which is within normal body temperature range. Same goes for determining concentration - there are many &amp;quot;types&amp;quot; of concentrations (molar, mass, etc.) and each of these can be expressed in various units. Furthermore, the amount/level of the tested parameter doesn't have to be a concentration at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion 1&lt;/strong&gt;: If you have your test results, they should have come with units and reference ranges (usually written in a column at the right of the report). If you don't have these, it might be a good idea to contact the test lab if possible and inquire for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the results are not within the reference range, this can mean a number of things. It might imply that there is an underlying condition causing this. For thyroid, the values of TSH and anti-TPO Ab can point to several, very different conditions. You shouldn't try to discern these on your own - even if you have referent ranges. This is what doctors are for. You should not expect a physician to interpret these results via phone or e-mail, because &lt;strong&gt;laboratory tests are just one part of making a correct diagnosis.&lt;/strong&gt; Other parts include: anamnesis, family anamnesis (medical history of your relatives), physical examination and possibly (but not necessarily) imaging methods, such as ultrasound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's more, even within a certain referent range, for some hormones it depends very much on your age e.g. in which part of the interval are the &amp;quot;ideal&amp;quot;, i.e. optimal values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Leave the interpretation and the diagnosis to your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggested reading: &lt;a href=&quot;https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference Ranges and What They Mean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aside: determining TSH values is more straightforward, but still various sources give different referent ranges: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003684.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;:  0.4 - 4.0 mIU/L and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid/thyroid-function-tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;: 0.5-6 uU/ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T09:01:29.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25834" CreationDate="2015-07-17T02:11:51.383" Score="12" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not know the correct English term for the position, so I will just refer it to as &amp;quot;chest-side down&amp;quot;. The following CNN page seem to call it the &amp;quot;stomach position&amp;quot;, and they say it is the worst position to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have listed the shortcomings of that position, but there is no detailed explanation. I do not feel any pain when I sleep chest-side down other than pain on my neck, but this is only because I have to turn my face to one side, and this can be fixed if I buy a special pillow (something used at a massage shop).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really true that it causes back pain? We are mammals and almost all mammals live and sleep chest-side down. Dogs, for example, seem to love to rest their chest and head laid down on the floor. Do we have some special spines that need to be rested chest-side up, unlike other mammals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And secondly, how does it cause more wrinkles than sleeping chest-side up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/19/healthiest.sleep.position/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://edition.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/04/19/healthiest.sleep.position/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bad for: Avoiding neck and back pain, minimizing wrinkles&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scoop: &amp;quot;Stomach-sleeping makes it difficult to maintain a neutral position with your spine,&amp;quot; Shannon explains. What's more, the pose puts pressure on joints and muscles, which can irritate nerves and lead to pain, numbness, and tingling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1071" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T00:29:29.807" Title="How does sleeping chest-side down hurt the spine?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1544" CreationDate="2015-07-17T04:50:32.797" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Toronto is cold in Winter, but it is located at 43.7 degrees Northern Lattitude, which is similar to the lattitude of Marseille in Southern France. So, you can hardly say that this is a dark place in Winter. I think the main problem is that in Winter the days are a bit shorter so it may still be dark when you go to work and when you're back it is already starting to get dark. You can then get some sunlight by going outside during the lunch break.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also mention the cold, but Toronto isn't so extremely cold that going outside would be a challenge even when properly dressed. This this means that you are not wearing good winter clothing and then suffer as a result of that. This makes you avoid going outside, which leads to the winter blues, which causes you to become reticent to going outside even more. And, of course,  if you feel like going to sleep, you may start to feel a bit chilly even while sitting in a properly heated room; the thought of going outside when it is -20 C alone may then make you stay indoors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to stop associating the feeling of cold with the outside conditions. What you feel is your own body heat, this is regulated by your own body thermostat. Simply dressing properly will allow you to use your own body heat to stay warm outside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basics of how to dress well is quite simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OfEeO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Winter clothing&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key thing is to wear multiple layers, a lot of air will be trapped in between the layers which will give a good insulation against the cold. In the picture the girl is wearing rather light clothing appropriate for physical exertion in cold conditions. If you're going to be doing only light exertions, then the thermal underwear must be thicker different, e.g. you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aclima.no/products/dame/doublewool/doublewool-unisex-longs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. If it is colder than about -25 C then ski trousers won't do, you must wear &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.westernmountaineering.com/index.cfm?section=products&amp;amp;page=Down-Garments&amp;amp;cat=Pants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;down filled trousers&lt;/a&gt;. You may also need a wind stopper on top of that. The hat you wear cannot be just any ordinary hat, if it is cold you need to wear an Arctic hat like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bNqGS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Arctic hat&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In extremely cold conditions, &lt;a href=&quot;http://coldavenger.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;face masks like this&lt;/a&gt; can keep your entire face warm and moisten the air you breath in using the moist in the exhaled air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the boots should be of good quality, the best boots have multiple layers with removable inner boots, these are capable of keeping your feet warm at temperatures as low as -40 C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T16:35:58.457" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T16:35:58.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1587" CreationDate="2015-07-17T11:57:27.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have three separate issues here; I'll focus on how they affect bacteria in the gut. First, are different yet similar bacteria better or worse for people? Clearly yes; with various types of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/basics/definition/con-20032105&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; being common and usually benign inhabitants, but &lt;em&gt;E. coli O157:H7&lt;/em&gt; causing severe problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, can directed evolution coax a bad type of bacteria into being a less harmful type? Also clearly yes: this is being done all the time in the biofuels industry to create bacteria with specific abilities to break down and reform materials into fuel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, can such improved bacteria be used to crowd out the bad bacteria? Again, yes: &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt; is (see the name) a difficult-to-control gut inhabitant. Classic treatment with antibiotics has not been very effective, but transplanting good gut flora with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/clinical-updates/digestive-diseases/quick-inexpensive-90-percent-cure-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fecal microbiota transplantation&lt;/a&gt; (FMT) seems to be very effective in the limited studies so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trouble is when you want to combine them all. FMT is still controversial, because it's difficult to control exactly what gets transplanted, and we don't completely (or even mostly) understand the functionality of the gut biota. What if a transplant recipient goes downhill in an unexpected way: was it the fault of the transplant? It may be tough to tell, but lawyers could make enormous amounts of money on the question. Now, if you're working with a &lt;strong&gt;designed&lt;/strong&gt; bacteria, the consequences could be even harder to predict, and the legal fault could be even clearer. (Plus there's the &quot;ick&quot; factor of poop transplantation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize, the basic idea is good, but the proof is in the implementation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1070" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T11:57:27.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="891" CreationDate="2015-07-17T12:50:27.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've actually had to look up this procedure first. From what I've read in &lt;a href=&quot;http://hairremoval.about.com/od/threading/a/threading101.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; the procedure itself seems sanitary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still our skin surface contains bacteria. When the hair is removed, the bacteria can enter through the pilo-sebaceuous duct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/51GJ8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aknicare.co.uk/science.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aknicare.co.uk/science.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why it would be good to &lt;strong&gt;disinfect the skin prior to the procedure.&lt;/strong&gt; The choice of antiseptic will depend on your skin sensitivity. 70% ethanol is a very effective antiseptic, but if you have sensitive skin (and the area above the mouth is sensitive in its own right) then ethanol can cause irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another, somewhat milder antiseptic is boric acid, but if it is absorbed and has systemic effects it can be toxic. This is why its use in cosmetic products has been restricted in the UK. (Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 34th edition) This is why (if you chose to use it) it should be used on intact skin only. (An aside: The use in children under 3 years of age is now forbidden. This is because children have more permeable skin, and absorption is more likely than in adults.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can always ask your pharmacist or dermatologist to recommend you an antiseptic that would be good for you to use on this sensitive area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After the procedure&lt;/strong&gt; you can use a bit of talc powder to lessen the irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purified talc is used in massage and as a dusting powder to allay irritation and prevent chafing. It is usually mixed with starch, to increase absorption of moisture, and zinc oxide. Talc used in dusting powders or as talc poudrage should be sterilised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inhalation of talc can cause respiratory irritation; prolonged exposure may produce pneumoconiosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the area is right under your nose, you should just be careful not to inhale talc when you apply it, and you can apply a thin layer (there is no need for a thick layer). The microbiological quality of talc powder is very important, so make sure to purchase a reliable brand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T12:50:27.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-17T16:28:15.603" Score="4" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed as a type 2 diabetic a few months ago, and have been dieting and exercising ever since. My A1C has gone down from 13% to 9%, I noticed these cinnamon pills in a local store that claimed they helped naturally bring down blood sugar. So I am wondering now if there is any validity in that, and also if there are any other natural ways to bring down blood sugar besides prescribed medication (which I am taking) and exercise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1077" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:05:47.410" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:05:47.410" Title="What are some natural remedies for lowering blood sugar besides diet and exercise?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1587" CreationDate="2015-07-17T19:55:18.443" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle, this is what happens with any vaccine using an &lt;a href=&quot;http://vaccine-safety-training.org/live-attenuated-vaccines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;attenuated&quot;&lt;/a&gt; virus or bacteria - they have been directed through essentially forced evolution to lose some of their properties that effect virulence - how sick they make you when you get infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples of this include the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/nasalspray.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;influenza nasal spray vaccine&lt;/a&gt; or the type of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Thevaccines/Oralpoliovaccine(OPV).aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;polio vaccine&lt;/a&gt; used in developing countries. These are both viral examples, but bacterial examples exist, including tuberculosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a grander sense outside vaccination research, this is theoretically possible, but has some complications. The first is whether or not you can actually get attenuation. There are some microbes (norovirus and &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt; come to mind) that are very hard to culture, so this kind of directed evolution is difficult. And, if successful, you'd have to reintroduce them in a setting where the &quot;full strength&quot; microbes exist, and if those full strength microbes have a selective advantage in the environment, the engineered strains are unlikely to be successful in the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-07-17T19:55:18.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1507" CreationDate="2015-07-18T00:49:38.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overdiagnosis is not the same as misdiagnosis (for example, many people are concerned that ADHD is often misdiagnosed, but call it &lt;em&gt;overdiagnosis&lt;/em&gt;.*) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are intertwined. Diagnostic tests are considered &quot;useful&quot; if treatment decisions are affected by the results. Although it is extremely difficult to assess when overdiagnosis has occurred in an &lt;em&gt;individual&lt;/em&gt;, it is relatively easy to assess when over diagnosis has occurred in a population. Rapidly rising rates of testing and disease diagnosis in the setting of stable death rates are suggestive of overdiagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some debate about how to best describe the problem, but narrowly defined, overdiagnosis can occur in at least three ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;when screening tests become increasingly sensitive, identifying abnormalities that are minor, non-progressive, or likely to resolve on their own&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;when the definition of a disease changes such that conditions formerly to be thought &quot;compatible with normal&quot; are now classified as disease identifying as &quot;at risk&quot; people who will never suffer ill-effects from their condition&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;when tests performed unnecessarily show an abnormality for which the threshold of &quot;normal&quot; is unknown&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a &lt;strong&gt;diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt; makes well people think they're ill (overdiagnosis). If they are then treated for this overdiagnosis, they are &lt;strong&gt;overtreated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of the first is in the newer, more sensitive tests for screening for thyroid cancer discussed in the NYT article. The overtreatment in this case is the unnecessary surgery (and complications thereof) because of the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example involving changing definitions pertains to diabetes. When the official definition of diabetes changed from having a fasting blood sugar (FBS) of &quot;X or greater&quot; to an FBS of &quot;(X-y) or greater&quot; (a bit oversimplified, but still a good example), 1.6 million new diabetics were instantly &lt;em&gt;diagnosed&lt;/em&gt;, some of whom are not likely to ever develop symptoms and complications and are not likely to benefit from treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example involving tests performed unnecessarily would be getting a head CT scan on a young, healthy person for a single seizure which could easily be explained by circumstance (e.g. being supported in an upright position during a feint), and finding an unrelated (and, say, benign) lesion, which someone then wants to biopsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...[We] are in the midst of an &lt;strong&gt;epidemic of diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt;. Conventional wisdom tells us that finding problems early saves lives because we have the opportunity to fix the problems early. [That t]here is no risk in finding things early. The truth is that early diagnosis is a double-edged sword; while it has the potential to help some, it has a potential to harm us. Such &lt;em&gt;overdiagnosis&lt;/em&gt; leads to &lt;em&gt;overtreatment&lt;/em&gt; when these “pseudo-diseases” are conventionally managed and treated as if they were real abnormalities; because these findings have a benign prognosis, treatment can only do harm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prostate cancer is the poster child for overdiagnosis. Until we started widely screening for it with the prostate-specific antigen test, it was considered a disease with a uniformly bad prognosis. Only once screening (and treatment of detected tumors) was well underway did it come to light that the majority of prostate cancers detected by screening are clinically unimportant.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overdiagnosis should not be confused with false-positive results, that is, a positive test in an individual who is subsequently recognized not to have cancer. By contrast, an overdiagnosed patient has a tumor that fulfills the pathological criteria for cancer. Studies now estimate that 1 in 2 prostate cancers, 1 in 3 breast cancers, and 1 in 5 lung cancers are most likely overdiagnosed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The impact of false-positive test results is largely transitory, but the impact of overdiagnosis can be life-long and affects patients’ sense of well-being and their ability to get health insurance; overtreatment impacts their physical health, and even their life expectancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done? Resistance to overdiagnosis needs to be multi-pronged. The medical community, through testing and experience, needs to raise the threshold to label a test as “abnormal” or raise the threshold to intervene. (This has been done with the Prostate Specific Antigen test for prostate cancer.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other is harder. Many doctors believe patients can't make informed decisions in this area. However, studies (with women who've been diagnosed with breast cancer detected on screening) have shown that patients can make good decisions when presented with the appropriate facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your doctor recommends &lt;strong&gt;screening&lt;/strong&gt; for a particular cancer because of age or other demographic factors (e.g. you're a smoker), &lt;strong&gt;ask&lt;/strong&gt;. Ask how you're likely to benefit from the test if it comes back positive, ask if there is any controversy about the screening test, ask if there are hand-outs explaining the risks and benefits of the screening test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;N.B. &lt;strong&gt;This does not pertain to all tests ordered by physicians.&lt;/strong&gt; Not all screening tests are bad, and tests need to be done when you have symptoms.&lt;sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Cancer overdiagnosis may have of one of two explanations: 1) The cancer never progresses (or, in fact, regresses) or 2) the cancer progresses slowly enough that the patient dies of other causes before the cancer becomes symptomatic. Note that this second explanation incorporates the interaction of three variables: the cancer size at detection, its growth rate, and the patient’s competing risks for mortality. Thus, even a rapidly growing cancer may still represent overdiagnosis if detected when it is very small or in a patient with limited life expectancy.&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/7155800/The_effect_of_information_about_overdetection_of_breast_cancer_on_womens_decision-making_about_mammography_screening_study_protocol_for_a_randomised_controlled_trial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of information about overdetection of breast cancer on women’s decision-making about mammography screening:study protocol for a randomised controlled trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/pdf/Information_on_Mammography-eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mammography for Women Aged 40 and Older: A Decision Aid for Breast Cancer Screening in Canada&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thyroidcancercanada.org/userfiles/files/Welch_Overdiagnosis%20in%20Cancer.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overdiagnosis in Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=qe7XQxzAftEC&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PT5&amp;amp;dq=Welch+G,+Schwartz+L,+Woloshin+S+%282011%29+Overdiagnosed:&amp;amp;ots=GONGUjZ8HY&amp;amp;sig=CQy031VkHIqGxgM8Sg0vnQOCB_A#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/overdiagnosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overdiagnosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001655#pmed.1001655-Welch1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Using Evidence to Combat Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371827&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The prostate specific antigen era in the United States is over for prostate cancer: what happened in the last 20 years?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-18T00:49:38.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-18T03:51:30.037" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are microbes that don't make you sick able to reproduce more numerously or at a faster rate in the human body than microbes that do make you sick? I wouldn't want to assume much on this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="997" LastEditorUserId="997" LastEditDate="2015-07-18T04:19:40.847" LastActivityDate="2015-07-18T04:19:40.847" Title="Are microbes that don't make you sick able to reproduce more numerously or at a faster rate in the human body than microbes that do make you sick?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T00:15:21.077" Score="9" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was watching a &lt;a href=&quot;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ANmneU5BD-U&quot;&gt;Youtube video of a man who supposedly drank 20 energy drinks in a row.&lt;/a&gt; It appears that his heart enlarged greatly. Is this something that energy drinks could actually do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:33:11.793" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T15:38:51.320" Title="What is the effect of energy drinks on the heart?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T00:21:52.073" Score="6" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how much more accurate and reliable indwelling arterial catheters are compared to standard, non-invasive techniques to monitor ICU patients' blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:33:23.557" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:33:23.557" Title="How much more accurate are indwelling arterial catheters compared to standard, non-invasive blood pressure monitoring?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;&lt;sensors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1247" CreationDate="2015-07-19T04:34:44.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0004-27302006000400014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this review article&lt;/a&gt;, adults need a bit more than 1 gram of calcium per day. However, it may be the case that the natural vitamin D levels for the human body should be a lot higher than what is currently the norm, see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264449&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Calcium is absorbed from the gut by both passive and active mechanisms, the active mechanism is vitamin D dependent. If the level of calcium in the blood drops then calcium from bones will be released and simultaneously, the kidneys will produce more calcitriol which then turns on genes in the gut to produce enzymes that help to extract calcium from food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the total intake per day, what is also relevant is the presence of big gaps in the intake of calcium. Such gaps will prompt the body to extract calcium from the bones and then you're dependent on processes that will eventually put  calcium back into the bones. By spreading the intake of calcium over the day, you can prevent bone loss in the event that in your case this mechanism of putting the calcium back doesn't work as well as it should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are many sources of calcium that we tend to ignore. Water can contain calcium, e.g. where I live there is 60 mg per liter. That doesn't sound like a lot, but if you drink 3 liters a day, you'll get 180 mg. Bread only contains 10 mg per slice, but if you eat a lot like I do (I don't recommend doing that unless it fits into a well balanced diet for your case) like 15 slices per day, then that's 150 mg of calcium. So, the dry bread plus water alone is already 280 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if you eat 500 grams of broccoli at dinner like I did today, you'll get 235 mg of calcium. Potatoes contain 12 mg per 100 gram, I had 1 kg of potatoes for dinner, so I got 120 mg from the potatoes. This means that in total I got more than 600 mg of calcium from sources one normally doesn't bother to consider. However, it must be said that absorption of calcium from such sources isn't as efficient as from dairy products due to oxalates in vegetables, phytic acids in grains and the lack of phosphorous when you drink just plain water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you see that non dairy sources can give you a decent amount of calcium, but you then need to eat a lot (I eat about 4000 kcal per day, which is a lot more than average). The calorie intake of indigenous people who needed to jog for hours every day to chase prey was likely a lot higher than what it is today for the typical office worker, so they may actually have gotten their gram of calcium per day from only non dairy foods and their vitamin D levels were also likely a lot higher than that of the average office worker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T20:11:47.610" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T20:11:47.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1606" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1608" CreationDate="2015-07-19T08:29:18.947" Score="9" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a human is exposed to radioactive materials but later they are removed from their body, does the human remain capable of contaminating others? Is there a decay curve for the risk of contagion, possibly correlated with the half life of the radioactive substances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T08:12:34.430" Title="If a human is irradiated, how contagious are they?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T11:34:48.067" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was searching online for homemade herbal remedies to decrease hairfall. And there was this website that had the solution I was looking for.&#xA;Towards the end of the write up, the author states &quot;this is a 90% trial treatment of hairfall.&quot; What does that mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1086" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T07:59:23.990" LastActivityDate="2015-09-19T00:02:11.780" Title="What is the meaning of &quot;trial treatment&quot;?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1606" CreationDate="2015-07-19T15:09:17.007" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let us give an example of a procedure that some humans really need to be exposed to - and that is  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oncolink.org/treatment/article.cfm?id=35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radiation Therapy&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radiation therapy is usually given to cancer patients to destroy a tumor. Technically, there are two methods of giving radiation to a patient for therapeutic purposes - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/radiation-therapy/what-radiation-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;External and Internal radiation therapy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we talk about &lt;strong&gt;External Radiation therapy&lt;/strong&gt;, we are talking about radiation administered through a beam to a specific region of the body. Basically, it is non-invasive because it uses only a machine with a beam that directs radiation to the specific body part containing the tumor.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since the radiation is given in relatively&#xA;  small doses, patients who receive external radiation therapy are not&#xA;  considered radioactive and do not need to take any special precautions&#xA;  during the time they are being treated. It is safe for friends,&#xA;  family, and children to be around them - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oncolink.org/treatment/article.cfm?id=35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OncoLink&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, patients undergoing &lt;strong&gt;internal radiation therapy&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/radiation-therapy/brachytherapy/?region=on&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;brachytherapy&lt;/a&gt;) get radioactive implants to destroy the tumor. This procedure is considered invasive because doctors need to put the radioactive implants inside the body where the tumor is located. Commonly used radioactive substance in implants are &lt;em&gt;cesium, gold, iodine, iridium, and palladium&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Different radioactive materials have different half-lives. This&#xA;  information helps the radiation therapy team to choose the type of&#xA;  material to use and plan the treatment regimen. It also determines how&#xA;  long radiation safety precautions must be taken following treatment -  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/radiation-therapy/brachytherapy/?region=on&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Canadian Cancer Society&lt;/a&gt;.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, if high dosage is being used in the therapy, expect that a small amount of radiation will be left in the patient's body after the implants removal. As the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/radiation/understandingradiationtherapyaguideforpatientsandfamilies/understanding-radiation-therapy-internal-radiation-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American Cancer Society&lt;/a&gt; states that, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With internal radiation therapy, your body may give off a small amount&#xA;  of radiation for a short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the radiation is contained in a temporary implant, you will be&#xA;  asked to stay in the hospital and may have to limit visitors during&#xA;  treatment. You also may be asked to stay a certain distance away from&#xA;  them. Pregnant women and children may not be allowed to visit you.&#xA;  Your body fluids are not radioactive. Once the implant is removed,&#xA;  your body will no longer give off radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Permanent implants give off small doses of radiation over a few weeks&#xA;  to months as they slowly stop giving off radiation. The radiation&#xA;  usually doesn’t travel much farther than the area being treated, so&#xA;  the chances that others could be exposed to radiation is very small.&#xA;  Still, your health care team may ask you to take certain precautions&#xA;  such as staying away from small children and pregnant women,&#xA;  especially right after you get the implants. Again, body fluids and&#xA;  the things you use will not be radioactive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1017" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T08:12:34.430" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T08:12:34.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-19T15:18:40.387" Score="5" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a study (or more than one) that suggest a link between taking oral contraceptives known as the pill and an increased risk of breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried find to find the study but my university doesn't seem to have purchased access. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how good are the  studies suggesting a link? Do they even pertain to today's low dosage version of the pill? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a link between the pill and breast cancer, how does it compare to other health risk due to medication? A fifty percent increase to get it certanly sounds like a lot, but buying two lotto tickets boosts my chances by 100% and who of us has won because of that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="381" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T11:10:45.453" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:26:24.293" Title="The pill and breast cancer" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1612" CreationDate="2015-07-19T18:58:33.250" Score="4" ViewCount="1759" Body="&lt;p&gt;An acute disease can sometimes recover naturally, but always with a cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A chronic disease can't recover naturally and there is no cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the difference ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1087" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T15:56:26.747" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T15:56:26.747" Title="Difference between acute disease and chronic disease" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1610" CreationDate="2015-07-20T02:38:13.720" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;More or less: Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acute and chronic are ways to classify diseases according to duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acute+illness&quot;&gt;Acute&lt;/a&gt;*&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acute Illness (1) Any illness that develops quickly, is intense or severe and lasts a relatively short period of time.&#xA;  (2) Any condition—e.g., infection, trauma, fracture—with a short (often less than 1 month) clinical course. Acute illnesses usually respond to therapy; a return to a state of complete—pre-morbid—health is the norm.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex via The Free Dictionary&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.viha.ca/phc_cdm/cdm/what_is_chronic_disease.htm&quot;&gt;Chronic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chronic diseases are different. They usually develop slowly, last a long time, and are often progressive and incurable. For many chronic diseases, there is no cure. The long-term effects of a chronic illness may be difficult to predict.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: Island health&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that most, but not all chronic illnesses are incurable. Also, although the illness is present all the time, the symptoms don't have to be. The time periods (which can be quite long) when the person doesn't have symptoms and feels well is called remission. When the symptoms appear this is called exacerbation or relapse. Many chronic illnesses that can't be cured can be well-managed and the consequences can be mitigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other categories between chronic and acute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subacute&quot;&gt;subacute&lt;/a&gt; - which can refer to duration (between acute and chronic, but closer to acute), to severity (often duration and severity combined: moderate) or it is sometimes used to denote a condition in a person who appears to be clinically well (although there are better terms for this, IMO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;subchronic - usually longer than acute, but limited in time (duration of illness is for about a year).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subacute and subchronic (along with acute and chronic) are also used in toxicology to refer to classification of toxicity according to duration of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no universal duration time for all illnesses, which would serve as the limit based on which the illness would be acute or chronic. The duration based on which conditions are classified often vary across different fields of medicine (i.e. different organs/organ systems). Consider these two examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acute sinusitis - Duration of illness less than 3 weeks.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sub acute sinusitis - Duration of illness ranging between 3-6 weeks.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Recurrent sinusitis - Recurrent sinusitis with disease free periods in-between attacks.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chronic sinusitis - Duration of illness is more than 6 weeks&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=YwSuBQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA130&amp;amp;dq=illness+classification+according+to+duration&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=illness%20classification%20according%20to%20duration&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;Role of Imaging in Rhinology&lt;/a&gt; edited by Geetha Ramamoorthy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cases of low back pain can be classified according to duration as follows:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acute: less than 6 weeks&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subacute: between 6 and 12 weeks&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chronic: more than 12 weeks&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=G7uXK9Z2TSoC&amp;amp;pg=PA688&amp;amp;dq=classification+of+diseases++%22according+to+duration+%22&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=classification%20of%20diseases%20%20%22according%20to%20duration%20%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;Integrative Medicine&lt;/a&gt; by David Rakel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T02:38:13.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1055" CreationDate="2015-07-20T03:31:34.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few tricks which can make the cross-legged position comfortable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sitting more &quot;crossy&quot; - if you are not flexible enough to align your heels one in front of another, cross your ankles or even cross your shins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevate the hips above your knees (by using a cushion, blanket or yoga-block)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Support your knees (again using cushions or something similar).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These &quot;tricks&quot; come from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yogajournal.com/article/beginners/finding-a-comfortable-seated-cross-legged-position/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;yoga practitioners&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you choose to sit cross-legged, it is important to have your knees level with or below your hips. If you are having difficulty maintaining an erect spine while sitting cross-legged, begin by sitting on the edge of a cushion, bolster, or rolled blanket. For additional support, place rolled blankets or bolsters under your knees. (You may find that with the knees supported, the inner groins relax and that when you take the supports away, your knees drop further easily.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3CbdfbUcG0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this demonstration video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from this, when you feel physical strain, a good idea is to make a break and stand up for a few minutes. This doesn't apply just to sitting on the floor, by the way, because sitting for a long time (regardless of the position) is connected with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/fitness/pages/sitting-and-sedentary-behaviour-are-bad-for-your-health.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;health risks&lt;/a&gt; and some experts recommend a break from sitting every 30 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have references for this part: the pain you are feeling might be caused by low flexibility (especially in the hips), but also week abdominal and paravertebral muscles (both of which are important for a good, straight-back posture). Working on these issues over time might help, but, as with any exercise program, you need to be aware of your general health and whether you have any specific health issues, so that you can exercise safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T03:31:34.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1943" CreationDate="2015-07-20T03:55:23.557" Score="4" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any safe, medically accepted ways to remove &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsillolith&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tonsilloliths&lt;/a&gt; (tonsil stones) from your mouth at home? Should I instead go to a doctor to get it removed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T01:24:23.427" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T01:27:09.557" Title="Is there an accepted way to remove a tonsilloliths at home?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1616" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3874" CreationDate="2015-07-20T08:30:50.117" Score="4" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;For minor cases of tooth decay, the dentist drills out the decayed portion followed by filling the cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, &lt;strong&gt;is it necessary to remove the decayed portion before the filling?&lt;/strong&gt; What if the decayed part isn't removed/is partially removed? Will the decay continue spreading underneath the filling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1090" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T09:52:39.563" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T10:19:18.527" Title="Tooth filling over an already decayed region?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1622" CreationDate="2015-07-20T09:34:26.203" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried following some advice at &lt;a href=&quot;https://productivity.stackexchange.com/questions/2268/at-what-time-do-early-risers-go-to-sleep-at-night&quot;&gt;a productivity question about sleeping hours&lt;/a&gt;, so I woke up at 4 am for three days straight and by 10 am (!) I feel sleepy that I can't open my eyes. I usually go to bed at 9 pm so I think that's a healthy lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody tell me what am I doing wrong ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1091" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T18:08:37.647" Title="Weird Sleeping Hours" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-20T12:39:30.920" Score="1" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 27 year old male(75 kg 1.78 tall) and I do weight training for 7 years already. I do always have problem about eating. The main problem is bloating and sometimes I even feel that I have an empty stomach. I take digestive enzyme supplements every after meals but still the same. I even tried prebiotics. I started to think if I should change my diet... I consume 300 g of good source carbs, 230 g of animal source protein, and 70 g of high quality fats(olive oil, flaxseed oil, walnut oil). Totally, I consume like 2700-3000 kcal.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks for any advice about my bloating problem... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="780" LastEditorUserId="1017" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T05:42:30.607" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T05:42:30.607" Title="How To Get Rid Of Bloated Stomach?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-07-21T13:56:13.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-20T12:55:05.687" Score="4" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard something about caffeine coating on the teeth will help in preventing cavities (caries). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true or just a myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1094" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T02:40:32.080" Title="Does caffeine teeth coating prevents cavities?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1626" CreationDate="2015-07-20T16:43:44.870" Score="7" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that many common toothpaste products are very sweet. (Too sweet for me, usually!) This confuses me because my understanding is that sugars are one of the things we brush to get off our teeth. It seems counter-intuitive to brush my teeth only put a lot of sugar/sweeteners back onto my teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the sweeteners used in toothpaste not have the same bad effect on teeth? (In other words, is is my heuristic &quot;sweet = bad for teeth&quot; overly simplistic?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T18:28:48.050" Title="Why isn't sweet toothpaste bad for teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1617" CreationDate="2015-07-20T18:08:37.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changing a sleep cycle, especially drastically, takes time for you body to adjust to. It's pretty self induced jetlag and you're trying to yank your entire circadian rhythm to another setup. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/jet-lag-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;webmd&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/How-long-does-it-typically-take-to-recover-from-jet-lag&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;answers on Quora&lt;/a&gt;, jetlag can last 4-5 days, but varies by person and time adjustment. (Three days was almost there!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your circadian rhythm, sleep playing a large part, entails a lot of aspects, all which need to adjust to a different sleep schedule. Consider how your eating, exercise, and the rest of your daily rhythm comes into play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, consider using other sleep hacks to help adjust. Searching for adjusting to jetlag will provide plenty of tips. Here's a really long answer I wrote on Cognitive Sciences Stack Exchange on &lt;a href=&quot;https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/a/7917/2893&quot;&gt;sleep hacks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1095" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T18:08:37.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1618" CreationDate="2015-07-20T18:27:27.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest seeing a doctor. They'd be able to get to the crux of the matter, and it could be indicative of something more serious. Especially considering bloating can be caused by so many things and you've tried most of the basics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did you google it? There's tons of articles on bloating along with suggestions and remedies. Based on your question it seems like you have, so I'm assuming you've tried &lt;a href=&quot;http://stomachbloating.net/sugar-substitutes-and-stomach-problems/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;avoiding sugar substitues&lt;/a&gt; (splenda, aspartame, etc), carbonated drinks, and sugars, &lt;a href=&quot;http://altmedicine.about.com/od/Herbal-Remedies/fl/EntericCoated-Peppermint-Oil.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;taking enteric coated peppermint oil&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And again, I'd suggest seeing a doctor. Expecially since you seem to have tried all the more simple remedies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical disclaimer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1095" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T18:27:27.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1614" CreationDate="2015-07-20T18:43:50.987" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would advise you to consult a doctor. Tonsilloliths is not a cough or fever that can be remedied only by nutritious intake and rest. It is considered a mucosal infection, thats why, any reckless action may result to further infection and more complication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1017" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T18:43:50.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1621" CreationDate="2015-07-20T20:33:00.687" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Artificial sweeteners are used in toothpastes. Mostly Xylitol or Sacharin. They don´t promote tooth decay. The sweetness in toothpaste are added in order to make more people brush their teeth on a daily basis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/79281-saccharin-safety-toothpaste/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong - Saccharin Safety in Toothpaste&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sharecare.com/health/healthy-oral-hygiene/what-makes-toothpaste-sweet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What makes toothpaste sweet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/06/science/q-why-is-toothpaste-sweet-and-what-is-it-sweetened-with.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why is toothpaste sweet and what is it sweetened with?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1096" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T18:28:48.050" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T18:28:48.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-20T20:38:26.950" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the bad habit of late sleeping since I sleep between 1-4:30 AM every day&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's very rare for me to sleep &lt;code&gt;earlier&lt;/code&gt; before this time&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So my question is what are the health risks of late sleeping?&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Are there any scientific Experiments,peer-reviewed papers regarding this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1097" LastEditorUserId="1097" LastEditDate="2015-07-20T20:44:40.637" LastActivityDate="2015-07-21T09:02:39.813" Title="health risks for late sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-07-21T13:41:13.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1607" CreationDate="2015-07-20T23:09:22.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even from the context, a definite answer cannot be given. However, I'll do my best to shed some light on relevant terminology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sentences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;this is a 90% trial treatment of hairfall.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is a 99 trial treatment of mail pattern baldnes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;really don't mean anything on their own. Since the article mentions clinical trials, and the numbers 90, 95 and 99 are characteristic, my best guess would be that this refers to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=confidence_level&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confidence level&lt;/a&gt;, a statistical term which (long story short) describes the probability that the conclusion from your study that the tested medicine is better than the other is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why not just say it like that? (We'll get back to that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another part of this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Double-blind studies determine [xyz] to be the best hair-restoration product on the market.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sentence is rather imprecise, and therefore sounds a bit boastful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the study is double-blind it means that neither the patient nor the researcher knows which patient is receiving the tested substance, and which something else, until the end of the trial. So one group of patients receives the substance being tested (test group) and the other either an alternative substance used for the same condition (control group) or an inert substance, i.e. placebo (placebo group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first sort of trials (where you compare a new substance to an old one) are called &lt;strong&gt;controlled, double-blind&lt;/strong&gt; trials. Here you can test whether your new substance is better that the old one (superiority trial), that the new substance isn't worse than the old one (non-inferiority trial) and that they are equivalent (equivalence trials). You can do something similar by comparing your substance with placebo in a &lt;strong&gt;placebo controlled, double-blind&lt;/strong&gt; study, but here you would want your substance definitely to be better than placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The statement that something is &amp;quot;the best in the market&amp;quot; &lt;strong&gt;implies&lt;/strong&gt; that the substance/preparation is tested against (all) others on the market, but it doesn't specifically say so, does it? What's more, which other products has it been compared to, exactly? If they are not allowed to name competitor's brands, surely they could give the chemical names of other substances used as controls, or at least say &lt;strong&gt;how many other products&lt;/strong&gt; have they compared theirs to. (Note that usually one comparison is one separate clinical study. More studies -&amp;gt; more expenses for the company).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why haven't they addressed these issues? We can't know. Can it be that the explanation is tailored for everyone to understand? Or that some things one wouldn't boast about were just omitted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can only suggest that you ask a health care professional from the field, whether they have some experience with the product. If it were registered as a medicine, it would be possible to find the information on clinical trials in the Summary of Product Characteristics (usually available on the website of the medicines regulatory agency of the country where the medicine is registered). On the link that you provided (after a few clicks) it says that this is a supplement. They don't have to comply with the same regulatory requirements (don't have to submit all the data that medicines do), so I can't say where you can find the missing information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/glossary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/glossary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rds-sc.nihr.ac.uk/planning-a-study/study-design/quantitative-studies/clinical-trials/non-inferiority-trials/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.rds-sc.nihr.ac.uk/planning-a-study/study-design/quantitative-studies/clinical-trials/non-inferiority-trials/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-20T23:15:03.230" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-20T23:39:06.407" Score="8" ViewCount="1009" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any health risks from wearing a watch made of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anodized&lt;/a&gt; aluminum? Will aluminum get into the body through the skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1098" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2019-01-23T22:37:27.350" LastActivityDate="2021-04-30T12:21:38.903" Title="Anodized aluminum, skin contact, and health risks" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;skin-absorption&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T00:46:05.343" Score="5" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or are chiropractors just for special case problems? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because my health insurance lets me pick from several benefits and chiropractic operations are part of the benefits I'm considering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="420" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:16:43.520" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:16:43.520" Title="Should I meet with a chiropractor just for yearly &quot;maintenance&quot;?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;massage&gt;&lt;masseuse&gt;&lt;chiropractor&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12845" CreationDate="2015-07-21T03:39:42.540" Score="9" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;5 a day is where it is recommended that you should eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables every day, similar to 'an apple a day keeps the doctor away'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_A_Day&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/5aday/Pages/5ADAYhome.aspx&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most things count, but apparently potatoes are excluded and I can't find a satisfactory answer as to why not. Processed fruits in juice drinks seem to count, so does a glass of wine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What differentiates between fruit and vegetables that count and those that don't?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T05:28:21.700" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T05:26:18.207" Title="What foods count towards 5 a day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T06:29:02.527" Score="6" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife and I are now expecting our first child. She is 4 weeks and 7 days at the time of writing this. We are both under 30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I currently live in Dubai where I am British Expat and medical costing is very high. I decided rather than pay for each scan - most people just buy a &quot;Package&quot;. There are few maternity packages. The mains ones are &quot;Antenatal Package&quot; and the next one is the &quot;Delivery Package&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a standard Antenatal package. Can anyone shed light on this - pro, cons, needed, side affects of the steps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1) Initial Consultation&#xA;2) Initial Consult - Fetal Medicine&#xA;3) Follow up Visits -(11 visits)&#xA;4) Routine Laboratory tests:&#xA; a) CBC -(2 tests)&#xA; b) Blood Type &amp;amp; Antibody&#xA; c) HIV&#xA; d) Hepatitis B&#xA; e) Rubella&#xA; f) C/S Urine&#xA; g) Urinalysis Dip Sticks – ( 11 Sticks )&#xA;5) Ultra Sound Examinations -( 3 Scans)&#xA;6) Glucose Screening&#xA;7) Vaginal Swab&#xA;8) RPR&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:44:44.577" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T22:39:39.680" Title="Which of these things is needed for a first time pregnancy checkup?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;1st-trimester&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T07:08:03.600" Score="8" ViewCount="1896" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see many people drinking cold drinks (icy cold) during or after meals. A Google search gives links saying that drinking cold drinks or water during or after meals is harmful [&lt;a href=&quot;http://humannhealth.com/cold-water-or-beverages-after-or-during-meal-can-be-harmful/1105/&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. However, there is another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snopes.com/medical/myths/coldwater.asp&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; which also refutes an argument that drinking a cold drink after meals can cause cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific studies about this? Is drinking cold drinks during and after meals really harmful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:37:55.660" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:37:55.660" Title="Can cold drinks be taken with or after meals?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T07:12:09.693" Score="6" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it safe for patients with pacemakers to have MRI? Although earlier it used to be said that patients with pacemakers should not have MRI, but apparently some recent data says it is not that dangerous (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829046&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829046&lt;/a&gt;). Thanks for your insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2015-07-21T16:00:26.073" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T15:49:10.397" Title="Pacemaker and MRI" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T10:05:53.937" Score="4" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recommendation for calcium for adults under 50 is 1000mg/day. But this seems to concern the calcium intake. However the bioavailability of calcium depends a lot on the food eaten. &#xA;If the calcium intake of a person comes from food containing a considerable amount of inhibitory substances, such as oxalates and phytates, then the actual bioavailable calcium of this person can be quit low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the recommendation for bioavailable calcium per day, for adults?  Or in other terms, what percentage of bioavailability was used to determined this 1000mg/day recommendation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1105" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T02:12:40.607" Title="Calcium intake vs bioavailability" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T10:35:37.033" Score="6" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say it because of the erosion of the enamel by its carbonated acid, but is it really the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1106" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T20:32:30.770" Title="Why drinking unflavored sparkling water has such an aggressive effect on teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;wisdom-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-21T16:16:14.263" Score="3" ViewCount="11588" Body="&lt;p&gt;I discovered was that my blood pressure didn't stay the same all the time. It was lowest first thing in the morning (a reading of 120/70), went up a little at lunchtime (135/80) and was highest in the evening (140/80). Is this normal? I amn't sure, so I am little tense about it? I also feel some chest pain on the left side.&#xA;I also had ECG and blood test for thyroid, calcium and kidney and other basic test, All tests are clear,  my BMI also is good.&#xA;Should I go for echo? or any other test? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1107" LastEditorUserId="1107" LastEditDate="2015-07-22T03:07:28.897" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T09:11:01.133" Title="Blood pressure reading more at evening time" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-22T02:40:24.113" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will reach 40 years old soon, I had a tendinitis on my both knees 2 years ago which gives me pain when I am standing (on the bottom and the sides of the knee). I can stand at most 10 minutes but I can walk for a much longer period of time, walking is not much an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to Disney World soon, 2 years ago I had a tripod chair and some tapes under my knees, but I learned that tripod chairs are now restricted (or I probably got lucky last time). So what could be good alternative solution to survive the waiting lines ... besides fast pass. I saw various model of knee braces ranging from 10$ to 40$ each but I am not sure if it's going to work or what should be the criteria to look for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for any information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1109" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:14:13.507" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:14:13.507" Title="Alternative solutions to prevent knee pain while standing" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;standing&gt;&lt;weight-bearing-activity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-08T17:42:41.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1585" CreationDate="2015-07-22T03:40:39.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, congrats on actually being more comfortable sitting up-right.  I've yet to master the talent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, I can't say the relation between old piano players in great health is directly related to or, is the result of a piano bank and an upright posture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, a majority of the money spent on office chairs are for those ergonomic adjustable features for lazy sitters (myself included).  If I can buy a chair that will posture me for me, count me in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, a backed chair I'm sure was purposed to keep people from falling off the back end but for today's office oriented purpose of keeping you upright, you're able to do without.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use whatever makes you comfortable and doesn't pull you out of the correct posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity though, does your as* ever start to hurt? That's the only concern I see from using a piano bank at my desk!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1110" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T03:40:39.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1507" CreationDate="2015-07-22T03:54:26.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is screening a good thing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Overall yes, but with caveats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, take an &lt;em&gt;extreme&lt;/em&gt; example of an individual undergoing a full body CT scan at least once a year, every year after the age of 50. The upside is potentially detecting some forms of cancer early on (although the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115340.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt; says there are no benefits for healthy individuals). The downside is increased radiation itself increases your risk of cancer. In short, preventive cancer screenings may end up giving you cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet#q7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute (NCI)&lt;/a&gt; reports that &quot;the extra risk of any one person developing a fatal cancer from a typical CT procedure is about 1 in 2,000 (2). In contrast, the lifetime risk of dying from cancer in the U.S. population is about 1 in 5 (3).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose the 1 in 2,000 figure is the average. Why are so many people concerned? A study in &lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=415384&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JAMA Internal Medicine&lt;/a&gt; found that a CT scan's &quot;effective dose varied significantly within and across institutions, with a mean 13-fold variation between the highest and lowest dose for each study type.&quot; So, it's possible that, depending on where you go for your scan, you could be getting very different doses of radiation, and your lifetime risk will be affected by that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the dose of radiation, health care providers have many incentives for ordering tests when they aren't necessarily needed. A commonly cited reason is &quot;defensive medicine&quot; - a practice of ordering extra tests to avoid malpractice claims. However, there are other reasons as well, such as financial incentives, experience, training, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fundamentally, &lt;em&gt;overtreatment&lt;/em&gt; may have no additional health benefits, but may carry risks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is now a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.choosingwisely.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Choosing Wisely&lt;/a&gt; campaign that partners with many professional medical organizations to develop guidelines and reduce over treatment, recognizing that it is an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T03:54:26.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3240" CreationDate="2015-07-22T04:17:24.173" Score="6" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone provide a concrete example of what this diet is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1111" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T22:11:37.207" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T22:24:46.560" Title="What is &quot;FMD&quot; or Fasting-mimicking diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1645" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2015-07-22T04:24:19.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Clinical guidelines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Disease prevention and management&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Human physiology and pathophysiology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Pharmacology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Diagnostic and prognostic methods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Medical research&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-29T00:46:15.070" LastActivityDate="2018-11-29T00:46:15.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-22T04:25:06.610" Score="6" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've asked this question during conferences, around the office, etc. and the answer is always debated with split results.  50/50'ish yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;History&lt;/strong&gt;: During a physical, when it was time to cough, I looked dead ahead and there was a daily water intake poster that read, &quot;3 liters of water p/day for a healthy...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I asked the doctor in an attempt to break the weird silence while zipping up, &quot;if I mixed my daily 3 liters of water with 3 liters of, let's say kool-aid, for a total of 6 liters of liquid, does that count?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He said no.  Needs to be water.  I didn't particularly care at the time - it was just a 'break the silence' question - but it started to grow on me.  Then it started to bug me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not?  It still had H 2 and O.  Although diluted, the alkalites, minerals, fluoride and all the other stuff that comes from 'the man' is still there.  Or should be - maybe not.  Does citric acid or cool-aid and sugar break all that down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if I drank a glass of OJ, then downed a glass of water right after. Did I get my water in then? Doesn't it mix after it all goes down?  Is there a time one has to wait before drinking anything other than water, after drinking water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many lemons does it take to make a glass of water not water anymore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've asked a few docs and tuns of people and the answers are always split and there's always fun debate.  But still no solid answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone able to settle this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1110" LastEditorUserId="1110" LastEditDate="2015-07-22T04:57:12.480" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T21:41:56.307" Title="If I mix 3 liters of water with 3 liters of kool-aid and drank it throughout the day, did I get my daily water intake?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1647" PostTypeId="7" CreationDate="2015-07-22T04:25:55.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Personal medical advice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Food, nutrition and cooking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Biological processes without reference to a particular disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Questions that are primarily opinion-based&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Questions with too many possible answers or that would require an extremely long answer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-29T00:47:23.223" LastActivityDate="2018-11-29T00:47:23.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="811" CreationDate="2015-07-22T04:59:28.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are actually studies about sitting in a regular chair vs. an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_ball&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exercise ball&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687008000690&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16696264&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for example. Neither seems to show &lt;em&gt;net&lt;/em&gt; benefits. The limitations of both studies are small sample size and short time period of observation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, I know at least two people who both have done it and they seem happy with it (but this is recent, so I can't speak for long term use).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few considerations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Height - With an exercise ball, you will not be able to vary its height. So if it's fairly low relative to your desk, you might be forced to straighten your back. If it's too high you might end up curving your spine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arm rests - Just from experience, I find that in chairs without arm rests, my shoulders are less slouchy, and my back is a bit straighter. I don't know to what extent this makes a difference for you or others, but keep it in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soft vs. hard seat - I wonder how this influences blood flow to your legs, other parts of the body, and if it also affects posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T04:59:28.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1680" CreationDate="2015-07-22T06:27:36.503" Score="1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although we are taught in school that we have five senses (touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing), the real number is much higher.  Among others, we also have the following senses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kinesthesia (body orientation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Balance &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heat/Cold &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mechanical Pressure (i.e., how much force is being exerted on your body by an object)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Air/Water Pressure &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spacial orientation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Direction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gravity/Weight &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Movement &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so on. If it is even possible to put a number on it, how many senses do we have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T19:36:58.303" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T19:36:58.303" Title="How many senses do we have?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;senses&gt;&lt;air-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1652" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3814" CreationDate="2015-07-22T08:46:09.227" Score="18" ViewCount="1131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a CS student, so my career requires sitting for long periods of time (8~9) hours infront of a laptop daily. I've been hearing for quite a long time that computers are harmful for health. I'm really concerned with my health but I'm  comfortable with this lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any proof that computers are harmful and/or they cause serious health problems ? Are there any health problems that are specific to some types of computers that no more exist with modern hardware ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Clarification&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in physical and cognitive/brain problems alike.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Cognitive problems are more important in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of physical problems likely for long-time computer users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Back bending.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eye-sight damage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less energy consumption problems (because of sitting all day) like sleeping problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of cognitive problems likely for long-term for computer users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of attention.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.359.8341&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cognitive effects of learning computer programming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T11:32:23.463" Title="Are computers bad for health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1646" CreationDate="2015-07-22T15:16:08.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it counts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the basic recommendation is to drink 2-3 liters (In the US, the recommendation is &quot;8x8&quot;, or 8 8oz glasses of water per day), all fluids actually count towards that total. While making koolaid may not be as healthy as plain water, the water content remains the same, and will eventually be used in the body as such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also includes fluid from food, such as apples, watermelon, tomatoes, etc. Anything that has a fluid component in it will count towards your daily fluid intake needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things that will impact this and require more fluid is exercise, pregnancy, illness, things like this. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; has a nice article on fluid intake and recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T15:16:08.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1646" CreationDate="2015-07-22T21:41:56.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there's more than one aspect to your question, I shall answer in two parts to your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You will get &lt;strong&gt;3+3=6L of water, total&lt;/strong&gt;, half of which is water with some added sugars and food colorant. Using information from the &lt;em&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/em&gt;[1], &quot;an &lt;strong&gt;adequate intake&lt;/strong&gt; (AI) for men is roughly about 13 cups (&lt;strong&gt;3 liters&lt;/strong&gt;) of total beverages a day. The AI for women is about 9 cups (&lt;strong&gt;2.2 liters&lt;/strong&gt;) of total beverages a day.&quot; This should change depending on the status of your health and physical activity. Now, I would say that you do have more than enough water, but take into account the following:    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your daily &lt;strong&gt;intake doesn't need to depend on a fixed amount&lt;/strong&gt;. Recently, in the &lt;em&gt;Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine&lt;/em&gt;[2], it was said that &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Thirst should provide adequate stimulus for preventing excess dehydration&lt;/strong&gt; [...] Physiologically-driven thirst has been defined as a “generalized, deep seated feeling of desire for water” and is an evolutionarily conserved, finely tuned, regulatory mechanism serving to protect both plasma osmolality and circulating plasma volume.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] The Mayo Clinic Website&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine:&#xA;July 2015 - Volume 25 - Issue 4 - p 303–320&#xA;doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000221&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/Fulltext/2015/07000/Statement_of_the_Third_International.2.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/Fulltext/2015/07000/Statement_of_the_Third_International.2.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T21:41:56.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-22T23:11:44.347" Score="3" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a white male with short hair--about an inch to four inches, depending on how long I've gone without a haircut. I've had problems with dandruff for a long time, or so I thought. With different dandruff shampoos not really helping, I'm beginning to think that this isn't dandruff. Dandruff is a problem with the scalp. If I scratch my head in one spot without disturbing the hair strands much, nothing falls out. But if I don't touch my scalp at all and brush my hair back and forth with my fingers, it starts raining cats, dogs, and very small white particles that look like dried skin. But these particles don't look like the yellowed, slightly larger pieces of skin and oil that I've heard come with dandruff. So now I really don't know what to do. I haven't been to a dermatologist about this yet, granted, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have tried several different shampoos and conditioners for dandruff without much luck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have generally good skin on my face (almost always clear, although slightly oily) and body (some areas that are sensitive to dryness after hot showers)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I wash regularly, and wash my hair every two or three days (although I have tried washing my hair every day, resulting in just an itchy scalp with more of the same problem)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I live in College Station, Texas, if that helps with any climate or humidity questions &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I use a shampoo and conditioner meant for moisturizing the hair and scalp, and a leave-in tea tree conditioner that helps keeps my hair feel nice and smooth and not dry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1122" LastActivityDate="2015-07-22T23:11:44.347" Title="Dandruff, or something else?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-28T01:20:42.780" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T01:50:13.040" Score="6" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say I spit in a tube and send it into a lab for analysis. My question is, what kind of things can a lab detect in my spit? I know they can get your DNA for example. Or you can get some selection of bacteria in your mouth and stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else? Suppose I were to send in a sample of my saliva everyday, what kind of health metrics could it track?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1125" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T17:09:45.303" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T03:59:21.503" Title="What health information does saliva contain?" Tags="&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1661" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-23T06:11:45.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A psychosomatic disorder is a disease which involves both mind and body. Questions should be about physical diseases that are thought to be particularly prone to be made worse by mental factors such as stress and anxiety; alternatively, it could be about diseases thought to be exacerbated by mental factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1129" LastEditorUserId="1129" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T18:00:21.503" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T18:00:21.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1662" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-23T06:11:45.757" Score="0" Body="Questions about diseases which involve or effect both the mind and the body." OwnerUserId="1129" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-24T03:34:17.477" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T03:34:17.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1671" CreationDate="2015-07-23T06:23:51.043" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that acrophobia (&quot;fear of heights”) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrophobia#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;may be issues with the vestibular system&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a terrible time in tall buildings near the balcony or window, but I'm okay in a plane, rollercoaster, etc.  I can't go anywhere near the edge of a cliff, and even pictures of it make me flinch.  It seems to be getting worse with age (I'm now 35), but doesn't disrupt my life in any significant way, but I am eager to see if there's a treatment, particularly living in Abu Dhabi, where everyone lives on floors 5 and above!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any physical treatments that have been shown to be effective to treat acrophobia?&lt;/strong&gt;  I want to avoid just masking the problem (anti-anxiety drugs, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1129" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:42:38.043" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:42:38.043" Title="Are there permanent procedures to assist with minor Acrophobia?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1665" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T07:20:58.033" Score="4" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I constantly get sleep paralysis (the feeling of being awake in my mind but asleep in my body). I do not like the sensation, and am trying to battle it as much as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my friends has told me to try to hold my breath when I am asleep. I was wondering whether if this has been shown to be an effective way to treat sleep paralysis? What are the common reasons that people get sleep paralysis and what treatments are available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1126" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T05:12:38.460" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T05:12:38.460" Title="Is breath holding effective to prevent sleep paralysis?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-06T14:47:19.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T10:44:20.207" Score="9" ViewCount="7826" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can antibiotics cause breaktrough-bleeding? Should birth-control pills be stopped when taking antibiotics? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1132" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T22:09:23.353" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T22:09:23.353" Title="Breakthrough bleeding and antibiotics" Tags="&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1514" CreationDate="2015-07-23T11:34:45.520" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sounds very familiar! The symptoms you said are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Concentration problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Feeling overwhelmed (by what never bothered you before -  like number of words on a page&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Comprehension (can't take in what you read)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;forgetfulness/memory problems (short term memory only)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mentioned being under pressure to read a lot and having both studying and a regular job. You also found a way to cope better -  reducing the number of words to a page. Having the information read out electronically might also be helpful (normally you can set the speed too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These symptoms sound like the &lt;strong&gt;cognitive effects of stress&lt;/strong&gt;, which may also incude:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mental slowness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;confusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;general negative attitudes or thoughts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;constant worry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your mind races at times&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;difficulty thinking in a logical sequence&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the sense that life is overwhelming; you can’t problem-solve&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://psychcentral.com/lib/the-impact-of-stress/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: Dr Steve Bressert,  psychcentral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress is very misunderstood and has many physical symptoms as well cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes. It affects 43% of adults according to the American Psychological Association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical symptoms include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disturbed sleep or insomnia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;digestive problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stumbling over words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nervousness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;restlessness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lack of energy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high blood pressure&#xA;(source as above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatments for stress are generally straightfoward (especially if caught early), including learning relaxation techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;deep breathing exercises&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;setting aside time every day for relaxation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;guided imagery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;meditation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make a list of important things to do each day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;learn to identify and monitor your stressors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid caffeine, alcohol, junk food, binge eating&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;psychotherapy (talking therapy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;humor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(source: 20 Tips to Tame your Stress, Dr Lynn Ponton, psychcentral)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With humor comedian &lt;strong&gt;Ruby Wax&lt;/strong&gt; has made some funny and interesting videos about depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because reading is linked with learning you might find researching &lt;strong&gt;different learning styles&lt;/strong&gt; helps and reduces the stress. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AFnzD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AFnzD.png&quot; alt=&quot;Learning styles&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody can diagnose over the internet or without asking for much more information that you have given, so talking to a professional is best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is really important to talk to a health professional about it, both to &lt;strong&gt;rule out other things&lt;/strong&gt; and because if it is stress then &lt;strong&gt;reassurance from a professional&lt;/strong&gt; can reduce the worrying which is often a major part of stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Professionals&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Counseling is a good place to start for diagnosis. Search for a counseling directory or try the American Association of Counseling (counseling.org).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online support groups and mental health sites often give good information on how to find a professional to help. Psychcentral and HealthyPlace and two of the well known sites that include forums. Other forums and websites only allow answers to be viewed by those signed in so they are more private.&#xA;Psychcentral is professionally written. Healthyplace is more about lived experience with many tips and videos from people with different diagnoses and a few general ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many professionals also have websites and blogs. Some do counseling or assessment in person and some do it online especially by Skype (face to face contact allows them to observe subtle things like body language and facial expressions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1127" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T12:32:43.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1669" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-23T12:23:01.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 25% of people have mental health difficulties each year. &#xA;Good mental health is about being able to cope and make the most of life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Symptoms can affect the whole body&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms are not only emotional or behavioral, they can also be physical or cognitive including disturbed sleep, racing heart, concentration problems, digestive problems as well as more obvious problems like hallucinations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autism, including Asperger's, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and neurological/cognitive impairments or diseases like Dementia are also mental disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical symptoms which are very significant and linked to mental health can result in many medical tests without any physical causes being found. These are called Somatic or Conversion Disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mental health difficulties are much more common in people with poor physical health or with a history of difficulty past experiences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Treatment and coping&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mental health problems are not a choice. Will-power alone is not normally likely to improve the situation. Treatment choices depend on which condition(s) are present, what suits a person most and how severe the symptoms are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Options include:&#xA;- learning coping techniques&#xA;- relaxation strategies&#xA;- improved diet and sleep&#xA;- regular exercise&#xA;- discussing and dealing with problems rather than avoiding them&#xA;- medication&#xA;- talking therapy (counselling or psychotherapy) &#xA;- group therapy or support groups&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Medication&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stigma associated with mental health can affect whether people are willing to take medication, or may result in people being pressured to stop medication which helps them. Needing to take medication in order to make symptoms managable should not be seen as a 'personal failing'.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many older psychiatric drugs did have serious side effects and people can have serious adverse reactions to certain drugs or classes of drugs (which can also happen with drugs for physical disorders).  Overmedication is also something to be cautious of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The media frequently present very negative views of the dangers of psychiatric medication, especially anti-depressants, but many of these stories are heavily biased and they rarely involve interviews or input from people taking the medications, or discuss the high suicide and hospitalization rates for people with mental illness who refuse medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some psychiatric drugs are also licensed for physical health conditions, especially those for &lt;strong&gt;peripheral neuropathic pain&lt;/strong&gt; (nerve pain), and many people living active lives today would not be able to do so without either current or past medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mental Health Conditions, National Association of Mental Health&lt;/a&gt; Learn more about different types of mental disorders &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/an-introduction-to-mental-health/what-is-mental-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is mental health,  mentalhealth.org.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crazymeds.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;crazymeds.us&lt;/a&gt; Neurological and psychiatric medications - the good, the bad, the wierd and funny, patient information leaflets and views from people actually taking the medication, for FDA-approved meds only&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/16/project-1-in-4-illustrations-mental-health-stigma_n_7598556.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;24 Spot-on Illustrations that combat Mental Health stigma, Huffington Post&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1127" LastEditorUserId="1127" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T17:59:38.530" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T17:59:38.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1670" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-23T12:23:01.580" Score="0" Body="Mental health is also known as emotional health or well-being. Use the tag for stress, depression, anxiety, autism, ADHD and puzzling symptoms.  Everyone experiences changes in mental health but not everyone has a diagnosable mental illness or disorder." OwnerUserId="1127" LastEditorUserId="1127" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T17:59:53.003" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T17:59:53.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1663" CreationDate="2015-07-23T12:56:45.580" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Behavioral therapy&lt;/em&gt; works well. Behavioral therapists initially focus on teaching what anxiety is, helping the client to identify anxiety responses, teaching relaxation techniques, setting goals, discussing methods to achieve those goals, and helping the client to visualize phobic situations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One behavioral therapy often used to treat phobias is &lt;strong&gt;systematic&#xA;  (serial) desensitization&lt;/strong&gt;, in which the therapist progressively exposes&#xA;  the client to the threatening object in a safe setting until the&#xA;  client’s anxiety decreases. During each exposure, the complexity and&#xA;  intensity of exposure gradually increase, but the client’s anxiety&#xA;  decreases. The reduced anxiety serves as a positive reinforcement&#xA;  until the anxiety is ultimately eliminated. - &lt;em&gt;Videbeck Psychiatric&#xA;  Mental health Nursing 5th edition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other behavorial therapy that can be used is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.simplypsychology.org/behavioral-therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flooding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;implosion therapy&lt;/strong&gt;). It works by exposing the patient directly to their worst fears. For example, standing in a glass room in a height of 1000 feet or letting a person to be submerge in a pool for hydrophobic patients. At first the person would experience extreme panic, but later on their anxiety will subside because they have no choice but to confront their fears until they'll realize that it will do them no harm.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;em&gt;flooding&lt;/em&gt; is rarely used because it can be dangerous if the therapist is not careful. The patient may experience extreme panic that can further lead to seizure, paralysis, or even death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I, too, an acrophobic and having a hard time to get over with this fear even though I am a nurse and I know how to treat it. In your case, you can use the &lt;strong&gt;desensitization&lt;/strong&gt; method and expose yourself in extreme heights gradually, but I advised you to have someone or a psychologist or psychiatrist with you to assist you when something goes wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1017" LastEditorUserId="1017" LastEditDate="2015-07-23T13:04:40.617" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T13:04:40.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T13:20:53.277" Score="16" ViewCount="845" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read many essays about ways to improve sleep quality. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.capitalistconcept.com/post/15413178423/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-sleeping-on-the&quot;&gt;One of these essays&lt;/a&gt; was about the benefits of sleeping on the floor. At first I found it a ridiculous  idea that this would help me get deep sleep. However, I was convinced when I tried it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence that sleeping on the floor improves sleep quality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1134" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-07-24T09:06:49.103" LastActivityDate="2016-10-10T17:15:19.380" Title="Can sleeping on the floor improve sleep quality?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1667" CreationDate="2015-07-23T14:02:35.877" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not skip any pills when taking oral contracptives. Breakthrough bleeding is not uncommon, especially early on, and the pill is still effective at preventing pregnancy. You should, however, report breakthrough bleeding; your doctor may want to change your pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breakthrough Bleeding is one of the most common reasons for women to stop taking their pill. However, it is still an effective contraceptive when taken regularly. An adjustment of one of the components of your pill can stop breakthrough bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[B]reakthrough bleeding... is vaginal bleeding that occurs during your active pills. This is a common side effect during the first 3 months of birth control pills use and up to 50% of users may experience this. By the third pack of pills, 90% of users are no longer experiencing spotting. Some may notice some mild menstrual cramping with the spotting but this should resolve for most by the third pack of pills as well. Contraceptive effectiveness is present even with spotting, as long as no pills have been missed. If you are experiencing light bleeding on your active pills that lasts longer than 5 days, or heavier bleeding lasting more than 3 days, contact your provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence on the association between antibiotic use and combination oral contraceptive (COC) failure remains controversial, with recent studies reporting no evidence to support decreased effectiveness of birth control with the use of antibiotics except rifampin and rifabutin.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some doctors will ask an oral contraceptive user to use additional protection while using an antibiotic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning that antibiotics might interfere with the effectiveness of COCs revolves around the antibiotic decreasing steroid hormone’s plasma concentrations by hepatic microsomal enzyme induction or inhibition, interference with enterohepatic circulation of COC metabolites, interference with absorption from the GI tract, competition between two drugs for the same metabolizing enzyme, alterations in plasma protein binding, induction of an opposite physiologic effect, or increased urinary or fecal excretion of the contraceptive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strongest evidence is for rifabutin and rifampin: a significant decrease in the hormonal levels was noted in women taking rifampin even after &lt;em&gt;a single dose.&lt;/em&gt;  Dirithromycin slightly decreased plasma ethinyl estradiol levels, with questionable clinical importance. A recent study in the Netherlands &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; find a relationship between the use of antibiotics and breakthrough pregnancy in a population-based &lt;em&gt;prescription&lt;/em&gt; database; also, individual patients do show large decreases in the plasma concentrations of ethinyl estradiol when they take certain antibiotics, notably tetracycline and penicillin derivatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of earlier studies, anecdotal reports, and the above (it's not possible to identify whose levels will drop with antibiotic use), a cautious approach is advised. Physicians and pharmacists (80-90% of both) still lean towards believing that broad-spectrum antibiotics decrease the effectiveness of COCs, and continue to advise the use of back-up contraception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tide is shifting, however, as new studies come out. Here are a few excerpts of recent studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Available scientific and pharmacokinetic data do not support the hypothesis that antibiotics (with the exception of rifampin) lower the contraceptive efficacy of oral contraceptives. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:917-23.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since dermatologists treat acne with antibiotics, and a significant percentage of these patients are young women of child-bearing age, they certainly have a vested interest in knowing if this is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rifampicin and griseofulvin induce hepatic enzymes and do appear to have a genuine interaction with the COCP, leading to reduced efficacy. The situation with the broad-spectrum antibiotics is less clear. There are relatively few prospective studies of the pharmacokinetics of concurrent COCP and antibiotic use and few, if any, demonstrate a convincing basis for any reduced contraceptive efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We did not find an association between concomitant antibiotic use and the risk of breakthrough pregnancy among COC users. However, due to limited power and potential carryover effects, findings from this study cannot rule out an elevated risk of COC failure among antibiotic users. (2011)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer is (except with your noted exceptions) the penicillin-class antibiotics &lt;em&gt;probably do not interfere with effectiveness of COCs.&lt;/em&gt; However, one unwanted pregnancy is one pregnancy too many, and the use of a back-up method is not a huge deal (just ~14 days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until more and larger studies demonstrate a lack of interaction between most antibiotics and COCs, this will likely be the advice people continue to receive. When you look at the risk to benefit ratio of back-up, it's probably the wisest course for people prescribed a short course of antibiotics. It is more significantly problematic for people prescribed continuous antibiotic use for acne, Crohn's and other conditions/illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/sexual_health/safer_sex_and_contraceptives/birth_control_pills.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Birth Control Pills (BCPs)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rochester.edu/uhs/healthtopics/SexualHealth/contraception/files/BirthControlPills.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Birth Control Pills&#xA;(Oral Contraceptives)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962202000373&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: A myth debunked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782499000098&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interaction between broad-spectrum antibiotics and the combined oral contraceptive pill: A literature review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782410005172&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibiotics and oral contraceptive failure — a case-crossover study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pds.3267/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&amp;amp;userIsAuthenticated=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Are antibiotics related to oral combination contraceptive failures in the Netherlands? A case-crossover study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704183/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143790&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Survey of pharmacists and physicians on drug interactions between combined oral contraceptives and broad-spectrum antibiotics.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T14:02:35.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T15:06:51.897" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of synovial fluid? From what I understand, this fluid is associated with proper joint-functioning. Not sure if this is accurate. I am curious to learn about its purpose and how it can cause pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1137" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:32:21.073" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:32:21.073" Title="What is the purpose of synovial fluid?" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;function&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1660" CreationDate="2015-07-23T16:48:36.937" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many substances that can be found in blood are distributed into saliva (but in different concentrations) so saliva as a biological material can be used for a wide range of tests. All of these have their advantages and disadvantages, and many are still not routinely used. The important thing to have in mind is that, in blood, substances are bound to plasma proteins to some extent, and only the free (unbound) fraction can pass into saliva, so the concentration in saliva is proportional to the concentration of free substance in blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's have a look at some possible applications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pharmacokinetic studies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monitoring the concentrations of certain medicines can be useful, and saliva is a good material for monitoring neutral substances, weak acids or weak bases. Saliva is often used in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_drug_monitoring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;therapeutic drug monitoring&lt;/a&gt;, metabolic phenotyping (determination of activity of metabolic enzymes in a patient), compliance monitoring and determining the free fraction of the medicine. These are all used in highly individalised approaches to treatment, and are not routinely used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Diagnostic applications&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These can be found if you visit the websites of some laboratories that do these tests, and see what they offer. Some of those that I have found include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;steroid hormone testing (this is by far the most common one I found)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;peptide hormone testing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antibody testing (for some infectious diseases, HIV e.g, and possibly allergies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there is a commercially available nitric saliva test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(by testing I mean - detecting presence and determining the concentration).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This procedure is definitely non-invasive, and as such it can be very convenient when multiple samples have to be drawn at certain time periods. This is often the case with steroid hormones, and this is why saliva can be preferred to blood - sampling saliva is less invasive than venipuncture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand there are some analytical limitations: saliva is a complex matrix and some substances in it interfere with analysis; the concentration of tested substances is usually low in saliva, so method sensitivity is an issue. These sensitive methods are often advanced and sophisticated, and may be quite costly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other options which are being used or studied (some are successful and entering diagnostic use, some require further research):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Markers for systemic malignancies &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biomarkers for oral diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biomarkers for some autoimmune diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Forensic analysis samples&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Illicit drugs and their metabolites&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I take it that your question was out of curiosity. Clinical applications of these tests, whether they are necessary and cost-effective, and other clinical justification issues are up to a physician to determine in each individual case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting aside:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several collection methods. In some you don't actually have to spit into a tube - you chew a special swab and place it into a tube, and the saliva is obtained by centrifugation. Pretty neat, huh?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TI8lw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TI8lw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dafxbb5uxjcds.cloudfront.net/fileadmin/user_upload/99_Gebrauchsanweisungen/Englisch/666_haha_salivette_cortisol_GB_0314.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salivette® instruction manual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rmalab.com/healthcare-professionals/our-tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rocky Mountain Analytical - Our Tests&lt;/a&gt; - commercial website, used as an example only&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diagnostechs.com/Pages/WhySaliva.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnos-Techs, Inc.™ - Why Saliva&lt;/a&gt; - commercial website, used as an example only&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1579286/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Steroid Analysis in Saliva: An overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3011946/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Saliva as a Diagnostic Fluid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-07-24T03:59:21.503" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T03:59:21.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-23T16:54:32.450" Score="3" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 22, and my mom is 59.  So, my mom got diagnosed with breast cancer back in 2005, and took radiation and chemotherapy in late 2005/2006.  Anyway, she's doing well now except for red-green color blindness and she has nausea pretty much every morning.  She, of course, takes nausea pills (Promethazine) and drinks Ginger Tea.  Yes, the ginger tea helps it go away, but then it comes back the next morning persistently.  I just don't know a way to prevent it from happening in the first place?   Is there any thing I should be looking into to help?  Any remedies or anything that helped anyone in a similar situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1138" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:47:57.487" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T23:56:17.010" Title="Morning nausea after Chemo" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;anti-nausea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1678" CreationDate="2015-07-23T17:50:34.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you should be looking into getting help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nausea during chemotherapy is very common, and should be treated. But nausea in the morning 9 years after chemotherapy? That is not at all normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a great many medical problems &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nausea/basics/causes/sym-20050736&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;that can cause nausea&lt;/a&gt;, including, unfortunately, a possible recurrence of her cancer. These should be ruled out by her doctor(s) as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you are waiting to see the doctor, you mentioned, ginger is a natural anti-emetic (anti-nausea). Ginger tea, ginger ale and even candied ginger can help. Eating 5-6 smaller meals, rather than 3 large meals, helps, as does keeping plain crackers by the bedside and eating some as soon as she wakes up (before rising), and rice or toast at night. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-07-23T17:50:34.197" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1651" CreationDate="2015-07-24T01:31:04.073" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't really put a number on it.  There are so many edge cases that what counts as &quot;a sense&quot; is really a matter of opinion.  For example: do you count &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception&quot;&gt;proprioception&lt;/a&gt; (feedback about the locations of your body parts) as a sense, or is it not a sense because it doesn't provide information about your environment?  Your body has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor&quot;&gt;distinct receptors for transient pressure, continuing pressure, and vibration&lt;/a&gt;: is that one sense or three?  Are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste&quot;&gt;taste&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction&quot;&gt;smell&lt;/a&gt; distinct senses, or different aspects of the same sense?  Some people are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidinger%27s_brush&quot;&gt;able to detect the polarization of light&lt;/a&gt; in addition to its color and intensity -- do you count that as a sense, as part of vision, or do you discount it because not everyone can do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask a dozen experts, and you'll probably get a dozen answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T01:31:04.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T13:50:09.593" Score="4" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;After exercise or after eating too much food (or both) I usually become tired. I regularly observe that if I strech or engage major muscles (chest or legs) my breathing rate quickens considerably in the space of just a few seconds (which is different when I'm not tired). Is this due to low blood pressure or a slow blood circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mainly asking this out of curiosity, and I'm not sure if anyone else has observed a similar effect. I can't come up with a satisfying explanation myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1147" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:32:30.423" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:32:30.423" Title="Quicker increase in breathing rate due to stretching/engaging tired muscles" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-10-01T16:21:06.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-24T15:58:12.047" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to play around with statistics around major surgery types; is there a publicly available data source I can work with which lists information such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;types of major surgeries, together with amount of time per procedure (average, standard deviation, broken down by complication, etc...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;risk information to any level of detail&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any sort of other aggregate information&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any data set would be interesting (ie, for any geographical region or legal jurisdiction - i know some of this info might be harder to collect in say the US than elsewhere)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1148" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-07-24T18:01:01.573" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T18:01:01.573" Title="Is there a data source indicating how long most major surgeries take, and what are the associated risks/outcomes?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T06:51:27.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3241" CreationDate="2015-07-24T16:09:59.150" Score="7" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend, who is 44 and never had kids, has very severe pain and cramps during her period. Her gynaecologist just gives her pain killers.&#xA;What tests should she do to figure out if she has endometriosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="981" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T02:07:24.357" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T02:07:24.357" Title="What is the test for endometriosis?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;endometriosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1701" CreationDate="2015-07-24T16:56:22.767" Score="14" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently adopted a 3-year-old girl.  The first weeks in her new home, bedtimes were understandably difficult.  She had a lot of trouble falling asleep, and resisted going to bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wife and I realized that a lot of this probably had to do with anxiety surrounding the sudden life change (she was given little warning or preparation about her move).  We tried all kinds of bedtime routines to help her calm down and be able to sleep.  Eventually we worked out a system that worked relatively well, and resulted in a minimum of tantrums and resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;However, she still couldn't fall asleep.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; She would lie awake literally for hours.  She was calm and mostly non-interactive, but would just lie there staring at the ceiling, or talking softly to her stuffed animals, or playing with her fingers; finding ways to while away the time because she couldn't sleep.  When she finally did fall asleep, she would often wake again during the night, and then would have the same trouble falling asleep again, resulting in a severe lack of sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In consultation with her doctor, we began giving her melatonin about 1/2 hour before we put her into bed.  We started with 1mg, and then, when that didn't seem to be enough, we upped the dose to 2mg (again, as per her doctor).&#xA;We have found that it works amazingly well, and gives her the ability to fall asleep quickly and to sleep through the night and feel well-rested in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We've been doing this for about 2 months now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been a couple of nights where we forgot to give her the melatonin, or just decided to see how she does without it, and it's immediately right back to the hours of non-sleep, so there's little chance that she can sleep well without it, at least in the near future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In researching melatonin online, it seems that there isn't a lot known about its long-term effects, and some websites warn that using it for children can cause problems for them later in life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want my daughter to be able to sleep well, but I also don't want to do anything that may harm her, now or in the future, so I'm a little concerned about continuing to use the melatonin, since it appears she may need it for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Do I need to be concerned about continuing to give her the 2mg of melatonin every night?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Are there long-term effects I should be concerned about?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;If it's not recommended, are there alternatives to melatonin that might have a similar effect of helping her to get to sleep and to stay asleep?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1149" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T22:00:09.877" Title="Is prolonged use of melatonin supplements safe for a 3-year-old?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1694" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1695" CreationDate="2015-07-24T23:09:42.203" Score="3" ViewCount="3152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a writer, and I require some details for my writing. I've included the circumstances for my question below, in case they can help you answer the question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my current project, I'm dealing with a disease that slowly replaces the blood cells of the human body with its own infectious replicas. These cells serve the same purpose as red blood cells, with the distinct disadvantage that they keep the body infected. In all other aspects, they are essentially red blood cells. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to this, the disease eventually works its way into the bone marrow, stopping it from manufacturing red blood cells altogether. Instead, the bone marrow is forced to create more of the replicas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to cure an infected person (that I can see) would be to somehow cure the bone marrow and get it to produce red blood cells again. It is my understanding that blood cells are constantly dying and being reproduced, so repairing the bone marrow would eventually result in the bloodstream being repopulated with red blood cells, and the replicas dying out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; On that note, how long would it take the human body to completely replace its blood supply? Or is this even possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastActivityDate="2019-03-11T01:40:27.347" Title="How fast is blood replaced in the body?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1694" CreationDate="2015-07-24T23:41:42.037" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calculating from the numbers Wikipedia's articles on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow&quot;&gt;bone marrow&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell#Human_erythrocytes&quot;&gt;red blood cells&lt;/a&gt;, the bone marrow in an adult human produces between 200 billion and 500 billion red blood cells a day, taking between 60 and 120 days to produce enough to replace the 20-30 trillion red blood cells in circulation.  Under normal conditions, red blood cells wear out and are replaced on a 120-day cycle; presumably the faster production rate is for dealing with injuries or other abnormal loss of RBCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-07-24T23:41:42.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1724" CreationDate="2015-07-25T06:10:20.680" Score="8" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed some pain killers working great for me, while other have no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Works for me&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;APC &lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naproxen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Doesn't work for me&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paracetamol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diclofenac&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tramadol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt there is much of a placebo effect at work, since most of these either did or did not work when I first took them, without having expectations either way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I have a head ache, I take an APC. I suspect it's actually the aspirin in there that does the job, since when I take &lt;em&gt;just&lt;/em&gt; paracetamol, it doesn't do squat. As a kid I got children's aspirin, which worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I once had a severe back ache. I was prescribed diclofenac (a larger dose than the over the counter version), which didn't work. I was then prescribed tramadol &amp;mdash; same results. I then tried naproxen, which worked rightaway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do some pain killers work for me while others don't?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an underlying mechanism, that explains why some of these work for some people while others don't? Does that predict if pain killers that I haven't had to use yet will work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that I'm &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; looking for medical advice on which pain killers to take; I'm just curious about how my body interacts with the various ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;: the one consisting of aspirin, &lt;em&gt;paracetamol&lt;/em&gt;, and caffeine, &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; the one containing &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacetin#Uses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phenaticin&lt;/a&gt;. Think &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excedrin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Excedrin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/21632/6800&quot;&gt;asked this question&lt;/a&gt; before, over on the Biology Stack, but I haven't received a satisfying answer yet, just the general observation that different drugs affect different people differently.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1157" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-26T10:13:30.127" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T10:13:30.127" Title="Why do different pain killers have different effects on people?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1698" CreationDate="2015-07-25T07:27:35.223" Score="5" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently started to drink green tea and I enjoy it a lot. I drink about 3 cups daily but I feel like being kind of addicted to it. I've got an oddly strong desire to drink more like 7 or 8 cups. Is that harmful? Could it hurt me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T10:19:30.210" Title="Green Tea: Would it cause any harm?" Tags="&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1697" CreationDate="2015-07-25T12:08:19.957" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from its wonderful taste, green tea (obtained from the plant &lt;em&gt;Cammelia sinensis&lt;/em&gt;, (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae) contains caffeine, and this might be the reason for your possible addiction. Studies have shown that caffeine withdrawal symptoms exist and that their intensity is correlated to the amount of caffeine that was being used previously, and the frequency of use. That being said, tea contains other ingredients: catechins, flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives etc. While tea has been proven to have many beneficial effects (there have been extensive clinical studies in China and Japan, which have proven that tea consumption is correlated with decreased risk of some types of cancer)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;7 - 8 cups of tea per day is way too much!&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? There are two main reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Caffeine&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from being addictive, too much caffeine can cause an overdose. Possible symptoms are: restlessness, tremor and elevated reflex excitability. An overdose can also cause headaches or dizziness, abnormal hearth rhythms, dehydration or sleep problems. According to PDR overdose occurs in doses corresponding to 300 mg of caffeine (approximately 5 cups of tea as a beverage). Even in &quot;regular&quot; amounts, caffeine can affect blood pressure, so people with these problems ought to be careful.&#xA;Tea is, of course, not the only source of caffeine, so when deciding on the daily amount of tea, all sources of caffeine should be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Possible anemia&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tannines in tea precipitate iron. If this happens in your digestive system it means that iron becomes insoluble, and cannot be absorbed. This decreases the effective uptake by your body, while regular loss via excretion and  desquamation remains the same, so over time you start having less and less iron at your body's disposal, which can lead to anemia. There were several studies that have proven this effect - many were epidemiological and observational. There was a clinical trial involving patients with haemochromatosis which also proved that drinking tea reduced iron absorption from the GIT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible solutions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking decaf tea might solve the first problem, but won't solve the second. Moderation is the key. Also, drinking tea with or right after meals (especially those which are the greatest source of iron) should be avoided most of the times. Drinking tea is an indulgent ritual for many, so perhaps switching one or two cups a day for a herbal tea might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting aside: PDR cites studies which have proven that tea mouthwashes can reduce growth of some cavity-associated bacteria and reduce formation of plaque (the 2nd goes for oolong). But tanines can deposit on your teeth causing them to turn yellow, so rinsing your teeth with tea is a double-edged sword.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/caffeine.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine - Medline Plus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2004/09_29_04.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine withdrawal - Johns Hopkins Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14718031&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impact of tea drinking on iron status in the UK: a review.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gut.bmj.com/content/43/5/699.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical trial on the effect of regular tea drinking on iron accumulation in genetic haemochromatosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=pDa2QgAACAAJ&amp;amp;dq=pdr+for+herbal+medicines+2000&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PHYSICIAN'S DESK REFERENCE (PDR) FOR HERBAL MEDICINES&lt;/a&gt;, 2nd Edition, Medical Economics Company, 2000&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T12:08:19.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1699" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-25T13:42:48.520" Score="6" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Came across this study on sciencedaily.com that was a review of the results from a hundred other RFR studies and they determined that there is a definitive link between radio frequency radiation and cancer through the oxidative stress RFR places on cells:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this study has received next to no media coverage. With RFR impacting so many people it makes me wonder, is this study valid? I would expect this to be front page news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="955" LastActivityDate="2018-08-13T15:55:35.803" Title="Is this study linking RFR and Cancer valid?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-25T14:13:51.287" Score="-1" ViewCount="13931" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard from one of my friend once that told me that when I'm consuming whey protein, I shouldn't also consume mass gainer. Can consuming these two together be harmful? If so, how long should I wait after consuming one to have the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1160" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-25T21:55:33.663" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T18:30:25.580" Title="Can you take both whey protein and mass gainer at the same time?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-18T11:04:37.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1692" CreationDate="2015-07-25T19:18:52.607" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since melatonin is secerned by many glands (pituitary, thyroid, pineal, adrenals, and gonads), it might be a malfunction of one of these. I am not yet a physician, but I suggest you to try to properly address underlying causes. Maybe melatonin supplements are just a palliative which helps controlling symptoms of something else, like an adenosine lack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, let's get to the science: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111733/&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; states that, in relation to development delay risks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]Melatonin treatment in children can be sustained over a long period of time without substantial deviation of the development of children with respect to sleep quality, puberty development and mental health scores[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it apparently is safe to use it on a regular basis. Just remember it's not helpful when there are wake-up-in-the-middle-of-the-night problems, which are often not idiopathic, they mean something, be it a psychological, health, or anything-else related issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a nice day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-25T22:00:09.877" LastActivityDate="2015-07-25T22:00:09.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="582" CreationDate="2015-07-26T02:14:53.050" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am focusing on one important health issue with respect to sleep position. Obstructive sleep apnea or apnoea (OSA) is a common condition where person has excessive snoring and disturbed sleep at night. These persons may also have headaches in the morning, daytime sleepiness, chronic fatigue or exhaustion, impaired functioning and emotional disturbances. Many expensive therapies are available but adjusting sleep position is an inexpensive method that may help greatly. Sleeping on the side (and not on the back) is recommended for this. Sleeping on the back causes the tongue to fall back and obstruct the airway, producing snoring and other features of sleep apnea syndrome. Extra pillows, as a pillow between the knees, may be used to get comfortable in this position. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740055&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6740055&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/obstructive-sleep-apnea&quot;&gt;http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/obstructive-sleep-apnea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britishsnoring.co.uk/why_do_i_snore/sleeping_position.php&quot;&gt;http://www.britishsnoring.co.uk/why_do_i_snore/sleeping_position.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/sleep-position-and-sleep-quality&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/sleep-position-and-sleep-quality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sleepapneadisorder.info/2011/08/18/the-best-sleeping-positions/&quot;&gt;http://sleepapneadisorder.info/2011/08/18/the-best-sleeping-positions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2015-07-26T04:59:06.427" LastActivityDate="2015-07-26T04:59:06.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1719" CreationDate="2015-07-26T07:39:46.900" Score="2" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;in my job I have no official known work hours ,when they call I have to go to work no matter what hour it is (should've red the contract before I signed it right :-D ),this make me lose my sleeping cycle and I end up always sleeping during day and can't sleep the night ,my way to fix this is to deprive my self from sleep for 36 hours that way I will sleep during night ,but I always end up loosing that cycle again ,any good way to reverse sleeping cycle to normal without depriving my self from sleep ? is the use of some sleeping pills recommended ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1123" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T09:26:49.457" Title="how can I get my sleeping cycle to normal again?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-26T11:30:40.340" Score="5" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, how we can improve our blood circulation ? Is there a special food or special posture ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1134" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T03:01:38.713" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T14:02:05.313" Title="How we can improve our Blood circulation?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-06T14:27:54.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1706" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1711" CreationDate="2015-07-26T13:32:30.260" Score="6" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have also heard that IVF and other non-intercourse related methods can do this. IE you can ask the IVF clinic to split the eggs before insertion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How soon do you know from a natural birth too? Can one increase their chance? Certain foods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1100" LastEditorUserId="1100" LastEditDate="2015-07-27T08:54:02.537" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T20:09:25.290" Title="How soon can you know if you will have twins, triplets and can one increase this chance?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1699" CreationDate="2015-07-26T14:01:01.027" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/radiofrequency-radiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most animal and laboratory studies have found no evidence of an increased risk of cancer with exposure to RF radiation. A few studies have reported evidence of biological effects that could be linked to cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies of people who may have been exposed to RF radiation at their jobs (such as people who work around or with radar equipment, those who service communication antennae, and radio operators) have found no clear increase in cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says it's not been possible yet to estabilish whether a link between cell phones and cancer exists at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The worst effect it sure has is tissue heating due to the sub-ionizing frequencies' water-heating property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also stated &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469962/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there&lt;/a&gt;, at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469962/?page=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page 1567&lt;/a&gt;, that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no evidence for such a link (RF exposure and increased cancer incidency)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is an article&lt;/a&gt; which will clarify most of your doubts, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although there have been some concerns that radiofrequency energy from cell phones held closely to the head may affect the brain and other tissues, to date there is no evidence from studies of cells, animals, or humans that radiofrequency energy can cause cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal conclusion are that it's mostly harmless to be around EMFs in the RF spectrum, though you should not abuse them, nor expose to any dangerous (ionizing) EMF without proper protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember Paracelsus, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sola dosis facit venenum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The dose makes the poison&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Live long and prosper. Have a nice day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I had the time to check the study quoted, it says they found a link between RFR and Oxidative pathways' triggering, it only &lt;strong&gt;deduced&lt;/strong&gt; it could cause&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both cancer and non-cancer pathologies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think there is not a relation, at least in complex organisms, because we're talking about specialized tissues which can help shielding the inner organs (e.g. the skin protects us from most radiations, both high and low intensity ones)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As before, Have a nice day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1161" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-13T15:55:35.803" LastActivityDate="2018-08-13T15:55:35.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-26T14:43:39.697" Score="4" ViewCount="2030" Body="&lt;p&gt;In which way it is harmful to ear?&#xA;What other measures can be taken to clean the ear ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1163" LastEditorUserId="1017" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T21:35:02.490" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T21:35:02.490" Title="Is using ear buds harmful?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;instruments&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-26T17:52:22.483" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that those allergic reactions are mainly excess of water in tissues. Would it help to do some exercise, and since it's quite swollen (I got sting 3 hours ago by something, the pain is nearly gone, and I really like to run). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In brief, is there a risk of tissues breaking when a foot is swollen? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question talk about the basic functions of this mecanisms (we don't know if it's an accumulation how blood or other serum in the tissues): &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/17032/why-do-bee-stings-cause-swelling&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/17032/why-do-bee-stings-cause-swelling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1106" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T21:02:46.727" Title="Is it ok to run (slowly) with a swollen foot (just an allergic reaction to a sting)?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;venom&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T00:44:55.337" Score="-2" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before going to see a doctor, I would like to get a few opinions here first. I am suffering tiredness since a few months now. Well, to be totally honest here, it usually comes and go and it's been like that for atleast 2-3 years now.&#xA;I feel my energy very low and I do not want to do anything. Related or not but a year and a half ago, I was not feeling so well and had a few appointment with a psychologist. I stoped seeing that specialist when the words &quot;pills to treat depression&quot; went out of her mouth. Either because the sides effects scared me or I thought that I could fight it myself with exercises.&#xA;For a while, I have been into exercise but recently, I have been so tired that I couldn't find the energy to hit the gym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, last night I slept for about 12 hours and this afternoon I couldn't resist taking a 2-3h nap and the wake up was hard. I doubt my sleep cycles are really good. I never seems to have deep sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh yeah, and I find my digesting system extremely slow: If I eat a good breakfast in the morning, I could skip the dinner without any problem. Having that fullness feelings following me all the rest of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, after reading a lot of articles over the past few days on Internet, I found out that it could be either the depression phase that came back harder this time without the unbearable sadness part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some says that people have a hard time digesting carbs, it could explain why my digestive system is slow. It could drains me energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lacks of Iron. I am not a huge fan of red meat. Maybe, once a month? And I don't get supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I try to fight the tiredness and hit the gym anyway? If one of the above problem is true. Is it dangerous to drain my energy even more? If in fact I'm fighting a diseases maybe I do need the sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My overall info is 32 y.o in 4 days. 5'5&quot; at 150 pounds. Muscular built but about 5% body fat over. Programmer with sometimes long workweek (60 h) and sometimes stressful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any experiences would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steve&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1166" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T20:46:14.687" Title="Tiredness. Needs opinions about the gym" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-08-01T06:29:31.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1706" CreationDate="2015-07-27T01:11:09.517" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, just to be clear: IVF-associated twinning and “tripletting” are most commonly of the &lt;strong&gt;dizygotic&lt;/strong&gt; (“fraternal”) variety. You appear to be asking about &lt;strong&gt;monozygotic&lt;/strong&gt; (“identical”) twinning given the reference to “splitting the egg.”  I will provide a brief overview of both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Types of multiple conceptions and relationship to IVF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dizygotic&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;fraternal&quot;) twins (and higher multiples) occur because more than one egg is fertilized. This is very common during the in vitro process because the ovaries are stimulated using medications, as opposed to the normal menstrual cycle where usually only one egg is release. Because multiple birth pregnancies have considerably higher rates of both maternal and fetal complications,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;  IVF centers and mothers together have to make a decision weighing the risk of multiple embryo transfer with the benefits of improved probability of successful live birth. In some countries, there are laws against transferring more than one embryo, but in the United States this varies by center, and overall about 35 percent of IVF pregnancies are twins, with 7-8 % being triplets.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monozygotic&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;identical&quot;) twins occur because an early embryo divides after fertilization. This results in two embryos with identical DNA (hence the terminology and phenotype - “identical”). These have also been shown to be more common in IVF pregnancies, although the degree of over-representation is considerably less marked compared to the situation with dizygotes. The mechanism is also less clear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this desirable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Monozygotic twins (and higher multiples) have markedly increased rates of every pattern of fetal and perinatal mortality, overall between four and seven times the rate compared to singletons.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; This may be in part due to the fact that the process of splitting is itself a “deformity” of sorts that tends to cluster with other deformities. It is also the case that monozygotic multiple births at times share, to varies degrees, portions of the placental sac (&lt;em&gt;mono-chorionic&lt;/em&gt; and at times also &lt;em&gt;mono-amniotic&lt;/em&gt;). Mono-amniotic are susceptible to umbilical cord entanglement, which can lead to serious complications. Those that do not share an amniotic sac (&lt;em&gt;mono-chorionic&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;di-amniotic&lt;/em&gt;) are susceptible to something called Twin-twin Transfusion Syndrome wherein blood is shunted from one twin to the other via vascular connections between the placentas. This can lead to severe anemia of the “donor” twin and polycythemia (overload of red blood cells) in the “recipient”, both of which carry complications.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;can (we) ask the IVF clinic to split the eggs before insertion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your goal appears to to increase the chance of monozygotic twinning.  Although it has been shown&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;  that certain factors do increase this chance (advanced maternal age and some technical considerations during the fertilization step), because of the above considerations about complications during monozygotic multiple embryo pregnancies, this is considered an &lt;em&gt;undesirable&lt;/em&gt; outcome during IVF. As such, IVF centers are unlikely to do anything likely to increase this chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Seoud MA, Toner JP, Kruithoff C, Muasher SJ. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=1555695&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Outcome of twin, triplet, and quadruplet in vitro fertilization pregnancies: the Norfolk experience.&lt;/a&gt; Fertil Steril. 1992 Apr;57(4):825-34.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yalescientific.org/2012/05/the-more-the-merrier-limiting-the-number-of-embryo-implantations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.yalescientific.org/2012/05/the-more-the-merrier-limiting-the-number-of-embryo-implantations/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abusheikha N, Salha O, Sharma V, Brinsden P. Hum Reprod Update. &lt;a href=&quot;http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/4/396.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Monozygotic twinning and IVF/ICSI treatment: a report of 11 cases and review of literature.&lt;/a&gt; 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):396-403.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2017-08-15T20:09:25.290" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T20:09:25.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1638" CreationDate="2015-07-27T02:12:40.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter11/articles/winter11pg12.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health (NIH) Medline Plus&lt;/a&gt; website has the same recommendations as the FDA, broken down by age, sex, and pregnancy status. They cite the 2010 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report &lt;a href=&quot;http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D&lt;/a&gt; which is very comprehensive and can be downloaded for free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report says that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;mean calcium absorption (also referred to as “fractional calcium absorption,” which is the percentage of a given dose of calcium that is absorbed) in men and non-pregnant women—across a wide age range— has been demonstrated to be approximately 25 percent of calcium intake&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, calcium absorption or bioavailability depends on many factors such as: age, sex, pregnancy, metabolic status (such as obesity), Vitamin D intake (promotes absorption), phytic acid and oxalic acid intake (inhibits absorption), amount of calcium intake itself, etc. See p. 38 of the IOM report&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, some things increase &lt;em&gt;elimination&lt;/em&gt; of calcium from the body and can also reduce absorption, such as: alcohol, caffeine, and high protein consumption. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/#en1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt; page for calcium for more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly but importantly, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854910/table/tbl1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this 2010 article in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; directly discusses your question concerning how biovailability is taken into account when establishing Dietary Reference Intakes. For calcium, it says the dietary factors considered were phytate and&#xA;oxalate intake (both of which inhibit absorption). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T02:12:40.607" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-27T03:33:15.067" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fpiesfoundation.org/about-fpies-3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FPIES&lt;/a&gt; (Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome) is a non-IgE mediated response to proteins. We have an infant that has had classic severe acute FPIES reaction to poultry. In addition, every food and oral medicine has provoked some reaction (ranging from inconsolable crying to violent vomiting and persistent diarrhea). Some vomiting (outside the 2-4h typical FPIES) occurred immediately and some was as delayed as 12 h. Are these symptoms consistent with chronic FPIES? or is FPIES only part of the answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1167" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T04:07:42.127" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T18:56:01.823" Title="Does FPIES ever present with widespread non-specific intolerance?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1710" CreationDate="2015-07-27T20:46:14.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also suffer from similar symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For about 3 years, I have been going to the (fighting) gym every other day and training for hours. At home, I would do my own exercises as well.&#xA;By the end of 2-3 years, I had lots of energy throughout the day and had no real issues with sleep. (Before the 3 years is a WHOLE other story of mostly unhealthiness).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About a year ago, I stopped going to the gym, mostly due to financial reasons. I knew once I stopped for a while, it would be incredibly hard to get back into it (especially the self-motivation part). I continued to slack off and now I do not exercise nearly as much as I used to, my cardio is completely non-existent, and my energy levels are at an extreme low.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I come home from work, and I do NOTHING for a few hours, get more tired, and fall asleep. This is not helpful at all because I end up waking up in the middle of the night, trying to find something to eat, and then am too tired to do anything and doze in and out of sleep until work in the morning. Rinse &amp;amp; Repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My digestive system has NEVER been good my whole life, but recently has been acting up a LOT more than usual.&#xA;I too have been eating VERY LITTLE each day and feeling relatively okay about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I too am a programmer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;NOW&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not gone to see a doctor yet (this time), but I am knowledgeable in many areas of human psychology, exercise physiology, anatomy, neuroscience, cog science, etc. and I am usually able to identify signs and symptoms and self-diagnose very well. I can tell you, I definitely have the signs of depression without the overwhelming sadness (like you described) but am yet reserved on outright calling it depression just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, just because the doctor mentions something about &quot;pills to treat depression&quot;, doesn't mean you HAVE TO take them or go that route. You can visit the doctors and have all your discussions without things leading to pills, and it will still help you by providing you loads of insight, especially from a medical perspective. I personally am very against taking medicine for anything and only do so if absolutely required. &lt;strong&gt;Taking medicine to fix your problems tends to only treat your symptoms and not the REAL UNDERLYING ISSUES.&lt;/strong&gt; This means, you will cover up your symptoms, but old and new problems can continue to arise. Sometimes, we have no other choices, but when and if I do, I make the choice to stay away from relying on external means of balancing myself. Like any drug, your mind AND body can become addicted or dependent, whether physically or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise is extremely important for mental health and overall human health. There is just too much material on this to explain it fully, but regular exercise and regular sleeping patterns are so crucial to all the neurochemicals and cycles going on in your body that this would be the first thing I focus on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take vitamin supplements if you do not eat well enough to get all of your nutrients. I'm not too sure on the Iron and how it could affect you in your current situation, but I am a huge fan of red meat and I do not feel lack of iron contributes to my situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you hit the gym and exercise regularly. Draining your energy will only make your body realize it needs more energy. Unless you have any other health conditions that would limit your exercise habits, there should be no cause for concern. Dont go TOO HARD all at once, start slow and work your way up in a safe and controlled manner. If you get EXTREMELY tired, then stop and rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe get checked for diabetes. (my dad has it so I need to be on the lookout too).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it gives you something to compare to.&#xA;My plans are to get back into the gym and fight it out until I feel better. If this does not feel like its working, I would probably take a visit to the doctors for some medical insight and continue doing what I do on my own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T20:46:14.687" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1708" CreationDate="2015-07-27T20:54:38.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The use of ear buds in it of itself is probably not harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The physical shape and the effort used to place the ear buds can be potential areas of abuse.&#xA;However, what has the most real-world potential of being harmful to your ear is most likely what comes out of those ear buds. &#xA;E.g. ear buds are being used to listen to very loud music/sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With extended exposure, noises that reach a decibel level of 85 can&#xA;  cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, leading to&#xA;  hearing loss. Many common sounds may be louder than you think…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A typical conversation occurs at 60 dB – not loud enough to cause damage. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A bulldozer that is idling (note that this is idling, not actively bulldozing) is loud enough at 85 dB that it can cause permanent damage&#xA;  after only 1 work day (8 hours). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;When listening to a personal music system with stock earphones at a maximum volume, the sound generated can reach a level of over 100 dBA,&#xA;  loud enough to begin causing permanent damage after just 15 minutes&#xA;  per day! &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A clap of thunder from a nearby storm (120 dB) or a gunshot (140-190 dB, depending on weapon), can both cause immediate damage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term use of ear buds can also cause sensitivity in and around your ear, causing some pain when touched or upon pressure. The size and shape of the ear buds would help to mitigate this, but not everyone's ears are the same exact size and shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastActivityDate="2015-07-27T20:54:38.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1704" CreationDate="2015-07-27T21:31:31.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many sleeping pills are addictive.&#xA;Many non-addictive sleeping pills can be mentally addictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not mind using sleeping pills for the rest of your life, then that is a perfectly fine choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, you may want to consider other options first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise will help. Use up your energy and your body will WANT sleep. Exercise is key to your body's cycles.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Your circadian rhythm (sleeping cycle) is largely affected by light. Particularly, artificial light gives off a lot of light in the frequency range that causes your body to think its NOT time to sleep and will screw up your cycles. When you know you have time to sleep, stay away from staring at computer screens as much as possible.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Stay away from stimulants. i.e. caffeine or whatever else you may use throughout the day/night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The huge factor here is that you said you have no official known work hours and you go in whenever they ask you to. &lt;br&gt;If that means that you never know when you might have a good 6-8 hours of sleeping time, then there really is no way to &quot;fix your cycles&quot; since it is a constantly moving unknown. Sleeping pills &lt;em&gt;MAY&lt;/em&gt; be the only realistic answer in that case. &lt;br&gt;However, if you are able to figure out times when you know you will be off work for a certain number of hours more often than not, then you have a good chance of trying to fix your sleeping cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687012001159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1232.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively&#xA;affects sleep, circadian timing, and&#xA;next-morning alertness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/jcsm/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=29249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Sleep and Technology Use of Americans: Findings from the National Sleep Foundation's 2011 Sleep in America Poll&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="1171" LastEditDate="2015-08-01T00:01:42.510" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T00:01:42.510" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1321" CreationDate="2015-07-28T05:33:11.163" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0801/p449.html&quot;&gt;Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Affects approximately 20% of patients who experience abrupt discontinuation of an antidepressant that has been taken for at least 6 weeks. There are a myriad of symptoms including flu-like symptoms, insomnia, nausea, imbalance, sensory disturbances, and hyperarousal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definitive cause of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome is currently unknown. However, there is speculation of temporary deficiencies in synaptic serotonin which is compounded by hypoactive receptors remaining in that state for days to weeks. This is thought to be the direct cause or indirect cause (due to downstream effects on other neurotransmitter systems) for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far not enough quality &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627130/#__sec5title&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; have been done to fully understand the causes for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1175" LastActivityDate="2015-07-28T05:33:11.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1696" CreationDate="2015-07-29T11:30:09.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I viewed your question in the Biology Stack and I think the answers you received are quite good. I´ll try sum up those long answers in the Biology Stack and present them more clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major factor influencing to the presumed effects of any drug is the first pass effect &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. That means that every substance taken orally must absorb from intestine to the surrounding blood stream. All this blood with all absorbed substance (incl. sugar, fat, protein from food) are transported to liver. Liver then processes all the substances in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are dozen of enzymes in the liver which processes the substances in the blood. One enzyme family particularly processes all the foreign substances (inc. drugs) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. Liver aims to remove all foreign substances from the blood, but some of the absorbed substance always escapes the liver to the systemic circulation. Only those molecules which escape liver without processing are transported to the tissues and afterwards can bind to their receptors in the tissue thus eliciting the proposed actions (ie. reducing pain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enzymes in the liver processes the foreign molecules in a way that they are secreted to bile and eventually to feces. For example enzyme CYP2E1 processes paracetamol &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2E1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. There are three different CYP-enzymes which processes diclofenac molecules &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12871048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;. And for naproxen two CYP-enzymes exist &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8866821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One major reason why diclofenac does not help you but naproxen does, is the different action of these enzymes. DNA in our cell nucleus defines how each protein is expressed in our body. These enzymes are these proteins. In your case it seems that enzymes responsible for processing diclofenac are expressed in large number in your liver, resulting to very low concentration of diclofenac molecules in your bloodstream. In other word the level of diclofenac in your blood stream is out of therapeutic window to elicit any responses in the body &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_window&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;. In contrary, your liver may express enzymes responsible for the processing of naproxen very little and thus many naproxen molecules may escape liver to the systematic circulation resulting the therapeutic level to elicit tissue responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only one player in this topic, although very important and influential. There are also factor influencing after the first pass effect (receptor, expression of genes responsible for receptors, binding affinity ec.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-29T11:30:09.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1727" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:24:51.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about bones and the diseases and medical conditions that can affect them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-01T06:39:15.103" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T06:39:15.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1728" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:24:51.743" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:11.480" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:11.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1729" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:43:44.263" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T06:43:44.263" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T06:43:44.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1730" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:43:44.263" Score="0" Body="Questions about calcium, recommended intake, therapeutic use , toxicity and more calcium related questions." OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T04:21:21.413" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T04:21:21.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1737" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:46:54.050" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anything wrong in administering antibiotics to a patient as old as 65, twice within 2 months? The patient had boil in the arm-pit the first time and was required to take the antibiotics, 4 times a day, consecutively for five(5) days. Most recently, the boil re-appeared again and the same medication has been suggested again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1189" LastEditorUserId="1189" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T06:59:04.820" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T11:54:17.757" Title="Administering Anti-biotics to elderly people" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1732" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:51:55.433" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the eye, mainly used to treat myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contact lenses are worn directly on the surface of the eye. Intraocular lenses are surgically implanted most commonly after cataract removal, but recently for purely refractive purposes. Myopia (near-sightedness) requires a divergent lens, whereas hyperopia (far-sightedness) requires convergent lens. - From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_lens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-01T06:36:13.867" LastActivityDate="2015-08-01T06:36:13.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1733" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:51:55.433" Score="0" Body="Questions about safe use of lenses, good hygiene habits, safety and complications that can occur." OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-07-31T04:20:14.643" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T04:20:14.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1734" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:55:05.843" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T06:55:05.843" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T06:55:05.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1735" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-07-30T06:55:05.843" Score="0" Body="Questions related to intake, use, safety, side effects, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drugs, prodrugs and medication." OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T05:25:41.913" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T05:25:41.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1736" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1775" CreationDate="2015-07-30T10:44:03.873" Score="5" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;My andrologist prescribed me Cialis and Cistonorm.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;While reading Cialis leaflet I have discovered that grapefruit juice might affect how Cialis work and Cistonorm contains grapefruit seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that seeds and juice are not the same thing, my doctor hasn't warned me about any issue that i might have and i have found that Cialis and Cistonorm are sometimes prescribed together, but still i'd like to have a specific answer and i have found nothing on the internet about grapefruit seeds and Cialis specifically.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, can grapefruit seeds adversely affect Cialis the same way grapefruit juice does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1192" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T21:54:00.453" Title="Grapefruit Seeds (not juice) and Cialis" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1731" CreationDate="2015-07-30T11:54:17.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Giving the same antibiotic whithin a short time does possibly increase the risk of  drug resistance so you should generally consult a doctor in this case. The boil re-appearing is also not the best sign, as could mean that the previous eradication was not successful. You may need an other drug or surgical approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T11:54:17.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1696" CreationDate="2015-07-30T12:12:36.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first I want to note arkiaamu's answer is very good. If you also need a shorter answer take this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naproxene and Aspirine do not only 'directly' relieve pain, they also work antiinflammatory. In many cases the inflammation itself causes pain, so these drugs have different targets to work. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action_of_aspirin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tramadol is not antiinflammatory, neither is paracetamol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are not the only on feeling a difference between naproxene and diclofenac. Read the answer from arkiaamu for some ideas why. Reasons are multi-factorial including some personal things like genetics and gene-expression.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that naproxene and aspirine have dangerous adverse effects (gastrointestinal bleeding). Aspirine should not be given to children, as it has some rare but very severe adverse effects that others do not have. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17523700&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastEditorUserId="1193" LastEditDate="2015-07-30T12:35:56.837" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T12:35:56.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1741" CreationDate="2015-07-30T17:47:16.977" Score="3" ViewCount="8067" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a dry cough. It's persisting from last few months ( more than 3 months). There is no chest pain. Slight cold environment causes me urge to cough, irritation happens inside the chest. I have consulted a ENT(ears, nose, and throat) doctor, but he doesn't seem to guide me well. He asked me to take an antibiotic and cough syrup for all this time, but I don't see any relief. What kind of doctor or physician do I need to consult for my case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1168" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T23:44:41.793" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T19:37:38.067" Title="What kind of doctor or physician do I need to consult for continuous coughing?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1740" CreationDate="2015-07-30T19:06:52.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dry cough is most often non-inflammatory. If you had a flu or influenza prior to the beginning of the symptoms, then you might suffer from something post-viral. It is usually self-limiting. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-viral_cough&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that cold air provokes your symptoms might be indicative of &lt;a href=&quot;http://asthma.ca/teamasthma/asthma_coldair_manage_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;asthma&lt;/a&gt;. As such, you may need to see a &lt;strong&gt;pulmonary specialist&lt;/strong&gt;. Certainly he/she run some basic tests like a chest x-ray for a starter. &lt;strong&gt;Spirometry&lt;/strong&gt; is also the routine test to be performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T23:48:46.327" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T23:48:46.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1091" CreationDate="2015-07-30T19:33:38.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did not find any studies which would investigate that matter. Moreover, in 2008 Nillni and co-workers &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254702/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; stated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, although the expressed goal of breathing training is to correct hyperventilation, pCO2 has never been used as an outcome measure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a recent study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22901344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; it was concluded: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinical improvement must have depended on elements common to both&#xA;  breathing therapies rather than on the effect of the therapies&#xA;  themselves on CO(2) levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so I would conclude that even in theoretical level there is very limited evidence for that intervention to be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I would your use very different perspective. I bet that if you choose ten people out of the street and ask them &quot;What would you do if your friend had a panic attack?&quot; more than half would respond that they would give him/her a paper bag. The use of paper bag as an emergency intervention is a very common factoid. With this matter there exists a major &lt;em&gt;placebo&lt;/em&gt; effect with that treatment. Use of paper bag as an emergency measure for person with a panic attack is very cost-effective without any potential side effects so it is an ideal &quot;intervention&quot;. So I think we should not crave for solid evidence. Due to the factoid matter majority of people &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; it is an effective treatment and with comes a great placebo effect which should be definitely used due to the cost-effectiveness and safety. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T19:33:38.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1316" CreationDate="2015-07-30T20:12:07.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Evidence for the benefits of yoga is vast and easily accessible online. It is great to see question like this which focus on the comparison of yoga to other exercises. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is quite limited amount of studies which investigate the benefits of yoga over another type of exercise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When kids were examined yoga did not show benefits over traditional exercises &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24199742&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;. In my opinion this is due to the fact that children aged between 8 and 13 years are not &lt;em&gt;sensible&lt;/em&gt; to the great effects of yoga. Hardly any kids that age experience stress or mental problems which could be relieved by mental exercises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another study slightly older participants were examined &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024234&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;. When compared to stretching the patients having participated to a yoga intervention showed greater effects in executive functions and also in flexibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another study setting women with breast cancer were investigated &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24590636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;. Again compared to stretching, yoga was superior with regard to quality of life and fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, I think there is good evidence favouring yoga at least over stretching. Unfortunately there is scarcely studies investigating the benefits of yoga over, say jogging or gym exercises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T20:12:07.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1387" CreationDate="2015-07-30T20:27:37.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that SAStid contains salicylic acid. Salicylic acid a keratolytic: it helps to peel the outer layers of the thick skin &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratolytic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;. As so it is helpful in the treatment of warts and psoriasis &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1943419-treatment#d9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With eczema there is no skin thickening or dandruff. So I see no real benefits with that soap. It is obvious that when the outermost layer of your skin is peeled off it increases the loss of humidity from skin resulting to dryness. Since the most common problem with eczema is the dryness of the skin it only makes it worse &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationaleczema.org/eczema/treatment/bathing/taking-care-of-dry-skin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-07-30T20:27:37.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-29T08:27:15.383" Score="4" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure most of you here are in a similar position to myself - we work in an open plan office, we go to a public gym, have kids (little germ magnets)... lots of opportunities for catching coughs &amp;amp; colds which force us to temporarily stop training. We are even more susceptible after hard workouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to ask what are the commonly-used methods, routines &amp;amp; supplements for preventing these kinds of illnesses. I take L-Glutamine once a day before bed, along with my vitamin &amp;amp; mineral tablets but it is still not guaranteed to keep me well. Occasionally when I am ill I take a Vitamin C &amp;amp; Zinc (combined) tablet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if I am missing something in my routine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this is the right place to ask, since the heavy workouts mean we are more likely to get ill as opposed to somebody who just goes to the office &amp;amp; back each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="462" OwnerDisplayName="VictorySaber" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T20:09:19.790" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T11:38:08.033" Title="Preventing illness (colds, sore throat etc.)" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1745" CreationDate="2015-07-31T03:37:59.423" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096695&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune system&lt;/a&gt;, and there is some evidence that higher vitamin D levels help people to prevent upper respiratory tract infections, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There have been multiple cross-sectional studies associating lower levels of vitamin D with increased infection. One report studied almost 19,000 subjects between 1988 and 1994. Individuals with lower vitamin D levels (&amp;lt;30 ng/ml) were more likely to self-report a recent upper respiratory tract infection than those with sufficient levels, even after adjusting for variables including season, age, gender, body mass and race[8]. Vitamin D levels fluctuate over the year. Although rates of seasonal infections varied, and were lowest in the summer and highest in the winter, the association of lower serum vitamin D levels and infection held during each season. Another cross-sectional study of 800 military recruits in Finland stratified men by serum vitamin D levels[9]. Those recruits with lower vitamin D levels lost significantly more days from active duty secondary to upper respiratory infections than recruits with higher vitamin D levels (above 40 nmol). There have been a number of other cross-sectional studies looking at vitamin D levels and rates of influenza [10] as well as other infections including bacterial vaginosis[11] and HIV[12-13]. All have reported an association of lower vitamin D levels and increased rates of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bonekey/knowledgeenvironment/2011/1104/bonekey20110505/fig_tab/bonekey20110505_F1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The basic mechanisms that are known can be summarized as follows:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/92l9O.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/92l9O.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Basic picture&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The immunomodulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3. 1,25(OH)2D3 targets different players of the innate and adaptive immune compartment. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates innate immune responses by enhancing the chemotactic and phagocytotic responses of macrophages as well as the production of antimicrobial proteins such as cathelicidin. On the other hand, 1,25(OH)2D3 also modulates adaptive immunity. At the level of the APC (like the DC), 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits the surface expression of MHC-II-complexed antigen and of co-stimulatory molecules, in addition to production of the cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, thereby indirectly shifting the polarization of T cells from a Th1 and Th17 phenotype towards a Th2 phenotype. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 directly affects T cell responses, by inhibiting the production of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-21), and by stimulating Th2 cytokine production (IL-4). Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 favors Treg cell development via modulation of DCs and by directly targeting T cells. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3 blocks plasma cell differentiation, IgG and IgM production and B cell proliferation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to this, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101659&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin D is needed to build muscle&lt;/a&gt;, heavy exercise will deplete vitamin D levels, potentially compromising your immune system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our findings support our hypothesis. Analysis of our results showed that vitamin D levels are associated with neuromuscular performance and aerobic capacity in professional soccer players. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time our study provides evidence of a linear relationship between vitamin D serum levels, not only with jumping performance, but also with VO2max and speed in non-supplemented soccer players. In addition, we have found that even the short off-season period of reduced training stress had a boosting effect on vitamin D levels. Interestingly, this increase in vitamin D levels was evident in parallel to a reduction in aerobic and neuromuscular performance parameters. The latter finding strengthens the well-documented concept that training plays the principal role for exercise adaptations and improvements in exercise performance, whereas all other parameters including vitamin D play a supportive role.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I make sure I get about 7000 IU of vitamin D per day, and I keep my calcidiol level at about 200 nmol/l. In the summer I adjust the intake of vitamin D supplements to take into account the amount I get from the Sun, in the winter I get the entire dose of 7000 IU/day from supplements (I then take 10,000 IU/day, 5 times per week). Note that such doses and calcidiol levels &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/2/582S.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are safe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't exercise in a gym, I only exercise outside. This helps to build immunity against cold viruses early on when they are still evolving to become next winter's scourge. When you run, your lungs filter the air less, allowing viruses to enter your body more easily. Also, you are inhaling an enormous amount of air up to ten times more per unit time compared to being in rest. Chances are then that your immune system will already have encounter the cold viruses that will later mutate a bit and then make many people ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T04:25:05.537" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T04:25:05.537" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T07:36:23.083" Score="5" ViewCount="487" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following results are an example of an independent blood test and the differences between IgE and IgG. The bars in black are examples of IgE and those in grey IgG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If i use the example of cabbage which has a low IgE but a high IgG, what does this mean in relation to food intake and its effect on the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T24Fo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T24Fo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BdUR0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BdUR0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1201" LastEditorUserId="1201" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T06:20:50.800" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T06:20:50.800" Title="Understanding the difference between IgG and IgE results" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1406" CreationDate="2015-07-31T07:47:53.830" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been long known that use of NSAID have an effect for bone healing after fractures &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/85-B/5/700.long&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore the use of NSAIDs is recommended only for certain period after fracture and long-term use should be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs are either non-selective COX1 and COX2 inhibitors (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen) or modern selective COX2 inhibitors (selecoxib, parecoxib). There is some evidence that non-selective COX1&amp;amp;2 inhibitors such as ibuprofen have a positive effect for the healing of tendons &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3239621&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/142610&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;. In general the use of NSAIDs are useful in the treatment of ligament injuries but whether the advantage of NSAIDs is due to the matter that reduction in pain results to early mobilization and thus earlier recovery is still controversial &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734496/&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the use of selective COX-2 inhibitors is shown to have adverse effect on the tissue healing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734496/&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494342/&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As so, the use of ibuprofen does not look like disadvantageous with regard to tissue healing unless where are dealing with bone fracture.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, whether there is really an objective soft tissue damage present after a whiplash is a whole another matter....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-08-05T18:58:28.183" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T18:58:28.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-07-31T14:10:41.793" Score="2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliaria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Miliaria&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;sweat rash&quot;, &quot;heat rash&quot; or &quot;prickly heat&quot;) is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes. Miliaria is a common ailment in hot and humid conditions, such as in the tropics and during the summer season. The most commonly encountered form of the illness is miliaria rubra, in which obstruction causes leakage of sweat into the deeper layers of the epidermis, provoking a local inflammatory reaction and giving rise to the typical appearance of redness (hence rubra) and larger (but still only a few millimetres), blister-like lesions. This form of the illness is often accompanied by the typical symptoms—intense itching or &quot;pins and needles&quot; with a lack of sweating (anhidrosis) to affected areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides occlusion of sweat ducts, what are other possible causes of heat-induced, non-itchy, needle-prickling sensation all over the body that does not produce any visible rashes? And how can they be treated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1205" LastActivityDate="2015-07-31T14:10:41.793" Title="What are the possible causes of heat-induced prickling pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-11-30T20:00:37.700" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1745" CreationDate="2015-08-01T05:27:55.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, let me say that I highly doubt your assertion that workouts make you more likely to get ill than someone who &quot;just goes to the office &amp;amp; back each day.&quot; I don't know what you base that assertion on and I think you're 100% wrong until you can provide evidence to support it. Working out and staying fit have the exact opposite effect, if anything. Why are you even doing it if you think being fit makes you sick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it is true that you touch a lot of surfaces at a gym that many other people touch, and that does indeed open a pathway to infection. I don't know that you touch more surfaces than an office worker does, but for the sake of argument let's suppose you do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.universityofcalifornia.edu/2012/12/13/cold-supplements-from-airborne-to-zinc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There are many well known prevention strategies&lt;/a&gt;, and quite frankly few of them that are actually known to work involve supplements, vitamins or anything else you have to pay for. Most mainly involve soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my personal experience, which comes with significant scientific backing, two simple things will prevent more upper respiratory infections than anything else you can do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16553905&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wash your hands -- well and often&lt;/a&gt;. And since you can't do that as often as you should, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-hand-sanitizer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;carry a bottle of alcohol hand sanitizer&lt;/a&gt; in your car, your purse, or wherever you'll actually have it when you need it. Use it whenever you leave a public place. And in the gym, use the sanitizer they (should) have all over the place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Do not ever touch your eyes, nose or mouth with your fingers&lt;/a&gt;. No, not ever, not even once. When your eye itches, rub it with a tissue or even your sleeve if that's all you've got. Use napkins or tissues or sleeves or as the absolute last choice, &lt;em&gt;the back&lt;/em&gt; of your hand if you must touch your face. Just never touch mucous membranes with bare fingers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do those two things, then put your wallet back in your pocket at the vitamins and supplements store, and enjoy your freedom from upper respiratory tract infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-08-03T03:47:28.793" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T03:47:28.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T01:31:21.757" Score="11" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Statins are cholesterol lowering agents that are given to almost all patients with past episode of heart attack, angina, angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery (CABG). Since persons with diabetes are prone to heart disease, they are also often prescribed statins. Should all patients with diabetes be given statins? Thanks for your insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T15:10:30.517" Title="Should all persons with diabetes get statins?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T03:17:31.257" Score="0" ViewCount="334" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching the effects of knotted cord and its possible causation or correlation with causing infant-death. With online research I am finding that 1%-2% of babies are born with a true knot, however how many of this 1%-2% cause stillbirth? In addition, what variables lead to the formation of a true knot? Can it be prevented? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1172" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T11:20:54.203" Title="Statistics of knotted-cord related death and variables of its formation" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1756" CreationDate="2015-08-02T09:40:17.867" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, no. It is important to understand the meaning of risk and the balance of possible harm caused versus positive effect made by an intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients with diabetes have higher risk of  cardiovascular disease (CVD) but not all patients with diabetes has CVD. Actually &lt;strong&gt;The European cardiovascular disease risk assessment model&lt;/strong&gt; suggests that diabetes increases the risk of CVD three-fold in males and five-fold in females &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;amp;-Education/Practice-tools/CVD-prevention-toolbox/SCORE-Risk-Charts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current guideline by European society or cardiology &lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/33/13/1635.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statins are recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Target LDL cholesterol is &amp;lt;2.5 mmol/L, for patients without atherosclerotic disease total cholesterol may be&#xA;&amp;lt;4.5 mmol/L, with a lower LDL cholesterol target of &amp;lt;1.8 mmol/L (using higher doses of statins) for diabetic&#xA;patients at very high CVD risk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, there are studies which show that statin treatment is beneficial regardless of the baseline level of LDL in patients with diabetes. However, &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;the  absolute  risk and treatment effect increased with rising cholesterol concentration&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; as stated in the ESC guidelines. So it is not recommended to prescribe statins to all diabetic patients since the advantage obtained the statin in patients is smaller than the potential harm caused due to side-effects. Hence, ESC has instructed LDL target level above which statin used be used since the benefits are more prominent than the potential harm caused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T09:40:17.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1763" CreationDate="2015-08-02T13:43:52.997" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have lived almost my entire life in Ross County, Ohio, &lt;a href=&quot;http://scorecard.goodguide.com/env-releases/hap/county.tcl?fips_county_code=39141#rankings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which is quite polluted&lt;/a&gt;. I remember smelling the &lt;a href=&quot;http://scorecard.goodguide.com/env-releases/facility.tcl?tri_id=45601MDCRP401SP#maps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper mill&lt;/a&gt; when I was young, I don't even smell it anymore, but people comment about it when they are in Chillicothe. Much of my childhood involved using wood stoves or kerosene heating in the winter. I remember the year 2000 when my father had plastic wrap up instead of a wall and used kerosene for heating. When I was young, I was never able to run like everyone else, and my breathing bothered me from time to time. By the time I was in high school I no longer participated in any sports. But it wasn't until a few years ago, when I joined the Army, that I was diagnosed with asthma. It meant I could never meet the physical requirements and I was sent home from basic half way through, since the inhaler didn't help enough. But since then, it seems to be getting even worse. Two years ago we partially heated the house with a clothes drier, since it was very cold and the heater wasn't working at low temperatures, and I ended up in the emergency room a few times for my breathing difficulties, I could hardly stand at times. The doctor believed the clothes drier caused it because of the extra particulate matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last year I moved to Warsaw, Poland, to attend a university (it is far, far cheaper and the cost of living is extremely low, so I was able to afford it), but my breathing got so bad I had to return to the US. While in Poland, a skin issue started to appear. It appeared on my legs, arms, and especially on my hands. I just realized it is only the areas that are generally exposed (below the knees, near the elbow and lower). I saw numerous dermatologists, which proscribed me multiple fungal creams, antibiotics, and finally steroids. It seems to get better and worse, but it has never gone away. At its absolute worse, it would randomly bleed, appear red, and itch. The skin remains dry. I now have a powerful steroid (“Halcinonide Cream, USP 0.1%”). I have been using it for 5 or 6 months, off and on (when it gets better and worse), but it never goes completely away. Recently it has covered almost the entire top part of my arms, from a bit above the elbow, to my knuckles, and the front of my legs, from the knees to my ankles. I also have a lot of dandruff now, which I never had before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I returned to Warsaw for the summer, arriving in early may, and I am about to fly back to the US. With the lower cost of living, and the very low cost of medical care, it actually saved me to come here for the summer. I also met the woman I love here, and we got married this summer, which is the primary reason I came back! I plan to come back in December and have two teeth removed (with airline tickets, it is still cheaper than in the US). In the US, I live with my mother, close to a busy road. In Poland, the road isn't too busy, but pollution is high, and there is a bus terminal along the building, and a lot of buses come and go (which I'm sure releases a lot of DPM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wife was recently told that our pet guinea pig likely exacerbates my asthma and caused my skin problem. We got him when it started getting cold (my breathing always gets worse at that time) and this is when my skin problems and breathing began to get worse. I ended up on strong steroid inhalers but it didn't help much. I constantly felt like I was drowning. In the spring, I stopped using the steroid inhaler because it wasn't helping all that much and I was back to my almost normal state. But I hate this normal state. I honestly can't remember the last time I didn't feel like something is stuck in my throat, like peanutbutter that won't go down. Sometimes I can't sleep and I feel tired for days. In the winters, I can hardly walk to my car without feeling like I'm suffocating. I didn't have heat in my car for awhile, which made things even more difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't afford to move out of my mom's house. I don't know what else I can do about my breathing and my skin. I thought about buying a HEPA air filter, but they are very expensive, and I don't know how much that can help. I really don't know what more I can do, the doctors I have seen haven't helped much, and it is expensive and takes a lot of time I don't have. What options do I have? What should I try to do to help with my asthma and skin? (I almost never use the &quot;rescue inhaler&quot; unless I really &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; need to, but recently I need it more) Would the HEPA filter help me with this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just wish I could sleep and breathe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1213" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:07:36.577" Title="Severe asthma and autoimmune skin reactions with no relief" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2015-08-02T20:08:29.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1762" CreationDate="2015-08-02T18:07:36.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are numerous causes and sources of irritation for Asthma exacerbations.  Your objective is finding out whether it's irritants (smoke, chemicals, lint, etc) or allergies (pollen, pet dander) that is setting you off.  Once you identify the source, you can then take steps to prevent it.  It also appears that you've been exposed to poor air quality for a majority of your life, and you're STILL being exposed to it.  I don't imagine this will be easy, but you need to find a residence that IMPROVES your ability to breathe.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of medications, Asthma is generally managed with both alpha agonists (ex: Albuterol) and corticosteroids (ex: Prednisone).  You need to work closely with your primary care provider (MD, NP, PA, etc) or with a specialist (Pulmonology/Allergist/Immunology) to determine what medication regimen will provide the best results while also limiting the amount of medications you NEED to take.  This is also true for your skin condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, you need to identify what causes your flares for both your Asthma and skin condition.  No one will work more diligently than yourself, and in my experience, it is the patients that are involved in their care that are often the best managed. So, keep a log when your flare ups occur.  Include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DATE&#xA;TIME&#xA;What were you doing when it occurred? (At rest or duing activity?  Cooking? Eating? Sleeping? Etc)&#xA;Where did it occur? (Urban/Rural, Indoors/Outdoors, Specific area?)&#xA;How long did it last?  (If the duration last days, go back and record it)&#xA;Did anything make it better or worse?  (Resting? Medication? Sleeping? Etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also include other details that you feel are important.  Best of luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1214" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:07:36.577" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1700" CreationDate="2015-08-02T18:22:08.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're essentially asking if you can eat food and then eat more food.  Whey protein and mass gainer at the most basic level are: carbs, proteins, and fat.  In the case of mass gainer, it usually has large amount of both carbs and protein.  So, yes, you can consume them at the SAME TIME, just as you can consume 2 or 10 cheeseburgers at the same time.  The underlying question I believe you intended to ask was, &quot;What is the value/repercussions in doing so?&quot;  And, the not so simple answer is, it &lt;em&gt;depends&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on your target Calorie consumption.  Are you aiming to intake 2000 calories or 5000?  How many calories are you burning during your regular activities and during your athletic activities?  If you're looking for optimal muscle protein synthesis, you would be more interested in BCAAs - specifically &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Leuceine&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can tell by your question that you're a novice with regards to nutrition, and a single forum post will not suffice.  Please google &quot;Jordan Feigenbaum&quot;.  He has written extensively on nutrition in the setting of weightlifting.  As always, read everything with a critical eye.  Best of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1214" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T18:22:08.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-02T19:31:00.840" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the expected lifespan is for an ankle support. A friend of mine has been using one for a few months, and it starts falling apart every 6 weeks or so (see picture below). Also, the ankle support tend to loosen over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DXloG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DXloG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are ankle supports made to be used to prolonged period of times, like a few months or more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-08-02T21:16:07.893" LastActivityDate="2015-08-02T21:16:07.893" Title="What's the expected lifespan for an ankle support?" Tags="&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-03T19:15:38.227" Score="2" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 29 years old, male, and for about a year I have been treated with prednisone for an Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemy; I started with 50mg/day; the dose was sistematically reduced (now I am at 5 mg/day), since the anemy got better and since the following things happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Already a few days (&lt;em&gt;now&lt;/em&gt; I notice: I felt &quot;normal&quot; in that period) I was extremely agitated, I had few outburst and then I started to feel very confused, my head was blank and I also developed a maniacal behavoir (mostly of a political kind), but (and this is what really bugs me), when my mind was blank (on the bus, at the groceries store, in the office,..) images of sexual kind appeared in front of me and I &lt;em&gt;had to&lt;/em&gt; describe the whole thing loud (I was somehow &lt;strong&gt;forced to do so&lt;/strong&gt; by &lt;em&gt;it&lt;/em&gt;; I am sorry: it is very difficult to explain, and I am not sure I understand it either). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I consulted a psychiatrist: his opinion is that the psychotic symptoms are a side effect of the prednisone; the hematologist confirmed and reduced the dose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I can almost control &lt;em&gt;it&lt;/em&gt;: when my mind goes blank I try to focus really hard on something till that feeling goes away. It doesn't work all the times, especially when I am tired, and it also gives me horrible head-aches. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Confusion, on the other side doesn't seem to get any better: sometimes I fell kind of lost, I barely understand what happens around me and what people are saying. So I wonder: how long will this torture last? If I stop taking the prednisone, will everything be solved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither the psychiastrist, nor the hematologist could answer me (they warned me about the problem of stopping abrouptly the cure with prednisone). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am worried that the prednisone triggered something that was hidden in my mind, something with which I have to learn to live, and it scares me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1220" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:26:05.993" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:26:05.993" Title="Psychosis while using prednisone: how long will it last?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1778" CreationDate="2015-08-03T19:41:29.617" Score="5" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad has had some rather substantial hearing loss and usually uses totally-in-the-ear hearing aids. Recently, he has been dealing with a fungal ear infection in both ears and cannot use his hearing aids while treating the ear infections. However, he still does need to hear and do stuff. Are there any devices similar to hearing aids that can temporarily improve hearing, but which do not need to go into the ear? I have been looking at personal hearing amplifiers and personal FM microphones, etc., but I was not sure which of these are the best temporary hearing aid substitute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1221" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:23:48.853" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T03:23:48.853" Title="Alternatives to hearing aids" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;hearing-aids&gt;&lt;sound-amplification-psap&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1770" CreationDate="2015-08-03T20:25:05.727" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry to hear about your recent psychosis.  The mood/psychological effects of glucocorticosteroids are well documented. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22764363&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22764363&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22424158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22424158&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Throughout the reading, you'll note that many of these symptoms are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15014624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;transient&lt;/a&gt; ;however, the truth is that your healthcare providers (psychiatrist and hematologist) are better equipped to determine both the cause and treatment.  If you're looking for others with personal experience, you might seek out another forum.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1214" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T20:25:05.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1736" CreationDate="2015-08-03T21:54:00.453" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question took me a while to research; it goes beyond basic medicine and delves into biochemistry, pharmacology, and physiology.  The short answer is: Yes!  It can; however, as you will see in the studies that are linked, it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12953340?dopt=Abstract&quot;&gt;dose dependent&lt;/a&gt;.  From what I found, the primary culprit of drug interactions in grapefruit juice lies in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8485024&quot;&gt;naringenin&lt;/a&gt;; however, other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16338240&quot;&gt;compounds&lt;/a&gt; play a role as well. Naringenin is a natural compound (a flavonoid) found in fruits such as grapefruit, oranges, and tomatoes. The concentration of naringenin can be viewed in the following studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/77/4/903.full.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/77/4/903.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fshs.org/proceedings-o/2007-vol-120/FSHS%20vol.%20120/288-294.pdf&quot;&gt;http://fshs.org/proceedings-o/2007-vol-120/FSHS%20vol.%20120/288-294.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For general information on Grapefruit and it's drug interactions, you will find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1873672/&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I could not find a &quot;critical level&quot; that would cause increased drug interactions. In light of all the studies reviewed, the best course of action would be to avoid grapefruit in any form - juice, seed, or otherwise - in order to prevent any drug interaction.  I hope this answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1214" LastActivityDate="2015-08-03T21:54:00.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T00:00:48.653" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;From Wikipedia :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the risk from mercury by eating fish and shellfish is not a health concern for most people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mercury is known to bioaccumulate in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why eating fish regularly is not a health concern? I'm talking even for lifetime time, imagine someone who's been eating a lot of fish for 30,50,70 years. All this mercury must cause some effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They want us to eat fish twice a week for Omega-3. That's 8 fish for month,96 a year. After 30 years following this advice you would have ate 2880 fish. How is this mercury not stacking up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="767" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T05:18:01.177" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T08:40:27.893" Title="Why fish is said to pose no risk despite the mercury on it?" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1771" CreationDate="2015-08-04T06:24:12.273" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very pragmatic question and I would like give you an explicit answer. Unfortunately I think that there is only so little objective information which hearing aid is the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As said when the best aid is considered it is a very subjective matter. There is no clear comparative studies about different hearing aids, especially if those without ear canal implant are used. If your father suffers from fungal infection is is natural that aids figured below are not pleasant due to ear canal irritation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ckQBB.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ckQBB.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many choices of hearing aid styles are available, including the following: completely in the canal (A), in the canal (B), in the ear (C), behind the ear (D), receiver in canal or receiver in the ear (E), and open fit (F).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/multimedia/hearing-aid-styles/img-20008215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, &lt;strong&gt;Personal Sound Amplification Products&lt;/strong&gt; (PSAP) may seem appropriate as a temporary aid &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/HearingAids/ucm181482.htm#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(FDA)&lt;/a&gt;. It is however, important to notice that these aids are not as powerful as actual hearing aids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I would recommend to consult an audiologist to get some insight to PSAPs. Also I would seek a brick-and-mortar shop which sells these aids, since most likely the sellers have valuable consumer info on these aids and can help deciding the right aid.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to also remind that it is &lt;strong&gt;extremely important&lt;/strong&gt; to get the fungal infection treated and return to use the ordinary aid, since &lt;strong&gt;hearing loss can severely reduce the quality of life&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T06:24:12.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1471" CreationDate="2015-08-04T07:06:07.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are looking at &lt;strong&gt;ventricular hypertrophy&lt;/strong&gt; here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The human heart has a left and a right side. On both sides there are a ventricle and an atrium &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;. Basically the heart is just a bulk of muscle tissue responsible for circulation and blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with any muscle contraction when there is a resistance against the working muscle this leads to muscle growth or hypertrophy. A bad example of such resistance is &lt;strong&gt;a high blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt;. Due to the elevated blood pressure, the heart must pump and contract against a continuously present counter force and this leads to a heart muscle hypertrophy, or ventricular hypertrophy &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;. When hypertrophy is due to, say, high blood pressure this hypertrophy or growth is pathological and &lt;em&gt;eventually leads to muscle stiffness and heart failure&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, there is probably also some heart muscle hypertrophy but it is non-pathologic and it can be considered as a healthy &quot;heart condition&quot;. The principle is the same. When you workout your heart must work more efficiently compared to its resting state and pump more blood to the skeletal muscles due to increased demand for oxygen. &lt;em&gt;Due to the advantageous heart muscle growth your heart is capable of circulating blood more efficiently&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether the heart muscle growth is pathologic or non-pathologic depends on the concept of afterload &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterload&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;. In a healthy heart the afterload is minimal indicating that the heart &quot;can rest&quot; shortly after ejection or ventricular contraction. This results to beneficial hypertrophy. However, if a substantial &lt;strong&gt;afterload&lt;/strong&gt; is present, which is the case in elevated blood pressure, the heart &quot;can't rest&quot; after contraction but instead is must maintain some level of muscle contraction which results in adverse muscle hypertrophy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in extreme cases the workout can result in some health issues, called an athletic heart syndrome &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_heart_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;.  This is still far less adverse than heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T22:57:40.530" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T22:57:40.530" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1771" CreationDate="2015-08-04T07:42:37.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can look for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hearingaidmuseum.com/gallery/Non-Electric/index-nonelect.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ear Trumpets or Conversation Tubes&lt;/a&gt;, or instruments used in the old age. I've googled for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/?q=old%20fashioned%20hearing%20aid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;old fashioned hearing aids&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T07:42:37.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1776" CreationDate="2015-08-04T08:40:27.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mercury is stacking up. But the amount of mercury in fish differs not only by fish type, but also by fishing region. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fish#Levels_of_contamination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fish#Levels_of_contamination&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most regions and with 'typical' amount of fish eaten, people do not eat enough fish to get dangerous mercury levels. -&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fish#Disparate_impacts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fish#Disparate_impacts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T08:40:27.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T11:31:13.430" Score="4" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been researching particulate matter pollution and air filters. I read about HEPA air filters and that they can capture over 99% of particles in the air, including allergens. I was thinking that might mean HEPA air filters could really help with indoor air pollution and keep people healthier, especially in locations with high particulate matter, and especially in homes with fuel-based heating in the home. I assume this should help with asthma, allergies, and may help prevent the effects of particulate matter. But I don't see any actual studies that show this when I google the topic, I feel almost all the results are trying to sell me an air filter instead of giving a scientific explanation of the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do HEPA air filters have a statistically significant impact on health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1213" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T15:38:42.060" Title="Do HEPA air filters serve any health benefit?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-04T15:49:21.943" Score="4" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I use a pedal exerciser, my legs need to actively push the pedal. However, if I attach my feet on the machinery pedal, and let the machine rotates, my legs are still moving. I call that &quot;inactive exercise&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ndXbu.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ndXbu.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, the muscle doesn't work out because I don't spend energy, but the lymph does move in back and forth in it the system. As I know, the immune system needs the lymph to move because that's how white cells can escape the blood vessel to protect the body. Massage is one way to stimulate the movement of lymph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, would my immune system (and my health in genera) have equivalent results as it has if I really put my effort to do exercise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-08-05T15:59:56.697" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T15:59:56.697" Title="Does the immune system recieve equivalent results when doing inactive exercise like when doing active exercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4091" CreationDate="2015-08-04T17:20:03.320" Score="7" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how the efficiency of a diclofenac patch decreases over time. E.g. if a patient wears a a diclofenac patch for 24 hours, how useful are the last 12 hours. Ideally I would like to see a curve (abscissa: time; ordinate: efficiency). Assume that the diclofenac patch is used to treat a lateral epicondyle of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T10:06:10.387" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T13:55:41.500" Title="How does the efficiency of a diclofenac patch decrease over time?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1785" CreationDate="2015-08-04T22:44:33.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically this depends of the product you use. Your question does not give enough information to provide a &quot;curve&quot;, as this has many variants including the produc you use, skin temperature(!), humidity and other influences.  Read product instructions. These patches are generally made to provide a more or less constant uptake of the used drug, so in a perfect world with given temperature, humidity and skin type it should be more or less constant for some hours. The amount of hours depend on the specific product. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you seem to assume right the effect decreases after some time, so if you change every 12 hours you may get more effect than every 24 hours, but most producs seem to be made to work for 24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, if you use a 24-hour patch it won't make much difference to apply it every 12h, because the drug intake/hour should be more or less constant. If you leave your 24h patch for a longer time, like 72h, it is to be expected that the effect decreases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021234s005lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021234s005lbl.pdf&lt;/a&gt; gives you some information, but better you search for the product you use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastEditorUserId="1193" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T22:51:28.307" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T22:51:28.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1784" CreationDate="2015-08-04T23:07:23.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically every movement you make uses energy. The exercice on your photo defenitly uses a moderate amount of energy depending on speed and time you workout. Simplified your lymph moves with every movement, not only when you use your strength; in a healthy body(no heart or vessel disease) it actually moves without any movement. The white blood cells need no movement to 'escape blood vessel', but true, your immune system works better with proper lymph drainage. (simplified) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question: In assumption you are a 'typical' more or less healthy person, yes, it will be good to exercise (not because of lymph movement though). Every workout you make, even if it is just going round for an hour, cycling or anything else, will improve your health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that 'too much' may do more harm than good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T23:07:23.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1783" CreationDate="2015-08-04T23:22:09.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not knowing about HETA air filters some general information: Small particles in air may cause cancer or other lung diseases, but preferably when inhaled in large amounts for a long time(&gt;10 years). In regions of low small-particle-pollution you won't need any air filter, in regions with high pollution this may cause health damage. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/&lt;/a&gt;) In a highly polluted area (like the air is &quot;grey&quot;) a filter wouldn't be a bad idea, I would use one. In a low polluted area it won't be too effective. Also, as I assume the place you use it is not air-thight it wont have full effect. Assuming you are 12h/day at home I would be impressed if it has more that 20%-30% effect on your day-intake of PM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer you question (I did not find numbers, but look at the WHO link above): It may have an significant positive impact to your health in high polluted regions. Many (non published) studies tried to prove that things like this work in low polluted regions but never got significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastEditorUserId="1193" LastEditDate="2015-08-04T23:27:49.993" LastActivityDate="2015-08-04T23:27:49.993" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-05T12:31:35.610" Score="8" ViewCount="603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from the permanent ear ringing called Tinnitus. I just started giving up as I visited many doctors, but unfortunately, &lt;strong&gt;without any remarkable recovery&lt;/strong&gt;. Most of the doctors I've visited suggested ear wax removal drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After many googling attempts, reading other people cases, I've not even found at least a person who recovered from Tinnitus. Now, I'm just wondering if this malady hasn't actually a remedy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1232" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:55:54.050" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T02:55:54.050" Title="Is there any efficient treatment of Tinnitus (Ear ringing)?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1791" CreationDate="2015-08-05T13:34:11.263" Score="3" ViewCount="13969" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had strong pains in the gum. After several months I went to a periodontist. He said I had inflammation in my gums, and then gave me a complex treatment, but the pains remained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After several more months, I followed advice from my wife, and started treating my mouth with salt. After several days of salting, the pains disappeared!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the periodontist still says I have inflammation, and have to go through the treatment again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I am not sure who to believe... the dentist, or my mouth (and my wife)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: can regular salt-washing be a good cure for gum inflammation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T05:01:04.950" LastActivityDate="2019-09-05T20:36:38.547" Title="Salt as a treatment to gum inflammation" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-09-05T23:32:20.390" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1790" CreationDate="2015-08-05T14:30:29.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;You should thank your wife 1 million times for the cure that she suggested for you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that the pain has gone, is probably related to the type of bacteria that caused the inflammation. Common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), and there are some types of bacteria that cannot tolerate high concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (These bacteria are called : Non-halophilic bacteria), hence, salt is the perfect way to get rid of non-halophilic bacteria.&#xA;In addition, I've been using salt-washing everytime I have toothache, and this works for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And my answer is &lt;strong&gt;YES&lt;/strong&gt;, salt-washing is a good cure for gum&#xA;inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These articles dealing with such pain (Gum pain, toothache..) remedies, include SALT as a remedy :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1/ &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Gum-Disease-With-Homemade-Remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treat Gum Disease With Homemade Remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2/ &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/370884-how-to-reduce-pain-of-gum-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Reduce Pain of Gum Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1232" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T14:30:29.153" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1799" CreationDate="2015-08-05T15:30:36.473" Score="6" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Angioplasty is a commonly performed procedure (with some risk) to open clogged arteries supplying blood to the heart. But is angioplasty always needed if a person has suffered a heart attack in the past (recent or remote)? Thanks for your insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T21:15:27.447" Title="Routine angioplasty after heart attack?" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1783" CreationDate="2015-08-05T15:38:42.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found three well conducted (randomized trial) studies on this topic. Synthesis seems to be that HEPA results to significant reduction in the particulate matter in the air but the objective effects on health remains to be shown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896330&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study 1&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HEPA filtration resulted to better air quality. In subjects exposed to traffic-related matter, use of HEPA resulted to lower level of C-reactive protein indicating less intensive systemic inflammation. No effect was when examining subjects exposed to woodsmoke matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515693/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study 2:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subjects were exposed to traffic-realted particles and use of HEPA filtration had no effect on blood pressure, level of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen or  tumor necrosis factor alpha-receptor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3893545/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study 3:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Investigators examined subjects exposed to &quot;regular&quot; indoor air. HEPA filtration had no effect  on microvascular and lung function or the biomarkers of systemic inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal opinion is that I strongly believe that use of HEPA filtration has beneficial health effects IF one is subjected to particulate-matter (like traffic induced). The theory is quite solid: we reduce the bad, potentially carcinogenic particulate matter in the air which we breath daily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, it is very reasonable to assume that intervention has it´s advantages. What they are, remains to be shown. It should be noted that these studies mentioned investigate only the short term effects. It reasonable to assume that long-term effects are evident (lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, COPD etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T15:38:42.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1796" CreationDate="2015-08-05T18:37:45.867" Score="9" ViewCount="811" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question popped in my head as to how a breeze (let's say one from a ventilator or ACU) can cause irritation in certain respiratory systems (e.g. nose/throat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't really found a suitable explanation by &lt;em&gt;Google-ing?&lt;/em&gt;, so I came here to ask you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not here for an explanation that I won't understand, I'm no medical/biological expert at all, I'm just an overly curious person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple, to the point explanation would do the trick for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Just in case you're wondering how/why this question popped into my head, it's because I forgot to turn the fan off in my room before going to sleep &amp;amp; now I've come down with an irritated nose &amp;amp; sore throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPS: I would've added more tags but not enough rep yet and for some reason &lt;em&gt;throat&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;respiratory-system&lt;/em&gt; aren't known tags yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1236" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-08-05T21:39:59.860" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T21:39:59.860" Title="How does a breeze cause irritated nose and throat?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-05T19:53:10.580" Score="9" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father is a type 2 diabetic. He has always had a bad diet, but even since his diabetes came on about 20 years ago he has only really cared about preventing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) instead of hyperglycemia (high). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense, since with low blood sugar you can see his discomfort, so the immediate physical effects make him consume some sugar in order to avoid the unwanted blood sugar levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, his attitude to high blood sugar is very blasé. He will eat whatever he wants (lots of sugary things), and generally inject more insulin when the blood sugar is a bit too high. From looking into it, high blood sugar seems to be more detrimental in the long term to health, so I have been unable to find anything with which I might be able to convince my father to reduce his sugary habits with. He is an old man, and unsurprisingly, does not consider the long term to be very important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the negative effects caused by short hyperglycemia (as my father will inject insulin once the blood sugar is too high)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1237" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T08:12:57.293" LastActivityDate="2019-04-06T19:46:26.390" Title="What are the effects of hyperglycemia" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1794" CreationDate="2015-08-05T20:05:42.100" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does so by drying out your mucous membranes. Air moving over your face as you sleep is going to have more of a drying effect on your nose, sinuses, and throat than still air. This is especially true when the air is dry, such as in winter or when the air is from an air conditioning unit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason the membranes inside your upper respiratory tract are called mucous membranes is because they secrete mucous, which serves a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12510824&quot;&gt;protective role&lt;/a&gt; against pathogens and airborne particles. In your mouth and throat you also have saliva, which serves a similar role. Inhaled bacteria, viruses, fungi and dust are trapped by the mucous and saliva, which is then either expelled or swallowed and digested. This is a very important part of your immune system, so if excessive drying leads to those membranes being directly exposed to air, pathogens will have an easier time invading and you will be more likely to become ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-08-05T20:28:21.253" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T20:28:21.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1789" CreationDate="2015-08-05T20:49:49.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Is tinnitus curable?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, there is no cure for tinnitus. It is connected to a malfunction in the neurons which turn the signals from the ear into the perception of hearing. The usual cause is that the inner ear is damaged, and nobody knows how to repair this organ. You have to accept the idea that it will almost certainly stay with you for the rest of your life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What can you do about tinnitus?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The German association for ENT, Head and Neck surgery &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/017-064.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classifies tinnitus&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;grade I: Does not cause suffering&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;grade II: Noticed primary during silence, only interferes during stressful moments and psychic load&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;grade III: Causes persistent impairment in the private or professional life, with interference in the emotional, cognitive and body areas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;grade IV: Causes full decompensation in the private area and inability to work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal of the existing therapies is not to remove the tinnitus, but to lower it to grade II or I. They usually consist of a combination of relaxation techniques, mental relaxation (meditation, cognitive therapy) which allows you to concentrate on other things without being bothered by tinnitus, and music therapy, which trains your auditory perception to discriminate more between sounds and focus less on the tinnitus sound. After a successful therapy, sufferers of permanent tinnitus can tolerate the tinnitus well, sometimes forgetting it for hours at a time, while sufferers of episodic tinnitus can have less frequent episodes. The subjective loudness of the tinnitus can also go down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tinnitus itself is not treatable, but most of its consequences are, for example sleep problems, depression, speech understanding difficulties, hyperacusis or tensions in the neck area. If they occur, don't hesitate to seek help for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Where to go for help&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tinnitus requires specialized cross-disciplinary knowledge in ENT, neurology and psychiatry. &amp;quot;Standard&amp;quot; ENT doctors are rarely well versed in tinnitus. Your first place to go with acute tinnitus is still the ENT, who can confirm the diagnosis and exclude other, more pressing problems. In the long term, you are much better off going to a clinic specializing in inner ear disorders, or even a pure tinnitus clinic. This type of clinic can also diagnose other, not yet detected types of inner ear damage. Find out if there is a local patient group for tinnitus or hearing loss, and ask them which clinic to go to. They can give you the best regional advice. Also consider becoming a member of your national association for tinnitus, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tinnitus-liga.de/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deutsche Tinnitus Liga&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ata.org/about-us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American tinnitus association&lt;/a&gt;. They are an excellent source for news about promising research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Resources&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.de/Tinnitus-Leiden-Chance-Helmut-Schaaf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;my preferred book&lt;/a&gt; about tinnitus is not yet translated into English, but I can recommend it for anybody who reads German. It is written by the director of a clinic specializing in inner ear disorders and his senior physician who is a tinnitus patient himself. If you are researching literature on tinnitus, don't fall for the popular books which promise a miracle healing. I have never met a patient for whom they delivered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T21:59:32.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1792" CreationDate="2015-08-05T21:15:27.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many circumstances in which angioplasty would not be performed. First, let's look at when it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; performed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinical indications for PCI [Percutaneous coronary intervention, or angioplasty] include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)&#xA;Non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)&#xA;Unstable angina&#xA;Stable angina&#xA;Anginal equivalent (eg, dyspnea, arrhythmia, or dizziness or syncope)&#xA;High risk stress test findings&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161446-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161446-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A heart attack in the past isn't likely to meet any of those indications unless it's causing symptoms now such as angina or anginal equivalents. Generally, once ischemia (reduced blood flow) has killed heart tissue, reopening the artery with angioplasty won't accomplish anything. The tissue is dead and can't be revived. This last point is made in the same link as above. Emphasis is mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In an asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patient, objective evidence&#xA;  of a moderate to large area of &lt;strong&gt;viable myocardium&lt;/strong&gt; or moderate to severe&#xA;  ischemia on noninvasive testing is an indication for PCI. Angiographic&#xA;  indications include hemodynamically significant lesions in vessels&#xA;  serving viable myocardium (vessel diameter &gt;1.5 mm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angioplasty also has a number of contraindications when it won't be performed even when the heart attack is ongoing. These include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinical contraindications for PCI include intolerance of long-term&#xA;  antiplatelet therapy or the presence of any significant comorbid&#xA;  conditions that severely limit the lifespan of the patient (this is a&#xA;  relative contraindication).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Relative angiographic contraindications include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Arteries &amp;lt;1.5 mm in diameter&#xA;Diffusely diseased saphenous vein grafts&#xA;Other coronary anatomy not amenable to PCI&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[ibid., &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161446-overview]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161446-overview]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of this is complicated language understood mainly only by cardiologists, but it boils down to saying that angioplasty will be performed only when it can save heart muscle from dying or when it can relieve chest pain or other symptoms, when the procedure is physically possible (eg, the arteries are large enough), and when it has a practical chance of extending the patient's life (eg, a terminal patient with days or weeks to live probably would not benefit from angioplasty).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-05T21:15:27.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T00:32:14.153" Score="2" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a tooth is a little loose, is that it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there some way to tighten it up again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamins, Herbal remedies, or any other pearls of wisdom, welcome....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1243" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T02:03:01.027" Title="Any way to tighten up a loose tooth?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T01:42:56.623" Score="10" ViewCount="424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a discussion with a friend who's going through some medical issues as of lately. She underwent a few tests and met a few doctors which inquired about her medical history. She has frequent migraines and heartburn, trouble with her digestion quite often as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor mentioned &lt;em&gt;Helicobacter pylori&lt;/em&gt; as a possible culprit for &lt;strong&gt;both&lt;/strong&gt; of those symptoms. He said that many people carried the bacteria without ever knowing, more in some countries than others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had already heard of &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; before, mostly in instances of stomach ulcers, but never thought that it could be responsible for other illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these phenomenon well known? Are there any efficient tests to determine if one is in fact &quot;infected&quot; with the bacteria? Are treatments required when there's no presence of stomach ulcers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1244" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T20:21:15.627" Title="Can Helicobacter pylori affect the body outside of the digestive system?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1802" CreationDate="2015-08-06T02:03:01.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the mobility of the tooth is due to trauma, the prognosis is incertain in permanent teeth. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_trauma.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;, is very well detailed as to different levels of trauma. Mobility usually occurs after the extrusion of the tooth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Extrusion&#xA;  Definition: partial displacement of the tooth axially from&#xA;  the socket; partial avulsion. The periodontal ligament usually&#xA;  is torn.&#xA;  Diagnosis: Clinical findings reveal that the tooth appears&#xA;  elongated and is mobile. Radiographic findings reveal an increased&#xA;  periodontal ligament space apically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In permanent&#xA;  mature teeth with closed apices, there is considerable risk&#xA;  for pulp necrosis and pulp canal obliteration. These teeth&#xA;  must be followed carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the futur, a tooth which has suffered from an extrusion might require a root canal if an infection of the apex develops, though it might remain loose even so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the loosening of the tooth is caused by a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/GumDiseases/PeriodontalGumDisease.htm#deep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gum disease&lt;/a&gt;, such as periodontitis, it may be possible. The earlier it is detected, the better the results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first step is to make sure that oral hygiene at home is on point: daily flossing and brushing. A chart will be made to take measurements of the gum surrounding the tooth and determine to what extent it is affected with periodontitis. Deep cleaning of the gum and planing of the root will be made to ensure that no traces of tartar or plaque is left behind, as they contribute to the inflammation and progress of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scaling means scraping off the tartar from above and below the gum line. Root planing gets rid of rough spots on the tooth root where the germs gather, and helps remove bacteria that contribute to the disease. In some cases a laser may be used to remove plaque and tartar. This procedure can result in less bleeding, swelling, and discomfort compared to traditional deep cleaning methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When these methods are inefficient, or in more advanced stages of the disease, more complex surgical treatments might be necessary, for example flap surgery or bone grafts. You can read about those more in depth &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/GumDiseases/PeriodontalGumDisease.htm#deep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1244" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T02:03:01.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T06:22:07.783" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am suffering from chronical neck pain caused by tension in the right levator scapulae. It does not matter how I sit on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00M6AJWHY/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=556245207&amp;amp;pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe&amp;amp;pf_rd_t=201&amp;amp;pf_rd_i=B0037UZ4A6&amp;amp;pf_rd_m=A3JWKAKR8XB7XF&amp;amp;pf_rd_r=1PV9AMFB2JGBVRMMGYQG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;my chair&lt;/a&gt;, it hurts after a few minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried chairs with a head rest and they help. However, in order to be pain free I need to sit in a very unnatural way with the head basically almost bend back into the neck resting on the head rest permanently and not moving. I looked like Stephen Hawking. That is unsustainable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any &quot;wonder chairs&quot; you could recommend in this case? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1246" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T17:56:45.813" Title="Optimal office chair for levator scapulae problems" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1806" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-06T10:12:52.577" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for software (free or budget) to analyze CT scans of pigs. I need to find the volume of the lungs, in normal situations and during pneumothorax (laprosopic surgery). The problem I'm having is distinguishing the lungs from heart/backbone etc. under high intrapleural pressure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Software I already have is: Osirix and Matlab&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wMe4s.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wMe4s.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1249" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:36.573" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:36.573" Title="CT scan software" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-04-08T20:59:38.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1803" CreationDate="2015-08-06T20:21:15.627" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A doctor mentioned Helicobacter pylori as a possible culprit for both of those symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H.pylori infection is a latent infection in the human stomach mucous layer &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176938-overview#a1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;. This infection is basically asymptomatic. This infection, however, may cause chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is also asymptomatic in most people. Heart burn is not a typical sign of chronic gastritis. In addition to chronic gastritis, H.pylori is able to harm the protective layer in the stomach lining. Since the surroundings in stomach are very acidic (pH~2), any damage done to the protective layer predisposes to stomach ulcer since the gastric acid damages the deeper layers of the stomach lining. These ulcers are usually symptomatic and can cause heartburn and pain in the upper abdomen. NSAIDs can harm the protective layer of stomach in the same way as H.pylori and there they predispose to ulcers also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I find it very difficult to believe that helicobacter would cause migraine. There is at least &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356058&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25232230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a review article&lt;/a&gt; on this subject. Both are published in a quite questionable Open Access journal. The studies included in the meta-analysis are all quite low quality studies. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159967&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; conducted on Iran seems quite dubious also. This study has caused some concerns, as can be seen in PubMed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causal relationship between H.pylori eradication and migraine can be studied quite easily and safely in large populations. As so, I am suspicious with regard to these studies since there are no randomized controlled trials published in high quality medical journals on this matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any efficient tests to determine if one is in fact &quot;infected&quot; with the bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1001110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A quite recent review article&lt;/a&gt; in the New England Journal of Medicine outlines the current &lt;em&gt;non-endoscopic&lt;/em&gt; diagnostic modalities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Serologic test (=a blood sample to assess for h.pylori antigens) is widely available and cheap. Remains positive even after an eradication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_breath_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Urea breath test&lt;/a&gt; has high positive and negative predictive values. Results are affected by the use of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fecal antigen test has also positive and negative predictive values. No the most convenient test for patients (not surprised).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are treatments required when there's no presence of stomach ulcers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is absolutely no indication to eradicate H.pylori in patients who are totally asymptomatic. The prevalence of H.pylori infection is so high that half of the world total population should be on antibiotics. Moreover, if the eradication of H.pylori is successful, you will receive almost surely within the next weeks. If one is diagnosed with an ulcer, a reflux disease or h.pylori is seen tissue samples obtained during gastroscopy or the reason of dyspepsia is suspected to be H.pylori infection, the eradication is reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-06T20:21:15.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1809" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1813" CreationDate="2015-08-07T01:34:42.150" Score="11" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aspirin is commonly given to patients with heart disease (angina or heart attack). It has been mentioned that it may also prevent heart attacks. Should normal healthy middle aged or older people also take aspirin to prevent heart attacks? Does it prolong life? Thanks for your insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-10T11:40:03.123" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T11:40:03.123" Title="Aspirin for prevention of heart attacks?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1811" CreationDate="2015-08-07T04:55:45.787" Score="2" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a female in my mid 20. I am 5 ft(sadly, very short about which I do feel insecure all the time) with a weight of 48 kg approx. Now as you can imagine, I am very thin.&lt;br&gt; Infact my collar bones are so clearly visible that my mum often think that i am suffering from malnutrition. Somehow most of the fat in accumulating near thigh and belly region, but not where it should be like hands(I have skeletal hands) and near the collar(collar bones give a skeletal effect). &#xA;&lt;br&gt;Is there anything I can do to avoid accumulation of fat in the wrong region and make it accumulate in the right region. Also I have heard that fat accumulation near the lower body area might lead to gynecological problems.&lt;br&gt; Tell me what should I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="582" LastEditorUserId="582" LastEditDate="2015-08-07T05:05:49.693" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T06:05:36.420" Title="Wrong region for accumulation of fat" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1810" CreationDate="2015-08-07T06:05:36.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there is only so little you can do about the fat accumulation. These things are work of natural evolution and genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;em&gt;Female body shape&lt;/em&gt; article in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_body_shape&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Estrogens cause higher levels of fat to be stored in a female body than in a male body. They also affect body fat distribution, causing fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women, but generally not around their waists, which will remain about the same size as they were before puberty&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the problem you are having is a matter of female hormones and associated genetic, which cannot be altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the same facts, the issue is different in males:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Android fat distribution describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the trunk and upper body, in areas such as the abdomen, chest, shoulder and nape of neck. This pattern may lead to an &quot;apple-shaped&quot; or central obesity, and is more common in males than in females. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_fat_distribution&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My most sincere &quot;answer&quot; to you is that you start doing some weight lifting. Focus on the whole body. With appropriate training, your buttocks and thighs will become firmer. When working on your whole upper torso (back + arms) your skeletal muscle will become also firmer which will have on huge influence on your looks. Moreover, with weight lifting and general fitness exercise your posture will become better, also affecting on your looks. Moreover, will intensive enough training you´ll lose fat from the same region it has been accumulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T06:05:36.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1812" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1820" CreationDate="2015-08-07T04:31:58.200" Score="1" ViewCount="8945" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a stye, and a doctor used a needle to remove it.  The procedure was simple and didn't even cause any bleeding.  How is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1266" OwnerDisplayName="Eddin Nomar" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:21:48.957" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T16:32:48.710" Title="How can doctors remove a stye without damaging the eyeball?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1809" CreationDate="2015-08-07T06:42:21.700" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a good and pragmatic question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to give some insight, the benefits of aspirin in &lt;em&gt;high risk patients&lt;/em&gt; (with acute or previous vascular disease or some other predisposing condition) are explicitly shown. I recommend reading the freely available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7329/71.long&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; published in BMJ in 2002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, the patients without any disease or predisposing conditions are low risk patients, or &lt;em&gt;normal&lt;/em&gt; as the asker terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1392195&quot;&gt;Clinical guideline&lt;/a&gt; by the American College of Physicians, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association and Society of Thoracic Surgeons clearly states that aspirin is recommended only for patients with &lt;em&gt;Stable Ischemic Heart Disease&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/13/1635.long&quot;&gt;Clinical guidelines&lt;/a&gt; by the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice gives some more comprehensive insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 4.10.1 outlines the &lt;em&gt;&quot;Antiplatelet therapy in individuals without overt&#xA;cardiovascular disease&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Risk of vascular mortality was not changed by treatment&#xA;  with aspirin. Aspirin cannot be recommended in primary prevention&#xA;  due to its increased risk of major bleeding&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, no, it is not useful for healthy individuals to take aspirin, since &lt;strong&gt;the harm caused exceeds the potential benefits.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T06:42:21.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-07T09:12:32.800" Score="-1" ViewCount="2348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I consume one 473ml can of Absolutely Zero Monster energy in the morning and another one at around 3pm. I consider these important otherwise i can't get into gear in the morning and begin to fall asleep at my desk in the afternoon. My lifestyle choices are irrelevant to this question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drink claims to contain absolutely no sugar, and no calories, and appears to be mainly Sodium water and vitamins. As far as Ive researched Caffine has no actual negative health impacts, and the other ingredients seem almost harmless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monster carries the stigma that it is extremely unhealthy. I would like to know besides the caffeine dependance, what actually are the negative impacts it will have on my health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutritional information here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fatsecret.com/calories-nutrition/monster-beverage/absolutely-zero&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.fatsecret.com/calories-nutrition/monster-beverage/absolutely-zero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is interesting to note that a large Starbucks coffee contains more caffeine, sugar and other 'unhealthy' ingredients but is considered to be less damaging than Monster&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1253" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T10:01:25.120" Title="What are the negative health effects of Absolute Zero Monster Energy" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1814" CreationDate="2015-08-07T09:33:40.610" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far daily caffeine intake has not proven to be too dangerous. [1] Side effects include anxiety, jitteriness and insomnia[2], which may affect your psychical balance, and may worsen several psychiatric disorders. You may also search for effects and complications of insomnia, as this is one of the major problems.  Note that large coffeine intake may be dangerous in pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;I consider these important otherwise i can't get into gear in the morning and begin to fall asleep at my desk in the afternoon. My lifestyle choices are irrelevant to this question.&quot; - in my opinion this may have more serious effect on your health than caffeine intake, but as you already noted thats not your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519715&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 - pubmed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine#Side_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2 - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T09:33:40.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1582" CreationDate="2015-08-07T16:08:08.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three types of heart attacks: unstable angina pectoris, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarct (NSTEMI) and ST-elevation myocardial infarct (STEMI). Choosing between thrombolysis and angioplasty matters only in the STEMI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which is better: thrombolysis (treatment with clot busting medication) or primary angioplasty (an invasive procedure for mechanical opening of the blocked artery)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient arrives within 2-3 hours to the hospital from the onset of the pain, &quot;drug of choise&quot; is angioplasty. The evidence is overwhelming. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa025142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The largest study&lt;/a&gt; on this topic involves 1572 randomized to either thrombolysis or primary angioplasty. The latter was superior. Footnote includes other smaller studies on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary angioplasty is best to be performed in less than 120 minutes from the pain. After that, superiority over thrombolysis is not clear, as stated in &lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/27/7/779.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this high quality meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it matter if the patient reaches very early to hospital (within 2-3 hours) or reaches late after onset of chest pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If paramedics reaches the patient rapidly after the onset of pain and the patient cannot be moved to a hospital capable performing angioplasty in less than 2-3 hours, it is preferable to perform thrombolysis &lt;strong&gt;on-site.&lt;/strong&gt; This has been showed in many studies &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199308053290602&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673696025147.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;. What is the optimal time cut-off remains to be shown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Busk M, Maeng M, Rasmussen K ym. The Danish multicentre randomized study of fibrinolytic therapy vs. primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (the DANAMI-2 trial): outcome after 3 years follow-up. Eur Heart J 2008;29(10):1259-66. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Widimsky P, Bilkova D, Penicka M ym. Long-term outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to hospitals without catheterization laboratory and randomized to immediate thrombolysis or interhospital transport for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Five years' follow-up of the PRAGUE-2 Trial. Eur Heart J 2007;28(6):679-84. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nunn CM, O'Neill WW, Rothbaum D ym. Long-term outcome after primary angioplasty: report from the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI-I) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33(3):640-6. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zijlstra F, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ ym. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1999;341(19):1413-9. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A ym. Primary angioplasty versus prehospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet 2002;360(9336):825-9. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonnefoy E, Steg PG, Boutitie F ym. Comparison of primary angioplasty and pre-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction (CAPTIM) trial: a 5-year follow-up. Eur Heart J 2009;30(13):1598-606. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361(9351):13-20. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Svensson L, Aasa M, Dellborg M ym. Comparison of very early treatment with either fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention facilitated with abciximab with respect to ST recovery and infarct-related artery epicardial flow in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Swedish Early Decision (SWEDES) reperfusion trial. Am Heart J 2006;151(4):798.e1-7. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T16:38:35.350" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T16:38:35.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1582" CreationDate="2015-08-07T16:14:22.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many studie claim that primary angioplasty is better than thrombolyis, as short-time mortality and morbidity of angioplasty is significantly lower than with thrombolysis treatment. (1,3) Reaching late after onset of pain generally reduces effectiveness of any treatment. (2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may see this table : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377579/table/A01tab02/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377579/table/A01tab02/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917910&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Assessing the effectiveness of primary angioplasty compared with thrombolysis and its relationship to time delay: a Bayesian evidence synthesis. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277350&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] Primary Angioplasty and Thrombolysis for the Treatment of Acute ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377579/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1193" LastActivityDate="2015-08-07T16:14:22.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-07T21:36:59.517" Score="4" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently watched a documentary on the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease and it’s consequence (myocardial infarction) in which surgical intervention &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; an event - via a calcium scan +/- stent placement - was pitted against intervention at the time of the event (stenting or CABG.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major claim of the documentary is that the use of calcium scans has been suppressed by a conspiracy of greed among multimillionaire-interventional cardiologists and hospitals in favor of the big money over the common-sense approach of detection and treatment. The maker keeps showing the increasing annual number of sudden deaths in the US, clearly implying that if everyone (including perfectly healthy 35 year olds with no risk factors) just got a hundred-dollar scan, millions of lives would be saved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://widowmakerthemovie.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For thirty years a hidden battle has been fought inside America’s medical establishment that has condemned them to death – a battle that is as much about money, as it is about medicine – a battle that this film reveals for the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a time when more and more doctors are coming to terms with the problems of screening exams - even to the point of calling for an end to routine screening for prostate cancer - is there any truth to the filmmaker’s claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:40:17.917" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:40:17.917" Title="Should we all be getting calcium scans for detection of coronary artery disease?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;cabg-coronary-art-bypass&gt;&lt;stents&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1824" CreationDate="2015-08-08T00:10:47.713" Score="3" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I want to begin by making it clear that I shower at least once per day, wear deodorant at all times, and while I am not a neat freak, I take care of my personal hygiene.  I am asking this question out of curiosity, not in an attempt to justify being filthy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would imagine that humans have been in the habit of bathing frequently for a relatively short period of time, and that prehistoric humans rarely, if ever, bathed their entire bodies, and only washed specific parts of their bodies when it was actually necessary (i.e., if they had to remove mud, blood, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even today, we tend to bathe for reasons that have nothing to do with health.  We do it out of habit, and for social reasons (e.g., not wanting to smell bad).  These are aesthetic and cultural motivations, not related to health.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I am not asking about washing hands, which obviously does have positive effects;  I am interested in the question of whether bathing &lt;strong&gt;the entire body&lt;/strong&gt; is beneficial or detrimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any health benefit or detriment, whether related to skin health, hair care, internal health, or anything else, from bathing the entire body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="838" LastEditDate="2015-08-08T05:28:27.597" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T17:53:00.113" Title="Is there any health benefit or detriment from bathing?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1812" CreationDate="2015-08-08T06:14:03.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;h1&gt;What is a stye?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stye&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;stye&lt;/a&gt; is an infection of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland_of_Zeis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sebaceous glands&lt;/a&gt; at the base of the eyelashes or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glands_of_Moll&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;apocrine sweat glands&lt;/a&gt; on the margin of the eyelid.  Styes are caused by the gland becoming blocked by cell debris or sebum, a natural oil produced by the body.  The stye generally appears on the interior or margin of the eyelid as a small whitish colored protrusion, similar to a whitehead.  They can be quite painful and irritating, but they usually don't cause significant problems, and it is easy to get rid of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;How are styes treated?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several ways to remove styes, the most common being the repeated application of a topical antibiotic ointment several times a day for a period of two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they can also be treated surgically by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancing_(surgical_procedure)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lancing&lt;/a&gt;, which is the treatment you seem to have received.   This is a very minor procedure, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/sty/page11_em.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;and is performed as follows&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The doctor will probably apply a small amount of antiseptic to the affected area;  if the stye is located on the inner eyelid, the eyelid will be pulled back to expose the stye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using a sharp needle, the doctor will pierce the stye, a procedure known as &amp;quot;lancing&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The doctor may apply pressure to encourage the stye to drain;  the liquid that is released is a mixture of pus and previously blocked sebum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The doctor may choose to apply an antibiotic ointment to the area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;How can doctors do this without damaging the eye?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors are professionals, and any ophthalmologist is likely to have performed the procedure countless times before.  The stye isn't actually on the eyeball itself, but on the eyelid.  While you or I would have trouble performing a lancing, doctors know what they are doing, and it is easy for them to avoid causing any damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T06:14:03.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1819" CreationDate="2015-08-08T11:12:38.550" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my question I link above, I have listed 7 reasons why you should take a bath:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you are about to think that not shower/bath because it's make your skin dry, there are other reasons to reconsider. According to Medical Daily&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, there is 7 reasons to take a &lt;strong&gt;cool&lt;/strong&gt; shower:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Increases Alertness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;“Seal” the pores in the skin and scalp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Improves Immunity and Circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Stimulates Weight Loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Speeds Up Muscle Soreness and Recovery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Eases Stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in one of his book, Intimate Behavior&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Desmond Morris has explained the &lt;strong&gt;deep down reason&lt;/strong&gt; why we feel relax when bathing as well as swimming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is because we try to mimic the feeling when we are &lt;strong&gt;inside our mother's uterus&lt;/strong&gt;. When our senses start to develop, the first tactile feeling we have is the amniotic fluid. And since inside the womb, we are fed and protected, so we attach the safe feeling to the soaking feeling. Therefore, when we bathing or swimming, it will instinctively trigger the relaxation. Other benefits are the consequences of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medical Daily, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/benefits-cold-showers-7-reasons-why-taking-cool-showers-good-your-health-289524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7 Surprising Cold Shower Benefits For Your Body And Skin&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you interest in this topic, I suggest you to read the whole book. Another thing that attached to the safe feeling is the mother's heartbeat. Music has beat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T11:12:38.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1819" CreationDate="2015-08-08T17:53:00.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One big problem here is that it's difficult to do double blind studies. One is then forced to use more theoretical arguments, but because medical science is not  a hard science like physics, such arguments are not very reliable. The best we can then do is argue from biological plausibility, in this case we should take serious the fact that Homo Sapiens evolved more than 200,000 years ago while people only started to take baths relatively recently. The adaptation via natural selection over hundreds of millions years since the first land animals evolved is thus still relevant for us. The human microbiome consisting of all the microbes that live on our skins, in our intestines is known to play non-trivial roles, but we don't know a lot about how this impacts our health (from rigorous randomly controlled trials) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the null hypothesis should assume that never washing, bathing or taking showers is beneficial for health over even occasionally doing so. You should need strong evidence to overturn this null hypothesis. Such strong evidence is lacking, what evidence there is there is consistent with this null hypothesis. E.g. we can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-28934415&quot;&gt;read here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One hunter-gatherer community was found to not only have a higher diversity of bacteria, but only one in 1,500 suffered from an allergy - compared with one in three in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretical arguments can e.g. be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518434/&quot;&gt;found here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T17:53:00.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-08T17:56:08.517" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found that eating light dinners wakes me up early. However, I'm struggling to strike a balance between sleeping on a empty stomach and eating no more then I need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried and failed to sleep after having fruit for dinner, but a bowl of muesli has worked. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popsugar.com/fitness/What-Eat-After-Late-Workout-37320082#photo-37320082&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; looks like a good start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a certain amount of food I need to eat, or are there diets that can allow me to not eat too much, but still get a good night's sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1258" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-09T19:41:01.280" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T19:41:01.280" Title="How little food can I sleep on?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-11T22:09:37.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="853" CreationDate="2015-08-08T20:31:28.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3611484/pdf/586_2001_Article_230.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;weak correlation between posture and pain.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, working on long term activation may hurt (as in pain) your back. &#xA;If you find that a certain posture is good &lt;strong&gt;for you&lt;/strong&gt; try to sets of time in which you are in that posture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remmember: your best posture is your next posture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1260" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T04:29:01.630" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T04:29:01.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1830" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-08-08T21:30:24.133" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-08-08T21:30:24.133" LastActivityDate="2015-08-08T21:30:24.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1831" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-08-08T21:30:24.133" Score="0" Body="Questions relating to data as evidence for claims made." OwnerUserId="561" LastEditorUserId="561" LastEditDate="2015-08-20T09:05:38.830" LastActivityDate="2015-08-20T09:05:38.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1749" CreationDate="2015-08-09T09:28:11.983" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody which is important part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;type 1 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;, or allergy in common language. It is said that, ie. milk allergy is &lt;em&gt;IgE-mediated&lt;/em&gt;. This means that exposure to milk protein causes the immune system to &quot;sensitize&quot; (= milk IgE is produced) to milk during the first exposure. During the subsequent exposures the milk protein activates the immune system due to the presence of these milk associated IgEs. The results of this activation is the allergic symptoms. Amount of each food-IgE level in the blood is quite good surrogate for presence of allergy. I recommend to read the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4249938/pdf/nihms264584.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it strange that immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels are measured in association to IgE levels. For example, the guideline earlier has no mention of IgA with regard to food allergy. IgA may have a mediator role in type 1 hypersensivity but I have trouble finding any record that this would have any clinical significance. Moreover, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IgA-related diseases&lt;/a&gt;, but these have nothing to do with food allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corresponding guideline from Europe by &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.12429/epdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology&lt;/a&gt; does not mention anything about IgAs. Of course, there is the non-IgE-mediated food allergy but nevertheless that does not involve IgAs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these were your own test results, I would recommend you ask from the provider of the test about the clinical significance of IgAs. I would be very interest about their response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Are we talking about IgA or IgG here? IgA is mentioned in the text and IgG in the topic. In the case of IgG, my answer would be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T09:28:11.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="945" CreationDate="2015-08-09T11:59:39.070" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one systematic review on this topic. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/07/01/ajcn.115.109553.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, which is the most respected journal in their discipline. As so, I consider this study perhaps the most important publication on this topic. Main conclusion was that the literature is scarce with regard to &lt;em&gt;intermittent fasting&lt;/em&gt;. Small studies have been published, and these studies have shown positive outcomes with intermittent fasting. It is evident that these findings must be replicated in a study population reaching 1000+ participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sources claims that currently they are conducting the largest study in intermittent fasting in Sweden, lead by professor Kerstin Brismar. Apparently the preliminary results are encouraging. No published studies are yet available. Following pages (in Swedish) have some more information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/5-2-fungerar&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;svt.se&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://ki.se/forskning/kerstin-brismar-star-upp-for-52-dieten&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Karolinska Institutet&lt;/a&gt;. Prof Brismar is a well-known researcher in metabolism and has a great credibility in her field. I am looking forward to their results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are hardly any &lt;em&gt;harms&lt;/em&gt; with intermittent fasting, I think. But I think it has a great pit fall. One must have strong spirit and psyche, since the human nature has a tendency to give &quot;rewards&quot;. In this case it means that after two fasting days one should not eat more than is normal (+no candy etc.), since this would ruin the meaning of the diet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T11:59:39.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1839" CreationDate="2015-08-09T15:00:59.947" Score="3" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;The National Academy of Science has published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3295277/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the results of a study&lt;/a&gt; that found that *Withania somniferaf aka &quot;Ashwagandha&quot; reverses Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mice with no noted side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it can be argued that just because it reverses AD in mice it doesn't necessarily mean that it will work in humans, I'm still surprised that it isn't being broadly recommended for people to try, especially since it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B005P0GTQY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;so cheap.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you read the comments, which of course are anecdotal, people have been taking this herb for brain function and are enthusiastic about the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any medical reasons why isn't this being promoted more for the prevention and reversal of AD by?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T17:59:03.990" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T17:59:03.990" Title="Reversing Alzheimer's disease through Withania somnifera" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1837" CreationDate="2015-08-09T16:11:44.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should read the article carefully. In the Introduction section they give some insight for their study: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The majority of AD cases are sporadic in nature. The small fraction of familial cases are caused primarily by mutations in three genes: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They clearly specify what they are investigating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here we demonstrate that a WS extract reverses behavioral deficits and plaque pathology and reduces the Aβ burden in middle-aged and old APP/PS1 mice through up-regulation of liver LRP, leading to increased clearance of Aβ. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they are investigating the effects of this herb in mice which are &quot;diagnosed&quot; with familial Alzheimers disease (AD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less than 0.1% of all cases of AD are familial&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://Here%20we%20demonstrate%20that%20a%20WS%20extract%20reverses%20behavioral%20deficits%20and%20plaque%20pathology%20and%20reduces%20the%20A%CE%B2%20burden%20in%20middle-aged%20and%20old%20APP/PS1%20mice%20through%20up-regulation%20of%20liver%20LRP,%20leading%20to%20increased%20clearance%20of%20A%CE%B2.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lancet&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sad thing is that we have no possibility whatsoever to tell whether a patient have the familial type AD. Let´s make a wild assumption that this herb would actually reverse AD in 1% of patients with familial AD (This 1% we would be remarkable in this context). We need to treat 100,000 patients with AD to reverse it in one patient. That kind of &quot;treatment&quot; would not be feasible at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, there are probably hundreds or thousands herbs and drugs which have shown promising results in animals. Unfortunately, &gt;99% of these molecules and  potential drugs fail to work in humans. This is due to facts that our fundamental understanding in disease processes are poor and the complexity of the diseases are so overwhelming that the proposed mechanism of recovery observed in the animal subjects with &quot;artificial&quot; diseases just don´t work similarly in human subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T17:54:38.627" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T17:54:38.627" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="45" CreationDate="2015-08-09T19:29:18.167" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doctoryourself.com/titration.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dr. Cathcart's data&lt;/a&gt; (10 years, 9,000 patients)  a normal person can tolerate 4 to 15 grams of vitamin C divided into 4 to 6 doses over a period of 24 hours without having diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1272" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-09T19:44:09.397" LastActivityDate="2015-08-09T19:44:09.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="875" CreationDate="2015-08-10T13:24:12.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the comment made by Carpetsmoker is important in this context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some may find surprising (at least I did) that actually fluoride toothpaste is not clearly superior to fluoride containing mouth rinses according to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD002780/ORAL_one-topical-fluoride-toothpastes-or-mouthrinses-or-gels-or-varnishes-versus-another-for-preventing-dental-caries-in-children-and-adolescents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Review published in 2009&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately all reviews are about  children or adolescent patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mark Gabriel wonders the intermittent use of mouth rinses. When one is planning of intermittent use it is only natural that mouth rinse is used alongside with regular brushing. Then were faced with the important aspect pointed out by Carpetsmoker. Of course one could use brushing and mouth rinse alternatively since they are equally effective preventing caries. I think one should use either one and not to alternate since usually the more complex routines one developed, more likely they fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, I think we should look at whether mouth rinses provide any additional benefit to brushing. Three most common active ingredients in mouth rinses are some form of alcohol, chlorhexidine and fluoride (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#Custom_formulations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The longer-term effects of any treatment should always be evaluated, especially in this case since the use is projected to last possible of life-time. Chlorhexidine containing mouth rinses may cause staining and affect oral flora. The are no specific guidelines how long to use chlorhexidine containing mouth rinses  but one sources discourages using it more than 3-4 weeks (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentalhealth.ie/dentalhealth/teeth/mouthrinses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/6/162/4/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some health concerns also regarding the alcohol containing mouth rinses. Currently it is controversial whether alcohol containing mouth rinses predispose to cancer (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentalhealth.ie/dentalhealth/teeth/mouthrinses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash#Alcohol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/6/162/4/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). In general the possible adverse effects of long-term use are quite poorly established. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002781.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004 Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; investigating the effects of combining mouth rinse to regular brushing (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.fi/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=0CCcQFjABahUKEwjfrLXty57HAhWCDCwKHd43AYA&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.update-software.com%2Fpdf%2FCD002781.pdf&amp;amp;ei=S6PIVZ_bGIKZsAHe74SACA&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHivA-mxx_FyD5MdZUQ_AEyr-BH6g&amp;amp;sig2=ciQc9dBBFfpbu4TpEYAROg&amp;amp;bvm=bv.99804247,d.bGg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Free review&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rL7Oi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rL7Oi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Five authors investigated brushing+mouth rinse versus brushing. There is some benefit from the combination treatment but it is very minimal. The same conclusion was drawn in two reviews by American Dental Association: &quot;&lt;em&gt;Based on his findings, the author said that mouthrinses made with CHX, essential oils, or CPC could help reduce plaque and gingivitis in people who brushed and flossed. He also said that using these rinses along with brushing and flossing reduced plaque and gingivitis more than brushing and flossing alone.&lt;/em&gt;&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ebd.ada.org/en/evidence/evidence-by-topic/periodontics/clinical-efficacy-of-antimicrobial-mouthrinses?Tab=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a long commentary I still did not answer the question in the topic. But, to conclude, there &lt;strong&gt;may be&lt;/strong&gt; some benefit combining mouth rinse and brushing. Intermittent use may be better if mouth rinse contains alcohol or chlorhexidine. I am fairly certain that current literature does not include explicit answer to the OP´s question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T13:37:03.633" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T13:37:03.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-10T13:28:30.530" Score="1" ViewCount="1150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an odd rash pattern on my ankle, and it hurts a lot; I've been to two doctors about it who gave very different diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One said it looked like osteomyletis, the other said it looks like impetigo, both took cultures, that said it confirmed their diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XuI3M.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XuI3M.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Image of &amp;quot;rash&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this rash represent? Clear answers would be nice, currently I feel like I'm getting the run around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It itches a lot, and it hurts quite a bit to put pressure on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1281" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T10:13:21.913" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T10:13:21.913" Title="Skin lesions: osteomylitis, impetigo or other?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;impetigo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1848" CreationDate="2015-08-10T17:04:37.657" Score="8" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;While a lot of blood donor websites online tell you what plasma is composed of, they don't seem to go into what it's used for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some potential applications of plasma donations, and is there anything you do with them that you can't/wouldn't do with whole blood donations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1284" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T18:05:49.977" Title="What are plasma donations used for?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;donor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1847" CreationDate="2015-08-10T17:57:59.623" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you might very well know blood contains following substances:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clotting factors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glucose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrolytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these are essential for body homeostasis. Human body can suffer from the lack of any of these substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lack of plasma proteins results to swelling of the feet (fluid escapes blood vessels) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascites&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ascites&lt;/a&gt; (intra-abdominal fluid) due to low &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncotic_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;colloid osmotic pressure&lt;/a&gt;. They are many albumin products available which can be used to substitute the lack of albumin in blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are not that many indications to give frozen plasma to patients (&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bcshguidelines.com/documents/FFP_28020604.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;British Committee for standards in haematology&lt;/a&gt;). The main indication to frozen plasma is the treat the lack of clotting factors. &lt;strong&gt;Clotting factors cannot be synthesized compared other substances in the plasma and therefore frozen plasma is manufactured and given to patients.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common reason for lack of clotting factors is major bleeding (trauma etc.) Therefore frozen plasma is routinely given to patients with major trauma and subsequent bleeding. Patients with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;haemophilia&lt;/a&gt; or coagulation factor deficiency and treated with frozen plasma. Third common indication for frozen plasma transfusion is any kind of liver disease. Liver is responsible for manufacturing coagulation factors and therefore patients suffering fro &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;severe liver disease&lt;/a&gt; do not have normal levels of clotting factors in their blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there many other indications for frozen plasma transfusion but I think those cover the most important one and give some insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="153" LastEditDate="2015-08-10T18:05:49.977" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T18:05:49.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-10T19:35:21.890" Score="2" ViewCount="3816" Body="&lt;p&gt;I apply both moisturizing cream and a medicinal ointment/lotion on some recovering injuries. The skin is unbroken, and the medicinal lotion is primarily for the entry point of a titanium rod in my previously broken leg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I want the ointment to penetrate more deeply, which do I apply first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logical answer 1: Ointment first, as the lotion will displace it from the uppermost layers, &quot;pushing&quot; it deeper down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logical answer 2: Lotion first, since it will occupy the space in the upper layers, allowing the ointment to more easily bypass them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the medical science say?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1262" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T20:34:26.683" Title="In what order should ointment and lotion be applied?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1849" CreationDate="2015-08-10T20:34:26.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical science would say we have to know what the ointment and lotion are to be sure, but it's fairly safe to say ointment first for the simple reason that the lotion may act as a barrier to the ointment, and the latter is almost certainly more important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the ointment is water-based and the lotion is oil-based (or vice versa), this will definitely be the case. If they're both oil- or water-based, then they will mingle, possibly changing the effectiveness of the ointment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the best course would be to wait a while between applying them. For example, ointment in the morning and lotion at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-10T20:34:26.683" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-11T14:54:53.413" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had several treatments for toenail fungus where you have to file down the nail then apply a solution for weeks [about six weeks] to kill off the fungal infection. Each time it has come back again, I was given a oral treatment but I reacted to it badly with a blotchy rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from having the toenails removed [which would be my whole left foot] what is the best way to rid yourself of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1288" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T16:13:59.187" Title="How do I get rid of toenail fungus?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1846" CreationDate="2015-08-11T20:52:28.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can diagnose your particular problem over the internet, not even with the superb picture you've provided us with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Health Stack Exchange is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for individualized diagnosis and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, discussing osteomylitis and impetigo might help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Impetigo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The garden-variety of impetigo is a superficial skin infection characterized by redness, broken skin, and serous fluid leakage which when allowed to dry form honey-colored crusts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c5cUMm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c5cUMm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hdu7Im.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hdu7Im.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is highly infectious, and untreated, it spreads to not only others, but to the surrounding skin, in that more lesions develop and cover a larger area of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common offending organism is &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;;  Streptococcus is next. It is so superficial that it's one of the few infections that can be treated with a topical agent (Bactroban) unless there is too much skin to cover, making a topical treatment unwieldy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Impetigo can sometimes infect deeper into the dermis resulting in deep dermal ulcer with a raised and indurated (hardened) surrounding margin.&lt;/em&gt; Then, it is called &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;ecthyma&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. The infection may start in skin that has been injured due to a scratch or &lt;em&gt;insect bite&lt;/em&gt;, and for this reason, the infection often develops on the legs. These infections need oral, and sometimes intravenous antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osteomyelitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteomyelitis is infection of the bone. It can be caused by a skin infection that reaches the bone, an open fracture (even long after the fracture and overlying skin has healed, or from spread of infection by blood into an area of bone. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis is more commonly seen in adults and typically occurs in the tibia (some part of the &quot;shin&quot; bone, which is where your skin lesion is.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteomyelitis is a serious infection and more difficult to treat. &lt;em&gt;S aureus&lt;/em&gt; is the most common pathogenic organism (Thus, if both doctors have S aureus from cultures, they can both take this as a &quot;confirmation&quot; of the diagnosis.)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Posttraumatic osteomyelitis requires a detailed history for diagnosis, including information regarding the initial injury and previous antibiotic and surgical treatment. Weight bearing and function of the involved extremity are typically painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diagnosis of osteomyelitis should include imaging studies of some kind which confirm the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although one can't tell which you have, the information provided here might help you to have a more informed dialogue with your doctor(s). At this stage, though, it's safe to say it's not the garden variety of &lt;em&gt;impetigo&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmyaring.com/pic/p_130213100201.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common Bacterial Skin Infections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000864.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ecthyma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/14/cid.ciu296.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1348767-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Osteomyelitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-08-11T21:02:37.783" LastActivityDate="2015-08-11T21:02:37.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="45" CreationDate="2015-08-12T03:32:39.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While taking 1 gram or even more may not be acutely toxic as pointed out in the other answers, you should consider the question of why humans or other animals have not evolved to rid themselves of free radicals to the same degree as when one takes 1 gram or more of vitamin C. So, one can question if the naive picture of free radicals is actually correct, some recent research results suggest it may not be, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/1/142.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see e.g. here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is important to consider that free radicals are not always damaging to cells; in many cases, they serve as signals to adapt muscle cells to exercise via modulation of gene expression (9, 33). We have found that training causes an increase in 2 major antioxidant enzymes (Mn-SOD and GPx) in skeletal muscle. We were surprised to see that vitamin C prevents these beneficial effects of training. On the basis of the paradigm that enzymatic antioxidant systems such as Mn-SOD and GPx provide a first-line defense against ROS, it is expected that exercise may induce these protective mechanisms. Moderate exercise increases life span and decreases disability in rats (12) and humans (15). We report here that exercise training causes an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, which is prevented by the administration of vitamin C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it is likely harmful and you should not use it. You can also take this perspective. We don't know all the relevant facts about free radicals, the way the human body gets rid of them, all the self repair mechanisms that the body does in addition to removing the free radicals, any use of free radicals in the immune system etc. etc. The simplistic idea to just flood the body with vitamin C is not based on a deep understanding of how the body actually works. The relevant mechanisms have evolved over more than 600 million years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we know that vitamin C is produced by animals themselves who don't get it in their diet. Only when the diet contains sufficient amounts of vitamin C will the production of vitamin C have stopped. But this implies that more vitamin C is not better, because otherwise our bodies would just produce vitamin C itself in addition to what we get from food. In fact, the more we get from food the harder the body will work to remove it, but that takes a bit of time and with 1 gram per day you are going to get an equilibrium situation where there is just too much vitamin C in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any theoretical argument why 1 gram per day is good should be based on a deep knowledge of the relevant facts which has never been presented. To the contrary, there are only good arguments why it is harmful (in the sense of not optimal for health). But of course, one can always do clinical trials, but those that have been conducted point to harmful effects consistent with the theoretical arguments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-10-29T21:08:52.940" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T21:08:52.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1859" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-08-12T17:59:25.943" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T17:59:25.943" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T17:59:25.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1860" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-08-12T17:59:25.943" Score="0" Body="&gt; The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration)" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-12T20:19:11.667" LastActivityDate="2015-08-12T20:19:11.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T01:38:43.697" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read an article some time back about an opera singer who suddenly had to retire. When she sang, her throat would &quot;open&quot; and &quot;close&quot; automatically, but one day the process suddenly was no longer unconsciously controlled by the brain, so she had to do it consciously. But this wrecked her singing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or another example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Respiratory-Disorders/Suddenly-not-inhaling-automatically-anymore/show/1661016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Respiratory-Disorders/Suddenly-not-inhaling-automatically-anymore/show/1661016&lt;/a&gt; A person suddenly stopped inhaling automatically, so she could not fall asleep. Every time she did, she would awake gasping for air because her body &quot;forgot&quot; to breathe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the general term for this occurrence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T14:22:58.777" Title="What is the disorder when a bodily process/function that is usually automatically controlled by the brain suddenly has to be consciously controlled?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T01:45:36.090" Score="3" ViewCount="5297" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that a dental abscess can cause acne. &#xA;Because the bacteria from the dental abscess escapes into the body and the body cannot kill it, so it causes pimples.&#xA;So once the dental problem is fixed, the acne will go away.&#xA;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T05:42:35.037" Title="Can dental abscess cause acne?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1862" CreationDate="2015-08-13T14:22:58.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only term that I can think of is dysautonomia, or autonomic neuropathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a blanket term used to describe failure in portions or all of various autonomic functions, such as digestion, sweating, reaction to posture changes, things like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a webpage, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/page.php?ID=34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dysautonomia International&lt;/a&gt; that has more information if you would like to research it further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-08-13T14:22:58.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1865" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1877" CreationDate="2015-08-13T14:37:39.643" Score="7" ViewCount="40597" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of my searches either end up explaining any of the above words in terms of the other four, or explaining the concept in simple words in such a way that makes it difficult to see the difference between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple google search took me to medicinenet.com - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pathology -  &quot;that branch of medicine which treats of the essential nature of disease.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;etiology - &quot;The study of causes, as in the causes of a disease.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pathogenesis: &quot;The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I decided to try wikipedia as, I felt, all &lt;em&gt;definitions&lt;/em&gt; will necessarily fail to actually explain the differences between them as the differences are pretty nuanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But wikipedia articles on these terms were either very detailed or very general, in the sense that although I understood what they were saying in any particular article, I still couldn't figure out how the rest of the terms were referring to something different. All seemed to mean - understanding why and how diseases work/spread and how to control them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only term I understood distinctly here was epidemiology, which means studying the occurrence of diseases in a given population (thus putting a geographical limitation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm looking more for an explanation which draws a parallel to convey the message. Definitions won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ex, if someone were to ask me the difference between environment, habitat, ecotone and niche, I would try something along the lines of - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Environment = library&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Habitat = different sections (like literature, reference, philosophy etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ecotone = gate of library&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Niche = the place a particular student occupies in that library through his interaction with other students etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1305" LastEditorUserId="1305" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T07:31:04.793" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T17:15:14.197" Title="What's the difference between etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, pathophysiology and epidemiology?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T14:44:45.900" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm particularly curious about research that's been done on smartphones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please provide links to articles, books, research, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1306" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:32:08.013" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:32:08.013" Title="How do digital devices affect mood?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-13T20:16:31.627" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen claims that canned food is bad for your health, because the linings often contain Bisphenol A (BPA). Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please back up your answers with reliable references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="631" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-15T17:35:37.533" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T22:56:13.110" Title="Is BPA in can linings a health concern?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1875" CreationDate="2015-08-13T20:55:41.897" Score="5" ViewCount="2146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder why the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve Biafine for prescription only, i.e. cannot be sold OTC. Does Biafine contain any ingredients that are more harmful than other OTC drugs?  It has been OTC in France for three decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T11:01:25.210" Title="Why isn't Biafine sold OTC in the US?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T08:32:09.660" Score="11" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/meet-the-superyoung-some-people-just-never-seem-to-look-their-age-why-how-and-can-we-all-do-it-geraldine-bedell-reports-1497594.html&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; that says that the superyoung (people who look at least 10 years younger than they are) are really optimistic and happy people. Is this true? Is there any cause and effect relationship between mental health and biological age? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:15:23.843" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:15:23.843" Title="Does being optimistic help me to age more slowly?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1873" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1876" CreationDate="2015-08-14T12:50:17.250" Score="9" ViewCount="21721" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that one should not induce vomiting after an overdose of pills. The only reasonable explanation I found is that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;caustic substances may damage the esophagus (does not apply here)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the vomit may be aspired in the lungs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the second reason may make sense I'm guessing that the danger is likely to be greater from the pills rather than a not-so-obvious vomit into the lungs. This is certainly possible, but remote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that the sole reason for this warning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1319" LastEditorUserId="59" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T03:56:11.457" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T03:56:11.457" Title="Why not induce vomiting after accidental pills intake?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1869" CreationDate="2015-08-14T15:51:41.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two competing theories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) I guess that one problem might be that Biafine contains &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/.../UCM284443.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;parabens&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;European Council recently banned some forms of parabens (&lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:JOL_2014_107_R_0002&amp;amp;from=EN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). Furthmore, in this year EC set more restrictions for the use of parabens (&lt;a href=&quot;http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-1051_en.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). It seems that parabens may have certain adverse health effects and EC think that these should be assessed before parabens are safe to use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, EC claims that occlusion coat or skin irritation &quot;&lt;em&gt;may allow increased penetration than intact skin&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps due to the parabens the use of Biafine should be based on physician´s discretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Biafine was cleared by the FDA almost two decades ago (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf/K964240.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). I could not find the original application in the FDA website. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf4/k041342.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is the FDA clearance&lt;/a&gt; for another similar cream. In the section 5 it is stated that prescription product requires physician to diagnose the disease state. Since FDA approves many drugs based on the &quot;Substantially equivalent (SESE)&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/.../UCM284443.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;) I think very similar process was used with Biafine. So the use of Biafine requires a visit to a physician for diagnostics. Whether this limitation is due to parabens remains unclear to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T15:51:41.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1873" CreationDate="2015-08-14T17:59:48.990" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: The only time you should induce vomiting is if the patient is showing no signs or symptoms and you are directed to by poison control or EMS dispatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a pill overdose situation and there are any complications such as altered level of consciousness, difficulty breathing, etc., then you want to get emergency medical (EMS) involved immediately. They will want to know such things as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age of patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Conscious/breathing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What drug(s) were taken (Locate bottles if possible, but don't delay the call to do so)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol or multiple drugs involved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much was taken (if known)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person involved is not showing any signs/symptoms yet, then you could possibly call poison control first. They will also want to know most of the same information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases where the patient is not showing any symptoms, they may have you try to induce vomiting. The generally recommended method is syrup of ipecac, and if that is not available, then take the person to the nearest ER. You don't want to try to induce by shoving things down their throat. That can cause damage to both you and the patient. If they want you to induce, they will tell you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, speaking from a previous EMS/ER background, if they pump the stomach and/or induce vomiting, they will try and see if they can identify what was taken in the stomach contents that come up. If the person you are with vomits, it would help to try and gather the contents to take with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ncapda.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=79:drug-overdose&amp;amp;catid=33:students&amp;amp;Itemid=7&quot;&gt;http://ncapda.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=79:drug-overdose&amp;amp;catid=33:students&amp;amp;Itemid=7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-08-14T17:59:48.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1865" CreationDate="2015-08-14T18:30:45.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get an understanding of the difference, look at a disease that has been in the news recently, Legionnaire's Disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Legionella pneumophilia is a bacteria that is responsible for most cases. It lives in stagnant water under certain conditions, and is inhaled when aerosalized. This is the etiology of the disease, which is basically how it infects the host, or how it gets in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once inside the body, it starts replicating and causing damage. Initial symptoms include flu like symptoms, headache, fatigue and muscle pain. As it progresses, they can expand to include dry coughing, chest pain, and eventually leading to possible mental status changes, hallucination, etc. This progression of the disease in the various stages is the pathogenesis of the disease, i.e. days 1-3 expect these symptoms, days 4-7 these other symptoms, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To confirm the diagnosis, the doctors will take samples of various body fluids and send them to the lab for testing, as well as x-rays, etc. One of the tests is staining of the sputum that can show the Legionella bacteria. This is pathology, specifically the examination of body fluid/tissue for diagnostic purposes. (Where it gets a little confusing, is pathology also refers to the body of knowledge about disease cause and effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in a general sense you are correct, they all refer to how/why diseases spread and how to control them, but one doesn't necessarily depend on the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to add: Pathophysiology is kind of an intersection, to where the pathology of a condition and the physiology are taken as a whole, and describes the functions and changes associated with a condition from both the observable and the testable views.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-08-17T19:48:56.163" LastActivityDate="2015-08-17T19:48:56.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-14T22:40:09.440" Score="4" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found out that having sufficient vitamin B3 can help prevent gingivitis, I need to know some good soft foods that have a lot of vitamin B3 because eating hard food right now will likely crack more of my teeth. I want to achieve the recommended daily intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1322" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-26T23:47:50.333" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T22:05:42.763" Title="Soft foods that are high in vitamin B3" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1967" CreationDate="2015-08-15T00:06:19.050" Score="11" ViewCount="1358" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few nights ago, I was using my laptop outside in the dark. Some moths and other insects were flying around in the light it was emitting, but unfortunately I didn't think anything about this from a bat's perspective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suddenly (and incredibly silently) something flew into my face, completely blocking my vision momentarily. I thought at first that it was a giant moth, but it was too fast for a moth, and besides, it flew away immediately. But it took a few moments to realize that it was the wing of a flying bat that had basically hit me in the face. I had no scratches, no blood, didn't feel any fluid when it hit me, and I washed myself well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 15 years ago, I was exposed to the saliva of a known rabid animal and had completed a post-exposure prophylaxis series of 5 vaccines as well as getting a rabies immune globulin shot, so I wasn't overly concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that any significant first exposure to a potentially rabid animal, or a possible rabies-vector (bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, etc.) merits a visit to an emergency room and immunization. But what about this situation? Are there clear guidelines about post-exposure prevention in people who have been previously immunized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-08-15T19:11:02.113" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T14:22:09.613" Title="Laptops in the dark and miscalculating bats: how dangerous is that for rabies?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1886" CreationDate="2015-08-15T03:25:24.883" Score="0" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was given a giant gummy bear for my birthday.&#xA;I ate it in one sitting, just a few days ago.&#xA;And then, I searched Google about diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there are three things troubling me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon after I ate the giant gummy bear, I felt very tired - a symptom of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the day after I ate the gummy bear, I noticed my breath was slightly sweet. It usually smells really bad before I brush teeth in the morning. It stayed like that, which got me worried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, my cough worsened. I had a drink. After brushing teeth, I coughed in the sink, which caused the drink to go up my nose and mouth - basically, I threw up. It could a symptom of diabetes, or just an effect of coughing with my head down like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, those three are symptoms of diabetes and I'm getting seriously worried. Should I tell my parents or my doctor? If so, how would I explain it to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1324" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-02-06T16:49:51.487" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T16:49:51.487" Title="Can a giant gummy bear (approx. 5 x 2 in.) give me diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-15T06:40:36.407" Score="4" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 24 I am getting very low density in my hair .. I tried min oxidil and finasteride and all .. I am genetically have that baldness history . can I prevnt my baldness or can I do hair transplant ? And will it be permanent solution ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1326" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:31:33.027" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:31:33.027" Title="Hair transplant for baldness" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;alopecia&gt;&lt;hair-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1881" CreationDate="2015-08-15T09:47:15.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple questions here so I'll tackle them one by one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your initial question: Can a gummy bear give me diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One giant gummy bear, alone, is very unlikely to give you diabetes. I don't want to say indefinitely, because nothing in health is a definite. However, the likely hood is so close to 0% I would consider it insignificant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, you stated that immediately following the ingestion of a cute gummy bear, you felt tired and the next morning your breathe smelled sweet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for both of these symptoms can very well be due to your sugar levels becoming drastically high. In the medical field, we call this DKA. (Diabetic ketoacidosis). Essentially, your body recognizes a sharp increase in blood glucose levels and is trying everything in the books to expel the glucose. Your body does this by releasing ketones from your respiratory system. DKA is most notably recognized by sweet smelling breathe. Almost like juicy fruit gum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DKA can actually be a very serious emergency which, if unchecked, can lead to a diabetic coma. However, for individuals without diabetes, and a properly working pancreas, your sugar levels should be back to normal by now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe your incident with the cough is completely unrelated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To recap. No I do not think you have developed diabetes due to a single gummy bear. However, it never hurts to be checked for the disease. You could very well already have diabetes, and the gummy bear threw you into DKA. Because I cannot see you, nor properly perform any tests. To cover myself for any legal issues I will say that 1. I am not a doctor and 2. Go get it checked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to telling your parents. Just say you had some candy and you felt really weird afterwards and you're nervous that you might have diabetes. Any sensible parent will at least set you up with a doctors appointment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rich&#xA;AEMT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/ketoacidosis-dka.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/ketoacidosis-dka.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1328" LastEditorUserId="1328" LastEditDate="2015-08-15T09:53:34.377" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T09:53:34.377" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1879" CreationDate="2015-08-15T12:22:46.330" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control). Rabies is transmitted via saliva of infected mammals, bats in your case. You state that you were not bitten, and did not feel any type of liquid on your person. You also stated that you thoroughly washed afterwards. If you did not have any open wounds at that time, I wouldn't be too worried about the encounter with your flying friend. The CDC mentions that there are very few documented cases of rabies being transmitted solely from mucous membranes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are concerned, I would suggest being vaccinated for rabies. You can never be too cautious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transmission of rabies virus usually begins when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. Though transmission has been rarely documented via other routes such as contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal and organ transplantations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1328" LastActivityDate="2015-08-15T12:22:46.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-16T14:13:25.913" Score="2" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I take probiotics every day or should I take course and then take a break? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And can I mix different types of probiotics? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T07:31:55.050" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T07:31:55.050" Title="Can I take probiotics every day?" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-08-27T15:22:33.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-16T15:51:41.320" Score="7" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Biotin 10mcg supplements are commonly prescribed to improve hair fall, is it really effective and does the body really need an external biotin source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1334" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T16:17:45.260" Title="Biotin supplement for Hair loss and is it really needed?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1891" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1892" CreationDate="2015-08-16T16:05:05.693" Score="-1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been experiencing diarrhea every morning for the past 8 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1335" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T00:07:23.430" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T00:07:23.430" Title="I want to repair my digestive system" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-08-20T08:59:01.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1891" CreationDate="2015-08-16T16:33:55.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;8 months is a long time, so should see a doctor. Write down everything you have noticed that has changed (e.g. you may be losing weight, you may have heart palpitations, you may be eating a lot more or your appetite may be a lot less than what it used to be, etc. etc.). Then go to the doctor and mention everything that has changed. The doctor will likely ask a lot of questions, but if you have thought about your symptoms in advance then you are more likely to give the right answer. A potential problem is that when complaints have existed for long, you may get used to certain things causing you to give a wrong answer relating to changes in your body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-08-16T16:33:55.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1893" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-08-16T16:41:38.023" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-08-16T16:41:38.023" LastActivityDate="2015-08-16T16:41:38.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1894" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-08-16T16:41:38.023" Score="0" Body="Living microorganisms consumed or applied to complement, enhance, support, rebuild, replace the natural microbiome of a human mostly in its intestinal organs or on the skin. Species used to that end include mainly certain strains of bacteria like: lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacterium, enterococcus faecalis,  escherichia coli; and yeasts, like: saccharomyces boulardii und saccharomyces cerevisiae." OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T19:09:27.610" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T19:09:27.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1898" CreationDate="2015-08-16T21:11:34.010" Score="9" ViewCount="452" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient was diagnosed (through blood tests) with Lyme Disease after a tick bite and treated with first oral and then intravenous antibiotics, apparently successfully.  The patient saw the physician the day after the rash appeared; diagnosis took about a week.  The date of the bite was not known; the patient never saw the tick.  Treatment started with oral antibiotics but symptoms (joint pain, primarily) remained and the physician followed with a month-long course of IV antibiotics.  I do not know which specific drugs were used.  Total time from first visit to the end of the IV treatment was about five months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time the patient was told by the physician that the blood test for Lyme looks for antibodies, which would &quot;always be there now&quot;, which is why it was not possible to say with certainty that the disease had been treated.  The patient was also told that the characteristic bull's-eye rash only appears in about 25% of cases.  Years have passed since this happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this patient were to be bitten by another tick in the future, would it be possible to make a determination of Lyme Disease?  If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The patient takes appropriate precautions but knows that nothing is ever 100% effective.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="290" LastEditorUserId="290" LastEditDate="2015-08-16T23:02:50.977" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T18:34:08.963" Title="How do you monitor possible Lyme disease after a treated infection?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;lyme-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1897" CreationDate="2015-08-17T04:23:48.193" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patients successfully treated for Lyme Disease do not need monitoring of any kind (there is no advantage to this.) There are no recommendations for routine antibody levels post Lyme (in fact, it is discouraged, because no one knows what the levels signify), nor yearly exams or other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the responsibility of the patient (and the patient should be so instructed) to return if they are having continuing or new problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit of background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diagnosis and (standard) treatment of Lyme should be swift and proactive, &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; reliant on positive antibodies. The possibility of Lyme should be present in a physician's mind when seeing a patient with typical signs and symptoms (and should be treated &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; any confirmatory testing is completed), as well as any illness which presents a diagnostic challenge. Unfortunately &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; doesn't always translate to &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antibody test results generally are not useful for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease because only a few patients with single EM [erythema migrans] will have a positive result because the rash usually develops before antibodies are detectable. The antibody test result is often negative in the acute phase even in those with multiple EM. Even in the convalescent phase after antimicrobial treatment, antibody test results are negative in approximately half of those with single EM and a quarter of those with multiple EM. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting question on a lot of levels, some of the answers to which are still being worked out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically when a person is first exposed to a pathogen, the early antibodies made are of the IgM class, followed temporally by IgG. IgM should not be made on re-exposure, but re-exposure should kick up the level of IgG. However, Borrelia &lt;em&gt;burgdorferi&lt;/em&gt; infections are not typical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In people treated early for Lyme, often IgG never develops. IgM, on the other hand, can persist for two decades or more (studies are still ongoing) as well as IgG in those who formed these antibodies. IgM, therefore, is not as predictive of initial infection as in other infections. Antibodies can't be relied upon to make a diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many patients who receive early and appropriate treatment for Lyme disease continue to live in or frequent regions where ticks are endemic, therefore repeated tick bites are quite common. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 1 study of persons from New York with recently recognized Ixodes scapularis tick bites, 59 (17.6%) of 335 subjects reported new tick bites during a 6-week follow-up period...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was &lt;em&gt;6 weeks&lt;/em&gt;! In one study, the reinfection (not to be confused with continuing symptoms following treatment) rate within the 5 years following initial successful treatment was ~50%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reinfection is usually accompanied by recurrence of EM and/or the fever, myalgia, and arthralgia common with initial Lyme Disease, though there is &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; (not strong) evidence that symptoms may be less severe on reinfection. So suspicion should remain high in people who live in endemic areas, of those counties near to endemic areas because of the spreading of the bacterium, time of year (most new infections occur in July, June, August and May, in descending order; there's no reason to suspect reinfection is any different), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the foreseealbe future, there will be tests to determine the presence of bacterial DNA in joint fluid, tissue samples and other, which will help in the diagnosis of the illness, success of treatment, and reinfection. But medicine isn't quite there yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited to add:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this patient were to be bitten by another tick in the future, would it be possible to make a determination of Lyme Disease? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it wouldn't be possible to test for the diagnosis. If a person in an endemic area presents with a tick bite in which the tick was starting to become engorged, a single 200mg dose of doxycycline has been shown to effectively prevent 80+% of new infections, so that's always an option (one I'm not &lt;em&gt;quite&lt;/em&gt; sure of.) If the patient goes on to develop the rash or flu0like symptoms, a full course of antibiotics is then given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; There are insufficient studies about the immunology of reinfection. The diagnosis and treatment will depend on the discernment of the patient + physician. If the person is in an area with high infection rates, the index of suspicion and willingness to treat should be high. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lyme disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings (e.g., rash), and the possibility of exposure to infected ticks.&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Current diagnostics are less than optimal for early disease because it can take weeks for a detectable immune response to be sufficiently measured. So the early stages of disease which when treatment is typically most effective unfortunately are when serum diagnostics are least effective. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/resources/webinar/09242012_diagnosticswebinartranscript.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC Webinar Sept 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/35/12/500.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) &amp;lt;-- &lt;em&gt;decent overview with some mistakes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/6/780.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Persistence of Immunoglobulin M or Immunoglobulin G Antibody Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10–20 Years after Active Lyme Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/4/512.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antibiotic  Treatment  Duration  and  Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Early Lyme Disease from a Lyme Disease–Hyperendemic Area&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/8/1032.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reinfection in Patients with Lyme Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5710a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some statistics (not all up to date but still helpful)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/casesbymonth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;more statistics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-08-18T18:34:08.963" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T18:34:08.963" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-17T13:01:25.183" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that a lot of useful vitamins, minerals and enzymes are not saved and decrease after different periods in the freezer. Is it true? How does the temperature of freezing and duration of saving in cool influence the quality of products like vegetables, fruits, and protein food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1345" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:38:39.027" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:38:39.027" Title="Which kind of healthy vitamins and enzymes decrease during freezing?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;frozen-freeze&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-09-26T21:57:35.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-17T21:25:24.353" Score="4" ViewCount="801" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do nicotine lozenges cause wrinkles on the face or around the mouth? Can a longtime lozenge user attest to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1349" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:30:29.567" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T02:08:20.013" Title="Do nicotine lozenges cause wrinkles?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-18T00:38:49.183" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;For various neurological or psychiatric conditions, treatments and rehabilitation procedures have been developed that try to stimulate affected functionalities, e.g. music therapy or chess play for dementia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether there are any such examples where active coding by the patients is used as a diagnostic, therapeutic or rehabilitation measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is not about patients who have written software that was then used in their diagnostics, therapy or rehabilitation (I know that this happens too). Instead, it is about the act of coding as a measure to help reveal or treat or otherwise improve a patient's condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:21:03.743" LastActivityDate="2018-10-13T10:24:23.900" Title="Any examples of diagnoses, therapies or rehabilitation procedures based on patients writing code?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;&lt;music-therapy&gt;&lt;ndc-ntl-drug-codes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-18T12:36:57.870" Score="3" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This question is inspired by the paleo-diet. Not about the effectiveness of the pale-diet.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When reading about the paleo-diet the conversation revolves around what pre-agricultural revolution people ate (or what they didn't eat). But I have never come across anything about the amount or distribution of what people ate. I imagine that hunter-gatherers had a much more varied caloric intake than people do in modern time. It is easy to imagine periods with low intake, interspersed with periods of surplus and heavy eating (successful hunt, ripening of fruit or vegetable, migration to new lush area).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how variations, potentially large swings, in the amount you eat affects your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References to further reading are appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1357" LastEditorUserId="1357" LastEditDate="2015-08-18T15:39:52.780" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T15:39:52.780" Title="What are the health effects of having a fluctuating caloric intake?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T00:39:06.620" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1852" CreationDate="2015-08-18T16:13:59.187" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have experienced allergies to many medications, including antibiotics, and one of the treatments (aside from abstention) has been to simultaneously take an antihistamine such as Benadryl to force the immune system not to respond to the preconceived threat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to deal with this, however, is to ask your doctor how to proceed.  An infection can get worse with less treatment, the same as none.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-allergy/basics/definition/con-20033346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Drug allergy - Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="645" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T16:13:59.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1865" CreationDate="2015-08-18T17:49:32.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don´t see any issues with JohnP´s answer. I just would approach with different example. Lets take coronary artery disease and cholesterol as an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coronary arteries are probably the most important blood veins in the body since they transport arterial blood from aorta to the heart muscle itself. Coronary artery disease means that heart muscle receives insufficient volume of blood via the coronary arteries and in some instances the blood supply may even be blocked (heart attack or critical ischemia as a milder case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why blood flow to heart muscle is reduced. It is due to &lt;em&gt;atherosclerosis&lt;/em&gt;. Atherosclerosis is the &lt;strong&gt;etiology&lt;/strong&gt; of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis causes the artery walls to thicken and stiffen and when the cross area of the artery is reduced less blood is moved though coronary arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand the &lt;strong&gt;etiology&lt;/strong&gt; of atherosclerosis is high blood LDL level (&quot;bad&quot; cholesterol). Fat and cholesterol which we receive from food are transported in blood and one transport vehicle is the LDL. LDL is bad since it has ability to get in to the artery wall. In there it causes an inflammation cascade which results to plaques inside the wall. These plaques (=calcifications) are hard are rock and causes the artery wall thicken and stiffen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The presence of the inflammation and variable sized plaques or calcifications in the artery wall are important aspects in the &lt;strong&gt;pathology&lt;/strong&gt; of the atherosclerosis ad subsequent coronary artery disease. In a healthy heart there are no plaques and the artery walls are intact. Pathology describes what is abnormal in certain diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cascade resulting to certain pathology or pathological condition is &lt;strong&gt;pathogenesis&lt;/strong&gt;. I consider &lt;strong&gt;pathophysiology&lt;/strong&gt; as a synonym for pathogenesis. I would even introduce a third term: &lt;strong&gt;etiopathogenesis&lt;/strong&gt;. As so, the pathogenesis or pathophysiology or atherosclerosis would be the following: LDL particles are carried in the blood. Once in the coronary arteries, LDL particles penetrate the inner layer of the artery wall. Inside the wall the LDL particles are broken to smaller particles. Marophages invade the wall and they phagocytes (digest) the small LDL particles. These macrophages becomes foam cells which are non-functional fat-laden macrophages just laying in the artery wall. When this process goes on continuously the artery wall starts to thick and cross area of the artery becomes smaller (stenosis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Epidemiology&lt;/strong&gt; is a whole another thing. It deals with disease prevalences and incidences in a population level. Following statements from Wikipedia regarding coronary artery disease deals with epidemiology of the disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CAD as of 2010 was the leading cause of death globally resulting in&#xA;  over 7 million deaths&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for both&#xA;  men and women and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the&#xA;  United States every year. According to present trends in the United&#xA;  States, half of healthy 40-year-old men will develop CAD in the&#xA;  future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T17:49:32.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1890" CreationDate="2015-08-18T18:11:41.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Biotin or vitamin B7 is a very common vitamin. It is widely available in all kinds of foods and what is more important intestinal bacteria produces biotin. As so true, acquired deficiency of biotin in modern world is practically non-existent (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin#General_overview&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are however some genetic mutations which can lead to biotin deficiency (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_deficiency&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;). One of the prominent symptoms of inborn biotin deficiency is alopecia or hair loss. Due to this biotin supplements are often marketed as a treatment for hair loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent review in a high quality dermatology journal recaps the current treatments for male and female hair loss (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793935&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). Authors conclude that &quot;No clinical trials showing efficacy treating hair loss; in vitro studies show no influence of biotin on cultured human follicular keratinocytes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not waste my money on biotin supplement due to the very negligible likelihood of biotin deficiency causing hair loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-18T18:11:41.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1913" CreationDate="2015-08-18T23:18:05.780" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been suffering of head aches for a while, each time the pain stars in the neck and rises to the top of my head manifesting it self as a nagging pain accompanied with pulsating sensation at the temples and back of my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been meticulously keeping track of all posible things that could be causing the problem, and I've come to the conclusion that I'm being poisoned (maybe some medicament given to me without my contentment also could be the reason).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been keeping track of all the things that I eat or drink for almost a year now, and each time the illness seems to come after receiving some food or drink coming from the people I suspect is trying to poison me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't afford the tests and examinations that some laboratories and doctors could cost, and those might be not be reliable in a developing country like mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would you recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1361" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T00:30:10.050" Title="Recurrent head aches, posible cause some poisoning, any recommendation?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-27T00:11:22.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1912" CreationDate="2015-08-19T00:30:10.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be many, many different things, common causes include neck problems, migraines can be brought on by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/headache/basics/causes/sym-20050800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stress and/or trigger foods,  dehydration and skipped meals&lt;/a&gt;, anxiety about receiving food brought by others could also be a big trigger. High blood pressure can also cause regular headaches, and it can be a side-effect of medications and caused bby alcohol or drugs. Too many painkillers can also cause rebound headaches. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worries that others are trying to poison you can be caused by some mental health conditions, examples of &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/412061.stm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paranoia include fear of food/drink being poisioned&lt;/a&gt;, paranoia can occur on its own, or in schizophrenia spectrum disorders,  borderline personality disorder, even depression and anxiety can include some paranoia. That doesn't mean that the headaches are not there - it just means that other people are not deliberately causing them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medications can have paranoia as a side effect. It could be that the headaches have a different cause than poisioning, and that nobody is trying to harm you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things can you try to help work out what is happening:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;get a &lt;strong&gt;basic health checkup&lt;/strong&gt; - this is the most important thing you can do and probably won't involve expensive things like blood tests but will quickly check the most common causes of headaches&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;record your recent medication history, including whether any have changes since symptoms began - do not stop drugs, just keep the record update if anything changes, some medication can make you very ill if you suddenly stop it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid alcohol, smoking and drugs that aren't prescribed by a doctor (like cocaine, cannabis, diet pills) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check the 'patient information' for your medications, and how common each side effect is, psych med details can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://crazymeds.us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - written by the people taking the meds - nobody gets every symptom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;get your blood pressure and eyesight checked, quick and cheap - a basic health check will do this&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;see if you have pain or stickness around your neck which might be causing it or contributing to it, see a physiotherapist or try yoga etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;add monitoring your stress levels to your food/drink diary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check your food/drink diary against common trigger foods for headaches, including snacks like chocolate and drinks like coffee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask if anyone else in your house gets regular headaches, or if any blood relatives do, and if they know the reason&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;talk to your relatives about your worries that the food or drink is triggering your headaches, and how to fix it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really, really think you should get a basic medical health check as soon as you can. Things like blood pressure only take 5 minutes to check and many people with headaches, and many people with mental health problems in the past &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rethink.org/living-with-mental-illness/wellbeing-physical-health/health-checks/what-gets-checked&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;don't get regular health checks&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1127" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T00:30:10.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3863" CreationDate="2015-08-19T03:55:15.307" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who has had Tourette syndrome since he was a child. He is 26 now, the Tourette is mild, involving shoulder twitching. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any treatment that bring the syndrome to a negligible/manageable level without taking any medication? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="582" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T03:50:29.890" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T03:50:29.890" Title="Treatment for mild Tourette syndrome" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;&lt;tourette-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-19T18:26:05.893" Score="2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is motivated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/6296/16959&quot;&gt;this Skeptics SE answer&lt;/a&gt; which refers to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/newscience/eating-vegetables-with-fish-increases-cancer-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; synopsised as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating vegetables rich in nitrogen in the same meal with fish increases risks for liver cancer, finds a laboratory study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of liver cancer slightly increases when eating fish together with certain naturally high-nitrate vegetables in the same meal, report researchers in a recent issue of Toxicological Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true and proven, by many reputable others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T21:02:09.720" Title="Eating vegetables rich in nitrogen, with fish, increases cancer risk?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1238" CreationDate="2015-08-19T20:39:21.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I can answer this question as I'm in similar situation.&#xA;You can definitely gain weight by following these steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consult a doctor&lt;/strong&gt; and get yourself checked so as to make sure that you don't have any medical problem or any food allergy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because you need to gain weight, you will have to &lt;strong&gt;start eating more&lt;/strong&gt; than you do now. So, increase your number of meals from 3 to 4 and from 4 to 5. First, eat less in each diet but increase diet frequency. A time will come when you will start eating after every two hours of so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exercise&lt;/strong&gt;. It will take regular practise but you can start with these &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9dfU99VvuQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Youtube video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And you need to make sure that you eat healthy afterwards you start gaining weight. It will confirm that the weight you gain is not in fat. So exercises and proper diet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hoping that you follow these steps and do not give up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-weight/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T20:32:49.760" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1917" CreationDate="2015-08-19T20:51:15.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/116/1/323.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article itself&lt;/a&gt; doesn't make such strong claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... we conclude that the consumption of fish/vegetable meals appears to lead to only marginal increases of human cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that only based on a few theoretical assumptions. You can e.g. also assume that for cancer to develop you need the immune system to miss some problems which may be far less likely to happen when you introduce a very small effect. There is then an effective threshold that must be overcome. In such a scenario, the marginal increase wouldn't exist at all.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-08-19T20:51:15.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7582" CreationDate="2015-08-21T02:05:19.910" Score="9" ViewCount="660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wear ear plugs while sleeping every night. Is such long-term use of ear plugs harmful in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been doing so the past 5 years without any noticeable problems or effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7" LastEditorDisplayName="user7" LastEditDate="2016-07-30T02:21:55.903" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T06:21:26.560" Title="Is long-term use of ear plugs harmful?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T03:58:55.273" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 19 years old, around 1.62 meters tall and a weight of 55 kilograms, and I want to increase my height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to do it at my age? If so, can I have a specific diet or use growth hormones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1380" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T17:47:01.127" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T17:47:01.127" Title="How can I increase my height?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;height&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-08-21T14:28:42.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1063" CreationDate="2015-08-21T04:20:42.137" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleeping in a prone position is not bad. However there are some complications of it that can be negative. A simple example is drooling. A more important problem with sleeping in a prone position is poor posture. Most people don't have a bed like a chiropractic table that allows them to breathe with their face straight down while maintaining a neutral spine. Due to this lack of beds designed for the prone sleeper they have to turn their head to the side. This extreme rotation held for 8 hours can cause neck pain. Most people who sleep that way also use a pillow under their head and/or upper body causing excessive and prolonged lumbar extension. This can lead to low back pain. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acatoday.org/JacaDisplay1.cfm?CID=4488&amp;amp;DisType=PDF&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Amer Chiropr Assoc 2011 May-June;48(4):17-18&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The textbooks and the research I've seen always say the best sleep position maintains a neutral spine. That means on your back with a pillow supporting your neck and one supporting your knees. Alternatively you can sleep on your side with a pillow supporting your neck, head, and the top arm as well as a pillow between the knees. This will keep the spine in a neutral position. I always tell my patients that the best way to sleep is the one that gives you a good, full nights sleep. You can probably improve your sleep with a few modifications, but if you are a side sleeper, you'll have a difficult time trying to force yourself to your back because, you're not conscious at the time. The Mayo Clinic has some excellent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/multimedia/sleeping-positions/sls-20076452?s=3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;images&lt;/a&gt; that can help with modifications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People tend to sleep in positions that are comfortable for them. If all day long they sit or work in a flexed posture then their body may crave the extension of their low back that comes from prone positions. In fact they may sleep prone because of back pain caused by excessive flexion. We've all seen this phenomenon before as we squirm in our chair or our legs ache to stretch when on a long flight or car ride. Motion and proper posture affects every aspect of our life. More research can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.posturezone.com/pages/Resources&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;  (No Affiliation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastEditorUserId="1370" LastEditDate="2015-08-21T15:51:24.587" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T15:51:24.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T04:59:25.357" Score="6" ViewCount="874" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I recall correctly, Chlamydia, HPV, Gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV require both parties to have cuts/sores for transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specific questions, assuming no cuts/sores:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible transmitted diseases if saliva/semen/pre-cum/etc is swallowed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible transmitted diseases if fluids (pre-cum/semen/saliva/etc) are spilled on the vagina, or the head of the penis?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1381" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T11:57:46.700" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T01:58:02.550" Title="What STDs can be transmitted if both parties have no open sores/cuts?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-21T06:56:29.147" Score="8" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's commonly accepted that most treatments for enteral poisons aren't very useful for alcohol, because it is absorbed so rapidly. For example, by the time a hospital could administer activated charcoal, most likely nearly all of the alcohol would already have passed into the blood. But what about preemptive treatment? If one were to expect a night of heavy drinking, what could be done in advance to decrease absorption and/or limit effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T09:50:48.613" Title="Preemptive treatment for alcohol" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1925" CreationDate="2015-08-21T10:25:46.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you are searching for hung-over drugs :). I don´t see any problems with that. I have many times wondered the same thing. If you search online one will find hundreds and thousands of journal articles stating &quot;the remedy for hang-over&quot;. Of course these &quot;remedies&quot; are based just on folklore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also some scientific literature on this topic. The most comprehensive is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a systematic review published 2005 in British Medical Journal.&lt;/a&gt;. Unfortunately the authors conclude: &lt;em&gt;&quot;The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to practise abstinence or moderation&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am quite sure that if an effective treatment to reduce or limit the effects of alcohol were to exist, that would have gained popularity beyond any limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would present on interesting theory to try. Alcohol or ethanol itself is not the bad guy. Body processes ethanol by oxidating it to acethaldehyde with the help from alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. The acethaldehyde is responsible for all the bad, including nausea, vomiting etc. It is also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde#Carcinogenicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carcinogen&lt;/a&gt; associated most importantly to gastric cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To deal with this potential carcinogenity, a Finnish biotechnology Company Biohit has introduced a drug called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acetium.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetium&lt;/a&gt;. It is a very simple drug, it only contains l-cysteine, an essential amino acid. The trick is that L-cysteine reacts with acethaldehyde forming a compound molecule which has no meaning or effect in human body. As so the Biohit aims to market this product as a pre-emptive treatment for gastric cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OldWs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OldWs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the interesting part if, that is L-cysteine neutralizes acetaldehyde, why could not it therefore be an effective treatment for hangover? Just take some Acetium before drinking and do not worry about the next Morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Totally unrelated to the OP&lt;/strong&gt;. My secret dream is to perform a randomized controlled trial about this idea. Of course, prior to it, I should contact Biohit to make sure that I receive the appropriate rojalties from their sells. Let´s say this treatment really worked in my trial, I would most likely become a multi-billionaire. Alongside I would be responsible for tripling or quadrupling the amount of consumed alcohol around the world since no one would ever suffer from hang-over. People would however get more drunk since this drug only prevents hangover. As so, the rate of homicides, beatings and drunk driving would go thorough the roof. Maybe I should not be waiting any medal from the parliament or president. Perhaps I should abandon my research idea.... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T10:25:46.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1922" CreationDate="2015-08-21T10:47:31.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible in any means. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The growth of a child or a teenager is mainly due to the epiphyseal or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;growth plates&lt;/a&gt; in the long bones of the body. The most important long bones are tibia, femur and humerus. Throughout the growing years of a human, cells divide constantly in the epiphyseal plates thus making the bones longer. Around the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/growth-and-development/physical-growth-and-sexual-maturation-of-adolescents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;age 17 (little earlier in girls)&lt;/a&gt; the growth stops. The hallmark of this biological phenomenon is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/growth/growth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ossification of the growth plates&lt;/a&gt; and the cell division has ended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so in your age, there are no biological &quot;sources&quot; on growth which could be boosted in ways. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-21T10:47:31.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="780" CreationDate="2015-08-21T15:52:35.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beyond addressing injuries, or as a treatment, massage has been shown to have many health benefits for otherwise healthy individuals in addition to feeling good.&#xA;Here are some examples of health benefits that have some research to back them up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.uic.edu/massage-therapy-improves-circulation-alleviates-muscle-soreness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Decreasing Blood Pressure and improved circulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www6.miami.edu/touch-research/AdultMassage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reduced anxiety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/561753/abs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Improved Sleep&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229711000025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Improved interpersonal relationships and feelings of self worth&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027322970500033X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Increased alertness and ability to concentrate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of these benefits can also be gained by other means such as exercise or meditation, but that does not diminish the fact that massage is a means of achieving these benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-08-28T05:09:33.377" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T05:09:33.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1925" CreationDate="2015-08-22T06:55:24.537" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest for hangover reduction to ensure good hydration before and during the drinking session. &#xA;Eat some sugar and drink a pint of water before bed. &#xA;Good idea to ensure that the person has fed well before the session. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1390" LastActivityDate="2015-08-22T06:55:24.537" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-22T23:03:25.770" Score="4" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;A neuropeptide, I suppose, or some pharmacological activity that facilitates the transmission of pain or stress signals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1395" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T09:45:08.593" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T09:45:08.593" Title="Is there a negative counterpart to endorphins?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1938" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-23T04:09:42.350" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the recommended DI of glucose/added sugars for a performing athlete, say, participating in a high intensity sport?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According the American Heart Association an average male is recommended 37.5 grams/day while an average female is recommended 25 grams/day. How much do these values vary in comparison to a performing athlete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1396" LastActivityDate="2015-08-23T04:09:42.350" Title="Added sugar RDI for a performing athlete" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T00:37:24.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-23T14:01:31.873" Score="3" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any certain treatment for restless leg syndrome?!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;my father is 52 and it's really bothering him when he wanna go to sleep (anytime of day or night). He has the most severe form of this syndrome. He tried different tablets like different Sedative and Barbital drugs. &#xA;These days, he is taking &quot;Methadone&quot;.&#xA;I was wondering if there is any certain treatment for this rare syndrome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1394" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T06:11:15.070" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T06:11:15.070" Title="Restless Legs Syndrome treatment" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1614" CreationDate="2015-08-23T20:44:38.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found these water injectors on Amazon which squirt a thin stream of water for several dozen seconds and have a curved tip that can reach back into the crevices of tonsils. I was able to remove several of the tonsilliths. The tips are slightly rough but I suppose they can be cut or filed. Shining a flashlight with the other hand lets you see what you are doing. I had hoped for a vacuum solution but this seems to work for less money. Just take a deep breath and hold your breath while doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B007Y8230G&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B007Y8230G&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2015-08-23T20:44:38.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1942" CreationDate="2015-08-24T07:06:37.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Restless Legs Syndrome (a.k.a. Willis-Ekbom Disease) is not rare! What it is is woefully under-diagnosed. Not that you asked, but, although estimates of prevalence vary widely depending on the criteria used, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1084803&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5-8% of people in Europe/U.S&lt;/a&gt; have clinically significant RLS/WED, with women affected about twice as often as men. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to what you did ask: treatment of RLS/WED. In most situations, there is no &lt;em&gt;curative&lt;/em&gt; treatment. However, there are excellent (mostly pharmacologic) treatments available to suppress symptoms. A few words about the various treatments by class:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iron.&lt;/strong&gt; For reasons that are not fully understood, even sub-clinical (i.e. otherwise non-problematic) iron deficiency is associated with an increased prevalence of RLS/WED, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;treatment with iron has been repeatedly shown to be helpful in that population&lt;/a&gt;. Recommendations vary, but most people would agree that iron supplementation should be provided to raise ferritin &gt;20 μg/L, with some advocating cut-offs as high as 50 μg/L. Transferrin saturation should also be &gt; 16% - 20%. Occasionally, RLS symptoms completely resolve with treatment of iron deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dopaminergic agents.&lt;/strong&gt; L-dopa (the therapeutic ingredient in Sinemet) has long been known to be effective treatment for RLS/WED. Unfortunately, it tends to promote &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24978636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;“augmentation”&lt;/a&gt;, where the drug ends up causing an iatrogenic worsening of symptoms over time, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;necessitating a change in treatment&lt;/a&gt; The newer dopamine agonists - pramipexole and ropinirole - have a lower (although still existent and commonly problematic during long-term treatment) incidence of augmentation. These are the medications most people start with for treating RLS. Nearly all patients who are correctly diagnosed will have at least partial improvement in RLS/WED symptoms with introduction of dopamine agonists. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alpha-2-delta agents&lt;/strong&gt;. This is a class of anti-epileptic drugs that has been increasingly used for treatment of RLS in recent years. The advantage of these drugs over dopaminergic agents is mostly that they are much less likely to cause augmentation. (Some would say that augmentation is &lt;em&gt;exclusively&lt;/em&gt; a dopaminergic phenomenon, but this is debated.) The most commonly used drugs in the U.S. in this category are gabapentin and pregabalin. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24521108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;landmark study in 2014&lt;/a&gt; published in the New England Journal indicated that pregabalin is at least as effective as pramipexole, with a much lower incidence of augmentation. These drugs may become first-line agents in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opiods&lt;/strong&gt;. You mentioned a family member on methadone for RLS/WED. This medication in particular &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is remarkably effective for RLS&lt;/a&gt;. There was also a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24140442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent study demonstrating the efficacy of oxycodone&lt;/a&gt;. Opioids have many side effects for long term usage (some of the more problematic: respiratory depression, potential for overdose, abuse potential, constipation). However, particularly for patients who have been suffering from RLS for many years and experienced augmentation with dopaminergic agents, opioids are at times appropriate and generally provide substantial relief. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the most recent practice parameters from the American Association of Sleep Medicine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460396&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a recent meta-analysis of treatment options&lt;/a&gt; for further information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-08-24T07:06:37.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2020" CreationDate="2015-08-24T10:24:49.397" Score="5" ViewCount="3361" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, maybe not pure alcohol, but let's say someone who had a heavy night of drinking and didn't drink water but only flammable beverages... Is there any chance his or her urine could be flammable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="503" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T01:23:49.033" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T01:23:49.033" Title="If I drink a lot of alcohol, will my urine be flammable?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;urine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1949" CreationDate="2015-08-24T13:35:36.620" Score="9" ViewCount="3814" Body="&lt;p&gt;We recently took our toddler to the Alps, and I was surprised when multiple people asked me if I was worried about her getting an ear infection due to the high altitude (the highest point was 2770 m). We checked with her pediatrician last year before visiting high altitudes when she was 7 months old, and he made no mention of possible ear infections due to altitude (slow acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness and lots of sunscreen, yes, but no other concerns). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, she got an ear infection during our trip. Was it a coincidence? Is increased likelihood of an ear infection when visiting high altitude an old wives tale or is there some truth to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1404" LastActivityDate="2020-12-19T06:18:54.027" Title="Are ear infections more likely when visiting high altitudes?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1948" CreationDate="2015-08-25T00:04:25.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that high altitudes can cause an increased risk of ear infection. JohnP mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1948/are-ear-infections-more-likely-when-visiting-high-altitudes#comment3737_1948&quot;&gt;his comment&lt;/a&gt; that on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000638.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health (NIH) website for acute ear infections&lt;/a&gt;, it says that &quot;Changes in altitude or climate&quot; can increase the risk of getting an ear infection. The reason for this is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002077.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explained on the NIH website&lt;/a&gt;. That page describes very succinctly what happens to your ears when you experience changes changes altitude (ie: going up a mountain, flying in a plane).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The air pressure outside of your body changes as altitude changes. This creates a difference in pressure on the two sides of the eardrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This difference in pressure can block your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eustachian tube&lt;/a&gt;, the tube that connects the back of your nose and upper throat to your middle ear, which can cause an ear infection. A blockage in the Eustachian tube can also lead to something known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ear barotrauma&lt;/a&gt;, which is just discomfort in the ear, not a full ear infection, but may look and feel similar to one if it is severe enough. It should also be noted that young children are at a much higher risk for their Eustachian tube to be blocked, which may also be a contributing factor to why your daughter got an ear infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000638.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH: Ear infection - acute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002077.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH: Ear - block at high altitudes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH: Ear barotrauma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blocked-eustachian-tubes-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD: Blocked Eustachian Tubes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/ear-barotrauma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healtline: Ear Barotrauma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T22:49:27.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1958" CreationDate="2015-08-25T11:17:32.900" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people after drinking energy drinks, coffee and/or some mental illness medication feel their hearts beating stronger or louder but at the same bpm as without stimulants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the term used to describe this? Palpitation? I've always thought that was for faster beats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-08-25T14:30:17.567" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T22:27:58.660" Title="What is the term used for stronger heart beats at average bpm?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-25T12:03:02.333" Score="6" ViewCount="2155" Body="&lt;p&gt;For stimulants such as Methylphenidate and coffee, it is at least an hour, so I &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskDocs/comments/30rif5/18mg_concerta_and_a_cup_of_coffee_now_have_a/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stimulant + Stimulant = Stimulated. Don't take your Concerta with&#xA;  coffee in future. Space them out at least an hour or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be safe I do at least three hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about antidepressants? Is it safe to take to take antidepressants and coffee at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Safe is used in relation to that taking coffee with Methylphenidate is not safe due to the synergy or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T10:02:46.690" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T10:02:46.690" Title="How much space should be in between taking an antidepressant and drinking coffee?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-25T18:47:28.780" Score="3" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been about 9 months since I have had ultrasound, MRI, and blood tests performed on me AFTER I was diagnosed with hydrocele and varicocele in my scrotum by the emergency center. I, of course, went to the urologist, and they're the one's who ordered all of these tests on me. They said my varicocele wasn't significant enough to be uncommon. They found nothing abnormal after all these tests. So, I just let it go. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms of dull ache and pain persisted, which became aggravated when I did physical activity, especially anything involving my legs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 2 months ago, I played very intense basketball after a while, and it's been on elevated pain since then. I scheduled a trip to the urologist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel a scrotal mass or lump on one of my testicles. I looked it up, and it's possible that it's a lot of things. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is it possible that I have testicular cancer if all those tests were performed on me 9 months ago? Would they not have caught it back then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1415" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:37:48.877" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:37:48.877" Title="Would testicular cancer have been detected before?" Tags="&lt;testicles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-09-26T20:53:36.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1951" CreationDate="2015-08-25T22:27:58.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, palpitations is the correct term. Another term for it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001100.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ectopic beats&lt;/a&gt;, which includes the sensation of skipped or irregular beats and occasional forceful beats. If the beats are a regular rhythm but consistent and forceful, they're more likely due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;systolic hypertension&lt;/a&gt; and generally wouldn't be called palpitations (though calling them that wouldn't be wrong per se).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another interesting cause is what's known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson&amp;#39;s_water_hammer_pulse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;water hammer pulse&lt;/a&gt;, but that's a very different pattern and doesn't seem to be what you're describing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-25T22:27:58.660" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1966" CreationDate="2015-08-26T06:57:13.700" Score="5" ViewCount="14056" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently discovered &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerade#cite_ref-USA_Today_article_5-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Powerade Zero&lt;/a&gt;, which apparently has zero sugar / zero calories and is artificially sweetened by sucralose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally when I'm concerned about sugar content (which is basically all the time, because nearly everything has loads of sugar in it nowadays) I check the nutritional information, and it's always there, Sugars ... &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; grams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with sucralose, there's no line for it in the nutrition label. I can find it in the ingredients list of course, but there's no indication of quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have three questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much sucralose does Powerade Zero contain?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't the quantity provided in the nutrition label (for sucralose as well as many other ingredients)? Does the absence of quantity information mean that it's not significant / shouldn't be a concern?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way for a random ignoramus like me to get this information without having to ask this question on Stack Exchange and wait/hope for an expert to answer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1422" LastEditorUserId="1422" LastEditDate="2015-08-27T06:07:39.330" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T20:01:10.910" Title="How much sucralose does Powerade Zero contain? Why does that information not appear to be provided?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1963" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1964" CreationDate="2015-08-26T16:31:15.750" Score="4" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have much knowledge about the ingredients of soap and the differences between composition of beauty and anti-bacterial soaps. I want to know, are beauty soaps effective against germs like anti-bacterial soaps? Is there any benefit of using anti-bacterial ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1427" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-08-26T23:41:30.007" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T23:41:30.007" Title="Are beauty soaps effective against germs?" Tags="&lt;soap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1963" CreationDate="2015-08-26T17:14:46.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There may be some benefit in using anti-bacterial soaps in more clinical settings where people already have compromised immune systems, but most of the research points to there being no real benefits to using anti bacterial soaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soap works by reducing the surface tension of the oils and dirt on skin, allowing them to be washed away with water. All soaps achieve this. Anti bacterial soaps add agents such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan&quot;&gt;triclosan&lt;/a&gt; to kill surface bacteria. While it does achieve these aims, it also kills beneficial bacteria that reside on the skin, and has not been proven in studies to reduce infection rates. The US based FDA has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm378393.htm&quot;&gt;also raised questions about it&lt;/a&gt; increasing bacterial resistance, as well as higher exposure levels than actually reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while there may be beneficial uses in clinical settings, in general for the home, using warm/hot soap and water, combined with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/&quot;&gt;a good technique&lt;/a&gt; for handwashing should be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T17:14:46.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1973" CreationDate="2015-08-26T17:25:29.943" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it best to place a Diclofenac patch before or after the effort, in order to avoid to mitigate the impact of the effort on a tendinopathy? (if placed before, the patch would be be kept during and after effort as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T22:25:23.980" Title="Diclofenac patch before or after the effort?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1961" CreationDate="2015-08-26T17:36:50.867" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sucralose&lt;/a&gt; is considered to be a non nutritive sweetener, since the body does not break down the majority of the sucralose molecule. Because of that, it's considered to be non caloric, so it won't be included under the nutrition information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the quantity, there is no requirement under FDA regulations that the specific amounts be listed, and would probably violate copyright patents, as then people could duplicate the formula. As pointed out in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/283/how-do-you-read-a-us-nutrition-label&quot;&gt;the top answer here&lt;/a&gt;, ingredients are listed in order of percentage, so the ingredient that makes up the most of the product is listed first, the next second, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as finding out, many search engines and product reviews may help, as it is just legwork and patience that will get you the information that you need (in most cases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there have been some recent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cautions against sucralose&lt;/a&gt;, since an Italian study showed a link between increased cancer risk with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244603.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased consumption of sucralose&lt;/a&gt; (as well as aspartame). I do stress that these are early studies, and have not yet been followed up with further research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-08-26T17:36:50.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1879" CreationDate="2015-08-27T01:09:01.950" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;This event occurred in the US. In the US, enzootic (dog-to-dog) canine rabies virus has been virtually eliminated through vaccination and stray control programs, making wild animals the primary concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is quite true, as @EMT_Jedi stated, that rabies is usually caused by an animal's saliva, usually introduced by a bite (e.g. rabid cats, raccoons, etc.) However, this is &lt;strong&gt;not true&lt;/strong&gt; of bat-related rabies. There is reason to be vaccinated after any strange contact with a bat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most dangerous and common route of rabies exposure is from the bite of a rabid mammal. An exposure to rabies also might occur when the virus, from saliva or other potentially infectious material (e.g., neural tissue), is introduced into fresh, open cuts in skin or onto &lt;em&gt;mucous membranes&lt;/em&gt; (nonbite exposure). &lt;strong&gt;...Exposures to bats deserve special assessment because bats can pose a greater risk for infecting humans under certain circumstances that might be considered inconsequential from a human perspective.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How dangerous is a bat encounter? From a risk to benefit ratio analysis, they are very, very dangerous. On the one hand, not all bats are infected with rabies, and there are some risks to the vaccine (fewer with the new vaccine, though.) On the other, rabies is considered universally fatal, making the benefit of treatment high. Only a few humans (including &lt;a href=&quot;http://hubpages.com/hub/Rabies-in-Humans-Symptoms-and-Treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jeanna Giese&lt;/a&gt;) have ever survived the illness&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;; until these recent survivals, rabies was considered universally fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During 1990-2007, 34 bat-associated human cases of rabies (as determined by identification of the rabies virus variant which killed the victim) were reported in the US: 6 cases reported a bat bite, and 2 reported a probable bite; in 15 cases, physical contact was reported (e.g., the removal of a bat from the home or workplace or the presence of a bat in the room where the person had been sleeping), but no bite was documented; and in 11 cases, no bat encounter was reported, but the rabies virus was bat-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: Of 34 deaths from bat-related rabies virus, only 8 (or 24%) were associated with a bite/probable bite, 15 cases (44%) involved &lt;em&gt;touching&lt;/em&gt; a bat, and in 11 cases (32%) had no known exposure to a bat at all, but were caused by a bat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Any encounter with a bat, even a dead one, must be evaluated for post-exposure prophylaxis.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case discussed in the OP, the person was previously vaccinated. The CDC recommendation (also verified by the state department of health's epidemiologist), is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Previously vaccinated persons... should receive 2 vaccine doses, the first dose immediately and the second dose 3 days later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Previously vaccinated persons are those 1. who have previously received complete vaccination regimens (pre-exposure or postexposure) with a cell culture vaccine or 2. persons who have been vaccinated with other types of vaccines and have previously had a documented rabies virus neutralizing antibody titer.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rabies cases have occurred among exposed persons who received rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis and did not receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis, indicating that pre-exposure prophylaxis in humans is not universally effective without postexposure prophylaxis. In other words, it doesn't matter if you've been vaccinated or not, if you've been exposed - especially to a bat - you need to be treated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, in the US, animal rabies is common, and ~23,000 persons/ year receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). (It may well be higher, as no reporting mandate exists.) With the elimination of canine rabies virus variants and enzootic transmission among dogs, human rabies is now rare in the United States, with an average of one or two cases occurring annually since 1960.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US in 2013, of the three human cases reported, 2 were involved in organ transplants (raccoon rabies virus variant) and one was a Guatemalan (canine rabies virus variant). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2012, one human died from an exposure to a bat. He touched a bat under a bridge. He did not report a bite to a witness. He became ill while traveling, and died in Switzerland. A number of humans exposed to his saliva (including his Swiss caregivers) received PEP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Some people in high-rabies areas without the illness have been documented to have developed antibodies to rabies. The mechanism is unknown.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5703a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Rabies Prevention - United States, 2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/38113490_Epidemiology_of_rabies_post-exposure_prophylaxisUnited_States_of_America_20062008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epidemiology of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis—United States of America, 2006–2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5902a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use of a Reduced (4-Dose) Vaccine Schedule for Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2018-12-19T14:22:09.613" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T14:22:09.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="1968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5081" CreationDate="2015-08-27T02:59:15.027" Score="4" ViewCount="808" Body="&lt;p&gt;I discovered I have low cortisol levels (11,35 μg/dL) but I never had any of those symptoms listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.udemy.com/low-cortisol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. My mom also has low cortisol levels. I have no HIV, no known auto-immune diseases, I believe I'm vaccinated against tuberculosis, however my doctor gave me hydrocortisone pills to take each morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is normal to treat low cortisol levels without symptoms? Is it normal not to perform any further screening of possible causes (my doctor didn't)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:13:01.653" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:13:01.653" Title="Should chronic low cortisol be treated if the patient has no symptoms?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2015-08-27T07:28:06.033" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each blood level value has it´s reference values. Those reference values are obtained using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;95% reference interval&lt;/a&gt; from the healthy persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All blood levels in healthy humans have Gaussian distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EHvzp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EHvzp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it is not possible to state an &lt;strong&gt;absolute minimum or maximum&lt;/strong&gt; value for any blood marker. Instead the lower and upper value are chosen in way that 95% of the healthy persons are included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, a blood marker which surprisingly falls below the lower reference value (or above the upper reference value) in the absence of any clinical symptoms is not concerning. It just means that you probably belong to those 2.5% of healthy persons who has a certain blood level below the majority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T07:28:06.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1978" CreationDate="2015-08-27T07:30:16.567" Score="3" ViewCount="4302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last night, I read a horror story about a baseball coach who assaulted his star player after training because she made his son look bad as the eternal number 2.  He fed her peanuts while she had a nut allergy twice and then forced himself on her. There were several minutes between the time she was first fed the nuts and when she managed to use her epi-pen, at least enough time for her coach to feed her a second handful of nuts, drag her into the announcer's area and violate her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I found weird was that she started feeling better instantly and managed to overpower the coach, run away, ambush him and beat him to death with her baseball bat in a few minutes. She also didn't go to the hospital afterwards to get further treatment for the reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought that an epi-pen needed more time to work, especially if there's also the stress from the simultaneous assault. I also thought that an epi-pen is not a magic health potion that removes the entire problem instantly and removes the need for a hospital visit to at least check up on things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does an epi-pen really work in this way, or was this a severe case of artistic license: medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1430" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:27:39.343" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:27:39.343" Title="How fast and effective does an epi-pen work against a peanut allergy reaction?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;&lt;epi-pen-epinephrine&gt;&lt;nuts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1965" CreationDate="2015-08-27T08:28:12.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am quite sure that there is no valid study to address your question &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all it seems that topical NSAID is pretty much the only some way effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis. Many other treatment modalities show no real effect. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A recent meta-analysis in CORR&lt;/a&gt; (1) pooled all treatments from valid RCTs and the combined net effect was sad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JjX56.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JjX56.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A recent Cochrane analysis&lt;/a&gt; (2) analyzed the treatment effect separately for each modality. The results were slightly more encouraging although the authors pointed out some methodological concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/599cw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/599cw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also refer to earlier question in health.SE which I have provided an answer. It was about NSAIDs and tissue healing: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1406/anti-inflammatory-painkillers-and-healing/1750#1750&quot;&gt;Do anti-inflammatory painkillers speed up healing?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As so, I would conclude that diclofenac patch indeed has some benefits. But from pragmatic approach I would not recommend using those patches before and during an effort. The pain in your elbow is an indicator for microscopic damage, mostly tears, and swelling. If you apply the patch before an effort the signal is suppressed and you might strain your tendon more than it would be physiological or reasonable. This leads to even more severe tendinopathy and I would consider that a vicious circle. Suppressing pain when it is indicating tissue damage is not advisable in my opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Sayegh, Eli T., and Robert J. Strauch. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18389480005378291846&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does Nonsurgical Treatment Improve Longitudinal Outcomes of Lateral Epicondylitis Over No Treatment? A Meta-analysis.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 473.3 (2015): 1093-1107.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Pattanittum, Porjai, et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7975028023763857139&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; The Cochrane Library (2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T22:25:23.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1952" CreationDate="2015-08-27T09:08:45.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well it depends on what antidepressant you are taking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine works as a substrate and as an inhibitor for an enzyme called CYP1A2 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976659&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). As so, metabolism of all other drugs which are processed by CYP1A2 enzyme are possibly influenced by administration of caffeine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following antidepressants are processed by CYP1A2 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amitriptyline&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;clomi- and imipramine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;agomelatine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluvoxamine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mirtazapine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;only partly&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The interaction between fluvoxamine and caffeine has been shown to exist in humans (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interaction between caffeince and others antidepressants has not been investigated in humans but animals tests have shown significant interactions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2007/6_727.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2001/4_351.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;,5&lt;/a&gt;). No reason to assume that these interaction would not exist in humans.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems reasonable not take coffee and aforementioned antidepressants at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-27T09:08:45.337" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1986" CreationDate="2015-08-27T17:58:13.727" Score="-1" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a blood test that contains the levels of parathyroid hormone, vitamin B6 and calcium, how to infer the level of vitamin D?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-08-28T01:19:29.500" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T22:30:06.860" Title="Inferring vitamin D level from levels of parathyroid hormone, vitamin B6 and calcium" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1996" CreationDate="2015-08-27T20:15:52.470" Score="13" ViewCount="9921" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the gallbladder really just a rudimental organ? If I undergo cholecystectomy, will my life expectancy be shorter than normal because of that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1437" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:19:01.340" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T02:19:01.340" Title="How does removal of the gallbladder affect life expectancy?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;cholecystectomy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1971" CreationDate="2015-08-28T05:01:03.873" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mild case of artistic license. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effects of epinephrine are rapid and can be dramatic, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/epipen-drug/consumer-uses.htm&quot;&gt;they're not long-lasting&lt;/a&gt;. EpiPens are only intended as a delaying tactic to buy time for the patient to get to more definitive medical care. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how much that matters depends on the severity of the reaction. If someone had a relatively mild reaction and used an EpiPen, could they continue to function and recover without medical care? Yes, absolutely, especially if their exposure was limited. EpiPens didn't always exist, after all, and anaphylaxis has never been 100% fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if the character was portrayed as having a severe, potentially lethal allergy to peanuts and was force-fed handfuls of them, I would expect her to spend days in the hospital, quite possibly in an ICU. She might manage to run or put up a fight for a while, but not for long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Portraying epinephrine as a magic potion was definitely artistic license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T05:01:03.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-28T07:27:10.017" Score="4" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been smoking a lot of cigarettes these days and am concerned about my lungs. Can/will the tar in my lungs from cigarettes ever be removed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1439" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T03:57:50.360" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T03:57:50.360" Title="Can the tar in our lungs from cigarettes be removed from our body after stopping smoking?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T00:47:50.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-28T14:56:54.403" Score="4" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to stop the beginning of a cavity from progressing into a bigger one? Is that even possible for the start of a cavity of a bottom wisdom tooth under the gums of a partly erupted wisdom tooth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1441" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T10:17:24.097" Title="Can the beginning of a cavity be halted in its tracks" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-08-27T00:27:33.723" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1983" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="1984" CreationDate="2015-08-28T15:45:32.803" Score="5" ViewCount="3069" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have melatonin pills that were stored in the bathroom for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The expiration date is still valid, but they have some weird dots that look like mold. Can I still take them? Will they even work? Will it be detrimental to my health if I take them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wk7yI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wk7yI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;moldy melatonin pills&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1442" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-08-29T18:49:16.783" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T18:49:16.783" Title="Can I take moldy melatonin pills?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1983" CreationDate="2015-08-28T19:06:18.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only are they moldy, it looks like they've also been damaged by moisture. See how the surface is rippled in spots? That's what water does to pills. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000534.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bathrooms are the worst place to store medicines because of the heat and humidity from showers and bathtubs.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the medicine is not safe to use despite being within the expiration date (see same link above). Although they might not hurt you (&quot;might&quot; being the key word), they are quite likely ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T19:06:18.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1975" CreationDate="2015-08-28T22:30:06.860" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exposure to adequate sunlight is a better predictor of vitamin D levels than PTH, B6, and calcium.  It's unlikely that a solid enough correlation exists between those and D.  If you're rarely exposed to sunlight wearing bathing suit attire during peak UVB hours (11am - 1pm in most of North America), and you also don't take a supplemental form, you're very likely to be on the low side, if not outright deficient.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to know for sure is to have your 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels checked via bloodworm.  If you like, you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grassrootshealth.net/daction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;go here&lt;/a&gt; to participate in a study that will let you measure your levels a couple times a year for 60 dollars.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is arguably the most important vitamin to supplement with for most people in developed countries.  Now being called a 'master hormone' by some researchers, it controls over 10% of the human genome through epigenetic influences.  Correction of vitamin D levels has been associated with improvements in a wide variety of illnesses, from depression to autoimmune disorders to hormonal imbalances.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optimal dosage is anywhere from 5,000 ius per day to as high as 20,000 ius for some people, though this is excessive for most.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1419" LastActivityDate="2015-08-28T22:30:06.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1878" CreationDate="2015-08-29T01:16:31.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A list of foods rich in vitamin B3 (niacin) is available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Vitamins/Food-Sources-of-Niacin.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Although meats are the richest source, those are often not soft to chew. However, if you look at that table you'll see that it shouldn't be difficult to consume the RDA even on a vegetarian diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T01:16:31.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-29T20:43:31.760" Score="4" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Wikipedia article it is said, that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality#Psychology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in &lt;code&gt;ICD-9&lt;/code&gt; homosexuality was listed as a disease&lt;/a&gt; and that it was removed from there in &lt;code&gt;ICD-10&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From third party sources, I knew, that homosexuality was listed under number &lt;code&gt;302.0&lt;/code&gt; in &lt;code&gt;ICD-9&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately in ICD-9 service &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icd9data.com/2012/Volume1/290-319/300-316/302/302.0.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;I see &lt;code&gt;Ego-dystonic sexual orientation&lt;/code&gt; under this number&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means person knows his orientation and wishes to change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is not what &quot;homosexuality&quot; means (sexual affection directed to same-sex partners).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is: was homosexuality itself ever classified as a disease and when it was?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1451" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:29:38.690" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:29:38.690" Title="In which version of the ICD was homosexuality classified as a disease?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1090" CreationDate="2015-08-29T21:01:07.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bones should be maximally immobilized. It is very painful and dangerous to move otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to walk, using only one crutch (I know this by practice). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably it is possible to use it on the side opposite to broken collar bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most probably, if we have complex fracture, it will be recommended to use carriage, especially on initial stages of recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1451" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T21:01:07.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1995" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2013" CreationDate="2015-08-29T21:26:52.757" Score="5" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;One common way to treat a tendinitis is to apply &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tendinitis/expert-answers/tendinitis/faq-20057872&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ice&lt;/a&gt;. How to judge whether the ice is not too cold, not too warm (so that it is effective)? If tendon-dependent, assume it is a tendinitis at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_compression_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold compression therapy&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that the body activates the hunting response after only &lt;strong&gt;10 minutes of cryotherapy, at temperatures less than 49F (9.5C)&lt;/strong&gt;. The hunting response is a cycle of vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow), then vasodilation (increased blood flow) that increases the delivery of oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the tissue. Increased blood flow can slow cell death, limit tissue damage and aid in the removal of cellular debris and waste products. Under normal circumstances the hunting response would be essential to tissue health but only serves to increase pain, inflammation and cell death as excess blood is forced into the area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but does not reference of the claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T01:50:59.770" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T01:50:59.770" Title="Applying ice to tendinitis: how cold should it be?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1977" CreationDate="2015-08-29T22:17:03.397" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very good and pragmatic question. I will answer no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, there are no studies to date which would have investigated the life expectancy after cholecystectomy. Of course this statement can be hardly profoundly backed up, but if you search &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cholecystectomy%20AND%20%22life%20expectancy%22&quot;&gt;PubMed with &quot;cholecystectomy AND &quot;life expectancy&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, none of the studies will look at this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG508&quot;&gt;NICE guideline&lt;/a&gt; and a recently published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200981&quot;&gt;review article in NEJM&lt;/a&gt;, which does not take any stance about the long term disadvantages such as reduced life expectancy after cholecystectomy. Moreover, laparoscopic cholecystectomies have been performed since 1985 and &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1900692-overview&quot;&gt;open cholecystectomies since 1882&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1582261-overview&quot;&gt;700 000 cholecystectomies&lt;/a&gt; are performed annually only in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that cholecystectomies have been performed more than 130 years and the total number performed only in US is probably some where around +10 mil, I am fairly certain that if this operation would indeed have definitive adverse long term effects, they would have been even suggested if not partly shown by some investigator some where to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, even tough some investigator would stated that cholecystectomy is associated to reduced life expectancy, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria&quot;&gt;Hill´s principles&lt;/a&gt; we should also be able to have some sort of plausibility in order to have causality between these two. I can´t up some up with reasonable plausibility at this moment....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-29T22:17:03.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="1997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T00:03:56.840" Score="3" ViewCount="4068" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to be very fit, but my lifestyle has slowly become more sedentary so that I am now overweight and very inflexible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this I am having more and more difficulty reaching my feet to put shoes and socks on and off, and to wash them and keep my nails trimmed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I need is a regime of stretches that will make me more supple and flexible, so that I can &quot;touch my toes&quot; with improved ease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have thought the primary joints involved in this would be my hips, but I'm open to any suggestions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anyone who can advise me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1452" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:03:17.420" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:03:17.420" Title="Exercise and stretches to help me reach my feet" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1253" CreationDate="2015-08-30T12:55:41.163" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The regulation of human body temperature (thermoregulation) is very subtle. Wikipedia article about thermoregulation contains a very nice graph about that mechanism.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OgG4H.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OgG4H.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The labels are not described in the text in detail and the reference in the caption does not include this picture. Picture is a work by one JW Dietrich and I also searched PubMed for this guy, but he has no works on this topic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another more pragmatic picture is here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bGim4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bGim4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fever or increased body temperature is almost solely caused by to the production &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever#Pathophysiology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)&lt;/a&gt;. PGE2 acts on the hypothalamus or the thermoregulator of the body and as a result body temperature increases (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever#Pathophysiology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). PGE2 production is controlled by the immune system. Fever is meant to have a good cause since fever is supposed to help killing the bacteria or viruses causing any illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antipyretics are drugs which interact with PGE2. Basically they suppress the formation of PGE2. In that way they &quot;treat&quot; the fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As can be seen from the control circuit describing the thermoregulation PGEs has nothing to with this process. Due to this, blocking non existing PGE2 production during normal body temperature has no effect whatsoever which would cause the body temperature to drop. Even it would happen with some mysterious cause, the body rapidly balance the situation as seen above in the figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T12:55:41.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1991" CreationDate="2015-08-30T16:05:59.053" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I should look at the actions of American Psychiatric Assocation (APA) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://roundtable.menloschool.org/issue10/3_Taylor_MS_Roundtable10_Fall_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although American homosexuals today are still struggling for equal&#xA;  rights, no shift has been more drastically beneficial for the status&#xA;  of homosexuality than its declassification as a mental illness. The&#xA;  American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees passed this&#xA;  groundbreaking decision unanimously on December 15, 1973, and&#xA;  subsequently released  a statement that rejected legal discrimination&#xA;  on the basis of sexual  orientation. In the publication of its&#xA;  monumental decision to remove  homosexuality from the Diagnostic and&#xA;  Statistical Manual of Mental  Disorders (DSM), the board cited “review&#xA;  of evidence[,]...changing  social norms and growing gay-rights&#xA;  activism.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And indeed, Medicine has a dark history when homosexuality was regarded as mental illness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-26520130R-bk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Classification of diseases as adopted by the Massachusetts General Hospital (1919)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVBw5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVBw5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-58010590R-bk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;military medicine&lt;/a&gt; in the year 1949 homosexuality was classified under &quot;psychopathy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/72Ujf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/72Ujf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5604593M/Noyes&amp;#39;_modern_clinical_psychiatry.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A &quot;modern&quot; perspective&lt;/a&gt; in 1968 was to consider pedophilia as a subtype of homosexuality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AQfHB.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AQfHB.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5704106M/Modern_perspectives_in_world_psychiatry.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;modern&quot; perspective&lt;/a&gt; in 1971 considered LSD as a &quot;treatment&quot; for homosexuality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vu5y4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vu5y4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, things were slightly different back in the days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="153" LastActivityDate="2015-08-30T16:05:59.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-30T20:38:56.320" Score="11" ViewCount="1362" Body="&lt;p&gt;I seem to have a problem with caffeine. I tend to experience a lot of the negative effects, like diuresis, extreme hunger suppression and paranoia, at two or three cups of coffee, while I don't experience the positive effects, like alertness and focus, without drinking as many as five or six cups. Are there chemicals with similar effects, but that aren't caffeine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T09:28:05.397" Title="Alternative to caffeine - same effects, different chemical" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1997" CreationDate="2015-08-30T21:10:06.720" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about physiotherapists, but one solution that is over thousand years old is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.artofliving.org/yoga/yoga-poses/sun-salutation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surya Namaskar, or Sun Salutations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One rep = two sets of yoga poses that give you a total body workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BI3DG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BI3DG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are someone who doesn't like to exercise, or is short on time, Surya Namaskar is definately for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended daily is 54 reps = 108 sets (according to Hindu numerology)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gradually build up your endurance and stamina. I am currently at 33 reps and I notice improved flexibility and strength&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Correction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One set is the 12 yoga poses that work both sides of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aim for 108 sets of 12. As of Aug 2016 I am on 72 sets of 12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T00:41:35.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3035" CreationDate="2015-08-31T16:13:40.890" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a twenty five year old male, pretty fit, no known conditions. I fainted last night for a few seconds and although I will get it checked out, it has to wait for a week or two so I thought I'd get an opinion here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very similar incident also happened a year and a half ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both cases, I was sitting on the floor/lying down for twenty or more minutes. I got up and within about ten seconds, I felt dizzy and lost consciousness and fell down. I regained it within ten seconds and was completely okay. I remembered everything upto the feeling dizzy part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing that worries me is that my dad has also had fainting spells of about one every year for the last three years (although not due to standing up suddenly). I'm not sure what his diagnosis is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a fainting history on standing in a young, otherwise healthy male, and a fainting history in his father, can the two be related? What might be the causes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1458" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T23:52:48.933" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T23:52:48.933" Title="Fainted history in both myself and my father. Can it be related?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;heredity&gt;&lt;syncope&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-08-31T17:12:08.060" Score="4" ViewCount="4864" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a science-fiction story, and a recent scene deals with someone tampering with the O2 levels of a ship's recycled atmosphere.  I find myself wondering, &lt;strong&gt;what is the ideal oxygen level for longterm health in humans?&lt;/strong&gt;  In other words, what were the ship's O2 levels set to before they were changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to my research Earth's air generally runs around 20.8-21% oxygen, and can be dangerous if it dips below 19.5% or so.  The ISS, for example, uses a basic sea-level air mixture of about 21%.  On the flip side, many athletes spend time in oxygen-rich environments to improve their training, and I know many scuba divers who use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nitrox&lt;/a&gt; tanks with up to 40% oxygen to give them energy and increase their focus, etc.  However, I also know that using enriched air like that can lead to long-term issues and oxygen toxicity at certain levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, &lt;strong&gt;are there oxygen mixtures more beneficial to longterm human life than the Earth-standard 21%?&lt;/strong&gt;  If you could control the air mixture of a ship, would it be more beneficial to set it at 25%, or 30%, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And just to be clear: I'm looking only for the longterm effects of the oxygen mixture on human health, and not other practical considerations (like chance of combustion, decompression, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="647" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T20:41:42.740" Title="What is the ideal oxygen air percentage for longterm health?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="2028" CreationDate="2015-08-31T21:09:56.870" Score="5" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got blood test results and they say &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Normal Range, High level of Vitamin D,1,25(OH)2, Total = 18 - 72 pg/mL&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but my level is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;96&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was researching this and found that it can be due to supplements, but I am not taking supplements with Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I stay indoors a lot, except to commute to work via public transportation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to find out what else can cause high level of Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T21:39:37.250" Title="High level of Vitamin D,1,25(OH)2, Total" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-01T05:37:22.417" Score="4" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently found out the hormonal patch is plastic and it got me wondering if that makes it water impermeable. I have always assumed it is just like the usual plaster used to cover wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1462" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T16:27:22.297" Title="Is the hormonal patch (used for contraception) waterproof?" Tags="&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1995" CreationDate="2015-09-01T20:03:32.250" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ice (cryotherapy) is a treatment for the inflammation which is secondary to the tendon injury its self. The inflammation is what usually causes the pain and can lead to additional compression injury of the surrounding tissue or chemical irritation of surrounding cells. With all of that said inflammation is a normal part of the healing process and should be controlled, not eliminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way that ice treats inflammation is by numbing pain and constricting blood vessels to reduce the amount of fluid flow to the area thus decreasing the amount of swelling. There are risks to using ice as with any treatment. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007506.htm&quot;&gt;The risks being that of cold exposure such as frost bite, blisters, pain, etc...&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid this risk is not usually a matter of temperature (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1983.5.2.66&quot;&gt;the goal often being a reduction of 10-15 degrees Celsius&lt;/a&gt;) so much as duration of exposure. It is true that the duration will vary based on the temperature, but when using ice in a clinical setting the temperature is usually 0 degrees because the ice is melting. To further reduce that risk it is often recommended that ice directly from a freezer never be placed directly on the skin, but should be wrapped because it could be colder than 0 degrees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general rule for cryotherapy is to apply ice until the area is numb or 20 minutes, which ever comes first. There is no definitive research out there regarding cryotherapy, and there are many &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nycc.edu/webdocs/ic/IQA/IQAFiles/Protocols/Chapter4/Cryotherapy4_1.pdf&quot;&gt;different modalities&lt;/a&gt; and techniques used clinically. There is no target temperature that every clinic uses and measurement would not be cost effective. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11510876&quot;&gt;One target temperature goal cited was 10-15 degrees Celsius of reduced temperature.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1983.5.2.66&quot;&gt;&quot;...the studies reviewed were inconsistent in&#xA;  describing the changes in swelling, blood flow, heart rate, blood pressure,&#xA;  intraarticular temperature, rheumatoid arthritis, monosynaptic reflex, and the&#xA;  muscle spindle.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information regarding magnitude of cooling with different modalities can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20446835&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastActivityDate="2015-09-01T20:03:32.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T12:22:16.600" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which daily exercise are helpful to maintain health for long? And in what amount we need to do that? How much Yoga is helpful for physical and mental health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="740" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T12:38:49.320" Title="Which daily exercise are helpful to maintain health for long?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-09-04T01:01:08.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1524" CreationDate="2015-09-02T16:47:08.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may depend on the pH of your mouth and saliva. Some people get more plaque and tartar than other people and it's inevitable to need more work during the bi-annual cleaning. If you are lucky and your pH and composition of saliva lead to less plaque, then it's also easier to avoid bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, the dentist needs to go below the gum line and this may easily bring some limited bleeding. It doesn't mean you are not cleaning your teeth well enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for the first paragraph: common sense but also &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01673.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01673.x/abstract&lt;/a&gt; &quot;The composition of the oral microbiota is influenced by temperature, pH, and atmosphere, as well as by the host defences and host genetics. In addition, the host supplies endogenous nutrients and a variety of surfaces for biofilm formation. In health, the resident oral microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, regulated by active host–microbe cross talk.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for the second paragraph: none official.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1472" LastEditorUserId="1472" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T15:22:55.047" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T15:22:55.047" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1401" CreationDate="2015-09-02T16:49:39.777" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rising removes the material the toothbrush detached. I see no reason NOT to rinse. The main use of tooth paste is actually to provide a suspension where the food and other particles can be incorporated during brushing. If you don't rinse, they will deposit again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choice.com.au/health-and-body/dentists-and-dental-care/dental-products/articles/toothpaste-whats-the-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.choice.com.au/health-and-body/dentists-and-dental-care/dental-products/articles/toothpaste-whats-the-difference&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Tartar is the build-up of hardened plaque that can lead to gum disease. Although regular brushing can minimise its build-up, tartar can only be properly removed by a dentist. Of the toothpastes we looked at, almost all contain a tartar suspension agent – the most common being pyrophosphates and xanthan gum – designed to suspend tartar particles in saliva and prevent them from clinging to teeth.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem03/chem03188.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem03/chem03188.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1472" LastEditorUserId="1472" LastEditDate="2015-09-03T15:27:55.333" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T15:27:55.333" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T20:58:09.553" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, should I try to find a diet that does not cause these noises? Maybe the sounds are indication of non-optimal food combinations that has an impact on dietary value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2015/03/30/noisy-stomach-normal-or-unhealthy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iffgd.org/site/manage-your-health/symptoms-causes/noisy-tummy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; (and more) stomach noises are normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T15:52:12.910" Title="Are stomach noises (without additional symptoms) a cause for worry?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T22:32:28.047" Score="1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;The medicines for cough threatment can be attributed to several classes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antibiotics and antiviral drugs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mucolytics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antitussives&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;expectorants &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bronchodilators&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other means of cough treatment with a well-understood mechanism of action, except by these categories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a counter-example of treatments with unclear mechanism of action, there are syrups based on mixes of herbs with obscure functions. Or &quot;folk remedies&quot; such as chicken soup or raspberry tea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1474" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T05:24:36.170" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T05:24:36.170" Title="Cough treatment with well-understood mechanism of action" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1946" CreationDate="2015-09-02T22:50:55.737" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The liver breaks down about 90% of alcohol consumed, &lt;a href=&quot;http://science.howstuffworks.com/alcohol4.htm&quot;&gt;with only about 5%&lt;/a&gt; excreted in the urine. To become combustible, the ethanol concentration in urine would have to approach &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-percentage-of-alcohol-is-needed-in-vodka-for-it-to-burn&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/a&gt; at room temperature, though 20% would combust at around body temperature. However, conversion of ethanol into acetate by the liver generates one molecule of water for each molecule of ethanol consumed. Since 18 times more alcohol is metabolized by the liver than is excreted in the urine, the water from all that liver metabolism would render the urine too dilute to combust even if it were not supplied by the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1003" LastEditorUserId="1003" LastEditDate="2015-09-02T22:56:31.630" LastActivityDate="2015-09-02T22:56:31.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-02T23:00:28.057" Score="4" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found a number of studies showing that diet and exercise improves insulin resistance and mortality. However, these studies are over some years. (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.paleo-leben.de/assets/Paleo-Artikel/Exercise-as-Medicine.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exercise as medicine&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For hypertension, there are studies showing various lifestyle changes can  result in lowering blood pressure measurably in 4 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there similar studies that show interventions (e.g. diet control, exercise) improves, say fasting blood sugar levels in short periods of time? (weeks not years)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to put it another way, what kinds of interventions causes the fastest improvements measurable diabetic risk factors (backed by studies)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T12:47:11.103" Title="Are there any studies showing that interventions affect diabetic risk measures in short periods of time?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4129" CreationDate="2015-09-03T05:28:48.373" Score="5" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a heroin addict is unable to shoot up again, how soon after the most recent dose will serious withdrawal symptoms occur?  Is it a matter of hours, or days? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T19:35:22.980" Title="How long does it take for heroin withdrawal to begin?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2017" CreationDate="2015-09-03T15:52:12.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stomach rumbles, or to give them their proper name of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/borborygmi&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;boborygmus&lt;/a&gt;, are the movement of gas and fluid in the intestines. This is a normal thing. Most of the time they are not loud enough to be audible, but they can occasionally be heard without the aid of a stethoscope. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also occur with incomplete digestion causing excess gas, excess swallowing of air, or when your stomach is empty and you are hungry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few diseases that can cause rumbles, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/symptoms/borborygmi/common.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;persistent diarrhea, celiac disease, Crohn's disease.&lt;/a&gt; I would not worry overmuch over the occasional noise, but if there seems to be a lot of it, and possibly accompanied by other symptoms such as excess flatulence, diarrhea, pain, I would have it checked out by a medical professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T15:52:12.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2009" CreationDate="2015-09-03T19:57:47.583" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be linked to your diet, but Vitamin D is not found in many foods (with the exception of fish and fortified foods). However, there have been some reports that laboratories may be producing an incorrect value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This means that compared with the actual concentration of 25(OH)D in a sample of blood serum, a falsely low or falsely high value may be obtained depending on the assay or laboratory used.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow this link on a list of foods high in Vitamin D and some other facts: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1460" LastActivityDate="2015-09-03T19:57:47.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="2030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2014" CreationDate="2015-09-04T00:47:35.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For Yoga, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.artofliving.org/surya-namaskar-sun-salutation12-poses-leaner-you&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;modern science says&lt;/a&gt; do 54 sets = 108 reps of Surya Namaskar. Of course you need to &lt;a href=&quot;http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/Whats-your-Surya-Namaskar-count/articleshow/5778365.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gradually build your stamina to increase reps&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My great-grandfather did 2 hours of yoga in morning, and lived to nearly 100 years. Also ate nuts, fruits, teas, water. This is according to my dad. Not &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/08/science-embraces-ancient-indian-wisdom_n_6250978.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;modern science&lt;/a&gt;, just things about family members that get passed down from generation to generation :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;According to American Health Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AHA Recommendation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For Overall Cardiovascular Health:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least 5&#xA;  days per week for a total of 150&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OR At least 25 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days&#xA;  per week for a total of 75 minutes; or a combination of moderate- and&#xA;  vigorous-intensity aerobic activity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AND Moderate- to high-intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least&#xA;  2 days per week for additional health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For Lowering Blood Pressure and Cholesterol An average 40 minutes of&#xA;  moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity 3 or 4 times per week&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="1456" LastEditDate="2015-09-04T12:38:49.320" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T12:38:49.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2003" CreationDate="2015-09-04T09:28:05.397" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a substance similar to caffeine - theobromine, found in cocoa. They are chemically similar, and have some similar effects*:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kwZcm.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kwZcm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the formula above shows theobromine,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OG7ex.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OG7ex.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this is caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is the concern if you react like you described to one xanthine derivative (caffeine), would you react in a similar way to another compound from this group. Also the atypical reaction to caffeine might be something you want to have checked further (i.e. consult a physician about it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many chemicals (some found in various herbs) that have various sorts of stimulating effects on the central nervous system, but tampering with the CNS can be very dangerous, and indeed many of these substances have serious side effects, far more serious than caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aside: depending on how alert one needs to be, a lemonade can be a quick home remedy: water will keep you hydrated (necessary for alertness), sugar (or honey) will keep your brain &quot;fueled&quot;, vitamins will help your metabolic processes, and sour taste does have a short-term awakening effect. Of course, like with anything, moderation is the key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Various research papers show controversial results regarding the stimulating effects on theobromine (some show some effect, some don't, and some show opposite effects in certain doses). They mostly agree that the effects are weaker than in caffeine, dose dependent, and may depend on previous use of products containing caffeine and/or theobromine. (see ref 4, 5 and 6).&#xA;Ref:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01412&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Bank 4.3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?THEOBROMINE&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases&lt;/a&gt; at United States Department of Agriculture&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Formulae from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hendrik J. Smit, Elizabeth A. Gaffan, Peter J. Roger: &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-004-1898-3#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate&lt;/a&gt;, Psychopharmacology, November 2004, Volume 176, Issue 3, pp 412-419&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Geoffrey K. Mumford, Suzette M. Evans, Barbara J. Kaminski, Kenzie L. Preston, Christine A. Sannerud, Kenneth Silverman, Roland R. Griffiths: &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02244744#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans&lt;/a&gt;, Psychopharmacology, June 1994, Volume 115, Issue 1, pp 1-8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Matthew J. Baggott, Emma Childs, Amy B. Hart, Eveline de Bruin,&#xA;Abraham A. Palmer, Joy E. Wilkinson, Harriet de Wit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://palmerlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Baggott-et-al-Psychopharm-2013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers&lt;/a&gt;, Psychopharmacology&#xA;DOI 10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T09:28:05.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T13:42:55.407" Score="6" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought myself a $15 blood sugar testing kit the other day because I've been experiencing some health things that are rare for me such as migraines (I rarely have had headaches my entire life) and a couple of other things that could be diabetes-related. A few of my relatives have gotten mild diabetes around the age I'm at so I figured better safe than sorry and why bother going to the doctor when I can get more information on my own first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, last night I tested an hour after eating and my reading was 93, so I felt pretty good about that. This morning I tested when I woke up and it was 110, which I didn't feel good about. I know that hormones can make your blood sugar rise during the night but it seems like for non-diabetics, insulin should take care of that. I think the usual for fasting is 70-90. I did wake up about 30 minutes earlier than usual today but I don't think that should really matter. Does this mean I have prediabetes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1485" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T13:42:55.407" Title="Does the &quot;Dawn Phenomenon&quot; of blood sugar apply to non-diabetics?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3100" CreationDate="2015-09-04T14:20:56.520" Score="8" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating fish means eating mercury in meaningful quanties. The EFSA advocates for that reason against eating tuna every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I buy sea salt, does it also contain mercury? Is so how much? Is it a meaningful quantity such as tuna?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T04:29:57.210" Title="How much mercury is contained in sea salt?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3034" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13655" CreationDate="2015-09-04T17:29:56.853" Score="7" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any study that explores whether people in big cities physically exert themselves more as part of their daily routine to the benefit of their physical health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thinking is this: people living in big cities (e.g. London, New York) often do not own a car and rely on public transport to commute to work 5 days a week. This might involve walking from their home to a subway station (and maybe climbing some stairs) as well as walking several blocks to their office when alighting from the subway. This is physically strenuous and something that those taking a car do not have to endure (I speak from experience, going to college in London but now being spoilt by the suburban California lifestyle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice I know that there are many variables that cloud this argument so I wanted to know if there is any systematic research about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1486" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:00:53.337" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T12:55:57.003" Title="Are big city residents healthier due to walking? (all else roughly equal)" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;walking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2006" CreationDate="2015-09-04T19:23:06.680" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is, unfortunately, no yes or no answer to this, especially not on-line. However, these information can help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be various underlying causes of fainting, mostly cardiovascular or neurological. It is important to note that same pathophysiological mechanisms may be a part of different clinical syndromes. Some of these (classification adjusted for laypersons) include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;vasovagal syncope (neurocardiogenic syncope)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;orthostatic syncope (usually caused by orthostatic hypotension) - this is a subset of syncope caused by peripheral circulatory impairment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;various cardiac problems&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;hypoglycaemia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;hypoxia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;reflexive anoxic seizures (RAS)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;loss of consciousness can be caused by an epileptic seizure or even a stroke, and should be distinguished from a syncope.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that you faint after standing up is certainly one component of it, but as &lt;a href=&quot;http://tulane.edu/som/departments/neurology/programs/clerkship/upload/wch8.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; suggests, even that can be classified under different clinical syndromes (peripheral circulatory impairment or neurocardiogenic syncope, e.g.). This is why it is best practice to have this condition checked by a physician. Diagnosis cannot be made on-line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your other question, whether the condition is hereditary, it may, but doesn't have to be. The only way to determine this is to find the cause of fainting in both cases, that is in your and in your father's case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a general note, conditions caused by genetic disorders (i.e. mutations) may be monogenic (mutation is found on a single gene) and polygenic (mutations are on several genes, and one has to inherit more than one, for a condition to manifest). Than, there is a matter of a pattern in which the condition is passed on - whether the condition is dominant or recessive (i.e. whether the condition will manifest itself if you have the gene for it from one parent, or only if you inherited a certain mutation from both parents). In the end, there are multy-factorial conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Very few health conditions are only caused by genes – most are caused by the combination of genes and environmental factors.&lt;/em&gt; (from NHS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim &lt;em&gt;very few&lt;/em&gt; is, as anongoodnurse noticed, proportional to overall number of diseases, but there are still a lot of conditions that are genetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the matter of whether the conditions in a parent and child are connected isn't always straight-forward, but the place to start is definitely to determine the aetiology  in both cases, which can be done by a physician (in person).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tulane.edu/som/departments/neurology/programs/clerkship/upload/wch8.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Essentials of Clinical Neurology: Neurology History and Examination&lt;/a&gt; Chapter 8: Episodic loss of consciousness&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Fainting/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS: Fainting - Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Genetics/Pages/Facts.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS: Genetics - Genetic inheritance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-04T19:46:39.207" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T19:46:39.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-04T19:29:50.870" Score="4" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like adding uncooked sesame oil in some of my salad dressings, but am now worried of the potential negative health implications of consuming uncooked sesame oil, as I've only ever seen it used by others in dishes that required thorough heating/cooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the nutritional differences between uncooked and cooked sesame oil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1363" LastActivityDate="2015-09-04T19:29:50.870" Title="Nutritional difference between uncooked and cooked sesame oil?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-05T06:12:59.830" Score="4" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does it really make any difference? If yes, then by what mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I pass gas frequently and have hard stools. I've read that walking helps with both these problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/in-depth/gas-and-gas-pains/art-20044739?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; site, one of the recommendations is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get moving&lt;/strong&gt;. It may help to take a short walk after eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all of it; there's no explanation why. I've seen similar advice on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/cg/how-to-avoid-and-decrease-problems-with-gas.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other sites&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to this? And how does exercise affect constipation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1489" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T01:27:09.113" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T10:15:42.037" Title="Does walking after eating really help with gas and constipation?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3043" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3154" CreationDate="2015-09-05T21:29:54.690" Score="17" ViewCount="26586" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've probably all seen photos of smokers' lungs compared to non-smokers lungs. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M3HtZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M3HtZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These images are commonly used in anti-smoking materials, at least in the US, and I've never had cause to question them. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cfrankdavis.wordpress.com/2012/08/06/the-black-lung-lie/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this guy&lt;/a&gt; claims the images are a lie. He cites seemingly credible sources for his claim, such as these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Dr. Duane Carr – Professor of Surgery at the University of Tennessee&#xA;  College of Medicine, said this: “Smoking does not discolor the lung.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Victor Buhler, Pathologist at St. Joseph Hospital in Kansas City:&#xA;  “I have examined thousands of lungs both grossly and microscopically.&#xA;  I cannot tell you from exmining a lung whether or not its former host&#xA;  had smoked.”&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jfa99d00/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Sheldon Sommers, Pathologist and Director of Laboratories at Lenox&#xA;  Hill Hospital, in New York: “…it is not possible grossly or&#xA;  microscopically, or in any other way known to me, to distinguish&#xA;  between the lung of a smoker or a nonsmoker. Blackening of lungs is&#xA;  from carbon particles, and smoking tobacco does not introduce carbon&#xA;  particles into the lung.”&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/moh18c00/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author militantly believes that smokers are treated unfairly and so clearly has an agenda, which lowers his credibility. I also find it difficult to believe that thousands of pathologists and thoracic surgeons would quietly allow such blatant distortions to go unchallenged even if they do feel that the &quot;scare factor&quot; makes the lie justifiable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I find it surprising that I can't find compelling evidence to prove the blogger is wrong. I can find no credible sources confirming the black appearance of smokers' lungs, and all the photos I can find are the same small set of images recycled so many times it's impossible to know where they came from originally. I've also confirmed that it's true that smokers are accepted as lung donors, and it seems difficult to believe that would be the case if they were routinely as grossly damaged as they appear to be in these images.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: Are smokers' lungs visibly and routinely blackened and/or discolored in the absence of lung disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-09T00:39:43.920" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T10:41:54.747" Title="Is &quot;smokers lungs&quot; a lie?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3060" CreationDate="2015-09-06T01:38:36.350" Score="9" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's becoming quite usual that people older than ¿30-40? years old complement their diet with collagen for bones and specially articulations-related issues. I know some of them which use it as a preventive method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My doubt arises when thinking that it's just a protein molecule, so as far as I know it will be subdivided into amino acids before reaching our bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these amino acids are so ordinary and can be found in so many nutrients aside from collagen molecules, what's the point of ingesting pure collagen? Would it be really useful or completely unnecessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PD: Since the comment where I said it has &quot;disappeared&quot; I want to thank here @Nate Barbettini his appropriate help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1501" LastEditorUserId="1501" LastEditDate="2015-09-06T21:39:17.670" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T05:13:40.330" Title="Collagen: An interesting food supplement or an unnecessary one?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3049" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3050" CreationDate="2015-09-07T03:08:12.947" Score="6" ViewCount="764" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the television show &lt;em&gt;Fear the Walking Dead&lt;/em&gt;, one of the main characters is a heroin addict. After a couple of days without heroin, he goes into intense withdrawal, and either has a grand mal seizure or pretends to.  His family is used to his addiction, and when his mother returns home from an errand, his sister says, rather matter-of-factly, &quot;He went grand mal&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.addictionsandrecovery.org/withdrawal.htm&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; website, heroin withdrawal alone doesn't cause seizures: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heroin withdrawal on its own does not produce seizures, heart attacks, strokes, or delirium tremens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why would a person in this situation have a seizure?  Is it more likely to be the result of his sudden withdrawal (contradicting the quote above), or is it more likely to be a side effect of the use of heroin itself, or is it more likely that he has a medical condition that causes seizures, but which is totally unrelated to his addiction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="838" LastEditDate="2015-09-07T03:20:04.640" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T17:37:59.090" Title="Why would a junkie have a grand mal seizure during withdrawal?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3050" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3049" CreationDate="2015-09-07T15:31:17.960" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not really medically accurate, unless there are other drugs of abuse present, or some other disease etiology. The quote that you reference is correct, heroin addiction by itself &lt;em&gt;shouldn't&lt;/em&gt; produce seizures as part of withdrawal symptoms. However, there can be other drugs present (Such as alcohol, which can definitely produce seizures during withdrawal) which could complicate the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if the person is a long time heroin abuser, then withdrawal symptoms would most likely start much sooner than a couple of days, possibly even within hours of their last dose wearing off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_addiction_and_dependence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia site&lt;/a&gt; for opioid addiction gives a pretty detailed rundown of opiate addiction and other factors that can enhance or show predisposition to addiction. There are many other sites (Most of them rehabilitation facilities) that give fairly detailed rundowns of the withdrawal process and symptoms that can occur during that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T14:00:03.337" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T14:00:03.337" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3046" CreationDate="2015-09-07T15:43:07.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had thought that collagen was about the same as chondroitin and glucosamine, in that there wasn't much evidence to support the notion that it is a viable supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when I went looking for some studies on it, I was surprised, in that there are several studies that show improvement in articulation (movement at a joint) and pain, especially in arthritic and injury affected people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079908X291967#.Ve2t_vS0f9o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; was done over 24 weeks, with athletes suffering from joint pain, and there was a marked improvement across the cohort (97 usable athletes out of 147 selected) in several pain and inflammation markers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764342/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;second study&lt;/a&gt; also showed marked improvement in pain and quality of life in osteoarthritis sufferers using undenatured collagen (type II).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies as well as the two others that I have linked without summation, suggest that collagen supplements have a healing effect when injured or suffering from degenerative disease (Such as arthritis), however I was unable to find any studies focusing on prevention using collagen (Which is notoriously hard to prove, if they never get it, you don't know if it was the collagen or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S0002-8223%2809%2900290-9/abstract?cc=y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Whey and Collagen effect on nitrogen balance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01079.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley%20Online%20Library%20and%20related%20systems%20will%20have%203%20hours%20of%20downtime%20on%20Saturday%2012th%20September%202015%20from%2010%3A00-13%3A00%20BST%20%2F%2005%3A00-08%3A00%20EDT%20%2F%2017%3A00-20%3A00%20SGT%20for%20essential%20maintenance.%20%20Apologies%20for%20the%20inconvenience.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Arthritic pain in horses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T15:43:07.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3053" CreationDate="2015-09-07T16:24:54.747" Score="8" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/heart-transplant/Pages/Preparation.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS website for heart transplants&lt;/a&gt;, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will usually be considered unsuitable for a heart transplant if you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are over the age of 65 – though exceptions can be made&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been unable find any further materials that document the exceptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can someone be considered suitable if over the age of 65 and needing a heart transplant?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1509" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T00:10:22.140" Title="Heart transplant for people over the age of 65" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;heart-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3052" CreationDate="2015-09-07T22:58:55.500" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, by having fewer or less serious risk factors than the other matching recipients currently on the transplant waiting list. Age is a &lt;em&gt;risk factor&lt;/em&gt; that goes into the calculation, not a &lt;em&gt;contraindication&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Age is not a contraindication to transplantation but increasing age is&#xA;  an incremental risk factor[5] and it is often associated with other&#xA;  comorbidity; few UK patients have been transplanted above the age of&#xA;  65 years.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odt.nhs.uk/pdf/advisory_group_papers/CTAG/ukht_guidelines_consultation_february_2011.pdf&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What they're saying there is that with increased age comes increased risk of failure. This is because as we age we don't tolerate and recover from major surgeries as well, and we are also more likely to have other illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To take a hypothetical example, consider two patients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient 1 is 70 years old, suffering from heart failure but has no other significant health issues such as diabetes, COPD, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient 2 is 40 years old, suffering from the same type of heart failure but also has diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a decent chance Patient 1 would be the selected recipient in this case because he probably has better odds of surviving the procedure, and possibly even better odds of living longer afterwards. But the reality is that there are almost never just two potential recipients so this is a contrived example. Patient 1 would most likely be in &quot;competition&quot; with a dozen other recipients, most of whom will be younger and therefore won't have the age risk factor working against them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the older patient's best hope is that he or she is in excellent physical condition apart from the heart problems that landed them on the transplant list. The link I cited above describes many of the risks and contraindications that are taken into account in the UK, which are very similar to the factors considered in other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-09-07T22:58:55.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-08T08:27:18.380" Score="3" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of the human body can't get enough Omega 3 from the food we eat - the industry companies started to make Omega 3 in capsules/liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seemingly helps the Cell structure development progress, decrease the bad cholesterol (LDL) and creates anti-Inflammation materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have heard that these capsules contain PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) - a toxic material that found in the ocean because of pollution and toxic to the sea creatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you share any information that you have got in this regard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1513" LastEditorUserId="1519" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T22:31:22.823" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T21:23:30.280" Title="Do Omega 3 in capsules contain PCB?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-08T10:00:09.170" Score="5" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it more helpful to doing exercise in morning than evening? Or it doesn't matter when we do exercise in a whole day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, doing exercise immediately after meal is not a good idea but we can take a little walk after meal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to what time interval we should not perform any intense exercise after or before meal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="740" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T06:16:38.327" Title="What is the best time in a whole day for doing daily exercise like stretching, jogging, walking, cycling or swimming?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3046" CreationDate="2015-09-08T10:59:41.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Collagen is not an easy-to-digest protein and generally requires collagenase for efficient digestion. Without digestion, it cannot be absorbed. Moreover, collagen has to be deposited in the right site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So irrespective of whether collagen is completely digested or not, it cannot be specifically useful for replacing the lost collagen in the joints. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two modified amino acids in collagen- hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are essential for the structural integrity of the protein. Vitamin-C is involved in natural production of these amino acids in the body from the unmodified amino acids and hence the deficiency of Vit-C results in scurvy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, given as supplements may have some positive effects in healing of injuries &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15338346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[ref]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (I am not too sure about this). In general, a good diet would be sufficient and talking collagen as a supplement is, IMO, &lt;strong&gt;not useful&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1519" LastEditorUserId="1519" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T05:13:40.330" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T05:13:40.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3067" CreationDate="2015-09-08T18:14:09.687" Score="0" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've started lifting like a month and a half ago but about a week ago my mid back and sometimes my lower has a mild pain. It usually hurts when i straighten my back in a sitting position. My lower back feels fine but when i touch my left hip i can feel the pain. I can walk fine and my lower back doesnt hurt.&#xA;I'm 19 and never experienced back problems.&#xA; - List item&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1525" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T19:16:43.437" Title="How long will my mild back pain last?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-09-09T04:08:47.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3066" CreationDate="2015-09-08T19:08:44.370" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When doing weight lifting exercises, you must also include &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUjFh4J1dnchttp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;core exercises&lt;/a&gt; in your routine to prevent back problems. Of course, this is in addition of making sure you do the weightlifting in an appropriate way. It's best to let experts monitor you in a gym until you have enough experience to do it all by yourself. And all this applies to someone who hasn't got back problems to begin with. In your case, your back problems requires some evaluation by an expert, if only to make sure you can continue to exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-09-08T19:16:43.437" LastActivityDate="2015-09-08T19:16:43.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3076" CreationDate="2015-09-09T01:39:20.937" Score="8" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;On occasion I will not have time to eat breakfast or forget to pack a snack before work. While sitting at my desk, I can hear my stomach rumbling and I have a higher tendency to daydream or lose focus on my work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My only two options before lunchtime are to buy a &lt;strong&gt;coffee&lt;/strong&gt; from the vending machine or to drink enough &lt;strong&gt;water&lt;/strong&gt; to fill me up (in addition to the 700mL I usually drink in the morning). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of these options would &lt;em&gt;better for curbing hunger pangs and improving concentration&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: obviously the solution to my problem is to be a real adult and make sure I have enough food, but I'm just curious about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1510" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T00:01:46.173" Title="Water vs. Coffee when hungry at work" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T02:52:57.283" Score="3" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ear infections are not contagious, and most resolve without antibiotics. There are risks inherent with excessive antibiotic use as well as many allergies and negative side effects. Ear tubes require cutting into a healthy membrane, leave scars, have multiple side effects, and frequently don't solve the problem of chronic infections. The anesthesia required for the procedure carries its own risks. With these negatives in mind and knowing that the body already has a tube designed to do the same thing without the risks why are more efforts not made to improve their function?  Why is our current treatment standard despite the known risks, when other options are obviously still unexplored. There is not enough research done on many treatments such as balloon inflation as cited by the chochrane review (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bibliotecacochrane.com/pdf/CD006285.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bibliotecacochrane.com/pdf/CD006285.pdf&lt;/a&gt;) and  stents which has studies both ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the many sites that I have already visited that did not answer the question, but raised more, if there is better or further information I would like to see it:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/01/should-your-child-get-ear-tubes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/01/should-your-child-get-ear-tubes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ear-tubes/basics/definition/prc-20013911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ear-tubes/basics/definition/prc-20013911&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/parenting/04/18/ear.tubes/index.html?_s=PM:HEALTH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://edition.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/parenting/04/18/ear.tubes/index.html?_s=PM:HEALTH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk-XyBYoL-A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk-XyBYoL-A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/ears/ear_infections.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/ears/ear_infections.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/ear_tubes/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medicinenet.com/ear_tubes/article.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003015.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003015.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/01/ear-tubes-surgery-guidelines/2465303/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/01/ear-tubes-surgery-guidelines/2465303/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T15:34:30.093" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T15:34:30.093" Title="Why are antibiotics and ear tubes the primary treatment for chronic ear infections rather than improving normal drainage through the Eustachian tube?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="15" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-09-19T03:15:34.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T07:39:12.190" Score="1" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the 1973 movie &quot;To Live and Let Die&quot; of the James Bond franchise, a character is killed 1 minute and 50 seconds into the beginning of the film because his headset was hijacked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His death is almost instantaneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this scene have any ground in real medical fact, or is it pure fiction? &#xA;Details are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YthWX.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YthWX.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XGvWc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XGvWc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1103" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T22:07:14.447" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T22:07:14.447" Title="Can you kill someone with a sound?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-09T09:28:15.170" Score="6" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I brush my toddler's teeth 2x per day with a tiny amount of toothpaste as recommended. We use a standard kids toothbrush, not an electric one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We sing the ABC song while I'm doing it, to keep her entertained and to develop a ritual so she gets a sense of how long it takes. That makes it on average a 25 second brushing session...and sometimes she shuts her mouth and says &quot;no&quot; at about the time we get to the letter &quot;Q&quot; after which I don't push her to keep letting me brush.  I know that for adults it's recommended to brush for 2 minutes. It seems like toddler torture to brush her teeth for that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/health/rise-in-preschool-cavities-prompts-anesthesia-use.html?_r=0&quot;&gt;problems with toddlers' teeth is on the rise&lt;/a&gt;, and that I have a family history of bad teeth and cavities, I want to be sure to be doing the right thing for her teeth now as well as helping her form good habits as she grows older. I also want to keep brushing time fun, without making it into a torture session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1404" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T13:03:02.807" Title="How much brushing time is needed to get a toddler's teeth clean?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3068" CreationDate="2015-09-09T11:26:00.977" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Short answer&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A pack of raisins.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, I've read your question through and through. Please, bear with me for a while, to see the &lt;em&gt;longer answer&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with concentration when you haven't eaten arises primarily because of the lack of nutrients, i.e. glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose is virtually the sole fuel for the human brain, except during prolonged starvation. The brain lacks fuel stores and hence requires a continuous supply of glucose. [...] Fatty acids do not serve as fuel for the brain, because they are bound to albumin in plasma and so do not traverse the blood-brain barrier. In starvation, ketone bodies generated by the liver partly replace glucose as fuel for the brain. (1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, you can't focus because &lt;strong&gt;your brain lacks fuel&lt;/strong&gt;. It's somewhat similar to a car: yes, you can add water to the radiator (and need to), and yes you can add sparks to make your engine start, but without fuel it just won't run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caffeine will not only fail to solve your problem, but can actually be harmful on an empty stomach.&lt;/strong&gt; It can hurt both your stomach and can make you feel even less focused after a short while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine increases energy metabolism throughout the brain but decreases at the same time cerebral blood flow, inducing a relative brain hypoperfusion. (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine may increase an individual's sensitivity to hypoglycemia through the combined effects of reducing substrate delivery to the brain via constriction of the cerebral arteries, whilst simultaneously increasing brain glucose metabolism and augmenting catecholamine production. [...] Under laboratory conditions, acute ingestion of caffeine markedly enhances the symptomatic and sympathoadrenal responses to hypoglycemia in both healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 diabetes. (3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum it up - caffeine will make you more alert for a short while, but it will eat up little fuel that you had left, and leave you almost completely without it. For the half hour, 40 minutes perhaps, you will feel better, but then the problems will start - even stronger sense of hunger, worse problems with focusing on your work and possibly light-headedness and hand trembling might occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heartburn is the most frequently reported symptom after coffee drinking. It is demonstrated that coffee promotes gastro-oesophageal reflux. Coffee stimulates gastrin release and gastric acid secretion [...] Coffee induces cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction[...] (4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine will stimulate the release of gastric acid and bile, which are meant to digest food. But, since there will be no food to digest it will begin to &amp;quot;digest&amp;quot; your stomach instead (well, not literally, but it can cause you pain and problems, especially if you make a regular practice of it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water might leave you feeling fuller for a while, but it won't solve the underlying problem (lack of brain fuel), and large quantities of water, drank in a relatively short time span, on an empty stomach, might leave some feeling a bit sick (the smaller the stomach volume, the worse it gets). It's not dangerous, but can be uncomfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The solutions:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you ever forget your keys? Your mobile phone? Well &lt;strong&gt;make a habit of not forgetting your snacks.&lt;/strong&gt; It is simply a matter of priorities, and health is a priority. (And do make sure that the snacks are as healthy as possible).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have a contingency snack plan: keep a bag of raisins (e.g.) in your purse. If you change purses, keep a bag of raisins in every purse, or next to something that you won't forget (e.g. your keys).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep a pack of raisins (or something similar) at work (in your desk perhaps).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 2 and 3 - just remember to occasionally check those places and expire dates - no one likes to find a 10-month old bag of raisins in their purse/desk/key drawer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each Organ Has a Unique Metabolic Profile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1356551&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11475292&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The best defense against hypoglycemia is to recognize it: is caffeine useful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10499460&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coffee and gastrointestinal function: facts and fiction. A review.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** an important note: ref. 3 discusses caffeine as an indicator of hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients, BUT I can access and link just the abstract and there is no room in it to discuss how dangerous hypoglycaemia is in patients who receive insulin therapy - in these cases hypoglycaemia can be deadly, and something that would amplify the symptoms is used only so they can recognize the condition and eat something. Without food to follow immediately, caffeine is not a good solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-09T17:56:02.353" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3072" CreationDate="2015-09-09T23:19:26.903" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sound is merely the vibration of molecules in a wave pattern and so the  absolute theoretical answer to your question is, yes. Something that can vibrate your molecules has the power to kill you. It just requires a great enough intensity or decibel level. (If you get anything loud enough it could shake you apart.) How loud, well &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vi.ngb.army.mil/html/safety/docs/Noise%20in%20Army%20Equipment.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a grenade is about 164 dB&lt;/a&gt;. You would probably die from the explosion that caused that noise level first though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the example of your question, volume would not work, as any sound loud enough to kill you in that way would obviously affect others in the room. That leaves the question of frequency. If in theory you could find a resonance frequency of a particular anatomical structure and produce that frequency for a long enough period and isolate all other structures from it then you could in fact kill someone in that way. For example eyes, in this NASA Technical Report &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=2&amp;amp;ved=0CCcQFjABahUKEwiV-oiXz-vHAhWFjg0KHfd6CR8&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA030476&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNG8st4m1kH-jlL5eDgHKVR3AFjq4A&amp;amp;sig2=nKK_bkczaqU0YIiu9rXhOg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;19770013810&lt;/a&gt; they found the frequency of eyeballs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not exactly the same as in your example the theory is plausible though extremely unlikely. There are far to many variables and limits with current technology to implement the headphone assassination. But &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newworldwar.org/sw.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; are some other sound weapons that begin to enlighten the realm of possibility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional Info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/index.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1370" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T16:49:11.557" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T16:49:11.557" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="782" CreationDate="2015-09-10T02:07:11.977" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few other active ingredients you could try for dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis), if that's what's causing your problem. Keep in mind that it &lt;strong&gt;might&lt;/strong&gt; actually be a different problem, such as eczema or scalp psoriasis. From a quick internet search, the active ingredient in &quot;Dettol Anti-bacterial Soap&quot; is cholroxylenol, is that correct? If so, here are some others you might want to try (i.e. read the product label and look for one of the active ingredients below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, these are &quot;over-the-counter&quot; options only (avaliable without a prescription). A doctor can prescribe other treatments that might not be listed below, or in a stronger formulation than what's available over-the-counter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pyrithione zinc&lt;/strong&gt;: usually found in dandruff shampoos like Head &amp;amp; Shoulders; also available in a soap/cleanser form.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;selenium sulfide&lt;/strong&gt;: usually found in dandruff shampoos like Selsun Blue; it's also available in topical forms, but that may require a prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ketoconazole&lt;/strong&gt;: this is an antifungal ingredient found in anti-dandruff shampoos such as Nizoral shampoo (and generic store-brand equivalents) containing 2% ketoconazole. Stronger formulations are available by prescription. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;coal tar&lt;/strong&gt;: usually found in dandruff shampoos like Neutrogena T-Gel or Denorex; also available in soap form; &gt;&gt; NOTE: this stuff has a strong &quot;unique&quot; smell... make sure you can tolerate the smell before using it. :)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;salicylic acid&lt;/strong&gt;: usually in found in certain facial cleansers (often with the term &quot;oil-free acne cleanser&quot;); it's also found in some dandruff shampoos for &quot;flaky scalp&quot; (like Neutrogena T-Sal), so it's not necessarily just for acne.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might also consider taking a break from using the Pantene products in contact with your face, and switch to something &amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt;&gt;&gt; a lot of moisturizers, and not containing silicone (that's usually what the &quot;shine&quot; ingredient is). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might sound silly, but you could also try &quot;baby shampoo&quot; (fragrance/moisturizer free) for a while, particularly if you're alternating with the medicated shampoos as directed on their label. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One &quot;last resort&quot; option in this case might be to shave your beard (omg!), and see if that helps. You may be reluctant to try that, but remember you can always grow it back later. Howecer, if you do shave the beard and the condition resolves itself, it may be time to rethink the beard. :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If none of those work, it's probably best to see a doctor about it. They would be able to prescribe something more specific. They may end up prescribing something with one of those ingredients above, but in a higher strength. Alternatively, they might prescribe a topical steroid anti-inflammatory for you to use for a period of time, in case it's &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; dandruff and is actually something like eczema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a helpful reference (from the Mayo Clinic website) on seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff. It also includes the topic of facial (beard) dandruff:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/basics/definition/con-20031872&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/basics/definition/con-20031872&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details on &quot;over-the-counter&quot; treatments listed above are included in the section called &quot;home remedies&quot;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20031872&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20031872&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1511" LastEditorUserId="1511" LastEditDate="2015-09-12T20:20:15.040" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T20:20:15.040" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3055" CreationDate="2015-09-10T07:21:14.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids are &lt;strong&gt;essential&lt;/strong&gt; fatty acids i.e. the human body cannot synthesize them. They are absolutely essential for growth and maintenance of the body function and their deficiency can cause various problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are precursors for both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Eicosanoid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes&lt;/a&gt;) but you should not assume that inflammation is always bad. It is how your immune system works to identify and destroy pathogens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCB stands for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Polychlorinated_biphenyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;polychlorinated biphenyls&lt;/a&gt; which are aromatic molecules used for industrial applications are known environmental pollutants. Omega-3 fatty acids have no relationship with these molecules. PCB are much more oil-soluble (lipophilic) than water soluble (hydrophilic). When they are dumped in the environment and are taken up in the bodies of different organisms like fishes, they are effectively partitioned into the fatty compartments of the body (because of higher solubility). The fish oils, that are used as one of the primary sources of the omega-3 fatty acid supplements, therefore concentrate the PCBs that the fishes are exposed to, throughout their lives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: The terminologies good-cholesterol and bad-cholesterol are just utterly stupid because cholesterol is cholesterol and it has both good and bad effects depending on how much of it is present in the body. It is like saying good water and bad water. LDL or HDL are not really cholesterols; they are proteins that transport lipids. Read more about this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1519" LastEditorUserId="1519" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T15:57:14.100" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T15:57:14.100" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4648" CreationDate="2015-09-10T09:42:17.507" Score="0" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence to show that there is a link between extended periods of sitting, I have a 9 to 5 desk job plus 1hr 45 min commute, and the risk of quad tears?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, is/are there common factors associated with the increased likelihood of sustaining a quad injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1263" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:58:02.437" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:58:02.437" Title="Link between extended sitting and weak quads" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3091" CreationDate="2015-09-10T16:29:19.207" Score="4" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;And why exactly fried food is bad for heath? Simply because of the crust scratching the stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1437" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T00:17:06.270" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T00:17:06.270" Title="Does fried food cause gastritis and other gastrointestinal tract illnesses?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3090" CreationDate="2015-09-10T16:46:08.780" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many reasons why fried food can be harmful. The chief reason is related to the oil content in these foodstuffs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has high oil content which may not be good if consumed in large amounts. Fried food cannot be tolerated by people who have undergone gall bladder removal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oils are heated at high temeperatures and in many fried-food outlets (or in general practice), reheated many times. This leads to some chemical reactions, some of which include cracking of the hydrocarbon chains and isomerization. These reactions can produce carcinogenic substances (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510002229&quot;&gt;Srivastava et al. 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oil vapours from these food can also cause respiratory distress in some people, especially asthmatics. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1519" LastEditorUserId="1519" LastEditDate="2015-09-10T16:51:57.667" LastActivityDate="2015-09-10T16:51:57.667" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3069" CreationDate="2015-09-11T00:00:02.543" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are having difficulty finding the answer because you are perhaps not asking the right question(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...why are more efforts not made to improve their function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you support the assertion that more isn't being done to &quot;improve their function&quot;? The fact that you don't know about something doesn't mean it's not being investigated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...knowing that the body already has a tube designed to do the same thing without the risks why are more efforts not made to improve [e.g. by stenting] their function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will not find any support for your proposal because stenting is not a benign procedure, and the risks of stenting the Eustachian tube far, far outweigh the benefits, as well as the risks of the alternatives. At least tympanostomy tubes have a physiological comparison in ruptured tympanic membranes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the Eustacian tube (ET) is normally &lt;em&gt;closed&lt;/em&gt; in people of all ages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It was Toynbee, in 1853, who concluded from experiments on himself and from the tendency to swallow while descending in a diving bell that the eustachian tube is normally closed and opens only during swallowing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ET also opens with yawning. Compare how much time is spent in the resting phase of ET function (all the seconds or minutes spent between swallows and yawns.) This normally non-patent state prevents the migration of bacteria-laden fluids from the posterior pharynx into the sterile middle ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eustachian tube function is a complex affair; it's not easily tampered with. The following details what occurs normally with swallowing (please keep in mind that the pharyngeal end of the ET is above where a bolus of food or saliva passes during swallowing):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal ETs had four consistent sequential movements: (1) palatal elevation causing passive, then active, rotation of the medial cartilaginous lamina; (2) lateral excursion of the lateral pharyngeal wall; (3) dilation of the lumen, caused primarily by tensor veli palatini muscle movement beginning distally and inferiorly, then opening proximally and superiorly; and (4) opening of the tubal valve at the isthmus caused by dilator tubae muscle contraction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A chronically patent ET is pathological (it's called a Patulous ET or PET), and is quite uncomfortable, so much so that ENT's try &lt;em&gt;plugging&lt;/em&gt; the tube shut:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Trans-tympanic insertion of a new silicone plug seems to be useful for controlling the &lt;em&gt;distressing symptoms of patients with a chronic patulous Eustachian tube&lt;/em&gt; (PET). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be obvious that on a purely physiological basis, a stented ET is not a good idea. In addition to migration of bacteria-laden fluids into the middle ear, there is a problem with sound conduction, inappropriate air movement with even minor activities such as whistling, making certain consonant sounds, the difficulty of something as simple as swimming, etc. God help the kid who would start laughing with a mouth full of partially masticated food (have you ever been so caught off guard by something funny while eating or drinking that it comes out the nose?) Imagine the mess that would make if the ET were continuously patent. It's a recipe for disaster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add to that the surgical complications, which would be considerably more substantial than with simple (yes, simple) myringotomy tube placement. Finally, those structures allowing ET function are delicate cartilagenous structures, and can easily be damaged by a foreign body (the reason even temporary, dissolvable ET stent use is not recommended). In the 80's, this was done in animal studies. Why you don't find papers of its use in humans is easy to deduce.&lt;sup&gt;**&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you are mistaken that there are no attempts to treat (improve) ET dysfunction. There are surgical procedures available for those with severe ETD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For millions of years, ear infections either resolved on their own, killed the host, or resulted in tympanic membrane (TM, eardrum) perforation. It was very, very common when I was first practicing to look at an adult's TM and see a healed perforation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, antibiotic resistance developed with overuse of antibiotics. But fewer cases of deafness, mastoiditis, and death from meningitis and brain abscesses occurred as well. We live and we learn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;**Not to mention that mucous can - and did in animal studies in the 80's - block the stent, alone rendering it more harmful than doing nothing at all.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archotol.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=563300&quot;&gt;THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE ABNORMAL PATENCY AND NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC STATE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/otology-neurotology/Abstract/2000/09000/Analysis_of_Eustachian_Tube_Function_by_Video.2.aspx&quot;&gt;Analysis of Eustachian Tube Function by Video Endoscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Ballenger's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Volume 1, John Jacob Ballenger, James Byron Snow, Eustacian Tube Dysfunction, pp. 201-208&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;amp;aid=399541&amp;amp;fileId=S0022215100000281&quot;&gt;The complications of chronic otitis media: report of 93 cases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T07:56:21.260" LastActivityDate="2015-09-11T07:56:21.260" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-11T03:24:15.397" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed when reading PDS's of life insurance companies, some of them have an age cap of 99. Of course, they have to be profitable, and if everyone dies at an average of 90 years of age, then they'd soon be bankrupt. There must be a reason why they set their maximum age to 99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this, and current health trends, are current-gen people expected to live over 100 now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="420" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T11:29:24.110" Title="Are people expected to live over 100 now?" Tags="&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-11T12:27:05.930" Score="5" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice that when having slept for a little bit of time and I am drinking caffeine, I may get instantly alert, but after few minutes after drinking the coffee, I still feel extreme urge to sleep! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can caffeine be the reason for such a reaction? Is there any documented mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1543" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-11T15:30:48.527" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T06:26:18.067" Title="Can caffeine induce sleepiness instead of wakefulness?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="682" CreationDate="2015-09-11T14:24:48.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Steve Pavlina did an experiment on himself for testing the Polyphasic Sleep. On his blog there is a lot of information about the experiment.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/2005/10/polyphasic-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/2005/10/polyphasic-sleep/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what is written on his blog is not scientific proof, but from his own perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As he wrote on his blog:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is a treasure trove of free information for anyone interested in learning about my trial of polyphasic sleep. To my knowledge these are the most detailed polyphasic sleep logs you’ll be able to find anywhere on the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1544" LastEditorUserId="1544" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T14:38:43.753" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T14:38:43.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-11T15:48:37.827" Score="6" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently had two eye exams done at two different facilities (one ophthalmologist and one optometrist). I received a prescription from each, and I'm curious if they agree with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One prescription says (for each eye):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-4.00 : +0.75 x 180°&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the other prescription says (for each eye):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;-3.25 : -0.75 x 90°&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know enough about the numbers to know that the first number is my main vision correction (for nearsightedness) and the second set of numbers is for an astigmatism, but are these two prescriptions equivalent? If they are equivalent, is one form &quot;preferred&quot; over the other by eyeglass labs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1546" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-09-12T04:15:27.163" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T15:26:21.580" Title="Are these eyeglass prescriptions the same?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3097" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4447" CreationDate="2015-09-11T16:14:55.353" Score="10" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently (around 6 weeks ago) on a short return flight from France. During the descent, my left eardrum ruptured when the cabin pressure equalised (which was noticed by a nurse directly afterwards at the airport, and later confirmed by a doctor).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is partially healed, and has been kept dry (the hole appears to have scabbed over), but I'm planning another flight in the near future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an eardrum is already partially perforated, will the risks of another episode of barotrauma reduce, or will the risks be increased due to a weakened membrane?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="888" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:35:18.547" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:35:18.547" Title="Can flying while an eardrum perforation due to barotrauma is healing cause further damage?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;eardrum&gt;&lt;perforate-perforation&gt;&lt;barotrauma&gt;&lt;aviation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3033" CreationDate="2015-09-12T04:29:57.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, the answer seems to be no, it does not contain a meaningful quantity. Refer first to &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/a/56700/7632&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Seasoned Advice&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although not peer reviewed, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spexcertiprep.com/knowledge-base/files/AppNote_GourmetSalts.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; appears to be a credible source and it's the only documented direct test for mercury in sea salts that I've seen. Refer to Table 3 (Hg is mercury).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ni6bz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ni6bz.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:33:37.797" LastActivityDate="2015-09-12T04:29:57.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-07T19:21:21.723" Score="6" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about this because I drank a diet coke the other day, it had no fat, no sugar, no calories... Is it actually healthy to drink?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Rob Sterach" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T23:38:12.560" Title="Are diet soft drinks really a healthy alternative?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-28T00:49:16.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3101" CreationDate="2015-09-07T20:23:30.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short: NO. It's not healthy neither for you nor for your environment. E.g. there is study (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7521/full/nature13793.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jotham Suez et al., 2014&lt;/a&gt;), which indicates that there are problems with sugar substitutes when it comes to glucose metabolism. E.g. Acesulfame which comes often together with Aspartame is difficult to treat in wastewater. Just drink tap water or maybe mineral water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Heywood Floyd" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T17:41:05.637" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T17:41:05.637" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T07:14:22.790" Score="14" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant&quot;&gt;antidepressants can treat ADHD&lt;/a&gt;, not just depression. How exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I know, ADHD is caused partly (primarily?) by a dopamine deficiency. Do antidepressants do something to address the dopamine deficiency? What is it? Is it in the same way that stimulants or methylphenidate address the dopamine deficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia describes how &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate&quot;&gt;methylphenidate treats ADHD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methylphenidate's mechanism of action involves the inhibition of&#xA;  catecholamine reuptake, primarily as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.&#xA;  Methylphenidate acts by blocking the dopamine transporter and&#xA;  norepinephrine transporter, leading to increased concentrations of&#xA;  dopamine and norepinephrine within the synaptic cleft. This effect in&#xA;  turn leads to increased neurotransmission of dopamine and&#xA;  norepinephrine. Methylphenidate is also a 5HT1A receptor agonist.[11]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia describes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant#Environmental_impacts&quot;&gt;antidepressants&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;most antidepressants function by inhibiting the reuptake of&#xA;  neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinepherine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay so both methylphenidate and most antidepressants inhibit reuptake of dopamine, but do those antidepressants also block the dopamine transporter, leading to an increased concentration of dopamine within the synaptic cleft leading to an increased neurotransmission of dopamine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T12:53:23.533" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T10:56:02.127" Title="How exactly can/do antidepressants treat ADHD?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T07:24:41.043" Score="4" ViewCount="3748" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;antidepressants can treat OCD&lt;/a&gt;, not just depression. Can/Does &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vortioxetine&lt;/a&gt;/Brintellix treat OCD? How? It doesn't say anything like that on Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="1407" LastEditDate="2015-10-05T20:25:58.760" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T23:17:31.673" Title="Can/Does Vortioxetine/Brintellix treat OCD?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;obsessive-compulsive&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T07:55:15.193" Score="4" ViewCount="3261" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;antidepressants can treat ADHD&lt;/a&gt;, not just depression. Can/In what way does &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortioxetine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vortioxetine&lt;/a&gt;/Brintellix treat ADHD? How? It doesn't say anything like that on Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I know, ADHD is caused partly (primarily?) by a dopamine deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vortioxetine/Brintellix is apparently a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Serotonin modulator and stimulator&lt;/a&gt;. So what? How does this address the dopamine deficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="1407" LastEditDate="2015-10-05T18:27:12.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T08:30:55.140" Title="Can/In what way does Vortioxetine/Brintellix treat ADHD?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T08:25:19.613" Score="1" ViewCount="918" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, scrotal sac movements are to serve the purpose of regulating the temperature of the testicles. They are at slightly lower temperature than the human body, so the scrotal sac moves away when the temperature of the sac needs to be reduced, and move close to the body when it needs to be increased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But do incessant scrotal sac movements denote that this thermo-regulation mechanism has collapsed? One of my friends is experiencing incessant movements of the scrotal sac, both in the above manner (close to and away from the body), as well as laterally. The same hasn't stopped for &gt;48 hrs at least, and is not accompanied by discomfort of any kind at all. Is this normal, or does this denote some ailment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Since there is no discomfort involved, I though it was better to ask here first before advising him to visit a doctor.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes these incessant movements? And, if there is an abnormality here, even then, what causes these incessant movements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Jyotibora" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:45:46.143" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:45:46.143" Title="What causes incessant scrotal sac movements?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;testicles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3127" CreationDate="2015-09-13T11:48:23.323" Score="6" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that some vaccines contain aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do common flu vaccines contain aluminium hydroxide too?&#xA;If yes, are there flu vaccines without aluminium hydroxide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1557" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T11:30:37.497" Title="Does flu vaccine contain aluminium hydroxide adjuvant?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-13T11:52:03.673" Score="4" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to fly to a town which is at high altitude. What precautions/drugs can I take to avoid acute mountain sickness or more life threatening accumulation of fluid in brain or lungs (high altitude cerebral or pulmonary edema)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I live at a place near sea level and will be flying to the altitude of about 3500 meters (about 11,500 feet). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-17T15:30:31.330" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:30:31.330" Title="Avoiding acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary &amp; cerebral edema" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;edema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3118" CreationDate="2015-09-13T20:51:17.357" Score="10" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since moving to Seattle a few years ago, I'm wondering if I get vitamin D deficiency during the dark rainy months of the year. There are available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/in-depth/seasonal-affective-disorder-treatment/art-20048298&quot;&gt;light boxes&lt;/a&gt; that are used for treated seasonal affective disorder. I’m wondering if these are also effective to prevent vitamin D deficiency when there is inadequate natural UV exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are artificial lamps able to substitute for natural sunlight to produce vitamin D in the skin? Or can this be replaced effectively by oral supplementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1559" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T01:29:30.983" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T03:38:31.410" Title="Do light boxes effectively mimic the effects of natural sunlight to produce vitamin D?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3110" CreationDate="2015-09-14T00:14:38.610" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FluMist vaccine contains (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medimmune.com/docs/default-source/pdfs/flumist-us-pi-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=4&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each pre-filled refrigerated FluMist Quadrivalent sprayer contains a single 0.2 mL dose. Each 0.2 mL dose contains 106.5-7.5 FFU (fluorescent focus units) of live attenuated influenza virus reassortants of each of the four strains: A/Bolivia/559/2013 (H1N1) (an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus), A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2), B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage). Each 0.2 mL dose also contains 0.188 mg/dose monosodium glutamate, 2.00 mg/dose hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, 2.42 mg/dose arginine, 13.68 mg/dose sucrose, 2.26 mg/dose dibasic potassium phosphate, and 0.96 mg/dose monobasic potassium phosphate. Each dose contains residual amounts of ovalbumin (&amp;lt; 0.24 mcg/dose), and may also contain residual amounts of gentamicin sulfate (&amp;lt; 0.015 mcg/mL), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (&amp;lt; 0.37 mcg/dose). FluMist Quadrivalent contains no preservatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, there is at least one flu vaccine, the spray-based live-attenuated vaccine, that does not contain the adjuvant in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T00:14:38.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3114" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3115" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" Score="0" Body="Obsessive compulsive disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that typically cause anxiety or distress, and by repetitive mental or behavioral acts (compulsions) that the individual feels driven to perform." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T01:38:11.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3116" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3117" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" Score="0" Body="Attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder (ADD or ADHD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by impulsivity and/or inattention and hyperactivity in some cases. The symptoms affect cognitive, academic, behavioral, emotional, and social functioning." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T01:40:46.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3112" CreationDate="2015-09-14T05:14:22.217" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only two things affect the synthesis of vitamin D, and those are the amount of UVB photons penetrating the skin and the person's age. See my &lt;a href=&quot;http://What%20determines%20the%20amount%20of%20vitamin%20D%20synthesized%20by%20the%20body?%20Solely%20the%20amount%20of%20UVB%20photons%20penetrating%20the%20skin%20and%20the%20person&amp;#39;s%20age:&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;previous answer&lt;/a&gt; for an explanation and citations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if we disregard age the only question becomes do light boxes supply adequate UVB to synthesize adequate vitamin D? From what I can tell from a review of the products out there, the answer is probably not. Lights adequate to treat SAD aren't adequate to generate vitamin D, and a light that supplied adequate UVB would be dangerous if misused. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in my mind the final nail in the coffin for light therapy is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All subjects receiving vitamin D improved in all outcome measures. The&#xA;  phototherapy group showed no significant change in depression scale&#xA;  measures. Vitamin D status improved in both groups (74% vitamin D&#xA;  group, p &amp;lt; 0.005 and 36% phototherapy group, p &amp;lt; 0.01).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, although phototherapy improved vitamin D levels, it did so only half as well as supplements, and unlike supplements it had no effect on depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T03:38:31.410" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T03:38:31.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3111" CreationDate="2015-09-14T05:37:41.227" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked literature on this and found that following general measures are helpful to prevent acute mountain sickness, high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These conditions generally occur at altitudes higher than 2500 meters. Beyond that, one should not ascend more than 300-500 meters per day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slow ascent, e.g. traveling by road or rail, will increase time for acclimatization and reduce risk of mountain sickness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking rest and avoiding exercise for first 2-3 days. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High carbohydrate diet may be helpful&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One should avoid alcohol and sedatives&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following medicines have been shown to reduce the risk and are generally recommended for persons who are susceptible (e.g. those who suffered such episodes on their previous visits to high altitudes):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acetazolamide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nifedipine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dexamethasone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tadalafil, sildenafil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other drugs which have been used are bosentan and inhaled salmeterol. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above medicines should be started one day prior and continued for 2-3 days after reaching high altitude.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If acute mountain illness does occur, following measures are useful to treat these conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rest&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oxygen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hydration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperbaric bag or chamber&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drugs listed above can be used for treatment also. Dexamethasone is especially useful for high altitude cerebral edema while nifedipine is most commonly used for high altitude pulmonary edema. Nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen - nitric oxide mixture inhalation have also been shown to be helpful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Descent to lower altitude is most important if symptoms do not resolve quickly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frusemide (or Furosemide), the classical drug for pulmonary congestion, has limited usefulness in treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema. It may cause hypovolemia (reduced blood volume) and hypotension (fall in blood pressure). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cardiovascres.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/1/41&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cardiovascres.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/1/41&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T05:44:24.160" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T05:44:24.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-14T05:41:43.793" Score="6" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two impacted teeth (some combination of premolars and molars) that are on my palate. They are fairly close to my &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; teeth: generally, the only impact of them on my everyday life is a slight pressure I sometimes feel on the sides of my tongue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my dentist has suggested that I get these teeth extracted, as the gap between them and my &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; teeth is difficult to clean and they serve no real positive purpose, and if they decay, they may affect the function of my &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; teeth. I am partly hesitant to agree to this because of memories of painful tooth extractions in my childhood. That's a personal issue, but I also don't know how much such a procedure would involve (and cannot ask my dentist at the moment), and having more knowledge might ease some of the distress about possibly getting the procedure done. Thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would such an extraction be done in a fashion similar to extractions of teeth grown in &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; areas of the mouth? If not, what would be different? I found this on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/pulling-a-tooth-tooth-extraction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, but it only refers to &lt;em&gt;impacted&lt;/em&gt; teeth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the tooth is impacted, the dentist will cut away gum and bone tissue that cover the tooth and then, using forceps, grasp the tooth and gently rock it back and forth to loosen it from the jaw bone and ligaments that hold it in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much time would it take for the space in my palate to recover? Would I expect there to be any long-term &amp;quot;scarring&amp;quot; or similar side-effects, or would the tissue be able to grow back smoothly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1560" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T14:48:29.450" Title="What's involved in an extraction of palatally impacted teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-01-03T04:27:49.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3145" CreationDate="2015-09-14T09:25:00.977" Score="3" ViewCount="5564" Body="&lt;p&gt;This summer I have picked up a lot of mint in my garden.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have cleaned it and let it dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I have the habits to eat those dry leaves and making infusion very frequently (daily). &#xA;I know there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a lot&lt;/a&gt; of Mint species and some might not be as good as other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may seem like a weird question but I was wondering if it was a good habit to consume that much of mint leaves (~30 40 a day), is there any reason I should reduce my consummation ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Here is a picture of the mint :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rIH8C.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rIH8C.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;peppermint&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It look like simple peppermint to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1563" LastEditorUserId="1563" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T12:57:57.167" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T11:01:38.130" Title="Is there any downside in consuming mint leaves frequently?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3110" CreationDate="2015-09-14T15:01:54.010" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I searched for flu vaccines authorized in Germany, I got a list of 65 vaccines (at least I think so, because the information system is available only in German).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list is available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmnet-bund.de/static/de/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pharmnet-bund.de/static/de/index.html&lt;/a&gt; (but I don't think that there is any sense in linking the actual page with the list, because it expires after a while for some reason). You can go the the part of the website called &quot;Arzneimittel-Informationssystem&quot; and then search from there. Search criteria depends on your language skills in German, but at &quot;Recherche für Fachkreise&quot; (information for professionals) you can search by ATC code, which, for flu vaccines is: J07BB02 and you will get the list of many flu vaccines available or registered in Germany (I'm not sure which of those two).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The catch - most of the information seems to be behind a pay wall. So the best I can do is find the vaccines from that list on the EMeA (European Medicines Agency) website. There are less vaccines listed there, and I have omitted those marked as &quot;withdrawn&quot;. I also selected those that seemed to be polyvalent ones, since you are asking for the &quot;common flu&quot; I expect you are inquiring about the seasonal flu vaccine. &lt;strong&gt;Again, the final consultation about the sort of vaccine appropriate for this season, your organism and other factors, is to be done with your physician and your pharmacist (i.e. your healthcare team).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, I dug up three vaccines that match the previously discussed criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000758/WC500046957.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Optaflu&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 - like strain used &#xA;  A/Brisbane/10/2010 wild type                             15 micrograms HA** &#xA;  A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) - derived strain used &#xA;  (NYMC X-223A)                                            15 micrograms HA** &#xA;  B/Massachusetts/2/2012                                   15 micrograms HA** &#xA;                                                                                                         per 0.5 ml dose &#xA;  .............................................. &#xA;  *propagated in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells &#xA;  ** haemagglutin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;List of excipients: &#xA;  1. Sodium chloride, &#xA;  2. Potassium chloride, &#xA;  3. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, &#xA;  4. Disodium phosphate dihydrate, &#xA;  5. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, &#xA;  6. Water for injections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000957/WC500033852.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;INTANZA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Influenza virus (inactivated, split) of the followi&#xA;  ng strains*: &#xA;  A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-derived strain used&#xA;   (NYMC X-179A)....... 9 micrograms HA** &#xA;  A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-derived strain used (NYMC X-&#xA;  223A) ...................... 9 micrograms HA** &#xA;  B/Massachusetts/2/2012 ..... 9 micrograms HA** &#xA;  Per 0.1 ml dose &#xA;  *propagated in fertilised hens’ eggs from healthy  chicken flocks &#xA;  **haemagglutinin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;List of excipients:&#xA;  1. Sodium chloride &#xA;  2. Potassium chloride &#xA;  3. Disodium phosphate dihydrate &#xA;  4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate &#xA;  5. Water for injections &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000966/WC500031442.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;IDflu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;List of excipients&#xA;  1. Sodium chloride&#xA;  2. Potassium chloride&#xA;  3. Disodium phosphate dihydrate&#xA;  4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate&#xA;  5. Water for injections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yw7eP.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yw7eP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The links for each vaccine are for the Summary of Product Characteristics for each one, where you can find more information on their composition, possible incompatibilities and precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-14T16:51:45.753" LastActivityDate="2015-09-14T16:51:45.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3130" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3735" CreationDate="2015-09-14T20:45:39.203" Score="13" ViewCount="16373" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know how much water we should be drinking. However, I have a close friend that only drinks 1.5 litres of water &lt;strong&gt;once a day&lt;/strong&gt;. Keep in mind that they do consume other liquids with food. Nevertheless, this seems completely unhealthy and backwards to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone drinks their only water source once a day, I imagine the body will metabolise or otherwise use all the water nutrients right away and dispose of the rest. I do not have any evidence to back up my claims, but this seems like a gross misinterpretation of health guidelines and their body will be wanting water later in the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody seen any articles that set quotas on drinking frequency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1568" LastEditorUserId="1568" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T18:40:37.193" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T15:31:52.350" Title="How often should you drink water? Not how much" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3133" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-09-15T11:57:08.993" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T11:57:08.993" LastActivityDate="2015-09-15T11:57:08.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3134" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-09-15T11:57:08.993" Score="0" Body="A mood disorder causing a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest." OwnerUserId="1575" LastEditorUserId="1575" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T19:08:34.803" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T19:08:34.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-15T14:29:51.613" Score="5" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a relatively rare disease, and just recently discovered that a drug helps me with some of my symptoms. The drug is not approved by the FDA for how I am using it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who do I contact, and how do I contact them, to get the research done so that this drug can become approved by the FDA for how I am using it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-15T21:05:04.137" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T03:55:42.917" Title="How can I get a researcher to research a drug for my affliction?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-15T15:14:03.993" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I learned about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.seeing.org/techniques/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the Bates method&lt;/a&gt; but it looks kinda fantasy for me (don't want to offend anyone). Are there people who followed these guides and succeeded in restoring (at least partially) their vision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1578" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:29:44.990" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:29:44.990" Title="Vision - is Bates method really able to restore one's vision?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3264" CreationDate="2015-09-15T17:11:44.537" Score="6" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been a personal experience. I am at home now and take tea twice a day. For 2 months now I have been having acidity problems, which, my doctor told me, were the main reason I have been getting gags the whole day. I had quit taking tea &lt;em&gt;ceterus paribus&lt;/em&gt; and have noticed that frequency of getting gags has &lt;strong&gt;drastically reduced&lt;/strong&gt;. I am curious: can tea or any particular component of it cause acidity which eventually causes people to feel like retching?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1564" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T02:48:59.390" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T02:48:59.390" Title="Does tea cause gags?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3138" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3218" CreationDate="2015-09-15T19:23:50.877" Score="4" ViewCount="1929" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is summed up in the title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the quest for impeccable gut flora, this concern popped up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Some additional information regarding the antibacterial properties of honey and the probiotic yogurt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a medical article regarding honey's medical applications (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609166/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609166/&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Currently, many researchers have reported the antibacterial activity of honey and found that natural unheated honey has some broad-spectrum antibacterial activity when tested against pathogenic bacteria, oral bacteria as well as food spoilage bacteria&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The Leptospermum scoparium (L. scoparium) honey,the best known of the honeys, has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on around 60 species of bacteria...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yogurts can contain probiotic bacteria such as &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; and probiotic yeast &lt;em&gt;Saccharomyces boulardii&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, I can't seem to find any resources online regarding any potential conflict between these two items. I do get a lot of yogurt + honey recipes though, so if there is any interest in that field, consider me an expert now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for reading!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1582" LastEditorUserId="1582" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T15:30:56.037" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T07:20:43.237" Title="Do the antimicrobial properties of honey counteract the probiotic properties of yogurt?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3143" CreationDate="2015-09-15T21:10:17.223" Score="-3" ViewCount="828" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a coworker who is known - behind his back - for taking excessively long in the bathroom. It's not unusual for our department to have to delay a meeting 10, 20, even 30 minutes waiting for him to return from the bathroom. He hasn't mentioned any health issues that would cause this. He claims that it simply takes him that long - he's not staring at his phone or reading a magazine or somesuch. He seems convinced that there's nothing out of the ordinary. Yet he regularly takes 30-45 minutes in the bathroom at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I know everyone uses the restroom a little differently. Some people wipe standing, others wipe sitting, et cetera. But the rest of our department agrees that the amount of time he spends is excessive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have two related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it within the range of normal for someone to regularly take upwards of half an hour or more in the bathroom, without a distraction being the cause?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there/are there digestive health problem(s) which my coworker may have that could cause this, which he might not be aware of?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the real question I'm trying to get an answer to is, is my coworker suffering from some health condition that he might not know about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1583" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T06:25:49.717" Title="Coworker regularly takes 30-45 minutes on the toilet - is this normal?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3135" CreationDate="2015-09-15T21:15:12.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can contact the FDA from their website, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fda.gov&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you're a patient with a disease, I would use the FDA Patient Network Program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Office of Health and Constituent Affairs: 301-796-8460; email: PatientNetwork@fda.hhs.gov&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that your doctor does not need FDA approval to use a drug in an off-label manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can there be any problems for doctor if a drug is prescribed for conditions that are not on the label or FDA-approved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T03:55:42.917" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T03:55:42.917" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5201" CreationDate="2015-09-16T04:52:08.063" Score="5" ViewCount="3801" Body="&lt;p&gt;Referring to this published paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23035781&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Efficacy and safety of once-daily tadalafil in men with erectile dysfunction who reported no successful intercourse attempts at baseline&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The posttreatment intercourse success rate was 32% and 46% for&#xA;  tadalafil 2.5 mg and 5 mg, respectively, in men with no successful&#xA;  intercourse attempts at baseline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the above result believable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If yes, what makes Cialis cure Erectile Dysfunction permanently?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T10:33:00.787" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T14:03:02.897" Title="What makes Cialis cure Erectile Dysfunction permanently?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3139" CreationDate="2015-09-16T06:25:49.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You didn't say which country you work in, so let's take the US as an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do I have a right to have my medical information kept private in the workplace?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your employer has a number of ways to obtain medical information about you, whether it's because you volunteer it when you call in sick or tell co-workers, or because you provide requested information on health insurance application or workers compensation claim forms. &lt;strong&gt;However, just because your employer has the information does not mean that it should be shared with everyone in the workplace, especially when you have not chosen to do so.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic legal principle that employers should follow is not to reveal medical information about you unless there is a legitimate business reason to do so. But because that standard is fairly vague, there are laws which more specifically protect the privacy of your medical records, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, the law which makes it illegal to discriminate on the basis of an employee's disability. State laws may also provide additional protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.workplacefairness.org/medical-privacy-workplace&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Workplace Fairness&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like more reliable resources, I recommend the documents that WF refers to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or if you would prefer the European approach:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Member States shall prohibit&lt;/strong&gt; the processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade-union membership, and &lt;strong&gt;the processing of data concerning health or sex life.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995L0046:en:HTML&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data&lt;/a&gt; (Article 8(1), emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, the bottom line is that it is utterly irrelevant whether your coworker does or does not have an underlying medical condition that you don't know about, because people have the right to health information privacy worldwide. In other words: &lt;strong&gt;your coworker's potential medical condition is none of your business&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The right to privacy has been around for a while and as such should be understandable to any civilized human being. To be consistent with meeting health SE's reference requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Privacy addresses the question of who has access to personal information and under what conditions. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a variety of reasons for placing a high value on protecting the privacy, confidentiality, and security of health information (reviewed by Pritts, 2008). Some theorists depict privacy as a basic human good or right with intrinsic value (Fried, 1968; Moore, 2005; NRC, 2007a; Terry and Francis, 2007). They see privacy as being objectively valuable in itself, as an essential component of human well-being. They believe that respecting privacy (and autonomy) is a form of recognition of the attributes that give humans their moral uniqueness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more common view is that privacy is valuable because it facilitates or promotes other fundamental values, including ideals of personhood (Bloustein, 1967; Gavison, 1980; Post, 2001; Solove, 2006; Taylor, 1989; Westin, 1966) such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Personal autonomy (the ability to make personal decisions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individuality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Respect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dignity and worth as human beings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research.&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the linked text refers to privacy of information of health research participants, the introductory part (Definitions, Importance of Privacy) is about the general principle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T06:25:49.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3169" CreationDate="2015-09-16T07:02:28.260" Score="7" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is off-label prescribing completely prohibited? Can a drug be prescribed by doctors for a disease or condition for which FDA has not approved it and hence this condition is not listed on the label? It is presumed that this disease or condition is not explicitly listed as a contra-indication, i.e. when the drug is clearly stated to be avoided since it may be harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T11:50:01.670" Title="Off-label prescribing of drugs" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3123" CreationDate="2015-09-16T07:05:55.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before the answer I owe you an apology - the Mint family is large, and aside from a large number of species, each has a number of varieties. Different varieties of the same species might have similar chemical composition and pharmacological effects, but look a bit different. The fact is, that I'm not 100% sure from your photo that it is &lt;em&gt;Mentha x piperita&lt;/em&gt; that we are talking about (most of my sources state that it has pink flowers; leaves are a shaped a bit differently but this might be because the plant is young); still, it might be. Determining the species is tricky even for professionals in such plant families (I was hoping that you got the name of the plant when you purchased it/got it from someone to plant in your garden).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, I'll try to answer the best I can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only &lt;strong&gt;contraindications&lt;/strong&gt; for using &lt;em&gt;Mentha x piperita&lt;/em&gt; (Peppermint) leaves or &lt;em&gt;Mentha arvensis pipericans&lt;/em&gt; (Japanese Mint) are &lt;strong&gt;gallstones, gallbladder obstruction or inflammation&lt;/strong&gt; - because most members of Mint family have a cholagogic effect (stimulate bile production and excretion) so the patient might experience colic if they use mint leaves, and medical supervision of such use is advisable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Peppermint the average daily dosage is 3-6 g/day (PDR) or 4.5 - 9g of the herbal substance, for preparation of herbal tea, divided in three doses (HMPC, EMeA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another contraindication listed for Peppermint in monograph at EMeA is &lt;strong&gt;heartburn&lt;/strong&gt; (gastro-oesophageal reflux) because the condition might worsen with the use of peppermint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other from these, there are no known health risks associated with the use of these species, in recommended daily doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For: &lt;em&gt;Mentha longifolia&lt;/em&gt; (English horsemint), &lt;em&gt;Mentha spicata&lt;/em&gt; (Spearmint), &lt;em&gt;Mentha aquatica&lt;/em&gt; (Wild mint), PDR states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction&#xA;  with the proper administration of designated therapeutic&#xA;  dosages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, dosages are listed only for M. aquatica as one wineglass per day of infusion prepared from 30g of leaves and 500 ml of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mentha pulegium&lt;/em&gt; (Pennyroyal) is associated with hepatotoxicity (prolonged use can damage the liver). However, the plant in your photo doesn't look like M. pulegium to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I' recommend taking a sample of your herb to a local botanical garden if possible and asking for help with species determination there, just to be on the safe side. A somewhat less reliable option would be to post the photo of the plant on biology SE and see what they think of it (but determining the species of the plant from a photo is less reliable than with an actual sample).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the quantity - I wasn't able to find a reliable source for the number of leaves used, so the safest method might be to measure the quantity you use and see if it fits the recommended doses (or to measure the maximal daily dose and try not to exceed it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=pDa2QgAACAAJ&amp;amp;dq=Pdr+for+herbal+medicines+2nd+edition&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDR for Herbal Medicines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use - COMMITTEE ON HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (HMPC): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Community_herbal_monograph/2010/01/WC500059393.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;COMMUNITY HERBAL MONOGRAPH ON MENTHA X PIPERITA L., FOLIUM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/20.html#Js4927e.20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Volume 2: Folium Menthae Piperitae&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T07:05:55.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T10:13:46.303" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I watched House Season 1, Episode 2 and it mentions a myoclonic jerk, I looked it up online and a couple weeks later, I started having one just before sleep. It's irregular, that is, not every night but it got me thinking. I've never had any myoclonic jerks before now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can knowing of a psychological/physiological condition cause it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am I suffering from a suffer case of &lt;em&gt;post hoc ergo propter hoc&lt;/em&gt;?&#xA;Is there such common a thing as sudden-onset adolescent myoclonic jerks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1586" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T14:33:40.703" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T14:33:40.703" Title="Can knowledge act as a trigger?" Tags="&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2015-09-24T15:33:57.647" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-16T10:41:09.313" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just received a vaccination today at around 9:00 in the morning, and it is still hurting really bad now at 8:40 in the evening. Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Leilah" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T10:16:35.837" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T10:16:35.837" Title="Is it normal for the vaccination site to hurt?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3166" CreationDate="2015-09-13T06:16:57.163" Score="8" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you  take 250 mg of vitamin B6 orally as film-coated tablets, how long does it take until the greatest portion of it reaches the brain? When does the peak occur and how does the substance spread? Are there easy ways to extend this time by one hour by e.g. eating or drinking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Some words on my motivation. I'm trying to do the experiment described at the &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6&quot;&gt;Wiki&lt;/a&gt; page on Vitamin B6, which says that B6 increases the ability for dream recall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1598" OwnerDisplayName="draks ..." LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-16T14:30:14.500" LastActivityDate="2020-05-15T15:17:19.373" Title="Time needed for vitamin B6 to reach the brain" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3157" CreationDate="2015-09-16T17:20:08.880" Score="12" ViewCount="2752" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use a gel for muscle pain after sport. Its active ingredients are listed as ibuprofen and levomenthol. The amount of menthol is sufficient to feel quite a lot of numbbness/burning for maybe half an hour after application. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ibuprofen is clear. But I was wondering about the menthol. Does it have any direct physiological effect on the sore muscles and tendons? Is there evidence that it has synergies with the ibuprofen or that it is helpful for the same complaints? Is there a medical indication for having this combination instead of making a gel with ibuprofen only? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2017-11-18T04:26:23.987" Title="Does menthol have therapeutic effect on sore or inflamed muscles and tendons?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3165" CreationDate="2015-09-16T18:21:36.567" Score="3" ViewCount="2632" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Basil plant that appears to be affected by Fusarium wilt. Let's assume my diagnosis of the plant's issue is correct. Can I safely harvest the whole plant and eat the leaves that haven't wilted yet? Does the fungus that causes Fusarium wilt affect humans at all? Sources are preferred. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1591" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T23:16:33.727" Title="Can basil affected by Fusarium wilt be eaten safely?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3043" CreationDate="2015-09-16T19:56:57.243" Score="25" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So my question is: Are smokers' lungs visibly and routinely blackened and/or discolored in the absence of lung disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That last phrase is tricky, because smokers who have heavy pigmentation are likely to have lung disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not a myth that smokers have black pigmentation in their lungs, but finding proof of gross pathology in picture form is difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one slide from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/smokers_lung_pathology_photo_essay/page3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8HUqY.gif&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8HUqY.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is gross (visible to the naked eye) pathology, and you can see dark pigmentation in the region of emphesematous blebs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; difficult to find are histopathology slides, and many of them show pigment-laden macrophages in smoker's lungs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/subYm.gif&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/subYm.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this was taken from the same page, this kind of slide is present in papers from many different authors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HA2mU.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HA2mU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fpOacm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fpOacm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/ajsp/Abstract/2002/05000/Respiratory_Bronchiolitis__A_Clinicopathologic.11.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Surgical Pathology&lt;/a&gt; on Respiratory Bronchiolitis, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A correlation was found between degree of &lt;em&gt;cytoplasmic pigmentation of macrophages&lt;/em&gt; and number of pack-years smoked and also between the presence of peribronchiolar fibrosis and number of pack-years. No correlation was found between pulmonary function test results and pathologic findings. ...Five cases of variant [Respiratory Bronchiolitis] were encountered that resembled RB except that macrophage cytoplasm lacked pigment. All occurred in never-smokers, and their significance is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And again in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2812%2965379-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;another paper&lt;/a&gt; on RB in &lt;em&gt;young&lt;/em&gt; smokers,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Respiratory bronchiolitis is a mild inflammatory reaction commonly noted in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. We reviewed 18 cases of respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB/ILD), which had been diagnosed on the basis of clinical evaluation and open-lung biopsy. All patients were cigarette smokers. The sex distribution of the patients was approximately equal, and their mean age was &lt;em&gt;36 years&lt;/em&gt;. Chest roentgenograms showed reticular or reticulonodular infiltrates in 72% of the patients. &lt;em&gt;Histologically, inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles, filling of the bronchiolar lumens and surrounding alveoli with finely pigmented macrophages...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I spoke with two county coroner employed pathologists who stated without hesitation that heavy pigmentation was present grossly in heavy smokers, and that without knowing if a person was a smoker or non-smoker, they were able to predict with accuracy who was a heavy smoker. Furthermore, I was invited to come take pictures of lungs on autopsy (going through the proper channels and with the families' permission) of smokers and nonsmokers to authenticate the difference (That won't help with the bounty, of course).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given all this, I don't believe that there is a medical conspiracy about smokers' lungs looking the way they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-16T19:56:57.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3606" CreationDate="2015-09-16T22:55:32.827" Score="6" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient is receiving a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The surgery to remove the cancerous throat tissue was not entirely successful as the surgeon discovered that the cancer had metastasised to the lower pallet.  The patient is male, in his early 60s, very athletic and fit, in excellent health with great cardiovascular capacity, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:17.757" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T14:29:30.103" Title="What are survival rates of male patients in stage IV throat cancer that has metastasised to the lower pallet?" Tags="&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;throat&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3156" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4022" CreationDate="2015-09-16T23:03:41.363" Score="7" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that casually from acquaintances.  I was wondering if there is any scientific support backing this claim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T15:39:43.107" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T16:41:11.230" Title="Is there any solid scientific evidence that Cinnamon can prevent Alzheimer's disease?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3152" CreationDate="2015-09-17T01:31:29.807" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is evidence of analgesic effects of menthol in scientific literature. It has been studied in humans and has shown to be &lt;strong&gt;superior to ice in delayed onset muscle soreness&lt;/strong&gt;; in a placebo-controlled, triple-blind, cross-over clinical study &lt;strong&gt;menthol-based gel acutely reduced pain in subjects with carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms. In mice blockage of voltage gated Na-channels&lt;/strong&gt; of dorsal root ganglion neurons has shed light on potential mechanisms of analgesic action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the key parts of these studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362986/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A comparison of topical menthol to ice on pain, evoked tetanic and voluntary force during delayed onset muscle soreness&lt;/a&gt; has shown that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to ice, the topical menthol-based analgesic decreased perceived discomfort to a greater extent and permitted greater tetanic forces to be produced. [...] Tetanic force changes illustrated a significant main effect for the treatments (p&amp;lt;0.05; ES=1.1) with the menthol based topical analgesic allowing 116.9% greater tetanic force (89.4 N ± 60.7) output than the ice treatment (41.2 ± 43.6). [...]  There was a significant (p=0.025; ES=1.2) difference in soreness perception with the VAS scale between the application of ice and the menthol based topical analgesic. Soreness perception was 63.1% less with application of the topical analgesic (1.1 ± 0.4) compared to the ice (3.1 ± 1.7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study menthol was applied as 3.5% gel (Biofreeze®) without substantial force or rubbing during application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from cooling sensation attributed to activation of TRPM8 channel in this and other studies, another study (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304395911006907&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Menthol pain relief through cumulative inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels&lt;/a&gt;) has tested the hypothesis that menthol could block voltage gated Na-channels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results indicate that menthol inhibits Na+ channels in a concentration-, voltage-, and frequency-dependent manner. Menthol promoted fast and slow inactivation states, causing use-dependent depression of Na+ channel activity. In current clamp recordings, menthol inhibited firing at high-frequency stimulation with minimal effects on normal neuronal activity. We found that low concentrations of menthol cause analgesia in mice, relieving pain produced by a Na+ channel-targeting toxin. We conclude that menthol is a state-selective blocker of Nav1.8, Nav1.9, and TTX-sensitive Na+ channels, indicating a role for Na+ channel blockade in the efficacy of menthol as topical analgesic compound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2014/310913/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute Effect of Topical Menthol on Chronic Pain in Slaughterhouse Workers with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Triple-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Topical gel containing menthol led to a 31% (1.3 point on 0–10 VAS) acute reduction in chronic pain associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, and the absolute change in pain symptoms between topical menthol and placebo was 1.2 corresponding to a moderate effect size&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In official monographs one can find predominantly Peppermint oil (&lt;em&gt;Menthae piperitae aetheroleum&lt;/em&gt;), but since literature states that menthol is it's main ingredient (30 - 55% [WHO]) we could assume that it plays a role in the effects of the oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Community_herbal_monograph/2010/01/WC500059313.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;In Community Herbal Monograph by European Medicines Agency (EMeA)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional use, indication 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the symptomatic relief of localised  muscle pain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/19.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO Monographs on selected medicinal plants, Volume 2&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uses supported by clinical data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internally for symptomatic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (15-20), and digestive disorders such as flatulence and gastritis (21-23). &lt;strong&gt;Externally for treatment of myalgia and headache&lt;/strong&gt; (21, 24-27)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Commission E (translated into English at &lt;a href=&quot;http://cms.herbalgram.org/expandedE/Peppermintoil.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Botanical Council&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Commission E approved the internal use of peppermint oil for spastic discomfort of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts, irritable colon (in enteric-coated capsules), catarrhs of the respiratory tract, and inflammation of the oral mucosa; &lt;strong&gt;and external use for myalgia and neuralgia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ESCOP [...] Its external use is indicated for coughs and colds, &lt;strong&gt;rheumatic complaints&lt;/strong&gt;, pruritus, urticaria, and pain in irritable skin conditions (ESCOP, 1997).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*To show the lack of bias: not an official monograph, but a respected resource, PDR for Herbal Medicines lists the cutaneous use of peppermint oil as an analgesic in myalgia and neuralgia as &amp;quot;unproven uses&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T01:31:29.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3159" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3162" CreationDate="2015-09-17T07:15:02.800" Score="8" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;Second year medical student asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the blood pressure at the root of aorta equal the blood pressure in the brachial artery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard it does but it doesn't quite seem to make sense as I'd think the blood pressure would be lowered the further it travels? Research indicates[1] that there is not the same pressure but I can't seem to find a &quot;why&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18765967&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18765967&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1597" LastEditorUserId="1597" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T11:49:54.453" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T04:03:51.713" Title="Blood pressure in aorta vs. blood pressure in brachial artery" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3440" CreationDate="2015-09-17T10:13:05.593" Score="4" ViewCount="228" Body="&lt;p&gt;When one half of the brain is removed, what happens regarding the space? Does it fill with CSF? Is something man-made put in there to stop the other hemisphere from moving? Is the other hemisphere centred or does it stay where it normally is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1586" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:39:07.723" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:39:07.723" Title="What happens to the brain after a hemispherectomy?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;csf-cerebrospinal-fluid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3161" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3168" CreationDate="2015-09-17T14:50:49.657" Score="5" ViewCount="2432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wearing glasses for near-sightedness for almost my entire life but only yesterday got glasses to correct my astigmatism. The world now looks rather distorted. To name two examples, my computer monitor appears to be a trapezoid (long side on the left) and table and desks appear to be tilted at nearly a 30 degree angle. Covering one eye or the other provides a view not subject to this distortion; everything is very clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been wearing these glasses about 3 hours now (on and off with my old ones as I feel eye strain and headache) and the distortion has not lessened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal to this degree? Should I return to my optometrist immediately or should I wait a few days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T22:07:49.400" Title="Astigmatism eyeglass lenses -- how much distortion is normal?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3159" CreationDate="2015-09-17T16:49:35.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mean pressure has to be lower peripherally for blood to flow in that direction. However, it is well known that there is an amplification of systolic blood pressure in the limbs due to reflection of pressure wave from periphery (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/51/1/112.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/51/1/112.full&lt;/a&gt;). Vascular stiffness also affects this phenomenon. See figure 4 of this article in American Journal of Physiology: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/299/3/H584&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/299/3/H584&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon of pressure wave reflection is shown clearly in figure 5 of this article in Advances in Physiology Education &lt;a href=&quot;http://advan.physiology.org/content/37/4/321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://advan.physiology.org/content/37/4/321&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This phenomenon is also exaggerated in aortic regurgitation, where it is called the Hill's sign: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.learntheheart.com/cardiology-review/hills-sign/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.learntheheart.com/cardiology-review/hills-sign/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T04:03:51.713" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T04:03:51.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3164" CreationDate="2015-09-17T19:32:46.837" Score="3" ViewCount="8644" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know these days everything has to have an expiry date, but some things can be consumed for a long time after the date printed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What, if any, would be the negative health effects of consuming out of date alcohol? In this instance; Archers. Still sealed, and kept at low temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="620" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T16:07:23.440" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T20:26:36.337" Title="Health effects of alcohol when out of date" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3163" CreationDate="2015-09-17T21:52:24.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can gather after reading through several different sites in a search, it will depend somewhat on the type of alcohol (I am assuming schnapps) and the method used to turn it into alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Archer appears to make liqueur type schnapps, which means that the fruit is steeped in the alcohol base, rather than distilled from the fruit itself. This means it will have a higher sugar content, and will go bad faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As near as I can tell, there isn't any adverse health effects reported from drinking out of date alcohol, but the taste can vary wildly, and be anything from a &quot;flat&quot; taste, to very harsh and bitter as the sugars continue to break down. This is moderated by temperature and how much air is in the bottle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there &lt;em&gt;shouldn't&lt;/em&gt; be any health effects, other than possibly bad taste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cocktails.about.com/od/stockyourbar/f/liquor_storage.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cocktails.about.com/od/stockyourbar/f/liquor_storage.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.guntheranderson.com/liqueurs/storage.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.guntheranderson.com/liqueurs/storage.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-17T22:33:36.673" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T22:33:36.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3153" CreationDate="2015-09-17T23:16:33.727" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you have on your basil is a strain of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fusarium oxysporum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, obviously a strain pathogenic to plants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium#In_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Apparently&lt;/a&gt;, other strains of &lt;em&gt;F. oxysporum&lt;/em&gt; can cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;onychomycosis&lt;/a&gt; (nail infections) and  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_keratitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;keratomycosis&lt;/a&gt; (corneal infections). And if you have a very low &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;neutrophils&lt;/a&gt; count, it can cause aggressive  infections throughout the entire body and bloodstream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because these are different strains, you should be fine eating the basil, I've done it and suffered no ill effects, although it can alter the flavor. The plant strain of the species would have to mutate in order to affect humans, because the food source is drastically different, and a fungus that is adapted to one source will die if introduced to the other as a food source. The metabolization process is very different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, be aware that there are some human pathogens in the species, but what you have isn't going to hurt you, unless you have an allergic reaction to the fungus (unlikely but possible), which I suppose you could test (by consuming a small quantity first) if you have known allergies to other fungi (such as penicillin, button mushrooms, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.umass.edu/comparativegenomics/Pdfs/ARM2013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a good paper on &lt;em&gt;Fusarium&lt;/em&gt; Pathogenomics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1020" LastActivityDate="2015-09-17T23:16:33.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3149" CreationDate="2015-09-18T04:05:32.240" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The medical way to ask your question is &quot;What are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt; of pyridoxine (B6 version that you're likely to take)?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then that brings us to both &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8598418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/ppa/pyridoxine-hydrochloride-b6.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secondary&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.robholland.com/Nursing/Drug_Guide/data/monographframes/P100.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sources&lt;/a&gt;, along with &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28043.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a good animal model study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The greatest portion reaches the brain&quot; will likely be shortly after the peak serum concentration, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmax_%28pharmacology%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cmax&lt;/a&gt;.  The amount of time it takes for a drug to get to Cmax is Tmax.   There is going to be some variability in Tmax based on age, sex, weight, diet, and B6 formulation.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229700&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A comparison&lt;/a&gt; of two formulations directly found a range of 1.25 to 1.44h, which is a little tighter of the general range of 1-2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find a source that showed peak concentrations in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNS tissue&lt;/a&gt; or that looked at the delay in B6 crossing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood brain barrier&lt;/a&gt; (which it will readily given its solubility), but there is little reason to suspect that it is too delayed thereafter.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28043.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Animal studies&lt;/a&gt; have shown that the vast majority (80-90%) of B6 is stored in muscles and the liver, so even though the peak concentration for the CNS will follow Cmax, most of the B6 will not end up there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your next two questions are mostly implicitly answered in the first question.  The peak and greatest portion are likely to be very close together (I couldn't find any evidence of delayed metabolism in the CNS).  But expanding on your third question a little, it gets there via the blood, which is pretty standard for most drugs/nutrients/vitamins in humans.  As far as taking it from swallowing the pill, it then continues along the digestive tract to the small intestine.  Mostly in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jejunum&lt;/a&gt;, but somewhat in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ileum&lt;/a&gt; (2nd and 3rd part of small intestine) it passively diffuses into the blood, where it circulates through the heart and eventually to your brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating more food may prolong the time the pill is in the stomach, thereby delaying the time that the B6 is absorbed in the small intestine.  Generically this is called gastric emptying, and an approachable site on the subject can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/emptying.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Even though I'm pretty sure this is made up data to estimate the point, I think it's worth duplicating their time graph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BGyg7.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BGyg7.gif&quot; alt=&quot;%meal in stomach vs time&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to point out, that this is not something that you will be able to time on a stopwatch and fine tune.  Any of these values could easily vary by an hour.  I also want to point out that taking high doses of B6 can be habit forming, and that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11883552#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study on dreaming&lt;/a&gt; cited in the wiki is far from convincing.  Further it was published in a relatively &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/journal/0031-5125_Perceptual_and_Motor_Skills&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;low impact journal&lt;/a&gt;.  I'm not saying it isn't true, but I don't like the idea of people super dosing B6 for recreational dream use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2015-09-18T12:30:06.817" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T12:30:06.817" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-18T05:03:20.303" Score="5" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I get stung by a bee, I'll have inflammation in that area. But I've seen inflammation mentioned in the context of the whole body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this invisible inflammation, and how can its presence be detected in absence of symptoms such as a skin rash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T10:43:26.447" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T10:43:26.447" Title="What exactly is inflammation?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3161" CreationDate="2015-09-18T11:10:08.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my eye doctor, this much distortion is &lt;strong&gt;not normal&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He checked the strength of my glasses and they were not made according to the prescription: the OS astigmatism correction was -0.50 rather than the written -0.25. Getting the glasses remade now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="25" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T11:10:08.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3144" CreationDate="2015-09-18T11:50:01.670" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Off-label prescribing of medicines - that is, prescribing medicines for indications, age groups or other circumstances for which they are not approved, is not prohibited by the FDA. FDA regulates approval of medicines for marketing, but it does not regulate the practice of medicine. Hence, once the medicine is on the market for certain indications it is up to physicians how they will describe them. (1,2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is not an unregulated field. The FDA does state that &lt;strong&gt;off-label use must be distinguished from clinical trials&lt;/strong&gt; - which means when physicians prescribe medicines under off-label circumstances they are not experimenting on their patients. Furthermore, FDA stresses that &lt;strong&gt;this practice must benefit the patient and be in line with Good medical practice&lt;/strong&gt;. In their own words (3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Good medical practice and the best interests of the patient require that physicians use legally available drugs, biologics and devices according to their best knowledge and judgement. If physicians use a product for an indication not in the approved labeling, they have the responsibility to be well informed about the product, to base its use on firm scientific rationale and on sound medical evidence, and to maintain records of the product's use and effects. Use of a marketed product in this manner when the intent is the &quot;practice of medicine&quot; does not require the submission of an Investigational New Drug Application (IND), Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) or review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). However, the institution at which the product will be used may, under its own authority, require IRB review or other institutional oversight.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though such practice isn't prohibited and is in fact sometimes necessary (1, 4), it still opens physicians to potential liability. Legal complaints are usually phrased as medical malpractice due to negligence or due to lack of an informed consent, which is recommended, but not mandatory (1, 2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What physicians can do to protect themselves from liability is take care that their off label prescribing is (2):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;made with the &#xA;  patient’s knowledge that a drug is being &#xA;  prescribed for an off-label use; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;principally motivated by a desire to diagnose, &#xA;  treat and directly benefit the patient for whom a drug is prescribed; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;based on the doctor’s own expert medical opinion; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;supported by reputable peer reviewed literature reflecting sound scientific evidence; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;generally supported by the opinions of the physician’s local colleagues&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation is, however, different with the industry - promotion of off label use of medicines is prohibited. FDA has issued a draft document on it's viewpoint on industry providing information about off label use of their medicines. The request for information must be unsolicited (i.e. the company or its permanent or temporary employees should not prompt these requirements), and whether the request is public or not, the information should be provided in one-on-one communication (5). Furthermore, this document states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;FDA has long taken the position that firms can respond to unsolicited requests for information about FDA-regulated medical products by providing truthful, balanced, non-misleading, and non-promotional scientific or medical information that is responsive to the specific request, even if responding to the request requires a firm to provide information on unapproved or uncleared indications or conditions of use.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538391/#bib45&quot;&gt;Ten Common Questions (and Their Answers) About Off-label Drug Use&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcguirewoods.com/news-resources/publications/health_care/Off_Label.pdf&quot;&gt;Physicians’ liability for off-label prescriptions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126486.htm&quot;&gt;FDA: &quot;Off-Label&quot; and Investigational Use Of Marketed Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices - Information Sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/forpatients/other/offlabel/default.htm&quot;&gt;FDA: Understanding Investigational Drugs and Off Label Use of Approved Drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm285145.pdf&quot;&gt;FDA: Guidance for Industry Responding to Unsolicited Requests for &#xA;Off-Label Information About &#xA;Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T11:50:01.670" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3074" CreationDate="2015-09-18T13:03:02.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/brushing-flossing-child-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; recommends brushing children's teeth for 2 minutes (with different amounts of toothpaste for different age groups).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentalhealth.ie/children/cleaning.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dental Health Foundation of Ireland&lt;/a&gt; doesn't give recommendations on the length of brushing for children 0-2 years of age, and recommends brushing without toothpaste at that age. For children 2-7 years of age they recommend brushing with toothpaste, for 2-3 minutes. They also say that this is a length of a song, so they basically recommend a distraction technique you are already using. (There is a lack of consensus on-line what is the exact age limit for a child to be considered a toddler). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aside (more fit for parenting SE): I've browsed through You Tube for teeth-brushing songs and I found many, but honestly none of those would have motivated me to endure teeth brushing. So, perhaps another type of song and different song every night? Maybe one for every day of the week - Monday song (Twinkle twinkle?), Tuesday song... Or telling a story while brushing, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://freestoriesforkids.com/children/stories-and-tales/toothy-toad&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; - if you find it age-appropriate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-18T13:03:02.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-18T21:23:03.283" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for references to studies on language decline due to progressing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). A preliminary search on google only gave me general info like &quot;word loss, memory issues, mood swings&quot; etc. I'm more interested in explicit studies that track some kind of metrics like sentence complexity or variety of words used. Put another way, suppose you wanted to detect CTE using language tests, which tests have been shown to be (moderately) effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:55:24.530" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:55:24.530" Title="Language decline due to chronic traumatic encephalopathy" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;speech-pathology&gt;&lt;traumatic-encephalopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3186" CreationDate="2015-09-18T23:54:29.307" Score="10" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ideal BMI is often quoted as being 18.5 to 24.9, and obesity is often defined as a BMI over 30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Were these ranges constructed based off established science connecting these numbers to health, or are the ranges arbitrary?  If they are based off peer reviewed research could you please provide as much detail as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-20T04:44:17.450" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T01:40:33.937" Title="How are BMI ranges established?" Tags="&lt;biological-parameter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-19T07:06:21.897" Score="7" ViewCount="7661" Body="&lt;p&gt;I play association football since a very young age. Now I notice that when I stand my knees don't really touch each other, which seems to be a typical symptom of bow legs (Genu Varum). Also, I'm a right-footed player, and I notice that now I tend to walk on the outside of my right foot/walk with my right foot pointing outwards with an angle larger than that of my left foot. When I watch football matches, I notice that this situation seems to be even more extreme in some professional players, i.e. when they're lying naturally on the ground they have their playing foot pointing outward much more than the other foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any study/research on this topic? Because when I search the web I find surprisingly little information on it. I suspect maybe my bow legs also have a genetic component to it but I'm not sure how much my football activities have had an influence on it. If it's true that football exacerbates bow legs, should I stop playing football? Or is there some other advice to alleviate the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1612" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:34:52.557" LastActivityDate="2018-12-22T18:58:29.960" Title="Are football (soccer) players more likely to have bow legs (genu varum)? What can be done to alleviate it if that's the case" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;gait-walk-abnormalities&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3187" CreationDate="2015-09-19T14:30:42.947" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 2-month old daughter has a cow's milk intolerance, so my wife has stopped consuming dairy. Ideally she'll be breastfeeding until 12+ months, so if it persists it could be a year before she has dairy again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a friend who was dairy free with her son, and since she stopped breastfeeding and could consume dairy again she's had trouble with dairy products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to maintain lactase production while going dairy free, without having to consume dairy? Or a proven way to restore lactase production back to original levels when she does start consuming dairy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T00:45:53.140" Title="Maintain lactase while dairy free" Tags="&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3180" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3188" CreationDate="2015-09-19T22:07:29.800" Score="6" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;This October I am going to new Doctor who is close to my home. Old Doctor passed away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to CDC website and it lists many type of flu shots &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/vaccines.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/vaccines.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What type of vaccine would be good for healthy lady in mid-30s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What type of vaccine would be good for elderly who are somewhat active, doing stuff around the house, but suffer the regular aches and pains, who are early 70s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-21T00:21:30.410" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T00:44:51.640" Title="Best type of flu shot" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-19T22:46:29.193" Score="2" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cover my head with covers while sleeping. I find difficult to sleep without doing it, I feel like there is not enought dark (thought all lighs are turned off and it's really dark) and I simply cannot get sleep without doing it.&#xA;I want to know if it's known to cause problems, specially because oxygen might be less inside the covers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:52:20.263" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:52:20.263" Title="Covering head while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;suffocation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-20T04:57:48.787" Score="2" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm planning to live in the wild for a year but I'm concern with my teeth... I'm thinking of What's the best toothpaste you can get in the wild?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which I could use 3 times a day in a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1620" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T11:43:07.723" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T15:15:40.847" Title="What's the best toothpaste you can get in the wild?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-08-24T02:19:55.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17327" CreationDate="2015-09-20T09:50:05.590" Score="0" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess losing beard area as a little blocks is a really bad situation. I asked this issue to a dermatology doctor, she said &quot;Run away from stress&quot;. Running away from stress is definitely &lt;strong&gt;impossible&lt;/strong&gt; today's world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor said: &quot;I can inject cortisol liquid into the skin&quot;. Maybe acceptable, but however the lose may keep going, though. After injections, the skin is going down and begin to lose its elasticity, and got old. So, cortisol is harmful for skin even though it was a bit good choice. (Cortisol has made some weight on a skin and body)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying garlics with salt on a skin is offered among people near you, but the skin got red, and burned, and didn't fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can we stop the loss of beard?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: (01.02.2015) A different doctor said: &quot;This is Alopecia Areata. If cortisol didn't care, Tacrolimus Monohidrat Pomad Creams may be a good choice to care&quot;, and  &quot;The skin is begun to get repaired itself within 2 months if the cream is used twice a day&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1506" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:09:11.953" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T13:51:45.260" Title="How to fight beard loss without cortisol injections?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-09-10T10:09:41.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-20T15:45:15.497" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following my fascination with what is commonly referred to as 'metabolism,' I realized that I know a few &quot;recovered anorexics&quot; (please let me know if there is a better term), all of whom maintain normal weight on a normal lifestyle, and one of whom has decided to become a dietician to help others with the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It occurred to me that while these individuals now eat basically normally, they also don't seem to have a propensity to gain weight above that which would be expected of others of their ages, genders and backgrounds. This would seem very odd considering some only a few months earlier had BMIs below 15, eating under 500 calories a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is, therefore:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do metabolisms, or more specifically the normal ability to process &quot;normal&quot; amounts of food for energy while maintaining &quot;normal&quot; weight, of individuals with anorexia nervosa recover, and in what way?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:08:36.813" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:08:36.813" Title="Do the metabolisms of anorexic individuals ever recover?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;anorexia&gt;&lt;eating-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3176" CreationDate="2015-09-20T16:18:20.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, for determining normal range of any parameter, a reasonably large sample of apparently healthy population is tested for that parameter. The normal range is then taken to be 2.5th to 97.5th percentile value. Values above and below this range are categorized as abnormal (abnormally low or high). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some parameters, e.g. eyesight, one side of range is better than normal and may be called super-normal and not abnormal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Round, convenient values are often taken as limits of normal ranges and mild/moderate/severe categories, so that they can be easily remembered and applied in busy clinics. Some of the blood sugar, blood pressure and BMI cutoffs follow this principle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some parameters, prospective studies of outcome (life expectancy, morbidity and mortality) may show a particular range to be the best or optimal and such range may be used to determine normality. Yu Chen et al (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5446&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5446&lt;/a&gt;) found a U shaped association between BMI of Asians and cardiovascular deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk is often continuous, but the values are categorized into groups so that odds ratio can be calculated. Odds ratio provides easy method to compare risk in different categories. Regarding BMI, the World Health Organization page (&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html&lt;/a&gt;) also mentions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The health risks associated with increasing BMI are continuous and the&#xA;  interpretation of BMI gradings in relation to risk may differ for&#xA;  different populations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many who strongly oppose conversion of continuous data to categorical: &lt;a href=&quot;http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/CatContinuous&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/CatContinuous&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-21T01:40:33.937" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T01:40:33.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3179" CreationDate="2015-09-21T00:38:43.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, let me highly commend your wife.  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO recommendation&lt;/a&gt; for breastfeeding up to 2yr is not for show.  It really can help prevent a whole slew of problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, no there are no ways to maintain lactase production in a prolonged lactose free diet.  She may get extremely luckily and maintain the bacteria that are needed on her own, but she should not attempt to reintroduce dairy into her diet without the go-ahead from your pediatrician (assuming she's still breastfeeding).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to the second question, can lactase production be regained, my answer is not yet but soon.  The textbook and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/lactose/conditioninfo/Pages/managed.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US-FDA approved methods&lt;/a&gt; for dealing with lactose intolerance are mostly to avoid dairy and take lactase supplements or tilactase (which will not increase lactase production on their own).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is, however, a drug currently being studied called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=GOS%2FRP-G28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RP-G28&lt;/a&gt; (I'm sure they will come up with a nice trade name if it makes it to market).  The results were promising.  Further, there have also been some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20391953&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;promising studies&lt;/a&gt; with probiotics, in particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lactobacillus reuteri&lt;/a&gt;, as a possible solution.  It has proven difficult to &quot;re-seed&quot; the gut with good probiotics that are swallowed, but the solution may lie &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microbiomejournal.com/content/1/1/3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;with going the other direction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a small warning, you have to be very careful when you are shopping for probiotics.  It is unfortanitely not well regulated, and the way in which the bacteria are packaged can greatly effect if they are useful or not.  For the most part you are going to want live cultures, and if they are reduced to a pill form, you want them lyophilized not heat treated or dehydrated.  Many times it can be difficult to get this information from the manufacturer, so please be very careful when shopping.  It may be best to ask a medical professional what is available in your markets (including online markets if you have access).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2015-09-21T00:45:53.140" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T00:45:53.140" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3180" CreationDate="2015-09-21T00:44:51.640" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2015 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) does not express a preference for use of any particular product over another for persons for whom more than one type of vaccine is appropriate and available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major recommendations concern age, state of health, allergies (some vaccines are specifically recommended for people allergic to eggs or to previous vaccines, pregnancy, etc.), fear of needles (there are multiple ways now to receive influenza vaccines including microneedle intradermal doses, intramuscular jet, and nasal, along with the routine IM injection), timing of the vaccine (especially in the elderly and young).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A previous severe allergic reaction to influenza vaccine, regardless of the component suspected of being responsible for the reaction, is a contraindication to future receipt of the vaccine.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, if the vaccine (in the US) is FDA approved, it should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What type of vaccine would be good for healthy lady in mid-30s[?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you're &lt;strong&gt;not pregnant&lt;/strong&gt;, in the absence of data (recent studies including the 2014 flu season) demonstrating consistent greater relative effectiveness of the current quadrivalent formulation of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV), preference for LAIV over Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (IIV) is no longer recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your age range and state of health, you should &lt;em&gt;avoid&lt;/em&gt; the LAIV if&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;you've experienced severe allergic reactions to the vaccine or any of its components, or to a previous dose of any influenza vaccine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;you have a history of egg allergy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;you've taken influenza antiviral medications within the previous 48 hours&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;you care for severely immunosuppressed persons who require a protective environment &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you live with someone with bad asthma, you might want to consult your doctor about which vaccine is better for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What type of vaccine would be good for elderly who are somewhat active, doing stuff around the house, but suffer the regular aches and pains, who are early 70s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, they should avoid the LAIV. In addition, they should consult their doctor if they have any medical conditions, and for information about the timing of the vaccine (the optimal timing for those over 65 varies from continent to continent and even country to country.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given all the above, I have only ever been asked, &quot;Are you allergic to eggs?&quot; before getting a flu shot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015–16 Influenza Season&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T00:44:51.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T08:21:12.343" Score="6" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;Working as a programmer, I have problems with my eyes. I am using eyedrops, but that does not help. Up till now I always worked with LED monitors a colleague told me that I could try one with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS_panel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IPS panel&lt;/a&gt;. Is it possible that a monitor with an IPS panel would help and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:26:19.990" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T10:12:39.057" Title="Can an IPS panel in a monitor help relieve eye strain?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;led-lights&gt;&lt;artificial-tear-eye-drops&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-05-18T15:01:43.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1952" CreationDate="2015-09-21T11:42:16.867" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is the medically advised time between taking an antidepressant and coffee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no such time, and there cannot be. All we know is that there are negative consequences when you take them together. We know that there are must be spacing schedules when the consequences must be milder than with other schedules. But we have neither the data nor the mathematical models needed to make a prediction about which waiting time minimizes the negative consequences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first problem is in the effect you were interested in initially: they are both psychoactive drugs, changing your mood and cognition. If you combine them, the effect can be stronger, or weaker, or you can experience changes which you wouldn't have experienced if you were taking only one of them. But this kind of thing is very, very hard to measure. A cursory search doesn't even find a study which seeks evidence for such interaction, much less trying to find consistent patterns in this interaction or investigating its time dimension. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second problem is that there is also a metabolic interaction, described in arkiaamu's &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/1974/193&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt;. This means that the metabolism rate of each drug (which already has a very wide spread between individuals) changes the metabolism rate of the other! Predicting how it develops in a given individual will take as much effort, computational time and data as predicting the weather for a given location. It's certainly not possible to derive some general rule. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, all we know that it will have some negative consequences. What you also asked is if there is a &quot;coffee must not be taken at all&quot; rule. If you were to just look at the interaction between coffee and antidepressants, then yes, you should stop drinking coffee at all, because you cannot avoid the interaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But such a view would be very short sighted. Coffee has both positive effects such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608012454&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;being a source of antioxidants&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02246055#page-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;improving alertness&lt;/a&gt; and negative effects, subsumed in one study as &lt;a href=&quot;http://Indigestion,%20Palpitations,%20Tremor,%20Headache%20and%20Insomnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia&lt;/a&gt;. None of these has some standard quantification so that one could say that medically, the risks are more than the benefits, or the other way round. Now, with the interaction with antidepressants, you are adding one more negative effect. Still, the situation is the same: we cannot measure whether it is better to take the caffeine or not take it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, it is similar to all matters in nutrition. We know that what you choose to do will have some effect, but the effect is so complex that it is impossible to make a prediction of what it will be exactly, and derive specific advice based on that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T12:41:06.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T12:24:49.527" Score="2" ViewCount="344" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a big difference between branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplements with vitamin B6 and without it and their benefits in post workout use for amateur bodybuilders with regular diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1602" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-09-21T15:15:27.927" LastActivityDate="2015-09-21T15:15:27.927" Title="BCAA with B6 vs BCAA without B6" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3283" CreationDate="2015-09-21T16:59:56.370" Score="4" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is prediabetes a risk factor for coronary heart disease? In other words, can it cause angina, heart attacks and sudden death? Thanks for your answers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T03:06:24.087" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T04:52:57.667" Title="Can Prediabetes cause coronary heart disease?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T07:28:38.623" Score="11" ViewCount="413" Body="&lt;p&gt;What if I am getting all my nutrition from fluids that includes vegetable and fruit juices, milk etc. Will it effect my body, metabolism, or digestive system in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1634" OwnerDisplayName="Mohsin Munawar" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T03:23:19.670" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T08:20:28.170" Title="Can we survive on liquid diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T20:09:42.180" Score="7" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person walks indoors after smoking, they carry dust with them. But what about the gases from the smoke? Do those stick to the person or persist in the area and continue to pose a threat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1375" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:58:54.647" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T04:48:21.657" Title="Gas from cigarette smoke" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3282" CreationDate="2015-09-21T20:37:10.510" Score="4" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some supplements state e.g. that the pills should be taken with a small amount of peanut butter. My understanding is that this is because the particular supplement is fat-soluble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other supplements on another hand do not say anything about the need to take the pill with any kind of food. Sometimes this is of course because the pill does not need to be taken with any food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, is there a way to check whether a particular substance should be taken with some form of food to help the body absorb it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted this question to be as generic as possible, so that it is applicable to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; substances that humans may take for &quot;health&quot; reasons. Examples of these kinds of substances include &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0019LWV92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Glutathione&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0013OUQ3S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nac-Acetyl Cysteine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On another hand I am not asking for anyone to create a list that indicates which substances are fat soluble and which are not; rather I am looking for a generic way to determine this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the purpose of this question, the answer may be as simple as checking the information in some specific book or website. This would be an acceptable answer, as long as that source is viewed as authoritative on this subject and name/URL is provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1554" LastEditorUserId="1554" LastEditDate="2015-09-29T14:42:27.643" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T17:26:29.103" Title="How to determine if a pill needs to be taken with food?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T21:12:04.367" Score="3" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;For around two years I have been using Alphosol 2 in 1, which is a coal tar extract based shampoo, to treat my dandruff which I believe is caused mostly by my Psoriasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each application would leave me 90% flake free for up to 2 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Around 4 months ago it suddenly stopped working with no change in routine, amount used, or lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the mechanism of action of Alphosol? Are there any studies to show that this treatment can suddenly stop giving results and what are the possible reasons for this, without the change in lifestyle or manner of application?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:06:36.657" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:06:36.657" Title="What is the mechanism of action of Alphosol dandruff treatment?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-21T23:14:04.500" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I spent 45 minutes in a car with closed windows with someone that had a cold/flu, what would I have to do immediately after exiting the vehicle to reduce and if possible eliminate the chance of getting infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1630" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T07:01:00.613" Title="What to do after being exposed to someone with the flu/cold" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3437" CreationDate="2015-09-21T23:32:24.513" Score="7" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, depression becoming so absolute to one mentally that their physical body suffers.  Maybe through a lack of physical activity or something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it helps, I am attempting to write an essay on Edith Wharton's &lt;em&gt;Ethan Frome&lt;/em&gt; and argue that the main character's mental disorders manifests into physical deformities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1631" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T01:18:25.860" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T22:03:25.880" Title="Are there any studies that suggest mental disorders can manifest physically?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3202" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-22T03:11:04.070" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person has prediabetes what are the risks of taking aspirin and/or statins to prevent risk of coronary heart disease (angina, heart attack, sudden death)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T16:36:51.947" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T16:36:51.947" Title="Aspirin / statin for preventing coronary heart disease in prediabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3200" CreationDate="2015-09-22T09:40:51.313" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depression can cause loss of appetite, headaches, constipation and insomnia. This puts obvious stress on the body and can result in weight loss, muscle loss (due to low activity) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But wouldn't go as far as saying it causes direct deformation on the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1636" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T09:40:51.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3156" CreationDate="2015-09-22T09:57:01.523" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Studies have been made and proven in mice that orally administrated cinnamon extract reduces β-amyloid oligomerization and corrects cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's diseased mice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But scientist still haven't done enough testing to prove that it actually works for Alzheimer's patients and point out that more testing needs to be made. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1636" LastActivityDate="2015-09-22T09:57:01.523" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3167" CreationDate="2015-09-22T10:31:29.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you will find all the information you search for in &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/p59wnjo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this book&lt;/a&gt; (there are plenty out there on the subject).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway in brief terms &lt;strong&gt;inflammation is a reaction of the body to a deleterious event&lt;/strong&gt; (eg too hot, too cold, dangerous chemicals, radiation, toxins etc) that could happen on a small (cellular level), or large scale (organ level) and in a little (a paper cut), or long time (chronic diseases) and provokes &lt;strong&gt;cellular damage&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It involves a &lt;strong&gt;cellular&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;humoral&lt;/strong&gt; response but it's really a big issue, difficult to solve in just a post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The invisible inflammation you mentioned falls in this field, but it depends on the specific subject since inflammation is involved in practically all the human diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/p2h2zjm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;An example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope it helps    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT&#xA;i changed the second link since it was not freely available to everyone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1588" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T09:36:02.970" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T09:36:02.970" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-22T13:02:15.910" Score="9" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;Atrial septal defect is the most common type of hole in the heart encountered in adults. In many cases, the patients do not have any symptoms or difficulties. Are there any studies to show that there is an advantage of closing such defects (either surgically or using devices inserted through the skin) when incidentally found in adults? Does closure improves longevity or reduces future heart-related illnesses? Thanks for your insight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T23:36:40.087" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T21:53:09.663" Title="Benefit of closing atrial septal defect in adults" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;birth-defect&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-22T14:06:51.480" Score="1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to have a dental crown done yesterday. When I got home, I took a look at in in the mirror, and the gums looked like they were butted up right next to the tooth, but this morning, I took a look and it looked (and I can feel with my tongue) like the gum has started to separate from the tooth a bit. Is this normal behavior and part of the healing process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1638" LastEditorUserId="1638" LastEditDate="2015-09-22T14:24:02.240" LastActivityDate="2018-10-26T08:54:37.377" Title="Do Gums typically pull away from dental crowns?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T04:18:11.400" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;For most heart disease, there are three kinds of treatments available: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medicines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;devices (percutaneous interventions - usually performed via arteries and veins of upper thigh) and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;surgery e.g. coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and closure/correciton of cardiac defects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients who get devices or undergo surgery usually have to continue taking medicines as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For which common heart conditions just medicines are as good as more invasive treatments i.e. devices and surgery? Some studies have shown that patients with mild angina do as well on medicines as after interventions or surgery. Your comments on this and other similar heart diseases will be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T14:54:16.403" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T14:54:16.403" Title="Medicines as good as surgery or devices for which heart conditions?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3245" CreationDate="2015-09-23T05:54:38.697" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that fixated stem cells (mixed with glue, growth factor and fixated in the cartilage defect under low oxygen conditions) will regrow into articular and hyaline cartilage with type II collagen. This type of cartilage is naturally present in joints and is very resistant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149861&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about stem cell injections? The stem cells with growth factor is injected into joint space and just let to float around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally cartilage defects in joints will heal with fibrocartilage and type I collagen, which is a lot weaker. So will stem cell injections (with growth factor) just promote the growth of more fibrocartilage and type I collagen in the damaged joint? Or the the very resistant articular cartilage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1645" LastEditorUserId="1645" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T17:25:35.217" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:57:20.473" Title="Can stem cell (msc) injections regrow damaged (articular / hyaline) cartilage if injected to joint?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T07:00:58.080" Score="4" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;When adapting to high elevation, does your blood get thicker? I hear a lot of commentary on altitude related heart attacks, strokes, and frostbite (from expeditions in the Himilayas) being caused by poor circulation due to thicker blood, is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1647" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T18:32:51.710" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T18:32:51.710" Title="Does altitude related secondary polycythemia make your blood thicker?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;altitude-sickness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3138" CreationDate="2015-09-23T07:15:38.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do the antimicrobial properties of honey counteract the probiotic properties of yogurt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears not to. Studies using 5% (w/w) clover honey had no effect on Steptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrukeii subsp bulgaricus and probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that honey has been found to have antimicrobial properties against a wide range of pathogens. However, these studies are done for the scenario of using undiluted honey as a wound dressing. For example, from a recent study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For at least 2700 years, honey has been used by humans to treat a variety of ailments &lt;em&gt;through topical application&lt;/em&gt;, but only recently have the antiseptic and antimicrobial properties of honey been discovered. ...Clinical studies have demonstrated that application of honey to severely infected cutaneous wounds rapidly clears infection from the wound and improves tissue healing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of honey are confirmed but the exact mechanism is unclear; it could be due to the acidity, honey's osmotic effect, presence of bacteriostatic and bactericidal factors (hydrogen peroxide, antioxidants, lysozyme, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, methylglyoxal, and bee peptides), etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a review atricle,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A bacterial level greater than 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; organisms per gram of wound tissue has been found to have a deleterious effect on wound healing in surgical and chronic wounds. [This article discusses] the inherent complexities of the clinical use of medical-grade honey... and to select clinical entities in patients who may benefit from treatment with medical-grade honey, using the evidence indicators such as the Cochrane reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies have demonstrated that the antibacterial properties of honey are more complex than just high sugar content alone (which decreases tissue fluid to which it is applied, inhibiting bacterial growth.) As referred to above, honey contains an enzyme that converts glucose to hydrogen peroxide, an antibacterial agent. Also, as you mentioned, the antibacterial properties of honey appear to vary depending on the floral source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Honey derived from Leptospermum trees (manuka) or Echium vulgare bush (viper's bugloss) showed antibacterial properties independent of hydrogen peroxide. It is believed that another, yet undiscovered, component of honey is responsible for the antibacterial properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, phenols are significant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antioxidant potential was dependent of honey extract concentration and the results showed that dark honey phenolic compounds had higher activity than the obtained from clear honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been interesting studies of susceptibility of food-borne pathogen to honey, or potential for treatment of stomach ulcers with honey, but these are &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration by inclusion of manuka honey in the agar showed that all seven isolates tested had visible growth over the incubation period of 72 h prevented completely by the presence of &lt;strong&gt;5%&lt;/strong&gt; (v/v) honey. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in vitro, significant minimum inhibitory concentration started at about 9%, and against some organisms, 25%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One paper isolating methylglyoxal (MGO) (and other agents) found Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey had very high amounts of MGO, up to 100-fold higher compared to conventional honeys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas most of the honey samples investigated showed no inhibition in dilutions of 80% (v/v with water) or below, the samples of Manuka honey exhibited antibacterial activity when diluted to 15–30%, which corresponded to MGO concentrations of 1.1–1.8 mM. This clearly demonstrates that the pronounced antibacterial activity of New Zealand Manuka honey directly originates from MGO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this is to say concentration (as well as the source of the honey) matters. If one of the most consistently antibacterial honeys (manuka)has to be present in concentrations of at least 15% to be significantly antibacterial in vitro, unless you're chugging manuka honey, I don't &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; it will have a deleterious effect on your intestinal flora.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb16134.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Growth and Acid Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria Grown in Skim Milk Containing Honey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/americantherapeutics/Abstract/2014/07000/Antimicrobial_Properties_of_Honey.13.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antimicrobial Properties of Honey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/aswcjournal/Fulltext/2011/01000/Use_of_Honey_in_Wound_Care__An_Update.11.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Use of Honey in Wound Care: An Update&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691508005607&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of phenolic compounds extracts of Northeast Portugal honey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/87/1/9.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Susceptibility of Helicobacter Pylori to the Antibacterial Activity of Manuka Honey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/9/34/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The antibacterial properties of Malaysian tualang honey against wound and enteric microorganisms in comparison to manuka honey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700282/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T07:20:43.237" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T07:20:43.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T15:36:38.830" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pateint of lap cholecystectomy cannot now digest food rich in proteins and fats gets nausea and discomfort over hypochondrium after meals. So Is indigestion common after cholecystectomy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1652" LastEditorUserId="1652" LastEditDate="2015-09-23T16:55:59.987" LastActivityDate="2015-09-23T16:55:59.987" Title="Postcholecystectomy indigestion problem" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-23T22:28:14.200" Score="5" ViewCount="10489" Body="&lt;p&gt;We're advised to chew our food many times before swallowing which breaks the food down into small chunks before we swallow and send it off down to our stomachs. What happens if we were to swallow larger chunks of food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it take longer to digest because it will take longer for your stomach to break down? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that you will feel fuller for longer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T21:19:53.163" Title="What happens when you swallow larger chunks of food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3225" CreationDate="2015-09-24T02:14:57.517" Score="7" ViewCount="569" Body="&lt;p&gt;Metformin is a drug used to treat diabetes but one of its off-label uses is to treat Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. What does metformin do for someone who has PCOS but does not have diabetes? Is metformin necessary to treat PCOS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1656" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:01:32.413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:01:32.413" Title="What does metformin do to treat polycystic ovarian syndrome?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3223" CreationDate="2015-09-24T09:56:06.103" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;PCOS can make your body resistant to insulin. When your body's cells become too resistant to insulin, that's called type 2 diabetes. Metformin makes your body more sensitive to insulin, so it can help prevent type 2 diabetes in PCOS patients who do not yet have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metformin doesn't treat PCOS itself, and it's not approved by the FDA to treat PCOS. Its use is appropriate when the patient shows early signs of insulin resistance, a condition called prediabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page has some good info: &lt;a href=&quot;http://youngwomenshealth.org/2014/02/25/metformin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://youngwomenshealth.org/2014/02/25/metformin/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, some physicians &amp;amp; scientists believe that metformin can be used to treat other symptoms of PCOS. If you're interested in a critical review of those claims, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475283/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see this paper&lt;/a&gt;. Here's a key paragraph from the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of metformin in PCOS has received a lot of attention for&#xA;  obvious reasons. Once thought of as a wonder drug, the accumulating&#xA;  evidence on the efficacy of metformin has been disappointing. The lack&#xA;  of an emphatic or overwhelming efficacy is largely due to the&#xA;  patients' variability in phenotypes and their metabolic parameters.&#xA;  Some studies have tried to identify the patients that are most likely&#xA;  to benefit from metformin, yet again the results have not been&#xA;  forthcoming. Consequently the burden falls back on the clinician who&#xA;  should be familiar with the gist of the available evidence to be able&#xA;  to identify the right patient for the treatment in hand. Obtaining an&#xA;  evidence of IR [insulin resistance] is a good starting point prior to recommending its use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please keep in mind PCOS is a very heterogenous disorder, meaning that any two women can have PCOS with totally different clinical manifestations and also metabolic consequences. Not everyone will need metformin, because not everyone has the same metabolic consequences of PCOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T18:37:58.180" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T18:37:58.180" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T11:58:44.687" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously performance athletes need to take on the calories, but is there any justification for snacking other than a missed meal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a need for a regular snack, doesn't this just indicate that meals should be larger or taken more regularly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T20:21:44.820" Title="What is the current view on snacking" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T12:19:44.677" Score="4" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tongkat Ali (EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA) is a well-known supplement (especially) in Southeast Asia region, mainly by man to improve his sexual performance and desire. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tongkat Ali is a kind of traditional medicine, which means that it is not rigorously tested on clinical side. So one would naturally be skeptical about the whatever magical claims Tongkat Ali sellers try to sell us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From my 5 minute Google search, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tongkat Ali is quite helpful in raising testosterone and libido level&lt;/a&gt;. But is this study conclusive? Is it a &quot;proven&quot; fact that Tongkat can really raise testosterone and libido level?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What about Erectile Dysfunction? Is there any evidence that apart from boosting testosterone level, Tongkat Ali can also help to combat Erectile Dysfunction, and one can use as it a replacement for Viagra/Cialis over the long term?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:30:45.070" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:30:45.070" Title="The effectiveness of Tongkat Ali in curing Erectile Dysfunction" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;&lt;libido&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3234" CreationDate="2015-09-24T12:46:07.483" Score="4" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a Nurse Practitioner near our home who can do most routine things Doctors can do, i.e. blood test, flu shot, etc, etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What websites can help verify credentials, education, complaints, etc of a Nurse Practitioner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.certificationmatters.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.certificationmatters.org&lt;/a&gt; verifies if Doctor is board certified, and many states, such as New York, has website such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://nydoctorprofile.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nydoctorprofile.com/&lt;/a&gt; that will give details such as education, types of insurance accepted, malpractice lawsuits, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way I am in New York State&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your guidance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:00:55.193" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:00:55.193" Title="Verify Credentials for Nurse Practitioner" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;medical-training&gt;&lt;qualifiy-certify&gt;&lt;nurse-practitioner&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3233" CreationDate="2015-09-24T14:44:07.083" Score="5" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much what the title says, &lt;strong&gt;can mold in a building cause fatigue?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been working with the same company for almost 11 years. The first 2 and a half years I was at another building until they moved my department to another one. My health at that building was never in question, didn't seem like anything effected me at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know ever since coming into this building my allergies started getting worse and my sinuses would bother me really bad as well. Literally I could walk into the building and my eyes would turn bloodshot red because of whatever is in the building.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lately when I've been coming into work, I feel so tired/fatigued after being in the building for about 10-15 minutes or so, and it doesn't go away. &lt;em&gt;I know they found mold in the building before when they stripped down the wallpaper.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can mold in a building cause fatigue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1662" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-09-26T03:55:48.047" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T11:41:08.680" Title="Can mold in a building cause fatigue?" Tags="&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1636" CreationDate="2015-09-24T15:12:59.147" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some new pacemakers are &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.12061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MRI compatible&lt;/a&gt; ([&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.12061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]). Of those, some have an exclusion zone where the body may not be scanned. I wouldn't be surprised if, in a few years, all new pacemakers and ICDs will be MRI compatible. Older pacemakers still won't be, however. The following quote from [&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.12061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;], lists problems MRI fields may cause with pacemakers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heating at the lead tip and at the lead tissue interface&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Force and torque on devices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Image distortion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alteration of programming with potential damage to&#xA;the pacemaker circuitry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rapid atrial pacing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pacing at multiples of the radiofrequency pulse and&#xA;associated rapid ventricular pacing &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reed switch malfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asynchronous pacing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inhibition of pacing output&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Induction of ventricular fibrillation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electrical reset&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Component damage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Death&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be certified as MRI compatible by the FDA, T&amp;Uuml;V, etc., each pacemaker system (device and leads) must be tested for MRI compatibility by the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the interest of full disclosure, I work for one of the one of the device manufacturers listed in the paper[&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.12061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1663" LastEditorUserId="1663" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T15:49:10.397" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T15:49:10.397" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1336" CreationDate="2015-09-24T15:53:23.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen reports of the Fitbit HR being off by 25 BPM. I'm not familiar with the Dr. Coca pulse test, but the paper you link to mentions pulse rates that differ by only 10 BPM. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;v=uWnaqsLSl8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It appears that consumer Photoplethysmogram monitors work best when the patient is inactive.&lt;/a&gt; I suspect the accuracy also depends on your physiology. I would recommend trying a wrist monitor such as the Fitbit HR, a chest strap monitor, and taking your pulse manually. Do this while you're inactive and compare the results. If the Fitbit HR is off from your manual measurement by 25 BPM, it sounds like it won't be useful for the Dr. Coca pulse test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other options for monitoring heart rate that are very accurate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A holter monitor. These are usually prescribed devices--the hospital or physician loans them to you (though it appears you can get them on eBay).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An Implantable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) (also known as an Implantable Loop Recorder (ILR)). This is an implantable device similar to a pacemaker, however it only measures your heart activity--it doesn't provide therapy (electrical stimulus). Some examples are the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biotronik.de/wps/wcm/connect/en_biomonitor/biotronik/home/biomonitor_home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Biotronik BioMonitor&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medtronic.com/patients/fainting/device/our-insertable-cardiac-monitors/reveal-linq-icm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medtronik Reveal LINQ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are disposable holter monitor patches that are coming onto the market. Many of these are still in clinical trials, however. The advantage of these devices is that they don't have to be implanted and you don't have to wear a bulky unit on your belt.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All three of the options above are used for diagnosing heart conditions by looking at ECG signals--they're probably overkill for your application, but they would work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1663" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T15:53:23.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3229" CreationDate="2015-09-24T15:56:16.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's certainly possible that there is mold or other agents in the building that can be either causing or contributing to allergy and fatigue symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Sick-building-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is a writeup&lt;/a&gt; on what is called sick building syndrome (SBS) from National Health in the UK. &lt;a href=&quot;http://drhoffman.com/article/molds-mites-and-pollens-common-causes-of-allergic-fatigue-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here is a writeup&lt;/a&gt; on various agents that can cause the same symptoms from a doctor's blog. There is a similar malady titled &quot;tight&quot; building syndrome as well. SBS can produce the following symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headaches and dizziness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nausea &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;aches and pains &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fatigue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;poor concentration   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shortness of breath or chest tightness &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;eye and throat irritation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few different writeups on SBS and mold related fatigue, and they all seem to indicate that there can be significant health effects from things such as poorly cleaned and/or designed ventilation systems, agents in the carpet/walls, etc. I would highly encourage you to pursue this and get it cleared up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T20:56:22.470" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T20:56:22.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3228" CreationDate="2015-09-24T16:31:16.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each state should have their own licensing board, that may or may not have a search function to verify a licensure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an experiment, I went to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bon.texas.gov/forms/apninq.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Texas website&lt;/a&gt; and entered the name of a nurse practitioner that I gathered off of the internet, and it came back with a verification of their initial licensure, how long it was good for, and the recognized level of accreditation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your own state should have a way to verify all licensed medical practitioners in the state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T16:31:16.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T16:56:51.613" Score="8" ViewCount="48440" Body="&lt;p&gt;I broke out with shingles to my face. Can I spread the virus to other parts of my own body (for example, to my nasal mucosa) by scratching?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've googled and found contradictory information. Some sites say &quot;it can be spread to any part of the body&quot;....so I'm confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know shingles can be spread to other people, but can shingles on one part of my body be spread to another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1666" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:06:49.183" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T14:45:27.797" Title="Can shingles on one part of my body spread to another?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;shingles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3222" CreationDate="2015-09-24T19:27:56.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Failure to properly chew food (especially meat) can cause a medical condition known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_food_bolus_obstruction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Steakhouse Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; where a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bolus&lt;/a&gt; sticks in the esophagus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst this can sometimes resolve itself naturally, in extreme cases surgery is required to dislodge the offending lump of food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having had to experience such surgery myself, I certainly wouldn't recommend consuming larger and larger chunks of food as a matter of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what actually happens if you &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; consume large chunks of food - they do take longer to digest as they're not completely broken down in the stomach but are passed through in partially undigested form to the intestines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the back of this, you may think this would make you feel fuller sooner but actually, the opposite it true. It is signals from the stomach that indicate to your body that you're becoming full. During World War II when food was scarce, the government recommended eating slowly for exactly this reason - that you would give your stomach sufficient time to let you know you were full so precious food would not be wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1660" LastEditorUserId="1660" LastEditDate="2015-09-24T21:19:53.163" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T21:19:53.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-24T20:23:57.327" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just recently have had an amalgam filling fall out from a tooth after it has been in there for at least half my life and now there is a large hole in the tooth. I don't trust dentists because I read they have done bad things to patients such as give root canals which kills the nerve and/or crowns which prevents nutrients from entering the tooth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to do is repair the hole myself through diet since others have been (at least partially) successful. Some healed their cavities up and some claimed to have almost restored their teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the hole began, I opted for more of a raw diet. I go for things like grass-fed butter, cocoa, water, vegetable juice, and I'm starting to now go on goats milk instead of regular cows milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that some things (like grains and legumes) have phytic acid which is supposed to deplete minerals from your body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also read that an acidic diet helps bacteria cause cavities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, I'm lost. Am I doing the right thing with consuming what I mentioned? and how do I successfully incorporate vitamin C and regular meals into all this without making my mouth acidic enough for bacteria to make cavities? or will I just have to go with just a raw diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the better if whoever responds has successfully regrown a tooth in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1322" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T21:18:45.363" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T21:18:45.363" Title="restoring a live tooth" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;legumes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1644" CreationDate="2015-09-24T22:24:46.560" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a diet produced by a group of researchers at USC led by a Dr. Longo that was used to try to avoid the effects of prolonged fasting (PF), by instead using a 5 day period once a month where nutrient intake was slashed by 34-54%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413115002247&quot;&gt;Here is the summary&lt;/a&gt; from the publication in this June's &quot;Cell Metabolism&quot;, that outlines the effects and benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It grew out of yeast studies, where they noticed that independent of the yeasts actual life cycle, fasting produced longer life spans. When they expanded it to mice and humans, they found that IGF-1 (Insulin Growth Factor 1) was reduced. T&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/diets-mimic-fasting-how-lose-belly-fat-improve-memory-and-increase-lifespan-safe-way-338908&quot;&gt;his is a hormone that helps promote aging, and is possibly linked to increased cancer susceptibility&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since prolonged fasting (traditional, no food fasting) is hard for people to stick to, they came up with a reduced diet, with specific ratios of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and other nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they did stress that it is not something that should just be done without intervention, and also that if you are at or below a normal body weight, it probably shouldn't be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's currently in review with the FDA to see if/how it can be introduced as a possible way to combat obesity, so I don't expect any books or other guidelines out on it any time soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://joshmitteldorf.scienceblog.com/2015/07/08/fasting-mimicking-diet-a-disclaimer/&quot;&gt;websites such as this one&lt;/a&gt; that have created mimic plans, but they are not endorsed by, nor affiliated with Dr. Longo and the study group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T22:24:46.560" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1691" CreationDate="2015-09-24T22:41:09.470" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common ways to diagnose endometriosis are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Palpation/physical exam&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imaging test (MRI, Ultrasound)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laparoscopy*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laparoscopy, where the doctor makes a small incision to insert a camera tube into the pelvic area for a visual examination, is the only definitive way to diagnose endometriosis. In each case, the doctor is looking for cysts or scars outside the uterus, due to tissue (endometrium) growing where it shouldn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you suspect that she has this, I would suggest talking to her doctor and asking specifically about exams to rule it out, especially given her age and pain during menstruation. (I would also suggest it if the pain is new. If she has had painful menstruation all her life, it's less likely but still can't be ruled out.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Endometriosis/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Endometriosis/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/endometriosis.html&quot;&gt;http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/endometriosis.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T22:41:09.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3058" CreationDate="2015-09-24T22:52:36.247" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As suggested by the answers in &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/18/is-there-a-best-time-of-the-day-to-exercise/1036#1036&quot;&gt;this question on fitness.se&lt;/a&gt;, the best time of the day is whatever works best for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no magical time that will boost your metabolism more than other times, or anything like that. What most people are thinking of when they think of metabolism boosting is EPOC, or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. This is commonly called the &quot;afterburn&quot; effect, which is where the body consumes more calories for an extended period after exercise sessions. The more intense the session, the higher the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, even with that, the amount of calories is low, in the 10-100 calories range over an extended period, as shown by the studies and math cited &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/epocarticle.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in this article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing to do (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/When-Is-the-Best-Time-of-Day-to-Work-Out_UCM_438922_Article.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as suggested by the AHA&lt;/a&gt;) is to find a time that is most convenient and enjoyable for you, as you are far more likely to engage in the activity on a consistent basis, and being consistent is one of the best things you can do as far as exercise is concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2015-09-24T22:52:36.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3243" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3244" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding the policies, business, ethics, and other aspects of the practice of medicine that are not directly about the health of an individual." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T00:53:22.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3215" CreationDate="2015-09-25T14:57:20.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;First I should state I'm not in ortho, but have worked some on tissue engineering.  The use of allogenic stem cells (cells from another person) brings a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26328017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;practical concerns&lt;/a&gt;, particularly in the need for &lt;a href=&quot;https://bethematch.org/for-patients-and-families/finding-a-donor/hla-matching/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HLA matching&lt;/a&gt;, but is the direction of a lot of interesting research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As may have noticed in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149861/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; you cited, much of the work on joint repair focuses on delivering the patient's own stem cells in a &quot;patch&quot; directly to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901396&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;injury site&lt;/a&gt;.  The main concerns in doing so are that the actual injury site gets repaired (as apposed to a ubiquitous smaller tissue growth) and that teratoma formations or other erroneous and harmful growths don't occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the advantage of just being able to inject cells (+factors) would be the simplicity of the procedure.  It has been done in one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523506/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;case patient&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365972&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in rats&lt;/a&gt;, but the more common procedure is to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://thesteadmanclinic.com/bone-marrow-cell-concentrate-platelet-rich-plasma.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bone marrow cell concentrate (BMCC)&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BMCC's do not have the concentrations of stem cells that cultures specifically sorted/selected then expanded do.  It is still exceedingly costly and difficult to culture a patient's mesenchymal stem cells (MSC's).  You look at MSC's wrong and they differentiate.  It is however, to the point where it can be reliably done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why use bone marrow concentrate instead?  It can be produced much faster and with equipment/techniques most hospitals already have on hand.  And if we're going to move to an injection over surgical placement of a patch, then we have to make it significantly easier to justify not treating the damage directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2015-09-25T14:57:20.473" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3248" CreationDate="2015-09-25T23:13:30.093" Score="2" ViewCount="985" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the Fight or Flight response considered voluntary or involuntary? can this response be trained? Meditation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1672" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T03:49:24.363" Title="Is the Fight or Flight response considered voluntary or involuntary?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-09-30T19:14:02.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3247" CreationDate="2015-09-26T03:49:24.363" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;fight or flight response&quot; occurs under the control of the autonomic nervous system, which is to &lt;em&gt;a great degree&lt;/em&gt; (but not completely) involuntary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing. This system works automatically (autonomously), without a person’s conscious effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can exert some control over it, but only really a little bit unless you train rigorously for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, breathing is controlled by the ANS. People &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be able - with a very great effort - to hold their breath until they pass out, but the ANS will immediately take over once they do pass out and they will breathe. The ANS, in other words, usually 'wins out'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, people can lower their heart rates and blood pressure with meditation and biofeedback (also &quot;integrative body–mind training&quot;, according to one Chinese researcher.) But if a vicious, salivating, snapping dog jumps out at you from behind a bush, your heart rate and blood pressure will most certainly go up involuntarily, which is not necessarily a bad thing. That same ANS response allows you to run away faster or fight off the dog a bit more forcefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/autonomic-nervous-system-disorders/overview-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system&quot;&gt;Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/8865.short&quot;&gt;Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10484-010-9141-y&quot;&gt;Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Pilot Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T03:49:24.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3238" CreationDate="2015-09-26T04:16:55.410" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no evidence in reputable sources that any diet can restore a partially removed tooth to a full tooth again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any source you do encounter which proposes such a possibility is highly likely to benefit from such a claim (i.e. there exists a conflict of interest between the claim and the truth.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is, however, a large body of sound research on the repair of carious teeth via fillings, root canals, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300571205001417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Outcome of direct restorations placed within the general dental services in England and Wales (Part 1): Variation by type of restoration and re-intervention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01671.x/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&amp;amp;deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tooth survival following non-surgical root canal treatment: a systematic review of the literature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yupin_Songpaisan/publication/228553340_Manual_for_the_Atraumatic_Restaurative_Treatment_approach_to_control_dental_caries/links/02e7e51f0ef4f102d1000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MANUAL FOR THE ATRAUMATIC RESTAURATIVE TREATMENT APPROACH TO CONTROL DENTAL CARIES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T04:16:55.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3250" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3261" CreationDate="2015-09-26T05:56:12.790" Score="4" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a lot of the parts of the world ( especially the underdeveloped ones), traditional medicine is viewed as the alternative to ( and sometimes more superior than) modern medicine--western medicine, as it is called in China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, how does scientific community view traditional medicine? Does it view it as something to be shunned by the patients, because traditional medicine is not subjected to rigorous clinical test? Or does it view it as something that requires active research, but in the meantime, can be used by patients when all modern treatment fails?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:08:21.137" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:08:21.137" Title="How does scientific community view traditional medicine?" Tags="&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3250" CreationDate="2015-09-26T20:15:35.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My question is, how does scientific community view traditional medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no single view of traditional medicine within a large community. There are some who investigate, some who incorporate traditional medicine into their practices, and some who eschew it. Most simply don't know about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v1/n1/abs/ncb0599_60.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Public Health Agenda for Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-26T20:15:35.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3250" CreationDate="2015-09-27T17:04:41.300" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I want to agree with &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/3257/1312&quot;&gt;@anongoodnurse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2015/04/fda-takes-new-look-homeopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;debate and mixed views&lt;/a&gt; inside the &quot;Western Medical Community&quot; which is a vast, vast group of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to expand on that by pointing out the US government has put a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt; center together to study what is academically known as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;  CAM is basically a catch all for what may be a homeopathic or traditional medicine in any particular location, but paired with modern scientific thinking.  The name of the NIH center is the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a very &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/research/blog/niche&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;approachable editorial&lt;/a&gt; on what exactly they do was written by a previous deputy director.  They represent a growing field of research that applies rigorous logic and scientific testing to alternative medicines.  In other words, they use &quot;traditional medicines&quot; as a starting point to drive new modern interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general premise goes something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Community A has traditionally used [Plant/Intervention] B to address disease or symptoms X, Y, and Z.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Some aspect of B may infact be pharmacologically/physiologically active.&#xA;[Note the null hypothesis can also be, and often is, true; that B provides no benefit over placebo or sham operation.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Break down B into it's molecular or procedural components B[1,2,..n]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Compare B components to known interventions to make educated guesses as to what really is going on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Test basic components of B, B as a whole, and mixtures of B components (derived from educated guess) to address X, Y, Z, preferably in an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;animal model&lt;/a&gt; first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Refine positive results into traditional medicine drug/intervention M&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabis&lt;/a&gt; provides a good example of how this can be done.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: I make no stance on the legalization of cannabis in the US for recreational use, and could see it go either way.  I think that a honest conversation about medical vs recreational use should be had, and that medical uses should not drive something that is desired for recreational uses.  Please don't derail this post on merits or demerits of cannabis use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study of cannabis lead to the discovery of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;THC&lt;/a&gt; the principal psychoactive component of cannabis.  This lead to the discovery of medical benefits of THC, and the ability for physicians to use THC in drug form dronabinol (brand name Marinol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our example cannabis would be our [Plant B], nausea and loss of appetite our symptoms X-Y, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabinoids&lt;/a&gt; our components of B, and Marinol the final drug produced M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I include the following note/disclaimer because 1) it shows my point of view on the question asked, and 2) it will hopefully cut of some comments I suspect are likely to come from such a post.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I'm sure it will come up, it certainly could be true that additional cannabinoids will come up to be medically significant, perhaps in certain combinations, and that may require inhalation as a delivery route.  I'm happy for that research to be conducted, and I wait to see what comes out as scientifically valid.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I note that burning and inhaling of a raw plant, with all the chemicals that are produced in the process, is not something I would recommend to any patient.  That goes from tobacco, to cannabis, to grass clippings.  We have nebulizers to aerosol drugs that need to be inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where taking traditional medicine as a start, and then advancing it to &quot;Western Medicine&quot; comes in.  The scientific method has born out in pharmacology, and needed active ingredients from plants/animals can be identified, derived, purified, and normalized so that they can be safely and consistently applied in &quot;Western Medicine&quot; (which can be called &quot;traditional&quot; by the people practicing it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T11:34:59.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-27T17:04:45.707" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that it is not natural for human vision to stare for a long time at still objects (a computer display, that is), would an animation of an object moving randomly across the screen (much like in screensavers) help relieve eye-strain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This whole idea occurred to me when I was a browsing a web site with some advertising effects of a couple of tiny animated butterflies moving randomly across the screen. Surprisingly, this did not seem to interfere with my comfort of reading the page and I even felt as if it were relaxing my eyes. But this has been only a one-time and very short experience to infer any reliable conclusions from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1686" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T17:04:45.707" Title="an animation of an object moving randomly on a computer screen to reduce eye strain?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3250" CreationDate="2015-09-27T19:02:09.880" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way science works (or ideally should work) makes any &quot;views&quot; an irrelevant issue. What matters is the evidence obtained in favor or against certain ideas. The fact that people practicing traditional medicine don't themselves do rigorous testing of their methods is then irrelevant, as nothing would stop such methods from being tested rigorously by scientists. The main relevant issue is  then what anongoodnurse mentions, obviously if within the medical community little is known about some alternative treatment then it won't undergo proper testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A complicating factor in testing alternative medicine treatments is the placebo effect. Recent research points out that the placebo effect and the opposite nocebo effect are much more powerful effects than they previously were thought to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://media.virbcdn.com/files/f8/7367bdd65f204927-PerspectivesNEJMKaptchukMiller.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see e.g. this article&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrySnltOIqA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this BBC horizon documentary&lt;/a&gt; and also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02kmqvb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this BBC radio documentary&lt;/a&gt;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T19:02:09.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3137" CreationDate="2015-09-27T22:47:23.300" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any studies that would directly link retching and the consumption of tea. However, this would be a rather narrow research, so the lack of it is no surprise. Your doctor told you that your acidity problems may be caused by tea and that this might be causing your gags, and they are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been proven that consumption of tea is directly related to increased secretion of gastric acid (1):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The gastric acid response to a 200-ml cup of tea was measured [...] Tea resulted in an acid secretory response which was almost equal to that after a maximal dose (0.04 mg/kg) of histamine. The effect of tea was mainly due to its local chemical action on gastric mucosa. Tea without milk and sugar resulted in an acid response higher than that evoked by a maximal dose of histamine. The concentration of tea brew that had the greatest effect on gastric acid secretion was 15 g/200 ml, which was three times as much as that in a palatable cup of tea. Tea is a potent stimulant of gastric acid, and this can be reduced by adding milk and sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This effect of tea is most likely caused by caffeine, which was proven to increase gastric secretion in animals and humans. (2, 3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore tea can have some adverse effects (4):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Green tea and green tea extracts contain caffeine. Caffeine can cause insomnia, anxiety, irritability, upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, or frequent urination in some people.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=pDa2QgAACAAJ&amp;amp;dq=pdr+for+herbal+medicines+2000&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot;&gt;Some sources&lt;/a&gt; state that increased gastric secretion and possible irritation of gastric mucosa are caused by chlorogenic acid and tannins, which is why these effects are reduced by addition of milk. Other sources, however, state that both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/patents/US4865847&quot;&gt;chlorogenic acid&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np50082a022&quot;&gt;tannins&lt;/a&gt; reduce gastric secretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6546540&quot;&gt;Effect of tea on gastric acid secretion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1177987&quot;&gt;Gastric acid secretion and lower-esophageal-sphincter pressure in response to coffee and caffeine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2091237/pdf/brmedj03689-0007.pdf&quot;&gt;Caffeine and gastric secretion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea&quot;&gt;Green tea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/DocServer/Tea.pdf?docID=861&quot;&gt;ABC clinical Guide - Clinical overview: Tea, Black/Green&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2015-09-27T22:47:23.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3265" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3271" CreationDate="2015-09-28T02:07:34.813" Score="11" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;As many as 7% of Americans suffer from heartburn every day, and many more suffer it at least weekly. In the &quot;old days&quot;, people with heartburn were advised to eat smaller meals, drink less alcohol, smoke less, eat less &quot;spicy foods&quot;, avoid chocolate, coffee, acidic (e.g.citrus) drinks, and more; for symptomatic relief, antacids were prescribed. In the case of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/basics/definition/con-20030640&quot;&gt;hiatal hernias&lt;/a&gt;, elevation of the head of the bed was the most common recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we have proton pump inhibitors that lower gastric acid secretion, which takes care of the symptoms of a large number of sufferers, not to mention newer drugs affecting lower esophageal pressure, etc. But drugs are not without side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this age of evidence-based medicine, what lifestyle modifications have been shown to really help gastric acid reflux symptoms or GERD? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T01:39:32.643" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T04:43:32.467" Title="What are effective lifestyle modifications for people with gastric acid reflux?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;heartburn&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3267" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19270" CreationDate="2015-09-28T11:01:25.010" Score="6" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for vegetarians who eat plenty of dairy food to have iron or protein deficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there other demonstrable health benefits from eating small amounts of shellfish? Or is there evidence it can be bad for health in the way red meat can be?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it still the case that there is little or no evidence that taking dietary supplements is an effective way of remedying iron or vitamin deficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a biologist, and would appreciate some scientific explanation and references/evidence in answers if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/88/how-should-ovo-lacto-vegetarians-compensate-the-lack-of-meat-in-their-diets&quot;&gt;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/88/how-should-ovo-lacto-vegetarians-compensate-the-lack-of-meat-in-their-diets&lt;/a&gt; has some useful information, but does not contain anything about seafood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1687" LastEditorUserId="1687" LastEditDate="2019-05-14T09:42:10.883" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T07:00:21.077" Title="Possible iron/protein defeciency in vegetarians" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-28T15:25:12.580" Score="11" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume we have a patient with acute infection. The doctor suspects MRSA. A culture is taken, brought to the lab, and then what? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested to hear what are the usual steps a laboratory takes to determine the bacterial species and also the subtype. Do they only rely on the way the bacteria look under microscope, do they do some kind of antibody test, or something else? Is there a standard procedure at all, or are there different methods? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the test can come back as &quot;positive&quot;, &quot;negative&quot; or &quot;inconclusive&quot; for MRSA. What makes a test &quot;inconclusive&quot;? Does it mean that they tried killing the culture with an antibiotic and only half of it died? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T09:59:32.660" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T04:38:39.483" Title="How does a MRSA test work?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;mrsa&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3265" CreationDate="2015-09-28T22:37:14.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Effective lifestyle modifications would include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weight loss - excess weight causes pressure on the stomach, overcoming the lower-oesophageal sphincter and pushing acid into the oesophagus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abstinence from Alcohol - alcohol irritates the gastric lining causing pain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stopping smoking - nicotine activates receptors in the stomach wall, encouraging the secretion of acid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional recommendations would include stopping non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully that all helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1692" LastActivityDate="2015-09-28T22:37:14.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3265" CreationDate="2015-09-29T01:26:34.483" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you know that some lifestyle modifications have been shown to be beneficial with patients who have mild to moderate GERD and that these interventions are typically preferable to pharmacological intervention.  Right on!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definitive information on management of GERD can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://gi.org/guideline/diagnosis-and-managemen-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the website of the American College of Gastroenterology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the specific section that you're looking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weight loss is recommended for GERD patients who are overweight or have had recent weight gain. (Conditional recommendation, moderate level of evidence).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Head of bed elevation and avoidance of meals 2–3 h before bedtime should be recommended for patients with nocturnal GERD. (Conditional recommendation, low level of evidence).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Routine global elimination of food that can trigger reflux (including chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, acidic and/or spicy foods) is not recommended in the treatment of GERD. (Conditional recommendation, low level of evidence)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my personal experience, all three of these are worth trying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1694" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T01:26:34.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-29T01:48:17.230" Score="2" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was doing some cleaning and came across sealed and packaged probiotic that expired Oct 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe/effective to consume in Oct 2015?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:17:12.900" LastActivityDate="2021-03-24T12:47:51.707" Title="Probiotic expired Oct 2013" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-03-24T14:51:30.357" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3268" CreationDate="2015-09-29T04:14:20.793" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is suspected in the face of any acute staph infection that does not respond to normal antibiotics. Even staph that is more resistant to other antibiotics than it is to methicillin is routinely called MRSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard test for MRSA (differentiated from other forms of staph) is as straightforward as it seems. After S. aureus bacteria is isolated, it is cultured in the presence of methicillin and (usually) other antibiotics. If the staph grows in the face of antibiotics that usually are effective against staph, it is obviously resistant and the diagnosis of MRSA can be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By using more than one antibiotic in the growth medium, the technician can identify for the practitioner which antibiotics are most effective. The different antibiotics are present on specific locations on the agar (or other medium) plate, usually using &lt;a href=&quot;https://bio.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory_Experiments/Microbiology_Labs/Microbiology_Labs_I/09%3A_Kirby-Bauer_(Antibiotic_Sensitivity)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kirby-Bauer antibiotic discs&lt;/a&gt;. Even among strains that are called MRSA, there are variances as to what antibiotics are effective against that particular colony.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The challenging part is that the cultures can take several days, during which time the patient can be growing steadily worse. As such, sometimes it's the patient herself who becomes the most relevant growth medium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contamination of the medium or weak growth of the bacteria can both lead to inconclusive results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1695" LastEditorUserId="1695" LastEditDate="2021-05-29T04:38:39.483" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T04:38:39.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3295" CreationDate="2015-09-29T05:47:14.813" Score="8" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I share a house with a healthy nonagenarian. I know the flu can be dangerous for people of advanced age, so I'm considering getting a flu shot this year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a good idea? Are there any risks I could pose after being vaccinated? I've heard (anecdotally) that you can be mildly contagious for a brief time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T00:52:28.157" Title="Is it safe to get a flu shot when living with an elderly person?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3276" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3277" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" Score="0" Body="The biochemical, molecular, and physiologic mechanisms that cause disease." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T07:02:26.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-29T08:00:57.630" Score="-3" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 24 years old, vegetarian and weigh 31Kg. Can anybody tell me how to increase weight naturally and what food to keep around the house?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I would like to ask, in my childhood I did not take breast milk, can that affect my body growth and contribute to the development of illnesses in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1697" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T21:05:03.777" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T05:55:58.253" Title="How to gain weight naturally or by food around the house" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-03T16:17:41.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3340" CreationDate="2015-09-29T08:48:05.217" Score="7" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across of this question when I was cooking a beef dish the other day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the beef I used for cooking came from a cow that had cancer, and even worse, if part of the beef I used in a dish actually contained cancer cells, could consuming the dish increase my chances of getting cancer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T02:51:00.850" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T03:42:42.803" Title="Does oral consumption of animal cancer cells increase your chance of getting cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3197" CreationDate="2015-09-29T17:26:29.103" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA requires labeling of prescription medications. Pharmacies will often attach a label on the bottle for patient-dependent behaviors. Therefore the easiest way (in the US) to tell if you need to take a medication with food or on an empty stomach is by reading the prescription bottle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HJCCJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HJCCJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient can also ask for a &lt;em&gt;package insert&lt;/em&gt;, which will contain much more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For OTC medications, a readable label is also required with quite a lot of the necessary information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, supplements are not governed by the FDA, therefore, the makers are under no obligation to include pertinent information, relying on the consumer to know the particulars for that supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only practical way to know whether your particular supplement should be taken with food is to look up that information yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of glutathione, for example, a reliable source of information will be hard to find, because anyone can make any claim about a supplement and often will (for monetary gain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even so, there exist some resources, such as Examine.com and PubMed. From PubMed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research suggests that glutathione is not orally bioactive, and that very little of oral glutathione tablets or capsules is actually absorbed by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't seem to matter if it's on an empty or full stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Examine.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is, currently, no known benefit of orally ingested glutathione that cannot be more readily mimicked by supplementation of N-acetylcysteine and couldn't theoretically be aided by a high protein diet including dietary sources rich in L-cysteine (whey protein).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/n-acetylcysteine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;N-Acetylcysteine&lt;/a&gt;, Examine.com gives this advice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does Not Go Well With&#xA;  - Activated charcoal (may reduce absorption of N-acetylcysteine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as well as a lot of other information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examine.com is an interesting and promising site, but its editors aren't donating their time for the love on mankind only. It is a for profit company, but one that at least makes use of easily available scientific research. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should not be seen as an endorsement. As the disclaimer on that site states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Examine.com is intended to be used for educational and information purposes only. Examine.com and its Editors do not advocate nutritional supplementation over proper medical advice or treatment and this sentiment will never be expressed through pages hosted under Examine.com. If using any pharmaceuticals or drugs given to you by a doctor or received with a prescription, you must consult with the doctor in question or an equally qualified Health Care Professional prior to using any nutritional supplementation. If undergoing medical therapies, then consult with your respective Therapist or Health Care Professional about possible interactions between your Treatment, any Pharmaceuticals or Drugs being given, and possible nutritional supplements or practices hosted on Examine.com. (Etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; You're pretty much on your own as applies to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/ucm163354.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Interactions: What You Should Know&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/124886#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glutathione at PubMed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/glutathione/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glutathione at Examine.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T17:26:29.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3193" CreationDate="2015-09-29T17:34:11.330" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked myself and found that yes, prediabetes is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prediabetes is the condition when fasting blood sugar is 100-125 mg/dl or 2 hour blood sugar is 140-200 mg/dl (more than 125 fasting or &gt;200 after 2 hours will be diagnostic of diabetes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of longitudinal studies have shown that prediabetes is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease which may cause angina, heart attack and sudden death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, lifestyle modification is advised to all persons with prediabetes. These include regular exercise, maintaining ideal body weight, stopping smoking,  keeping blood cholesterol and blood pressure under control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Persons who have other risk factors of coronary heart disease also, such as high blood pressure, obesity, increased blood lipids etc, may also be treated with metformin, a commonly used drug for control of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These interventions reduce the risk of progression to diabetes and occurrence of its complications including coronary heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some also recommend use of aspirin and/or statins for persons at high risk for coronary heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/3/753.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/3/753.full.pdf+html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-09-30T04:52:57.667" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T04:52:57.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3284" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3286" CreationDate="2015-09-29T17:49:12.607" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;For someone who consumes a lot of vitamins, it's easy to have excess Vitamin A in the body because it's fat-soluble. I've read in a lot of credible places that Vitamin A over-consumption is dangerous, but I haven't found any quantitative figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if someone consistently eats twice the RDI of Vitamin A by eating two large carrots a day, will he/she likely (in the long-term) suffer under adverse health effects from it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="775" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T21:08:40.750" Title="Quantitatively and relative to the RDI of 900 μg, when does Vitamin A consumption become harmful?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3284" CreationDate="2015-09-29T21:08:40.750" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quantitive figures for Vitamin A overdose are well established, and widely published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The RDI in the United States (Different countries may have different values) is 900 micrograms for men, and 700 micrograms for females. 900 micrograms is approximately 3000 IU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The acute toxic dose of vitamin A is 25,000 IU/kg, and the chronic toxic dose is 4000 IU/kg every day for 6-15 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 1/2 cup of raw carrots contains about 9000 IU of Vitamin A. So if you are a 154 lb man, (70 kg), your toxic dose of Vitamin A is 1,750,000 IU, or right around 98 full cups of carrots for a toxic dose, or 15 cups a day for 6-16 months. I think you are perfectly fine eating two large carrots a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/819426-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/819426-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-09-29T21:08:40.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-29T21:14:11.207" Score="7" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say someone lives at sea level and then stays at an altitude of 2'500 m for three weeks. Her body will adapt by increasing the amount of red blood cells. In the end, her stamina will be as good as it was at sea level (given comparable amount of exercise etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When returning back to sea level, will she have increased stamina for a while?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1701" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T17:33:58.797" Title="Does staying at high altitudes increase your stamina?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T11:02:43.187" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the continuous usage of antiperspirants causes cysts if so what happens if the person continues to use the antiperspirant will it result in any other side effects worsening the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T04:51:31.490" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T04:51:31.490" Title="Do the usage of antiperspirants causes cysts" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;perspiration&gt;&lt;cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-30T11:13:45.227" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was going through few articles and it have been mentioned that continuous usage of antiperspirants results in skin cancer or breast cancer and if its true can it cause more side effects over a long term of usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2007/09/20/does-your-antiperspirant-cause-breast-cancer.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Does Your Antiperspirant Cause Cancer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/antiperspirant-facts-safety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antiperspirant Safety: Should You Sweat It?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="92" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:26:33.823" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T07:26:33.823" Title="Do the usage of antiperspirants causes skin cancer or breast cancer" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3202" CreationDate="2015-09-30T13:05:02.073" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is difficult to say, because the matter is controversial and in both cases it is still being investigated. The general rule for any medicine is that the benefits should outweigh the risks. (1) Both types of medicines that you ask about have some potentially serious side-effects. For aspirin they go from gastrointestinal disturbances, mucosal damage and slight asymptomatic blood loss to increased bleeding time and hemorrhagic stroke. (2,3) Statins, on the other hand, can also cause gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Rhabdomyolysis, although rare is a very serious potential side-effect. (2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what about the potential benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Aspirin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for aspirin, some studies have shown that aspirin is effective in primary prevention and recommendations for its use are (3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If an annual risk of coronary heart disease of &amp;lt; or =0.6% exists, aspirin is normally not indicated; for a risk of 0.7-1.4% the facts should be discussed with the patient. If a risk of &amp;gt; or =1.5% exists, aspirin should be given.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some authors state that in diabetic patients the annual risk is always higher than 1.5% and therefore aspirin should be indicated in there patients. (4) However, the same study reports evidence from scientific literature showing that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;cardiovascular mortality of diabetic patients is as high as in nondiabetic patients with known coronary artery disease&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another meta-analysis concludes (5):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Whereas estimates of benefit among patients with diabetes remain imprecise, &lt;strong&gt;our analysis suggests that the relative benefit of aspirin is similar in patients with and without diabetes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is in line with The European Society of Cardiology and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) guidelines published in 2007 (6):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin should be given for the same indications and in similar dosages to diabetic and non-diabetic patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note that all of these studies are for patients with diabetes, not pre-diabetes.&lt;/strong&gt; So, we can probably conclude that pre-diabetes on its own, without other proven risk factors for cardiovascular disease is not sufficient to indicate preventive use of aspirin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Statins&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;European recommendations state:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In diabetic patients &lt;strong&gt;with CVD&lt;/strong&gt;, statin therapy should be initiated regardless of baseline LDL cholesterol, with a treatment target of &amp;lt;1.8–2.0 mmol/L (&amp;lt;70–77 mg/dL)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Statin therapy should be considered in adult patients with type 2 diabetes, &lt;strong&gt;without CVD, if total cholesterol &amp;gt;3.5 mmol/L (&amp;gt;135 mg/dL)&lt;/strong&gt;, with a treatment targeting an LDL cholesterol reduction of 30–40%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(emph. mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the presence of risk factors additional to diabetes are clearly required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another review says that several studies have (4):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;demonstrated that patients with diabetes showed similar relative risk reductions compared with those without diabetes ranging from 19 to 58%, dependent on the study population and the statin used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same study cites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study trial even suggested that the debate about whether all patients with type 2 diabetes warrant statin treatment should now focus on whether any patients can reliably be identified as being at sufficiently low risk for statin treatment to be withheld.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as there are those, or as long as we don't know if there are such patients, it would be irresponsible to make a stiff guideline to prescribe these medicines without consideration of risks and benefits. If there are no other risk factors, it seems that evidence of benefits in pre-diabetic patients doesn't outweigh the risks of such therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the studies does suggest that (4):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Co-administration of aspirin and statins shows additional effects in reducing cardiovascular mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt; this can be used as an argument for making combination medicines known as &lt;em&gt;fixed-dose combination medicines&lt;/em&gt;. The only true benefit is the convenience of taking one pill instead of two. A huge disadvantage is the inability to individualise the dose, along with potential interactions and double-dosing. The cost and cost-effectiveness over single active ingredient medicines depends solely on the manufacturer and other manufacturers in the field. Sometimes combination medicines are cheaper, sometimes they are more expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who-umc.org/graphics/25258.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Concepts in Risk-Benefit Assessment: A Simple Merit Analysis of a Medicine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 34th edition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258795&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Primary prevention of coronary heart disease with aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/Supplement_2/S222.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should We Prescribe Statin and Aspirin for Every Diabetic Patient?&#xA;Is it time for a polypill?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/12/2300.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events&#xA;A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing patients with and without diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/88&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T13:05:02.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3198" CreationDate="2015-09-30T13:37:33.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can offer only partial answer to your question, and that is on how this shampoo works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/13755&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Electronic Medicines Compendium&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mechanism of action&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coal tars suppress DNA synthesis in hyperplastic skin inhibiting mitotic activity protein synthesis and cell reproduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coal tar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coal tar decreases epidermal proliferation and dermal infiltration and thus promotes a return to normal keratinisation. Coal tar has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipruritic, keratolytic, keratoplastic and vascoconstrictive effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same source, on the correct use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hair should be wetted and sufficient Alphosyl '2 in 1' Shampoo applied to produce an abundant lather. The scalp and adjacent areas should be vigorously massaged with the fingertips. The hair should be then thoroughly rinsed and the procedure repeated. Taking both of these shampoo applications into consideration, the total leave on time for the shampoo should be 3 – 5 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alphosyl '2 in 1' Shampoo should be used once or twice weekly for the treatment of scalp disorders&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945847/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; support the claim of its efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhshighland.scot.nhs.uk/Publications/Documents/Guidelines/Formulary/Highland%20Formulary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Highland formulary&lt;/a&gt; has some recommendations on how to use this shampoo in management of psoriasis (page 260):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scalp&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;application of lukewarm olive oil to scalp, leave at least 30 minutes to soften scale and washout with tar-based shampoo (Alphosyl 2 in 1® or Capasal®).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why it stopped working - I haven't found any studies on this. The SPC of Alphosyl, however, does state that it should be used for 4 weeks, and if the use is longer than that it should be supervised by a physician. So, if nobody else provides an answer, perhaps it would be best to talk to your physician about changing your routine or the treatment. It is often a matter of trial and error to determine what would work in an individual patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-09-30T13:37:33.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T00:42:02.513" Score="6" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;What environmental and personal factors affect the amount of time it takes to fall to sleep? How can some people go to bed in 5 min where others take an hour?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some factors I’ve thought about include:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temperature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Habits/upbringing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Screen time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sun  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Appetite&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what extent to these play a role in the time it takes to fall to sleep? Are there other more important factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1672" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-10-02T06:11:48.433" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T06:11:48.433" Title="What factors affect sleep propensity?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3287" CreationDate="2015-10-01T00:42:17.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to answer this purely anecdotally based on personal experience having lived in Boston, but spending winter holidays in Colorado, ranging in altitude from ~5000 to 9000 ft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming our hypothetical persons conditioning remains the same, yes, they'll have a short period of time when they return to sea level when they've got greater stamina due to greater oxygenation. It's a particularly pleasant sensation - for example, I was able to sprint up the large hill that separated the lower and upper part of my campus, while this was manifestly not possible in my &quot;normal&quot; shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, it tapers off quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T00:42:17.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3275" CreationDate="2015-10-01T00:52:28.157" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two types of flu vaccine - inactivated influenza vaccine (which uses 'killed' influenza virus) and live-attenuated vaccine (which uses a more mild virus that should be asymptomatic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/vaccine_safety.htm&quot;&gt;According to the CDC&lt;/a&gt;, among the contraindications for the live-attenuated vaccine is: &quot;Children aged &amp;lt;2 years or adults aged ≥50 years&quot;. This is likely because, as you mentioned, it's possible for you to shed said live virus and infect others, and while the attenuated flu strain &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; be harmless, it's not a great idea to test that on high risk groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inactivated vaccine carries no such contraindication. It is however something you should certainly bring up with your medical professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2015-10-01T00:52:28.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T04:00:45.867" Score="4" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every day, I eat an average 6' subway sandwich, which is around 300 calories plus a drink (sweet tea).  There may be a possibility that the meats are processed and i can realize that, but is eating subway everyday really good for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1708" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T06:00:38.957" Title="Is there any possible health risks to eating subway every day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;refined-foods&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-09T15:36:53.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3434" CreationDate="2015-10-01T06:52:22.373" Score="9" ViewCount="1898" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume it will be harmful to the baby if a woman smokes while pregnant. How about the situation where the woman smokes, gets pregnant and then stops? Does the smoking in the period until the pregnancy affect the baby? How long before a pregnancy does a woman need to quit smoking in order to insulate the baby from the negative effects of smoking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1711" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T12:02:01.217" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T12:02:01.217" Title="What is the effect of smoking before or during early pregnancy on the baby?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T12:04:29.590" Score="8" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is &lt;strong&gt;whether triglyceride levels in the 'high' range (200-500 mg/dl) are a risk factor for heart disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different lipids in blood and high LDL cholesterol level in blood needs to be brought down to prevent heart disease (primary prevention) as well as its complications (secondary prevention). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Triglyceride is another type of lipid in the blood (normal level &amp;lt;150 mg/dl; 150-200 mg/dl is borderline high). Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/lowering-triglyceride-levels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Very high' triglyceride levels (&gt;500 mg/dl) are associated with risk of pancreatitis and hence they need to be brought down with medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, should medication be used to bring them down for primary prevention of heart disease for people without heart disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your replies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:56:07.233" LastActivityDate="2017-08-19T08:46:30.030" Title="Should high triglyceride level in blood be treated to prevent heart disease?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;&lt;pancreatitis&gt;&lt;triglycerides&gt;&lt;ldl&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T16:03:53.363" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a person with thrombocytopenia marry a thalassemia carrier? Will there be any effect to the child? For example a thalassemia carrier and his partner who is under medication of thrombocytopenia, both are having normal life without any complication. If they got married, will the children be at any risk? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1714" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:51:04.923" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:51:04.923" Title="Can a person with thrombocytopenia marry a thalassemia carrier?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;thrombocytopenia&gt;&lt;carrier-genetic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-01T22:19:42.160" Score="9" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20071203/report-fever-improves-autism-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD article&lt;/a&gt; (published in 2008) that children with autism appear to improve when they have a fever. What could explain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One hypothesis mentioned in the article is that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;fever may affect brain function at the cellular level by influencing the production of immune-system signaling proteins known as cytokines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence to support this hypothesis in newer studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:10:48.877" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T09:47:03.520" Title="Why do ~80% of children with autism appear to improve when they have a fever?" Tags="&lt;autism&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-02T08:31:29.570" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diuretics (drugs which increase urine output), morphine and oxygen are often used to treat patients who have to come to emergency ward with acute heart failure. But what are newer drugs useful for management of patients with acute heart failure? I am looking for names of such agents, each with a one line summary of their current status for this indication. Thanks for your responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:10:49.170" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:10:49.170" Title="Newer drugs useful for acute heart failure" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="840" CreationDate="2015-10-02T09:54:21.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason we use the upper arm is that the arteries at that level have the same pressure of blood as the outflow-tract from the left ventricle (i.e. where the blood leaves your heart).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the weight of the blood, your pressure in the main arteries in your leg is slightly higher and in your head is slightly lower. This effect is more pronounced when sitting upright or standing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that we also measure it there for practicality - for serial measurements to make sense we should measure it in the same place every time, and an arm is much more easy to get to than a thigh (you'd have to take your trousers off every time!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measuring pressures at the end of limbs is only useful in very specific conditions (such as peripheral vascular disease).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1692" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T09:54:21.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="840" CreationDate="2015-10-02T11:09:20.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure is often checked in lower limbs also. BP needs to be checked in all limbs if one is suspecting obstruction in the arteries. Takayasu's arteritis and atherosclerosis are 2 conditions that can result in unequal blood pressure in different limbs due to obstruction of arteries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ankle-brachial index test, blood pressure is checked in the arm and at ankle to detect peripheral arterial disease (PAD: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ankle-brachial-index/basics/definition/prc-20014625&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ankle-brachial-index/basics/definition/prc-20014625&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if coarctation of aorta (congenital narrowing of great artery in thorax) is supected, pressure in lower limbs will be lower than that in upper limbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aortic regurgitation (incompetence of aortic valve) leads to higher pressure in lower limb than in upper limb due to pressure wave reflection. Here also it is recommended that pressure is recorded in both upper and lower limb. The degree of change in lower limb correlates with severity of regurgitation (Hill's sign).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, blood pressure should be recorded in both upper limbs. If BP difference in 2 arms is more than 15 mm Hg (systolic), tests (e.g. Doppler ultrasound) should be done to rule out obstruction. For following up on treatment of high blood pressure in such cases, higher blood pressure should be taken and controlled with medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure can also be estimated using finger probes, but their accuracy and reliability is not well established. This will also be subject to diseases of arteries in the arm, forearm and hand. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For checking blood pressure, one needs an area where the artery can be compressed and one needs to listen to the artery distal to this area as the pressure is released. Brachial artery lies in front part of elbow and can be heard over easily. On the other hand, the artery in knee lies posteriorly (behind the knee). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since arteries to upper limbs come out of aorta much earlier than arteries to lower limbs, the pressure in upper limbs would be much less subject to diseases of aorta or compression on it by masses in thorax or abdomen. This would be main reason to prefer arms over legs, in addition to simple convenience factor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-03T04:35:29.530" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T04:35:29.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-09-26T18:44:38.710" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;What change, if any, would the types of carbohydrate being consumed have on body composition and mental state?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have a 3100 calorie per day diet. Those 3100 calories are equally spread across fats/proteins/carbohydrates (33% each) and are consumed in 6 equally-sized meals. Around 440 of those calories are marked on the nutritional labeling as coming from &quot;Sugars&quot; (not exactly sure what carbohydrates &quot;Sugars&quot; includes, but I'm assuming that it's just sucrose/glucose/fructose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to replace half of my sugar intake (220cals/55g) with something more complex (e.g. oat starch), what type of effects should I expect it to have on my body composition and energy levels / mental state? Does it matter when those sugars are consumed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the overall calories being consumed are the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="robbn" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-10-02T18:43:30.060" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:00:01.167" Title="Effects from changing up the type of carbohydrates consumed" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3307" CreationDate="2015-10-02T15:03:44.183" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sugar is a fast metabolizing carbohydrate. The main difference after replacing sugar with whole-grain carb sources would be a decrease in the pace of digestion, which is preferable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sugar isn't bad, necessarily. It's quite useful for sports because of the high bursts of energy you get while consuming sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1718" LastActivityDate="2015-10-02T15:03:44.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-02T23:55:15.220" Score="9" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I typically wake up with a mouth tasting like something died in it. Throughout the day it continues to taste bad, and I'm told it smells significantly worse. This has gotten to the point that it's getting in the way with relationships.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume this started during a few-month period of terrible oral hygiene, but since I have greatly improved oral habits, brushing twice daily after meals, flossing and using mouthwash, but the problem continues. Mouthwash alleviates the issue for maybe an hour at a time, and some mouthwashes help for as little as 20 minutes. I've spent a good deal of time googling, and I can't seem to find anything about CURING bad breath by, say, rebalancing oral bacteria. Is there a long-term solution for bad breath, preferably permanent (considering I haven't found anything that works for more than an hour, the standard is pretty low)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1720" LastActivityDate="2017-01-01T13:09:48.077" Title="Is there a cure for bad breath?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-09T14:51:55.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-02T23:57:51.607" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Decreased microcirculation has been shown to contribute to the lateral epicondylitis symptoms (1). Is there any home medical equipment that a patient suffering from epicondylitis could use to estimate the blood circulation around the lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus? The article uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Doppler_velocimetry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Laser Doppler Flowmetry&lt;/a&gt;, which is a non-invasive method to estimate the blood flow (2), but it doesn't look very affordable. The goal is for the patient to quantify to what extent some activities or food increases his blood circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Oskarsson, Eva, et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18037342224490754332&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Decreased intramuscular blood flow in patients with lateral epicondylitis&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp;amp; science in sports 17.3 (2007): 211-215.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Fredriksson, Ingemar, Carina Fors, and Johannes Johansson. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12265497875503709806&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Laser doppler flowmetry-a theoretical framework.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University (2007).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/68gauq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/68gauq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qr.ae/TwjxWo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://qr.ae/TwjxWo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T19:53:48.553" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T19:53:48.553" Title="Estimating the blood circulation around the epicondyles of the humerus" Tags="&lt;quantified-self&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-03T03:47:02.377" Score="12" ViewCount="16444" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple years ago (end of 2013) the reference range for TPO antibodies (TPOAb) was &amp;lt;35 IU/ml but now it's &amp;lt;9 IU/ml.  That's a huge change (almost 4x).  Does anyone know why it changed by so much and if somewhere between 9 and 35 is actually not that bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="595" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:49:06.460" LastActivityDate="2019-02-11T01:55:25.523" Title="TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase) Antibodies - reference range change" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;thyroperoxidase-tpo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3303" CreationDate="2015-10-03T11:17:31.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked myself and found following agents are useful: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diuretics (for example frusemide, torsemide): to reduce fluid accumulation in lungs and other parts of body. Other agents such as thiazide and metolazone may be added if response is not adequate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;morphine: reduces anxiety, distress and diverts blood away from lungs by dilating peripheral blood vessels, especially veins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;oxygen: should be given only if hypoxia is there; otherwise it can cause vasoconstriction and may be deleterious.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vasodiators: e.g. nitroglycerin (or isosorbide dinitrate), nitroprusside, nesiritide. Used if blood pressure is not low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inotropes: e.g. dobutamine, milrinone, levosimendan. Used if blood pressure is low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vasopressors: e.g. dopamine, norepinephrine: only if blood pressure is low and not responding to inotropes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low molecular weight heparin e.g. enoxaparin: to reduce risk of deep vein thrombosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As patient stabilizes, agents known to be useful in long term treatment of chronic heart failure are added:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors (e.g. enalapril, ramipril) or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) (e.g. losartan, telmisartan)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aldosterone antagonist: e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beta-blockers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digoxin: especially useful if patients with atrial fibrillation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ivabradine: useful in a subset of patients with chronic heart failure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Valsartan/sacubitril combination: recently approved; shown to have better response than ACE-inhibitors in a large study.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These agents have been shown to provide survival benefit in long term to patients with heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACCF/AHA practice guidelines: &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/16/e240.extract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/16/e240.extract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ESC guidelines: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;amp;-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;amp;-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NICE guidelines: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-03T12:34:59.790" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T12:34:59.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3319" CreationDate="2015-10-03T17:21:31.587" Score="6" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone told me a few months ago of a technique to stop hiccups. When I followed the simple instructions given to me at that time it was extremely effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, I &lt;strong&gt;tried&lt;/strong&gt; to reproduce the technique:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breathed in while squatting down, placing the knees against the chest;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;slowly breathed out while standing up with the arms stretched forward;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hold the breath for about one minute.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hiccups didn't stop this time, so I thought I must have mistaken the breathing order. Therefore I tried reversing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breathed out while squatting down;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;slowly breathed in (until full lung capacity) while standing up;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once I stood up, I immediately felt symptoms described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthostatic hypotension&lt;/a&gt; (found this page through a comment to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1380/about-to-faint-when-standing-up&quot;&gt;another question similar to mine&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dimmed vision with flashes and momentary blindness;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;generalized numbness/tingling and fainting;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headache.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I squatted down again after approximately 3-5 seconds and the symptoms subsided (with the exception of the headache, which lingered for a while), and I still had the hiccups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I gave up on the technique and later managed to stop the hiccups while having some yogurt in my mouth and drink it with the head down (close to my knees).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming that in the second sequence the blood flows rapidly to the legs and at the same time to the diaphragm to help filling the lungs, causing a blood pressure fall, and the head, in this case, is primarily affected. I'd like to confirm if this makes any sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1724" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T11:34:32.247" Title="Standing up while deeply inhaling can cause a blood pressure fall?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-03T18:38:32.303" Score="3" ViewCount="508" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safefood.eu/Food-Safety/Storing/Fridges.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; it says to throw away cooked food that has been left unrefrigerated for more than two hours. Is that the case even if the food's in a tupperware container?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1078" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:33:02.143" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:33:02.143" Title="How long can I keep cooked food in a tupperware container outside of the fridge for?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;refrigerate-refrigeration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-10-03T01:35:20.020" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3316" CreationDate="2015-10-03T19:32:44.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seem to be a couple different issues under discussion. I will attempt to explain the relevant physiology and respond to the query in the title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hiccup interruption&lt;/strong&gt;. Most physical techniques involve stimulating efferent vagal tone. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25055206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These are effective.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;  Commonly used methods (similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7416025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;those used to abort supraventricular tachycardia&lt;/a&gt;) include:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cold stimulation of the nasopharynx (upside down with ice water in the mouth will do it),  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;carotid sinus massage, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Valsalva maneuver&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, a sudden &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterload&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;afterload&lt;/a&gt; could also stimulate vagal tone via baroreceptors. When you describe squatting and breath-holding maneuvers, this is reminiscent of techniques that affect afterload and preload,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; namely:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;squatting (vs. standing) increases both preload and afterload;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;deep inspiration increases preload to the R heart but decreases venous return to the L heart and thus systemic (including carotid sinus) pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, squatting and exhaling would be the combination that most effectively increases afterload and could theoretically trigger a vagal response. However, I’m not aware of any data suggesting that these are practically effective for termination of hiccups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Orthostasis&lt;/strong&gt;. You have outlined an effective method of temporarily depriving your brain of adequate blood flow and eliciting symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; This is due to decreased preload to the L heart, most marked upon inspiration occurring simultaneous with standing from the squatting position. This tends to trigger the &lt;em&gt;sympathetic&lt;/em&gt; nervous system rather than the &lt;em&gt;parasympathetic&lt;/em&gt;. It is the latter that is associated with vagal tone helpful for terminating hiccups.   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Yes, standing up while inhaling will cause systemic blood pressure to fall with resulting decreased cerebral perfusion. This is generally unpleasant and does not come highly recommended. This is unlikely to be effective for hiccups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/21865/9268&quot;&gt;elsewhere outlined the physiology of hiccups&lt;/a&gt; (=&lt;em&gt;singultus&lt;/em&gt;), which provides some background on why such maneuvers are effective.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Techniques known to every med student from their application to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.learntheheart.com/cardiology-review/dynamic-auscultation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dynamic auscultation of heart murmurs&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3. Apologies for the self-promotion, really, but I also &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/21526/9268&quot;&gt;answered a question&lt;/a&gt; about the visual component of this syndrome, one of the lesser appreciated aspects.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T11:34:32.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3312" CreationDate="2015-10-03T20:09:44.990" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reference ranges vary by labs. &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086819-overview&quot;&gt;In some assays&lt;/a&gt;, 35 IU/mL is still considered the upper limit of normal. The reason for the dramatic difference in reference ranges is the detection limit of the assay itself. As time progresses, assays become more sensitive to small titers of antibody. In labs using newer techniques, concentrations as low as 9 IU/mL can be detected, so anything above that is considered abnormal.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of whether an antibody concentration between 9 and 35 IU/mL is as detrimental as a higher concentration is an interesting one. First, in way of background for those not familiar with anti-TPO antibodies: these are antibodies directed against the thyroid gland. They are most often measured in a patient with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664572/&quot;&gt;“subclinical” hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. elevated TSH but normal free T4). In such cases &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664572/&quot;&gt;they have been shown to be prognostic for progression to overt hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it turns out, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091497/&quot;&gt;there is evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;  that the titer of antibody within the range you ask about affects prognosis. The linked study used an assay detecting levels as low as 5.5 IU/mL. Those who spontaneously improved had a mean TPO titer that was significantly lower than the group that progressed to overt hypothyroidism requiring thyroid replacement (13.85 IU/mL vs 39.9 IU/mL, p= 0.028). Note that the mean in the spontaneously improving group would have been considered “less than assay” in a test with a detection limit of 35 IU/mL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, “somewhere between 9 and 35 IU/mL is actually not that bad”, if “bad” refers to a titer greater than 35 IU/mL and the relative prognostic value is of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;* Many lab tests have a lower limit of detection within the physiologic range like this. These tend to be looking for antibodies or enzymes that are not &lt;em&gt;supposed&lt;/em&gt; to be present at a detectable level. In such cases the “normal” result is “LTA = less than assay”. As lab tests get better and that detection limit goes lower, more people end up characterized as “abnormal”. Such is scientific progress.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. Myung Won Lee, Dong Yeob Shin, Kwang Joon Kim, Sena Hwang, and Eun Jig Lee, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091497/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Biochemical Prognostic Factors of Subclinical Hypothyroidism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun; 29(2): 154–162.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Vahab Fatourechi, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664572/&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subclinical Hypothyroidism: An Update for Primary Care Physicians&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Jan; 84(1): 65–71.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-10-03T20:09:44.990" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-03T21:56:38.793" Score="2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have pseudocholinesterase deficiency (BCHE gene), but my wife does not.  My wife may need/strongly desire an epidural for our next child. Is this safe for a fetus which may possibly have the same condition as me? If not, then what is a safe alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One specific drug I'm concerned about is bupivacine, which, I read affects me more powerfully than the typical person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read the information from 23 and me about this condition. I have read &amp;quot;Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency: A Comprehensive Review of Genetic, Acquired and Drug Influences&amp;quot;. None of the articles I have read with pregnancy being mentioning dealt with this condition except to mention that pregnancy often leads to a acquired deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1726" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-28T12:11:00.447" LastActivityDate="2020-06-28T12:11:00.447" Title="Epidural and cholinesterase deficiency" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;&lt;epidural&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3287" CreationDate="2015-10-04T02:22:49.897" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could not find a report where this has been formally studied but it is highly likely that persons coming to plains after staying at high altitude will feel more energetic, for a few days at least. This is even used by many sports organizations. Quoting from &lt;a href=&quot;http://anthro.palomar.edu/adapt/adapt_3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Human Biological Adaptability: Adapting to High Altitude&quot;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On returning to sea level after successful acclimatization to high&#xA;  altitude, the body usually has more red blood cells and greater lung&#xA;  expansion capability than needed.  Since this provides athletes in&#xA;  endurance sports with a competitive advantage, the U.S. maintains an&#xA;  Olympic training center in the mountains of Colorado.  Several other&#xA;  nations also train their athletes at high altitude for this reason. &#xA;  However, the physiological changes that result in increased fitness&#xA;  are short term at low altitude.  In a matter of weeks, the body&#xA;  returns to a normal fitness level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following figure accompanies above description: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSuSe.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSuSe.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of factors may be responsible for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased hemoglobin level stimulated by lower oxygen level in air at high altitude&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bartsch &amp;amp; Gibbs (&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/19/2191.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/19/2191.full&lt;/a&gt;) have documented a number of changes in the body that occur on high altitudes exposure from 1 to several days or weeks as in tourists or trekkers. These changes indicate that several systems (especially heart, lungs, muscles and other tissues) are under stress. There are many other reports also documenting these changes. The relief of this stress on returning to plains will give a sense of greater energy and stamina. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The paths in hilly areas are commonly going up and down and it is more exertional than moving around in the plains. Hence, a stay at high altitude often builds exercise capacity. It is like gentle trekking most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hilly areas generally have lesser pollution than cities in the plains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The temeperature and humidity conditions are generally more pleasant in hilly areas. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psychological factors including relief from anxiety and stress of routine life. It is like one feels rejuvenated after having been on a holiday. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of above factors one may feel better stamina, at least for some time, after returning from a sojourn at high altitude. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in my answer on how to avoid acute mountain sickness and its complications (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/avoiding-acute-mountain-sickness-high-altitude-pulmonary-cerebral-edema/3119#3119&quot;&gt;Avoiding acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary &amp;amp; cerebral edema&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T05:17:24.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="617" CreationDate="2015-10-04T18:30:20.153" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I cannot comment on the issue of laying on your back causing acne, I hope my answer helps with your concern for prevention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that glycemic index (GI) is related to more severe acne. One study examining the diets of 287 people from ages 18-25 with no, mild or severe acne, found that those with worse acne had greater dietary (glycemic index). The foods which were significantly different among groups included servings of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milk (with non-fat milk having more of an effect than whole milk)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saturated fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trans Fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fish (indicating higher fish consumption in those with no or less severe acne)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruit and fruit juice equivalents (presumably because fruit juice has added sugar making them high GI foods)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors propose that GI is related to acne development because of the effect on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 or (IGF-1), but also highlight conflicting evidence. I will avoid further biological discussion of how this is thought to happen in the body because that is not your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors do propose that milk may be related to worse acne because it contains IGF-1 and its insulinemic response is much higher than would be expected because of its glycemic load alone so they hypothesize that the IGF-1 leads to (with a few steps omitted) greater sebaceous lipogenesis and sebum output, leading to acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors also comment on the negative relationship between fish consumption and hypothesize that n-3 polyunsaturated  fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids) have a protective effect against acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study limitations include that the data are self-reported as was the acne severity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent review of the dietary and acne literature indicated that there haven't been any randomized controlled trials that can conclude causally that high glycemic load, dairy and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have an effect on acne. The evidence is more convincing for glycemic load, and less robust or conclusive for milk and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aforementioned data are inconclusive but worth taking note to see if reduction of these foods benefit your acne. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dovepress.com/linking-diet-to-acne-metabolomics-inflammation-and-comedogenesis-an-up-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID#ref156&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for a in-depth discussion of the above issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Burris, J., Rietkerk, W., &amp;amp; Woolf, K. (2013). Acne: the role of medical nutrition therapy. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(3), 416–430. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Burris, J., Rietkerk, W., &amp;amp; Woolf, K. (2014). Relationships of self-reported dietary factors and perceived acne severity in a cohort of New York young adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(3), 384–392. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1733" LastActivityDate="2015-10-04T18:30:20.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3339" CreationDate="2015-10-04T19:09:08.670" Score="10" ViewCount="290" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I have understood from reading stuff on the internet and talking to people, too little sleep can have very serious health problems and you need to sleep at least 6 hours every night. what I don't know is if there is an upper limit to the the amount of sleep you get. Can sleeping too much also have detrimental health effects? What is the maximum amount that someone should be having every night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1735" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-10-04T21:11:20.577" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T00:13:35.813" Title="How much sleep is too much?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3450" CreationDate="2015-10-05T15:40:46.377" Score="8" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy only apply to a parent (caregiver) and his/her child (care receiver)? Or does it apply to any relation between a caregiver and a care receiver with that kind of behavioural pattern?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1360" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-19T21:30:24.750" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T21:30:24.750" Title="Munchausen syndrome by proxy, caregiver and care receiver relation" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3333" CreationDate="2015-10-05T19:42:42.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who sleep less than 6 hours and people who sleep more than 9 hours have been found to have a greater risk of suffering from adverse health effects, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19645960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see e.g. here&lt;/a&gt;. But one cannot conclude from such observed correlations that changing sleeping behavior will help, this requires one to analyze the cause of these correlations. The way long sleep is associated with increased mortality is not well understood, as mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727192/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is therefore possible that long duration of sleep might be a consequence of, rather than a causative risk factor for, unrecognized chronic comorbidity, which in turn could explain the higher risk of mortality, particularly mortality from noncardiovascular causes, observed in many studies (1–4). Long sleep duration might represent a useful diagnostic tool for detecting other subclinical or undiagnosed mental or physical comorbidity (13).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T16:16:17.937" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T16:16:17.937" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3280" CreationDate="2015-10-05T22:54:53.703" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;For any reasonable risk, the answer is no.  Virtually all tumors are non-transmissible under normal (non-laboratory) circumstances (three exceptions, discussed below, none in humans), so you could not possibly get the cancer the animal had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However some cancers arise because of environmental factors which may still be present in the animal.  For example, an animal exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) would be at a higher risk of developing cancer, and PCBs also tend to stay around in the animal for some time.  It is at least possible that environmental exposure which gave the animal cancer is still around to increase the risk to you.  In general, this is probably a pretty low risk from any one instance of eating a tumorous animal.  However if you were to eat animals which were routinely contaminated with something carcinogenic, it could become a problem.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar story could be told about oncoviruses, that is viruses which can cause tumors or cancer.  However all the oncoviruses known to date are restricted to humans.  Further, if there were an hitherto unknown oncovirus which caused the tumor in the animal and still could cause an infection and neoplasm in humans, it would have to survive cooking and consumption.  This route seems improbable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The least probable route would be a directly transmissible tumor.  There are two such tumors known: Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease and canine transmissible venereal tumor.  A third variety was discovered this year (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2815%2900243-3?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867415002433%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metzger 2015&lt;/a&gt;), which is found in clams.  None affects humans.  Further, the chances of such a disease being able to transmit across species seems very improbable.  Finally, food preparation is almost certain to kill off the tumor cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, it is very improbable that eating an animal which had a neoplasm would pose any risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastEditorUserId="1746" LastEditDate="2015-10-10T03:42:42.803" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T03:42:42.803" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T05:01:44.697" Score="4" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is any proven non-surgery method to increase the size of the pennis ? Is really hard to google about that because you will find a lot of conflicting results. But it seems that penile stretchers really work( those that work by applying pressure and stretching it slowly). I don't care if take a year or 2 to get good results. I just need to know if they work. I don't care to use it 18 hours a day too if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even found a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01662.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; about that( but I don't know if its trustworthy, could anyone review this study) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1750" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T08:32:17.753" Title="Do penile stretchers really work?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T05:27:58.070" Score="6" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of using those devices? And how can you prevent risks and problems, or recognize them before its too late? I'm seriously considering buying one of those, and using it for about 10 hours daily for approximately 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1750" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T23:09:49.440" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T23:40:36.930" Title="What are the risks of using a penile stretcher?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T08:46:45.697" Score="13" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should one avoid daily usage of earplugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ic.steadyhealth.com/earplugs-benefits-and-health-risks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SteadyHealth&lt;/a&gt; writes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless, wearing these earplugs in the long run may prove to have certain health risks as well. The long-term earplugs may lead to excessive accumulation of earwax and debris inside the ear, possibly leading to the occurrence of tinnitus, hearing loss, ear discharge, pain or infections in the area. In order to avoid this, keep the ear and the earplug clean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.specsavers.co.uk/news-and-information/latest-news/can-wearing-ear-plugs-damage-your-ears&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SpecSavers&lt;/a&gt; writes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continued use of ear plugs may interfere with the wax migration process and lead to a build-up of wax, which can cause temporary ear pain or dulled hearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second possible consequence of continuous use of ear plugs is an increased risk of ear infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are those concerns something that the average person should care about, or are they overblown? If the average person should care about it, what risk mitigation strategies should they follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T01:33:59.700" Title="Is regular nightly usage of earplugs healthy?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;earplugs-earphones&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T13:11:37.403" Score="10" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a Software Engineer, so as such I use a computer system for more than 9 hours a day. While I am working which background color is best white or black to help avoid unnecessary eye strain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1755" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T13:17:30.363" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T10:51:38.650" Title="Which background color is better for eyes while working on computers for a long time?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3353" CreationDate="2015-10-06T14:44:06.800" Score="6" ViewCount="2728" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the glue from the wrappers on chocolate bars (Yorkie for example) and other foods safe to eat and consume (sometimes it gets stuck on the product)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried researching but came up blank... I am also sure there was a worldwide feud about this not long ago but can't seem to recall any findings from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="379" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:30:34.727" LastActivityDate="2019-11-13T19:36:59.597" Title="Is Glue on Chocolate and other Wrappers Safe/ Edible?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;edible&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-06T17:48:10.033" Score="5" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;What coagulation (blood clotting) problems may the patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease (blue babies) have and how are they treated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T21:39:23.813" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T01:55:30.607" Title="Coagulation problems in blue babies" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="652" CreationDate="2015-10-07T01:43:58.657" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The worst components of fats and oils from health point of view are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;trans fats&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. These are unsaturated fatty acids with one or more trans configuration double bonds. MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), on the other hand, are good types of fat and oil components.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/mufas/faq-20057775&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repeated reusing and heating oils to high temperature lead to formation of trans fats hence this should be avoided. See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/446570-does-overheating-olive-oil-turn-it-to-trans-fat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does Overheating Olive Oil Turn it to Trans Fat?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trans fats increase the risk of atherosclerosis (plaque formation in the walls of arteries) that limit flow of blood in vital organs like heart and brain (see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra054035&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease&lt;/a&gt;). Trans fats are thought to be even worse than saturated fats for their propensity to cause atherosclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads to life-threatening conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack), brain stroke and limb gangrene. Harmful health effects may also extend to other organs and diseases, e.g. Diabetes and Alzheimer.&#xA; See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12580703&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary fats and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies show that it is possible to completely &lt;a href=&quot;http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070225021532/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/gras-trans-fats/tf-ge/tf-gt_app9iii_e.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eliminate trans fats from foods&lt;/a&gt;. As a result there are limitation in many parts of world on use of trans fats (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trans fat ban in NYC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20150120014755/http://www.nyc.gov:80/html/doh/html/living/nyc-transfat.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FDA has made 2018 the year by which trans fat should be completely eliminated from food supply.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/health/fda-gives-food-industry-three-years-eliminate-trans-fats.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NY Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2017-12-11T23:23:19.467" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T23:23:19.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3348" CreationDate="2015-10-07T07:16:47.653" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can be trusted as safe as much as the regulations that it comes under can be trusted to make it safe and producers following said regulations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Materials and articles that come into contact with food must comply with the rules laid down by European Regulation 1935/2004. The regulation requires that adhesives used in food packaging must not:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - affect the food&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - make the food harmful&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - change the nature, substance or quality of the food&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/using-adhesives-food-packaging&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/using-adhesives-food-packaging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T13:59:35.547" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T13:59:35.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="652" CreationDate="2015-10-07T09:13:25.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be that the health danger of frying past a smoking point is absorbing cancer-causing chemicals from the fumes the oil produces or from ingesting the oil itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... it is believed that fats that have gone past their smoke points contain a large quantity of free radicals which contibute to (sic) risk of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/50/Smoke-Points-of-Various-Fats&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/50/Smoke-Points-of-Various-Fats&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When an oil is heated past its smoke point, it generates toxic fumes and free radicals which are extremely harmful to your body.&#xA;  When the smoke point is reached, you’ll begin to see the gaseous vapors from heating, a marker that the oil has started to decompose.&#xA;  Decomposition involves chemical changes that ...also create cancer-causing compounds that are harmful when consumed and/or inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.business2community.com/health-wellness/the-danger-of-cooking-with-healthy-oils-past-their-smoke-point-0418150#jdc5hpj08paDzWEE.99&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.business2community.com/health-wellness/the-danger-of-cooking-with-healthy-oils-past-their-smoke-point-0418150#jdc5hpj08paDzWEE.99&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oxidative DNA damage was associated with exposure of Chinese restaurant workers to cooking oil fumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/17/12/3351.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/17/12/3351.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As side notes,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the reuse of oils is one of the main reasons why eating at restaurants is discouraged,...&quot;; &quot;canola oil is always the worst choice, because it becomes toxic long before it reaches its smoke point. The high rates of lung cancer in China are largely due to the use of canola oil and rapeseed oil,...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthwyze.org/index.php/component/content/article/539-why-rancid-healthy-oils-are-more-dangerous-than-the-bad-oils.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://healthwyze.org/index.php/component/content/article/539-why-rancid-healthy-oils-are-more-dangerous-than-the-bad-oils.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2015-10-07T09:49:40.157" LastActivityDate="2015-10-07T09:49:40.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3388" CreationDate="2015-10-07T11:58:46.380" Score="12" ViewCount="218120" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my friends went to an eye specialist for checkup and the doctor told him that his eye power changed from &lt;code&gt;-6&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;code&gt;-4.5&lt;/code&gt;. He is really very upset and doesn’t want to discuss anything on this. I can understand that -6 means the vision is in very poor state but don’t have any idea how much worse it is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could someone explain me how what eye power &lt;code&gt;-6&lt;/code&gt; means in respect to &lt;strong&gt;closeness of blindness&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What can be the minimum negative eye power and maximum positive eye power of an eye?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1761" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T10:12:58.607" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T14:02:02.520" Title="What does eye power -6 means and how close to blindness is it?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3349" CreationDate="2015-10-07T14:10:45.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked and found following coagulation problems may occur in patients with congenital cyanotic heart diseases (commonest example tetralogy of Fallot):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thrombotic episodes may occur due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hyperviscocity due to markedly elevated haematocrit (red cell mass), which in turn occurs due to chronic hypoxia and cyanosis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Iron deficiency leading to spherical shape and reduced deformability of red blood cells&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bleeding episodes can occur due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acquired Von Willebrand syndrome&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin K deficiency leading to coagulation factor deficiency&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease are at risk of both bleeding (from example from lungs- hemoptysis) and thrombosis (e.g. in brain vessels- stroke). Both above problems are more common in patients with severe hypoxia and cyanosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above abnormalities can be treated using following modalities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Platelet transfusion&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fresh frozen plasma / coagulation factor concentrates&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Iron replacement if iron deficiency is documented. Serum ferritin is most sensitive test to document iron stores. Reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicates microcytosis due to iron deficiency anemia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin K replacement&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Temporary improvement occurs with phlebotomy (blood letting) combined with volume replacement using isotonic fluids.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Palliative surgical procedures like Blalock-Taussig shunt improves hypoxia by increasing pulmonary (lung) blood flow and reduces most of above abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, unwarranted iron supplementation or vitamin K replacement may lead to thrombotic episodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2035949-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2035949-workup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=565545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=565545&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486661&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=4303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=4303&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T01:55:30.607" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T01:55:30.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3860" CreationDate="2015-10-07T14:38:22.123" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the early 1990's, I had a mass develop along the ulnar nerve where it passes close to the skin at the elbow (the &quot;funny bone&quot; location). It was painful upon impact and palpation, and when it was removed it was diagnosed as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwannoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Schwannoma&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I have notice a small, but slowly growing nearly BB pellet sized lump that exhibits many of the same characteristics developing in the pad of the ring finger on the same limb (L arm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a condition where a body is predisposed to developing Schwannoma's and what are the implications if so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:39:04.940" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:39:04.940" Title="Recurrent schwannoma implications?" Tags="&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3278" CreationDate="2015-10-07T15:38:26.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To increase weight and be healthy eat plenty of food rich in proteins (black beans, chickpeas, broccoli, potatoes, mushrooms), carbohydrates (Whole grain bread, pasta, cereals) and fat (avocado, olive oil, almonds, walnuts); include supplements and multivitamins in your diet, lift weights (don't do running or cardio) and plan your diet according to your activity level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gainingweight101.com/gaining-weight-vegetarian-bodybuilding-diet-without-meat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.gainingweight101.com/gaining-weight-vegetarian-bodybuilding-diet-without-meat/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peta.org/living/food/top-10-vegan-protein-sources/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.peta.org/living/food/top-10-vegan-protein-sources/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.veggienumnum.com/nutrition/carbohydrates-dietary-fibre/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.veggienumnum.com/nutrition/carbohydrates-dietary-fibre/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-fats.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-fats.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/fatstable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/fatstable&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2018-03-03T05:55:58.253" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T05:55:58.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3278" CreationDate="2015-10-07T16:36:48.060" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you are very short, your weight indicates that you are severely underweight, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;see here for details&lt;/a&gt;. If you are indeed underweight, then you should follow the advice given there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you are concerned about being underweight, please seek a trained healthcare provider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general advice that comes second to whatever your doctor's advice is, is given on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/weight-loss/your-health-and-your-weight/healthy-weight-gain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page on healthy weight gain&lt;/a&gt;. So, you'll need to increase your calorie intake, but make sure you get enough nutrients from all food groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-10-08T16:18:11.973" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T16:18:11.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1582" CreationDate="2015-10-08T04:05:22.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of studies have shown that in early period (within 2-3 hours of onset of chest pain), thrombolysis is as good or even better than primary angioplasty: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tctmd.com/show.aspx?id=123817&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FAST-MI study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1768566/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USIC 2000 registry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/108/23/2851.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CAPTIM trial&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/30/13/1598.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its 5 year results&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vienna registry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12559941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PRAGUE-2 study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1301092?viewType=Print&amp;amp;viewClass=Print&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;STREAM trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa025142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DANAMI-2 study&lt;/a&gt; Subgroup analysis of this study quoted by arkiaamu also showed clear benefit only in patients who had duration of chest pain &gt; 4 hours. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thrombolytic therapy (clot busting medicines e.g. tPA, also called fibrinolytics since they lyse fibrin strands of thrombi or clots) has major advantage in ease of administration. They are administered via intravenous route and hence can be give by nurses or paramedical personnel. The drug travels in the blood stream to reach arteries of the heart and lyses the thrombus (clot) there. Thrombolysis treatement can be given in ambulance while patients are being transported to hospitals or even at patient's home to save time. Tenecteplase, a type of thrombolytic therapy, can be given just as a bolus injection and does not even need infusion. Early after onset of heart attack, the thrombus is soft and possibly smaller in size and hence is more easily lysed by thrombolytic agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, primary angioplasty needs a fully functioning cardiac catheterization laboratory which costs a lot and are available only in tertiary centers. Trained cardiologists and cath lab technician/nursing staff are needed to perform primary angioplasty. The access has to be through high pressure artery rather than simple vein for thrombolysis. The procedure itself is very complex since the coronary arteries of the heart have to be hooked, wires, balloon catheters, thrombo-suction devices and stents have to be passed into them to open the block caused by thrombus. The logistics of availablity are difficult, especially at nights and on weekends. Hence, the costs are also much more with primary angioplasty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of all these reasons, we should not ignore the role of thrombolytic therapy in patients presenting early after onset of chest pain in acute heart attack. For patients presenting late, primary angioplasty has been shown to be more beneficial than thrombolytic treatment, presumably because the thrombus become more extensive and firm with time and is not easily lysed wih thrombolytic agents (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517460&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517460&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T05:06:01.533" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T05:06:01.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2015-10-08T16:23:24.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, high blood sugar levels can cause damage in the body---but it is SUSTAINED high blood sugar levels that are dangerous. Here is another interesting article on A1c and athletes: &lt;a href=&quot;http://fitafter40vancouver.blogspot.com/2010/12/hba1c-and-athletes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://fitafter40vancouver.blogspot.com/2010/12/hba1c-and-athletes.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Athletes may have short bursts of higher glucose in their blood stream after exercise and not prolonged high levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I, too, am an endurance athlete (ultra-marathon runner) who tends to have borderline high A1c results. My last results was 5.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1772" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T16:23:24.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3278" CreationDate="2015-10-08T19:08:03.017" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cardinal rule here is to ensure that you consume more calories than you burn &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;on a daily basis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will wish to establish a long-term healthy eating pattern.  But in the short-term, I would suggest without hesitation that whatever you choose to eat - place it between two slices of bread and add plenty of cheese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2015-10-08T19:08:03.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3374" CreationDate="2015-10-09T01:05:45.737" Score="5" ViewCount="4974" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 16 year old son accidentally spilled about 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol over a large area on my carpet. The problem is it covers a large area and it smell very bad there. The room is about 100 sqft . This is 50% isopropyl alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do about it?  How much time to wait until it completely evaporates? What are the potential health risks from inhalation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1774" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-10-09T11:45:56.413" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T01:45:10.610" Title="What safety precautions should I take after spilling isopropyl alcohol?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-09T03:38:54.877" Score="4" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI) is broadly of 2 types: anterior wall and inferior wall, depending on the wall of heart involved. The anterior wall MI is far more dangerous, both in short and in long term, and hence aggressive treatment (like angiography, angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery) is indicated there. However, is aggressive treatment also indicated for patients with inferior type of heart attacks, where the prognosis is much better? Thanks for your responses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T08:44:18.623" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T08:44:18.623" Title="Is aggressive treatment needed in inferior wall type of heart attacks" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;myocardial-infarction&gt;&lt;coronary-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3370" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8981" CreationDate="2015-10-09T03:53:40.103" Score="7" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;Angiography of the heart is generally performed via artery of upper thigh, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quincymedgroup.com/adam/dochtml/surgery%20and%20procedures/13/100160.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;femoral artery&lt;/a&gt;. This artery is larger and easier to access but patient has to remain lying down for a few hours after the procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In recent years, artery at the wrist (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ptca.org/news/2009/041702_RADIAL.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;radial artery&lt;/a&gt;) is being used to perform cardiac or coronary angiography. Here, the patient can be made mobile (sit up and walk) soon after the procedure. The complications may be lesser with radial artery route, but if they occur, they affect hand as compared to involvement of thigh or leg with femoral route.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the most common factors that affect the choice of the route, and are there any studies on the effectiveness/outcomes from one versus the other? Thanks for your responses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:20:17.407" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:20:17.407" Title="Wrist (radial) artery vs thigh (femoral) artery route for angiography" Tags="&lt;health-outcomes&gt;&lt;angioplasty&gt;&lt;angiography&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1609" CreationDate="2015-10-09T11:49:12.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, there is no definitive link between oral contraception and breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a short rundown on the relative risks in this article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/birth-control/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Birth Control&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;em&gt;Science-Based Medicine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information on cancer and oral contraceptives can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/oral-contraceptives&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  There is an increased risk of cervical cancer, but most cases are related to HPV infection, so hopefully the new vaccines will eliminate much of that risk. There is an increased risk of liver cancer in low risk populations but not in high-risk populations. The risk of breast cancer may or may not be slightly increased: studies do not agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the pill clearly reduces the risk of uterine and ovarian cancers. And a meta-analysis found that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414526&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;risk of colorectal cancer is also decreased&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The magnitude of these risks is small. I couldn’t find any information about overall cancer risk: whether the increase in some types of cancer outweighs the decrease in others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[The International Agency for Research on Cancer] does classify estrogen/progesterone in the same group 1 category as cigarettes and asbestos, but all that category means is that there is sufficient evidence to prove carcinogenicity in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-10-09T11:49:12.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3368" CreationDate="2015-10-10T01:45:10.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;About all you can do is ventilate the room and wait for it to evaporate, which shouldn't take long. It's hard to say exactly how long without knowing the type of carpet, ambient temperature, relative humidity, etc, but I would expect a few hours, not days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although isopropyl alcohol evaporates quickly, keep in mind that a 50% solution is 50% water, so your carpet may remain damp even after you no longer smell the alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jmloveridge.com/cosh/Isopropyl%20Alcohol.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MSDS&lt;/a&gt; for isopropyl alcohol, the primary hazard is fire. The vapors &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; combustible so avoid smoking and open flames in the room. However, 200 ml is not a large amount, and the 50% water will greatly reduce its flammability. Opening windows and letting the room air out should be sufficient to avoid fire danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the MSDS says it's a mild inhalation and contact hazard, keep in mind that the MSDS refers to 100% isopropyl alcohol. 200 ml of 50% alcohol spilled in a room should present no particular health hazards, although I would open windows and keep pets and small children out of the room until you can no longer smell it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T01:45:10.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T03:56:53.003" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which is better- treadmill test or nuclear stress test for evaluation of angina? Are there any factors that affect the choice of the test? Thanks for your responses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-10T07:02:13.417" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T15:19:34.793" Title="Treadmill test versus nuclear stress test for evaluation of angina" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angina&gt;&lt;stress-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T06:57:43.850" Score="8" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Statins are very commonly used in patients with heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction or heart attack) and brain stroke to prevent recurrences and complications. Statins are one of the most widely prescribed agents. They are also often prescribed for prevention of these conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is who should take statins for prevention? Persons with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking history, family history of heart disease or everyone above a certain age? Should both men and women take these agents? What are the exact indications of starting statins for prevention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-10T17:55:08.487" LastActivityDate="2019-12-05T12:37:21.880" Title="Who should take statins for prevention of heart disease and stroke?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T07:00:38.110" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;For persons who get mild chest pain, which could be angina, is it better to undergo a stress test first or straight go for angiography? Thanks for your comments and answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T07:00:38.110" Title="Stress test or straight angiography for mild chest pain?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angina&gt;&lt;angiography&gt;&lt;stress-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T12:36:47.997" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;After an MRI scan, I have got the results dictating that I have a crack in the longitudinal of posterior Meniscus...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still did not meet the doctor to actually tell me what to do about it, but I was wondering if it does require a surgery, or is it curable with some kind of corrective exercise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1787" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:16:34.610" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:16:34.610" Title="What is the right medical procedure to correct Meniscus problems?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;tear-of-a-meniscus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-10T15:46:02.813" Score="5" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some claims about the usefulness of stem cell therapy to treat a lateral epicondylopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stemcellorthopedic.com/stem-cell-therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20121204104131/http://www.stemcellorthopedic.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Innovative treatments that include stem cell therapy, supplements, growth factors and platelet rich plasma are injected into the injured area. These treatments have proven incredibly effective in reducing inflammation, easing pain and promoting the healing of the damaged tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stem-cell_therapy&amp;amp;oldid=776011185#Veterinary_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stem-cell_therapy&amp;amp;oldid=776011185#Veterinary_medicine&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170505234139/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Race horses are especially prone to injuries of the tendon and ligaments. Conventional therapies are very unsuccessful in returning the horse to full functioning potential. Natural healing, guided by the conventional treatments, leads to the formation of fibrous scar tissue that reduces flexibility and full joint movement. Traditional treatments prevented a large number of horses from returning to full activity and also have a high incidence of re-injury due to the stiff nature of the scarred tendon. Introduction of both bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells, along with natural mechanical stimulus promoted the regeneration of tendon tissue. The natural movement promoted the alignment of the new fibers and tendocytes with the natural alignment found in uninjured tendons. Stem cell treatment not only allowed more horses to return to full duty and also greatly reduced the re-injury rate over a three-year period.[78]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of embryonic stem cells has also been applied to tendon repair. The embryonic stem cells were shown to have a better survival rate in the tendon as well as better migrating capabilities to reach all areas of damaged tendon. The overall repair quality was also higher, with better tendon architecture and collagen formed. There was also no tumor formation seen during the three month experimental period. Long-term studies need to be carried out to examine the long-term efficacy and risks associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.[78] Similar results have been found in small animals.[78]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any clinical evidence supporting or infirming the usefulness of stem cell therapy to treat a lateral epicondylopathy for humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-30T21:01:02.827" Title="Is there any clinical evidence supporting or infirming the usefulness of stem cell therapy to treat a lateral epicondylopathy for humans?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3379" CreationDate="2015-10-10T17:27:42.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305189#t=article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, the results of surgery are no better than the results of sham surgery. Such studies had been done previously with the same result, but these earlier studies included typical patients, a significant fraction of such patients suffer from degenerative disease like osteoarthritis. Then if surgery is found to not work, you don't know if that's due to the nature of the disease process or if surgery wouldn't even work under ideal circumstances. That's why this study was done and the results were negative:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the results of this randomized, sham-controlled trial show that arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy provides no significant benefit over sham surgery in patients with a degenerative meniscal tear and no knee osteoarthritis. These results argue against the current practice of performing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in patients with a degenerative meniscal tear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-10-10T17:27:42.220" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T03:43:33.887" Score="2" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should inflammation be supported or suppressed to heal a lateral epicondylitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read and heard contradictory statements, see examples below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-robert-a-kornfeld/chronic-foot-pain_b_863372.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TheHuffingtonPost&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once these burdens are identified and lifted, provoking primary inflammation is often the best way to facilitate healing in these chronic problems. This means we get to support the body's natural pathway of healing. In my experience, supporting, rather than suppressing primary inflammation, will foster healing of tissues, even when they have been chronically inflamed and painful for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/tc/tendon-injury-tendinopathy-treatment-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply ice or cold packs as soon as you notice pain and tenderness in your muscles or near a joint. Apply ice 10 to 15 minutes at a time, as&#xA;often as twice an hour, for 72 hours. Continue applying ice (15 to 20&#xA;minutes at a time, 3 times a day) as long as it relieves pain.&#xA;Although heating pads may feel good, ice will relieve pain and&#xA;inflammation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take pain relievers if needed. Use acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, as&#xA;directed for pain relief. NSAIDs also reduce any inflammation you&#xA;might have in or around the tendon (tendinitis). NSAIDs come in pills&#xA;and in a cream that you rub over the sore area. Do not rely on&#xA;medicine to relieve pain in order to continue overusing a joint.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/170083-tendonitis-remedies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LiveStrong&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppressing inflammation relieves pain and encourages a tendon strain to heal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248423.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicalNewsToday&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be remembered that inflammation is part of the healing process. Sometimes reducing inflammation is necessary, but not always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Tendinitis-or-Tendinosis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Tendinitis-or-Tendinosis.aspx&lt;/a&gt; indicates that icing should only be used for tendonitis (i.e., when an inflammation is present) but not for tendinosis (i.e., when no inflammation is present, only micro-tears/degeneration):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatments for tendonitis are vastly different from those of tendinosis, and there is no room for overlap. In fact, tendonitis treatments can worsen the condition of a patient who actually has tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;It could worsen the condition if you're talking using anti-inflammatories, icing and resting with no physical activity,&amp;quot; said Bishop. &amp;quot;The most important thing is to understand the mechanism of tendonitis and tendinosis, and the pathomechanics happening in the tendon. Rest and modification of activity and increasing inflammation is the opposite of what you want to do in a tendinosis condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T03:04:54.613" Title="Should inflammation be supported or suppressed to heal an epicondylitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-11T05:00:33.287" Score="1" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;What tests should one get done annually/regularly after the age of 50 years? For example blood test for hemoglobin, blood sugar and kidney function, ECG, chest X-ray, PAP smear for women, bone density test, etc. Are all these really needed? Thanks for your insight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T04:17:07.510" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T04:28:16.650" Title="What tests to be done in annual checkup after 50 years of age?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3055" CreationDate="2015-10-11T21:23:30.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently omega-3 supplements do contain PCB. But I don't know what kind of container the supplement comes in (if it comes in capsules or not)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The quality of fish oil / omega-3 supplements varies across brands...Analyses of 35 products...uncovered...: Trace levels of PCBs were found in every product...but two supplements exceeded contaminations limits for PCBs. The tested supplements include those with fish oil, krill oil, algal oil (from algae) and/or, calamari (squid) oil.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consumerlab.com/news/ReviewofFishOilandOmega-3SupplmentsbyConsumerLab.com/8_22_2012/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.consumerlab.com/news/ReviewofFishOilandOmega-3SupplmentsbyConsumerLab.com/8_22_2012/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastActivityDate="2015-10-11T21:23:30.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3384" CreationDate="2015-10-12T00:12:06.913" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the websites bellow, it´s a good idea to do the following tests annually at age 50 and beyond (beware of false positives, which &quot;could trigger a cascade of even more tests, only to discover in the end that you had nothing wrong with you&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Blood pressure if your blood pressure is borderline high.       &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Skin cancer screening (&quot;It’s important to check your own skin, preferably once a month&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Eye exam and vision screening (every 2 years until age 60 and then yearly after that)   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vitamin D test  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Thyroid test  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prostate cancer screening (&quot;Screening should be done yearly for men whose PSA level is 2.5 ng/mL or higher, the decision should be made after getting information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening but men without symptoms of prostate cancer who do not have a 10-year life expectancy should not be offered testing&quot; according to the American Cancer Association; but the  U.S. Preventive Services Task Force &quot;recommends against PSA-based screening&quot;)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Testicular exam (The American Cancer Society recommends a testicular exam as part of a routine cancer-related checkup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;For women only: Pelvic exam&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;For women only: Breast exam and mammogram  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have certain peculiarities or high risks other tests should be perform annually as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information was gathered from the following websites:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2015-10-14T05:00:20.370" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T05:00:20.370" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3355" CreationDate="2015-10-12T00:54:19.457" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your units of measure are likely &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre&quot;&gt;diopters&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;  If someone needs glasses for &lt;em&gt;reading&lt;/em&gt; (because the person is far sighted), then they would be given an prescription with a &lt;strong&gt;+&lt;/strong&gt;[digit], and note that each eye could be different (and usually is, at least slightly). An example might be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;left eye: +1.5&#xA;right eye: +0.75&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he has a negative number of diopters in his prescription, it just means he is instead near sighted, or &lt;em&gt;myopic&lt;/em&gt;: he sees things up close probably pretty well (in the eye with a negative diopter). If both eyes are around -6 diopters (and assuming he doesn't have severe astigmatism on top of this strong near sightedness), he probably needs relatively strong lenses to see distances clearly, and can probably only read an average size font (such as 12-14 points) if it less than a foot (roughly) from his face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britannica.com/technology/diopter-optics&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/technology/diopter-optics&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;and &quot;Amplitude of accommodation&quot; on wikipedia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1791" LastActivityDate="2015-10-12T00:54:19.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3461" CreationDate="2015-10-12T03:20:47.690" Score="5" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a nutrient, such as calcium. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_minerals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for an average healthy 44-year-old male is a daily intake of 1000mg of calcium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you consumed, over a week, 7000mg of calcium. On average, you consumed 1000mg of calcium per day, which is exactly the recommendation. That's only the average, though, so you might have consumed 500mg of calcium on Monday ­(50% of the RDA), and 1500mg on Tuesday (150% of the RDA); and so on, with similar variance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are you still satisfying your calcium needs? Is there a rule of thumb for determining that for other nutrients, or any pointers to resources that covers the specific cases? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1793" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-10-19T02:08:49.253" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T02:18:20.360" Title="Can the daily recommended Dietary Reference Intake be satisfied over a longer timespan?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T07:05:56.463" Score="3" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a power outage recently in my flat, so I decided to light up some older oil lamp I found. I didn't notice that as the wick was probably too large, the lamp was smoking whole night. When I woke up the next day I figured out that everything was covered in a black dust that probably was caused by this smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My nose was also full of this and I guess my lungs are as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this sort of dust from oil lamp dangerous? Could I poison myself or damage my lungs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1796" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:32:10.583" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:32:10.583" Title="Is smoke from oil lamp dangerous" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;toxic-fumes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-09-27T15:13:42.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T10:33:34.757" Score="6" ViewCount="400" Body="&lt;p&gt;I frequently hear that fresh foods are more healthy than processed food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FoodProcessing published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2008/295/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; claiming: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers at the University of Missouri found that processed tomato products fed to rats have better cancer-fighting benefits than tomatoes picked off the vine. That jives with recent studies that found processed tomato products, particularly tomato paste, may fight prostate cancer better than a fresh red tomato.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When all the relevant evidence is tallied, is there a case that either tomato paste or fresh tomatos are healthier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T16:40:16.983" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T16:40:16.983" Title="Is tomato paste healthier than fresh tomatoes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-02-07T17:01:05.430" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T18:32:22.633" Score="4" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;My lower jaw is not perfectly aligned, especially the canine teeth(lower jaw) are a bit crumpled. I will turn 21 next month and opting for braces is not a viable choice for me. Someone, suggested me clear aligners (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.invisalign.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Invisalign&lt;/a&gt;). I want to know if they really work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1798" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-12-16T16:06:59.153" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T16:06:59.153" Title="Do clear aligners really work?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-12T19:43:04.330" Score="6" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always am slightly afraid of food which I know contains allergens, as although I have never had a serious allergic reaction to anything, one of my friends suffers from them. Is there any real (let's say greater than one in a million) probability of developing a dangerous allergy to an allergen to which the adult is exposed to occasionally or regularly before ? What if they were previously unexposed to the allergen ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a public health perspective, would restriction of the distribution of allergenic food have any significant benefits ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1799" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T11:56:51.287" Title="How likely is it for someone to develop a serious allergy in adulthood ?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5111" CreationDate="2015-10-12T19:46:46.397" Score="5" ViewCount="2545" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the difference is between inflammation and irritation, especially in the context of tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; is that inflammation is one kind of inflammation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sometime see the two terms employed synonymously, e.g. in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/symptom/tendon-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Healthline article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendons are thick cords that join your muscles to your bones. When these tendons become &lt;strong&gt;irritated or inflamed&lt;/strong&gt;, it is called tendinitis. This condition causes acute pain and tenderness, making it difficult to move the affected joint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/wilmer/conditions/allergic_conjunctivitis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins University article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Allergic conjunctivitis is &lt;strong&gt;inflammation or irritation&lt;/strong&gt; of the clear mucous membrane lining the inner eyelids and sclera. This lining is called the conjunctiva. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the context of tendinopathies, I would tend to believe they are synonymous as I cannot  think of any other type of irritation other than inflammation, but I am not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-10-13T00:24:37.147" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:31:03.020" Title="What is the difference between inflammation and irritation?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T10:35:55.990" Score="12" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;During a full-blown Ménière's episode, the patient can basically do nothing, so the question does not even occur. But what about mild events in a patient with a Ménière's diagnosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking about a situation where the patient feels some symptoms (some dizziness, a change in hearing loss) but can still do most activities. Should the patient rest during such a period, and if yes, how much rest is good? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could imagine a few different scenarios:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All activity during such an episode is damaging, or preventing healing of existing damage, and should be avoided even if it does not cause discomfort&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The body &quot;knows&quot; when the activity is damaging, and discomfort is a good way to judge how much to do&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no lasting damage or episode prolonging due to activity. The patient can decide how much discomfort he is willing to endure without fearing any side effects. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no lasting damage through activity, and complete rest can be detrimental, e.g. by making the patient more sensitive/susceptible to future events. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which scenario comes closest to the truth? How can a patient decide on his activity level? What signs are there that there is too much or too little activity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if activities should be reduced: is there a difference between types of activities? Is an activity which relies on listening or balance worse than an activity which does not rely on them (e.g. listening to a lecture vs. taking a walk vs. sitting in a chair and reading)? Also, is an activity which is known to be irritating to either hearing (e.g. being around persistent noise) or balance (e.g. being driven in a car on a mountain road with many turns) worse than other kinds of activity? Are physical and mental activities similarly good/bad during such episodes, or is there a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T18:48:27.737" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T20:45:58.430" Title="Is rest necessary, recommended, or unnecessary in a mild Ménière's episode?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;vertigo&gt;&lt;menieres-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T13:14:57.890" Score="11" ViewCount="26030" Body="&lt;p&gt;When referred to a gastroenterologist for intermittent pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen (slightly under the rib cage), my friend was told that she probably had an ulcer and the doctor needed to do an endoscopy to confirm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend has gone to two doctors so far regarding intermittent but intense pain in the upper right quadrant of her abdomen (slightly under the rib cage). Her GP considered it to be possibly gallstones and referred her to a gastroenterologist to get an ultrasound and further treatment. The gastroenterologist, however, thought it was most likely an ulcer and that he would need to do an endoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; looking for an internet diagnosis for her :) Her primary concern is that an ultrasound is less expensive and doesn't involve sedation or require a day of fasting, and she wonders whether the gastroenterologist has chosen a less likely avenue to pursue since he would get paid much more for it. To that end, she wants to know &lt;strong&gt;what symptoms can &lt;em&gt;distinguish&lt;/em&gt; the two conditions&lt;/strong&gt;, and potentially consult another specialist before undergoing an endoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the symptoms we think we know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of gallbladder issues (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Identify-Gallbladder-Disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/gallbladder-problems-symptoms#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/basics/symptoms/con-20034277&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drgangemi.com/2012/07/gallbladder-health/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain in upper right abdomen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hurts when you push on it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nausea/vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constipation, diarrhea, burping, bloating/gas&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of stomach ulcer (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/stomach-ulcer#Symptoms3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthxchange.com.sg/healthyliving/SpecialFocus/Pages/Peptic-Ulcers-What-Are-the-Most-Common-Risk-Factors.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain in upper central abdomen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain goes away with antacids (n/a in her case)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nausea/vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Burping, bloating&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond the symptoms, the risk factors appear to be really different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gallstones: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallstones/basics/risk-factors/con-20020461&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fat, female&lt;/a&gt; (true), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallstones/basics/risk-factors/con-20020461&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;high-fat low-fiber diet&lt;/a&gt; (true-ish, diet isn't that bad), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallstones/basics/risk-factors/con-20020461&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes, 60+&lt;/a&gt; (n/a)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ulcer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/basics/risk-factors/con-20028643&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;smoke, drink&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-ulcers-basic-information&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;frequent NSAID use, old&lt;/a&gt; (n/a)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T08:40:31.327" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T15:53:43.337" Title="Can ulcer pain be distinguished from gallstone pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;gallstone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-13T23:49:47.370" Score="0" ViewCount="315" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've called a very large number of GYN surgical clinics in and around the bay area and none of them seem to offer this treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any leads are much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1806" LastEditorUserId="1759" LastEditDate="2015-10-14T14:41:58.180" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T14:41:58.180" Title="Who offers CO2 Laser treatment for Bartholin's Cysts in California?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;laser&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-16T20:01:25.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3401" CreationDate="2015-10-14T05:19:38.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a lead that may provide you with a practitioner in California that offers the treatment you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MISforWomen.com provides patients with complete access to AAGL’s Physician Finder, a comprehensive database of our more than 7,500 members.  Finding a surgeon who specializes in minimally invasive surgery has never been easier with this excellent, easy-to-use physician search engine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AAGL – Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide&#xA;6757 Katella Avenue | Cypress, CA 90630&#xA;(800) 554-2245 | (714) 503-6200&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aagl.org/jmig/journal-spotlight-co2-laser-treatment-for-bartholin-gland-abscess-ultrasound-evaluation-of-risk-recurrence-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aagl.org/jmig/journal-spotlight-co2-laser-treatment-for-bartholin-gland-abscess-ultrasound-evaluation-of-risk-recurrence-2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aagl.org/service/patient-outreach/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aagl.org/service/patient-outreach/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1759" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T05:19:38.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T15:53:32.767" Score="3" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am suffering from mouth ulcers, and as a result I am not able to eat properly and suffer with a lot of mouth pain.n I am not able to sleep properly due to my busy schedule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I consulted many doctors and tried many remedies, but have not found anything that gives me relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else I can do? What the possible treatments for mouth ulcers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1812" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T19:34:49.220" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T19:34:49.220" Title="What are possible treatments for mouth ulcers?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T16:05:06.193" Score="4" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 27 year old working woman. I don't have time to do any workouts or any physical execise. I got married 4 months ago, and since then I am putting on weight very fast. I have done gym work before, around 4 months due to which I lost 4 to 5 kgs (9-11 lbs) before marrige. Is there any way to lose weight without doing any physical workout and without hard core dieting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1812" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T17:56:18.857" LastActivityDate="2016-03-26T12:10:05.497" Title="How to lose weight without doing exercise?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3433" CreationDate="2015-10-14T16:12:21.883" Score="3" ViewCount="418" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to check pregnancy at home.I have used prega-news to check but i am not sure how much it is useful.Can any one suggest me some better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1812" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T08:13:55.100" Title="How to check pregnancy at home?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3404" CreationDate="2015-10-14T17:24:12.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a same situation due to allergic reaction. Hives and mouth ulcers. I mixed 50/50 Mylanta and Childrens Benedryl and swished. The Mylanta coated the mouth which allowed me to eat without the pain and burning, The Childrens Benedryl helped with the ulcers and hives. It's also okay to swallow. You didn't mention the cause or the remedies you have tried. This is one that helped me. Good Luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1813" LastActivityDate="2015-10-14T17:24:12.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T17:30:33.737" Score="2" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something of a followup to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3399/can-ulcer-pain-be-distinguished-from-gallstone-pain&quot;&gt;a previous question I asked&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) able to spot gallbladder problems? I have not really found a consistent answer in a few sources I looked at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ddc.musc.edu/public/procedures/upperEndoscopy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MUSC Health: Upper Endoscopy (EGD)&lt;/a&gt; makes no mention of gallbladder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cig-pc.com/faqs.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is EUS?&lt;/a&gt; says an EUS, endoscopic ultrasound, is needed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asge.org/press/press.aspx?id=548&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASGE&lt;/a&gt; suggests that a specialized endoscopy (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)) might work (but that seems more complex than an EGD)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, an upper endoscopy does take a peek at the duodenum. Would there be signs of gallbladder problems there, or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:27:12.700" Title="Can an upper endoscopy spot gallbladder problems?" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-14T17:48:31.553" Score="5" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;After angiography (done for episodes of anginal chest pains), how do doctors decide whether to go for angioplasty (balloon dilatation of blockages of arteries of heart) or surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting or CABG, often called 'cabbage')? Thanks for your comments and answers.tca&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:24:51.697" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T09:33:56.157" Title="Surgery or angioplasty after angiography?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angiography&gt;&lt;cabg-coronary-art-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3404" CreationDate="2015-10-14T22:26:36.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS; aphthae; canker sores) is not uncommon (&gt;20% of the population of the UK) and can be very painful and disruptive. In addition to consulting a doctor, please consider asking your dentist (dentists deal with this a lot) or a specialist of the mouth (such as an oral surgeon). It may be as simple as your toothpaste choice, or as complex as an autoimmune disorder. In any case, they should help you treat it symptomatically, and may find an underlying cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three &quot;kinds&quot; of RAS based on size and number of ulcers: minor, major, and herpetiform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to treating any underlying disorder, common recommendations - among others - include maintaining good diet (with some attention to B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;), oral hygiene, avoiding toothpastes with SLS, and &lt;em&gt;possibly&lt;/em&gt; using mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine or triclosan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the occasional aphthous ulcer, there is a sticky paste you can apply to the ulcer called &lt;em&gt;Orabase&lt;/em&gt;. It has a topical anesthetic and temporarily relieves pain, so that you can eat, sleep, etc. There is also a viscous lidocaine 2% solution which can be swished/spit. The downside of this is that you can't taste anything, as your tongue gets numbed as well. Alternatively, you can apply it to the lesions with a Q-tip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the supervision of a physician, topical corticosteroids can sometimes control symptoms that are incapacitating. There are corticosteroid preparations in &lt;em&gt;orabase&lt;/em&gt;, gels, and other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are prescription antibiotic oral preparations with which one can rinse and spit, usually containing a tetracycline derivative, or tetracycline plus nicotinamide which may provide relief and reduce ulcer duration and recurrence. If RAS fails to respond to these measures, oral  immunomodulators may be required, again under specialist supervision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Complementary and Alternative Medicine recommendations include vitamin supplements, bee propolis, various herbs, and honey. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n5/full/4812649a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oral medicine — Update for the dental practitioner Aphthous and other common ulcers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Barrons/publication/12137206_Treatment_strategies_for_recurrent_oral_aphthous_ulcers/links/0c96053be7aa3553bb000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Treatment strategies for recurrent aphthous ulcers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/11/106/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial of topical 2% viscous lidocaine in improving oral intake in children with painful infectious mouth conditions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943778/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aphthous ulcers (recurrent)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/amjmedsci/Abstract/2008/11000/Cyanocobalamin_May_be_Beneficial_in_the_Treatment.2.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cyanocobalamin May be Beneficial in the Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers Even When Vitamin B12 Levels Are Normal.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116570/all/Stomatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stomatitis&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;- an &lt;em&gt;Unbound Medicine 5-minute Clinical Consult&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T02:32:52.020" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T02:32:52.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3384" CreationDate="2015-10-15T04:22:39.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today's issue of New England Journal of Medicine (15th October, 2015) discusses the pros and cons of having annual screening: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1507485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Improving Value in Health Care — Against the Annual Physical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1508270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toward Trusting Therapeutic Relationships — In Favor &#xA;of the Annual Physical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, there are 2 approaches: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no need for annual checkup, though healthy practices should be followed and early symptoms should not be ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Majority of patients and physicians feel annual checkups should be there and one third of adults in USA get them done. Following simple tests can be done on an annual basis: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Annual consultation with general practitioner for history taking (asking for any symptoms or problems) and physical examination- will include blood pressure as well as checkup for skin, eye &amp;amp; hearing problems. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood tests: Hemogram (hemoglobin, total &amp;amp; differential white count, platelet count), sugar, kidney function (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium), liver function (bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase), TSH (thyroid function), lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride), vitamin D.  All these tests together need only 10 ml of blood and can be done in a day on newer machines; it may be called &quot;single syringe blood screen&quot;! (even though vacutainers have replaced syringes for blood sampling at most places)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urine examination: albumin, sugar &amp;amp; microscopic examination&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ECG&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chest X-ray every 5 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for women: PAP smear, mammography&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other tests to be considered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;colonoscopy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bone density&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prostate specific antigen is not recommended; fecal occult blood is generally indicated if any anemia is found; I am not sure what test is done for bladder cancer screening apart from urine examination mentioned above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-15T04:28:16.650" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T04:28:16.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-15T11:34:33.333" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of exercise (HIIT, weight lifting, aerobic) is optimal for reducing proinflammatory cytokines (like TNF-alpha) and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-10)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CRP levels drop with physical activity, but I'm more interested in cytokines, which are not reflected in CRP levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1820" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:27:13.743" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:27:13.743" Title="What type of exercise is optimal for reducing proinflammatory cytokines?" Tags="&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;cytokines&gt;&lt;aerobic&gt;&lt;crp-c-reactive-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3393" CreationDate="2015-10-15T11:56:51.287" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/expert-answers/food-allergy/faq-20058483&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yes, you can develop a food allergy as an adult.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently nobody really knows why but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/allergies/understanding-adult-onset-allergies.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a couple of plausible theories&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;being exposed to allergens when the immune system is weakened, such as during an illness or pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not being exposed to a high enough level of the allergen as a child but reaching that threshold in adulthood&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Food Allergy Research &amp;amp; Education (FARE) blog, &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.foodallergy.org/2014/10/20/new-findings-in-adult-onset-food-allergy/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Findings in Adult-Onset Food Allergy&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(14)00301-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the original study is here&lt;/a&gt; but behind a paywall):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least 15 percent of people with food allergies develop the condition after the age of 18, a new study suggests.... The age of first reaction peaked during the early 30s, with patients’ ages ranging from 18-86 years. Another important finding was that an older age at the time of diagnosis was associated with higher risk for severe reactions. In addition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A higher percentage of the patients were female, which contrasts with the male dominance of food allergy in children.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The five most common food allergies among this group were shellfish, tree nuts, fish, soy and peanut. Study participants also identified 14 other foods as allergic triggers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Approximately 16% of patients were allergic to more than one food.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A slight aside: While it's really not known how allergies develop (either in children or adults), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/food-allergy/#s0045&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one possibility is Oral Allergy Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, in which exposure (and allergy) to plant pollen can lead to an allergic reaction to food. That is a little different than anaphylactic shock though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The chance of this happening to you:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.massgeneral.org/children/about/newsarticle.aspx?id=3518&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This Mass General Hospital article&lt;/a&gt; states that &amp;quot;an estimated 4% of the US adult population is food allergic – about 9 million of us&amp;quot;. Of that 4%, 15% (1.35 million or &lt;strong&gt;0.6% of US adults&lt;/strong&gt;) would develop that allergy after the age of 18.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The public health question is really speculative. Obviously it would be very helpful for those people who are either allergic, or at risk of developing an allergy, since they wouldn't be exposed to the food trigger. However, many of these allergens are extremely prevalent in modern food production (peanuts, soy) meaning that food can be produced less expensively. It is probably more practical to emphasize allergens in ingredient lists (as is done in the US) to enable already-allergic or just-concerned adults to avoid ingredients of concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T11:56:51.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-15T12:40:02.290" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already googled lots of thing about prevention of hair fall,but did not get any satisfied solution,can any one suggest me best thing to prevent hair fall,thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1754" LastActivityDate="2015-10-15T12:40:02.290" Title="what is the solution for hair fall?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2015-10-15T14:17:20.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3423" CreationDate="2015-10-16T00:18:44.970" Score="9" ViewCount="3515" Body="&lt;p&gt;Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used to treat hypertension. One of the side effects of these drugs is to raise serum potassium levels. This occurs because ARBs block the effects of angiotensin II on receptors, which leads to reduced aldosterone production. Aldosterone causes retention of sodium and excretion of potassium, thereby lowering serum potassium levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is whether this effect is immediate or delayed. For example, if a person begins taking an ARB daily, will its effect on potassium levels be the same on day 1 as it will be on day 30? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume normal kidney function and no other drugs. If the particular ARB matters, consider losartan. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T01:30:50.217" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T20:21:58.783" Title="Effects of ARBs on potassium levels" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3421" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3431" CreationDate="2015-10-16T00:33:01.197" Score="6" ViewCount="5943" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm male, and I've noticed that when I urinate, there's sometimes a small amount of splatter which hits my legs and pants. I try to avoid this, but it seems impossible to avoid entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once dry, is this splatter potentially harmful to me or others? Does the drying kill the germs? If so, how long does it take after drying and how much of the germs (99%? 50%?) are dead or harmless? Are any other non-germ constituents of normal human urine potentially harmful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1824" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T20:08:23.820" Title="Is dry urine sterile?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;urine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-16T00:59:55.620" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;One possible cause for an epicondylitis is anatomy (see the 4 references below, non-epicondylitis specific). How to identify whether anatomy is the cause of a lateral epicondylitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wellmont.org/uploadedFiles/Hospitals/Facilities/Tendonitis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Holston Valley Medical Center&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anatomical Problem: Tendons in the human body are like a bundle of&#xA;  rubber bands. These rubber bands function best when they are all&#xA;  parallel to each other. Most often, tendonitis affects the alignment&#xA;  of the fibers, or band-like structures, of the tendon. Instead of&#xA;  presenting with fibers aligned parallel, many of the fibers are&#xA;  crossed. The crossing of the fibrous structures of the tendon causes&#xA;  the muscle and tendon to operate at a disadvantage, which causes the&#xA;  body to experience pain and inflammation. Therefore, there is often an&#xA;  anatomical problem with the tendon underlying tendonitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tendondisorders.org/whats-really-wrong.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendon Disorders Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Often, there is an anatomical cause for tendon disorders - some people just have a problem with the way they are built or the way they move...and that needs to be addressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yale.edu/ergo/tendonitis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yale University&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes, there is an anatomical cause for tendonitis. If the tendon does not have a smooth path to glide along, it will be more likely to become irritated and inflamed. In these unusual situations, surgical treatment may be necessary to realign the tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drshenoy.com/tendonitis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sachin R Shenoy MD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anatomical cause of tendonitis: &#xA;  Anatomy is a rare cause of tendonitis. If the tendon does not have a smooth surface area in which to work against it will often become inflamed and irritated quite easily. In these situations surgery is often required to rectify the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T17:11:49.410" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T17:11:49.410" Title="Identifying an anatomical cause for an epicondylitis" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3420" CreationDate="2015-10-16T01:02:22.773" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drug levels rise to reach a steady state in about 4-5 doses. Moreover, occurrence of increased potassium (hyperkalemia) also depends on other factors, especially kidney function. Hyperkalemia is much commoner if kidney function is impaired. Also, if person is on other drugs that cause rise in potassium, hyperkalemia is more likely. These drugs include ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors and spironolactone. These 2 are mentioned here since they are also used for conditions where ARBs may be used, namely heart failure and high blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting from 'DRUG INTERACTIONS' part of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/pro/losartan.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.drugs.com/pro/losartan.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As with other drugs that block angiotensin II or its effects,&#xA;  concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone,&#xA;  triamterene, amiloride), potassium supplements, or salt substitutes&#xA;  containing potassium may lead to increases in serum potassium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect on potassium is through blocking effect of aldosterone axis so it is an immediate effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T01:29:14.237" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T01:29:14.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-16T02:15:42.300" Score="2" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (for example Crohn's or Ulcerative Colitis) is sauna good for you or bad? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how often you can go to sauna? Every day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it can be good because or relaxation, but maybe bad because of extreme heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crohnsforum.com/showthread.php?t=37664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt;, but it's not clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="13" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T19:43:28.770" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T19:43:28.770" Title="Crohn's disease and sauna" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3429" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3527" CreationDate="2015-10-16T17:24:41.303" Score="4" ViewCount="618" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been dealing with poor sleep for quite awhile (over a year) and one of my suspicions is EMF interference in my room.  I've tried unplugging everything at night, but didn't notice a significant difference, so I suspect it's coming from some other source, perhaps one I'm not aware of (e.g. the wifi router in the other room).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I go about testing my suspicion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, is there a device you recommend that will give me useful readings?  If you had similar issues, was there a strategy / product / solution that worked well for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the kind of information I hoped to find here more than in electronics.se. I beg to differ only because while the title mentions electronics (tools), the overall context / concern / application is around health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spoke to a specialist in EMF health and asked which of the devices are more useful and tend to help most in detecting potential health issues. The specialist said the voltmeter was less useful than the Gaussmeter, and that some ranges of radio frequencies impact human biology more than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1801" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T09:51:51.183" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T02:13:40.853" Title="How to test EMF interference in my bedroom for sleep impact?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3421" CreationDate="2015-10-16T18:12:36.310" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Urine is not sterile, not while in the bladder and certainly not when it comes out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contrary to dogma that urine is sterile in the absence of a clinical urinary tract infection (UTI); our research team and others have recently shown the existence of a urinary microbiota in individuals with and without lower urinary tract symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124436&quot;&gt;&quot;Bacteria isolated from blood, stool and urine of typhoid patients in a developing country&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (note that while the paper itself is about people with &quot;Overactive Bladder syndrome&quot;, the conclusion about urine not being sterile holds true for the control group in this study as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is very unlikely you could get or give someone else some kind of disease through the kind of hypothetical contact you are talking about in your question. The South Australian health ministry for example lists only one disease potentially spread through urine : Cytomegalovirus &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/infectious+diseases/ways+infectious+diseases+spread&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;. But while the test for this infection can be done through analysing urine, I could not find any evidence that there has ever been an infection that resulted from exposure to urine as opposed to saliva, semen or one of the other transmission routes. &#xA;Another disease found in urine is typhoid :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirteen (14.1%) out of 92 urine samples were positive for bacterial growth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124436&quot;&gt;[&quot;Bacteria isolated from blood, stool and urine of typhoid patients in a developing country&quot;]&lt;/a&gt;. Whether the level in these samples would be enough to lead to infection even if ingested is unclear to me. &#xA;No substance in your urine is actively dangerous to you just by touching it. Even drinking it is generally considered to be safe, unless done too often (it does contain products your body is trying to get rid off). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt; while urine’s purported healing properties have yet to be confirmed by rigorous research, drinking small amountsof your own urine is unlikely to produce serious harm if, for some reason, you are so inclined.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124436&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drying will possible reduce the amount of bacteria in the urine, just as it does for saliva. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, no, urine is not sterile, but it also doesn't seem to be a &quot;usual&quot; route of infection for many (or maybe any) diseases. Furthermore,  having a spot of it dry on your clothes and a hypothetical person then touching it is bringing the infection risk down even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-16T20:08:23.820" LastActivityDate="2015-10-16T20:08:23.820" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3406" CreationDate="2015-10-16T18:47:51.427" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without access to a doctor, a home pregnancy test is the most accurate way. It measures the amount of a hormone (hCG) in your urine (see for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/baby/guide/pregnancy-tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD's site on pregnancy tests&lt;/a&gt; for more information on how it works) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other two reliable methods are a blood test for the same hormone and an ultrasound (usually conclusive starting from week 3 after conception), but these are not something that can be done at home. While you will find other methods on the internet, most of them are unproven and all of them will be less reliable than a home pregnancy test or a blood test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study found that while urine tests are less accurate than blood tests, the difference in reliability is not that big:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, the whole blood pregnancy test was 95.8% sensitive (negative predictive value 97.9%), whereas the urine test was 95.3% sensitive (negative predictive value 97.6%); the specificity and positive predictive value of both tests was 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jem-journal.com/article/S0736-4679(11)00538-5/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot; Substituting Whole Blood for Urine in a Bedside Pregnancy Test&quot; &lt;/a&gt;) That means that urine tests have more false negative (not picking up pregnancy) , but there were no false positives in the study. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a Google search it looks like what you are referencing in your question is a standard home pregnancy test and thus your best available method. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T08:13:55.100" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T08:13:55.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3299" CreationDate="2015-10-16T19:27:52.177" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While most studies appear to be on women who quit during pregnancy, I found a study that compared pregnancy outcomes in women who never smoked, quit smoking before pregnancy, quit smoking in early pregnancy, and those that smoked during pregnancy. It found &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;maternal smoking cessation &lt;strong&gt;before or during&lt;/strong&gt; early pregnancy appears to result in appropriate fetal and childhood growth &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight and preterm birth: the Generation R Study&lt;/a&gt; is available on the internet and I recommend reading it in full and also looking at the references. The differences in birth weight between the babies born to women who quit before and during early pregnancy were not significant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study in 7000 women in the Netherlands also found no difference between women who didn't smoke and women who quit before 18 weeks of pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For all active smoking categories in early pregnancy, quitting smoking was associated with a higher birthweight than continuing to smoke.&lt;/strong&gt; Tendencies towards smaller non-significant beneficial effects on mean birthweight were found for reducing the number of cigarettes without quitting completely. This study shows that active and passive smoking in late pregnancy are associated with adverse effects on weight and gestational age at birth. &lt;strong&gt;Smoking in early pregnancy only, seems not to affect fetal growth adversely.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight and preterm birth: the Generation R Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that for all of these studies, just  reducing the number of cigarettes per day is counted as continuing to smoke. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T10:53:50.640" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T10:53:50.640" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3429" CreationDate="2015-10-17T03:55:49.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has already been tested, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jan/18/guardianweeklytechnologysection4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see e.g. here&lt;/a&gt;. The best thing to do is to accept that EMF interference does not cause health problems other than via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocebo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nocebo effect&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T03:55:49.757" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3405" CreationDate="2015-10-17T04:12:22.773" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides changing the amount of calories you expend or consume there aren't many more options. You might attempt to reduce your stress level. The 1994 paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16353426&quot;&gt;Stress-induced cortisol response and fat distribution in women&lt;/a&gt; and the 2000 paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2000/09000/Stress_and_Body_Shape__Stress_Induced_Cortisol.5.aspx&quot;&gt;Stress and Body Shape: Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion Is Consistently Greater Among Women With Central Fat&lt;/a&gt; indicated a possible link between elevated cortisol (sometimes called the stress hormone, although that is far from the whole story) and increased abdominal fat distribution. Of course, you may find stress regulation as or even more difficult than finding time to exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However - diet and exercise remains the preferred method of weight loss. Particularly compared to the risks of medication or surgery. Any way you slice it, it takes behavioral changes to make physical changes. Exercise can be a great way to reduce stress, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1287" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T04:12:22.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3200" CreationDate="2015-10-17T08:42:40.473" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mental disorders are often accompanied by physical symptoms. However, it is of course difficult to determine whether this is the mental disorder causing the symptoms or it usually &quot;co-appearing&quot; together with other conditions. There are many physical conditions that appear more often in people with certain psychological conditions. Here are a few studies you might want to look at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For patients treated in typical care settings, PPS were associated with depression severity. However, patients with mild and moderate depression also exhibited PPS. Clinicians should be aware that PPS are present, and may warrant treatment, across depression severities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(PPS is &quot;painful physical symptoms&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20#/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Major depressive disorder severity and the frequency of painful physical symptoms: a pooled analysis of observational studies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subjects with BD had a significantly higher prevalence of MetS when compared to subjects with MDD and non-psychiatric controls&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(MetS: metabolic syndrome, BD: bipolar disorder, MDD: major depressive disorder)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(15)00049-5/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder: Comparison with major depressive disorder and non-psychiatric controls&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Depressed adolescents had a significantly lower reactive hyperaemia index and shorter PTT, suggesting deterioration in vascular integrity and structure. Higher fasting glucose and triglyceride levels were also observed in the depressed group&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;classical&quot; example is extreme fatigue and insomnia in depressive patients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Severe insomnia is common in patients with MDD. It is closely related with low educational qualification, subjective depression and anxiety severity, and poor physical health. These findings may implicate the treatment of comorbid MDD and severe insomnia, for example, sleep hygiene education, pharmacological treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fatigue and sleepiness (hypersomnia) are symptoms that are highly prevalent in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16848671&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you'll also find much more in the references of these articles, but I'll stop here. Symptoms such as fatigue and insomnia will lead to other physical symptoms, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/daytime-fatigue&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;heart disease, high blood pressure or stroke &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in your question you talk about &quot;physical deformations&quot; and what I just cited might not qualify as a &quot;deformation&quot;, especially if you mean things that would be highly visible from the outside. But physical symptoms are often present with mental disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T08:51:55.460" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T08:51:55.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1348" CreationDate="2015-10-17T09:09:45.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease is something only a medical professional can do. However, the symptoms are often first observed by friends and family, and here is what the physician will look for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant memory problems in immediate recall, short-term, or long-term memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant thinking deficits in at least one of four areas: expressing or comprehending language; identifying familiar objects through the senses; poor coordination, gait, or muscle function; and the executive functions of planning, ordering, and making judgments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decline severe enough to interfere with relationships and/or work performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms that appear gradually and become steadily worse over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/alzheimers-dementia/alzheimers-disease.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: helpguide.org&lt;/a&gt;, which has a questionnaire and more information on symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alzheimer's disease is categorized into 5 stages : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/alzheimers-stages/art-20048448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;preclinical Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia due to Alzheimer's, moderate dementia due to Alzheimer's and severe dementia due to Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt;. Alzheimer's is usually not diagnosed until the third or fourth stage, when it can be differentiated from mild cognitive impairment that is common in old age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To aid with diagnosis, it is very helpful if friends/family/caregivers document the type and frequency of symptoms, so the severity and progression can be seen. occasionally forgetting where your keys are is normal - suddenly forgetting that you have been putting your keys next to the door for the last twenty years can be a symptom of Alzheimer's disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T09:09:45.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3993" CreationDate="2015-10-17T10:42:02.043" Score="9" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching for whether it is safe to breastfeed after alcohol consumption, I found lots of pages telling me that alcohol concentration in breast milk spikes after consumption, but then decreases again afterwards, same as it does in blood. From the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycenter.com/0_alcohol-and-breastfeeding_3547.bc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alcohol and Breastfeeding&lt;/a&gt; from Babycenter.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wait at least two hours after you finish a drink before nursing your baby to give your body a chance to clear the alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since breast milk does not get continuously filtered by the liver like blood does, it is unclear to me how this works. Is there any scientific literature available for how the process of eliminating alcohol from breast milk works? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T11:19:30.833" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T11:19:30.833" Title="How is alcohol eliminated from breast milk?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3160" CreationDate="2015-10-17T11:11:14.860" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once hemostasis was achieved, the hemispherectomy cavity was copiously irrigated until the fluid was crystal clear. While keeping the cavity dry, a layer of Gelfoam and Surgicel was placed over the residual raw surface. This allows these materials to adhere and, hopefully, form the basis of an adhesive layer that will preclude subsequent hemorrhage.&lt;strong&gt;We have discovered no adverse effects from leaving the hemispherectomy cavity unfilled with saline&lt;/strong&gt;. The dura was closed in a water-tight fashion and was not stitched medially to the falx and tentorium or laterally to the inner table of the skull. &lt;strong&gt;Eventually the hemispherectomy cavity fills with CSF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.c3.hu/~mavideg/jns/642696june1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hemispherectomy: a hemidecortication approach and review of 52 cases &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Hemispherectomy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia of Surgery &lt;/a&gt; also does not mention the cavity being filled during surgery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hemisphere that is left does not move towards the center, as can be seen in MRI scans, for example in this paper: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thetp.org/article/view/3760/5032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hemispherectomy in the treatment of seizures: a review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T11:11:14.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3217" CreationDate="2015-10-17T11:58:33.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, blood viscosity changes with altitude. &#xA;This is a study in rats where the control group was kept at normal altitude and the test group at simulated 5500 meters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Besides, RBC counts, hematocrit, &lt;strong&gt;whole blood viscosity&lt;/strong&gt;, erythrocyte aggregation index of hypoxia model rats were all notably higher than those of normal control rats respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/6465620/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Changes in the rheologic properties of blood after a high altitude expedition&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The effects you are describing is called &quot;high altitude deterioration&quot; (HADT) and in patients with this, blood viscosity is one of the symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but other indicators including the &lt;strong&gt;blood viscosity&lt;/strong&gt;, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and heart rate were higher in patients with HADT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26439041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The study of prevalence rate, and clinical characteristics of high altitude deterioration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study was only in old women, but nevertheless I will include it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is found that the correlation between geographical factors and the normal reference value of whole blood viscosity (230s(-1)) of old women is quite significant (F=30.137, P=0.000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24120566/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Normal reference value of whole blood viscosity (230s(-1)) of old women and geographical factors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most relevant to your question, this was a small study on mountaineers to Mount Everest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In blood samples collected immediately after return, alterations of some haemorheologic parameters were observed in comparison with baseline values, and namely an &lt;strong&gt;increase in relative blood viscosity&lt;/strong&gt;, fibrinogen and erythrocyte filtration time along with a fall in platelet count&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/6465620/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Changes in the rheologic properties of blood after a high altitude expedition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making the connection to vascular problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased viscosity is associated with aging, obesity, carotid intima-media thickness, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, &lt;strong&gt;ischemic heart disease, and stroke&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23988733&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Increased whole blood viscosity is associated with silent cerebral infarction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T12:04:20.130" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T12:04:20.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4061" CreationDate="2015-10-17T13:03:12.060" Score="9" ViewCount="322" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do people who have one autoimmune disease (for example rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's, Hashimoto hypothyroidism) have a statistically significant higher chance of developing another autoimmune disease in another part of their body later in life? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T19:11:59.777" Title="Comorbidity of autoimmune diseases" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3096" CreationDate="2015-10-17T15:21:17.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of those prescriptions is written in plus cylinder form, the other in minus cylinder form.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tedmontgomery.com/the_eye/glasses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This website describes how to convert between the two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Add the sphere and cylinder powers together; this becomes the new sphere power.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Change the sign of the cylinder power, from minus (–) to plus (+), or from plus (+) to minus (–).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Change the axis value by 90°, remembering that the axis must be a number from 1 to 180.&#xA;  According to this, the two prescriptions you got are indeed the same.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going from the first to the second:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-4.00 : +0.75 x 180°&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;-4 + 0.75 = -3.25&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;0.75 becomes - 0.75&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;180 degrees becomes 90 degrees &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-3.25 : - 0.75 x 90°&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T15:26:21.580" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T15:26:21.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T15:41:39.907" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how frequently a lateral epicondylitis has an anatomical cause. When searching for the information, I couldn't find any specific numbers, and the information I read was ranging from &quot;there is often an anatomical problem&quot; to &quot;[it is a ] rare cause&quot;. Obviously it may depend on the age of the individual, and other factors. If so, assume a 25 year-old individual (though I am curious about other ages as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are some references, sorted by how frequent the anatomical cause is, descending order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wellmont.org/uploadedFiles/Hospitals/Facilities/Tendonitis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Holston Valley Medical Center&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anatomical Problem: Tendons in the human body are like a bundle of&#xA;  rubber bands. These rubber bands function best when they are all&#xA;  parallel to each other. Most often, tendonitis affects the alignment&#xA;  of the fibers, or band-like structures, of the tendon. Instead of&#xA;  presenting with fibers aligned parallel, many of the fibers are&#xA;  crossed. The crossing of the fibrous structures of the tendon causes&#xA;  the muscle and tendon to operate at a disadvantage, which causes the&#xA;  body to experience pain and inflammation. Therefore, &lt;strong&gt;there is often an&#xA;  anatomical problem with the tendon underlying tendonitis&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tendondisorders.org/whats-really-wrong.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendon Disorders Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Often, there is an anatomical cause for tendon disorders&lt;/strong&gt; - some people just have a problem with the way they are built or the way they move...and that needs to be addressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yale.edu/ergo/tendonitis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yale University&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sometimes, there is an anatomical cause for tendonitis&lt;/strong&gt;. If the tendon does not have a smooth path to glide along, it will be more likely to become irritated and inflamed. In these unusual situations, surgical treatment may be necessary to realign the tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drshenoy.com/tendonitis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sachin R Shenoy MD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anatomical cause of tendonitis: &#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Anatomy is a rare cause of tendonitis&lt;/strong&gt;. If the tendon does not have a smooth surface area in which to work against it will often become inflamed and irritated quite easily. In these situations surgery is often required to rectify the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-10-17T17:22:09.200" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T17:22:09.200" Title="Prevalence of anatomical cause for a lateral epicondylitis" Tags="&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T16:15:43.900" Score="6" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our family doctor said that asthma is not a disease, is he right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already searched and found every where asthma called as disease. Like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/what-is-asthma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/asthma/guide/what-is-asthma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that makes breathing difficult. With asthma, there is inflammation of the air passages that results in a temporary narrowing of the airways that carry oxygen to the lungs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wonder why he told me that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1443" LastEditorUserId="1443" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T15:52:17.043" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T15:52:17.043" Title="Is asthma a disease?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3446" CreationDate="2015-10-17T16:35:13.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very dependent on what one defines as a disease. There are people who only count acute conditions and/or infections as &quot;diseases&quot; though I wouldn't have expected a doctor to make this distinction. Under this definition, asthma would not be a disease, but a &quot;chronic condition&quot;, for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found an interesting article  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299105/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is a disease&lt;/a&gt; which while mostly applicable to your question about asthma  discusses the classification of osteoporosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One example is osteoporosis, which after being officially recognized as a disease by the WHO in 1994 switched from being an unavoidable part of normal ageing to a pathology &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that used to be not counted as a disease to being called one. I recommend asking your doctor about it if you are curious about their reasoning - it might just be that they meant it isn't an infectious disease. If, however, they think asthma is really not a disease that needs to be managed, consider switching doctors - untreated asthma can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/preventing-permanent-damage&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lead to serious problems&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T16:35:13.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T16:53:05.103" Score="17" ViewCount="418" Body="&lt;p&gt;For more than two years I have been  sleeping irregularity. Sometimes I go to the bed at 10am, some days it may 10pm.There no regularity to when I sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, sleep time may differ. Sometimes I sleep 12-14 hours long and sometimes I am awake for 24 hours. Can this behavior affect my brain or health in the long term? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1443" LastEditorUserId="1443" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T15:53:02.647" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T15:56:25.813" Title="Does sleep irregularity affect my brain and health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-17T17:08:13.973" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently going through a web development bootcamp. I want to stress the word bootcamp here, a bootcamp on my brain. I know sleep deprivation is taking its toll on my mental capacities so far but I was wondering about any specific diets/diet regiments and/or natural supplements I can take to improve my cognitive function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1836" LastActivityDate="2016-06-26T18:03:45.213" Title="What supplements/diet/activities can I do to improve mental function?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3338" CreationDate="2015-10-17T22:09:20.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Munchausen by proxy has been diagnosed for caregiver/care receiver relationships that were not parent / child. &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhm.2268/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Munchausen by adult proxy &lt;/a&gt; is an article reviewing 13 cases found in the medical literature where the care receiver in the relationship was an adult. Not all of the perpetrators were parents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The perpetrator was the victim's mother in 3 cases, &lt;strong&gt;wife&lt;/strong&gt; in 2 cases, son in 2 cases, and daughter, granddaughter, &lt;strong&gt;husband&lt;/strong&gt;, companion, boyfriend, or &lt;strong&gt;prison cellmate&lt;/strong&gt; in 1 case each. Five (38%) worked in healthcare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.psychosomaticsjournal.com/article/S0033-3182(11)00210-6/abstract#/article/S0033-3182(11)00210-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy :An Adult Dyad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although well-documented in the child and adolescent literature, few case reports document MSBP with an adult proxy &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority of cases seem to be underage children and parents (usually mothers), though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-10-17T22:09:20.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3449" CreationDate="2015-10-18T00:23:31.640" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The results of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1amh2t_bbc-horizon-sugar-v-fat-h264-1280x720-aac-rmac_lifestyle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this experiment&lt;/a&gt; suggests that you should make sure you get enough carbs. What you should avoid is to eat a low carb, high fat diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T00:23:31.640" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3546" CreationDate="2015-10-18T01:53:29.603" Score="7" ViewCount="2689" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I first started getting floaters in my eyes (several years ago), my opthalmologist told me that they don't go away but over time your brain learns to ignore them/filter them out.  This seems to be largely true in my case; what, at onset, was very invasive is now mostly not a problem.  But sometimes they become more prominent again, usually for a few minutes at a time.  Is this a difference in &lt;em&gt;perception&lt;/em&gt; (something is causing me to notice them more) or a difference in &lt;em&gt;placement&lt;/em&gt; (they've moved into the center of my field of vision for some reason and are thus harder to ignore)?  How do floaters &quot;work&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is caused by the floaters moving into particularly inconvenient spots within the eye, is their movement affected by any external factors like posture?  This morning I had a particularly bad attack of this while I was looking down and reading something, and I'd like to avoid a recurrence.  (It was a public reading and I couldn't move what I was reading from -- it had to be flat on the reading desk.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case it matters, my floaters were not caused by eye trauma or retina problems; I was told this is just part of the aging process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking for a personal diagnosis.  This is a physiology question -- what's going on in the eye (or brain) when floaters are active?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="290" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T04:23:40.943" Title="What causes optical floaters to be more or less visible?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T03:02:57.487" Score="4" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've stumbled upon a long marketing post about better shaving techniques and instruments, which briefly mentions that &quot;You should close your skin's pores after shaving by splashing your face with cold water&quot;, but it doesn't describe how it helps anything. The goal of that post was to sell some fancy shaving tools and not really educate people about how to care for their skin (face and the rest of the body). The post however mentioned that one should soak skin in warm water before shaving, so that would mean opening the pores, which even if just for easier shaving, would also result in some additional effects on skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what does it matter if your skin's pores are open or closed? Do you have a better chance of keeping acne off your face either way? What if I like washing my face with warm water a few times a day? What if I live in a cold region where my skin cools off pretty fast? Are there any significant effects I should worry about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1839" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:43:32.973" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T02:43:32.973" Title="Does having one's skin pores closed or open affect its health?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;shaving-razor-burn&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;pores&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T04:10:19.697" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the point is in measuring the glucose level in a non-fasting blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example (real case):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DcTfW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DcTfW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checking the fasting glycemia can amongst other things detect the presence of diabetes, but I don't know what the non-fasting indicates, unless the patient  was given a controlled amount of glucose prior to the blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T13:14:50.070" Title="What is the point in checking non-fasting glycemia?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3355" CreationDate="2015-10-18T07:06:01.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to assume with - 6 you mean a measurement of - 6 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dioptre &lt;/a&gt;. If you are talking about the strength of the glasses he needs, the minus indicates that this eye is nearsighted, a positive value would indicate farsightedness. If that is a measurement of his eyesight, he is farsighted. A measurement of 0 indicates that the eye can adapt to both short and long distances without problems (though corrections may still be necessary, for example for astigmatism). Because of the definition of a Dioptre, there is no maximum/minimum number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A dioptre (uk), or diopter (us), is a unit of measurement of the optical powerof a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured inmetres (that is, 1/metres). It is thus a unit ofreciprocal length. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A measurement of -6 is certainly not nothing and will require corrective lenses. It is, however, far from being blind and can be corrected by wearing glasses or contact lenses. For nearsightedness, -6 is where &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;high-degree myopia&lt;/a&gt; begins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are talking about whether he could be considered &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.idbonline.org/legal-definition-blindness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;legally blind &lt;/a&gt;, that is a definition that only applies to how much you can see &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; correction. Since myopia of -6 can be corrected well with glasses, there should be no risk of being defined as legally blind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-18T07:15:42.193" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T07:15:42.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T10:27:11.353" Score="3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that ( correct me if I am wrong) the Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ( SHBG) test is &lt;a href=&quot;https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/shbg/tab/test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one of the tests that can be used to evaluate one's libido&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) test may be used to help&#xA;  evaluate men for low testosterone and women for excess testosterone&#xA;  production. It may be ordered in conjunction with other tests to&#xA;  evaluate the status of a person's sex hormones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides this SHBG, what other testosterone tests I should take if I think that they can be responsible for my low libido level? My goal is to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Identify those testosterone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try to increase them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So that I can get my libido back!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T21:17:54.513" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:15:54.520" Title="What are the testosterone tests that I can take to prove that my low libido is really a testosterone problem?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;libido&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5396" CreationDate="2015-10-18T11:32:44.727" Score="8" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;After spending extended time in a bath, humans develop wrinkled skin. &lt;strong&gt;Is wrinkled skin the only effect of the immersion?&lt;/strong&gt; Could a human spend extended time periods in water without causing some permanent damage? For sake of the question, let's say 7 days, or a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1840" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:01:34.760" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:01:34.760" Title="Water and wrinkled skin. Is being under water for long dangerous?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;bath&gt;&lt;texture&gt;&lt;tactile-touch&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1632" CreationDate="2015-10-18T13:24:54.157" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to try and tackle this. If anything isn't covered or is unclear, please leave a comment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1) Initial Consultation &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, I assume, just the initial doctor's visit - taking your wife's health history, weight, blood pressure, etc. That is, of course, completely reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2) Initial Consult - Fetal Medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not completely sure what is meant with this. It might be giving you information on how to have a healthy pregnancy (what to do, what to avoid), or on how to deal with problems with the fetus if they occur. I'd need more information on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3) Follow up Visits -(11 visits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasonable. Over the course of 36 weeks (from initial visit to estimated due date), a normal schedule for a healthy is one visit every month until the last trimester, where visits might be every two and later every week (when going over the due date, for example). One visit during month 3, 4, 5, 6 = 4 visits. Every two weeks during months 7, 8, and 9= about 7,which works out to more or less 11. It could also be 12  or more if problems arise or there are risk factors, but I am assuming a pregnancy with no risk factors here. For comparison, the NHS lists &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preconceptioncare/conditioninfo/Pages/prenatal-visits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;10 such visits in its example schedule&lt;/a&gt;.The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preconceptioncare/conditioninfo/Pages/prenatal-visits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH lists a few more, with one weekly appointment in the last month. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4) Routine Laboratory tests: &#xA;  a) CBC -(2 tests)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, reasonable. This is a complete blood count, for detecting things like anemia (low hemoglobin), which can be used problem during pregnancy, or high infection markers. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-tests/Pages/What-it-is-used-for.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Again, the NHS has more information on this&lt;/a&gt; (they call it FBC - full blood count) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;b) Blood Type &amp;amp; Antibody&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood Type - reasonable. At the very least you need to know your wife's rhesus type to know if  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;rhesus incompatibility&lt;/a&gt; could be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Antibody&quot; is not enough information. I'd need to know what antibody tests this means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;c) HIV &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV status is usually checked during pregnancy to prevent  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2529420/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;passing HIV to the child&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;d) Hepatitis B&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hepb.org/patients/pregnant_women.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Same with hepatitis B&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;e) Rubella &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rubella infection during pregnancy is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rubella-test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;very dangerous for the fetus&lt;/a&gt;, checking whether the mother is immune helps determining whether the mother needs to be careful to stay away from people who might have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;f) C/S Urine &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for diagnosing urinary tract infections. I think it might be argued whether this is really necessary to do at the beginning of a pregnancy, but it's also not invasive and treating a UTI means it can't turn into a worse infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;g) Urinalysis Dip Sticks – ( 11 Sticks )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasonable. A Urinalysis at every visit can detect issues such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/urine-test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;diabetes, kidney problems, or pre-eclampsia&lt;/a&gt;. These issues need to be treated, and can turn dangerous (especially pre-eclampsia). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5) Ultra Sound Examinations -( 3 Scans) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Three ultrasound examinations are standard &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preconceptioncare/conditioninfo/Pages/prenatal-visits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;with the NHS&lt;/a&gt;. More may be needed for complicated pregnancies. Ultrasounds are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/ultrasound-anomaly-baby-scans-pregnant.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not harmful for baby or mother&lt;/a&gt;. This seems reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6) Glucose Screening&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is screening for pregnancy/gestational diabetes. As mentioned above, diabetes during pregnancy [can be dangerous], but can be treated when detected. It's only recommended by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/gestational-diabetes/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the NHS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20014854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;and the Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; if risk factors are present. Talk to your doctor if you are unsure, but the test itself is non-invasive (if not particularly pleasant, or so I hear). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;7) Vaginal Swab &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ruling out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806820&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Group B Strep&lt;/a&gt; and STDs, which may affect the infant during delivery. A PAP smear is &lt;a href=&quot;http://americanpregnancy.org/womens-health/pap-smear/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;routine during pregnancy and not dangerous&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;8) RPR &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a test for syphilis. Many US states &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/syphilis-pregnancy.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mandate screening for this at the first prenatal visit. &lt;/a&gt;. Syphilis during pregnancy should be treated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, I think this looks reasonable and doesn't differ too much from recommendations in other countries, for example the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/antenatal-care-checks-tests.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS guidelines. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-18T19:45:45.163" LastActivityDate="2015-10-18T19:45:45.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-18T20:43:40.573" Score="4" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that a recommended diet for constipation related to irritable bowel syndrome is to increase the amount of soluble and decrease the amount of insoluble fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a trouble understanding which foods are high in which fiber because various websites give conflicting results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.northottawawellnessfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NOWF-Fiber-Content-of-Foods.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; says that beans and many vegetables are high in both soluble and insoluble fiber. Can someone clarify this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1842" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-22T09:28:13.657" LastActivityDate="2019-07-22T09:28:13.657" Title="Irritable Bowel Syndrome Constipation - Soluble Fibre Foods" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-20T04:29:08.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3389" CreationDate="2015-10-19T02:18:20.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least for calcium, the answer is a definite yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;99% of the calcium in the body is stored in the bones and teeth, and the body &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1982/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;treats that calcium&lt;/a&gt; like you would treat money at an ATM. If you don't have enough calcium intake, then the body starts taking it from the stored sources. If you have an excess, then it &quot;deposits&quot; more in the bones/teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutriology.com/calcium.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;another quick read&lt;/a&gt; on calcium and phosphorus in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as other nutrients, that is going to be kind of specific and differs by nutrient, the best angle is to research each nutrient separately and see how it is utilized/stored/excreted by the body to determine safe levels. As a general rule of thumb, though, one or two daily shortages won't be critical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T02:18:20.360" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3463" CreationDate="2015-10-19T04:45:23.007" Score="4" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &quot;DM at RLSB&quot; in a note from the medical personnel on a patient in the ICU. I know that DM typically stands for &lt;em&gt;diabetes mellitus&lt;/em&gt;, and that RLSB typically stands for  &lt;em&gt;right lower sternal border&lt;/em&gt;, but I am quite puzzled by the phrase &quot;DM at RLSB&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Context (which I am legally allowed to reproduce here):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;T: 98.4, P: 88, BP: 101/50, R: 20, 97% 2L NC&lt;br&gt; GEN: elderly,&#xA;  chronically-ill appearing male, alert x 2&lt;br&gt; HEENT: anicteric, normal&#xA;  conjunctivea, pupils equal and &lt;br&gt; minimally reactive to light&#xA;  bilaterally, EOMI, OMM dry, OP &lt;br&gt; clear, neck supple, no JVD, masked&#xA;  facies, mild faical droop&lt;br&gt; Cardiac: irregulary irregular rhythm,&#xA;  II/VI SEM at apex, II/VI &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;DM at RLSB&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; PUlm: min crackles at&#xA;  bases b/l&lt;br&gt; ABD: NABS, soft, NT/ND, left sided hernia, no HSM&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Ext: LLE shortened and externally rotated, left elbow with 5cm &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  skin tear and associated abrasion, actively dripping blood. 2+ &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  radial pulses bilaterally, trace DP left, 1+ DP right, LLE &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  slightly cooler than RLE, sensation intact to light touch and &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  able to wiggle digits distally in upper and lower extremities &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  bilaterally. No significant hematoma noted at left hip. 1+ LE &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  edema 1/3 up calves bilaterally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-10-19T16:36:48.693" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T16:36:48.693" Title="What does &quot;DM at RLSB&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3462" CreationDate="2015-10-19T05:19:44.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Diastolic Murmur [heard maximally at the] Right Lower Sternal Border&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not the most typical description of any murmur, but it can be consistent with aortic regurgitation. Note that this patient had two murmurs described. In addition to DM/RLSB, he had a SEM = &lt;code&gt;systolic ejection murmur&lt;/code&gt; (SEM). Both were described as II/IV intensity (read: &lt;em&gt;two out of six&lt;/em&gt;), indicating a murmur that was faint but could be heard without difficulty.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK346/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is a good review&lt;/a&gt; on diastolic murmurs, usually considered to be an indicator of pathology. In contrast, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK345/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;systolic murmurs&lt;/a&gt; are at times consistent with normal physiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;* Traditionally. Modern cardiologists tell me that those of us not trained in the good-ole’-days of cardiac auscultation tend to experience difficulty up to a higher threshold of intensity.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastActivityDate="2015-10-19T05:19:44.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3501" CreationDate="2015-10-20T09:44:07.633" Score="7" ViewCount="4836" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say a person quits smoking (cold turkey), can it cause frequent bowel movements like 3-4 times a day and this frequent bowel movement lasting for month or more maybe. And because of frequent bowel movement sometimes there can be blood in stool.&#xA;Can quitting smoking has these effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1767" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T01:35:55.627" Title="Can quitting smoking cause stomach problems?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-20T11:42:43.343" Score="4" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad always forbids me to use computer for long time because it effects our eyesight. But I heard that using computer or watching tv for a long time doesn't effect our eyes. Now which is true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1847" LastEditorUserId="1847" LastEditDate="2020-08-07T16:28:03.477" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T16:28:03.477" Title="Does watching tv or using computer for a long time in a row effects eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-20T12:58:36.717" Score="6" ViewCount="1151" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://beforeplay.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BeforePlay&lt;/a&gt; writes in &lt;a href=&quot;http://beforeplay.org/2013/06/8-pregnancy-prevention-myths-busted/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;8 Pregnancy Prevention Myths: Busted&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there’s also pre-ejaculate to worry about, which does indeed contain sperm and can lead to pregnancy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kinseyconfidential.org&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;KinseyConfidential&lt;/a&gt; writes in &lt;a href=&quot;http://kinseyconfidential.org/can-you-get-pregnant-from-pre-cum/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Q&amp;amp;A: Can You Get Pregnant From Pre-Cum?&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sexuality and health educators often warn individuals that pre-ejaculate might have sperm in it and thus could cause a pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically this is true, as there might be sperm that are still “left over” in the urethra from a previous ejaculation earlier that day or earlier in that same sexual session (either because of masturbation or sexual activity with a partner). Thus if sperm are “left over” in the urethra and then a man’s Cowper’s glands release pre-ejaculatory fluid, and it comes forth to the tip of the penis during arousal, then there is a chance that some sperm could be carried in this fluid and get into his partner’s body, if they are having intercourse without a condom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the description that sperm doesn't contain naturally in pre-cum but can only be contained in it when there was recent ejakulation accurate or is it also contained naturally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T07:01:21.503" Title="Does the pre-ejaculate of man contain sperm?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3468" CreationDate="2015-10-20T17:24:06.977" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your dad is right. LED screen can always make damage to our eyes, especially watching it in a totally dark environment. Watching TV in a dark place for a long time may cause macula in your eye ground. So it is better to take a break every 30 minutes when you have to using TV or computer for works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1850" LastActivityDate="2015-10-20T17:24:06.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3474" CreationDate="2015-10-20T19:07:48.867" Score="5" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife faces infertility issues, and per a report on NBC news (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/health/cancer/can-infertility-point-ovarian-cancer-risk-n447901&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nbcnews.com/health/cancer/can-infertility-point-ovarian-cancer-risk-n447901&lt;/a&gt;) she potentially faces a higher cancer risk for ovarian cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can my wife get appropriate screening\early diagnosis?  Does one typically begin by talking with a family doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1851" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T05:33:45.190" Title="How do I get screened for (ovarian) cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3473" CreationDate="2015-10-20T19:33:24.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tests that can help detect ovarian cancer are pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and some blood tests. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-screening-pdq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-screening-pdq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt; At least the first two are generally handled by gynecologist, and they are the specialists that know mist about ovarian cancer, so if possible, your wife should probably talk to one. If your wife doesn't have a gynecologist, a general practitioner (I assume that's what &quot;family doctor&quot; means) can at least refer her to one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no standard or routine screening test for ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these tests might not even detect it if it's there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Screening for ovarian cancer has not been proven to decrease the death rate from the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it's detected, it might not help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you mention fertility problems, your wife might want to see a gynecologist anyway, though, who would perform a pelvic exam and a transvaginal ultrasound to check for a cause of the infertility anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T04:21:20.110" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T04:21:20.110" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-20T23:51:31.770" Score="4" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a recurring cyst on the foreskin. Prior to excision, my urologist wants to do a cystoscopy to ensure that the urethra isn't affected by the cyst. I've had this procedure done before, and to be frank, I thought it was horrible. I was wondering why exactly they inspected the urethra all the way up to the bladder, since the cyst is located at the frenulum, nowhere near the bladder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the general procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1852" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-26T08:32:37.760" LastActivityDate="2018-09-26T08:32:37.760" Title="Can a cytoscopy be performed partially?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3409" CreationDate="2015-10-21T09:29:29.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patients with following features on angiogram have better results with coronary bypass surgery (CABG) than after angioplasty (percutaneous coronary intervetion, including balloon dilatation, stenting etc): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Left main coronary disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multi-vessel disease in patients with diabetes mellitus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Triple-vessel disease with left ventricular dysfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Double vessel disease, including proximal left anterior descending artery involvement, and left ventricular dysfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcified vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diffusely diseased vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Highly tortuous vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ostial lesions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bifurcation lesions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These features indicate that angioplasty may be associated with greater likelihood of suboptimal immediate result and/or greater risk of complications later on (such as restenosis or the dreaded subacute thrombosis in the treated artery). Hence, bypass surgery is generally advisable in these cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/25/e354.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/25/e354.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/96/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/96/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/28/eurheartj.eht296&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/28/eurheartj.eht296&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T11:25:55.113" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T11:25:55.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T12:39:29.237" Score="3" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the bacteria in your large intestine doing that benefits health/immunity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I first heard about these bacteria in a health food store about 20 years ago. This was before people started using the word 'probiotic'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the little beasties consume sugars that are not absorbed by the small intestine. I also know that they are responsible for intestinal gas (methane). But what is it that they do besides that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2017-02-24T18:33:14.043" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T18:33:14.043" Title="How do probiotics work?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3481" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T13:01:03.600" Score="3" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do they use the same preservatives in diphenhydramine as they do loratadine? My doctor tells me I'm allergic to diphenhydramine but I'm also allergic to my dog and would like to know if loratadine is a safe alternative? Not sure if it's the active ingredient in diphenhydramine or something it may be mixed with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1857" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T21:34:49.637" Title="do diphenhydramine and loratadine have same preservatives?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3469" CreationDate="2015-10-21T15:31:28.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sperm does not naturally exist in pre-cum since sperm is released at the point of ejaculation.  However, both the articles you site are correct in that preexisting sperm already in the urethra could travel out with the pre-cum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quote from Teen Clinic on &lt;a href=&quot;http://teenclinic.org/about/get-answers/ask-us/if-my-boyfriend-and-i-had-unprotected-sex-but-he-pulled-out-far-before-he-could-ejaculate-can-you-still-get-pregnant-i-have-used-a-period-tracker-and-it-says-im-not-fertile-but-i-am-still-stressin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Teen Clinic&quot;&gt;pre-ejaculate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although pre-ejaculate does not contain sperm when it is produced, it can pick up leftover sperm in the urethra. This means that pre-ejaculate can contain sperm when it leaves the body, creating a risk for pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/can-you-get-pregnant-with-precum/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;American Pregnancy&quot;&gt;AmericanPregnancy.org&lt;/a&gt; also mentions this same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One hygiene tip I've heard to help with this is for the man to urinate after sex to help clean out the urethra of both sperm and as a preventative measure against STDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Core Physicians also mentions that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can help prevent UTIs if you: Urinate soon after sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1858" LastEditorUserId="1858" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T17:01:17.283" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T17:01:17.283" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3485" CreationDate="2015-10-21T17:48:17.097" Score="5" ViewCount="1071" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting story: onset of a blurred point in a field of vision which gradually enlarges such that it forms an arc in the right side of the field of vision and then after a while that blurred arc fades away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Afterwards, the visual disturbance will go away, vision will clear, but then a severe headache (usually unilateral) gradually comes up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No other symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can cause a visual disturbance followed by a headache?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="183" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T18:41:16.133" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T19:17:07.577" Title="What can cause a visual disturbance followed by a headache?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3475" CreationDate="2015-10-21T18:34:50.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is prudent to obtain imaging studies to evaluate the relationship of the cyst with the urethra.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imaging studies are often done by radiologists, though some urologists do some imaging studies as well. Imaging studies include voiding cystourethrograms, MRIs, ultrasounds, etc. From &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13327-5_208&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Penile Lumps&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;imaging is often required to confirm the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2000.00219.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Epidermoid cyst of the penis: A case report and review of the literature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The differential diagnosis of cystic structures in the genital region includes an extensive range of conditions. Among the more serious diseases, urethral diverticula and urethrocutaneous fistula are important, but can usually be ruled out by both physical examination and the conditions evident upon voiding. &lt;em&gt;When the diagnosis remains questionable, a voiding cystourethrogram should be obtained&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above prove nothing, really, because we can't know the precise reason for your urologist wanting to directly examine the urethra (I presume the first cystoscopy was for the same reason?) However, &lt;strong&gt;you should be able to ask your doctor any questions you have&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all they want to do is have a look at the urethra (for whatever reason), it's completely reasonable that they stick to the area around the cyst. If they're looking for a connection between the urethra and the cyst, a VCU would seem to be a more prudent choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It is hard to code for a partial procedure&lt;/em&gt; (e.g. a look at only part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=zRuMBgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA697&amp;amp;dq=coding+for+distal+urethroscopy&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0CCcQ6AEwAGoVChMI1cGdhJjUyAIVhXs-Ch2OPQ6p#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=coding%20for%20distal%20urethroscopy&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;urethra&lt;/a&gt;), and therefore difficult to charge the patient/their insurance. There is no code for &quot;distal urethroscopy&quot;. As crass as it may sound, that might be the reason for the stated desire to do a cystoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's your body to defend against what might be an unnecessary procedure. If you don't get a satisfactory answer, a second opinion may be in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a urologist could answer this question, that would be terrific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T18:34:50.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3483" CreationDate="2015-10-21T19:17:07.577" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing has been known since antiquity. What you first describe (an arc-like enlargening area of blurry vision) has been called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanheadachesociety.org/assets/1/7/Issue2notes.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scintillating scotoma&lt;/a&gt; and artists and patients alike have tried to describe it with interesting results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sMazI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sMazI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ueLhvm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ueLhvm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that this happens in both eyes simultaneously, so that the same part of the visual field is disturbed &lt;em&gt;in both eyes&lt;/em&gt;. (If it in monoccular, it is different and more concerning, and should be reported to your doctor immediately.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The headache that follows is a migraine. For this reason, this has variously been called ocular migraine, opthalmologic migraine, visual migraine, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is never a bad idea to talk to your doctor at least once about migraines, even if they are infrequent, though a significant number of migraine sufferers don't seek medical care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/expert-answers/ocular-migraine/faq-20058113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is an ocular migraine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/neurology/services/NeuroOphthamology/VisualMigraine.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Visual Migraine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Migraine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00631.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patterns of Diagnosis and Acute and Preventive Treatment for Migraine in the United States: Results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T19:17:07.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3481" CreationDate="2015-10-21T19:33:47.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking about &lt;em&gt;compounding&lt;/em&gt; here, a complex subject to begin with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare formulations, you need to look at the label ingredients for both pills. I will compare two pills here, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.benadryl.ca/adult-allergy-medicine/benadryl-caplets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Benadryl brand caplets, 25 mg.&lt;/a&gt; and Claritin Reditabs by MSD Consumer Care, Inc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benadryl caplets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medicinal ingredients: Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, 25 mg&#xA;  Non-medicinal ingredients: Celluloses, Dicalcium phosphate, D&amp;amp;C Red No. 27, Polyethylene glycol, Polysorbate, Starch, Stearic acid, Titanium dioxide, Wax, Zinc stearate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Claritin Reditabs by MSD Consumer Care, Inc.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Active ingredient (in each tablet): Loratadine 5 mg&#xA;  Inactive ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, gelatin, mannitol, mint flavor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the difference in inactive ingredients (what used to be called &lt;em&gt;inert ingredients&lt;/em&gt;) is mainly due to the first being a pill to swallow, while the second is a melt-in-your-mouth preparation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare ingredients, you must know the manufacturers and the exact pills you're comparing. You can do that right in the store by looking at the ingredients. That should tell you whether there is an ingredient in common between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3100#section=Pharmacology-and-Biochemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ethanolamine class&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loratadine is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3957#section=Pharmacology-and-Biochemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;piperidine&lt;/a&gt; histamine H1-receptor antagonist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Piperidines are structurally related to the the ethanolamines. Because they both block the same receptor, they have a similar 3D structure. Whether you should take it depends partly on how severe an allergy you have to diphenhydramine; if you have a serious allergy, you should probably avoid taking loratadine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask your doctor or your pharmacist for a safe alternative to diphenhydramine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-21T21:34:49.637" LastActivityDate="2015-10-21T21:34:49.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-21T21:01:04.663" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've wondered this for a long time now, and I think ACT Restoring Mouthwash is a good example of this: If you look at the front label it says &quot;#1 Dentist Recommended Fluoride Brand&quot; on it, and the other day my dentist recommended it to me as well. However the label does not have the &quot;ADA-accepted&quot; seal of approval on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until my dentist recommended this to me, I've always avoided dental products (e.g. toothpaste, mouthwash) that haven't been accepted by the ADA (American Dental Association). To me it seems that if a product comes highly recommended by dentists then it's obvious that it is also accepted by the ADA. However this is not always the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the criteria used by the ADA in deciding whether to accept a product?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1862" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-05-03T18:35:26.530" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T18:35:26.530" Title="Why are some dentist-recommended products not accepted by the ADA?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-05-09T08:36:21.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3683" CreationDate="2015-10-21T21:51:04.500" Score="4" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that quadrivalent flu shots are designed to build immunity to 4 flu virus strains, while trivalent flu shots are designed to build immunity to 3 flu virus strains.  Is this accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/vaccines.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thimerosal-free quadrivalent flu shots available&lt;/a&gt;, why would anyone choose a trivalent flu shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do they even make the trivalent ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T11:18:11.413" Title="Why would anyone choose a trivalent flu shot when there are thimerosal-free quadrivalent ones available?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3502" CreationDate="2015-10-22T03:38:00.013" Score="7" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;After watching The Martian, I had falsely assumed that a day on mars is significantly longer than on earth, but it is actually only 40 minutes longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the question for me still remained: &lt;strong&gt;Can humans acclimate to shorter/longer days?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more detailed follow up: Could a human acclimate to a 16 hour day? Or in the opposite direction, can a human acclimate to a 32 hour day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for studies and experiments in proportionately adjusting the awake and sleep time of a human. This should hopefully include changing the length of day and night artificially, such that a human would sleep during dark periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1865" LastEditorUserId="1865" LastEditDate="2015-10-22T15:41:58.367" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T21:26:22.120" Title="Can humans acclimate to longer or shorter days?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="124" CreationDate="2015-10-22T10:09:27.323" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not moving your joints can increase pain in bones and arthritis.&#xA;It also has an effect on your mental state. Without any change in your surroundings and staying in the same environment can cause depression, increase stress and anxiety. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also increase tiredness and feeling sluggish, so if you're at work it can have an effect on your work and the overall workplace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the biggest is weight gain!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1869" LastActivityDate="2015-10-22T10:09:27.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-23T03:56:42.243" Score="6" ViewCount="820" Body="&lt;p&gt;Angioplasty (balloon dilatation of blocked arteries with or without stent placement) is often performed for heart diseases like angina. Does angioplasty means that person is fully cured? Do patients need to take medication (tablets, capsules etc) for long periods even after angioplasty or can these medication be stopped once angioplasty procedure is successfully completed and patient discharged from hospital? Thanks for your responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: By medication I mean medicines for angina: nitrates, beta-blockers (like metoprolol), amlodipine, aspirin and statins (like atorvastatin). Medicines for other conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure are likely to continue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-23T05:35:14.620" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:21:03.487" Title="Can all medicines be stopped after treatment by angioplasty?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angioplasty&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1022" CreationDate="2015-10-23T18:34:23.160" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard it was discovered in 1879. There were some cases before that of people with the same symptoms, but doctors didn't know what it was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1878" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T18:34:23.160" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-23T19:01:54.400" Score="5" ViewCount="24091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an accident in August and eventually had a cast put on. The 2 pictures below are my x-rays from 7th August and October 23rd 2015. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I basically have 2 questions as I am considering going to another doctor for a second opinion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From the x-rays, is the fracture actually getting better? &lt;em&gt;How can one tell?&lt;/em&gt; The first photo seems less serious than the last one and even though my cast was removed today after almost 9 weeks. I actually feel some pain raising the leg. Didn't feel pain wearing the cast however. I also noticed the fibula and tibia getting closer together. Is this a good sign?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The orthopedist says he wants to break the fibula bone (hope I got the name right, the thinner bone behind the fractured bone) in order to speed up healing and prevent a non-union. &lt;em&gt;Does breaking the fibula to help the tibia heal make any sense at all?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkxJx.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkxJx.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Fracture as at 15 August 2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ufrDf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ufrDf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Fracture as at 23 October 2015&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1880" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T07:34:38.993" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T07:34:38.993" Title="How to tell if my leg fracture is healing?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3467" CreationDate="2015-10-23T19:22:07.283" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can prove that quitting smoking &lt;em&gt;doesn't&lt;/em&gt; cause frequent bowel movements in a particular individual, but it's not a symptom generally associated with quitting smoking. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/withdrawal-fact-sheet&quot;&gt;The usual symptoms&lt;/a&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Nicotine cravings.&#xA;Anger, frustration, and irritability.&#xA;Anxiety.&#xA;Depression.&#xA;Weight gain.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a former smoker, I would add increased appetite and difficulty sleeping to that list. But as you can see, nothing in the list even hints at gastrointestinal disturbances or changes in bowel habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But most important is your mention of blood in the stool. Frequent bowel movements in and of themselves don't cause blood in the stool, nor does quitting smoking. Bleeding somewhere within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is what causes blood in the stool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iffgd.org/site/manage-your-health/symptoms-causes/alarm-symptoms&quot;&gt;The possible reasons&lt;/a&gt; for blood in the stool are numerous:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;benign and malignant tumors; inflammation such as infectious colitis&#xA;  or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); ulcers such as peptic ulcers;&#xA;  esophagitis; or a traumatic tear such as may occur in the anus&#xA;  (fissure) or the lower end of the esophagus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article quoted above goes on to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intestinal bleeding is potentially serious and demands investigation –&#xA;  often as an emergency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to guess what the cause is on an internet forum is impossible since even doctors with intimate access to the patient often have difficulty diagnosing the cause of bloody stools. However, seeing a doctor about the frequent bowel movements and especially the bloody stools is exactly what the person needs to do, and the sooner, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T19:22:07.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3489" CreationDate="2015-10-23T19:40:14.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;master clock&quot; of your body is the &lt;strong&gt;suprachiasmatic nucleus&lt;/strong&gt; of the hypothalamus. It receives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neuronal input from the retina, through the retino-hypothalamic tract.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hormonal input, as the suprachiasmatic nucleus expresses melatonin receptors. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to the absence of light. The pineal gland itself does not contain light receptors, but it received information indirectly: the retino-hypothalamic tract sends the information from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. From there, the information is sent to the intermediolateral column of the spine cord, where there are synapses with pre-ganglionic neurons which also synapse with post-ganglionic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion then sends the information through the carotid plexus and to the pineal gland [Retina -&gt; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -&gt; Intermediolateral Column -&gt; Superior Cervical Ganglion -&gt; Carotid Plexus -&gt; Pineal Gland].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Through these signals, the suprachiamastic nucleus is capable of setting the circadian clock. In the absence of these input, the internal circadian clock is actually 25,3 hrs long, instead of the usual 24 hrs that our day has. You might want to read the work by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6780913&quot;&gt;Turek et al.&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7232967&quot;&gt;Czeisler et al&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the basics of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, there are good reviews, I recommend an article by Moore RI (Organization and function of a central nervous system circadian oscillator: the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus) or even the book &quot;Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1841" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T19:40:14.910" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3489" CreationDate="2015-10-23T21:26:22.120" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From personal experience I maintained a sleep cycle of 6 hours a night for most of my 4 year college experience.  I was tired initially when I switched to it, but felt normal after a week or 2.  Some points to note about my experience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The few times I did get a normal 8 hours of sleep I would feel better than normal for the next day or two.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I noticed decreased functionality in both my physical and mental state, which made tasks harder to do and/or take longer to complete.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I also learned that increasing water intake and decreasing energy drinks/coffee helped to maintain my energy throughout the day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the symptoms where manageable until I tried to drop down to 4 hours of sleep and started getting dizzy spells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't recommend doing this as I've experience many of the symptoms of sleep deprivation listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation#Physiological_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, most of which are not enjoyable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1858" LastActivityDate="2015-10-23T21:26:22.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3500" CreationDate="2015-10-23T21:46:43.913" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, please note that I am not an orthopedist, and please make note of the disclaimer in the yellow box next to your question. This is not to be construed as personal medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, major ouch! You have my sympathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can tell is a fracture is healing by looking for a &lt;em&gt;callus&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a series of radiographs of a more serious tibial-fibular fracture (tib-fib fx for short) at different time periods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qwbup.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qwbup.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was an extensive repair done on this tib-fib fx, but looking at the week 10 fracture, you will see that, like yours, it doesn't look much different from the day 1 radiograph. What you can see if you look carefully is a kind of softening of the edges of the fractures. This is due to bone remodeling and &lt;em&gt;callus formation&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The callus is barely visible in &lt;em&gt;this series&lt;/em&gt; until week 14 (the image isn't very high quality), and is becoming obvious by week 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the callus is more easily seen in this series:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mAupQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mAupQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the callus very clearly on week 9 when the leg was still in a cast; it is a rounded, radioopaque bulge adjacent to the fracture. The x-ray labelled &quot;callus&quot; was taken at 4 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at your radiographs, you can see the callus forming, so long answer short, yes, your fracture(s) are healing. It will take a long time to look &lt;em&gt;healed&lt;/em&gt; - about a year - on x-ray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Breaking&quot; the fibula (or fibular ostotomy) in cases of tibial non-union is not unheard of, but I have absolutely no idea of how often it's done, or if the additional weight-bearing associated with it speeds tibial healing. But please note that you already have an angulated distal fibular fracture (look at the bone - the fibula - behind the tibia just above its concave surface in the leg on the left.) It looks to be at about 20°. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that the tibial stress fractures - the fracture lines perpendicular to the plane of the tibial fracture itself - are more prominent in the second set of x-rays (this &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; just be picture quality), as well as more prominent displacement of your fracture, which is easier to see if you follow the medullary lines - the &quot;hollow&quot; inner part of the bone where the bone marrow is - you'll see they line up nicely in the first set of x-rays, less so in the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I am considering going to another doctor for a second opinion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't fully trust your doctor for &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; reason whatsoever (and clearly you don't), &lt;strong&gt;get a second opinion&lt;/strong&gt;. It's your leg, and you are to some extent responsible for getting the best medical advice. The internet isn't the best place to do that; a good orthopedist is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Image obtained from &lt;a href=&quot;http://jbjs.org/content/84/12/2123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Treatment of Open Tibial Fractures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Image of callus formation from &lt;a href=&quot;https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/growth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bone Growth and Remodeling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jbjs.org/content/77/2/240.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oblique osteotomy for the correction of tibial malunion.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/jorthotrauma/Abstract/1994/02000/Danger_Zones_Associated_with_Fibular_Osteotomy_.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Danger Zones Associated with Fibular Osteotomy.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-02T18:00:46.747" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T18:00:46.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T06:32:32.223" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;So recently most of my colleagues have been commenting that I eat too much salt and they're saying it's a sign for blood pressure and some says it's diabetes. And I do occasionally have a craving for salt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really a sign for something like blood pressure as others say or is it because my salt intake is low and my body is signalling me to take more? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know salt is bad for someone with blood pressure, so in a case like that shouldn't the opposite happen? Does our brain signal us to do things that will actually put us in danger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1885" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:47:49.557" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T05:54:07.707" Title="Is wanting to eat a lot of salt, a sign for something?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;cravings&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-24T18:24:50.127" Score="1" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;A physician stated that eating a couple apples every day could actually &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; triglyceride levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how do you determine which fruits and vegetables will help &lt;em&gt;lower&lt;/em&gt; triglycerides versus &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T07:17:57.637" Title="What fruits and vegetables will help lower triglycerides?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;triglycerides&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-25T02:27:52.447" Score="2" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;Angina is a common form of heart disease. Is it a highly dangerous condition with high risk of death in short term? What is one year death rate in patients diagnosed with angina?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T00:49:30.120" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T10:12:32.283" Title="Do patients with angina have a high risk of dying?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angina&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3519" CreationDate="2015-10-25T02:54:13.890" Score="1" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Park Avenue deodorants (generally &lt;em&gt;cool blue&lt;/em&gt; &amp;amp; now using &lt;em&gt;leap&lt;/em&gt;). I daily use it at my underarms after coming from bath; daily means daily. I normally have to go out for library, tuition etcetera; before going anywhere I use the deo as it helps to sweat less &amp;amp; prevent any odour. So, I apply deo after bath, before going somewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But yesterday, I met my cousin, a medical correspondent, who noticed my using of deo after taking bath; she then warned not to use it daily as it would darken the underarm places &amp;amp; in severe conditions, it may even emanate infection, skin problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really got shocked; but didn't pay heed as it was written in the back that it should be used after bath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But really, is(are) there any side-effects of using deo daily that I should need to bother at? It is of dire need as it prevents all those stinky odour &amp;amp; sweatiness. But really should I be in problem for my daily use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1893" LastEditorDisplayName="user1893" LastEditDate="2015-10-25T09:13:27.937" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T13:13:27.653" Title="Are there any side-effects for using deodorant daily?" Tags="&lt;deodorant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-25T05:31:09.607" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I already did this for a short &amp;lt;= 30s durations about 6 times to my old HD platters (the mirror-like CD/DVD disk) + immediatelly pouring cold water over it. After the fact I realized that it may not have been the healthy choice...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are HD platters toxic to have over fire? I didn't see any smoke (saw steam when pouring water) but I just want to make sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1895" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T05:31:09.607" Title="Holding HD Platters above a fire - is it safe?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3467" CreationDate="2015-10-25T09:46:21.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When quitting cigarettes a person will likely increase food/fluid consumption.This is to compensate for the loss of hand to mouth activity each puff you take from the cigarette is now absent from the body's normal activity so a person tends to snake more not knowing that they are not more hungry just pleasing the bodies addictiveness to a hand to mouth movement it has grown used too.So more eating and drinking than normal is the reason for more bowel movement not the lack of nicotine or additives in cigarettes.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1696" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T09:46:21.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3515" CreationDate="2015-10-25T13:13:27.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had never heard about what your cousin refers to. Most studies about the impact of deodorants that I have ever found were regarding its effect on patients undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even then, there does not seem to exist any evidence that deodorant increases the risk of breast cancer, as seen &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2013/01000/Deodorant_Use_and_Breast_Cancer_Risk.29.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found no evidence from the combined published studies that deodorant promotes development of breast cancer, despite in vitro evidence supporting the parabens hypothesis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This matter is also approached in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bdc/e-docs/lutilisation_de_deodorants_antitranspirants_ne_constitue_pas_un_risque_de_cancer_du_sein_278737/article.phtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;French study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aucune étude prospective épidémiologique n’a, à ce jour,démontré cette hypothèse, mais l’angoisse générée par cesspéculations  pseudoscientifiques  amène  régulièrement  denombreuses patientes et femmes à questionner leur médecinsur l’innocuité d’utilisation de ces produits. (...) Au final, il semble possible d’affirmer que cette question neconstitue pas un problème de santé publique et qu’il apparaîtdonc inutile de poursuivre les recherches sur ce sujet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/myths/antiperspirants-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cancer.Gov&lt;/a&gt; they say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), a part of the National Institutes of Health, are not aware of any conclusive evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the subsequent development of breast cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it seems safe to use deodorants. At least I haven't find any evidence otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1841" LastActivityDate="2015-10-25T13:13:27.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15370" CreationDate="2015-10-25T14:48:10.297" Score="8" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person wants to do both an augmentation of a jawline (through plastic surgery) and dental prosthesis (such as implants or partial dentures), is there a specific order on how these should be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can chin augmentation affect the individual's bite to the point that dental prosthesis will need to be redone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1554" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:53:43.187" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T05:32:50.647" Title="Does chin augmentation (through plastic surgery) affect dental prosthesis (or vice versa)" Tags="&lt;chins&gt;&lt;jaw&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;dentures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3541" CreationDate="2015-10-25T15:38:03.877" Score="3" ViewCount="725" Body="&lt;p&gt;My sister-in-law is going through her 9th month of pregnancy. Since almost 3 months she is having low platelet count and the cause is still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She is in constant constant care in the labor room. By &quot;critical situation&quot;, I meant the medical staff is not of the opinion to do a cesarean delivery as they fear that blood loss may occur excessively due low platelets, causing a life-threatening scenario. They would operate her when she has at least above 50,000 platelets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Her recent platelet count is 13,000 and she is just left with &lt;em&gt;7 days&lt;/em&gt; to deliver her baby. Somehow, the medical staff is not able to treat her and the situation is getting critical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1897" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:39:29.923" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:39:29.923" Title="How to treat a pregnant woman with a very low platelet count in her 9th month of pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;&lt;3rd-trimester&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-25T21:34:42.877" Score="3" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in how to measure scoliosis curve angle without X-Ray. As far as I know there are two ways to measure the angle - VCM and Cobb's angles. But again they require X-Ray. Can I measure the angle from photo like this?&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FLQoc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FLQoc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.&#xA;I know scoliosis is not a disease, but there are no tags for this topic yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1898" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:46:22.233" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T14:08:20.217" Title="How to measure scoliosis angle?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;scoliosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T01:51:38.423" Score="4" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the article &quot;The Columbian Exchange:&#xA;A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas&quot; by N. Nunn &amp;amp; N. Qian, published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 24, Number 2—Spring 2010—Pages 163–188, there is a claim made that a diet of potatoes and dairy is sufficient for healthy subsistence. The references for the claim are from the 1960s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The New World crop that arguably had the largest impact on the Old World&#xA;  is the potato. Because it provides an abundant supply of calories and nutrients, the potato is able to sustain life better than any other food when consumed as the sole article of diet (Davidson and Passmore, 1965, p. 285). Humans can actually subsist healthily on a diet of potatoes, supplemented with only milk or butter, which&#xA;  contain the two vitamins not provided by potatoes, vitamins A and D (Connell,1962; Davidson and Passmore, 1965). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what extent is this claim true given our current understanding of nutritional necessities for healthy living? If the claim is invalidated by newer findings, is there some limited sense in which it can be made? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1899" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T18:49:21.920" Title="&quot;Humans can actually subsist healthily on a diet of potatoes...&quot;" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3540" CreationDate="2015-10-26T06:16:09.877" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a wild mice that usually enters the house from somewhere and gnaws the skin from foot. It usually gnaws when we are sleeping. It is not a pet rat. It's a wild one. Is there any disease that can be caused by this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1900" LastEditorUserId="1900" LastEditDate="2015-10-26T06:21:19.783" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T21:00:42.393" Title="Should I be worried about rat bite" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3429" CreationDate="2015-10-26T11:31:26.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can measure that. You can consider using EMF Meter Tester (Electromagnetic Radiation Dosimeter) which can detect electromagnetic radiation around the place of interest. The cheapest one which you can get can measure frequency range between low frequency: 50Hz-400KHz and high frequency: 30MHz-2000MHz which should be enough. It can be used in home electrical equipment, measurement of electromagnetic radiation such as: mobile phone, smart devices, computers, televisions, copiers, fax machines, air conditioners and other power sources of test analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had similar issue where I had a lot of cables and power supplies next to my desk and I had slight headaches because of that. I've purchased EMF Meter (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.birikimelk.com/img/upload/DT1130.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DT-1130&lt;/a&gt;, similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electronicharassment.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NJ-1130&lt;/a&gt;) and it was showing very high reading around that area (up to 1m far away from the corner). So I think my multi socket extension was just faulty (or wrongly shielded) and the reading was perfectly fine (zero) when I've switched it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically you should test the electric field radiation and if your equipment like computer connect power ground loop well, it would lead electric field radiation to the ground, to shield it, then the test would fail. Besides, metal will shield the radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such EMF meters can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=EMF%20Meter&amp;amp;tbm=shop&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on-line&lt;/a&gt;. For more details, refer to manual/instructions provided by manufacturer (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mrclab.com/Media/Uploads/EMF819SPEC.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMF819SPEC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mrclab.com/Media/Uploads/EMF819SPEC(3).pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMF-819&lt;/a&gt;) where it's stated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Persons with electromagnetic implant (e.g. cardiac-pacemaker) are  subject to especial danger in some case.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Claims by some scientists that long term exposure to electromagnetic field may be the cause of childhood leukemia &amp;amp; other forms of cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complete answers to any of these and related questions are not currently available. At the present time the most common practice is&#xA;to avoid excess exposure over long period of time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complete answers to any of these and related ”Prudent Avoidance“ as stated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USA is recommended.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00918.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep EEG alterations: effects of different pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields&lt;/a&gt; - SCHMID – 2011 – Journal of Sleep Research – Wiley Online Library&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consistent with previous findings, our results provide further evidence that pulse-modulated RF EMF alter brain physiology, although the time-course of the effect remains variable across studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Magda Havas, Ph.D., an eminent researcher in this domain, says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of electrohypersensitivity have been demonstrated at exposures that are a fraction of U.S. exposure guidelines, in part because the guidelines themselves only take into consideration a 30-minute exposure, not chronic exposures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms people experience near cell phone antennas, within a 0.25 mile radius include: fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, dizziness, depression, visual disruptions, hearing disruptions and much more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100426005523/en/Report-Recommends-FCC-Require-Minimum-1500-Feet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Report Recommends FCC Require Minimum 1,500 Feet Setbacks for Wireless Infrastructure near Schools&lt;/a&gt; [2010]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related videos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/DwCs8DoehTU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to measure EMFs from your multi socket extension&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even something as seemingly harmless as a multi socket extension lead can give off electrical and magnetic radiation. The danger is that such electrical devices can be held in close proximity to your body over long periods of time and over many years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excessive fatigue, stomach complaints, irritability, sleep disturbances, headaches, visual problems, memory loss, dizziness, and cardiovascular disruptions are just some of the symptoms which have been linked to exposure to EMFs. The symptoms from long-term exposure can lead to syndromes such as tumors and cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sIeKRhclQI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to avoid EMF radiation risks from computers, microwaves, cell phones, and other household items&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCp4jiBZVvs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Measuring Magnetic Fields EMF Pollution Under High Voltage Power Line&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T20:11:49.643" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3543" CreationDate="2015-10-26T12:13:09.550" Score="2" ViewCount="1711" Body="&lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization (WHO) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34615621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recently concluded&lt;/a&gt; that processed meats (including salami, pastrami, and hamburgers) cause cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, it is recommended to consume poultry, fish and beans as alternatives. What I don't understand is where poultry pastrami falls in this context - is it &quot;processed&quot; (and hence cancerous) or is it &quot;poultry&quot; (and hence safe)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1903" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T04:42:16.277" Title="Do turkey and chicken pastrami count as &quot;processed meats&quot; in terms of cancer risk (in light of the recent WHO publication)?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T14:26:16.167" Score="3" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Second year medical student asking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 40 year old woman is admitted to the ICU with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to a life threatening case of pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Her respiratory values are as follow BEFORE treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pH = 7,36&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCO2 = 48 mmHg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PO2 = 70 mmHg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She is treated with 100% oxygen and the values after treatment are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pH = 7,35&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCO2 = 52 mmHg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PO2 = 145 mmHg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am now asked to calculate her alveolar-arterial gradient and thereafter explain whether this number is indicative of a Va/Q mismatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I calculate her A-a gradient to be 21 mmHg.&#xA;An expected A-a gradient would be roughly 20 mmHg for her age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems normal? I tried with an external calculator as well and the values are normal too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdcalc.com/a-a-o2-gradient/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mdcalc.com/a-a-o2-gradient/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is she admitted to the ICU if her A-a gradient is completely normal and then treated so that her A-a gradient goes severely down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I'm misunderstanding the point of it all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1597" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-06-26T13:06:04.397" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T13:06:04.397" Title="40 y/o woman admitted with ARDS but normal values" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3533" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5203" CreationDate="2015-10-26T15:26:22.150" Score="8" ViewCount="1349" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine had a partial hysterectomy operation (her womb was removed but the ovaries were left in place).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She has had some weight gain in her abdominal area since then. She feels that some of this is a protrusion directly caused by the removal of internal organs (as opposed to hormonal changes and such), in that the removal of organs left a gap that caused the stomach to lay differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can removal of internal organs affect the posture of the body, or cause the stomach to protrude?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1554" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:16:52.047" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:16:52.047" Title="Can removal of internal organs (such as in hysterectomy) affect the posture of the body or the stomach?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3535" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3539" CreationDate="2015-10-26T19:39:41.917" Score="6" ViewCount="4421" Body="&lt;p&gt;I brush my teeth for 15-20 minutes and it's really annoying. I simply don't know how to force myself into cleaning them for a shorter time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might have OCD, because when I clean my teeth I keep feeling that some part is not cleaned enough and have to clean it again until it feels &quot;just right&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To save some time and decrease over-brushing, I already clean my teeth only once every two days, and only in the evening. The problem isn't that I feel the need to clean my teeth frequently, but that when I decide to clean them I simply have to clean them a lot. And it has already went so far that I began to split days into &quot;good&quot; days (not cleaning my teeth) and &quot;bad&quot; days (cleaning my teeth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I can't even enjoy the rest of the day if I know that I will have to clean my teeth on that particular day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have to double-check a lot of things etc. but I am mostly worried about the teeth-brushing because it will probably hurt by teeth / gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really appreciate any advice or tips. Thank you a lot for any answers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1907" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:22:44.037" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T10:15:07.407" Title="How to cope with compulsive teeth-brushing?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-06-22T14:16:50.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-26T12:02:35.743" Score="3" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 21 year old son has chicken pox and has been home for a few days now. The spots are just starting to crust over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work with elderly people but have had chicken pox as a child - should I carry on working while he is here (hes usually away at Uni) and infectious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19564" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T14:36:37.873" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T14:36:37.873" Title="Infectious chicken pox" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3535" CreationDate="2015-10-26T20:05:11.843" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to try using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosing_tablets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;plaque-disclosing tablets&lt;/a&gt; which can help you to see and give some confidence that plaque is removed completely during brushing and flossing. Plus some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_mirror&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;small dental mirror&lt;/a&gt; to check hard-to-see areas of your mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T20:05:11.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3536" CreationDate="2015-10-26T20:28:57.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can continue to work as long as you take the usual common-sense precautions: wear clean clothes and wash your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While varicella is one of the most contagious viruses we know of, the primary route of spread is droplets expressed when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching virus from varicella lesions. The virus is believed to have a &quot;short&quot; survival time in the environment (pinning down exactly how short is harder, but this should still be comforting.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Labile outside host cell. It survives in the external environment for a few hours and occasionally for a day or two.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As regards your son,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A person with varicella is contagious from 1-2 days before rash onset until the lesions have crusted.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your son is no longer contagious, and if you've had chicken pox, you are not contagious unless you develop breakthrough varicella, which is not as rare as people might think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Approximately 15-20% of 1-dose vaccinated persons may develop varicella if exposed to VZV.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with breakthrough varicella are contagious. Breakthrough varicella is usually milder than first infections, and the rash is usually maculopapular (little red bumps) rather than the typical blistery lesions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One study ...found that persons with mild breakthrough varicella (&amp;lt; 50 lesions) were one third as contagious as unvaccinated persons with varicella. However, persons with breakthrough varicella with 50 or more lesions can be just as contagious as unvaccinated persons.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The take-home message here is you're fine as long as you don't have breakthrough varicella yourself, wash your hands before entering the building, and aren't rubbing your patients with your son's shirt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, most of your patients have already had chicken pox; that's why they can get shingles. If they were so immune-compromised that your son's illness could affect them, they would probably break out with shingles before you could carry it to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/var-zo-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS, Section IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chickenpox (Varicella)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Slide set: Overview of VZV Disease &amp;amp; Vaccination for Healthcare Professionals available by clicking on link in 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T20:28:57.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3535" CreationDate="2015-10-26T20:53:03.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically you're asking how to overcome a compulsion you feel about your mouth hygiene. That is no small feat, especially since you're already aware of the problems associated with over-brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, obsessive thoughts/compulsive behaviors are differentiated from simple worries by, among other things, being more frequent, distressing, associated with significant feelings (of guilt, unreasonableness, etc), resistance to the intrusive thought or behavior (you resist partially by limiting the number of times you brush), diminished perception of control over the obsession, being time-consuming, and having a significant interference in normal daily living.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice for this is to read about coping with OCD and maybe see a therapist who specializes in treating it. It sounds like you can benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or some other treatment modality. You may well benefit from just a few sessions to help you develop specific coping strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for OCD By David A. Clark&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T20:53:03.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3525" CreationDate="2015-10-26T21:00:42.393" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. There are a number of diseases that can be transmitted by rodents, and several of them can be quite serious. This is the list of diseases that can be &lt;em&gt;directly&lt;/em&gt; transmitted by rodents according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/rodents/diseases/direct.html&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lassa Fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Leptospirosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lymphocytic Chorio-meningitis (LCM)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Plague&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Rat-Bite Fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Salmonellosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;South American Arenaviruses (Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian    hemorrhagic fever, Sabiá-associated hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  hemorrhagic fever)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tularemia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not to say that any given rat or mouse might transmit any of these. Other factors come into play, such as which diseases are endemic to the area and which diseases infect which species. On the link above you can expand each disease to see which rodents can transmit it. Unfortunately, rats and mice are included in most of those diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-10-26T21:00:42.393" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3522" CreationDate="2015-10-26T21:41:06.233" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please note that you have not gived a definition for your numbers. 15,000 platelets per µL? mL? L? It matters. 50,000/L is much different than 50,000/µL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thrombocytopenia is not uncommon during pregnancy, and, as in non-pregnancy related cases, results from diverse causes. Without awareness of the cause(s) (i.e. knowing which tests she has undergone and the results), no one here can recommend the proper management of your sister's case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some causes of thrombocytopenia are unique to pregnancy and may not be familiar to hematologists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Incidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy, usually referred to as gestational thrombocytopenia, accounts for 70%-80% of cases. It occurs in the mid-second to third trimester, and its pathogenesis is unclear. It has been speculated that it may result from various mechanisms, including hemodilution and accelerated clearance. No confirmatory laboratory tests are available, and the diagnosis is one of exclusion. ...[However] we consider a diagnosis of gestational thrombocytopenia &lt;em&gt;unlikely if the platelet count is &amp;lt; 50 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L, with very few cases having been described with counts 40-50 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ITP is not an indication for cesarean delivery. Mode of delivery in a pregnant patient with ITP is based on obstetric indications, with avoidance of procedures associated with increased hemorrhagic risk to the fetus (eg, forceps, vacuum extraction, and fetal scalp electrode/samples).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of interest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a rule of thumb, developing a platelet count &amp;lt; 100 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L early in pregnancy, with declining platelet counts as gestation progresses, is most consistent with ITP. ...Nevertheless, knowing the exact diagnosis at that stage of pregnancy changes the management very little, as will be discussed in the indications for treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A rare inherited cause of thrombocytopenia is type IIB von Willebrand disease (VWD). Women with this condition may develop thrombocytopenia, for the first time, in pregnancy and be misdiagnosed with ITP. Platelet counts may occasionally fall to levels as low as 10-20 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L at term, typically with nadir value 1-3 days before delivery, but they rapidly improve after delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are three links to the American Society of Hematology journal, &lt;em&gt;blood&lt;/em&gt;. There are linked references within the articles that can assist you in addressing your concerns with her doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, your hospital should have a medical library, where you might be able to access medical information with permission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/121/1/38.full?sso-checked=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How I treat thrombocytopenia in pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/117/16/4190?ijkey=8498c96e5f8f042f204fca1ea5d707984a001135&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia - note: this is for &lt;em&gt;immune&lt;/em&gt; thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/11/2386.short?sso-checked=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group - note: this is for &lt;em&gt;immune&lt;/em&gt; thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22000090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A rational approach to the diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia in the hospitalized patient.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/795.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Assessment of thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-27T02:38:19.170" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T02:38:19.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3529" CreationDate="2015-10-27T04:42:16.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not the species of animal that matters; it's how the meat was prepared. &#xA;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/10/26/hot-dogs-bacon-and-other-processed-meats-cause-cancer-world-health-organization-declares/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Washington Post&lt;/a&gt;, WHO defines processed meats as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Processed meat includes hot dogs, ham, sausages, corned beef and beef&#xA;  jerky — or any other meat that has been cured, &lt;strong&gt;smoked&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;salted&lt;/strong&gt; or&#xA;  otherwise changed to enhance flavor or improve preservation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastrami&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, pastrami is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pastrami (Turkish: pastırma, Romanian: pastramă, Bulgarian: пастърма)&#xA;  is a meat product usually made from beef, and sometimes from pork,&#xA;  mutton or &lt;strong&gt;turkey&lt;/strong&gt;. The raw meat is &lt;strong&gt;brined&lt;/strong&gt;, partially dried, seasoned&#xA;  with herbs and spices, then &lt;strong&gt;smoked&lt;/strong&gt; and steamed. In the United States,&#xA;  although beef plate is the traditional cut of meat for making&#xA;  pastrami, it is now common to see it made from beef brisket, beef&#xA;  round, and &lt;strong&gt;turkey&lt;/strong&gt;. [Emphasis mine]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, the WHO would say turkey and chicken pastrami are carcinogenic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T04:42:16.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3512" CreationDate="2015-10-27T15:11:00.583" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer to first question: &#xA;There've been conducted medical studies concerning effects of apple eating on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic (having increased concentration of fats in blood) and overweight men. Authors claim that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumption of Golden delicious apple may be increased serum TG and VLDL in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093779/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here's link to the paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies did not concern healthy people, though. But apple contains fructose so I searched for connections between fructose and triglycerides level and found studies conducted on rats: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dietary fructose not only increased triglyceride production, but also impaired triglyceride removal. (...) Thus, in the presence of fructose, but not glucose, insulin stimulates triglyceride production. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3513615&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;you can read research paper abstract here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basing on those informations (assuming that metabolism mechanisms in rat are similar to human mechanisms), I would say that any fruits containing high level of fructose can increase triglycerides in plasma. So if you are fuit lover it will be the best for you to eat those with low level of fructose like kiwifruit, citrus fruits or berries.&#xA;Also some fruits like  plums, prunes, berries, ripe bananas, and the skin of apples (skins only!) are allowed because they contain dietary fiber (look below) so they can be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer to second question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to determine whether some ingredients are helpful or not, you have to carry out studies.&#xA;I found some research papers about ingedients that are helpful in lowering TG level in plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those ingredients are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly: Garlic. Author of study &quot;Including garlic in the diet may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.&quot;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484567&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link to the paper&lt;/a&gt;) claims that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raw garlic had a profound effect in reducing the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, whereas boiled garlic had little effect in controlling these parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly: Resistant Starch - one of insoluble fiber's components. You can find insoluble fiber in lentils, avocado, green beans, peas, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, nopal, kiwifruit, tomatoes, potato skins. Generally, high-fiber diet seems to help (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/453063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt;). Soluble fiber had been found in broccoli, carrots, and Jerusalem artichokes but also in fruits listed above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if I forgot about something. &#xA;Hope I helped you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1911" LastEditorUserId="1911" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T14:52:36.180" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T14:52:36.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3547" CreationDate="2015-10-27T16:56:56.693" Score="12" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Out of laziness sometimes I re-heat the water in kettle we use to make formula milk for our daughter, but the health visitor said it's a bad practice to re-boil water over and over. Any specific reason for that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:22:03.683" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T00:22:03.683" Title="Why is it a bad idea to re-heat drinking water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3452" CreationDate="2015-10-27T17:58:13.260" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[S]ometimes they become more prominent again, usually for a few minutes at a time. Is this a difference in &lt;em&gt;perception&lt;/em&gt; (something is causing me to notice them more) or a difference in &lt;em&gt;placement&lt;/em&gt; (they've moved into the center of my field of vision for some reason and are thus harder to ignore)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Floaters do move, but not very much. Mostly they &quot;sway and settle&quot; when we shift our focus of vision. Noticing floaters is likely a difference in perception, for example moving your line of sight from one which is complex to one with a simple background, for (a completely made up) example, from looking at a large painting to looking at a ceiling. The lack of contrast will make the irregularities in vision caused by floaters to stand out/be noticeable for a few minutes, maybe even be bothersome and worrisome, but it soon stops. You can &quot;find&quot; floaters by doing that, especially if you look into a softly lit surface, like an x-ray view box without the x-rays. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do floaters &quot;work&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vitreous humor (the very structures gel-like collagen &amp;amp; fluid substance in the eyeball behind the iris) starts to break down/liquify in spots as we age; this is a common and benign cause of age-related floaters. You can picture how floaters work by imagining crystal-clear jello that had set in a clear glass. If you took a hot knife and quickly swiped it through the jello, some of the jello would melt; you would see an aberration in the path of light through that spot; you wouldn't see perfectly through it. Turn the glass and the aberration would be different at different angles. That's approximately how floaters work. Some are minimal, some are more marked because of the plane of liquifaction/separation of collagen fibers. They do not &quot;move&quot;, though, through the vitreous any more than that melted jello moves through the whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This morning I had a particularly bad attack of this while I was looking down and reading something...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sudden onset of floaters disturbing your visual field are most likely not the more benign aging process of vitreous breakdown, and merit a trip (or at &lt;em&gt;least&lt;/em&gt; a call) to the opthalmologist. Those kinds of floaters (sometimes associated with flashes) tend to be caused by vitreous detachment from the retina, and can lead to retinal detachments and/or hemorrhages. While often just isolated in nature, it can be a sign of more serious and vision-threatening retinal pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'd like to avoid a recurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know of any way at all to predict or restrict recurrences unless there is retinal pathology being treated by an opthalmologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/floaters/floaters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Floaters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291672/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Acute-onset floaters and flashes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T04:23:40.943" LastActivityDate="2015-10-28T04:23:40.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3545" CreationDate="2015-10-27T18:13:03.983" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Water isn't pure H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O; there are all kinds of dissolved substances in it: minerals, chemicals, etc. This is why scientists use only distilled water in experiments (often twice-distilled).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some impurities will boil off (some volatile organic compounds, for instance) but some will remain behind. With each boil, you lose some of the water to steam, leaving a more concentrated solution of those contaminants which do not boil off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, add a teaspoon of salt to two cups of water; boil away one cup of water, and you'll be left with water that's almost twice as salty as you started with. (Some small amount of salt may be splashed out while boiling.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you should always start out with fresh water; otherwise you're feeding your daughter water which has more contaminants than fresh water. If you want to do that for yourself, that's your choice, but your baby deserves better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://water.usgs.gov/edu/waterquality.html&quot;&gt;Water Quality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwquality.html&quot;&gt;Groundwater quality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T18:13:03.983" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T18:22:18.793" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have episodes of transient binocular vision loss. The progression of an episode is very predictable: I start noticing some letters missing in text. Slowly, it evolves to a point half of my vision is gone (for example, can't see my own right hand in front of me). It then improves until I can see perfectly again. All that lasts from 1 to 2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those episodes happen once each 2 to 3 months. Sometimes I have almost a yer without one, sometimes I have 2 in a week. The episodes happen unpredictably and I couldn't associate a single variable to their occurrence. Sometimes I'm nervous, sometimes I'm happy. Sometimes I'm hungry, sometimes I'm not. Once I woke up with it. Nothing to correlate so far. This started when I was 15 years old, after I did a very wild, unhealthy diet based on &quot;diet shakes&quot;. I almost starved and lost 20kg from obese to normal. It is probably related, but maybe not. I am 23 now. I probably had around 40 episodes so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I visited dozens of doctors already. Eyes checked, fine. I have done 3 brain MRIs, including one a few minutes after an episode, at the hospital. Fine. Nobody knows what I have, so I'm wandering around the internet - maybe here someone has an insight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1913" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T18:22:18.793" Title="What could cause transient binocular vision loss?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-10-27T19:01:38.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T19:46:15.660" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be standard advice to blow your nose when congested from a cold, but is there any evidence that this actually helps, either with severity or duration of symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="443" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-08T01:56:04.387" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T04:14:16.977" Title="Is there any evidence that blowing your nose speeds recovery from a cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;nose-blowing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-27T20:15:15.787" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its is called &lt;strong&gt;Khamira Gaozaban Ambri&lt;/strong&gt;.What could be its psychiatric effects, is it effective against phobias and fears? And is there any possible side effect of using this with Ginkgo Biloba?&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hBqHa.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hBqHa.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1916" LastActivityDate="2015-10-27T20:15:15.787" Title="What are psychiatric effects of this herbal medicine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3560" CreationDate="2015-10-28T13:43:18.337" Score="3" ViewCount="7020" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many different sources note that normal oxygen saturation for healthy people is 95% or higher. Oxygen saturation below 90% or other sources 88%, is considered low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What possible symptoms or impact on the body could be happening as a result of having an oxygen saturation between the normal and low levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1883" LastEditorUserId="1883" LastEditDate="2015-10-28T14:07:15.577" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T03:35:59.113" Title="What effects does an oxygen saturation between 90% and 94% have on the body?" Tags="&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3556" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3877" CreationDate="2015-10-28T16:49:32.283" Score="5" ViewCount="1424" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently underwent a blood test, and during the third vial I passed out. I awoke just as the sixth was being finished and could not immediately stand. The vials were small, only 5ml each if I remember right, and the blood letting was at an NHS hospital, UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the few minutes after this, I discussed it with the nurse, only ever having fallen unconscious once (having hit a nerve cluster in my right knee). She noted that young men tend to fall unconscious far more than another demographic, although could not recall the reason why. I professed no prior knowledge of the subject, although prodded some weak ideas about height being a factor more than gender (I am ~190cm, or 6 feet 3 inches).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only one semi-satisfactory answer has been offered so far, and it's more a combination of answers than anything. Seeing as full blood donations are never done by children, data is only really available from adults, another nurse I know personally offered from her experience that more nervous patients tend to pass out more often, but that they too tend to be men. It was then theorised that since the nervousness is known to move blood away from the brain and towards muscles, this would accentuate the blood loss, causing unconsciousness. She also said young men were likely more nervous due to inexperience with any meaningful amount of blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a simple, personal observation, perhaps even a white lie so as to keep a weakened patient calm, or is this backed by any statistical data? Is any reason commonly attributed to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1922" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T21:58:29.063" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T12:40:45.783" Title="Is fainting more common in young men during blood lettings, and if so, why?" Tags="&lt;syncope&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10069" CreationDate="2015-10-28T17:16:00.210" Score="6" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overwhelming evidence suggests infants should be breastfed for at least 6 months, but how long should it continue?  The American Academy of Pediatrics implies up to one year [1], but the World Health Organization seems to imply two [2].  What factors should affect our choice?  Is one time frame better than others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &quot;New Mother's Guide to Breastfeeding,&quot; AAP 2012&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2: WHA55 A55/15&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:37:32.030" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T22:58:02.603" Title="How do I determine a target time frame for breastfeeding?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4064" CreationDate="2015-10-28T17:58:44.150" Score="5" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific information available on how likely it is that a child with one parent with rheumatoid arthritis will have the same condition? I know there's probably not going to be any hard numbers available, but are there any studies at all on this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T21:41:55.853" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T21:41:55.853" Title="Rheumatoid arthritis heritability" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;heredity&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3553" CreationDate="2015-10-29T01:01:04.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reduced oxygen saturation in blood is called hypoxia (though strictly that means reduced oxygen in the tissues). If there is marked reduction in oxygen saturation of blood, it may lead to bluish discoloration of skin and tongue, called cyanosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mildly reduced arterial oxygen saturation may be due to mild respiratory or cardiac diseases. A common lung condition is chronic obstructive airway disease (or chronic bronchitis, most commonly due to smoking). Congenital cyanotic heart diseases like Tetralogy of Fallot are generally discovered and treated in childhood. Arterio-venous malformations in lung is another cause of arterial oxygen desaturation which may be present in otherwise healthy persons. Persons staying at high altitudes have reduced blood oxygen saturation due to low atmospheric pressure leading to reduced partial pressure of oxygen in inhaled air. Sleep apnea syndrome often seen in obese persons may also lead to hypoxia. Other causes include neurological diseases leading to respiratory depression, respiratory conditions such as severe pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (clots in arteries supplying blood to the lungs), pulmonary edema (lung congestion), pulmonary fibrosis etc, but in all these the person is obviously ill. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an apparently healthy person, mild hypoxia is likely to be due to smoking or pollution related chronic obstructive airway (pulmonary) disease (COAD or COPD), pulmonary arteriovenous malformation or early pulmonary fibrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mild hypoxia may not result in any symptoms. It may lead to increased hemoglobin level in the blood to compensate for reduced oxygen saturation, as commonly occurs in persons living at high altitudes. The main worry is that the underlying process may progress and hence the cause of desaturation should be investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/hypoxemia/basics/causes/sym-20050930&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/hypoxemia/basics/causes/sym-20050930&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T03:35:59.113" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T03:35:59.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3512" CreationDate="2015-10-29T07:17:57.637" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this era of &lt;a href=&quot;http://ebm.bmj.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'Evidence based medicine'&lt;/a&gt;, there is evidence that fruits and vegetables are good for health and longevity (e.g. the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2917018-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Interheart study&lt;/a&gt;). However, there is little evidence to choose between different types of food and vegetables. Hence, it is best to encourage different fruits and vegetables, especially those of the current season, rather than choosing or avoiding one or few based on limited data or evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/Good-vs-Bad-Cholesterol_UCM_305561_Article.jsp#.VjHHCOoeuu0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;triglycerides&lt;/a&gt; are less of a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease (heart attacks, stroke, peripheral gangrene) than many others, including total, LDL and low HDL blood cholesterol. Quoting point number 10 of &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_425989.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; from American Heart Association: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has not been determined whether lowering triglyceride levels beyond&#xA;  LDL cholesterol reduces the risk of heart disease and more research is&#xA;  needed to validate triglycerides as an independent risk factor for&#xA;  cardiovascular disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is generally not recommended to start medication to reduce triglycerides unless they are very high (&gt;450-500 mg/dl), though some differ on this. Asians may be more predisposed to ill-effects of triglycerides than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T07:17:57.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T15:29:18.867" Score="7" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hemp oil&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp_oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CBD oil&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GV41l.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GV41l.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like CBD oil is made of hemp. Are they any major differences between &lt;strong&gt;hemp oil&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;CBD oil&lt;/strong&gt; or are they pretty much the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-24T14:24:21.103" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T14:44:46.300" Title="Is hemp oil the same as CBD oil?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3567" CreationDate="2015-10-29T17:55:53.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Official source of information&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hemp seed oil does not contain any significant quantity of CBD.       Hemp fiber and seed cultivars contain relatively minimal &#xA;  CBD and CBD production from such plants should not be considered a primary  product.        &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;More links&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chronictherapy.co/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.chronictherapy.co/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference-2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because the plants are related, some unscrupulous sellers of hemp oil are trying to market it for its medicinal value, which is negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mintpressnews.com/hemp-oil-versus-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference/193962/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mintpressnews.com/hemp-oil-versus-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference/193962/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumers often confuse hemp oil with CBD oil because both are low in THC and contain CBD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took me a while to wrap my head around all these quirks - I'm so detached from the nature :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T14:58:45.263" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T14:58:45.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3405" CreationDate="2015-10-29T21:21:04.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Losing weight via means of altering your diet will be safest choice, however, that doesn't mean it is your only option. In my opinion, &lt;em&gt;dieting&lt;/em&gt; is an incredibly vague term. Ensuring you are eating a balanced diet and eating within your daily needs is better way to put it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you consume an excess of calories that your body doesn't need it often stores this fat independently, for future use i.e. as an energy source. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fat&lt;/a&gt;, despite the bad rep, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778757&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is a very good energy source&lt;/a&gt; and is essential in our diets - more specifically in times of (unintentional?) fasting. Is it healthy to use fat as a stable for your energy needs? No. It's all about maintaining a justified ratio of Carbohydrates; fats and proteins that build a stable foundation for a diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this when contemplating a weight loss diet: 'In 2005, the “American Journal of Clinical Nutrition” published the results of a study in which subjects who ate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/303969-the-protein-fat-and-carbohydrate-ratio-for-losing-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;30% protein, 20% fats and 50% carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt; felt fuller and ate an average of more than 400 fewer calories daily when compared to subjects who ate a diet of 15% protein, 35% fats and 50% carbohydrates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most abundant method for weight loss that is clinically proven, would be obtaining a prescription for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlistat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Orlistat&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, aka Alli. Additionally, you will only be able to obtain this medicine if you are truly overweight and if you are have &quot;fair&quot; reasoning etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/diet/guide/medicine-for-obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orlistat&lt;/a&gt; belongs to drug class called &lt;em&gt;Lipase inhibitors&lt;/em&gt;. Lipase is the in situ enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats), so that they can effectively be absorbed by our body, and hence inhibiting this enzyme allows most of the fat we consume to pass through our digestive system, to be release via excretion in our fecal matter. It would be fair to say that this treatment is in favor of resisting storage/absorption some types of fat more than others. In this case it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue#Obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;visceral fat&lt;/a&gt; - fat stored in the abdominal cavity and hence around our major organs. Knowing this, you should be able to comprehend how a physician may deem you suitable for a prescription. If he/she concludes that you are overweight and predisposed to risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, the decision will tilt in your favor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Orlistat is the generic name for the &quot;weight loss&quot; aid not sold over-the- counter. Alli, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/diet/guide/medicine-for-obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;orlistat&lt;/a&gt; at half its dosage and is sold over-the-counter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T23:20:32.373" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T23:20:32.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3574" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the physical, mental, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. It should be used when a health issue may be specific to this age group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3575" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" Score="0" Body="Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the physical, mental, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. It should be used when a health issue may be specific to this age group." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" LastActivityDate="2015-10-29T22:50:35.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="874" CreationDate="2015-10-30T00:21:11.803" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dental flossing, essentially is done to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161438&quot;&gt;maintain periodontal health&lt;/a&gt;, in hard to reach areas. Areas which are not used to any &quot;friction&quot; so, they will react in a rather singular manner in comparison to our exposed gums, per say. Thus, providing you presently have good oral health i.e. you don't have gingivitis which causes &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003062.htm&quot;&gt;bleeding&lt;/a&gt; of the gums amidst brushing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, flossing will cause inflammation and minor bleeding however, if the bleeding is rather severe it could indicate a periodontal disease and require medical intervention. Gums, if they are &quot;virgins&quot; to interdental flossing scene, will be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2379.aspx?CategoryID=74&quot;&gt;tender&lt;/a&gt;, and this is common amongst nearly all whom who haven't flossed. So, despite your concern, they will become more firm once the plaque has been plausibly removed. As your gums become less tender, they will hence become less sensitive and no longer bleed as you floss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Albeit, if the bleeding still prevails after a period of a week, it would be advised to either, refresh your knowledge on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Science%20and%20Research/Files/watch_materials_floss.ashx&quot;&gt;how to floss&lt;/a&gt;, or pay a visit to your dentist. The latter could conclude that, you are incorrectly flossing e.g. too much pressure and rigor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's difficult to judge when you'll become apparent of the benefits since, the greatest improvements will initially happen beyond your eye's magnification. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161438&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; study may cure your curiosity, though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T02:36:32.983" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T02:36:32.983" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1619" CreationDate="2015-10-30T01:12:42.547" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to your specific question in particular, is rather indefinitive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when a the bean/extract of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_canephora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coffea canephora plant&lt;/a&gt; is used in a strong brew of black coffee it was shown to significantly defend the teeth from bacteria upon exposure! &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/dental-health-cavities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cavities&lt;/a&gt;, are caused by bacteria!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion of this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24909065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; clearly shows that the very high polyphenol content, in the bean/extract from the coffee plant caused the bacterial cells to burst or lyse. Further more, there is evidence that it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; aid strengthening of the teeth as, when the bacteria lyse calcium is released into the medium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, a study in the same agenda proves that the high caffiene content in the Robusta bean, from the Coffea canephora plant, contributes to the ability of the bean to cause an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11853508&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;antiadhesive effect&lt;/a&gt; in the saliva, preventing the bacteria from initially adhering to the host i.e. the tooth, and hence preventing the receptors on your tooth surface from communicating with the bacterial cells that cause decay/cavities (Streptococcus mutans). Bacterial cells have no vision, they arrive at their destination per say, by cell signalling so, interfering with the receptor sites on your teeth means that they have a loss of direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the bacteria do successfully attach to the teeth they &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;signal&lt;/a&gt; other bacterial cells causing colonization on the enamel surface. From there on they synthesize sucrose and henceforth, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;produce acid&lt;/a&gt; as a waste product causing; erosion; decay; cavities.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-10-30T02:40:32.080" LastActivityDate="2015-10-30T02:40:32.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-29T20:33:49.820" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;When doing maximal effort exercise after not eating for a long time (24 hours) before the exercise, and not eating for hours after the exercise, I feel moderate muscle aches the day afterwards. Is that caused by by my body sourcing energy from muscle mass? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="sh4kesbeer" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-09T10:05:47.833" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T10:05:47.833" Title="Is muscle ache a possible sign of the body using muscle mass as a source of energy due to the lack of nutrition?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T05:10:04.940" Score="9" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on my understanding of how adaptive immune responses arise, I would expect peanut allergies to be roughly normally distributed with regard to severity, like other food allergies. However, peanut allergies seem to be at least generally accepted as trending to the &quot;extremely severe&quot; side of the scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it about peanut antigens that promotes the development of extreme allergic responses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1937" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:30:24.457" LastActivityDate="2020-04-28T02:05:00.157" Title="Why are peanut allergies so much more severe than other food allergies?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;nuts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3592" CreationDate="2015-10-30T05:45:15.633" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;On news and pregnancy sites* (which are notoriously full of things not supported by science), I have read that progesterone is sometimes given to women suffering from recurrent miscarriages (3 or more miscarriages) in some countries. But I am also reading that no medical organization recommends this treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that progesterone helps prevent recurrent miscarriages, provided the woman does not actually have low progesterone levels? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;( * &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2692055/Can-taking-simple-hormone-prevent-heartache-miscarriage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Daily Mail article &lt;/a&gt; and lots and lots of people in forums such as Babycenter) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T16:19:51.303" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T16:19:51.303" Title="Usage of progesterone for recurrent miscarriages" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;miscarriage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T09:34:24.337" Score="8" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 33 years old, and I have been told by my parents and my wife that I snore. My question is - what is the reason for snoring? Is it a symptom of bad health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1941" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:01:04.983" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:01:04.983" Title="Why do people snore?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;snore-snoring&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3581" CreationDate="2015-10-30T19:03:04.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457%2802%2900237-X/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;explained here&lt;/a&gt; [1], it is the price we've paid for our ability to speak: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Obstructive sleep apnea is an anatomic illness caused by evolutionary changes in the human upper respiratory tract. These changes include shortening of the maxillary, ethmoid, palatal and mandibular bones, acute oral cavity-skull base angulation, pharyngeal collapse with anterior migration of the foramen magnum, posterior migration of the tongue into the pharynx, descent of the larynx and shortening of the soft palate with loss of the epiglottic–soft palate lock-up. While it is commonly believed that some of these changes had positive selection pressures for bipedalism, binocular vision and locomotion, development of voice, speech and language ultimately became a substantial contributing factor. Here it is shown that these changes are the anatomic basis of obstructive sleep apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people who don't have obstructive sleep apnea, will snore as a result of these evolutionary adaptations. You can let your doctor examine your throat, if you feel drowsy during the day you can do a sleep test to see of you suffer from  sleep apnea. But snoring in itself doesn't necessarily have to be due to a pathological problem that needs to be treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] T. M. Davidson, &lt;em&gt;The Great Leap Forward: the anatomic basis for the acquisition of speech and obstructive sleep apnea&lt;/em&gt;, Sleep Medicine &lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt; (2003), 185–194.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2015-10-31T03:31:04.847" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T03:31:04.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-30T20:01:43.373" Score="20" ViewCount="4807" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there any difference in how many times I eat per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I eat one big meal in the morning at 2000 kcal (at 9am). Is that any different than having 4 meals at 500 kcal throughout the day (at 9am, 1pm, 5pm, 9pm)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I will be hungry by the end of the day if I eat just once in the morning. But I won't be hungry if I eat 4 times a day at smaller portions? How is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which way is it better to eat? Maybe twice a day at 1000 kcal? (9am and like 4pm?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1302" LastEditorUserId="1302" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T08:09:56.693" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T23:56:47.993" Title="Is eating a meal with 2000 Calories at once any different from eating 4 times at 500 Calories?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T01:10:24.927" Score="4" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chlorohexidine gluconate (topical/wash-off), is a semi-essential disinfectant in domestic environments and furthermore in the maintenance and minimisation of bacterial growth in medical conditions that thrive off their presence. For example, follicular infections such as folliculitus (gram-negative or Gram-positive). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could however, the long-term use (6 months +) of Chlorohexidine Gluconate yield negative effects when used as a skin disinfectant-wash for the face? E.g. dermatologically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="2344" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T01:10:24.927" Title="Use of chlorohexidine gluconate for disinfection and minimisation of bacteria growth" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5559" CreationDate="2015-10-31T06:08:33.560" Score="7" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;If so, how does it influence our sleep?  And what can we do to improve the quality of sleep in regards to adjusting our body temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1945" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:35:38.147" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:35:38.147" Title="Can one's body temperature affect the quality of his/her sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4081" CreationDate="2015-10-31T08:15:57.930" Score="7" ViewCount="538" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering, why do big, deep wounds leave scars and small ones do not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1948" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T16:40:59.810" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T20:33:56.110" Title="Why don't small wounds leave scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3580" CreationDate="2015-10-31T11:14:14.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some research, I believe I can answer my own question, even though it is a somewhat dissatisfying one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no indication that progesterone supplementation helps prevent  sporadic miscarriages (women have not had three or more pregnancy losses before). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, in patients with three or more consecutive miscarriages immediately preceding their current pregnancy, empiric progestogen administration may be of some potential benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is currently a large study underway to test this effect, however, no results have been published yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;edited a month later&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of that large trial were published at the end of November 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study of 826 women with previously unexplained recurrent miscarriage showed that those who received progesterone treatment in early pregnancy were no less likely to miscarry than those who received a placebo (or dummy treatment). This was true whatever their age, ethnicity, medical history and pregnancy history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Progesterone therapy in the first trimester of pregnancy did not result in a significantly higher rate of live births among women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1504927&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources and further reading&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229790/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Evidence-based management of recurrent miscarriages&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/information/research/the-promise-trial/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Promise study&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425891&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Progestogen for preventing miscarriage&lt;/a&gt; (meta analysis of studies showing no impact on sporadic miscarriages, but effect for recurrent miscarriages) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T16:17:53.700" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T16:17:53.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="322" CreationDate="2015-10-31T15:23:16.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Rheumatism&quot; isn't one disease. It's not even a set of closely related diseases, it's just a name for anything affecting the joints &lt;strong&gt;and/or&lt;/strong&gt; connective tissue. As such, there is a wide range of illnesses and causes for these illnesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What most people mean when they say rheumatism is arthritis, which is yet another word for a wide range of illnesses, though at least a more narrow one for ones affecting the joints. Most prominent among those diseases are &lt;strong&gt;osteoarthritis&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osteoarthritis&lt;/strong&gt; is also known as &quot;degenerative arthritis&quot;. As the name says, it is a degenerative disease, the primary cause is damage from mechanical stress, whether from repetitive movement or mechanical injury. It is not caused by getting cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, people with arthritis often feel worse when experiencing high humidity combined with low barometric pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/strong&gt; has a very different cause - it is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints and as a response, the joint capsule swells. While autoimmune diseases are still being understood, they often have a genetic and an environmental component. This environmental component can be an infection, which &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; coincide with someone getting very cold. This connection is very weak at best, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, proving a negative is hard, so there is no evidence that windy or wet weather can't cause arthritis. However, when looking at epidemiological data for rheumatoid arthritis &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The incidence appears to be highest in Pima Indians (5.3%) and Chippewa Indians (6.8%), and lowest in people from China and Japan (0.2%-0.3%) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, Japan actually has a &quot;rainy season&quot; for several weeks a year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it impossible that some form of arthritis (which is the umbrella term for a wide range of diseases) often appears in regions where it is windy? No, of course not. But this belief has all the marks of confirmation bias - if you live in a wet and windy climate, you get wet or cold a lot without suddenly developing joint pain. However, the one time it does happen, it's the weather's fault... And because high humidity makes osteoarthritis worse, that might be the first time someone really notices their condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources and further reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2012/ACE006_12dec_RA/ACE006_12dec_Gibofsky_S295to302/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/causes.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Causes of osteoarthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/rheumatoid-arthritis/causes.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Causes of rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2012/ACE006_12dec_RA/ACE006_12dec_Gibofsky_S295to302/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/pain-management/tips/weather-pain.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weather and osteoarthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-10-31T15:34:25.240" LastActivityDate="2015-10-31T15:34:25.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-10-31T22:39:13.290" Score="4" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was in preschool, I saw a 3D space adventure movie and almost cried. I don't know why but I get so scared when I see a planet. They are just very creepy to me. Even looking at a planet in a book scares me. is there a name for this fear? Are there any documented cases of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1950" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:29:28.507" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:29:28.507" Title="Fear of planets" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;phobia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3342" CreationDate="2015-11-01T08:32:17.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it looks like they do. Within certain limits, though and with the limitation that only small pilot studies have been done. &#xA;A study assessing the the results of such a device in 15 men found that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After 6 months the mean gain in length was significant, meeting the goals of the effect size, at 2.3 and 1.7 cm for the flaccid and stretched penis, respectively. No significant changes in penile girth were detected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08083.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A pilot phase-II prospective study to test the ‘efficacy’ and tolerability of a penile-extender device in the treatment of ‘short penis’&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one meta study on the subject (a study looking at and summarizing other studies) that says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, penile extenders appear to be an effective treatment for patients who complain of ‘short penis’. The application of such devices can be recommended in all patients regardless of the penile length, because of the low risk of complications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's links to the original studies in that review. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both studies are from the British Journal of Urology, which seems like a decently trustworthy journal and nothing in the papers stood out to me as unreasonable. The usual warnings apply, though: talk to you doctor about your plans and have one supervise the process if you both decide this is the best course of action for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, preliminary research seems like they have some effect (1 to 2 centimeters) &lt;strong&gt;if used as advised&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T08:32:17.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1863" CreationDate="2015-11-01T09:14:28.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acne can be caused by several things, one of which is bacteria. The bacteria involved in acne are called &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt;. This bacteria species usually only colonizes the skin. Its main source of energy are the products of skin glands. In people with overactive glands, they grow to large numbers, and their byproducts lead to the inflammation known as acne. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dental abscesses are caused by a variety of anaerobic bacteria and the toxins they produce. &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; would not get to the location of the dental abcess and would not outcompete the anaerobic bacteria in there because it is relatively slow growing while the bacteria causing the dental abscess are fast growing under the conditions present. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, there is no need for this anyway. &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; is present on the skin of most healthy adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is, however, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10467506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one case report&lt;/a&gt; from 1999 linking a case of dental abscess with the appearance of acne. The full case report is not accessible anymore and I can't find any paper citing it. That case report, however, also does not propose the mechanism you describe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We believe that the presence of our patient's dental infections provoked a follicular inflammatory response resulting in his recalcitrant acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I interpret that as them saying that the immune response to the dental abcess might have triggered an immune response to the already present &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources and further reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83685/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scientific American : Does 1 Type of Bacteria Cause Acne? &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-versus-bad-acne-bacteria/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES AND CHRONIC DISEASES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83685/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The microbiology of the acute dental abscess&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T09:14:28.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-01T09:18:09.520" Score="11" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend, recently diagnosed with cancer, was told by the hospital not to look for information on the internet. Other people I know I have been told the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the ample information had been given, I could - perhaps - understand this advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When she asked for advice, this was sketchy and insufficient. So she did look on the internet. And of course found lots of useful information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why would hospitals tell cancer patients not to seek information on the internet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1951" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T18:20:33.250" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T04:43:01.670" Title="Why tell cancer patients not to seek information on the internet?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1757" CreationDate="2015-11-01T11:14:39.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number seems to be somewhere between 4 and 10 times larger as with no umbilical cord knot present. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study of 70000 births, umbilical cord knots occurred in 1.2 percent of births. The fetal death rate in these births was four times higher than for the control group without knots, at 1.9 percent of births. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301211501003128&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risk factors associated with true knots of the umbilical cord&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another study, on 20000 births, a 10 times increased risk of intrauterine death was found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/j.1600-0412.2000.079003157.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Umbilical cord knots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In yet another study, for around 27000 births, an eight fold increase in fetal death was found. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijgo.org/article/S0020-7292(13)00129-X/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;True umbilical cord knot and obstetric outcome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Umbilical cord knots can sometimes be determined by ultrasound before delivery. If a cord knot is found, a C-section is performed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the first study, risk factors appear to be &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;gestational diabetes, hydramnios, patients undergoing genetic amniocentesis, male fetuses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-01T11:20:54.203" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T11:20:54.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1640" CreationDate="2015-11-01T11:34:52.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure that is lower in the morning than at noon or evening is perfectly normal. Variations on the level that you describe, which is 5 mm Hg systolic (the first number), are also completely normal. Blood pressure doesn't stay the same, it varies with activity, emotional state, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first figure in the following paper illustrates normal blood pressure variations throughout a day: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261916/#!po=10.4938&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prognostic Significance of the Morning Blood Pressure Surge in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review&lt;/a&gt;. The paper's topic is abnormal surges in blood pressure, which are surges before waking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fluctuation of more than 14 mm Hg systolic as taken at the same time a day (without doing sports beforehand etc) should be checked out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20150727/big-swings-in-blood-pressure--could-spell-trouble&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;by a doctor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-01T11:41:10.453" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T11:41:10.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1544" CreationDate="2015-11-01T14:09:45.940" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is based on the fact that you have been in a region with less sunlight for several years and continue to suffer. It therefore focuses on Seasonal Affective Disorder, which you may or may not have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seasonal affective disorder is an actual illness, and a form of depression. Unfortunately, it is underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is recognized in DSM—5 as Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis and treatment are best left to a professional, and may include therapy and medication. However, there are some ways to at least try to make it less severe or that can ease &quot;winter blues&quot; that isn't severe enough to be diagnosed as SAD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go outside when it's light as often as possible. This even helps when it's grey and cloudy outside &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;while it's light outside, if you need to be indoors, be close to a window where your body can register that it is still light outside &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise regularly &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Light therapy is effective, but is hard to get right alone - just sitting in front of a bright light occasionally is not enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources and further reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/basics/definition/con-20021047&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic: Seasonal Affective Disorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/in-depth/seasonal-affective-disorder-treatment/art-20048298&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic: Light Box Therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1037.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Seasonal Affective Disorder&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Am Fam Physician&lt;/em&gt; (good overview with details on light therapy) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T14:09:45.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3609" CreationDate="2015-11-01T23:04:52.613" Score="1" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the record, TDEE stands for 'Total Daily Energy Expenditure.' I have sleeping problems, which essentially require me to get ~12 hours of sleep a day. I'd assume this substantially lowers my TDEE, but I'd like to be able to calculate the effect more precisely. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1955" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T08:03:54.187" Title="Is there a TDEE calculator which takes into account sleeping hours?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3155" CreationDate="2015-11-01T23:06:28.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Roughly speaking, it appears that about 30-40% of patients in stage IV will survive for 5 years or more depending on where the cancer originated. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-survival-rates&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This reference&lt;/a&gt; provides details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-11-01T23:06:28.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T05:15:28.870" Score="2" ViewCount="1043" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been suffering from nasal septum deviation and I find it difficult to breathe. I've planned a surgery to treat it. I've started developing acne problems on my skin and was wondering if it could be because of previous sinus infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1956" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T02:21:13.070" LastActivityDate="2016-06-15T13:46:17.470" Title="Can sinus infections cause skin problems?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3605" CreationDate="2015-11-02T08:03:54.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several such calculators where you can input the hours you spend sleeping / sitting / standing etc. One example is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health-calc.com/diet/energy-expenditure-advanced&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that even this will not give you a 100 percent accurate number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T08:03:54.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-02T17:11:10.353" Score="6" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'm convinced that colloidial silver is harmful and ineffective. My SO thinks otherwise and has been consuming it daily for the last couple of days and plans to continue this week (50 mcg/day) with the intention of combating a flu/cold.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I don't care about the lack of efficacy, but I'm concerned about the harmful effects. My SO claims that, as a result of the advertised particle size of 0.8 nm, the silver does not irreversibly accumulate in the tissues of the human body.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is this claim true? If not I would appreciate a reference that shows otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1961" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:52:01.317" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T23:09:06.830" Title="Is colloidial silver harmful if the particles are small enough?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3610" CreationDate="2015-11-02T20:58:22.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently there are no studies that prove the effectiveness of colloidal silver as a health supplement, despite many claims to the contrary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA brands it as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/081799a.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;generally not recognized as safe&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, and that any claims that it has medical effectiveness are &quot;misbranded&quot;, and could potentially result in litigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of other quick sources (soft science in nature) also reiterate the ineffectiveness in relation to the claims, and also outline some of the side effects (Such as buildup in major organs, and eventually possibly tinting the skin, eyes and other surfaces that does not dissipate with cessation of use).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there is some evidence that it blunts the effectiveness of certain medications, such as antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-779-colloidal%20silver.aspx?activeingredientid=779&amp;amp;activeingredientname=colloidal%20silver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-779-colloidal%20silver.aspx?activeingredientid=779&amp;amp;activeingredientname=colloidal%20silver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will be many contrary claims, most of them herbal and homeopathic website related, but I personally would not consider it a safe supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-11-02T20:58:22.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-03T03:28:51.653" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, I can't see. I'm having no problems seeing up close, but once it gets close to 9-10 inches away from my eyes, everything gets blurry. I have been to 4 eye doctors (2 opthamologists, 2 optometrists), and none have been able to find any substantial refractive error, even with the use of an autorefractor. I know it doesn't make much sense, but it's getting a bit difficult to function with this much unaccommodated myopia. As eye doctors are unable to find the cause of this, what course of action should I take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1964" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:08:00.103" Title="Undiagnosable Myopia" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2015-11-20T14:32:13.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3614" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3623" CreationDate="2015-11-03T15:38:52.367" Score="5" ViewCount="1508" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 84 years old, with heart failure, diagnosed about 10 months ago, now successfully treated, and my naturally low blood pressure is kept at, or reduced to, a satisfactorily low level. I would not want to reduce it any further. With all other tests OK, I am being signed off from the clinic and expect to continue to live a normal, but careful, life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Olive Leaf Extract is said to lower blood pressure, so does that make it dangerous for patients with heart failure and low blood pressure to take for its other benefits? Can it lower blood pressure below physiological boundaries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T11:31:58.807" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T15:20:50.093" Title="Is olive leaf extract dangerous for low blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2015-11-03T17:37:00.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a potential problem, as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-233-olive.aspx?activeingredientid=233&amp;amp;activeingredientname=olive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mentioned here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with OLIVE&#xA;  Olive seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking olive along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you need to check this out with your doctor. Your doctor can then look into this, considering your medical status and all the medicines you take to determine if there is a problem with using olive leaf extract in your particular case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T17:37:00.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-03T19:01:10.957" Score="0" ViewCount="866" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been hearing a lot about this term lately, and was wondering what exactly it is, and whether it really is the future of the medicine industry. What are the advantages and benefits, along with disadvantages of such a system, if it is feasible on a large scale?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1971" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T15:03:45.200" Title="What are the pros and cons of personalized medicine?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-05-29T15:50:25.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-03T22:26:39.387" Score="6" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) tear, which was confirmed by an MRI (it my be partial or complete; I was not told which.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: is surgery the only way to treat ACL tears? Is surgery necessary in order to regain full strength/function of the knee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I an very active and would like to return to sports like skiing,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1974" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:59:42.490" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T03:59:42.490" Title="Is operation the only solution to an ACL injury?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;tear-torn&gt;&lt;acl-ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21235" CreationDate="2015-11-04T01:56:00.363" Score="14" ViewCount="40428" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you may know, one of the reasons athletes's foot and jock itch fungus are so hard to kill with OTC medicines like Lotrimin and Lamisil is because after you treat it, it is extremely difficult not to reinfect yourself with the fungal spores by re-wearing the same clothes and sleeping in the same bed sheets.  Doing laundry properly is of paramount importance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read on certain sites that in order to kill athlete's foot fungus spores on clothes, you need to wash your laundry with ultra-hot water (140 degrees Fahrenheit).  I have some clothes and a fleece blanket so washing them with hot is not an option because I don't want them to shrink.  So assuming I can't use hot water, what is the best combination to kill the fungus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bleach (?) - I've read that bleach will kill fungus such as athlete's foot on hard surfaces, but when used on fabrics it doesn't always penetrate deep enough into the material to completely kill the fungus roots.  I've also read a post where the guy made the following comment:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bleach removes fungus and mold but also promotes it’s later development... Fungus thrives in high PH environments caused by Bases like bleach... If you must use bleach you should neutralize it with a post acid rinse like vinegar or lemon juice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Borax Laundry Booster (?) - Some people have said that adding 20 Mule Team Borax to your wash cycle can kill athlete's foot on fabric.  But I've looked at the Borax product packaging and there wasn't any mention of this benefit so I'm a little skeptical.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oxygen bleach (OxiClean ?) -This has also been mentioned, yet I see nothing on the product packaging that says it kills fungus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vinegar (?) - Vinegar has long been touted as a natural cure for athlete's foot on skin.  Will it work on fabric?  (Note to others: Do NOT mix bleach with vinegar as that can give off toxic gases!)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Something else?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1954" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T18:50:31.433" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T20:16:23.087" Title="How to do laundry to kill and prevent athlete's foot fungus?" Tags="&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;&lt;bleach&gt;&lt;detergent&gt;&lt;jock-itch-tinea-cruris&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3620" CreationDate="2015-11-03T02:09:20.613" Score="7" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;People keep saying that it is important to have adequate light when reading, because reading in dim light will damage your eyes. Is this true and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2656" OwnerDisplayName="TanMath" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T05:25:39.837" Title="Will reading in dim light damage my eyes?" Tags="&lt;light&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3619" CreationDate="2015-11-03T02:33:01.333" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The consensus is that sub-optimal lighting does not permanently damage the eye.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sub-optimal lighting can create a sensation of having difficulty in focusing. It also decreases the rate of blinking and leads to discomfort from drying. These complaints &lt;strong&gt;do not persist&lt;/strong&gt;. The majority consensus in ophthalmology is that reading in dim light does not damage your eyes; &lt;strong&gt;it is a myth&lt;/strong&gt;. Although it can cause eye strain with multiple temporary negative effects, it is unlikely to cause a permanent change to the function or structure of the eyes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/&quot;&gt;(Vreeman &amp;amp; Caroll, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you Google your question many credible sources outside the scientific literature seem to agree that it is a myth busted, including &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/features/reading-in-dim-light&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/features/reading-in-dim-light&quot;&gt;ABC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323646604578404581544768850&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/&quot;&gt;Vreeman &amp;amp; Caroll, &lt;em&gt;BMJ&lt;/em&gt; (2007); &lt;strong&gt;335&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" OwnerDisplayName="AliceD" LastActivityDate="2015-11-03T19:06:40.217" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-04T17:22:17.857" Score="4" ViewCount="1874" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just move to area near to beach. Unfortunately we have a problem to access fresh water. So, I decide to dig a well about 8meters deep, but the water is salty. I then install carbon filter and softener. The taste become better (less salty) but still have a little bit of salty taste. Other then salty taste everything is okay (color is clear, no odor, nothing) just like a good clean water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that okay if we take a shower with this water? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1978" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-11-10T00:48:48.530" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T02:53:03.897" Title="Can we take a shower with salty water" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;bath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3614" CreationDate="2015-11-04T22:19:05.920" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I should say that I think this question should be closed. It's clearly a request for personal medical advice, but apparently no one else shares that view, so I'll go ahead and answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would not want to reduce it any further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then taking a supplement known to lower blood pressure would seem like a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036583&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; compared the effects of olive leaf extract on BP to an ACE inhibitor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage&#xA;  regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering&#xA;  systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1&#xA;  hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg&#xA;  twice daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So olive leaf extract seems to be pretty effective stuff, almost as effective as an ACE inhibitor. Therefore, taking it without first involving the medical professionals you've been seeing up until now probably isn't a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-11-04T22:19:05.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3617" CreationDate="2015-11-05T02:14:31.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though most people do get surgery to reconstruct their torn ACL, it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; possible to regain full ability of your knee without surgery. Just through rehabilitation, you can totally recover from a torn ACL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a clinical trial done in 2010,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0907797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; two different treatment strategies were given to 121 young, active adults (ages 18-35) who suffered acute ACL injuries. One strategy was rehabilitation with early ACL reconstruction surgery. Most people given this treatment strategy opted for the early surgery (61 out 62). The other strategy was rehabilitation with delayed ACL reconstruction surgery. Of the 59 people treated with this strategy, only 26 people opted to get surgery. The other 36 were healed with just rehabilitation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though that trial was meant to find the most effective treatment of torn ACLs, it did display that with physical therapy and time, it is possible to completely recover from a major ACL injury. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some situations in which rehabilitation without surgical reconstruction is not very effective for a torn ACL. If other parts of the knee, such as other ligaments, have also been injured, it is recommended that you get surgery. It is also recommended that you get surgery if you are still active, as running, jumping, pivoting, and other activities that give you a higher chance of reinjuring your ACL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0907797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: A Randomized Trial of Treatment for Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/torn_acl/page5.htm#what_is_the_treatment_for_a_torn_acl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MedicineNet: What is the treatment for a torn ACL?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sutterhealth.org/orthopedics/knee/acl-tear-reconstruction.html#nonsurg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sutter Health: Nonsurgical Treatment for ACL Injuries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T02:51:33.347" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T02:51:33.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T02:31:45.423" Score="3" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had symptoms of silent reflux for 5 months now and finally did a 24-hour esophageal pH monitor that confirmed I have reflux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in my 30s, I am 40 lbs overweight (which I know is bad, but I'm not &quot;&lt;em&gt;can't-get-off-the-couch&lt;/em&gt;&quot; overweight) and I am not responding to any PPIs (my GI has tried me on omeprazole, nexium and dexilant).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior to doing the pH monitor, I had an endoscopy that revealed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3 nodules in my stomach that were biopsied and came back benign&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No hiatal hernia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also had &quot;&lt;em&gt;manometry&lt;/em&gt;&quot; done that showed some slight abnormalities with my swallowing, where the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) wasn't relaxing properly as the &quot;bolus&quot; (the thing being swallowed) passed through my esophagus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My diet isn't perfect but is &lt;em&gt;orders of magnitude&lt;/em&gt; better than it was 5 months ago, and I've lost 25 lbs so far (so yes, I used to be ~65lbs overweight). Very little chocolate, caffeine and alchohol. I don't smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I finally had a sitdown with my GI where I asked her if she had any idea what is &lt;em&gt;causing&lt;/em&gt; my reflux since I don't have hernia, I've lost weight, my diet is under control and, &lt;strong&gt;most importantly&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not responding to the PPIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;She simply said she didn't know.&lt;/strong&gt; I asked her if there were any surgical options available to me and she said that I wouldn't qualify for surgery because I would need to show a response to the PPIs first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Finally, my question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I'm in &lt;em&gt;No Man's Land&lt;/em&gt;. I have confirmed reflux, but am not responding to any of the things that normally treat it. Are there any other known causes of GERD that may have been overlooked here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:48:24.433" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T10:36:04.307" Title="Causes of GERD when not responding to weight loss or PPIs" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;esophagus&gt;&lt;proton-pump-inhibitors&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3627" CreationDate="2015-11-05T06:28:43.693" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does your reflux come with certain foods but not others?  One often overlooked cause of acid reflux is &lt;em&gt;insufficient&lt;/em&gt; acid production in the stomach rather than excess.  Sometimes this is caused by malnutrition and sometimes by other imbalances in your intestinal floral.  In either case, PPI's would do you no good because what your body really needs is support in acid production rather than suppression of acid production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to test this possibility, try taking some Betaine HCl (I found mine on Amazon).  The results could be painful if you weren't lacking stomach acid in the first place, since now you have even more acid to deal with, but it's a quick way to test/rule out this possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also possible your LES just needs time to retain its ability to contract and close itself in order to prevent reflux.  For that I recommend some self massage around the abdomen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I myself never had great success with PPI's and reflux, since my body would just adjust to the inhibitors and produce more acid than before, thereby negating the intended effect.  Over time it was improving my digestion that helped (nutrition, enzymes, prebiotic and probiotic support)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://digestivehealthinstitute.org/2014/07/10/h-pylori-low-stomach-acid-gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://digestivehealthinstitute.org/2014/07/10/h-pylori-low-stomach-acid-gerd/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.therootofhealth.com/heartburn-acid-reflux/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.therootofhealth.com/heartburn-acid-reflux/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physiciansweekly.com/proton-pump-inhibitors-overuse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.physiciansweekly.com/proton-pump-inhibitors-overuse/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/do-ppis-have-long-term-side-effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/do-ppis-have-long-term-side-effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1801" LastEditorUserId="1801" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T20:52:56.840" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T20:52:56.840" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T06:37:19.017" Score="5" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the main causes for chronic diarrhea and frequent mouth ulcers when the following is true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient's hormones are normal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient's endoscopy and colonoscopy are normal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient does not have diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient does not have food allergies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient's symptoms are eliminated by NSAID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T02:25:15.547" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T18:51:09.753" Title="What are the causes of Chronic Diarrhea?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T07:46:32.350" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't know I have been pregnant for one month (to be exact, the last time I had sex with my husband was about 40 days ago). Just a few days ago, I found my menstruation stoped and after medical checking I found I am pregnant. However, due to non-awareness of it, in the past month, I had alcohol consumption, but only once. The amount of alcohol is about 400ml Chinese white wine (concentration ～= 40%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched a lot on the Internet these days about the risk to the fetus. Many webpages told that there will be more or less risk to the fetus, including physical and mental defects. For example, as this &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/360/alcohol-consumption-during-pregnancy&quot;&gt;webpage&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you drink, alcohol passes from your blood through placenta to a baby and can stunt fetal growth, facial deformities, damage neurons and brain structures which can result in intellectual disability and also cause other physical damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't know whether it is applied to a fetus so early after pregnancy, such as my case only one month. As I understand, currently the &quot;fetus&quot; may still be simple cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone tell me the risk? I am so afraid now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1985" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:40:39.390" Title="Any risk to the fetus if alcohol consumption in only 1~2 month's pregnancy" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;1st-trimester&gt;&lt;placenta&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3612" CreationDate="2015-11-05T14:21:07.277" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When small print is closer than ten inches (depends upon severity) to your eyes and it becomes blurrier, that is &lt;a href=&quot;http://eyewiki.aao.org/Presbyopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;presbyopia&lt;/a&gt;, not myopia. Explore the the link to the American Academy of Ophthalmology.   Presbyopia is age related, starting about 35 - 40 years old.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try some &quot;reading glasses&quot;, not normal glasses.  Reading glasses can be purchased at most pharmacies without a prescription or  dollar stores.  Even if there is some other problem, reading glasses are great for reading very small print such as on electronic circuit boards and but allow your eyes to relax at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1987" LastEditorUserId="1987" LastEditDate="2015-11-05T15:08:00.103" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T15:08:00.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T17:36:34.047" Score="6" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started Lo Loestrin Fe (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive pill&lt;/a&gt;) about 4 months ago. The first month on it, I got my period. The second month, I did not. The third month I got it. Now, its my fourth month and I am supposed to start today but haven't. I have been to the doctors recently and also noticed that I gained 4 pounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do combined oral contraceptives cause weight gain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1988" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T19:19:57.533" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T19:19:57.533" Title="Do combined oral contraceptives cause weight gain?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-05T19:20:56.823" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Periodically, I record my food intake.  Over the years, I've tried to hone my methods for capturing the most accurate data possible, but since I don't have my own lab, I am forced to rely on data that I find on a food label or online.  Recently, as I began recording a turkey burger I had eaten, I wondered how best to calculate the 1/8 of an ounce of olive oil I cooked it in.  Below is a description of how I prepare my turkey burgers and you'll see my dilemma:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;I pour olive oil into a frying pan until the scale reads 1/8 of a fluid ounce.  I then place the frying pan over high heat.  Next, I take a pastry brush and make sure the pan is thoroughly covered with olive oil.  I then place the turkey patties into the pan.  I cook them on high heat for 10-15 minutes, searing frequently as they cook.  I then remove the turkey patties and place them on a square of paper towels, using another square of paper towels to blot out the surface fat.  This is not a light blotting; this is a firm press of the turkey patty between absorbent paper towels.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as you can see, this doesn't seem to be an easy matter of simply finding the nutrient data for 1/8 of a fluid ounce of olive oil.  Previously, I used to calculate just nutrient data for the turkey patties, and paid no attention to the oil I cooked it in.  (Actually, in the past I've used non-stick olive oil spray and even butter sometimes.)  I am certain that oils food is cooked in are absorbed into the food to some degree, but what would be a good, fair way to calculate it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1989" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T19:20:56.823" Title="How do you calculate the nutrients of the oils food is cooked in?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-03-16T01:52:02.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3617" CreationDate="2015-11-05T19:49:48.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, yes it is possible to have a full recovery without surgery. If the ligament is only torn, it may heal with a careful recovery plan. If it is torn, most of the strategies revolve around strengthening the muscles that also help stabilize the knee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the links that I would use were already covered in michaelpri's answer, so I would just add a bit. The function of the ACL is to keep the distal (lower) end of the femur from &quot;sliding&quot; off the front of the tibia, and to provide rotational stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the position of skiing with the knees bent, and weight forward, and the rotation needed in the lower legs for turning (especially if you are a more advanced/mogul style skiier), I would highly recommend you explore the surgical option. In my opinion &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(And that of the AAOS)&lt;/a&gt;, that would give you the best chance to reurn to full activity. In addition, there may be other collateral damage to the meniscus and other structures that could be repaired with surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, I faced the same decision with a complete rupture of the achilles tendon, and opted for surgery. I'm back at full activity, with no after effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-11-05T19:49:48.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T00:18:15.233" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have have it difficult to research the drugs I am prescribed. I was wondering if there are any websites that are good sources for reviews concerning drugs. I have no idea how to find a trustworthy source, fake reviews are well known online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I recently found this site while trying to research my asthma medication:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://treato.com/BREO+ELLIPTA,Asthma/?a=s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://treato.com/BREO+ELLIPTA,Asthma/?a=s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea if I can trust this website at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1213" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T06:56:56.927" Title="Is there a good site for drug reviews?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3630" CreationDate="2015-11-06T11:57:55.113" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic mouth ulcers are relatively common, especially in young people. It's called apthous stomatitis, affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission. By far, most people with apthous stomatitis are otherwise healthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when someone presents with recurrent mouth ulcers, one should always inquire especially about the opthalmic, genitourinary and gastrointestinal health of these patients, because (ignoring the first two organ systems) &lt;em&gt;apthous stomatitis is more commonly seen with Celiac Disease and Crohn's disease.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): (most common) caused by (?) bowel wall muscle dysfunction&#xA;Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): caused by structural damage to the intestinal mucosa that impairs absorption and stimulates secretion&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Malabsorption syndromes: carbohydrate, bile acid, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Chronic infection: C. diff, giardiasis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, parasites, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Celiac Disease (wheat/barley/rye protein-induced autoimmune disease)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Endocrine diarrhea: from hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, gastrinoma, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Idiopathic Secretory Diarrhea&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In IBS and IBD, the patient &lt;em&gt;typically&lt;/em&gt; has crampy, intermittent abdominal pain relieved with bowel movements. In IBD and Celiac Disease, stool often occult heme+.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Malabsorption (eg, lactose malabsorption) and maldigestion (eg, pancreatic insufficiency)is &lt;em&gt;typically&lt;/em&gt; associated with onset of diarrhea soon after eating and/or &lt;em&gt;relief with fasting&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume your doctors have already looked for Crohn's (it appears they've looked for signs of Ulcerative Colitis as well.) Endoscopy and colonoscopy may both miss Crohn's, however, because - unlike UC - Crohn's can skip around in the small intestines; though it is most common in the ilium (the terminal portion of the small bowel) and the proximal colon, it can cause ulceration anywhere from the mouth to the rectum. It can come and go with remissions lasting for years, and, interestingly, Crohn's is often accompanied by abdominal pain and feelings of low energy and fatigue, as well as possible weight loss and malnutrition. Celiac Disease can present in a mild form with only unexplained iron deficiency anemia (from malabsorption) to chronic diarrhea with fatigue and weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also interestingly, Crohn's responds to anti-inflammatory drugs, though the wrench in this scenario is that NSAIDs usually make it worse, not better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a difficult problem, but there are effective treatments for Crohn's. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common cause of episodiic diarrhea (sometimes alternating with constipation). IBS can come and go as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are new tests for Crohn's (e.g. fecal biomarkers) and IBS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If by no food allergies you mean you've had skin testing, then true food allergies have likely not been ruled out, as skin testing is not reliable.  Celiac Disease is diagnosed best by positive serology, positive small bowel biopsy &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; a favorable clinical response to a diet eliminating wheat gluten/gliadin (and perhaps barley and rye as well.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can someone with persistent symptoms without a diagnosis do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, they can try an elimination diet. A person can do that without seeing a doctor. Also keep a food diary. That's always a good idea with any gastrointestinal problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They might talk to their gastroenterologist about different trials. Since you have no definitive diagnosis, a &quot;step-up&quot; approach seems more prudent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118165/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABC of oral health: Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00950.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recurrent aphthous ulceration: vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status and response to replacement therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ccfa.org/what-are-crohns-and-colitis/what-is-crohns-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is Crohn’s Disease?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/definition/con-20032061&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crohn's disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069074/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Celiac Disease: Celiac Sprue, Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1215/p2259.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease): More Common Than You Think&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=215079&amp;amp;resultclick=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108430&amp;amp;resultclick=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yield of Diagnostic Tests for Celiac Disease in Individuals With Symptoms Suggestive of Irritable Bowel Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v95/n12/abs/ajg20001600a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Almost everything you could possibly want to know about food allergies can be found in one of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/clinical/Pages/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States&lt;/a&gt; at this link.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T04:39:00.790" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T04:39:00.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T14:29:42.610" Score="5" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a term for having some of the symptoms of depression such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low mood&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;disinterest in hobbies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sleep issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;self-hatred&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;suicidal thoughts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but instead of it lasting for 2+ weeks, its experienced very intensely for a few days but then goes away for weeks at a time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1995" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-07T04:00:32.110" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T04:00:32.110" Title="Is there a term for depression that is not persistent?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3641" CreationDate="2015-11-06T15:40:07.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you mention several of these episodes weeks apart, a few possible diagnosis come to my mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible diagnosis for a person with these symptoms could be &lt;strong&gt;(rapid cycling) bipolar disorder&lt;/strong&gt;. While bipolar disorder is often associated with people experiencing very noticeable episodes of mania, bipolar disorder can also present with &quot;hypomania&quot; a less severe form of mania where the patient feels good and productive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bipolar disorder comes in several forms. One is rapid cycling bipolar disorder is characterized by more then 4 cycles of mania/hypomania and depression per year. Another is bipolar 2, which often presents with hypomania instead of mania. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible diagnosis is &lt;strong&gt;dysthymia&lt;/strong&gt;, which is a mild, but chronic form of depression occurring for more than 2 years. Mild in this case does not mean that symptoms such as suicidal thoughts are not present, and the severity of symptoms can vary over the course of the disease, often with external influences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dysthymia symptoms usually come and go over a period of years, and their intensity can change over time. But typically symptoms don't disappear for more than two months at a time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible diagnosis would be &lt;strong&gt;cyclothymia&lt;/strong&gt;, a sort of &quot;mix&quot; between the two. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, only a therapist and/or a psychiatrist can make a useful diagnosis, but these are conditions that can show these symptoms and the therapist/psychiatrist would likely explore. (and as always with depressive episodes, excluding &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000353.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt; is important) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources and further reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-adults/index.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bipolar disorder&lt;/a&gt;, includes definitions for hypomania and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysthymia/basics/symptoms/con-20033879&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dysthymia&lt;/a&gt; overview at the Mayo Clinic website &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/basics/definition/con-20028763&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cyclothymia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T15:59:10.243" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T15:59:10.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3634" CreationDate="2015-11-06T17:08:17.990" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer at the moment seems to be a clear &quot;maybe&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a Cochrane review of this very topic. &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003987.pub5&quot;&gt;Combination contraceptives: effects on weight&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Cochrane review is a study where people collect a lot of other studies on the subject, determine whether the studies were well-designed, and, if they were, review those studies and draw a conclusion from that. These reviews get updated as new data becomes available. They are generally considered to be of high quality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Cochrane review includes a section titled &quot;Plain language summary&quot;, which is very helpful for those not familiar with scientific studies - also the review is quite long, so it's good to have a summary of the important points. I'll include a summary here nonetheless. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Cochrane, the author looked at studies of women taking combination contraceptives for more than three months that included data on weight gain. The current conclusion of the review (last updated January 2014) is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Available evidence was insufficient to determine the effect of combination contraceptives on weight, but no large effect was evident. Trials to evaluate the link between combination contraceptives and weight change require a placebo or non-hormonal group to control for other factors, including changes in weight over time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that they found few studies that compared women taking combination contraceptives to women taking a placebo or nothing. This makes sense because contraception is usually taken for, well, contraception, and giving women a placebo instead is often unethical. Those four trials did not find a relationship between contraception use and weight gain. However, the four trials also only included five oral contraceptives and the skin patch, not a very wide variety of contraception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most other studies compared oral combination contraceptives with other oral combination contraceptives or other methods of birth control (like the vaginal ring). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the 79 weight change comparisons evaluating two combination contraceptives, seven showed a difference in the mean weight change or the proportion of women gaining or losing more than a set amount of weight. Even if no association existed between combination contraceptives and weight, one would expect several significant results (Type I errors) since numerous comparisons were made. Regardless of statistical significance, the clinical significance seems negligible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this means that the weight gains in these studies were so low that if a causation existed between taking contraceptives and gaining weight, the studies should have shown a more severe effect than they did. And even if &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; association existed, they would have expected more false positives than what was found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, ultimatively the quality of the available studies is just too low to give a definitive answer at the moment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More than 25% of the trials had high risk of bias due to lack of blinding or incomplete outcome data (Figure 1). The majority of studies had unclear risk of bias due to missing information on randomization sequence generation or allocation concealment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting side note is that most studies only consider weight gain as anything over 2 kilograms or five pounds, which is a bit more than the weight gain described in the question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T17:14:55.913" LastActivityDate="2015-11-06T17:14:55.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-06T17:59:46.667" Score="6" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;For reasons different then you would likely presume I had a women come to me to ask about an STD test a man had provided her.  His tests show positive for HSV-2 (a 2.15 result where &gt;1.09 is positive).  He claimed that it was not genital warts, but instead caused by an 'ear infection'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I gave her the obvious answer I researched HSV some more to be certain I was being fair and accurate.  While HSV-2 is generally associated with genital and rectal herpes it &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be caught on the face, usually orally for obvious reasons.  Thus &lt;em&gt;in theory&lt;/em&gt; I believe one &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; have an HSV-2 that was contracted on or near the ear; though I don't want to think about exactly what process would lead to one contracting it there...  I have not found any actual reference to HSV-2 on or around the ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I don't believe that is what's happened in this case, for plenty of reasons.  Beyond the obvious fact that HSV-2 is far more common genital, and that I still wouldn't call it an 'ear infection' if he had HSV-2 around the ears, there are other warning signs and it's just not worth the risk.  I've already advised her to walk away quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am curious now.  Just for the sake of completeness and my own knowledge (I get asked questions about STDs more then I ever expected, and while I'm not a medical expert but I &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; like to be informed enough to give accurate answers where I can), I was hoping someone could help confirm just how probable, or improbable, having HSV-2 on the ear really is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:35:59.960" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T04:29:16.247" Title="How improbably is an HSV-2 positive test to be caused by an 'ear infection'?" Tags="&lt;sti&gt;&lt;genital-warts&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;&lt;ear-infection&gt;&lt;groin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3656" CreationDate="2015-11-06T18:28:57.417" Score="9" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lots of stuff causes dizziness after/during exercise. But if you Google &quot;&lt;em&gt;dizziness after exercise&lt;/em&gt;&quot; you'll get 10,000 articles and lame blogs that are basically just copies of one another that all essentially make the same vague blanket statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In rare cases, &lt;strong&gt;heart conditions&lt;/strong&gt; can cause dizziness after/during exercise.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, LOL, not a single one of these articles/lame blogs actually deep dives into what &lt;em&gt;specific heart conditions&lt;/em&gt; they are referring to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I ask: &lt;strong&gt;What specific heart conditions would cause dizziness after/during exercise, and why do they make one dizzy?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="1980" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T20:18:10.203" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T18:47:26.827" Title="What heart conditions cause dizziness after/during exercise?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3727" CreationDate="2015-11-06T20:15:47.157" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a theory that the transverse colon can be overpopulated with intestinal flora that, when fed sugar, overproduce CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and cause bloating/pain specifically in and around the hepatic flexure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this theory (or anything similar) been documented? I couldn't find any literature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More importantly, how could this theory be vetted? A low sugar diet could be a candidate, but there are plenty of other sugar/metabolizing-related conditions that such a test would rule out as well (diabetes, etc.). I am looking for a way to target this particular theory. For example, perhaps the bacteria that typically colonizes the transverse colon gives off a particular byproduct that might be detectable with blood or urinalysis, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:08:17.637" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:08:17.637" Title="Testing intestinal flora in transverse colon" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;flora&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3651" CreationDate="2015-11-06T20:24:01.327" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max Heart Rate&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;How accurate really is the 220 -minus my age = max heart rate formula? I don't even come close no matter what I do. My max should be 187. Most blogs say I'm just not exercising hard enough. Today I tested this theory: Sprinted for 3 minutes. Then, slowed down to a brisk walk (139). Then did it again (145). Finally, I started at a good clip, nearly a sprint and kept it up for 8 minutes and ended with an all out sprint for about 50 yards (155). Is this cause for concern? Seems oddly low for someone who really isn't in the greatest shape right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1999" LastEditorUserId="1999" LastEditDate="2015-11-06T22:39:49.567" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T04:45:11.957" Title="Max heart rate questions" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3716" CreationDate="2015-11-07T00:56:18.657" Score="3" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;Six years ago during an endoscopy, the gastroenterologist noted that he had seen a small nodule forming in my stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent endoscopy revealed &lt;em&gt;3 nodules&lt;/em&gt;. The biopsies showed that they were benign, but I'm curious as to why I now have 3 of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked the new gastroenterologist, who spoke very broken English, so it was difficult to understand her. She seemed to be saying that they just &quot;decided&quot; to start aggregating for no known reason. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a printout of the biopsy report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Antral Nodule Biopsy:&#xA;=====================&#xA;Gastric antral mucosa with reactive epithelial changes and few superficial&#xA;intraepithelial neutrophils, consistent with polypoid foveolar hyperplasia&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for &quot;&lt;em&gt;polypoid foveolar hyperplasia&lt;/em&gt;&quot; indicates that this could be caused by something called &lt;em&gt;h.pylori infection&lt;/em&gt; as well as &lt;em&gt;auto-immune gastritis&lt;/em&gt;. However the biopsies came back negative for helicobacter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question: &lt;strong&gt;besides those two, are there any other known causes for this type of hyperplasia?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:12:56.420" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:12:56.420" Title="Causes of polypoid foveolar hyperplasia" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3648" CreationDate="2015-11-07T15:54:46.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, there is no definitive way to predict maximum heart rate for a single individual. There are formulae that can give an approximation, but about the only way to get a good estimate on a personal level is to do a maximal treadmill test with monitoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the 220-age, that is a bad myth, and wasn't based on a study, but simple observation of 11 different references of both published and unpublished research. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cyclingfusion.com/pdf/220-Age-Origins-Problems.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PDF writeup goes through the history&lt;/a&gt; of the 220-age origins, and gives some alternate ways to calculate maxHR. However, especially for exercise science, the margin for error is still too large for clinical use, although it may have slightly better use in a non clinical exercise setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-11-07T15:54:46.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3630" CreationDate="2015-11-08T02:27:22.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic diarrhoea is a surprisingly difficult but interesting subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IBD/Behçet's disease would have to be eliminated if ulcers are significant.&#xA;It's better to do a TFT/Coeliac/HIV test early to avoid unnecessary tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Age would be useful. I did a gastroenterology job as a Junior Doctor and we had a few cases of chronic diarrhoea where most investigations are normal.&#xA;Often  it was just overflow diarrhoea (i.e constipation is the primary problem)&#xA;We also diagnosed a few patients with microscopic colitis (only visible on colonic biopsies)- which are thought to be caused by NSAIDS and got better on stopping.&#xA;So the timing of the NSAIDS may be coincidental - unless the symptoms recur and again responds to NSAIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, we might test for Pancreatic insufficiency (fecal elastase) and test for bile acid malabsorption.&#xA;Lots of potential causes but a gastroenterology referral is what's required if it's troublesome and clearly not IBS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2007" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T02:27:22.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3648" CreationDate="2015-11-08T04:45:11.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many recommend the target to be 70-85% of (220-age) value, rather than value itself. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic site&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/Target-Heart-Rates_UCM_434341_Article.jsp#.Vj7Oo2Meuu1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American Heart Association page&lt;/a&gt;. Moreover, trained athletes often have slower heart rates than those who are sedentary. Hence, slower heart rates are often sign of good exertional ability. Some drugs like beta-blockers slow the heart rate and prevent it from reaching target rate on exercise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart rate checking during exercise is more of a value for persons at extremes of exercise abilities, i.e. those who may be just starting an exercise program and those taking part in competitive athletics. Most other persons can simply exercise to the level that causes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some breathlessness and sweating&lt;/a&gt; and that is not causing excessive exhaustion, breathlessness or chest pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T04:45:11.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3646" CreationDate="2015-11-08T04:59:24.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dizziness or giddiness during exercise is classically caused by obstruction to the outflow of the heart i.e. aortic stenosis (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000178.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;). This condition is most commonly seen in either young persons due to bicuspid aortic valve or in elderly with sclerotic aortic valves. In developing countries, it may occur due to rheumatic heart disease also. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a normal person exercises, extra blood flow is needed in the muscles. Hence, heart starts pumping more blood to keep up with this increased demand of the body. However, in persons with aortic stenosis, orifice of the outlet of the heart is small and fixed. Hence, blood flow (cardiac output) cannot increase when person exercises. Due to blood vessel dilatation in muscles, blood goes preferentially to muscles and flow to the brain gets reduced. Hence giddiness or dizziness occurs. It can progress to syncope, i.e. transient unconsciousness and fall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T06:03:34.397" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T06:03:34.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3658" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3888" CreationDate="2015-11-08T11:47:16.410" Score="14" ViewCount="8589" Body="&lt;p&gt;People with autoimmune diseases are generally either forbidden or discouraged from donating blood. Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People who have autoimmune diseases (such as autoimmune thyroid disease, ankylosing spondylitis) are advised not to donate blood. This is because there is a small risk of causing immune system disturbance and symptomatic disease in patients who receive blood from donors with autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsa.gov.sg/pub/faq/faq/faqcategory/blood-donation.aspx&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any more information in the literature about the cases? I'm especially interested in the &quot;causing symptomatic disease in patients who receive blood&quot; part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T14:40:55.683" LastActivityDate="2019-10-04T19:13:39.217" Title="Risks of blood donation with autoimmune diseases" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3669" CreationDate="2015-11-08T15:12:05.567" Score="6" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;High salt intake appears to be well-established as a risk-factor for cardiovascular disease, usually cited as being due to its effect of increasing your blood pressure. I want to know if that's the whole story, or if there's evidence that salt affects heart disease risk through other pathways (perhaps not yet identified). For instance, studies might have looked into the risk of salt intake &lt;em&gt;while controlling for blood pressure,&lt;/em&gt; but I can't find any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in this because I'd like to consume salt with impunity, and I'm willing to track my blood pressure regularly, so if blood pressure is the whole story then I can just adjust my salt intake later if I find a problem. But if salt is dangerous in ways that I won't be tracking then that's probably not a good plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2011" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T01:38:34.053" Title="Is the heart disease risk arising from salt mediated entirely by blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-08T17:26:08.043" Score="2" ViewCount="1679" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given: &lt;em&gt;If an animal dies from disease or poisoning - eating that meat is not OK.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, an animal dies of old age - is eating that meat OK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not going into a topic of &lt;strong&gt;animal exploitation&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;vegetarianism&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;veganism&lt;/strong&gt; - just want to know that if a cow lives - say 25 years - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;em&gt;Breeding stock may be allowed a longer lifespan, occasionally living as long as 25 years.&lt;/em&gt; - and dies of an old age - are there any medical and health considerations of consuming such meat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assumption - &lt;strong&gt;death is recent&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;occurs overnight in a monitored place&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it's the only cow in the whole village and villagers noticed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="1934" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T15:54:47.447" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T15:54:47.447" Title="Is it healthy to eat meat of an animal that died of an old age?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3598" CreationDate="2015-11-08T21:52:55.067" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Telling people not to look information up themselves is indeed very strange. Especially a recently diagnosed patient  has lots of questions and won't be able to ask all of them at their appointments (questions coming up between appointments, questions from relatives and friends they want to answer, forgetting to ask things, etc.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, searching for information on health issues, &lt;em&gt;especially cancer&lt;/em&gt;, on the internet can be problematic. There are a lot of websites around promising quick cures to all kinds of cancer, if only you eat right / use this product they are selling / stop doing a specific thing / etc. This can lead to patients doing things that they shouldn't, like discontinuing treatments. The internet site Science-based Medicine has a lot of articles in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/cancer/&quot;&gt;cancer tag&lt;/a&gt; debunking such treatments and warning of the dangers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A much more reasonable approach to this problem would be to provide a patient with trusted sources - pamphlets and such, of course, but also links to websites that can generally be trusted with information about medical treatment, but is accessible to laypeople, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/resources-for/patients&quot;&gt;the US National Institute for Cancer&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/basics/definition/con-20032378&quot;&gt;the Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;. For patients a bit younger, the cancer.net website (which is a website by the the American Society of Clinical Oncology) has a list of resources for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/young-adults/resources-young-adults&quot;&gt;young adults&lt;/a&gt;. They also have information on &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/cancer-information-on-the-internet&quot;&gt;how to evaluate information found on the internet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health care professionals should  encourage patients to discuss anything they read and have questions about with a professional. The reality of today is that, even if you tell patients they shouldn't look something up, they likely will. So it's important they know how to evaluate and deal with the information they find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;studies indicate that 16-64% of patients are using the internet to obtain health information. For the most part, patients perceive the online information to be reliable but maintain a healthy degree of skepticism. Studies objectively evaluating cancer information on the internet indicate that there is reasonable quality, although the language level of many sites is higher than that of the average American, which may limit the utility of the websites &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18259953&quot;&gt;Internet health resources and the cancer patient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your friend wants to and has the energy to, I don't think it would be wrong to push back on this blanket policy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies done regarding this subject  find that Internet use makes patients more informed and helps them take a more active role in their health care decisions, which may prevent the feeling of helplessness many cancer patients experience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cancer patients’ Internet use for health information at wave one led them to want to be more active participants in medical decision making&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399110005525&quot;&gt;Internet use leads cancer patients to be active health care consumers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-09T10:45:51.010" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T10:45:51.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3598" CreationDate="2015-11-08T22:44:51.823" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with @YviDe. There are other possible reasons not mentioned, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the internet, which is not tailored to individuals, there is no way to tell which category of a particular illness you fall into. People can read about the worst case scenario and not know how likely or unlikely it is to apply to them. No one wants a patient with cancer to suffer &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; than they are already destined to. Most likely, it is an attempt to protect the patient from unnecessary worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The flip side of that is that the medical care provider needs to be able to supply all the information the patient needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do acknowledge that there is a lot of good information out there, and the best practice is probably to steer the patient to it specifically. But most often, people are not equipped to evaluate what they read on a medical site. A small but not uncommon example of this is the patient who reads about their medication's &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; side effects on a website and decides to stop taking it (or worse yet, stop giving it to their child.) They don't know that the risk-to-benefit ratio should already have been taken into account by the prescribing physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very good case in point is the whole anti-vaccine thing. That could not have happened without the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, physicians don't have the time to address all the quack claims that can be found on the internet about every illness. That might also be a reason to tell the patient to stay away from the internet. If you were a pediatrician, you could attest to how time-consuming it is to talk about vaccines with some parents, regardless of the fact that the person who published the study 1) falsified information, 2) was paid to do it, 3) lost his license to practice medicine because of his unethical behavior  4) no study has ever confirmed his findings and 5) there is copious information on the internet on the benefits of vaccinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internet has not panned out to be the godsend it was first thought it would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-08T22:54:58.453" LastActivityDate="2015-11-08T22:54:58.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3807" CreationDate="2015-11-09T01:37:48.647" Score="10" ViewCount="30879" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the the stomach must secrete HCl and pepsin to break down food. If I have an empty stomach, then drink a large amount of liquid, I wonder if the liquid passes quickly, or gets processed in the same amount of time as solid food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how does the stomach handle an environment of pure liquid, versus an environment of solid foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2019" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T20:55:25.507" LastActivityDate="2017-08-18T22:19:09.913" Title="How does the stomach handle liquid vs solid food?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3659" CreationDate="2015-11-09T01:38:34.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are onto something.  In the past few years, there have been much research that questions or contradicts the supposedly well-established concensus that we should eat less than 2.3 grams of sodium (included in table salt) per day and preferably even less (1.5 grams per day).  There are several excellent NYT articles on the subject including &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/health/study-linking-illness-and-salt-leaves-researchers-doubtful.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study Linking Illness and Salt Leaves Reserachers Doubtful&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/health/panel-finds-no-benefit-in-sharply-restricting-sodium.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;No Benefit Seen in Sharp Limits on Salt in Diet&lt;/a&gt;.  Thus, based on those mentioned studies within the NYT articles you can probably feel comfortable taking in more sodium (included in table salt) than the standard recommendations.  One of the NYT articles mentioned that review of extensive research indicated that the most favorable health outcomes were associated with sodium intake ranging from 2.645 to 4.945 grams per day.  That's about twice the recommended range mentioned above.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, independent of high blood pressure alone, sodium/salt does play a role in kidney health.  The following study has some information on this issue &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12113591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Salt Intake and Kidney Disease&lt;/a&gt;.  If you belong to a &quot;salt-sensitive&quot; demographic group (defined in the study as &quot;elderly, obese, diabetic or black patients&quot;) you may have to watch out your salt intake somewhat more carefully.  Otherwise, you may be just fine intaking sodium/salt within the mentioned range by the NYT article.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2015-11-09T01:38:34.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T00:19:16.297" Score="5" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often find myself working on projects late into the night. The problem I have is that at some point, I almost always crash. I'll start feeling tired, and half an hour to an hour later, I'm out like a light. I've played around with coffee (only buys a few extra hours), loud music, bright lights, etc. It seems that inevitably I get tired, and then pass hour for 6 to 10 hours. Moreover, it really doesn't matter what alarm I set for myself during the pass-out time, as I always sleep through them, no matter how loud, frequent or annoying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question, made as specific as possible, is &lt;strong&gt;how do I manage to skip a night of sleep, without caffeine, and without immediately crashing afterward?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T06:07:31.200" Title="Is there a (quasi-)healthy way of resisting sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3622" CreationDate="2015-11-10T02:53:03.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Humans have been spending hours per day immersed in sea water without harm since before recorded history. Many sportsmen, professional divers, and fishermen still do. Other than the mild drying effects salt water has on the skin, I can find no documentation of harm from exposure to it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else might be in the water can only be revealed by laboratory testing. If you want to be sure the water is free of harmful contaminants, you'll need to have it tested. Never a bad idea with well water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T02:53:03.897" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T03:19:07.690" Score="4" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually drink about half a glass of red wine every day at dinner. Over a period of 4 or 5 days, I'll usually consume a 750 mL bottle of red wine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is about 150 mL of red wine every day a good amount for your health, or it is too much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2023" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T03:00:13.360" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T03:00:13.360" Title="How much red wine is too much?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3660" CreationDate="2015-11-10T14:23:07.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only consequence is that meat from older animals is generally tougher. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8586588&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) To compensate, cooks usually use meat from older animals in soups, stews and other dishes that require long, slow cooking in liquid (braising). Braising breaks down connective tissue and tenderizes the meat. For example, older chickens are often referred to as stewing hens while younger birds are referred to as fryers, reflecting their best uses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2015-11-10T14:23:07.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T17:12:03.973" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;The PRK myopia operation has corrected a strong myopic defect (9 degree) in an optical zone of 6mm of diameter. But the pupil is larger than this treated zone on the cornea. &#xA;This means that the contact lens should correct the direction of light &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; outside an area with a diameter of 6 mm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can aberrometric contact lens correct night halos?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ID7Y6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ID7Y6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lasik-center.com/simulator/freevissimulator_result.html?dioptrien=4&amp;amp;pupille=f&amp;amp;x=85&amp;amp;y=9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.lasik-center.com/simulator/freevissimulator_result.html?dioptrien=4&amp;amp;pupille=f&amp;amp;x=85&amp;amp;y=9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="212" LastEditorUserId="212" LastEditDate="2017-04-26T09:03:31.577" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T09:03:31.577" Title="Can aberrometric contact lens correct night halo after a PRK?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-10T21:24:16.650" Score="0" ViewCount="23333" Body="&lt;p&gt;Friends wanted to go to McDonalds to eat.  To find some healthier choices, I looked at the calorie, protein, fat, trans fat, carbohydrate, sugar, and cholesterol content of some of the items.  I decided on a salad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was very surprised to learn how many of their popular ingredients contain &lt;strong&gt;high fructose corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What confused me, however, was that a Big Mac and a Quarter Pounder with Cheese have exactly the same amount of calories (540 calories).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this possible?  The Big Mac has an entire extra half of a bun as well as that &quot;special sauce&quot;.  They both have two slices of cheese.  I think the Quarter Pounder may have a little more meat than the Big Mac, but it does not seem like enough to compensate for the extra half bun and special sauce on the Big Mac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T21:09:32.073" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T21:09:32.073" Title="Calories of McDonald's Big Mac vs. Quarter Pounder with Cheese" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-20T14:35:52.737" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T09:45:54.633" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering an accident that results in heavy bleeding (say legs are crushed), but no internal damage to the brain or torso, what would stop first: the brain or the heart? Is there an order to organ failure from loss of blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2008" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T20:29:39.697" Title="Extreme bleeding - what shuts down first?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3488" CreationDate="2015-11-11T10:55:38.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My understanding is that quadrivalent flu shots are designed to build immunity to 4 flu virus strains, while trivalent flu shots are designed to build immunity to 3 flu virus strains. Is this accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For years, flu vaccines were designed to protect against three different flu viruses (trivalent). This included an influenza A H1N1 virus, an influenza A H3N2 virus and one B virus. Experts had to choose one B virus, even though there are two very different lineages of B viruses that both circulate during most seasons. This meant the vaccine did not protect against the group of B viruses not included in the vaccine. Adding another B virus to the vaccine aims to give broader protection against circulating flu viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quadrivalent flu vaccine is also just as safe as the trivalent one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that vaccines made to protect against four flu viruses have a safety profile similar to seasonal flu vaccines made to protect against three viruses, with similar—mostly mild—side effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/quadrivalent.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source for both quotes: CDC page on quadrivalent flu vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now why would people choose the trivalent one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one, the quadrivalent flu vaccine is more expensive. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; the difference is more than 50 percent. This probably means there is a market for it, so it still gets produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, some patients (and some doctors) will be cautious about anything they perceive as new and &quot;untested&quot; and thus prefer the old one for a few more years. That's another reason to still produce and ship the trivalent flu vaccine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the quadrivalent flu vaccine is not available (for example because not enough was ordered), taking the trivalent flu vaccine is recommended over waiting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don’t delay getting a flu vaccine if you cannot locate a quadrivalent vaccine. The important thing is to get vaccinated against influenza. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/quadrivalent.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-11T11:18:11.413" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T11:18:11.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2011" CreationDate="2015-11-11T11:45:09.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, or at least waterproof enough to bath and swim while wearing it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Patient-Resources/fact-sheets/Contraceptive-Patch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Association of Reproductive Health Professionals&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can wear the patch while bathing, showering, swimming, and exercising&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception-guide/pages/contraceptive-patch.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the NHS&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can wear the patch in the bath, in the swimming pool and while playing sports&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And according to the review &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researchgate.net/publication/276966686_Transdermal_EthinylestradiolNorelgestromin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transdermal ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin: a review of its use in hormonal contraception&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During three efficacy studies in which more than 70 000 patches were used (7-day duration of application), 1.8% were replaced because of complete detachment and 2.9% for partial detachment. Neither living in a humid climate nor physical activity, including exercise, heat, &lt;strong&gt;humidity, and water immersion&lt;/strong&gt;, seemed to affect patch adhesion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patch detaches, it needs to be replaced, but water immersion such as bathing and swimming does not appear to significantly increase the risk of it happening. Water immersion also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028201032617&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't reduce the hormone uptake of the patient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T11:45:09.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T12:11:29.137" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two ways of donating to help patients with destroyed stem cells: one surgical (bone marrow donation) and one nonsurgical that is done with a process that is similar to donating blood (peripheral blood stem cell transplantation - PBCST). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What conditions are used to decide the method of donation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:42:29.870" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T04:03:30.353" Title="Bone marrow donation vs. peripheral blood stem cell transplantation" Tags="&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-11T20:56:13.487" Score="5" ViewCount="20451" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this question is related to my other &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1952/how-much-space-should-be-in-between-taking-an-antidepressant-and-drinking-coffee&quot;&gt;question here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerta or other kinds of methylphenidate can be and is seen by some to be several cups of a coffee in one pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided my understanding is not so bad, why exactly then is it bad if I add another cup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is something wrong with my understanding of methylphenidate, what is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1407" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2021-04-30T16:55:04.437" Title="What is wrong with taking coffee and methylphenidate together?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3680" CreationDate="2015-11-11T21:03:14.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;SE participant Ivo Beckers provided the key to this answer.  He pointed out that the Big Mac typically only has one piece of cheese, not two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the big caloric differences are that the Big Mac has an extra half of a bun and &quot;special sauce&quot;, whereas the Quarter Pounder with Cheese has an extra slice of cheese, 0.8oz more beef, and ketchup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those differences offset each other evenly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why did the McDonald's employee tell me the Big Mac has two slices of cheese?  Well, either that restaurant makes it different, or the information he provided was erroneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In researching this question and answer, I learned some interesting facts according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/food/product_nutrition.burgerssandwiches.5.big-mac.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;McDonald's nutrition information for the Big Mac&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/food/product_nutrition.burgerssandwiches.7.quarter-pounder-with-cheese.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quarter Pounder with Cheese&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;McDonald's &quot;special sauce&quot; contains 90 calories per 0.6oz, whereas the ketchup contains only 20 calories for the same quantity (and the mustard has zero calories).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;McDonald's &quot;special sauce&quot; contains &lt;strong&gt;high fructose corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;sugar&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;McDonald's ketchup contains &lt;strong&gt;high fructose corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;McDonald's sesame seed buns contain &lt;strong&gt;high fructose corn syrup&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even though the Big Mac has less beef than the Quarter Pounder with Cheese (2.2oz vs 3oz), its beef has more salt (250mg vs 190mg).  However, the Quarter Pounder with Cheese has more overall salt largely due to the extra slice of cheese (1110mg of sodium vs. 970mg).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both the Big Mac and the Quarter Pounder with Cheese contain &lt;strong&gt;trans fat&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the McDonald's health and nutrition information website is excellent and is largely a model of how to effectively and clearly provide nutrition information.  You can add and subtract each ingredient to see how it affects the nutrition information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find an possible error in it, however.  When I view the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/food/product_nutrition.burgerssandwiches.7.quarter-pounder-with-cheese.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nutrition information for the Quarter Pounder with Cheese&lt;/a&gt; and remove all ingredients except for the beef patties, their website shows they have a total of 1g of &lt;strong&gt;trans fat&lt;/strong&gt;.  When I do the same for the &quot;Pasteurized Process American Cheese&quot;, it says the cheese has 0g of &lt;strong&gt;trans fat&lt;/strong&gt;.  Yet, when I put the two ingredients together, the &lt;strong&gt;trans fat&lt;/strong&gt; jumps to 1.5g.  I'm not sure if this is a special McMath, a rounding issue, or a genuine McError.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2015-11-11T21:03:14.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="191" CreationDate="2015-11-12T01:57:12.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a very easy solution that will work great for you.  I had similar problem.  I was developing potentially impairing carpal tunnel syndrome on my right hand.  I simply taught myself to use the mouse with my left hand.  It is actually really easy.  You really do not need to be ambidextrous.  Within 5 to 10 minutes, you probably will forget you are using the mouse with your non-dominant hand.  As you do that, your problems will go away with your right hand.  You may notice over time that those problems may surface on the other hand.  And, when that occurs you simply shift back to the other hand until the left hand is rested.  And, then shift back again.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have maintained a regime whereby I use my left hand at work, where I do most of my mousing.  But, when I am home I shift back to my right hand.  I have done that successfully for years with no more major issues on either side.  You may try a version of this.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T01:57:12.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3672" CreationDate="2015-11-12T02:14:17.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is &quot;really badly.&quot;  There are several drugs to treat ADHD that students are taking to improve focus and study all-nighters before exams.  But, this is a really unhealthy use of those medications.  You most probably will eventually crash (as you would say) because you have to.  This is your body's way of recovering from the damage you are imparting on it by skipping sleep.  It is clearly not a sustainable effort.  Human beings do need sleep for body repair, cognitive function and learning (yes sleep plays a key role in encoding information you have learned during the day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure the long term effect of taking ADHD drugs for adults regarding impact on sleep has been studied.  This is probably because ADHD drugs are typically not aimed at adults to begin with, but to treat children with ADHD.  There has been some studies regarding ADHD children (medicated and unmedicated) and their respective sleep patterns vs control groups.  And, the results are not entirely conclusive as expressed in this one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(09)63244-5/abstract?cc=y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above, nevertheless, should not give one any comfort that using such ADHD drugs over the long term as adults to reduce chronically sleep requirement is safe. That's for a simple reason, attempting to reduce one's sleep requirement is downright unhealthy and dangerous by itself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, human beings differ.  A rare minority of the population (1% or 2% of the general population) are called &quot;short sleepers.&quot;  These fairly extraordinary individuals can fare very well with much less sleep than the rest of us (probably half the requirement or close to 3 or 4 hours a night instead of the regular 7-8 hours).  Unless, you are a true short sleeper any effort to cut on sleep is not a healthy idea.        &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1309" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T04:32:57.443" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T04:32:57.443" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3694" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3699" CreationDate="2015-11-12T07:54:31.063" Score="4" ViewCount="3079" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always have pet dogs in my house. Day in &amp;amp; day out my dog bites me playfully; sometimes while cleaning his teeth, he closes his mouth suddenly to cut my finger. These happened for quite long since my first dog. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was the bite one year back&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vYBlk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vYBlk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHaJc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iHaJc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, I wash my hands with carbolic soaps &amp;amp; then leave them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though they are vaccinised, I often take a booster of tetanus. But the doctor said it is not always necessary to take tetanus booster every time it bites or scratches. I don't know why he told so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main question is: Can I apply dettol or savlon in these cuts? Can I use band-aids on them?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there any possible explanation of why the doctor told not to take booster all the time after all they are not hazardous drugs, are they?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1893" LastEditorDisplayName="user1893" LastEditDate="2015-11-12T07:59:49.283" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T22:35:02.843" Title="Can I apply dettol &amp; adhesive bandages on dog bites?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3926" CreationDate="2015-11-12T13:08:57.530" Score="9" ViewCount="22921" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am able to cross my eyes when I want. Can doing this somehow damage my vision by giving me &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001004.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;strabismus&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1948" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T22:49:17.543" LastActivityDate="2018-03-20T17:59:20.997" Title="Can crossing my eyes damage them?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-28T14:38:35.730" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3694" CreationDate="2015-11-12T21:40:04.437" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tetanus Vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If you get a tetanus shot every five years you are good to go. The recommended dose of tetanus toxoid (vaccine) is every ten years but since: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a small percentage of individuals, antitoxin levels fall below the minimal protective level before 10 years have elapsed, to ensure adequate protective antitoxin levels, persons who sustain a wound that is other than clean and minor should receive a tetanus booster if more than 5 years have elapsed since their last dose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html&quot;&gt;http://cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html&lt;/a&gt; chapter on tetanus) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your &lt;strong&gt;wounds&lt;/strong&gt;, it is better to wash them with simple soaps and water and leave them to heal without band-aids. The principle is: use solutions that do not cause further damage to the skin and that can be applied to clean most residues and dead tissue with mechanic force rather than chemical action. The most used in Hospital settings is saline solution (H2O plus NaCl at 0.9&amp;amp;), we use it with a syringe so the water comes with pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the general recommendations for wound management/treatment: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Apply direct pressure to any bleeding wound, to control hemorrhage. Tourniquets are rarely indicated since they may reduce tissue&#xA;  viability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Examine wounds for gross contamination, devitalized tissue, and&#xA;  foreign bodies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Remove constricting rings or other jewelry from injured body part.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cleanse the wound periphery with soap and sterile water or available&#xA;  solutions, and provide anesthetics and analgesia whenever possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Irrigate wounds with saline solution using a large bore needle and syringe. If unavailable, bottled water is acceptable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Leave contaminated wounds, bites, and punctures open. Wounds that are sutured in an unsterile environment, or are not cleansed,irrigated, and debrided appropriately, are at high risk for infection due to contamination. Wounds that are not closed primarily (sutured) because of high risk of infection should be considered for delayed primary closure by experienced medical staff using sterile technique.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Remove devitalized tissue and foreign bodies prior to repair as they may increase the incidence of infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Clip hair close to the wound, if necessary. Shaving of hair is not&#xA;  necessary, and may increase the chance of wound infection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cover wounds (other than contaminated wounds, bites, and punctures) with dry dressing; deeper wounds may require packing with saline  soaked gauze and subsequent coverage with a dry bulky dressing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/emergwoundhcp.asp&quot;&gt;http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/emergwoundhcp.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2035" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-16T22:35:02.843" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T22:35:02.843" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-12T22:07:36.050" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physionet.org/challenge/2015/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that the loud alarms in the ICU have a deleterious effect on patients' outcomes. Are there any significant benefits to these loud alarms? Otherwise, shouldn't they use some more discrete alarms(e.g. in their pocket/phone) instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alarms in the ICU can lead to a disruption of care, impacting both the patient and the clinical staff through noise disturbances, desensitization to warnings and slowing of response times [1], leading to decreased quality of care [2,3]. ICU alarms produce sound intensities above 80 dB that can lead to sleep deprivation [1,4,5], inferior sleep structure [6,7], stress for both patients and staff [10,11,12,13] and depressed immune systems [14]. There are also indications that the incidence of re-hospitalization is lower if disruptive noise levels are decreased during a patient's stay [15]. Furthermore, such disruptions have been shown to have an important effect on recovery and length of stay [2,10]. In particular, cortisol levels have been shown to be elevated (reflecting increased stress) [12,13], and sleep disruption has been shown to lead to longer stays in the ICU [5]. ICU false alarm (FA) rates as high as 86% have been reported, with between 6% and 40% of ICU alarms having been shown to be true but clinically insignificant (requiring no immediate action) [16]. In fact, only 2% to 9% of alarms have been found to be important for patient management [17].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:02:57.083" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:02:57.083" Title="Are there any significant benefits to loud alarms in the ICU?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3701" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3703" CreationDate="2015-11-12T22:10:37.523" Score="3" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;A colleague recently took a urine drug test for a new position they accepted. Once they (colleague) concluded the test, they used a paper towel (i would imagine a run of the mill, unstyled white paper towel as you would commonly see in offices and such) as a &quot;sanitary buffer&quot; and accidentally tightened the lid with a corner of the towel inside the specimen container.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the towel touched the sample, would it produce an &quot;adulterated&quot; exception to the test result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2046" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:27:28.167" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:27:28.167" Title="Would a paper towel cause a specimen to be flagged as &quot;adulterated&quot;" Tags="&lt;urine-test&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3701" CreationDate="2015-11-12T23:52:33.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit of paper towel won't have any effect on a urine sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People try a great many things to adulterate urine specimens: dilution, adding bleach, taking diuretics, adding lye, you name it, it's probably been tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your friend had no illicit drug use before the drug test, there will not be a false positive result (paper doesn't contain drugs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;False positives&lt;/em&gt; are a valid concern, therefore there is much attention paid to such results. Further tests are usually done on positive urine samples to insure that they're true positives, such as gas chromatography, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's false negatives that recreational drug users are interested in producing. And the guidelines in place for that are pretty uniform: the urine must be within normal ranges for temperature, pH, specific gravity, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2811%2961120-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Urine Drug Screening: Practical Guide for Clinicians&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-11-12T23:52:33.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-13T09:12:42.637" Score="2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a whitehead building on my nose for weeks, and I decided enough was enough and squeezed it out. It didn't pop, it just kind of came out. But it left a hole, like an actual open hole, about a millimeter in diamater. How do I prevent that from turning into a scar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2050" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T09:15:48.073" Title="How can I prevent a &quot;pimple hole&quot; from scarring?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3514" CreationDate="2015-11-13T09:57:13.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Giving a definitive answer is not easy because angina is often not the only condition patients with angina suffer from. Thus, it can't be looked at &quot;in a vacuum&quot;, so to speak. And, of course, it also very much depends on whether adequate medical care is available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Numbers also vary between the forms of angina: stable angina and unstable angina. Stable angina might develop into unstable angina, which can be one of the first signs of a heart attack (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angina&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is angina?&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stable angina&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long-term prognosis for those with stable angina is variable, with mortality rates of between 0.9%– 6.5% per annum&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bjcardio.co.uk/2011/10/the-management-of-stable-angina/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The management of stable angina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since patients with angina are often older and already in bad health, these numbers &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; even be the same or close to the &quot;normal&quot; death rate. As you can see from the wide range, the risk varies a lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The introduction section of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860751/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Favourable long term prognosis in stable angina pectoris: an extended follow up of the angina prognosis study in Stockholm (APSIS)&lt;/a&gt; lists a lot of studies that found an annual death risk of about one percent, often not different from control groups without angina. This is the rate for patients with good state-of-the-art medical care and treatment, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unstable angina&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unstable angina is a condition that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/SymptomsDiagnosisofHeartAttack/Unstable-Angina_UCM_437513_Article.jsp#mainContent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;needs to be treated with emergency medical care&lt;/a&gt;, as it is one of the signs of a heart attack. If the patient survives the first months, the death risk returns to the level of stable angina. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This observational study reported that the in-hospital event rates for unstable angina included a 2% mortality rate, 4% progression to myocardial infarction and 3% recurrence of refractory ischaemia. &lt;strong&gt;By 6 months this had risen to 7% mortality&lt;/strong&gt;, 7% myocardial infarction and 17% recurrent myocardial ischaemia. One year after the index episode of unstable angina, the cardiovascular event rate had returned to that of patients with stable angina and a similar risk factor profile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/1/69.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Unstable angina: the first 48 hours and later in-hospital management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-13T10:12:32.283" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T10:12:32.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-13T13:33:14.423" Score="8" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;h1&gt;General case&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the strategy you use to find a good / appropriate doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current ones I know are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Randomness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth to mouth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reading online reviews&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Randomness gives... random results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mouth to mouth is not necessarily better because often the friend/family that consulted has not much legitimity to evaluate how effective the doctor was. Often they will judge more the relationship to their doctor that the performance of the doctor. It may be appropriate for certain people but in my case I just expect the doctor to be good, kindness is just a bonus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading online reviews: there's often not much available and it compares to mouth to mounth. Sometimes the doctor has a website and will display his show his research papers but it's usually not the case, and when it's the case that doctor is often expensive and unbookable before 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;My personal case&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any condition that will make me die in the very short term. I have mostly conditions I'd like fixed and that can greatly improve my life. I won't go into details publicly but think about that kind of conditions: stress, anxiety, addiction, sleep, diabete, hormonal problem, obesity...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am somehow frightened to go to an experienced but passionless&#xA;doctor that relies on what he learnt at school 30 years ago at school without updating itself at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I don't expect my doctor to give me only a diagnostic and pills, I expect him to explain me in a quantified way how my own body work, so that I can adapt my lifestyle&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I'm a big fan of the ideas behind &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantified_Self&quot;&gt;Quantified-Self&lt;/a&gt;. I think we all have a different body and DNA, and we should all take the time to understand how our own body work. &#xA;I would like my doctor to be ok with self experiments. I would like him to design meaningful lifestyle change tests and take quantified measures of the results, like blood tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd like to know, if you were in my position, how would you search the the appropriate doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2052" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T14:21:13.690" Title="How to find a good (or appropriate) doctor" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-13T17:00:11.237" Score="4" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any resources or literature that spell out the factors affecting image quality for each of the main imaging techniques or can someone provide such a list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2054" LastEditorUserId="2054" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T18:45:02.720" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T21:25:44.143" Title="Medical imaging - image quality?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3649" CreationDate="2015-11-13T18:40:14.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_urease_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CLO test&lt;/a&gt; comes up negative on the biopsy, you could have your blood tested to see if you are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465349&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sera positive&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H. pylori&lt;/a&gt;.  This would show if you've ever been exposed rather than have an ongoing infection in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_%28medicine%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polyp&lt;/a&gt;. This may not be medically significant, however, because it would not show active infection and a need for antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplastic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hyperplastic&lt;/a&gt; polyps are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491866/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common&lt;/a&gt;, benign, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962745/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;often asymptomatic&lt;/a&gt;.  They can arise from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085239/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;any insult&lt;/a&gt; (injury) to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;epithelium&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;intestine&lt;/a&gt;.  Your question then becomes what can cause insults the epithelium?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most obvious is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_trauma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;abdominal trauma&lt;/a&gt; (car accidents, stabbings, gun shot wounds, etc), but in the West that is not the most common cause.  As you mentioned, H. pylori and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150032/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;auto-immune disorders&lt;/a&gt; are often screened against first, because they are more medically significant and common causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But plenty of things can damage your intestinal epithelium.  Viruses and bacteria are common causes.  One of my &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450971/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;favorite studies&lt;/a&gt; took the biopsies from 15 different patents and conducted deep sequencing of of the genetic material contained in the polyps to look for viral and bacterial genetic markers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see there are plenty of viruses:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TVE1z.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TVE1z.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Viral Family Count in colon polyps&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And plenty of bacteria:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wlAbp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wlAbp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Bacterial Family detection in colon polyps&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ulcers&lt;/a&gt; can be another cause, which could further implicate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_ulcer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stress&lt;/a&gt; as a cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2015-11-13T18:40:14.260" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3647" CreationDate="2015-11-13T19:47:42.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I consider this hypothesis unlikely, but possible, there are things that could be done to investigate this idea directly (most likely at consuming a significant amount of personal funds if you are willing to find anyone to do them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, yes bloating or excessive intestinal gas disorders/diseases exists.  While not a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Journal_of_Gastroenterology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;great journal&lt;/a&gt;, and one that uses industry standards that differ from more established guidelines, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25339827&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here is a review&lt;/a&gt; that should be more approachable to the public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first and most obvious would be to look for excessive intestinal gasses.  This would be noted by increased &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;flatulence&lt;/a&gt;, or if in an extreme case, a local build-up would be noticeable in a CT or X-ray.  The fact that it is not moving around, but staying in your upper right abdomen, would mean that a local build up would be more likely, and thus more likely to be found in radiology.  The fact that these tests were done, but did not yield results is evidence against the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to test the output &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;metabolome&lt;/a&gt; of your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;intestinal flora&lt;/a&gt;, you're probably better suited to test the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;volatile organic compounds (VOCs)&lt;/a&gt; found in your flatulence.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enose.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A group&lt;/a&gt; in the Netherlands, who own the design to a particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_nose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;electronic nose&lt;/a&gt; called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enose.nl/rd/technology/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eNose&lt;/a&gt;, published the idea of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v6/i4/111.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;using feacal volatiles to&lt;/a&gt; &quot;considerably improve screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring for gastro-intestinal diseases.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is certainly not an FDA approved method, and again it was published in the same low-impact journal that caters to companies publishing about their own tech.  The idea has merit, however a large database of samples correlated with successful diagnoses via other means would need to be established before this was of any practical use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, biopsies and swabs of the colon could be taken during an endoscopy, and the microbes present could be tested for.  This could be compared to some growing databases of individual microbiomes from NIH's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/43021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Human Microbiome Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not think that trying to starve your gut flora via lower sugar diet is likely to have any noticeable effects.  Your GI specialist would have recommended any diagnostic diets to try if there was a likely test that could have been done (all liquid for example).  Testing feacal volatiles or comparing your microbiome would be human medical research/experiments at best (beyond the care you would be able to get in most countries outside of a medical study like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/212594&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the assumption that you are asking this here, that you are not interested in other diagnoses, and your other questions regarding polyps and GERD, I'm going to assume that this a theory that your GI specialist didn't put forward or one they didn't agree with.  They should be able to screen for the causes of your pain if it arises from an issue with your GI tract.  On the idea that they haven't (and therefore this specific hypothesis), &lt;strong&gt;I would highly suggest you seek treatment from a pain specialist, to test for things &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathic_pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;neuropathic pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-01-30T01:58:38.047" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T01:58:38.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3744" CreationDate="2015-11-14T01:20:16.387" Score="8" ViewCount="34567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, if medications such as antibiotics are to be taken 4 times or more a day (so every 6 hours), what happens during the night with such a long gap in between (8 hours). I have heard that the impact of medication lessens if the dosage is delayed, so how come sleep through the night without medication is okay? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T16:59:09.190" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T08:19:52.817" Title="Use of antibiotics and the night gap" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-14T06:04:02.120" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Some stents are coated with medicine that is slowly and continuously released into the artery. These stents are called drug-eluting stents. The medicine helps prevent the artery from becoming blocked again. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between big hollow stent and small hollow leg stent? Are there any side effects of big hollow stent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2063" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:16:19.223" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T00:16:19.223" Title="Which is a good size of leg stent?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3130" CreationDate="2015-11-14T06:08:09.010" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Referring to published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/&quot;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt;, there is no known quota on drinking frequency since fluid intake from beverages and food in time period takes care of the total hydration status of an individual in a day. Daily consumption below the range of adequate intake of water may not produce harmful effects to the body because hydration is received from intake of beverages and foods other than the normal water intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#74&quot;&gt;Research&lt;/a&gt; into hydration reveals humans must maintain water balance in order to stay healthy. Humans receive hydration i.e. water from daily food and water intake, and generally lose water in the form of sweat, urine and exhalation. Drinking water is beneficial in those with a water deficit particularly due to dehydration which can be caused by other factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, burns etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendations on adequate intake of water which includes total water intake (water from beverages and food) is found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/table/T6/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the course of a few hours, body water deficits can occur due to reduced intake or increased water losses from physical activity and environmental (e.g., heat) exposure. However, on a day-to-day basis, fluid intake, driven by the combination of thirst and the consumption of beverages at meals, allows maintenance of hydration status and total body water at normal levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1784" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T06:08:09.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-14T14:31:11.907" Score="2" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had throat ulcers for five days now; there are multiple lesions throughout my throat. In the past few days, I've also noticed that my face has been breaking out, somewhat similar to the chicken pox. I've felt a lot of pain in my throat and throughout my jaw when swallowing. After three days of this pain, I went to the doctor and she prescribed an over the counter remedy of combining Benadryl and Maalox to 'coat' the back of my throat. This did not work, as the pain returned within five minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My doctor said that these ulcers would go away on their own in a matter of days, but it is difficult to function with this pain. Are there any other treatments that I could seek to ease the pain over the next few days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2064" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T00:13:14.453" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T00:13:14.453" Title="What to do about throat ulcers?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3740" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-14T18:05:22.317" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T18:05:22.317" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T18:05:22.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3741" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-14T18:05:22.317" Score="0" Body="Questions related to disorders/diseases of the teeth and gums, including questions about prevention of dental health issues or dental procedures. " OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-14T19:20:24.140" LastActivityDate="2015-11-14T19:20:24.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3733" CreationDate="2015-11-15T04:02:08.600" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are very few (but there &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; some) medications that need to be taken at very strict time intervals; early drugs for AIDS needed to be taken even in the middle of the night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one expects &lt;em&gt;four times a day&lt;/em&gt; to mean, literally, every 6 hours on the minute. The dose is calculated to cover that period of rest (sleep).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand this, you need to understand steady state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a certain number of doses, a drug builds up in the body &lt;em&gt;to a steady state&lt;/em&gt; - meaning it stays more or less in the same concentration in the blood between doses, or to put it another way, the amount being taken in and the amount being eliminated by the body are about equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not guesswork; researchers study the drug before it's even released to determine such things (see the second reference.) Pharmacokinetic studies determine the dosages at which the concentration of a particular drug/antibiotic is always high enough between doses such that serum levels don't fall below effective levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say a drug under investigation is given every 12 hours. Blood is drawn at frequent intervals over a number of doses for to determine peak levels (the time at which the concentration in the blood is highest) and trough levels (the time when the drug is the lowest.) If at the trough level the drug is below that needed to be effective, the dosing interval decreases: the subject must take it more frequently, say every 8 hours. This cycle continues until the ideal dosage and dose interval is established. The final recommendation takes into account how long you can go without taking the drug and still have enough drug - how to take the drug such that the steady state is maintained - if you sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a drug falls below the effective dose quickly (say it is metabolized into an ineffective product), and a satisfactory prolonged serum level can't be arrived at, the prescribing physician will alert you to the fact that you &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; take it to as close to how it's prescribed as possible, and will tell you what to do if you miss a dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the timing of administration of life-saving drugs is &lt;em&gt;critical&lt;/em&gt;, it's not uncommon to hospitalize a patient to assure such administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have heard that the impact of medication lessens if the dosage is delayed, so how come sleep through the night without medication is okay? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That has all been calculated so that there is adequate and continuous coverage. The bacteria have no opportunity to &quot;develop resistance&quot; while you sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675903/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibacterial Agents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02899.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of dabigatran etexilate, a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in healthy male subjects&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;- An example of how pharmacodynamics are determied.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-16T08:59:49.060" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T08:59:49.060" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3737" CreationDate="2015-11-15T04:34:39.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although no one can diagnose your problem over the internet, this is not uncommon in a number of viral infections, for one example, Herpes Simplex virus (HSV.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually people are exposed to HSV - the virus that causes cold sores - as children; in that case, little ulcers in the mouth and on the skin around the mouth are common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In adults exposed to HSV for the first time, the throat is more commonly affected, but lesions can be anywhere. It is interesting that you mention chicken pox-like lesions on your face, because chicken pox is also caused by a virus in the same family, Herpes Varicella virus. Your doctor might do cultures for HSV - which will ultimately go away - and at least you will have an answer. At this point, anti-virals would be ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another virus - also in the Herpesvirus family - which causes prolonged throat ulcers/lesions is the virus that caused Infectious Mononucleosis (in this case the virus is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/985/169&quot;&gt;Epstein-Barr virus&lt;/a&gt;. Facial lesions are not part of this illness however. Again, a blood test can be done to determine if this is the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, this is also consistent with &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218502-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herpangina&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which is caused by a number of viruses including but not limited to the herpesvirus family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one can tell you what to do without knowing the root cause of the problem and your personal medical history. But your doctor should be able to give you a pain medication compatible with your personal medical condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited to add&lt;/strong&gt;: I realized that in my diagnostic frame of mind, I didn't really answer your question. I guess I was trying to reassure you that this, too, shall pass soon enough, and no further treatment would necessarily help. However, to answer your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Always check with your doctor before following any advice derived from the internet.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following assumes no allergies, that you are a youngish adult in excellent health generally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maalox and Benadryl does help temporarily. Alternatives are lidocaine to gargle and &lt;em&gt;spit&lt;/em&gt;, or Cepacol (can be sprayed or can be slowly released in lozenge form). Do not use in combination or in excess. These medications are meant to give you enough relief to eat and stay hydrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gargling with cool water or warm salt water (1 tsp salt in 2 cups warm water) may help, as might eating cold foods. But these things will be temporary, and as long as there is deeper tissue inflammation, it will still hurt to swallow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will probably get more significant relief with  a systemic medication, like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, For some, acetaminophen works better, for others, ibuprophen. Recently some doctors have recommend that you can take acetaminophen and ibuprofen at the same time because this has been shown to be as more effective at pain relief than either one alone. However, any drug should be taken only when the benefit outweighs the risk, and that applies much more so with combination drugs. All the usual precautions apply as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that some drugs are best avoided in some illnesses. &lt;em&gt;Ask your doctor. That's why she's there.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-clinical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute herpetic pharyngotonsillitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-clinical#b4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Infectious Mononucleosis Clinical Presentation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Abstract/2010/04000/Combining_Paracetamol__Acetaminophen__with.30.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Combining Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Analgesic Efficacy for Acute Postoperative Pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T09:56:43.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9773" CreationDate="2015-11-15T23:40:34.290" Score="7" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently on medication to dampen my sleep walking. The medication is amitriptilyne, but lately it seems to be having no effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the past few weeks I have been getting up at around 3am for a nightly sleepwalk in which I go to the fridge, get food, and take it back to my bed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't usually eat it, but it is getting ruined being out of the fridge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any methods or other effective medication to help prevent sleep walking? I'm ruining quite a bit of food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sleepwalking I seem to have full cognitive ability so locks and other mechanisms don't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:25:29.533" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T23:57:58.877" Title="Ways to lessen or prevent episodes of sleep walking" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;sleep-walking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3750" CreationDate="2015-11-16T11:37:38.553" Score="6" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across a cartoon by Giles from the &lt;em&gt;Daily Express&lt;/em&gt; of 28 August 1957. There was controversy about US Armed Forces being stationed in the UK at the height of the cold war. Giles, an acute observer of humanity, was making fun of the fact that US forces in the UK were given &quot;Anti-Asiatic-Flu&quot; injections not available to the people that lived here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bBk9I.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bBk9I.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Giles Cartoon&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What were these people given in 1957? A vaccine? An antiviral? Would it have done any good at all?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2076" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T15:34:48.617" Title="Protection against Flu - in 1957?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3749" CreationDate="2015-11-16T15:07:20.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the flu vaccine. &#xA;The first flu vaccine was developed in &lt;em&gt;1937&lt;/em&gt;, it only protected against one strain of the virus (we now vaccinate against three or four), but by &lt;em&gt;1942&lt;/em&gt;, another strain was added. The US Army even carried out the trials to test the vaccine and used it during WW2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it effective? Yep, at least in 1944. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During the 1943–1944 season when the epidemic started in early November, the trial was repeated and 6,263 subjects were vaccinated.[10] This time the results showed that only 2.2% of the vaccinated subjects had clinically assessed influenza disease compared with 7.1% of those not vaccinated, an efficacy of 69%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a really good number for a flu vaccine. Better than we had the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Achievements and challenges in antiviral drug discovery&lt;/a&gt;, which varied between 10 and 60 percent - flu vaccine effectiveness varies wildly because what specific strains are vaccinated against need to be picked ahead of time and there's no guarantee that these are going to be the most widespread in the next season. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1957 saw a flu pandemic of the Asian flu. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rapid development of avaccine against the H2N2 virus and the availability of antibiotics to treat secondary infections limited the spread and mortality of the pandemic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It contrast, antivirals (against any virus) weren't discovered until the 50s and it was only in the late 60s that one effective against influenza started to be used. They are also used for treatment, not as mass prevention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Achievements and challenges in antiviral drug discovery&lt;/a&gt; (full text PDF available) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britannica.com/event/Asian-flu-of-1957&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Asian flu pandemic of 1957&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-16T15:34:48.617" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T15:34:48.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3200" CreationDate="2015-11-16T17:54:20.910" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly mental disorders have physical effects.  A few examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stress is well known to increase hart rate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Peptic-ulcer/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stomach ulcer are often linked with stress&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/ra-stress-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Arthritis can be linked with stress&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that stress can be the outcome of mental disorders, the above examples should be enough to prove there is a link between at least some metal disorders and some physical disorders.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2080" LastActivityDate="2015-11-16T17:54:20.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-16T18:42:19.040" Score="1" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a Chalazion on my left upper eyelid for about a month now. It had been growing larger, and recently started to form a white head. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get styes and chalazions fairly frequently, but never this large. I even had one on the other eye that complicated into a diagnosis of conjunctival pyogenic granuloma (excision surgery was recommended, but the tumor went away on it's own after a couple months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current chalazion is draining as we speak... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What can I do to prevent infection?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep applying warm compress? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saline solution? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it necessary to visit the ophthalmologist to get a topical antibiotic, or should I wait to see if signs of infection show?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://i.share.pho.to/59dc1e8b_l.jpeg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chalazion Photo http://i.share.pho.to/59dc1e8b_l.jpeg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2081" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:40:03.243" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:40:03.243" Title="Proper treatment of Chalazion draining" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T00:47:04.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1640" CreationDate="2015-11-17T04:40:15.927" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;YviDe has already given you an excellent answer. And, I know this website is really against people writing answers without any valid reference.  But, I would like to contribute valid information based on extensive first hand empirical data I have conducted on myself over more than a decade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I take my blood pressure several times a year, always 3 or more times at one sitting.  I notice something amazing, and that is how much your blood pressure can move around within just a 5 minute interval.  Divergences of more than 20 points are common for systolic pressure and 10 to 15 points for diastolic pressure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first time you take the pressure, you may have a high reading.  You wait a few minutes, and you make a conscious effort to calm yourself (thinking about relaxing on a sunny beach, etc...).  And, you get a lot lower reading.  I have learned to take my blood pressure several times as mentioned, and take the average as the representative measure for that date.  By doing so, I have noticed that my blood pressure has remained perfectly stable over the years.  Had I just relied on doctor's office readings, they probably could have randomly derived very different trends and potentially put me or any other patient on hypertension lowering prescription drugs, when none is necessary.         &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T09:11:01.133" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T09:11:01.133" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-17T04:46:22.820" Score="2" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patient is in early 70s, female, very healthy, but has a slight thyroid deficiency issue that is adequately treated with the relevant drugs.  Now, she occasionally (rarely) mentions that she experiences during the night very strong earthquake sensations.  The experience feels to her 100% real, and is really frightening.  She feels her bed shaking, etc...  She is typically asleep.  And, the event wakes her up in a state of anxiety.  But, no earthquake has occurred.  What could it be?  What should she investigate with her health care providers?     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2015-11-17T04:46:22.820" Title="Strong earthquake sensation in one's head, what could it be?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2018-07-31T05:35:34.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-17T05:16:28.367" Score="6" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialolithiasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sialolithiasis&lt;/a&gt; is a condition where stones (calculi) form in the salivary glands or ducts, blocking the saliva from coming out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently had two stones surgically removed from the beginning of the duct as it exits the submandibular gland:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zyOAh.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zyOAh.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The left stone is approximately 9mm across.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was not cheap surgery, so I want to take steps to prevent re-occurance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What steps should I take?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I get a regular check to see if any stones have formed? (Small stones &amp;lt; 4mm can be removed with an endoscope). If so, how often?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has there been any research on steps to prevent stone formation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2084" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:28:22.833" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:28:22.833" Title="How to prevent sialolithiasis (salivary gland stones) from re-occuring" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;calculi-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-17T15:13:31.300" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that oxidative stress is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, ageing, cancer, and diabetes. Popular health 'buzz' would suggest consuming antioxidant supplements to ward off these risks, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD007176/LIVER_antioxidant-supplements-for-prevention-of-mortality-in-healthy-participants-and-patients-with-various-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;research on the overall health benefits of taking these supplements is mixed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, it doesn't seem worthwhile to me to treat a condition you might not have, so is it worth testing oxidative stress levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, I am interested in whether:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Commonly available oxidative stress tests (FORT and FORD assays?) are reliable enough;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's possible to meaningfully interpret the results of the tests as far as detecting problems;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There's something else relevant that I'm missing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2011" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:32:45.860" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T02:32:45.860" Title="Is it worth testing regularly for oxidative stress?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;stress-test&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3770" CreationDate="2015-11-17T20:51:18.050" Score="6" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to find this out with no luck. I understand that they don't affect the long term progression of the disease so don't seem to affect the demyelination, but I'm not sure how they relieve the symptoms during a relapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2091" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-12-15T04:16:46.997" LastActivityDate="2016-12-15T04:16:46.997" Title="How do steroids work in treating a multiple sclerosis relapse?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-18T02:06:32.383" Score="5" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you go to get an eye exam, there is a fee.  That fee includes the exam, vision tests, and prescription for glasses, if needed.  If you need to get a prescription for contact lenses as well, there is often a substantial additional fee for what they call a &quot;contact lens fitting&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is a &quot;contact lens fitting&quot;, and why is it so expensive?  Is it basically just a way for the doctors to increase their profit, or is there special equipment required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T23:49:39.880" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T23:01:25.583" Title="What is a &quot;contact lens fitting&quot;?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3766" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3767" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" Score="0" Body="Questions related to the use of non-prescribed drugs for recreational purposes. This also includes legal and illegal drugs, plant products, mushrooms, etc." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T05:20:32.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-18T08:05:15.960" Score="6" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having had two surgeries under general anaesthesia recently, I have been wondering... Being under general anaesthesia is physiologically not the same as sleeping. Sleep is needed in humans for restorative processes, a rule of thumb being 6 to 8 hours a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, not all surgeries are like mine and only take one or two hours. Extreme cases, such as separating conjoined twins or complicated brain surgery may take a lot longer, even up to several days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During and after long surgeries, is the lack of sleep a problem for the patient? How is it managed if this is (or would be) a problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T11:06:27.247" Title="Anaesthesia and sleep" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3764" CreationDate="2015-11-18T12:43:49.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Steroids are used as treatment for acute attacks/flares in many diseases because they reduce inflammation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In multiple sclerosis, they are given to reduce inflammation of the nerves that occurs when the immune system attacks the nervous system. This inflammation may be one mechanism that causes the nerve damage in multiple sclerosis, although this seems to still be a subject of research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After treating the inflammation, symptoms are reduced and recovery takes less time. However, why, we don't really know yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's not fully understood how steroids speed up your recovery from a relapse, but they are thought to suppress your immune system so that it no longer attacks the myelin in your central nervous system. They may also help reduce the amount of fluid around any nerve fibre damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Multiple-sclerosis/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multiple Sclerosis - Treatment&lt;/a&gt; at the NHS website &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The way that steroids work in MS is not fully understood&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mssociety.org.uk/what-is-ms/types-of-ms/relapsing-remitting-rrms/managing-relapses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Managing relapses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Other sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multiple Sclerosis treatment&lt;/a&gt; (the section Treatment of Acute Relapses) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627306007161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Neurobiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Genes, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration&lt;/a&gt; (summary of research into inflammation and multiple sclerosis from 2006) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-18T13:11:01.470" LastActivityDate="2015-11-18T13:11:01.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-18T13:34:36.517" Score="5" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is surprisingly little information on this topic available, considering that gunshot wounds to the abdomen are as almost as common as to the chest. I had read somewhere that applying an Israeli bandage is the best way to increase survival chances, however, given the complexity of such injuries, I doubt that is nearly enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I treat a gunshot wound to the stomach or lower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2097" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:15:09.660" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:15:09.660" Title="What is the correct first aid procedure for treating abdominal gunshot wounds?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;&lt;shrapnel-bullets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-18T17:24:42.527" Score="5" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if people who suffer from paralysis, specifically those who can't walk anymore, lose strength in their skeletal structure from the waist down as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in theory, if there would be an advancement that would allow them to move their bones with the aid of artificial muscles, would their bones be rigid enough to still support them? If not, would there be a type of therapy combined with supplements that would help them regain strength in their bones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2101" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T23:39:36.490" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T11:49:29.887" Title="Do patients who are paralyzed from the waist down maintain healthy bones?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T07:13:03.467" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 15-year-old vegetarian (and I don't eat eggs). Can anyone suggest good sources of vegetarian food with high protein content to improve my health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2106" LastEditorUserId="2111" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T11:16:45.613" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T11:16:45.613" Title="Good sources of protein for vegetarians?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-11-20T14:31:04.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T07:27:45.880" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been a software engineer for around 20 years, the old monitors used to hurt my eyes but since the move to LCD monitors I haven't had any problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last year I've started working with mobile phones, since then I've noticed my eyes getting sore. I know to take regular breaks and stare into the distance, but is there any other advice with working on phones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Android I can hook the phone up to chrome and use it via chrome, but it's not as good. For the iphone I have to work on the iphone itself as we don't have macs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe a magnifying glass or phone holder for the monitor might help, so the phone is at eye level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2107" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T23:27:12.820" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T23:27:12.820" Title="How to avoid eyestrain when working with mobiles?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T10:59:27.800" Score="-1" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;A superbug is a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotic drugs, according to Oxford Dictionary. The reason that it can resist the drug is because it has evolved in the environment which contains the drug. Only those that contain the drug resistant gene can survive and become the superbug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why don't they become weaker after the  evolution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have this question because I once worked with the resistance of HIV to lopinavir drug. There are mutants of HIV that can resist the drug, however, after the resistance, the structure of the virus itself is more fragile, hence they're weaker than the wild type. This seems logical because in its ordinary environment, the wild type of virus should be the strongest one. Any mutation of it is to fight back the drug, hence it is not the strongest one anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that my only true for HIV, a &lt;strong&gt;virus&lt;/strong&gt;, not bacteria. But I don't understand why this logic cannot apply to them. Based on the alarmed of many resources, superbugs are &lt;em&gt;stronger&lt;/em&gt; than their wild type. Do you know why superbugs aren't weaker than their wild type?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T05:55:34.623" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T05:55:34.623" Title="Why aren't superbugs weaker than their wild type?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;evolution&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T10:59:57.643" Score="3" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a man with hepatitis B has oral sex with a woman (giving or receiving), can the woman get infected? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2109" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T23:19:40.157" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T11:07:49.663" Title="Hepatitis B transmission" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3778" CreationDate="2015-11-19T15:51:57.463" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hepatitis B virus has been found in semen, salivia, and vaginal secretions (as well as in blood, of course). The risk of transmission is lower for oral sex than it is for vaginal or anal sex, but it is not zero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For oral sex with an infected man on the receiving end, a condom is recommended. As for giving oral sex, a dental dam can be used. To reduce the risk even more, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/hepb/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a vaccine for hepatitis B is available&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/hepatitis-and-sex-frequently-asked-questions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hepatitis and sex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1744490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sexually acquired hepatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/hepb/hepbstd.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Minnesota Department of Health recommendations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T15:51:57.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3775" CreationDate="2015-11-19T17:56:02.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some good sources of protein:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hemp seeds (10g/2tbsp)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;peanut butter (8g/2tbsp)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;chia seeds (4g/2tbsp)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pumpkin seeds (7g/oz)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;almonds (6g/oz)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;seitan (6g/oz)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;tempeh (30g/cup)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tofu (20g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;black beans (15g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;quinoa (8g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;soy milk (8g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;buckwheat (6g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you eat dairy? If you do, try:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cottage cheese (26g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Greek yogurt (20g/cup)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these numbers are approximate (depending on the brand, etc.).&#xA;There are many other sources of protein, but I hope this provides you with a starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some more data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/protein#table3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Table of Protein (and Amino Acids) in Common Foods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heartspring.net/list_of_vegetarian_protein_foods.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;List of Vegetarian Foods High in Protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2111" LastEditorUserId="2111" LastEditDate="2015-11-19T18:01:55.523" LastActivityDate="2015-11-19T18:01:55.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3791" CreationDate="2015-11-19T20:34:28.273" Score="5" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;My child just got the MMRV vaccine that contains a weakened chickenpox virus.&#xA;If I never had chickenpox symptoms in my life, can I contract it from him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would also getting vaccinated help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2113" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T07:39:02.177" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T07:39:02.177" Title="Can I contract chickenpox from my child who just got vaccinated?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-19T21:28:42.397" Score="3" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had acne for 4 years straight and it has been getting worse and worse, ever since.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried every trick in the book:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tea tree oil  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Benzoyl Peroxide  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Retin A (0.025%; 0.05%; 0.1%)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Salicylic Acid  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minocyline (Oral)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My skin never gets better.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel as if it's not my diet since, I keep a healthy diet, with low fat intake.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accutane is the only thing left, but my insurance has denied me it on the basis that I was &quot;non-compliant&quot;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other alternative to Accutane, that's just as effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2114" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:38:07.773" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T04:53:55.103" Title="Is there any alternative to Accutane for acne treatment?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;&lt;accutane&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3788" CreationDate="2015-11-20T12:18:50.203" Score="1" ViewCount="6847" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I bathe or clean wounds with dettol, It upon contact turns white almost instantaneously. Does it mean there's some kind of microbes or something ?. If so what causes it it turn white ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2119" LastActivityDate="2020-05-24T10:30:42.760" Title="When dettol turns white, what does it indicate" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-20T15:28:11.863" Score="4" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to ascertain whether or not there are hormones only evident in children which then desist with growth &amp;amp; age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found nothing of any use from google, wondered if perhaps here would fetch better results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2121" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T15:28:11.863" Title="Are there any hormones that are only present in children and not adults?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3786" CreationDate="2015-11-20T15:34:27.297" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dettol upon contact with &lt;code&gt;H2O&lt;/code&gt; turns milky like white. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When H2O is added to the dettol liquid its oil droplets become suspended in the water droplets, creating something called an Emulsion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is that state of emulsion that causes the colour to change with its response to light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2121" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T15:34:27.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3777" CreationDate="2015-11-20T15:53:08.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, because mutations are not defined as specific. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mutation of any bacteria could be mutation that could be weak or strong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weak &amp;amp; Strong would be quantified by our technology, treatments and comprehension of the bacteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two factors important to understanding the change of the bacteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epigenetic Adaptation (No Genetic Mutation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetic Adaptation (Genetic Mutation and Selection)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria can acquire large pieces of DNA from other bacteria, viruses and the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How Does Selective Pressure Impact Antibiotic Resistance?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order for a gene to remain functional and a part of the bacteria’s&#xA;  genome over an extended period, it has to help improve the survival&#xA;  and/or competitiveness of the bacteria. If a gene stops being helpful&#xA;  it will eventually become non-functional and will be removed from the&#xA;  genome. This means that the development and maintenance of antibiotic&#xA;  resistance is usually dependent on the bacterial population being&#xA;  frequently exposed to non-lethal doses of the antibiotic (note: some&#xA;  bacteria are intrinsically resistant to particular antibiotics). This&#xA;  process eliminates those bacteria that have lost resistance, and&#xA;  increases the percentage of resistant bacteria. In real life, this&#xA;  means that antibiotic resistance is likely to emerge in environments&#xA;  where bacteria are frequently exposed to antibiotics. On an individual&#xA;  level, this means that a person is more likely to develop an&#xA;  antibiotic resistant infection from undergoing long-term or&#xA;  prophylactic antibiotic treatment, as opposed to short-term antibiotic&#xA;  treatments of acute infections.  This also means that bacteria may&#xA;  lose resistance to antibiotics that are no longer frequently used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://thescienceofacne.com/how-do-bacteria-become-resistant-to-antibiotics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Article&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2121" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T15:53:08.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3783" CreationDate="2015-11-20T16:06:22.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can contract it, but it is very unlikely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chickenpox vaccine is a live (attenuated) vaccine, meaning that it was weakened. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People who get chickenpox vaccines can spread the vaccine-strain varicella-zoster-virus to others. However, this happens very rarely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/varicella-vaccine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/197/Supplement_2/S165.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;10 year study&lt;/a&gt; of Varivax (the Merck vaccine), this happened in only 3 people in contact with. One of them was a pregnant woman, one a baby and one a healthy man. Even considering not all cases get reported and that the authors of this study work for Merck, this is a very low number, considering how many doses were used over that time period (55 million doses distributed). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Secondary transmission of vaccine virus: A varicella-like rash occurring 10-21 days after exposure to a person recently vaccinated. It is extremely rare. Since 1995, only eight secondary cases of transmission of vaccine virus from seven vaccinees have been documented with the varicella (Oka/Merck) vaccine, five of which occurred in immunocompetent people... All laboratory-confirmed cases of Oka vaccine secondary transmission have resolved without complications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt17-varicella.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for getting vaccinated yourself, it is certainly something you can do as an adult and the CDC &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recommends it&lt;/a&gt; for unvaccinated adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-20T16:31:23.700" LastActivityDate="2015-11-20T16:31:23.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-20T12:31:28.923" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;A new &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6263/970&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; suggests that certain intestinal worms increase the number of babies born to women which is mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-34857022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/parasites-found-to-influence-fertility-in-women.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Are parasitic worm infections associated with a statistically significant increase or decrease in fertility in humans? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1784" OwnerDisplayName="pericles316" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:44:27.860" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:44:27.860" Title="Do parasitic infections increase pregnancy rates?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;ringworm&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3777" CreationDate="2015-11-21T06:35:55.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;(This answer is related to my answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/40221/bacteria-resistance-to-natural-antibiotics&quot;&gt;Bacteria resistance to natural antibiotics&lt;/a&gt; on the Biology SE) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all: When it comes to evolution, Biology doesn't talk of 'strong' and 'weak' , it talks of 'fitness' (&quot;survival of the fittest&quot;, for example), which is about how well adapted to their environment an organism is. Fitness includes how well it can survive in its environment and how much it can produce vital offspring. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This seems logical because in ordinary environment, the wild type of virus should be the strongest one. Any mutation of it is to fight back the drug, hence it is not the strongest one anymore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a misunderstanding of evolution. The wild type of a species is not the fittest this organism can be. That it is the wild type just means that it evolved and spread. Something that doesn't evolve can't spread (as an hyperbolic example, it might be advantageous for humans to have wings, but since we didn't evolve it, our wild type doesn't include it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also helps to remember that &quot;the wild type&quot; is not a uniform thing. There are many genetic variations which we still consider to be the wild type. Even bacteria that reproduce through asexual reproduction are not all the same, even within one host. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the natural environment of the bacteria you are talking about, an antibiotic resistance confers little benefit because they don't encounter it. So if it evolves, it won't help these organisms survive and would only spread throughout the population by chance. On the contrary, it might even confer a disadvantage - for example, penicillin resistance required producing the protein beta-lactamase. In a penicillin free environment, this might just be a costly extra without a benefit. Over time, it might get lost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a human taking antibiotics, however, these bacteria with an antibiotic resistance are indeed fitter and have a survival advantage. Bacteria with multiple resistances even more so. Between bacteria, these resistances can actually be transferred by something called &quot;transformation&quot; that involves actually picking up genetic material, so evolving multiple resistances also isn't as uncommon as it may seem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your virus example, without knowing more, I'd guess that the fitness reduction in the more resistant virus strain is probably a side effect of the resistance. Getting more or less fit through evolving resistance to treatment is not, in itself, a difference between viruses and bacteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937522/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspxhttp://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?volume=151&amp;amp;page=886&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is fitness?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-11-21T08:02:04.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T06:31:52.427" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Tolerance&quot; to a drug is typically interpreted to mean the state of requiring more of that drug to cause the same effects as compared to another individual, regardless of cause. However, the medical profession recognizes tolerance only in so far as it refers to the exposure-related sense. So while a college student who rarely drinks and yet due to genetics requires a large amount of alcohol to become inebriated might be said to have &quot;tolerance&quot; by other college students, a doctor would say that only the effects of exposure to alcohol can be considered true tolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a term for &quot;natural&quot; tolerance, unrelated to exposure to a substance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T06:31:52.427" Title="Term for non-exposure-related tolerance?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T06:51:39.410" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an individual has symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome constipation (IBS-C) and is following the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibsdiets.org/fodmap-diet/fodmap-food-list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;low FODMAPS guidance on the foods&lt;/a&gt; to consume , there appears to be a significant amount of information on consuming low fiber. Noted a few sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibshelponline.com/ibs-diet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;IBS Diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://theprimalparent.com/2011/08/31/understandingpoop-constipation-ibs-digestive-disorders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Primal Parent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gutsense.org/fibermenace/about_fm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fiber Menance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also sources that list the amount of fiber that should be consumed over a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.superkidsnutrition.com/mt_howmuchfiber/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Super Kids Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/fiber-how-much-do-you-need&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prebiotin.com/low-fodmap-diet-for-ibs-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prebiotin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sources contradict the intake of fiber and would like to understand impact either on kids &amp;amp; adults in regards to IBS-C and FODMAPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1201" LastEditorUserId="1201" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T07:27:52.450" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T07:27:52.450" Title="Irritable Bowel Syndrome Constipation, FODMAPS and consumption of fiber" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3801" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3907" CreationDate="2015-11-22T14:03:37.487" Score="1" ViewCount="565" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two main types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. The more common type HIV-1 has several groups and subtypes [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-science/types-strains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do all of these show up on routine HIV blood tests? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T12:14:44.847" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T12:14:44.847" Title="Are all types of HIV detected in routine blood tests?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T15:53:25.927" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some cancers such as colorectal cancer &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/news/20140616/study-ties-too-much-sitting-to-risks-for-certain-cancers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;are said&lt;/a&gt; to be associated with sitting too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent most of the day sitting down. While I could remind myself to stand up more regularly, I was wondering what other health risks programmers face and whether there are any studies dealing with the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2138" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T03:39:07.957" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T03:39:07.957" Title="What are the most common causes of death in the profession of computer programming?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-22T17:25:51.353" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are causes of slowly growing (over 1-2 months) solitary lesions on finger with slightly raised and red margin and dry crusty centre?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="1043" LastEditDate="2015-12-03T07:57:10.387" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T07:57:10.387" Title="Causes of hand lesions" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3803" CreationDate="2015-11-22T18:13:15.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is wart (you need to see doctor). This can be most urgent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment is burned with nitrogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/cryotherapy-for-warts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/cryotherapy-for-warts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remove warts:&lt;/strong&gt; If you don’t want to go to the doctor to treat your&#xA;  wart, try lemon juice as a do-it-yourself option. Dabbing lemon juice&#xA;  on the wart will break it down and it should disappear in two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source :&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://uk.businessinsider.com/things-you-can-do-with-lemon-peels-juice-2015-4?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://uk.businessinsider.com/things-you-can-do-with-lemon-peels-juice-2015-4?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Be careful :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can pass on the infection to you friend/familly. Please, treat it quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2141" LastEditorDisplayName="user2141" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T16:04:35.697" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T16:04:35.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4039" CreationDate="2015-11-22T19:09:46.213" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not many places allow assisted suicide however, when they do, it's for 'special circumstances'. On the other hand, there have been reports of &quot;healthy&quot; individual's, euthanasia requests being granted. Albeit, that is thoroughly debatable as many still do not consider mental illnesses as a variable in defining if someone is or is not &quot;healthy&quot; - for some profound and ignorant reasoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I am referring to &lt;strong&gt;Belgium&lt;/strong&gt;. Similarly, other countries allow it, also i.e. Switzerland.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:46:22.783" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:46:22.783" Title="What is the protocol for allowing euthanasia in a medical facility?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;euthanasia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3668" CreationDate="2015-11-22T22:13:09.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;More stuff = More time&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stomach has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach#Stomach_as_nutrition_sensor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sensory capabilities&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that help determine the nutritional content of what it receives. This allows it to &quot;taste&quot; and decide what it needs to add to the &quot;stirring pot&quot; to get cooking. When the stomach receives traditional foods like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, it adds protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCL) to break down the nutrients for absorption in the intestines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is why we consume &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/health-topics/digestive-system/upset-stomach.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluids and light carbs on an upset stomach&lt;/a&gt;- we want to prevent the stomach from getting aggravated and overworked or even inflamed.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=275&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;more complex the food, the longer it stays in the stomach.&lt;/a&gt; So protein can take hours while simple carbohydrates like white bread or sugar could take just half an hour or less. Liquids like tea, juice, and alcohol tend to be even less complicated, water least of all- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997675&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;taking possibly just minutes to start&lt;/a&gt; passing into the blood stream if there is no food in the stomach and fully entering the blood stream within 1-2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there happens to be food already in the stomach, the liquid must wait until the stomach finishes digesting the food to enter the small intestine along with the broken-down food. This is why health centers often advise alcohol consumption with food. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/alcohol,_tobacco,_&amp;amp;_other_drugs/alcohol/alcohol_&amp;amp;_your_body.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food will slow the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine, where alcohol absorption is very rapid.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References are respective to order of mention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach#Stomach_as_nutrition_sensor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach#Stomach_as_nutrition_sensor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/health-topics/digestive-system/upset-stomach.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/health-topics/digestive-system/upset-stomach.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=275&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=275&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997675&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997675&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/alcohol,_tobacco,_&amp;amp;_other_drugs/alcohol/alcohol_&amp;amp;_your_body.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/alcohol,&lt;em&gt;tobacco,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;amp;_other_drugs/alcohol/alcohol_&amp;amp;_your_body.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T22:13:09.143" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1108" CreationDate="2015-11-22T23:18:51.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, I would suggest doing extensive research into natural-remedies and be extremely cautious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that your original question was referring to the method, however I believe this information is relevant, as there are factors to take into account that suggest the method of direct ingestion may not be safe. Ultimately, you should contact a professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for neem. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. &lt;strong&gt;Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD, not always accurate, does specify that Neem is taken orally, though it doesn't indicate what form (powder, leaf, pill, etc.). It has the following warnings and precautions about Neem in general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Overview&lt;/h3&gt; Neem is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when taken by&#xA;  mouth for up to 10 weeks, when applied inside the mouth for up to 6&#xA;  weeks, or when applied to the skin for up to 2 weeks. &lt;strong&gt;When neem is&#xA;  taken in large doses or for long periods of time, it is POSSIBLY&#xA;  UNSAFE. It might harm the kidneys and liver.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;Children&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taking neem seeds or oil by mouth is LIKELY UNSAFE for children.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Serious side effects&lt;/strong&gt; in infants and small children can happen &lt;strong&gt;within hours&lt;/strong&gt; after taking neem oil. These serious side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, blood disorders, seizures,&#xA;  loss of consciousness, coma, brain disorders, and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Pregnancy/Breast-Feeding&lt;/h3&gt; Neem oil and neem bark are &lt;strong&gt;LIKELY&#xA;  UNSAFE&lt;/strong&gt; when taken by mouth during pregnancy. They &lt;strong&gt;can cause a&#xA;  miscarriage.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not enough is known about the safety of need during breast-feeding.&#xA;  Stay on the safe side and avoid use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Auto-immune diseases&lt;/h3&gt; Multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic&#xA;  lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other similar&#xA;  conditions: Neem may cause the immune system to become more active,&#xA;  possibly increasing the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. &lt;strong&gt;If you&#xA;  have one of these conditions, it’s best to avoid using neem.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Diabetes&lt;/h3&gt; There is some evidence that neem can lower blood&#xA;  sugar levels and might cause blood sugar to go too low. &lt;strong&gt;If you have&#xA;  diabetes and use neem, monitor your blood sugar carefully.&lt;/strong&gt; It might&#xA;  be necessary to change the dose of your diabetes medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Infertility&lt;/h3&gt; There is some evidence that neem can harm sperm.&#xA;  It might also reduce fertility in other ways. &lt;strong&gt;If you are trying to&#xA;  have children, avoid using neem.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Organ Transplant and Surgery&lt;/h3&gt; There is a concern that neem&#xA;  might decrease the effectiveness of medications that are used to&#xA;  prevent organ rejection. &lt;strong&gt;Do not use neem if you have had an organ&#xA;  transplant.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neem might also lower blood sugar levels as mentioned earlier. There&#xA;  is a concern that it might interfere with blood sugar control during&#xA;  and after surgery. &lt;strong&gt;Stop using neem at least 2 weeks before a&#xA;  scheduled surgery.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be safer to avoid direct leaf intake for children, the pregnant, and those trying to have a baby as well as those who have recently had a transplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-577-neem.aspx?activeingredientid=577&amp;amp;activeingredientname=neem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-577-neem.aspx?activeingredientid=577&amp;amp;activeingredientname=neem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T20:37:05.583" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T20:37:05.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3771" CreationDate="2015-11-22T23:22:30.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is shown continuously on television and movies is that they either die fairly quickly, or, if you apply pressure, then get the bullet out, the patient will recover.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The single best way to treat a gunshot wound to the abdomen is to get the person to a hospital as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you have IV fluids at your disposal, there is debate among trauma surgeons about giving fluids to a patient with abdominal trauma showing signs of blood loss. Some say raising a low blood pressure promotes bleeding from injury sites; others argue that hypotension compromises adequate perfusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In olden days, Military Anit-Shock Trousers were applied. They fell out of favor some decades ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since its first use in frontline emergency care, the Military Anti-Shock Trousers (MAST) has become one of the most widely studied and debated medical devices in pre hospital care. It has enjoyed both widespread support as well as harsh criticisms. Few medical devices have engendered such divergent opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're on the street, call 911. If you're an EMT, follow your guidelines. If you're a doctor, do the usual trauma assessment and treat as you go. If you're a trauma surgeon, you kind of know what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trauma.org/archive/abdo/penetrating.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Abdominal Trauma&#xA;Evaluation of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036859-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Penetrating Abdominal Trauma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/434707-overview#a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Initial Evaluation of the Trauma Patient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700619/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Military anti-shock garment: Historical relic or a device with unrealized potential?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T23:22:30.290" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3811" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-22T23:48:57.077" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-11-22T23:48:57.077" LastActivityDate="2015-11-22T23:48:57.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3812" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-22T23:48:57.077" Score="0" Body="the practice or profession of examining the eyes for visual defects and prescribing corrective lenses." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T19:56:26.437" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T19:56:26.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3840" CreationDate="2015-11-23T00:36:34.693" Score="4" ViewCount="575" Body="&lt;p&gt;During surgical procedures or when subduing a patient, anesthesia is often used. Does this put a person into a deep healthful stage of rest like rem stage 5, or is something more like stage 2 or 3? Or perhaps it simply enables the sleep process, and there is no particular stage of REM. However, I'm doubting the latter because doctors are able to measure relatively precisely how much anesthesia to give a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T19:22:29.170" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T19:22:29.170" Title="What stages of REM sleep occur in medically induced sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1652" CreationDate="2015-11-23T06:33:14.907" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like all things too much of anything is bad for you. As a designer working in the tech industry for over a decade, here's a few things I experienced and that might (I hope not) impact you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wrists from over use of keyboard and mouse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;circulation problems from being seated for too long&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;eye sight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;posture problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;social effects of not going out and socializing but using social media to socialize (which isnt really socializing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(study on carpal tunnel syndrome- wrists)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196717&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196717&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(computer vision syndrome)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/computer-vision-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/computer-vision-syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(American Optometric Association)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aoa.org/Documents/optometrists/effects-of-computer-use.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aoa.org/Documents/optometrists/effects-of-computer-use.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(sitting &amp;amp; posture)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/national/the-health-hazards-of-sitting/750/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/national/the-health-hazards-of-sitting/750/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(social interaction) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elon.edu/docs/e-web/academics/communications/research/vol6no1/02DragoEJSpring15.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.elon.edu/docs/e-web/academics/communications/research/vol6no1/02DragoEJSpring15.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2142" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T03:56:12.103" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T03:56:12.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3093" CreationDate="2015-11-23T11:15:31.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Predicting life expectancy of people currently alive, can, of course, only be speculation, but one based on statistics. If there is a nuclear war next year, the predicted life expectancy will not be accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the United States, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14.pdf#016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the CDC&lt;/a&gt; estimated a life expectancy of about 80 for children born in 2013 (table 16). 71 is the estimated expected life span at birth by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the WHO&lt;/a&gt; for children born in 2012. This includes all countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these are medium values (often medians, meaning half of all people will reach a higher age), and people getting over 100 years is certainly not unheard of, even today. In 2012, there were over 300,000 people alive &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/UNFPA-Report-Chapter1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;who are over 100&lt;/a&gt;. The US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssa.gov/oact/STATS/table4c6.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;had over 7,000 of them alive in 2011&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for predictions for over-100s: For the UK, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lifetables/historic-and-projected-data-from-the-period-and-cohort-life-tables/2012-based/sty-babies-living-to-100.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one third of babies born in 2013 are expected to live to 100&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-23T11:29:24.110" LastActivityDate="2015-11-23T11:29:24.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-23T13:57:09.453" Score="1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that people use dry ice with drinks, but I'm wondering how safe that is. Since dry ice is carbon dioxide, isn't that dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2146" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:26:28.233" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T06:52:59.700" Title="Is dry ice safe to ingest?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14397" CreationDate="2015-11-23T16:01:43.670" Score="9" ViewCount="6085" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that one shouldn't take a bath after lunch? If so, does it depend on &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how heavy the lunch is? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;whether one is taking a bath or a shower or bathing in a river? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how warm or cold the water is? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often, I tend to be in a situation where I go for lunch first and then for bath. So I was wondering, whether it interferes either with digestion or with anything else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two contexts for this question (in response to the suggestion in the comments) : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note : I am not looking for answers for the contexts below, but rather for the questions above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have heard a vague saying somewhere, that after a lunch, maximum blood flow is directed to the intestines and a bath might interfere with the digestion. (Purely anecodatal hearsay). I noticed that we burp a bit during the bath, if you have a bath after lunch. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We were once touring a hilly area. We had food at a roadside joint and soon after jumped into the cold river (yes, very cold). After we were back at our room, two of my friends had a severe stomach upset, and two others quite uncomfortable, although I was fine. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1960" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:30:30.670" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T18:32:41.010" Title="How long should you wait after lunch if you want to take a bath, and why?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;bath&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4845" CreationDate="2015-11-23T21:21:40.213" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of a calf-long burn, second to third degree, what should you do to treat it by yourself, if there is nobody to help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was also wondering, since grafting is the usual medical practice for such wounds, would a stitch help? (I know they work differently, but in a case of absolute emergency) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2008" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:07:14.630" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:07:14.630" Title="Third-degree burn - Home treatment" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;second-degree-burn&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T01:11:02.813" Score="15" ViewCount="1303" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an eye surgeon in my running club and I told him I had general anaesthetic three times. He told me that's a lot. I've heard of people thinking general anaesthetic is bad, is there any scientific evidence? If it is dangerous, how often can it be used safely? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this article but it's not fully scientific (though one of the authors is a doctor)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://patient.info/doctor/important-complications-of-anaesthesia&quot;&gt;http://patient.info/doctor/important-complications-of-anaesthesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I ask if general anaesthetic is bad, I'm looking for long term side effects and not things that happen from lying down wrong or things related to the surgery itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2151" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T02:44:32.227" Title="How often is it safe to get general anaesthetic?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3823" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:01:00.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions relating to behavioral norms that can have an effect on health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T21:25:14.003" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T21:25:14.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3824" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:01:00.673" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T04:01:00.673" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T04:01:00.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3825" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:40:18.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions involving the effects of some component of a computer or regular usage of a similar electronic device, such as a mobile phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T05:56:02.100" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T05:56:02.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3826" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:40:18.363" Score="0" Body="Questions involving the usage or effects of computers on health, whether mental or physiological." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T01:29:12.107" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T01:29:12.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3827" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:49:30.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag can be used for any question related to pregnancy, including questions about conception, the effects of drugs/exercise/trauma/etc. on the fetus or mother, or post-partum problems directly related to pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T05:57:19.533" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T05:57:19.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3828" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-24T04:49:30.913" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the condition or period of being pregnant." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T05:56:06.907" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T05:56:06.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3830" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-24T07:53:55.820" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T07:53:55.820" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T07:53:55.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3831" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-24T07:53:55.820" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding the study of diseases of the ear and throat." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T01:29:17.983" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T01:29:17.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3895" CreationDate="2015-11-24T08:26:05.510" Score="6" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that the chance of contracting HIV from mosquitos is highly improbable, but I'm wondering about other incurable, chronic, or crippling diseases. I know malaria and the west nile virus can be spread through mosquitos. Are there any other mosquito-spread viruses or illnesses that have affected significant populations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:53:09.907" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:53:09.907" Title="What diseases can be spread by mosquitos?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;&lt;insect-bites&gt;&lt;malaria&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3833" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-24T08:33:02.897" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T08:33:02.897" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T08:33:02.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3834" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-24T08:33:02.897" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the brain: an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T19:56:54.620" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T19:56:54.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T05:32:36.430" Score="4" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;(This is for a post-apocalyptic novel, just so we're clear. I'm not treating anybody.) In the case of a calf-long burn, second to third degree, how can you treat it by yourself, if there is nobody to help? I was also wondering, since grafting is the usual medical practice for such wounds, would a stitch help? (I know they work differently, but in a case of absolute emergency)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2008" OwnerDisplayName="Sophie Proud" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T15:54:23.613" Title="Third degree burns Home Treatment" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3835" CreationDate="2015-11-24T05:45:23.930" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is probably &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; the appropriate forum for this question, as it doesn't relate to world building. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, the wound in question would 99.99% likely get infected and person in question would die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="AndreiROM" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T05:45:23.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4231" CreationDate="2015-11-24T09:29:50.840" Score="7" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence that the over-avoidance of germs weakens our immune system? Or vice versa: Does the under-avoidance of germs strengthen our immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason I hold the opinion that the immune system needs to be kept busy so it wont get weak. Therefore using e.g. 99.99% sterile-making soaps is counter-intuitive, an letting your kids get low-risk childhood sicknesses like mumps, rubella or chickenpox is &quot;training&quot; their immune systems, thus good for them. Is there some scientific evidence that verifies or falsifies parts or all of theses assumptions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2158" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T11:25:28.013" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T15:31:07.887" Title="Is there evidence that the over-avoidance of germs weakens our immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T14:48:58.947" Score="9" ViewCount="1743" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ever since the book, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/721913.Why_Stomach_Acid_Is_Good_for_You&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Why Stomach Acid is Good For You&lt;/a&gt;, I've wondered if it is true that GERD can be caused by too little, not too much, stomach acid. Is it possible that too little stomach acid can cause GERD? If so, by what mechanism would this occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT - After reading the answer below, I’d like to add a little more information.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t disagree with the fact that GERD is caused by a malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and I don’t disagree with known causes that would contribute to a malfunctioning LES, but what seems very likely to me is that low stomach acid is an additional cause of a malfunctioning LES. This reasoning behind this is that undigested food is putrefying and rotting, expelling gas within the stomach, then increasing pressure on the LES. It could even be possible that low stomach acid is the cause in a large majority of the cases of GERD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an entire integrative medicine field, aka holistic health, that has identified in many cases GERD is actually caused by too little stomach acid (&lt;a href=&quot;http://drsircus.com/medicine/cancer-gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://drmyhill.co.uk/wiki/Hypochlorhydria_-_lack_of_stomach_acid_-_can_cause_lots_of_problems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). And while I am usually not one to ever listen to this field of medicine, they make some really astute observations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/features/esophageal-cancer-rise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Esophageal cancer is on the sharp rise&lt;/a&gt;, coincidentally in an era with the most robust acid reducing medication available.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6g2eRpbvUC&amp;amp;pg=PA17&amp;amp;lpg=PA17&amp;amp;dq=stomach%20acid%20production%20decreases%20with%20age&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=wv3LFMAa-0&amp;amp;sig=hqmuc7H0rdGY4DAiCalZ7lo64lY&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2uaCk_L3JAhVH7GMKHRj3B084ChDoAQgzMAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=stomach%20acid%20production%20decreases%20with%20age&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stomach acid production declines with age&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jonbarron.org/article/stomach-acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Food nowadays lacks enzymes, which causes digestive organs to overwork, causing the acid producing mechanism of the stomach to fatigue&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.westonaprice.org/modern-diseases/against-the-grain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GMO Wheat 3.0 has gluten proteins which are undigestible to many people&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize this isn’t what the mainstream doctors believe, but the mainstream is being influenced by a 15 billion dollar industry. The PPI section in the store is huge. I’ve been to multiple gastro docs, and it’s like assembly line Prilosec prescribing. Two people who know our family, that have both been diagnosed with esophageal cancer, just happen to be taking Prilosec / Nexium for many years prior. Another friend had to have is colon cut out because of a bacterial infection, which could have been caused by the elimination of the body’s first line of bacterial defense (stomach acid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All evidence pointing to low stomach acid seems legitimate, so why not give it proper attention.&#xA;So here I’d like to diagram what I believe to be the problem: the step-ladder catch-22 inflammation and putrefication snowball effect. Remember, all of this is on the basis that when it comes to low stomach acid, GERD is being caused by the rotting / putrefication of food in the stomach (due to the pyloric sphincter remaining shut) and the resulting gasses which bubble up past the 2-way LES causing GERD. Then, the rotting food causes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gastritis/Pages/facts.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;inflammation in the stomach which results in the stomach producing less acid&lt;/a&gt;, and the problem starts to compound. It basically goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eat Meal -&gt; Low Acid -&gt; Undigested Food -&gt; Pyloric Sphincter Stays&#xA;  Shut -&gt; Putrefying &amp;amp; Rotting (GERD) -&gt; Gastric Inflammation -&gt; Next&#xA;  Meal -&gt; Lower Acid -&gt; Undigested Food -&gt; Pyloric Sphincter Stays Shut&#xA;  -&gt; Putrefying &amp;amp; Rotting (GERD) -&gt; More Gastric Inflammation -&gt; Next Meal -&gt; Lower Acid -&gt; Undigested Food -&gt; Pyloric Sphincter Stays Shut&#xA;  -&gt; Putrefying &amp;amp; Rotting (GERD) -&gt; More Gastric Inflammation -&gt; And So On…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you go down this step-ladder road for a few months, the avenue out of it is daunting, if not impossible. In my opinion, we could have millions of sufferers in our country, and for that reason I want to find out the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2019" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-09-06T04:14:40.347" LastActivityDate="2018-09-06T04:14:40.347" Title="Can GERD be caused by too little stomach acid?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;lower-esoph-sphincter-les&gt;&lt;integrative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T14:54:23.477" Score="4" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypoclycemia seems to have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoglycemia/basics/causes/con-20021103&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several distinct causes&lt;/a&gt;, depending on whether you are diabetic or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; diabetic, you can apparently become hypoglycemic if you're taking too much insulin. If you're &lt;em&gt;not diabetic&lt;/em&gt;, then hypoglycemia can be caused by a variety of underlying disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: can someone who is in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/basics/definition/con-20024420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;prediabetic range&quot;&lt;/a&gt; - and hence &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; taking insulin - become hypoglycemic under any circumstances? If so, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm wondering if there are underlying disorders that cause you to become both hypoglycemic &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; diabetic, and perhaps you become hypoglycemic first before becoming full-bore diabetic (hence pre-diabetic). Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T03:53:45.430" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T04:35:57.690" Title="Can someone be both prediabetic and hypoglycemic?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;hypoglycemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3813" CreationDate="2015-11-24T17:09:28.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleep and general anaesthesia share a few similarities, but also have differences. From what I have read, they are sufficiently different that comparing anaesthesia to a certain sleep phase doesn't make sense. &#xA;I recommend reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390788/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;General Anesthesia and Altered States of Arousal: A Systems Neuroscience Analysis&lt;/a&gt;, which I found trying to answer a different question I had myself. Here are a few quotes related to your questions, but it's really all quite interesting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The EEG patterns and other features of general anesthesia generally differ from those of sleep&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These patterns are shown in figure 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is similarity between the EEG patterns seen in slow-wave sleep and those seen in phase 2 of the maintenance period of general anesthesia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase 2 and phase 3 are the phases the actual surgery is performed in. &#xA;For example, a difference between anaesthesia and sleep is muscle tone:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in contrast to the drug-induced atonia described above, rigidity and spasticity are typically seen in patients who are in a coma or a vegetative state, and muscle tone is preserved during slow-wave sleep&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally it appears that anaesthesia is closer to being in a coma than to being asleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;confusion arises because anesthesiologists use the term sleep as a nonthreatening description of general anesthesia when speaking with patients. A level of general anesthesia appropriate for surgery is not sleep but rather a coma. However, like sleep, general anesthesia is reversible and can allow dreaming&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390788/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;General Anesthesia and Altered States of Arousal: A Systems Neuroscience Analysis&lt;/a&gt; (I recommend the Introduction and Implications sections) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anaesthesia is not necessarily restful, they can cause a symptom called &quot;rebound REM sleep&quot; where patients need more sleep following anaesthesia because anaesthesia isn't like sleeping:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;REM sleep rebound after exposure to volatile anesthetics suggests that these volatile anesthetics do not fully substitute for natural sleep&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178044/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rapid eye movement sleep debt accrues in mice exposed to volatile anesthetics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-24T17:19:25.330" LastActivityDate="2015-11-24T17:19:25.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3841" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3880" CreationDate="2015-11-24T18:11:41.357" Score="15" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone who is otherwise healthy decided to drink fairly heavily and consistently over a long period of time, what is the healthiest way to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Stay extra hydrated by drinking more water, take a multivitamin, get more sleep, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the best solution would be to cease drinking, but IF that person is stubborn and won't quit - what's the best way to go about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastEditorUserId="15738" LastEditDate="2019-06-01T13:42:44.443" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T13:42:44.443" Title="What is the healthiest way to drink alcohol excessively and chronically?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3844" CreationDate="2015-11-24T21:39:14.223" Score="5" ViewCount="1055" Body="&lt;p&gt;A suture is a stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of deeper cuts, for example, a cut on the back of the thigh, an inch deep and long from knee to heel, does a suture only bring together skin or does it also go through muscle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2008" LastEditorUserId="2008" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T07:09:48.770" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T07:09:48.770" Title="Sutures - do they go through the muscle as well?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;stitches&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-24T22:10:41.300" Score="1" ViewCount="30390" Body="&lt;p&gt;0.1 X10E3/uL Myelocytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says the normal range is 0.  Is there something wrong with having that many myelocytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2160" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:04:28.330" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T18:15:42.883" Title="Myelocytes present in CBC" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;cbc-complete-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3842" CreationDate="2015-11-25T03:26:24.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2161/vance-l-albaugh&quot;&gt;Vance-L-Albaugh&lt;/a&gt; for clarifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For deep cuts, sutures bind the subcutaneous tissue to allow it to heal properly. Since muscle lies beneath the subcutaneous tissue, it seems that sutures do NOT include muscle for lacerations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want to generalize to any suture, then the first two articles below demonstrate instances where muscle might be sutured. The two links are tests of comparison between different types of methods and techniques in suturing on muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237883&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237883&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129763&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129763&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;specific muscle case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940505/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940505/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General suturing info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bumc.bu.edu/surgery/training/technical-training/suturing-basics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bumc.bu.edu/surgery/training/technical-training/suturing-basics/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T22:42:25.210" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3856" CreationDate="2015-11-25T06:09:20.000" Score="5" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told about low cholesterol in an off-handed comment by my doctor while he was inspecting an FBT for the cellulitis I am treating that low cholesterol is bad for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? Is it bad to have low cholesterol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2163" OwnerDisplayName="samis2awesam" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T02:03:49.973" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T09:17:09.220" Title="What are some health consequences of low cholesterol?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3816" CreationDate="2015-11-25T07:14:39.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the extreme cold of dry ice when it warms and becomes a gas again it gains volume rapidly. If it is in your stomach you will inflate to fatal levels. There are many cases where this has happened.&#xA;If you are drinking a beverage with dry ice in it make sure it has all evaporated (melted). It is used because of the 'cool' steam it gives of as it heats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supporting sources &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chemistry.about.com/od/dryice/f/Why-Is-Dry-Ice-Dangerous.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chemistry.about.com/od/dryice/f/Why-Is-Dry-Ice-Dangerous.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar thread&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.instructables.com/answers/Is-drinking-water-with-dry-ice-in-it-dangerous/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.instructables.com/answers/Is-drinking-water-with-dry-ice-in-it-dangerous/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The volume increase with sublimation is the same as liquid nitrogen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/9594000/Warning-over-liquid-nitrogen-drinks-after-girl-loses-stomach.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/9594000/Warning-over-liquid-nitrogen-drinks-after-girl-loses-stomach.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2163" LastEditorUserId="2163" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T06:52:59.700" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T06:52:59.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-25T21:42:16.330" Score="7" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been putting off getting flu shots for myself and my toddler because I've been busy, and finding time has been difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm coming down with the flu. (Or a cold or something - you know how hard it is to tell them apart!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's plenty of advice on whether to get a flu shot if you're sick (like &lt;a href=&quot;http://coldflu.about.com/od/fluvaccinequestions/fl/What-Will-Happen-If-I-Get-a-Flu-Shot-While-Im-Sick.htm&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onemedical.com/blog/live-well/flu-shot-sick/&quot;&gt;this other article&lt;/a&gt;), but I can't find any on whether my toddler should get a flu shot while I'm sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the flu shot that toddlers get lower their body's ability to fight off a real infection at the same time? That is, is my daughter more likely to catch what I've got if she gets a flu shot now, or will it make no difference, or will it end up helping her body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really I'm trying answer, should I take her to get a shot today, or wait until she and I are both healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1583" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:36:24.983" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T18:16:52.783" Title="Should my kid get a flu shot if I'm coming down with something?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;toddler&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-01-20T13:26:43.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3852" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3853" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" Score="0" Body="Syncope (also known as fainting or passing out) is defined as a loss of consciousness due to a decrease in blood flow to the brain. Common causes are vasovagal response (when the body overreacts to certain emotional triggers, such as the sight of blood) and cardiac dysrhythmias (irregular heart rate)." OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" LastActivityDate="2015-11-25T21:54:23.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3855" CreationDate="2015-11-26T03:46:38.033" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is neurofibromatosis and what are its symptoms? I researched it and it still isn't clear to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, at what age does one show the first signs of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2171" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:41:10.690" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:41:10.690" Title="What is neurofibromatosis?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;age&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3854" CreationDate="2015-11-26T07:35:48.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In essence, neurofibromatosis is a disorder that makes nerve cells grow out of control and develop tumors. These tumors can be anywhere nerve cells are, so in the brain, spine, etc. Tumors, to most people, mean cancer, but cancers are a special (malignant) form of tumors. The tumors in neurofibromatosis may or may not develop into cancer. However, even if neurofibromatosis doesn't develop into cancer, the tumors can cause pain and other symptoms (such as hearing loss) because they press on nerves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's usually recognized in childhood or early adulthood. There are three forms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neurofibromatosis 1&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common form, symptoms appear in children, some of them in young children (under 5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Flat, light brown spots on the skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Freckling in the armpits or groin area&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Soft bumps on or under the skin (neurofibromas)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tiny bumps on the iris of your eye &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Bone deformities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Learning disabilities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Larger than average head size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Short stature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neurofibromatosis 2&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less common and usually appears in teenagers. Symptoms are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Gradual hearing loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ringing in the ears&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Poor balance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;vision problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;facial drop&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;numbness and weakness in the arms or legs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Schwannomatosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rare form only recently discovered that usually doesn't get dicovered until people are over 20 or even 30. It causes painful tumors, but not in the nerves that are responsible for hearing, so it doesn't cause hearing loss&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder, that means it's inherited and not caused by anything environmental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis/basics/definition/con-20027728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - general overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis/basics/symptoms/con-20027728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Symptoms&lt;/a&gt; (source of the quotes, and more details on the symptoms)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/neurofibromatosis/neurofibromatosis.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NINDS Neurofibromatosis Information Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T07:35:48.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3846" CreationDate="2015-11-26T09:17:09.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the following, I assume you meant total cholesterol and not HDL or LDL-cholesterol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low cholesterol can be found in some rare genetic diseases, and in people affected by other illnesses. For example, hyperthyroidism will cause low cholesterol because it fastens the metabolism and increases the use of lipids in general. Any illness that involves inflammation will be likely to lower the cholesterol blood level as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People affected by metabolic disorders and who have to follow a strict diet (especially hypoprotidic ones, like phenylcetonuria) will often have low cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, children often have low cholesterol because cells use cholesterol to expand and multiply, and the growth period therefore use a lot of cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the risks associated with low cholesterol, there is still little research on the subject. Low cholesterol seem to be a bad prognosis factor for severely ill patients, and associated with stroke, infections or mental illnesses. However, it is unclear if the cholesterol level is just a marker of the risk (a consequence) or a cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like all biological factors, it'd be probably interesting to do another test to see if this low cholesterol happened just once or if it's a trend. Since you're being treated for cellulitis, it's likely that this infection is responsible for your current low cholesterol (which would be confirmed if your cholesterol returns to normal after treatment). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly I can't be more precise than this answer as there is, as far as I know, no specific study on cholesterol levels in people treated for cellulitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hypocholesterolemia in clinically serious conditions&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hypocholesterolemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medical experience&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T09:17:09.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3843" CreationDate="2015-11-26T13:20:33.547" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Myelocytes are immature granulocytes (a type of white blood cells), that are usually only found in bone marrow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence, raised immature granulocytes are a sign of &lt;em&gt;bone marrow activity&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reference range for adults who are not pregnant I found was usually 0, except for this paper: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.1043/2010-0258-OA.1?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Age-dependent reference ranges for automated assessment of immature granulocytes and clinical significance in an outpatient setting&lt;/a&gt; where they looked at healthy patients and determined a reference range from that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;we recommend the following IG upper reference range limits for routine outpatient use: 0.30%/40.0 µL−1 (≤10 years) and 0.90%/70.0 µL−1 (&gt;10 years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people had a count of 0, though. They then looked at the outliers they found in another group, and found that these people had &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;infections (such as respiratory infections) and drug therapy (mostly glucocorticoids and chemotherapeutics) as common etiologies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High values can be found in patients hospitalized with severe infections: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/14/8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Revisiting the white blood cell count: immature granulocytes count as a diagnostic marker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis - a prospective, observational study&lt;/a&gt; found values of 630.5 +/− 1042.5 cells/μl in patients with an infection. This could be used to differentiate between patients with and without infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most worrisome cause, and why further tests are ordered if values are high is that a raised count can be a sign of acute myeloid leukemia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients with AML have too many immature white cells in their blood, and not enough red blood cells or platelets. Many of the white blood cells may be myeloblasts (often just called blasts), which are immature blood-forming cells that are not normally found in the blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-acutemyeloidaml/detailedguide/leukemia-acute-myeloid-myelogenous-diagnosed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How is acute myeloid leukemia diagnosed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at the very least, we have the following possible causes for values above the reference value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;acute infection &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;acute inflammatory disease &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;steroid use &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;acute myeloid leukemia &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number alone is not sufficient to make a diagnosis, so further tests are needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T08:03:19.067" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T08:03:19.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-26T14:30:07.783" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the possible causes of increased ferritin in a 69 year old man who is otherwise normal and who is not anemic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2123" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:07:31.053" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:07:31.053" Title="What are the differential diagnoses of increased ferritin?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3835" CreationDate="2015-11-26T15:54:23.613" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer:  I am not a doctor, do not take this as medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basic first aid for 2nd/3rd degree burns (&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=p1yU5No0xq0C&amp;amp;source=productsearch&amp;amp;utm_source=HA_Desktop_US&amp;amp;utm_medium=SEM&amp;amp;utm_campaign=PLA&amp;amp;pcampaignid=MKTAD0930BO1&amp;amp;gl=US&amp;amp;gclid=CIGSgYmyrskCFRaeNwodS5oDBQ&amp;amp;gclsrc=ds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1616690178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;) is to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cool the burn with clean, cool water.  Avoid ice and don't cool off extensive burns (&gt;20% of body surface) because of the risk of hypothermia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remove clothing/jewelry from affected areas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep the skin clean and dry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cover with a clean, dry dressing, preferably sterile and non-stick.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid popping blisters unless they are infected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll notice the word &quot;clean&quot; in there a lot, and that's because the biggest danger with a severe burn is &lt;strong&gt;infection&lt;/strong&gt;.  Burned skin loses its defense against bacteria, so keeping the wound clean will be your primary concern.  In an apocalyptic scenario, without proper antibiotics, infections can easily turn deadly through &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/168402-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;septic shock&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of antibiotic ointments on severe burns is controversial.  Some handbooks recommend Silvadene cream, but others discourage putting any ointment on the wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitive treatment in normal circumstances would include &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.advancedtissue.com/understanding-debridement-important-part-wound-healing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;surgical debridement&lt;/a&gt; and skin grafts, but neither is likely to be practical in an apocalyptic situation.  Without proper supplies and training, you'd probably do more harm than good.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/554795_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Larval therapy&lt;/a&gt; is an option, but eeew!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0988872536&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Survival Medicine Handbook&lt;/a&gt; has a whole chapter on natural burn remedies, from vinegar to honey and cotton-ash paste.  It's too much to summarize here, but the book is a great resource for apocalyptic fiction writers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A suture won't take the place of a skin graft, and in fact can compound the risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2176" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T15:54:23.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3358" CreationDate="2015-11-26T17:14:24.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurofibromatosis/basics/symptoms/con-20027728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Neurofibromatosis&lt;/a&gt; comes in three forms, one of which is called &quot;Schwannomatosis&quot;. It usually develops in the patient's 20s or 30s and is characterized by people developing schwannomas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common symptom is pain. A study I could find: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481897/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clinical Features of Schwannomatosis: A Retrospective Analysis of 87 Patients&lt;/a&gt; recommends &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a proactive surveillance plan to identify tumors by magnetic resonance imaging scan in order to optimize surgical treatment and to treat associated pain, anxiety, and depression&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for perspective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with schwannomatosis represent &lt;strong&gt;2.4 to 5%&lt;/strong&gt; of all patients requiring schwannoma resection &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955931&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Diagnostic criteria for Schwannomatosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not likely. Just one condition that presents with a predisposition for schwannomas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-26T17:20:39.563" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T17:20:39.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="812" CreationDate="2015-11-26T17:49:04.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of our knowledge, it just happens to some people and it's harmless. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With aging, the tissues around your eyes, including some of the muscles supporting your eyelids, weaken. Normal fat that helps support the eyes can then move into the lower eyelids, causing the lids to appear puffy. Fluid also may accumulate in the space below your eyes, adding to the swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless there are additional symptoms, like itching or redness of the eye, there is no cause for concern. Some things can make it worse, like hot weather, and some things can make it look worse on some people, like people with very light skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical expression is &quot;mild periorbital swelling&quot;, by the way. Searching for it in medical databases will mostly lead to getting information on the rare cases where it was a symptom of a serious illness, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bags-under-eyes/basics/definition/con-20034185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T17:49:04.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1914" CreationDate="2015-11-26T20:37:10.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current treatments for Tourette syndrome (drugs like dopamine receptor antagonists, which are the reference treatment, excepted) include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychotherapy/behaviour therapy/habit training&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deep brain stimulation (for severe cases, so not really applicable here)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transcranial magnetic stimulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biofeedback&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4602330/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Review of the research progresses in Tourette syndrome (2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastActivityDate="2015-11-26T20:37:10.497" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-26T21:06:49.320" Score="7" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lithium (taken as a mood stabilizer) can lead to renal problems in patients, especially those taking it long-term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How prevalent are these side effects and how are they managed - for example, stopping to take lithium, taking other medication alongside lithium? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:34:05.890" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:34:05.890" Title="Lithium side effects (kidney)" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;renal&gt;&lt;lithium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3867" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3868" CreationDate="2015-11-27T13:05:03.817" Score="4" ViewCount="1124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a person who was infected with toxoplasmosis during his or her mother's pregnancy donate blood? Or is it unsafe and thus rejected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2182" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:02:17.137" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:02:17.137" Title="Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and blood donation" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;toxoplasmosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="3868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3867" CreationDate="2015-11-27T14:59:25.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who have had toxoplasmosis are not barred from donating blood (at least in the places I checked). While toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is dangerous for the embryo/fetus, if they don't have lasting damage from it, that person is just like any other person who once had toxoplasmosis, of which there are many (in some countries up to 80 percent of people are immune because they had toxoplasmosis at one time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with a currently active infection would probably be sent away, but since toxoplasmosis infection usually presents like a generic mild infection (muscle ache, mild temperature) and isn't tested for, that's no different than sending away someone with a cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When in doubt, ask the place where you are donating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC on toxoplasmosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/eligibility-requirements/eligibility-criteria-alphabetical-listing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Red Cross blood donation eligibility requirements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://my.blood.co.uk/Knowledgebase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS blood donation services Knowledgebase&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T15:06:00.813" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T15:06:00.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3867" CreationDate="2015-11-27T15:07:45.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it'll be necessary to know if only the mother was infected during pregnancy, or if the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis (&lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt;) was really transmitted to the foetus. This was possibly done during pregnancy via amniocentesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person was infected in utero, then they are likely to carry the parasite, although they won't necessarily express symptoms. This can be verified by a specialized blood test (specific IgM and IgG antibodies will be searched).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted via blood donation. People who have been infected by toxoplasmosis are however eligible for blood donation, but they must give this information to the blood center as their blood will be specifically not given to people with immune deficiency (who could then be severely infected by the parasite).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These rules can vary from country to country. Be sure to check with the closest blood center.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources : &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.fr/books?id=THHv3HKKifUC&amp;amp;pg=PA66&amp;amp;lpg=PA66&amp;amp;dq=blood%20donation%20toxoplasmosis&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=Ww2pa_Eb-W&amp;amp;sig=XJOQ3MuOv5oslxXKHapDTRloiCE&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwi6_c_X7LDJAhUHWhoKHWSOB04Q6AEIRTAE#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=blood%20donation%20toxoplasmosis&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recommendations on blood donations from the Pan American Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/37/4/388.long?sso-checked=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Transmission of toxoplasmosis by blood donation described in 1970&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastEditorUserId="2165" LastEditDate="2015-11-27T15:46:32.433" LastActivityDate="2015-11-27T15:46:32.433" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-27T15:14:48.930" Score="5" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;In people with hypothyroidism that is being treated with thyroid hormones and that are not showing symptoms or hypothyroidism, how often should these tests be performed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TSH blood test &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;T4 blood test &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ultrasound of the thyroid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;scintigraphy of the thyroid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(if at all, of course) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cause of the hypothyroidism matters, let's say Hashimoto thyroiditis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-09-24T11:28:11.397" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T11:28:11.397" Title="Routine exams in patients with hypothyroidism" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T03:15:33.100" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the following claim from a company selling turmeric curcumin pills (also containing Ginger, Boswellia &amp;amp; BioPerine), to optimize the anti-inflammatory effect of the pills:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TIP - Cut down on sugar and carbs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's not popular to recommend and it’s not easy to make a lifestyle&#xA;  change, but it makes a MAJOR difference. At the very least I recommend&#xA;  you cut down on sugar and carbs dramatically for the first couple&#xA;  weeks. This will allow the product to quickly get to work without&#xA;  being bogged down fighting new inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pills contains turmeric curcumin, Ginger, Boswellia &amp;amp; BioPerine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I5NOT.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I5NOT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence confirming or infirming that reducing the amount of carb intake increases the anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric curcumin? I'm mostly interested in tendinitises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T03:15:33.100" Title="Does reducing the amount of carb intake increase the anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric curcumin?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T03:23:12.613" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a 4-month-old, exclusively breast-fed, with dairy sensitivities. Mom has eliminated dairy from her diet, which brought a huge improvement. A couple weeks ago we slowly reintroduced dairy (a couple biscuits made with milk) and confirmed the sensitivity is still there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any research on what the infant is actually experiencing? When she was younger, it seemed an almost acute pain - sitting happily one second then an utterly pained cry the next, refusal to be set down, etc. During the recent reintroduction it didn't seem to be as painful, but just a general discomfort - wanting to be held, but no pain cry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The oddest thing though was the effect on sleep. Before the reintroduction she'd been sleeping through the night without issue. During, she would wake up 2-3 times per night. Upon waking she would lie there and babble, or work her hand out of the swaddle to suck on her fingers, and one time she just hollered (loud noises, but not unhappy). It just seemed like she was ready to be awake and play. We eventually just nursed her to get her to go back to sleep, but she never really got upset and &quot;needed&quot; to nurse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really I'm just curious what she might be going through, as I obviously don't have an intolerance and she can't tell me. Her changing reactions haven't helped me figure it out either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T03:23:12.613" Title="What does dairy sensitivity feel like to an infant?" Tags="&lt;dairy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3302" CreationDate="2015-11-28T08:46:18.473" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could find one letter to the editor from 2011 that posits a few mechanisms by which increased blood flow caused by the fever might make   autism symptoms better: &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11065-011-9157-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does fever relieve autistic behavior by improving brain blood flow?&lt;/a&gt;. It also mentions a workshop on the topic that happened in 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://sfari.org/updates-and-events/workshop-reports/2010/workshop-report-fever-and-autism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;workshop report&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One clear conclusion from the meeting is that much more research is needed to investigate the relationship between fever and autism, in particular whether the fever-related responses are a result of the temperature changes, or of a neuro-immune response related to infection. Clinical tests can examine the role of temperature by monitoring the effect of safely raising temperatures (such as in a water bath) on symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11065-011-9159-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reply to the letter to the editor&lt;/a&gt; with some more thoughts related to causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could find nothing newer, but this year, a grant of 900,000 USD grant was awarded to Indiana University to research that link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2015/07/autism-fever-study.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH awards Indiana University $900,000 to study link between body temperature and autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Like many research topics, the phenomenon isn't totally unknown, but exact mechanisms linking body temperature and autism haven't yet been organized as a principle and unpacked to see how it could work,&amp;quot; said Alberts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IU study will be conducted in mice. Alberts and Harshaw will investigate the association between physiological deficits in the ability to regulate body temperature and social behaviors associated with autism using mouse models for both conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T09:47:03.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1616" CreationDate="2015-11-28T10:11:30.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, it might not always be necessary, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to make one thing clear, if we are talking about caries, the tooth is not merely decayed, it is infected by bacteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dental decay is due to the irreversible solubilization of tooth mineral by acid produced by certain bacteria that adhere to the tooth surface in bacterial communities known as dental plaque.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8259/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Microbiology of Dental Decay and Periodontal Disease&lt;/a&gt; (chapter of &quot;Medical Microbiology&quot;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are multiple studies on what happens if not all of the infection is removed prior to tooth filling. For example &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-006-0033-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The monitoring of deep caries lesions after incomplete dentine caries removal: results after 14–18 months&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Interference in environmental conditions by partial dentine caries removal and tooth sealing arrests lesion progression, suggesting that complete dentine caries removal is not essential to control caries progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests that as soon as the tooth is sealed, the infection doesn't spread deeper. One meta study reached the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on reviewed studies, incomplete caries removal seems advantageous compared with complete excavation, especially in proximity to the pulp. However, evidence levels are currently insufficient for definitive conclusions because of high risk of bias within studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/92/4/306.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Incomplete Caries Removal: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, until this proves to be a very clear benefit with good evidence, the recommendation will be to remove the complete infection, for fear of it spreading deeper under the filling and/or the tooth &lt;a href=&quot;http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/89/11/1270.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;getting weaker&lt;/a&gt;. Especially for not very deep infections, removing it all may be simpler and need less follow-up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-28T10:19:18.527" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T10:19:18.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="678" CreationDate="2015-11-28T13:20:00.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For mild cases, no treatment is needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more severe cases, ACE inhibitors and diuretics are used as medical treatments. The surgical options are aortic valve repair (valvuloplasty) or replacement with a mechanical or tissue valve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Replacement carries high risks (1 in 50 patients dies) as it is open heart surgery and also a risk the risk of blood clots and thus needs to be carefully considered, and patients need to take anti-blood clot medication afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000179.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medlineplus on Aortic Insufficiency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/basics/definition/con-20022523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic on Aortic valve regurgitation&lt;/a&gt; (different name for aortic insufficiency) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aorticvalvereplacement/Pages/Whatisitpage.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS page on aortic valve replacements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T13:20:00.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3147" CreationDate="2015-11-28T13:35:09.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it's unclear from the question what vaccination this was, I looked up two likely cases: the flu vaccine, and the DTaP booster, because these are vaccines regularly given to adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Influenza vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The flu vaccine can cause soreness, redness, and swelling at the spot where the vaccination was given. If the pain is more than mild, or lasts longer than a day, ask your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DTaP, or Tdap&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain at the injection site occurs in 2 out of 3 adult patients. Severe pain is rare, and should be discussed with a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rather comprehensive overview of vaccine side effects can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm#tdap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;found at the CDC website&lt;/a&gt;. Soreness and mild pain is a side effect of many, but anything severe or lasting more than 1 to 2 days should be discussed with a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T13:35:09.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3556" CreationDate="2015-11-28T13:57:14.477" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found some data for blood donation, not blood testing, which of course is a higher blood loss. Also, blood tests are often done on patients who haven't had anything to eat yet, while blood donors are told to eat and drink well beforehand. So this may or may not answer your question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found two studies of interest. Unfortunately, I can only access the summary of the first one, but in this study, female donors were more likely to faint, but not significantly so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;female donors, young donors, first-time donors, low-weight donors, and donors with low predonation blood pressure had higher absolute donation reaction rates than other donors. When each variable was adjusted for other variables by regression analysis, age, weight, and donation status (first-time or repeat donor) were significant (p&amp;lt;0.0001), and sex, predonation blood pressure, and predonation pulse were not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39399219291.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A case-controlled multicenter study of vasovagal reactions in blood donors: influence of sex, age, donation status, weight, blood pressure, and pulse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943146/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A single-centre study of vasovagal reaction in blood donors: Influence of age, sex, donation status, weight, total blood volume and volume of blood collected&lt;/a&gt;, again, female  donors fainted more often and the statistical analysis came back as significant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As depicted in the table, variables such as female gender in comparison with male [...] all showed significant association with occurrence of VVRs in healthy blood donors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, whether they collected 350 or 450 milliliters of blood showed no significant effect. But your blood test, even at six vials, was with less than 350 milliliters. I think they usually collect less than 20 milliliters per vial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, at least for blood donations, it seems like there's either no significant effect, or that it's female patients who faint more often. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After your comment to this answer, I'd like to point out that in both studies, weight is correlated with fainting after blood loss. The second study at least only looked at total weight, the two categories being more or less than 55 kilograms, not weight in relation to height. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Young men, who often have just grown a lot without adding much weight, are often underweight or borderline underweight. Unfortunately, both studies weren't large enough to just look at adolescents and young adult men compared to other groups. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-03T18:58:40.937" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T18:58:40.937" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3343" CreationDate="2015-11-28T14:15:34.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Risks appear to be low, if they are used as intended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There were no adverse events including skin changes, ulcerations, hypoesthesia or diminished rigidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00814.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Penile Traction Therapy for Treatment of Peyronie's Disease: A Single-Center Pilot Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The application of such devices can be recommended in all patients regardless of the penile length, because of the low risk of complications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, all studies on this I found had a really small sample size. So rare risks could just not have appeared. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T14:15:34.943" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T15:43:07.753" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;My middle-aged father is insistent on knowing about Nutriversus (created by Mannatech). He believes this can help sharpen the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before buying, taking any supplement, I am researching information about Nutriversus. Unfortunately, an internet search gives biased info about how great this supplement is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to WebMD, Drugs.com, and cannot find information about Nutriversus anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me, where else can I search for scientific, unbiased research on this supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastActivityDate="2015-11-28T15:43:07.753" Title="Where to find scientific, unbiased research on a supplement" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3841" CreationDate="2015-11-28T15:55:31.743" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, most of what you suggested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the big risks of alcohol consumption is damage to the liver. Thus, if drinking a lot, don't do anything else that damages the liver, like taking medication that can itself lead to liver damage. The most common drug that this includes is acetaminophen (paracetamol). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next important thing is to get the alcohol to be delivered into the blood (and liver) slowly. That means eating before drinking, drinking slowly, and not taking any medication that worsens the effect of alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then comes reducing its effects and speeding up recovery. Drink enough additional fluids (water, juices, etc) before, during and after drinking alcohol. Get enough sleep and give your body time to recover. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regular alcohol consumption comes vitamin deficiencies. A multivitamin with folate, vitamin B6, thiamine, and vitamin A might help. Iron deficiency and anemia are common, getting enough iron in the diet or through a multivitamin can help with that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of things long-term alcohol abuse can cause that can't be treated like this, though. Seizures, nerve damage, pancreatitis, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, I &lt;strong&gt;really, really&lt;/strong&gt; recommend against it, but in this hypothetical scenario, the steps above might reduce the damage done to the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liver.ca/liver-health/liver-disease-prevention/tips-for-healthy-liver/alcohol-consumption.aspx&quot;&gt;How to Protect Your Liver if You Drink Alcohol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mcwell.nd.edu/your-well-being/physical-well-being/alcohol/absorption-rate-factors/&quot;&gt;Absorption Rate Factors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Hangovers.aspx&quot;&gt;NHS hangover cures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3544907&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of vitamin deficiencies in alcoholism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/pages/risks.aspx&quot;&gt;Risks of alcohol misuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/12-health-risks-of-chronic-heavy-drinking&quot;&gt;Health Risks of Alcohol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T08:48:25.340" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T08:48:25.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T16:18:35.453" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should people with myopia (short-sightedness) who otherwise show no symptoms of eye problems and wear corrective lenses visit an eye doctor (whether optometrist or ophthalmologist - my country doesn't even have that distinction)? If they should, are there any recommendations as to how often these visits should happen and what exams need to be scheduled? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T16:47:13.693" Title="Routine doctor visit for people with myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T17:12:51.523" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a history of seizures, nor does my family, but this started 4-5 years ago when I was asleep. They usually occur when I feel sick or have a cold or flu-like symptoms. An EEG test said everything was normal. It only happens at night when I'm asleep so maybe something is being triggered while in REM sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find a solution to this? Are there specialist doctors I can go to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2188" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T21:55:41.583" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T07:51:59.060" Title="Who to go to for diagnosis of random seizures?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-28T18:00:14.027" Score="5" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out how water intake during meals effects digestion. Particularly, what volumes of water would inhibit digestion versus benefit digestion. Additionally, if water benefits the digestive process, at what volume would it start to inhibit digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that excessive water intake could possibly inhibit digestion. Looking at the laws of chemistry and pH, it is apparent that acidity is exponential and in order to decrease stomach acidity to the point of inhibiting digestion, it would take huge volumes of water. But that does not take into account the dilution of the enzymes such as Pepsin which are also necessary for digestion. So excessive water intake may not dilute stomach acid, but it's effect on the dilution of stomach enzymes could possibly inhibit the digestion process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2019" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T18:20:24.477" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T18:20:24.477" Title="How does water intake with meals influence digestion?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-03T01:49:05.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-29T00:11:01.767" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently seen several news articles about LSD microdosing: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/12019140/Silicon-Valley-professionals-are-taking-LSD-at-work-to-increase-productivity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/11/27/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-in-silicon-valley-and-beyond/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techinsider.io/lsd-microdosing-is-the-new-productivity-craze-2015-11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TechInsider&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definition from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/how-lsd-microdosing-became-the-hot-new-business-trip-20151120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rolling Stones&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A microdose is about a tenth of the normal dose – around 10 micrograms of LSD, or 0.2-0.5 grams of mushrooms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What short-term and long-term risks LSD microdosing have been shown in scientific studies, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T12:05:43.747" Title="What are the risks LSD microdosing?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;productivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-29T10:21:23.527" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just got an adjustable desk at my office that I wanted for a long time, since I live most of my life at the computer. I read that sitting for extended periods is quite harmful for health. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nchpad.org/403/2216/Sedentary~Lifestyle~is~Dangerous~to~Your~Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/17482/1/International%20Journal%20of%20Epidemiology%202003.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; In fact, I experienced some problems myself, and I'm not exactly old. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, now I'm standing at my new desk, and I realize it's quite hard on my lower legs, because I'm too heavy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that I must find the optimal balance between sitting and standing, depending on my body size and weight. The question is how I do that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2190" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T21:47:29.857" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T21:47:29.857" Title="How to correctly use an adjustable desk?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;office&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2021" CreationDate="2015-11-29T12:47:11.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I only looked for studies on the effect of exercise, there may be more in regards to dietary changes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3587394/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The impact of brief high-intensity exercise on blood glucose levels&lt;/a&gt; is a review article analysing several articles on this subject, with studies in both patients with and without diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One looked at two weeks of exercise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two weeks of sprint interval training increased insulin sensitivity up to 3 days postintervention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Original study: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20547683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Short-term sprint interval training increases insulin sensitivity in healthy adults but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others looked at single training sessions of high intensity interval training (HIIT):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;low volume SIT with as little as 7.5 minutes of high-intensity exercise per week may be a time-efficient exercise strategy to help control blood glucose in diabetic patients and improve insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is a brief effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it is [...] uncertain if any improvements in blood glucose achieved by a brief intervention would be sustained over a longer period&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there does seem to be a short-term effect for training at high intensities that does not need to be sustained for long - typical exercise duration in these studies was a couple of sprints at a few minutes of high intensity training per session plus warm up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T12:47:11.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3454" CreationDate="2015-11-29T13:14:50.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_glucose_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;random glucose tests&lt;/a&gt;, and they, too, can be used to check for diabetes and pre-diabetes. Because the meal before the test is not standardized the range is quite large, but that doesn't mean they don't have any diagnostic value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An abnormal result will probably mean a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003482.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fasting glucose test is then ordered&lt;/a&gt;. So why not do that in the first place? Without knowing the story of the pictured result, probably because diabetes diagnosis wasn't the point of the blood tests, and the glucose test was just one of several tests. In that case, doctors might decide it's  unnecessary to tell the patient not to eat just because of that one test. Especially if the blood drawing doesn't take place in the morning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T13:14:50.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3658" CreationDate="2015-11-29T15:49:29.247" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization published a report entitled &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138218/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK138218.pdf&quot;&gt;Blood Donor Selection: Guidelines on Assessing Donor Suitability for Blood Donation&lt;/a&gt;. Based on a review of scientific studies and other literature, it contains detailed recommendations for establishing blood donation programs, including which donors to accept or reject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It mentions several autoimmune diseases. From the non-communicable section (page 49), we have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.1.4 Thrombocytopenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Individuals with thrombocytopenia should not be accepted as blood donors&#xA;  because of the risk of bleeding at the venepuncture site and because chronic&#xA;  thrombocytopenia may be associated with serious underlying haematological or&#xA;  other systemic disease. A past history of autoimmune thrombocytopenia is not&#xA;  a contraindication to blood donation, even if treated by splenectomy, provided&#xA;  that the prospective donor has been well for five years with no evidence of&#xA;  relapse (64).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific reason for rejection here is twofold: The possibility of bleeding and of a secondary, more serious condition. The first risk, however, is common for all haematological disease. The section references a selection of guidelines from the UK Blood Transfusion &amp;amp; Tissue Transplantation Services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a full section dedicated to &quot;Immunological diseases&quot; (which presumably encompasses autoimmune diseases) (page 57):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.6 IMMUNOLOGICAL DISEASES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Individuals with systemic immunological diseases are generally unwell and are&#xA;  therefore not suitable to donate blood. Donors should be questioned about severe&#xA;  allergy to materials used in blood collection, such as latex or skin disinfectant, so that contact with these materials can be avoided. Passive transfer of IgE by blood transfusion has been reported but does not alter acceptance criteria (129,130,131).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While there is no evidence of harm resulting from blood donation by individuals with a history of anaphylaxis, the permanent deferral of such individuals is recommended as a precautionary measure (70).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the recommendation stems mostly from the assumption that these diseases are severe, and could thus cause serious harm to the recipients of these donors' blood. The referenced sources are three studies on the potential transferability of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E&quot;&gt;IgE&lt;/a&gt;, and one general set of blood donor recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A later section discusses general central nervous system diseases (page 58):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.8 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Assessment of the suitability of prospective donors with central nervous system&#xA;  conditions should take into account the well-being of the donor and the risk of&#xA;  transfusion-transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is recommended that almost all donors with central nervous system diseases (epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, etc.) be deferred, for several reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A lack of full understanding of the cause of the disease (see the section on multiple sclerosis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A fear that blood donation could lead to adverse effects on the donor (see the section on epilepsy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The possibility of the transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these have not yet been supported by studies, although attempts have been made to prove/disprove them. The primary concern is that some variants of these diseases are not well-known enough, and there could be adverse effects that physicians are not aware of. This is a concern I've seen cited on various websites of blood donation programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, there is a generic section on medications (page 64). This harkens back to the deferral of some donors with thrombocytopenia, insofar as currently having the disease can make one ineligible for donation. In these cases, the medication could be transferred through the blood, thus possible harming the recipient:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6.2 MEDICATIONS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Deferral criteria for medications taken by donors should take into account the&#xA;  underlying condition for which the medication is taken, the pharmacokinetic&#xA;  properties of the medication and the effect of the medication on the quality&#xA;  or safety of the donated blood (146,147,148). Donors should not omit regular&#xA;  medication in order to attend a blood donor session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no published evidence that medications in donated blood have caused&#xA;  adverse effects in a patient receiving transfusion, although it is unlikely that&#xA;  such events would be recognized. European Union legislation requires temporary&#xA;  deferral based on the “nature and mode of action” of the medication (149).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, though this possibility has been studied, there is little evidence to back it up. Blood donation programs are advised to defer these potential donors in some cases out of caution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; autoimmune diseases which will not automatically prohibit blood donation. Among these are asthma and some cases of rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism. These are the less severe autoimmune diseases, and they are also well-known and treatable, meaning that some of the risks mentioned earlier don't apply to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-11-29T16:39:39.727" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T16:39:39.727" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1341" CreationDate="2015-11-29T16:10:12.723" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;WebMD has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/understanding-heartburn-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an interesting article on heartburn&lt;/a&gt; that states&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With gravity's help, a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, keeps stomach acid in the stomach. The LES is located where the esophagus meets the stomach -- below the rib cage and slightly left of center. Normally it opens to allow food into the stomach or to permit belching, then closes again. But if the LES opens too often or does not close tight enough, stomach acid can reflux, or seep, into the esophagus and cause the burning sensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would seem to be something of a union of both theories of heartburn. I was slightly doubtful - the article doesn't cite a particular source - but I was able to do a bit of digging on my own and found a few papers and other reliable sources that support this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15836451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Boeckxstaens (2005)&lt;/a&gt; states (abstract only)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The two typical examples of dysfunction of the LOS are achalasia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). . . . GORD results from failure of the antireflux barrier, with increased exposure of the oesophagus to gastric acid. This leads to symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, and in more severe cases to oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus and even carcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgery.usc.edu/thoracic/esophagealmotilitydisorders.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Keck School of Medicine&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx in the throat to the stomach. There are two sphincters at each end, an upper esophageal sphincter and a lower esophageal sphincter. With normal swallowing there is an incredible coordination of neurologic and muscular events for the food or liquid to efficiently pass from the mouth and into the stomach. Any dysfunction in this process can manifest as difficulty swallowing solids and liquids, regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain, and even heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382806/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spechler et a. (1995)&lt;/a&gt; writes&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heartburn, the main symptom of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GORD), might be expected to occur infrequently in achalasia, a disorder characterised by a hypertensive lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) that fails to relax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears the dysfunction of the LES/LOS is considered to be a cause of heartburn, specifically causing GORD, which then leads to heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to emphasize that heartburn generally isn't a standalone illness, but a symptom of something else, just like a sore throat may be a symptom of, say, strep throat. This isn't always the case, but it generally is the case for instances of persistent heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The Mayo Clinic also has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heartburn/basics/causes/con-20019545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a rather accessible article&lt;/a&gt; for anyone who doesn't want to trudge through scientific papers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T16:29:21.237" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:29:21.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3881" CreationDate="2015-11-29T16:47:13.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This probably varies from country to country. In mine (France), it is recommended to see an ophtalmologist (we have the distinction here) every three years for non-severe myopia, because your sight can vary a bit during that time. For children it's every year because children's sight vary much more than ours. For severe myopia, the ophtalmologist decides what schedule will be best - often every year as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tests are generally eyesight measurements (for myopia, far-sightedness and astigmatism). Sometimes, especially in older people, you'll get a fundus examination as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eyewiki.aao.org/Myopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; has description of myopia progression that justifies the regular checks in the classification part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastActivityDate="2015-11-29T16:47:13.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3891" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16051" CreationDate="2015-11-29T22:14:22.207" Score="5" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking specifically in the cases of meat and milk. Is the worst case simply an upset stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-04-27T10:21:42.090" Title="What happens to a person who consumes spoiled food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-11-29T22:19:18.493" Score="5" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the temporary build-up of air cause any damage, short or long term, or health concerns? I've heard from relatives that excessive holding-in can damage the intestines, but I'm not sure if that's true. I think a thorough answer would describe why humans fart, if there is a reason, and the process of farting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:17:04.917" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T14:17:04.917" Title="What are the health detriments to holding in a fart if any?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="522" CreationDate="2015-11-30T13:17:39.163" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would recommend keeping those old results around for at least a few years, since it isn't usually a big problem to do so. Having old records around to compare results to  &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be beneficial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many countries, medical professionals or labs might be required by law to keep your records around and hand those results over to you or any doctor you authorize for a number of years. For example, here in Germany, they need to keep normal laboratory results for ten years, for some other items this can be up to 30 years. Similar laws exist &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.bma.org.uk/support-at-work/ethics/retention-of-health-records&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rmf.harvard.edu/Clinician-Resources/FAQ-Category/Medical-Records&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the US&lt;/a&gt; (where the exact legislation is state-specific, as far as I can tell). Since it can be a hassle getting them when you, for example, move, I'd also keep copies myself, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of keeping old non-significant test results around can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to see that a significant result later is a new addition. As such, if a later test shows elevated blood sugar / hemoglobin, a doctor at least has an estimate of when this problem started. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to reveal a trend, for example decreasing Vitamin D levels making supplementation desirable, or slowly increasing TSH levels pointing to a beginning hypothyroidism. More tests can then be ordered if necessary. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;since &quot;normal ranges&quot; are just normal for a population, and not necessarily for you (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://ucsdlabmed.wikidot.com/chapter-1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How reference ranges are established&lt;/a&gt;), even a value that is marked as non-significant might not actually be normal for you. Having many values from the past can show an outlier that would be within the reference range, but is a significant result for you. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example where a trend within &quot;normal&quot; levels could be of diagnostic value is hemoglobin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Paying close attention to routine blood test results can be an effective screening system for colon cancer which, when diagnosed early enough, can be treated effectively. A new study shows that most patients with colon cancer have a history of consistently declining hemoglobin levels up to four years before being diagnosed with the disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100803152837.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is your hemoglobin 'trending'? Routine blood tests may provide early warning for colorectal cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since for most people this would just amount to asking for a copy at a doctor's visit and then putting it in a folder when coming home, keeping the records doesn't appear too difficult to not do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T13:17:39.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3832" CreationDate="2015-11-30T17:14:20.407" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mosquitos transmit the pathogens that cause malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, and dozens of other infectious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588&quot;&gt;Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You already mentioned malaria and West Nile.  The others mentioned are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Filariasis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lymphatic filariasis is infection with the filarial worms, &lt;em&gt;Wuchereria bancrofti&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Brugia malayi&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;B. timori&lt;/em&gt;. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito and develop into adult worms in the lymphatic vessels, causing severe damage and swelling (lymphoedema)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the WHO, about 120 million people worldwide are currently infected. It causes pain and disfigurement. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Filariasis can be cured if treated in time your can also be chronic and lead to lasting health problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dengue fever&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species &lt;em&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/em&gt; and, to a lesser extent, &lt;em&gt;A. albopictus&lt;/em&gt;. The disease is widespread throughout the tropics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimates are that there's about 400 million infections a year, with about 100 million showing clinical symptoms. There is no specific treatment or vaccination, but it is not chronic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of infections is increasing and the WHO estimates that half of the world's population is at risk, with the disease being endemic in 100 countries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yellow Fever&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The yellow fever virus is an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus, and the mosquito is the primary vector. It carries the virus from one host to another, primarily between monkeys, from monkeys to humans, and from person to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yellow fever can cause high fevers and jaundice. It's responsible for an estimated 30,000 deaths a year, out of 200,000 infections. Numbers are increasing, and about 900 million people live in countries where they are at risk. Yellow fever is not chronic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rift Valley Fever&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transmission through mosquitos isn't the primary source of infection for Rift Valley Fever - it is mostly transmitted through &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering, assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary procedures, or from the disposal of carcasses or fetuses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a few more mentioned at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm&quot;&gt;CDC list for mosquito-borne diseases&lt;/a&gt;, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Japanese Encephalitis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This affects 24 countries with about 70,000 cases being treated each year, up to 30 percent of which result in death. Japanese Encephalitis is not chronic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chikungunya&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Most commonly, the mosquitoes involved are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two species which can also transmit other mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This disease had several large outbreaks in Africa within the last two decades. Since 2005, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar and Thailand have reported over 1.9 million cases. Some patients develop chronic joint pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All quotes are from the World Health Organization:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/topics/filariasis/en/&quot;&gt;WHO Filariasis Overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Filariasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Dengue Fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Yellow Fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Rift Valley Fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Japanese Encephalitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs327/en/&quot;&gt;WHO factsheet Chikungunya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-11-30T17:46:16.897" LastActivityDate="2015-11-30T17:46:16.897" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3882" CreationDate="2015-11-30T20:28:12.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll be answering this question in the way @DaveL edited the post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specialist you should go to is a neurologist. They are the ones who are most qualified when it comes to seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mean time (because you'll probably have to wait before you can get an appointment), you can go to your GP and explain the problem. The way you're describing it, the EEG is probably normal because it would only changes when you're asleep and feverish, but maybe they'll like to redo it to see if there's an evolution, or test other hypotheses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To these doctors, you'll have to describe the seizures precisely - when do they happen in the night? do you lose consciousness or not? is there abnormal body moves and if so, what kind? are you immediately able to think normally after they happen or are you slowed down for a while? did you bite your tongue? do you have witnesses of these seizures that could possibly notice something you didn't? did you take any medication that could have induced them or reduced them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can, keep a journal of your seizures with these informations and bring it to your appointments. The more information, the better in these cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neurology.org/content/69/21/1996.full.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guidelines&lt;/a&gt; of the American Academy of Neurology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exemple of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/sites/epilepsy/files/files/A4-online-seizure-diary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;seizure journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastEditorUserId="2165" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T07:51:59.060" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T07:51:59.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3838" CreationDate="2015-11-30T22:09:15.993" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increased levels of stomach acid aren't actually listed as causes for GERD anywhere I could find. It is listed as a cause for ulcers, but not GERD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased levels of gastrin can cause increased release of acid and may lead to ulcers (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003883.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stomach acid test&lt;/a&gt; - What Abnormal Results Mean]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach acid enters the esophagus. Normally, the lower esophageal sphincter closes off the stomach. If it doesn't close completely, stomach acid moves upwards and hurts the esophagus that doesn't have the same lining as the stomach to protect it from the acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux — the backup of stomach acid or bile into the esophagus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you swallow, the lower esophageal sphincter — a circular band of muscle around the bottom part of your esophagus — relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow down into your stomach. Then it closes again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if this valve relaxes abnormally or weakens, stomach acid can flow back up into your esophagus, causing frequent heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/causes/con-20025201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - GERD&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GER and GERD happen when your lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes when it shouldn’t, causing stomach contents to rise up into the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ger-and-gerd-in-adults/Pages/symptoms-causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good overview of this with citations was also just added as an answer to another question here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1341/what-is-the-mechanism-of-heartburn&quot;&gt;What is the mechanism of heartburn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The possible causes of the esophageal sphincter becoming weak are listed as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pressure on the abdomen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;certain medications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a condition called a hiatal hernia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hiatal hernia is an anatomical cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hiatal hernia occurs when part of your stomach pushes upward through your diaphragm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/basics/definition/con-20030640&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Hiatal Hernia&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact causes of hiatal hernias is unknown, one suspected cause is pressure put on the stomach. In some people, it just seems to appear when they get older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If GERD isn't caused by too much stomach acid, then why are acid reducing drugs prescribed as treatment? &lt;em&gt;Because the less acid there is - and therefore the less acidic the stomach contents are - the less damage it can do to the esophagus.&lt;/em&gt; Proton pump inhibitors even allow the damage to the esophagus to heal. Other options for treating GERD are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/treatment/con-20025201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medication and surgery to strengthen the esophageal sphincter&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In light of the evidence for weak esophageal sphincters being the cause for GERD, I'd consider low stomach acid being a cause an unlikely hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;+++&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to your edit, here is my main disagreement / concern&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This reasoning behind this is that undigested food is putrefying and rotting, expelling gas within the stomach, then increasing pressure on the LES.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food doesn't rot in the stomach. Food stays in the stomach &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for less than six hours&lt;/a&gt;, which we know because we can track it. It spends most of its time in the colon. Food doesn't begin rotting within six hours, especially not while in the stomach, where, even in people with low stomach acidity, the acid kills most bacteria that could make the food rot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What really makes me doubt this, though, is that there are people who don't produce, or produce very low levels of stomach acid. That condition is called &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170066-overview#a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;achlorhydria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an intragastric pH greater than 5.09 in men and greater than 6.81 in women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal values are between 1 and 3. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, this is a big difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms seen even in these patients do not &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdguidelines.com/achlorhydria-and-hypochlorhydria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;generally include chronic acid reflux&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very hard to even try to refute those sources, as they regularly state such things as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is estimated that 80% of people with food allergies suffer from some degree of low acid production in the stomach&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;without any citation. Or that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by poor digestion. Or that food used to include &amp;quot;digestive enzymes&amp;quot;, but doesn't anymore. These are signs of pseudoscience and does not make me confident that anything else on that site is scientifically sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, the rotting food causes inflammation in the stomach which results in the stomach producing less acid,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, that source is about gastritis, not acid reflux. It says nothing about rotting food. It's about the complete opposite - how gastritis (and ulcers) needs to be treated by lowering the stomach pH so the stomach lining can heal. After that, proton pump inhibitors are discontinued and the stomach acid returns to normal levels. The inflammation of the stomach in gastritis (usually caused by taking NSAIDs) does not somehow cause a lower stomach acidity, which seems to be what you are implying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a longer refutation of some claims here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://digestivehealthinstitute.org/2014/07/10/h-pylori-low-stomach-acid-gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is GERD caused by H. pylori &amp;amp; Low Stomach Acid?&lt;/a&gt;. That article includes several links to studies that show patients with GERD not having significantly lower stomach acidity than patients without GERD and that artifically lowering stomach acidity triggered more severe GERD symptoms. I am not sure how unbiased it is, but I highly recommend looking at it and &lt;strong&gt;its sources&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another interesting paper is &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.d01-506.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Altered bowel function and duodenal bacterial overgrowth in patients treated with omeprazole&lt;/a&gt;, which concluded that in  people treated with PPIs (and thus lowered stomach acidity), food stays in the digestive tract for a shorter, not longer, duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A final recommendation: If you, yourself, are concerned about this, get your stomach pH tested. That's something that can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, we could have millions of sufferers in our country, and for that reason I want to find out the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, evaluating new hypotheses is outside the scope of this site. I have given you the state of research as I understand it and have tried looking at the references you presented, but found them severely lacking. But of course, I don't know what &amp;quot;the truth&amp;quot; is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T17:41:09.913" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1452" CreationDate="2015-11-30T22:46:06.133" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are actually quite a lot of studies pointing in all directions when it comes to memory and caffeine use. I wouldn't call it a closed case by any standard, although many sites hawk caffeine as a great improver of memory, especially long-term memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some studies showing no effects of long-term caffeine use on memory:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12404609&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hameleers et al. (2000)&lt;/a&gt;: A large number of adults (1875) ranging in age from 21 to 84 were studied while consuming caffeine over long periods of time. Even after compensation for various medical and sociological factors, no effects on short-term memory were observed. The sheer amount of data gathered is one thing in favor of this study, as outliers would not have influenced the result.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458050&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herz (1999)&lt;/a&gt;: A large number of subjects were studied while undergoing certain sessions containing cognitive tasks. No effects on memory were observed from caffeine usage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7675951&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Warburton (1995)&lt;/a&gt;: Low doses of caffeine were used on subjects over an extended period of time. There were non-negligible mood changes, but no effects on working memory. Note that this study focused in part on caffeine deprivation, rather than giving subjects additional caffeine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some studies showing positive effects of long-term caffeine use on memory:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424493&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angelucci et al. (2002)&lt;/a&gt;: A group of rats (not humans!) was studied, given caffeine injections at various points during training. They were then given the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_water_navigation_task&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Morris water maze test&lt;/a&gt;. Some of the rats were able to better remember pervious sessions - as the authors put it,&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These data provide evidence that caffeine improves memory retention but not memory acquisition, explaining some discrepancies among reports in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/6/890.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beydoun et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt;: Caffeine and alcohol use and diet were studied simultaneously in a large group of subjects. The findings were mixed, although some evidence was found supporting the hypothesis that caffeine use can increase overall cognitive function in older adults.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some studies showing negative effects of long-term caffeine use on memory:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17400186&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Han et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;: Subjects were studied over four weeks while using low doses of caffeine. A slight decrease in memory function was observed, caused in part by inhibition of part of the hippocampus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't shown the same amount of studies in all three categories - neutral, positive, and negative - and that's by design. There is a substantial amount of studies that found no significant effects, and that much more research would be needed to give strong evidence for long-term benefits. There is a decent amount of studies showing some positive long-term benefits, and almost none showing negative long-term benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I don't think it's safe to go in any of the three directions. However, it does seem like the effects of long-term caffeine use may be negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, be careful to differentiate between long-term effects of caffeine on memory and the effects of caffeine on long-term memory! Studies often cover both, because studying subjects over only a few days won't tell you much about long-term memory (certainly not about acquisition, at least). However, they aren't the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T01:40:19.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T05:48:25.630" Score="5" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;The visual acuity page on wikipedia suggests 1.8 arcmin @ 1km away (but says nothing about the relationship expected between distance and angular resolution) whilst the page on angular resolution suggests that 1 arcmin is perfectly normal, and I have not been able to find many other sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know what the value is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside, is there any great source of freely available information on eyes and ophthalmology that could have avoided me asking the question at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2204" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:36:03.787" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T11:45:19.553" Title="What is the angular resolution of the 'ideal' human eye?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;visual-acuity&gt;&lt;angular-spatial-resoluton&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T06:10:48.253" Score="7" ViewCount="959" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with astigmatism last summer, I've never had any noticeable vision problems before (I'm 20 years old). The shift from fine to terrible happened quite fast. I've visited an eye doctor, and found out that I've got astigmatism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So naturally I've tried to google what astigmatism is, and what causes it. From what I've found, I understand that astigmatism is caused either by an irregularly shaped cornea or a lens, but cornea related problems seem to be more frequent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering why does this happen? What causes the cornea to change shape so rapidly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMPORTANT EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it turned out, in my case astigmatism was a symptom of a disease called Keratoconus, so if you're experiencing rapid change in your vision, and your optometrist can't tell you why, go to another one, or better go to a clinic that specialises on treating Keratoconus, as it is very important to get a proper diagnosis as soon as possible, I've wasted too much time, going to unqualified optometrists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2203" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:28:27.040" LastActivityDate="2019-11-07T11:57:33.093" Title="What causes the cornea to change shape in astigmatism?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;astigmatism&gt;&lt;cornea&gt;&lt;keratoconus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3235" CreationDate="2015-12-01T09:04:22.900" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The herpes virus responsible for chickenpox, &lt;em&gt;Varicella zoster&lt;/em&gt; lays dormant in nerves  after the chickenpox outbreak. Shingles (called herpes zoster) break out in the region affected by that nerve or nerves, which is also why shingles are usually restricted to one body side (as nerves don't cross the spine). [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Shingles/Pages/Symptoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS page on shingles&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spreading the virus to other parts of the body is called &lt;em&gt;autoinoculation&lt;/em&gt;. I could not find this described anywhere for &lt;em&gt;Varicella zoster&lt;/em&gt; in healthy patients. In the related &lt;em&gt;Herpes simplex&lt;/em&gt;, it is uncommon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes, infected people can transmit the virus and infect other parts of their own bodies (most often the hands, thighs, or buttocks). This process, known as autoinoculation, is uncommon, since people generally develop antibodies that protect against this problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/herpes-simplex&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland Medical Center - Herpes simplex&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the other parts of your body are vaccinated against the virus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;Varicella zoster&lt;/em&gt;, it is a concern when considering immunocompromised patients (patients receiving chemotherapy, or infected with HIV, for example):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your immune system is weakened, shingles blisters may spread to other parts of your body and it will likely take longer for the symptoms to heal, maybe lasting for months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/varicellazoster-virus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland Medical Center - Varicella&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit of an unsatisfactory answer - to me, it looks like it is at the very least not a common concern. No source I could find even recommended washing hands after touching the rash before touching other parts of your body (except for the eyes), which would be a basic precaution if spreading the rash were a concern in not immunocompromised patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T07:33:49.150" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T07:33:49.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T10:35:36.270" Score="5" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Melatonin, I believe, is the chemical in your body that makes you tired and fall asleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone were having trouble falling asleep at night, in what ways would they be able to increase their melatonin levels in order to fall asleep faster? Are there foods that increase melatonin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, what things should be avoided as they decrease or prevent an increase of melatonin? I believe higher light levels decrease how fast your body produces it, what else affects it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T08:37:16.277" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T11:33:13.120" Title="How can you increase melatonin?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3977" CreationDate="2015-12-01T10:52:19.753" Score="11" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;According &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/lifetime-probability-of-developing-or-dying-from-cancer&quot;&gt;to this&lt;/a&gt;, lifetime cancer risk for males is about 43% and females 38%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many factors that increase cancer risk, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drinking alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lack of physical activity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above figure includes those factors as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there statistics about people with a healthy lifestyle? What is their lifetime risk of developing cancer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &quot;healthy&quot; I mean a lifestyle that has &lt;strong&gt;none&lt;/strong&gt; of the above risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2205" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T10:42:03.107" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:22:25.330" Title="Lifetime cancer risk for people with healthy lifestyle" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-01T11:16:07.667" Score="6" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, we transfer our blood easily as we know our blood group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what did people do before that discovery (in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner, then independently in 1906 by Jan Jansky and 1910 by William L. Moss) when it came to blood transfusions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2198" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:12:39.700" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T11:12:39.700" Title="What did people do before the discovery of blood groups?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-07T14:14:20.573" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3801" CreationDate="2015-12-01T12:11:52.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The big problem with HIV is its variability. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are genetically 40 percent different - and that's in the most conserved regions. Some of the subgroups of HIV-1 have similar values. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This led to HIV-2 and HIV-1 subgroup O, in the past, often not being detected by standard HIV tests, leading to false negatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subgroup O&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;False-negative results by HIV serologic assays have been verified when testing some individuals infected by HIV Group O viruses.  This group of viruses, found primarily in Cameroon and Gabon, also has been reported in Europe and the United States. Several &quot;acceptable&quot; routine HIV screening assays have been documented to produce false-negative results in up to 20% of sera from individuals infected with Group O viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.jsp?page=kb-02-02-01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;University of California, San Francisco&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;HIV-2&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diagnostically, HIV-2 infections can present problems. Screening tests designed to detect infection by HIV-1 do not always detect infection by HIV-2 and vice versa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.jsp?page=kb-02-02-01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;University of California, San Francisco&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blood tests for HIV-1 and HIV-2&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood tests that are capable of testing for all of these varieties, with an acceptable false negative rate, have been available for some time. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0038078/m0038078.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC recommendation&lt;/a&gt; to test for both in donated blood dates back to 1992, but because of the low incidence of HIV-2 outside of West Africa, did not yet recommend it for routine tests other than for blood meant for donations, in the absence of symptoms pointing to HIV. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/23447&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;latest recommendation&lt;/a&gt; from 2014 specifies that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;testing begins with a combination immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and HIV-1 p24 antigen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And further recommends differentiating between HIV-1 and HIV-2. This type of test is also suitable for detecting HIV-1 subgroup O. I assume this recommendation has been in place for longer than 2014. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, that's the recommendation. Is this actually being used in routine blood tests? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the section for HIV of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/alphabetical/H&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one catalog of&lt;/a&gt; medical tests, the combined tests appear to be the standard, while the ones marked as either HIV-1 or HIV-2 are for further genotyping. I am assuming &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/62420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is the standard test. So that would be a yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T12:11:52.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1279" CreationDate="2015-12-01T16:26:29.090" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if anyone can give a definite answer as to why &lt;em&gt;these&lt;/em&gt; folks so badly wanted you to donate platelets over whole blood, but there are many possible reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Platelets give you more bang for your buck.&lt;/strong&gt; According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/types-donations&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the American Red Cross&lt;/a&gt;, one session of platelet apheresis can collect enough platelets for one or two transfusions. On the other hand, it can take anywhere from four to six donations of whole blood to get the same amount of platelets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Platelets are always needed, at high rates.&lt;/strong&gt; The first point is important, because those who use platelets often use them in bulk (some organ transplant patients need up to 30 units worth&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; - see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.universityhealthsystem.com/plateletpheresis/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a page from University Health System&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Platelets have a short shelf life.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://bca.coop/products-services/blood-products/platelets/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood Centers of America&lt;/a&gt; states that even with some processing, platelets need to be transfused within about five days after the donation, meaning that waiting can cause the loss of an entire donation. There is a constant need for refills (for lack of a better word). Even this narrow window has been modified in the past, shrinking or growing (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517896&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sireis et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Platelets are used for cancer patients.&lt;/strong&gt; The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mskcc.org/about/get-involved/donating-blood/faqs-donating-blood-platelets/platelet-donations&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center&lt;/a&gt; says that patients who are suffering from leukemia or have just had a bone marrow transplant may have low platelet levels. The transfusions can be essential - life-saving.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People might not like donation platelets.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[Citation needed!]&lt;/sup&gt; This one is a complete guess on my part, but platelet donation can take a long time, as you said. People are averse to donating blood for many reasons; as you stated, the long donation session for platelets only makes this worse. You've shown that you were willing in the past to go through with this, so the blood donation center probably thinks that you're more likely to do it again.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; One donation can give about 6-8 -&quot;units&quot;. See the &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.pathology.jhu.edu/blogs/pathology/being-an-apheresis-volunteer-platelet-donor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins Pathology page on platelets&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T16:26:29.090" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1289" CreationDate="2015-12-01T19:12:49.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm answering my own question, yay! This is my attempt to answer my question despite my lack of familiarity with much of the medicine.  I therefore stress that I am not guaranteeing this answer, it's meant to be a very rough estimate and shouldn't be considered exact.  Perhaps others will comment on things I missed and allow me to make it better...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, Here is a quick link that discusses the concept: &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.inceptsaves.com/blog/2010/10/27/donor-recruitment-how-can-one-pint-of-blood-save-three-lives/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.inceptsaves.com/blog/2010/10/27/donor-recruitment-how-can-one-pint-of-blood-save-three-lives/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are three types of products that can be produced from whole blood, and each is divided into a nice 'unit', a base number used to define how much of a product is ordered by a hospital.  However,  one whole blood donation does not make up a full unit in any of these three.  So what we get is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Red Blood Cells(RDC): little less then 2 donations per unit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platelets: 5-6 (I've seen both numbers, 6 seems more common) donations per unit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;plasma: less certain, I think about 2 donations per unit?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus for 10 donations of red blood cells you will have produced 2 unit if platelets and 5 units of RDC and Plasma.  If one unit was required to save a life then you will save 12 lives with those 10 donations, or 1.2 lives per donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it looks like many units are required per operation/transfusion/emergency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Red Blood Cells&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in 2010 on average &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf#page26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2.75 units were used per patient&lt;/a&gt;.  This is not anywhere near an accurate estimate of units needed per 'life saved', but I'm trying for a very very rough estimate.  So for now lets say that each transfusion saved a life, and thus it took roughly 5.25 whole blood donations per 'life saved' via RBC.  In actuality the odds are not every patient was in a life critical situation, so we should look at the number of units used per patient who was in a life critical situation, but I don't have that number.  Since it seems likely that those in non-life critical situations would likely require less RBC then those in a life critical situation I would assume the units used per life-critical operation are higher, meaning the overall lives saved per whole blood donation is lower, but I don't have statistics on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Platelets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it can take up to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.universityhealthsystem.com/plateletpheresis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;30 units&lt;/a&gt; for a single organ donation; but that's probably a high estimate, to stress the importance of donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bone marrrow transplants used &lt;a href=&quot;http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/19/5/1519.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;54 PC in the 100 days post transfer&lt;/a&gt;, where a PC is defined to be the amount of platelets from a single donation of whole blood, but was also defined as requiring 9-6 PC to make a full unit; so a slight discrepancy from other numbers.  I would put that at an average of 5 units per bone marrow transfer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf#page40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pre-transfusion platelet count was 32,055&lt;/a&gt; with a healthy platelet count being &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;150,000 to 400,000&lt;/a&gt;.  One unit should raise platelet count by &lt;a href=&quot;http://pathology.ucla.edu/workfiles/2-3-Platelet-Products.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;30,000-50,000&lt;/a&gt;.  If we assume they would transfere enough platelets to get someone up to close to the lower end of 'healthy', 150,000, then they would need another 3-4 units per transfusion.  This seems in keeping with other math I saw, with all surgeries looking to require 5+ units.  Going with a favorable comparison lets say an average of 3 units per life-saving transfusion.  I'm not at all confident with this number, but it's the best I've managed so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that number were looking at 15-18 whole blood donations per one life saved with platelets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plasma&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I give up and throw up my hands here.  Plasma is broken down into many different products, and trying to get averages for all those products to expand on the average units used is just too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for now, until I get around to doing better research, lets be extra generous and assume every unit saves one life.  I highly doubt this, I would say it's likely that it's at least a minimum of 2 units per life saved, but I'm trying to stay on the generous side; and lacking any statistics I can at least say that they define units as a minimal quantity likely suggests they don't expect adults to ever need less then 1 unit per transfer which implies at least one is needed per life saving intervention.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving that likely generous presumption were looking at 1 life saved per two whole blood donations via plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other products&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other products that can be made out of whole blood.  None of them are nearly as useful as the above, and rarely are collected, but at least some of them are utilized and would add to overall lives saved by a very small amount.  I don't feel like adding them up since it sounds like they are such a minimal affect, and won't.  That's because I think any lives preserved via these methods is counteracted by...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Waste and outdating&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2011-nbcus.pdf#page27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Just under 5% of all blood products go unused&lt;/a&gt; due to waste or being too old.  I figure this waste more then counteracts the above other products, so I'm going to ignore both and just pretend they two affects perfectly countered each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final assessment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all very &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; rough math by a layman, so I am not swearing to any of it.  I was trying to error on the side of presuming maximum number of lives saved per donation; though it's entirely possible I missed an important factor which caused me to underestimate these numbers; feedback is welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as the math works out we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5.25 Whole Blood Donations per life saved (HBD/L) for RBC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;15 HBD/L for platelets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 HBD/L as a very generous presumption for plasma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works out to .757 lives saved per donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so a little less then 1 life saved per donation at my most generous; though I fear my being lazy and not doing a plasma calculation likely raised that number higher then it really should be.  Assuming I haven't made some obvious miscalculation; which is quite possible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So every 2 whole blood donations you make will save a life!  I've been donating for about 10 years now at about 1 donation per 2 months, so that still means more then 30 lives saved.  Still not bad considering how little it really costs me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I welcome feedback from anyone who has more knowledge about this then...well a geek googling random statistics who may be able to point out factors I missed.  This is definitely not definitive; but it's nice to have at least a rough rule of thumb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="797" LastEditDate="2015-12-01T19:41:23.563" LastActivityDate="2015-12-01T19:41:23.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:18:01.767" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glutathione is a strong antioxidant needed for many processes in the body. High levels of glutathione have been linked to strong immune systems, heavy metals elimination, lower inflammation, lower chronic diseases and the general good function of every kind of cells in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glutathione is naturally produced by the body by using the 3 amino acids cysteine, glycine and glutamate. Cysteine seems to be the limiting factor since it is available in lower quantities than the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some source (&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2010/04/10/can-you-use-food-to-increase-glutathione-instead-of-supplements.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mercola&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2013/11/glutathione.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wasington's Blog&lt;/a&gt;) say that undenatured whey protein increases glutathione in the body by a slightly different mechanism, perhaps by bypassing several steps of the production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if whey supplementation increases glutathione levels beyond what can be achieved by supplying the body with enough cysteine, glycine and glutamate. Is the effect observed only caused by the high cysteine content of whey compared to other protein sources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2211" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T00:18:01.767" Title="Is there a benefit to taking whey protein to increase glutathione level compared to the body's natural production?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3912" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:30:18.673" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T00:30:18.673" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T00:30:18.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3913" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:30:18.673" Score="0" Body="The disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body or when describing a malignant growth or tumor resulting from the division of abnormal cells." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:17:29.870" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:17:29.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3914" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:34:15.100" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T00:34:15.100" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T00:34:15.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3915" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:34:15.100" Score="0" Body="The quantity of matter contained by a person, giving rise to a downward force; the heaviness of a person or thing. May be used when discussing weight gain or loss as a main topic or when it serves as a notable side-effect (Not just one of many)." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:17:58.523" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:17:58.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3916" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:35:26.803" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T00:35:26.803" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T00:35:26.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3917" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:35:26.803" Score="0" Body="The faculty of perceiving sound." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:41.830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:41.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3918" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:36:24.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:26.757" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:26.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3919" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:36:24.703" Score="0" Body="The branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:17:24.677" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:17:24.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3920" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:37:36.287" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag may be used for activity requiring physical effort, carried out especially to sustain or improve health and fitness. It can be structured or unstructured, repetitive or intermittent, for strengthening, weight loss, appearance, flexibility, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T03:22:28.293" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T03:22:28.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3921" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:37:36.287" Score="0" Body="Activity requiring physical effort, carried out esp. to sustain or improve health and fitness." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:36.243" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:36.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3922" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:41:50.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, &quot;heart&quot; and -λογία -logia, &quot;study&quot;) is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart be it human or animal. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and valvular heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:21.327" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:21.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3923" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:41:50.607" Score="0" Body="the branch of medicine that deals with diseases and abnormalities of the heart.&#xD;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:17:32.410" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:17:32.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3924" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:42:52.457" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T00:42:52.457" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T00:42:52.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3925" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T00:42:52.457" Score="0" Body="treat with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease; inoculation." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T17:43:51.840" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T17:43:51.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3696" CreationDate="2015-12-02T04:28:25.033" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is actually a pretty common myth that crossing your eyes too much or for too long  will make them get stuck that way. Crossing your eyes does look very similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001004.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;strabismus&lt;/a&gt; which is an actual medical disorder where the eyes are crossed and it does need to be treated. Strabismus is not voluntary, compared to what you are talking about, which is voluntary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why doesn't crossing your eyes cause any damage?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that I've gone over the what, I'll go over the why. Many times throughout the day, you will cross your eyes on purpose, but won't actually think of it as crossing your eyes. Crossing your eyes is the natural reaction to looking at something very close to your face. We need to angle our eyes so we can see objects clearly at a close range. This is essentially the same exact movement you would make when crossing your eyes. Our eyes are designed to be able to move up, down, left, and right, and, while it may not seem like the most natural eye movement, crossing your eyes voluntarily is completely normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a potential for temporary disorientation, pain, or possible blurring if you cross your eyes for too long, but it would only last a short amount of time. This is because you would be putting more strain on the muscles in your eyes, in this case it would mostly be your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/medial-rectus-muscle&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;medial rectus muscles&lt;/a&gt;. All you need to recover from this is to just rest your eye muscles, just as you would after a workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=7aRg3fVCpEkC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Don't Cross Your Eyes...They'll Get Stuck That Way!: And 75 Other Health Myths Debunked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/la-crosse/medical-services/ophthalmology/myths-and-facts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ophthalmology: Eye Myths and Facts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T04:28:25.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3927" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3929" CreationDate="2015-12-02T06:00:59.927" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence that cold pressed canola oil in omega pills has deleterious effects on the consumer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0013OSO0K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Inu7g.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Inu7g.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read this &lt;a href=&quot;http://draxe.com/canola-oil-gm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Originally, rapeseed oil may not have had so many negative health&#xA;  effects. But for two main reasons, most canola oil today is harmful to&#xA;  your body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Over 90 percent of canola oil is genetically modified&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Canola oil is a partially hydrogenated oil&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I am dubious regarding its veracity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T14:32:09.303" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T19:22:19.410" Title="Cold pressed canola oil" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3904" CreationDate="2015-12-02T08:35:35.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Light&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Light is a big factor in the circadian rhythm of melatonin production:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Melatonin secretion increases soon after the onset of darkness, peaks in the middle of the night (between 0200 and 0400 h) and gradually falls during the second half of the night. However, the melatonin rhythm can be acutely interrupted by exposure to light&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2004-2062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, exposure to bright light should be reduced in the evenings to ensure melatonin production for nighttime. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melatonin production is wavelength dependent and suppressed by blue light. &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2003-030570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; In one study, people were equipped with googles that excluded short wavelength light, while still being exposed to bright light, which resulted in melatonin production similar to what is produced in dim light. &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2004-2062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nutrition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for nutrition, melatonin is produced from tryptophan, an essential amino acid. It has been shown that eating tryptophan-rich foods increases melatonin production&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3402070/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;but the influence is minor if compared with the power of the light–dark cycle&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods rich in tryptophan are those rich in protein, because tryptophan is an amino acid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, spirulina, bananas, and peanuts&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Supplements&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melatonin is also available as a supplement, and is used for various conditions to do with sleep (circadian rhythm sleep disorders,  delayed sleep phase syndrome, etc)&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/melatonin/evidence/hrb-20059770&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; However, for normal sleepers, the effect on both sleep on onset and efficiency appears insignificant in meta-analysis of various studies on the subject&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2273939&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Exercise&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise has an effect on melatonin levels. Timing this is important, however; in one study I found (short term, medium number of subjects) exercise in the evenings or at night was more beneficial compared to morning and afternoon&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/162/11/1114.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;, in another (short term study, few subjects) this was found for evening, but not for late evening/night exercise &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.ajpregu.physiology.org/content/284/3/R714.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A combination of tryptophan-rich foods, exposure to bright light throughout the day and dimmed light (or at least avoidance of blue light in the evening), combined with exercise (possibly in the afternoon), probably works best for boosting natural melatonin production. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T11:33:13.120" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T11:33:13.120" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3927" CreationDate="2015-12-02T08:44:48.690" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be any evidence of harmful effects of canola oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/canola-oil/faq-20058235&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic site&lt;/a&gt; states :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Health concerns about canola oil are unfounded. Canola oil, which is extracted from the seeds of the canola plant, is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Misinformation about canola oil may stem from the fact that the canola&#xA;  plant was developed through crossbreeding with the rapeseed plant.&#xA;  Rapeseed oil contains very high levels of erucic acid, a compound that&#xA;  in large amounts can be toxic to humans. Canola oil, however, contains&#xA;  very low levels of erucic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be, on the contrary, evidence for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746113/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;health benefits&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I haven't been able to find any article on canola oil in omega supplementation specifically (especially vs. other plant oils or vs. fish oils). There is a lot of literature about consumption of these oils in general (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914905021855&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an example about cardiovascular risk&lt;/a&gt;) but relatively few about fatty acid supplementation by pills in particular. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit to take count of the article you cited:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;According to the Mayo Clinic article cited previously, it's the reverse, rapeseed oil is dangerous while canola oil isn't.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Canola oil can be hydrogenated, like all oils, but it's not always the case. Here, the pill bottle indicated 0g of trans fat, which indicates that the oil used in the pills isn't hydrogenated. But the law in the US allow companies to write 0g as long as it's under 0,5g so it might not be really trans fat-free. The term cold-pressed normally means the oil hasn't been heated, and thus isn't hydrogenated.&#xA;Finally, I can't find a clear mention of whether indicating if an oil is hydrogenated is mandatory in the US or not, but the FDA (which banned trans fats in June) and the Mayo Clinic do recommend checking it to avoid trans fats, which seem to mean it's mandatory.&#xA;Based on all this, I would think the canola oil in these pills isn't hydrogenated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no GMO labeling in the US. In 2006, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncfap.org./documents/2007biotech_report/Quantification_of_the_Impacts_on_US_Agriculture_of_Biotechnology_Executive_Summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;87% of the canola oil&lt;/a&gt; produced in the US was indeed genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides. In 2009, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canolawatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20110309_FPJ_Aut11_Beckie.et_.al_.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;90% of the canola oil&lt;/a&gt; produced in Canada was as well. There is no way of knowing if the canola oil in the omega pills is a GMO, but given these number it is likely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/trans-fat/art-20046114&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic on trans fats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm449162.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastEditorUserId="2165" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T19:22:19.410" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T19:22:19.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3930" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-02T12:45:09.947" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T12:45:09.947" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T12:45:09.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3931" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-02T12:45:09.947" Score="0" Body="Questions about the process, advantages, disadvantages, and rules regarding donating blood" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:18:32.630" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:18:32.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T18:27:43.460" Score="6" ViewCount="1482" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a question here on Health.SE &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3265/what-are-effective-lifestyle-modifications-for-people-with-gastric-acid-reflux&quot;&gt;What are effective lifestyle modifications for people with gastric acid reflux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious of the recommended lifestyle modifications are different for gastritis (inflammation of the stomach)? What changes in lifestyle can help reduce the pain and/or reduce the inflammation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T12:11:19.450" Title="What are effective lifestyle modifications for gastritis?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3934" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3935" CreationDate="2015-12-02T18:58:39.170" Score="4" ViewCount="599" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than what the name dictates, are prenatal vitamins used for any other medical reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask this due to the interaction I've heard about birth-control pills being used to regulate menstruation, and as a male, I don't really have a lot of knowledge regarding these situations. Are there any uses for prenatal vitamins other than pregnancy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2220" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T13:23:07.387" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T13:28:48.450" Title="Are there other uses for prenatal vitamins?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3934" CreationDate="2015-12-02T19:53:28.563" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a number of medical reasons to take the pill other than preventing pregnancy : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Regulating menstruation to avoid having irregular, overly frequent, overly abundant or painful periods, as well as premenstrual syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Endometriosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polycystic ovary syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acne&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://youngwomenshealth.org/2011/10/18/medical-uses-of-the-birth-control-pill/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited because I did in fact understood birth control pills and not prenatal supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a vitamin supplementation, it could in theory be used by people who lack certain nutrients, namely folic acid and iron (iron deficiency in particular is common in people who are menstruating). However, the Mayo Clinic doesn't recommend it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, if you're not pregnant and not planning to become pregnant, high levels of certain nutrients over a long period of time may actually be more harmful than helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/prenatal-vitamins/faq-20057922&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastEditorUserId="2165" LastEditDate="2015-12-02T20:56:13.840" LastActivityDate="2015-12-02T20:56:13.840" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3906" CreationDate="2015-12-02T20:18:00.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short: before the knowledge of blood typing transfusions were attempted and near all failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long: There were many attempted transfusions that were mostly fatal.&#xA;The first attempted (recorded) transfusions were practise by the Incas.&#xA;Since 1616 when circulation was first detailed practitioners have been attempting to transfusion substances. These include beer urine and animal blood among many others. In the 1800's there were a few successful blood transfusions but fatalities occurred so this research was shut down until Karl discovered blood types. And the first successful transfusion using his know edge was completed in 1907. Blood borne diseases were still pretty much unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Support Material&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2163" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T07:29:40.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-02T20:26:08.283" Score="5" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;After 6 hours on a computer, I feel mentally exhausted. What can one do to re-energize the brain? Besides sleeping to speed up recovery, how could one eliminate brain fog quickly? I eat healthful foods and exercise. I also don't drink, smoke, or do drugs. Furthermore, I'm not depressed or down emotionally in any way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2221" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T02:51:00.600" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T02:51:00.600" Title="How to eliminate brain fog quickly?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;brain-fog&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="867" CreationDate="2015-12-02T22:32:10.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll start off by highlighting a couple of more general studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15712981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cole &amp;amp; Schumacher (2005)&lt;/a&gt;: A general study of corticosteroids, this found that some corticosteroids may be free of side effects (specifically, intraarticular corticosteroids) for a series of short-term injections for a short amount of time (one injection every three months for two years). However, other corticosteroids can cause tissue atrophy, if used for long periods of time - even for periods as short as two years. That said, the authors believe that more general research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. A full pdf of the study is available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pacificaorthopedics.org/downloads/sek/Steroid_Injections_Clinical_Practice.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571845&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Raynauld et al. (2003)&lt;/a&gt;: This is a study on general intraarticular steroids, as applied to osteoarthritis, which also found that there were no effects from the injections. Over two years, minimal side effects were noted. This used the same intervals as in Cole &amp;amp; Schumacher: One injection every three months for about two years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies did not specifically address the cortisone shots you're concerned with; instead, they dealt with the more broader class of drugs called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;corticosteroids&lt;/a&gt;. I find the results of these studies interesting, because there are a lot of websites out there that say the exact opposite: That a range of side effects are possible if used long-term, and may very well occur. I highlighted these studies in part to show that more research may well be needed, and that different drugs may work better for different people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dba/corticosteroid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a list of potential side effects from the use of corticosteroids&lt;/a&gt;. The potential short-term side effects are too many to list, but I'll cover the long-term ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Growth problems in children&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brittle bones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscle weakness (see the tissue atrophy mentioned in Cole &amp;amp; Schumacher)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eye issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;However&lt;/em&gt; - and this is an enormous &quot;however&quot; - this appears to be focused mainly on doses taken orally, and perhaps daily. In other words, side effects might change based on the method of intake, although this might be only a minor difference. Additionally, these are the effects of using corticosteroids on a much more frequent basis than you would be having them - and even then, these effects are only possibilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies are the closest approximations I can combine to address your specific case. It seems that three-month intervals are the longest period of time that has been studied in any depth. In other words, your regimen seems to be a rare one - and a safer one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every cortisone shot has the potential for side effects. But the combined effect of these multiple shots would most likely be have been diluted substantially. Studies with intervals of three months brought no side effects (and the risks given by the CDC appear to be due to repeated, short-term doses), and so it seems highly unlikely that your case will be any severer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T21:10:09.687" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T21:10:09.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-03T00:04:15.730" Score="3" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that cerebral fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging) maps blood flow through the brain, and it is &lt;strong&gt;most of the time&lt;/strong&gt; correlated with cerebral activity. What are the factors that can mess with this correlation and when does this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2222" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T00:04:15.730" Title="Is increased blood flow always correlated with increased cerebral activity?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-03T03:56:41.483" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having &lt;em&gt;type 1 diabetes&lt;/em&gt; for a little over a decade now I've never worn an identification to help others know of my condition especially in case of emergencies (&lt;em&gt;such as hypoglycemic attacks - paramedics giving me resuscitation instead of simply giving me glucose&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that there isn't enough talk on this issue especially in the aesthetics of wearing one, as they look unfitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as best practices, I think a wristband is the most common method as it's effective (easy to locate). Either I proceed with a Do-It-Yourself initiative to create my own or find some cool looking ones to purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Things to consider:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often does the ID have to be replaced?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should it be waterproof?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What material serves best for long term use (if this is preferred)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should the medical info be stylized as engraved or placed as an attachment?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's hard to find ones that actually look &lt;strong&gt;cool/neat/practical&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;UPDATE&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;strong&gt;SOLVED_EasilyAccessibleStandardLogoNoGlitter&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What ever makes the &lt;em&gt;responder&lt;/em&gt; identify the situation quickly enough will help in the worst case scenario or for an emergency. So, for my question what type of accessory would make it easier to identify this particular type of situation? &lt;strong&gt;Ideally a bracelet is the best option&lt;/strong&gt;. Otherwise, if a bracelet can't be worn then it would be appropriate to use a necklace instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure the I.D.'s design isn't straying too far away from how medical logos are displayed. Since we are talking about a standard procedure the medical logo (&lt;em&gt;or the Snack-on-a-Pole / SOS&lt;/em&gt;) must be visible to any peripheral vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to @PETE, I was now able to understand the &lt;strong&gt;importance of speed&lt;/strong&gt; to acknowledge responders to take the appropriate action for person(s) in danger. This is because they were able to locate the information needed as-fast-as-possible without any fuss or delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I just wonder if people ever considered using a Tattoo for this case....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2223" LastEditorUserId="2223" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T03:37:11.700" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T09:56:06.340" Title="Health I.D for diabetes - What is the preferred method of identification?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1287" CreationDate="2015-12-03T17:45:29.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Normal&amp;quot; eyelid twitching can possibly be caused or be made worse by lack of sleep, or too much caffeine or stress. That information can be found unsourced on &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of websites, including with such qualifiers as &amp;quot;many experts say&amp;quot;. I couldn't find a single source - which doesn't mean it doesn't exist, or say that these things don't cause eyelid twitches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Kellogg Eye Centre at the University of Michigan just says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cause of minor eyelid twitch is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minor eyelid twitches require no treatment as they usually resolve spontaneously. Reducing stress, using warm soaks, correction of any refractive error, and lubrication of the eye with artificial tears may help. Some ophthalmologists recommend reducing caffeine usage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The University of Maryland Medical Center mentions, just like a lot of sources, caffeine, sleep and stress&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common things that make the muscle in your eyelid twitch are fatigue, stress, and caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eyelid twitching most often goes away without treatment. In the meantime, the following steps may help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get more sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drink less caffeine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lubricate your eyes with eye drops&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If twitching is severe or lasts a long time, small injections of botulinum toxin can control the spasms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, since you specifically mentioned &lt;em&gt;blepharospasm&lt;/em&gt;, I am going to include some information on what's called &lt;em&gt;benign essential blepharospasm&lt;/em&gt;. That's a condition that worsens with age, and often ends up including more face muscles than just the eyelids. It's probably caused at least in part by genetics, but the exact gene responsible for it remains unclear. Treatment for it includes medication, for example dopamine inhibitors, botox injections, and even surgery to remove the eyelid muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, for benign essential blepharospasm, drinking coffee might actually &lt;em&gt;delay&lt;/em&gt; onset of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/conditions/eyelid.spasms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kellogg Eye Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/eyelid-twitch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland Medical Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/benign-essential-blepharospasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benign essential blepharospasm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/benign-essential-blepharospasm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benign essential blepharospasm @ rarediseases.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676990/#__abstractid883428title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Update on blepharospasm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T17:45:29.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3959" CreationDate="2015-12-03T14:18:49.970" Score="4" ViewCount="1233" Body="&lt;p&gt;My daughter will be one year old soon and she is slowly adapting to eating 'normal' food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend and I follow a ketogenic diet (I have been doing this for almost 3 years now and my girlfriend for almost a year). I would like my daughter to also follow a (somewhat) ketogenic diet. I don't intend to leave out all the carbs but where I live there is a big tendency to go really high on the carbs. Eating a lot of bread and drinking a lot of milk and have a lot of potatoes or rice or pasta with your dinner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In The Netherlands you have 'checkups' on your child for the first four years in a (google translate) 'clinic'. These people measure and weigh the child and give advice on the next period regarding food and mental and physical development. They are now basically saying she should switch from formula milk to regular cow milk. I am not really a big fan of milk (partially to my ketogenic lifestyle) and I was wondering what is in the cow milk that she really needs and can they easily be replaced by other things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internet only seems to give me information on ketogenic diets for a child if they suffer from certain types of epilepsy. I do not want to take the gamble and cut out carbs if they somehow are very important to her mental and physical development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concrete question would be how can I keep the carbohydrates to a minimum while still making sure my child will remain healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" OwnerDisplayName="Jeroen Ubbink" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-03T19:44:54.057" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T06:47:17.067" Title="Can a one year old safely follow a ketogenic diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1561" CreationDate="2015-12-03T22:44:34.420" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Part of this answer comes from personal experience. Judge as you wish.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a condition similar to epilepsy, that has caused me to experience a number of seizures over time (ranging from simple partial seizures to full convulsive tonic-clonic seizures, also called &quot;grand mal&quot; seizures). This means that over the past few years, I have taken numerous tests, including EEGs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic principles of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;electroencephalograph (EEG) test&lt;/a&gt; (also sometimes called an electroencephalogram) are well-known and can be looked up with ease. However, they do have specific parts designed to test specific potential triggers - you don't simply lie down in a darkened room for half an hour with wires strapped to your head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of these trigger tests involves a strobe light. The patient, lying in a darkened room, is instructed to close their eyes, if they have not already been doing so as per the instructions of the doctor, nurse, or technician in charge. A small light - sometimes jokingly referred to as a &quot;bug light&quot; - is then placed over the patient's eyes, at a distance of about one foot. It is a compound device, consisting of many small LEDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person in charge then begins the test, which goes like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The light flashes on and off for about ten seconds fairly quickly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a ten second pause.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The light flashes again for ten seconds, at a quicker speed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a ten second pause.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pattern repeats for some time, with the flashing getting quicker and quicker. It doesn't take long until it is impossible for the patient to tell whether the light is blinking or continuously shining, and even through closed eyelids, it is extremely bright. I've been told to not open my eyes during the test, as it could blind me. I don't know whether or not this is true, but I'm not keen to test it out any time soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In someone with photosensitive epilepsy, this light might trigger some sort of seizure - of any strength - or at least increased brain activity. While this has never happened to me, it does happen to people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't compare the experience to looking at bicycle lights like the ones you name, and for a few reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bicycle lights are nowhere near as bright as the &quot;bug light&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bicycle lights do not flash as quickly as the EEG light does. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/photosensitive-epilepsy#.VmDDfGcgnIU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Epilepsy Society&lt;/a&gt; notes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Between 3-30 hertz (flashes per second) are the common rates to trigger seizures but this varies from person to person. While some people are sensitive at frequencies up to 60 hertz, sensitivity under 3 hertz is not common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/ipgmedia/national/epilepsy%20action/assets/photosensitiveepilepsy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Epilepsy Action pamphlet&lt;/a&gt; gives slightly different ranges.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The EEG light takes up a much larger portion of a person's field of vision than do bicycle lights, because . . .&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;. . . the bicycle lights are typically much farther away that one foot. If you're closer than one foot to a bicycle, you're probably too close. Again, the Epilepsy Society says that this could be a problem if the light completely dominates your field of vision:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Flashing bicycle lights or other LED lights [could cause a seizure], if this creates a high enough flash rate against a dark background, and if the effect fills your vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Epilepsy Action pamphlet confirms this - if you're too close.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, people with photosensitive epilepsy can have seizures when faced with lights less intense than the strobe lights I've been confronted with during EEGs (see the links). Those of us without photosensitive epilepsy should be fine; those with it might not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line? Yes, it's possible - under certain conditions. There have been some outcries over this - see &lt;a href=&quot;http://road.cc/content/news/13526-epileptic-seizure-warning-over-flashing-bike-lights&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, for example - which has led to some changes. However, these cases occur when the lights are flashing pretty quickly - I haven't been able to find out average rates for bike lights, so any information there would be awesome - and when the person with epilepsy is relatively close to the lights. You don't necessarily have to be one foot away, but being a sensible distance from the bike would reduce the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T22:44:34.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3946" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-03T23:57:53.087" Score="0" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a patient is under mechanical ventilation, the ventilator's tidal volume is chosen based on the patient's ideal body weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there exist several &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_weight#Ideal_body_weight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ideal body weight formulas&lt;/a&gt;. Do practitioners agree on one formula when used for mechanical ventilation, and if so which one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If practitioners disagree, what are the upsides and downsides of each formula?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2015-12-03T23:57:53.087" Title="Which ideal body weight formula is used when choosing the ventilator's tidal volume?" Tags="&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T02:57:23.493" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder is there any difference in how many times I eat per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say I eat one big meal in the morning at 2000 Cal (at 9am). Is that any different than having 4 meals at 500 Cal throughout the day (at 9am, 1pm, 5pm, 9pm)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I will be hungry by the end of the day if I eat just once in the morning. But I won't be hungry if I eat 4 times a day at smaller portions? How is that possible? It's still 2000 Calories. Did I just cheat science?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which way is it better to eat? Maybe twice a day at 1000 Cal? (9am and like 4pm?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Head scratch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1302" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T02:57:23.493" Title="What's the difference between eating 2000 Calories at once compared to eating 4 times a day at 500 Calories?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-12-04T16:11:38.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3942" CreationDate="2015-12-04T04:40:57.317" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet&quot;&gt;ketogenic diet&lt;/a&gt; is one where carbohydrates are eliminated and protein is restricted, to force the body to obtain its energy from the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies, rather than the normal method of glucose metabolism.  It is used primarily to treat otherwise-intractible epilepsy, and to a lesser extent, to deal with certain metabolic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term side effects of the diet in children include &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531&quot;&gt;poor bone development&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet&quot;&gt;stunted growth, and kidney stones&lt;/a&gt;.  In short, it's not something you should be subjecting a child to without a strong medical reason to do so, under the supervision of a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T04:40:57.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T05:18:38.240" Score="3" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my understanding, bleomycin has a considerably detrimental effect on the lungs of a patient taking it as a part of their chemotherapy regime. However, my question is, if a patient smokes cannabis (Provided it's organically grown without the interference of pesticides and alike) after the treatment, will it effect the functionally and health of the patient's lungs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, what period of time after chemotherapy has ended would it be 'safe,' if at all, to use cannabis recreationally? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to add, I have done quite a bit of searching across the Internet for studies and patient accounts regarding the use of cannabis both amidst and post chemotherapy. Although a majority of the things I've read are accounts from patients, none mention having any difficulties with their lungs. All of the accounts I've read attest to it aiding their recovery from treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2228" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:41:53.483" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T03:41:53.483" Title="Bleomycin and Cannabis" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T06:30:43.730" Score="7" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do patients exposed to bleomycin as a part of their chemotherapy regime have to avoid exposure to concentrated levels of oxygen for the rest of their life? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, how long after treatment ceases does it take for the lungs of the patient to feel 'normal' again typically? Also, does the age of the patient, say less than 25, play a roll in the prognosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2228" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:46:44.450" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T03:46:44.450" Title="Bleomycin and Oxygen" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T13:08:47.270" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am caucasian man. I am 32 years old. In the last times, a lot of white hairs have appeared in my head. I know this is not a serious health problem, but it makes me feeling older than actual I am. I know this process is quite normal in people with my characteristics. My question is if you know any product or methods that could delay or even revert the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2231" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T21:14:30.633" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T21:14:30.633" Title="Are there ways to prevent or slow down the development of white hair?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3950" CreationDate="2015-12-04T15:09:36.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are concerned about your lungs you could try to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;edibles&lt;/a&gt;. They will not have any effect on your lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However you should be careful because the onset of edibles takes longer (generally between 30 minutes and an hour) so it is harder to dose and generally lasts for a longer period (4-6 hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of consuming cannabis involves the use of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vaporizer&lt;/a&gt;. Although this might still have some effect on your lungs. It uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;convection&lt;/a&gt; instead of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;combustion&lt;/a&gt; of the cannabis leaving any plant material that has a lower vaporization point than the used temperature on the vaporizer behind. The benefit of this method is that the onset is as fast as smoking because the uptake of the active compounds is similar to smoking it so it is easier to dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure how long you have to wait after your treatment so you should consult your doctor about it but I have heard of people using it during chemotherapy already to help combat the nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2229" LastEditorUserId="2229" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T10:03:01.353" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T10:03:01.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3942" CreationDate="2015-12-04T16:14:53.730" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I highly advise against such a restrictive and one-sided diet for a child! For children a balanced diet is important both for their physical and mental development. This means that malnutrition can cause permanent damage to both the mental and physical health of children.&#xA;See for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-4-31.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this research article&lt;/a&gt; describing cognitive and physical retardation as a results of protein malnutrition in children. In contrast, the effects of malnutrition in adults are much less severe and more easily reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A ketogenic diet puts particular stress on the neural development (and the brain as a whole), because neurons mainly metabolise glucose. Quoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Wikipedia article about the brain&lt;/a&gt;: The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose. This is also the reason why a ketogenic diet is used to treat some forms of epilepsy, because there the energy deprivation helps reduce the chance of the neurons firing too much and causing a seizure.&#xA;The effect of a ketogenic diet is again particularly strong in children because they use up to 40% of their total energy for the brain, while an adult uses only 20% of their energy for the brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, it is simply impossible to properly compensate for a one-sided diet with food supplements. Very often, the uptake of a mineral or vitamin critically depends on the food that we eat together with the nutrient. Evolution has simply not prepared us for the uptake of pure nutrients in the form of pills! Examples where we know these relationships are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin E can only be taken up together with fatty food.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium can only be integrated into bones well if there is no shortage of vitamins D and/or K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zinc can only be absorbed well together wit protein.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And many more (both known and unknown)...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2232" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T16:14:53.730" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T16:41:32.853" Score="3" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read contradictory claims on whether stress causes premature achromotrichia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2997084/No-stress-DOESN-T-turn-hair-grey-men-s-beards-really-ginger-Expert-reveals-really-affects-hair-colour.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DailyMail&lt;/a&gt; (no): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no evidence to link the onset of greying to stress, diet or lifestyle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_color#Stress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; (maybe):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is some evidence for chronic stress causing premature achromotrichia, but no definite link has been established. It is known that the stress hormone cortisol accumulates in human hair over time, but whether this has any effect on hair color has not yet been resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific study confirming or infirming the claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T15:34:18.780" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T15:34:18.780" Title="Does stress cause premature achromotrichia (hair greying)?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;achromotrichia&gt;&lt;hair-color&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3957" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-04T16:43:03.460" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T16:43:03.460" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T16:43:03.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3958" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-04T16:43:03.460" Score="0" Body="Achromotrichia is the absence or loss of pigment in the hair." OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T14:17:36.850" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T14:17:36.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3942" CreationDate="2015-12-04T17:19:06.763" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your have three questions in one now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a ketogenic diet appropriate for a one year old? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a carbohydrate reduced diet appropriate for a one year old? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is milk really necessary for a one year old, or can I replace it with something else? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Milk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Milk is a very obvious nutritional choice for a small child. You mention that your child has been drinking formula so far, so the switch to cow milk makes sense. Milk is an excellent source of calcium, which kids need a lot of to promote growth. In many countries, it is also fortified with vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1101/p1527.html&quot;&gt;Guidelines of the American family physicians&lt;/a&gt; recommends two or three servings (cups = approximately 600 milliliters in total) per day, to get around 700 milligrams of calcium. Except for fortified foods, &lt;a href=&quot;http://nof.org/articles/886&quot;&gt;dairy really is a very good source for calcium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it be replaced? Sure. There's children who are lactose tolerant or get eczema, for example, who can't have milk. Should you, with no physical reason to? I'd say no. For one thing, getting enough calcium without dairy really isn't all that easy, especially for a one year old. Two cups of milk are much easier to get into a toddler than 350 grams of broccoli. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for the purpose of reducing carbohydrates, reducing milk intake is a weird choice. That 600 milliliters of milk has about 30 grams of lactose (the only carbohydrate in milk). That 350 grams of broccoli to replace it has about 25. Complex carbs instead of a disaccaride, but if you are concerned about carbohydrates, milk is just really not a bad choice anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrate-reduced diet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think anyone would tell you to give your daughter pasta, rice, and nothing else. A child's diet should be balanced, so of course she can have lots of other things - vegetables, meat, etc. Without knowing what exactly you mean with a diet low in carbohydrates, it's hard to say for sure, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ketogenic diet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone else already linked to the study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531&quot;&gt;Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet&lt;/a&gt;. The important part here is that this occurred even despite the children receiving calcium and vitamin D supplements and reducing their medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study describes progressive loss of BMC in both the whole body and spine in children with IE treated with KD. These findings persisted after correction for both age and height. The decline in BMC occurred despite prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplementation and with a reduction in the number of AEDs used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most studies are of course done in kids with epilepsy - deviating from the recommended diet for children in such an extreme way is only done in studies where the benefits may outweigh the risks. Everything else is not defendable in front of an ethics committee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in these studies, epileptic children on such a diet are compared to epileptic children on a normal diet. Differences between the groups are thus attributed to the diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other problems associated with ketogenic diets in children are &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004670000443&quot;&gt;kidney stones&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in epileptic children, the ketogenic diet, despite its success, is only recommended &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet&quot;&gt;after several medication options fail&lt;/a&gt; and includes regular checkups with a medical professional. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it helps to remember what ketogenesis &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; - fatty acid breakdown it order to get the body the energy it needs. That breakdown can lower the pH in the blood, leading to keto acidosis, which is dangerous. In a child, with a low body mass and a high energy need because of growth, this at least sounds very dangerous.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, &lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; do this unless necessary. There is potentially no benefit at all, and a risk a parent should not be take on without medical need and supervision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-04T17:59:30.080" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T17:59:30.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-04T22:19:44.233" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intuitively, I think cold liquids require energy to move them up to a temperature more suitable for the body. Since hot liquids are closer to our bodies' core temperatures, I figure it's easier for the body to digest hot liquids.  Is there any evidence to support this? I'm wondering specifically about water, but discussion of other liquids would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-12-04T22:19:44.233" Title="Are hot liquids better for digestion?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-05T03:52:42.453" Score="4" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;For many years, I have observed that I breathe only through one nostril. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be the reason for this? Is there any cure for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2106" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T16:02:38.257" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T16:02:38.257" Title="Breathing through one nostril" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="263" CreationDate="2015-12-05T09:48:54.113" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oxytocin is mainly produced by the body in the following situations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contractions &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sex &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breastfeeding &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;social interaction &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is primarily produced in the hypothalamus of the brain. In pregnant women, it is also produced in the placenta. Synthetic oxytocin is bioidentical, but for obvious reasons not administered in the brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Synthesized oxytocin is mainly used to induce contractions in women. However, promising studies have been done on patients with schizophrenia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results revealed that intranasal oxytocin (40 international units twice a day), administered as an adjunct to subjects’ antipsychotic drugs for 3 weeks improved positive and negative symptoms significantly more than placebo &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other studies, the same treatment showed no effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two small studies failed to detect any functional improvement from the use of intranasal oxytocin (multiple brands) in patients with schizophrenia, even when coupled with social skills training, research presented here indicates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies have been done in patients with autism:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared with placebo, oxytocin led to significant improvements on the primary outcome of caregiver-rated social responsiveness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of yet, oxytocin is only used for these conditions in studies. All of the studies so far have been done with small sample sizes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Side effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, side effects of the nasal spray used in the schizophrenia and autism studies appear to be mild:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, nasal spray was well tolerated, and the most common reported adverse events were thirst, urination and constipation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From another source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The evidence shows that intranasal oxytocin: (1) produces no detectable subjective changes in recipients, (2) produces no reliable side-effects, and (3) is not associated with adverse outcomes when delivered in doses of 18–40 IU for short term use in controlled research settings. Future research directions should include a focus on the dosage and duration of use, and application with younger age groups, vulnerable populations, and with females.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the side effects of intravenously administered synthetic oxytocin during labor, there is a lot of information about it on the internet, and very few of it is sourced. Studies are hard to interpret because by design, the groups &quot;no labor induction&quot; and &quot;labor induced&quot; differ in more than the administration of oxytocin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Cochrane review on the topic concludes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For women making slow progress in spontaneous labour, treatment with oxytocin as compared with no treatment or delayed oxytocin treatment did not result in any discernable difference in the number of caesarean sections performed. In addition there were no detectable adverse effects for mother or baby. The use of oxytocin was associated with a reduction in the time to delivery of approximately two hours which might be important to some women. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Synthesized oxytocin probably has no major side effects - however, it is not yet used regularly for any other medical reason than inducing labor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947469/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beyond Labor: The role of natural and synthetic oxytocin in the transition to motherhood&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v37/n1/full/npp2011184a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxytocin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Schizophrenia and Other Neuropsychiatric Conditions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850411&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxytocin Shows No Effect in Schizophrenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2015162a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453011000862&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007123.pub3/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxytocin versus no treatment or delayed treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T09:48:54.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3906" CreationDate="2015-12-05T12:29:01.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first recorded blood transfusion was done on dogs in 1665. Two years later, blood was successfully transferred from a sheep to a human. In 1818, James Blundell, an obstetrician, successfully treated a patient with postpartum hemorrhage with her husband's blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The main problem that stood in the way of the development of blood transfusion was the tendency for the blood to clot and to block the tubes or apparatus connected to the recipient. In 1873, Sir Thomas Smith of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, is reported to have successfully transfused blood from which the clot had been removed (ie defibrinated blood). Attempts by Dr James Braxton-Hicks at Guy’s Hospital in 1883–84 to overcome this problem using sodium phosphate mixed with the blood as an anticoagulant resulted in the deaths of the patients&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About half of the patients died:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But in 1873, F. Gesellius, a Polish doctor, slowed the transfusion revival with a frightening discovery: More than half the transfusions performed had ended in death. Upon learning this, eminent physicians began denouncing the procedure. The popularity of transfusions once again waned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Franz Gesellius favored transfusions from animals over transfusions from human to human. But instead, milk and saline transfusions gained in popularity through this discovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even after the discovery of blood groups, it took years until first testing whether the donor and recipient blood matched became standard practice. Until then, transfusions were usually &quot;direct&quot; - from one person's vein directly to the recipient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pretransfusion testing did not become normal practice until indirect transfusion became popularised by the use of sodium citrate anticoagulation and collection of donor blood, which occurred after 1915.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aabb.org/tm/Pages/highlights.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Highlights of transfusion medicine history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ibms.org/go/nm:history-blood-transfusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A brief history of blood transfusions&lt;/a&gt; (includes references to the first successful blood transfusions) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102000002#h=6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blood transfusions - a long history of controversy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T12:29:01.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-05T14:08:05.817" Score="4" ViewCount="1077" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to several medical resources, Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) is congenital and caused by mutation, e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene, the gene that codes for the enzyme DHCR7 that normally converts 7DHC to cholesterol in the final step of the cholesterol synthetic pathway. - &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949125-clinical#b5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.  - &lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/smith-lemli-opitz-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine, who is 4-month pregnant, recently took a medical test giving her a high probability (&lt;strong&gt;1 in 8 as the test paper says&lt;/strong&gt;) of SLO Syndrome. She has mistakenly (not knowing she was pregnant) taken Diane-35 under her doctor's prescription for 21 days in her early pregnancy. Now my question is, given that no mention has been made of drug intervention relationship with the syndrome in the medical resources, at least in those I checked, and that she already has a successful pregnancy background, can SLOS be caused due to drugs? In case of abortion, how can she make sure whether she or her husband is carrier of the syndrome for future pregnancies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2244" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:30:02.783" Title="Can Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome be caused by medication?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3962" CreationDate="2015-12-05T14:10:13.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question already has a longer answer on our sister site, Biology Stackexchange. In summary, this is normal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will quote from the answer of &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/8517/mike-taylor&quot;&gt;Mike Taylor&lt;/a&gt;. The complete answer is a bit longer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is natural phenomenon called the nasal cycle. It is discussed in this paper by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijpp.com/IJPP%20archives/1994_38_2/133-137.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Telles et al. (1994)&lt;/a&gt;, among many others. The nostrils are used on an alternating cycle of about 2-3 hours, controlled by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ndrf.org/ans.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;autonomic nervous system&lt;/a&gt;. If you notice alternating congestion, that also seems to be coupled to the nasal cycle (Hasegawa and Kern &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/609283&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1977&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/635366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1978&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The nasal cycle is a natural ultradian cycle (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://sequencewiz.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Lateralized-rhythms-of-the-central-and-autonomic-nervous-systems.-D.-Shannahoff-Khalsa.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Not only is it present in humans, the nasal cycle has been observed in rats, rabbits, domestic pigs, cats and dogs (see references in &lt;a href=&quot;http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/9/2/371.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eccles 1996&lt;/a&gt;]). Thus, the nasal cycle may at least be a feature of mammals but it may be a feature of other bilateral animals that use nostrils for respiration. In addition, the nasal cycle may be an artifact of the evolution of bilateral symmetry in animals, and how the autonomic nervous system operates between the two sides. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The autonomic nervous system controls the nasal cycle. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Interestingly, these two divisions show a lateralized ultradian rhythm &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Shannahoff-Khalsa 2007)&lt;/a&gt;.  This means that the parasympathetic nervous system dominates one side of the body and the sympathetic nervous system dominates the other side of the body. The two systems later switch dominate sides. This dominance swithcing back and forth between the parasympathetic and sympathetic happens with a regular rhythmic cycle every few hours. As it happens, this switching between sides correlates very well with the nasal cycle &lt;a href=&quot;http://sequencewiz.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Lateralized-rhythms-of-the-central-and-autonomic-nervous-systems.-D.-Shannahoff-Khalsa.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Shannahoff-Khalsa 1991)&lt;/a&gt;.  When the parasympathetic-sympathetic systems switch sides, so do the nostrils. This is also associated with a switch in EEG activity between the two brain hemispheres &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/6874437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Werntz et al. 1983)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore, the nasal cycle may not have a specific function, adaptive or otherwise. Instead, it could result from dominance of the parasympathetic system. Whichever side is dominated by the parasympathetic system will have the primary nostril in use for respiration. However, others have argued that the nasal cycle does provide a function. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/9/2/371.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eccles (1996)&lt;/a&gt; argued that the nasal cycle may function as a respiratory defense mechanism. They found that the rate of cycling increases when nasal infection is present in the nose. They argue that the congestion-decongestion helps generate &quot;plasma exudate&quot; (nasal fluids derived from blood plasma) which may help remove bacteria and viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The nasal cycle is an interesting phenomenon but whether it evolved as an adaptation (such as a mechanism proposed by Eccles et al. (1996) or is simply an artifact of the operation of the autonomic nervous system may never be known for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Original question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21216/why-do-i-only-breathe-out-of-one-nostril&quot;&gt;Why do I only breathe out of one nostril?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T14:10:13.100" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2015-12-05T14:10:13.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3966" CreationDate="2015-12-05T14:32:49.773" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a genetic condition that only occurs if &lt;em&gt;both parents&lt;/em&gt; are carriers of the mutation. For each chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome, we get one copy from each parent, so we have two copies of every gene. The &quot;autosomal recessive pattern&quot; means that the condition is not linked to the sex chromosomes (autosomal) and only occurs in people who have two copies (recessive), one from each parent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parents, as carriers, themselves don't have any symptoms because they have a &quot;healthy&quot; copy of the gene in addition to the mutated gene. In a combination such as that, the risk of a subsequent child showing the syndrome is 25 percent, inheriting the mutation from both parents. 25 percent of children will get two &quot;healthy&quot; copies, and 50 percent will get one healthy and one mutated copies, and thus be carriers themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have included a link explaining this kind of inheritance at the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for Diane-35, it is an oral contraceptive. Oral contraceptives do not cause genetic mutations, either in the mother or the fetus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/smith-lemli-opitz-syndrome&quot;&gt;Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (already linked in the question, included here for completeness) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/autosomal-recessive-inheritance-pattern/img-20007457&quot;&gt;Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kintalk.org/genetics-101/&quot;&gt;Genetics 101&lt;/a&gt; with some more detailed explanation of the genetics &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T14:32:49.773" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3966" CreationDate="2015-12-05T14:39:19.867" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is of course, in case the diagnosis is confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SLO is an autosomal recessive pathology, which means &lt;strong&gt;both parents are carrier&lt;/strong&gt; of one mutated allele of the DHCR7. They do not express the pathology because the other allele isn't mutated and this allows for a normal function of the DHCR7 gene. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also means there is nothing that can be done about it. A birth-control pill doesn't have any impact on mutations or the genes in general, so no, it can't be due to drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TH0uC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TH0uC.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time this couple has a child, there is a 25% risk the child will have SLO syndrome. Because this is a high probability, they can be offered early prenatal diagnosis (so that if there's an abortion, it can be done early in the pregnancy) or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (by selecting healthy embryos in vitro).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: @YviDe answered first, but since I wrote this I'm keeping it for the &quot;what to do for future pregnancies&quot; part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autorecessive.svg#/media/File:Autorecessive.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia User CBurnett&lt;/a&gt; (own work in Inkscape) - CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2165" LastEditorUserId="2165" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T14:46:40.330" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T14:46:40.330" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3975" CreationDate="2015-12-05T21:18:59.583" Score="7" ViewCount="80350" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a black dot on my iris. Is there a medical term for this? Can it be dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lg8bs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;eye&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2247" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:18:08.037" LastActivityDate="2017-08-23T05:04:23.417" Title="What is this dot on the iris?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;iris&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3972" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="3981" CreationDate="2015-12-05T22:45:02.057" Score="9" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any treatments that can help improve the cognitive function of people with autism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also heard about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement&quot;&gt;Miracle Mineral Supplement (MMS)&lt;/a&gt; being a cure for autism. Does this claim have any truth to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2171" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-05T23:33:38.667" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T10:08:26.610" Title="Is there any treatment for autism?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3185" CreationDate="2015-12-05T22:47:19.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They appear to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.ucsd.edu/specialties/psych/clinic-based/eatingdisorders/neurobiology/Documents/KayeIJED1986CaloricConsumptionAN.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Caloric consumption and activity levels after weight recovery in anorexia nervosa: a prolonged delay in normalization&lt;/a&gt;, researchers looked at anorexia patients 2 to 6 weeks after what is called &quot;refeeding&quot;, and patients 6 months after. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with anorexia nervosa, in the weeks after achieving target&#xA;  weight and terminating refeeding, have elevated levels of activity and&#xA;  caloric intake, compared to normal controls. In contrast, caloric intake&#xA;  and activity in anorectics who had maintained weight for months after&#xA;  weight recovery were similar to controls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they were maintaining weight at the same amount of calories that people without a history of anorexia were also maintaining their weight at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same was found in this study: &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1098-108X(199407)16:1%3C45::AID-EAT2260160104%3E3.0.CO;2-Z/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Resting metabolic rate and total energy expenditure in acute and weight recovered patients with anorexia nervosa and in healthy young women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No significant differences were found between the weight-recovered anorectic women and the healthy controls in RMR (1,330 ± 131 kcal/day [weight-recovered]; 1,419 ± 197 [controls]) and in TEE (2,602 ± 637 kcal/day [weight-recovered]; 2,596 ± 493 kcal/day [controls]).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RMR = Resting Metabolic Rate; TEE = Total Energy Expenditure &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both studies had small sample sizes though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During recovery, patients recovering from anorexia need more calories than expected for weight gain, which is called &lt;em&gt;hypermetabolic&lt;/em&gt;, but that period ends at around 4 to 6 months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3829207/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa: review of the literature and implications for treatment&lt;/a&gt; (figure 2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-05T22:47:19.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-06T01:17:18.697" Score="3" ViewCount="4655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can thinking too hard cause a migraine or a headache, and if so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example when you've a math problem and you're concentrating hard on a task to solve it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:05:07.040" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:05:07.040" Title="Can thinking too hard cause a migraine or a headache?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3971" CreationDate="2015-12-06T03:28:53.683" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is difficult to tell from that photograph what the pigmented area represents; a good photograph of the iris is hard to get without a &lt;em&gt;slit-lamp&lt;/em&gt; (an instrument for close examination of the eyes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because irises are normally pigmented, they are subject to the same kinds of lesions as other pigmented tissue. The iris can have &quot;freckles&quot; (though not caused by the sun), pigmented moles, melanomas, etc. Because the iris is also composed of layers, an absence or indentation of part of the outermost layer of the iris (called a &lt;em&gt;crypt&lt;/em&gt;) can be spot-like in appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is a photograph of a benign nevus (mole) of the iris:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DbVVsm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DbVVsm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Iris nevi are, by definition, pigmented and flat. They are common, may be multiple, and occur more often in blue-eyed patients. Iris nevi are also rarely present at birth and like all other ocular nevi become apparent around puberty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is of an iris nevus taken through a slit lamp:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yrFuem.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yrFuem.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, you can also see freckles on the iris.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that all three photographs feature a spot in the lower half of the iris isn't coincidence. Approximately 80% of them occur in the lower half of the iris.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lesions in the iris can also be caused by trauma, congenital abnormalities, illnesses, infections, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Iris melanomas can also occur, and arise from iris nevi. Usually they are low-grade tumors, but can be problematic to vision/ocular health, and can become metastatic.**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the lesion shown in the photograph is statistically likely to be a benign iris nevus, it is impossible to say. The safest course of action is to ask your doctor what it is (even a good office opthalmoscope will afford better visualization that the photograph) and if it needs to be checked further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;**Considerable controversy exists regarding the histopathologic classification and the malignant potential of iris melanomas.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Image: &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coppereyesyo.jpg#/media/File:Coppereyesyo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coppereyesyo.jpg#/media/File:Coppereyesyo.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Image: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hayesoptometry.com/?mainURL=%2Fgalleryimg%2F843j%2Firis_nevus.html%3Fimage%3D843j&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hayes Optometry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK12722/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adult Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1208624-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iris Melanoma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T18:02:44.223" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T18:02:44.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3209" CreationDate="2015-12-06T08:59:04.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While not all patients with an atrial septal defect experience, complications, but it can be beneficial to surgically repair the defect to prevent future complications that could occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes children with an atrial septal defect will not need surgery as the defect may close itself, but if the hole is large and is determined to be likely to cause problems as an adult, the doctor will usually recommend surgery to prevent possible future complications. This does not really answer your question, though, as you specifically ask about atrial septal defects in adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the time they are adults, patients with an atrial septal are likely to start showing symptoms, unless the hole is very small (smaller than 5 millimeters). Studies on patients who have begun to show symptoms show that it is generally beneficial to close the atrial septal defect and can improve the life span in adults and help to prevent further complications, especially in younger patients, usually those younger than 25, while the symptoms may still be nearly non-existent. Even though the closure is not &lt;em&gt;as&lt;/em&gt; beneficial to older patients, it is still usually recommended when there are symptoms.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/32/5/553.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1767414/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;, &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508243330801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the results shown from those studies mentioned above, it can be reasoned that closing an atrial septal defect in a patient in which the defect was found incidentally can be beneficial. Having a very small defect will not typically cause the symptoms associated with atrial septal defects and usually a doctor will not recommend surgical closure of the defect. If a larger defect is found incidentally and any symptoms have yet to occur, then it would be logical to the hole closed. This will help prevent the complications that could occur later in your life and is likely to increase your overall life-quality and lengthen your lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/32/5/553.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1: Benefit of atrial septal defect closure in adults: impact of age&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1767414/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2: Surgical closure of atrial septal defects in adults: effect of age at operation on outcome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508243330801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3: A Comparison of Surgical and Medical Therapy for Atrial Septal Defect in Adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-septal-defect/basics/definition/con-20027034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Atrial septal defect (ASD)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape - Atrial Septal Defect Treatment &amp;amp; Management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T08:59:04.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3905" CreationDate="2015-12-06T10:34:53.630" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, your numbers are good, but they depend on when one was born, and are higher for younger people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The lifetime risk of cancer increased from 38.5% for men born in 1930 to 53.5% for men born in 1960. For women it increased from 36.7 to 47.5%. Results are robust to different models for projections of cancer rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v112/n5/full/bjc2014606a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trends in the lifetime risk of developing cancer in Great Britain: comparison of risk for those born from 1930 to 1960&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is for Great Britain, but at least for the US and similar countries, I don't expect too much deviation) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer Research UK has done a bit of legwork as it relates to your question. Their rough estimate is that 4 out of 10 cancers are preventable through a healthy lifestyle. From their section on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/risk#heading-One&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;preventable cancers&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Smoking is the largest single cause of cancer in the UK, linked to an estimated 19% of cancer cases in the UK each year. Lung cancer has the highest proportion of smoking-linked cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Diet (too little fruit, vegetables and fibre; too much red and processed meat and salt) is linked to an estimated 9% of cancer cases in the UK each year. Upper aero-digestive tract cancers (oral cavity and pharynx, oesophageal, and larynx) have the highest proportion of diet-linked cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Overweight and obesity is linked to an estimated 5% of cancer cases in the UK each year. Uterine, kidney and oesophageal cancers have the highest proportions of bodyweight-linked cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Alcohol is linked to an estimated 4% of cancer cases in the UK each year. Upper aero-digestive tract cancers (oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, and oesophageal) have the highest proportion of alcohol-linked cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's about 37 percent, all added up. They have more information on all these on the website I linked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a bit of looking around myself, just to see. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Male&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/lifetime-probability-of-developing-or-dying-from-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The main cancer risks for males are:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prostate, at about 15 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lung, at about 7.5 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colon, at about 5 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bladder, at about 4 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin, at about 2.5 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, at about 2 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kidney, at about 2 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That adds up to about 38 percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's see how lifestyle factors impact them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/detailedguide/prostate-cancer-risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;prostate cancer&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the four factors you link possibly don't have an impact. Diet might be involved, but we don't really know how:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Men who eat a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products appear to have a slightly higher chance of getting prostate cancer. These men also tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables. Doctors aren’t sure which of these factors is responsible for raising the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;lung cancer&lt;/em&gt;, smoking is of course the major risk factor. For non-smokers, risk of lung cancer is reduced by about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170525/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;85 to 90 percent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;colon cancer&lt;/em&gt;, about half of the cases &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bowel-cancer/risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are linked to lifestyle&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;bladder cancer&lt;/em&gt;, about half of the cases are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/bladder-cancer-men-at-risk&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;linked to smoking alone&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Skin cancer&lt;/em&gt; is caused by sun exposure, but also genetic disposition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk factors for &lt;em&gt;non-hodgkins-lymphoma&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/causes/con-20027792&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are unknown&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;kidney cancer&lt;/em&gt;, risk factors include obesity and smoking, with an estimated &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/kidney-cancer/risk-factors#heading-Zero&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;40 percent of the risk&lt;/a&gt; coming from lifestyle factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as a back of the envelope calculation, if the risks for prostate and non-hodgkins-lymphoma don't decrease, the lung cancer risk decreases by about 90 percent, and the other listed cancer have a risk decrease of about half, we end up with about 25 percent of the original 38 percent for these 7 cancer types. A reduction of 35 percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Female&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main cancers differ for females:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breast, at about 12 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lung, at about 7 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colon, at about 4.5 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uterine, at about 3 percent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All others are below 2 percent. These four add up to 26.5 of the lifetime risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between &lt;em&gt;breast cancer&lt;/em&gt; and lifestyle factors seems to be complicated, with it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470204500002540&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;maybe being linked to obesity and also linked to number of children&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 40 percent of &lt;em&gt;Uterine cances&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/uterine-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are linked to obesity&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lung and colon cancer were also on the list for males. Another back of the envelope calculation reduces the risk of these four cancers from 26.5 to 16.5 percent. A reduction of 38 percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These are very rough calculations &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These are based only on lifetime risk of developing cancers, not lifetime risks of dying from cancers &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We really don't understand cancer all that well for many of them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the cancers I didn't list here, like bladder/cervix/pancreatic cancer also make up quite a few percent of the lifetime cancer risk, combined &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-06T15:22:25.330" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T15:22:25.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-06T10:55:22.833" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 15 years old. i exhibit mirror movements in respect to my hands. when i move my right hand my left hand automatically moves and vice versa. is there any cure for these movements? whilst doing any work it may be an obstruction or twice of my energy would be spent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2106" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T10:55:22.833" Title="cure for mirror movements" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3773" CreationDate="2015-12-06T11:49:29.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer includes some speculation in the end. Since this is also a speculative question I hope that's okay :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if people who suffer from paralysis, specifically those who can't walk anymore, lose strength in their skeletal structure from the waist down as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Bones that aren't used lose mass. In a study of 89 men who had been in a wheelchair for at least 2 months and up to 50 years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the femur and tibia, bone mass, total and trabecular bone mineral density (BMDtot and BMDtrab, respectively) of the epiphyses, as well as bone mass and cortical cross-sectional area of the diaphyses, showed an exponential decrease with time after injury in the spinal cord injured subjects. The decreasing bone parameters reached new steady states after 3–8 years, depending on the parameter. Bone mass loss in the epiphyses was approximately 50% in the femur and 60% in the tibia, while the shafts lost only approximately 35% in the femur and 25% in the tibia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S8756328204000146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Relationship between the duration of paralysis and bone structure: a pQCT study of spinal cord injured individuals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies agree:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the lower extremities the BMC decreased after injury. New steady-state levels for BMC were reached at 2 years post-injury for the proximal tibia and the femoral neck at 40–50% and 60–70% respectively of normal values&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01865.x/abstract;jsessionid=248754FDA1703F00620446C5C90A393A.f04t01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if there would be an advancement that would allow them to move their bones with the aid of artificial muscles, would their bones be rigid enough to still support them? If not, would there be a type of therapy combined with supplements that would help them regain strength in their bones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &quot;standing wheelchairs&quot;, designed to give patients with paralysis the chance to stand up, which helps with household activities, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Rehabilitation Engineering &amp;amp; Assistive Technology Society of North America released &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rstce.pitt.edu/RSTCE_Resources/Resna_position_on_wheelchair_standers.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a position paper&lt;/a&gt; on these devices. They cite numerous health benefits, among them benefit for bone mineral density :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research suggests that weight bearing is superior to nutritional supplements in preventing BMD loss, and that the mechanical loading of the bones should be dynamic for full prevention of BMD loss. It also appears that with discontinuation of the weight bearing program, BMD levels will continue to decrease and/or return to pre-weight bearing values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They cite a few studies for this benefit, among them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6520138&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040823&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, other research does not agree with this, saying that after the first year after the injury has passed, bone mineral density does not recover even from weight-bearing exercises. From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v47/n7/full/sc2008177a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Non-pharmacological treatment and prevention of bone loss after spinal cord injury: a systematic review&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the chronic phase (Table 2), the picture seems more uniform, with very little evidence for any gain in BMD when the first year after injury has passed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also looked at studies regarding other intervention, for example electrical stimulation and found no significant benefits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The level of evidence is important and in this study area, there is no conclusive indication of any effective intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that doesn't mean your scenario would not work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is talking about losing bone mineral density compared to control groups. However, from standing assisting technology we know that the remaining bone density is enough to at least support short-term standing, bearing a significant part of the individual's body weight. A return to pre-paralysis levels might not be needed for short-term walking, for example. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The construction of such a device would lead to more studies into this. Right now, stopping the loss of bone density is not the primary motivating factor for the use of standing wheelchairs, for example - they are to increase quality of life and also to strengthen the individual's circulation, for example. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T11:49:29.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-06T12:24:20.700" Score="6" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome&quot;&gt;Acute Radiation Syndrom&lt;/a&gt; (ARS) results from damage to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DNA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;other key molecular structures within the cells&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know how relevant damage of the second kind is. Given that DNA damage in turn leads to cancer, the correlation between ARS and development of cancer might give at least a hint as to how important that second factor is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: How likely is a person to develop cancer, given he has already had ARS in the past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2249" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:47:01.673" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:47:01.673" Title="How much are Acute Radiation Syndrome and cancer correlated?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3972" CreationDate="2015-12-06T13:56:23.403" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is really interesting, and really difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, let's get &lt;strong&gt;Miracle Mineral Supplement&lt;/strong&gt; out of the way. There is a lengthy article on this up on the blog &quot;Science-based Medicine&quot; called  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bleaching-away-what-ails-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bleaching away what ails you&lt;/a&gt;. That article is quite good, but uses strong language, so it isn't for everyone. It describes the rhetoric around MMS, especially in regards to how it's used on autistic children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, what is MMS? It's diluted sodium chlorite, a bleach. And the person who sells it &lt;a href=&quot;http://miraclemineral.org/the-author/authors-message&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;claims&lt;/a&gt; it basically cures anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Well, it overcomes colds in an hour or so, overcomes flu in less than 12 hours, overcomes pneumonia in less than 12 hours, cures more cancer than any other treatment by hundreds of times, cures hepatitis A, B, and C. It cures appendicitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and a hundred other diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That alone should be enough to make anyone skeptical. The flu is a viral infectious disease of the respiratory tract. Rheumatoid arthritis is an incurable autoimmune disease. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the bowel. These are wildly different things, and that's not counting the &quot;hundred other diseases&quot;. The two probably most potent medicines we have, antibiotics and steroids, don't even claim to be effective for all of these. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a bleach, MMS can cause serious complications. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm220756.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;strongly warns people not to use it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FDA warned consumers not to consume or use Miracle Mineral Solution, an oral liquid solution also known as &quot;Miracle Mineral Supplement&quot; or &quot;MMS.&quot; The product, when used as directed, produces an industrial bleach that can cause serious harm to health. The product instructs consumers to mix the 28 percent sodium chlorite solution with an acid such as citrus juice. This mixture produces chlorine dioxide, a potent bleach used for stripping textiles and industrial water treatment. High oral doses of this bleach, such as those recommended in the labeling, can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and symptoms of severe dehydration&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The government agency &quot;Health Canada&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbc.ca/beta/news/health/health-canada-warning-stop-using-miracle-mineral-solution-immediately-1.2804787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has seized MMS from a supplied selling it&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MMS and autism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does MMS cure autism? Science doesn't usually say &quot;we are 100 percent sure this doesn't happen&quot;. But in this case, it's probably pretty close. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that the belief is based on are anecdotes, there are no scientific studies on this at all. There is also no proposed - MMS is a disinfectant, but autism isn't caused by an infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autism doesn't stay constant. For example, there is a question here on Health.SE about autism and fever - &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3302/why-do-80-of-children-with-autism-appear-to-improve-when-they-have-a-fever#&quot;&gt;autism symptoms improve when patients have a fever&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment of autism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism spectrum disorder is a wide field of syndromes&lt;/a&gt;. From high-functioning individuals to people who need constant caregiving. There are no cures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment includes various options.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/Pages/medication-treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently, there is no medication that can cure ASD or all of its symptoms. But in many cases, medication can help treat some of the symptoms associated with ASD, especially certain behaviors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These behavioral issues are, for example, anxiety, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity and loss of focus, seizures (which one third of people with autism have), etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are studies being done on more treatment options, for example on whether &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/researchers-launch-study-oxytocin-nasal-spray&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oxytocin could help&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Behavioral Therapy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Behavioral therapy is a big focus in the treatment of autism. Much of this is focused on children. I'm just going to link to and summarize a few of the resources on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A notable treatment approach for people with an ASD is called applied behavior analysis (ABA). ABA has become widely accepted among health care professionals and used in many schools and treatment clinics. ABA encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative behaviors in order to improve a variety of skills. The child’s progress is tracked and measured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC - Treatment of ASD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scientific studies have demonstrated that early intensive behavioral intervention improves learning, communication and social skills in young children with autism. While the outcomes of early intervention vary, all children benefit. Researchers have developed a number of effective early intervention models. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism Speaks - How is Autism Treated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Other Treatments&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two other often mentioned treatments for ASD are dietary changes, especially a gluten free diet, and chelation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Cochrane review titled &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010766.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chelation for autism spectre disorder&lt;/a&gt; summarizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;no clinical trial evidence was found to suggest that pharmaceutical chelation is an effective intervention for ASD. Given prior reports of serious adverse events, such as hypocalcaemia, renal impairment and reported death, the risks of using chelation for ASD currently outweigh proven benefits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, chelation shouldn't be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another, titled &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder&lt;/a&gt; summarizes the research on the most popular dietary restriction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research has shown of high rates of use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) for children with autism including gluten and/or casein exclusion diets. Current evidence for efficacy of these diets is poor. Large scale, good quality randomised controlled trials are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cure&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wrote before that autism can't be cured. However, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Growing evidence suggests that a small minority of persons with autism progress to the point where they no longer meet the criteria for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the diagnosis of autism isn't based on the presence of a virus or something, therapy and treatment can actually mean a person progresses to the point of no longer meeting all diagnostic criteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-12-06T13:56:23.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3982" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4310" CreationDate="2015-12-06T16:21:21.600" Score="15" ViewCount="2675" Body="&lt;p&gt;This occurred to me reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3905/lifetime-cancer-risk-for-people-with-healthy-lifestyle&quot;&gt;Lifetime cancer risks for for people with healthy lifestyles?&lt;/a&gt; When talking about cancer in regards to body weight, it's usually about obesity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does being underweight (BMI below 20) have an effect on cancer risk for any cancer - in any direction? Just brainstorming here, this could for example be true for breast cancer (women not menstruating because of low bodyweight), or stomach cancer. Is there anything in the literature on this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2020-10-28T22:07:47.517" Title="Does being underweight have an influence on cancer risk?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T06:10:08.537" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gout is caused due to the crystalization of high uric acid and the body no being able to eliminate it ( mostly it comes at old age ).&#xA;Alloupurinol is a wonderful drug that helps but its a longterm medication for gout.&#xA;I want to know what steps can be taken to get off of its dependency ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2256" LastEditorUserId="2256" LastEditDate="2015-12-07T17:09:03.960" LastActivityDate="2015-12-07T17:09:03.960" Title="Anyone with gout got off of alloupurinol?" Tags="&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4599" CreationDate="2015-12-07T11:40:33.290" Score="11" ViewCount="1738" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that the skin around my genitals are a lot darker; think a darker shade of peach against the rest of my body. Of course, I'm well aware the skin around your nipples seems to be just the same color as the skin around my genitals, but I'd like to understand, why is it this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the skin around my genitals so much darker than the rest of my body? I'm fairly sure I don't sunbathe naked, and most of the time my privates are being protected by a few layer of clothing, so what could make the pigmentation so much darker than the rest of my body? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2360" OwnerDisplayName="thinly veiled question mark" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:50:24.597" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:50:24.597" Title="Why is the skin around my genitals darker than the rest of my body?" Tags="&lt;pigment&gt;&lt;genitals&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T13:27:19.987" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 8-month old son has a mastocytoma developing on his arm (confirmed by his pediatrician). Does this mean he also has mastocytosis? Or are they two separate things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are separate, how correlated are they? Anybody know of any statistics as to how likely an infant with a single mastocytoma is to developing mastocytosis later on in life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2258" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:18:52.343" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:18:52.343" Title="Mastocytoma vs Mastocytosis?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;mastocytoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T13:49:41.383" Score="5" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently suffered an extreme, but luckily short bout of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Labyrinthitis&lt;/a&gt; and as described in that Wikipedia page, the doctor did not diagnose the cause, nor try and treat the underlying problem, but gave me anti-emetics and anti-vertigo medication to sort out the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One warning I received was that the problem could recur, possibly multiple times, probably at lesser severity, and this worries me. This attack came on over the space of about 10 seconds while I was driving, and the worst symptoms lasted a week, preventing me walking or doing anything useful in that time. If it happens again while driving, my concern is that this time I may not be as lucky when braking hard and pulling over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there anything I can do to prepare for it, be aware of symptoms, or prevent recurral, or at least reduce the severity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="634" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:46:16.390" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:46:16.390" Title="What can I do to protect myself against Labyrinthitis recurral?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;vertigo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-10-09T23:43:42.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T08:54:52.053" Score="2" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our 8-month old son is doing very well so far, developing physically and mentally right in lock step with where the &quot;developmental miletstones&quot; say he should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At around 4 months of age we noticed he started developing a small red mark on his arm that kept getting a little bit bigger every few weeks. At his 6-month well visit the pediatrician said it was a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastocytoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mastocytoma&lt;/a&gt;, and that it was nothing to worry about. Furthermore, she said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It might get bigger&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It might change color&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He may have it for a long time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked if there were any surgeries available to remove it and she stated that surgical removal often exacerbates them and makes them worse and/or more dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this was all very reassuring, it has now almost doubled in size since that 6-month well visit, and is now roughly the size of a thumbtack, so it appears to be picking up &quot;&lt;em&gt;momentum&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you Google mastocytoma, you get back a slurry of articles/blogs/etc. that give mixed information. Some coincide with what the pediatrician said and they state that mastocytoma is nothing to worry about. Others state that while its typically benign, it can become malignant and dangerous under certain conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm worried that the pediatrician is simply trying to relieve/placate us by telling us that &quot;it's alright&quot;. Meanwhile, it's doubling its size every few months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I ask: &lt;strong&gt;what presentations in mastocytoma should be worrisome and warrant followup/further investigation?&lt;/strong&gt; What signs/symptoms/changes take us from the &quot;definitely benign&quot; zone into the murky in-between zone? Would a trip to the dermatologist be a prudent next step?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, if this is a worrisome case of mastocytoma, I want to address it as aggressively as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2258" OwnerDisplayName="Manny Rodriguez" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:20:40.090" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:20:40.090" Title="Infant has a mastocytoma, any cause for concern?" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;&lt;mastocytoma&gt;&lt;developmental-milestones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T17:06:35.680" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been wearing back brace for the last 10 years and was wondering if anyone has been using one and could then stop using it? What steps were taken to be able to stop relying on it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2256" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-09T18:39:26.277" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T18:39:26.277" Title="How to stop needing a back brace?" Tags="&lt;back&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-07T17:08:46.893" Score="17" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several of my coworkers take regular smoke breaks outside the office a few times per day. I don't smoke, but I join them once or twice a day. There are a few reasons why I find it valuable to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I enjoy the break, and the conversation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spending time with these coworkers builds my rapport with them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most importantly, valuable business-related information is often discussed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of some of the research around secondhand smoke. In particular, I'm aware that it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/10026/is-there-no-risk-free-level-of-second-hand-smoke&quot;&gt;considered a no-threshold toxicant&lt;/a&gt;, which means that the risk increases with exposure, and that even a small amount of exposure can be harmful. Furthermore, the effects of secondhand smoke are &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/416/effect-of-cigarettes-on-passive-smokers&quot;&gt;well-known to be harmful&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why the question? I'm trying to weigh the costs and benefits. Essentially everything we do risks some harm for some reward. (E.g., I gather that bonfires are also a no-threshold toxicant.) Presumably the many people in my situation would like a more nuanced answer as to &lt;strong&gt;how much risk am I taking by standing outside next to smokers for 15-30 minutes per day?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2259" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T22:03:34.427" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T08:39:15.023" Title="How much risk am I taking by joining my coworkers for smoke breaks?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;social&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3439" CreationDate="2015-12-08T01:27:02.383" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best reference I could find on this was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/350/alcohol-during-the-nursing-period-a-risk-assessment-under-consideration-of-the-promotion-of-breastfeeding.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schwegler et al. (2013)&lt;/a&gt;, which gave detailed descriptions of both the processes of transfer of alcohol to the bloodstream and breast milk and the effects thereafter in the mother and the infant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a somewhat condensed timeline of what happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intake.&lt;/strong&gt; The mother consumes an alcoholic beverage, which travels along the digestive tract from the mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach and intestines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resorption.&lt;/strong&gt; The alcohol (really ethanol, for all intents and purposes) is resorbed in minute quantities in cells in the esophagus, and in moderate amounts in the stomach. Most of the resorption takes place in the intestines and beyond, specifically the smaller intestines, thanks to the &amp;quot;first pass effect&amp;quot;. The ethanol is now transferred to the bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breakdown of alcohol.&lt;/strong&gt; The ethanol is transformed into metabolite acetaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). ADH is more common in the liver and intestines than in the stomach, which in part accounts for the higher resorption rates in the lower part of the digestive tract. Next, the acetaldehyde undergoes oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) or monooxygenase CYP2E1. The result is acetate, which is then turned into water or carbon dioxide, as normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transfer from the bloodstream to breast milk.&lt;/strong&gt; This step happens concurrently with (3). Some of the ethanol circulating in the bloodstream is transferred to breast milk along with other substances. This transfer often contains ethanol that has been resorbed from the stomach, where less ethanol is resorbed and filtered away. Additionally, acetaldehyde is generally not present in breast milk (Kesäniemi (1974) is cited on page 16). The reason for this is unknown, but it points to the absence of ADH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upshot of all this is that there may be little to no breakdown of alcohol in breast milk. Breakdown via ADH and ALDH would happen between resorption and transferal/lactation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Levels of alcohol in the blood and in breast milk are generally the same, thanks to diffusion between the various glands in the breasts and the bloodstream (note that there are, of course, specialized veins and arteries for the mammary glands). Diffusion out and in means that there is not a significant net gain or loss of alcohol from the breast milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One reason for different concentrations in different groups of women depends on how proteins responsible for the filtering and breakdown are released. The authors say (page 16)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explain the observed differences during lactation, Pepino et al. (2007)&#xA;hypothesised that increased levels of regulatory proteins are released during the breastfeeding phase and that these proteins delay the passage of the alcohol from the stomach to the small intestine and liver, thereby increasing the first pass effect. The findings were confirmed in a further study by Pepino &amp;amp; Mennella (2008) among mothers who pumped off their milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that only a small amount of the total amount of alcohol makes its way unfiltered into breast milk. As &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/230-234.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Menella (date unknown)&lt;/a&gt; writes (emphasis mine),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, less than 2 percent of the alcohol dose consumed by the mother reaches her milk and blood. Alcohol is not stored in breast milk, however, but its level parallels that found in the maternal blood. &lt;strong&gt;That means that as long as the mother has substantial blood alcohol levels, the milk also will contain alcohol.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the key principle. Basically, there is little to no breakdown of alcohol in the mammary glands, due in part to the lack of ADH. While some enters through the bloodstream, it can diffuse out and be broken up in the normal fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2015-12-09T22:49:34.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3209" CreationDate="2015-12-08T07:12:49.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Agree with @michaelpri regarding some of the timing considerations and the overall sense of factors affecting whether closure is necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to how ASDs cause harm, the usual effect is one of blood shunting from the left heart to the right heart through the ASD. Over time, this increases the filling volumes of the right heart and can lead to right heart failure as the right heart is pumping some excess volume of blood in a circuit from the right heart to the left atrium, back to the right atrium via the ASD and, ultimately, back to the right ventricle again. In this fashion, left ventricular filling can also be decreased, but generally no penalty on systemic circulation occurs, except in extreme cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asymptomatic patients may have a closure depending on the size of the ASD and its specific location. There are studies underway to better understand when to close ASDs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Citations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/AboutCongenitalHeartDefects/Atrial-Septal-Defect-ASD_UCM_307021_Article.jsp#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American Heart Association: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Konstantidides, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508243330801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A Comparison of Surgical and Medical Therapy for Atrial Septal Defect&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; N Engl J Med 1995; 333:469-473.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also an editorial challenging the methodology of the above study:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;C. Ward and R.A. Henderson. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508243330801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Correspondence.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; N Engl J Med 1996; 334:56-57&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="570" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T21:53:09.663" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T21:53:09.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3995" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4036" CreationDate="2015-12-08T07:41:47.790" Score="7" ViewCount="4378" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few questions regarding tuberculosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a person is cured of Tuberculosis, is it compulsory for all patients effected by Tb to have a patch/scar on their lung? (references for patch) &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doctor.ndtv.com/faq/ndtv/fid/11738/Why_is_the_x-ray_showing_a_patch_on_the_lungs_after_TB_treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can't the patch/scar on the lung ever go away? Or will it stay forever? If it can go away, in what procedure can it be done?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of the references talk about the weight gain. If there is no weight gain, what does that mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="582" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T11:50:57.180" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T01:24:04.567" Title="Tuberculosis: Lung scarring and weight gain" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T11:12:13.723" Score="4" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;General guidelines about optimum nutrition and cooking usually say that one should avoid too much heating and air/light exposure of food to minimize the loss of vitamins and nutrients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are some products in the market that act like a thermos food flask that one can use to pack hot meals in the early morning and then take to work, to eat around lunch time with the food still very hot (after 6-7 hours). But doesn't keeping the food in tight hot jar/container at such high temperature for 6 or 7 hours actually destroy the nutrients in the food, even if it is tightly sealed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if one has the options of packing the food cold and microwaving it later at work versus packing it hot in a thermos and keeping it hot all the way until lunch, which option is &lt;strong&gt;healthier&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2268" LastEditorUserId="2268" LastEditDate="2015-12-08T11:43:48.163" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T08:27:06.067" Title="Hot food flask (thermos) effect on nutrients in packed lunch" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="3999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T17:24:44.493" Score="2" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you grip the inside of your lips between your teeth and allow them to move back through, you can feel many small, relatively tough structures within. What are these structures, as I compulsively bite at these to the point of removing them, and would like to know what they are in case biting them free is causing serious harm. Biting in through the outer surface of the inside of the lip reaches a fairly strong membrane/barrier, and biting into this barrier allows the aforementioned structure to slip through it into the mouth, where it can be bitten free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xH477.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xH477.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;lips&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On this diagram I would say it appears to be either the orbicularis orbis muscle, or minor salivary glands. The muscle's separation from the main flesh of the lip and membrane between the lip and affected area seem to match up, but if these muscles are fibres then it is unlikely to be those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2271" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:50:58.840" Title="Structure of the Lips and potential Dermatillomania" Tags="&lt;mouth&gt;&lt;dermatillomania&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T17:59:31.647" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question goes beyond the obvious wisdom of not being sedentary. I was told by someone, with a fair amount of medical training, of the benefits of applying pressure to the joints and connective tissue. Specifically, that a sit-to-stand adapter, by bracing the knees would somehow boost the immune system. I am inclined to defer to his greater knowledge, yet I couldn't find supporting evidence or information from &quot;Dr. Google.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2272" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T17:59:31.647" Title="Can applying pressure to joints provide some health benefits?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-08T21:56:29.900" Score="3" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;The doctor told me to use Niacin or Red Yeast to reduce cholesterol. Examine.com, which seems to be pretty legit, &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/stacks/cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;seems to support using Garlic as a natural alternative&lt;/a&gt;. What supplements exist with solid scientific research to backup the claims of reducing LDL and increasing HDL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2019" LastActivityDate="2015-12-08T21:56:29.900" Title="What natural supplements exist to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T07:16:56.450" Score="4" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ignoring physical pain, is it better to use rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide to clean small wounds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:07:47.340" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T16:47:27.883" Title="Rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide for small wounds?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;rubbing-alcohol-isopropyl&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T08:40:42.570" Score="7" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to detect and diagnose Crohn's when the patient doesn't have any symptoms?  For example, the patient had symptoms for over a year, which are not longer present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T07:58:50.060" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:37:18.570" Title="Crohn's Disease - detection when in remission" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T09:45:20.477" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective/accurate are MRI scans of the small intestine for diagnosing Crohn's disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T13:11:06.213" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T16:19:08.440" Title="MRI scans for diagnosing Crohn's disease?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T12:04:21.943" Score="4" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sometimes get headaches where if I try and ignore them and continue with my work, they get so bad I feel sick and have to have a lie down until it passes. I've found that the best thing to do is stop working the moment one starts to develop and get away from the PC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wondered, why/how &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; concentrating/thinking make a headache worse? What's the link?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2279" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T00:25:15.630" LastActivityDate="2018-06-25T14:48:18.887" Title="Why can thinking make a headache worse?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;&lt;obsessive-compulsive&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4422" CreationDate="2015-12-09T13:00:24.620" Score="7" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the relation between age and cancer development probability? I have heard that cancer is rather rare at younger age groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming it increases with age, is there a peak after which the probability declines? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2205" LastEditorUserId="2205" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T15:33:14.643" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:00:14.557" Title="Cancer development probability with age" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4008" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T19:01:39.353" Score="5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently learned that steroids are sometimes given to mothers in preterm labor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a baby is at risk of being born too early, giving the mother steroids before the birth can help her unborn baby's lungs to develop more quickly. This reduces the risk of the newborn having serious complications or dying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072752/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pregnancy and birth: Before preterm birth: What do steroids do?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, steroids are also the drug of choice during pregnancy for certain disease, for example for asthma, or in inflammatory diseases because they fight inflammation and NSAIDs should not be taken during pregnancy, if it can be avoided. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, steroid tablets may be recommended if you're pregnant and have severe asthma, because the risk to your baby from uncontrolled asthma is higher than from the medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Corticosteroid-(drugs)/Pages/Who-can-use-them.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Corticosteroids - Who can use them&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is premature development of the lungs, the desired effect when giving steroids for preterm labor, one of these risks? In other words, when giving steroids to a pregnant woman, does the effect on the fetus's lungs pose any risks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:23:13.517" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:31:58.297" Title="Using corticosteroids during pregnancy" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3585" CreationDate="2015-12-09T20:49:55.077" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been quite a few studies on the influence of meal frequency, but usually they focus on weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could find one pilot study comparing people receiving either one or three meals a day, for a total of 8 weeks, while receiving the same amount of calories in total. All study subjects maintained their body weight. The study concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There were no significant effects of meal frequency on heart rate, body temperature, or most of the blood variables measured. However, when consuming 1 meal/d, subjects had a significant increase in hunger; a significant modification of body composition, including reductions in fat mass; significant increases in blood pressure and in total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations; and a significant decrease in concentrations of cortisol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645638/&quot;&gt;A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, however, that over a quarter of study subjects withdrew during the study. The authors report that it was for unrelated reasons, but such a high drop out rate is still a cause for concern. A concern you voice in your question is hunger, and when eating only one meal a day, that was something the study subjects reported significantly more than when eating three meals a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said, most studies focus on weight loss,and most have few study subjects. A recent meta-analysis (analyzing the existent literature on the topic) found &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Three randomized controlled clinical trials of fasting in humans were identified, and the results were published in 5 articles, all of which evaluated the effects of fasting on surrogate outcomes. Improvements in weight and other risk-related outcomes were found in the 3 trials. Two observational clinical outcomes studies in humans were found in which fasting was associated with a lower prevalence of CAD or diabetes diagnosis. No randomized controlled trials of fasting for clinical outcomes were identified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But ultimatively concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas the few randomized controlled trials and observational clinical outcomes studies support the existence of a health benefit from fasting, substantial further research in humans is needed before the use of fasting as a health intervention can be recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/102/2/464.abstract&quot;&gt;Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intermittent fasting isn't exactly like what you are describing, but it comes close, and there's more studies on it than eating just one meal a day, which I suppose many people find unsustainable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example for what I mean when I say studies are usually small, one that I saw cited a lot is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/5/1244.full&quot;&gt;Intermittent fasting does not affect whole-body glucose, lipid, or protein metabolism&lt;/a&gt;. That study bases its conclusion, that Intermittent Fasting doesn't affect insulin sensitivity and various other factors on a study in just 8 healthy, lean males. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, I don't think there's a recommendation based on evidence that can be given - no frequency of meals that we can point to and say &quot;this is the optimal frequency for being healthy&quot;. Or, at the very least, there isn't one yet (personally, I doubt there ever will be). No meal frequency seems to be associated with dramatic negative effects on health, and some may be associated with small beneficial changes. As it is, any meal frequency that person finds sustainable and satisfying is probably good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-11T12:21:34.997" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T12:21:34.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4434" CreationDate="2015-12-09T21:28:29.220" Score="6" ViewCount="781" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having read about the effects anorexia &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3185/do-the-metabolisms-of-anorexic-individuals-ever-recover&quot;&gt;has on the metabolism&lt;/a&gt;, and that that effect seems to go away after half a year, I am wondering, what are the long-term physical effects of anorexia nervosa on the body, provided a patient recovers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not looking for the effects while they are still anorexic, but for whether any effects remain after recovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T18:08:39.630" Title="What are the long-term physical effects of anorexia?" Tags="&lt;anorexia&gt;&lt;eating-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-09T22:55:38.910" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard some claims that allergic reactions to one substance can &quot;generalize&quot; to other substances present at the same time. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A person is allergic to lobster, but not to clams. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The person eats lobster and clams together, and has an anaphylactic reaction to the lobster. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because the clams were in their system while they were having the reaction, they are now more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction to clams alone. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In searching for information about this, I'm mostly finding descriptions of cross-reactivity, meaning that people who are allergic to one substance may also have an allergic reaction to other, closely related substances. But this isn't necessarily caused by being exposed to the two substances at the same time. &lt;strong&gt;Is simultaneous exposure to an allergen and a non-allergen known to increase the risk of cross-reactivity, or development of new allergies?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="236" LastEditorUserId="236" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T01:04:17.160" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T01:04:17.160" Title="Can allergies &quot;generalize&quot; to other substances present during an allergic reaction?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24357" CreationDate="2015-12-09T23:38:41.267" Score="6" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the long term effects are of using diclofenac patches (e.g. one patch applied daily and kept for 24 hours positioned on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus). By long term I mean several months or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:17:14.220" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T12:21:24.727" Title="What are the long term effects of using diclofenac patches?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;&lt;humerus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15424" CreationDate="2015-12-10T02:55:05.173" Score="5" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;When involuntary reacting in a situation such as a car crash or even a burn, people have recalled that they didn't think in the situation, just acted. I, personally, have pretty good reactions and react quite quickly, which can save my life or some skin in a situation like a bike crash. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, when confronted with a less neutral situation or even a hostile one an instinctive reaction could be a violent or hostile one, and that's not acceptable.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, that brings up a question: can you change your involuntary actions, or are they stuck the way they are? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2286" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:21:25.863" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T08:52:35.217" Title="Can you change involuntary reactions?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;instinct&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1924" CreationDate="2015-12-10T11:56:34.983" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer covers herpes, with both HSV1 (usually appearing and transmitted orally) and HSV2 (usually called genital herpes). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So-called &quot;asymptomatic shedding&quot;, when the virus can be transmitted despite the carrier not showing any sores, is unfortunately very common in both herpes types. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An in my opinion good article is &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/198/8/1098.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asymptomatic Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2: Implications for Prevention of Transmission&lt;/a&gt;. It given an overview over several studies, for example one where 144 heterosexual couples where only one partner was infected were tracked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transmission occurred in 14 (9.7%) of the couples, including 13 in which diaries were maintained during the period when transmission occurred. Although 4 couples (31%) reported sexual contact during the prodrome (1 case) or within hours before lesions were first noted by the symptomatic partner (3 cases), in 9 cases (69%) transmission resulted from sexual contact when the source partner reported no symptoms or lesions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCR studies, looking for genetic material of the virus in the genital regions of infected but asymptomatic people confirmed that asymptomatic shedding is common:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;asymptomatic shedding from anogenital sites was documented in 80%–90% of seropositive men and women, was present on ~20% of days with daily sampling, and was present at even higher frequency during the first 3 months after acquisition of first-episode genital herpes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The samples in these studies were daily swipes of the vulvar or penile region. Studies usually checked for lesions or open cuts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also studies were multiple samples were taken each day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anogenital shedding was detected on 20% of 962 days, and the median duration was 13 h. Oral shedding was detected on 12% of 691 days during which all 4 samples were collected, and the median duration of shedding was 24 h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC factsheet&lt;/a&gt; on genital herpes basically agrees with this, saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transmission most commonly occurs from an infected partner who does not have visible sores and who may not know that he or she is infected. 4 In persons with asymptomatic HSV-2 infections, genital HSV shedding occurs on 10% of days, and on most of those days the person has no signs or symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your two specific questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Possible transmitted diseases if saliva/semen/pre-cum/etc is swallowed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herpes can be transmitted during oral sex, both from oral herpes being &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564751/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transferred to the genitals&lt;/a&gt;, and from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000857.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;genital herpes being transferred to the oral region&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Possible transmitted diseases if fluids (pre-cum/semen/saliva/etc) are spilled on the vagina, or the head of the penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's how herpes occurring in the genital region is usually transferred, even in the absence of sores (see above), so in that way herpes fits your criteria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T11:56:34.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T12:56:18.210" Score="2" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having recently completed the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-9755/vivotif-berna-vaccine-oral/details#interactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;typhoid oral vaccine series&lt;/a&gt; (live attenuated), I note that one of the described drug interactions are corticosteroids. What is the nature of this drug interaction - is it simply that the immunosuppression reduces the effectiveness of the immune response to the vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many days following the completion of the vaccine series should one wait at minimum before taking prednisone (high dose, tapering), in order to maintain the efficacy of the vaccine and prevent side effects? I am unable to find a great deal of information in the literature about this drug interaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NB: The doctor seemed unconcerned about this; however, I would still like to know more about the nature and timescale of this drug interaction.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2293" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T12:56:18.210" Title="Minimum time between typhoid vaccine and prednisone treatment?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;typhoid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3156" CreationDate="2015-12-10T15:36:28.593" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are hearing about is probably based on two articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Interaction of cinnamaldehyde and epicatechin with tau: implications of beneficial effects in modulating Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016564&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orally Administrated Cinnamon Extract Reduces β-Amyloid Oligomerization and Corrects Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They led to such headlines as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013539/uc-santa-barbara-scientists-discover-cinnamon-compounds-potential-ability-prevent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UC Santa Barbara Scientists Discover Cinnamon Compounds' Potential Ability to Prevent Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/27/cinnamon-alzheimers-cinnamaldehyde-epicatechin_n_3333403.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cinnamon Compounds Could Help Protect Against Alzheimer's, Study Finds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and to NaturalNews even exclaiming &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalnews.com/036607_cinnamon_Alzheimers_prevention.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cinnamon beats Alzheimers&lt;/a&gt; (and there are a lot of other headlines along those lines) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a bit of an overreaction to what these studies found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study 2 found that in mice, cinammon bark extract led to the formation of less aggregates of amyloid beta proteins, something that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. The mice also showed improvement in cognitive function. Mice are often used as model organism's in Alzheimer's studies, because we have transgenic mice that show symptoms of nerve degeneration. For some reason, this research used a different strain of mice that shows nerve degeneration as early as two months. Usually in Alzheimer's studies in mice, another strain is used that shows symptoms much later. That doesn't need to be a bad thing, just something I found interesting. The authors are optimistic about their study, but do recommend caution:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These characteristics could be a disadvantage for evaluating drug candidates that are moderately efficacious and could be overlooked when tested in such an aggressive model, as opposed to the common more moderate models which may recapitulate the slower progression of AD in humans. However, (...) dramatically improved their cognitive performance suggests that CEppt may be likewise effective in the more typical AD mice models and in human patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other study, which from what I found received even more press attention, was an &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; study, so done on cells in a laboratory. In that setting, compounds found in cinnamon reduced the formation of aggregates of the protein tau, which is also involved in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nrn/posters/ad/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;formation of Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, both studies suggest that some ingredients in cinammon can reduce two factors that we believe are involved in how Alzheimer's Disease progresses : &#xA;accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide, and formation of  neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's promising, but so far, no study in humans has been done and we can't say for certain whether these compounds can slow down or even halt the progression of Alzheimer's. We especially can't say in what doses an effect would occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/06June/Pages/cinnamon-and-dementia.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS News: Cinnamon treats Alzheimer's ... in mice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-10T16:41:11.230" LastActivityDate="2015-12-10T16:41:11.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4023" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T17:00:51.570" Score="9" ViewCount="2348" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many articles talking about hair loss in regards to &lt;em&gt;hypothyroidism&lt;/em&gt; but very few about &lt;em&gt;hyperthyroidism&lt;/em&gt;. People suffer from hair loss in both thyroid diseases, but is it common to lose hair from the eyebrows while on &lt;strong&gt;carbimazole&lt;/strong&gt; for treatment of &lt;em&gt;hyperthyroidism&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean both, hair loss because of the carbimazole or because of the hyperthyroid disorder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1767" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:51:21.543" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:51:21.543" Title="Is eyebrow hair loss common in hyperthyroidism?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;eyebrows&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T17:23:57.283" Score="12" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I get my blood pressure checked, whether by machine or person, I become extremely stressed. My heart rate then increases quite a bit into the hundreds, usually around 110-120 (my normal is 55-60) and I get a high blood pressure reading, up to 170/70. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can blood pressure increase from being stressed?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2298" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T10:24:55.813" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T18:13:51.917" Title="Can stress increase blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T17:34:24.443" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;What could be the possible causes of chronic nasal congestion and dry lips? I have read that dry lips can be a result of breathing through one's mouth which can be directly linked to nasal congestion. Are the most likely causes possibly related to factors such as minimal exposure to sunlight, wintry weather with temperatures between 5 and 15 degrees centigrade? Otherwise, is it likely linked to daily, yet minimal exposure to common vehicle exhaust gases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2299" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:33:23.377" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T00:33:23.583" Title="Possible causes of chronic nasal congestion and dry lips?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-10T19:13:36.363" Score="10" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do vitamins (taken as pills) boost your immune system, and make you less likely to contract diseases such as common cold or flu? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there scientific evidence either way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tend to think that vitamin pills are mostly useless. If they were beneficial, surely doctors and health organisations would recommend them, but it doesn't appear to be the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, many people feel quite strongly about vitamins and supplements, with the reasoning that &quot;if they can't help, at least they can't hurt&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there is a medical consensus over this question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2300" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-11T12:23:17.820" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T14:09:58.510" Title="Do vitamins protect you from common cold?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4034" CreationDate="2015-12-11T02:24:46.923" Score="8" ViewCount="3174" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) blood test is commonly used to help diagnose thyroid problems, however my understanding is that the TSH tends to vary substantially over the course of a day, based on time of day (eg TSH is highest at about 5am, from memory). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there data and/or a chart available that illustrates typical variation over the course of a day for people with a healthy thyroid? How about for people with thyroid problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="550" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-11T07:14:22.093" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T19:46:43.253" Title="How does ones TSH tend to vary over the course of a day?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T03:46:06.597" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend has hypothyroidism and I have had hyperthyroidism in the past. What foods can people eat or avoid to assist in regulating our thyroids? I remember something about Iodine, perhaps? Please clarify whether a food helps hypo (and perhaps should be avoided by hyper) and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:39:46.030" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T03:39:46.030" Title="What to eat to maintain regular thyroid activity?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;&lt;iodine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T04:31:14.513" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the underlying physiology of constipation based in the voluntary muscles (eg levator ani tensing, holding the rectum closed), or is it an effect of the slowdown of the digestive system with an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity?  In a recent discussion, both sounded plausible but I have not been able to find solid information one way or the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T04:31:14.513" Title="Muscular involvement in psychological constipation" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3986" CreationDate="2015-12-11T05:25:41.460" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different kinds of Melanin. the one on the Lips Genitals and nippels is Pheomelanin. While the one in hair and skin is Eumelanin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2302" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T05:25:41.460" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4027" CreationDate="2015-12-11T10:58:39.683" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;TSH has a quite important circadian rhythm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the original research on it is not freely accessible, as open access wasn't really a thing when these studies were done, in the 80s, but this one is freely available: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clinchem.org/content/42/1/135.abstract&quot;&gt;Physiological variations in thyroid hormones: physiological and pathophysiological considerations&lt;/a&gt;. There is a section on circadian and seasonal rhythm and a table with some values. Quoting from the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a clear circadian variation in circulating TSH concentrations in animals and in humans. TSH concentrations are low during the daytime, increase in the evening, and peak shortly before sleep.  Amounts decline slowly during sleep. Table 3 summarizes studies of mean, nadir, and peak serum &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also mention that the nocturnal TSH secretion is weakened in people with hyperthyroidism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A chart is available in figure 2 of the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1556407X07000331&quot;&gt;Modulation of Endocrine Function by Sleep-Wake Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythmicity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hyperthyroidism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2500558&quot;&gt;Significance of latent hyperthyroidism&lt;/a&gt; is another study from the 80s on this. They found a significant circadian rhythm in normal (euthyroid) patients, but a suppressed rhythm in subjects with hyperthyroidism, the suppression getting stronger the worse the hyperthyroidism is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The circadian rhythm in latent hyperthyroidism is distinctly suppressed and in overt hyperthyroidism totally. Whereas in latent hyperthyroidism pulsatile secretion is extant, in overt hyperthyroidism the TSH pulses are absent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hypothyroidism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is basically observed in hypothyroidism, see, for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201856&quot;&gt;Diurnal thyrotropin secretion in short-term profound primary hypothyroidism: does it ever persist?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, diurnal rhythmicity in serum TSH levels was abolished in a uniform cohort of patients with short-term severe primary hypothyroidism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1286520&quot;&gt;Circadian changes in pulsatile TSH release in primary hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The nocturnal TSH surge was absent in six out of nine patients with overt primary hypothyroidism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The circadian rhythm is weaker, different, or even absent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I have always had doctors recommend having TSH done in the morning, without eating beforehand, &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/diagnostics-testing/laboratory-tests/thyroid-blood-tests&quot;&gt;this doesn't seem to be a general suggestion&lt;/a&gt;. However, it's at least desirable to always have them &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thyroiduk.org.uk/tuk/diagnosis/getting_diagnosis.html&quot;&gt;done at the same time of day, to make values comparable&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TSH has a circadian rhythm (24 hour cycle) and levels peak between midnight and 6am.  T3 has a similar circadian rhythm. It is therefore a good idea to have your thyroid tests done at the same time of day each time as your levels may differ at different times of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Word explanation&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;primary hypothyroidism means that the hypothyroidism is caused by a thyroid disorder itself &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;secondary hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism caused by, for example a problem in the part of the brain controlling the thyroid) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an euthyroid patient has normal thyroid function &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;latent thyroid problems are those that are detected in lab tests, but don't show symptoms yet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;subclinical is the reverse: showing symptoms, but blood tests have no significant results &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-11T10:58:39.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3995" CreationDate="2015-12-11T18:53:05.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, it is not compulsory for all the patients to have/develop a scar which is most probably the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pulmonary fibrosis&lt;/a&gt; or might be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670573&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;residual parenchymal lesions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In certain cases, it is due to not doing the breathing exercises while taking the standard regime of HREZ (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) &lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it can get better(not completely removed) with time if the person does variety of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/327849-controlled-breathing-exercises-for-pulmonary-fibrosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;breathing exercises&lt;/a&gt; like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yoga (pranayam).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deep breathing, using props like balloons.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aerobics, morning walks, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In tuberculosis, weight gain is a healthy indication that the medicines are working. &lt;br&gt; The medicines are given keeping in mind the current weight of the patient. The importance of maintaining a proper BMI(Body Mass Index) is revealed in case studies of relapses. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Please read this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/tb/TBnutrition.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO report on TB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-02T21:43:29.953" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T21:43:29.953" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-11T21:05:28.920" Score="4" ViewCount="1746" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in whether it's possible to have dental sealants (on the back molars) removed (and not replaced).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard from (possibly not-credible sources) that acid used when applying (possibly taking off?) the filling etches the enamel on the teeth. Thus, once you get sealants you must always have sealants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:19:19.627" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:23.223" Title="Is it possible to have dental sealants removed permanently?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3806" CreationDate="2015-12-12T08:47:28.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are asking about the protocol for allowing euthanasia. Usually, you can just look this up in the text of the law. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ethical-perspectives.be/viewpic.php?LAN=E&amp;amp;TABLE=EP&amp;amp;ID=59&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is the text of the law from Belgium&lt;/a&gt;, for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treating doctor must:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inform the patient clearly about their condition and treatment options &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have several conversations with the patient, being certain of the patient's constant suffering &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;consult another physician, who must review the patient's medical records and the patient themselves &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the patient is not expected to die of their disease, a psychiatrist must be consulted &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the patient's request must be in writing &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so on, those laws are way too long to summarize here. This will vary with country. Unless a doctor wants to be charged with some form of homicide, they need to comply with these laws.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-12T08:53:23.567" LastActivityDate="2015-12-12T08:53:23.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-12T16:34:29.963" Score="9" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was talking to a friend yesterday about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_veganism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;raw veganism&lt;/a&gt; and he expressed his concerns about it because he thinks that raw vegans can't metabolize proteins adequately due to the low temperature they use to cook their food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there are any health hazards related to raw veganism besides lack of B-12 protein (which as far as I know is something common to all kinds of veganism) and similar stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2309" LastEditorUserId="2309" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T13:34:29.663" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T04:30:52.200" Title="Are there any health hazards related to raw veganism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-12T20:54:30.610" Score="9" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am one of these patients who reads everything that comes with their pills. Including, of course, the sometimes really long side effects list. Where I am, and from what I read online this is common, these side effects are sorted into several frequency categories (common/rare/very rare/sporadic, something like that). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, after years, I realized I had no idea where those frequencies come from. Do they come from scientific studies? From people participating in really large-scale trials? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or from doctors reporting back on what their patients report? From patients reporting it? But then, how are the frequencies determined? &quot;Common&quot;, for example means something around 10 percent where I am, so you don't just need to know how many people report that side effect, you need to know how many people took the medication (and did so as instructed, and didn't take anything that interfered with it, etc.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;where do these frequencies and these lists of side effects come from?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in Germany, but I am open to an answer as to how this works in any country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T14:57:09.600" Title="What are side effects frequencies based on?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4042" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4158" CreationDate="2015-12-11T21:41:50.037" Score="11" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various studies with supporting data on &lt;strong&gt;what not to do&lt;/strong&gt; during pregnancy, with many actions and/or situations that can negatively impact the growing human during pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am looking for studies on &lt;strong&gt;what to do&lt;/strong&gt;, for achieving more optimal and positive benefits, on a developing human during pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To narrow down this question better for this site's format:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested to know; what are the effects on a developing human during pregnancy, when the mother performs a routine and daily meditation practice, in addition to a daily and routine aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise practice (say most days of pregnancy, like weekdays).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To add context, this can be contrasted to the differences in pregnancy styles, as asked in &lt;a href=&quot;https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/22056/will-a-mothers-crazy-work-hours-affect-child-development-in-the-womb&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question. Here the mother's priority is stressful work, on most days of pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are other items that are notable for positive outcomes, please do mention them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Note: This is non-religious meditation, with focus on mindfulness, self-awareness, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2313" OwnerDisplayName="Greg McNulty" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:41:15.817" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T14:50:07.997" Title="What are the effects of routine and daily meditation and physical exercise on pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-13T04:20:28.103" Score="6" ViewCount="567" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually experience back pain while I sleep. I was wondering if there is any way to prevent this. Are there specific sleeping positions that can prevent back pain? Should I use different types of beds or pillows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2314" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T00:53:46.017" LastActivityDate="2018-07-03T16:42:12.590" Title="How to avoid back pain while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-07-13T16:02:23.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4141" CreationDate="2015-12-13T07:05:13.790" Score="5" ViewCount="59391" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm typically very strict about oral hygiene. I'll brush 3 times a day, once in the morning after breakfast, once in the middle of the day, and once in the evening before bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I get hungry after brushing my teeth in the evening, however, and I'll be tempted to eat something. Whenever I have eaten in the past, I've always followed the food by another light brushing of my teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It occurred to me, however, that the time I spend with an unclean mouth while sleeping is often about the same amount of time between teeth brushing sessions during the day. Is there something about sleep that makes having a clean mouth during it important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2315" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T05:48:46.323" Title="Is eating after brushing before bed all that bad?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3688" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:14:31.223" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can see, your source for saying these two shouldn't be combined is a user on Reddit. That is not a reliable medical source. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/ritalin_la.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;package inserts of Ritalin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://medlibrary.org/lib/rx/meds/concerta-3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Concerta&lt;/a&gt; don't mention coffee consumption. This is interesting because &#xA;coffee being such a ubiquitous drug, you'd think if the combination was dangerous or discouraged, there would be easily available studies and it would be mentioned in the package insert of the medicine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most studies on the subject compare methylphenidate to coffee intake, because they are both stimulants, but there has even &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7028238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;been a study where caffeine and methylphenidate were combined and given to children&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in which they received caffeine in low (158.6 mg) or high (308.6 mg) doses. Methylphenidate was added to both dosages, as well as administered alone. Results indicate that caffeine in low doses when added to methylphenidate was superior to all other treatment conditions and could not be differentiated from 10 mg of methylphenidate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a really small scale study, though, with only six patients, which is not nearly enough to look at side effect. Or effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, caffeine and methylphenidate are both stimulants, though with different mechanisms of action. Methylphenidate effects dopamine transportation, while caffeine effects adenosine receptors. There is a good overview on this in the paper found by Susan, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880463/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Psychostimulants and Cognition: A Continuum of Behavioral and Cognitive Activation&lt;/a&gt;, which compares the mechanism of action and effects of several stimulants. The section most relevant for your question is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At low doses, stimulants produce an increase in wakefulness, attention, and confidence and vigor. Drugs with low potency or maximum effect, such as caffeine or modafinil, act much like low doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why the study linked above was about combining caffeine with methylphenidate - seeing whether the dosage of methylphenidate can be lowered if combined with caffeine. It stands to reason that at one point, combining the two can lead to nondesirable effects because of too much stimulation. However, we don't seem to know when this will happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;strong&gt;not medical advice&lt;/strong&gt; and I am not recommending you go out and combine these two, or not do that, you should ask the doctor prescribing the methylphenidate that. But your source recommending against combining them isn't reputable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T11:13:36.647" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T11:13:36.647" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4046" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:49:58.057" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T11:49:58.057" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T11:49:58.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4047" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:49:58.057" Score="0" Body="For questions concerning diseases and conditions of the female reproductive system, for example endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or vaginismus. " OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T14:37:47.273" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T14:37:47.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4048" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:51:30.840" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T11:51:30.840" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T11:51:30.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4049" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-13T11:51:30.840" Score="0" Body="Questions about sleep disorders, like circadian rhythm sleep disorders, or the general topic of sleep as it relates to health. " OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-13T14:37:36.583" LastActivityDate="2015-12-13T14:37:36.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T00:09:11.263" Score="6" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for common causes in diet or lifestyle or other conditions such as hypertension, rather than malfunction in the active (single) kidney. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from medical management, what are some changes in diet or lifestyle that can be adopted to minimize the worsening, or to reduce excess protein output in the urine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1960" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-20T06:59:53.903" LastActivityDate="2020-07-20T06:59:53.903" Title="What are the common causes of excess protein (1 g) in the urine for kidney donors?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;renal&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T04:12:44.140" Score="13" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of years ago, it became popular to advocate a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen (or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication) at the usual higher doses — e.g., 1,000 mg acetaminophen plus 400 mg ibuprofen [0] — because studies had shown increased efficacy over either medication alone in pain relief.  In fact, I believe in Europe there are over-the-counter products that combine the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the combination of the two medications taken together have increased risks above the combined risks of the individual medications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If so, is the mechanism of the untoward synergistic effect known?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; [0] Dosage based on studies showing that higher doses of ibuprofen were no better at pain relief than 1200 mg/day.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T01:18:03.767" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T01:18:03.767" Title="Are there any untoward synergistic effects in taking a combination of acetaminophen plus ibuprofen?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8734" CreationDate="2015-12-14T09:48:48.610" Score="5" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone is following a high slow-release carbohydrates diet for a long time (rice, oat, cereals, nuts, etc), will it increase the chance of developing diabetes in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies supporting or denying this relation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T09:58:04.950" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T21:25:38.473" Title="Will eating a high-calory diet (high carbs intake) for a long time (2-8 years) increase the risk of diabetes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1159" CreationDate="2015-12-14T12:15:08.850" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that you are looking for solid risk numbers, which I am afraid might not be available. This is just a summary of the basic facts that play into this likelihood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, what is the likelihood when the partner is asymptomatic vs symptomatic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So-called &quot;asymptomatic shedding&quot;, when the virus can be transmitted despite the carrier not showing any sores, is very common in both herpes types. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good article on this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/198/8/1098.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asymptomatic Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2: Implications for Prevention of Transmission&lt;/a&gt;. It gives an overview over several studies, for example one where 144 heterosexual couples where only one partner was infected were tracked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transmission occurred in 14 (9.7%) of the couples, including 13 in which diaries were maintained during the period when transmission occurred. Although 4 couples (31%) reported sexual contact during the prodrome (1 case) or within hours before lesions were first noted by the symptomatic partner (3 cases), in 9 cases (69%) transmission resulted from sexual contact when the source partner reported no symptoms or lesions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PCR studies found that over 80 percent of people showed asymptomatic shedding, on around 20 percent of the days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the likelihood probably wouldn't dramatically decrease just because the infected partner is asymptomatic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HSV1 in the genital region &lt;a href=&quot;http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/181/4/1454.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;is becoming&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/10000/Is_Herpes_Simplex_Virus_Type_1__HSV_1__Now_More.13.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;more common&lt;/a&gt;. It is responsible for between 20 and 40 percent of genital herpes. Part of that increase might be from oral sex, but there is no single likelihood figure that can be attributed to a single instance of unprotected oral sex, at least that I can find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what is the likelihood if the person contracting it has already been exposed to oral HSV1 as a child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible. Again, we can't really attach a number to that risk. &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.20132/abstract;jsessionid=B906EF4B7C7AD8481B571773C1ED1838.f03t02&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Even people with genital HSV-1 can be infected with another strain of HSV-1 genitally, afterwards being infected twice.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas the sequential HSV-1 isolates in 11 of the 13 patients studied had the same genotypes, the sequential isolates of 2 patients showed a different genotype. The data suggest that HSV-1-induced recurrent genital herpes can be associated with genital reinfection with an exogenous HSV-1 strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small sample size, but we only care that it's possible at all here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If genital HSV1 is contracted, how long does it usually take to find out? (when would symptoms start to appear)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This varies, not just by a lot of time, but it even varies whether people &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; show symptoms. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;incubation period is a few days&lt;/a&gt;, but around &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10547406&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one third&lt;/a&gt; of patients may not show symptoms at all. Even more may not recognize them as a herpes infection. HSV-1 also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804398/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;recurs less often&lt;/a&gt; after the first outbreak. This leads to a lot of people not even knowing they are infected. Combined with the asymptomatic shedding of the virus, this leads to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47447/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HSV being a rather prevalent disease&lt;/a&gt;. And not even serological testing is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;over 90 percent certain to detect an infection&lt;/a&gt;. The CDC does recommend that patients who have probably been exposed should be tested, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The part of this answer about asymptomatic shedding is taken from an answer written by me to another question &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1924/what-stds-can-be-transmitted-if-both-parties-have-no-open-sores-cuts&quot;&gt;What STDs can be transmitted if both parties have no open sores/cuts&lt;/a&gt; ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T12:15:08.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4057" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4993" CreationDate="2015-12-14T13:57:02.280" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for any studies that involved twins that would show how much lifespan can be increased by living healthily, and how much it depends on lifestyle rather than genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T20:38:37.453" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T20:42:22.013" Title="What is the genetic vs non-genetic contribution to lifespan?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4090" CreationDate="2015-12-14T15:24:32.440" Score="17" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I constantly crack (or pop) my knuckles. Are there any negative (or positive) side effects to it? I like to crack my knuckles, but I want to stop if it can have negative effects. What have scientific studies said about this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2321" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T17:45:30.840" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T13:18:06.877" Title="Are there any side effects to cracking knuckles?" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4992" CreationDate="2015-12-14T15:34:54.217" Score="8" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between high dose and low dose dexamethason suppression test in Cushing Syndrome diagnosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2320" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-14T17:35:22.237" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T20:04:55.333" Title="Low dose and high dose dexamethason supression test" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T15:37:53.093" Score="4" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a small gap between my middle two teeth, I recently started swishing water in my mouth since I find it very effective at removing food stuck in or in-between teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a bad thing to do? Will this widen the gap between my teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2322" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:03:34.430" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T06:03:34.430" Title="Will swishing water in your mouth after meals widen teeth gaps?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gargling-gargle&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;&lt;diastema-teeth-gaps&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3443" CreationDate="2015-12-14T19:11:59.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is statistically significant comorbidity with autoimmune diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783422/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recent Insights in the Epidemiology of Autoimmune Diseases: Improved Prevalence Estimates and Understanding of Clustering of Diseases&lt;/a&gt; analysed other studies on the subject. It puts the comorbidity of 29 autoimmune diseases - including, for example, Crohn's, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis - at around 7 to 9 percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier studies put the comorbidity number lower, at around 4 to 6 percent, this appears to depend mainly on what diseases are considered and the quality of the records being reviewed for the large population-based studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They found that certain diseases &quot;cluster&quot; in patients, for example type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and thyroiditis. The reverse is true as well, several of the analysed studies  report that rheumatoid arthritis in combination with multiple sclerosis occur together less frequently than expected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two other main meta analyses on the subject are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/6/749.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Are Individuals With an Autoimmune Disease at Higher Risk of a Second Autoimmune Disorder?&lt;/a&gt; in the American Journal of Epidemiology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477262&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autoimmune diseases co-occurring within individuals and within families: a systematic review&lt;/a&gt; in the journal Epidemiology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion that a significant comorbidity exists and that it's more prevalent between certain diseases is drawn by all these studies the studies, which is also discussed in the first paper I linked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-14T19:11:59.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-14T22:43:41.640" Score="4" ViewCount="3113" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Congestive Prostatitis&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; is described as a condition in which there is &lt;em&gt;excessive fluid accumulated in the prostate gland.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any cure apart from ejaculation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can the condition be improved/helped by,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;exercise?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;dietary modifications?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2327" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:26:03.770" LastActivityDate="2019-12-05T06:55:30.717" Title="Is there any cure for congestive prostatitis?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3558" CreationDate="2015-12-15T01:10:52.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Odds vary.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most straightforward study I could find was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9263145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Koumantaki et al. (1997)&lt;/a&gt;, which found several odds ratios for developing rheumatoid arthritis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4.4 for individuals having a first degree relative with the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5.4 for individuals having a female first degree relative with the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7.0 for females having a first degree relative with the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4.8 for females whose mother has the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8.6 for individuals whose mother has the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.1 for females whose father has the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.9 for individuals whose father has the disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An odds ratio of X means that a person is with the given characteristic is X time more likely to have the disease than a person without it. The higher the odds ratio, the greater the chance of the individual inheriting the disease. From this, it is easy to see that those with mothers with rheumatoid arthritis were more likely to inherit it, especially if the individuals were female.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A different study, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.123251!/file/GORA-Newsletter.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the GoRA study (summary)&lt;/a&gt; found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if one of your parents, or a sibling (one of your brothers or sisters) has RA, your risk of developing RA will be slightly higher (around a 16% chance) than someone that does not have a family member affected with this illness (around a 0.8% chance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would seem to give an odds ratio of about 20 - much higher than any of the other results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, I've found numbers from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/arthritis-and-daily-life/pregnancy-and-arthritis/what-are-the-chances-of-my-child-having-arthritis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Arthritis Research UK&lt;/a&gt; (no studies cited) which says that the probability of a child getting rheumatoid arthritis from a parent is about 1-3%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going even further, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/rheumatoid-arthritis/print.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;New York Times&lt;/em&gt; Health article&lt;/a&gt; claims that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people may inherit genes that make them more susceptible to developing RA, but a family history of RA does not appear to increase an individual's risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also goes along with Koumantaki et al.'s findings that women are more likely to get the disease than men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like the jury is still out on this, although most studies of the genetics behind rheumatoid arthritis focus on which genes might be transferred, or related hypotheses. Many authors conclude that more research on the subject is needed, especially as the origins of the disease are not well known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T01:10:52.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7109" CreationDate="2015-12-15T03:54:18.237" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching for instructions on how to breathe properly one generally comes across the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breathe using the nose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breathe using the diaphragm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet I have never seen these claims with reliable sources.&#xA;They are generally found with other claims that aim towards relieving stress, but this ones I take for granted since I can test them out on my own. (E.g: breathing rhytmically; taking large breaths.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the nose would be more useful than the mouth due to the fact that mucus is a defense mecanism against unwanted parasites, yet I don't understand why it is preferred if the mouth can accumulate more air in less time. (Or at least it seems like that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;So, are these two claims truly healthier?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Do they apply while doing heavy exercise like running?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RoPB4vjbFCkC&amp;amp;pg=PT54&amp;amp;dq=breathing+correctly+diaphragm&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=breathing%20correctly%20diaphragm&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RoPB4vjbFCkC&amp;amp;pg=PT54&amp;amp;dq=breathing+correctly+diaphragm&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=breathing%20correctly%20diaphragm&amp;amp;f=false&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.selfication.com/how-to-breathe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.selfication.com/how-to-breathe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Can´t post any more links yet due to low reputation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2328" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-06-14T12:19:47.343" Title="Is breathing using the nose and diaphragm truly healthier?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-15T05:35:39.943" Score="8" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can only find upsides of hypnosurgery on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypnosurgery&amp;amp;oldid=691324381&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fewer side effects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;patients can leave the hospital sooner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduction in blood loss &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;post-operative nausea &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the downsides of hypnosurgery (vs. using traditional anaesthetics)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-08-23T03:14:56.300" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T02:13:26.637" Title="What are the downsides of hypnosurgery (vs. using traditional anaesthetics)?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;hypnotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4070" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-15T05:36:08.220" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2015-12-15T05:36:08.220" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T05:36:08.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4071" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-15T05:36:08.220" Score="0" Body="Hypnotherapy is a form of psychotherapy used to create subconscious change in a patient in the form of new responses, thoughts, attitudes, behaviours or feelings." OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-12-17T01:20:00.143" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T01:20:00.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4082" CreationDate="2015-12-15T14:07:35.883" Score="6" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical diclofenac (as Voltaren gel, for example) is a popular choice for quite a few things, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/diclofenac-topical-application-route/description/drg-20063434&quot;&gt;from osteoarthritis to sports injuries&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diclofenac itself can be hard on the body, especially the stomach, but not just because it's taken orally. How much systemic effect does topical diclofenac retain? Is there any rough &quot;dosage equivalency&quot;, like &quot;x grams of topical gel a day equals one 15mg tablet in terms of the systemic effect&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T21:16:51.917" Title="Systemic effect of topical diclofenac" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-15T15:52:03.403" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example: A patient's blood analysis results come through, and it states that the patient has high testosterone and high phosphate levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the likely causes of this, assuming/acknowledging that environmental factors etc, are not contributing factors to the results and the thyroid gland is correctly functioning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the condition of the parathyroid gland is unknown. Would it be a proper first response to rule out the possibility of a malfunctioning parathyroid gland via further testing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" OwnerDisplayName="user1932" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T10:48:08.743" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T10:48:08.743" Title="Is there a synergistic effect between phosphate and testosterone in respect to Physiology?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3591" CreationDate="2015-12-15T20:33:56.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most wounds leave some kind of scar. It's just that we sometimes can't really tell because it's so small. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's how wound healing generally works: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood clots and forms a scab (this may not happen, for example in burns and puncture wounds that didn't draw blood &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;White blood cells (macrophages) &quot;clean&quot; the wound - the wound may appear to be oozing some fluid. Blood flow increases, the macrophages produce growth factors. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood flow increases more, red blood cells deliver more oxygen. Cells at the edge of the wound secrete &lt;em&gt;collagen&lt;/em&gt;. The wound fills with tissue called &lt;em&gt;granulation tissue&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;New skin grows over that tissue. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These stages are called hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This process can take weeks to years depending on size and location of the wound. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what's a scar? Scars look different from &quot;normal&quot; skin because of &lt;em&gt;collagen&lt;/em&gt;. Collagen is a protein on the outside of the skin cells holding them together and making skin strong (it's also a major part of tendons). In normal skin the collagen sort of forms a &quot;criss-cross&quot; pattern, while in scar tissue it's more parallel. That probably comes from the wound healing process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In small wounds, you won't notice that the skin looks different because of that. In larger wounds, it's very apparent at first, though scars also start looking less noticeable with age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/surgical_care/how_wounds_heal_134,143/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How Wounds Heal, John Hopkins  Health Library&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903966/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Factors Affecting Wound Healing&lt;/a&gt; (introductory section) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000741.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How wounds heal - US National Library of Medicine&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12880721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Collagen morphology in human skin and scar tissue: no adaptations in response to mechanical loading at joints&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T20:33:56.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4078" CreationDate="2015-12-15T21:16:51.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not a lot, it seems, which reduces side effects, but of course also makes the effect more local instead of systemic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pharmacological study &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/0091270009336234/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Systemic Bioavailability of Topical Diclofenac Sodium Gel 1% Versus Oral Diclofenac Sodium in Healthy Volunteers&lt;/a&gt; concludes &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Systemic exposure with diclofenac sodium gel 1% was 5- to 17-fold lower than with oral diclofenac. Systemic effects with topical diclofenac were less pronounced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is conclusive with an earlier study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;In vivo bioavailability and metabolism of topical diclofenac lotion in human volunteers&lt;/a&gt;, which measured a systemic absorption of around 7 percent (around a 15-fold decrease). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most side effects from topical diclofenac affect the skin, gastrointestinal system are much lower than when a comparable oral dose is given. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in a study on 200 elderly patients&lt;/a&gt;, no gastrointestinal issues were reported. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;meta analysis of 14 studies&lt;/a&gt; concludes that it has a low incidence of gastrointestinal issues, with the main complaints being nausea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as the first referenced study also says, topical diclofenac  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 less than oral diclofenac&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And therefore &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Systemic effects with topical diclofenac were less pronounced&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in terms of effect, topical application is not quite the same as taking it orally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-15T21:16:51.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4083" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4097" CreationDate="2015-12-15T21:22:02.390" Score="6" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the reasons for hands and feet that appear to sweat an abnormal amount? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a bit of information, to explain what I mean with an &quot;abnormal amount&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;visibly seeing the moisture on hands and feet (there doesn't seem to be a pattern as to when this occurs, though)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;sweat hindering normal day-to-day functions: reading books, writing, shaking hands, playing sports (tennis racket slipping, ...), etc. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this called, what causes it, and how common is it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard way to treat / handle it, permanently or temporarily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="143" LastEditorUserId="143" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T12:53:49.580" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T00:55:48.027" Title="Excessive sweating of hands/feet: what is it, and how is it dealt with?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4058" CreationDate="2015-12-16T04:29:04.960" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common medical myth is that cracking your knuckles causes arthritis, but is has been shown that cracking your knuckles, and popping your joints in general, will not raise your risk for developing arthritis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jabfm.org/content/24/2/169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It has also been shown to not cause degenerative joint disease in your hand joints in old age.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1129752/pdf/westjmed00297-0049.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, cracking your knuckles does have some risks. One study from 1990,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1004074/?tool=pubmed&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; showed that, while cracking your knuckles does not increase your risk of arthritis, it does impair your hand function. It was shown to lower grip strength and cause hand inflammation in habitual knuckle crackers. Acute injuries to ligaments in the knuckles as a result of cracking knuckles has also been recorded.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10067714&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no physical benefits to cracking your knuckles. It has been observed that there is a possibly perceived sense of therapeutic release when cracking your knuckles, which is most likely the reason that many people do it habitually. Though it is not incredibly dangerous, knuckle cracking is a habit that is probably best avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jabfm.org/content/24/2/169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1: Knuckle Cracking and Hand Osteoarthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1129752/pdf/westjmed00297-0049.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2: The Consequences of Habitual Knuckle Cracking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1004074/?tool=pubmed&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3: Effect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand function.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10067714&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4: Consequences of knuckle cracking: a report of two acute injuries.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/11/08/cracking-knuckles-harmful.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is Cracking Your Knuckles Harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-news/knuckle-cracking-q-a-from/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center - Knuckle Cracking Q &amp;amp; A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/259603.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Knuckles and Joints: Does Cracking Your Knuckles Cause Arthritis?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T13:18:06.877" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T13:18:06.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1785" CreationDate="2015-12-16T09:56:46.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As previously said, this is dependent on the product. However, there is at least one study available comparing the bioavailability (which is what you are asking about - in this case, how much diclofenac permeates into the skin) of several of these patches and the differences don't look too big to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patel, Kunal N., Hetal K. Patel, and Vishnu A. Patel. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol4Issue1/2992.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Formulation and characterization of drug in adhesive transdermal patches of diclofenac acid.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci 4.1 (2012): 296-299.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are interested in is table 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OZaWY.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OZaWY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Bioavailability of diclofenac for four patches&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, they do look rather similar, and an obvious feature is that the bioavailability for the first hours isn't as &quot;good&quot; as later. So in my nonexpert opinion, keeping a 24 hour patch on for 24 hours would be preferable to switching after 12. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-16T13:55:41.500" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T13:55:41.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4024" CreationDate="2015-12-16T14:40:22.667" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;tl; dr - The answer is yes, clinically you can react to having your blood pressure (BP) taken by having an abnormally high reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is called &quot;white coat syndrome&quot; or &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_coat_hypertension&quot;&gt;white coat hypertension&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. However, from what I've found, it's not often accompanied by tachycardia (Increased heart rate). I did find a good discussion on this, and some of the ways that they determined if a person had WCH or true hypertension &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/98/18/1834.full&quot;&gt;in this article from the AHA&lt;/a&gt;. It discusses the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over clinical monitoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would encourage you to try to find some way to get a true blood pressure reading, as if you are truly hypertensive, the morbidity factors increase, and there are medications that can help reduce it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2015-12-16T14:40:22.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T17:01:58.523" Score="13" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a guitarist, I have often heard that it was not good to train your hand with certain aggressive strength training tools. Are the more aggressive tools for strengthening your hand (Finger Pullups, Grip Master, and the like in the image below). Many other guitarists swear by these tools as a way to improve their skill.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QxG4H.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QxG4H.png&quot; alt=&quot;Grip master and similar products&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My concern is that these tools can increase the risk of Carpal tunnel syndrome for an already risky activity (guitar playing) in a world of risky activities (typing, keyboard use, computer mice, cell phones, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question was inspired by the question here:&lt;a href=&quot;https://music.stackexchange.com/q/2298/15535&quot;&gt;https://music.stackexchange.com/q/2298/15535&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual question is: Does the use of such hand strength training tools such as these increase the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, and by how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2350" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:41:40.990" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T01:29:55.537" Title="Strength training vs Carpal tunnel syndrome" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;carpal-tunnel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-16T18:34:40.470" Score="4" ViewCount="3528" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what techniques can efficiently help avoid fainting when observing a surgery, either directly from the operating room, or video.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T20:01:07.257" Title="Techniques to avoid fainting when observing a surgery" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;syncope&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4083" CreationDate="2015-12-17T00:55:48.027" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is most likely &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperhidrosis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hyperhidrosis&lt;/a&gt;, a disorder that causes excessive sweating. It  This sweating usually occurs on the underarms (axillary) or the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (palmoplantar). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also another type of classification for hyperhidrosis. Primary hyperhidrosis (more common) is excessive sweating not related to another medical condition or medication, while secondary hyperhidrosis &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; related to a medication or medical condition. Some other differences are that sweating from primary hyperhidrosis does not typically occur while sleeping and that primary hyperhidrosis onsets earlier than secondary hyperhidrosis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334095&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; If you don't have another medical condition or take any medications that may cause the sweating, then the condition you most likely have is primary palmoplantar hyperhidrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cause of primary hyperhidrosis is mostly related to your genetics, rather than any external causes. Overactive sweat glands are the most common cause and hyperhidrosis is known to run in the family. What actually triggers the sweating to occur is much harder to pin down. Heat can be a trigger, as well as anxiety, but the sweating can occur randomly at nearly all times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides sweating, there are some other possible side effects of hyperhidrosis. One study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19395123&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; concluded that patients with hyperhidrosis were at an increased risk of skin infection. This can be dealt with by treating your hyperhidrosis, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treating primary hyperhidrosis can be as easy as using prescription or even over-the-counter antipersperants. If those don't work, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontophoresis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;iontophoresis&lt;/a&gt; has been known to help, especially with palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, which would be especially useful in your case. In incredibly drastic circumstances, surgery is available as a last resort. This surgery would involve removing some of the sweat glands. The surgeries have been known to be safe and effective.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601951&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;, &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9013011&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334095&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1: Clinical differentiation of primary from secondary hyperhidrosis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19395123&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2: Primary hyperhidrosis increases the risk of cutaneous infection: a case-control study of 387 patients.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7601951&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3: Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy: an efficient and safe method for the treatment of hyperhidrosis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9013011&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4: Hyperhidrosis treated by thoracoscopic sympathicotomy.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007259.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus - Excessive sweating - overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hyperhidrosis2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - Excessive Sweating (Hyperhidrosis)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1073359-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape - Hyperhidrosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T00:55:48.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4137" CreationDate="2015-12-17T01:28:04.880" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was working on a statistic problem about a trial where researchers tested magnesium on individuals with chronic fatigue to see if it would help. I wasn't sure if it was hypothetical or based on a real experiment, so I'm wondering if there's any evidence that magnesium intake can alleviate, treat, or lessen chronic fatigue? More detail on magnesium would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T09:28:19.553" Title="Evidence of magnesium supplements for chronic fatigue?" Tags="&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T06:22:41.540" Score="9" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Hashimoto thyroiditis lead to psychological problems and severe behavioral changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do existing psychological problems (anxiety, depression, etc.) 'compound' when layered with Hashimoto thyroiditis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2352" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:25:55.847" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T19:17:06.323" Title="Hashimoto thyroiditis leading to severe psychological problems and behavior changes?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;&lt;hashimoto-thyroiditis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T09:45:04.923" Score="9" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;While talking with friends about retina displays, resolution of TVs in relation to viewing distance, and so on, I pointed out that not everyone goes periodically to the eye doctor, unless the difficulty in seeing is evident. Not everyone therefore needs retina displays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what is the actual distribution, if known, of the actually corrected visual acuity in the population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not referring to the achievable acuity after perfect correction, I'm referring to the distribution of what people tolerate before going to the doctor and have the glasses updated. For example, I know that many young or mature people with about 0.9975 (decimal scale, also called -0.25 dioptries) do not wear glasses at all because not worth the effort. Older people typically care even less about proper correction, because their &quot;good enough&quot; is broader.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies that measured this parameter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1472" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T06:34:02.833" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T16:11:54.957" Title="What is the distribution of corrected visual acuity?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;visual-acuity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T12:19:27.880" Score="5" ViewCount="29605" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I was prescribed hydrocodone. Part of the instructions I was given (on the label, from the physician, and from the pharmacist) included not to drive while taking the medication. However, it wasn't clear (and I didn't ask at the time) &lt;em&gt;how long&lt;/em&gt; the driving restriction applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The medication label states to take no more than one pill every six hours. &lt;strong&gt;6 hours?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/answers/acetaminophen-hydrocodone-long-hydrocodone-stay-655142.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This drugs.com Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt; says it stays in your body 24 hours, with no citation and little explanation. &lt;strong&gt;1 day?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I trust my own judgment (&lt;strong&gt;when I no longer feel woozy&lt;/strong&gt;)? This seems like the least safe option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="827" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T11:54:49.390" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T11:54:49.390" Title="How long should I wait to drive after taking a painkiller?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T17:15:34.340" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen many claims online regarding artificial dyes causing problems such as ADD/ADHD in children, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.donotlink.com/hnd8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one from healthychild.org&lt;/a&gt;. Kraft recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/21/kraft-mac-cheese-just-got-duller-you-can-thank-or-blame-the-food-babe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;removed&lt;/a&gt; artificial colors from their macaroni and cheese products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the research say? Do artificial colors (in the concentrations seen in food and drink products) represent a risk to children?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:29:38.557" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:29:38.557" Title="Are artificial dyes harmful to children?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;artificial&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;&lt;artificial-flavor&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4110" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T18:38:12.253" Score="2" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please note:&lt;/strong&gt; A lot of things cause tingling in the face + extremities (&quot;neuropathy&quot;) as well as lightheadedness, but in this question, I'm only interested in potential &lt;strong&gt;heart conditions&lt;/strong&gt;, or anything cardiovascular in etiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for someone to have an underlying heart/vascular condition that is causing neuropathy and lightheadedness, but to also have a perfectly &quot;clean&quot; ECG? If so, what condition(s) exist and why do they fly under the &quot;ECG radar&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled this extensively and either nothing came back, or the results mentioned that ECGs &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; be successful in detection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2258" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:48:58.860" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T07:03:21.980" Title="What heart condition(s) cause tingling and lightheadedness that are NOT caught by an ECG?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4124" CreationDate="2015-12-17T19:42:54.797" Score="5" ViewCount="5863" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an adult that has finished growing, is it possible to grow more during pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been assured this is possible by some relatives, and also a friend who swears she grew an extra inch when pregnant with her first child at 25 years old, well after puberty was over. Their theory is that the various hormones growing the baby also help the mother grow a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T17:43:18.520" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T17:43:18.520" Title="Can pregnancy lead to growing taller?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-17T21:53:49.407" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a professional. I have a case of a young adult woman (21 yo), a non smoker, who has a fair amount of stress, a long story of pretty atypical tonsillitis (which did not stop to bother her even after complete surgical tonsillectomy). Two years ago she developed vaginitis, caused by Candida Albicans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first cervical smear showed mild dysplasia (type IIIa), in a few months the smear showed merely an inflammation (II) and the next one showed type IIIa mild dysplasia again (while cervical channel had inflamnation of type II). The PCR test for HPV (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58, 59, 26, 51, 53, 66, 68, 69, 73, 82, 9, 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70) came out negative. The PCR tests for common STDs came out negative as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a persisting vaginitis cause mild cervical dysplasia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastActivityDate="2015-12-17T21:53:49.407" Title="Can a mild cervical dysplasia be caused by reasons other than HPV?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1609" CreationDate="2015-12-17T23:02:15.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet#q3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute&lt;/a&gt; has a nice summary of the relationship between oral contraceptives and cancer, based on several reports. While there were some conflicting results, there seemed to be a consensus that there is a mild increase in the risk of breast cancer among women using oral contraceptives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the three reports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105794&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burkman et al. (2004)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a general overview of studies done since the first oral contraceptives became widely used, in the 1960s. Data indicates that there is a slightly higher risk of breast cancer among women taking oral contraceptives.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hunter et al. (2010)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Data was complied from biannual screenings of over 116,00 women over a twelve-year period. It was found that the use of oral contraceptives in the past did not contribute to breast cancer, while the current use of these contraceptives led to a slight increase in risk. However, this focused on a specific type of oral contraceptive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8656904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lancet (1996)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Over 150,000 women from 54 studies were analyzed. There were three main findings:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is a slight increase in breast cancer risk in those who stop taking oral contraceptives after using them regularly for a long time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breast cancers in women using these contraceptives was detected or diagnosed at any earlier stage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Women who used contraceptives before the age of twenty had a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are, of course, other studies not mentioned in the NCI article, including these two:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667320&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heikkinen et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; The use of general exogenous hormones in oral contraceptives and in hormone-releasing intrauterine devices. In these cases, a slightly higher risk of breast cancer was observed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437729&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jordan et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; This used statistics to estimate cases of breast cancer caused by the use of oral contraceptives. The result was that about 100 cases in Australia in 2010 can be attributed to the use of these contraceptives.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333690&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zhong et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; This search of PubMed combined with data analysis methods suggested that there is no link between oral contraceptives and breast cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These three studies have all been published (or even only submitted to PubMed) extremely recently, so their results are not necessarily confirmed by other studies. However, they are certainly more recent than some of the other studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appears to be a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who use oral contraceptives - including the types used today. However, this risk is very, very tiny, and the benefits of contraceptives far outweigh any possible risks in this regard. The results of Jordan et al. (2015), if definitive, should show that any real-world effects are negligible when looked at in the big picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:26:24.293" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:26:24.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4144" CreationDate="2015-12-18T01:15:07.050" Score="4" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-basics/lyme-disease/diagnosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;again&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anapsid.org/lyme/lymeseroneg.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;again&lt;/a&gt; that the Western Blot test, used to detect the presence of Lyme Disease, often produces false negatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I would suspect that &lt;em&gt;at some point&lt;/em&gt;, whatever it is that Lyme Disease produces that this Western Blot test checks for, must eventually be unable to evade detection. I would suspect that - eventually - all people with Lyme &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; test positive with Western Blot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am I wrong? Perhaps there are different strains of Lyme and the Western Blot only checks for certain ones. Or something like that. Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2258" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T09:08:10.727" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T07:46:01.933" Title="Do Western Blot 'false negatives' eventually produce positives?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;lyme-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T06:40:05.180" Score="3" ViewCount="1390" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just accidentally ate a mosquito. I am afraid, what if the mosquito just drank blood of a HIV infected person, will I get the infection too, or some other disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2366" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T10:51:59.320" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T20:19:51.160" Title="Can ingesting a mosquito make you sick?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4119" CreationDate="2015-12-18T08:45:47.810" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Positively, &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spread&lt;/a&gt; by mosquitoes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You &lt;strong&gt;cannot&lt;/strong&gt; contract any disease from swallowing  a mosquito. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Transmission/PH709_Transmission_print.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;, is a very large list of all the things that you could have caught :) If you were bitten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" LastEditorUserId="2344" LastEditDate="2015-12-18T11:20:55.240" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T11:20:55.240" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4104" CreationDate="2015-12-18T09:54:00.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there are no direct instructions in regards to this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely.&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-251/hydrocodone-acetaminophen-oral/details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have confidence that you feel alert, and capable of completing a task that requires your full-attention, then it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be safe for you to do so. The second option being that, you don't take the medicine when you know that it can favour ill-conditions that &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; pose as an impediment/risk on your personal safety and to those around you. That's not to say that dosing should be seized permanently, just in periods when you know that your alertness is indispensable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend that you make sure that you are conditioned to daily functioning on hydrocodone, before you consider driving or operating in a way that may elicit danger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abcnews.go.com/Health/LivingWithPain/story?id=4052173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; may add further guidance on the issue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T09:54:00.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1925" CreationDate="2015-12-18T16:44:20.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am going to take most of this from my answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3841/what-is-the-healthiest-way-to-drink-excessively-and-chronically&quot;&gt;What is the healthiest way to drink excessively and chronically?&lt;/a&gt; Most of the advice does not change when we are talking about a one-time scenario instead of a more regular occurrence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention decreasing absorption - an important thing is to get the alcohol to be delivered into the blood (and liver) slowly,  definitely.  That means eating before drinking, drinking slowly, and not taking any medication that worsens the effect of alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the damage is done, so to speak, comes reducing its effects and speeding up recovery. Drink enough additional fluids (water, juices, etc) before, during and after drinking alcohol. Get enough sleep and give your body time to recover. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials&lt;/a&gt; has an overview over various hangover treatments studied in eight publications, from herbal remedies to dietary supplements, but ultimately has to conclude &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to practise abstinence or moderation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liver.ca/liver-health/liver-disease-prevention/tips-for-healthy-liver/alcohol-consumption.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to Protect Your Liver if You Drink Alcohol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mcwell.nd.edu/your-well-being/physical-well-being/alcohol/absorption-rate-factors/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Absorption Rate Factors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Hangovers.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS hangover cures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T09:50:48.613" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T09:50:48.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4112" CreationDate="2015-12-18T17:41:32.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible, but don't count on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amazingly, there isn't really much in the literature about this that I could find - most studies focus on maternal &lt;em&gt;weight&lt;/em&gt;, not &lt;em&gt;height&lt;/em&gt;. While the absence of evidence isn't evidence of absence, you'd think some of these dozens (or rather hundreds) of studies would have noticed women not only putting on weight, but also growing in height... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalheightgrowth.com/2012/10/22/analysis-on-the-possible-cause-for-height-increase-during-pregnancy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sites featuring speculation on this&lt;/a&gt; put the occurrence of it happening as very low, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalheightgrowth.com/2013/07/13/another-case-of-pregnancy-causing-woman-to-grow-taller-and-increase-in-height/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;less than a 0.1 percent&lt;/a&gt;. Please note that as far as I can see, that site doesn't offer a citation even for this low number, just some women reporting it. On other websites, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthboards.com/boards/womens-health/561081-height-loss-post-pregnancy-normal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other recent mothers&lt;/a&gt; that they grew &lt;em&gt;shorter&lt;/em&gt; during pregnancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example from the established literature, the study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199801153380302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prepregnancy Weight and the Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes&lt;/a&gt; studied weight gain and loss in a large number of women (over 100,000) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maternal height and prepregnancy weight are recorded by recall in centimeters and kilograms, respectively, and used to calculate the prepregnancy body-mass index&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No formal post-pregnancy measurement of height seems to have been done, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_21/sr21_044acc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; looked at all registered births in the United States in 1980, about three million,  again, only weight was considered, height was considered fixed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is an effect, it seems to be either so rare or so small that it hasn't been studied yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-18T17:41:32.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5084" CreationDate="2015-12-18T18:44:12.030" Score="6" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/31156/28873&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; on another Stack Exchange site, and wondered, how do they even know that one person in China died from &quot;air pollution&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do these studies that lump millions of people into categories know how to classify the deaths?  Do they categorically assume that everyone with asthma that died was killed by air pollution?  If so, wouldn't all such statistics be overstated from the start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2369" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:45:04.723" LastActivityDate="2021-04-27T12:39:58.587" Title="How is it determined that someone died from &quot;air polution&quot;?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;coroner&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-18T19:01:16.153" Score="0" ViewCount="7689" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read several places on the internet that said that snorting juice from a fresh lime by putting it on a queue-tip and putting it up your nose could clear up sinus pressure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this safe?  I mean I'm sure it's not something you want to over do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2152" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T18:46:18.163" Title="Is putting lime juice up your nose on a queue-tip safe/effective to relieve sinus pressure?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1937" CreationDate="2015-12-19T09:44:09.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Endorphins are neuropeptides that can bind to opioid receptors, thus exerting an analgesic effect in the brain. You mention a counterpart,  which is a badly defined concept in this context. There are other substances that can bind to these opioid receptors (opiods, for one :-)) and substances that can block opioid receptors without triggering them, like naloxone and naltrexone. Those are called opioid antagonist and for example used for treating substance dependence. They don't cause pain, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain is transmitted in the body through neurons the same way other signals are transmitted. The difference to other signals is in how the brain interprets these signals. If they are coming from pain receptors (nociceptors), they are interpreted as pain. There is no special neurotransmitter for pain, though as all signal transmission, there isn't just one. Pain transmission is also relatively slow compared to some other neuronal activity, having to do with the mixture of neurotransmitter and the way nocireceptors are structured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for pain generated by heat exposure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The nociceptive axons, (...) begin to discharge only when the strength of the stimulus (a thermal one in the example in Figure 10.1) reaches high levels; at this same stimulus intensity, other thermoreceptors discharge at a rate no different from the maximum rate already achieved within the nonpainful temperature range, indicating that there are both nociceptive and nonnociceptive thermoreceptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, in this case there are two signals being transmitted, one normal temperature signal and one pain signal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress is not a signal that is transmitted through any pathway in the human body. With high stress levels come changes in brain chemistry, for example in cortisol and adrenaline levels, but again, these aren't exactly counterparts of endorphins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104618/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Understanding Endorphins and Their Importance in Pain Management&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21916528&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of pain transmission and pharmacologic management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10965/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nociceptors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Opioid antagonists for pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence - a critical review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T09:44:09.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="2026" CreationDate="2015-12-19T10:25:08.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Early symptoms around 6 to 12 hours, more severe symptoms at around one to three days. All depending on how much the individual was using previously and what you interpret as &quot;serious&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/morphine.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHTSA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Withdrawal can begin within 6-12 hours after the last dose and may last 5-10 days. Early symptoms include watery eyes, runny nose, yawning and sweating. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48-72 hours after the last dose and include drug craving, restlessness, irritability, dysphoria, loss of appetite, tremors, severe sneezing, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, chills alternating with flushing and excessive sweating, goose-flesh, abdominal cramps, body aches, muscle and bone pain, muscle spasms, insomnia, and severe depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Australian &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/9011C92D2F6E1FC5CA2575B4001353B6/$File/bupren4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guidelines for the Management of Heroin Withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; state basically the same:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Physical symptoms generally commence 6 to 24 hours after last use, peak in severity during days two to four, and generally subside by day seven, while the psychological features of dysphoria, anxiety, sleep disturbances and increased cravings may continue for weeks or even months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T10:25:08.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="406" CreationDate="2015-12-19T12:34:57.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to add an answer focusing on the second part of your question &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in what way is losing weight faster than this unhealthy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a few unhealthy things that can happen to people who lose a lot of weight quickly. It's of course subjective what rapid is. The most severe effects can be seen in people on very low calorie diets (VLCD). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gallstones develop significantly more often in people losing weight rapidly, often requiring surgery. Thus is linked to not getting enough fat from food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In an early study, gallstones developed in 25% of patients during 8 weeks of VLCD, and 6% of patients eventually required cholecystectomy (19). In a second trial, asymptomatic gallstones occurred in ∼12% of patients within 6 months of starting a VLCD, and approximately one-half of these individuals eventually became symptomatic, requiring cholecystectomy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another risk is &quot;simple&quot; malnutrition. Not getting enough food leads to not getting enough nutrients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be cardiac complications, hairloss, dizziness, constipation, and muscle cramps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very low calorie diets are of course far from the normal way people diet. But they show what &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2006.146/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Evolution of Very-Low-Calorie Diets: An Update and Meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T12:41:20.807" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T12:41:20.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1167" CreationDate="2015-12-19T14:12:54.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just crunching the numbers, it at least seems unlikely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lethal dose of nicotine is often stated to be around &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/54115.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;50 to 60 milligrams&lt;/a&gt;, though &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880486/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it might be higher, with more recent data putting it closer to 500.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While a cigarette contains about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905555/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6 to 10 milligrams&lt;/a&gt;, only about &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/57/1/79.long?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=15734728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 milligram of that is absorbed&lt;/a&gt;. The average &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953858/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;half-life of nicotine is about two hours&lt;/a&gt;, meaning half is eliminated after two hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smoking a cigarette takes several minutes, let's say 3. The lowest lethal dose estimates I could find were 30 milligrams; smoking 30 cigarettes, for ingesting 30 milligrams of nicotine, would then take 90 minutes, at which point the body has already gotten rid of some of the nicotine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even at the very conservative estimate of 30 milligrams as a lethal, or at least toxic, dose, smoking likely won't get you there, unless doing it competitively for hours. Even for smoking cigarettes at the same time as using nicotine patches (OCT NRT) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm345087.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the FDA states&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no significant safety concerns associated with using more than one OTC NRT at the same time, or using an OTC NRT at the same time as another nicotine-containing product—including a cigarette. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating cigarettes or drinking e-cigarette liquid  are different stories, though. That's usually the scenarios in which nicotine overdoses occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As always, &lt;em&gt;this is not medical advice&lt;/em&gt;. Please don't try to smoke 60 cigarettes an hour. It's not healthy either way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T14:18:14.757" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T14:18:14.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1868" CreationDate="2015-12-19T16:35:29.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two sub-questions that must be addressed here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is BPA used in can linings, and can it leach into food?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is definitely true. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences&lt;/a&gt; (part of the NIH), for example, says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Polycarbonate plastics have many applications including use in some food and drink packaging, e.g., water and infant bottles, compact discs, impact-resistant safety equipment, and medical devices. Epoxy resins are used as lacquers to coat metal products such as food cans, bottle tops, and water supply pipes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These epoxies are what is used in the cans for canned foods, and they contain BPA. It subsequently leaks out in minute quantities, although this is thought to be related to the temperature of the can, not aging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is BPA a hazard to human health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not quite as clear. The FDA has changed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm#current&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;its stance&lt;/a&gt; over time as new research showed different conclusions. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/UCM424266.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Its most recent memo&lt;/a&gt; reviewed previous studies. One recent one found that adults are exposed to about 0.2 micrograms of BPA per day, while young children and infants are exposed to about 0.5 micrograms per day.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; However, other research had shown that hazardous levels were in general orders of magnitude higher than these doses. Thus, in the FDA's most recent findings, BPA in food cans is not a problem. However, the agency has made it clear that it continues to revise its recommendations as new information is available.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this should be taken to mean that BPA is not hazardous to humans. Higher amounts can prove toxic, as the chemical is thought to disrupt the endocrine system (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rochester (2013)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680775&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ihde et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;). This can, in some cases, lead to severe effects, possibly including cancer, and especially when applied to children. It may also cause neurological harm (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Negri-Cesi (2015)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26664253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Inadera (2015)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, while BPA may pose a threat to humans in high enough quantities, its presence in canned food linings does not appear to be dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 This drastic difference is due to the previous use of BPA in some drinking containers used by infants. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/food/newsevents/constituentupdates/ucm360147.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The FDA has banned this&lt;/a&gt;, but because industry leaders had stopped using it due to consumer pressure, not because of clear health concerns.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has echoed the FDA's conclusions; see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656411&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ćwiek-Ludwicka (2015)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-12-19T22:56:13.110" LastActivityDate="2015-12-19T22:56:13.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4098" CreationDate="2015-12-20T09:28:19.553" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is at least one study on this, published in &lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014067369191371Z&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients treated with magnesium claimed to have improved energy levels, better emotional state, and less pain, as judged by changes in the Nottingham health profile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a trial on only 20 patients with CSF and 20 control patients. That size of course isn't large enough to draw any reliable conclusions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found a study comparing magnesium levels in patients with CSF with healthy controls that found &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.acb.sagepub.com/content/31/5/459.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;no difference in magnesium levels&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/chronic-fatigue-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland Medical Center summarizes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Magnesium (300 to 1,000 mg per day) may help reduce fatigue. But studies show mixed results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-20T09:28:19.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4044" CreationDate="2015-12-20T18:43:13.787" Score="12" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Short&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/healthy-teeth-14/brushing-teeth-mistakes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You &lt;strong&gt;should&lt;/strong&gt; brush&lt;/a&gt;, 20-30 minutes after eating on the night (just before you sleep) &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt;, 10-20 minutes before eating your breakfast. Midday brushing, is not essential for most albeit, it's highly dependent on your dietary habits. The same rule applies: 20-30 minutes after eating or 10-20 minutes before eating. The time-rule is influenced/is-in-place to compensate for the time it takes for the normalization of the oral PH after food consumption (&quot;after a meal&quot;), and the latter being to ensure that the introduction of food stuffs and liquids will not diminish the concentration of the essential &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalhealth.org/tell-me-about/topic/sundry/fluoride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluoride&lt;/a&gt;, contained within toothpaste, on the tooth surface (&quot;before a meal&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Long&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not brushing after you eat, before you sleep on the nighttime, can be likened to having oral excrement...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you eat/have a meal, our &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral microbiota&lt;/a&gt; ingest and metabolize the food particle left over, essentially feasting on whatever we consume. Like every other living organism, these oral bacteria excrete as they reap. However, &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; secondary excrement is highly &lt;em&gt;acidic&lt;/em&gt; and can have some unwanted effects on your tooth enamel: gradually dissolving it and henceforth leading to the occurrence of tooth &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decay&lt;/a&gt; (cavities).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you decide to &quot;hit the hay&quot; without brushing, considering you have eaten since, plaque may start to harden and hence, &lt;em&gt;calcify&lt;/em&gt; on the surface of your teeth. It's important to know that, once calcification of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plaque&lt;/a&gt; on the tooth surface has began to occur, we (yourself), cannot remove it with a toothbrush nor with any amount of &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/3576/2344&quot;&gt;floss&lt;/a&gt;; it can only be removed by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_hygienist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dental hygienist&lt;/a&gt;  via a routine cleaning using specialist equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't just stop there! As plaque begins to build up, your immune system treats it as if it's an infection. Your immune system doing what it does best, triggers the release of in situ &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostaglandins&lt;/a&gt;, to trigger an immune response via lipid signalling. As opposed to a &quot;positive&quot; immune response, the healthy tissue that adhere the gums to the teeth to the gum surface are attacked and harmed (degenerated) causing it form periodontal pockets and cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingivitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gum recession&lt;/a&gt;. Periodontal pockets, can predispose plaque formation and hence, foreign bacteria colonisation below the gum line - along the tooth &lt;em&gt;root&lt;/em&gt;. This healthy tissue is known as the, attached &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gingivae&lt;/a&gt; and it doesn't just permit a snug fit, it helps to keep to teeth in place!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MmfMl.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MmfMl.png&quot; alt=&quot;Stages of gum disease&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't get me wrong, inflammation is good thing! Albeit, a long-term presence of inflammation can predispose you to a worrying amount of tissue damage. For example, take the common flu: short-term inflammation is essential for cell signalling, to help route immune factors such as phagocytes, to the site of the harmful bacteria and hence, to ingest and destroy the foreign bacteria -- known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phagocytosis&lt;/a&gt;; helping to make you &quot;healthier&quot; again. However, long-term inflammation causes unwanted bodily &quot;wear and tear&quot;, that has been found to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perio.org/consumer/other-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;correlate with some very serious diseases and impairments&lt;/a&gt; such as, Heart disease, Dementia and secondary Hearing loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt; - non of this will happen over the course of one night. But, if it becomes habitual (not brushing before you sleep -- or flossing), the probability of it happening will steeply increase!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that, this small precaution will help save you a heap of money and pain in the future, is it &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; worth it? Evidence shows that it may even extend your life! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;saliva&lt;/a&gt; produced is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12531122&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;greatest&lt;/a&gt; when we are awake (during the day), and diminishes greatly during natural sleep and this in fact reduces the ability of our saliva to natural control oral PH and partially digest food particles in our oral cavity. The protein profile (and hence, enzymatic activity) of our &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1745-4603.2011.00290.x?r3_referer=wol&amp;amp;tracking_action=preview_click&amp;amp;show_checkout=1&amp;amp;purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&amp;amp;purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salivary rate is not the same during rest as that, when we are eating or when sleeping&lt;/a&gt; - less salivary flow. Salivary secretion during wakefulness is, in part, associated with oromotor activity involving the masseter muscles. Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity and swallowing are non-disruptive events that occur during normal sleep. It's hypothesised that the natural lubrication that saliva permits is most-necessary during sleep to protect tissue integrity and health of oroesophageal structures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mouth breathers, during sleep need to pay particular attention to oral hygiene as the prominence of &quot;dry mouth&quot; is much more evident - this is impirical due to reasons stated above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T02:37:15.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4202" CreationDate="2015-12-21T01:55:34.720" Score="8" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of people try to scare you from taking drugs by showing you pictures of brains with lower brain activities on PET scans. But if meditating does the same exact thing and creates PET scans that have lower brain activity. Why is it good when meditating and bad when taking drugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2391" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:28:00.423" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:28:00.423" Title="If meditating lowers brain activity and low brain activity is good then how come when you see low brain activities in (brain) PET scans its bad?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4118" CreationDate="2015-12-21T07:28:33.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;. In an otherwise healthy immune system you'd expect that someone with Lyme disease &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; eventually test positive with Western Blot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;whatever it is that Lyme Disease produces that this Western Blot tests for&quot; is worth discussing in some detail. Lyme Disease is caused by a bacterial infection, transmitted by tick bites. As you guessed, there are different strains of bacteria that can cause the disease. They're all members of the genus &lt;em&gt;Borrelia&lt;/em&gt; in the phylum &lt;em&gt;Spirochette&lt;/em&gt;. In North America, the disease is caused by &lt;em&gt;Borrelia burgdorferi&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our bodies will respond to the presence of these bacteria by producing molecules to fight the infection called &lt;em&gt;antibodies&lt;/em&gt;. The Western Blot tests for the presence of these antibodies (in this case, &lt;em&gt;Immunoglobulin M&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Immunoglobulin G&lt;/em&gt;) in our system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the early stages of the disease, there may not be enough of the antibodies in circulation to show up on the Western Blot. That's where the false negatives come in. In the later stages of the disease (after 4-8 weeks) the sensitivity and specificity of the test goes up to 99%&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Nineteenth Edition. page 1152 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2015-12-21T07:46:01.933" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T07:46:01.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4043" CreationDate="2015-12-21T09:13:42.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very common for stomach sleepers. &lt;a href=&quot;http://greatist.com/happiness/best-sleep-positions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;One of the many articles&lt;/a&gt; out there says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Resting on the tummy is widely regarded as the worst sleeping position. It flattens the natural curve of the spine, which can lead to lower back pain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try sleeping in a different position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2374" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T09:13:42.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3995" CreationDate="2015-12-21T11:45:10.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tuberculosis and scarring&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That scar on the X-rays is likely &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0720048X04000890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a leftover from either a lymphadenopathy or a lung cavity&lt;/a&gt;. A lymphadenopathy is a swelling of the lymph nodes and appears in almost all patients, a lung cavity occurs in about half the patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recover from tuberculosis with no further negative effects&lt;/a&gt;, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-fibrosis/basics/causes/con-20029091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some scarring may remain behind in the lungs&lt;/a&gt;. The scarring you are asking about is likely caused by the lymph nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The lymphadenopathy usually resolves slower than the pulmonary lesions, with no residual features. The nodes decrease in size after 3 months of treatment, though in some cases a paradoxical, transitory increase in size is seen in the first period of treatment. In one-third of cases, the lung infiltrates leave some kind of &lt;strong&gt;parenchymal scar&lt;/strong&gt;, such as a nodule (tuberculoma), which can calcify forming the Ghon focus, or an area of fibrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A parenchymal scar is a scar in the lungs. No surgery is done to remove it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tuberculosis and weight&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tuberculosis leads to weight loss and malnutrition. Weight &lt;em&gt;gain&lt;/em&gt; is a positive sign &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/tb/TBnutrition.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that a patient is recovering from tuberculosis and the risk of a relapse is small&lt;/a&gt;. Weight &lt;em&gt;loss&lt;/em&gt; indicates that something is wrong, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20875187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;for example with the liver&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-21T11:45:10.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4143" CreationDate="2015-12-22T00:47:51.217" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question. The difference is what caused hypoactivity, not just the hypoactivity itself. For example, if the prefrontal cortex (PFC) appears to be hypoactive because of seasoned meditation, that doesn't suggest that the PFC is no longer fully functional, it suggests that the brain is functioning more efficiently. If one has a hypoactive prefrontal cortex by use of some theoretical drug, that implies a loss of functioning, not increased efficiency. Neuropsychological testing could tease apart efficiency vs loss of functioning issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1733" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T00:47:51.217" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T07:36:33.903" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will standing up as much as possible, instead of sitting down, help mitigate scoliosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="148" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T07:36:33.903" Title="Will standing up as much as possible help mitigate scoliosis?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;scoliosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T10:07:24.840" Score="6" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the internet there are dozens or even hundreds of medicines claiming to help if you have bronchitis. But is there a modern and tested approach to treating this illness? Or has nothing really changed here during last 30-40 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2402" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:15:31.997" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T02:15:31.997" Title="Modern treatment of bronchitis" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;bronchitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-15T10:05:35.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4126" CreationDate="2015-12-22T18:43:52.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, any medical procedure that is not prescribed and performed by a health care professional has to be regarded as unsafe. Basically, in medicine everything is assumed to be unsafe until it is proven to be safe. You can consider what the potential problems with this procedure would be that would likely be looked at first before it could ever become accepted practice. E.g. you can consider what would happen if lime juice accidentally enters your lungs, you could look into the risk of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;aspiration pneumonia&lt;/a&gt; or nasal bleeding due to irritation as mentioned by user19679 in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there may be other adverse health effects that a priori are hard to identify, the only way to know that a proposed treatment is safe and effective is to do clinical trials and publish the results in a scientific journal. This is the start of the process in which the proposed treatment can be evaluated in scientifically rigorous way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the process there will have been independent groups repeating such trials, review papers will have been published that have looked at all the results of this particular treatment and compared the results to other treatments. If the treatment has been found to be a viable treatment that can be used under certain circumstances, then there will be been guidelines for doctors about using this treatment that are based on such review articles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T18:43:52.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-22T13:22:48.883" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I was interested in cataloguing eating habits for the purpose of shedding light on what seems to be a bowel disorder or dysfunction caused primarily, but not exclusively, by ingested food (or the ingredients from which said food is made), what information would I want to record in order for my dataset to be useful for anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I am recording timestamp for each meal, what each meal consists of (base ingredients and estimated amount where possible), and to the extent that it is practical, the reaction to each specific meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2404" OwnerDisplayName="Vegard" LastActivityDate="2015-12-22T19:16:30.660" Title="Food diary as diagnostic aid" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4042" CreationDate="2015-12-22T23:57:25.870" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to find a study that looked at both meditation and exercise - besides ones about yoga - but I was able to find many that looked at each separately and seemed to indicate that combining the two is simple and effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One of the best sources was a thesis by Nikelle Holbrook Hunsaker entitled &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/honors/105/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;The Benefits of Exercise During Pregnancy&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (pdf &lt;a href=&quot;http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1119&amp;amp;context=honors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). It is a meta-analysis of other studies in the literature. Some do not fit your criteria (e.g. some looked at exercise three times a week but not daily), but given that most recommendations do not include physical activity seven days a week, I've mentioned some here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Boinpally &amp;amp; Jovanovic (2009)&lt;/strong&gt; wrote that 30 minutes of physical activity (aerobic or anaerobic) five a days a week before and during pregnancy greatly reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM directly affects the mother, but can easily lead to side effects in the child. Preventing GDM can reduce the risk of such conditions as macrosomia and congenital diseases. This conclusion agrees with the results of &lt;strong&gt;Liu et al. (2008)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A similar exercise program can reduce the risk of type II diabetes, according to &lt;strong&gt;Kim et al. (2010)&lt;/strong&gt;. This makes sense, because of the similarities between GDM and type II diabetes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In general, exercise can decrease the risk of preeclampsia, which can cause the death of the mother and of the fetus. &lt;strong&gt;Sorensen et al. (2008)&lt;/strong&gt; found that regular recreational exercise reduced the risk of preeclampsia. The greater the intensity of the exercise, the lower the chances of preeclampsia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thesis discussed and/or cited other studies, but most did not match your criteria. Some involved one-time physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7674866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sternfield et al. (1995)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; divided a group of 388 women up into four levels depending on the amount of exercise they got on a weekly basis (the highest group involved aerobic activity for at least 3 20-minutes+ sessions per week). They found no difference in the effect of exercise on the children, but did notice that the mothers experienced reduced pain and discomfort.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26603201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May et al. (2015)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; noted that regular exercise during pregnancy lowered heart rate and reduced symptoms from related disorders. However, they recommended that more research be done on the relation between exercise and certain other conditions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hss.edu/conditions_exercise-during-pregnancy.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A page from the Hospital for Special Surgery&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; gives a variety of recommendations regarding exercise during pregnancy:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Athletes can continue to exercise during the first trimester, with no adverse effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aquatic aerobics reduce joint stress and fluid retention.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple activities should be used to reduce stress if the mother exercises more than four days per week (this might explain why most studies don't cover daily exercise).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Meditation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Muzik/publication/232235683_Mindfulness_yoga_during_pregnancy_for_psychiatrically_at-risk_women_Preliminary_results_from_a_pilot_feasibility_study/links/0912f50cc0293943b1000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Babbar et al. (2012)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a meta-analysis of studies from the PubMed database from 1970 to 2011. The results were not entirely conclusive, but the studies found two results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Women who regularly (frequencies varied) performed yoga during pregnancy enjoyed reduced pain/discomfort throughout pregnancy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Babies of women who regularly preformed yoga during pregnancy had a slightly higher birth weight - nothing serious or significant, though.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26256135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Davis et al. (2015)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; found that an eight-week yoga intervention greatly reduced depression and anxiety in women with depression, supporting the idea that yoga and meditation reduce anxiety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24873115&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oakley &amp;amp; Evans (2014)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; state that breathing exercises and meditation increase maternal relaxation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yoga is perhaps the most studied of all the meditation regimens out there. Indeed, a considerable number of the studies I looked at focused on the meditative component of yoga. This type of exercise should also be compatible with aerobic/anaerobic exercise, even for pregnant women. However, it is clear that during a pregnancy, women should be careful when it comes to exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize the main findings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes, and preeclampsia, as well as general pain and discomfort from the pregnancy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meditation/yoga can reduce pain, discomfort, and stress levels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T13:43:35.230" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T13:43:35.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T01:30:28.047" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some claims that local applications or ingestions of Gaultheria help treating a tendinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/herbal-oils/wintergreen-oil.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mercola&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pain relief - The most popular health benefit of wintergreen oil is its pain-relieving effects, which can help alleviate headache, muscle cramps, joint pain, tendonitis, and bone pain. Wintergreen oil also helps drive out stress and tension.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sports-sante.com/index.php/anti-inflammatoire-naturel-l-huile-essentielle-de-gaultherie-odorante&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sports-sante&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[L'huile essentielle de Gaulthérie odorante (Gaulthéria fragrantissima)] sera utilisée en massage pour toutes les douleurs musculaires ou articulaires (tendinites, entorse, claquage musculaire, lumbago, arthrose). Elle est très appréciée des sportifs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00QHD4LC2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amazon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The main chemical component in Wintergreen, methyl salicylate, is used in topical joint creams to soothe sore muscles and joints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence supporting or infirming the usefulness of local applications or ingestions of Gaultheria to treat a tendinitis? I am mostly interested in the lateral epicondylitis of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is the recommended use? (number of applications per day, quantity to use, before/after physical effort, morning/evening, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2015-12-23T01:37:40.477" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T22:36:30.847" Title="Do local applications or ingestion of Gaultheria help treating a tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4162" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4165" CreationDate="2015-12-23T10:27:14.047" Score="7" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I smoke a cigarette just after workout at gym. Can that be more dangerous than smoking at a more ordinary time? For example, can it cause sudden cardiac arrest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T16:21:14.523" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T16:21:14.523" Title="Smoking just after a workout" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4162" CreationDate="2015-12-24T01:23:48.420" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smoking in general is unhealthy.  Smoking can result in emphysema, COPD, pulmonary hypertension and other ugly diseases [1,2,3].  After a workout your heart and respiration rates are higher than at basal levels.  Although I do not have data to back me on this, based on scientific evidence on cardiopulmonary effects [4] after a workout and the hazards of smoking [1,2,3], I would deduce you would have higher nicotine intake, as well as other terrible chemicals that are in cigarettes.  I am not sure if cardiac arrest would be a primary concern with smoking but rather a secondary event to pulmonary hypertension [2,3]. In short I would seek advice and support on quitting smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1407211&quot;&gt;Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.200401-006OC#.VntWDXUrKfg&quot;&gt;Severe Pulmonary Hypertension and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/pats.200407-037MS&quot;&gt;Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Heart Failure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=610608&quot;&gt;Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing - The Clinical Value of Gas Exchange Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2417" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T02:22:08.677" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T02:22:08.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-23T23:26:07.443" Score="7" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;In movies you often see people advising others not to remove a foreign object (let's say a long stud) because its removal can cause a too high loss of blood. I can totally understand that and would follow this advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what do doctors do about this in a hospital? They won't simply keep it there, I guess. Do they somehow stop the blood flow in the particular area of penetration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how can I help myself in that situation? Binding some cloth around my arm to slow down the blood flow would be simple but what if something sticks into my stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2875404" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T08:20:48.127" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T12:55:21.673" Title="Safely removing a foreign object from the human body without bleeding to death?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4196" CreationDate="2015-12-24T09:36:24.063" Score="12" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patients are often asked to rate their level of pain. Usually, I have found that these questions come without instructions as to what constitutes the maximum on this scale (maximum pain you can imagine? maximum pain you ever felt?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are ways pain can be quantified in these situations? Are there any &quot;objective&quot; (as objective as this can be) measures to help patients with this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T05:21:47.530" Title="How is pain measured?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4168" CreationDate="2015-12-24T12:55:21.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Treating a wound at home until emergency personnel arrive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lay flat on the ground, although head can be elevated for comfort.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leave object in wound: This is because the object acts as a plug and slows the flow of blood from the wound, also, emergency staff are trained to take the objects out without causing more damage to internal organs and muscles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply pressure and dress the wounds as best as you can around the object, trying not to move it too much. If the object isn't there, use a shirt or clean fabric to apply pressure on the wound. You can also place a credit card in the wound to try to stem blood flow. If it is really bleeding badly apply pressure to the artery (pressure points) leading to the wound. In limbs this is done by tying a string of cloth around the top of the limb close to the torso. Just make sure that fingers and toes are not turning blue or black from lack of blood flow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I learned this in first aid class, but here is the wiki that explains it: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Attend-to-a-Stab-Wound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Attend a stab wound&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is actually a new object that the FDA just approved to help aid in the treatment of wounds like this. It's called the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/wound-stopping-battlefield-sponge-gun-now-ok-civilians-too-n478806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;XSTAT&lt;/a&gt;. It's been used on the battlefield already to slow blood flow in the wound(s). Basically it stuffs the wound to prevent further blood loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're in the hospital, the object will be surgically removed. It is like any other surgery like heart valve replacements or an appendectomy. These surgeons also have to be trained for accidentally nicking an artery. You can either sew the wound together or use heat to seal the wound. It's basically like any other surgery, only they have to use things like Ultrasound and Xrays to make sure that they've closed all of the bleeds. If you want more information, you can read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.modernmedicine.com/modern-medicine/content/trauma-nursing-penetrating-chest-wounds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; about a test case &quot;Ricky&quot; who was shot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="768" LastActivityDate="2015-12-24T12:55:21.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-24T13:23:53.747" Score="7" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;After giving birth vaginally, how long does it generally take for the vagina to return to the state it was before? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2423" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T08:45:58.390" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T12:49:37.263" Title="How long does it take for the vagina to return to the way it was after giving birth?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-24T17:55:26.073" Score="-1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could there be any permanent health effects form working 12 hour night shifts for 6 days in a row (10 pm to 10 am)? Especially on the brain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2424" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-24T22:33:15.430" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T10:53:01.630" Title="Are there permanent health effects from working the night shift for 6 days?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2015-12-29T18:37:44.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-25T00:48:52.107" Score="11" ViewCount="628" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm told there is such a thing as &quot;water weight&quot; which can explain small fluctuations in weight. However, all mentions of &quot;water weight&quot; I've found have been on dieting websites promoting some miracle weight loss solution that will purge water weight from your body. Given that I'm not in the habit of getting my scientific information from snake-oil salesmen, I'm not sure what the scientific status of the notion is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the scientific status of the notion of &quot;water weight&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2427" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T22:34:53.200" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:21:52.650" Title="Is &quot;water weight&quot; a real thing?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-25T00:58:03.327" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much weight fluctuation is considered normal? I'm told there is such a thing as &quot;water weight&quot; which can explain small fluctuations -- though all mention of &quot;water weight&quot; I've found has been on dieting websites so I'm not sure what the scientific status of the notion is (I've asked a related question about that &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4174/is-water-weight-a-real-thing&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much weight fluctuation (in either direction) over what period of time is normal for an otherwise healthy individual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2427" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T23:48:26.937" Title="How much weight fluctuation is normal?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4186" CreationDate="2015-12-25T00:59:56.137" Score="2" ViewCount="36724" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently had sex with a woman who seems to have had a yeast infection. That's what I thought, because she had lots of white dots in her vagina and my doctor told me that this is a fungus. I've seen it for the first time, so I'm not entirely sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I gave her oral sex (no unusual smell or taste noticed) and after that I got something that seemed like a tonsillitis. I get tonsillitis all the time, that's why I'll get my tonsils removed next month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this time I tried two different antibiotics, but none of them worked. Also, no painkillers, not even Tramadol helped. I had to go into the hospital and got two different intravenous antibiotics. After 3 days and another 5 days using standard antibiotics, the &quot;tonsillitis&quot; was cured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what I was wondering... It hurt &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt;. I couldn't even eat. I've never had a tonsillitis that bad and I certainly never went to the hospital because of one. Also it was noticeable that the skin of the deeper part of the throat was irritated a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this has left me curious: &lt;strong&gt;is it possible to get a yeast infection in the mouth from sex?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2428" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T23:29:51.463" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T21:44:27.103" Title="Can you get a yeast infection in your mouth from oral sex?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4041" CreationDate="2015-12-25T01:17:22.217" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Side effects frequency narrative words are defined by the council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences.  See slide 10 of this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/trainingcourses/definitions.pdf&quot;&gt;presentation on the subject&lt;/a&gt;.  As shown, &quot;Very common&quot; means equal to or greater than 10% [of the patients tested for that drug].  &quot;Common&quot; or &quot;frequent&quot; means more than 1% but less than 10%.  &quot;Uncommon&quot; or &quot;infrequent&quot; means between 1 per 1,000 and 1%.  Rare means equal to or more than 1 per 10,000 but less than 1 per 1,000.  Very rare means less than 1 per 10,000. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In turn, for any specific drugs the above metrics are derived, not by doctors, but by specialized clinical trials statisticians conducting clinical trials of such drugs.  Clinical trials are conducted by separating patients into at least two groups.  One control group just takes a placebo.  The test group takes the drug.  This type of study is sometimes called randomized double blind placebo control study.  This process is further described in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3505292/&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;.  You conduct the clinical trial for a certain period of time.  And, then you observe the frequencies of side effects using the semantic as described above. Granted, the statisticians deal with the actual precise numbers and are not satisfied by using narrative categories instead of calculations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, the statisticians will compare the frequency of side effects between the Control group and the Test group.  And, they pay much attention where the Test group's side effects are much larger than for the Control group.  And, they measure whether that difference is real and not due to just randomness.  The latter (probability that occurence is just random) is captured in a probability called a p-value.  If that p-value is less than 0.05, the side effect is deemed to be statistically significant (and greater than for placebo).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US, the mentioned clinical trials are submitted for assessment and drug approval or denial to the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).  In Germany, such clinical trials are submitted to Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfarm.de/EN/Home/home_node.html&quot;&gt;BfArM&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested on the subject, the BfArM website has most probably some very interesting information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1309" LastEditDate="2015-12-25T04:34:40.767" LastActivityDate="2015-12-25T04:34:40.767" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-25T02:23:09.590" Score="4" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doctoroz.com/article/healing-properties-juicing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Doctoroz article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some advocates for juicing may claim that your body absorbs more nutrients from juices than the whole fruit because the fruit’s fiber gets in the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence supporting or infirming this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T14:36:14.620" Title="Does one absorb more nutrients from juices than the whole fruit?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-25T06:00:46.443" Score="7" ViewCount="832" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe American football and boxing are proven to cause brain damage. I would consider it severe and life changing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But does punching a heavy bag cause subtler brain damage?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe wrestling, gymnastics, or any violent athletic activity where your head gets jerked around a bit can cause damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2326" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:17:35.100" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T06:17:09.930" Title="Subconcussive brain trauma" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-25T13:53:44.750" Score="8" ViewCount="9241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've contracted a fungal infection on my nails. My doctor told me not to swim in swimming pools but in the ocean/lake, because swimming pools would make the infection worse and it could transmit to other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does a fungal infection transmit to others in swimming pools? Different doctors say different things. Some other nurses told me that using swimming pools was not a problem and that the infection was less contagious if I treated it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if usage of topical treatment (terbinafine gel, lamisil etc.) could reduce the possibility the infection is spread, as the application would kill the fungus and deactivate spores on the skin/nail and thus make the spores it less spreading to other if it has been applied recently prior to swimming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2430" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:31.817" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:31.817" Title="Does a fungal infection transmit in swimming pools?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4206" CreationDate="2015-12-25T15:01:02.377" Score="4" ViewCount="3449" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking corticosteroids can result in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dba/corticosteroid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;high blood pressure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anything known about the physiological mechanism behind this? Why do corticosteroids have this side effect? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's been mentioned in the comments, the Wikipedia article includes a section reading &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Corticosteroids can cause sodium retention through a direct action on the kidney, in a manner analogous to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. This can result in fluid retention and hypertension&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does not cite any sources for that section at all. Neither does the article on aldosterone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-26T10:19:06.127" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T17:46:04.973" Title="How do corticosteroids cause high blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4180" CreationDate="2015-12-25T20:53:15.237" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors that influence the transmission of infectious agents, and in the case of public swimming pools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the number of bathers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the condition of the pool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;care taken to disinfect the water &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...will heavily influence the likelihood of contracting a disease.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The air around us is filled with various benign fungi (including other pathogens such as bacterial and viruses). Similarly, pool water can contain bacteria, viruses and fungi [1,2].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These pathogens, whether it be from the air or pool water, have the capacity to infect a host, but normally is combated by the immune system in healthy individuals [ 4].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with a weak immune system (whether it be due to an ongoing infection, steroids or other immuno-suppresive drugs) or individuals that are immuno-compromised (HIV patient) can get infected by these pathogens [3,4].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, fungal infections are harder to clear by the immune system due to their natural defense mechanism to avoid our immune cells &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/nri/journal/v11/n4/full/nri2939.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;.  Therefore, it may be advisable to avoid swimming pools, especially at peak usage as the filtration system may be unable to keep up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/3/5874/260.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Foot infections in swimming baths&quot;&gt;Foot Infections in Swimming Baths&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603120701254862&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Swimming pools and fungi: An environmental epidemiology survey in Italian indoor swimming facilities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/amjmedsci/Abstract/1969/12000/Opportunistic_Infection__A_Review.7.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Opportunistic Infection: A Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/nri/journal/v11/n4/full/nri2939.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Immunity to fungal infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2417" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-27T10:07:26.187" LastActivityDate="2019-04-27T10:07:26.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4176" CreationDate="2015-12-25T23:26:21.277" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The yeast (fungus) that causes thrush or yeast infection in both men and women are of the genus Candida.  These fungi can be found as normal flora on skin however outgrowth results in yeast infection.  Candida albicans, which is most likely the strain of thrush you saw on the lady, can be transmitted by both sex and oral sex.  Most likely your mucosal immune system will fight it, but there are cases of transmission especially in HIV patients (Francoise, et al., 1997).  If you notice a fever, lethargy, and white irritating spots in the oral cavity, I would seek help from a health professional.  The infection is easily treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics will not work for fungal infection, as the mechanism of action is different from fungicide.  Tonsillitis is usually caused by either a viral infection such as Herpes Simplex Virus, or a bacterial infection. Again, treatable and highly recommend seeking professional help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Tonsils are a lymphatic organ, meaning it contains specialised immune cells that work together to identify invading pathogens and clear it.  Tonsillitis happens due to an inflammatory reaction towards an invading pathogen.  Some people have severe inflammation resulting in partial or complete blockage of their airway, thus being potentially life threatening. In these cases, the patient is recommended to undergo tonsillectomy - the removal of their tonsil.  If your tonsillitis is not life threatening (an just an inconvenience) it may not be necessary to remove it.  Again I would consult with your doctor, as there may be indications for removing it and contraindications as well that are specific to your medical history [4,5].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/basics/definition/con-20035129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yeast Infection (vaginal) - Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-thrush/basics/causes/con-20022381&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oral thrus Causes -Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/1997/09000/Oral_transmission_of_Candida_albicans_between.3.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oral transmission of Candida albicans between partners in HIV‐infected couples could contribute to dissemination of fluconazole‐resistant isolates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tonsillopharyngitis - Merck Manual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children&amp;#39;s-health-issues/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders-in-children/enlarged-tonsils-and-adenoids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids - Merck Manual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2417" LastEditorUserId="2417" LastEditDate="2015-12-26T18:38:41.473" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T18:38:41.473" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4205" CreationDate="2015-12-26T10:55:19.127" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a doctor and would like to get opinion of my colleague or raise a question. So I am searching for an app that I can search for a speciality to ask my question or share my concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2123" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T15:23:28.693" Title="Is there any social page such as Telegram, send whatsapp for medical consultation?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2015-12-29T18:35:23.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4203" CreationDate="2015-12-26T12:13:09.003" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many sweat glands are in the Axilla per cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2438" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-26T19:59:19.907" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T14:39:41.790" Title="How many sweat glands are there in the axilla?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4041" CreationDate="2015-12-26T19:18:37.040" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question, I think it would be better to know how a drug gets into the market. There are a number of trials done on a drug before it is approved for general/commercial use. These are  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;In-vitro&lt;/em&gt; studies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Animal studies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In-vitro&lt;/em&gt; and animal studies are done to evaluate the mechanism and efficacy of a specific drug while Phase 1, 2 and 3 trails determine (or rather estimate) the efficacy and adverse-effects of the drug in clinical trails done on real patients/volunteers with increasing sample size. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Phase 3&lt;/strong&gt; trails are the largest and usually the last trails before a drug is approved for routine clinical prescription. The sample size in these trails varies considerably depending upon the prevalence and nature of the disease for which the drug is being developed. For example, around 15000 children were included in phase 3 trails for the new vaccine currently under consideration against malaria. For diseases like cancer the sample size is likely to be smaller.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Most of the time the sample size in these trails is inadequate to catch all the possible adverse effects of a drug. It will however, bring the common ones to light. To counteract the issue of relatively rare adverse effect, another kind of trail is in use, often called phase 4 or &lt;strong&gt;post-marketing surveillance&lt;/strong&gt; in which the physicians report any hitherto unknown adverse effects of the drug to the regulation authorities after the drug has been approved for commercial use. If these adverse effects are deemed serious, the drug may be recalled from the market and banned from further use (as was the case with &lt;em&gt;Rofecoxib&lt;/em&gt;, and several other drugs).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I hope it helps you understand the concept at least a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2443" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T09:58:55.923" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T09:58:55.923" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2015-12-26T19:34:21.217" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please note that the pain scale is usually used to evaluate the &lt;em&gt;efficacy of treatment&lt;/em&gt;. As long as the pain is responding to treatment, there need not be objectivity &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was it a '7' on arrival? is it a '2' after a couple of doses of an analgesic? (if so, Great! Can we safely get it to a '1' or '0'? Did it spike to a '5' today? Why might that be? Is there something the team is missing that is causing the pain to be poorly controlled?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the goal of the pain scale. For this reason, there is no &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; for  objectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can pain be objectively measured, therefore reported?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The intensity of pain (as you have mentioned) is often left to the patient to describe on a scale of 1-10, or a visual analogue of faces. There is nothing objective about these methods, nor can there be, because pain is not objective; it is subjective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pain is subjective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pain&lt;/em&gt; is a subjective experience; you cannot tell with certainty how much pain your fellow human is experiencing, which is why we &lt;em&gt;ask&lt;/em&gt; people; they then can tell us. Pain relief (both physical and emotional) is a significant part of medicine, yet we still have &quot;pain scales&quot; for self-reported pain, one of the more common ones being the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UEnH8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To try to accurately assess pain (which is still &lt;em&gt;subjective&lt;/em&gt;), a patient's scale should be interpreted by a caregiver using examples &lt;em&gt;appropriate to that patient&lt;/em&gt; (If the person has had severe kidney stones, for example, the examiner can use that as a &quot;10&quot;.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the worst pain I ever had was a kidney infection where I eventually passed out. If I take that as a 10, very few things even get to a 7 ;-) which is why I am asking. So you're basically saying physicians expect a high number much earlier than that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, we don't expect a lot of 8/9/10s on the scale. We hope it will be used exactly as you have described: in many cases, 10 is described by a caregiver as &quot;the worst pain you ever had.&quot; If the patient has never had severe pain before (kidney stones, childbirth [for most], etc.) the pain has to be imagined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Left to their own devices, a patient might look like a 6, but be reporting a 10. In this case, a nurse must try to ascertain their actual level of their pain. But still, it is their pain, and how it is felt differs from person to person, which is why no objective criteria can be assigned the pain scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/102/36/12950.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The subjective experience of pain: Where expectations become reality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-26T20:02:02.630" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T20:02:02.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2015-12-26T19:53:38.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Numerical Rating Scale (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webcitation.org/6Ag75MDIq&quot;&gt;NRS - 11&lt;/a&gt;) may be the easiest one to relate to. Between ranges can be looked at pretty objectively, but within ranges is more subjective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rating: Pain Level&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0:   No Pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 – 3: Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with ADLs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 – 6:   Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7 – 10:  Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ADLs are activities of daily living.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2015-12-26T20:05:31.493" LastActivityDate="2015-12-26T20:05:31.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4201" CreationDate="2015-12-27T01:29:49.207" Score="3" ViewCount="4719" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've taken a pregnancy test in the morning on two different days and the result was a faint line both times. Does this mean the pregnancy test was positive or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/470Hlm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/470Hlm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2446" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T04:15:21.857" LastActivityDate="2020-11-28T14:46:46.850" Title="Faint line on pregnancy test" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4199" CreationDate="2015-12-27T04:34:54.330" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any line, including a very faint line, is considered a positive result on home pregnancy tests. To be sure, you may want to wait a couple of days (2 or 3) and then take another test. If you are pregnant, then the line should become darker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the commons reasons for a faint line on a pregnancy test is because you could be very early in your pregnancy. Home pregnancy tests measure the amount of the hormone &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin&quot;&gt;human chorionic gonadotropin&lt;/a&gt; (hCG), which increases during the first few weeks of pregnancy, in the urine. It is possible that you are testing too early and the amount of hCG in your urine is not high enough to produce a full dark line. This can change in a matter of days, though. It is also possible that you have miscalculated when your period was due and tested too soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pregnancy test itself could also cause a faint line. If your test has a low sensitivity, it would not pick up as low levels of hCG, and would return a faint line, rather than a dark one. You can usually check how sensitive the test is by checking the side of the box (note: a lower number is better). Your test could also have expired, causing it to not give accurate results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medications do cause false positives on pregnancy tests, but you can rule this out yourself if you aren't taking any medications that raise hCG levels. It is also possible that you could have gone through a chemical pregnancy, a form of very early miscarriage, which would still cause a rise in hCG levels. Still, you should take another test in a few days, preferably with a more sensitive brand, and if you are still unsure about your results, you can consult your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newkidscenter.com/Faint-Line-On-Pregnancy-Test.html&quot;&gt;Faint Line on Pregnancy Test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycenter.com/404_my-home-pregnancy-test-showed-a-faint-line-am-i-pregnant_7105.bc&quot;&gt;My home pregnancy test showed a faint line. Am I pregnant?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T04:34:54.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4143" CreationDate="2015-12-27T13:54:27.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lowered brain activity in a PET scan isn't necessarily bad. It depends on what &lt;em&gt;part&lt;/em&gt; of the brain is less active than usually and whether this is a &lt;em&gt;permanent&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;transient&lt;/em&gt; state. Our brains are less active during sleep - that isn't a bad thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, brain activity isn't just generally lowered during meditation. On the contrary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mobile.journals.lww.com/neuroreport/_layouts/oaks.journals.mobile/articleviewer.aspx?year=2000&amp;amp;issue=05150&amp;amp;article=00041#ath&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation&lt;/a&gt; found (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Significant (p &amp;lt;10−7) &lt;strong&gt;signal increases&lt;/strong&gt; were observed in the group-averaged data in the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, hippocampus/parahippocampus, temporal lobe, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, and pre- and post-central gyri during meditation. Global fMRI signal decreases were also noted, although these were probably secondary to cardiorespiratory changes that often accompany meditation. The results indicate that the practice of meditation &lt;strong&gt;activates&lt;/strong&gt; neural structures involved in attention and control of the autonomic nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15534199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, the ratio of gamma-band activity (25-42 Hz) to slow oscillatory activity (4-13 Hz) is initially higher in the resting baseline before meditation for the practitioners than the controls over medial frontoparietal electrodes. This difference increases sharply during meditation over most of the scalp electrodes and remains higher than the initial baseline in the postmeditation baseline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, it's a lot more complicated than meditation decreasing brain activity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for recreational drugs, I am not sure where you got a generally decreased activity from, but for example long-term use of meth &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/23/9414.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;decreases the amount of dopamine receptors in the brain&lt;/a&gt;. Dopamine is important for feelings of pleasure and reward and building memories. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies in methamphetamine abusers have also documented significant loss of DA transporters (used as markers of the DA terminal) that are associated with slower motor function and decreased memory. The extent to which the loss of DA transporters predisposes methamphetamine abusers to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsonism is unclear and may depend in part on the degree of recovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term use of cocaine &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851068/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;decreases the actual amount of grey brain matter&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T13:54:27.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4190" CreationDate="2015-12-27T14:33:24.120" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Numbers in the literature vary by a lot. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A Short History of Sweat Glands&lt;/a&gt;, Willey et al. compared data from four different studies, the data can be seen in table 1 of the publication. Numbers varied from 68 to over 400 per square centimeter. They explain thus variance by different counting techniques and whether only &quot;active&quot; sweat glands are counted. Also, studies were done on few subjects and only in one gender an ethnicity, which may have quite an impact on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The density is highest on the palms and soles, not the armpits, by the way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T14:39:41.790" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T14:39:41.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4189" CreationDate="2015-12-27T15:23:28.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd recommend you to use Figure 1. There's one caveat: cases are not grouped according to speciality; they're all on one page. However, the community is pretty decent and I'm pretty sure there are sufficient professionals that are able to address your concerns. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Description: &quot;&lt;em&gt;Compelling medical cases for healthcare professionals. Used by healthcare professionals and students for education and collaboration.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://figure1.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://figure1.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2448" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T15:23:28.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4182" CreationDate="2015-12-27T16:23:43.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found a supporting source for the fluid retention claim, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13780/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an excerpt from &lt;em&gt;Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, 6th edition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (from 2003). This separates the effects on the kidney into two categories, depending in part on the drug: mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mineralocorticoid effects include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of potassium and hydrogen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in extracellular fluid volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in sodium retention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucocorticoid effects include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in plasma flow in the kidney&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in sodium retention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both types of effects can occur in limited frequencies outside the kidney, generally in the gastrointestinal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These effects can then lead to a variety of symptoms, including high blood pressure. Mineralocorticoids can cause chronic arterial hypertension through long-term sodium retention. Glucocorticoids can do the same, through several factors (the details of which are unknown):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in filtration fraction, the ratio of glomerular filtration rate to renal plasma flow&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=otvv8dXuzP0C&amp;amp;pg=PA166&amp;amp;dq=filtration+fraction&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjZwcKZtPzJAhWMNSYKHePHDs0Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=filtration%20fraction&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in glomerular hypertension, high pressure in the glomerular capillaries&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=XHlBhXZAiQ4C&amp;amp;pg=PA115&amp;amp;dq=glomerular+hypertension&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjz2fjNtfzJAhUMTCYKHeHCBEAQ6AEIVDAH#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=glomerular%20hypertension&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in synthesis of angiotensinogen, a protein involved in regulating blood pressure,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and atrial natriuretic peptide&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;amp;pg=PA429&amp;amp;dq=atrial+natriuretic+peptide&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwi45_mQt_zJAhVH7yYKHd6rAtUQ6AEINTAE#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=atrial%20natriuretic%20peptide&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, a peptide involved in regulating renal blood flow and sodium excretion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandin, lipids that in the kidney regulate blood flow and vasodilation&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=-MaTY4EBoqUC&amp;amp;pg=PR9&amp;amp;dq=prostaglandin&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwintdSGuPzJAhUB5iYKHfEYCg0Q6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=prostaglandin&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase in vasopressor responsiveness (interestingly enough, this can be related to angiotensin II; see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6386579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Drury et al. (1984)&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vasodilation refers to the size of the capillaries; dilation of the capillaries decreases blood pressure, while the reverse increases blood pressure. This is perhaps the most direct effect of corticosteroids on hypertension and blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Here, the superscripts indicate secondary sources that explained the significances of these in more detail (which I included); the textbook merely listed them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional sources cited:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=otvv8dXuzP0C&amp;amp;pg=PA166&amp;amp;dq=filtration+fraction&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjZwcKZtPzJAhWMNSYKHePHDs0Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=filtration%20fraction&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Costnazo, Linda. &lt;em&gt;Physiology: Cases and Problems&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;[2]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=XHlBhXZAiQ4C&amp;amp;pg=PA115&amp;amp;dq=glomerular+hypertension&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjz2fjNtfzJAhUMTCYKHeHCBEAQ6AEIVDAH#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=glomerular%20hypertension&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Juan Macías-Núñez et al. &lt;em&gt;The Aging Kidney in Health and Disease&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;[3]: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;AGT angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8) [ Homo sapiens (human) ]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;[4]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&amp;amp;pg=PA429&amp;amp;dq=atrial+natriuretic+peptide&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwi45_mQt_zJAhVH7yYKHd6rAtUQ6AEINTAE#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=atrial%20natriuretic%20peptide&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Claudio Ronco et al. &lt;em&gt;Critical Care Nephorology&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;[5]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=-MaTY4EBoqUC&amp;amp;pg=PR9&amp;amp;dq=prostaglandin&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwintdSGuPzJAhUB5iYKHfEYCg0Q6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=prostaglandin&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Jasjit Bindra. &lt;em&gt;Prostaglandin Synthesis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2015-12-27T17:46:04.973" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T17:46:04.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4207" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4227" CreationDate="2015-12-27T16:24:12.530" Score="-2" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that people used to use powdered earwig as a cure for ear infections. Is this claim true? What are the details of this practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T22:12:44.930" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T22:12:44.930" Title="Were earwigs historically used as a medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4208" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4223" CreationDate="2015-12-27T16:34:23.157" Score="6" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does saliva smell only out of the mouth, and not as long it is still inside? What role do oral bacteria play, and which ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2015-12-28T18:15:37.300" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T05:53:30.767" Title="Why is saliva smelly?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-27T19:18:32.050" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is based on my (quite) recent experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have ridden on my bicycle since September of 2012. This activity leads to decreasing of volume of kalium (potassium). Hard to say how much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some types of fruit contain potassium. And I eat fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what &lt;em&gt;food additives&lt;/em&gt; should I use to keep potassium at reasonable levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1654" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T13:18:10.860" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T13:18:10.860" Title="How to prevent lack of potassium from physical activity?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3974" CreationDate="2015-12-27T20:31:31.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exact &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/140/114&quot;&gt;cause of migraines&lt;/a&gt; is unknown&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Migraine/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, although they are thought to be the result of temporary changes, or abnormal brain activity which can affect nerve signals, chemicals and blood vessels in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could also relate to your health conditions (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_chronic_headaches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic headache&lt;/a&gt;), vital energy or specific hormone balance at the given time. Such as levels of sodium&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1410848/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar#Low_blood_sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood sugar (glucose)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it's not possible to indicate whether concentrating hard on a task can cause migraines or headaches, unless it's caused by emotional (anxiety, tension, stress, etc.) or physical trigger (tiredness, low blood sugar, etc.)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Migraine/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2015-12-27T21:13:01.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4173" CreationDate="2015-12-27T20:44:48.023" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, working on night shift for six days surely may have permanent health effects. But it is very related to age, gender and some other conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it happens very rarely, effects will be probably mostly temporary. But if this happens often, effects may get to be permanent very easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But effects are very random. Two main effects will be higher blood pressure and wrong volume of hormones. Secondary effect may be that illnesses and conditions may get worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/shift-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... and there would be some other sources, but I could write only two - at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1654" LastEditorUserId="1654" LastEditDate="2015-12-28T08:02:38.080" LastActivityDate="2015-12-28T08:02:38.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1002" CreationDate="2015-12-27T22:19:15.540" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;When studied from a physiological point of view, commuting is generally divided into two categories: active and non-active. The former involves modes of transportation such as walking and bicycling, where the commuter is actively getting exercise. The latter involves modes of transportation such as cars, buses, and trains, where the commuter is getting virtually no exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many studies compare modes of transportation that fall into different categories; I chose to put them into one or the other based on which mode was focused on more. Other studies focused solely on one type of commuting. If you want to skip the specifics, you can go all the way to the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies on active commuting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743507000989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hammer &amp;amp; Chida (2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Commuting involving walking and bicycling corresponded to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases by approximately 11%. The effect was, for unknown reasons, more pronounced among women than among men.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4521.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rojas-Rueda et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Bicyclists using a bicycle-sharing program avoided ~12.28 deaths in Barcelona over the course of one year. Some of this came from a reduction in road accidents, while other parts of it came from a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, which reduces air quality in urban areas for commuters.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483568/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Davison et al. (2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Children who walk and bicycle to school have, on average, better health than children who take buses or cars to school. Active transport burned 33.2-44.2 kcal per day, assuming a mean travel time for these children at about twenty minutes. Boys were more strongly effected by girls (drastically, in some cases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links between different types of commuting and body mass index (BMI) were tenuous at best. However, cardiovascular health was clearly raised among active commuters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00288.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oja et al. (1991)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Individuals who walk and bicycle for commuting have better cardiorespiratory health. However, cyclists had better health than walkers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralph_Buehler/publication/45721029_Walking_and_cycling_to_health_a_comparative_analysis_of_city_state_and_international_data/links/0fcfd50c0b88ca4fe7000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pucher et al. (2010)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Health effects of commuting were studied at the city, county and state levels. Active commuting lead to a greatly lowered risk of obesity and diabetes, while improving overall cardiovascular health.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/27822995?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;de Hartog et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; This study took into account the potential for traffic accidents when studying commuting cyclists. It was found that the health gains far outweighed the losses from air pollution and accidents.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies on non-active commuting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223100700698X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nieuwenhuijsen et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Particulate matter is abundant many metro systems (London's in particular was studied). While this may not pose a large health threat, it nonetheless may have ill effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/0901622/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zuurbier et al. (2010)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Levels of exposure to air pollution varied with route, vehicle type, and fuel. Commuters on diesel buses were exposed to higher levels of particles than commuters on electric buses. This is in part because &quot;self-pollution&quot; from buses contributes a substantial fraction of all inhaled particles. However, cyclists, too, were exposed to high levels of air pollution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231002006878&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chan et al. (2002)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Transportation modes of subways, air-conditioned buses, non-air-condition buses, and taxis were studied. Commuters in non-air-conditioned buses were exposed to more particles, while commuters in subways were exposed to substantially fewer. Driving time did not seem to effect exposure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies on general commuting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-834&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hansson et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; The study cites previous studies that have shown commuting to raise stress levels under certain conditions (e.g. long travel times and crowded places). Examples are &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719613?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evans &amp;amp; Wener (2006)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494406000636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evans &amp;amp; Wener (2007)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Other, more complicated, effects have been observed, including loss of sleep and an increase in sick leave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study itself followed the population of the county of Scania, in southern Sweden. Commuters had been sent surveys that covered a variety of issues, including stress and mental health. Some correlations were found between demographics and modes of transport (which was to be expected), which most likely influenced the results. The authors found that, in general, commuters had worse sleep and lower energy. Mental health did not appear to be related. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, given that the results were self-reported, only 56% of people responded to the survey, and there were patterns between various demographics and modes of transportation, the results are not conclusive, even given the vast number of individuals studied. Other effects may have had significant impacts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629611000853&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Roberts et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Commuting can have negative psychological effects in women, while those same effects are not visible in men.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Abstract/2011/03000/Respiratory_Effects_of_Commuters__Exposure_to_Air.13.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zuurbier et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Commuters using active and passive transport may be exposed to higher levels of particulate matter from air pollution. This may cause low-level respiratory effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231011002299&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Knibbs et al. (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Different modes of transportation for commuters lead to different levels of exposure to particles in the air. From least exposure to most exposure, the results were: bicycle, bus, automobile, rail, walking, and ferry. This shows a significantly higher exposure among walkers than among cyclists, meaning that active transport is not necessarily better than passive transport in this respect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cardiovascular health from exercise and exposure to air pollution are the two main effects of commuting, although commuting may have minor effects on stress and mental health. Cyclists and walkers had much better cardiovascular health than non-active commuters in cars, buses, trains, and subways. This may lead to lower risks of obesity and diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exposure to air pollution varied. Commuters using the subways were exposed to different levels of different air particles than aboveground commuters. Commuters in some buses were exposed to high levels of air pollution; however, walkers and cyclists were exposed to high(er) levels in some cases. This exposure can lead to respiratory problems, although this has not yet been studied in great detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:24:29.727" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:24:29.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4229" CreationDate="2015-12-28T06:56:45.940" Score="3" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend told me that unfiltered coffee may raise my cholesterol.  I am carefully watching my diet to reduce cholesterol by my Doctor's recommendation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If stopping drinking unfiltered coffee can reduce my cholesterol, I would like to give it a try. First thing to stop is to avoid whip creame and sugar into my Latte. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2023" LastEditorUserId="2023" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T02:52:57.833" LastActivityDate="2017-01-17T06:37:47.183" Title="Does unfiltered coffee raise cholesterol" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4225" CreationDate="2015-12-28T18:33:04.580" Score="6" ViewCount="375" Body="&lt;p&gt;While researching child vaccinations, I &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704113504575264421687548864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; (and will presume was sufficiently verified by the WSJ) that the typical 5-6 vaccines given to a child contain only 150 antigens, while the child's body is exposed to a number of antigens on the order of 2,000 for every single bacteria they come in contact with.  This is given as a rationale for why vaccines do not create a strain on the child's immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a common side effect of vaccinations is a fever.  This seems to create a contradiction with the argument that vaccines do not strain the immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can anyone describe how these features of the immune system are sufficiently independent that one can have a fever while not straining the immune system?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the measure of a number of antigens exposed to really a good metric to use?  I am particularly interested in long term hypersensitivity effects on the immune system, such as allergies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2460" OwnerDisplayName="Cort Ammon" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T10:33:44.557" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T16:37:44.227" Title="Delayed vaccination: effect on the immune system" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4208" CreationDate="2015-12-29T05:14:23.943" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bacteria that produce these foul smelling odors are anaerobic bacteria that live in the oxygen depleted film left on our teeth, tongue, and roof of our mouth if we don't brush. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These bacteria can produce chemicals that cause malodor including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), mainly methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulphide, and dimethyl sulphide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diamines (putrescine and cadaverine) and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;short chain fatty acids (butyric, valeric and propionic).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It smells more outside because these smelly chemicals are normally diluted by saliva in your mouth but become concentrated when the saliva evaporates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine your saliva as ocean water. Imagine the salt in the water is the smelly waste of bacteria, and your hand is like a dry shore. When the saliva evaporates on the hand, it leaves only the smelly salt (bacterial waste) behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29459.pdf&quot;&gt;Book Chapter by Suzuki et al., 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v199/n8/full/4812806a.html&quot;&gt;Review by Scully and Felix, 2005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T05:53:30.767" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T05:53:30.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4221" CreationDate="2015-12-29T09:21:25.863" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The human immune system&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the human (and that includes all ages) immune system has two parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26846/&quot;&gt;innate immune system&lt;/a&gt; is a very old part (which doesn't mean it's bad or superfluous, on the contrary) that is responsible for a nonspecific immune response when the body encounters a pathogen. This is a very quick response and includes inflammatory responses and fever. Since most bacteria grow better at a temperature of 37°C than at a slightly higher temperature, a fever is a normally beneficial response to any kind of pathogen and thus triggered often &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10752/&quot;&gt;adaptive immune system, also called the humoral or specific immune response&lt;/a&gt;. Evolutionary speaking, this is newer. The main components are B-cells and T-cells and it is pretty complex, but the basics are that this is what reacts to antigens to produce antibodies to specific pathogens. After the first encounter, this makes sure that the next time the same pathogen is encountered, the immune response is quicker and shorter.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The immune response to vaccinations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The infant's immune system really is capable of handling a lot more antigens than it is exposed to in a vaccine + its live environment at any one point in time. I suggest you read the review by Paul Offit, who is cited in the article you linked to, for more information on that, &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124&quot;&gt;Addressing parents' concern: Do multiple vaccines overwhelm or weaken the infant's immune system&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, the specific immune response mediated by B- and T-cells can handle a specific immune response for a large number of antigens at once. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This number is largely &lt;em&gt;independent&lt;/em&gt; of what you are seeing in the child. The number of antigens the immune system can handle says nothing about what symptoms the immune response will cause, because the effects you can see is largely the innate immune response. Small children get a fever pretty often because most pathogens are new to them and the innate immune system responds to that with a fever. Exposure to several pathogens at once does not cause a higher fever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With vaccines there is no actual risks of the child getting the disease. The vaccines contain &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/different-types-vaccines&quot;&gt;attenuated or dead viruses or no pathogens at all&lt;/a&gt; (the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/tetanus/&quot;&gt;tetanus one&lt;/a&gt;, for example, is against the toxin, not the bacterium producing it). The adaptive immune system needs &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.immunologyexplained.co.uk/HowItWorks.aspx&quot;&gt;days to weeks to produce the correct antibodies&lt;/a&gt; in sufficient quantities, but it carries no risk of them suddenly developing measles or something like that. Unfortunately, we can't really tell the immune system we only need the antibodies, not the cytokines all the other parts that may let the child &lt;em&gt;appear&lt;/em&gt; sick when it really isn't. So the innate immune response happens and may appear to weaken the child and leads to parents to jumping to the conclusion that this is too much for such a small child. Nobody is saying a fever is fun for the infant/baby of course, but in essence, vaccination is a risk/benefits calculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to keep in mind is that several of the vaccinations given in childhood are combination vaccines (MMR, DTP,..), and the immune response is still not in any way overwhelmed. And these are several vaccines for diseases that are actually dangerous (diphtheria, pertussis,...) given together. The resources don't get used up because different cells are doing different things and, even more, the B-cells that respond to the measles vaccines are not used for the immune response towards the rhinovirus the child is exposed to at the same time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of antigens is used for that reason - it's a metric to show that the humoral immune response is really capable of doing a lot of stuff at once. It's just that many people see the fever vaccinations can cause and then conclude that a child is actually sick after a vaccination and therefore their immune system must be &quot;weakened&quot; (which, outside of actually immunocompromised people is another ill-defined concept) by the vaccine and incapable of dealing with other things at the same time. It isn't. That fever is the body unspecifically reacting to anything that warrants an immune reaction, because the specific and unspecific parts of it didn't evolve to be independent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, nobody is saying anything about &quot;straining&quot; the immune system,  because &quot;straining the immune system&quot; does not have a defined meaning. What they are saying is that a child's immune system is more than equipped to deal with several things at once. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Delaying vaccinations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That delaying vaccinations for fear of overwhelming the immune system is unnecessary can be seen by what happens in  children who are already sick and receive a vaccine. The answer is &quot;not much out of the ordinary&quot;. The innate immune response is launched already and the adaptive immune response can deal with everything at once. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;vaccine-specific antibody responses and rates of vaccine-associated adverse reactions of children with mild or moderate illnesses are comparable to those of healthy children. For example, the presence of upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, fever, skin infections, or diarrhea do not affect the level of protective antibodies induced by immunization&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendation to delay vaccines when the child has a serious illness is not based on the child's immune system not being able to &quot;handle&quot; both, but on trying not to &quot;mix&quot; symptoms and avoiding adverse vaccination reactions on top of an illness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vaccination should be deferred for persons with a moderate or severe acute illness. This precaution avoids causing diagnostic confusion between manifestations of the underlying illness and possible adverse effects of vaccination or superimposing adverse effects of the vaccine on the underlying illness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6002a1.htm&quot;&gt;General recommendations on Immunization by the CDC&lt;/a&gt; - also a very good read. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual study behind that WSJ article is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498176&quot;&gt;On-time vaccine receipt in the first year does not adversely affect neuropsychological outcomes&lt;/a&gt;, though that deals only with neurological outcomes and not infections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Timely vaccination during infancy has no adverse effect on neuropsychological outcomes 7 to 10 years later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a general note on delayed schedules, there has been no evidence presented so far that delaying vaccines has any benefits whatsoever, for example less or less severe infections during childhood. Of course the vaccine schedule is not evidence-based down to the weeks where everything is given - of course parts of it could be delayed by two weeks, other parts could be given two weeks earlier, etc. Nobody is going to design 200 different schedules, enroll thousands of children in a study and test all possible schedules. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what we have is definitely not overwhelming the immune system and for most children, it ensures that by the time the body encounters the actually infectious pathogens in the wild, the specific immune response to it is already in place and parents will never even notice their child was exposed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Additional sources and further reading&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/prinvac.pdf&quot;&gt;CDC - Principles of Vaccination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/.../Elsevier_Vaccine_immunology.pdf&quot;&gt;WHO - Vaccine immunology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T16:37:44.227" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T16:37:44.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4173" CreationDate="2015-12-29T10:53:01.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is more speculative than I like my answers here to be, but I think it still has some value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is highly unlikely that a single six-day period of working the night shift will have a permanent negative effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, this can't really be proven, and that is twofold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, pretty much all studies on the subject are either done on long-term effects on people who are working like this for a long time (shift workers), or they are done on people temporarily exposed to this, and with no follow-up on permanent effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples for the first type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082105/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders - An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review&lt;/a&gt;, a review on the effects of shift work on sleep &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.oem.bmj.com/content/58/11/747.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people&lt;/a&gt; - study on whether obesity and metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in shift workers &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples for the second type: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mistimed sleep disrupts circadian regulation of the human transcriptome&lt;/a&gt; - study measuring the short-term effects of delayed sleep on gene expression. No conclusions can be drawn for the long-term effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And second, this kind of study is also not really feasible. A lot of people go through a short or even medium term period of delayed sleep or even sleep deprivation in their lives. Think of, for example, students studying for exams not sleeping enough for a week or two. Patients receiving medication with the side effect of insomnia. Parents not sleeping enough for weeks, months, or even years. Teenagers partying late for several days in a row. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting a control group for such a study would be hard to impossible - I'd go as far as suggesting that by the time someone is 40 or 50 years old (so that we could compare long-term effects), almost nobody would even qualify as a control group subject who had never experienced sleep deprivation or delayed sleep for more than two days or so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are long-term effects of long working hours (12 hours is long) and shift work, but that is really another question and six days is unlikely to cause any of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T10:53:01.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4207" CreationDate="2015-12-29T11:44:36.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;earwig&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=earwig&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;comes from people thinking that the animal crawled (and wiggled) into people's ears&lt;/a&gt;. It doesn't. So this has nothing to do with using it as medication against ear infections etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In German, by the way, it's called &lt;em&gt;Ohrenkneifer&lt;/em&gt; (ear pincher)) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T11:44:36.443" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4216" CreationDate="2015-12-29T12:38:46.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of the oils in coffee (terpenes, in particular kahweol and cafestol) are believed to be the source of its effect on cholesterol.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6242467/ns/health-heart_health/t/coffee-cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA401225/Does-Coffee-Raise-Cholesterol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/11/3/586.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n9/full/1601668a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two ways to cut down on intake of cholesterol-influencing terpenes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Switch to filtered coffee.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/sup&gt; The terpenes are mostly retained in the paper filter instead of going into your drink. At the same time, cut down on the cream and sugar, as you already noted ;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quit drinking coffee completely.&lt;/strong&gt; Even filtered coffee still has &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; terpenes present, and therefore can still impact cholesterol levels. Filtered coffee is a significant improvement — &quot;serum cholesterol raising effect of unfiltered coffee ... is reduced by about 80% in filtered coffee&quot;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n9/full/1601668a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; — but if you're being very rigorous about watching your dietary cholesterol intake, it may be time to quit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further reading, some sources are below. The fourth (Strandhagen and Thelle 2003) has a number of additional studies in its introduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6242467/ns/health-heart_health/t/coffee-cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coffee and Cholesterol: Does your daily morning jolt boost the risk of heart disease?&lt;/a&gt; (NBC News)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA401225/Does-Coffee-Raise-Cholesterol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Does Coffee Raise Cholesterol?&lt;/a&gt; (Dr. Andrew Weil)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;van Dusseldorp et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/11/3/586.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cholesterol-raising factor from boiled coffee does not pass a paper filter.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.&lt;/em&gt; 1991 May-Jun;11(3):586-93&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Strandhagen and D S Thelle. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/n9/full/1601668a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Filtered coffee raises serum cholesterol: results from a controlled study.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;European Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/em&gt; (2003) 57, 1164–1168.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="827" LastEditorUserId="827" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T16:56:56.720" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T16:56:56.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T14:18:00.810" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides anti-inflammatory medicines and resting, I was wondering what are the best practices to help correct a bulging disc or disc protrusion when walking, sitting, sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard about reinforcing the abdominal area and some other exercises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any tips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2469" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T00:20:21.550" Title="How to help cure a disc protrusion" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3837" CreationDate="2015-12-29T15:31:07.887" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The hygiene hypothesis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For some reason I hold the opinion that the immune system needs to be kept busy so it wont get weak&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In scientific terms, this is known as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448690/&quot;&gt;hygiene hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;. It was proposed in 1989 by Strachan and is about whether people who have been exposed to a lower amount of pathogens in their childhood are more likely to develop autoimmune or hypersensitivity (allergy) disorders later in life. Strachan actually didn't propose it in the context of hygiene, but in the context of families having less children and thus &lt;a href=&quot;http://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/suppl_1/S2&quot;&gt;children being exposed to their siblings' infections less often&lt;/a&gt;, though. He found that children with fewer siblings had a higher incidence of asthma and hayfever and came up with the hypothesis to explain his observation. The name has stuck, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true? Possibly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chromic inflammatory diseases are in fact &lt;a href=&quot;http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/2013/1/46&quot;&gt;more prevalent in the so-called developed world&lt;/a&gt;. As Ghana got richer and presumably 'cleaner', the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1808098/&quot;&gt;rates of allergies and asthma increased&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The role of vaccinations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;letting your kids get low-risk childhood sicknesses like mumps, rubella or chickenpox is &quot;training&quot; their immune systems&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, no, even despite the hygiene hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, whether these are not low-risk diseases is in fact debatable, but outside the scope of this question, I think. Mumps and measles can end in encephalitis. Since you can not guarantee that every child who isn't vaccinated will get the disease 'naturally', not vaccinating compromises &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection/&quot;&gt;herd immunity&lt;/a&gt; and can lead to the more vulnerable members of society (small children, immunocompromised patients, pregnant women) being exposed, which can lead to severe consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism by which all of this works is a lot more complicated than that the immune system needs to be kept &lt;strong&gt;busy&lt;/strong&gt;, though. It depends on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5567/490.short&quot;&gt;what the infections are, when they are, and what kind of immune response they raise&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists have tried to determine &lt;em&gt;which&lt;/em&gt; pathogens play a role in the hygiene hypothesis, and the result is now called the &lt;em&gt;old friends hypothesis&lt;/em&gt;. From the summary of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x/full&quot;&gt;99&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The most relevant organisms are those that co-evolved with mammals, and already accompanied early hominids in the Paleolithic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;More recently evolved ‘childhood infections’ are not likely to have evolved this role, and recent epidemiology supports this contention.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pathogens usually indicated in research are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5567/490.short&quot;&gt;worm/parasite infections&lt;/a&gt;, and general exposure to bacteria from the environment. Household hygiene is likely to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/best-practice-review/hygiene-hypothesis-and-its-implications-home-hygiene-lifestyle-and-public-0&quot;&gt;only play a small part in the process&lt;/a&gt;, while an larger part is played by letting children be exposed to things outside of an urban environment. Diseases we vaccinate against don't seem to play a role.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2015-12-29T15:31:07.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T16:10:48.663" Score="6" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;If symptoms are our bodies way of saying that something is wrong and needs to be attacked/fixed, why do we take medicines to suppress our symptoms? Doesn't that negate the point of having the symptoms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This questions is geared towards more mild symptoms like the cold, not life threatening symptoms which must be addressed for a persons livelihood or basic life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2471" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-29T18:35:30.637" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T03:08:02.250" Title="Why is medicine used to treat symptoms which are our body's way of telling us something is wrong?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-29T17:48:16.450" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some claims that local applications or ingestions of lemon eucalyptus oil help treating a tendinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example from Worwood, Valerie Ann. &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=MflOkV2qNAUC&amp;amp;pg=PA75&amp;amp;lpg=PA75&amp;amp;dq=lemon+eucalyptus+oil+tendonitis&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=69PMaxbj_7&amp;amp;sig=gDcSRCq8jpWLysVqm2upL3N58cE&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwix8-WHz4HKAhUCax4KHa4kBawQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=lemon%20eucalyptus%20oil%20tendonitis&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy: Over 600 Natural, Non-toxic &amp;amp; Fragrant Recipes to Create Health• Beauty• A Safe Home Environment&lt;/a&gt;. New world library, 2012:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BMsre.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BMsre.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence supporting or infirming the usefulness of local applications or ingestions of lemon eucalyptus oil to treat a tendinitis? I am mostly interested in lateral epicondylopathies of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is the recommended use? (number of applications per day, quantity to use, before/after physical effort, morning/evening, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-11-25T17:08:31.623" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T17:08:31.623" Title="Do local applications or ingestion of lemon eucalyptus oil help treating a tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4232" CreationDate="2015-12-29T23:47:42.837" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I presume you're taking the teleological view that symptoms are &quot;good&quot; and have a beneficial (if not fully understood) purpose, and therefore should not be messed with. That is a &lt;em&gt;cognitive bias&lt;/em&gt; (a belief based on a construct, not objective evidence). Taking your example, I would ask you, what beneficial purpose does a runny/stuffy nose serve? Does it facilitate viral removal? Is it necessary to full recovery from a cold? Is long-term immunity to a rhinovirus enhanced if no symptomatic treatment is rendered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Do you have any evidence that not treating symptoms is beneficial?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...why do we take medicines to suppress our symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, let me clarify that symptoms are neither &quot;good&quot; nor &quot;bad&quot;; they merely &lt;strong&gt;inform&lt;/strong&gt; (although one can argue that &lt;em&gt;the absence of symptoms&lt;/em&gt; is a good thing.) Illness/disease/disorder is present. Thanks to them, now we know, and we can treat (or not treat) the underlying disorder. But the symptoms themselves are merely the body's reactions; they aren't necessarily &lt;em&gt;good&lt;/em&gt;. Sometimes mild symptoms aren't treated, but the decision to treat is based on how disruptive (and/or dangerous) they are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume only 'relatively benign' symptoms, for example a runny nose, sore throat and cough that typically results from infection with a rhinovirus (the most common cause of the common cold). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People treat a runny nose because it bothers them. It's hard to breathe easily with a runny nose, and the mere presence of nasal congestion causes a mild and very annoying feeling of air hunger in many people. Mouth-breathing dehydrates the oropharynx and upper airway, making a sore throat worse, worsens coughs, and makes sleep difficult, resulting in daytime drowsiness, irritability, etc. Overall, it's uncomfortable. The same applies to the sore throat: it makes eating, drinking, swallowing, and communication uncomfortable. Coughing (and sneezing) causes increased pain in sore throats, can keep people awake, spreads illness through  aerosolized droplets (making for awkward social interactions), etc. The benefit of &lt;em&gt;not treating&lt;/em&gt; these symptoms is largely unknown; &lt;strong&gt;the benefit&lt;/strong&gt; of treating these symptoms (which supports the multi-billion dollar cold remedy industry) is that it just makes people feel better overall. They sleep better, cough less, feel less achey, swallow with less discomfort, etc. That's why people treat their cold symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The morbidity associated with non–influenza-related VRTI is not trivial. ...the total economic impact [in the US] of non–influenza-related [Viral respiratory tract infection] approaches $40 billion annually (direct costs, $17 billion per year; and indirect costs, $22.5 billion per year).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the deleterious effects of rhinovirus infection are known (production of chemokines by epithelial cells resulting in influx of leukocytes into the airway leading to airway pathology; release of inflammatory cell products from neutrophils, cationic protein release from eosinophils, reactive oxygen species, etc., which can cause tissue damage.) However, &lt;em&gt;the benefit of not treating a rhinovirus infection&lt;/em&gt; is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that unless and until benefits are shown of &lt;em&gt;not treating&lt;/em&gt; symptoms, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio&quot;&gt;risk to benefit ratio&lt;/a&gt; of treatment of the common cold is incompletely known. In that event, the practice will favor treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My hope in answering this question is to shed light on the potential harm of teleological arguments, that they need to be discarded in favor of objective evidence. Things are not true because one believes them to be true; to quote Philip K. Dick, &quot;Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;This answer ignores obvious risks of treatment, such as decongestants in hypertensives, etc. which are present on information labels on OTC medications, and the risks of treatments without well-known benefit, e.g. Vitamin C supplements.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603121629&quot;&gt;The common cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=215118&amp;amp;resultclick=1&quot;&gt;The Economic Burden of Non–Influenza-Related Viral Respiratory Tract Infection in the United States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2005/11001/Role_of_Viral_Infections,_Atopy_and_Antiviral.11.aspx&quot;&gt;Role of Viral Infections, Atopy and Antiviral Immunity in the Etiology of Wheezing Exacerbations Among Children and Young Adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1084743&quot;&gt;How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T03:08:02.250" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T03:08:02.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T04:32:14.093" Score="6" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually set my alarm really loud so that I will definitely wake up. Usually that is accompanied by disorientation, headaches, etc. However, I read about 'completing the sleep cycle' and that it allows for more fulfilling sleep, along with easier waking up, so I started finding ways to implement that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way that occurred to me: what if I set my alarm to 'endless mode' but lower the volume to around 30%? I read that it is very difficult to wake a person in deep sleep, but it becomes easier in light sleep. In this way, when I am in deep sleep I won't wake up, but when I transition into light sleep, then the lower volume will be enough to wake me up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a good technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2475" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T17:05:57.703" Title="Is setting your alarm for a long duration at a lower volume a good way to ensure you wake up in light sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4261" CreationDate="2015-12-30T07:06:33.517" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; in PLOS Medicine on the treatment of multidrug resistant TB.  They suggest that treatments are more effective if a large number (more than 5) treatments are used simultaneously.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know also that many infectious diseases are currently treated with combination therapies (eg ACT for malaria, atripla for HIV) to slow the evolution of drug resistance.  I was curious if there was a down side to using every (or almost every) available treatment for a given infectious disease, instead of one or a few?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly some treatments come with side effects which are unpleasant enough to avoid them from the start, and there may be instances where different drugs interact to be less effective (or in combination tolerated only in lower, less effective doses).  But in general, is there a downside to hitting infectious agents with every potentially effective treatment as a matter of course?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T14:51:46.890" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T20:30:58.060" Title="Multidrug treatment to prevent evolution of resistance" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;evolution&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T12:42:42.007" Score="0" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;Part of a medical exam result reads:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C3 to C7 mild posterior disc bulging with mild impression on dural sac is seen.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/de8kU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/de8kU.png&quot; alt=&quot;Spinal cord&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;Given the fact that C3 is followed by C4 in the cervical cord, can C3 apply any pressure  on C7 which is located much below it? Is there any possiblity of typo in the exam?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2244" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:23:57.643" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:23:57.643" Title="Can spinal cord's C3 disc apply pressure on C7?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;cervical-vertebrae-cv&gt;&lt;posterior-bulging-discs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4240" CreationDate="2015-12-30T14:13:56.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are misunderstanding what that sentence says - as I interpret it it means that the posterior discs from C3 &lt;strong&gt;to&lt;/strong&gt; C7 are bulging. So all five of them, C3/4/5/6/7 (or rather, the four discs between them) are affected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-30T14:45:45.013" LastActivityDate="2015-12-30T14:45:45.013" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2015-12-30T20:28:24.840" Score="4" ViewCount="682" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a member of the National Ski Patrol, and this year at the OEC refresher we were told (repeatedly) that EMTs no longer use backboards as immobilization devices, so we shouldn't be surprised if paramedics ask us to take a patient off of one for transfer to a stretcher. We were also told to put a blanket under the patient when possible to make transport easier, and that NSP would likely be switching soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We weren't, however, told why this change is happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why aren't EMTs using long spine boards as immobilization devices anymore? NSP is apparently planning to change, so it's clearly not limited to ambulances. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I couldn't tell if it was an EMT standard of training change or local protocol, so apologies if it's the latter. If it's local, it's going to be local to New York State, in the USA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;I'm not sure if emergency care is on-topic here, but I saw nothing indicating it wasn't. Also, just joined this community, so I have no idea what the tags are. Apologies.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2479" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-03-22T15:11:20.440" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T15:11:20.440" Title="Why are backboards no longer used as spinal immobilization devices?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4243" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2015-12-30T20:51:08.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Emergency medical care is any care which takes place soon after the injury and focuses more on stabilizing the patient and keeping life and limb intact during transport to or while waiting for definitive care, as opposed to treatment of the injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2479" LastEditorUserId="2479" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T12:43:45.727" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T12:43:45.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4244" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2015-12-30T20:51:08.440" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding emergency medical care and treatment." OwnerUserId="2479" LastEditorUserId="2479" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T12:33:39.280" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T12:33:39.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4285" CreationDate="2015-12-30T21:20:27.730" Score="6" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend is on this diet where he has 6 small healthy meals rather than 3 big healthy meals. He says it is healthier to eat the same meals spread apart throughout the day. Now to avoid comparing Apples to Ice Cream, let's say the 3 meal diet and the 6 meal diet contains the same food in the same quantity. Will the 6 meals really be healthier than the 3? And what are the actual health benefits of the 6 meal diet oppose to eating the same food in 3 meals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2391" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T17:52:39.937" Title="What are the health benefits of consuming smaller meals more often throughout the day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4230" CreationDate="2015-12-31T00:04:50.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like you are talking about trying to help a possible disc pathology in your lower back region because you referenced the abdominal area. For lower back discs most of the time it is due to a flexion intolerance, in my opinion, and from the work of Prof Stuart McGill &amp;amp; Dr Craig Liebenson which you can see here &lt;a href=&quot;http://chirocentre.co.uk/lower-back-bent-over-forward-flexion-intolerant-spine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://chirocentre.co.uk/lower-back-bent-over-forward-flexion-intolerant-spine/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lower back pain from a lumbar disc source of pain tends to get worse from poor controlled lumbar spine flexion. That's why the McKenzie exercises are recommended physical therapists and chiropractors. Abdominal hollowing is one train of thought however, I follow the thinking of the work coming out of the Prague School of Rehabilitation method more which recommends using abdominal breathing instead. So pushing your stomach out when you breath in and pulling it in when you breath out. They also have other exercises or postures they recommended to help out. I made a massive Youtube playlist for people to watch if they want &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlQpsUduPwnH4Umm3fKrBG3V_ZrtlXU--&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlQpsUduPwnH4Umm3fKrBG3V_ZrtlXU--&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2481" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T00:04:50.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13474" CreationDate="2015-12-31T00:28:59.257" Score="4" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dextromphetamine is used long-term to treat ADHD. Does the agent's effectiveness in treating the disorder decrease with time? Do the mood elevating properities of the drug attenuate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:10:39.220" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T01:22:55.023" Title="Does tolerance develop to medicinal use of dextroamphetamine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;mood-moodiness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4255" CreationDate="2015-12-31T02:23:21.407" Score="9" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and want to be a web programmer. It's really annoying when you have an error and can't see where it is or can't focus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried seeing a psychologist, but it didn't help that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to overcome it myself &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to get rid of it totally&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that it will take time without professional help, but I don't know how to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2483" LastEditorUserId="1307" LastEditDate="2016-03-08T01:07:22.120" LastActivityDate="2016-03-08T01:07:22.120" Title="Is there any way to overcome Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder without using medicine?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3106" CreationDate="2015-12-31T02:37:59.247" Score="6" Body="&lt;h1&gt;An overview of the monoamine neurotransmitters&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter associated with attention and motivation (9). It is implicated in various other conditions such as psychosis, and Parkinson's disease (9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Noradrenaline (NE - norepinephrine in North America) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a role in attention and arousal (9). NE is produced from DA. (5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serotonin (5-HT) in an indolamine. 5-HT modulates mood, aggression, dominance, appetite, and sleep (9). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The pathogenesis of ADHD&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most prevalent theory of the pathogenesis of ADHD is that it results from an &quot;deficiency&quot; of some of the various monoamine neurotransmitters. DA, NE, and to a lesser degree 5-HT, are all implicated (5)(6). DA is the neurotransmitter most heavily associated with ADHD, and its role in the mediation of the disease was primarily elucidated by methylphenidate's effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission (6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Pharmacodynamics of antidepressants&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different antidepressants work through different mechanisms. The major  antidepressants are segregated into three classes: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), TCAs, and SSRIs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MAOIs &quot;increase&quot; the levels of all of the monoamine (DA, NE, and 5-HT, among others) neurotransmitters by preventing the deamination of these neurotransmitters by inhibiting the activity of the monoamine oxidase (8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The affinities for different transporter proteins varies widely in the TCA class. TCAs are generally considered to inhibit the reuptake of NE and 5-HT, although this varies greatly from TCA to TCA. Clomipramine, for instance, has a much higher affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) than the noradrenaline transporter (NET) (7). Amitriptyline has relatively balanced 5-HT and NE action, whereas desipramine and nortriptyline very selective for NET. (7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SSRIs (as the name suggests) are most potent at inhibiting SERT. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The role of antidepressants in the treatment of ADHD&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are the main class of antidepressants used to treat ADHD typically in conjunction with a stimulant. Most TCAs inhibit the reuptake of NE into the presynaptic clef. This is a mode of action shared with stimulant medications. Their efficacy in the remediation of ADHD symptoms is inferior to that of the stimulants (3). Due to the lack of action on dopamine neurotransmission, TCAs only treat the hyperactive element of ADHD - in other words, they often fail to improve concentration (3). Desipramine, because of its selectivity for NE reuptake inhibition, is the TCA most frequently used for ADHD (2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors  (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine are occasionally used in conjuction with stimulants (3). Contaminant use of fluoxetine with a stimulant results in a significant increase in school performance, and attenuation of irritability: &lt;em&gt;&quot;things that used to bother me a whole don't seem to bother me much anymore&quot;&lt;/em&gt; (3). Low serotonin is associated with impulsivity and aggression (3). It's hypothesized in (3) that fluoxetine may influence the brain's response to DA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1938791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1938791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238582&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fluoxetine and methylphenidate in combination for treatment of attention deficit disorder and comorbid depressive disorder, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drthomasebrown.com/pdfs/fluoxetine.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.drthomasebrown.com/pdfs/fluoxetine.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment of ADHD with fluoxetine: a preliminary trial, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1938791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1938791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Functional Roles of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in ADHD &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/523887&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/523887&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):an updated review of the essential facts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014120/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Role of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Current Psychiatric Practice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chapter 12: Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters &lt;a href=&quot;http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter12.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter12.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T10:56:02.127" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T10:56:02.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4256" CreationDate="2015-12-31T02:58:38.737" Score="9" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does lifting weights inhibit growth for teens and kids? Some people I know argue yes, while others argue no. So, I want to know which one is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2391" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T12:54:03.800" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T19:46:03.000" Title="Does lifting weights inhibit growth for teens and kids?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4249" CreationDate="2015-12-31T03:01:54.037" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In regards to your psychologist, remember that it often takes time before you find one that suits you. Perhaps this one simply isn't suitable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an effective non-drug treatment for ADHD. Ask your psychologist about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ADHD is postulated to relate to a &quot;deficiency&quot; of two chemicals within a particular region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. Stimulant medications such as Ritalin boost the levels of these chemicals to within a &quot;normal range&quot;. This is why medication is so effective. Perhaps you would consider medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hate to sound harsh: ADHD is a neurodevelopment disorder. As such, ADHD cannot be &quot;fixed&quot;, only managed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16961428&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16961428&lt;/a&gt;, Mechanism of action of agents used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T22:48:07.857" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T22:48:07.857" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3107" CreationDate="2015-12-31T04:19:21.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't much literature on this, so my best guess might have to suffice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OCD is on the anxiety spectrum of disorders. Vortioxetine is ineffective for GAD and therefore may not help remediate OCD symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon doing more research, I found evidence that both supports Vortioxetine as a treatment for GAD, and evidence that claims it is equivalent to placebo. Talk about confusing! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to OCD, Reference 5 states that their evidence suggests newer &quot;agents (ADs) should be tested more comprehensively.&quot;. It doesn't state that any of the newer antidepressants (which includes Vortioxetine) were ineffective. Based on Vortioxetine's mixed results for GAD, and the very vague and tentative for OCD, Vortioxetine is possibly an effective treatment for OCD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Against) A randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine 2.5 and 10 mg in acute treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24424707/?i=4&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24424707/?i=4&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Against) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, duloxetine-referenced study of the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine in the acute treatment of adults with generalised anxiety disorder, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24341301/?i=5&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24341301/?i=5&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(For) Vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25851751/?i=2&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25851751/?i=2&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(For) Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in generalized anxiety disorder: results of an 8-week, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22898365/?i=14&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22898365/?i=14&amp;amp;from=vortioxetine%20anxiety&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An updated review of antidepressants with marked serotonergic effects in obsessive-compulsive disorder., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24766145/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24766145/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2015-12-31T23:17:31.673" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T23:17:31.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4249" CreationDate="2015-12-31T15:01:49.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As aduckinthewinter mentioned, ADD/ADHD is not something that can be fixed - just managed. I wouldn't worry at all about trying to &quot;fix&quot; your ADD/ADHD, just understand it and work with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/612.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;experience hyperfocus&lt;/a&gt; if you do, learn to tap into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also make sure that you're getting proper sleep and nutrition. You might try an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/859-4.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;elimination diet&lt;/a&gt; to see if you have foods that trigger your inability to focus (you know, like sugar and caffeine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pay attention to your body - is there a time during the day that you have better focus? Morning? Night? Midday? Right after a nap? Does music help you focus? Distract you? Software development is actually a creative discipline - and while you do need to be able to focus when you're laying down code, there are a lot of times when you &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; creativity - even more so in the web sphere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal philosophy is that our society (especially in America) is entirely too bent on making everyone &quot;average&quot;. We are intolerant of behaviors and attitudes that stand out - unless of course they're at the head of a large organization or are really popular/entertaining. I think that causes a lot of problems with the mental health of a lot of people - in your case it seems like you feel broke and need fixing. In your words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I want to get rid of it totally&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not embrace who you are? Learn what your strengths are and how to use them to your advantage. Learn what your weaknesses are and how trick them into working for you. Like maybe spending a ton of time answering questions on the StackExchange network ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2485" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T15:01:49.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4251" CreationDate="2015-12-31T15:13:17.603" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL; DR: No, they won't impact growth if practiced within reason, and there is no damage to growth plates from injury. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical community and the public in general seems to regard strength training as a general voodoo practice that will &quot;hurt you&quot;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11019731&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fortunately, this has been getting debunked soundly for over a decade now&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite earlier concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of youth&#xA;  strength training, current public health objectives now aim to&#xA;  increase the number of boys and girls age 6 and older who regularly&#xA;  participate in physical activities that enhance and maintain muscular&#xA;  fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/Are-Weights-Safe-for-Kids.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends strength training for children 8 and up&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children will tend to play sports much earlier than they can strength train. Those sports and basic calisthenics teach motor control, discipline, and physical prowess. This will provide a great base if you move into supplemental strength training as they become older and can pay attention to training and form elements. In any case, as long as the exercise is age appropriate (Such as don't have your 10 year old squatting 250) and supervised, there shouldn't be an impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From there, you have kids who are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Athletic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Used to spending focused time on physical training.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Used to moving their bodies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Used to drills/skills: activities that are not sports themselves, but necessary for helping sports.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider the following two study excerpts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Experimental training protocols with weights and resistance machines and with supervision and low instructor/participant ratios are relatively safe and do not negatively impact growth and maturation of pre- and early pubertal youth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/17119361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/17119361&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Numerous studies have demonstrated that with appropriate supervision and precautions, resistance training can be safe and effective for children and adolescents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Resistance training had] no detrimental effect on linear growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16437017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16437017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all of that, there is the possibility that pushing children in exercise programs without paying attention to rest and nutrition needs could possibly result in growth impairment due to overly high stress levels or malnutrition. However, the basic question of does lifting affect height, the answer is no and it is even recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was brought together from two excellent answers on the Fitness Stack Exchange site, with &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/a/22331&quot;&gt;thanks to Daniel&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/a/22152&quot;&gt;to Eric Kaufman&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2015-12-31T19:46:03.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4174" CreationDate="2015-12-31T15:35:25.727" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like what you're talking about is related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_retention_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;water retention&lt;/a&gt;, a specialized case of fluid retention, which causes an effect known as edema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edema (and thus generalized fluid retention) can be divided into two categories: generalized edema and localized edema. The first occurs all over the body, while the second occurs in only certain parts of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various causes of fluid retention. Some include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Menstruation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diseases of the heart, liver and kidneys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Severe arthritis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain drugs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific cause can determine whether the edema is generalized or localized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www3.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcpdf.nsf/ByPDF/Fluid_retention/$File/Fluid_retention.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: The Better Health Channel (approved by the government of the State of Victoria, Australia)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be even more general, fluid retention is caused by the swelling or increase in pressure of various cavities within the body, including capillaries, the lymphatic system, and the organs I mentioned before. This can eventually cause ruptures to occur, and fluid will leak out. This in turn will cause edema in various parts of the body - again depending on the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187978.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Water weight&quot; appears to be referring to the amount of this excess fluid building up outside of these body cavities. &quot;Water retention&quot; refers to the general phenomenon, while &quot;edema&quot; refers to the associated swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, this is a well-documented phenomenon, although the term &quot;water weight&quot; isn't commonly used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A final note: As &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4174/is-water-weight-a-real-thing/4257#comment6899_4174&quot;&gt;YviDe said&lt;/a&gt;, the term may simply be used often in a non-technical way, to refer to some of the weight that is quickly lost in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T16:21:52.650" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:21:52.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1098" CreationDate="2016-01-01T14:38:38.877" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The integrity of the pills themselves should be fine with a few exceptions. I won't ask you what you take, but note that there are situations where this powder can cause problems. Though, it is rather unlikely.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The only thing I will add to this, as a pharmacist, is keeping all your pills in a single container makes identifying them difficult/time consuming for a third party. If you were in a situation where you or a loved/trusted one was unable to list your medications, having them all together makes this situation much more difficult and potentially harmful to you. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;By law, all prescribed medication marketed and sold within the US are required to have a stamp on them for identification purposes (see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=206.7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA's Code of Federal Regulations&lt;/a&gt;). If there are many different medications in a single container it is easier for a single pill to be missed in the sorting phase (as many pills are small, white, and round making them look incredibly similar). This could hurt you in the short and long run. Better to get a cheap pill box to separate them at least by what you take each day to cut down on some of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2489" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T17:04:07.477" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T17:04:07.477" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4238" CreationDate="2016-01-01T16:02:45.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;tl;dr - No, not really. HIV is different. No, use what is best (or best assumption based upon symptoms, finding, etc.) for infection.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You are asking several questions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;TB is a very tough bacteria to treat taking many months of therapy for two main reasons:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. It replicates very slowly. Preventing replication is one major area where antibiotics are effective. Slow replications makes stopping this process take longer as it is difficult to completely break the chain to reproduction.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2. It has the ability to encapsulate itself against the environment making it more difficult to get antimicrobials to penetrate and fight the infection.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is the simple explanation for why &quot;hitting it&quot; at every angle is the best mode of attack, especially in a situation where you have multi-drug resistance and are forced to use what would normally be &quot;second line&quot; agents.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;That being said, Successful eradication should lead to minimal additional drug resistance as all bacterial containing genes that allow for drug resistance to be wiped out and preventing them from being passed along to develop further resistances.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;HIV is treated with HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) to attack the virus at various modes of replication &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; entry into the cells. Another example of hitting it at every angle. One strategy utilized in HAART is to use medications &lt;em&gt;specifically&lt;/em&gt; for their drug interactions. Retrovir is utilized to increase the drug levels of other agents which allows for utilization of lower dosages. Lower doses = reduced side effects (typically).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Lastly, with a generic infection, overkill is simply overkill. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics is considered better utilization of every possible antibiotic available. More medications means more side effects, increased risk of drug-drug interactions, and cost. Medicine typically follows the path of empiric (best estimation of pathogen and course of treatment for it), followed by a culture to determine exact pathogen, then specific treatment of that pathogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2489" LastEditorUserId="2489" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T16:37:23.207" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T16:37:23.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4265" CreationDate="2016-01-01T18:34:15.693" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since most of the human body is never directly exposed to the atmosphere, is there a meaningful difference in pressure between any internal organs and the skin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how do open wounds which expose the internal organs affect the body from a pressure point of view? If not - why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure as to what tags would better suit the question, feel free to add any that may fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2492" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T19:27:29.610" Title="Is there a pressure differential between your skin and any internal part of the human body?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-04T21:02:49.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4264" CreationDate="2016-01-01T19:27:29.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, certainly. The human body has several systems which are separated from each other such that fluids cannot freely move between them, and the pressure within each is maintained in a very precise manner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples which come to mind are the cardiovascular system (which has variable pressure all the time, but it also varies in a strictly controlled way), the eye, the inner ear, and the brain ventricles and other parts of the nervous system which are bathed by the cerebrospinal fluid. Whenever the pressure of one of those is disregulated, the health consequences are severe: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypertension&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;glaucoma&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re&amp;#39;s_disease#Cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;endolymphatic hydrops&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;intercranial hypertension&lt;/a&gt; respectively. This list is not comprehensive, it just gives a few examples for better understanding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have a small wound, the vascular system gets opened, but there is very little blood flow through the peripheral vessels affected, and the body clots it quickly enough that it does not bleed out. If you get a large tear in a major blood vessel, then the blood pressure can indeed lead the body to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_squirt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bleed out&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get a large wound directly into the eye, pleural cavity, cranium or labyrinth(!), a pressure differential is not your main problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T19:27:29.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-01T19:38:15.173" Score="0" ViewCount="1463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a student with limited time available to cook. I try to stay healthy, though, with eating rice pilaf (rice cooked with various vegetables), milk, nuts and fruits. I am immensely fond of chicken wings, available at Walmart. Do these pose any risk to health? I buy the &quot;Nice&quot; chicken wings sriracha glazed, which have 12% sodium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be eating four wings at most in one day. My family has no history of hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2493" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-01T19:55:24.330" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T21:11:19.500" Title="Are precooked frozen chicken wings bad for health?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4266" CreationDate="2016-01-01T21:11:19.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are worried about the sodium: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHO recommends a reduction to &amp;lt;2 g/day sodium (5 g/day salt) in adults (strong recommendation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from the &quot;Sodium intake for adults and children&quot; guideline by the World Health Organisation. This is for healthy adults, sick people may need further restriction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that ~15 grams of these wings would hit your daily sodium intake alone. Since you are probably consuming more than 2 g sodium daily even when you leave out the wings (2 g sodium is somewhat hard to get to even if you watch your intake), chances are that you need to cut out some intake source if you want to match the recommendation. The wings might be the easiest thing, as I doubt that any other food in your diet could reach 12% sodium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are asking not about sodium, but for any potential health effect on you ever, which might occur from you changing your habits to not eat these wings? That's an unanswerable question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-01T21:11:19.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1162" CreationDate="2016-01-02T10:37:23.897" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to what anongoodnurse wrote about the patient likely dieing, I don't think this scenario would work at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV doesn't infect all immune cells. It infects &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/hiv-lifecycle/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;T-cells/CD4 cells&lt;/a&gt;, which are used for adaptive immunity. There are two features of HIV infections that make your scenario impossible or almost impossible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The time between infection of a cell and lysis (death) can be long, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151020/ncomms9447/full/ncomms9447.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;and it can even stay dormant&lt;/a&gt;. So there can always be cells that are infected and it can take years before the virus emerges from them &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the meantime, new T-cells are produced by the body, even in patients with HIV, though very slowly. The bone marrow that produces them is still there. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some people with AIDS, the number of CD4 cells counted in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aids.org/topics/aids-factsheets/aids-background-information/what-is-aids/hiv-testing/cd4-t-cell-tests/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood samples actually goes down to 0&lt;/a&gt;, which would be as close to your scenario as people can get and it still doesn't make them cured. The &quot;viral load&quot; measured in these patients is usually very high. Remember that HIV needs human cells to &lt;em&gt;reproduce&lt;/em&gt;, not to &lt;em&gt;survive&lt;/em&gt;. It will happily exist in an individual with no CD4 cells. That person can infect others and because the immune system can't replenish the CD4 cells fast enough (and they get infected soon after being produced) the immune system just stays very, very weak. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stem cell therapy approach to HIV was mentioned in comments, so I'd like to address that. It's not as &quot;easy&quot; as just doing a bone marrow transplant. The new cells would just get infected. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cirm.ca.gov/our-progress/disease-information/hivaids-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The donor has to be immune to HIV&lt;/a&gt; (some people are due to a mutation), so the newly produced cells can't be infected by the virus. Unfortunately, the mutation is rare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T10:37:23.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4272" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4275" CreationDate="2016-01-02T11:26:53.253" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a method/device for a person to analyze the basic characteristics of her blood without going to the doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background motivation: A patient has reoccurring symptoms that appear at random times. So far they were never present when the blood was taken and analyzed in the hospital and the blood tests showed nothing wrong. The idea is to have the patient take and analyze her blood samples while the symptoms are showing and present those to the doctor to aid diagnoses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2500" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T12:42:01.963" Title="Take and analyse blood samples at home" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4052" CreationDate="2016-01-02T11:45:35.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reference 1 refers to studies that trail various combinations of analgesics. Of note is the study concerning paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study compared the adverse effects of 4 groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paracetamol &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ibuprofen &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paracetamol and ibuprofen, and; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;placebo.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They found &quot;adverse events (signiﬁcant difference)&quot; consisted of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vomiting: 24%–32% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drowsiness: 5% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abdominal pain: 3%–10% &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And stated that the &quot;paracetamol group was drowsier than other groups.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference 1 states: &quot;Combining [the two] analgesics may increase the incidence of adverse effects.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar clinical trial was described in Reference 2. The paper found that adverse events were &quot;numerically higher in the groups receiving combination tablets.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this it can concluded that the likelihood of experiencing adverse effects is increased by combination of the two analgesics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find anything solid in regards to your last question. The increased likelihood of experiencing adverse effects may be due to the two agent's similar mechanism of action. Reference 3 states: &quot;Due to their mechanisms of action, using paracetamol and ibuprofen together theoretically increases the risk of renal and hepatic toxicity.&quot; It is possible that this extends to other adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Combining Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) with Nonsteroidal Antiinﬂammatory Drugs: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Analgesic Efﬁcacy for Acute Postoperative Pain, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.endoexperience.com/documents/APAPOngetal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.endoexperience.com/documents/APAPOngetal.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paracetamol, ibuprofen, or a combination of both drugs against knee pain: an excellent new randomised clinical trial answers old questions and suggests new therapeutic recommendations, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/70/9/1521.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ard.bmj.com/content/70/9/1521.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Evidence that alternate dosing of paracetamol and ibuprofen in children with fever may reduce temperature: other benefits uncertain &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2014/July/docs/BPJ62-news.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2014/July/docs/BPJ62-news.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T11:45:35.920" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1296" CreationDate="2016-01-02T12:25:12.293" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Results on this are mixed. For instance, Reference 1 states that there is no correlation, whereas, Reference 2 states that their results &quot;suggest that the overall IQ of the children exposed to high fluoride levels in drinking water and hence suffering from dental fluorosis were significantly lower than those of the low fluoride area.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the New Zealand study explains these finding quite nicely: &quot;Associations between very high fluoride exposure and low IQ reported in previous studies may have been affected by confounding, particularly by urban or rural status.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference 3 concludes &quot;children who live in a fluorosis area have five times higher odds of developing low IQ than those who live in a nonfluorosis area or a slight fluorosis area.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the sheer amount of mixed findings on this topic, I cannot answer your question with an iota of certainty. I could most certainly give you my &lt;em&gt;opinion&lt;/em&gt;, however, it is hardly relevant ;) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(No correlation) Community Water Fluoridation and Intelligence: Prospective Study in New Zealand. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832151&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832151&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Correlation) Relationship Between Dental Fluorosis and Intelligence Quotient of School Going Children In and Around Lucknow District: A Cross-Sectional Study. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673535&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673535&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Correlation) Fluoride and children's intelligence: a meta-analysis, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695947/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695947/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T12:25:12.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4272" CreationDate="2016-01-02T12:33:24.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few things that people can check by just looking at their own blood under the microscope, if they take some time to learn the skill. Counting red and white blood cells, for example. But without a lot of practice, those numbers could be very wrong. Also, you probably won't be able to differentiate between the types of white blood cells.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some things that can be done using tests that you can buy at a pharmacy (and maybe even a supermarket), for example blood sugar. These are usually very easy to use so people can use them at home. When in doubt, ask a pharmacist or doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some bacteria can be stained and identified with equipment that can be purchased from specialised businesses. Again, this takes practice. It's easy to get something wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And unless we are talking about diabetes or leukemia, both of which would also show up when being tested at a doctor's office, these tests are not helpful in your scenario. Almost all other medical tests, like testing antibodies, hormones, vitamins, CRP, need specialized lab equipment and people with training. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There would be the possibility of taking blood and having it analyzed later. But while &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22823600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blood can be stored in a cold environment and analyzed later&lt;/a&gt; (most doctor's offices I know only deliver to a lab once a day, storing the blood in a fridge before that), most people aren't trained at taking whole vials of blood,  and even people who are don't usually take their own blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient's best bet in this scenario is to have some doctor take the blood while the symptoms are occurring and send the sample to the lab. Doesn't necessarily have to be the treating specialist - one of mine is 70 kilometers away, so I have my blood tests done by my GP I can walk to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a bit of an aside, I have a hard time coming up with anything that would show up in the blood sample while showing symptoms, but fail to show up in one taken a few hours later after symptoms subside. Then again, I am not a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-02T12:42:01.963" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T12:42:01.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3934" CreationDate="2016-01-02T13:28:48.450" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For most people, no. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prenatal vitamins usually contain folate acid, some also contain B12, iodine, and/or vitamin D. For deficiencies in the last three, usually, special supplements will be given. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, certain medications actually mess with the foliate cycle in the body, and require patients to take supplemental folic acid. One of those is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/treatments/medication/drug-types/disease-modifying-drugs/methotrexate-side-effects.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;methotrexate&lt;/a&gt;. Some doctors prescribe higher dose folic acid to be taken once weekly, others recommend just taking a folic acid supplement daily - which are usually marketed as prenatal vitamins. Patients taking that often enjoy the irony of taking prenatal vitamins alongside a medication that is actively harmful to a pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's rare, but possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-02T13:28:48.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-02T23:42:41.940" Score="5" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;A quick research on the internet seems to suggest that 1/g per lb to 1.5g per lb is ideal for body building. I am currently consuming around 160g of protein per day for my bulking routine (most of it through protein powder). I am interested in understanding the potential side effect of my diet. If I continue this diet will I run into potential kidney issues or other organ issues in the future? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2504" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T20:21:08.350" Title="What is the current scientific consensus in the amount and quality of protein to consume for bodybuilding?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-03T08:13:34.973" Score="6" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have researched this topic and found conflicting opinions towards the amyloid hypothesis in causing Alzheimer's disease. How valid is it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2456" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-10T09:15:06.657" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T02:23:09.370" Title="How valid is the amyloid hypothesis in the causation of Alzheimer's disease?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-02T14:50:29.850" Score="1" ViewCount="2329" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a broken rib there is no practical way to immobilize the broken bone while it heals (I mean you could brace it and use a heart-lung machine while it heals but that isn't done). This means that it could poke your lungs causing you to have a collapsed lung. It could also poke your heart causing it to bleed into the chest cavity. It could also rupture your diaphragm and abdominal organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is even more likely with a compound fracture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do most people not have these complications even with compound rib fractures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" OwnerDisplayName="Caters" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:57:19.903" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:57:19.903" Title="Why do broken ribs not lead to more complications?" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;diaphragm&gt;&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;&lt;collapsed-lung&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="920" CreationDate="2016-01-03T17:13:22.593" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;The exact value depends on a lot of things - skin tone, the time of day, latitude,  how deep the shade is,... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076005002220&quot;&gt;Vitamin D effective ultraviolet wavelengths due to scattering in shade&lt;/a&gt; found that the UVB radiation at 280–320 nanometers that is needed for vitamin D production dropped to levels at around 50% in a tree shade and under an umbrella. It was much less on a covered veranda - around 11% - and completely absent in a car with closed windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1667/RR1951.1?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&amp;amp;&quot;&gt;Latitudinal Variations over Australia of the Solar UV-Radiation Exposures for Vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in Shade Compared to Full Sun&lt;/a&gt; came to similar conclusions (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using shade for UV&lt;sub&gt;D3&lt;/sub&gt; exposures can reduce total UV-radiation exposure by &lt;strong&gt;37% to 58%&lt;/strong&gt; compared to full sun UV&lt;sub&gt;D3&lt;/sub&gt; exposures. This research indicates that an improved approach to optimize UV-radiation exposures for the production of vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is to use diffuse UV radiation under shade in and around the middle of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since exposure to these wavelengths is what drives vitamin D production, an approximate answer to your question is probably &quot;around 35 to 55%&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T17:13:22.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4246" CreationDate="2016-01-03T17:52:39.937" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both these schedules, ie., 3 meals a day and 6 meals a day, can work well for different type of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s look at the benefits of eating 3 meals a day first&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This schedule often works well for most of us in the long term as we are used to the breakfast-lunch-dinner that we eat at home. Mostly, people do not want to eat immediately upon waking up (generally it’s a couple of hours after waking up). More often than not, most of us do not feel like eating after breakfast till it is lunchtime. Three-meal schedule allows you to eat bigger meals and this is where six meals a day theory becomes a problem for those who love to eat big and are trying to lose weight. Six small meals will never make you feel that you have eaten enough; you might feel like you are just snacking and it makes you crave for more. So, three-meal schedule teaches you to take control of your hunger better whereas eating six times a day tends to make you eat more, as you end up eating every 2-3 hours irrespective of the fact that you are hungry or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let’s look at the benefits of 6-meals-a-day schedule &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could be an ideal plan when you are required to a lot of calories to gain weight or if you are a sports person who burns a lot of calories. Also, it’s something you want to follow if you are someone who needs to consume high amounts of protein as our body can only assimilate and absorb between 30-40 grams of quality protein per meal. Therefore, this schedule is ideal for people who want to limit protein intake to about 15-40 grams per meal. Another benefit of 6-meal-a-day plan is when you are required to consume large amounts of carbs. It can also help you to maintain your sugar levels. For some, especially diabetics, it could be a tough ask to go on for more than 3-4 hours without eating anything and smaller frequent servings would work well to maintain stable energy/sugar levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/how-3-meals-day-became-rule-and-why-we-should-be-eating-whenever-we-get-hungry-324892&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medicaldaily.com/how-3-meals-day-became-rule-and-why-we-should-be-eating-whenever-we-get-hungry-324892&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.barriespiritsoccer.com/carbohydrates.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.barriespiritsoccer.com/carbohydrates.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2499" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T17:52:39.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-03T18:21:40.500" Score="3" ViewCount="382" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does stress cause the frequent urge to urinate? Does it involve the kidneys increasing urine production?  Is there any potential benefit for the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2510" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-03T08:16:51.827" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T12:36:26.600" Title="How does stress cause the frequent urge to urinate?" Tags="&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4238" CreationDate="2016-01-03T20:30:58.060" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hitting infectious agents with every potentially effective treatment is not recommended as there are best practices and guidelines that are usually available for most clinical situations that you are likely to encounter. However, in the remote event that you've become a pioneer and find yourself treading uncharted seas, you will probably be at liberty like most pioneers to adapt to the situation as a clinician and guided by sound knowledge of microbiology and pharmacology you will be able to eliminate your patient's pathology and restore their physiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2511" LastActivityDate="2016-01-03T20:30:58.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4291" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4292" CreationDate="2016-01-04T16:24:44.467" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transsexuals seeking &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sex reassignment surgery&lt;/a&gt; require at least one, and usually two, referrals from medical professionals.  Ordinarily, in order to get these referrals the patient must have completed one year of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-life_experience_%28transgender%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;real-life experience&lt;/a&gt; (the &quot;real-life test&quot;), where they live consistently as their stipulated gender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Question&lt;/em&gt;: Are there other surgeries with comparable restrictions to the real-life test for transsexual genital surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any.  I know there can be long waiting lists for surgery, but that's different to waiting to be put on a waiting list for surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard in some places to obtain an abortion you need to wait a few days.  That's the closest I can think of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2520" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T19:44:47.113" Title="Are there other surgeries with comparable restrictions to the real-life test for transsexual genital surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4291" CreationDate="2016-01-04T19:44:47.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394109/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;six month rule&lt;/a&gt; demanding abstinence from alcohol for liver transplants.  I can't immediately find evidence of similar rules for other organs, but they might exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can also be a &lt;a href=&quot;http://baaps.org.uk/baapsmedia/docs/code_of_conduct.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cooling-off period&lt;/a&gt; for plastic surgery, but that's not really a lifestyle test.  It's kind of the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2343" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T19:44:47.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4279" CreationDate="2016-01-04T20:21:08.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the recommendations that I see on the internet are in the 1g-1.5g per kg of bodyweight, not per pound. However, there is no real specific &quot;You must eat this&quot; number for protein that is correct for everyone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760315/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;basic recommendation currently in the US&lt;/a&gt; is 56g per day for the average sedentary man or woman, based on a 70kg body weight. As you exercise, that requirement goes up. However, based on your own age, body makeup, type of activity, it will vary some. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/73/5/1986&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study compared&lt;/a&gt; leucine and nitrogen balance in both sedentary and strength athletes, using a range from .8 to 1.8 (rounded) g/kg of protein, and tested the nitrogen balance. The low end of the scale was sufficient for sedentary, while the mid-high levels were sufficient for strength athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007%2804%2900099-1/abstract?cc=y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study on endurance athletes&lt;/a&gt; suggests that for low-moderate training levels, the sedentary protein consumption was adequate, &lt;em&gt;provided&lt;/em&gt; that carbohydrate levels were high enough. For high training levels, then higher protein intake was indicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the long term, many of the problems that can occur may or may not be related to the protein, but also to the excess fats and the quality of the protein. Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pcrm.org/health/reports/analysis-of-health-problems-associated-with-high&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;good writeup on a review of self reported problems&lt;/a&gt; in an Atkins type diet (High protein/fat, low carb).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 160g/day, you are at a level that I would consider sufficient for around a 220 lb man that is actively engaged in strength training (You do say you are bulking). Since you also state that your primary source is protein powder, I would be more concerned about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/july/food/protein-drinks/whats-in-your-protein-drink/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;possible heavy metal contamination&lt;/a&gt;, or some of the side effects of whey protein (gout, kidney stones) in the absence of adequate hydration. There have been also some reports of feminization (gynecomastia, loss of sex drive) in males that consume excess soy protein/products, but there have not been any definitive studies in that area that I am aware of. Whenever possible, get your protein from real food and you will be much better off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side note: There is also some concern regarding aspartame in protein drinks/powders, which breaks down in the body to formaldehyde and formic acid, but again, no definitive studies that I have seen yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-01-04T20:21:08.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-04T20:48:41.573" Score="8" ViewCount="5173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find omeprazole (Prilosec, Losec) and ranitidine (Zantac) work about equally well for stomach acid reduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For long term daily use, which is safer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-01-05T08:34:00.417" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T17:57:46.027" Title="Long term use of stomach acid reducers: Omeprazole or Ranitidine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4301" CreationDate="2016-01-05T11:24:04.630" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't eat fast food and go to the gym. I try to eat healthily &amp;amp; sensibly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that I sometimes feel hungry/have an energy dip mid-afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always have some granola bars in a desk drawer &amp;amp; will occasionally have one of those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I eat a piece of fruit then, and, if so, whic? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2523" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T22:56:06.960" Title="If I add one fruit a day - which one?" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-01-05T23:23:54.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4331" CreationDate="2016-01-05T13:59:56.183" Score="4" ViewCount="5149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was having a headache and it remained this way for 3 to 4 hours. Then I took &quot;Ponstan&quot; . My headache was completely gone immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What active ingredient is in Ponstan and how does it work? Also, is it normal for Ponstan to have such a quick effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2525" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-09T14:27:06.883" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T14:27:06.883" Title="How does Ponstan treat headaches?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T15:38:49.333" Score="4" ViewCount="802" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is loperamide safe to use long term for the treatment of chronic diarrhea in IBS patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:15:20.553" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T08:03:04.570" Title="Long term usage of loperamide to treat IBS" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4283" CreationDate="2016-01-05T19:44:27.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ribs have an important role to play: they &lt;em&gt;protect the internal organs of the chest from injury&lt;/em&gt;. They wouldn't be very good at it if something as minor as a break was likely to allow a rib to poke and puncture things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ribs act as a unit (they all move at the same time) and they offer a lot of protection to the heart, lungs, etc., because they are attached to each other and the muscles around them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With a broken rib there is no practical way to immobilize it... This means that it could poke your lungs causing you to have a collapsed lung. It could also poke your heart... [etc.] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at the diagrams below, and imagine a fractured rib. A broken rib is not wild canon likely to do any of the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note carefully the amazing amounts of connective tissues (fascia, muscles, tendons, and ligaments) that attach to the &quot;rib cage&quot;, stabilizing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TscLQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TscLQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ribs are stabilized externally by groups of muscle. These attach to tough fascia surrounding the ribs. Between the ribs are three separate groups of muscles running in three different directions (diagonally back to front; vertically top to bottom, and diagonally front to back) attaching securely each (section of each) rib to the one above and below it. Finally they are attached to the spine and the breastbone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TcROI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TcROI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why rib fractures heal without splinting. The ribs aren't going anywhere; they basically stay put even when they are fractured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;vast majority&lt;/em&gt; of rib fractures are non-displaced, followed by minimally displaced ribs. These heal in place (even with continued movement and activity) through the usual process of callus formation, because there's nowhere for the ribs to go. Eventually the callus becomes big enough to contain both fractured ends of the rib and reunion takes place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rib fractures might cause pheumothorax or hemothorax if the rib is struck with great and narrowly focused force: the end of a baseball bat swung full force, or being thrown (rarely simply falling) against an immovable projecting object. Even then, in most cases the rib is not repaired; if it is projecting into the pleural space, it is manipulated to be less so, and kept under observation until healed or no longer a danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under certain circumstances, rib fractures must be surgically repaired; this is when enough multiple adjacent ribs are fractured at multiple places so that that a significant segment of the rib cage no longer functions as the rest of it does; this is called a &lt;em&gt;flail chest&lt;/em&gt;. Since respiration is compromised, this has to be repaired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One or two fractured ribs are rarely a cause for concern (as opposed to what caused them). Multiple rib fractures, especially adjacent, indicate greater level of trauma and must be treated differently because of underlying injury or the high risk of developing pneumonia or other complications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The greater the number of fractured ribs, the higher the mortality and morbidity rates. Patients with isolated rib fractures should be hospitalized if the number of fractured ribs is three or more. We also advocate that elderly patients with six or more fractured ribs should be treated in intensive care units due to high morbidity and mortality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00268-008-9770-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rib Fracture Repair: Indications, Technical Issues, and Future Directions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/133.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-06T07:01:59.327" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T07:01:59.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-05T20:53:46.810" Score="1" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking around for some time now trying to understand how the usage of a bra affects the firmness of breasts. Some people say that it is fundamental to prevent it from becoming flaccid, others even say that making the breasts &quot;weightless&quot; has a negative impact on their solidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this should be a matter of some interest if nothing else to women interested in the appearance of their brests, I was wondering if anybody did a thorough research on this. It should also be quite easy to study the firmness of breasts in relation to the attitude to wear a bra.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2529" LastEditorUserId="1233" LastEditDate="2016-05-26T10:16:53.117" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T10:02:50.373" Title="How does wearing a bra affect the firmness of breasts?" Tags="&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4295" CreationDate="2016-01-05T22:56:06.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why stick to only one type of fruit? One day you have an apple and a guava the next. After all, each fruit has it's own set of benefits and they are all good for your health. No fruit is considered bad to consume right? And if you are only looking to fill up your energy meter and to satiate your mid-afternoon cravings, bananas are an excellent choice as they are high in calories and are very effective in eliminating hunger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2530" LastActivityDate="2016-01-05T22:56:06.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4307" CreationDate="2016-01-05T23:59:07.143" Score="4" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder which medical imaging procedure allows to see a tendon's extracellular matrix. I am mostly interested in the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The purpose is diagnosing the nature, the severity, as well as the evolution of a tendinopathy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of normal and pathological extracellular matrices from Zheng, Ming Hao, Paul Anderson, and Jerome Waddell. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=Orthocell%27s+Ortho-ATI%3A+Tendon+Regeneration&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C22&amp;amp;as_sdtp=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthocell's Ortho-ATI: Tendon Regeneration&lt;/a&gt;. Vol. 1. Jerome Waddell, 2014.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SBwBa.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SBwBa.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdBoI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdBoI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:20:04.770" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:20:04.770" Title="Which medical imaging procedures allow to see a tendon's extracellular matrix?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4303" CreationDate="2016-01-06T17:12:47.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pictures you posted are simply light microscopy of tissue (and prepared quite well).  For a source, just look at the illustrations to Wikipedia's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology&quot;&gt;histopathology&lt;/a&gt; article and see for yourself what this type of picture looks like. Even if you could get a non-invasive imaging from a patient with that resolution (and I don't know of any which can do that, not even a 7 Tesla MRI), it won't look similar enough to be compared to the pictures from your post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd need a biopsy of the tendon to get these images, and given how slow tendons are in healing, and that we are presumably dealing with an already damaged tendon, punching a piece out of it just to take a look is probably not a good clinical decision. Also, I don't know how easy or hard it is to get the tissue prepared in this quality in medical practice, I have seen such slides mostly in the context of research biology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make the answer complete: There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www3.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/hell/STED.htm&quot;&gt;light microscope types&lt;/a&gt; which can be used in vivo, but they are certainly not yet ready for commercial use, not even in reasearch, much less in a clinical setting. And again, you're not really getting the same type of picture with them. So they are not a practical solution for what you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T17:12:47.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-06T22:21:11.683" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendon&amp;amp;oldid=775545083&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's page on tendon&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170505234817/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendon length varies in all major groups and from person to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I measure my tendon length? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the tendons that attach to the epicondyles of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/69i83w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/69i83w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qr.ae/TbAyEF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://qr.ae/TbAyEF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-05-05T23:55:27.510" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T23:55:27.510" Title="How can I measure my tendon length?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3982" CreationDate="2016-01-06T23:36:42.770" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's unclear, but it's generally terrible for your survival odds.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://preventcancer.aicr.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&amp;amp;id=13266&amp;amp;news_iv_ctrl=0&amp;amp;abbr=pr_hf_&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Institute for Cancer Research&lt;/a&gt; states quite bluntly that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While underweight men and women have higher overall mortality rates than people of normal weight, this association is not seen in deaths resulting from cancer. In fact, rates of death from cancer among the underweight are not any higher than among people of normal weight. That said, some factors associated with being underweight can and do raise risk for certain cancers.  Current and former smokers who are underweight have a higher risk of lung cancer.  A diet lacking in basic nutrients can impair immune function and raise risk of several types of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the difference here between a risk of cancer from being underweight and a risk of cancer from other factors that can cause a person to be underweight. The two are vastly different things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being underweight can lead to a higher mortality rate (see, for instance, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18519281&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ringbäck et al. (2008)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520651&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Katzmarzyk  et al. (2001)&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10752793&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Visscher et al. (2000)&lt;/a&gt;). However, this encompasses death via a variety of diseases, not just cancer. The jury is out on this, with some studies finding no correlation (&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=209359&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flegal et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;) and some studies finding a possible inverse relationship between BMI and cancer at some ages (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634678&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Maasland et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;, studying the risk of head-neck cancer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the effect of low BMI on cancer risk, being underweight can drastically reduce your odds of survival if you &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; end up getting cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277079&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Matsunaga et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Underweight patients had a higher risk of cerebrovascular or pulmonary complications and mortality after surgery or related procedures for lung cancer while in a hospital. Often, their risk levels were twice as high as those for patients of normal weight or overweight patients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26298184&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Migita et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; Underweight people undergoing surgery for gastric cancer had a five-year survival rate of 66.6%, compared to 81.3% in people with normal BMI and 79.9% in overweight people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26008961&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zogg et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; The risk-adjusted outcomes for underweight patients undergoing treatment or surgery for a variety of cancers &quot;consistently were worse&quot; than risk-adjusted outcomes for patients of normal BMI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2016-01-06T23:36:42.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4315" CreationDate="2016-01-07T02:30:59.603" Score="6" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a package of Daktarin oral gel, and want to decide what quantity to take. I have trouble understanding the leaflet. The box says that each gram of the gel contains 20 mg of the active ingredient, miconazole. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the third heading in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/uk/pdf/leaflet/572732.pdf&quot;&gt;leaflet&lt;/a&gt;, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Infections of the stomach and gut&lt;/strong&gt;: Adults, Children and infants over&#xA;  40 months: &lt;strong&gt;20 mg per kg of body weight per day&lt;/strong&gt;. Divided into four&#xA;  doses a day. Maximum dose is 10 ml of gel four times a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they mean 20 mg of whole gel or just the active ingredient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2537" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2016-01-07T13:54:56.610" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T20:44:20.043" Title="Do dosage directions refer to the amount of medical product or to the amount of active ingredient of it?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="679" CreationDate="2016-01-07T14:25:06.310" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where I live, diet products are mostly called &quot;light&quot;. In the US you have Diet Coke, we call it Coca Cola Light. This goes for chips (like Lays) as well. Light chips have 30% less fat. However, it turns out that the law here says that to qualify for the &quot;light&quot; label, the product needs to have at least 30% less for one of fat, sugar or calories. So if your favorite chips have 30% less fat, they qualify as &quot;light&quot;. But the law doesn't say that the other two (sugar and calories) should stay as they are. So Lays is free to add more sugar to it (or salt), thus compensating for the taste loss of the removed fat. I don't know how this works for Coke, where less sugar is probably not compensated with fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, in products where fat is replaced with sugar (and salt), I guess there is no health benefit. I would think sugar and salt is even worse than non saturated fat. This reasoning won't work for all products, but &quot;light&quot; and &quot;diet&quot; are more about marketing than about health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, as I seem to get downvotes and no comments on why, it means to me that you (the downvoters) can't handle the facts. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/low-fat-diet#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article on webmd&lt;/a&gt; about this. Apparently this applies to the US as well. A quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes &quot;fat-free&quot; is also, well, taste-free. And to make up for that, food makers tend to pour other ingredients -- especially sugar, flour, thickeners, and salt -- into the products. That can add calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For EU: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/labelling_nutrition/claims/nutrition_claims_en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition claims&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1218" LastEditorUserId="1218" LastEditDate="2018-10-20T19:41:12.410" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T19:41:12.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4311" CreationDate="2016-01-07T20:44:20.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, the leaflet in question also states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your doctor will tell you how much Daktarin &#xA;  oral gel to take and for how long you should &#xA;  take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is essential that your therapy is supervised by a physician&lt;/strong&gt;, primarily because infections of the stomach and the gut may be serious. The doctor can monitor how you respond to therapy in terms of both efficacy and safety (i.e. possible side effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, it is important that you understand the information provided in the leaflet, so here goes the explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 mg is the dose of the active substance. This is a common practice because there may be preparations of different concentrations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=NUnMZAb5NyAC&amp;amp;pg=PA76&amp;amp;lpg=PA76&amp;amp;dq=how+is+the+dose+of+a+medication+expressed+per+body+mass&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=aNGqeDggxv&amp;amp;sig=y8p4dLzOqECFdRdON1vZbCQh8Q4&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwi7mebzxZjKAhVD3iwKHS_iA3Q4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=how%20is%20the%20dose%20of%20a%20medication%20expressed%20per%20body%20mass&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example of dose calculation based on body weight&lt;/a&gt; in: Pharmacy Technician Certification Review and Practice Exam&#xA; edited by Barbara Lacher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other problem with you calculating the dose yourself is that the concentration is expressed as mass fraction, from which one can calculate the total mass of the preparation to be taken. On the other hand the measuring spoon provided (at least according to the attached leaflet) is scaled in milliliters and measures volume. To convert mass to volume you need the density of the preparation, which is not given in this document. This bit is probably known to your physician/health care team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-01-07T20:44:20.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T00:35:00.763" Score="9" ViewCount="1750" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm bringing a kind of sensitive topic to here. Usually there are lots of articles on the web saying that masturbation is a good stress-relief mechanism and that it can avoid some kinds of prostate cancer and some other good things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However  based on my own experience (and some friends too) long term masturbation doesn't seem to be that good at all. From my personal case I can say if I masturbate 2 or 3 times a day and keep it for more than a week I feel the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm always tired and lack energy;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I work less efficiently; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have a shorter temper, don't really have head to deal with anything; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Always bored; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It no longer gives me pleasure; Ruins my sexual life; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lack of sexual desire;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More passive than active behavior;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No longer have self-discipline;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Completely drained.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this happen, is there any specific research on this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this happen because I'm stimulating way too much the &quot;reward&quot;-center of the brain &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; because in the process of the ejaculation I'm taking a lot of proteins and chemicals out of my body that need to be produced / acquired again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any long terms effects of this one might experience? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: I actually stopped masturbating on my freshman years when I had issues getting achieving an erection. After few weeks everything was normal again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2548" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-10T09:23:13.093" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T09:23:13.093" Title="Longs Term Effects and Impact of Masturbation" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-09-12T18:47:29.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T02:18:05.753" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wang, Allan W., et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Autologous tenocyte implantation, a novel treatment for partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and tendinopathy in an elite athlete.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; BMJ case reports 2013 (2013): bcr2012007899.&lt;/em&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The tendon injury was considered not amenable to surgery. As symptoms were recalcitrant to physiotherapy and conventional injection, the decision was made for treatment with ATI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In what cases is a tendon injury considered not amenable to surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T02:18:05.753" Title="In what cases is a tendon injury considered not amenable to surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T05:01:39.607" Score="4" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am willing to do &lt;em&gt;Research&lt;/em&gt; in a particular subject. In order to pursue it I will have to qualify a competitive exam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have attempted it 2 times but failed. The reason for the failure is not that I don't study properly but the problem is whenever I see the problems in the exam, I feel as if I would not be able to do it or even if I do it the answers to most of them are wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the surprising fact is when I come back home and then try them I seem to be doing a different paper. All the problems are easily solved and they seem so easy that I can even see the answers verify that I have done them wrong in the exam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same happens during the interview. I fail to answer the easy questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that this phenomenon is repeated several times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What shall I do? Is any advice available? I could not find a better place than this to ask this question.Is this site suitable for this? Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7005" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-01-08T11:28:07.527" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T11:27:04.273" Title="How to cope with the pressure in an exam?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;stress-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-07-30T14:02:31.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4321" CreationDate="2016-01-08T11:34:00.187" Score="2" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are lacto-vegetarian sources of BCAAs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can consume the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dairy based - Work for lacto - veg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Honey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plant based - Work for Vegans as well &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No eggs or animal / meat/ fish &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1399" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T12:20:19.830" Title="Lacto Vegetarian sources of BCAAs - Branch Chain Amino Acids?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4320" CreationDate="2016-01-08T12:20:19.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Branch chain amino acids&lt;/a&gt; is a term used for three of the essential amino acids. They are not something exotic, but something humans need to survive, and contained in most human foods. In fact, if they were missing from your diet, you'd have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwashiorkor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protein deficiency&lt;/a&gt;, something practically unheard of in the Western world in our times. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you are eating protein from sufficiently varied sources, avoiding these amino acids would be almost impossible even if you tried to do it on purpose. So listing the foods which contain BCAA makes no sense, the list is almost as long as the foods you can eat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If looking at main food groups, you will get them from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dairy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;grains &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;legumes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nuts &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't be able to get them from &lt;em&gt;fruit and vegetables&lt;/em&gt;, because they are almost all water and no protein, or from &lt;em&gt;honey or maple syrup&lt;/em&gt;, because these are sugars, and have no protein. For the food groups listed above, assume unprocessed variants. That is, whole wheat berries will contain them, wheat starch won't, and for any other product &quot;in the middle&quot; you'll need to know the exact type of processing, or just look it up in a standard nutrition database. Dairy is the exception, it will keep them when processed into cheese or yoghurt (but not butter). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy labelled food, the amount of BCAA will correlate well with the amount of protein given on the label, with variance between foods being leveled out by a varied diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-08T12:20:19.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T16:16:08.490" Score="3" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that suggests that the health problems related with the chronic daily over consumption of alcoholic beverages can be mitigated by drinking more water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2556" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-09T09:57:31.190" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T12:44:33.080" Title="Does drinking water mitigate the health risks from daily alcohol consumption?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-11T01:45:46.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T17:17:59.797" Score="6" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;People always associate pollution to cars, but as a frequent biker, I don't really smell anything from exhaust pipes for all 'recent' cars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a car passes me, I can always know by the smell if the driver were smoking or not (and I systematically try to hold breath and anticipate that), I can also smell some other odors of the inside of the car, but I don't smell the exhaust pipe gases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if I'm alone in that case, is it normal? I'm quite paranoiac when it comes to breathing cigarette smoke, so I don't know if it affects only me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've searched and posted other threads concerning tobacco smoke, and I'm convinced the amount of tobacco smoke on  a road is not insignificant compared to gas exhaust, of course it's less, but it represents more than 1% (at least here in France) and it's really concentrated when you're in. Smoking tends to generate a lot more particles than people think &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6312-cigarettes-more-polluting-than-diesel-exhaust/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6312-cigarettes-more-polluting-than-diesel-exhaust/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, and possibly more toxic ones &lt;a href=&quot;http://oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/pdf/74908.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csn.ul.ie/~stephen/reports/bc4927.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084482/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is my case 'normal'? Am I alone to smell the cigarette smoke trails in the traffic (on a bike I mean, for those of you that sometimes do bike, I don't think I'd smell them if I were in a car too)? Is it worse to smell those concentrated shot of toxic cigarette smoke or the more dilluted thin particle of exhaust gas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2558" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:51:48.803" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T15:00:44.453" Title="cigarette vs exhaust gas" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-02-07T15:36:16.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-08T23:58:37.020" Score="3" ViewCount="1602" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been prescribed a TENS unit for pain.  TENS stands for &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;T&lt;/strong&gt;ranscutaneous &lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;lectrical &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt;erve &lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;timulation&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical equipment company is planning on selling me a Compass Health (aka Roscoe Medical) TENS DT-3002 unit.  The details of the unit can be seen here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.roscoemedical.com/item/DT3002/TENS-3000-Analog/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.roscoemedical.com/item/DT3002/TENS-3000-Analog/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The description of that unit calls it a &quot;Class 2&quot; unit and states that a prescription is required (which I have).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For about the same amount of money, I can buy any number of OTC TENS units that look a lot nicer and have great reviews (although some of the reviews could be &quot;paid&quot; reviews).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the #1 selling unit on Amazon is currently &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00NCRE4GO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00NCRE4GO&lt;/a&gt; and the #2 selling unit is currently &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00O7CM12W&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Lifetime-HealthmateForever-Electrotherapy-Electronic-Management/dp/B00O7CM12W/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(I have no affiliation with Amazon, the sellers, or the manufacturers, nor have I used any affiliate codes in the links.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there therapeutic advantages to the &quot;Class 2&quot; TENS units that require a prescription, when compared to OTC units like the example provided (or other OTC products)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there therapeutic advantages to the OTC products over the prescription &quot;Class 2&quot; products?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are some OTC while others are prescription-only &quot;Class 2&quot; products?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T00:29:08.010" Title="Are &quot;Class 2&quot; prescription TENS units any better than OTC TENS units?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-09T02:40:10.303" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wang, Allan W., et al. &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autologous tenocyte implantation, a novel treatment for partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and tendinopathy in an elite athlete.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; BMJ case reports 2013 (2013): bcr2012007899.&lt;/em&gt; voices some phenotype instability concerns regarding the injection of collagen-producing skin-derived tenocyte-like cells, when treating a tendinopathy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the patella tendon, [platelet-rich plasma] and other cell based approaches have been used for the treatment of tendinopathies. In a recent level-1 randomised controlled trial, collagen-producing skin-derived tenocyte-like cells have been shown to be superior regarding recovery time, pain and function compared to plasma injections alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite these promising results, &lt;strong&gt;instability of the phenotype is a concern as skin-derived cells are non-homologous to tendon tissue&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any medical trial confirmed or infirmed that the injection of collagen-producing skin-derived tenocyte-like cells results in deleterious phenotype instability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T02:40:10.303" Title="Has the injection of collagen-producing skin-derived tenocyte-like cells been shown to result in deleterious phenotype instability?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;tenocyte&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8907" CreationDate="2016-01-09T06:24:36.457" Score="6" ViewCount="2898" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using fluoride-free toothpaste for about a year now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.desertessence.com/store/natural-tea-tree-oil-neem-toothpaste&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.desertessence.com/store/natural-tea-tree-oil-neem-toothpaste&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I'm not necessarily averse to fluoride - at least when used topically on the teeth - I'm skeptical of the safety of many chemicals used in typical brands of household products. This toothpaste seems to have safe ingredients, and it's pleasant to use and effective in keeping my mouth clean. I'd still use it if it contained fluoride, but I have yet to find a  &quot;healthy&quot; toothpaste that does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on my research, it seems to be the consensus in dentistry that topical fluoride is a necessary part of maintaining tooth enamel. If I otherwise keep good dental habits, can I skip the fluoride and still maintain healthy enamel over the course of my lifetime? Or, should I look for a fluoride rinse, and would that be an effective replacement for toothpaste containing fluoride?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="546" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T14:46:41.843" Title="Will using fluoride-free toothpaste eventually lead to tooth decay?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4330" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4332" CreationDate="2016-01-09T10:21:57.050" Score="5" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I was prescribed an antibiotics (levofloxacin) treatment of 500mg daily for 7 days. Being in Indonesia the doctors generally don't give any information and I took my first dose at exactly the same time as a high dosage vitamin/mineral supplement. Later I read that this actually may have pretty much voided the first dose entirely, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-14495-8235/levofloxacin-oral/levofloxacin-oral/details&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;  concerning &quot;taking other products that may bind to it&quot; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levofloxacin&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When levofloxacin is taken with anti-acids containing magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide, the two combine to form insoluble salts that are difficult to absorb from the intestines. Peak serum concentrations of levofloxacin may be reduced by 90% or more, which can prevent the levofloxacin from working. Similar results have been reported when levofloxacin is taken with iron supplements and multi-vitamins containing zinc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this enough reason to buy an extra dose on my own and continue for 1 more day or is there enough safety margin built into these treatments that account for some incorrect usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2363" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-09T10:36:16.760" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:15:06.553" Title="What is the safety margin on duration of an antibiotics (levofloxacin) treatment?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4296" CreationDate="2016-01-09T10:30:23.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The active ingredient in Ponstan is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/aches-and-pains/a7366/ponstan-mefenamic-acid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mefenamic acid&lt;/a&gt;. It is categorized as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works &lt;a href=&quot;http://livertox.nih.gov/MefenamicAcid.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;because it&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is a cyclo-oxygenase (Cox-1 and -2) inhibitor and blocks the production of intracellular prostaglandins that are important in pain and inflammatory pathways. Mefenamic acid has analgesic as well as anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activities, but is used largely for treatment of pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, like a lot of painkillers, it inhibits the transmission of pain signaling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for speed, how fast NSAIDs lead to less pain depends on a lot of things, including the severity of the pain or when the patient last ate, it can't really be generalized. A very fast relief might also be caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110523075010.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the placebo effect just by having taking medication.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T10:30:23.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4330" CreationDate="2016-01-09T11:43:31.343" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, what you read about chemical interactions of levofloxacin with polyvalent cations is correct - the medicine binds to the cation to form a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex#Nomenclature_and_terminology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coordination complex&lt;/a&gt; in the gastrointestinal tract, which then cannot be absorbed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SPC of levofloxacine&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Levofloxacin absorption is significantly reduced when iron salts, or magnesium- or aluminium-containing antacids, or didanosine (only didanosine formulations with aluminium or magnesium containing buffering agents) are administered concomitantly with levofloxacin tablets.. Concurrent administration of fluoroquinolones with multi-vitamins containing zinc appears to reduce their oral absorption. It is recommended that preparations containing divalent or trivalent cautions such as iron salts, zinc-salts or magnesium- or aluminium-containing antacids, or didanosine (only didanosine formulations with aluminium or magnesium containing buffering agents &lt;strong&gt;should not be taken 2 hours before or after Levofloxacin&lt;/strong&gt;  [...] administration. Calcium salts have a minimal effect on the oral absorption of levofloxacin.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the length of therapy, the same source recommends different duration, depending on the diagnosis (from 3 days for urinary tract infections up to 8 weeks for antrax; the most common therapy duration for respiratory infections is 7 to 10 days (depending on the severity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the most important factor that determines for how long you should take the medicine, but there are other factors: the severity of the condition, your progress, the strain of bacteria (some are more sensitive then others) and also the dose (levofloxacine can be given by mouth in doses of 250 mg daily, but this depends on the condition, your body mass, liver and kidney function etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, I'm sorry to say, but this would be a question for your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Other fluoroquinolones may bind with calcium as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T11:15:06.553" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T11:15:06.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4323" CreationDate="2016-01-09T12:44:33.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most severe health risk from frequent alcohol consumption are liver damage and malnutrition. There are others, see my list of sources, but I'll focus on those two in my reply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;malnutrition&lt;/em&gt; is mostly vitamin deficiencies: folate, vitamin B6, thiamine, and vitamin A. I think it's rather obvious that obvious that consuming more water will not help with those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &lt;em&gt;liver damage&lt;/em&gt;, that's caused by several things, among them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breakdown of alcohol into &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02552.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;acetaldehyde, which damages the liver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Free radicals produced during alcohol metabolism leading to inflammation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Production of cytokines from this inflammation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase of the passage of toxins produced by bacteria into the liver &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These will not be significantly prevented by drinking more water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water is good for preventing the short term effects of dehydration that often comes with alcohol intake. It is not enough to prevent the serious effects alcohol can have in the long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa42.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Alcohol and the liver&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/cirrhosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cirrhosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3544907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of vitamin deficiencies in alcoholism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-misuse/pages/risks.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risks of alcohol misuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/12-health-risks-of-chronic-heavy-drinking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Health Risks of Alcohol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-09T12:44:33.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-09T14:16:52.997" Score="5" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of recipes in the internet of homemade toothpastes (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://wellnessmama.com/2500/remineralizing-toothpaste/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://realfoodoutlaws.com/diy-clay-toothpaste/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; as examples).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the recipes remark the benefits of using these toothpastes to promote remineralization. I've just started trying on of these clay-based toothpastes and I was wondering two things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, are they as effective in terms of dental hygiene a industrial toothpastes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, are there any health hazards regarding this toothpastes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I don't know if I should post this as one or two different questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2309" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:55:14.687" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:55:14.687" Title="Are homemade toothpastes as effective as industrial toothpastes?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4406" CreationDate="2016-01-09T15:13:52.433" Score="8" ViewCount="57502" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is based off a scene in The Revenant.  In it, a character has a deep laceration across their throat which has been hastily stitched up.  Upon drinking some water, they find that it passes straight through the stitched-up wound.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The solution presented in the film is to rub some gunpowder (assuming period accuracy, this would be early 1800's black powder, not the modern stuff) into the wound and then ignite it.  Presumably to seal the wound more completely by cauterizing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads to my question; are there any documented clinical examples of people cauterizing actual wounds using gunpowder, and if so what was the outcome?  Is gunpowder a plausible method of closing a wound if/when no other alternatives are readily available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:51:49.453" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T20:16:26.197" Title="Can you cauterize a wound with gunpowder?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;stitches&gt;&lt;penetrate-trauma-wound&gt;&lt;exsanguination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4336" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-09T17:42:57.033" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no shortage of online sources that tout the benefits of ginkgo, fish oil, ginseng, Piracetam, choline, etc etc. But when I check out their WIkipedia pages, it looks as if there is no real evidence for improved cognitive functioning. I guess this is because, for one thing, cognitive functioning is not something that is easily measured for any number of reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, I wonder if any nutritionists or experts in supplements here know of any preliminary evidence on the validity of a supplement or herb to improve, for example, memory, alertness, concentration, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, there's exercise, meditation and caffeine... But are any of these other supplements worth considering?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2566" LastActivityDate="2020-11-12T03:04:25.750" Title="Have any herbal/natural supplements been proven to have benefits to cognitive functioning?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4377" CreationDate="2016-01-09T21:07:07.477" Score="4" ViewCount="5130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a girl that I'm seeing. She was just in the hospital about 2 weeks ago with an internal &lt;em&gt;E.coli&lt;/em&gt; infection in her kidney (she had the other kidney removed due to cancer). She has been given a ton of antibiotics because it was a very strong strain and it took her quite a bit of treatment to get over it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; contagious? Am I putting myself at any risk with dating activities like kissing, oral sex, sex, etc? I really didn't know you could get &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; in your kidneys and I have no idea what that means for me as her partner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:59:28.957" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:59:28.957" Title="Is E. coli contagious?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;e-coli&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-10T02:21:08.800" Score="5" ViewCount="588" Body="&lt;p&gt;After refractive surgery, the doctor suggested taking 1000mg of vitamin C daily to help minimize scarring.  When I went to pick up the vitamins, I also noticed that there was a supplement claiming to be designed to support eye health that also included vitamin C.  Specifically, it has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;250mg vitamin C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;200 IU vitamin E&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;40mg zinc (as 50mg zinc oxide)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1mg copper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...per tablet.  The recommended dosage is 1 tablet/day, and I'd have to take 4 times that amount to get 1000mg of vitamin C/day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can determine 800 IU of vitamin E and 4 mg copper are within safe/tolerable limits, however 160mg of elemental zinc is quite high.  There are only a few conditions I can find where dosages around that level are recommended for therapeutic purposes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acne (for up to 8 weeks)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wilson's disease (ongoing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Macular degeneration (ongoing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, what's the safe maximum dosage of zinc over a course of 4-6 weeks?  From what I can find, it seems like the biggest risk is that high dosages of zinc lead to copper deficiency (hence why it's used to as a treatment for Wilson's disease).  Does it therefore follow that 160mg/day should be okay as long as it's supplemented with some extra copper and not continued on a long-term basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:54:14.427" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T20:50:28.577" Title="Maximum safe dosage of zinc for 4-6 weeks" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;wilsons-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-10T02:52:16.230" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how long it takes to recover from a biopsy of a tendon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;em&gt;Zheng, Ming Hao, Paul Anderson, and Jerome Waddell. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=Orthocell%27s+Ortho-ATI%3A+Tendon+Regeneration&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C22&amp;amp;as_sdtp=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orthocell's Ortho-ATI: Tendon Regeneration&lt;/a&gt;. Vol. 1. Jerome Waddell, 2014.,&lt;/em&gt; propose to treat tendinopathies by extracting tendon samples  from the patient via minimally invasive biopsy, growing tenocytes, and reinjecting them back to the injured tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:28:46.983" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:28:46.983" Title="How long does it take to recover from a biopsy of a tendon?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4341" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4354" CreationDate="2016-01-10T11:13:13.133" Score="5" ViewCount="3150" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend has a haemoglobin level of 6 g/dl. She eats a lot of chalk. The doctor said that the chalk accumulation is hindering the production of haemoglobin. Does that make sense, or there might be a deeper cause for the severely low Hb levels? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, is it okay to trust the doctor's opinion about her chalk intake affecting the production of Hb?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2571" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T15:23:03.937" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T15:22:07.890" Title="Can eating chalk cause very low level haemoglobin level?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4345" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-10T19:23:19.180" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions regarding sexual practices, myths, facts, diseases transmitted by it, and clinical conditions associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2575" LastEditorUserId="2575" LastEditDate="2016-01-11T10:11:14.320" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T10:11:14.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4346" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-10T19:23:19.180" Score="0" Body="sexual activity, including specifically sexual intercourse." OwnerUserId="2575" LastEditorUserId="2575" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T21:37:10.337" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T21:37:10.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4350" CreationDate="2016-01-10T19:54:31.333" Score="5" ViewCount="1930" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me what does &quot;Townsend quintile&quot; mean exactly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbs3risk.com/JBS3Risk.swf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this cardiovascular risk assessment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2576" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-10T21:48:15.460" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T21:48:15.460" Title="What does &quot;Townsend quintile&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4348" CreationDate="2016-01-10T21:47:36.133" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Townsend deprivation score&quot; measures socio-economic status, and has five categories, hence you are being asked for your quintile. The scale is 1-5, and it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.restore.ac.uk/geo-refer/36229dtuks00y19810000.php&quot;&gt;incorporates the variables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;car ownership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;house ownership&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unemployment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;overcrowding of the household&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it needs to be standardized you can't just calculate it for yourself. 2001 Townsend scores for the UK can be found at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://census.ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/related/deprivation&quot;&gt;UK census website&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be occasionally used for risk assessments like in your link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-10T21:47:36.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T03:13:11.127" Score="4" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had for the past few months, and today I spend a couple hours trying to identify it and have had no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain areas of my vision will change to be &quot;darker&quot; -  but it seems as it those areas are just only partially registered in my brain rather than darker, like a mix between a blind spot and an area with normal vision. The areas never form at the center of my field of view, but form off to the side, tending to manifest as large regions that extend from a curved edge off to the edge of my field of view. The symptom seems most present when viewing a laptop display, and does not vary in severity based on the brightness of the screen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems vaguely related to scotoma - what I am seeing is similar to a less severe, more static and more dispersed version of the &quot;depiction of a scintillating scotoma&quot; animation in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the scotoma wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relative information&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age: 15&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vision: near-sighted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I use a laptop frequently, so that may be related to the issue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2579" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:22:19.250" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T23:22:19.250" Title="Is there a particular term for this eyesight problem?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;scintilla-flashing-lights&gt;&lt;scotomas-blind-spots&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3108" CreationDate="2016-01-11T08:30:55.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, a correction. ADHD is NOT caused by a dopamine deficiency. It is way more complex than that, but i won't go into detail here. The best treatments for ADHD alter dopamine activity (and they are very effective), but that doesn't mean the cause for ADHD is a dopamine deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is how vortioxetine can help in ADHD. Well, the short answer is that one major part of ADHD (the &quot;look-a-squirrel-forget-what-you-were-doing part&quot;) is working memory. Vortioxetine has been shown to have positive effects on working memory, at least in depressed patients. It wouldn't be too far out to assume it could have similar effects for ADHD-patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long answer is that &lt;strong&gt;different neurotransmitter systems are interconnected&lt;/strong&gt;, so that increasing signaling in one can increase or decrease signaling in another. It gets even more complex when you add receptor subtypes to the picture. Serotonin has 14 receptor subtypes that we know of, with different roles and effects. Then add that the same neurotransmitter on the same receptor has different functions depending on where it is located in the body or brain. Now you have a nice, complex picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vortioxetine activates 5-HT1A (serotonin 1A), which increases dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex and deactivates 5-HT1B, which also increases dopamine signaling in the PFC (same neurotransmitter, same location, different receptor, opposite effect). It also deactivates 5-HT3 and 5-HT7, both of which have effects that strengthen signaling in the PFC (through the serotonin, noradrenalin and glutamate systems). All of these effects could be relevant for improving ADHD-symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's how it could help in ADHD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2585" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T08:30:55.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4341" CreationDate="2016-01-11T10:21:43.590" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating chalk is a type of Pica. It is characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as paper, clay, drywall or paint, metal, chalk, soil, glass, or sand which is more common with women and children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low blood-hemoglobin levels, a sign of anemia, are common, because the &lt;strong&gt;ingestion of chalk inhibits absorption of iron&lt;/strong&gt; from foods.Those who eat chalk at the expense of healthier foods often develop malnutrition.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/science-medicine/clay-eating&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to inhibition of absorption of iron from food, it results in deficiency of iron in our body.Low blood iron levels limit our body's ability to produce hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, which might be possible cause of causing anemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yeah your doctor is right, consumption of chalk can really cause severe low Hb level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-1947-2-324&quot;&gt;Pica and refractory iron deficiency anaemia: a case report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T05:24:12.213" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T05:24:12.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4403" CreationDate="2016-01-09T20:33:36.213" Score="8" ViewCount="50173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had dry cough for a week now, haven't taken any meds for it and drinking 3 black coffees in a day is a routine for me. A friend told me it could worsen my cough, but she can't elaborate why. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I  didn't believe her because I know coffee is sort of an antioxidant,  but to clear things would it really trigger or worsen my coughing?(Im actually a Barista so i can't resist from having coffee, though I tried not having a shot for a day) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2609" OwnerDisplayName="Allie" LastEditorUserId="2609" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T02:43:41.377" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T22:58:48.130" Title="Can coffee worsen or trigger a cough?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-02T06:40:12.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4541" CreationDate="2016-01-11T14:35:05.520" Score="7" ViewCount="7227" Body="&lt;p&gt;When discussing correct posture for standing still, you often hear people talk about standing on both feet and not placing all your weight on either one of them. However, beside positioning your weight left-to-right, you can also position it front-to-back. I noticed I naturally place most (say 75%) of my weight on the front of my feet. What do experts say about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2588" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T20:58:49.450" Title="Weight on front or back of feet" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;feet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4361" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4375" CreationDate="2016-01-11T15:50:52.223" Score="6" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long story short, when visiting neighbors the other day, a young child playing outside in the lawn stepped in some fresh animal fecal matter,  and not knowing what it was, ended up taking off their shoe and put it within about 2 inches from their face to sniff it.  The mother panicked, and after two calls to both poison control and the pediatrician, was told by both that as long as the child hadn’t swallowed any of the fecal matter, there was no need to worry about anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This made me curious.  By putting something as pathogen-laden as animal fecal matter (or vomit, etc) that close to your face smelling it, wouldn’t you essentially be inhaling all kinds of bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc, assuming they were present?  Or is the vacuum created by smelling something at that distance not strong enough to do this?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2590" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T13:09:40.613" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T07:53:02.507" Title="Can pathogens be transmitted from smelling something?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T19:11:44.397" Score="1" ViewCount="1181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used 100% and I ran out. I just now went to Walmart and bought some and saw later it was 86% Witch Hazel with 14% alcohol, not the 100% like I had. The 100% bottle also said it contained 14% alcohol (I didn't throw it away yet). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these the same, just different marketing? If not, which should I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2594" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T18:58:16.993" Title="100% Witch Hazel or 86% for face?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-11T22:11:57.093" Score="3" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a couple of research articles that seem to be quite laudative toward autologous tenocyte implantation (ATI):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) presents a successful recovery for partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and tendinopathy in an elite athlete using ATI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) lists a few upsides / positive findings: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The efficacy of tendon cell use for tendon repair has been verified in a number of in vitro and animal studies, (33-35). Animal studies have revealed&#xA;  that implantation of in vitro-expanded autologous tenocytes improved the tendon structure and facilitated the healing process in both an acute&#xA;  tendon tear model, (33) and a chronic degenerative tendon disease model, (35). &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Clinical applications of Ortho-ATI injections have demonstrated reduced pain and inflammation, restoration of fibre structure, reduction in vascular&#xA;  hyperplasia, and improved cellular morphology. This indicates that injection of in vitro-expanded autologous tenocytes alters the progression of&#xA;  tendinopathy. (35)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) also only contains positive results, though I have only be able to access the abstract so far (despite my university library paying &lt;a href=&quot;https://academia.stackexchange.com/q/31605/452&quot;&gt;millions of USD every year for journal subscriptions&lt;/a&gt;, and asking a colleague of mine working in one of the largest French medical university): &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mean final follow-up time for the remaining 15 patients was 4.51 years (range, 3.08-5.17 years). No complications were observed at the patellar tendon biopsy site for any patient. No adverse events, infection, or excessive fibroblastic reactions were observed in any patient at the injection site. Clinical evaluation revealed significant (P &amp;lt; .001) improvement in mean VAS pain score from 5.73 at initial assessment to 1.21 (78% improvement) at final follow-up. Mean QuickDASH, UEFS, and grip strength scores also significantly (P &amp;lt; .001) improved from initial assessment to final follow-up (from 45.88 to 6.61 [84%], from 31.73 to 9.20 [64%], and from 19.85 to 46.60 [208%], respectively). There was no difference in mean QuickDASH and UEFS scores at 1 year and final follow-up (P &gt; .05); however, grip strength continued to improve (P &amp;lt; .001). A validated MRI scoring system indicated that the mean grade of tendinopathy at the common extensor origin improved significantly (P &amp;lt; .001) from initial assessment (4.31) to 1 year (2.88) and was maintained (P &gt; .05) at final follow-up (2.87). At final follow-up, 93% of patients were either highly satisfied or satisfied with their ATI treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the downsides / risks of autologous tenocyte implantations, if any, aside from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the tendon biopsy (from a non-injured tendon in the patient), which is needed to obtain tendon samples to grow tenocytes from. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/4340/43&quot;&gt;How long does it take to recover from a biopsy of a tendon?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the usual risk of the injection, when injecting the grown tenocytes in the injured tendon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1), (2), and (3) all have conflicts of interest (at least one author works for a firm that aims to make profits from autologous tenocyte implantations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) &lt;em&gt;Wang, Allan W., et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autologous tenocyte implantation, a novel treatment for partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and tendinopathy in an elite athlete.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; BMJ case reports 2013 (2013): bcr2012007899.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Zheng, Ming Hao, Paul Anderson, and Jerome Waddell. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=Orthocell%27s+Ortho-ATI%3A+Tendon+Regeneration&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C22&amp;amp;as_sdtp=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthocell's Ortho-ATI: Tendon Regeneration&lt;/a&gt;. Vol. 1. Jerome Waddell, 2014.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) Wang, Allan, et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14838523363917190584&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evidence for the Durability of Autologous Tenocyte Injection for Treatment of Chronic Resistant Lateral Epicondylitis Mean 4.5-Year Clinical Follow-up.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; The American journal of sports medicine (2015): 0363546515579185.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(33) Chen, J.M., Willers, C., Xu, J., Wang, A., and Zheng, M.H. Autologous tenocyte therapy using porcine-derived bioscaffolds for massive rotator&#xA;cuff defect in rabbits. Tissue Eng 13, 1479, (2007)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(34) Y. Bi, et al., Nature Med., 10, 1219 (2007).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(35) J. Chen, et al., Achilles Tendinopathy in a Rabbit Model TISSUE ENGINEERING., Part A. 17, 2037 (2011).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-01-11T22:19:48.807" Title="What are the downsides of autologous tenocyte implantations?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;tenocyte&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T01:25:16.723" Score="3" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just returned from the cinema, where I ate a large popcorn and a large drink. This equated to about 1200 calories. I do not feel full at all. However, for lunch I had chicken, potatoes and vegetables, which equated to about 800 calories. Afterwards, I felt very full. I did not have breakfast this morning or snack during the day, nor did I exercise substantially during the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that food with more calories can seemingly make you feel less full than food with fewer calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2597" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T12:43:07.530" Title="Why do some foods with high calories not fill you up?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T09:34:50.617" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a discussion with friends that. One of them who had an eye power of -0.75 has improved and now has an eye power of -0.50 . This happens because he is always wearing spectacles and has a good diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really true that spectacles can improve vision? Please provide a full explanation if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2600" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T03:39:27.713" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T03:39:27.713" Title="Does vision really improve by wearing spectacles?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4368" CreationDate="2016-01-12T12:43:07.530" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Satiety is not, and never was, a measure of the calories you have eaten. You feel sated when a certain type of neurons fire in your brain. These neurons are triggered by 1) impulses incoming from the enteric nerve network (motor neurons which partake in peristalsis) and 2) a number of hormones, including GLP1, orexins, cholestokynin and the leptin/ghrelin pair. It is however not yet entirely clear if we know all hormones involved, and what mechanisms determine the release of these hormones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In two words, it is a very complex matter, and we don't know what exactly creates a feeling of hunger or satiety, but we know it's not something simple as the amount of calories, or the amount of food measured by weight, or the amount of food measured by volume. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Kandel &quot;Principles of neural science&quot;, plus a Coursera course on diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-12T12:43:07.530" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-12T18:10:00.687" Score="5" ViewCount="8645" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started to notice my hair is thinning, and I searched on the internet for information to stop it or slow down the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I found &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of websites and people claiming that masturbation is causing or speeding up hair-loss process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that really the reason why men are balding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2605" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-12T23:28:46.197" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T09:45:42.653" Title="Does masturbation cause hair loss for men?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4361" CreationDate="2016-01-12T22:41:40.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it is unlikely that the fecal matter was in fact pathogen-laden, but as a general statement should be treated as such.  Further pathogens that would be in fecal mater are mostly transmitted through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fecal-oral route&lt;/a&gt;.  That's why on an individual case you have little to worry about without any symptoms, but as a general case we wouldn't recommend going around taking big sniffs of feces (I'm enjoying the ad campaign for this in my head). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you mention &quot;vomit, etc,&quot; and it's worth pointing out there are pathogens that can infect through the respiratory tract from infectious fluids. This is mostly limited to things that can infect both your GI tract and respiratory tract, and that's not a long list (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virus#Replication_cycle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EBV&lt;/a&gt; is a good example).  Further &quot;smelling something&quot; with an infectious respiratory virus (rhino, influenza, etc) can certainly cause an infection.  I would highly discourage sniffing used tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bigger concern are pathogens like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;norovirus&lt;/a&gt; which are so infectious, possibly down to 10 virions to cause infection (instead of 1000s or more), that it could enter your oral tract without your even knowing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it was infectious, there's really nothing to be done until symptoms arise that can be treated.  Do feel free to discourage sniffing feces if that doesn't seem to be a self-correcting behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T15:19:08.990" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T15:19:08.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4361" CreationDate="2016-01-12T22:54:53.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question. The answer is &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, not in this case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to understand why, it will help to talk about the different ways pathogens enter the body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#two&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Direct contact&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - touching an infected person&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#three&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Indirect contact&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - touching something an infected person touched&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#four&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Droplet contact&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - infected droplets touching mucosal surfaces of eye, nose, mouth&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#five&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Airborne transmission&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - contact with dust/air particles containing infectious agents&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#six&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fecal-oral transmission&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - ingesting contaminated water or material&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#seven&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vector-borne transmission&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - pathogens carried by a host animal, and transmitted through any of the above methods&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picking up the fecal matter and smelling it raises concerns about direct contact, vector transmission and airborne transmission. As Atl LED mentions, the pathogens in feces are normally transmitted through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fecal-oral route&lt;/a&gt;. The fecal-oral route requires that the pathogen enters the digestive tract, which won't happen by smelling. Nevertheless, it can be classified as risky behavior, and is not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T17:49:33.720" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T17:49:33.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4337" CreationDate="2016-01-13T01:45:51.027" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;  is definitely contagious through direct contact. In fact your girlfriend's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pyelonephritis&lt;/a&gt; could have come from you after sexual intercourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general mechanism for this would be that you had the pathogenic &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; on your penis, and then it traveled up her urethra to the kidney.  This is why there is a recommendation for women to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/kidney-(renal)-infection-pyelonephritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;urinate after sex&lt;/a&gt;.  That very same &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; on your penis is unlikely to cause you an infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; is common in the GI tract, and not uncommonly found on the skin.  Not all strains are pathogenic  and most aren't within the GI tract. Having a conversation as a couple with a health provider is a very good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of hygiene that everyone sexually active should consider, but is unfortunately not taught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T01:45:51.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4379" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-13T13:11:00.507" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T13:11:00.507" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T13:11:00.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4380" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-13T13:11:00.507" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding how diseases are transmitted, whether between people or from the environment (including animals) to people." OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-13T21:36:51.793" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T21:36:51.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3448" CreationDate="2016-01-13T14:32:24.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a Dr I can tell you that this has been accepted by scientific community, so it will affect on your brain, body physiology, metabolisms,behavior and even your gene expression.&#xA;Clearly, sleep is not only for the brain but also for the rest of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and there is tons of articles in this field just search in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example read these may help you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you want to read just one article as your answer i recommend to read this one&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678519/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption&lt;/a&gt; examined healthy volunteers over a 29-day period. They were made to sleep less and at varying bedtimes; sleeping patterns similar to those experienced by shift-workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They found that the shift-like sleep patterns led to &lt;strong&gt;poorer glucose regulation and metabolism&lt;/strong&gt;. The authors explained that eventually, over time, the raised risk of &lt;strong&gt;obesity&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;diabetes&lt;/strong&gt; became apparent.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/502825&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Review:The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/218642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(sleep irregularity effect on  physiological arousal indexes, psychomotor performance and subjective mood )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effect of sleep deprivation on healing process &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a review on cortisol level and sleep relation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review on sleep disturbance and suicide risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075236&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sleep deprivation Impact on cognitive performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778638/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of sleep deprivation on neural functioning: an integrative review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11744682&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How sleep deprivation affects gene expression in the brain: a review of recent findings.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/emotions-cognitive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;( interesting facts to read)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are all valid scientific publication with standard experiments and a lot more articles that proves effect of sleep on behavior and health mental and physical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="2616" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T20:09:48.870" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T20:09:48.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4445" CreationDate="2016-01-13T14:51:47.383" Score="4" ViewCount="550" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was on vacation down south last time, I wondered about the phenomenon of tanning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a medical layman. But as far as I  understand, in case of a higher UV radiation, our body produces more melanin. So, our skin gets darker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why does our body not keep this higher melanin level?&#xA;Is there any advantage of the skin getting brighter again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A higher melanin level provides the advantage of less sunburn, etc., so I would have assumed that a high melanin level would be maintained consistently rather than being regulated by sun exposure.  Is there is any medical disadvantage of a high melanin level during periods of reduced sun exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2617" LastEditorUserId="2343" LastEditDate="2016-01-16T09:44:40.690" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T21:56:07.347" Title="Health consequences of higher melanin production" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-13T21:06:13.020" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;During examination of a patient a doctor asks &quot; On  a scale of 1 to 10&quot; how much does this hurt you?&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to reply.. one can state only in comparison to what in life was so far felt, is it not? that too subjectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2621" LastActivityDate="2016-01-13T21:06:13.020" Title="Quantifying pain during medical examination" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-01-13T21:36:27.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5558" CreationDate="2016-01-14T00:40:59.550" Score="20" ViewCount="638" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the long-term side effects of taking melatonin as an oral supplement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The couple of articles I have read are inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/11/what-is-melatonin-sleep_n_6795220.html&quot;&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/11/what-is-melatonin-sleep_n_6795220.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although you can't overdose on melatonin, doctors aren't sure whether relying on it can affect you negatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/jet-lag-and-melatonin-topic-overview&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/jet-lag-and-melatonin-topic-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The long-term side effects of melatonin have not been well studied. If you have epilepsy or are taking blood thinners such as coumadin (Warfarin), talk to your doctor before using melatonin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:38:24.030" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:38:24.030" Title="What are the long-term side effects of melatonin?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4400" CreationDate="2016-01-14T09:19:29.503" Score="2" ViewCount="19759" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that from the pressure of tampons used during menstruation, women can get lower abdominal pain. What are the causes that lead from pressure to pain. Does this pain increase with different sizes of tampon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As lined out by era the broader question &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/975/is-there-anything-anyone-can-do-to-decrease-the-symptoms-of-dysmenorrhea&quot;&gt;Is there anything anyone can do to decrease the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?&lt;/a&gt; is a good place to start reading. Besides: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmenorrhea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2627" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:54:23.927" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:54:23.927" Title="Do tampons cause menstrual pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;tampons&gt;&lt;dysmenorrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T09:34:00.713" Score="1" ViewCount="1715" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it unhealthy to eat the stalk on tomatoes, after you've taken everything green off. I mean the white stuff which you can out of the tomato.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2627" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T12:10:23.003" Title="Is it unhealthy to eat the stalk on tomatoes" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4393" CreationDate="2016-01-14T10:49:58.237" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't  bring a source but I can tell you why people whom I know, cut them off. It could be  two reasons one: It's harder than the rest of the tomato, they don't want to eat it Two: It could be that there is residue of chemical's from pesticides (maybe). But it doesn't have a risk as the tomato itself. This was the connection to the source, like the navel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2451" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T10:49:58.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4393" CreationDate="2016-01-14T15:07:02.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as you haven't used any pesticides or other chemicals on the plant, they are safe to eat.  For the record, so are many species of grass.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it probably doesn't have much in the way of nutritional value, and I know for a fact that it doesn't taste very good (personal experience on wondering if it would make a good tooth pick).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stem (secondary growth I believe being discussed here) has more&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/Tomato/Stems/TLS.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; xylem&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; than other parts of the plant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPQf0.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPQf0.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram of late stage secondary stem growth in tomatoes&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/Tomato/Stems/secstem3.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite simply, there are less rough ways to get non-soluble fiber.  I imagine with a good deal of cooking to denature the structure of the stems might lead to something more palatable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest health concern would probably be for your teeth as eating tough and rough foods will lead to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;much greater wear&lt;/a&gt; on your teeth (specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_%28dental%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;abrasion&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do let us know if you come up with some good recipes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T15:07:02.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4372" CreationDate="2016-01-14T16:53:41.770" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, it doesn't, at least as long as your not also coupling it with something like auto-asphyxiation, which is so dangerous for many other reasons before hair loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First the medical term for the harmless hair loss in males is &quot;alopecia&quot; (might help online searches).  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1517/14728222.2014.922956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most common kind&lt;/a&gt; of male hair loss is Androgenic alopecia (AGA), and the most common mechanism for this is buildup of 5α-DHT in the hair follicle (ibid).  5α-DHT comes from testosterone (T) after being modified by an enzyme.  It then shortens the amount of time the hair has to grow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fH6w6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fH6w6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1517/14728222.2014.922956#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The false argument that masturbation would lead to hair loss then goes something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevated levels of 5α-DHT lead to hair thinning  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5α-DHT is derived from T &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Masturbation elevates T &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevated T leads to elevated 5α-DHT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therefore, masturbation leads to hair thinning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting it in more formal logic may be giving to much credit to those proposing the theory, but it let’s address where the critical problems are.  The first thing to attack is 3.  This was probably not the aim of any study, but is a tangential finding in a few studies. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One&lt;/a&gt; looked at the T levels of men and self-reported masturbation frequency and found no correlation (they were actually studying sex drive).  I couldn’t find an example of study which took males from a base line “fast” of masturbation, recorded T levels, and then had them masterbate, and I don’t really know who would fund such a clinical study (but that would directly answer the question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what does effect T levels?  Other than non-natural sources like steroids, things like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overall fitness&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26610790&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin D levels&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mental state&lt;/a&gt;.  Also, you don't want to reduce your T levels if you can avoid it, as it is likely providing several positive benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The loss the third statement already puts a hole in the logic, but statements 1 and 4 also pose problems.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not the global (systemic) production of 5α-DHT that is the problem.  In fact any significant amount of 5α-DHT in the sera is probably a sign of other problems.  Rather, it’s the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931898&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;local production&lt;/a&gt; of 5α-DHT within the hair follicle that leads to AGA.  Further that over production of 5α-DHT is more closely linked to higher levels of the 5α-reductase enzyme that synthesiszes 5α-DHT from T (ibid).  In  turn the enzyme levels are likely set &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534708002905&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primarily by genetics&lt;/a&gt;, with environmental factors like diet and stress adjusting from your baseline (speculation, looking for a source).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T15:14:57.627" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T15:14:57.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-14T06:26:42.650" Score="7" ViewCount="1416" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do medical professionals tap syringes before injecting somebody? What happens if they don't? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Jhnam Sandh" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T17:34:21.903" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T20:12:47.863" Title="Why do medical professionals tap syringes before injecting somebody?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4398" CreationDate="2016-01-14T17:30:28.177" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's so that the correct dosage of medication to be administered can be drawn in the syringe and to get rid of any air bubbles incidentally drawn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The syringe has milliliter (and fractions thereof) markers on the barrel. In order to get the right volume of medication from the vial/ampule, one has to get rid of any air bubbles incidentally drawn in. By holding the syringe vertically and tapping it, you encourage bubbles to float to the top of syringe, then pushing the plunger expels any air bubbles and extra medication that might be in the syringe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tiny bit of air injected into a vein will not usually do any harm to a normal person. It merely gets dissolved in the blood or tissue it is injected into. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in knowing more about it, you can read this &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/761367-overview&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; article, which states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...it has been estimated that more than 5 mL/kg of air displaced into the intravenous space is required for significant injury (shock or cardiac arrest) to occur. However, complications have been reported with as little as 20 mL of air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000530.htm&quot;&gt;Drawing medicine out of a vial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-14T20:12:47.863" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T20:12:47.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4392" CreationDate="2016-01-14T18:53:35.033" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll assume by &quot;stomach&quot;, you mean abdominal pain, probably lower abdominal pain. And yes, tampons can cause lower abdominal pain in the presence of endometriosis (ectopic endometrial tissue). The symptoms of endometriosis can include pain on micturition, defecation, tampon or diaphragm insertion, increased pain with menses, intercourse, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use of tampons in healthy females is generally well-tolerated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to address OP's edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tampons are generally well tolerated by healthy, normal females. However, there are groups of females that do find tampon use uncomfortable, chief among them adolescents. For this reason, physicians often speak with adolescents at menarche about tampon use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With regard to comfort, girls often choose tampons of too high absorbency. Highly absorbent tampons may cause discomfort in young girls because of their larger size or because of a drying effect during wear and upon withdrawal. Advise your patient to choose the lowest tampon absorbency for her needs by experimenting with a pad or pantiliner for backup protection. Less absorbent products can be used on lighter days. This guidance is also consistent with the Food and Drug Administration’s current recommendations for reducing the risk of menstrual toxic shock syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, young girls should use smaller tampons. Pain with tampon use in this age group is more likely and in some cases can lead to problems with pain later on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028202033319&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2801%2979155-7/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevalence and predictors of chronic lower genital tract discomfort&lt;/a&gt; Small self-reported study&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Menstruation in young girls: a clinical perspective, Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynecology, Vol 4., 2002&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T22:01:36.580" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T22:01:36.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4359" CreationDate="2016-01-14T23:02:56.910" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quick answer is unfortunately it depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we break this question down, there are three ways coffee would likely be able to effect a cough:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The coffee directly interacts with virus (and it is most likely a virus) causing the cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coffee could directly effect your immune system in such a way that it changed your body's ability to respond to the pathogen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coffee could be directly interacting with your nervous system which induces the cough reflex (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222934/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neurogenic cough&lt;/a&gt; is a real problem)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For item 1, I've seen &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25050906&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some evidence&lt;/a&gt; that coffee might actually help stop flu.  For the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common cold&lt;/a&gt;, which is mostly likely (*) one of a few viruses, I couldn't find any evidence of caffeine or the other known &lt;a href=&quot;http://llufb.llu.lv/conference/foodbalt/2011/FOODBALT-Proceedings-2011-110-115.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biologically active components of coffee&lt;/a&gt; effecting them one way or the other.  There could be another interaction here that we don't know about it, and it could be positive or negative, so at the moment this might be a slight reason to drink coffee, not avoid it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(*) It's worth noting I disagree with the breakdown of viral prevalence listed in Wikipedia, and have discussed as much in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21507/why-dont-we-develop-immunity-against-common-cold/21802#21802&quot;&gt;Bio.SE answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Ok there has been a looooot of research on caffeine and the immune system, especially when related to exercise.  Some will say it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558577&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;helps&lt;/a&gt;, others &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not much&lt;/a&gt; (especially under &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21152932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;usual conditions&lt;/a&gt;), and an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;honest review&lt;/a&gt; on it concludes that there are too many other factors that dictate whether caffeine has an effect (with exercise) that we can't really know.  But this when considering healthy patients.  With sick cells, animals, or people we can know more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At really &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high doses&lt;/a&gt; caffeine can be anti-inflammatory, but it's probably not a good idea for the general public to be dosing that much caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where things get a little confusing and more relevant.  At much more normal doses, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564571&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caffeine is proinflammatory&lt;/a&gt; in the lung.  So if you have an on going infection in the lung, you don't want to encourage the inflammation (which is probably causing the caugh).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you chronically drink coffee, your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;body may have tolerized&lt;/a&gt; to it, and the effect could be minimal (might be minimal anyway, see the sports guys).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number 3 is actually a lot harder, as things can very based on a lot of other factors (like tolerance).  If you have a caffeine overdose, a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24196726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bad things&lt;/a&gt; can happen.  One of them is that nerves might fire &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;action potentials&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8556193&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lower thresholds&lt;/a&gt;, which could mean the nerves detecting the inflammation in your lungs could fire more easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chances are&lt;/a&gt;, however, that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they won't&lt;/a&gt;, and you won't be drinking an unusual amount of coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, in an acute infection I would recommend avoiding caffeine, but it won't cause an undo amount of harm.  Decaf will even have the other compounds whose benefit would otherwise be swamped out by caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2016-01-14T23:02:56.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4365" CreationDate="2016-01-15T03:36:41.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With out a little more information, I'm not sure I can provide a meaningful answer.  In response to comments, I thought I would make it clear that both products are likely the same (double distilled witch hazel).  You should continue using the new bottle as before, assuming you were properly using it in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt there are any truly 100% witch hazel products, other than the plant itself, that are commercially available.  The &quot;100%&quot; product is normally labeled as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;essential oil&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;  This would be opposed to the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_hazel_%28astringent%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;extract&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which has a higher concentration of solvent (in this case ethanol), which can be removed in sequential distillation steps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spectrumchemical.com/OA_HTML/chemical-products__WI105.jsp?minisite=10020&amp;amp;=22372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Double distilled&lt;/a&gt; extract is what is most commonly used medically, and it has 14% ethanol by volume as you described.  Any medical recommendations you received would almost assuredly be about this concentration. Did it perhaps say it was 100% Witch Hazel in a 14% ethanol solution?  While not clear, that would be accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Browsing my institution's ordering system, the highest concentration I could find was from a chemical supply company, and that was with 8% ethanol.  I don't think this would provide you any advantage, and you should probably just by a reasonably priced generic from your local retailer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T18:58:16.993" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T18:58:16.993" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4335" CreationDate="2016-01-15T04:38:23.033" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this was an interesting one for me, because I never seriously tried to consider it.  Most online sources that claim this say it's an &quot;old army trick,&quot; but after reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706344/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several&lt;/a&gt; perspectives on wound care in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=ApUwm4KJJFYC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=cauterization%20Care%20of%20the%20Combat%20Amputee&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwin_cqQ-6rKAhWIZCYKHewEAx4Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=cauterization%20Care%20of%20the%20Combat%20Amputee&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;military&lt;/a&gt;, I don't know that is true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual historical roots on this idea I could find actually go back to reference a &lt;a href=&quot;http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0708/2006049193-s.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;slave owner&lt;/a&gt; using it as a form of abuse to over work his slave, or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&amp;amp;d=SBNT19150714.1.13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;short fiction&lt;/a&gt; story from 1915.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is one of timing.  As wars started to utilize gun powder more, tourniquets were realized to be superior to cauterization (first ideas of tourniquets go back to ~1500's, serious implantation with Jean Petit in early 1700's).  By the time we get to something like Vietnam, not only would the solders have had tourniquets, if they were going to cauterize the wound they would have done it chemically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem is the gas and force released from igniting gun powder.  It doesn't just burn hot, it propels.  That's why it's useful for moving bullets.  I think this would likely further distort the tissue, and if applied in large amounts in to major arteries/veins, a good deal of toxicity problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just honestly think this would cause more harm than good.  I'd be very interested if someone can find a documented example of where this was actually tried in the field (and I missed it).  Considering you can't readily treat your own neck, the appropriate thing to do would be to apply direct pressure with your hands to the places that are bleeding the most (or if you're the one helping, then the same to the other person's neck).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oddly enough I have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/11058/how-to-close-a-severed-artery-vein/11088#11088&quot;&gt;more detailed SE answer&lt;/a&gt; written up in Bio, for those interested in proper wound care in the neck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was made aware the &quot;Dual Survival&quot; episode where one of the characters cauterizes a wound (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LFGE7rGUkA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube Video Here&lt;/a&gt; and then &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eerOKfiOuQ4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).  You will note that even the survivalist unequivocally rejected this method as valid before he did it to himself (presumably for considerable compensation from Discovery Channel).  I reject this as a valid example for the following reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;That was a shallow wound where the bleeding was mostly controlled, (from the video you can see that it is hardly bleeding), and as a wound caused by a clean cut, could and should be controlled with pressure and binding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can see that the initial load of gun powder did not ignite, some initial cauterization probably occurred by dropping whatever was on fire onto the cut (looked like moss).  Further, as mentioned in the video, the gunpowder was mixing with his blood and stinging, a pretty good sign it was being introduced into his blood stream, which could cause toxicity problems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because of the shallow nature of this cut, much of the gas released was able to burst out and away from his arm.  In a wound actually calling for cauterization, the powder would have had to been placed much deeper.  Think of this problem as the difference between igniting black powder on the top of a rock vs packing it into a deep crack.  Only one of those leads to an exploding rock. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Further, this brings up the problem of technology again.  If they had a knife to heat, and were dead set on cauterization, they should have used the heated knife.  No additional benefit of gunpowder would be had, and there are several clear drawbacks.  As someone who hunts and hikes often, how many times will you be walking around with black powder (not newer gunpowder formulations) without a good knife?  Or for that matter, a belt and cloth and the ability to make a tourniquet (even a make-shift one).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, the wound in the video doesn't even call for a tourniquet, to say nothing of cauterization.  This is an example of something that makes sensational TV does not make good medical sense, and probably helps spread medical misconceptions and ignorance (as the premise of the show is to help demonstrate survivalist techniques).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T20:16:26.197" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T20:16:26.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="814" CreationDate="2016-01-15T07:53:37.387" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You expel pollutants by coughing and your body cleans lungs every time it has something to clean. &#xA;Month is not a long period. They are still not clean. Your lungs need to not only clean themselves but also repair damage caused by smoking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/quit-smoking-timeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/quit-smoking-timeline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my personal experience during few days I had strong cough but after that it subsided and for next two months I would cough from time to time (always once in the morning) and expel clear, hard mucus.&#xA;By the way, please check if lungs repairing is really the cause of your cough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be that you are ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2603" LastEditorDisplayName="user2603" LastEditDate="2016-01-16T08:17:39.957" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T08:17:39.957" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4393" CreationDate="2016-01-15T12:10:23.003" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#Consumption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article of Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; which states that Tomatoes contain low amounts of tomatine and solanine. So it's propably not unhealthier than drinking one or two glases of wine each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2627" LastActivityDate="2016-01-15T12:10:23.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-15T17:34:29.287" Score="5" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette&quot;&gt;Vaping&lt;/a&gt; has been growing quickly over the past few years, but we aren't sure of the long term health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons I began vaping was because I enjoyed smoking, but there were too many downsides not even taking in to consideration that it would eventually kill me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big question that is on my mind is how does vaping effect your oral health, more specifically your teeth? Have there been any studies around this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-15T18:51:53.233" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T12:35:09.717" Title="How do electronic cigarettes affect the teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-15T23:22:51.313" Score="9" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/10/4065.full&quot;&gt;a paper&lt;/a&gt; regarding the effects of gender on grey matter and white matter, and one passage not directly related to the final result caught my eye:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As expected, intracranial volume in milliliters (ml), consisting of parenchyma, ventricles, and sulci (without subarachnoid space), was (mean ± SD) higher for men (1352.2 ± 104.9) than for women (1154.4 ± 85.1): t = 9.26; df = 78;p &amp;lt; 0.0001. The difference (14.6%) falls between the difference in height (8.2%) and weight (18.7%). Total parenchymal volume was 1229.6 ± 106.2 (range, 1033.9–1469.4) in men and 1072.3 ± 71.5 (range, 895.4–1196.0) in women: t= 7.77; df = 78; p &amp;lt; 0.0001.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference I'm concerned with is in volume. I've done some additional reading, and it seems clear that men have a &lt;em&gt;slightly&lt;/em&gt; larger overall brain size than women (though individual variation and the size of specific regions in the brain mean that this is not a hard and fast rule).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how much of this difference in brain size is attributable to differences in physical size and how much is attributable to other effects of gender. To be a bit clearer, if a group of men had the same average height and weight as a group of women, would there still be as much of a difference in brain size between genders, or is the majority of this based purely on overall body size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is in contrast to the primary result of the study, which seemed to draw neurological conclusions that are not directly related to physical size (regarding percentages of white and grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:33:50.783" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T20:33:50.783" Title="How much of the difference in brain size is attributable to gender, not physical size?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;sexual-diamorphism&gt;&lt;white-matter&gt;&lt;csf-cerebrospinal-fluid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4418" CreationDate="2016-01-16T09:05:54.257" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look for information about the miscarriage risk from amniocentesis, the risk of 1 in 200 or around 0.5 percent gets repeated again and again. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/amniocentesis/basics/risks/prc-20014529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/baby/guide/amniocentesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they never seem to cite a source. I  am looking for a semi-current study (let's say from the last 15 years, to account for current physician training and equipment) reporting the risks of amniocentesis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am looking for would also need to have a control group - one of my problems with the above mentioned sources is that while spontaneous second trimester miscarriages are a lot less likely than first trimester ones, they do occur, even without amniocentesis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:38:07.243" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:38:07.243" Title="What's the real miscarriage risk from amniocentesis?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;miscarriage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4417" CreationDate="2016-01-16T09:56:27.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did end up finding some recent studies with a bit more searching. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(07)00300-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Miscarriage risk from amniocentesis performed for abnormal maternal serum screening&lt;/a&gt; looked at 30.000 women with abnormal serum levels and divided them into two equally sized groups, one undergoing amniocentesis and one not. They found &lt;strong&gt;no significant difference&lt;/strong&gt; in risk of miscarriage, the risk being around 0.5 percent for both groups. According to their abstract, the study size would have been large enough to detect a jump from that 0.5 percent to 0.75 percent, so an increase by 0.25, or 1 in 400. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No statistically significant difference was also found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/2006/11000/pregnancy_loss_rates_after_midtrimester.5.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Loss Rates After Midtrimester Amniocentesis&lt;/a&gt;, with a study group of 3.000 women and a control group of 30.000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2008/03000/Revisiting_the_Fetal_Loss_Rate_After.3.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Revisiting the Fetal Loss Rate After Second-Trimester Genetic Amniocentesis: A Single Center’s 16-Year Experience&lt;/a&gt; looked at a single medical center's results from 1990 to 2006. That included 12.000 women undergoing the procedure and 50.000 who didn't. The control group has a miscarriage rate of 0.26%, the amniocentesis group one of 0.4%, the difference was statistically significant. That's an &lt;strong&gt;increase in 0.13%, or 1 in 769&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least from those studies, the risk of 1 in 200 seems overstated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T09:56:27.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4419" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4427" CreationDate="2016-01-16T12:49:49.203" Score="5" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my friends is having Eosinophilia (the eosinophil count in the peripheral blood should be in the range 0-5×10^8/L, in her case it's 12.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She says that she has many allergies like from dust, etc. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;One day she was out with me in the sun, we were hugging each other and she suddenly said,&quot;Ok, I'm feeling strange.&quot;. I looked at her forearms, they started showing little red dots like that in case of prickly heat rash. We weren't sure if it was the sun or it was something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if pheromones in human beings can cause allergy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T10:02:29.713" Title="Can pheromones or sun trigger/cause allergy?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4006" CreationDate="2016-01-16T16:30:47.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/age&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Cancer Institute&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Advancing age is the most important risk factor for cancer overall, and for many individual cancer types. According to the most recent statistical data from NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, the median age of a cancer diagnosis is 66 years. This means that half of cancer cases occur in people below this age and half in people above this age. One-quarter of new cancer cases are diagnosed in people aged 65 to 74.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer all have median ages of diagnosis between 61 and 70 years. That said, the NCI does note that some cancers occur more often in younger age groups, citing bone cancers (where the most at-risk age group is adolescents under 20) and leukemias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NCI also provides a bar graph showing the percentage of new cancers in various age groups, broken down mostly in ten-year increments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/rSEYFtb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/rSEYFtb.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would seem to indicate that your cancer risk goes down after about the age of 70. However, this is clearly misleading, because fewer and fewer people survive to reach these higher age groups. Thus, with fewer people in that group alive, there is going to be a significant drop in the percentage of cancers that occur in that group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/topic_lifetime_risk.pdf#13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More accurate tables&lt;/a&gt; exist, which show the chance of developing cancer within a certain amount of time at a given age (data from 2010-2012). Table 2.12 in the linked document shows that the chances of developing cancer within 10, 20, or 30 years increases with age (although long-term data is not available for the higher age groups, as most people at the age of 80 do not live for 20 or 30 more years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting effect, though, is that the chance of ever developing cancer does change, increasing by small - negligible, even - amounts from the age of 0-30, and decreasing by the same small amounts from there, until there is a sharp drop-off at the age of 60. The table shows that if, for example, you're 70 years old, then you're less likely to get cancer during the rest of your life than someone 40 years old. The reason for this, of course, is more morbid: other diseases that are more common or more deadly in old age will set in at older ages. Less time to live implies less time to develop cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this less confusing, at younger ages, your risk of developing cancer within a small amount of time - your instantaneous risk - steadily increases. At ages past 30, however, your risk of developing cancer throughout the rest of your life steadily decreases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would assume that your question is better answered by the first statistic, rather than the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2205" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T16:00:14.557" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T16:00:14.557" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1921" CreationDate="2016-01-16T18:15:15.530" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wearing ear plugs every night might be dangerous particularly if you're prone to produce a lot of earwax naturally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Earwax&lt;/strong&gt; is a natural protection for the external ear canal, and regular use of ear plugs (as well as cotton swabs) can push the earwax towards the walls of the canal and the eardrum, making it more sticky and more hard, and incapable of being expelled spontaneously. In the long term, this may cause you a feeling of '&lt;em&gt;fullness&lt;/em&gt;' inside your ear, a slight &lt;em&gt;hearing loss&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;tinnitus&lt;/em&gt;, making it also more difficult for the doctor to remove it (and more painful for you). Also be careful to keep them clean and change them often, since they can carry bacteria which would lead to external ear infections that might also affect the middle ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm attending a ward in the ENT department for my medical degree and I see this quite often, and the patients are never happy to have their earwax removed with a pointy metal object :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2652" LastActivityDate="2016-01-16T18:15:15.530" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4425" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4431" CreationDate="2016-01-17T00:12:10.940" Score="4" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tetracycline is known to be inhibited by calcium ions, and milk contains quite some calcium ions. What I want to ask is, to what extent does drinking milk affect the effectiveness of orally taken tetracycline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="182" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T12:24:01.313" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T12:24:01.313" Title="Effect of milk on effectiveness of oral tetracycline" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-17T00:45:02.887" Score="9" ViewCount="909" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have friends who are trying to lose weight and they keep saying they can't eat certain foods because it is high in carbs and &lt;em&gt;carbs are fattening&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't make sense to me, I lost weight myself but all I did was look at the calorie content of foods, if it was carbs or anything else it didn't really matter. Although I do find that foods that are high in carbs are generally also high in calories but this doesn't mean that carbs are more fattening does it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth in what my friends are saying; that carbs are fattening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it's not just my friends that are saying this, I've heard that carbs are fattening from many different sources: A quick search on how to lose weight shows multiple results mentioning limiting of carbs in order to lose weight: &lt;a href=&quot;http://authoritynutrition.com/how-many-carbs-per-day-to-lose-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; where  they say calorie restricted diets do not work, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/is-cutting-carbs-the-key-to-fat-loss.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; low carb diet lost more weight than low fat group, because they replaced carbs with protein &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:45:52.673" LastActivityDate="2020-07-05T17:18:32.550" Title="Why are carbs said to be fattening?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4419" CreationDate="2016-01-17T06:30:21.927" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;People can get allergy to sunlight. It is called photosensitivity or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sun-allergy/basics/definition/con-20035077&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sun allergy&lt;/a&gt;. The most common form of this is known as polymorphic light eruption (PMLE), also known as sun poisoning[1,2]. This is characterized by redness of the skin found on the arms, wrists, neck, and other areas. Here is a picture of this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nPirI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nPirI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Polymorphic light eruption&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymorphous-light-eruption/multimedia/polymorphous-light-eruption/img-20006918&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on your description, this is what is going on. Your friend has mild PMLE. Pheromones have nothing to do with this problem at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this happen? Scientists aren't fully sure. However, what we do know based on our knowledge of allergies is that the sun-exposed skin. The sun must be altering the skin in some way[2]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this have to do with eosinophilia? Well, eosinophilia means there is more eosinophils and eosinophils are responsible for allergies, so there will be more allergic reactions to more things. However, eosinophilia and photo-sensitivity both are symptoms of drug allergy[3]. Perhaps your friend is allergic to some drug. For example, I found that eosinophilia and photosensitivity could be an allergy to Lisinopril[4]. I am not sure about the drug history of your friend so I cannot say anything more but she should go to the doctor for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mayo Clinic - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sun-allergy/basics/symptoms/con-20035077&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sun-allergy/basics/symptoms/con-20035077&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drugs.com - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/sun-allergy-photosensitivity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/sun-allergy-photosensitivity.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patient.info - &lt;a href=&quot;http://patient.info/health/drug-allergy-leaflet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://patient.info/health/drug-allergy-leaflet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;MHRA UK Public Assesment Report (UKPAR) for Lisinopril - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con054513.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con054513.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2656" LastEditorUserId="2656" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T10:02:29.713" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T10:02:29.713" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-17T11:04:04.187" Score="2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've used laundry detergent many times to wash my dish prior to eating. Sometimes I washed the mug with it as well. I was not very cautious about the fact that it was meant to clean only laundry and a very strong chemical. At the moment I'm a bit scared. Can anybody tell me what should I do now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2658" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T11:04:04.187" Title="What are the health hazards of using laundry detergent to wash dishes?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4425" CreationDate="2016-01-17T12:21:18.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calcium-rich food interferes with absorption of tetracycline considerably:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Milk and other dairy products, antacids containing polyvalent cations, as well as various iron salts ingested simultaneously with tetracycline derivatives, might interfere with their absorption by &lt;strong&gt;50 to 90% or even more&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003495-197611010-00004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Interactions with the Absorption of Tetracyclines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you can't &lt;em&gt;calculate&lt;/em&gt; with that, by for example just taking twice the dosage. The safe method is to not ingest milk or any other calcium-rich food together with the tetracycline. The recommendation appears to be to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tetracycline-class-oral-route-parenteral-route/proper-use/drg-20069585&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;leave one to two hours between the antibiotics and milk&lt;/a&gt; (taking the antibiotics first) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do not take milk, milk formulas, or other dairy products within 1 to 2 hours of the time you take tetracyclines (except doxycycline and minocycline) by mouth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study referenced above recommends an even more cautious three hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T12:21:18.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-17T14:15:00.087" Score="5" ViewCount="29871" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a study &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26767418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt; fish bone ingestion by young kids is rather common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in some extremely rare cases the bone can penetrate the digestive tract and end up in other organs &lt;sup&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fish bones come in various sizes, hardness etc. Eating fish would inevitably result in swallowing them. Although I assume small fish like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sardines&lt;/a&gt; shouldn't be much of a problem, bones from bigger fish can potentially be dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When would swallowing a fish-bone be a problem? (e.g. can cause injury in any part of the digestive system) Would the stomach dissolve partially or completely some fish-bones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, are there any differences in whether a kid or an adult swallowed it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2205" LastEditorUserId="2205" LastEditDate="2021-04-23T16:18:24.653" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T16:18:24.653" Title="When is swallowing fish bones dangerous" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4554" CreationDate="2016-01-17T17:22:43.423" Score="7" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some medication (certain antibiotics, thyroxine, PPIs) need to be taken on an &quot;empty stomach&quot;. For most patients, that just means they take them after sleeping. However, certain circumstances can lead to that not being feasible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long after the last meal should these drugs generally be taken to be sure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:40:53.643" Title="When is a stomach &quot;empty&quot; for the purpose of taking medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4011" CreationDate="2016-01-17T17:38:22.663" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gynecological effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23706279&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Meczekalski et al. (2013)&lt;/a&gt; found that, in addition to fertility problems and related, issues,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rates of birth complications and low birth weight may be higher in women with previous AN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related gynecological effects were much more severe in women with the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; also states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First-degree female relatives and monozygotic twin offspring of patients with anorexia nervosa have higher rates of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Children of patients with anorexia nervosa have a lifetime risk for anorexia nervosa that is tenfold that of the general population (5%). Families of patients with bulimia nervosa have higher rates of substance abuse, particularly alcoholism, affective disorders, and obesity. Traits such as impulsivity, negative affect, perfectionism, and low self esteem are risk factors that may largely be genetically determined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neurological effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139807&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wagner et al.&lt;/a&gt; observed that by one year after recovery from anorexia, white matter, grey matter, and cerebrospinal fluid levels were back to normal, comparable with levels observed in a control group without a history of anorexia. In other words, this effect dissipated after recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n4/full/1395377a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kaye et al. (1999)&lt;/a&gt; found that levels of a metabolite of dopamine continued to stay low one year after recovery. This could be responsible for mood swings associated with the disease before, during, and after recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bone effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jeatdisord.com/content/3/1/11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mehler &amp;amp; Brown (2015)&lt;/a&gt; note that while bone mass loss effects are common in anorexia patients, these patients may never recover, especially if the disease strikes during adolescence. The chances of a fracture over the course of a lifetime are about 60% higher, as found by &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.22248/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Faje et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt;, which studied 310 adolescent (ages 12-22) females with anorexia and 108 without. Specifically, they found that the control group had about a 20% chance of fracture, while the group with anorexia had about a 30% chance of fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-17T18:08:39.630" LastActivityDate="2016-01-17T18:08:39.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4436" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-17T18:55:14.707" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do pediatricians recommend not to take a newborn with jaundice outside on fresh air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any resources on this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2670" OwnerDisplayName="dad" LastEditorUserId="2670" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T17:51:44.690" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T17:51:44.690" Title="When can a newborn with jaundice go out in fresh air?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-18T05:52:15.330" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any research for cures of balanitis or phimosis that isn't circumcision? That circumcision is the only effective method is quite depressing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2662" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-18T14:57:27.793" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T05:08:46.497" Title="Is there any research into alternative ways to treat phimosis or balanitis?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1166" CreationDate="2016-01-18T06:26:09.423" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancer can be detected by some tests (for both men and women) like :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Skin test :&lt;/strong&gt;  In this test you find new growths of skin, sores that do not heal, changes in the size, shape, or color of any moles, or any other changes on the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Colon and Rectum test :&lt;/strong&gt; This test is done for cancer of the colon  and the rectum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Mouth test :&lt;/strong&gt; Through this test you can check your mouth for changes in the color of the lips,tongue, or inner cheeks,cracks, sores, white patches, swelling, or bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Through all these test you can detect cancer in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.londonhealthcheck.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.londonhealthcheck.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2663" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T06:26:09.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-18T15:57:31.730" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some essential oils, such as Gaultheria procumbens, contain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methyl salicylate&lt;/a&gt;, which is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. As a result, some believe it may be of some use to treat tendinities (e.g., (1), although it is quite debated (2,3)). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The simplified mechanism is as follows (source: (4)):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p3epG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p3epG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to improve the penetrability of oil used to treat a tendinitis (e.g., diluting the oil with some cream)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the lateral epicondylitis of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Corrand, Laura. La place des huiles essentielles dans la prise en charge des douleurs articulaires et musculaires à l'officine. Diss. 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Matthews, P., et al. &quot;Topical rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults.&quot; (2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/4159/43&quot;&gt;Do local applications or ingestion of Gaultheria help treating a tendinitis?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/topical/topintro.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/topical/topintro.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T01:00:29.480" Title="Improving the penetrability of essential oils used to treat a tendinitis" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;essential-oil&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4443" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-18T17:21:27.030" Score="4" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend recently told me that GERD patients (acid reflux) should not drink water with meals. I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/525960-does-drinking-water-increase-the-symptoms-of-acid-reflux/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;an article that explains the reasoning&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, water dilutes the stomach acid required for breaking down foods. Since acid reflux medication limits the amount of stomach acid produced, water can have a larger impact on digestion for these patients. Sadly, the article doesn't specifically say how long to wait after meals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1568" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:14:30.623" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:14:30.623" Title="How long does someone with acid reflux who's just eaten have to wait before drinking water?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4384" CreationDate="2016-01-18T21:56:07.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easy answer is that skin turns over, and rather quickly at that. Specialized skin cells called melanocytes impart more or less melanin (through granules called melanosomes) to keratinocytes; these cells then are what give you a tan. The keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, so are eventually shed, and in the absence of continued exposure to UV radiation, there is no need to keep producing melanin-heavy keratinocytes. (It's a bit more complicated, but that's the basic idea.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H6jJW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H6jJW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The keratins and proteins within the stratum corneum act mainly by scattering and absorbing the UV. UV-R sets in action an integrated mechanism for the formation and delivery of melanin within melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. This mechanism is probably triggered by keratinocytes, which respond to UV-R with bursts of mitoses and with increased production of ET-1 and POMC, thus creating a new demand for melanosomes. The mitotic rate of basal keratinocytes increases a day after UV exposure, reaches a maximum 2 days later, and maintains this level for ∼1 wk. It then declines, and the skin regains its original thickness after 1–2 months if there has been no subsequent exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, for a light-skinned individual, light skin is normal, healthy, and appropriate. A tan represents response to a level of damage. When the damage ceases, the skin stops producing the unnecessary cells and the unnecessary pigmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there is any medical disadvantage of a high melanin level during periods of reduced sun exposure[?]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Darker skin is less conducive to production of Vitamin D. This is why Southern Asians living in northern European cities are more prone to Vitamin D deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when exposed to UV radiation, melanin can itself become somewhat toxic to cells, the photosensitization generating superoxide radicals which can injure individual cells. So the risk having melanin must be outweighed by the protective effect of melanin against UV light. It's a delicate balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Continued exposure to UV light stimulates the melanocytes to grow. This increases the chance of the development of melanomas. Since skin cells containing melanin are shed (there's no getting around that), in light-skinned individuals, keeping a tan is to keep injuring the skin and risking carcinogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physrev.physiology.org/content/84/4/1155&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Melanin Pigmentation in Mammalian Skin and Its Hormonal Regulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fasebj.org/content/21/4/976.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564815/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of UV-related carcinogenesis and its contribution to nevi/melanoma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T21:56:07.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4446" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4504" CreationDate="2016-01-18T22:01:00.227" Score="2" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honey may increase the blood glucose level. However, it may also contains some ingredients that give relief for diabetic patients. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2297" OwnerDisplayName="Bishnu Marasini" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-01-19T16:56:30.433" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T12:48:33.573" Title="Can honey help with diabetes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3097" CreationDate="2016-01-18T23:08:19.630" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/2026.aspx?CategoryID=70&amp;amp;SubCategoryID=174&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;, it is safe to fly with a perforated eardrum. They say that it may even cause less discomfort because air can pass more easily through the hole that has formed in your eardrum. You did mention that the hole has appeared to have scabbed over, but that still shouldn't put you at a risk of furthering the damage to your ear. It might cause a bit more discomfort, but more damage won't occur and the healing process won't slow down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/2026.aspx?CategoryID=70&amp;amp;SubCategoryID=174&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS: Is it safe to fly with a perforated eardrum?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2016-01-18T23:08:19.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T00:33:35.423" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, a person will start feeling the symptoms of a cold a day or so after having been exposed to cold weather wearing improper clothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is this: what can I do to minimize the symptoms from that point on, or shorten the duration of the illness? Assume that it is indeed a common cold, not some other infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2672" LastEditorUserId="193" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T16:06:57.747" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T05:35:57.160" Title="Can one do anything to make a cold take a milder course after noticing first symptoms?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5670" CreationDate="2016-01-19T07:26:10.723" Score="4" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can aloe vera gel make scars from acne fade? If so, how is it used for this purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2674" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:43:56.700" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:43:56.700" Title="Does aloe vera fade acne scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;aloe-vera&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4461" CreationDate="2016-01-19T07:31:40.243" Score="2" ViewCount="1744" Body="&lt;p&gt;Deep skin creases in people with obesity are common. When weight loss occurs, skin folds are reduced but the creases remain. The same seems to be true of creases deepened by poor posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to reduce or eliminate skin creases? Does aloe vera help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2674" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T07:19:30.983" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T07:28:10.117" Title="Can skin creases caused by obesity or exacerbated by poor posture be corrected?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4450" CreationDate="2016-01-19T09:13:54.690" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can. It depends on your skin type. Anatomically, everyone is different. I've seen it work quite well and not so well other times. &#xA;For the most part it does work. It's compound and gentle nature and nurture of your dermis is what allows it to heal the outer layer of your skin.&#xA;Vitamin E is what most people refer to in scar healing. Cocoa butter is another over the counter remedy for this as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2016-01-19T09:13:54.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-19T14:19:39.647" Score="3" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most symptoms commonly associated with respiratory viral infections, like the common cold, are actually immune in nature. Fever is the body's attempt to overheat the virus, excess mucous is the body's attempt to catch virus before it enters the body, fatigue is the result of immune exertion in fighting the virus, chills are the result of fever, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What types of symptoms of a respiratory viral infection tend to be directly caused by the virus, and what types tend to be caused by the body fighting a viral infection? A better way to ask this might be, what symptoms of a respiratory viral infection would an immunocompromised individual show?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T05:41:13.413" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T22:56:44.407" Title="In a viral infection, which symptoms are caused by the virus itself, and which symptoms are caused by the body fighting the virus?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T00:13:03.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T05:33:58.197" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;: My son was stillborn and I don't know why. My wife and I would like to have another child, but would very much not like to try if the probability of this occurring again is above a certain threshold (of which we have already settled on one). All 3 doctors I have consulted were unable to give a definitive cause of death, nor were any willing to give a numerical estimate of the probability (whether for reasons of legal risk, or something else) that our next baby will be stillborn. I am likely too distraught to properly evaluate my situation and would very much appreciate an independent (from mine) probability estimate of what caused my son to die, and given that cause, how likely it is that our next child will die as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: V (L and my only biologically related living son) had no complications during birth, nor has he showed any signs of poor health whatsoever. L has a cousin who has had two miscarriages, and I have an aunt who had several stillbirths followed by 3 live births of healthy children. We know of no other family members that have had similar misfortunes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;J (my deceased son) was the product of a 31 week gestation. L (my wife and J's mother) is 28 years old, gravida 2, para 1. L presented to the physicians office for routine prenatal care and noted that she had not felt any fetal movement for the last five to six days. No fetal heart tones were identified. It was determined that there was an intrauterine fetal demise. L was admitted on 11/05/2015 for induction and was delivered of a nonviable, normal appearing, male fetus at approximately 1:30 on 11/06/2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pro-Con Reasoning&lt;/strong&gt;: According to a leading obstetrics textbook1, causes of stillbirth are commonly classified into 8 categories: obstetrical complications, placental abnormalities, fetal malformations, infection, umbilical cord abnormalities, hypertensive disorders, medical complications, and undetermined. Below, I'll list the percentage of stillbirths in each category (which may be used as prior probabilities) along with some reasons for or against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Obstetrical complications&lt;/em&gt; (29%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No abruption detected. No multifetal gestation. No ruptured&#xA;  preterm membranes at 20-24 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Placental abnormalities&lt;/em&gt; (24%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For: Excessive fibrin deposition (as concluded in the surgical&#xA;  pathology report). Early acute chorioamnionitis (as conclused in the&#xA;  surgical pathology report, but Dr. M claimed this was caused by the&#xA;  baby's death, not conversely). L has gene variants associated with&#xA;  deep vein thrombosis (AG on rs2227589 per 23andme raw data).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No factor V Leiden mutation (GG on rs6025 per 23andme raw&#xA;  data and confirmed via independent lab test). No prothrombin gene&#xA;  mutation (GG on l3002432 per 23andme raw data and confirmed via&#xA;  independent lab test). L was negative for prothrombin G20210A mutation&#xA;  (as determined by lab test). Anti-thrombin III activity results were&#xA;  within normal reference ranges (as determined by lab test). Protein C&#xA;  activity results were withing normal reference ranges (as determined&#xA;  by lab test). Protein S activity results were within normal reference&#xA;  ranges (as determined by lab test). Protein S antigen (free and total)&#xA;  results were within normal references ranges (as determined by lab&#xA;  test).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Infection&lt;/em&gt; (13%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For: L visited a nurse's home during the last week of August that&#xA;  works in a hospital we now know had frequent cases of CMV infection.&#xA;  CMV antibody IgH, CMV IgG, and Parvovirus B-19 Antibody IgG values&#xA;  were outside of normal reference ranges. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: Dr. M discounted the viral test results as the cause of&#xA;  death, since the levels suggested the infection had occurred years&#xA;  ago, and therefore could not have caused J's death. Dr. F confirmed&#xA;  Dr. M's assessment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fetal malformations&lt;/em&gt; (14%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No major structural abnormalities. No genetic abnormalities&#xA;  detected (CombiSNP Array for Pregnancy Loss results showed a normal&#xA;  male micro array profile).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Umbilical cord abnormalities&lt;/em&gt; (10%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No prolapse. No stricture. No thrombosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hypertensive disorder&lt;/em&gt; (9%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No preeclampsia. No chronic hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Medical complications&lt;/em&gt; (8%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For: L experienced 2 nights of very painful abdominal pains that could&#xA;  have been contractions on 10/28 and 10/29. L remembers waking up on&#xA;  her back a few nights between 10/20 and 11/05 (it is unclear if this&#xA;  belongs in this category or somewhere else). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Against: No antiphospholipid antibody syndrome detected (determined&#xA;  via Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Antibodies [IgG, IgA, IgM] test). No&#xA;  maternal diabetes detected (determined via glucose test on 10/20).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Undetermined&lt;/em&gt; (24%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most likely cause of death? How likely is that cause? Given that cause, if we choose to have another child, then how likely is it to survive its birth? Are there any other ways I could reduce uncertainty (additional tests, etc...) that I haven't listed here? Are there any other forums where these questions are more likely to get good answers? Why won't doctors give probabilities? Help with any of these questions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your advice to me is to consult another expert (in addition to the 2 obstetricians and 1 high-risk obstetrician I already have consulted), please also provide concrete tactics as to how to find such an expert and validate their expertise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2679" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T10:18:15.480" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T10:18:15.480" Title="What is the best probability of recurrent stillbirth with the given data" Tags="&lt;miscarriage&gt;&lt;3rd-trimester&gt;&lt;birth-defect&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2016-01-20T14:55:30.123" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4451" CreationDate="2016-01-20T07:13:16.350" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creases form all over your body. Once they do, there is really very little that can be done for them. If you doubt this, consider how much money is spent on cosmetic surgery every year just for facial creases. They can be filled with collagen or other substrate, they can be stretched, the muscles around a crease can be relaxed, decreasing the depth of the crease (this is how botox works), but the crease is there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very fine creases (or wrinkles) can be diminished by contact irritants (e.g. retinoic acid preparations, vegetable acids, and other preparations) which cause mild edema (stretching the skin) and reactive skin changes which in toto reduce the appearance of wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obesity normally causes deepening of normal skin folds and the creation of deep skin folds from superficial ones (for example truncal-abdominal skin-folds.) Once this process occurs, the structure of the skin itself is irreversibly changed. If very prominent (for example after weight loss in the morbidly obese), surgery can be done to remove the excess skin and the fold itself (but a scar will replace it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera will not help. However, moisturizers may diminish their appearance a bit, as will good posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/211166&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Topical Retinoic Acid for Photoaging: Clinical Response and Underlying Mechanisms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1381/096089200321593959&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dermolipectomies Following Weight Loss after Surgery for Morbid Obesity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-20T07:28:10.117" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T07:28:10.117" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T17:06:05.690" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an application called Mobile Guard which one of its features is to vibrate when call is connected and by that allowing you to keep the phone away from your ear until the callee answers. The application states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Radiation emission by the phone at the very moment when the call is connected can be as high as 20 times of usual&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? Is there any evidence/resource for that? I've searched in google and couldn't find anything mentioned about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2682" LastEditorUserId="2682" LastEditDate="2019-01-01T14:52:33.327" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T14:52:33.327" Title="Excessive radiation emission by cell phone when call is connected?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-01-01T17:16:32.483" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-20T17:26:43.967" Score="9" ViewCount="1158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that hyperthyroidism can cause depression. Is this because of low serotonin levels or is there is another cause?  Does this kind of depression need to be checked by a psychiatrist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit&lt;/em&gt; (if it is too broad I can remove this edit): Can depression lead to thyroid hormone fluctuation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1767" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:54:37.270" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T16:03:29.143" Title="Does hyperthyroidism affect serotonin levels?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3307" CreationDate="2016-01-20T21:00:01.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clear up a bit of a misconception it appears you may have in your question: All carbohydrates are sugars of some sort, either simple or complex. The difference in the body is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.co.uk/nutrition/simple-carbs-vs-complex-carbs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how long it takes to break them down&lt;/a&gt; to be usable as glucose (Body fuel).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get the answer as to what type you are consuming, you would need to look at the ingredient list, and see what is listed, such as fructose (Simple, fast), high fructose corn syrup (simple, fast), etc. Anything that says sugar, syrup or ends in -ose is likely to be an added sugar of some kind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you replace those sugars with oat starch, you are basically replacing sugar with sugar, just in a (most likely) slower digesting form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My suspicion, however, is that if you say you are eating 440 calories from sugar, and getting that information from food labels, then you are really only counting added sugars, unless you are looking at nutrition facts for raw/cooked vegetables. For example, if you eat a cup of broccoli, you are getting 10g of carbohydrates. 2.5g of that is in simple sugars (fructose/glucose combo), approx 4 g is fiber (undigestible sugar), and another 3.5g of starch (Complex sugar). That makes 6g of sugars, or 24 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your base question, if you take out the added/labeled sugars and replace them with slower acting sugars, your energy levels may be slightly lower than after simple sugars, but be a more sustained effect. You may feel fuller for longer as the body takes longer to break down the food, and you may notice it being easier to lose/maintain weight. Each person will react differently. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.builtlean.com/2012/05/17/carbohydrates/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This is a decent basic writeup&lt;/a&gt; on the subject of carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T21:00:01.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1068" CreationDate="2016-01-20T23:21:39.217" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Levels generally increase until the ages of 50-60, then fall.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In children, levels of LDL and HDL generally either rise or fall monotonically (i.e. continuously) over childhood; see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19524157&quot;&gt;Dai et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt;. LDL-C was found to decrease in both genders, while HDL-C was found to increase in girls and fluctuate in boys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/public/heart/chol_tlc.pdf&quot;&gt;The NIH says of adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blood cholesterol begins to rise around age 20 and continues to go up until about age 60 or 65. Before age 50, men’s total cholesterol levels tend to be higher than those of women of the same age—after age 50, the opposite happens.&#xA;  That’s because with menopause, women’s LDL levels often rise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After about the age of 50, both men and women generally experience a fall in blood cholesterol levels (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/96/1/37.full&quot;&gt;Ferrara et al. (1997)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, levels in all age groups may fluctuate according to the seasons (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111372&quot;&gt;Ockene et al. (2004)&lt;/a&gt; and cited studies therein). However, the reason for this is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2016-01-20T23:21:39.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4469" CreationDate="2016-01-21T11:53:37.270" Score="5" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many articles that point out how drinking milk is not necessary and it does no good to human health. These articles state that milk is only for babies (only mother's milk) and there is no need to drink any animal milk. One example is found at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/healthy-kitchen-11/dairy-truths?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; to a medical page, which says it is based on studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know for a fact: if we don't include milk in our daily diet, will it matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1767" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:47:56.250" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T19:47:56.250" Title="Do we need to drink milk?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4467" CreationDate="2016-01-21T15:29:45.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You certainly don't require milk in your diet. Those with allergies need to avoid it. The whole thing is about getting the nutrients that the body needs. If you replace them with sufficient alternative sources, you'll be fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget the calcium, the added vitamin D, etc. that's in milk: All very important building blocks for a healthy life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addition, I was reminded to cite a source for my answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The USDA on milk, appendix # 3-6. The appendix elaborates all the vitamins that are in milk that the body needs. Further down the appendix it states alternative sources for these nutrients. The link to this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.be/url?q=http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dietary_guidelines_for_americans/AppendixE-3-6-Milk.pdf&amp;amp;sa=U&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjqr-qW273KAhXC_g4KHdWNCdoQFggQMAI&amp;amp;sig2=jHCiR5jJlH7JFlvFTqnD3g&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNFhpm9nC5k-pT-maDd6zPbv-Kuzcg&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2451" LastEditorUserId="1767" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T15:31:09.983" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T15:31:09.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T15:59:04.920" Score="6" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine foods that require you to really sink your teeth into and can't be broken into small chunks like a tough big piece of barbecue meat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There must be some kind of mouth guard that has teeth on it that you can wear over front bottom teeth to protect the gums against the physical pressing. Has anyone/any company attempted to make something like this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2692" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:09:25.087" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T02:09:25.087" Title="Is there some kind of guard you can wear on bottom front teeth to protect gums?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;mouth-guard&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4499" CreationDate="2016-01-21T19:08:20.920" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bottle of liquid that is meant to build my immunity to &quot;cedar fever,&quot; a common allergy in central Texas.  It is a homeopathic medicine which contains the cedar pollen at a 6X dilution, meaning 1 part pollen per 1 million parts water (or alcohol).  The directions say to take 3 drops of this under your tongue 3 times per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm skeptical that this is going to do anything, but I understand that immunotherapy (allergy shots) work essentially the same way: they expose your body to a small amount of allergen to stimulate the immune system... or something like that.  Anyway, that is a more standard approach that a traditional doctor would prescribe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these treatments comparable?  Can anyone tell me how much allergen is present in an allergy shot, so I can compare to the quantity in this homeopathic solution?  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2691" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T10:16:29.583" Title="How does the amount of allergen in an allergy shot compare to a 6X homeopathic dilution" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T23:07:01.153" Score="-2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a male, 5'8'' and weight 127 pounds. I still have a little bit of belly fat, approximately 10 millimeters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to get a flat stomach and I am not interested in building my body. I am build of a small frame and my BMI is still in the acceptable range. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to drop my weight further, towards 120, or even below that, to lose my belly fat. But I do not intend to stay at that weight class. I will then immediately bulk up afterwards, followed by a small cut of all fat that I gain during the bulk-up process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I be worried if the BMI says I am &quot;underweight&quot; for a month or two? Because I am not malnutritioned, I carefully keep track of what I eat and let my weight drop. On top of it, &quot;underweight&quot; people are skeletons, I do not look like that, and have plenty of fat on my stomach to still drop. What are the health concerns? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2693" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T15:32:02.577" Title="Can one go underweight then bulk afterwards safely?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-02-15T19:27:57.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-21T23:12:10.170" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;When people have allergic reactions to washing machine detergents or dryer fabric softener sheets, are the reactions typically &quot;all over&quot; the contact area, or can they be localized to very specific areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, would you expect the reaction to be all over the abdomen and chest, or could it just be on a small area of the chest or abdomen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-01-21T23:12:10.170" Title="Are allergic reactions to detergents and fabric softener localized or generalized?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T00:51:04.850" Score="6" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a 26-year-old male who is 6 foot 3 and around 19 stone and I have a snoring problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't do much exercise other than about a kilometer per day plus whatever I do on the stairs at work. Which sometimes can be quite a lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up until a year ago I was a smoker and stopping made it much more quiet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I snore very loudly, louder than I thought was possible. Even after quitting smoking it is not good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is what causes such a loud snore,  and what I could do to either quieten the noise or stop altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: my other half also mentioned that sometimes I fall silent for short amounts of time like I'm holding my breath. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 2: I know how loud I snore as a friend once recorded me from outside the door to prove he wasn't exaggerating when he stayed at mine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="620" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T16:03:56.590" LastActivityDate="2016-07-17T08:11:29.527" Title="What is snoring and why am I so loud" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T01:02:51.447" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following scenario:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient undergoes a surgical procedure (say, total knee arthroscopy). A few days later, the patient is readmitted for a complication, such as a pulmonary embolism or sepsis. The patient is treated for this complication and released. Maybe 20 days later, the patient goes in for another surgical procedure. The following concerns this second procedure, specifically the associated hospital claim form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 1: What is the standard protocol for reporting recent prior complications? For example if the patient originally got sepsis, would it be reported during the second surgery claim as a diagnostic &quot;present on admission?&quot; Is there a cutoff (say, 30 days)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question 2: Assuming the doctor has access to the patients prior information, what is the standard protocol for deciding whether to proceed with the second surgery? Is there some kind of prior evaluation to determine if the last complication has been treated &quot;beyond a reasonable doubt?&quot; More generally, if a doctor proceeds with the surgery, and say, sepsis develops again, would this be considered a negative strike against the doctor (they should have checked the patient's medical history)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T23:49:56.567" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T23:49:56.567" Title="Protocol for prior complications prior to a surgery" Tags="&lt;medical-malpractice&gt;&lt;pre-suregery-pre-op&gt;&lt;embolism&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4526" CreationDate="2016-01-22T01:47:22.597" Score="5" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/474/how-can-i-boost-my-immune-system&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;, I learn ways of the boosting immune system, but i didn't find main word laughing, so does laughing improve immune system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2695" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T16:28:01.293" Title="Does laughing improve immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T13:31:41.683" Score="6" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had  DNA analysis from 23andMe, however in the results there was no information about the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Does that mean that I do not have these genes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does every human have these genes, or is it a mutation to have them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2702" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:52:28.240" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:52:28.240" Title="Is it possible to not have BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;brca-gene-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4472" CreationDate="2016-01-22T15:32:02.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Body Mass Index, or BMI, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106268439&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;not really a reliable indicator&lt;/a&gt;. It was based on statistics developed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cutthewaist.com/bmi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;almost 200 years ago&lt;/a&gt;, and ignores such things as high muscle content (Muscle weighs more than fat), strong bones and also where and what type the body stores fat as.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visceral fat is much more dangerous health wise than subcutaneous fat, and BMI makes no distinction on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_reduction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Spot reduction is also a myth&lt;/a&gt;. It's entirely possible that you could lose another 10 lbs, and still have that &quot;10 mm&quot; of belly fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &quot;cutting all fat&quot; is not really possible for long term maintenance, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://pennshape.upenn.edu/files/pennshape/Body-Composition-Fact-Sheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;is in fact, unhealthy&lt;/a&gt;. The body needs fat for vital vitamin transport, organ health, many other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As RPL suggests, you may be suffering from body dysmorphia, I would encourage you to talk to a medical professional about your weight and body goals before you go further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T15:32:02.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4489" CreationDate="2016-01-22T19:19:50.503" Score="5" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw on a website that being born between 1945 and 1965 put at risk of hep c but I could find know proof. Can someone please answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the website I found it on, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/HepatitisCTesting/&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/features/HepatitisCTesting/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2706" LastEditorUserId="2706" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T00:20:25.133" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T01:42:27.867" Title="Are you at risk of Hep C because you were born between 1945 1965?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-22T20:23:33.027" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been searching about HBOT treatment for a while. I found many sources &amp;amp; researches but couldn't be sure %100. It is a real solution or it can replace with medicines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328239/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328239/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results show us all patients have positive progress. Unfortunately, the doctors don't suggest HBOT as a first option yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know anything about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2707" LastActivityDate="2016-01-22T20:23:33.027" Title="Do you suggest HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) for Crohn's or Ulcerative Colitis?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4486" CreationDate="2016-01-23T02:31:47.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site you found that on is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt;. It's generally considered an authoritative source. The site states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are high rates of Hepatitis C in people born during 1945-1965. &#xA;  People born during 1945 through 1965 are 5 times more likely than&#xA;  other adults to be infected. In fact, 75% of adults with Hepatitis C&#xA;  were born in these years. The reasons why baby boomers have the&#xA;  highest rates of Hepatitis C are not completely understood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In support of that statement, they include a link to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/knowmorehepatitis/Media/PDFs/FactSheet-Boomers.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;further information (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;. Note that in this document they mention possible reasons for the Baby Boomers to have such a high prevalence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hepatitis C is primarily spread through contact with  blood from an&#xA;  infected person. Many baby boomers  could have gotten infected from&#xA;  contaminated blood  and blood products before widespread screening of &#xA;  the blood supply in 1992 and universal precautions  were adopted.&#xA;  Others may have become infected  from injecting drugs, even if only&#xA;  once in the past.  Still, many baby boomers do not know how or when &#xA;  they were infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T04:57:03.520" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T04:57:03.520" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4492" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-23T18:24:56.330" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-01-23T18:24:56.330" LastActivityDate="2016-01-23T18:24:56.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4493" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-23T18:24:56.330" Score="0" Body="Use this tag when asking about the pressure of the circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is a reliable indicator of several medical conditions." OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-09T13:14:50.327" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T13:14:50.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-23T19:01:54.197" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of juice a patient, who is undergoing hemodialysis, is permitted to drink?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2499" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:12:00.793" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:12:00.793" Title="Juices that dialysis patients can drink" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;renal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-23T22:25:47.383" Score="4" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was talking with somebody who believes that when having stomach flu (gastroenteritis) and feeling nausea, you should try to vomit. This person's theory is that the stomach flu virus makes some foods (the ones that cause nausea) toxic to the body. According to this person, the food that has become toxic by the virus is detected by the body as harmful and thus a person feels nausea so that they may vomit the now toxic food. Then, after the toxic food is vomited out, the body is relieved and can recover more easily from the stomach flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought this was an absurd theory and that you should try to avoid vomiting while having stomach flu to prevent the loss of nutrients. However, I don't know what the actual recommended course of action should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does stomach flu (gastroenteritis) cause nausea? Is the virus making the food we eat toxic? Or it is just making the stomach extra sensitive to anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2711" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T14:16:18.780" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T14:16:18.780" Title="Does vomiting while feeling nausea from stomach flu make it easier or harder for the body to recover?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5469" CreationDate="2016-01-23T23:43:52.117" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;When treating a lateral epicondylitis of the humerus with diclofenac patches, what is the recommended surface of the patch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the entire patch (10x14cm) contains 140 mg of diclofenac (as in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicament.com/378-diclofenac-ratiopharm-1-5-emplatres-medicamenteux-3400935292155.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;). I understand that reducing its size results in reducing the amount of diclofenac. However, I believe (and may be wrong) one should take into account the distance between the patch and the epicondyle. E.g. if the patch's size is reduced by half, the remaining 70 mg are &quot;closer&quot; to the epicondyle than the removed 70 mg (provided that the patch is always placed in such a way that the distance between the patch and the epicondyle is minimized).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this question could be broken down into two main ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To what extent does the distance between the patch and the epicondyle matter for the treatment?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To what extent does the diclofenac dose matter for the treatment?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm ok to post them as two separate question if needs be. I don't have any preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T20:15:33.813" Title="Recommended size of diclofenac patch" Tags="&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4471" CreationDate="2016-01-24T05:00:09.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A quick, non-comprehensive google search turned up a couple of publications targeted at doctors indicating that maintenance doses of allergens are in the range of 5-20 micrograms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.greerlabs.com/files/Grier_Tom_HowsMyDosing_Publication_3_2012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.greerlabs.com/files/Grier_Tom_HowsMyDosing_Publication_3_2012.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0815/p689.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0815/p689.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This obviously varies a great deal depending on the allergen, the patient, and the progress of therapy, but it sounds like you could use it as an order-of-magnitude estimate. Some issues to note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I believe that 6X means the solution has been diluted to one millionth of the original concentration, but to find out the amount of pollen present you would need to know what the original concentration was. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't know whether immunotherapy uses whole pollen, or some kind of isolated protein. If it's an isolate, 1mcg of allergen used in shots could be much more potent than 1mcg of solute in the homeopathic solution.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how comparable sublingual and injected allergen doses are. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Homeopathic remedies are unregulated and could contain basically anything. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="236" LastEditorUserId="236" LastEditDate="2016-01-24T10:16:29.583" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T10:16:29.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4522" CreationDate="2016-01-24T09:04:31.197" Score="5" ViewCount="17245" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using a Fitbit to track my resting heartrate (among other things).  The value has consistently been in the 55-60 range for several weeks (most typical value over the past week or two is 57).  Over the past few days, however, it jumped to around 62; a 10% increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JPF5C.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JPF5C.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bulk of the increase occurred 2 days ago, and the only thing I can think of that happened within that timeframe is that I got a mild sunburn (from kiteboarding, so primarily on my face/forehead from looking up at the sky all afternoon).  But correlation doesn't necessarily mean causation.  So my question is, can a sunburn lead to an increase in the body's resting heartrate?  And if so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Misc Notes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know a Fitbit isn't a medically accurate device, and that there's pending litigation over whether they're accurate &lt;em&gt;at all&lt;/em&gt;.  However my anecdotal experience with my particular device is that it's quite accurate when at rest (during strenuous exercise the instantaneous readings can indeed be a bit funky and it can temporarily lose count altogether; although the average values that get logged to the dashboard seem reasonable despite the transient outliers/glitches).  So I don't think device inaccuracy/margin of error is the explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:15:22.033" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T22:23:15.987" Title="Can a sunburn increase your resting heart rate?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;forehead&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-24T11:17:53.110" Score="7" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a controversial debate around this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627488&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;, which states that breastfed infants face the danger of iron deficiency if they are not supplemented with other food or pills early enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early means that iron deficiency is a danger even before 6 months, which is the WHO-recommended duration of breastfeeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Critics of the study say that it may be supported by the food lobby, and that iron in breastmilk can be absorbed much more easily, than iron from food or supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there more evidence, more studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2718" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:42:42.747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T19:39:13.907" Title="Is iron deficiency a serious threat to breastfed infants?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-24T12:22:06.117" Score="6" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diclofenac patches often, maybe always, have an expiration date. How does the efficiency of a diclofenac patch decrease as it approaches the expiration date? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume that the diclofenac patch is used to treat a lateral epicondylitis of the humerus, and that storage instructions were properly folowed (e.g., &quot;Store patches in the envelope at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C). Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Always reseal envelope after opening&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some websites claim diclofenac patches are useless after the expiration date:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://umm.edu/health/medical/drug-notes/notes/diclofenac-patch-on-the-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://umm.edu/health/medical/drug-notes/notes/diclofenac-patch-on-the-skin&lt;/a&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You will also need to throw away old patches after the expiration date has passed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it doesn't tell me to what extent the efficiency of a diclofenac patch decreases as it approaches the expiration date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:25:07.747" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T15:25:07.747" Title="How does the efficiency of a diclofenac patch decrease as it approaches the expiration date?" Tags="&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;diclofenac&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;humerus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4446" CreationDate="2016-01-24T12:48:33.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the main constituents present in honey that contributes largely in exhibiting antidiabetic effect is fructose. There is evidence that fructose tends to lower blood glucose levels in rodent models of diabetes.&#xA;Mechanisms responsible for this may include a prolongation&#xA;of gastric emptying time,reduced rate of intestinal absorption and reduced food intake. In addition to fructose, oligosaccharides such as palatinose (isomaltulose) present in honey have been reported to delay digestion and intestinal absorption of glucose resulting in reduced glycemia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, fructose has also been shown to stimulate glucokinase in hepatocytes which plays a significant role in the uptake and storage of glucose (as glycogen) by the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, Honey contains a number of mineral elements such as zinc, selenium, copper, calcium, potassium, chromium, manganese and so on. Some of these minerals such as chromium are recognized for their role in the reduction of elevated blood glucose, maintenance of normal glucose tolerance and insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honey as an antidiabetic agent is likely to be more effective and beneficial if combined with conventional antidiabetic therapy.  If combined with conventional antidiabetic drugs or insulin, the use of honey may necessitate lower doses of these synthetic drugs or insulin to achieve similar glycemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399220/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399220/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;2.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22337138&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22337138&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/1/248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/1/248&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iomcworld.com/ijcrimph/files/v05-n04-02.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.iomcworld.com/ijcrimph/files/v05-n04-02.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T12:48:33.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-24T17:31:55.027" Score="10" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Internet is full of advice on how to &lt;em&gt;prevent&lt;/em&gt; flatulence (e.g. diet changes), but no serious tips on how to get rid of gas once it's set in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gas trapped in the colon can cause significant pain. Are there any methods to help move gas along and expel it once it builds up in the colon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2719" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:18:12.327" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T01:32:51.750" Title="Methods for dealing with gas pains?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;colon&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4027" CreationDate="2016-01-24T19:46:43.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TSH concentration is subject to both circadian variation (i.e. a rhythm with a period of one day) and ultradian variation (i.e. faster oscillations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fact is illustrated by the following figure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkguJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkguJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This illustration was generated by computer simulations. Model 4 integrates long and ultra-short feedback control of TSH release. The pattern generated by this fourth model is identical to that of natural time series, as proved by two methods to calculate fractal dimensions [Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Homeostatic Control of the Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment&lt;/a&gt;. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Nov 20;6:177. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;26635726&lt;/a&gt;; PMCID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653296/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4653296&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following figure illustrates TSH pulsatility over three weeks in the evolution of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumours, uremia and starvation (TACITUS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/prPAh.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/prPAh.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This time series was again created by numeric simulation, but it is identical to observations of real patients [Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2012/351864/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis&lt;/a&gt;. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/351864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1155/2012/351864&lt;/a&gt;. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;23365787&lt;/a&gt;; PMCID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23365787/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC3544290&lt;/a&gt;.].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All time series were created with &lt;a href=&quot;http://simthyr.sourceforge.net/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SimThyr 3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T19:46:43.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3870" CreationDate="2016-01-24T20:22:12.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This also depends on the question if hypothyroidism is subclinical or overt. Recently, the European Thyroid Association has published a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eurothyroid.com/files/download/ETA-Guideline-Management-of-Subclinical-Hypothyroidism.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guideline on the management of subclinical hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt;. In asymptomatic patients thyroid function tests (TFTs) should be repeated in 6 months intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decisions shouldn't be based on TSH levels alone, but also on concentrations of free T4 and free T3. In difficult cases calculated parameters including SPINA-GT, SPINA-GD and Jostel's TSH index might be helpful as well. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26335522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recent paper&lt;/a&gt; demonstrated age, sex, SPINA-GD and aetiology of hypothyroidism to be independent predictors of substitution dose with L-T4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastActivityDate="2016-01-24T20:22:12.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4509" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-01-24T22:21:38.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The thyroid is the largest purely endocrine gland of the human body. Its hormones are pleiotropic, i.e. they act on a multitude of tissues and organs. They play an essential role for growth, development, differentiation, metabolism and neuropsychological function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T20:01:02.927" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T20:01:02.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4510" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-01-24T22:21:38.060" Score="0" Body="Questions and answers to thyroid dysfunction, thyroid diseases and physiological and biological questions related to thyroid disorders." OwnerUserId="2721" LastEditorUserId="2721" LastEditDate="2016-01-25T21:24:30.957" LastActivityDate="2016-01-25T21:24:30.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T07:42:57.967" Score="5" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the normal folic acid dosage that should be taken while trying to conceive? The minimum dosage available in my region is 5 mg tablets. Is that an acceptable dose? I read somewhere that the normal dosage is 400 mcg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2727" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:14:45.477" Title="Folic acid dose before conception" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-25T10:25:01.527" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is looking continuously at a computer screen for a long time everyday bad for health? If yes, then what care should be taken while working on a computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="740" LastEditorUserId="2733" LastEditDate="2016-01-26T16:02:29.193" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T16:02:29.193" Title="Is working on a computer for a long time everyday bad for health?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-26T16:15:08.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4517" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11395" CreationDate="2016-01-25T21:16:48.113" Score="4" ViewCount="673" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific research available on the dietary requirements of gold(if any at all)? The motivation for my question comes from the Edgar Cayce readings(holistic medicine). According to Cayce, several diseases are caused by a lack of gold in the diet or the body's inability to metabolize the gold. As to what foods contain trace elements of gold, that is another topic altogether. As to whether or not you believe in Cayce's supposed psychic abilities is also irrelevant to my question, humor me and assume that there may be some scientific validity to his claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2734" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:49:13.187" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T03:49:13.187" Title="Dietary Requirements of Gold" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T05:29:01.907" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard it said that when in doubt use (or administer) Ibuprofen.  The idea being that it's a safe, general-purpose medical tool.  Assuming you follow the instructions on the bottle, is this a viable strategy?  Or are there situations or scenarios where it would be better to err on the side of doing nothing?  Are there situations or scenarios where you would definitely want to not use Ibuprofen, again assuming you at least follow the instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1896" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T04:23:53.020" Title="Is Ibuprofen Safe To Use As A Catch-All First Aid Solution" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-27T17:38:22.573" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4500" CreationDate="2016-01-26T05:33:16.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One word: dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You spent a day out in the sun, exerting yourself, and probably didn't maintain your normal level of hydration. Consequently, you're mildly dehydrated (or, more properly, &lt;em&gt;hypohydrated&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration means a lower blood volume, which in turn means your heart has to beat faster to move the same volume of blood. Consequently, your heart rate is mildly elevated until you restore your normal hydration levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary of Findings &lt;a href=&quot;http://ksi.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1222/2015/04/Heart-Rate-and-Hydration-Template_New-Logo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scientific  Definitions:  Hypohydration  is  the  steady state  condition  of  decreased  total  body water.  Dehydration  is  the  process  of  losing  body  water  (eg,  during exercise).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Body  mass  losses  as  small  as  2%  have  been  shown  to  result &#xA;in  an  increase  in  cardiovascular  strain  and  subsequently &#xA;decrease performance  during  exercise. Exercise  in  the  heat &#xA;further  exacerbates  cardiovascular  strain,  thus  causing  further&#xA;decrements  in  performance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results  have  shown  that  for  every  1%  decrease  in  body  mass &#xA;during  exercise  in  the  heat  there  is  an  increase  in  heart &#xA;rate  of  3.29 beats/min.  This  equates  to  an  increase  in  heart&#xA;rate  of  10  beats/min  if an  athlete is  3%  dehydrated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise  at  a  fixed  and  variable  intensity  has  shown  an &#xA;increase in heart  rate  of  3.55  and  1.39  beats/min  respectively&#xA;during  exercise  in the  heat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T05:33:16.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T12:59:53.003" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the skin of the umbilicus detach from the abdominal wall (perhaps with trauma but without breakage of the skin) and will the umbilicus pop out if this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried looking for examples of this but I haven't found any publicly available clinical literature covering this possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that eversion can be used to treat things like pilonidal cysts around it which made me wonder if the pressure from the subcutaneous fat and fluids would flip the umbilicus inside out if it wasn't attached to the abdominal wall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2741" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T12:59:53.003" Title="Can the umbilicus evert without an underlying umbilical hernia?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-26T13:23:00.227" Score="15" ViewCount="105507" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very often, doctors or pharmacists will advise patients to take certain pills with food to &quot;act as a buffer&quot; so the patient is less likely to get a stomach ache from taking the pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much food is necessary to act as a buffer to protect the stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some doctors claim that a couple of crackers are sufficient, whereas other doctors claim that you need to eat an entire meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the truth?  And what are the best foods to eat (or drink) for this purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to simplify your answer, feel free to answer for an &quot;average&quot; adult, meaning average weight, height, etc., and no specific illnesses that would complicate your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(As a side note, not all pills should be taken with food; some pills are to be taken on an empty stomach.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T22:31:00.890" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T23:27:09.333" Title="How much food is necessary to buffer the stomach when taking medicine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4477" CreationDate="2016-01-26T16:28:01.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that laughter can help improve eustress levels and overall health, but evidence is mixed as many of the studies are not designed very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/amjmedsci/Abstract/1989/12000/Neuroendocrine_and_Stress_Hormone_Changes_During.6.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study examined stress hormones&lt;/a&gt; in a small sample study of men viewing a comedy video, and concluded that stress hormones dropped in the subjects which has a beneficial effect in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the studies available, however, are in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ijp.sagepub.com/content/15/1/13.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nature of this example&lt;/a&gt;, which is observational in nature, and may or may not have correlation. (This citation is abstract only, I do not have access to the full article on this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while there is evidence that laughter and good feelings may help boost personal health, it is very much unproven and in need of further, well designed research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T16:28:01.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3610" CreationDate="2016-01-26T17:33:56.437" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Colloidal silver isn't directly harmful in the sense that it won't cause the body to stop functioning properly.  As far as health goes, silver has little effect inside the human body for good or for ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies do suggest that silver may interact negatively with other medication.  I would recommend researching this further if you think it may be a concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The particle size isn't so important as the total amount of silver taken over time.  No matter how small the particle size, silver will still accumulate in the body.  If sufficient amounts of silver are taken into the body (usually this occurs over several months or years), it may cause a condition called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;agyria&lt;/a&gt;, which is characterized by a discoloration of skin.  This condition is usually harmless although probably undesirable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is this: &lt;strong&gt;the risks of using colloidal silver or other sources of silver for medical purposes outweigh the advantages&lt;/strong&gt;.  I recommend not using colloidal silver but rather opting for traditional modern medicine, which is not only safer but more effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayoclinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/PhonyAds/silverad.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quackwatch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/silver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2744" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T17:33:56.437" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4456" CreationDate="2016-01-26T22:49:26.470" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;To provide a brief answer, as I think a sufficient answer would be far beyond the scope of this site, the symptoms that are &quot;generic&quot; to the common colds are all caused by the body's response to a pathogen (it's why they are generic).  Specific pathogens tend to cause additional symptoms on top of that, some of which seem to be directly related to viral damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I want to point out to a very nice &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/how-to-use-this-website/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website/data set&lt;/a&gt; from the &lt;strong&gt;Common Cold Project&lt;/strong&gt; (CCP).  The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/publications/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publications&lt;/a&gt; from the comprising trails is a good repository for information on the common cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*It should be noted that there were a few experimental design problems that they were unable to avoid (for a combination of cost and lack of knowledge).  It turned out the the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RSV&lt;/a&gt; challenge strain used in the British study was not a very &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/Path.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pathogenic&lt;/a&gt; strain.  Further, as it has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271186/?page=7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;delayed onset&lt;/a&gt; of symptoms meant that it wasn't well studied with in the time frame of the trial.  That said, it provides a good deal of details on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HRV&lt;/a&gt;, and the &quot;common cold&quot; more generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What are the common symptoms of the common cold?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might seem like a more obvious question, but it's what must be answered first before the broader question of what is being caused by the virus is addressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the better lists of symptoms comes from the first &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271186/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British study&lt;/a&gt; mentioned in the CCP:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hoarseness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sore throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nasal obstruction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sneezing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased tissue usage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nasal stuffiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sinus Pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Post-nasal discharge&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uofmmedicalcenter.org/HealthLibrary/Article/511842EN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cervical adenitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sputum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chills&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extra bed rest&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Watering Eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Malaise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Myalgia [muscle pain]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopurulent_discharge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mucopurulent discharge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temperature increase in the day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temperature increase at night&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Table 3, ibid]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not a single one of these is actually caused &quot;directly&quot; by the virus, but it kind of get's back to what can the virus do?  Viruses are very small obligate parasites that rely on changing host systems to replicate and spread their genetic material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we take a look at the snotty, cough, and sneezy symptoms (cough, bronchoconstriction and airway mucus secretion), they are all &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240151&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caused&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor#By_rate_of_adaptation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rapidly adapting receptors&lt;/a&gt; (RARs) along the airway.  That is to say, the damage the viruses do actually cause to cells along the airway is detected by RARs either through the cell debris, chemical signaling (indirect activation from other cells), or direct interaction of immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we look at a runny and stuffed up nose (rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction) specifically, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378761/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;we know&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neutrophils&lt;/a&gt; are coming to the sinuses and inducing inflammation and mucus over production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What do the viruses actually do then?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where the question gets very broad very quickly.  I will deal with three viruses as examples: HRV, RSV, and influenza.  Some of the best sentinel data on colds, at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750056/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;colds severe enough&lt;/a&gt; to seek medical treatment, has been coming from China. The two leading candidates from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these studies&lt;/a&gt; are HRV and RSV (also true in US, see a related &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21507/why-dont-we-develop-immunity-against-common-cold/21802#21802&quot;&gt;SE.BIO awnser&lt;/a&gt; of mine).  I want add in flu because it has some other interesting traits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both HRV and RSV often are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found with co-infection&lt;/a&gt; of other viruses or bacteria, but RSV is more likely to have this problem [ibid].  While &quot;drained&quot; resources while fighting the common infection might be a partial explanation for this, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26557722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;we know&lt;/a&gt; that RSV produces two proteins, NS1 and NS2, which directly inhibit the innate immune system.  This could explain the high rate of co-infection with RSV.  Which leads me to the first general thing that viruses do, directly counter the immune system of a host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158258&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comparison&lt;/a&gt; would be what kind of direct cell damage (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytopathology&lt;/a&gt;) the virus might do.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RSV&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158258&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu&lt;/a&gt; tends to destroy the airway epithelial barrier by infecting and killing the epithelial cells (this sets of the RARs).  HRV on the other hand, doesn't often kill the cells off, but just disrupts their function [ibid].  Thus the second general thing viruses do is &quot;kill&quot; or &quot;disrupt&quot; the cells they infect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final action of a virus I want to look at goes back to a symptom that is on our list, myalgia.  Of our three viruses, this is most closely associated with flu.  Though the exact mechanisms may vary, it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24530048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;believed&lt;/a&gt; to be caused &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytokine&lt;/a&gt; release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a good example where answering the question of what is &quot;caused&quot; by the virus is tricky.  Some influenza strains produce proteins where a main function seems to be inducing cytokines.  This can lead to all kinds of bad things like a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_storm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytokine storm&lt;/a&gt;.  But flu also needs to cause an up regulation of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trypsin&lt;/a&gt; to help process it's proteins.  This might be done indirectly through a cytokine or directly from a viral protein.  Either way the trypsin can remain in the tissue causing damage to host proteins after the virus has moved on (been cleared).  So would we say this was tissue damage caused by the virus?  It wasn't an immune response in the normal sense, and it was started by the virus, but then again the trypsin is not a viral protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That leads to my final overly generic statement about viruses, they activate complicated pathways with all kinds of incidental downstream consequences (normally bad).  Imagine if someone was in front of a power breaker box randomly turning off and on switches.  If the food was spoiled in the refrigerator would you say it was because the refrigerator wasn't on, or because somebody pulled the fuse out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2016-01-26T22:56:44.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4521" CreationDate="2016-01-27T04:23:53.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;every individual situation&lt;/em&gt;, one must weigh the risks vs. the benefits. If the potential or actual benefits outweigh the potential or actual risks, &lt;strong&gt;and the situation calls for ibuprophen&lt;/strong&gt;, you take the medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the potential benefits don't outweigh the potential risks, you don't take the medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks vary from individual to individual and from situation to situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no blanket answer to your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A Review of Quantitative Risk–Benefit Methodologies for Assessing Drug Safety and Efficacy—Report of the ISPOR Risk–Benefit Management Working Group, J. Guo et al, &lt;em&gt;Value in Health&lt;/em&gt;, Volume 13, Issue 5, APR 2010&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T04:23:53.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="713" CreationDate="2016-01-27T06:55:59.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does chronic Lyme disease really exist ?&lt;/strong&gt;  Let me rewrite that question: &quot;Does  infection with Borrelia species persist in patients treated aggressively with antibiotics? (Treated beyond the IDSA Guidelines)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, just so you know I recently posted well over 100 references supporting this position on my Facebook page Thomas Grier: and here are some to consider: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.miklossy.ch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Judith Miklossey&lt;/a&gt; both photographed Borrelia in the brains of dementia patients 20 years ago, but she cultured Borrelia burgdorferi and used that strain to create a Rat Brain Model of Lyme disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alan MacDonald identified both Bb and Borrelia miyamotoi in the brain of a lumberjack from Twig MN who had been treated aggressively with 7 years of antibiotics. Green is B burgdorferi, Red is B miyamotoi &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cFAHO.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cFAHO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cimmino MA, Azzolini A, Tobia F, Pesce CM.  Spirochetes in the spleen of a patient with chronic Lyme disease. Amer J Clin Pathol 1989;91:95-7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cleveland CP, Dennler PS, Durray PH. Recurrence of Lyme disease presenting as a chest wall mass: Borrelia burgdorferi was present despite five months of IV ceftriaxone 2g, and three months of oral cefixime 400 mg BID.  Poster presentation LDF International Conference on Lyme Disease research, Stamford, CT, April 1992 *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diringer MN, Halperin JJ, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme meningoencephalitis: A report of a severe, penicillin resistant Borrelia encephalitis responding to cefotaxime.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Arthritis and Rheum 1987;30:705-708&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drulle John MD. Persisting Lyme disease: Chronic infection or immune phenomena? Lecture Handout 1992 *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fried Martin D, Durray P.  Gastrointestinal Disease in Children with Persistent Lyme Disease: Spirochetes isolated from the G.I. tract despite antibiotic therapy. 1996 LDF Lyme Conference Boston, MA, Abstract*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fraser DD, Kong LI, &amp;amp; Miller FW.  Molecular detection of persistent Borrelia burgdorferi in a man with dermatomyosistis. Clin and Exp Rheum 1992;10:387-390&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Georgilis K, Peacocke M, and Klempner MS. Fibroblasts protect the Lyme Disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi from ceftriaxone  in vitro.  J. Infect Dis 1992;166:440-444&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hassler D, Riedel K, Zorn J, and Preac-Mursic V. Pulsed high dosed cefotaxime therapy in refractory Lyme Borreliosis (Letter to Editor) Lancet 1991;338:193&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haupl TH, Krause A, Bittig M. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in chronic Lyme Disease: altered immune regulation or evasion into immunologically  privileged sites? Abstract 149 Fifth International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis, Arlington, VA, 1992  *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haupl T, Hahn G, Rittig M, Krause A, Schoerner C, Schonnherr U, Kalden JR and Burmester GR: Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in ligamentous tissue from a patient with chronic Lyme Borreliosis. Arthritis and Rheum 1993;36:1621-1626 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, and Coyle PK. Seronegative Chronic Relapsing Neuroborreliosis.  European Neurology. 1995;35(2):113-117&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liegner KB. Lyme Disease: A persistent problem. A Guest editorial JAMA 31(8):1961-63&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liegner KB. Lyme disease: The sensible pursuit of answers (Commentary). J. Clin Microbiol  1993;31:1961-1963&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liegner KB. Spectrum of antibiotic-responsive meningoencephalmyelitides: A fatal case of CMEM.  Poster presentation 1992 LDF Lyme Conference, Stamford, CT April 1992 *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liegner Kenneth B MD.  Chronic persistent infection and  chronic persistent denial of chronic persistent infection in Lyme Disease.  A position paper presented at the 6th Annual International Conference on Lyme Disease and other tick-borne illnesses, Atlantic City, NJ, May 5-6, 1993 *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Schierz G, et al. Repeated isolation of spirochetes from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with meningoradiculitis Bannwarth’ Syndrome. &#xA;Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984;3:564-565&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preac-Mursic V, Weber K, Pfister HW, Wilske B, Gross B, Baumann A, and Prokop J.  Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme Borreliosis Infection 1989;17:335-339&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schmidli J, Hunzicker T, Moesli P, et al,  Cultivation of Bb from joint fluid three months after treatment of facial palsy due to Lyme Borreliosis. J Infect Dis 1988;158:905-906&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waniek C, Prohocnik I, Haufman MA.  Rapid progressive frontal type dementia and subcortical degeneration associated with Lyme disease.  Poster presentation and abstract presented at the 1993 LDF State of the Art Research Symposia on Lyme Disease, Stanford, CT, April 1993 (212) 960-5872 - NY State Psychiatric Institute *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wokke JHJ, vanGijn J, Eldersom A, Stanek G. Chronic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi infection of the central nervous system.  Neurology 1987;37:1031-1034&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2752" LastEditorUserId="325" LastEditDate="2016-01-27T17:35:44.317" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T17:35:44.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-27T16:19:26.527" Score="5" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between an epidemic and an outbreak? Both words mean unexpected or unusual occurrence of the disease. Can someone explain the difference between them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2756" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T16:19:20.970" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T16:19:20.970" Title="Epidemic and outbreak of Disease" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-27T16:43:26.930" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether wearing an eye blind every night to sleep can be deleterious for the skin. I looked for information on Google and Google Scholar but haven't found anything, so I'm not sure whether it means nobody looked at it or it is obviously harmless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T01:04:14.733" Title="Is wearing eye blinds every night to sleep deleterious for the skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16660" CreationDate="2016-01-27T19:24:37.997" Score="10" ViewCount="4804" Body="&lt;p&gt;Besides being uncomfortable, does wearing retainers at night cause any effects like sleep apnea? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering this because I've woken up with dry mouth multiple times after sleeping with my retainer, which is also a symptom of sleep apnea. Of course, having just one symptom doesn't mean much, but almost every time I use retainers, this happens, so I've begun to wonder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the known side effects of sleeping with a retainer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T15:37:48.503" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T15:41:56.320" Title="Can wearing retainers at night affect sleep quality?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4360" CreationDate="2016-01-27T20:58:49.450" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are a few things making this a difficult question to answer.  Much of the in-depth research hasn't been done on healthy individuals (biomechanics of the foot), but where there's something wrong (pathomechanics of the foot).  There is also a difference between what is theoretically best (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3818677&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found here&lt;/a&gt;) and what people actually do (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1173105/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sort of found here&lt;/a&gt;).  Also, the search terms might not be readily apparent because the biomechanical word for &quot;standing&quot; is &quot;stance&quot; (eg &quot;load distribution in stance&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best models and papers I found were also behind pay walls (which my institution has access to), but I can summarize the information as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 6 main points of pressure in the healthy foot: the heel, and the head of each (5) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metatarsals&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K7erA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K7erA.png&quot; alt=&quot;Image of load points of the foot.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The metatarsal head of the hallux (big toe, labeled 2 above) should take about 2x the pressure as the other 4 heads, which roughly balances the left to right load on the foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as front to back, the only reference I found that calculated an ideal position was the one I &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3818677&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned before&lt;/a&gt;, and seemed to indicate the heel should receive 52.6% +/- 1.36% of the load of the foot (Fig 7).  Presumably the rest of the weight would then be distributed to the metatarsal heads as mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will say that was calculated with math I don't quite understand, and on a very idealized adult foot.  It might be much more useful to ask the question: &quot;How do people with healthy feet and gates distribute the load on their feet?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would go back to my &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1173105/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;second reference&lt;/a&gt; and give us this lovely figure: [Fig 1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dag9K.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dag9K.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Load of adult and children taken at stance&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My final conclusion is that if you are concerned about your gate you should see an OT or PT. Check for uneven wear on the feet, and try to stay &quot;balanced.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2016-01-27T20:58:49.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-27T22:51:42.223" Score="3" ViewCount="1349" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand exercise increases hear rate.   Why should an increase in hear rate feel like the heart is also beating louder (not just faster).  If I place my hand on my chest, I feel its thump much clearer after exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is exercise also making the heart beat more forcefully.  In which case, should the blood pressure change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2761" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T00:22:09.527" Title="Why can I hear my heart beat louder after rigorous exercise" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4542" CreationDate="2016-01-28T00:22:09.527" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stroke volume increases during exercise&lt;/a&gt;. So, your heart is actually larger wen you are exercising compared to when you are at rest. When you stop exercising, your heart will need some time to shrink to its normal size, so stroke volume will still be a bit larger than usual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T00:22:09.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4539" CreationDate="2016-01-28T01:04:14.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the answer to this questions would have to be: &lt;em&gt;it depends.&lt;/em&gt; Certainly it could irritate skin for some people with very sensitive skin, or if they use blinds made of poor quality material or which contain something they're sensitive or allergic to, or if they absorb and retain sweat in hot weather. But otherwise, blinds are usually just a piece of cloth. It would be no different than wearing any other piece of clothing to bed that fit closely to your skin such as socks or pajamas for infants and small children. Granted, facial skin is often more sensitive than most other areas of the body, but infant skin is usually even more sensitive and infants have been sleeping in fitted pajamas for decades without ill effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find nothing indicating that eye blinds are known to be deleterious to the skin and can't think of any reason why they would be other than the possibilities I mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T01:04:14.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7378" CreationDate="2016-01-28T01:24:35.580" Score="6" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine&quot;&gt;lamotrigine (Lamictal)&lt;/a&gt;, an anticonvulsant, and came across a claim (which has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157917&quot;&gt;partially verified&lt;/a&gt;) that it can cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonus&quot;&gt;myoclonic jerks&lt;/a&gt; in some cases. Myoclonus can be treated with various drugs, some of which are anticonvulsants. It would make sense to switch a patient to a different anticonvulsant if myoclonic jerks persist, but if treatment with lamotrigine was continued, a second drug &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be prescribed to deal with the jerks (although I don't know if this would be wise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any non-anticonvulsant drugs that have been approved for use specifically with anticonvulsants - not just lamotrigine - to treat myoclonus arising from the use of said anticonvulsants, or are they incompatible for some reason? I'm aware that most drugs used to treat myoclonus are anticonvulsants, but I don't believe that all are (although do correct me if I'm wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T07:17:19.973" Title="Are any drugs approved to deal with drug-induced myoclonus?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-24T20:43:34.717" Score="2" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been recently making vegetable smoothies using carrots and spinach. But is this healthy for me as I know having fruit smoothies contain broken down sugars and are bad for you. So is it good for health having vegetable smoothies instead of fruit ones? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only have one carrot and a handful of cooked spinach once a day or so - is this in any way bad for health in the same regard as consuming too much sugar from fruit smoothies could be? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2805" OwnerDisplayName="Funky" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-03-21T17:02:22.403" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T08:35:45.133" Title="Vegetable smoothies: are they good for you?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4549" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8900" CreationDate="2016-01-28T07:28:30.847" Score="8" ViewCount="2809" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that caffeine as a psychoactive chemical could produce an effect of light sensitivity in an individual or worsen an already present condition of light sensitivity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically what would be the actual effects or physiological mechanism of the caffeine that could produce this result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appear to be two papers published on the subject but they are in Russian and outside of my understanding. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040287&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2764" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T09:11:24.447" Title="Light Sensitivity as a result of Caffeine Intake" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4550" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4551" CreationDate="2016-01-28T10:05:52.307" Score="8" ViewCount="3098" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just broke my lower leg while skiing (both the tibia and the fibula). It's recovering well, having rest as my most prominent medicine. While thinking about my fracture, it appeared to me that we only have &lt;strong&gt;one&lt;/strong&gt; bone in our upper arm (the humerus) and upper leg (the femur) and &lt;strong&gt;two&lt;/strong&gt; bones in the lower arm (radius and ulna) and lower leg (tibia and fibula). &lt;em&gt;Why&lt;/em&gt; is this? Or maybe better: what is the &lt;em&gt;function or use&lt;/em&gt; of a second bone in the lower arm/leg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2768" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:56:34.177" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:56:34.177" Title="Why have 2 bones in lower arm/leg and only 1 in upper?" Tags="&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;&lt;femur&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4550" CreationDate="2016-01-28T19:49:15.577" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reasons for 2 bones in your lower arm can be to help your hand turn and give you more control over it. The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint and has large muscles to help control it. Since the movements and actions of a wrist and shoulder are different, different joints were needed. Wrist are more delicate and do a lot different precise task. This distribution of bones also helps keep the body strong and keep balance. More bones always equals more flexibility. We need more flexibility distal of our joints than at the joints. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Resources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more data try reading more on the biomechanics of bones and the skeletal system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=5-Ml5gJ34RYC&amp;amp;pg=PA382&amp;amp;lpg=PA382&amp;amp;dq=Why%20have%202%20bones%20in%20lower%20arm/leg%20and%20only%201%20in%20upper?&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=3JdBPTmxpe&amp;amp;sig=g-or5rDRQ5O7QCddQhZuqBbZQH0&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjw74fooM3KAhUpv4MKHQHSD_QQ6AEIVDAI#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skeletal Biomechanics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-do-you-think-necessary-too-have-2-bones-lower-138873&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;enotes.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070820065902AAZ2LjS&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why do we have 2 bones in the forearm and only one in the upper arm?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;Not a good source, however I think their explanation is helpful. This is Yahoo answers, so if you don't care for their opinion please don't click.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-01-29T15:00:49.703" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T15:00:49.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4511" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:14:45.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Contact your physician and find out for sure from them. The ranges vary and are different for every women. Below is some answers, but you can't take important medical advice from the internet. Please contact your physician.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/supplement-guide-folic-acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How much folic acid should you take?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;14 years and up - 400 micrograms/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pregnant women - 600 micrograms/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Breastfeeding women - 500 micrograms/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycenter.com/404_how-much-folic-acid-should-i-take-while-trying-to-get-pregna_2232.bc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How much folic acid should I take while trying to get pregnant?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The recommended daily intake of folic acid for all women of&#xA;  childbearing age is at least 400 micrograms (mcg), or 0.4 milligrams&#xA;  (mg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During pregnancy, the recommended dose jumps to 600 to 800 mcg, or 0.6&#xA;  to 0.8 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/folic-acid.html#c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How much folic acid do women need?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pregnant women need 400 to 800 mcg of folic acid in the very early&#xA;  stages of pregnancy often before they know that they are pregnant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.motherisk.org/women/folicAcid.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Examples of foods that have a large amount of folic acid are:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;grains such as whole-wheat bread. dark green vegetables such as&#xA;  spinach and broccoli. meat such as liver. beans such as lentils and&#xA;  kidney beans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:14:45.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4433" CreationDate="2016-01-28T20:40:53.643" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience most anesthesiologists use 5 hours as the minimum time necessary for the stomach to be sufficiently empty to make it safe to administer anesthesia. However, their criteria is quite stringent because the consequences of the stomach not actually being empty can be severe (aspiration of vomit). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The National Health Service (UK) offers &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/861.aspx?categoryid=73&amp;amp;subcategoryid=103&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this guideline&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a general rule, medicines that are supposed to be taken on an empty&#xA;  stomach should be taken about an hour before a meal, or two hours&#xA;  after a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen that guideline used in medication instructions so I believe it is widely accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T20:40:53.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-28T22:00:19.717" Score="2" ViewCount="1402" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quite often if I lie down not long after a meal, I will have diarrhea. Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will any other actions after a meal have similar effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="118" LastActivityDate="2016-01-28T22:00:19.717" Title="Why does lying down after meal cause diarrhea?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-01-29T04:56:49.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-29T04:51:39.723" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the blood is rushing faster than normal ex. by eating sugar, couldn't it lower the opposite problem - fatty grease build-up clogging the arteries? I'd assume it'd hit more of the atoms off the walls. Would it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2643" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T11:14:41.833" Title="Could high blood pressure possibly clean the arteries of build-up?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4538" CreationDate="2016-01-29T19:41:57.723" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a practicing epidemiologist, I'm actually a little puzzled as to the down-votes for this. The difference between an outbreak and an epidemic is pretty subtle, and neither is all that terribly well defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer: There's not much of a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; agrees with me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the&#xA;  expected level. Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the&#xA;  number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that&#xA;  population in that area. Outbreak carries the same definition of&#xA;  epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, I'd argue that an outbreak is, as they mentioned, a somewhat smaller-scale phenomena. I'd talk about an outbreak of norovirus at a university, while I'd say a state, large city or country was having an epidemic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also say that, for very low levels of disease, it's possible to have an outbreak without an epidemic. For example, in a paper I wrote, I characterized the cases of disease in a population as &quot;Low-level endemic spread, punctuated by periodic, short-lived outbreaks&quot;. These outbreaks were on the scale of less than a dozen people, so I'd really have a hard time calling it an epidemic, but again, this is referencing the idea that &quot;outbreak&quot; refers to a somewhat smaller geographical scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2016-01-29T19:41:57.723" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-29T20:16:09.830" Score="4" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please note:&lt;/strong&gt; This question is not soliciting medical advice - I'm purely curious about as to what might cause this condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, what diseases/conditions cause patches of body hair on your arms and legs to have the the &quot;&lt;em&gt;recently shaved effect&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, where it looks like it was shaved (with a razor) a few weeks ago and the hair is just &lt;em&gt;starting&lt;/em&gt; to grow back (and is therefore prickly)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, some of the hair is normal length, and some of the hair is prickly and just barely above the skin, giving the appearance that it was shaved (or fell out) and is now regrowing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest thing the Google Gods suggest is allopecia, but I don't think allopecia does this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Another way to describe the way these patches of hair looks is &quot;broken&quot;. It looks like the hair was just broken in half and is 1/2 the size of the other areas of hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastEditorUserId="1980" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T17:07:46.040" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T04:24:29.863" Title="Body hair falling out or having the &quot;recently shaved&quot; effect?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4569" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14349" CreationDate="2016-01-29T22:34:41.287" Score="7" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;There exist some heat/cold bags filled with natural elements, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/massage-bean-bag.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;beans&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00016WOS4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;flax seed&lt;/a&gt;. Some even add natural medicinal herbs such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tradekorea.com/product/detail/P367316/Onsimee-Halfmoon(Coloured-Embroidery).html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mugwort, Siberian chrysanthemum and dandelion&lt;/a&gt;. Beyond the effect of heat or cold, when using such bags, does the content have any actual medical property?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked for information on Google and Google Scholar but haven't found anything, so I'm not sure whether it means nobody looked at it or it has obvious no medical property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T20:20:55.923" Title="Heat/cold bags filled with bean/flax seed/etc.: does the content matter?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;massage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T00:46:20.820" Score="7" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember reading that medications are within allowable specs if the contain +/- 30% of the labelled strength.  I can't find the source of that information in order to check its validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is the case, a 100mg pill would be considered to be within allowable tolerances if it has 70-130mg of the active ingredient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could mean a 60% change in active ingredient if a patient switches from one brand to another, or if a manufacturer changes its manufacturing process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the allowed variability for prescription medications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I imagine the law/rule could be different for every country, so please specify for which country your answer applies.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T09:26:59.563" Title="What can the variability of strength be between different brands of supposedly identical medications?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T02:13:50.353" Score="5" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some claims that slow juicers yield a more nutritious juice than regular juicers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/0Ai4KF7DvP4?t=22s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Hurom Slow Juicer using a low-speed type screw doesn't damage the raw ingredients with a fractional heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/0Ai4KF7DvP4?t=1m26s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Frictional heat and impact from high-speed rotation makes juice blues it's natural and rich taste, flavor, nutrients and color.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence supporting or infirming this claim that the slow juicers yield a more nutritious juice than regular juicers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:13:20.890" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T14:32:50.710" Title="Do slow juicers yield a more nutritious juice than regular juicers?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4570" CreationDate="2016-01-30T07:59:31.870" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The range where the content of the active substance varies by 60% is way to wide in every country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most of the world's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacopoeia&quot;&gt;pharmacopoeias&lt;/a&gt;, both national and international, the allowed variability in the amount of the active substance can be tested either as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;uniformity of mass&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; or, if the amount of labeled substance is lower than a certain predefined value, as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;uniformity of content&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. For certain dosage forms, testing the uniformity of content is a must, no matter the labeled mass of the active substance (e.g. soft capsules filled with emulsions, suspensions or gels).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pharmacopeias prescribe the testing procedure and the acceptance criteria. Appropriate regulatory authority requests those pharamcopoeial criteria to be met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the &lt;strong&gt;uniformity of mass&lt;/strong&gt;, in the European Pharmacopoeia, Ph. Eur. 7.0. (the newest that can be accessed via browser search) the test is given in the monograph &lt;a href=&quot;http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20905E.PDF&quot;&gt;2.9.5. Uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Weigh individually 20 units taken at random or, for single-dose preparations presented in individual containers, the contents of&#xA;  20 units, and determine the average mass. &lt;strong&gt;Not more than 2 of&#xA;  the individual masses deviate from the average mass by more&#xA;  than the percentage deviation shown&lt;/strong&gt; in Table 2.9.5.-1 &lt;strong&gt;and none&#xA;  deviates by more than twice that percentage&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  For capsules and powders for parenteral administration,&#xA;  proceed as described below.&lt;/em&gt; [emph. mine]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Content mass of capsules and powders for parenteral administration is weighed by difference (the whole preparation is weighed, than the empty shell/primary package and the difference is the content mass).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The table mentioned states that for tablets, e.g:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;average mass is 80 mg or less  (allowed) percent deviation is 10&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;average mass is more than 80 mg and less than 250 mg percent deviation is 7.5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;average mass is 250 mg or more, percent deviation is 5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the &lt;strong&gt;uniformity of content&lt;/strong&gt;, the same source (Ph. Eur. 7.0.) gives the test in the monograph &lt;a href=&quot;http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20906E.PDF&quot;&gt;2.9.6.Uniformity of content of single-dose preparations&lt;/a&gt; where, again, the test and acceptance criteria vary by dosage form. To take tablets as an example, we can look at &quot;test A&quot; (for tablets, powders for parenteral administration, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injection):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The preparation &lt;strong&gt;complies&lt;/strong&gt; with the test &lt;strong&gt;if each individual content is between 85 per cent and 115 per cent of the average content&lt;/strong&gt;. The preparation &lt;strong&gt;fails to comply&lt;/strong&gt; with the test &lt;strong&gt;if more than one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the&#xA;  limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 per cent to&#xA;  115 per cent but within the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent,&#xA;  determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units&#xA;  taken at random.The preparation complies with the test if not&#xA;  more than one of the individual contents of the 30 units is&#xA;  outside 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average content and&#xA;  none is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the&#xA;  average content.&lt;/em&gt; [emph. mine]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the other countries, the European pharmacopoeia also gives the test for &lt;a href=&quot;http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20940E.PDF&quot;&gt;Uniformity of dosage units&lt;/a&gt; in monograph 2.9.40. This test (or most of it) was harmonized between the three pharmacopoeias Ph. Eur. (European), USP (for the US) and JP (Japanese). This test is slightly more complicated than the previous, because it calculates the &lt;em&gt;acceptance value&lt;/em&gt; based on the mean of the measured samples, standard deviation of these measurements and a coefficient based on the number of measurements. There are 6 different cases of this formula, but the simplest one is where the acceptance value is the standard deviation multiplied by the given coefficient. &lt;strong&gt;This value should not be greater than 15% of the prescribed content&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regulatory authorities in these countries acknowledge this harmonisation, see the documents issued by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500002775.pdf&quot;&gt;EMeA&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm085364.pdf&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, finally, which of these is to be used in Europe? EMeA &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/quality_qa_part1.jsp&amp;amp;mid=WC0b01ac05801bf0c2#section9&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] &lt;em&gt;the decision on what approach to take is left to the applicant.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S. most of the tests are harmonised, and all are given in the USP, monograph &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/2011-02-25905UNIFORMITYOFDOSAGEUNITS.pdf&quot;&gt;905 Uniformity of dosage units&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-01-30T09:26:59.563" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T09:26:59.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4570" CreationDate="2016-01-30T08:14:19.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Country - United States&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While theoretically possible, a consistent variance of 30% is highly unlikely and it is probable that the actual variance will vary from brand to brand, as well as from production facility to production facility, as well as from batch to batch. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) mandates a high standard of quality for inspection and adjusts its actual allowed variance based on multiple criteria, including the severity of the effects of a discrepancy in dosage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Variability is viewed through two perspectives. The rate of absorption and the extent of absorption. These two rates are compared to associated brands of similar medications and within that a difference of 20% is considered significant by the FDA and so a range of approximately 80% to 125% is used for the acceptable window. While this does suggest that a medication can vary by 45% from another brand, the FDA requires that the ratios of the rate and extent both fall within the window as well as a 90% confidence interval to be considered equivalent to another brand. Although theoretically any can vary by a large percentage, if these requirements are met then the practical effect by variance will remain low. Typically, the actual percentage of difference is closer to 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/762343_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;An interview on bioequivalence with Dr. Robert Howland, MD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/understandinggenericdrugs/ucm167991.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA - A pamphlet on the effects of generic drugs versus brand names&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4137B1_07_Nomenclature.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA - A docket explaining terms and procedures for comparison of similar medications.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/slides/4034S2_07_Haidar.ppt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA - A rather terrific powerpoint on variance regulations in the U.S. as well as the criteria used by other countries. It also has a few graphs demonstrating the allowed window of 80%-125%&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2764" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T08:14:19.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T12:31:31.680" Score="4" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 15, which is young, but I've noticed I have horizontal stretch marks on the back of my legs and arms. They just started popping up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the Mayo Clinic site, they are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stretch-marks/home/ovc-20169154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;defined&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that often appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks and thighs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also see that risk factors include &quot;being female, having a personal or family history of stretch marks, and being pregnant, especially for younger women.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes these stretch marks? Is it common to get them at a young age? Are they more common in some people than others (besides what was mentioned above?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2781" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T06:09:06.957" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T06:09:06.957" Title="What causes &quot;stretch marks&quot; in skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;blemishes&gt;&lt;stretch-marks-striae&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4584" CreationDate="2016-01-30T15:59:54.487" Score="10" ViewCount="4257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just had a laparoscopic gallbladder removal, done as day surgery. I was released about 3 hours after the surgery started. The sheet of paper they sent me home with stresses the importance of getting up and moving. Resume your normal routine within the limits of your discomfort, they urge me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About a year ago a relative had a laparoscopic appendix removal and spent a few days in the hospital. Again getting up and moving was considered vital. I accompanied him on many shuffling laps of the floor, iv pole and all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this help? What is going on physiologically when you walk around (even though it hurts like hell and you break into a cold sweat) rather than rest? Is there some body process being tapped into? What happens to people who don't move around? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T02:06:33.640" Title="How does getting up and moving help me recover from surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4538" CreationDate="2016-01-30T16:06:52.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;An outbreak is the sudden occurrence of a&#xA;disease in a community, which has never&#xA;experienced the disease before or when cases&#xA;of that disease occur in numbers greater than&#xA;expected in a defined area. The current Ebola&#xA;scenario in West Africa started as an&#xA;outbreak, which initially affected three&#xA;countries.&#xA;                  So what exactly is an epidemic? It is an&#xA;occurrence of a group of illnesses of similar&#xA;nature and derived from a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;common source&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, in&#xA;excess of what would be normally expected in&#xA;a community or region. A classic example of&#xA;an epidemic would be Severe Acute&#xA;Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The epidemic&#xA;killed about 774 people out of 8,098 that were&#xA;infected. It started as an outbreak in Asia and&#xA;then spread to two dozen countries and took&#xA;the form of an epidemic. The same is true for&#xA;Ebola, which is now being termed an&#xA;epidemic .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2756" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T16:06:52.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4577" CreationDate="2016-01-30T18:48:09.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There may be multiple reasons why your doctor advised you to move around after a surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One common theme that most surgeons follow is to avoid deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Post surgery, if the patients are bed ridden for too long, blood tends to accumulate in their calf muscle where there is a secondary blood pump that is active only if those muscles are working. Pooling of blood in the calf muscles increases the risk of formation of clots there, and these clots may be sent to lungs causing pulmonary embolism. Acute pulmonary embolism is a potentially life threatening state, and requires immediate treatment. So if the patient is at risk for developing pulmonary embolism before the surgery, the doctor would want to get in you on your feet as soon as possible. But if the patient is having too much difficulty while walking then there are equipment like calf massagers that does the job. Also, getting the patient on feet early creates a positive attitude and has shown to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24646333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;improve and speed up recovery&lt;/a&gt; in patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there are conditions where the doctor would want you to do absolute bed rest, such as the conditions where there is increased risk of suture getting ripped due to increased abdominal pain. So if you have too much discomfort, then that is something that you would want to discuss with your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastActivityDate="2016-01-30T18:48:09.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-30T23:28:28.457" Score="7" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are suffering from hair loss from a iron deficiency, are taking an iron dietary supplement for a couple of months and used a topical lotion  so the hair loss stopped how do you retrieve hair thickness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2790" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-24T16:48:48.433" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T16:48:48.433" Title="How can you improve hair thickness from previous iron deficiency?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-24T18:02:37.307" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4577" CreationDate="2016-01-30T23:43:47.750" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a broad question, but here are just a few major things to take into consideration after a surgical procedure. Early mobility has been shown for many years to be a major predictor of postoperative outcome, even in something like a hip fracture, where you would think rest was mandatory. The rapidity with which one returns to preoperative levels of independence in activities of daily living decreases postoperative morbidity and optimizes psychological well-being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Complications of &quot;resting&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Postoperative pulmonary complications, specifically atelectasis and pneumonia, are the leading cause of postoperative morbidity and death. Confinement to bed is a very serious risk factor for atelectasis and pneumonia. After surgery - especially upper abdominal surgery - sufficiently deep breathing needed to prevent some degree of pulmonary compromise is painful. If you're up and moving, you will (voluntarily and involuntarily) be taking more and deeper breaths than you will at rest (characterized by shallower respirations), especially if you're on pain medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Venous stasis and thromboembolism commonly occur postoperatively in patients who remain immobile. This is largely preventable with simple ambulation. It hurts to walk around after surgery, to be sure, but it's a lot better than suffering from a largely preventable pulmonary embolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All efforts should be made to enforce postoperative movement, which is possible with adequate pain relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loss of strength&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bedrest results in loss of muscle mass and progressively more weakness. While it's not as great a consideration in younger adults as older adults, it is still considerable and, again, is largely preventable. Moving improves strength recovery, appetite, decreases stress, and overall increases feelings of well-being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain Medications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opioid medications usually given perioperatively can slow your bowels to almost a stand still (it's called &lt;em&gt;ileus&lt;/em&gt;) and can result in painful gas buildup and constipation. Moving, and to a lesser extent dietary changes, encourage the bowels to be less sluggish, as does a switch to non-opioid pain medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why &quot;rest&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people think healing is impaired by early movement after surgery. While this is true of some surgeries, it is far from true for all of them. When the risk of resting outweighs the benefits, the goal is to get patients moving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/basics/definition/con-20034847&quot;&gt;Atelectasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956305800044&quot;&gt;Postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119685/&quot;&gt;Management of patients in fast track surgery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-01-31T00:05:31.800" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T00:05:31.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T01:25:25.357" Score="4" ViewCount="1720" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient used an EZ Detect fecal occult blood test.  The test was positive.  She saw a tiny blue circle on the piece of paper indicating trace of blood in her stool.  But, she indicated there was also urine in the toilet bowl.  Would urine affect this test?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:35:03.543" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T12:35:03.543" Title="Is fecal occult blood test (EZ Detect) effective if urine is in the toilet bowl?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;toilet-bowl&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T02:09:04.623" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 15 and 5'9, and half of my height is around my waist. I heard once that if half of your height is below the groin area, you're pretty much done growing. Is this true, or is it possible I still have a few more inches to grow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2791" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-01-31T15:27:42.950" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T15:27:42.950" Title="Is growth still possible for someone at age 15 if they're 5'9?" Tags="&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T03:51:32.413" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cio.com/article/2603602/healthcare/mayo-clinic-turns-to-ibms-watson-to-fill-clinical-trials.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cio.com/article/2603602/healthcare/mayo-clinic-turns-to-ibms-watson-to-fill-clinical-trials.html&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation, $95 billion is spent on medical research in the U.S. each year, but &lt;strong&gt;only six percent of clinical trials are completed on time&lt;/strong&gt;. One reason for that is the data-intensive nature of clinical trial recruitment. Clinicians and researchers typically have to manually cross reference patient data with criteria for thousands of available clinical trials — there are nearly 170,000 clinical trials in progress worldwide at any given time and more than 8,000 of them in progress at the Mayo Clinic alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are other reasons besides from the patient recruitment timesink that explain why only six percent of clinical trials are completed on time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-14T15:14:47.470" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T15:14:47.470" Title="Why are only six percent of clinical trials are completed on time?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T07:13:20.883" Score="7" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective/accurate is wireless endoscopy (pill camera) for diagnosing Crohn's disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:04:07.457" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:04:07.457" Title="How effective/accurate are pill cameras for diagnosing Crohn's disease?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4426" CreationDate="2016-01-31T07:19:38.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scientists still aren't sure, but &lt;strong&gt;it seems carbohydrates may be easily converted into fat, depending on the form, or promote fat storage through stimulating insulin.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nutrition Science and Applications (2nd E)&lt;/em&gt; by Smolin and Grosvenor, in Chapter 4, page 140 covers this question well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carbohydrates in and of themselves are not “fattening.” They provide 4&#xA;  kcalories per gram compared with 9 kcalories per gram provided by fat.&#xA;  In fact, it is the fats that we often add to our high-carbohydrate&#xA;  foods that increase their kcalorie tally. A medium-sized baked potato&#xA;  provides about 160 kcalories, but the 2 tablespoons of sour cream you&#xA;  add brings the total to 225 kcalories...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any energy source consumed in excess of requirements can cause weight&#xA;  gain ...  even though carbohydrates are not [as] high in kcalories&#xA;  [compared to fat], &lt;strong&gt;the type of carbohydrate affects the impact that&#xA;  carbohydrates have on body weight&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fructose metabolism in the liver favors fat synthesis, which in part&#xA;  contributes to fat production. Studies in mice indicate that dietary&#xA;  fructose produces a greater increase in body fat than the same amount&#xA;  of sucrose [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rationale behind consuming a low carbohydrate diet for weight loss&#xA;  is that &lt;strong&gt;foods high in carbohydrate stimulate the release of insulin,&#xA;  which is a hormone that promotes energy storage&lt;/strong&gt;. It is suggested&#xA;  that the more insulin you release, the more fat you will store.&#xA;  High-glycemic index foods, which increase blood sugar and consequently&#xA;  stimulate insulin release, are therefore hypothesized to shift&#xA;  metabolism toward fat storage. &lt;strong&gt;Low-carbohydrate&#xA;  diets... cause less of a glycemic&#xA;  response and less insulin release, which is suggested to promote fat loss&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is the possibility that carbs aren't actually that fattening by themselves. It could be just that people eat a lot of fat with their carbs. On the other hand, some studies seem in indicate that high-energy intake through sugary drinks, desserts, and large quantity consumption play a role in fattening. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] US Dept. of Health and Human Services. US Public&#xA;Health Service. Oral Health in America: A Report of the&#xA;Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: National Institutes of&#xA;Health, 2000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following links may provide more insight. They suggest that carbohydrate intake is indeed correlated with obesity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/low-carbohydrate-diets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/low-carbohydrate-diets/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=articleDiscussion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=articleDiscussion&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T00:23:08.277" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T00:23:08.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4474" CreationDate="2016-01-31T07:48:13.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Snoring occurs during sleep when soft tissue in the upper airway vibrates as you breathe.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (1) Typically, this will happen because the passage way for air narrows and the air rubs against the tissue in passing, similar to what happens to your lips when you blow a raspberry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's actually common in men, but can also occur frequently in women, especially during pregnancy and after menopause. &lt;strong&gt;Obesity, age, nasal obstruction, sickness, alcohol, smoking, and even position possibly increase the risk of snoring, and may also contribute to the intensity of your snores.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most important risk factors is obesity, and in particular having a lot of fatty tissue around the neck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Sleep Foundation (2) notes: That the normal aging process leads to &quot;the relaxation of the throat muscles, thus resulting in snoring.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your personal anatomical shape could play a part too. Enlarged tonsils, nasal polyps, or deviated nasal septum could narrow the throat during sleep and also lead to snoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation of the throat, due to a disease or otherwise, would also cause the throat to narrow, and may cause snoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sleep position, such as sleeping on your back, may lead to snoring in&#xA;  some people. Alcohol is a potent muscle relaxant and its ingestion in&#xA;  the evening will cause snoring. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Muscle relaxants taken in the evening may lead to or worsen snoring in&#xA;  some individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibly any one of these or a combination of them may be contributing to the intensity of your snores, or it could be something else too, but these tend to be the most common causes of snores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aadsm.org/snoring.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.aadsm.org/snoring.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/other-sleep-disorders/snoring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/other-sleep-disorders/snoring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-16T20:27:23.267" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T20:27:23.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18435" CreationDate="2016-01-31T11:51:05.920" Score="8" ViewCount="1203" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I eat a very large meal, how long does my body take to convert the excess calories into fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2796" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-01-01T20:54:52.503" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T16:57:11.077" Title="How long does it take to convert food into fat?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T12:12:35.050" Score="6" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;In August of 2015, I have experience with something new, related to neurology and probably also cardiology. I described it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://plus.google.com/+V%C3%A1clavMac%C5%AFrek/posts/8YhK4jk784u&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurosciences&lt;/a&gt; community on G+ (where you can read all text, together with additional comment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After cycling fall, I visited surgery ambulance for re-dressing of wounds - but there I passed something that looked like absence epilepsy attack. But from my view it was only nausea caused by pain released by removing of old dressing of wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EEG was clear of anything showing epilepsy. CT disproved intracranial hemorrhage - but revealed hypoplasia of left arteria vertebralis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not like to question if doctor on neurology ward was right that it was not epileptic seizure (I have not reason to don't believe her).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only would like to know if is possible that pain will trigger epileptic serizure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources in my language (that I found) do not call pain as trigger. They only repeat common triggers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1654" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-09T10:40:59.753" Title="Is possible that pain will start epileptic seizure?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4588" CreationDate="2016-01-31T15:17:04.787" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;They're successful about two thirds of the time, which is better than other techniques.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, success rates of diagnosis using wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) range from ~61%-71%, but hover around ~66%. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16696781&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Triester et al. (2006)&lt;/a&gt; wrote a meta study comparing detection rates using WCE with rates from other methods, including&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;barium radiography&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ileoscopy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;computer tomography enterography/enteroclysis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;small bowel MRI&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all cases, WCE proved superior to other technologies, often by a significant amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373764&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hara et al. (2006)&lt;/a&gt; also compared techniques, finding a 71% success rate for WCE, a 65% success rate for ileoscopy, a 53% success rate for CT enterography, and a 24% success rate for small bowel follow through methods. In this case, the margin of difference of success rate was much smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14648412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Voderholzer et al. (2003)&lt;/a&gt; did a general study on several related diseases and found a pathological lesion detection rate of 59%. However, the threshold for the number and type of lesions to qualify as Crohn's disease is often subjective, and this is not necessarily indicative of diagnosis rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line, though, is that WCE is pretty effective, especially compared to other methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T22:06:49.383" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T22:06:49.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T20:03:59.920" Score="6" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine I haven't moved much in recent years (couch potato, or injury...) Assume no other problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I do exercise/stretching/physical therapy for a few months, and my range of motion in, say, the hips, (or some other joint) increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a surgeon (with a microscope if needed) were to look inside me before and after, and compare, what would they see that is different? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="557" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:03:11.283" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:03:11.283" Title="What exactly changes when range of motion improves through stretching?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;range-of-motion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T20:29:40.823" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I blend up the cooked bone in my steaks into a savory smoothie. I like to think it's a superfood meal. I am, however, not a licensed/doctoral nutritionist, so I'm not sure about the health benefits or detriments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2799" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-11T22:41:35.840" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T22:41:35.840" Title="Are there any health concerns to regular consumption of liquified bone and marrow smoothie?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T21:16:09.293" Score="4" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sertraline, is a very commonly prescribed medication for patients suffering with mental health conditions such as Depression. Overdose guidelines, however, are not firmly presented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What dosage of Sertraline, in the same period, would be classed as fatal? Additionally, what dosages are considered to cause serious bodily harm and visa versa? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the individual was a 60 kg, male.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2344" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:54:01.070" LastActivityDate="2018-11-23T15:32:12.467" Title="Sertraline (Zoloft) safety?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3986" CreationDate="2016-01-31T21:24:13.613" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inesophet actually had a good answer there, and I'll expand on that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pheomelanins impart a pink to red hue, depending upon the concentration. They are particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, there are two types of eumelanin: brown eumelanin and black eumelanin—which chemically differ from each other in their pattern of polymeric bonds. A small amount of black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes yellow (blond) color hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optional Reading: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/14/2902.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/14/2902.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;amp;object=CPD-12380&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;amp;object=CPD-12380&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;amp;object=CPD-12379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;amp;object=CPD-12379&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2016-01-31T21:24:13.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4625" CreationDate="2016-01-31T23:02:40.273" Score="6" ViewCount="1277" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many TV shows from medically-related to not, people get nosebleeds when they're working too hard or &quot;deathly&quot; ill. I'm wondering if this real or just dramatized. If it happens to be real, is it only for physical activity and health or possibly from mentally strenuous activity too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, how does the nosebleed typically occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:04:48.673" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:04:48.673" Title="Why do people get nosebleeds from overexerting themselves or when they're sick?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;epistaxis--bloody-nose&gt;&lt;exertion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4603" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4607" CreationDate="2016-02-01T01:51:19.387" Score="7" ViewCount="6629" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does carbon monoxide poisoning make you tired and sleepy before it knocks you out and kills you, or does it immediately kill you? Can you notice its effects and be aware of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nypost.com/2016/01/25/mom-and-son-die-of-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-while-dad-clears-snow-off-car/&quot;&gt;http://nypost.com/2016/01/25/mom-and-son-die-of-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-while-dad-clears-snow-off-car/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:01:48.290" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:01:48.290" Title="Does carbon monoxide poisoning make you tired before it kills you?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;&lt;carbon-monoxide-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2016-02-01T02:00:27.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kind of. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy#Nutrition_labels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oils/fats/alcohol has 9 calories per gram&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=1+pound+in+grams&amp;amp;ia=answer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 pound is 453.593 grams&lt;/a&gt;. 9 x 454 = 4,086 calories. So eating 1 pound of oil will give you 4000 calories. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;However, you will be unlikely to keep all that&lt;/a&gt; oil &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative#Lubricant_agents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in your digestive tract&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hygroscopic foods&lt;/a&gt; will also make you 'gain' more than they weight, because they will attract water. Eating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey#Hygroscopy_and_fermentation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;honey&lt;/a&gt; or lots of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber#Dietary_fiber_and_fecal_weight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiber will absorb water&lt;/a&gt; and 'appear' to gain weight while it's in your intestines, but you'd also have to drink liquids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastEditorUserId="1089" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T22:29:54.907" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T22:29:54.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-01-31T06:48:53.430" Score="7" ViewCount="4159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a dental pick that has been lying around for a couple years which I haven't used. It has been on the floor and lying around nooks and crannies of drawers that haven't been really clean. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to boil it and then rub it with sanitizing alcohol. Is this sufficient? Or could it be that the fact that it has been lying around for so long it picked up some really heavy viruses or bacteria (or chemicals)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ePg9S.jpg&quot; alt=&quot; Dental pick &quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" OwnerDisplayName="larry909" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:12:03.853" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:12:03.853" Title="How to clean a dental pick which has not been used in a long time?" Tags="&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-01T05:15:30.747" Score="3" ViewCount="3092" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intermittent Fasting Overview&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm doing intermittent fasting. This diet restricts eating to narrow time window to increase fat burn through an increase in the release of growth hormone. As suggested by Greg O'Gallagher (Kinobody) and what I also find most convenient, I will be restricting my eating to lunch at 12:00pm and dinner at 6:00pm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fasted VS Fed State&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My dilemma is that I must eat an &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0096YTCFK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Airborne multivitamin/mineral&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B003DRD3PG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vitafusion calcium gummy&lt;/a&gt; tablet at 8:00am before I leave for work. Both use real sugar. Will eating these sugary tablets bring me into the fed state, thereby shutting off all the hormonal benefits of the fasted state? I understand that eating a slice of cake will put me into the fed state, but I don't understand how a few grams of sugar affect the body's hormones. Does the body work like a light switch or more like a light dimmer in regards to intermittent fasting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Minute Details:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I eat chewable tablets because I have trouble swallowing pills. All chewable tablets contain sugar probably because they're marketed to kids. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I eat the tablets at 8:00am because most people suggest taking them in the morning, although they've never stated any reasons.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I prefer to store the tablets in the safety of my home rather than bring them to work. I don't people tampering with them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2802" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:11:28.613" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T13:29:04.353" Title="Does eating a sugary multivitamin bring you into the fed state for intermittent fasting?" Tags="&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4603" CreationDate="2016-02-01T07:37:13.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does carbon monoxide poisoning make you tired before it kills you?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can vary per person it affects, and it can also depend on the the levels of exposure to each person.  The short answer would be &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;, general fatigue and tiredness can be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this is accurate for one being based on &lt;strong&gt;a symptom being weakness&lt;/strong&gt;(2) which weakness can correlate to fatigue or tiredness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, based on the bio-molecular\bio-mechanical explanation of  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once inhaled, carbon monoxide passes from your lungs into your bloodstream, where it attaches to the hemoglobin molecules that normally carry oxygen. Oxygen can't travel on a hemoglobin molecule that already has carbon monoxide attached to it. As exposure continues, the gas hijacks more and more hemoglobin molecules, and the blood gradually loses its ability to carry enough oxygen to meet your body's needs. Without enough oxygen, individual cells suffocate and die, especially in vital organs such as the brain and heart.(1). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This correlates to oxygen being depleted and &lt;a href=&quot;http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celres.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cellular respiration&lt;/a&gt; not taking place to produce energy for the human body to optimally function; thus, another reason general fatigue and tiredness would occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1357042/Why-feeling-tired-time-mean-theres-killer-house.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why-feeling-tired-time-mean-theres-killer-house&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/carbon-monoxide-poisoning.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbon Monoxide Poisoning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carbon-monoxide/basics/symptoms/con-20025444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbon monoxide poisoning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(2)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning may include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dull headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Weakness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dizziness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nausea or vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Shortness of breath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Blurred vision&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Loss of consciousness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carbon monoxide poisoning can be especially dangerous for people who&#xA;  are sleeping or intoxicated. People may have irreversible brain damage&#xA;  or even be killed before anyone realizes there's a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When to see a doctor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The warning signs of carbon monoxide poisoning can be subtle. But the&#xA;  condition is a life-threatening medical emergency. If you think you or&#xA;  someone you're with may have carbon monoxide poisoning, get into fresh&#xA;  air and seek emergency medical care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T03:01:55.983" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T03:01:55.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4605" CreationDate="2016-02-01T07:39:10.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless there have been animals around it recently, it's unlikely there are any viruses on it. As for bacteria, or more specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_spore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bacterial &lt;em&gt;spores&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, wet heat is a far better sanitizer than alcohol. A half hour at a full boil should kill anything particularly nasty, like clostridium tetani.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want absolute peace of mind this should do the trick, although I'm not sure if that handle will make it through this process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scrub off any large debris.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put it in an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;autoclave&lt;/a&gt;. If you don't have an autoclave, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pressure cooker&lt;/a&gt; should do the trick.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run the device according to the directions. It's pressurized steam, after all, you don't want to blow up or burn up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wait for it to cool, then use as normal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1287" LastEditorUserId="1287" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T22:36:08.383" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T22:36:08.383" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-01T10:02:26.917" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using earmuffs in close proximity to big machines are there any disadvantages to this? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2804" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T18:47:53.630" Title="Are there any disadvantages to using earmuffs?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-08T16:04:37.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-01T13:48:21.470" Score="9" ViewCount="242" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been suggested by my employer that i should get the Hepatitis B vaccine to protect myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had two of the three parts, but this is the first time i have had a vaccine in more than one session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccine is in 3 doses, each around a month apart, followed up by a blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the Hepatitis B vaccine split into 3, any what is the blood test for at the end?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="620" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T18:48:05.430" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T21:17:41.803" Title="3 Injections for Hep B Vaccine" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4577" CreationDate="2016-02-01T15:30:07.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have accepted an answer, but want to add one of my own with some more details I have observed as I go through the process (it's Day 5 today.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, this is &lt;strong&gt;something you can do&lt;/strong&gt; to help yourself feel better. Compared to lying in bed, in pain, bored, possibly lonely and scared, and not sure what happens next, just waiting to get better. Giving you something you can do that will improve yourself will, in and of itself, improve you, even if nothing physiological was happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, it really does work. The vast majority of the pain and effort is simply in getting onto your feet. I noticed quite dramatically that once I had taken 5 or 10 steps I began to feel much better. My pain went down, my strength went up. I am not sure if that was because of increased heart rate and respiration, or the venous return from walking, but there was unmistakably an improvement simply from walking. Several times I would complete the walking distance I had set myself and want to do double or triple that because it was making me feel better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, while you are lying in bed everything is insanely difficult. To reach over and get your drink might involve 10 or more different movements, each of which hurt. Just shifting your weight a little or moving an inch or two to one side you have to fight gravity, drag your body against the bed, etc. Blowing your nose, drinking, changing an uncomfortable position - these things are too hard to do. But when you're vertical, it's far less work to lean a little or turn a little. So you look after your needs better. That means you're less likely to be dehydrated, or to have a coughing fit from stuff you snuffled and swallowed that you should have blown out, or to hurt from lying the wrong way for an hour. This is even more important at home where you don't have beds that can lie you up and down, or tables that swing over the bed to keep things within reach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fourth, as with my previous abdominal surgeries I notice that I often need to pee without feeling that sensation of needing to pee at all. Since I'm up and moving anyway, I can stop by the toilet and see if I need to go. Invariably I feel much better, with a huge reduction in pain and improvement in movement, once my bladder is empty. But I hadn't felt an urge that would have pushed me to go through the pain of standing up to deal with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fifth, if this is the norm, especially in the hospital, it makes it easy to spot people who are not recovering at the expected pace. If everyone just lies in bed for 5-6 days waiting to get better, some of them will be majorly ill but you might not notice. If everyone gets up and walks around, the one who can't will stick out like a sore thumb and their infection or whatever will be noticed hours or even days sooner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I am still not clear on the exact mechanism that makes this work, I can report that it really does work, on a very small time scale. If you feel awful, getting up and walking for one minute can make you feel better. I still find this counter-intuitive but am pleased that it's standard procedure where I (and my relative) live, because it's clearly helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T15:30:07.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4611" CreationDate="2016-02-01T18:13:57.667" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When operating machines that make loud noises, it is sometimes necessary to protect your hearing. But when you take away the signal that comes from one of your senses, in this case your ears (not just because you are using hearing protection the loud noises from the machine overwhelm other noises), the computations the brain makes to give you representation of the environment you are in, is affected. When you are operating potentially dangerous machines, you may think you can rely on your vision, but you may underestimate that this is now affected by not getting any audio signals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see something under normal circumstances, you have to consider why you were looking in that direction in the first place. In many cases there could have been some noise that on a subconscious level made you look in that direction, while at the conscious level you don't have the information about that sound, it may look like a random action. So, without the audio signals, you wouldn't have looked in the right direction, potentially making you not noticing a problem that needed to be addressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that you should ignore any guidelines to use hearing protection. Rather, it means that you should stick to all the other safety instructions, like e.g. rigorously sticking to check lists when you may feel that's over the top, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That vision and hearing are hard wired together can be seen very clearly from e.g. the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;McGurk effect&lt;/a&gt;. This demonstrates that what you hear is affected by what you see. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-02-01T18:47:53.630" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T18:47:53.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-01T19:11:58.753" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person had to choose only 1 method of oral hygiene, what would be the most effective for achieve health gums and teeth:&#xA;1- brushing with toothpaste&#xA;2- flossing&#xA;3- rinsing with mouth wash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:37:02.137" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:37:02.137" Title="Brushing, flossing, and mouth wash" Tags="&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4585" CreationDate="2016-02-01T20:05:13.343" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After doing some research on the issue, including contacting the company &quot;Biomerica&quot; and finding on the Internet the &quot;Physician's Instruction Pamphlet&quot; I did find that urine does affect such tests.  The mentioned pamphlet states: 1) Urinate first and then flush the toilet; 2) Have a bowel movement; 3) carefully drop a test tissue into the toilet bowl, etc.  Thus, Biomerica is adament that for the test to be reasonably accurate urine should be absent from the toilet bowl.  They also confirmed the same by email.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One should keep in mind that even if you take all those precautions you should understand that such tests are not &quot;accurate&quot; especially when they are positive.  This is due to such tests having a rather low sensitivity (true positive rate) combined with a disease that has a fairly low prevalence rate.  Quoting Wikipedia on fecal occult blood test with a positive result: &quot;about 2-10% have cancer, while 20%-30% have adenomas.&quot;  Depending on one's circumstances those statistics can vary (age, sex) and increase a bit.  But, still a positive test result still leaves one much more likely to be free of colon cancer.  It is just an information piece that may suggest further test investigation may be warranted (colonoscopy, etc.).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In view of the above, following Biomerica's instructions I would not consider a positive test result with urine in the bowl as counting as a true positive test.  Instead, I would continue testing with the remaining test tissues and make sure I follow the appropriate protocol as indicated above.  If one would feel they did not have enough remaining test tissues, I would just get another set and re-test again.  If the individual does test negative three times in a row that should give her much comfort.  The test is far more accurate on &quot;negatives&quot; vs. &quot;positives&quot; because the test's specificity (true negative rate) is much above its sensitivity (true positive rate).     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1309" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T05:23:37.627" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T05:23:37.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4618" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14299" CreationDate="2016-02-01T20:07:32.983" Score="9" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 9-month old son has been diagnosed with mild bronchiolitis and prescribed 5 days of Azithromycin (not so much to cure a virus-induced bronchiolitis, but in order to prevent possible pneumonia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking aside an obvious concern on prescribing antibiotics for a mild disease (and i have already heard wildly conflicting opinions on this from fellow pediatricians, to the point of me being completely confused), my question is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does breastfeeding impact the negative influence of antibiotics on the infant body, e.g. gut flora? Are there any studies made?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="927" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:14:01.177" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:14:01.177" Title="Effect of antibiotics on breastfed infant" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4763" CreationDate="2016-02-01T19:16:13.503" Score="8" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/01/health/zika-virus-public-health-emergency/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CNN is reporting&lt;/a&gt; that there is a potentially serious outbreak of this &quot;&lt;em&gt;Zika virus&lt;/em&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From all the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.romper.com/p/can-the-zika-virus-harm-toddlers-parents-should-get-their-children-tested-4739&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blogs and articles&lt;/a&gt; out there on Zika, it is obvious that this virus is a serious threat to pregnant mothers and even newborn babies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is not apparent in all this literature is: at what age is Zika no longer a threat for microcephaly in infants?&lt;/strong&gt; What's the cutoff?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a 10-month old and a 3-year old - is there cause for concerns outside of the normal viral symptoms or are they both developed enough to be &quot;in the clear&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can find literature to support your claims that's definitely even more reassuring!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" OwnerDisplayName="smeeb" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T22:30:31.913" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T07:37:06.810" Title="What's the cutoff age for concern with the Zika virus in infants?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;zika-virus&gt;&lt;microcephaly&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4605" CreationDate="2016-02-01T21:32:52.430" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it hasn't been in a mouth for years, then it's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;already largely free of bacteria and viruses&lt;/a&gt;. It's just bare plastic and metal, neither of which can sustain pathogen growth. Any bacteria on that pick from the last time it was in your mouth are almost certainly long since dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just wash it in soapy water and it should be fine. There is no need to boil or sterilize it unless you suspect it's been in contact with infectious material (eg, feces) or you're a practicing dentist and will be using it on patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-01T21:32:52.430" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4613" CreationDate="2016-02-01T22:32:15.693" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is the Hepatitis B vaccine split into 3, any what is the blood test for at the end?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The answer to this is really no different than this same question about any other vaccine that is given in multiple doses. I'll quote some good points and sources below but understanding how vaccines work in general first, and then getting information on the others questions will give you the best understanding and answer to your question.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/32617-how-do-vaccines-work.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How Vaccines Work&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;strong&gt;Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center&lt;/strong&gt;, vaccines are made of dead or weakened antigens. They&#xA;  can't cause an infection, but the immune system still sees them as an&#xA;  enemy and produces antibodies in response. After the threat has&#xA;  passed, many of the antibodies will break down, but immune cells&#xA;  called memory cells remain in the body.&lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the body encounters that antigen again, the memory cells produce&#xA;  antibodies fast and strike down the invader before it's too late.&lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is the Hepatitis B vaccine split into 3 doses?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The human body's immune system (and everyone's is different) needs to program itself at the molecular level to build antibodies for fighting off future [antigens] bugs with similiar biomolecular signatures. Medical studies suggest that it's just more efficient to give people two or three doses to ensure the body builds all it needs to at the immune system level to fight these bugs with matching signatures moving forward rather testing all that have been vaccinated to only revaccinate those found that need more than one dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/07/more-than-one-dose-vaccines_n_6632776.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Why Some Vaccines Require More Than One Dose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every vaccine ever created has to take many variables into&#xA;  consideration, he explained, including the individual pathogen or bug;&#xA;  how our immune systems respond to it; what parts of the bug can be&#xA;  used to generate an immune response that is protective in nature; and&#xA;  also how long that response will last. Because that equation is&#xA;  notably complex, sometimes a second (or third) dose is a good idea.&lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Sometimes, if you take a large group of people with one vaccination&#xA;  you might expect 90 percent [to be protected],&quot; he said. &quot;But if you&#xA;  give a second dose, you may get up to 98 percent.&quot; Rather than testing&#xA;  the population to find the 10 percent not protected by the first dose,&#xA;  &quot;what is probably a more straightforward strategy is just giving two&#xA;  doses to insure you have that high level of protection,&quot; he said.&lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the blood test for at the end?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the test afterwards confirms that you indeed have the antibodies in your blood to fight off the Hepatitis B virus so your immune system will know to attack it when it's signature is matched since the vaccine programmed your immune system to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hepb.org/pdf/vaccine.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How can I tell if I am protected against hepatitis B?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(3)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If someone has received the hepatitis B vaccine, then a simple blood&#xA;  test can tell whether they are protected If they have responded to the&#xA;  vaccine series, the blood test will show a positive result for the&#xA;  hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb+). It is recommended that all&#xA;  health care workers and household members or sexual partners of an&#xA;  infected individual have their antibody levels tested one month after&#xA;  completing the vaccine series.&lt;sub&gt;(3)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastEditorUserId="2803" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T21:17:41.803" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T21:17:41.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-01T23:46:51.397" Score="7" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can blood transfer can somehow help a case of scleroderma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's not the way to cure it, but I was just wondering if this can slow down the body destruction made by the faulty lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please answer in plain English, but still backed up by reliable references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2813" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-09T15:32:54.353" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T19:42:54.053" Title="Can blood transfusion help in case of scleroderma?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4602" CreationDate="2016-02-02T03:44:24.103" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood vessels do pop or rupture at times, causing a nosebleed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what exactly in the sick and stressed cause them to have more nosebleeds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to the sick, &lt;strong&gt;medicines that cause you to bleed more easily, including aspirin and anticoagulants such as warfarin and heparin will tend to cause higher rates of nosebleeds.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Nosebleed/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now with regards to stress, there is debate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1120295/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;. A study published in 1977 found no correlation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/339142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;, but a more recent study in 2012 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt; suggests that high blood pressure is associated with nosebleeds. If this is the case, &lt;strong&gt;researchers theorize that since high levels of stress cause high blood pressure and constrict blood vessels &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp#.VrAi_XSxalx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;, then it is possible for stress to cause these vessels in our nose to rupture.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These sources seem to indicate that both stress and certain medications can in some situations cause nosebleeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Nosebleed/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Nosebleed/Pages/Causes.aspx&lt;/a&gt; (1)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1120295/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1120295/&lt;/a&gt; (2)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/339142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/339142&lt;/a&gt; (3)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694985&lt;/a&gt; (4)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp#.VrAi_XSxalx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Stress-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301883_Article.jsp#.VrAi_XSxalx&lt;/a&gt; (5)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-02-02T20:39:45.350" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T20:39:45.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T06:41:44.947" Score="3" ViewCount="2324" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a doctor writes a prescription for 1 per day with a quantity of 30 with 2 refills, I have never heard of anyone having a problem getting 90 days of the medication at once.  That's 30 days for the original script plus 30 days for each refill.  30+30+30=90.  Simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suddenly, pharmacies are giving people a hard time about this, claiming that the doctor needs to explicitly write the script for 90 days in order to get a 90 day supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has something changed in the laws or regulations modifying how this has always worked?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details: USA; non-narcotic, non-addictive routine meds like levothyroxin sodium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:04:55.447" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T01:04:14.650" Title="Has something changed making it harder to get 90 day supplies of routine meds?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;class-schedule-of-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T11:12:13.330" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a widespread belief that antibiotics should not be used for treating viral infections, as they are effective against bacteria, not viruses (see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/getsmart/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/features/getsmart/&lt;/a&gt;). Several studies have been made supporting this claim, for instance this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1628797/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1984 study&lt;/a&gt; and newer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 review&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, antibiotics continue to be prescribed, mostly due to patient demand, and also because of fear of complications (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/10/10/bacterial-vs-viral-infections-how-to-protect-yourself-from-antibiotic-resistant.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FoxNews article&lt;/a&gt;). In case of respiratory viral infections secondary bacterial pneumonia is often mentioned as a cause of concern and a reason for antibiotics prescription (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104657/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 study&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/Bronchitis-complications.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; states that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Around one person in 20 with bronchitis may develop a secondary infection in the lungs leading to pneumonia. The infection is commonly bacterial although the initial infection that caused the bronchitis may be viral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies also say that certain classes of antibiotics (e.g. macrolides) have positive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2012/649570/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012 study&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm confused about is this: in case when there are no secondary bacterial infection symptoms, is antibiotics usage justified? Does the risk of secondary infection outweigh the negative effects of antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I am reposting &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/31673/is-the-use-of-antibiotics-justified-for-respiratory-viral-infections&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; from Skeptics.SE, as it seems to be mostly opinion-based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="927" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T11:18:07.780" Title="Is the use of antibiotics justified for respiratory viral infections?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T12:29:48.850" Score="2" ViewCount="1547" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a common policy that bone marrow patient and donor aren't allowed to meet or reveal their identities.  In some countries they can't meet for a year of two after the transplant. In some others - for life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've search FAQ's of multiple bone marrow database foundations and I can't find an answer - why? Why are patient and donor prohibited from meeting or disclosing their identities for so long?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2823" OwnerDisplayName="kamituel" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:42:26.820" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T16:10:10.953" Title="Why bone marrow patient and donor cannot meet?" Tags="&lt;donor&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4413" CreationDate="2016-02-02T15:42:43.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent question. In my attempt to answer it I'll cite sources from the best research on the subject to date, and we'll conduct our own investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Body size vs. Head size vs. Brain volume&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your question, you asked how body size (weight and height) relates to brain volume by gender. Body size is related to brain volume through another measure, head size. Larger body, larger head, larger brain.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/321192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Men and women have different body sizes, and different head sizes as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conducting our own investigation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sample&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the paper you referenced, Gur et. al. looked at 80 healthy (40 male and 40 female) volunteers aged 18-45 years. They used an automated parcellation approach, meaning they used automated image processing on the brain images to derive their measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our investigation, we'll use data frome the publicly available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Connectome Project&lt;/a&gt;, or HCP. We'll look at 896 healthy (393 Male and 503 female) volunteers aged 22-36 years. HCP also used an automated parcellation software, called FreeSurfer.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S1053811912000389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;b&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; We'll use IntraCranial Volume - the volume inside the cranium - to represent head size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Total Brain Volume - Males vs Females&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a0iRI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a0iRI.png&quot; alt=&quot;tbv in male vs female&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Cg4D.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Cg4D.png&quot; alt=&quot;tbv in male vs female linear model&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We see here that men have larger brains than women. We can also see from the linear model results that the estimated mean difference from our sample is a substantial 153.9 milliliters (as compared to ~200 milliliters in Gur et. al. 2001). For reference, this is about 2/3 one of those half pint boxes of milk you used to get at school lunch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how much is total brain volume related to head size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;TBV vs ICV&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ohjHh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ohjHh.png&quot; alt=&quot;tbv vs icv&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see right away that these two measures are highly correlated. It makes sense. Typically, bigger animals -- with corresponding bigger heads -- have bigger brains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Brain-body_mass_ratio_for_some_animals_diagram.svg/500px-Brain-body_mass_ratio_for_some_animals_diagram.svg.png&quot; alt=&quot;animal brains&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what you want to know is whether the difference remains &lt;em&gt;after accounting for head size&lt;/em&gt;. In other words, is the difference disproportionate to head size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Adjusting TBV by ICV&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here we use a method called residualizing to remove the effect of ICV on TBV we observed above. You can find the code we're using &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/keshlab/returnAdj.R/blob/master/returnAdj.R&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and a reference describing the procedure in detail &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-585-25657-3_18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's check the graph of TBV vs ICV again, to make sure the effect is removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/htsUE.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/htsUE.png&quot; alt=&quot;adj tbv vs icv&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Revisiting TBV in Males vs Females&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here we'll reexamine the difference between Male and Female brain sizes using the adjusted values.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4nJik.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4nJik.png&quot; alt=&quot;adj tbv in male vs female&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aSNaa.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aSNaa.png&quot; alt=&quot;adj tbv in male vs female linear model&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference is still statistically significant, but smaller. The linear model estimates the adjusted average difference to be 23.6 milliliters (compared to 153.9 before). Going back to the milk reference, this is about 1/10 the box, or one sip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We found that the difference in brain volumes between men and women is partially, but not completely explained by their difference in head sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference is smaller, but still there after adjusting. &lt;strong&gt;Now your next question may be, so what?&lt;/strong&gt; Do these differences in brain volume explain anything about behavior or ability? That's where papers like the one you referenced come in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gur et. al. suggest in their paper that females compensate for smaller total brain volume by having increased gray matter, and therefore more tissue available for computation. Other studies conclude that in order to understand gender differences in cognitive ability, you have to look closer at the parts of the brain that are activated during different tasks.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/science/article/pii/S0149763413003011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The HCP data could help us test these ideas too, but that's outside the scope of your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T15:42:43.893" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4630" CreationDate="2016-02-02T20:26:11.823" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not that they &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; meet. Meetings can and do happen and there's no medical reason they can't. In fact, most organ procurement programs have a system in place for allowing donors and recipients to meet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uwhealth.org/organ-donation/frequently-asked-questions-about-organ-donation/11166&quot;&gt;An example policy:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does a donor family learn who receives the organs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The identity of both the donor and the recipient are kept anonymous.&#xA;  If the donor family and/or the recipient wish to do so, they can&#xA;  exchange letters through UW Organ and Tissue Donation. After an&#xA;  exchange of letters, a signed release of information is required by&#xA;  both parties prior to UWHC releasing any information to the parties.&#xA;  At that point, if both parties would like, a meeting can be arranged&#xA;  at a future date. Either or both parties have the right to remain&#xA;  anonymous and the privacy of both parties is protected by Federal law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's long been standard practice to withhold donors' and recipients' identities from each other for privacy reasons. As the above notes, telling either of them the other's identity would violate medical privacy laws in most countries since that information tells them something (perhaps a lot) about that other party's medical history. If identities are made known, it would definitely require written permission from both parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even without privacy laws, there's little or nothing to be gained by either party knowing the other's identity, and potentially a lot of conflict. For example, a family that has lost a loved one might very well not wish to be reminded of that by a recipient contacting them. And vice versa --  recipients might not want the discomfort of meeting the parents of the dead 16-year old whose organs are now theirs. It could be embarrassing, uncomfortable, and emotionally disturbing. There's also the risk of mental/emotional instability from either party. Can you imagine the nightmare of grieving parents feeling they just had to have a close personal relationship with you because you're walking around with their daughter's liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granted, marrow donors aren't usually deaths, but all the same principles still apply. In short, this is an ethics question, not a health question. There is no medical reason marrow donors and recipients can't or shouldn't meet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T20:26:11.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T22:20:52.380" Score="5" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a pregnant woman's emotional state affect her baby?  Can it do so to such an extent that when the baby grows up it suffers from psychological problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="473" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T01:15:45.410" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T01:15:45.410" Title="Effect of mother's emotional state on baby" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;postpartum-depression&gt;&lt;emotional-abuse&gt;&lt;epigenetic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-02T22:45:42.683" Score="5" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the pH of the contents of the gut vary from the stomach to the anus?  I know that chyme is very acidic, but after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="473" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T21:01:06.350" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T21:01:06.350" Title="Acidity of gut contents" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1123" CreationDate="2016-02-02T23:49:48.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you know your insulin-to-carb ratio and your correction factor (how much your blood sugar drops per unit of insulin), you should be able to calculate how much you should have had fairly simply &amp;ndash; at least in theory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that your blood sugar would have remained level had you not eaten (which will not usually be the case in real life), you just need to subtract your &lt;em&gt;expected&lt;/em&gt; blood sugar from your &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; blood sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;85 - 200 = 115 [mg/dL]&#xA;&#xA;115 [mg/dL] * (correction factor) [units / mg/dL] = (insulin deficit) [units]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose your correction factor is 1:50, e.g. 1 unit brings you down 50 mg/dL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;115 [mg/dL] * (1/50) [units / mg/dL] = 2.3 [units]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can then estimate about how many extra carbs were in the meal, using your insulin-to-carb ratio: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(insulin deficit) [units] * (carb ratio) [g carb/unit] = (excess carbs) [g carb]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose your ratio is 1:10, e.g. 1 unit covers 10g of carb: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2.3 [units extra needed] * 10 [g carb/unit] = 23 [g carb more than estimated]&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use 15g carb = 1 exchange/choice: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;23 g / 15 g = 1.5 exch&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you now know that the meal had 23g more carb in it than you expected, and that in the future you would take 2.3 more units. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in reality it's not quite so simple. Different foods take longer to digest, convert to glucose, and enter the bloodstream. Activity level, injection site, and other factors affect how quickly insulin kicks in. The above calculation is the most straightforward way to calculate the food/insulin/blood sugar balance, but there will always be other factors at play. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="389" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T23:49:48.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3700" CreationDate="2016-02-02T23:58:28.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience with one brand of monitors we tend to set multiple levels of severity of alarms at different volumes. The third tier alarms will be quite quiet and usually reflect a problem with monitoring (ie lead fallen off). The second tier are usually low-moderate volume and persistent. This would indicate an abnormal value that the patient condition has changed and needs attention. The first tier alarms are critical changes that are life-threatening and require immediate attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This first tier alarm is heard by all staff in the unit and can prompt other staff that there may be a need for assistance with that patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further to this is the code alarm. This is activated by the nurse and indicates that assistance IS required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that not having adequate response to a cardiac arrest has more deleterious outcomes than loud alarms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2825" LastActivityDate="2016-02-02T23:58:28.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4635" CreationDate="2016-02-03T00:55:30.000" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, a mother's emotional state can, unfortunately, adversely affect the fetus, and the effect can in some cases can be long-lasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it simply, your genetic code is the blueprint of your physical, and to some degree your cognitive, self. Just as many desirable and undesirable conditions have a genetic basis, so too are more and more psychological conditions being found to have a genetic component (as well as an environmentsl component that extends into the intrautering environment, but I'll ignore that now.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, stress can actually alter the way DNA (your genetic code) is read; this is &lt;em&gt;epigenesis&lt;/em&gt; - a change above the level of DNA that changes the expression on one's genes. There are many studies now &lt;em&gt;suggesting&lt;/em&gt; an epigenetic role in adult depression stemming from childhood trauma (e.g. child abuse).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies also show that maternal stress can cause epigenetic changes &lt;em&gt;in utero&lt;/em&gt;. Most of the studies are animal studies with very significant stressors - like diabetes, malnutrition (enough to cause intrauterine growth retardation), etc., but it is likely that less severe stressors can likely cause some epigenetic changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The science here, though, is in it's infancy, and no predictions can be made. What should be kept in mind is that millions of women every year have high-stress pregnancies (some incredibly so) yet deliver infants who grow into well-adjusted adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567%2814%2900048-3/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Child Abuse, Depression, and Methylation in Genes Involved With Stress, Neural Plasticity, and Brain Circuitry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/21/4176.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DNA methylation analysis of multiple tissues from newborn twins reveals both genetic and intrauterine components to variation in the human neonatal epigenome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T00:55:30.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4636" CreationDate="2016-02-03T03:21:59.680" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if I answered this right: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.leaflady.org/healing_that_gut_feeling.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;leaflady.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The system begins in the mouth, where the pH of saliva is 5.7 – 7.0.&#xA;  In the esophagus the pH is 7.0. The stomach pH is 1.5 – 3.0. In the&#xA;  Duodenum (upper part of the small intestine) pH is 4.0 – 5.0, and in&#xA;  the lower part of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), pH 6.5 –&#xA;  7.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/459954-the-acid-base-balance-in-the-digestive-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;livestrong.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to carry out their individual functions, each section of the&#xA;  digestive system maintains a pH that suits the needs of the&#xA;  environment. The first part of the system prepares the food for&#xA;  digestion. This section’s weak acidic surroundings begin the process.&#xA;  The second area, the stomach, must supply enough acid to break the&#xA;  food into its nutrients. However, when the food continues into the&#xA;  intestines, it no longer needs acid. Both intestines bring the matter&#xA;  closer to the pH of the body&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically these values stay consistent with some minor changes, unless a person is experiencing a acid-base imbalance. These are life threatening and can be extremes in acid or alkaline. The pH as you can see stays within the range it needs to be, in order to process food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-02-03T08:43:32.710" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T08:43:32.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T04:16:19.960" Score="2" ViewCount="5951" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard eating dairy is one of the worst possible things to do when one has the stomach flu, but is it a quantity or substance issue? If someone ate a lot of pasta with a lot of shredded parmesan cheese on top, would that cause a significant intestinal upset? I'm wondering if it's, as said, bad to only eat the cheese, or if it won't be too bad if it's displaced significantly by another healthier substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2817" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T04:16:19.960" Title="Having the Stomach Flu and Eating Pasta With Cheese?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T09:25:01.420" Score="1" ViewCount="1216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 15 year old Indian. I currently stand at 163 cms but I weigh 75 kg, which is overweight I know.&#xA;But is there any way I'll grow more? If yes, how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My dad's height is 172 cm and my mom is 157.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been measuring my height for some time now and I've grown about 5 cms in the last 6-7 months. However, I haven't had a huge growth spurt yet. But one of my grandads is just about 148 cms, I guess. So will I grow taller?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that this question is a duplicate. Here, I just asked if I could grow taller. But that is a purely scientific question, I believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet: I eat a mainly vegetarian diet with some chicken at least 2 days a week. I drink a glass of milk about 3 days a week. But I don't eat any other meat than chicken. I also eat some fruits 3 days in a week. However, I'm willing to change my diet if that would help me grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise: I usually play sports. But these days I haven't been able to, because of my school work. But I have been thinking of working out to reduce fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2829" OwnerDisplayName="Peter" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T00:34:26.777" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T03:04:57.810" Title="I am 15 and 163 cm tall - will I grow taller?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-02-11T17:24:42.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T16:57:16.407" Score="6" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure there are big effects from obvious things like amount of alcohol consumed, individual susceptibility, hydration, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But holding all that constant, I've also seen some unsupported claims that different drinks can cause varying severity of hangovers, due to different chemical composition - additives (e.g. sulfites) or other naturally produced organic compounds besides the ethanol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Easily found mass-media articles (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dhmdepot.com/pages/do-different-types-of-alcohol-cause-worse-hangovers&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/hangover3.htm&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;) pretty much exclusively talk about congeners. It's unclear whether that's just because that's the one thing that's been established in studies or because it's the dominant factor, and it's unclear how strong the effects are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there research to either suggest that congeners are the dominant factor (not just one of many), or that there are other factors? And how strong is the variation in severity, whatever the causes may be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="631" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:36:56.110" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:36:56.110" Title="Does choice of drink affect severity of hangovers?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;&lt;hangover-hungover&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4646" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T19:13:00.930" Score="5" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Measuring blood pressure invasively can be performed from different locations, such as one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_artery&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;radial arteries&lt;/a&gt;. How much impact does the location of an invasive measurement have on the quality of the obtained blood pressure signal? I am looking for a quantified answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://accuratebloodpressure.com/blood_pressure.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://accuratebloodpressure.com/blood_pressure.html&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is an appropriate site [for a properly performed invasive measurement]? &lt;strong&gt;It has been shown by many investigators that invasive pressure is greatly influenced by the measurement site.&lt;/strong&gt; Systole in particular changes as the site in moved from the aorta away from the heart towards the extremity. Usually it is a surprise to the newcomer to this field that systole increases as one moves down the arterial stream. This increase (systolic heightening) is caused by the reflection of the incidence waveform adding to the pressure. The amount of this increase depends on the transmission speed of the artery, which is affected by the arterial compliance. Hard arteries produce more heightening than compliant arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pressure in the aorta is not much influenced by reflections, and may be the best indication of &amp;quot;true&amp;quot; blood pressure. Unfortunately this is a very difficult place to measure blood pressure except when undergoing cardiac evaluation or surgery, and there are no population studies to indicate the cardiovascular risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-03T19:13:00.930" Title="How much impact does the location of measurement of blood pressure have on the quality of the obtained blood pressure signal?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sensors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4647" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-03T20:02:05.360" Score="4" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increasing age has increased the sensitivity of my grandfather's skin; so he asked me to pose the question entitled above, after seeing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.braun.com/global/male-grooming/cooltec-shavers/cooltec-shaver-models.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;electronic shavers that cool the skin&lt;/a&gt; and questioning whether they would improve his shaves. Disclaimer: No, I am not connected with Braun in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:59:27.403" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:59:27.403" Title="Does cooling the skin reduce irritation from shaving?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;shaving-razor-burn&gt;&lt;aftershave&gt;&lt;shave-shaving&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3089" CreationDate="2016-02-04T13:51:10.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found that I did not have weak quads but that my abs were not doing enough work and this was placing more stress on my left quad initially which became injured and placed more stress on my right quad subsequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The injury was occurring from my &lt;strong&gt;teeth&lt;/strong&gt;. I have realised, from consultation with a qualified physiotherapist and wearing a mouth guard, that I tend to bite or grind my teeth throughout the day and hold my breath. This closes my airways. Over a long period of time this has negative effects on my abs as my lungs are not expanding to their potential and in turn not keeping my abs activated. My abdominal muscles, particularly on my right side due to there being more internal organs on that side of the body, were shuting off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wearing the mouthguard, and undertaking daily short exercises to work my abs particularly the left side of my body, has reactivated my left lower abs and my left glute muscles. This has reduced the workload on my quads, because my glutes and abs are doing more of the work, and has returned myself to the condition I was in before&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1263" LastEditorUserId="1263" LastEditDate="2016-02-05T12:07:13.940" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T12:07:13.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4643" CreationDate="2016-02-04T21:08:59.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to tell if you are going to grow taller or not is to have an x-ray done of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the epiphyseal plates&lt;/a&gt;. These are segments at each end of the long bones in your body where bone growth (and thus height increase) occur. They are cartilaginous plates that gradually increase the length of the bone by laying down new matrix. When they are fully closed and turned to bone themselves, growth has stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the plates are not yet closed, then yes, you will probably grow some more. How much, that's not something that can really be determined. They can make predictions based on the xrays, but that is not a guarantee. If they are closed, then no, you won't grow any taller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Height is genetically determined, your body knows at birth how tall it's going to be. The only things that will affect this are hormone/growth disorders (Such as hypo or hyperpituitarism for example), or other environmental factors such as chronic malnutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-04T21:26:24.363" LastActivityDate="2016-02-04T21:26:24.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-05T01:54:26.130" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;When applying ice to a tendinopathy, how long should the icing and non-icing periods last? I am looking for scientific studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/health-topics/muscles-and-bone/rice.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/health-topics/muscles-and-bone/rice.shtml&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Leave the ice on for 15 to 20 minutes at a time then remove it for 15 to 20 minutes so the area can warm up to room temperature. You may repeat this on and off process for as long as you want. Ice should be used as often as possible during the first 1 to 2 days after an injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.active.com/running/articles/do-s-and-don-ts-for-icing-injuries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.active.com/running/articles/do-s-and-don-ts-for-icing-injuries&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To maximize the benefits, ice five times a day, with at least 45&#xA;  minutes in between applications. This keeps tissue temperature low to&#xA;  minimize inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007638.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007638.htm&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Put ice on the inside of your elbow 3 to 4 times a day for 15 to 20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but they do not reference the claim. Some references regarding the recommended icing duration are given in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/2013/43&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/1995/43&quot;&gt;how cold should it be&lt;/a&gt;, but there may be more recent references and I am also interested to know how frequently ice should be applied, i.e., how long non-icing periods should last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have mostly interested in tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kowal, Michael Andrew. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=723396727288687648&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review of physiological effects of cryotherapy.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; Journal of Orthopaedic &amp;amp; Sports Physical Therapy 5.2 (1983): 66-73. mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The cuffs and ice pack were removed after 20 minutes and were reapplied 1&#xA;  hour later for a further 20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the choice sounds arbitrary, and the reviews is over 4 decades old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T17:31:54.180" Title="Applying ice to tendinopathy: how long should the icing and non-icing periods last?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4654" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4660" CreationDate="2016-02-05T07:39:14.260" Score="5" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I was at a basketball game, and sometime mid-way through it, I got elbowed in the head. At the end of the game, I found that I got a small cut that was slightly bleeding and, at that point, the blood had sorta dried. So how is it that I got a cut (it resembles a cut from a knife; straight and no width) on my head from being elbowed? I felt a little bit of pain that felt like it was coming from the bone, as I've felt that pain before and could recognize it, right after being elbowed. After the game, I didn't feel any pain until I took a shower. Then there was a really sharp pain. So, yeah, &lt;strong&gt;how did I get a cut from being elbowed in the head?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2840" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:16:31.757" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:16:31.757" Title="Is it possible to get a cut from being elbowed in the head?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4662" CreationDate="2016-02-05T09:14:28.070" Score="4" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have pimples on my face since last month. They are neither bleeding nor painful when I touch them, but my fingers get oily when I rub them softly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not using any skin care soap or applying talcum powder to my face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the cause of this? What is the remedy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="753" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:55:45.930" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T09:29:24.213" Title="Does my face become oily due to pimples?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;&lt;pimple&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-05T12:48:34.067" Score="3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen the &lt;a href=&quot;http://thegardendiet.com/ebooks/oj.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Orange Juice Diet&lt;/a&gt; mentioned in the media a couple of times over the years, and I wanted to find out the positives and negatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the benefits and drawbacks of this diet when carried out over a 2 week period?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:52:41.783" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:52:41.783" Title="Dangers of the OJ diet?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4654" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:30:18.630" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.som.uq.edu.au/media/182331/8%20W-S%20Booklet%20Wound%20Mgmt.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;different types of injury&lt;/a&gt; to the skin. You can have a contusion (Bruise), abrasion (scrape), puncture, laceration or incision. The injury that you suffered is a laceration, as opposed to an incision. The main difference between the two is the cleanliness of the edges, lacerations are more jagged, incisions are clean slices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a few different reasons that this could occur, but basically it's because the skin was suddenly stretched or compressed beyond it's ability to hold shape, and a tear results. You can see a few different &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.injuryinformation.com/injuries/lacerations.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;laceration causes at this page&lt;/a&gt;. This can be fairly common in the head, as the skin is very close to the bone in most areas of the face and head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the depth, location and severity, it can be taken care of from anything starting with a bandaid, up to wound glue or sutures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T04:22:23.157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T04:22:23.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3972" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:38:56.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest thing I'm aware of as a cure for autism is Early Intensive Behavioural Therapy. The idea behind it is to train the autistic child in basic social behaviours within the timeframe that they would normally be acquiring them, from 0-5 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware it's ineffective after the age of 5 because the parts of the brain that it's meant to train will have been pruned by the normal synaptic pruning mechanism, making it much harder for the child to develop the social skills as there's no longer a part of the brain that's 'primed' to handle that task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed article about EIBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2741" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T15:38:56.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4655" CreationDate="2016-02-05T15:49:27.240" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's actually the other way around.  Oil coming from your pores causes dead skin cells to clump together, blocking the pore. Acne is a blocked or infected pore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your skin is oily, the oil actually comes from pores that are not clogged. So the oil you feel when you touch your pimple (which BTW is a bad idea) is probably coming from surrounding pores .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne-and-rosacea/acne&quot;&gt;American Academy of Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for treatment, you can try over the counter acne products. If those don't work or your acne is severe, see a dermatologist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2845" LastActivityDate="2016-02-05T15:49:27.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4663" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4665" CreationDate="2016-02-06T00:00:12.000" Score="8" ViewCount="657" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's common to hear about products that claim to be testosterone boosters for men and vitamins that boost testosterone, but what benefits does high testosterone actually entail? For example, are physical strength, libido, and mental capacity increased? Mental health discussion would be interesting too, if there's any association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:53:05.557" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T11:32:02.087" Title="What are the benefits of high testosterone in men?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;male&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4655" CreationDate="2016-02-06T02:06:14.813" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/4662/2848&quot;&gt;Robin&lt;/a&gt; got it right, any extra oil, grease, dirt, or other foreign matter will aggravate pimples. I had a moderate acne problem through most of my teenage years, and here are some things I learned:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep affected areas, especially face, as clean as possible. Do this by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. scrubbing them well with soap daily; and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b. thoroughly cleansing with rubbing alcohol subsequent to soapy scrub. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid rubbing affected areas throughout the day; the oils and trace soils from your hands may seem negligible, but they contribute a great deal to the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Warm pimples pop best (what? Do you think this is gross? Well, it's not, it's life.). Right after showers are the perfect time, and be sure to follow up with rubbing alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rubbing alcohol helps prevent new pimples and gets rid of some small ones, but doesn't touch the big ones. I tried Acne-Free Severe for a while, and although it worked fine, it irritated my skin, which would get dry, itchy, and sometimes experienced a sensation approaching tingling. I hardly used it after a while because of that. Believing that the treatment was too severe, I tried Neutrogena Daily Scrub, along with their On the Spot treatment. It worked well for me without the dryness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: As I have mentioned, cleanliness seems to affect acne a great deal, and triggers eruptions, but it should be understood that the dirt is not what &lt;em&gt;causes&lt;/em&gt; acne . I highly recommend reading the page at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140717124728.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;. Among other things, it states that acne isn't caused by dirt, and gives a professional assessment of a few related factors, as well as mentioning some possible courses of treatment. For severe cases, even some antibiotics can be prescribed by physicians. (But if it's not absolutely necessary, this course of treatment should be avoided, of course. :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/Acne-Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt;, from which I quote, &quot;Acne is not caused by lack of cleanliness. Although not cleaning the affected or prone areas leads to accumulation of sebum and dirt in susceptible persons raising risk of acne.&quot; (Sebum and dirt cause pore blockage, resulting in acne breakouts.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/acne/bad-skin-habits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt;. Some of the content seems to contradict other sources, specifically, claiming that fatty foods make acne worse. While other sources refute this idea, this page points out the increased likelihood that your skin will become greasy from contact with such foods. (I would note that other health effects of avoiding fats are somewhat controversial, but since this is well beyond the realm of this discussion, I'll spare you from my viewpoint on the subject this time.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2848" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T10:54:18.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4663" CreationDate="2016-02-06T02:33:25.837" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the benefits of high testosterone in men?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;what benefits does high testosterone actually entail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mental health discussion would be interesting too, if there's any&#xA;  association&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Suggested Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is important to recognize that levels of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testosterone hormone&lt;/a&gt; in the male body decrease naturally in men with age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The level of this hormone peaks in young men starting sometime after puberty, but usually in the late teenage or early twenty age range. Typically the level of this hormone in men starts to decrease between the ages of 30 - 40 or so, and at a slow rate; generally around one percent a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/sexual-health/in-depth/testosterone-therapy/art-20045728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens to testosterone levels with age? &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone levels generally peaks during adolescence and early&#xA;  adulthood. As you get older, your testosterone level gradually&#xA;  declines — typically about 1 percent a year after age 30 or 40. &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Testosterone Effects (physical and mental)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as high testosterone levels and its benefits are concerned, I'll give a general breakdown of typical effects (physical and mental) but I will allow you to classify these as beneficial or not depending on your perspective of these effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical Associations with High Testosterone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High levels of testosterone starting in early adulthood contribute to puberty transformations in the male body such as: genital organ growth, sexual maturity and fertility, growth of body and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. Higher levels of testosterone are also associated with &lt;em&gt;but not limited to&lt;/em&gt; increased metabolism (burn fat faster), increased muscle mass, strength, and bone density.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/sexual-health/in-depth/testosterone-therapy/art-20045728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is testosterone? &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone is a hormone produced primarily in the testicles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone helps maintain men's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Bone density&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fat distribution&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Muscle strength and mass&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Facial and body hair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Red blood cell production&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sex drive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sperm production&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mental Associations with High Testosterone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High levels of testosterone is associated with &lt;em&gt;but not limited to&lt;/em&gt; more aggressiveness and the effects of such behavior such as feeling more competitive. It also contributes to sleeping better and feeling well-rested, having more energy, increase in sexual desire and libido, heightened focus and concentration, and more self confidence and motivation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/low-testosterone/effects-on-body#Central-Nervous-System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Central Nervous System &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OLoJ1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OLoJ1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The body has a system for controlling testosterone, sending messages&#xA;  through hormones and chemicals that are released into the bloodstream.&#xA;  In the brain, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland how much&#xA;  testosterone is needed, and the pituitary relays that information to&#xA;  the testicles. &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone plays a role in certain behaviors, including aggression&#xA;  and dominance. It also helps to spark competitiveness and boost&#xA;  self-esteem. Just as sexual activity can affect testosterone levels,&#xA;  taking part in competitive activities can cause a man’s testosterone&#xA;  levels to rise or fall. Low testosterone may result in a loss of&#xA;  confidence and lack of motivation. It can also lower a man’s ability&#xA;  to concentrate or cause feelings of sadness. Low testosterone can&#xA;  cause sleep disturbances and lack of energy. &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It’s important to note, however, that testosterone is only one factor&#xA;  that influences personality traits. Other biological and environmental&#xA;  factors are also involved. &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/sexual-health/in-depth/testosterone-therapy/art-20045728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Testosterone therapy: Potential benefits and risks as you age (1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Meet the Mayo Clinic Staff&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/low-testosterone/effects-on-body#Central-Nervous-System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Effects of Testosterone on the Body (2)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/about-us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Meet the Healthline Staff&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastEditorUserId="2803" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T02:47:35.940" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T02:47:35.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T07:15:15.497" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;The movie Lucy said that humans use 10%. I wonder if this is true, and if it is, how is it so. Also, where can we place those people with high and low IQs in terms of percentage of brain usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2853" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:56:42.597" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:56:42.597" Title="Is it true that humans use 10% only of the brain on a regular basis?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-08T16:07:23.973" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4575" CreationDate="2016-02-06T07:27:30.087" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only are the risk factors you posted associated with stretch marks but also having high BMI (body mass index) or being over weight with high fat.&#xA;When your over weight and have high fat in the act of trying to reduce weight,the skin forms wrinkles which later on form stretch marks.&#xA;Its like removing air from a ballon. So stretch marks dont imply to age&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2853" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T07:27:30.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4667" CreationDate="2016-02-06T11:55:46.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It certainly is not true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few reasons which might help you understand why this &quot;humans only use 10% of their brain&quot; is a myth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If humans only used 10% of their brains, it would be fine if one removed the 90% that is unused. However, in most cases (if not all), even slight damage to the brain causes impair of performance. This is the case of strokes, for example.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The brain weights around 2% of your body weight (that's 1,5 kg), but it spends around 20% of your body's energy. If it were true that we only use 10% of our brains, such large brains would constitute a highly survival disadvantage. Natural selection would benefit humans with smaller brains -- but this was not the case.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neuroimaging shows activity in all areas of the brain, even during sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several other explanations that try to deny the 10% myth. You may read about this at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/tenper.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Do We Use Only 10% of Our Brains?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainconnection.brainhq.com/2013/04/17/myths-about-the-brain-10-percent-and-counting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Myths About the Brain: 10 percent and Counting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-people-only-use-10-percent-of-their-brains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Do People Only Use 10 Percent of Their Brains&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.pt/books/about/Mind_Myths.html?id=ldd9AAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;S. Della Sala, Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain, Wiley, 1999.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1841" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T11:55:46.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T12:02:43.713" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any risks to re-piercing the ear on the same spot as a healed previous piercing?  What about on cartilage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2855" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-10-27T05:41:42.153" LastActivityDate="2017-10-27T05:41:42.153" Title="Piercing ear for the second time" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;cartilage&gt;&lt;earlobes&gt;&lt;body-piercings&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T12:31:23.267" Score="6" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told by a family member that burning candles can cause cancer. Is this true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not think they do, but I decided to search around a bit. And I found a lot of mixed information. I have found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.empowher.com/cancer/content/candles-cause-cancer&quot;&gt;some articles about a scientific link&lt;/a&gt;, but I found others that may or may not be scientific which &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.care2.com/greenliving/7-candles-that-wont-give-you-cancer-or-make-your-kids-sick.html&quot;&gt;claim some do not cause cancer&lt;/a&gt;. It seems there are a lot of anecdotes and opinions, but I can't find much &lt;em&gt;scientific&lt;/em&gt; basis to figure out what the true danger is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there a clear scientific link between common candles and cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1213" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T14:37:02.393" Title="Have candles been linked to cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T13:57:56.983" Score="4" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read an online article about Aluminium being linked to breast cancer. So I did a little research and found some articles claiming there is no solid evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.m.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/antiperspirant-facts-safety&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.truthinaging.com/review/what-is-it-aluminum-in-deodorant-and-is-it-dangerous&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.truthinaging.com/review/what-is-it-aluminum-in-deodorant-and-is-it-dangerous&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.skintelligencenter.vmvhypoallergenics.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2859" LastEditorUserId="2859" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T22:51:34.927" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T18:57:15.340" Title="Can Aluminium Chlorohydrate in anti prespirants cause breast cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-17T14:11:04.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T16:05:10.957" Score="6" ViewCount="2491" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correct brace position (a.k.a. crash position) for car accidents? The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brace_position&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page on brace position&lt;/a&gt; focuses on airplane accidents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casa.gov.au/standard-page/emergency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.casa.gov.au/standard-page/emergency&lt;/a&gt; indicates the brace position is different between cars and airplanes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The common misconception that leaning forward and placing your head against a stationary object is unsafe probably comes from motor vehicle travel. Sitting upright in an accident is approved behaviour in a motor vehicle, however it is unsuitable for air travel because of the lack of shoulder harnesses and airbags in aircraft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to answer a comment the question received (I am apparently not allowed to point to which one): one can sometimes see in advance that a car crash may happen, and the car may have passengers. I don't think knowing a crash is coming is hard-to-imagine circumstance: it happened to me, you can look around for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=car+crash+compilation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Youtube videos&lt;/a&gt;, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/q/6823/1652&quot;&gt;123,000 head-on collisions per year in the US&lt;/a&gt;, and car accidents are much more common than airplane accidents. But it is up to you to decide not to be prepared (Darwinian selection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:20:14.993" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:20:14.993" Title="What is the correct brace position for car accidents?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;&lt;crash-test-dummies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4678" CreationDate="2016-02-06T16:46:51.497" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no brace position because you will not have warning of a car crash. Think about it. If there was warning, why would there be a crash? The driver would use the warning to avoid the crash. Unlike a pilot who must land the plane eventually regardless of conditions, a car driver can simply stop the car and get out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, under some hard-to-imagine circumstance, you did know a crash was coming, the correct brace position would be simply sitting in a normal position. That's because that's the position auto designers assume you will be in and they design safety systems accordingly. In fact, they more than make that assumption -- they enforce it. When the crash detection system is activated, the first thing that happens is small explosives go off in the seatbelt mechanism causing it to retract tightly and forcibly, pulling you back against the seat and away from the airbags. So bracing your head against the dash or seat in front of you would be futile even if you tried. You would be yanked backwards against the seat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one thing you absolutely must never do is have a child or pet on your lap. They are at great risk of being injured or killed by the airbag crushing them against your chest, which is likely to also injure you severely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/Safety-Features/Crash-Protection-Features/&quot;&gt;Crash protection features&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T21:57:53.447" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T21:57:53.447" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4681" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-06T22:41:47.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T09:46:02.610" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T09:46:02.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4682" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-06T22:41:47.367" Score="0" Body="The branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:03:47.230" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T16:03:47.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4683" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:29:30.493" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a person's capacity to break down food into substances that can be used by the body&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the process of treating a substance by means of heat, enzymes, or a solvent to promote decomposition or extract essential components.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:02:38.090" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T16:02:38.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4684" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:29:30.493" Score="0" Body="the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:02:54.807" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T16:02:54.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:35:20.750" Score="3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've commonly heard that symmetrical to testosterone benefits in men (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4663/what-are-the-benefits-of-high-testosterone-in-men&quot;&gt;What are the benefits of high testosterone in men?&lt;/a&gt;), estrogen contributes health benefits to women. What are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T21:16:41.960" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T21:16:41.960" Title="What are the benefits of estrogen in women?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;&lt;female&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4686" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:36:11.787" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-06T23:36:11.787" LastActivityDate="2016-02-06T23:36:11.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4687" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:36:11.787" Score="0" Body="the branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the stomach and intestines.&#xD;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:03:14.217" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T16:03:14.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4688" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:36:54.817" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, esp. with instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T02:34:32.637" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T02:34:32.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4689" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:36:54.817" Score="0" Body="The treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, esp. with instruments." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T02:34:58.230" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T02:34:58.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4690" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:39:41.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a session of medical care or the administration of a dose of medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-23T15:13:34.397" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T15:13:34.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4691" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-06T23:39:41.340" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T16:03:55.610" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T16:03:55.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-07T02:13:18.583" Score="4" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a person who had received a heart transplant move to/travel to another country (for example: From France to the United States)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The caveat being that they would have to set up another team of doctors to monitor the progress of the donor heart if they decided to become a permanent resident of their new country, possibly set up a medical translator to translate any records or conversations between the previous team of doctors to the new one, and that it would have been a few years since the surgery with no notable issues with the transplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be safe for air travel, or would another conveyance be more desirable (which would be by ship at that point)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2862" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:12:06.543" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:12:06.543" Title="Can a person with a heart transplant fly safely, or should they consider an alternative form of transportation?" Tags="&lt;travel&gt;&lt;aviation&gt;&lt;heart-transplant&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;barotrauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-07T02:24:26.250" Score="7" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Griffin, Robert, Yeonwoo Lebovitz, and Rebecca English. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50888/?report=reader&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transforming Clinical Research in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities: Workshop Summary.&lt;/a&gt; National Academies Press, 2010. Harvard (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170211005401/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50888/?report=reader&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fewer than half of all the medical treatments delivered today are supported&#xA;  by evidence&lt;/strong&gt; (IOM, 2007), yet the United States lacks a clear prioritization&#xA;  of the gaps in medical evidence and an allocation of clinical research&#xA;  resources to efficiently and effectively fill these evidence gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I quickly know whether a medical treatment is supported by evidence? I am aware could do a literature review, but is there any faster way, without having to ask a physician?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(IOM, 2007) J. Michael McGinnis, LeighAnne Olsen, Katharine Bothner, Daniel O'Neill, and Dara Aisner. &lt;em&gt;Learning What Works Best: The Nation's Need for Evidence on Comparative Effectiveness in Health Care&lt;/em&gt;.  IOM roundtable on evidence-based medicine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64784/?report=classic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64784/?report=classic&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170211005938/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64784/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170211005938/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64784/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Estimates range widely concerning the proportion of medical care in the United States that is based on, or supported by, adequate evidence [9-14]. However, &lt;strong&gt;given concerns about the extent to which this information may be generalized and the quality of the evidence that is used, some place this figure at well below half&lt;/strong&gt;. Regardless of the precise level, there is no question about the need for improvement. Part of the challenge is the appropriate delivery of what has already been proven effective. Medical care is becoming more complex with the increase in multifaceted chronic diseases, the development of new interventions, and the pressures to reduce the time of patient-provider interaction in the face of greater administrative burdens. New care management approaches, decision support systems, and incentives will be required to help providers and patients work together to ensure that the care delivered is the care that is known to be most effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-02-11T01:03:45.187" LastActivityDate="2019-11-07T11:07:51.623" Title="How can I quickly know whether a medical treatment is supported by evidence?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4598" CreationDate="2016-02-07T03:10:19.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The overdose range of sertraline varies between individual to individual. For instance, in Reference 1, it is reported that an ingestion 13,500 mg did not result in a fatality. Another individual was not so fortunate. He died after taking 2,500 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term effects do not appear to be common with SSRI overdosage (let alone sertraline). It would stand to reason that papers concerning sertraline overdosage would note any untoward long-term effects due to overdosage (References 2 and 3). However, Reference 4 does mention that &quot;The incidence of seizures was 1.9% and coma was 2.4%&quot; with SSRI medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OVERDOSE, HUMAN EXPERIENCE, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/zoloft-drug/overdosage-contraindications.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rxlist.com/zoloft-drug/overdosage-contraindications.htm&lt;/a&gt; (Unsure of this source. Could not find references)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suicidality and Suicide Attempt in a Young Female on Long-Term Sertraline Treatment, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662142/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662142/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sertraline overdose, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8808373&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8808373&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relative toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in overdose, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15362595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15362595&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T03:10:19.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4505" CreationDate="2016-02-07T13:23:35.203" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First, make sure the stomach is not squeezed by a tight belt or similar.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One can support gas movement by massaging the belly. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since some gases tend to move upwards, changing one's position in a way that the exit is elevated can help (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;  doggy style).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some herbs also help a bit, for example a spoon of caraway filled with hot water in a cup and drink after 5-10 mins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A hot-water bottle reduces the cramps.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Patients_Visitors/pcs/nutrition/services/healtheweightforwomen/special_topics/intelihealth0504.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Patients_Visitors/pcs/nutrition/services/healtheweightforwomen/special_topics/intelihealth0504.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for infants:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/infant-gas&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/infant-gas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T00:49:47.790" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T00:49:47.790" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4657" CreationDate="2016-02-07T17:28:07.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The diet consists of 24 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_%28fruit%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;oranges&lt;/a&gt; per day plus water. Nothing else. So let's see how much nutrition you're actually getting per day. Percentages are based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Recommended Daily Intake&lt;/a&gt; for an adult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Calories: 1128 kcal (56%)&#xA;Sugar: 224 grams&#xA;Fiber: 58 grams (232%)&#xA;Fat: 2.9 grams (4%)&#xA;Protein: 22 grams (44%)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Vitamin A: 24%&#xA;Thiamine: 192%&#xA;Riboflavin (B2): 72% &#xA;Niacin (B3): 48%&#xA;Pantothenic acid (B5): 120%&#xA;Vitamin B6: 120%&#xA;Folate (B9): 192%&#xA;Choline: 48%&#xA;Vitamin C: 1536%&#xA;Vitamin E: 24%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Minerals&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Calcium: 96%&#xA;Iron: 24%&#xA;Magnesium: 72%&#xA;Manganese: 24%&#xA;Phosphorus: 48%&#xA;Potassium: 96%&#xA;Zinc: 24%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence, this diet is the same as living on sugar water, fiber and vitamins for two weeks. Without doubt you will lose weight consuming only 56% of a normal daily caloric intake. Unfortunately, a significant portion of that weight loss will be muscle since the diet meets less than half of your daily protein needs. It's also virtually devoid of fat, so it's quite likely you'd actually absorb far less of the fat soluble vitamins than it provides. You might also find that it would lead to dry skin and dry hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, two weeks on this diet wouldn't significantly harm a healthy adult, but frankly it's a hideous diet that would result mainly in short-term fat loss and long-term muscle loss, which would make it all the more difficult to keep the fat off going forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-07T17:28:07.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4702" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4908" CreationDate="2016-02-08T15:18:54.473" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine claims that children should never have the heater on during the night because it helps viruses and bacteria to grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An other person claims the opposite and the child should never feel cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1558" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T08:55:50.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T08:55:50.897" Title="Is it healthier for the children to have the heater on or off during the night?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;heat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4703" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:14:37.623" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T18:14:37.623" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T18:14:37.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4704" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:14:37.623" Score="0" Body="The liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body, or an internal bodily fluid that performs a similar function in invertebrates." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:00.100" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:00.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4705" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:17:49.157" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T18:17:49.157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T18:17:49.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4706" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:17:49.157" Score="0" Body="Questions that pertain to the action of stopping something from happening or arising. Individual questions should be judged as to whether the scope of the scenario encompasses a reasonable range of &quot;prevention&quot;." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:55.293" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:55.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4707" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:18:22.580" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T18:18:22.580" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T18:18:22.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4708" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:18:22.580" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to a volatile flammable liquid that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T22:29:08.630" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T22:29:08.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4709" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:20:13.153" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T18:20:13.153" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T18:20:13.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4710" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:20:13.153" Score="0" Body="Questions related to being poisonous; relating to or caused by poison(s)." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T22:28:47.273" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T22:28:47.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T18:33:10.333" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of cause (crying baby, hospital emergency, procrastination, insomnia), what steps should be taken to return to their original sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe they should try to sleep as soon as possible or get exercise to help sleep earlier the next night? Or maybe there are things people should eat or avoid eating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T18:33:10.333" Title="What steps should a person take to heal one's body after pulling an all-nighter?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T19:32:46.417" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bodybuilders often dehydrate themselves before competitions. What are the long-term health impact of dehydration before bodybuilding competitions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-02-08T19:44:59.317" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T19:44:59.317" Title="What are the long-term health impact of dehydration before bodybuilding competitions?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T23:45:22.187" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working with someone who's trying to lose weight by switching to a plant-based diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She could use some people to talk to who also have plant-based diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By 'plant-based' she means mostly vegetarian, but not strictly meat-free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know any forums she can go to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2875" LastActivityDate="2016-02-08T23:45:22.187" Title="What forums are there for people interested in a plant-based diet?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-02-09T21:05:14.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-08T22:46:34.833" Score="6" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard on multiple occasions from less than credible sources that dieting by eating less (usually implemented by skipping meals, not smaller meals) will cause the human body to enter some sort of &quot;starvation&quot; mode where it hoards calories because it thinks it might not get more calories in the future. Most people also mention it can cause an increase in weight. The people I hear it from say it like it's common sense and widely believed so they never have anything to support it. &quot;That's just the way it is&quot; they claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of variables at play here and I'm no biologist or nutritionist but I'm interested in knowing if there's any research backing this claim. Is there a starvation mode that your body can fall in to? If so, what triggers it? Has there been any research into how the body reacts to fewer feeding times and overall less calories? What are the long term (6+ months?) affects of a diet like this if a person can still ensure proper nutrient intake aside from calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not talking about extreme fasting or starvation diets. I'm thinking diets with 1000-1500 calories a day in a consistent fashion (taking in roughly the same amount of calories at roughly the same time of day). Although I would be interested in studies or knowledge outside of these limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if we ignore starvation as a dietary method, if a person stopped eating would there be a distinct difference in how their body processes fats or expends energy in the starvation process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2879" OwnerDisplayName="Corey Ogburn" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:46:34.860" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:46:34.860" Title="Can the human body switch to a &quot;starvation&quot; mode?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;starvation&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="40" CreationDate="2016-02-09T05:12:41.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why are inflammations painful in the case of a tendinitis?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When suffering from tendinitis, does the inflammation itself cause any&#xA;  pain, and if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://patient.info/health/tendonitis-and-tenosynovitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;definition of tendinitis&lt;/a&gt; actually meaning &lt;strong&gt;inflammation of a tendon&lt;/strong&gt;, what's typically associated with this condition, and the body's immune system response with it stimulating nerve cells and triggering pain, &lt;strong&gt;inflammation can and does cause pain&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tendinitis/basics/definition/con-20020309&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Definition &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon — any one of the&#xA;  thick fibrous cords that attaches muscle to bone. The condition causes&#xA;  pain and tenderness just outside a joint. &lt;sub&gt;(1)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When swelling occurs and the immune system responds accordingly, this process can also stimulate nerves and trigger the pain effect so based on this, that is WHY inflammation causes pain with tendinitis or any other condition for this matter with the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/about-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WebMD - Inflammation &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When inflammation occurs, chemicals from the body's white blood cells&#xA;  are released into the blood or affected tissues to protect your body&#xA;  from foreign substances. This release of chemicals increases the blood&#xA;  flow to the area of injury or infection, and may result in redness and&#xA;  warmth. Some of the chemicals cause a leak of fluid into the tissues,&#xA;  resulting in swelling. This protective process may stimulate nerves&#xA;  and cause pain. &lt;sub&gt;(2)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tendinitis/basics/definition/con-20020309&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mayo Clinic - Tendinitis Definition(1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Meet the Mayo Clinic Staff&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/about-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WebMD - Inflammation (2)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-who-we-are&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Meet the WebMD Staff&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T05:12:41.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-09T08:16:09.560" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if running next to a highway will cause humans to inhale more &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;particulate matter&lt;/a&gt; and harmful substances. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2878" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T19:50:23.407" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T19:50:23.407" Title="Will running next to a highway cause me to inhale more particulates?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4719" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4770" CreationDate="2016-02-09T15:40:53.187" Score="6" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just made a 3 hours trip by boat and it has been horrible. I have felt sick for the whole trip. I took a pill for motion sickness and although I think it worked at the beginning I just finished the last hour in the toilet.&#xA;I don't want to feel it again and I have to take the same trip back in 3 days.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would like to know if I should eat something special before the trip, or don't eat anything at all. If I should do some exercise. If I should drink water or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2857" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:10:15.083" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:10:15.083" Title="How can I prepare my body for a trip by boat and don't get motion sickness?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;&lt;anti-nausea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4764" CreationDate="2016-02-09T16:05:05.743" Score="8" ViewCount="31503" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just recently made an ECG to be able to participate in a study and I am curious what &quot;sinus rhythm otherwise normal ECG&quot; means. Is my sinus rhythm out of order? A doctor will be checking my ECG and decide if I am suitable for the study, but it will take a week or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CUkdf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CUkdf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;ECG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2880" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:08:50.427" LastActivityDate="2019-04-12T13:54:15.883" Title="What does &quot;sinus rhythm otherwise normal ECG&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4777" CreationDate="2016-02-09T17:52:29.190" Score="5" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects when the drug Ivermectin and anti-hypertensive drugs are taken together? I'm only asking out of curiosity. I worked briefly as an intern with US-AIDS for the control and eradication of onchocerciasis in West Africa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2883" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-27T22:08:39.943" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T22:08:39.943" Title="Side effects of ivermectin and anti-hypertensive drugs" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4723" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:30:38.743" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:30:38.743" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:30:38.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4724" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:30:38.743" Score="0" Body="A colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms. It is supplied to houses or commercial establishments through pipes and taps." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:29.087" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:29.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4725" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:31:13.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, esp. pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:59.660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:59.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4726" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:31:13.950" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, esp. pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:01.310" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:01.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4727" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:31:54.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease, esp. through cleanliness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:16:21.540" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:16:21.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4728" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:31:54.783" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease, esp. through cleanliness." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:32.033" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:32.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4729" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:32:22.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A crystalline compound that is found esp. in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[An alkaloid, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine; chem. formula: C 8H 10N 4O 2.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T22:28:56.013" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T22:28:56.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4730" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:32:22.260" Score="0" Body="A crystalline compound that is found esp. in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:18:02.300" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:18:02.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4731" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:33:54.477" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:33:54.477" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:33:54.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4732" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:33:54.477" Score="0" Body="A physical or mental feature that is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:56.450" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:56.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4733" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:34:31.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A position of a person's body when standing or sitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:16:15.643" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:16:15.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4734" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:34:31.153" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to a position of a person's body when standing or sitting." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:56.387" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:56.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4735" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:34:59.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed. Lungs are characteristic of vertebrates other than fish, though similar structures are present in some other animal groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:22.363" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:22.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4736" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:34:59.200" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:18:55.203" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:18:55.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4737" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:47:50.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;By default, questions without tags will be labelled untagged. They are commonly questions by new posters lacking tags, or by people who are unsure what categories their question belongs to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:42.167" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:42.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4738" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:47:50.367" Score="0" Body="Use this tag ONLY to mark questions that have an uncertain category. Otherwise, DO NOT USE." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:18:20.157" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:18:20.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4739" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:49:28.807" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:49:28.807" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:49:28.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4740" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:49:28.807" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates. " OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:09.827" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:09.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4741" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:53:47.537" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:53:47.537" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:53:47.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4742" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:53:47.537" Score="0" Body="A crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food. NOT limited to table salt (NaCl)" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:47.737" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:47.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4743" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:54:41.390" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:54:41.390" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:54:41.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4744" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:54:41.390" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to a sudden attack of illness, esp. a stroke or an epileptic fit." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:16:13.250" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:16:13.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4745" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:54:52.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to patterns of sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:37.670" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:37.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4746" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:54:52.017" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to patterns of sleep." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:18:26.000" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:18:26.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4747" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:05.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to a very young child or baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:20.850" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:20.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4748" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:05.990" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to a very young child or baby." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:16:02.823" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:16:02.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4749" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:27.910" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:13:56.453" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:13:56.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4750" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:27.910" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:23.663" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:23.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4751" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:44.547" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:55:44.547" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:55:44.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4752" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:44.547" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the branch of medicine and physiology concerned with the function and disorders of the urinary system." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:14:14.050" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:14:14.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4753" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:55.970" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions pertaining to the lower extremity of the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or walks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:15:53.320" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:15:53.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4754" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:55:55.970" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the lower extremity of the leg below the ankle, on which a person stands or walks." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:18:22.973" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:18:22.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4755" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:56:22.660" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:56:22.660" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:56:22.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4756" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:56:22.660" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the occurrence of inflamed or infected sebaceous glands in the skin; in particular, a condition characterized by red pimples on the face, prevalent chiefly among teenagers." OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:16:18.437" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:16:18.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4757" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:56:39.293" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T19:56:39.293" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T19:56:39.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4758" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-02-09T19:56:39.293" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining to the practice or skill of preparing food by combining, mixing, and heating ingredients" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-10T15:17:35.463" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:17:35.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4620" CreationDate="2016-02-09T20:23:44.273" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pre-Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is misleading in two regards: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The title head of the question, combined with the tag, assumes that there's some age limit to who can receive this virus. &lt;strong&gt;There is currently no proven age limit for contracting the zika virus.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/disease-qa.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/disease-qa.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's transmittable through mosquitoes and sex. &lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-cape-verde&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-cape-verde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Health authorities and agencies are now investigating the potential connection between microcephaly and Zika virus, in addition to other possible causes. However &lt;strong&gt;more investigation and research is needed before we will be able to better understand any possible link.&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/features/qa/zika/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/features/qa/zika/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, according to the CDC, not enough research has been done to address when a developing fetus is safe from microcephaly, as of writing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, the symptoms are treatable with fluid, rest, and tylenol (to relieve fever and pain). &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the places currently recorded to have Zika virus.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here are some facts on prevention to protect yourself in case you live in one of those areas.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Post-Update:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I edited your question a bit to clarify and as Carey Gregory already mentioned, &lt;em&gt;microcephaly only occurs in developing children. Since your children are out of the womb, they are no longer at risk of this birth defect.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-02-09T22:38:54.467" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T22:38:54.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4715" CreationDate="2016-02-09T20:30:23.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to approach this from a strictly physiological stance.  With all of these diets available it can be very confusing.  Ketogenic, Atkins, Paleo, etc..  The body uses glucose for energy.  Many, many, many compounds we eat are complex and large.  Our body utilizes each of these in a very efficient manner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short Answer: YES!  We have a &quot;starvation&quot; mode, but it's called gluconeogenesis. When we stop eating, we use glycogen (huge chains of linked glucose) for energy.  When glycogen is depleted we begin to indiscriminately (situationally) using proteins and lipids for energy.  There are many molecules that contain the secret ingredient (carbon) that can be manipulated by enzymes to create the ever-important six-ringed molecule we need to live.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest 1000-1500 is not really starving; depending on sex, activity level, BMR, etc.  Depending on the makeup of those 1500 calories, the body will utilize the path of least resistance.  If you take in ~600 calories from carbohydrates, you will use them.  If you take in 100 calories from carbohydrates, you will use those and glycogen supplementation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are signaling pathways in the body that are purposefully designed to ensure a constant, steady supply of glucose in our bloodstream.  Our brain alone uses about ~120g of carbohydrate per day.  As long as we have carbon molecules available, our body will take them and rearrange them to make &quot;fuel&quot;.  That's why you see people lose weight or muscle mass -- because the body will literally eat muscle tissue to survive.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2885" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T20:30:23.023" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4620" CreationDate="2016-02-09T21:43:31.107" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;DaveL already covered the Zika aspects, so I'll just add this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microcephaly is a birth defect that happens to developing fetuses, not children. Your children were safe from microcephaly the day they were born without it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T21:43:31.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4721" CreationDate="2016-02-09T22:15:11.303" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically you have a normal ECG reading according to the machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sinus rhythm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=5&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiMsZi60-vKAhUrkIMKHUYPA-UQFgg2MAQ&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783540008699-c2.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-103532-p7109432&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGbKBEgA2Y8mt2saLkl2kWn0N9s0Q&amp;amp;bvm=bv.113943665,d.amc&quot;&gt;as explained in the first section of this book chapter&lt;/a&gt;) is normal, meaning that the heart is depolarized by a wave starting in the sinus node. That is the first part of the message. It is worth noting, that if your heart rate had been 1 beat per minute less, it would have probably said &quot;sinus bradycardia&quot; as a normal heart rate is considered to be 60-100 beats per minute (BPM). Bradycardia is a heart rate below the 60 bpm threshold (50 bpm in some sources) and tachycardia would be a heart rate above 100 (90 in some sources).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;otherwise normal&quot; is boilerplate by the machine. As you can see by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nasanmedical.com/pdf/specs/simulg-s.pdf&quot;&gt;this feature sheet&lt;/a&gt; for the NASAN Simul-G ECG machine, &quot;Otherwise normal ECG&quot; is one of the display options. Speaking as a programmer, it's a little bit of a shortcut, so that if there is a rhythm problem but everything else is good, they can simply put &quot;&lt;em&gt;[rhythm message here]&lt;/em&gt; otherwise normal ECG&quot;. Better programming would be to omit the &quot;otherwise&quot; when the sinus rhythm is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, realize that the machine is simply applying preformatted parameters, and that when it says normal, it just means that your readings fit into what it has defined as normal. It is possible that there is some small thing that doesn't look out of place to the machine but would to a trained cardiologist. I don't say that to alarm you, but just to show you how the machine interprets it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-02-09T22:15:11.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-09T23:35:19.597" Score="8" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following a fiber-rich diet seems to help reduce the odds of getting cancer, according to some scientific studies. Why would fibers help preventing cancers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/fiber-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; indicates an indirect effect: fiber-rich diet -&amp;gt; healthy weight -&amp;gt; lower risk for many kinds of cancer (1), but I'd expect fibers to help prevent cancers in other ways as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost 70 years later, scientists are still mulling the issue. Some studies have found a link between a fiber-rich diet and lower cancer risks. Others haven't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating lots of fiber mayhelp stave off certain types of cancer -- it just hasn't been proven yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research is clear that eating a high-fiber diet can help you stay at a healthy weight, which in turn, lowers your risk for many kinds of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/3982/43&quot;&gt;Does being underweight have an influence on cancer risk?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:18.967" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:08:18.967" Title="Why does following a fiber-rich diet help reduce the odds of getting cancer?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4766" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4773" CreationDate="2016-02-10T08:02:58.943" Score="7" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;My digestive system does not properly digest the food I eat. I searched the Internet and found out that a lack of &lt;em&gt;gut bacteria&lt;/em&gt; can cause this kind of problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can gut bacteria be increased? Are there any medications for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2888" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T17:01:03.257" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T17:01:03.257" Title="How to increase my gut bacteria? Are there any drugs available?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T09:45:04.060" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-10T15:10:14.063" Score="4" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that since I've started increasing my physical activity significantly, my heart rate has decreased as well. Over the past six months, my resting heart rate went from 88 to 66. I thought this was a good thing, but my weight is increasing despite a strict low calorie diet, so I am wondering if my metabolism has taken a nose dive due to my lower heart rate... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2890" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:56:25.473" Title="Does lowering your resting heart rate decrease your metabolism?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4767" CreationDate="2016-02-10T15:56:25.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is no, your metabolism isn't really driven by your heart rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britannica.com/science/metabolism&quot;&gt;basic definition of metabolism&lt;/a&gt; is that it is the process by which your body converts the food and liquid that you consume into energy to fuel the body. This can be generally divided into two components, &lt;em&gt;catabolism&lt;/em&gt;, which is the breaking down of ingested items into energy, and &lt;em&gt;anabolism&lt;/em&gt;, which is the building up of cells with proteins and nucleic acids. The link I provided gives a basic definition and a basic writeup relating metabolism to weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heart has a role in this, in that it delivers oxygen to the body which is used in metabolic processes, but part of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/chap3.pdf&quot;&gt;the adaptation to exercise&lt;/a&gt; is that the cardiovascular system gets more efficient at delivering oxygen where and when needed. This is (in part) why your heart rate slows as you get fit. These adaptations include neovascularization (more capillaries/blood vessels grow into working muscles), stronger pumping action, and ventricular enlargement so the heart can pump more blood per beat. Oxygen delivery remains stable and adapts to deliver what is needed according to activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your most likely culprit for the weight gain is that you are exchanging muscle for fat. Muscle is denser and weighs more than fat does, so if you lose a proportion of fat and replace it with an equal proportion of muscle, you will weigh more at the end of that process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T15:56:25.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4719" CreationDate="2016-02-10T22:17:05.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Motion sickness is a complicated process, and as you've noticed, different people are affected to different degrees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People can and do become habituated to vertigo-inducing motion, but it takes a long time. Similarly, the &lt;em&gt;potential&lt;/em&gt; benefit you might gain from any exercises you do (they would be similar to those one does when experiencing benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) would take weeks to acquire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing you can do in this short time span to naturally decrease the probability of having a recurrence. Your best hope is in getting a good drug to prevent it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Astronauts often experience motion sickness, and the reference I used is from space aviation literature (it is available in full online but as a PDF), and is a pretty thorough treatment of the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few things which (in addition to drugs) might help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Decrease the motion of your eyes as much as feasible (no reading, people watching, etc.) Instead, look at the horizon. This is because a disparity between brain signals from your eyes and those from your vestibular system often do not correlate well, which is one of the proposed mechanisms of motion sickness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If possible, stay outside, or at least where you're getting some fresh air.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Try to find a spot mid-ship (where there is the least rolling/pitching) and sit, don't stand.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Try to avoid heavy/greasy meals before travelling, and to avoid strong odors while traveling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scopolamine is one of the most effective anti-motion sickness drugs available. Note that a transdermal scopolamine patch doesn't hit it's peak effect until 6-8 hours after it's been applied. Scopolamine isn't for everyone. Ask a pharmacist for drug information if it's available without a prescription where you are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you opt for an antihistamine, dimenhydrinate, cyclizine, meclozine, and promethazine are the antihistamines most widely used for prophylaxis and treatment of motion sickness. Since you already tried the dimenhydrinate, you might try a different one. Please note, however, that they should be taken long before the voyage starts to be effective. This might be why yours didn't seem to last. One usually needs to build up to something a bit closer to a steady state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cinnarizine is very popular in Europe but it is not available in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very small study found ginger (a natural anti-emetic) helpful, but this has been disputed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a presentation of some of the available literature. You need to discuss your specifics (age, medical conditions, etc.) with a doctor or pharmacist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Shupak A, Gordon CR. Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment. Aviat Space Environ Med 2006; 77: 1213–1223&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/284/3/G481.short&quot;&gt;Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002851.pub4/abstract&quot;&gt;Scopolamine (hyoscine) for preventing and treating motion sickness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-02-10T22:17:05.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4766" CreationDate="2016-02-11T01:11:26.440" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have no lack of gut bacteria, that much is very safe to say. Everyone has gut bacteria in spades. The gut bacteria that you do have may not be the optimal, but &lt;em&gt;no one even knows what the optimal gut microbiome/microbiota is.&lt;/em&gt; The study of the effects of different populations of gut flora is in its infancy. The most intensive studies are being carried out in animal models, and their applicability to humans is not yet guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a person change their microbiome with probiotics? Researchers are still dubious. There is a lot of research that indicates that the intestinal flora you carry throughout your life is largely determined in early infancy. Others believe that the microbiome changes over time; this has been shown to occur especially due to illness or antibiotic use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two areas of greatest study in humans is &lt;em&gt;obesity&lt;/em&gt; (associated with certain strains of gut bacteria in certain populations) and as a treatment for Clostridium Difficile colitis, and none of the findings can be generalized yet to the &quot;normal&quot; population. Inflammatory Bowel Disease had been studied as well, and some other disorders, to a lesser extent. But how to change our microbiomes is far from a known fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what scientists who study the gut microbiome do agree on is that &lt;em&gt;a healthy diet is a better way to cultivate a healthy gut microbiome than taking supplements or eating a particular kind of food&lt;/em&gt;. Most specialists do not recommend, for example, eating yogurt as an effective way to ingest probiotics. Most yogurts (including those with live cultures) don't have enough CFU's/serving to make a difference, and don't have a diversity of active cultures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By a healthy diet, they mean a diet rich in plant-based foods, low in processed foods, and (using the average Western diet as a basis) decreased amounts of red meat, high-fat food, and sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, a probiotic is not proven or even likely to help you, whereas a healthier diet is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, you should seek the opinion of a doctor for your digestion problem. In the meantime, a food/symptom diary is a good idea. There may be a food allergy or sensitivity at the root of your problem, and a food/symptom diary could help determine that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/197/3/435.full&quot;&gt;Decreased Diversity of the Fecal Microbiome in Recurrent Clostridium difficile—Associated Diarrhea &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v474/n7351/abs/nature10213.html&quot;&gt;Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/5/1/234/htm&quot;&gt;Diet-Microbiota Interactions and Their Implications for Healthy Living&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physrev.physiology.org/content/90/3/859.short&quot;&gt;Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;- Excellent (and long) review article.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867412001043&quot;&gt;The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T01:11:26.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T06:15:17.280" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;While this always depends in practice on the person's health and internal characteristics, in general what conditions would an AED or  defibrillator solely used  actually enable normal heart rhythm from a state of cardiac arrest? I have a possible family history of aortic aneurysm (uncle had a cardiac arrest but he had no autopsy)  and I am far too young and generally healthy to stress about finding a doctor who screening but there lots of AED around my area.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1279" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:06:31.770" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:06:31.770" Title="What conditions will the application of an AED enable a person in cardiac shock to obtain to normal heart rhythm" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;aed-defibrillator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T07:02:29.507" Score="2" ViewCount="2310" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that snake venom is safe to ingest. Normally when I hear about this it is about hemotoxic venoms such as that of a rattlesnake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The argument towards snake venom being safe to ingest is that snake venom is digested into amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However no matter the kind of venom there are always going to be side effects from ingesting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For hemotoxic venom it is internal bleeding in the peritoneum as well as anemia. This is really bad because the person will be in a lot of pain, barely conscious if at all, and have the symptoms of anemia. Rattlesnake venom in particular also causes nausea and vomiting so it can feel like you have a severe stomach infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For neurotoxic venom it is the digestive system not working at all or digesting too fast depending on the venom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For myotoxic venom it is muscle injury which can cause muscle soreness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For cytotoxic venom it is killing of all cells. However if we had a natural antivenom(like our antibodies reacting to the venom and our wbcs getting rid of it) we could use cytotoxic venom to cure cancer if our cytotoxic T cells aren't active enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For cardiotoxic venom it is the heart stopping or beating too fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact I think that snake venom is more acid resistant than most proteins and so less will be digested. Also the proteins might be too complex for pepsin to break them down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is hemotoxic snake venom safe to ingest or is it something with a high risk of poisoning if it gets ingested and there are no wounds in the digestive system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastEditorUserId="1500" LastEditDate="2016-02-15T22:18:31.600" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T22:18:31.600" Title="Is hemotoxic snake venom safe to ingest?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;venom&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-02-12T15:01:39.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4722" CreationDate="2016-02-11T13:17:16.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ivermectin (Stromectol) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with macrocyclic lactones structure, Ivermectin acts by interfering with &lt;strong&gt;nervous system&lt;/strong&gt; and muscle function,in particular by &lt;strong&gt;Binding GluCls ion channels&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells,produces paralysis, death of parasite.&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/stromectol-ivermectin-342657#10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medications that interfere with &lt;strong&gt;P-glycoprotein&lt;/strong&gt;( multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)) have the potential to effect on systemic/CNS exposure of Ivermectin and its elimination.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ejcancer.com/article/0959-8049(96)00063-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm093664.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;,(4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/841642_4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;,(5)&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hypertension drugs&lt;/strong&gt; like verapamil,reserpine,diltiazem and etc plus other Heart Disease medications like amiodarone and warfarin can interfere with above mechanism , its important to say &lt;strong&gt;this interaction not known as contraindication or serious interactions&#xA;but categorized as Significant interactions which needs close monitoring&lt;/strong&gt; so there is no need for drug alternation unless you see significant side effects in the patient .&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/drug-interactions/serious-index/ivermectin-oral.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(6)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/stromectol-ivermectin-342657#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(7)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs that have serious interaction with Ivermectin are ivacaftor&#xA;and quinidine ( in every form and combination).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/drug-interactions/serious-index/ivermectin-oral.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(6)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/stromectol-ivermectin-342657#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(7)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To see complete Interaction list checkout &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/stromectol-ivermectin-342657#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/drug-interactions/serious-index/ivermectin-oral.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rxlist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="2616" LastEditDate="2016-02-11T13:44:51.403" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T13:44:51.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T13:19:01.957" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acupressure wristbands are widely sold as a remedy for nausea caused by motion sickness. I have no doubt that they work for some people, because I experience exactly the opposite effect: elasticized wristbands, such as those found on sweatshirts, often make me feel extremely nauseous. There are some kinds of garments I simply can't wear; for others, stretching the wristbands out until they are saggy is good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My two part question is this: &lt;strong&gt;first&lt;/strong&gt;, how widely is my problem experienced by others? And &lt;strong&gt;second&lt;/strong&gt;, is there any scientific understanding of this (apparently very real) connection between wrist pressure and the feeling of nausea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2898" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T03:33:09.393" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T03:33:09.393" Title="Wristbands and nausea" Tags="&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;&lt;acupressure&gt;&lt;acupressure-wristband&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T14:12:27.320" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it okay to donate blood while following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gmdietworks.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GM diet plan&lt;/a&gt;? I searched over the web but could not find anything relevant regarding this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2899" LastActivityDate="2016-02-11T14:35:41.063" Title="Blood donation while following GM diet" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T19:47:57.640" Score="6" ViewCount="692" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard there's a HIPAA exception where health care providers can share information without the patient's consent for the purposes of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean my previous psychiatrist can share information with my current psychiatrist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2905" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:23:18.467" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T00:49:45.657" Title="Can a past psychiatrist share information with your current psychiatrist?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-11T19:51:25.770" Score="-1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you have a spleen size of 12.2cm by 11.8cm by 6.2cm when it should be 11cm by 6.5cm by 5.5cm (correct me if I'm wrong on the norm!), is only the height i.e. 11cm or 12.2cm matter I stated above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2643" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T18:40:30.540" Title="Is only the height of the spleen concerning?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-02-15T19:28:10.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T10:10:15.907" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer insomnia sometimes. When that happens, I would lie on my bed and find that my mind is active. As hours go on, I would seem like falling into dreams, only to wake up later. The process of falling into dreams and wake up with a lingering memory of the dream would repeat many times into the night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the next day comes, I would find that I am tired and my mind is not as sharp as the normal days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wonder when that happens, do I really have enough rest for the night? Am I really sleeping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="1312" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T10:15:19.320" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T18:54:48.020" Title="Am I really sleeping if I wake up with lingering memory of my dream many times into the night?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4789" CreationDate="2016-02-12T13:58:06.377" Score="4" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;What role does sodium play in processed food products? Is it added directly to products, or do other critical ingredients contain sodium, thus adding to the total amount found in the product?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2911" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T15:01:30.403" Title="Why is sodium added to everything?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4788" CreationDate="2016-02-12T14:43:37.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you should know more than &lt;strong&gt;75 percent of the sodium&lt;/strong&gt; in the average American diet &lt;strong&gt;comes from salt&lt;/strong&gt; added to processed foods (based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/About-Sodium-Salt_UCM_463416_Article.jsp#.Vr3olSB95hE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American heart association)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;other impotent food ingredient&lt;/strong&gt; with sodium are monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate and etc &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002415.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;  ... which added for different purposes like perservant and flavorant. of course sodium exist in foods naturally (vegetable,grain,fruit,meat and etc..) as one of the most important biological Ion we need sodium as an critical nutrition in every day diet(1.2 to 1.5 gram ) of course most of us consume more than adequate need in our diet (about average 3.4 gram in USA) &lt;a href=&quot;http://iom.nationalacademies.org/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm#sodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sodium plays many roles in our foods&lt;/strong&gt; (based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/salt/pdfs/role_of_sodium.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt; ):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1- &lt;strong&gt;Mainly To Enhance Flavor&lt;/strong&gt; (Adds a salty taste,Boosts flavor balance and can enhance the sweetness of sugary items, Masks “off notes,”such as bitterness and strange tastes, that can result from food processing, Makes some types of processed foods more palatable)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2- &lt;strong&gt;To Preserve Freshness&lt;/strong&gt; (Increases shelf life, Helps prevent growth of bacteria and other disease-causing agents)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3- &lt;strong&gt;To Improve Texture and Appearance&lt;/strong&gt; (Makes the product seem thicker or fuller&#xA;,Enhances color and hue, Helps retain moisture in processed meat products&#xA;as a trade-off for saturated fat,Stabilizes texture, allowing bread to rise and cheese to stick together ,Prevents unwanted chemical changes to other ingredients in many baked items) &lt;a href=&quot;http://foodreference.about.com/od/Ingredients_Basics/a/Functions-Of-Salt-In-Food.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Top Sources of Sodium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breads and rolls ,Cold cuts and cured meats , Pizza ,Poultry, Soups, Sandwiches, Cheese, Pasta dishes, Meat dishes, Snacks.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/salt/sources.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information checkout &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/About-Sodium-Salt_UCM_463416_Article.jsp#.Vr3olSB95hE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;American heart association&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002415.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medlineplus&lt;/a&gt;.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="2616" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T15:01:30.403" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T15:01:30.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T15:22:59.570" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that older people (60+) are more likely to have hemorrhoids dropping out while walking long distance, over 30 minutes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2912" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:10:55.823" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:10:55.823" Title="Are older people more likely to have hemorrhoids problem?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;walking&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T16:32:34.167" Score="3" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;L-carnitine is an amino acid that is naturally produced in the body.&#xA;It is known as a fatty acids transporter (from the intermembraneous space in the mitochondria into the mitochondrial matrix) during the catabolism of lipids in the generation of metabolic energy.&#xA;Thats the main reason it uses as a supplement for weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any valid or reliable scientific &lt;strong&gt;evidence for L-carnitine efficacy on weight loss&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(If there is please note &lt;strong&gt;common side effects&lt;/strong&gt; based on the dosage and duration of consumption .) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="2616" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T17:01:05.037" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T20:25:33.680" Title="L-carnitine effective for weight loss?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4505" CreationDate="2016-02-12T18:22:50.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the home-remedies suggested by Marzipanherz - the warm bottle is a good one - there are pharmacological therapeutic options out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gas-X, Mylicon, others&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone#Availability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simethicone (an inert mixture of polymers stabilized with silicon dioxide)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gas can become trapped in small bubbles in the gut. Simethicone is known for its ability to collapse bubbles by forming a thin layer on their surface.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8083482&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This decreases the volume of gas in the GI tract, but it's unclear if this has a therapeutic effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BEANO&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(alpha-galactosidase preparation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another option is to diminish the creation of new gas if your gas is being caused by a particular kind of food, in this case, foods containing the trisaccharide raffinose.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Foods containing raffinose include things like beans, cabbage, brussels, sprouts. We can't digest this on our own, so it ferments in our stomachs and causes gas. The compound α-GAL in BEANO breaks raffinose down to galactose, which we can digest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone#Availability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A more comprehensive list of simethicone containing drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8083482&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of antifoaming action of simethicone.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Raffinose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T18:22:50.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-12T18:36:09.297" Score="3" ViewCount="5302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many websites indicates that excessively dry air may cause epistaxis (i.e., nose bleeding).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/symptom/nosebleed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dry air is the most common cause of nosebleeds. Living in a dry climate and using a central heating system can dry out the nasal membranes, which are tissues inside the nose. This dryness causes crusting inside the nose. Crusting may itch or become irritated. If your nose is scratched or picked, it can bleed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How humid should the air be to avoid epistaxis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:12:32.557" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:12:32.557" Title="How humid should the air be to avoid epistaxis (i.e., nosebleed) induced by air dryness?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;epistaxis--bloody-nose&gt;&lt;scratch-scratching&gt;&lt;humidifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4791" CreationDate="2016-02-12T20:12:45.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some talk about this in the exercise world over the last few years, as there has been a push by supplement manufacturers to convince people that it is a needed item. The theory is that since it transports fatty acids to be broken down, more carnitine will transport more, thus driving increased fat utilization/breakdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;L-Carnitine is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Carnitine-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protein that is manufactured in the body&lt;/a&gt;, from the amino acids lysine and methionine by the kidneys and the liver. It can also be consumed, and it is mostly stored in tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. It plays a role in delivering long chain fatty acids to mitochondria for energy metabolism, as well as transporting out waste products. The body excretes excess carnitine to maintain stable blood levels, so unless you are deficient (Or have a condition where your body does not independently produce it), you are unlikely to benefit from extra carnitine consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was able to find two different studies regarding the effect on weight loss. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/65408&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The first study&lt;/a&gt; was performed using obese rats fed a low calorie (hypocaloric) diet. One group was not given a supplement, the other group had added carnitine. At the end of the study, while there was weight loss and favorable fat to protein ratio shifts for both groups, the carnitine group did not produce a greater loss of weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10861338&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The second study was similar&lt;/a&gt;, except it was performed using moderately overweight women, divided into two groups. One group consumed a placebo, the other carnitine, and they all did the same exercise program. In the end, there was no statistical difference between the groups for weight loss and body composition. In addition, 5 of the 18 (28%) in the carnitine group had to drop out due to diarrhea and nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-12T20:25:33.680" LastActivityDate="2016-02-12T20:25:33.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15367" CreationDate="2016-02-12T20:43:53.347" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a child I was diagnosed with ADD and put on Ritalin from a young age.  As a child I use to have significant insomnia, but did not realize it was due to Ritalin until I finally stopped taking it much later, as I didn't realize my difficulty with sleeping was unusual or qualified as insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an adult it seems as if I have an above-average tolerance to stimulants, especially considering I'm slim (if not short) and thus likely in in the lower 50th percentile for mass for males.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular I can drink a soda, or coffee, without any difficulty falling asleep or help 'waking up' when tired.  I also find that no AD/HD medication appears to have a significant affect on me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if early exposure to stimulant like Ritalin could have resulted in a higher tolerance to stimulants in general, or if I'm just crazy :).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:16:30.483" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T04:53:06.470" Title="Can early exposure to stimulates, like ritalin, result in higher tolerance to them?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8898" CreationDate="2016-02-12T20:49:55.567" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;In colleges abuse of ritalin, or any of the newer AD/HD medications within the similar family of stimulants, is quite common.  The belief is that it will assist those without AD/HD when studying, or in completion of major projects/homework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any studies been done as to rather use of these drugs by individuals without AD/HD actually increases ability to study and/or complete assignments?  This is to say is the ability to retain knowledge  and complete tasks increased when taking ritalin, or similar medications, for those without AD/HD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking only at short term affects, not any long term detrimental affects that may come from abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:43:03.583" Title="Does Ritilian, or other AD/HD medication, abuse increase college students ability to study?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4799" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4820" CreationDate="2016-02-12T21:09:13.870" Score="6" ViewCount="175" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can there be pain in a tooth which has undergone root canal treatment about 3 years ago, due to breaking the crown of the tooth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would think that it should not, because the root nerve to the tooth is completely removed and has got nothing to do with crown breaking. Am I correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2915" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-02-13T02:46:42.977" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T12:01:38.710" Title="Pain after root canal treatment" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;wisdom-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5463" CreationDate="2016-02-13T00:00:14.377" Score="5" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if I selected the appropriate stackexchange sub-site, probably I had to use 'biology' instead, but I think those ones of you, who are doctors, are familiar with biology as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just wondering, is there any &lt;em&gt;safe&lt;/em&gt; way to increase bones length using medicine / science? My question might sound weird for you, but I'll explain why am I asking that. The thing is that I've been playing piano for a years, but I unfortunately my hands aren't big (just a regular ones, or probably even a little bit smaller than average male hands), however I would like to take wide chords, I need to do something to increase the length of my fingers a little bit (3-7mm for each finger should give me +1cm for a hand span [probably a little bit more]), and I try to find a way to do that using science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2929" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T05:11:58.493" Title="Is there a safe way to increase bones length?" Tags="&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T00:39:07.160" Score="5" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I suspect someone of being a cocaine addict, what should I look for that signals potential cocaine usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:50:05.737" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T21:59:56.647" Title="What are the side effects of habitual cocaine usage, particularly the visually noticeable ones?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;substance-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T05:02:46.103" Score="2" ViewCount="793" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got shingles. Yuck. It is possible for me to accidentally spread it to other parts of my own body? If the virus is on my fingers (from touching the blisters, I suppose) and I touch my eye, could it spread to my eye and make me go blind? If I touch my genitals, could I give myself genital herpes? These sound like really stupid questions written down but I don't want to take any chances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2919" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T05:02:46.103" Title="Can I spread Shingles to other parts of my own body?" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;shingles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T06:58:02.727" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did an online search and found out that it could mean vitiligo. But is there any other medical condition that could give the same symptoms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2920" LastEditorUserId="2920" LastEditDate="2016-02-13T17:06:42.550" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T20:44:34.893" Title="White patches on skin that keep growing gradually" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-02-29T06:50:09.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4807" CreationDate="2016-02-13T15:50:28.577" Score="2" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/in-depth/humidifiers/art-20048021?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic warns against the use of tap water in a humidifier&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use distilled or demineralized water. Tap water contains minerals that can create deposits inside your humidifier that promote bacterial growth. And, when released into the air, these minerals often appear as white dust on your furniture. &lt;strong&gt;You may also breathe in some minerals that are dispersed into the air.&lt;/strong&gt; Distilled or demineralized water has a much lower mineral content compared with tap water. In addition, use demineralization cartridges or filters if recommended by the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the dangers of breathing minerals that are dispersed into the air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T07:49:32.977" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T07:49:32.977" Title="What are the dangers of breathing minerals that are dispersed into the air by a humidifier?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;&lt;humidifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4806" CreationDate="2016-02-13T15:59:22.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pathologies due to mineral inhalation are a broad spectrum of diseases called pneumoconiosis. You can read about it here in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoconiosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type of disease is different regarding different minerals, and this reflects to the treatment approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2311" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T15:59:22.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3991" CreationDate="2016-02-13T16:10:19.160" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's very difficult to give a percentage of risk increase regarding an exposition of 15-30 minutes a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, i can stay 15-30 minutes with some colleagues (3 or 4) in a garden, a very open space, each of them smoke only half a cigarette so my exposure will be relatively small. I can also make a break of 15-30 minutes with 10 colleagues in a small place and each of them meanwhile smokes two cigarettes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk increase are defined by big epidemiological study that measure the incidence of pathologies over the time, it's a pooled value and it's very difficult to account only for smoke exposition since every human is different and there are a lot of factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's difficult to give you a precise risk i'll give you my honest personal opinion: seconhand smoke is harmful as well reported in literature, why do i have to take even a very small risk for a chronic exposition because of a bad habit of my colleagues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2311" LastActivityDate="2016-02-13T16:10:19.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T17:33:50.360" Score="4" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just read this article about why veins become prominent while exercising: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-veins-pop-out-when/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Why do veins pop out when exercising, and is that good or bad?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some questions about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The article mentions that the veins are pressed out to the skin by muscle contraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense. But how does one explain that athletes have often more bulging veins even when not exercising? Is this only due lower body fat percentages? Or is there also another mechanism acting?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider the forehead or temple area. One sometimes notices also bulging veins while exercising. I don't see how this can be explained by muscle contraction since the muscles in the forehead and temple area are small and usually not (actively) contracted while exercising. So what is the relevant mechanism in this case? May it be indirectly caused by muscle contractions in the trapezius? But if so, how does it exactly work?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The article also mentions that the diastolic blood pressure raises while lifting weights. So contrary to the statement of the article that bulging veins are not due to higher blood pressure while exercising this effect is not ruled out in weightlifing since there the pressure is indeed raised. So how significant is this raise in blood pressure while lifting weights in explaining prominent veins (in comparison to the muscle contraction thesis)? This effect my be depend on the breathing technique (for example using valsalva maneauver or not).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, please include references to books or peer reviewed articles into your answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastEditorUserId="2922" LastEditDate="2016-02-20T15:20:44.893" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T15:20:44.893" Title="Mechanisms that causes prominent veins during physical exercise" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T21:16:10.337" Score="6" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any &lt;em&gt;widely accepted&lt;/em&gt; resources out there for studying/learning good clinical practices in the U.S. &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; of the actual &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RunningClinicalTrials/ucm155713.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA webpage&lt;/a&gt; for the matter? Something an entry-level clinical researcher could jump into and make sense of what would you need to know in practice. I see CITI has some courses in GCP and research with human subjects that I'll no doubt take. Something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Complying_with_ISO_17025_A_practical_guidebook.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this guide on ISO 17025&lt;/a&gt; is ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2636" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:03:29.170" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T03:45:11.763" Title="Good Resoures for Learning/Studying GCP" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-13T23:55:00.290" Score="2" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have ashtma. From my experience, smoking kills my lungs. After a few weeks, I simply &lt;strong&gt;have&lt;/strong&gt; to stop, or otherwise I got such bad coughs that I have to puke sometimes. Though, my asthma is not there while I don't smoke. During a non-smoking period, I don't have to use any asthma medicine a week after I stopped!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I'll start smoking again due to the nicotine addiction, obviously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just recently I switched to &lt;strong&gt;vaping e-cigarettes&lt;/strong&gt; instead of smoking. I managed to quit smoking tobacco this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does vaping e-cigarettes cause asthma attacks, or is it safer or maybe entirely safe for me?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2428" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:14:31.507" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:14:31.507" Title="Are e-cigarettes any good if you have asthma?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;asthma-attack&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4955" CreationDate="2016-02-14T06:23:46.230" Score="7" ViewCount="2823" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that some people press the &lt;em&gt;Stop&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;Pause&lt;/em&gt; button before opening an active microwave oven.  Other people open them right up while they are running, without manually stopping them first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that a microwave oven is operating properly, and that it was built in the last quarter-century, are there any real risks with opening a microwave oven without stopping it first?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T00:09:33.667" Title="Are there any health risks associated with opening a microwave oven before it has finished?" Tags="&lt;microwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4829" CreationDate="2016-02-14T07:55:49.190" Score="6" ViewCount="4992" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I wake up from a nap, I don't even know whether I fell asleep in the first place. As a person who doesn't take naps as a habit, I need to take efficient naps when I'm tired and need rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to know if (or when) I fall asleep, and not merely just lying there doing nothing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:08:33.047" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T02:53:52.277" Title="How to know if ( or when) I fall asleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;naps&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-14T09:47:34.170" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've encountered several pieces of conflicting information about susceptibility to genital HSV1 for a partner already infected with oral HSV1. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sources seem to suggest the risk of genital infection is very low, while others merely note that infection is possible. Is there any hard data on this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2926" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T09:47:34.170" Title="how likely is it to contract genital HSV1 if you already have oral HSV1?" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-02-15T04:15:00.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4799" CreationDate="2016-02-14T17:11:04.790" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although a root canal removes the pulp from the tooth (and the nerve along with it), that doesn't make the tooth immune to infection and the resulting pain. If the tooth or crown is broken or cracked, that can provide a pathway for bacteria to reinfect the tissues beneath and surrounding the tooth, as shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aae.org/patients/treatments-and-procedures/endodontic-retreatment-explained.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the image below&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QaSB9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QaSB9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Reinfected root canal&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As explained at the link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;New decay can expose the root canal filling material to bacteria, causing a new infection in the tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A loose, cracked or broken crown or filling can expose the tooth to new infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A tooth sustains a fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you might imagine, the new infection at the base of the tooth could cause pain since the nerves surrounding the tooth remain intact. Obviously, only a dentist or endodontist can tell you if this is what happened and how it should be treated. Loss of the tooth is possible, especially if you delay care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T17:11:04.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4096" CreationDate="2016-02-14T17:29:47.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If observing surgery might cause you to faint then there are two things you can do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid observing surgeries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Desensitize yourself with videos and photos of surgeries in a controlled environment where fainting won't injure you or disrupt an actual surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number two is quite easy to accomplish in this era of the internet*. There are thousands of videos and photos online to choose from, and as anyone with experience in medicine, emergency services, or combat will tell you, you &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; get used to seeing it and the autonomic response that causes you to faint will dissipate over time. However, if your reaction is so strong that fainting is a real possibility, you might want to consider visiting a psychologist for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;desensitization therapy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;I would advise avoiding the so-called &quot;gore sites&quot; and sticking to real medical procedures on youtube and the like. The gore sites can be far, far worse than you might be prepared for.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T17:29:47.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4784" CreationDate="2016-02-14T18:40:30.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ultrasoundpaedia.com/normal-spleen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, height is not the only criteria for determining if a spleen is enlarged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cJfae.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cJfae.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T18:40:30.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4096" CreationDate="2016-02-14T19:40:16.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to Avoid Fainting During Surgery?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fainting during surgery can be caused by the situations outlined below. Below are solutions, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Standing to long. When observing a surgery you may be asked to stand for long periods of time which can cause inadequate blood flow to the brain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pooling lowers the blood pressure and the amount of blood the&#xA;heart pumps to the brain. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/symptoms-of-heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/dizziness-or-light-headedness-when-standing-up&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck Manuals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solutions are: Sitting if possible, moving around as much as possible and not standing completely still. Some conditions can make this fainting a greater risk so know if you have hypovolemia, a heart disorder or defect, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lower blood sugar from not being able to eat a adequate amount. Before the surgery you may be anxious, under stress, or etc. This can cause you to not consume enough food or not consume the right foods. This can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/hypoglycemia-low-blood.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoglycemia&lt;/a&gt; and low energy levels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solutions: Eat a adequate meal, and maybe a snack before. If your going to get squeamish before and may vomit try eating the meal a bit before and try to calm down. Test your blood sugar before if possible and know your signs of hypoglycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disturbing images. Surgery can be quite disturbing to some people and some people are scared of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_phobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://common-phobias.com/tomo/phobia.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surgery&lt;/a&gt;. If this is the case, watching surgery may not be the right thing for you, unless you fix these circumstances before. You can try to watch surgeries under controlled circumstances to help you be less afraid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-fainting-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From WebMD.com:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have a problem with the way their body regulates their&#xA;blood pressure, particularly when they move too quickly from a lying&#xA;or sitting position to a standing position. This condition is called&#xA;postural hypotension and may be severe enough to cause fainting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation. If you become intensely anxious or panicked and&#xA;breathe too quickly, you may feel faint from hyperventilation (taking&#xA;in too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too&#xA;quickly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Hyperventilatings://www.google.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stop Hyperventilation&lt;/a&gt; by taking deep breathes and trying to calm down. Also, not looking directly at what is going on may help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/symptom/fainting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fainting Causes:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;fear or other emotional trauma. severe pain. a sudden drop in blood&#xA;pressure. low blood sugar due to diabetes or from going too long&#xA;without eating. hyperventilation (rapid, shallow breathing)&#xA;dehydration. standing in one position for too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going off of this some other advice is to hydrate appropriately(64 ounces of water a day on average), don't take any unnecessary drugs and  take drugs prescribed as prescribed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those watching videos take measures to take breaks, sit comfortably, don't stare at the screen for to long and use sound control to not have the sound blaring in your ears. Also, stand carefully after sitting for a long time and make sure you can mute or stop the video if things become to much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T20:01:07.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4804" CreationDate="2016-02-14T20:44:34.893" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;White patches on skin that keep growing gradually&quot;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.askdrshah.com/blog/diseases-mistaken-for-vitiligo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Disease conditions mistaken for Vitiligo:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;multiple, rounded or tear shaped light colored patches that appear on&#xA;  the body parts that are exposed to sun. Like limbs, shin and forearm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068422-overview#a5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From WebMD:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;affects fair-skinned people at a younger age........discrete, angular&#xA;  or circular macules that are 1-3 mm in diameter. However, lesions may&#xA;  measure up to 10 mm in diameter. These lighter-than-normal skin&#xA;  macules are off white, hypopigmented, or achromic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_macular_hypomelanosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Progressive macular hypomelanosis.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;easily identified using a Wood's lamp. The lack of pigment results and&#xA;  a clear observation of homogeneous white areas, while the involvement&#xA;  of propionibacterium Acnes will show an orange fluorescence due to its&#xA;  coproporphyrin III. That way it can be differentiated from other&#xA;  hypopigmentary disorders such as vitiligo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.askdrshah.com/blog/diseases-mistaken-for-vitiligo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nevus anemicus.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it is characterized by skin patches which are of different size and&#xA;  shape. They are paler than the normal skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo#Differential_diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Conditions with similar symptoms to Vitiligo:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bddoctors.net/common-skin-diseases-part-2pityriasis-alba/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pityriasis alba&lt;/a&gt;, Tuberculoid leprosy, Postinflammatory hypopigmentation, Tinea versicolor, Albinis, Piebaldism, Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis and Progressive macular hypomelanosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T20:44:34.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4816" CreationDate="2016-02-14T23:29:35.983" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;How to know if (or when) I fall asleep, and not merely just lying there doing nothing?&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.end-your-sleep-deprivation.com/retrograde-amnesia.html&quot;&gt;Sleep Retrograde Amnesia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory for things preceding a&#xA;  certain event. When we talk about retrograde amnesia in the context of&#xA;  sleep, this event is sleep onset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You not remembering has to do with your short term memory not working during sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could video tape yourself sleeping and this would show you when you appeared to drift off to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could also monitor your pulse and Blood Pressure to see when you went to sleep. Blood pressure and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/105256-normal-heart-rate-sleeping/&quot;&gt;pulse are generally lower&lt;/a&gt; when you sleep so if you monitor your pulse when you are asleep you can possibly approximate the time you fell asleep. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could try having motion sensor lights and when you stop moving they shut off. Maybe you can remember them shutting off, maybe not.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you think you have a sleeping disorder then you should consult your doctor, she/he may order a Sleep study.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/polysomnography/basics/definition/prc-20013229&quot;&gt;Polysomnography (sleep study)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;used to diagnose sleep disorders. Polysomnography records your brain&#xA;  waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as&#xA;  well as eye and leg movements during the study.......usually is done&#xA;  at a sleep disorders unit within a hospital or at a sleep center.&#xA;  You'll be asked to come to the sleep center in the evening for&#xA;  polysomnography so that the test can record your nighttime sleep&#xA;  patterns. Polysomnography is occasionally done during the day to&#xA;  accommodate shift workers who habitually sleep during the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-02-14T23:47:52.410" LastActivityDate="2016-02-14T23:47:52.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4794" CreationDate="2016-02-15T03:45:55.167" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sites vary, but most mention a median range of between 30-40% humidity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.highqproducts.com/nosebleeds.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;40-50% Humidity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During extremely cold weather, your home loses humidity to the&#xA;  outdoors and may drop as low as 5%. By comparison, typical humidity in&#xA;  the Sahara Desert is about 25%! Generally, one does not want to have a&#xA;  home humidity any lower than 30%. Optimal comfort is considered to be&#xA;  achieved at 40-55% humidity. Nosebleeds also occur in hot dry climates&#xA;  with low humidity, or when there is a change in the seasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Above 30%&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Indoor relative humidities should be kept above 30% to reduce the&#xA;  likelihood of the occupant’s nasal passages drying out,[7][8]&#xA;  Humans can be comfortable within a wide range of humidities depending&#xA;  on the temperature—from thirty to seventy percent[9]—but ideally&#xA;  between 50%[10] and 60%.[11] Very low humidity can create discomfort,&#xA;  respiratory problems, and aggravate allergies in some individuals. In&#xA;  the winter, it is advisable to maintain relative humidity at 30&#xA;  percent or above.[12] Extremely low (below 20%) relative humidities&#xA;  may also cause eye irritation.[13]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/tc/nosebleeds-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep the heat low [60°F (16°C) to 64°F (18°C)] in sleeping areas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-02-15T03:45:55.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4833" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4858" CreationDate="2016-02-15T21:10:57.040" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;An aortic aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in the aorta, the large artery&#xA;that carries blood from the heart through the chest and torso.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the possible causes of aneurism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2931" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:54:07.983" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T01:54:07.983" Title="What causes aortic aneurysm" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;torso&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-15T23:58:33.437" Score="5" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for men to have to push, retrieve, push, retrieve at the end of urinating to get the last of it out? It's happens like 6 times or more, and it shoots out lines of pee, and I'm wondering if other guys just end peeing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2643" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T09:58:05.580" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T09:58:05.580" Title="Is this normal urinating?" Tags="&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;urination&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4816" CreationDate="2016-02-16T06:06:08.020" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to know the exact moment you fell asleep do the following:&#xA;Place a steel/metal plate on floor by the bed. &#xA;Hold a spoon in your hand lay down to sleep keeping the hand in way your palm is exactly above the plate. When you fall asleep, the spoon will drop on plate and make a sound, waking you up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check the timing before going on bed and after waking up to see how much time did you take to fall asleep. On average it takes 7 minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Artist Bali used this spoon-plate method to take micro naps and wake up to paint his creativity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2943" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T06:06:08.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-16T09:34:53.917" Score="4" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several times, after an afternoon nap, I noticed that I was severely dehydrated and had a slight fever. Before the nap, I was feeling normal but tired. After the nap, the temperature went away and after drinking a lot of water the thirst also went away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that sleep uses up more energy than watching tv. So could it be that using up the energy produces heat and uses water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:09:28.967" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:09:28.967" Title="Does sleeping produce heat and use up water in the body?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;&lt;naps&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4816" CreationDate="2016-02-16T11:38:20.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modern smartphone apps offer this information. A smartphone has a gyroscope built in, and when you lay it on the mattress close to your body, it picks up tiny movements. As you fall asleep, your musculature relaxes, and the app knows how to distinguish the movements of a person in deep sleep, light sleep, and lying awake. It provides you with a record of your sleep cycles for the night. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is probably not perfectly accurate, but I find it quite good from personal experience. It certainly can distinguish between times when I lay awake, trying to fall asleep (and not noticeably moving) and times when I am really asleep. I can't say how good it is for hypnogogic states, and it can be fooled somewhat if you are concentrating on not moving while awake (e.g. if you are doing a muscle relaxation exercise or meditating). But for normal sleep, it gives you a nice record. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no peer reviewed sources on this, so will have to give you a commercial link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.urbandroid.sleep&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sleep as android&lt;/a&gt; is the app I use, but AFAIK there are several per platform. If you have a fitness tracker such as Fitbit, it might offer a similar functionality - there are headbands specifically for sleeping, probably more accurate than a smartphone (but also more intrusive). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T11:38:20.700" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4002" CreationDate="2016-02-16T12:07:01.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.advancedtissue.com/debunking-myths-wound-care/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt;, hydrogen peroxide is not only ineffective it is also slowing the healing process down. It causes damage to your own cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol also damages your skin cells. But at least it minimizes germ activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So alcohol is not as bad as hydrogen peroxide, but it is better to use a different solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T12:07:01.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3821" CreationDate="2016-02-16T12:36:05.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The skin has several tasks. Among these are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;defense against outside threats like infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keeping the body temperature as constant as possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keeping the moisture inside&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With large second/third degree burn wounds. Some or all of these functions are hampered. So we need to take care of these until the skin is cured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important is of course to stop the damaging effect of the heat by cooling. Keep cooling until the pain is gone (but be careful not to use a coolant that is too cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can counter infections by covering the wound with (preferably) sterile bandages. And you should renew these regulary. Try to keep the wound moist if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware that large burn wounds (around 10%) can lead to shock because of dehydration. So watch your fluid (and salt) intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no medical help available, you should be prepared for a long recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wilderness-survival.net/medicine-6.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;For a bit more information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2016-02-16T12:36:05.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4847" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15402" CreationDate="2016-02-16T19:14:44.543" Score="4" ViewCount="6097" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really like  (sour ) lemon and I often eat it, the fruit itself or added to food or drinks. I noticed that whenever I want to eat lemon, my head's skin starts to sweat and it becomes completely wet. The odd thing is that this sweating happens even when I just want to skin the lemon and I don't want to eat it right away. My head's sweating stops 2 or 3 minutes after finishing my job with lemon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. &#xA;I also asked my physician about that but she said it's nothing and I can continue having lemons. Is that really nothing?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:04:49.550" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T03:34:11.480" Title="Sweating while having lemon" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-17T09:48:52.247" Score="8" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that multivitamin pack contains tablets for 60 days. Should I buy a new one once this finishes? I particularly ask because &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tervisepyramiid.ee/213/0/readmore/137&quot;&gt;one product&lt;/a&gt; contains 1200% RDA of B12. How long can you sustain that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2955" LastActivityDate="2016-06-26T12:26:37.460" Title="Multivitamin course duration" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4833" CreationDate="2016-02-17T20:06:20.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Aneurysm - a pathologic ballooning of a segment of a blood vessel&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Aortic_aneurysm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;aneurysm&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arm/types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arm/types&lt;/a&gt; - Public Domain&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for an aneurysm to occur, conditions must be present that cause &lt;strong&gt;degradation&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;abnormal development&lt;/strong&gt; of the structural components of the blood vessel wall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can list out common causes into those two categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Degradation/Degenerative factors&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual suspects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These factors all contribute to inflammation, oxidative stress, and biomechanical wall stress in blood vessels like the aorta. This damage to the structural integrity of the aortic wall can lead to an aneurysm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aging&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cigarrete smoking&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypercholesterolemia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypertension&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Artherosclerosis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Abnormal development&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These factors can lead to a weakened and vulnerable aortic wall:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfan_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Marfan's syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeys%E2%80%93Dietz_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Loeys-Diets syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome#Classification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Turner's syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicuspid_aortic_valve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bicuspid aortic valve&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other causes can include infections or chest trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary source: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th Ed. (pp 1637-1638)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;More reading:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424904-overview#a8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Etiology section&lt;/a&gt; in Medscape article on aneurysms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-disease-aortic-aneurysm#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;What causes aneurysms?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; in a webMD article on Heart Disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/aortic_aneurysm/page2_em.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aortic aneurysm causes&lt;/a&gt; in an emedicinehealth article on aortic aneurysms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2016-02-18T04:30:29.730" LastActivityDate="2016-02-18T04:30:29.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4426" CreationDate="2016-02-18T04:32:26.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason why some people say this is because consuming carbs causes insulin levels to rise and insulin inhibits fat metabolism. In the opposite case when type 1 diabetic patients don't take insulin (e.g. when they are ill and not eating well), they are at risk of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetic ketoacidosis&lt;/a&gt;. This is caused by the fat metabolism  going in overdrive due to lack of insulin, the waste products poisoning the body as a result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the mere fact that there exists such a mechanism is not proof that it has a relevant role to play in energy management of the body. There is no clear evidence in favor of low fat or low carb diet for weight loss from trials. Also any result from a trial has to be evaluated on whether the observed weight loss is sustainable. Take e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31763205&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study comparing low fat to low carb diet:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cardiologist Dr Aseem Malhotra was concerned about the health impact of such a low-fat diet.&#xA;  &quot;The total fat intake of 7% is way too low for this to be sustainable and would likely lead to nutritional deficiencies for the essential fatty acids and the fat soluble vitamins.&#xA;  &quot;For the best health, even in the short term, eat real unprocessed foods, concentrate on good nutrition and stop counting calories!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out by Paparazzi in the comments, we also have to also note that whole grains won't lead to a large insulin spike as simple carbs. Also, simple sugars such as fructose are not going to lead to a sharp insulin spike when consumed from whole foods such as fruits compared to when consumed in refined form, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEJE6I-Yl4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-01-29T20:39:24.517" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T20:39:24.517" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T11:37:47.943" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hz. However, I can only hear in the range 30-14,800 Hz. As I am below 30, it seems unlikely that this is due to age-related hearing decline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, what are the potential causes? And should I be concerned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2966" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T16:10:05.500" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T16:10:05.500" Title="What can cause reduced hearing range?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T17:27:27.430" Score="6" ViewCount="2417" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a permanent metal retainer glued to the back of my top teeth. I have a second one glued to the back of my bottom teeth. They were put on immediately after my braces were taken off. Here's an example of what they look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lN9W4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lN9W4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Metal Retainer&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is too difficult to floss under the metal retainers, so unfortunately I don't. Even the dental hygienist has trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wear my clear nighttime retainers every night and always have (for several years now). These retainers fit over all of my teeth. I'm talking about these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UUptG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UUptG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Clear Retainer&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming I maintain my habit of wearing the clear retainers every night, can I get my permanent metal retainers out? That is, if they are removed, will my teeth shift back to their pre-braces configuration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, is wearing clear nighttime retainers for 8 hours a day adequate to prevent teeth shift?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My reason for wanting my permanent metal retainers out is to be able to floss those teeth and improve my teeth and gum hygiene. Because, as it stands right now, I am only flossing about 50% of my teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that orthodontists insist on the permanent metal retainers because nearly everyone stops wearing the clear nighttime retainers eventually. I am in the minority—people who make a concerted effort to wear the nighttime retainer until the day we die. But for those in this elite subset, is the metal retainer necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2969" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:43:04.190" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:43:04.190" Title="I've always worn my clear nighttime retainers religiously. Can I get my permanent metal retainers taken out?" Tags="&lt;floss-flossing&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-18T23:21:00.080" Score="2" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physiological cycles are common in all mammals, including humans. Some of these cycles are seasonal, some circadian, some roughly monthly. Menstrual cycles in women are the most common and most extensively studied example. The literature on similar cycles in men seems to be relatively scant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kinds of physiological cycles occur in men with roughly the same monthly pattern as menstrual cycles in women? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2971" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:52:25.953" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:52:25.953" Title="What hormonal or other physiological cycles occur in men?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;male&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4874" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-19T00:07:29.000" Score="4" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have problem in understanding what it really means that antagonist is irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have an allergy and I stopped to take some drugs because of side effects.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I tried to predict how long does it take to go to the same state as before taking drugs.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I learned about biological half-life of medicines so I could predict how long it will take for drug to stop being active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I read that my antihistamine drug is an irreversible antagonist.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I’ve checked the definition, and if I understand it, this means that the receptors are permanently blocked through some reaction with this antagonist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Does it mean that this cell which receptors are blocked is defective forever?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And side effects will never go away because, in this case, cell needs histamine to work properly?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Or we must wait for the cell to die and be replaced by new cell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if my questions are not on appropriate level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2972" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:00:57.240" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:00:57.240" Title="How does the process of receptor blocking impact the human cells in context of antihistamine drugs (irreversible antagonist)?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;&lt;half-life&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4909" CreationDate="2016-02-19T01:33:01.947" Score="7" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I caught part of a cable television program but I ended up falling asleep but it seemed interesting (I was just exhausted). Basically it talked about chemotherapy being a so-far proven treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (not sure at what stage or where in the world it was). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some searches on the search function on Health.SE and I couldn't find anything on the topic of MS and chemotherapy as a treatment so I figured I'd ask here to see if others can put out some good information on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth behind chemotherapy actually curing Multiple Sclerosis (short-term or long-term) that's been done to humans? Are there any specific facilities, clinical trials, treatment centers, etc. that one with this condition may use for a good starting point about availability to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2803" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:37:58.327" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T03:37:58.327" Title="Multiple Sclerosis and Chemotherapy" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4874" CreationDate="2016-02-19T09:44:02.177" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means that the receptors are blocked forever. A cell is a living thing, continuously producing new proteins (including receptors) and recycling old ones. So the cell is not defective forever, it will slowly phase out its blocked receptors and replace them with new ones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read the basics of the way receptors work in textbooks on cell signalling, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0815342152&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Cellular-Signal-Processing-Introduction-Transduction/dp/0815342152/&lt;/a&gt;. A topic of special interest would be ubiquitination, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin#Ubiquitination&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin#Ubiquitination&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T09:44:02.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-19T09:51:45.667" Score="9" ViewCount="3182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is a known diuretic, stimulates urine production, and I have even seen &quot;potential dehydration&quot; as one of the arguments in the perennial &quot;is coffee good or bad&quot; debate. It also changes blood pressure, although I don't know if it is only through dehydration or if it has more direct effects on the cardiovascular system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But coffee has many more active substances than just caffeine. What effect does the drinking of coffee have on fluid balance in the body? How does it influence urine excretion, the excretion of other fluid-influencing substances such as salt, is it related to blood pressure, does it change the levels of blood pressure regulating hormones (vasopressin, angiotensin, etc.)? Or are all such effects of coffee purely based on its caffeine content?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T09:01:51.053" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T09:01:51.053" Title="Is decaffeinated coffee a diuretic?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;urination&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4879" CreationDate="2016-02-19T14:42:23.423" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;While coffee in large amounts can stimulate urine production, it's not enough to produce a dehydration effect, especially in people accustomed to drinking caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084154&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This recent study&lt;/a&gt; compared 50 male coffee drinkers in short trials both with and without caffeine, and concluded that in coffee accustomed males, coffee had much the same hydrating effects as drinking straight water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774754&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A study review&lt;/a&gt; on 36 years worth of caffeine and tea studies also concluded that caffeine consumption does not lead to excess fluid loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two relevant summaries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;METHOD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A literature search was performed using the Medline database of articles published in the medical and scientific literature for the period of January 1966-March 2002. Subject headings and key words used in this search were: tea, coffee, caffeine, diuresis, fluid balance and water-electrolyte balance. A secondary search was performed using the bibliographies of publications identified in the initial search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from the same review:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most ecologically valid of the published studies offers no support for the suggestion that consumption of caffeine-containing beverages as part of a normal lifestyle leads to fluid loss in excess of the volume ingested or is associated with poor hydration status. Therefore, there would appear to be no clear basis for refraining from caffeine containing drinks in situations where fluid balance might be compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to the caffeine itself:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-006-0363-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study examined&lt;/a&gt; energy drinks, specifically caffeine and taurine, and concluded that the diuresis was largely controlled by the caffeine, as taurine by itself did not produce the same effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diuretic effect of caffeine is noted in larger amounts, usually the amount found in 3-6 cups of coffee (Depending on how accustomed the individual is to the effect), or 8-10 cups of tea. While decaffeinated coffee still has some residual caffeine, it would not be enough to have the same effect as fully caffeinated drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the excretion of other substances, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531784801323&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; examined the effect of caffeine on excretion of certain elements (calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium), with the conclusion that all but potassium had higher urinary output levels after caffeine consumption. I am uncertain how that would relate to cardiac function and blood pressure, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T14:49:51.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4942" CreationDate="2016-02-19T15:38:22.393" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I kicked a wall (don't ask!) and after some tooing and froing managed to get an x ray. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If clearly shows a clean fracture of the 2nd metatarsal near the toe, not displaced. I'll go through the NHS motions, but given it can take a while for the wheels to move I'd like to start to do the right thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this just require an air boot support generally? Or would it be cast? I can still walk on the heel and outside edge of my foot so I'm reasonably mobile still... Any initial advice and any tips to speed up healing would be great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the x ray, right foot, oblique angle - equally, does this look like it may require surgury to place and of the fractured bones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ia2o.com/_ia2o/temp/right-foot-x-ray.PNG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ia2o.com/_ia2o/temp/right-foot-x-ray.PNG&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2978" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:50:14.070" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:50:14.070" Title="Fractured 2nd metatarsal near the toe - treatment options?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;toe&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-02-26T22:11:15.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4864" CreationDate="2016-02-19T18:48:21.110" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible the speakers you're using to test are not able to output frequencies that high, even if they claim they should be able to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that, I'm pretty sure by age 30 your hearing ability for higher frequencies has declined some - check out this chart &lt;a href=&quot;http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/data/Journals/JSLHR/934609/m_JSLHR_58_5_1592fig1.jpeg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/data/Journals/JSLHR/934609/m_JSLHR_58_5_1592fig1.jpeg&lt;/a&gt;.  If you want to research it more, search for ISO 7029.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="595" LastActivityDate="2016-02-19T18:48:21.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T00:16:41.217" Score="6" ViewCount="7869" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 5 months into an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.invisalign.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Invisalign&lt;/a&gt; treatment which is set to last one more year. During my annual checkup, my dentist found that I have two cavities and recommended that they be filled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could getting the cavities filled impact the contouring of the teeth and the fit of the retainers as I move forward with the treatment? If so, should I try deferring the fillings until later or should I have the aligner adjusted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="609" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2016-02-20T21:52:30.507" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T05:55:56.433" Title="Can filling cavities affect Invisalign treatment?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4874" CreationDate="2016-02-20T00:36:09.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve found a quotation that sheds some light on the topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rate of termination of the action of a reversible&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  antagonist is largely dependent on the half-life of the&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  drug as well as the rate at which it dissociates from its&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  receptor: the shorter the half-life, the less time it takes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  until the effects of the drug are dissipated. However, the&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  effects of an irreversible antagonist may persist long after&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  the drug has been cleared from the plasma. In the case of&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  phenoxybenzamine, &lt;strong&gt;the restoration of tissue responsive-&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ness after extensive α-receptor blockade is dependent on&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  synthesis of new receptors, which may take several days&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Peter D. Bryson: Comprehensive Reviews in Toxicology: For Emergency Clinicians)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2972" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T00:36:09.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4900" CreationDate="2016-02-20T09:14:48.513" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;The milk under consideration is from a goat that is not from a goat-farm, just a loose goat that eats whatever she gets, hanging around mostly garbage (in India), if we milk her and boil the milk once, is such milk safe to consume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2982" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T21:07:40.507" Title="How to make goat milk safe for consumption?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4899" CreationDate="2016-02-20T11:24:05.390" Score="8" ViewCount="542" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to change person's blood group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is not possible to change person's DNA, so what about blood group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T08:59:47.277" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T08:59:47.277" Title="Is it possible to change person's blood group?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="788" CreationDate="2016-02-20T18:01:52.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me address this point mentioned in the question: &quot;My apothecary person told me 500-1000 µg per day are needed to even start absorbing meaningful quantities by ingestion.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This addresses a problem with the way we absorb vitamin B12. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12#Enzyme_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explained here&lt;/a&gt;, when vitamin B12 is ingested, certain so-called transport proteins are needed to move it to the bloodstream. Now, at any given time you only have an amount of enzymes capable of transporting about 1.5 micrograms. When you take 5 to 50 micrograms, you saturate the capacity of the transport proteins, and you'll get close to the maximum of 1.5 micrograms of vitamin B12 into your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a small fraction of the vitamin B12, about 1% will pass through the stomach wall without the help of transport proteins. This means that you can evade the 1.5 micrograms per meal absorption limit by taking huge dosages of the order of many hundreds of micrograms. This is useful for people who are deficient, they'll typically have a problem causing vitamin B12 to not be absorbed using the transport proteins. Even if there is no problem here (e.g. in case of malnutrition) with only 1.5 micrograms per day, a deficiency cannot be corrected in a timely manner. High dose supplements or vitamin B12 injections must then be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 200 micrograms prescribed by your doctor thus amounts to an effective dose of 1.5 micrograms plus 1% of 200 micrograms = 3.5 micrograms of vitamin B12 which is within the range of the RDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2019-07-18T18:06:32.963" LastActivityDate="2019-07-18T18:06:32.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4894" CreationDate="2016-02-20T20:59:59.297" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible. In a bone marrow transplant, all of the patient's bone marrow is destroyed and replaced with donor marrow. Since red blood cells are created by bone marrow, the donor's blood type will determine which type of red cells are produced, as explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalcmlsociety.org/faq/stem-cellbone-marrow-transplant&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does my blood type change after SCT or BMT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes.  The recipients blood type eventually changes to the donor type. &#xA;  That means if you had a blood type of A+ prior to transplant and your&#xA;  donor had a blood type of O, eventually your blood type would become&#xA;  O.  I may take several weeks, possibly months for your original blood&#xA;  type to disappear, but eventually it will.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/transplant-girls-blood-change-a-miracle/2008/01/24/1201157559928.html&quot;&gt;one report&lt;/a&gt; of an Australian girl whose blood type changed following a liver transplant. That appears to have been a unique event, but it does indicate that it is possible by means other than marrow transplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T20:59:59.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4893" CreationDate="2016-02-20T21:07:40.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find directions for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everything-goat-milk.com/milk-pasteurization.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pasteurizing goat milk &lt;/a&gt; many places online, and that should render it safe from pathogens. However, it will do nothing to protect you from heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxins that goat might be ingesting. Considering that it's eating from garbage piles, I would consider it very likely the milk contains at least some toxins. I would not drink it. If you do drink it, I would suggest not giving it to children and pregnant women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T21:07:40.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-20T21:16:42.763" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tried reading about the cause of HIV on the Internet, but everywhere I look tends to state that things like unprotected sex and bad blood transfusions are causes. Instead I view those as ways of transmission, rather than what is causing the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the actual cause of HIV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2987" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2016-02-20T21:46:51.933" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T21:49:20.217" Title="What is really the cause of HIV?" Tags="&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2016-02-21T15:40:29.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4901" CreationDate="2016-02-20T21:49:20.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;HIV is short for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, so you're asking what causes the virus. Well, that doesn't make much sense and I don't think that's what you meant to ask. I think what you meant to ask is what causes AIDS, or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is the disease that is caused by the HIV virus. You are correct that the means of contracting the disease such as unprotected sex is not the actual cause of the disease. That's only the way you become infected with the virus. It is the virus that &lt;em&gt;causes&lt;/em&gt; AIDS, not the way you caught the virus in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pretty good overview can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-20T21:49:20.217" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-21T15:01:56.583" Score="2" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some article about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_counterpulsation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EECP (Enhanced External Counterpulsation) therapy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for the treatment of angina and some doctors even saying that it must be suggested as the first option and others doesn't seem to completely agree with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How effective is EECP compared to angioplasty and Bypass ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it really be considered as an alternative to the other two methods ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why it is not that popular as other methods ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2990" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:50:59.433" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:50:59.433" Title="EECP (Enhanced External Counterpulsation) therapy v/s Angioplasty and Bypass surgery" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angioplasty&gt;&lt;coronary-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4702" CreationDate="2016-02-21T16:53:11.733" Score="0" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Cold is good for slowing pathogens, but not the cold we like&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacterial growth isn't going to be sufficiently slowed at temperatures that humans are comfortable with. One of the reasons the bacteria that infect us are still around causing us problems today is because they like a lot of the same conditions we do! Many infectious bacteria are &lt;em&gt;mesophilic&lt;/em&gt;, meaning they like temperatures between 20C and 40C - the human body is normally at 37C.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3409800375.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other reasons not to keep it too cold&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A problem with cold temperatures is that the child may have a harder time breathing due to bronchospasm - a condition where the airways become narrower - and cold dry air causing irritation.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.circumpolarhealthjournal.net/index.php/ijch/article/download/18237/20930&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Colder air can also cause the shell on the influenza virus to harden, making it more infectious&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-scientists-offer-explanation-winter-flu-season&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Don't forget about humidity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another consideration that you didn't mention is relative humidity. Both heaters and air conditioners can change our body's ability to dissipate moisture. When the moisture evaporates too fast, we can have irritation to our skin, nose, and throat.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/women/home-health-and-safety-9/dry-indoor-air&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably best to keep the temperature and humidity at a level where the child is comfortable sleeping, within reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T17:24:22.803" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T17:24:22.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4875" CreationDate="2016-02-21T19:50:40.973" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any truth behind chemotherapy actually &lt;strong&gt;curing&lt;/strong&gt; Multiple Sclerosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unfortunately, no&lt;/strong&gt;. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic illness - meaning that it cannot be completely cured. There are, however, various therapeutic options for patients suffering from MS. Some of them include chemotherapeutics - but not as the first-line treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important thing to understand is that there are many forms of MS, which can roughly be categorised in four groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relapsing - remitting (RR)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Primary progressive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Progressive relapsing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Secondary progressive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severity, clinical manifestations and treatment options differ across these types. The most common type is RR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;RR therapeutic approach&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For RR there are two sorts of treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment in an acute &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relapse&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;relapse&lt;/a&gt;, where short-term corticosteroid treatment is used to stop the attack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disease modifying treatment - which is used regularly in order to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and improve prognosis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the second group, where chemotherapy can be used, but, as mentioned above not as a first-line treatment. This means that other therapeutic options should be tried first. These are predominantly glatiramer acetate or interferon beta. If they don't work some other medicines are considered. Only if they don't work either, the next option is using chemotherapeutic agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How would a chemotherapeutic work in MS?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are, again two approaches. The first one is to use these medicines, at lower doses than to treat cancer, to suppress the immune system. Since MS is an autoimmune disease, immune suppression reduces the inflammation and damage to the myelin sheet. Another approach is to use these medicines to ablate the immune system prior to autologous stem cell transplant, where the patient's bone marrow is replaced with their stem cells. This line of treatment is, however, still in experimental phase and has not been approved. There are many complications, difficulties and side-effects of this procedure, and thus far the risks outweigh the benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Examples&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sorts of chemotherapeutic agents that have been used or tested for MS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cladribine has been tested for MS and even approved in some countries, but after it was rejected by the FDA and EMeA on the basis of lacking evidence for benefits outweighing the risks, the manufacturer stopped marketing applications, since new clinical trials would be costly. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cyclophosphamide has also been investigated. Efficacy in aggressive form of disease was reported, but so were some serious adverse effects. Further research in necessary, and official guidelines, such as those by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) do not recommend use of cyclophosphamide in MS treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Methotrexate has shown no significant efficacy in primary progressive MS, and was less effective than interferon beta in RR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/TR0004_RRMS_PiB_e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/TR0004_RRMS_RecsReport_TR_e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommendations for Drug Therapies for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/1101/p644.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Multiple Sclerosis: A Primary Care Perspective&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FCJN%2FCJN40_03%2FS0317167100014244a.pdf&amp;amp;code=d511780b3c65cd6bb38b329bcd41b762&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment Optimization in MS: Canadian MS Working Group Updated Recommendations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0902533&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Cladribine for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckgroup.com/en/media/extNewsDetail.html?newsId=DAA395BF12E226E6C12578B6007430DB&amp;amp;newsType=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck: Regulatory Update on Cladribine Tablets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/donotdo/interventions-affecting-disease-progression-cyclophosphamide-should-not-be-used-in-patients-with-multiple-sclerosis-because-research-evidence-does-not-show-beneficial-effects-on-the-course-of-the&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interventions affecting disease progression: cyclophosphamide should not be used in patients with multiple sclerosis (because research evidence does not show beneficial effects on the course of the condition).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3214348/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of low dose methotrexate on relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in comparison to Interferon β-1α: A randomized controlled trial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15106195&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methotrexate for multiple sclerosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192675&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: top 10 lessons learned.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-02-21T20:47:22.570" LastActivityDate="2016-02-21T20:47:22.570" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1488" CreationDate="2016-02-22T00:53:04.497" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007165.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;As explained here&lt;/a&gt;, exercise is theorized to have a positive effect on the immune system via a few different mechanisms, although the rigorous proof that it does anything at all is still lacking (that's most likely a result of a lack of research in this area). As this source says, you should not overdo it, but then the amount of exercise that will be too much for you depends on your fitness level to begin with. So, the fitter you are the harder you can actually exercise before you pass the break even point where the negative effects start to grow larger than the positive effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T00:53:04.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T01:44:53.093" Score="4" ViewCount="3963" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a stroke late last year, my 87 year-old grandfather hasn't been doing so hot. After being discharged from the hospital's rehab center, he has been in our care for over two months. Keeping food down has been interesting lately, as he has developed a strong dislike for most foods over the last month and a half since what seemed like another stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In accordance with our observations, credible resources confirm that strokes can cause &quot;altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision&quot;.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777265/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; It seems that there is plenty of material confirming the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.agingcare.com/Articles/Symptoms-and-Diagnosis-of-Taste-Loss-135240.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;degeneration of taste&lt;/a&gt;, but solutions seem harder to come by, and requiring of diagnosis by a physician, brain scans, etc. which wouldn't be viable right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to stimulate taste buds, or help the brain recognize taste again? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited on Tuesday, March 8: After we heard that one of his somewhat recently prescribed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/flomax-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;medications&lt;/a&gt; might have been causing a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.askapatient.com/viewrating.asp?drug=20579&amp;amp;name=FLOMAX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bad taste&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/tamsulosin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;additional source&lt;/a&gt;) in his mouth, we discontinued use about two weeks ago. Now there might be more foods he will tolerate (it's hard to say for sure since we're trying foods we hadn't before), but he still hates others. I haven't found a significant number of sources that seem credible suggesting a correlation, and wonder if it's probably not related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that Health.SE &quot;is not intended as a substitute for individualized diagnosis and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider.&quot; He is on hospice, and therefore his insurance won't cover hospital visits, and his finances are quite minimal, so any reasonable advice I can get would be greatly appreciated, and won't really be substitution for professional advice. (Of course, unreasonable advice would also be welcome, given good references.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2848" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:12:32.393" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T01:10:28.097" Title="Is there a way to stimulate taste buds after stroke?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;taste-buds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T02:30:33.327" Score="3" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone with HSV1 acquire HSV2 by giving oral sex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2994" LastEditorUserId="2994" LastEditDate="2016-02-23T01:21:39.370" LastActivityDate="2016-06-26T01:08:48.663" Title="HSV transmission" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-22T05:21:53.597" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;My definition of insomnia: take more than 4 hours of sleep, and/or sleep less than 4 hours a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have difficulty in finding sleeps at night, however when I wake up the next day, I am still full of energy and my brain is still largely functional. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should I be concerned about my insomnia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:10:46.750" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:10:46.750" Title="Should I be concerned if I suffer insomnia but still am still largely functional the next day?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4918" CreationDate="2016-02-22T05:51:19.513" Score="4" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Squashed lime soda is my favorite drink. And I usually combine it with coffee. I recently learnt the drink creates an very low, acidic pH level in mouth which can cause tooth enamel to decay and expose teeth to plaque. Is there anything I can consume after the drink, which would restore neutral PH balance to my mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2996" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-02-22T12:22:11.520" LastActivityDate="2019-04-25T19:17:10.880" Title="How to restore mouth PH balance after lime soda?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-04-27T20:27:57.880" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4912" CreationDate="2016-02-22T06:23:22.407" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;HSV1 and HSV2 are different strains of the &lt;em&gt;Herpes simplex&lt;/em&gt; virus. They &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/contagious-skin-diseases/herpes-simplex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genital&lt;/a&gt; infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason they are usually known as oral (HSV1) and genital (HSV2) herpes are that the majority of genital herpes cases used to be from HSV2. However, this has been changing and now HSV1 is &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/10000/Is_Herpes_Simplex_Virus_Type_1__HSV_1__Now_More.13.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the more dominant genital infection at least in some regions&lt;/a&gt;. Moreover, people &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/185/8/1019.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be infected by both&lt;/a&gt;, even in the same &quot;region&quot;, though it's unlikely that most people even &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; whether they are infected by HSV1 or HSV2 because testing what strain someone is infected with not always done, from what I understand. So yes, someone with HSV1 can additionally acquire HSV2, both orally and genitally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to that, even a genital infection with &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4912/hsv-transmission-risk-from-oral-sex&quot;&gt;HSV2 may lead to shedding the virus from the oral region&lt;/a&gt; - it is uncommon, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T05:51:02.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2016-02-22T21:55:38.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Water is typically pH neutral at around pH7. Sometimes you can also buy bottled varieties with a more alkaline character so something closer to pH8. Now there's a basic chemical reaction called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)&quot;&gt;neutralization&lt;/a&gt;. In essence, all you have to do is rinse your mouth with water several times to neutralize the acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2636" LastActivityDate="2016-02-22T21:55:38.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4919" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4931" CreationDate="2016-02-23T02:04:11.000" Score="9" ViewCount="2712" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the way they determine someone died before declaring them dead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are stories I've heard of over the years, people who's heart stopped, were brain dead, fell under ice rivers for half an hour and miraculously survived. So there are many instances of unexplained recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do the medical teams or doctors determine then that this person won't all of sudden get a heart beat back? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:54:50.777" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T20:12:00.740" Title="How do they make sure someone has really died before declaring them dead?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4575" CreationDate="2016-02-23T07:12:08.923" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ya, it's true. Due to this high fat on skin tissues, stretch marks occur. If there is proper diet and the proper exercise then these marks are reduce at some extent. Also, there should be massage of the skin at least twice a week for the betterment of skin tissues. For simple massage, you can have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cellublue.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;appareil cellulite&lt;/a&gt; for massaging. Have a look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3000" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T07:12:08.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4926" CreationDate="2016-02-23T10:44:02.877" Score="2" ViewCount="31633" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took one and I waited about 15 to 30 min and then I took two more. Each pill is 600mg. Altogether it is 1800mg in 30 minutes time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could something happen? If not, could something happen if I took another 600mg pill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what happens if one takes more than 2400mg in a whole day. &#xA;Let's say 3000mg? Or even 3600mg? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reason for taking ibuprofen is toothache being like hell or worse if any!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3003" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-02-23T14:49:02.977" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T13:39:55.527" Title="Effects of taking 1800mg of ibuprofen at once" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T11:13:29.640" Score="1" ViewCount="1883" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which chemicals or drugs available only to doctors cause significant loss of current memories, specifically memories within the past few years and recently rather than your childhood memories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3004" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T04:30:24.337" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T04:30:24.337" Title="Which chemicals or drugs cause retrograde amnesia?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4924" CreationDate="2016-02-23T12:59:14.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using any medication, including ibuprofen, in doses higher than recommended,  is very unwise. There is a reason that patient information leaflets exist, and that health professionals insist that the patients read and understand these leaflets (and ask questions when necessary) prior to consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, ibuprofen is a non-steroid anti-inflamatory drug (NSAID). If the cause of your toothache is tooth decay (cavities) it will treat the pain, i.e the symptom, but not the underlying cause of your toothache. There might be another reason for your toothache, but nonetheless: &lt;strong&gt;if you are experiencing unbearable pain this is definitely a reason to see a doctor, or in this case a dentist.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended daily dose of ibuprofen for an adult is 1.2g to 1.8g &lt;strong&gt;in divided doses&lt;/strong&gt; which means that you could take up to 1800 mg during a day - that is during a 24 hour period, but definitely not all at once. And yes, taking them 30 minutes apart is pretty much the same as at once, given ibuprofen's kinetics. These recommendations are based on an average adult, with a healthy liver and kidneys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes this dose may be increased up to 2.4g (UK) or even 3.2g (USA) and this would be the &lt;strong&gt;maximal daily dose&lt;/strong&gt;. (Martindale) However, this is not a common practice for a toothache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are side effects associated with the use of ibuprofen, and many of them are dose-dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From NHS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ibuprofen can cause a number of side effects.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;For this reason, take the lowest possible dose of ibuprofen for the shortest possible time needed to control your symptoms. The same source lists some of the possible side-effects.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common side effects include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nausea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diarrhoea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;indigestion (dyspepsia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;abdominal pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some less common:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dizziness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluid retention (bloating)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;raised blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gastritis (inflammation of the stomach)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a stomach ulcer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allergic reactions – such as a rash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;worsening of asthma symptoms by causing bronchospasm (narrowing of the airways)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;kidney failure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In high doses there are additional risks, such as those for the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Data from meta-analyses and epidemiological studies indicate that there is an increased risk of cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction or stroke) associated with the use of high-dose ibuprofen (at or above 2,400 mg per day).1-4&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The risk with high-dose ibuprofen is similar to the risk seen with some other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including COX-2 inhibitors and diclofenac.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from: European Medicines Agency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen might interact with and increase the toxicity of some other concomitantly used medication, such as: aspirin, ciclosporin, fluconasole, voriconasole, colestiramine, mifepristone, tacrolimus, methotrexate, lithium, zidovudine, warfarin, ciprofibrate, baclofen...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are taking any other medication with ibuprofen, the best course of action is to consult with a healthcare professional first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, although ibuprofen is an OTC, higher potency preparations, such as those of 600mg per dose are actually prescription only in many countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A side note: I don't even know how to comment on your: &amp;quot;let's take a lot of this medication and see what happens&amp;quot; approach. Medicines are not candy. If you behave so recklessly about your own health, who else is supposed to take care of it for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 34th edition, 2005, The Pharmaceutical Press&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-ibuprofen/Pages/Side-effects.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS: Side effects of ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Ibuprofen_and_dexibuprofen_containing_medicines/human_referral_prac_000045.jsp&amp;amp;mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMeA: Updated advice on use of high‑dose ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-02-23T14:50:20.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4939" CreationDate="2016-02-23T19:20:47.180" Score="2" ViewCount="2788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading about Hantavirus and its symptoms (in general, i am reading about rat diseases), after watching several different sites i came up with a doubt i can't seem to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sites say that runny nose and sore throat are very rare with Hantavirus but still possible while others say that almost certainly don't have Hantavirus if you have runny nose and sore throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While logic dictates that both affirmations can be true at the same time, i am wondering which are the earliest symptoms in both illnesses that can tell you with high probability if it's one illness or the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1192" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T17:17:34.470" Title="What are the earliest symptoms that can tell you it's HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Disease) or Flu?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-23T21:25:20.243" Score="2" ViewCount="928" Body="&lt;p&gt;In WWII, the military used a sulfur-based powder to promote blood clotting, especially in traumatic internal injuries.  The usefulness of such a product is obvious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is whether there is anything like that available for the average consumer.  I have found very little online.  One product (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00EEIG4K4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pac-Kit&lt;/a&gt;) is out there, but it's offered in very small amounts.  It's so small, I imagine it would only be useful for external injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this technology been superseded by something even more effective?  Has this technology been debunked recently?  There are a million first-aid products out there.  It's surprising there's not much out there for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1896" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:11:53.687" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:11:53.687" Title="Are There Reliable Sulfur-Based Blood-Clotting Products That Target Internal Bleeding" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;&lt;sulphur&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4925" CreationDate="2016-02-24T00:27:23.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, let's define retrograde amnesia carefully. You'll find many sources listing drugs that cause retrograde amnesia but they're using the term incorrectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_retrograde.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.human-memory.net/disorders_retrograde.html&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where someone is unable to&#xA;  recall events that occurred &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; the development of the amnesia,&#xA;  even though they may be able to encode and memorize new things that&#xA;  occur after the onset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that definition in mind, I don't think drugs exist that cause retrograde amnesia for the past few days, much less years. Some drugs will create retrograde amnesia for memories formed minutes before administration, but not much longer than that. This is believed to be because they interfere with the memory formation process, which is still incomplete when the drug is taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term alcohol abuse can cause retrograde amnesia, but that's due to the brain damage it causes after long-term abuse. No single binge, even a long one, will cause retrograde amnesia if the abuse is short-lived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15174933&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;animal experiments&lt;/a&gt; that have produced retrograde amnesia by administering agents directly to the brain, but that's not something a doctor can give you. They may lead to such drugs in the future, but they're not available yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9131198&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several drugs&lt;/a&gt; that can prevent new memories from being formed such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and anesthesia agents such as propofol, but they all work by preventing &lt;strong&gt;new memories from being formed while under influence of the drug&lt;/strong&gt;. They don't wipe out memories formed before the drug was taken and therefore can't be said to cause retrograde amnesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically, true retrograde amnesia is usually due to brain damage from agents such as dementia, trauma, stroke, infection, prolonged seizures, and long-term substance abuse. There are no drugs a doctor can give you that will accomplish this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T00:27:23.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4919" CreationDate="2016-02-24T05:05:33.857" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that this happens. It is infrequent (there are not &quot;many&quot;, as you say, compared to true deaths), but it occasionally happens that someone - even in a hospital - is thought to be dead when they are not actually dead. In one of your stories, the girl was presumed to be &lt;em&gt;brain dead&lt;/em&gt;, not dead. So strike that one. Hypothermia is a beast all unto itself, and declaring a cold person dead is a bit tricky.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Determining death is not simple. The International Guidelines for the Determination of Death – Phase I (May 30-31, 2012) Montreal Forum Report is 46 pages long and it still doesn't have a definitive conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part (and to simplify a bit), death is determined to have occurred when someone is exceedingly unlikely (determined from experience of millions of deaths) to regain function of their heart. It can be from a very wide variety of causes, but basically it follows cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest leading to cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure is to observe the patient carefully. In hospital, that usually includes electronic monitors of one sort or another. Out of hospital it's by observation. When there is no evidence of cardiac electrical activity capable of generating a pulse, the patient has not been breathing for some time, oxygenation of blood has fallen to beyond critical levels, and there is no neurological activity, they are pronounced dead.**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do the medical teams or doctors determine then that this person won't all of sudden get a heart beat back? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They &quot;know&quot; because of the combined observations of millions of deaths before that one. Since it has happened, clearly it &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; happen, but once all the criteria are met, it means they are clinically dead. The exceedingly vast majority of people observed to be clinically dead are, indeed, dead (no possibility to regain function.) There's nothing else to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is roughly estimated from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; that about 56 million people die every year. Yet it is not every day that someone who was thought to be dead is not, or it wouldn't make the news. Lets be &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; generous and say it happens once a month somewhere in the world - 12 times a year - and I think this is very, very generous (there is no known number. I'm guessing it's less in industrialized nations.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would mean a death diagnostic accuracy rate of at least 99.9999786% (55,999,988 true deaths in 56,000,000 diagnosed deaths.) That is very, very accurate. It is incredibly difficult and expensive to improve on 99.9999786% of anything for a very small return numerically speaking. It sounds harsh, but it's not. It's what society accepts, including you. If you don't believe me, try to get someone to pass a law changing that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better question might be &lt;em&gt;why does this happen?&lt;/em&gt; It happens because sometimes a heartbeat is so weak as to be imperceptible to the touch, to sound, and even electronically. The person does not appear to be breathing &lt;em&gt;at all&lt;/em&gt;. They have no reflexes to demonstrate neuronal activity (for example, the pupil size doesn't change on shining a light into their eyes.) In the days before burial, that doesn't change 99.9999786% of the time. But if someone's metabolic rate is low enough, they might just survive (being cold increases the chances of this*) and the heart might just start getting stronger and they might just wake up. But the odds of that are so extraordinarily low that the increased expense of storing the body, and checking it again in a more advanced state of decomposition, in addition to the increased risk of contagion... it just doesn't happen, because when someone is declared dead, they are dead 99.9999+% of the time.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole situation is frightening to some people. But it's really an irrational fear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put the &quot;risk&quot; in more understandable terms - because the difference between life and death are pretty important - in 2013 in the US, there were 16,121 homicides. About 20% of those are stranger on stranger homicides (that is, not domestic violence, gang related, etc.). That means of 316,000,000 people in the US that year, about 3,225 people were killed by someone unknown to them, or one in 97,984. That's much higher than 12 in 56 million (which is roughly one in 4,670,000). Yet, though it's more common, you probably still leave your house most days not worrying that you'll be killed in that year. It's an acceptable risk, though death by firearm at a stranger's hand is never acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is an unacceptable risk to you (I'm not being sarcastic; it is an acceptable risk for me personally), you should stipulate in your will your wishes to be kept in storage and reexamined intermittently over a period of several days longer than usual for signs of life, and include the funds to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;In medicine, we have a saying, &quot;They aren't dead until they're &lt;em&gt;warm and dead.&lt;/em&gt;&quot; It may seem callous to a reader, but it is precisely to avoid the scenario of which you speak, because someone with a decreased temperature can survive anoxic injury better. In fact, cooling someone down who is in cardiac arrest is not uncommon, and cooling after resuscitation is common.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**&lt;sub&gt;Often it is a nurse who discovers someone has died, but in many states, only a doctor, paramedic, or a coroner can declare someone dead. Nurses are often allowed to declare someone dead who is in a nursing home, hospice or a home care patient. Usually (but there is no law) we feel for pulses at various points on the body, we listen for heart sounds with a stethoscope, we listen for breath sounds, we look for chest movement, and I shine a light in the person's eyes looking for a neurological response. If after a few minutes of observation, nothing has been found, the patient is then pronounced.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;The International Guidelines for the Determination of Death – Phase I May 30-31, 2012 Montreal Forum Report&lt;/em&gt; available in full online in PDF&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.columbiamedicinemagazine.org/webextra/spring-2013/node%3Atitle%5D-11&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;I Pronounce This Patient Dead&quot;&lt;/a&gt; shows that it's not easy even for doctors&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0012557/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cooling the body after resuscitation following cardiac arrest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/homicide.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;All homicides&lt;/a&gt; CDC&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T18:21:37.067" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T18:21:37.067" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4575" CreationDate="2016-02-24T05:50:20.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;What causes these stretch marks?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stretch marks (striae) are caused by intradermal tears, that means tears that occur within the skin layers. These tears are caused when two things happen at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The skin is stretching at a high rate. This happens when you gain weight rapidly, are pregnant, or are otherwise undergoing changes in body shape - as happens during the adolescent and teenage years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's not enough new collagen being synthesized in the skin to accommodate that stretching.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is it common to get them at a young age?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes - in this case meaning adolescent and teenage years. The reasons are twofold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, these are years when your body is undergoing changes in shape and composition. The skin has to stretch to accommodate these changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, something we haven't discussed yet is the effect of cortisol on collagen synthesis. Cortisone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland in response to stress among other things. It's been shown to inhibit collagen synthesis, effectively making the skin (and cartilage in the joints) less stretchy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are they more common in some people than others (besides what was mentioned above?)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with increased adrenal cortical activity, such as teenagers and those with Cushing's disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/294092&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;The cause of striae distensae&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/196590&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Effects of cortisol acetate on collagen biosynthesis...&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T05:50:20.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-24T13:38:33.680" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my work I deal with several screens, and recently I have started using different pieces of software for coding. When I installed the new one, I noticed that the font size there is a bit bigger, and I am mostly work with this one at the moment. However, whenever I need to take a look at the old code, my eyes feel a bit strange since the font there is smaller. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My original idea was to make the font in the old code bigger, on par with the new one, however I thought that it may be a good exercise for the eyes to refocus at different font sizes. Is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3012" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T13:48:37.860" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T13:48:37.860" Title="Is it a good exercise for the eyes to work with different font sizes or would refocusing strain the eye?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4940" CreationDate="2016-02-24T13:49:39.093" Score="3" ViewCount="1971" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years ago I had Mononucleosis. Since I thought it was a bad case of flu, it went untreated. But for several months, I had flu-like symptoms (fever, very runny nose and lot of mucus) every 4 weeks. After that I was left with a permanently sore throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I finally went to a doctor he told me the mucosa in my throat wasn't healing, he did some tests and gave me medicines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ended up discovering that I had had Mononucleosis but at the time of the exams I was already healed (I tested positive to antibodies but had no more symptoms, except for in my throat.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been a few years since what I have described, and now my throat is healed. However, I noticed that whenever I get the flu or a cold, I feel worse than I used to feel before that case of Mononucleosis (not just on my throat though). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that having contracted Mononucleosis is the cause of my worsened symptoms with colds of flu? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1192" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T18:54:53.177" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T16:28:21.223" Title="Yearly flu and cold got worse after Mononucleosis" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4630" CreationDate="2016-02-24T15:15:40.617" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the end, I decided to just ask bone marrow registry foundation, well, one of them, this exact question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response I got was that if it was allowed for the donor and the patient to meet in person, a strong emotional bond could be established between the two. In case another bone marrow transplant would be needed later, the decision to donate again, or not to, that donor would need to make, would be influenced by the personal relationship with the patient, and that's something this &quot;no meet&quot; rule is trying to prevent/limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The length of a common 2 year period during which patient and donor cannot meet isn't arbitrary either - it takes around 2 years from the date of the transplant to be able to confirm, with a high enough certainty, that patient is going to be healthy in the long term, which means donor will not be (probably) asked for another donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the explanation I got from that particular person in that particular clinic. I wouldn't be surprised if that &quot;no meet&quot; rule was established for more than one reason, and the ones @Carey Gregory listed in his answer make sense too, obviously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2823" LastEditorUserId="2823" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T16:10:10.953" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T16:10:10.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4928" CreationDate="2016-02-24T16:52:04.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: You cannot reliably differentiate between Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and flu from symptoms alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/pdf/hps_brochure.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Facts About Hantaviruses&lt;/a&gt; (CDC.gov):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Usually, people do not have a runny nose, sore throat, or a rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/6/1538.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; (Clinical Infectious Diseases), &lt;strong&gt;case review:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;She also noted watery eyes, a &lt;strong&gt;runny nose, and a sore throat.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial &lt;strong&gt;flu&lt;/strong&gt; symptoms usually have a sudden onset and include high fever and headache (but: fever can be not so high and headache can be mild). Other or later symptoms include muscle pain, dry cough, severe fatigue or nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some considerations: You get flu from another person, not from rats; incubation period (time from exposure to infection) is few days; in Northern hemisphere, the season is roughly October to March.&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/what-is-the-difference-between-cold-and-flu.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Difference between cold and flu&lt;/a&gt; (Ehealthstar.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial symptoms of &lt;strong&gt;Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; are fatigue, fever and muscle aches. Other early symptoms can include headache, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Late symptoms can include cough and shortness of breath.&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (CDC.gov)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consideration: Hantavirus spreads year round but mainly in spring and summer, by inhaling aerosols from rat droppings in farms; incubation period is considered to be 1-5 weeks...&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5109a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome --- United States: Updated Recommendations for Risk Reduction&lt;/a&gt; (CDC.gov)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, symptoms are almost the same. Influenza without complications does not affect lungs to such extent that would cause shortness of breath. In individuals with weak immunity, influenza can turn into viral pneumonia, which can cause shortness of breath, though. On the other hand, shortness of breath is one of the late symptoms of Hantavirus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-02-24T17:17:34.470" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T17:17:34.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4937" CreationDate="2016-02-24T18:48:49.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible in the same way that &quot;anything is possible&quot; (limiting ourselves to those things that are actually and potentially possible, i.e. a human can't sprout wings and fly; that's impossible.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's possible, because the etiologic agent that causes Infectious Mononucleosis - Epstein-Barr virus or EBV - may periodically reactivate; that family of viruses famously reactivates periodically, in the form of cold sores, genital herpes, shingles, etc. etc. But it was not known until relatively recently that Infectious Mononucleosis (or Mono) also periodically reactivates in some people causing symptoms consistent with a viral infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does having had Mono make everyone's cold or flu symptoms worse? No. Does it make yours worse? Probably not, but not impossible; it's not a known scenario. Might you possibly be experiencing Mono from time to time making you feel bad? Yes, it's possible. Might having an illness reactivate your Mono? That could only be determined by testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/985/169&quot;&gt;How long is infectious mononucleosis contagious?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T18:48:49.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4985" CreationDate="2016-02-24T19:34:32.313" Score="5" ViewCount="775" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any good literature that would strongly suggest (or even prove) that Naproxen EC/DR (enteric coated/delayed release) helps ease gastrointestinal discomfort associated with OTC Naproxen? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naproxen EC/DR is prescription only, while the other is not.  I've googled the title of this question and didn't really find anything helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; My doctor has finally written a prescription for naproxen EC/PR for me. If nobody posts an answer to this in, say, a week, I'll post my own experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:41:30.967" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:41:30.967" Title="Gastrointestinal effect of EC/DR vs. plain naproxen" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4881" CreationDate="2016-02-24T19:51:43.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's any obvious fracture, follow RICE - Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not bear any weight until you can see a specialist and get a diagnosis, and a diagnosis you are happy with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to rest it as much as possible and keep the limb elevated above the heart as much as you can until you have professional medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw the orthopaedic specialist today. The conclusion from the x ray is that yes, it's fractured... But the &quot;good&quot; news is that I only have a fracture boot and can load bear on my heel as much as pain allows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The summary is that there's a lateral metatarsal ligament that binds the knuckles of the metatarsals together, and as long as only 1 of the central metatarsals is fractured, it is in effect supported in position by that ligament and the two either side act as splints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that the bone is in the correct position, it'll not drop back (if more than one was fractured, the ligament would pull it back) and it'll be 3 -4 weeks before I can start to weight bear and 6 weeks should be back to &lt;strong&gt;ahem&lt;/strong&gt; normal. No pins or plates required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2978" LastEditorUserId="2978" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T08:30:50.360" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T08:30:50.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-24T21:58:13.210" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been researching dorsal wrist ganglion cysts and trying to find more information on treatment outcomes, both in terms of recurrence and incidence of complications.  I found a good &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682407/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review article&lt;/a&gt;, but unfortunately I can only see the abstracts for most of its references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rates for spontaneous resolution and recurrence after treatment with aspiration both appear to be near 50% (with a pretty wide variability of reported outcomes.)  This suggests that it may be difficult to tell the difference between a ganglion that would've resolved on its own vs. one that was was only resolved due to aspiration.  Are there any studies that attempt to address this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any information on the reported duration of ganglion cysts in the case that they do spontaneously resolve?  I imagine this is complicated by lack of follow-up by patients when the problem goes away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any reported complications due to aspiration of dorsal ganglion cysts?  I found a reference to a 5% complication rate in a referenced article from the survey (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12631492&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;abstract here&lt;/a&gt;), but this was for palmar ganglia.  Lacking more specific data, are there known complications for aspiration procedures in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3013" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:49:28.310" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:49:28.310" Title="Treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;&lt;ganglion-cysts&gt;&lt;dorsal-upper-back-side&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4913" CreationDate="2016-02-24T23:34:22.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not worry about having a body that functions in a way that is a bit outside of the norm if this doesn't cause problems for you. If our distant ancestors had the intellectual capability to worry about such things, we could never have evolved to become humans. A healthy human being can after all also be considered as a pathological version of Australopithecus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not all that common, there are people who only need about 4 hours of sleep. Because this gives them a lot more time in the day, they tend to do well in life. At least they are overrepresented in the group of CEO's famous scientists etc.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t7mwA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t7mwA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Some people don;t need to sleep much&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more examples &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inc.com/marla-tabaka/surprising-sleep-habits-of-highly-successful-people.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marissa Mayer&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Marissa Mayer, currently the CEO of Yahoo and previously the renowned Google executive, gets very little sleep. It should come as no surprise--considering that she infamously worked as much as 130-hour work weeks while at Google--that Mayer prioritizes work over rest. She reportedly gets only four to six hours of sleep every night, recharging by taking week-long vacations about three times every year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Martha Stewart&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Whatever you think of Martha Stewart, she's a woman who needs no introduction. Stewart has achieved an astounding amount, and she hasn't done it by sleeping. Somehow, household name Martha Stewart manages to not just get by, but also to thrive, on four hours or less each night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this proves that sleeping for 4 hours in any particular case is not a sign of some underlying medical condition, nor that in general, sleeping for 4 hours per day is not linked to adverse health conditions. However, what we can say is that the mere fact that someone sleeps for less than four hours per night instead of the recommended 8 hours, isn't necessarily going to be a problem. It won't necessarily prevent that person from doing all the hard work necessary to become a real estate mogul, take care of a big family and still have energy to spare to run for president of the United States. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-02-24T23:34:22.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4948" CreationDate="2016-02-25T03:01:09.647" Score="4" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 21 and I've never had earwax problems until about a year ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past month, I've had what I believe to be ear infections (or maybe just hardened earwax) in one ear and then 2 weeks later, the other ear. They are extremely painful, and I've been taking pain killers. This has severely effected my work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I poke my finger into my ear and scrape with my fingernail, large chunks of ear wax comes out. I don't remember this every happening when I was younger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to learn more about how I can prevent this by understanding how I should treat my ears in order to prevent this from happening in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been cleaning the hole in my ear with my wash cloth which has soap on it using a single finger. Is this bad? Will this actually increase the amount of earwax or possibly the soap mixes with the ear wax in some way leaving infection prone residue in my ear? &lt;strong&gt;Should I just try to not get soap or water in my ear?&lt;/strong&gt; I've also noticed that I have these problems when I was using Dove soap, which I've always felt the residue burns the skin. Or are the hypotheses totally wrong, and it's just normal for some people to get a ton of earwax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3016" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:14:20.600" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:14:20.600" Title="Washing the ear?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;soap&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;&lt;ear-infection&gt;&lt;ear-irrigation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4947" CreationDate="2016-02-25T05:46:01.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes avoid getting too much water inside your ears&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend against using ear buds they do more harm than any good. Stop poking inside your ear&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your existing condition please go see an ENT specialist &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3014" LastActivityDate="2016-02-25T05:46:01.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T07:21:50.737" Score="8" ViewCount="1889" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of novels state that a person died with a smile on the face, or how relatives/friends notice a smile on the face that remains even after death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is such a thing anatomically possible? Will a smile or any other expression be retained by the muscles at/after death? (without external assistance from say a mortician)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And which expression is most common at death? (once skin and muscles die, after death, during rigor and after rigor passes, when undisturbed) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3017" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:47:51.517" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T22:03:10.397" Title="Is it possible to have a smile on the face after death?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;rigor-mortis&gt;&lt;smile-smiling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T09:11:07.440" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Mother is having ADPKD in both kidney and liver. Is there any medicine for this disease. Over the time, the liver has swelled a bit and the bulge is quite visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently took her to doctor and he just asked if she is facing any problem while urination and some other normal questions. He also said we have to wait and watch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know what all care should be taken to either get cured from this disease or to prevent it from increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some research on internet, I found that this disease is incurable. Is there some research going on or any successful results shown up in near past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3019" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:46:32.363" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:46:32.363" Title="Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney &amp; Liver Disease" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;&lt;urination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T20:30:37.297" Score="1" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across quite a few in my research but I'm hoping to hear from someone who's had more experience.  I work with computers and digital displays in my room that leave cations in the air (and I'm starting to feel it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solutions I've come across:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ionizing hair dryers like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tinnitustalk.com/threads/the-benefits-of-negative-ions-and-my-hair-dryer.383/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this person found&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indoor waterfall / tabletop fountains like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kineticfountains.com/tabletop-fountains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-a-Negative-Ion-air-ionizer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DIY solutions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commercial artificial generators like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.comtech-pcs.com/products.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B001GXLH2K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salt lamps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone had success with a particular product or strategy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1801" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:28:35.087" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:28:35.087" Title="What are the pros and cons of various negative ion generators for health benefits?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;air-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T21:01:28.347" Score="16" ViewCount="25564" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I'm chugging water, I accidentally swallow a big gulp of air. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's extremely painful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, water is less compressible than air and people inadvertently swallow air all the time while smoking, chewing gum, drinking, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this any different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3027" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:20:08.853" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T15:54:07.097" Title="Why does it hurt to accidentally gulp air while drinking water?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4957" CreationDate="2016-02-25T23:31:25.117" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our bodies grow hair in various places, but normally we don't notice the sensation of our own hairs resting on our skin. It seems like the brain filters this out (probably to preserve our sanity!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every once in a while, maybe once or twice a year, I'll go through a period where I can feel some of the hairs on my &lt;em&gt;left&lt;/em&gt; eyebrow touching the skin there. When this happens, I can feel it all day, every day, for a few weeks. It feels as if a hair is curled the wrong way and that I could fix it by simply smoothing out the eyebrow, but if I touch it or try to smooth it, the sensation only becomes more noticeable. This always happens exclusively to my left eyebrow, never the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This time I'm also noticing that I can feel some of the hairs on the edge of my scalp nearest my left eyebrow. Brushing the hair in this area with my finger seems to help for a few seconds, but the sensation returns quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a name for such a condition? I've been trying to research it, but so far when trying to search it all I've found is people who obsessive-compulsively stroke their eyebrows, which I don't think is the same issue as what I'm experiencing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3028" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T04:09:20.157" Title="Constantly aware of hairs in particular region of face" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4815" CreationDate="2016-02-26T00:09:33.667" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's nothing else to be released, because when microwave production is stopped the waves cease to exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm#Microwave_Oven_Safety_Standard&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA's FAQ about microwave safety&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;systems that stop the production of microwaves the moment the latch is released or the door opened. In addition, a monitoring system stops oven operation in case one or both of the interlock systems fail. The noise that many ovens continue to make after the door is open is usually the fan. The noise does not mean that microwaves are being produced. There is no residual radiation remaining after microwave production has stopped. In this regard a microwave oven is much like an electric light that stops glowing when it is turned off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided that your microwave meets regulations regarding the double locking mechanism, more radiation is leaked when the door is closed and the microwave is on than when the door is opened and the microwave is off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1658" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T00:09:33.667" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T01:17:25.323" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any studies revealing if the typical American diet is deficient in vitamins and minerals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you primarily...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat fruits, vegetables, and grains from pesticide-laden farms with depleted soil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat processed meats from hormone-injected animals that were fed grains from pesticide-laden farms with depleted soil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drink pasteurized milk from hormone-injected cows that eat crops from pesticide-laden farms that have depleted soil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drink soda pop, energy drinks, or coffee with filtered water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...do people typically still get sufficient vitamins and minerals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what if you don't drink that milk, to which Vitamin A is typically added?  Does that make a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-07-20T03:46:26.073" Title="Are there any studies revealing if the typical American diet is deficient in vitamins and minerals?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4954" CreationDate="2016-02-26T04:09:20.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a name for this. It is a &lt;em&gt;paresthesia&lt;/em&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In layman's terms, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paresthesia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paresthesia&lt;/a&gt; is defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause. (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the sensation were relieved as long as the hair wasn't touching the skin in an unusual way, it would be a true sensation. True sensations wane, though. If you burn toast, you will smell it strongly initially, but soon the smell fades, even if still present, because our sensory system evolved to notice &lt;em&gt;change&lt;/em&gt; over &lt;em&gt;presence&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Repeated or prolonged exposure to an odorant typically leads to stimulus-specific decreases in olfactory sensitivity to that odorant, but sensitivity recovers over time in the absence of further exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The loss of sensation is caused by &lt;em&gt;sensory adaptation&lt;/em&gt;. If sensory adaptation were not possible, we would feel everything all the time, not ideal for stress-free survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paresthesias are a different matter. Some paresthsias are familiar to all of us: a foot falling asleep after crossing our legs too long, or the tingling of a spot on the lip before a cold sore breaks out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, paresthesias can result from some minor pressure or disruption of a single sensory nerve, and they can last from hours to days, they can come and go, and they can be very irritating.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paresthesias may be present in a wide variety of conditions ranging from vitamin deficiencies to serious illnesses like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, etc. These tend to be caused by nerve damage. Hypocalcemia, hyperventilation, migraines, inflammation, and a wide variety of other &quot;insults&quot; can cause paresthesias as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people experience the kind of paresthesias you describe (albeit in different places), and an etiology will not be found. Often they are benign. However, when in doubt, ask your doctor. The specialist who probably most commonly deals with paresthesias is a neurologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/4/487.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Psychophysical and Behavioral Characteristics of Olfactory Adaptation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paresthesia/paresthesia.htm#What_is&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NINDS Paresthesia Information Page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T04:09:20.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T05:41:14.170" Score="5" ViewCount="1654" Body="&lt;p&gt;What should I eat before going to bed so that I don't wake up of being hungry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protein? Low GI carbs? Fat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of these will stay in my stomach for 9 hours during the night? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am on a diet - how can I avoid waking up due to hunger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T18:59:22.167" LastActivityDate="2017-03-18T00:40:07.307" Title="What should I eat before going to bed so that I don't wake up of being hungry?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-25T14:04:23.290" Score="3" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we remove our varicose veins because they are useless,&#xA;would we get any drawbacks by removing them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, we might need to remove rest of them next time.&#xA;Wouldn't it be a problem for us if we have very small number of veins in our leg, knee, or groin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3282183" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:44:36.787" LastActivityDate="2020-08-29T13:09:43.193" Title="Is there no drawback on removing varicose veins?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;groin&gt;&lt;varicose-veins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4959" CreationDate="2016-02-26T01:23:59.730" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Removing veins impairs blood flow to that area, but since the varicose veins aren't really getting blood efficiently to their locality anyway, I wouldn't call the lack of perfusion from removing them a drawback, &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some complications can arise following surgery to remove varicose veins. Some of them are pretty innocuous, like skin discoloration, but some can be more serious, &#xA;such as deep vein thromboses or even nerve damage. Even then, the incidence of post-op complications is pretty low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578615/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; describes a long-term reptrospective study of a cohort of patients who had a certain surgery to remove varicose veins and gives a nice, brief description of the complications that they experienced (there weren't many). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535637&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; is much more comprehensive, if you're interested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that the bottom line is that there aren't really drawbacks to removing varicose veins, but that there could be post-op difficulties to watch out for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6741" OwnerDisplayName="Forest" LastActivityDate="2016-02-26T01:23:59.730" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4626" CreationDate="2016-02-26T15:06:49.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors that play a role in not allowing you to fill all the refills at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1- a typical insurance will pay for your medication and will not pay again until 2-3 days before you run out. (Insurance polices)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2- pharmacy systems do not allow the pharmacist to fill a medication on a patient profile more than once a day even if you do not use your insurance. (Company polices and systems)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3- to track your compliance with your medication and ensure that you are taking your medication correctly. (Pharmacist decision)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4- refills exist to limit the number of tablets you can take in an amount of time. Otherwise, the doctor could have given you all pills at once. (Common sense!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5- other insurance policies such as, insurance want you to go on mail order after your first 30 days supply, insurance will only pay for 30 days supply at a time, you have exceeded the maximum dose for the medication per 30 days supply (Insurance policies)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sincerely,&#xA;Pharmacist intern with 3 years of experience&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3036" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2021-01-13T01:04:14.650" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T01:04:14.650" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="4968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-26T22:19:56.353" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;How and when should acidophilus pills be taken? For example does it matter what time of day they should be taken or if they should be taken on an empty or full stomach? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2151" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:45:18.033" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:45:18.033" Title="When to take acidophilus pills?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5010" CreationDate="2016-02-27T02:07:24.393" Score="3" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects if I take  Clonazepam daily as a sleeping aid for long term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I become tolerant to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-02-27T18:10:51.133" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T03:42:13.950" Title="Will taking Clonazepam daily as a sleeping aid for long term cause any side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4889" CreationDate="2016-02-27T05:27:58.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Depending on the location of the cavities, &lt;strong&gt;the fillings could impact your Invisalign treatment&lt;/strong&gt;, especially if you have many Invisalign molds that have already been pre-fabricated.  This is due to the fact that Invisalign wraps itself tightly around the surface of individual teeth to cause their displacement. Any change of tooth morphology (&quot;Shape&quot;) could have an impact on how well the Invisalign sits on the teeth and compromise its efficiency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Depending on the depth of the cavity, &lt;strong&gt;the dentist could decide to monitor the cavity instead of immediately filling it&lt;/strong&gt;.  If dental hygiene is improved, the cavity could stop growing or in some cases the cavity can remineralize. &lt;strong&gt;On the other hand, if it is too deep, it is more urgent to fix the cavity than doing the Invisalign treatment&lt;/strong&gt;. Keep in mind that if a tooth is damaged, there is no sense in moving it around in the first place. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude: &lt;strong&gt;Dental Hygene is crucial during ortho treatment&lt;/strong&gt;, since the ortho appliances, including Invisalign can Harbor food debris and bacteria, as well as hamper the cleaning action of saliva, causing an increase in the likelihood of getting cavities. &lt;strong&gt;Communication between the orthodontist, the dentist and the patient (you!) is very important&lt;/strong&gt;. Everyone has to be aware of each other's wants, needs and actions. If you don't let your dentist know you are getting an orthodontic treatment or you don't tell your orthodontist that you had fillings done, there is a possibility that they won't become aware of a problem which could result in additional fees, and delays in the treatment plans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My field of study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.painfreedentistry.uk.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=126&amp;amp;Itemid=13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.painfreedentistry.uk.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=126&amp;amp;Itemid=13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T05:27:58.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4958" CreationDate="2016-02-27T10:35:11.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The book &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F3-7643-7440-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clinical Pharmacology of Sleep&lt;/a&gt;&quot; says &quot;A light carbohydrate snack before bed may promote sleep, but avoid eating large fatty meals before bedtime&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; If getting to sleep is not an issue, then perhaps what you want is food that will keep you satiated for longest. I think it is well established that, of all the food groups, it is protein that is best, but I'm afraid I don't have a reference for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3032" LastEditorUserId="3032" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T14:01:43.597" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T14:01:43.597" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4854" CreationDate="2016-02-27T11:19:30.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The potential toxicity of vitamins varies enormously, but as a rough guide, fat soluble ones have a much higher potential to be stored in your body and build up to toxic levels whereas water soluble ones are likely to simply be flushed out in your urine. I would be wary of taking high doses of fat soluble vitamins over an extended period. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10736&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3032" LastActivityDate="2016-02-27T11:19:30.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4983" CreationDate="2016-02-27T22:58:19.310" Score="2" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Iowa and I am talking to a person in Idaho (or anyone in a different state), and the person on the other end experiences a sudden illness and needs EMS, what is the best way to get services out to the person you are chatting with (assuming you know their address)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3049" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T16:09:10.930" Title="What to do if someone on video chat needs medical help" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4980" CreationDate="2016-02-28T06:46:14.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer for the US and Canada:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call 911 and explain the situation. They will be able to either forward your call or give you a number to call faster than you can find it on your own. Dispatch centers contact each other all the time so they know in advance how to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that doesn't work for some reason, grab google and type in &quot;[Somewhere] Idaho Police Department&quot; and call them directly. Next attempt: Idaho State Police.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rest of the world:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call the local emergency number and do the same. For example, in most of Europe that would be 112.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Me, 15 years of experience in EMS. Can't find a good source to reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T16:09:10.930" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T16:09:10.930" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T11:40:19.183" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a nights sleep I wake up with a headache which is slightly relieve after a drinking water although I still feel tired and fuzzy headed for the rest of the day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The headaches started to occur after after I moved into a new build house. Our last house was colder and humid.   The new house is warmer and less humid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that warmer and dry air cause dehydration overnight? Can that cause morning headaches and fatigue during the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3054" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:43:52.330" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:43:52.330" Title="Dehydration after a nights sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4941" CreationDate="2016-02-28T13:45:33.123" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Summary:&lt;/em&gt; There are studies showing a difference in gastrointestinal problems and studies where no difference was observed. At least some of the effect it has on the stomach is not related to whether naproxen is released in the stomach or small intestine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two very small studies here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00365528509089664&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastroscopic Findings after Treatment with Enteric-Coated and Plain Naproxen Tablets in Healthy Subjects&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00365528909091177&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of the Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Naproxen Formulated as Plain Tablets, Enteric-Coated Tablets, Or Enteric-Coated Granules in Capsules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that concluded that the negative gastrointestinal effects were lessened in the coated form. However, they don't disappear, pointing towards there being both a systemic and local effect of naproxen for the stomach, independent of how it's delivered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A slightly larger (though still small) study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1185/03007999109111664&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The efficacy and tolerability of enteric and non-enteric coated naproxen tablets: a double-blind study in patients with osteoarthritis&lt;/a&gt; found no significant differences in either efficiency or tolerability, meaning that gastrointestinal problems appeared for both forms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/017581s110,18164s60,18965s18,20067s17lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;overview by Roche Pharmaceuticals&lt;/a&gt; contains this passage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] These studies indicated that EC­&#xA;  NAPROSYN and NAPROSYN showed no significant differences in efficacy &#xA;  or safety and had similar prevalence of minor GI complaints. Individual &#xA;  patients, however, may find one formulation preferable to the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Five hundred and fifty-three patients received EC-NAPROSYN during long­&#xA;  term open-label trials (mean length of treatment was 159 days). The rates for &#xA;  clinically-diagnosed peptic ulcers and GI bleeds were similar to what has been &#xA;  historically reported for long-term NSAID use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8035394&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A double blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of enteric coated naproxen to naproxen in the management of NSAID intolerant patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Naproxen EC Study Group&lt;/a&gt; found a significant reduction of gastrointestinal complaints by at least 15 percent. Again, efficiency was the same. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, that looks like it's at least worth taking the EC form, since they both work equally well and the EC form might have an advantage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T19:07:21.120" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T19:07:21.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T14:32:28.683" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if anyone is exploring doing prenatal/fetal surgery using micro-robotic devices controlled &quot;by wire&quot;, a sort of local-remote surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spinabifida.net/two-types-of-prenatal-spina-bifida-surgery-operations.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;number of medical conditions&lt;/a&gt; that are treated by fetal (in utero) surgery, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/spina_bifida/article_em.htm#spina_bifida_overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;spina bifida&lt;/a&gt; being an example. Such procedures are done either as open fetal surgery (similar to c-section procedures) or by fetoscopic (&quot;keyhole&quot;) surgery. Both of these procedures carry significant risks and constraints in order for the fetus to remain viable. While fetoscopy is certainly far safer than open surgery it is limited in what can be done and is more rare due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13460863_An_Ergonomic_Analysis_of_the_Fulcrum_Effect_in_the_Acquisition_of_Endoscopic_Skills&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;advanced surgical skills required&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my (non-medical) opinion it seems that endoscopic utero insertion of micro-robotic devices with a trailing control wire would allow a far wider range of procedures as well as minimize the effective trauma to the mother &amp;amp; the fetus. It also might allow for more available surgeons/surgeries since it would not require advanced endoscopic skills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3055" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T04:21:54.093" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T04:21:54.093" Title="Has anyone tried to do &quot;telepresence&quot; prenatal surgery yet?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;amniotic-cavity&gt;&lt;laparoscopy-keyhole&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-02-28T15:21:00.087" Score="8" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've gone through many articles on Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One says it's good to drink water after meal as it aids digestion while others say never drink water after a meal because it will dilute the acids (i.e. HCl).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a teenager and want to gain weight. Is it beneficial to drink water immediately after a meal (as I usually do)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is actually going on there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3058" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T15:29:40.630" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T15:29:40.630" Title="What is proper time for drinking water with meal?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-03T01:47:10.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4868" CreationDate="2016-02-28T18:35:14.583" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quick answer is &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt;, if you want to avoid crowding of the bottom teeth in the futur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that the mandible (jaw) is constantly being remodelled, as shown on the picture bellow. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tCW71.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tCW71.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Schematic representation of the remodeling of the jaw&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice how &lt;strong&gt;near the front teeth, who are in a kind of half-circle, the reformation is inward&lt;/strong&gt;. The diameter of the arch (half-circle) is reduced throughout life, and therefore the teeth are forced to get crowded to fit in the reduced space. This can even happen to older people who did not get an orthodontic treatment! The top retainer is there to prevent the top teeth from moving back into their original location. Therefore the fact that you wear the top retainer makes absolutely no difference for the bottom teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second aspect of the question is concerning the health of the gums and periodontal tissues. If you are unable to perform dental hygiene routinely, you should speak to your Orthodontist, and make it known that it is a problem for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My orthodontist uses a different design for the bottom lingual wire which only bonds to the canines (see picture bellow), and therefore I can more easily pass the floss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4FnNV.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4FnNV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hygienic Lower fixed retainer&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are willing to read some more, a more in-deapth analysis of the concepts can be obtained on the 3rd link in my references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(First image) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S2176-94512014000300026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S2176-94512014000300026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Second image and information) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orthodontisteenligne.com/en/patient-info/orthodontic-retention/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.orthodontisteenligne.com/en/patient-info/orthodontic-retention/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Explaination of Late Mandibular Incisor Crowding) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.braceplace.com/assets/docs/Newsletter_23.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.braceplace.com/assets/docs/Newsletter_23.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T18:35:14.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4616" CreationDate="2016-02-28T18:51:48.263" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From a medical/dental standpoint, flossing &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; brushing&lt;/strong&gt; with or without toothpaste is the best way of eliminating plaque, which can cause cavities and gum disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For the philosophical aspect of your question&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;If you had to chose between the two (and you should be doing both!), I would &lt;strong&gt;floss&lt;/strong&gt;, since floss reaches more easily between the teeth than the toothbrush, while being able to remove plaque on the surfaces of the tooth which the tooth brush can reach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mouthwashes are not useful without prior mechanical removal of plaque&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that your question was already somewhat answered in another post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1143/is-brushing-teeth-without-toothpaste-actually-harmful/1366#1366&quot;&gt;Is brushing teeth without toothpaste actually harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T16:31:53.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4059" CreationDate="2016-02-28T20:04:55.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a dexamethasone supression test, it is measured whether given the patient dexamethasone leads to lowered cortisol levels. Lowered cortisol levels are the normal response to dexamethasone; if the level doesn't go down as much as it should, that can point to one of several conditions that cause Cushing's syndrome (see below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are standard and overnight dexamethason tests, and high dose and low dose tests. In the standard test, measurements are done over three days - in the low dose test, 0.5 mg of dexamethasone are given every six hours from day 2 onward; in the high dose test, it's 2mg. In the overnight test, in the low dose variety, the patient is given 1mg of dexamethason, and in a high dose dexamethason test, the patient is given 8mg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both tests can determine whether the patient's cortisol release is abnormal. This is usually due to one of three conditions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pituitary.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=54&quot;&gt;Cushing's Disease (a pituitary tumor)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000407.htm&quot;&gt;adrenal tumor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000406.htm&quot;&gt;tumor somewhere else in the body&lt;/a&gt; that produces a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the high dose test, it is possible to identify whether the problem is Cushing's disease, while the low dose test can't make that distinction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003694.htm&quot;&gt;US National Library of Medicine - Dexamethasone suppression test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://endocrinesurgery.ucla.edu/patient_education_adm_tst_dexamethasone_suppression_test.html&quot;&gt;UCLA Endocrine Surgery Patient Education&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T20:04:55.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4057" CreationDate="2016-02-28T20:36:10.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few countries have large long-term databases and studies based on this data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02185763&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The heritability of human longevity: A population-based study of 2872 Danish twin pairs born 1870–1900&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/53A/6/M441.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Effect of Genetic Factors for Longevity: A Comparison of Identical and Fraternal Twins in the Swedish Twin Registry&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also lots of review articles on the subject, for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1561/35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Genomics of human longevity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the studies seem to show an impact of about &lt;strong&gt;20 to 33 percent from genetics&lt;/strong&gt;, for example from the first study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The heritability of longevity was estimated to be 0.26 for males and 0.23 for females&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the second:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the total age range examined, a maximum of around one third of the variance in longevity is attributable to genetic factors, and almost all of the remaining variance is due to nonshared, individual specific environmental factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the review:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heritability studies comparing the concordance of lifespan in monozygous and dizygous twins estimated a 25–30% genetic contribution to human lifespan variation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this means that they compared identical to fraternal twins, and found that the variability in lifespan between identical twins was less than that of fraternal twins. When also taking into account that fraternal twins share an average of 50% of their genetic material, the influence of genetics appears to be around a quarter to a third. The second paper I linked to above has some explanations on how they calculate this and what the numbers mean. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drawing conclusions from twin studies to the overall role of genetics is not a completely exact science&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, but this is probably the closest we can get to putting a number on this, I think. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1) There may be other reasons for this, for example identical twins choosing to lead similar lifestyles more often. This is mentioned in the second paper: &quot;It is possible, for example, that this difference in risk is attributable to more similar environmental circumstances of MZ [identical] than of DZ [fraternal] pairs, rather than to their differences in genetic similarity.&quot;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-02-28T20:42:22.013" LastActivityDate="2016-02-28T20:42:22.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4994" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="4999" CreationDate="2016-02-28T20:52:44.627" Score="4" ViewCount="1239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long ago, after years of wearing braces and expanders to correct some pretty severe problems, when they came off I received what I now know is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberotomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fiberotomy&lt;/a&gt; on my top teeth only. I was also instructed to wear top and bottom retainers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was... less than loyal to my retainers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a period of time, my bottom teeth reverted partway back to their original positions -- today, they aren't even close to straight.  My top teeth, however, remain perfectly straight to this day, almost 20 years later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've noticed that every single person I have ever spoken to who had dental work done has never heard of this procedure. It strikes me as odd because the procedure was quick, simple, and apparently with excellent outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lack of awareness of this procedure leads me to believe that it is not that common. If this is true, why is it so? Are there risks? Is the success rate not high?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The procedure seemed to entirely negate the need for a retainer, for me at least. Is this typical? If so, why would retainers ever be recommended over a fiberotomy? Are there only certain cases where the procedure is effective?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any reason, related to the questions above, why the procedure wasn't done on my bottom teeth?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there perhaps some more modern alternative to both fiberotomies and retainers that has appeared in the last 20 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:38:16.407" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:38:16.407" Title="Are retainers preferred to fiberotomies after dental work and, if so, why?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="4999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4994" CreationDate="2016-02-29T16:26:27.107" Score="4" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Retainers prevent the teeth from reverting to their original position, and therefore progressively force the &lt;strong&gt;p&lt;/strong&gt;erio&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;ontal &lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt;igament (PDL) to adapt itself to the new position. Doing a Fiberotomy accelerated the process by detaching the fibers of the PDL that are still trying to hold and/or bring back the tooth in the previous position.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This does not negate the need for a retainer, since there is no guarentee that all the fibers that could cause unwanted movement have been cut, or that other causes have been eliminated. In other words, your mileage might vary, depending on how much was cut and how many other factors are at play...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...Which bring me to the last point: Even if the fiberotomy was performed on the bottom teeth (of the jaw), the crowding would have happened anyways, and would have required a fixed appliance (lingual wire)  to prevent the crowding. The reason for that is the &quot;Late Mandibular Incisor Crowding&quot; caused by the remodelling of the jaws, shown on the image bellow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tCW71.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tCW71.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Schematic representation of the remodeling of the jaw&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Notice how near the front teeth, who are in a kind of half-circle, the reformation is inward. The diameter of the arch (half-circle) is reduced throughout life, and therefore the teeth are forced to get crowded to fit in the reduced space. This can even happen to older people who did not get an orthodontic treatment!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(image) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S2176-94512014000300026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S2176-94512014000300026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(image explaination) Taken from another thread: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4868/ive-always-worn-my-clear-nighttime-retainers-religiously-can-i-get-my-permanen/4990#4990&quot;&gt;I&amp;#39;ve always worn my clear nighttime retainers religiously. Can I get my permanent metal retainers taken out?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Explaination of Late Mandibular Incisor Crowding) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.braceplace.com/assets/docs/Newsletter_23.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.braceplace.com/assets/docs/Newsletter_23.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T16:26:27.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5004" CreationDate="2016-02-29T16:30:53.850" Score="6" ViewCount="3304" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a child with weak B blood. I figured out that this means that the B antigen is only weakly expressed: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I understand what this is, but my confusion is what are the implications  for blood donation and blood transfusion? Can anyone help clarify this for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3080" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:35:57.593" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T08:14:22.210" Title="What are the implications of having weak A or B blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4958" CreationDate="2016-02-29T22:05:57.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;High-protien meals or snacks will curve hunger. It can be a real nuisance waking up hungry. It takes a bit longer to digest, so the body and stomach don't feel the need to eat often. Avoid this though if you're hypoglycemic or diabetic, or have circulatory issues. Eating and sleeping before an hour of sleep is usually not a good idea if you have any of the above illnesses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I say that is because it can cause early onset of stomach ulcers, and gastroperesis which basically means your stomach does not release its contents into the upper intestine quick enough. Your stomach stays full of food and stomach acid. It will make you feel icky. Avoid heavily acidic food as well. Chili's, tomatoes, dairy. Nine hours is also a very long time for the stomach to be full. If you have the right diet, you can eventually get rid of that feeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That aside, bread is also something that can curve appetite. You could try a chicken sandwich. Lean cut beef sandwich. Black bean soup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be able to Google more high protein meals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/diet/features/foods-that-curb-hunger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.m.webmd.com/diet/features/foods-that-curb-hunger&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That basically sums it up ^&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastEditorUserId="2675" LastEditDate="2016-02-29T22:11:09.903" LastActivityDate="2016-02-29T22:11:09.903" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-01T06:02:29.543" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually take a long time to eat a whole meal, and it feels quite agonizing after a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors usually recommend eating every 3 hours or so. I wonder if it's healthy if I eat a smaller amount of food every 30 minutes or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider that I calculate the amount of food of that &quot;micro-meal&quot; correctly, and fill those &quot;micro-meals&quot; with vegetables, fruits and all kinds of healthy stuff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that scenario, will I have health problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3083" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T06:02:29.543" Title="Can I eat smaller amounts of food every 30 minutes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5000" CreationDate="2016-03-01T09:02:13.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karan_Saluja/publication/246757334_Importance_of_Weak_ABO_Subgroups/links/53d549300cf2a7fbb2ea57da.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The importance of weak ABO subgroups&lt;/a&gt; has a section on this, in addition to general information on what weak subgroups are. All quotes in this answer areas from that study. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Weak blood types&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weak blood types can be caused by a person having a mutation that leads to not expressing the type A or B antibodies as much, or by mutations in the genes coding for these that mean the antibodies they do produce react less when brought into contact with type A and B antigens for testing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These weak phenotypes, in majority of the&#xA;  cases result from the expression of an alternate weak allele present at the ABO loci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weak type A and B are different, and there are also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8036794&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;different weak subtypes for each&lt;/a&gt;. For example, here is a case study of a patient with weak type A blood (much of the research is on that, as it is more common than weak type B): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A weak blood group A phenotype caused by a translation-initiator mutation in the ABO gene.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blood donors&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, weak type A or B blood donors's blood may be mistyped as being type O. If it is given to recipients with blood type O, these patients may experience blood agglutination which can be dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Identification of these subgroups is important because these donors may be mistyped as group O individuals. Wrongly grouped as O, weak subgroups of A or B red cells (if transfused to O group individuals) can show decreased survival. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not concern your case, as it is about weak type A, but I'm including this for completeness sake: One of the weak type A groups, A&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; is special, in that people with this blood type should not donate for people with type A blood, as they actually have antibodies against the dominant type A antigen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Similarly since Ax individuals almost always have anti-A1 antibodies in their serum. If clinically significant, they can lead to fatal transfusion reactions on transfusing their whole blood or plasma to group A individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Blood recipients&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the sources I could find went into much detail what this meant for receiving blood transfusions. None mentioned not being able to receive type A or B blood if the patient is a weak type A or B. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being mistyped as O when receiving blood is not going to lead to any major problems - however, it means the person will only receive type O blood and not type A or B blood. In situations with a donor blood shortage this might be a disadvantage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The researchers of the study told the donors, so they would know that their blood could not be given to a type O patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All the donors were personally informed about their group and were given a special blood group card clarifying their donor as well as recipient status. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to give your child something similar to carry around with them. Maybe the doctor/lab that identified the weak blood type has something suiting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T09:02:13.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4958" CreationDate="2016-03-01T21:10:53.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have problems sleeping due to hunger then either you are not eating enough, or there is a metabolic problem like diabetes or a thyroid problem that needs to be addressed by your doctor. If we assuming that there is no medical problem, then this means that you need to eat a lot more during the day. The best way to do that is to eat more at dinner, more during lunch and if needed eat another full lunch a few hours later. If you start to eat a meal just before sleeping that you are not at present eating, that may interfere with sleep; instead of waking up from hunger, you may wake up more frequently to go to the toilet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own routine to deal with having to eat a lot is as follows. I eat breakfast twice, when I wake up and two hours later. I eat lunch a few hour later. I'll eat lunch a second time 3 hours later. At dinner time I will eat a very large meal of around 1700 Kcal. Before I go to bed I'll eat a small meal. The total energy intake is around 3700 Kcal, this allows me to do my daily one hour of running while still having plenty of energy and not feeling hungry all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you should eat depends on your exercise routine. I do a lot of cardio exercise, that's why I take in a large chunk of my energy from carbs. Out of the 3700 Kcal, around 2300 Kcal comes from carbs, the rest comes from fats and protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-03-01T21:10:53.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5006" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5031" CreationDate="2016-03-01T21:15:15.023" Score="6" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't eat table salt anymore except on very special occasions when I'm eating out or something like that, but in my home I prefer to use herbs and other things to add taste to food and avoid using salt when possible (e.g I don't add salt to eggs or french fries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to worry about not getting enough iodine? Is it healthy to only get the sodium you need from food, provided you eat a healthy Westerner diet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-05T08:22:48.300" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T08:22:48.300" Title="Do you need to consume iodised salt?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="178" CreationDate="2016-03-02T00:57:04.253" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Red chilies contain large amounts of vitamin C and small amounts of carotene (provitamin A). Yellow and especially green chilies (which are essentially unripe fruit) contain a considerably lower amount of both substances. In addition, peppers are a good source of most B vitamins, and vitamin B6 in particular. They are very high in potassium, magnesium, and iron. Their very high vitamin C content can also substantially increase the uptake of non-heme iron from other ingredients in a meal, such as beans and grains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very large study published by the British Medical Journal found some indications that humans who consume spicy foods, especially fresh chili peppers, were less likely to die of cancer or diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://peerh.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;peerh.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3087" LastEditorUserId="1997" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:52:48.783" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:52:48.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4969" CreationDate="2016-03-02T03:42:13.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, clonazepam is known to cause tolerance, as well as other side effects (such as dependence) after a prolonged use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the medication Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prolonged use of benzodiazepines may result in dependence with withdrawal symptoms on cessation of use. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular long-term or high-dose treatment, may lead to reversible disorders such as dysarthria, reduced coordination of movements and gait disorder (ataxia), nystagmus and double vision (diplopia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS also states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term treatment with benzodiazepines isn't usually recommended because they can become less effective over time and some people become dependent upon them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's more, Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference doesn't list clonazepam as a medication of choice for insomnia. Nor does NHS article on the treatment of insomnia. Although clonazepam does belong to benzodiazepines, group of medication that is used to treat insomnia, other medicines are recommended. Clonazepam has other indications, such as epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clonazepam, same as other benzodiazepines, is a prescription-only medicine. This means that you shouldn't be able to purchase it, without physician's recommendation. Your physician is able to explain to you the dosage, duration of use, and possible side-effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/31166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clonazepam SPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Insomnia/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS: Insomnia - Treatment &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 2005 The Pharmaceutical Press.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-02T03:42:13.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-01T16:45:57.593" Score="5" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if mobile phone can negatively effect pacemakers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most websites recommend reduced phone usage, but I can't find any research that explains how they can interfere with pacemakers. &#xA;Can you point me to any serious references about this subject ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="LAG HAL" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T23:53:23.297" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T23:53:23.297" Title="What are the potential effects of mobile phones on pacemaker function?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5024" CreationDate="2016-03-02T16:05:32.733" Score="6" ViewCount="1277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume many of you are aware what happens when you drop Mentos into Diet Coke bottle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5G10u.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5G10um.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_Coke_and_Mentos_eruption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, that Wikipedia article does not mention what happens if this eruption happens inside a person, i.e. someone drinking Diet Coke while chewing a Mentos gum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen, and what are the health risks, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:53:24.277" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:53:24.277" Title="What are the health risks of drinking Diet Coke while chewing Mentos?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;chew-chewing&gt;&lt;breath-freshners&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5016" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-02T20:35:14.457" Score="6" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Infection with some types of norovirus appear to be rarer in people with some blood types than in others, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/185/9/1335.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Norwalk Virus Infection and Disease Is Associated with ABO Histo-Blood Group Type&lt;/a&gt;, from the Journal of Infectious Diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results reported here suggest that individuals with an O phenotype have an increased susceptibility to NV infection and that those expressing the type B antigen are more resistant to NV infection and symptomatic disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That study is from 2002 and has a few possible mechanisms for it in the Discussion section - however, there is a lot of &quot;may&quot; and &quot;we suspect&quot; and basically, that  further research is needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any further research on this? Is there any lead as to what the mechanism behind this susceptibility of type O / immunity of blood type B is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:45:48.370" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T08:49:05.887" Title="Why are people with certain blood types more/less susceptible to norovirus?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;antigen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-03T01:51:37.907" Score="3" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;You often hear common advices about not eating burned food because of the development of carcinogenic matter. Let's say a pizza that has been kept too long in the oven; not completely burned, but not fresh looking either. And even if you keep the recommended times to heat up the pizza, you often have black spots in the toppings, or the crust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jUq61.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jUq61.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Burned pizza&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reliable insight concerning the matter? I don't like too waste food, but it's a thing that really bugs me from time to time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3095" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:23:11.167" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:23:11.167" Title="Eating burned food" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1343" CreationDate="2016-03-03T14:44:29.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use pictures of the patients family with captions saying who they are and their relationship to the individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are still able (but forgetful) in the kitchen put pictures on the cupboard fronts to show what is in them. If they can't get the right order of a task e.g puts water in the teacup and then switches on the kettle. Try putting together a storyboard of the task;&#xA;1 Put water in the kettle&#xA;2 Switch the kettle on.&#xA;3 Take Mug from cupboard&#xA;and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in the UK the Alzheimer's Society has information and Resources to help. No doubt similar information exists in other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of my father-in-law would forget to take her medication - so a dosage box was obtained that could be programmed to open the section for today at the appropriate time the tablet should be taken. Of course they can still forget what the opening of the dosage box means for them, if no one is with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are forgetting their husband or wife they can get distressed by that partner getting frustrated by the fact they are not remembering who the patient is married to. As hard as it is, just keep calm and cool and keep saying each time I'm Fred\Bill\Mary (insert name here) your husband\wife.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3102" LastActivityDate="2016-03-03T14:44:29.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-03T22:36:32.423" Score="4" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once removed from the body, blood products have prolonged contact time with a large surface area of plastic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;probably close to 2 metres of tubing, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;butterfly needle + attachment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;centrifuge bowl (spinning at &gt;3000 rpm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium citrate bag &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's just for plasmapheresis. It seems like there is way more tubing and the process is much longer for platelet donors. That appears to be considerable opportunity for various compounds to diffuse out of the plastics and into blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blood is pumped directly back into the donor, skipping whatever protection the digestive system can provide to plasticizer compounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These types of donations can be made frequently (every week for plasma, every two weeks for platelets). I have heard of some donors doing 1000+ donations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is not a lot on this topic in the literature. Any studies look at one maybe two compounds especially phthalates, and the study sizes are small. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there cause for concern?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3105" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:52:30.077" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:52:30.077" Title="Should plasma and platelet donors be concerned about exposure to plasticizer compounds?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;needles&gt;&lt;plasma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5151" CreationDate="2016-03-04T01:32:49.977" Score="4" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on some articles saying that two-piece (kind of nut-and-bolt system) dental implants might have gap as time goes, because a man chews foods everyday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some bad bacteria (anaerobic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis) may live in the gap, as I read from a dentist's article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most famous dental implants are still two-piece system, although I found that many small manufacturers produce one-piece system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages and disadvantages of one-piece system? Are there any guidelines for helping patients decide between one-piece and two-piece implants?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3072" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:15:49.000" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T14:31:49.850" Title="about one-piece dental implant" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;implant&gt;&lt;diastema-teeth-gaps&gt;&lt;periodontal-pathogen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5013" CreationDate="2016-03-04T01:34:37.243" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a myth that drinking Diet Coke while chewing Mentos causes your stomach to explode, though this has been disproved by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/mythbusters-database/diet-coke-and-mentos-make-stomach-explode/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MythBusters&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/mentos.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snopes&lt;/a&gt;. Both sources say that the reason for the explosion between Diet Coke and Mentos is because of the outside of the Mentos reacting with the Diet Coke. If the Mentos are still in your mouth, the Diet Coke will most likely explode, but if they are in your stomach, they won't cause an explosion, but they still may cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6xXngYnVK8&amp;amp;t=1m58s&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a lot of burping&lt;/a&gt;. Still, none of those sources are very reliable, so I'm going to have to prove how it works chemically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.auburn.edu/academic/cosam/departments/chemistry/outreach/MSP_AU_web/documents/AJP_2008_diet_coke_mentos_Coffey.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; testing the reaction states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;It is clear...that the roughness&#xA;  of the sample is a major contributor to the explosiveness of&#xA;  the reaction.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/original-mentos-diet-coke-geyser/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Steve Spangler Science experiment page&lt;/a&gt; also agrees that the surface of the candy is an incredibly important factor in the Diet Coke/Mentos reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you drop the Mentos into the soda, the gelatin and gum arabic from the dissolving candy break the surface tension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is clear that is indeed the surface of the Mentos that causes such a reaction. So, it can be seen that if you eat the Mentos and they are in your stomach, the surface of the Mentos begins to break down, so it makes sense why there would be just burping, rather than an explosion (like in the YouTube video above). If the Mentos are still in your mouth, the surface has probably been already slightly broken down, but there would still be an explosion, just to a slightly smaller extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T01:34:37.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4482" CreationDate="2016-03-04T21:32:40.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the names of genes that every human has&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, located on chromosome 17. These genes code for proteins that &lt;em&gt;suppress&lt;/em&gt; tumors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in some humans these genes carry mutations that mean that the tumor suppressing function doesn't work as well or at all. That's what people usually mean when they say that they &quot;have&quot; BRCA1/2, even though it's not the clearest way to phrase it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because in those cases suppression of tumor development is not as good as in people with the wild type (not mutated) version, these people are more at risk for certain cancers, specifically breast and ovarian cancer. In total, the mutations are probably responsible for about 10 percent of all breast cancers and 15 percent of all ovarian cancers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute's fact sheet&lt;/a&gt; is a good resource. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1) it is possible that there are people who actually don't have the gene - I couldn't find any reports on that, but that doesn't mean it hasn't happened. However, that in itself is a mutation (a gene deletion). In a whole genome analysis, I can only hope that a missing gene would be listed as a result.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-04T22:00:32.370" LastActivityDate="2016-03-04T22:00:32.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5006" CreationDate="2016-03-05T04:07:58.077" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Iodine is absolutely an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_element&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;essential mineral&lt;/a&gt;, and is required for proper functioning of your body. It is a component of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;thyroid hormone&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;triiodothyronine&lt;/a&gt; (also known as T3) and its precursor form T4 (thyroxine). This hormone is involved in quite a few processes in the body, and acts on nearly every cell in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deficit of iodine can cause a number of diseases, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goitre&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;goiter&lt;/a&gt; (swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt; (can cause increased sensitivity to cold, fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and depression), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16642482&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastric cancer&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretinism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cretinism&lt;/a&gt; (presents as severely stunted development and growth, both physical and mental, but unlikely to affect a healthy adult).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, iodized salt is not the only source of iodine in one's food. It can also be found in fish, shellfish, and kelp products, milk and eggs from iodine-sufficient farm animals, and plants grown on iodine-rish soil. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRI_Elements.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommended intake&lt;/a&gt; of iodine varies between 150 &amp;micro;g per day for healthy adults to 250-290 &amp;micro;g/day for pregnant and lactating women, respectively. Children require somewhat lower amounts. On the other hand, the recommended upper limit is around 1100 &amp;micro;g (1.1 mg) per day for adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quarter teaspoon (1.5g) of the iodized sea salt in my cabinet provides &quot;45%&quot; of the recommended daily value of iodine (the label doesn't provide mass). Assuming they're using the 150 &amp;micro;g value, that's 67.5 &amp;micro;g iodine in a serving that provides one quarter of your sodium for the day. The table in &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/#h3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this section&lt;/a&gt; of the Health Professional Fact Sheet for iodine from the NIH's Office of Dietary Supplements provides some values for iodine levels in various other food sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wlDvz.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wlDvz.png&quot; alt=&quot;iodine levels&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, bottom line, you are likely getting sufficient iodine in your daily diet, even without using iodized salt. Now, I don't want to discourage the use of it at all, as there is absolutely nothing wrong with it from a health perspective (except from overconsumption, but that applies to most everything). Not everyone (especially in America, the UK, and some other countries) eat very healthy diets, but since the use of iodized salt in restaurants and for food manufacturers is required by law, Westerners are not likely to be under-iodinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the best way to tell is to go to your primary health care provider, explain your situation, and ask if they'd be willing to order a thyroid function blood test. It looks at the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, from the pituitary gland) along with thyroid hormone itself. However, as long as you aren't experiencing any of the symptoms of hypothyroidism and don't have a goiter, you're probably OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2025" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T04:07:58.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5033" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5039" CreationDate="2016-03-05T13:08:41.030" Score="3" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many receptors do we have on our fingertipps per square centimeters? I found 2500 but do not find the source.&#xA;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastActivityDate="2019-09-30T15:23:45.473" Title="Skin receptors on finger tip" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5043" CreationDate="2016-03-05T14:41:40.707" Score="0" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many melanocytes can be found in one square milimeter of the skin. Is 1500 melanocytes per square-milimeter skin indeed the correct number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:51:46.110" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:51:46.110" Title="Melanocyte count in our skin" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-05T15:26:27.447" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.therapearl.com/muscle-strains-heat-therapy-warming-up-your-pre-workout-routine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Muscle Strains &amp;amp; Heat Therapy: Warming up Your Pre-Workout Routine&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Applying heat therapy to chronic injuries and taking preventative measures for strained muscles before exercise helps increase the elasticity of joint connective tissues and increases blood flow to the affected area. Devoting time to heat therapy for just 15 minutes before you begin your workout will help relax tight muscles and muscles spasms and future reduce pain and swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To apply heat therapy, I wonder what is preferable between using heat patches, hot towel or hot water (i.e., staying in warm water for X minutes), before exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked for information on Google and Google Scholar but haven't found anything, so I'm not sure whether it means nobody looked at it or that it has obvious difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:26:43.647" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:26:43.647" Title="Applying heat therapy: heat patch vs. hot towel vs hot water before exercise" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5033" CreationDate="2016-03-05T19:19:11.297" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll assume you're only asking about mechanoreceptors, else it gets too murky. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Humans have four types of mechanoreceptors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meissner corpuscle, innervated by RA1 (rapidly adapting type 1) nerve fibers. There are 2 of the fibers per square millimeter in the monkey finger (my source does not list it for humans), with 10 to 20 Meissner corpuscles per axon, so 1000 to 2000 per square centimeter. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Merkel cell, at the end of SA1 (slowly adapting type 1) nerve fibres. I did not find a source for the adult human, but Kandell says that RA1 fibres are the &quot;most numerous&quot;. So 2000 would be the upper limit for Merkel cells too. But here it gets complicated, because the actual mechanoreceptor is not a single Merkel cell, but a cluster of them. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;and 4., Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings (corresponding to RA2 and SA2 fibres) are much rarer. The whole hand has 2400 Pacinian corpuscles in the young and 300 in the elderly. Both of them only have one receptor per nerve fibre. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this information, 2500 is certainly in the right ballpark. I would trust that number. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this doesn't mean that you can sense 2500 separate locations of pressure in a square centimeter of fingertip. The different mechanoreceptors sense different types and frequency of pressure, and the sensory fields overlap even within a single type of receptor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; Kandel, Eric R., James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell, eds. Principles of neural science. Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-hill, 2000. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-03-05T19:19:11.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5047" CreationDate="2016-03-05T17:16:08.047" Score="2" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to vaccinate my son with Hexacima in less than two months. I've been going through studies looking at the long term efficacy and/or adverse effects for EU infant vaccines (Hexacima and Infanrix Hexa in particular) and, as expected, the number of adverse effects reported is quite low. What I haven't been able to find, however, are long term studies looking at more subjective attributes like intelligence, attention, personality, etc. How are these more subjective attributes studied? Where can I find these studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3236" OwnerDisplayName="rcampbell" LastEditorUserId="2025" LastEditDate="2016-03-06T00:17:57.223" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T02:54:36.300" Title="Long term vaccine studies of subjective characteristics" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5036" CreationDate="2016-03-06T11:16:46.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The count of melanocytes per square mm depends on the body region and 1500 seems to be the upper limit. Interestingly &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/pigmentation.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in different races, the number of melanocytes is THE SAME.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Quoting from:&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040377&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Understanding the Melanocyte Distribution in Human Epidermis: An Agent-Based Computational Model Approach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The skin color in young and healthy individuals is remarkably uniform.&#xA;  A major reason for this is that the melanocytes are evenly distributed&#xA;  throughout the basal layer of the epidermis. The density of&#xA;  melanocytes varies with the body site from around 900 melanocytes per&#xA;  square mm on the back to around 1500 melanocytes per square mm in the&#xA;  genital region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastActivityDate="2016-03-06T11:16:46.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7673" CreationDate="2016-03-06T15:37:28.230" Score="28" ViewCount="91606" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read several web pages that mention the potential benefits of sleeping without a pillow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Sleeping-Without-a-Pillow.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Sleeping-Without-a-Pillow.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Sleeping Without a Pillow a Good Choice? Yes, it is. Not only will sleeping with no pillow save your money, but it will also lead to less neck, back, and shoulder pain, higher quality sleep, and even fewer wrinkles! When you were a child, you could fall asleep anywhere without a pillow. The body is resilient and adaptable when we're young. Even as we age, our body, including heads and necks, is able to rest comfortably without the support of a pillow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snoringmouthpiece-reviews.com/sleep-without-pillow/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.snoringmouthpiece-reviews.com/sleep-without-pillow/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While sleeping with or without a pillow is a personal preference, there are some medical experts that believe there are real benefits of sleeping without a pillow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spinal benefits: Some argue that sleeping without a pillow is the healthiest method of sleeping as it greatly benefits the spine.  Sleeping on your back without a pillow allows the spine to rest fully with the natural curves of the body.  When you sleep with a thick pillow it can displace the spine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Facial benefits: Others argue that sleeping without pillows can help reduce wrinkles and other often considered unappealing facial features.  This can be attributed to the fact that the face is not being squished against a pillow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep benefits:  Some argue that pillows interfere with quality sleep, especially when people use the wrong pillow.  Sleeping without a pillow helps ensure quality sleep because the body is allowed to be at a normal level and not elevated like with a pillow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neck benefits: The people that believe sleeping without a pillow is best for you, argue that sleeping with a pillow can be the main source of shoulder and neck pain.  It is still good to do stretches and use heat packs, but they say that the best way to alleviate neck pain is to sleep without a pillow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific study confirming or infirming the claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T22:08:44.533" Title="Is it better to sleep without a pillow?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T02:17:46.620" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a little background, I'm known by everyone in my circle of family/friends for being the most healthy.  I eat far less than most people do and it's usually fresh vegetables and things like chicken white meat and eggs for protein.  I wasn't always this way, and I was a chow hound in my youth.  I was quite large, too.  Looking back at this, I believe that I have a degree of food addiction.  Resisting sugar is an everyday struggle for me, and I have gone through periods where I don't resist it very much.  But usually I stick to generally healthful food for months at a time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, I slept in an improper position that caused me to wake up with severe pain in my neck.  In the grand scheme of things, it really hasn't been that bad, but it was still causing sudden sharp pain throughout the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that my resistance to eating things that are considered junk food was much lower.  During moments of pain, I kept having the urge to eat something of large portion that I normally wouldn't have often like hawaiian bbq, burgers, ice cream, etc.  I resisted for hours until I caved in and got a teriyaki bowl(I paid for a large with extra meat and sauce) and a Coke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't normal behavior for me.  Sure, resisting temptation is a struggle every day for me, but I also rarely give in just that easily.  The whole experience reminded me of one of my friends who deals with chronic pain, and usually she indulges in things like ice cream when she's having a flare-up.  She usually tries to eat right but her condition often throws her off the wagon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something about pain signals that cause the brain to lower its resistance to addiction?  I anticipate some people might think that the answer &quot;yes&quot; is common sense, and I think it would be if the pain was caused from withdrawal; the pain I described in both cases is not withdrawal and resistance to addiction was sufficient for long periods of time prior to the incident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2125" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T02:17:46.620" Title="Does pain lower resistance to addiction?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;food-addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5040" CreationDate="2016-03-07T02:47:46.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main problem you are going to run into, if you are limiting yourself to that particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine#Valence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;multivalent&lt;/a&gt; vaccine formulation, is that it hasn't been on the market long enough (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.sanofi.com/Images/31916_20130222_HEXYON_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2013&lt;/a&gt;) for something specific to that 6-in-1 formulation.  However, note that in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US at least&lt;/a&gt;, all vaccine preparations are continually monitored for safety (I believe in the EU as well, I just didn't find a direct source on that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there have been substantial studies on the effects of the of the individual components, and when they have been given at the same time, just not out of the same syringe.  This is a very common questions pediatricians face, and should be quite able to walk you through your concerns.  I highly recommend going over the CDC's &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/multiple-vaccines-immunity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Multiple Vaccines and the Immune System&lt;/a&gt;&quot; which is written for the public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subjective attributes are monitored from parent feedback, and large meta-studies, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;retrospective cohort studies&lt;/a&gt; are common.  A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15342825&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;good study&lt;/a&gt; on the subject looks at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPT_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DTP or DT&lt;/a&gt; vaccination and the following behavioral issues: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;general developmental disorders, language or speech delay, tics,&#xA;  attention-deficit disorder, autism, unspecified developmental delays,&#xA;  behavior problems, encopresis, and enuresis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only found that may have been a weak correlation with tics, and that observation was likely an artifact of how the group was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest concern you should have coming into vaccinating your children is if the child is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;immunocompromised&lt;/a&gt; (HIV infection, genetic disorder, etc) or if the biological parents have relevant allergies, particularly to previous vaccines or heavy metals (normally you don't make it to adulthood in the West without finding out).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T02:54:36.300" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T02:54:36.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="452" CreationDate="2016-03-07T03:54:06.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've written on this subject a few times, but the most &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4456/in-a-viral-infection-which-symptoms-are-caused-by-the-virus-itself-and-which-s/4528#4528&quot;&gt;relevant question&lt;/a&gt; ended up being closed, and the other is on &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21507/why-dont-we-develop-immunity-against-common-cold/21802#21802&quot;&gt;Bio.SE&lt;/a&gt;, so I will mostly focus on tailoring the information there to the specifics of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at ether of my previous answers, you will note the first thing we need to establish is what is causing the common cold.  From the body of evidence coming from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jrm/2014/469393/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321179&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;China&lt;/a&gt; I believe the answer to that is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HRV&lt;/a&gt; followed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RSV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your immune system is actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26557722&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;directly attacked&lt;/a&gt; by two of the proteins RSV makes when it infects cells (NS1 and NS2).  This knowledge is actually linked to a pretty cool &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249281&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccine idea&lt;/a&gt; for RSV.  Thus I think it quite appropriate to think that active RSV infections weaken your immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the very good epidemiology data coming from China (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750056/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here's another example&lt;/a&gt; in addition to the first), it seems that the rate of co-infection, that is something else besides these two viruses infecting the patient, is quite high, particularity with RSV.  This would imply that other pathogens take advantaged of a &quot;weakened&quot; immune system in an RSV infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's less clear with HRV, but that might just be because of how amazingly common HRV infections are.  It &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23806456&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;seems&lt;/a&gt; as though HRV induces a good &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24767874&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune response&lt;/a&gt;, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122508&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthy patients&lt;/a&gt;, but it was still commonly found with other pathogens present (though not in rates as high as RSV).  There is not a clear mechanism for HRV if it is in fact weakening the immune system (which actually might be better described as a &quot;distracted&quot; immune system in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what you can do?  Not a whole lot once symptoms show up.  Contrary to whatever ads you may see, even some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10543583&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;poor un-blinded trials&lt;/a&gt;, taking vitamin C is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25010554&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;not going to help&lt;/a&gt; after you &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440782&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;already have the cold&lt;/a&gt;.  Even the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636648&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;prophylactic benefit&lt;/a&gt; seems to only be in certain cases, and I want to strongly discourage megadosing vitamin C, which in most cases does nothing helpful (and can &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7008359&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cause problems&lt;/a&gt; of it's own).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Staying hydrated is always a good option, as is washing your hands and coughing/sneezing into your elbow to prevent infecting others.  Other than that, you can hope for any of the vaccine candidates currently be researched to actually work, or that one of the small molecule inhibitors (anti-viral drugs) to actually be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-03-07T04:02:25.277" LastActivityDate="2016-03-07T04:02:25.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T09:26:55.940" Score="8" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of years ago I saw a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1vvedq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC Horizon&lt;/a&gt; television documentary about sugar and fat. One section mentioned three experiments performed by Dr Paul Kenny in which rats were given their ordinary rat food plus and unlimited supply of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experiment A. Unlimited sugar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experiment B. Unlimited fat&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experiment C. Unlimited sugar and fat mixed together (50:50)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stated results were that in experiment A the rats did not put on any weight, in experiment B the rats put on weight but not much and in experiment C they put on loads of weight and would eat the 50:50 mixture to the exclusion of their ordinary food. I also remember the documentary said the 50:50 ratio was critical and if the ratio was shifted too far in either direction then the weight gain effect reduced sharply. It was postulated that the reason for the satiety error was that sugar and fat don't often occur together in nature so the rats (and maybe people too) haven't evolved the biochemical feedback mechanisms for determining when they are satiated from such a mixture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: (Dr Kenny's work seems to be related to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2326345&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this earlier paper&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this: have there been any follow-up experiments from this work? Either with humans, or perhaps with other unnatural mixtures like sugar/salt? or a triple-mix of sugar/fat/salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3032" LastEditorUserId="3032" LastEditDate="2019-03-04T13:01:14.590" LastActivityDate="2019-03-04T13:01:14.590" Title="50:50-sugar-fat mixture and weight gain. New research?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-17T11:50:58.663" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T13:48:09.783" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been experiencing chronic dizziness - most of the time, lightheadedness and seldomly with vertigo attacks since July 2015. I have already had my ear, eye, brain (mri), heart (2d echo, holter monitor, ultrasound at my neck), anemia, and many other blood tests to no avail. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, I learned from my cousin that he was also experiencing dizziness whenever he's sitting down, and it fades once he stands up. When he went to check up his eye with an opthalmologist, the doctor said there is a lump inside the eye and turns out he is allergic to pollen. He drank antihistamine and became well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I went to see an allergologist and she claims that she will be using an imported test kit using real allergens but it costs too much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the equipment the real deal?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.adclinic.com/skin-testing-for-allergies/#.Vt2Cfpx97WL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.adclinic.com/skin-testing-for-allergies/#.Vt2Cfpx97WL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3133" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T16:12:26.010" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T16:12:26.010" Title="Is multi-test II device the real deal for determining a person's allergies?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5068" CreationDate="2016-03-07T14:44:37.587" Score="2" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that such chairs are called ergonomic chairs. But what things does one have to consider while buying these chairs? Height, arm rest, back rest, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll be thankful if you could post some images for the explanation. Also what should be the height of table to keep your laptop and operate it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Images would be very helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2314" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:47:20.067" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:47:20.067" Title="Which type of chair is best to avoid back pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T14:46:41.533" Score="2" ViewCount="4071" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally pressed a button on the remote control while it was pointing towards my eyes. Could that cause any problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3134" LastEditorUserId="3134" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T13:11:00.903" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T02:54:03.030" Title="Can the remote control beam hurt my eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T18:58:07.973" Score="8" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient is a 30-year-old male who seems healthy. The patient has to do a blood test for some administrative forms (namely, proof of immunity to rubella and varicella), and wonder what else could be worthwhile to test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What blood tests are worth doing for a healthy 30-year old male?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comment deleted by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users?tab=moderators&quot;&gt;moderator&lt;/a&gt; suggested ​&quot;Glucose, HbA1c, HDL and LDL cholesterol, TSH, T4, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient has no concern in particular, and cost is not an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:48:33.343" Title="What blood tests are worth doing for a healthy 30-year-old male?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;&lt;urea&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5141" CreationDate="2016-03-07T19:07:11.427" Score="0" ViewCount="8679" Body="&lt;p&gt;So in the middle of last month I accidentally jammed a running drill into my thumbnail. It hurt like a mother. It's left a bruise, which initially was touching the base of the nail. I noticed today that the bruise it has left has actually cleared the lighter portion of the nail near the base, and is much close to the middle, but it hasn't changed in appearance much. It appears to be advancing towards the end of my finger as the nail grows. It doesn't hurt even when pressed, so I'm not too concerned about, but thought that it was curious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for a bruise to grow out with the nail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1638" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:14:47.330" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:14:47.330" Title="Is it normal for a bruise under a fingernail to move towards the end of the finger as the nail grows?" Tags="&lt;nails&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;&lt;thumb&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-07T22:41:04.370" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anoyone know of any medical condition that the supplement ginseng is effective (with evidence in literature) in combating? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for an application that is well studied and have respectable paper written on it; preferably, a musculoskeletal or exercise related medical condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3137" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:45:51.570" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:45:51.570" Title="What diseases can ginseng supplement treat?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5056" CreationDate="2016-03-08T00:53:58.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it is important to realize that there are two main types of ginseng in wide use: Asian ginseng and American ginseng. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has information on both types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ginseng-asian&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uses of Asian Ginseng&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treating &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angina/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;angina&lt;/a&gt;, a form of chest pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treating diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treating HIV/AIDS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulate the immune system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treating sexual dysfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Improving strength/stamina&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research does not strongly support the effectiveness of most of these uses, with the possible exception of immune stimulation and diabetes treatment, though neither effect may be substantial.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/ginseng-american&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uses of American Ginseng&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Improving athletic performance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Preventing/treating cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treating diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulating the immune system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increasing strength/stamina&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, American ginseng succeeds a little in the same areas as its Asian counterpart, but completely fails to improve athletic performance or treat cancer.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend going through the list of references given on each page. Most are specific, but some are good overviews, including &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10541774&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vogler et al. (1999)&lt;/a&gt;. Additionally, note that both MSKCC pages point out that ginseng can have many negative side effects, so use of it may be detrimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In answer to your specific request for an exercise/musculoskeletal condition, the response is that no, ginseng has not been shown to be helpful in these respects. There is no data to show that it can boost athletic performance, as I mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26306935&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Similar claims have also been made for Indian ginseng.&lt;/a&gt; Note, however, that it belongs to a completely different family from that of Asian and American ginseng, and should not really be considered a ginseng.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/american-ginseng&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This overview&lt;/a&gt; states otherwise, but data is slim. Note also the long list of potential side effects of ginseng given there (See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Posadzki (2013)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T23:08:52.623" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T23:08:52.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5070" CreationDate="2016-03-08T05:34:17.440" Score="4" ViewCount="660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11585755/Simple-4-7-8-breathing-trick-can-induce-sleep-in-60-seconds.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;simple '4-7-8' breathing trick can induce sleep in 60 seconds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Simple '4-7-8' breathing trick can induce sleep in 60 seconds&lt;/strong&gt;.Dr&#xA;  Andrew Weil says it works because it allows the lungs to become fully&#xA;  charged with air, allowing more oxygen into the body, which promotes a&#xA;  state of calm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there any scientific evidence behind this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:46:48.363" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:46:48.363" Title="The scientific evidence of '4-7-8' breathing trick to induce sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;calm-soothing-strategies&gt;&lt;induce&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-08T20:24:37.747" Score="2" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have various health problems (CFS and post-chemo/radiation fatigue, hypothyroidism, stress intolerance, all of which some article or other on the internet seems to suggest might be helped by gelatin) and have come to feel a strong craving for gelatin (feeling very restored with marshmallows or bone soup), but I would prefer a vegetarian equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I am not looking for something necessarily with the consistency of gelatin, just its nutritional properties (benefiting the joints or otherwise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3147" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:42:46.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:42:46.770" Title="Vegetarian equivalents for gelatin" Tags="&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;cravings&gt;&lt;gelatin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-08T20:37:25.547" Score="4" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed a very strange, but positive, side effect of taking melatonin supplements or cherries high in melatonin (I have blood tests which confirmed food allergies, and apparently my absorption of melatonin is blocked, in part for this reason).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I am deficient, I don't like to open the blinds, but I actually consistently actually crave sunlight in the morning when I have sufficient melatonin (and I feel less anxiety (unless taken in too high of an amount, in which case I feel depressed), I better experience and remember dreams, and I am actually able to engage in prayer, which is something that has been hard for me to muster the energy for while deficient, despite having enjoyed the activity previously).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these effects, in particular sunlight craving, recognized phenomena? Is anyone familiar with a mechanism by which melatonin would do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does melatonin directly cause the craving of sunlight, or does its deficiency turn off the craving to prompt us to find darkness so as to allow our bodies to regenerate it by whatever other process does the generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3147" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:48:38.633" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:48:38.633" Title="Craving sunlight with melatonin?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;cravings&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5052" CreationDate="2016-03-09T03:17:50.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can share my personal experience with you. I'm a 31 year old guy with a sedentary job where I need to spend hours on my computer. I developed lower back pain around 6-7 years ago and more recently upper back and neck pain. I went for Physiotherapy and felt relieved from the pain. So my answer will be based on recommendations of my physiotherapist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before telling about the chair I would share about the ideal posture with the help of the following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dual-monitors-guide.com/guide-to-comfortable-and-ergonomic-computer-station.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;figure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1y3ko.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1y3ko.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This figure appeared in a google search and is closest to the physiotherapist's recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on this posture the points to note when choosing a chair is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Height should be adjustable such that your eye level is as indicated in the figure. In addition your feet must be flat with thighs supported on the chair and parallel to the floor. With a laptop, maintaining eye level can be a problem. IMO, you can use a wireless mouse and keyboard and keep the laptop at a suitable height.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arm rest may not always be good. It should not be so high that it blocks you from moving closer to your desk. Ideally you should be close enough to the desk so that your elbows rest on the desk. Height of the desk should be such that shoulders are relaxed and don't feel pushed up by the desk. Sometimes if you rest your arm on the arm rest and use a mouse placed on the desk, the edge of the desk can put unnecessary pressure on the wrists.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Back rest should be flat with slight curve for supporting lumbar back. If needed you can use a lumbar back support or a cushion for the purpose. The ideal angle for the backrest (from horizontal) should be around 100 degrees so that you are almost upright. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In addition the seat should not be too hard as it can put unnecessary pressure on the hips.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, I was recommended not to slouch or lean forward. For this the screen should be at a right distance and font size should be large enough for you to read while sitting straight (leaning back on the chair). Moreover take regular breaks from work and walk around a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is what my physiotherapist told and I felt benefited. I haven't read any studies on this, so scientific references are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="861" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T03:17:50.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5058" CreationDate="2016-03-09T05:52:29.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://askforevidence.org/articles/breathe-deeply-and-nod-off&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;There is no evidence&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Despite a potential bit of miscommunication about the technique's effect on insomnia, there’s one thing I can be certain about – there doesn’t appear to be any reliable evidence that the 4-7-8 breathing method works.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T05:52:29.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5071" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5062" CreationDate="2016-03-09T06:15:25.367" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you need an alternate source of gelatin, arginine may help you. It's found in many fats of animals and plants as well. It's a very prominent amino acid that can replace a meat eaters diet if needed. Although there is no medical backing that it can help what you have, it is commonly taken by people that have Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Chemo Therapy. Many people say it helps them. It's not something that could hurt you. If you have liver issues or cardiovascular problems though, be careful as this may speed up any illnesses you have already. There are many compounds in gelatin, but this is actually supported by the CFS community. It's the most prominent amino acid within gelatin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll post a link, and you'll have to read through the whole thing, but if you google Arginine and CFS, you'll find that many people say it helps them. &#xA;We haven't done any in depth studies on what causes CFS, it's a very sketchy area of the medical community; This is just something that seems to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this info helps you out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T06:15:25.367" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T13:57:59.047" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;A banana contains a natural radioactive isotope of potassium, however this one is not as dangerous since it gets excreted from the body and so the radiation does not accumulate in a body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about other isotopes? I am particularly interested in isotopes with a long halflife, like iodine 129.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3156" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:30:39.690" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:30:39.690" Title="Which radioactive isotopes in food accumulate in a body, which ones are excreted?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;half-life&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T15:21:56.813" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once heard that a problem with common food preservatives in the US&lt;br&gt;&#xA;is that they tend to spoil once exposed to oxygen and left at room temperature,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;leading to the instruction &quot;refrigerate after opening&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that &quot;food poisoning&quot; is commonly caused in the US&lt;br&gt;&#xA;by preservatives which have not been properly stored than&lt;br&gt;&#xA;by food which has become contaminated by bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can't find any sources, so I've begun to believe that&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I heard or remember incorrectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3157" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T18:39:50.223" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T18:39:50.223" Title="Do preservatives spoil?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;&lt;refrigerate-refrigeration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5138" CreationDate="2016-03-09T15:30:05.573" Score="2" ViewCount="285" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under which conditions is angiography needed in patients who have 'stable angina')? In other words, what are the 'indications' of angiography in such patients? The angiography is done with a view to perform revascularization with angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1043" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:30:51.470" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:30:51.470" Title="When is angiography needed in stable angina patients?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angiography&gt;&lt;cabg-coronary-art-bypass&gt;&lt;stable-condition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-09T17:35:52.087" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder to what extent the chronicity of a tendinopathy impacts the outcome of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections? (outcome = degree to which it helps treating the tendinopathy)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several physicians and physical therapists told me the outcome of PRP to treat a tendinopathy are roughly speaking 50/50, i.e. in 50% of patients treated with PRP, the latter seems to have helped to some degree. In the remaining 50%, PRP did not ameliorate the tendinopathy. Some evoked the possibility that chronicity influence the results, so I wonder whether any research studies addressed this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the lateral epicondyle of the humerus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-03-09T17:40:55.660" LastActivityDate="2016-03-09T17:40:55.660" Title="To what extent does the chronicity of a tendinopathy impact the outcome of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;prp&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5221" CreationDate="2016-03-09T20:53:47.643" Score="7" ViewCount="884" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my understanding, a lot of people consider protein bars/shakes unhealthy. They are processed, often sugary, and contain chemicals that are probably used to create gym mats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I eat protein bars regularly. The ones I typically eat are called Pure Protein or Balance bars. They are relatively low on sugar and calories in general (obviously there are artificial sweeteners used), provide around 20 grams of protein, and provide many other vitamins that are probably missing from my overall diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is not really whether or not processed foods are healthy to eat (Natural &gt; Processed &gt; not eating), but rather if the human body utilizes the protein and vitamins contained in them. Will 20 grams of protein from a protein bar have the same effect as 20 grams of protein from organic grilled chicken? Are the vitamins they contain (which I assume are similar to taking a multivitamin) effect the body in the same way as if I ate nothing but organic fruits and vegetables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have attempted to look this information up myself, but find that the answer is often pretty biased. A quick search shows me numerous articles that use vague statements like &quot;studies have shown&quot;, or refer to links to other organic food/herbal remedy sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am looking for is some sort of concrete, scientific proof that protein/vitamin supplements are either less effective than natural foods, or are flat out unhealthy for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3158" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T18:04:37.173" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T05:24:49.363" Title="Do protein bars/shakes provide nutrients that your body can use?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-28T05:30:03.010" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1968" CreationDate="2016-03-10T04:02:42.967" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The disease associated with low cortisol is known as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199610173351607&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenal insufficiency&lt;/a&gt; (so-called because the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-adrenal-glands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenal glands&lt;/a&gt; are responsible for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cortisol&lt;/a&gt; production). Morning cortisol is not a definitive test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; That is because cortisol varies according to a circadian rhythm (i.e. with your body's sleep-wake cycle).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/XVXTq23.png&quot; alt=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The x axis represents time across a 24h day.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; The transition from dark yellow to light yellow indicates the habitual wake time. The y axis shows plasma cortisol level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1968/should-chronic-low-cortisol-be-treated-if-the-patient-has-no-symptoms#comment9767_1968&quot;&gt;in comments&lt;/a&gt; that this value was obtained four hours prior to his habitual wake time. As shown on the graph above, this is predictably a trough (i.e. low point) in serum cortisol. On the other hand, the &quot;normal&quot; range is likely calibrated for the &lt;em&gt;peak&lt;/em&gt; level. (This test is supposed to be done shortly after waking, approximating the peak.) The fact that a value below the normal range was obtained is predictable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, a confirmatory test is required to make the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. This generally involves administration of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)&lt;/a&gt; &amp;ndash; the physiologic stimulator of cortisol production &amp;ndash; and assaying cortisol levels at fixed intervals afterward to evaluate for an adequate rise. Only after inadequate adrenal response is demonstrated can the diagnosis be made.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In direct response to the OP's questions, then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is normal to treat low cortisol levels....? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, except in exceptional circumstances, a confirmatory test is required before treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is normal to treat...without symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are notoriously vague&lt;/a&gt;, and the OP indicates that there actually was some complaint prompting the testing. Inadequate treatment of adrenal insufficiency can go unnoticed until a stressor triggers a life-threatening condition known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000357.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenal crisis&lt;/a&gt;.  If a true inadequate response to ACTH is demonstrated, this should be treated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it normal to not do it any further screening of possible causes (my doctor didn't)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is standard to follow a low cortisol level with a ACTH stimulation test. On the other hand, if this is only mildly below the reference range of your lab, given the likelihood that what has actually been measured is closer to a trough than a peak cortisol level, one could imagine a scenario where it might be reasonable to drop it. In addition to the reference range, the details of the presenting complaint and any physical exam or laboratory abnormalities would be necessary to make a decision in that regard. This part is beyond the scope of Health.SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. A normal value, on the other hand, can &lt;em&gt;rule out&lt;/em&gt; the condition.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Note that the numbers are arbitrary; &lt;em&gt;circadian&lt;/em&gt; time is not equal to &lt;em&gt;clock&lt;/em&gt; time even if they do correspond in an individual accustomed to waking at 0800.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3. As with most things in life, it's actually more complicated. It's possible to have &lt;em&gt;secondary&lt;/em&gt; adrenal insufficiency (where the problem involves the brain's production of ACTH) and still &quot;pass&quot; an ACTH stim. test if the condition is of recent onset and the adrenals have not yet atrophied. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;References&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Nicola Neary and Lynnette Nieman. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928659/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Adrenal Insufficiency- etiology, diagnosis and treatment&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Jun; 17(3): 217–223.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Mark S. Rea et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2012/749460/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Relationship of Morning Cortisol to Circadian Phase and Rising Time in Young Adults with Delayed Sleep Times&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; International Journal of Endocrinology, 2012.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T14:24:08.427" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5054" CreationDate="2016-03-10T05:42:00.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's consider common diseases that a healthy 30 year old can have without noticing any symptoms. E.g. it is known that many people have undiagnosed diabetes, many people have undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Also kidney function can be impaired quite a bit (e.g. due to diabetes) without that leading to symptoms. If we focus on these issues then you could choose to the following test: Glucose and HbA1c to see if the person has diabetes, TSH and T4 to detect hypothyroidism, and creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium to detect problems with the kidneys. Also, measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol can be useful as quite a few young people have too high cholesterol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to make the question better defined, one can ask how to choose some given number of blood tests such that some chosen health criterion, say, the survival probability after ten years is optimized. This can in principle be calculated from the known statistics. To see how to set up this calculation, consider doing just one blood test for disease X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient is in this case selected from a pool of people who do not have any significant symptoms of disease X. So, if X represents diabetes, the patient is currently not complaining about excessive thirsts, feeling tired etc. If X represents kidney disease then the patient is not at the stage where the kidney function is so low that it causes symptoms. This means that the probability that the patient will be found to be suffering from X should be derived from the appropriate conditional probability that conditions on the patient not having any significant symptoms (the symptoms are mild enough for it to be compatible to having no complaints).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any chosen X you can then calculate the health criterion (e.g. survival after ten years) in the event of a positive test compared to not doing the test. So, this depends on the known effects of early treatment, the probability for detecting X will then yield the expected improvement for this health outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T17:47:40.593" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T17:47:40.593" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4125" CreationDate="2016-03-10T11:49:05.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question can basically be extended to all studies related to statistics. In simple terms you are generally looking for a relationship (e.g. between an increased number of deaths and air pollution levels). Of course finding such a relationship ALONE doesn't tell you anything about cause and effect. Even if you are only looking at deaths from diseases known to be linked to air pollution, you have to come up with a way to show that these factors depend on each other - that they are correlated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, you look at some sort of control group that will have almost all the exact same characteristics as the test group, except obviously for the one you actually care about. The more similar the two groups are, the better of course - ideally if you could find two identical cities, with identical people - with the only difference being the air pollution, then you could show a cause and effect easily. Since this will be very difficult to achieve, you instead have to use some &lt;strike&gt;sophisticated&lt;/strike&gt; statistical methods to study correlation of your variables. You can start reading about those methods here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as long as those studies you refer to follow common statistical procedures, which I will assume they did, then yes, you could staticstically show a relationship and argue that X-many more people died from an increased in air pollution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[EXTENSION]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the studies in the link you provided is referring to a Research Letter in Nature (one of the most highly regarded scientific journals out there): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7569/full/nature15371.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7569/full/nature15371.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Lelieveld et.al] are using a: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between&#xA;  premature mortality and seven emission source categories&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are using a &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are focusing on&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;mortality related to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically, they build a global model that will be able to correlate higher particle toxicity values with the number of deaths in different regions. They also talk about a sensitivity study, which will test if any change of specific variables may have extreme effects on their model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our calculations of air pollution related mortality are based on the method of the global burden of disease [...] applying improved exposure response functions that more realistically account for health effects at very high PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course it is just a &lt;strong&gt;model&lt;/strong&gt; and not the reality, so the accuracy of their results will depend on the accuracy of this model, which is explained in more detail here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245609&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245609&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, this actually isn't so much of a direct study with X number of participants. Nobody actually collected health information from participants, but they are using previously generated information (from the World Health Organisation) on toxicity response the effects of air pollution onto a global level. I assume the WHO has collected thousands of samples and analysed clinical trial that do what I mentioned earlier - they study the effect of a particular change in your environment onto your health. So, by now knowing that O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is actually actually reducing your life expectancy by X percent, they can make the aforementioned conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3162" LastEditorUserId="3162" LastEditDate="2016-03-10T23:18:55.190" LastActivityDate="2016-03-10T23:18:55.190" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5085" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5097" CreationDate="2016-03-10T15:23:07.633" Score="5" ViewCount="19909" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or a more detailed question, what would cause a vertical divide (through the center of the nose) of the face, where one half has normal sweat gland function and another does not? There are no motor or sensory deficiencies otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When excercising, only the half with normal functions blushes, which would lead me to think it's an innervation or vascular problem. What controls blood circulation and sweat in the specified area (which part of the brain or which nerves carry the commands)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3165" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:47:24.623" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T06:06:08.307" Title="What disorder would cause sweating to appear only on one half of the face?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;sudoriferous-sweat-glands&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5089" CreationDate="2016-03-11T00:49:56.593" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got on birth control, I waited a week until I had unprotected sex so the pill could adjust start taking effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm still a little scared because I had sex without a condom after the week and I'm just paranoid. So can someone tell me how effective this pill is and the percentage of pregnancy risk and any other facts I need to know about the pill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3169" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-11T19:19:54.863" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T22:26:36.060" Title="Effectiveness of hormonal birth control" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5088" CreationDate="2016-03-11T03:09:06.907" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In essence there is a very good answer already provided here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/28942/does-taking-birth-control-pills-make-you-99-9-protected-from-pregnancy&quot;&gt;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/28942/does-taking-birth-control-pills-make-you-99-9-protected-from-pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of the &quot;pill&quot; in terms of birth control will depend largely on how accurately you are following the advice given by your doctor / pharmacist on how and when to take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, if you are following the procedure correctly, it should be a very effective method of birth control and works in up to 99.9% of cases:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that is not 100% and certainly there are different studies out there, which will provide different results. Essentially, what this means is that you can still get pregnant this way. I don't want to scare you and the probability is low, but you should know that it is still possible. If you forget to take it one day, the probability obviously increases ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also absolutely need to know that the &quot;pill&quot; does not protect you from any sexually transmittable diseases! I trust you know this and your partner knows this, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little off-topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If either of you hasn't gotten a HIV test - don't be naive - go and get it done! You need to know that it can take 3 months before this blood test may reliably detect HIV, so if either of you had a different partner in the last three months, it's not worth it - don't risk it!&#xA;You need to be sure about this. The number of new HIV infections is actually &lt;strong&gt;increasing&lt;/strong&gt; in the western world, even though free HIV tests are available to many. This is true all across the US, Australia and Europe: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2015/11/highest-number-of-new-hiv-cases-in-europe-ever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2015/11/highest-number-of-new-hiv-cases-in-europe-ever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3162" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T22:26:36.060" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-11T05:35:17.110" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to deal with AC joint injury (Grade III) in the longer run, if the surgeon suggests that surgery is not a worthwhile option for the degree of injury I have? I regularly feel mild pain in the shoulder around the scapula even after several months of the injury. Is this normal? Is there anything I can do to manage this pain well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have experienced that stretching elastic bands and lifting small weights do provide some relief for a short duration when done after several days. Also, ice packs do help in subsiding the pain. I could not find much literature on pain management related to AC joint injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3170" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T05:01:03.630" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T05:01:03.630" Title="Long term management of AC joint injury" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;scapula&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-11T10:43:39.930" Score="4" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;The benefit of anticoagulation for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;well established&lt;/a&gt;. However, the benefit is always to be weighed against the risk, in this case, primarily bleeding. Among the many potential reasons &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to anticoagulate, other factors that predispose to bleeding are often brought up. My question is about one such condition &amp;mdash; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt; (low platelets). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a patient with atrial fibrillation who otherwise meets criteria for anticoagulation,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; what level of thrombocytopenia&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is considered a relative contraindication to anticoagulation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. Of course, not all &quot;meets criteria&quot; are the same. For the sake of the question, let't discuss the sort of &quot;middle risk&quot; group (nonvalvular afib, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdcalc.com/cha2ds2-vasc-score-for-atrial-fibrillation-stroke-risk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CHA&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;DS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-VASc&lt;/a&gt; = 2-3). Let us also assume no prior bleeding history. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2. Using whatever units you would like, but as far as I know normal people talk about count per mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; = mL, with a normal range 150k-400k. &#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:43:37.600" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T22:40:12.617" Title="Decisions about anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: how to factor in thrombocytopenia?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;&lt;thrombocytopenia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5088" CreationDate="2016-03-11T20:46:18.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If by &quot;I waited a week&quot; you mean you waited &lt;strong&gt;seven days&lt;/strong&gt;, you should be fine. However, seven days is the bare minimum so if you mean anything less than a full seven days then it depends on when you began to take them relative to your menstrual cycle. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upmc.com/patients-visitors/education/contraception/Pages/birth-control-pill-instructions-combined-oral-contraceptives.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;These&lt;/a&gt; are typical instructions for beginning birth control pills:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Start your first pack of pills on the first day of your menstrual period. Use a backup method of birth control (such as condoms with&#xA;  spermicide) until you start the pill. The pill will start working &#xA;  right away for birth control if you start on the first day of your&#xA;  period.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Start your first pack of pills on the Sunday after you start your menstrual period. You should use a backup method of birth control&#xA;  (condoms with spermicide) until you start the pill. You also will&#xA;  need to use a backup method of birth control (condoms with&#xA;  spermicide) during the first 7 days of the pill package.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Start your pills today. If you start your pills today, you should use a backup method of birth control (condoms with spermicide) during the first 7 days of the pill package. Birth control pills will start to protect you from pregnancy after the first week, if you take them correctly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effectiveness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another answer cites a source that gives a very high effectiveness number. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; states that &quot;when taken correctly, it is up to 99.9% effective&quot;. However, there are a couple of problems with that number:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, WebMD doesn't provide a source for the number, and given that an ad for Bayer birth control pills appears directly next to it, I would have to assume that the number came from Bayer's advertising department rather than an objective scientific source. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the language WebMD uses is very important here. They state that it is &quot;&lt;strong&gt;up to&lt;/strong&gt; 99.9% effective&quot; when &quot;&lt;strong&gt;taken correctly&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot; Well, that's quite a bit like the gas mileage numbers automobile manufacturers state for their cars. They obtain those figures using professional drivers under strict laboratory conditions and, while accurate, virtually no consumer will ever achieve those same results because they are real people driving on real roads, not professionals driving on closed tracks. Likewise, &lt;em&gt;in the real world women do not achieve 99.9% effectiveness with birth control pills&lt;/em&gt;. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/family-planning-methods-2014.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Centers for Disease Control&lt;/a&gt;, the effectiveness of birth control pills actually observed in the real world is 91%. Other authoritative sources such as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/opa/reproductive-health/contraception/birth-control-pills/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Department of Health &amp;amp; Human Services&lt;/a&gt;, Planned Parenthood, et al. cite the same 91% figure. The 99.9% figure cited by WebMD is in fact obtained from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;perfect compliance during clinical trials&lt;/a&gt;. (And yet it's still incorrect -- the actual figure is 99.7%.) As you might imagine, patient instructions and supervision of compliance during clinical trials is much stricter than it is in the real world of medicine. Perfect compliance in the real world is actually a rare thing. So you should assume going forward that you have about a 1-in-10 chance of becoming pregnant over the course of a year if you use birth control pills as your sole source of protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to consider alternatives to the pill in the future, the CDC has published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/family-planning-methods-2014.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a very simple comparison of the effectiveness of various options&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other Facts I Need to Know&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some drugs reduce the effect of the pill and can cause an increased chance of pregnancy. It's probably a good idea to consult your doctor or the pharmacist who fills your prescription when you're given a new prescription. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T20:46:18.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5085" CreationDate="2016-03-11T22:02:07.840" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of possibilities, from benign to serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sweating is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, as is vasodilation (facial redness). Anhydrosis of only one side of the face would be due dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve (which also carries sensory and motor components) on that side of the face. The trigeminal nerve can lose function for many reasons, but rarely does it lose only &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; of it's functions (i.e. the physical exam should help here.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ross syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by segmental an-/hypohydrosis, pupil irregularity (called Adie's pupil), and diminished deep tendon reflexes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Harlequin syndrome is another possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Horner's syndrome is the broad term for the decreased sympathetic nerve function, and, again, involves more than anhydrosis. It is characterized by the triad of miosis (constricted pupil), partial ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating. Horner's is not rare per se, and can occur alone or with a number of illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Horner syndrome can be congenital, acquired, or purely hereditary (autosomal dominant). The interruption of the sympathetic fibers may occur centrally (ie, between the hypothalamus and the fibers’ point of exit from the spinal cord [C8 to T2]) or peripherally (ie, in cervical sympathetic chain, at the superior cervical ganglion, or along the carotid artery).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serious disorders should be ruled out, e.g. internal carotid artery dissection (not always symptomatic), malignancies anywhere from central nervous system/trigeminal/apical lung/etc., other causes of carotid ischemia, etc. Since the differential of Horner's Syndrome is large and it is a neurological problem, a neurologist is probably the best bet for a diagnosis here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although Horner syndrome is commonly an incidental finding related to a benign cause, it occasionally may be a manifestation of a serious and life-threatening disorder. Careful direction of the history to rule out such life-threatening disorders is vital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm040986&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Adie's Pupil in the Ross Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (Good picture here.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/129/8/2119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ross Syndrome with Sweating Anomaly Associated with Sjögren Syndrome: An Infrared Thermographic Case Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v1/n1/full/ncpneuro0040.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harlequin syndrome - one face of many etiologies&lt;/a&gt; (Also a good picture, and open access.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1220091-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Horner Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-03-11T22:02:07.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T08:44:16.103" Score="3" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ted.com/talks/william_li&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this TED Talk&lt;/a&gt; the speaker describes the anti-angiogenic properties of soy extract for cancer prevention. I am lactose intolerant, so I was about to give soy milk a try anyway, but I'm wondering how much soy extract is there in normal commercially available soy milk? And, are there some side effects I should be aware of when it comes to drinking soy milk on a regularly basis as a substitute for cow milk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1360" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:40:40.113" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:40:40.113" Title="Does soy milk help prevent cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;soy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T12:26:33.207" Score="4" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;A relative of mine drinks about one to two 2-liter bottles of Diet Pepsi every day. He is diabetic, and he swears drinking Diet Pepsi, even in large quantities, is not bad for him. Several family members have tried to convince him otherwise, saying there have been studies that the artificial sweetener in Diet Pepsi can have hidden negative effects, especially for someone with diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would you please list specific negative effects of drinking one to two 2-liter bottles of Diet Pepsi every day? (Bonus points for citing your sources) Just as FYI, this person is a 50-year-old male, 6'3&quot; about 275 lbs, smoker and with type 2 diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3175" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:31:38.253" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:31:38.253" Title="Negative Effects of Drinking Large Quantities of Diet Pepsi" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;carbonated-carbonation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5101" CreationDate="2016-03-12T13:20:43.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diet Pepsi is sweetened with sucralose (diet coke is sweetened with aspartame). Sucralose ha been found in studies to not affect blood sugar levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study demonstrated that, similar to cellulose, sucralose consumption for 3 months at doses of 7.5 mg/kg/day, which is approximately three times the estimated maximum intake, had no effect on glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, this study showed that sucralose was as well-tolerated by the study subjects as was the placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002822303013646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet Pepsi &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.diabetesselfmanagement.com/pdfs/DSM0310_012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;contains about 40 mg of sucralose per 8 ounces&lt;/a&gt; (about 250 milliliters). At 4 liters per day, that's about 640 mg of sucralose, and at a weight of 125 kilograms that's equivalent to about 5 mg/kg/day, less than the 7.5 mg/kg/day in this study. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since that study might be called biased because of the funding, here's another one, where patients received a one time dose of 1 gram of sucralose that had no effect on blood sugar: &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.care.diabetesjournals.org/content/19/9/1004.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Glycemic Effect of a Single High Oral Dose of the Novel Sweetener Sucralose in Patients With Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, 4 liters of Diet Pepsi puts your relative at the upper limit of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm397725.htm#SummaryTable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Acceptable Daily Intake as defined by the FDA&lt;/a&gt;, which is 5 milligrams per day and kilogram. From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/foodadditivesingredients/ucm397716.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Generally, an additive does not present safety concerns if the estimated daily intake is less than the ADI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your relative might want to reduce his intake. Reducing his intake to a maximum of two instead of four liters would put him firmly below the ADI. Four liters od a pretty high intake of fluids anyway. If this is because of thirst, that in itself is a sign of badly managed diabetes and requires medical attention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, no, noone can say that drinking diet drinks is completely safe. That's true of most substances, and so far sucralose has not shown to be unsafe. It is generally thought to be better for diabetes patients than &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862465/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;drinking sugar-sweetened drinks&lt;/a&gt; which make blood sugar control harder. The American Diabetes Association lists diet drinks &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-i-eat/making-healthy-food-choices/what-can-i-drink.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;on their page on What to Drink?&lt;/a&gt;, alongside, of course, unsweetened beverages, which are preferable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'd estimate that the smoking and weight puts him more at a health risk than the Diet Pepsi. Smoking and diabetes have been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shown to be major health risk&lt;/a&gt;. Your relative hopefully has a doctor who knows how to treat diabetes, and needs to talk to them about how to control the diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-12T13:25:56.513" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T13:25:56.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5053" CreationDate="2016-03-12T16:26:05.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. The infrared light is not intense enough. If it was, the controller would be labeled with a warning sticker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been criticized for giving a short argument. But it was a choice between recommending a method to measure the IR intensity or giving a credible argument from a design perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are just logical barriers that make a dangerous intensity highly improbable; legislation and power efficiency are in 99.99% the prime reasons why it should be safe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T01:15:07.893" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T01:15:07.893" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="316" CreationDate="2016-03-12T18:09:19.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please see the following society guidelines first:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/10/1088.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The 2006 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC) guidelines:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;●There is evidence and/or general agreement supporting RF ablation in&#xA;  patients with symptomatic idiopathic VT that is drug-refractory, or in&#xA;  such patients who are intolerant of drugs or do not desire long-term&#xA;  drug therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;●The weight of evidence and/or opinion supports the use of beta&#xA;  blockers and/or calcium channel blockers for the treatment of&#xA;  symptomatic idiopathic VT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;●The weight of evidence and/or opinion supports the use of class IC&#xA;  antiarrhythmic drugs as an alternative to or in combination with beta&#xA;  blockers and/or calcium channel blockers for the treatment of&#xA;  symptomatic idiopathic VT that arises from the RVOT. Subsequently, the&#xA;  2009 European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Rhythm Society (EHRA/HRS)&#xA;  expert consensus statement recommended catheter ablation in the&#xA;  following patients with idiopathic VT and without structural heart&#xA;  disease [86]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Severely symptomatic patients with monomorphic VT. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Monomorphic VT in patients in whom antiarrhythmic drugs are not&#xA;  effective, not tolerated, or not desired.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Patients with recurrent sustained polymorphic VT and VF (electrical storm) that is refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy when&#xA;  there is a suspected trigger that can be targeted for ablation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical (non-interventional/ablative) management is what is recommended-- especially verapamil or a beta blocker as they are easy to take (pills), and have a pretty nice side effect profile.  You can easily find the adverse effects online but they would primarily have to do with heart rate and blood pressure and those are easily monitored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ablation is a procedure a cardiology electrophysiologist would do in the &quot;cath lab.&quot;  This would be in conjunction with an &quot;EP Study&quot; which is an electrophysiology study of the heart to try to find the culprit location that starts the arrythmia.  Ablation is sometimes used (see above) in medical-refractory cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can consider amiodarone or other antiarrythmics but they have more side effects.  Amiodarone is known to have a very long half life and a long list of side effects which require chronic monitoring (thyroid issues, lung issues, etc.) which is why they are not really first line usually in these cases though can be added on to the first line agents mentioned above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;As an aside:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cardioversion, per the roots of the word, is changing/turning the direction of the heart--&gt; You can think of this as changing the rhythm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Defibrillation is a &lt;strong&gt;subset&lt;/strong&gt; of cardioversion where it is done without any synchronization in cases of ventricular &lt;strong&gt;fibrillation&lt;/strong&gt;.  Defibrillation = Asynchronous cardioversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many medical providers use the term cardioversion in cases of only supraventricular or ventricular &lt;strong&gt;tachycardia&lt;/strong&gt; (in this case usually synchronous)&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;- Cardioversion, as it is changing the rhythm of the heart (electrical or chemical), includes defibrillation but usually is used as a term specific to supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia as defibrillation is more specific when cardioversion is used in ventricular fibrillation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastEditorDisplayName="user3176" LastEditDate="2016-03-12T21:55:57.953" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:55:57.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4100" CreationDate="2016-03-12T19:42:06.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A literature search (as well as my education) reveal the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16444160&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hashimoto thyroiditis&lt;/a&gt; causes inflammation of the thyroid hormone producing cells in the thyroid gland.  This can lead to hypothyroidism as the &lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=375004&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;associated symptoms&lt;/a&gt;.  In the initial phase though, the inflammation may cause a sudden &quot;leaching&quot; out or release of the already formed thyroid hormone causing a hyperthyroid state known as Hashimoto thyroxicosis which can produce hyperthyroidism &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb05637.x/abstract;jsessionid=891E49A6D55B583194EDA6E17543D4B0.f02t04?systemMessage=Wiley%20Online%20Library%20will%20be%20unavailable%20for%20up%20to%203%20hours%20on%20Saturday%2019th%20March%202016%20from%20%2011%3A00-14%3A00%20GMT%20%2F%2007%3A00-10%3A00%20EDT%20%2F%2019%3A00-22%3A00%20SGT%20for%20essential%20maintenance.%20%20Apologies%20for%20the%20inconvenience.&amp;amp;userIsAuthenticated=false&amp;amp;deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;related symptoms&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see sources above but speaking from my knowledge in addition to the above:  Essentially Hashimoto thyroiditis can cause an initial hyperthyroid state.  Hyperthyroidism can cause nervousness, tremor, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms.  If a patient then later develops clinical hypothyroidism, they can also suffer the neuropsychiatric consequences of hypothroidism which include depression, though can be very severe including coma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thyroid hormone acts on many tissues and can essentially affect any organ system.  The symptoms therefore can be very broad and nonspecific.  The symptoms may also be severe.  The psychiatric symptoms are well known.  &lt;strong&gt;Therefore, the answer to your question is, yes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T19:42:06.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1335" CreationDate="2016-03-12T20:31:46.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a literature search on Pubmed, Google Scholar, and consulting UpToDate, the answer to your question is &lt;strong&gt;we do not know&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that there are many expert recommendations (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.canjurol.com/html/free-articles/V23I1S1F-08_DrBarkin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/XASIM_Issue_6_1A_p8_19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;#2&lt;/a&gt;) in articles that recommend leg elevation but there appears to be no real supporting trials or other literature evidence that leg elevation will help in general with people with nocturia.  Also, sometimes the recommendation is specific to whether or not you have leg edema as elevation during the day may reduce the volume in your body at night.  The recommendations are likely based on physiology and likely taking into account the low risk of leg elevation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastEditorDisplayName="user3176" LastEditDate="2016-03-12T22:01:27.997" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T22:01:27.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3495" CreationDate="2016-03-12T21:21:03.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is per my expert knowledge as a licensed MD.&lt;/strong&gt;  You can easily find the sources for recommendations/guidelines on chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and prevention on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://professional.heart.org/professional/GuidelinesStatements/searchresults.jsp?q=&amp;amp;y=&amp;amp;t=1001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ACC/AHA website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You seem focused on angioplasty with the indication of angina (assuming refractory angina and a blockage in the heart arteries that would be causing it).  After angioplasty is done, if a stent is used, you will have to be on a blood thinner for some mandatory time (up to a year...).  This is to ensure that the stent does not immediately clot off causing a VERY BAD HEART ATTACK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to understand that there is a big &lt;strong&gt;difference&lt;/strong&gt; between a heart attack blockage and a blockage that causes a stable angina.  Stable angina is what a person has due to blockages that are chronic/slowly changing.  ACS (acute coronary syndrome, &lt;em&gt;practically&lt;/em&gt; a layman &quot;heart attack&quot;) is when a fatty blockage suddenly is opened to the inside of a blood vessel, and an acute (fast, recent) clot develops, causing sudden worsening of angina or new angina.  This is a &quot;heart attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is important to understand is that the small/unseen fatty blockages that will break open and cause a heart attack are just as likely (if not more likely) than those big chronic blockages to cause a heart attack.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply ballooning open a fatty heart disease blockage in a vessel does NOT cure your &quot;coronary artery disease.&quot;  If you have a large blockage causing chronic angina, you are surely to have many many many more blockages, from medium to small which can all cause a heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to you question depends on whether the drugs are used to treat your angina or your heart disease itself.  If you have a large blockage, then you CERTAINLY have a strong indication to continue medications that are targeted to prevent heart attacks and worsening blockages.  Considering that, statins, aspirin, beta blockers (latter may also be for angina itself) and such drugs that target heart disease will almost always be continued.  This includes drugs that treat underlying causes of heart disease/blockages which include high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the drugs you may be on for the anginal pain itself (sometimes beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, etc)--- these medications may no longer be necessary if your pain subsides after the angioplasty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:21:03.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3394" CreationDate="2016-03-12T21:31:03.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is derived from my education (MD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the medical field, inflammation has a specific meaning even though its use is broad.  Whenever you see a word ending with &lt;strong&gt;-itis&lt;/strong&gt;, the suffix represents inflammation.  Inflammation is a response from your body to some kind of trigger (such as infection, trauma, against yourself (autoimmune), et cetera).  Inflammation is defined usually to have the &lt;strong&gt;&quot;4 -or's&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; which are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rubor - redness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dolor - pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tumor - increase in size (swelling)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calor - heat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are caused by the inflammatory response which heavily includes immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irritation is not a medically well defined word.  We use it to mean something is just responding to a trigger.  We use it often to describe inflammation in layman's terms.  It is not something you can look too much into.  Any dictionary definition will do.  The connotation is usually negative (so it is a bad thing in general).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:31:03.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="621" CreationDate="2016-03-12T21:53:53.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/home/GetGuidelineContent/303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Formal Guideline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see the guideline.  The answer to your question relies on the mix of guidelines as well as your specific situation.  I can only give you information in general (See above) but should not and cannot accurately say anything about you personally, obviously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, if your pain is well controlled, then it seems like surgery would not really be something you want (there are obvious risks of head surgery).  So the question is what else would the MRI reveal that would change the course of your illness.  If for pain you would not need it, then what else?  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is certainly on the differential for many many symptoms, but if you and your doctor think it is highly highly unlikely based on your history, then it might not be something you want to formally rule out with an MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the concern is for a growing mass (such as cancer), the MRI can certainly be helpful.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no great evidence for a person in your situation.  It will have to be a decision that you and your provider make after considering the risks and benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your secondary questions, your presentation is not consistent with MS diagnostically, as the McDonald criteria requires a person who has had more than 1 attack in just 1 clinically suggestive location, to have some kind of dissemination in SPACE.  You have only one location thus far.  Regardless, progression of MS can take years to decades.  Without further information, it would be hard to say in your case how unlikely it is that you have something that will progress to MS.  You can talk to your provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T21:53:53.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3951" CreationDate="2016-03-12T22:27:24.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To begin, I should say that overall the evidence is conflicting and not good with respect to your time frame (long term, &quot;rest of their life&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=6202406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6205617&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;B&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6185024&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;C&lt;/a&gt; reveal animal models that show damage acutely (with recent administration of bleomycin) but also no syngery after 1 month.  Of course this is an animal model.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=77697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;D&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=1704473&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;E&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=2410201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;F&lt;/a&gt; suggest that &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; bleomycin therapy (not recent administration), there is still a risk with supplemental oxygen in humans, though this is weak evidence.  On the contrary, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=24485131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;G&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=9751352&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;H&lt;/a&gt; suggest no correlation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless, because of some anecdotal evidence and animal model evidence, patients who have had prior exposure to supplemental oxygen may face providers who are more cautious with over-supplementing with O2 (they may target a lower, but safer, oxygen saturation percentage).  They may also be more conservative in the OR when giving fluids as to not flood the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is that evidence is unclear but the current practice is the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-12T22:27:24.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-12T23:54:14.647" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;What causes balding? (And I'm not asking about the case whilst cancer treatment.)&#xA;Please share your knowledge on this topic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3094" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:31:47.620" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:31:47.620" Title="What causes men's balding?" Tags="&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;male&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5077" CreationDate="2016-03-13T04:11:14.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please see the ACC/AHA guidelines (&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/17/2345.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-updated 1999&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/19/1749.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most recent &amp;quot;update&amp;quot; 2014&lt;/a&gt;) on this matter.  You are asking a very good question.  This is an excerpt from the 2014 update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GDMT = guideline directed medical [drug] therapy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SIDH = Stable ischemic heart disease&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coronary revascularization = cardiac catheterization + procedure to open up arteries&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Invasive Testing for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients&#xA;With Suspected SIHD: Recommendations (New Section) See Online Data&#xA;Supplement 1 for additional information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class I&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronary angiography is useful in patients with presumed SIHD who have unacceptable ischemic symptoms despite GDMT and who are amenable&#xA;to, and candidates for, coronary revascularization. (Level of&#xA;Evidence: C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class IIa&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronary angiography is reasonable to define the extent and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with suspected&#xA;SIHD whose clinical characteristics and results of noninvasive testing&#xA;(exclusive of stress testing) indicate a high likelihood of severe IHD&#xA;and who are amenable to, and candidates for, coronary&#xA;revascularization.7–12 (Level of Evidence: C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronary angiography is reasonable in patients with suspected symptomatic SIHD who cannot undergo diagnostic stress testing, or have&#xA;indeterminate or nondiagnostic stress tests, when there is a high&#xA;likelihood that the findings will result in important changes to&#xA;therapy. (Level of Evidence: C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class IIb&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronary angiography might be considered in patients with stress test results of acceptable quality that do not suggest the presence of&#xA;CAD when clinical suspicion of CAD remains high and there is a high&#xA;likelihood that the findings will result in important changes to&#xA;therapy. (Level of Evidence: C)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the goal is to find patients that are more likely to benefit from the intervention (cardiac catheterization).  The above are simply indications for angiography in the said setting (stable angina).  Other indications that are not covered therefore would include ST-elevation ACS, as well as non-ST elevation ACS, sudden cardiac death, heart failure +/- reduced ejection fraction, and pre-surgery routine cardiac catheterization (only for specific surgeries...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user3176" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T20:56:45.910" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-13T07:04:59.973" Score="2" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 15 month old daughter was given chickenpox vaccine twice in a month by mistake. Does this pose any problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3180" LastEditorUserId="3180" LastEditDate="2016-03-13T16:30:46.940" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T16:30:46.940" Title="Is getting the chickenpox vaccination twice in a month harmful?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5079" CreationDate="2016-03-13T07:27:13.283" Score="-6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Protein shakes and bars can actually be EXTREMELY healthful, but you have to get the right ones. You will find the best at health food stores, not general vitamin stores. Steer clear of whey as there are negative aspects of that and I along with others suspect its popularity is only due to industry trying to find a way to profit off of whey, which is left over from processed animal foods, namely greek yogurt, in such an excess that it is very hazardous to the environment. So, not only do they have to find a responsible way to get rid of all this excess whey, but they try to find ways they can simultaneously profit off of it. I personally noticed seeing a lot of whey supplements as greek yogurt became popular so I feel that's something to take into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You want pure, preferably organic ingredients with no hidden msg or other unnatural ingredients. And you want one that is WHOLE FOODS BASED. That is very important. Raw is best. I highly recommend Garden of Life's Raw Fit as it has every essential amino acid, probiotics, antioxidants, vitamins and many minerals. 1 scoop provides 28 grams protein and 90% daily value of magnesium which the western world is extremely deficient in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same goes for bars... look for bars in health food stores. I would look for seed and nut bars as opposed to very processed bars with long lists of ingredients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3179" LastActivityDate="2016-03-13T07:27:13.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T08:09:43.860" Score="0" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;If in the blood, according to the blood tests, the APTT is 233 (norm is 150), does it mean that there was an error during the test, or it may actually be true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3159" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T00:30:55.890" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T00:30:55.890" Title="APTT in the blood is completely missing" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T09:14:55.003" Score="5" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people would say that eating fruit is good for us; vitamins, micro-nutrients, phyto-chemicals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a colleague of mine told me he eats no fruit because of the sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is eating an apple as bad as eating an equivalent amount of pure sugar with a spoon? (Assuming pure sugar is considered bad for us.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other way in which eating a fruit is bad for us?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3030" LastEditorUserId="1658" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T18:57:21.837" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T18:57:21.837" Title="What are the drawbacks for the body of eating an apple?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2016-03-18T17:31:38.090" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-14T09:43:54.630" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;A doctor once explained to me that elevated values of factor XIII and van Willebrand factor can be caused by rheumatoid arthritis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't get around to asking back then, but is that something specific to rheumatoid arthritis or something that's normal during any kind of inflammation? And is it something that's only elevated during an acute episode of RA or does it stay elevated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:28:11.757" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:28:11.757" Title="Coagulation factors and rheumatoid arthritis" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5136" CreationDate="2016-03-14T15:59:44.397" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether the T-spot blood test is sensitive enough to determine difference between exposure to the tuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:24:01.647" Title="Is the T-spot blood test sensitive enough to determine difference between exposure to the tuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5134" CreationDate="2016-03-14T17:24:01.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The T-spot blood test for tuberculosis is an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA or  IFN-γ assay). There are two of these tests (Quantiferon and T-spot) with small differences, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/igra.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the basic mechanism&lt;/a&gt; is the same and they are treated the same for the CDC, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;which writes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;IGRAs, unlike the TB skin tests, are not affected by prior BCG vaccination and are not expected to give a false-positive result in people who have received BCG&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BCG is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vaccines.gov/diseases/tb/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tuberculosis vaccine&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I couldn't find references to primary literature on that CDC site, what I found myself supports this &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/mobile/article.aspx?articleid=201039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Discrepancy Between the Tuberculin Skin Test and the Whole-Blood Interferon γ Assay for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in an Intermediate Tuberculosis-Burden Country&lt;/a&gt; concludes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the IFN-γ assay based on the ESAT-6 and CFP-10 M tuberculosis–specific antigens is a useful method for detecting latent TB infections and might help to eliminate the limitations of the TST [tuberculin skin test] in BCG-vaccinated populations in intermediate TB-burden countries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1465-9921-7-77.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis contact investigation with a new, specific blood test in a low-incidence population containing a high proportion of BCG-vaccinated persons&lt;/a&gt; reaches the same conclusion and recommends the test for vaccinated people. That study used the Quantiferon test, but the two tests &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/mobile/article.aspx?articleid=1089749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;have roughly the same sensitivity&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:24:01.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5129" CreationDate="2016-03-14T17:24:04.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time is a test measuring clotting factors, not a level of clotting factors in your blood. It is most often used to monitor the effects of heparin therapy (an anticoagulant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because different labs use different tests, the &quot;normal&quot; results may vary. The results are reported in seconds; for example the Mayo Clinic reports &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the &lt;em&gt;therapeutic&lt;/em&gt; APTT range to be approximately 70 to 120 seconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a limit for how long the reaction will be observed (if the blood doesn't clot in a reasonable amount of time, people need to report that as &quot;negative at (upper threshold in seconds for institution.)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to review the lab report. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/9058/Clinical+and+Interpretive/9058&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Plasma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22586049&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Recommendations for appropriate activated partial thromboplastin time reagent selection and utilization.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:24:04.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5077" CreationDate="2016-03-14T17:35:13.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guidelines from different medical societies are available on this subject: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;2011 NICE guidelines: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126&#xA;2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline : http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1391404&#xA;2013 ESC guidelines: http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehj/early/2013/08/28/eurheartj.eht296.full.pdf&#xA;2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines: http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/28/eurheartj.ehu278&#xA;2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines: http://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X%2814%2900356-0/abstract&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Briefly, medication are the first line treatment for stable angina. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angiography and revascularization (angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery) are needed only for patients whose angina is resulting in a moderate to severe limitation of daily activities despite adequate medication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For patients with mild symptoms, a stress test (such as stress MIBI scan) should be performed and angiography + revascularization may be helpful if &gt; 10% of myocardium (heart muscle) is showing signs of ischemia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Persons whose angina is controlled on medication as well as persons who have a negative stress test are not at high risk of heart attacks and death and hence do not need angiography and revascularization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2016-03-14T17:49:52.690" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:49:52.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5055" CreationDate="2016-03-14T17:41:59.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep. It is actually.  Look at this time lapse. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://media.giphy.com/media/l2JJLwLjtZVnhuKKA/giphy.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://media.giphy.com/media/l2JJLwLjtZVnhuKKA/giphy.gif&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3198" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T17:41:59.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3409" CreationDate="2016-03-14T21:11:07.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have &lt;strong&gt;MANY&lt;/strong&gt; trials comparing PCI (intervention during the &quot;cardiac cath&quot; procedure) which are well referenced in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/19/1749.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guideline&lt;/a&gt; update.  (Note, the &quot;Heart Team&quot; approach mentioned below relies on the combination of the expert opinion of the interventional cardiologist was well as the cardiac surgeon.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vjwJS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vjwJS.png&quot; alt=&quot;Excerpt from the AHA/ACC most recent guideline update&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3176" LastActivityDate="2016-03-14T21:11:07.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5055" CreationDate="2016-03-14T21:30:41.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/bleeding-under-nail&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Yes, this is normal behavior&lt;/a&gt; for a bruise underneath the nail. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nursingtimes.net/selecting-a-treatment-option-in-subungual-haematoma-management/201396.fullarticle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Corroborating information&lt;/a&gt;, located near the bottom of the article.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most bruises under a nail are caused by a crush type injury. In severe cases, there may be enough blood to separate the nail from the nail bed, or it may need professional drainage and treatment (Such as suturing and/or removing the nail).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is a small spot, then as the nail grows, the hematoma will move with it as the blood is trapped between the bed and the nail. If you have a bruise appearing spot underneath the nail that is unrelated to any injury, or does not move outwards with the growth of the nail it is best to get it checked out, as those are warning signs of it being a tumor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T14:17:07.470" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T14:17:07.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3980" CreationDate="2016-03-15T02:36:32.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the linear no-threshold model, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to produce any symptoms of radiation sickness, can induce cancer due to cellular and genetic damage. Under this assumption survivors of acute radiation syndrome face an increased risk developing cancer later in life. The probability of developing cancer is a linear function with respect to the effective radiation dose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, according to the linear no-threshold model, which is used for US and much international legislation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to accurately know effective doses from only the ARS symptoms. The rough values are also mentioned in your link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="282" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T02:36:32.490" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-15T03:28:52.143" Score="9" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This Is Your Brain on Nature&lt;/em&gt; by Florence Williams, January 2016, National Geographic Magazine&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/call-to-wild-text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published online 2015/12/8&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Measurements of stress hormones, respiration, heart rate, and sweating suggest that short doses of nature—or even pictures of the natural world—can calm people down and sharpen their performance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What evidence is there for the assertion above? I am asking this question only with regard to viewing pictures or videos of nature scenes online or on the computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T00:24:06.293" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T01:13:41.240" Title="Can health be improved by viewing pictures or videos of nature on the computer?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;environmental-psychology&gt;&lt;calm-soothing-strategies&gt;&lt;relax-relaxation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5053" CreationDate="2016-03-15T05:11:44.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even looking directly into a 1 mW infrared laser beam would be safe. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/50/E5445.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; reports about the results of an experiment where volunteers looked into an infrared laser beam. They were able to perceived the infrared light as if they were looking at light with half the wavelength. This is caused by single photoreceptors absorbing two infrared photons at once, which then leads to the same result as when it would absorb a single photon with half the wavelength. Needless to say, the required intensity of the infrared light needed for this (safe to perform) experiment is massively larger than the infrared light emitted by your remote control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-03-15T16:51:43.083" LastActivityDate="2016-03-15T16:51:43.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5147" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5193" CreationDate="2016-03-15T11:02:32.907" Score="3" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mom, when I would get sick, would make me drink lots of hot tea, or sometimes soup, believing that it helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;As followup on comments: There is fair confusion on why am I asking about water and not specific beverages used, and there is reason for that - I am not looking for tea having caffeine or soup having nutrients that would help to recover kind of answer, but rather on beverage which is mainly water being hot, I recall being fed them as hot as possible, and once/if they would cool off being reheated/replaced by new ones. So focus really is on hotness not type of beverage or it's nutritional value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does drinking hot tea (or other hot drinks) help when you're sick?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" OwnerDisplayName="Matas Vaitkevicius" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:24:25.097" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:24:25.097" Title="Does drinking hot liquids help when you're sick?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-15T21:00:45.147" Score="12" ViewCount="1078" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a physician will instruct the patient to reduce the dosage of a prescription medication by 50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, if the tablet has an enteric coating, or is in a special encapsulation (such as with medications like Pristiq), it should not be split in half.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about other medications?  Can they be split in half?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard that, unless the pill is scored, the patient should not split the pill in half.  The reasoning I have always been provided is that the active ingredient in the pill may not be evenly distributed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?  Or is it a way to sell more medications and increase profits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific (or even anecdotal) evidence regarding this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T01:49:28.700" Title="Splitting pills in half" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5148" CreationDate="2016-03-15T22:19:47.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's true, or at least it might be true for any given pill. In the US, the FDA specifically approves splitting of pills only when the manufacturer plans for it by including it in their drug approval application. By including it in their application the FDA will require the manufacturer to submit evidence that splitting the pills results in equal dosages and equal effectiveness. Without that evidence, you as a consumer have no way of being sure how it will behave. Maybe it will be okay and maybe it won't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm171492.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Per the FDA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FDA has approved drugs where tablet splitting is part of the&#xA;  manufacturer’s drug application. &quot;If the tablet is approved for&#xA;  splitting, the information will be provided in the drug’s professional&#xA;  prescribing information,&quot; says Mansoor Khan, Ph.D., director of the&#xA;  Division of Product Quality Research in FDA's Office of Pharmaceutical&#xA;  Science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty far fetched to think that manufacturers are going to increase profits by telling consumers their pills shouldn't be split. The percentage of patients that would even apply to would be small since doctors don't make a practice of prescribing stronger strengths than patients actually need. Also, pill dosages are sized to meet the majority of patients' needs so any increased profits they actually realized would be trivial and probably not worth the risk of the bad PR that would result from being discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T01:41:26.697" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T01:41:26.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-16T00:05:23.200" Score="5" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any countries with law not requiring such warnings? If yes, were there conducted any smokers-related studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3094" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:14:01.447" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:14:01.447" Title="Are tobacco packaging warning messages improving health of society?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5023" CreationDate="2016-03-16T04:06:36.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The simplest answer is that &lt;strong&gt;both types of systems are more or less equal&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer:&#xA;It's actually the dentist that needs to be aware of a few concepts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The angle of the bone in which the implant is placed relative to the position of the crown that will be on top of it. they are not always in line. The ideal scenario is second from left, while the worst one is 3rd from the left. Nobody wants a screw to show up in the front of the crown! To remedy this problem it is possible to use the second stage in a 2-piece system to reangulate the crown.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9TONv.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9TONv.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CPQ1F.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CPQ1F.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Amount of gingival tissue between the bone and the mouth. If the gingiva isn't very thick, it might be advantageous to remove the intermediate step, so that as little as possible metal shows through the gingiva.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ability of the bone to endure immediate loading of the implant. If both the implant and the platform come in one piece, the implant will be exposed to forces in the mouth immediately after being placed, while the two piece option permits us to temporarily bury and avoid putting immediate stress on the implant, thereby enabling it to better integrate the bone, especially if the later is of poor quality. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To address your concern about a micro crack appearing between the two pieces, it is most often due to the insufficient tightening of the screw&lt;/strong&gt;. At least 15-25 Newtons need to be applied, using an implant screw, to sufficiently tighten the the pieces to avoid the appearance of a micro crack and further of the screw.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My source, excluding professional formation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;http://www.oralhealthgroup.com/features/the-one-piece-implant-design-prospective-case-report/&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T04:13:08.507" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T04:13:08.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5150" CreationDate="2016-03-16T09:13:08.740" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some studied done about it. Here is the list of them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/15/suppl_3/iii19.full.html&quot;&gt;Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00913367.1988.10673110&quot;&gt;Perceived Believability of Warning Label Information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=518297&quot;&gt;Do Cigarette Warning Labels Reduce Smoking?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; came up with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Approximately one fifth of participants [by the way there are 616 adult smokers] reported smoking less as a result of the labels; only 1% reported smoking more. Although participants reported negative emotional responses to the warnings including fear (44%) and disgust (58%), smokers who reported greater negative emotion were more likely to have quit, attempted to quit, or reduced their smoking 3 months later. Participants who attempted to avoid the warnings (30%) were no less likely to think about the warnings or engage in cessation behavior at follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T14:28:37.640" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T14:28:37.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-16T11:59:19.070" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;omics&lt;/a&gt; data offers much more information than a classic biochemical blood analysis does. Are there more features that can be known from a patient blood sample using omics data in comparison with classic biochemical markers[&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By omics data, I mean knowing all of the molecules and quantities of a blood sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could integrating all the omics data associations present in databases and comparing with the blood sample say a lot about a patient's overall health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two examples of using omics data to get information about a patient's psychological status:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934103&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934103&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120773/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4120773/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many diseases are multifactorial, such as psychological ones. On the other side, some of them, such as the ones already being monitored via classical biochemical markers are not. We could then be here limited by the current concept of disease in medicine, and thus we would not gain too much with blood omics data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3209" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T21:03:24.760" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T21:03:24.760" Title="Omics vs Classic Blood Sample" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5160" CreationDate="2016-03-16T13:15:22.210" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have been feeling very lethargic the past year and went in to get some blood work.  I fasted for 12 hours prior to test, with the exception of mint that I had that morning hour before test that had sorbitol and less than a gram of sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in terrific shape and have a squeaky clean diet (FODMAP for the past 2 years because its easy on my stomach) yet my blood sugar levels came back at 106 mg/dL and that is considered pre diabetic when you're fasting.  Normal is 65-99 mg/dL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So do you believe that the mint heightened my blood sugar that much that I should retake the test?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not spoken to my doctor about it yet (results emailed to me) and have been trying to do some research prior so I can be prepared to have any additional questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure if it matters, but I'm 185 lbs, 7.5% body fat and workout 6 days per week.  From all that I read, it looks like the results indicate that I'm moving towards type 2 diabetes?  Better yet, the best way to prevent it is to eat healthy and exercise more.  I could break down my diet easily since I eat the same thing daily and record calories, fat, carbs, protein and it's all low on the glycemic index :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3210" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:11:34.783" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:11:34.783" Title="Pre diabetic after fasting blood work?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5155" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10284" CreationDate="2016-03-16T13:55:32.393" Score="4" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;An elderly person has suffered a heart attack, and later had an extensive cardio bypass surgery.  The patient is now undergoing Physical Therapy (PT) and Occupational Therapy (OT) with the goal to return to independent living in several weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In trying to help this patient to resume shaving himself or to cooking his own dinner, I can understand that you do not necessarily want to &lt;em&gt;begin&lt;/em&gt; by handing him a sharp razor or a hot frying pan.  What activities might an OT begin with to assist the patient, or to evaluate what steps the patient will need to reach the goal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, is there a standard set of tests that are used in all situations in order to assess the patient's current abilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Disclaimer:  My motives behind this question are my own father and his ongoing recovery.  I have not been present for his OT, but the things he describes are baffling to both him and me, having the feel of kindergarten arts and crafts.  However, I do not wish to question the methods of a person with extensive training and experience in a field where my level of knowledge is how to abbreviate it.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;It is difficult to separate myself from these emotions and biases.  I have tried to frame this question in as general a manner as I could to benefit multiple readers.  If I have strayed, I apologize.  I welcome any edits that improve the neutrality of the question while still helping me learn what I need to.  Please leave this disclaimer.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/q/560/3205&quot;&gt;See also this meta&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3205" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T16:43:14.143" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T09:22:47.553" Title="What OT techniques are common following heart bypass, and how do these correlate to resuming normal daily activities?" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;occupational-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5157" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-03-16T15:31:07.157" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-03-16T15:31:07.157" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T15:31:07.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5158" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-03-16T15:31:07.157" Score="0" Body="A form of therapy for those recuperating from physical or mental illness that encourages rehabilitation through the performance of activities required in daily life." OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-03-20T15:10:32.587" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T15:10:32.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-16T16:01:33.557" Score="1" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of our clients has recently been put onto a nippy junior plus positive pressure ventilator. Just to the left of the left of the settings lock symbol is the symbol shown below. I would like to know what this symbol indicates. It is not explained in the manual (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nippyventilator.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NIPPY-Junior-Manual.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nippyventilator.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NIPPY-Junior-Manual.pdf&lt;/a&gt;) and the nurse who trained our staff didn't know either&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yRZDf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yRZDf.png&quot; alt=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:10:36.260" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:10:36.260" Title="Warning Symbol on Nippy Junior+" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;&lt;nurse-practitioner&gt;&lt;proper-use&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5154" CreationDate="2016-03-16T16:34:42.093" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Retest&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generally retest and don't base decisions on a single reading. Although the impact of the mint would seem minimal, the abnormal result itself deserves repeating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, insulin resistance has become a huge problem and I see it all the time in clinical practice and am no longer surprised when a fit appearing person or an athlete I work with has abnormal glucose metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another test(s) to consider would be a fasting insulin and a 2 hour glucose tolerance test. An A1C can be useful combined with other tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The approach to figuring out your actual question - Am I pre-diabetic? hinges on the viewpoint of the treating physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a functional medicine approach, normal is often pathologic.  For example, using a normal A1C to exclude insulin resistance and prediabetes will miss a large number of people already in trouble. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose tolerance testing is considered gold standard by many functional medicine experts. A 2-hour reading of 120-139 indicated &gt;60% loss of pancreas Beta cell function (decreased insulin production). A 1-hour 120 or above indicates insulin resistance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipids are also important in determining the risk and using a ratio of triglycerides to HDL (good cholesterol) can help identify insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reference: 4th International Congress on Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Madrid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3212" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T16:34:42.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5159" CreationDate="2016-03-16T16:55:36.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally found the symbol on page 5 of the quick reference guide (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nippyventilator.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NIPPY-Junior-Quick-Reference-Guide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://nippyventilator.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NIPPY-Junior-Quick-Reference-Guide.pdf&lt;/a&gt;) for the ventilator. It is just an indicator that the disconnect alarm has been set to low sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3211" LastActivityDate="2016-03-16T16:55:36.237" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5235" CreationDate="2016-03-17T02:23:22.943" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that there is a high risk of death if one contracts Hepatitis A after they contract Hepatitis C?  If so, you'd think there ought to be more noise about this in health publications and also in the media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1896" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T14:25:19.813" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T15:00:51.407" Title="High Risk Of Death When Contracting Hepatitis A After Contracting Hepatitis C" Tags="&lt;hepatitis&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-17T14:12:12.917" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is to radiologists. &#xA;I'm a PhD student in medical image processing and (I thought that) I was working with 3D-DSA images obtained by subtraction of non-contrast enhanced CBCT from a contrast enhanced one. Now I see here and there people mention 3DRA modality. Is this actually just a different word for the same thing? If so, which one is a standard one (could not find either in DICOM standard text for example)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3221" LastEditorUserId="3221" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T12:50:48.697" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T12:50:48.697" Title="Are 3D-DSA and 3DRA the same?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-17T16:22:58.737" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to set the data type for NDC codes in a database, with a length on the data type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When reading about National Drug Codes (NDC), I'm finding that most codes are either 10 or 11 characters.  The wikipedia page doesn't have a max number of digits listed.  But I have found 12 characters NDC codes online, with dashes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like the VA software wikipedia page says NDC codes can have more than 16 characters!  But I have not found any data that shows this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vistapedia.com/index.php/NDC_Rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.vistapedia.com/index.php/NDC_Rules&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard on NDC codes (for healthcare data) that's published anywhere?  Seems like the standard keeps changing.  I realize RxNorm is more of a standard, so I'm simply looking for an NDC standard if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2678" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:09:38.177" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:09:38.177" Title="Largest number of NDC characters" Tags="&lt;database&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;&lt;ndc-ntl-drug-codes&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-17T21:45:31.413" Score="8" ViewCount="357" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife currently has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_labialis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cold sore&lt;/a&gt;. I currently don't. I've had cold sores before, which means that (most probably) HSV-1 lies dormant somewhere in my body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I kiss my wife while she is has a cold sore, will this this trigger a recurrence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to research this question, but the information I find online does not help much:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the virus already lies dormant within me, additional exposure shouldn't matter. --&gt; KISS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, most &quot;how to prevent getting cold sores ever again&quot; websites online say that you should avoid exposure to infected people (without further explanation; in particular, without addressing the previous point). --&gt; DON'T KISS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3226" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-20T10:44:45.977" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T09:25:44.343" Title="Should I kiss my wife" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-18T10:45:49.223" Score="3" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that a bottle of melatonin supplement is labelled &lt;em&gt;&quot;For Occasional Sleeplessness&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.  The use of the word &lt;em&gt;&quot;Occasional&quot;&lt;/em&gt; surprised me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any harm in an adult taking a melatonin supplement every night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:29:03.603" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:29:03.603" Title="Is there any harm in taking a melatonin supplement every night?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-18T13:25:54.040" Score="2" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am only 18 and I have injured my knee by doing squats. I have stopped them, I went to my doctor and he checked my x rays and said everything is normal. He did tell me that I have strained my knee and he gave me a bonsalic tablet. I completed my course but the pain still persists. He asked me to continue the medication, but is there also any exercise for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2674" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:26:27.090" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:26:27.090" Title="Exercises for strained knee?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;sprain-strain-twist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5176" CreationDate="2016-03-18T22:06:05.623" Score="4" ViewCount="1023" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at a few different brands of non-rebreather &quot;adult&quot; masks and all of them have reservoirs of about 1L.  Even connected to 100% oxygen There is no way that's going to give an average adult a significant oxygen boost if he's breathing deeply (3L+ inspiratory capacity) -- much less an above-average adult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how do EMTs give a large adult with critically depressed SpO2 enough oxygen?  Are there even more aggressive means of administering oxygen?  Or are there larger-capacity non-rebreather masks (perhaps known by a different name, since a few searches didn't reveal any)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Amendment:&lt;/em&gt; I just put an NRB on a tank of regular air with a 25L/min regulator. The bag fills in about 2 seconds, and if I'm resting it's more than adequate. But if I do a minute of squat-jumps my breathing rate rises to roughly 1 cycle per second. Then if I put on the NRB I'm sucking the full bag down in &lt;em&gt;less than half a breath&lt;/em&gt;, after which I'm fighting the safety valve and mask seal to get enough air. If I were in respiratory distress it seems like it would only make things worse!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2016-03-19T01:23:48.900" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T21:59:01.303" Title="What is proper capacity of adult non-rebreather masks?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5175" CreationDate="2016-03-19T00:29:52.577" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ah, but they can and do. A non-rebreather (NRB) mask with 100% O2 flowing at 12-15 L/min will provide about 90% O2 concentration to an adult. This is true even for the largest adult in severe respiratory distress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of reasons for this. First, the 3 liters figure you cited is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Here are two definitions you need to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://faculty.etsu.edu/currie/respvolumes.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://faculty.etsu.edu/currie/respvolumes.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Resting Tidal Volume (VT):  This is the volume of air taken into the&#xA;  lungs when you inhale. Tidal volume increases with exercise or&#xA;  activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):  Total lung capacity minus the&#xA;  volume of air in the lung at the end of a normal inspiration.  This&#xA;  means that we have a reserve volume that we can tap into as tidal&#xA;  volume increases with exercise or activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Average capacities are 500 mL for VT and 3000 mL for IRV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the IRV is the volume of air that can be &lt;strong&gt;forcibly&lt;/strong&gt; inhaled. It's not something anyone normally does except during extreme exertion (eg, athletics) or when directed in a breathing test. So the 3 liters you cite isn't the amount of air someone normally inhales; the TV of 500 mL is much more typical, meaning the bag provides two full breaths of reserve and the flow of 12-15 L/min O2 completely refills that bag every 3-4 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a 1 mL reservoir bag being fed by O2 flowing at 15 mL/min is in fact more than adequate to supply 90% O2 concentrations to even a large adult in extreme respiratory distress. It can and will raise their SpO2 significantly in a short period of time if their cardio-pulmonary system is capable of absorbing and delivering it (which may not be the case if they're in need of such measures, but that's another issue). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that a NRB only works with a patient who is breathing adequately on their own. If a patient isn't breathing, or isn't breathing adequately, the next step up is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bag valve mask&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NlZKb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NlZKb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A BVM allows a medical provider to mechanically breath for the patient. The tubing you see coiled up next to the reservoir would be attached to an O2 source delivering 100% O2 at 12-15 L/min and then the provider would squeeze the bag at a normal breathing rate, forcing O2 into the patient's lungs. With this device O2 can be forced into the lungs of a non-breathing patient, or assisted into the lungs of a patient too sick or too weak to breath normally on their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, once a BVM has been employed the next step will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheal_intubation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tracheal intubation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eZCVD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eZCVD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the diagram shows, a plastic tube is inserted into the patient's trachea and then a BVM or mechanical respirator is attached to the other end. A source of O2 is also attached. Once intubated, 100% O2 can be supplied to the patient at any volume desired. And once a mechanical ventilator is attached, much finer control of O2 concentration, volume, and other parameters are possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not shown in the diagram is the small balloon on the tube at the end inserted into the trachea. Once the tube is in place, that balloon is inflated, which holds the tube in place and completely seals the trachea from anything entering or leaving except via the tube. In this way, the patient is also protected by the tube from aspirating vomit, blood, broken teeth, or whatever else might be present in the throat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP stated in the comments that he can deflate the reservoir by donning a NRB with a 25 L/min flow of air and then doing strenuous exercises. Specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I put the NRB on and I'm sucking the full bag down in less than half a&#xA;  breath, after which I'm fighting the safety valve and mask seal to get&#xA;  enough air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two things explain this. First, he's a healthy person able to do vigorous exercises and then inhale fully to his full lung capacity. Sick people who need supplemental O2 rarely fit that description. In many cases they literally cannot fully fill their lungs with a breath no matter how hard they try, and they are often in distress, which leads to very rapid, shallow respirations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, he was breathing plain air, which is 21% O2. A patient on a NRB will be breathing supplemental O2 at a concentration of about 90%. In other words, every breath the OP took contained 1/5th as much oxygen as the breaths a patient would be taking. I think that if the OP repeated his experiment using 100% O2 instead of plain air, he would get very different results and wouldn't find himself struggling to get enough air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-03-19T21:59:01.303" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T21:59:01.303" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4952" CreationDate="2016-03-19T10:03:50.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some negative ion generators also produce small amounts of ozone, which is a gas that can be lethal if inhaled in concentration. I suppose if you were to find a way to accumulate enough ozone and then intentionally inhaled it you might die.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There is no chance of this happening in normal use however, though you can smell a trace of ozone emanating from these devices if you try.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own lengthy subjective experience with a small 4-needle negative ion generator in my home office is that it has never produced any noticeable positive effects that are claimed by the manufacturer, though I'm quite sure it's technically functional. I suspect it is far too small to have any noticeable effect on the volume of air in the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3190" LastActivityDate="2016-03-19T10:03:50.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14479" CreationDate="2016-03-19T15:57:06.493" Score="12" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well-known that obesity is associated with many health risks and obese persons are advised to follow a healthy diet and increase physical activity to lose weight and improve their overall health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, adipose (fatty) tissue accumulates lipophilic toxic substances, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;poly chlorinated biphenyls&lt;/a&gt; (PCBs) and other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;persistent organic pollutants&lt;/a&gt; (POPs). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11093288&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Studies&lt;/a&gt; have shown that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Body weight loss increases plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in obese subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the review on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569688/pdf/ehp.1205485.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxicological Function of Adipose Tissue: Focus on Persistent Organic Pollutants&lt;/a&gt; cites research to support the claim that plasma concentrations of POPs increase with weight loss, and cites animal studies which have shown that weight loss promotes POPs redistribution to other lipid rich tissues, such as the brain and the liver. This implies that losing weight, especially rapidly, could have toxic effects on the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If we stipulate that a person is losing weight &lt;em&gt;gradually&lt;/em&gt;, are there any protective/precautionary measures they could take, to protect themselves from harmful effects of toxic substances stored in their adipose tissues, which are released on losing weight?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way to promote POPs excretion instead of redistribution, and how can this be achieved?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-08-20T17:53:19.627" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T09:20:20.257" Title="How can one protect themselves from toxic substances released from fatty tissue during weight loss?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-19T17:30:05.640" Score="5" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that (very) strong or (very) weak abdominal muscles before becoming pregnant increases or decreases the risk of developing diastasis recti during pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what are the physiological reasons for this? Do you have any references about studies about this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:18:01.603" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T15:18:01.603" Title="Correlation between pre-pregnancy training level of abdominal muscles and the risk of getting diastasis recti" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5192" CreationDate="2016-03-19T19:08:22.533" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey&lt;/a&gt; shows a reduction of days challenged virally by about 70% just by taking 180mg allicin every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be really huge. The economic impact of the common cold per year seems to be in the billions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12227674&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Productivity losses related to the common cold.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the author of the allicin study (Peter Josling) appears to be involved in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allicincenter.com/store/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;selling garlic supplements&lt;/a&gt;, so I'm not sure if one can trust his study fully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only related study I found is: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any further studies verifying or refuting the existence of this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3237" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T08:47:01.560" Title="Does supplementation of garlic/allicin reduce the number of incidences and severity/duration of the common cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5169" CreationDate="2016-03-19T23:59:34.597" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Original answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You are already infected. The HSV is indeed dormant in your body. It&#xA;  keeps trying to get out, till your immune system is off guard and it&#xA;  will present as a cold sore.  So when you don't have a cold sore your&#xA;  immune system is in control and you can't get &quot;more infected&quot; by your&#xA;  wife. So you can kiss without worries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The next question is, do you really want to if she has a sore ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I'm new here, i thought I keep it simple. I will try to provide some evidence and complete the answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HSV-1 infects mucosal cells, like the ones in mouth and genitalia. After infection the HSV virus infects innervating neurons causing a latent infection. While the mucosal cells are infected, CD8+ cells (which kill virus infected cells) &quot;learn&quot; to recognize the virus and kill it of. As long as your CD8+ cells function normally the virus cannot reactivate. Also antibodies agains the infecting virus are formed, protecting against reinfection (theoretically you could also reinfect yourself)  (1) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @YviDe pointed out it is possible to get infected with multiple strains. In this a small study with 13 HSV-1 infect persons 2 where infected with more than 1 strain (2) However, there is also evidence an infection with HSV can protect against an infection with another strain. (3) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, lets assume you and your wife have the same strain of virus. Then the likelihood of you reinfecting yourself is much higher than she infecting you, since you drink from your infected glass and use your infected toothbrush etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If she has a different strain things are uncertain. As pointed out, your current infection could protect you but depending on numerous factors you can get reinfected or not with the different strain. If you have a cold sore your immune system (partly) compromised, so at that moment your susceptibility for a infection by this different strain is probably higher. &#xA;However, changes that you get infected anyway while living under the same roof is pretty high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I where you, I would worry about it to much since you can't be sure about anything without genetic sequencing of your and your wifes HSV-1 virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Egan KP et al, Immunological control of herpes simplex virus infections, 2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Roest RW et al, Genotypic analysis of sequential genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) isolates of patients with recurrent HSV-1 associated genital herpes, 2014&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) Stanberry LR et al, Longitudinal risk of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, HSV type 2, and cytomegalovirus infections among young adolescent girls, 2004&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastEditorUserId="3239" LastEditDate="2016-03-22T08:49:18.470" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T08:49:18.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4294" CreationDate="2016-03-20T18:51:35.577" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before we discuss safety, I wouldn't agree that these two work 'equally well'. While ranitidine (a histamine 2-receptor antagonist - H2A) is a medicine with good efficacy, studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors - PPI (such as omeprasole) are more efficient. (1, 2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926494&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;One of these studies&lt;/a&gt; concludes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maintenance treatment with omeprazole (20 or 10 mg once daily) is superior to ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) in keeping patients with erosive reflux esophagitis in remission over a 12-month period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for safety, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division in a Systematic review of PPI and H2A in GORD states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rate of occurrence of study withdrawals because of drug-related adverse events is shown [...]. For PPI, the rate of adverse event withdrawals was 2.5%, and for H2A it was 4.2%. This tendency for fewer adverse event withdrawals with PPI was significant - relative risk 0.61 (0.41 - 0.91). The NNH was 50 (26 - 251). &lt;strong&gt;This means for every fifty patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with a proton pump inhibitor, one will not have a serious treatment-related complication who would have done had they been treated with a H2A.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This refers only to serious complications. Detailed lists of possible side effects and their frequencies for each medicine can be found in their respective summaries of product characteristics - SPCs. (4, 5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Edit: For long-term effects and risks, many years may pass until they are discovered, which is why safety of medicines is constantly being re-assessed, especially through pharmacovigilance system. There have been some very recent studies showing that there might be additional long-term risks associated with use of PPIs, as explained in Count Iblis's answer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;in pregnancy&lt;/strong&gt; ranitidine and other H2As have been categorised as class B medicines, whereas omeprasole has been categorised as class C medicine, the second being based on effects shown in animal studies. There is more data on safety in pregnancy obtained from humans for ranitidine than for omeprasole. Class B is regarded as safer than class C. Other PPIs are categorised as class B. (6)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ultimately, the choice of medicine should be up to your physician, who knows the specifics of your condition and your overall health status.&lt;/strong&gt; What's more, if the condition persists (you inquired about long term use) a medical doctor should follow your condition and the treatment progress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910310&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effectiveness and costs of omeprazole vs ranitidine for treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care clinics in West Virginia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926494&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omeprazole or ranitidine in long-term treatment of reflux esophagitis. The Scandinavian Clinics for United Research Group.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/bandopubs/gordf/gord.html#Heading33&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Systematic review of PPI and H2A in GORD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/23245#UNDESIRABLE_EFFECTS&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ranitidine SPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24226#UNDESIRABLE_EFFECTS&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omeprasole SPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515100_5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article: The Management of Heartburn in Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-03-20T22:20:44.983" LastActivityDate="2016-03-20T22:20:44.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4294" CreationDate="2016-03-20T21:31:56.413" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recent research results point to serious adverse health risks with the long term use of PPIs. These medicines increase the risk of &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heart disease&lt;/a&gt;, increase the risk of &lt;a href=&quot;http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2487379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dementia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2481157&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic kidney disease&lt;/a&gt;. These adverse effects have only recently been found. The association with heart disease used to be controversial, but recently obtained evidence points to a solid causal link. The  &lt;a href=&quot;http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/early/2016/04/19/CIRCRESAHA.116.308807&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;results of a very recent experiment&lt;/a&gt; on cell cultures suggests that these side effects are due to PPIs interfering with endothelial function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in Lucky's answer, PPIs work better than H2As, so the decision which medicine to use must be based on a solid risk assessment by your doctor. The current evidence suggests that at least the PPIs should no longer be prescribed, except to prevent life threatening problems such as intestinal bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-11-05T22:32:04.130" LastActivityDate="2016-11-05T22:32:04.130" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-20T23:05:40.980" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 24 years, I am in this forum for suggestions, I've never had trouble sleeping, but last year I slept badly because I didn't prepare well for tests and I almost always had to study the last days (and those days I slept bad) and sometimes when I didn't have to study I played games (like LoL) until late at night, now I feel that this has affected me and most nights I only manage to sleep around 6 hours (sometimes more and sometimes less) and I awake even without alarm, I would like to sleep 7 or 8 hours per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who may have been there I could advise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3244" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:25:35.597" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T02:04:39.747" Title="Any advice to sleep 7-8 hours?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-21T06:08:39.280" Score="11" ViewCount="1409" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have self-administered around &lt;code&gt;4 mg/kg&lt;/code&gt; of caffeine (peroral), and around two hours later I fell asleep, being just a little bit sleep-deprived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After around five hours of sleep I found myself awake, in awesome mood and I did not want to sleep at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was not a one-time thing, I did notice it before, but this is the first time it really caught my attention. &lt;strong&gt;What is even happening here?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;P. S. Plase notice I drink a lot of coffee, so there might or might not be a slight tolerance. I do not have any sleep-related health issues. I have zero education in subject areas. Also, excuse me for my English.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3245" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T02:40:07.437" Title="Why does caffeine make me sleep better?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5189" CreationDate="2016-03-21T07:40:54.933" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-absorption&quot;&gt;Caffeine Absorption&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Caffeine Capsules -    200mg - 84-120 minutes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe you took the caffeine, were already tired so you napped(2 hours or 120 minutes) just as it was kicking in full blown and then woke up a little later with the effects already in action, but not sleeping the full amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the capsules take longer to kick in than liquids and gums, you fell asleep before it fully woke you up. And since some say that caffeine works less if you are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-tolerance&quot;&gt;caffeine tolerant&lt;/a&gt; then this may explain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mensfitness.com/life/why-does-caffeine-make-me-tired&quot;&gt;Mens Fitness&lt;/a&gt; it could be a variation in your genes (CYP1A2 genes) that show how you metabolize caffeine. There is a test for that apparently, but I don't know how accurate that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrigenomix.com/tests-available&quot;&gt;7 Gene Test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The 7 gene test consists of a panel of seven genetic markers that&#xA;  enable your healthcare professional to provide you with personalized&#xA;  nutritional recommendations based on your DNA. This test determines&#xA;  how your body responds to vitamin C, folate, whole grains, omega-3&#xA;  fats, saturated fat, sodium and caffeine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then again, there appears a lot of reasons to why caffeine makes some people sleep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/y01-026#.Vu-eMeIrLIV&quot;&gt;Increases Insulin Response.&lt;/a&gt; Does not happen for everybody, but the increased insulin could make you tired. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/expert-answers/blood-sugar/faq-20057941&quot;&gt;It doesn't appear to have much of a affect though.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For most young, healthy adults, caffeine doesn't appear to noticeably&#xA;  affect blood sugar (glucose) levels, and consumption up to 400&#xA;  milligrams a day appears to be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some also say it has to do with vasoconstriction and dehydration due to diuretic effects of coffee. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The above other reasons don't seem to be the case in your case, but they are interesting possibilities.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T07:40:54.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5181" CreationDate="2016-03-21T15:56:03.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/32238/31863&quot;&gt;skeptics.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: There is not yet enough evidence to form an opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2014 Cochrane review, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Garlic for the common cold by Elizabeth Lissiman, Alice L Bhasale and Marc Cohen&lt;/a&gt;, examined the study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey shows&lt;/a&gt;, and concluded it wasn't too bad:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The included trial was of reasonable quality&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but still not perfect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TDi45.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TDi45.png&quot; alt=&quot;bias assessment&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Figure 1. 'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cochrane reviews normally systematic examine many different papers. However, this  review was unable to find any other high quality papers on the subject, and concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Implications for practice&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no conclusive evidence to recommend garlic supplements as a preventative or treatment option for the common cold. A single, small trial was found suggesting garlic might reduce the incidence of the common cold if taken continuously as a daily prophylactic (preventive treatment) but the results require validation. There is currently no evidence to help decide whether treating common colds with garlic will reduce symptom severity or days of illness. Anecdotally, adverse events reported include odour and minor skin or respiratory irritation. The frequency of adverse effects could not be determined from the evidence available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We need more evidence though to seriously recommend such supplements. I hope there will be more studies in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3237" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T08:47:01.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5147" CreationDate="2016-03-21T16:36:28.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/12-tips-prevent-colds-flu-1?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hot fluids(including water) can:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Relieve Nasal Congestion&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prevent Dehydration&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soothe Uncomfortably inflamed membranes that line the nose and throat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;By relieving symptoms you can make a person feel as if they are well or getting better. So yes I would say it helps. So just the hotness of the fluid can be a benefit.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27really.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;From a study:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The hot drink provided immediate and sustained relief from symptoms&#xA;  of runny nose, cough, sneezing, sore throat, chilliness and&#xA;  tiredness,” they reported, “whereas the same drink at room temperature&#xA;  only provided relief from symptoms of runny nose, cough and sneezing.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when assessing the opportunities of tea over water, the answer could be antioxidants. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/antioxidants-in-green-and-black-tea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Green and Black tea have 10x the antioxidants&lt;/a&gt; that are found in fruits and vegetables. Which if you accept that antioxidants help in sickness this could be your answer, just as extra. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T16:36:28.070" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5017" CreationDate="2016-03-21T17:04:48.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cancer.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)&#xA;  are chemicals formed when muscle meat, including beef, pork, fish, or&#xA;  poultry, is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as pan frying&#xA;  or grilling directly over an open flame&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These chemicals are found to be mutagenic and may increase the risk of cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same article, things that influence how much HCA's and PAH's are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;meat type&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;cooking method&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;doneness” level (rare, medium, or well done)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whatever the type of meat, however, meats cooked at high temperatures,&#xA;  especially above 300ºF (as in grilling or pan frying), or that are&#xA;  cooked for a long time tend to form more HCAs. For example, well done,&#xA;  grilled, or barbecued chicken and steak all have high concentrations&#xA;  of HCAs. Cooking methods that expose meat to smoke or charring&#xA;  contribute to PAH formation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O6-bioactivation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bioactivation&lt;/a&gt; the HCA'S and PAH's need to be metabolized by specific enzymes in the body. While:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that exposure to HCAs and PAHs can cause cancer in&#xA;  animal models&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Population studies have not established a definitive link between HCA&#xA;  and PAH exposure from cooked meats and cancer in humans&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional highlights:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;More research is being done&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No official FDA guidelines are available&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cancer.gov article did give some tips on how to reduce HCA and PAH formation when cooking&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cancer-and-food&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Better Health Websites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T17:04:48.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3864" CreationDate="2016-03-21T17:33:55.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516429/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Impact Of Long-Term Lithium Treatment On Renal Function In An Outpatient Population&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lithium is known to affect renal concentrating ability, and&#xA;lithium-induced polyuria is not uncommon, estimated to affect&#xA;approximately 20% of patients, but this is rarely clinically&#xA;significant. It is less clear, however, whether or not the protracted&#xA;use of lithium can cause progressive deterioration in renal function,&#xA;culminating in renal failure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/lithium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How can I avoid kidney damage due to lithium?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoid levels of lithium that are toxic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check blood levels of lithium to see if you are taking the lowest amount that still works for you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check creatinine every year. Get medical help if your creatinine level stays above 1.6 mg/dl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If possible, take lithium once a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some of these are interventions that your health care provider would utilize. So make sure you follow up with your healthcare provider.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242772-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lithium Nephropathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence of chronic renal disease is an indication for discontinuation&#xA;of the drug being administered and for consideration of alternative&#xA;medications for treatment of the patient's psychiatric disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242772-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatments:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polyuria --&amp;gt; Thiazide Diuretics &amp;amp; NSAIDs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypovolemia --&amp;gt; Parenteral Fluids&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dialysis may be indicated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ICU may be indicated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T20:56:24.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-21T18:47:52.140" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are ice packs people put on their forehead when they get hit on the head or have a fever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought- perhaps I could have the ice pack molded to the shape of my skull/forehead. It would cover alot more surface area. Also trying to find something that pinches/clamps gently to my temples which seem to get warm the fastest that can cool my temples off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are things like elastogel which does this sort of but are not nearly as cold as an ice pack or a piece of metal that has been in the freezer for a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would I need to do to make this happen? Some kind of product or DIY? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps not an icepack but a few centimeter thick piece of metal that will be very cold when you put it in the freezer for a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2692" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:18:50.293" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:18:50.293" Title="Ice pack/cold piece of metal contoured to skull/forehead" Tags="&lt;fever&gt;&lt;cold-compress&gt;&lt;forehead&gt;&lt;temples&gt;&lt;frozen-freeze&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="987" CreationDate="2016-03-21T20:36:03.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Natural Ways to quit Smoking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caring.com/articles/10-simple-tricks-to-stop-smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Candy and Gum.&lt;/a&gt; Sucking candy or chewing gum can occupy your mouth and time much the same as cigarettes. Even &lt;a href=&quot;http://stopcigarettes.net/lollipops-to-you-quit-smoking/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lollipops&lt;/a&gt; can help. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The flavor of the gum keeps the mouth fresh, making smoking less&#xA;  attractive. The act of chewing relieves the desire for oral&#xA;  stimulation and keeps the mouth busy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The cool, tingly feeling of menthol or mint makes a smoker's mouth&#xA;  feel fresh and clean, which tricks the brain into feeling less desire&#xA;  for that hot intake of smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/ss/slideshow-13-best-quit-smoking-tips-ever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Avoid triggers&lt;/a&gt;. Things you did while smoking or stress and other behaviors that encourage smoking. They vary per person. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/quitting-smoking-help-for-cravings-and-tough-situations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;They can even be drinks&lt;/a&gt; such as coffee, alcohol or tea. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quitsmokingsupport.com/breathing.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Deep Breathing.&lt;/a&gt; Some smokers while smoking inhaled deeply which promotes relaxation. Proper deep breathing as your stomach protrude on inhalation which allows the lungs to expand more and hold more air. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/387139-breathing-exercises-after-quitting-smoking/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Other breathing exercises.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/smoking-cessation/living/exercise-can-help-you-quit-smoking.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exercise.&lt;/a&gt; 30 minutes a day can prove helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Decreases appetite, Eases nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you first&#xA;  quit smoking, Distracts you from thoughts of smoking, Improves your mood,&#xA;  Helps you cope with stress and feel more energetic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Others: Adequate Hydration, appropriate diet, adequate rest, etc. &#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional Info:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/features/first-30-days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The First 30 Days: Quit Smoking!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/quitting-smoking-help-for-cravings-and-tough-situations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quitting Smoking: Help for Cravings and Tough Situations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-21T20:36:03.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1034" CreationDate="2016-03-22T01:17:46.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is usually only a problem in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002791.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ink poisoning&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Writing ink poisoning occurs when someone swallows ink found in&#xA;writing instruments (pens).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/22877-ink-poisoning-symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Allergies to skin:&lt;/a&gt; Irritation to skin, burning or itching. Which are rare the main adverse effect is usually only staining do the dye in the ink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wisegeek.org/is-it-true-that-writing-on-skin-is-unhealthy-or-risky.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cuts in the skin and permanent ink can cause problems.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary concern with writing on skin with permanent ink is that&#xA;permanent ink may contain xylene. Xylene is a toxic substance, though&#xA;toxicity is normally linked to inhalation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People can cause damage to their skin however, by cutting the skin and&#xA;then writing on skin with a permanent marker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can find no evidence of a greater problem over time, unless you were referring to developing a allergy which is possible, but I found no evidence to support that statement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Additional Info&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm048919.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt; - About Tattoo ink&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Skeptics SE - &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/18586/can-you-get-ink-poisoning-from-drawing-or-writing-on-your-skin-with-pen&quot;&gt;Can you get ink poisoning from drawing or writing on your skin with pen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T01:17:46.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T02:06:09.397" Score="4" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I currently have some bad tonsillitis and an infection in one of my ears. My doctor at school gave me ibuprofen (for pain and anti-inflammation) and penicillin. I was just wondering if higher doses (doc told me 2x 200mg tablets) would reduce inflammation even further. Is there a point where the nsaid can't help anymore, even in higher doses? (Ex. If I take 3 200mg pills will it reduce inflammation even more than 2 pills would?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3250" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-03-22T11:40:18.197" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T11:33:09.387" Title="How anti-inflammatory are nsaids?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2016-03-22T03:05:16.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;I would go with the expiration on the package. If the package says that it can only last till June 2015 or other date, I wouldn't try go very far past that. Also, make sure the package is intact and make sure it looks and smells edible.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://probiotics.mercola.com/probiotics-faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Probiotics can last 18 months&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unrefrigerated, Complete Probiotics have an 18 months shelf life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.symprove.com/blog/single/probiotics-shelf-life-and-storage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Probiotics, shelf life and storage&lt;/a&gt;, this may or may not be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm210073.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It is also interested to note,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FDA does not require food firms to place &quot;expired by&quot;, &quot;use by&quot; or&#xA;  &quot;best before&quot; dates on food products. This information is entirely at&#xA;  the discretion of the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T03:05:16.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3142" CreationDate="2016-03-22T03:27:00.540" Score="9" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the above result believable?&lt;/strong&gt; The results show treatment of symptoms of ED, if the medication stops then the symptoms will come back. So yes the results are believable one could say, but they are not permanent. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If yes, what makes Cialis cure Erectile Dysfunction permanently?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cialis.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CIALIS does not&lt;/a&gt;:  Cure ED, increase a man's sexual desire, protect a&#xA;  man or his partner from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV&#xA;  or serve as a male form of birth control&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3142/what-makes-cialis-cure-erectile-dysfunction-permanently/5201#comment5136_3142&quot;&gt;@JohnP&lt;/a&gt; said Cialis's effects are not permanent and all information on the drug can be found on the official drugs site, cialis.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T13:03:09.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5219" CreationDate="2016-03-22T04:03:34.050" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if all nutrients are required &amp;quot;daily&amp;quot; in their DRI values. What is the period of each nutrient such that my body performs its function correctly in its complete absence for a part of that period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If water not taken for 2 hours, its probably very minor effect, as long as its drunk every 6 hours (for digestive processes to proceed normally)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My doctor asked me to take one Vitamin-D supplement (cholecalciferol) every 10 days, so I'm assuming Vitamin-D requirement is not daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, what are the absorption limits so that if someone tries to cheat by not taking a nutrient for a few days and then trying to make up for it every so often? I eat about&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;250g Tomatoes (40% of Vit-A DRI) every day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;500g carrots(16 times DRI) once a week&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming Vitamin-A requirements are weekly, does this mean that I'm getting about 2.68 times of it? OR (the more likely scenario) that some of the carrot vitamin-A is not being absorbed and I'm just managing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd appreciate including source in your answers or just pointing me to any material that would help me understand this in depth. What I'm ultimately interested in is finding the &amp;quot;time period&amp;quot; of each nutrient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can try to explain more if this is not clear, please leave comments before downvoting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T07:33:32.637" Title="DRI: All actually daily?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-03-31T08:26:59.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3533" CreationDate="2016-03-22T05:17:23.933" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say consult a doctor to confirm the problem. Removal of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upmc.com/patients-visitors/education/womens-health/Pages/hysterectomy.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uterus usually doesn't cause to much of a shift,&lt;/a&gt; but I am sure there are a very few instances when it does. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The uterus typically takes up a very small space in the abdomen or&#xA;  pelvis. After a hysterectomy, the other abdominal organs shift&#xA;  slightly to fill the space. During the surgery, ligaments that helped&#xA;  to support the uterus are connected to the top of the vagina to&#xA;  support it and help keep it in its normal position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/tests-and-procedures/pelvic-exenteration/?region=on&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pelvic exenteration&lt;/a&gt; would be a time when organ removal defintely would affect you a lot more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Helpful:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/After-a-hysterectomy-what-happens-to-the-extra-space-created-inside-the-womans-body-Do-other-organs-move-Are-there-risks-arising-from-this-space&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;After a hysterectomy, what happens to the extra space created inside the woman's body?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the Uterus is not that big so the bladder and other structures fill the void. Above link shows pics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.newhealthadvisor.com/Normal-Size-of-Uterus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uterus size:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The normal size of uterus at this time is 7.6cm x 4.5cm x 3cm&#xA;  (length, width, thickness)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T05:17:23.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1870" CreationDate="2016-03-22T09:38:00.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being optimistic is not the only factor but people who were prepared for physical losses, and who were nevertheless optimistic, were better able to maintain better physical functioning, and lower depressive symptoms. in the study below it was concluded that  ageing well may depend both on public policy and societal efforts that work against stereotypical views of ageing, recognizing instead the diversity of the ageing population, and on encouraging individual optimistic views and active behaviors to promote healthy ageing. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24527737&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self-perceptions of ageing on physical and mental health.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T09:38:00.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T14:51:58.720" Score="2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm male and have always dated different races than my own (Asian). I've noticed that when I started dating a blonde Irish girl, I suddenly developed some blonde facial hair (let's say one in 7 strands of hair, so it's quite noticeable). Keep in mind that up until this point, I (obviously) have only had dark black facial hair on my chin. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is this normal? How does one suddenly grow blonde facial hair?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; As far as I'm aware, my lineage is pretty exclusively Asian. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I've been dating this African American girl, and I've noticed that since swapping body fluids (won't go into more details unless necessary), my body's smell has drastically changed (my armpit suddenly smells a little like her lady parts, which is also a distinct smell). It's quite noticeable because of the sudden change in odor. I haven't changed anything about my diet nor other things that would really impact my chemical balance. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;How is this even possible&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, it's not like I go out and modify any noticeably different behaviors in my normal life. But I have noticed the very coincidental correlations that happen when dating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can one acquire other people's chemical traits by swapping fluids somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it like... somehow I'm activating certain traits that I always had dormant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3257" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T09:00:52.183" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T09:00:52.183" Title="Is it possible to acquire/activate subtle physical traits of different races through fluid exchange?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;deodorant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-02-09T01:28:23.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4242" CreationDate="2016-03-22T15:08:32.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took a quick look at the National Registry site, and their practice tests still show protocols and usage questions for backboard application, so if it is a new national EMS policy, then it isn't showing on the tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I was able to find a couple of articles on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emsworld.com/article/10964204/prehospital-spinal-immobilization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EMSWorld&lt;/a&gt; and on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jems.com/articles/print/volume-38/issue-3/patient-care/research-suggests-time-change-prehospita.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JEMS (Journal of Emergency Medical Services)&lt;/a&gt; citing current research that shows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase pain/pressure with backboards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased constriction of breathing with backboards (Due to the straps)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased airway compromise with collars and backboards (Exacerbated in patients with COPD and other breathing compromises)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased inability for patients to protect their own airway&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association has noted from a 2010 study, that in drowning victims &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Routine c-spine immobilization is a Class III (potentially harmful) unless clear trauma is evident in the history or exam, because it may unnecessarily delay or impede ventilations. &lt;a href=&quot;http://cardiologiadepanama.org/uploads/2010-aha-guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Writeup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as of March 2014, at least some of the EMS groups in Kansas were &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ems1.com/patient-handling/articles/1868923-New-Kan-EMS-policy-limits-use-of-backboards/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;moving away from&lt;/a&gt; using backboards in the field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL; DR&lt;/strong&gt;: I can't find it as an official policy, so I would suspect that much like Kansas, it is a local EMS policy decision based on some of the most current research on the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T15:08:32.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T15:37:17.047" Score="2" ViewCount="716" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMI&lt;/a&gt; is a commonly used measure to determine whether or not a person is at a healthy weight. A person is said to be overweight if they are above 25 and underweight if below 18.5. &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/3176/3258&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; asks what the scientific basis is for BMI ranges, but does not question the difference between the values within that range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between the upper and lower &quot;healthy&quot; limits is a rather large range of weights. Anecdotally, when I am at a BMI of 25 I still look and feel rather overweight (flabby, bulging belly, etc.). I've only ever been as low as around 21 or 22 BMI, at which point I am rather slim, and at the weight I'd need to be to achieve 18.5 I imagine I would be very skinny, too slender by my personal standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really the case that someone at a BMI of 18.5 would be equally as healthy as someone at 21.75 (the midpoint) or 25? By healthy I mean equivalent risk of long term illnesses, early death, etc. (assuming other health-related factors to be the same).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, then is there a more accurate way to determine an optimally healthy weight (as opposed to merely a range of healthy weights)? Having been unable to find any information on this point, my target weight is a BMI of 21.75, but I would like to fine tune this if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3258" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T19:31:29.997" Title="What is the optimal weight within the BMI range?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5212" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5213" CreationDate="2016-03-22T18:17:14.570" Score="2" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially based on the calcium information I have on these brands of water bottles brands, how can I calculate the daily % value of calcium they give?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiji water = 17mg/L Calcium&#xA;Evian water = 78mg/L Calcium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3260" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T19:30:19.073" Title="How can I calculate the daily recommended % value of calcium based on the information I have?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5212" CreationDate="2016-03-22T19:30:19.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For calcium it depends on age and gender, as shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/calcium-supplements/art-20047097&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this chart&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yg0rK.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yg0rK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for a male aged 19-50, 1 liter of Fiji water would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;17 / 1000 = .017, or 1.7% of the RDV&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And 1 liter of Evian would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;78 / 1000 = .078, or 7.8% of the RDV&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you're looking for calcium in bottled water, you're looking in the wrong place. It's the most expensive possible source of calcium you could choose and not a very good one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Mayo notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your body doesn't produce calcium, so you must get it through other&#xA;  sources. Calcium can be found in a variety of foods, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dairy products, such as cheese, milk and yogurt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dark green leafy vegetables, such as broccoli and kale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fish with edible soft bones, such as sardines and canned salmon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Calcium-fortified foods and beverages, such as soy products, cereal and&#xA;  fruit juices, and milk substitutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To absorb calcium, your body also needs vitamin D. A few foods&#xA;  naturally contain small amounts of vitamin D, such as canned salmon&#xA;  with bones and egg yolks. You can also get vitamin D from fortified&#xA;  foods and sun exposure. The RDA for vitamin D is 600 international&#xA;  units (15 micrograms) a day for most adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that they don't mention water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-03-22T19:30:19.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-22T21:46:06.890" Score="4" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a relative who has gone through a few different courses of antibiotics to combat a &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_%28bacteria%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; infection, with limited success. As I understand it, the initial antibiotic course for an unrelated infection wiped out normal biota and allowed the &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt; to get established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what I'm not understanding is how fecal transplant can be effective? The &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt; is already established, is the biota being transplanted enough to be able to suppress/supplant the already established infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:50:58.073" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T17:55:33.233" Title="Why is FMT an effective treatment for Clostridium difficile?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;clostridium-difficile&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-23T10:49:26.033" Score="2" ViewCount="1062" Body="&lt;p&gt;Again, Im not quite sure if this is the place to ask this question. However, I am experiencing so discomfort with my shins itching constantly. Im in two minds as to what could be causing it, as I participate in skateboarding frequently I thought this could either cause shin splints and/ or cause irritation just by purely knocking my shins constantly. (which is unfortunately inevitable when skating).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand though, I have not been active on my skateboard for a few months and the itching persists. I must also add that I play drums frequently... May that have an impact? I now think it maybe due to the boots I wear... they go above the ankle maybe an inch and are woollen on the upper, I also wear thick socks, I find once I remove my socks on a night the itching resides...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide me with any advice on how to combat this issue... I have often considered commuting everywhere barefoot, obviously that isn't very practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="379" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T06:06:19.190" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T09:12:35.480" Title="Itchy Shins! Footwear or Shin Splints?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;itching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5202" CreationDate="2016-03-23T13:20:19.310" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question(s). I can't answer all of it by I'll try to en light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body obviously needs vitamins, minerals, proteins etc. &#xA;First of all, it needs those in different quantities at different times. Example, need more water if its hot and your exercising. You need more folic acid when you are pregnant (because the new forming child needs it for DNA synthesis). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, some of those can be stored very in large quantities and for a long period, while others can't. Example, if you have a normal diet your body has a storage of vitamine B12 to last 2 years. As you pointed out, you only last a few days without water intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, your body can synthesize some nutrients by itself. Vitamine D3 is produced in the skin from cholesterol using UV light. Some aminoacids are synthesized by your body (non-essential amino acids), while others need to be supplied by diet (essential amino acids).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then another factor of the DRI is how well your body can absorb those nutrients. Example, iron absorption from meat is much better than iron absorption from vegetables. However, water is absorbed for almost 90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also important: There is a huge difference in how well your body can tollerate shortage (deficiency) or overdosis (intoxication) of different nutrients. Example, you can handle enormous amounts of vitamine C, glucose (sugar), fats, proteins and more. However, it can't handle large quantities of iron or tablesalt (actually, the body can regulate its salt levels very well, but eat 6 tablespoons of salt and you need medical care) can be very bad for health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And last but not least, most of those factors are very different per individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there are numerous factors (and i hardly described them all) that play a role in how much nutrients you can and should take in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Similarly, what are the absorption limits so that if someone tries to cheat by not taking a nutrient for a few days and then trying to make up for it every so often? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As said, that depends on which nutrient. Some you can skip for months (years!) and some you don't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assuming Vitamin-A requirements are weekly, does this mean that I'm&#xA;  getting about 2.68 times of it? OR (the more likely scenario) that&#xA;  some of the carrot vitamin-A is not being absorbed and I'm just&#xA;  managing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body can store vitamine A very well. I can't tell how much days you can &quot;skip&quot;. The DRI are &quot;avarage intake&quot; over a period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What I'm ultimately interested in is finding the &quot;time period&quot; of each nutrient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can't be answered. You would need to know for every (which is unknown) nutrient you need:&#xA;- how much you as a person need, which differs per individual&#xA;- how much of every nutrient is in all foodstuff (which is unknown and differs per appel/tomato/carrot etc)&#xA;- how well your individual body absorbs those nutrients&#xA;and then calculate it for every nutrient, which are very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a health professional nor diet guru. But my advise: do not worry to much. Wanting to know what you need to eat and what is healthy is a very good custom. But I think you want to calculate everything and that is unhealthy, since it will take you too much time and stress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your national dietary guidelines are based on the latest knowledge and research. Try to keep up with them and you will be safe. And have a varied diet! Always eating tomatoes and carrots is not necessarily healthy, as you could miss some less well known proteins and minerals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &#xA;While it is not very scientific, this article seems to answer a lot of your questions and seems quite accurate:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kitchenstewardship.com/2014/06/20/cheat-your-supplements-what-works-what-doesnt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.kitchenstewardship.com/2014/06/20/cheat-your-supplements-what-works-what-doesnt/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Webmd has some excellent content on living healthy&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/living-healthy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/living-healthy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia has some pretty good articles on different vitamines:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My doctor asked me to take one Vitamin-D supplement (cholecalciferol) every 10 days, so I'm assuming Vitamin-D requirement is not daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Netherlands (where I'm from) it's common to take Vitamin-D everyday. A 10 day supplement is very uncommon, since you would forget to take it in. So i'm quite surprised..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T13:20:19.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5215" CreationDate="2016-03-23T13:28:41.107" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you pointed out, your bowl contains many many types of bacteria, the biodome. They live in harmony, balanced. No bacteria can overwhelm the other. These are commensal bacteria. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, through whatever reason like antibiotics, some bacteria are wiped out then sometimes there is no way to restore the balans. A fecal transplant can reintroduce the missing bacteria, which then take back their place and reduce the c. difficile colony to a size where it is useful instead of harmful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779307&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T13:28:41.107" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5079" CreationDate="2016-03-23T13:53:41.110" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are asking about is called &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bioavailability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, which is the term for how much of a consumed substance is actually taken up by the body, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioequivalence&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bioequivalence&lt;/a&gt;, which is about whether two products are used the same way in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Protein&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For protein, bioavailability is also called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.food-info.net/uk/protein/bv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biological Value (BV)&lt;/a&gt;. The BV of an egg, for example is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC854T/AC854T74.htm#chII.I.7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;somewhere around 93&lt;/a&gt; (see column 5). For cooked chicken, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC854T/AC854T74.htm#chII.I.6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a bit over 70&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to find sources for protein powder/shakes that don't seem biased (being from the manufactors of the protein, or bodybuilding sites), but here's a study from the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jssm.org/vol3/n3/2/v3n3-2pdf.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protein - Which is best?&lt;/a&gt;. It uses an adjusted scale, where a whole egg has a biological value of 100. In that scale, since whey protein has a higher BV than whole egg, it comes out as 104. Soy protein and casein have BVs in the mid-70s, a bit lower than beef.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for whether they have the same effect, well, what's different betrween different sources of protein is &lt;em&gt;composition&lt;/em&gt;. Proteins are made from building blocks called amino acids, of which there are 20 in food. Many of those can be converted from one to the other or made from other things we eat, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002222.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;9 amino acids are called 'essential'&lt;/a&gt; and have to be eaten. Different foods, including protein powders differ in what amino acids they have. Usually, protein powders will contain these. How much they contain will depend on the product. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that no source of is 'perfect' in that regard, either. A bean does not have the same amino acid composition in its proteins as a human body does. Neither does whey protein. Deficiency in essential amino acids isn't pleasant, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;but it is rare in people who aren't generally malnutritient and  consume enough protein overall, from more than one source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vitamins&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, a lot of the same applies for vitamins. They aren't perfectly bioavailable when digested from food &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; from a multivitamin, sometimes one is better, sometimes the other. Answering this for all vitamins is way too broad, and it probably also depends on the product. The paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/1/269S.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions&lt;/a&gt; goes into a few of the problems and general concepts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, it looks like the bioavailibility of folic acid taken up from dietery supplements &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284745&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;is higher than that from food&lt;/a&gt;, and especially outperforms &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15447898&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;spinach and yeast&lt;/a&gt; (warning: low number of subjects in study...). For vitamin C, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847730/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Synthetic or Food-Derived Vitamin C—Are They Equally Bioavailable?&lt;/a&gt; summarizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In contrast, all steady state comparative bioavailability studies in humans have shown no differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, regardless of the subject population, study design or intervention used. Some pharmacokinetic studies in humans have shown transient and small comparative differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, although these differences are likely to have minimal physiological impact&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And goes on to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although synthetic and food-derived vitamin C appear to be equally bioavailable in humans, ingesting vitamin C as part of a whole food is considered preferable because of the concomitant consumption of numerous other macro- and micronutrients and phytochemicals, which will confer additional health benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So whole foods are preferable, but the vitamin C that you get from the supplements itself isn't any better or worse than the vitamin C an apple contains, and certainly isn't unhealthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some people, getting all vitamins they need from their diet is either impossible or very hard (vitamin D and iron deficiencies are rather common) and that's where supplements like the protein bars you use come in.  As pointed out by Atl LED in the comments, though, for vitamin supplements to work it's important to take care of how the multivitamins need to be taken. If they need to be taken with food for maximum absorption, that's important or else you won't get the full benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If protein bars are judged as 'unhealthy' it should be because of things like their sugar content, but it's certainly not true that the proteins or vitamins in them are  unhealthy or that we can't use them at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-24T11:15:45.427" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T11:15:45.427" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="866" CreationDate="2016-03-23T14:17:41.390" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (DM1) at the age of 54 is very rare. It's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;usually diagnosed in children or teenagers&lt;/a&gt; and used to even be called 'juvenile diabetes' because of that. The reason it's usually diagnosed this early is because it comes from the body's inability to produce insulin in the pancreas after the immune system has destroyed these cells. But it's not totally unheard of to be diagnosed late. (I'm just including this because the answer for &lt;em&gt;type 2 diabetes&lt;/em&gt; would be different)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Inheritance&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diabetes isn't inherited &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/type-1-diabetes#inheritance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in any kind&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/genetics-of-diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple pattern&lt;/a&gt;. You can't say &amp;quot;if a parent has it, the child will have it with a 50% probability&amp;quot; - or even that a child of two people with DM1 will have DM1 themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joslin.org/info/genetics_and_diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Joslin Diabetes Center&lt;/a&gt; has a few numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If an immediate relative (parent, brother, sister, son or daughter) has type 1 diabetes, one's risk of developing type 1 diabetes is 10 to 20 times the risk of the general population&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The risk for a child of a parent with type 1 diabetes is lower if it is the mother — rather than the father — who has diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you don't know whether your mother had it, your risk is even harder to judge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prevention&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are risk factors other than genetics for DM1, but unfortunately generally, &lt;a href=&quot;http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/prevention.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 1 diabetes can't be prevented&lt;/a&gt;. There are a few trials about this, the one I could find about &lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/suppl_1/s133.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;injecting children with insulin&lt;/a&gt; was unsuccessful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is that if you are worried about having diabetes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20033091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testing isn't very complicated&lt;/a&gt; and can be done regularly with no adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T17:13:59.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1130" CreationDate="2016-03-23T14:53:12.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Waiting period&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to prove some information doesn't exist, but maybe I'll get points for effort ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a section on &quot;Post exposure vaccination&quot; in the (long) World Health Organization &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/6_TBE_backgr_18_Mar_net_apr_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Background Document on Vaccines and Vaccination&#xA;against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)&lt;/a&gt;. They mention the concern you also cite in your question, but go on to say that there is no evidence for it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of special concern is the theoretical possibility that post-exposure&#xA;  prophylaxis could result in antibody-dependent enhancement of the infection and exacerbation of the disease. Such phenomena have been reported for other flavivirus infections, but not for TBEV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least, vaccination after exposure will probably not fast enough to prevent an infection (vaccinating after exposure is, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/rabies/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;done for rabies&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since TBE has a relatively short incubation period, even an anamnestic response may not be fast enough to protect the individual following exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information all seems to come from the review &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X07013497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;After a tick bite in a tick-borne encephalitis virus endemic area: Current positions about post-exposure treatment&lt;/a&gt;. It is also repeated in the WHO position paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/1_TBE_PP_Draft_13_Mar_2011_SAGE_apr_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither those studies nor the manufacturer information for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pfizer.de/fileadmin/produktdatenbank/pdf/FSME-IMMUN_Erwachsene_FI_01.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FSME Immun&lt;/a&gt; (which might be what you would receive - warning for others: that information is in German) state a waiting period. A good guess would probably be the incubation period for TBE (&lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/tickborne-encephalitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;median 8 days&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subsequent vaccinations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That part is easier. For the two vaccines usually used in Western Europe, the WHO writes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With both vaccines the manufacturers recommend a booster 3 years after completion of the primary series and subsequent boosters at intervals of 5 years (3 year intervals for individuals aged &gt;60 years)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See table 6 on page 43 of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/6_TBE_backgr_18_Mar_net_apr_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Background Document on Vaccines and Vaccination against Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for scheduling, even after those 3 or 5 years, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/TBE_duration_protection.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protection is still really good&lt;/a&gt; (after 8 years, 90% were still protected), so there's probably no rush and the booster can be taken when convenient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T15:10:20.717" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T15:10:20.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1267" CreationDate="2016-03-23T15:50:39.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably yes on lung cancer, no for other diseases, but it's &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; hard to say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, this 'trend' isn't very new - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/low_yield_cigarettes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it goes back to the 1960s&lt;/a&gt;, though back then low-tar cigarettes contained more tar than you specify in your question. The National Cancer Institute has a looong monograph on this with data from the past decades: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/monographs/13/m13_complete.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine&lt;/a&gt;. I am not even going to pretend I read all of that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chapter &lt;a href=&quot;http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/monographs/13/m13_4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Smoking Lower Yield Cigarettes and Disease Risks&lt;/a&gt; is in itself 94 pages long, but is summarized in the paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/10/suppl_1/i4.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Health impact of “reduced yield” cigarettes: a critical assessment of the epidemiological evidence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparantly, it's not very clear-cut, the primary problem being that there's so many confunders when looking at epidemiological (population-based) data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smokers who choose to smoke cigarettes with less tar/nicotine might be more concerned about their health in general&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoker who choose to smoke cigarettes with less tar/nicotine 'compensate' by smoking more, see the linked paper where figure 2 illustrates that lower nicotine content often corresponds with a higher amount of cigarettes smoked. This is often ignored in studies by matching subjects by number of cigarettes smoked (so they compare people who smoke 10 high-yield cigarettes a day with those who smoke 10 low-yield cigarettes a day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the conclusions, emphasis mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epidemiological studies have not consistently found lesser risk of diseases, &lt;strong&gt;other than lung cancer&lt;/strong&gt;, among smokers of reduced yield cigarettes. Some studies have found lesser risks of lung cancer among smokers of reduced yield cigarettes. Some or all of this reduction in lung cancer risk may reflect differing characteristics of smokers of reduced-yield compared to higher-yield cigarettes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the National Cancer Institute is not generally a fan of cigarettes, so they are probably going to recommend against low-tar/nicotine cigarettes in any case. It does seem to be the case that if the number of cigarettes is kept constant, the risk of lung cancer decreases with tar content. The same is not necessarily the case for other risks, like that of coronary heart disease, stroke, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T15:50:39.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5227" CreationDate="2016-03-23T15:52:10.770" Score="13" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can understand that our immune system may be weaker when we are cold (?), but since these viruses live inside a human body which internal temperature is constant over the year, why does the season make a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, we are never sick from the flu in summer, like it does not exist, yet the viruses reappear as soon as the cold season is back. If nobody was sick before winter, where are the viruses coming from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do people with a constantly weakened immune system (e.g. AIDS) catch flu in summer too ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3269" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:14:15.677" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T03:47:23.787" Title="Why does the flu only happen in winter?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5226" CreationDate="2016-03-23T16:21:46.687" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a really interesting question, because it really isn't as easy as people being a bit more susceptible in the winter. There's no definitive answer yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jvi.asm.org/content/81/11/5429.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influenza Seasonality: Underlying Causes and Modeling Theories&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In temperate climates, flu infections at whatever level of intensity are characterized by a flu season. In these areas, the disease is thought to exist at a low level throughout the year but exhibit a marked seasonal increase, typically during the winter months. Influenza epidemics and outbreaks occur in tropical areas as well, although the timing and impact are not as well defined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact reason why this flu season happens are not known, but a few things come together that are good for influenza:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&amp;amp;representation=PDF&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dry, cold air favors transmission&lt;/a&gt; - especially &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445315001061&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;dry air&lt;/a&gt; is good for it, both for transmission and survival on, for example, surfaces.  Heating during the winter decreases humidity inside, while the cold air outside is always less humid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870528/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D is thought to help against infection&lt;/a&gt; - during the winter, vitamin D production by the body is lower. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things that are debated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crowding and being inside more might be a factor, with people being closer together because they spend a lot of time indoors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the second question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If nobody was sick before winter, where are the viruses coming from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, there's a whole different hemisphere &quot;down&quot; from where you probably are, where they have the flu season while the Northern Hemisphere is mostly healthy :) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145127/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Air travel is convenient for influenza.&lt;/a&gt; Even without it, we'd still have influenza during the winter, though - as mentioned above it &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; occur in tropical areas and can spread from there. Also, humans aren't the only species to carry around influenza - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/transmission.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wild birds are one of the primary sources of influenza&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do people with a constantly weakened immune system (e.g. AIDS) catch flu in summer too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, everyone can - it's unlikely, &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/4/595.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;but it does happen&lt;/a&gt;. And as flu season passes, there just aren't many people around that you can catch it from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T16:21:46.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5215" CreationDate="2016-03-23T18:23:31.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be unclear and likely some kind of combination of several factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491681/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt; infection&lt;/a&gt; mentions two theories as to why it works (and works very well):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The introduction of bacteria able to compete with &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt; rebalances the fecal microbiota - under normal circumstances, CD is outcompeted by other bacteria (not always enough to vanish, it can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/clostridium-difficile/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in about 1 in 30 healthy people&lt;/a&gt;, but enough to not be problematic), and it can only thrive after the use of antibiotics. A FMT reintroduces its competitors &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The introduction of the 'new' bacteria leads to an immune response that helps eradicating &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first mechanism is what I found mentioned in a few other sources as well, for example on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.openbiome.org/about-fmt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;OpenBiome&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Though the mechanism has yet to be determined, it is believed that FMT works by repopulating the patient’s microbiome with diverse microorganisms that competitively exclude &lt;em&gt;C. difficile&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another hypothesis is that the acid composition in the feces is significantly altered and inhibits growth of CD, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Changes in Colonic Bile Acid Composition following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Are Sufficient to Control &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt; Germination and Growth&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-23T19:18:32.977" LastActivityDate="2016-03-23T19:18:32.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-23T20:49:02.610" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I'm playing games, I become very aware, maybe not the entire time, but definitely hyper. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there certain things I can do to simulate this at work. I'm definitely motivated, and I wouldn't say it's a complete burnout but I have trouble staying focused and actually keeping a good pace. I'll just drag all day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to think of ways that I could simulate the feeling at work since I can't just load up a quick game. Also I've tried playing some games on my phone like psp emulator games and something more gripping that any simple play store app. They don't really work, unless it's a particular game, for instance Dota 2. When I play that, it keeps my eyes wide open, cheeks burning red and generally gives me this feeling like I just took adderall. I wish I could find a way to always get this feeling cause it seems to only occur to me when I'm working at night. Coffee doesn't do anything for me in the morning.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3271" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:13:36.967" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:13:36.967" Title="Hyper activeness, simulated at work" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;&lt;hyperactivity-hyperactive&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5565" CreationDate="2016-03-24T15:51:02.413" Score="11" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I will preface this by saying I've heard a couple of things that I will list out for legibility:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Ice should be used for Acute injuries and Heat for Chronic injuries&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Ice restricts blood flow therefore slows healing while Heat enhances blood flow and immune response.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of argument lets say an Acute Injury is defined by the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sharp well-defined pain upon using or pressing area&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constantly present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible bleeding/bruising&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Occurred within the past week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets also say a Chronic Injury is defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dull pain upon using or pressing area that becomes sharp with prolonged agitation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lasting longer than a week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Comes and goes depending on activity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No bleeding/bruising present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at such cases what has research shown is the most effective way of tackling such injuries? I would guess that they are treated differently seeing as they are considered different types of injury. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If two patients sprained their left ankle in the exact same manner I imagine the one who sprained his yesterday will be treated differently than the one still experiencing problems from a month old sprain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this is something that does cover a broad spectrum of issues I will coalesce it into four relatively specific questions of what I am looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies/data showing that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heat improves healing response for injuries, while Cold reduces it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Icing acute injuries gives better outcome than heating or doing nothing at all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heating chronic injuries gives better outcome than icing or doing nothing at all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The RICE method is truly effective.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For simplicity sake consider the question of this post to be: &quot;Are there any conventional theories/study/data that prove whether Ice or Heat is better for injury treatment?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: For clarity I should note I am not asking if pain is reduced but the underlying issue causing the pain. I am looking for studies/data showing what is the best &lt;em&gt;treatment&lt;/em&gt; for enabling recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3274" LastEditorUserId="3274" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T13:58:37.823" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T00:02:45.293" Title="Current Theories on Ice vs. Heat for injuries" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5164" CreationDate="2016-03-24T21:52:01.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199801293380503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fulminant Hepatitis Associated with Hepatitis A Virus Superinfection in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C&lt;/a&gt;, out of 17 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection who also got infected with hepatitis A, 6 died, so about one third. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199806113382413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Italian population based study&lt;/a&gt;, 77 patients with chronic hepatitis C (52 with hepatitis C, 25 with hepatitis C and hepatitis B) also got infected with hepatitis A. None died from the hepatitis A infection. This is a published letter to the journal the first study appeared in - the researchers from Italy wrote in because they were surprised by the high mortality rate in the US study, as they had seen no such correlation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hepatitis A virus vaccination in persons with hepatitis C virus infection: consequences of quality measure implementation&lt;/a&gt; pooled data from 10 studies and puts the mortality rate for hepatitis C patients with a hepatitis A superinfection at around 7 percent (95 percent confidence interval: 1.24-42.12) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That figure of 85 percent dying that the TV show &lt;em&gt;House MD&lt;/em&gt; mentioned is made up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended for chronic hepatitis C patients by &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/hepa/in-short-adult.htm#who&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the CDC&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Hepatitis-A/Pages/Vaccination.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the NHS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T15:00:51.407" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T15:00:51.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3631" CreationDate="2016-03-24T23:51:27.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a3542/alcohol-during-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;First Trimester:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's especially important to steer clear of alcohol in the first&#xA;  trimester, because of the risk of miscarriage. Drinking at this time&#xA;  has also been associated with a higher rate of premature birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first trimester is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/pregnancy-your-first-trimester&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;week 1 to week 12.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...........&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many women have a few drinks before realising they are pregnant.&#xA;  Babies have a habit of turning up when they're least expected, and&#xA;  many babies conceived around the time of a night out drinking have&#xA;  been fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So some statements that can be made are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;First Semester alcohol can lead to premature births mostly. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a3542/alcohol-during-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Third Semester alcohol&lt;/a&gt; can lead to the symptoms that you described. Especially, due to the fact that the brain is developing. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&amp;amp;np=122&amp;amp;id=1950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is there a safe time to drink alcohol in pregnancy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No. There is no safe time in pregnancy to drink alcohol.  The baby’s&#xA;  brain develops the whole way through pregnancy and can be effected by&#xA;  alcohol at any stage of its development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114&amp;amp;np=122&amp;amp;id=1950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is there a safe amount of alcohol in pregnancy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No. There is no safe amount of alcohol to drink in pregnancy. Some&#xA;  babies can even be effected by a little bit of alcohol (1 or 2&#xA;  standard drinks once a week) Small occasional alcohol use in pregnancy&#xA;  = low risk to the developing baby Heavy frequent alcohol use in pregnancy = high risk to the developing baby No alcohol = no risk to&#xA;  the developing baby&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/alcohol-effects-on-a-fetus-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What effect does alcohol have on a fetus?&lt;/a&gt; - Any amount can harm a fetus, but more severe damage is related to heavy drinking. Heavy amounts depend on size of person and drink. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What can be done for drinking while pregnant:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stop drinking if pregnant or trying to get pregnant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contact healthcare provider if alcohol was consumed to know about the risks to your baby. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-24T23:51:27.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-25T01:49:21.657" Score="3" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;I love my coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, when I have it, I get a headache. This was quite disappointing so I stopped drinking it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without thinking, I recently (a couple of months since stopped drinking) bought some instant coffee as I had a craving for it. Surprisingly it didn't give me a headache, and it was not until I bought a coffee when I was out did I get a headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I think it must be coffee made from coffee machines (aka Expresso Machine/Manual) that trigger them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just wondering if anyone knows why this is happening or advice if this happens to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3279" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:12:40.737" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T22:10:29.983" Title="Types of Coffee and Headaches?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;rebound-headache&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-09-21T15:23:59.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-25T03:45:15.000" Score="2" ViewCount="539" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that if it is caught early enough, cancer can be fully removed never to see it come back again. Usually though, it has already spread too far and diffuse or it might be in a spot that cannot be easily removed. So, I am curious to know actual numbers. What percentage of patients with cancerous tumours have successfully had them completely extracted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3295" OwnerDisplayName="Octopus" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T14:22:00.420" Title="How often can cancer just be cut out?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5239" CreationDate="2016-03-25T14:22:00.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surgery is typically an option taken with either superficial cancers, ones that do not tend to metastasize, ones that create well concentrated tumors, and/or are not next to crucial structures. The surgeon typically removes the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue to ensure complete removal(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/cancer-surgery/art-20044171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). In reality any tumor could be potentially operable if we had perfect hands, but a tumor is deemed inoperable when the surgeon himself does not feel safe attempting to excise it(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/de24bffc-b624-11e1-a14a-00144feabdc0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically survival rates from cancers depend on the stage they were caught in (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-survival-by-stage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). Early cancers can usually be successfully treated with chemo and/or surgery, although it should be noted even if surgery is successful it is generally used along with chemo regardless just as an extra precaution(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/St-Wr/Tumor-Removal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all honestly it is difficult to answer your question with percentages or raw numbers. It depends wildly on the type of cancer, tumor progression, location of the tumor, and unfortunately the skill of the surgeon himself/herself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further complicating those numbers is the fact that not all surgeries are intended for complete removal. Sometimes you may want a diagnostic sample or to perform a palliative surgery, in which you remove enough of the tumor to relieve symptoms for a patient that is usually beyond any other means of help(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/St-Wr/Tumor-Removal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than likely you'll find much more reliable numbers in the other types of cancer therapies, most specifically in targeted biological/genetic approaches which are becoming more and more prevalent. Many of these are hopeful but for now far from human clinical trials (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2016/02/24/Researchers-find-way-to-use-skin-cells-to-kill-cancer/2651456341916/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/cancer-treatment-breakthrough-researchers-engineer-way-make-leukemia-cells-kill-each-358212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A brand new finding, that is in clinicals from what I understand, is called SR2943 which targets the famed &quot;Warburg Effect&quot; of cancer cells. However even this has variable effects depending on the type of cancers since they do not all use this effect to the same degree, maybe some do not use it at all(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/abstract/S1535-6108(15)00183-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is even some evidence to suggest cancer cells use amino acids at an abnormal rate and perhaps we should do something similar, that SR2943 does to limit lipogensis, but specifically for amino acids(&lt;a href=&quot;http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-05-amino-acid-consumption-fast-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps. I decided to go a bit beyond your question as I felt it may help you to understand the concept of cancer and tumors a bit more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3274" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T14:22:00.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4929" CreationDate="2016-03-25T15:07:40.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &quot;sulfur&quot; based powder you are referring to is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britannica.com/science/sulfa-drug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sulfonamide&lt;/a&gt; which was an antimicrobial, not a clotting agent. It's not sulfur based, but is often called &quot;sulfa&quot;, which is where you may be thinking it's sulfur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a white powder that medics used on open wounds, for the antimicrobrial properties. Pretty much every US soldier had sulfa packs and were instructed on how to dust the wounds. While it helped save innumberable lives, penicillin came along and pushed aside the use of sulfa towards the end of WWII. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sulfa drugs are still used in quite a few different combinations and treatments to this day, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-03-25T15:07:40.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-25T15:14:37.057" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;Research seems to indicate that contraceptives which contain only progestin are generally considered safe for women even when taken daily as pills for several years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my wife conceived while taking the pill (maybe because she forgot one day) and later had a miscarriage. At that point she stopped taking the pill and several months later she concieved again and gave birth to a healthy baby (although during the pregnancy some doctors were worried that the fetus growth was not sufficient).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that the baby is born, she is reluctant to go back on the pill. She thinks there are healthy risks/side effects for her, the newborn and any future children we may have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these fears warranted? In other words are there any significant and provable risks to a woman, her womb and/or her breastfed infant in using hormone based contraceptives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3284" LastEditorUserId="3284" LastEditDate="2016-03-25T22:09:16.610" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:22:35.977" Title="Are there any long term health risks for a woman (and/or her children) when using hormonal birth control?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T10:22:37.237" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;What all factors predispose to risk of vascular plaque formation (atherosclerosis) which may lead to heart attack, unstable angina, need for coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty, heart failure, stroke or sudden death? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can one simply count the factors present in an individual to determine his/her risk or should one use formal scoring systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="3300" LastEditDate="2016-03-28T20:54:23.183" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T20:54:23.183" Title="Assessing the risk of heart attacks and similar conditions" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T20:03:44.387" Score="4" ViewCount="732" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether slight CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; poisoning (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercapnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypercapnia&lt;/a&gt;) can be induced by everyday bad behaviour. I am particularly interested in the consequences of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The prolonged use of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;surgical mask (a.k.a. procedure mask)&lt;/a&gt; typically when travelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sleeping, the head underneath the blanket&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how well oxygen and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; diffuse through a blanket / surgical mask and I don't know how quickly we pollute our own air through  CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; expiration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can these simple behaviours represent health trouble to &quot;normal / healthy&quot; adults?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:09:04.607" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:09:04.607" Title="Carbon Dioxide Poisoning in Everyday Situations" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-26T20:05:33.503" Score="2" ViewCount="544" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well documented that eating fish, especially oily fish, is generally very good for us. We know that fish flesh is very high in lean protein and various vitamins and minerals, as well as omega 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that fish bones are high in calcium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this means that small, oily fish like sardines and pilchards are a win/win. But being small, it is tedious to skin them, and indeed it is quite normal to leave the skin on, and indeed quite often the scales are still on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So apart from avoiding the tedium of skinning such small fish, is there any particular nutritional benefit to eating fish skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3291" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:08:01.613" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:08:01.613" Title="Is fish skin good for you?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T02:25:53.753" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've tried to make DIY shampoo but it dries my scalp too much(not dandruff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My combo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 tsp almond oil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 tsp virgin coconut oil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 tsp raw honey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 tsp vegetable glycerine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a few drops of vitamin E&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10 drops of essential oil&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just don't know what's wrong with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3293" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T15:27:31.067" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T15:27:31.067" Title="Homemade shampoo make my scalp too dry?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T04:10:47.787" Score="2" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is my smoking pattern:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never smoke (I tried younger but I didn't feel any pleasure from it) until I started my new job 3 years ago. This job is highly demanding and stressful at times, so once a semester, I find myself buying a package of about 20 cigarettes and smoking them one after the other in one or two evenings. After that, I don't feel any need of cigarettes for the next 6 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of this kind of consumption? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that a regular consumption, even of a small quantity of tobacco, is really harmful for my body. On the other side, I think that for an overdose of cigarettes, you need a really huge quantity of nicotine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="484" LastEditorUserId="484" LastEditDate="2016-03-27T08:21:01.020" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T01:49:05.043" Title="Is an unfrequent consumption of a big quantity of cigarettes harmful for my health?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T12:17:26.577" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I’m not a medical professional, I am interested in using computers to facilitate solving medical problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have heard about the Folding at Home program.  They study protein folding by successively calculating how a protein proceeds to be manipulated according to scientific principles.  The calculation is done step-by-step, or in serial.  Contrasted to this is more &quot;parallel&quot; calculations, in which many combinations are analyzed at the same time.  For instance, we could inquire as to which compound(s) bind to a particular protein.  There may be a million or more different combinations that can occur.  If we more compounds are added to this this compound, there may be a million new combinations that bond to each and every of the previous million combinations, for a total of a million times a million combinations.  If we continue adding to this structure, we will have a million * a million * a million * etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if anyone has fit some medical questions into this type of &quot;parallel&quot; computation.  My motivation comes from studying this type of calculation from a computing standpoint, and I wonder what types of problems might fit into this framework.  I'm really hoping that there will be many medical problems that fit this type of &quot;parallelism&quot;, but I don't know medicine/biology very well.  Any help, such as ideas, papers, or even people that I could talk with about this would be greatly appreciated.  I am really just looking for someone to point me in the right direction.  Please forgive me if I am being overbroad, but it seems like this is the one good place where I can reach an expert who can point me in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CLARIFICATION&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; projects like this, new or old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3296" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-28T11:29:42.067" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T06:32:07.823" Title="Medical Problems and Computers" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T15:55:33.877" Score="4" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no doubt that eating fruit is important to our overall health and well-being. But is there exist general guidelines/directions which should be followed while consuming fruits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: A fruit should only be consumed only during breakfast/morning and should be avoided during night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the answer may vary depending on the exact fruit under discussion, but what is general advice for layman's knowledge for consuming fruits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="322" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:24:03.333" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:24:03.333" Title="What is the right time to eat fruits?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5252" CreationDate="2016-03-27T17:01:41.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the NHS, on average, every 15 cigarettes will cause one genetic mutation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually that mutation will do nothing sinister, but every one has the potential to develop into cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mutations aside, lots of nasty things happen &lt;strong&gt;immediately&lt;/strong&gt; when you smoke. The filter doesn't catch much of the filth, which very rapidly enters your bloodstream. The body does many things to deal with toxins, and has an emergency last resort technique for dealing with scenarios where a large volume of toxins enters the system in one go, and can't be removed fast enough. The toxins are locked up in fat cells around the liver, to effectively take them out of circulation. If you lead a very healthy lifestyle, and maintain an ideal weight, then over time, those stored toxins will be released gradually and disposed of via natural detoxification processes. If you don't have a calorie deficit though, then your body never needs to empty its fat reserves, so that toxic fit just stays around your liver indefinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that said, I doubt that 20 cigarettes every few months will do noticeable harm, except for making you stink. Stress can cause harm, if not physically then certainly mentally. Perhaps a bigger risk though is the thought habit you are developing of justifying smoking by blaming stress. As an ex-smoker, I know this cycle too well. There is a risk that you might gradually increase the frequency of smoking, each time blaming stressful situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps instead of wondering how much harm your smoking is doing, perhaps it would be better to tackle the underlying stress, or find an alternative stress relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3291" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-27T21:39:14.623" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T21:39:14.623" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-27T18:24:30.077" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am searching for drugs for my uncle who has prostate cancer who is afraid to take corticosteroids. I read about the drug cabozantinib, but it said it failed a 3rd phase clinical trial, even though it was equally as effective as the treatment with corticosteroids, only more expensive. Since it has not been approved due to this, I am wondering if this drug can still be used for prostate cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3297" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-27T21:53:38.527" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T21:53:38.527" Title="Can a drug to be used in the clinic to treat a disease that failed a clinical trial?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-04T01:02:34.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5258" CreationDate="2016-03-27T20:29:51.560" Score="5" ViewCount="30463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading a few patient notes and see &lt;code&gt;2/2&lt;/code&gt; used several times, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Unclear if 2/2 to aspiration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Recurrent UTIs and hosp. for urosepsis - thought 2/2 to chronic indwelling Foley catheter for neurogenic bladder. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Trach was placed because was unable to clear secretions on her own 2/2 to  respiratory weakness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Her decreased responsiveness was thought to be 2/2 to meningitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;pt has respiratory weakeness 2/2 to multiple sclerosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;code&gt;2/2&lt;/code&gt; mean in a patient note?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T21:10:34.013" Title="What does &quot;2/2&quot; mean in a patient note?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5257" CreationDate="2016-03-27T21:10:34.013" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/medical-dictionary/2-2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Right Diagnoses. Com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means secondary to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From your &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/5257/what-does-2-2-mean-in-a-patient-note&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patient has respiratory weakness &lt;strong&gt;secondary to&lt;/strong&gt; multiple sclerosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for a more credible source, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655910/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt; mentions that it means &quot;secondary to.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/abbreviation.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meded.uscd.edu&lt;/a&gt; also mentions its meaning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T21:10:34.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1060" CreationDate="2016-03-27T22:50:22.717" Score="16" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember not to drink too soon before or after a meal as the water will dilute the digestive juices&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While that claim might &lt;em&gt;sound&lt;/em&gt; reasonable at first, I doubt this has any effect you need to consider for your health.  There's several reasons for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The stomach normally contains about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003883.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;20 to 100 milliliters of stomach acid at a pH of around 2 to 3&lt;/a&gt;. To change pH by one point, you need to dilute it 1:10. If the stomach contains 50 milliliters at a pH of 2, for example, half a litre is needed to get it up to a pH of 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect definitely isn't negligible, but it's less than you might think because stomach acid is a very strong acid. An acid with a pH of 3 or even 4 is still a strong acid, and unlikely to cause problems - the medical condition of &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170066-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;achlorhydria&lt;/a&gt; is only diagnosed when the stomach acid pH is greater than 5 in men or 6.8 in women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The stomach is capable of regulating pH if needed -  for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/1/6.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in a study on preoperative patients&lt;/a&gt;, one group was allowed to drink water and one wasn't. The mean water intake was 400 milliliters for the group that was allowed to. The stomach acid in the two groups didn't differ significantly in either volume (which was just 20 milliliters) or acidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink water an hour after the meal to allow the body to absorb the nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Food stays in the stomach for &lt;a href=&quot;http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/transit.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 to 4 hours&lt;/a&gt;, so the recommendation to wait one hour is weird. What's more, food itself contains water and thus does lower the acidity of the stomach - that's normal. Since it can be regulated (see above) it's very doubtful that a bit of water on top is going to screw things up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What do these sources think will happen with these nutrients? After the hours in the stomach, there's an additional 3 hours in the small intestine and &lt;strong&gt;30 to 40&lt;/strong&gt; hours in the colon for the food. The colon and the stomach do have different roles in digestion, but in general, the digestive tract is pretty good at extracting nutrients from food&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a doctor writes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/digestion/faq-20058348&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;for the Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; (yes, I know that link is in your question):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no concern that water will dilute the digestive juices or interfere with digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink water when you want to drink water. Also, don't trust sites that tell you to drink water to &amp;quot;activate your internal organs&amp;quot; in the morning  ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-03-27T23:00:18.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5244" CreationDate="2016-03-28T02:18:25.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following were independent risk factors found in the large Interheart study (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2917018-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2917018-9/abstract&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. Smoking&#xA;2. Diabetes&#xA;3. High blood lipid levels&#xA;4. High blood pressure&#xA;5. Abdominal obesity&#xA;6. Psychosocial stress&#xA;7. Lack of regular physical exercise&#xA;8. Lack of regular fruits and vegetable intake&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was also evidence for a protective effect of regular alcohol intake but it was not protective after adjusting for all other risk factors (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489738#vp_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489738#vp_2&lt;/a&gt; - Table shows confidence intervals overlap value of 1 indicating non-significance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though each of the above factors confer different degree of risk and for each factor, its severity (for example, number of cigarettes smoked) also affects the risk, a simple counting of the factors present would reflect a person's risk for atherosclerotic vascular diseases like heart attack, stroke and sudden death. Though formal scoring systems may be more accurate, they have the disadvantage of being complex, difficult to derive and tendency to become redundant when newer risk factors are found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T02:18:25.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5262" CreationDate="2016-03-28T08:57:24.450" Score="3" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone has unprotected sex with a woman who had other sexual partners before will that cause HIV? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3301" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-24T10:52:39.820" LastActivityDate="2019-04-06T23:12:39.783" Title="How do you get infected with HIV?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5261" CreationDate="2016-03-28T10:13:50.303" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What should I take care of while sleeping with another woman to protect her against AIDS?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get tested and go see you doctor. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/testing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No HIV test can detect HIV immediately after infection. If you think&#xA;  you’ve been exposed to HIV, talk to your health care provider as soon&#xA;  as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It takes 3-12 weeks after initial exposure for testing to be able to detect antibodies. Contacting your doctor can help you by him/her explaining risk and possibly giving you medication that can decrease risk. Both get tested so your status is known.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abstainng or utilize protective sex methods. Abstaining can cut out all possibilities of exposure, unless blood pathogens are involved. Safe Sex with condoms, etc simply decrease risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwn.cdc.gov/hivrisk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risk-Reducing and HIV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Notify her of your exposure. This can help her be aware of the possible repercussions and prepare for what testing she may need. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am afraid if I have sex with my wife it will cause her to have AIDS?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could give her HIV, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is the virus that leads to AIDS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Follow through on doctor visits and testing to confirm whether or not you were infected.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-04-06T23:12:39.783" LastActivityDate="2019-04-06T23:12:39.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5253" CreationDate="2016-03-28T11:28:27.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drug research and epidemiology are two areas that lend themselves to distributed computing, and there are several existing projects that you can look at. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BOINC projects&lt;/a&gt; for medical projects, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://denis.usj.es&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DENIS @ Home&lt;/a&gt; -  electrophysiological modeling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://findah.ucd.ie&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FiND @ Home&lt;/a&gt; - malaria research &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.malariacontrol.net&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Malariacontrol&lt;/a&gt; - malaria epidemiology &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/viewAllProjects.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;World Community Grid&lt;/a&gt; also has some medical projects for distributed computing, among them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/hst1/overview.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tuberculosis treatment research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/mcm1/overview.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;identifying cancer markers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All those pages should have information on the projects and contact information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/mcm1/overview.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;finished projects&lt;/a&gt;, which should all have information available on what was done, and what came out of it if the results were already analyzed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T11:28:27.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T13:10:29.257" Score="3" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've picked up weight lifting recently and the thing I've noticed is that it really gets the heart pumping. After a heavy set of squats for instance I can hear my heart beating in my ears and feel it beating in my chest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However my heart rate monitor says that, while it's increased, it's not that much faster than normal. My heart rate is far faster while riding a bike, but it doesn't beat as 'hard' then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does it feel like my heart is beating harder in these cases? Why is it different to beating faster like when doing cardio exercises? Would this 'harder' heat beat burn more calories than a normal strength heart beat at the same bpm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T15:09:28.033" Title="Is there such a thing as a hard heart beat? (as opposed to a fast heart beat)" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5264" CreationDate="2016-03-28T14:45:11.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is more likely to be related to your blood pressure, which is one of the reasons of Pulsatile Tinnitus (heart beat sound in the ear), during exercise. Weightlifting may cause a temporary increase in blood pressure. This increase can be dramatic, depending on how much weight you lift. It is not dangerous if your pre-exercise (or resting) blood pressure is not 180/110mmHg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.builtlean.com/2013/02/14/breathe-weightlifting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Focus on breathing&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is an old but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2632751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;good article&lt;/a&gt; about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastEditorUserId="2869" LastEditDate="2016-03-28T14:50:17.153" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T14:50:17.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-28T14:52:34.677" Score="5" ViewCount="743" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question might be simple but it has  kind of been bothering me for a while. Lately I have been observing that I don't chew my food properly. If it comes to small sliced vegetables or it is rice, I used to chew less and try to take it down as quick as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is that what might happen if I don't chew food properly. Is it possible that due to not chewing food properly I might not be able to have a proper diet/nutrients? (I just asked this because as my physical body is also not so fit and I used to eat a lot but don't chew food properly so I guess this might be one of the reasons) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also let us say I have been not chewing food properly for around 1 - 2 years so is it possible that it will affect my physical health by any means like less growth or something like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="727" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:05:43.470" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:05:43.470" Title="What might happen if we don't chew food properly?" Tags="&lt;choking&gt;&lt;chew-chewing&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1540" CreationDate="2016-03-28T21:18:27.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/vitamin-d-deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency can be subtle, but can manifest as bone pain and muscle weakness.  Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prevention.com/health/symptoms-vitamin-d-deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;excessive sweating&lt;/a&gt;(when not indicated due to exercise level and heat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the sometimes subtle symptoms, getting appropiate screening based on risk factors and regular physician exams is important to discovering and managing deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/vitamin-d-deficiency?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tests for Vitamin D Deficiency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is&#xA;  the 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test. A level of 20&#xA;  nanograms/milliliter to 50 ng/mL is considered adequate for healthy&#xA;  people. A level less than 12 ng/mL indicates vitamin D deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/05/28/vitamin-d-deficiency-signs-symptoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7 Signs You May Have a Vitamin D Deficiency&lt;/a&gt; can help in the you understand risk factors, because knowing risk factors can mean better  understanding to what symptoms may mean. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment is diet with adequate Vitamin D and supplements. While treatment may be simple, prolonged deficiency can manifest as very serious manifestations so if worried about deficiency a Vitamin D test and Physician Workup is indicated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk Factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/vitamin-d-deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Include:&lt;/a&gt; Allegy to milk, vegan diets, darker skin and amount of sun you recieve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-28T21:18:27.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5271" CreationDate="2016-03-28T23:12:18.477" Score="2" ViewCount="1368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some 3ml syringes with 23Gx1&quot; needles. But there is also a second scale on the syringe that is marked as &quot;M&quot; and 40M is right at around the 2.5 ml measure. What is this M scale mean? I thought it might be IU but the numbers wouldn't be right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:05:16.283" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:05:16.283" Title="Markings on a 3ml syringe" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;apothecary&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5270" CreationDate="2016-03-29T01:49:56.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minim_(unit)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minim (unit)&lt;/a&gt;: Part of the Apothecary system. It is rarely used anymore(some countries and areas still use the apothecary system) and is a alternative to the drop(which was formerly the smallest unit of the apothecary system).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The minim (abbreviated min, ♏ or Mx, a symbol for minim in the&#xA;  apothecaries' system.svg) is a unit of volume in both the imperial and&#xA;  US customary systems of measurement. Specifically it is 1⁄60 of a&#xA;  fluidram&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minim_(unit)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; or 1⁄480 of a fluid ounce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;40 minim are equal to 2.48 ml. Varying slightly on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theunitconverter.com/volume-conversion/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;what kind of calculator&lt;/a&gt; you use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlKqGHGNrtIC&amp;amp;pg=PA142&amp;amp;lpg=PA142&amp;amp;dq=M%20syringe%20marking%20on%203%20ml%20syringe&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=8v6urPntOb&amp;amp;sig=bYfwYKp64yqnyzNNudNzQpgfOnE&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwj8hNL_3eTLAhVjtYMKHYJyCakQ6AEIVzAN#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=M%20syringe%20marking%20on%203%20ml%20syringe&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Henke's Med-Math: Dosage Calculation, Preparation and Administration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since its a Injection you would round the number to the nearest 10th, so 2.46 or 2.48 would become 2.5ml's. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minim: &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/minim&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appear to be a few types of the minim. For this, I only chose the calculation for the mimim that plainly said Minim, there appear to be a imperial and US or UK version of the Minim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture courtesy of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cwladis.com/math104/lecture3.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cwladis.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3fHgV.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3fHgV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T02:06:03.477" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T02:06:03.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T05:31:11.257" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a given BMI, how does height affect erectile dysfunction? I'm curious because height is associated with better cardiovascular health in some studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3131" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:09:33.553" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:09:33.553" Title="What relation, if any, exists between height and erectile dysfunction?" Tags="&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;height&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5247" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:25:07.410" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting question.Actually there is no study specifically studied about it but even if you have less O2 and high CO2 content (depending on how thick your blanket is) you will never get CO2 poisoning! under blanket or breathing through face mask. Body will let you know when you need more O2 (it is not like CO poisoning). If you sleep under a blanket all night it means that your body does get enough O2 it needs. Probably you have slightly higher Hbg level too :-)). As long as you don't get up very tired in the morning it is OK. &#xA;In extreme conditions; some symptoms of carbon dioxide &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;toxicity&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; can be seen including high blood pressure, flushed skin, headache and twitching muscles. At higher levels, you could experience panic, irregular heartbeat, hallucinations, vomited and potentially unconsciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T06:25:07.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:33:00.293" Score="4" ViewCount="449" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are told to follow the RDI for a variety of nutrients. This is repeated over and over by teachers, guides, nutritionists, medical doctors and so on. However, when asked, no one can provide me with the actual source of how they came to this conclusion about RDI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who calculated this and using what scientific method exactly? Looks like a shot in the dark to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I look at a study that proves that a human eating less than RDI will become deficient (showing clinical symptoms of deficiency of a certain vitamin or mineral)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3309" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:46:34.650" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T23:52:42.927" Title="Where do RDI (recommended daily intake) values come from?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5276" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:51:36.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you are asking about the US, the documents explaining the RDA (recommended dietary allowance), AI (adequate intake), and UL (tolerable upper intake level) are available on the website of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;. They are written by &quot;The Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going into these in detail is way too broad because these are long - for example, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nap.edu/read/13050/chapter/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1000 page document on the RDI of calcium and vitamin D&lt;/a&gt;. Far from being &quot;a shot in the dark&quot;, this details a lot of the research those values are based on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says when insufficient data is available to establish these values (for example RDA for calcium for infants). Far from being only the value you might see on the label of your food, the recommendations are are actually different for different age groups, sexes, and life stages (for example pregnancy), as can be seen in the detailed recommendations for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter11/articles/winter11pg12.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vitamin D and calcium&lt;/a&gt;, for example. The quality needs to be judged for each individual recommendation, there is no single definitive answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where can I look at a study that proves that a human eating less than RDI will become deficient&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning behind the AI should be listed in the documents I linked to. For calcium in adults, for example, the AI is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/4/1054.long?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=17921384&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Calcium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Be aware, though, that &quot;proving&quot; this isn't as straight forward as you might think it is. You can't just deprive people of a nutrient and look at what happens - a study like that will usually be considered unethical. Instead, researchers look at what people with existing symptoms of malnutrition are ingesting, for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-30T05:43:02.257" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T05:43:02.257" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T06:55:48.580" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother is suffering from cervical spondylosis with disc prolapse after an accident. She got whiplash injury.  She was feeling acute pain at that time but pain ha&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xFdyw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xFdyw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;s now reduced. She has been advised by doctor for a traction treatment. What should be the duration of traction treatment and in how many sessions?.. Some docs and physiotherapists are saying it should be continuous for 24 hours but it is not practically possible and a bit controversial as some docs recommended not to use any traction. She also started suffering from vertigo when she changes her position from lying down to sitting. What is the way to get out of it. Please help. I have added image of MRI scan, hope it will be helpful for experts to give a better advice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3310" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T23:45:20.933" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T23:45:20.933" Title="Cervical spondylosis with disc prolapse at C5-C6 level" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;hernia&gt;&lt;spondylosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-04-02T04:50:36.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-29T08:39:44.903" Score="1" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently had stomach flu. I think I feel even better than before having the stomach flu. Could gastroenteritis be beneficial for the organism and serve as a reset and a path to default wellness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3209" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:08:48.610" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:08:48.610" Title="Do stomach flu has some benefits?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5284" CreationDate="2016-03-29T17:47:34.573" Score="8" ViewCount="149714" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I started working out, I came across these two terms that are used interchangeably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On edible products energy is written in terms of &lt;code&gt;Kcal&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While when running on a treadmill we lose &lt;code&gt;calories&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between them? And which one is the real deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3305" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:36:08.700" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T14:08:21.803" Title="What is the difference between cal and Kcal?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5282" CreationDate="2016-03-29T19:19:27.173" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer: 1 Kilocalorie equals 1 Calorie. Note the capital &quot;C&quot;. 1 kilocalorie equals 1000 calories. Note the lowercase &quot;c&quot;. So Calories and kilocalories are pretty much the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weightlossresources.co.uk/calories.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kilocalories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's easy to get confused about calories and kilocalories since, in a&#xA;  nutrition context, values are actually given for the number of&#xA;  kilocalories in a food, but referred to simply as calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000 calories= 1 Kcal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrition.gov/whats-food/commonly-asked-questions-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The &quot;calorie&quot; we refer to in food is actually kilocalorie. One (1)&#xA;  kilocalorie is the same as one (1) Calorie (upper case C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/energy/1-cal-to-kcal.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rapidtables.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 Cal = 1 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 small calorie (cal) is equal to - 1/1000 small kilocalorie (kcal):&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 cal = 0.001 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.caloriesecrets.net/how-many-calories-should-i-burn-a-day-to-lose-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;May help you understand the relationship between them.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:41:27.793" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T19:41:27.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5282" CreationDate="2016-03-29T19:33:02.060" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorie&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;definition here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the confusing part is explained here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The energy used in physical activity and the energy stored in foods is actually given in kilocalories (the heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius). Often kilocalories are referred to as kcals or as large calories or as Calories, where the capital ‘C’ indicates kilocalories. However, because a calorie is such a small unit of energy the word ‘calorie’ to define a small calorie is mainly used in scientific literature. &lt;strong&gt;Most of the time ‘calorie’ spelled with the small ‘c’ actually refers to the kilocalories provided in food and used during exercise.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/remarkablecalorie.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can read about it more here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer is, in your case, &quot;calorie&quot; means the same as &quot;Kcal&quot; or &quot;Kilocalorie&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1911" LastEditorUserId="1911" LastEditDate="2016-03-29T19:40:04.683" LastActivityDate="2016-03-29T19:40:04.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5289" CreationDate="2016-03-30T02:07:00.057" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person had sex with multiple people and none of them were infected with HIV,&#xA;would it cause the generation of HIV in his/her body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does sex with multiple partners lead to the generation of HIV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As heard and read about HIV many people say &quot;Only if sex partner is infected with it,  you are going to get it&quot;. But the question is, how is that partner infected? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3301" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-03-30T05:10:50.823" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T05:10:50.823" Title="How does HIV infect people?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T02:47:41.693" Score="1" ViewCount="1017" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always been told that alcohol will reduce reaction times.  There are lots of sources for this online.  For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101019162149.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101019162149.htm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alcoholismrehab.org/research/alcohol-affects-reaction-time/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.alcoholismrehab.org/research/alcohol-affects-reaction-time/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alcoholismrehab.org/research/alcohol-increases-errors-and-reaction-time-during-decision-making-new-study-shows/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.alcoholismrehab.org/research/alcohol-increases-errors-and-reaction-time-during-decision-making-new-study-shows/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And countless others.  It seems pretty solid.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, anecdotally, I've noticed a trend where my performance in activities that benefit from a low reaction time improve after I've had a few drinks (namely online FPS games).  I decided to investigate further and setup a small experiment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Experiment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every 20 minutes I would record my BAC level using a breathalyzer, take an online reaction time test (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime&lt;/a&gt;) five times, and consume 1oz of 80 proof alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, I also consulted an online chart estimating BAC levels (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bloodalcoholcalculator.org/bac-charts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bloodalcoholcalculator.org/bac-charts/&lt;/a&gt; - I'm male and ~160 pounds)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results I saw are completely contradictory to everything I've ever been told.  Over the span of three hours, my reaction time &lt;em&gt;did not&lt;/em&gt; increase.  In fact, it decreased!  Each point in the chart below is 20 minutes apart - and the estimated BAC level from the website.  And the test consisted of 10 measurements (and I dropped the 2 lowest, 2 highest and averaged the remaining).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dBGyC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dBGyC.png&quot; alt=&quot;BAC Drops over time&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between ~270ms and ~230ms is pretty significant - according to the data collected by the Human Benchmark site I used in my experiment.  At 270ms, my reaction time is right in the most common range.  But as I drank, I ended up way ahead of the curve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mWUXf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mWUXf.png&quot; alt=&quot;Faster reaction time&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - how can I explain this result?  Everything I find online says alcohol increases reaction time.  I've read studies and I can't disagree with them.  It seems unlikely that I'm some rare abnormality though....so, what's the deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3289" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:07:53.777" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:07:53.777" Title="How Consistently Does Alcohol Affect Reaction Times?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;blood-alcohol-levels&gt;&lt;breathalyzer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T03:28:46.767" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I just donated blood sooner today and now, 6 hours later, removed the tissue covering the extraction point. My question is that while discussing the events, I felt some side effects to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short list includes heart burn which subsides as fast as it came, alternating neck and head hot spots and sudden sound dampening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What effects can the process of donating blood have, to cause these symptoms? Is there something I should have done, but missed to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing it's simply something I should have done that I missed but I don't know what.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3315" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T14:32:33.650" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T00:34:52.940" Title="Blood Donation After Effects" Tags="&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5286" CreationDate="2016-03-30T03:29:35.363" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can only get HIV from someone or something already infected. This includes humans, needles, breast milk, etc. HIV virus must come in contact with a damaged or open tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can get or transmit HIV only through specific activities. Most&#xA;  commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sexual behaviors and&#xA;  needle or syringe use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must have the infection to transmit it. Multiple partners increase risk, but only transmit if one partner already has infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a person get HIV? From someone or something already infected. If we go back to the first person infected then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theaidsinstitute.org/education/aids-101/where-did-hiv-come-0&quot;&gt;AIDS institute&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus&#xA;  (called simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV) most likely was&#xA;  transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these&#xA;  chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T03:29:35.363" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-30T06:23:17.407" Score="2" ViewCount="1135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two weeks ago I broke my tibia in an accident. First I was taken to a hospital near the place where the accident happened, and the doctor gave me two options, either putting a plaster or inserting a rod(which he highly recommended). Due to some reasons, I had to choose the plaster. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor at this first hospital gave me a prescription which contained the following tablets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium Citrate with Vitamin D3 tablets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Levofloxacin tablets (Levosel - 500)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pantoprazole (Pantosel 40)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diclofinac sodium with Paracetamol &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paracetamol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day I went to another hospital in my home town, and they suggested removing the plaster to insert the rod. And so it was, I had a surgery to insert the rods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor at this hospital gave me a prescription which only contained the following tablets that I have been taking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pantoprazole tablets(Pavonib-40)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cefixime dicloxacillin and lactic acid bacillus tablets (CEFIWOK XL -200 )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paracetamol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although he did not see the medicine given to me in the other hospital when I asked what to do with it, he simply told me to not take any of the tablets prescribed in the first hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which brings me to my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does calcium and/or vitamin D help in the healing of bone fractures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do antibiotics help in the healing of bone fractures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3316" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-03-31T00:20:01.347" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T05:30:19.313" Title="Do antibiotics contribute to bone healing?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5294" CreationDate="2016-03-30T13:08:19.513" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never really liked water that much. I always drank water because of it's importance to the human body. However, I mostly see myself drinking two glasses of water a day sometimes one to none. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At my Job we have sparkling water with some bottles of concentrated lemon. So I usually drink a glass of water with a few drops of concentrated lemon. I love the taste and it motivates me to drink even about 6 glasses a day (two glasses earch @ 9am; 12am 3am). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, are there any dangers of drinking lemon mixed water and can this be a substitute for pure water ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2944" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:15:27.473" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:15:27.473" Title="Can acidic water be a pure water substitute" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5292" CreationDate="2016-03-30T15:11:53.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you can see lemon juice is something that can adversely affect your enamel (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pronamel.us/tooth-erosion/causes-of-acid-erosion.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). Acid affects your teeth because it leeches calcium from them (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.deltadentalins.com/oral_health/acid_wear.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). When this happens your enamel breaks down making your teeth are more vulnerable to bacteria and plaque which then leads to decay. Pure lemon juice is not something you should be downing constantly throughout the day if you want to protect your teeth. That being said it probably isn't enough acidity to affect your stomach enough to cause acid reflex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However you are drinking very dilute amounts of lemon juice which probably makes the effects negligible. I can't find any research to support this (there isn't much on this topic) but unless you are also drinking something very acidic on top of the lemon water I'm sure you will be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to keep an eye out you should look for signs of tooth decay, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.deltadentalins.com/oral_health/acid_wear.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a good place to check for signs/symptoms. However ignore the advice that &quot;all carbonated drinks&quot; harm your enamel. This is simply not true since not all carbonated drinks contain high amounts of acidic compounds. However, this is true of all soft drinks (aka a &quot;soda&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To ease your mind, lemon juice with mineral water is a traditional drink in Italy and across most of Europe. I personally have grown up drinking it, along with all of my relatives, and have never experienced any enamel weakening. In fact my dentist regularly comments that I have incredibly strong teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still this simple breakdown of highly acidic beverages may help you avoid damaging your enamel too much, if you are worried of such things(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.daterdentistry.com/News/ID/246/Drink-This-Not-That-Top-Most-Acidic-Drinks-Healthy-Alternatives&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3274" LastActivityDate="2016-03-30T15:11:53.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T05:38:35.680" Score="4" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was trying to find some good ways to lose weight. Especially for people above 100kg (~180cm height) who are mentally active at work, since they need a lot of sugar/glucose or something similar for their brains in order to focus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any good diets for people being mentally active which won't affect the everyday brain activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3321" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T11:02:01.813" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T19:45:59.877" Title="What are good ways to lose weight for people being mentally active?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-04T01:01:40.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T08:42:40.130" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title says it all - Would anything medically negative ever happen if I never scratched an itch? More specifically, one that does not stem from something like an insect, but is more of a self inflicted sensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3323" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:13:51.303" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:13:51.303" Title="Would anything medically negative ever happen if I didn't scratch an itch?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;scratch-scratching&gt;&lt;tactile-touch&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T09:34:38.080" Score="2" ViewCount="2006" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hurt my knee by doing squats. The pain persisted for a long time (3 months). When I went to my doctor, he saw my x-rays which indicated that everything was normal, but he suspected a meniscus tear. He asked me to take glucosamine sulfate for a month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has glucosamine sulfate been shown to be an effective treatment for torn menisci?   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has this been compared to other treatments such as ice or heat?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2674" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:03:09.380" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:03:09.380" Title="Is glucosamine sulfate effective treatment for meniscus injury?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;tear-of-a-meniscus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5298" CreationDate="2016-03-31T11:24:33.977" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't see swelling in meniscus or anterior cruciate ligament injuries. You just get pain and ROM (Range of Motion) restriction. However, glucosamine sulfate or chondroitin will just relive the pain. I recommend you to go see another doctor and get another x ray, which may differ from machine and specialist to another, to make sure. Then, depending on the injury you have we can give you rehabilitation recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastActivityDate="2016-03-31T11:24:33.977" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-03-31T13:03:38.443" Score="7" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that sleeping long hours can damage brain functions and harm the heart. Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3327" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:16:02.143" LastActivityDate="2017-10-12T14:13:28.293" Title="Can sleeping too much damage the brain and heart?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3345" CreationDate="2016-04-01T00:19:15.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;High quality custom ear plugs (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.etymotic.com/consumer/hearing-protection/erme.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.etymotic.com/consumer/hearing-protection/erme.html&lt;/a&gt; although all custom plug are essentially the same materials) are essentially identical to the molds used in some hearing aids. Hearing aid users are encouraged to use their aids all day every day. Increased build up of ear wax can be a problem, but can easily be treated at home. Cheaper foam ear plugs can deteriorate in the canal and add debris.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T01:11:00.277" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T01:11:00.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T01:39:17.437" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently embarked on an experiment with a product you may have heard of called &quot;Soylent&quot;.  The idea appealed to me.  I don't eat as healthy as I should primarily because of the work involved (expense isn't helpful).  I'm a busy young professional and by the time I get home from work, I just don't want to cook.  It's super convenient to pour my dinner from a pitcher that took me 5 minutes or less to prepare the night before and I feel good knowing that I'm getting proper balanced nutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I just can't do the liquid diet all the time.  It was driving me crazy and I've reverted (mostly) to my old (unhealthy) ways.  It's not that I don't like the taste or anything.  It's actually pretty good after a few days' acclimation.  It's just boring eating (read: &quot;drinking&quot;) the same thing all day every day and the lack of solid food seems to present a psychological barrier I wasn't expecting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While munching on a delicious chicken dish, much like a casserole, that was made for me for my birthday recently, I began to wonder if there was a recipe for some sort of crockpot meal that might offer similar benefits, e.g. total balanced nutrition in a simple-and-inexpensive package.  Something I could dump in the crockpot and come home to perfect food in the evening with little to no effort.  Maybe even make up several days' worth in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, my Googling has turned up nothing but &quot;dieting&quot; recipes.  &quot;Less than 299 calories per serving!&quot; etc.  I'm not interested in &quot;dieting&quot; per se.  Just a simple meal that takes little prep for a reasonable price and contains everything a dietician would like to see me eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of such a recipe?  Or multiple such recipes?  Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3328" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T01:39:17.437" Title="&quot;Complete nutrition&quot; in a crockpot?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2016-04-04T00:59:02.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5306" CreationDate="2016-04-01T09:02:44.140" Score="2" ViewCount="1561" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have donated my blood 3 times now...all three times at different hospitals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first time, a very fine needle was used...almost similar to the one usually used in injection or to draw blood for blood tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, subsequently, much broader needles were used...by their looks, they seemed nearly twice as broad as the earlier needle. It also caused more pain than the first time. I guess they use the broader needle to draw blood more quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have noticed another phenomena...the subsequent blood donations have left a depression-type scar mark on my skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Am I right in concluding that a broader needle would have been used to draw blood quickly?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the needles used to draw blood replaceable? Can I ask the nurses drawing my blood to replace the broad needle with a finer one? (I asked the nurse if it was possible and he said that as far as he knew, only broader needles came for blood donation.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the needles are indeed replaceable, then what are they called? How should I refer to them for the nurse to be able to understand me correctly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information would help me donate blood relatively painlessly next time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.: I am not a medical profession (or even a medical student for that matter). So please pardon my complete layman-like language here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3331" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:13:09.423" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:13:09.423" Title="Effect of Blood donation needles on skin" Tags="&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;needles&gt;&lt;nurse-practitioner&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T12:07:26.300" Score="5" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amisulpride has a half life of 12 hours, according to some articles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amisulpride often causes an elevation in prolactin levels, which can be chronic with long term use.  This causes endocrine system dysregulation including testosterone suppression and other deleterious effects (especially in men).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long after terminating Amisulpride therapy will prolactin levels normalize?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the dysregulation resolve immediately upon levels returning to normal, or does that take time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2428" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T04:25:13.323" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T02:01:26.817" Title="Amisulpride and elevated prolactin levels" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5303" CreationDate="2016-04-01T17:51:29.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Larger needles aren't used to draw blood faster in general. They are used to avoid hemolysis. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;16-18 gauge needles&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A large needle (16 to 17 gauge) is used to minimize shearing&#xA;  forces that may physically damage red blood cells as they flow through&#xA;  the needle&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-donation/basics/what-you-can-expect/prc-20020069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What maybe used to speed up the process is:&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sqeezing your fists&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tourniquets or blood pressure cuffs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Larger needles are used to stop harm from occuring to the blood cells. Some companies however do not use them due to cost and availabilty since they may be nonprofit. Some other occurences are: &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=PexOAQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA67&amp;amp;lpg=PA67&amp;amp;dq=blood%20donation.smaller%20gauges&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=CVULD_UVgb&amp;amp;sig=Pgj15pKIrHZ_it_8PU-jEpBVZr0&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiH6oHD_u3LAhUGu4MKHUNnDz4Q6AEIOTAG#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=blood%20donation.smaller%20gauges&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Needle Sizes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;during blood donation a 18 gauge needle is common. If a patient has&#xA;  small or fragile veins, the plebotomist often elects to use a small&#xA;  gauge needle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plasmadonating.net/2012/09/how-to-remove-plasma-donation-scars.html?m=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Depressions in your arm from needle sticks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may still experience pain. It sometimes depends on the person drawing experience level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-01T17:51:29.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5310" CreationDate="2016-04-01T18:20:54.313" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been searching on web to figure out that CLA really helps in weight loss or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the posts says its beneficial but some are contradictory suggesting that those are not helpful in any way to loose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/david22.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/david22.htm&lt;/a&gt; (supports) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/20040520/cla-weight-loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/diet/20040520/cla-weight-loss&lt;/a&gt; (supports)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.yourbestfatburner.com/how-can-cla-melt-your-fat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://blog.yourbestfatburner.com/how-can-cla-melt-your-fat/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shape.com/weight-loss/tips-plans/ask-diet-doctor-will-cla-help-you-lose-weight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.shape.com/weight-loss/tips-plans/ask-diet-doctor-will-cla-help-you-lose-weight&lt;/a&gt; (suggest not useful) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ultimatenutrition.com/product/cla/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.ultimatenutrition.com/product/cla/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Conjugated+Linoleic+Acid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/supplements/Conjugated+Linoleic+Acid/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any one having knowledge about, please suggest should I try these along my gym workout or not ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3334" LastEditorUserId="3334" LastEditDate="2016-04-01T18:40:16.973" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T14:12:03.540" Title="Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) really helps in Weight loss or not?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T22:34:33.703" Score="3" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;So as a college student, we need to perform mentally demanding work and I recently found out about &quot;all natural&quot; pills that can increase focus and alertness. So I decided I am going to try them to see how they work. I tried another nootropic brand (Optimind) and did not feel like it was working after trying it 4 times. However, the bottle of 60 pills I received for a different brand said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use cautiously in patients with a history of seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been completely off my seizure medication for over 5 years now. Do I still fit into this category of having a &quot;history of seizures&quot; or does this no longer apply to me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the nootropic product page for reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B019TH6SSM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/NeuroEnhance-Function-Supplement-Supports-Cognitive/dp/B019TH6SSM/ref=cm_cr_arp_d_product_top?ie=UTF8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3336" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:10:46.683" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:43:20.200" Title="Can I take nootropics if I was on seizure medication 5+ years ago?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;nootropic-smart-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-01T22:51:55.570" Score="6" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like many I have seasonal allergies and spring time is hell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am allergic to grass and tree pollen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any home remedies that actually work ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any way to train body to adapt?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3014" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:39:10.640" LastActivityDate="2018-08-03T06:10:45.713" Title="Seasonal allergies home remedies" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5307" CreationDate="2016-04-02T00:07:32.030" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does! This has been proven by reserach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Long-term supplementation with CLA-FFA or CLA-triacylglycerol reduces BFM in healthy overweight adults.&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159244&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159244&lt;/a&gt; (BMF means fat in your body.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;CLA reduces body fat but not body weight in healthy exercising humans of normal body weight.&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725826&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From examiner.com: &quot;CLA is a supplement that has shown good results in rodents for weight loss however (like many bogus products) these studies have not been reliably replicated in humans.&quot; In my option, this is not true, as I shown in my previous answer. To take or not? Though question. Some reserach found it's safe and great, other found the opposite. I would try to obtain it naturally from grass-fed beef and Raw Grass-Fed Dairy, here I included some of the best sources of CLA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food Sources of CLA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food - Mgs. Of CLA/gm of total fat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[30 - Grass-fed (G-f) Beef&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 - 30 - G-f Whole Milk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20-30 - G-f Cheese&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.8 - Lamb]1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2991" LastEditorUserId="3334" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T12:37:40.080" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T12:37:40.080" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5308" CreationDate="2016-04-02T00:08:08.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It applies to you. You have a history of seizures for the rest of your life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw108757&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basic Medical History for Epilepsy list of questions&lt;/a&gt; as a reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-16T21:43:20.200" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:43:20.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5288" CreationDate="2016-04-02T00:10:24.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Be sure to supplement enough iron (about 18 mg per day)! Take your iron with vitamin C and avoid tea and coffee. American Red Cross: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/iron-and-blood-donation/iron-info-frequent-donors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;The American Red Cross now recommends that individuals who give blood frequently should take a multivitamin with iron or an iron-only supplement to replace the iron lost through blood donation. Before taking a multivitamin with iron or an iron-only supplement, you should consult with your health-care provider.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;  About 200 mg of iron will be lost during your donation: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/14-2/AhmedBadar.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;A donor generally donates approximately 450 ml blood at the time of donation. One gram of haemoglobin contains 3.4 mg of iron. In a normal individual with 15 g of haemoglobin per dl, 100 ml of blood contains approximately 50 mg of iron. Thus removal of only 2 ml of blood results in the loss of 1 mg of iron3. If 450 ml of blood are taken in a donation approximately 225 mg of iron will be lost.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/73/1/93.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vitamin C helps iron absorbtion.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;You need about 90 mg of Vitamin C per day - feel free to take more as it won't hurt - vitamin C is soluble in water and body can easily get rid of excess.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Watch out for coffee and tea, they block iron absorbtion: &quot;Recommendations with respect to tea consumption (when in a critical group) include: consume tea between meals instead of during the meal; simultaneously consume ascorbic acid and/or meat, fish and poultry.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2991" LastEditorUserId="2991" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T00:34:52.940" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T00:34:52.940" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5308" CreationDate="2016-04-02T03:32:07.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You would have a history of seizures even if they occured 5 years ago.&lt;/strong&gt; Histories of disorders go back decades(your lifetime), especially if there is risk of recurrence as in cancer or seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B019TH6SSM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amazon.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Use cautiously&lt;/strong&gt; in patients with history of seizures, based on reports&#xA;  of seizures due to gingko seed ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you need to use it cautiously know that the FDA didnt evaulate any of their statements by the manufacturers own admission in the legal part of the label. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gingko may have links to seizures as the conpany said. Further references on that are below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419414&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlm.nih.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2010/acs-presspac-april-14-2010/ginkgo-herbal-medicines-may-increase-seizures-in-people-with-epiy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;acs.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Knowing this and based on your risk factors you should consult a physician to answer your questions especially for possible other medications and how pertinent your history of seizures is.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-02T04:06:26.847" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T04:06:26.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T04:48:39.860" Score="0" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the risks of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autologous_blood_injection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;autologous blood injections&lt;/a&gt; are when used to treat a tendinopathy (specifically, lateral epicondylitis of the humerus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read a unquantified few sources, but ideally I'd like to have quantified risk assessment (e.g., 1% chance of injury to structures near the tendon).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sportsmed.net.nz/patient-info/general-rehabilitation/autologous-blood-injections/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sportsmed.net.nz/patient-info/general-rehabilitation/autologous-blood-injections/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pain was one of the main problems reported. In one study of 35 patients, 25 had pain and stiffness after the procedure, which went away within 2 days. Most patients reported that the pain was similar to the pain they had after steroid injection. Other potential complications include infection, injury to structures near the tendon and bruising at the injection site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T04:48:39.860" Title="What are the risks of autologous blood injection used to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;autologous-blood-inject&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5290" CreationDate="2016-04-02T05:30:19.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The antibiotics may have been, because you had surgery.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They broke skin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduce new particles to the body&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your bone was already broken&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since infection can lead to prolonged healing, you could see it working that way.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fqresearch.org/antibiotic-bone-fracture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fluoroquinolones&lt;/a&gt; are known to negatively affect bone growth, this is mostly seen in infants though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of antibiotics on bone healing: current evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/454689-what-are-the-benefits-of-calcium-supplements-in-fracture-healing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Livestrong.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D increases Calcium absorption &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calcium increases bone density&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on the healing of the proximal humerus fracture&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results of study:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;we have demonstrated that it is possible to quantify callus formation&#xA;  of the PHF with sufficiently high precision to demonstrate the&#xA;  positive influence of vitamin D3 and calcium over the first 6 weeks&#xA;  after fracture&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all Vitamin D, Calcium, and antibiotics all do in a way help bone fracture healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-02T05:30:19.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5318" CreationDate="2016-04-02T10:45:24.850" Score="5" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where Im from (West Pakistan), there is an old tradition of serving Green Tea after dinner, which is meant to burn the oil &amp;amp; help with digestion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have read, we should drink liquids before the meal, not after. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there is scientific proof that green tea has any benefits, when taken after a meal? Shouldn't we be drinking it before rather than after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3338" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:03:56.053" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:03:56.053" Title="Green Tea After Dinner" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-12-20T19:13:42.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5317" CreationDate="2016-04-02T11:56:11.257" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Green tea has thermogenic properties and promotes fat oxidation  beyond that explained by its caffeine content per se. If green tea extract are drunk &lt;strong&gt;during&lt;/strong&gt; the meal there is a proved effect of it on fat oxidation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/70/6/1040.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Efficacy of a green tea extract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T05:07:18.317" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T05:07:18.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5266" CreationDate="2016-04-02T15:28:33.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose since whatever you ingest spends a certain amount of time travelling through your system it should make a difference depending on how quickly the certain food is broken down. If not chewed well enough the food will have a smaller surface area while spending time in the stomach. So thorough chewing should allow not only faster food absorption but also extracting more nutrients out of the food. This is just an educated guess though :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Adding sources for information in this comment and the one below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why eating slowly helps you feel full faster (Harvard) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-eating-slowly-may-help-you-feel-full-faster-20101019605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-eating-slowly-may-help-you-feel-full-faster-20101019605&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study finds additional chewing reduces food intake in young adults - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2012/apr/chewing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2012/apr/chewing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this article encompasses all of this nicely &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/07/31/chewing-foods.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/07/31/chewing-foods.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Scroll down to the bottom for the list of sources and references)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastEditorUserId="3339" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T17:01:02.330" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T17:01:02.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T15:46:53.113" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;people moving from the Tanzanian highlands, e.g. Usambara mountains, Kilimandjaro region, to the plains are quite often affected by a disease with the following symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;onset similar to malaria, but appetite not diminished &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no joint pain, but severe back pain reaching from neck to hip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;severe symptoms for about 1 week, weakness and coughs remain for much longer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;with rest and good nourishment people recover within weeks to months, otherwise may be fatal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inhabitants of the plains are not affected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have information about this disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3340" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:09:21.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:09:21.770" Title="Infectious disease in Tanzanian lowlands" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;&lt;malaria&gt;&lt;altitude-topography&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T18:12:24.217" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend is a MBBS student from Bangladesh. She is currently in her 3rd year and is willing to sit for AMC exam after graduation. But we don't know about the correct procedure to apply and sit for exam yet.So it would be of great help if someone could help with providing the way of procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3343" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:04:35.650" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:04:35.650" Title="Procedure of Australian Medical Council exam for foreigners from South Asia" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T21:04:19.117" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a severe overbite my entire life and I'm 20 now. Could it have affected my jaw development? Like made my jaw smaller than it should be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3347" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T04:15:31.240" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T04:15:31.240" Title="Does an overbite affect jaw development?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;jaw&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-02T21:24:52.113" Score="2" ViewCount="3232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a few used Yankee Candle glass bottles.  I am wondering if I can use them for storing honey or other food items?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2023" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:07:07.990" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:07:07.990" Title="Can I re-used Yankee Candle glass bottle for food?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-water-storage&gt;&lt;honey&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1296" CreationDate="2016-04-03T01:20:06.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/studytracker/?effect=brain-2&amp;amp;sub=&amp;amp;type=&amp;amp;start_year=&amp;amp;end_year=&amp;amp;show=10&amp;amp;fulltext=&amp;amp;fantranslation=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;over 300 studies&lt;/a&gt; have found that fluoride is a neurotoxin (a chemical that can damage the &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/issues/health/brain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brain&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/toxicity-forecasting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EPA&lt;/a&gt; scientists (United States Environmental Protection Agency), there is substantial evidence that fluoride is neurotoxin&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/epa_mundy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. They based their conclusion on studies showing that fluoride exposure during pregnancy can damage the brain which was consistent with three other studies from China which found that the brain of the human fetus can be significantly damaged by the mother’s high fluoride intake (safe dose for preventing this effect is not yet known).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/epa_mundy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/coT9Hl.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;EPA.gov - Chemicals with substantial evidence of developmental neurotoxicity&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further more, the National Research Council (NRC) expressed concern about fluoride’s possible contribution to dementia and &quot;it is apparent that fluorides have the ability to interfere with the functions of the brain and the body by direct and indirect means&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/studies/brain06/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is apparent that fluorides have the ability to interfere with the functions of the brain. (National Research Council, 2006)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent “meta-analysis” of 27 cross-sectional studies performed by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/fluoride-childrens-health-grandjean-choi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard researchers&lt;/a&gt;, did a systematic review of children exposed to fluoride in drinking water (mainly from China), which suggested that children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas (an average IQ decrement of about seven points in children exposed to higher fluoride concentrations)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1104912/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some studies suggested that even slightly increased fluoride exposure could be toxic to the brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In March of 2014, The Lancet medical journal published a review of &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/grandjean-20141.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neurobehavioral effects of developmental toxicity&lt;/a&gt;, which concluded that fluoride is one of only 11 chemicals that is known to damage the developing brain and it is capable of causing widespread brain disorders such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, and other cognitive impairments. In most cases the damage is often &lt;strong&gt;untreatable&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;permanent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/news/fluoride-newly-identified-as-dangerous-to-brains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. According to this, fluoride is classified as &lt;strong&gt;dangerous&lt;/strong&gt; to developing brains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a bulletin posted on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/fluoride-childrens-health-grandjean-choi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard School of Public Health website&lt;/a&gt;, Grandjean notes that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fluoride seems to fit in with lead, mercury, and other poisons that cause chemical brain drain. The effect of each toxicant may seem small, but the combined damage on a population scale can be serious, especially because the brain power of the next generation is crucial to all of us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T01:20:06.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5343" CreationDate="2016-04-03T07:28:20.697" Score="2" ViewCount="690" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a headache I've been meaning to get rid of this morning. I do know the differences between paracetamol and ibuprofen however since I just woke up this morning with my thoughts still cloudy, I've impulsively decided to take a dose of paracetamol (500mg) to alleviate my head ache. It was only later that I realized that it was muscle pains near my shoulder that was causing my headache and that I should've taken ibuprofen instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to take ibuprofen (200mg) if I've already taken paracetamol 5 hours before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3351" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:03:22.277" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:03:22.277" Title="Can ibuprofen and paracetamol be taken together?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-03T15:36:33.697" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the issue with icing for too long, when used to treat a tendinopathy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only issue I am aware of is the risk of frostbite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.active.com/running/articles/do-s-and-don-ts-for-icing-injuries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.active.com/running/articles/do-s-and-don-ts-for-icing-injuries&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't ice for more than 20 minutes or you'll risk frostbite. If your&#xA;  skin looks red, it's a warning sign you're pushing it. Remove the ice&#xA;  once you feel numbness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking for three reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;curiosity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some ice patches tend to get pretty warm after 20 minutes, and doesn't seem to pose a risk of frosbites.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;patients sometime exercise right before sleeping, and may fall asleep during icing. Empirically, it didn't create the frostbite, so I wonder if it's okay.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-03T15:43:43.183" LastActivityDate="2016-04-03T15:43:43.183" Title="What's the issue with icing for too long?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5346" CreationDate="2016-04-03T15:59:30.953" Score="4" ViewCount="7801" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that if you eat sweets after big foods, your stomach gets the energy needed to digest and probably bigger part of your lunch will get digested (so it won't transform to fat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any reliable studies on this topic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastEditorUserId="753" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T13:37:32.300" LastActivityDate="2018-06-29T22:52:14.563" Title="Does eating sweet after food help to digest large meals?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5295" CreationDate="2016-04-03T16:03:17.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that you have been given a clean bill of health from your doctor (e.g. metabolic problems such as diabetes, thyroid problems etc. have been ruled out), except that you are overweight. The medical advice given to you is that you should lose weight via dieting and exercise. The problem now is that if you attempt to do that, you feel tired, have a lack of energy that is interfering with your ability to concentrate at work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing you can do is to visit your doctor again, but this time &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/features/tips-for-a-successful-doctor-visit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stick to this advice&lt;/a&gt;, which in this case means that you should write up what you are eating, how much exercise you get, what your sleep habits are, and what your energy levels are day by day. Make clear that things are not going well and that this is a persistent problem as demonstrated by your records. The doctor can then assess whether new tests are necessary, because a clean bill of health may only refer to having ruled out the most common metabolic disorders, there may well be other not so common medical problems that have not yet been ruled out. The more detailed information you can provide your doctor, the better that assessment can be made. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the doctor still thinks there is nothing wrong, he/she could refer you to a dietitian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T19:45:59.877" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T19:45:59.877" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5336" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5350" CreationDate="2016-04-03T17:59:32.187" Score="3" ViewCount="2091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a non-smoker but enjoy going to a smoke filled casino near me for about 4 hours once a week. I take breaks to go outside for a few minutes throughout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much risk (heart disease, lung cancer, etc.) am I at exactly? Is it a negligible amount or more serious. If it is possible to calculate or estimate, how can I do this? A source would be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, I am considering using a product like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B017EXC47C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/WoodyKnows%C2%AE-Pollutant-Second-hand-Anti-Pollution-Replacement/dp/B017EXC47C/ref=sr_1_4_a_it?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1459403327&amp;amp;sr=8-4&amp;amp;keywords=nostril+filters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to reduce the risk. Any opinions on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3354" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T15:41:50.597" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T15:41:50.597" Title="How serious is the risk of second hand smoke?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-03T18:13:00.747" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 95 year old will probably not be able to do hard exercise, such as running fast for one hour per day. The heart of such a person won't have the capacity to pump the required amount of blood through its body. However, most 95 year olds won't visit the doctor complaining about not being as fit as they where at the age of 25, any complaints about feeling tired, lack of energy etc. will typically be considered to be normal for the age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one can ask if in fact the aging of the heart is equivalent to having (mild) heart failure. Suppose that when I'm 95 years old I disguise myself, making myself look 25 years old. I then visit some doctor complaining about not being able to exercise at a reasonable intensity. If all sorts of tests are done, would I be diagnosed with heart failure? And would treatment for heart failure for healthy 95 year olds allow them to exercise at an intensity that is much higher than what could be considered to be normal for that age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:05:32.857" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:05:32.857" Title="Do all very old people have heart failure?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-04T04:12:52.147" Score="1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdguidelines.com/epicondylitis-medial-and-lateral&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mdguidelines.com/epicondylitis-medial-and-lateral&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Incidence and Prevalence: Lateral epicondylitis is at least 5 times more common than medial epicondylitis (Mercier). The exact incidence of lateral epicondylitis is difficult to determine, although among the US population it is estimated at 1% to 3% annually (Bryant; Verhaar). Medial epicondylitis accounts for only about 10% to 20% of all epicondylitis (Young). Approximately 15% of patients experience bilateral symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epicondylitis is much more common on the lateral side of the elbow (tennis elbow), rather than the medial side&#xA;  Why is lateral epicondylitis 5 times more common than medial epicondylitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Otoshi, Kenichi, Misa Takegami, Miho Sekiguchi, Yoshihiro Onishi, Shin Yamazaki, Koji Otani, Hiroaki Shishido, Shunichi Fukuhara, Shinichi Kikuchi, and Shinichi Konno. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11069717801761190432&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic hyperglycemia increases the risk of lateral epicondylitis: the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcome in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS).&lt;/a&gt;&quot; SpringerPlus 4, no. 1 (2015): 1-9.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this study, the overall prevalence of lateral and medial epicondylitis was 2.5 % and 0.3 %, respectively, which are comparable with previous epidemiologic studies conducted in the general population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3HsSX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3HsSX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether it is due to human activities or some intrinsic differences between lateral and medial epicondyles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T15:03:56.510" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T15:03:56.510" Title="Why is lateral epicondylitis 5 times more common than medial epicondylitis?" Tags="&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5347" CreationDate="2016-04-04T15:00:22.057" Score="3" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;I left a bottle of peptides on my desk without refrigeration for about 24 hours. Are the peptides ruined? My house is generally kept cool and the bottle was cool to the touch when I picked it up again. Can I still use this bottle? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T18:41:45.833" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T18:41:45.833" Title="Refrigeration for peptides" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;refrigerate-refrigeration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5332" CreationDate="2016-04-04T15:09:48.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is safe. The mechanism that ibuprofen and paracetamol use are different and don't interact negatively. In fact, the two drugs (medicines) can be used in conjunction for a synergistic effect so that it will provide greater pain relief than either drug alone. With that said, still follow the standard dosing instructions for each drug. That means don't take more than 3000 Mg of paracetamol in one day (24 hours) (this is a strict limit, can cause permanent damage  if you exceed 4000 mg in 24 hours) and don't take more than 1200 mg of ibuprofen in any 24 hour period or you risk stomach bleeding. Hope this helps :) &#xA;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/857.aspx?CategoryID=73&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/857.aspx?CategoryID=73&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.goodrx.com/blog/is-it-safe-to-take-tylenol-acetaminophen-with-advil-or-motrin-ibuprofen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Acetaminophen with ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3358" LastEditorUserId="3358" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T15:36:23.927" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T15:36:23.927" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-04T20:02:00.510" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I am about to board a jet plane (your standard Boeing 737 for example) I am hit with instant debilitating nausea while inside the boarding ramp. (That enclosure that connects the aircraft with the terminal.) I believe it has something to do with the air inside the plane since it only hits once I can smell that distinct odor that the inside of jet aircraft have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This extreme unpleasantness lasts for about 20 minutes upon boarding and gradually decreases. For the rest of the flight I am fine although occasionally I will get small hints of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have flown single engine prop aircraft (Cessna 172) and this never happens around them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone knows what this is and how I can stop it I would be eternally grateful. It has made traveling by plane extremely unpleasant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3361" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:01:23.350" LastActivityDate="2019-10-20T02:46:40.340" Title="Instant nausea when boarding aircraft" Tags="&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;&lt;aviation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2019-10-20T03:58:12.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5334" CreationDate="2016-04-04T20:14:14.597" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might speed up digestion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tidsskriftet.no/article/2182039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://tidsskriftet.no/article/2182039&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But speeding up digestion isn't going to bring you the outcome you desire. Also, a larger amount of simple sugars is more likely to lead to increased energy stored in adipose tissue (fat cells).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Big foods - those with larger, more complex molecules with stronger molecular bonds - such as more complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, take longer to digest, and a combination of these and fibre further slow the overall process, meaning that the energy being released into blood-sugar will be less likely to become surplus to requirements and lead to those larger spikes in blood-sugar levels which trigger storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are things you can do to stimulate or assist the digestive system, like chewing well to start the process, ingesting bitter foods and drinks to stimulate bile, a shot of vinegar if you have low stomach acidity, or even the sort of enzymes you find in things like lactose free milk which contains lactase (although this turns a disaccharides into two more quickly absorbed monosacharides so it's only really recommended for those who are lactose intolerant). A high fibre diet will also improve your intestinal flora long term, as well as it's short term effects on digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically an unhealthy and under-active digestive system would be more likely lead to less fat, as the body loses some of the ability to absorb macro and/or micro nutrients, meaning they pass through the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a depleted state, such as after prolonged starvation, or in a diabetic crash, a quick sugar hit might be needed to kick-start the system, but in general the body can easily find the energy it needs, especially for a process as slow and steady as the average 24 hours it takes to digest a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are things which can reduce cholesterol re-absorption, such as increased fibre, medication, or supplements (although I've heard plant sterols as a supplement can be Sisyphean). Excess cholesterol isn't really about energy though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3362" LastEditorUserId="3362" LastEditDate="2016-04-04T20:57:40.487" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T20:57:40.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5342" CreationDate="2016-04-04T22:36:45.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I've said in the comments it depends on the specific product, so I can't really give a straight yes or no answer. But I'll give a few examples, and I hope that will help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peptides that are already in a liquid form (as a suspension or a solution) are meant to be refrigerated between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius (i.e. 35 and 46 degrees Fahrenheit). They must not be frozen or they will lose their activity (it is not your question, but while we're at it this might be different for powders). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most of these formulations&lt;/strong&gt; can be kept at room temperature for a certain amount of time (usually 2-4 weeks), but they must be protected from sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000258/WC500030372.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NovoRapid&lt;/a&gt; - insulin aspartat solution (SmPC section 6):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During use or when carried as a spare:&#xA;  The product must be stored for a maximum of 4 weeks. Store below 30°C. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before opening: Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Do not freeze.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000441/WC500033307.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Insulatard&lt;/a&gt; - human insulin suspension (SmPC section 6):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During use or when carried as a spare: The product can be stored for a maximum of 4 weeks. Store below 25°C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before opening:Store in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C). Do not freeze. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/22368&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rebif&lt;/a&gt; - interferon beta solution (SmPC section 6):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Store in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C) away from the cooling element. Do not freeze. Store the cartridge in the original package in order to protect from light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The device (RebiSmart or RebiSlide) containing a pre-filled cartridge of Rebif must be stored in the device storage box in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the purpose of ambulatory use, the patient may remove Rebif from the refrigerator and store it not above 25°C for one single period of up to 14 days. Rebif must then be returned to the refrigerator and used before the expiry date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.norditropin.com/how-to-take-it/storage-and-handling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Norditropin&lt;/a&gt; - somatotropin solution (manufacturer's user assistance website) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021148s013lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Patient Information Leaflet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep the NordiPen 5 (with the Norditropin cartridge 5 mg/1.5 mL inside) &#xA;  EITHER refrigerated (2-8°C/36-46°F) for 4 weeks OR store not above 25°C (77°F) for 3 weeks. Do not freeze.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT&lt;/strong&gt; I also found an example where prolonged storage outside of the refrigerator is not mentioned, also for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=58d84ffa-4056-4e36-ad67-7bd4aef444a5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;somatotropin&lt;/a&gt; product:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After the first use the cartridge should remain in the pen and has to be kept in a refrigerator at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) for a maximum of 28 days (see Table 11).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum it up, the reliable source for proper storage of a pharmaceutical product is the manufacturer. They are the ones who tested the stability under various storage conditions and had to share these information with the regulatory body - which is a second reliable source for this type of information. You should be able to obtain the patient information leaflet from your heath care provider (e.g. a pharmacist) or from the internet for a specific product. Or you should be able to obtain the Summary of Product Characteristics from the regulatory body (FDA, EMeA or a national medicines agency) by contacting them or from their website. Ultimately you can contact the manufacturer's representative office and inquire about proper storage conditions and shelf-life for a specific product in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T22:36:45.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5328" CreationDate="2016-04-04T22:58:51.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming they're just plain glass (not leaded glass or painted) they should be fine as long as you remove all the wax and wash them thoroughly first. Plain glass is always food safe. In fact, it's so widely accepted as food safe that I can't find good sources saying so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure the washing is thorough using hot water and a strong detergent since coatings are sometimes applied to glass jars that aren't intended for food storage. I would put them through a dishwasher cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the lids also. Those may have liners or seals that aren't food safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-04-04T22:58:51.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5337" CreationDate="2016-04-05T01:20:45.507" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can aging of the heart be equivalent to having (mild) heart failure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. A large part of aging is the process of telomeres shortening with each cell division, making our DNA more vulnerable. As more DNA damage accumulates, more cells in the heart (and everywhere else in the body) become dysfunctional - that's essentially what aging is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while aging doesn't necessarily directly contribute to heart-related problems, the probability of organ failure, or dysfunctional symptoms in the organ gets higher as we age, due to more and more cells failing to perform their function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a peer-reviewed paper on the subject (reading the abstract should be enough): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20532978&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20532978&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a study published in a UK medical journal linking DNA degradation due to aging with heart disease:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10942-shrinking-telomeres-linked-to-heart-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10942-shrinking-telomeres-linked-to-heart-disease/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Corrected some information, thanks FrankyG&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastEditorUserId="3339" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T20:16:05.793" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T20:16:05.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5336" CreationDate="2016-04-05T02:10:24.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, you can't make a probabilistic estimate if you will contract heart disease or some form of cancer - there are too many variables to consider. How big is the room? How many people are smoking? Some people smoke all their life and die without cancer or disease - though poor lung function. But I found some interesting information, we can use it to make an estimation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is estimated that only 15% of cigarette smoke gets inhaled by the&#xA;smoker. The remaining 85% lingers in the air for everyone to breathe.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a person spends more than two hours in a room where someone is&lt;br&gt;&#xA;smoking, the nonsmoker inhales the equivalent of four cigarettes.    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Secondhand smoke is the third leading preventable cause of disability&#xA;and early death (after active smoking and alcohol) in the United&lt;br&gt;&#xA;States. For every eight smokers who die from smoking, one innocent&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bystander dies from secondhand smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enclosed smoking areas are far more toxic than exposure to second-hand smoke from bystanders outside. Anti-smoking campaigns (rightfully) tend to exaggerate a bit, if there's one person smoking one cigarette, you won't absorb four cigarettes... So my estimate is that within your 4 hours you will absorb 1-5 cigarettes worth of toxins, depending on how many people are smoking, how large the room is, and how well ventilated it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A one-time exposure for four hours is definitely statistically negligible, but it sounds like you want to do this regularly. 4 weeks in a month are equivalent to 4-20 cigarettes smoked. In a year that's exposure equivalent to 48-240  cigarettes. Let's say you will not go to the casino three months of the year, and we take the average of that estimate. That puts you in the ballpark of 120 cigarettes a year, or 1/3rd of a cigarette per day. Clinically, smoking is estimated in pack years &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-year&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-year&lt;/a&gt; and this estimate is far below a pack year - there are no studies concerning such a low amount of consumption I could find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it still boils down to regular exposure to carcinogens, which one way or another raises your risk. Smokers go through much more tobacco, so studies are hard to find for such a low exposure, but it is definitely significant. If you go to the casino once a month for 4-5 hours you will be fine. But if you're concerned about long-term health I wouldn't go every week. Also gambling can be more addicting than tobacco. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this estimate helps you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This article will be very helpful to you:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also I found this interesting factsheet on secondhand smoke from&lt;br&gt;&#xA;university of Minnesota, though it looks quite dated, there's no date&#xA;of publication. (the three factoids)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www1.umn.edu/perio/tobacco/secondhandsmoke.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www1.umn.edu/perio/tobacco/secondhandsmoke.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Whats a pack year: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-year&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack-year&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am a recovering stupid smoker myself.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T02:10:24.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-05T04:57:24.437" Score="4" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/risk-factors/con-20027964&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/risk-factors/con-20027964&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You could be at higher risk of developing golfer's elbow if you're:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Age 40 or older&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Performing repetitive activity at least two hours a day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Obese&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A smoker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would smoking increase the risk of developing medial epicondylitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the claim itself seems to be debated in some studies, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Otoshi, Kenichi, Misa Takegami, Miho Sekiguchi, Yoshihiro Onishi, Shin Yamazaki, Koji Otani, Hiroaki Shishido, Shunichi Fukuhara, Shinichi Kikuchi, and Shinichi Konno. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11069717801761190432&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic hyperglycemia increases the risk of lateral epicondylitis: the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcome in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS).&lt;/a&gt;&quot; SpringerPlus 4, no. 1 (2015): 1-9.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Age and sex, as well as occupational status, smoking and alcohol preference, and other medical characteristics showed no significant association with higher risk of lateral epicondylitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JdM1h.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JdM1h.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T15:02:15.010" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T15:02:15.010" Title="Why does smoking increase the risk of developing medial epicondylitis?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5337" CreationDate="2016-04-05T05:35:04.627" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe. Depends on the 95-year old... and the 25-year old. A heart failure diagnosis isn't just the process of getting older; it has objective criteria. I expect most 95-year olds would score above zero on this scale, many quite highly, but not all of them would.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, of course, we know there are 25-year olds who would score highly too, so I'd say it's a race. Not a very fair one, but a race nonetheless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0301/p1319.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0301/p1319.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Boston Criteria for Diagnosing Heart Failure Criterion  Point value*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Category I: history&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Rest dyspnea   4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Orthopnea   4 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea   3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dyspnea while walking on level area 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dyspnea while climbing  1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Category II: physical examination&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Heart rate abnormality (1 point if 91 to 110 beats per minute; 2    points if more than 110 beats per minute)  1 or 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Jugular venous elevation (2 points if greater than 6 cm H2O; 3 points    if greater than 6 cm H2O plus hepatomegaly or edema)  2 or 3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lung crackles (1 point if basilar; 2 points if more than basilar)   1    or 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Wheezing   3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Third heart sound   3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Category III: chest radiography&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Alveolar pulmonary edema   4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Interstitial pulmonary edema   3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Bilateral pleural effusion  3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.50  3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Upper zone flow redistribution  2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;*— No more than 4 points are allowed from each of three categories; hence the composite score (the sum of the subtotal from each category)&#xA;  has a possible maximum of 12 points. The diagnosis of heart failure is&#xA;  classified as “definite” at a score of 8 to 12 points, “possible” at a&#xA;  score of 5 to 7 points, and “unlikely” at a score of 4 points or less.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adapted with permission from Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smaller&#xA;  S, Steingart RM, Wexler JP, Budner N, et al. The relationship between&#xA;  left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure&#xA;  diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation 1988;77:607–12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T05:35:04.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5351" CreationDate="2016-04-05T06:31:19.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not too many studies showed any correlation between smoking and risk of epicondylitis but only one study mentioned it. They say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Smoking may interfere with the circulation to tendons, which not only places these tissues at risk for injury but also slows or prevents their healing during a recovery period. That former smokers are also at higher risk of epicondylitis suggests that previous exposure to tobacco may have persistent effects on the vascular system. Increased risk of epicondylitis among smokers may also be due to other lifestyle factors associated with smoking.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/164/11/1065.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevalence and Determinants of Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2869" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T11:28:25.697" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T11:28:25.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-05T06:53:01.860" Score="1" ViewCount="552" Body="&lt;p&gt;On Saccharomyces boulardii leaflet it's written that it has to be taken on an empty stomach (at least 15 minutes before eating) but if it's to be taken with antibiotics then you should take them together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some antibiotics are to be taken on a full stomach, others can be taken even on a empty stomach but it's suggested to take them on a full stomach to avoid irritation (Amoxicillin, to name one)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such cases where you have to take &#xA;Saccharomyces boulardii with a &quot;full stomach antibiotic&quot; what's the best thing to do? Take them together even though you are on a full stomach or take Saccharomyces boulardii before eating and then antibiotics after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1192" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:06:28.143" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:06:28.143" Title="Saccharomyces boulardii with antibiotics. When to take?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;medication-directions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5358" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-05T18:53:18.427" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-05T18:53:18.427" LastActivityDate="2016-04-05T18:53:18.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5359" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-05T18:53:18.427" Score="0" Body="Questions about epicondylitis, a condition in which the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T14:06:26.997" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T14:06:26.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1540" CreationDate="2016-04-06T04:53:00.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D deficiency can actually cause or exacerbate depression, and it can manifest itself in feelings of tiredness, persistent sadness, weakness, etc... It also prevents your bones from mineralizing so your bone density may decline and cause bone pain (as stated by WebMD). I've experienced this, and it feels like an ache deep inside your limbs. I also had pretty strong dairy cravings, which I think may have been  However, sometimes these symptoms are slight and you may not even know you have a deficiency. I came to the doctor once with complaints of depression and tiredness. She ordered a blood test for a bunch of things, including blood iron levels and vitamin D levels. My iron levels were good but my vit D was low, and I never would have guessed; I thought I was depressed and just needed antidepressants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitely get a blood test for it if you're concerned because the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency can be attributed to so many different causes, and you may feel pretty &quot;ok&quot; when you could be feeling much better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3369" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T04:53:00.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T12:37:46.717" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some interesting smoking questions have led me to ask this. I am myself a recovering tobacco addict - I stopped a few months ago. Though my health has improved vastly, I still can easily get wheezing / shortness of breath in anxious or physical situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some research has led to believe I have undiagnosed asthma, which is triggered by smoking. Regardless, I want to ask if there's any forms of strengthening air intake/ lung function and what is the science behind it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, its uncontroversial that cardiovascular exercise helps. But exactly by doing what? What about breathing excercises? Diet? What else can be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T10:32:11.377" Title="Strengthening / recovering lungs? What is the science behind this?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5362" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5368" CreationDate="2016-04-06T12:48:24.937" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;My aunt needs blood urgently, but she happens to be 0- and neither the hospital nor family and friends are able provide this blood type to her. However, I was wondering if it makes sense to take only the compatible components from each person. I myself am 0+ so there should be no issue fro the antibodies. And we do have a couple of negative blood types in the family (just not 0-). Normally the doctors will be the ones to decide, but I'd like to ask if it is not 100% stupid as an idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3374" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:03:38.030" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:03:38.030" Title="Take different blood components from different people" Tags="&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5416" CreationDate="2016-04-06T15:13:43.087" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical steroids are the mainstay of treatment in Aphthous ulcers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important differential diagnosis of oral aphthous ulcers is intra oral herpetic ulcers. And sometimes, it may be difficult to differentiate between the two. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Applying steroids on herpetic ulcers can have serious sequelae, including severe spread of the infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can a practicing physician safely prescribe topical steroids to a patient of aphthous ulcers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="37" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T20:58:04.097" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T04:02:11.623" Title="How to safely prescribe steroids in Aphthous ulcers?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T16:10:41.253" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the risks of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autologous_blood_injection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;autologous blood injections&lt;/a&gt; is injury to structures near the target tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sportsmed.net.nz/patient-info/general-rehabilitation/autologous-blood-injections/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sportsmed.net.nz/patient-info/general-rehabilitation/autologous-blood-injections/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pain was one of the main problems reported. In one study of 35 patients, 25 had pain and stiffness after the procedure, which went away within 2 days. Most patients reported that the pain was similar to the pain they had after steroid injection. Other potential complications include infection, &lt;strong&gt;injury to structures near the tendon&lt;/strong&gt; and bruising at the injection site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What sort of injuries to structures near the tendon may happen during an autologous blood injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder which structures are at risks, as well as the level of the risk (e.g., recovery duration and activity limitation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in lateral epicondylitis of the humerus, but curious about other tendon as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T16:10:41.253" Title="What sort of injuries to structures near the tendon may happen during an autologous blood injection?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;autologous-blood-inject&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T16:16:29.680" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person does not brush their teeth or use mouth wash &quot;Ever&quot; yet there are no signs of bacteria build up or any signs of odor at the least,  &lt;strong&gt;What does this tell us about the saliva that is produced in this person?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1696" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T18:03:30.627" Title="Saliva that has a Anti Bacteria agent" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-06T16:59:38.430" Score="2" ViewCount="1629" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I get angry, my saliva turns unpleasantly sour (or at least it feels such like that - it is sour and it burns me on the back part of the upper palate or somewhere there). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As kid I thought that everyone knows it, but recently I found out that I don't know anybody else. I have absolutely no problems with that, I'm just really interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't you have any idea what it could be caused by?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:01:58.127" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:01:58.127" Title="My saliva turns sour when I'm angry. Is it a common phenomenon?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;taste&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-05-03T18:51:17.790" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5362" CreationDate="2016-04-06T17:29:29.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no stupid ideas, this is a very good question. Unfortunately the answer is you can't do this - what determines the blood type is the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Simply put, antigens can trigger certain responses from the immune system. Here are the four types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type A: Only the A antigen on red cells (B antibody in the plasma). The second most common blood type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type B: Only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type AB: Both A and B antigens on red cells (both A and B antibody in the plasma).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type O: Neither A nor B antigens on red cells (both A and B antibody in the plasma). The most common blood type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ). In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and both Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to give o+ blood to an o- patient, but it carries certain risks, and is only done in very desperate situations and when the patient is beyond a certain age. If incompatible blood is given in a transfusion, the donor cells are treated as if they were foreign invaders, and the patient's immune system attacks them, which can be catastrophic. So the blood type is dependent on what's on the surface of the red blood cell, not some component that can be manipulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this clears things up and hope your aunt gets better!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T17:29:29.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5366" CreationDate="2016-04-06T17:37:06.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That the saliva has anti-bacterial compunds in it? It also maintains a certain pH in the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways the lack of bacterial build up and odor says more about the person's diet though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T17:37:06.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5366" CreationDate="2016-04-06T18:03:30.627" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing out of the ordinary, unless it is subjected to testing. Anything proposed outside of what is known about oral health and saliva is simply hypothesis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oral health could be influenced by diet (eating certain foods are less likely to feed oral bacteria), fluid consumption, salivary flow, or any number of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913%2801%2954032-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-04-06T18:03:30.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5372" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T00:54:53.807" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am learning that the theory at the moment for Fibromyalgia is that the brain loses it's calibration about how much stimulus is painful or causes pain or like the volume knob is turned up way too high. Has there been studies or research about whether using neuroplasticity could be used to retrain the brain to relearn how painful or not painful a stimulus should be? Can a person with Fibromyalgia unlearn pain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3378" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T01:44:21.213" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T01:38:33.113" Title="Fibromyalgia and Neuroplasticity" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4169" CreationDate="2016-04-07T01:31:14.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll give two perspectives: 1) human factors engineer and 2) chronic pain patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) When trying to objectify a subjective item like pain, a common set of tasks are applied to level the field and serve as a reference against which to measure. A common scale is called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://engineering.purdue.edu/~andrisan/Courses/AAE490A_S2010/Buffer/HCooper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cooper-Harper scale&lt;/a&gt;. I have used it to quantify a pilot's ability to complete tasks like landing, hovering around an airport and turning. In the case of pain, neerajit mentions activities of daily living, and those would include dressing, urinating and having bowel movements, maintaining communications, having a stable mood, eating, drinking, etc. When assessing pain, a 4-6 might interfere with the ability to do the task even significantly, but it probably would not cause deterioration of the patient's health. These scales work much better for acute pain or how pain responds to treatment in an acute setting to treatment. For chronic pain, a scale is applied like this one, &lt;a href=&quot;http://probaway.com/MetaScales/Pain/Pain.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Scamahorn's Pain Scale&lt;/a&gt;, but it is applied more to how much the pain interferes with activities over say the previous two weeks overall. How does it affect overall quality of life, relationships, ability to work, walk, do housework, socialize, etc. This brings me to perspective #2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Pain and experiencing the sensation of pain can be scary for someone who never experiences; the same can be true for the opposite. What I mean by that is people who are in pain and who experience it regularly do not necessarily know that their experience is different, and they learn to work within the experience of pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To measure my experience of being in pain and experience too strong of sensations, I had to have people point out to me that what I experience is not what everyone else experience. I do NOT experience it the same way. In my case, this awareness was realized because I felt so much frustration in the amount of effort it took in order to accomplish similar work compared to what I used to be able to do or as compared to my colleagues. This measure is also relative because it is only against a small subset. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another measure that I use for my own pain is the amount of discomfort that I see my colleagues or even my own doctors in when they watch me in pain. I personally find this fascinating because most of the time, I am really just trying to get something done while pushing through. I can be just as distracting or more for them as it is for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are my two different ways to attempt to objectify a very subjective experience. A good post-script attempt to this objectification would be to somehow quantify via black-white contrast the patient's pain experience through them drawing it. When I look at Pain Art, it tends to be very raw with high contrast, and the ultimate measure for a 10 on a 0-10 scale would be no drawing at all because the patient couldn't do it. That is my afterthought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3378" LastEditorUserId="3378" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T05:21:47.530" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T05:21:47.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T12:58:39.003" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading many articles trying to find the age above which there is no risk on the embryo from a Zika virus infection. All what I got was similar to &quot;very dangerous at the beginning&quot; or &quot;not so much harm in last months of preganancy&quot;. But no one ever tells you that, for example, after 5-months of pregnancy, infection will not harm the baby-to-be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, my wife is pregnant. And currently we live in Germany and were thinking to give birth in our country where many Zika virus cases were reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to hear an answer like: after 7 months of pregnany, 0% of harm will happen to the babay-to-be if the mother gets infected. Please attach a reference to your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW: This is not a duplicate to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4620/whats-the-cutoff-age-for-concern-with-the-zika-virus-in-infants&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. As there, it's asked about already-born babies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3384" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T21:02:07.777" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T21:02:07.777" Title="Accurate embryo age and Zika virus" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;zika-virus&gt;&lt;embryo&gt;&lt;microcephaly&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4672" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:25:09.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scientists have found some perfumed products in the home can create unhealthy levels of &lt;em&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/em&gt;, for example scented candles. In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, &lt;em&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/em&gt; is a significant consideration for human health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described &lt;em&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/em&gt; as &quot;known to be a human carcinogen&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An interesting article that talks a bit of it:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With the winter winds howling at the door, the thought of battening the hatches and lighting a scented candle is understandably appealing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But new research suggests scented candles could actually be far more harmful than previously thought, giving off potentially dangerous levels of the toxic substance &lt;em&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study carried out by Professor Alastair Lewis of the National Centre for Atmospheric Science at the University of York found that an ingredient commonly used to give candles their scent mutates into &lt;em&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/em&gt; upon contact with the air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ingredient in question is limonene, which is used to give citric-scented candles their aroma. In its unaltered state limonene is considered so safe that it is used to flavour food, as well to give cleaning products and air fresheners a lemony scent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But limonene also reacts with naturally occurring ozone when released into the air, causing one in every two limonene molecules to mutate into formaldehyde.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While it is already well known that limonene, which occurs naturally in plants, can degrade into formaldehyde, almost every test into its harmful impacts was carried out decades ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Professor Lewis’ concerns are therefore two-fold. Firstly the concentrations of limonene he found in scented candles were up to 100 times higher than previously thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Secondly homes now let so little energy and air escape that these high concentrations of formaldehyde linger longer and can cause long term harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Speaking to the Telegraph he said: “The really surprising thing is just how high the concentrations of some fragrances are now in people’s homes…Fragrance chemicals now completely dominate the inside of most homes.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The issue is we don’t really know what the consequences of long-term exposure to formaldehyde are. It is a chemical that is known to harm you long-term,” he added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/12103003/Why-scented-candles-could-cause-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3367" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T14:25:09.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5411" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:43:24.687" Score="7" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between flus and colds? I don't know about English, but in Spanish they confuse it very often when using words &lt;em&gt;gripe&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;resfriado&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's not the case in English, but I would like to know what are their differences and if you can give a bunch of examples for each one similar to this way: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;you know that you have flu/cold when...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, both flu, cold and allergies in the nose (e.g. with allergy: dust) have significant symptoms related with the nose. It is many times with mucus, sneezing or stuffy nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you recognize if it's allergy, flu or cold? I didn't want to take the general case of allergy because not always it is related to the nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T21:03:36.933" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T18:39:29.933" Title="Difference between common cold and flu?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:43:28.043" Score="5" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;The medical research literature contains plenty of contradictory results (and has a strong &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKmxL8VYy0M&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication bias&lt;/a&gt;). Attempting to make more informed decisions, I would like to educate myself to judge how much importance I should give to the results presented in a given medical research article. For the sake of concreteness, let's assume we only consider medical research articles that study the impact of drug X or medical treatment Z on medical condition Z.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the criteria for assessing the quality of evidence in such medical research articles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &#xA;&lt;em&gt;Atkins, David, Dana Best, Peter A. Briss, Martin Eccles, Yngve Falck-Ytter, Signe Flottorp, Gordon H. Guyatt et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17649158140770731319&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2004).&#xA;Harvard&lt;/em&gt; proposed the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KHfeH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KHfeH.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xhh8x.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xhh8x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which they applied to  a few research articles to exemplify the use of their   assessment grid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/upNff.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/upNff.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether there exist other similar attempts to lay out a systematic, objectively applicable assessment strategy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of the Level of Evidence pyramid (image from the MOOC &lt;em&gt;Introduction to Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coursera.org/learn/systematic-review&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.coursera.org/learn/systematic-review&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/heSet.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/heSet.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I am only interested in assessing the quality of the evidence, and not the quantity of the entire research article. For instance, the quality of writing or the quality of the literature review could be an element to the judge the quality of the research article, but is not useful when the judging the presented evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/q/7501/1652&quot;&gt;Medical research articles annotated with quality of evidence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:57:29.907" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:07:59.143" Title="What are the criteria for assessing the quality of evidence in a medical research article?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5383" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:51:11.367" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T14:51:11.367" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T14:51:11.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5384" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-07T14:51:11.367" Score="0" Body="Questions about microcephaly, the medical condition in which the brain does not develop properly resulting in a smaller than normal head." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T20:58:30.127" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T20:58:30.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5386" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:18:21.937" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T15:18:21.937" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T15:18:21.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5387" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:18:21.937" Score="0" Body="Questions about remedies made naturally, like herbal, tradicional or home medicine. They are treatments to cure a disease or ailment that employs certain spices, vegetables, or other common items." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T20:58:26.377" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T20:58:26.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5388" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:20:28.713" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T15:20:28.713" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T15:20:28.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5389" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:20:28.713" Score="0" Body="Questions about the Zika virus, a virus spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T20:57:10.707" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T20:57:10.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5390" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:23:07.523" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T15:23:07.523" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T15:23:07.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5391" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-07T15:23:07.523" Score="0" Body="Questions about carpal tunnel syndrome. It occurs when symptoms occur due to median nerve compression as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T20:57:13.300" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T20:57:13.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5380" CreationDate="2016-04-07T16:53:10.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general a cold (usually rhinovirus), Influenza, or even a bacterial infection can have quite similar symptoms. If contracted through airborne particles, they primarily affect the respiratory system. Mucus, sneezing, fever, are all signs that the body is fighting an infection, as is fatigue as the body diverts resources to the immune system. Essentially, especially at a mild level it is difficult to tell the difference between these without a lab test. When it becomes serious - high fever, extreme fatigue - is it unlikely to be a cold. Any time you have these sort of symptoms you should seek medical attention, because it could be any number of other flus or viruses, some potentially life threatening, especially in small children, the elderly, or those already weakened by another condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allergies are a whole different thing, with a slightly different immune response, and it generally depends on how it manifests. Hayfever might produce mucus or breathing difficulty due to inflammation or muscle spasm in the airways, and can be life threatening in rare cases, even without pre-existing asthma, but it is unlikely to produce fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm unsure how to reference this, as it's generally covered in a first year biology text, but the Mayo clinic is perhaps the most reliable and independent source for general medical questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/common-cold/faq-20057857&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/common-cold/faq-20057857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/basics/definition/con-20035101&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/basics/definition/con-20035101&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3362" LastActivityDate="2016-04-07T16:53:10.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-07T20:08:49.127" Score="2" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;(please forgive me if this is a stupid question, as I have very little medical knowledge)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been found to have an unusally low vital capacity (about 65% of the predicted value) so I'm up for a series of tests. Naturally I'm worried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it would seem that most methods for calculating the predicted VC take into account the age, gender and height, but not weight. Given that I have a very tall and slim build, it seems natural that I would have a lower VC if weight is not factored in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean is that most men that are as tall as me also have a wider ribcage. Many weigh as much as 20 kg more than me without being overweight (and that means they also need more oxygen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is chest width meaningfully related to vital capacity? And if so, why isn't it taken into consideration when calculating predicted VC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3389" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-04-07T21:02:44.357" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T20:33:29.047" Title="Why is predicted FVC calculated on height only (and not weight)?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5409" CreationDate="2016-04-08T03:44:16.330" Score="8" ViewCount="122517" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many Calories Deficit Equals 1 KG Lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I intend to loose weight and burn 500 calories daily in Gym. How many Calories Deficit Equals 1 KG Weight Loss, approximately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3392" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T08:24:18.647" Title="How many Calories Deficit Equals 1 KG Loss, approximately" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5447" CreationDate="2016-04-08T09:47:11.420" Score="7" ViewCount="490" Body="&lt;p&gt;Papaya leaves have long been considered a &lt;a href=&quot;http://renegadehealth.com/blog/2016/03/04/how-to-cure-dengue-chikungunya-and-zika-fever-with-papaya-leaf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;natural cure for Dengue and Malaria&lt;/a&gt;. And at the same time many say it's an old wive's tale with no scientific proof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The plant does contain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phytochemicals&lt;/a&gt; (which might be the reason behind the supposed medical property), but as far as I know, its mechanism isn't scientifically understood, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In some parts of the world, papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria, but the mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these results has been scientifically proven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet two of my friends were prescribed papaya leaf juice by a doctor when they were diagnosed with Dengue in order to increase their platelet count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I read about an  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/18/anti-dengue-supplement-fights-zika/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anti-Dengue papaya supplement that could combat the Zika virus&lt;/a&gt;. Once again I find no scientific proof for the claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there scientific evidence to show that papaya has the ability to fight Dengue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3394" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T15:16:54.183" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T23:54:47.620" Title="Does papaya really work against Dengue, Malaria and other mosquito borne diseases?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;&lt;zika-virus&gt;&lt;malaria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3457" CreationDate="2016-04-08T09:47:34.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wrinkling is an adaptative response of the skin, allowing for better grasp on objects when the skin is wet. The skin is a barrier of stacked cells mostly made of keratin and lipids. It is covered in aqueous and oily secretions (sweat, sebum) containing salts, acids, peptides, squalene, steroids, etc, as well as bacteria forming a biofilm and that defend you against pathogens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are soaking continuously in water, these components are being washed away. One problem I immediately think of is fungal infection. &#xA;Also, in warm water the skin is only semi-permeable, which is the basis of balneotherapy (absorbing minerals through the skin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With time, water would disrupt the statum corneum, making the skin permeable, resulting in irritations, ulcerations, infections, loss of electrolytes, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look up &quot;trench foot&quot; or &quot;immersion syndrome&quot; , eg.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06990.x/abstract;jsessionid=A71258961B2A73795CF1A2282A8AFB26.f02t02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How irritant is water? An overview.&lt;/a&gt; These disorders can leave permanent damage on the skin or the organs underneath. Stay dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3395" LastEditorUserId="3395" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T15:52:17.873" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T15:52:17.873" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5381" CreationDate="2016-04-08T10:37:20.200" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if I am answering your question correctly but I wanted to point you towards the following tools that I have found very useful when conducting critical appraisal of literature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.casp-uk.net/#!casp-tools-checklists/c18f8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CASP Tools + Checklists&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This set of eight critical appraisal tools are designed to be used when reading research, these include tools for Systematic Reviews, Randomised Controlled Trials, Cohort Studies, Case Control Studies, Economic Evaluations, Diagnostic Studies, Qualitative studies and Clinical Prediction Rule.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it doesn't help you at all, perhaps others may find it of use when browsing this question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3397" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T10:37:20.200" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-08T15:22:43.193" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epainassist.com/articles/differences-between-muscle-pain-and-joint-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.epainassist.com/articles/differences-between-muscle-pain-and-joint-pain&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GrTl9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GrTl9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can joint pains be felt even when there is no external activity taking place, unlike muscle pains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T05:42:53.133" Title="Why can joint pains be felt even when there is no external activity taking place, unlike muscle pains?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5402" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-08T21:57:45.513" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T21:57:45.513" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T21:57:45.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5403" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-08T21:57:45.513" Score="0" Body="Questions about herpes simplex, a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T02:35:01.997" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T02:35:01.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5404" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-08T22:00:36.933" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-08T22:00:36.933" LastActivityDate="2016-04-08T22:00:36.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5405" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-08T22:00:36.933" Score="0" Body="Questions about fibromyalgia, a medical condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure." OwnerUserId="3367" LastEditorUserId="3367" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T02:34:40.433" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T02:34:40.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-09T03:09:13.940" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how to know whether an inflammation is present in a tendinopathy. In other words, how to distinguish a tendinosis from a tendonitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Tendinitis-or-Tendinosis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Tendinitis-or-Tendinosis.aspx&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therapists should be using a sort of process of elimination when it comes to figuring out whether their patient has degeneration or inflammation, advised Bishop. Since the patellar tendon is so close to the skin, PTs should be looking for obvious, visible symptoms of tendonitis to rule out tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;What you should see with tendonitis patients are the hallmark signs of inflammation, like swelling, redness, or palpable amounts of fluid in or around the tendon,&amp;quot; said Bishop. And if you don't see these signs, the pain the patient is experiencing is most likely caused by the degenerative condition rather than the inflammatory. &amp;quot;In the absence of those symptoms, the likelihood is that people don't have tendonitis -- but they have tendinosis, and this condition must be managed in a different way&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether they are other ways to detect an inflammation. I am mostly interested in epicondyles of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T18:37:27.363" Title="How to know whether an inflammation is present in a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5367" CreationDate="2016-04-09T05:44:59.770" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The symptoms you are describing sound like the symptoms of GERD or similar illnesses. Since these can be exacerbated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/stress#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stress(anger)&lt;/a&gt;, that may be your answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/understanding-gerd-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Symptoms of GERD:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sore throat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dry cough&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bad breath&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hoarseness&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;But it doesn't have to be this, it could be related to what you are doing while angry:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouting, talking or excessive mouth breathing can cause your mouth to dry out and due to the lack of saliva can cause your mouth to develop a sour taste and the excessive shouting or dry throat can cause the burning. Once again this could be related to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/bad-taste&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stress.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most likely reason is that stress causes your taste buds to&#xA;  change. How they change differs from person to person, but there is&#xA;  evidence that under periods of intense stress, a person's sense of&#xA;  taste is altered with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Info:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/561866_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Severe Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Symptoms in Relation to Anxiety, Depression and Coping in a Population-Based Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Based on your symptoms it would probably be best if you consulted your doctor on the etiology of this problem.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T05:44:59.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5394" CreationDate="2016-04-09T12:19:50.133" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Burning 3,500 calories equals 1 pound of weight loss. To lose 1 kilogram of body weight, you would need to create a deficit of about 7,700 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated above, 3,500 calories equals about 1 pound (0.45 kilogram) of fat, you need to burn 3,500 calories more than you take in to lose 1 pound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in general, if you cut 500 calories from your typical diet each day, you'd lose about 1 pound a week (500 calories x 7 days = 3,500 calories).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories burned during exercise is affected by body weight, intensity of workout, conditioning level and metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/370797-how-much-weight-in-kilograms-should-you-aim-to-lose-per-week-while-dieting/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/370797-how-much-weight-in-kilograms-should-you-aim-to-lose-per-week-while-dieting/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/basics/weightloss-basics/hlv-20049483&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/basics/weightloss-basics/hlv-20049483&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T12:19:50.133" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5380" CreationDate="2016-04-09T14:25:59.003" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Symptoms, in short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common cold:&lt;/strong&gt; blocked nose, yellow/green mucus, scratchy throat lasting for 7-14 days (usually no headache, fever or fatigue), year round&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hay fever (allergy to pollens):&lt;/strong&gt; runny nose (not really blocked), clear mucus, itchy eyes, lasting for several weeks, mainly in spring (usually no headache, fever or fatigue)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Flu (seasonal influenza):&lt;/strong&gt; Headache, high fever, muscle pain and profound fatigue that needs bed rest. Fever usually last for less than a week, mainly in winter (October - March).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even shorter: common cold = thick, yellow mucus; pollen allergy = thin, clear mucus; flu = headache + fever + fatigue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, common cold can present with mild fever and mild headache in which case you may not tell if it is cold or mild flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Cold vs Flu &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/what-is-the-difference-between-cold-and-flu.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ehealthstar.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-04-09T18:39:29.933" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T18:39:29.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4474" CreationDate="2016-04-09T16:08:13.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Snoring is a common condition that can affect anyone. There are many factors, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight, can lead to snoring. Try these natural solutions and lifestyle changes, which may help you stop snoring- Change Your Sleep Position, Lose Weight, Limit alcohol consumption, Use anti-snoring sprays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3408" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T16:08:13.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3581" CreationDate="2016-04-09T16:32:10.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Snoring is the sound produced by vibrating structures of the upper airway, typically during inhalation. Those who have enlarged tonsils, an enlarged tongue or excess weight around the neck are more prone to snoring. When you sleep, muscle tone throughout your body decreases, or becomes hypotonic that results in the harsh vibratory noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2016-04-09T16:32:10.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5421" CreationDate="2016-04-10T03:11:58.933" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is used for non-human animals, but as far as I have read it is not used among people. Are there exceptions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3411" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T07:07:57.417" Title="Why isn't clorhexidine gluconate used among humans?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5363" CreationDate="2016-04-10T04:02:11.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is indeed important to differentiate Aphthous ulcers (Canker sores) and Herpetic ulcers, due to the difference in therapeutic approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;Aphthous ulcers&lt;/strong&gt; have the following characteristics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally located on mobile muquosa (also called non-keratinised tissus), rarely on immobile muquosa and never on the lips.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Presence of a red halo around the aphte.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Presence of one or a few ulcers (up to 10) can be minor (3-10 mm in diameter) or major (&gt;10 mm diameter)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If many aphtes are present (&gt;10), it is called an aphthous stomatitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain is felt upon contact&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment: Can heal on its own, or can be treated topically with corticosteroids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;Herpetic ulcers&lt;/strong&gt; have the following characteristics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Almost always located on immobile muquosa (also called keratinised tissus), namely the gingiva, the palate and often on the lips.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sore throat and/or fever before appearance of vesicular lesions,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Appearance of vesicular lesions before appearance of ulcers (see image below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment: antiviral drugs to decrease pain and and length of symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A4JSi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A4JSi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;MedlinePlus image of Herpetic vesicles&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources (other than formal training):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-clinical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-clinical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000606.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000606.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skinsight.com/adult/aphthousUlcerCankerSore.htm?Imiw9cApl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.skinsight.com/adult/aphthousUlcerCankerSore.htm?Imiw9cApl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N.B.: Aphthous ulcers can look in rare cases like Herpetic Ulcers. They are smaller than 3mm, often bundled in clusters, and therefore bare the name &quot;Herpetiform Aphtae&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T04:02:11.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5434" CreationDate="2016-04-10T04:40:33.210" Score="0" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;An asymptomatic 25 year old male presents with an ECG pattern of bifasicular conduction block (left anterior hemi-block and right bundle branch block) after experiencing &quot;extra/skipped beats&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient has no remarkable family or past medical history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the potential causes of the bifasicular block in a male patient of this age and what tests should be done to differentiate these causes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T23:51:40.260" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T23:51:40.260" Title="Bifascicular Block In Young Male Asymptomatic Patient" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4715" CreationDate="2016-04-10T06:19:28.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a pretty good article &lt;a href=&quot;http://community.myfitnesspal.com/en/discussion/761810/the-starvation-mode-myth-again&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that discusses starvation mode pretty intelligently and cites valid research. In short, yes, starvation mode exists, but it will not cause a person to gain weight, at least while being starved. However, once a person who has triggered their starvation reflex is allowed to eat normally and at will, they lose their sense of being satiated and not only gain their original weight back but put on much more. It takes several days of starvation (not just one or two) to trigger starvation mode. On average, people in the Minnesota study saw an average drop of metabolic rate of about 40%. This is why starvation diets are generally not recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T06:19:28.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5415" CreationDate="2016-04-10T06:24:32.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is used among humans &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009564/?report=details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it's called&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hibiclens, Dyna-Hex, Ezy-tm, and Exidine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As also stated by the user JohnP in a comment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it works for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cleaning the hands&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before surgery or injections&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To cleanse skin or wounds&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And as a oral rinse&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;So there is no exception it is used for humans.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But you are right it is also used for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/vet/chlorhexidine-solution.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;animals&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T07:07:57.417" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T07:07:57.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5407" CreationDate="2016-04-10T07:57:15.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use an ultrasound probe with power doppler to look at blood flow to see if there is increased blood flow present that would be compatible with an inflammatory process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, neovascularization demonstrated by power Doppler may be present in more painful lesions &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.2272012069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.2272012069&lt;/a&gt; but currently it's not possible to distinguish between tendinitis and tendinosis as the distinction may not exist. Cell activation studies suggests inflammation occurs in what was thought to be microscopically non inflammatory tendon lesions. &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/08/bjsports-2012-091957.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://m.bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2013/03/08/bjsports-2012-091957.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wakefield, Richard J., Andrew K. Brown, Philip J. O'Connor, and Paul Emery. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17109291689740598698&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Power Doppler sonography: improving disease activity assessment in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Arthritis &amp;amp; Rheumatism 48, no. 2 (2003): 285-288.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Traditional gray-scale US has been successfully&#xA;  used for some time for the detection of joint and soft&#xA;  tissue inflammation (1–15). More recently, additional&#xA;  US techniques, including Doppler, have been introduced,&#xA;  offering the potential for improving the accuracy&#xA;  of a US assessment. Doppler US is a technique for&#xA;  making noninvasive measurements of blood flow and&#xA;  was developed from the principles first described by&#xA;  Austrian physicist Christian Doppler in 1842 (16). He&#xA;  was the first to observe the effect of motion on sound&#xA;  when he detected a change in the frequency of a sound&#xA;  wave as a result of movement of either its source or&#xA;  receiver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] US has a number of advantages over other imaging&#xA;  techniques. It is safe, noninvasive, and emits no&#xA;  ionizing radiation. The equipment can be situated in the&#xA;  rheumatology outpatient clinic, improving patient access&#xA;  and enabling rapid, “real-time” dynamic examinations of&#xA;  multiple joints in multiple planes at one sitting. In&#xA;  addition, both the capital and running costs of US are&#xA;  significantly lower than those of other imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and&#xA;  computed tomography (CT).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-10T18:37:27.363" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T18:37:27.363" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T15:54:45.570" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what nutrients are worth taking for a tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Bass, Evelyn. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=5756777431120633976&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; International journal of therapeutic massage &amp;amp; bodywork 5, no. 1 (2011): 14-17. mention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vitamin C, manganese, and zinc are all important for the synthesis of collagen production (20). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vitamin B6 and Vitamin E have also been linked to tendon health (21). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They failed to indicate which type of collagen they are talking about, and ignored the importance of the alpha2(I) to alpha1(I) ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else can be useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T07:45:56.050" Title="What nutrients are worth taking for a tendinosis?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T17:11:37.080" Score="6" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always slept with my bra on. This summer is particularly hot and the sweating makes me feel uncomfortable. I was considering sleeping without a bra.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the below sentences are quoted directly from different websites*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If poor circulation, skin irritation, restlessness, hyperpigmentation and breast fungus are things you would like to avoid, removing your bra at night is a small and easy precaution you can take.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...it's OK to wear a bra to sleep if you feel like it. Just make sure that it is the right one  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is no direct connection between sleeping in a bra and breast cancer, however wearing a bra at night could offer more support or comfort, if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I strongly believe that all women SHOULD wear a bra to sleep. The effects of gravity will occur even during the evening when lying down on the bed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It turns out that there are major arguments for and against sleeping with a bra regardless of the weather.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what are the pros and cons of sleeping with and without a bra under the assumption that my bra is a perfect fit and does not by itself cause any problems. I do not want weather to be considered. Should I start sleeping without one for ever or should I always wear one ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Please note that I am looking for a well reasoned answer with strong medical backing. I am &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; looking for answer which like the links posted here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt;*Sources:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharecare.com/health/womens-health/should-wear-bra-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Should I wear bra on sleep&lt;/a&gt; on ShareCare.com&lt;br&gt;&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://positivemed.com/2015/10/26/5-reasons-you-shouldnt-wear-a-bra-while-sleeping/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5 Reasons You Shouldn’t Wear A Bra While Sleeping&lt;/a&gt; on PositiveMEd.com&lt;br&gt;&#xA; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/sleeping-in-a-bra_n_1784551.html?section=india&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is Sleeping In A Bra Good Or Bad For You?&lt;/a&gt; on Huffington Post.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3416" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:57:16.990" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:57:16.990" Title="Should I sleep with my bra on?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;hyperpigmentation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5424" CreationDate="2016-04-10T21:31:09.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question with the best quality evidence would require a double blinded prospective controlled study. Clearly that's not going to happen. But we do have a case control study looking at the bra wearing habits of those with breast cancer, and those without, to see if there is a dose response relationship. And there was none in this group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conducted a population-based case–control study of breast cancer in the Seattle–Puget Sound metropolitan area that compared 454 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cases and 590 invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2004 with 469 control women between 55 to 74 years of age. Information on bra-wearing habits and other breast cancer risk factors was collected from study participants through in-person interviews. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using polytomous logistic regression. No aspect of bra wearing, including bra cup size, recency, average number of hours/day worn, wearing a bra with an underwire, or age first began regularly wearing a bra, was associated with risks of either IDC or ILC. Our results did not support an association between bra wearing and increased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/27/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://m.cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/27/1055-9965.EPI-14-0414.abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies have suggested a link, but this can be explained by the fact that those more likely to wear a bra are more likely to be overweight leading to a larger breast size, and obesity is a well known risk factor for cancer. Larger breasts also imply more breast tissue, and therefore more risk for breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T21:31:09.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5345" CreationDate="2016-04-10T22:12:37.253" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds as though you're developing a conditioned response or allergy to some smell of the aircraft insides. Insecticides are used in some international flights but this is prior to disembarkation, and should have cleared by the time you embark. If it's linked to a particular airline, it may be the air freshener they use, and as your flight proceeds, the internal air recirculation systems scrub the air of it. So, you could ask the airlines if they all use a particular product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps you could try some nasal filters  with activated charcoal to scrub the air for you to see if it helps in that first 20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T22:12:37.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4715" CreationDate="2016-04-10T22:30:23.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Starvation/fasting does lead to physiological changes that recently are being investigated as an adjunct to chemotherapy for cancer control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The dietary recommendation for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, as described by the American Cancer Society, is to increase calorie and protein intake. Yet, in simple organisms, mice, and humans, fasting--no calorie intake--induces a wide range of changes associated with cellular protection, which would be difficult to achieve even with a cocktail of potent drugs. In mammals, the protective effect of fasting is mediated, in part, by an over 50% reduction in glucose and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) levels. Because proto-oncogenes function as key negative regulators of the protective changes induced by fasting, cells expressing oncogenes, and therefore the great majority of cancer cells, should not respond to the protective signals generated by fasting, promoting the differential protection (differential stress resistance) of normal and cancer cells. Preliminary reports indicate that fasting for up to 5 days followed by a normal diet, may also protect patients against chemotherapy without causing chronic weight loss. By contrast, the long-term 20 to 40% restriction in calorie intake (dietary restriction, DR), whose effects on cancer progression have been studied extensively for decades, requires weeks-months to be effective, causes much more modest changes in glucose and/or IGF-I levels, and promotes chronic weight loss in both rodents and humans. In this study, we review the basic as well as clinical studies on fasting, cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance, and compare them to those on DR and cancer treatment. Although additional pre-clinical and clinical studies are necessary, fasting has the potential to be translated into effective clinical interventions for the protection of patients and the improvement of therapeutic index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516129&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-10T22:30:23.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5429" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5455" CreationDate="2016-04-10T23:16:52.537" Score="8" ViewCount="52709" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually drink water by small slips and I read that it's the best way to do this, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.elephantjournal.com/2013/10/the-art-of-drinking-water-10-ayurvedic-tips-for-a-happily-hydrated-body-julie-bernier/&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;First off, sit down to drink (just as you should sit down to eat).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take sips, not full-glass chugs. Small sip, swallow, breathe. Repeat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sip water throughout the day. If you chug too much water at once your body doesn’t actually absorb all of it. Most of it will run right&#xA;  through you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one of my friend told me that her doctor said that she should not drink water by small slips, but drink at least half of glass at once. Otherwise he said your bladder is always active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have doubts that it can be right, but not sure, can doctor be mistaken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:52:15.433" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T06:09:36.430" Title="how it's better to drink water, fast or slowly?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-10T23:57:32.487" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many websites such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://products.mercola.com/himalayan-salt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mercola&lt;/a&gt; claim that Himalayan Crystal Salt provide many health benefits over regular sea salt. &#xA;Is there evidence to back up those claims, that it's healthier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T01:21:08.537" Title="Is there evidence that Himalayan Crystal Salt is more healthy than other salts?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5430" CreationDate="2016-04-11T01:15:47.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Salt is entirely mineral based, so these are the only micro-nutrients of concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could find a few articles containing a spectral analysis of various salts. Here is one for Himalayan pink salt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://themeadow.com/pages/minerals-in-himalayan-pink-salt-spectral-analysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://themeadow.com/pages/minerals-in-himalayan-pink-salt-spectral-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the best comparison I could find, it's mostly just a summary, I couldn't locate the raw data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spexcertiprep.com/knowledge-base/files/AppNote_GourmetSalts.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.spexcertiprep.com/knowledge-base/files/AppNote_GourmetSalts.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of note is that while some of the coloured salts may contain higher amounts of essential elements, they also contain higher amounts of harmful elements. Although we're generally talking less than one part per million, so not enough to be of a concern, especially given the small amount you'd ingest. It's this mix of elements which gives the salts their colour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these essential minerals are available in other foods, often in much higher amounts, especially considering the small amount of salt that it's recommended to have in a healthy diet. Perhaps the best salt to use is an iodised salt, especially if your food is coming from areas where levels of iodine in the soil are too low for the adequate intake, although iodised salt is also quite common in bread and some other processed foods now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3362" LastEditorUserId="3362" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T01:21:08.537" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T01:21:08.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-11T04:32:14.670" Score="1" ViewCount="1825" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this wasn't formerly a problem for me until quite recently.  I've noticed that generally deli meat (roast beef or pastrami) is the typical culprit that does this to me.  Symptoms include: foul smelling gas and abnormal b.m. post digestion (next day evacuation), and general abdominal pain.  Chicken, pork, even fried foods don't generally do this to me.  Is it something with beef that just doesn't agree suddenly?  I generally eat pretty well (well balanced).  One relative (great-grandmother) had celiac, but I thought that meant food just was treacherous no matter what for someone who has that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3421" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:57:58.517" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:57:58.517" Title="gas/upset stomach from red meat?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;celiac-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5400" CreationDate="2016-04-11T05:42:53.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inflammatory chemicals released into an inflamed joint stimulate pain receptors even at rest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 are also mediators of pain by directly acting on the nociceptive system. Proportions of nociceptive sensory neurons express receptors for these cytokines, and the application of cytokines rapidly changes the excitability, ion currents and second messenger systems of these neurons. By inducing persistent sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons (C- and a proportion of Aδ-fibers) for mechanical stimuli in the joint (a process called peripheral sensitization), these cytokines significantly contribute to the persistent hyperalgesia typical for many disease states of the joint. In addition, the disease-associated release of cytokines in the spinal cord supports the generation of central sensitization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289196&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T05:42:53.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5417" CreationDate="2016-04-11T06:32:14.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the person is well, and investigations show no structural defects, then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Early-onset cardiac conduction defects in the absence of structural heart disease should prompt consideration of CCD genetic testing, especially if a positive family history of conduction abnormalities and pacemaker implants is identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.europace.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/8/1077.long?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=21810866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other causes not age specific some of which are listed &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/bifascicular-block/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, hypertension, aortic stenosis, Lev’s disease, hyperkalemia, congenital heart disease, sarcoid cardiomyopathy, Chagas disease, and scleroderma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T09:05:27.170" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T09:05:27.170" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5429" CreationDate="2016-04-11T06:55:17.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rapid ingestion of ice cold water can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10208334&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;death or syncope&lt;/a&gt; so it would seem sensible to drink those more slowly. If there are no neuromuscular issues that might cause inhalation of the water, then for most people drinking slowly or quickly is a matter of preference. However, Contrary to your last list item, uncontrolled drinking can cause water intoxication which can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770067/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;death&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T06:55:17.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5436" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5437" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" Score="0" Body="Questions requesting help with or suggestions about the process of making the diagnosis of disease based on symptoms and clinical indicators. Differential diagnosis questions must be framed in terms of theoretical, academic discussion and not as requests for personal medical advice (as with all questions on this site)." OwnerUserId="165" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T07:09:30.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5423" CreationDate="2016-04-11T07:45:56.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a paucity of experimental human data on this topic. Rodent studies such as this one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21117902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21117902&lt;/a&gt; show that glucosamine might improve healing and strength of surgically divided tendons. That might be completely irrelevant to humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T07:45:56.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5432" CreationDate="2016-04-11T08:12:13.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Evil smelling flatus is caused by a high sulfate content in the diet. Meat is high in methionine and cystine, and some gut bacteria metabolise these releasing sulfide gases. If these bacteria can be reduced in number, the amount of sulfide gas in flatus can be reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prebiotics feed some bacteria in the large bowel creating healthy short chain fatty acids which acidify the lower intestinal environment and make it less hospitable for sulfide producing bacteria, thereby reducing the foul smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gicare.com/diets/colon-gas-flatus-prevention/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://gicare.com/diets/colon-gas-flatus-prevention/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T08:12:13.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-11T14:08:10.560" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how is measured the transmission rate of viruses, for example, there is a 'normal' flu, his transmission rate is '1', but for a virus like H1N1 the transmission rate is '0.2' because it is harder to transmit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-The values were just examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is measured the transmission rate of virusses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some table with the diseases and their respective transmission rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3425" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:56:06.860" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:56:06.860" Title="How is measured the transmission rate of virusses?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-11T16:26:10.307" Score="1" ViewCount="592" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't found anything online related to this &quot;condition&quot; and at the moment it is driving me crazy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the flu, it is nothing serious except, many an occasion I have blown my nose and a &quot;bubble of air&quot; is trapped in my I assume is my sinus canals. It usually takes a few hours to eventually come out, and the sound associated is like spraying a can of aerosol or the like, which comes from my right-side of my nose, where the pressure is/was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this occur and how can I prevent this, when it has occurred, what remedy should I follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3427" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:55:00.343" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:55:00.343" Title="Cause and solution for - pain on right side of nose after blowing nose" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;nose-blowing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5309" CreationDate="2016-04-11T17:12:35.080" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything high in sulfur compounds (brassicas and alliums, particularly garlic, mustard, and horseradish) or high in vitamin C can help boost the immune system, although I can't tell you off-hand about the technicalities of why they help in the case of an over-active immune system when it comes to allergies, but from personal experience in improving my own hayfever symptoms it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for adaptation, there has been a lot of recent experimental interest in the role that particular intestinal flora can play in allergies (among other things). So a diverse, balanced, diet high in unprocessed fibre could help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And sometimes avoidance can be a good remedy. You can usually find pollen forecasts (dry windy days are the bad days). So maybe don't plan a picnic on those days, or mowing the lawns using a dust-mask and goggles (although the payoff there is that you overheat much more quickly!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3362" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T17:12:35.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5309" CreationDate="2016-04-11T18:05:17.693" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Local honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no science to support it as far as I can find, but there are many people who swear by it. (I know several personally.) Considering that's its harmless, cheap and tasty, it's probably worth a try. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T18:05:17.693" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5393" CreationDate="2016-04-11T19:37:09.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Predicted Normal Values&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many studies have published lung function reference values for a variety of race/ ethnic groups, countries, and age ranges. Populations of interest are sampled and spriometric studies were done and statistical analyis was used to determine &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; results for each parameter of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was found that general equations could be made to describe the variation of each predicted value by e.g., age, sex, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dynamicmt.com/dataform3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dynamicmt.com/dataform3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, some calculators may use weight and you can experiment with them to see the effect if any on the predicted lung capacity. But you may find little difference indicating that weight is not a major variable, and is adequately accounted for in the standard deviation of the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-11T19:37:09.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-11T23:58:39.410" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendonpain.org/injury.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.tendonpain.org/injury.shtml&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendinosis/tendinopathy is a chronic degenerative tendon injury that is usually brought on by repetitive motion. The repetitive motion is often associated with activities in the workplace or with sports. Microinjuries gradually accumulate faster than they can heal until the area eventually becomes painful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term “lateral epicondylitis” is a misnomer&#xA;  because, pathologically, this condition&#xA;  consists of mucoid degeneration&#xA;  with a paucity of acute or chronic inflammatory&#xA;  cells. The condition is, therefore,&#xA;  more appropriately referred to as “tendinosis.”&#xA;  It is believed that tendinosis is the&#xA;  result of repetitive trauma causing microtearing&#xA;  of the tendon. Scar tissue&#xA;  forms during the healing process, which is then subjected to further tearing with&#xA;  repeat trauma (1,3,7). Eventually, as the&#xA;  cycle of injury and repair continues, the&#xA;  patient will become symptomatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendinopathyrehab.com/blog/tendinopathy-updates/how-useful-is-imaging-in-tendinopathy-infographic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.tendinopathyrehab.com/blog/tendinopathy-updates/how-useful-is-imaging-in-tendinopathy-infographic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/czj2D.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/czj2D.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what causes tendon microinjuries to eventually become painful in the case of a tendinosis. I.e., how comes pain from a tendinopathy often suddenly appears one day even though the microinjuries accumulated over the preceding weeks didn't create any pain at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the tendons that attach to the epicondyles of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Levin, Dayna, Levon N. Nazarian, Theodore T. Miller, Patrick L. O'Kane, Rick I. Feld, Laurence Parker, and John M. McShane. &quot;Lateral Epicondylitis of the Elbow: US Findings 1.&quot; Radiology 237, no. 1 (2005): 230-234. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8668317182298519154&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8668317182298519154&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2371040784&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2371040784&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1148/radiol.2371040784&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1148/radiol.2371040784&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T17:24:05.010" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T17:24:05.010" Title="What causes tendon microinjuries to become painful in the case of a tendinosis?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5441" CreationDate="2016-04-12T05:03:17.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like as you say air is being forced under pressure into one of the paranasal sinuses and being trapped by a one way valve similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pneumosinus-dilatans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pneumosinus dilatans&lt;/a&gt;. But in your case the valve breaks down and lets the air release.  Perhaps you shouldn't blow so hard, or try blowing one nostril at a time so that the pressure isn't so great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T05:03:17.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5395" CreationDate="2016-04-12T07:41:56.837" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a review article on the effect of Papaya extracts in the treatment of Dengue fever, the main issue being thrombocytopaenia.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071726/&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071726/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best data quoted from that paper says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study conducted in Malaysia had a more systematic approach in evaluating the use of papaya leaf juice in the treatment of dengue. The juice was obtained from the papaya leaves under hygienic conditions from trees that were grown without insecticides or pesticides. An open-labeled randomized controlled trial was conducted on 290 patients between the ages of 18 and 60 years with platelet counts ≤100,000/μL. The patients were confirmed to be suffering from dengue using a rapid dengue bedside test. Patients in the intervention group were administered fresh juice from 50 g of C. papaya leaves once a day 15 min after breakfast for 3 consecutive days. In addition, they received the standard treatment for dengue. The controls only received the standard treatment. The final analysis was conducted on 111 patients from the intervention group and 117 controls. The study found that there was a significant increase in the platelet counts in the intervention group at the end of 40 h when compared to the counts 8 h after the intervention began. This significant increase was not observed in the control group. An increase in arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase and the platelet-activating factor receptor gene expression was also observed in the intervention group. These genes are associated with increased platelet production.[7]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study itself &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638585/&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638585/&lt;/a&gt; concludes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the administration of CPLJ in DF and DHF is safe and does induce the rapid increase in platelet count. It may play a valuable role in the management of DF in the near future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carica papaya leaves juice (CPLJ). &#xA;Patients with dengue fever (DF). &#xA;Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T07:41:56.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5460" CreationDate="2016-04-12T09:26:49.823" Score="1" ViewCount="3685" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat Doublemint chewing gum everyday after lunch. I eat it just to avoid drowsiness after lunch. I started this from the last week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some questions,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does chewing gum help in digesting food ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects of chewing gum, in the long run ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other alternatives to chewing gum just to avoid drowsiness after lunch ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="753" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:48:16.367" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:48:16.367" Title="Eating chewing gum after lunch everyday" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;chew-chewing&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-12T13:09:29.410" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad takes naps at daytime frequently. He asked me recently if sleeping at daytime actually kill you, since he had been reading medical articles that claim that taking naps increases chance of  premature death in adults by 1/3. Is this actually true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3433" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T20:34:11.020" Title="Does sleeping in daytime actually kill?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;naps&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5452" CreationDate="2016-04-12T13:49:23.390" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Permanent sleep deprivation will you in less than a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short naps seem to be associated with cognitive benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think of metabolic disorders, resarch shows that it is rather the &lt;em&gt;feeding&lt;/em&gt; at night-time that triggers the disorders, not the sleep pattern in itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3395" LastEditorUserId="3395" LastEditDate="2016-04-12T18:55:48.737" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T18:55:48.737" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5429" CreationDate="2016-04-12T14:19:44.237" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see a lot of difference between drinking few sips and 1 cup (8 oz, 237 mL) of water at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you drink a large amount of water at once, for example, 500 mL (2 cups, 16 oz), all this water will be quickly absorbed and will expand the blood volume. Volume receptors in the heart will detect an increase of blood volume and will trigger excretion of some water from the blood through the kidneys before the water could reach the body cells. This way the drinking will be less efficient than drinking smaller amounts, like 1 cup at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be true even when you are dehydrated and you, for example, miss 2 liters of water in your body (you can know that by weighing yourself). When you drink 1 liter of water at once (still only the half of the amount you miss) you may observe that you will need to urinate shortly after that (because of mechanism described above). If you drink smaller amounts, like 1 cup (237 mL) at the time, for example, 30 min apart, you have a better chance to keep a greater percent of water in your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water intoxication&lt;/strong&gt; is not studied by experiments, from obvious reasons, so the most knowledge about this comes from case reports and newspaper news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one report, a woman who was on a low-calorie and hence low-sodium diet for about a week, drank 4 liters of water in 2 hours and later died in hospital from water intoxication (hyponatremia).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7779079.stm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7779079.stm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is the lowest amount to cause water intoxication in adults, I've heard of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One US military source recommends drinking only up to 1.4 liters of water per hour, when you drink it for several hours in a row.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hprc-online.org/nutrition/files/current-u-s-military-fluid-replacement&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://hprc-online.org/nutrition/files/current-u-s-military-fluid-replacement&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More cases of water intoxication:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/water-intoxication&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/water-intoxication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-04-12T14:26:06.097" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T14:26:06.097" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-12T15:25:07.960" Score="3" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that fasting once a week gives some rest to our digestive system&#xA;and allows it to refresh. I tried this twice, but it gave me a headache and made me feel uneasy. Is it good for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it helpful to body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3434" LastEditorUserId="3434" LastEditDate="2019-12-23T02:17:06.940" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T02:17:06.940" Title="Is it healthy to fast for a full day once a week?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;detox-purge&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-12-23T05:28:32.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5452" CreationDate="2016-04-12T20:30:37.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11872199/Why-power-naps-may-be-bad-for-your-health.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists from the University of Tokyo are unsure whether it is the napping itself or an underlying condition which makes people more sleepy, that is driving the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After examining more than 200 studies involved 261,000 participants, they found that severe daytime fatigue was associated with a 56 per cent increased risk of developing diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And taking a regular daytime nap for an hour or more was found to increase the risk of developing the condition by 46 per cent.&#xA;Author Dr Tomohide Yamada, from the University of Tokyo, Japan, said: &amp;quot;Excessive daytime sleepiness and taking longer naps were associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, with a short nap not increasing this risk.&#xA;&amp;quot;Daytime napping might be a consequence of night-time sleep disturbance such as obstructive sleep apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, according to current knowledge, the link to adverse health effects may well be mediated via other medical problems such as sleep apnea causing excessive sleepiness during the day. There is no evidence for a causal link between sleeping more during the day and a higher risk of adverse health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get to such evidence, one could try to correct for a higher incidence of conditions such as sleep apnea in the group of people who sleep more during the day. But the problem with this is that not enough is known about all such risk factors which also influence sleep, so any residual effect that is left may then be due to missing some factors, or having underestimated the effect the known factors have. Also, if you find that sleeping more during the day has a positive effect, that result could be an artifact of having overcompensated for effects such as sleep apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better approach would be to do an intervention study where people are asked to sleep during the day. But then one would face other problems. Many people who are not used to sleeping during the day may find it difficult to do so. Also, any negative health effects may not arise until many decades of being subjected to sleeping more during the day. The effect you end up measuring after a few years may not be consistent with long term health effects. E.g. what if sleeping during the day helps you to lower the chances of a heart attack if your arteries are clogged, but the same habit over decades increases the chances of getting such clogged arteries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why it's better to stick to what is known about a healthy lifestyle such as getting a lot of exercise, and going to the doctor if there are issues that prevent one from doing that. If you feel so tired and sleepy during the day that you have to sleep, then that is in itself a good reason to visit the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T20:30:37.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3999" CreationDate="2016-04-12T20:40:03.163" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Greetings !&#xA;               I'm also biting and pulling away with fine tweezers, a tubular structure which, when one centres - positions the teeth in the best position to enable crunching thru' the tubular structures.   There is an intitial bleed from the mucous skin layer, but this rapidly stops, leaving the 'crunching ' sensation, which produces not too much pain. And this is one of the key pointers in my approach... simply put, if the pain level is tolerable, then it's NOT a part of me !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this in mind, might I suggest considering that the 'Tubes' are in fact 'Morgellon', derived transport means. My logic for this, is that:&#xA;1. The Saliva ' strands' one can see in the mouth, when looked at with a microscope, are in fact Morgellon ( Electro-Piezo or Electro-Chemical structured )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I force, ( here the pain, is evident ) behind the Tubular structure ( I call it Worm, for simplicity ! ) a needle ot fine tweezers, and work this up to a copper electrical house wire ( 2.5 mm ), for this provokes the 'Worm', to defend itself, by releasing a 'Silicon-type fluid, which binds the injury closed, and in the case of the cornewr of the mouth, restricts ability to widely open the mouth... [ As an aside, could there be a link, here , I wonder , to the reportedly minicsule 'mouth', said to be a characteristic of 'Grey' Aliens ? ?  Please don't laugh, ANYTHING , in this 'Brave New Worls 'is a possibility ! !&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope some of this might give food for thought  !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3436" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T20:40:03.163" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-12T21:11:26.970" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The webpage &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bursitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Can Bursitis and Tendinitis Be Prevented?&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To help prevent inflammation or reduce the severity of its recurrence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Begin new activities or exercise regimens slowly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Gradually increase physical demands following several well-tolerated exercise sessions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Exercise regularly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Strengthen muscles around the joint.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Take breaks from repetitive tasks often.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Stop activities that cause pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cushion the affected joint. Use foam for kneeling or elbow pads. Increase the gripping surface of tools with gloves or padding. Apply&#xA;  grip tape or an oversized grip to golf clubs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Use two hands to hold heavy tools; use a two-handed backhand in tennis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don’t sit still for long periods.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Practice good posture and position the body properly when going about daily activities.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If a history of tendinitis is present, consider seeking guidance from your doctor or therapist before engaging in new exercises and&#xA;  activities.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would avoiding sitting still for long periods help prevent tendinitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T21:11:26.970" Title="Why would avoiding sitting still for long periods help prevent tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5449" CreationDate="2016-04-12T22:44:21.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; Very very slightly - you produce more saliva which you swallow (more on this in 2), but I'm not sure if that really contributes on a meaningful scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; I'm only talking about the important and/or long-term effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Vastly better dental health (depending on what your gum contains, xylitol and polytol are good components to have)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Chewing gum might exacerbate a problem for a person with some sort of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD, TMJ)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-I assume the gum you're talking about is Wrigley's Doublemint - like many gums, it contains Aspartame, which is a controversial artificial sweetener. Many industry funded studies show this substance is safe, but over 90% independent studies show adverse health effects. There are some other sweeteners too, but for the most part they don't have adverse effects, especially in chewing gum doses. Some gums just use plain sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Along with the production of saliva, having something in your mouth triggers the cephalic phase - gastric, pancreatic and biliary fluids being released in your body in preparation for digestion. There's a minority of people claiming this can upset their stomach (changing the acidity), but I can't find any studies backing this statement up, and it seems like this happens to a very small amount of people anyway. &lt;strong&gt;If you eat the gum after lunch, I imagine this can only help with digestion though.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The reason we get drowsy after a lunch is because the body draws blood away from the brain to help the digestion process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Eating food that is easy / quick to digest will reduce this drowsiness. This also applies to amount of food eaten. In my personal experience eating light food (I buy chicken salad or an italian wrap!), and eating enough so you are just below the feeling of being 'full' helps tremendously. Try playing around with this and see if it works for you too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-A 5 minute &lt;em&gt;very light&lt;/em&gt; exercise session that will get your blood running. I use a local pull-up bar for a set or two when I have the time. This is just to 'warm up' and shouldn't be actual exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Splash cold water on your face for temporary mental sharpness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Stay hydrated, drink a lot of water. There are almost infinite reasons to stay as well hydrated as possible continuously. One of the first signs of dehydration is fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources and detailed info:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polyol containing chewing gum helps prevent dental caries:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047666&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047666&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xylitol containing chewing gum grants various boosts to dental health:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7607747&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7607747&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspartame toxicity:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548217/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548217/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contents of Wrigley's chewing gum (look up the ingredients for your gum of choice): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wrigley.com/global/about-us/ingredients.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.wrigley.com/global/about-us/ingredients.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-12T22:44:21.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T01:03:11.593" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bursitis/bursitis_ff.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bursitis/bursitis_ff.asp&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bursitis and tendinitis are both common conditions that cause swelling around muscles and bones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to distinguish swelling resulting from a tendinopathy affecting an epicondyle from the normal shape of the arm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T01:03:11.593" Title="How to distinguish swelling resulting from a tendinopathy affecting an epicondyle from the normal shape of the arm?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4800" CreationDate="2016-04-13T05:11:58.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an adult, no, there's no safe way to lengthen your bones.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;epiphyseal plates&lt;/a&gt; at the ends of your bones have ossified, so hormonal treatments have nothing to operate on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a technique for lengthening bones in adults, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;distraction osteogenesis&lt;/a&gt;, where the bones are intentionally broken and then stretched during the healing process.  I've never heard of it being used on the fingers (as opposed to the leg bones or the jaw), and it's got a &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00180230?LI=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;relatively high complication rate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T05:11:58.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5471" CreationDate="2016-04-13T06:32:31.477" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say in a hypothetical example someone is very busy M-Th, whether it be with schooling and/or work, and is unable to find time to eat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an exception as they are able to have a small to medium sized breakfast and consume snacks throughout the day (Malnutrition/Lack of Full Nutrition Example). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side we propose a hypothetical example where instead of consuming snacks, the person implements protein shakes, few to several if possible a day (Pure Protein Shakes Example). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-For both hypotheticals let's assume that the person lives a very sedentary and low calorie lifestyle, they burn less than the average person ok a daily basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, is adding protein shakes a possible solution to supplement a poor diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3440" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T03:00:01.010" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T03:00:01.010" Title="Malnutrition vs Pure Protein Shakes Diet" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;meal-replacement&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;&lt;protein-supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5485" CreationDate="2016-04-13T08:23:03.947" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to nerve swelling I was taking Lyrica medication for a few weeks,  but after I started to take the medication I started to feel some side effects, such as swelling eye in the morning, appetite problems and a few more. Has anyone had same situation after taking Lyrica medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-04-13T14:37:28.163" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T05:00:49.257" Title="Side Effect of Lyrica medication" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T14:02:06.683" Score="14" ViewCount="4998" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's very likely that I will be spending most of my life in front of a computer monitor. This is necessary for my profession and the fact that improving technology requires us to look at screens more. My eyesight is near perfect and I never needed any glasses or lenses. However, I notice that all the staring at screens takes a toll on my energy during the day and I want to protect my eyes. &#xA;I have already altered the brightness/contrast and colour of my monitor. I also installed &lt;a href=&quot;https://justgetflux.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;f.lux&lt;/a&gt; software on my computer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this: I came across computer glasses but opinions are divided and I wonder what is true. As far as I know there are two types: tinted glasses and glasses with a correction (I'm Dutch and I don't know the perfect translation for glasses with a certain &quot;focus&quot; or &quot;correction&quot;. Edits more than welcome) I'm not really interested in the tinted version since I covered that with adjusting the settings of my monitor. My interest is in glasses with a low correction that cancels out or reduce staring. Is it safe to assume that glasses like these will reduce the strain on my eyes because they don't have to focus so much anymore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I already said, the opinions are a little divided. One website is positive, another isn't. Even the answers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/52/how-can-i-protect-my-eyesight-when-using-computers&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; say different things. One person recommends special glasses another thinks they're not helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3446" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T10:10:30.677" Title="Do computer glasses actually work?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-05-18T15:04:55.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-13T16:13:28.353" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Type I diabetes is in the long term associated with accelerated vascular and autonomic disease.  One of the consequences of both of these is erectile dysfunction.  What diagnostic tests are used to determine which cause is responsible, and is there any evidence that tight control of glucose, blood pressure, lipids can help reverse these changes, or are they irreversible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3450" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:24:26.887" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T11:57:30.503" Title="Management of erectile dysfunction in type I diabetes" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-04-20T21:44:24.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4498" CreationDate="2016-04-13T17:12:28.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The skin permeation profile (particularly the lateral diffusion coefficient) of a diclofenac (DK) transdermal patch, and percutaneous absorption in general, are in question here.  I include the medical terms, mostly because it may help finding further reading beyond what I suggest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An approachable introduction to percutaneous absorption is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947480/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a review&lt;/a&gt; written by Dr. Paul Brisson (it was in fact, used a source text in my schooling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lateral diffusion, how any drug spreads out from the application site as opposed to down through the skin, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;varies on how the patch is actually made&lt;/a&gt;.  This is often measured as cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/h, as the diffusion happens over time.  It should be noted that even with the constant application of the patch, you are going to get reduced diffusion based on concentrations gradients which roughly follow &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick&amp;#39;s_laws_of_diffusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flick's laws of diffusion&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard salt gel formulation of DK (which is a good baseline, as any modifications will be at best 100x change in ether direction) has a lateral diffusion coefficient of &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1021/js960198e/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;code&gt;9.65x10&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/h, and a rough saturation time of about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3 hours&lt;/a&gt;.  Even if we assume 10 hours of diffusion, and a 100X increase in the coefficient (&lt;code&gt;9.65x10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/code&gt;), that still only gives us &lt;code&gt;9.65x10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/code&gt; lateral diffusion.  Let's round that off to an even 97 square nanometers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's smaller than the cross sectional area of many viral particles.  So you are quite right, a patch is most directly treating the area that it is directly on top of.  But this ignores another factor in patch dosing, which is that the drug is transferred to the plasma (blood), and then distributed systemically throughout the body.  Thus a significant portion of the dose that a prescribing physician is intending you to recieve might be through delivery from the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, you can sometimes cut a patch to deliver the drug better to a local area, but you should first check with your medical professional to be sure that the type of patch you are using can in fact be cut and still effective (some the nanogel suspensions can't be).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T20:15:33.813" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T20:15:33.813" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5475" CreationDate="2016-04-13T18:00:24.400" Score="3" ViewCount="1374" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the standard procedures of detecting intestinal parasites in the body (e.g. &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=isch&amp;amp;q=Ascaris%20lumbricoides&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ascaris lumbricoides&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) and what are the methods to get rid of them in case they're present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can CT scan detect them, or you've to do some special tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:46:20.353" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:46:20.353" Title="How to check for presence of intestinal parasites and what's the procedure to get rid of them?" Tags="&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;filariasis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5464" CreationDate="2016-04-13T18:30:46.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A healthy diet requires protein, fats, fibre, vitamins, minerals carbohydrates and water. The reason athletes use protein is because by exercising they damage their muscles, and protein needs to be available for a fast recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you consume just the right amount of (whey) protein - you'll be fine, it is usually high in quality and has all the amino acids necessary (that protein can provide).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here we run into our first problem, you still need to consume enough fats, fibre, vitamins and minerals. So chances are, if you're not careful, you will overshoot your daily requirement of protein by eating other food (which also has some protein). Too much protein not only can overload your kidneys (which are desperately trying to get rid of the excess) but will also be stored in your body as fat. This is especially true because protein powders are very concentrated, and you don't need much of it when you're not working out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question, it's not a bad idea if you meticulously keep track of exactly what and how much you eat per day to meet your nutrient requirements and not overshoot them. You also need to have knowledge of your body type, rate of metabolism and other factors. Its just much more inconvenient to do this when you're not working out, so I wouldn't recommend it personally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were thinking a protein shake can replace a meal, then absolutely not. You could make some super-shakes containing a large fraction of the nutrients you need with some crafty planning, but you won't escape eating something along with it anyway. Do yourself a favor a find some time for a nice lunch. If you're really low on time, prep the food at home and carry it with you, but when it comes to food - be nice to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-13T18:30:46.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5474" CreationDate="2016-04-13T20:59:11.473" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend sent me a test to determine if one has too much candida. I called her gullible and she got mad and sent me several other sites which amounted to the same thing, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.candidayeastinfection.com/candida-test-how-to-tell-if-you-have-candida/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.candidayeastinfection.com/candida-test-how-to-tell-if-you-have-candida/&lt;/a&gt;. Is the spit test for candida legitimate? I tried it and during the day it was negative and during the morning it was only semi-positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wqfU4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wqfU4.png&quot; alt=&quot;spit test&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:56:18.240" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:56:18.240" Title="Is the spit test for candida legitimate?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;yeast&gt;&lt;folk-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-14T03:02:29.917" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got a prescribed brain MRI today from my doctor. Although I agreed to schedule the MRI next week, I find I am not ready to do that after I come home. I am very busy recently and my symptom is not urgent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what should I do. Do I need to discuss this with my doctor (which means I probably need to schedule another appointment again, and as I said I am very busy recently), or I can simply not schedule the MRI and let the prescription expire? Will the hospital charge me if I do not make a schedule? Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3451" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T21:45:44.753" Title="Do I need to communicate with my doctor if I don't want to take prescribed MRI?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-04-14T21:50:12.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5472" CreationDate="2016-04-14T03:26:34.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're correct, your friend is indeed gullible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oropharyngeal candidiasis can be diagnosed by an experienced clinician by looking at the mouth to see characteristic plaques, or by taking swabs for microbiological culture.  Blood cultures can be taken for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/diagnosis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;systemic candidiasis&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jcm.asm.org/content/46/5/1647.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antibody profiles&lt;/a&gt; are suggested as a method to also assist in the diagnosis. The differential movement in water and sedimentation rate of saliva has no known medical use, and is promoted as a way to sell naturopathic anti-candida treatments.  Since the test will often be &quot;positive&quot; even in the absence of a candida infection, the promoters get to sell more product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T03:26:34.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5470" CreationDate="2016-04-14T07:56:27.660" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The intestinal and luminal protozoa are normally identified in stool specimens, the blood protozoa by examination of blood films with microscopy (malaria), and lymph node biopsy and serological testing (toxoplasmosis), nematodes, cestodes and trematodes by identifying eggs/larvae in stool/sputum/urine specimens.  Advanced disease states might require imaging such as MRI of the central nervous system in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2009/180742/&quot;&gt;neurocystercicosis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment is specific for the parasite in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read textbook chapters on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microbiologybook.org/book/parasit-sta.htm&quot;&gt;parasitology&lt;/a&gt; online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T07:56:27.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5470" CreationDate="2016-04-14T08:00:50.303" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intestinal parasites can be detected by stool tests (and additional blood tests if necessary). Note that these tests are often false negative, which means they may not detect parasites even if you have them, so if you still suspect you have parasites, you need to repeat the tests. Treatment is with antiparasitic drugs dependent on the type of parasite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When parasites invade other body organs, CT, MRI or organ biopsy can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0301/p1161.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Common Intestinal Parasites (American Family Physician)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/az/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Centers of Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt; you have an extensive A-Z list of parasitic diseases with links to detailed descriptions of the symptoms, tests and treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-04-14T19:35:06.610" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T19:35:06.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5473" CreationDate="2016-04-14T08:48:50.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a specific instance of where a physician has ordered a diagnostic test, and after agreeing to do the same, the patient decides for whatever reason not to adhere to their original commitment.  The health implications obviously vary depending on what the underlying diagnosis is, and in some jurisdictions some physicians &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.c2law.com/links/articles/breast-cancer-litigation-when-is-the-physician-liable/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;may be penalized&lt;/a&gt; for not following up on whether these tests have been done due to patient non adherence.  By not doing the test you agreed to do, you strain the doctor patient relationship and the doctor may feel well within their rights to terminate the relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is therefore incumbent on you to advise your doctor that you do not wish to proceed with the test so that your doctor can then make alternative arrangements for you, and to document that you declined to proceed.  This might include asking you to return to discuss the reasons for the test, or to refer you a specialist, presumably a neurologist in the specific instance above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A letter written to your doctor might suffice, as might a telephone call to their office, depending on the policies of the office, to advise your doctor of your change in mind.  If the test were intended to look for a serious illness, then they may not accept a phone call and may want it in writing instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T08:48:50.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5484" CreationDate="2016-04-14T11:15:15.980" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can readily see why it's desirable to avoid contact with women who are or might become pregnant, and to avoid contact with children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, many sources go further than this. For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thyroid.org/radioactive-iodine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thyroid.org/radioactive-iodine/&lt;/a&gt; advises to &quot;Maintain prudent distances from others (~6 feet)&quot; for 2 to 3 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the treatment itself is not meant to have serious side effects, how can it be that another person is put at risk by being within a few feet of someone who has taken radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism? Is there any evidence of risk from such proximity to adults who cannot become pregnant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3452" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T02:59:14.847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-18T02:59:14.847" Title="Radioactive Iodine for Hyperthyroidism: why avoid contact with others?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;iodine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5199" CreationDate="2016-04-14T11:18:16.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking if there is a dose response relationship for ibuprofen, and what does it look like. For most people the analgesic effect (surrogate for inflammation) flattens out at 400 mg, but 20% might get a better response with a higher dose. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000723/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2000723/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T11:18:16.117" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5478" CreationDate="2016-04-14T17:41:48.387" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of radiation exposure you get from RAI treatment is small - statistically safe, but it is still not negligible (and certainly safer than not getting treatment). By maintaining distance from other people for a few days you are guaranteeing 100% that this radiation will not harm them (no matter how small the probability).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-14T17:41:48.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-14T23:59:29.643" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what findings in an MRI may influence the treatment in case of an elbow tendinopathy. I have noticed that a fair amount of physicians (at least in the United States and in France) are reluctant to order MRIs, so I wonder whether it is due to the cost of an MRI, or its usefulness to decide the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://radsource.us/lateral-epicondylitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://radsource.us/lateral-epicondylitis/&lt;/a&gt;  says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MRI can establish the extent of tendon injury and assess for a coexisting radial collateral ligament injury (4a), which may hinder the patient’s response to conservative therapy. In addition, the lack of expected MRI changes in a patient with suspected lateral epicondylitis suggests radial nerve entrapment, which may mimic or coexist with lateral epicondylitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-24T16:28:40.750" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T19:17:39.000" Title="How can an MRI influence the treatment in case of an elbow tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5478" CreationDate="2016-04-15T00:54:15.883" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main risk is to children and pregnant women associating with the person receiving I-131 treatment.  Since I-131 is excreted in bodily fluids and taken up into the thyroid, those susceptible populations are at increased risk for thyroid cancer if they ingest contaminated bodily fluids.  The person receiving the treatment is not because the cells that might become malignant are destroyed by the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I-131 is a major product of nuclear fallout, and is thought to have contributed to significant thyroid cancer in the USA from Nevada weapons testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 1997, NCI conducted a detailed evaluation of dose to the thyroid glands of U.S. residents from I-131 in fallout from tests in Nevada. In a related activity, we evaluated the risks of thyroid cancer from that exposure and estimated that about 49,000 fallout-related cases might occur in the United States, almost all of them among persons who were under age 20 at some time during the period 1951-57, with 95-percent uncertainty limits of 11,300 and 212,000. The estimated risk may be compared with some 400,000 lifetime thyroid cancers expected in the same population in the absence of any fallout exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2006/1/fallout-from-nuclear-weapons-tests-and-cancer-risks/99999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2006/1/fallout-from-nuclear-weapons-tests-and-cancer-risks/99999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume that distance is advised to avoid gamma radiation emitted by the I-131 in the patient's body rather then the beta radiation which would be largely confined to the thyroid gland, and to emphasize a practical distance to minimize the ingestion of any contaminated fluids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question then arises as to what is the safe dose of gamma radiation for a person in whom there is no therapeutic benefit.  The answer has to be extrapolated from biophysics and the effect of higher doses since looking at low doses in a population requires too large a number of subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, given our current state of knowledge, the most reasonable assumption is that the cancer risks from low doses of x- or γ-rays decrease linearly with decreasing dose. In light of the evidence for downwardly curving dose responses (see Figs. 2 and 4), this linear assumption is not necessarily the most conservative approach, as sometimes has been suggested (63, 64), and it is likely that it will result in an underestimate of some radiation risks and an overestimate of others. Given that it is supported by experimentally grounded, quantifiable, biophysical arguments, a linear extrapolation of cancer risks from intermediate to very low doses currently appears to be the most appropriate methodology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/100/24/13761.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/100/24/13761.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these are assumptions, the precautionary principle applies. Since the gamma radiation from the body of the treated patient can travel several meters through air, and beta radiation from excreted I-131 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oseh.umich.edu/radiation/I131.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1.65 m&lt;/a&gt;, then restricting the contact to outside these areas would limit unnecessary exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-15T03:53:45.757" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T03:53:45.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5465" CreationDate="2016-04-15T05:00:49.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Side effects of drugs such as Lyrica (pregabalin) are collected by the manufacturer in clinical trials as well as post marketing surveillance, case reports and by regulatory agencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/sfx/pregabalin-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; has a page describing side effects for this drug, and oedema, weight change are included, and maybe even the others you haven't mentioned.  However, because you've noticed a particular symptom, it may not be related to the drug and sometimes you have to stop and restart to see if the effect is reproducible and therefore more likely to be caused by the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T05:00:49.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5486" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5490" CreationDate="2016-04-15T17:06:30.527" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;As somebody who has recently come into contact between another person's blood and/or other fluids and a cut on my hand should I ask them for the year of their most recent tetanus shot? As far as I am aware that only provides &lt;em&gt;them&lt;/em&gt; immunity and has no herd immunity effect for others and so no application to &lt;em&gt;me&lt;/em&gt;. I've already gotten their records for other things that seemed relevant, but my uncle says I should find out. This person is likely to give me a hard time if I simply demand it so I was hoping you could tell me if there was any benefit before I bothered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can one contract tetanus from contact with other persons bodily fluids via cut on the skin?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does tetanus vaccination of the person whose fluids one came into contact with matter? / Is tetanus vaccination of the person whose blood I came in contact with medically relevant for me?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3457" LastEditorUserId="3457" LastEditDate="2016-04-15T20:00:51.997" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T21:50:37.303" Title="Medical relevance of tetanus vaccination" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T18:17:13.710" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been amazed at the accurate and pertinent results from some services such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrahacker.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NutriHacker&lt;/a&gt; (via data from &lt;a href=&quot;https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/202907670-Accessing-your-Raw-Data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;23andMe.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://dna.ancestry.com/en/legal/us/faq#raw-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DNA.Ancestry.com&lt;/a&gt;). This has allowed me to take my nutritional supplementation certainty to a much higher level that has been corroborated medically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that I have traditionally observed, from my own experience, is that some probiotic bacteria and yeast have left me feeling ill and caused bowel problems. No one has been able to ascribe a why to this or what regimens would be best for my particular scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has led me to think: &lt;em&gt;are there studies that indicate that certain probiotics are better for individuals with certain genetic profiles?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone has seen such studies or know of such research, a sharing of this would be much appreciated.  I think having this information would lead to a much better overall level of health for many of us vs stabbing in the dark, which most doctors and nutritionists have recommended to me so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:58:07.237" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T03:58:07.237" Title="Determination of probiotic regimen based upon genomic profile?" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-15T19:56:41.097" Score="9" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any peer-reviewed scientific evidence supporting positive effects from listening to binaural beats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what types of binaural beats, and what were the positive effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any negative effects been documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:47:00.903" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T17:31:41.833" Title="Any scientific evidence supporting positive effects from listening to binaural beats?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5486" CreationDate="2016-04-15T21:50:37.303" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clostridium tetani is the causative organism in tetanus. It requires an anaerobic environment to grow so is found in soil and in the gut of animals. Person to person transmission is not possible. Vaccination state is irrelevant for both parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T21:50:37.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5491" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5511" CreationDate="2016-04-16T06:33:27.300" Score="4" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;How they give medicine like you have to take in early morning without taking any food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3434" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:10:49.473" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:10:49.473" Title="What is the reason behind doctors giving some medicines after/before the meal?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-16T12:29:51.977" Score="4" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in highschool, interested in patient diagnosis and treatment and that's why I'm asking this question.&#xA;I've recently heard about a patient with end-stage uremic encephalopathy and diabets. He has delirium and he stoped dialytic therapy because of his halucinations (he ripped off the medical equipment). He had been going to dialys three times a week for 15 years. He has about 70 years old. He doesn't present any signs of dementia.&#xA;I assumed halucinations started because of the higher level of urea.&#xA;Anti-pshichotic didn't worked on him.&#xA;Without dialys theraphy, he'd probably die in a few days.&#xA;I'm really interested in this case and curious about the treatment. Isn't something left to do?&#xA;All the best!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3461" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:42:49.137" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:42:49.137" Title="Uremic encephalopathy, diabetes, and halucinations" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5493" CreationDate="2016-04-16T19:12:26.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The treatment for uremic encephalopathy is dialysis of some sort - peritoneal, etc. - or a kidney transplant, of course. But the latter is not the immediate treatment of choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for why delirium suddenly occurred is important; not all delirium in dialysis patients is due to uremic encephalopathy (e.g. rule out rule out cerebrovascular accident, intracranial mass, hyper/hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolar syndromes as the cause of encephalopathy, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cause is uremic encephaopathy, maybe one can mitigate the symptoms by correction of any existing anemia or calcium and phosphate abnormalities, but the fact remains: assessing the adequacy of dialysis and restarting adequate dialysis is the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239191-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uremic Encephalopathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2016-04-16T19:12:26.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5498" CreationDate="2016-04-16T21:30:06.573" Score="3" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if you can get &lt;em&gt;Helicobacter pylori&lt;/em&gt; (the bacteria that can cause gastritis and ulcers) by kissing a person,   if that person is infected with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-04-20T20:39:52.910" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T20:39:52.910" Title="Can Helicobacter pylori be transmitted through saliva?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5496" CreationDate="2016-04-17T03:26:33.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mode of transmission of helicobacter is unknown but studies show that people with helicobacter infections may have it also in their saliva. So, in this study, 75% had helicobacter identified by molecular Probes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC502720/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC502720/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has lead to some people saying that transmission by saliva is common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-17T03:26:33.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8858" CreationDate="2016-04-17T07:29:54.210" Score="5" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Alprazolam harmful longterm. I've been taking this med 3x-0.25mg for a week. Quite frankly, many of my colleagues/students/friends consume it as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a little bit afraid since I've seen some scary videos on youtube of people taking it regularly who have gotten serious &quot;longterm&quot; side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also curious how come for the past 30 years since alprazolam has been released there hasn't appeared any better and safer drug which treats anxiety well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2020-01-15T15:03:55.497" LastActivityDate="2020-01-15T15:29:42.483" Title="Alprazolam (xanax) longterm effects?" Tags="&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5514" CreationDate="2016-04-17T14:04:09.317" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother has fibromyalgia and her condition flared up suddenly without any warning. She is taking prescription pills for the condition. I would like to know if anybody can help me to find out what would cause this flare-up and also where I can find good resources about this condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3467" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T21:39:02.850" Title="What causes fibromyalgia to flare up even though medicine is used?" Tags="&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11687" CreationDate="2016-04-17T14:08:54.457" Score="16" ViewCount="33035" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 18 years old. Every weekend I watch a pornographic film and when it finishes, I do a hand job. In addition, on weekdays, I masturbate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Is it good for your health or not?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3466" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-02-12T20:11:41.120" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:10:05.627" Title="How many times a week is masturbating good for health?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T00:09:35.427" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the proper way to  calculate the glicymic load for a multi-ingredient item? 11 grams sugar, 9 grams protein, etc.&#xA;Do you add all the items' GI load number to each other for a grand total?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would a cup of water before eating sugar lower the GI load?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T09:46:12.867" Title="GI Load questions" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T00:31:47.877" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet has contradictory information on this topic. Some say soy is good, some say it is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the recommended foods to help reduce gynechomastia in men (men boobs)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2469" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:48:36.120" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T11:41:29.010" Title="What are the best natural foods to help reduce gynechomastia?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;soy&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5501" CreationDate="2016-04-18T00:34:01.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long term usage can cause:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.parkroyalhospital.com/addiction/prescription-drugs/xanax/signs-symptoms-withdrawal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dependance&lt;/a&gt;. Physical and pschological. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://drugabuse.com/library/the-effects-of-xanax-use/#lasting-health--effects-of-xanax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Others are&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cognitive deficits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delirious states.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychotic experiences.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aggressive and impulsive behavior.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slight memory impairment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other medicines you could take would have to be analyzed and prescribed by a doctor, but might be Zoloft, Valium, or etc. The factors depending on their being prescribed varies so the choice of meds differs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-18T04:15:15.613" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T04:15:15.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="783" CreationDate="2016-04-18T04:32:39.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using this monitoring device on children in adult mode would not give wrong results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see two reasons for using a different mode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal values for pulse and BP are different between adult and pediatric patients (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/current/hypertension-pediatric-jnc-4/blood-pressure-tables&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blood Pressure Tables for Children and Adolescents&lt;/a&gt;), so default alarms would be different&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The device measuring the blood pressure will probably function differently in adults and children: on the first attempt, the pressure will rise to a fixed value that is higher in adults and lower in children, because, on average, children have a lower blood pressure (using more pressure than necessary could provoke pain or discomfort in the arm, pain could then increase BP and heart rate). This British Medical Journal article explains how the device works: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121444/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oscillatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, the pressure in the cuff must be higher than the patient's blood pressure, then, the pressure diminishes slowly to get a measurement. The device is guessing the pressure on the first trial, and then it goes higher for the second attempt if the first guess was incorrect, that is, if the patient's blood pressure was higher than the maximal pressure of the cuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could probably get a more thorough and technical explanation by contacting the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3470" LastEditorUserId="3470" LastEditDate="2016-04-20T00:45:15.497" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T00:45:15.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5507" CreationDate="2016-04-18T04:42:19.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Foods that may reduce Gynocamastia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/526346-foods-for-gynecomastia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Livestrong:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;there's no association between any food and breast enlargement in men,&#xA;  and no special food you need to eat or avoid when you have the&#xA;  condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said you can try food that are anti-inflammatory dor tenderness, low calorie to decrease total body fat, and avoiding foods that may encourage it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low calorie: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nonfat dairy foods and lean sources&#xA;  of protein such as poultry, lean red meat, seafood and beans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/foods-that-fight-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anti-inflammatory:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;tomatoes. olive oil. green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale,&#xA;  and collards. nuts like almonds and walnuts. fatty fish like salmon,&#xA;  mackerel, tuna, and sardines. fruits such as strawberries,&#xA;  blueberries, cherries, and oranges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlh.nim.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Showed some evidence to breast growth and tenderness after soy usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576784&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tea tree oil and lavender oil have been linked to Gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;including drugs that decrease testosterone synthesis such as&#xA;  ketoconazole, metronidazole, or cytotoxic agents and drugs that&#xA;  decrease testosterone action such as marijuana, cimetidine, flutamide,&#xA;  and spironolactone. Furthermore, some drugs such as isoniazid,&#xA;  penicillamine, calcium channel blockers, and central nervous system&#xA;  agents (including diazepam, tricyclic antidepressants, reserpine,&#xA;  phenytoin, and amphetamines)&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576784&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt; can cause gynecomastia via an unknown&#xA;  mechanism of action&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;You need to consult your doctor if you are experiencing any symptoms for other possible interventions or disturbances a change in diet could cause.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T04:42:19.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5491" CreationDate="2016-04-18T06:43:12.017" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Simple answer&lt;/strong&gt;: Because that is just the medication guidelines. Some medications, because of onset of actions, effect of stomach acid, upsetting stomach and other factors need to be taken on or off a full stomach. The doctors know this, because there is evidence based practice proving what works the best. To make sure the meds work best for you it is best to consult your prescriber on how best to take a pill, there are many routes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/866.aspx?CategoryID=73&quot;&gt;NHS.UK&lt;/a&gt; showed some common reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To take meds with food:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDS and Corticosteroids can cause stomach irritation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some HIV medicines (ritonavir, saquinavir and nelfinavir) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oral diabetic meds are usually taken with foods to lower blood sugar afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meds taken after meals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nystatin when used orally can be washed away with food.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antiacids can be taken immediately after or before a meal for heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meds taken before meals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin C absorbs better in a acidic environment so before meals is better. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.globalrph.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrph.com%2Fdrugfoodrxn.htm&amp;amp;utm_referrer=#2865&quot;&gt;Graph&lt;/a&gt; that shows med times&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T06:43:12.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5503" CreationDate="2016-04-18T06:53:00.670" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you have not been rendered blind, you can follow this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3048.aspx?CategoryID=118&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; which states that it is not intrinsically unhealthy unless it starts to interfere with the way you function socially or at work. In some people it intrudes into their public life and so then might considered an illness. Another form of harm is when it displaces normal sexual activity and some people find that they are then not able to engage in normal sexual activity with a partner due to habituation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T06:53:00.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5506" CreationDate="2016-04-18T07:28:18.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diet/glycemic-load.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Glycemic load is calculated&lt;/a&gt; on the amount of carbohydrate with a known glycemic index. You can't therefore calculate a glycemic load for different foods with differing indices. Diabetics instead calculate the total amount of carbohydrate in a meal, and may adjust based on fat and protein present in order to work out their insulin dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T07:28:18.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5502" CreationDate="2016-04-18T07:50:46.487" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-fibromyalgia-in-adults-not-responsive-to-initial-therapies?source=outline_link&amp;amp;view=text&amp;amp;anchor=H22299532#H22299532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Uptodate&lt;/a&gt; discusses secondary failure after an initial response to drug therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FACTORS LIMITING TREATMENT EFFICACY — Several factors may limit the degree of benefit achieved with prescribed medications or other interventions, including nonadherence to treatment interventions or comorbidities that cause peripheral pain and that require additional interventions to those used for treatment of the fibromyalgia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in general, the effect of medication is modest in fibromyalgia, and should only be part of a multidisciplinary treatment program which includes exercise, cognitive based therapies, and sleep hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T07:50:46.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5361" CreationDate="2016-04-18T08:13:22.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One of the largest differences between an exerciser and a nonexerciser concerns the heart's ability to pump blood and consequently deliver oxygen to working muscles. Cardiac output is a major limiting factor for prolonged exercise. In addition, an exerciser typically has a larger blood volume, is better able to extract oxygen from the air in the lungs and is better able to extract oxygen from the blood at the working muscles than a sedentary individual is. Gas exchange involves not only oxygen delivery but also the removal of carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of energy metabolism, and this process is also more efficient in an exerciser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/if-a-persons-lung-size-ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/if-a-persons-lung-size-ca/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there doesn't appear to be any alteration of lung volumes as a result of exercise, and the improvement is to heart and muscle efficiency. And of course there are muscles associated with breathing such as intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is rodent evidence of a beneficial effect of a high fiber diet on lung function, and this uncontrolled human study showed benefit in long term asthma with a plant based diet. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4019393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4019393&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-18T08:23:27.173" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T08:23:27.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T08:50:55.330" Score="1" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;In some countries, metamizole is completely banned because of the risk of agranulocytosis. In other countries (like mine) it is available as a prescription drug and I hear in other countries it is even available over the counter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that it isn't taken long term (so, say, for less than two weeks at a time), how big is the risk of developing agranulocytosis, and how risky is that condition in those patients (meaning, can it usually be treated or does it lead to long-term complications / death)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1830" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:43:10.417" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:43:10.417" Title="How big is the risk of agranulocytosis when taking metamizole?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5516" CreationDate="2016-04-18T09:56:26.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This German report covering 22 years of prescribing and millions of prescriptions identified 161 cases of reported agranulocytosis of which there were 38 deaths, and 30% of the cases developed within 7 days and some even after 1-2 doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26169297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26169297&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on this report the risk is minute but detectable, and perhaps one should consider using another drug with potentially less severe side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T09:56:26.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5518" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5532" CreationDate="2016-04-18T10:18:02.667" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all I don't know if this should be split in two different questions or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lately I've been using an app to measure my heart rate using my phone. In the few that I've tried they only say that it works putting your index finger over the camera and flash but they don't give any further explanation. How does this determine your heart rate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This lead to my second question. In general, are these apps precise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2309" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T02:48:58.907" Title="How do apps that measure heart rate work? Are they precise?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5698" CreationDate="2016-04-18T12:22:19.877" Score="5" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am obese due to food addiction. (Male 30 yrs, 180cm, 100kg). I was at a normal weight until my 20s (80kg). Since then I put on weight due to stress and overeating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the last 8 years I have been losing and gaining weight over and over. I managed to get down to 85kg several times by lots of sports (running or swimming 5x times a week). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the result is a record low weight and destroyed knees. I think the problem is food addiction, I just like to eat a lot of sweets and food in general. I do have healthy breakfasts, lunches and dinners. The case is simply eating too much extra.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to stop food addiction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3472" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T17:01:52.437" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T03:55:00.277" Title="Food Addiction and Obesity" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T13:12:41.680" Score="2" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the quality of evidence to support virgin conception when sperm is either deposited on the vulva without penetration, or on clothing adjacent to the vulva.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3474" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T21:08:36.217" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T10:59:25.717" Title="What is the evidence for virgin conception?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5530" CreationDate="2016-04-18T13:37:59.093" Score="5" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been an interesting study which says that smelling farts helps decrease the risk of cancer. Basically the study &lt;a href=&quot;http://theweek.com/speedreads/450160/study-smelling-farts-may-good-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hydrogen sulfide — a.k.a. what your body produces as bacteria breaks&#xA;  down food, causing gas — could prevent mitochondria damage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that the more gas you have inside yourself (or the more hydrogen sulfide you have) the lower the risks (more protection) are for cancer to appear. I myself do have IBS and pass a good amount of gas every evening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that a &quot;disease&quot; such as IBS could contribute to a persons health in another way to reduce risk of cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T19:16:18.147" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T19:16:18.147" Title="Does IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) lower the risk of cancer?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T10:08:12.583" Score="3" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will most likely spend a lot of my lifetime staring at (computer) monitors. This is necessary for my profession and technology of today requires us to look at monitors/screens more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this: Does looking at monitors fatigue the muscles around the eyes because they have to maintain a constant focus? Can this also increase fatigue?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If this is the case, I also wonder if this effect can be reduced by wearing glasses with a certain correction, adjusted to the distance between eyes and screen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hypothesize that the muscles can relax more, energy will be saved and the strain on the eyes is reduced. I'm certainly not an expert in anatomy however so I hope you can help me out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3446" OwnerDisplayName="Tom" LastEditorUserId="1830" LastEditDate="2016-04-20T20:42:27.767" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T20:42:27.767" Title="Does looking at monitors fatigue the eye muscles and/or affect overall fatigue?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5531" CreationDate="2016-04-18T18:40:47.703" Score="-1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always wondered this one question: If in one liter of Coca-Cola there is a 30 sugarcubes equivallent, how is it possible for the fastfoods to make it from a little of powder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is the dissoluted sugar in a liquid actually equivallent to raw-eaten sugar from the medical point of view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T01:56:36.500" Title="Is there a difference between raw-eaten and dispersed sugar?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-05-07T23:37:52.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4410" CreationDate="2016-04-18T20:08:13.780" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with regular smoking, in vaping, one of the biggest threats to your oral health is the presence of nicotine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It causes the following effects on the physiology of the mouth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jeffersondentalclinics.com/blog/2014/05/15/e-cigarette-dental-health-risks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Inhibit saliva production&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;which increase susceptible to bacteria buildup, dry mouth, and&#xA;  tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933534/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Peridontal disease.&lt;/a&gt;: . The periodontal tissues (gums) keep the tooth anchored to the rest of the body. Nicotine can increase incidence of gum problems by the following mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microbiological effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smoking increases two or three-fold the ammount of P. Gingivalis, T. Forsythia, bacterias associated with diseased gums&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Effect on the Immune system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;↓ responsivness of Helper T-cells (adaptative immune response)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;↓ functionality of the neutrophiles (innate or non-specific immune response) by inhibiting the production of certaint metabolites necessairy for their antibacterial activity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Effect on the vascularisation and repaire of the tissues : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduces blood flow via vasoconstriction, therby slowing the arrival of inflamatory cells to fight off infections and initiate repaire.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therefore, there is also a negative impact on the healing process of the gums, by inhibiting the production of collagen and in fact increasing cllagenase which degrades the collagen. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nicotine also suppresses the proliferation of osteoblasts, which hampers the reconstruction of the bone tissues on which rest the gums.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others leads to follow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Oral%20Trauma%20and%20Tooth%20Avulsion%20Following%20Explosion%20of%20E-Cigarette.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oral Trauma and Tooth Avulsion Following Explosion of E-Cigarette.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-08-21T12:35:09.717" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T12:35:09.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4003" CreationDate="2016-04-18T22:21:28.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can screen for occult bowel inflammation using the stool test &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fecal calprotectin&lt;/a&gt;.  However, a normal test doesn't exclude inflammatory bowel disease and a positive test is highly suggestive.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/capsule-endoscopy/basics/why-its-done/prc-20012773&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Capsule endoscopy&lt;/a&gt; is a procedure when a person swallows a camera in a pill that allows pictures to be taken of the bowel.  This can also aid in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-18T22:21:28.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-18T22:55:42.050" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the two-dose Hep B vaccination for children. It appears that in the UK, while not part of standard NHS care, the two-dose schedule is approved for those aged 1 and older (cf. the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/503768/2905115_Green_Book_Chapter_18_v3_0W.PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;green book&lt;/a&gt;&quot;). In the US the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4912a5.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; only approves the two-dose schedule for children 11 and over. What evidence are these decisions based on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T02:31:52.150" Title="Hepaitits B vaccination schedule for children" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5528" CreationDate="2016-04-19T01:07:29.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NHS only advises Hepatitis B vaccination to young children when they are at a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/childhood-vaccination-schedule.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;high risk&lt;/a&gt; of exposure. This means when the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vaccinations/Pages/hepatitis-b-vaccine.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mother is infected and contagious&lt;/a&gt;, or there are close relatives with the disease.  Otherwise vaccination is optional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccination at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/vaccchildren.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;birth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5416a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;changing&lt;/a&gt; from the policy of vaccinating those at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/hepatitisB/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; also recommends vaccination from birth so the different stance taken by the NHS may be political or economic..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T01:07:29.050" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5522" CreationDate="2016-04-19T01:30:18.703" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study authors have released a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_393168_en.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;statement&lt;/a&gt; on their institutional website that states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That neither the papers (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/MD/C3MD00323J#!divAbstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/MD/C3MD00323J#!divAbstract&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755204&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755204&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960429&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960429&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513708&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513708&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555533&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555533&lt;/a&gt;) nor the accompanying press release above make any reference at all to cancer or to any health benefits from inhaling (sniffing) hydrogen sulfide. The research is an early stage drug development project and has not yet been trialled in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present the only contribution that we know that IBS might bring is that the sufferer might get more investigations done which reveal other unrelated conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T01:30:18.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5524" CreationDate="2016-04-19T01:56:36.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diabetics when calculating insulin doses for a meal look at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joslin.org/info/Carbohydrate_Counting_101.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;carbohydrate content for the whole meal&lt;/a&gt;.  It's not important if the sugars are taken in one mouthful, or dissolved and taken over the whole meal.  So, to answer your question, the approach taken is that functionally it makes no difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T01:56:36.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5518" CreationDate="2016-04-19T02:48:58.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They work as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoplethysmogram#Photoplethysmograph&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;photoplethysmogram&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because the skin is so richly perfused, it is relatively easy to&#xA;  detect the pulsatile component of the cardiac cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically the light flash measures your heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by&#xA;  illuminating the skin with the light from a light-emitting diode (LED)&#xA;  and then measuring the amount of light either transmitted or reflected&#xA;  to a photodiode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Pulse Oxemitry &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://apple.stackexchange.com/a/74439&quot;&gt;How accurate are the IOS apps?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a phone is not a proper photoplethysmograph, so the realistic&#xA;  achievable accuracy is likely dependent on a number of factors,&#xA;  including camera performance, proximity of the illuminating LED to the&#xA;  camera lens, and the algorithm used to extract the pulse from the&#xA;  video return.&#xA;  all photoplethysmographs are very sensitive to mechanical movement. It&#xA;  is essential that you hold your finger as still as possible, and avoid&#xA;  moving the phone relative to the finger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.addictivetips.com/ios/are-heart-rate-monitoring-apps-really-accurate-we-put-them-to-the-test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; did a study on app proficiency and they did show that they are highly accurate most of the time, but can vary in reading by being a couple off the mark:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GP’s normally instruct adding or subtracting ten from the reading of a&#xA;  digital device depending on the trend (if your reading is normally&#xA;  higher than average, add ten, if it is less than average, minus ten).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:45:32.097" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T02:48:58.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-19T04:41:32.347" Score="1" ViewCount="911" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a recent blood test that showed elevated fasting glucose (110mg/dl) and elevated triglycerides (~335mg/Dl), I got myself an Accu-check glucose tester and started regular testing to try to figure out where I'm at in terms of insulin resistance etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several times now I've had a set of results I don't understand. Today for example, I tested my glucose level right after waking up and I got 106mg/dL.  Feeling this was a bit high (my average over the last 7 days is 100) I drank a bit of water (as I hadn't drank any overnight) and re-tested 20mins later. The second test result was 96mg/dL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same thing happened three days ago with 108 and 109 after testing twice immediately after waking up, then 97mg/dL 25 mins later (again after having a bit of water as I hadn't drank any during the night).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of these results is more relevant/accurate. Is the first one skewed by slight dehydration, or is the second one less relevant because of either the water or the ~20 mins of activity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For context, I suspect that the elevated glucose and triglycerides stem from both my sedentary lifestyle and daily alcohol use. My diet on the other hand has been quite good and I've generally avoided sugars and high GI carb for almost 10 years now. For the last 10 days I've stopped drinking and am in the gym almost everyday alternating between weight training and ~30 mins on a stationary bike.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit 1: As Graham Chiu pointed out, water intake in the morning should not skew my results. Although, I'm unclear whether not drinking enough water on a given night could increase the result the following morning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other question is, can there be a ~10+% drop in blood glucose after 20-25 minutes of light activity in the morning? Or should I be chalking this up to coincidence and meter error margins (even though back-to-back results are quite consistent)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3477" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:50:00.970" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:50:00.970" Title="Elevated glucose right after waking up" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5533" CreationDate="2016-04-19T05:40:31.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a bit of error involved in using those meters so the different recordings may be within the manufacturer's published range for that particular model.  Whether you have a glass of water or two is not going to materially affect the blood glucose level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important thing to note is that diabetes is diagnosed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20033091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blood testing&lt;/a&gt; and not finger prick testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excessive alcohol consumption is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/tc/high-triglycerides-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one cause&lt;/a&gt; among many of elevated triglycerides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T05:40:31.603" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5538" CreationDate="2016-04-19T05:53:06.810" Score="7" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to mineralize and make our corroding teeth strong back again? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What should one do?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which food items will help?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answers will be greatly appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3478" LastEditorUserId="3478" LastEditDate="2016-04-19T16:50:21.767" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T20:03:09.140" Title="Can we re mineralize our teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5536" CreationDate="2016-04-19T07:12:15.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. It is possible to remineralize teeth without cavitation. I am unsure what you mean by corroding, but cavities cannot be fixed by remineralization. Products can inhibit damage and harden intact and decalcified enamel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Remineralizing tooth paste.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14700079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xylitol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517060&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low Cariogenic diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial caries lesions without cavitation of the surface can&#xA;remineralise (heal) under conditions of low cariogenic diet and good&#xA;oral hygiene. However, once the surface has broken and cavitation&#xA;occurred, there is no alternative to restorative dental therapy&#xA;because remineralisation is no more possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoiding things like some beverages that break down teeth is a good thing to remember when prevention teeth problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-19T07:12:15.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-19T09:16:47.730" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Chernobyl nuclear accident happened in 1986 - 30 years ago. The consequences, as is very well known, were severe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know people who lived just south of Chernobyl at the moment of the accident. Thanks to the winds, their cities were not as exposed as the geographical area north of the accident. Still, radiation levels were serious and many people in these cities contracted illnesses and, in many instances, died. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone from this city managed to survive the last 30 years without contracting any (serious) illness, how likely is it this person will still develop a new serious illness, such as cancer, as a direct or indirect consequence of the nuclear accident? Does age matter in this equation at all, i.e. if they were adults or kids at the time of accident? The assumption is that no countermeasures were taken, i.e. no hiding in bunkers, no iodine treatment, and that radiation exposed foods were consumed etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3480" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T04:57:27.863" Title="How long does it take for an illness from radiation to develop?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5520" CreationDate="2016-04-20T03:08:09.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; reported that a number of women self reported outer-course resulting in conception from a survey of 7870 respondents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results 45 women (0.5%) reported at least one virgin pregnancy unrelated to the use of assisted reproductive technology. Although it was rare for dates of sexual initiation and pregnancy consistent with virgin pregnancy to be reported, it was more common among women who signed chastity pledges or whose parents indicated lower levels of communication with their children about sex and birth control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study attempted to make it clear as to what the differences between outer-course and inter-course were but it's possible a number of the respondents still answered incorrectly.  So we still have to accept that these are unconfirmed reports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present there is no controlled experimental evidence to confirm that this can happen, and biologically, it seems highly implausible that this actually does happen.  Male fertility is reduced when &lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.oakland.edu/biology/lindemann/spermfacts.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sperm counts drop below 20 million sperm per ml&lt;/a&gt;, and this is when the sperm is introduced into the vagina.  A normal ejaculate contains 200 million to a billion sperm.  From these only a few reach the egg and then more then one is required to breach the corona radiata to allow a single sperm to fertilise the egg.  However, pregnancy can occur even when &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/withdrawal-method/basics/definition/prc-20020661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coitus interruptus&lt;/a&gt; is practiced since the pre-ejaculate may contain sperm.  So, this suggests that much lower numbers of sperm in the vagina then normally considered necessary can still result in pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present there is no experimental data on the passage of sperm through clothing though one would assume it's possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in summary, the evidence has not independently verified that outer-course can result in pregnancy, and is an area that requires further investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T03:08:09.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5544" CreationDate="2016-04-15T00:08:33.013" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Might sound like a weird question, so here's a bit of context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The story I'm writing is quite fantasy-driven (i.e. characters can seemingly &quot;create&quot; elements like thunder and water out of thin air). However, despite these fantasy elements, a lot of realistic moments occur which are often based in human unpredictability, so it's not like characters don't fear anything because they possess special powers or whatnot. Parts can easily turn into a killing/slaughter scenario &lt;em&gt;a la&lt;/em&gt; &quot;A Song of Ice and Fire&quot;, or even &quot;Attack on Titan&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a certain scene, an entire village was put up in flames. Amidst the confusion created by this, a man saves another fellow man from a house that is completely alit in flames. Upon his rescue, the half-burnt man asks his hero to save his daughter who's still in the house, to which he replies with the question: «How old is your daughter?». The other man is baffled by this response, not understanding where he's coming from, to which he backs up with «If your daughter is around 4 years old, there's nothing I can do».&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My explanation is that this character is not risking his life if he knows the person-to-save would most likely die even after being rescued when other (possibly more important) lives are concurrently in danger.&#xA;So my question is this: If a house is on fire, are young children more prone to faint since they have a more underdeveloped body system than adults, &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt;, due to their size, can they stay safe from smoke and large fires by sticking themselves into corners until their rescue arrives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Keyaku" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:13:50.740" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T14:13:50.740" Title="In a house on fire, do children faint more easily than the adults?" Tags="&lt;age&gt;&lt;fire-safety&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;&lt;carbon-monoxide-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5543" CreationDate="2016-04-15T01:18:56.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a reason why, in a house fire, the phrase to remember is &quot;Get down low and go, go, go&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common ailment of someone in a house fire is from smoke inhalation. As smoke rises, the closer you are to the floor, the less smoke you will breathe in (until the entire room is filled with smoke in which case you're dead anyway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this perspective, as long as the child stays away from the flame, they are actually more likely to last longer than an adult, purely because they are smaller, lower to the ground and not breathing in as much smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Thomo" LastActivityDate="2016-04-15T01:18:56.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5539" CreationDate="2016-04-20T04:57:27.863" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO wrote a report in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/backgrounder/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt; and stated that the incidence of thyroid cancer, which was the main concern, had dropped to near background levels with only a small increase in pre-menopausal breast cancer in those most exposed.  Regarding the population with lower exposure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Projections concerning cancer deaths among the five million residents of areas with radioactive caesium deposition of 37 kBq/m2 in Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine are much less certain because they are exposed to doses slightly above natural background radiation levels. Predictions, generally based on the LNT model, suggest that up to 5 000 additional cancer deaths may occur in this population from radiation exposure, or about 0.6% of the cancer deaths expected in this population due to other causes. Again, these numbers only provide an indication of the likely impact of the accident because of the important uncertainties listed above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent report in 2011 from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/news-events/press-releases/2011/ChernobylRadiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt; looked at Chenobyl residents who received higher exposure and is not so welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers found no evidence, during the study time period, to indicate that the increased cancer risk to those who lived in the area at the time of the accident is decreasing over time.  However, a separate, previous analysis of atomic bomb survivors and medically irradiated individuals found cancer risk began to decline about 30 years after exposure, but was still elevated 40 years later.  The researchers believe that continued follow-up of the participants in the current study will be necessary to determine when an eventual decline in risk is likely to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it seems prudent to keep monitoring all those affected survivors as the risk may extend past 40 years.  Presumably more data will come to light with time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the I-131 risk was thought to be mainly from drinking cows milk with cows feeding on I-131 contaminated pasture, and concentrating it into their milk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T04:57:27.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5536" CreationDate="2016-04-20T06:35:24.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is only my personal experience, not solid evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had holes in my teeth for 10 years without any worsening. I try to eat a balanced diet low in modern refined processed foods, with natural meats like wild game. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I listen to my body, if I get pain in my teeth, it is a reminder to clean better and stop eating sugar, the pain goes away if I do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3465" LastEditorUserId="3465" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T08:29:21.460" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T08:29:21.460" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-20T08:40:46.723" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a cough form in several days. &#xA;My doctor had given me some medication for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I searched for the medication used it made me confused, because the medications given commonly work on asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Medication is:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. Rapitus Plus (syrup)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2. Cap. Nuipenta-D&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3. Deflazacort (MAHACORT-DZ 6)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4. Fix-AR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone tell me if he has given the right medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1530" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-22T07:23:39.753" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T10:32:19.357" Title="Which disease is this combination of medicine is used for?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-04-29T14:07:21.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-20T16:14:35.143" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcutaneous_electrical_nerve_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)&lt;/a&gt; are of any use for a tendinopathy. I am mostly interested in the epicondyles of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Cochrane Systematic Review (1) in 2008 concluded that evidence was missing. A more recent study (2) seemed to show TENS is useless but is quite inconclusive due to patients' adherence to the treatment. They also pointed to a few other studies, but all seem inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparison with relevant findings from other published work&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two&#xA;previous trials have evaluated TENS in patients with tennis elbow,45&#xA;46 but these trials had different objectives, included small patient&#xA;samples (20 and 12 participants per group, respectively), assessed&#xA;very short term effects (24 hours and five days), and insufficiently&#xA;reported details of the TENS intervention. Our study is the first&#xA;adequately powered primary care study in which evidence based TENS&#xA;treatment protocols were used. Hence, interpretation of our findings&#xA;through direct comparisons with results from these previous trials is&#xA;problematic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of Cochrane reviews are inconsistent in terms of the&#xA;strength of evidence for the efficacy of TENS in musculoskeletal&#xA;conditions, reporting either positive effects or inconclusive&#xA;evidence.47 48 49 These reviews have been criticised for failing to&#xA;give adequate consideration to the fidelity of delivering the TENS&#xA;intervention within individual trials in terms of treatment frequency&#xA;and dose. A meta-analysis of the use of TENS in chronic&#xA;musculoskeletal conditions (38 studies; 1227 participants), which&#xA;explicitly considered methodological rigour and fidelity of TENS&#xA;application, reported highly significant reductions in pain with the&#xA;use of TENS compared with placebo.21 Abundant laboratory studies also&#xA;show identifiable and dose dependent physiological pain reducing&#xA;effects of TENS compared with placebo, although the vast majority of&#xA;these studies reported only very short term effects (1-24 hours).29 30&#xA;31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Despite this support for efficacy of treatment,&#xA;in our pragmatic trial TENS failed to show additional pain relieving&#xA;effects even in the very short term, over and above the effect of&#xA;primary care management alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether there have been more conclusive studies published since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Nnoaham KE, Kumbang J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003222. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11263890040854406848&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11263890040854406848&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Chesterton, Linda S., A. Martyn Lewis, Julius Sim, Christian D. Mallen, Elizabeth E. Mason, Elaine M. Hay, and Daniëlle A. van der Windt. &amp;quot;Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as adjunct to primary care management for tennis elbow: pragmatic randomised controlled trial (TATE trial).&amp;quot; (2013): f5160. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10882675505299166966&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10882675505299166966&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T16:14:35.143" Title="Are transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of any use for a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tens&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5549" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-04-20T16:15:44.907" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-04-20T16:15:44.907" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T16:15:44.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5550" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-04-20T16:15:44.907" Score="0" Body="Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS or TNS) is the use of electric current produced by a device to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes." OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T15:47:20.797" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T15:47:20.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-20T18:31:13.073" Score="5" ViewCount="1080" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a child is vaccinated for chickenpox but she gets the disease anyway, will her vaccination affect the likelihood of transmitting the disease to others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Heather B" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T04:07:11.290" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T17:41:17.320" Title="Is a child with chickenpox who is vaccinated still contagious?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5533" CreationDate="2016-04-20T21:32:04.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you may be experiencing is what is commonly referred to as the &quot;dawn phenomenon&quot;.  This is where blood sugar becomes elevated between 2-8am.  This happens when your blood glucose goes low in the evening.  The body compensates by releasing stored glucose from the liver.  In people without diabetes the body would simply produce more insulin and regulate their blood sugar.  In a person with diabetes the insulin is ineffective or insufficient and blood sugar remains high.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way I had clients treat this is to have a small snack an hour before bed that had about 30g of carb, and 15 g of protein (to slow the rise of blood glucose).  This was enough to prevent the overnight low in the middle of the night and rebound high in the morning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more accurate gauge of how your blood sugar is doing is taking it first thing in the morning.  Hydration can affect blood glucose but not as quickly as you are describing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise however can drop blood glucose as much as 50 points depending on how high levels were before activity, duration of activity, and intensity.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3497" LastActivityDate="2016-04-20T21:32:04.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5556" CreationDate="2016-04-21T08:40:19.880" Score="2" ViewCount="16399" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patients tend to worry about the side effects that may be caused by longterm drug/meds usage. How many years do you have to consume the drug/meds to say that you are longterm on it? Likewise, if you get off the drug for let's say a couple of months or one year and then start again, is the &quot;longterm&quot; word meaning disrupted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;: I've been taking PPIs (proton pump inhibitors) for 5 years, but the first year I've taken them for 2 months, second year 2 months, third year 1 month, fourth year less than a month and fifth year 4 months on and off. Am I a longterm user of the drug or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T09:35:19.073" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T09:35:19.073" Title="How many years is considered long term drug/medication usage" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5555" CreationDate="2016-04-21T19:31:28.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you have been on the PPI's long term. Not to be confused with continuous long-term, which is because you broke the cycle several times in the five years. Criteria; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taking them for 5 years&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taking them for a month or almost a month &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taking them for a reason that may not go away(not sure, but if the condition is chronic then you will need the meds chronic/longterm) signifying that you will continue to need them&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/820136_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a definition in the literature for &quot;long-term&quot; is lacking; neither the&#xA;  AGA guidelines nor the ACG guidelines define what is considered&#xA;  long-term. For the rest of this article, the authors use long-term to&#xA;  designate therapy greater than 14 days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we can deduce that if you continue therapy for longer than 14 days every year you will be long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aboutgerd.org/site/treatment/medications/ppi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;About.GERD.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Be aware that the OTC proton pump inhibitors should only be used as&#xA;  directed for 14 days for the treatment of frequent heartburn. If your&#xA;  heartburn continues, talk to your healthcare professional. No more&#xA;  than three 14-day treatment courses should be used in one year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So from here we can see that PPI's here are only indicated for around 14 days 3 times a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/experts-are-heartburn-medications-safe.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Are Heartburn Medications Safe for Long-Term Use?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/Downloads/ppi-adult-dosingchart11-14.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Approved dosing chart for how long to take and amount of PPI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T19:31:28.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5309" CreationDate="2016-04-21T20:22:32.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nettle-Peppermint Tea: Based on the mechanism of action, it should be noted that plain peppermint or used other ways should help. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://everydayroots.com/allergy-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;everyday-roots.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;peppermint contains a type of flavonoid called luteolin-7-O-rutinoside&#xA;  which can help inhibit the activity and secretion of anti-inflammatory&#xA;  enzymes, such as histamines, and greatly reduce the dreadful&#xA;  discomfort that comes along them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bee Pollen. This is said to work if local honey doesn't. Basically you take the allergens before the season to help build a immunity. The honey must be clean and free from insecticides. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study from 2013 showed a improving in allergy symptoms after honey in high doses over 8 weeks: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24188941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ingestion of honey improves the symptoms of allergic rhinitis: evidence from a randomized placebo-controlled trial in the East coast of Peninsular Malaysia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://everydayroots.com/allergy-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;everyday-roots.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;make sure you are not anaphylactic or severely allergic to bees, or so&#xA;  allergic to pollen that you experience anaphylaxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2011 study about Birch Pollen Honey between November and March helped reduce 60% of allergy symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Citrus is suppose to help due to the fact that it nourished your immune system. But due to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1578094&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi article&lt;/a&gt;, it does not appear to be that effective.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Lavender%20essential%20oil%20inhalation%20suppresses%20allergic%20airway%20inflammation%20and%20mucous%20cell%20hyperplasia%20in%20a%20murine%20model%20of%20asthma.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lavender oil inhalation&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lvn inhibits allergic inflammation and mucous cell hyperplasia with&#xA;  suppression of T-helper-2 cell cytokines and Muc5b expression in a&#xA;  murine model of asthma. Consequently, Lvn may be useful as an&#xA;  alternative medicine for bronchial asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://healthyfocus.org/essential-oils-for-allergies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;healthyfocus.org&lt;/a&gt; also lists some other oils that may help, such as eucalyptus, lemon and peppermint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Onions are supposed to contain &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-294-quercetin.aspx?activeingredientid=294&amp;amp;activeingredientname=quercetin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quercetin&lt;/a&gt;  which is supposed to work similarly to anti-histamines to inhibit inflammation and secondarily bronchodilate. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/best-natural-antihistamines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;healthline.com&lt;/a&gt; supports research for onions helping relieve some allergy symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T20:22:32.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4389" CreationDate="2016-04-21T20:33:20.463" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In long term studies, the effects have been mixed but mild. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hemodialysis patients, after about six months - melatonin no longer seemed to have physiologic &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432361&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;effects&lt;/a&gt; but could still be detected at elevated levels in salivary samples suggesting the body adapted to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term (six months) melatonin in mice &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350971&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;improved spatial learning and memory&lt;/a&gt; and also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793376&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;protected against aluminum toxicity&lt;/a&gt; suggesting that neuronal or axonal growth is improved with supplementation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swedish teenagers and children with ADHD have been placed on melatonin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25995170&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;for several years&lt;/a&gt; without known adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692007&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mild averse effects&lt;/a&gt; have been found with long term use of melatonin in humans (dizziness, headache, nausea, sleepiness.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T20:52:42.150" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T20:52:42.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3589" CreationDate="2016-04-21T20:50:29.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Body temperature &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleepdex.org/thermoregulation.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;drops at night&lt;/a&gt; almost 2 degrees fahrenheit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cranial cooling has been showing to &lt;a href=&quot;https://xenophilius.wordpress.com/2011/06/13/cant-sleep-cooling-your-brain-may-be-a-natural-and-effective-treatment-for-insomnia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lead to deeper sleep and help insomniacs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higher body temperatures during sleep are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9209729&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;associated with depression&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a physician, I have a seen previous studies suggesting that taking a lukewarm shower before sleeping has been shown to help people get to sleep faster [reference needed]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, I have patients who report that walking around without socks on the floor until their feet feel cold also report falling asleep faster.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T23:36:16.177" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T23:36:16.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1635" CreationDate="2016-04-21T21:10:01.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that cold drinks during or after meals adversely affects health - in fact - the opposite may be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In studies of people with pure liquid meals, the temperature of the liquid had essentially &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7153912&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;no effect on the time it took for the stomach to empty itself&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. digest the food). Additionally, it is worth noting that a liquid as it travels down the esophagus is warmed and becomes almost equivalent to body temperatures within minutes. Whatever effect it would have would be gone quickly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth noting that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22231924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;body heats up while digesting food&lt;/a&gt; (it is a metabolically active process.) That actually suggests that cool drinks actually make it metabolically easier for the body to digest food because it doesn't have to work as hard to cool down after eating. That also suggests that you can burn a few more calories if you have a hot drink after eating because your body will have to work to cool the blood and maintain your temperature (i.e. homeostasis) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T21:10:01.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1234" CreationDate="2016-04-21T21:21:24.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently no studies catalogued in PubMed (the largest repository of medical articles) that cover &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=probiotics%20AND%20overdose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;probiotics and overdoses&lt;/a&gt; at the time of this answer. (Clicking that link will rerun the search. The one result that comes up is unrelated.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, there should be little to no danger from &quot;overdosing&quot; on probiotic as probiotics are supposed to represent a balance of microflora. The challenge is that our microbiome has been found to be correlated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23616309&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obesity, type 2 diabetes, steatosis, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=microbiome%20AND%20depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;depression&lt;/a&gt;, and other mental conditions. Edit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://simpleskincarescience.com/probiotics-for-skin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;probiotics can also have profound effects on the skin&lt;/a&gt; as newer research is revealing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, it is not yet fully clear how changing our microbiome affects our mental state and health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Companies like &lt;a href=&quot;http://ubiome.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;uBiome.com&lt;/a&gt; are attempting to answer that question now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T17:57:36.423" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:57:36.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4645" CreationDate="2016-04-21T21:36:24.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We were taught in medical school that the single biggest contributor to hangovers is dehydration. The degree of dehydration is caused by the percent concentration of ETOH/ethanol which is a diuretic (i.e. it makes you take many trips to restroom.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration from drinking causes a drop in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pressure. This is why a hangover headache is worse when you sit up or stand up. Your brain has less fluid support and is almost &quot;dangling&quot; on its suspensory supports. (This is an overstatement.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the effect of a hangover is almost purely correlated to the percent alcohol you are consuming rather than the class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the risk of increasing drinking - this also suggests the number one way to &lt;em&gt;avoid&lt;/em&gt; a hangover: fluid and salt. If you just drink water, your body cannot hold onto it. If you drink fluid with salt (i.e. gatorade, broth, or similar) - your headache will be substantially diminished because you will counteract the dehydration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said - alcohol is also toxic to the brain and liver. That's why your liver can hurt after drinking. If we draw LFTs lab tests on you, your liver enzymes will actually be elevated! (Michael Crichton, the author of Jurassic Park actually did that when he was a medical student at Harvard. You can read about it in his book Travels.) The liver damage is why people get scarred cirrhotic livers. You actually lose brain neurons every time you drink. Unfortunately...that part of the damage is not reversed with Gatorade and may account for some of the headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T21:36:24.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1325" CreationDate="2016-04-21T21:58:35.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We were taught in physiology that the way to know if you need salt supplementation is whether the salt tastes good or not. The potassium chloride in salt will taste bitter if you don't need it. I have not seen studies to support this - but it fits a general medical principle we observe in other medical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This general principle falls into the category of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25122650&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;syndromes like pica which is commonly seen in pregnant patients who eat dirt or clay because they have an iron deficiency&lt;/a&gt;. Patients crave clay or dirt or other substances because of their deficiency. Patients are often too embarrassed to tell their doctor. In one case, we had a pregnant patient who the clinician noticed she seemed to want to mention something but wasn't. On further questioning, eventually she confessed. She was sneaking out at night to eat a cup of black dirt from her backyard every night. She didn't know why. The doctor said, &quot;oh, you have pica&quot;, put her on iron pills and the craving went away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, the body craves what it needs - and what it needs tastes good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2016-04-21T23:44:20.427" LastActivityDate="2016-04-21T23:44:20.427" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5574" CreationDate="2016-04-21T23:25:22.693" Score="3" ViewCount="475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard both good and bad things about &lt;a href=&quot;http://smile.amazon.com/Mederma-Skin-Care-Scars-1-76/dp/B000052YOB/ref=sr_1_1_a_it?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1461280340&amp;amp;sr=8-1&amp;amp;keywords=mederma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mederma&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They claim to be the most recommended product (by doctors and pharmacists) for scar removal but my dermatologist said that there's no scientific study that supports them and that dermatologists usually don't recommend them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3505" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2016-07-10T00:52:48.307" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T00:52:48.307" Title="Does Mederma for scar removal really work?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5234" CreationDate="2016-04-22T00:02:45.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is only marginal evidence of RICE (rest, ice, elevation and compression) improving recovery in injuries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review of 22 studies of ankle injuries&lt;/a&gt;, ice and elevation had only marginal effects on recovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another review of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18212134&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;six studies in soft tissue injuries&lt;/a&gt;, there was no evidence that ice was effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11403116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;review of 45 sports medicine textbooks&lt;/a&gt;, the advice on the use of ice varied in the textbooks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some individual studies such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23364294&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; do show evidence for decreased pain and some increased range of motion earlier for ice used in the first 72 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, studies don't seem to suggest there is a harm. The short answer, which we often use to guide decisions in medicine, is &quot;Can't hurt. Might help.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;can't hurt&quot; is conditional as only if done properly: don't ice directly on the skin as that is known to have caused frostbite. Wrap the ice in a cloth. Don't ice longer than 20 minutes. (Some studies say 10 minutes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T00:02:45.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="328" CreationDate="2016-04-22T00:13:32.527" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/5565/3504&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; for a discussion of the benefits of icing. (It is essentially of unproven benefit.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another more effective therapy for tendinitis: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22097158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stretching&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have personally had patients with lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) unresolved for six months that began a regimen of stretching like below and had their symptoms resolve completely within four days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Stretch the tendinitis in the direction that &lt;em&gt;hurts the most.&lt;/em&gt; This means you have identified where the tendon needs to be more lax. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Hold the stretch for OVER 20 SECONDS. This is the most important part. Most people stretch only long enough to inflame a tendinitis. You are aiming to stretch the fibers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) Repeat multiple times a day. (We often said in medicine, every time a commercial comes on TV is a good reminder.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T00:13:32.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-22T01:36:39.023" Score="4" ViewCount="1327" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take melatonin fairly frequently, but I have noticed that it does not work as well as it once did. I am wondering if by taking melatonin, the brain reduces its natural production of melatonin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3506" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:37:37.830" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T15:45:17.637" Title="Does taking melatonin cause a reduction in the amount of melatonin the brain produces?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5336" CreationDate="2016-04-22T01:59:13.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe this quote from a scientist who did secondhand smoke studies himself is more truthful than the first answer in the thread, which is grossly misleading. Secondhand smoke is highly diluded, by one-thousandth (1:1000) compared to the smoke inhaled directly from the cigarette by a smoker:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The most careful studies that have evaluated the actual exposure of non-smokers to tobacco smoke in the home, at work, and in other settings indicate that the average exposure of a passively exposed non-smoker is roughly equivalent to smoking about 10 cigarettes PER YEAR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is approximately one-thousandth the exposure of the average smoker. These studies were conducted in the 1990s, when smoking restrictions were much more limited than they are today. In view of this level of exposure, it is hardly surprising that even the best epidemiologic studies show a weak, inconsistent, or no risk.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreykabat/2013/12/21/the-passive-smoking-issue-is-a-rorschach-test-for-the-ability-to-think-scientifically/#6efbf54b646d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreykabat/2013/12/21/the-passive-smoking-issue-is-a-rorschach-test-for-the-ability-to-think-scientifically/#6efbf54b646d&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3508" LastEditorUserId="3508" LastEditDate="2016-04-22T02:55:35.723" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T02:55:35.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5336" CreationDate="2016-04-22T02:42:54.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Q: &quot;How much risk (heart disease, lung cancer, etc.) am I at exactly? Is it a negligible amount or more serious. If it is possible to calculate or estimate, how can I do this? A source would be much appreciated.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: You are at no risk of serious diseases from average exposure to secondhand smoke. According to Roger Jenkins, PhD, retired expert at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Chemical Sciences division, the average non-smoker who lives in a house with indoor smoking, inhales a little less smoke than one-thousandth of the amount of smoke inhaled by the avarage smoker: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;According to Jenkins, the typical smoker inhales 480 milligrams of smoke a day and 32 milligrams of nicotine per day. In a home where smoking is unrestricted, the typical nonsmoker will inhale the equivalent of 0.45 milligrams of smoke particles and 0.028 milligrams of nicotine.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means that while the average smoker inhales 30 cigarettes a day, 30 days a month = 900 cigarettes a month, the &quot;passive smoker&quot; inhales 0.9 cigarettes or roughly one (1) cigarette per month. And that level of smoke is not going to do you any harm, according to studies in smokers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lubbockonline.com/stories/020405/med_280798.shtml#.VxmGA-aSAud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://lubbockonline.com/stories/020405/med_280798.shtml#.VxmGA-aSAud&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3508" LastEditorUserId="3508" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T01:47:23.493" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T01:47:23.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5564" CreationDate="2016-04-22T07:14:41.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I found they may have some benfit on the appearance of scars. But the info available is contradictory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is featured in a article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9875187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlh.nih.org&lt;/a&gt; called: Snake oil for the 21st century&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12087249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effect of Mederma on hypertrophic scarring in the rabbit ear model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improvement in dermal organization of collagen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No significant difference in dermal vascularity or inflammation &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Computer analysis of the scar photographs demonstrated no significant&#xA;  reduction in scar erythema with Mederma treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390235/#__abstractid192172title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A New Proprietary Onion Extract Gel Improves the Appearance of New Scars&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;once-daily application of the proprietary advanced formulation of&#xA;  onion extract gel is safe for use on new scars and significantly&#xA;  improves their overall appearance, redness, softness, and smoothness&#xA;  compared to control scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022978/#__abstractid954756title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids: Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;States that available data is contradictory &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506744/#Abs1title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A comprehensive evidence-based review on the role of topicals and dressings in the management of skin scarring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two randomised studies by Draelos in 2008 (n = 60) and 2012 (n = 44),&#xA;  following shave excision of seborrheic keratoses, concluded that&#xA;  Mederma® improved the appearance, signs and symptoms of the healed&#xA;  wounds compared with untreated controls [42, 43]; however, both these&#xA;  studies note that funding was provided by the manufacturer Merz&#xA;  Pharmaceuticals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the Amazon product I cannot find where it was sponsored or approved for safety. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T07:14:41.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5547" CreationDate="2016-04-22T08:09:21.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gmedication.com/?s=rapitus%20plus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rapitus Plus (syrup)&lt;/a&gt; consist of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chlorphenamine(antihistamine)-relieves itching, sneezing, watery eyes or runny nose associated with common cold or flu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Levodropropizine(antiussive)- helps coughs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mims.com/india/drug/info/nupenta-d/nupenta-d%20cap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cap. Nuipenta-D&lt;/a&gt;- Antacids, Antireflux Agents &amp;amp; Antiulcerants&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://drugbook.in/mahacort-dz-66mg.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Deflazacort (MAHACORT-DZ 6)&lt;/a&gt;- Allergic And Inflammatory Disorders&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.1mg.com/drugs/fixar-10mg-120mg-tablet-311860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fix-AR&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Montelukast is used to prevent and treat asthma, seasonal and year&#xA;  round allergies (hay fever), and prevent exercise-induced asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can not tell you if the medication is wrong, as I am not your doctor and did not prescribe it. However, the medication seems indicated for the symptoms. Your doctor probably associated your cough with possible allergies or Asthma, excluding the Nuipenta. To better understand you can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ask your doctor for papers on your meds &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ask them why a medication was prescribed &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How it will affect you&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a patient you are entitled to his care and most times it is given. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T08:09:21.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-22T13:05:47.453" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once cells (millions of them) start to change to cancerous cells. How long does it take for those cells to turn into cancerous cells?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: cells start to turn today into cancer, when would these cells be declared cancerous and life threatening, couple of months, 1-2 years or some other time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T17:24:32.000" Title="How long does it take healthy/normal cells to turn into cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5587" CreationDate="2016-04-22T17:25:50.460" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;My workplace has inside the bathrooms two options for cleaning one's hands, both sinks with soap and towels, and a dispenser for alcohol-based hand sanitizer. When opening the door to the bathroom one day, I found myself wondering if the presence of that hand-sanitizer on my hand was helping to protect me from the germs no doubt lurking on the handle from those who hadn't washed their hands, or had washed inadequately. Is there any effective protection from having hand-sanitizer on the hands when touching the handle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:51:16.353" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:51:16.353" Title="Prophylactic effect of hand sanitizer" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3310" CreationDate="2016-04-22T17:33:11.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may actually want to try cutting out the mouthwash. There's some evidence that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Headline/mouthwash-risk-harm-bad/2014/02/28/id/555321/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the bacteria being killed with frequent use of mouthwash may include the healthy sort that your mouth needs&lt;/a&gt;, not to mention that it may dry your mouth out, which will also make your breath worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T17:33:11.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5551" CreationDate="2016-04-22T17:41:17.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/varicella.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the CDC report&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Communicability&#xA;  The period of communicability extends from 1 to 2 days&#xA;  before the onset of rash until lesions have formed crusts.&#xA;  Vaccinated persons with varicella may develop lesions that&#xA;  do not crust (macules and papules only). Isolation guidance&#xA;  for these persons is to exclude until no new lesions appear&#xA;  within a 24-hour period. Immunocompromised patients&#xA;  with varicella are probably contagious during the entire&#xA;  period new lesions are appearing. The virus has not been&#xA;  isolated from crusted lesions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Varicella is highly contagious. It is less contagious than&#xA;  measles, but more so than mumps and rubella. Secondary&#xA;  attack rates among susceptible household contacts of&#xA;  persons with varicella are as high as 90% (that is, 9 of 10&#xA;  susceptible household contacts of persons with varicella will&#xA;  become infected). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, vaccinated people with breakthrough varicella (infection despite vaccination) can still be contagious. The duration and severity of their syptoms tend to be reduced, which leads to the issue mentioned above where you cannot rely on the crusting of lesions to determine when they are no longer contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In clinical trials, breakthrough varicella was substantially less severe with the median number of skin lesions commonly less than 50; vesicular lesions are less common and the lesions are commonly papules that do not progress to vesicles. Varicella in vaccinated persons is typically shorter in duration and has a lower incidence of fever than in unvaccinated persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the plus side, they are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;overall less contagious&lt;/a&gt; if they have the reduced symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One study of varicella transmission in household settings found that persons with mild breakthrough varicella (&amp;lt; 50 lesions) were one third as contagious as unvaccinated persons with varicella. However, persons with breakthrough varicella with 50 or more lesions were just as contagious as unvaccinated persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T17:41:17.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5583" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10364" CreationDate="2016-04-22T18:11:31.527" Score="0" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;My weights has reached the static equilibrium from more than 1 year between 77-79 KG. I wanted to make it 74 Kg, but no success so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it somehow related to testosterone? Would it be safe to take testosterone supplements or it has consequences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3392" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T05:25:11.490" Title="Weight Loss: Static Equilbrium" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-12-19T10:57:19.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5583" CreationDate="2016-04-22T23:18:20.100" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testosterone might have some indirect influence in this, but the bottom line is that your change in weight is decided by your caloric intake versus how many calories you burn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's really all you should focus on. If you want to lose extra weight, you either need to increase your physical activity (how many calories you burn) or reduce how much you eat (how many calories you intake) or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little routine cardio exercise (running) will help you achieve this easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T23:18:20.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3310" CreationDate="2016-04-22T23:30:30.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might have gum disease (do your gums bleed when flossing?). Go for a checkup with a dentist and ask about a regular or deep cleaning. Usually, a regular cleaning will be done, which will remove most surface bacteria from the gums/teeth. Most people don't know this, but it is important to get regual cleanings by the dentist, at least around once a year. Then the dentist will prescribe a specific antibacterial mouthwash such as perioaid or periogard - it is crucial that you're advised by dentist what specific mouthwash to get and in what concentration. From this point on if you keep up good oral hygiene 99% of problems will be gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tldr; get a checkup with a dentist&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T23:30:30.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5580" CreationDate="2016-04-22T23:51:20.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, to a degree. Since the stuff we touch will be on our hands and the stuff that's on our hands will be on what we touch. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-hand-sanitizer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quickly reduces number of microbes, but not all&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less effective in greasy or dirty circumstances&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if the handle is greasy or visibly dirty the amount of microbes that are killed are decreased. It may be better to just grab handles with tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hand Sanitizer usually kills around 99% of common germs within 30 seconds&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;They can &quot;kill&quot; some viruses, but aren't slowed to make that claim by the FDA&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/The_handiwork_of_good_health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;  The handiwork of good health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would take into factor that it dries fast. And that door handles can be pretty dirty. It also depends on the amount of sanitizer you use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-22T23:51:20.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5576" CreationDate="2016-04-22T23:53:29.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancerous cells are cells that, through cumulative DNA damage, are unable to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), so really the question boils down to how fast can these cancerous cells replicate. That depends on what cell it is and where it's located. Location and cell type are crucial because they determine how quickly the tumor can reproduce and/or breach organ barriers and metastasize (spread to other areas of the body).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The speed of growth can be generalized by looking and the 'histology' and 'differentiation' of a cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The differentiation of a tumor refers to how the cells look under the microscope. Cells that look normal are termed well differentiated. On the other hand, if the cells appear very abnormal they are termed poorly differentiated. Poorly differentiated cancers tend to grow quicker than well-differentiated tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The histology of a tumor relates to the pattern the cells form as whole when viewed under the microscope. This influences a tumor's rate of growth and spread. For example in lung cancer, small-cell cancers tend to grow and spread very rapidly. In contrast, non-small cell lung cancer tends to grow and spread at a slower rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's more complexity to this, but the only real way to determine the rate of growth is to observe the patient and their cancer development over a period of time - it can vary wildly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional information and resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tumor grade (differentiation and growth speed indications): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis/tumor-grade-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis/tumor-grade-fact-sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Types of cancer (what different types of cancer are produced by different cells/locations): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/how-cancer-starts/types-of-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/how-cancer-starts/types-of-cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of histological indication (click the answers button): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pathguy.com/histo/007.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.pathguy.com/histo/007.htm&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastEditorUserId="3339" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T17:24:32.000" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T17:24:32.000" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-23T01:19:25.480" Score="4" ViewCount="846" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://martialarts.stackexchange.com/questions/6396/why-do-boxers-huff-each-time-they-throw-a-punch&quot;&gt;a question on Martial Arts.SE about why many boxers combine each punch they throw with a rapid exhalation&lt;/a&gt; (making a pronounced, sharp huffing or hissing sound).  Some of the answers say that one of the reasons for the exhalation is the expectation of being counterpunched, possibly to the body, which makes it desirably to preemptively empty the lungs to reduce the effects of having your wind knocked out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This simultaneously makes sense and confuses me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've had the wind knocked out of you (as I have, more than once), you know that it isn't simply a matter of the lungs being emptied - if that were the case, you could simply take another breath and replace the missing air without any fuss.  Instead, having the wind knocked out of you makes it utterly impossible to breathe in for a fairly long time - in my experience, you start to take in a little bit of air after about 30 seconds, and can breathe somewhat normally after a minute or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason having your wind knocked out is so panicky and terrifying is because your body seems to turn traitor and refuse to partake in the fresh air surrounding you, and which you so desperately need.  It doesn't seem to be a matter of the lungs merely emptying;  it feels like the diaphragm itself has stopped working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is happening here?  Have the lungs merely emptied?  Is the diaphragm convulsing or temporarily paralyzed?  Is it something else entirely, or a combination of some/all of the above, and/or other factors?  And finally, does it really make a difference whether the lungs are full when the impact occurs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In short, what is going on inside the body when a person gets the wind knocked out of them?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T05:54:39.793" Title="What happens when a person gets the wind knocked out of them?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4300" CreationDate="2016-04-23T02:02:44.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bras can negatively impact your breast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/259073.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Based on:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Jean-Denis Rouillon, a sports science expert from the University of&#xA;  Besançon, France, reported after a 15-year study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;women who never wore bras had nipples on average seven millimeters&#xA;  higher in relation to their shoulders each year&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do nothing for back pain and weaken muscles &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make breast saggier due to muscle weakening and some say affect breathing&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bras can immobolize breast stopping them from moving and can be to tight and hold them in unnatural positions this causing negative effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But varying on your weight, cup, age and other factors no bra may not be for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/116240.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poor Bra Choice Could Be Damaging Breasts Of Some Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T02:02:44.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5593" CreationDate="2016-04-23T02:27:41.933" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading about FODMAP, I found some contradictions. For example according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibsdiets.org/fodmap-diet/fodmap-food-list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; you should avoid grapefruits, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.strandsofmylife.com/foods-can-eat-low-fodmap-diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; it's written you can eat them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the truth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T03:01:33.090" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T12:12:49.743" Title="Where is the correct list of FODMAP products?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5589" CreationDate="2016-04-23T02:45:00.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/chest-abdomen-pain/winded&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Winded (Solar Plexus Syndrome)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blow to abdomen region&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compresses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_plexus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;solar plexus&lt;/a&gt; or nerves behind stomach&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diaphragm contracts and spasms. Which also may explain the rushing out of air. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.It is how you described, but above shows some deeper pathophysiology of the situation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=LBLwDtx2_qcC&amp;amp;pg=PA93&amp;amp;lpg=PA93&amp;amp;dq=preventibg%20getting%20wind%20knocked%20out%20of%20you&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=S_gK1oW9a0&amp;amp;sig=A2cpgXVPKO7jUxwPNJpBwQMG-lI&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjw9tHv3KPMAhXBK8AKHbYhDrEQ6AEILzAF#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=preventibg%20getting%20wind%20knocked%20out%20of%20you&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;, because you are having a spasm and can't breathe properly for a bit taking a good breath before can help breathlessnessin theory. As for other prevention, I couldn't find anything, but since nerves are involved taking breaths shouldn't have that much affect preventing the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T02:45:00.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5591" CreationDate="2016-04-23T05:39:14.827" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FODMAP hypothesis was first proposed in 2005 in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15948806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;.  The second author appears to maintain a website where she lists some &lt;a href=&quot;http://shepherdworks.com.au/disease-information/low-fodmap-diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;foods&lt;/a&gt; though it's an incomplete list.  Grapefruit would classified in this group if it has a high fructose level in comparison to the glucose level (frutose:glucose ratio &gt; 1) and this likely varies on the variety.  This Stanford site suggests restricting yourself to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=12&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwje7J_ng6TMAhWHHKYKHbjVA7YQFghNMAs&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fstanfordhealthcare.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FSHC%2Ffor-patients-component%2Fprograms-services%2Fclinical-nutrition-services%2Fdocs%2Fpdf-lowfodmapdiet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;half a grapefruit&lt;/a&gt; if you have problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T05:39:14.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5594" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5607" CreationDate="2016-04-23T11:10:15.443" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I stick out my tongue, it is always at least a bit yellow (if my mouth has been really fry for ages, it is totally coated in yellow bacterial stuff).  I don't think I have a major problem with oral hygiene, but I'm wondering what a healthy tongue should look like when stuck out.  Should it basically be pink all the way up, or is it normal to have some yellow coating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:36:35.203" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:36:35.203" Title="Should my tongue literally be pink when I stick it out?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;tongue&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5597" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5609" CreationDate="2016-04-23T18:54:19.087" Score="12" ViewCount="737" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually in the morning I brush my teeth after breakfast. But my dentist told me that it's better not brush them right after eating food, because eating makes them soft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now I brush my teeth before breakfast. Is this the correct procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. Just found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mertondental.co.uk/blog/when-should-i-brush-my-teeth-before-or-after-breakfast/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, the author has the same opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just want to get a additional confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T23:42:50.363" LastActivityDate="2021-02-20T16:16:34.660" Title="Brushing teeth before or after breakfast" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5591" CreationDate="2016-04-23T19:05:05.693" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &quot;correct&quot; low-FODMAP diet chart, because there is no clearly defined amount of FODMAPs that would cause problems. There are foods that contain high, moderate or low amount of FODMAPs and various authors may put the moderate ones either in the high or low category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, sensitivity to FODMAPs varies greatly from person to person, so everyone needs to make a personal list appropriate for him/her -- from the trial/error experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/fodmaps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another list&lt;/a&gt; with a detailed explanation how a low-FODMAP diet works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100 grams of &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1905/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grapefruit&lt;/a&gt; (NutritionData) contains just a little bit more fructose than glucose: 1.7 g F : 1.6 g G, so the F:G ratio is practically 1 and not problematic. Also, 100 grams of grapefruit contains only 2 grams of fiber, which also does not sound a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-23T12:12:49.743" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T12:12:49.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5606" CreationDate="2016-04-23T21:29:50.280" Score="1" ViewCount="535" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let us assume we have a patient with this history and let us try to &lt;strong&gt;explain his/her normal CRP values&lt;/strong&gt; on the end of this post given the fact of commorbid &lt;strong&gt;high fever&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;neutrophilia&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions to intrigue are here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is bacterial, how come CRP is not elevated?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is viral, how come there is neutrophilia?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is autoimmune, how come it is not autoimmune (ruled out by hematology and clinic)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient wrote this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some fact about my fever of unknown origin, the diagnosis is apparently unknown, I am waiting now for some more serology, blood tests, urine cultivation and throat culture results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The illness had 4 onsets, connected by a &quot;feeling well&quot; periods, 3 of them were cured by ATB, the four is being left untreated for diagnostic purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First onset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;before seeing a doctor:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;duration: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high fever on first day (39 Celsius)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;elevated temperature the rest of the week (37.7 Celsius)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;violent unproductive cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;conjunctivitis (bloody eyes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;congested nose (not runny, just swelled)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sore throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;therapy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rest, hot tea, sore throat and cough off-the-counter medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;w/o medical attention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;after seeing a doctor:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;diagnostics: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CRP elevated to 33&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stethoscope test found &quot;something&quot; on the lungs &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;therapy: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;clarithromycin 500mg 2 times a day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some otc mucolytics and antitusics (not codeine like)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;duration: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;four days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symtoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resolved after 4 days, but on the 7th day on ATB, the sore throat returned&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second onset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;duration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;three days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;therapy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;azithromycin 500mg for 3 days once a day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symtoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resolved after 3 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third onset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After another 4 days being ok, I went to sauna to strengthen my immunity. The next day...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high fever, used antipyretics when reached 39 Celsius&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vomitting (due to fever)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;violent unproductive cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;diagnostics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;referred to pneumologist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CRP elevated to 48&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RTG of the lungs and hearth OK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stethoscope, lymph nodes, abdomine ok&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &quot;pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas test&quot; showed high pulse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood: true left shift&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;leukocytes 18 (&amp;lt;10)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neutrophils 0.856 (&amp;lt;0.7)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lymphocytes 0.091 (&gt;0.2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neutrophils# 15 (&amp;lt;7)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;therapy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cefurixim (cephalosporines 2nd gen) 500mg twice a day for 2 weeks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;duration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resolved completely in a day or two&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fourth onset&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After three weeks feeling healthy and one &lt;strong&gt;alright&lt;/strong&gt; blood test (cell count+diff, antigens, CRP and biochemistry), I went into a hot shower after a train trip and ended it with a very short cold shower to strengthen immunity. The next day...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high fever (39 Celsius)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vomiting (due to fever)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mild unproductive cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;diagnostics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RTG of the lungs OK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lymphnodes OK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sthetoscope OK&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood: true left shift&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bilirubin 24 (&amp;lt;21)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ALT 1.04 (&amp;lt;0.83)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;leukocytes 19 (&amp;lt;10)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neutrophiles 0.92 (&amp;lt;0.8)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lymphocytes 0.038 (&gt;0.2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neutrophiles# 17 (&amp;lt;7)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lymphocytes# 0.72 (&gt;0.8)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sedimentation 1 (&gt;2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT CRP NOT (much) ELEVATED 6.2 (&amp;lt;5)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, the pneumologist was kind of stunned by these results and referred me to the hemmatology the same day. The test there were pretty much the same, except a bit elevated CRP (~20). Hematologist &lt;strong&gt;ruled out malignity&lt;/strong&gt; and referred me to the infections diseases. They ruled out some viruses Eppstein-Barr, HIV, heppatitis and perhaps boreliosis and referred me to USG of abdomen and RTG of sinuses, which were ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3517" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T06:13:08.707" Title="Explanation of normal CRP during neutrophilia?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5569" CreationDate="2016-04-23T21:47:25.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might not directly answer your question, but I have read a few studies that claimed that the body does not develop a tolerance to melatonin, even after long-term usage. This means that the effect should not vanish nor diminish after some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, some over-the-counter melatonin supplements does not contain the claim dosage of melatonin, maybe even not contain melatonin at all (being non-prescriptions medication). I would only rely on a prescription, pharmaceutical-quality melatonin to contain the required dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also notice, that when you do not optimize the sleeping conditions, mainly not eliminate the presence of blue light from LED (mainly LCD laptop monitors and smartphones), the melatonin would not kick in, as it would be eliminated by the blue light. This is an advice from an expert on sleep disorders, I have not confirmed it in any literature.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, you might also consider asking your doctor about trazodone. It is also not habbit forming, is effective and can be used long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to &lt;strong&gt;discourage&lt;/strong&gt; a bit from my &lt;strong&gt;trazodone&lt;/strong&gt; advice. I still believe its not habit forming, is effective and can be used long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, it has some nasty side-effects even on the lowest effective dosage (which is 50mg for me). It causes a noticable dizziness in the morning, even nausea and vertigo. Definitely worth consideration if driving. Also causes nose congestion, difficulty breathing. But what's more important, it does not increase the sleep quality, provided your sleep quality is reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd opt for &lt;strong&gt;agomelatine&lt;/strong&gt;, which is &lt;strong&gt;melatonin antagonist&lt;/strong&gt;, which is why I'm mentioning it. Has all the benefits w/o any side effects. And it is not &quot;addictive&quot;. Personally, I slept perfectly after abrupt withdrawal after one month use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, your &lt;strong&gt;question&lt;/strong&gt;, whether production of melatonin is &lt;strong&gt;decreased&lt;/strong&gt; after artificial intake OR inhibition of its re-uptake &lt;strong&gt;remains unanswered&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3517" LastEditorUserId="3517" LastEditDate="2017-05-17T15:45:17.637" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T15:45:17.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-23T22:51:17.507" Score="3" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=vertical+split-keyboard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vertical split-keyboards&lt;/a&gt; are often marketed as more ergonomics than traditional keyboards. Is that true? I am especially interested in stress on the epicondyles of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of the study &lt;em&gt;Muss, Timothy M., and Alan Hedge. &quot;Effects of a vertical split-keyboard on posture, comfort and performance.&quot; In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 496-500. SAGE Publications, 1999. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7634052692663655085&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7634052692663655085&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; but the sample size was small, the study is almost 20-year-old, and subjects weren't accustomed to vertical keyboards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vertical split-keyboards don't have to be position vertically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q31I3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q31I3.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-23T22:56:18.960" LastActivityDate="2016-04-23T22:56:18.960" Title="Do vertical split-keyboards cause less stress on the hand, wrist and arm than traditional keyboards?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5605" CreationDate="2016-04-24T03:49:18.447" Score="2" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1ci0i2/why_cant_the_immune_system_fight_off_the_bacteria/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This Reddit post&lt;/a&gt; answers the question 'Why can't the immune system fight off the bacteria that causes acne?'. So instead, I ask a more general one as entitled above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am conjecturing that the body has methods to detect the excess of &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; bacteria. If correct, then e.g., why cannot the body open skin pores to unclog oil?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Surely the body can do something better than forming pimples and pus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T03:49:21.277" Title="Why cannot the body all by itself defeat and eliminate acne?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5604" CreationDate="2016-04-24T05:56:40.290" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the anatomy of a hair follicle&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PBk24.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PBk24.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see that there is no muscle to control the size of the pore where the hair exits the skin, so there is no way that the body can control normally the size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary problem is not with the Propionibacterium acnes but with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/causes/con-20020580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;excessive oil production&lt;/a&gt; which then causes a blockage in conjunction with dead skin creating a fertile environment for the bacteria to proliferate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commensal bacteria on the skin are not controlled by the immune system ( white cells, antibodies, complement etc can't migrate through intact skin to reach the bacteria ) but by competition with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dermnetnz.org/bacterial/microorganisms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other bacteria&lt;/a&gt;, moisture etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oil or sebum production is driven by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dermnetnz.org/acne/sebum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sex hormones testosterone, 5-testosterone (DHT) and 5-androstene-317diol&lt;/a&gt;, and unless there's some evolutionary advantage to do so, there won't be any selection for those individuals who less likely to produce excessive oil.  Since male hormones are important, then evolution may be selecting more for those with high male hormone levels which produces more of an advantage then the temporary disadvantages of acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T03:49:21.277" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T03:49:21.277" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5600" CreationDate="2016-04-24T06:13:08.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;C-reactive protein synthesis is driven primarily by &lt;a href=&quot;http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/16/6/1155.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;interleukin-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;IL-6 induces CRP production in the liver by activating Janus kinases. Signal transducers and activators of transcription subsequently switch on the CRP gene expression, leading to the production of CRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but fever is caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/Supplement_5/S178.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a range of cytokines&lt;/a&gt; including IL-6, IL-1, TNF-a.  So, at the time a fever appears, IL-6 levels may not have been high enough and present long enough to stimulate hepatic synthesis of CRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor) appear within one hour after the start of bacterial infection, and procalcitonin (PCT) after 5 hours, the hepatic synthesis of CRP starts 6 to 8 hours after onset and peak concentrations are reached between 36 to 50 hours after infection has started. [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/124021/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/124021/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T06:13:08.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5594" CreationDate="2016-04-24T08:47:53.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tongue may have this appearance due to build up of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/yellow-tongue/basics/definition/sym-20050595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dead cells&lt;/a&gt; on the surface.  And then it's worse after not being used as there is no friction from food removing dead cells that might be trapped between the papillae.  Some tooth brushes have another side that can be used to brush the tongue to remove these cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-24T08:47:53.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5597" CreationDate="2016-04-24T13:29:10.563" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. The acid in the food can harm the enamel and brushing it to soon can remove it. So wait at least 30 minutes, brush before or avoid acidy foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brushing abrasion of softened and remineralised dentin: an in situ study&#xA;T Attin et al. Caries Res. Jan-Feb 2004&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14684979/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; [Source]&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is concluded that for protection of dentin surfaces at least 30 min should elapse before toothbrushing after an erosive attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/brushing-your-teeth/faq-20058193&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've eaten an acidic food or drink, avoid brushing your teeth for&#xA;at least 30 minutes. These acids weaken tooth enamel, and brushing too&#xA;soon can remove enamel. If you know you're going to eat or drink&#xA;something acidic, brush your teeth beforehand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/basics/brushing-and-flossing/article/is-brushing-teeth-after-eating-good-for-you-0313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colgate.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acidy foods: oranges, lemons, and grapefruit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drinking water after you eat the acidy foods helps easy it away&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, brushing before eating can remove a lot of bacterial buildup, before you start eating again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2021-02-20T16:16:34.660" LastActivityDate="2021-02-20T16:16:34.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T17:30:17.037" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know the requirements and procedures to follow for a Canadian doctor to practice in latin america, specifically in Colombia. For instance, are there board exams to pass? Is there a residency/social service to complete? Is the Canadian M.D. title recognized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2211" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:18:54.263" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:18:54.263" Title="What is the procedure to follow for a north american doctor to practice in Colombia?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T22:20:22.627" Score="6" ViewCount="2669" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you brush teeth in bed, then once finished swallow the leftover toothpaste before falling asleep, is this bad over a long period of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm specifically asking about the health effects to the teeth of not rinsing, but also any other negative health effects to the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toothpaste in question is Sensodyne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3521" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:46:37.680" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:46:37.680" Title="Is it bad to swallow the toothpaste after brushing?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-24T23:52:32.410" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the optimal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection schedule is to treat a tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) showed that two PRP infiltrations performed in a one-week interval didn't show any improvement over a single PRP infiltration. I wonder whether there are other studies of that kind, e.g. a study that would compare a single PRP vs two PRP infiltrations performed with a longer interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in the epicondyles of the humerus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Kaux, Jean-François, Jean-Louis Croisier, Bénédicte Forthomme, Caroline Le Goff, Frédéric Buhler, Betty Savanier, Sandra Delcour, André Gothot, and Jean-Michel Crielaard. &quot;Using platelet-rich plasma to treat jumper's knees: Exploring the effect of a second closely-timed infiltration.&quot; Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (2015). &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10859506660075153178&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10859506660075153178&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-25T00:04:14.220" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T00:04:14.220" Title="What is the optimal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infiltration schedule to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;prp&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T02:03:22.183" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my MRI scan result the cerebellar tonsil detected had a measurement of 0.50 mm through the foremen magnum. Is this condition considered normal for a tall person or is it considered the beginning of cerebellar tonsil herniation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3441" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:35:02.690" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:35:02.690" Title="Cerebellar tonsil herniation measurement level?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;tall-height&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T02:24:06.230" Score="1" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I eat &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.soylent.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;soylent&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ensure.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ensure&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.boost.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;boost&lt;/a&gt;, but now I decided follows the &lt;a href=&quot;http://shepherdworks.com.au/disease-information/low-fodmap-diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;low FODMAP&lt;/a&gt; diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do above products belong to low or high FODMAP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://discourse.soylent.com/t/soylent-ibs-the-low-fodmap-diet-and-gut-bacteria/11463/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this discussion&lt;/a&gt; soylent is okay, but I'm not sure about ensure and boost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T02:24:06.230" Title="soylent, ensure, boost and FODMAP" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T06:19:13.520" Score="-1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jech.bmj.com/content/57/2/141.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://m.jech.bmj.com/content/57/2/141.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer legs are associated with better vo2 and lower risk of respitatory disease. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3131" LastEditorUserId="3131" LastEditDate="2016-04-26T01:55:32.593" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T01:55:32.593" Title="Why is leg length associated with respiratory function?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T06:45:39.840" Score="2" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I'm cold and by cold I mean I have cold feet and hands I sit and mediate for a few minutes (usualy for about 15min). After few minutes I feel how my feet and hands become bit by bit warmer and I'm not cold anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you explain how this works and why? It has always been fascinating me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3524" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:33:47.760" Title="Why does relaxation/meditaion help when you have cold feet/hands?" Tags="&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5616" CreationDate="2016-04-25T07:02:25.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your link doesn't say that. They say that they found no relationship between asthma and final height in the study population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But height is used to produce predicted lung volumes, and the explanation is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In normal humans, lung size is a function of height, sex, race and age.2-4 Each lung fills a pyramidal box with a height and radius. Height is the distance from base (diaphragm) to apex of the box. Because of racial differences in limb:trunk length ratios, there is a racial correction for height. A 6-foot tall Caucasian has shorter legs (and therefore a longer trunk) than a 6-foot tall African American. A 6-foot tall North American Indian or Hispanic has even shorter legs (and therefore a longer trunk), than a Caucasian. So for the same height, different races have different lung volumes (lung sizes). African Americans have 10% less TLC than Caucasians for the same height, and Hispanics about 10% more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ishlt.org/ContentDocuments/2012JulLinks_Spotlight.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ishlt.org/ContentDocuments/2012JulLinks_Spotlight.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T07:02:25.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5624" CreationDate="2016-04-25T08:04:17.537" Score="1" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I moved from India to Riyadh, because the change in water my hair started becoming gray.  Is there any remedy for graying hair due to water change?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: my age is 26 and am sure that this problem is not related with my age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3526" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T02:01:25.620" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T02:01:25.620" Title="Hair graying due to water change" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;&lt;chlorine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5629" CreationDate="2016-04-25T11:19:37.197" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I have headaches. I've heard that they're caused by the pressure of veins in my brain (not anything more). I found out that if I cool my forehead or eyelids with water, the pain stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I actually healing the cause or just cloaking the symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It does not hurry, I'm just interested ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:33:40.573" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:33:40.573" Title="How does forehead cooling affect me?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;&lt;cold-compress&gt;&lt;forehead&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5619" CreationDate="2016-04-25T14:44:28.273" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Treatment: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Natural dye: You may not want to use a chemical dye as this will just damage your hair worse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Get-Chlorine-Out-of-Your-Hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trying to wash out chlorine buildup&lt;/a&gt;. Which will not completely reverse the gray hair, but will help heal the hair and keep it healthy. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/188346-how-to-repair-chlorine-damaged-hair/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trimming hair ends.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chlorine and sun can cause split ends, which definitely add to a&#xA;  damaged look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use good hair products to encourage healthy hair and use prevention when around chlorine to prevent extra damage. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no complete reversal treatment, because of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.desalinatedwater.info/chlorine-study.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;amount of damage&lt;/a&gt; it does:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reaction of melanin pigments with chlorine results in change of&#xA;  hair from natural colour (blond to black) to straw colour of keratin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chlorine removes natural oils covering hair resulting in loss of hair&#xA;  shine and flexibility, as well as making them more susceptible to&#xA;  mechanical damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hair probably became gray due to the chlorine in the water or other chemicals. Other factors such as diet, stress and etc can cause graying hair, but because you mentioned the water being the reason I focused on that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://womenshair.about.com/od/healthyhairmaintenance/a/How-Will-Chlorine-Effect-My-Hair.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Risk factors for graying hair in chlorine exposed water is:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Previously damaged hair&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chemically lightened hair(whitened)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dry hair, thin or fine hair &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Permed or relaxed hair&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These hair types can get damaged faster and already in a way damaged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.swimoutlet.com/guides/how-to-remove-chlorine-from-your-hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevention:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wearing a swimming cap to cover your hair&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wetting your hair before entering the pool and rinsing and washing well after with a good shampoo and conditioner to protect hair. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T14:44:28.273" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4043" CreationDate="2016-04-25T16:45:26.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had back pain (mid to upper) as well as related pain issues for a few years now. I &lt;em&gt;cannot&lt;/em&gt; sleep without some sort of lumbar support any more, and I have a pillow I use every night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I previously used to roll up a small-ish towel and place it directly under my back for lumbar support, I did this for several years. I have since moved on to pillows dedicated to this use case (NOT affiliate links):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00L8C290S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Lumbar-Support-Pillow-Sleeping-Sitting/dp/B00L8C290S&lt;/a&gt; – a bit small, but this is my primary lumbar support while sleeping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B001AFDAX8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/Carex-Health-Brands-P10700-Pillow/dp/B001AFDAX8&lt;/a&gt; – too big for lumbar support, but I use this for under my legs or neck from time to time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what has helped me, but of course, YMMV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3529" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T16:45:26.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:06:58.567" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had back pain, and related body pain, for the 7-8 years. I have seen a number of doctors and specialists, and have not been able to find any remedy or even treatment that relieves my pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My pain is as follows,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;constant mid to upper back pain (lower back generally fine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sharp pains in my chest, hurts to apply pressure to my sternum (no shortness of breath)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pain is worst when sleeping – sleeping on my back is best, sleeping on stomach or side is impossible. This pain will last for the following day at least. I &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/5625/3529&quot;&gt;use some special pillows&lt;/a&gt; with moderate success.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sharp/shooting pains in my hips and knee that come and go (predominantly right side)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried the following over the past few years,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seen several chiropractors, general practitioners, and a spinal surgeon for his opinion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;several x-rays of back/chest (nothing conclusive)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;several MRIs of back (nothing conclusive)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;been prescribed some medications to manage pain (and seen a physiatrist), none have been effective&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have ended up in ER once when hip pain prevented me from walking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have taken serious strides to work on posture&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;physical exercise (biking, running, weight training), including core strength workouts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About me,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am a 28 year old male, 6' 2&quot; tall, 200 lbs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I work on a computer, however use a standing desk for the majority of the day (to combat the pain and work on posture, however it hasn't really helped over sitting).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I live in NYC, walk everywhere, and am fairly active (somewhat regular exercise, recreational sports).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what should I try next? I am open to any treatment or lifestyle change that will help. I am not interested in taking medication regularly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize back pain causes and treatments are difficult to pinpoint, and everyone is different. I appreciate anyone that has any insight on where I can go from here!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3529" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:27:35.837" Title="Ongoing mid/upper back pain causes and treatments" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-11T06:26:50.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5617" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:33:47.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possibly due to your blood pressure. High blood pressure can cause ineffective blood perfusion which could be the cause of your cold hands and feets. The meditation/relaxing could be lowering your blood pressure and therefore increasing blood perfusion throughout the tissues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6136158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Complaints of cold extremities among patients on antihypertensive treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is concluded that cold hands and feet are common among&#xA;  hypertensive patients and may be aggravated by treatment with not only&#xA;  beta-blockers but also diuretics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while the above article talks about hypertensive patients, it was just a example of how high blood pressure can affect your extremities temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/cold-feet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anxiety and Cold feet:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This can occur via the fight-flight mechanism. Which overall means less blood flow to feet and hands. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anxiety also causes blood to flow into your heart and trunk muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anxiety also can lead to faster breathing and hyperventilation.&#xA;  Hyperventilation causes blood vessels to constrict, which slows down&#xA;  blood flow dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sweating is designed to cool down your body so that you don't overheat&#xA;  when you run away. Unfortunately, since there is no danger, you simply&#xA;  start to sweat, and your feet are often the area that sweat a great&#xA;  deal and are prone to feeling cold more than other areas of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:33:47.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5626" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:48:38.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, I can provide only a very limited answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pain in your chest possibly arises from the joints between the sternum and the cartilages of the ribs. The condition is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20024454&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;costochondritis&lt;/a&gt;. There are no blood or imaging tests to confirm it, so a doctor can make diagnosis solely from a physical examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've said you can lie on the back. By lying on the side or stomach, you are applying more pressure to the rib cage and this slightly changes the angles between the sternum and ribs and causes pain, which further speaks for my hypothesis about costochondritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I by no means can say if this is what you really have but if you do, try to avoid everything what affects the movements in the joints between the sternum and ribs: running, biking and swimming (arm swinging), twisting your upper body, weight lifting, carrying or lifting heavy objects, carrying a backpack and sleeping positions that cause you pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walking should be fine. For chest pain, sitting might be better than standing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:48:38.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5622" CreationDate="2016-04-25T17:57:38.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are possibly reducing some of the causes of the symptoms, but for numerous reasons and maybe a secondary diagnosis the headaches themselves may return. Head cooling is a typical treatment for headaches and migraines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/in-depth/migraines/art-20047242&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Migraines- Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ice packs have a&#xA;  numbing effect, which may dull the sensation of pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heat works as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hot packs and  heating pads can relax tense muscles. Warm showers or baths may have a&#xA;  similar effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.excedrin.com/migraines/treatment/ice-pack-for-migraines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How it works possibly:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is thought that cold constricts the blood vessels (a process known&#xA;  as vasoconstriction), possibly creating decreased downstream blood&#xA;  flow and lessening the pain you may feed. A cold pack may also reduce&#xA;  edema (swelling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The potential neurologic effects of cold therapy on migraine may be&#xA;  rooted in the fact that the cold inhibits your ability to feel the&#xA;  pain, a process called analgesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So applying cold is not just masking the symptoms, but may also be working at the root of the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T17:57:38.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-25T18:41:40.773" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of RCT studies have shown that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections are not more efficient than autologous blood injections to treat a tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Krogh, T., E. M. Bartels, T. Ellingsen, K. Stengaard-Pedersen, R. Buchbinder, U. Fredberg, H. Bliddal, and R. Christensen. &quot;OP0072 Comparative effectiveness of injection therapies in lateral epicondylitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.&quot; Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, no. Suppl 3 (2013): 77-78. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=Comparative+effectiveness+of+injection+therapies+in+lateral+epicondylitis%3A+a+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;as_sdt=1%2C22&amp;amp;as_sdtp=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; reports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sl803.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sl803.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could explain that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections are not more efficient than Autologous Blood injections to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that because Autologous Blood injections already maxed out the potential benefit of growth-factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-25T18:41:40.773" Title="What could explain that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections are not more efficient than Autologous Blood injections to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;prp&gt;&lt;autologous-blood-inject&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-26T04:34:29.690" Score="4" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a patient, say, Steve. Steve is 19 years old, and began experiencing signs of myopia at 10 or so. He spent years wearing glasses on and off, and progressed to a -1.5 prescription (with a difference of roughly 0.5 between the two eyes) by age 17. Then, his myopia progression began to accelerate. Within six months, he had a -2.0 prescription (averaged across the two, still 0.5 difference). By age 18, he had a -3.0 prescription; by age 19, a -4.0 prescription. Obvious resources discuss rapid-progression myopia, but not its causes. What would cause such rapid change?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sample Background Information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both his parents have low-level myopia (-1.5 to -2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Siblings have low-level myopia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:27:24.580" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:27:24.580" Title="Causes of rapidly-progressing myopia" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-10-04T21:36:00.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7346" CreationDate="2016-04-26T16:54:42.283" Score="5" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I  recently found out that my 8yo daughter has dyslexia. When I found out, I wasn't surprised. I never considered it, but then suddenly everything made sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She writes almost all numbers backwards. She struggles reading words like &lt;code&gt;the, them, as, in, on etc&lt;/code&gt;. But will read a word she has never seen before like &lt;code&gt;dinosaur&lt;/code&gt; easily. And she will remember it, and have no problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It pains me when I see her get truly frustrated trying to read simple words. The school gave me a coloured binder divider to put over the book but it doesn't seem to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that every dyslexic condition can be different. You have to find the best way for you child's brain to learn. But I don't really know what this means with regards to the reading frustration. She has always been a bright girl, and her 2yo sister is even brighter, so I worry this condition is going to stump my daughters mental development if I don't find a way around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3535" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:31:53.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:31:53.770" Title="How to help my dyslexic daughter to not get frustrated while reading" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;&lt;dyslexia-dyslexic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5611" CreationDate="2016-04-26T21:19:11.077" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and yes.  Sensodyne contains &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fluoridealert.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fluoride&lt;/a&gt; (which is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=fluoride%20neurotoxin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;neurotoxin&lt;/a&gt;; such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic).&amp;nbsp; Therefore, I would say yes, it is bad to swallow this toothpaste, leave any reside on your teeth, or even to use it at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning other health effects; I consider that ingesting only food is a critical step toward optimum health. &amp;nbsp;If the toothpaste were composed of things resembling food, such as hydrogen peroxide and baking soda, then toxicity would be of nil concern. &amp;nbsp;You could also use plain hydrogen peroxide and omit the baking soda.  I use only straight 3% hydrogen peroxide. &amp;nbsp;It seemed rather strong the first many times I brushed with it, leaving many small and mostly painless white spots on my tongue and gums, but now it seems largely comparable to plain water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3536" LastActivityDate="2016-04-26T21:19:11.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T00:58:46.607" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read many claims from individuals that adding o-rings in mechanical keyboards alleviate RSI. The reasoning is that it allows shock absorption, which minimizes finger fatigue (e.g., according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00AZQ2OF8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this product's description&lt;/a&gt;) and strain on the wrists and forearms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific study confirming or infirming the claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T00:58:46.607" Title="Can adding o-rings in mechanical keyboards alleviate RSI?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T07:35:15.423" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently sprained my ankle causing impressive/alarming swelling.  Dispite the swelling it was not significantly painful i.e I could bear weight with out problem and had reasonable movement without pain.  The &quot;standard&quot; approach seemed to suggest immediate treatment with ice.  My wife pratices Tranditional Chinese Medicine and suggested that massage would be more effective in place of ice and I ran with that.  With just a few minutes of massage the swelling reduced DRAMATICALLY - from really bloated alarmingly swollen to just swollen. I have never seen a reduction in swelling of this magnitude with ice.  The injury took a long time to heal completely but was not a massive discomfort.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ive subsequently looked around the web and ice (in the context or RICE) is the most recommended treatment for swelling with some advice clearly stating DONT massage.  In my particular experience the massage was impressive in its effect.  What gives?  I come from a science background and have swung around from a view of Traditional Chinese Medicine as hocuspocus to being a well constructed extreemly detailed take on treatment and prevention.  It has survived thousands of years and continues to be used because it gets results (sometimes where other approaches have failed).  Why if massage appeared so effective in my case is it not more widely recommended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3540" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:31:31.343" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:31:31.343" Title="Ice vs Massage for swelling" Tags="&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;massage&gt;&lt;sprain-strain-twist&gt;&lt;weight-bearing-activity&gt;&lt;masseuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5640" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5666" CreationDate="2016-04-27T07:44:20.963" Score="2" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning to eat fish daily,  because I love fish. If I eat like that do I have any chance of developing health issues ? &lt;br&gt;Any suggestions are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3541" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T14:53:47.720" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T14:53:47.720" Title="Can I eat fish everyday or alternate day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T12:17:19.280" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since three or four years ago, I started feeling sudden chest pains around once or twice a month. These pains can be relieved when I stretch my ribs left and right that can remove the pain. Am I facing a heart related disease, or are the pains something to do with the ribs? I am a non smoker with no family history of heart diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3544" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T23:57:09.323" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T23:57:09.323" Title="Sudden and sharp chest pains" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-04-28T03:57:41.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4043" CreationDate="2016-04-27T12:50:37.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's worth mentioning, that the mattress you use should fit your sleeping position - as well as your cushion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way you sleep (back, side, belly) influences the need for individual support or softness in the different areas of your body.&#xA;For example, people (esp. women) who sleep on their stomach and use a mattress that is too soft in the belly region, often experience backpain, because the lower back is in a hyper-lordothic position (sorry if the term is not correct, I'm not a native-speaker - I think hollow-back is also a word for it). Also those people shouldn't use a cushion, that is too high for the same reason.&#xA;So every sleeping position has special problems and individual needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your sleep is not relaxing, it impairs your quality of life. If you already experience pain, your body signals you to change something. As a physical therapist I'd recommend you to get informed in a local store, that sells mattresses and maybe is into health and fitness stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore you can start doing sports like yoga, pilates, muscle training (core stability) to further improve your health and prevent increasing pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3545" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T12:50:37.553" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5643" CreationDate="2016-04-27T13:24:59.330" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pain that is relieved by &quot;stretching your ribs&quot; does not likely arise from the heart, lungs, stomach or other internal organs, but very likely from the chest muscles or possibly from joints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chest muscles can become tense and painful due to anxiety, poor posture or excessive exercise. if you recognize any muscle knots that are tender to touch, you may want to think about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/myofascial-pain-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;myofascial pain syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Costochondritis causes pain along the breastbone that is aggravated by exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/multimedia/tender-points/img-20007586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fibromyalgia&lt;/a&gt;, you would have tender points in typical symmetrical locations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know if you have arthritis, you would need to have blood tests and some imaging investigation, like MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart pain from narrowed coronary arteries (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/SymptomsDiagnosisofHeartAttack/Angina-Pectoris-Stable-Angina_UCM_437515_Article.jsp#.VyC7s_l97IU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;angina pectoris&lt;/a&gt;) typically lasts less then 5 minutes and is triggered by exercise or stress and relieved by rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain due to inflammation of the lung membranes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pleurisy/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pleurisy&lt;/a&gt;) is triggered by deep breathing and coughing and is not relieved by stretching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lung cancer rarely causes chest pain, and if it does it is not likely relived by stretching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shingles affect a spinal nerve and cause constant pain that is later (days/weeks) followed by an itch rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T13:24:59.330" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5649" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T17:18:29.573" Score="3" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried booking an appointment at short notice today and I was asked if it was an emergency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I said yes, but they disagreed and made an appointment for the following week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wanting to know what constitutes an emergency, as I always thought that if there is an emergency you should go to A&amp;amp;E. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="620" LastActivityDate="2017-06-11T17:15:30.493" Title="What constitutes an emergency doctor's appointment" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T17:21:20.560" Score="0" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed on every gaming channel no one is wearing glasses and thats bad for a eye to live i think gamers like &quot;DanTDM&quot; is playing games everyday which is very bad but i found glasses that have yellow filter but i use this app &quot;f.lux&quot; its to prevent someone to be awake and i use my PC everyday at 15:00 to 22:02 in Lithuania and it just puts a yellow filter or orange filter i think but its ment make for people that play games and it looks like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vhNDy.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vhNDy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Filter&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to do a screenshot beacuse it doesnt capture the filter but the program works like this&#xA;Heres another one:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bq47z.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bq47z.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Animated Image&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;So why gamers don't wear glasses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3546" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T03:51:51.920" Title="Why gamers dont wear glasses" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-04-28T10:34:27.133" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T18:33:58.557" Score="1" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had chronic gastritis (with a healed ulcer and 2 times erosive gastritis) for over 6 years now. I've also had 4 gastroscopy procedures. I can't find the cause of it up to this date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the causes which are listed on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastritis/basics/risk-factors/con-20021032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo clinic&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I could not find myself in any of the possible listed causes. I've been tested negative for H. pylori for 4 times (2x biopsy, stool sample, blood sample), I don't take NSAID's, I don't drink alcohol, I don't smoke, I'm not old (24 years now), I don't have autoimmune gastritis, I don't have any other illness which could cause ch.gastritis, no-one ever in my family (both sides) never had any digestive issues neither have I been under immense stress. I've also been tested for celiac (biopsy and blood) and the results were negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing that I have is that I'm worrying about diseases (hypochondriac) but I don't consider it to be an issue. I'm a social person and never had any panic attacks or any other social phobia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the last three years no matter what I  swallow I nearly always get some pain in my stomach. When I take PPI's or H2 blockers I feel fantastic but I want to abandon medications for good. Gastroenterologist keeps saying that this is due to my anxiety since there is no H. pylori but this just blows my mind...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be something that they've missed (maybe H. pylori hiding somewhere even if 4 tests were done previously). Could it be some specific food ingredient which is causing such damage or anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:48:01.477" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:48:01.477" Title="Can longterm anxiety (fear of disease-nosemaphobia) cause chronic gastritis" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;hypochondria&gt;&lt;proton-pump-inhibitors&gt;&lt;nosemaphobia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2016-06-02T19:45:40.920" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-27T21:05:40.790" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is specific to standard 837 medical claims forms. As far as I know, when coding for newborns, the newborn baby gets its own 837 claims form (and does not go on the mothers 837). I'm wondering if there are any linking identifiers between mother and newborn. In other words, a mother comes into a hospital and has a baby. She will get an 837 for pregnancy services and her baby will get its own 837. Is there any way to reliably link the baby to the mother?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1611" LastActivityDate="2016-04-27T21:05:40.790" Title="Medical 837 claims linking mother to newborn" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5650" CreationDate="2016-04-28T03:51:51.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Continuous watching of monitor causes eye dryness that's because we force our eyes no to blink each and every 6-7 secs but to some maximum time we keep it open that causes pain in eyes and red devil look.&#xA;Gamer glass act as a blue filter. As blue is a color which signal our brain that sun isn't set even after sunset this in turn reduces the secretion of melatonin(sleep hormone).&#xA;Gamers have intense passion and accuracy to achieve the target and to win the game they need to watch the screen properly (my experience in Counter Strike).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3551" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T03:51:51.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15091" CreationDate="2016-04-28T12:48:25.487" Score="4" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C is an essential nutrient and a powerful antioxidant. While many sorts of fresh fruit and vegetables are a great source of this vitamin, it is sensitive to heat and might &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Food_preparation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;decompose during cooking&lt;/a&gt;. Supplements are often acidic and might irritate the stomach or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Common_side-effects&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cause indigestion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients who have undergone a gastric and/or oesophageal surgery are, on the other hand advised to eat light, cooked food and avoid raw fruit and vegetables to avoid flatulence or upsetting the stomach. Due to their condition, vitamin C supplements would probably not be the best idea either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what would be the best way for patients who have undergone a gastric-oesophageal surgery* to ingest the recommended amounts of vitamin C, in a way that wouldn't upset their stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;*Assuming that enough time has passed that they can eat solid food, but are still advised to follow a special diet.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T08:15:57.753" Title="How to ingest vitamin C for patients after a gastric surgery?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5658" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-28T14:45:21.443" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often feel the need to pop my fingers, elbows, jaw, neck, legs, and even spots by my ribs and pelvis. What type of doctor should I see that can help me figure out what's wrong with me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3558" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:28:32.780" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:28:32.780" Title="Almost every joint pops in my body" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;elbow&gt;&lt;popping-cracking-joints&gt;&lt;pelvis-pelvic-bone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="463" CreationDate="2016-04-28T15:33:46.353" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;em&gt;there is &lt;strong&gt;no best long-term sitting&lt;/strong&gt; posture&lt;/em&gt;. If there is any, &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;take care of posture&lt;/strong&gt; (I'd risk to say &lt;strong&gt;upright&lt;/strong&gt; is best)&lt;/em&gt;, and move every certain amount of time in the chair and/or around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm for positive responses so let me elaborate a bit more. All cautious considerations, as &lt;code&gt;kenorb&lt;/code&gt; properly states, are ok. However, even if some of those considerations attend to the actual question, which was &lt;em&gt;what should I DO when sitting?&lt;/em&gt; (notice the question was not pointed so much as to what NOT doing). What follows is an intent to give further argumentation in how to achieve the goal of sitting in a way that can take care of good posture in general, how and mostly why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather move around once in a while, and shift between different subtle positions. When you are sitting for long, you don't want to atrofiate your muscles, nor your posture. Hence several considerations: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check the post &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.stackexchange.com/questions/124/why-is-sitting-for-long-periods-unhealthy?rq=1&quot;&gt;sitting is the new smoking&lt;/a&gt;, and the main answer: &lt;em&gt;The solution is simple. Move.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider that &lt;strong&gt;what you need to take care of&lt;/strong&gt; when sitting &lt;strong&gt;is your whole body/organism&lt;/strong&gt;, and not just a part.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When sitting backwards you can alleviate your lower back for a while, but doing so as a norm can weaken that area as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remember that the human posture, standing or sitting or moving, has a certain balance. We have anterior and posterior muscles surrounding our body to make this balance possible. This is why I would infer that if one has &lt;em&gt;bad posture&lt;/em&gt; (not necesarily back problems) along the day...reclining can be more easy going. But in the same coin, in the long run this may not favor good posture and a distributed and balanced muscle development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study you mention says that &lt;em&gt;the 135-degree posture, suggesting less strain is placed on the spinal disks&lt;/em&gt;. Of course this may be true, but to conclude from that that it'd be best to not sit at 90º is rather far fetched. I figure in some way that the article suggests that maximum relaxation can always be best. But in reality: (&lt;em&gt;if we assume not to be jello floating in a liquid environment&lt;/em&gt;) &lt;strong&gt;we do need a certain amount of tension&lt;/strong&gt; to function properly. Remember the fat moveless couch potatoes from the movie &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910970/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wall-E&lt;/a&gt; that underdevelop muscles and even bone-structure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Again, the reference you take mentions volunteers with &lt;em&gt;healthy backs&lt;/em&gt;, this ussualy means that they'd have no problems in that area, but I'd argue that not many people reach a full healthy posture in a broader sense.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;See what kind of chair you have available. Some may favor a certain way of sitting or several.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyconsciousdesign.com/uploads/interview_galen_cranz_portland.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Galen Cranz's been researching &lt;strong&gt;chairs&lt;/strong&gt;: here interview and book reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since many people don't only sit, but also are &lt;em&gt;in front of a pc&lt;/em&gt; let me add:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you can use a keyboard near your lap, this can be better than having it a higher level. I find the latter to thrust your elbows, shoulders, upper-back and neck upwards.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider, like apple co-creator Oz Wozniak did: &lt;a href=&quot;https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/310958/93818&quot;&gt;Dvorak&lt;/a&gt;'s effort and resulting keyboard configuration. The main aim there is not for speed but for comfort, and avoiding carpal tunnel syndrome. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3552" LastEditorUserId="3552" LastEditDate="2017-05-19T03:46:58.853" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T03:46:58.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-28T15:34:25.050" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what keyboard put the least strain on the epicondyles (elbow tendons). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exist many keyboards that advertise themselves as being ergonomic, but often fail to provide more details as to which tendon overuse do they prevent, and rarely give any point out to independent, scientific evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am aware that speech recognition software are great for many situations)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are &lt;a href=&quot;https://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=54680.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;some examples of ergonomic keyboards&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specific Keyboards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kinesis Advantage (Cherry Brown/Red))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maltron (Cherry Black)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ergodox (Cherry) &lt;a href=&quot;http://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=22780.msg428504#msg428504&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Truly Ergonomic (Cherry)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;µTron (Topre)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Goldtouch (Rubber Dome)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kinesis Freestyle (Rubber Dome)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MS Ergo/Sculpt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=54858.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Keyboards in Development&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ergoduck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Matias Ergo Pro (Alps)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keyboard.IO&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CombiMouse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nexus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extinct Keyboards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataHand&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Datahand (Optical/Magnetic)&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rzFqEqzhmA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IBM M15 (Buckling Spring)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cherry MX5000 (Cherry Brown/Black)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kinesis Evolution (Alps)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-04-28T15:40:17.627" LastActivityDate="2016-04-28T15:40:17.627" Title="What keyboard put the least strain on the epicondyles (elbow tendons)?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-28T22:54:23.800" Score="5" ViewCount="2301" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the different causes of a heart attack if the heart does not have any blocked arteries? My father had a minor heart attack and when they scanned his heart to check for blockages there were none to be found. The doctor's said normally they wouldn't expect someone with a heart like his to have a heart attack but haven't given any explanation as to why  it may have happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3560" LastActivityDate="2016-05-31T05:28:21.837" Title="Causes of a heart attack without any blocked arteries" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5658" CreationDate="2016-04-29T01:02:05.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people simply have &quot;looser&quot; joints throughout their body due to less elastic connective tissue (and other causes), a condition called benign joint hypermobility. It sometimes manifests itself as a pervasive vague joint discomfort or dull soreness which may be temporarily relieved by popping or stretching the joint. The joints may also pop spontaneously such as when turning your neck or twisting your torso. In and of itself, this does not necessarily mean there is anything wrong with you as long as you're not having frequent pain, spasms, swelling, or instability of the joints. Sometimes people get so used to popping their joints to relieve that discomfort that they almost get &quot;addicted&quot; to it, doing it multiple times a day, which can actually start to cause inflammation in the joints. Once they limit how often they are popping their joints the worsening discomfort usually subsides, possibly aided by a short course of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicine (e.g., naproxen or ibuprofen.) If you are having worse symptoms than that, it may be a different condition that does warrant being checked out by a physician. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do decide to get it checked out, you should probably start by seeing your primary care provider (typically a family practice or internal medicine physician, if you don't have an established medical provider.) They can evaluate your full medical history and decide if any testing, treatment, or referrals are needed. Ultimately, the medical specialist you &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; need to see is a rheumatologist. They diagnose and treat conditions which tend to affect multiple joints and connective tissues throughout the body, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the joint hypermobility, this link contained some useful information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/hypermobile-joints#Overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/hypermobile-joints#Overview1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One further thought about joint hypermobility is that strengthening the muscles around the bothersome joints can make up for the joint capsule and ligament laxity and stabilize the joints, thereby lessening the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="3561" LastEditDate="2016-04-29T01:24:23.527" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T01:24:23.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5664" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5667" CreationDate="2016-04-29T09:20:18.853" Score="5" ViewCount="7920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have chronic stomach discomfort especially after eating. Why does even little exercise relief my stomach discomfort? I also suffer from IBS, does this mean that the gas inside the stomach goes away while exercising or is it something else that helps the relief. Likewise, my GERD get's better but only after intense workout...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T19:17:37.180" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T19:17:37.180" Title="Why does exercise relief stomach pain/bloating" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10251" CreationDate="2016-04-29T11:58:03.057" Score="9" ViewCount="854" Body="&lt;p&gt;By this I mean, is it possible or advisable to change my rhythm so that I wake up on Monday morning, sleep Tuesday afternoon (I'm awake for over 24 hours) and then sleep for over 16 hours till the Wednesday morning. Can we alter our body clock this way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3566" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T10:23:36.323" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T07:40:47.387" Title="Human Circadian Rythym, can we live a 36 hour day, or for that matter, a 48 hour day?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5640" CreationDate="2016-04-29T14:49:48.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/is-it-okay-to-eat-fish-every-day/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is it okay to eat fish every day?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, there are few big risk to your health compared to eating beef or some unhealthy meat everyday. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676848&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Omega 3 fatty acids could be good for heart health&lt;/a&gt;. It lowers triglycerides and total cholesterol. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some large fish such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139210/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tuna, shark and mackerel may have mercury&lt;/a&gt; in them &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients at greatest risk of developing MeHg poisoning are those who&#xA;  eat fish often and who prefer higher-mercury seafood varieties such as&#xA;  swordfish or tuna&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are heart and other health benefits shown from eating it a couple times a week, but the same benefits can be gotten from daily consumption. But not more if you eat more. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So your biggest health concerns:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mercury: Your increasing your risk of exposure. Mercury has shown to be bad for brain health and etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Omega 3 fatty acids: can be good for your health &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Caregiver/Replenish/WhatisaServing/What-is-a-Serving_UCM_301838_Article.jsp#mainContent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fish portioning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T14:49:48.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5664" CreationDate="2016-04-29T16:20:10.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/gas-and-bloating/get-active-to-beat-bloating/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exercise helps move the gas out of your body:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the study found that walking helped move food through the stomach much&#xA;  more quickly. When the stomach empties faster, gas is able to move&#xA;  more quickly into your small intestine and cause less distress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Simply lying down often provides relief from bloating,&quot; Palmer says.&#xA;  &quot;But the thing about gas and bloating is that when you lie down, gas&#xA;  is less likely to be able to pass out of the body. You might feel&#xA;  better, but you’re actually trapping more gas.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the posture of exercise(walking, bending) could be why it offers relief, as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10583850&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of physical exercise on parameters of gastrointestinal function.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While exercise can be a cause to aggravate heartburn, walking after dinner can be beneficial for symptoms. I do not know what intense workout entails for you, however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148431&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Walking and chewing reduce postprandial acid reflux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lying down after dinner can aggravate acid reflux. So should be avoided for at least 3 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/gerd/best-exercises-to-beat-heartburn.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Exercises that promote the gastric content movement should be avoided as they can aggravate symptoms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the posture may help the GERD symptoms as lying down can causes gastric movement in the wrong direction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T16:20:10.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4450" CreationDate="2016-04-29T23:51:43.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. It is used as a gel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-607/aloe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMd.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aloe seems to be able to speed wound healing by improving blood&#xA;  circulation through the area and preventing cell death around a wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It also appears that aloe gel has properties that are harmful to&#xA;  certain types of bacteria and fungi.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025519/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ncbi.nlh.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;anti-inflammatory &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;skin soothing&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe Vera has been shown effective on scars &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257949/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-04-29T23:51:43.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-30T04:18:35.260" Score="3" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of teslas in MRI scanners vary &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_resonance_imaging&amp;amp;oldid=717757886#Procedure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;between 0.2 and 7 teslas&lt;/a&gt;, and sometimes even up to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cmrr.umn.edu/magnets/105t88.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.5 Teslas&lt;/a&gt; (Siemens MAGNETOM 10.5T) and 11.7 teslas (Siemens MAGNETOM 11.7T). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the number of teslas matter when evaluating a tendinopathy with an MRI scanner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, 7T MRI show some promising results, but I couldn't find any study focusing on tendinopathies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) seems to say that 7T MRI have some interesting potentials, but the study is quite old (2011) and focuses on the brain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This review illustrates current applications and possible future directions of 7 Tesla (7 T) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the field of brain MRI, in clinical studies as well as clinical practice. With its higher signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) compared to lower field strengths, high resolution, contrast-rich images can be obtained of diverse pathologies, like multiple sclerosis (MS), brain tumours, aging-related changes and cerebrovascular diseases. In some of these diseases, additional pathophysiological information can be gained compared to lower field strengths. Because of clear depiction of small anatomical details, and higher lesion conspicuousness, earlier diagnosis and start of treatment of brain diseases may become possible. Furthermore, additional insight into the pathogenesis of brain diseases obtained with 7 T MRI could be the basis for new treatment developments. However, imaging at high field comes with several limitations, like inhomogeneous transmit fields, a higher specific absorption rate (SAR) and, currently, extensive contraindications for patient scanning. Future studies will be aimed at assessing the advantages and disadvantages of 7 T MRI over lower field strengths in light of clinical applications, specifically the additional diagnostic and prognostic value of 7 T MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthimaging.com/topics/diagnostic-imaging/7t-mri-sharpens-its-focus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthimaging.com/topics/diagnostic-imaging/7t-mri-sharpens-its-focus&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sweet spot of 7T likely will fall in the few gaps left by its 1.5T and 3T siblings. For example, surgical planning for temporal lobe epilepsy seems to be an unmet need. “Current clinical imaging, 1.5T and 3T MRI, is pretty good at finding the most common pathology for temporal lobe epilepsy in a general way, but not at showing the exact extent of pathology,” says Thomas R. Henry, MD, a neurologist at University of Minnesota in Minneapolis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.massgeneral.org/research/researchlab.aspx?id=1438&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.massgeneral.org/research/researchlab.aspx?id=1438&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An ultra-high-field 7-tesla MRI scanner capable of detecting subtle abnormalities that are not detectable by conventional MRI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As is evidenced by the images presented&#xA;  here, unique information relevant to&#xA;  various disease processes is currently&#xA;  available at 7T. There has been some&#xA;  hesitation in the past about clinical use&#xA;  of 7T, given concerns about whether&#xA;  traditional clinical information remained&#xA;  available despite changes in contrast,&#xA;  signal inhomogeneity, SAR limitations,&#xA;  etc. Here we demonstrate for a neuroimaging&#xA;  protocol that, with appropriate RF&#xA;  coils, pulse sequence modifications, and&#xA;  imaging protocol optimizations, 7T scanners&#xA;  may be used without losing most&#xA;  of the key clinical information content&#xA;  present in traditional imaging protocols&#xA;  at lower field strengths. This means that&#xA;  unique information of new clinical value&#xA;  may now be accessed without sacrificing&#xA;  routine clinical information. After a&#xA;  period of exploratory development, a&#xA;  portfolio of robust commercially-avalaible coils is now available for 7T use.&#xA;  Availability of self-shielded 7T scanner&#xA;  designs should facilitate incorporation&#xA;  into hospital settings, and ongoing work&#xA;  on 7T body imaging should continue&#xA;  to expand the list of indications for 7T&#xA;  imaging.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In summary, the tool of 7T MRI has been&#xA;  carefully tuned over the past several&#xA;  years. And increasingly, when we are&#xA;  asked the question ‘When will 7 Tesla&#xA;  scanners be ready for clinical use?’ we&#xA;  may finally respond: ‘Bring on the&#xA;  patients!’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthcare.siemens.com/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/groups/public/@global/@imaging/@mri/documents/download/mdaw/mjq0/~edisp/mri-magnetom-7t-product_brochure-00277270.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mri-magnetom-7t-product_brochure-00277270.pdf&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sNf3C.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sNf3C.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) is also quite old (2007):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High-field (3T) and ultra-high-field (UHF, 7T and above) systems are increasingly being used to explore potential musculoskeletal applications because they provide a high intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), potentially higher resolution (spatial and temporal), and improved contrast. However, imaging at 7T and above presents certain challenges, such as homogeneous radiofrequency (RF) coil design, increased chemical shift artifacts, susceptibility artifacts, RF energy deposition, and changes in relaxation times compared to more typical clinical scanners (1.5 and 3T). Despite these issues, MRI at 7T likely will provide some excellent opportunities for high-resolution morphologic imaging and forays into functional imaging of musculoskeletal systems. In this review we address some of these issues and also demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring high-resolution in vivo images of the musculoskeletal system in healthy human volunteers at 7.0T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4) does mention the usefulness of high teslas for tendon analysis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MRI of tendons and ligaments benefits from high spatial resolution. Stronger magnetic fields lead to higher signal-to-noise ratios and improvements in image resolution; f&lt;strong&gt;or this reason, 3-T MRI may be more sensitive than 1.5 T for detection of partial thickness tears&lt;/strong&gt; [26]. Alternatively, higher resolution may be achieved by using a local surface coil [27]. Imaging with shorter echo times improves sensitivity to tendon changes, although this may come at the expense of specificity [28,29]. T2 weighted images are helpful for identifying fluid signal in tendon or ligament tears (Figure 5) as well as for demonstrating changes in the surrounding tissues [30]. If the orientation of a tendon changes over its course, magic angle effects may be problematic; it may therefore be helpful to acquire images with a sufficiently long echo time to avoid these artefacts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) van der Kolk, Anja G., Jeroen Hendrikse, Jaco JM Zwanenburg, Fredy Visser, and Peter R. Luijten. &quot;Clinical applications of 7T MRI in the brain.&quot; European journal of radiology 82, no. 5 (2013): 708-718. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8970972009157554098&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8970972009157554098&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Wiggins, Graham C., and Daniel K. Sodickson. &quot;Towards Clinical 7T MRI.&quot; Magnetom Flash 46, no. 46 (2011): 32-49. &lt;a href=&quot;http://static.healthcare.siemens.com/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/groups/public/@global/@imaging/@mri/documents/download/mday/otcy/~edisp/mri_46_sodickson-01375422.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://static.healthcare.siemens.com/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/groups/public/@global/@imaging/@mri/documents/download/mday/otcy/~edisp/mri_46_sodickson-01375422.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) Regatte, Ravinder R., and Mark E. Schweitzer. &quot;Ultra‐high‐field MRI of the musculoskeletal system at 7.0 T.&quot; Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25, no. 2 (2007): 262-269. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11557591552138022257&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11557591552138022257&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(4) Hodgson, R. J., P. J. O'Connor, and A. J. Grainger. &quot;Tendon and ligament imaging.&quot; The British journal of radiology (2014).&#xA;Harvard ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16366672343955449638&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16366672343955449638&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr/34786470&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr/34786470&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:37:36.957" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T20:37:36.957" Title="Does the number of teslas matter when evaluating a tendinopathy with an MRI scanner?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-30T06:57:22.783" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a few contradictionos things about carbonic acid. Some statements say its a histamin liberator (thus produces histamin), while others say the exact opposite. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I would like to know if carbonic acid should be avoided when one is histamin intolerant or not (thus if its a histamin liberator,... or not)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3568" LastActivityDate="2016-04-30T06:57:22.783" Title="Is it true that carbonic acid should be avoided when one is histamin intolerant?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5011" CreationDate="2016-04-30T12:04:56.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Phones can interfere with pacemakers, but usually the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health-news/smartphones-can-occasionally-interfere-with-pacemakers-062315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;effects are rare&lt;/a&gt; and can be avoided. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Carsten Lennerz, study lead author and cardiology resident in the&#xA;  Clinic for Heart and Circulatory Diseases at Munich’s German Heart&#xA;  Centre, said that pacemakers in rare instances can mistakenly detect&#xA;  electromagnetic interference from mobile phones. The devices can then&#xA;  interpret the interference as a cardiac signal, causing them to&#xA;  briefly stop working. This can sometimes result in the patient&#xA;  fainting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116311.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fda.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Radiofrequency energy (RF) from cell phones can interact with some&#xA;  electronic devices. This type of interference is called&#xA;  electromagnetic interference (EMI). For this reason, FDA helped&#xA;  develop a detailed test method to measure EMI of implanted cardiac&#xA;  pacemakers and defibrillators from cell phones. This test method is&#xA;  now part of a standard sponsored by the Association for the&#xA;  Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). This standard will&#xA;  allow manufacturers to ensure that cardiac pacemakers and&#xA;  defibrillators are safe from cell phone EMI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If EMI were to occur it could cauae:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stopping the pacemaker from delivering the stimulating pulses that&#xA;  regulate the heart's rhythm Causing the pacemaker to deliver the&#xA;  pulses irregularly Causing the pacemaker to ignore the heart's own&#xA;  rhythm and deliver pulses at a fixed rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But based on current research, cell phones would not seem to pose a&#xA;  significant health problem for the vast majority of pacemaker wearers.&#xA;  Still, people with pacemakers may want to take some simple precautions&#xA;  to be sure that their cell phones don't cause a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effects of mobile phones on pacemaker function&lt;/a&gt;: study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study just says that phones effect pacemakers, but once you take the phone away the pacemaker is fine once again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/PreventionTreatmentofArrhythmia/Devices-that-may-Interfere-with-Pacemakers_UCM_302013_Article.jsp#mainContent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;heart.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phones available in the US(less than 3 watts) don't appear to affect pacemaker function. However, new phones using new frequencies may make pacemakers unreliable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MedicineNet.com&lt;/a&gt;: mentions a study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of important note, the pacemaker interference by the cellular phones&#xA;  was only found to be significant when the phones were held over the&#xA;  pacemakers-not when placed in the normal listening position over the&#xA;  ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health-news/smartphones-can-occasionally-interfere-with-pacemakers-062315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/726466&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Third-Generation Mobile Phones (UMTS) do not Interfere with Permanent Implanted Pacemakers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T19:27:49.947" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T19:27:49.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-04-30T19:36:52.540" Score="9" ViewCount="1778" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are so many &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/weighing-your-toothpaste-options&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;variations&lt;/a&gt; available in the market to choose from as far as toothpaste brands and categories are concerned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should you go for tartar control? Fluoride? or Both? And don't forget to think about whitening toothpastes or formulas with all-natural and Herbal ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/weighing-your-toothpaste-options?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; says following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With so many options and combinations available, you can try different&#xA;  brands, varieties, and flavors to find the best toothpaste for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What will happen if someone tries new and different brand of toothpastes, say after every month?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it is better to stick to only a specific brand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="322" LastEditorUserId="322" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T05:37:08.753" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:32.780" Title="Is Changing Toothpaste brand harmful for teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5661" CreationDate="2016-05-01T04:24:48.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://secondscount.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions&lt;/a&gt; has an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.secondscount.org/heart-condition-centers/info-detail-2/types-of-heart-attacks#.VyWAgXoQauo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;excellent summary&lt;/a&gt; of the types of heart attacks on their web site. As you can see, the first type, STEMI, is generally due to blockages, but the other types are due only to partial blockages or no blockage at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He probably suffered one of the types of events other than a STEMI heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;STEMI Heart Attacks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a serious&#xA;  form of heart attack in which a coronary artery is completely blocked&#xA;  and a large part of the heart muscle is unable to receive blood. “ST&#xA;  segment elevation” refers to a pattern that shows up on an&#xA;  electrocardiogram (EKG).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This type of heart attack requires immediate, emergency&#xA;  revascularization which restores blood flow through the artery. This&#xA;  revascularization is achieved either with drugs in the form of&#xA;  thrombolytics (clot busters), which are given intravenously, or&#xA;  mechanically with angioplasty – a treatment using thin, flexible tubes&#xA;  called catheters to open the closed artery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These catheters are positioned at the beginning of the coronary&#xA;  arteries (the arteries of the heart), and contrast dye is injected&#xA;  through them to enable the interventional cardiologist to gather&#xA;  images of any blockage in the coronary arteries. Very thin wires&#xA;  (guidewires) are then advanced beyond the blockage and the clot is&#xA;  sucked out and/or a small balloon is opened to push the blockage out&#xA;  of the way. A stent– a metal, mesh tube – is often inserted at the&#xA;  same time to permanently prop the cleared artery open to allow blood&#xA;  to flow through. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NSTEMI Heart Attacks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of&#xA;  heart attack that does not show a change in the ST segment elevation&#xA;  on an electrocardiogram and that results in less damage to the&#xA;  patient’s heart. However, these patients will test positively for a&#xA;  protein called troponin in their blood that is released from the heart&#xA;  muscle when it is damaged. In NSTEMI heart attacks, it is likely that&#xA;  any coronary artery blockages are partial or temporary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Treatment for an NSTEMI heart attack consists of medication and&#xA;  evaluation for whether a blockage is present that should be treated&#xA;  with medication only, cleared through angioplasty or treated with&#xA;  cardiac bypass graft surgery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coronary Artery Spasm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A coronary artery spasm is when the artery wall tightens and blood&#xA;  flow through the artery is restricted – potentially leading to chest&#xA;  pain, or blood flow is cut off all together – causing a heart attack.&#xA;  Coronary artery spasm comes and goes. Because there may not be a&#xA;  build-up of plaque or a blood clot in the artery, a coronary artery&#xA;  spasm may not be discovered by an imaging test called an angiogram&#xA;  that is typically performed to check arteries for blockages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Treatment for a coronary artery spasm consists of medications such as&#xA;  nitrates and calcium channel blockers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Demand Ischemia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Demand ischemia is another type of heart attack for which blockages in&#xA;  the arteries may not be present. It occurs when a patient’s heart&#xA;  needs more oxygen than is available in the body’s supply. It may occur&#xA;  in patients with infection, anemia, or tachyarrhythmias (abnormally&#xA;  fast heart rates). Blood tests will show the presence of enzymes that&#xA;  indicate damage to the heart muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T04:24:48.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T08:19:55.677" Score="3" ViewCount="1085" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was at a party and despite my gastritis symptoms I decided to have a couple of drinks. I drank 1.2l (5.US customary cups). At first (after one or two cups) I felt pain and bloating, but after continuing, I felt extreme relief like I've never had any stomach issues in my life! I could play sports all day that day and didn't get any discomfort while doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain what happened here, shouldn't I have more pain after drinking more alcohol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T19:19:00.650" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T19:19:00.650" Title="Do higher amounts of alcohol (beer) help gastritis?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5651" CreationDate="2016-05-01T14:55:27.420" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer may be hard to swallow, but the knowledge has helped others, including my wife. You can be sensitive to gluten and still test negative for celiac disease.  There is a wealth of knowledge here to start your search.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/non-celiac-gluten-sensitivity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/non-celiac-gluten-sensitivity/&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Be prepared to eliminate foods (even ones marked as &quot;gluten free&quot; in many cases).   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news, if you are sensitive to glutens, you can still over come the symptoms but it will take a change in diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3576" LastActivityDate="2016-05-01T14:55:27.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-01T21:08:14.243" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I read, tendon overuse sometimes evolves into a tendinitis and sometimes it evolves into a tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinitis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Individual variation in frequency and severity of tendinitis will vary depending on the type, frequency and severity of exercise or use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinosis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The general opinion is that tennis elbow tendinosis is due to tendon overuse, and failed healing of the tendon. In addition, the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle plays a key role.[4][5]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[4] du Toit, C; Stieler, M; Saunders, R; Bisset, L; Vicenzino, B (2008). &quot;Diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasound in patients&#xA;  with chronic tennis elbow&quot;. British Journal of Sports Medicine 42&#xA;  (11): 572–576. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.043901. ISSN 0306-3674.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[5] Nirschl RP, Ashman ES (2004). &quot;Tennis elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis)&quot;. Instr Course Lect 53: 587–98. PMID 15116648.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How comes the same cause leads to two different injuries? What factors come into play?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The incidence of tendinitis seems to be much lower than the incidence of tendinosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://therxreview.com/really-tendonitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://therxreview.com/really-tendonitis/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cases of tendonitis are actually very rare and pain goes away completely in several days to six weeks with simple treatments such as taking Advil (Ibuprofen) or Alleve (Naproxen). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/drryan13.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/drryan13.htm&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendonitis is actually very rare; the tendon is more likely to have a condition known as tendonosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-01T21:16:10.353" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T02:37:21.960" Title="Why does tendon overuse sometimes evolve into a tendinitis and sometimes evolve into a tendinosis?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T00:26:59.273" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of desktop computer keyboards have around 4 mm of key travel distance, which is about twice longer than the key travel distance on most laptops (and flat keyboards a.k.a. thin keyboards a.k.a. low-profile keyboards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does reducing the key travel distance in a keyboard always help prevent computer users from getting repetitive strain injuries (RSI)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-02T00:26:59.273" Title="Does reducing the key travel distance in a keyboard help prevent computer users from getting repetitive strain injuries (RSI)?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T18:02:27.497" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've obviously googled, but I was curious if anyone with actual medical knowledge has seen any studies linking elevated dietary sources of phenylalanine and Hyperaldosteronism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3588" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:26:33.493" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:26:33.493" Title="Link between phenylalanine and Hyperaldosteronism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-02T19:07:21.713" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;How widely can glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values fluctuate and can they ever improve? How much &quot;error&quot; might one expect in the value if sampled quarterly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3590" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:14:49.190" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T15:14:49.190" Title="Can GFR be improved in patients with kidney failure?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;renal&gt;&lt;glomerular-filtration-grf&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-03T02:43:01.860" Score="3" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a 9-month-old who has been sensitive to cow's milk in mom's diet for much of her life. Mom stopped consuming dairy around 2 months, and we've tried reintroducing it a couple times with poor results (say, 1 biscuit with maybe 1 tsp of milk caused problems). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're now about 3 weeks into another reintroduction, which is going much better (YAY!). Mom's had primarily baked goods and cheese (not much, a slice or two on a sandwich every couple days). So it's obviously not causing issues like before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm of the opinion that it's a fairly binary problem - either the milk proteins cause problems or they don't. Mom thinks it's more quantity-related, like mild lactose intolerance, where if our daughter gets too many milk proteins it will bother her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research to back either one of us up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T02:43:01.860" Title="Is dairy sensitivity in infants related to quantity?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-03T02:48:43.437" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I frequently lay on my stomach in bed to watch my TV. Because of this, my head is usually held &quot;backwards&quot;. Lately this has been causing pounding, migraine-like tension headaches stemming from serious neck muscle pain. I'm looking for two solutions:&#xA;1.) Is there a quick way to relieve this? I'm trying 3-4x200mg ibuprofen and hot compresses from a microwaveable heat pack filled with some kind of straw. I also just tried adding a 200mg caffeine pill as well, as I read that can quicken the effects of the ibuprofen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) Can anyone with working knowledge of the musculoskeletal system suggest a less physically demanding way to handle this activity? I've tried laying on my side, but that usually stresses one side or the other on my neck (either too many or too few pillows, I'm 6'4&quot; with broad shoulders), and I can't seem to find a comfortable way to lay on my stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm very concerned the effect that either the high ibuprofen dosage or painful laying position could have on my long term health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3594" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T02:48:43.437" Title="Suboccipital Muscle Strain Migraine Solutions" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-03T07:39:20.337" Score="4" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently had an operation in the perianal area leaving me with a seton stitch (open wound) indefinitely. I was told to avoid the sea due to potential infection. I am wondering whether using hydrophobic material swimwear reduces the chances of bacteria in water coming in contact with the incision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3270" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:50:27.210" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:50:27.210" Title="Do hydrophobic materials keep bacteria away from open after surgery wounds?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;incision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="582" CreationDate="2016-05-03T11:57:16.633" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;YES, your sleeping position can directly affect your health. While the best sleeping posture is generally considered to be sleeping on your back with your arms by your sides and it’s good for your neck, too, as long as you don’t use too many pillows. It observe that back sleepers tend to snore more than those in any other position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&#xA;Maria Bertinelli&#xA;Senior Associate at Asonor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3410" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T11:57:16.633" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-03T14:09:30.037" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most important things to look out for concerning regular sitting in front of a desktop computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, I don't know what's important and what I should prioritize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What chair should I choose? How much does it matter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it true that actively stabilizing one's posture, as opposed to using back-rests, arm-rests, or similar is healthier once you got used to it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How important is it to get up frequently; how often should I?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there important tricks or routines I should apply to improve posture/health or encourage movement while sitting?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the first few points to know that make the biggest difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before tagging this as a duplicate, please note that it is not about a single posture or chair type, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/463&quot;&gt;this question on a single best posture&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/811&quot;&gt;this one on exercise balls&lt;/a&gt;. My question isn't this narrow. If a great method were something like switching chair type halfway through the day, or to do a certain exercise every now and then, it would still be a valid answer.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be happy if answers include scientific evidence, or hints on how to search for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3599" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:25:24.927" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:25:24.927" Title="Healthy sitting while doing computer work" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;&lt;office&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5519" CreationDate="2016-05-03T17:53:55.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there aren't many details on your situation, this is a shot in the dark, but I guess the question is broad enough that there's no single best answer anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that unhealthy eating is often influenced by at least one of two things: a lack of variety in food or unconsciously (or only semi-consciously) following bad routines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase the time it takes you to reach food that you know you are eating in excess. During the time it takes you to reach it, reflect upon your choice, reconsider, and only continue if you can think of no better option. &lt;em&gt;Conversely, have a variety of healthy low-energy food always available and easier to reach than any high-energy food.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When eating, especially when overeating, be in the moment and pay attention on the effects and how you feel afterward. Are you maybe only focusing on the immediate taste, and not giving your body the attention it needs to remember what is good and bad in the longer run? Or is there maybe something in the food that you really need, but could get elsewhere? &lt;em&gt;For example, I've been eating sweet chocolate in huge amounts until I got to know a certain type of 85% black chocolate. Eating one or two pieces of this hugely reduces my craving for other chocolate, usually for the rest of the day. I guess it wasn't the excessive sugar that my body really wanted!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase the variety of food and the amount of vegetables you eat as much as possible. Additionally, try vitamin supplements. You don't want to get hungry from lacking some specific ingredient/mineral/vitamin. Also, pay attention to what &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; you're craving to eat, and what is the best choice to get it. The availability of groceries inversely correlates with obesity, strongly enough that government programs tried to push grocery stores into poorer neighborhoods mainly for this reason. You can eat quite a lot of (pure) vegetables before it's any issue for weight, and maybe you'll find the ones your body was really looking for.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to self-control, it seems that awareness is a much better tool than willpower. Willpower is limited; you can only force yourself to do so much. But with a deeply ingrained experience of what is good for you and what isn't, it's unlikely that you'll have some craving to overdo it time and again. That's why it can help to do things consciously and to try many different options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not literally food, note that drinking may also be an important factor. Drinking tap water (or pure bottled water if tap water is contaminated with anything in your area) is an important difference; if you're usually drinking anything with significant sugar/energy in it, or in fact anything that's not effectively water, I'd recommend to switch to water in a similar way to the food change: always have a glass of water at the ready; if you choose to drink something else, make sure you take time to get it and drink it consciously every time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;While I've never been overweight, I've applied changes similar to the above because of other health reasons, and I'm quite happy with the result.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3599" LastActivityDate="2016-05-03T17:53:55.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5706" CreationDate="2016-05-03T21:46:14.127" Score="3" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;To designate a device that performs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is the proper term MR scanner or MR&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt; scanner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T17:05:24.747" Title="MR scanner versus MRI scanner" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="668" CreationDate="2016-05-04T09:25:29.547" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beachbody.com/beachbodyblog/fitness/ask-the-expert-why-do-you-gain-weight-when-you-start-working-out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Beachbody&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Odds are that it’s not fat, but rather temporary water weight due to inflammation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you work out your body undergoes a process called adaption where you cause microtears which heal and make your muscles stronger. As your body heals you it releases substances&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;inflammatory mediators that swarm the area and perform triage, bringing in healing white blood cells and opening up blood vessels to flush out debris and toxins. There’s so much going on that the area swells up, or inflames.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's normal and only temporary, you should notice a change in a few weeks if you stick with it :). Keep eating right and getting enough rest and your body will adapt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another less-likely reason you’re gaining weight is that you’re&#xA;  building muscle faster than you’re shedding fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also fine, just be patient and you should see results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still worried I reccommend using a food tracker like myFitnessPal to make sure you are intaking the right amount of calories and a good ratio of fats, proteins and carbohydrate. Sometimes you may think you are eating really healthily but the reality is that you are not striking as good a balance as you thought. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3606" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T09:25:29.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5709" CreationDate="2016-05-04T15:09:21.433" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient is a 30-year-old male who seems healthy but with a history of tendon injuries. He is a software engineer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What stretches are worth doing, and at which frequency (e.g., daily or weekly)? The main goal of such stretches would be to prevent tendon injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient has no concern in particular, and cost is not an issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:22:24.300" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:22:24.300" Title="What stretches are worth doing for a healthy 30-year-old male to prevent tendon injuries?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;young-adults&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-04T18:15:31.433" Score="1" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone had this happen where the dentist put it back in? He told me he would see whether my body rejects it or not and than he would do a root canal and put a crown. What are the chances my body rejects this? (I kept the tooth in milk by the way until I went to the dentists) he have me some steroids and some growth stimulants to help with healing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T18:15:31.433" Title="My front tooth fell out after a fall, dentist put it back in...?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5700" CreationDate="2016-05-04T19:40:01.380" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no consistency within the industry on the terminology. For example, GE calls them &lt;a href=&quot;http://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/Products/Categories/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging&quot;&gt;MR systems&lt;/a&gt;, Philips calls them both &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC781341/ingenia-15t-mr-system&quot;&gt;MR system and MRI system&lt;/a&gt;, Toshiba calls them both &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical.toshiba.com/products/magnetic-resonance/vantage-titan-3t/&quot;&gt;MRI system&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical.toshiba.com/download/mr-br-vantage-titan-3t&quot;&gt;MR system&lt;/a&gt;, and Siemens calls them &lt;a href=&quot;http://usa.healthcare.siemens.com/magnetic-resonance-imaging&quot;&gt;MRI scanners&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-05-04T19:40:01.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-04T20:09:23.503" Score="2" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a liver spot o my left hand about the size of a dime for many years, at least 10 and more likely 20. A few weeks ago it started to change appearance, at first appearing to turn a darker shade of brown with a scabby texture, with a slight reddish-tinged border. I saw my GP and have been referred to a specialist, apt in July. A size measurement was taken, and I was instructed not to worry before July unless the spot starts growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However since then it has completely scabbed over and peeled off. The residual spot is the same size and shape as the original but much paler, almost my natural skin tone. Can anyone explain this? I was expecting these spots to start getting darker and more prominent, not lighter and less prominent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3610" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:24:49.533" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:24:49.533" Title="Do &quot;liver spots&quot; ever scab up and peel off" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;scab&gt;&lt;shape-form-pattern&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10387" CreationDate="2016-05-04T21:17:14.837" Score="2" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is maybe a weird question but let me try to explain it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once healthy food (vegetables, fruits, healthy oil's etc.) reaches the stomach the acids kick's in to break the food further. Is the stomach acid combined with healthy food the same as stomach acid combined with unhealthy food? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The endpoint is that I'm trying to find out will stomach acid combined with healthy food make less damage to the esophagus than the stomach acid combined with unhealthy food or is stomach acid just stomach acid no matter which type of food  it interacts with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:24:48.660" Title="Is stomach acid from healthy food different from unhealthy food?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5703" CreationDate="2016-05-04T23:10:34.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the purpose is to prevent tendon injuries, then stretching is not really an effective solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440%2815%2900080-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article took a look at&lt;/a&gt; nearly 2000 articles in Embase and PubMed, and distilled down to 10 representative studies, none of which found that stretching was an effective method for preventing injuries. (On a side note, I have done previous searches on trying to find proof that stretching prevents muscle injury as well, and come up dry).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They did note a couple of items that did show improvement, namely shoe insoles and hormone therapy related to better outcomes for Achilles susceptibility, and they also noted that prophylactic stretching and training could actually increase the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are looking to prevent tendon injuries in an asymptomatic person, stretching is probably not the path you want to pursue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-05-05T15:14:59.017" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T15:14:59.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-04T23:30:48.033" Score="6" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does hemodialysis take so many hours because the dialyser is inefficient (in other words, every time blood passes through the dialyser only a small fraction of the waste is removed) or because there are about 5 Liters of blood in the body and it takes a while for it to go through the machine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3611" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:44:20.693" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T05:30:38.130" Title="Why does hemodialysis need to done for so many hours?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5519" CreationDate="2016-05-05T03:55:00.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is just a short answer as most suggestions have been covered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try a diet such as ketogenic diet. It has been approved by scientists and health care workers last time I checked. You may get into it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one is a no brainer: try substituting unhealthy snacks for fruits and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't have lots of unhealthy foods in house. If you can't fight the urge to go to shop, only buy single items and not 5 chocolates, even if it works out much cheaper to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3613" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T03:55:00.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T04:02:11.983" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading about 5 journals on the disease, I noticed they all mention that HS sufferers are usually overweight. They also say that losing weight could mitigate the effects of the disease. I have not found any experimental data recording the condition before and after weight loss for a particular group, so my understanding is that the conclusion was drawn from the fact that many sufferers are overweight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how can this conclusion be empirically deduced from the observation that many HS sufferers are overweight? Could it not be that they are overweight due to the discomfort of exercise due to the condition? Or even due to eating because they're depressed (chronic depression is a known co-morbidity)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3613" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:53:06.413" LastActivityDate="2017-04-06T03:05:00.313" Title="Are patients with hidradenitis suppurativa overweight due to the disease itself?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;&lt;emotional-eating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3448" CreationDate="2016-05-05T15:56:25.813" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sleep irregularity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In children, values for lower sleep duration were found to be strongly associated with increased metabolic risk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although obese children did not display radically different total weekly sleep durations, compared with their normal-weight counterparts, analyses of SV throughout the week revealed that obese children were less likely to experience “catch-up” sleep on weekends and the combination of shorter sleep duration and more-variable sleep patterns was associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/2/e345&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Sleep Duration, Sleep Regularity, Body Weight, and Metabolic Homeostasis in School-aged Children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adequate sleep each day is noted to be very important for learning and memory.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the view of many researchers, evidence suggests that various sleep stages are involved in the consolidation of different types of memories and that being sleep deprived reduces one’s ability to learn. Although open questions (and debate) remain, the overall evidence suggests that adequate sleep each day is very important for learning and memory. &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Sleep, Learning, and Memory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Several sleep hygiene practices are recommended &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/getting/overcoming/tips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to regulate one's sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; Adults are recommended to sleep at least for seven hours per night on a regular basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sleeping less than 7 hours per night on a regular basis is associated with adverse health outcomes, including weight gain and obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and stroke, depression, and increased risk of&#xA;  death. Sleeping less than 7 hours per night is also associated with impaired immune function, increased pain, impaired performance, increased errors, and greater risk of accidents. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/resources/pdf/pressroom/Adult-sleep-duration-consensus.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1784" LastActivityDate="2016-05-05T15:56:25.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T19:14:49.533" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a Male late twenties living in the tropics. Over the past couple of years I get very bad constipation during the cold season. Drinking more water / fibre doesn't seem to help much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the relationship between the weather and constipation. Exactly what is it about the cold that triggers constipation ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3620" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:10:08.877" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T18:32:27.337" Title="Constipation during cold weather" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T21:09:37.920" Score="4" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;After 3 years of acid reflux I started to get chronic chest pain from it. Every-time I feel some acid in my esophagus the chest pain comes in very quickly. Why am I not just feeling the burning sensation but also the pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pain slightly improves once I stretch and do some light exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPI's (Proton pump inhibitors) improve the pain dramatically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I take PPI's reguraly the pain goes away 100%. It seems that the acid backing up in my esophagus just irritates the lining so much it hurts as hell, not to mention that I have a damage already. I guess I'll have to stick with PPI's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-02-25T07:30:35.280" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T07:30:35.280" Title="Why exactly does acid reflux or GERD cause chest pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-04T00:52:33.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-05T23:59:27.700" Score="1" ViewCount="1757" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been shown (1, 2) that tennis elbows (epicondylitis) mostly affect the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB). Why does it mostly affect this muscle, and rarely the other muscles attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt from (1):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In lateral tennis elbow, the tissue most commonly involved,&#xA;  based on the experience of the senior author, is the origin of the &lt;strong&gt;ECRB (100% of the&#xA;  time)&lt;/strong&gt;, the anterior edge of the &lt;strong&gt;EDC (50% of the time)&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;occasionally the&#xA;  underside of the extensor carpi radialis longus&lt;/strong&gt;. Radiographic identification of bony&#xA;  exostosis of the lateral epicondyle occurs in 20% of cases, but has no significance&#xA;  regarding indications for tendon surgery per se. If, however, the exostosis is&#xA;  prominent, or tender to palpation, removal of the exostosis is recommended as&#xA;  adjunctive treatment at the time of surgery. In this instance it should be noted that&#xA;  the majority of the lateral epicondyle and the origin of the extensor aponeurosis is&#xA;  not resected, only the exostosis. &#xA;  &lt;BR/&gt;&lt;BR/&gt; […]&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;&#xA;  The senior author’s experience with the described surgical techniques now&#xA;  exceeds 1300 cases (1000 lateral and 300 medial).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(EDC = extensor digitorum communis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some images to locate the different extensors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the The Body Almanac (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2003):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gEj1i.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gEj1i.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ittcs.wordpress.com/2010/11/20/notes-on-anatomy-and-physiology-one-big-tendon/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ittcs.wordpress.com/2010/11/20/notes-on-anatomy-and-physiology-one-big-tendon/&lt;/a&gt; , based on Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Foundations for Rehabilitation, Second Edition, 2010, Donald A. Neumann, Mosby Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-323-03989-5:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VoUEL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VoUEL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/sports-medicine/news/print/orthopedics-today/%7B643324be-cef3-4b2f-9338-0eb15386bad3%7D/most-cases-of-lateral-tennis-elbow-respond-well-to-conservative-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/sports-medicine/news/print/orthopedics-today/%7B643324be-cef3-4b2f-9338-0eb15386bad3%7D/most-cases-of-lateral-tennis-elbow-respond-well-to-conservative-treatment&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YmoqE.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YmoqE.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Nirschl, Robert P., and Edward S. Ashman. &quot;Elbow tendinopathy: tennis elbow.&quot; Clinics in sports medicine 22, no. 4 (2003): 813-836. &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0278-5919(03)00051-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0278-5919(03)00051-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Nirschl, Robert P., and F. A. Pettrone. &quot;Tennis elbow. The surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis.&quot; J Bone Joint Surg Am 61, no. 6 (1979): 832-839. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11438798368108972699&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=11438798368108972699&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:20:07.280" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:20:07.280" Title="Why do tennis elbow (epicondylitis) mostly affect the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;hyperplasia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5715" CreationDate="2016-05-06T02:31:31.937" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best theory relating the two things I've seen is that HS is caused by high GI, Carb or dairy diet which also can cause obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sores form mostly where there's friction of skin and being overweight can exacerbate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3625" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T02:31:31.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-06T06:55:02.513" Score="1" ViewCount="1174" Body="&lt;p&gt;About two weeks ago, I had a (minor) accident which thankfully did not result in any major damage to my bones or my joints, but which did leave me with a rather large wound near and below my elbow. It was after 9 days that the dark brown scab covering it fell off, some two days after a liberal dabbing of Soframycin (framycetin sulphate).Though the region looks and also feels infinitely healthier, the skin where the scab once was has turned pink and in some places is even almost reddish. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have three questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is the pink pigmentation any cause for alarm or is it natural in skin after scabs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is the colour going to return to normal naturally or I get it treated (if there is a treatment) by a dermatologist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Is there any cream/lotion/other medication that could encourage and/or speed up the process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have shown the pink patch of skin to my closest friend, and upon his advice, I apply palm oil to it twice each day. Is that a good idea or should I discontinue it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3626" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:21:53.277" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:21:53.277" Title="How long will it take for pink skin after the falling of the scab to return to normal colouration?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;scab&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3346" CreationDate="2016-05-06T10:51:38.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reading is better for dark text on light background than for light text on dark background.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We investigated the underlying mechanism by assessing pupil size and proofreading performance when reading positive and negative polarity texts. In particular, we tested the display luminance hypothesis which postulates that the typically greater brightness of positive compared to negative polarity displays leads to smaller pupil sizes and, hence, a sharper retinal image and better perception of detail. Indeed, pupil sizes were smaller and proofreading performance was better with positive than with negative polarity displays. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25135324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Smaller pupil size and better proofreading performance with positive than with negative polarity displays&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher brightness of light background displays is said to lead to an improved detail understanding.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The findings are in line with the assumption that the typically higher luminance of positive polarity displays leads to an improved perception of detail. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25141597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source: Positive display polarity is particularly advantageous for small character sizes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1784" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T10:51:38.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5731" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5732" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T15:08:59.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5734" CreationDate="2016-05-06T16:36:51.940" Score="2" ViewCount="46911" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a male and I am considering to get one of my nipples pierced. I swim regularly (4-5 times a week) in a swimming pool and I was wondering if there is any problem with swimming during the healing period of the piercing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible or should it be avoided? In case it is possible, should any special precautions be taken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I haven't still decided if I am going to get the piercing or not, that's the reason why I haven't still asked a professional about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2309" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:11:56.040" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:11:56.040" Title="Is it safe to swim during the healing period of a nipple piercing?" Tags="&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;nipples&gt;&lt;body-piercings&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5733" CreationDate="2016-05-06T20:00:45.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=aXDSJdZ8KbkC&amp;amp;pg=PA554&amp;amp;lpg=PA554&amp;amp;dq=8%20to.12%20month%20healing%20for%20nipple%20piercing&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=A-XaEJak9L&amp;amp;sig=ZDQ_6-JmlJZeXUUIDc7Quyn-V7w&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwj2pvOzuc3MAhUKLyYKHZUdCygQ6AEIOjAJ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=8%20to.12%20month%20healing%20for%20nipple%20piercing&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this link 6 to 12 months healing are for a nipple piercing, but some can take as long as 18 months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalearpiercing.com/faqs/#toggle-id-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Definitely avoid it.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chlorine and the bacteria in unchlorinated waters may both irritate&#xA;  your newly pierced ears. It is therefore recommended that you wait 2-3&#xA;  weeks after your piercing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while that is about ear piercings, nipple and ear piercings both break skin integrity and so present the to risk of infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2297.aspx?CategoryID=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nhs.UK&lt;/a&gt; any water including lakes and hot tubs can cause harm. Harm including massive life threatening infections that can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994836/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;death or disability&lt;/a&gt;. And states: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You should avoid swimming for at least 24 hours after having a&#xA;  piercing, and ideally until it has healed properly. While it's still&#xA;  healing, it's important to keep the piercing dry as there's a risk of&#xA;  infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While, nipple healing times are defintely not the same as ear or tongue piercings probably I would consult on that and possible bandages to wear if you decide to swim during the healing time. But you should seek the council of a professional and for go swimming, it is better to be safe than sorry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T16:54:17.000" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T16:54:17.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-06T22:08:21.007" Score="2" ViewCount="777" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many studies have shown that tendinopathies often come with neovascularization in the injured area. Does neovascularization help or hinder healing in a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://inside.akronchildrens.org/2013/10/16/causes-symptoms-and-treatments-for-tennis-elbow/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://inside.akronchildrens.org/2013/10/16/causes-symptoms-and-treatments-for-tennis-elbow/&lt;/a&gt;, it sounds like neovascularization help heal a tendinopathy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HORNER: We call it tennis elbow. What do you call it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DR. CONGENI: You want the medical term? It’s called tendinopathy or&#xA;  tendinosis. It means now it’s not just tendinitis anymore. If you&#xA;  looked under a microscope at your tendon, instead of being a nice&#xA;  shock-absorbing tendon tissue, it’s got all this junkie scar tissue as&#xA;  the body tries to heal this overload injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HORNER: Once you have it, do you always have it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DR. CONGENI: No. The good news about it is there’s this thing called neovascularization, and what that means is new blood vessels go into the area and repair the tendon. It repairs itself, but it takes a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, (1) hypothesized that eccentric exercises are effective to heal a tendinopathy as they reduce the neovascularization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Öhberg, Lars, and Håkan Alfredson. &quot;Effects on neovascularisation behind the good results with eccentric training in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinosis?.&quot; Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 12, no. 5 (2004): 465-470.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12045385379743078652&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12045385379743078652&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The occurrence of a neovascularisation in the area with&#xA;  tendon changes, demonstrated with colour Doppler examination&#xA;  simultaneously with ultrasonography, has been&#xA;  shown to possibly be correlated with pain in chronic midportion&#xA;  Achilles tendinosis[13]. In that study, it was demonstrated&#xA;  that passive dorsiflexion of the ankle stopped&#xA;  the flow in these vessels (area with neo-vascularisation)&#xA;  (Fig. 1a, b)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a recent pilot study on patients with chronic midportion&#xA;  Achilles tendinosis, sclerosing the area with neovascularisation&#xA;  outside the ventral part of the tendon cured&#xA;  the pain in the majority of patients [14]. The results of this&#xA;  study indicate that the area with neovascularisation (neovessels&#xA;  and accompanying nerves) might be the source of&#xA;  pain in the chronic stage of this condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Four patients (four tendons) did not wanted to participate&#xA;  in the follow-up.&#xA;  At follow-up after treatment (mean 28 months, range&#xA;  3–48), there was a good clinical result (no tendon pain&#xA;  during loading) in 36/41 tendons, and a poor result in 5/41&#xA;  tendons.&#xA;  In 34/36 tendons with a good clinical result of treatment&#xA;  there was an ultrasonographically more normal tendon&#xA;  structure, and in 32/36 tendons there was no remaining&#xA;  neovascularisation (Fig. 2a, b). In 4/36 tendons with a&#xA;  good clinical result from treatment a minor neovascularisation&#xA;  remained, and in 2/36 tendons there were remaining&#xA;  structural abnormalities. In 5/5 tendons with a poor&#xA;  clinical result there was a remaining neovascularisation in&#xA;  the tendon, and in 2/5 tendons there were remaining structural&#xA;  abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results from the current study indicate that there&#xA;  might be something in the eccentric training regimen that&#xA;  affects the area with neovascularisation. It is difficult to&#xA;  explain exactly how the eccentric exercises have influence&#xA;  on the area with neovessels, but using dynamic ultrasound&#xA;  and colour Doppler examination we have demonstrated&#xA;  that during the heel-drop the flow in the neovessels&#xA;  is stopped, whilst in the resting position there is flow&#xA;  again (Fig. 1a, b). Theoretically, if the flow is stopped 180&#xA;  times/day (the eccentric program consists of 180 repetitions/&#xA;  day), this might, directly or indirectly, hurt the neovessels&#xA;  and accompanying nerves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andres, Brett M., and George AC Murrell. &quot;Treatment of tendinopathy: what works, what does not, and what is on the horizon.&quot; Clinical orthopaedics and related research 466, no. 7 (2008): 1539-1554. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7561813467505274045&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7561813467505274045&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; are inconclusive when talking about sclerotherapy (= injecting a chemical into a blood&#xA;vessel, which results in sclerosis of that vessel):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sclerotherapy involves injecting a chemical into a blood&#xA;  vessel, which results in sclerosis of that vessel. Polidocanol&#xA;  was used as the sclerosing agent in all of the studies.&#xA;  Polidocanol is not FDA-approved although other sclerosing&#xA;  agents are. The rationale behind using sclerotherapy in&#xA;  tendinopathy is based on the finding that there is a proliferation&#xA;  of small blood vessels in areas of tendinopathy.&#xA;  Nerve fibers appear to travel in close proximity to these&#xA;  areas of neovascularization [24, 95, 97]. It is possible these&#xA;  nerve fibers are the pain generators in tendinopathy. In&#xA;  theory, injecting a sclerosing agent into the areas of&#xA;  neovascularization could not only sclerose the vessels, but&#xA;  also may eradicate the pain-generating nerve fibers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;BR/&gt; […]&lt;BR/&gt;&lt;BR/&gt;Although polidocanol injections appear to provide&#xA;  pain relief, it is unclear what role they may play in&#xA;  tendon healing in tendinopathy. Intuitively, one would&#xA;  think sclerosing the neovessels of a damaged tendon&#xA;  would be detrimental to tendon healing and could possibly&#xA;  even cause more damage. Polidocanol injections do&#xA;  appear safe, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T06:02:11.567" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T06:02:11.567" Title="Does neovascularization help or hinder healing in a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5722" CreationDate="2016-05-06T22:14:42.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A symptom of GERD is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heartburn/basics/symptoms/con-20019545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;heartburn&lt;/a&gt;  which is characterized by burning pain in chest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart Burn is usually chronic in GERD and can include: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/diagnose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Burning in the throat -- or hot, sour, acidic or salty-tasting fluid&#xA;  at the back of the throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heartburn &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/understanding-gerd-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't always occur&lt;/a&gt; in GERD as a symptom immediately, but can develop after a time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise(moderate, vigorous can aggravate it) can help reduce GERD symptoms and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000381.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PPI's&lt;/a&gt; decrease stomach acid produced.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/features/heartburn-concern&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What is happening:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is a symptom of&#xA;  gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). It can occur when acid or other&#xA;  contents from your stomach &quot;back up&quot; into the esophagus. That’s the&#xA;  tube food passes through going from your mouth to your stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The problem stems from a muscle that may be weak or may relax at&#xA;  inappropriate times. It’s called the lower esophageal sphincter or&#xA;  LES, and it’s located between your stomach and your esophagus. If it&#xA;  doesn't close quickly enough, it can’t prevent the acid backwash. That&#xA;  results in heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-06T22:14:42.900" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5739" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-07T11:46:30.907" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays its considered good advice to inform people whom are tempting to lose weight to avoid high Glycaemic index (GI) foods as these cause the Insulin hormone to be produced at greater amounts and stall weight loss, and promote weight gain, which isn't something people want, or need for a healthier life style, unless your attempting to build muscle mass and strength then sometimes these spikes may be desirable at certain times of the day... pretty common knowledge nowadays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really sounds straight forward until you dive deeper and start to consider all the variables, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oats rolled have lower GI than Instant Oats &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oats have a lower GI when mixed with milk than water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other variables to be taken into consideration is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fibre, fat and other nutritions can lower GI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cooked and processed foods can make the GI higher.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixing foods with others foods can either lower or make the GI higher.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even the size of the portion can effect the GI.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, its clear that GI is very complex and you need to consider all the factors, generally balancing high GI with low GI will offset the total GI, but what isn't clear is how they calculate this all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, I'm looking for the formulas to be able to work out the true GI myself, Knowing the stand-alone GI is pretty useless for most people eating proper meals and not snacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do you calculate GI when mixing food? for example oats with milk vs water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the GI portion size also calculated? this may already be on the site, please link&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the GI calculated for foods that are raw, or cooked?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3630" LastEditorUserId="3630" LastEditDate="2016-05-07T11:52:11.170" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T11:52:11.170" Title="Formula for true Glycaemic index (GI) with varibles (mixing foods, cooking and portion size)" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-07T15:56:39.313" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tendinopathies may appear in many areas of the body, such as the rotator cuff, the Achilles tendon, the patellar ligament, the adductors of the hip, the triceps, the flexors and extensors of the elbow, and the plantar fascia (1). Do tendinopathies have the same pathogenesis regardless of where they occur in the human body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Kraushaar, Barry S., and Robert P. Nirschl. &quot;Current Concepts Review-Tendinosis of the Elbow (Tennis Elbow). Clinical Features and Findings of Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Electron Microscopy Studies*.&quot; J Bone Joint Surg Am 81, no. 2 (1999): 259-278. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3315114728031843854&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3315114728031843854&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-07T15:56:39.313" Title="Do tendinopathies have the same pathogenesis regardless of where they occur in the human body?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-07T22:58:35.270" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that after taking 1mg melatonin I tend to wake up earlier.&#xA;Is melatonin a reliable and safe way to reduce the amount of sleep you need? What's a good dose? I am a long sleeper, without any nootropics I need at least 9 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3632" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:18:23.427" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:18:23.427" Title="Melatonin to reduce the amount of sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;nootropic-smart-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-08T10:20:27.767" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently noticed that after eating certain food, I develop a minor allergic reaction in form of a small red rash or two, anywhere on my body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The allergic reaction is in my opinion very minor, developing almost mosquito-byte sized rashes. Besides being annoying visually, they do not irritate me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these dishes are a big part of my diet, and a big part of my culture in general, I do not want to give up this diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is is it possible that body will eventually get used to this diet again, stopping the rashes from appearing? Is there any research on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3637" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-05-11T15:58:14.683" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T15:58:14.683" Title="Will food allergy rashes eventually stop appearing?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;rash&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16666" CreationDate="2016-05-08T10:33:37.827" Score="6" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;Former Nobel laureates and other researchers at Harvard awarded the 2007 Ig Nobel Peace Prize to the creators of the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bomb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gay bomb&lt;/a&gt;&quot; -- a non-lethal military weapon under development intended to induce demoralizing homosexual behavior with aphrodisiacs. The Ig Nobel Peace Prize being a high profile award for a serious scientific development that makes you &quot;laugh and think&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seemed to me that, as ideas are truly a &quot;dime a dozen&quot;, they must have conducted at least some research indicating promising candidate aphrodisiacs to use as the active ingredient of this weapon (?). However, this seems to conflict with what I know about the state of R&amp;amp;D on medical aphrodisiacs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, PT-141 is the only substance that has shown any promise in increasing libido, and that's only in the case of women with depressed sexual response. I have only been able to find a few brief scattered references in to copulins / pheromones and androstenone in conjunction with the &quot;gay bomb&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know either what may have been the candidate aphrodisiacs or if there's any evidence to suggest that copulins and pheromones increase sexual desire in men?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just a matter of curiosity. If some pheromone were effective in increasing libido in men then I would've expected to see a huge market for it and perhaps big pharma creating products that combine PDE5 inhibitors like &quot;Viagra&quot; with pheromones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3636" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T08:37:12.040" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T13:52:49.280" Title="The &quot;gay bomb&quot; and medical aphrodisiacs" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;pheromones&gt;&lt;libido&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-08T16:02:50.443" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Estrogen levels ought to elevate after having sex in women and thus improve skin and hair quality. I do not find the scientific proof for this statement. Who can help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:25:54.760" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T07:25:54.760" Title="Estrogen level after sex" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-08T16:57:14.980" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read contradictory statements regarding whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease or increase swelling during the acute phase of a tendon injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/97217-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/97217-treatment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is somewhat controversial. [1, 17] Some physicians argue that the anti-inflammatory effects of NSAIDs are helpful in decreasing swelling, thereby increasing the speed of an individual's recovery. [14, 18, 19] Other authors believe that NSAID use during the acute injury phase may increase swelling by increasing the potential for bleeding via platelet inhibition. [17] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(all the cited reference are at least 13-year-old)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease or increase swelling during the acute phase of a tendon injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 Plancher KD, Halbrecht J, Lourie GM. Medial and lateral epicondylitis in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1996 Apr. 15(2):283-305. [Medline].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;14 Baskurt F, Ozcan A, Algun C. Comparison of effects of phonophoresis and iontophoresis of naproxen in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Clin Rehabil. 2003 Feb. 17(1):96-100. [Medline].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;17 Stanley KL, Weaver JE. Pharmacologic management of pain and inflammation in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 1998 Apr. 17(2):375-92. [Medline].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;18 Burnham R, Gregg R, Healy P, Steadward R. The effectiveness of topical diclofenac for lateral epicondylitis. Clin J Sport Med. 1998 Apr. 8(2):78-81. [Medline].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;19 Labelle H, Guibert R. Efficacy of diclofenac in lateral epicondylitis of the elbow also treated with immobilization. The University of Montreal Orthopaedic Research Group. Arch Fam Med. 1997 May-Jun. 6(3):257-62. [Medline].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T00:27:31.797" Title="Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease or increase swelling during the acute phase of a tendon injury?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4055" CreationDate="2016-05-08T23:31:48.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662288/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;shown here&lt;/a&gt;, a high carb, low fat diet is going to significantly reduce the chance of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease provided you get your carbs from healthy sources like e.g. whole grains, brown rice etc. Now, there are many studies that show a clear benefit to eating a low carb diet for obese people, and people who have (pre)diabetes. But here the focus is on weight loss and improved blood sugar levels, which are not relevant health indicators for people who are healthy to begin with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General arguments for a carb based low fat diet are given &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;amp;v=Z6N8CJ_Wy9c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;The evidence for benefits w.r.t cardiovascular disease is presented &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6pLRdawBw0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic point made in these more general and less rigorous arguments is that a natural diet for humans is a plat based diet, all the fats in our diets should then come from the plants we eat. Oils are refined calories with low nutritional value, they should be avoided. We are genetically adapted to live on such a diet where the calories from fats will be of the order of 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then put this to the test, study populations who live on such a diet and consider the health of the population, the fraction of the population who are obese, suffer from diabetes, heart disease etc. then what you find is that these levels are not a factor 2 lower, not a factor 10 lower, but typically more than a factor 100 lower. Take e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/5/1231.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Shaper started with the observation as a clinician in the 1950s that coronary heart disease in the African population in Uganda was almost non-existent, and this appeared to be confirmed by necropsy studies. On the other hand, coronary heart disease appeared to be a major problem in the Asian community in Ugandawith a high proportion of deaths attributed to coronary heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Though Shaper and Jones did not appear to collect detailed dietary data from individuals in the study apart from identifying vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the Asian group, they presented descriptions of dietary patterns then prevalent in African and Asian communities around Kampala. They cited reports from other studies indicating relatively low meat and fat intakes (∼16–20 g a day) in the African communities, with possibly up to 40 g fat a day in more well-to-do families. With estimated intake of 2000 calories per day, this would be ∼10–20% of total caloric intake. In contrast, though Asian communities comprised Hindus who were largely lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and Muslims who had meat, fish and poultry in their diets, it was estimated that fat and oils provided a large proportion, ∼30–40%, of total caloric intake in the Asian community, whatever the religious or dietary group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such results have been replicated in many other studies. Only a few small scale intervention studies have been done. It's obviously extremely difficult to put people on a diet that's so extremely different from what they are used to eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-05-08T23:31:48.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5841" CreationDate="2016-05-09T03:20:01.060" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that there are many studies in which it is shown that alcohol consumption has a negative/(damaging?) impact on developing brains (youths). As a 21-year-old, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is my brain still in 'development'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) If so, what negative effect, if any, will having a single beer 3-4 nights out of the week have on my brain development and my health? Will I have to suffer the consequences of these decisions as I continue through adulthood? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3640" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T23:09:00.337" Title="I'm 21. Is having a beer 3-4 times a week detrimental to my long-term health?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T03:46:36.777" Score="0" ViewCount="574" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to help tendon healing [1,3]. One common way to deliver NO is via glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) patches. In the short run, glyceryl trinitrate can cause severe headaches, skin rashes, hypertension, and more rarely bradycardia [1,2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the long-term side effects of glyceryl trinitrate patches used to treat a tendinopathy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am especially interested in the long-term impact on the tendon and its surroundings. I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References (in references 1 and 3, one of the authors, George A. C. Murrell, has a conflict of interest, as indicated in the article (1) &quot;George A. C. Murrell receives or has the potential to receive royalties from a patent on nitric oxide and&#xA;tendon healing.&quot;, and as (3) says, &quot;As the majority of the work in the area of NO in the treatment of tendinopathy has come from one group, larger multicenter trials would be useful in validating this&#xA;treatment modality.&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cG0pM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; Bokhari, Ali R., and George AC Murrell. &quot;The role of nitric oxide in tendon healing.&quot; Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 21, no. 2 (2012): 238-244. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18309170375075579531&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18309170375075579531&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical that is generated by a family of enzymes called the nitric oxide synthases (NOS). There are 3 isoforms of NOS: endothelial NOS (eNOS), brain or neuronal NOS (bNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). In experiments performed during the last 20 years, we have shown that NO is induced by all 3 isoforms of NOS after tendon injury and that NOS activity is upregulated in tendinopathy. In normal uninjured tendons, there is very little NOS activity. In injured rat and human tendons, NOS activity was found in healing fibroblasts in a temporal fashion. In animal models, competitive inhibition of NOS resulted in reduced tendon healing, whereas the addition of NO resulted in enhanced tendon healing. In cultured human cells, the addition of NO via chemical means and adenovirus transfection resulted in enhanced collagen synthesis. &lt;strong&gt;We performed 3 randomized, double-blinded clinical trials that demonstrated a significant positive beneficial effect of NO treatment on clinical symptoms and function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy, tennis elbow, and supraspinatus tendonitis. NO was delivered via glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) patches. We also conducted a 3-year prospective follow-up that demonstrated significant long-term efficacy of GTN patches in treating noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. In a 5-year prospective comparison treating lateral epicondylitis, we found no additional benefits of GTN vs placebo at 5 years&lt;/strong&gt;. The use of a new GTN patch, OrthoDerm, demonstrated no evidence for efficacy in treating chronic lateral epicondylitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cG0pM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cG0pM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zZpXY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zZpXY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zZpXY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin_(drug)&amp;amp;oldid=713221881&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin_(drug)&amp;amp;oldid=713221881&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[3] Andres, Brett M., and George AC Murrell. &quot;Treatment of tendinopathy: what works, what does not, and what is on the horizon.&quot; Clinical orthopaedics and related research 466, no. 7 (2008): 1539-1554. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7561813467505274045&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7561813467505274045&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendinopathy is a broad term encompassing painful conditions occurring in and around tendons in response to overuse. Recent basic science research suggests little or no inflammation is present in these conditions. Thus, traditional treatment modalities aimed at controlling inflammation such as corticosteroid injections and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications (NSAIDS) may not be the most effective options. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the best treatment options for tendinopathy. We evaluated the effectiveness of NSAIDS, corticosteroid injections, exercise-based physical therapy, physical therapy modalities, shock wave therapy, sclerotherapy, nitric oxide patches, surgery, growth factors, and stem cell treatment. NSAIDS and corticosteroids appear to provide pain relief in the short term, but their effectiveness in the long term has not been demonstrated. We identified inconsistent results with shock wave therapy and physical therapy modalities such as ultrasound, iontophoresis and low-level laser therapy. &lt;strong&gt;Current data support the use of eccentric strengthening protocols, sclerotherapy, and nitric oxide patches, but larger, multicenter trials are needed to confirm the early results with these treatments.&lt;/strong&gt; Preliminary work with growth factors and stem cells is promising, but further study is required in these fields. Surgery remains the last option due to the morbidity and inconsistent outcomes. The ideal treatment for tendinopathy remains unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-12T14:22:14.733" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T14:22:14.733" Title="What are the long-term side effects of glyceryl trinitrate patches used to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;patches&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T05:09:24.153" Score="5" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had bad posture (humpback) for years, and no amount of reminding myself seems to help. I'm looking into chest braces that are supposed to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=does+correct+posture+brace+work&amp;amp;oq=does+correct+posture+brace+work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;all the online reviews&lt;/a&gt; seem to come from sites trying to sell braces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we have studies showing the effectiveness of these braces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3642" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:56:31.407" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T15:09:44.273" Title="Does brace to correct posture work?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T12:02:32.310" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to determine my body fat percentage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every hospital here in Bangkok offers me the InBody method, which is based on Bio Electrical Impedance and highly sensitive to my hydration levels in the measurements. According to some, measuring my circumference will give me a reading that is of comparable accuracy and significantly cheaper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bod Pods or other systems using Air Displacement Plethysmography are nowhere to be found in Bangkok. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd much rather use Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA, previously DEXA), a technology used for bone density readings but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/bone-mineral-density-test/overview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;increasingly&lt;/a&gt; used for body composition readings. Hospitals here do have these machines, but seem unaware of this alternative use for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm wondering ... what kind of data does such a machine produce? Are they standard readouts that even a non-expert could interpret, would a physician used to InBody readings be able to interpret the results, or would it need to be someone who is used to using the DXA machines for body composition readings? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3646" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T12:34:22.770" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T08:00:39.297" Title="Interpreting DXA results myself" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T13:45:27.090" Score="3" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that magnesium helps tremendously with anxiety. However, I do get a little pain in my stomach after drinking it. Is it safe for an inflamed stomach lining to drink magnesium supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T19:19:33.250" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T19:19:33.250" Title="Is it safe to take Magnesium pills (dissolve in water) if you have Gastritis?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;dissolve&gt;&lt;gastritis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T15:02:02.550" Score="3" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had trouble sleeping for nearly 6 years now. I have had this lingering suspicion that maybe my sleep issues might have something to do with digestion but only recently confirmed it by keeping a sleep log. Every day I couldn't sleep, I ended up having a bowel movement within 2 hours. I guess there's some kind of nerve in the intestines that tells the body to wake up when it nears the exit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried eating more fiber but it kind of exacerbated the problem because it increases the frequency of bowel movements, making it more likely that I'll wake up before I've had enough sleep. (Unless I'm doing it wrong? I eat a big bowl of lentils in the morning)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to make sure that my bowel movements are well into the afternoon and not during the nighttime or morning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3652" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:00:35.013" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T11:02:43.173" Title="How to schedule bowel movements?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;defecation&gt;&lt;small-intenstines&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-09-09T07:51:21.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5792" CreationDate="2016-05-09T16:05:52.560" Score="6" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in the process of building a device that will track eye movement via a camera. To light the eye I am using an array of infrared LED's and my camera is sensitive to IR light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After using the device for several hours today (testing and the like) I have noticed a slight headache similar to eye strain but only in the eye that I have been testing with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My quesion is as my eye is constantly having a bright IR light shone in it, but I can't percieve it as it outside of my visual spectrum, are there still parts of my eye that are sensitive to this kind of light and might be strained/damaged by this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could very well just be a normal eyestrain headache (as I am sat at a computing while doing this work) but I would rather be armed with more information before I continue this work (as this product might be tested on people other than myself)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The light being sent out has a wave length of 940 nm&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3653" LastEditorUserId="3653" LastEditDate="2016-05-11T14:05:25.103" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T09:45:23.890" Title="Can non-visible light still have effect on your eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T18:37:36.987" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I search the internet for articles about the increase or decrease of cancer rates, I find ones that say that cancer rates are increasing, but this is generally due to people living longer. Obviously cancer rates increase as you get older and if you don't die from anything else cancer will eventually get you in the end. Some articles also talk about some kinds of cancer decreasing because the known causes of them are decreasing (ie. smoking -&gt; lung cancer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there are any studies out there which have looked at the change in cancer rates for specific ages or age ranges. For example, have general cancer rates increased for people in their 50s in the last few decades, worldwide, or in North America, or whatever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specific breakdowns by type of cancer and gender and region etc. is also handy but I really just want to answer the question of whether people in developed countries have an increasing or decreasing risk of getting cancer apart from the aging population factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3655" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:08:52.150" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:08:52.150" Title="Have cancer rates increased for a given age?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;middle-aged-adults&gt;&lt;young-adults&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T21:44:54.847" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone list the Laboratory Test that are prescribed in the picture?(It's for a pregnancy in week 28+1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vzIGQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vzIGQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3649" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-09T22:35:22.190" LastActivityDate="2016-05-09T22:35:22.190" Title="Lab test for Pregnancy, Not Clearly listed?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-09T22:40:36.187" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the regular passive smoking of marijuana have specific effects in addition to those of passive cigarette smoking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3657" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T02:09:18.213" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T02:09:18.213" Title="What are the effects of regularly passively smoking marijuana?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T01:36:35.727" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;My doctor has allowed me to shadow him. As an aspiring med student, I'd no doubt relish the opportunity. I've obtained his availability from the secretary (for simplicity let's say: May 15-19 and June 12-17). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I request to shadow him for all of these shifts or would that be overboard? I'm asking because I don't want to be too much of a burden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To all doctors and medical staff out there: what would be the optimal amount of time for a student to shadow you? how willing are you to take on a student?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3658" LastEditorUserId="3658" LastEditDate="2016-05-14T15:27:20.040" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T15:27:20.040" Title="Shadowing a Doctor" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T04:47:33.357" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a female 35 years old confirms pregnancy herself with urine test at home using the pregnancy test card on her 36th day of cycle. She can view two clear pink lines in that card. she confirmed it twice with her early morning first urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, can she go to doctor immediately on the 36 days and do ultrasound or should she wait 5/10 more days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3659" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:47:33.357" Title="How many days we should wait to go to doctor after pregnancy confirmation" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T04:51:06.273" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a series of randomized control trials and case studies by the same research group (1,2,3) that seem to indicate that hyperthermia helps treat tendinopathies. The hyperthermia machines they used combine a superficial cooling system and a deep-heating source with a microwave power generator at 434 MHz (to be precise, 433.92-MHz microwaves&#xA;generator with a maximum output power of 100 W). They used a ALBA Hyperthermia System (Restek&#xA;SRL, Rome, Italy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I couldn't find RCTs from other research groups confirming or infirming these results. (4) seems to show on tenocytes that were isolated from rabbit Achilles tendon that hyperthermia upregulates tenocyte catabolism and downregulates anabolism:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bz663.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bz663.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and (5) indicate that tendon hyperthermia could be a potential cause of tendon injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Giombini, A., A. Di Cesare, G. Casciello, D. Sorrenti, S. Dragoni, and P. Gabriele. &quot;Hyperthermia at 434 MHz in the treatment of overuse sport tendinopathies: a randomised controlled clinical trial.&quot; International journal of sports medicine 23, no. 3 (2002): 207-211. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8021114068092765088&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8021114068092765088&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Di Cesare, Annalisa, Arrigo Giombini, Stefano Dragoni, Luciano Agnello, Maurizio Ripani, Vincenzo Maria Saraceni, and Nicola Maffulli. &quot;Calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff. Conservative management with 434 Mhz local microwave diathermy (hyperthermia): a case study.&quot; Disability and rehabilitation 30, no. 20-22 (2008): 1578-1583. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16215083876154350362&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16215083876154350362&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/09638280701786351&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/09638280701786351&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) Giombini, Arrigo, Annalisa Di Cesare, Marc R. Safran, Riccardo Ciatti, and Nicola Maffulli. &quot;Short-term effectiveness of hyperthermia for supraspinatus tendinopathy in athletes a short-term randomized controlled study.&quot; The American journal of sports medicine 34, no. 8 (2006): 1247-1253.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12855774679211931287&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=12855774679211931287&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(4) Tashiro, Masataka, Eijiro Maeda, and Toshiro Ohashi. &quot;101 Effect Of Hyperthermia On Tenocyte Physiological Functions.&quot; British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. Suppl 2 (2014): A65-A66. &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094114.100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094114.100&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(5) Farris, Dominic James, Grant Trewartha, and Miranda Polly McGuigan. &quot;Could intra-tendinous hyperthermia during running explain chronic injury of the human Achilles tendon?.&quot; Journal of biomechanics 44, no. 5 (2011): 822-826. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929011000145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929011000145&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.12.015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.12.015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From (3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JZ7sh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JZ7sh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T04:57:36.590" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T04:57:36.590" Title="Does hyperthermia help treating a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5773" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5848" CreationDate="2016-05-10T07:23:48.910" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is straight forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to stop &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Muscle atrophy&lt;/a&gt;? Does light exercises help??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T20:24:39.290" Title="Exercises to stop Muscular Atrophy" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T12:33:44.290" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any drug/medicine which once assumed forces you to take regular doses to avoid death? In example a light version of that should be insulin (Probably I'm mistaken, but I've read that taking insulin increases insulin resistance which makes you even more dependent on the medicine to avoid the damage of sugar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not asking only for substances that causes a real addiction (urgent need to take even more doses), but substances that may cause that in a silent way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not necessary that the person makes a long use of that drug, but I prefer drugs that achieve that effect with short or minimal usage. I'm asking out of curiosity, because I've read of fictional drugs (Melange in Dune) doing that and I just know discovering that in reality many drugs have that or similar effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3660" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T19:50:25.473" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T19:50:25.473" Title="Any drug in which the withdrawal is fatal and thus requires regular consumption (after the first dose)?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T18:50:22.627" Score="1" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;What sort of exposure would be necessary or sufficient for someone to be infected?&#xA;E.g handshaking, sitting across from someone with the virus for an hour or so, etc etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3662" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:06:22.470" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:06:22.470" Title="How contagious is glandular fever?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;mononucleosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5777" CreationDate="2016-05-10T19:40:48.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Saliva is the main route of exposure, so kissing, sharing utensils, etc. should be avoided. Casual contact such as handshaking and sitting near them aren't much of a risk unless they're coughing or sneezing on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Glandular-fever/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Glandular-fever/Pages/Introduction.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This virus is found in the saliva of infected people and can be spread&#xA;  through:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;kissing – glandular fever is often referred to as the &quot;kissing    disease&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;exposure to coughs and sneezes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;sharing eating and drinking utensils, such as cups, glasses and    unwashed cutlery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EBV may be found in the saliva of someone who has had glandular fever&#xA;  for several months after their symptoms pass, and some people may&#xA;  continue to have the virus in their saliva on and off for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have EBV, it's a good idea to take steps to avoid infecting&#xA;  others while you are ill, such as not kissing other people, but&#xA;  there's no need no need to avoid all contact with others as the&#xA;  chances of passing on the infection are generally low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the virus can also be spread by other body fluids, so more intimate contact with an infected person should be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, especially saliva.&#xA;  However, EBV can also spread through blood and semen during sexual&#xA;  contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-05-10T19:49:02.450" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T19:49:02.450" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T21:31:18.480" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm hitting the gym and my instructor here tells me that there will be minimum muscle gain without protein. My problem with protein is that I get horrible acne after its use. I have used protein shakes in the past and have been dealing with acne for a long time since its use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading if there is a genuine correlation between protein and acne and have found that insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in whey is actually a causative factor for acne. IGF-1 is a growth hormone and thought to accelerate muscle growth, but also unfortunately accelerates acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a hard time eliminating the acne last time, took almost 6 months. I hope I don’t have to go through that once again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isnt there a healthy way to build muscle without any protein or such?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="881" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T00:18:04.787" Title="Body building without protein shakes" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-10T22:01:19.230" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does jumping on heels actually help to calm down pain when got hit in balls? Is there any reason for that or its just psychic illusion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3664" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T22:01:19.230" Title="Does jumping on heels help?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5779" CreationDate="2016-05-10T22:33:49.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, know that you regularly consume protein and have been all of your life. If you did not, you would be in quite terrible health.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; That being said, IGF-1 is involved in bone growth, muscle growth, connective tissue growth, motor neuron growth, and so on. It's also &lt;em&gt;produced within the body&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Your body uses it for growth and healing, and this has nothing to do with whether or not you drink protein shakes or work out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The human brain has an incredible capacity to make connections where they're not obvious; one could argue this is the source of human intelligence, but sometimes it gets these connections wrong. I'm telling you definitively that IGF-1 was not the cause of your breakout, and neither was protein. Most likely you just so happened to break out at the same time you were drinking protein shakes. Feel perfectly comfortable drinking them now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, your body relies on the amino acids in protein to rebuild itself, and &lt;em&gt;keep you alive&lt;/em&gt;. The fact that you're breathing right now means that you consume protein regularly. When you work out, you are causing tiny amounts of muscle damage, and the muscle building basically results from the body overcompensating as it heals the muscle.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; This healing relies on these amino acids, which are taken from protein as it is broken down in digestion. You can't heal (and therefore grow) muscle without protein, just as you can't live without protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moral of the story: Drink protein shakes if you like, eat plenty of meat and fish if you don't. It won't cause acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/73310-happens-dont-enough-protein-diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/73310-happens-dont-enough-protein-diet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thinksteroids.com/steroid-profiles/igf-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://thinksteroids.com/steroid-profiles/igf-1/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-05-10T22:33:49.700" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T03:47:15.160" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any studies on health effects of pipe smoking once a week or less?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's very little out there on rare pipe smokers, and as such I've been unable to find any studies along these lines for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/5915/are-there-any-studies-on-health-effects-of-rare-smoking&quot;&gt;Related question here.&lt;/a&gt; This question is different to that one, as this one is specific to pipe smokers, and that one is concerned with studies of even lower frequency of smoking.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3665" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T02:08:54.553" Title="Are there any studies on health effects of pipe smoking once a week or less?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T07:40:00.307" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does Atropine help to stop Paroxysmal Ventricular Ahrrythmias? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this be explained in context to the heart's anatomy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3666" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T09:13:21.857" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:13:21.857" Title="Why does Atropine help to stop Paroxysmal Ventricular Ahrrythmias?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T16:11:15.470" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a general rule for physical exertion, continuous, rhythmic, and controlled breathing is essential. This includes short &amp;quot;sprint&amp;quot; type bursts of activity as well as long &amp;quot;endurance&amp;quot; periods of activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to ensuring or maximizing your oxygen intake, it seems more natural to take one long breath, although many athletes and depictions of athletes (entertainment) often end up using two shorter breaths to constitute a single intake of air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which method provides the most efficient/maximum oxygen intake during physical exertion? Is there a better, alternative method?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Method 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;innnnnnnnnnnn&lt;/em&gt; (one long, deep breath in)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;outttttttttttttt&lt;/em&gt; (one long, pushing breath out)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Method 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;innnn innnn&lt;/em&gt; (two short, staccato breaths in)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;outtttt&lt;/em&gt; (one short, quick breath out... although could be two, but I find typically one is enough)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: the two methods seem to be at odds. One long breath feels like more intake, but takes longer and this can be difficult to maintain in some circumstances as exhaustion sets in. Two short breaths feels quicker, tends to encourage a rhythm, and seems to get the job done, but does it really give you as much intake?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3670" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T16:11:15.470" Title="Maximizing breathing: one long breath or two short breaths?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T20:30:41.767" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I fell in my bath tub a week ago and my front tooth literally came out. I went to the dentist and he re-implanted the tooth, put some kind of glue/sealant to hold it in place and told me he would see if my body rejects it or not. He gave me some steroids and penicillin for infection. Everything was fine the first week but by Monday this week, I noticed the re-implanted tooth slowly getting lower than my other upper front tooth. (they were originally the same level) Am I going to lose this tooth! I'm really scared! My appointment isn't until next Tuesday!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastActivityDate="2016-05-11T20:30:41.767" Title="My front tooth was rei-implanted after avulsion......?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-11T23:31:23.327" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;On most nutrition labels in the US there is a statement which says something along the lines of &quot;Based on a 2,000 calorie diet&quot;. Does this mean that someone who consumes a 3,000 calorie diet would need 150% (instead of 100%) of the nutrients listed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3674" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T08:15:11.627" Title="Is the intake of all nutrients proportional to caloric needs?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T04:30:39.110" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2011/08/tonsils.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and I am confused on why the tonsils have to be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are tonsils removed when they themselves incur frequent/prolonged infection? The source I stated above does not mention this. It simply states tonsillitis as inflammation of the tonsils and that the tonsils become inflamed and red when fighting an infection like a cold etc, in which case removing them would not make sense at all since all they are doing is fighting the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1630" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:03:30.043" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:03:30.043" Title="Tonsillitis and tonsillectomy confusion" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;tonsil-tonsillectomy&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5762" CreationDate="2016-05-12T04:59:38.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an Electrical Engineer not a doctor but I've some knowledge about IR. Although you can not see it, IR is electromagnetic waves and it carry heat to your eyes. So, The eyes is negatively affected without your knowledge (If there is too much Infra red).&#xA;It is similar to ultraviolet that damage the skin although it is invisible rays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know the cause of your headache because I'm not a doctor. But high power IR is dangerous for the eye. Don't look at it for long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is similar to yours: &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13691/is-it-safe-to-look-at-infrared-leds&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13691/is-it-safe-to-look-at-infrared-leds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T05:04:54.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T05:23:36.557" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;As (1) reminds us, tendinopathies were commonly misdiagnosed as having a largely inflammatory condition before ~2005-2010. How did this myth appear in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Bhopal, Raj. &quot;Time to abandon the “tendinitis” myth.&quot; Bmj 324 (2002): 626-7.; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122566/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122566/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendinitis such as that of the Achilles, lateral elbow, and rotator cuff tendons is a common presentation to family practitioners and various medical specialists.1 Most currently practising general practitioners were taught, and many still believe, that patients who present with overuse tendinitis have a largely inflammatory condition and will benefit from anti-inflammatory medication. Unfortunately this dogma is deeply entrenched. Ten of 11 readily available sports medicine texts specifically recommend non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating painful conditions like Achilles and patellar tendinitis despite the lack of a biological rationale or clinical evidence for this approach.2,3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T05:23:36.557" Title="How did the misconception about tendinopathies being a largely inflammatory condition appear?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5788" CreationDate="2016-05-12T08:15:11.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Refer to this link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Understanding-Food-Nutrition-Labels_UCM_300132_Article.jsp#.VzQ5fPl94wM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Understanding-Food-Nutrition-Labels_UCM_300132_Article.jsp#.VzQ5fPl94wM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially that means yes, but keep in mind that you might only need to increase some specific nutrients and not others depending on what you're trying to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentages on the label are the % of the recommended daily value of that nutrient for the average person who eats 2k calories. For example, a pregnant woman would need a higher % of vitamins whereas a bodybuilder would likely go for more fats/protein (just an example). But to my understanding you're correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3339" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T08:15:11.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5802" CreationDate="2016-05-12T09:07:51.693" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that big cities have bad effects on health, due to their poor quality of air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main pollutants we find in the air are PM10, nitrogen dioxyde and ozone. These three pollutants hazardous to health, can cause respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases , lung cancers and lead to early death (2 million people die each year because of pollution in large cities).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: how can I avoid or reduce the risks of having my health deteriorated because of a bad quality of air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does leave open the window of my room all day is dangerous for me ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;should I avoid walking or running along traffic queues ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does having indoor plants can benefit me ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is wearing a mask the days of high pollution really useful? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to group under this topic the best tips and tricks to breathe better every day . If the subject becomes too big, I will divide it into several questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3657" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T14:25:30.710" Title="How to breath better when you live in a big city?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5762" CreationDate="2016-05-12T09:45:23.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally IR should not cause any troubles. However its all power-dependent. What is the overall power output of the LED you are using? I suggest you to compare it with the power output in similar existing eye-tracking devices on the market (you can contact the manufacturers, tell them you use their device and ask for specs due to safety concerns). I guess it wouldn't be nice to blast your eyes with even 5 mW.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastActivityDate="2016-05-12T09:45:23.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-12T11:09:54.637" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a woman is pregnant for only a week after she misses her period, can she travel 10 to 15 kilometers (6.2 to 9.3mi) in a car?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will travelling 10 kilometers affect the embryo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3659" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:57:44.217" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:57:44.217" Title="Can a pregnant woman travel 30 minutes when she is only 10 days pregnant?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;1st-trimester&gt;&lt;embryo&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5797" CreationDate="2016-05-13T00:23:02.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pregnancy is not a disability!&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than avoiding things known to be bad for a developing fetus such as alcohol, smoking and certain drugs, there really aren't many limits on what you can do. Until a doctor tells you otherwise, feel free to walk those 10-15 kilometers if you want. Or ride a bicycle. Or drive a car. All are perfectly fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T00:23:02.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-13T12:18:47.183" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I go to the Gym and do running on a treadmill I get a tightness across my upper back when I run at 9km/h or more. It's worth noting that I have asthma and use the Brown preventer inhaler and the Blue relief inhaler.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that it's my asthma kicking up that's causing my problem? I naturally worry about this sort of stuff as obviously, I don't want it to be anything heart related. I have booked an appointment with my GP but the earliest date they had for me was 1st June, which I've agreed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I dial it down a notch or two for the time being?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2546" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T11:01:55.380" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T11:01:55.380" Title="Tight upper back when running on a treadmill" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5795" CreationDate="2016-05-13T13:57:32.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Leave open the window of my room all day is dangerous for me ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. There are even more particles in a confined room that there is outside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should I avoid walking or running along traffic queues ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes indeed. Forests and parcs are recommended. Trees eat up CO2 during night, so the air is a bit healthier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does having indoor plants can benefit me ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, for the same reasons I mentioned previously. However, don't expect too much...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is wearing a mask the days of high pollution really useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on the mask, I guess. It should be able to retain at least some of the particles. But I am no expert in pollution mask. Some &lt;a href=&quot;http://respro.com/pollution-masks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;companies&lt;/a&gt; appear having developed high end technology in that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The improvements you can get depends on how much you put efforts in this, the way of life (lot of sports ?) and the quality of your city air. However, risk isn't reduced that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit of an arbitrary example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk of lung cancer (RLC) in a not so polluted city = 1%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RLC in a polluted city = 3%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RLC in a polluted city with appropriate measures = 2.5%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2016-05-13T14:03:55.443" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T14:03:55.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5807" CreationDate="2016-05-13T17:40:28.630" Score="4" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are now several competitive online blood test companies that offer a menu of bundled blood test services in the US.  I am looking for a US based service that would disaggregate their bundled services so you could pick and choose what test you want.  I know Theranos offers that service through Walgreens stores at specific locations.  But, they are nowhere near where I live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually did find such a company about a month ago.  I did not bookmark the site.  And, I have googled searched for it very extensively for a very long time with no success.  It seems this company disappeared.  Maybe someone knows of a similar company.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T04:23:28.893" Title="What are the online blood testing services that allow to pick and choose exactly what test you want?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5062" CreationDate="2016-05-13T18:02:44.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are experiencing cravings as a vegetarian you might try supplementing some of the most &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.veghealthguide.com/vitamins-minerals/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;common deficiencies&lt;/a&gt; in the unplanned vegetarian diet.  Such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin B12&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Omega 3 (2 supplements - DHA (algae) and ALA (flax seed oil)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00H7SH1SC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vegetarian protein&lt;/a&gt; with a complete amino acid profile &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3680" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T18:02:44.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5806" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-13T18:33:54.997" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I eat liquid food for 19/21 meals each week, will there be any adverse side effects? Assume that the liquid meals have the exact same nutritional content as a regular solid meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3681" LastActivityDate="2016-05-13T18:33:54.997" Title="Adverse Effects of Liquid Diet" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5804" CreationDate="2016-05-13T21:05:53.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Somehow today I had a bit more luck in addressing my own question.  It seems that many of the online blood testing services do offer tests on a disaggregated basis.  Their more popular products are bundled tests that include some of the typical overall blood tests for an annual physical.  But, several of those enterprises also offer unbundled tests of more esoteric yet very important tests such as for C-Reactive protein and Fibrinogen.  The latter is a very good check to see how granular can you go in terms of specific independent blood tests you can order from such services.  Today, I found two companies that passed that check.  One is Accesa Labs that operates through Quest Diagnostics.  The other one is Health Tests Direct (HTD).  HTD is actually very interesting because they operate through both Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp.  As a result, HTD allows you to do some comparative shopping in terms of test prices between those two market leaders.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the above answer is reasonably inclusive, it does not preclude that others may uncover specific companies that could be equal if not superior to the two I mentioned above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a short update as of December 2017.  As we know Theranos has run into all sorts of legal and regulatory troubles since I first wrote this answer.  They are now I think very much out of this business.  After considering many online lab testing providers I recently chose Personalabs.com.  They allowed you to select your blood test on a disaggregated basis as well as any other online competitors.  What differentiated them is that their website and their blood test selections were so much clearer than competitors.  They operated through Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp just like the other better services.  Interestingly enough, I got my lab test results through Personalabs.com within 5 days.  Yet, over 10 days later, I still could not get the same from Quest Diagnostics (QD).  I am still interested in getting the results from QD just to check that their interpretation of the results (healthy acceptable range of values) are the same as for Personalabs.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1309" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T04:23:28.893" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T04:23:28.893" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T14:26:14.033" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;@9:00am I just had a bowl of corn checks and I feel faint. This happens each morning. The wife takes my B.P.when I feel faint. Right now it is 62/44, pulse 111 (I normally run high on my pulse). It stays low like this until nearly lunchtime. It is in the normal range until I eat breakfast. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What things are known to cause symptoms like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1577" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-05-14T16:41:00.723" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T16:41:00.723" Title="What can cause B.P. to fall after breakfast?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T17:31:47.173" Score="1" ViewCount="1271" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of years ago I was on an expedition in Honduras, and was one of many in our team who succumbed to an unknown water borne infection that caused repetitive vomiting and other unpleasant symptoms. The effects began to manifest themselves at around 11pm at night. I was the second of 14 total sufferers to notice that I was feeling nauseous, and after seeing the first person vomiting I knew I would inevitably follow in their footsteps at some point in the night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While putting on my head-torch and helping the first victim with (sterilised) water and physical support I began to join the dots between what I was seeing and the numerous people in the group who had retired to their tents early that night - I realised then that things were likely only just getting started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the hour another 2 people succumbed to the same symptoms, myself and another team member assisted where we could and I continued to feel worse by the minute. After seeing the states my colleagues were in I decided to do something to try to help myself before I became the next person. I filled my canteen with clean water and proceeded to empty a full bag of salted peanuts into it to create the most concentrated salt water I could in the circumstances, found a secluded spot and drank the lot. My body's reaction was rather rapid and unpleasant, but as intended it had cleared by system of everything I had consumed that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, although I still felt rough I was much better able to help those whose infection had had a greater time period to take hold and produce more extreme symptoms. I didn't sleep until about 4am.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ever since this experience I have vowed that next time I experience considerable nausea I would induce vomiting to clear my digestive system of whatever is causing the nausea before the (assuming pathogenic) cause has time to multiply further - thus reducing the duration of suffering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My question is, given that I hear of few people ever doing this, is it a good idea?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3686" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T17:31:47.173" Title="Is drinking salt water to induce vomiting safe?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17738" CreationDate="2016-05-14T18:31:59.973" Score="8" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I certainly have no plans of doing this -nor would I ever-, but I was reading &lt;em&gt;Unbroken&lt;/em&gt;, the book, and there was a part where, after not being able to eat for so long, the characters in the prison camp began to have extraodinary memory. It has been a while since I read the book, so I may have a couple plot-points incorrect, but I recall one person being able to fluently learn a language in something like a month. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyhow, I was wondering if it really was lack of food that caused this or if it was something else, and whether this has any validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3688" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-28T08:05:44.900" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T09:16:23.067" Title="Lack of eating for improving memory" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-14T21:16:06.967" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether it is better to wear a flat counterforce brace or a non-flat one to treat an lateral or medial epicondylopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By non-flat, I mean it has a bump, as illustrated below (image taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00QY0EFJM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00QY0EFJM/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_1&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jYaTM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jYaTM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of flat counterforce brace:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mKnH2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mKnH2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MWIne.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MWIne.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of non-flat counterforce brace:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZiRya.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZiRya.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9lEB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9lEB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-14T22:23:15.110" LastActivityDate="2016-05-14T22:23:15.110" Title="Is it better to wear a flat counterforce brace or a non-flat one to treat an lateral or medial epicondylopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T07:04:59.283" Score="5" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the impression, possibly from Ben Goldacre's book &quot;Bad Medicine&quot;, that nutritionists are alternative medicine practitioners. Is that the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="299" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T17:44:46.713" Title="Are nutritionists alternative medicine practitioners?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T12:30:57.290" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that fibre is apparently meant to make you feel more 'full' but some foods have no fibre and you can still feel full after eating those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are there any measures for how full different foods make you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if satiety is determined mostly by the volume of the food, or perhaps the chewed volume, by certain nutrients (such as fibre), or what else could it be. Or even a subjective score given to different foods in some sort of study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T08:35:59.177" Title="Is there a measure of satiety?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T15:42:11.413" Score="5" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your popping antibiotics everyday, prescribed by your doctor though he asked you to revisit after two months and warned you to ignore any fever symptoms during these two months.&#xA;I'm just wondering if Fever (with chill) is expected while taking antibiotics?&#xA;I have read somewhere that antibiotics kill good as well as bad bacteria, so does it mean that it weakens my immune system if I keep taking it for two months?&#xA;Any advice/precautions while taking antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3692" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-16T04:07:05.757" LastActivityDate="2016-05-16T04:07:05.757" Title="Does antibiotics weaken immune system or causes Fever" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-04-16T00:50:13.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T19:11:24.573" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to discover the role of pH in contributing to my mysteriously fluctuating chronic symptoms, including small and large intestine problems (apparent Candida, SIBO, etc.), male reproductive system issues (prostatitis, low quality orgasm, low libido, etc.), every flavor of fatigue, rectal itch, and leg cramps (leg cramps could possibly be correlated with probiotic use:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.allexperts.com/q/Naturopathy-3401/2009/5/f/probiotics-cause-joint-pain.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://en.allexperts.com/q/Naturopathy-3401/2009/5/f/probiotics-cause-joint-pain.htm&lt;/a&gt; [unfortunately, I have to remain on probiotics to keep prostate pain at bay]).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that urine and saliva pH are not good indicators of blood pH.  My question is whether or not urine and/or saliva pH could be a good indicator of pH in the small or large intestines, in the reproductive system, or in any other particular part of the body.  What relevant information can these tests really show?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3694" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:39:21.170" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:39:21.170" Title="Testing pH levels through urine or saliva" Tags="&lt;urine&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;&lt;sibo&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-15T23:43:07.170" Score="2" ViewCount="3291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nirschl.com/elbowten.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nirschl.com/elbowten.asp&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ice is an important element in the healing process and should be used any time signs of inflammation or intense pain are present, no matter how soon or long after the injury. Post exercises ice is also recommended and may be done in conjunction with sensory level electrical stimulation to promote pain and inflammation control. The benefits of ice include a reduction in pain, inflammation, and muscle spasm. Time of ice application ranges from 15-30 minutes. Icing over 30 minutes may cause frost bite. To protect the skin a thin layer of cloth between the skin and ice is worthwhile. &lt;strong&gt;Avoid icing the ulnar nerve directly when icing the elbow.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why should one avoid icing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_nerve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ulnar nerve&lt;/a&gt; directly when icing the elbow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00069&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nHw51.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nHw51.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slideshare.net/sajjadhussainraja/ulnar-nerve-antomy-and-recording-techniques&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.slideshare.net/sajjadhussainraja/ulnar-nerve-antomy-and-recording-techniques&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8U7st.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8U7st.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-05-15T23:51:06.900" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T03:56:49.463" Title="Why should one avoid icing the ulnar nerve directly when icing the elbow?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12952" CreationDate="2016-05-16T01:03:46.143" Score="7" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;As in the title: why do burn wounds benefit from cooling (beyond the first few seconds of actually lowering the temperature back to regular skin level)? Advice for burn wounds always include cooling afterwards because of some 'afterburn', but what does that mean and what are the mechanisms at play here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for type of burns, just assume a hot water burn. I am not a medical specialist and don't know the differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2363" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T02:10:19.630" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:03:38.610" Title="Why do burn wounds benefit from cooling (beyond the first few seconds of actually lowering the temperature back to regular skin level)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;burns&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5826" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T03:21:05.353" Score="6" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;The great many downsides of smoking are certainly well-documented by now (to say the least), but something I've struggled to find an answer to is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at health risks of smoking, what's caused by the substance in question being absorbed and interacting negatively with the body, and what's caused simply by the act of inhaling smoke?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption would be that most of the damage is caused by the inhalation of the smoke itself, especially any damage to the mouth, oesophagus, and lungs, smoke (any kind) simply being dangerously irritating to these parts of the body. Then, damage to the brain and/or other parts of the body are mostly caused by the specific substance being smoked... How much of this assumption is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it's misleading to try and separate the smoke from what's causing the smoke at all, as what's creating the smoke dictates how bad it is. However, if that's the case, doesn't that imply that some products for smoking, while still bad, may create smoke which is &quot;less damaging&quot; than others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ease of answering, feel free to just concentrate on tobacco products (possibly including any additional chemicals added to the final product) if you feel it's necessary to keep your answer from not being too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3665" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-05-16T04:08:36.463" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T06:55:00.737" Title="What's caused by the chemicals, and what's caused by the smoke" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-16T19:04:18.933" Score="7" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need something to calm myself down when interacting with certain people(crushes included here). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I'm so calm, and I could say whatever I want, but most of the time,  there's a wave of emotions hitting my chest and neck. Possibly also some blood pressure increase in the brain, if I recall correctly.&#xA;I can't hold my smile anymore, I can't control my face muscles easily, words won't flow as easy as before, even walking becomes a bit irregular, as I start to feel my legs less in control, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This destroys my confidence, and makes me more introvert, wanting to avoid such situations from happening again, so less social interactions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the theory, that all of this has deep roots in brain's memories from the past, moments that you, as a person, felt awkward while interacting with others, etc; and in order to overcome it, think positive and try to remember more &quot;glorious&quot; moments, while interacting with others, so that your brain will somehow forget and &quot;un-wire&quot; those memories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to understand why is this happening, what happens in the brain, what supplements/pills could I try in order to reduce it, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm approaching 30's, and it's kind of late to think that this can be solved naturally, just by interacting more, until I'd become &quot;numb&quot; to these emotions. &#xA;I've lived almost half of my life already. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I don't think that a psychologist could help me? I don't know, I'd see myself there being a bit nervous for the first sessions, then after a while, I get used to the person, and the emotions disappear. &#xA;But then, if there's someone new, or someone new that I'd like a lot, I'd be back to square zero, filled with those pesky emotions inside my brain, chest, neck, legs, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3705" LastActivityDate="2016-07-25T13:32:16.820" Title="Overcome emotions when talking to people" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-06-16T05:09:13.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5820" CreationDate="2016-05-17T08:35:59.177" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Benefit of fibers is mostly that fibers are not absorbed by your organism, and henceforth remain in your intestine during the digestion process, as well as filling your stomach, which can possibly delay somewhat the hungry feeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there are also (mainly I guess) hormones. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Leptin&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ghrelin&lt;/a&gt; are examples of these. The reason why it is often to recommended to take your time while eating (about 20min) is to let hormone regulation occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: some people with genetics disorder with these hormones can have problems with obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T08:35:59.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5818" CreationDate="2016-05-17T08:40:59.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;About nutritionists, at least in France (I suppose it varies by country) it is a medical specialty that comes after having completed six years of medical studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternative practitioners who did not complete medical studies are called dietitians (in France); which doesn't mean they are less competent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T08:34:56.850" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T08:34:56.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T10:01:24.723" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently it was revealed that Google’s London-based company &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;DeepMind&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/04/googles-deepmind-shouldnt-be-sucking-up-our-nhs-records-in-secret&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;artificial intelligence would be able to access the NHS records of 1.6 million patients who use three London hospitals&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposedly I don't want my health details shared with some AI program, especially moving my medical records (along with other 1.6 million patients) to 3rd party database for some processing purposes over concerns of my medical confidentiality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I opt out my details from being harvested by Google-owned artificial intelligence? Is there any procedure of that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T10:01:24.723" Title="How do I opt out my details from Google-owned artificial intelligence?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T16:02:40.493" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife and I are residents of NC. Yesterday , we just realized that my wife is pregnant and unfortunately she doesn't have a health insurance. Medicaid is an option we are going to pursue but i am trying to get her a health insurance as soon as possible for now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems most health insurance companies won't accept us out of registration period unless we have a qualifying event (getting pregnant is not one of them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really could use any suggestions about what my options here &#xA;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3711" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-06-01T13:41:32.273" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T13:41:32.273" Title="Health insurance out of registration period for pregnant woman" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;health-insurance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-06-01T16:11:29.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T16:45:10.303" Score="3" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;Melatonin, a hormone, is sold over-the-counter in the US and Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Bedtime is a good time to take melatonin&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical psychologist Michael Breus &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-michael-j-breus/melatonin-sleep_b_820426.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Melatonin is a sleep and body clock regulator, &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a sleep initiator.  ...  Caution should be taken when using melatonin  ...  It should be taken about 90 minutes before lights out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An endocrinologist named Richard Wurtman &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.touchneurology.com/articles/low-doses-melatonin-promote-sleep-onset-and-maintenance-older-people-update/page/1/0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We investigated whether giving older people melatonin at bedtime as a 'hormone replacement therapy' (i.e. providing them with a dose sufficient to restore nocturnal plasma levels to those of young adults) would also suppress nocturnal awakenings and shorten the time needed to resume sleeping. ... 0.3–1.0 mg, [the doses] which raise plasma melatonin levels to the range that normally occurs nocturnally in young people, was found to help the patients to remain asleep or readily fall back asleep throughout most of the night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;A scenario&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine this scenario:  Once a month or so, a healthy young adult wakes up after five hours of sleep and has trouble falling back asleep.  When this happens, he finds that taking a small dose (between 0.5 mg and 1 mg) of immediate-release melatonin seems to usually help him to fall back asleep an hour later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fine; he finds it helpful.  But is it safe?  Dr. Breus says melatonin should be taken before bedtime.  And Dr. Wurtman seems to have studied the use of the tablets close to bedtime — not in the middle of the night.  [Edit:  Hormones are powerful substances which may have short-term or long-term side effects which we're unaware of.  Dr. Breus seems to be implying that melatonin can be used for delayed sleep phase disorder but should not be used for ordinary insomnia.  I wonder whether or not it is truly safe to swallow hormones to help deal with these awakenings.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Postscript&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I added this postscript to my question on May 19.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked at Wikipedia's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-of-the-night_insomnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Middle-of-the-night insomnia&quot;&lt;/a&gt; article today, and noticed that it adds a good insight:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sleep research conducted already in the 1990s showed that such waking up during the night is in fact a natural sleep pattern that is actually beneficial, rather than a form of insomnia.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/12891-natural-sleep.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  If interrupted sleep (called &quot;biphasic sleeping&quot; or &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodal_sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bimodal sleep&lt;/a&gt;&quot;) is perceived as normal and not referred to as &quot;insomnia&quot;, less distress is caused and a return to sleep usually occurs after about one hour.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16964783&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of taking a hormone pill (melatonin), perhaps our subject should preferably just wait an hour and then try again to fall back asleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2016-05-19T22:01:42.583" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T22:01:42.583" Title="If a man occasionally wakes up after five hours of sleep, is it safe for him to take melatonin even though the night is almost over?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5825" CreationDate="2016-05-17T18:48:11.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cooling a burn will reduce swelling and help with pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am first aid / CPR / AED certified.  I am also certified to teach first aid / CPR.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2016-05-17T23:49:11.387" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T23:49:11.387" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-17T21:18:04.317" Score="3" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, two weeks ago my upper front tooth came completely out when I slipped. I went to a dentist who put the tooth back in place and told me to wait two weeks to see if my body rejects it or not. I went in today and he told me my body accepted the tooth and that he would do a root canal and put a crown on. My question is, since my tooth is getting stronger and healing on its own, do I need a crown? I really don't want my tooth ground down and put in something that might fall off in a couple of years. What do ya'll think??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastEditorUserId="3609" LastEditDate="2016-05-17T21:30:03.387" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T10:46:24.667" Title="Need advice in whether to get a crown on my tooth...?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-06-22T18:56:52.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5751" CreationDate="2016-05-17T23:09:00.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Is my brain still in 'development'?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is. Your brain constantly grows until you are 25.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to recent findings, the human brain does not reach full maturity until at least the mid-20s. (See J. Giedd in References.) [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hrweb.mit.edu/worklife/youngadult/brain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  The rational part of a teen's brain isn't fully developed and won't be until he or she is 25 years old or so. [...] In teen's brains, the connections between the emotional part of the brain and the decision-making center are still developing. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;amp;ContentID=3051&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) If so, what negative effect, if any, will having a single beer 3-4 nights out of the week have on my brain development and my health? Will I have to suffer the consequences of these decisions as I continue through adulthood?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't cite an exact study right now as I haven't found one but several sites hint that there shouldn't be a problem if alcohol is taken in moderately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than age 65, and up to two drinks a day for men age 65 and younger. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/alcohol/art-20044551?pg=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found a study trying to unveil the links between alcohol consumption and its effects and the age in which drinking starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First use of alcohol at ages 11–14 greatly heightens the risk of progression to the development of alcohol disorders and therefore is a reasonable target for intervention strategies that seek to delay first use as a means of averting problems later in life. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you age, the probability of developing an alcohol addiction shrinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Ten years after their first drink 13.5% (49 of 363) of the respondents ages 11 and 12 and 13.7% (155 of 1,129) of the respondents ages 13 and 14 had progressed to a diagnosis of alcohol abuse, compared to just 2.0% in the reference group (19 and older) [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt of a study I didn't have access to. The study, however, seems to represent some relevant data if you can access it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Discouraging alcohol consumption until neurobiological adulthood is reached is important for minimizing alcohol-related disruptions in brain development and decision-making capacity, and for reducing the negative behavioral consequences associated with underage alcohol use. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10673229.2012.714642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I found a PDF concluding a lot of relevant data &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.talkitoutnc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AdolescentBrainStudyFINAL-PRINT.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adolescent alcohol use sets up a persistent increase in activation of brain signals that contribute to inflammation. The consequences of this are unclear, but similar changes have been associated with depression in adults, and suggest that early alcohol use may set kids up for mood problems in adulthood. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.talkitoutnc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AdolescentBrainStudyFINAL-PRINT.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PDF should give a good insight about the topic. It concludes several other things aswell. Unfortunately, I wasn't able to find an exact study to meet your requirements. But I guess I could say that drinking in moderation is okay, but it's always better to stop it completely &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/quit-drinking-alcohol-for-a-month#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hrweb.mit.edu/worklife/youngadult/brain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://hrweb.mit.edu/worklife/youngadult/brain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;amp;ContentID=3051&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;amp;ContentID=3051&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/alcohol/art-20044551?pg=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/alcohol/art-20044551?pg=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10673229.2012.714642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10673229.2012.714642&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.talkitoutnc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AdolescentBrainStudyFINAL-PRINT.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.talkitoutnc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AdolescentBrainStudyFINAL-PRINT.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/quit-drinking-alcohol-for-a-month#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/quit-drinking-alcohol-for-a-month#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3715" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T23:09:00.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5818" CreationDate="2016-05-17T23:36:05.767" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, anyone can claim to be a nutritionist. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eatrightpro.org/resources/about-us/what-is-an-rdn-and-dtr/what-is-a-registered-dietitian-nutritionist&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDN)&lt;/a&gt; undergo pretty extensive training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An RD may suggest herbal remedies, which would be alternative medicine, but typically they are helping people manage chronic conditions like diabetes, crohn's disease, or cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3718" LastActivityDate="2016-05-17T23:36:05.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-18T02:43:24.417" Score="8" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, inflammatory arthritides tend to be worse at night and in the morning. For example, the morning stiffness associated with rheumatoid arthritis is classically worse in the morning. This is also true of many other inflammatory conditions that cause arthritis (e.g. psoriatic arthritis, lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes the joint symptoms worse at night and in the morning? Is this related to mechanical factors (i.e. inactivity of the involved joints at night) - and if so why would that lead to worsening of symptoms? Or is it due to a circadian rhythm in systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines, cortisol, other hormones)? Or some other factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find much to address this question. Further references are also appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1962" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:08:42.487" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T12:42:38.600" Title="Why are inflammatory arthritides worse at night and in the morning?" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5875" CreationDate="2016-05-18T07:07:08.607" Score="4" ViewCount="11344" Body="&lt;p&gt;STDs include just about every kind of infection. Bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STDs include HIV, genital herpes, genital warts (HPV), and hepatitis B. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite. The germs that cause STDs hide in semen, blood, vaginal secretions, and sometimes saliva. &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/understanding-stds-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mosquitoes can of course transmit malaria, yellow fever and several other serious diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/infectious/question700.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;code&gt;(from 2008)&lt;/code&gt; there's no scientific evidence to support the claim that a mosquitoes bite can transmit the HIV/AIDS virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some limited theoretical evidence which suggests it might be possible for mosquitoes to transmit hepatitis B or C, although there have been no known cases ever, worldwide. &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hepatitis-central.com/mt/archives/2008/04/can_insect_bite.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also came across an article titled, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2011/04/11/a-scientist-contracts-a-mosquito-borne-virus-and-gives-it-to-wife-as-std/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guy Gets First Ever Mosquito-Borne STD (&lt;code&gt;Zika&lt;/code&gt;), Gives it to Wife&lt;/a&gt;&quot; &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/guy-gets-first-ever-mosquito-borne-std-gives-it-to-wife.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases spread by mosquitoes only if they can replicate within the mosquito. The amount of disease agent that a mosquito takes in from infected blood is very tiny, and only a tiny fragment of that will be transferred to the next victim. &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Can-mosquitos-transmit-STDs/answer/Joshua-Engel?srid=udZdc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from all these sources I would like to get a little more insight on this topic. &lt;code&gt;Can a mosquito bite transmit STD's?&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so  &lt;code&gt;&quot;what std and how&quot;&lt;/code&gt;?&#xA;If not &lt;code&gt;&quot;why?&quot;&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also..&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What STD's are possible for a mosquito to transmit?...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If so &lt;code&gt;&quot;what and how&quot;&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2154" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T12:46:15.427" LastActivityDate="2019-06-08T05:53:37.433" Title="Can a mosquito bite transmit STD's?" Tags="&lt;sti&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;&lt;syphilis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5840" CreationDate="2016-05-18T10:15:20.180" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your tooth came completely out, its root has been severely damaged. Putting it back in place is something Im a bit surprised can work, but seems plausible to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, it is also very probable the interior of your tooth (pulp) is not vascularized anymore, and will come to necrosis soon. That's were you probably need the canal treatment. The crown comes almost naturally after the canal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/procedures/root-canals/article/illustrations-root-canal-treatment-from-start-to-finish&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, crowns, if well placed (I assume your dentist knows its stuff), can last for 3-20 years (depending of the quality of the material, quality of placement, buccal hygien etc etc). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T10:15:20.180" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-18T17:47:32.230" Score="12" ViewCount="348" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Wi-Fi harmful to one's health, so much so that we should live without it? There are different sides to this debate - why should I believe one side more than the other? Indeed, we live with Wi-Fi every day and this is acceptable according to regulations, so it must be fine for our health to be exposed to it. But I know somebody who lives without Wi-Fi because she thinks that it serves as a potential threat to her health, and she claims that she is more sensitive to it than other people. Is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3723" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T13:05:01.787" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T13:05:01.787" Title="Is Wi-Fi harmful to one's health?" Tags="&lt;health-outcomes&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-06-08T15:28:58.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5773" CreationDate="2016-05-18T20:24:39.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Muscle atrophy doesn't have to be bad. Your body tries to fit the situation by decreasing your muscle mass and thus to decrease the needed energy to maintain your body. However, in order to prevent possible muscle atrophy, there have been several methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exercise has been shown to be effective in preventing glucocorticoid-induced atrophy in muscles containing high proportions of type II or fast-twitch fibers. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/69/3/1058.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you shouldn't know what different muscle fibers are and how they are distributed in your body, I've got you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Humans have basically three different types of muscle fibers. Slow- twitch (ST or Type I) fibers are identified by a slow contraction time and a high resistance to fatigue. [...] Most activities of daily living use ST fibers. Fast-twitch (FT or Type II) fibers are identified by a quick con- traction time and a low resistance to fatigue. [...] Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into fast-twitch A (FT -A or Type IIA) and fast- twitch B (FT -B or Type lIB) fibers. FT -A fibers have a moderate resistance to fatigue and represent a transition between the two extremes of the ST and FT -B fibers. [...] Fast-twitch B fibers, on the other hand, are very sensitive to fatigue and are used for short anaerobic, high force production activities, such as sprinting, hurdling, jumping, and putting the shot. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coachr.org/fiber.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  The distribution of different fiber types varied within the muscles, as a function of depth, with a predominance of type 2b fibers at the surface and type 1 fibers in deeper regions of the muscle. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(04)00514-7/fulltext?mobileUi=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's possible to prevent muscle atrophy in type II muscle fibers by simply exercising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you suffer from a serious illness or are physically-challenged, you can maintain your muscle mass by using functional electrical stimulation. The idea is to stimulate your cells so that they keep their current state or to provoke hypertrophy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Previous research shows that neuromuscular or `functional' electrical stimulation (FES), particularly FES-cycle ergometry (FES-CE) can cause muscle hypertrophy in individuals with chronic SCI (&amp;gt;1 year post-injury). However, the modest degree of hypertrophy in these already atrophied muscles has lessened earlier hopes that FES therapy would reduce secondary impairments of SCI. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&amp;amp;profile=ehost&amp;amp;scope=site&amp;amp;authtype=crawler&amp;amp;jrnl=13624393&amp;amp;AN=8920398&amp;amp;h=l1r6pnlQ8Nst%2BAM28ruDSzOOgOHEZmaVWGVO2zu20aU%2FzQSJZpl%2BbU0mD36uKOHpifwBXAGne4KeQCXtfC263w%3D%3D&amp;amp;crl=c&amp;amp;resultNs=AdminWebAuth&amp;amp;resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&amp;amp;crlhashurl=login.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26profile%3Dehost%26scope%3Dsite%26authtype%3Dcrawler%26jrnl%3D13624393%26AN%3D8920398&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a short search, I was able to find some experimental studies with rats to investigate muscle atrophy more deeply. It should be obvious that you shouldn't take in Clenbuterol without a consultation with your doctor and of course not solely on the results of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clenbuterol attenuated the decrease in muscle mass and single fiber cross-sectional area in both age groups. By preventing the loss of muscle mass, clenbuterol administered early in rehabilitation may benefit severely debilitated patients imposed by inactivity. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999301377882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The University of Hull did some research and found out that basic stretching for 30 minutes each day can prevent muscle atrophy in immobilized muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] It was found that periods of stretch as short as 1/2 h daily were sufficient not only to prevent loss of sarcomeres but actually to cause an increase in the number of sarcomeres in series. [...] Such short periods of stretch were also found to prevent much of the muscle atrophy normally associated with immobilisation in the shortened position. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/49/5/316.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll end up with a study regarding the loss muscle mass in the elderly and how to promote muscle hypertrophy in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Strength training appears to elicit effective countermeasures in elderly individuals even at a very old age (&gt;80 years) by evoking muscle hypertrophy along with substantial changes in neuromuscular function, respectively. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long story short: The best way is to simply exercise to keep your muscles and yourself pumped, as @TheEnvironmentalist already said. There are indeed ways to do this by not exercising but the chemical idea as well as the functional electrical stimulation are still in progress. Nonetheless, you should read the corresponding Wikipedia article &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; to FES to inform yourself in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/69/3/1058.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jap.physiology.org/content/69/3/1058.abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coachr.org/fiber.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.coachr.org/fiber.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(04)00514-7/fulltext?mobileUi=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021-9290(04)00514-7/fulltext?mobileUi=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&amp;amp;profile=ehost&amp;amp;scope=site&amp;amp;authtype=crawler&amp;amp;jrnl=13624393&amp;amp;AN=8920398&amp;amp;h=l1r6pnlQ8Nst%2BAM28ruDSzOOgOHEZmaVWGVO2zu20aU%2FzQSJZpl%2BbU0mD36uKOHpifwBXAGne4KeQCXtfC263w%3D%3D&amp;amp;crl=c&amp;amp;resultNs=AdminWebAuth&amp;amp;resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&amp;amp;crlhashurl=login.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26profile%3Dehost%26scope%3Dsite%26authtype%3Dcrawler%26jrnl%3D13624393%26AN%3D8920398&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&amp;amp;profile=ehost&amp;amp;scope=site&amp;amp;authtype=crawler&amp;amp;jrnl=13624393&amp;amp;AN=8920398&amp;amp;h=l1r6pnlQ8Nst%2bAM28ruDSzOOgOHEZmaVWGVO2zu20aU%2fzQSJZpl%2bbU0mD36uKOHpifwBXAGne4KeQCXtfC263w%3d%3d&amp;amp;crl=c&amp;amp;resultNs=AdminWebAuth&amp;amp;resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&amp;amp;crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d13624393%26AN%3d8920398&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999301377882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999301377882&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/49/5/316.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ard.bmj.com/content/49/5/316.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3715" LastActivityDate="2016-05-18T20:24:39.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5818" CreationDate="2016-05-19T01:13:30.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In medicine we aim to base everything on solid scientific results. We call this practice &quot;evidence based medicine&quot; (EBM). What we call &quot;alternative medicine&quot; are all the alternative approaches where such standards are not or insufficiently implemented. The way medicine used to be practiced centuries ago is a good example of alternative medicine, we usually refer to this as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;traditional medicine&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as &quot;the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now nutrition, while an integral part of the regular medical discipline (if you get diagnosed with diabetes, your endocrinologist may well refer you to a dietitian) fits in well within traditional medicine in the following sense. The knowledge we have about the food we eat has been passed on from generation to generation long before modern science came into existence. Basically, you've been told to eat your vegetables by your mother who was told the same by her mother etc. etc, you could probably trace this back to the time before modern humans even existed. When applying rigorous scientific standards to nutrition we then face a problem. How do we even define the problem when evaluating foods we eat? E.g. broccoli is not some drug designed to solve some specific medical problem, so you don't have a well defined end point that you can test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's of course, not a problem in principle to study some particular health effects of certain foods. In practice this can already be difficult, you can't perform double blind tests, so you need to resort to observational studies or controlled experiments that typically won't last very long. But the real problem is then the choice of the end point for health outcomes and the choice for what to compare the food item to. You can't e.g. simply look at all cause mortally. Suppose e.g. that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140401/ncomms4557/full/ncomms4557.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;calorie restriction&lt;/a&gt; would prevent prevent cancer and heart disease, if you stick to that diet you'll live a lot longer (assuming it would really work). But then it turns out that you'll have a lack of energy, you'll end up sleeping 12 hours a day. So, the end point of all cause mortality which looks to be a good criterion, could well lead to totally worthless result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to even get such results, you must make a decision to compare one type of diet to another diet. In older statistical studies dating back from the 1980s and earlier the mistake was made to just correlate intake of nutrients to health. As explained &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3521261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;in this article&lt;/a&gt; this often leads to spurious results, as total energy intake is a huge confounding factor. Modern studies do the statistical analysis in such a way that total energy intake is taken into account. But there may be other confounding factors lurking which may not be as easily identified and dealt with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the fact remains that if you today stick to what passes for a healthy diet, then you would be eating a diet that your great great great grandmother would probably also consider to be a healthy diet. So, even if we today know a bit more than your great great great grandmother (take e.g. vitamins), the information that describes what you would be eating  still largely derives from ancient knowledge. Modern science has had only a limited impact here. E.g. we now know that saturated fats may not be very healthy. On the other hand, a mistake was made when we wrongly thought we could produce healthier fats, trans fats were made as a healthier alternative to saturated fats, but this turned out to be much more damaging to our health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at the end of the day, the patient who gets referred to a dietitian will end up being put on a diet that has its origins in what we could call traditional medicine. The healthy foods the patient would be eating like carrots cauliflowers, broccoli were created not as a result of moderns scientific efforts but they were cultivated more than 3000 years ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T01:13:30.643" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5838" CreationDate="2016-05-19T02:53:22.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to research published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and cited below, the serum half-life of immediate release melatonin ranges from 0.54 to 0.67 hours. Assuming you take the melatonin at least 3 hours before you plan to get up, you will have covered around 4 half-lives at the minimum, which would result in a serum level of 6.25% of your peak level. At levels that low, any sleepiness you feel would be mostly due to having just woken up, and not any residual effects of the melatonin. The study also mentions that slow release preparations can keep serum levels high for 5-7 hours, so I would not recommend driving/working after taking one of those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aldhous M, Franey C, Wright J, Arendt J. Plasma concentrations of melatonin in man following oral absorption of different preparations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1985;19(4):517-521.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3725" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T02:53:22.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T13:04:49.067" Score="1" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;A blood test revealed low potassium. What is the dangerous effect of low potassium in the blood? Is medication necessary for this condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your wisdom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3728" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T04:05:52.357" Title="Low potassium in blood" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T14:52:01.850" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a tooth re-implanted by a dentist and it's been two weeks and it is getting harder and stronger. My question is, will the tooth heal completely or do I need to go under a dentistry procedure..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:35:57.743" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:35:57.743" Title="Do re-implanted avulsed tooth heal completely?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;implant&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26" CreationDate="2016-05-19T16:15:26.040" Score="11" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from x-rays, is known to increase the risk of cancer. However, although many studies have examined the potential health effects of non-ionizing radiation from radar, microwave ovens, cell phones, and other sources, there is currently no consistent evidence that non-ionizing radiation increases cancer risk &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_041.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet#q2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/cell-phones-fact-sheet#q2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might find my answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/5847/is-wi-fi-harmful-to-ones-health&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3613" LastEditorUserId="14066" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:05:01.593" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:05:01.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-19T18:32:33.577" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have asked numerous people about this and nobody can do it or explain it, so here I am asking the internet =)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably 95+ % of the time if I get a muscle spasm, no matter where it is, I can stop it temporarily or permanently by thinking about that exact spot for a few seconds. Occasionally that doesn't work and if I can look at it, that works. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is something I have been doing as far back as I can remember (I'm 33 now) and I have never been able to find a reasonable explanation. I have googled many times over the years but can never come up with a good result. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only somewhat logical explanation is the old adage &quot;Mind over matter&quot;. Is that all it is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3731" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T13:06:21.407" Title="Thinking about a muscle spasm makes it stop?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3177" CreationDate="2016-05-19T20:20:35.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks they are relevant according to these two researches: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538725/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538725/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both soccer players and controls had genu varum. However, the&#xA;  incidence of genu varum was higher in the soccer players (P = 0.0001)&#xA;  and it was more prevalent in the 16-18 year age group (P = 0.0001).&#xA;  The results revealed a statistically significant association between&#xA;  the degree of practices and the prevalence of genu varum (P = 0.0001).&#xA;  Moreover, previous trauma to the knees and practicing in load-bearing&#xA;  sports led to an increase in the degree of genu varum (P = 0.0001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183958&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183958&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Little is known about the relationship between sport participation and&#xA;  body adaptations during growth. Our aim was to investigate whether&#xA;  soccer participation in youth is associated with the degree of genu&#xA;  varum. The design was a retrospective cohort study. Three hundred and&#xA;  thirty-six male soccer players, and 458 male non-soccer players (aged&#xA;  from 8 to 18) were recruited and included in the study. The&#xA;  intercondylar (IC) or intermalleolar (IM) distance were clinically&#xA;  measured with a specifically designed instrument. The results of this&#xA;  study revealed a statistically significant increase in degree of genu&#xA;  varum in both groups from the age of 14. However, at the age of 16-18&#xA;  years a significant higher degree of genu varum was observed in the&#xA;  soccer players compared to the non-soccer players (P = 0.028). Intense&#xA;  soccer participation increases the degree of genu varum in males from&#xA;  the age of 16. Since genu varum predisposes to injuries, efforts to&#xA;  reduce the development of genu varum in male soccer players are&#xA;  warranted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3733" LastActivityDate="2016-05-19T20:20:35.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5862" CreationDate="2016-05-19T22:06:58.957" Score="2" ViewCount="38154" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I currently have a cold and the medicine I'm taking is supposed to be taken every 4 hours. For some reason I thought I was supposed to take my next dose at 3pm, but after I took it, I realized I was actually supposed to take it at 4pm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Active Ingredients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;650mg Acetaminophen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;25 mg Diphenhydramine HCl&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;10mg Phenylephrine HCl &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it probable that this medication, taken regularly in described regimen, would cause side effects such as liver problems or nose bleeds, if one dose was taken an hour too early?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3735" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T01:58:11.757" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T02:14:28.083" Title="Accidentally took cold medicine an hour early" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5861" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10413" CreationDate="2016-05-20T01:56:09.777" Score="7" ViewCount="6189" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inside every generic delayed-release capsule of Omeprazole is what you would expect, hundreds of tiny granules, but there is &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; an entire tablet. An oblong, white, plain (no text) tablet. What is the tablet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gGmGq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gGmGq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3738" LastEditorUserId="3738" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T02:35:44.910" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T01:15:22.513" Title="What is the tablet inside generic Omeprazole capsules" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5859" CreationDate="2016-05-20T02:14:28.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main concern here is whether you took more than a recommended daily and more than a recommended single dose. That being said, people are different (in body mass, metabolism, health status etc.), so we can talk about probabilities, but not give a definite answer if something will happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doses for acetaminophene (paracetamol): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The usual adult dose by mouth is 0.5 to 1 g every 4 to 6 hours up to a maximum of 4 g daily&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doses for dyphenhydramine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For most indications, diphenhydramine hydrochloride is given by mouth in usual doses of 25 to 50 mg three or four times daily&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For phenylephrine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For nasal congestion [...] phenylephrine hydrochloride may be given by mouth in doses up to 20 mg every four hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are taking the medicine every 4 hours that's 6 times a day. You can see that by taking the medication one hour earlier &lt;strong&gt;once&lt;/strong&gt; does not push your dose over the recommended limits. However, as I said, everyone is different and &lt;strong&gt;should you notice any symptoms or side effects you should contact your healthcare provider&lt;/strong&gt;. Also, if you have any questions about your therapy your doctor and/or pharmacist are the best person to ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said: are these doses recommended by a doctor, or have you decided to take the medicine every 4 hours yourself? You can see that, with this regimen, your are pushing the doses towards the upper limit, which is not always necessary. These substances are treating the symptoms not the cause of your cold, so if you take less it might affect how you feel, but not the outcome of your treatment. Finally, taking a medicine every four hours disrupts your sleep, which might not be the best idea, especially when you are ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for dosages: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference 34th edition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T02:14:28.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5853" CreationDate="2016-05-20T07:54:22.353" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Low potassium in blood is a condition called &lt;em&gt;hypokalemia&lt;/em&gt;. Your doctor can possibly recommend you potassium intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; article about it is fairly well documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T07:54:22.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-20T11:17:31.307" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person had an attack of pancreatitis in the past but is now in good health, is it advisable for him to consume alcoholic beverages? If yes, is there a limit to the amount that is safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3744" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-05-20T12:31:44.540" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:21:31.620" Title="Pancreatitis and consumption of alcohol" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5869" CreationDate="2016-05-20T13:31:34.313" Score="2" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually something I stumbled upon while conducting a statistical analysis. I have WBC and Platelets counts of over 3000 people with varying age and gender. I was thinking about doing a Hypothesis test. But since I don't know WHY THE WBC/Platet count matters, I cannot proceed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anybody have come across any research claims about any disease or conditions that relate to blood count ratios ( in my case, WBC/platelet), please share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3746" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:03:52.660" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:03:52.660" Title="What is the significance of white blood cells count to platelets count ratio?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5868" CreationDate="2016-05-20T14:57:48.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WBC to platelet ratio is not a commonly used index in medicine, and does not have any general significance. For example, infection, hematological malignancies, or solid organ tumors can all cause low or high WBC and low or high platelet count &lt;a href=&quot;http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookId=331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; looking at a specific population (patients undergoing splenectomy for trauma) showing that a lower platelet to WBC count ratio can be helpful to differentiate patients developing an infection from noninfected patients. The rationale behind this is that trauma patients often have a high WBC count (leukocytosis due to stress demargination of neutrophils), such that the WBC count is no longer reliable as an indicator of infection. Therefore, this study combined the WBC count with the platelet count, which initially goes down in most patients with infection &lt;a href=&quot;http://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2052-0492-1-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;, to try to improve discrimination between the two conditions. The generalizability of this index is extremely limited since the patient population studied was quite specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also one study &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/md-journal/subjects/Oncology/Abstract/2016/04050/Combination_of_PLR,_MLR,_MWR,_and_Tumor_Size_Could.43.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; that showed that platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (note that lymphocyte count only represents a subset of WBC count) correlates with prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than these two studies, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22platelet+to+wbc%22+or+%22platelet+to+white+blood+cell%22+or+%22wbc+to+platelet%22+or+%22white+blood+cell+to+platelet%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;search of the medical literature&lt;/a&gt; reveals no mention of the WBC to platelet (or platelet to WBC) ratio. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1962" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T14:57:48.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4095" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:18:28.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;as a medical doctor I have not seen such a phenomenon !your ability as a professional guitarist can be affected by working with such devices due to the fact that these device may increase the muscular tones  ! but it does not related to CTS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3748" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:18:28.353" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5866" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:21:31.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, if the episode of acute pancreatitis was not due to alcohol consumption and has completely resolved, it would be relatively safe for an individual to resume limited alcohol consumption. The recommendations vary from country to country, but a rule of thumb is a maximal amount of 2 drinks per day for men and 1 drink per day for women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is more and more evidence that there is no &quot;safe&quot; level of alcohol intake, and that any alcohol intake increases the risk of a range of cancers &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-alcohol-guidelines-show-increased-risk-of-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. Making this more complicated is that there is also data showing that people who drink a moderate amount of alcohol have lower mortality &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199712113372401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore, it's unclear whether it would be &quot;advisable&quot; to resume alcohol consumption. The jury is still out on whether it's safe to drink alcohol regularly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that the pancreatitis was caused by alcohol consumption, then it would be necessary to evaluate whether the person has alcohol use disorder. If the person is diagnosed with this condition, then it would be of course unadvisable for him or her to resume any amount of alcohol consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, in the event that the person has developed chronic pancreatitis from the episode of acute pancreatitis, then cessation of all alcohol intake is recommended. Patients who continue to drink in this situation have increased motality &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7739686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1962" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:21:31.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4003" CreationDate="2016-05-20T17:37:18.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first line of investigation for diagnosis of Crohn's disease is endoscopy (gastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy). Endoscopic remission (healing of mucosal lesions) does not necessarily correlate with clinical remission (disappearance of symptoms), and endoscopy would therefore still be indicated as a first-line diagnostic test if there is a very high suspicion for the disease based on previous symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, take a 21 year old man of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, with two sisters having Crohn's disease, who has a resolved history of bloody diarrhea 1 year ago, and is found to be anemic and B12 deficient on blood tests. This patient would warrant endoscopy even if asymptomatic at the time of presentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the other answer notes, fecal markers of inflammation (fecal calprotectin) and serologic markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP) could be used. In this situation, their utility would be as a &quot;rule out&quot; test if the suspicion for the disease is rather low and the goal is to avoid having to perform an endoscopy. If those markers are negative, and there are no symptoms, it may be appropriate to defer performing endoscopy until symptoms re-appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, capsule enteroscopy, CT enterography and MRI enterography are non-invasive tests that can be used to evaluate the small bowel, which may show mucosal disease despite the absence of symptoms. CT and MRI can also delineate other complications of Crohn's disease such as fistula, abscess, or bowel perforation, though these would definitely present with symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598817&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Jul;19(8):1645-53.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1962" LastActivityDate="2016-05-20T17:37:18.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5874" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5883" CreationDate="2016-05-20T21:52:28.053" Score="6" ViewCount="381" Body="&lt;p&gt;On TV it appears that every time a heartbeat monitor flat-lines they pull out the paddles of a manual external defibrillator (MED) and give a few shocks, often explicitly cranking up the output when an initial charge doesn't restore a heartbeat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My technical understanding of this is that a MED is &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; indicated when the cause of the heart &quot;stopping&quot; is some form of fibrillation or arrhythmia.  Granted, maybe &quot;off-screen&quot; is an electrocardiograph the EMT is referencing.  But if not, would an EMT ever use a MED if the only thing he knew was that a person had no pulse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, is it the case that a heart will &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; stop due to either fibrillation or arrhythmias that a MED can reverse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if a subject &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; have a steady heartbeat: Can a MED &lt;em&gt;stop&lt;/em&gt; a beating heart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose that if a subject has no pulse one might argue that the MED can't &lt;em&gt;hurt&lt;/em&gt;.  But is a MED a substitute for CPR?  E.g., if you had a MED and &lt;em&gt;no better information&lt;/em&gt; on the patient would you apply both MED shocks &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; CPR, or what is the current best practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to TV depictions: They almost always show the subject of MED arching his back for roughly a full second when the charge is applied.  I've never seen a real MED application, but my understanding is the pulse is only supposed to last 12ms.  Also, since it is applied across the chest, the skeletal muscles most prone to contract would presumably be the chest and upper abdominals, which would (if anything) cause the exact opposite contraction, and only for an instant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2016-05-27T15:06:30.107" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T02:35:04.447" Title="Can Manual External Defibrillators &quot;restart&quot; a heart?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5845" CreationDate="2016-05-21T00:17:40.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is true that Zika can be transmitted sexually (from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the CDC&lt;/a&gt;). However, Zika is generally classified as a mosquito-borne disease, not an STD, as mosquitoes are by far the most common vector of passage. I am not aware of transmission of &quot;typical&quot; STDs by mosquitoes, most likely because, as you say, the amounts of pathogenic material are &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; small, and the body's immune system can pretty easily clear it without difficulties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the organisms that cause STDs (including HIV) are quite sensitive to the environment, and cannot survive for long, if at all, outside the human body, which is why you can't get AIDS from a dirty soup spoon, or even an old bloody bandage. However, mosquito-borne pathogens like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Plasmodium sp.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (the parasites which cause malaria) are highly adapted to living part of their life cycle within the mosquito itself, as well as in the human host. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2025" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T00:17:40.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T04:02:28.813" Score="3" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dentist re-implanted my avulsed front tooth 2 1/2 weeks ago and I went back yesterday and he said my tooth was healing and getting stronger and he wanted to do a root canal, clean the nerves out and put a crown on. I didn't want my tooth ground down so I told him I would wait. Is it possible to do the root canal and just fill the root with filling..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T22:17:55.817" Title="Root canal and filling or root canal and crown....?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-02-09T01:06:31.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5853" CreationDate="2016-05-21T04:05:52.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Low potassium is on average below 3.5 and is termed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-potassium/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050632&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypokalemia&lt;/a&gt;. Signs and symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Weakness Fatigue Muscle cramps Constipation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) are the most worrisome&#xA;  complication of very low potassium levels, particularly in people with&#xA;  underlying heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severely low potassium can result in death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264075&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ncbi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242008-treatment#d10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medication, surgery and diet can be used to treat hypokalemia.&lt;/a&gt; However. Medications are not always use s to treat unless you consider potassium supplement. Treatment depends on cause, as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Usually, oral potassium chloride is administered when potassium levels&#xA;  need to be replenished, as well as, in patients with ongoing potassium&#xA;  loss (eg, those on thiazide diuretics), when it must be maintained.&#xA;  Potassium-sparing diuretics are generally used only in patients with&#xA;  normal renal function who are prone to significant hypokalemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which inhibit renal&#xA;  potassium excretion, can ameliorate some of the hypokalemia that&#xA;  thiazide and loop diuretics can cause. However, ACE inhibitors can&#xA;  lead to lethal hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency who&#xA;  are taking potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surgical care&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Generally, hypokalemia is a medical, not a surgical, condition.&#xA;  Surgical intervention is required only with certain etiologies, such&#xA;  as the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Renal artery stenosis Adrenal adenoma Intestinal obstruction producing&#xA;  massive vomiting Villous adenoma Decreasing Potassium Losses Measures&#xA;  to identify and stop ongoing losses of potassium include the&#xA;  following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Discontinue diuretics/laxatives Use potassium-sparing diuretics if&#xA;  diuretic therapy is required (eg, severe heart failure) Treat diarrhea&#xA;  or vomiting Administer H2 blockers to patients receiving nasogastric&#xA;  suction Control hyperglycemia if glycosuria is present&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because of the risk associated with potassium replacement, alleviation&#xA;  of the cause of hypokalemia may be preferable to treatment, especially&#xA;  if hypokalemia is mild, asymptomatic, or transient and is likely to&#xA;  resolve without treatment. For example, patients with vomiting who are&#xA;  successfully treated with antiemetics may not require potassium&#xA;  replacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Replenishment of Potassium Replenishment of potassium is the second&#xA;  treatment step. For every 1 mEq/L decrease in serum potassium, the&#xA;  potassium deficit is approximately 200-400 mEq.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bear in mind, however, that many factors in addition to the total body&#xA;  potassium stores contribute to the serum potassium concentration.&#xA;  Therefore, this calculation could either overestimate or underestimate&#xA;  the true potassium deficit. For example, do not overcorrect potassium&#xA;  in patients with periodic hypokalemic paralysis. This condition is&#xA;  caused by transcellular maldistribution, not by a true deficit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients who have mild or moderate hypokalemia (potassium level of&#xA;  2.5-3.5 mEq/L) are usually asymptomatic; if these patients have only minor symptoms, they may need only oral potassium replacement therapy.&#xA;  If cardiac arrhythmias or significant symptoms are present, then more&#xA;  aggressive therapy is warranted. This treatment is similar to the&#xA;  treatment of severe hypokalemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the potassium level is less than 2.5 mEq/L, intravenous potassium&#xA;  should be given. Maintain close follow-up care, provide continuous ECG&#xA;  monitoring, and check serial potassium levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Higher dosages may increase the risk of cardiac complications. Many&#xA;  institutions have policies that limit the maximum amount of potassium&#xA;  that can be given per hour. Hospital admission or observation in the&#xA;  emergency department is indicated; replacement therapy takes more than&#xA;  a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The serum potassium level is difficult to replenish if the serum&#xA;  magnesium level is also low. Look to replace both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral potassium is absorbed readily, and relatively large doses can be&#xA;  given safely. Oral administration is limited by patient tolerance&#xA;  because some individuals develop nausea or even gastrointestinal&#xA;  ulceration with enteral potassium formulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intravenous potassium, which is less well tolerated because it can be&#xA;  highly irritating to veins, can be given only in relatively small&#xA;  doses, generally 10 mEq/h. Under close cardiac supervision in emergent&#xA;  circumstances, as much as 40 mEq/h can be administered through a&#xA;  central line. Oral and parenteral potassium can safely be used&#xA;  simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Take ongoing potassium losses into consideration by measuring the&#xA;  volume and potassium concentration of body fluid losses. If the&#xA;  patient is severely hypokalemic, avoid glucose-containing parenteral&#xA;  fluids to prevent an insulin-induced shift of potassium into the&#xA;  cells. If the patient is acidotic, correct the potassium first to&#xA;  prevent an alkali-induced shift of potassium into the cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T04:05:52.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T04:24:36.503" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can dental cavities or gum disease have a negative impact on cardiovascular health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3751" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T21:59:44.550" Title="Can dental problems impact cardiovascular health?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-21T11:40:09.760" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mosquito bites have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mosquito.org/mosquito-borne-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a host of potential issues.&lt;/a&gt; If there is no chance I will become pregnant, should the potential for zika cause me anymore concern about mosquito bites then all of the other things they can carry? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T08:56:28.210" Title="Other than complications related to pregnancy, does zika pose any adult health risks?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4023" CreationDate="2016-05-21T18:40:13.303" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;usually in hypothyroidism eyebrow-thinning happens!which means eyebrow partial hair loss.&#xA;you can read more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/endo-meetings.2016.THPTA.2.SUN-264&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/endo-meetings.2016.THPTA.2.SUN-264&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26457693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26457693&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3748" LastActivityDate="2016-05-21T18:40:13.303" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5874" CreationDate="2016-05-21T23:20:28.123" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your technical understanding is correct and television is fiction. In fact, watching shows involving CPR and defibrillation is a source of both amusement and frustration for most medical professionals because it is almost always portrayed wildly inaccurately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Defibrillation is effective against only ventricular fibrillation (VF or V-Fib, which is when the heart is beating too irregularly for effective blood circulation to occur) and &lt;em&gt;pulseless&lt;/em&gt; ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-Tach, which is when the heart is beating too fast for effective circulation). Automated defibrillators simply will not shock other rhythms, including asystole (&quot;flat line&quot;). No one trained to use a manual defibrillator would do so either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, a defibrillator can definitely stop a beating heart. However, if that heart started out healthy and hasn't been injured, then it's quite likely it will restart on its own due to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Autorhythmicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;autorhythmicity&lt;/a&gt; of cardiac cells. This is why &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioversion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardioversion&lt;/a&gt; can be used to treat arrhythmias with relative safety. A cardioversion is simply a defibrillation of the heart timed to coincide precisely with a safe point in the heart rhythm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, there was even one case of an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2819293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;unsuccessful suicide attempt using a defibrillator&lt;/a&gt;. Had the nurse followed his training and applied the paddles to his chest instead of his head, he might have succeeded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the &quot;it can't hurt&quot; logic is tempting, the fact is that inappropriate defibrillation &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; hurt. Defibrillation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aed.com/blog/brief-explanation-defibrillator-really/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;works&lt;/a&gt; by depolarizing the entire heart, which interrupts the arrhythmia and provides an opportunity for autorhythmicity to restart a normal rhythm. If the patient is in asystole the heart is already depolarized, so defibrillation will accomplish nothing except perhaps depolarizing cells that were in the process of repolarizing, thereby eliminating the already very small chance of restoring a heartbeat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Defibrillation is also ineffective against pulseless electrical activity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://acls.com/free-resources/knowledge-base/pea-asystole/what-is-pulseless-electrical-activity-pea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PEA&lt;/a&gt;). In PEA, the heart's conduction system is functioning normally but some other cause is preventing it from pumping blood. Hypovolemia and hypoxemia are the most common causes of PEA. The only effective treatment for PEA is to find and correct the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient is in some rhythm other than VF or VT, defibrillation may stop their heart, or put them into VF or VT. It simply isn't done no matter what you might see on television.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-19T02:35:04.447" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T02:35:04.447" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5894" CreationDate="2016-05-22T01:49:48.237" Score="10" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;A severely overweight American is imprisoned in some country XYZ after accusations of spying. Whilst in prison the XYZ people put him on a diet of just plain water. He is not placed on any kind of hard labor however, and the location where he is imprisoned is clean so there is no risk of illnesses from pests or other prisoners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in this scenario, the only things he would directly suffer from are lack of freedom and possibly boredom. As could be expected, he would eventually start loosing weight due to his body using the fat reserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions I wanted to ask are what would happen if this scenario continued for some extended time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would it be possible for the prisoner to die of hunger while still&#xA;being overweight?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or would the body first use up most of the fat reserves before the&#xA;person dies of hunger?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3755" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T23:35:00.470" Title="Can a person die of hunger while still being severely obese?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-22T04:28:46.023" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say you eat 50 grams of potato chips which have a glycemic load of 12 (according to Harvard.edu) and you eat it with 1 oz. Of sunflower seeds with have a GI load of 2.5. So is the total GI load then 14.5 ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the protein have any affect or lower the glycemic load? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes please explain. &lt;strong&gt;What is the calculation by which you can know how much the glycemic load is lowered?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2016-05-22T08:13:48.050" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T01:11:38.733" Title="Does protein lower the glycemic load? Please explain" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-22T04:38:42.883" Score="4" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin pills are usually taken orally or sublingually. If I crush them inside a blender as a part of a shake, would it compromise their function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1473" LastActivityDate="2016-12-21T20:36:01.617" Title="Would putting vitamin pills in a blender alter their effectiveness?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-22T04:53:14.277" Score="7" ViewCount="9981" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently dealing with my seasonal pollen allergies, and currently the right side of my nose is simultaneously blocked and runny. But when I start exercising, for example five situps, the blockage clears right up and I can breathe clearly. If I stop exercising, it comes back as suddenly as it left. Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3757" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T15:30:15.043" Title="My allergy-caused stuffy nose goes away when I exercise. Why?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5876" CreationDate="2016-05-22T06:00:39.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be possible to just do the root canal treatment and cover that with a small composite filling on the tongue side of the tooth. My opinion is that this is the ideal way to treat the tooth assuming that there is not a big filling or a big break in the tooth right now.  (Doing a full crown over a front tooth that has a root canal greatly weakens the tooth and the patient runs a higher chance of the whole tooth breaking off at gum level.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3758" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T06:00:39.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5886" CreationDate="2016-05-22T07:46:15.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Plain and simple yes.&#xA;Exact ratio I don't know if it's conclusive however here is a study with their opinion on the ratio &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jn.nutrition.org/content/136/10/2506.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://m.jn.nutrition.org/content/136/10/2506.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3760" LastEditorUserId="3760" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T23:10:44.417" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T23:10:44.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5757" CreationDate="2016-05-22T08:00:39.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I definitely agree with you, to not bother with bioelectrical impedance devices as they really are not worth that much.&#xA;The dexa scan readouts I have seen in America are pretty straight forward.&#xA;They tell you bone density, lean body mass and fat mass and a few other things in a very readable format.&#xA;It will give you the data per section of your body such as your left arm is x percent fat mass etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3760" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T08:00:39.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5884" CreationDate="2016-05-22T09:43:41.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fat provides with energy, like bread or pasta. You are forgetting that there is also a need for vitamines, minerals, proteins and fibers. If not from hunger, the person would be in extremely bad condition, leading to death from illness and carence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you are right that apart from these carences, it should deplete all fat reserve (and muscle as well), before dying from such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T09:43:41.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5880" CreationDate="2016-05-22T09:46:40.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For adults, Zika virus is like flu. Apart from fever and maybe nausea, you shouldn't have to worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: since it seems sources are of bad need, here is one confirmation from a very recent study (Petersen 2016).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971216000217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971216000217&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T08:56:28.210" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T08:56:28.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5897" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5857" CreationDate="2016-05-22T13:06:21.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very interesting case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First things first, we should determine why one moves and how one moves. The concerning brain area is the primary motor cortex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The primary motor cortex (M1) lies along the precentral gyrus, and generates the signals that control the execution of movement. Secondary motor areas are involved in motor planning. [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainconnection.brainhq.com/2013/03/05/the-anatomy-of-movement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you probably know is the human body controlled by electrical pulses, so-called action potentials. These control your body and are sent out by the brain (very simplified).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Electricity is a natural phenomenon in  our body and it is involved in the specific functions of certain special cells in the brain and in smooth and striated muscles. Each pattern of light, sound, heat, pain, each twinkle, finger snap, each thought translates into a sequence of electric pulses. How does it happen? [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n10/fundamentos/pot2_i.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should read a few paragraphs before proceeding reading if you don't know about action and resting potential anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I believe that you are someone who is competent to use Google, I tell you that I haven't found anything related to cramps and mental willpower as well. But I found something else which sparked my interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We tested the hypothesis that the nervous system, and the cortex in particular, is a critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness and that a high level of corticospinal inhibition is an important neurophysiologic factor regulating force generation. [...] Mental imagery training, however, attenuated the loss of strength [...] These findings suggest neurological mechanisms, most likely at the cortical level, contribute significantly to disuse-induced weakness, and that regular activation of the cortical regions via imagery attenuates weakness [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.physiology.org/content/early/2014/09/24/jn.00386.2014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This research is phenomenal, suggesting that thinking about exercising can attenuate muscle loss and could even promote hypertrophy. You may ask now what this has to do with your case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A cramp is an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. Cramps can affect any muscle under your voluntary control (skeletal muscle). [...] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, what now follows is but pure speculation but I guessed that I could try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we pair the findings above mental exercise and the reasons behind a cramp and the information of what we know of action and resting potential, we could conclude that thinking about a muscle area in particular promotes movement and simple action in it. As a cramp is defined as a contracted muscle which is not able to relax, thinking about it might promote movement and action in it once again, resulting in the satisfying feeling of getting rid of the cramp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to know that you usually move subconsciously - you don't think too much about grabbing this one glass of water, walking around the corner or getting in and out of the bus. This is all done by your subconscious in order to keep your attention fixated on something more important. Imagine if you think about moving your muscles all day, we would live a life with information overload where we can't think of the important things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So figuratively speaking, the following happens: Your commando center has a Commander-In-Chief, you, and a lot of subordinates. One for moving your legs, one for keeping your heart beating, one for getting embarrassed, one for simple walking and many more. Of course, every subordinate needs to learn their trade and this is done by practicing. So, especially in your childhood, your subordinates are eager to learn. You, the Commander-In-Chief, still always have the right of way - if you say something, your subordinates do so. So it happens that one of your subordinates makes a mistake, for example biting your cheek while eating, and you, the Commander-In-Chief, are left with the consequences. So you think about it, get angry at yourself and hope that your subordinate, your subconscious, has learned it. The same goes for a cramp. A subordinate wasn't wary enough and a cramp occurs because of one of the many reasons (overuse of muscle, dehydration, muscle strain, etc. &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/dxc-20186052&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;). Oh snap! The subordinate is overloaded and you have to handle it by enforcing your electrical signals on this very specific point in your arm and, voíla, your arm is able to move again because you ordered your little army of electrical impulses to go to this specific point to isolate the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As earlier stated, there is absolutely no scientific basis for this and neither I'm a physician nor a researcher so take this with a grain of salt. But I hope to have given you at least one idea of what might happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainconnection.brainhq.com/2013/03/05/the-anatomy-of-movement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://brainconnection.brainhq.com/2013/03/05/the-anatomy-of-movement/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n10/fundamentos/pot2_i.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n10/fundamentos/pot2_i.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.physiology.org/content/early/2014/09/24/jn.00386.2014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://jn.physiology.org/content/early/2014/09/24/jn.00386.2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00200&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/dxc-20186052&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/dxc-20186052&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3715" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T13:06:21.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5888" CreationDate="2016-05-22T14:13:46.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.entnet.org/content/stuffy-nose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;exercise causes your nasal membranes&lt;/a&gt; to constrict helping you breathe easier. After you exercise the effects wear off and the symptoms return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Membranes in the nose have an abundant supply of arteries, veins, and&#xA;  capillaries, which have the ability to expand and constrict. Normally&#xA;  these blood vessels are in a half-constricted or half-open state. But&#xA;  when a person exercises vigorously, hormone (adrenaline) levels&#xA;  increase. Adrenaline causes constriction of the nasal membranes so&#xA;  that the air passages open up and the person breathes freely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The opposite takes place when an allergic attack or a cold develops.&#xA;  During a cold, blood vessels expand, membranes become congested, and&#xA;  the nose becomes stuffy, or blocked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to allergies and infections, certain circumstances can&#xA;  cause nasal blood vessels to expand, leading to vasomotor rhinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fitnessandwellnessnews.com/work-out-sinus-pressure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fitnessandwellnessnews.com&lt;/a&gt;, also make a valid argument. However, there's pertains less to the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exercise can temporarily relieve nasal congestion. The increase in&#xA;  circulation clears sinus pressure and allows for easier breathing. An&#xA;  aerobic workout is especially successful in clearing congestion with&#xA;  its cardio focus. Although you may want to blend in with the bedding,&#xA;  movement provides the best relief.  A stuffed nose is worse when lying&#xA;  down. Sinuses don’t have gravity working with them to drain cavities&#xA;  blocked by mucus. Sinus congestion is also loosened by increased&#xA;  temperature in the body’s core. A runny nose may ensue, which,&#xA;  although annoying, relieves sinus pressure and stuffiness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T14:13:46.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5899" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7440" CreationDate="2016-05-22T14:20:07.043" Score="6" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/5874/843&quot;&gt;We have great machines for shocking a heart out of various malfunctions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my understanding is that the only &quot;machine&quot; indicated for restarting a heart that has completely stopped (i.e., &quot;flat-lined&quot;) is manual compression.  I.e., even if you're a patient in a Level 1 trauma center, if you flat-line then all the machines get pushed aside and one person is going to start pushing on your chest above your heart to try to get it started.  (And you might get a does of epinephrine.  Oh, and if you're really &quot;lucky&quot; and they have your chest torn open then they'll reach in and compress the heart directly.)  Is this accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, isn't this weird?  Pushing on the heart through the rib cage to get it to spontaneously start seems like trying to rescue someone drowning by standing on the shore and poking them with a stick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can electrically stimulate every muscle to contract.  I understand that a functional heartbeat requires a &lt;em&gt;coordinated&lt;/em&gt; series of contractions.  An electrocardiogram can &lt;em&gt;monitor&lt;/em&gt; the sequence of contractions in a functional heartbeat.  Why can't it (or something like it) pump current back through its electrodes to &lt;em&gt;stimulate&lt;/em&gt; a perfect heartbeat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, if one could place arbitrary electrodes directly on a heart, could an electronic device force it to beat &amp;ndash; indefinitely &amp;ndash; when it has flat-lined?  Or is there some reason that is not technically or medically feasible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, it just seems weird that when the heart stops the current best practice is basically to just try &quot;nudging&quot; it to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T09:11:18.243" Title="Mechanical cardio resuscitation for asystole" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5830" CreationDate="2016-05-22T23:19:42.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually on health SE the question about specific steps and/or medication to help you would be closed as personal medical advice question, and you would be prompted to ask a medical professional's help. But, since you have given a detailed explanation why you don't think it would work for you, I hope this answer will help you and other who have a similar question in refuting the arguments you gave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, &lt;strong&gt;a therapist can help you with the issues you described and here is why&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Working with a therapist to resolve shyness, social anxiety or anything else that might be the problem isn't about your interaction with the professional as a new person and practicing on them in a safe environment. It is about finding the root of the problem and finding ways to solve or mitigate it by methods that the practitioner has been trained to use. It might seem like an ordinary conversation/social interaction, but it is not, and a layperson cannot do it instead of a therapist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among many techniques that exist, a well-known one is &lt;strong&gt;cognitive behavioural therapy&lt;/strong&gt; also known as &lt;strong&gt;CBT&lt;/strong&gt;. Whether this is the right one for you, I can't say over the internet, but a therapist who sees you in person can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cognitive-behavioural-therapy/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[CBT] is based on the concept that your thoughts, feelings, physical sensations and actions are interconnected, and that negative thoughts and feelings can trap you in a vicious cycle. CBT aims to help you crack this cycle by breaking down overwhelming problems into smaller parts and showing you how to change these negative patterns to improve the way you feel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on your description this seems like something you are looking for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked about a pill or a supplement. There have been studies with those as well, but &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=pUSG1BONmekC&amp;amp;dq=Controlled+studies+have+shown+that+cognitive+behavioral+treatment+is+equally+or+more+efficacious,+particularly+at+long-term+.&amp;amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; by Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead states that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Controlled studies have shown that cognitive behavioral treatment is equally or more efficacious, particularly at long-term follow up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your opinion that you need medication or supplements persists, you would still need to get a prescription or at leas a recommendation from a therapist, so if you already go to see one, why not try a pharma-free option first? If need be, your therapist can always add the medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should mention that there are self-help options, primarily books on the market, but while they might offer valuable advice they can't monitor your progress and adjust the advice and methods accordingly, while a therapist can and this is exactly what they do. A form of middle-ground might be computerised CBT. If you opt for therapy in person (the best option IMO) you can choose between group and individual therapy. Sometimes it might take a while to find a form of therapy or a therapist that suits you (people are different) the key is to be persistent and not to give up. Best of luck! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.rs/books?id=pUSG1BONmekC&amp;amp;dq=Controlled+studies+have+shown+that+cognitive+behavioral+treatment+is+equally+or+more+efficacious,+particularly+at+long-term+.&amp;amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 4&lt;/a&gt;, Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, 2010 &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cognitive-behavioural-therapy/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) at NHS&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/shyness.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Painful Shyness in Children and Adults&lt;/a&gt; by American Psychological Association &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0101-81082009000300007&amp;amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;tlng=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder&lt;/a&gt; Sara Costa Cabral MululoI; Gabriela Bezerra de MenezesII; Leonardo FontenelleIII, Marcio VersianiIV, Rev. psiquiatr. Rio Gd. Sul vol.31 no.3 Porto Alegre Sept./Dec. 2009 &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-05-22T23:19:42.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7493" CreationDate="2016-05-23T01:27:27.743" Score="2" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get loprox (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclopirox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cicloprox&lt;/a&gt;), you need a doctors prescription. It's used to cure fungal infections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you can buy some antifungal creams without prescriptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can't you just replace one with another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does loprox have some features, which are absent in other antifungal creams?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T04:55:32.860" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T13:08:39.370" Title="What is difference between loprox and antifungal cream?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-23T03:42:00.967" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a high school student doing a biomedical engineering project about sleepwalking. For my project, I am prototyping a novel healthcare solution to prevent lengthened periods of sleepwalking in children. For my prototype, the child will be wearing a wristwatch (an Apple Watch for this prototype). There will be an app installed on the prototype to detect if the child is awake and is moving a certain distance. When the child moves a certain distance, an alarm will play on the phones of the parents of the sleepwalking child. The parents can then wake up and guide their child back to bed. If this prototype is renovated and made &quot;industry-worthy&quot;, then the child will avoid doing harm to things around the house and to themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only have one concern with my idea. Will the child be able to take off the watch while they are sleepwalking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3763" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:30:59.330" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:30:59.330" Title="Actions During Sleepwalking" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;&lt;sleep-walking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5887" CreationDate="2016-05-23T13:26:56.150" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a chemical point of view, no. Vitamins are fairly stable molecules, so they can live into acidic media (like lemon, vitamin C) or other life media which are generally not prone for chemical species stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid heating though, this &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; alter them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-10-21T22:28:09.483" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T22:28:09.483" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-23T17:01:32.397" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a patient comes into the office with what seems like an injury to the ligaments/tendons around the elbow, &lt;strong&gt;what are the &quot;exercises&quot; that the physician uses in order to identify or pinpoint the injured tissue structure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What are these &quot;exercises&quot; called? What are the actual individual exercises/tests that are used called? What is the method of diagnosis using this type of method called? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. I go into the doctor's office with an injury to the medial collateral ligament, so the physician has me apply pressure to his arms in certain directions/angles with my arms placed in certain positions in order to see which &quot;exercise&quot; triggers pain/discomfort or reveals weaknesses. There seemed to be around ~3-5 of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me make this question better in any way possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1171" LastEditorUserId="1171" LastEditDate="2016-05-23T17:07:13.267" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T17:07:13.267" Title="Elbow Ligament/Tendon Injury Diagnosis-Aid?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5928" CreationDate="2016-05-23T21:30:36.840" Score="3" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;In elemental drinks liquid nutrition is given to patients with ingredients that do not require eznzyme to break them down or any digestive activity.  To my knowledge honey contains monosachiride sugar and doesn't require any digestion so should give energy without any problem to people.  Why then is honey not used to replace the carbohydrate component of an elemental drink?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T10:22:27.120" Title="Is honey elemental nutrition, if not why not?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5884" CreationDate="2016-05-23T23:35:00.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose you also get essential vitamins and minerals to prevent dying from shortages of these as pointed out by Blue Elephant. Then, you can still die while still being overweight due to the fact that the human body cannot convert fat to glucose. We cannot do without glucose, e.g. brain cells need to use glucose, they cannot burn fat. When we run out of glucose, we can generate glucose by breaking down proteins, which leads to a loss of muscle mass. So, you'll start to starve well before running out of fat reserves once you've lost almost all of your muscle mass and the protein breakdown process starts to affect essential organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-05-23T23:35:00.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-24T06:22:32.887" Score="3" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;A toe nail appears to have a fungus attack after damage during a accident and is experiencing pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After  taking some home remedies like applying Turmeric Powder onto it it seems better, but you want to cure it permanently. What are some remedies?    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3682" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2016-06-02T19:44:51.007" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T17:54:43.323" Title="How to get rid of fungus from toe nail damage?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-24T16:24:30.527" Score="2" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge the body must have it's 'main' source of energy as either fat(ketosis) or carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I was wondering if it could be done with protein alone(e.g. fat boiled out of meat).  If not what if you also ate 'low calorie green vegetables e.g. kale or spinach.  Obviously you could not get enough calories from low calories vegetables but would it allow you to gain weight whilst using protein(without fat) as the main source of calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastActivityDate="2016-07-24T04:55:00.013" Title="Can Protein and low calories vegetables(kale, spinach) be used as sole source of energy?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5910" CreationDate="2016-05-24T18:00:40.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Going on such a diet (one that is void of fat) for sustained periods of time is simply not possible. Fat is an &lt;strong&gt;essential&lt;/strong&gt; macronutrient your body needs. Never go on a diet that is void of fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat is mandatory for the digestion and absorption of fat soluble micro nutrients (Vitamin A, D, E, and K).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fats are also sources of EFAs (Essential Fatty Acids).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EFAs play an important role in the life and death of cardiac cells.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EFA deficiency results in a dermatitis similar to that seen in zinc or biotin deficiency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EFAs are modified to make:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the classic eicosanoids (affecting inflammation and many other cellular functions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the endocannabinoids (affecting mood, behavior and inflammation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the lipoxins from ω-6 EFAs and resolvins from ω-3 (in the presence of aspirin, downregulating inflammation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the isofurans, neurofurans, isoprostanes, hepoxilins, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and Neuroprotectin D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EFAs form lipid rafts (affecting cellular signaling)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EFAs act on DNA (activating or inhibiting transcription factors such as NF-κB, which is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine production)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fats also serve as energy stores for the body, containing about 37.8 kilojoules (9 calories) per gram of fat. They are broken down in the body to release glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat also serves as a useful buffer towards a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute—or at least maintain equilibrium of—the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue. This helps to protect vital organs, until such time as the offending substances can be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2016-05-24T18:00:40.737" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7019" CreationDate="2016-05-24T19:18:13.143" Score="4" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;My kids have changed school recently and they started bringing head lice home, at first we thought that was one time instance, but there are few families (including parents) that do seem to carry lice and don't treat them as they have nits clearly visible for some weeks now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went through two bottles of anti-lice shampoo and was wondering is there some treatment like dog collars for humans that one could simply carry with/on himself to avoid getting lice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T01:30:22.257" Title="Permanent lice prevention" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-25T00:35:37.847" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually just put a bowl of frozen veggies in the microwave for dinner, without adding any water. When it's done, there's a considerable amount water in the bowl. Some of that comes from small pieces of molten ice, sure, but some is certainly also from within the veggies. It is slightly colored (mostly green-ish). Doesn't look or taste too great. I've always just poured it in the drain, but am I missing out on nutrients here? Am I literally throwing them away?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Similar thing with fish. Put it dry/frozen in the microwave, take it out in a giant puddle. Again, the liquid is colored/turbid (white-ish). Don't want to lose all those precious nutrients, but it doesn't taste that good, so how much exactly may be in there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3779" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T00:35:37.847" Title="Microwaving veggies/fish and nutrients" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;microwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-25T02:09:43.707" Score="2" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any studies on health effects of smoking once a month or less?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's very little out there on very rare smokers, and as such I've been unable to find any studies along these lines for myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/5782/are-there-any-studies-on-health-effects-of-rare-pipe-smoking&quot;&gt;Related question here.&lt;/a&gt; This question is different to that one, as this one is concerned with studies of even lower frequency of smoking, and that one is specific to pipe smokers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3665" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T07:45:14.253" Title="Are there any studies on health effects of smoking once a month or less?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2016-05-25T12:42:31.743" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleep quality is multi-factorial. It depends on several physical and mental factors which differ person to person. For instance patients with spinal problems are better to sleep in a supine position (sleep on the back) on a hard surface while allergic patients and children are better to sleep in a prone position (sleep on the stomach) because in this position mucosal secretions can run out easily and cause no breathing difficulty. So generally speaking, sleeping on the floor does not improve your sleep quality unless you have spinal or neck or muscular difficulties. For experiencing a good deep sleep it is suggested to have an early dinner, exercise daily, meditate before sleep and avoid caffeine and smocking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3748" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-05-25T16:25:37.850" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T16:25:37.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-25T13:30:33.687" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the past month, I've been feeling extremely fatigued, exhausted, out of breath and even light headed! I know I've been sleeping as usual. I can't even bend over, lift things, I can even exercise without being out of breath! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My work is not labor intensive at all. This is really effecting my quality of life. I wake up in the morning and my whole body is just aching as if I ran a marathon. Someone point me to the right direction! I have a doctors appointment next week so I want somethings I should discuss with him about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3609" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T16:26:20.353" Title="Why have I been fatigued/exhausted for the past month?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-04T21:33:32.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5918" CreationDate="2016-05-25T15:39:33.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/basics/symptoms/con-20019327&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Iron deficiency&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/basics/symptoms/con-20030056&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dehydration&lt;/a&gt; can both make a person fatigued. Try drinking more water, and eating more &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/iron-rich-foods?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;iron rich foods&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastEditorUserId="3704" LastEditDate="2016-05-25T16:57:53.000" LastActivityDate="2016-05-25T16:57:53.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-25T23:02:33.993" Score="1" ViewCount="1770" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a toddler goes barefoot most of the day on cold floors, can that lead to a kidney infection? The child is always dressed warmly but refuses to wear anything on feet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now being winter, and moved to a house in colder area, she constantly has a cold. Her concerned grandma always thought it was obvious that by walking on cold surfaces barefoot, chills from underfoot could enhance kidney problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Glenda Saitta" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:26:34.960" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:26:34.960" Title="Can walking barefoot on cold floors cause kidney problems?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;&lt;barefoot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-26T05:07:48.403" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I shave my beard with the help of body soap (I wont use shaving cream)&#xA;&amp;amp; I won't shave my mustache, but the left &amp;amp; right side of mustache becomes very pointy after I finish shaving. So I created a habit of plucking the edges of my mustache on both ends of lips at nights and by morning it will look like a hitler type mustache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causing this weird problem? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3786" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:25:36.073" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:25:36.073" Title="Why my mustache edges becomes poke after shaving my beard?" Tags="&lt;facial-hair&gt;&lt;pluck-plucking&gt;&lt;shave-shaving&gt;&lt;shaving-cream&gt;&lt;aftershave&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5931" CreationDate="2016-05-26T05:46:00.667" Score="3" ViewCount="1774" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that with a cut sticky blood cells called platelets are used to prevent an extended amount of blood loss from the wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do blood thinners prevent this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-05-01T14:08:28.137" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T11:06:17.377" Title="How do blood thinners stop the creation of platelets?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-25T13:55:37.327" Score="6" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;For knee surgery, the most common method is to use a tendon from elsewhere in patient's body to replace the torn anterior cruciate ligament. But why tendon not ligament? Tendon have different composition from ligament. It should take longer repair time using tendon instead of ligament.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user24092" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:23:12.030" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:23:12.030" Title="Why do doctors use tendon instead of ligament in key-hole surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;&lt;laparoscopy-keyhole&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-26T08:23:34.087" Score="3" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are B vitamins typically sedating, stimulating, or neither?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in knowing for all persons, but adults in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If gender plays a role, that would be good to know as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T15:35:34.437" Title="Are B vitamins typically sedating, stimulating, or neither?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5830" CreationDate="2016-05-26T09:45:06.307" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Person with social anxiety here.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I want to share some personal experience with you. Most of the symptoms you described (both mental and physical) are familiar to my own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get help&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;First, I totally agree with Lucky. Seeing a therapist/psychologist is in my honest opinion the best thing to do. This person can help in the form of giving exercises, advice or just listening to you. It doesn't matter that you can get used to him/her. That comfort might help you to talk more openly and get to the source of your problem. Your age is not important IMHO. The people in my therapy group ranged from age 20 to 65.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Work on your emotions, don't suppress them&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I think using supplements/pills should be a last resort. Those might help you in the moment but are not a long time solution. Try training to control your emotions and get help doing so. This is much more fulfilling and helpful. Using something like a pill to gain that control seems a bit like suppressing to me. I'm certainly not a therapist/psychologist but I believe you should learn to handle the emotions you're experiencing properly. It takes some work and time, and it might not be easy but it's worth it. You will start noticing that you converse with more and more ease overtime. This will also help you regain confidence because it will be something you achieved yourself. Supplement and pills will not address any underlying problems you might have. They will continue to exist and you will only treat the symptoms.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But then again, I'm not a professional so get the opinion of an expert on this matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had group therapy and occasionally spoke with a psychologist. Together we came to the source of my social anxiety and started to work on it. A year later (after a year of therapy), I still have some anxious moments now and then but they are less intense and don't last that long anymore. My point is that, while therapy takes more work, it outweighs the 'quick fix' that pills and supplements offer by far.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I hope this helps and the best of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3446" LastEditorUserId="3446" LastEditDate="2016-05-26T12:45:26.240" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T12:45:26.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5906" CreationDate="2016-05-26T10:22:27.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honey is not appropriate for elemental diet because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- It is not sterile (elemental diet for both intravenous or enteric use needs to be sterile).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Various types of honey have very &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.honey.com/images/downloads/carb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;different ratios of sugars&lt;/a&gt; (Honey.com) including some disaccharides, such as sucrose and maltose, and also some proteins and other ingredients (the exact composition of elemental diet needs to be known).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T10:22:27.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9022" CreationDate="2016-05-26T13:04:33.847" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I googled this query but all I got was that loud music on headphones causes hearing loss.Now I use headphones sometimes and I had hearing impairment from when I was a kid.Should I altogether stop using it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3789" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:33:11.550" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:33:11.550" Title="Should I use headphones when I have hearing loss?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;&lt;earplugs-earphones&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5915" CreationDate="2016-05-26T13:58:15.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, most studies about smoking talk about passive smoking, pollution effect and how to compare pollution effect to smoking intensity etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, what is considered as a light smoker by almost all studies starts about 3cigarettes/day. This is understandable since the pollution effect in crowded places or near highly exposed places is equivalent to 3-10 passively smoked cigarettes/day (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116301268&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an article about air pollution effect near an Amsterdam freeway).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your concern being about one cigarette/month, you can see it is truly negligible compared to air pollution concerns for example. That's why there are no studies about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one should acknowledge a last thing. Daily life, involving simple things such as walking under shining sun, exposes us to hazard. Our body is made to be adapted to it, and handles it fairly well (otherwise humanity would have already been annihilated by viruses, skin cancer etc). When one smokes, he increases the risk for his body to develop bad things. Even though the risk is much lower in that case (1cigarette/month), it is still present. It's a bit like playing lottery; if you play very often, well, you might win.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2016-05-27T07:45:14.253" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T07:45:14.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5924" CreationDate="2016-05-26T14:09:22.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 2 types of blood thinners anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Anticoagulant-medicines/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anticoagulants&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anticoagulants work by interrupting the process involved in the&#xA;  formation of blood clots. They're sometimes called &quot;blood-thinning&quot;&#xA;  medicines, although they don't actually make the blood thinner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/drug_nutrient/coumadin1.pdf&amp;amp;q=how%20does%20coumadin%20work%20nih&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwilvp_p8_fMAhWNdSYKHfp5CxkQFggaMAA&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHspcUllIe74wCYjz4dfErkUV5Scg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitamin K is essential for those reactions. Warfarin (Coumadin) works&#xA;  by decreasing the activity of vitamin K; lengthening the time it takes&#xA;  for a clot to form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodthinners.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Antiplatelets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, prevent blood cells called&#xA;  platelets from clumping together to form a clot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deeper understanding can be derived from looking up the individual medications: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-5190/clopidogrel-oral/details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clopidogrel&lt;/a&gt; (Antiplatelet) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682277.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coumadin&lt;/a&gt;(Anticoagulant). I don't know which type your refering to, but they:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/anticoagulant-and-antiplatelet-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dont actually thin the blood&lt;/a&gt;. They really just interfere with processes to stop and prevent blood clots. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs work by stopping platelets from&#xA;  adhering to one another and clotting proteins from binding together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood thinners can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=100173&amp;amp;page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt; (low platelets). However, the platelets have to be severely low beneath 100,000 to cause spontaneous and uncontrollable bleeding that may cause death usually. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many medications can cause low platelet count by causing immunologic&#xA;  reaction against platelets, called drug-induced thrombocytopenia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically on this stuff it takes you longer to clot and therefore increased the time you bleed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T14:09:22.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5926" CreationDate="2016-05-26T15:35:34.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://dailyburn.com/life/health/benefits-vitamin-b-complex/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; B vitamins &quot;help convert our food into fuel, allowing us to stay energized throughout the day.&quot; However, according to the same article &quot;Taking a B complex vitamin will not create heightened alertness or energy the way caffeine does.&quot;&#xA;So B vitamins don't sedate you, and while they don't give you an extra boost, they do help you keep your energy levels up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastActivityDate="2016-05-26T15:35:34.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-26T17:11:44.937" Score="0" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm about to start the 4-hour body diet (slow carb diet) to lose about 14 pounds. I'm excited and curious to see how well it works. It's the first I'm trying a real diet!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one thing I'm confused about in the book. Tim writes that I can eat as much as I want of the &quot;Allowed Foods&quot; but then later writes about how eating &quot;domino foods&quot; is not advisable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Am I really allowed to eat as much lentils (for example) as I want, or should I stick to the generally recommended 2300 kcal for my age? Tim hammers on about making sure I eat enough, eating as much as I want, etc. and it sends a confusing message. Should I be counting calories or not? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As one of the common mistake he lists people eating too much almonds, peanuts, etc. But none of these &quot;domino foods&quot; are in the list of allowed foods. So I should not be eating them anyway, no!?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much appreciate any comments! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3646" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T14:33:43.313" Title="4-Hour Body caloric intake" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-26T18:45:42.260" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;With athletes foot, it's important to keep the feet dry.  However, when wearing sandals, I can't use the &quot;super feet&quot; orthotic inserts that keep my feet from developing pain issues when I walk.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is a temporary need, so I would rather not buy special footwear just for this.  At work, I need to at least slip off my shoes while at my desk, but putting my shoes back on whenever I need to stand up for a meeting to to chat with a coworker seems silly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sandals just aren't cutting it, though.  I have nice, gel-footed sandals, but I am still getting some pain issues in my feet because I am not using the best inserts I know about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions?  For example, is there a way to tie my shoes that would make them super easy to slip on and yet still provide enough support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One idea I am considering is keeping an alternate pair of shoes at my desk which are tied extremely loosely and slipping them on when I need shoes--but I still feel a bit awkward about it all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other ideas or suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tags I can't create/add: podiatry, shoes, othotics, fungal-infections, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3792" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:24:14.740" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:24:14.740" Title="Orthotic inserts + athletes foot" Tags="&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-27T05:27:43.143" Score="1" ViewCount="1336" Body="&lt;p&gt;For someone suffering from Intertrigo skin infection in their groin area. Is there any home remedy to get rid of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3798" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T02:49:03.440" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T02:49:03.440" Title="How to get rid of from intertrigo by using home remedies?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;groin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5918" CreationDate="2016-05-27T16:26:20.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are over a hundred medical conditions with the symptoms you have described, so be aware for any new symptoms and tell him if they are any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind any changes that have occurred before development of your symptoms (e.g: Did you get a new pet?, Did you go travelling?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that you could ask your Doctor is about your vitamin D levels. We create &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Summerhealth/Pages/vitamin-D-sunlight.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vitamin D&lt;/a&gt; from sunlight. Deficiency is linked with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/winter-tiredness.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fatigue and exhaustion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get well soon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3800" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T16:26:20.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5941" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-27T16:40:28.447" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to get some feedback on anybody that has some insight and/or experience in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking of purchasing some books on Facial Exercise - 'Facial Yoga' to be precise. Essentially to try and re-shape/contour my face area. Manage my ageing process ... gracefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I throwing my money down the drain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3801" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:22:44.680" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:22:44.680" Title="Face Exercises - Facial Yoga, Pilates, Etc - Does It Work?" Tags="&lt;face&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;yoga&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5210" CreationDate="2016-05-27T19:31:29.997" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;BMI is calculated from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this formula&lt;/a&gt;, only looking at the height and weight of a person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/weight/busting-the-muscle-weighs-more-than-fat-myth.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;muscle is bulkier than fat&lt;/a&gt;, so two people could have the same BMI but be at different health levels (for example, if people A and B are the same height and weight then they will have the same BMI. However, person A could be mostly muscle and in good shape they will be healthier than person B who has less muscle weight and more fat weight and isn't in as good of shape).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated in the comments above, Body Fat % is a better way to determine health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastActivityDate="2016-05-27T19:31:29.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5947" CreationDate="2016-05-27T21:44:18.620" Score="4" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend whose elderly grandparent has recently suffered a hip fracture. The doctors involved have deemed the grandparent (who also has advanced dementia) too risky to operate on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the general prognosis for the grandparent? I ask so that I can be the best friend I can in the meanwhile - I don't want to ask my friend if their grandparent is now on an inevitable path towards the end of their life, but if they are I want to have that in mind so I can be pre-emptively understanding, if that makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3803" LastActivityDate="2016-05-28T01:33:01.010" Title="What is the general prognosis for a patient with an inoperable hip fracture?" Tags="&lt;hips&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-28T00:49:02.953" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)&lt;/a&gt; been shown to be of any use to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked for information on Google and Google Scholar but haven't found anything, so I'm not sure whether it means nobody looked at it or it has obvious no medical property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-28T00:49:02.953" Title="Is methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) of any use to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5939" CreationDate="2016-05-28T01:21:14.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/intertrigo-symptoms-causes-treatment-risk_factors_&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intertrigo&lt;/a&gt;: For prevention and stopping furthering of symptoms &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Shower and dry off thoroughly each day. Keep your skin as dry and cool&#xA;  as you can. Avoid wearing tight shoes or clothing. Wear a bra with&#xA;  good support. If the areas between the toes are affected, consider&#xA;  wearing open-toed shoes. For infants with diaper rash, change diapers&#xA;  more frequently. If you are overweight, do what you can to lose&#xA;  weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1087691-treatment#d9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Take steps to eliminate friction, heat, and maceration by keeping&#xA;  folds cool and dry. These steps can be accomplished by using air&#xA;  conditioning and absorbent powders, wearing moisture-wicking polyester&#xA;  underwear and socks (eg, Orlon) and by exposing skin folds to the air.&#xA;  Compresses with Burow solution 1:40, dilute vinegar, or wet tea bags&#xA;  often are effective, especially if followed by fanning or cool&#xA;  blow-drying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is treatmebt for Intertrigo. A doctor's visit is recomended however due to some cases needing steroids or other topicals and the risk for infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-28T01:21:14.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5944" CreationDate="2016-05-28T01:33:01.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can tell you what is going to happen to a patient exactly, because every Patient is different. However, the risk are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/basics/complications/con-20021033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A hip fracture can reduce your future independence and sometimes even&#xA;  shorten your life. About half of people who have a hip fracture aren't&#xA;  able to regain their ability to live independently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a hip fracture keeps you immobile for a long time, the&#xA;  complications can include:&#xA;  Blood clots in your legs or lungs Bedsores Urinary tract infection&#xA;  Pneumonia Further loss of muscle mass, increasing your risk of falls&#xA;  and injury Additionally, people who've had a hip fracture are at&#xA;  increased risk of weakened bones and further falls — which means a&#xA;  significantly higher risk of having another hip fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a hip fracture you are at a higher risk for negative and life threatening complications and decreased independence and quality of life as you can do less (mobility, etc). Therapy and rehab can help you, however the hip is still fractured and if the patient has dementia they generally do not follow all of what the doctor prescribes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3102807/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-28T01:33:01.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5955" CreationDate="2016-05-28T17:54:44.773" Score="5" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently learnt that it's healthier to store drinking water in glass objects instead of plastic ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, this would work if I use tap water but what about if I buy water that has already stayed for who knows how long in a plastic bottle? Is there a point to transfer the water into a glass bottle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-05-29T18:54:20.703" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T22:01:50.623" Title="Drinking water from glass instead of plastic" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-29T01:25:16.683" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.siliciumg5.com/en/online-shop/12-silicium-g5-gel-8437006679022.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.siliciumg5.com/en/online-shop/12-silicium-g5-gel-8437006679022.html&lt;/a&gt; states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study has shown that G5 organic silica increases significantly the level of collagen produced by human fibroblasts, up to 19% compared with the control. In the trials carried out, G5 organic silica showed no cytotoxicity. Other studies confirm the effectiveness in a great range of conditions of applying the G5 gel along with regular doses of G5 Siliplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the website fails to give the references to these studies, and searching on Google Scholar was unsuccessful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does  G5 organic silica increases significantly the level of collagen produced by human fibroblasts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T01:25:16.683" Title="Does G5 organic silica increases significantly the level of collagen produced by human fibroblasts?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5954" CreationDate="2016-05-29T05:29:40.017" Score="4" ViewCount="369" Body="&lt;p&gt;I learned that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tetracycline&lt;/a&gt; can cause tooth discoloratoin when taken orally. How about topical use as a creme? Can tetracycline also stain the tooth through skin absorption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="866" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T08:48:25.907" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T08:48:25.907" Title="Even topical tetracycline causes teeth discoloration?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-29T14:43:25.973" Score="3" ViewCount="1855" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been told by a gym trainer, that I am quite possibly overhydrated. Are there any home remedies for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3809" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T15:44:50.687" Title="How to deal with overhydration?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5952" CreationDate="2016-05-29T15:44:50.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/water-balance/overhydration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Treatment&lt;/a&gt; is usually fluid restriction, treating underlying problem and diuretics or other medication for fluid and electrolyte imbalance, so you could do a fluid restriction at home. However, the causes of overhydration usually are renal, heart or liver problems, hormonal disorders and increased fluid intake. So you can't just treat all that, when your unsure of the diagnosis. That said it is also known as water poisoning and water intoxication for a reason. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/overhydration#Diagnosis5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Symptoms&lt;/a&gt; can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mild: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;nausea and vomiting headache changes in mental state (confusion or&#xA;  disorientation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or severe: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;muscle weakness, spasms or cramps seizures, unconsciousness,  coma&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If severe symptoms occur and the overhydration is caused by a underlying condition you will need to see a doctor. It is best to see a doctor right off if you suspect anything, because diagnosis comes from urine and blood test, physical examination and patient history. Also, the treatment for a underlying condition may need more care than you can receive at home. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T15:44:50.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5951" CreationDate="2016-05-29T16:07:19.223" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/sfx/tetracycline-topical-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Unlikely.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tetracycline topical is generally well tolerated. Side effects&#xA;  reported with systemic administered tetracycline such as&#xA;  gastrointestinal complaints, vaginitis, hematologic abnormalities,&#xA;  dental, and skeletal disorders have not been reported and are unlikely&#xA;  to occur with topical administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A faint yellowing of the skin has been reported, especially around the&#xA;  hair roots&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/tetracycline.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; agrees with the above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T16:07:19.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5948" CreationDate="2016-05-29T22:01:50.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I have attended a conference on water conservation in 2014, there was an interesting discussion about the purity of water and water storage. Your question reminded me of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, We have to make it clear, on how long are we gonna store the water for, we all know that basic material for glass is silica and for plastic it is carbon. Silica is more stable than carbon so it doesn't oxidize soon, carbon too is stable but when compared to the silica carbon relatively oxidizes in a long run. Resulting in browning of the plastic and becoming greasy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you are storing just for days, or weeks (after opening), it is fine to use plastic. Glass is always a better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3810" LastActivityDate="2016-05-29T22:01:50.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5958" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5972" CreationDate="2016-05-30T06:45:27.480" Score="1" ViewCount="1005" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glyceryl trinitrate (a.k.a. nitroglycerin) patches can cause severe headaches [1,2]. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1] Bokhari, Ali R., and George AC Murrell. &quot;The role of nitric oxide in tendon healing.&quot; Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 21, no. 2 (2012): 238-244. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18309170375075579531&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=18309170375075579531&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin_(drug)&amp;amp;oldid=713221881&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin_(drug)&amp;amp;oldid=713221881&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:47:19.110" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T12:47:19.110" Title="Why can glyceryl trinitrate (a.k.a. nitroglycerin) patches cause severe headaches?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;patches&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10282" CreationDate="2016-05-30T10:20:52.240" Score="5" ViewCount="26013" Body="&lt;p&gt;My workplace have very hot water and very cool water which is not drinkable,  can I mix both, is it good for health?Are there any ill effects if you drink a hot and cold water mixture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3541" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T06:12:53.493" Title="can I mix cool water with hot water" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7357" CreationDate="2016-05-30T13:25:43.910" Score="5" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife has been worrying about cancer in the past from time to time. Five years ago, she told me there was a hard spot around her neck, and started worrying about all kinds of sickness she could search from Google. We spent lots of time and money, and it turns out nothing there. Since then, she doubted many times on some parts of body and always related them to cancer, which were later proved nothing again and again. Lately, she is worrying about her back, rub it frequently, so that her skin on back was peeled off. First time, doctor told her there was nothing. Second time, she went to a different doctor and he gave her some antibio medicine for slight infection. No matter what doctor or I say to comfort her, she always thinks people are ignoring her serious concern. But I am pretty sure she is alright but may not be mentally. How can I help her? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3814" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:47:09.450" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:47:09.450" Title="Anxiety of everything" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;hypochondria&gt;&lt;munchausen-syndrome&gt;&lt;nosemaphobia&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5961" CreationDate="2016-05-30T17:25:51.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tell her to breath deep every day for atleast 5 to 10 minutes she can start by doing for 2 minutes it will calm her down and she would worry less as her mind would relax . You can make a comfortable and loving environment for her so that she always know that you are there whatever happens . These easy things can be done at home . It would be hard to be patient with her  but when she would see you are there every time it happens to console her , may be she realise its all her imagination . Or you can go with Count Iblis's answer  and  contact  a psychologist .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3815" LastEditorUserId="3815" LastEditDate="2016-06-01T20:01:52.693" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T20:01:52.693" CommentCount="6" CommunityOwnedDate="2016-06-01T20:01:52.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5961" CreationDate="2016-05-31T01:10:12.980" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A psychologist could help her, e.g. using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&quot;&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy&lt;/a&gt;. It's likely that whenever she feels that something doesn't feel quite right and the idea that this could be cancer crosses her mind, she doesn't have enough knowledge to dismiss such thoughts on their merit. If she is taught about this, then she can start to suppress such thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it will then still take some time before these negative thoughts will stop to cross her mind. This is because such thoughts originate at the subconscious level, the brain parts involved can flag that something seems to be wrong even if you at the conscious level know that there is no problem and that this is false alarm. The alarm will then still be there but she can ignore it, as long as she knows that it is indeed false alarm. The reason why this is going on is because by believing in what she felt she amplified the signals which have had the effect of programming certain brain parts to act this way. These brain parts don't know that this is a bad thing. If she had been learning a new skill then the same sort of processes would have led her to become better at performing that skill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the wrong programing is still present, this means that even when she knows that simply feeling something somewhere in her body does not mean she has cancer, the signals she perceives will still be amplified and felt in an exaggerated way. She needs to appreciate this effect in order to continue to be able to dismiss the idea that she may have cancer. But lowering stress levels simply by not believing that she has cancer and also relaxation methods as mentioned in Sona's answer will already go some way to reduce whatever abnormality she is perceiving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-05-31T01:10:12.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-05-31T03:21:56.730" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally I find that packed food items that would probably be laced with heavy doses of preservatives contain high amount of sodium (as high as 45% DV, I saw this on one item in Walmart). Is higher sodium content an indicator of unhealthy food? I am confused because natural foods like chicken are also shown very high amount of sodium. Even fruit drinks contain high amount of sodium. Is it good or bad for our body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3818" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T12:33:34.170" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T12:33:34.170" Title="What does sodium content on food items indicate?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5967" CreationDate="2016-05-31T05:50:40.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While salt is an essential compound that the body needs, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12856272&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;we need less than 0.1 grams of salt per day&lt;/a&gt; while a very strict low salt diet will lead to intakes of the order of a few grams per day. It has been argued that people with normal blood pressure readings of 120/70 mmHg actually suffer from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whhUycC71X0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypertension caused by lifelong excessive salt intake&lt;/a&gt;. While such arguments may be bit controversial, limiting sodium intake by as much as you can is recommended by all health agencies. You can do this by avoiding ready made foods and instead preparing your own food which gives you the option to not add any salt to your food. As pointed out in &lt;a href=&quot;http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/320.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; where the arguments of a critic are debunked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...in addition to, and independent of, raising blood pressure, a high salt intake increases the mass of the left ventricular wall,[20] stiffens conduit arteries&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12856272&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;1 and thickens and narrows resistance arteries,[22] including the coronary[23] and renal arteries.[24] A high salt intake is also directly related to the number of strokes,[25] severity of cardiac failure,[26] adhesiveness of platelets,[27,,28] carcinoma of the stomach[29] and, to bone demineralization.[30]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12856272&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Blood pressure of people who have an extremely low salt intake&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The findings in the Yanomami population were as follows: a very low urinary sodium excretion (0.9 mmol/24 h); mean systolic and diastolic BP levels of 95.4 mmHg and 61.4 mmHg, respectively; no cases of hypertension or obesity; and they have no knowledge of alcoholic beverages. Their BP levels do not elevate with age. The urinary sodium excretion relates positively and the urinary potassium excretion relates negatively to systolic BP. This correlation was maintained even when controlled for age and body mass index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-06-02T20:07:27.467" LastActivityDate="2016-06-02T20:07:27.467" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5971" CreationDate="2016-05-31T10:42:24.273" Score="4" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Smart phones, we can always be connected and can consume media both Audio and video, almost all day without any interruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, when people listen to music, its always with earphones plugged-into ears. A common use case is when commuting we always listen to music with earphones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Question is&lt;/strong&gt;: How much music one should listen with plugged-in earphones in a day, without causing ear/organ damage? Looking for a general medical advice here for healthy ear functioning yet consuming favorite music? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="322" LastEditorUserId="322" LastEditDate="2016-05-31T10:55:39.573" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T05:17:47.123" Title="How much music listening is harmless using earphones?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5969" CreationDate="2016-05-31T22:02:42.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You should not listen to music at 85 decibels for more than 8 hours. And if it's at 88 decibels limit your time to 4 hours.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To judge this you have to use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;decibels&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/32783-how-loud-can-you-play-music-without-damaging-your-hearing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Livescience.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A person exposed to noise levels at 85 decibels or higher for a&#xA;  prolonged period of time is at risk for hearing loss&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You shouldn't listen to music , or be exposed to any noise, at 85&#xA;  decibels for more than 8 hours at a time, said Gordon Hughes, program&#xA;  officer of clinical trials at the National Institute on Deafness and&#xA;  Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). If you've got the volume&#xA;  cranked to 88 decibels, then cut your listening time down to 4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At its loudest, an MP3 player pumps out 105 decibels that's100 times&#xA;  more intense than 85 decibels&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;One way you can tell if your music is too loud is if you're talking&#xA;  to a friend and you have to raise your voice to be heard,&quot; Hughes&#xA;  said. Normal conversation is around 60 decibels&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Articles that agree with the above:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3205831/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Personal music players and hearing loss: Are we deaf to the risks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406203/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ear Infection and Hearing Loss Amongst Headphone Users&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find how may decibels your listening at by going online or looking at your manual for your device. This is more acurate as all devices are different. If that doesnt tell you there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.wikihow.com/Measure-Decibels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;apps and other devices.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-01T05:17:47.123" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T05:17:47.123" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5958" CreationDate="2016-06-01T06:19:35.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Headaches in general are quite poorly understood, and there are a number of different types of headaches, with a very large number of conditions known to cause them.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; A common denominator though seems to be blood flow,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; which makes sense considering the importance of keeping the brain properly oxygenated. Too little blood to the head and you can lose consciousness (which evolutionarily is very bad, because an unconscious monkey can't defend itself or its kin). Too much blood and you risk improper brain function in the best case, and hemorrhaging into the delicate brain tissues in the worst. For this reason and others, blood vessels in and leading into the head are often covered in nerves. Major changes in blood flow putting pressure on these nerves can cause headaches.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glyceryl trinitrate patches work so well for angina because nitroglycerin is converted in the body to nitric oxide, one of the body's own primary vasodilators, and vasodilators serve the role of causing blood vessels to widen.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; In the chest, this widening helps the heart to function. In the head — which the nitroglycerin eventually reaches as it is systemically absorbed — vasodilation allows blood vessels to hit these nerves, and there's your headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1]: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/headache/basics/causes/sym-20050800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/headache/basics/causes/sym-20050800&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2]: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-headaches/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-headaches/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[3]: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/heart-and-blood/a7124/minitran-patches-glyceryl-trinitrate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/heart-and-blood/a7124/minitran-patches-glyceryl-trinitrate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T06:19:35.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5958" CreationDate="2016-06-01T06:25:46.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding of the pathology for headache,&#xA;Some headaches pathogenesis come from vasodilation of blood vessels, &#xA;Glyceryl trinitrate cause vasodilation, so this could be the cause,&#xA;Also hypotension caused by vasodilation can cause headach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3823" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T06:25:46.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-01T13:02:26.880" Score="4" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I've lost 30 pounds, and I did it all with caloric restriction. I have gotten to where I can keep my caloric intake between 1500 and 1700 daily. However, since I started exercising regularly I'm not moving the scale much, and I'm not weight training, it's all cardio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Cardio Breakdown&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been using the bike, going 60 minutes, at level 10, and burning (according to the machine) somewhere between 600 and 700 calories per day. Prior to that I was walking on the treadmill for 60 minutes at about 3 to 3.5 mph and an incline of 6 and burning about 400 per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible I'm still consuming too many calories? Or am I not consuming enough now, for weight loss? How do I know either way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3828" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T17:30:29.553" Title="Identifying the right caloric intake for weight loss" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5974" CreationDate="2016-06-01T17:30:29.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/a/29893/8763&quot;&gt;Let your own body figure this out&lt;/a&gt; You'll get better results if you increase the amounts of healthy foods, at least 400 grams of vegetables and eating only whole grain products. With only 1700 Kcal intake per day (which is pretty much what I eat for dinner alone), it's quite hard to get the large amount of nutrients you need for optimal physical performance when you are burning 700 Kcal doing exercise. Note e.g. the importance of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;magnesium for your body&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The human body is going to work hard to maintain itself. If we compare the human body to a factory and compare eating to supplying raw materials, then it's clear that a diet that is not supplying the nutrients in the right proportions will cause the body to either store or excrete the compounds it gets in relative excess. Suppose that your magnesium intake is too low compared to your calorie intake. Then the body will tend to store the calories in the form of fat, as it needs magnesium to burn calories. While this example may be a bit too simplistic, there are many biochemical pathways available for the body to do what it needs to do, it's still going to be constrained by the intake of nutrients on the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2016-06-01T17:30:29.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="5982" CreationDate="2016-06-01T18:49:28.170" Score="9" ViewCount="541" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many prescription pads have a way for the doctor to indicate if a brand name medication must be dispensed instead of the generic version (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_prescription#Contents&quot;&gt;a line&lt;/a&gt; where they can write something like &quot;brand necessary&quot;, &quot;dispense as written&quot;, or &quot;no substitution&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would it be necessary to prescribe a brand name medication if a generic version is available?  According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/understandinggenericdrugs/ucm167991.htm&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Generic drugs are required to have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as the brand name product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA does say that &quot;some variability can and does occur during manufacturing&quot;, but that applies to both generics and brand name medications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These studies compared the absorption of brand name and generic drugs into a person’s body. [...] The average difference in absorption into the body between the generic and the brand name was 3.5 percent. Some generics were absorbed slightly more, some slightly less. This amount of difference would be expected and acceptable, whether for one batch of brand name drug tested against another batch of the same brand, or for a generic tested against a brand name drug. In fact, there have been studies in which brand name drugs were compared with themselves as well as with a generic. As a rule, the difference for the generic-to-brand comparison was about the same as the brand-to-brand comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the active ingredient is the same in both the brand name medication and the generic version, then the only difference is the inactive ingredients, which by definition do not affect the efficacy of the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="346" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T17:56:50.653" Title="Why would it be necessary to take a brand name medication if a generic drug is available?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-02T04:57:56.157" Score="6" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone is suffering from snoring for around 5 years, are there some remedies to avoid or control snoring? Any help will be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3834" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-02T07:22:21.193" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T06:16:35.400" Title="How to avoid snoring?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5977" CreationDate="2016-06-02T08:18:11.430" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Remedies to control snoring:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pillows. There is a pillow called the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snore.net/review-sona-pillow/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SONA pillow&lt;/a&gt; its FDA approved and is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611895&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proven to work.&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study was performed to determine the ability of a new inclined&#xA;  pillow to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The SONA&#xA;  Pillow is a triangular pillow with space to place your arm under the&#xA;  head while sleeping on the side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/easy-snoring-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD article &quot;7 Easy Fixes for Snoring&quot;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Beware sprays and pills. They can not be all they said they would be or not be properly researched to be safe or work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use caution before you self-treat with over-the-counter sprays and&#xA;  pills until you've checked with your doctor, says Sudhansu&#xA;  Chokroverty, MD, FRCP, FACP, program director for Clinical&#xA;  Neurophysiology and Sleep Medicine at JFK Medical Center in Edison,&#xA;  N.J. &quot;Many stop-snoring aids are marketed without scientific studies&#xA;  to support their claims,&quot; says Chokroverty, who is also a neuroscience&#xA;  professor at Seton Hall University's School of Health and Medical&#xA;  Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;More on pillows. Utilizing full body pillows can help. Also, don't sleep on back and elevating the head of the bed can help, but may cause neck pain. Taping tennis balls to the back of your pajamas to stop yourself from lyin on your back is said to work, as well. Another warning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This may cause neck pain, however.&quot; If snoring continues regardless of&#xA;  the sleep position, obstructive sleep apnea may be a cause. &quot;See a&#xA;  doctor in this case,&quot; Chokroverty says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keeping your nasal passage ways open and eliminating allergens. Change and clean bedding and remove dust and other allergy triggers. As for nasal passage ways:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If snoring starts in your nose, keeping nasal passages open may help.&#xA;  It allows air to move through slower, Slaughter says. &quot;Imagine a&#xA;  narrow garden hose with water running through. The narrower the hose,&#xA;  the faster the water rushes through.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your nasal passages work similarly. If your nose is clogged or&#xA;  narrowed due to a cold or other blockage, the fast-moving air is more&#xA;  likely to produce snoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things to do to fix this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hot showers before bed time&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Netti pots&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nasal strips&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/snoring.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NLM.NIH.GOV&lt;/a&gt; states simply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lose weight if you are overweight. It may help, but thin people can&#xA;  snore, too. Cut down or avoid alcohol and other sedatives at bedtime&#xA;  Don't sleep flat on your back&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those can be included with some lifestyles changes mentioned by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/snoring/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20031874&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quit smoking&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get enough sleep&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Raise head of bed about 4 inches&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/snoring/basics/alternative-medicine/con-20031874&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alternative treatments&lt;/a&gt; mentioned are playing certain musical instruments and singing which can improve muscle control and train muscles of the upper airway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeking a doctors care is very important as snoring can be a sign of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepapnea.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleep apnea&lt;/a&gt; which can be life threatening. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britishsnoring.co.uk/why_do_i_snore/introduction_to_causes_snoring.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cause of snoring&lt;/a&gt; is important and can change treatment. Also, of note is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.britishsnoring.co.uk/cure_for_snoring.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;snoring can not be cured, only controlled.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By remedies I assumed you meant things other than &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/snoring/basics/treatment/con-20031874&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;surgery, implants, CPAP and Radiofrequency tissue ablation.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-02T08:18:11.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4583" CreationDate="2016-06-03T15:12:39.330" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't use chemical products use natural products . Take medical advice not online . A doctor can tell you which natural oils or shampoos you can use depending on you skin type .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3815" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-06-24T15:28:38.773" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T15:28:38.773" CommentCount="5" CommunityOwnedDate="2016-06-05T14:38:24.840" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5976" CreationDate="2016-06-03T16:10:25.890" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...the inactive ingredients, which by definition do not affect the efficacy of the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; however have an effect on other physiological aspects of a human body, that's why, as far as I know, there &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be a difference between various brands or generics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answering your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sometimes patients have allergies towards a component of a generic (for example its colourant) in which case the doctor has a medical reasoning to pick a brand drug.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One other reason for a doctor to prescribe a specific brand (or to&#xA;disallow others or generics) is that he has made good experience&#xA;with that specific one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another reason is that he is following&#xA;studies or guidelines which suggest or require a specific drug in&#xA;order to be compliant, which is sometimes necessary, because&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some health insurances only pay for the patient a certain brand drug (though they also often prefer cheaper generics, as far as I know)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the health insurance pays any kind of drug, or the patient is paying on his own, then the doctor could prescribe a specific drug also because he was convinced by pharmaceutical representatives to try out new drugs they advertise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also, if paid by the patient, those new drugs can be prescribed and the results could be collected (anonymously) and handed to the pharmaceutical companies (for evaluation) which in turn pay the doctor some legal compensation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Well and there are gifts:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent letter in the Journal of the American Medical Association illustrates how effective drug advertising can be. It describes a patient who came into the hospital with an infected insect bite. The intern who first saw the patient first sensibly wanted to prescribe a nice, inexpensive penicillin, which is the drug of choice for a minor infection. But the resident overruled the intern and favored a more &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; choice for this &amp;quot;severely&amp;quot; ill patient. He decided the patient had to have a brand-new antibiotic…at $183 a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attending physician who supervised the house officers checked into the incident. It turned out the resident had just been wined and dined by the drug representative whose company made the new antibiotic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/bioethics/resources/prescribing-under-the-influence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/bioethics/resources/prescribing-under-the-influence/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More to this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Gift-giving is an extremely effective marketing tool because it triggers in the recipient the basic human tendency to reciprocate whether the recipient is conscious of it or not,”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/15/1119.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/15/1119.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are a few points that came into my mind from my experience and/or conversations (as a medical student) with doctors in clinics and doctor's offices in Germany.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="42" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T17:56:50.653" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5983" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7022" CreationDate="2016-06-03T21:16:11.607" Score="6" ViewCount="17259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read on various sources that vegetble oil is improper for a ketogenic diet. But I do not understand why. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the fats are suppose to turn into ketones, which in turn are burned for energy instead of sugar, and since any oil is a fat, why would this stop the process of ketosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2638" LastEditorUserId="2638" LastEditDate="2016-06-05T08:04:35.853" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T18:31:26.730" Title="Is using vegetable oil bad for a ketogenic diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;oil&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5983" CreationDate="2016-06-04T05:53:00.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is bad is not vegetable oil but making decisions based on pseudoscience. There is no evidence that low carb diets will do you any good except if you are (pre)diabetic. It's not good science to do studies on prediabetic obese people, put them on a low carb ketogenic diet, measure the improvement in insulin sensitivity and then conclude that carbs are bad. That's as stupid as saying that strenuous exercise is bad for the heart because the condition of heart failure patients worsens when put on a strenuous exercise routine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real evidence on carbs and fats points to the complete opposite direction. A high carb, low fat diet actually improves insulin sensitivity and has many other health benefits, particularly for the cardiovascular system. &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionfacts.org/2014/11/11/we-can-end-the-heart-disease-epidemic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;We can read here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe the Africans were just dying early of other diseases and so never lived long enough to get heart disease? No. In the video One in a Thousand: Ending the Heart Disease Epidemic, you can see the age-matched heart attack rates in Uganda versus St. Louis. Out of 632 autopsies in Uganda, only one myocardial infarction. Out of 632 Missourians—with the same age and gender distribution—there were 136 myocardial infarctions. More than 100 times the rate of our number one killer. In fact, researchers were so blown away that they decided to do another 800 autopsies in Uganda. Still, just that one small healed infarct (meaning it wasn’t even the cause of death) out of 1,427 patients. Less than one in a thousand, whereas in the U.S., it’s an epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These Ugandans only got about 20% of less of their energy from fats, they were eating mostly a plant based diet. Human physiology is adapted to get most of the energy from carbs. Our ancestors living in Africa had to do without butter and oil, they would be filling their stomachs with energy from starches and fruits. You only need a small amount of the essential fatty acids Omega-6 and Omega-3, of the order of a few grams per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is plenty of other evidence for this. E.g. Evidence from autopsies on US soldiers killed in action in Vietnam shows that 80% had the early signs of atherosclerosis, while only about 3% of the North Vietnamese killed in action showed such signs. The main difference is the diet, the North Vietnamese were eating a plant based diet where most of their energy came from carbs. An intervention study by Dr. Esselstyn done on heart patients who could not be operated and were deemed to be terminally ill, resulted in most of these patients reversing their symptoms and living for many more years without symptoms, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6pLRdawBw0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see here for details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opposite claim that a low carb high fat diet is good for health has arguably been falsified in a huge trial. The North American population has put itself on this diet, decreasing the amount of carbs relative to the amount of fats ever more. The result? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mywebtimes.com/news/illinois_ap/extreme-obesity-is-ballooning-in-u-s-adults/article_a3085ab8-4b99-5285-a338-e566948ef2fc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Americans are not just getting fatter, they are ballooning to extremely obese proportions at an alarming rate.&lt;/a&gt; People in their 40s are  dying from heart disease, teenagers are getting type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to conclude, what's bad for you is the ketogenic diet itself, not so much the oil you want to use for this diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T05:53:00.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19728" CreationDate="2016-06-04T10:18:37.673" Score="6" ViewCount="7938" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm undergoing HGH therapy, and I see a lot of conflicting information on the internet another whether or not it's truly bad to eat meals after/before the shots -- supposedly, it can increase the risk of diabetes because of the insulin spikes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence regarding this? Is an insulin spike(from food) after/before taking HGH shots a risk factor for diabetes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T19:28:00.857" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T07:34:50.697" Title="Is there any risk from eating meals before/after HGH shots?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="5987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-04T11:37:57.983" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I boil a food product, say, chickpeas or corn in water- can I potentially lose any nutrients besides carbohydrates by throwing away the water as opposed to not throwing away the water? In what cases should I be careful (and in what cases can I throw away water without thinking)? I'm looking for the guiding principle (and not an exhaustive list). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3251" LastActivityDate="2016-06-04T11:37:57.983" Title="Nutrient loss upon throwing away water used to boil a food product" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="5989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-05T00:53:58.600" Score="2" ViewCount="942" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who swears he drank to the point of alcohol poisoning, and felt like he was dying, but used sheer willpower to combat it. He was about to contact 911/emergency services, but did not due to embarrassment. He claims he was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.Lapsing in and out of consciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Had trouble standing up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.Had very high anxiety and trouble breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.Mild hallucinations, confusion, dizziness and shaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consumed half a bottle of 90 proof within 20 minutes at 180 lbs. bodyweight and never drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Claims he was almost certain he was feeling a near brink of death coming, but fought it by forcing every bit of mental capacity he had to get himself to the kitchen and excessively binge eat and drink water while lapsing in and out and being partially hallucinating/dizzy/confused. Surprisingly, he remembers all of it. He woke up six hours later and was partially paralyzed, and vomited repeatedly and had trouble moving because of extreme pain in his head and felt extreme dizziness/trouble breathing still and took a few days for him to feel normal again. No medical attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was this the first case of someone surviving alcohol poisoning without medical attention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3841" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T05:05:19.840" Title="Can a person survive alcohol poisoning without medical treatment?" Tags="&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9334" CreationDate="2016-06-05T02:21:15.347" Score="13" ViewCount="5323" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, I like to drink water that I consider &lt;em&gt;cool&lt;/em&gt;. However my parents keep forcing me to drink warm (and sometimes hot) water as they said it is better for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their reasoning was that cold water would 'freeze' up the fat consumed in my body, causing blockages. Additionally they said cold water will induce my body to produce more stomach acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the lowest temperature that is safe to drink for everyday consumption? Of course I don't want to drink freezing cold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3835" LastEditorUserId="3835" LastEditDate="2016-06-10T13:14:09.027" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T07:39:08.773" Title="Is drinking cold water bad for you?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5989" CreationDate="2016-06-05T05:05:19.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry, not even close to the first to be that intoxicated and survive with no medical attention. Probably about 100 million people before him over the last 10,000 years got even drunker and survived just fine without medical attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If by &quot;a bottle&quot; you mean a 750 ml bottle and he drank half, or 375 ml of it, then he drank about 8.5 &quot;shots&quot; (a standard US shot is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_glass&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;44 ml&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthstatus.com/calculate/blood-alcohol-bac-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this calculator&lt;/a&gt; to be as accurate as any calculator can be without a breath or blood sample. Given that he drank 90-proof liquor rather than standard 80-proof whiskey, I told the calculator that he drank 10 shots rather than eight. So when I entered his male gender, 180 pounds, and 10 shots of whiskey in less than half an hour, the calculator says his blood alcohol content would have been approximately .25.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The table here&lt;/a&gt; will give you an idea how drunk .25 is. In short, it's falling down, stupid, puking, blacking out drunk for a novice like your friend. His death would most likely come from falling down a flight of stairs or passing out and choking on his own vomit rather than the alcohol toxicity itself. (With a chronic alcoholic it might not even be obvious they've been drinking.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people reach levels much higher than .25 on a daily basis, receive absolutely no medical treatment, and survive just fine. The long-term prognosis for them isn't so rosy if they keep it up, but a single &quot;big drunk&quot; has been survived by millions of people over thousands of years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T05:05:19.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6991" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6992" CreationDate="2016-06-05T05:39:43.107" Score="2" ViewCount="340" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way I see it there are 2 cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. The patient uses antibiotics and has an infection.&#xA;2. The patient does not have an infection and uses the antibiotics.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For case 1, this is a legitimate use.  No one seems to be arguing against this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For case 2, if the patient is not infected, then how could using the antibiotics cause resistance?  There's no selective pressure for the bacteria to evolve resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4841" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-21T18:49:32.603" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T16:42:59.500" Title="Why does overuse of antibiotics cause resistance?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6991" CreationDate="2016-06-05T06:11:11.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you take antibiotics you kill not only the bacteria you wanted to, but also any bacteria sensitive to the antibiotics. That is why when you take antibiotics it can cause &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/basics/causes/con-20023556&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;stomach upset,&lt;/a&gt; because it's killing off good gut bacteria. Killing off this bacteria can prompt it to change so that it doesn't die anymore. That's why the less you have to take antibiotics the better and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm092810.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;taking it the way it was told to take it.&lt;/a&gt; You can cause resistance from not taking the whole side of skipping doses. Scenario 1 is important, scenario 2 is avoidable unless the doctor said to them as prophylaxis of something. Antibiotic misuse is another cause of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antibioticresistance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;antibiotic resistance.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using antibiotics can lead to resistance. Each time you take&#xA;  antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed. But resistant germs may be&#xA;  left to grow and multiply. They can spread to other people. They can&#xA;  also cause infections that certain antibiotics cannot cure.&#xA;  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one example. It&#xA;  causes infections that are resistant to several common antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T06:11:11.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="6997" CreationDate="2016-06-05T10:20:13.777" Score="3" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had issues with acid reflux &lt;strong&gt;GERD&lt;/strong&gt; and that plus grinding my teeth together when sleeping caused a lot of tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this stage my teeth are a yellowish color and is very thinner than it is exposed to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am 22 years old and it is making me self conscious about myself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What options do I have for fixing my teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4842" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T17:58:22.823" Title="Tooth decay treatments" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-06-09T15:52:02.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-05T13:50:46.037" Score="2" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently discover sperm banks pay for sperm donation all over the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm an Italian citizen. &#xA;Which are the best countries in Europe to donate semen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Guarantees I won't have to pay child support nor any other expenses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having no legal duties/linking to the children&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get paid the most for every single donation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a few words, going to the lab, donate sperm, collect money and go back to my normal life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2017-06-03T07:02:11.733" Title="Sperm donation - where should I donate?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-05T17:27:12.800" Score="2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ramadan is starting soon, and I wonder what would be the best ways to mitigate thirst during a long period (in this case from dawn till dusk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I was wondering what could be done not to suffer too much from thirst when you can't drink for a long period of time (Ramadan for example)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some food or drink that you could consume beforehand that will help ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am more interested in what kind of preparation one can do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4846" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:08:49.497" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:08:49.497" Title="How to mitigate thirst" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;&lt;thirst-thirsty&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6993" CreationDate="2016-06-05T17:58:22.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Treat the acid reflux if you can.  A Heidelberg test can distinguish between hypochlorhydria (or even achlorhydria) and hyperchlorhydria, both of which cause the symptoms of acid reflux.  If you have been taking acid-reducing medication with only partial symptomatic relief, it may actually be the case that you're producing too little hydrochloric acid rather than too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get fitted for an occlusal guard and wear it while you sleep.  This will protect against the damage caused by tooth grinding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, the first and most essential step is to stop the cause of damage, but there are also several proposed methods for accelerating tooth regeneration.  There is some evidence, contrary to traditional belief, the the body can repair its own tooth decay to a certain limited extent, but using something like a calcium chloride mouthwash may be of help with the repair process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4847" LastActivityDate="2016-06-05T17:58:22.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9213" CreationDate="2016-06-06T01:04:08.290" Score="4" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Soft contact lenses can be turned inside out. It then becomes difficult to know which is the right way around. This is especially a problem when I have put contact lenses in, then accidentally knocked one of them out due to forgetting I had them in and rubbing my eyes, for instance. At this point the contact lens may have twisted due to the fact that I rubbed my eyes. How can I tell which way is the right way around before I put the lens back in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4849" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-14T01:20:36.313" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T15:48:56.833" Title="How can I tell if a soft contact lens is inside out?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="6999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-06T02:07:07.720" Score="3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a person is hospitalized, family members are legally allowed certain rights, especially if the hospitalized individual is unable to make his or her own medical decisions. But how does the hospital know who is family, and who is not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if Billy Jones were to be hospitalized and unconscious, and I were to want access to his medical records and control over his treatment, I could arrive at the hospital, provide state-issued ID identifying myself as Steve Jones, claim to be his parent, sibling or child, and have almost-legal access to his medical care. How does the hospital confirm that I am (not) indeed related to Billy Jones, and therefore (not) entitled to his medical information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:20:14.423" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:20:14.423" Title="How do hospitals know who is family?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-06T07:40:19.497" Score="1" ViewCount="5159" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many depictions of skeletons in modern culture (videogames, movies, etc.), we can see skeletons holding in one piece, as if glued, long after death and disappearance of body tissues. For instance, skeletons of hanged men still hanging at the rope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm pretty sure this isn't realistic but I'd like a confirmation that nothing holds bones together after decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4851" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T13:07:28.817" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T16:17:12.223" Title="Do skeleton bones hold together after death &amp; decay?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;decomposition&gt;&lt;rigor-mortis&gt;&lt;skeleton-skeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-06T09:16:02.893" Score="3" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often eat some snacks when I'm at PC, usually chips or something unhealthy. I've recently decided to change this a bit to some healthier alternative. Sunflower seeds are great, because some 80g bag takes few hours of cracking the shells, and I don't eat a lot(plus they're way more healthy). 80g of these are probably 40-60g of kernels, which is far less then I'd eat in equivalent of chips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these are hard, and I am aware that they would hurt my teeth in a long run. Is there some nice alternative that would be healthier, both for teeth and body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4853" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-16T23:34:22.243" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T02:43:35.383" Title="How to deal with oral habit?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;&lt;screen-time-limits&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="742" CreationDate="2016-06-06T13:18:56.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found an expert answer for your question. May be this will help you to take right decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doctor.ndtv.com/faq/ndtv/fid/2322/Is_a_combination_of_B-complex_vitamin_and_zinc_good_for_the_hair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NDTV Doctors:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There is no harm in taking a combination of B-complex vitamins with&#xA;  zinc but there is no evidence that such products have any utility in&#xA;  controlling loss of hair. Please do not rely on reports in the lay&#xA;  press because they are not always correct. Sometimes such reports are&#xA;  sponsored by manufacturers. There is some evidence that anti-oxidant&#xA;  preparations (such as Vitexid) may help in improving general well&#xA;  being of most body functions including skin of the scalp. I hope you&#xA;  are not suffering from dandruff which is a common cause of hair loss.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-06T22:38:14.990" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T22:38:14.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7000" CreationDate="2016-06-06T14:04:31.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bones are held together by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cartilage.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cartilage&lt;/a&gt;, and cartilage decays and vanishes along with the other soft tissues. So no, skeletons don't hold together by themselves. Skeletons in museums and such are generally held together by wire and glue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T14:04:31.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-06T15:10:21.973" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;and is this true in all cases? cause i have been pigeon toed all my life, and lately people have started commenting on it so much that it's starting to bother me. About 10 years ago when i was in high school my dad made me train myself to walk correctly, but I feel like all that ever did was teach me to walk correctly when I&quot;m focusing on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 years after that people started commenting on it again, so I cried and went back to practicing again, but I don't know whether it helped any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in Korea now, and Korean care about appearances a lot more so basically everyone everywhere comments on it, so i'm extremely self-conscious.  However, lately I've been wondering if I should be looking at surgery rather than more practice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however, being in Korea, I also think talking to the doctors will be difficult, and I want to know some likely causes of pigeon-toed walking in adults.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4855" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:18:43.117" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:18:43.117" Title="can walking practice really cure people who walk pigeon toed?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;walking&gt;&lt;gait-walk-abnormalities&gt;&lt;intoeing-pigeon-toe-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12596" CreationDate="2016-06-06T16:15:02.150" Score="2" ViewCount="1523" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine posted this on social media:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;90% of what you put into your mouth is detoxed by your liver. What you put on your skin bypasses liver detoxification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They mentioned that there was a study that confirmed this, but didn't link to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research that can back up this claim? It seemed strange to me - wouldn't anything in the bloodstream eventually get filtered through the liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="59" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T06:19:02.943" Title="Do compounds absorbed through the skin bypass the liver?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7009" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7011" CreationDate="2016-06-06T16:21:52.400" Score="2" ViewCount="429" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I'm concentrating hard or anxious I unconsciously start biting my cheeks, sometimes biting off the topmost layer of skin. I don't bleed, but the sensation of the skin is bumpy instead of smooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done some googling, but can't seem to get anything else than articles related to peeling of the skin inside the mouth (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webdental.com/profiles/blogs/the-inside-of-my-mouth-is-peeling-what-s-going-on&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webdental.com/profiles/blogs/the-inside-of-my-mouth-is-peeling-what-s-going-on&lt;/a&gt;), which is definitely not similar to my situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone heard of this kind of fixation, and is there any potential health risks associated with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4856" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T19:26:04.153" Title="Long term effects of chewing on cheek?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-06T18:06:54.680" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often hear that a medication is &quot;hard for the liver&quot; or &quot;hard on the kidneys&quot;.  What does that really mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about when a person takes vitamin pills?  Is that also hard on the liver or kidneys?  If not, why is that different?  Does it matter if the urine color changes dramatically like when a person takes a large B-complex vitamin capsule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T05:34:38.040" Title="What does it mean for a medication to be &quot;hard for the liver&quot; or &quot;hard on the kidneys&quot;?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7009" CreationDate="2016-06-06T19:26:04.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The greatest risk of this is sore formation, thickening of skin due to callus and infection. As infection,  callus and sores can be disfiguring and debilitating this is a formidable problem. However, most issues come from the deeper skin being broken. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1867357&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Morsicatio buccarum et labiorum&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In some individuals habitual cheek and lip biting becomes a fixed&#xA;  neurosis. Pieces of oral mucosa are actually torn free from the&#xA;  surface, producing a distinctive clinical appearance termed morsicatio&#xA;  buccarum et labiorum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This disorder though probably not what your looking for us what extreme cases can turn into. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1076089-clinical#b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oral Frictional Hyperkeratosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients with frictional keratosis are free of symptoms, with the&#xA;  exception of those with aggressive cheek and lip biting habits. In&#xA;  some individuals who repeatedly traumatize the tissues, tenderness,&#xA;  swelling, and a burning sensation may be presenting symptoms. Patients&#xA;  with persistent cheek and lip biting habits tend to have increased&#xA;  stress and psychologic disorders. A patient may notice a thickening or&#xA;  roughness of the involved mucosal site, or frictional keratosis may be&#xA;  discovered as an incidental finding during a routine oral examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165331.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;risk of cancer&lt;/a&gt; from this seems low, but consulting a doctor or dentist would be the best course of action. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/ever-wondered-why-you-bite-the-insides-of-your-cheeks-0630144&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Goodtherapy.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharecare.com/health/healthy-teeth-and-mouth/chewing-inside-of-cheek&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sharecare.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T19:26:04.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2016-06-06T20:15:15.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had fun reading all the above reponses regarding this inquiry of having tight frames possibly leading to headaches... I also have tight frames and I tend to rest them on top of my ears to relieve the pressure it has on the temporals...i do believe like anywhere in the body,  prolonged pressure leads to decrease in circulation and if left for a while it can lead to ulcerations and necrosis.  This is why health care providers advise patients to move every 15 mins in chair and every 2 hours in bed.  I highly disagree with the palpable suture hypothesis one person mentioned above and fluid shifting made by whom I think is a practicing nurse... Fluid shifting is seen when there's a shift or change in osmotic pressure of intravascular osmolality that causes a shift in fluid from one compartment to another.  So on conclusion,  to alleviate the headache I would either take them off intermittently or buy frames that fit your facial structure.  Oh and if this headache is relate to something that you think isn't from the pressure of the glasses,  I would have ur health care provider examine it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4858" LastActivityDate="2016-06-06T20:15:15.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7014" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-07T00:14:48.937" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be valuable to monitor for an aged individual. In order to be able to care for them better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im working on a open source project to provide remote monitoring of senior population. &#xA;The idea is to detect anomalies in behaviour and generate alerts if needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an implementation of the latest buzz word IoT [Internet of things].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically Im using AWS IoT platform, and a combination of arduinos and raspberry pis for sensors boxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data collected is analysed searching for patterns and anomalies, That after anonymization can be shared for data science and research purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically a bunch of wireless sensors can be used to measure different things like:&#xA;. movement&#xA;. temperature, humidity, barometric pressure&#xA;. Gas, air quality&#xA;. object temperature [like a stove/heater]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one example is that after the system learns what is the normal time a person goes in and out of bed, it can detect an abnormal time staying in bed, and alert if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What things would be useful to measure in the aged care environment? &#xA;What insights about routines/behaviour are valuable for a carer, doctor/nurse, family member?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4860" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:15:23.717" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:15:23.717" Title="Aged care, sensors and machine learning" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7010" CreationDate="2016-06-07T06:55:59.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Hard on the liver or kidneys&quot; means that the medication is making this organ work harder, damaging it or so potent that the medication is harder to rid from the body.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/healthy-liver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;liver&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It helps clean your blood by getting rid of harmful chemicals that&#xA;  your body makes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/drugs-and-the-liver/liver-injury-caused-by-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liver Injury Caused by Drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pathophysiology of DILI varies depending on the drug (or other&#xA;  hepatotoxin) and, in many cases, is not entirely understood.&#xA;  Drug-induced injury mechanisms include covalent binding of the drug to&#xA;  cellular proteins resulting in immune injury, inhibition of cell&#xA;  metabolic pathways, blockage of cellular transport pumps, induction of&#xA;  apoptosis, and interference with mitochondrial function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, the following are thought to increase risk of DILI:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Age ≥ 18 yr&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Obesity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pregnancy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Concomitant alcohol consumption&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetic polymorphisms (increasingly recognized)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patterns of liver injury DILI can be predictable (when injury usually&#xA;  occurs shortly after exposure and is dose-related) or unpredictable&#xA;  (when injury develops after a period of latency and has no relation to&#xA;  dose). Predictable DILI (commonly, acetaminophen-induced) is a common&#xA;  cause of acute jaundice and acute liver failure in the US.&#xA;  Unpredictable DILI is a rare cause of severe liver disease.&#xA;  Subclinical DILI may be underreported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DILI stand a for drug induced liver injury. And like the phrase &quot;Hard on the liver&quot; the drug doesn't have to lead to immediate damage, but damage over time like from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liverfoundation.org/abouttheliver/info/alcohol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;alcohol&lt;/a&gt;. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/liver-function-test-lft&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;tests&lt;/a&gt; for this to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/drugs-your-kidneys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kidneys&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/painMeds_Analgesics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pain meds&lt;/a&gt; reduce blood flow to kidneys. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some meds are harder to excrete so lower doses or no doses are neccesary. This is another meaning of &quot;Hard on the kidneys&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/Contrast-Dye-and-Kidneys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Contrast dye&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the use of a contrast dye is necessary to enhance these tests, but&#xA;  sometimes these dyes can either lead to kidney problems, or cause&#xA;  problems in patients with kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just some background on how meds can be &quot;hard&quot; on the body. The term hard is suppose to indicate how it negatively affects the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking vitamins &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/fat-water-nutrient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;doesn't have&lt;/a&gt; to be hard on the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taking a vitamin or supplement as directed on the package label is&#xA;  considered to be safe, but not following directions can lead to&#xA;  problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamins are a needed medicine in everybody. Taking more than is needed is unhealthy and can damage you. However, the recomended amount is healthy for you. Other medicines are harsh chemicals meant to fight powerful disorders so there are side effect. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/957.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;B complex vitamins&lt;/a&gt; are usually ok in proper doses, yellow urine is a side effect seen in some peopke. The harm it may do does  not outweigh &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-957/riboflavin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the good&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Riboflavin is required for the proper development and function of the&#xA;  skin, lining of the digestive tract, blood cells, and many other parts&#xA;  of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45182/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;RDA&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily dietary&#xA;  intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of&#xA;  nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular&#xA;  gender and life stage group (life stage considers age and, when&#xA;  applicable, pregnancy or lactation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RDA is created so that we know what is best to take for our bodieses not the best solution is to ask the doctor the reasoning behind this and if i without damaging them or causing them deficiency. Sometimes the amount recommended by a company or doctor may not match the RDA, if it is done by the company consulting your doctor on whether the amount is safe. This is because sometimes a doctor may prescribe a higher amount if you are having a deficiency or on a medicine that lowers this level or etc. Taking the amount can hurt you by toxicity, overtime or deficiency so it is best to be safe. You should make sure when measuring amounts you know what is best for you a good rule of thumb is to stay between recommended minimums and maximums, also consulting the doctor or a pharmacist helps to find the amount for you. As the doctor can run test to see your levels in the blood and see what to take for different age, gender or weight groups. This may seem like a wasted visit, but nutrition is important and it can harm you if done wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-08T05:34:38.040" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T05:34:38.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7020" CreationDate="2016-06-07T12:30:44.923" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering all of the probabilities including the probability of the rejection of the transplants, how many lives could this donor save on average if we transplant his organs to other people who need them to survive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4864" LastEditorUserId="4864" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T19:01:26.173" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T21:11:13.063" Title="How many lives an organ donor with brain death who is otherwise healthy can save on average?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;donor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5913" CreationDate="2016-06-07T14:27:02.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok so the semi-permanent solution that I have found is to cover school uniforms with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Permethrin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Permethrin is neurotoxin that is used to repel/kill ticks, fleas, and other insects and is used by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin#Military_use&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US and UK militaries&lt;/a&gt; in jungle warfare. It is considered not to be harmful to humans, but might irritate skin for some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can buy it on Amazon in &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00061MSS0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/SAWYER-PREMIUM-CLOTHING-REPELLENT-Trigger/dp/B001ANQVYU/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1465309512&amp;amp;sr=8-1&amp;amp;keywords=Permethrin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UK&lt;/a&gt;, simply spray it on clothes after washing it should last for about 4-5 washes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="1819" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T14:33:48.907" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T14:33:48.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7017" CreationDate="2016-06-07T16:24:45.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15113353&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Organ donation and utilization in the USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;States about 3.6 organs are gathered from every deceased donor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.organdonor.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Organdonor.gov&lt;/a&gt; says a organ donor can save up to 8 lives and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/organ-donation/art-20047529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; says you can save or improve up to 50 lives. Some sites say you can save over 50 and even &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americantransplantfoundation.org/about-transplant/facts-and-myths/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a 100 though&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liveonny.org/mobile/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;liveonny.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One organ donor can save up to eight lives. The same donor can also&#xA;  save or improve the lives of up to 50 people by donating tissues and&#xA;  eyes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most deceased organ donors are brain dead about &lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2014/02/20/the-challenge-of-organ-donation-after-cardiac-death/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5%&lt;/a&gt; have experienced cardiac arrest though. This does not affect the amount of organs donated usually, both donors give around the same amount. As for possible rejection of organs any patient with a donated organ could do that, there are some people who may have greater risk, but usually everyone needs to take meds to be safe from this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Survival rates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/kidney-transplant/basics/results/prc-20014007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kidney&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;About 98 percent of people who receive a living-donor kidney&#xA;  transplant live for at least one year after their transplant surgery.&#xA;  About 90 percent live for at least five years. About 94 percent of&#xA;  adults who receive a deceased-donor kidney transplant live for at&#xA;  least one year after their transplant surgery. About 82 percent live&#xA;  for at least five years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/2014/07/goldberg/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liver&lt;/a&gt;: &#xA;The 3 year survival rate was 78% and the 71% survival rate was for 5 years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;list of survival up to 10 years. I would have added the list, but it's very big as it includes all &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.srtr.org/annual_Reports/2011/113a_dh.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;organs&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-07T21:11:13.063" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T21:11:13.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-07T16:31:07.160" Score="1" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say a person has many symptoms of a unruptured brain aneurysm, but they're rather subtle, and seem to change from one symptom to another. They come and go. Is that possible? Or, if they were legit, would they all stay the same, with the same level of intensity? Lets say, the only constant thus far is a slight weakness in the left leg, and arm (which is always differing and fluctuating).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4868" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T16:31:07.160" Title="Can unruptured brain aneurysm symptoms come and go?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5983" CreationDate="2016-06-07T17:08:58.297" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The general recommendation against vegetable oil has nothing to do with the oil source. The usual complain is that vegetable oils are perceived as &quot;highly processed&quot; and thus &quot;not natural&quot;. Which of course is not true. You can't treat extra virgin olive oil same as margarine (aka &quot;hardened vegetable oil&quot;). There are many crappy products made from unspecified &quot;vegetable oil&quot;, but it doesn't mean that all oils coming from plants are bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure the oil is a high quality, cold pressed one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry I can't cite any sources, but when something is a made up misconception, there are no sources to prove it's not real : /&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="929" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T17:08:58.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7002" CreationDate="2016-06-07T17:10:03.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same problem, except my go-to was hard candy!  The more challenging or exciting the project, the more candy I crunched. Can you say tooth decay, boys and girls? Not to mention the issues that come with ingesting all that sugar!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Try mouth exercises!  They are no cost, no calorie, easy on your teeth, and may help strengthen some of your many facial muscles!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This works best, of course, if you spending this time at your PC at home ... or if at work, hopefully it is within the privacy of your cubicled walls or office.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Easiest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Silently stretch your entire mouth to form the vowels (A, E I, O, U) in succession. Be sure to exaggerate your silent pronunciation to engage your entire mouth and to stretch as much of your face as possible.  When you get to the letter &quot;U&quot;, your lips should be pursed to their farthest extension and your chin should be jutted as far forward as it will stretch.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opening your mouth as long and as wide as you can, as you would for a dentist visit, and silently mouth the word &quot;La&quot; over and over &lt;em&gt;using only your tongue&lt;/em&gt;.  You must keep your mouth opened as wide as you can and remember only your tongue can be used to form the word &quot;La, la, la, la, la ...&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perform each exercise for 1-3 minutes at a stretch. You will find with engaging all of these mouth, lip, and face muscles you have managed to fulfill the need be &quot;orally engaged&quot; without adding calories or tooth decay!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this is helpful!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4869" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T17:10:03.177" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5908" CreationDate="2016-06-07T17:54:43.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your best and most efficient method in &quot;curing&quot; this situation is to seek professional attention from a podiatrist or dermatologist (webmd.com).  Particularly if you are still experiencing some pain after time has passed from the original injury, along with the fungal reaction, this may be an indicator of a more serious underlying issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Your doctor may try one thing or a combination:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    A topical cream that goes directly on the nail&#xA;    An antifungal prescription pill&#xA;    Removing the damaged area of the nail or skin&#xA;&#xA;In some cases, you might need to have the nail removed completely with surgery.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-toenail-fungus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-toenail-fungus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I previously had a toenail fungal infection and tried home remedies, mostly including some sort of hot water foot soak, especially as the infection had spread to the surrounding skin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;white vinegar &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;epsom salt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;baking soda&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it was determined the entire nail had to be removed.  This procedure was performed at a Podiatrist's office with a local anesthetic injection, and I was walking out - pain free - 15 minutes later.  The new nail took some time to grow in ...but grew in healthy, straight, and blemish-free!  Thankfully it was covered by my medical insurance; even with the co-pay, it was well worth the price of admission!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this is helpful!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4869" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T17:54:43.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-07T18:07:33.727" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I go to sleep after a long waking time or when I am about to wake up after not sufficient sleep (or less than 8 hours of sleep) , I feel the blood flow in the back of my head in the form of strong pulses. Is this a symptom of low blood pressure, or what might be the cause for this behavior?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4870" LastActivityDate="2016-06-07T18:07:33.727" Title="Is the feeling of blood pulses a symptom of low blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-07T19:48:16.327" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are a ton of apps available that track your nutrition and general overall health, but I am having trouble in figuring out what to eat at home to be healthy and what to even buy to make those said meals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4871" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T16:02:32.733" Title="Apps available? Nutrition Help?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7029" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7047" CreationDate="2016-06-08T13:53:25.360" Score="5" ViewCount="639" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title says. I just learnt how sphygmomanometer works. If it cuts off the blood till I decrease the pressure to the highest blood pressure, then shouldn't it cause serious problems? Even in simole words, heart attack is caused by the blockage of blood flow, isn't it? So is there any possibility that the measuring tool can be injurious?&#xA;I am not a medical student, just a curious learner. I just thought it would be wise to know everything about it before I actually measure someone's pressure with it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2388" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:37:34.863" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T17:31:25.797" Title="If sphygmomanometer literally cuts off the blood flow, is it gonna kill the patient if pressure is not released?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7026" CreationDate="2016-06-08T16:02:32.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although probably not the answer you are looking for I would suggest starting with learning basic understandings of macro nutrients e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-macronutrients-definition-functions-examples.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;carbs, fats and proteins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once learning that making meals of very simple foods e.g. vegtables + chicken and then weighing and entering them in apps like myfitnesspal.com and seeing the macronutrients used up compared to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iifym.com/iifym-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;how much you need&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from these basic meals you can start experimenting with extra ingredients to make things taste better and entering them in to the apps as well to see the effects. e.g. spices, oil, sauces etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing this took a while but taught me a lot about nutrition and eventually you get to the point where you can judge foods on face value accurately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hope this helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4865" LastActivityDate="2016-06-08T16:02:32.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-08T16:59:26.863" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi I am currently on a low carb diet as I don't get much exercise and gained about 100 pounds since graduating high school due to side effects of a medication. I've lost about 35 so far without any exercise at all and am happy with this diet plan. I'm trying to do absolutely none (0 carbs) a day since, after some research, i found that this is the fastest way to lose weight on this diet. I have had success with eating very little carbs (20 or less) and would like to keep it that way. I guess I can have a little more if it fits the bill. Here is my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been eating the same thing for about 8 months now. (Meat, Cheese, Vegetables, black coffee, tea) but it's just becoming a chore just to get up and make myself something because I'm borderline disgusted with these plain dishes. When I go to the supermarket I pick up cheeses and meats and that's about it. I'm wondering if anyone else has experience with this diet plan, and has had good results, and what kind of foods you incorporate other than meat and cheese?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4879" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T08:31:18.157" Title="List of foods for a low carb diet" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-09T15:39:24.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-08T21:33:58.417" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;In determining your current health risk, does it matter what your past medical statistics were, or only your current medical statistics matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thought experiment 1 (TE1):&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If there are two twins A and B, A has high blood sugar his whole life and B has had low blood sugar for the first half of his life and high blood sugar for the second half of his life, do they currently have the same risk of getting diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thought experiment 2 (TE2):&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;If there are two twins C and D, C has had high cholesterol for his whole life but recently got it down to normal levels, whereas D has always had normal levels, who has higher risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) currently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Followup question:&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;If past medical statistics matter, is it the accumulation or trend that matters? For example, in TE2, if trend matters, C has a better trend and hence lower risk of CHD. If accumulation matters instead, then C has a higher risk of CHD because of past unhealthy statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4882" LastActivityDate="2016-07-07T15:24:39.317" Title="Are medical risks memoryless?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7032" CreationDate="2016-06-09T01:16:23.167" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nuts have a minimal amount of carbs, however, it is very easy to overeat them, so you will want to carefully control portions. When I feel like including healthy carbs, I eat brown rice. Eggs and avocados usually go well with brown rice too. And if it fits into your own diet plan, eating dark chocolate (&gt;85%) wouldn't significantly set you back and hopefully help you in not losing your sanity while losing weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you can cook, I'm sure you can incorporate a near endless combination of vegetables and oils into your diet. Low sugar fruits such as strawberries will also do you good. The fiber from fruits and vegetables will also help to fill you, keep your diet balanced, and aid your digestive system. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4883" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T01:16:23.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7008" CreationDate="2016-06-09T02:01:01.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. We'll go through two examples of why not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermal application of medicine. If the main goal of this is to get the medicine circulating in your blood for systemic applications, and the drug is absorbed well through the skin, then the skin route will provide a stronger effect, for a short time. Why? Because the liver metabolizes anything that's entered your bloodstream. No matter how it got there (orally, dermally, rectally).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol. If you inject alcohol, it will affect you much, much more quickly than if you took it like any normal person would. But remember, it's in your bloodstream. Your liver WILL eventually process it, but it might have a harder time because it's entered your bloodstream much faster than if it had had to have entered through your mouth and stomach first.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4883" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T02:01:01.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6996" CreationDate="2016-06-09T02:06:39.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If thirst mitigation is your goal, then you should focus on what food and drink you SHOULDN'T take beforehand. This includes anything salty (chips, soups), diuretics (coffee, alcohol), and sugary foods. Avoid those things beforehand and you should be able to forgo thirst a little bit easier in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4883" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T02:06:39.100" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7032" CreationDate="2016-06-09T06:13:29.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend vegan and gluten-free salads from &lt;a href=&quot;http://homejuice.com.au/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HomeJuice&lt;/a&gt;. Most salads are highly nutritious as they contain proteins, omega 3, proteins and fibre. Some raw vegetables and fruits also contain antioxidants like Vitamin C and Vitamin A that protects against health problems like cancer and heart disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also try juice detox. They are so refreshing and guaranteed to help you lose weight. I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://homejuice.com.au/pages/melbourne-healthy-corporate-catering&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://homejuice.com.au/pages/melbourne-healthy-corporate-catering&lt;/a&gt; for my juice cleanse. This office catering helps maintain the healthy lifestyle even when I'm at work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4885" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T06:13:29.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7032" CreationDate="2016-06-09T08:31:18.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to fix your problem is to experiment and basically learn to make less exciting food more so. So buying a load of ingredients and then looking for recipes to use them up is always good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for some ingredient ideas try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ruled.me/ketogenic-diet-food-list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For specific recipes try places like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ruled.me/keto-recipes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been told low carb pizzas with a base made of cauliflower or sometimes chicken can be great. The toppings obviously easy to fill with low carb diets!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4865" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T08:31:18.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7079" CreationDate="2016-06-09T09:10:01.453" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;What criteria should I pay attention to when choosing a place to perform an MRI? The MRI is done to diagnose the source of pain in an articulation (e.g., elbow tendinopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One criterion is the number of teslas the MRI scanner has, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/5671/43&quot;&gt;it might impact the quality of the diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;. What else should I consider?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am only interested in criteria that could affect the quality of medical care the patient receives (e.g., one can ignore health insurance considerations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T04:28:49.313" Title="What criteria should I pay attention to when choosing a place to perform an MRI?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-09T13:56:02.787" Score="2" ViewCount="21779" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typical advice doctor gives you when you're sick, particularly with common cold and flu is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Avoid getting into direct sunlight.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My anecdotal experience is that indeed when exposed to sunlight when sick (eg. when waiting for bus home) makes me feel very weak and raises the urge to seek shadow, as if I was some kind of zombie. I observed the behavior in others too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect is quite fast for it to be dehydration or something like that, so what is it exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastActivityDate="2017-01-15T11:31:49.227" Title="Why avoid sunlight when sick?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-09T14:18:26.623" Score="1" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;You ever wake up from a deep sleep, give your body a good stretch and think to yourself &quot;man that felt good!&quot;? Well unfortunately for me, I've had the exact opposite happen a couple times in less than a week. This has also happened in the past but didn't think much of it, that maybe it was just a cramp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other night I awoke, stretched out my legs and my lower RIGHT leg tensed up so bad to the point it felt like the muscle just locked up. I tried to move my leg and foot around to alleviate the pain, which helped a little, but was hard to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I did get up a couple hours later for work, my lower leg was still very sore and hurt to put a lot of pressure down on it. Very similar experience this morning but it didn't happen as bad, I was able to feel the pain before it got too bad and stop myself from stretching. (You ever try to stop yourself mid-stretch in the morning? It's not fun...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I do have RLS so I don't know if that is adding to the situation. Although last night wasn't as bad as some nights. As well as an issue with my lower back with the muscle above my left hip. So I'm a little concerned on why this would happen. Do I maybe have a damaged muscle in my leg? It's never happened to my left leg, only my right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1662" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T14:18:26.623" Title="Leg tightens/hurts when stretching in bed" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T00:09:51.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7029" CreationDate="2016-06-09T14:29:35.770" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heart attacks are caused by reduced or blocked blood flow to the heart, but a sphygmonanometer cuts off the blood flow to the arm (or leg) only. It's not possible it could cause a heart attack directly even if it were left on indefinitely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, leaving a BP cuff on for a very long time could cause injury and eventual tissue death in the arm, or possibly the formation of blood clots which could cause a heart attack when the cuff is finally released. (By &quot;long time&quot; I mean hours, not minutes.) Arms and legs can withstand a lack of blood flow for quite a long time, which is why surgeons can stop the blood flow to a limb in order to do surgery on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494408/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2494408/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T14:29:35.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5" CreationDate="2016-06-09T14:55:30.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, it's typically liver and the kidneys responsible for removing unwanted chemicals from the body, not the immune system. It should be noted that liver and kidneys &lt;strong&gt;have no &amp;quot;knowledge&amp;quot; which chemical is &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; and which is &amp;quot;good&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;. They have evolved to let some chemicals pass, react some chemicals etc. But there is plethora of compounds that had so little influence on evolutionary process, that we're not ready to handle them, since not being able to handle them was not selected against in the process of evolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;So can the body break down anything?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr: No, there are many chemical compounds that are not handled by human body ideally and that, even if there's enough time for the body to handle them, still cause major harm.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure what breaking down exactly means here, but certainly there are some compounds that can get stuck in the body, notably heavy metals. Those and some others accumulate in the body, possibly but not necessarily causing harm in the future. Let's have some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bioaccumulation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bioaccumulation is a process where organism (eg. you) absorbs certain chemical compound at faster rate than it excretes or processes it, which is probably what you meant by &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;breaking down&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;. See bellow some examples of such accumulation. Remember that the compound to be accumulated doesn't need to be exactly toxic, but as the poison is in the dose, as long as you accumulate something, it eventually &lt;strong&gt;will&lt;/strong&gt; became toxic, should it even be water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Silver&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Silver is a heavy metal and was used as disinfection in the first half of 20th century&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;. Silver accumulates in the human body, causing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;argyria&lt;/a&gt;. This often happens to people who adhere to so-called &amp;quot;alternative medicine&amp;quot;, which includes promoting silver suspension as a cure to all kinds of diseases.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Lead&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lead is more dangerous than silver and is recognised as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;important health problem by WHO&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other examples&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will defer listing of other &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation#Examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;examples on wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Toxification&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said in the introduction, evolution didn't prepare liver and kidneys for many chemicals. Sometimes the attempt to react them starts the toxic reaction itself and it would be better if the chemical stayed in blood as-is and was excreted in urine. Such event is a type of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;toxification&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, toxification can generally occur anywhere, not just liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Methanol&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methanol is known as possible toxic component that can accidentally occur in alcoholic beverages. Methanol shares toxicity properties with ethanol, however on top of that, it is metabolized into formic acid in the liver. This is why, if there are no better alternatives, ethanol can be administered to prevent further methanol poisoning since it occupies the liver and therefore stops the toxification process. Bear in mind that this only works before the methanol was already turned into formic acid.&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Arsenic&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from accumulating, arsenic also is oxidated in body which produces much more toxic arsenic (III) oxide which is the famous deadly poison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Refferences:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.archive.org/stream/useofcolloidsinh00searuoft#page/70/mode/2up&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Chapter VIII: Germicides and Disinfectants&amp;quot;. The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10558603&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20111005043548/http://www.antizol.com/mpoisono.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methanol poisoning overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T10:40:39.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7049" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7059" CreationDate="2016-06-09T15:02:59.387" Score="3" ViewCount="279" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like Coca-Cola quite a lot. However I'm quite aware that it's one of the symbols of unhealthy life, along with energy drinks, burgers and playing computer games.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how much is Coca-Cola actually harmful to health and &lt;strong&gt;how that harm works&lt;/strong&gt;. I would also like to see other answers than those that focus only on dental health, because dental problems of coca-cola mostly also apply to oranges and apples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastActivityDate="2016-07-15T07:56:38.083" Title="Is Coca-Cola unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-09T16:14:51.117" Score="6" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am told that lower gauge needles (broader needles) are used during blood donation to minimize the damage to the RBCs. If the probability of damaging the drawn RBCs is greater with Higher gauge needles, then why are they used to draw blood for blood tests? Aren't RBCs checked during blood tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3331" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-06-10T00:11:06.160" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T17:28:27.213" Title="Why lower gauge needles aren't used to draw blood for blood tests?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-09T17:53:34.643" Score="2" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am told that applying Vitamin-E before donating blood prevents permanent scar formation. But won't it's effect be nullified when the Phlebotomist applies the disinfectant before drawing my blood? Is there any time prescription that it should be applied this many minutes before donating blood so that it may be fully effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I hear that regular hair oils (such as almond hair oil) also have Vitamin E. Can they be used to prevent scar formation??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3331" LastEditorUserId="93" LastEditDate="2020-10-13T05:33:34.460" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T13:50:50.583" Title="Questions about the use of Vitamin-E to prevent scar formation after blood donation" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7051" CreationDate="2016-06-09T22:00:33.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;WebMD seems to suggest no: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Atopic eczema (disorder causing skin itching)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin E has been applied to the skin to prevent scars. However, because of a risk of allergic skin reaction, some researchers have advised against the use of this therapy. Further studies are needed.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Scar prevention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin E applied to the skin does not appear to reduce surgical wound scarring. Because of a risk of allergic skin reaction, some researchers have advised against the use of this therapy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/vitamin-e/evidence/hrb-20060476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/vitamin-e/evidence/hrb-20060476&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4883" LastActivityDate="2016-06-09T22:00:33.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-09T22:01:43.203" Score="4" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a topic on which I have observed similar arguments lead to precisely opposite conclusions.  Some people (health professionals/enthusiasts) claim that Candida Albicans (and similar species) changes from its yeast form into its harmful fungal form as a result of its environment becoming more acidic (lower pH), while others claim that it changes from yeast form into fungal form as a result of its environment becoming more alkaline (higher pH).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in knowing how changes in pH &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; affect Candida and similar fungus.  What does the highest level scientific data have to say?  Have there been any systemic reviews/meta-analyses outlining a high level view of what we know about this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4893" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-06-10T00:07:04.443" LastActivityDate="2016-10-08T08:18:19.177" Title="How does variance in pH affect Candida Albicans?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;yeast&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-10T00:59:57.763" Score="1" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been contemplating how chronic gut-originating infestations such as Candida overgrowth and Small Intestinal Bacteria Overgrowth (SIBO) link to symptoms in the male reproductive system, i.e., prostatitis, low libido, and poor orgasm quality (low ejaculation volume, low level of pleasure, etc.) (ED is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; one of the symptoms in the picture).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently learned that the seminal vesicles produce fructose on a routine basis.  Obviously if bacteria or fungus are entering the reproductive system through large or small intestinal permeability, and are coming into contact with fructose, one would expect them to feed on it and become even harder to kill.  Is this a sensible hypothesis?  What is the intended purpose of the fructose produced by the seminal vesicles?  If the reproductive system was &quot;starved&quot; of this fructose due to bacteria and/or fungus competing for it, what symptoms would be expected (analogous to how, i.e., malnutrition can occur in SIBO patients due to bacteria stealing nutrients)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4894" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T00:59:57.763" Title="Fructose from the Seminal Vesicles" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7049" CreationDate="2016-06-10T01:45:32.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coca-cola contains a lot of calories but very few nutrients, foods like that are called &quot;empty calories&quot;. There is harm to the body due to regularly consuming empty calories alone. If the ratio of useful nutrients per consumed calorie goes down then that means that you would have to consume more calories to get the same amount of nutrients, which is then likely to cause weight gain. Even at the same calorie intake you may experience weight gain due to getting in less nutrients that the body needs for metabolism. The body also needs anti-oxidants to get rid of free radicals produced in metabolic processes and you'll get less of these per consumed calorie.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the best way to think about the harm is to consider that the fundamental source of the harm is not coca cola but it's due to simply being alive. A living organism is a very complex machine that needs to repair itself constantly. To do this, it needs to have a steady supply of many different raw materials. If you feed it a lot of fuel without these raw materials then simply cranking up the metabolism to match the fuel consumption to the fuel intake would do a lot of damage. What happens instead is that a fraction of the extra fuel is stored instead of burned while the metabolism is cranked up a bit. This limits the damage, the storage would allow the extra fuel to be burned safely if you would eat more vitamins and minerals later. However, if this is a chronic situation, then you'll end up burning energy in a dirtier way on the long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If instead of drinking coke you eat a large amounts of walnuts every day containing a large amounts of calories, much more than the coke you drink, then &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionfacts.org/video/testing-the-fat-burning-theory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;you'll hardly gain weight&lt;/a&gt; and your &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionfacts.org/video/walnuts-and-artery-function/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;health will improve a lot&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T01:45:32.280" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-10T03:15:02.680" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Adult male, 47, 77 kilos, 169 cm&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I lost about 2 kilos in about 15 days from a daily 1500 calories healthy diet of fruits, veggies, lean meats, lots of water and no processed foods. I run 10 km a day and swim 20 minutes on off days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That sounds too fast to be true...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I suspect I had water retention, I used to eat tons of salt, like over 6000 mg a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I have cut down to absolutely no salt added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the 2 kilos attributed to water retention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be ok for me to go back on a 500mg to 1500mg daily sodium intake or will the water retention come back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long question, but confused why I lost so much weight so fast!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4895" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T03:15:02.680" Title="How long of no salt diet before sodium levels return to normal and water retention stops decreasing?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4004" CreationDate="2016-06-10T03:34:01.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know MRI scans are mainly used to assess the location and extent of crohn's disease manifestations and crohn's associated complications (strictures, fistulas, wall thinkening). MRI is usefull to determine the phenotype of someones crohn's (e.g. localized terminal ileitis, perianal disease). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An MRI of course is not suitable as sole instrument to establish a crohn's disease diagnosis. In my case diagnosis was established by ileocolonoscopy, examination of the biopsies collected thereby by a phatologist, stool markers and full blood count. MRI was used as additional diagnosis instrument since ileoscopy raised the gastrologists strong suspicion of a crohn's, the phatologist examination of the biopsies was inconclusive. Blood count showed the typical crohn's associated malnutrition signs and all the signs of an immune system actively fighting an inflammation. In addition a bacterology of the stool sample showed no evidence of yersinia enteritis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ecco guidelines thoroughly describe the establishment of a crohn's diagnosis&#xA;[ecco guidelines part definition and diagnosis][1]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://ecco-jcc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/11/10/ecco-jcc.jjw168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ecco-jcc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/11/10/ecco-jcc.jjw168&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4897" LastEditorUserId="4897" LastEditDate="2017-01-02T16:19:08.440" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T16:19:08.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7057" CreationDate="2016-06-10T05:26:32.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Candida albicans is an opportunistic, dimorphic fungal pathogen that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells(pseudohyphae, hyphae and chlamydospores). Morphogenesis is an essential trait in the pathogenic fungus C. albicans in which the transition from unicellular yeast to filamentous form takes place and vice versa,which is required for virulence.&#xA;Morphological changes occur in response to alterations in the growth conditions. Different parameters directly or indirectly influence the process,of which variation in pH is one of them.(others being temperature, growth media, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Microtubules and microfilaments were observed in hyphal cells.The decrease of external pH did not affect microtubules directly, but long microfilaments&#xA;  disappeared from hyphal cells within 30 min after changing the external pH at 37 &quot;C particularly affects long microfilaments, which disappear from the cytoplasm, and consequently trigger the reversion from hyphal growth to yeast growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8180693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the yeast state, Candida is a non-invasive, sugar-fermenting organism, while in fungal state it is invasive and can produce rhizoids, very long root-like structures.  Rhizoids can penetrate mucosa or intestinal walls, leaving microscopic holes and allowing toxins, undigested food particles and bacteria and yeast to enter the bloodstream.  This condition is known as Leaky Gut Syndrome &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thecandidadiet.com/ph-levels-candida.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thecandidadiet.com/ph-levels-candida.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=37056&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=37056&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2016-06-10T05:26:32.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7045" CreationDate="2016-06-10T08:09:44.653" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, one needs to know its body needs to maintain its internal temperature, which is about 37° if I remember right. This is a process called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;homeostasis&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you're sick, fever symptoms can occur, and your body heats up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you're exposed to the sun too, you are causing a temperature elevation in your body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, to answer to your secondary as to why staying in a hot interior is still better than direct exposition to sun, it's because your body temperature is regulated by contracting or dilating your external vessels (those who are close to the skin). When you are directly exposed to a heat source, the exposed zone is adapting by playing on dilatation or contraction (I can't remember which one for heat or cold) of the external vessels. Too much of this can cause malaise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;human thermoregulation process&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: As to references into the literature on heat exposure effects, there are quite a bit, here are some quotes :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/582911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Knochel 1974&lt;/a&gt;, review&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-Heat exhaustion [...] due to predominant water depletion [...].&#xA;     Symptoms (&lt;em&gt;of hypertonic dehydration, ndlr&lt;/em&gt;) include fatigue, anxiety,&#xA;     weakness [...].&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  -Examining the response of resting normal subjects&#xA;     to hyperthermia [...] showed that elevation of skin temperature [...]&#xA;     was associated with a rise of arterial blood temperature [...] up to&#xA;     a 125% increase of cardiac output [...].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08326.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hales 1998&lt;/a&gt; for related physiology that could lead to heat stroke. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also agree that, as some comments pointed out, normal sunlight exposure shouldn't normally cause malaise, but I was referring to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;hot&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; sunlight exposure, which, with conjunction with fever, is prone to get the body to abnormally high temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2017-01-15T11:31:49.227" LastActivityDate="2017-01-15T11:31:49.227" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6988" CreationDate="2016-06-10T08:25:49.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, drinking cold water will not freeze the &quot;oil&quot; (?) in your body, and will not cause any blockage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, freezed ultra cold water (salted water or alcohol can reach -15°C and stay liquid), can cause cold &quot;burns&quot; (not sure of the word, but it harms your skin anyway), just like winter burns on your hand if you play too long with snow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;human thermoregulation process&lt;/a&gt;, which is done (in part) by the hypothalamus (a part of the brain, grossly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning your stomach, I cannot say if it will produce more acid or anything due to cold water consumption. However, any water consumption will tend to dilute the secretions, making digestion a bit longer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know how your body can produce heat, it can simply be by burning fat or activating muscles (this is also the reason why you shake tooth in freezing cold outside temperature).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3268" LastEditorUserId="3268" LastEditDate="2016-08-22T18:52:02.587" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T18:52:02.587" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7097" CreationDate="2016-06-10T10:04:06.343" Score="3" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have asthma. I heard that Pranayama is a remedy for asthma. So, what type of  precautions would I need to take? And in how many days would you see expect to see the results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-11T03:09:46.787" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T11:34:10.097" Title="Can i do pranayama when i am suffering from asthma?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7076" CreationDate="2016-06-10T16:30:59.400" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read online that cow's milk is a good source of Magnesium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://abcnews.go.com/Health/13-foods-high-magnesium/story?id=30567212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://abcnews.go.com/Health/13-foods-high-magnesium/story?id=30567212&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the nutrition labels for various brands that I buy seem to never list Magnesium on the nutrition facts label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prairiefarmsdairy.com/index.php?p=453&amp;amp;i=693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.prairiefarmsdairy.com/index.php?p=453&amp;amp;i=693&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the magnesium somehow lost in processing, or is the nutrition label simply incomplete, or what other reasons could explain the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4903" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T02:30:19.200" Title="Magnesium in Cow's Milk" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-10T17:36:55.140" Score="2" ViewCount="2947" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aspheric lenses are used for treatment of astigmatism.  I am curious what effects might happen if they were used by someone without an astigmatism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What effects would it have on visual acuity?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would there be any image distortion?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could it cause harm to the eye?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4904" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-06T08:58:59.757" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T07:34:48.907" Title="What effects would aspheric contact lenses have on eyes without astigmatism?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;astigmatism&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-10T17:46:21.277" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read on some blogs that potassium helps lower blood pressure for people that have a high sodium intake. I've also read that these two nutrients interact with each other, so if you have more potassium, you have less sodium in the blood and vice versa. A few places tout that it 'balances out' your electrolytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, can a person with very high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) experience the symptoms of having low sodium levels (hyponatremia?) Or is it more complex than that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3674" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T09:55:33.427" LastActivityDate="2019-05-23T12:11:32.197" Title="Do dietary potassium and sodium interact with eachother?" Tags="&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;hyponatremia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7069" CreationDate="2016-06-11T02:30:19.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The label is incomplete in a way. It's a rule by the FDA. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the FDA does not require food labels to list magnesium content unless&#xA;  a food has been fortified with this nutrient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So unless it's fortified you probs won't see it as the labels are filled with other things like Vitamin D, Calcium. And milk labels are quite small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://milkfacts.info/Nutrition%20Facts/Nutritional%20Components.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Milk is a good source of magnesium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T02:30:19.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7070" CreationDate="2016-06-11T04:01:07.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A toric lens is the type that is used to treat astigmatism, not an aspheric lens. An aspheric lens is primarily designed to correct for the spherical aberration of the contact lens itself, the spherical aberration of the combination of the cornea and lens of the eye, or both. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A toric lens is shaped like a slice of the side of a torus. It has a different index of refraction along its horizontal axis than it does along its vertical axis, with a smooth gradient of the refractive power in the quadrants between those axes. Astigmatism is the condition where the corneal surface, the lens of the eye, or both have the same kind of difference in refractive power along the horizontal and vertical axes of the eye. The toric lens's corrective axes must line up correctly with the astigmatic axes of the eye. A common method of accomplishing this is by making the lens heavier near one part of the edge so that the heavy edge self-rotates to the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aspheric lens, on the other hand, has a gradually changing refractive index moving radially from the edge of the lens to the center. It will either be &quot;flatter&quot; or &quot;steeper&quot; than a purely spherical lens, but the refractive index is constant moving along any circumferential path at a constant radius from the center of the lens. The magnitude of the lens's deviation from being purely spherical is known as its spherical aberration. An aspheric corrective lens is used to correct for the inherent spherical aberration that a spherically-surfaced contact lens introduces, which is directly proportional to its sphere power, and ideally also the spherical aberration of the eye itself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply by the properties of optics, the effect of using either of these types of lenses if one does not have the corresponding visual defect the lens was designed to correct would be to introduce some degree of distortion into one's vision. This could only negatively affect visual acuity, though how severely would depend on the particular lens's strength. I could not find any references as to whether there are any long-term harmful effects of intentionally distorting a person's vision or visual acuity since the subject of all the references I checked was trying to achieve the opposite effect. The only mechanism I can postulate that could potentially cause damage to the eye would be by the long-term eye strain induced by the intentional distortion of a person's vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two helpful references I found in further elaborating the above information:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clspectrum.com/issues/2005/march-2005/aspheric-contact-lenses-fact-and-fiction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.clspectrum.com/issues/2005/march-2005/aspheric-contact-lenses-fact-and-fiction&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coopervision.com/about-contacts/toric-contact-lenses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coopervision.com/about-contacts/toric-contact-lenses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastEditorUserId="3561" LastEditDate="2017-08-11T06:29:41.183" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T06:29:41.183" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7044" CreationDate="2016-06-11T04:28:49.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A higher Tesla magnet generally equates to a higher quality image. Closed (the traditional round-shaped magnet bore) or oval MRIs generally produce a higher quality image than open MRIs, so avoid an open MRI unless you're severely claustrophobic. A newer MRI machine would be preferable to one installed, say, 15 or 20 years ago, all other factors being equal. That's really about it. The skill of the radiologist who will be reading the MRI is certainly important, but that's not something you can easily compare or choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T04:28:49.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-11T08:55:56.543" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do yoga and meditation since about two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breathing is a very important according to all books and teachers I met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the last days I discovered that there is something with helps me much more than focusing on breathing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Focus on your heart beat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listening to my heart beat (for example counting the beats) brings me much faster to the easy and relaxed feeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does some know if there are scientific reports which analyse how counting heart beats help you to relax?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.... or what do you think? I guess a lot of readers already did listen to their breathing. How does listening to the heart beats help you to relax?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4913" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T08:55:56.543" Title="Focus on breathing vs on heart beats" Tags="&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6988" CreationDate="2016-06-11T18:32:16.607" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is said that drinking cold water right after a meal can lead you to indigestions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This happens because the body focuses the majority of our blood to the digestive system. Then as a consequence there is less blood in the brain during this process, and that's why we are tired and sleepy after we ate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking cold water can dramatically block the digestive process by shrinking the abdomen vessels, thus blocking the whole blood flow, causing you to faint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="155" LastActivityDate="2016-06-11T18:32:16.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-11T19:39:41.883" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctors who treat gut conditions have found that Small Intestinal Bacteria Overgrowth (SIBO) and Candida-Related-Complexes (CRC) often occur in the same people, but as far as I am aware, which, if either, causes the other is not known.  What are the live options for mechanisms of action by which one could cause the other, or both could be caused by some underlying condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4918" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:11:48.227" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:11:48.227" Title="What mechanisms of action plausibly explain the correlation between SIBO and a CRC?" Tags="&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;&lt;sibo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-11T22:36:11.847" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have a severe allergic reaction, or cardiac event, or poisoning, or any of a billion other conditions that would require urgent medical care, but might leave me unconscious or otherwise unable to provide authorization to release my medical records to healthcare professionals. If I'm not a minor, can my parents authorize said release? Siblings? Spouses? Other family? Friends?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:10:22.517" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:10:22.517" Title="Who can release my medical records if I'm temporarily disabled?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-11T22:51:06.703" Score="2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;In her 2010 book GAPS Gut and Psychology Syndrome, Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride offers a very strong criticism of the health impacts of vegetarianism (and to an even greater degree, veganism, hereafter implied).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spiritofhealthkc.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/VEGETARIANISM-A-Few-Words-About-Vegetarianism.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.spiritofhealthkc.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/VEGETARIANISM-A-Few-Words-About-Vegetarianism.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highlights include the claims that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetarian children are more prone to health problems than children who eat meat, particularly to psychomotor impairment and diseases of the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetarians are prone to muscle loss and bone damage. They, on average, have lower muscle strength.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Misguided vegetarianism is rapidly becoming a major cause of mental illness in our young people. What these young people do not know is that plant foods are generally hard to digest and they are low in useful nutrition. Foods from animal origin are easy for the human gut to digest and assimilate and animal foods provide concentrated amounts of all essential nutrients for human physiology. As plant foods are hard to digest and as they contain a list of anti-nutrients, which can damage the gut, digestive problems are the first symptoms which appear in those beginner vegetarians. They usually develop IBS symptoms, such as bloating, indigestion, constipation, diarrhoea and flatulence. If the person already has a weak digestion, moving to a plant-based diet is positively dangerous. As the digestive system becomes more and more damaged, it is less able to nourish the person, and so nutritional deficiencies develop quite soon. Vitamins B12, B6, B1, B2, niacin, essential amino acids, zinc and proteins are the first nutritional deficiencies a beginner vegetarian usually develops.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apart from causing malnutrition through the damage to the digestive system, plant foods are a very poor source of nutrients to start with. In a laboratory we can use all sorts of methods and chemicals for extracting nutrients from plants: methods which our human digestive system does not possess. Human gut has a very limited ability to digest plants and to extract anything useful from them. Nature has created herbivorous animals (ruminants) to eat plants and in order for them to be able to digest these plants, Nature has equipped them with a very special digestive system: it is very long with several stomachs full of special plant-breaking bacteria. The human digestive system is similar to the gut of predatory animals, such as wolves and lions: our digestive system is fairly short and we have only one stomach with virtually no bacteria in it. In fact, our human stomach is designed to produce acid and pepsin, which are only able to break down meat, fish and eggs. In short, our digestive systems have been designed to cope best with animal foods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She references the book, &lt;em&gt;The Vegetarian Myth&lt;/em&gt; by Lierre Keith.  She also goes on later in the book to list additional health concerns resulting from vegetarianism.  Needless to say, this contention is extremely controversial.  Many people still believe that vegetarianism, and even veganism, are healthy lifestyle choices if executed properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what does the highest level science have to say about vegetarianism/veganism?  Presumably individual studies have shown conflicting results, offering firepower for people on both sides of the debate.  Have there been any systemic reviews/meta-analyses outlining a high level picture of what we know about this subject from a scientific perspective, which would be more credible than a single study?  If there is a healthy protocol for vegetarianism/veganism, how does it address each of Dr. Campbell-McBride's concerns (psychomotor impairment, diseases of the blood, lower muscle strength, prone to bone damage, digestive problems such as IBS, lack of &lt;em&gt;human-usable&lt;/em&gt; nutrients)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4920" LastEditorUserId="4920" LastEditDate="2016-06-14T15:49:46.600" LastActivityDate="2016-06-14T15:49:46.600" Title="What does the highest level science have to say about vegetarianism/veganism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;non-vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-06-26T20:01:29.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7113" CreationDate="2016-06-12T02:22:33.963" Score="3" ViewCount="1528" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether reclining the front or back seat of a car reduces the effectiveness of the seat belt in case of an accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of reclined front seats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QHiSb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QHiSb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of a reclined back seat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3xICQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3xICQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:07:11.847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:07:11.847" Title="Does reclining the front or back seat of a car reduce the effectiveness of the seat belt?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;&lt;recumbent-lying-down&gt;&lt;crash-test-dummies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7085" CreationDate="2016-06-12T16:16:54.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are in the US, doctors can access your medical records in an emergency in order to render appropriate care:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)&#xA;  Privacy Rule sets rules and limits on who can look at and receive your&#xA;  protected health information, or information that relates to your&#xA;  health or health care you have received and can also be used to&#xA;  identify you. &lt;strong&gt;Your health information may be used and shared with&#xA;  doctors and hospitals&lt;/strong&gt;; with family, relatives, friends, or others you&#xA;  specify; with the police in special cases such as gunshot wounds; and&#xA;  with government agencies that report on the incidence of various&#xA;  illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthit.gov/patients-families/faqs/who-can-look-receive-and-share-my-health-information-or-medical-record&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.healthit.gov/patients-families/faqs/who-can-look-receive-and-share-my-health-information-or-medical-record&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But consider that in many cases, if you arrive in an ER unable to speak for yourself and no one to speak for you, they'll have no idea where your medical records can be found. This is why you should carry a medical card, tag, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Case_of_Emergency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ICE&lt;/a&gt; entry in your cell phone listing any pertinent conditions you have or medications you're taking. For example, things like a seizure disorder, diabetes, heart disease, prescription drugs, or a medication allergy would be important for emergency personnel to know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-06-12T22:04:21.320" LastActivityDate="2016-06-12T22:04:21.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-12T19:42:51.710" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can you determine by himself  which size of  &lt;a href=&quot;http://tepecanada.com/consumers_en/tepe-interdental-brushes-original/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;TePe Interdental Brushes&lt;/a&gt; fits (your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentaid.com/en/interproximal-cleaning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Interproximal Space&lt;/a&gt;)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disregard and pretermit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trial and Error (ie: randomly selecting a size, and then purchasing a pack of these brushes)     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or seeing the dental professional (e.g. dentist, oral hygienist) for him/her to determine the size (to avert costs).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T17:27:41.987" Title="Without Trial and Error or a dental professional, how can you determine your size of Interdental Brush?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-12T21:34:54.880" Score="5" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is related to the following thread:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3312/tpo-thyroid-peroxidase-antibodies-reference-range-change&quot;&gt;http://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3312/tpo-thyroid-peroxidase-antibodies-reference-range-change&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a question regarding the reference ranges of THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODIES and THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODIES. A recent test of a one of my friend's gave:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODIES 3 IU/mL reference range less than 1 IU/mL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODIES 19 IU/mL reference range less than 9 IU/mL &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found conflicting info about the reference ranges for the two antibodies, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086819-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;  shows the reference ranges are 20 IU/mL and 35 IU/mL respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me take THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODIES to ask the question: if the same blood sample is sent to two labs the same day with different reference ranges, one is 35 IU/mL, one is 9 IU/mL. 35 is about 4 times of 9, can I say that the result value of the THYROID PEROXIDASE antibody in the lab with range 35 will be roughly 4 times of the result value at the lab of reference range 9? For example, the result value of the antibody at the lab of reference range 9 IU/mL turns out to be 19 IU/mL, then the same blood sample tested in the lab with range 35 should be roughly 4 times of 19, which is about 76 IU/mL? That way, the ratio of the result value to the reference range will be roughly 2 for both labs, i.e. 19/9, 76/35 are both roughly 2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, I am completely wrong, the result value at the two labs should be roughly the same value, in the above mentioned example, both should be approximately 19 IU/mL? But then there is a problem for diagnosis, because one lab says it is within normal range, one says it is beyond normal range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4898" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:55:43.797" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:55:43.797" Title="Different reference ranges of thyroid antobodies" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-13T00:12:37.853" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people use &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;neti pots&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for sinus irrigation.  Using them can reportedly help with infections, allergies, headaches, congestion, and other sinus-related issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small packets of chemical mixtures are sold to be dissolved into distilled water for use within a neti pot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most commonly sold packets often include &quot;pharmaceutical grade&quot; salt and aluminum free baking soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those packets quickly get expensive.  They also are wasteful, as you have to dispose of the non-recyclable packets in the trash after each use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple years ago, I researched making my own neti pot mixture.  Not surprisingly, my research turned up information that conflicted with other information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone agreed that the solution should be primarily water.  But some people insisted it must be distilled water, whereas others said they just use tap water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people said just to add salt, others to just to use baking soda, others to use a mix.  Some said if it burns to add more salt (and they explained why it seems counter-intuitive but how it actually makes sense when you look at the chemistry involved).  Others said if it burns to add more baking soda.  Ugh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another ingredient that was sometimes mentioned was hydrogen peroxide.  Some people recommended adding about 1-10 drops of hydrogen peroxide to a gallon of salt/baking soda mixture.  Some people said not to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My notes are no longer available, so I've decided to ask here: &lt;strong&gt;What is an appropriate Neti Pot solution, and how does one adjust it for best results?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T00:30:45.610" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T00:30:45.610" Title="What is an appropriate Neti Pot solution, and how does one adjust it for best results?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-13T05:40:48.187" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is an individual has a rotator cuff tear, how can I  whether it was caused by overuse or subacromial impingement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T05:40:48.187" Title="How can I know whether a rotator cuff tear is caused by overuse or subacromial impingement?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-13T06:05:30.877" Score="2" ViewCount="3485" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there is a correlation between these two. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little background: I would ideally like someone to wear a heart rate sensor all day and all night and without any explicit action from them, I want to calculate the resting heart rate. I know when they will be asleep and so I want to use the minimum heart rate from their sleeping time to work out what their waking resting heart rate is. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Alternative suggestions regarding working out the resting heart rate (without explicit instructions to the subject to stay still for 10 min etc.) are also welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1458" LastEditorUserId="1458" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T06:35:46.767" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T06:35:46.767" Title="Sleeping heart rate (minimum) vs resting heart rate" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7094" CreationDate="2016-06-13T06:21:58.447" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious about your endeavor to determine the resting heart rate using the sleeping heart rate. Please note that sleeping heart rate is variable compared to resting heart rate. This is caused by many factors to REM sleep during the night. This is contrary to our ability to control the conditions of a subject/patient to determine resting rate. In fact the average sleeping rate is decreased by 8b/m from resting heart rate. &#xA;I am ready to add more information if you still have questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3679" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T06:21:58.447" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7066" CreationDate="2016-06-13T11:27:08.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a physical therapist and do yoga in my free-time. So I'll provide some of the information I have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pranayama exercises and active/passive techniques that are used in physical therapy to treat asthma are very similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot cure asthma with any of those two methods, but it can lead to bettering of the symptoms and it gets easier to deal with asthmatic attacks, when you know some techniques that help you get over an asthmatic attack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concepts, that are used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consciousness for your breathing&lt;/strong&gt; - Pranayama uses different approaches to make you more conscious of your breathing (where do you feel movement, when you breath? stomach? ribcage? shoulders? how fast do you breath? do you breath through mouth or nose? ...) and helps you breath more deeply or let's say effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breathing techniques&lt;/strong&gt; - Pranayama uses exercises to help you deepen your breath.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body postures&lt;/strong&gt; - differents asanas (well this is not pranayama itself, but yoga after all) stretch the respirational muscles (pectoralis major and minor, scm, and so on) and the intercostal muscles - this makes breathing easier and deeper. Your muscles get tense, when you have asthma/asthmatic attacks, so stretching helps your muscles relax so they can work more efficiently.&#xA;Example asanas: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yogajournal.com/slideshow/tias-little-sidebending-sequence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.yogajournal.com/slideshow/tias-little-sidebending-sequence/&lt;/a&gt; - but please find an instructor to help you with this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body in space&lt;/strong&gt; - the way your body is seated in the 3 dimensions, affects your lungs. The lower half of the lung is supplied better with blood (due to gravity) and the upper half is better ventilated. So lying on your right side, doing some breathing exercises has a different effect on either side of your lungs.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd recomment to find a competent yoga instructor, who can provide you with more information and can lead you through some exercises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have worked with long-term patients, who profitted from weekly sessions and exercising at home daily. Sessions can last between only a few minutes up to an hour, where the above mentioned concepts are combined.&#xA;E.g. you start on your back and get conscious of your breathing. afterwards you are lying on your right side, lay your arm over your head, so the left ribcage is stretched and you do a breathing technique(pranayama). after a few minutes you turn on your back and feel teh difference between your two body sides and how your breathing has changed. then do the same exercise for your other side.&#xA;But again, find an instructor to help you with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said it does not provide a remedy, but helps you deal with the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3545" LastEditorUserId="3545" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T11:34:10.097" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T11:34:10.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-13T19:04:47.410" Score="1" ViewCount="284" Body="&lt;p&gt;I today got a cut on my finger and I saw my blood was thick and sticky. It took less than 1 second to dry and clot as I rubbed  it on my finger. Is thick blood bad for your health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4935" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-14T04:08:10.580" LastActivityDate="2016-06-14T06:04:35.027" Title="What does thick blood indicate?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7101" CreationDate="2016-06-13T20:51:23.370" Score="1" ViewCount="425" Body="&lt;p&gt;Resalor (Prucalopride) is not available in the United States, and thus no information for it is available on WebMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to take both Resalor and Diflucan (Fluconazole)?  Is there anything one must avoid while taking Resalor (sunlight, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4920" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T23:53:33.797" Title="Interactions with Resalor (Prucalopride)" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7099" CreationDate="2016-06-13T23:32:44.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/digestive-health/a8689/resolor-prucalopride/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Resolor (Prucalopride)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This medicine can cause diarrhoea which, if severe, can reduce the&#xA;  effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills at preventing pregnancy. If&#xA;  you are taking the pill for contraception and you experience severe&#xA;  diarrhoea while taking this medicine, you should follow the&#xA;  instructions for diarrhoea described in the leaflet provided with your&#xA;  pills. You may need to use an additional method of contraception, eg&#xA;  condoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should not be taken while pregnant or breast feeding&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on the common side effects, it may be best to avoid activities that require a lot of focus like driving and handling machinery depending on symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disturbances of the gut such as indigestion, flatulence, vomiting and&#xA;  abnormal bowel sounds. Decreased appetite. Fatigue. Dizziness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the article, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21648173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prucalopride. In chronic constipation: poorly documented risks&lt;/a&gt; this statement was made as to the risk identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In practice, prucalopride should be avoided. It is better to focus on&#xA;  lifestyle and behavioural changes, and rational use of laxatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other sites also suggest avoiding spicy foods when taking as it can cause feeling sick or abdominal pain. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increases in heart rate and blood pressure were observed in pigs and&#xA;  dogs treated with prucalopride. Prucalopride seems to increase&#xA;  prolactin levels. Tumours of the liver and thyroid were observed in&#xA;  rats. Prucalopride also carries a risk of poorly defined&#xA;  pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Prucalopride may&#xA;  reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Miscarriages were reported&#xA;  in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For medications that should be or shouldn't be taken with this medication a health care professional should be consulted. As for Diflucan interactions I cannot find any evidence against or for its interaction with Resorol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-13T23:53:33.797" LastActivityDate="2016-06-13T23:53:33.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7112" CreationDate="2016-06-14T06:38:02.303" Score="1" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Applying ice patch is a command remedy against flea bites help heal faster?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebugsquad.com/fleas/flea-bites-solutions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thebugsquad.com/fleas/flea-bites-solutions/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have a cold pack that you normally use on sprains or bruises, you can also put that on the area affected by the flea bites. Ice also works fairly well, although its a bit wet for my liking!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does applying ice patch to flea bites help heal faster, or does it just temporary alleviate the pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:07:36.000" LastActivityDate="2018-08-11T23:32:43.883" Title="Does applying ice patch to flea bites help heal faster?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;&lt;insect-bites&gt;&lt;fleas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-14T08:27:31.137" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can we cure hormonal imbalance by doing Surya namaskar? and what is the best time and place to do it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:29:15.663" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:29:15.663" Title="What is Surya Namaskar Yoga?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;yoga&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4066" CreationDate="2016-06-14T12:19:47.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;just a short answer, since no-one has responded yet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diaphragm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except from deepening your breath by expanding the volume of the lungs down towards the belly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the diaphragm is also involved in non-respiratory functions, helping to expel vomit, feces, and urine from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and preventing acid reflux by exerting pressure on the esophagus as it passes through the esophageal hiatus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm#Function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is only one aspect of many more, others are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;posture -&gt; since the diaphragm inserts at the lower ribs and the vertebrae it influences the way you spine is aligned&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lung volume -&gt; when the diaphragm contracts during inhalation, it expands downwards and gives way to the lungs to expand as well. thus you have a bigger volume and can breath in more air.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;slower breathing -&gt; the more air you breath in, the slower you breath, this may lead to a relaxation during stress situations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nasal breathing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is often considered superior to mouth breathing[6][7] for several reasons. Air travels to and from the external environment and the lungs through the nasal passages, as opposed to the mouth. The nasal passages do a better job of filtering the air as it enters the lungs. In addition, the smaller diameter of the nasal passages creates pressure in the lungs during exhalation, allowing the lungs to have more time to extract oxygen from them. When there is proper oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, the blood will maintain a balanced pH. If carbon dioxide is lost too quickly, as in mouth breathing, oxygen absorption decreases. Nasal breathing is especially important in certain situations such as dehydration, cold weather, laryngitis, and when the throat is sore or dry because it does not dry the throat as much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing#Nasal_breathing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3545" LastActivityDate="2016-06-14T12:19:47.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7106" CreationDate="2016-06-14T23:21:58.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it can help heal faster and alleviate symptoms which are interrelated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fleabites.net/how-long-do-flea-bites-last-and-how-to-heal-them-faster/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;fleabites.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Applying an ice pack on the site of bite to prevent swelling, itching&#xA;  and soothe the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And based on what the article says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;you can also use several natural products and home remedies to treat&#xA;  and heal the flea bites on humans faster&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/questions/qotw/question/3474/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Naked Scientist. Com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article shows how &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;amp;ContentID=4483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;reducing swelling&lt;/a&gt; can increase healing speed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cold slows down blood flow to an injury, thereby reducing pain and&#xA;  swelling. Cold therapy slows circulation, reducing inflammation,&#xA;  muscle spasm, and pain. It should be used if the area is swollen or&#xA;  bruised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-14T23:21:58.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7087" CreationDate="2016-06-15T05:28:36.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of reclined seats on mortality in motor vehicle collisions.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reclined position is associated with increased occupant mortality&#xA;  in motor vehicle collisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;flexion and compression injuries over pretensioned lap and shoulder&#xA;  belts resulted in severe thoracoabdominal and spine injuries in&#xA;  restrained occupants, with a high associated mortality. Increased&#xA;  lower extremity injuries from additional force loads into bolsters and&#xA;  panels were also noted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avvo.com/legal-guides/ugc/did-you-know-that-reclining-in-your-seat-can-be-deadly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Seatbelt effectiveness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your car seat is reclined, a three-point restraint (lap and&#xA;  shoulder seat belt) becomes esentially useless because the shoulder&#xA;  harness moves away from the passenger. Seat belts do not work -- and,&#xA;  in fact, can make injuries worse -- if they are not properly designed (proper &quot;seat belt geometry&quot;) or not properly worn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Few people understand that the more space between the seat belt and&#xA;  the passenger's chest increases the risk of death or serious injury&#xA;  caused when your body either slams against the seat belt itself or&#xA;  &quot;submarines&quot; and slides beneath the seat belt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, this is just a few ways reclining the seat can reduce the effectiveness of the seatbelt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-15T05:28:36.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-15T20:15:18.257" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some drugs, such as Resolor (Prucalopride), are not available in the United States, yet doctors practicing in the United States use them for patients.  For example, Dr. Mark Pimentel, discussing his approach to IBS treatment, explains, &quot;Generally we resort to two potential prokinetics.  One is erythromycin at a very low dose.  It has prokinetic properties at a very low dose and no antibiotic properties at that does, so that’s what we use.  Sometimes we get Resolor, which is prucalopride from Canada, a very potent prokinetic based on serotonin.  It doesn’t have any real side effects except for headache in some patients.&quot;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://chriskresser.com/sibo-update-an-interview-with-dr-mark-pimentel/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://chriskresser.com/sibo-update-an-interview-with-dr-mark-pimentel/&lt;/a&gt;)  Dr. Pimentel's practice is located in California, but Resolor is not available in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What steps must a patient/doctor pair in the United States go through to acquire such a drug, and how long is the process expected to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4920" LastActivityDate="2016-06-15T20:15:18.257" Title="What is the required procedure for a US resident to acquire a prescription drug from Canada?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-16T01:22:51.717" Score="4" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically I'm curious as to whether or not sleep loss or gain is purely additive. I'm not sure if this is even the right way to phrase this question, so I'll give an example. Say someone stays up to 3AM every day for a week. If they then get one or two days of normal rest (8-9 hours, say) will they be mostly functional again? Or would their bodies need to gain back all of the hours (likely through a day or two of a LOT of sleep), to flush out all of the toxins that have built up in their brain from staying up? (I have a very loose understanding of the importance of sleep.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To summarize, after pulling many [close-to-]all-nighters, would a day of 15-hours of sleep be any more rejuvenating than a normal night of sleep, and why?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4952" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T01:22:51.717" Title="What is the best way to recover from all-nighters?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-16T02:06:48.497" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;(1) complains about the low patient and physician involvement in cancer clinical trials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the 1.4 million patients with a new diagnosis of cancer in 2008&#xA;  (ACS, 2008), &lt;strong&gt;it is estimated that no more than 5 percent of patients enrolled&#xA;  in clinical trials, with some estimates suggesting that less than 3 percent&#xA;  of patients enrolled in clinical trials&lt;/strong&gt; (reviewed by ENACCT-CCPH, 2008).&#xA;  Likewise, reimbursement concerns, a lack of awareness of clinical trials, physician&#xA;  or patient preference for standard therapies, excessive regulatory burdens,&#xA;  and time constraints prevent many physicians from enrolling patients&#xA;  in clinical trials (C-Change and Coalition of Cancer Cooperative Groups,&#xA;  2006; Mansour, 1994; Somkin et al., 2005).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be an adequate patient involvement in cancer clinical trials? I.e., in an ideal world, what percentage of patients should be enrolled&#xA;in clinical trials? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Mendelsohn, John, Harold L. Moses, and Sharyl J. Nass, eds. A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century:: Reinvigorating the NCI Cooperative Group Program. National Academies Press, 2010. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10638934128167382656&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10638934128167382656&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T02:06:48.497" Title="What would be an adequate patient involvement in cancer clinical trials?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7125" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7162" CreationDate="2016-06-16T15:51:21.813" Score="5" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cola&lt;/em&gt; is a plant that is known to be of appreciable health benefit. It used to be sold in pharmacies and probably still is. 100 years ago somebody hit upon the idea of using it in a soda drink, leading to widespread use today. But is there still &lt;em&gt;cola&lt;/em&gt; in today's &quot;colas&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3808" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T12:06:49.430" Title="Cola in soft drinks?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="802" CreationDate="2016-06-16T16:46:00.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the MayoClinic, it isn't clear why adult allergies develop:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/expert-answers/food-allergy/faq-20058483&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/expert-answers/food-allergy/faq-20058483&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is evidence that food sensitivities develop when someone has a compromised gut. If the gut is compromised, undigested food particles &quot;leak&quot; into the blood stream and the body creates antibodies against this undigested food.  These sensitivities can disappear if the gut is repaired.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.holistichelp.net/blog/why-do-food-sensitivities-develop-and-spread/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.holistichelp.net/blog/why-do-food-sensitivities-develop-and-spread/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4956" LastActivityDate="2016-06-16T16:46:00.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-16T20:11:28.917" Score="4" ViewCount="335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I couldn't resist that title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seriously though, since antibiotics can cause indigestion, many physicians recommend taking them with food (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4525/how-much-food-is-necessary-to-buffer-the-stomach-when-taking-medicine&quot;&gt;How much food is necessary to buffer the stomach when taking medicine?&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it okay to take them with yogurt (aka yoghurt and yoghourt)?  Does that reduce (or intensify) the effectiveness of the antibiotic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T18:48:45.023" Title="If I take probiotics and antibiotics at the same time, which one wins?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7133" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7193" CreationDate="2016-06-16T20:14:40.307" Score="7" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I read that the consumption rate (Cal) of stronger muscles while resting is higher than that of less dense muscle tissue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kleiber's Law and Rate of Living Theory states that organisms have circa the same heartbeats per lifetime (~one billion [which still has some exceptions])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also assume that the extra exercise is counteracted (by augmented caloric input or something) so that the benefits of exercise is disregarded.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't live shorter because of it, then why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-06-22T20:40:21.860" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T01:24:40.950" Title="Does exercising lower your lifespan?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7599" CreationDate="2016-06-16T21:15:56.720" Score="8" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it worse than undersleeping, especially for healthy development? Does it have any benefits? I would like to know both physical and mental effects (or diseases?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T08:07:46.160" Title="Can oversleeping be harmful to overall health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7136" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-06-17T01:17:45.493" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-06-17T01:17:45.493" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T01:17:45.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7137" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-06-17T01:17:45.493" Score="0" Body="A substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism when introduced or absorbed is considered a poison. This differs slightly from a venom as it is a broader subject and can cover things that can potentially harm, such as alcohol." OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-07-13T14:40:28.863" LastActivityDate="2016-07-13T14:40:28.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-17T14:58:53.007" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Moslems fast in some countries for more than 19 hours. &#xA;Moslem fasting means no eating or drinking at all from sunrise till sun set. &#xA;Is there any evidence that not drinking water for this long period of the day is &lt;em&gt;harmful&lt;/em&gt; for the body and the brain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1242" LastActivityDate="2016-06-17T14:58:53.007" Title="Water intake for people who fast" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7141" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7151" CreationDate="2016-06-17T16:16:24.523" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you brush your teeth twice a day, and floss once a day (in the evening).&#xA;Then your dentist tells you that you have gingivitis, because of bleeding gums. Why?&#xA;The only thing I can think of is if you do not brush your teeth thoroughly enough (or long enough maybe)?&#xA;Any suggestions? Is it possible to get gingivitis if you brush and floss every day? And what are some ways to avoid or improve it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4966" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-22T03:58:54.003" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T03:58:54.003" Title="Treating gingivitis" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-17T16:39:15.053" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have a disorder that might only display some of the symptoms, is not as defined, or episodic, making it &quot;borderline&quot;? Is there a way to measure, or at least express the severity of a mental disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-06-24T03:44:43.220" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T03:44:43.220" Title="Way to measure different degrees of a mental disorder?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-06-22T18:58:25.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7157" CreationDate="2016-06-17T20:45:37.520" Score="4" ViewCount="847" Body="&lt;p&gt;Muscles start to deteriorate without use, so without the person consciously moving a body part or flexing, can muscle tissue degeneration be stopped or at least decelerated by administering something, some passive technique, or machine assistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T11:22:15.340" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T11:22:15.340" Title="How to combat muscular atrophy while in coma?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;coma-comatose&gt;&lt;muscular-atrophy&gt;&lt;muscular-dystrophy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-18T01:59:09.630" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is nervousness a kind of illness? For example, we are nervous when we meet a lot of  people or we are afraid to talk or perform in front of a large audience during a meeting. What is the best way to omit it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4962" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-18T15:00:54.783" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T15:00:54.783" Title="Is nervousness a kind of illness?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-07-30T14:02:39.393" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4237" CreationDate="2016-06-18T02:28:22.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I think it would help after the first few times, but lose effectivity as you become used to the less noise.&lt;/strong&gt; I would think to put your alarm on extra early, and your alarm steadily getting louder would work. If you are in no rush to wake up, then as you get closer to natural wake up time, the alarm would be more likely to rouse you. The headaches probably are just caused by not enough sleep, erratic sleep patterns, and etc. Your best weapon would be to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/how-to-sleep-better.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sleep better&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T02:28:22.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7146" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16186" CreationDate="2016-06-18T02:39:30.107" Score="3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a 180 pound male I find the RDA for the essential amino acids total 17.5 grams.  However, the RDA for protein is 64.8 grams.  Where does this nearly 4x difference come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="307" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T11:50:19.467" Title="RDA of protein vs amino acids" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-18T10:10:15.813" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently had a few bruises to my leg, one quite bad, I was just wondering is there any way of covering the bruises up? If so, how? What methods could I use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4968" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T10:10:15.813" Title="How can I cover up bruises?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7150" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7153" CreationDate="2016-06-18T13:09:43.507" Score="3" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the TDAP and DTAP vaccines? Some nurses/pharmacists told me they are the same, but I am not convinced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are the same then why would some organizations request for you to specifically have the TDAP vaccine and won't accept the DTAP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4970" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-21T18:47:03.700" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T18:47:03.700" Title="What is the difference between the TDAP and DTAP vaccines?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7141" CreationDate="2016-06-18T15:49:14.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-gum-11&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, not having proper brushing techniques can result in gingivitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ask your dentist about the proper way to brush -- bearing down too&#xA;  hard or missing spots can lead to gingivitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So not brushing thoroughly enough is a option to Gingivitis may develop in a person who brushes and flosses enough times a day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001056.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gingivitis is due to the long-term effects of plaque deposits on your&#xA;  teeth. Plaque is a sticky material made of bacteria, mucus, and food&#xA;  debris that builds up on the exposed parts of the teeth. It is also a&#xA;  major cause of tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So even though you brush twice a day and floss you may still be leaving plaque behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-gum-11?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gingivitis Prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Brush your teeth twice a day and throw out old tooth brushes every 3 months. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you visit a dentist at least every 6 months and consult them about your concerns and questions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Utilize floss and mouthwash. Consult you dentist on which types are better for you and how to floss properly so that you do not damage your mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/brushing-teeth-mistakes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;9 Toothbrushing Mistakes -- and How to Fix Them&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure your toothbrush fits in your mouth and is not to big or to small. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't brush to many times a day, over 3 times is probably to much. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A good session should last around 2 minutes. Take your time and don't rush. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wait a  hour after you eat to brush teeth because acid from food weakens enamel, and don't store your toothbrush in the bathroom. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to consult your dentist on what is best, as gingivitis is a early stage of gum disease. So prevention and treatment is important in this stage. Treatment can be usually just better dental hygiene, but consulting a dentist would be best. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T15:49:14.860" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7150" CreationDate="2016-06-18T18:20:20.660" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are similiar, but for different age group. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;DTAP for people under 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;TDAP for 11 and up basically. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/children/dtap-and-tdap-vaccines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DTaP is a vaccine that helps children younger than age 7 develop&#xA;  immunity to three deadly diseases caused by bacteria: diphtheria,&#xA;  tetanus, and whooping cough (pertussis). Tdap is a booster&#xA;  immunization given at age 11 that offers continued protection from&#xA;  those diseases for adolescents and adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They both cover the same illnesses, as well. The DTap probably isn't accepted due to the fact that it usually is taken around 7 years and so needs the booster shot TDap.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-19T15:00:40.623" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T15:00:40.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7607" CreationDate="2016-06-18T19:24:54.713" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I stumbled on &lt;a href=&quot;http://bernel.blogspot.com/2013/06/top-10-fictional-characters-that-have.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt; about shocking electrical superheroes and I was wondering if a shock was administered every day to a young person, would their heart slowly give out, or would they become virtually impervious to electrocution?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-07-29T20:34:56.680" LastActivityDate="2016-07-29T20:34:56.680" Title="Does electrical exposure build human resilience?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7132" CreationDate="2016-06-18T20:36:49.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That depends on the sort of antibiotics. E.g. Tetracyclines interacts with Ca2+ and so its absorption is massively reduced &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;see here&lt;/a&gt;, while other do interact less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally you can say, that you should never take drugs with milk or milk derivatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1626" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-06-22T18:48:45.023" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T18:48:45.023" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-18T20:40:34.867" Score="1" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that lucid dreaming is able to be instigated under the right conditions and motivations. Is the same true for sleepwalking, although it is more of a condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:03:24.193" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:03:24.193" Title="Is it possible to induce sleepwalking?" Tags="&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;dreams&gt;&lt;sleep-walking&gt;&lt;hypnotherapy&gt;&lt;induce&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7143" CreationDate="2016-06-18T20:52:34.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course you could combat muscular degeneration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you could do is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Massage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Higher protein intake by infusion)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Electrical muscle stimulation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_muscle_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EMS&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Steroids)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it's an intervention that's not essential for life and probably dangerous so this isn't practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1626" LastEditorUserId="1626" LastEditDate="2016-06-18T21:00:39.623" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T21:00:39.623" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5466" CreationDate="2016-06-18T22:25:40.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one likes CVS, and computer glasses are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/computer_glasses.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; to increase contrast and decrease glare to alleviate eye stress. If you are sure you will be using the computer in the future for prolonged periods and have &lt;em&gt;considerable&lt;/em&gt; discomfort, it will be worth the investment for eye strain relief and ultimately less magnification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2016-06-18T22:25:40.000" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-19T00:11:23.143" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it's molecule format changes every year or so, does it even matter (in terms of resistance) that you had it last year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2020-07-30T15:00:25.050" Title="Does getting the cold constantly build defense?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-07-30T16:57:54.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-19T04:54:40.100" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that lanolin is a great source of certain vitamins, particularly vitamin d2 &amp;amp; d3. I like to use lanolin on my skin as a moisturizer, but I'd much rather use it in it's most natural form - preferably before it's been irradiated to remove the vitamins. I can't find any concrete evidence that shows that typical store-bought lanolin does not have it's natural vitamins, but I've noticed that the labels don't mention the vitamin content (which I believe would be a big selling point). If I am correct with my assumption that typical cosmetic lanolin has had its vitamins extracted, does anyone know of a type of lanolin for sale that still has these vitamins in it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your time!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4976" LastActivityDate="2016-06-19T04:54:40.100" Title="Does pure lanolin for sale in stores still contain vitamins?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7125" CreationDate="2016-06-19T17:10:42.677" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The early &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_formula&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coca-cola recipies&lt;/a&gt; (the first &quot;cola&quot;) contained extract from the coca plant, and thus contained small doses of cocaine up &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_formula#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;until 1903&lt;/a&gt; where cocaine was replaced with caffeine from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_nut&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kola nut&lt;/a&gt;. However, nowadays the kola nut &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;has been replaced with other sources of caffeine (mainly synthetic caffeine) and flavorings in most colas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should certainly not expect health benefits from any cola since the copious amounts of sugar outweigh any potential benefits from trace amounts of kola extract that may be found in some exceptional colas even today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2232" LastEditorUserId="2232" LastEditDate="2016-06-20T12:06:49.430" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T12:06:49.430" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-19T17:40:43.933" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have body odor and make my whole life have problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to see a couple doctors, but they did not have any solutions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every day I take shower before I go to work, but people can smell my odor as early as finished shower for only 1 hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please do not ask me take showers twice a day, eat green and similar things, I did all that already&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking something that people may not know but work. For example, I had strong foot odor for years, but I found that put baking soda into shoes will magically eliminate the smell within a couple days.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2276" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:36:47.867" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:36:47.867" Title="How to get rid of body odor (a difficult case)?" Tags="&lt;baking-soda&gt;&lt;body-odor&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-19T20:14:40.003" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that nicotine (contained in tobacco) is even more toxic than potassium cyanide (&lt;code&gt;KCN&lt;/code&gt;, often used for suicide, at least in movies...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to research a bit, but could not find any directly comparable values and I'm not educated enough in toxicology to understand their meaning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For nicotine, if taken in orally, I found values about 50-60mg/kg to be the lethal dose for adult humans. There were also sources mentioning far higher doses like 300mg/kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finding lethal dose values for potassium cyanide was much harder, I found one source speaking of 200mg/kg orally for adults, but I'm not sure if that's true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please help me to compare the toxicity of those two substances and interpret them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1033" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:28:49.140" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T07:08:38.990" Title="Toxicity of nicotine vs potassium cyanide" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-19T22:45:08.183" Score="5" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alright, I will just get it laid out as fast as I can: I masturbate a lot  to the point of ridiculousness (average 8-10 times a day (especially when projects are due, or I need to get stuff done)) and the typical semen amount is 1.5 teaspoons. According to my calculations, this can drop a load up to 2.5 pounds a week. I have already planned for the protein &lt;em&gt;output&lt;/em&gt;. Will this make me hungrier or otherwise not work in shaving off weight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2017-12-30T23:06:49.163" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T23:06:49.163" Title="Does persistently masturbating cause weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-21T17:29:34.033" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5761" CreationDate="2016-06-20T09:30:05.137" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read (and tested) advice that says to drink a glass of hot water with a slice of lemon in, when you wake up in the morning. The water should not be as hot as tea/coffee, but not just 'warm'. Do this before breakfast - on an empty stomach - and it should trigger a bowel movement with 30 minutes. I suppose if your bowels are utterly empty it won't work at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you got into this habit, you could get your body into the routine of going every morning. I don't think a normal/everyday bowel movement should be 'urgent' enough to wake you too early, though I know that the body will naturally try to wake you in more extreme situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can seriously train your body to get into a 24 hourly habit. For my daughter, the mere act of sitting on the toilet every evening before her bath, and just waiting there for a while, was enough to eventually turn a very irregular bowel into a regular one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4983" LastActivityDate="2016-06-20T09:30:05.137" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-20T09:54:33.120" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lower intestine absorbs water from faecal matter, and uses that as one source of hydration for your body. I assume the bowel has various reasons for deciding when not to do this...and diarrhoea is the result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether any factors control the &lt;strong&gt;amount&lt;/strong&gt; of water the bowel chooses to absorb, or is it merely an on/off choice? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, does the bowel 'drink' as much water as it can when a person is dehydrated? If I glug two litres of water will my bowel not bother to absorb quite as much as other days? Will different people have different levels of absorption, giving some harder stools every day, compared to others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T10:02:22.840" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T10:02:22.840" Title="What factors control how much water the bowel absorbs?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7200" CreationDate="2016-06-20T12:35:08.630" Score="4" ViewCount="18003" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched a lot, but didn't find an answer for this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any vaccines that could be dangerous for people with G6PD enzyme deficiency?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About G6PD enzyme deficiency: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.g6pd.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.g6pd.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3543" LastEditorUserId="19234" LastEditDate="2020-04-15T22:58:50.520" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T22:58:50.520" Title="Could any vaccines be dangerous for people with G6PD enzyme deficiency?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-20T18:00:16.417" Score="2" ViewCount="1698" Body="&lt;p&gt;If while there is a water shortage in the baby's country, when will mild dehydration, moderate and severe dehydration come. I wonder if a baby can survive longer than a parent in this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Chris" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-21T05:00:50.667" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T16:09:43.787" Title="How long can a baby survive without water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;infant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-20T23:22:26.230" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is surgery recommended for a first time dislocated shoulder after the shoulder has been put back in place? How is it best to heal this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4989" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T21:48:18.560" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T21:48:18.560" Title="Is surgery recommended for a first time dislocated shoulder?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7170" CreationDate="2016-06-21T04:56:37.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801012-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;medscape.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Infants' and children’s higher body water content, along with their&#xA;  higher metabolic rates and increased body surface area to mass index,&#xA;  contribute to their higher turnover of fluids and solute. Therefore,&#xA;  infants and children require proportionally greater volumes of water&#xA;  than adults to maintain their fluid equilibrium and are more&#xA;  susceptible to volume depletion. Significant fluid losses may occur&#xA;  rapidly, leading to depletion of the intravascular volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Babies cannot survive longer than their parents, due to one factor being that they utilize fluids faster. How long they survive depends on factor such as current fluid balance, body specific factors and diseases and environmental factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="282" LastEditDate="2016-06-21T15:03:00.213" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T15:03:00.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7173" CreationDate="2016-06-21T06:20:57.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surgery is not always neccesary for the first time, depending on level of damage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000524.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If this is the first time you dislocated your shoulder, you will&#xA;  probably not need surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;surgery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your shoulder continues to partly or fully dislocate in the future,&#xA;  you may need surgery to repair or tighten the ligaments that hold the&#xA;  bones in your shoulder joint together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/dislocated-separated-shoulder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;: Healing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ice your shoulder to reduce pain and swelling. Do it for 20-30 minutes&#xA;  every three to four hours, for 2 to 3 days or longer. Use a sling or&#xA;  shoulder immobilizer to prevent further injury until you get medical&#xA;  treatment. Then follow the doctor's advice about whether or not to use&#xA;  a sling. Take anti-inflammatory painkillers. Non-steroidal&#xA;  anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)&#xA;  or naproxen (Aleve), will help with pain and swelling. However, these&#xA;  drugs may have side effects, like an increased risk of bleeding and&#xA;  ulcers or heart attacks and strokes. They should not be used for&#xA;  extended periods of time, unless your doctor specifically says&#xA;  otherwise. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises if your&#xA;  doctor recommends them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgery is a treatment for shoulders that are badly damaged. It is unlikely that this level will come after the first dislocation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T06:20:57.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-21T11:44:12.783" Score="1" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having more and more problems with salt for a few years, especially late before I'm about to sleep. Eating out, beers at a pub with the associated salty nuts and food or a barbeque at home will render a night of bad sleep, nightmares and constipation the next day. Cutting down on salt is an obvious answer and I cook most meals from scratch with no or very little salt, bake my own bread (most recipes calls for 2 % salt, I find it salty enough at 0.5 %) but many ingredients come very salty as is, cheese and soy sauce to name a few which are too much work to make from scratch. Cooking myself usually solves the problem most of the time but eating out can't be avoided sometimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can reduce the problem by drinking plenty of water before going to bed, but I will wake up to pee in the middle of the night and the urine is very diluted so I assume I drank more water than needed to keep the salt balance (I've read 0.6 % blood salt concentration), but I can still very much feel the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise I'm slightly overweight but do cardio for 6-9 hours per week (cycling, skiing or running) so I'm definitely working on it and my stamina is better than most people my age, have no trouble sleeping and almost never constipated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about seeing a professional about this, but what should I ask? What should I check up before to make it meaningful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&#xA;One and a half years since I posted this. Did see a physician who did take the time to do the blood work. Salt balance as in sodium to potassium balance was normal as was the overall salinity. He recommended me to keep eating less than 5 grams of salt per day. Still possible if I keep baking my own bread and cooking all meals from scratch. But still hell to pay if invited over for dinner or go out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4992" LastEditorUserId="4992" LastEditDate="2017-12-08T20:47:58.290" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T20:47:58.290" Title="Salt and bad sleep" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7002" CreationDate="2016-06-21T11:49:04.303" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to be proper in your daily routine which has to include your diet, what you eat what you not. You have to take care of it any how for both teeth and your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4993" LastActivityDate="2016-06-21T11:49:04.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-21T21:50:49.293" Score="4" ViewCount="18188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can eating low (&amp;lt;20g) of carbohydrates a day be related to causing symptoms that are that of Peripheral Neuropathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Pain areas: in the back, face, foot, hands, or thigh&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Pain types: can be burning and tingling or sharp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Pain circumstances: can occur at night&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sensory: pins and needles, uncomfortable tingling and burning, over sensitivity, or sensitivity to pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Also common: numbness, slow reflexes, tingling feet, or tingling fingers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for someone not having diabetes, and may be possibly missing some important vitamins and minerals from the reduced intake of certain foods (mostly consuming meat). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what can be done to help relieve these symptoms, as generic pain killers don't seem to be doing the trick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5000" LastActivityDate="2017-03-05T21:13:27.543" Title="Low Carb Diet Causing Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7188" CreationDate="2016-06-22T04:18:22.997" Score="3" ViewCount="2685" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a little kid I loved garlic. But It was too tedious for me to peel it, so I ate it without peeling it first. My mom would always tell me that the peel is like garbage and that it does not get digested. And if it is not digested, part of it ends up in the appendix. And when there is too much stuff ends up there your appendix gets inflamed and you need a surgery to remove it. It's called appendicitis she would say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true, or is there some grain of truth in what she was claiming? Not the existence of appendicitis, obviously, but that person's eating habits can lead to appendicitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5002" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T16:45:13.373" Title="Can eating certain food cause appendicitis?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-22T05:04:32.707" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Grappling every day and getting repeat bruises. Will this decrease the skin's softness or cause it to age faster or lose its elasticity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bruises are caused by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pinching&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the skin getting pressed against their skin and pulled apart. So the opposite of pinching.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;force like being hit or pressed hard&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1375" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-22T14:03:58.453" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T14:03:58.453" Title="Bruises lasting effect" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7186" CreationDate="2016-06-22T16:45:13.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609170/?report=classic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Can fruit seeds and undigested plant residuals cause acute appendicitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ratio of acute appendicitis caused by plants is minimal among all&#xA;  appendectomised patients, but avoidence of eating undigested fruit&#xA;  seeds and chewing plants well may help to prevent appendicitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, eating habits can cause appendicitis, but it is minimal. This is partially due to some appendicitis's being caused by obstruction and the food particles can increase risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T16:45:13.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7195" CreationDate="2016-06-22T17:27:55.893" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone knows (and passionately hates) the runny nose, coughing, sneezing, aching/sore joints, and the drowsiness associated with the cold. But these symptoms are just the body trying to get rid of the rhinovirus. What does the cold actually do to you, and what would happen if the body did not fight it? Would you just die?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T16:21:24.347" Title="What are the actual symptoms of the common cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-06-24T02:42:23.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-22T17:29:53.870" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;if we for example went on a healthy life style for a limited amount of time like 3 months. Then, we reverted back to our less healthier life style that we initially had. Will the reverted for (less healthier) life style neutralizes the effects of the temporary better (healthier) life style. I know that at first 21 years of the individuals life, nutrition plays a foundation role on the person's health. If you could supply me with a statistical pattern that shows the effects for all age group and for different time period of temporary healthy food consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5009" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T22:46:58.753" Title="Effects of eating healthy food for a limited amount of time" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-22T20:02:43.193" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Majority of the food sold in the UK contain nutritional values, how much of a daily intake, how many calories, all that stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol, on the other hand, doesn't contain such information. Given that beer is very frequent addition to the diet it should be clear what is getting into a body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My theory is that nutritional value is plausible &lt;em&gt;(very low)&lt;/em&gt; and if people knew that what inside they would think twice and the sales figures would decrease. Does it have any backing in consensual reality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastActivityDate="2016-06-22T20:02:43.193" Title="Why alcoholic beverages packaging do not contain information about nutritional values and calories?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-06-23T14:44:49.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7133" CreationDate="2016-06-23T01:24:40.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Persons who do regular physical exercise have a lower heart rate while they are resting (or not exercising): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081187&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, their hearts will be beating same number of beats over a longer period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, a number of trials have shown that regular physical exercise is associated with significant health benefits and lower incidence of serious health problems, e.g.: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)17018-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)17018-9/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T01:24:40.950" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7189" CreationDate="2016-06-23T16:21:24.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common cold is one of the labels used to describe non specific infection of the upper respiratory tract. Other labels include acute rhinitis, acute rhinopharyngitis or acute coryza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upper respiratory tract infections (URI) can be caused by multiple virus families such as the rhinovirus (the most common cause of URI), the influenza virus, the coronavirus and the adenovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While most of the URI share similar manifestations like rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough and sore throat, some symptoms may be much likely associated with a specific type of virus: myalgia and fatigue are commonly seen in influenza and parainfluenza infections, while conjunctivitis are often linked to adenovirus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general cases, URI are self limited diseases. However, some patients (children aged less than 1 year and adults aged more than 65 years, pregnant woman, and people of any age with comorbid illnesses) are at risk of developing complications. Pulmonary complications are the most frequent complications of influenza infection and are often associated with secondary bacterial infection that can lead to acute lung injury. The latter is associated with high mortality rate. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular complications are less common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kasper, Dennis L, and Tinsley R. Harrison. Harrison's Principles of&#xA;Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rothberg MB1, Haessler SD. Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza.Crit Care Med. 2010 Apr;38(4 Suppl):e91-7&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T16:21:24.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7177" CreationDate="2016-06-23T17:24:23.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The effect of salt consumption has been assessed in several studies (for a review: Cappuccio FP. Cardiovascular and other effects of salt consumption. Kidney International Supplements. 2013;3(4):312-315. doi:10.1038/kisup.2013.65.) Dietary salt intake has been linked to several diseases, more frequently cardiovascular diseases but also kidney stones and bone metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to its last guidance, the WHO recommends max 5 grams of salt per day (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2013/salt_potassium_20130131/en/&lt;/a&gt;) Nowadays it is quite simple to exceed these recommendations through the consumption of processed foods. While obviously you try to cook yourself, be aware that other processed foods such as snack foods, soy sauce and cheese contain high content of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent interesting study has shown that dietary salt can influence postprandial plasma sodium concentration (in medicine, sodium plasma concentration expressed in mmol/L is the preferred measure for expressing the amount of sodium in blood) and influence blood pressure (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048126&lt;/a&gt;). While the symptoms you describe are difficult to categorise, and seeing your family physician probably makes sense, some of the symptoms might be due for example to increased blood pressure. Checking your blood pressure is certainly relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your story, I note that your symptoms often arise after having had beers at the pub. Bear in mind, that alcohol consumption can impact on your sleep quality as suggested by a literature review conducted among 107 articles (Stein MD, Friedmann PD. Disturbed Sleep and Its Relationship to Alcohol Use. Substance abuse : official publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. 2005;26(1):1-13.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeking a professional is certainly a good idea, as according to the US preventive services task force, every adult aged 18 years or older should have their BP measured at least once and rescreened every 3 to 5 years (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening&lt;/a&gt;). Whether your  blood electrolytes concentration need to be measured or other investigations undertaken, should be decided by your family doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T17:24:23.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7212" CreationDate="2016-06-23T18:16:19.767" Score="2" ViewCount="631" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a variety of test ran on my thyroid and I'm waiting to see the DR. My question is the TPOAb reference rang is 0-34. Mine came back as 9 IU/ml. Is this still considered normal or abnormal? I also have a family history of HyperT and HypoT (not sure if that matters) Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5017" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:48:27.637" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:48:27.637" Title="Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Ab Test- normal or abmormal" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;thyroperoxidase-tpo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-23T18:35:59.403" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 85 years old, born and live in the UK, of Scottish and Anglo-Saxon ancestry. I get eight hours of untroubled sleep every night, yet still I am sleepy during the day and regularly doze for an hour or so in the afternoon. I am in good health, 5'6&quot; tall, weigh 63 Kg, feel well, but successfully treated for heart failure. I exercise by walking briskly about two miles most mornings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've no mental problems, I still tutor science and maths and give well-received talks on science subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I worry about that daytime sleepiness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastEditorUserId="1056" LastEditDate="2016-06-23T18:44:56.950" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T02:23:10.073" Title="I'm old, should I worry about being sleepy in the daytime" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7198" CreationDate="2016-06-23T19:12:18.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several studies, mainly based on polysomnography, conducted among elderly participants have shown that sleep efficiency and total sleep time are decreasing with age. Quality and quantity of sleep is affected by ageing. As a consequence, elderly individuals often show excessive daytime sleepiness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The literature provides a very thorough list of possible cause of decreased quality and quantity of sleep with age, most common causes though seem to be related to chronic diseases such as joint diseases and chronic pains but also cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Concerning the latter, patients with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases may suffer from sleep apnea (you can test this by answering the “Epworth Sleepiness Scale”, available on the internet). Your questions provides to few details to answer this, and maybe you should check with your family doctor. Also, some medications have been linked to sleep disturbances such as beta-blockers and diuretics (which are often prescribed in the case of heart problems). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, sleep disturbances may also affect elderly individuals who are in good health. In the last decades, several hypotheses have been suggested to explain the alteration in circadian rhythm in the elderly. For example, one of the organ involved in circadian rhythm synchronisation, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, shows a decline in its function with age. Also, age is associated with a decrease in melatonin, a hormone essential in the regulation of circadian rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see there are many reasons for day sleepiness in the elderly. If your daytime sleepiness impacts on your daily life (and on your social activities), you may wish to consider seeing your family doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:Cooke JR, Ancoli-Israel S. Normal and Abnormal Sleep in the Elderly. Handbook of clinical neurology / edited by PJ Vinken and GW Bruyn. 2011;98:653-665. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52006-7.00041-1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-06-23T19:12:18.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7200" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7169" CreationDate="2016-06-23T20:10:02.637" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme that protects red blood cell against oxidative damage. G6PD deficiency is one the most common genetic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the patients with G6PD deficiency remain clinically asymptomatic. However they are at increased risk of developing acute haemolytic anemia (AHA) in the presence of oxidative agents, which can be either fava beans, infections and drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that infection can precipitate acute haemolytic anemia, which can in some case have severe outcomes, vaccination would confer a solid way to prevent this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question asks about any contraindications for vaccinations in G6PD deficient patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consulting the Vaccine Contraindications and Precautions provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/admin/contraindications.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/admin/contraindications.html&lt;/a&gt;) did not mention G6PD deficiency as proven contraindications for vaccination. Additionally, a search in Medline (a biomedical literature referencing more than 26 millions citations from journals and online books) does not seem to provide any studies or case report concerning the occurrence of adverse events in G6PD deficient patient after immunisation either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study advocated hepatitis A vaccination in patient with G6PD deficiency in order to prevent damaging consequences from intravascular hemolysis precipitated by acute hepatitis A infection in two children with G6PD deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, there seems to be a lack of evidence against vaccination in G6PD patients. Like in many cases in medicine, the benefits of vaccination should be balanced with its possible adverse events. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ozbay Hosnut F, Ozcay F, Selda Bayrakci U, Avci Z, Ozbek N. Etiology of&#xA;hemolysis in two patients with hepatitis A infection: glucose-6-phosphate&#xA;dehydrogenase deficiency or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Eur J Pediatr. 2008&#xA;Dec;167(12):1435-9.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Youngster I, Arcavi L, Schechmaster R, Akayzen Y, Popliski H, Shimonov J, Beig&#xA;S, Berkovitch M. Medications and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: an&#xA;evidence-based review. Drug Saf. 2010 Sep 1;33(9):713-26.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-07-01T16:04:13.650" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T16:04:13.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7198" CreationDate="2016-06-24T02:23:10.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lacking any obvious health related causes, it's not unusual to have a nap in the afternoon, especially when very young or as years advance. There's a general lack of recognition of the fact that we are not meant to sleep the night, the whole night and nothing but the night. Living by clocks and schedules is a general lie.&#xA;On the other hand if you start napping many times during the day, maybe not enough oxygen in the blood. So as long as the blood test is ok, you're in pretty good shape.&#xA;Try sleeping without a pillow, if you like. I just tried it and had really good sleep/rest last night. Low quality night sleep is common in the western world which sacrifices truth for money. I'm not a paleo nutter or anything but, just as in religion, the sheer mass of conviction one way or another, is a brute force to be reckoned with when searching for truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5020" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T02:23:10.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5910" CreationDate="2016-06-24T04:50:08.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have evolved to eat meat, vegetables, dairy etc. The closer these ingredients are to their original form, i.e. less processed and chemically amended purely for marketing purposes, the better. We also evolved to eat fermented foods, including (sourdough) bread and pickles of various kinds. We need protein, vitamins, minerals and various trace elements. Our bodies are pretty good at self-regulating and sometimes even filling in some deficiencies in diet, but the diet must not be synthetically limited or deficiencies can develop into problems. Our digestion and processes that feed all our cells are highly complex intertwined chains of processes. Just as you can't feed plants with large dose NPK fertilizers and expect healthy plants, you can't feed humans with a large dose of protein + one or two other thing and expect healthy humans.&#xA;The often used analogy of an engine is much miss-aligned with biological processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5020" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T04:50:08.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-24T07:22:51.353" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are non-human methods of medical diagnosis called? For example, a cat scan or blood work vs a physician's verbal shot in the dark during a ten minute office visit? To narrow the question this is specifically for diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5022" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T09:41:03.870" Title="What are non-human methods of medical diagnosis called?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4583" CreationDate="2016-06-24T12:05:02.993" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hair is Protein.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(and not only micronutrients)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only muscles but also hair, and nails require sufficient amout of protein for healthy growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd consult you to take an overall Vitamin/Mineral pill once a day (the ones that have everything known as vitamins and minerals inside to be sure you have sufficient micro nutrients  ----- but as well keep good care of your protein intake! You may use any source of extra protein like powders or take amino acid - pills. &amp;lt;-- theese guys rock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intake should be about 1,1 gram protein powder per kg bodymass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advantage of the amino acid - pills is: Your body doesn't net to detoxify the cellcore dna which is left in the protein powder. In the amino - acid pills - it isnt :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5023" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T12:05:02.993" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7210" CreationDate="2016-06-24T20:22:26.620" Score="4" ViewCount="726" Body="&lt;p&gt;After watching the documentary &lt;a href=&quot;http://fedupmovie.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fed Up&lt;/a&gt;, I was inclined to look for trustworthy dietary advice online. Without getting into arguments about whether Fed Up makes a good argument about sugar consumption, one thing they did for sure was highlight the biases of some institutions like the USDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm trying to find (relatively) unbiased information about food and nutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some websites that seem popular:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eatright.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eatright.org&lt;/a&gt; is run by Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics#Criticism_of_partnerships_with_food_companies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sponsored by food companies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrition.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nutrition.gov&lt;/a&gt; is sponsored by the USDA, of which &lt;em&gt;&quot;promotion of agriculture production&quot;&lt;/em&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ABOUT_USDA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one of its stated goals&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;authoritynutrition.com&lt;/a&gt; which is &lt;em&gt;&quot;based on studies and written by experts&quot;&lt;/em&gt; - this doesn't pass the trustworthiness test.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can anyone recommend websites which base their advice on peer-reviewed scientific literature, and which do not have ties with the food production industry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. I asked this question over at &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/34373/what-are-trustworthy-food-and-nutrition-information-websites-without-ties-to-fo&quot;&gt;Skeptics.SE&lt;/a&gt;, but it was deemed offtopic there. It was suggested I might ask here. It does fit with the topic &quot;Environmental or nutritional factors that affect health&quot;, but I'm not certain it describes a specific enough problem. Nevertheless, I hope it is useful to the audience of this site to have an answer to my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5027" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T13:47:20.200" Title="What are trustworthy food and nutrition information websites, without ties to food companies?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="8" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-06-24T22:09:11.117" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Harvard Nutrition Source&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be very science based, although outside interests are always present. I guess the best way to get scientific data is using and comparing various sources of data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5029" LastActivityDate="2016-06-24T22:09:11.117" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7211" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7213" CreationDate="2016-06-25T02:35:14.503" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/05/29/personal-trainers-reveal-their-go-to-breakfast/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; lists breakfast recommendations from Personal Trainers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GO-TO BREAKFAST&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Oats with blueberries and protein. Once the oats are cooked, I'll stir through some protein powder. This ensures I'm metabolically stimulated from the beginning of the day and also keeps me feeling full.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seemed odd to me that protein powder would make you feel full.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Does protein powder make you feel full?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5032" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T15:08:15.540" Title="Does protein powder make you feel full?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-06-28T01:20:56.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7197" CreationDate="2016-06-25T08:37:04.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Normal.&lt;/strong&gt; A result of 9 where the reference range is 0 - 34 indicates that you're within the normal range. For this test, an abnormal result would be a value over 34 because it's not possible to have a result below zero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that each testing lab can different reference ranges, and they can differ over time too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="550" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T08:37:04.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7211" CreationDate="2016-06-25T15:08:15.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the last decades, several studies investigating the effect of protein on satiety showed that under most conditions, protein can be more satiating than isoenergetic ingestion of carbohydrate or fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This effect has been observed both after a single meal and over 24h. The effect of protein on satiety may be dependent on the type of protein ingested (animal protein, whey vs casein)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying satiety after protein intake seem to include stimulation of gastrointestinal hormones that affect gastrointestinal motility. Additionally, some studies suggest that ghrelin concentration, a hormone involved in regulation of food intake, might change in response to protein intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source (which offers a good review on past studies): Paddon-Jones D1, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR et al. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-1561S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T15:08:15.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-25T19:14:12.560" Score="4" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently i have decided to switch from white sugar to Honey and i was wondering if there is any scenario in which using honey can be harmful? Like in baking or mixing with some other eatable thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5036" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T10:15:25.047" Title="Honey- Replacement of White Sugar?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-06-25T20:39:03.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, if you really want a website that offers easy to understand information that is based on scientific studies, then there is one site that I would recommend to you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionfacts.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutritionfacts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's basically driven by one Guy, Michael Greger M.D., who has a team of people who constantly dig through the latest scientific papers and bundle the information into easily digestible short videos and blog posts. Each video has a small button right of it which is easily overlooked, titled &quot;Sources cited&quot;, where it lists all the sources for the information listed in the video.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside of these, there are longer videos at the bottom of the site titled &quot;Nutrition Year-in-Review&quot;, which are recorded speeches of Mr. Greger where he summarizes the latest in nutrition science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5037" LastActivityDate="2016-06-25T20:39:03.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-25T23:44:33.017" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Online searching has been unsuccessful for me in determining if dementia can start to show signs in late 30s, early 40s and if there's any definitive tests. Most articles just end with &quot;talk to your doctor&quot; and that's it. Are there tests out there that can help catch dementia early?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because I had a very scary experience yesterday: Granted, I do not get my haircut at the same places frequently, I tend to just bounce around to whomever is available. But yesterday I got my haircut by someone new at a salon I've been to in the past. The stylist at the next chair over started to talking to me and addressing me by name in a very friendly manner. To me, it was the first time I've seen her and she was incredulous. She said, &quot;I've cut your hair at least 3-4 times, maybe more, in the last 2 years&quot;. I'm a tall, big guy and she knew my name, so I don't have any reason to doubt her. But I just cannot remember her for the life of me. It scares me that someone is in my past like that and I have zero recollection of them. I mean, this isn't like, say, the person that takes your parking ticket in a booth. This is someone that has been in my &quot;intimate&quot; space on multiple occasions and I just cannot remember her. It has scared me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastActivityDate="2016-07-02T18:26:34.433" Title="Dementia in late 30s, early 40s? Tests?" Tags="&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-27T01:32:46.420" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is sweating good for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My home office is rather hot. I have the option of installing a fan which would make it feel less hot, but I was wondering if just sweating while I work has any health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know dehydration is dangerous, so I would be aware of this and be drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5044" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T06:46:59.503" Title="Is sweating good for you?" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7224" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-27T05:13:07.783" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the long-term effects of betamethasone valerate medicated plasters used to treat a tendinopathy? I am mostly interested in treatment effectiveness as well as the long-term impact on the tendon and its surroundings. I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) gives some encouraging results but only look at short term outcomes (28 days):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: to investigate the efficacy and safety of a medicated&#xA;  plaster containing betamethasone valerate (BMV) 2.25 mg in patients&#xA;  with chronic elbow tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;METHODS: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with&#xA;  assignment 2:2:1:1 to BMV medicated plaster applied daily for 12&#xA;  hours, daily for 24 hours or matched placebo. 62 patients aged ≥18&#xA;  years with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy were randomized. The&#xA;  primary efficacy variable was pain reduction (VAS) at day 28.&#xA;  Secondary objectives included summed pain intensity differences&#xA;  (SPID), overall treatment efficacy and tolerability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: &lt;strong&gt;mean reduction in VAS pain score at day 28 was greater in&#xA;  both BMV medicated plaster groups&lt;/strong&gt;, -39.35±27.69 mm for BMV12-h and&#xA;  -36.91±32.50 mm for BMV24-h, than with placebo, -20.20±27.32 mm. Considering the adjusted mean decreases, there was a statistically&#xA;  significant difference between BMV12-h and placebo (p=0.0110). Global&#xA;  pain relief (SPID) and overall treatment efficacy were significantly&#xA;  better with BMV. BMV and placebo plasters had similar local&#xA;  tolerability and there were few treatment-related adverse events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: BMV plaster was significantly more effective than placebo&#xA;  at reducing pain in patients with chronic elbow tendinopathies. The&#xA;  BMV plaster was safe and well tolerated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Frizziero, Antonio, Araldo Causero, Stefano Bernasconi, Rocco Papalia, Mario Longo, Vincenzo Sessa, Francesco Sadile et al. &quot;Efficacy of betamethasone valerate medicated plaster on painful chronic elbow tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.&quot; Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 6, no. 1 (2016): 131. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331041&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T05:13:07.783" Title="What are the long-term side effects of betamethasone valerate medicated plasters used to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;patches&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-27T07:38:08.177" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you need to gain weight(due to having a low BMI), I was wondering if consuming B12(pills) will lead to your body to creating a balance and help you gain weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5048" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-06-27T13:10:14.150" LastActivityDate="2016-06-27T13:10:14.150" Title="What b12 surplus cause and how much is too much?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-27T20:42:18.767" Score="3" ViewCount="1459" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the pain when walking or running with such a disorder an indicator that hearing loss is occuring or going to occur? Ear pain is considered a symptom for this disorder. Can that be an indicator of sensorineural hearing loss in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also be called temporomandibular joint dysfunction and the most common acronyms I can find are TMJ, TMD and TMJD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5050" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:13:37.943" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T06:13:37.943" Title="Can temporomandibular joint disorder cause sensorineural hearing loss?" Tags="&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;tmj-jaw-pain&gt;&lt;hearing-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-28T07:47:46.433" Score="1" ViewCount="1067" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;An apple a day keeps the doctor away&quot;, the saying goes, implying that apples are somehow especially good for the immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does this idiom have any validity to it? Are apples high in certain nutrients that are key to immune function? Do they have a high nutrient-to-calorie ratio (which I assume is good for immune function?) Does their high fiber content contribute to this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, are they really no better for the immune system than any other fruit/vegetable/nutritious food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16627" OwnerDisplayName="DJG" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T19:43:34.933" Title="Are apples really better for the immune system than most fruit?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-28T13:18:49.980" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that you have a blister on a finger. It's open. Is there a problem if you wash your hands with soap (for instance liquid soap in a public toilet)? What could be the effect of soap on a blister?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, will it get irritated? Can it produce a liquid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2878" LastEditorUserId="2878" LastEditDate="2016-06-28T14:51:31.060" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T20:12:41.520" Title="What is the effect of soap on a blister?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7228" CreationDate="2016-06-28T13:50:12.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of things wrong with the general idea that apples are healthy. [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of those is that &quot;health&quot; is not a one-dimensional thing, and nutrients are not always needed. If you have a balanced diet you won't have any shortages and an apple will just be a tasty bite of calories and fibers, keeping you feeling full for a reasonable amount of time, and most of the nutrients it contains will be excreted or metabolized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're short on some vitamins or minerals that are in an apple, eating an apple might be good for you. However, not all fruits are created equal, and &quot;nutrients&quot; is are not a single entity. If you are low on potassium you should eat a banana, if you're low on vitamin C you should eat a bell pepper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing is that obesity is the #1 food-related health risk for almost all people. [2] While an apple is more healthy than the same amount of sugar in a candy bar, fruits contain more calories than vegetables (in general), so for most people it would be better to eat some vegetables than some fruit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity#Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5056" LastEditorUserId="5056" LastEditDate="2016-07-01T08:40:13.837" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T08:40:13.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7223" CreationDate="2016-06-28T15:39:39.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html&lt;/a&gt;, just sweating has no clear health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The health benefits of sweating come with exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4956" LastActivityDate="2016-06-28T15:39:39.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7241" CreationDate="2016-06-28T19:22:28.700" Score="6" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I have sometimes diarrhea I want to start a habit of documentating my toilet visits every morning. I however don't know how to categories it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are their notation systems or categorisation scheme used by medical professional that are recommended for patients gathering information like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T10:11:18.143" Title="Notation for toilet visits" Tags="&lt;quantified-self&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7233" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8791" CreationDate="2016-06-28T19:46:45.667" Score="3" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve heard competing claims about (plantar) wart treatment. Some doctors say freezing it with liquid nitrogen is to kill the wart, while trying to minimize the damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Other doctors say it is just to irritate the body enough to stimulate the natural immune system response, and that’s what gets rid of the wart. Can the body’s own immune system be enough to get rid of the wart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_wart#Relative_effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; has a small note, in a confusing section, that reads&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This last point implies that in the case of plantar warts it was&#xA;  likely the patients own immune system responsible for resolution and&#xA;  not the specific treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me this sounds like scientists don't really know which it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2151" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T19:07:12.333" Title="Does wart treatment (such as freezing) kill the wart or only triger the bodies natural immune reaction?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7484" CreationDate="2016-06-28T20:16:55.820" Score="0" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should prone horizontal abduction and prone shoulder extension exercises be done on a flat surface (bed/table) or an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_ball&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exercise ball&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen both:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aNx46.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aNx46.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Wn6b.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Wn6b.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One physiotherapist I discussed with advise to use a flat surface, another one advise to use an exercise ball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:19:29.257" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:19:29.257" Title="Should prone horizontal abduction and prone shoulder extension exercises be done on a bed or an exercise ball?" Tags="&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;&lt;exercise-ball&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T00:21:53.337" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually I don't take antibiotics when I take medicines according to a prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it necessary to take antibiotics when I am bleeding in my body, for example, in my gum or teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought I do not need to take it because I am healthy and have no disease now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my thinking correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3072" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T18:40:36.037" Title="Is it necessary to take antibiotics after medical/dental treatment?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-02-08T18:44:01.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T00:29:40.067" Score="4" ViewCount="19486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read in many places online that neoprene coated dumbbells may cause cancer. Just how carcinogenic are they? Would normal use of said dumbbells (say less than one hour per day) be of any risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.marksdailyapple.com/forum/thread81716.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I just bought a 32 lb neoprene dumbbell set and took it out the package and noticed a warning on the bottom:&#xA;  &quot;This product contains one or more chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-19T14:49:02.190" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T18:15:02.257" Title="How carcinogenic are neoprene coated dumbbells?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T05:25:35.347" Score="2" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;5 months ago I was diagnosed with atypical Haemolytic Uremic syndrome (aHUS).&#xA;At the time of diagnosis I was extremely anaemic had high creatanine levels low platelets and evidence of haemolysis. I had a biopsy that showed end stage renal failure and was experiencing the associated symptoms (fluid retention, lowered urine output etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment with eculismab was started as well as several plasmaferesis's. I am also taking prednisone (weaning off), vitamins, blood pressure tablets, furosemide and micera and blood transfusions when needed. I am also waiting for genetic testing results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I soon after had an atrial fibrillation episode and was then found to have left ventricular heart damage (I think it is enlarged). (The doctors are not sure what caused this, they suspect the aHUS can anyone confirm?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then my red blood count has risen to 100 (from 40) and platelets are back to normal. However these two counts drop randomly (about once a month) without evidence of haemolysis or blood loss which is puzzling my doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate any contributions of knowledge or suspicions of possible underlying or different diseases I could have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand aHUS is extremely rare and there is not many recorded cases (compared to many other diseases). I can supply any extra information if needed about my condition provided it is not personal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2163" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T02:57:42.403" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T02:57:42.403" Title="Atypical Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome diagnosis" Tags="&lt;renal&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;&lt;hemolysis&gt;&lt;creatinine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3038" CreationDate="2016-06-29T10:15:42.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16028436&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This '05 study&lt;/a&gt; found a positive effect from exercise. Here middle aged (&gt;45y) subjects with chronic idiopathic constipation had their Rome symptoms (straining, hard stools, and incomplete evacuation) improved by a 30 min cardio workout and 11 minute home programe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9824122&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'98 study&lt;/a&gt; found there was little or no positive effect on patients with the same diagnosis, this study however, was smaller and of shorter duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I could find no study in favor (or against) of exercise helping &lt;em&gt;occasional&lt;/em&gt; constipation. It is in the nature of this condition hard to gather subject for a controlled study, and we can assume the clinical support will stay at anecdotal level for some time being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As exercise a lot of other benefits, it should in worst case be a harmless recommendation. Best case there is some effect that is not yet clinically documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T10:15:42.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7232" CreationDate="2016-06-29T11:38:54.820" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_stool_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bristol chart&lt;/a&gt; is commonly used for describing the texture and consistency of stools. See chart and details below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NUOTV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NUOTV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;By Cabot Health, Bristol Stool Chart (&lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/46082.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/46082.pdf&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; [CC BY-SA 3.0]&lt;/a&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting the wikipedia article linked above&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The seven types of stool are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sausage-shaped, but lumpy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools&#xA;  (especially the latter), as they are easy to defecate while not&#xA;  containing excess liquid, and 5, 6 and 7 tending towards diarrhoea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastEditorUserId="944" LastEditDate="2016-06-30T10:11:18.143" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T10:11:18.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T13:19:41.803" Score="2" ViewCount="768" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through rigorous training and deep meditation (AKA prolonged bouts of boredom) I have acquired the ability to maneuver my tongue into my nasal cavity. I can feel the back of my nostrils, and above them, a weird slatted mass. After seeing some rough anatomy sketches on the internet I think is something to do with smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is that coral shaped region? Can I damage it by poking it with my tongue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &quot;coral&quot; I mean this stuff: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_coral&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_coral&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5064" LastEditorUserId="5064" LastEditDate="2016-06-30T03:55:07.690" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T03:03:56.090" Title="What is the coral-like structure in my nasal cavity?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;tongue&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T15:30:29.760" Score="2" ViewCount="605" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why would one Carotid Artery be blocked but not the other. I know someone who has a 50% blockage on the left side, but minimal on the other ... why would this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5065" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T15:32:34.480" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T15:32:34.480" Title="Why would one Carotid Artery be blocked but not the other" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T16:54:41.513" Score="0" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I have been detected with an enlarged spleen I have wanted to know:&#xA;What are the discomforts caused by an enlarged spleen? Are there any symptoms to identify such a case?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5066" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T21:44:23.970" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T21:44:23.970" Title="Enlarged Spleen" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;spleen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-06-29T17:29:59.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;NIH.gov is good for all kinds of things health, including alternative therapies and nutrition. They also have a newsletter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5067" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T17:29:59.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7205" CreationDate="2016-06-29T17:42:44.903" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There isn't always A test that can definitively diagnose a disease. Sometimes it takes a combination of tests and the doctor's knowledge of the possibilities for your symptoms. If your dr doesn't listen to you, find another one who will. That isn't always easy as I can attest, but it's worthwhile trying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5067" LastActivityDate="2016-06-29T17:42:44.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-29T18:55:48.003" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating Fish seems to be a good option to improve your omega 6 to omega 3 ratio. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the problem is that many fishes contain pollutants, for example mercury, tin compounds, PCB, dioxins or antibiotics. In particular the fat fishs seem to be more pulluted, but that seem to be the best canditates to get some healthy omega 3 fatty acids without too much omega 6. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would be good fish choices to improve your omega 6 to omega 3 ratio without the health drawbacks described above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have some references about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:34:51.240" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T19:13:14.037" Title="Which fish to choose for a good omega 6 to omega 3 ratio without other health drawbacks?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7244" CreationDate="2016-06-30T01:17:10.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Mayo Clinic, the symptoms of an enlarged spleen include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/basics/symptoms/con-20029324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/basics/symptoms/con-20029324&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An enlarged spleen may cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;No symptoms in some cases&#xA;Pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen that may spread to the left shoulder&#xA;Feeling full without eating or after eating only a small amount — this can occur when an enlarged spleen presses on your stomach&#xA;Anemia&#xA;Fatigue&#xA;Frequent infections&#xA;Easy bleeding&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like many illnesses, the symptoms of an enlarged spleen are non-specific and shared with many other illnesses, so there is no single symptom or set of symptoms that identifies it. Diagnosis would require examination by a physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T01:17:10.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7243" CreationDate="2016-06-30T05:09:54.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of blockage depends on factors that are somewhat random as they depend on many things that can sometimes be more in one artery and less in the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/heart-disease/clogged-arteries-arterial-plaque&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD - Clogged Arteries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plaque that accumulates on the inner walls of your arteries is made&#xA;  from various substances that circulate in your blood. These include&#xA;  calcium, fat, cholesterol, cellular waste, and fibrin, a material&#xA;  involved in blood clotting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of substances could vary per blood vessel, but more&#xA; plausibly how they respond.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In response to plaque buildup, cells in&#xA;  your artery walls multiply and secrete additional substances that can&#xA;  worsen the state of clogged arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypertension is a risk factor for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/heart-disease/carotid-artery-disease-causes-symptoms-tests-and-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Carotid Artery Disease&lt;/a&gt; and how hypertension damaged vessels can differ. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/WhyBloodPressureMatters/Heart-and-Artery-Damage-and-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301823_Article.jsp#mainContent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hypertension and  Artery Damage&lt;/a&gt; explains how through Hypertension microscopic tears turn into scar tissue that facilitate the building of the plaque blockage. The effects of the high blood pressurw would not be the same for every artery depending on size, and other variations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-06-30T05:09:54.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-30T07:06:47.310" Score="4" ViewCount="2262" Body="&lt;p&gt;How many MRI scanners are there today in the whole world? My own search only revealed numbers in certain countries but no overall count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5075" LastActivityDate="2016-07-04T03:31:47.617" Title="Number of MRI scanners in the world today?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7255" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-30T07:43:31.317" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it just because when I don't floss for a long time (few weeks to a few months) the food trapped between my teeth causes bacteria that cause my gums to swell up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5076" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T04:10:55.247" Title="When my gums are swollen, flossing a lot reduces and fixes up my gums. Why?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-06-30T19:26:39.017" Score="4" ViewCount="4228" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been told that bread can cause acid reflux? What in the bread would cause this and is that found in other foods that are not usually associated with gerd?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5082" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T06:14:44.253" Title="Bread and acid reflux" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-01T02:12:35.870" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080505/full/news.2008.800.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;lot of research&lt;/a&gt; indicates that after the start of adulthood, the number of adipocytes in the body remains basically constant for the remainder of one's life. And yet, it is still possible for a 160lb adult male to triple his or her body weight through fat gain. Considering existing adipocytes can only store so much additional fat through expansion, how is this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it theoretically possible then to place a cap on weight gain in adulthood by minimizing weight throughout childhood, or removing adipose tissue, so that there simply are not enough cells to store more than a certain amount of fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T18:27:15.243" Title="If fat cell number stays the same after adulthood, how can adults gain huge amounts of weight?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-01T06:43:19.917" Score="3" ViewCount="1846" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw on this popular website (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/345573-how-to-relieve-the-feeling-of-overeating/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/345573-how-to-relieve-the-feeling-of-overeating/&lt;/a&gt;) and other sites as well, a recommendation to take an antacid for overeating. But isn't that the opposite of what you would want to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would want more stomach acid to help digest the food, not less. For heartburn yes an antacid makes sense but simply overeating not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2016-07-01T18:08:41.437" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T19:52:05.953" Title="Why antacid for overeating?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-01T10:30:34.590" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a tasty and cheap, cold bottle of green tea that I've been buying daily for 2.75 per bottle.  Most grocery stores sell it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unsweetened, supposedly made from loose leaf tea and has lots of vitamin C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tea shops would charge about 4 or 5 dollars for a large iced green tea, and tea rooms charge even more - like a 8 to 12 dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I getting the same health benefits from this bottled green tea?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5092" LastActivityDate="2016-07-02T16:11:48.850" Title="Is bottled green tea just as beneficial as loose leaf green tea from tea shops?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-01T12:38:06.580" Score="5" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was prescribed green tea by my dietitian for weight loss. I tried it but I then switched to earl grey (with bergamot) black tea. I just wanted to know is earl grey also helpful in mobilizing excess fat and weight reduction? What about chamomile? Moreover, how many cups a day should I take for the weight loss effect to be substantial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5093" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T06:40:55.933" Title="Benefits of tea in weight loss" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7264" CreationDate="2016-07-01T18:24:17.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In medicine, upset stomach, bloating, discomfort or pain in the belly as well as feeling full quickly when eating is often referred as functional dyspepsia (FD). Although functional dyspepsia can be present without overeating, FD can be precipitated by rapid eating and overeating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have shown that delayed gastric emptying and gastric hypersensitivity to acid or distension are involved in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the role of antacids in symptoms of FD or overeating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact role of acids in gastric motility has still to be defined. Current evidence suggest that gastric protons lead to the release of mediators (from the upper small intestine), which activate neuronal systems involved in controlling gastric motility. Additionally, high concentrations of acid are associated with increased fundic tone and impaired sensation to distension of the fundus. It is therefore possible that antacids, in particular proton pomp inhibitors (PPI), may reduce postprandial symptoms by modulating the effect of protons (acids) on gastric motility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, in 2006, a pilot study conducted among 12 healthy volunteers, showed that the administration of a PPI (20 mg bid for 2 days) reduced postprandial symptoms 30 min after ingestion of a small test meal. Other studies have reported that H2RA (Histamine H2 Antagonist) reduce intragastric volume and therefore lead to a reduction in postprandial fullness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grudell, A. (2006), Effect of a proton pump inhibitor on postprandial gastric volume, emptying and symptoms in healthy human subjects: a pilot study. Alimentary Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics, 24: 1037–1043.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics). (Uptodate.com)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Miwa, H. (2012), Life style in persons with functional gastrointestinal disorders – large-scale internet survey of lifestyle in Japan. Neurogastroenterology &amp;amp; Motility, 24: 464–471.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-07-01T19:52:05.953" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T19:52:05.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7228" CreationDate="2016-07-01T19:43:34.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apples have more vitamin-C than, say, pears. So if it is correct that vitamin-C is &quot;good for the immune system&quot;, it would be better than a pear, for instance.&#xA;Vitamin-C is not the only thing said to be needed by the immune system, though. Frequently zinc and iron are mentioned. Some berries have lots of iron and vitamin-C.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/16584/1/Does-Vitamin-C-Really-Boost-Your-Immune-System.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;does vitamin-c really boost your immune system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, the quote you gave is very old (?) and I doubt the &quot;immune system&quot; was a concept when that saying originated. The immune system is not the only part of the body which needs nutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apples are probably one of the most widely known and available types of fruit, hence the choice for that old saying you quoted.&#xA;It is common knowledge that they used to have barrels with apples on ships hundreds of years ago, to prevent the crews from getting scurvy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their nutrient vs. calorie ratio is certainly better, in average, than what the e.g. victorian poor folk apparently ate: bread, butter, potatoes, beer, and tea. (Potatoes contain more of certain minerals, though).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/health8.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;what the poor ate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw.:&#xA;Apples, and some berries, too, are rather aggressive on the teeth due to their high acid content, though. I wouldn't eat them all day - as a matter of fact, I used to, and it did harm my enamel. It was copious amounts over some years, though. That famous &quot;five a day&quot; suggestion would not come near what I ate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T19:43:34.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7257" CreationDate="2016-07-01T20:19:26.533" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While whole grain bread is said to have some healthy effects (lowering chance of diabetes II compared to white flour bread), it also contains anti-digestive substances from the grains - unless it has lots of sour dough which fermented that. I am not sure whether those anti-digestives already impact the pre-digestion in the stomach, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, disclaimer, what follows now is solely based on my personal experience (and what some friends told). Perhaps it's over the scope of the specific question - but if you're interested to get rid of reflux no matter whether it comes from bread or something else, here you go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that any &quot;simple&quot; food alone is not very likely to cause acid reflux, unless you eat &lt;em&gt;a lot&lt;/em&gt; of it and then drink some fluid.&#xA;It is when some certain different kinds of foods, or even foods in different stages of pre-digestion, meet and mix in the stomach, and potentially also if you add fluid at certain stages of pre-digestion.&#xA;Since this is based on experience (confirmed by some people I know, but maybe it's not universal), I can't give exact definitions of those things.&#xA;But you might be able to make sense of symptoms and connect some dots if you experiment yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The occurrence of reflux, or at least some pre stages of that, like unpleasant feeling and smelling gas coming up the throat, seems to be most likely if you ate a generous meal which contained lots of everything. Lots of protein, lots of fat, lots of carbs of different kinds (starches, sugars).&#xA;It may get worse if then fluid is added.&#xA;It may get real bad if you generated a mix in your stomach for which, for some reason, the stomach needs a long time before it opens the passage to the small bowel. It sometimes almost feels like some sort of fermentation is going on.&#xA;Then if you eat something again, perhaps because you eat in typical intervals, while the stomach still has this &quot;difficult mix&quot;, taking longer than &quot;normal&quot;, it can get even worse, if fresh food is added to that which is already in there for too long.&#xA;Especially if you add fruit or sweets to a very fatty meal of some time ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen this also when mixing (in the stomach) lots of whole grain bread with cheese and some time later lots of nuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not have such problems anymore (&gt; 10 years) since I moved to eating my peculiar &quot;diet&quot;. For one thing it's plant based. But I &lt;em&gt;guess&lt;/em&gt; most relevant here being that I usually avoid mixing &quot;lots of everything&quot; in my stomach. I might eat a big bowl of salad. Some potatoes with some peas. Or just a mix of veggies, perhaps with a little oil or avocado, not a ton of dressing or gravy with sugar + fat. Or some non-salted non-roasted nuts without anything. Or some fruit.&#xA;But when I feel there still is some remainder of something in the stomach, I do not eat anything, period. In the morning, when many people say you should stuff your belly when it feels weird, I do not eat - the weird feeling (that I rarely have anymore) goes away by itself when I'm fully awake some hours later. Then I eat. Something feels strange in the belly? I do not eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and when you &lt;strong&gt;ate something late&lt;/strong&gt;, which contained lots of fluid or you added some to your stomach content after eating, and then only 1 hour or less later, you go to bed - if you have a tendency to rotate such that your &lt;strong&gt;belly presses against the mattress&lt;/strong&gt; - that may cause reflux! I.e. mechanical reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I can't say what exactly of all this helped - belly problems are a thing of the past for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T20:19:26.533" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7248" CreationDate="2016-07-01T20:33:24.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;(ok, the text in the comment field says clearly &quot;avoid answering...&quot;, but my answer is not a direct answer to your &quot;which fish&quot; question, what should I do? ^^)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps using supplementary oil capsules is a better alternative:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;studies have found that most of the widely available supplements contain little or no mercury, dioxins or PCBs. For one thing, most companies use species of fish that are lower on the food chain, like cod and sardines, which accumulate less mercury. And many companies distill their oils to help remove contaminants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/health/24real.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nytimes article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another alternative, suitable for vegetarians, would be DHA &amp;amp; EPA containing oil extracted from algae bred in water basins (no mercury pollution).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.omedha.com/omega-3-pregnancy-support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Schizochytrium micro algae as an &quot;Excellent Source of Dietary Omega-3s&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T20:33:24.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7190" CreationDate="2016-07-01T20:50:38.780" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least with effects like inflammation, caused by pro-inflammatory eating &amp;amp; living habits, it seems extremely plausible that your body gets harmed further when on such a lifestyle, and gets some &quot;pause&quot; from being harmed as bad during the time which are on a low-inflammatory lifestyle.&#xA;Problems with clogging arteries will get worse quicker when on the &quot;bad&quot; lifestyle than on the &quot;good&quot; lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you speak of &quot;neutralizing&quot; you seem to imply the reversibility of certain health deterioration, forward or backward. Many health issues seem only to get worse with progressing age. Worse slower or faster, but rarely better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that early stages of e.g. diabetes type II can be reversed by nutrition, though. Jack Challem writes about things like that in the book &quot;&lt;em&gt;Inflammation Syndrome&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. Sorry, no link to studies, but the book has many.&#xA;Let me just mention that on this topic, you will also find books written by not so scientific people. It needs some sorting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for studies, it may not be exactly what you asked for - showing that &quot;bad&quot; vs. &quot;good&quot; eating can cancel each other out.&#xA;But apparently, &lt;strong&gt;eating nothing&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;em&gt;once in a while&lt;/em&gt;, alternated with &quot;eating normally&quot;, can decrease some of the bad effects of the &quot;normal eating&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com/10-health-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Enter &quot;Intermittent Fasting&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T20:50:38.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-01T22:59:57.957" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how different tendon injuries resulting from subacromial impingement are compared to epicondylopathies resulting from overuse, in terms of physical injuries. I.e., looking at the tendon (e.g., histopathology), would the injuries look similar, or e.g. would the injury resulting from an impingement would cause more localized micro-tears of the tendons (where the tendon got pinched), vs. epicondylopathies where micro-tears would be more spread across the tendon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-01T22:59:57.957" Title="How different are tendon injuries resulting from subacromial impingement compared to epicondylopathies resulting from overuse?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-02T12:41:57.090" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;when reading about the long term effects of nicotine, almost every source refers to the long term effects of tobacco smoking. But what part does nicotine by itself have? I mean apart from immediate side effects like sickness, etc. How does it affect the body long term? &#xA;e.g. When smoking tobacco you have a higher chance of heart-problems. As I understand, this is mainly due to the carbon-monoxide in the blood, increasing the load on your heart. But does nicotine play a role in this?&#xA;Which tobacco smoking long-term-effects/risks are actually due to nicotine and which come from you inhaling any sort of smoke, containing a few thousand toxins?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5102" LastEditorUserId="167" LastEditDate="2016-07-02T15:32:36.503" LastActivityDate="2016-07-02T15:32:36.503" Title="What are the long term risks/side-effects of nicotine consumption?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4525" CreationDate="2016-07-02T17:36:57.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you mentioned in the side note, it really depends on the type of pill. Because there are chemical interactions between the food and the pill e.g.  tetracycline and milk (tetracycline and calcium form complexes, thus inactivating the antibiotic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally the gastric pH is not so important for the drug uptake, as it happens in the small intestine. However some drugs can get destroyed in acid, therefore some pills have an acid resistant coating. &#xA;This coat is usually a weak acid. Since the gastric pH is very low (1-3) weak acids stay protonated, thus are not polar and can't be solved in water. Later in the duodenum the pH varies between 8-9, the coating weak acid deprotonates and dissolves. The drug is set free. This is the reason why you can't split all pills!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why you should eat some food with some medicaments is that they can irritate your gastric lining (e.g. diclofenac) and food serves as a buffer as it &quot;dilutes&quot; the medicament. Other substances need the food to function properly e.g. iron needs to be taken with orange juice or other vitamin c rich juices (the gastric acid oxidates &lt;code&gt;Fe2+ -&amp;gt; Fe3+&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;Fe3+&lt;/code&gt; cannot be absorbed, therefore vitamin c is needed as a reduction agent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question which food is the best can't really be answered as each patient is different. As long as the food does not harm the medication any food you like is good. Usually some crackers are enough, however if you start to feel stomach pain, eating more would be a good idea. Since most medicaments should be taken at a fixed time of the day, taking them 5 minutes after a regular meal is a good idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However some food should not be eaten while taking medication because they induce/inhibit the cytochrome P450 system in the liver and therefore leading to insufficent or dangerous high blood levels of the medicamention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;grapefruit juice&lt;/strong&gt; induces &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cyt P450 3A4&lt;/a&gt; which leads to sometimes greatly increased bioavailability of many medicaments and herbs (and the reverse for a few), and thus overdoses or underdoses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5107" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T23:27:09.333" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T23:27:09.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7218" CreationDate="2016-07-02T18:26:34.433" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before answering your question, let’s first discuss some essential points:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is dementia?&lt;/strong&gt; As soon, somebody has “memory problems”, a diagnosis of “dementia” comes in mind. However, the definition of dementia is much more complex. Dementia is a clinical syndrome of cognitive decline that is sufficiently severe to interfere with social or occupational functioning. Cognitive decline affects different cognitive function such as memory but also language, executive and visuospatial functions. The most frequent cause of dementia is Alzheimer Disease (AD). Other common causes are vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your question&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;determining if dementia can start to show signs in late 30s, early&#xA;  40s”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dementia is a condition that can affect younger individuals. Dementia related conditions onset before 65 years of age are defined as &quot;Early-Onset Dementia&quot; (EOD) or “Presenile Dementia”. While AD, VaD and DLB are frequent causes of EOD, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Alcohol-associated Dementia (AAD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease Dementia (PDD), Mixed Dementia (MD) and Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD) and Down’s syndrome are other frequent causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epidemiological findings about the prevalence of EOD are scarce. According to the existing epidemiological studies, the prevalence of EOD ranges from 4.9 to 8 per 100.000 (35-39 years) and 11.9 to 17 per 100.000 (40-44 years) in your specified age group (late 30s, early 40s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some of the above mentioned diseases can appear “de novo” (without know risk factor), patients suffering from EOD often have a positive family history for dementia related conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your question&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;if there's any definitive tests to diagnose dementia”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As already mentioned, dementia is a clinical syndrome which is largely heterogenous in its clinical presentation, aetiology and underlying pathophysiology. As such, each type of dementia related conditions is defined by specific criteria which are based on clinical examination, neuropsychological assessments and neuroimaging studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diagnosis of dementia is associated with important consequences for the patient. As such, in many countries, assessment of dementia is carried out by specialised clinics called “Memory Clinic”, where the patient is seen by a team of different specialists such as neurologist, psychiatrist and neuropsychologist. The patient undergoes a series of clinical (neurological and gait examination) and neuropsychological tests as well as a brain MRI (if no contra-indications) and/or PET Scan (depending on the presentation). The diagnosis of dementia is then discussed in a team composed of all the specialists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last decades, the use of biomarkers (molecules which are specific “markers” of a disease) in the cerebrospinal fluid for example are investigated as potential “markers” to diagnose a specific dementia related conditions. This has however still to be confirmed in the next decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Concerning your experience:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is of course difficult to draw a conclusion on what happened to you but I hope that the above points brought some clarifications. Additionally, bear in mind that memory is a complex cognitive function that relies on elaborated neuronal cortical networks and is influenced by other cognitive functions such as for example attention. A lack of attention or concentration can impact on the process of memory. This can for example happen in stress situation or emotional situation. Finally, some drugs may also interfere with the process of memory. As such, there are other possible factors that could explain some “blackouts”, that probably many individuals experience without necessarily suffering from dementia.&#xA;If, in the previous mentionned points, you see a so called &quot;red flag&quot; (problems in other cognitive areas, impact on social or occupational functioning, risk factors such as positive family history) which concerns your own history, you may wish to consider seeing your family doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dickerson, B. and Atri, A. at al. Dementia: Comprehensive Principles and Practice. Oxford University Press. 2014. (an excellent reference book for dementia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plassman, B.L. et al. “Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study.” Neuroepidemiology 29.1-2 (2007): 125–132&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vieira RT et al. Epidemiology of early-onset dementia: a review of the literature. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2013 Jun 14;9:88-95.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vieira, Renata Teles et al. “Epidemiology of Early-Onset Dementia: A Review of the Literature.” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP &amp;amp; EMH 9 (2013): 88–95.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gabrieli JD et al. Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 49: 87-115&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-02T18:26:34.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-02T18:48:31.133" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 46 years old, female. My TSH levels are &lt;strong&gt;8.10&lt;/strong&gt;. Due to this, my skin is becoming &lt;strong&gt;wrinkled around the neck&lt;/strong&gt; and I look older than my age. I also have &lt;strong&gt;excessive hairfall&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;reduced vision&lt;/strong&gt; due to this. I have already consulted a dermatologist to reduce wrinkles. Besides that , any of your advices are welcome. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5108" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T08:20:45.907" Title="HyperThyroidism" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-07-07T15:39:41.793" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7287" CreationDate="2016-07-02T21:27:19.377" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your TSH levels are too high, you have &lt;strong&gt;hypo&lt;/strong&gt;thyroidism.&#xA;Beneath hairloss other symptoms are listlesness, dry skin, feeling cold or  gaining weight easily.&#xA;The TSH should be between 0.4 and 4 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2074091-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&#xA;The best would be to visit an internist/endocrinologist and start a L-thyroxine substitution. &#xA;If the wrinkles are because of the hypothyroidism, the substitution should solve the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why is a high TSH a marker of a Hypothyreosis?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/images/stories/content/hormonal-control-of-thyroid.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an image of the thyroid hormone controll loop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hypothalamus constantly screens the bloodlevels of thyroid hormones. If they are too low, it releases TRH (thyreotropin releasing hormone). TRH stimulates the pituary gland to produce TSH (Thyrotropin or thyroidea stimulating hormone). An increase in TRH leads to an increase of TSH. TSH than stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4 which finally becomes T3, the active thyroid hormone, in the tissue (the most conversion from T4 to T3 happens in the brain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a lack of thyroid hormone, the hypothalmus senses it and through increased TRH more TSH ist produced. However if the thyroid gland is insufficient and can't respond to elevated TSH levels with producing T4 there is no negative feedback, thus leading to a further increase of TSH levels. That's why high TSH levels indicate &lt;strong&gt;hypo&lt;/strong&gt;thyroidism. TSH under 0.4 is therefore an indicator for &lt;strong&gt;hyper&lt;/strong&gt;thyroidism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothyroidism is usually harmless and is treated with L-Thyroxine (artificial T4) substitution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5107" LastEditorUserId="5107" LastEditDate="2016-07-06T08:20:45.907" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T08:20:45.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8972" CreationDate="2016-07-03T01:22:25.717" Score="0" ViewCount="9526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a can of &quot;Sugar Free (Energy Drink Brand)&quot; once and figured someone had done a fake product joke. Then I found it was a real product. &quot;Maybe it just tastes like (Energy Drink Brand) and isn't an energy drink.&quot; I imagined to myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much later, I'm now seeing energy drinks openly advertised as &quot;Zero Calories&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;em&gt;energy&lt;/em&gt; drink with zero calories? What is this perpetual motion substance that both gives you energy and has zero energy? Am I maybe just missing a joke?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I've tried searching but I've only found discussion about if these drinks are good/bad for you, not how they work. I'm declining to name any brands as I don't want to get sued.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5110" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T11:32:55.277" Title="How do &quot;Zero Calorie Energy Drinks&quot; work? (Or do they?)" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4237" CreationDate="2016-07-03T10:08:43.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;How deep the sleep is depends on the sleep cycles. This overview from shows, that the deepest sleep stages 3 &amp;amp; 4 only happen during the first half of the night. The second half is mainly REM sleep. However our brain is highly active during al these cycles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AknoT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AknoT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Sleep hyponogram from wikipedia&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/HYPNOGRAM_created_by_Natasha_k.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because even at night there are noises and plently of stimulants for the brain, it needs a gatekeeper which decides which stimulant to get through. This is the job of the thalamus. So if you hear your alarm or if you don't depends wether the thalamus &quot;decides&quot; that it is an important noise and therfore should be recognized by the cortex (&lt;a href=&quot;http://sleep.lovetoknow.com/Human_Thalamus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus#Function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;One example of that gatekeeper function are Mothers with newborn children. If their child does tiny noises they will wake up, no matter which sleep cycle they are in, because the thalamus recognizes the child as important. On the other hand cars which are passing by on the outside street, which are even louder that noises from the child will not wake up the mother. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question: most likley your alarm will not be as important to you as your newborn child, but if it's important for you to wake up with your alarm, you will even with 30% less noise, no matter of your sleep stage. However disorientation and headaches will not get less. Probably you are in a deeper sleep cycle when your alarm goes of, to change that you should alter the time you go to bed. A roughly estimate is, that you need 90 minutes to get one full cycle of sleep. So try to get 6:00 or &lt;strong&gt;7:30&lt;/strong&gt; or 9:00 hours of sleep. &#xA;Read more about sleep hygiene &lt;a href=&quot;https://sleepfoundation.org/ask-the-expert/sleep-hygiene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; or in the link of Adamawesome4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5107" LastEditorUserId="5107" LastEditDate="2016-07-03T17:05:57.703" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T17:05:57.703" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-03T11:20:36.040" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it safe? Or should we make the food comes to room temperature and then heat it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5111" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T13:53:26.457" Title="Is it safe to immediately put food for heating right from the refrigerator?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7292" CreationDate="2016-07-03T15:09:52.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is perfectly safe to cook food right from the refrigerator. In fact, that's the safest approach to avoid having your food spend excess time in the &quot;Danger Zone&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Leaving food out too long at room temperature can cause bacteria (such&#xA;  as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli&#xA;  O157:H7, and Campylobacter) to grow to dangerous levels that can cause&#xA;  illness. Bacteria grow most rapidly in the range of temperatures&#xA;  between 40 °F [4 °C] and 140 °F[60 °C], doubling in number in as little as 20&#xA;  minutes. This range of temperatures is often called the &quot;Danger Zone.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a hard limit on how long food can remain in the Danger Zone:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Never leave food out of refrigeration over 2 hours. If the temperature&#xA;  is above 90 °F, food should not be left out more than 1 hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And be aware that time spent in the danger zone is cumulative. So, for example, suppose you go to the market and buy some meat and it takes you an hour to finish your shopping and get home, where you then put the meat in the refrigerator. Now when you take that meat out later to cook it, it can only spend a maximum of &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; hour at room temperature. (Or if the temperature is over 90 °F[32 °C], it has no time left and you need to cook it immediately.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/danger-zone-40-f-140-f/CT_Index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/danger-zone-40-f-140-f/CT_Index&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T15:09:52.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7227" CreationDate="2016-07-03T16:56:45.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Temporomandibular disorders (TMD)&lt;/strong&gt; represent a group of disorders involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. Stress, age and gender are common risk factors for TMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TMD is often characterised by aural symptoms such as tinnitus, otalgia, vertigo, otic fullness sensation, hyperacousia or hypoacousia. Current understanding of TMD suggest that temporomandibular joint pain is due to pathological contraction of masticatory muscles which stimulate the realease of inflammatory molecules around the temporomandibular joint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several hypothesis have been suggested to explain the otological symptoms associated with TMD among which that the position of the joint disk during jaw movement increases pressure in the Eustachian tube, the ear structures and the auriculotemporal and masseteric nerve, which innervate the tympanic membrane, the anterosuperior part of the external ear and the tragus. Additionally, studies have reported that in TMD, the tensor tympani muscle is in a pathological hypertonic state that may lead to hypoacusia, tinnitius, vertigo, otalgia and otic fulness sensation. Finally, some studies showed that TMD peripherally sensitizes the V and VII nerve pairs, leading to tonic spasm of these middle ear muscles and to hearing loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While, I could not find a study directly correlating ear pain with hearing loss, a study (see Sources) showed that hearing loss is correlated to TMD severity. Below a table representation of the quantitative hearing loss by TMD severity among the individuals included in the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KsPdB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KsPdB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study among 464 healthy individuals, subjects were stratified into four groups: non TMD, mild TMD, moderate TMD and severe TMD. Severity of TMD was based on the score obtained after completion of an anamnestic questionnaire composed of 10 questions. Unilateral chewing and facial pain were considered in the questionnaire. In the results section, authors report that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;pain in the temporomandibular joint was reported by 96 subjects. It&#xA;  was experienced by 3% of the non-TMD group, 11.1% of the mild group,&#xA;  8.8% of the moderate group and 70.8% of the severe TMD group. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those results indirectly suggest that pain in the temporomandibular joint &lt;strong&gt;might be&lt;/strong&gt; correlated to hearing loss, but this has of course to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;Kitsoulis et al. BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders 2011, 11:5, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6815/11/5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6815/11/5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-03T16:56:45.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-03T19:42:49.560" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a lot of acne on my back and some always burst and bleed. I find blood on the back of my shirt almost every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5116" LastActivityDate="2016-07-07T16:11:25.360" Title="How do I deal with acne on my back?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-07-20T00:55:54.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7254" CreationDate="2016-07-04T03:31:47.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.magnetic-resonance.org/ch/21-01.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Magnetic-resonance.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;World­wide, there are approximately 36,000 MR machines. At present,&#xA;  about 2,500 MR imaging units are sold worldwide every year&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2010/120.pdf&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwj9z9z77djNAhWk24MKHcpLAOMQFghHMAE&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHHP_cU0QGKH00NuHSI1j6yov_sLA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC link&lt;/a&gt; shows the amount per country. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take this to be a good reference then this could be answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-04T03:31:47.617" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-04T04:17:27.673" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the long-term effects of arnica used to treat a tendinopathy? I am mostly interested in treatment effectiveness as well as the long-term impact on the tendon and its surroundings. I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (a.k.a. epicondylopathy, tennis/golfer elbow, enthesopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) gives some encouraging results but only looks at short term outcomes (21 days) with a small sample size (8 adults), and is not that much &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consort-statement.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CONSORT&lt;/a&gt; compliant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KLk2l.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KLk2l.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Silva, Ary Gomes, Elbe Rodrigues Machado, Leonardo Mendes Almeida, Ricardo Marcelo Menezes Nunes, Patrícia Caldeira Pena Giesbrecht, Regina Mamed Costa, Helber B. Costa, Wanderson Romão, and Ricardo Machado Kuster. &quot;A clinical trial with Brazilian arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen) glycolic extract in the treatment of tendonitis of flexor and extensor tendons of wrist and hand.&quot; Phytotherapy Research 29, no. 6 (2015): 864-869. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15532124240869151624&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15532124240869151624&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1002/ptr.5323#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1002/ptr.5323#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-04T04:17:27.673" Title="What are the long-term effects of arnica used to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7313" CreationDate="2016-07-04T08:04:41.183" Score="9" ViewCount="533" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every month I get my period. Mine is somewhat irregular, but it's usually between 27-33 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does my body gauge that amount of time? Is there some kind of external factor (wake/sleep cycles, etc) or is there some kind of internal timer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know how I'd make a digital timer, so I'm curious to know how my body's own timer works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5080" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-07-04T12:18:16.060" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T18:50:35.457" Title="How does my body know how long a month is?" Tags="&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-04T08:07:35.247" Score="3" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you look at the following image, you can see at least two types of medical instruments for laproscopy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CBxis.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CBxis.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the photo, there are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a scissor (the green one)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tweezers (yellow and blue)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also seen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a &quot;burner&quot; (seems to be similar to a soldering-iron)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a video camera which also has a light&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;probably more&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastActivityDate="2016-08-05T18:19:34.647" Title="What is the name of medical instruments for laparoscopy?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;instruments&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-04T11:19:04.557" Score="5" ViewCount="852" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find different views for this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First view,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not a good idea to walk immediately after a meal as your stomach requires energy to digest the food and so you should not be using your energy on something else immediately after having food, which can affect digestion negatively. Should wait for sometime and then can walk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second view,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walk immediately after the meal helps burning calories and even helps digestion and other benefits as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is actually true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5111" LastEditorUserId="5111" LastEditDate="2016-07-06T10:15:37.853" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T10:15:37.853" Title="Walking immediately after the meal" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-05T03:40:07.333" Score="0" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;What will happen if the &lt;code&gt;uric acid&lt;/code&gt; level increases.&#xA;How to &lt;code&gt;detect the problem&lt;/code&gt;(is there any symptom) and what will be the natural way to reduce or balance uric acid level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5124" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T11:06:51.590" Title="What will happen if Uric Acid level increases" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-07-07T15:41:20.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7307" CreationDate="2016-07-05T11:06:51.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is uric acid?&lt;/strong&gt; Uric acid is the final breakdown product of purine (essential components of DNA and RNA) degradation in humans. In plasma extracellular fluid and synovial fluid, uric acid is found in its ionised form called urate. When plasma is saturated with urate, urate crystal can precipitate. Similarly in urine, depending on the pH (acid vs basic), urate can precipitate and form renal stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mean serum urate values of adult men and premenopausal women are 415&#xA;  and 360 μmol/L (6.8 and 6 mg/dL), respectively. After menopause,&#xA;  values for women increase to approximate those of men. In adulthood,&#xA;  concentrations rise steadily over time and vary with height, body&#xA;  weight, blood pressure, renal function, and alcohol intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased production or decreased excretion of uric acid lead to &lt;strong&gt;hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt; is defined as a plasma (or serum) urate concentration &gt; 405 μmol/L (6.8 mg/dL).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A detailed list of &lt;strong&gt;causes of hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt; can be found in the table below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BCUAq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BCUAq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common &lt;strong&gt;complications of hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;gouty arthritis&lt;/strong&gt; (the risk of developing gouty arthritis increases&#xA;with high serum irate levels) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;nephrolithiasis&lt;/strong&gt; (= renal stones)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;urate nephropathy&lt;/strong&gt; (= monosodium urate crystal deposition in the renal&#xA;interstitium)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;uric acid nephropathy&lt;/strong&gt; (= uric acid crystals deposition in renal&#xA;collecting ducts, pelvis and ureters)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Detection of hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt; relies on the patient's symptoms. Hyperuricemia can be asymptomatic and not necesseraly be associated to any disease. As such, evaluation of hyperuricemia will be guided by the clinical presentation and by the clinician's suspicion. Typically uric acid can be measured in the blood. Also, in some cases, quantification of uric acid excretion can help to investigate whether hyperuricemia is due to increased production or reduced excretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, while in some cases, antihyperuricemia therapy is indicated, routine treatment of hyperuricemia is not recommended.&#xA;A systematic review (when authours review all the current scientific literature regarding a specific topic/question) conducted in 2014 regarding &lt;strong&gt;risk factors&lt;/strong&gt; for gouty arthritis found following risk factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol consumption increased the risk of incident gout, especially&#xA;  beer and hard liquor. Several dietary factors increased the risk of&#xA;  incident gout, including meat intake, seafood intake, sugar sweetened&#xA;  soft drinks, and consumption of foods high in fructose. Diary intake,&#xA;  folate intake and coffee consumption were each associated with a lower&#xA;  risk of incident gout and in some cases a lower rate of gout flares.&#xA;  Thiazide and loop diuretics were associated with higher risk of&#xA;  incident gout and higher rate of gout flares. Hypertension, renal&#xA;  insufficiency, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia,&#xA;  hyperuricemia, diabetes, obesity and early menopause were each&#xA;  associated with a higher risk of incident gout and/or gout flares.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So working on these risk factors should reduce the risk of developing hyperuricemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk Factors for Gout and Prevention: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Current opinion in rheumatology. 2011;23(2):192-202. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283438e13.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p 3181-3185&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T11:06:51.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7296" CreationDate="2016-07-05T14:28:52.313" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the same issue: bacne and this is the advice I got from a doctor. This is a multi-pronged approach, one part is changing your diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not expect a pill to solve all your problems. Take personal responsibility for changing your habits. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid all processed sugar. For the most part this is impossible for most people. But I still give the advice and it should still be a goal. Sugar is not good for you in the quantities people eat today because there is so much hidden sugar. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Change your shirt every day. Do not wear it twice. Wear it once then wash it. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get a OTC soap at the pharmacy/chemist that has 10% benzoyl peroxide. From my doctor. &#xA;Wash your back with that every day. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid eating greasy fried foods. Some people find this helps. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eat more fiber. It's critical to support the good bacteria in your gut and overall balance of the body. Google &quot;microbiota&quot; in your gut. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide#Acne_treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Benzoyl Peroxide&lt;/a&gt; from Wikipedia. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/tc/acne-treatment-with-benzoyl-peroxide-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bing.com/search?q=acne+treatment+benzoyl+peroxide&amp;amp;qs=AS&amp;amp;pq=acne+treatment+ben&amp;amp;sc=8-18&amp;amp;sp=1&amp;amp;cvid=15B7810AA6734453846F92EDAE06AB24&amp;amp;FORM=QBLH&amp;amp;ghc=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;541,000 links from a Bing search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5134" LastEditorUserId="5134" LastEditDate="2016-07-07T15:49:10.750" LastActivityDate="2016-07-07T15:49:10.750" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-05T16:29:11.780" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;​I am (negatively)​ impressed by the result of (1) published last week: they quantified how often injections for tennis elbow are correctly localized. Only 3 out of 10 were!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;​Result details:​&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;​Of the 10 performed injections, only 3 injections (30 %) were at least partially located at the ECRB (extensor carpi radialis brevis) tendon. Six (60 %) out of 10 injections were also located intra-articular. Six injections were located (totally or partially) at the ECRL (extensor carpi radialis longus) tendon. The acrylic dye was also located at the anconeus muscle (n = 3), lateral epicondyle (n = 3), triceps muscle (n = 2), brachioradialis muscle (n = 1). The number of perforations ranged from 1 to 10 and the amount of injected fluid ranged from 1 to 2 cc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any similar studies (ideally of larger scale) confirming that surprisingly low injection accuracy for tennis elbow?  I am mostly interested in both medical and lateral epicondylitis (a.k.a. epicondylopathy, tennis/golfer elbow, enthesopathy, enthesopathy of the ECRB), but also curious about other tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Keijsers, R et al. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2016). Injection of tennis elbow: Hit and miss? A cadaveric study of injection accuracy&#xA;doi:10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0 ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00167-016-4212-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00167-016-4212-0&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T16:29:11.780" Title="Large scale studies on the accuracy of injections for tennis elbow: do they confirm the injection accuracy is only ~30%?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7303" CreationDate="2016-07-05T18:50:35.457" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Just as a small background before answering your question&lt;/em&gt;: as suggested in the previous answers, &lt;strong&gt;the menstrual cycle is regulated by complex interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and the uterus.&lt;/strong&gt; The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (&lt;strong&gt;GnRH&lt;/strong&gt;), which stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (&lt;strong&gt;FSH&lt;/strong&gt;) and luteinizing hormone (&lt;strong&gt;LH&lt;/strong&gt;) from the pituitary gland. These so called gonadotropins (LH and FSH) stimulate the ovary to release an oocyte that is capable of fertilisation if it encounters a spermatozoid. In the same time, hormones are secreted by the ovary in response to FSH or LH. These hormones influence the endometrium (= the inner layer of the uterus)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type of hormones released during the menstrual cycle and their concentration divide a &lt;strong&gt;menstrual cycle in three phases&lt;/strong&gt; (see figure below):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OtIb0.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OtIb0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the follicular or proliferative phase (D4-D14 of the cycle)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: it is&#xA;characterised by the recruitment of a cohort of follicles and the&#xA;ultimate selection of a “dominant” preovulatory follicle.&#xA;Additionally, this phase shows increasing levels of estradiol which&#xA;stimulate the proliferation of endometrium. This proliferation takes&#xA;time (approx 10 days) as cells composing the endometrium replicate&#xA;intensively (mitosis) in order to enhance the thickness of the&#xA;endometrium (remember, the endometrium has to be “prepared” for a&#xA;possible implantation of a blastocyts (= first stage of an&#xA;embryon)). The figure below shows the change in the structure of the endometrium.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the luteal or secretory phase (D14-D28):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; the production of&#xA;progesterone leads to a differentiation of the endomterium which&#xA;reaches its full maturity. Here again, time is needed, to gain the&#xA;level of complexity found in the endometrium of the luteal phase: the&#xA;glands and the arteries in the endometrium begins to entwine, the&#xA;connective tissue show oedematous changes. Everything is prepared to help the blastocyst to develop in the case of an implantation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the menstruation phase (D1-D4):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; when implantation does not occur, the&#xA;amounts of estradiol and progesterone drop significantly, leading to&#xA;a constriction of the arteries found in the endometrium. This results&#xA;to the expulsion of the so called “functional layer” of the&#xA;endometrium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OnAmp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OnAmp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does my body gauge that amount of time? Is there some kind of&#xA;  external factor (wake/sleep cycles, etc) or is there some kind of&#xA;  internal timer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore &lt;strong&gt;the duration of the menstrual cycle is defined by the time needed for all these changes to occur&lt;/strong&gt;: the proliferation of cells of the endometrium, the development of arteries and the differentiation of glands in the endometrium etc… Similar example would be the time needed for wound healing for example (where the proliferative phase is characterised by fibroblast migration, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, migration of new cells) or lung tissue recovery after a pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why the duration of cycle is different from one woman to another is dependent, as you have already suggested, on internal factors (the concentration of hormones, the presence of a concomitant chronic disease for example) and external factors (stress, drugs,…)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body gauges the amount of time necessary for the cycle, ie the time necessary for all the endometrial changes to occur (in a woman:  approx 28-32 days) through a complex feedback from the hormones produced in the ovary/endometrium which “signal” the hypothalamus and the pituitary on whether a change in the secretion of LH/FSH should occur or not. &lt;strong&gt;This hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis is the “metronome” for the menstruation cycle&lt;/strong&gt; (see figure below for an overview of the HPO axis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oIDnb.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oIDnb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have investigated the effect of menstruation cycle phases on sleep and reported that menstrual cycle alter sleep organisation at different menstrual phases. Also, disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with disturbances in menstrual function. For example, female shiftworkers compared to non-shiftworkers are more likely to report menstrual irregularity and longer menstrual cycles. This is likely due to a change in the circulating hormone, &lt;em&gt;strengthening the role of “metronome” of the HPO in the time regulation of the menstruation cycle.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p 3028-3033&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shechter A, Boivin DB. Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women and Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2010;2010:259345&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Baker FC, Driver HS. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle. Sleep Med. 2007 Sep;8(6):613-22. Epub 2007 Mar 26.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;www.meducation.net for Figure 2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-05T18:50:35.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8961" CreationDate="2016-07-05T19:49:42.717" Score="4" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about generics vs brand-name drugs.  I've learned that generics go through extensive testing for bioequivalence (both rate of absorption and total absorption of the active ingredient).  The statistical testing regime sounds pretty substantial to me, as far as testing of effectiveness goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are generic drugs tested to ensure their risk of side effects will be roughly equivalent?  Or, are there reasons to believe their side effects ought to be equivalent, in magnitude and likelihood?  I understand that generics may have different inactive ingredients.  Could this cause the risk of side effects to be materially different between versions of the same drug from two different manufacturers?  Or is that super-unlikely?  Should I discount/ignore concerns about the potential for variation in side effects between manufacturers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I do understand that there is a small risk that a patient is allergic to one particular inactive ingredient that's one formulation but not in another, but for purposes of this question, let's ignore that.  Apart from that, could there be noticeable, reproducible differences?  Or is this unlikely?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/4570/5137&quot;&gt;What can the variability of strength be between different brands of supposedly identical medications?&lt;/a&gt;.  I know enough statistics to understand why claims that &quot;generics can be up to 45% different in effectiveness&quot; are highly misleading.  I've read about studies indicating that the average difference is more like 3% or so, and is probably similar to or smaller than the range of variation among different batches from the same manufacturer.  But those seem to be measured by absorption into the blood, and I'm not sure what that implies for the risk of side effects.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5137" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T18:02:16.713" Title="Are generics tested for side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-06T01:40:00.870" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;The result of (1) published last week showed that when performing injections for tennis elbow, only 3 out of 10 were correctly localized (!). Is there any downside of using ultrasound guidance when performing injections to treat a tendinopathy? (aside from the cost of the ultrasound machine, which is actually pretty low, ~1kUSD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(1) Keijsers, R et al. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2016). Injection of tennis elbow: Hit and miss? A cadaveric study of injection accuracy&#xA;doi:10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0 ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00167-016-4212-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00167-016-4212-0&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s00167-016-4212-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;​Result details:​&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;​Of the 10 performed injections, only 3 injections (30 %) were at least partially located at the ECRB (extensor carpi radialis brevis) tendon. Six (60 %) out of 10 injections were also located intra-articular. Six injections were located (totally or partially) at the ECRL (extensor carpi radialis longus) tendon. The acrylic dye was also located at the anconeus muscle (n = 3), lateral epicondyle (n = 3), triceps muscle (n = 2), brachioradialis muscle (n = 1). The number of perforations ranged from 1 to 10 and the amount of injected fluid ranged from 1 to 2 cc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T01:40:00.870" Title="Is there any downside of using ultrasound guidance when performing injections to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7305" CreationDate="2016-07-06T05:31:25.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a belief that walking just after a meal causes fatigue, stomach ache, and other types of discomfort.But researches have found that walking just after a meal is more effective for weight loss than waiting one hour after eating before walking.It can help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;to prevent a lot of stomach problems, including indigestion and heartburn.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;lower your blood sugar, &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;bring down triglycerides, &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decrease cardiovascular risk by preventing high fluctuation of blood sugar just after meal.As blood sugar typically rises and then falls after eating, but large spikes and variations can raise cardiovascular risk..&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;speed up digestion(increase metabolism) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;lower post-meal blood sugar levels in people with Type 2 diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;help  burn calories and &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;aid in weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is quite clear that walking suppresses the glucose increase after a meal. Because glucose increases to its maximum at 30–60 minutes after a meal, walking must be started before the glucose level reaches a maximum, because once insulin is secreted it will play a role as an obesity hormone. It can be assumed that starting walking as soon as possible seems to be optimal to control blood sugar levels.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119587/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthyfoodhouse.com/the-6-benefits-of-walking-right-after-a-meal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.healthyfoodhouse.com/the-6-benefits-of-walking-right-after-a-meal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-rest/201307/when-walk-try-after-meals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-rest/201307/when-walk-try-after-meals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://livehealthy.chron.com/going-walk-immediately-after-dinner-lose-weight-10111.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://livehealthy.chron.com/going-walk-immediately-after-dinner-lose-weight-10111.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/really-the-claim-taking-a-walk-after-a-meal-aids-digestion/?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/really-the-claim-taking-a-walk-after-a-meal-aids-digestion/?_r=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T05:31:25.137" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="418" CreationDate="2016-07-06T15:34:32.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pneumonia may be contagious if it is caused by an infectious microbe. But if pneumonia is caused by chemical fumes or other poisons, then it is not contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If treatment for pneumonia is administered early on, then the time pneumonia is contagious for is shorter. For example, a person with bacterial pneumonia will stop being contagious within two days of taking antibiotics. For other types of pneumonia – like the one that can cause tuberculosis – the treatment may have to be administered for at least two weeks before a person is no longer contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, individuals with viral pneumonia are less contagious after symptoms have subsided. The key is to reduce your ability to contaminate others by utilizing proper hygiene and avoiding others as best as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bacterial pneumonia&lt;/strong&gt; can be caused by different types of bacteria, including streptococcal pneumonia (most common in adults), chlamydophila pneumonia, and H. influenza type B pneumonia (most common in children).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include high fever, cough with phlegm, chills, chest pain when breathing or coughing, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacterial pneumonia is very contagious, so beginning antibiotic treatment right away can reduce your contagiousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Viral pneumonia&lt;/strong&gt; is caused by a virus and commonly affects children. Viral pneumonia may clear up within three weeks, but does increase the risk of bacterial pneumonia. Symptoms of viral pneumonia are similar to the flu with fever, aches, and cough. Symptoms may worsen within the first two days, then proceed to improve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral pneumonia is highly contagious and can actually spread quicker than bacterial or fungal pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three subtypes of &lt;strong&gt;fungal pneumonia&lt;/strong&gt;: coccidioides, histoplasma, and cryptococcus. If a person with a weakened immune system inhales a fungus that’s how they can become sick. Symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Unlike other types, fungal pneumonia is not contagious, but symptoms may appear worse in those with weaker immune systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a person inhales food or other objects into their lungs. Although not contagious, aspiration pneumonia can be life-threatening, so immediate medical attention is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Walking pneumonia&lt;/strong&gt; is a milder form of pneumonia that presents symptoms similar to a cold. Those symptoms include low-grade fever, persistent dry cough, fatigue and tiredness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and loss of appetite. Walking pneumonia is less severe than full-blown pneumonia, yet it can still be transmitted through droplet infection. Steering clear of others can help reduce transmission, along with covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/is-pneumonia-contagious-types-and-symptoms-of-pneumonia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Is pneumonia contagious?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5140" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T15:34:32.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1259" CreationDate="2016-07-06T17:24:09.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have suffered from health anxiety for the last couple of years and let me share some of the things I find helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stay hydrated&lt;/strong&gt;: Drinking loads of water instantly relieves the tightness in your throat and definitely helps alleviate anxiety. If you think you're about to have a panic attack start drinking till your stomach is full and think about the movement of water inside you. This will help you alleviate some of the anxiety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Take Deep Breaths&lt;/strong&gt;: When you get anxious, flight and fight hormones are released into your bloodstream that causes muscle tightness and increased metabolism, elevated heartbeat rate etc. You must start taking deep controlled breaths as soon as you feel anxious. Also by counting backwards from 10 to 1 as you breathe it will help your mind achieve relaxation more quickly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypnosis &amp;amp; Meditation&lt;/strong&gt;: This is the long term solution to attack the anxiety itself. There are youtubers like Michael Sealey and Jason Stephenson who have wonderful meditation/hypnosis video guides that will help you learn how to control your anxiety and have a more positive outlook. Don't try to meditate when you're having a panic attack as this may irritate you further. Make it a routine to meditate on a daily basis for at least 40-50 mins. While it may not cure your anxiety it will definitely help you and motivate you to practice more meditation and ease your anxiety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember if your anxiety has a psychological source such as some kind of pain or worry then it may be useful to address those issues first. Ask yourself questions like why am I anxious? Is there a specific reason? Identify the reason and act accordingly. If you have a generalized anxiety disorder then meditation on a daily basis should rid you of anxiety once and for all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5142" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T17:24:09.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7304" CreationDate="2016-07-06T17:35:45.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most important instrument is &lt;strong&gt;laparoscope/endoscope&lt;/strong&gt; which is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a fiberoptic instrument inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall and used to examine visually the interior of the peritoneal cavity. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/laparoscope&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laparoscope is the instrument with video camera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3348.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;veres needle&lt;/a&gt; needed for draining fluids&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trocar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;trocar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;insufflator for insufflation (&lt;a href=&quot;http://c8.alamy.com/comp/ADW7G3/laparoscopic-insufflation-of-the-abdomen-with-removal-of-adhesions-ADW7G3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;insufflation  looks like that&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Traditionally, the first step during laparoscopic surgery is to distend the abdomen, including entry into the abdomen and then &lt;strong&gt;insufflation with a gas (pneumoperitoneum), providing sufficient operating space to ensure adequate visualization of the structures and manipulation of instruments&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0051907/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1911" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T17:35:45.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1789" CreationDate="2016-07-06T19:00:45.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While there is no single treatment to tinnitus as a variety of reasons can cause it some kinds of therapy might help ease symptoms. Tinnitus is a symptom and not a disease so it is helpful to pinpoint the underlying issue itself and then address it. My tinnitus started after I was on a anti-depressants course(Escitalopram Oxalate) and as soon as I found out one night my ears won't stop ringing I discontinued the drug. The following weeks I experienced natural side-effects of the medication and since then the tinnitus has been there. Now I believe my issue is not with the ear but the auditory cortex itself: the part of the brain associated with processing audio signals. Overexcitation of neurons caused by hearing loss over certain frequencies so the neurons associated with those frequencies start generating their own signals and you get tinnitus or even chronic anxiety/depression. Acoustic neuromodulation is a nice effective therapy to combat this type of tinnitus. Watch this to understand what it is: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_XjYnPooPk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_XjYnPooPk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also this website lets you use your earphones to do ACRN yourself:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://generalfuzz.net/acrn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://generalfuzz.net/acrn/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other kind of tinnitus is caused by mechanical issues to the ear and those might require a deep investigation and surgical intervention of the inner ear which I don't believe is safe. Pulsatile tinnitus is one of the variants where there is some blood vessel pressing to the inner ear causing a pulsing sound signal as blood is pumped by the heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best advice would be to find out what caused your tinnitus in the first place and then treat it. Of course while it may not be completely treatable you can still train yourself to ignore it and proceed on with life. If you constantly worry about it (&lt;strong&gt;stress aggravates tinnitus&lt;/strong&gt;) then you're not helping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5142" LastActivityDate="2016-07-06T19:00:45.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-07T04:28:38.497" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I feel like doing pushups or light weight training can help me recover from my wrist tendinitis which developed because of excessive computer use as a programmer. Could this be true or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3505" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2016-07-10T00:53:11.137" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T00:53:11.137" Title="Can pushups/light weight training help with wrist tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7327" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7383" CreationDate="2016-07-07T11:41:58.270" Score="4" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lung cancer&lt;/strong&gt; is one of the most frequent causes of cancer in the world (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Cancer Research Uk (2), advanced stages of lung cancer can spread to other parts of the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;most common areas for lung cancer&lt;/strong&gt; to spread to are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The lymph nodes within the chest, the tummy (abdomen), neck or armpit &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The liver  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The bones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The brain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The adrenal glands&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More rarely, it can spread to other parts of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, these are &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; spreading areas and not all advanced lung cancers will automatically spread to each of these areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the factors that influence the lung cancer spreading area?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/lung-cancer/treatment/advanced/what-advanced-lung-cancer-is&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/lung-cancer/treatment/advanced/what-advanced-lung-cancer-is&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/diagnoses/lung-cancer-non-small-cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/diagnoses/lung-cancer-non-small-cell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T10:37:00.260" Title="Advanced lung cancer spreading areas" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7345" CreationDate="2016-07-07T13:14:31.810" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had fractured my ankle by the fracture of the fourth metatarsal was not seen in two X-rays that were taken. Only CT-scan revealed the cracks. Why is this the case? I was seen by an doctor who dismissed me after seeing nothing wrong with the x-rays. However, the pain persisted and I got the Ct scan only upon much hard work of visiting my GP and revisiting the radiology departments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5148" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T22:22:19.790" Title="Could hairline fractures be obscured by x-ray images" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7296" CreationDate="2016-07-07T16:11:25.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anecdotal evidence is not credible. Although other peoples' answers (on this question and elsewhere) may have worked for them, the fact is everyone is different and will react differently to different home remedies and/or medications/diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acne is studied by many and there is great controversy over root causes and cures. Some people spend their entire life trying to find a solution, whether they're diets, pills, creams, home remedies, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best advice I have is to &lt;strong&gt;see a dermatologist&lt;/strong&gt;. There is no one with more experience than them, and only they will truly be able to tell what your issue is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2016-07-07T16:11:25.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7292" CreationDate="2016-07-07T22:03:40.140" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree that it is dangerous, but a famous chef made the comment that he allows his steaks to come to room temperature because if the steak is cold and put into a hot pan the meat will seize up and become tough.  I think the bacteria tend to grow on the surface of the meat more and that is the part that is in extreme temperature.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chopped meats, because they are exposed to air when going through the grinder, are a greater danger to you and should be cooked more thoroughly than steak.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5152" LastActivityDate="2016-07-07T22:03:40.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7333" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7334" CreationDate="2016-07-07T23:14:29.610" Score="-3" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a man that had sex with a woman, what are the risks of having an unwanted baby if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the vaginal sex was unprotected at some point, but without ejaculating inside&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she was on birth control pills (at least that's what she said)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;both of us had drank alcohol before that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she has let me know her period came 4-5 days later&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;also 1 month later, she assured me that she is on period again, so she's NOT pregnant (meanwhile I had called her and insisted that she would take a test, she was almost amused by my worry)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she's 43 (I'm 28)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she's married, also has a child, which makes her more unlikely to want to get pregnant with me; she assured me that she doesn't want to and she would rather have an abortion, but it's not the case because she's experienced enough to know she is not pregnant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, 5 months passed since the sexual contact, I didn't keep in touch with her, but in the recent days I started getting worried again about it.&#xA;I may sound a little bit paranoid, but I realize that many factors make such a pregnancy almost impossible. It would only be a risk if she would be crazy enough to hide it from me or if she wouldn't really know she is pregnant.&#xA;I don't really want to get in contact with her again, it's just this worry... and I'm not sure if it would really disappear if she would re-assure me again everything's alright. It's just out of my control.&#xA;But, also, from a moral point of view, I guess I can consider that I &quot;did my duty&quot; about it: I asked, I insisted she'd take a test (although she didn't) etc.&#xA;I'm trying to be as objective and realistic as possible about this. So, please, no superficial answers :)&#xA;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5153" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T01:57:34.983" Title="Risks of having an unwanted child - worrying as a man" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7333" CreationDate="2016-07-08T01:57:34.983" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;She had two periods afterwards so she is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; pregnant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who are you to demand that she take a test? You pretty much called her a liar when you did that. If you can't or won't accept her at her word about being on birth control, not being pregnant, etc, then I recommend you quit sleeping with women you have such a low opinion of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T01:57:34.983" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-08T07:52:28.557" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just spent a half hour in a gastroenterologist's office talking with him about my history, problems, diet, etc. and getting a basic physical exam.  He wants to do an upper endoscopy.  Is it normal for the same doctor to do all of the above?  My primary care physician normally writes an order for tests and sends me to the hospital.  I don't see the person doing the actual test until right before and we never talk about anything but the test itself.  Just seems strange to me that the doctor ordering the test would also do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5154" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T07:52:28.557" Title="Does a doctor who does endoscopies just do endoscopies?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7341" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7342" CreationDate="2016-07-08T14:51:05.927" Score="5" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I switched to a vegetarian diet a while back, and I am now taking a few supplements consisting of common minerals, vitamins and omega-3's as a compliment to my regular diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When should I take the supplements to ensure that they are absorbed most effectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it matter what time of day it is, and does it matter what else I have in my stomach at the time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that some vitamins are fat soluble – does that mean that they should be taken with a meal? If taken with a meal – does eating a lot of food reduce &quot;digestion efficiency&quot; of the supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What I have done, which is based entirely on my own thoughts, which are not based on any particular research&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been taking my supplements during the afternoon a few hours before dinner. At around 5 pm, body metabolism is at a high, and I usually don't have a lot of food in my stomach. My thinking has therefore been that the body will be efficient at absorbing the contents of the supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have avoided taking supplements in the morning because I am a morning coffee-drinker, and caffeine is laxative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5139" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-13T07:12:43.250" LastActivityDate="2020-12-22T09:32:37.653" Title="Supplements: When and how to take them to maximize absorption" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7341" CreationDate="2016-07-08T18:51:18.180" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the most of your vitamins/minerals is quite simple, really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of soluble vitamins/minerals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water-soluble&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat-soluble&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absorption of water-soluble vitamins is quite easy, considering almost everything you eat/drink contains water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you want maximum absorption rate for fat-soluble vitamins/minerals, you'll want to have some fat along with the supplement(s) you consume. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why most multivitamin boxes will instruct you to consume the pill with dinner (because it's presumed that fat will be present with your dinner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstract - &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/12/3/162.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/12/3/162.abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'fact sheet' - &lt;a href=&quot;http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/fat-soluble-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-9-315/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/fat-soluble-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-9-315/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T18:51:18.180" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-08T19:01:18.297" Score="0" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the research I've done, taking high amounts of vitamin A in animal form can lead to issues (Vitamin A1, retinol). However, the Carotenoid form (ex: beta carotene) seems harmless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard some people can take megadoses of vitamin A regularly, and the only real side-effect is Carotenaemia, which is harmless (and sometimes desired - for fair-skinned people, it acts as a natural tan).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any excessive harm to the liver for chronic use of - say 10,000 IU of beta carotene? How about 100,000 IU of beta carotene?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T14:11:55.920" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T14:11:55.920" Title="Are there any known health risks with taking megadoses of beta carotene?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7328" CreationDate="2016-07-08T22:22:19.790" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is difficult to judge, as we don’t know whether your fracture resulted from an &lt;strong&gt;acute direct trauma&lt;/strong&gt; or whether it is a so called “&lt;strong&gt;stress fracture&lt;/strong&gt;” (due either to an abrupt increase in activity or to chronic overload). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While most of the acute fractures (in particular shaft fractures) are visible on lateral view Rx (+/- oblique or modified lateral views Rx), &#xA;stress fractures are frequently not detected with&#xA;conventional Rx. It’s only about 10-14 days &#xA;after the onset of symptoms (some studies even report from 2 weeks to 6 weeks after the onset of symptoms), that repeated Rx show a radiolucent resorption gap around the fracture that helps to confirm the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, as suggested in the comment, in some cases, the sensitivity (= the capacity of a test to correctly identify the cases) of conventional radiography to detect metarsal fractures is not sufficient enough and further studies (CT or MRI) are needed when the clinical suspicion for a fracture is high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Metatarsal fractures. Rammelt, Stefan et al. Injury, Volume 35, Issue 2, 77-86&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hatch RL et al, Diagnosis and Management of Metatarsal Fractures, Am Fam Physician. 2007 Sep 15;76(6):817-826.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stress fractures in the lower extremity. The importance of increasing awareness amongst radiologists. Berger, FH, de Jonge, MC and Maas, M. European Journal of Radiology 62 (2007), 16-26.*&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-08T22:22:19.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5635" CreationDate="2016-07-09T03:33:45.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Words like them and the are quite similar, which makes things more difficult for a child with dyslexia since they sometimes opt to just analyse part of the word and guess the entire word based on the first part. Such strategies are used to avoid the extensive amount of effort that reading poses on them, though it can increase reading frustration because it makes them fail more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You provide little information regarding how she actually reads and writes, which would be helpful in order to make a more specific recommendation. Children get frustrated easily when confronted with their difficulties, so one needs to help them mature their emotional skills and understand that that particular difficulty does not reflect their intellect or even self-worth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to reading, I would advise you to choose a book that she already knows and have read or been read to her. Then I would do alternate reading or simultaneous reading with her, so that she reads for less periods of time and has the opportunity to listen to a more adequate reading style that can serve as a model. You should be patient and always congratulate her for her progress, even if it is not an actual progress in her reading skills, at least congratulate her effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also advise you to try to better understand whether her phonological skills need to be stimulated, a Speech and Language Therapist pr Psychologist would be a good resource for information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also read the book &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Supporting-Children-Dyslexia-Continuum-Hundreds/dp/0826434169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Supporting-Children-Dyslexia-Continuum-Hundreds/dp/0826434169&lt;/a&gt; if you have the opportunity. It offers a great number of strategies that can work for her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5160" LastEditorUserId="5160" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T12:29:32.630" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T12:29:32.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7356" CreationDate="2016-07-09T04:00:28.277" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a runner and sometimes get sore muscles. I was told by one of my friends that I should wash my legs with cold water. But I have been told by someone else that this can cause arthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5161" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T08:48:41.303" Title="Is it bad to wash yourself with cold water" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7349" CreationDate="2016-07-09T07:18:17.133" Score="2" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in my mid thirties.  For all my life, the only beverage I liked was water.  I always disliked drinking anything that had flavor like juice, hit chocolate, soda etc... I disliked coffee and teas even more because they are bitter. Alcohol is even more foul and unusual than everything else.  Water is the best because it has no flavor and I can gulp it down quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, some of my employees ( computer programmers) suggested I start learning how to drink coffee for health reasons.  I looked on website and there seems to be just as many opinions on how coffee is good and bad for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that I am quite healthy.  I usually eat home cooked meals and avoid eating out.  I am always energetic and only feel tired at the end of twelve hour work days.  I snap out of bed every day and rush to computer to start work before I even brush teeth or daily grooming ( my life is pretty fast paced because I run my own software company).  I am quite athletics from thirty years of martial arts training and boxing and I routinely train with and fight professional fighters , so my conditioning is pretty good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I see long-term improved health benefits, long-term improved work performance and long term improved athletic performance if I force myself to routinely drink coffee or tea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5162" LastEditorUserId="5162" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T07:23:28.707" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T07:55:41.697" Title="Should i start drinking coffee or tea for health reasons?" Tags="&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-02-28T03:49:43.180" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7348" CreationDate="2016-07-09T07:42:19.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not an expert, but I am going to write up what I think. Note that there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://coffee.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Coffee Stack Exchange&lt;/a&gt; if you later have non-health related questions about coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/info-10-2013/coffee-for-health.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Caffeine has some positive effects, but also some negative effects&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The positive effects seem to be linked to better mood and concentration, and preventing a number of cancers and Type II diabetes. It also improves athletic performance a tiny bit, especially when working out in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ironically, the same article mentions that caffeine may decrease people's mood by making them anxious and disrupting sleep patterns if you take it too late in the day. It raises blood pressure levels make it harder for people with Type II diabetes to manage their insulin levels. Coffee is also a mutagenic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So whatever health positives there are, there seems to be a risk for the opposite to occur, which is a bit paradoxical. Coffee contains antioxidants, but it's also a laxative which may inhibit uptake of nutrients. It may upset your stomach. It may stain your teeth over time. There are also some other effects (good and bad) you can read about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the finding in rat subjects that &lt;a href=&quot;http://gizmodo.com/5897375/coffee-makes-over-achievers-slack-off&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;coffee only makes the &quot;lazy&quot; motivated, but already motivated subjects are actually hampered by the stimulant&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The health benefits your friends are referring to, I think are dubious. If you don't even enjoy coffee, I think the net effect may even be negative for you. There is usually a peer pressure around drinking coffee (because it is a stimulant drug), and maybe they just want you to join in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a coffee drinker, and the main reason I drink it is because it gets me alert in the morning (and I have learned to enjoy the taste, which is a positive). I also use it as a short-term mood booster to get back to work, if my morale starts to wind down. But on the negative side is that it can make you jittery and anxious, and the motivation gained is followed by a &quot;crash&quot; where your concentration and mood will slip. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coffee does not provide concentration over an extended time, so any cognitive performance increase will be short-lived. Basically, caffeine will only help you work longer &lt;em&gt;if you are already tired&lt;/em&gt;, but it will &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; improve cognitive performance if you are already energized. Think of it as a 2 am quick fix, not an 11 am booster. It will however probably improve physical performance a bit whenever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From your description of yourself, I would &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; start. You do not seem to need it, in any practical way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding tea, it usually contains some caffeine (there are caffeine-free teas), but it may also provide more antioxidants. It may be a better health choice than coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5139" LastEditorUserId="5139" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T07:55:41.697" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T07:55:41.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7343" CreationDate="2016-07-09T08:11:22.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drawing on &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/913/taking-supplements-space-out-my-vitamin-a-and-the-others/915#915&quot;&gt;my previous answer about Vitamin A risks&lt;/a&gt;, the only known risk of large doses of carotenoids is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/#h8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an increased risk of lung cancer if you smoke or work with asbestos&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T08:11:22.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-09T08:31:50.477" Score="0" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to guarantee an easy, effective, and possibly free food source for the rest of my days, but I am skeptical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Growing my own organic food would be ideal, but that would limit my mobility or require that I rent/own land. I apologize in advance for my ignorance in terms of nutrition and science. So here it goes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I train my body to survive by relying mainly on grass or leaves as a food source? Has anyone ever successfully pulled this off?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what a reliable source would be for such a question, but I have seen, to some extent, positive and negative answers to this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Follw Up&lt;/strong&gt;: If the answer is negative, what's the easiest way to satisfy to satisfy my nutritional needs in a safe way? By easiest I mean 1) requires no land, little time or effort, 2) easy access, 3) doesn't make one sick, and 4) inexpensive or free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5163" OwnerDisplayName="The Substitute" LastEditorUserId="5163" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T08:39:15.423" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T08:26:18.777" Title="Can I Survive on a Mostly Grass/Leaf Diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7351" CreationDate="2016-07-09T09:57:25.557" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Welcome for human being 6 types of needed almost everyday. Among them carbohydrates,protein and Fat we consider first, Others vitamins, minerals and water. Carb or carbohydrates mostly comes from sugar like sweet,rice,wheet etc, It is imp. Cause it gives ready energy through ATP,and carb is only food for our brain. Next protein that mostly comes from anemel source partly vegetable source, It develop our body and growth next fat that also come from anemel source and some from veg.oil.It acts as a reserve energy. Other 3 elements comes from both source and also imp but need limited amount.So, your plan is possible but really hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5164" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T09:57:25.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-09T11:08:20.187" Score="3" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why in this lab test results the microsomal antibodies amount has less sign and thireoglobulin antibodies don't have this sign? I did not question it first but now I have suspicion may be I am not getting it correctly. There is some ambiguity. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ADHVO.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ADHVO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;lab test results for thyroid gland disfunction&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastEditorUserId="5165" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T18:04:40.290" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T18:31:27.197" Title="Lab test result meaning" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7347" CreationDate="2016-07-09T12:20:21.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cold water definitely doesn't cause arthritis but it certainly helps to release muscle stress. Infact hot and cold therapy is suggested to patients with arthritis. When you run you cause wear and tear in your muscles and also sweat causing your body temperature to rise. Cold water brings your heated muscles back to homeostasis faster than your body will. Arthritis is caused by inflammation of joints which is caused by excessive wear and tear and unless you allow your body(immune system) to heal those microtrauma in your leg muscles caused by running you might eventually cause inflammation which is what arthritis is. A healthy immune system is protective. It generates internal inflammation to get rid of infection and prevent disease. But the immune system can mistakenly attack the joints with uncontrolled inflammation, potentially causing joint erosion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link for more information: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/what-is-arthritis.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/what-is-arthritis.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5142" LastEditorUserId="5142" LastEditDate="2016-07-10T08:48:41.303" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T08:48:41.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5961" CreationDate="2016-07-09T12:53:42.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;She has something called hypochondria which is the same disease I suffer from. Hypochondria means excessive health anxiety. Let me tell you some key points. If she is worried too much she'll start producing &lt;strong&gt;REAL SYMPTOMS&lt;/strong&gt; in her body. I was worried about a spot in my mouth for 2 years and had misdiagnosed it as leukoplakia using google. As a result I developed chronic neck pain. Never let her do that. Google often provides links to websites with &lt;strong&gt;INCOMPLETE&lt;/strong&gt; information about a disease intended for the general public and NOT proper medical websites. A lump in the throat is actually normal as lymph nodes are present there. If it was cancer indeed, 5 years would have been ample time for the tumor to grow in size and cause fever and all other cancer symptoms. Health anxiety is not something you can completely get rid off. It's only a moment of time before you discover some new virus over the internet that spreads through touching/sneezing and start obsessing about it. You need to tell her to relax and make her believe that the human body is more complex and well suited to fight infection and diseases than she knows. Just google the placebo (also nocebo) effect and tell her read about it. It proves how powerful can human psychology be when it comes to physical well-being. To a hypochondriac repeated reassurance is required because they tend to fall into a cycle of constant worrying and re-analysing the cause of their worry. The key to overcome this is to break this cycle. Practicing meditation on a daily basis helps calm the mind and allows it to think more clearly. Also meditation helps you to analyse yourself in a quieter way. That way you learn to control your anxieties. I will strongly recommend &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/user/MichaelSealey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Michael Sealey's YouTube channel&lt;/a&gt; for video-guides to meditation and hypnosis. Begin with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vx8iUvfyCY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. These definitely helped me more than anti-anxiety medication ever did. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can't cure anxiety but you can definitely learn to ignore it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5142" LastEditorUserId="5142" LastEditDate="2016-07-09T12:59:21.440" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T12:59:21.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7372" CreationDate="2016-07-09T13:48:27.807" Score="2" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;By ultrasound there are many nodules in Thyroid gland but all thyroid tests (TSH,T4,T3, microsomal and thyreoglobulin antibodies) are within normal range but there is clear heperthyroidism signs like hair thinning,anxiety,irritability,cardio neurosis,fatigue etc. Why lab tests don't show any disfunction? What is the cause of these overactive thyroid signs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastEditorUserId="550" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T22:33:47.863" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T22:33:47.863" Title="Why might lab test results be normal when thyroid nodules are present and there are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7362" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-09T16:06:56.787" Score="4" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fasting for 72 hours been shown to lead to white blood cell regeneration (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102383/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). The cells basically die after several days, and are created again from stem cells upon feeding. This article describes how it may be useful in chemotherapy and how it related to aging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if cycles of fasting could eventually lead to the destruction of adaptive immune responses developed over time by killing the memory B and T cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2211" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:47:12.180" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T03:47:12.180" Title="Can fasting destroy our adaptive immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7353" CreationDate="2016-07-09T18:31:27.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Measurements will always have measurement errors, we distinguish between systematic errors and statistical errors due to noise, or other random effects than on average are zero. Usually the former type of error should not be in play, the tests will have been designed such that on average the tests results are correct. The latter type of error is always in play, this leads to an error margin that typically gets worse at lower measured values. This means that there will always exist a lowest cutoff value such that measurement values below it will be consistent with a real value ranging from zero up to the cutoff. This will then be reported like your value for the microsomal antibodies. For values that are a bit higher than the cutoff, the protocol will be to report the measured value, but the measurement error may still be significant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-07-09T18:31:27.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-10T07:45:31.317" Score="1" ViewCount="15847" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate your time, and opinion if you are knowledgeable on the workings of a TENS machine. Two years ago, I engaged in a practice called erotic electro stimulation where men/and women use electricty (from TENS) to stimulate the genitals for pleasure (in order to induce orgasm).  From my understanding, TENS machine induces this effect by stimulating nerves and increasing blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This practice is beeing used since many decades and every website I have visited (before engaging in that practice) said it was safe. I have done this for 2 years without any problems. I then took a drug called doxazosin (a drug prescribed for men who have enlarged prostate or who have high bloood presure). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current issue is that I suffer from sexual dysfunction: my penis (the head of it) has lost its sensitivity and I have diminished orgasms (not pleasurable).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I am aware that these symptoms can be associated with doxazosine, could these symptoms be linked to my use of TENS? From my readings and research TENS machines are safe and should not cause permanent nerve damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5179" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-07-13T14:40:16.677" LastActivityDate="2016-07-13T14:40:16.677" Title="Possible side effects of TENS" Tags="&lt;electricity&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-07-20T00:58:00.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-10T15:21:52.983" Score="1" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.neosporin.com/wound-care/frequently-asked-questions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.neosporin.com/wound-care/frequently-asked-questions&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Treat: Apply a small amount of this product (an amount equal to the surface area of a tip of a finger) on the area 1 to 3 times daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why shouldn't one use Neosporin more than three times per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T15:21:52.983" Title="Why shouldn't one use Neosporin more than three times per day?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;neosporin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7359" CreationDate="2016-07-10T22:08:28.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This constellation may result from at least five reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypothesis #0: Both conditions (thyroid nodules and symptoms of&#xA;hyperthyroidism) are independent. Hyperthyroid symptoms including&#xA;anxiety, hair loss, fatigue and palpitations are unspecific.&#xA;Although they are typical for thyrotoxicosis, they may also result&#xA;from other conditions, e.g. masked depression or pheochromocytoma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypothesis #1: The nodules represent fully compensated toxic&#xA;adenomas, where somatic mutations lead to constitutive activation of&#xA;TSH signaling. Since autonomic production is fully compensated,&#xA;concentrations of thyroid hormones remain within their respective&#xA;reference ranges. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis result from deviation&#xA;of free T4 concentrations from the personal set point of thyroid&#xA;homeostasis. It is well known that the intra-individual variation of&#xA;TSH and free T4 concentrations is much smaller than inter-individual&#xA;variance (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11889165&lt;/a&gt; and&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25567792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25567792&lt;/a&gt; ). This is a consequence&#xA;of an individual set point of the pituitary-thyroid feedback control&#xA;mechanism, which is encoded as TRH signaling from the hypothalamus.&#xA;Deviations of thyroid hormones within the reference range may still&#xA;lead to symptoms if they are far from the personal set point. See&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635726&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635726&lt;/a&gt; for a review article&#xA;discussing this topic and&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480737&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480737&lt;/a&gt; for a method for&#xA;reconstructing the personal set point.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypothesis #2: This is somewhat similar to hypotheses #1. The&#xA;nodules represent fully compensated toxic adenomas (like in&#xA;hypothesis #1), but they predominantly produce T3, which results&#xA;from intracellular hyperdeiodination (ensuing from constitutive&#xA;activation of TSH signaling and consecutive stimulation of the&#xA;distal part of the TSH-T3 shunt). T3 concentrations remain within&#xA;their reference ranges, but are above the range of concentrations&#xA;that are appropriate for the personal receptor sensitivity. See&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339744/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339744/&lt;/a&gt; for a discussion of&#xA;this topic. It may be helpful to calculate the sum activity of&#xA;peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD), see also&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27375554&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27375554&lt;/a&gt; for a methodological&#xA;overview.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypothesis #3: The thyroid nodules produce non-classical thyroid&#xA;hormones (e.g. 3,5-T2, a highly active T4 metabolite), which&#xA;destabilize the heart rhythm and exert other symptoms of&#xA;hyperthyroidism. This is an understudied topic. One of the few&#xA;papers discussing this condition is&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26279999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26279999&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hypothesis #4: T3 is secreted episodically from thyroid nodules, so&#xA;that it is missed from diagnostic work-up. This is also an&#xA;understudied topic. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2045066&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2045066&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be beneficial to determine concentrations of free T3 and free T4 (rather than total T3 and total T4) in order to avoid false negative results due to low plasma protein binding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastActivityDate="2016-07-10T22:08:28.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-10T23:02:01.207" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Down syndrome is caused by genetic disorder when in DNA chromosome #21 has three copies (instead of 2 copies). If I understand correctly then the Genetic Engineering is the closest field in modern medicine that studies how to alter host's DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would there in next few years be a cure for Down's syndrome (i.e. remove the third copy of chromosome #21 in an adult's DNA)? If not, then what are difficulties that would still need to be overcome in genetic engineering to do something like that?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example,  is it impossible to consistently change DNA for all cells in body? Would these cells start to &quot;attack&quot; each other while being in partially reconfigured state?). If I understand correctly then CRISPR* method is the new tool in genetic engineering that may allow to do such DNA manipulations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.S. as it may be obvious from my question I don't have medical background and my questions is motivated by having relative affected by Down's syndrome.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.P.S. I found this link &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-down-syndrome-therapy-discovered-300135102.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-down-syndrome-therapy-discovered-300135102.html&lt;/a&gt; - not sure how to interpret it.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2988" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:38:26.403" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:38:26.403" Title="Will Down's syndrome be ever reversible?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;&lt;chromosomes&gt;&lt;crispr-cas-system&gt;&lt;downs-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7377" CreationDate="2016-07-11T03:16:44.570" Score="1" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;(1) found that glucosamine supplementation was linked to significant, reversible increase in intraocular pressure , but the sample size of the study was small (n=17). The investigators could not exclude the potential for permanent damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;whether the results of (1) have been confirmed by larger studies,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if so, whether the increase in intraocular pressure is reversible or permanent,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what other long-term side effects of glucosamine taken as a nutritional supplement are.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Murphy RK, Ketzler L, Rice RE, Johnson SM, Doss MS, Jaccoma EH. Oral Glucosamine Supplements as a Possible Ocular Hypertensive Agent. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(7):955-957. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.227. ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1690919&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1690919&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T06:48:24.777" Title="What are the long-term side effects of glucosamine taken as a nutritional supplement?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7374" CreationDate="2016-07-11T06:48:24.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This long-term study states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reginster, J. Y., Deroisy, R., Rovati, L. C., Lee, R. L., &amp;amp; al, e. (2001). Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: A randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Lancet, 357(9252), 251-6. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ezproxy.tcu.edu/docview/199008719?accountid=7090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ezproxy.tcu.edu/docview/199008719?accountid=7090&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were no differences in safety or reasons for early withdrawal between the treatment and placebo groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And used a secondary outcome (the primary was on the progression of osteoarthritis) was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary outcome measures were use of rescue medications as recorded in a daily diary; withdrawal rates; occurrence of adverse events; and routine safety laboratory tests, including testing for glucose homoeostasis assessed by fasting glucose concentrations at yearly intervals in all patients still receiving the study treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side Effects Reported:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most patients reported at least one adverse event: 93% with placebo and 94% with glucosamine sulphate. There were no substantial differences between groups in frequency or pattern of events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In about half the cases, these events were referred to the gastrointestinal system (mainly including abdominal pain and disturbed defecaton) and may be also referred to the rescue medication, without differences between groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Routine laboratory tests did not show any great abnormalities in system organs or metabolic functions in the two groups during the study. There was no change in glycaemic homoeostasis, with fasting plasma glucose concentrations decreasing slightly in the glucosamine sulphate group (data not shown).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find any more studies of the ocular hypertensive effects of therapeutic glucosamine, but there are a few studies on effects of Glucosamine in laboratory animals that may indicate possible side-effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amer NA, Al- Shawi Nada Naji. POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ONCE-DAILY ORAL THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF EITHER GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE OR GLUCOSAMINE/CHONDROITIN SULFATE ON BLOOD CELLS COUNT IN RATS. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2013;4:24-29.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/2024_pdf.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/2024_pdf.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studied the effect of Glucosamine (GS) and Glucosamine (GS)/Chondroitin (CS) on various blood cell counts. They did find a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;significant decrease in neutrophil percentage in both drug treatment&#xA;groups&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;statistically significant elevation in platelet count&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this study only used 43 rats over 30 days and there were much more effects when comparing control to GS to GS/CS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At beyond-therapeutic doses, there may be more nuanced and serious effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mathieu Lafontaine-Lacasse, Geneviève Doré and Frédéric Picard. Hexosamines stimulate apoptosis by altering SIRT1 action and levels in rodent pancreatic β-cells. J Endocrinol January 1, 2011 208 41-49&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;both NIT-1 and min6 β-cells, genetic knockdown of Sirt1 expression resulted in higher susceptibility to HBP-stimulated apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Sirt1 had the opposite impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the studies continue like this; there are few studies linking Glucosamine to any overt and wide-ranging side-effects, but many initmating that there are pathways that could lead to morbidity, especially in beyond therapeutic doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5175" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T06:48:24.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4545" CreationDate="2016-07-11T07:07:32.313" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Treatment of Myoclonus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899494/?tool=pmcentrez&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3899494/?tool=pmcentrez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caviness JN. Treatment of Myoclonus. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):188-200. doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0216-3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article offers a concise and fairly exhaustive approach to the treatment of Myoclonus of any cause. If you look at Figure 3 (the treatment algorithm), there is a specific pathway for the treatment of drug-induced (Symptomatic) Myoclonus. The actual treatment - and any drugs that might be used - depends on the classification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cortical;&#xA;  cortical–subcortical;&#xA;  subcortical–nonsegmental;&#xA;  segmental;&#xA;  peripheral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ultimate treatment depends on this classification and is outlined in the article. The list of specific medications that may be used - anticonvulsants as well as other medications - is listed in the treatment algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medications include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Levetiracetam, Piracetam, and Related Compounds; Sodium Valproate; Clonazepam; Zonisamide, Primidone, and Miscellaneous Agents (these are not anti-seizure medications)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of these only a couple are specifically listed as add-on agents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Primidone and phenobarbital can be useful as add-on therapy &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5175" LastEditorUserId="5175" LastEditDate="2016-07-11T07:17:19.973" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T07:17:19.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7351" CreationDate="2016-07-11T08:00:34.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your body needs energy and unlike cattle, horses and other herbivores, humans cannot derive energy from grasses. That is because our body cannot break down cellulose (a polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants and is the main energy source for herbivores).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cellulose, like starch, is a carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers. You cannot digest cellulose but you can digest starch which is one of the main sources of energy for humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming back to your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I Survive on a Mostly Grass/Leaf Diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. It is not really implementable. Some leaves (like spinach) are rich in certain nutrients but you need a primary energy source. Though fats also provide energy, carbohydrates cannot be replaced because the intermediates of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycolysis&lt;/a&gt; i.e. breakdown of glucose (which in turn comes from carbohydrates like starch), are essential for many other vital processes in the body (such as DNA synthesis). There is a biochemical pathway known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gluconeogenesis&lt;/a&gt; which can produce these intermediates from amino acids and certain fats (fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms in the side chain). Leaves won't provide these as well, in sufficient amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally you need proteins which is again poor in leaves. Herbivores consume a lot of food to meet their metabolic needs. Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/40456/3340&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; in Biology.SE. Our digestive system is not really tuned for this kind of a job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is negative, what's the easiest way to satisfy to satisfy my nutritional needs in a safe way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a broad question and is also subjective. It depends a lot on the  geography of your surroundings, your specific metabolic makeup etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1519" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T08:26:18.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7370" CreationDate="2016-07-11T09:57:42.497" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Although I couldn’t find evidence-based literature concerning your specific use of TENS, I will try to give your some clarifications concerning your question:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, &lt;strong&gt;what is TENS&lt;/strong&gt;: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) is the application of electrical current through electrodes placed on the skin. Varying frequencies can be applied, from low (&amp;lt; 10 Hz) to high (&gt; 50 Hz). Depending the intensity used, the patients feels from a strong but comfortable sensation to motor contraction (sensory intensity of TENS vs motor intensity of TENS). The most frequent use of TENS is in pain control, but other approaches have been described in the literature (cognitive improvement, blood pressure control, etc...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;mechanisms of action of TENS&lt;/strong&gt; is complex and depends on the localisation of the TENS stimulation. For example, it has been shown that in pain control, TENS activates so called “small diameter fiber”s that lead to an inhibition of pain facilitatory pathways from the central nervous system. &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;TENS effects are mediated by many neurotransmitters&lt;/strong&gt; such as serotonin, acetylcholine. Additionally, TENS also activate opioid receptors, explaining its role in pain control and noradrenaline receptors, suggesting its role in blood pressure control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does a TENS units work by permanently numbing nerve receptors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The effect of TENS on nerve fibers is dependent on several factors, principally the pulse amplitude and the pulse duration used.&lt;/strong&gt; Your question doesn’t provide information on how you applied TENS. Experience from pain control studies have shown that activation of large diameter fibres by high frequency TENS leads to more profound and longer lasting inhibition of central pain transmission. Also, the effect of TENS may decline with time due to a phenomen of habituation. These evidences suggest that TENS modulates (either in short term or long term) the function and activity of fiber receptors. &#xA;I couldn’t find an example in the literature concerning your specific use of TENS, but it is possible that repeated TENS might have altered neurotransmission of some fibers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The glans penis is innvervated by the dorsal nerve of the penis. Depending on your location of the TENS, it may be possible that some of these fibers have been “overstimulated” by TENS, leading to the symptoms you are describing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your statement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TENS increases blood flow&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a study (See in &quot;Sources) that showed that TENS induces a vasodilatator effect on its stimulation site. Interestingly, a trial has been launched in 2016 with the aim to investigate the effect of TENS on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in indivduals with hypertension. So the currently rather sparse evidence regarding TENS and vasodilatator effect has to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your statement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Doxazosin is associated with sexual dysfunction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you have already suggested, sexual side effects is often reported in patients under antihypertensive drugs. Interestingly, in one study investigating the effect of five antihypertensive drugs (acebutolol, amlodipine maleate, chlorthalidone, doxazosin maleate, or enalapril maleate) on sexual function, doxazosine was associated with the lowest incidence of sexual dysfunction. &lt;em&gt;Nevertheless, it is possible that the symptoms you experience may also be linked to doxazosine.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it is difficult to categorise the symptoms you are describing. From the above points, a mixed aetiology (both the use of TENS and the side effects of doxazine) cannot be excluded. One approach would be to discuss it with your family doctor. If you take doxazosine as an antihypertensive drug, maybe a switch of antihypertensive drug can help unveiling the role of doxazosine in the symptoms you have described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vilela-Martin JF, Giollo-Junior LT, Chiappa GR, et al. Effects of&#xA;transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on arterial&#xA;stiffness and blood pressure in resistant hypertensive individuals:&#xA;study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials.&#xA;2016;17:168.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yang CC, Bradley WE. Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human&#xA;dorsal nerve of the penis. British journal of urology. 1998. Volume&#xA;82, Number 1: Pages 109-113&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Johnson M. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: Mechanisms,&#xA;Clinical Application and Evidence. Reviews in Pain. 2007;1(1):7-11.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-07-11T10:15:55.167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T10:15:55.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7381" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-11T10:47:18.317" Score="1" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know that, Is that true if we have &lt;code&gt;milk tea&lt;/code&gt; more than three times in a day,will make &lt;code&gt;skin&lt;/code&gt; more darker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1754" LastEditorUserId="1754" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T07:04:25.227" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T06:59:34.313" Title="Does milk tea causes skin dark?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7327" CreationDate="2016-07-11T14:34:20.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, &lt;strong&gt;what are metastases&lt;/strong&gt;? The exact definition of metastases is more and more debated in the last decades (for an excellent review see the review by &lt;em&gt;Welch, 2006&lt;/em&gt;), mainly because the advances in cancer research have permitted to unveil new characteristics (genetical, biochemical, surface membrane expression,...) of metastasic cells. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Welch, &lt;strong&gt;metastases can be defined as&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The dissemination of neoplastic cells to discontiguous nearby or&#xA;  distant secondary (or higher order) sites where they proliferate to&#xA;  form an extravascular mass of incompletely differentiated cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metastatic process is dependent on &lt;strong&gt;three major conditions&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malignant cells need to adhere to the basement membrane&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;local proteolysis (=breakdown of proteins into smaller&lt;br&gt;&#xA;polypeptides or amino acids) of the membrane is necessary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malignant cells need to pass through the rent in the membrane and&#xA;the extracellular matrix.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once these malignant cells are in the circulation, they have to repeat the above mentioned steps at a remote site. Additionally, in order to survive in a foreign tissue, they need to find a &quot;hospitable niche&quot;, where they must avoid detection by host defences and warrant blood supply by inducing the growth of new blood vessels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you see, the metastatic process is complex and depends on several factors. The rate-limiting step in the metastatic process is the ability for tumor cells to survive and expand in a novel microenvironment. Not all cells have this faculty (so called “metastatic phenotype”) and current evidence suggest that probably only small fraction of tumor cells have this capacity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that chemokine receptors play a role in the metastatic capacity of a malignant cell. Also, recently, some candidate metastasis-suppressor genes, whose loss of function was associated with metastasis have been identified. Further studies are ongoing in order to understand the genetic and molecular pathways underlying the metastatic process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as suggested in one of the comment, the metastic process (and therefore spreading areas) in lung cancer (but also in other type of cancer) is dependent on the malignant cells and on their genotype/phenotype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Welch DR. Do we need to redefine a cancer metastasis and staging&#xA;definitions? Breast disease. 2006;26:3-12.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kakinuma T1, Hwang ST. Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and cancer&#xA;metastasis J Leukoc Biol April 2006 79:639-651&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds.&#xA;Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e. New York, NY:&#xA;McGraw-Hill; 2012.p 681&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-07-11T14:34:20.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7373" CreationDate="2016-07-12T03:52:31.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reversing Down Syndrome in adults is not something being currently researched to my knowledge.   Alerting the DNA throughout the body of a person at this point is purely science fiction,  but even if it were possible the critical structures that were created due to the genetic mutation wouldn't just go away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the simian crease in the hand of many with down syndrome.   If you altered the DNA of the entire person they'd still have the simian crease because it was established early in the early formation of the person as an embryo. The genes for creating a hand aren't re-expressed later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More importantly, many of the brain structures and pathways are formed in early childhood and puberty and a genetic change after then would have little effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetic alteration research would first be focused on embryonic intervention,  but in not aware of any studies actively looking at that even.  Most research is focused on early detection,  causes/prevention,  and therapeutic intervention for mitigation of symptoms.  You can see none of the studies currently being conducted by the National Down Syndrome Society or the International Mosaic Down Syndrome Society are related to genetic intervention.  These may also give you a feel for the type of research (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ndss.org/Resources/Research/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dsact.org/impact/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imdsa.org/mdsstudies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="84" LastEditorUserId="84" LastEditDate="2016-07-16T14:50:13.250" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T14:50:13.250" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-12T12:21:53.173" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone suggested that I drink lots of cold water in order to decrease fat.  Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5196" LastEditorUserId="86" LastEditDate="2016-07-13T14:40:21.910" LastActivityDate="2016-07-13T14:40:21.910" Title="Can cold water decrease fat in the gut area?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-12T15:16:53.893" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether a study comparing medical treatment with a placebo qualifies as a &quot;comparative study&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at PubMed's MeSH tags, I don't see much consistency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26350485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26350485&lt;/a&gt; is a treatment X vs. placebo randomized controlled trial and &lt;em&gt;doesn't have&lt;/em&gt; the &quot;comparative study&quot; MeSH tag.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404192&lt;/a&gt; is a treatment X vs. placebo randomized controlled trial and &lt;em&gt;has&lt;/em&gt; the &quot;comparative study&quot; MeSH tag.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-12T15:16:53.893" Title="Does a treatment X vs. placebo study qualify as a &quot;comparative study&quot;?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-12T11:23:40.017" Score="7" ViewCount="1740" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient clenches the teeth, flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form and interlocks those sets of fingers together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is generally used in sluggish knee jerk reflexes where you'd expect better ones. This method somehow elicits a better reflex. It is mysterious to me as to how clenching of the teeth and the like, can have an effect on the knee jerk. Ganong's Physiology says that the maneuver increases the gamma motor neuron discharge. But could someone explain in detail of how this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2245" OwnerDisplayName="Polisetty" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:49:42.407" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T07:05:10.470" Title="How does the Jendrassik's manoeuvre reinforce reflexes?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1579" CreationDate="2016-07-12T19:29:45.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prolactin is a peptide hormone that, in addition to modulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, functions as a cytokine in the immune system and as a growth factor in the vascular system amongst many other functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prolactin receptors are present in the mammillary glands, ovaries, pituitary glands, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, uterus, skeletal muscle, skin and areas of the central nervous system.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin#cite_note-Mancini2008-31&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How prolactin suppresses GnRH, the mechanism through which hyperprolactinemia causes hypogonadism, is unknown. Many of prolactin's other functions may not necessarily be influenced by blood serum levels, as prolactin acts in a paracrine and autocrine, in addition to an endocrine, manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The positive outcomes from normalizing hypogonadism should outweigh any negative effects of reducing prolactin levels. Androgen deficiency in males can cause osteoporosis, a series weakening of the bones. Of course, as more is known about the function of elevated prolactin levels, this opinion may change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, serum prolactin below physiological levels can cause many of the symptoms that high levels can. Prolactin acts as a weak gonadotropin by itself, and enhances the effect of leuteinizing hormone at testosterone-producing cells in males.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypoprolactinemia can lead to hypogonadism and osteoporosis, just like in hyperprolactinemia. However, in cases of hyperprolactinemia, cabergoline often does not completely reduce prolactin to normal levels, anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The side effects of cabergoline itself are probably more important. as there are known cases of valvular heart disease in doses used to treat Parkinson's. Inflammation and fibrosis of various tissues can also occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5200" LastActivityDate="2016-07-12T19:29:45.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7388" CreationDate="2016-07-13T01:11:10.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's pure nonsense. Fat is caused by eating more calories than you burn. Period. The only effect drinking water might have (cold or otherwise) is to fill your stomach and therefore cause you to eat less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-13T01:11:10.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7388" CreationDate="2016-07-13T03:41:09.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basis for this is that drinking ice cold water will lower your body temperature a bit causing your body to react and raise it to compensate, this in turn expends a bit of energy.&#xA;While the concept may be true, the energy expenditure is so minute, it really won't make the slightest bit of a difference in you achieving weight loss.&#xA;If you want to lose weight, eat in a caloric deficit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3760" LastActivityDate="2016-07-13T03:41:09.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-13T07:42:11.663" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a college student with stuttering problems. My first language is Spanish and my second language is English. I came to the U.S four years ago. I didn't stutter that much back then on my first days in the U.S, but as English became my first language, the problem worsened more and more. Now today, I can't even say a sentence in English without stuttering and I avoid talking to my teachers, partners,colleagues etc. I don't even go to office hours because of that fear. I use mathstack  exchange as a way out to avoid going to office hours. Any advice?. Right now, speech pathologists haven't made any significant progress in finding the cure for stuttering, so what can I do in the meantime?. I have never tried taking medications because that would be the perfect inducer for doing drugs and other things that go against my ethics, but is taking medication worthwhile?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5204" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:57:13.930" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T00:57:13.930" Title="Stuttering problems" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;speech&gt;&lt;stammering-stuttering&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-13T16:03:43.913" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the no-medication treatments for Multiple sclerosis (MS) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on many papers, sport and meditation can help to keep the immune system and the body healthier which leads to a higher level of physical and mental health. Is there any specific method (without taking medications) for MS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2874" LastActivityDate="2016-07-29T06:17:26.327" Title="no medication treatments for MS" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7416" CreationDate="2016-07-13T17:54:47.010" Score="3" ViewCount="497" Body="&lt;p&gt;Melatonin is the hormone that gives the &quot;expectation&quot; of darkness. It has no use in blind people, so do they slowly stop (or immediately) secreting it? I heard it is given artificially to help with circadian patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T19:46:23.110" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T10:12:19.353" Title="Does blindness stop the production of melatonin?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-13T18:25:46.613" Score="7" ViewCount="2502" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could perfectly digest dairy till the age of 35. One fine day when I went to doctor to ask about stomach problems I had in past some days that year, I was told that I am lactose intolerant. How did that happen after so many years? Now I am stuck to the lactose-free milk. Is it possible to regain/rebuild lactose tolerance? That would be a life saver as I do not eat meat and milk is a major source of protein for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5209" LastEditorUserId="165" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T01:54:22.337" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T13:59:10.277" Title="Is it possible to regain lost lactose tolerance?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7424" CreationDate="2016-07-13T18:40:19.643" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that animals are sometimes used to visit people in hospital or care homes for the elderly. There seems to be a real benefit for those people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard it said that stroking a pet can calm you down, relax you, perhaps even create better moods, and reduce stress levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence that owning a pet, in your own home, will cause a reduction in the owner's stress levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4983" LastActivityDate="2016-07-15T20:04:10.577" Title="Will stroking a cat or dog reduce a human's stress levels?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-13T22:07:48.713" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I commonly stretch first thing in the morning. However, I have heard that stretching without exercising beforehand can be bad for my muscles. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5161" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T22:34:08.363" LastActivityDate="2019-07-16T09:02:30.333" Title="Stretching in the morning" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-16T11:44:18.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5722" CreationDate="2016-07-14T01:14:33.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could be experiencing what's known as esophageal spasms&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_spasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, which can cause considerable pain. The food doesn't go down or acid coming up doesn't move smoothly like it should. Instead the esophagus kind of hiccups and the food gets stuck temporarily. I've had it for years. It can mimic a heart attack and if you're concerned about it there are tests available to diagnose it. One treatment is with nitroglycerin tablets that dissolve under your tongue--the same rx given to those who have angina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5067" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T21:01:13.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5372" CreationDate="2016-07-14T01:38:33.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, for various kinds of pain, you can re-train your brain to block some of the pain signals coming from your body in various ways: TENS, biofeedback, meditation, massage, guided imagery are some methods.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/11-tips-for-living-with-chronic-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; Most use mental and physical distraction. Listening to music is an example of mental distraction; TENS is a physical distraction. Some you can learn or use on your own. Others, eg, meditation, TENS, will need an instructor until you can do it on your own.&lt;a href=&quot;https://theacpa.org/Ten-Steps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; Coping with pain is a vast and dynamic field of study these days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5067" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T01:38:33.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-14T08:06:00.453" Score="2" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am really confused about this matter. I've heard a lot of versions from doctors and on internet. To be more specific:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A pathologist&lt;/strong&gt; that claimed to have worked with HIV positive patients for 10 years told me that female to male transmission has close to zero possibility. She insisted that straight men cannot contract HIV (unless there is a sore on their genitals), and women contract HIV from men who have had sex with men (but do not admit it).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A training pathologist&lt;/strong&gt; told me that HIV transmission has less than 50% chance and all of that fuss is to urge people to use condoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;articles&lt;/strong&gt; all over the internet that say that HIV is most common to gay people and women and straight men are very unlikely to contract the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you get tested for HIV, the &lt;strong&gt;doctors&lt;/strong&gt; tell you that it is very likely to contract the virus when performing unprotected intercourse, regardless of your sex or sexual preferences (straight men and women, gay men and women) a. if your partner does NOT take medication the chance is higher than 95% if I remember correctly and b. it is around 30-40% if the partner takes medication.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can anyone tell me which of the above statements is valid?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; I strongly believe that people MUST use condoms regardless of how high or low are the chances of contacting STDs and I think every logical person would think the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE 2:&lt;/strong&gt; The above statements do not include transmission via syringe use and blood transfusions, with which the transmission rate is equal for all sexes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5211" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T15:12:12.383" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T15:12:12.383" Title="What are the real chances of HIV transmission?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-07-20T00:56:54.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7049" CreationDate="2016-07-14T08:33:55.453" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coca cola isn't good if ingest on daily basis. Artificial sugar in it is harmful for the kidneys. Regular consumption of coca cola might have a [negative]impact on your reproductive system. The chemicals that most fizzy drinks contain lead to defects in your organs that are responsible for reproduction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are my sources for the people who find this answer objectionable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Artificial sugar I read it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/this-list-proves-why-you-shouldnt-drink-coke-but-use-instead.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5207" LastEditorUserId="5207" LastEditDate="2016-07-15T07:56:38.083" LastActivityDate="2016-07-15T07:56:38.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7164" CreationDate="2016-07-14T15:26:27.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most medical literature reports a similar level of toxicity between nicotine and cyanide - 50 mg for cyanide and 60 mg for nicotine as lethal doses.  However, there is controversy over the true lethal dose for nicotine (but not for cyanide). An article by Dr. Mayer in Archives of Toxicology postulates that the true lethal dose for nicotine is 10 times higher than 60mg or 600mg.    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880486/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880486/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5215" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T15:26:27.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7401" CreationDate="2016-07-14T17:01:22.317" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First, here is a small background on lactose intolerance:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lactose is a disaccharide present in high quantity in mammalian milk. Once in the intestine, it is hydrolysed into glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed. Lactase hydrolisation is dependent on an intestinal brush border enzyme called lactase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intestinal lactase activity is highest during the perinatal period&lt;/strong&gt; (where milk is essential for the nourishment of newborn). After this period (in general after the weaning period) &lt;strong&gt;lactase activity decreases at variable rates following a normal maturational down-regulation&lt;/strong&gt;. As such, two groups of individuals emerge: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;strong&gt;lactase non-persistence group&lt;/strong&gt; with low lactase activity&#xA;(hypolactasia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;strong&gt;lactase persistence group&lt;/strong&gt; where the level of lactase activity in&#xA;the adulthood in similar or slightly less (moderate to high lactase activity) to the one found in the&#xA;neonatal period.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies have suggested a geographic pattern for the distribution of genes associated with the two conditions (the review by &lt;em&gt;Misselwitz et al&lt;/em&gt; provides a good overview).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, reduction in lactase activity does not always lead to symptoms. However, &lt;strong&gt;when symptoms occur, lactose intolerance is diagnosed&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most &lt;strong&gt;frequent cause of lactose malabsorption&lt;/strong&gt; is the so-called &lt;strong&gt;“lactase non-persistence” (primary lactase deficiency)&lt;/strong&gt;, which is characterised by a decrease in lactase expression during infancy. Note, &lt;strong&gt;in some rare cases&lt;/strong&gt;, lactase can be complete lacking causing severe symptoms in the newborns &lt;strong&gt;(congenital lactase deficiency)&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other &lt;strong&gt;secondary causes of lactase malabsorption (secondary or acquired lactase deficiency)&lt;/strong&gt;: small bowel bacterial overgrowth, giardiasis (a type of infectious enteritis), coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease. In these cases, gastrointestinal disorders damage the brush border of the small intestine and leads to a decrease in lactase activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I was told that I am lactose intolerant. How did that happen after so&#xA;  many years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several possible explanations. First, some studies have shown an increased incidence of lactose intolerance in the elderly, suggesting that lactase activity might decline further with age. In particular, individuals with already intermediate to low lactase activity might be at higher risk of developing lactase intolerance decades after the infancy period. Second a secondary cause for lactase deficiency cannot be excluded. Finally, a study conducted in 1998 showed that there is sometimes a confusion between lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance. &lt;strong&gt;My two later points are of course only hypothesis&lt;/strong&gt;, as you don't provide enough information in your question (in particular how the diagnosis of lactose intolerance was made)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to regain/rebuild lactose tolerance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found no studies conducted in humans showing that lactase activity could be regained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current treatment of lactose intolerance aims at improving symptoms while maintaining sufficient calcium intake, which can be affected by mil restricted diet. According to a concensus of experts, initial management of lactose intolerance is to aim for remission of symptoms by avoiding milk and dairy products. Here an interesting extract of the recommendations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;most individuals with lactose malabsorption can tolerate up to 12 g of&#xA;  lactose without significant symptoms. After the initially restricted&#xA;  diet, lactose should be gradually reintroduced until the patient’s&#xA;  threshold for symptoms is reached. At this point, several behavioral&#xA;  measures can be adopted to overcome possible symptoms, including&#xA;  having fermented and matured milk products in the diet, consuming&#xA;  lactose together with other foods, and distributing lactose intake&#xA;  over the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above mentioned measures don’t provide any relief, pharmacological strategies can be considered such as lactase supplements, lactose-hydrolyzed or lactose-reduced milk, probiotics, colonic adaptation, and rifaximin. However, some of these intervetions lack evidence based data and show large inter-individual variability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Frühauf H, Fried M, Vavricka SR, Fox M. Lactose&#xA;malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.&#xA;United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2013;1(3):151-159.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mattar R, de Campos Mazo DF, Carrilho FJ. Lactose intolerance:&#xA;diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors. Clinical and Experimental&#xA;Gastroenterology. 2012;5:113-121.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lomer M et al. Review article: lactose intolerance in clinical&#xA;practice – myths and realities. Alimentary Pharmacology &amp;amp;&#xA;Therapeutics. 2008:27: 93–103.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carroccio et al. Lactose intolerance and self-reported milk&#xA;intolerance: relationship with lactose maldigestion and nutrient&#xA;intake. Lactase Deficiency Study Group.J Am Coll Nutr. 1998&#xA;Dec;17(6):631-6.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-07-14T17:06:37.777" LastActivityDate="2016-07-14T17:06:37.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7400" CreationDate="2016-07-14T19:18:22.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before answering your question, let’s first go through some essential concepts:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the structures involved in the circadian system?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The organ that controls the 24-hour rhythm responsible for sleep-wake cycles, alertness and performance patterns, fluctuation in body temperature and production of hormones (e.g melatonin and cortisol) is the &lt;strong&gt;suprachiasmatic nuclei (SNC)&lt;/strong&gt; of the anterior hypothalamus. The major environmental factor that resets our internal clock to 24 hours is the light and dark cycle generated by the earth’s axial rotation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The neuroanatomy of the circadian system is following&lt;/strong&gt;: light information is transduced from specialised &lt;strong&gt;retinal photoreceptors to the SCN by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)&lt;/strong&gt;. SNC projects to the &lt;strong&gt;pineal gland&lt;/strong&gt; via the &lt;strong&gt;paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the superior cervical ganglion (SCG)&lt;/strong&gt;. Under normal light-dark conditions, the &lt;strong&gt;pineal melatonin&lt;/strong&gt; rhythm peaks at night during the dark phase. However, light exposure during the night inhibits melatonin production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Melatonin] has no use in blind people, so do they slowly stop secreting it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, several studies have tried to monitor the level of cortisol and melatonin in blind people and the results were very different. Overall, there is a &lt;strong&gt;heterogeneous distribution of melatonin rhythm types&lt;/strong&gt;. According to one of the longitudinal study conducted among 20 blind subjects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Three subjects had normally phased melatonin rhythms, three were&#xA;  abnormally entrained, and 11 had free-running melatonin rhythms with&#xA;  periods ranging from 23.86 to 25.08 h. The remaining three subjects&#xA;  appeared to be arrhythmic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why is the case?&lt;/em&gt; Probably because not all disorders of the visual system cause a disruption of the circadian effects of light. Several studies have shown that the majority of legally blind individuals retain some degree of light perception even with very little usable vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why do individuals with absent or attenuated rod and cone function still retain circadian responses to light (20% of the nonperception of light patients according to some studies)?&lt;/em&gt; Some recent advances have identified a new non-cone photoreceptor system (based on a novel molecule called melanopsin) that is involved in circadian rhythm regulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Tabandeh H, Bird AC, Defrance R. Relationship between melatonin rhythms and visual loss in the blind. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov; 82(11):3763-70.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Skene DJ, Lockley SW, Thapan K, Arendt J. Effects of light on human circadian rhythms. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1999 May-Jun; 39(3):295-304.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ruberg FL, Skene DJ, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD, English J, Arendt J, Brainard GC. Melatonin regulation in humans with color vision deficiencies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Aug; 81(8):2980-5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lockley SW, Arendt J, Skene DJ. Visual impairment and circadian rhythm disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience.2007;9(3):301-314.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-07-16T10:12:19.353" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T10:12:19.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-15T03:27:31.380" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quite a few studies (1) showed that redheads have an increased or decreased sensitivity to pain depending on the nature of the pain (e.g., increase of four toothaches, and decreased for stinging pain). Are redheads more sensitive to pain caused by tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencenordic.com/redheads-feel-different-kind-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sciencenordic.com/redheads-feel-different-kind-pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:42:37.853" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:42:37.853" Title="Are redheads more sensitive to pain caused by tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;hair-color&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7402" CreationDate="2016-07-15T19:53:47.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been proposed by way of many studies that pet ownership can cause both short- and long-term stress relief. &lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/4/815.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; actually found that pet ownership is more effective at managing stress-related high blood pressure than ACE inhibitors (a blood pressure medication). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271103&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; found that pet owners have significantly lower heart rates and blood pressure and higher rates of stress recovery than their non-pet-owning counterparts. As a result, pet owners tend to be healthier as well. And stroking a pet, even one that is not your own, has been shown to lower stress levels, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5224" LastEditorUserId="5224" LastEditDate="2016-07-15T20:04:10.577" LastActivityDate="2016-07-15T20:04:10.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-16T02:15:23.293" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;With many tests able to detect various physical abnormalities, even before symptoms develop (if ever), modern treatments may require individuals to take medications for decades. Are there any examples of such long term interventions in medicine that have been found to be a success as per objective criteria such as lifespan? Failed examples would be interesting too ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T02:15:23.293" Title="Are there any examples of successful multi-decade prevention interventions with pharmaceuticals?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-16T09:52:20.250" Score="4" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I am in bed I have the sensation of hearing a beeping sound, I think it happens after using my Chinese trademark headphones. I have never used them with high volume, because of that I wonder if it could be due to ultrasounds produced by the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5229" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T18:34:30.140" Title="Can headphones produce undesirable ultrasounds that can damage my hearing?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-16T09:55:19.817" Score="1" ViewCount="6384" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do people use it for sex somehow? What is the effect? Just in the book,&quot;Fight Club&quot;, the author describes this drug in a sex related context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5230" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-07-16T14:18:20.990" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T14:18:20.990" Title="Is amyl nitrite used for sex?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7429" CreationDate="2016-07-16T11:23:43.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008992/?report=details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Amyl Nitrite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Treats and prevents chest pain (angina pectoris).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And more pertinent for the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the street, this medicine and others like it are sometimes called&#xA;  &quot;poppers.&quot; They have been used by some people to cause a &quot;high&quot; or to&#xA;  improve sex. Use in this way is not recommended. Amyl nitrite can&#xA;  cause serious harmful effects if too much is inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poppers are a name for inhaled nitrites which Amyl Nitrite is one of the most common. They can be lethal if used &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14740789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recreationally&lt;/a&gt; and cause vasodilation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Poppers are rapid-onset, short-acting potent vasodilators that produce&#xA;  a rush characterized by warm sensations and feelings of dizziness.&#xA;  Poppers sometimes are used to facilitate anal intercourse because of&#xA;  their actions on the anal sphincter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read reports about them being similar to Viagra and having a psychedelic effect. I have also included the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia link&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T11:23:43.867" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7432" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7447" CreationDate="2016-07-16T13:41:00.297" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I sometimes wants to ice a part of my body (e.g., elbow, shoulder, ankle, etc.) when going to sleep in other to prevent swelling stemming from exercises. What's the proper way of placing ice so that I can fall asleep with it without waking up with a frostbite or other negative affect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-07-18T07:44:38.450" Title="How to ice a part of the body when falling asleep?" Tags="&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-16T16:46:33.567" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a high platelet count and would love to put that to good use by donating platelets. But the last several times I've tried to give, my veins failed one way or another. The volunteers couldn't get the needle placed successfully, or once they did, it started leaking or losing draw pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had successful donations in the past. I've tried abstaining from caffeine and drinking extra non-caffeinated fluids in the 48 hours prior to donation. I don't take aspirin. Is there anything else I can do to improve my vein quality to make a successful donation more likely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5233" LastActivityDate="2016-07-16T16:46:33.567" Title="How can I improve my chances of a successful platelet donation?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4721" CreationDate="2016-07-17T09:40:43.123" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically I agree with JohnP. &#xA;The &quot;otherwise normal ecg&quot; is an unfortunate phrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sinus rhythm is the normal rhythm of the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the machine should interpret as:&#xA;Normal ECG.&#xA;Rhythm:Sinus&#xA;Heart Rate : &#xA;PR interval:&#xA;etc etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By saying otherwise normal ECG, of course creates unnecessary suspicion.Modern machines are improved in doing an automatic diagnosis(better wording too).&#xA;Nevertheless, I have deactivated the automatic diagnosis in my office, for&#xA;such events exactly. They can create idiotic worries to the patients and are&#xA;a cause for wasting our time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I am a cardiologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That sinus is the normal rhythm of the heart can be verified in millions of authoritative sources. As an example I direct.you to Guyton's.physiology, 11th edition.  at the beginning of chapter.10 &quot;rhythmical excitation of.the heart&quot;  one can see that the activation of the conduction system of the heart originates in the sinoatrial node. Now, there are some peculiarities in this, but for all intents and purposes and as a general knowledge it's more than enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5235" LastEditorUserId="5235" LastEditDate="2016-07-26T06:09:46.163" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T06:09:46.163" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5899" CreationDate="2016-07-17T10:25:40.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Giving&quot; electrical current to the heart does not necessarily translate to mechanical contractions.&#xA;The excitation-contraction coupling (as the sequence of electrical activation an muscle contraction is officially called), is not always a guarantee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cardiac arrest in many cases mirrors severe malfunction on the level of the micro-structures of the heart and a biochemical disarray in general. If you don't restore the pumping of the heart in seconds to minutes (even if this is crude and primitive-looking), the patient may not only die, but even worse they may &quot;live&quot; with severely depressed or completely absent brain function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way, a &quot;modern&quot; way  would help a &quot;stopped&quot; heart is if some futuristic nano-device could be employed rapidly to either correct micro anatomy and microphysiology in minutes, or replace and collaborate with the patient's native structures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, primitive it may seem to you, external manual compressions, if properly performed can make the difference (at a great percentage) between life and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;electrical current- modern&quot; approach works for patients with severe arrhythmias or conduction problems. In these cases the &quot;mechanical part&quot; of the heart is intact and you only replace the electrical function of a problematic conduction system or problematic natural pacemakers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in this case, a properly performed placement of a temporary pacemaker is an awkward process that can take several minutes until successful (transcutaneous or transvenous) placement is established. If the patient is asystolic or almost asystolic (no-pulse), &quot;primitive&quot; compressions should be done until the pacemaker safely paces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless a super enhanced swarm of nano-machines, that can navigate safely through the human body and correct problems rapidly and at will, emerges, no &quot;sophisticated machines&quot; will replace manual compressions. In fact, during resuscitation they have been proven much more valuable than artificial breathing, which is reflected in the change in the guidelines during the past 15 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acls.net/aclsalg.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Algorithms for Advanced Cardiac Life Support 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/41/2793.full#sec-37&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute treatment of sustained ventricular arrhythmias&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5235" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-06-09T09:11:18.243" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T09:11:18.243" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7468" CreationDate="2016-07-17T18:35:28.457" Score="5" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;That I know, I don't have physical and psychological problems, but during the last year I slept pretty bad on purpose (playing, studying, etc ) and I feel that this has negatively affected me. Lately I've waken up more times during the night, I sleep less hours continously and I wake up more tired, what can I do to have a good sleep during the night again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I use medications or should I use them as a last resort?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3244" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T15:09:21.537" Title="Tips to improve the sleep during the night" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7432" CreationDate="2016-07-18T07:44:38.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not leave ice on a area for over 20 minutes unless instructed that you can by your doctor. This info is given by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg8qVs5Hx-MC&amp;amp;pg=PA552&amp;amp;lpg=PA552&amp;amp;dq=safelyapplying%20ice%20to%20body&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=XhmybnyN_h&amp;amp;sig=LWaCvr-eLdfoyOsmlKEiqPkEJtk&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjgyYLDvfzNAhXD7oMKHYbLBAwQ6AEIJDAC#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=safelyapplying%20ice%20to%20body&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;Nursing Assistant Textbook&lt;/a&gt;. So you could place the ice before going to bed and set a timer to remind you of 20 minutes &#xA;passing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.active.com/articles/how-to-ice-an-injury-properly&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;, further details are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The tissue thickness of the injured area determines the length of the&#xA;  ice application. Knees require 15 minutes, while thicker tissue, such&#xA;  as the quadriceps and hamstrings, requires 20 minutes. Thinner tissue,&#xA;  such as ankles and feet, requires approximately 10 minutes. Dont&#xA;  exceed the appropriate time frame. Allow one hour following numbing&#xA;  before reapplying ice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above source should be utilized for placement time amounts. As for protecting the area the amount of time the ice is on and the temperature are what matter in placement. Placing the ice and area between a blanket would allow for possible longer placement, but having only a thin tissue between the same temperature would posdibly indicate a shorter time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drnykwest.com/Home_Pain_Relief.html&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you choose to use an ice bag containing ice and water of your own&#xA;  mix understand that it is possible to create an ice bag that is too&#xA;  cold and can damage the skin with a &quot;cold burn&quot;. Use a layer or two of&#xA;  damp Turkish towels under this type of ice bag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-18T07:44:38.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7448" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8887" CreationDate="2016-07-18T07:57:09.003" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Male/24&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I have several bowel motions in the morning – the first may be before breakfast (immediately after awakening). Subsequent bowel motions may be only 20-30mins apart and are usually looser and looser each time up to 3 times before lunch. Subsequent bowel motions are followed by large intestinal pain around rectum or Abdominal pain,  usually in the lower abdomen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem leads to less focus in my work and daily life stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3075" LastEditorUserId="3075" LastEditDate="2016-07-18T08:46:32.347" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T10:10:45.117" Title="What is solution of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)? [Diarrhoea-predominant IBS]" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-18T10:41:11.870" Score="-1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; suggested that taking zinc within onset of cold symptoms is effective at lingering the common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the optimal dosage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-16T23:28:23.843" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T23:28:23.843" Title="What's the optimal dosage of zinc within 24 hours of onset of cold symptoms?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-18T13:52:14.480" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a student,  how can I improve my memory ? &#xA; Also, I heard that Matcha tea is good for students,  is that true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3750" LastEditorDisplayName="user3750" LastEditDate="2016-07-18T18:07:52.830" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T12:15:54.490" Title="How to improve memorizing ability?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-18T16:14:00.023" Score="0" ViewCount="3390" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone squeezed my head with her hands. I am concerned whether it has caused any damage like loss of brain cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3134" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T01:11:10.310" Title="Does applying pressure on both sides of your head damage brain cells?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-20T12:24:13.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7454" CreationDate="2016-07-18T20:03:27.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone squeezed your head hard enough to cause brain damage, that means they squeezed your head hard enough to fracture your skull. I assure you that you would know without doubt if they squeezed that hard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your brain is fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-18T20:03:27.447" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-18T21:07:50.383" Score="2" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a common cold for a week. I had lot of mucus (or phlegm, I don't know what the correct term is) in my nose. My throat was ok back then. Yesterday before sleeping I couldn't avoid swallowing some mucus because, it just got into my throat, and I felt like it got stuck in my throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any way of knowing more precisely where the mucus is, and suddenly I felt a presence of a substance in my throat, I thought it was the mucus that got swallowed. This has happened me many times before and now, and those times, it causes sore throat (or odynophagia) my throat hurts a little. My explanation for getting a sore throat afterwards is that the mucus has bacteria and they then thrive on my throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mechanically make sense that mucus on my nose could arrive to my throat, or am I confusing sensations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T02:36:09.040" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T02:36:09.040" Title="Swallowing mucus gaves me sore throat?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;sore-throat&gt;&lt;nasal-drip&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-19T00:10:40.507" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using alert1 for awhile, but recently my liabilities increase as my daughter suddenly got divorce. I am not sure how long will this last, but I plan to replace my mom's medical alert to the one without monthly subscription fee. I am fine with any brand as long as they carry the panic button necklace, and I also do not mind if the new system can only contact my phone number and some other numbers. Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer This Question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5250" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T00:10:40.507" Title="Where to find a medical alert system without monthly payment?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-19T01:10:21.300" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that many things, from stress to pathogens, can cause diarrhea.  But I was curious what in the digestive tract detects that something is wrong (eg are there chemoreceptors which find problems, immune cells which detect pathogens, etc.), and then how is that signal carried to cause the changes needed to produce diarrhea (eg hormonally, through the enteric nervous system, etc.)?  Is there a single answer, or are there many processes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:22:54.320" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:22:54.320" Title="What is the mechanism by which diarrhea is triggered?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7463" CreationDate="2016-07-19T07:12:09.207" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever an incident has caused someone to become hospitalized, news reports on the incidents are always quite vague about the injuries. I understand how these injuries relate to each other, but not what they entail. What is the difference between the categories below? Is there a generally accepted guideline on what injuries fall under what category?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lightly injured;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mild injuries;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;injured;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;heavily injured;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;critically injured;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;life threatening injuries;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shock;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1430" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T07:39:33.083" Title="How does the injury classification system work?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7462" CreationDate="2016-07-19T07:39:33.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shock&lt;/a&gt; is a specific condition with a number of different causes.  However the rest, when used in the general parlance are subjective descriptions of the severity of a person's condition, and they generally don't have a specific definition.  For some, it describes the severity of the diagnosis (eg how bad the injuries are or how far along a disease has progressed), for others, it may mean prognosis (how likely a person is to recover).  This information is for the press, and can vary.  The American Hospital Association has some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mahprm.org/resources/Guidelines%20for%20Releasing%20Information%20on%20the%20Condition%20of%20Patients.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guidelines&lt;/a&gt;, but they are very general.&#xA;Most hospitals will also have some internal documentation on what to tell the press and what it means.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the terms you list can also be used in in-house (that is, within a hospital) assessments, or part of a formal assessment system.  For instance, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Injury Severity Score&lt;/a&gt; uses these terms as an assessment tool.  Some hospitals may also use labels like this among the staff to determine resource allocation to nursing floors.  Those vary from place to place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T07:39:33.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7448" CreationDate="2016-07-19T07:43:43.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You won't find any suggestions here that are better than what a doctor can determine.  If you have been diagnosed with IBS, talk to the doctor who diagnosed you about the best way to manage it.  If you have not been diagnosed, talk to a doctor about finding out the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No medical professional would recommend a course of treatment without an exam, so anyone you find online giving out advice is almost certainly not qualified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1746" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T07:43:43.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-19T12:05:38.363" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am lead to believe that a *minor break will take &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6 months to become 99% strong.&#xA;12 months to become 100% strong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A orthopaedic surgeon advised me of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this in mind any activity that could damage the bone should be avoided for 6 months, such as mountain biking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After talking to a physiotherapist I was advised that if physo goes well activities such as mountain biking could be done as early as 6 weeks as long as one does not fall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &#xA;6 weeks moderate exercises is fine, no risks to be taken. &#xA;6 months not 100% healed but can resume more risky activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would reasonable at 3,4 and 5 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking build it up to proper mountain biking from 3 to 6 and maybe a very minor fall at low speed would be ok at maybe 4 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weight bearing exercises are also being done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*minor break such as a humorous head break, no cracking of head clean break below the head. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Hypothetically, if someone was discharged from physio at 8 weeks due to doing so well and discharged from docs at about 10 weeks with the surgeon saying the patient is about 1 month ahead of where they need to be does this reduce the time? I would say not as bone still needs to bind although weight baring does help .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any falling of is not planned, but as time moves by more technical trails would be ridden. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="529" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:48:35.910" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:48:35.910" Title="broken bone heal time" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;weight-bearing-activity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-19T14:32:59.683" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 22 , male. The mole appeared some 3 weeks before . Since last week it is painful sometimes ,not all time . The spot is left thigh near the groin muscle. It is difficult to wear jeans and even other trousers . Can you suggest medicines and is there effective natural ways ( without any side effects ) to remove the annoying mole?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mole is not symmetrical . are moles cancereous ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can moles be completely eliminated ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5254" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T23:55:55.757" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T23:55:55.757" Title="how to get rid of a raised mole in my left thigh which is painful sometimes?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;&lt;moles&gt;&lt;groin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7443" CreationDate="2016-07-19T15:19:22.887" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should keep an eye on the sleeping environment's &lt;strong&gt;temperature&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;restrict the amount of light&lt;/strong&gt; entering the space you sleep in. Eye masks are a cost-effective solution to reducing excessive light from entering your eyes. And more generally speaking, your level of comfort when you enter the bed is a good indicator of how well you can rest in that space (not too cold or hot, no blinking LEDs from devices, and so on.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try to &lt;strong&gt;avoid blue light&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;and loud disturbances&lt;/strong&gt;[1][2] as much as possible before bedtime. There are multiple tools to reduce the amount of blue light emitted by screens, if you have the need to use a computer in the evening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall &lt;strong&gt;health has a direct impact on your sleep&lt;/strong&gt;[3]. Remember to take proper care of your body -and mind- as this will result in better overall health. &lt;strong&gt;Eating &quot;properly&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;[4] (enough energy, nutrients and hydration, all in proper quantities) before bed will also improve your quality of sleep. Feeling bloated is a great way to stay awake for unnecessarily long periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regular exercise is rewarding&lt;/strong&gt;[5]. Going to bed and falling asleep might be easier if you've exerted your body during the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Why these things -section&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Humans react to stimuli. Constant arrhythmic sounds, especially loud ones, could keep someone awake, and their mind racing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &quot;Bright light effects on body temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior&quot;&#xA;P.Badia, B.Myers, M.Boecker, J.Culpepper, J.R.Harsh (Elsevier: Physiology &amp;amp; Behavior, Vol.50 Issue 3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] Applies to nearly everything in life. Nominal systolic and diastolic pressures, no tightness in muscles, no grinding in joints is less to think about, and more time to focus on the task at hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[4] Being bloated can be uncomfortable, this can negatively affect your ability to relax and prepare for sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[5] Moderation is key; however, the information available on the topic can be conflicted at times. People need to find what works for them, as age, and more broadly their own demographic, and type of exercise no doubt play a role. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a general article on the topic from 2000: &quot;Exercise and sleep&quot; (Elsevier: Sleep Medicine Reviews, Vol.4 Issue 4) Helen S.Driver, Sheila R.Taylor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5256" LastEditorUserId="5256" LastEditDate="2018-12-08T15:09:21.537" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T15:09:21.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7523" CreationDate="2016-07-19T17:25:11.237" Score="3" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have looked at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/comparing-more-less-developed-countries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the statistics for cancer&lt;/a&gt; and it shows that cancer is 1.8 times higher in more developed countries compared with less developed countries - which to me is counter-intuitive (air pollution, more sun, nutrition, sanitation, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why cancer is almost twice as likely in more developed compared with less developed countries?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="5257" LastEditDate="2016-07-20T08:16:53.180" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T16:48:26.923" Title="Why cancer is almost twice as likely in more developed countries compared with less developed countries?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7467" CreationDate="2016-07-19T19:20:50.893" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, moles can definitely be cancerous. They can be malignant melanoma, which is a deadly cancer unless treated early. The fact that it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.melanoma.org/understand-melanoma/diagnosing-melanoma/detection-screening/abcdes-melanoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;asymmetrical&lt;/a&gt; is not a good sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not attempt to treat it yourself. That mole needs to be examined by a doctor ASAP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-19T19:20:50.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7479" CreationDate="2016-07-19T21:11:02.300" Score="1" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a bad eating disorder for a long time. This had a bad effect on my health and I became very skinny. Now, I am eating health again but still can't gain anymore weight. I am 47kg with a height of 5.6 feet, male. Am I underweight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5257" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T14:02:35.530" Title="Why can't I gain more weight?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-20T04:07:37.193" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone has water stuck in their ear canal one of the remedies is a cotton ball soaked in equal parts of rubbing alcohol and vinegar and placed in the affected ear(s). &#xA;What how does the alcohol and vinegar work to remove the water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5261" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T04:20:14.923" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T04:20:14.923" Title="Rubbing Alcohol and Vinegar" Tags="&lt;rubbing-alcohol-isopropyl&gt;&lt;cotton-swabs-q-tips&gt;&lt;ear-canal&gt;&lt;cotton-balls&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-20T04:12:20.110" Score="0" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you know if you're pregnant while taking take birth control? Also, is it possible to feel the symptoms of pregnancy after having sex earlier in the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5262" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T12:07:04.383" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T12:07:04.383" Title="How do you know if you're pregnant while on birth control?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-20T06:49:52.547" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 33 and had an LIS, ASD closure,everything went well, however my doctor suggested me to be on Metolar XR 25mg for a year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am worried since I had no hypertension or rhythmic disturbance but had high cholesterol before surgery. I worried if Metolar can increase the cholesterol level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5264" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-16T07:57:27.750" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T11:21:51.623" Title="Metolar XR after Lis ASD surgery" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;atrial-septal-defect-asd&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-15T21:21:40.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7472" CreationDate="2016-07-20T09:03:15.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Am I underweight? &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;, your BMI is 16.7 and so you are classified as underweight. Healthy weight range for your height: 52kg - 70.5kg (based on your age being 30).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The calculation for you bmi was done using this calculator:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/Pages/Healthyweightcalculator.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/Pages/Healthyweightcalculator.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Why can't I gain more weight?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's impossible to say without a full breakdown of your diet and medical history. At that point any answer is attempting diagnosis for your specific case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I personally would recommend you get a calorie tracking app or write down the calories and shoot for about 2500-3000 (healthy, balanced) calories per day, paired with a reasonable (3-5 days a week) exercise regime of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cardiovascular activity (running/rowing/biking/etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;weight lifting (squat/deadlift/bench/etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above advice is asserted through personal accumulated knowledge and from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://reddit.com/r/fitness/wiki&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://reddit.com/r/fitness/wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T21:32:48.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7449" CreationDate="2016-07-20T09:21:31.623" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the study says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc administered within 24 hours of onset of symptoms reduces the&#xA;duration of common cold symptoms in healthy people but &lt;strong&gt;some caution is&#xA;needed due to the heterogeneity of the data&lt;/strong&gt;. As the zinc lozenges&#xA;formulation has been widely studied and there is a significant&#xA;reduction in the duration of cold at a dose of ≥ 75 mg/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examine.com states;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Superloading zinc by taking up to 100mg zinc a day is confirmed to be&#xA;safe in the short term (2-4 months), but because this dose is higher&#xA;than the 40mg Tolerable Upper Limit (TUL) of zinc, prolonged&#xA;superloading is not advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as can be seen in the PubMed comments &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24715076&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; there are significant &lt;a href=&quot;https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/153180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;criticisms&lt;/a&gt; of the summary made. This lead to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub5/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;withdrawal of the publication in 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zinc Supplementation Decreases Incidence Of Infections In The Elderly: Effect Of Zinc On Generation Of Cytokines And Oxidative Stress&lt;/a&gt; found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplementation of 45mg elemental zinc for a period of 12 months in&#xA;elderly persons who had low baseline zinc levels, the infection rate&#xA;seen with supplementation (29%) was lower than placebo (88%) although&#xA;upper respiratory tract infection rates trended to be less common (50%&#xA;reduction) but this failed to reach significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In summary:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2013 Cochrane study was trashed by one reviewer and got taken down. There is no significant evidence that it reduces the common cold symptoms in adults if taken as one is starting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-20T17:22:32.097" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7477" CreationDate="2016-07-20T10:05:52.373" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoprolol#Adverse_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoprolol#Adverse_effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No listed effects on cholesterol. Make sure you have a balanced, healthy diet and take your medication recommended by your doctor. If still in doubt, consult a separate independent physician. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On prescription:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Metoprolol is used for a number of conditions, including hypertension,&#xA;  angina, acute myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia,&#xA;  ventricular tachycardia, congestive heart failure, and prevention of&#xA;  migraine headaches. Treatment of heart failure Vasovagal&#xA;  syncope. Adjunct in treatment of hyperthyroidism Long QT&#xA;  syndrome, especially for patients with asthma, as metoprolol's β1&#xA;  selectivity tends to interfere less with asthma drugs, which are often&#xA;  β2-adrenergic receptor-agonist drugs. Prevention of&#xA;  relapse into atrial fibrillation (controlled-release/extended-release&#xA;  form)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to its selectivity in blocking the beta1 receptors in the heart,&#xA;  metoprolol is also prescribed for off-label use in performance&#xA;  anxiety, social anxiety disorder, and other anxiety disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-07-20T10:05:52.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-20T10:57:13.773" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've got this sharp sudden pain from my belly button towards my genitals. It feels like there is a string hooked onto my belly button and being pulled. This happens when I would sit up straight or extend my torso and will only occur every few months. What is the cause of this and is it something I have to worry about? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5219" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:57:36.903" Title="Sharp sudden pain in torso?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7476" CreationDate="2016-07-20T14:05:45.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You know by getting a pregnancy test. It can be a home test you buy in a pharmacy or you can visit a doctor or clinic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, it is not possible to feel symptoms of pregnancy mere hours after sex. It takes a week or two for the first signs to appear. A missed period is usually the first detectable sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-20T14:05:45.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7234" CreationDate="2016-07-20T21:09:18.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using both the floor and the bed allows for increased support for your neck and thoracic spine. Performing those exercises on a ball challenges the neck and upper thoracic spine and is therefore not appropriate for people with significant acute pain along those areas. A patient should at least be able to hold their neck in a neutral position to avoid excessive stress while performing arm abduction on a ball. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ball also adds an element of instability to the entire body, whereas the exercises on the bed and floor do not really challenge your balance or core strength relative to the ball. The ball would not be appropriate for people who have problems with their ankles/feet as they would be required to stabilize themselves through the entire lower kinetic chain before they can do it safely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the ball is just a progression of the exercises that should initially be done on the floor/bed. Pending the stage of the patient's recovery and overall status, they can then progress to the ball. Resistance can then be added by carrying free weights or using elastic theraband. Hope this helps! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5270" LastActivityDate="2016-07-20T21:09:18.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-20T20:04:24.627" Score="3" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used small doses everyday for years, it's the only thing that made my social disorders bearable. I wasn't breaking any laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why did the (UK) government &lt;em&gt;recently&lt;/em&gt; ban phenmetrazine when they formerly tolerated its use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="IAN" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-17T01:11:59.690" LastActivityDate="2019-11-18T03:02:35.320" Title="Why did the UK ban phenmetrazine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;social-anxiety&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;&lt;class-schedule-of-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-21T06:18:41.723" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;It makes sense that many minerals inhibit the absorption of other minerals because they are chemically similar and therefore often compete for similar biochemical pathways for absorption [e.g. iron, magnesium, zinc, etc. are divalent cations].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the human body absorbed several times the RDA of each of those nutrients [e.g. iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium, selenium, manganese, cobalt, etc., all the usual suspects], but still in the same proportion as the RDA's of those minerals so that they remained &quot;balanced&quot;, would regular elevated consumption of the above mentioned minerals be likely to cause health problems to the average human body?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to not have absorption issues of competition between minerals, how long does the average human body need between supplements of a given nutrient before supplementation with the next nutrient can take place without absorption problems? [e.g. 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours?]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5272" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:43:29.800" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T03:43:29.800" Title="timing of mineral consumption, and absorption competition" Tags="&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7486" CreationDate="2016-07-21T07:13:01.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As correctly asserted, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list--2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation#fn:1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is banned class B stimulant un the UK&lt;/a&gt;. In fact &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_B_drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it was banned in 1971&lt;/a&gt; so I am unsure why you think the ban was recent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have social disorders and live in the UK you can ask for a referral from your doctor. Most common route is medication coupled with therapy (group or solo).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To &lt;strong&gt;why&lt;/strong&gt; it was banned is a deeper question. When the misuse act was drawn up it pulled together substances that were known to be used to a 'high'. Primarily in Sweden it was abused for the high it gives leading to &lt;a href=&quot;http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/cu/CU39.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classification as a narcotic in 1959&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T09:33:59.160" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T09:33:59.160" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-21T07:52:03.270" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really love to drink green smoothies.&#xA;I usually put in a generous amount of fresh parsley or fresh spinach leaves and I like it very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw that you can buy some green powders in order to mix in with the smoothies, these powders are a blend of multiple greens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - &lt;strong&gt;Do these powders have the nutritional values of fresh green leaves?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3381" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:45:50.500" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:45:50.500" Title="Do green powders maintain nutritional values?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;meal-replacement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-21T13:09:30.810" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt; of suggested daily intake for example.  Now assume you cannot for economic reasons achieve 100% on all of these items.  Say you're sitting at 50% for carbs, 50% for vitamin A, and 50% for calcium for the day in one particular example to illustrate my overall question.  You have one more dollar left in your pocket and you can buy one of these nutrition choices which result in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) (+25% carb, +25% vitamin A, +10% calcium)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) (+25% carb, +10% vitamin A, +25% calcium)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) (+5% carb, +45% vitamin A, +45% calcium)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D) (+45% carb, +5% vitamin A, +5% calcium)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E) (+20% carb, +20% vitamin A, +20% calcium)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the healthiest of these choices for the average homo sapiens, and in general, how do you figure out the answer to this kind of problem so I know what to do in other examples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5277" LastActivityDate="2016-07-21T13:09:30.810" Title="Is there a formulaic or other way of determining the relative/normative value of the daily nutrition requirements?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5901" CreationDate="2016-07-21T19:13:28.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets start with the concept of &lt;strong&gt;what is Anti-fungal&lt;/strong&gt; medication &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Antifungal medicines are used to treat fungal infections, which are most commonly found on the skin, hair and nails.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Antifungal-drugs/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;As you see Antifungals are medications that &lt;strong&gt;used to treat or prevent mycoses&lt;/strong&gt; ( fungal infection) which divided in two major groups fungicides and fungistatics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Loprex (ciclopirox)&lt;/strong&gt; is a synthetic FDA approved antifungal agent used mostly for treating  superficial mycoses and yeast infections of the skin, such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm it works by stopping or killing fungus but if you If you suffer from any adverse reaction to medication report it to your doctor. &lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drugs/antifungals-topical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mtm/ciclopirox-topical.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Overview&amp;amp;DrugName=CICLOPIROX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have lots of different mycoses conditions like athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis which are less severe or more serious conditions like Cryptococcosis, meningitis etc &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-61279/antifungal-cream-topical/details/list-conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;as you see we have different kind of conditions which made by different kinds of microorganisms so as a result we have wide range of medications that each is suitable for specific conditions and indications .&lt;/strong&gt; here you can see some of the other &lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drugs/antifungals-topical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;topical Antifungal agents&lt;/a&gt; that are available in market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Based on condition,indications and guidelines your doctor or professional health care chooses and prescribes the medication so you can you can not just replace it&lt;/strong&gt; even in some cases with a generic version &lt;strong&gt;without consulting your doctor&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As i know yes we have few OTC Antifungals but it differs from a country to another.&lt;/strong&gt; check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2012/may2012/combating-fungal-skin-infections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information checkout &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604021.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-61279/antifungal-cream-topical/details/list-conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Webmd&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="2616" LastEditDate="2016-07-22T13:08:39.370" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T13:08:39.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T05:01:17.777" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to have cataract surgery and I have some options (indirectly) of where the surgery will be performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on my medical coverage, I actually have a choice of a few doctors, and each doctor is affiliated with particular hospitals, so when I choose the doctor, I will indirectly choose which hospitals the surgery will be performed at (in theory).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as surgeries go, and even surgeries related to vision, cataract surgery is probably an a fairly low level of complexity, and most any modern hospital that performs vision surgeries, would likely be equipped to handle such a surgery. But, I am more concerned about their ability to handle any complications that might arise during the surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &quot;how advanced a hospital is&quot;, I'm talking relative to the equipment the hospital has available, and the training and experience of the staff, for a specific surgical procedure, and the ability to handle any possible or likely complications related to that surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for a particular hospital (and even a particular doctor), how can I find out if they are suitable for the procedure? (I suppose it mostly relates to qualifications, reputation, and experience).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could ask the doctor or the hospital, but I assume their opinions would be biased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5282" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T18:19:11.127" Title="How to find out how advanced a hospital is for a specific speciality" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T05:43:04.823" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Runners in particular are sometimes at an elevated risk for iron deficiency / anemia. What are some of the other most common nutritional deficiencies for runners / athletes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5272" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T12:58:03.357" Title="Most common nutrient deficiencies for athletes (runners)" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T06:08:41.977" Score="1" ViewCount="437" Body="&lt;p&gt;so yesterday my finger got pinch-crushed by a door (a small part of the finger got jammed into a door when it closed but not the full finger so it was like a pinch but more painful). the result is what my mum said was a blister. it did go a bit purple but that's gone now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when i used a pin to drain it because it felt weird when i typed (because of where it is on the finger is bring press on a key or 2). this morning it's filled again. when i first drained it i thought it was puss but the liquid was clear and when i had an infected finger before i had to keep squeezing the puss out of it as directed by my doctor and the pus wasn't clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so i am wondering what this clear liquid is and what it is used for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="461" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T05:27:37.513" Title="What is the clear liquid that builds up inside a blister?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T06:38:23.233" Score="3" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;Erection problems happen mostly with men.  What causes it and what is happening in the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5284" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T06:41:06.560" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T15:02:29.890" Title="How to get rid of erectile dysfunction?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7499" CreationDate="2016-07-22T09:09:00.867" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before going directly into the topic, firstly, it is necessary to comprehend the mechanism of erection, because small fault due to different factors in the mechanism gives rise to its dysfunction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An erection is a complex process. It involves the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, psychological and psychological factors, local factors with the erection bodies or the penis itself, as well as hormonal and vascular components.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When stimuli relating to sex are generated from different sources like touch, smell, visual,etc,they travel from the brain to the nerve centers at the base of the spine, where primary nerve fibers connect to the penis and regulate blood flow during erections and afterward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sexual stimulation causes the release of chemicals from the nerve endings in the penis that trigger a series of events that ultimately cause muscle relaxation in the erection bodies of the penis. The smooth muscle in the erection bodies controls the flow of blood into the penis. When the smooth muscle relaxes, the blood flow dramatically increases, and the erection bodies become full and rigid, resulting in an erection. Venous drainage channels are compressed and close off as the erection bodies enlarge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So disruption in the any steps of the mechanism is responsible for erection dysfunction.&#xA;The causes of erection dysfunction can be broadly classified as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.Psychological (mental) factors&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.Physical factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psychological factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relationship problems due to stress, poor communication or other concerns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;feeling nervous about or self-conscious about sex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Physical factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clogged blood vessels (atherosclerosis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High cholesterol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Metabolic syndrome — a condition involving increased blood pressure, high insulin levels, body fat around the waist and high cholesterol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parkinson's disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple sclerosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peyronie's disease — development of scar tissue inside the penis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain prescription medications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tobacco use&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep disorders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatments for prostate cancer or enlarged prostate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Surgeries or injuries that affect the pelvic area or spinal cord&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hormonal factors&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low level of testosterone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High level of prolactin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/causes_of_erectile_dysfunction/article_em.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/causes_of_erectile_dysfunction/article_em.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5702.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5702.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/basics/causes/con-20034244&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/basics/causes/con-20034244&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urologicalcare.com/erectile-dysfunction/ed-common-causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.urologicalcare.com/erectile-dysfunction/ed-common-causes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/erectile-dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/erectile-dysfunction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-12T15:02:29.890" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T15:02:29.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="7504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7505" CreationDate="2016-07-22T09:17:25.867" Score="0" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started to notice that the gums around some of my teeth start to retract. Fortunately, this does not give me any discomforts and nothing looks like inflammation. But I suppose that ≈ 0.3mm - 0.5mm of exposed tooth isn't normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can brushing my teeth to hard cause my gums to retract? Some info about me and my habits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I use a regular toothbrush. Not electric&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I often notice I'm brushing quite harsh and often have to pace myself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Never had any dental problems in my life (I'm 24)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The affected teeth are all on the 'corners'. I'm not a native English speaker so I hope you understand what I mean by this&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I smoke but never, apart from messing up my lungs, had any related health issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3446" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:25:42.427" Title="Can brushing teeth to hard cause the gums to retract?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-03-21T16:00:10.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7504" CreationDate="2016-07-22T11:07:52.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, according to the article bellow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But too much brushing, with bad technique, can cause other problems. &quot;People think if they brush hard and thoroughly they are doing a good job, but you can wear away your gums and tooth surface. People think receding gums are a sign of gum disease, but it's often a sign of too much scrubbing.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5288" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:07:52.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7504" CreationDate="2016-07-22T11:25:42.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bursh your teeth daily 3 times, but gently. For the front use up to down, from down to up motion, not left to right motion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you should use daily mouth wash liquide which kills the bacteria too and keeps your mouth very fresh&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not eat hard food, when you become older you will lose your teeth early, eat always soft foods, fruits and avoid hard foot, sweets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5289" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:25:42.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7497" CreationDate="2016-07-22T11:31:32.437" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to keep using protein (which is egg white), you need to keep your diet into fruit not fast foods (pizza). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some supplements which you can take to have balanced health, which you daily not inserting into your health system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5289" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:31:32.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T11:49:16.890" Score="3" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does caffeine reduce the effects of weight lifting on mass gaining by activating metabolism, either for every individual or more specifically for ectomorphs who already have fast fat burning mechanisms ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5290" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:35:32.490" Title="Does caffeine reduce mass gaining by accelerating metabolism?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7482" CreationDate="2016-07-22T11:57:36.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Check with doctor first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - i think you have spin or disk hernia near L5-S1 or so&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - is your posture poor or stable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 - if you sneeze (simulate real sneeze) does the pain triggers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink lot of water if the pain is like you explained from belly to pelvic muscle &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5289" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T11:57:36.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7452" CreationDate="2016-07-22T12:15:54.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Train your Brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;its not the supplement in the market which will boost your memory application, althgough you can take Omega supplements which is good for brain stuff and heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5289" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T12:15:54.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T12:55:14.057" Score="10" ViewCount="471" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the chances of getting sexual transmitted diseases (and which) given that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heterosexual sex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Male partner used condom (properly)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The condom was NOT damaged during the act &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5292" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T20:31:11.080" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T14:37:02.830" Title="Chance of getting sexual transmitted diseases" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;condom&gt;&lt;proper-use&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7561" CreationDate="2016-07-22T16:23:08.110" Score="1" ViewCount="4658" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife and I were exposed to poison ivy last Saturday (7/16). I have more rashes that her but she has this rash that keeps expanding, picture below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The small oval with the dark spots showed up immediately. By Tuesday the itch had began. Each day the big red circle has been gotten larger. At first the dark spots were black and looked like black-spot poison ivy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this be a spider bite or a bad case of poison ivy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/FLgmY9al.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;a busy cat&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5295" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T00:30:57.297" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T00:30:57.297" Title="Poison Ivy or Spider Bite?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;spider-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-09-07T15:24:51.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7470" CreationDate="2016-07-22T16:48:26.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Precisely because developed countries have better air quality, nutrition, sanitation, healthcare, etc. life expectancy is higher and cancer is more likely in these countries. &#xA;This is because cancer is caused by mutations in DNA which accumulate over time. &#xA;Since life expectancy in general is higher in developed countries, there is more time for mutations to accumulate and for cancer to develop in these people. &#xA;Less developed countries have lower life expectancy, which means diseases and issues which developed countries have solved or are able to successfully deal with kill large enough portions of populations in undeveloped countries before mutations in DNA can accumulate in these people.&#xA;For this reason, cancer is often referred to as the problem -- in large part -- of the developed world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4966" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T16:48:26.923" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3709" CreationDate="2016-07-22T21:23:34.350" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some resources and books you can use but before that check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt; ,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radiologyeducation.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;radiologyeducation.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;virginia.edu&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emory.edu/X-RAYS/Guide/ICQF.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;emory.edu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sprawls.org/ppmi2/IMGCHAR/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sprawls.org&lt;/a&gt; i think they can pretty much give you the information you want.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For fundamental information and physic of radiography ( which i think is the answer to your question) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1401871941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and a Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0781785693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Review of Radiologic Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Essential-Physics-Medical-Imaging/dp/0781780578&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521519152&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fundamentals of Medical Imaging&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1439058725&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Principles Radiographic Imaging Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461409441&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radiology Fundamentals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1608311937&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Radiobiology for the Radiologist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For MRI i recommend :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/MRI-Practice-Catherine-Westbrook/dp/1444337432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MRI in Practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For PET scan :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1441908048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Basics of PET Imaging: Physics, Chemistry, and Regulations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CT scan :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0781777518&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Computed Tomography for Technologists&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1904798810&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Step by Step Ct Scan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1416000305&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fundamentals of Body Ct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need other sources you can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bookdepository.com/category/1384/Medical-Imaging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;bookdepository&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.co.uk/lm/R2HHXT9A0744MB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;amazon&lt;/a&gt; I hope that i helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastActivityDate="2016-07-22T21:23:34.350" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-22T22:58:23.623" Score="2" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Baby Aspirin&lt;/strong&gt; (ASA 81 mg) commonly prescribes as a cardiovascular protective agent because of its &lt;strong&gt;unique antiplatelet effect&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;NSAID-NSAID interaction is a famous well known interaction&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-21688/baby-aspirin-oral/details/list-interaction-medication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/tc/low-dose-aspirin-therapy-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/drug/zorprin-bayer-buffered-aspirin-343279#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is in a patient with &lt;strong&gt;risk of cardiovascular disease&lt;/strong&gt; and another &lt;strong&gt;disease like arthritis&lt;/strong&gt; (which patient needs NSAIDs everyday for the pain) which is a common situation in senior patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;based on studies/guidelines &lt;strong&gt;is it right and safe to prescribe this combination (NSAID like diclofenac + baby Aspirin) specially with the knowledge that this combination gonna be used for a long time?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if it is what is the best nsaid choice for this situation and how should they be taken (in different hour/ dosage adjustment)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2616" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:59:44.940" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:59:44.940" Title="Baby aspirin interaction with other NSAIDs" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-23T11:35:10.480" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;DICOM files (e.g. from CT scans) contain raditation related data. I think &lt;a href=&quot;http://dicom.nema.org/medical/dicom/current/output/chtml/part03/sect_C.8.7.2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is the relevant section in the standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an excerpt from such a DICOM file:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;(0018, 0022) Scan Options                        CS: 'HELICAL MODE'&#xA;(0018, 0050) Slice Thickness                     DS: '0.2871089876'&#xA;(0018, 0060) KVP                                 DS: '120'&#xA;(0018, 0090) Data Collection Diameter            DS: '500.000000'&#xA;(0018, 1016) Secondary Capture Device Manufactur LO: 'GE MEDICAL SYSTEMS'&#xA;(0018, 1018) Secondary Capture Device Manufactur LO: 'Volume Viewer'&#xA;(0018, 1019) Secondary Capture Device Software V LO: '10.5.10'&#xA;(0018, 1020) Software Version(s)                 LO: 'kl_dod.10'&#xA;(0018, 1030) Protocol Name                       LO: '4.2 Ellenbogen**'&#xA;(0018, 1110) Distance Source to Detector         DS: '949.075000'&#xA;(0018, 1111) Distance Source to Patient          DS: '541.000000'&#xA;(0018, 1130) Table Height                        DS: '65.500000'&#xA;(0018, 1140) Rotation Direction                  CS: 'CW'&#xA;(0018, 1150) Exposure Time                       IS: '1980'&#xA;(0018, 1151) X-Ray Tube Current                  IS: '120'&#xA;(0018, 1152) Exposure                            IS: '13'&#xA;(0018, 1160) Filter Type                         SH: 'BODY FILTER'&#xA;(0018, 1170) Generator Power                     IS: '14400'&#xA;(0018, 1190) Focal Spot(s)                       DS: '0.700000'&#xA;(0018, 1210) Convolution Kernel                  SH: 'BONEPLUS'&#xA;(0018, 5100) Patient Position                    CS: 'FFP'&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to derive the radiation exposure (in Sievert) from these parameters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5300" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T01:07:59.997" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T07:03:15.327" Title="Derive radiation exposure from DICOM files" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-23T12:22:10.133" Score="1" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider A is a person, is there any possibility to find if he is awake or asleep?, Maybe the lines on the finger be compressed or the blood flow might be low while sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5301" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T13:03:32.257" Title="Is it possible to tell if a person is awake or sleeping by capturing his finger print at that moment?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7531" CreationDate="2016-07-23T13:03:32.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fingerprint of a person doesn't change when they're asleep, but their heart rate and breathing slows. It is also possible to determine whether they are asleep or not by monitoring activity in their brain and muscles or watching their eyes. If they are in a REM (rapid eye movement) phase their eyes will move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5143" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T13:03:32.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-23T20:51:03.357" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always hated wearing my glasses. I find them cumbersome, reduce visibility since most of the time they're smudged, they tend to fall off with certain movements (like hugging your dog), etc... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering whether there are any negative side effects to wearing dailies for work and when venturing outside the house. I currently use DAILIES TOTAL1 but only wear them during the weekends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5303" LastEditorUserId="5303" LastEditDate="2016-07-24T09:29:30.263" LastActivityDate="2016-07-24T09:29:30.263" Title="The effect of Wearing Contact Lenses during Working hours" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8882" CreationDate="2016-07-23T21:52:56.933" Score="4" ViewCount="673" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about resuscitation, and found several suggestions that people don't continue breathing after effective heart function stops because the diaphragm quickly runs out of oxygen.  Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As best I can tell, current conventions are to continue to attempt resuscitation so long as brain stem cells are likely to stay alive, which, at normal body temperature, seems to be somewhere around 5 minutes after loss of pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But while the brain stem is alive, does the respiration center not continue to (try to) breathe?  If so, does the diaphragm really use all of its blood's reserve oxygen in just a few breaths, and simply not have energy to breathe?  If not, is there some other effect that impairs breathing when the heart is not pumping effectively?  I &lt;em&gt;suspect&lt;/em&gt; it's the latter, since otherwise CPR would never include respiration, and effective CPR would be evidenced by the subject's breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T19:19:57.127" Title="Why does breathing stop during cardiac arrest?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-07-23T22:27:58.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good sources are review articles published in peer reviewed journals such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;. To apply whatever information you get from there to your own diet, you need to know the content of nutrients in your food. You can obtained detailed information from &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt;. Protein content is given in terms of all the amino acids, fats in terms all the different types of fatty acids molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-07-23T22:27:58.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7537" CreationDate="2016-07-24T06:46:12.853" Score="3" ViewCount="4573" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lamisil Once (terbinafine film-forming solution) is an over-the-counter antifungal medication. It's sold only in certain countries, such as Britain and Australia. You apply it once. It starts working right away. Then you wait a few weeks for it to finish working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maker, Novartis, advertises it as a treatment for athlete's foot. But the company &lt;a href=&quot;http://lamisil.com.au/product-oncefilm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt; that it &quot;is only recommended for the treatment of athlete's foot (tinea between the toes)&quot;. For jock itch (tinea cruris) or ringworm (tinea corporis / tinea capitis / tinea manuum), Novartis recommends that you choose a different product (such as ordinary Lamisil cream) instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does Novartis recommend that sufferers of jock itch and ringworm choose a less-convenient product?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-17T01:17:21.890" LastActivityDate="2017-02-17T01:17:21.890" Title="Why is Lamisil Once (terbinafine film-forming solution) marketed for athlete's foot, but not for jock itch or ringworm?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;&lt;jock-itch-tinea-cruris&gt;&lt;ringworm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7536" CreationDate="2016-07-24T06:46:12.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After you apply Lamisil Once, it forms a medicated film. If you're careful, the film can remain on your skin for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17559730&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;up to 72 hours&lt;/a&gt;. This will help to make sure that the optimal amount of medication will make its way into your skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Novartis &lt;a href=&quot;http://lamisil.com.au/product-oncefilm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;advise&lt;/a&gt; their customers:  &quot;It is recommended to apply Lamisil Once after a shower or bath, and then wait 24 hours before washing your feet again. Keep the affected area clean by washing it regularly after the first 24 hours. Dry the skin thoroughly, but &lt;strong&gt;be careful not to rub the skin&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot; (Emphasis mine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On its website, Kiwi Drug elaborates: &quot;After 24 hours, showering may resume, but the application site ... should be gently patted dry, not rubbed, as doing so will remove the film. ... With these considerations in mind it's easy to see how Lamisil Once may not be the best choice for treatment in some areas, such as the groin or armpits, that tend to ... rub against skin or clothing.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on all this, it seems to me that Lamisil Once might fail miserably if used for jock itch or ringworm. If you want to maximize your chances of success, it's probably wiser to choose a different product instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2016-07-24T07:23:13.760" LastActivityDate="2016-07-24T07:23:13.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7548" CreationDate="2016-07-24T14:21:21.707" Score="4" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine this situation: A woman is pregnant with a baby in the 8th month and the doctors notice the pregnancy is affecting the health of the woman - so there has to be an abortion, for it is sure that the baby will die in the birth process (so you don't have a chance to save the baby)&#xA;Which method of abortion can be used in this case and how exactly will the surgery be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5308" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:58:33.780" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:58:33.780" Title="How does a late term abortion work?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-24T17:03:38.303" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are those who say that consuming food cooked with olive oil (in which olive oil is exposed to high heat) takes away the health benefits or even is detrimental to the health.&#xA;What is the evidence for this claim (if any)? Is there evidence of the opposite? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4966" LastActivityDate="2016-07-24T17:03:38.303" Title="What is the evidence for the health effects of frying with olive oil" Tags="&lt;oil&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-24T20:29:04.483" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had nasal blockage for 10+ years. One nasal would be completely blocked up and the other open and vise versa. It's not allergies, cold/flu as I've tried any and all medications. Recently it has taken a toll where I would just feel like I ran a marathon. I would be out of breath, fatigued, and almost about to pass out! I think it might have to do with this nasal blockage but I'm not sure if lack of oxygen is linked to these symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T07:11:28.833" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T07:11:28.833" Title="Can nasal congestion cause fatigue..?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7547" CreationDate="2016-07-24T20:37:37.760" Score="3" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I visited a doctor who suggested that it is possible for UTI causing bacteria (E coli among others) to climb-up (so to speak) the urine stream, from a dirty urinal for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to ascertain if this is possible. To me it is just unbelievable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5310" LastEditorUserId="5310" LastEditDate="2016-07-24T20:51:35.860" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T06:42:44.453" Title="UTI bacteria climbing up urine stream!" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-07-25T01:15:56.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/basics/nutrition-basics/hlv-20049477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; website is a great source of reliable information and a place to start. If you want to dig deeper, NIH website as someone pointed out has many comprehensive resources. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for the Office of Dietary Supplements, for example. It's not just supplements btw, but info on e.g. how much of a given vitamin or mineral like iron a person needs given their background and which foods contain in (and how much per serving).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="179" LastActivityDate="2016-07-25T01:15:56.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7543" CreationDate="2016-07-25T12:00:08.900" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Credit to: No Such Thing As A Fish Podcast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one of the latest podcasts Harkin descries that with the Mate Tea (a very fine particulate tea) you can get upstream movement of particulates. &quot;The tea leaves climb back into the kettle&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This references: &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.2585&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://arxiv.org/abs/1105.2585&lt;/a&gt; S. Bianchini, A. Lage-castellanos, E. Altshuler (Submitted on 12 May 2011)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The phenomenon was ﬁrst observed during the preparation of the typical&#xA;  Argentinian drink, mate, when hot water was poured, from a pot, on a&#xA;  water surface “contaminated” with ﬂoating mate particles (each&#xA;  particle is like a grass leave of an average area near 0.5mm^2 &lt;strong&gt;If the&#xA;  column of falling water was short enough (say, under 1cm-height),&#xA;  particles of mate were observed to “swim up the stream”, actually&#xA;  reaching the originally “uncontaminated” water pot&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study continues: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For distances of the order of 1 cm or less, some of the ﬂoating&#xA;  particles eventually start to “climb up the stream”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you were peeing 1cm away from the urinal, it's not possible for it to climb your pee stream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Your doctor might have been referring to &quot;witches kiss&quot; where your todger touched the ceramic of the bowl while sitting down)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-07-25T12:00:08.900" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7540" CreationDate="2016-07-25T12:20:07.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;8th Month is ~ 32 Weeks, pregnancy is usually ~40 weeks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction-aspiration or vacuum aspiration are the most common surgical methods of induced abortion. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/hw/womens_conditions/tw1078.asp#tw1112&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Healthwise, 2004&lt;/a&gt;) Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of removing the fetus or embryo, placenta, and membranes by suction using a manual syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) uses an electric pump. These techniques differ in the mechanism used to apply suction, in how early in pregnancy they can be used, and in whether cervical dilation is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the 15th week of gestation until approximately the 26th, other techniques must be used. Dilation and evacuation (D&amp;amp;E) consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction. After the 16th week of gestation, abortions can also be induced by intact dilation and extraction (IDX) (also called intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires surgical decompression of the fetus's head before evacuation. IDX is sometimes called &quot;partial-birth abortion&quot;, which has been federally banned in the United States. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion#Methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the third trimester of pregnancy, induced abortion may be performed surgically by intact dilation and extraction or by hysterotomy. Hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section and is performed under general anesthesia. It requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during later stages of pregnancy.&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553899/Abortion.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;McGee, Glenn; Jon F. Merz, 2009&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In places lacking the necessary medical skill for dilation and extraction, or where preferred by practitioners, an abortion can be induced by first inducing labor and then inducing fetal demise if necessary (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Labor%20Induction%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy/item/443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Borgatta, L, 2014&lt;/a&gt;). This is sometimes called &quot;induced miscarriage&quot;. This procedure may be performed from &lt;strong&gt;13 weeks gestation to the third trimester&lt;/strong&gt;. Although it is very uncommon in the United States, more than 80% of induced abortions throughout the second trimester are labor induced abortions in Sweden and other nearby countries (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(11)00057-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Society of Family Planning, 2011&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only limited data are available comparing this method with dilation and extraction(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(11)00057-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Society of Family Planning, 2011&lt;/a&gt;). Unlike D&amp;amp;E, labor induced abortions after 18 weeks may be complicated by the occurrence of brief fetal survival, which may be legally characterized as live birth. For this reason, labor induced abortion is legally risky in the U.S.(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(11)00057-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Society of Family Planning, 2011&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, unless there are severe medical complications, an induced birth will be the option because at 32 weeks there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spensershope.org/chances_for_survival.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&gt;95% chance&lt;/a&gt; it will live. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion#Methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-07-25T12:20:07.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7498" CreationDate="2016-07-25T14:47:50.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this what you mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jebN4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jebN4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Blister&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, then yes, it is a blister. Wikipedia entry on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blister&lt;/a&gt; explains what it is. The clear liquid is blood plasma. It is there to prevent further damage to the tissue and cells, which in your case is the pinch-crushing door. Quoting Wikipedia,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This plasma solution helps new cells divide and grow into new connective tissues and epidermal layers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clear fluid will be reabsorbed as new cells develop and the swollen appearance will subside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you should not take the liquid out. Just leave it be and it will subside in a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5316" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T05:27:37.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-25T16:09:17.693" Score="2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard/read conflicting information on underwear and sperm count for men. My girlfriend and I are trying to get pregnant. I often go without underwear since I find that to be the most comfortable but I don't know if this is ideal for sperm count. I've also heard that underwear that is too tight can also be less than ideal. So what is the latest thinking on underwear for men for a high(er) sperm count?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:29:28.103" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:29:28.103" Title="What is the latest evidence on underwear affecting sperm count?" Tags="&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;sperm-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-26T06:17:49.967" Score="9" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had different insurance providers over the years and gone to different GPs, specialists, urgent care centers, and ERs in different cities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there one place I can go or one number I can call to get a complete copy of my medical records? Do I need to remember and call all of the providers individually? How does the hospital obtain your medical records for reference when you go into the ER?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's no easy way to track down a complete medical history, is there a service that will do it for me for a fee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5322" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T08:27:05.070" Title="How can I access my medical records in the United States?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-26T08:51:56.640" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do healthcare providers find the right &quot;Type of Service&quot; code(s) for Coverage inquiries/Claims?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I gather, in order to get an accurate answer for Coverage inquiries and Claim submission one needs to come up with the right Type of Service code(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in this in the context of EDI/X12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5323" LastEditorUserId="5323" LastEditDate="2016-07-26T09:05:10.780" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T15:00:45.497" Title="Finding &quot;Type of Service&quot; code(s) for specific procedures/CPT codes" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7567" CreationDate="2016-07-26T09:42:20.860" Score="3" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;When teeth become sensitive I suppose it's because of enamel wearing away. Isn't this permanent? If so, then how come sensitive teeth eventually 'heal'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5324" LastEditorUserId="5327" LastEditDate="2016-07-27T16:48:13.553" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T16:48:13.553" Title="How does sensitivity on teeth heal?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7522" CreationDate="2016-07-26T13:22:09.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doc-In-Box diagnosed as Cellulitis from poison ivy and gave steroid shot and antibiotics prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5295" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T13:22:09.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1961" CreationDate="2016-07-26T20:01:10.910" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have wondered the same thing for a long time. As the person above stated the ingredients list is in order of quantity. So the first ingredient is water (which is a good sign) and then next is (Less than 1% of: *insert ingredients). Sucralose comes even after this. So I would say it is a very small amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5328" LastActivityDate="2016-07-26T20:01:10.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-26T20:17:23.410" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for a woman's vagina to get accustomed to have sexual intercourse (meaning no pain and no blood)? Is it normal to continue seeing blood during intercourse after the first time for the few weeks that follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5329" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T01:52:10.437" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T18:49:18.293" Title="Is it normal for a lady to experience blood after intercourse a month after her hymen was broken?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;&lt;sexual-penetration&gt;&lt;hymen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-27T02:40:14.957" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got back from an ENT specialist yesterday due my nose always being blocked up. I've tried everything from patches, prescription bills, nasal sprays and nothing seemed to help! He prescribed me a different nasal spray and again, was not effective. He did say my septum was deviated to the left. How effective is this surgery at fixing nose blockage? Is it minimally invasive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:46:08.583" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T23:50:04.277" Title="How effective is deviated septum surgical procedure?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;deviated-nasal-septum&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7558" CreationDate="2016-07-27T03:13:32.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What Causes Sensitive Teeth? - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/tooth-sensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebmD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things that cause this usually break down your teeth so that other things reach your pulp or tooth root which cause pain when touched. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dental cleaning&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooth Grinding &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooth Decay &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Age &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooth whitening products, etc&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is wear, as explained here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You get it when your gums pull back and expose the surface beneath,&#xA;  called the dentin. This soft layer has thousands of tiny tubes that&#xA;  lead to the tooth's nerve center (the pulp). They allow the hot, cold,&#xA;  or sweet food to reach the nerve in your tooth, which kicks off your&#xA;  pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the above is just one scenario of how it can happen, the way your nerve reacts is not specific to that. Tooth sensitivity can be stopped by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/sensitive-teeth/faq-20057854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;several methods&lt;/a&gt; depending on circumstance. Flouride can be used to help build the enamel of the tooth back, root canals can be used to eliminate problems in your root canal and are one of the most successful treatments for this. Also, there are grafts which cover the exposed root canal desensitizing root canal by applying resins. Using desensitizing toothpastes also help and preventing further wear of enamel is always on the treatment plan. The reason why sensitive teeth can get better is because the root canal is exposed and recovering enamel or desensitizing the nerve fixes the problem or makes it less sensitive to pain.&#xA;While in this answer I may have used different terminology the word pulp, root canal and root are referring to the nerve in your teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T03:13:32.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7564" CreationDate="2016-07-27T03:15:21.473" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it is not normal. She should have an examination. The usual cause of this is a friable (bleeds easily) cervix. It is not dangerous, but needs to be evaluated. I am a gynecologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cervix is infected, it may bleed even with gentle intercourse. An examination would find any worrisome areas on not only the cervix but anywhere else in the vagina or labia. This could be as simple as a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_ectropion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;benign exposure of fragile tissue on the cervix&lt;/a&gt;, to a benign cervical polyp, to vaginal cancer even though that is rare in a young woman&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5332" LastEditorUserId="944" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T18:49:18.293" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T18:49:18.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1771" CreationDate="2016-07-27T18:14:44.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone-anchored_hearing_aid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA)&lt;/a&gt; do not require having anything in the ear. Rather, they are placed behind the ear and work based on bone conduction. Commercially available BAHAs are both expensive and typically require surgery (outpatient procedure with local anesthesia), but they can be used without surgery. For example, at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hearing/hearing_aids/baha.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;John Hopkins&lt;/a&gt; they let you test one out with a headband during your appointment. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oticonmedical.com/Medical/YourTreatment/The%20treatment%20process/Softband%20solution.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Oticon&lt;/a&gt; sells a headband to be used with a BAHA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T18:14:44.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5929" CreationDate="2016-07-27T18:22:09.167" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Headphones are just a &quot;small&quot; speaker that is close to your ear. In terms of acoustics, it doesn't mater if a sound is generated by headphones, a speaker, or someone talking/yelling/singing/banging pots. What does matter is how loud the sound is, the frequency content, and the duration you listen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason to stop using headphones. In fact, hearing aids are just fancy headphones. There is some evidence that you should limit your exposure to loud and prolonged sounds, but that is a different question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T18:22:09.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7428" CreationDate="2016-07-27T18:34:30.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The frequency response of a headphone is one of the biggest selling points with a wider and flatter response being &quot;better&quot;. Ultrasound is typically defined as sounds above 20 kHz. The high end &lt;a href=&quot;http://en-us.sennheiser.com/high-resolution-headphones-3d-audio-hd-800-s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sennheiser HD 800 S&lt;/a&gt; headphones have a flat frequency response out to 51 kHz. Even more reasonably priced headphones can still produce ultra sound (e.g., the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en-us.sennheiser.com/on-ear-dj-headphone-hd25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Sennheiser HD 25&lt;/a&gt; can produce frequencies up to 22 kHz).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T18:34:30.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="312" CreationDate="2016-07-27T19:07:17.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this is really not known. The field of audiology now talks about &quot;hidden hearing loss&quot;. This is hearing loss than does not show up in clinical tests. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/45/14077.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kujawa and Liberman (2009)&lt;/a&gt; found in animal models that sound exposure that has only a temporary affect on the ability of the animal to detect quick sounds, can do permanent damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/ear-hearing/Abstract/2012/11000/Digital_Music_Exposure_Reliably_Induces_Temporary.10.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Le Prell et al.&lt;/a&gt; looked at this in humans. These are difficult studies to do since you do not want to harm otherwise healthy research subjects. She had subjects listen to music at 94, 99, and 101 dB A for 4 hours. For the 94 dB A group, there was no statistically reliable effects on hearing 15 minutes after stopping the music (ask quick as they could measure anything). For 101 dB A, the effect lasted over a day, but less than a week. It is thought that the 101-dB A 4-hr exposure is safe, but know one really knows yet. Further, the effect of repeated exposures (either before or after recovery) is not known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is known is that there is no way to reverse hearing loss. There is no pill you can take. While hearing aids do restore some level of hearing, you should take care of your ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T19:07:17.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1434" CreationDate="2016-07-27T19:28:57.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Otitis media with effusion (OME) is most common in young children (under 2) making studying the effects on hearing difficult. While &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/newbornhearing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;newborn hearing screening&lt;/a&gt; is common, it does not provide a full audiogram. Collecting an audiogram a a child who does not speak or understand direction and has limited attention is hard. Collecting an audiogram on a sick child is even harder. With a some serious caveat regarding sample size, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163638397900308&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Werner and Ward (1997)&lt;/a&gt; provide the best study on this that I am aware of. They conclude that the effect of OME is 15-30 dB (while the child is sick).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-07-27T19:28:57.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8795" CreationDate="2016-07-28T00:28:40.227" Score="0" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm on my second application of Debrox, which says &quot;Ask a doctor before use if you have a perforation (hole) of the eardrum&quot;.  But I just now made the association, that I believe I had tubes in my ears as a child... is that a perforation of the eardrum?  Am I not supposed to use this?  If not, what could happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far the stuff hasn't been effective and right now my hearing is really blocked...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5338" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T14:03:27.673" Title="Effect of Debrox with tubes in ears as a child?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-28T07:37:52.910" Score="4" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to the dentist a couple of years ago for a diagnosis of my jaw clicking. He told me it was TMJ joint disorder and said that my jaw was misalligned and needed to be corrected. he showed me a mirror and showed how the two teeth on the top were fractionally misalligned with the gap of the bottom two teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;now he told me to lift my arm. I did, and he was easily able to push my arm down. He told me my misaligned jaw meant that my muscles were off centre and therefore weak. He then moved my jaw until the top and bottom teeth were centered and made me bite onto a popsicle stick. Now he told me to put my arm out and when he tried to push it down he said he couldn't because i am much stronger now. He prescribed me a $2000 AUD pair of braces that i can put on and off, which will fix my TMJ. He said it could take a few months, he said it could take a few years, but it will eventually be cured. Back then i was still a kid living with my mum and I told her the TMJ joint disorder made my jaws lock when i opened my mouth and i couldn't eat so she ended up buying it for me. I wore it for about a week and it just felt like it was making things worse. so i stopped wearing it and after about 3 days it got better. 3 months after that i went to the dentist again who said i got much better. I didn't tell him that i stopped wearing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason im bringing this up is because i saw the &quot;put your arm out and resist me pushing your arm down&quot; thing done by this energy stone seller on TV. It seemed like a con artist gig. Also, my tmj has been acting up again 3 days ago. do misalligned jaws really weaken you by so much? are jaw correction braces the best way to fix TMJ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5339" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T20:40:04.490" Title="Did my dentist lie to me?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-10-26T21:51:08.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="312" CreationDate="2016-07-28T10:31:26.427" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple answer is, standard says safe exposure of lodness of 85dBSPL is 8 hours. Now the question is how will you measure how loud is safe. While listening with earphone, ask someone to speak to you. If you can't hear them, turn volume down until you can hear them and that's your safety zone. Enjoy your music.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5343" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T10:31:26.427" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1921" CreationDate="2016-07-28T11:40:12.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popsugar.com/fitness/Can-Prolonged-Earplug-Use-Cause-Damage-Ears-8872394&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one site&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;studies show that long-term use of foam earplugs can cause earwax to build up or become impacted. Earplugs block the outward flow of earwax that our bodies naturally produce in order to self-clean the ears. Foam plugs are often pushed in too far, which can also pack the wax deep inside your ear canal, and possibly against the eardrum. You'll end up with constant ringing of the ears (tinnitus), pain, or hearing loss. What's more — not to gross you out — bacteria thrive on warm, moist, foam earplugs, and since they can't be thoroughly cleaned, people often end up with ear infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using store-bought foam earplugs that don't fit your ear perfectly can also irritate the skin, another cause of infection, so if you only use them every so often, it's best to invest in a custom-molded pair. These will fit your ears like a glove, and reduce the risk of being pushed in too far. They're also easier to keep clean, so your risk of infection is greatly reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T11:40:12.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-28T13:53:23.447" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the health implications of using bean bag chairs regularly for multiple hours a day (such as when working in one of them with a laptop)? Can bean bag chairs be considered ergonomic under these circumstances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has research regarding this issue been done? I tried to find material in this direction but all I could come up with was advertising and anecdotic claims.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5s1lt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5s1lt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5348" LastEditorUserId="5348" LastEditDate="2016-07-28T14:48:49.790" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T14:48:49.790" Title="Health implications of bean bag chairs" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-28T14:04:02.990" Score="1" ViewCount="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a person carrying the gene responsible of developing the Steinert syndrome start suffering it passed his/her thirties? What are the chances of developing the syndrome if a person carries that gene?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt;: I'd be grateful if you could upvote this question to gain reputation enough for creating these tags: &lt;strong&gt;dystrophy&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;myotonic-distrophy&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;steinert-syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5349" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:24:23.037" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T06:24:23.037" Title="Can Steinert syndrome be developed passed the thirties?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;muscular-dystrophy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7551" CreationDate="2016-07-28T17:42:32.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/sperm-and-semen-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD.com&lt;/a&gt; has some insight into this, and based on their report wearing loose light underwear wouldn't have as much effect on your sperm count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep your scrotum cool, because heat slows down the making of sperm.&#xA;  To do this, avoid hot baths, wear boxers instead of briefs, and try&#xA;  not to wear tight pants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/basics/causes/CON-20033441&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mayoclinic. com&lt;/a&gt; agrees with the above statements, but also state that studies are limited and inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Elevated temperatures impair sperm production and function. Although&#xA;  studies are limited and are inconclusive, frequent use of saunas or&#xA;  hot tubs might temporarily impair sperm count.&#xA;  Sitting for long periods, wearing tight clothing or working on a&#xA;  laptop computer for long stretches of time also might increase the&#xA;  temperature in your scrotum and slightly reduce sperm production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly what you read and reputable it is, but all the sites I am listing from are mostly good references. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also this study from 1990 that somewhat supports the above belief: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fit of underwear and male spermatogenesis: a pilot investigation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And another article from WebMD: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/boxers-vs-briefs-increasing-sperm-count&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Boxers vs. Briefs: Increasing Sperm Count&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;also agrees with the above content. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7558376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T17:42:32.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-27T19:07:01.860" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: I asked this question on the Skeptics exchange and was redirected here. Also note, I was informed that it may have been a duplicate on the Skeptics forum, but I was subsequently linked to a post regarding overall health benefits (or lack thereof) of feeding frequency - not strictly metabolism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I've lived a sedentary lifestyle these past few years (ahem, whole life), and developed a bit of a spare tire around my midsection. There are several people at work who live very active, healthy lifestyles, and I have decided that I want to be more like them, and less like my current status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've received a lot of good-natured, helpful advice from them, and the overwhelming majority of it, I've been able to research on Google Scholar or my university's online library to corroborate as being factual or scientifically plausible. To the best of my knowledge and research, their advice has been generally very good and scientifically sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one thing they keep suggesting I do to help boost my metabolism: eat numerous (snack every 2-3 hours) small meals a day rather than a traditional 3-meal breakfast, lunch and dinner. For a variety of reasons, this does not personally suit me, and quite frankly, the reasons I've been given as to why this happens don't seem to line up with what little research I have seen on the topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all things being equal other than the frequency of feeding, does the frequency of feeding (numerous small meals as opposed to three regular meals) provide a metabolic boost over another?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that I am specifically asking about the effect each method has on metabolic rates, although any related information as to overall benefits or disadvantages to either dietary method are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5353" OwnerDisplayName="FrancisHoneywellCollins3" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T10:05:06.570" Title="Does Higher Eating Frequency Increase Metabolism?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7588" CreationDate="2016-07-28T20:08:12.773" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So at first: Why is eating frequently (with 2-3 hour pauses) better than eating 3 times a day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating 3 times a day will clearly give you the &quot;Jojo-Effect&quot; which causes getting much fat back in a short period of time, after eating a lot of &quot;unhealthy&quot; or much foot. So the method with eating frequently will last longer because you won't get cravings (or not that much) and there is no Jojo-Effect. The metabolism doesn't stop when you're eating something (many people say this), it's always &quot;on&quot;. But don't worry about metabolism that much, that makes things more complicated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to loose weight:&lt;/strong&gt; eat less calories than you need (~you need 2000 calories, with 30-60min work out up to 3000 a day). But just don't take it too seriously, and have fun loosing weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend just to eat the right things, and don't always (or never) be hungry.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Drink a lot of water&lt;/strong&gt; (this should be the &lt;strong&gt;only thing&lt;/strong&gt; you should drink!), &lt;strong&gt;eat a lot of vegetables&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;less fruits and sweets&lt;/strong&gt; and go &lt;strong&gt;FOR A WALK&lt;/strong&gt;. I know Elliot Hulse (a Strongman) says this and it's just true! It really isn't bad if you eat sweet once or twice a week. What most important is, that you slowly reduce the amount of sweets in order to avoid cravings. (When you are able to easily stop eating sweets than do this, it depends on you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later than (after a month or so, after you got a little bit into sports by just walking), I would do bodyweight training (Cunches, push-ups,...), just basic things, or when you are not able to do that, just begin doing some weight-training with leight weighs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: Bodyweight or weight-training, it depents on you. Because YOU have to decide what's the best for your body - if you are too heavy, than do weight-training, of you are fit enough, than do bodyweight training. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Find a partner and work out with him (or go FOR A WALK). You won't believ how much motivation a partner can give you! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: Just eat the right food, drink a lot of water and have some fun doing sports, and don't make things too complicated, &lt;strong&gt;it's really easy&lt;/strong&gt;. (:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5352" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T20:08:12.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2016-07-28T20:33:00.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are probably aware of this already, but there are frames with earpieces that not only fold in, but are on hinges with a spring and can be moved out.  This might alleviate the pressure a bit.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I had wire frames which left the indentation on the skin at the temples, which I think is what you are describing.  When I chose frames on hinges as mentioned above, made out of plastic, the indentations were no more.  I think it also helps that the plastic earpieces are thicker which distributes the pressure a bit more than concentrating it on a smaller area.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5218" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T20:33:00.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7580" CreationDate="2016-07-28T20:40:04.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That 'put your arm out' scenario is a kinesiology practice.  You can google it to find out more.  I have known people who say it's very accurate and others who say it's hocus-pocus.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe it's similar to homeopathy that seems to work on some people but not on others.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5218" LastActivityDate="2016-07-28T20:40:04.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-28T21:25:22.663" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a night owl and an early bird kind of person. Meaning I tend to have difficulties in waking up, but stay up late. My eyes being very hard to open, after about 4 hours of sleep. I just noticed that after drinking milk during the night, staying up late 'til 2 am, and waking up before sun shows up, I find it easier to wake up without difficulties. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if milk really helps or it's just because of my habit, my body is getting used to it. If it's milk, I'm curious about what's in it. All I know is that it has tryptophan although I, too don't know its purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5354" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2016-07-30T06:11:24.250" LastActivityDate="2020-07-14T03:04:50.467" Title="Does milk really affect sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-14T03:45:38.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7134" CreationDate="2016-07-29T06:05:04.310" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Studies have linked oversleeping with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cognitive impairment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Impaired fertility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher risk of obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher risk of diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher risk of heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher risk of stroke&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher all-cause mortality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the detailed article here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/physical-side-effects-oversleeping#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/physical-side-effects-oversleeping#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastEditorUserId="1233" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T05:29:14.993" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T05:29:14.993" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7601" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7609" CreationDate="2016-07-29T12:52:47.270" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been on a low carb diet (&amp;lt;30g/ day) for the past 6 months. I have always been one to forget to eat, but recently it had been particularly bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost every day, I will completely forget about food and won't eat until 1pm ish, at which point I wake up to the fact that I am &lt;em&gt;starving&lt;/em&gt; and find something to eat. I have a pretty high focus job which keeps me distracted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After that point, my diet is completely normal. I eat enough calories over the rest of the day to compensate for the lack in the morning. My BMI is healthy and my diet is quite healthy too ( lots of veggies). I usually track my calories and carbs using MyFitnessPal and if i am lacking, I'll add a bit of cream to my tea in the evening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it bad that i don't eat at all in the morning, given that my diet is otherwise healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5080" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T16:41:13.947" Title="Is it bad if I don't eat in the morning, as long as I eat enough?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-29T17:18:27.130" Score="3" ViewCount="222" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a very serious ragweed allergy and I am living in Hungary which is pretty much super infested. &#xA;I started wondering which countries are affected by this lovely plant, because I don't want to have vacation in the season in these places. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: is there a map that shows its affected areas? &#xA;If not, is there a publicly available international database of affected areas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5362" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:33:34.513" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:33:34.513" Title="Map of ragweed infested countries" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-29T17:42:38.187" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received a tetanus vaccination less than 10 years ago when I was in the military. I recently started donating plasma and donation center gave me another tetanus shot to boost the tetanus antibodies that I already had. My antibodies went up for a while, and as of recently the plasma donation center said that they went down quite a bit. Why would they go down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I should mention, I'm not sick, or running a temperature. Haven't gotten any infection. However, I work out and weight train, and I have been on a cut the past 2 weeks. Nothing extreme and highly nutritious meals only. Could this be the reason why? And if so, how exactly would this affect my tetanus immune globulin levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5365" LastEditorUserId="5365" LastEditDate="2016-07-29T18:00:58.763" LastActivityDate="2016-08-31T15:01:49.340" Title="Tetanus antibodies" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7154" CreationDate="2016-07-29T18:41:51.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither. You would either kill them with the first shock or just annoy them every day of their life. Human tissue can't adapt to electricity. It's either enough current to damage it or it's not. And if the path of the current is through the heart, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~p616/safety/fatal_current.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the amount needed&lt;/a&gt; to disrupt the heart's electrical functioning is as little as 100 milliamps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-29T18:41:51.900" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-29T21:39:58.983" Score="8" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;With reference to someone who has a reasonably good job and who copes easily with day-to-day tasks of living (cooking, cleaning, travelling etc) but who has no friends (or very few), very little social life, and is very reticent about engaging in conversation beyond basic pleasantries and technical work conversations with colleagues - is there any benefit in seeking an autism/Aspergers diagnosis as an adult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5360" LastEditorUserId="3481" LastEditDate="2017-12-07T13:40:49.353" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T16:26:42.170" Title="Is there any benefit in seeking autism/Aspergers diagnosis as an adult?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;autism&gt;&lt;aspergers-syndrome&gt;&lt;social&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7601" CreationDate="2016-07-30T07:37:57.793" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com/is-skipping-breakfast-bad/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://authoritynutrition.com/is-skipping-breakfast-bad/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breakfast Eaters Tend to Have Healthier Habits?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s true, many studies show that breakfast eaters tend to be&#xA;healthier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, they are less likely to be overweight/obese, and have a&#xA;lower risk of several chronic diseases (2, 3, 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, many experts have claimed that breakfast must be good&#xA;for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these studies are so-called observational studies, which can&#xA;not demonstrate causation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies show that people who eat breakfast are more likely to be&#xA;healthier, but they can not prove that the breakfast itself caused it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eating Breakfast Does Not Boost Your Metabolism?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether you eat or skip breakfast has no effect on the amount of&#xA;calories you burn throughout the day. This is a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Skipping Breakfast Does Not Cause Weight Gain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higher-quality studies show that it makes no difference whether people&#xA;eat or skip breakfast. Skipping breakfast makes you eat more at lunch,&#xA;but not enough to compensate for the breakfast you skipped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Skipping Breakfast May Even Have Some Health Benefits&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skipping breakfast is a common part of many intermittent fasting&#xA;methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This includes the 16/8 method, which consists of a 16-hour overnight&#xA;fast followed by an 8-hour eating window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This eating window usually ranges from lunch until dinner, which means&#xA;that you skip breakfast every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intermittent fasting has been shown to effectively reduce calorie&#xA;intake, increase weight loss and improve metabolic health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it’s important to mention that intermittent fasting and/or&#xA;skipping breakfast does not suit everyone. The effects vary by&#xA;individual&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But Breakfast is Optional&lt;/strong&gt;. The evidence is clear, there is nothing “special” about breakfast. It does not matter whether you eat or skip breakfast, &lt;strong&gt;as long as you are not starving and eat healthy for the rest of the day.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Breakfast does not “jump start” your metabolism and skipping it does not automatically make you overeat and gain weight.&#xA;This is a myth, based on observational studies that have since been proven wrong in randomized controlled trials (real science).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the day, breakfast is optional, and it all boils down to personal preference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5352" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-07-30T07:37:57.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-30T07:13:29.310" Score="3" ViewCount="11104" Body="&lt;p&gt;A gingival (gum) abscess is a pus filled pimple on the gum. I've read that they don't go away on their own and need to be drained by a dentist and cleaned before the wound can start to heal. From anecdotes, they can even remain for years even those that are shallow and are not deeply infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reason that a gum &quot;pimple&quot; doesn't heal like a regular skin pimple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1303" OwnerDisplayName="Yvonne Liew" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:44:20.583" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T02:27:13.757" Title="Why don't gum abscesses heal on their own?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-30T14:42:40.683" Score="4" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard a lot of times that eating oats almost daily can be dangerous because of it. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytic_acid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1437" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-04-10T02:21:18.267" LastActivityDate="2018-04-10T02:21:18.267" Title="Is there any evidence that phytic acid in oats can be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7612" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7620" CreationDate="2016-07-30T20:51:10.797" Score="4" ViewCount="6953" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking around as I am shopping for stainless steel pots (e.g. for boiling soup), the majority of them have aluminum encapsulated base (for better heat distribution, etc). Is there any concern regarding aluminum possibly leaking into food, as aluminum is generally considered not 100% safe from that point of view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T22:20:47.223" Title="Can aluminum in pots with aluminum encapsulated base leak into food?" Tags="&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-30T23:11:30.040" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read a statistic in a news report based on a Lancet study that said that an estimated 1.14% of patients who enter a hospital for in-patient surgery never leave the hospital alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there are roughly 50 million in-patient surgeries in the United States every year, does that mean 720 thousand people go into hospitals for surgery and die every year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493988/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mortality after surgery (Pearse, Moreno, et al, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T13:25:34.283" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T13:25:34.283" Title="How many never leave the hospital?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-07-30T12:38:00.207" Score="1" ViewCount="604" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the following extract from mortality statistics is a large entry of 320,065 deaths during the year due to &quot;All other diseases (residual)&quot; from the CDC. Note that it is uncoded whereas all the other causes of death are coded. What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lk2rA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lk2rA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this single entry is the 3rd leading cause of death (after heart disease and cancer) so it is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that in cancer there is something called &quot;minimal residual disease&quot; meaning residual cancer cells that regrow and cause a relapse, however in that case I would have expected the mortality to coded as cancer, so this category would seem to be something different, or no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" OwnerDisplayName="Tyler Durden" LastActivityDate="2016-07-31T11:13:50.867" Title="What are &quot;residual&quot; diseases?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7615" CreationDate="2016-07-30T19:44:45.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In statistics, the &quot;residual&quot; is what is left over after accounting for the other predictors. I'd suggest that residual is being used here in a similar way. When you classify causes of death, some are easy to put into groups which can also be then sub-categorized (e.g., accidents / transport). In a large population, there will be many deaths that can't be classified in such as easy way and/or a set of causes of death that are relatively rare. In the latter case, if the CDC were to list all of those rare causes of death, then the overall list would be really really long. So I think they are lumping together all the cases of death that are either of unknown cause (think of older people who die of &quot;natural causes&quot; who do not receive autopsies) or of known but very rare cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5378" OwnerDisplayName="kmm" LastActivityDate="2016-07-30T19:44:45.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7613" CreationDate="2016-07-31T16:29:16.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know where 720,000 comes from; I get 700,000 (50,000,000 x .014). But ignoring that....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the 1.4% number from the Lancet represents the US patient population, and assuming your 50-million figure is correct, then yes, it means 700K in-patient surgery patients in the US don't leave the hospital every year. But if the Lancet figure is for some other population (the UK or EU, for example) then it doesn't apply. It would probably still be a close estimate, but the numbers all need to come from the same population for them to be reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-31T16:29:16.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7604" CreationDate="2016-07-31T21:29:11.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.polleninfo.org/fileadmin/template/img/chartimages/currency/resized/POAC_06_1.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.polleninfo.org/fileadmin/template/img/chartimages/currency/resized/POAC_06_1.gif&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the little number on the lower left, this is from 2012. The situation is worse than I expected in Europe. Also, there is a map from the states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allamericanallergy.com/images/Ragweed%20Pollen%20Map%2008-25-2014.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.allamericanallergy.com/images/Ragweed%20Pollen%20Map%2008-25-2014.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be so cool to find a map from the whole globe though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5362" LastActivityDate="2016-07-31T21:29:11.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7612" CreationDate="2016-07-31T23:56:46.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, &quot;aluminum encapsulated&quot; means the pan has a layer of aluminum bonded on to the &lt;strong&gt;exterior&lt;/strong&gt; of the pan. The inner surface is stainless steel and perfectly safe because the aluminum never touches food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just a less expensive version of copper-bottomed cookware. The copper is added for the same reason (heat distribution), but it's entirely on the exterior so never touches food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-07-31T23:56:46.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7621" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-01T04:30:53.257" Score="3" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I spent several hours doing hard, grueling, completely mindless physical labor. It's nowhere near my bedtime, but I'm physically exhausted, my back hurts, and all I really want to do is sit in bed until I go to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On other days, particularly at work, I do nothing but sit in a chair all day programming. I am not at that point physically tired, but I may become mentally tired due to the mental work I'm doing, stress of dealing with coworkers etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this, I know that there appears to be a difference between the two types of exhaustion. One leads to me mindlessly walking around the office playing pokemon, and the other leads to me asking interesting questions on stack exchange sites that I've never been to before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said (TL; DR)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a recognized medical difference between physical and mental exhaustion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1638" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T18:06:54.187" Title="What is the medical difference between physical and mental sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7244" CreationDate="2016-08-01T04:51:31.523" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-spleen-pain-and-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Enlarged spleen&lt;/a&gt; can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible.&#xA;A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding into your abdominal cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T04:51:31.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3933" CreationDate="2016-08-01T05:01:02.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To treat gastritis naturally there are some lifestyle changes you can do.&#xA; 1. For starters, stop smoking and limit drinking.&#xA; 2. Avoid trigger foods and eat smaller meals more frequently to avoid indigestion.&#xA; 3. Control stress.&#xA; 4. Limit the use of pain-relievers and anti-inflammatory medications.&#xA; 5. Consume licorice prior to eating a meal. &#xA; 6. Ginger has been shown to be quite beneficial for the stomach, so it may also help with gastritis.&#xA; 7. Drink lots of water (at least eight glasses a day).&#xA; 8. Marshmallow may help aid in fighting nausea and vomiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides these you also want to follow a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/gastritis-diet-foods-to-eat-and-avoid-dietary-plan-and-recommendations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gastritis-friendly diet&lt;/a&gt; and also be aware of the foods that can worsen your condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods you should limit or avoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hot cocoa and cola&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whole milk and chocolate milk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peppermint and spearmint &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tea Regular and decaf coffee &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orange and grapefruit juices &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Black and red pepper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Garlic powder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The foods you should eat with gastritis are also the foods that should always be included in any healthy eating diet. These are whole foods that provide nutrients and can support overall health. Some foods you should eat with gastritis are leafy greens, low-fat proteins, foods containing flavonoids like brightly colored fruits and vegetables, and foods rich in fiber. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T05:01:02.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8684" CreationDate="2016-08-01T06:48:09.450" Score="1" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most common diseases associated with low GGT - Gamma glutamyltransferase? Can you provide a short bullet point list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-12-01T02:28:46.110" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T02:28:46.110" Title="Most common diseases associated with low GGT" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-01T10:20:47.873" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm attempting the &quot;duct tape&quot; treatment for a wart, which has worked well in the past with a verucca.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Warts/Pages/Treatment.aspx#Duct&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Warts/Pages/Treatment.aspx#Duct&lt;/a&gt; tape&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment involves sticking some duct tape over the wart and leaving it for six days, then removing it and rubbing off the dead skin with a pumice stone or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem I have is that the wart is on my big toe, and it's proving really difficult to get the duct tape to stay on.  I got some extra adhesive waterproof duct tape, and I strap it on with water-resistant Elastoplast plasters, but it still seems to come loose quite quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be perfect, I think, is some strips I can put around the outside, like I'm doing with the elastoplasts, to hold the square of duct tape in place, that are really &quot;hardcore&quot; when it comes to sticking, and are also airproof so they don't let air in under the edges of the duct tape.  For the glue strength I was thinking of steri-strips, which I know have some kind of super strong glue that stays attached to the skin for 5-7 days.  But, I don't think steri-strips are airtight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone got any suggestions?  thanks, Max&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5381" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:05:47.043" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T06:05:47.043" Title="Recommendation for long-lasting (eg 1 week) airproof and waterproof plaster?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;warts&gt;&lt;bandaid-plaster-bandage&gt;&lt;waterproof-repellent&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7627" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7635" CreationDate="2016-08-01T13:36:20.907" Score="0" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading that diseases such as Cholera &amp;amp; Typhoid are Vector-borne diseases wherein the Vector transfer the harmful bacteria to contaminate our food/water, causing the disease in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the same analogy, Diarrhoea (or, Diarrhea) too is caused when Rotavirus contaminates one's food/water. And obviously some agent (vector) would be needed to carry the Rotavirus to that food/water. Then why isn't Diarrhoea too classified as a vector-borne disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3331" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T18:12:01.247" Title="Why is Diarrhoea (or, Diarrhea) not classified as a Vector-borne disease?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-01T14:49:02.513" Score="2" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have lost weight recently and although I've come within the normal BMI range, but the &quot;sagging/bulky chest&quot; of mine (a legacy from my fatter past) makes me feel ashamed of myself in public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading about this problem online and learned that its called gynaecomastia irrespective of whether its caused due to hormonal imbalance or due to a fatter adolescence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I have the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is my understanding correct that my condition's clinical name is gynaecomastia?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What can I do to get rid of this &quot;saggy/bulky chest&quot; of mine?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.menshealthforum.org.uk/dont-be-tit-over-breast-reduction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This link&lt;/a&gt;, in response to the question &quot;Is there anything men can do themselves?&quot;, says that working out to  develop ones chest muscles only ends up making the breast look bigger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? If yes, is there really no way for me to get rid of this &quot;saggy/bulky chest&quot; of mine except for a cosmetic surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3331" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-12T13:21:35.550" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T13:21:35.550" Title="How to reduce weight-caused man boobs (psuedogynaecomastia)?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;dermatochalasis-saggy&gt;&lt;lipomastia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7606" CreationDate="2016-08-01T14:49:22.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tetanus antibodies spike after the inoculation, then they slowly go down over time, hence the need for booster shots. As long as they remain within the range of protection there should be nothing to worry about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T14:49:22.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-01T15:04:04.477" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have been informed that apparently if you don't wear sunglasses when it's sunny out, when you are much older you will get cataracts. Is this true? I am wondering because I wear sunglasses when it is very sunny but if it's just regular sunny I usually don't wear them. Is this safe? Should I start wearing them? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5386" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T17:53:45.090" Title="Is it true if you don't wear sunglasses when it is sunny out, you will get cataracts when you're old?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7627" CreationDate="2016-08-01T17:25:13.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would assume because it is a symptom, not virus, bacteria, condition, etc, and a symptom is not the same as a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3086" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T17:25:13.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7632" CreationDate="2016-08-01T17:53:45.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cataracts are caused mostly by &quot;aging,&quot; which is basically the vaguest possible way of saying the effects of decades of life on a body that's not made to last forever. One notable cause though is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, found in sunlight. While you won't &lt;em&gt;definitely&lt;/em&gt; get a cataract if you don't wear sunglasses, the statistics seem to indicate that by age 75 around &lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/cataract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;half of all white Americans will get cataracts&lt;/a&gt;. The advice for prevention can be pretty vague though. Even the Mayo Clinic, a highly respected medical institution, &lt;a href=&quot;http://mayocl.in/T1AkU9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recommends eating plenty of fruits and veggies to help avoid cataracts&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, we know very little about them, so the effect of wearing sunglasses on preventing cataracts is still largely a mystery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe they help, maybe they don't, but considering the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aao.org/eye-health/glasses-contacts/sunglasses-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;harmful effect of extended periods of ultraviolet radiation on your eyes&lt;/a&gt; anyway, it really can't hurt to wear sunglasses on bright days outside. If you want to wear them everyday, that's your choice, if you don't want to wear them ever, still your choice, but in general do your research using reputable sources and you'll be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T17:53:45.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7627" CreationDate="2016-08-01T18:12:01.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;While I do agree with previous answer suggesting that diarrhea is a symptom rather than a disease, I would like to add the following:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the WHO, diarrhea is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more&#xA;  frequent passage than is normal for the individual).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;While, infectious causes (virus, bacteria, parasite) are the most frequent aetiologies for diarrhea, other conditions can lead to diarrhea such as&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drugs (laxatives, antibiotics) that lead to an inflammation of the&lt;br&gt;&#xA;mucosa and therefore to an alteration in liquid absorption/secretion &#xA;in the intestine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inflammatory bowel diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;neoplasia (colon cancer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malabsorption diseases such as celiac disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toronto Notes 2015, FM26, &quot;Diarrhea&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T18:12:01.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7630" CreationDate="2016-08-01T18:36:31.153" Score="7" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/basics/causes/con-20028710&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;gynecomastia&lt;/a&gt; is a hormonal condition in which mammary tissue develops and enlarges in a male. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146708/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pseudogynecomastia&lt;/a&gt; is the word for what you're describing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do you know what you have is only pseudogynecomastia? Have you consulted a doctor and know for sure? If not, you need to stop looking for solutions and look for the cause first. You can't solve it if you don't know for sure what it is. If you do know for sure it's pseudogynecomastia, then weight loss, exercise and surgery are your available options. Don't worry about getting bigger pectoral muscles that will make them look bigger. Developing big pectoral muscles like a bodybuilder takes a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; more training than most people realize. There's little danger of that, but some judicious weight training will tighten up the underlying muscle and reduce the saggy appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-08-01T18:36:31.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7528" CreationDate="2016-08-01T18:59:23.260" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it right and safe to prescribe this combination (NSAID like&#xA;  diclofenac + baby Aspirin) specially with the knowledge that this&#xA;  combination gonna be used for a long time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While NSAID are associated with many side effects (alteration in renal function, hypertension, hepatic function and platelet function), the most deleterious effects of aspirin and other NSAID are &lt;strong&gt;gastric and duodenal mucosa damages&lt;/strong&gt; which are associated with a considerable &lt;strong&gt;morbidity and mortality&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-including-aspirin-primary-prevention-of-gastroduodenal-toxicity?source=see_link&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-including-aspirin-pathogenesis-of-gastroduodenal-toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. Recently, two distinct studies have shown that low dose aspirin did not show a statistically significant difference in terms of gastrointestinal bleeding risk compared to other NSAID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-including-aspirin-pathogenesis-of-gastroduodenal-toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460554&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;. While I couldn’t find a study providing evidence regarding the relationship between time-exposure to NSAID + ASA and the occurrence of adverse event, the co-administration of NSAID and low dose aspirin should be taken with caution. Moreover, even in patients not under aspirin, &lt;strong&gt;long term use of NSAID is not recommended&lt;/strong&gt; (both for its lack of long term analgesic effect as well as potential cardiovascular and renal side effects)&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035129&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the best nsaid choice for this situation and how should they&#xA;  be taken (in different hour/ dosage adjustment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Several strategies can be used&lt;/strong&gt;. Here current recommendations &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-including-aspirin-primary-prevention-of-gastroduodenal-toxicity?source=see_link&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-including-aspirin-pathogenesis-of-gastroduodenal-toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;using anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs that have minimal effects on COX-1 at usual doses, such as acetaminophen (=paracetamol), or non-acetylated salicylates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for very short term use of NSAID, prescribing either a potent inhibitor of gastric acid production such as a proton pump inhibitor or a prostaglandin E analog such as misoprostol together with the NSAID.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as suggested by &lt;em&gt;@M. Arrowsmith&lt;/em&gt;, opioids, in particular products combining paracetamol and opioid, are considered as alternatives in pain control in elderly patients &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096211/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As a side note:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have shown that &lt;strong&gt;selective COX2 Inhibitors&lt;/strong&gt; are associated with lower risk of GI bleeding compared to other NSAID (but not compared to plavebo) but most of these substances were removed from the market as numerous trials have reported &lt;strong&gt;increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cox-2-selective-inhibitors-adverse-cardiovascular-effects&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding &lt;strong&gt;enteric coated and buffered aspirin&lt;/strong&gt;: while some studies reported reduced endoscopic sign of gastrointestinal bleedings, no protection against clinically relevant end point of gastrointestinal bleeding were reported &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17669925&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, regarding what was suggested in a previous answer concerning &lt;strong&gt;rivaroxaban&lt;/strong&gt;, this has to be taken with extreme caution in my opinion. In particular because, to my knowledge, no study so far has provided sufficient evidence regarding the use of rivaroxaban in the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, rivaroxaban is probably one of the DOAC which showed the most unconvincing results regarding major bleeding outcomes (as well as clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding) in the studies assessing its safety and efficacy in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/855158&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-08-06T20:55:44.567" LastActivityDate="2016-08-06T20:55:44.567" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-01T23:08:46.287" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tuna salad and raw tuna are two of my favorite foods. Canned tuna is really cheap and I am currently on a tight budget. I want to understand what would be a non threatening way I can spend majority of my food budget on tuna.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5388" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T08:55:54.337" Title="How much tuna can I eat a week without running into mercury issues?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7630" CreationDate="2016-08-02T08:32:02.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seconding Carey, it is most likely (not impossible) that your &quot;saggy&quot; chest is due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146708/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pseudogynecomastia&lt;/a&gt;, which is caused in your case by losing weight too fast. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If male breast enlargement is caused by glandular proliferation, it is&#xA;  defined as gynecomastia. If it is caused by increased fat deposition,&#xA;  it is defined as pseudogynecomastia &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Erol S, Orhan E, Sevin A, Erdogan B. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915898&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Trauma: a new pseudogynecomastia&#xA;  cause.&lt;/a&gt; Aesth Plast Surg. 2010;34:404–405. doi:&#xA;  10.1007/s00266-009-9435-8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you truly have gynecomastia then a doctor can diagnose you with it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;usual things to look for are large, puffy nipples&lt;/a&gt;). In that case, your are correct with asserting that adding chest muscle will only serve to highlight the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct about your comment regarding poor diet causing it, but this is usually restricted to the older gentleman, excerpt from Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Declining testosterone levels and an increase in the level of&#xA;  subcutaneous fatty tissue seen as part of the normal aging process can&#xA;  lead to gynecomastia in older men. This is also known as senile&#xA;  gynecomastia. Increased fatty tissue in these men leads to increased&#xA;  conversion of androgenic hormones such as testosterone to estrogens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the human body is deprived of adequate nutrition, testosterone&#xA;  levels drop while the adrenal glands continue to produce estrogens&#xA;  thereby causing a hormonal imbalance. Gynecomastia can also occur once&#xA;  normal nutrition is restarted (this is known as refeeding&#xA;  gynecomastia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (March 19, 2014). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management&quot;.&lt;/a&gt; Indian J&#xA;  Endocrinol Metab. 18 (2): 150–58. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.129104. PMC&#xA;  3987263free to read. PMID 24741509.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You severely underestimate the effort required to put on muscle, especially pectoral muscle. Once does not &quot;accidentally Arnold&quot; their way into being build like a brick-sh*t-house. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of &lt;a href=&quot;http://gynecomastia.org.uk/what-is-pseudogynecomastia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pseudogynecomastia&lt;/a&gt;, continued strength training and a continued reduction on bodyfat percentage would probably help the most. But without pictures and a proper inspection it is hard to say if it is just that you have no muscle or you have loose skin (or a combination of both).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T08:32:02.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7638" CreationDate="2016-08-02T08:55:54.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Worried about tuna giving you mercury poisoning? Here's the exact study that caused this concern. It's recommendations are much higher than that of the FDA and online calculators: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pages 24-25 of the report states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No consumption advice is necessary for the top ten seafood species&#xA;  that make up about 80% of the seafood sold in the United States:&#xA;  canned tuna, shrimp, pollock, salmon, cod, catfish, clams, flatfish,&#xA;  crabs, and scallops. The methylmercury in these species is generally&#xA;  less than 0.2 ppm, and few people eat more than the suggested weekly&#xA;  limit of fish (i.e., 2.2 pounds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also showed that a person can chronically (for &gt;365 days) ingest .0003mg per kg of bodyweight of mercury per day with no adverse effect (pages 509 and Appendix 10). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, someone who weights 80kg (176lb) could thus safely ingest 0.024mg of mercury a day. Given that tuna is about .2ppm (parts per million) mercury, that equates to 120g tuna per day. Note that this is not the maximum safe amount but merely the highest they tested, so the maximum safe level is not known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of grams per bodyweight, it changes per person. A 150lb person can safely consume 3.75oz of tuna per day, whereas a 210lb person can consume over 5oz per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/U9mCW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a handy chart which should help you pick some better fish.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/research/ewgs-good-seafood-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is the EWG mercury-fish calculator.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/15yrsf/warning_2_cans_of_chunk_light_tuna_a_day_for_2/?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is some anecdotal evidence of 2 cans a day giving a guy mercury poisoning!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/fish-tech&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is the EPA advisory website for fish&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR You can safely eat 1.5g/kg (0.7g per lb) of bodyweight in canned tuna per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: &lt;strong&gt;USE MODERATION WHEN EATING ANYTHING&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T08:55:54.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7655" CreationDate="2016-08-02T09:27:36.657" Score="6" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does myelin fully regenerate after a demyelization disease as ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis)? Does myelin always get damaged after an ADEM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5390" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:55:34.107" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T10:55:34.107" Title="Myelin regeneration in Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (Children)" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;myelin-sheath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7645" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7649" CreationDate="2016-08-02T10:54:17.793" Score="1" ViewCount="2702" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that BCAA's deplete serotonin, (serotonin is needed for good mood and antidepressant)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should take along with BCAA capsules to avoid any side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard taking Vitamin B6 will help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below 2 products I'm planning to take&#xA;1. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.in/Optimum-Nutrition-BCAA-1000-Capsules/dp/B009NW9U3Y/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.in/Optimum-Nutrition-BCAA-1000-Capsules/dp/B009NW9U3Y/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;2. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.in/Vista-Nutritions-Vitamin-B6-Capsules/dp/B0081QZ0V4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.amazon.in/Vista-Nutritions-Vitamin-B6-Capsules/dp/B0081QZ0V4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2331" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T05:16:09.727" LastActivityDate="2021-03-26T14:04:31.740" Title="Im buying BCAA's for building muscles but afraid of losing serotonin" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7645" CreationDate="2016-08-02T13:38:15.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding of the effect of BCAA's on serotonin is not 100% correct. Let me preface this with &quot;I am not a biochemist&quot;, I'm learning like everyone and if anyone who has a degree could improve my answer, please do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Lets get some science up in here.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refers to three amino acids: Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine. Leucine plays an important role in muscle protein synthesis, while isoleucine induces glucose uptake into cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The central hypothesis of fatigue (which assumes that elevated serotonin concentrations in the brain are associated with induction of fatigue &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Branched+Chain+Amino+Acids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;[2]) is thought to be related to the anti-fatigue effects of BCAA supplementation.[3] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During exercise, the plasma ratio of aromatic amino acids (tryptophan) to long chain neutral amino acids (the BCAAs and a few others) is altered in favour tryptophan [2][4][5] due to BCAAs undergoing oxidation and being destroyed [11], and due to tryptophan and BCAAs sharing the same transport into the brain [6][7][8] and this act of transportation is the rate limiting step [3] any alteration in the ratio will alter what amino acids transport into the brain, and exercise has been confirmed to increase tryptophan uptake in as little as 30 minutes[9][10] and increasing tryptophan availability via supplementation (without supplemental BCAAs) appears to promote fatigue in rats.[11]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased tryptophan transport into the brain (which produces serotonin via 5-HTP) is a possible causative factor of fatigue, and replenishing oxidized BCAAs to preserve the ratio can attenuate fatigue production.[3]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Supplementing BCAAs prevents a serum decline in BCAAs, which occurs during exercise. A serum decline would normally cause a tryptophan influx into the brain, followed by serotonin production, which causes fatigue&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exercise raises brain serotonin release and is postulated to cause&#xA;  fatigue in athletes; ingestion of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA),&#xA;  by competitively inhibiting tryptophan transport into brain, lowers&#xA;  brain tryptophan uptake and serotonin synthesis and release in rats,&#xA;  and reputedly in humans prevents exercise-induced increases in&#xA;  serotonin and fatigue. This latter effect in humans is disputed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Brain Function J. Nutr. June 1, 2005 vol. 135  no. 6  1539S-1546S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ament W, Verkerke GJ Exercise and fatigue . Sports Med. (2009) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Davis JM, Alderson NL, Welsh RS Serotonin and central nervous system fatigue: nutritional considerations . Am J Clin Nutr. (2000) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blomstrand E A role for branched-chain amino acids in reducing central fatigue . J Nutr. (2006) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blomstrand E Amino acids and central fatigue . Amino Acids. (2001) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blomstrand E, Celsing F, Newsholme EA Changes in plasma concentrations of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and their possible role in fatigue . Acta Physiol Scand. (1988) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids . Science. (1972) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fernstrom JD, Faller DV Neutral amino acids in the brain: changes in response to food ingestion . J Neurochem. (1978) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pardridge WM Blood-brain barrier carrier-mediated transport and brain metabolism of amino acids . Neurochem Res. (1998) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blomstrand E, et al Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on brain exchange of amino acids during sustained exercise in human subjects . Acta Physiol Scand. (2005) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nybo L, et al Neurohumoral responses during prolonged exercise in humans . J Appl Physiol. (2003) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meeusen R, et al   Effects of tryptophan and/or acute running on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats . Brain Res. (1996) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;So?? Too many long and complicated words, make it simple!&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine the bus lane on a road going into town. Buses and taxis can use this lane but they cannot occupy the same space at the same time (without crashing). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tryptophan Bus Company and BCAA Taxis are working the rush hour...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the start the ratio is fairly even. Rush hour hits and lots of taxis are required, leading to the buses being inhibited from entering town. Once the taxis run dry the ratio swings back the other way with buses filling the bus lane. The result is after rush hour there are more buses in the lane meaning that you are tired (but happy!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The following day...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BCAA Taxis &lt;strong&gt;supplement&lt;/strong&gt; (get it?) their fleet by hiring more cabs. Rush hour hits again but instead of taxis running out really fast and buses clogging up the bus lane the ratio of buses to taxis remains constant through the period. The result is that after rush hour there is no imbalance in the ratio between Tryptophan and BCAA transport.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What should I take to offset the reduced serotonin?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You shouldn't, accumulated knowledge suggests that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Regarding BCAAs] In regards to the anti-fatigue effects, it is highly&#xA;  plausible that this will only apply to untrained or lightly trained&#xA;  persons doing prolonged exercise. There does appear to be a difference&#xA;  between trained and untrained persons, and perhaps this is due to less&#xA;  tolerance to exercise-induced sedation (fatigue tends to set in&#xA;  earlier in newbies, so an anti-fatigue effect is going to affect them&#xA;  more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal recommendation is, &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Branched+Chain+Amino+Acids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;READ UP ABOUT THEM&lt;/a&gt;. Try them out for 3 months, if they help then keep taking them, if they don't then stop. You should get enough of them from your diet if you are eating 1-1.5g protein per lb bodyweight per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-08-02T15:31:06.240" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T15:31:06.240" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-02T18:26:20.877" Score="4" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;What causes &quot;Water intoxication&quot;/&quot;Excessive water&quot;/&quot;Overhydration&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read in a bunch of articles about people drinking more than a few liters per hour in a short amount of time. I've also read that healthy kidneys can process 800-1000ml of water per hour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for more reliable information about this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5395" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T10:20:10.920" Title="How much water is too much?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7652" CreationDate="2016-08-02T19:19:34.583" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Water intoxication is possible; it seems that realistic danger starts when you (as an adult) drink 2 liters or more water per hour for several hours in a row. In small children this amount is obviously lower, and in infants as little as 1 cup (237 mL) of water can cause intoxication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Water intoxication does not occur because of toxic effect of water itself, but because a large amount of water causes a drop of blood sodium levels (hyponatremia). So, water intoxication occurs when you drink a lot of water and you do not ingest any (or too little) sodium. If you drink a lot of water (but not &gt;1.5 L/hour) and ingest enough sodium (by eating regular foods) and you are an otherwise healthy young or middle-aged adult, you should not have any problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to say, which exact amount of water can cause intoxication, because--from obvious reasons--no human studies have been done about this, so we can make conclusions only from newspaper reports and &quot;cases&quot; described by doctors. Personal differences, sodium intake and the speed of water drinking also affect the outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a more detailed explanation with several reports of&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/water-intoxication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;water intoxication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The kidney water excretion capacity mentioned in the question is about right (800-1,000 mL of water/hour), but you need to understand this correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you, as an adult, drink, for example, 3 liters of water in one hour (not in successive hours), this should not really be a problem. First, you have probably drunk that because you were thirsty, so dehydrated, which means you have just replaced the water you have been missing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you drink 3 liters of water in one hour when you are already well hydrated, this should not be a big problem. Water needs some time to be absorbed and the circulatory system has some capacity to expand. Your blood sodium levels will fall a bit (within normal range) without any damage and your kidneys will eventually excrete the excess of water in 3 hours or so. But, 3 liters in one hour and 3 liters next hour...it can be a big problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, it's not likely you will get intoxicated with water by accident. For that, you usually need to consciously exaggerate with drinking for several hours in a row while ingesting no or only little sodium.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-11-07T10:20:10.920" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T10:20:10.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-02T20:54:21.040" Score="4" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read stuff about your body producing certain hormones and getting rid of certain stuff at specific hours. Also not sure if these hours are affected by sunlight/apartment lights.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the best hours to be sleeping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5395" LastActivityDate="2016-12-09T15:31:59.193" Title="What are the best hours to sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7642" CreationDate="2016-08-02T21:42:58.203" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)&lt;/strong&gt; is an inflammatory disorder, which often follows an infection or a vaccination. It is the &lt;strong&gt;most frequent demyelinating disorder of the CNS in children&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case of an infectious aetiology, some epidemiological studies suggest that ADEM is more frequently associated with upper respiratory tract infections in countries with significant advances in infectious disease control, whereas in poor or developed countries, ADEM often occurs after childhood infections such as measles. Below a table with a list of the possible aetiologies for ADEM (from Garg et al).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pYmiF.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pYmiF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current evidence suggest that ADEM results from a transient autoimmune reaction against myelin or other autoantigens which occur through a phenomenon of molecular mimicry or activation of autoreactive T cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does myelin fully regenerate after a demyelization disease such as&#xA;  ADEM (Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis)? Does myelin always get&#xA;  damaged after an ADEM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I have found two studies focusing on clinical outcome in children with ADEM:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. According to this study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12973660&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; conducted among 39 patients with median age at onset of 8 years:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of 39 children with 12 months' follow-up, 71 % recovered completely.&#xA;  Thirteen (33 %) children had relapses. Patients who had more than one&#xA;  relapse (n = 4) presented with new symptoms at each attack. Treatment&#xA;  with high-dose methylprednisolone was associated with complete&#xA;  recovery, and tapering over more than 3 weeks, with a lower rate of&#xA;  relapses. MRI lesions could persist even in asymptomatic patients; in&#xA;  particular, periventricular lesions tended to disappear later than&#xA;  others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. According to this study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087985/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; including 14 children with a follow up of one and a half year:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;10(71%) children had total remission of symptoms within one week of&#xA;  starting steroids. 4(29%) children had residual symptoms at the end of&#xA;  steroid therapy. The children were followed up for a variable period&#xA;  from two months to three and a half years. Most of the cases made&#xA;  uneventful recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find additional information in the complete report for each of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Garg RK et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J&#xA;2003;79:11-17 doi:10.1136/pmj.79.927.11&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jayakrishnan MP, Krishnakumar P. Clinical profile of acute&#xA;disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Journal of Pediatric&#xA;Neurosciences. 2010;5(2):111-114.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anlar B et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children:&#xA;outcome and prognosis. Neuropediatrics. 2003 Aug;34(4):194-9.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit (after additional information was submitted by the OP)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably yes, or at least that full remyelination has not completely finished. Concerning your question about the potential of remyelination: There isn't much information available on ADEM and remyelination, but at it shares some common features in terms of pathogenesis with multiple sclerosis (MS), let's take some evidence concerning remyelination in MS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that the treatment of MS aims at two things (1,2):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prevent further damages by modulating the inflammatory processes. This is normally achieved with immunomodulatory therapies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repair the demyelination which resulted from the pathological inflammatory process by stimulation remyelination, ie the regeneration of new myelin sheats.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the first has showed some interesting results thanks to growing number of immunomodulatory therapies on the market (among which glucocorticoids, which are also used in ADEM treatment), the second has still to be proven. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although some immunomodulatory therapies might indirectly stimulate remyelination, current therapies directly targeting regeneration of myelin sheats have yet to be proven. Furthermore, the presence of axon degeneration despite immunomodulatory therapies, suggest that axon integrity and protection may occur through mechanisms independent of inflammation (3,4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huang et al provide a good summary of &lt;strong&gt;current approach for remyelination&lt;/strong&gt; (5):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The principal source of new remyelinating cells is an abundant and&#xA;  widely distributed population of cells in the adult CNS traditionally&#xA;  called oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). In the adult CNS, these&#xA;  cells are both self-renewing and multipotent, having been observed to&#xA;  give rise to certain neurons, astrocytes (albeit rarely), and Schwann&#xA;  cells, as well as oligodendrocytes in vivo, and so can reasonably be&#xA;  regarded as a type of adult neural stem cell. The response to&#xA;  demyelination causes OPCs to become activated, a morphological change&#xA;  accompanied by upregulation of genes not normally expressed in the&#xA;  resting state. Activated OPCs proliferate, migrate and rapidly fill up&#xA;  the demyelinated lesions at a density that far exceeds that in normal&#xA;  tissue. To complete the remyelination process, the cells exit the cell&#xA;  cycle and differentiate into myelin sheath-forming oligodendrocytes,&#xA;  which is a complex process involving axon engagement, ensheathment and&#xA;  formation of compacted myelin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article by Huang et al also provides a good review (it is open access) on the current pharmacological targets for remyelination as well as the barriers of remyelination (among which age, probably explaining while cases of ADEM in the adults show a worse outcome that cases in children).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this brings some clarification!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Martino G, Franklin RJM, Baron van Evercooren A, Kerr D, Group SC.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: current status and &#xA;future prospects. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:247–255.doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.35.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Franklin RJM, ffrench-Constant C. Stem cell treatments and multiple&#xA;sclerosis. BMJ. 2010;340:986–985. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1387&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coles AJ, Wing MG, Molyneux P, et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment&#xA;exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple&#xA;sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:296–304. doi:&#xA;10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3&amp;lt;296::AID-ANA4&gt;3.0.CO;2-#.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dutta R, Trapp BD. Pathogenesis of axonal and neuronal damage in&#xA;multiple sclerosis. Neurology.2007;68(22 suppl 3):S22–S31. doi:&#xA;10.1212/01.wnl.0000275229.13012.32.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Huang JK, Fancy SPJ, Zhao C, Rowitch DH, ffrench-Constant C,&#xA;Franklin RJM. Myelin Regeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Targeting&#xA;Endogenous Stem Cells. Neurotherapeutics. 2011;8(4):650-658.&#xA;doi:10.1007/s13311-011-0065-x.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-11T12:42:48.610" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T12:42:48.610" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-03T03:00:12.673" Score="3" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been to four ENT's and most just prescribe me medication and spend 5 minutes talking to me and leave. I've tried nasal sprays, pills, patches and no luck. My latest ENT doctor told me I had a deviated septum and despite me telling him I've tried nasal sprays he still prescribed me some! (Dymesta) Big surprise, it lasted a couple of minutes and I was back to square one again. Is there a surgical procedure for this? I feel this is the only solution for me at this point&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T19:17:39.747" Title="Permanent stuffy nose...?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7610" CreationDate="2016-08-03T03:52:38.670" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good evening,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The reason the abscesses in your mouth won't heal on their own is due to:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The fact that the mouth is one of the areas of the body with the most bacteria&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therefore, the immune system cannot get ride of all bacteria, especially when they reside in or around teeth, which are relatively poorly vascularised and doesn't regenerate after being damaged, since the enamel doesn't contain cells that are remain alive after eruption.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a &lt;strong&gt;chronic abscess&lt;/strong&gt; (one that stays for a long time) is present in your mouth, it means that there is an underlying cause that is not being addressed, as was said in the comments bellow your question. It is not necessarily painful, since there is no build up of puss, which leaves through the opening. An &lt;strong&gt;acute abscess&lt;/strong&gt; could happen if the wound in the gum closes completely and traps the pus in the gums and bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One could look at it like bones that are permanently sticking out of the body, a situation which would be unacceptable anywhere else in the body.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as dental abscesses are concerned, There are &lt;em&gt;generally two possible causes&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Peri-apical Abscesses:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cause&lt;/em&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pulp (nerf) inside the tooth has died (necrotic) and the bacteria have reached the apex (bottom of the tooth). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/em&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinically Performing hot&amp;amp;cold, percussion and electrical test in the mouth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking radiographs (X-rays) Looking for radio-transparent space around the root of the suspect tooth &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Treatment&lt;/em&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally a root canal therapy (RCT) is sufficient to prevent entry of further bacteria and enable the body to repair the bone and allow the abscess to heal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another possibility is to extract the tooth, if it is not possible to perform a root canal or to restore it afterward (with a crown for example).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Periodontal Abscesses:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cause&lt;/em&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The gums around the tooth have detached from the roots, allowing bacteria to thrive in so-called periodontal pockets between supporting tissues and the root of the tooth. if the top of the pocket closes, it can force the pus to leave via a fistule instead of the gum  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/em&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinically Performing the same test as for the first type of abscess, as well as using a probe (like in my profile picture) to measure and detect any &quot;deep&quot; pockets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking radiographs (X-rays) Looking for bone loss and space around the root of the suspect tooth &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Treatment&lt;/em&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depending on the state of the tooth, if it is salvageable, it will require scaling and root planing to clean the area of bacterial debris and to allow the gums to reattach to the root.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another possibility is again to extract the tooth, if there is not sufficient bone and gums to support the tooth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As always, only an exam by a dental professional will allow you to find and treat the cause of your abscess(es).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My professional background&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-09-23T02:27:13.757" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T02:27:13.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7255" CreationDate="2016-08-03T04:10:55.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although there is &lt;em&gt;limited scientific evidence&lt;/em&gt; for flossing, it unquestionably &lt;strong&gt;does physically remove plaque between teeth&lt;/strong&gt;, which cannot be removed with the bristles of a toothbrush. If it is not removed, the plaque in turn can cause gingivitis and ultimatly periodontitis (formation of pockets).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To answere your question weather there are other contributing factors :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Flossing possibly stimulates the gums physicaly, and makes them become firmer&lt;/strong&gt;, but currently there is very little in the way of evidence for that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is that &lt;strong&gt;by flossing regularly, you also use simultaneously other means of cleaning teeth&lt;/strong&gt;, such as regular teeth brushing and mouth rinces)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353078&lt;/a&gt; (limited scientific evidence)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T04:10:55.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7661" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-08-03T04:36:58.760" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T04:36:58.760" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T04:36:58.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7662" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-08-03T04:36:58.760" Score="0" Body="The gingiva (or gums) is the visible tissues that surround the teeth." OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:44:28.007" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:44:28.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7654" CreationDate="2016-08-03T08:15:01.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many evidences that a good night's sleep is the hallmark to have good health. Ideally you should go to bed between 10 pm and midnight and wake up when you feel like getting up in the morning. By following this habit you can complete your sleep and wake up fresh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's some Facts of Sleeping:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sleep is vital to your well-being, as important as the air you&#xA;breathe, the water you drink and the food you eat. It can even help&#xA;you to eat better and manage the stress of being a teen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Biological sleep patterns shift toward later times for both sleeping&#xA;and waking during adolescence -- meaning it is natural to not be&#xA;able to fall asleep before 11:00 pm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Teens need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night to function best.&#xA;Most teens do not get enough sleep — one study found that only 15%&#xA;reported sleeping 8 1/2 hours on school nights.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Teens tend to have irregular sleep patterns across the week — they&#xA;typically stay up late and sleep in late on the weekends, which can&#xA;affect their biological clocks and hurt the quality of their sleep.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jSPOU.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jSPOU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2615" LastEditorUserId="2615" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T08:21:06.040" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T08:21:06.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7666" CreationDate="2016-08-03T10:15:17.993" Score="8" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, one of my relatives, who is a farmer, got diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease. &#xA;He is 45 years old and has no positive family history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the doctor told us that the occurence of the disease could be explained by his daily exposure to pesticides while another one refuted this theory due to a lack of proper &quot;evidence&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a little bit lost with these statements as several members of our family are still working as farmers and we are concerned about getting the disease too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question: is there any proven link between Parkinson's Disease and pesticide exposure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5399" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:43:58.233" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T19:09:36.657" Title="Parkinson's Disease and Pesticides" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;&lt;parkinson&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7665" CreationDate="2016-08-03T10:21:39.977" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes (ish)&lt;/strong&gt;, this meta-analysis proved a strong correlation between exposure to pesticides and likelihood of developing Parkinson's. Note, there is no direct X level of exposure leads to Y likelihood, just a strong correlation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Although the risk of PD increased with increased duration of exposure&#xA;  to pesticides, &lt;strong&gt;no significant dose-response relation was established&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  and no specific type of pesticide was identified. Our findings suggest&#xA;  that exposure to pesticides may be a significant risk factor for&#xA;  developing PD&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A meta-analysis of Parkinson's disease and exposure to pesticides.&#xA;  Priyadarshi A, Khuder SA, Schaub EA, Shrivastava S. Neurotoxicology.&#xA;  2000 Aug;21(4):435-40.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent meta-analysis reviewed the aforementioned meta-analysis and while criticising some of the limitations of the study (in particular the heterogeneity of the included trials) concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The literature supports the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides or&#xA;  solvents is a risk factor for PD. Further prospective and high-quality&#xA;  case-control studies are required to substantiate a cause-effect&#xA;  relationship. The studies should also focus on specific chemical&#xA;  agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Pezzoli G et al. Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of&#xA;  Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2013 May 28;80(22):2035-41. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318294b3c8.)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-08-04T10:49:35.330" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T10:49:35.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7657" CreationDate="2016-08-03T16:01:29.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend trying laser sinus therapy. This technology has been used in Russia for decades and has finally made it to the United States. Unfortunately, many U.S. doctors are still unaware of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T16:01:29.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7670" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="7672" CreationDate="2016-08-03T17:08:43.943" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to regulate my calorie intake. I cook for myself and I need some reliable information on calorie content of typical foods I eat so I can adjust the portions in such way I actually lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The foods I'm interested in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;meat: pork(neck, leg, fat), beef (sirloin, rib-eye), chicken (legs, breast, wings), lamb meat, fish (trout, carp, salmon)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;grains and seeds: white bread (wheat flour), polenta (corn flour), rice (boiled), beans, chickpeas, sweet peas&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vegetables: potatoes, carrots, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sugars: beet sugar, honey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dairy products: milk (3.5%fat), yogurt, sour cream (15-25% fat)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fruits: bananas, watermelon, cantaloupe, apples, pears, peaches, etc. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;eggs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cooking oils and pork fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be happy with partial answers, or answers containing data for things I didn't mention, as long as they are easy to find in the stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2190" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T19:30:22.340" Title="Calorie content of foods" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-03T17:42:48.820" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of cough is relieved on lying on stomach? Does post nasal drip show such feature&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1683" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:18:17.343" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T06:18:17.343" Title="Cough that decreases on lying on stomach" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;cough&gt;&lt;recumbent-lying-down&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7670" CreationDate="2016-08-03T18:54:32.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the most comprehensive and practical tool to check for calorie content of foods is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;USDA Food Composition Database&lt;/a&gt;. You can find calorie content for baked chicken, fried chicken, breaded chicken...which is not the same. It also lists the main nutrient composition of every food (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also search by some food ingredients, such as flour or sugar, and by nutrients, such as protein, fat and carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-08-03T19:30:22.340" LastActivityDate="2016-08-03T19:30:22.340" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5044" CreationDate="2016-08-03T21:42:33.280" Score="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;For most people, it is better to sleep &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; a pillow according to the latest research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleeping without a pillow &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24248001&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases interocular pressure&lt;/a&gt; which is considered a risk for glaucoma patients. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleeping on your side without a pillow increases your risk of osteoarthritis in the neck. If you sleep on your side, your cervical spine bends to the bed. This pinches the openings of the spine (the foramina) and causes bones to push and rub against each other. That friction and pressure causes bone to erode and grow which can create the bone spurs you can often see on cervical x-rays of patients. A pillow raises the head and straightens the spine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VW1td.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VW1td.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cervical spine with a pillow&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleeping on your back without a pillow changes your neck angle from its normal daily position. When standing, your neck also has a certain curve to it. If you sleep on your back, that curve is also distorted. To simulate the natural curve of the neck, researchers found that about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26512267&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10cm of pillow is needed&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, studies suggest that sleeping with a pillow improves sleep quality and fits more physiologically and mechanically with the natural curve of the cervical spine. Even the Egyptians over 3,000 years ago used pillows. Here is King Tutankhamen's headrest around which his pillow linens were wrapped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iEdV8.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iEdV8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Tut&amp;#39;s pillow&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read additional &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sleep%20without%20pillow&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies here through PubMed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2016-08-20T19:34:44.673" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T19:34:44.673" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="7676" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9279" CreationDate="2016-08-03T23:44:02.137" Score="3" ViewCount="4400" Body="&lt;p&gt;As someone recently diagnosed with borderline Lupus (I have all the symptoms except the butterfly rash), my doc recommended collagen supplements. Does it truly help ease the symptoms joint paint in Lupus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-05-06T20:53:16.527" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T20:53:16.527" Title="Do collagen supplements help ease some of the symtoms of Lupus?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;&lt;joints&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T01:55:23.783" Score="2" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thinking about refugees and the incredible problem of how to feed them, it occurred to me that vegetable oils are extremely calorie-dense, inexpensive and while relatively unpalatable, theoretically not a bad choice as a method of keeping people fed for a few days or weeks as we connect them with more long-term accommodations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sunflower oil, for example, contains 1927 calories per cup, roughly the NIH recommended daily value, and most of those calories come from monounsaturated (good) fats. Most exciting is that sunflower oil can be bought in bulk for around $1.25 (US) per cup. Other oils are far cheaper even. That means you can feed refugees for less than $1.25/refugee/day, plus the cost of a multivitamin, using a non-perishable and very easy to distribute ration, and in theory keep them happy and healthy until better arrangements can be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For longer-term rations, casein is fat-soluble, fairly complete in amino acid profile and can be purchased in bulk for around $2.75 (US) per 50g, the NIH recommended daily value of protein. This would more than triple the cost of the ration, but would make it capable of feeding people for far longer without adverse effects, theoretically. Plus, it could be dissolved in the oil for easy distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But is it doable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Updates&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some healthy (debatably) experimentation and research, it seems like an oil-only meal can be a somewhat uncomfortable experience. However, this can be largely ameliorated by splitting up the 1-cup meal into smaller amounts spread out over a few hours, similar to how most people snack throughout the day rather than eating 24 hours worth of food at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, it would appear that most of the discomfort from this meal results from the way in which fats are digested, especially as it concerns the stomach. Basically, fats just sit in the stomach unaltered until they make their way to the duodenum, where bile salts emulsify and break up large fat globules. Yet the liver can only produce so much bile salts at a time, making this a rate-limiting step in digestion. For large amounts of fat (like a cup of oil), this can mean hours of the stomach's enteric nervous system being bothered by large amounts of fat waiting to move on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a decent solution to this could be to add emulsifiers simulating bile salts to the ration, allowing the natural churning of the stomach to far more quickly breakup and emulsify the fats, eliminating this rate limiting and thus speeding digestion and hopefully eliminating discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T14:03:45.470" Title="Could refugees live off of oil and multivitamins (and maybe some protein)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T03:35:42.770" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;My son dropped the edge of barstool in a straight line down his big toe. (One in a 1000 shot) his toenail immediately collected blood under 90% of the nail. The pain went away after five days and the doctor said leave it alone. It wasn't drained. The nail is now bleeding from under the cuticle 8 days after injury. &#xA;Is this an indication of serious damage to the growing plate of the nail, indicative of permanent toenail loss? Cause for another Dr's visit? Or am I just overreacting?  TIA for any help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6408" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:42:22.057" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:42:22.057" Title="Subungual Hematoma" Tags="&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;nails&gt;&lt;toe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8676" CreationDate="2016-08-04T05:53:36.940" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Protein&lt;/a&gt; isn't just a calorie source.  It's an essential macronutrient that participates in a huge range of metabolic processes.  The protein-free diet you're proposing is likely to cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy_malnutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;protein-energy malnutrition&lt;/a&gt;, and possibly other deficiency syndromes never seen before -- I don't think anyone's ever made a serious study of a diet entirely lacking in protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your proposed casein-supplimented rations might get around this, but it strikes me as a rather pointless and expensive exercise -- my local food bank claims it can feed a person a varied first-world diet for $0.60 per day; other donation drives claim things like a Thanksgiving dinner for $0.78.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T05:53:36.940" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T05:56:38.440" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to do three arm exercises A, B, and C. For each exercise, I perform 2 series of 10 repetitions. I can only work with one arm at a time. Is  there any scientific study that looked at which of the following sequence is preferable to maximize muscle gain while minimizing the risk of injury (especially, tendinopathy)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do all exercises A, B, and C with left arm. Then, do all exercises A, B, and C with the right arm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternate arm between each exercise, i.e.: Do the two series of exercise A with the left arm. Then, do two series of exercise A with the right arm. Do the same for exercises B and C.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternate arm between each series, i.e.:  Do the first series of exercise A with the left arm. Then, do the first series of exercise A with the right arm. Then, do the second series of exercise A with the left arm. Then, do second first series of exercise A with the right arm. Do the same for exercises B and C.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T20:21:22.447" Title="Arm exercises: when to alternate arms?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T08:04:20.370" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed many articles claiming that fructose is worse for person's health than glucose, leading to various health problems in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://realfoodforager.com/fructose-how-much-is-safe/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; suggests that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While much of the research into this question is obscure, a growing body of research suggests that greater than &lt;strong&gt;50 grams of fructose a day&lt;/strong&gt; is detrimental and may start to cause Metabolic Syndrome and all the consequent problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some suggest that &lt;strong&gt;25 grams&lt;/strong&gt; should be the limit, and for people with known Metabolic Syndrome or it’s risk factors, &lt;strong&gt;15 grams&lt;/strong&gt; of fructose a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a table below which shows the amount of fructose in common fruits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lemons, 1 medium, &lt;strong&gt;0.6&lt;/strong&gt; grams of fructose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strawberries, 1 cup, &lt;strong&gt;3.8&lt;/strong&gt; grams of fructose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banana, 1 medium, &lt;strong&gt;7.1&lt;/strong&gt; grams of fructose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apple, 1 medium, &lt;strong&gt;9.5&lt;/strong&gt; grams of fructose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Figs, dried, 1 cup, &lt;strong&gt;23.0&lt;/strong&gt; grams of fructose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, don't eat dried fruits, I get it, but I was surprised by how high in the list an ordinary apple is. I always had an impression apples are among the healthiest fruits, with lots of fiber and (what I believed) not so much sugar!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it turns out that eating, say, 2 apples and 1 banana adds up to ~26 grams of fructose, and actually breaks the (slightly more conservative) &amp;quot;healthy&amp;quot; threshold of 25 grams a day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5243" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T15:27:36.817" Title="Eating fruit is not so healthy?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8749" CreationDate="2016-08-04T09:14:06.967" Score="6" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I joined my wife for the delivery of our first child.&#xA;At the end of the delivery, I told the midwife &quot;&lt;em&gt;that looked pretty painful&lt;/em&gt;&quot;. And she replied to me &quot;&lt;em&gt;it's painful for a woman, so you can imagine how painful a man would find it!&lt;/em&gt;&quot; She and the obstetrician (who was a woman) added &quot;&lt;em&gt;pain sensitivity really differs between men and women&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not the first time I hear the last claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am wondering: is there any scientific evidence suggesting that pain perception varies between women and men?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6411" LastEditorUserId="6411" LastEditDate="2016-08-04T12:59:22.487" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T20:04:22.797" Title="Difference in pain perception between women and men?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T09:18:07.413" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;A doctor can clean the ears of a person. For how many people does this result in better hearing abilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-25T08:56:15.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T08:56:15.897" Title="What percentage of the population benefits from getting their ears cleaned by a doctor?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-02-26T15:56:03.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7624" CreationDate="2016-08-04T09:58:28.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this website (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.palpath.com/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.palpath.com/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;), which regroups a group of pathologists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Following diseases/conditions can be associated with low GGT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;some cases of treatments to reduce high triglycerides also decrease    the GGT.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;levels fall (but not necessarily below normal) after meals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hypothyroidism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hypothalamic malfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;low levels of serum magnesium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They cite following sources, so possibly, these might give more details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Burtis CA &amp;amp; Ashwood ER, Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 3rd&#xA;Edition, 1999.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;McKenna and Keffer, The Handbook of Clin. Path., 2nd Ed. (EBS's&#xA;office)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hepatic lab tests, Practice Guidelines, National Academy of Clinical&#xA;Biochemistry (NACB), USA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6411" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T09:58:28.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8685" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8686" CreationDate="2016-08-04T10:21:25.583" Score="5" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone recently mentionned to me a score to calculate my risk of having a heart attack in the next years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately he was not able to tell me where I could access this tool (or is this just for medical professionals?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you help me on this? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T17:36:19.770" Title="Heart Attack Risk Score calculation" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8685" CreationDate="2016-08-04T10:32:58.007" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are looking for the the risk score assessment tool based on the Framingham Heart Study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It predicts a person’s risk of having a heart attack in the next 10 years. &#xA;It takes into account your age, gender, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking status. So you will need information concerning your lipid profile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the score calculator tool on this link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cvdrisk.nhlbi.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cvdrisk.nhlbi.nih.gov/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the most commonly used. Depending on your gender or ethnicity, there might be other scores. Some suggest the Reynolds score if you are a woman (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reynoldsriskscore.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.reynoldsriskscore.org/&lt;/a&gt;). If you are in Europe, some prefer using the SCORE Risk chart (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;amp;-Education/Practice-tools/CVD-prevention-toolbox/SCORE-Risk-Charts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;amp;-Education/Practice-tools/CVD-prevention-toolbox/SCORE-Risk-Charts&lt;/a&gt;). In the UK, the QRISK2 score is also frequently used (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qrisk.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.qrisk.org/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-08-11T17:36:19.770" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T17:36:19.770" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T12:07:51.643" Score="9" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear a lot about hair removal (anything and everything) and its possible benefits, particularly in terms of sweating and odor control. However, I also hear people suggesting that hair removal (particularly in the pubis region) might increase the risk of skin infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the impression that these claims were often mainly driven by people's aesthetic view regarding body hair and nobody could show me scientific evidence for their claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence suggesting &lt;strong&gt;benefits&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;risks&lt;/strong&gt; of hair removal procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6414" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T19:18:26.743" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T19:18:26.743" Title="Any benefits (or harms) for hair removal (beyond possible aesthetic reasons)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;laser-hair-removal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8676" CreationDate="2016-08-04T13:16:08.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To properly digest food, it needs to dissolve in water to be broken down into its basic components. Fat can't dissolve in water in its most part, that's why the body uses bile salts generated by the liver. Bile salts are amphipatic, meaning that they have an &quot;oily&quot; part and a &quot;watery&quot; part, and allow the formation of emulsions to mix fat and water in a way that allows the digestive system to break them down. However, the liver can't do this with any amount of fat you want, it will eventually get saturated causing some of the fat to be eliminated with stools often accompanied with awful smell, pain, cramps and funny noises (check steatorrhea). I can't tell you exactly what is the limit for a normal human being but for sure it's way lower than the recommended daily calorie intake. The body just can't take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T13:16:08.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T13:30:04.843" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;What causes the burning sensation when you have diarrhea?&#xA;Can farts be acidic too? Both seem diarrhea and flatulence cause a burning sensation on my bottom if I have either for too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6415" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:14:45.720" LastActivityDate="2019-04-07T03:21:01.270" Title="Is diarrhea acidic?" Tags="&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;buttocks&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-05-06T14:08:53.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8682" CreationDate="2016-08-04T14:09:25.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;While not the best evidence, with a reasonably small control group and arguably a sub-optimal method for administering pain, the Mythbusters did conduct &quot;scientific&quot; investigation into who can tolerate the most pain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Women have a higher pain tolerance than men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;confirmed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[For the following myths involving pain tolerance, all of the test&#xA;  subjects sat in a chair and submersed one hand in an ice bath at 1°C&#xA;  for as long as they could endure.] Twenty-five members of each gender&#xA;  took part. The women lasted an average of 100.4 seconds in the ice,&#xA;  while the average for the men was 84.3 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mythresults.com/no-pain-no-gain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://mythresults.com/no-pain-no-gain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while not a quantifiable difference, evidence suggested that the answer to your question is &lt;strong&gt;YES&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T14:09:25.187" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8681" CreationDate="2016-08-04T15:27:36.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, a couple of facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fructose is not only in fruits, but also in table sugar (sucrose), which is glucose + fructose, and thus in many sweetened foods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Various fruits contain fructose, glucose and sucrose in various proportions. Fruits high in fructose are apples, pears, mangoes, grapes, agave, watermelon and others (check on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/monosaccharides-fructose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nutrientsreview.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions of some studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fructose and metabolic syndrome: &lt;a href=&quot;http://physrev.physiology.org/content/90/1/23.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Metabolic Effects of Fructose and the Worldwide Increase in Obesity (Physiological Reviews, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...fructose intake &gt;50 g/day...was associated with increased&#xA;  postprandial triglyceride excursions...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is, however, no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at&#xA;  moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &gt;50 g/day of fructose can raise triglycerides, but this alone is not already metabolic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fructose and obesity. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain.&#xA;(PubMed, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on the currently available evidence, the expert panel concluded&#xA;  that HFCS does not appear to contribute to overweight and obesity any&#xA;  differently than do other energy sources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I posted only 2 studies, which represent what I believe: Fructose does not contribute to metabolic syndrome and obesity (significantly) more than glucose or other energy sources (proteins, fats).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T15:27:36.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8695" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8715" CreationDate="2016-08-04T15:53:44.597" Score="5" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I came across following website (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.delta-32.com/ccr5-delta32.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.delta-32.com/ccr5-delta32.html&lt;/a&gt;) talking about these 1% of the population being resistant to HIV. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this website&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The virus HIV normally enters a cell via its CCR5 receptors,&#xA;  especially in the initial stage of a person becoming infected. But in&#xA;  people with receptors crippled by the CCR5-delta32 mutation, entry of&#xA;  HIV by this means is blocked, providing resistance to HIV for people&#xA;  with delta 32 mutation on both genes (called homozygous carriers) and&#xA;  greatly slowing progress of the disease in people with a delta 32&#xA;  mutation on one of the two genes (called heterozygous carriers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is whether it would be possible to take those cells from HIV resistant people and &quot;transplant&quot; them to patients with HIV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am probably missing a point (I am not a biologist) and I apologise in advance if the question is silly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T10:36:57.447" Title="Could we cure HIV through transplantation of white blood cells resistant to HIV?" Tags="&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-04T19:14:43.933" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got done reading the book, Why We Get Fat, by Gary Taupes.  I found it a fascinating read and I am going to give that eating philosophy a personal 4 month trial.  I am planning my meals and thinking about what I will be eating on a daily basis and I find myself wondering where nuts fit in.  The last Appendix of the book outlines what you should and should not eat and there is no mention of nuts anywhere in that chapter (try it: do a word search in Kindle).  Do nuts carry too many carbohydrates to be considered a good snack while conforming to a ketogenic eating philosophy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6409" LastActivityDate="2019-09-29T11:14:12.310" Title="How do nuts fit into the ketogenic diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-09-29T15:08:28.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8698" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8699" CreationDate="2016-08-01T19:35:05.880" Score="2" ViewCount="607" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is somewhat conflicting information on what the &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; resting heart rate should be. Some sites cite rates &lt;strong&gt;between 60 and 100&lt;/strong&gt; as being normal, with rates below 60 being defined as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bradycardia/basics/definition/con-20028373&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bradycardia&lt;/a&gt;, i.e. a &amp;quot;condition&amp;quot;. However, most sites also mention that it's normal for athletic people to have heart rates as low as 40, and that people should try to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/features/5-heart-rate-myths-debunked&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;keep it below 70&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myth:&lt;/strong&gt; A normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's the old standard. Many doctors think it should be lower. About &lt;strong&gt;50-70 beats per minute&lt;/strong&gt; is ideal, says Suzanne Steinbaum, MD, director of women's heart health at Lenox Hill Hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent studies suggest a heart rate &lt;strong&gt;higher than 76 beats per minute&lt;/strong&gt; when you're resting may be linked to a higher risk of heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is rather conflicting, since 76 is at around 40% of the 60-100 range, implying it even gravitates to the &amp;quot;fitter&amp;quot; range? Is the &lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;new standard&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt; correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, regarding RHR calculation, my fitness tracker calculates the RHR as the first heart rate after waking up, while still lying in bed (it tends to be slightly below 60 on average). But this is really my lowest rate during the day (sleeping excluded), and while sitting at my desk during the day (I am a programmer), it will stick around 70 bpm - I am obviously not as fit as I would want to be. Is the &lt;strong&gt;in-bed resting heart rate&lt;/strong&gt; really the &amp;quot;correct&amp;quot; indicator of fitness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5243" OwnerDisplayName="Lousy" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T02:22:02.710" Title="Normal resting heart rate and how to measure it" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8698" CreationDate="2016-08-02T13:03:22.827" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First thing in the morning before getting up is usually considered the gold standard for RHR and will produce your lowest reading during waking hours. That said, when you are at the doctor's office and they take your HR you'll likely read a bit higher, much like you would sitting at your desk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditional ideal RHR ranges i.e. ones that tend higher assume the reading at your desk/doctor's office. The &quot;new standard&quot; takes into account people who use their Fitbit/smartphone app/whatnot wizmo gadget first thing in the morning before hopping out of bed and thus suggests a lower ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not consider an RHR in the low to mid 40's a condition in highly trained individuals; even following entry level endurance training regiments non-smoking, healthy-eating types can easily dip into the low 50's, in my experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A RHR at or close to 100 definitely approaches risky territory for the average person but other risk factors (smoking, obesity, etc.) would likely present before RHR approaches those levels. When present in combination with these activities, therefore, such a high RHR would be considered &quot;normal&quot; but your doctor would tell you to quit smoking, eat healthier, and get more exercise rather than to bring your RHR down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Tehninjo0" LastActivityDate="2016-08-02T13:03:22.827" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7657" CreationDate="2016-08-04T21:16:37.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember adolescents getting nose jobs for their deviated septums.  I am surprised that all the doctors did not mention the deviated septum.  Have you explored the realm of allergies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had been, most of my life, getting head colds in which I could not breathe.  My nose also got stuffy frequently.  I took antihistamines and decongestants and whatever I could.  I thought it was just a genetic anomaly, as my father had the same problem.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Oz, whom I do not watch regularly, recommended a neti pot.  I bought one (sold in drug stores and my local supermarket).  There is probably a utube on using it.  I am amazed at how well this works.  I actually get fewer colds.  I used this thing daily for a month and it seems to have cleared out a lingering condition because I hardly have to use it any longer.  I am not kidding.  This thing changed my life.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only caveat is that you should make sure your water has been pre boiled as a woman seems to have caught a brain ameba through the water system by using this thing.  I just boil extra water in the teapot when I make tea and it's cool enough (I even use it at room temp) by the time I use it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5218" LastActivityDate="2016-08-04T21:16:37.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7227" CreationDate="2016-08-05T03:47:18.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;TMJ syndrome may cause ear pain, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and hearing loss. Hearing loss begins with inflammation. With its close proximity to the ear, any inflammation in the muscles of the jaw can cause the muscles associated with the ear to become constricted. I found a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/tmj-temporomandibular-joint-disorder-cause-tinnitus-hearing-problems/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; regarding Tmj and Tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://thinkbetterlife.com/hearing-problems-chicago/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://thinkbetterlife.com/hearing-problems-chicago/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-05T03:47:18.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="669" CreationDate="2016-08-05T04:13:37.740" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use a heat pack or heating pad. For immediate relief, apply a hot water bottle, heating pad, or other heat pack to your stomach, directly over the gallbladder. The heat should help soothe the pain.&#xA;If you do not have a heating pad or hot pack, you could also try soaking in a hot bath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pain reliever with anti-inflammatory properties will be best since it can ease your pain while also restricting the amount of inflammation your gallbladder experiences&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink apple cider vinegar in water or apple juice to help relieve pain due to an attack. Apple cider vinegar also reduces cholesterol produced by the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink vegetable juice – not the premixed cocktail versions, but pure juice from vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rub castor oil over your abdomen, especially where your gallbladder is located.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink salt water. Mix coarse salt into a glass of warm water and drink the water before going to sleep to help loosen painful buildup in your gallbladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get more info here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Ease-Gallbladder-Pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Home Treatment for Gallbladder Pain&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/gallstones-cholelithiasis-risk-increases-with-high-bmi-rapid-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Home remedies and diet for gallstones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-05T04:13:37.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9819" CreationDate="2016-08-05T06:49:28.667" Score="4" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any examples that gave a person new mental abilities  after a head injury or accident that he did not have earlier? Abilities like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/45349-brain-injury-turns-man-into-math-genius.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mental Abilities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5400" LastEditorUserId="5400" LastEditDate="2016-08-05T06:59:22.963" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T20:28:25.673" Title="Are there any examples that gave a person new mental abililities after a head injury?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-05T14:26:13.937" Score="1" ViewCount="2174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had surgery recently, the doctor said he used vicryl suture to close the wound. I understand that vicryl dissolves in 70 days, but it's been 80 days since my surgery and the suture is still there. Also, everytime I google vicryl, I see the thread is purple in color. However, the suture I received is white in color. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am starting to have serious concerns about the situation as following - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What if the stitch is not vicryl, and will never dissolve&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What if I get an infection from the mysterious thing (stitch) inside me.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I found a variant of vicryl called rapid vicryl which is white in color, but it is supposed to dissolve even sooner, in 42 days. Since my stitch has not dissolved, I guess it must not be rapid vicryl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user25546" LastEditorUserId="6432" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:42:57.600" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:42:57.600" Title="Vicryl suture not dissolving" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-06T18:37:52.003" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was at a store that had large hospital- and field grade medical bandages. Think stuff EMTs and field medics would work on somebody with: 5x12ish and quickclot and other stuff. They had several large types of gauze bandages where the packaging would let air in and out, albeit slowly. I don't understand how such a bandage can maintain its sterility while the packaging does that. Both different types appeared to have that semipermeable paper stuff. Does that semipermeable paper stuff allow molecules but not organisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, if it's not obvious, I'm not a medical professional, nor do I have much expertise in this field, hence the mutulated jargon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the manufacturer's &lt;a href=&quot;http://elite1staid.com/Products/Supplies.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;product page&lt;/a&gt;, and I'm referring to #512 and #5161&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I called the manufacturer, and he said his manufacturer (isn't it great how that works today? lol) said they are supposed to do that, and the air is actually going into the gauze and that's why it appears to be deflating and re-inflating.  He did not have a name for the phenomenon, nor the waxy paper coating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is correctly, this is a valuable feature for something like this, that's meant to go in a bag, but I have a hard time believing that explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6425" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:55:32.727" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:55:32.727" Title="How do sterile bandages stay sterile if the packaging can absorb and release air?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;bandaid-plaster-bandage&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8695" CreationDate="2016-08-06T21:37:19.450" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a silly question. While &lt;strong&gt;transfusing white blood cells&lt;/strong&gt;, with the CCR5 mutation &lt;strong&gt;isn't a solution&lt;/strong&gt; because these cells will be rejected by the recipient's body (and also because those cells have a limited life time), &lt;strong&gt;transplantation of so called &quot;stem cells&quot; have provided promising results&lt;/strong&gt; in HIV+ patients with blood cancer undergoing stem cell transplantation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to summarise (the protocol is quite complicated but since you mentioned you are not in the biomedical field, I will try to explain it in a simple way), these patients receive an ablative chemotherapy (+/- total body irradiation) in order to destroy all their &quot;cancerous&quot; cells. They then get transplanted with stem cells from a donor which has the CCR5-delta32 mutation. These cells then replace the previous population of white blood cells (which have been killed during the ablative phase) leading transplanted individuals to become HIV resistant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So, now, you must wonder while this has not been more used?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because this method is very &lt;strong&gt;toxic&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;associated with several complications&lt;/strong&gt; (ex: patients undergoing this high risk ablative therapy are at risk of developing infections during the process as their immune cells get destroyed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients need to take immunsuppresive therapy for a long time to avoid rejection of the transplanted stem cells and theses drugs are also associated with side effects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Studies have still to show whether this method is at least as effective (in terms of short and long term outcomes) as taking HIV drugs (which become more and more efficient) in &lt;strong&gt;healthy individuals&lt;/strong&gt; (remember that this method was used in HIV+ patients with blood cells cancer, who, anyway, needed a chemotherapy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this provides some clarification to your question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here two references (which provide a good understanding for the layperson)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cell-transplants-may-purge-hiv-1.13297&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cell-transplants-may-purge-hiv-1.13297&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090211/full/news.2009.93.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090211/full/news.2009.93.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-08-06T21:37:19.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-06T23:36:56.837" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is some saying, that drinking a cup of water, mixed with lemon in the morning, can help you lose weight, and some explain this, by saying that the lemon (which is acid) burns the leftover food in your stomach, so your body won't consume this food, thus not gaining more weight (even by a slity tiny percentage?).&#xA;I want to know how real these assumptions are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6428" LastActivityDate="2016-08-06T23:36:56.837" Title="Does lemon burns the food in your stomach" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8738" CreationDate="2016-08-07T21:11:27.977" Score="3" ViewCount="2593" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was taught that a man's testes are outside his body because sperm can't handle inside-body temperature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking there are other times where a man's testes heat up. Like in a bath or spa or sauna. So my question is, can something like a hot bath or a day at the spa decrease a man's fertility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5080" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:26:02.723" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:26:02.723" Title="Does a hot bath effect fertility in men?" Tags="&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;bath&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-08T03:59:19.950" Score="4" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;So recently I have started a new job, and a common thing in the last few weeks is I have been getting headaches occasionally, that will last the rest of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is, I workout right after work, and from what I have read, NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Tylenol, Aspirin, Naproxen) can worsen workouts and prevent protein synthesis in the muscles. And that they are not &quot;safe&quot; on the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im trying to Google what would be the safest (if being least damaging) painkiller for headaches, but all I find is clickbait articles talking about what is bad for the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any tips/help is really appreciated. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6435" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:57:22.783" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:57:22.783" Title="Safe alternatives to painkillers/nsaid?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8728" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8752" CreationDate="2016-08-08T09:51:24.103" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insulin is said to be the &quot;unlock&quot; key to let glucose enter body cells.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then why do stable Type 1 Diabetes patients have to inject less insulin in case of scheduled sport activities?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't muscles cells need insulin as well to tap glucose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5377" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-08-09T12:40:36.053" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T19:14:31.503" Title="Insulin and cellular glucose capture" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-08T12:08:26.333" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;In public places, including public library, free drinking water systems are normally provided for public. Not all water filter system has water filter indicator light to let everyone knows when the filter needs to be changed. I often drink from this water filter but just realized the weird taste of the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm concern if they never change the water filter and/or the filter has accumulated excessive contaminants. What is the short term and long term negative health effects drinking from expired water filter? Any help will be appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6437" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T19:44:03.937" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T19:44:03.937" Title="Water filter (expired)" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;&lt;public-sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8741" CreationDate="2016-08-08T14:46:57.927" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Movies such as &quot;Sick Fat Nearly Dead&quot; and &quot;Forks over Knives&quot; and &quot;Engine 2&quot; tout the &quot;Plant Based Diet&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these plant based diets beneficial/required for losing weight? If so what resources exist for creating and planning meals using those diets as a guide? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6440" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-08-09T15:44:38.243" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T22:03:07.557" Title="Effectiveness of Plant Based Diet to losing weight" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-08T18:18:50.577" Score="2" ViewCount="839" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intramuscular injections of oils such as synthol is sometimes used in amateur and professional body-builders to enlarge their muscle volume. What are the long-term side effects of intramuscular oil injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I found so far is limited:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) gives some ideas but isn't written in English, and I can only access the abstract, so I cannot verify how serious the study is.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2), (3) and (4) are just case report.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Pupka, Artur, Julita Sikora, Jakub Mauricz, Dariusz Cios, and Tomasz Płonek. &quot;[The usage of synthol in the body building].&quot; Polimery w medycynie 39, no. 1 (2008): 63-65. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16402358261480356985&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=16402358261480356985&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580174&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Synthol consists usually of oil, benzyl alcohol and lidocain. It consists of 85% of oil (normally it is oil built by medium-length MTC chains because it gives the best effects), 7,5% of lidocain (painkiller), 7,5% of alcohol (to sterilize the mixture). Synthol is a substance used by body builders as a temporary implant which is injected deeply into the muscle. The enlargement effects are immediate. Synthol is used in small groups of muscles to enlarge their volume (for example triceps, biceps, deltoids, muscles of the calf). Some serious drawbacks can be visible while using synthol. The muscles deform and become unnaturally shaped. The side effects of synthol are manifold and they can also cause a damage of nerves, oil embolic of the pulmonary, occlusion of the pulmonary artery, myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke and infectious complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Munch, I. C., and J. J. Hvolris. &quot;[Body building aided by intramuscular injections of walnut oil].&quot; Ugeskrift for laeger 163, no. 48 (2001): 6758-6758. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14893860829469982662&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=14893860829469982662&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11768903&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11768903&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This case report describes a 26-year-old body builder who had practiced several months of intramuscular self-injection of walnut oil. Apparently this is a normal procedure amongst body-builders. Our patient complained of swelling and tenderness overlying an injection site. Injections of oil may cause foreign body reactions, leading to tumours named according to the injected material; e.g. paraffinoma, oleoma. Systemic distribution has been reported to result in pulmonary complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) Ghandourah, Suleiman, Markus J. Hofer, Andreas Kießling, Bilal El-Zayat, and Markus Dietmar Schofer. &quot;Painful muscle fibrosis following synthol injections in a bodybuilder: a case report.&quot; Journal of medical case reports 6, no. 1 (2012): 1. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905749&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22905749&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8588329780366639434&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=8588329780366639434&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Introduction: Synthol is a site enhancement oil used by bodybuilders to&#xA;  boost the cosmetic appearance of muscles. Here, we describe the case&#xA;  of a patient with severe side effects following repeated intramuscular&#xA;  injections of synthol in his right biceps muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Case presentation: A 29-year-old Middle Eastern male bodybuilder,&#xA;  following intramuscular injections of synthol five years ago,&#xA;  presented with painful pressure in his right upper arm. On&#xA;  presentation to our clinic, his muscle appeared disfigured. Magnetic&#xA;  resonance imaging revealed scattered cystic fatty lesions in the&#xA;  muscle. The affected part was surgically removed and histopathology&#xA;  showed inflammatory changes with fibrosis and a so-called Swiss cheese&#xA;  pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusion: Synthol injections that are used for the short-term&#xA;  enhancement of muscle appearance by bodybuilders bear the danger of&#xA;  long-term painful muscle fibrosis and disfigurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(4) Banke, I. J., P. M. Prodinger, S. Waldt, G. Weirich, B. M. Holzapfel, R. Gradinger, and H. Rechl. &quot;Irreversible muscle damage in bodybuilding due to long-term intramuscular oil injection.&quot; International journal of sports medicine 33, no. 10 (2012): 829-834. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592548&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592548&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13796428664774314579&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13796428664774314579&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intramuscular oil injections generating slowly degrading oil-based depots represent a controversial subject in bodybuilding and fitness. However they seem to be commonly reported in a large number of non-medical reports, movies and application protocols for 'site-injections'. Surprisingly the impact of long-term (ab)use on the musculature as well as potential side-effects compromising health and sports ability are lacking in the medical literature. We present the case of a 40 year old male semi-professional bodybuilder with systemic infection and painful reddened swellings of the right upper arm forcing him to discontinue weightlifting. Over the last 8 years he daily self-injected sterilized sesame seed oil at numerous intramuscular locations for the purpose of massive muscle building. Whole body MRI showed more than 100 intramuscular rather than subcutaneous oil cysts and loss of normal muscle anatomy. 2-step septic surgery of the right upper arm revealed pus-filled cystic scar tissue with the near-complete absence of normal muscle. MRI 1 year later revealed the absence of relevant muscle regeneration. Persistent pain and inability to perform normal weight training were evident for at least 3 years post-surgery. This alarming finding indicating irreversible muscle mutilation may hopefully discourage people interested in bodybuilding and fitness from oil-injections. The impact of such chronic tissue stress on other diseases like malignancy remains to be determined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T05:10:40.020" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T05:10:40.020" Title="What are the long-term side effects of intramuscular oil injection?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4055" CreationDate="2016-08-08T20:12:39.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diet high in whole-grains (&quot;slow-release carbohydrates&quot;) was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes 2, according to 2 systematic reviews of studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source 1&lt;/a&gt; (PubMed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whole grain intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2&#xA;  diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source 2&lt;/a&gt; (PubMed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...consuming three servings of whole grain foods (45 g of whole grain&#xA;  ingredients) daily would induce a 20% relative reduction in the T2D&#xA;  risk as compared to consuming a half serving (7.5 g of whole grain&#xA;  ingredients).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some studies, high intake of sugar was associated with diabetes type 2, but it is not clear if it is high sugar intake or high calorie intake that was actually associated with diabetes 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15328324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source 3&lt;/a&gt; (PubMed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a&#xA;  greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development&#xA;  of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories&#xA;  and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-08-08T20:12:39.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="247" CreationDate="2016-08-08T21:31:24.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had this behind only one knee since shortly after I had 4x CABG at the age of 48. The doctor said is could be caused from a reaction to the cardiac meds I take. I take 25mg Metoprolol, 25mg, of Losartan Potassium, and 40mg of Simvastatin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor, though not a dermatologist said that is the likely cause. I can't really stop taking the drugs to see if it goes away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use Cortaid 10% and if I use it regularly it keeps the itching down which causes all of the problems to begin with. Sometimes the itching is so intense I scratch until the little bumps bleed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6444" LastActivityDate="2016-08-08T21:31:24.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8721" CreationDate="2016-08-09T06:28:50.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Closely Related to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/7551/what-is-the-latest-evidence-on-underwear-affecting-sperm-count/7587#7587&quot;&gt;What is the latest evidence on underwear affecting sperm count?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elevated temperatures are thought to decrease sperm counts in males. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/basics/causes/CON-20033113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayoclinic.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Elevated temperatures impair sperm production and function. Although&#xA;  studies are limited and are inconclusive, frequent use of saunas or&#xA;  hot tubs may temporarily impair your sperm count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sitting for long periods, wearing tight clothing or working on a&#xA;  laptop computer for long stretches of time also may increase the&#xA;  temperature in your scrotum and may slightly reduce sperm production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/sperm-and-semen-faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep your scrotum cool, because heat slows down the making of sperm.&#xA;  To do this, avoid hot baths, wear boxers instead of briefs, and try&#xA;  not to wear tight pants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.parentingweekly.com/preconception/preconception_information/heat_and_male_infertility.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parentingweekly.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers have found that the reason why a man's testicles rest&#xA;  outside the body in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen like the&#xA;  ovaries is because the ideal temperature for sperm production is three&#xA;  to four degrees below normal body temperature. Any warmer will affect&#xA;  sperm count, slashing it by about 40 percent per one-degree rise.&#xA;  Temporary overheating of the testicles can result from exposure to&#xA;  things such as saunas, hot tubs, heating blankets, even waterbeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So opinions vary on the accountability of research, but are consistent with heat having a possible risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T06:28:50.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8739" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T07:34:55.793" Score="4" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard someone said that always conscious tighten abdominal muscles would help me reduce abdominal fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does tightening abdominal muscles &lt;strong&gt;all the time&lt;/strong&gt; not harm my body?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If 2 is false , when and what situation I can tighten my abdominal muscles? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I don't like spend time to do real exercise, the situations when I would do this activity are when I:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sit in front of computer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Walk or ride bike (Does walking conflict with &lt;em&gt;Tightening abdominal muscles&lt;/em&gt;?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Riding motorbike&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eating? (I don't think it is safe while eating, or it force me eat less? I also see some articles say &lt;em&gt;Tighten abdominal muscles&lt;/em&gt; would improve the digestive function)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are above situations fine to do such exercise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3698" LastEditorUserId="3698" LastEditDate="2016-08-09T09:21:44.930" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T06:39:39.820" Title="Does tightening abdominal muscles reduce abdominal fat?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8739" CreationDate="2016-08-09T09:32:46.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;conscious tighten abdominal muscles would help me reduce abdominal fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No it wont.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does tightening abdominal muscles all the time not harm my body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To build muscle you essentially need to damage it so that it comes back stronger when it recovers/rebuilds. This is the foundation of developing strength and building muscle (Cell water/glucose biology aside). Exercises like squats and deadlifts mean you need to brace your core (tense your abs), the muscle development from this isn't that fact you are bracing but is caused by the really heavy weight you are trying to move, the muscles are doing work to stabilise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might cause yourself to get haemorrhoids (I have heard this can happen) or you may develop really good kegal muscles (I know this can happen) but you won't build abs or reduce belly fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;However...&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a big glaring issue with answering the question &amp;quot;it is suitable to do this exercise to reduce my belly fat&amp;quot; in the assumption that ANY exercise will spot reduce fat deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/869/best-exercise-to-lose-belly-fat-fast&quot;&gt;You cannot target weight loss to anywhere on your body. It is not possible&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the physical fitness SE and &lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/search?q=belly%20fat%20abdominals&quot;&gt;we get this question a lot&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;we get it nearly every day...&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/9581/are-ab-exercises-more-useful-to-reduce-belly-fat-than-other-exercises&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/9581/are-ab-exercises-more-useful-to-reduce-belly-fat-than-other-exercises&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/118/will-daily-push-ups-help-to-get-rid-of-my-belly-fat&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/118/will-daily-push-ups-help-to-get-rid-of-my-belly-fat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/2338/is-it-possible-to-lose-weight-on-some-special-parts-of-body&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/2338/is-it-possible-to-lose-weight-on-some-special-parts-of-body&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6677/what-should-i-do-to-remove-my-belly-fat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6249/when-fat-is-burnt-where-is-it-taken-from/6251#6251&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/6249/when-fat-is-burnt-where-is-it-taken-from/6251#6251&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T06:39:39.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8732" CreationDate="2016-08-09T11:35:23.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Sick Fat Nearly Dead&quot;  is basically an advert for Cross’s [lead] wellness program. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/movies/fat-sick-nearly-dead-a-diet-and-road-trip-movie-review.html?partner=rss&amp;amp;emc=rss&amp;amp;_r=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/movies/fat-sick-nearly-dead-a-diet-and-road-trip-movie-review.html?partner=rss&amp;amp;emc=rss&amp;amp;_r=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Forks over Knives&quot; uses the lowest levels of scientific evidence for its conclusions and decision making. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rawfoodsos.com/2011/09/22/forks-over-knives-is-the-science-legit-a-review-and-critique/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://rawfoodsos.com/2011/09/22/forks-over-knives-is-the-science-legit-a-review-and-critique/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The Engine 2 Diet&quot; is simply just processed high-carb/fat foods brings you dietary cholesterol down, which has been debunked as a important thing to do. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/article4449967.ece?shareToken=7dba4f3ccd918bfcc1a900e04c14f6bb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/article4449967.ece?shareToken=7dba4f3ccd918bfcc1a900e04c14f6bb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to lose weight then &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;eat less&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be healthy and lose weight then &lt;strong&gt;eat healthily&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;eat less&lt;/strong&gt; through &lt;strong&gt;counting calories&lt;/strong&gt; (Fruit, vegetables, non-processed foods, low sugar, &lt;strong&gt;moderation&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's really that simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-08-10T12:09:00.030" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T12:09:00.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T11:36:22.590" Score="2" ViewCount="619" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL, DR:&lt;/strong&gt; I have a nopen blister. What to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this happened: I steped on a bee and got stung on the underside of my large toe. During the day after the sting, my foot swelled and formed blisters on the upper side, near the sting. I opened the blisters and applied Octenisept (disinfectant) and Dermatol (poweder of talcum and Bismutum Subgallicum) to dry and protect the wound - this is a treatment I remember from my childhood for wounds like this. Since then I kept the area in the open as far as possible (figuring that it heals faster that way) and apply Dermatol occasionally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fluid in the blister was clear, yellowish so I figure lymph fluid. No thick yellow fluid, affected foot isnt warmer than the other one and I'm generally fine. Else I'd have seen a doctor allready.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With googling i found out that Dermatol may not be sold in Germany anymore (since 2003 actually) because there's no proof of any effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From looking at this answer, the treatment seems to be &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://get%20the%20sterile%20dressing%20on,%20then%20clean%20and%20redress%20(with%20a%20light%20application%20of%20an%20antibacterial%20cream)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;... get the sterile dressing on, then clean and redress (with a light application of an antibacterial cream)&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My problem is with the dressing: Blister-bandaids with a gel inside would seem a good idea, but don't fit the area. A packing of light gauze or something would be doable for now, but I will need to wear shoes or boots soon. Any alternatives?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I assume leaving the foot in the open or at least ouside a shoe is god for the healing process. Is this assumption correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T15:30:48.350" Title="TReatment for open blisters" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1997" CreationDate="2016-08-09T12:21:18.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to only be able to touch my knees. Within 2-3 months I learned how to touch my feet. I did this by two simple stretching exercises, but I made sure to do them regularly. The main trick was to build it into my daily-routine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I started stretching in the shower, simply bending forward.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I started stretching before going to sleep, doing this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-wiOqYcxoI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-wiOqYcxoI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It only take me 2 minutes every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2588" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T12:21:18.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2016-08-09T14:10:40.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Examine.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site does not give detailed breakdown of the nutritional values of specific foods but what it does give is arguably more useful to the Average Joe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examine.com is an independent and unbiased encyclopaedia on supplementation and nutrition. They are not affiliated in any way with any supplement company (disclosure below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site is run by editors who examine primary research. Users are encouraged to submit corrections and any research we may have missed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Disclosure&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examine.com is an unbiased nutrition and supplement resource. We are&#xA;not influenced by commercial interests, product manufacturers, or any&#xA;other organization, and we will not advertise products or brands.&#xA;Examine.com does not accept donations, third-party funding, or&#xA;sponsorship of any kind. One hundred percent of our revenue is&#xA;generated through our three products: the Examine.com Research Digest,&#xA;Supplement-Goals Reference, and the Supplement Stack Guides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For nutrition specifically then go to: &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/nutrition/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their top Q&amp;amp;A's are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-saturated-fat-bad-for-me/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is saturated fat bad for me?&lt;/a&gt; (Saturated fat, as an all-inclusive category, has not yet been shown to beneficially or adversely affect heart health.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is diet soda bad for you?&lt;/a&gt; (There are no studies that indicate any long-term health risks from drinking diet soda)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/do-i-need-to-eat-six-times-a-day-to-keep-my-metabolism-high/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Do I need to eat six times a day to keep my metabolism high?&lt;/a&gt; (There is no evidence to support the idea that multiple meals increases metabolic rate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What should I eat for weight loss?&lt;/a&gt; (Eat less. Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one best fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric intake.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-hfcs-high-fructose-corn-syrup-worse-than-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) worse than sugar?&lt;/a&gt; (There currently is no good evidence to suggest that one is worse than the other; either they are both inert or they are both evil. The difference between them is too small to matter in moderate consumption, and in excess both are harmful to health)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And my favourite hidden gem on that site is the topic on &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Green+Tea+Catechins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;green tea&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been implicated in benefiting almost every organ system in the&#xA;body. It is cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-obesity,&#xA;anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-artherogenic, liver protective&#xA;and beneficial for blood vessel health. These beneficial effects are&#xA;seen in doses present both in green tea itself (as a drink) as well as&#xA;from a supplemental form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T14:10:40.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T14:33:59.240" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;For fruits such as peaches and apples, which one might eat with skin, some people argue that water do not wash away some chemicals (i.e. pesticides) that get absorbed by the skin, thus advising to always peel them before eating them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, considering that the the skin is rich in nutrients, is it unsafe to just wash the fruit with water (and rubbing it with one's hands) rather than peeling them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-10T16:02:35.217" LastActivityDate="2018-07-10T16:02:35.217" Title="Is it safe to eat fruit with the skin having cleaned it only with water?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8781" CreationDate="2016-08-09T15:35:45.190" Score="4" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;For my long distance travels, to avoid thrombosis, I used to frequently move during the flights and try to book a seat in an aisle which helps stretching my legs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any other preventive measures known to reduce the risk of thrombosis during long haul flights? Is it worth taking one of those antithrombotic drugs (such as Fragmin), which are given in the hospital for people, who can't move?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T05:48:57.200" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T05:48:57.200" Title="Preventing thrombosis during long distance travels" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;&lt;calf-muscles-calves&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1300" CreationDate="2016-08-09T16:08:17.860" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Urine is being use as estrogen. One of the example is the animal urine (not sure in particular) but It is an ingredient that can be use for hormonal medicines like Premarin (conjugated estrogens). Conjugated estrogens treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, and vaginal dryness, burning, and irritation. But I don't think that it is good to drink urine directly, as everything should be processed and examined. It is a waste from our body but small amount will not harm you. On the other side, there might be some substance that can be use for hormonal treatments. For added info, you can also check the link: &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.cvs.com/GetContent.aspx?token=f75979d3-9c7c-4b16-af56-3e122a3f19e3&amp;amp;chunkiid=161688&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;True or False: It's safe to drink urine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6447" LastEditorUserId="6447" LastEditDate="2016-08-09T17:31:20.760" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T17:31:20.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8682" CreationDate="2016-08-09T16:08:32.437" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As an addendum (with some contrasts) to the previous answer (To be honest, I had the same feeling that women have definitely a different pain threshold compared to men.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to WebMD (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/chronic-pain-conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/chronic-pain-conditions&lt;/a&gt;),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is now widely believed that pain affects men and women differently.&#xA;  While the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone certainly play a role&#xA;  in this phenomenon, psychology and culture, too, may account at least&#xA;  in part for differences in how men and women receive pain signals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But interestingly, studies showed that men have a higher pain threshold than women:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;male experimental animals injected with estrogen, a female sex&#xA;  hormone, appear to have a lower tolerance for pain-that is, the&#xA;  addition of estrogen appears to lower the pain threshold. Similarly,&#xA;  the presence of testosterone, a male hormone, appears to elevate&#xA;  tolerance for pain in female mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that the pain killing system in women and men work differently, as suggested by some studies showing that some painkiller (such as kappa-opioids, which are used in labour) work better in women than in men &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8898754&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact reasons for this difference in pain perception is, however still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here extracts from the abstract of a study, which browsed the literature concerning pain perception in men and women:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, sex hormones influence pain sensitivity; &lt;strong&gt;pain threshold&#xA;  and pain tolerance in women vary with the stage of the menstrual&#xA;  cycle&lt;/strong&gt;. Imaging studies of the brain have shown differences between men&#xA;  and women in the spatial pattern and intensity of response to acute&#xA;  pain. &lt;strong&gt;Among rodents, females are more sensitive than males to noxious&#xA;  stimuli and have lower levels of stress-induced analgesia.&lt;/strong&gt; (...) &lt;strong&gt;Research on transgenic mice suggests&#xA;  that normal males have a higher level of activity in the endogenous&#xA;  analgesic system compared with normal females&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Sex differences in pain perception. Gend Med. 2005 Sep;2(3):137-45. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16290886&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16290886&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So probably, differences in pain perception between women and men is multifactorial: psychological, cultural and biological.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastEditorUserId="6412" LastEditDate="2016-08-12T20:04:22.797" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T20:04:22.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T16:30:20.710" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to air cooling appliances at home.&#xA;Now, I am planing to buy a air &lt;strong&gt;cooler&lt;/strong&gt; ( &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; conditioner), but I &lt;strong&gt;heard&lt;/strong&gt; that it will create health issues such as &lt;strong&gt;dust allergy, cold&lt;/strong&gt; etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because It contains &lt;strong&gt;Coir&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;Once this coir is &lt;strong&gt;old&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;amp; wet, then it will pollute the air and this leads to cold,dust allergy etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone have any bad experiences like this? Please share..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5170" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T16:30:20.710" Title="Air Cooler and Health Issues" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8790" CreationDate="2016-08-09T18:07:36.120" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that paracetamod+ibuprofene (P+I) is not much better than ibuprofene alone (IA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I noticed that P+I is better than IA for fever, for me. I wonder if it is possible that there are some genetic or other individual factors that would explain why I noticed that P+I is better for fever (and related muscle aches ) than IA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The background story is the following: I took 1600 mg Ibuprofen in the last 18 hours and my muscle ache and fever (37,3) did noe want to go away (I got some viral upper respiratory infection). Then I took paracetamol 500 mg and 1 hour after that I started sweating and suddenly got much better. Any idea why this might have happened ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related : &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/2440/is-it-better-to-take-a-half-dose-of-paracetamol-and-a-half-dose-of-ibuprofen-tog&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/2440/is-it-better-to-take-a-half-dose-of-paracetamol-and-a-half-dose-of-ibuprofen-tog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T00:36:10.703" Title="Is it possible that paracetamol + ibuprofene is much better for fever than ibuprofene alone? If yes, how?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8728" CreationDate="2016-08-09T18:53:43.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, certain cells like skeletal muscle cells (during exercise), liver cells, red blood cells and the brain do not need insulin for glucose uptake.&#xA;During exercise, the glucose uptake by muscles is increased so glucose level in the blood drops down. Thus, less (or no) insulin is needed during exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more details, I found useful information in a biology lecture in Columbia University, New York: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2006/lectures11/lect16.11.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2006/lectures11/lect16.11.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can summarize it like this:&#xA;Insulin works on cell surface receptors.&#xA;In resting skeletal muscle &amp;amp; adipose tissues insulin acts through the receptor GLUT4 which promotes the infusion of glucose to the cell cytoplasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In liver and brain: They can take up glucose without insulin -- they do not use GLUT4. They use different transporters (GLUT 1, 2 &amp;amp;/or 3) located permanently in the plasma membrane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin has no effect on glucose uptake in brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Working skeletal muscle:  Insulin is not required for the uptake of glucose because exercise mobilizes GLUT4 in skeletal muscle.&#xA;I hope this is clear fo you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastEditorUserId="6450" LastEditDate="2016-08-09T19:14:31.503" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T19:14:31.503" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8747" CreationDate="2016-08-09T19:30:12.150" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are overall healthy, I don't think it would be wise to go so far as to use an antithrombotic drug; as that will also thin your blood and may cause other issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a variety of dietary supplements that claim to aid in circulation; however, I can't prove that they will - or won't - work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my best advice would be to obviously, get up and move when you can. Since that isn't always possible, I will give you some ideas for stretches you can do that won't take up too much space. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can tap your feet and circle your ankles. Try not to cross your legs; however, most of us do - especially if we're on a long trip -, so at least try to frequently change your leg position. If you are sitting in a seat that causes your feet not to touch the floor/ground, try to keep your legs swinging and again, change positions as often as possible. Try to keep your legs from falling asleep, that would certainly be a sign that you've been in one position for too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have never had a thrombus (DVT) before, some things to watch for are: swelling in one and, rarely, both legs; as well as pain that feels something like a cramp. If the clot moves to your lung, which is a risk, you can expect to feel non-radiating chest pain and difficulty breathing. If you would like additional information on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/basics/symptoms/con-20031922&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DVT&lt;/a&gt; as well as some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/prevention/disease/bloodclots.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;preventative measures&lt;/a&gt;, please see the provided links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T19:30:12.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T20:46:09.400" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not seen any data on this, perhaps because there is no reliable way to diagnose TEV as positional. However, is there anything that demonstrates how many congenital TEV/Clubfoot cases are positional (due to uterine abnormalities or fetal positioning)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6451" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T06:02:55.143" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T06:02:55.143" Title="Occurrence rate of positional TEV vs clubfoot" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-09T21:13:42.360" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;recommends&lt;/a&gt; that less than 10% of our &quot;total energy intake&quot; be due to free sugar. From the cited report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Total energy intake is the sum of all daily calories/kilojoules consumed from food and drink. Energy comes from&#xA;  macronutrients, such as fat (9 kcal/37.7 kJ per gram), carbohydrate (4 kcal/16.7 kJ per gram) including total sugars&#xA;  (free sugars + intrinsic sugars + milk sugars) and dietary fibre, protein (4 kcal/16.7 kJ per gram) and ethanol (i.e.&#xA;  alcohol) (7 kcal/29.3 kJ per gram). Total energy intake is calculated by multiplying these energy factors by the number&#xA;  of grams of each type of food and drink consumed and then adding all values together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't this technically mean that it's okay for me to eat huge amounts of sugar as long as I also eat a ten plates of pasta a day, or something? What is the rationale for using this metric, and how do I know that I'm eating a healthy amount of sugar because I'm eating low sugar, and not because I'm just eating more non-sugar calories than I should be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3456" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T17:25:29.283" Title="Why does the WHO give sugar recommendations in terms of percentage of energy intake?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8758" CreationDate="2016-08-09T21:59:18.340" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're overthinking it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All they are saying is that they strongly recommend no more than 10% of total daily calorie intake be in the form of sugars, and they conditionally recommend that no more than 5% be the goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if your daily caloric intake goal is 2000 calories, they recommend no more than 200 calories come from sugars. Adjust for your own caloric needs. (Just as a note, many food labels in the United States assume a 2000 calorie diet for their serving size/dietary information panels. Most will tell you the calorie amount they are basing it on.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically, yes, if you eat 10,000 calories in a day, you could have 1,000 calories of sugar. However, that much caloric intake would present problems of their own in short order (excepting highly active individuals whose training regimens dictate that level of intake).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-08-09T21:59:18.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-10T02:44:24.390" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching the history of human civilization starting in the paleolithic period onward.  I am looking for a reference on the history of medicine-- hopefully starting with our first attempts at medicine and continuing on to the modern age.  I would like a timeline of problems and solutions and how they evolved to where we are now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching Amazon doesn't provide a lot of good books like I was hoping it would.  Given the size of this field, I figured there would be an overwhelming number of books.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6454" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T03:17:00.287" Title="What is a good reference for the history of medicine?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8771" CreationDate="2016-08-10T03:17:00.287" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are not too many books, it's kind of a censored topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best work might be the Cambridge History of Medicine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Cambridge History of Medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Editor: Roy Porter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Date Published: June 2006&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;ISBN: 9780521682893&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T03:17:00.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-10T05:02:44.940" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;From which of the following is better for health : tea with milk or tea with milk and water in equal proportions and spices  or tea in water with spices, If someone can link to some authentic source supporting his point that .and if it is beneficial  how much consumption of tea cups(200 ml)  is okay for a day ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6456" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T08:10:25.333" Title="Which is better for health tea, water tea or milk tea?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-09-24T11:29:18.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8773" CreationDate="2016-08-10T08:10:25.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only well studied effects of drinking tea are the Green Tea Catechins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would highly recommend people pay attention to the bioavailability&#xA;  issue and pay attention to &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/quercetin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quercetin&lt;/a&gt;. Green tea seems Godly in vitro,&#xA;  but it has high variability in people because not 100% of the&#xA;  catechins get to the cell to exert effects. Any supplementation with&#xA;  green tea catechins, in my opinion, should have thought given to&#xA;  increasing bioavailability through &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/quercetin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quercetin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/fish-oil/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fish Oil&lt;/a&gt;, or consuming&#xA;  green tea with a meal that has these two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The combination of all four catechins seems to be better than just&#xA;  isolated EGCG, although pairing an EGCG capsule with a cup of green&#xA;  tea would be even better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;—   Kurtis Frank&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Green+Tea+Catechins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/supplements/Green+Tea+Catechins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above site references many studies but the overall conclusion is green tea is really good for you, drink it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has been implicated in benefiting almost every organ system in the&#xA;  body. It is cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-obesity,&#xA;  anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-artherogenic, liver protective&#xA;  and beneficial for blood vessel health. These beneficial effects are&#xA;  seen in doses present both in green tea itself (as a drink) as well as&#xA;  from a supplemental form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T08:10:25.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-10T08:38:22.593" Score="8" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am constantly reading about how alcohol affects mostly the liver and secondly other organs and body functions as well as causing vitamin deficiencies, but I did not find much information about the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you elaborate on how exactly alcohol consumption, either chronical or infrequently affect brain functions both in the middle and in the long term especially when drinking ultil getting drunk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T19:18:46.420" Title="how does alcohol damage the brain?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="226" CreationDate="2016-08-10T08:44:44.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are only currently two main supplements you can take to help reduce blood pressure, beyond the advice of just &lt;strong&gt;exercising more&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;eating healthy&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;relaxing&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/hibiscus-sabdariffa/#hem-blood-pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hibiscus Sabdariffa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Roselle or Sour Tea) is a tea where the usually dark colored flowers are used to brew. It appears to inhibit carbohydrate absorption to a degree and appears to be effective in reducing blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dosage: 10mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 10mg is in reference to the total anthocyanin content, which appears to be the active ingredient; the exact quantity of anthocyanins should be listed on the label, or can be achieved with 5-10g of the flower's calyx steeped in tea. Tea can be used in lieu of supplementation, and should be similarly effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/garlic/#hem-blood-pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Garlic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Garlic (Allium sativum) is a food product that can improve immunity and cardiovascular health. Garlic supplementation appears to reduce blood pressure, and the magnitude is quite respectable in persons with hypertension (around 10 points systolic or 8-10%) whereas there is a smaller but present reduction in persons with normal blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T08:44:44.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8747" CreationDate="2016-08-10T11:04:32.193" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I had the same concern and asked my family doctor. He showed me the recommendations from the American College of Chest Physicians.&#xA;Below you can find an extract:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;VTE = Venous Thromboembolism (includes Pulmonary Embolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GCS = Graduated compression stockings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6.0 Persons Traveling Long-Distance&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6.1.1. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,&#xA;  estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known&#xA;  thrombophilic disorder), we suggest frequent ambulation, calf muscle&#xA;  exercise, or sitting in an aisle seat if feasible (Grade 2C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6.1.2. For long-distance travelers at increased risk of VTE (including previous VTE, recent surgery or trauma, active malignancy, pregnancy,&#xA;  estrogen use, advanced age, limited mobility, severe obesity, or known&#xA;  thrombophilic disorder), we suggest use of properly fitted, below-knee&#xA;  GCS providing 15 to 30 mm Hg of pressure at the ankle during travel&#xA;  (Grade 2C). For all other long-distance travelers, we suggest against&#xA;  the use of GCS (Grade 2C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;6.1.3. For long-distance travelers, we suggest against the use of aspirin or anticoagulants to prevent VTE (Grade 2C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find the complete version here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.chestnet.org/Guidelines-and-Resources/CHEST-Guideline-Topic-Areas/Pulmonary-Vascular&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuünemann HJ. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):7S-47S. doi:10.1378/chest.1412S3.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S (if like me, you are wondering what the grading means): the grading corresponds to the level of &quot;evidence&quot; for this recommendation. Grade 2C means that randomized trials are still missing, and that this decision was made by balancing the risk and benefits of the intervention. This website gives a good explanation of the grade system: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medicographia.com/2011/12/rating-the-quality-of-evidence-and-the-strength-of-recommendationsthe-new-grade-system-in-venous-disease/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastEditorUserId="6416" LastEditDate="2016-08-12T09:09:24.343" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:09:24.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7625" CreationDate="2016-08-10T12:16:20.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your problem is going to be sweat, waterproof duct tape will prevent sweat evaporating and will cause the tape to un-stick. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the NHS states: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is limited evidence to support the effectiveness of using duct&#xA;  tape to treat warts. However, side effects of this type of treatment&#xA;  are rare, although the skin can become irritated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest using the other methods: Salicylic acid or Cryotherapy &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T12:16:20.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8783" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8785" CreationDate="2016-08-10T17:06:50.043" Score="0" ViewCount="3658" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read from a book that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;axon terminals make connections on target cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand it. but at another line they said that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neuron-to-neuron connections are made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons. These connections, known as synapses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I do not understand that if axon terminals make connection with target cells or dendrites make connection with target cells? &#xA;Please help me to understand this!&#xA;Thanks..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6467" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T20:10:00.497" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T20:10:00.497" Title="What is the difference between Axon terminal and Synapses" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-10T17:35:46.013" Score="1" ViewCount="314" Body="&lt;p&gt;My front tooth was chipped four months ago and I saw a dentist who filled in the chip and It was sensitive before I had the filling. I can't drink any liquid without it hurting. It's not just cold water either. If I drink room temperature, hot, cold etc..it will hurt. Was there nerve damage..?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T17:13:43.093" Title="My tooth hurts when I drink liquids?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-09-07T15:24:26.703" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8783" CreationDate="2016-08-10T17:39:19.840" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you have a look at one of the most famous reference book in neuroscience &quot;Principles of neural science&quot; by Kandel (Fifth Edition), on page 22:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is this figure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is the description of the figure (extracts):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most neurons in the vertebrate nervous system have several main&#xA;  features in common. The cell body contains the nucleus, the storehouse&#xA;  of genetic information, and gives rise to two types of cell processes:&#xA;  axons and dendrites. Axons are the transmitting element of neurons;&#xA;  they vary greatly in length, some extending more than 2 m within the&#xA;  body (...) &lt;strong&gt;The action potential, the cell’s conducting signal, is&#xA;  initiated at the initial segment of the axon and propagates to the&#xA;  synapse, the site at which signals flow from one neuron to another&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;  Branches of the axon of the presynaptic neuron transmit signals to the&#xA;  postsynaptic cell. The branches of a single axon may form synapses&#xA;  with as many as 1,000 postsynaptic neurons. &lt;strong&gt;The apical and basal&#xA;  dendrites together with the cell body are the input elements of the&#xA;  neuron, receiving signals from other neurons&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So axons connect with target neuronal cells, either on the dendrites or the soma, to propagate the action potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-08-10T17:39:19.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8787" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8806" CreationDate="2016-08-10T22:18:07.483" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was very recently diagnosed with Lupus. But ive always had arthritis problems because i was born with congenital bone fusions so throughout my life I've had a series of surgeries, including a triple arthrodesis on both my feet. Last time I saw my pediatrist, he mentioned that I had a bone spur and that it looked like I was in need of a total ankle replacement and would be a great candidate for it (but this was before i was diagnosed with Lupus). Would the lupus diagnosis change how well a an ankle replacement might work out for me? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T22:58:09.640" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T22:58:09.640" Title="Are Lupus patients typically good candidates for total ankle replacements?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;joint-replacements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-11T02:14:20.687" Score="1" ViewCount="514" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with adult onset asthma after a bout of bronchitis last year. On top of that, I have allergies to most environmentals and I live in a desert environment with dust in the air. So I am considering using a medical mask for most of my day from now on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most effective use of a mask? Can I still get benefit from it if I only wear it outside and not indoors? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-17T01:13:46.810" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T14:28:39.990" Title="Effective use of a mask for allergies, asthma and bronchitis?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;bronchitis&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8789" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8861" CreationDate="2016-08-11T02:18:29.957" Score="0" ViewCount="563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will be meeting with my Dermatologist to start on Accutane Sept. 16. She is on vacation now so I cannot contact her, but she mentioned that before I start Acutane that I need to stop taking my Minocycline and Spirnolactone, but I can't recall how far in advance that is. Is it a month or two weeks? (Also, yes, I know that I need to take a blood test at the start of the month and be on birth control and sign the &quot;I pledge&quot; and all that jazz). Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T23:09:15.930" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T23:09:15.930" Title="When do you stop Minocycline/Spirnolactone prior to start of Accutane?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;drug-tapering-weaning&gt;&lt;accutane&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8751" CreationDate="2016-08-11T04:00:43.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ibuprophen is an non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAID). As it's name indicate, it reduces inflammation, which can reduce the discomfort of a fever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paracetamol (called Acetaminophen on my side of the pond) is an analgesic which reduces pain. While not an anti-inflammatory, it does help reduce the symptoms by cutting down on the amount of aching and fever that you feel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a recommended combination when trying to manage mild to moderate pain without resorting to morphine or other opioid medication. A counter-indication to this combination is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/treatments/medication/safety/acetaminophen-ibuprofen-side-effects.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;gastro-intestinal bleeding&lt;/a&gt;. Don't forget to follow the posologie and recommendations of each individual medication &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T00:36:10.703" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T00:36:10.703" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7233" CreationDate="2016-08-11T04:28:32.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It does both&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The center of the wart is weakened/killed with the acid/nitrogen(cold), while the periphery is damaged (both the wart and the skin around it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the wart is weakened, the body's natural reparation process slowly replaces the missing skin (under and around the wart) faster than the wart can grow, while the immune system prevents it from spreading within the area. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually what remains of the wart will get exfoliated (fall off) the same way as old skin, leaving behind healthy skin with no warts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info about the treatments: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plantar-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plantar Warts Diagnosis &amp;amp; Treatment&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="15438" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T19:07:12.333" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T19:07:12.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8739" CreationDate="2016-08-11T11:53:20.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's two myths with a grain of truth a the root in your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The myth of spot reduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can't influence where your body loses fat, only if and how much. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/8740/413&quot;&gt;JJosaur's great answer&lt;/a&gt; to this.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The kernel of truth is that if you improve your posture by strenghtening your core muscle, you may appear to have less belly fat. The appearance of a fat belly is often partially due to a hollow back. I don't know you and your back so I don't know if this applies to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The myth of multitasking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You won't do an effective exercise without dedicating time and concentration to it. Fortunately 10-20 min every few days can help a lot. But when you train, you need to train, you need to concentrate on the exercises and your body. Form the habit, stick with it for a while, then it will become normal and easy to dedicate some time to your body.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The kernel of truth: When you develop a proper feel for your body and where your spine should be in a neutral position through exercise, you can should self check your posture often to make sure you don't slouch in an unhealthy way. This is helpful and healthy, just not exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest to think more about what your goals are (why do you want to loose belly fat) and then come back here or to fitness.SE for targeted training advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="413" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T11:53:20.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8804" CreationDate="2016-08-11T13:12:37.560" Score="1" ViewCount="684" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the relationship between hormones and proteins: are hormones a group of specific proteins (or vice versa)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there some hormones that are not considered proteins (or vice versa)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can hormones be found in plant food (similar to proteins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3755" LastEditorUserId="3755" LastEditDate="2016-08-11T13:24:18.750" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T18:26:01.450" Title="What is the relationship between hormones and proteins?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7577" CreationDate="2016-08-11T14:03:27.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did go back and ask my doctor.  They said it was ok for me to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5338" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T14:03:27.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-11T16:37:31.813" Score="5" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest question I was able to find from my search results was &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3885/how-to-correctly-use-an-adjustable-desk&quot;&gt;How to correctly use an adjustable desk?&lt;/a&gt; that was asked almost a year ago with no answers.  That said, I spend anywhere from eight to sixteen hours a day at my desk sitting.  Recently I purchased an adjustable smart desk that I will configure a plist to fire on my Mac that will tell the adjustable desk to move in X position at a set time interval.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I've been looking for any evidence that states when is the appropriate time to stand or sit in the morning?  As in, after I first wake-up from my slumber would it be healthier on the body to start the day in a standing position?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several years ago I experienced a very bad back accident and I've been looking for any documentation or writings on how to properly span the amount of standing and sitting intervals.  When I refer to intervals I mean is there a healthier benefit when scripting the desk adjustment to hourly or in two hour intervals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6477" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:25:10.467" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T02:09:51.453" Title="is there evidence that determines the appropriate amount of standing time in a day?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;office&gt;&lt;standing&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8732" CreationDate="2016-08-11T22:03:07.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people, desiring to be vegetarian, end up eating a lot more starches to fill up.  That no meat trend is one of the reasons for the upsurge of diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do a plant based diet, be sure not to increase pasta, rice, bread, and root vegetables like potatoes, beets, carrots, etc.  Be careful of the fruit, which contains a lot of sugar, too.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5218" LastActivityDate="2016-08-11T22:03:07.557" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8798" CreationDate="2016-08-12T06:47:01.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aren't you in luck, I asked a very similar question over in physical fitness SE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/31109/how-effective-are-standing-desks&quot;&gt;https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/31109/how-effective-are-standing-desks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the top answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A recent meta-analysis of 23 published studies is MacEwen, MacDonald,&#xA;  and Burr, &quot;A systematic review of standing and treadmill desks in the&#xA;  workplace,&quot; &lt;em&gt;Preventative Medicine&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;70&lt;/strong&gt;(January 2015):50-58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The article is here:   &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Quoting from the paper's summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Treadmill desks led to the greatest improvement in physiological outcomes including postprandial glucose, HDL cholesterol, and&#xA;    anthropometrics, while standing desk use was associated with few&#xA;    physiological changes. Standing and treadmill desks both showed mixed&#xA;    results for improving psychological well-being with little impact on&#xA;    work performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:51.470" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T06:47:01.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8794" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:28:06.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this book &quot;Endocrinology: An integrated Approach&quot;, which is freely available via the NCBI Bookshelf (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/&lt;/a&gt;) in Chapter 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hormones can be derived from amino acids. These are the &lt;strong&gt;protein or peptides hormones&lt;/strong&gt; which are composed from a very small number of amino acids to more than 200. An example of those hormones would be insulin or the anterior pituitary hormones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hormones such as insulin, GH (growth hormones) and IGF-I (insuline like growth factor) play a major role in the &lt;strong&gt;regulation of protein metabolism&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9022951&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hormones can also derive from cholesterol&lt;/strong&gt; (ex vitamin D, adrenal or gonadal hormones), &lt;strong&gt;from fatty acids/phospholipids&lt;/strong&gt; (ex prostaglandin, prostacyclin), &lt;strong&gt;from tryptophan&lt;/strong&gt; (ex melatonin, serotonin) &lt;strong&gt;or tyrosine&lt;/strong&gt; (ex catecholamines such as norepinephrine or epinephrine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some decades ago, phytoestrogens have been increasingly described in plants. According to Patisaul et al: &lt;em&gt;Phytoestrogens are naturally-occurring plant compounds that are structurally and/or functionally similar to mammalian estrogens and their active metabolites&lt;/em&gt;. In his paper, he describes the potential roles of these phytoestrogens &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074428/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Umpleby AM et al, The hormonal control of protein metabolism.&#xA;Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;10(4):551-70.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens.&#xA;Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 2010;31(4):400-419.&#xA;doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:28:06.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7511" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:35:32.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Answer: No&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metabolic effects of caffeine may vary depending on whether one is 'naive' to caffeine (infrequent user) or 'accustomed' to caffeine (daily user). Metabolic effects may also vary due to genetics, specifically a polymorphism on the CYP1A1/2 enzyme &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Caffeine/#ref2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One review notes that, after looking at the differences in metabolism between humans and rats, that a 10mg/kg bodyweight dose in rats is roughly bioequivalent to 250mg in a 70kg person. &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Caffeine/#ref3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/caffeine/#hem-metabolic-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/supplements/caffeine/#hem-metabolic-rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Relevent Studies:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Dose Response Effects Of A Caffeine-containing Energy Drink On Muscle Performance: A Repeated Measures Design &#xA;Change of Effect: None&#xA;Trial Design: Double blind&#xA;Trial Length: 24 hours&#xA;Number of Subjects: 12&#xA;Gender Both Genders&#xA;Ages: 18-29, 30-44&#xA;Body-Types: Trained, Average&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569090&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes for this study:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 12 active and healthy participants (light caffeine consumers at&#xA;  less than 60mg daily), an intake of a caffeinated energy drink&#xA;  (compared to placebo, the same energy drink but not caffeinated) was&#xA;  able to increased blood pressure and heart rate at rest without&#xA;  significantly affecting metabolic rate up to 3mg/kg bodyweight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Power output, as measured by half-squat and bench, was increased only&#xA;  at 3mg/kg bodyweight with no significant influence at 1mg/kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Caffeine: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Of Its Thermogenic, Metabolic, And Cardiovascular Effects In Healthy Volunteers&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Change of Effect: Increase&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Trial Design: Double blind &#xA;Trial Length: 24 hours &#xA;Number of Subjects: 6 &#xA;Gender: Both Genders &#xA;Ages: 18-29, 30-44 &#xA;Body-Types: Untrained, Overweight, Average&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333832&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes for this study:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In low habitual coffee drinkers (150-300mL daily), supplementation of&#xA;  100-400mg caffeine increased the metabolic rate (9.2+?-5.7, 7.2+/-6.0,&#xA;  and 32.4+/-8.2kcal/h increase) with the highest dose also increasing&#xA;  plasma glycerol (indicative of fat burning) and lactate. Blood&#xA;  pressure was increased at 400mg only in supine position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: &lt;strong&gt;Somatotypes aren't real.&lt;/strong&gt; They are the result of a now debunked &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatotype_and_constitutional_psychology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;theory of &lt;strong&gt;psychology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and had nothing to do with predicting how one gained fat or muscle. Describing yourself by one of the three somatotypes is just a limiting belief and a rationalization for failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:35:32.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8787" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:45:02.683" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you browse through Pubmed, there are two articles which provide some insights for your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shah U, Mandl L, Mertelsmann-Voss C, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus is not a risk factor for poor outcomes after total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Lupus. 2015;24(9):900-908. doi:10.1177/0961203314566635. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504835/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have done a case-control study comparing individuals with lupus receiving a total knee arthroplasty to individuals without the conditions also receiving this intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are their conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While SLE patients have more comorbidities than OA, and SLE THA have&#xA;  worse pre-operative pain and function compared with OA controls, SLE&#xA;  was not an independent risk factor for poor short term pain or&#xA;  function after either hip or knee arthroplasty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This concerned knee arthroplasty, but obviously it shows some tendency regarding those procedures and the outcomes for patients with SLE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mak A. Orthopedic surgery and its complication in systemic lupus erythematosus. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2014;5(1):38-44. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i1.38. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955778/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They provide a good overview of the complications associated with orthopedic surgery in general for patients with SLE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an extract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;complications as a result of surgical procedures are indeed not&#xA;  uncommon. SLE per se and its various associated pharmacological&#xA;  treatments may pose lupus patients to certain surgical risks if they&#xA;  are not properly attended to and managed prior to, during and after&#xA;  surgery. Concerted effort of management and effective communication&#xA;  among orthopedic specialists and rheumatologists play an integral part&#xA;  in enhancing favorable outcome and reduction in postoperative&#xA;  complications for patients with SLE through thorough pre-operative&#xA;  evaluation, careful peri-operative monitoring and treatment, as well&#xA;  as judicious postoperative care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both articles are freely available so you can read them to have additional informations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:45:02.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5935" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:48:44.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://examine.com&lt;/a&gt; says it best:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I eat for weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eat less.&lt;/strong&gt; Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one&#xA;best fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric&#xA;intake&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What's the deal with low carb diets?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low-carb dieting is a &amp;quot;trick&amp;quot; that allows people to stop eating so much sugar and carbohydrates (flours and starches and pastas) &lt;strong&gt;which greatly reduces caloric intake without jeopardizing vitamin, protein or essential oils (fats) losses&lt;/strong&gt;. Most processed carbohydrate sources are not nutrient-dense foods and are not ideal, unless you are trying to store more energy for more significant periods of exertion (e.g. marathon, distance bicycling or days of long hiking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/faq/will-carbs-make-me-fat.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carbohydrates are not what makes people fat&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calories matter most&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/faq/are-there-health-benefits-of-a-low-carb-diet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;However, low-carb diets have been shown to improve fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, cholesterol levels, blood triglycerides, preserve muscle mass during weight loss, and other health markers.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low-carb dieting has side benefits for ultra-endurance athletes (increase in intramuscular triglycerides), but can negatively impact high intensity strength training by reducing muscle glycogen and forcing the body to convert protein into glucose, rather than use it for muscle building.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no best diet plan. There are many paths to maintaining a good diet and losing weight. The important thing to understand is that people are different in their tastes and lifestyles but not in their body metabolisms by any large degree. Resting body metabolism between extreme athletes and unfit people vary by less than 5% which means it has virtually no impact on how much you can eat or burn in daily decisions. You should be prepared to experiment and find what works for you so that you can maintain a diet that avoids an excess of calories over your lifetime however actively you choose to live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/all-diets-work-the-importance-of-calories.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In the end, the &amp;quot;best diet&amp;quot; is the one that you will stick to.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:48:44.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5583" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:50:55.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recalculate your TDEE, adjust your calories required per day to keep losing weight, a deficit of 300-500 or so, depending on your preference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Losing weight is all about making sure you take in (eat) less calories than you use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:50:55.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8809" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:53:08.740" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-08-12T09:53:08.740" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:53:08.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8810" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:53:08.740" Score="0" Body="Questions about the deposits of subcutaneous fat." OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:42:46.623" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:42:46.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="746" CreationDate="2016-08-12T09:54:06.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found following peer-reviewed paper which provides a review of the nonpharmaceutic conservative interventions for the prevention of seizures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wolf P. The role of nonpharmaceutic conservative interventions in the treatment and secondary prevention of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2002;43 Suppl 9:2-5.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says (I have kept the essential parts):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first step is the identification of factors facilitating the&#xA;  occurrence of seizures. In the second step, strategies to control&#xA;  these factors are developed.&lt;/strong&gt; Most common are disturbances of the&#xA;  sleep-wake cycle, especially reduction of sleep. &lt;strong&gt;Patients should&#xA;  follow a regular sleep schedule with deviations of not &gt;2 h.&lt;/strong&gt; Sometimes&#xA;  a sleep calendar is helpful. Night shifts are not compatible with&#xA;  seizure prevention in these cases. (...) O&lt;strong&gt;ther nonspecific&#xA;  facilitators of seizures include uncontrolled use of alcohol and&#xA;  extraordinary stress. Patients must learn how to cope with stressful&#xA;  events.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also provides some preventive measures for specific types of epilepsies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;reflex epilepsies&lt;/strong&gt;, specific precipitants of seizures are the&#xA;  targets of interventions. Thus, most patients with primary reading&#xA;  epilepsy begin to have, with prolonged reading, perioral reflex&#xA;  myoclonias, which enable them to stop reading and thus to avoid a GTC&#xA;  seizure. In &lt;strong&gt;photosensitive patients&lt;/strong&gt;, seizures are often precipitated&#xA;  by television. These can be avoided by viewing from a distance and&#xA;  using a remote control, small screens in a well-lit room, and&#xA;  preferably with a 100-Hz line shift. Environmental flicker stimulation&#xA;  often comes unexpectedly, and it is advisable that the patients always&#xA;  wear sunglasses in brightly lighted surroundings. Polarized glasses&#xA;  seem to be more protective than plain sunglasses. &lt;strong&gt;If the patient has&#xA;  only photically induced seizures&lt;/strong&gt;, treatment by specific prevention&#xA;  alone may be sufficient, but if spontaneous seizures also occur, drugs&#xA;  must be given in addition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T09:54:06.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8812" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8840" CreationDate="2016-08-12T10:07:10.637" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;If my understanding is correct, patients with antiphospholipid syndrome are at increased risk for thrombotic events &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/basics/symptoms/con-20028805&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; but in the same time, it is possible for these patients to have a thrombocytopenia and therefore increased bleeding risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So my current interrogation is: those person should receive an anticoagulation in the case of a thrombotic event. But what happens if in the same time they have also low platelets? Is anticoagulation still given although this might increase their risk of bleeding?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:56:51.077" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:56:51.077" Title="Thrombotic events and antiphospholipid syndrome" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8815" CreationDate="2016-08-12T11:35:33.663" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to use proper conventional names for known diseases and cell and tissue types in my scientific research. Is there a web resource where I can look the terms up and make reference to this resource?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6485" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T23:36:28.260" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:11:04.410" Title="Is there a universal medical terms naming convention web resource?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4060" CreationDate="2016-08-12T16:20:11.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt; Using water, mouth rince, floss, toothpics or other &lt;strong&gt;means of removing debris between teeth should not cause dental movement&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: To cause dental movement, a &lt;em&gt;continuous pression or pull&lt;/em&gt; has to be applied for &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; hours per day, over the span of weeks/months/years to make teeth move. That is why head gears have to be worn at least 12h everyday, and why braces are kept on at all times. Other problems, such as a bad occlusion (the way your teeth close together can also cause movements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, weak and inetermitant forces (such as cleaning between your teeth) will have little effect on your dentition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gillettedental.com/blog/post/orthodontic-headgear-what-it-is-and-why-it-may-be-needed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.gillettedental.com/blog/post/orthodontic-headgear-what-it-is-and-why-it-may-be-needed.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2016-08-12T17:29:15.100" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T17:29:15.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8813" CreationDate="2016-08-12T17:03:26.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Health insurances and hospitals (for the coding of the diseases) often use the &lt;strong&gt;International Classification of Diseases&lt;/strong&gt; (ICD) from the &lt;strong&gt;World Health Organisation&lt;/strong&gt; to standardise the naming of the diseases and assigns them a code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;em&gt;online available version&lt;/em&gt; (ICD-10) here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the classification of tissues and cells, you might maybe find an answer on the biology SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-12T17:03:26.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-12T21:37:36.670" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quinolones&lt;/a&gt; increase the risk of tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read the claim in different places, but I didn't read the reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quinolones are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all age groups&lt;/strong&gt;. This side effect is most common in but not limited to the Achilles tendon. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendinopathy symptoms have occurred as early as 2 hours after the initial fluoroquinolone exposure and as late as 6 months after the medication was discontinued. The most severe form of tendonopathy associated with fluoroquinolone administration is tendon rupture, which in the great majority of cases involves the Achilles tendon. Younger people typically experience good recovery, but permanent disability is possible, and is more likely in older patients. The overall frequency of fluoroquinolone-associated Achilles tendon rupture in patients treated with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin has been estimated at 17 per 100,000 treatments (three times the rate in people without fluoroquinolone exposure). Risk is substantially elevated in the elderly and in those with recent exposure to topical or systemic corticosteroid therapy. Simultaneous use of corticosteroids is present in almost one-third of quinolone-associated tendon rupture. Other risk factors include patients with kidney, heart and lung transplants, strenuous physical activity during or immediately after treatment, renal failure or previous tendon disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. Some experts have advised avoidance of fluoroquinolones in athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ndhealthfacts.org/wiki/Bursitis_and_Tendinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ndhealthfacts.org/wiki/Bursitis_and_Tendinitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of fluoroquinolone may predispose individuals to tendinopathies.[2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) gives some ideas but is inconclusive, and was published six years ago, so I wonder whether the understanding on that matter has improved since then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The exact pathophysiology of FQ-induced tendinopathy remains elusive; however, some concepts have been suggested. FQs are synthetic antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II).27 DNA gyrase is directly involved in DNA replication and cell division.10 Theoretically, FQs should not exert a negative effect on human cell lines because the affected bacterial enzymes have little homology with mammalian DNA gyrase.10 However, it is possible that FQs have a direct cytotoxic effect on enzymes found in mammalian musculoskeletal tissue.10 Because animal studies have shown that FQs may damage juvenile weight-bearing joints, most FQs are contraindicated in children and during pregnancy and lactation.39–40 FQs have chelating properties against several metal ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, aluminum), and have been known to cause direct toxicity to type 1 collagen synthesis and promote collagen degradation.33,35 Experiments on immature laboratory animals (dogs, rabbits, and rats) have shown that FQs cause cartilage damage by inducing necrosis of chondrocytes (36 hours after treatment), disruption of the extracellular matrix, and formation of vesicles and fissures at the articular surface.41 In-vitro studies in cultured tendon cells have confirmed the clinical observation that FQs can increase the risk of tendon rupture.42 Under normal circumstances, the rate of matrix turn-over and tendon fibroblast is low.10 Other precipitating factors, such as age and corticosteroid use, do not allow the tendon to repair adequately, resulting in irreversible matrix alteration.43 It has been theorized that FQs disproportionately affect human tendons that have a limited capacity for repair, such as in older patients or structural compromise (i.e., pre-existing tendinopathy or trauma).10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Kim, Grace K., and James Q. Del Rosso. &quot;The risk of fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy and tendon rupture: what does the clinician need to know.&quot; J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 3, no. 4 (2010): 49-54. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3037507805225920093&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3037507805225920093&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921747/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921747/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:53:53.517" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:53:53.517" Title="Why does the use of quinolones increase the risk of tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1258" CreationDate="2016-08-13T10:04:38.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is there are too many unknowns.  First, the speed of clotting varies from person to person.  There are lab tests that measure clotting time (e.g. INR), especially useful when a patient takes anticoagulants. One respondent mentioned the absence of anticoagulants, but anticoagulants include substances not specifically prescribed to reduce clotting, such as supplements and even food items that reduce clotting.  Further, there are genetic factors (i.e. Factor VIII and others) that modulate clotting time, operating independently of medical intervention/prescribed drugs or anything consumed.  Age is another facet in the clotting process, as infants often do not clot quickly.  Couple that fact with the smaller quantity of blood in an infant's body and it makes sense why some infants actually die from circumcision related bleeding.  An infant may retain his penis after circumcision but still die from operation related blood loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the penis is different than other appendages and extremities.  Besides the difference in tissue composition (smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle elsewhere), penile arteries dilate more than arteries elsewhere and veins constrict more than veins elsewhere (assuming one has generally healthy blood vessels prior to injury).  The unique elasticity of penile blood vessels mean that a traumatic injury like penile amputation is more likely to bleed continuously than many other amputations when taking into account the relative area of tissue amputated and blood vessels severed.  Other than the femoral or carotid arteries, which, due to their own unique locations, are more likely to cause death from dissection than severing other arteries, the penis is again unique in that the arteries both inside and leading to it do not always clamp off- sometimes, they remain dilated even after a severing injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest factors of survival (a somewhat controllable factor) in this case is time.  The more time elapses after amputation without subsequent medical intervention, the more likely death becomes.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Death from penile amputation can arise not simply from blood loss but also from related issues such as overall stress and pain.  Stress hormones and an inflammatory chemical cascade following such a traumatic injury can overwhelm the heart.       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6494" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T10:04:38.220" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-13T12:29:17.977" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pirate ship is an amusement ride that throw people up and down. Why the sense of acute acceleration, hypogravity and hypergravity make me feel an urge to urinate, even if my bladder is empty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="88" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T06:01:21.063" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T18:55:17.923" Title="why feel urge to urinate when riding a pirate ship" Tags="&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;urination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-13T15:54:41.737" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that being tall makes joint issues more likely. Does being tall increase the risk of tendinopathies? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T20:18:28.527" Title="Does being tall increase the risk of tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-13T17:10:07.980" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an infection in my gums, similar to the picture below. The 'pimple' has gotten bigger and than shrank back down but never disappeared.Mine being only one and much smaller. Besides taking antibiotic medication, is there any other treatment? I heard gargling with salt water every morning helps but not sure about it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WR50y.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WR50y.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T20:34:31.930" Title="What to do about a dental infection?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-09-02T05:52:55.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8783" CreationDate="2016-08-13T17:54:44.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the synapse is made of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the presynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which is actually the axon terminal and here is where we find the neurotransmitters.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the postsynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which could be a dendrite, an axon or a cell body, and here we find receptors for those neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between the two membranes there is a gap or space called synaptic cleft.&#xA;I hope this is clear for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T17:54:44.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8794" CreationDate="2016-08-13T18:26:01.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A protein is a long folded chain of amino acids. A chain of two or more amino acids is called a peptide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, hormones are grouped into three classes based on their structure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peptides: like insulin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steroid (Lipids): derived from cholesterol, like sex hormones.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amines: derived from one amino acid (not peptide) like the thyroid hormones derived from tyrosin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are, actually plant hormones that stimulate growth in plants, like Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T18:26:01.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8778" CreationDate="2016-08-13T18:52:43.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When drinking alcohol, the small water-soluble ethanol enters the bloodstream and moves around till it reaches the brain. Since it is a small molecule, it enters the blood-brain barrier and passes between brain cells (neurons) interfering with the neurotransmitters of the nervous system.&#xA;Ethanol causes the release of Dopamine (Happiness Hormone) and stops Glutamate (a neurotransmitter that normally excites neurons) and this makes the brain slower and the person calmer and sleepy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References and for more details:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drinkingandyou.com/site/uk/xdrunk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.drinkingandyou.com/site/uk/xdrunk.htm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/how-alcohol-makes-drunk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/how-alcohol-makes-drunk.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastEditorUserId="6450" LastEditDate="2016-08-13T19:18:46.420" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T19:18:46.420" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8832" CreationDate="2016-08-13T19:02:41.857" Score="2" ViewCount="758" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shopping for tongue depressors online, I found some that were listed as &quot;senior&quot;.  What is the difference between a &quot;senior&quot; tongue depressor and an &quot;adult&quot; one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6499" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:57:55.590" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:57:55.590" Title="What is a &quot;senior&quot; tongue depressor?" Tags="&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8825" CreationDate="2016-08-13T20:34:31.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good afternoon,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'll methodically address each part of your question. The important elements are in bold&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abscesses in your mouth won't heal on their own, if the underlying  cause is not removed. &lt;strong&gt;It will most likely reappear after you stop taking the antibiotics, which should not be used in a long term fashion.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these are dental abscesses, There are generally two possible causes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Peri-apical Abscesses:&lt;/em&gt; The pulp (nerf) inside the tooth has died (necrotic) and the bacteria have reached the apex (bottom of the tooth).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally a &lt;strong&gt;root canal&lt;/strong&gt; is sufficient to prevent entry of further bacteria and enable the body to repair the bone and allow the abscess to heal.&#xA;Another possibility is to extract the tooth, if it is not possible to perform a root canal or to restore it afterward (with a crown for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Periodontal Abscesses:&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;The gums around the tooth have detached from the roots, allowing bacteria to thrive in so-called periodontal pockets between supporting tissues and the rooth of the tooth.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Depending on the state of the tooth, if it is salvageable, it will require &lt;strong&gt;scaling and root planing&lt;/strong&gt; to clean the area of bacterial debris and to allow the gums to reattach to the root. &lt;strong&gt;Using saltwater can help control the bacteria, but will not get ride of the pockets which let bacteria accumulate in the first place.&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;Another possibility is again to extract the tooth, if there is not sufficient bone and gums to support the tooth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As always, only an exam by a dental professional will allow you to find and treat the cause of your abscess(es).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My professional background&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;previous question on Health.Stackexchange&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T20:34:31.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8829" CreationDate="2016-08-13T20:46:48.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the products online labelled as such, &lt;strong&gt;there seems to be no difference between &quot;adult size&quot;, &quot;Standard&quot; and &quot;Senior&quot; sized (6&quot;) tongue depressors&lt;/strong&gt;. On the other hand, I would assume &quot;Senior&quot; is used to differentiat that product from the &quot;Junior&quot; (5.5&quot;), &quot;Infant&quot; (4.5&quot;) tongue depressors, which some companies label as such. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.puritanmedproducts.com/products?cat=1085%261076&amp;amp;search=&amp;amp;brand=&amp;amp;sterile=&amp;amp;material=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.puritanmedproducts.com/products?cat=1085%261076&amp;amp;search=&amp;amp;brand=&amp;amp;sterile=&amp;amp;material=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-08-13T20:46:48.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8837" CreationDate="2016-08-14T15:07:45.230" Score="2" ViewCount="803" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Brain MRI (axial T1, T2, sagittal T1, axial T1 and FLAIR images)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is written:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;CSF signal intensity lesion with 40x24x38mm diameter is seen in the anterior portion of left middle cranial fossa in favor of arachnoid cyst. Retentional cyst is seen in the right maxillary sinus.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The physician who is a neurologist have told us to do another MRI imagery 6 months later.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to generally know (in simple language as much as possible) what the cause of such abnormality could be? (is it hereditary or may be caused by some kind of diseases or events during the life)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the signs and symptoms of such abnormality? (With which symptoms a patient or their relatives should be concerned and refer a neurologist?, for example headache, sinusitis, etc)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be the risk (at worst)?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6504" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:35:51.503" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:35:51.503" Title="what does this abnormality (arachnoid cyst) mean in a brain MRI?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8835" CreationDate="2016-08-14T20:09:21.110" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First of all, your &quot;main question&quot; contains a lot of small other questions, which I think are difficult to answer as we are not your sister's neurologist (we haven't seen the MRI, we haven't examined her,etc...) But I will try to address some of your concerns:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are arachnoid cysts?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arachnoid cysts (AC) are a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the arachnoid membrane. The CSF is produced by the arachnoid cells which line the cyst. The exact mechanism by which those cyst appear and grow is still not clear. The current main theories are passive diffusion of CSF into the cyst or progressive entrapment due to a ball valve effect. The image below (from &lt;a href=&quot;http://weillcornellbrainandspine.org/sites/default/files/arachnoid-cyst-pediatric-lg.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://weillcornellbrainandspine.org/sites/default/files/arachnoid-cyst-pediatric-lg.jpg&lt;/a&gt;) shows you an arachnoid cyst (the structure in red).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DN149.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DN149.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How frequent are those arachnoid cysts?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arachnoid cysts represent 1% of intracranial masses. In a retrospective study conducted among adult brain MRI, the prevalence of arachnoid cyst was 1.4 percent; of these, only 5 percent were symptomatic. Symptomatic arachnoid cysts are more frequent in children (75 percent of symptomatic arachnoid cysts occur in children)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the symptoms associated with arachnoid cysts?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Symptoms depend on the location of those cyst as well as their size.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of those cysts (approximatively 50%) arise in the Sylvian fissure (so approximatively in the same region as your sister’s AC), although they may occur in any part of the nervous system where there is arachnoid. Other common sites include: cerebral convexity, interhemispheric fissure, suprasellar cistern, quadrigeminal cistern, cerebellopontine angle, midline of the posterior fossa, and the spine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cysts in the Sylvian fissure are usually asymptomatic but can present with headache, seizure and less commonly, focal neurological deficits. Subdural hematomas may occur following relatively minor head trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the treatment for arachnoid cysts?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment is generally initiated if patients have symptoms. If mainly asymptomatic, current recommendations recommend serial imaging and neurologic examinations (as suggested by your neurologist). &#xA;In general, surgery is indicated if patients suffer from symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, seizures, focal neurologic deficits (= motor or sensory problems in face, limbs) or cognitive impairment. Needle aspiration usually is of temporary benefit and is not a good long-term treatment option .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your sister has also a retention cyst in the maxillary sinus.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Wang et al &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17277631&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, who followed 40 patients with retention cysts,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most retention cysts of the maxillary sinus spontaneously regressed or&#xA;  showed no significant change in size over the long term. These&#xA;  findings suggest that, in the absence of associated complications,&#xA;  “wait and see” may be the appropriate management strategy for these&#xA;  retention cysts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/uncommon-brain-tumors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/uncommon-brain-tumors&lt;/a&gt; (unfortunately not accessible if you are not a medical professional or don't have a subscription, but the text in this post is inspired by their paragraph on AC)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dyck P, Gruskin P. Supratentorial arachnoid cysts in adults. A&#xA;discussion of two cases from a pathophysiologic and surgical&#xA;perspective. Arch Neurol 1977; 34:276. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smith RA, Smith WA. Arachnoid    cysts of the middle cranial fossa.&#xA;Surg Neurol 1976; 5:246.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Al-Holou WN, Terman S, Kilburg C, et al. Prevalence and natural&#xA;history of arachnoid cysts in adults. J Neurosurg 2013; 118:222.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cakirer S. Arachnoid cyst of the craniospinal junction: a case report&#xA;and review of the literature. Acta Radiol 2004; 45:460.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Dilling-Ostrowska E. Presentation of&#xA;intracranial arachnoid cysts in children: correlation between&#xA;localization and clinical symptoms. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8:CR462.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-14T20:16:27.660" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T20:16:27.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8726" CreationDate="2016-08-14T20:22:09.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am really happy that I found Krill oil. It's an omega 3,6,9 oil made from krill. (a sea creature similar to shrimp but much smaller). It makes this choice the strongest choice in benefits of any fish oil, but no yucky taste if you burp. I can't take NSAIDS anymore, but I found that after a few days of taking krill oil, it works as an anti-inflammatory pain killer for me when I take an extra one when pain comes on. No side effects, no drug interactions. &#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt; National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6508" LastEditorUserId="6508" LastEditDate="2016-08-16T02:20:12.757" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T02:20:12.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8812" CreationDate="2016-08-14T20:39:39.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)&lt;/strong&gt; is characterized by the occurrence of venous or arterial thrombosis and/or an adverse pregnancy outcome due to the presence  of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=18417261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. There are to types of APS: either primary or secondary in the presence of an underlying disease, usually systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)&lt;/strong&gt; is frequently observed in APS patients, with an incidence ranging from 22 to 42 percent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=18417261&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. The frequency of thrombocytopenia is higher in SLE-associated APS than in primary APS. According to uptodate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=antiphospholipid%20syndrome&amp;amp;selectedTitle=3%7E150&amp;amp;sectionRank=2&amp;amp;anchor=H11#H21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the degree of thrombocytopenia is usually moderate, with a platelet&#xA;  count usually in the range of 100,000 to 140,000/microL, and is rarely&#xA;  associated with hemorrhagic events. Thrombocytopenia does not preclude&#xA;  the occurrence of thrombotic complications of APS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to your question, here are the recommendations in uptodate &lt;em&gt;(which is a common source of reference for clinicians, as it provides, uptodate information of guidelines and recommendations)&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For patients with thrombocytopenia who develop a thromboembolic event&#xA;  an antithrombotic therapy with &lt;strong&gt;low molecular weight heparin and&#xA;  vitamin K antagonists (goal INR 2.0 to 3.0) should be initiated as in&#xA;  other patients with APS&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-14T20:39:39.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-15T05:39:40.140" Score="5" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I know that calorie deficit cause weight loss but achieving calorie deficiency we can maintain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eat less and exercise less&lt;/strong&gt;: Let say consume 2200 cal and burn 2700 cal by exercise. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eat more and exercise more:&lt;/strong&gt;  Consume 3500 cal and burn 4000 cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So which option is better for effective weight loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1443" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-14T06:01:55.853" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T14:57:24.883" Title="Exercise vs Fasting: Which is better for weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-25T20:16:46.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-15T09:24:17.800" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517116/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adenovirus 36 and Obesity: An Overview&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pasarica et al. [34] showed that rats infected with Adv36 had an increase of weight, insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. Furthermore, Adv36 infected non-human primates [33], had increase of weight and anti-Adv36 antibodies, but a decrease of total cholesterol. Similar results were obtained in marmosets and a decrease of total cholesterol was found in hamsters [36].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In vitro, Adv36 induced adipogenic accumulation commitment, differentiation of adipocytes and increases the cellular glucose uptake [27,44].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests to me that Adenovirus 36 is a public health issue. Do we have a FDA approved vaccines to protect against it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-15T10:16:40.017" Title="Do we have vaccine against Adenovirus 36?" Tags="&lt;overweight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9148" CreationDate="2016-08-15T12:26:36.323" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the problems with fruit juice is that it provides all the sugar with almost none of the fiber to help slow the absorption of sugar in the body.  If fiber is added back to the fruit juice before drinking, for example with ground flaxseed, does this help prevent the body from absorbing too much sugar?  (Keeping in mind that we are now learning that juicing is not actually so healthy.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about more generally eating fiber alongside sugary foods?  For example, eating raspberries or figs or almonds alongside a slice of cake?  Does this help slow the absorption of sugar from the cake to any noticeable degree?  (Not making the cake healthy per se, but does it help make it somewhat &quot;less bad&quot;?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this does help, why doesn't the food industry add more fiber to processed foods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6511" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T07:22:50.080" Title="Does it help to add fiber to sugary foods?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8904" CreationDate="2016-08-15T14:33:18.233" Score="3" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently in Italy there is quite some discussion around a proposed law that concerns the vegan diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not here to discuss the merits or the demerits neither of the law nor of the vegan diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am here because among the arguments that I have seen thrown around there is one that states (with links to the American Dietetic Association position on vegetarian/vegan diets and a few scientific studies)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vegan diet is proven healthy, provided that it is integrated with vitamin supplements, in particular B12&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This made me wonder, doesn't the requirement for supplements indicate that the diet is deficient in nutrients?&#xA;What are (if there are any) the requirements for a diet to be defined &quot;healthy&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6513" LastActivityDate="2018-04-13T12:03:05.077" Title="Are there objective criteria to define if a diet is &quot;healthy&quot;?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-15T20:20:39.437" Score="4" ViewCount="236960" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that the combination of bananas and eggs is poisonous. I searched on the internet and found out that certain food (fruits and eggs, fruits and milk) shouldn't be eaten together but I couldn't understand why.&#xA;Is this true? and what happens to my body if I eat them together? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastActivityDate="2016-10-29T05:44:56.110" Title="Is it dangerous to eat bananas and eggs together?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8850" CreationDate="2016-08-15T21:06:23.657" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Utter nonsense. Many common recipes combine bananas and eggs. People eat bananas with eggs all the time without harm. I've had some of these myself and they're tasty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thekitchn.com/how-to-make-2-ingredient-banana-pancakes-cooking-lessons-from-the-kitchn-218658&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Banana pancakes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://allrecipes.com/recipe/20144/banana-banana-bread/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Banana bread&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.feedingfinn.com/fruity-egg-muffins-3-ingredients/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fruity egg muffins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safeeggs.com/recipes/banana-licuado-recipe&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Banana Licuado&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-08-15T21:06:23.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8852" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8871" CreationDate="2016-08-16T00:06:28.787" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research into digital blood pressure monitors and I have come across some terms that I could use a hand with, thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mean pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Empirical statistical oscillometric parameters&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Systolic pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6518" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T11:24:13.177" Title="Confused by blood pressure terms" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-16T06:02:21.153" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been studying narrow-band UV-B phototherapy used for treatment of psoriasis and eczema. Generally, the administering physician will begin at a low enough UV dose to avoid burning, and gradually increase dose treatment to treatment. If this is done carefully, the dose can be brought to several times what an unadapted person can handle without severe burning, &lt;strong&gt;without any noticeable tanning&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would seem to indicate that the body has ways of adapting to UV exposure other than melanin production, and moreover that these other ways are the primary method of UV defense, considering that tanning only occurs if UV dose is increased too quickly. What are these other mechanisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; I asked this question a few years ago, back when my knowledge of the topic was far weaker. As three years later, I'm still very much interested in an answer, I updated the question slightly to reflect better knowledge of the subejct matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2020-11-27T21:30:31.103" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T21:30:31.103" Title="Beyond melanogenesis, what mechanisms does the human body have for acquired tolerance to UV-B exposure?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-16T09:16:12.770" Score="-1" ViewCount="336" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might have experienced this. If you lie on your back on a flat surface and place your finger or thumb right over navel (men or women), and press softly down, you'd feel the beating just like heartbeats. I checked it with around 10 people and mostly it was right at the place of navel (i.e. vertically down to navel) or varied around 1 inch horizontally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the question is here: If we suffer from any digestion related disease especially constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, does the location of of the beat we feel is affected? I'm asking this because many Indians and Indian blogs say this. They also say that &lt;strong&gt;the location should be almost vertically down to navel if you don't want to suffer from the diseases&lt;/strong&gt; mentioned above. How much true it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6525" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T03:43:36.830" Title="Does the digestive disorders affect the location of aorta beat around navel?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-16T10:36:13.093" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am undergoing physiotherapy for my knee injury (pain in the kneecaps) and aching soreness on the sides of my knees (bursitis). Part of my therapy is the use of TENS (Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) and FES (Functional Electrical Stimulation). Some physiotherapists apply TENS first, then FES afterwards. But one therapist make me do both TENS and FES at the same time. Which is the correct or better approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6526" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T09:05:57.663" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:05:57.663" Title="Patient with knee injury / knee pain" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;tens&gt;&lt;bursitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8676" CreationDate="2016-08-16T14:03:45.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think they would get ill if they drank PUFAs (polyunsaturated vegetable oils) but I do know of people who have been therapeutically 100% ketogenic, eating (saturated) fat only,  (which starves cancer cells, for example) and have not had ill effects. The brain needs a certain amount of glucose, but this apparently can be synthesised in the body. Instead of the oils, if the said refugees ate coconuts, it would cover most of their dietary needs. Communities in the Pacific and New Guinea have that as a staple diet. Coconuts are abundant in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6529" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T14:03:45.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5501" CreationDate="2016-08-16T15:49:49.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short-term memory loss and an increasing tolerance to and dependence on the medication. To answer your second question, there are many avenues for treating anxiety, first you should try lifestyle changes like improving diet, exercise, reducing stress, and psychotherapy. There are other safer drugs that can help with anxiety and those include but are not limited to Zoloft, Prozac, Trazodone, BusPar, or Wellbutrin. The poster above me mentioned Valium but that is in the same chemical class as alprazolam and has similar adverse effects. I highly recommend that you consult with your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6531" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-01-15T15:29:42.483" LastActivityDate="2020-01-15T15:29:42.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="8859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8816" CreationDate="2016-08-16T15:56:37.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;FQs have chelating properties against several metal ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, aluminum), and have been known to cause direct toxicity to type 1 collagen synthesis and promote collagen degradation&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We aren't for certain as to why FQ's have this effect yet, but this fact would be the leading candidate in my opinion as to why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6531" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T15:56:37.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-16T16:01:52.127" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;The smallest of pollen grains (~0.6 microns) and other allergens should be trapped by a HEPA filter, however what happens when these decay / break apart? Is the allergen the whole pollen grain or are the allergens really the proteins that make up the grain (which by themselves would be too small for the filter to hold)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wondering because the measures I implemented a couple of months ago (air purifier + a window screen made of polypropylene) seem to have been effective at first, but now it seems to be worse in the &quot;controlled environment&quot; than elsewhere. It's difficult to say for sure, but I was wondering if this theory holds any weight. Could it be that the various allergens trapped in the screen and air purifier are now breaking down and passing through the filtration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest thing to an answer I could find is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ask.metafilter.com/81562/Do-allergens-decaydie&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://ask.metafilter.com/81562/Do-allergens-decaydie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6530" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T19:41:40.543" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T19:41:40.543" Title="Can HEPA air purifiers release allergens when particles inside the filter decompose / break apart?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;air-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8789" CreationDate="2016-08-16T16:08:42.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very interesting, yet tricky, question. The reason you must stop taking the minocycline is because of the interaction between tetracyclines (minocycline) and vitamin A (Retinoic acid) derivatives (isotretinoin/Accutane) causes a pseudotumor cerebri also known as increased intracranial pressure, which can be deadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when taking spironolactone and isotretinoin, I don't see a problem per se, as far as interactions go. However, maybe your doctor doesn't want you to endure any of spironolactone's side effects as it will be minimally effective in treating the acne &lt;strong&gt;by comparison&lt;/strong&gt; to the isotretinoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6531" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T16:08:42.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8850" CreationDate="2016-08-16T19:16:24.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I read that the combination of bananas and eggs is poisonous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please give the exact links? Google does &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;amp;ion=1&amp;amp;espv=2&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#q=banana%20and%20eggs%20poison&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;auto-suggest&lt;/a&gt; a link but as Carey has also mentioned, it doesn't make any sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is highly unlikely that a fruit (banana which is rich in Potassium, Vitamins C &amp;amp; B6, Fibre and fats) and egg( rich in Fats, protein, and cholesterol) would mix up together to form anything toxic.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Instead, they are generally mixed together, to make different recipes like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/2-ingredient-banana-pancake-recipe_us_565c4682e4b08e945feb9a3c&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pancake&lt;/a&gt;. Please try looking &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=egg%2Bbanana&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;at right places to read&lt;/a&gt;, and yes, do NOT always believe in what you read online!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T19:16:24.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-16T21:37:51.670" Score="0" ViewCount="4316" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you buy magnesium citrate as a laxative, it is a clear liquid in a bottle. It often comes with crap in it like saccharin and alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy magnesium citrate as a health supplement it is usually a powder or tablet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any difference between these two things? Can you take the powder and mix it into water to make the same as the laxative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T01:32:54.913" Title="Why is magnesium citrate the laxative a liquid and the supplement is a pill or powder?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8855" CreationDate="2016-08-16T21:41:58.077" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like voodoo to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is large artery, called the celiac artery, that goes right down the center of the body. Undoubtedly this is what you would feel pulsing if you were to press on your navel. Where exactly you might feel a pulse has more to do with how much muscle and fat you have, than any health condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2016-08-16T21:41:58.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8863" CreationDate="2016-08-17T01:32:54.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Magnesium (Mg) citrate is Mg citrate no matter how it's formulated. The manufacturer takes pure Mg citrate (which is a powder) and either adds it to the liquid or compresses it into a pill. Same stuff either way. I don't know what else is in the liquid, but whatever it is it's only there for taste, appearance, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From personal experience I can tell you there's no need to dissolve the tablets in water or anything like that. Mg citrate is a laxative no matter how it's formulated, so just match the amount of Mg in the tablets to the amount of Mg in a dose of the liquid and you should achieve the same results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T01:32:54.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-17T02:38:22.200" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently started to do some research about brain health (mentally and physically). I need some concise resources (hopefully a book) to have a general study about brain. Anything from brain hormones to brain ability to learn and its weaknesses (like prejudice!) &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My goal is to gain a better understanding of how we can have a&#xA;  healthy lifestyle or let's say wellbeing.&#xA;  &lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Side notes:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I do believe that for a youngster with no disabilities, all the wellbeing starts and is controlled by brain!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm a web developer and it's my first question here, please let me know if my question does not fit in this website :)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: I share some basic understandings and fun facts about brain, so you can figure out what I'm searching for (It's verbose, So you can skip it!):&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Recently US companies show a huge interest to corporate wellness programs. It simply means finding a way to get employees involved in physical activities. Setting some incentives like: &lt;code&gt;If you take at least 7000 steps a day for 10 consecutive days you'd earn 4 hours of PTO (Paid Time Off)&lt;/code&gt;. It seems fine in the first glance, but I believe it's a mitigation, not a solution. It's like pushing a car instead of driving it!&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;This the point I introduce my own non-technical definition of a healthy brain: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;code&gt;A healthy mind is a source of a momentum to what is believed correct, based of brain logical reasoning and experiences.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;A healthy mind doesn't need any incentive to do what is supposed to be right. If you know seating behind a table and staring to a screen for a long time is not supposed to be a good idea, simply stops doing it. A healthy mind is more a responsible source of decision making, rather than emotional one.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;So what about emotions, love, etc. ? If you have played any music instrument, probably you are familiar with music scales. A single music is written in a specific scale. A talented composer selects a note or more out of the default scale. That's the same about life. You should have a normal and healthy lifestyle to fall in love, go for your emotions, etc. And you should know where and how you should select your excepted notes! Otherwise it'd be a chaos (and a healthy mind does not like a chaos) &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In order to recommend a healthy mind we need a better understanding of brain (medically and psychologically). &lt;strong&gt;Phenylethylamine&lt;/strong&gt; is a hormone persuading the brain to experience some adventure and even fear. Alcohol makes your brain more emotional. Suppose someone has a crush to another one and either of them are married. Is it a good idea to take alcoholic drinks for a while!&lt;br/&gt; In a Recently  I heard some news about brain learning capabilities. A normal human brain can learn up to 70 years old brain works like muscles. The more you put rational pressure, the more you learn. If you know all this facts about your brain, you won't waste your time watching stupid TV shows, just because you're 60 years old and you're retired! If you believe how much fun reading a book has, you'd put your time on studying instead.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;In a nutshell, having an apprehension of brain, will help me create some meta models of healthy lifestyles, so I can help myself and some other people :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6535" LastEditorUserId="6535" LastEditDate="2016-08-17T16:08:33.930" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T18:01:00.593" Title="Needing a resource for brain health" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-06-26T20:55:27.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-17T04:20:39.907" Score="2" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;So...I'm 30 years old and have Tourette's syndrome since 9. I never took any medication because most of then are antipsychotics and have very scary side-effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, apparentely some antihypertensive can help too. Not as much as the anti-psychotics but they can help. And with much less side effects too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they obviously lower your blood pressure, (that's what they are made for after all) so if your pressure is average it will drop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is:&#xA;Is it Possible/Safe/Reasonable to take some medication to increase your blood pressure, so it returns to normal?&#xA;If not, and one just have to deal with low blood-pressure...How to deal with low blood-pressure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6536" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T08:45:16.300" Title="Antihypertensive as a treatment for Tourette's. (And Antihypotensive to make blood pressure normal?)" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8867" CreationDate="2016-08-17T08:45:16.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Following paper &lt;strong&gt;Tourette’s Disorder. Lyon, G.J., Shprecher, D., Coffey, B. et al. Curr Treat Options Neurol (2010) 12: 274. doi:10.1007/s11940-010-0073-x&lt;/strong&gt; provides a good (somehow recent) review on Tourette's disorder and its therapeutic management.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, antihypertensive therapies are considered as potential therapeutic management in TD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One recent open-label, prospective 8-week study of guanfacine (at an&#xA;  average dose of 2.0 ± 0.6 mg/d) enrolling 25 medication-free&#xA;  participants (23 males and two females), ages 7–16 years, showed a&#xA;  mean improvement of 27% on the Hyperactivity Index, 32% on the total&#xA;  score of the teacher-rated ADHD Scale, and 39% on the total tic&#xA;  severity scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As I don't know whether this review in open access or not, here some extracts which may bring some clarifications:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drugs in this class have demonstrated efficacy for both tics and ADHD&#xA;  in randomized clinical trials, so this class is a good first-line&#xA;  choice for patients with both conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is class I evidence for efficacy of oral clonidine&lt;/strong&gt; [3, Class I]. &lt;strong&gt;Guanfacine is used in clinical practice with similar efficacy, a&#xA;  more favorable side effect profile, and more convenient (daily or&#xA;  twice-daily) dosing&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One class I study has now demonstrated the efficacy of the clonidine&#xA;  transdermal system (patch) for tic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Standard dosage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Guanfacine (1 mg tablets) can be started at one half tablet at bedtime&#xA;  and increased by half a tablet every 3–7 days until the maximum dose&#xA;  of 4 mg per day is reached. Extended-release guanfacine is now&#xA;  available in nongeneric formulation. For those who fail to tolerate&#xA;  guanfacine, treatment with clonidine in adults can begin with one half&#xA;  of a 0.1-mg tablet at bedtime, increasing the dose by half a tablet&#xA;  every 3–7 days until the target dose of one half to one tablet two to&#xA;  three times a day is reached. The maximum dose is typically 0.4 mg&#xA;  daily in divided doses. Starting doses for clonidine and guanfacine in&#xA;  children can be half of adult doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contraindications&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;  Known hypersensitivity to the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Following extract adresses your concern about low blood pressure&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main side effects&lt;/strong&gt;  Both clonidine and guanfacine are associated with sedation, fatigue, and somnolence. &lt;strong&gt;Reductions in heart rate and&#xA;  blood pressure are modest and rarely lead to discontinuation of&#xA;  treatment&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously according to several studies, the clonidine/guanfacine doses used in TD are not associated with a significant drop in BP. Initiation of the therapy should be undertaken by your treating doctor who will undertake some follow-ups to ensure that you are not suffering from any side-effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T08:45:16.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8852" CreationDate="2016-08-17T11:24:13.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;According to this book (freely available on NCBI bookshelf: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK268/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK268/&lt;/a&gt;) Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition.&#xA;Chapter 16: Blood Pressure by Walter A. Brzezinski.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Systolic blood (SBP)&lt;/strong&gt; pressure corresponds to the maximum blood pressure during contraction of the ventricles&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diastolic pressure (DBP)&lt;/strong&gt; is the minimum pressure recorded just prior to the next contraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The mean arterial pressure (MAP)&lt;/strong&gt; is calculated by the formula:&#xA;MAP = (2DBP+SBP)/3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mean arterial pressure is used to calculate overall blood flow and provides a good indication of the delivery of nutrients to the various organs.&#xA;It is also a good indicator of perfusion pressure (ΔP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oscillometric methods&lt;/strong&gt; are used in automated BP monitors to calculate BP &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25570365&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oscillometry is perhaps the most popular, non-invasive and automatic&#xA;blood pressure (BP) measurement method. This method employs&#xA;an inflatable arm cuff with a pressure sensor inside it. The measured&#xA;cuff pressure not only rises and falls with cuff inflation and&#xA;deflation but also shows tiny oscillations indicating the pulsatile&#xA;blood volume (BV) in the artery. The amplitude of these oscillations&#xA;varies with the applied cuff pressure, as the arterial stiffness is&#xA;nonlinear. &lt;strong&gt;BP values are then estimated from the oscillometric cuff&#xA;pressure waveform using population-based methods such as fixed-ratios.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So those &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;empirical statistical oscillometric parameters&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; are probably population-based parameters which are used to calculate and interpret the oscillations arrising during the measuring of the BP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liu J, Cheng H, Chen C-H, Sung S-H, Hahn J-O, Mukkamala R. Model-Based Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement: Preliminary Validation in Humans. Conference proceedings : Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference. 2014;2014:1961-1964. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6943997.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T11:24:13.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8855" CreationDate="2016-08-17T11:45:33.817" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;During my last course called &amp;quot;Physical Examination of the Abdomen&amp;quot; (at medical school), we learned to palpate the abdominal aorta, which can be easily palpated in +/- lean patients.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This book (freely available here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350/&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;&amp;quot;Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition&amp;quot; gives you a description on how to palpate the abdominal aorta and listen to possible bruits:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abdominal aorta is an upper abdominal, retroperitoneal structure&#xA;which is best palpated by applying firm pressure with the flattened&#xA;fingers of both hands to indent the epigastrium toward the vertebral&#xA;column. For this examination, it is essential that the subject's&#xA;abdominal muscles be completely relaxed; such relaxation can be&#xA;encouraged by having the subject flex the hips and by providing a&#xA;pillow to support the head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Here a figure from the book:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5XAP0.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5XAP0.png&quot; alt=&quot;Palpation abdominal aorta&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abdominal aorta is retroperitonal so it is possible that some bowel distension or feces impaction (which can occur in IBS) might influence the palpation but there is no direct correlation between IBS and the impossibility to palpate the abdominal aorta. &lt;strong&gt;Factors that for sure influence the palpation are obesity and massive abdominal musculature.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally (in contrast to what has been suggested in a previous answer), I have never heard about &amp;quot;palpating the celiac artery&amp;quot; and I don't think it is possible to really palpate (and be precise enough to say it is the celiac artery) it through all the organs which surround it (see image below, some parts of the liver have been removed to be able to see the artery)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/87eif.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/87eif.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Celiac Artery&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;: Figure 2: wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_artery&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_artery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T11:45:33.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-17T11:46:25.983" Score="0" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often hear the advice to drink 8 glasses of water each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What evidence is there for this recommendation, and how was that amount determined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-08-17T20:13:19.627" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T11:03:38.200" Title="What is the evidence that we need to drink 8 glasses of water each day?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8873" CreationDate="2016-08-17T14:00:56.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;To drink 8 cups (2 liters) of water per day should not be considered a recommendation but an estimation of the average water needs for sedentary adults living in moderate climates (who sweat only a little).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is not possible to provide the evidence about &quot;how much everyone needs to drink per day&quot; because everyone needs different amount every day. You need to drink as much water as you lose it from your body, mainly by urinating and sweating. This is probably at least 1 liter per day, but if you sweat a lot, you may need 5 or more liters per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Institute of Medicine in the US&lt;/a&gt; has determined the Adequate Intake (AI) of water, which is 3.7 liters for young men and 2.7 liters for young women. This does not mean you need to drink that much, but that 98% of young men and women (including more active and hence sweating more) will not need more than 3.7 or 2.7 liters per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-08-17T14:31:00.093" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T14:31:00.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-17T15:20:31.797" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a person on long term medication (aspirin, bisoprolol,vitamin B1/B6/B12, simvastatin and trimetazidine) because of a heart attack 30 years ago (and no positive family history) at increased risk of developing Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6544" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-22T07:27:40.187" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T07:27:40.187" Title="Long term medication and increased risk for CLL?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-17T16:43:51.210" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;What (in layman's terms) is in the following drinks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Red Bull&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Monster&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rock Star&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 Hour Energy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mountain Dew Kickstarter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any coffee or tea in the above drinks. (I don't drink coffee or tea)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3704" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T02:17:25.280" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T02:17:25.280" Title="What is in energy drinks?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;energy-drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7090" CreationDate="2016-08-17T17:27:41.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some companies offer a probe that allows you to measure on your own the spaces between the teeth. Here is an example&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wToOe.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wToOe.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Curaprox Interdental Access Probing&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T17:27:41.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8879" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-08-17T18:27:37.510" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-08-17T18:27:37.510" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T18:27:37.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8880" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-08-17T18:27:37.510" Score="0" Body="Occurs when uterine lining is shed. Cause bleeding and may cause cramps, irritability and other potentially unpleasant effects. " OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T21:57:40.510" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T21:57:40.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8884" CreationDate="2016-08-17T18:54:13.233" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;In clinical setting, weight gain after quitting smoking is a complain that many patients have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which evidence do we have and what's the reccomended approach to treat this condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-18T21:48:21.393" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T21:48:21.393" Title="Weight increase after quitting smoking" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7534" CreationDate="2016-08-17T19:19:57.127" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;During approximately 50% of cardiac arrests, the patient continues to breathe for a time. However, this breathing is known as agonal respiration and is essentially gasping for air. This gasping is actually beneficial if CPR can be started while it is still occurring, it is believed that this may increase the chances of survival during a cardiac arrest incident and is better than any form of artificial respiration. This information was found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://heart.arizona.edu/gasping-not-breathing&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sarver Heart Center's website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most interesting and, I hope helpful, site I found was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489033&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed.gov&lt;/a&gt; which discussed this exact issue. In the article, they mention that it is not known for sure why cardiac arrest often leads very quickly (if not instantly) to apnea as the O2 levels in the brain stem don't drop immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have any additional questions about cardiac arrest itself or it's treatment, I highly recommend paying the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/cardiac-arrest/cardiac-arrest&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck Manuals website&lt;/a&gt; a visit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum things up a bit, it isn't known for sure why respiratory arrest often occurs at the same time as cardiac arrest, nor why cardiac arrest simply leads to agonal breathing initially in 50% of cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T19:19:57.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8881" CreationDate="2016-08-17T20:47:49.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The literature regarding smoking cessation and weight gain is abundant and probably I won’t be able to go through all the points in my post.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some years ago, a paper published in Obesity Reviews by Fizolof et al (Obes Rev. 2004 May;5(2):95-103) provided a excellent overview on the topic. &#xA;As it is not open access, here are some interesting extracts which should bring some clarifications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, regarding the evidence for weight gain smoking cessation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Whereas numerous studies have found evidence that smoking cessation is&#xA;  associated with weight gain, there is controversy regarding the&#xA;  consistency and magnitude of this weight gain.&lt;/strong&gt; Although most&#xA;  will gain less than 4.5 kg, as many as 13% of quitters may gain at&#xA;  least 11 kg. African Americans, people under the age of 55 and&#xA;  heavy smokers (those smoking more than 25 cigarettes per day) are at&#xA;  elevated risk for major weight gain. Besides, low&#xA;  socio-economic status was also associated to higher weight gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, studies often showed some &lt;strong&gt;methodological limitations&lt;/strong&gt; such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the use of self-reported height and weight, failure to biochemically&#xA;  validate smoking status, a tendency to report point prevalence vs.&#xA;  continuous abstinence and limited follow-up periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the possible mechanisms associated with weight gain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mechanism of weight gain include increased energy intake,&#xA;  decreased resting metabolic rate, decreased physical activ- ity, and&#xA;  changes in adipose tissue-lipoprotein lipase (AT-LPL) activity and&#xA;  lipolysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no clear evidence based recommendations to avoid weight gain after smoking (probably due to the lack of a clear consensus regarding weight gain and smoking cessation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Filozof reviewed some studies which investigated either pharmacological or behavioural/diet interventions in smoking cessation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nicotine replacement – in particular nicotine gum&lt;/strong&gt; – appears to be&#xA;  effective in delaying post-cessation weight gain (1). However, once&#xA;  nicotine gum use ceases, the quitting smoker gains an amount of weight&#xA;  that is about the same as if she or he had never used gum (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 mg of nicotine (contained in a chewing gum)&lt;/strong&gt; has a pronounced&#xA;  thermogenic effect that could be increased by 100% by adding 100 mg&#xA;  caffeine (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assali et al. reported no prevention of weight gain by &lt;strong&gt;transdermal&#xA;  nicotine replacement patch&lt;/strong&gt; (3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared with placebo, mean body weight gain at the end of treatment&#xA;  was significantly lower in patients receiving short-term &lt;strong&gt;bupropion&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  300 mg d-1 who had been continuously abstinent (4), long-term&#xA;  bupropion (5) or bupropion plus nicotine patch (5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Danielsson et al. (5) reported higher rates of success for smoking&#xA;  cessation by combining the smoking cessation programme with an &lt;strong&gt;intervention diet.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some studies (7,8) reported that &lt;strong&gt;exercise&lt;/strong&gt; might minimize weight gain&#xA;  after smoking cessation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt; (did not manage to format the list better...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gross J, Stitzer ML, Maldonado J. Nicotine replacement effects on&#xA;postcessation weight gain. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57: 87–92.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jessen AB, Toubro S, Astrup A. Effect of chewing gum con- taining&#xA;nicotine and caffeine on energy expenditure and substrate&#xA;utilisation in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1442–1447.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assali AR, Beigel Y, Schreibman R, Shafer Z, Faineru M. Weight gain&#xA;and insulin resistance during nicotine replacement therapy. Clin&#xA;Cardiol 1999; 22: 357–360&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC,&#xA;Khayrallah MA, Schroeder DR, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Croghan IT,&#xA;Sullivan PM. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo&#xA;for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1195–1202&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hays JT, Hurt RD, Rigotti NA, Niaura R, Gonzales D, Durcan MJ, Sachs&#xA;DP, Wolter TD, Buist AS, Johnston JA, White JD. Sustained-release&#xA;bupropion for pharmacological relapse pre- vention after smoking&#xA;cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:&#xA;423–433.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Danielsson T, Rossner S, Westin A. Open randomised trial of very low&#xA;energy diet together with nicotine gum for stopping smoking in women&#xA;who gained weight in previous attempts to quit. BMJ 1999; 319:&#xA;490–494.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kawachi I, Troisi RJ, Rotnitzky AG, Coakley EH, Colditz GA. Can&#xA;physical activity minimise weight gain in women after smoking&#xA;cessation? Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 999–1004.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Marcus BH, Albrecht AE, King TK, Parisi AF, Pinto BM, Roberts M,&#xA;Niaura RS, Abrams DB. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for&#xA;smoking-cessation interventions in women: a randomised controlled&#xA;trial. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1229–1236&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-17T20:47:49.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-18T02:40:26.320" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I mean, will it be still useful or useful to any degree if I think while meditating? What if there's a conversation going around inside my head? Please answer it specifically in the context of mental health. You can assume both a single thought and multiple thoughts, but addressing them individually of course. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6549" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T17:39:51.913" Title="Can I keep thinking during meditation?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-07-30T13:59:12.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7448" CreationDate="2016-08-18T10:10:45.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the best thing to do is to go and see a doctor there are a few factors which you could work on to determine what causes your symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be that some kinds of food make you feel worse, for example spiced foods, foods with lots of fats, processed red meat, foods too rich in fiber like legums or vegetables and diary products are more likely to irritate your bowel. Similarly, drinking fizzy drinks, alcohol, coffee or tea can also cause irritation. &lt;strong&gt;So keeping an eye on what food you consume could help improve your lifestyle.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing which can cause IBS is stress along with anxiety, which can both lead to an increased mobility of the colon (the place of the bowel where thousands of bacteria like e. coli process your food). This will then cause abdominal pain, especially if gas is formed inside your bowel. There are some kind of &lt;strong&gt;tablets sold in pharmacies which target IBS symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; and reduce pain due to gases. &lt;strong&gt;Taking on a sport activity might be helpful as it often reduces stress.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mind that, unless you have been diagnosed with IBS, your symptoms could also describe a food intolerance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of today, there is no agreement among the scientific community on the causes of IBS, and there is no known &quot;cure&quot;. Moreover, there is a lot of information on the Internet regarding which foods one should eat to ease symptoms but you might find that even following a diet might not help you, especially if your condition is determined by psychological factos such as stress. &lt;strong&gt;Engaging in relaxing activities and taking bacteria supplements usually helps&lt;/strong&gt;. You might need to find out on your own which foods are good and which ones are not, so &lt;strong&gt;keeping a diary of what you eat&lt;/strong&gt; might be useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you symptoms are affecting your life so much it would be a good idea to go talk to a doctor to ask if they can give you any tablets to reduce the inflamation.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the rectum pain, it might be because the irritation has spread from your colon to the rectus or because of friction, either way you should see a doctor who then could prescribe you some &lt;strong&gt;lotion&lt;/strong&gt; to apply there.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/Causes.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/basics/treatment/con-20024578&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/basics/treatment/con-20024578&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had IBS for two years now and seen more than one doctor about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6553" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T10:10:45.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8893" CreationDate="2016-08-18T11:15:27.690" Score="3" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently my uncle had a stroke. He is now in rest and taking medicine. &#xA;He has his right leg paralyzed, although the condition is improving. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor said that &quot;blood is accumulated in the brain&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone told me that the accumulated blood will not cure totally. But I thought, taking proper medicine can remove the blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does having a stroke mean? What are the outcomes of strokes? Are there any medications to take in case of a stroke?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Here the findings from the CT Scan&#xA;&quot;Subacute infarction in left middle cerebral artery territory&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6554" LastEditorUserId="6554" LastEditDate="2016-08-30T13:59:43.827" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T13:59:43.827" Title="Can the blood accumulated after stroke be cured?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8889" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8894" CreationDate="2016-08-18T13:11:44.143" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the name of the medicine specialty that studies female breast in the context of breastfeeding and lactation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6555" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T00:39:35.737" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T00:39:35.737" Title="Name of medicine specialty dealing with lactation" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;lactation&gt;&lt;female&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-18T13:57:46.260" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;When waking up on every morning it takes several minutes before I can clearly see (I have to blink quite a lot). During the day it's common to feel irritation, like I had soap on my eye. I've tried over dozen eye drop brands suggested by professionals, none having &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; discernible effect, bringing only temporary relief. I currently think I shouldn't spend money at all on eye drops. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6556" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T11:52:43.683" Title="Can eye drops cure dry eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-01-03T04:25:00.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2016-08-18T17:02:05.763" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many possible products that can be used to restore pH. Some work faster, some have some additional properties. See this quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21726291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Influence of five neutralizing products on intra-oral pH after rinsing with simulated gastric acid&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00841.x.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After rinsing with the two acid solutions (pH 1 and pH 2), the following products were used: (i) antacid tablet; (ii) gum arabic lozenge; (iii) mineral water; (iv) milk; and (v) tap water (positive control). (...) The five test products were used for 2 min after the erosive challenge. All the products produced an initially higher pH compared with the negative control. The antacid tablet resulted in the greatest and most rapid increase in pH, followed by the lozenge. In dental practice, the use of any of the neutralizing products tested, especially the antacid tablet, could be recommended in order to increase the intra-oral pH after an erosive challenge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T17:02:05.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8877" CreationDate="2016-08-18T17:20:46.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's nicely summarized in &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.organicauthority.com/health/energy-drink-breakdown-whats-in-a-red-bull-anyway.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Energy Drink Breakdown: What’s in a Red Bull, Anyway?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Basically, Red Bull is a mix of sugar, caffeine, taurine and several B vitamins, all of which are well known for their energy-promoting qualities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, it's true for all energy drinks. So yes, they contain caffeine which is also the main ingredient of coffee and tea (as theine). I have never seen energy drink without caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6557" LastEditDate="2017-02-15T10:50:57.927" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T10:50:57.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8888" CreationDate="2016-08-18T18:05:57.107" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First of all, I am going to stay quite “general” as I understand you are not from the field. The aim of my post is really to provide some clarifications to your question.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;two types of strokes&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;ischemic&lt;/strong&gt; (approx. 85%) and &lt;strong&gt;hemorrhagic&lt;/strong&gt; (approx 15%). As you are speaking of “blood accumulated in the brain” I understand that you mean hemorrhagic stroke (also know as intracerebral hemorrage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different causes for ICH (see table below for an exhaustive list), among which &lt;strong&gt;ruptured aneurysm&lt;/strong&gt; (=balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel), &lt;strong&gt;arterial hypertension&lt;/strong&gt; (which leads to chronic modification of the structure blood vessels, which becomes weaken) and &lt;strong&gt;cerebral amyloid antipathy&lt;/strong&gt; (= deposition of amyloid which renders the vessel weak and increases its risk of rupture. This occurs often in the elderly)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HYu7V.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HYu7V.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the location of the ruptured vessel, the brain region and hence the associated clinical symptoms vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens to the accumulated blood in the brain parenchyma?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn’t stay for ever in the brain. Like in any other regions of the body, the hematoma becomes necrotic over time (=blood cells die). The presence of these cells in the parenchyma leads to an inflammation (+ presence of oedema). In particular, specialised cells (called macrophages) arrive into the zone and start “eating” the dead blood and dead neuronal cells. Below is a table which summarises the change occurring after an ICH:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/S3LNS.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/S3LNS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally regarding your question on the &lt;strong&gt;outcome&lt;/strong&gt;. Well, this depends on several factors. ICH generally show poorer outcomes than ischemic stroke but as I don’t know your uncle’s case it is not possible to give you a prognosis (and probably nobody can, as it depends on so many variables). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what has been proven in the literature, is that recovery after a stroke is dependent on the capacity of the brain to “reorganise” and to “adapt” to the neuronal loss. I don’t know in which country you are, but in general, patients with ICH are generally quickly hospitalised in a so called &quot;stroke unit “ (if no neurosurgical intervention is needed) where intensive physiotherapy is done in order to quickly “train” the brain to develop new neuronal pathways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs have no impact on accumulated blood. Their main aim is to try to reduce &quot;further damages&quot;, for example by reducing the hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT (after complement of information from the OP)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So according to the report attached, your uncle suffers from an ischemic stroke (&quot;subacute infarction in the middle left cerebral artery&quot;). This shifts the diagnosis from an hemorrhagic stroke (as you suggested with your description of &quot;blood accumulated in the brain&quot;) to an ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke is caused by a &quot;clot&quot; which occludes the vessel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The middle cerebral artery is a common source of ischemic stroke. The most frequent cause is atrial fibrillation (=abnormal rythm of the heart, which makes the heart pump &quot;inefficiently&quot; leading to accumulated blood clots to be ejected to the brain).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As from the report, it looks like your uncle had a subacute stroke (= some hours ago), probably your uncle was outside the so called &quot;lysis&quot; time, which is the time were lysis (= destruction of the clot which occludes the vessel) can be undertaken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The therapy is similar to what I have described regarding ICH (particularly regarding physiotherapy). Though, one major difference is that probably a cause for the ischemic stroke will be investigated. Probably he will have a heart rythm investigation and a carotid doppler (= look at the carotid in the neck to see whether there are some stenosis (narrowing of vessel) or plaques). They might also start some drugs which depend on your uncle's situation (anticoagulation, statins,etc...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this brought some clarification!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acnr.co.uk/mar_apr_2008/ACNRMA08_pathology.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.acnr.co.uk/mar_apr_2008/ACNRMA08_pathology.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (for the figures)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-20T19:38:39.373" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T19:38:39.373" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8889" CreationDate="2016-08-18T18:17:24.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most of the countries, obstetricians are the physicians specialised in breastfeeding. Sometimes, pediatricians are also involved but they often tend to focus more on the breastfeeded child, leaving obstetricians the lead concerning the mother. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a note from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-Practice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-Practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T18:17:24.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8895" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8906" CreationDate="2016-08-18T19:48:30.070" Score="6" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some women have an unpleasant vaginal odor. This can sometimes influence their sexual activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What influences this vaginal odor? Eating habits? Use of tampons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to limit this vaginal odor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6559" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T14:47:23.367" Title="What influences vaginal odor?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8890" CreationDate="2016-08-18T19:56:16.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most over the counter eye drops only provide temporary relief for dry eyes by actually adding liquid to the eye. Once the liquid added evaporates, gets absorbed, or is removed in one way or another your eyes will feel dry again unless your eyes are able to adequately lubricate themselves. So most eye drops aren't treating any underlying cause, just the temporary symptoms of dry eye. If this is a frequent problem I'd look to see if any other medications you're taking could be causing the dry eyes as a side effect. If you're not taking any other medications that could be causing this, seeing an optometrist or ophthalmologist sounds like a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I should also mention, there is a medication approved for chronic dry eye called Restasis. It is prescription only however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="6558" LastEditDate="2016-08-18T20:02:55.030" LastActivityDate="2016-08-18T20:02:55.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4798" CreationDate="2016-08-18T21:00:08.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bagot, K. S. and Kaminer, Y. (2014), Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review. Addiction, 109: 547–557. doi:10.1111/add.12460&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Briefly glanced at this study today&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer is: Generally yes, most youth studied showed an increase in performance in measured tasks during this study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer answer: This is a review of current literature, not an individual study. It only reviewed 14 studies most of which had fairly small population sizes. Many of the studies focused on different medications/dosages and assessed performance in different ways. There's no easy way to assess total mental &quot;improvement&quot; with these medications; you have to have certain tasks that you can quantify. So while these medications may help in some areas (reaction time, logical reasoning, attention based tasks) they might not provide any benefit in others (critical thinking, articulating thoughts, imagination). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to me, it depends on the person and the task, not just medication vs no medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:43:03.583" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:43:03.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-18T22:31:03.003" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been hearing many people say that it is best for humans to eat every 3-4 hours while awake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does scientific evidence support this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T12:32:38.007" Title="Is there scientific evidence to support the need to eat every 3-4 hours?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4549" CreationDate="2016-08-19T09:11:24.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-diss.com/medicina/znachenie-retino-epifizarnoy-sistemy-dlya-psihofarmakologicheskogo-effekta&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Значение ретино-эпифизарной системы для психофармакологического эффекта&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; by Karen Ovanesov, who is co-author of one of those Russian articles on Pubmed to which you refer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(...) the visual perception is non-stationary in time and changes during the day. The use of stimulants of mental processes, such as caffeine can not only enhance the functional activity of the retina, but also eliminate its daily fluctuations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(...) At the higher dose (0.4), the drug caused an increase of sensitivity to the retina (13%), and significantly (by 20%) shortened the latency of the motor response to visual stimuli. This shift was more pronounced in the peripheral parts of the retina. A similar pattern is set, and in the study of color vision, and a substance markedly improves the perception of red and green colors, as compared with the blue and white stimuli and control data definitions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(...) the use of caffeine leads to a smoothing of the daily rhythm of the sensitivity of the retina and improve light perception. This effect is more pronounced when using stimulant in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more russian articles about this in bibliography section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T09:11:24.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1639" CreationDate="2016-08-19T09:53:50.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.pl/books?id=C0sO1gNFWLAC&amp;amp;lpg=PA210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Modern Food Microbiology&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by James M. Jay, Martin J. Loessner and David A. Golde:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pH of non-carbonated water should be around neutrality, whereas that of carbonated water is typically between 3 and 4 - ideally at or below pH 3.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which means that drinking carbonated water lowers general pH in your mouth and when it gets lower than some critical value (estimated to be around 5.5 but which in fact &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-69/issue-11/722.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;can be very individual&lt;/a&gt;) tooth enamel begins to demineralize. Additionaly, low pH is a good environment for some species of bacteria which produce even &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, one may think that it is safe to hold carbonated water in mouth. After all isn't all water safe? Carbonated water is not safe because of its low pH and so proper drinking method should be used, see: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15560830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Influence of drinking method on tooth-surface pH in relation to dental erosion&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T09:53:50.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1490" CreationDate="2016-08-19T10:20:01.843" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably you may safely ignore all those recommendations. Quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Medical myths&lt;/a&gt;&quot; article published in British Medical Journal):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) existing studies suggest that adequate fluid intake is usually met through typical daily consumption of juice, milk, and even caffeinated drinks. In contrast, drinking excess amounts of water can be dangerous, resulting in water intoxication, hyponatraemia, and even death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the lack of evidence to the popular 8 glasses / 2 litres recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The complete lack of evidence supporting the recommendation to drink six to eight glasses of water a day is exhaustively catalogued in an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;invited review by Heinz Valtin in the American Journal of Physiology&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6557" LastEditDate="2016-08-19T10:35:38.763" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T10:35:38.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8873" CreationDate="2016-08-19T11:03:38.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no evidence&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're interested in some historical background about this recommendation, there is interesting quote from &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical myhts&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (2007) article in British Medical Journal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advice to drink at least eight glasses of water a day can be found throughout the popular press. One origin may be a 1945 recommendation that stated: A suitable allowance of water for adults is 2.5 litres daily in most instances. An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 millilitre for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods. If the last, crucial sentence is ignored, the statement could be interpreted as instruction to drink eight glasses of water a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another endorsement may have come from a prominent nutritionist, Frederick Stare, who once recommended, without references, the consumption “around 6 to 8 glasses per 24 hours,” which could be “in the form of coffee, tea, milk, soft drinks, beer, etc.” The complete lack of evidence supporting the recommendation to drink six to eight glasses of water a day is exhaustively catalogued in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an invited review by Heinz Valtin&lt;/a&gt; in the American Journal of Physiology. Furthermore, existing studies suggest that adequate fluid intake is usually met through typical daily consumption of juice, milk, and even caffeinated drinks. In contrast, drinking excess amounts of water can be dangerous, resulting in water intoxication, hyponatraemia, and even death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review referenced above is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.&amp;quot; Really? Is there scientific evidence for &amp;quot;8 x 8&amp;quot;?&lt;/a&gt; (2002) by Heinz Valtin. But if you just want single answer, then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No scientific studies were found (...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some researchers are trying to determine recommended total daily fluid intake, you can search &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt; if you like. Some sample articles from past few years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356431&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How much water do we really need to drink?&lt;/a&gt; (2010)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885571&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Am I Drinking Enough? Yes, No, and Maybe.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (2016):&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more?&lt;/a&gt; (2014)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T11:03:38.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8846" CreationDate="2016-08-19T11:34:43.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will answer your last question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are (if there are any) the requirements for a diet to be defined&#xA;  &quot;healthy&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quality of existing diets is expressed by the so-called &quot;index values&quot; which are calculated by checking if a given diet conform to a special set of guidelines (hopefully, scientifically validated). Different countries have different guildelines and therefore different indexes, eg. in USA there is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/healthyeatingindex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthy Eating Index&lt;/a&gt; and in the Netherlands there is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439289/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dutch Healthy Diet index&lt;/a&gt;. I do not know what is being used in Italy. Now, all these diets may have their strengths and weaknesses but their overall index-score can be high which could lead to labelling such diet as &quot;healthy&quot; despite some deficiencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, for example, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vegepolska.pl/ocena-diety-wegetarianskiej-stosowanej-u-dzieci-za-pomoca-wskaznika-alternative-healthy-eating-index-ahei/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; (it's in Polish, sorry, but this is only for example, you can try to find other articles in English or Italian using Google) three diets for children are compared: vegetarian, vegan and traditional. The Healthy Eating Index is used as a measure and the scores are: vegetarian 57,7 points; vegan 90,2 points; traditional 24,9 points. The Vegan diet seems to be clearly superior in comparison with the traditional one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I do not say that I agree with this method and its results, but I think that this is possible reason for someone to call vegan diet as &quot;proven healthy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to further pursue this subject, I would recommend to read more about those different indexes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6513" LastEditDate="2018-04-13T12:03:05.077" LastActivityDate="2018-04-13T12:03:05.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8899" CreationDate="2016-08-19T12:32:38.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends for which aspect of human health it should be &quot;best&quot;. From nutritional perspective see this quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/81/1/3.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;When to eat and how often?&lt;/a&gt; in American Journal for Clinical Nutrition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effect of the timing of food intake on metabolism has been the subject of active investigation for &gt;40 y. Indeed, whether it is “better” to eat many small meals a day is one of the questions most frequently posed by the lay public. Comparing the potential benefits of nibbling and of gorging has been the focus of much animal and human research, but &lt;strong&gt;no clear consensus has emerged&lt;/strong&gt; (1-7). Simply put, the question of whether there is a health benefit from the consumption of multiple small meals will ultimately depend on how much energy is consumed, as opposed to how often or how regularly one eats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many interesting things about body weight, body composition, blood markers or metabolism can be found in that &lt;a href=&quot;https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-8-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;article from International Society of Sports Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; but its overall conclusion seems to be that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) research to date examining the physiological effects of meal frequency in humans is somewhat limited. (...) Until more research is available in the physically active and athletic populations, &lt;strong&gt;definitive conclusions cannot be made&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you may ask about another aspects of human health: tooth decay, insulin secretion, glucose level etc. Unfortunately, it seems that for every of this aspects you have to search scientific databases independently. This is complex matter and there may not be general answer. Also, there may be strengths and weaknesses to many different meal frequencies wihout any ideally good one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T12:32:38.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8895" CreationDate="2016-08-19T13:08:23.620" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is an interesting question, which comes frequently on Health SE.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, here a small background on &lt;strong&gt;vaginal secretions&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than 30 compounds have been described in the vaginal secretions. Several &quot;sources&quot; for those secretions have been indentified:  vulvar secretions from sebaceous, sweat, Bartholin and Skene glands, secretions from the endometrium, transudate from the vaginal walls and exfoliated cells from the vaginal mucosa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compounds of vaginal fluid are &lt;strong&gt;proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;There is also a vaginal bacterial flora (such as vaginal lactobacilla) which produces organic acids as metabolic byproducts which can contribute to the vaginal odor.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what influences those odors?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certainly the menstrual cycle. Here an interesting study published some decades ago (more than &gt; 30 years) in Science: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A research group sampled vaginal secretions in women and asked participants to &quot;sniff&quot; the bottle containing the secretions. They were then asked to evaluate the intensity and pleasantness of the odor's secretion. Here a graph of the variation in vaginal odor during a menstrual cycle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b4wit.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b4wit.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see there is high variability, although slightly less unpleasant odor were noted in the preovulatory and ovulatory phase. So there is probably the &lt;strong&gt;role of sex hormones&lt;/strong&gt; and an inter-individual variability&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infections or medications (in particular antibiotics) which alters the vaginal ecoflora, leading some bacteries to outpower other bacterias, which in turn leads to the production of other organic compounds, associated with different odors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In women with bacterial vaginosis (= altered vaginal flora), one recent study has reported that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;increased dietary fat intake is associated with increased risk of BV&#xA;  and severe BV, whereas increased intake of folate, vitamin A, and&#xA;  calcium may decrease the risk of severe BV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so maybe diet can influence this vaginal odor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;strong&gt;hygiene habits and sexual activity&lt;/strong&gt; have also been linked to a change in vaginal flora, and might therefore lead to a change in vaginal odor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;strong&gt;odor perception can be &quot;subjective&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; an inter-individual variability of its pleasantness should also be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doty et al. Changes in the intensity and pleasantness of human vaginal odors during the menstrual cycle. Science  26 Dec 1975: Vol. 190, Issue 4221, pp. 1316-1318. DOI: 10.1126/science.1239080&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fashemi B, Delaney ML, Onderdonk AB, Fichorova RN. Effects of feminine hygiene products on the vaginal mucosal biome. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2013;24:10.3402/mehd.v24i0.19703. doi:10.3402/mehd.v24i0.19703.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neggers YH, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, et al. Dietary Intake of Selected Nutrients Affects Bacterial Vaginosis in Women. The Journal of nutrition. 2007;137(9):2128-2133.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paavonen J et al. Physiology and ecology of the vagina. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983;40:31-5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Priestley CJ, Jones BM, Dhar J, Goodwin L. What is normal vaginal flora?Genitourinary Medicine. 1997;73(1):23-28.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T13:08:23.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4328" CreationDate="2016-08-19T14:46:41.843" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, some quote from British Fluoridation Society webpage (which text is based on some article authored by dr Levine, author of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1061590&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The action of fluoride in caries prevention. A review of current concepts&lt;/a&gt;&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The relationship between fluoride and tooth decay is complex and probably not yet fully understood.&lt;/strong&gt; However, it is known that fluoride interferes with the process of tooth decay in at least four ways: (1) If children ingest sufficient fluoride (...) up to 7 years of age the fluoride alters the structure of the developing enamel making it more resistant to acid attack. (2) (...) encourages remineralisation and ensures that the enamel crystals that are laid down are of improved quality. (...) low levels of fluoride in the mouth gradually improve the strength of the tooth enamel and its ability to resist acid attack. (3) (...) reducing the ability of the plaque bacteria to produce acid. &lt;strong&gt;This is a major factor in the prevention of tooth decay.&lt;/strong&gt; (4) (...) if sufficient fluoride is ingested during childhood when the teeth are developing, it affects the depth of the fissures (grooves) on the biting surfaces of the teeth (...) thus reducing the ability of plaque to remain undisturbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's analyze what is written above. Points (1) and (4) are important when you're a kid, they doesn't matter to you now. Point (2) is about improved self-repair and acid resistance. This is some very good property of fluoride, but it may not be so well understood and so effective as it is often presented. Quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777135&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current concepts on the theories of the mechanism of action of fluoride.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (1999):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Comparative studies of fluoride efficacy have shown that higher concentrations in solution are needed in pH-cycling studies of dentine than in enamel to maintain the mineral balance or to induce remineralization. (...) future perspectives for fluoride applications should be found in the retention and slow release of fluoride after various combinations of fluoride treatment, the combination of fluoride and anti-microbial treatment, the individualization of caries prevention, and the combination of preventive schemes with new developments in caries diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(So this is not so simple just to have low levels of fluoride.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you sincerely keep good dental habits which include also proper diet and mouth washing, then you could rely on your natural remineralization. Keeping/restoring proper pH level would be important here. &#xA;Point (3) is about bacteria and here things can get tricky. Bacteria evolve and it is not impossible that they will learn to deal with fluoride. Quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327376&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New insight on the response of bacteria to fluoride.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2012): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the precise effects that fluoride has on bacteria and the mechanisms that bacteria use to overcome fluoride toxicity have largely remained unexplored. Recently, my laboratory reported the discovery of biological systems that bacteria use to sense fluoride and reduce fluoride toxicity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8704659&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some really bad-ass fluoride-resistant bacterias&lt;/a&gt; are known to exist from a quite a long time now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're not to use fluoride then again a lot will depend on your dental habits. If proper pH levels are maintained then &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; bacteries in your mouth will keep themselves in some form of balance (hopefully).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I think that it is important to explain what is the main function of toothpaste and general toothbrushing: it's &lt;strong&gt;mechanical surface abrasion&lt;/strong&gt;. This is nicely summarized &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thefactsabout.co.uk/how-does-toothpaste-work/content/115&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Toothpastes contain mild abrasives which physically scrub away the plaque and food debris without damaging the tooth enamel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, in essence, has nothing to do with fluoride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in my opinion, you can use fluoride-free toothpaste. If you'll be careful with pH levels, do mouthwash, be careful what you eat, then your natural tooth decay prevention mechanisms should work. &lt;strong&gt;But I don't guarantee anything&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if I was to use fluoride-free toothpaste, I would like know if there exist some alternative chemical substance of similar properties. I haven't checked that and this is good material for another question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T14:46:41.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8788" CreationDate="2016-08-19T14:51:43.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to have a neighbor that had horrible allergies and would mow and garden in a full white suit that included mask, goggles, and went over their shoes as well. Hopefully you don't get a rash or any other reactions so all you would need would be a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd look for a pollen mask instead of a medical mask. There's some reusable ones available that you can wash and they look more like bandanas than masks.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walmart.com/ip/Breathe-Healthy-Reusable-Antimicrobial-Mask-for-Dust-Pollen-and-Germs/47074350?sourceid=csesh0217546918988647a581e063ee2c1b681a&amp;amp;wmlspartner=shoppingcom2&amp;amp;affcmpid=1317404723&amp;amp;tmode=0000&amp;amp;veh=cse&amp;amp;sdc_id=1079313981782&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Example at Walmart&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical masks can be absorbent to prevent water droplets that may contain bacteria from getting past the mask. I can imagine how this could be bad for allergies as it might absorb and hold allergens in the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as only wearing it outside I think that would be more appropriate than wearing it all the time. Most indoor locations are air conditioned/heated which means air passes through some kind of filter at least. You might look into regularly changing your filters at home or looking into a higher grade of filters if you're having problems inside your house as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T14:51:43.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3822" CreationDate="2016-08-19T16:07:06.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did some article browsing and here's what I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Almost all of the articles I came across discussed the affect of general anesthesia on certain nerve tissues, ion channels, and receptors. I could not find a good overview or any peer reviewed articles covering the long-term clinical effects (what impact it actually has on the patient) of general anesthesia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many of the studies are either in animals, in children, or in the elderly; not general population or a wide patient base.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A general consensus seemed to be that the possible short term effects from anesthesia (malignant hyperthermia, hypotension, slowed respiratory rate) and the surgery itself lead to many more complications than any long term effects from general anesthesia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did stumble across one fairly broad article which discussed cognitive decline in the elderly after uncomplicated general anesthesia. The syndrome is called Post-operative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD). The article didn't seem to consider how many times patients had undergone anesthesia in their lives, but focused more on receiving anesthesia at an old age (85 or older).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lewis, M. C., and I. Nevo. &quot;Uncomplicated General Anesthesia in the Elderly Results in Cognitive Decline: Does Cognitive Decline Predict Morbidity and Mortality?&quot; Medical Hypothesis 68.3 (2007): 484-92. Science Direct. Web. 19 Aug. 2016. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's another article that doesn't really answer your original question, but might be helpful nonetheless:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/04/under-the-knife-study-shows-rising-death-rates-from-general-anesthesia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;General discussion TIME article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I couldn't find any articles addressing your specific situation, but hopefully some of this info can help you draw your own conclusions, and maybe someone else will have better luck article searching than I did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T16:07:06.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8915" CreationDate="2016-08-19T16:46:00.137" Score="1" ViewCount="1302" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any links to research which would suggest an optimum or maximum number of times for ablation on the same heart? Do chances of stopping AF symptoms change with each surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6552" LastEditorUserId="6552" LastEditDate="2016-08-20T17:52:31.287" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T22:44:43.983" Title="Are there a maximum number of times for surgical ablations on patients with Atrial Fibrillation?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8910" CreationDate="2016-08-19T18:16:02.037" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2013, a systematic review and meta-analysis (see ref in source) examined the long term outcome of catheter ablation in patient with atrial fibrillation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They first looked at &lt;strong&gt;single procedure success rates&lt;/strong&gt; (=percentage of patients free of atrial arrhythmia or not requiring a second procedure at 12 months) and reported that the &lt;strong&gt;pooled overall success rate was 64.2%&lt;/strong&gt; (95% CI 57.5% to 70.3%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and non paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) were considered separately:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pooled 12-month success rate for the 11 studies reporting outcomes&#xA;  for PAF patients was 66.6% (95% CI 58.2% to 74.2%), and for the 6&#xA;  studies reporting outcomes for NPAF patients, it was 51.9% (95% CI&#xA;  33.8% to 69.5%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They then looked at &lt;strong&gt;multiple procedure success rates&lt;/strong&gt; and showed that the overall &lt;strong&gt;multiple-procedure long-term success rate was 79.8%&lt;/strong&gt; (95% CI 75.0% to 83.8%) in 13 studies (Figure 3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The multiple-procedure long-term success in PAF was 79.0% in 8 studies&#xA;  (95% CI 67.6% to 87.1%), and that in NPAF was 77.8% in 4 studies (95%&#xA;  CI 68.7% to 84.9%, P=0.9 versus PAF).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a graph representing the different in success rates between single procedures and multiples procedures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pre1V.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pre1V.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All these results have to be taken with caution as the heterogeneity associated with these results exceeded 50% but it provides a general overview.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have suggested some variables associated with AF recurrence such as NPAF, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure, structural or valvular heart disease, and duration of AF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I don’t think it is possible to define an optimum number of ablation. Ideally, the aim is to success after the first ablation. I haven’t heard of a maximum. From my experience, if AF can’t be effectively ablated, the aim is to achieve frequency/rhythm control through optimal drug therapy until the patient in asymptomatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources (for text and figure):&#xA;Ganesan et al. Long-term Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013; 2: e004549 originally published March 18, 2013 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004549&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T18:16:02.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9020" CreationDate="2016-08-19T19:11:57.667" Score="4" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, a relative of mine has been diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors have prescribed him dopamine agonists. However, they mentionned that with time, those drugs may loose their efficacy and may lead to increased side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By browsing the internet, I came across deep brain stimulation as promising therapy for PD patients.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/treatment/surgery-treatment-options/Deep-Brain-Stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/treatment/surgery-treatment-options/Deep-Brain-Stimulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: considering that these dopamine agonists are associated with side effects and loose their effect over time, why isn't deep brain stimulation used in the first instance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5399" LastActivityDate="2016-08-27T08:53:33.897" Title="Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's Disease" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-19T20:06:14.407" Score="6" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if they perform a heart transplant to a kid around 10 years, do the heart size increases over the years?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6562" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-24T11:28:46.157" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T11:28:46.157" Title="Heart size growth after heart transplant in children?" Tags="&lt;heart-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8913" CreationDate="2016-08-19T20:46:13.660" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pediatric heart transplantation represents approximatively 15% of the total heart transplantations &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387410/&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have provided some insights on the cardiac growth after heart transplantation. &lt;strong&gt;Most of them have shown that the transplanted heart in children follows  similar growth as non-transplanted paediatric hearts.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here some extracts of the major studies in that field:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a study including 13 infants with a duration of follow-up was&#xA;3.1±0.4 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Both right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV)&lt;/strong&gt; chamber&#xA;  dimensions &lt;strong&gt;were within the normal range&lt;/strong&gt; at both early and late time&#xA;  points and grew normally&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;D. Bernstein, S. Kolla, M. Miner, P. Pitlick, M. Griffin, V. Starnes, et al. Cardiac growth after pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation, 85 (1992), pp. 1433–1439&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Another study reported normal cardiac growth after    transplantation&#xA;although these patients showed somatic growth    deficits due to the&#xA;immunosuppresive therapy.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;V.R. Zales, K.L. Wright, A.J. Muster, C.L. Backer, D.W. Benson, C. Mavroudis. Ventricular volume growth after cardiac transplantation in infants and children. Circulation, 86 (5 Suppl) (1992), pp. II272–II275&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Finally, one large study which included 147 patients and followed them up during several years (up to 10 years) reported similar&#xA;results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ventricular end-diastolic diameters, the ventricular end-diastolic&#xA;  volumes and ventricular mass increased proportionally 6 to 10 years&#xA;  after heart transplantation in all patients regardless of the BSA&#xA;  ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Delmo et al. Influence of size disparity of transplanted hearts on cardiac growth in infants and children. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Volume 143, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 168–177&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-19T20:46:13.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8910" CreationDate="2016-08-19T23:50:40.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a subject I'm very well versed in since I've had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and atrial flutter (AFL) for a number of years and I've undergone no fewer than five ablation procedures. However, I really can't improve on M. Arrowsmith's answer. It's pretty much spot on. However, I will add some thoughts you won't easily find in published research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The optimal number of ablations is, of course, one. And for the majority of patients that's how many they'll undergo. Success rates for PAF are very high these days. However, a significant number of patients will require two, with the second one often being described as a &quot;touch up&quot; procedure. There are two major reasons why a second ablation is often required:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, it is very easy for the electrophysiologist (EP) to accidentally create what's known as a flutter circuit during the procedure. This usually takes the form of a tiny gap in the line of burns that are created to contain the afib. That tiny gap allows an errant signal to begin a self-perpetuating circle in the heart that causes the heart to beat very rapidly, often at about 150 beats per minute. This is atrial flutter (AFL). It's similar to AF, but unlike AF it's a very regular rhythm, and it's usually faster. Rates of 150 beats per minute are common. A second ablation to fix AFL is typically much faster and simpler than the original AF ablation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the standard ablation for AF is what's known as pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). A PVI ablation procedure creates a circle of burns around the point in the left atrium where the pulmonary veins enter. Pulmonary veins are the number 1 source of errant AF signals, so burning a circle around them basically creates a &quot;fence&quot; that contains the errant signals and doesn't let them spread to the rest of the atria. However, there can also be isolated spots elsewhere in the atria that generate errant AF signals and those are very difficult to find. Since they're difficult to find, they can be missed during the first procedure and require a second procedure to go in and find and ablate them individually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a second ablation, additional ablations are going to be because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The EP's skills or experience are lacking. Ablations require a great deal of experience, practice and a precise touch. Operator experience counts for a lot. You should seek the EP who does a LOT of ablations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The patient is a difficult case with unusual sources of afib&#xA;that are difficult to find or are in difficult locations. Sometimes those locations can be places that are simply too dangerous to ablate. (This is my situation.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, after a period of time, connections can reestablish&#xA;themselves. Natural healing around the ablation lesions creates a new&#xA;pathway that allows afib to escape &quot;the fence&quot; and thus AF reappears.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do chances of stopping AF symptoms change with each surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they improve. With PAF the first procedure will completely stop AF symptoms for about 70-75% of all patients. A second procedure raises that number into the 90-95% range. So the chances of an ablation stopping your AF for years or even permanently are very good, but as I have learned, a small percentage of patients will not be so lucky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you have longstanding, persistent AF, the success rates are not as good. With persistent AF you're looking at about a 50-60% success rate overall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-08-20T22:44:43.983" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T22:44:43.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8928" CreationDate="2016-08-20T02:35:45.227" Score="3" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an adult with ADD, and I have been prescribed Dexadrine (both long-lasting and short-lasting). Now, I don't consume a lot of caffeine (I don't drink coffee, tea, or energy drinks), but I do have like a Mountain Dew every other day. Is this a safe thing to do since I take Dexadrine? Or do they not mix well together? What are the dangers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:40:26.883" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T02:40:26.883" Title="ADD medication (Dexadrine) safe to drink with low-caffiene (Mountain Dew)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8926" CreationDate="2016-08-20T16:54:34.767" Score="6" ViewCount="646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that diet, habits and lifestyles differ preposterously across different countries and different people. Of late, there has been an increasing trend among people to take multi-vitamin tablets as a daily dietary supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any actual benefit of taking it? Assuming that people normally eat a balanced vegetarian diet, I think the only justification for taking these could be that they aren't deriving all the essential nutrients from fruits and vegetables alone. Could the gradual degradation of environment over time be a reason for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answers so far suggest that the evidence in this direction gathered by most studies is inconclusive at best. However, I am still interested to know about any more studies and data, be it for efficacy of supplements or degradation of nutrients in plants, just for the sake of completion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6515" LastEditorUserId="6515" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T12:57:52.640" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T12:57:52.640" Title="Is there an objective answer to whether or not taking a multi-vitamin dietary supplement is beneficial to health?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2016-08-20T17:33:27.503" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several reviews of studies about multivitamin supplements have been done lately, mostly in 2015:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0101/od1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Preventive Services Task Force - Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Recommendation Statement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multivitamins: no recommendation; Single- or paired-nutrient supplements:&#xA;no recommendation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence on supplementation with multivitamins to reduce the risk of&#xA;cardiovascular disease or cancer is inadequate, as is the evidence on&#xA;supplementation with individual vitamins, minerals, or functional&#xA;pairs. Supplementation with beta carotene or vitamin E does not reduce&#xA;the risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy_aging/healthy_body/is-there-really-any-benefit-to-multivitamins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;John Hopkins Medicine - Is There Really Any Benefit to Multivitamins?&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent look at multivitamins by Johns Hopkins researchers shows that&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;there’s no proof of benefit,&lt;/strong&gt; but there is evidence of possible harm&#xA;from high doses of certain vitamin supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Department of Agriculture - Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In some cases,&lt;/em&gt; fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful&#xA;in providing one or more nutrients that &lt;em&gt;otherwise may be consumed in&#xA;less-than-recommended amounts.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;^^ This last claim is a direct quote from the Guidelines -- it is an unfortunate sentence structure, which can be misleading. What they are saying is that &amp;quot;in some cases, &amp;quot; which is for individuals with inadequate nutrient intake by regular diet (but not for those with adequate intake), supplements may be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T18:23:30.570" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8921" CreationDate="2016-08-20T18:06:37.953" Score="8" ViewCount="3372" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an insomniac and all the sleep medications that I've been prescribed have eventually had no effect on me -- I built a tolerance to them. It's a dangerous thing because I don't want to take lots and lots of all sorts of sleeping pills to get to sleep -- that's unsafe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that Benadryl might be a good alternative. It currently has an impact on me, but will I eventually build a tolerance to it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:19:15.620" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T17:39:06.903" Title="Does Benadryl (=diphenhydramine) lead to tolerance? Can I use it to help with sleep?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8920" CreationDate="2016-08-20T19:20:52.790" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;First generation H1-antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine = Benadryl) are well known for their sedative effects explaining their limited use in patients with allergic rhinitis. Several pharmacological studies have shown that diphenhydramine crosses the blood brain barrier and produces CNS sedation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two studies have (partly) addressed your question regarding the loss in sedation efficacy over time. Both studies focused on daytime sleepiness (as this one of the side effects which prevents prescription of diphenhydramine in patients with allergic rhinitis) but the mechanisms of tolerance can probably be extended to diphenhydramine use against insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the first study, participants receiving dimenhydrinate (an&#xA;ethanolamine antihistamine that is metabolized to diphenhydramine and&#xA;chlorotheophylline) were asked to assess their sleepiness while in&#xA;parallel, psychomotor performance tests where conducted. &lt;strong&gt;Results&#xA;showed a modest attenuation of subjective sedation and performance&#xA;impairment after successive doses during a single day of drug&#xA;exposure.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the second study authors conducted a randomised double blind&#xA;placebo controlled crossover study in 15 individuals. &lt;strong&gt;Here again, a&#xA;tolerance to the drug was observe&lt;/strong&gt;d: sedative effects which were&#xA;evident on the first day became indistinguishable from placebo by the&#xA;end of 3 days of treatment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Three possible mechanisms for the tolerance to diphenhydramine were suggested in the literature: behavioural adaptation (only if diphenhydramine was taken during the day for allergic rhinitis); (2) altered drug metabolism, e.g., increased clearance; or (3) altered neuropharmacological effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So according to current knowledge, there is evidence for tolerance of diphenhydramine over time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Richardson G et al. Tolerance to Daytime Sedative Effects of H1&#xA;Antihistamines. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology.&#xA;22(5):511-515, October 2002.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Manning C et al. Central nervous system effects of meclizine and&#xA;dimenhydrinate: evidence of acute tolerance to antihistamines. J Clin&#xA;Pharmacol 1992; 32:996–1002.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T19:20:52.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2016-08-20T19:44:29.540" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a perfect world, no, a multivitamin wouldn't be needed. However, even with high intake of fruits and vegetables, you have to consider micronutrient degradation in fresh fruits that you buy in the store. As soon as you pick a fruit/veggie, the micronutrients are starting to break down. The longer you wait to eat it, the less it will have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to get around this is to have your own garden and eat what you pick every day. The other way to ensure more micronutrient intake is to take a multivitamin. One thing to consider as well is that the RDA for each vitamin/mineral isn't the upper limit for positive benefits. There are more benefits to be reaped at higher intake with a lot of the vitamins/minerals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the links posted by Jan, the 1st one states that there is no definitive evidence either way, so nothing can be concluded. The 2nd link analyzed multivitamin users and only concluded results of the risk of heart attacks, mental decline, and cancer. That is not the main purpose of a multivitamin in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the benefits of each vitamin/mineral(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.helpguide.org/harvard/vitamins-and-minerals.htm&lt;/a&gt;) you'll see nothing about heart attacks, cancer, or mental decline. Lets see a study on these proposed benefits of each vitamin/mineral with multivitamin users vs non-users. I'm sure that would lead to different results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: Yes, they can be useful if you are not getting your daily intake of each of the vitamins/minerals. They can also provide benefits beyond the RDA for certain vitamins/minerals. Micronutrient degradation happens and can cause lower intake of micronutrients than you might expect, even with high amounts of fruits and vegetables in your diet. Take a multivitamin for the benefits of the vitamins/minerals, not to try and stop heart attacks, cancer, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6564" LastActivityDate="2016-08-20T19:44:29.540" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8927" CreationDate="2016-08-20T20:34:40.627" Score="5" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently with my grandmother at the Emergency Department because she had difficulty breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the clinical examination by a doctor, she received both an artery and a vein puncture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is it necessary to take blood from a vein and an artery? The puncture in the artery looked pretty painful so why isn't the vein puncture sufficient?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6559" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2016-08-22T04:24:05.450" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T04:24:05.450" Title="Puncturing a vein vs. an artery" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-20T22:46:53.847" Score="1" ViewCount="2568" Body="&lt;p&gt;After swimming into the sea, is it better take shower immediately or wait several hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080809135129AArMoxP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this on yahoo.anwers&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Best Answer:  Salt water can dry up the natural oils in your skin, and&#xA;  this in turn can lead to boils and pimples. When you have been in the&#xA;  sea, you need to wash off the salt as soon as you can, and as you so&#xA;  rightly say, not showering fo a week is gross.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/400377-what-are-the-health-benefits-of-swimming-in-sea-water/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;livestrong&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The magnesium in seawater may also help hydrate and improve the&#xA;  appearance of your skin. According to a study in the February 2005&#xA;  edition of the “International Journal of Dermatology,” bathing in a&#xA;  magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution helps promote skin moisture.&#xA;  People with atopic dry skin, or dryness on the skin’s surface,&#xA;  submerged one forearm for 15 minutes in a bath solution containing 5&#xA;  percent Dead Sea salt and the other forearm in regular tap water.&#xA;  Researchers discovered that the salt solution improved skin hydration&#xA;  and significantly reduced skin inflammation symptoms such as redness&#xA;  and roughness when compared to tap water. Observed skin benefits were&#xA;  attributed to the high magnesium content of the Dead Sea salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that latter is correct, but just need confirmation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T11:10:27.840" Title="is saltwater bad or good for your skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2016-08-21T00:17:03.410" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an objective answer to whether or not taking a multi-vitamin dietary supplement is beneficial to health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, there is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you dig into the existing research, unless you are looking to experience some confirmation bias one way or the other, you will only continue to find evidence that there is no conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin#Research&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia actually does sum it up nicely&lt;/a&gt;, emphasis mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided that precautions are taken (such as adjusting the vitamin amounts to what is believed to be appropriate for children, pregnant women or people with certain medical conditions), multivitamin intake is generally safe, but &lt;strong&gt;research is still ongoing with regard to what health effects multivitamins have&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence of health effects of multivitamins comes largely from prospective cohort studies which evaluate health differences between groups that take multivitamins and groups that do not. &lt;strong&gt;Correlations between multivitamin intake and health found by such studies may not result from multivitamins themselves, but may reflect underlying characteristics of multivitamin-takers.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, it has been suggested that multivitamin-takers may, overall, have more underlying diseases (&lt;strong&gt;making multivitamins appear as less beneficial in prospective cohort studies&lt;/strong&gt;). On the other hand, it has also been suggested that multivitamin users may, overall, be more health-conscious (&lt;strong&gt;making multivitamins appear as more beneficial in prospective cohort studies&lt;/strong&gt;). Randomized controlled studies have been encouraged to address this uncertainty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd love to quote the whole &amp;quot;Research&amp;quot; section here, but if you read through it, and between the lines, you can start to get an inkling of just how all over the place and inconclusive research has been.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the citation for the &amp;quot;randomized controlled studies have been encouraged&amp;quot; bit is simply a paper from 2011 that concludes with &amp;quot;these results highlight the need for more case-control studies or randomized controlled clinical trials to further examine this relationship.&amp;quot; In other words, as recently as 5 years ago, at least one researcher was still in the state of realizing that randomized trials may be needed to clear things up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every credible source, e.g. Johns Hopkins, periodically releases some article that says &amp;quot;In a recent study, vitamins have shown to be beneficial / unhelpful&amp;quot;. If you dig into the methods of these studies you will likely find (very reasonable) initial bias in both directions as well as the introduction of other variables due to the selected sample set.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the title of that that Johns Hopkins editorial linked to in the other answer is &lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1789253&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Enough Is Enough: Stop Wasting Money on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;. With a title like that I'm sure that research wasn't neutral to begin with (not that it was bad, it's just this is a really inconclusive topic so it's easy to interpret study results according to initial views, hence the fact that this has been an ongoing conflict for decades).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abstract of that study concludes with the absurdly inconclusive, and probably biased, &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Although available evidence does not rule out small benefits or harms or large benefits or harms in a small subgroup of the population, we believe that the case is closed— supplementing the diet of well-nourished adults with (most) mineral or vitamin supplements has no clear benefit and might even be harmful.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; -- A sentence which I can't help but laugh at because, you know, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&amp;amp;q=wtf+face&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;what&lt;/a&gt;? -- The issue really is so up in the air that anybody can pretty much find any data to support any viewpoint. You can pick anything you want from that abstract and use it as a basis to publish an article with a catchy headline like &amp;quot;The Vitamin Verdict&amp;quot; that supports your view either way, there is very little objectivity involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there does at least seem to be a general consensus that, &lt;em&gt;massive overdose aside&lt;/em&gt; they don't &lt;em&gt;hurt&lt;/em&gt; (except for the couple of studies that said they do, which were countered by meta studies that said the studies said they didn't, and so on...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note by the way this isn't really &amp;quot;of late&amp;quot;, well, at least not in the US where it's been a slowly but steadily increasing trend for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db61.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;at least 30 years&lt;/a&gt;. I distinctly remember having a heated conversation with somebody about this exact same topic 20 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think personal dietary and health trends are simply too varied to make any kind of general conclusion here. Perhaps they are good for some people in some situations and have no benefit for others, and every study from now until the end of time will continue to be inconclusive and unintentionally (or intentionally!) biased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T00:42:28.883" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8924" CreationDate="2016-08-21T01:06:17.303" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Venous punctures are typically done for regular blood work such as getting a CBC (Complete Blood Count) and are often enough for regular access - medications etc. Venous access is also used for things such as PIC lines (IV catheters that run almost all the way to the heart).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arterial punctures are often done for getting a &quot;blood gas&quot;. This is used to measure gas levels in the blood (such as CO2 and O2). Arterial punctures can also be used for establishing an arterial line in a large artery such as the femoral. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum things up a bit: although venous punctures are more common and often enough; arterial punctures are often needed for more specific testing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For additional information, please visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1902703-overview&quot;&gt;MedScape&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.labce.com/spg296242_venous_arterial_and_capillary_blood_specimens.aspx&quot;&gt;LabCE&lt;/a&gt;. I hope this information is helpful to you, if you have any additional questions, please let me know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T01:06:17.303" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8916" CreationDate="2016-08-21T01:55:29.433" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Micromedex does not list any precautions or patient educations notes for Dexedrine and caffeine. However both substances can have an effect on heart rate and blood pressure. Large amounts of caffeine like energy drinks or espresso would be ill advised, but I wouldn't think the small amount in a pop would have significant effects especially if you're decently tolerant to caffeine and a relatively normal sized adult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Never a bad idea to ask the prescribing physician what they think though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T01:55:29.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-21T05:18:46.573" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The website below claims that one nit is sufficient to produce a new generation of head lice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liceguard-europe.com/lice-and-nits.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Liceguard Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regardless of which treatment you apply, it is recommendable to remove all (or as many as possible) nits from the scalp, since even one nit is enough to produce a new generation of parasites, and the process itself is faster and more secure if you are get rid of lice and nits at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to ask if this is really true? Surely either a pregnant female louse or BOTH a male and female must be present in order for a new generation of head lice to occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6569" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T04:14:43.410" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:14:43.410" Title="Is one nit enough to produce a new generation of head lice?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;head-lice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7496" CreationDate="2016-08-21T18:19:11.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might try the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consumerreports.org/health/doctors-hospitals/hospital-ratings.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/a&gt; online tool that allows you to select and compare hospitals, evaluated for safety and infection rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another useful site is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hospitalsafetyscore.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Hospital Safety Score&lt;/a&gt;, a public service of a non-profit organization, that lets you see an overall score, as well as more specific ratings regarding surgery, practices, safety, and clinicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6443" LastActivityDate="2016-08-21T18:19:11.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-21T20:41:06.453" Score="1" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I unfortunately, am one of the many that suffer from IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). I also have the luck of suffering from fibromyalgia (so I have chronic fatigue), but I have a very demanding job and life so sometimes I a get a little help from my friend, aka Coca Cola. However, I heard rumors that caffeine consumption can irritate the bowels and make IBS symptoms all the more worse. AH! I think I have noticed this personally. (But wasn't sure if it's all in my head because I heard the rumor). Any way, what is a person with low-energy and IBS suppose to do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:33:30.530" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T02:33:30.530" Title="Are low amounts of caffeine, e.g. Coke, bad for IBS? If so, advice on how IBS sufferers can get a burst of energy?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;&lt;chronic-fatigue-synd.-cfs&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-21T22:15:59.263" Score="4" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am on bio identical hormone replacement including cortisol for low levels. Is it good to take metformin when taking cortisol for low cortisol levels? I thought I read somewhere that metformin lowers your cortisol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6577" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:00:30.217" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:00:30.217" Title="Bio identical cortisol and metformin" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8938" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9255" CreationDate="2016-08-22T00:35:25.717" Score="2" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with PCOS about 5 years ago and take Metformin for it (although the symptoms are still at large). But lately, despite taking birth control, my period causes me an immense amount of fatigue both the week before and during, causes an extreme amount of heavy bleeding that last for about 7 days, and of course comes with abdominal pains (cramping, bloating, diarrhea), but the worst is the vicious nausea and vomiting. Occassionally, I get two periods a month, which means I'm sick the entire month. Are these symptoms of PCOS or could it also be related to endometriosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have PCOS are you more likely to have endometriosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you know if your pain is atypical? Because all women suffer from their periods, and it's a pain for everyone so I don't want to appear like a hypochondriac if I approach my doctor about this (because I do have a lot of other conditions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While doing an ultrasound for something else, they did note that I had an anteverted uterus (but I don't think that's worrisome), but also that I had a 2.2 x 2 cm cyst on my right ovary. The report said it was benign, but that seems awfully large and could be causing me a lot of pain? Is that normal? And how do they know it's benign? Is this all PCOS stuff or is it endometriosis too? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T22:16:30.267" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T22:41:55.180" Title="Are PCOS &amp; endometriosis linked? How to know if menstrual pain is atypical to warrant testing?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;endometriosis&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;ovarian-cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9013" CreationDate="2016-08-22T01:25:32.983" Score="4" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being new to the Lupus world, I am hearing conflicting views from all sorts of physicians (living both in Canada and the USA). What are the top medications to treat the symptoms of Lupus? I heard Lyrica and Cymbalta are great, but another doctor told me that the other doctor was misinformed, but neglected to tell me an alternative (just bad mouthed the other doctor). What are the typical, common, top medications used to treat the symptoms of Lupus? Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:37:44.643" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T10:25:29.803" Title="Top medications to treat symptoms of Lupus?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8890" CreationDate="2016-08-22T02:56:25.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could also try warm compresses for dry eyes; they help the glands in your eyelids secrete good oils for lubrication&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T02:56:25.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8875" CreationDate="2016-08-22T07:10:49.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the literature, risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;gender&lt;/strong&gt;: CLL is more frequent in men than in women &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;age&lt;/strong&gt;: CLL is considered to be mainly a disease of older adults, with a&#xA;median age at diagnosis of 70 years. Although younger individuals (in their 30s-40s) can develop CLL, the incidence rises dramatically with age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ethnicity&lt;/strong&gt;: studies have shown that the incidence of CLL varies by&#xA;race and geographic location: it is higher in caucasians and lower in&#xA;African Americans or Asian Pacific Islanders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;genetic/positive family history&lt;/strong&gt;: the cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics of CLL appear to be similar throughout the world suggesting a common genetic alteration. Also, CLL  occur with higher frequency among first-degree family members of patients with CLL.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;strong&gt;no clear discernible occupational or environmental risk factors that predispose to CLL have been identified yet&lt;/strong&gt;. Also, no long term medication has been associated with the development of CLL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-pathologic-features-diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-pathologic-features-diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T07:10:49.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3182" CreationDate="2016-08-22T11:41:33.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends what do you mean by &quot;the best&quot; toothpaste. Toothpastes work by mechanical surface abrasion, so they scrub the plaque and remains of food from your teeth. If toothpaste is overly abrasive, it can damage your enamel, so it is important to find one with some proper abrasiveness level. Also, your brushing technique and used brushing tool are very important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abrasiveness of different toothpastes might be estimated using some special procedures (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_dentin_abrasivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Relative Dentin Abrasivity&lt;/a&gt; method, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266790924_Which_Alternatives_to_ISO11609_RDA_PMMA_Abrasion_Test_with_Silicas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PMMA Abrasion Test&lt;/a&gt;), index scores might be calculated, some safe range values can be established and toothpastes can be categorized into &quot;low&quot;, &quot;medium&quot; and &quot;highly abrasive&quot;. There is quite a lot information about this on the Internet &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt; I was unable to find any reliable (and free) source to quote any values. Also, I haven't seen any research on substances occuring in the wild. But this is a direction you can go: look for research publications about RDA measurement of different wild-occuring substances. Bear in mind than low abrasive ones &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20307624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;might not be better than simply bruishing with water&lt;/a&gt;. Also, remember that all of this is just an estimation - and a very rough one. You can read about it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.pl/books?id=ewYuc84I-csC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&quot;Toothpastes&quot; by C. van Loveren et al.&lt;/a&gt;. Quote from it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RDA values are not intended and should not be used as prediction tool of dental abrasion, since it does not reproduce the complex multifactiofial nature of the toothbrushing abrasion process clinically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T11:41:33.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4069" CreationDate="2016-08-22T19:42:46.003" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tefikow, S., J. Barth, S. Maichrowitz, A. Beelmann, B. Strauss, and J. Rosendahl. &quot;Efficacy of Hypnosis in Adults Undergoing Surgery or Medical Procedures: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.&quot; Clinical Psychology Review 33.5 (2013): 623-36. Web. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a peer reviewed meta analysis that also found hypnosis to be beneficial during surgery when compared with standard care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most of the studies they cite aren't very large and &lt;strong&gt;there definitely needs to be more study in this area before any conclusions can be drawn; positive or negative&lt;/strong&gt;. Some logistical downsides I can think of would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Different methods of hypnosis being used can complicate studies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Surgeons not being willing to perform surgery without anesthetics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(To my knowledge) Hypnotists are not regulated or required to comply with any standards of practice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a patient is not fully sedated under anesthesia the dosage can be altered to achieve the appropriate degree of sedation, this cannot be done as objectively with hypnosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The use of anesthetics in the general population is better studied and documented than hypnosis, therefore surgical guidelines will favor anesthesia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-08-23T03:15:29.067" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T03:15:29.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5861" CreationDate="2016-08-22T21:10:44.863" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Couldn't find anything definitive about what it is, but the monograph approved by the FDA only allows Omeprazole as the active ingredient. So it can't be anything that is designed to have an active effect on the body. Also magnesium is not listed as an inactive ingredient anywhere, so we can count that out. If I were to bet I'd say it's just lactose and filler (which is listed under the inactive ingredients and there's basically no volume for it to be in the granules) to give the capsule weight and aid in swallowing/handling. With just the granules the capsule might not have much weight and make consumers think it's empty or not filled correctly or get stuck in the throat more easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The enteric coated granules definitely contain the active drug according to every source I could find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-22T21:10:44.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-23T03:12:03.397" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a newbie to medical and healthcare informatics. I need to access some raw telemedicine dataset including vital signs for a single person over a specific period of time. Basically my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many possible vital signs can be measured, say in an emergency ambulance transfer? E.g. Heart Rate, SpO2, Co2, RR, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the possible size and bitrate requirement for each? For this, if we have the dataset, we can calculate the size/time_period to get the bitrate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advise on how to get these information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5334" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T18:31:06.057" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T19:31:34.953" Title="Dataset for Tele-medicine Vital Signs" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-23T08:09:50.763" Score="2" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a definition of a 'clean' tooth or a 'dirty' tooth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, when we brush our teeth, what do we do to them (or is it just getting something to brush it and it'll be clean, or is there something to stop bacteria from getting into our teeth?, something like that)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6591" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T11:56:16.033" Title="What is a definition of a clean tooth, or a dirty tooth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8953" CreationDate="2016-08-23T13:12:27.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In essence, toothpastes work by mechanical surface abrasion, so they scrub the plaque and remains of food from your teeth. They can even be ranked by their abrasive effect measured by standarized methods (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_dentin_abrasivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Relative Dentin Abrasivity&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.pl/books?id=ewYuc84I-csC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;althought this might be misleading&lt;/a&gt;, so do not follow such rankings blindly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RDA values are not intended and should not be used as prediction tool of dental abrasion, since it does not reproduce the complex multifactiofial nature of the toothbrushing abrasion process clinically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionaly to their main purpose, toothpastes may supply fluoride or other substances which can affect tooth remineralization (self-repair), reduce ability of the plaque bacteria to produce acid, or maybe raise pH acidity level in the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no definition of &quot;clean tooth&quot; or &quot;dirty tooth&quot;, but there were attempts to measure how many times a day teeth should be brushed so they will be &quot;clean enough&quot; to maintain oral health. Quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tooth brushing and oral health: how frequently and when should tooth brushing be performed?&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2005):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) there is consensus in the literature that (meticulous) tooth brushing once per day is sufficient to maintain oral health and to prevent caries and periodontal diseases. Tooth brushing is also regarded as an important vehicle for application of anti-caries agents, such as fluorides. However, most patients are not able to achieve sufficient plaque removal by performing oral hygiene measures at home. Therefore, &lt;strong&gt;tooth brushing twice daily is recommended by most of the dentists&lt;/strong&gt; in order to improve plaque control. This rule is followed by most of the patients taking care for their oral health and has shown to be effective in maintenance of oral health in numerous studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that tooth brushing may not be sufficent to maintain oral health under some conditions like improper diet (highly acidic food or drinks), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15560830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;improper drinking technique&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3953542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;regular attending of public pools&lt;/a&gt; (so called &quot;swimmer's erosion&quot;) or maybe even using &lt;a href=&quot;http://How%20clean%20is%20the%20toothbrush%20that%20cleans%20your%20tooth?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;old toothbrush&lt;/a&gt; (supposedly you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24971388&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;disinfect them with vinegar&lt;/a&gt; but I've never done that). Here it is advisable to use an alkaline mouthwash as those bad effects (and probably many others) are connected to low pH. When mouth pH levels are low tooth enamel begins to demineralize (even without bacterias). Additionaly, low pH is a good environment for some species of bacteria which produce even more acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems there might be a may to actually &lt;strong&gt;see 'dirty' tooth&lt;/strong&gt; after all. You might want to use &lt;strong&gt;plaque disclosing products&lt;/strong&gt; which contain dye reacting with plaque. There seems to be wide variety of such products: tablets, mouthwashes, flosses. You can find many videos on YouTube showing how to properly use the tablets. After using such product you can see where the plaque is, how efficent your toothbrushing (or any other method of plaque removal) was, what places were left etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6557" LastEditDate="2016-09-27T11:56:16.033" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T11:56:16.033" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12767" CreationDate="2016-08-23T17:17:45.020" Score="1" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an unhealthy individual were given this news, could they make enough life style changes in a single month to prevent an impending heart attack &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; medical intervention?  What would be the first steps in undergoing this transformation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Editing to make my intent more clear: The basics behind preventing cardiovascular disease are fairly straightforward, but the situation I'm trying to propose is what can be done with someone that is right on the edge?  For example: for a good portion of the population jogging a mile would be considered a healthy activity.  Does that remain true for the individual above?  How do recommendations change when you're that close to the brink?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6595" LastEditorUserId="6595" LastEditDate="2016-08-23T17:57:20.023" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T01:57:23.360" Title="If you are told you're going to have a heart attack in one month, what can you do now to prevent it?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8937" CreationDate="2016-08-23T17:34:32.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study was examining the effects of metformin on hormone levels responding to hypoglycemia. It found that metformin did not significantly alter the body's hormonal response to hypoglycemia in their study population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11549648&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like according to the study that recurring hypoglycemia can cause a lowering of cortisol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antecedent hypoglycemia significantly reduced epinephrine, ACTH, cortisol, glucagon, GH, and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia (P &amp;lt; 0.05 for all variables)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may have been partially misconstrued; since metformin helps lower blood glucose, and low blood glucose is associated with decreased cortisol levels, one could assume that metformin could in theory lower cortisol levels, but this does not seem to be the case at least according to this study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metformin works by decreasing the absorption of glucose, decreasing the amount of glucose the liver produces, and by improving insulin sensitivity. It does not directly stimulate insulin release or mimic the actions of insulin; therefore it is not linked to much hypoglycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When checking interactions between hydrocortisone (cortisol as a medication) and metformin the only interaction reported was: cortisol may decrease the effect of metformin and other anti-diabetic agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-12T13:56:34.390" LastActivityDate="2016-09-12T13:56:34.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7315" CreationDate="2016-08-23T18:02:16.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to assume you're referring to the United States and the FDA generic approval process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/AbbreviatedNewDrugApplicationANDAGenerics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA Abbreviated New Drug Application&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Abbreviated New Drug Applications (that they use for generic drugs) they are required to undergo bio equivalence testing as you said, but they:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are generally not required to include preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) data to establish safety and effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because generic medications use the same active ingredient as the brand name equivalent. Chemically these substances are exactly the same. Since this is the chemical that got FDA approval as a drug, this is the chemical that was monitored for side effects and adverse reactions extensively in the original brand name drug application. Since this chemical is identical in both the brand and generic they expect no difference in side effects &lt;strong&gt;IF&lt;/strong&gt; the dose exposure to the patient is the same. That is why most generic testing focuses on drug release, exposure, serum levels, etc. If they prove that the same chemical in their product is comparable in all of those aspects then it is assumed side effect profile will be comparable if not identical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T18:02:16.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8918" CreationDate="2016-08-23T20:21:45.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One point that has not been explored is the quality of the supplement. It can vary widely regardless of the percentage of each vitamin. The NIH has done extensive testing on whether vitamins and other supplements are beneficial. In this link, it lists 3 independent organizations that test supplements of all kinds.&#xA;Another issue is whether or not the vitamins are prescribed by a dr. Mine does want me to take them as well as other supplements, so I do on his advice.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DS_WhatYouNeedToKnow.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NIH Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5067" LastActivityDate="2016-08-23T20:21:45.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1222" CreationDate="2016-08-23T23:42:54.847" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Couldn't find any articles directly looking at effervescent tablets and dental problems, so I took a more broad look and searched for citric acid's effect on teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The combination of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate are routinely used in effervescent tablets designed for human consumption (according to Wikipedia ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Citric acid is commonly found in many fruit juices and many soft drinks we consume have an acidic pH. I found an article that looks specifically at citric acid compared with artificial saliva. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hence, enamel wear in the citric acid solution was significantly higher than in the artificial saliva&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study found that citric acid had a negative affect on tooth wear compared with artificial saliva. I would be cautious trying to relate these results to something like drinking an effervescent multivitamin solution though; the tooth exposure to citric acid was probably longer than if you just drank a solution and especially if you washed your mouth and brushed your teeth after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to recap:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Effervescent tablets usually contain citric acid which is the only compound I researched, so those not containing citric acid don't apply to this&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Citric acid and other acids are fairly well established as &quot;bad&quot; for your teeth, most notably sodas and acidic fruit drinks&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I assume that brushing your teeth or washing your mouth out after use would help, but I can't back that up with any research&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So effervescent tablets containing citric acid is worse than saliva for your teeth, but how much of an effect it would have especially with infrequent use I can't really say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zheng, J., Huang, H., Shi, M., Zheng, L., Qian, L., &amp;amp; Zhou, Z. (2011). In vitro study on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel in citric acid solution. Wear, 271(9-10), 2313-2321. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2010.11.027&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-12T16:10:32.360" LastActivityDate="2016-09-12T16:10:32.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-24T01:41:07.977" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title stated, is there any way we can get our teeth clean (like we brushed it) without physical contact of us with our teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there anyway to get our teeth clean in less than 3 minutes (which is the average time one takes to brush one's teeth)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6599" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:00:38.333" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T08:04:45.063" Title="Is there by any way to 'remotely' brush teeth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-24T04:21:20.000" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Snow goggles are sometimes used to protect against &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photokeratitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;photokeratitis&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. snow blindness). How good are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;snow goggles&lt;/a&gt; for UV protection? E.g., do they block 99 to 100 percent of both UVA and UVB rays, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/uv-protection/faq-20058021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decent&lt;/a&gt; sunglasses do? Or are they pretty much useless for UV protection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of snow goggles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/6pFWwL7tZvE?t=3m59s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/6pFWwL7tZvE?t=3m59s&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Wt4wD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Wt4wD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles&lt;/a&gt; : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/je9yS.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/je9yS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zjoJT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zjoJT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1UB4r.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1UB4r.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-13T19:55:31.973" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T19:55:31.973" Title="How good are snow goggles for UV protection?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-24T05:24:45.980" Score="0" ViewCount="1248" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have very allergic eyes that redden up very quickly even without rubbing. When it becomes too much I see the doctor and take some eye drops for a month. But the allergy keeps on coming back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few years back I used to use this eye drops called, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medidart.com/products/CLEARINE-EYE-DROPS-10ML1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Clearine&lt;/a&gt;. That used to solve my problems right away. Now theses have been discontinued. Now I went to the medical store and asked the pharmaceutical expert there and he suggested some sterile eye drops. Is it ok to use them on daily or a bidaily basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6601" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T15:15:09.397" Title="Is it ok to use sterile eye drops every day" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-23T17:00:09.760" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've bumped into a few articles about women who had to take a breast reduction surgery because their large breasts were the reason of unacceptably high health issues, ranging from psychological issues to severe pains, abnormalities in body posture, or hampered mobility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this issue doesn't apply to me, as I'm not a woman with large breasts (actually I'm not a woman in the first place), but still... Having such surgery done must a very tough decision for such women, as it means literally cutting away integral parts of one's body... I suppose if this problem did apply to me, I think that (to a degree) I'd rather suffer than accept such a surgery. This doesn't mean I don't understand people who take such a decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this makes me wonder about one thing. Psychological issues and inconvenience aside, it would seem that many health issues stemming from large breasts occur because their weight evokes on the spine greater pressure than it can withstand, hence the pains and body posture abnormalities. This leads me to the question whether strengthening back muscles or spinal muscles through exercise could mitigate these issues to the point of making the surgery unnecessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" OwnerDisplayName="gaazkam" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T09:03:03.047" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:03:03.047" Title="Is it possible to avoid a breast reduction surgery via exercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-24T09:58:12.063" Score="1" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed in myself, and am wondering what is going n, because when I push hard if I'm sitting on my chair - A thick Vein on my neck has a pretty big pulse, like it controls blood flow, and could be dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2643" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T15:29:33.120" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T16:53:26.440" Title="What's happening with the heart when you push your rectum really hard?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;valsalva-maneuver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7290" CreationDate="2016-08-24T11:32:55.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Energy drinks aren't supposed to supply you with nutritional energy but to temporarily stimulate your mental and/or physical functions and encourage your body to use energy &lt;strong&gt;it already has&lt;/strong&gt;. Such stimulated person might be seen as &quot;more energetic&quot; because of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, increased arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; of above description)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are energy drinks made of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Energy drinks can contain more than 15 ingredients, but the essential components come in five categories: (1) caffeine; (2) a sweetener of some kind (usually sugar); (3) one or more amino acids (most often taurine but sometimes L-carnitine); (4) vitamins B and (5) one or more plant/herbal extracts such as ginko biloba, guarana, ginseng, milk thistle etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515699/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all energy drinks I've personally seen there was only one clearly stimulating compound and it was caffeine, &quot;the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant#Caffeine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;as Wikipedia nicely desbribes it&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist, is a stimulant that can influence the activity of neuronal control pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. &lt;strong&gt;It is the most common stimulant in EBs [Energy Beverages]&lt;/strong&gt; (...) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Energy Beverages: Content and Safety&lt;/a&gt;, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also other substances in energy drinks, but their purpose and effect is often unclear. or example, glucuronolactone, ginseng, ginkgo biloba and many others. Some of them might actually work in some mildly stimulating way. If you're interested, read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Energy Beverages: Content and Safety&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, sugar is not considered a stimulant, although&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Administration of glucose or other carbohydrates before, during, and after prolonged exercise (&gt;1 hour) has been shown to postpone fatigue, conserve muscle glycogen, and improve performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Energy Beverages: Content and Safety&lt;/a&gt;, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a common myth about children being stimulated by candies and other sugar products, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8747098&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;it was proven false&lt;/a&gt;. In some aspects and for some people (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966906&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;elderly&lt;/a&gt;) sugar may improve some congnitive perfomance, but for others it (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7598081&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;infants&lt;/a&gt;) it may work as sedative. Its removal from energy drink probably doesn't change much, other sweeteners are used instead, although one may wonder what are all those vitamins then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because EBs contain large amounts of sugar, these vitamins are touted as ingredients necessary to convert the added sugar to energy. Hence, the B vitamins are the “key” needed to unlock all the energy provided by the simple sugars in EBs, and this is the extra energy that EB companies claim their product can provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Energy Beverages: Content and Safety&lt;/a&gt;, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T11:32:55.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8971" CreationDate="2016-08-24T12:48:33.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pushing (when you go to the bathroom) can be associated with stimulating the Vagus nerve. This can lead to a rapid drop in blood pressure and heart rate and may result in fainting. If you loose consciousness from this, it is known as a vasovagal syncope episode. The act of bearing down in this way is known as the Valsalva maneuver (which does actually have a purpose in cardiology*). This information came from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthgrades.com/conditions/vasovagal-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;HealthGrades.com&lt;/a&gt;, similar information can be found on the Mayo Clinic's website (I didn't include it because it was a bit chopped-up).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have read, bearing down isn't good for your head if you have a known brain aneurysm. Hence it is recommended that if you have a known aneurysm in your head, that you take laxatives (especially before surgery).  If you would like more information on this, please visit the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/HemorrhagicBleeds/What-You-Should-Know-About-Cerebral-Aneurysms_UCM_310103_Article.jsp#.V727zCgrLIU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stroke Association site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*The Valsalva Maneuver is used as a treatment for a variety of conditions as well as a diagnostic tool for them (listed below). The maneuver's mechanism occurs when a person bears down and holds their breath. When this happens, pressure in the chest cavity increases and venous return decreases. This results in a very rapid decrease in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. It is because of this rapid decrease both in HR and BP that can cause dizziness or syncope not only when purposely preforming this maneuver but also when you are on the toilet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Valsalva Maneuver is used to treat SVT (SupraVentricular Tachycardia), traditional tachycardia (high heart rate), tachypnea (high respiratory rate), and A-Fib (Atrial Fibrillation) among others. It also has a wide range of diagnostic uses - not relegated to the cardiovascular or respiratory system - such as a pinched nerve, certain types of hernia, brain deformity etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information on the Valsalva Maneuver can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/test/valsalva-maneuver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6565684&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Please note that both of these links have a much better description of the exact mechanism of this maneuver than I could provide. Also, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtGg9j8yJTc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt; link is very awesome! However, it was accidentally cut off at the end and there is no second part to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this information is helpful to you, if you have additional questions regarding this, let me know and I will do my best to answer them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T16:53:26.440" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T16:53:26.440" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7215" CreationDate="2016-08-24T13:12:59.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24214851&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Toxic compounds in honey.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2014):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) honey may contain compounds that may lead to toxicity. A compound not naturally present in honey, named &lt;strong&gt;5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), may be formed during the heating&lt;/strong&gt; or preservation processes of honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other sources&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High concentrations of HMF in honey indicate &lt;strong&gt;overheating&lt;/strong&gt;, poor storage conditions and old honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T13:12:59.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4178" CreationDate="2016-08-24T14:36:14.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might be true for some substances and false for others. For example, might be true for beta-carotene:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Soluble fiber may inhibit ß-carotene absorption; therefore, consumption of juice may increase plasma ß-carotene concentrations more than whole fruits/vegetables in free-living populations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) most of this research was conducted in laboratory-based settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23127215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Associations of soluble fiber, whole fruits/vegetables, and juice with plasma Beta-carotene concentrations in a free-living population of breast cancer survivors.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2012)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But lack of fiber may not be good for pectin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apples are rich in polyphenols and pectin, two potentially bioactive constituents; however, these constituents segregate differently during processing into juice products and clear juice is free of pectin and other cell wall components. We conclude that &lt;strong&gt;the fibre component is necessary&lt;/strong&gt; for the cholesterol-lowering effect of apples in healthy humans and that &lt;strong&gt;clear apple juice may not be a suitable surrogate for the whole fruit&lt;/strong&gt; in nutritional recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271615&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intake of whole apples or clear apple juice has contrasting effects on plasma lipids in healthy volunteers.&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T14:36:14.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8968" CreationDate="2016-08-24T15:15:09.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure what you mean by sterile eye drops? Most eye drops are sterile formulations so you do not introduce bacteria or pyrogens into your eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless, I looked into the product Clearine and found that the active ingredient is naphazoline. There are still many over the counter eye drop products that contain naphazoline so you might consider trying one of those.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.visine.com/product-visine-a-allergy-eye-drops&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Visine-A is one example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those are not strong enough there are some prescription only naphazoline eye drops that have a higher concentration that you could discuss with your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T15:15:09.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4026" CreationDate="2016-08-24T16:06:32.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Research results are somewhat inconsistent but generally seem to be unfavorable to vitamins alone (in contrast to vitamins in combination with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351422/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other things&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2014):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Zinc appears to be effective in reducing the number of colds per year, at least in children. (...) vitamin D and echinacea showed no evidence of benefit. Vitamin C may provide some benefit in people under physical stress (e.g., marathon runners or soldiers in subarctic environments), but no meaningful benefit has been shown for the average patient. (...)  Evidence for interventions aimed at preventing and treating the common cold is frequently of poor quality, and results are inconsistent. The best evidence for the prevention of the common cold supports physical interventions (e.g., handwashing) and possibly the use of zinc supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Caution: be aware, that intranasal zinc may induce some adverse effects, i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467707&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;anosmia syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440782&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2013):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;failure&lt;/strong&gt; of vitamin C supplementation to reduce the incidence of colds in the general population indicates that routine vitamin C supplementation is not justified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27184276&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The effect of exercise on prevention of the common cold: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2015):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dietary supplements, such as vitamin C and E, are used by many people, especially athletes. The users often believe that high dosages of supplements improve health (resistance to illness and disease) and physical performance. These assumptions are, however, generally &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; supported in the scientific literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis&quot; (2012):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the basis of this study, we can conclude that vitamin D is useful in prevention of respiratory tract infections. But looking at the availability of only five clinical trials there is need of conduction of more clinical trials so that more valid conclusion can be reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23032549&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults: the VIDARIS randomized controlled trial.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2012):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) monthly administration of 100,000 IU of vitamin D did &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; reduce the incidence or severity of URTIs in healthy adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6557" LastEditDate="2016-09-27T11:04:51.727" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T11:04:51.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3375" CreationDate="2016-08-24T16:25:41.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cardiac stress tests measure the heart's ability to respond to external stress. This stress can be applied by physical stimulation (treadmill or stationary bike) while hooked up to an EKG to monitor blood pressure, pulse, and heart rhythm, or pharmacological stimulation can be used (using a drug to stress the heart, example: adenosine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either type of stress can be used regardless of the imaging technique:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients can be stressed physically and imaged with nuclear medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients can be stressed with medication and imaged with nuclear medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients can be stressed physically and imaged with an echocardiogram (non-nuclear)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients can be stressed with medication and imaged with and echocardiogram (non-nuclear)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is not a complete list, just an example of how nuclear medicine may or may not be used&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imaging of the heart can be done with PET, CMR, SPECT, or an echo cardiogram (ultrasound imaging of the heart). With most techniques a before stress and after stress image will usually be taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PET (positron emission tomography) and SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography) are both considered nuclear imaging techniques and use ionizing radiation. CMR (cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) and echo cardiogram do not use ionizing radiation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-12/Appropriate-use-of-non-invasive-testing-for-diagnosis-of-stable-coronary-artery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; from the European Society of Cardiology e-journal addresses the decision making process of which method to use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;available non-invasive modalities for diagnosis of SCAD differ distinctly in terms of diagnostic accuracies, predictive values, and costs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In patients with clinically suspected SCAD, three key question need to be answered to determine patient suitability for non-invasive testing, type of stress (exercise vs. pharmacologic), and functional vs. anatomic testing endpoint:&#xA;1.What is the clinical PTP?&#xA;2.Can the patient exercise adequately?&#xA;3.Are there specific conditions precluding ECG interpretation, or patient characteristics (e.g., body habitus, comorbidities, or current medications) limiting the performance or interpretability of available imaging modalities? Local availability and expertise, radiation exposure, and the need for concomitant assessment of hemodynamics or valvular disease are also important factors affecting appropriate test selection in a given individual&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exhaustive list can be found in the article which is linked above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test#Pharmacological_agents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's article &lt;/a&gt; is also a, less technical, general overview of the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Thanks to everyone in the comments for the suggestions and helpful criticism. This is one of my first posts so I really appreciate the feedback!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T15:19:34.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3998" CreationDate="2016-08-24T16:38:32.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if one has the options of packing the food cold and microwaving it later at work versus packing it hot in a thermos and keeping it hot all the way until lunch, which option is &lt;strong&gt;healthier&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not able to answer your question in regard to nutrients and vitamins, but I might have something to share about what is healthier in another aspect. It seems that it is important to keep food either in very low or very high temperatures to prevent bacterias from growing. See this quote from &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164089/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Temperature of Foods Sent by Parents of Preschool-Aged Children&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (2011):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Biological hazards, especially bacteria, are found everywhere, including most foods, and multiply rapidly when exposed to warm moist conditions. Control of the temperature of food is an important way to prevent bacteria from growing and possibly causing foodborne illness. Bacteria are preserved in a state of suspended animation when refrigerated or frozen and most are killed when food is heated to an internal temperature &amp;gt;74°C (165.2°F). &lt;strong&gt;Keeping foods &amp;gt;60°C (140°F) or &amp;lt;4°C (39.2°F) is critical in the prevention of foodborne illness&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foods left in the temperature zone of 4°C (39.2°F) to 60°C (140°F) for &amp;gt;2 hours are unsafe to consume and must be discarded&lt;/strong&gt; because of the production of heat-resistant toxins by bacteria that can cause foodborne illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T16:38:32.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3370" CreationDate="2016-08-24T16:59:25.977" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Talking to a cardiologist at my hospital he said now almost all percutaneous coronary interventions can be done through radial access. He mentioned that he does still do certain procedures (valve repair, right heart ablations, etc.) through femoral access. His reasoning was that femoral access can be faster for certain procedures vs radial and this means that less x-rays will be used and less exposure to the patient. He did mention that most cardiologists have developed their own preferences for when to still use femoral access (some even choosing not to do them at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radial seems to have become the main method because of decreased risk of bleeding and complications. This also allows patients to be ambulatory in less time than with femoral access, resulting in lower costs both to the hospital and the patient. However, the development of vascular closure devices (VCD's) have reduced the bleeding risks associated with femoral access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study did show no significant difference in death, myocardial infarction, and stroke between access sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gersh, B.j. &quot;Radial versus Femoral Access for Coronary Angiography and Intervention in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (RIVAL): A Randomised, Parallel Group, Multicentre Trial.&quot; Yearbook of Cardiology 2012 (2012): 235-38. Web.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a large (8404) multicenter, randomized, superiority &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2960292-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, patients with radial access had less incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events: 8.8% radial vs 10.3% femoral (not significant)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same study, radial access had less &quot;net adverse clinical events&quot;: 9.8% radial vs 11.7% femoral (significant)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study concluded: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management, radial as compared with femoral access reduces net adverse clinical events, through a reduction in major bleeding and all-cause mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cathlabdigest.com/articles/Back-Basics-Femoral-Artery-Access-Hemostasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Femoral access review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastEditorUserId="6558" LastEditDate="2016-08-25T14:05:59.877" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T14:05:59.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8982" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-08-24T17:37:51.073" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T17:37:51.073" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T17:37:51.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8983" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-08-24T17:37:51.073" Score="0" Body="Chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart. Results in heart-attack like chest pain and is often treated with nitroglycerin.  " OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T21:57:58.837" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T21:57:58.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8984" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-08-24T17:38:37.223" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-08-24T17:38:37.223" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T17:38:37.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8985" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-08-24T17:38:37.223" Score="0" Body="Questions related to diseases involving the cardiovascular system - heart disease. " OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T21:58:07.093" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T21:58:07.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7215" CreationDate="2016-08-24T20:47:26.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honey might be okey as long as you go the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/why-you-should-ditch-sugar-favor-honey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;raw organic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; way.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;See «&lt;em&gt;Why Consuming Honey Raw Is So Important&lt;/em&gt;» section.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This honey is much better (from the nutrients point of view) because it has not been refined and is still loaded of vitamins, minerals, etc., contrary to white sugar. For a deep analysis on raw honey versus industrial honey and how to spot artificial honey, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://permaculturenews.org/2014/02/08/shocking-differences-raw-honey-processed-golden-honey-found-grocery-retailers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in organic &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovado&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;muscvado&lt;/a&gt; sugar which is a non refined &quot;sugar cane&quot; sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;But&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;«&lt;strong&gt;Honey actually contains more sugar and carbohydrates per serving compared to regular table sugar.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/471043-honey-blood-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honey will surely and quickly raise your blood sugar too (triggering insulin secretion from your pancreas).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;«&lt;strong&gt;All carbohydrates&lt;/strong&gt;, with the exception of fiber, &lt;strong&gt;can raise your blood sugar levels&lt;/strong&gt;, whether they come from honey, bread, rice, potatoes, candies, fruits or table sugar. If you have a blood glucose meter, you can do an experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did the experiment twice with a friend of mine, a slim sportive guy (as I am) but who is diabetic &lt;em&gt;Type 1&lt;/em&gt;. Results were barely the same.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Experiment: Prior to the tests, we made sure have the same meal in the morning ~9am. At 18pm, on an empty stomach, we ate a yogurt with 3 servings of organic honey each.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Results: 15 minutes after, his blood sugar raised up to over 200mg/dL whereas mine was between 110 and 120mg/dL (thanks to my body secretion of insulin I guess).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Honey has a low to medium &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glycemicindex.com/about.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;GI&lt;/a&gt; value, varying between 35 and 58 (…) Honey is therefore associated with a slower and smaller increase in your blood sugar levels compared with table sugar» &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/471043-honey-blood-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excess consumption of sugar, no matter the source it comes from, will expose one to the same kind of side effects and in the long term &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; lead to overweight or various illnesses such as Type2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;«Eating too much sugar can lead to weight gain, which in turn increases your risk of health conditions such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes» &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/sugars.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to an interesting trial on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26338891&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;«Consumption of Honey, Sucrose, and High-Fructose Corn Syrup Produces Similar Metabolic Effects in Glucose-Tolerant and -Intolerant Individuals»&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I would say honey is okey as long as you limit your intakes to few tea spoons a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;«Honey has the same chemical backbone as table sugar, so the recommended serving size of honey is the same as it is for table sugar».&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/410468-side-effects-of-eating-too-much-honey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;« Like any other sweetener, honey should be used sparingly in your diet.(…)  For example, try using about 1/2 teaspoon of honey to mildly sweeten your tea, plain yogurt, … » &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/471043-honey-blood-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Heavy edit (sources added) in response to &lt;em&gt;Fermi paradox's&lt;/em&gt; comment.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5377" LastEditorUserId="5377" LastEditDate="2016-08-29T10:15:25.047" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T10:15:25.047" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="8989" CreationDate="2016-08-24T20:54:17.987" Score="6" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know whether insulin resistance can be quantified. If so, does this quantification allow us to compare different individuals? Does it allow us to compare insulin resistance in one individual at different moments in time or under different circumstances? What sort of clinical test/exam/measurement is necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6606" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:44:15.587" LastActivityDate="2019-01-27T08:52:55.640" Title="Can you measure insulin resistance?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8988" CreationDate="2016-08-24T22:06:00.780" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://insulinnation.com/treatment/medicine-drugs/beyond-bmi-and-a1c-measuring-insulin-resistance/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;InsulinNation&lt;/a&gt; gives a good overview:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pre-diabetes can exist for a long time in your body without triggering the most common outward signs of diabetes (continual thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, etc). And standard methods of detecting insulin resistance or pre-diabetes using glucose tolerance tests or an A1C percentage often show false negatives; that’s because the pancreas is still able to produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is also good at hiding itself; it is common that someone diagnosed as a Type 2 has already had the disease for five years, which makes the battle for control an uphill climb even before it begins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, there are other ways to identify insulin resistance using biomarkers in blood drawn from patients as a normal part of an annual or semi-annual general checkup. These biomarker data can be plotted against what is considered normal, and as a result, place the person at a specific point along the path to pre-diabetes or to Type 2 diabetes itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tools to detect insulin resistance include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tests showing the degree of pancreatic output and what could be defined as “pancreatic stress”. These include both fasting insulin and fasting glucose, a Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) that measures beta cell function and insulin sensitivity, a C-Peptide test and a pro-insulin test;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Measurements of lipid hormones such as leptin and adiponectin. These biomarkers can give insight into a person’s unique communication between fat metabolism and insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tests that evaluate a person’s degree of inflammation.These biomarkers include a cardiac-specific C-reactive protein measurement (CRP) and a sedimentation rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Measurements that quantify fatty acid metabolism and the fatty acids released by the patient. These can also give particle size and number as well as an average inflammatory number.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6443" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-24T22:06:00.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-24T23:05:52.613" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a lot about how good coconut oil is for you but, a quick search finds only &lt;a href=&quot;http://coconutoil.com/peer_reviewed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;esoteric research&lt;/a&gt;. The sites that mention it (WebMD, Harvard.edu) just reported &quot;a study shows...&quot; but no citation or info on the study. And another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/coconut-oil-and-health#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD article&lt;/a&gt; (also with no citations) reports it should only be used to replace worse saturated fat (like butter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6607" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-13T07:48:26.630" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T08:01:43.203" Title="What are the research-proven health benefits of Coconut Oil?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;oil&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9002" CreationDate="2016-08-25T03:43:08.290" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a dentist is going to prepare a cavity using a drill... but he drills in the wrong spot away from where the cavity is...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this damage the tooth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is it possible for the outer surface of the tooth to look fine, but the tooth has a cavity inside... how does the dentist ensure he drills in the right spot if there's no visible markers for where the cavity is... (ie: he only has the x-ray). Can the tooth be messed up while the dentist looks for the cavity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6470" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T18:38:45.860" Title="Dentist cavity preparation" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-02-09T01:22:27.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8990" CreationDate="2016-08-25T08:56:30.913" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try searching on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Science Direct&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.pl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;. Some example findings are below. Study these and then browse through their citations, references etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437058&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity.&lt;/a&gt; (2009)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912004001201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation&lt;/a&gt; (2004)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224409002052&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nbu.12188/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Coconut oil – a nutty idea?&lt;/a&gt; (2016)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="6557" LastEditDate="2016-09-27T08:01:43.203" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T08:01:43.203" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8890" CreationDate="2016-08-25T09:11:55.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/dry-eyes-and-seasonal-allergies-linked-treat-dry-eyes-naturally-with-home-remedies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;home remedies that can help ease your dry eye symptoms&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apply warm compress:&lt;/strong&gt; Because dry eyes can occur due to lack of tears, applying a warm compress may unclog your tear glands, allowing the production of tears and relieving dry eye symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blink:&lt;/strong&gt; Our bodies naturally lubricate our eyes through blinking. Make sure you are blinking often, especially when concentrating on a computer screen or sitting in front of a TV. Blinking can also help remove dust and debris from your eyes and prevent irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wear protective eye gear:&lt;/strong&gt; Sunglasses are an easy solution to your dry eye problem because they can block the sunlight and the wind – both dry eye causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stay hydrated:&lt;/strong&gt; Because our bodies require water for all major functions, it’s no surprise that drinking enough water is a dry eye treatment. In particular, on hotter days, make sure you’re getting adequate hydration, and if you find water boring, add in fruits and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apply cucumbers:&lt;/strong&gt; Because of their water content, placing cucumbers on the eyes can keep them moist and lubricated – an effective dry eyes home remedy indeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reduce coffee consumption:&lt;/strong&gt; Coffee can worsen your dry eye condition, so cutting back on your intake may help relieve dry eye symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T09:11:55.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1482" CreationDate="2016-08-25T09:25:01.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911011/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2016):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The current state of knowledge regarding the association of dairy products and weight gain, overweight, and obesity is based on studies reporting &lt;strong&gt;contradicting and inconclusive results&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend reading above review and reading through its bibliography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T09:25:01.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1287" CreationDate="2016-08-25T09:28:43.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three core factors that contribute to eye twitching: &lt;strong&gt;caffeine consumption, stress, and fatigue.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you’ve been noticing that your sleep has been disturbed or if you haven’t been getting enough of zzz time, you may expect daytime tiredness along with eye twitching. So if your eyelids have been bothering you lately, it may be wise to look at your sleep schedule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caffeine&lt;/strong&gt; is a popular stimulant many of us drink to stay alert. But sometimes that surge of energy not only keeps you awake, but also causes your eyes to twitch. If you consume lots of coffee or even energy drinks on a daily basis, you may want to cut back in order to minimize eye twitching. Keep in mind that smoking and alcohol consumption can contribute to eye twitching, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stress&lt;/strong&gt; can play a large role in eye twitches, too. Stress-induced eye twitching can be more nerve-racking, as it may take place during important moments. For example, maybe you’re stressed out about putting a dinner party together. Well, now, not only are you trying to keep things under control, but your annoying eye twitch won’t stop either! All you can do here is handle stress at the best of your ability. And stop thinking about your eye twitch – otherwise, it will only add to the pressure of the moment. Relaxation techniques and other coping mechanisms should be utilized in order to lower stress, which in turn will reduce the eye twitch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although these three factors are the most common causes for eyelid twitching, other causes include mineral deficiencies like lack of magnesium, dry eyes, eye strain from looking at a screen, incorrect eye glass prescription, allergies, alcohol consumption, smoking, an underlying eye problem, jaw clenching or teeth grinding. In some cases, eye twitching can be an early symptom of a serious medical condition including hypoglycemia, Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and neurological dysfunction. If eye twitching worsens or is accompanied by other symptoms, you should see your doctor to determine the exact cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment options for eyelid twitching&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment options for eyelid twitching depend on the underlying cause. For example, if excessive caffeine is causing your eyelids to twitch, you may need to cut back on your favorite drink. If fatigue or stress is the cause, then more rest or effective stress-reducing remedies are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have to work towards getting more sleep, start drinking less caffeine, apply cold compresses to your eyes, make it a point to look away from screens often, reduce stress, use artificial tears and other eye drops, and ensure you are getting adequate nutrition. These are just some ways to address eyelid twitching, but treatment may vary based on the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper treatment of eyelid twitches may also aid with prevention. For example, if you are sleeping more and, therefore, are well rested, you may be able to get rid of your existing eye twitching problem and avoid future occurrences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tips to manage your eye twitching&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apply hot and cold compresses to the eyelid&#xA;Try acupuncture or massages to ease tension and reduce stress&#xA;Reduce stress as best as possible&#xA;Reduce your intake of caffeine&#xA;Get more sleep&#xA;Try a face steam&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/eye-twitching-causes-treatment-prevention/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eyelid twitching causes, treatment, and prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1247" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T09:28:43.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="8998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9012" CreationDate="2016-08-25T11:34:55.180" Score="5" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've seen recently that the price of epi-pens has been jacked up six-fold due to one company having a monopoly on the market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medically this is quite important as anaphylaxis can kill in seconds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Why aren't there any competitors in the market for epi-pens?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5032" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T09:26:08.543" Title="Why aren't there any competitors in the market for epi-pens?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9001" CreationDate="2016-08-25T15:06:14.273" Score="-1" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some symptoms of &lt;strong&gt;IBS&lt;/strong&gt;. And the most irritating problem I'm dealing with is &lt;strong&gt;intestinal gas&lt;/strong&gt;. I'm taking medicines but they don't seem working. Neither it is curing IBS nor the gas problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm taking enough fiber (salad, vegetables, fruits etc.). I don't eat any fast food or something like that. I walk early in the morning, before dinner and light walk after dinner. I do some light &lt;strong&gt;exercises/Yoga&lt;/strong&gt;. Yet, I'm suffering from intestinal gas. Bloating is okay but this gas causes pain in my lower part and I've to go to toilet 2-3 times daily to pass the gas only (most of the times). I &lt;strong&gt;can't evacuate&lt;/strong&gt; at single time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I want to find the root cause of this gas problem and want to find solution for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have three queries to ask in my case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does constipation cause intestinal gas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do some food cause gas and then gas cause constipation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My stools are not like they should be (sometimes liquid, sometimes hard and color varies, and all with gas).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) What can be the reason of this? Bad digestion of food or the constipation   (caused by gas?)?&#xA;(b) Is it possible that food is digested properly but gas causes the variations and bad stools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Two&lt;/strong&gt; more thing that can help you answer better is that &lt;strong&gt;1st:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;I think a lot&lt;/strong&gt; (I don't actually know if it's normal or a lot) about these problems, search many times on internet for solutions. I think like every &lt;strong&gt;half an hour&lt;/strong&gt; about these problems. &lt;strong&gt;2nd:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm underweight. Everyone calls me skinny. I even think about it many times a day and feel little ashamed and bad. My weight is &lt;strong&gt;57&lt;/strong&gt; Kg and I'm &lt;strong&gt;aged 24&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this thinking is causing all problems and even IBS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; I take sufficient sleep. &lt;strong&gt;7-8&lt;/strong&gt; hours per day. There are no sleeping disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope you understand my problem and you can answer it. I shall be thankful to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6525" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T18:10:49.727" Title="What is the actual reason behind intestinal gas?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-01-30T01:03:41.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9000" CreationDate="2016-08-25T16:01:04.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The actual mechanism of intestinal gas is that &quot;normal intestinal bacteria&quot; in the large intestine produce it. If you consume certain nutrients, these bacteria will consume them and produce gas. Everyone has these bacteria, so this is not a problem, the problem can be nutrients by which you &quot;feed them&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soluble fiber&lt;/strong&gt; in foods, such as barley, oats, legumes (beans, peas, lentils) and some fruits. Check for more detailed &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/dietary-fiber-soluble-insoluble.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;list of foods high in soluble fiber&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lactose,&lt;/strong&gt; mainly in milk, but also in ice cream or yogurt (not in cheese or butter). People with lactose intolerance cannot digest lactose, so this travels from the small to large intestine, where bacteria degrade it and produce gas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fructose&lt;/strong&gt; in certain fruits (apples, pears, mango, agave), honey and beverages sweetened with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) can cause bloating and lose stools in individuals with fructose malabsorption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce all 3 nutrients at once you may consider a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.med.monash.edu/cecs/gastro/fodmap/low-high.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;low-FODMAP diet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Constipation may worsen bloating because intestinal bacteria have more time to degrade substances in your stool. Constipation can be prevented by being physically active (walking), drinking enough water (not &quot;a lot,&quot; just enough) and avoiding certain foods. People with IBS commonly report that sugary foods, carbonated, caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, cheese and chocolate...and certain other foods...irritate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; Few more causes of irregular bowel movements and bloating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Intestinal parasites, including worms and unicellular parasites, like Giardia (stool tests are available)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Celiac disease - an intolerance to gluten, which is in wheat, rye and barley.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chronic infection of stomach by the bacterium H. pylori can cause bloating in the upper abdomen--this is stomach bloating--a typical symptom that can differ it from intestinal bloating is frequent burping (belching). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two common causes of constipation are dehydration and anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excessive worrying may worsen IBS and is probably one of the causes of IBS. But thinking how to solve stomach problems is just OK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-08-26T08:26:29.143" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T08:26:29.143" CommentCount="18" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8992" CreationDate="2016-08-25T16:39:04.810" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A dentist will prepare cavity based on principles of cavity preparation. Sometimes it may require extended preparation for the longevity of filling and further caries prevention. Anyway the caries has to be removed completely (all soft areas or infected dentin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I will answer your second question.&#xA;A cavity or dental caries can be hidden in many cases. The surface enamel may be intact in such cases.In these cases x ray is of great use. Though you cannot identify by bare eyes where the cavity is, a dentist with adequate illumination  can detect the minor colour change of surface enamel if there is underlying caries. It has to be restored as soon as possible in order to prevent further loss of tooth structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6597" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T18:38:45.860" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T18:38:45.860" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5876" CreationDate="2016-08-25T17:05:29.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it is a front tooth, root canal and tooth coloured filling like composite is enough. A full crown is strongly recommended if the tooth is a back or posterior tooth in order  to survive the strong masticatory forces. A root canal filled tooth has more chances of fracture when under masticatory stress compares to natural teeth. That is why a crown is recommended. But in this case it is a front tooth, masticatory load will be less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6597" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T22:17:55.817" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T22:17:55.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8784" CreationDate="2016-08-25T17:13:43.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A root canal treatment is needed here.This kind of pain indicates pulpal damage which can be relieved by root canal treatment.Consult a dentist as soon as possible.&#xA;May i know do you have increased pain during night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6597" LastActivityDate="2016-08-25T17:13:43.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9014" CreationDate="2016-08-25T17:42:16.177" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/haglund-deformity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Haglund's heel&lt;/a&gt; is a well known condition. When, and why can surgery be recommended? Is there any literature or studies on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T12:41:03.380" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T12:41:03.380" Title="Indications for surgery for Haglund's heel?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bursitis&gt;&lt;heel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-25T20:43:15.413" Score="4" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time ago I heard about the existence of a substance that some human are not able to smell. This means if they try to smell it, they don't &quot;feel&quot; any scent... like smelling pure water or pure air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I heard it during a TV show about flowers but I don't know absolutely if it effectively rely on the flower-world, so I don't know if this information can help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:12:51.377" Title="What is the substance that not all human are able to smell?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7215" CreationDate="2016-08-25T20:58:48.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Honey is made of (in weight):&#xA;18% of water and 82% of sugars (and sugars are glucose and fructose in a fraction that depends on the honey kind, e.g. mixed honey, acacia honey, etc.) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[ref.1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this means:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;a)&lt;/strong&gt; it's anyhow &lt;strong&gt;almost&lt;/strong&gt; pure sugar, with all problems related to...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;b)&lt;/strong&gt; respect raw sugar, that's pure sucrose, this is the main and the bigger difference between honey and raw sugar; I pointed out this difference because, IMHO, this is the main &lt;em&gt;route&lt;/em&gt; in where looking for disadvantages or advantages! e.g. glucose VS sucrose, and, fructose VS sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;honey is &lt;em&gt;certainly better&lt;/em&gt; than raw sugar because contains/is rich of vitamins and minerals &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[ref.1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HMF compound presence means &lt;em&gt;bad&lt;/em&gt; honey but it's not toxic for human; instead is toxic for bees &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylfurfural#Biomedical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[ref.2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2016-08-28T12:34:15.940" LastActivityDate="2016-08-28T12:34:15.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9011" CreationDate="2016-08-25T23:34:46.647" Score="0" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are all of the 'sub-categories' what make up the field of medicine? E.g. physiology and anatomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into lectures to learn so please list the fields, places for potential resources and a brief explanation of the field if you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not looking to become a Doctor nor give advise/treatment, just out of curiosity so university is not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6616" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T09:14:54.200" Title="What is the field of medicine divided into? E.g. Anatomy and physiology" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9008" CreationDate="2016-08-26T00:44:05.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The list of sub-categories in medicine is pretty much the same as the list of specialists in medicine. This list is fairly complete, although there are one or two specialties that aren't listed such as sports medicine, and some fields such as radiology have more than one type of specialist. But for your purposes, this should be accurate enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Allergist or Immunologist - conducts the diagnosis and treatment of&#xA;  allergic conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anesthesiologist - treats chronic pain syndromes; administers&#xA;  anesthesia and monitors the patient during surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cardiologist - treats heart disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dermatologist -treats skin diseases, including some skin cancers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gastroenterologist - treats stomach disorders&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hematologist/Oncologist - treats diseases of the blood and&#xA;  blood-forming tissues (oncology including cancer and other tumors)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Internal Medicine Physician - treats diseases and disorders of&#xA;  internal structures of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nephrologist - treats kidney diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neurologist - treats diseases and disorders of the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neurosurgeon - conducts surgery of the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Obstetrician - treats women during pregnancy and childbirth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gynecologist - treats diseases of the female reproductive system and&#xA;  genital tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nurse-Midwifery - manages a woman's health care, especially during&#xA;  pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Occupational Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats work-related&#xA;  disease or injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ophthalmologist - treats eye defects, injuries, and diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon - surgically treats diseases, injuries,&#xA;  and defects of the hard and soft tissues of the face, mouth, and jaws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Orthopaedic Surgeon - preserves and restores the function of the&#xA;  musculoskeletal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Otolaryngologist (Head and Neck Surgeon) - treats diseases of the ear,&#xA;  nose, and throat,and some diseases of the head and neck, including&#xA;  facial plastic surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pathologist - diagnoses and treats the study of the changes in body&#xA;  tissues and organs which cause or are caused by disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pediatrician - treats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plastic Surgeon - restores, reconstructs, corrects or improves in the&#xA;  shape and appearance of damaged body structures, especially the face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Podiatrist - provides medical and surgical treatment of the foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Psychiatrist - treats patients with mental and emotional disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pulmonary Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats lung disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Radiation Onconlogist - diagnoses and treats disorders with the use of&#xA;  diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, sound waves, radioactive&#xA;  substances, and magnetic fields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diagnostic Radiologist - diagnoses and medically treats diseases and&#xA;  disorders of internal structures of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rheumatologist - treats rheumatic diseases, or conditions&#xA;  characterized by inflammation, soreness and stiffness of muscles, and&#xA;  pain in joints and associated structures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Urologist - diagnoses and treats the male and female urinary tract and&#xA;  the male reproductive system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T00:44:05.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9021" CreationDate="2016-08-26T05:39:25.467" Score="4" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are newly married couple. &#xA;What Food habits we need to take care of and what are the best workout tips for us?  If we need to do physical activity - which one is more effective YOGA or Gym Workouts ? and what are the additional precautions I need to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T04:47:37.853" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T11:37:52.097" Title="What are the best ways to increase fertility?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9008" CreationDate="2016-08-26T09:14:54.200" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;From my current personal experience at medical school, I would like to add following precisions to Carey Gregory's answer:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before going into clinical practice and rotating in the different subspecialties listed by Carey Gregory in his answer, in general, medical students learn the “fundamentals” of medicine during the first years of medical school. &#xA;This contains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Human physiology&lt;/strong&gt; (= the study of how living organisms works): this is&#xA;divided into several “sections” (or modules): cardiovascular&#xA;physiology, respiratory physiology, uro-genital physiology&#xA;(regulation of body fluid volume and composition), immunology,&#xA;neuroscience, muskulo-skelettal system, sensory physiology, digestive&#xA;physiology, endocrine physiology, digestive physiology, etc, reproductive physiology. &lt;em&gt;One of our reference book is the “Human Physiology- The mechanisms of&#xA;body function” by Vander et al but there are other books available on&#xA;the topic.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathophysiology:&lt;/strong&gt; this studies the impaired physiological mechanisms&#xA;that lead to diseases. &lt;em&gt;There are many books on pathophysiology. Our&#xA;reference book is “Robbins Basic Pathology” by Kumar et al.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatomy/Neuroanatomy&lt;/strong&gt;: There are many online available atlas which can&#xA;be very useful. &lt;em&gt;Otherwise we use the “Clinically Oriented Anatomy” by&#xA;Moore. It contains some text which gives you the importance of your&#xA;studied anatomy structure in clinically practice (which makes&#xA;studying more interesting in my opinion)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Histology:&lt;/strong&gt; this studies the organisation of cells and tissues using a&#xA;microscope. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Histopathology:&lt;/strong&gt; studies the impaired organisation of    cells and&#xA;tissues in diseases (with a microscope). &lt;em&gt;Again, there are plenty of books, one commonly used is the “Histology- A text and atlas” by Ross et al&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathology:&lt;/strong&gt; macroscopic study of organs from patients with specific&#xA;conditions. You can find some online atlas of pathology. Otherwise the&#xA;Robbins (see under pathophysiology) is useful too.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I want to emphasise that those books are personal recommendations and that there are other books available on the market which are probably as good as my recommendations (or even better). Also you may wish to consider “Lecture Notes” on the topics, which are basically giving you a summary (when you want to have a quick overview)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this brings some clarifications!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T09:14:54.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8998" CreationDate="2016-08-26T09:26:08.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Ludwig von Mises Institute (Economy Institute) has recently written an article about the lack of EpiPen Competitiors. It provides a good summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EpiPen is sold by Mylan, and the price for a pack of two has increased&#xA;  from about $100 in 2007 to over $600 as of May 2016. (...) With the&#xA;  FDA, patents, and cozy insurance relationships, Mylan has been able to&#xA;  steadily increase the price of EpiPens without significant market&#xA;  repercussions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epinephrine is extremely cheap—just a few cents per dose. &lt;strong&gt;The&#xA;  complications come from producing the easy auto-injecting devices.&#xA;  Mylan “owns” their auto-injector device design, so competitors must&#xA;  find work-arounds in their devices to deliver the epinephrine into the&#xA;  patient’s body.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A French pharmaceutical company offered an electronic device that&#xA;  actually talks people through the steps of administering the drug, but&#xA;  it was recalled because of concerns about it delivering the required&#xA;  dose. &lt;strong&gt;Just this year, Teva Pharmaceutical’s attempt at bringing a&#xA;  generic epinephrine injector to market in the US was blocked by the&#xA;  FDA.&lt;/strong&gt; Adrenaclick and Twinject were unable to get insurance companies&#xA;  on board and so discontinued their injectors in 2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adrenaclick has since come back, but it is still not covered by many&#xA;  insurance plans, and the FDA has made it illegal for pharmacies to&#xA;  substitute Adrenaclick as a generic alternative to EpiPen. Another&#xA;  company tried to sidestep the whole auto-injector patent barrier by&#xA;  offering prefilled syringes, but the FDA has stalled them, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mises.org/blog/lack-epipen-competitors-fdas-fault&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://mises.org/blog/lack-epipen-competitors-fdas-fault&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here another source in the NY Times which provides some insights too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/business/mylan-raised-epipens-price-before-the-expected-arrival-of-a-generic.html?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/business/mylan-raised-epipens-price-before-the-expected-arrival-of-a-generic.html?_r=0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T09:26:08.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8939" CreationDate="2016-08-26T13:23:02.453" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is difficult to answer (but still interesting) because lupus is a highly heterogeneous condition which can present various symptoms and organ involvement. &lt;strong&gt;Choice of therapy will be tailored on the patient symptoms and his disease activity and severity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a broad overview of the current management strategies of lupus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The most frequent used of therapy in lupus patients (with any degree&#xA;of disease activity) should be &lt;strong&gt;hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;(which are actually antimalarial drugs). These two drugs are associated with&#xA;symptoms relief and reduction of lupus flares, thrombotic events and&#xA;organe damage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other therapies can be used, depending on the severity of the disease&#xA;and the activity such as NSAID, prednison (short term therapy) or&#xA;steroid-sparing immunosuppressive therapy such as azathioprine or&#xA;methotrexate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine and rituximab have been increasing used as long term therapy in lupus patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, depending on the organ system involved, additionally strategies can be used. I don't know your case and why Lyrica (=pregabalin) or Cymbalta (=duloxetine) have been suggested by your physician. Some studies suggest that both pregabalin and duloxetine can be used as second line treatment in arthritis-related pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All above mentioned treatment should be started by a health professional as most of them need close monitoring and blood/radiological tests before some of these drugs are started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest following website, which contains very useful information for patients with lupus:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-beyond-the-basics&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-beyond-the-basics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;van Laar et al. Pain treatment in arthritis related pain: Beyond&#xA;NSAIDs. Open Rheumatol J. 2012. 6: 320-330&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wallace DF. Overview of the management and prognosis of systemic&#xA;lupus erythrematosus in adults. Uptodate. 07.2016&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T13:23:02.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9005" CreationDate="2016-08-26T13:54:56.187" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Haglund's syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; is defined as soft tissue and bony abnormalities in the retrocalcaneal region such as retrocalcaneal bursitis, superficial tendo Achilles bursitis, and thickening and/or inflammation of the Achilles tendon. Patients with Haglund's syndrome show a prominent bony contour of the posterior calcaneus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below an MRI showing typical Haglund's syndrome abnormalities (the white part just under the Achilis tendon and the bony projection of the calcaneus):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OxQER.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OxQER.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have investigated the best management option for patients with Haglund's syndrome. The open access review by Sofka et al provides a good overview:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here some facts regarding &lt;strong&gt;conservative treatment&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conservative treatment options include reassessment of the footwear&#xA;  the patient is currently wearing, the use of heel inserts, and oral&#xA;  anti-inflammatory medication.&lt;/strong&gt; The effects of heel elevation on the&#xA;  relationship between the calcaneal bursal projection and the Achilles&#xA;  tendon and retrocalcaenal bursa have been described. Although the&#xA;  size of the calcaneal bursal projection remains the same when the heel&#xA;  is elevated, the plantar calcaneal pitch angle decreases and shifts&#xA;  the osseous calcaneal bursal projection away from the retrocalcaneal&#xA;  soft tissues, decreasing friction and irritation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here some facts regarding &lt;strong&gt;surgical treatment&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surgical treatment options, including retrocalcaneal decompression and&#xA;  calcaneal ostectomy or osteotomy, have varying results.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Inadequate bone resection can lead to recurrence of symptoms, with&#xA;  other postsurgical complications potentially including scar formation&#xA;  with nerve entrapment, weakening or rupture of the Achilles tendon,&#xA;  and nonunion of the calcaneal osteotomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sofka CM, Adler RS, Positano R, Pavlov H, Luchs JS. Haglund’s Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment Using Sonography. HSS Journal. 2006;2(1):27-29. doi:10.1007/s11420-005-0129-8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://radiopaedia.org/cases/haglund-syndrome-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://radiopaedia.org/cases/haglund-syndrome-5&lt;/a&gt; for the MRI image&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T13:54:56.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9016" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-26T14:53:47.617" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a limit to how much of a nicotine tolerance you can have, or does it endlessly go on and get stronger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: What I mean is whether or not there is a point to the human nicotine tolerance, whereas in the consuming of nicotine products, you still get a buzz as there is no higher level to nicotine tolerance that may be achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6625" OwnerDisplayName="D. Ataro" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:04:25.527" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T14:04:25.527" Title="Is there a limit to nicotine tolerance?" Tags="&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9018" CreationDate="2016-08-26T20:48:48.723" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;More specifically, I'm looking for how the brain perceives its own local blood pressure changes if it does and what are the mechanisms/reactions involved in this process if any are known to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for research articles, not general information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;To be even more specific: I'm looking for how the physical change of pressure in a vessel is converted into a neurological signal. What mechanisms, substances, organelles are locally involved. Is the blood pressure measured actively in certain zones of the brain? Is the mechanism different in different zones of the brain/body. Knowing the nature of the perception mechanism, what substances or conditions could lead into a wrong measurement of the blood pressure by our body. Are there any known problems about the mechanism that measures the blood pressure not working properly and what are the consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm more interested in brain tissue local responses than in for example the relation between hypertension and cognition, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6621" LastEditorUserId="6621" LastEditDate="2016-09-04T18:53:28.093" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T18:53:28.093" Title="Looking for studies about how blood pressure changes are perceived by our brain" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9017" CreationDate="2016-08-26T21:21:28.023" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study published in 2014 provides an excellent review of the physiological mechanisms of cerebral blood flow regulation (open access):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Willie CK et al. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol. 2014 Mar 1;592(5):841-59. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268953.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Their list of references includes a very exhaustive list of studies conducted on this topic.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study provides a figure which actually gives a good overview of the mechanisms of CBF regulation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HeqJC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HeqJC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Here a small extract of the legend:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, they give a small &lt;strong&gt;description of the brain vasculature&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The central figure depicts the cerebrovasculature, comprised of two&#xA;  pairs of large arteries that branch from the sublavian arteries, i.e.&#xA;  the &lt;strong&gt;internal carotid arteries (ICAs)&lt;/strong&gt; that carry ∼70% of total cerebral&#xA;  blood flow (CBF) and the &lt;strong&gt;vertebral arteries (VAs)&lt;/strong&gt; that distribute ∼30%&#xA;  of total CBF to the brainstem, cerebellum and occipital cortex. The&#xA;  internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteriess anastomose to form&#xA;  the &lt;strong&gt;circle of Willis&lt;/strong&gt; before branching out into the main intracerebral&#xA;  arteries that ramify extensively en route to the brain surface. At the&#xA;  surface, the vessels form a dense network of highly vasoactive&#xA;  arterioles within the pia mater before they penetrate into the cortex&#xA;  (inlay II).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then they explain the &lt;strong&gt;role of intracranial pressure in the regulation of CBF&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The driving pressure in this system is the &lt;strong&gt;cerebral perfusion pressure&#xA;  (CPP) that is determined by the difference between mean arterial&#xA;  pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP)&lt;/strong&gt;, in conditions where&#xA;  central venous pressure (CVP) is lower than ICP. In these conditions,&#xA;  MAP approximates CPP. As a result of the enclosed nature of the skull,&#xA;  ICP acts as a Starling resistor for cerebral venous outflow, a&#xA;  mechanism that is likely to be of greater importance with marked&#xA;  elevations in ICP or CVP, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cerebral arteries are the main actors in &lt;strong&gt;maintaining brain perfusion and react to changes in blood gases and to changes in perfusion pressure&lt;/strong&gt;. Similarly, the pial vessels respond to changes in CPP, arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2. Inlay III of their figure provides a good overview of the plial changes in response to blood gas alterations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T21:21:28.023" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9010" CreationDate="2016-08-26T21:52:52.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know taking zinc pills increase the volume of your sperm. Also avoiding hot baths/creating a fresh environment for your scrotum increases the sperm count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe some exercises to increase testosterone helps too. For best advice man you gotta see a health care professional. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T21:52:52.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8912" CreationDate="2016-08-26T21:59:30.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting question. The role of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease has increased in the last years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, de Souza et al adressed your concern and reviewed studies investigating the &lt;strong&gt;timing of DBS in PD&lt;/strong&gt;. Here are their conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the evidence available, we conclude that surgical management of&#xA;  PD alone or in combination with medical therapy results in greater&#xA;  improvement of motor symptoms and quality of life than medical&#xA;  treatment alone. &lt;strong&gt;There is evidence to support the use of DBS in less&#xA;  advanced PD and that it may be appropriate for earlier stages of the&#xA;  disease than for which it is currently used. The improving short and&#xA;  long-term safety profile of DBS makes early application a realistic&#xA;  possibility.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;To your question regarding why DBS is not used as first line therapy:&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Well, while various studies have shown a significant reduction of dyskinesias, improvement of motor symptoms and significant improvement of quality of life when compared with best medical treatment, &lt;strong&gt;DBS is also associated with side effects (surgery related, device related and stimulus related)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning stimulus related side effects (ie other structures than the targeted Subthalamic Nucleus or Globus Pallidus Interna get stimulated through the produced electric potential), you have to imagine, that the &lt;strong&gt;electrical field produced by DBS can propagate to other brain regions and may therefore lead to psychological symptoms or motor symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;. Research on this field is ongoing but because &quot;in vivo&quot; testing can't be undertaken (it would not be unethical), bioengineers are creating &quot;models&quot; than enable to stimulate DBS electrical field distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Overall, yes, DBS is promising and current debate suggests it should be used earlier. BUT our current understanding on how DBS works (on neuronal level) is still poor and further research is needed.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources (both are open access):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Groiss SJ, Wojtecki L, Südmeyer M, Schnitzler A. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2009;2(6):20-28. doi:10.1177/1756285609339382.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;deSouza R-M, Moro E, Lang AE, Schapira AHV. Timing of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: A Need for Reappraisal? Annals of Neurology. 2013;73(5):565-575. doi:10.1002/ana.23890.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-27T08:53:33.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-27T08:53:33.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9010" CreationDate="2016-08-26T22:17:37.767" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I will try to answer your question by using another perspective (risk factors for infertility).&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MALE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the &lt;strong&gt;main causes of male infertility&lt;/strong&gt;, &quot;idiopathic&quot; causes (ie not du to endocrine problems, genetic defects or sperm transport problems) represent 40%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the last decades, increasing attention has been given to &lt;strong&gt;environmental factors&lt;/strong&gt;. Here a brief overview:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;pesticide dibromochloropropane is a well-known cause, as are&#xA;lead, cadmium, and mercury&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The possibility that chemicals with estrogenic or antiandrogenic&#xA;activity (“endocrine disruptors”), including insecticides and&#xA;fungicides, may lower sperm counts has attracted much attention&#xA;lately, although direct proof of an effect in men is lacking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Occupational and environmental exposure has been associated with&#xA;lower quality semen analyses; &lt;strong&gt;limited data suggest that consumption&#xA;of fruits and vegetables with high pesticide residues may also be&#xA;associated with lower semen quality&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because of the rapid increase in cell phone use around the world,&#xA;studies have been done to investigate whether cell phone usage has&#xA;any detrimental effects on sperm parameters. This issue is&#xA;controversial and definitive data are not yet available.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smoking&lt;/strong&gt; – Data on cigarette smoking and its possible effect on sperm&#xA;counts are inconsistent. However, in a meta-analysis of 20&#xA;observational studies, men who smoked cigarettes were more likely to&#xA;have low sperm counts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperthermia&lt;/strong&gt; – Hyperthermia has long been thought to impair&#xA;spermatogenesis. Prolonged high testicular temperature may explain&#xA;the infertility associated with spinal cord injuries, varicocele, and&#xA;chronic sauna and Jacuzzi exposure. &lt;strong&gt;Similarly, febrile illness,&#xA;prolonged sitting during work or truck driving, welding, baking,&#xA;tight fitting underwear, and laptop use with increased heat to the&#xA;testes have been proposed to adversely affect male fertility. The&#xA;data to support these associations are inconsistent and may be a very&#xA;weak risk factor for infertility&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FEMALE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Similarly to male infertility, idiophatic female infertility has been associated with similar risks factors, although some of them show conflicting results and have still to be confirmed.&lt;/strong&gt; Here additional information regarding some risk factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smoking:&lt;/strong&gt; Most series report that &lt;strong&gt;fecundability is decreased if the female partner smokes more than 10 cigarettes per day.&lt;/strong&gt; In a 1998 meta-analysis including data from almost 11,000 smoking women and over 19,000 nonsmokers, cigarette smoking by the female partner was associated with a statistically significant increase in infertility compared to nonsmokers (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.34-1.91)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Weight:&lt;/strong&gt; most studies report a BMI greater than 27 kg/m2 or a BMI less than 17 kg/m2 is associated with increased ovulatory dysfunction and resultant infertility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your two specific questions about diet and exercise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DIET&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In healthy couples, there is no strong evidence that dietary&#xA;  variations such as vegetarian diets, low-fat diets, and vitamin or&#xA;  antioxidant-enriched diets improve fertility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EXERCISE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The intensity and duration of exercise can affect female fertility,&#xA;  but the specific type of exercise does not appear to be a factor. In&#xA;  some epidemiological studies, vigorous/intense physical activity was&#xA;  associated with ovulatory infertility, while others have not&#xA;  observed a significant association&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So avoiding some of those proven risk factors, may reduce your risk of developing infertility. I haven't found any evidenced based data of fertility &quot;stimulants&quot;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: Swerdloff et al. Causes of male infertility. Uptodate.com. Jul 2016, Hornstein et al. Optimizing natural fertility in healthy couples. Uptodate.com. Jul 2016&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-08-27T08:48:21.300" LastActivityDate="2016-08-27T08:48:21.300" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5929" CreationDate="2016-08-26T22:39:17.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have sensorineural hearing loss and regularly use headphones, you might be listening to a louder volume than if you did not have hearing loss.  This may mean you could be subjecting your hearing apparatus to potentially damaging thresholds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hearing aids are not just fancy headphones. They are sophisticated aural rehabilitation devices that are tuned to an individual's hearing loss. New, digital hearing aids also have other advanced technologies such as directional sound detection, filtering, among many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credibility: I am an ENT. The above post does not constitute medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6622" LastActivityDate="2016-08-26T22:39:17.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-27T04:57:51.050" Score="7" ViewCount="6880" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there something different in the muscle structure for males vs. females? Or does it have to do with hormones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T01:33:58.500" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:18:55.097" Title="Why do guys develop &quot;abs&quot; more easily than girls?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;abs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-27T15:16:28.240" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am posting this question as I am concerned about my father's health. He is 60 years old, 5feet 5 inches height and has 86kgs weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;he worked(now he is taking rest at home) in a rice mill and traveled around 4 -5  kms per day on bicycle for 25 to 30 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He used to eat just 400 grams of rice during his service per day, but he still gained 86 kgs of weight. I know that energy cant be created and cant be destroyed then may I know how he gained that much of weight. My grand father and grand mother are thin. He always eats home food only. Moreover he is a vegetarian only&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please answer to help me understand about his health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastEditorUserId="433" LastEditDate="2016-08-30T16:56:08.223" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T00:51:44.157" Title="Why my father gaining weight even after eating less food per day for years" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-27T19:16:37.860" Score="0" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;Animal fat, you know, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/16r_Bk2rG9o/maxresdefault.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;white spots&lt;/a&gt;. Is it healthy to eat with the rest of the meat or should it be avoided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5395" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T19:38:35.143" Title="Is animal fat good to eat or avoid?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7588" CreationDate="2016-08-27T21:55:49.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a 2016 review (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/Abstract/publishahead/Meal_frequency_and_timing___impact_on_metabolic.99502.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/Abstract/publishahead/Meal_frequency_and_timing___impact_on_metabolic.99502.aspx&lt;/a&gt;), meal frequency has the following effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're getting in less calories than you burn, then it's more beneficial to eat less frequently (two meals as opposed to six meals).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you're getting in as many calories as you're burning, then eating more frequently won't have any effect on your weight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All in all, meal frequency can only have a small effect on your metabolism (provided you can keep your calorie intake in check).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user300" LastActivityDate="2016-08-27T21:55:49.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9024" CreationDate="2016-08-29T11:48:48.920" Score="-6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of All, women naturally have more body fat and it is healthier for a woman to have more body fat. We are naturally designed this way because we need the fat to help with pregnancies. We tend to have more belly fat for this purpose. It is a bit difficult for women to get 6-pack abs. Males and females need to follow different diets. Food affects men and women differently. Though men and women both need to do a different of styles of crunches, women need to particularly focus on diagonal crunches which target the lower abdominal section. It may not be that you are not working hard enough but that you are not eating the right foods and doing the right exercises. And also need to include cardio as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-fat-deposit-on-t/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-fat-deposit-on-t/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090302115755.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090302115755.htm&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://slowyoga.com.au/its-ok-to-be-soft-why-womens-bodies-naturally-have-more-fat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://slowyoga.com.au/its-ok-to-be-soft-why-womens-bodies-naturally-have-more-fat/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4854" LastEditorUserId="4854" LastEditDate="2016-09-13T08:51:06.890" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T08:51:06.890" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-29T14:00:44.577" Score="5" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a database with diseases and symptoms?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I imagine something like being able input symptoms and getting a list of appropriate diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6638" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T11:25:31.230" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T09:32:02.017" Title="Database with diseases and symptoms?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-29T14:40:03.267" Score="1" ViewCount="203" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard of people using urine as a mouthwash. There are a lot of claims that it helps to cure a variety of dental problems, such as gum inflammation. So far, I can only find anecdotal evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What properties of urine would make it a beneficial mouthwash?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:30:30.317" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:30:30.317" Title="Urine for Mouthwash" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-29T15:48:03.673" Score="3" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately I've been using an alarm clock that determines what phase of sleep you are in (light or deep) so that it waits until you are at a lighter sleep phase before waking you up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does this by using the microphone and motion sensors to determine if you are moving around or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there were a more accurate method of determining this and I was thinking that maybe the person's heart rate would have a noticeable difference between the different sleep phases, is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T20:16:14.113" Title="Is heart rate indicative of sleep phase?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7243" CreationDate="2016-08-29T19:04:29.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The randomness of these events is the first thing to be considered. In facts the question could be changed in &quot;why all arteries with the same calibre aren't blocked in the same way?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover there are anatomical considerations because there are different pressures and fluxes in different points of the circulatory system, so if there is a different fluid's motion in a point it's more probable that it'll start forming the plaque.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last thing to consider is that once the plaque &quot;building&quot; is started in a place (also at not detectable levels) it'll be more likely it will grow more in place that another plaque start in another place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6640" LastEditorUserId="6640" LastEditDate="2016-08-29T20:08:05.300" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T20:08:05.300" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9036" CreationDate="2016-08-29T20:16:14.113" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To have a really precise way to determine the sleep phase you must be under &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EEG&lt;/a&gt; beacuse HR is much more influenced by circadian rhythms as you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/18/2/199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;read here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6640" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T20:16:14.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9034" CreationDate="2016-08-29T20:34:24.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's nothing that does what you asked as a medical doctor would do, because a software is always a software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway a good reference (there should be also a function similar to the one you asked for) can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://reference.medscape.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6640" LastActivityDate="2016-08-29T20:34:24.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-29T21:12:46.683" Score="10" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;Substance addiction e.g. heroin is treated by gradually decreasing doses of a less potent substance other than heroin (if I am correct).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this rule can be applied to any other addiction e.g pornography or it is only for substance addiction ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6641" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T08:48:56.817" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T20:55:43.840" Title="Treatment of addiction" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;&lt;drug-tapering-weaning&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-30T00:28:38.570" Score="13" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be common knowledge that exercise makes your body produce endorphins that make you feel good, but that is a vague idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What amount of exercise does one need to have to achieve optimal endorphin production? How intense does it have to be? And for how long after exercising can one enjoy the effects of endorphins? A few hours? One or two days until the next exercise session?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6642" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T00:42:19.310" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T15:49:57.513" Title="How good, and for how long, can endorphins really make you feel?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;endorphins&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9044" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-30T04:14:01.890" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been on a low carb diet for months now, and I have noticed various weight differences from day to day when I wake up. However, the last couple of times I decided to eat a lot of carbs, I gained weight that persisted for a couple of days (about 3 lbs). I always weigh myself in the morning after using the restroom and eating a light breakfast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a known health phenomenon associated with carbs and changes in weight? Or is it more related to my body having been overweight before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6644" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T23:49:12.490" Title="Can a temporary change in carbohydrate intake change weight?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9048" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9049" CreationDate="2016-08-30T12:58:58.663" Score="2" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to become a mathematician, but am scared by the fact that for instance, Leonhard Euler developed what seems to be called a &quot;cerebral hemorrhage&quot;, and he was perhaps the most prolific thinker of mathematics. Now I would like to know: If I use my brain too much, will it suffer from similar stuff, for instance, because there is too much blood flow in the blood vessels of the skull?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6650" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T13:39:17.470" Title="Can thinking too much lead to brain damage?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9048" CreationDate="2016-08-30T13:39:17.470" Score="7" Body="&lt;h1&gt;No&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cerebral hemorrhage (also spelled haemorrhage) is a type of&#xA;intracranial hemorrhage that occurs within the brain tissue. It can be&#xA;caused by brain trauma, or it can occur spontaneously in hemorrhagic&#xA;stroke. Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (or hemorrhagic stroke)&#xA;is a spontaneous bleeding into the brain tissue because of rupture of&#xA;blood vessels that may be caused by high blood pressure, amyloidosis (Amyloidosis is a rare, serious disease caused by accumulation of proteins in the form of abnormal, insoluble fibres),&#xA;or structural weakness of blood vessel walls (aneurysms,&#xA;arterio-venous malformations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hemphill, J. Claude; Greenberg, Steven M.; Anderson, Craig S.; Becker, Kyra; Bendok, Bernard R.; Cushman, Mary; Fung, Gordon L.;&#xA;Goldstein, Joshua N.; Macdonald, R. Loch (2015-07-01). &amp;quot;Guidelines for&#xA;the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage A Guideline for&#xA;Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American&#xA;Stroke Association&amp;quot;. Stroke. 46 (7): 2032–2060.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T13:39:17.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-30T15:12:50.600" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in getting personal health data from unusual sources. What are some surprising things you can learn from your stool/fecal material, e.g. regarding: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gut flora&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digestive health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Metabolic health [from break down waste products]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From trace amounts of DNA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, obviously stool may not be as informative as other health related tests, e.g. blood tests, so would  not be the most direct way to assess certain things. However, it is still a non-invasive and potentially useful additional source of data about your own body, so please only provide serious answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5272" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:05:24.667" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:05:24.667" Title="Interesting data from stool/poop" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;dna&gt;&lt;flora&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9052" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9527" CreationDate="2016-08-30T15:24:55.647" Score="4" ViewCount="995" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a man in his 30s who has lived with mild spastic diplegia (cerebral palsy) all his life. Longevity runs in the family (all my grandparents have made it past 90 and one is working on 102). It recently occurred to me that I've never met an older person with CP, and I've started to wonder how this may or may not affect my life span.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling for this information is flat-out terrifying, since the population averages include much more severe presentations of CP than my own, so lack of mobility and difficulties with self-care significantly confound lifetime outcomes. I'm fortunate to be on the very mild end of the spectrum: muscle tightness in both lower extremities but no other involvement. I am fully independent and do not need mobility aides of any kind. Currently participating in regular PT to (successfully) counteract some increased tightness of late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize this is a strange question to ask here, but there seems to be little information for people in my particular situation (perhaps an indication that I have nothing to worry about?). Any advice or insight from a PT or an older person living with CP would be especially appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6652" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T15:33:41.523" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T10:53:07.500" Title="life expectancy for cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia)?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-05-01T18:51:46.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-30T17:19:14.907" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see an increasing amount of physicians that have some MBA or PhD in addition to their medical diploma. Is there any study/survey that looked at whether physicians with MBA or PhD provide more accurate diagnosis, more successful treatment, or other improvement to standard medical care?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-09-15T18:34:47.257" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T18:34:47.257" Title="Do physicians who also have an MBA or PhD provide better care?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9027" CreationDate="2016-08-30T19:31:50.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating less saturated fat (mainly present in animal fat) should be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD011737/VASC_effect-of-cutting-down-on-the-saturated-fat-we-eat-on-our-risk-of-heart-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;healthy&lt;/a&gt;, although the calories you miss by not eating saturated fat shouldn't be replaced with carbohydrates (most other food in the American diet). It lowers your odds to get cardiovascular diseases, you won't live longer on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might be better off not eating the whole peice of meat. Recently the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/features/qa/cancer-red-meat/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; also put red meat on the 2A list of carcinogenic compounds, saying that red meat consumption probably increases your risk of colorectal cancer. The risk is not that high though. For processed meat (sausages, bacon) they're more sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you look at it from the point of view of an average obese American, you might be better off eating the fat and meat, and just not drinking your coke, as obesity is a major cause of morbidity. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD005105/ENDOC_low-glycaemic-index-or-low-glycaemic-load-diets-for-overweight-and-obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;It has been shown&lt;/a&gt; that low carb diets work better than low fat diets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5056" LastEditorUserId="5056" LastEditDate="2016-08-30T19:38:35.143" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T19:38:35.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-30T19:54:22.807" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I learned that age is mutations across cells that become more common as you get older. Since a bigger person uses more calories and their cells die and are renewed more often, does that mean they have more mutations and age faster than normal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T10:54:25.847" Title="Do big people age faster?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9044" CreationDate="2016-08-30T23:49:12.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. You weight gain is only water weight though. Glycogen stores in the muscles require more water. This is the reason why your body holds on to water after eating carbs. It's perfectly normal. If you go back to your low carb diet the water will exit as you deplete your glycogen stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6657" LastActivityDate="2016-08-30T23:49:12.490" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-31T12:20:02.373" Score="5" ViewCount="1819" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife often has menstrual pains that knock her down for 1-2 days every month. She uses heat packs to make it bearable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw an infrared light on special offer earlier today and considering buying it for her to see if it helps. Wondering if that helps. Vendors don't mention it specifically as a way to use it. Some sites suggest it's a way to use an infrared light. Other sights talking about menstrual pain specifically rarely seem to mention infrared light therapy as an option. So, I'm getting mixed signals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going slightly more fundamental, I believe menstrual pain is caused by cramps (uterine muscle contractions) and in some cases inflammation. Both muscle pains and inflammation are said to be relieved by infrared light therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would appreciate any comments to indicate this working, or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3646" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T02:58:23.890" Title="Infrared light therapy for menstrual pains?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;light&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-23T04:53:11.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9063" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9068" CreationDate="2016-08-31T13:26:23.217" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should a patient of herpes zoster who successfully take medications for a month (pain and rash disappear) avoid contact with a diabetic patient and what are the precautions when dealing with each other ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6641" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T09:54:26.073" Title="A diabetic contact of herpes zoster patient" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-31T14:50:58.917" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;During physical inspection of upper cervical spine alignment, what process is used to reliably identify the first vertebrae (Atlas or C1) of the spine at the base of the skull.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is of course a line of bumps that are visible or that can be felt across the back of the neck. I am a little confused as to whether the highest one that can be identified in this way be the Atlas or the Axis; because I have seen some inconsistencies in the visual representations of the spine, specifically with the shape of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Atlas&lt;/a&gt; itself, and how far it protrudes in comparison to the Axis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for the Atlas to be felt, or only starting at the Axis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2305" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:18:41.450" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:18:41.450" Title="How to identify Axis and Atlas of cervical spine" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;cervical-vertebrae-cv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9102" CreationDate="2016-08-31T16:40:35.540" Score="9" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is widespread agreement that one should wash its hands after going to the washroom. However, a large fraction of the population does not wash their hands. These types of signs became fairly common&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RvbL6m.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RvbL6m.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdnmUm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdnmUm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bVatAm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bVatAm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that lots of pathogens transmit through hands, whether it is through hand shacking or door knobs. However, &lt;strong&gt;it is unclear to me whether our hands carry significantly more pathogens after going to the washroom than before that&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the advice &lt;code&gt;Wash you hands after going to the washroom&lt;/code&gt; useful because...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;our hands are filthier after going to the washroom?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is just a good way for someone to not forget to wash its hands 5-8 times a day?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:23:41.427" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:23:41.427" Title="Washing hands after going to the washroom to prevent epidemy" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;public-sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9063" CreationDate="2016-08-31T17:14:26.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the CDC it depends if the virus is active or not, and they define active as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A person with active shingles can spread the virus when the rash is in the blister-phase. A person is not infectious before the blisters appear. Once the rash has developed crusts, the person is no longer contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC also comments on transmission risk of active shingles: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Shingles is less contagious than chickenpox and the risk of a person with shingles spreading the virus is low if the rash is covered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here's&lt;/a&gt; the CDC info that also includes recommendations for preventing transmission of shingles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't mention any specific precautions (other than the general ones on their site) for diabetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-08-31T17:14:26.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-31T19:15:33.117" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically if someone had enough calories(but from mostly from carbohydrates and saturated fat only, with a little protein), why would they still feel hungry?  I know lacking adequate protein and fats can lead to health problems but my question is more about why the body would still by hungry despite this diet e.g. Does the body need an minimun amount of calories from protein?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example.  Lets say someone needs 1500 callories to maintain body weight/energy. They live only on some chocolate biscuits.  The nutrition for the chocolate biscuit is as follows and they eat 16 buscuits per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 biscuit/16 per day&#xA;&lt;br&gt;calories 116 /(so*16)= 1856 calories per day.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;saturated fat 6.0g /(so*16)= 48g fat per day.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Carbohydrate 14g/(so*16) = 224g&#xA;&lt;br&gt;of which sugars 9g/(so*16) = 114g&#xA;&lt;br&gt;protein  1.3g/(so *16) = 10.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the diet has no polyunsuturated fats or monosaturated fats.  As you can see it exceed the 1500 calories required, uses both carbohydrate and saturated fat and only has 10.4g protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this diet would cause helth problems however that is not my question.  My questions is:&#xA;Why would the body still be hungry despite well exceeding the calories required?&#xA;Is it because the body needs a minimum amount of protein(more than 10.4g), the body needs a minimum amount of polyunstaturaed/monosaturated fats etc?  What is the reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:18:07.490" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:18:07.490" Title="Why would the following nutritional scenario lead to hunger etc?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;hunger-hungry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-08-31T23:31:06.100" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a currently a 23 year-old pre-med student and I am worried because I tend to forget things easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;To give you some examples: in class, I miss out on a lot of the information and in my every day life, I can't remember names of movies, actors. Things &quot;slip out&quot; of my mind a lot.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have realised that distraction makes it even worse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, if something is logical, it will stick in my brain, but if its pure memorization, I most likely won't remember it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I would like to know which factors influence the memorization in a young adult?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6666" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-03T20:26:33.330" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T22:06:19.793" Title="What factors influence the memorization in a young adult?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9082" CreationDate="2016-09-01T03:42:29.633" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could this be describing a &quot;tension headache&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A throbbing, aching pain that starts at the back of the head and&#xA;  finishes just below the shoulder line.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought tension headaches start and sometimes end on the forehead, sometimes traveling behind the ears, and was more of a tightening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3535" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-03T01:47:12.380" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T15:28:09.757" Title="Is this description a tension headache?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-01T04:56:10.320" Score="0" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is already a superb &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/178/is-eating-spicy-hot-pungent-food-hot-chilli-peppers-etc-healthy-or-harmfu&quot;&gt;post&lt;/a&gt; about &quot;hot&quot; spices like cayenne/pepper.&#xA;I am not asking specifically about these spices, but in general all the spices.&#xA;Spices can include a variety of items like cloves, black peppers, bay leaves, turmeric, ginger, garlic, etc. If you know what &quot;Masala&quot; means then I don't need to elaborate on this.&#xA;My friend told me that eating too spicy a food can damage organs in the digestive system. I wanted to understand if this can be true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3818" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T12:23:09.387" Title="Is eating spicy food bad for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="617" CreationDate="2016-09-01T08:07:05.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pimples on the back can be either acne or staphylococcal folliculitis, that is a bacterial infection of the hair follicles, which can look very similar to acne - some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=staphylococcal%20folliculitis&amp;amp;num=100&amp;amp;newwindow=1&amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;bih=643&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiHhqSO0u3OAhWFdCwKHUmZDeoQ_AUICCgB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;pictures here&lt;/a&gt;. Staph folliculitis would heal on its own in few weeks or quicker with an antibiotic ointment, while acne are usually more persistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pressure upon the back skin might trigger back acne, but pressure on the cheeks when lying face down could then trigger facial acne. So...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One proposed mechanism of acne development is increased activity of the androgen hormones &lt;em&gt;in the skin&lt;/em&gt; (this does not necessary mean increased &lt;em&gt;blood&lt;/em&gt; levels of the androgen hormones), triggered by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychological/emotional stress (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12873885&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High intake of &quot;quick carbohydrates&quot; that is sugar and starch from sweets, fruit juices, soda, white bread and white rice, which results in frequent and high raises of blood glucose levels (glycemic load) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17448569&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dairy products (milk, ice cream, cheese), supposedly due to presence of bovine androgen hormones in milk (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391699/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is less evidence about high intake of saturated and trans fats as cause of acne. Fish oil supplements probably do not help to reduce acne (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543297/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338665/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comprehensive review of acne causes and treatment (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/acne-vulgaris&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;EhealthStar&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-01T14:41:52.837" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T14:41:52.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9073" CreationDate="2016-09-01T15:12:38.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may have to do with the chemical structure and how they bind to specific receptors (see:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin&lt;/a&gt; on capsaicin) causing a &quot;sensation of burning&quot; and irritation. It does also seem to directly affect the GI lining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Many substances directly irritate the lining of the esophagus and can contribute to heartburn. These include spicy foods, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes and tomato sauces, cigarette smoke, aspirin, and ibuprofen (with brand names such as Motrin and Advil). Some of these foods can also increase the production of stomach acid and decrease the LES pressure, leading to heartburn.&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59146&amp;amp;page=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59146&amp;amp;page=3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T15:12:38.850" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-01T19:01:14.133" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started notice moon glare appear larger in darker night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does eye see moon glare because of its refraction error?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much does atmosphere contribute to create moon glare?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6673" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T19:01:14.133" Title="Why does eye see moon glare?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-02-28T03:48:47.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-01T22:21:31.117" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I found (not expired or opened) a bottle of dietary supplements in my cabinet called &quot;Ketone Raspberry&quot; and it claims to &quot;promote body fat reduction&quot;, &quot;support increased metabolism,&quot; and &quot;PROMOTE WEIGHT LOSS&quot; (that part is in much bigger font).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I don't believe in a magic pill that will make you fit again (I'm all for traditional methods and plan to stick to that), but I was wondering if there is some element of truth to this? Does it help increase the metabolism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the back it states: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raspberry Ketone helps to Block Fat -- by encouraging the body to use&#xA;  fat instead of storing it, which can help you lose weight. In order to&#xA;  get enough ketone to urn excess fat, you would need to eat 90 lbs of&#xA;  raspberries! Forget that! Taking just 1 tablet of Raspberry Ketone&#xA;  with meals is enough to get your body burning fat the way you want it&#xA;  to!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really? Really? This sounds like a fad diet to me. Has this worked for anyone out there? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T23:01:41.267" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T23:01:41.267" Title="Raspberry Ketone Dietary Supplement? Fat-burning? Legit?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9065" CreationDate="2016-09-01T22:23:49.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The atlas can be felt. It's the first protuberance you feel at the top of the spine. The axis is the second one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486993/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486993/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T22:23:49.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9072" CreationDate="2016-09-01T23:19:20.690" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, a tension-type headache is more of a pressing, tightening quality, and mild to moderate intensity. There is no throbbing. There is also no nausea. It is usually bilateral, so usually it is on both sides of the head. The forehead is possible...but not the only option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, a migraine is more of a throbbing kind of headache, and begins or stays unilateral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I based my descriptions off &quot;Medical School for Everyone: Grand Rounds Cases&quot; from The Great Courses, presented by Roy Benaroch. I referred to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/home/ovc-20211413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; to double check my answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-09-01T23:19:20.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-01T23:26:20.940" Score="2" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is no milk involved, it is not from lactose intolerance or something like that. What is the mechanism for caffeine causing nausea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T15:33:46.380" Title="How can caffeine cause nausea?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-02T00:49:23.907" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;An opinion exists that sitting with one's back towards the door isn't good for you. I've heard/read that it is connected to our primal need to know what is behind us. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effects can vary, from lowered levels of concentration to increased stress levels and all other bad things that follow that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in my short search I failed to find any reliable sources for this topic. Does anybody know of any research available about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5260" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:25:06.807" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:25:06.807" Title="Where can one find a reliable information about health effects of sitting with one's back to a door" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;&lt;instinct&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-02T07:26:58.927" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title basically sums up my question.&#xA;Just wondering, are women the most fertile right after puberty? Aldo, do they see no increase in fertility during the rest of their life, or does their fertility go up during their early 20s?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6680" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T15:46:31.977" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T15:46:31.977" Title="Are women the most fertile right after puberty" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9086" CreationDate="2016-09-03T03:19:08.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand your question right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/baby/features/fertility-101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fertility peaks in your 20s. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, young women are more fertile after puberty in their 20's. If you consider that after, as it would be around 7-18 years afterward puberty if they got puberty in their 13-14 year range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most women hit their fertile peak between&#xA;  the ages of 23 and 31, though the rate at which women conceive begins&#xA;  to dip slightly in their late 20s. Around age 31, fertility starts to&#xA;  drop more quickly — by about 3 percent per year — until you hit 35 or&#xA;  so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the peak in fertility of their 20's their fertility goes down again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="167" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T03:19:08.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-03T03:49:01.357" Score="0" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an in-grown nail on my toe and I don't know what to do. I'm aware that seeing a podiatrist(?) might help but I don't want my nail getting removed (yet) because I have a swimming class. They say upon recovery, the said nail isn't allowed to get wet. Are there any options for at least a temporary relief? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5354" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T07:38:05.860" Title="How to be relieved of pain with in-grown nails?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;feet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="226" CreationDate="2016-09-03T06:27:40.167" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most Important Thing to deal with Essential Hypertension: If you are not in the recommended BMI range, lose weight. Try to get to the lower end of the normal / healthy BMI range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating well, exercise, sleep, relaxation etc. are all essential, but your focus should be on weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6687" LastEditorUserId="6687" LastEditDate="2016-09-03T06:34:41.107" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T06:34:41.107" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9097" CreationDate="2016-09-03T12:18:07.950" Score="7" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any proven link between biking a lot and erection problems? Fertility problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T06:02:27.563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T06:02:27.563" Title="Is biking linked to erection- or fertility problems?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9098" CreationDate="2016-09-03T12:36:37.213" Score="4" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandmother has atherosclerosis and suffers from cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor recommended her not to eat butter or ghee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which type of oil (maize oil, sunflower, olive oil) could be considered as alternative in her case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-03T19:31:35.233" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T02:46:57.817" Title="What is the best cooking oil for a person with ischemic heart disease?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-03T15:49:29.700" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to gain immunity against a virus if the exposure to the virus is not large enough to cause any clinical symptoms? And if so, would the immunity achieved without symptoms be as strong as immunity achieved by going through the full progression of the disease? (ex: chicken pox and measles)? ... If so, would the optimal exposure to a given virus be as large as possible, but not large enough for the incubation to take full effect, and so avoid any clinical symptoms, whilst still gaining immunity? thanks...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6689" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T15:49:29.700" Title="What is the minimum exposure to a virus to acheive immunization?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9094" CreationDate="2016-09-03T18:59:51.860" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;A decade ago, a study (1) reviewed the evidence regarding the effect of cycling on impotence (due for example to pudendal nerve entrapment) and the effect of repeated scrotal temperature on spermatogenesis. While sparse evidence suggested a possible link, the author concluded that those results needed to be replicated in larger studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some years later, several studies have indirectly investigated this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A study examined sperm quality among male partners (2261) of couples&#xA;attending IVF (2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: in men who reported bicycling as their primary form of exercise, &lt;strong&gt;bicycling of ≥5 hours per week was associated with low sperm concentration and total motile sperm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A cross sectional study of 10 cyclist (compared to 10 sedentary&#xA;controls) (3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: compared to controls, &lt;strong&gt;cyclists had a lower proportion of spermatozoa with normal morphology&lt;/strong&gt;. However, they did not report any significant difference in semen volume and sperm motility, viability and count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A study including 24 healthy non professional cyclists (4)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: a &lt;strong&gt;16-week low-to-intensive cycling training could possibly impact negatively on spermatozoa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Finally a larger and recent study (5) conducted in the UK in 2014 among 5284 male cyclist reported no associations between cycling volume erectyl dysfunction and infertility.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So to summarise, current evidence is controversial and larger studies are needed to investigate this potential association.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Southorn et al. Great balls of fire and the vicious cycle: A study of the effects of cycling on male fertility. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2002: 28(4)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wise LA, Cramer DW, Hornstein MD, Ashby RK, Missmer SA. Physical activity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertility and sterility. 2011;95(3):1025-1030. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.006.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gebreegziabher et al. Sperm Characteristics of Endurance Trained Cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2004; 25(4): 247-251&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Maleki B. et al. Long-term Low-to-Intensive Cycling Training: Impact on Semen Parameters and Seminal Cytokines. Clin J Sport Med. 2015 Nov;25(6):535-40.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hollingworth Milo et al. An Observational Study of Erectile Dysfunction, Infertility, and Prostate Cancer in Regular Cyclists: Cycling for Health UK Study.&#xA;Journal of Men's Health. July 2014, 11(2): 75-79.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T18:59:51.860" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9095" CreationDate="2016-09-03T19:26:53.130" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make it simple: There are two types of fat: unsaturated (&quot;good fat&quot;) and saturated and trans fat (&quot;bad fat&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current dietary guidelines (American Heart Association, WHO) suggest that saturated fats should be limited to &amp;lt;10% (5-6% for those who would benefit from lowering of LDL cholesterol), and trans fats to &amp;lt;1% of energy or as low as possible. The main purpose of these restrictions is to reduce risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-and-cooking-fats-and-oils?page=2&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/cholesterol-and-cooking-fats-and-oils?page=2&lt;/a&gt;) provides an exhaustive list, where unsaturated and saturated fat can be found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unsaturated fat:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monounsaturated fat&lt;/strong&gt; is the primary type found in olive, canola, and sesame oils, as well as in avocados and avocado oil, and in nuts&#xA;  and their oils. &lt;strong&gt;Polyunsaturated fat&lt;/strong&gt; is prevalent in corn, cottonseed,&#xA;  and safflower oils; sunflower seeds and sunflower oil; flaxseed and&#xA;  flaxseed oil; soybeans and soybean oil; tub margarine and soft&#xA;  spreads; and seafood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Saturated fat:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coconut oil, palm, palm kernel oil, and cocoa butter supply large&#xA;  amounts of saturated fat, too, but are cholesterol-free. (...) Trans fat is&#xA;  found in stick margarine, some tub margarine, and in shortening, as&#xA;  well as in some processed foods such as cookies, crackers, and pastry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly a recent meta-analysis published (aggregation and synthetising of different studies) in the BMJ  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978&quot;&gt;http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978&lt;/a&gt;) has somehow questioned the &quot;negative effect&quot; of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease. But considering that their results were associated with a high heterogeneity (= how consistent the effect across the combined studies is, ie in this case low), larger studies are needed to confirm their results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To your question: I have not found any study comparing directly different &quot;good fat&quot; oils together, so probably, considering one of the oils which contains unsaturated fat would be a wise choise (if you respect the dietary guidelines). Although, olive oil has been increasingly associated with reduced cardiovascular risk (&lt;a href=&quot;http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-12-78&quot;&gt;http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-12-78&lt;/a&gt;), depending on your geographic location, this oil can be difficult to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T19:26:53.130" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9071" CreationDate="2016-09-03T20:19:00.860" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Memory is a complex cognitive function which relies on several neuronal pathways. Without wanting to go into too much details, &lt;strong&gt;the process of memorization is dependent on three different steps: encoding, storage and retrieval.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different brain regions are involved in the process of memorisation: hippocampus and mamillary bodies are the main brain regions (which get also affected in Alzheimer's Disease or Korsakof Disease) but other regions have been reported to be involved in the process such as the striatum or the amygdala.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As complex as it is, the different steps of memorization can be influenced by diseases but also by different other &quot;factors&quot; such as (non exhaustive list):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Emotions/Motivation/Mood: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371950&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep (eg sleep deprivation): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23589831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23589831&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attention: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9460740&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9460740&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drugs (eg cannabis): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630708&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine consumption: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3222359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3222359&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805706/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805706/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;So to summarise: difficulty in memorization can be multifactorial. You might wish considering one of those above mentionned factors and try to work on them.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: you tagged your question with &quot;dementia&quot;. I have already answered a similar question for someone aged 30-40, you might have a look here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/7218/dementia-in-late-30s-early-40s-tests/7286&quot;&gt;Dementia in late 30s, early 40s? Tests?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T20:55:05.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-03T20:32:12.860" Score="0" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/353383-are-liquid-vitamins-absorbed-any-better-than-pill-vitamins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/353383-are-liquid-vitamins-absorbed-any-better-than-pill-vitamins/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your body absorbs liquid vitamins better than its pill counterparts do. In fact, the body absorbs approximately &lt;strong&gt;98&lt;/strong&gt; percent of the vitamins and minerals contained in liquid form. However, the body only absorbs anywhere from &lt;strong&gt;3 to 20&lt;/strong&gt; percent of the vitamins in a vitamin pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the absorption rate of powder vitamin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T17:42:28.827" Title="What is the absorption rate of powder vitamin?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9067" CreationDate="2016-09-03T21:18:11.600" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hands play a major role especially in the transmission of blood-borne, fecal, and respiratory tract viruses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hand washing after use of bathroom aims at preventing the transmission of pathogens, which rely on faecal-oral transmission&lt;/strong&gt;, such as rotavirus, noroviruses, enteroviruses in some cases hepatitis A virus (1). It prevents those pathogens from reaching the kitchen for example where it could lead to subsequent ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently a systematic review (2) identified a total of 2881 unique publications addressing this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, this study found a varying prevalence of hand-washing after contact with extcreta:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We estimate that 19% of people worldwide wash their hands with soap&#xA;  after contact with excreta. The regional mean prevalence of&#xA;  handwashing with soap ranges between 13% and 17% in low- and&#xA;  middle-income regions, and between 42% and 49% in high-income regions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However, the authors reported a 40% reduction in the risk of diarrhoea from the promotion of handwashing with soap (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.53–0.68) suggesting that hand-washing impact on faecal oral transmission and reduces risk of diarrhoea.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2004;17(4):863-893.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Freeman et al. Systematic review: Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical Medicine and international health. Volume 19, Issue 8. August 2014. Pages 906–916                         &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-03T21:18:11.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-03T22:18:44.153" Score="4" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would really like this question answered by a professional as it seems that most of the articles I read online are very heavily biased.&#xA;Articles on marijuana related sites promote it and say its harmless and on the other hand there are a lot of sites that completely antagonize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A completely unbiased technical approach would be great as I truly don't know which articles to believe :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm especially interested in long-term cognitive effects)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6691" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T08:43:55.520" Title="Are there any long-term effects of marijuana?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-04T03:05:35.843" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;As my fatigue increases, I am looking into natural stimulants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarana&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;guarana&lt;/a&gt; caught my eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never tried it so far. Is guarana more potent in preventing/alleviating fatigue than coffee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3633" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:14:42.707" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:14:42.707" Title="Is guarana more potent than ordinary coffee?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-05-06T11:52:02.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9104" CreationDate="2016-09-04T08:43:55.520" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recent literature review of the evidence regarding long term effects of cannabis (3 weeks or longer since last use) reported:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cannabis appears to continue to exert impairing effects in &lt;strong&gt;executive&#xA;  functions&lt;/strong&gt; even after 3 weeks of abstinence and beyond. While basic&#xA;  attentional and working memory abilities are largely restored, t&lt;strong&gt;he&#xA;  most enduring and detectable deficits are seen in decision-making,&#xA;  concept formation and planning.&lt;/strong&gt; Verbal fluency impairments are&#xA;  somewhat mixed at this stage. &lt;strong&gt;Similar to the residual effects of&#xA;  cannabis use, those studies with subjects having chronic, heavy&#xA;  cannabis use show the most enduring deficits&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complete review is open access and available here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crean RD, Crane NA, Mason BJ. An Evidence Based Review of Acute and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis Use on Executive Cognitive Functions. Journal of addiction medicine. 2011;5(1):1-8. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T08:43:55.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9083" CreationDate="2016-09-04T08:53:46.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some conflicting results concerning the effect of caffeine on nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; reported that caffeine withdrawal is associated with nausea and vomiting which might suggest that caffeine might reduce nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, two years ago, a study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819849/#ref9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; was conducted in postoperative care to reduce nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia by administrating caffeine. Interestingly, patients in the caffeine group experienced more nausea than patients who received customary antiemetic prophylaxix. This would suggest a potential pro-emetic contribution of caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, current evidence regarding the effect of caffeine on nausea is sparse (and somehow conflicting) and further studies are needed to investigate the effect of caffeine on nausea.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Edit (regarding the possible cellular mechanisms of caffeine causing nausea)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any study investigating the effect of caffeine on nausea (ie the area postrema). The last study conducted in the postoperative care (and showed that caffeine increased postoperative nausea) did not suggest any pathway or mechanism either. So further work is needed to investigate this possible association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-07T15:33:46.380" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T15:33:46.380" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-04T13:16:20.400" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always noticed, on various lists containing the pH values of common foods, that dried loose-leaf black tea is slightly alkaline (~7.2), and one of the most alkaline drinks. At the same time, if a drink black tea I usually get acid reflux and this has always puzzled me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently stumbled upon the definition of acid-forming foods, which are supposed to create an acidic environment in the stomach, even if they are not by themselves acidic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain to me the physiology/biochemistry of this, and how do I differentiate between acid-forming and acidic foods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, does the fact that black tea has been through a process of oxidation play a role in its behaviour?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6693" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:20:45.520" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T05:20:45.520" Title="Acid-forming vs Acidic foods" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-04T13:21:11.850" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;In movies, people who are shot or stabbed in the chest, especially  in or near the heart, generally lapse into unconsciousness and/or death instantly. This doesn't seem to be the case in real life, and I assume that most filmmakers don't want to show the reality of a person gurgling, moaning, and writhing around as they slowly die from internal hemorrhaging. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The death of Patroclus in the movie Troy follows this model:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2ucpHgHo1g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2ucpHgHo1g&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of comparison, here's a summary of a couple of accounts of the death of John Lennon, who famously suffered such a fate.  The two timelines varied slightly, so I included both sets of times.  The times from the first account are the first listed, and the times from the second account follow, separated by a slash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~10:50/10:45:  Shooting &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~10:53/10:51:  Cops arrive, Lennon alive &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;?/10:53: Cops put Lennon in car and head for the hospital &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;?/11:00  Arrives at hospital, unconscious, not breathing, no pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;11:15/11:10-11:15:  Lennon pronounced dead&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here are two descriptions of the damage caused by the gunshots: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Three of the four bullets that struck Lennon's back passed completely through his body and out of his chest, one of which hit and became lodged in his upper left arm, while the fourth lodged itself in his aorta beside his heart; nearly all of them would have been fatal by themselves as each bullet hit vital arteries around the heart. As Lennon had been shot four times at close range with hollow-point bullets, Lennon's affected organs (particularly his left lung) and major blood vessels above his heart were virtually destroyed upon impact.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  -  Wikipedia:  The Death of John Lennon &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One round in particular struck the subclavian vein, a primary branch of the aorta and according to the ER team and autopsy the impact caused widespread damage to the major veins of the heart. &#xA;  Quora &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two bullets had passed through his upper left upper arm and entered his chest; two more entered his chest just behind the arm. Travelling through his torso, they ripped through his lungs and arteries. Three of the bullets exited the front of his chest: one under his left clavicle and two on the left side of his sternum. The fourth remained lodged inside his body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to Veteran, the worst injury was to Lennon's subclavian artery, a major branch of the aorta, the heart's main artery: &quot;He was bleeding heavily.&quot; For 20 minutes, Veteran and his associates worked to get Lennon's heart beating again.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  -  Interview with attending physician, published in Guitar World magazine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is Lennon's experience typical?  On average, how long does it take for a person to lose consciousness and die from severe trauma leading to catastrophic internal hemorrhaging?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:15:48.067" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:15:48.067" Title="How long do people remain conscious, on average, after massive trauma causing catastrophic internal bleeding?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;knife-stab-wound&gt;&lt;penetrate-trauma-wound&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15587" CreationDate="2016-09-04T21:06:28.847" Score="5" ViewCount="622" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at the advice for iron supplements in pregnancy its seems to be safe if needed, but in all that information the line &quot;&lt;em&gt;Do not take Ferrograd C tablets during the first thirteen weeks of pregnancy appears&lt;/em&gt;&quot; why is this? and possibly why is it safe later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hpra.ie/img/uploaded/swedocuments/2112852.PA1235_002_001.0e932396-25c8-4c80-aba0-9422e16f79c7.000001pil-ferrograd-c-clean.130920.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Package leaflet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c226k.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c226k.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:07:31.650" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T06:42:55.707" Title="Why does the package leaflet of Ferrograd C advise not to use in the first 13 weeks of Pregenancy" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9069" CreationDate="2016-09-04T21:25:33.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;10 grams protein is way too little. You need about 46-56g of protein per day to feel full. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Harvard.edu: &#xA;...&quot;protein helps you stay full for longer&quot;...&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/extra-protein-is-a-decent-dietary-choice-but-dont-overdo-it-201305016145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/extra-protein-is-a-decent-dietary-choice-but-dont-overdo-it-201305016145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From WebMD:&#xA;&quot;Adults in the U.S. are encouraged to get 10% to 35% of their day's calories from protein foods. That's about 46 grams of protein for women, and 56 grams of protein for men.&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/diet/features/how-much-protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.m.webmd.com/diet/features/how-much-protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2016-09-04T21:25:33.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9117" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-05T00:42:51.870" Score="8" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the blue light emitted by computer monitors deleterious for the human eyes? By deleterious, I mean irreversible damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read some conflicting information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/vision/do-orange-glasses-block-blue-light/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/vision/do-orange-glasses-block-blue-light/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blue light isn’t harmful during daylight hours – in fact, it enhances attention, reaction times, and mood).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gunnars.com/how-they-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.gunnars.com/how-they-work/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cumulative exposure to artificial blue-light can contribute to vision problems such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration&#xA;  [...]&#xA;  The Vision Council: Nearly 70% of American adults experience some form of digital eye strain due to prolonged use of electronic devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that some pro-gamers wear orange glasses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxIzA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxIzA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T23:14:02.347" LastActivityDate="2019-05-13T06:49:09.137" Title="Is the blue light emitted by computer monitors deleterious for the human eyes?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7235" CreationDate="2016-09-05T04:58:35.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prescription of an antibiotic by a doctor will be the outcome of weighing   the possible good effect it impart and possible side effects. That is, an antibiotic will be prescribed only if needed. In case of dental or gum infections antibiotics may be prescribed after proper oral examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the conditions like bleeding gums need a dental prophylaxis or cleaning, it should be done without fail. That will remove the cause of infection that induced bleeding. In such cases taking antibiotics alone won't solve your problems. The approach should be to remove the cause or factor that caused the disease. These all will be done and approached properly by a good doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So consult a doctor before taking antibiotics. Don't neglect the bleeding just because you feel like it's not affecting your overall health. A localised problem like gum bleeding can cause generalised health issues if neglected or if it is not taken care at the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6597" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T18:40:36.037" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T18:40:36.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9091" CreationDate="2016-09-05T07:44:38.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had ingrown nails for more than 15 years and complete nail removal was never on the table. Wedge resection is a much more easy procedure, which may not even require anesthesia. It will also heal much faster and will hardly interfere with your everyday life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More on this procedure can be found at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.derbyhospitals.nhs.uk/easysitewe/getresource.axd?assetid=281947&amp;amp;type=0&amp;amp;servicetype=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Advice for parents about wedge resection of toenail&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0615/p2547.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ingrown Toenail Removal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: this procedure is less invasive, but recurrence is quite common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-06T17:37:55.887" LastActivityDate="2016-09-06T17:37:55.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-05T07:55:55.787" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exposition 50 second.&#xA;4 infrared diodes(without visible light) 70 milliamper very close to eye.&#xA;Wavelength is 940nm. &#xA;140 mW&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it damage the eye?&#xA;May it cause infrared radiation burn?&#xA;If yes - what should I do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6704" LastEditorUserId="6704" LastEditDate="2016-09-05T11:08:14.113" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T11:08:14.113" Title="Infrared burn of eye" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9101" CreationDate="2016-09-05T10:12:44.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The absorption rates are different for each vitamin and mineral, so you can't say 98% or 20% for all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a nutrient in the powdered and liquid form is chemically the same and the powder or liquid does not contain substances that would stimulate or inhibit absorption, the percent of the absorbed nutrient from both forms should be about the same. Also, at the time when supplements come into the small intestine they would be all liquid because of the presence of digestive juices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The form of a vitamin or mineral (liquid or powdered) can affect the &lt;strong&gt;speed&lt;/strong&gt; of absorption -- in general, liquid forms would be absorbed faster -- but this does not necessary effect the &lt;strong&gt;percent&lt;/strong&gt; of a nutrient being absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other factors that have much greater effect on the percent of absorption of a vitamin or mineral:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chemical form.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/iron_absorption.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;heme iron&lt;/a&gt; is better absorbed than non-heme iron&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body stores&lt;/strong&gt; of a vitamin/mineral. The more body iron stores you have, the less iron from supplements will be absorbed (see the source above)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Food.&lt;/strong&gt; Vitamin C from lemon juice stimulates iron absorption. Tannins from tea or coffee can inhibit iron absorption (see the source above).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amount of a supplement.&lt;/strong&gt; The greater amount of a supplement you take, the lower percent (but not the lower amount) of it will be usually absorbed, because the absorption of certain nutrients is saturable.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Personal differences.&lt;/strong&gt; In different individuals, different percent of a supplement will be absorbed. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-05T17:42:28.827" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T17:42:28.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-05T17:50:50.650" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;What additional exercises are recommended by clinical studies to promote physical health for people have a sedentary occupation, but who already perform weight-lifting and cardio exercises on a regular basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6706" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-11T00:00:55.473" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T00:00:55.473" Title="What exercise should I do to be medically healthy?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9122" CreationDate="2016-09-05T21:10:54.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/expert-answers/exercise/faq-20057916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; recommends 150 minutes of moderate/aerobic exercise weekly - so 30 minutes for 5 days. &quot;As a general goal, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity every day.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you already do a good job at including physical exercise in your daily routine, so that's great! If you can, try to do those activities with a workout buddy too. I learned in my stress class that interpersonal sports (such as games where you work with teammates) also have good health benefits... (Sorry I don't have the source on hand right now.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your concern is &quot;medical health,&quot; then consider your diet and other aspects of your lifestyle as well; it's not only about your activity. But because you asked about exercises, I won't go into those details for now - I'm only recommending that you think about other factors as well for your health. For example, are you interested in deep breathing exercises for mental health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also think about your health while you're sitting at desk the whole day: how is your posture? Would you consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bustle.com/articles/144401-are-standing-desks-really-healthier-8-things-you-should-know-before-you-renounce-your-chair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;standing at your desk&lt;/a&gt; if it can change levels? How is the air quality in your office?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T21:10:54.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9126" CreationDate="2016-09-05T22:19:40.640" Score="5" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been experimenting with different sources of protein for the past few weeks. I've tried lentils, almonds, split peas, tuna, chicken, ground beef, and eggs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I carefully portion things out so that I eat around 30 g of protein a day. That's 1cup of lentils, or almonds, or split peas, or 1/2 cup of lean meat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I still notice that I recover faster when I get my protein from meat or nuts than when I get it from lentils or split peas. Is it in my head or is there a real difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3652" LastActivityDate="2016-09-06T11:24:15.877" Title="Is all protein the same?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-05T23:42:42.803" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is any of these types of roast harmful? Which is most healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6709" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T23:42:42.803" Title="Coffee: Light Roast Medium Roast vs Dark Roast" Tags="&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9124" CreationDate="2016-09-05T23:47:09.870" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The requirements for amino acids are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/table/ttt00008&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;given here&lt;/a&gt;. The relative ratio between the amino acids is also important here, it's no good getting a lot of one type if you miss out on another one, you need to get all of them in the right proportions and quantities. If you are into body building, you may need more than the RDA. To see if you're getting the right amount of the various essential amino acids from the foods you eat, you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;use this website&lt;/a&gt;. E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4354/2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;for 100 grams split peas, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, without salt&lt;/a&gt; we find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tryptophan 93.0 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Threonine 296 mg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Isoleucine 344 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leucine 598 mg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lysine 602 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Methionine 85.0 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cystine 127 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phenylalanine 384 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tyrosine 242 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Valine 394 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arginine 744 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Histidine 203 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alanine 367 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aspartic acid 984 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glutamic acid 1426 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycine 371 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Proline 344 mg &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Serine 367 mg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that not all of these are the essential amino acids you really need, typical foods contain a lot more of the non-essential amino acid than the essential amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-09-05T23:47:09.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18858" CreationDate="2016-09-06T08:58:38.930" Score="8" ViewCount="1355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently called my Optometrist to get my eye score so that I could buy my own glasses from the chemist. I was expecting to get a &quot;+2&quot; or &quot;+1&quot; or something like that but instead they gave me something complicated for each eye starting with &quot;175/&quot;. I should have written it down but even if I did, someone would still need to help me interpret it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this system work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I managed to get hold of a new prescription. The form is detailed as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Right lens&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Sph -0,50&#xA;Cyl -0,50&#xA;axis 10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Left Lens&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Sph -0,50&#xA;Cyl -0,50&#xA;axis 170&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Type&lt;/em&gt; CR39 SN ARC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6713" LastEditorUserId="6713" LastEditDate="2016-10-09T07:05:51.150" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T14:59:09.010" Title="How is the eye score interpreted?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9124" CreationDate="2016-09-06T11:24:15.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're not using protein as it is to maintain your body. It's first broken down to the individual amino acids, which your body can then use to build new stuff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're lacking one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;essential amino acids&lt;/a&gt;, you can only build as much new protein until that runs out, and all the other amino acids are just excess. A protein that contains all the necessary amino acids is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;complete protein&lt;/a&gt;, and you could calculate the differences in the so-called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Digestibility_Corrected_Amino_Acid_Score&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;quality of the protein&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A perfect protein (i.e. from egg/milk/soy) will contain amino acids in exactly the ratio you need, some protein contains so little of a certain amino acid that you'd need to eat twice as much of that protein (for example rice or peanuts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, if beef is making you recover fastest, you'd need to eat 30*0.92/0.70 = 39g of peas for the same effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could get around this by combining different sources of protein. For example grains are limited in lysine, while beans are limited in cysteine/methionine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5056" LastActivityDate="2016-09-06T11:24:15.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9143" CreationDate="2016-09-06T17:24:00.803" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we roll into flu season, I'm left wondering: &quot;&lt;em&gt;is there are any difference between the different providers of seasonal flu shots?&lt;/em&gt;&quot;  I did some basic internet research that displayed quite a variation in pricing by facilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;$15&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sam’s Club (No membership required, and some locations offer price-matching if you can find flu vaccines for any lower in your&#xA;  area.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;lt;...snip...&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;$37.99&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Rite-Aid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bradsdeals.com/blog/where-to-get-a-cheap-flu-shot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brad's Deals - The Most Affordable Places to Get a Flu Shot (Even Without Insurance!)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a hefty difference; surely over double the price would result in some sort of higher quality product.  That's what I'm here to find out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there any differences in the quality of flu shots by producer?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a discernible difference between those flu shots?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which facilities historically or currently provide the highest quality flu shots for me and my family?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6716" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T18:41:41.060" Title="High Quality Flu Shot Providers?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9135" CreationDate="2016-09-06T21:07:02.937" Score="4" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that dog bites are dangerous and can give you rabies,but can a dog bite cause Echinococcosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6719" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T09:55:14.650" Title="Can dog bites cause Echinococcosis?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9134" CreationDate="2016-09-06T21:19:55.737" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dog bites are the most common type of animal bites. Only 5% of dog bites lead to local infection.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, echinococcus can't be transmitted through dog bites.&lt;/strong&gt; Pathogens which can be transmitted by the saliva of the dog are rabies, pasteurella, capnocytophaga and brucella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Echinococcus could be transmitted by dogs but through fecal transmission.&lt;/strong&gt; Dogs are the definitive hosts for the tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. The adult tapeworm is present in the dog's small intestine and produces eggs that are excreted in the feces contaminating the environment. These eggs are infective to humans once ingested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt; &#xA;Kotton C. Zoonoses from dogs. Aug 2016. Uptodate. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/zoonoses-from-dogs?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=echinocoque&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~49#H6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/zoonoses-from-dogs?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=echinocoque&amp;amp;selectedTitle=6~49#H6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-07T09:55:14.650" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T09:55:14.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16656" CreationDate="2016-09-06T21:41:53.633" Score="7" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading &lt;strong&gt;Overview of pediatric injury prevention: Epidemiology; history; application&lt;/strong&gt; on UpToDate. It says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Haddon Injury Control Model, proposes that all injuries are attributable to five forms of energy (kinetic, chemical, thermal, electrical, and radiation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A knife wound, or a puncture from an ingested foreign body, doesn't have much mass or velocity, which means it has a very low kinetic energy. But they are even worse fits for the other four forms of energy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, drowning, strangulation, smothering, and suffocation also do not seem to fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I classify these low-energy types of injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6720" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T05:13:51.063" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:38:02.053" Title="Categorizing injuries under the Haddon Injury Control Model" Tags="&lt;foreign-body-object&gt;&lt;knife-stab-wound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-07T08:58:33.257" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a 3 year-old persian cat . She is very playful and like other pets. I make monthly checkups with the vet regarding her vaccines and health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes while playing she bites and grasps with her nails which causes scratches on my skin with little amount of blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it harmful? If yes, are there any vaccines to reduce the infectious risk?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3491" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-07T15:10:17.577" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T20:03:30.757" Title="Infectious risk associated with cat bites" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9138" CreationDate="2016-09-07T14:56:53.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Here some info regarding of the pathogens which could be transmitted by saliva of cats (and hence by skin abrasions and bites):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saliva of cats can be transmitted through bite wounds, skin abrasions, or mucous membranes. Teeth can penetrate deeply leading to contamination of bone and joint (osteomyelitis or septic arthritis). Infection complicates cat bites in about 50 percent of cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some decades ago, a prospective study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1823783&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; incuding 186 patients with cat bite wounds reported &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;following risk factors for wound infections: older age, longer time intervals until ED treatment, wounds inflicted by &quot;pet&quot; cats, attempting wound care at home, having a more severe wound and having a deeper wound.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathogens which can be transmitted through saliva of cats are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;bartonella henselae&lt;/strong&gt; (causing cat scratch disease)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pasteurella multocida&lt;/strong&gt; (can cause serious soft-tissue&#xA;infections and less commonly septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, sepsis,&#xA;and meningitis particularly in infants or immunocompromised hosts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;rabies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;capnocytophaga&lt;/strong&gt; (can cause sepsis or meningitis and if following an eye&#xA;trauma due to a cat bite it can cause corneal infection)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tularemia&lt;/strong&gt; (patient present with fever, chills, headache, and malaise,&#xA;after an incubation period of 2 to 10 days)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cowpox&lt;/strong&gt; (which can mimic anthrax, i.e. painful hemorrhagic pustule or&#xA;black eschars)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122494/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; reported the frequency of pathogens found in cat bite wounds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aPuO1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aPuO1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are vaccination against rabies. For laboratory workers, a vaccine against Francisella tularensis has been developed but is not yet widely available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kotton CN. Zoonoses from cats. UpToDate. Jun 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/zoonoses-from-cats?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=zoonoses+cat&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1%7E150&amp;amp;sectionRank=1&amp;amp;anchor=H5#H5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/zoonoses-from-cats?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=zoonoses+cat&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1%7E150&amp;amp;sectionRank=1&amp;amp;anchor=H5#H5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For infos regarding vaccination: www.cdc.gov&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-07T20:03:30.757" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T20:03:30.757" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9142" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9153" CreationDate="2016-09-07T16:17:27.900" Score="4" ViewCount="2957" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gout is caused by an elevated level of uric acid in the blood, which results in crystals forming in the joints. Once this reaches a critical level, the body responds by targeting the crystals, resulting in inflammation and severe pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is suspicion that a patient has gout, he is typically sent for a blood test, to evaluate his blood level of uric acid. What I am wondering, is whether it matters how long after a gout attack this blood test is taken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, which of the following statements are true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) During a gout attack, the level of uric acid in the blood drops due to the body's response to remove the crystals. Therefore, the patient should have the blood test several weeks after the attack, to ensure the uric acid levels are back to their stable level. It doesn't matter what the patient eats during these weeks, because the uric acid level is dependent on long-term dietary habits, rather than the very recent diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Similar to 1), the patient needs to wait a few weeks before the blood test. However, the patient also needs to ensure that he eats according to his &quot;standard&quot; diet during this period, because uric acid levels are dependent on short-term dietary habits. For example, if the patient cuts down on foods causing the uric acid during this period (e.g. red meat and alcohol), then the level of uric acid during the test will not be a typical measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) The level of uric acid does not decrease dramatically after a gout attack, and the blood test can be taken soon after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6731" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T05:01:51.143" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T05:01:51.143" Title="When to take a blood test after a gout attack" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;gout&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9132" CreationDate="2016-09-07T18:41:41.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few different manufacturers of the influenza vaccine available in the United States. There are also two main types of flu vaccines available; quadrivalent and trivalent. Quadrivalent is designed to protect against two types of influenza A viruses and two types of B while trivalent protects against the two A but only one B. Neither one is recommended over the other by the CDC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference in price could be due to manufacturer difference or quadrivalent vs trivalent vaccine. To find out what flu vaccine each retailer uses, you would probably have to call and talk to a pharmacist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason for price difference could be how the vaccine is supplied. Some manufacturers make single dose syringes as well as multi dose vials. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/quadrivalent.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC Quadrivalent info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CDC vaccine efficacy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6558" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T18:41:41.060" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9145" CreationDate="2016-09-07T21:52:23.273" Score="5" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately, in addition to the more intense abdominal pain than usual, my period is manifesting itself in dark brown/black (tarry-like) blood from the start and staying like that for almost 5 days until it finally turns the bright red. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this something to be concerned about? Does menstrual blood change in colour during menstruation?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:22:03.657" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T02:22:03.657" Title="Normal for menstruation blood to be brown/black at the start?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9144" CreationDate="2016-09-07T22:46:50.323" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Menstrual blood is composed of a mixture of blood (blood cells), vaginal secretions, endometrial cells and inflammatory cells.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I have found no study investigating the change in colour of mentruation blood .&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the presence of endometrial cells (mucosa lining of the uterus) and necrotic cells (from the endometrium) is supposed to be highest during the first days of menstruation where the stratum functionalis gets cleaved from the stratum basalis in the endometrium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the end of menstruation most of these cells have been expulsed and the new lining of the endometrial wall has developed, slowly &quot;covering&quot; previous bleeding vessels from the underlying mucosa. &#xA;This could possibly explain the change in colour you are mentionning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some weeks ago, I have answered a question on the menstrual cycle including some points regarding the uterine wall and its changes during the cycle:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/7303/how-does-my-body-know-how-long-a-month-is&quot;&gt;How does my body know how long a month is?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Of course, these explanations apply to a &quot;physiological&quot; condition, and not to a pathological condition where things can be different.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&#xA;Yang H, Zhou B, Prinz M, Siegel D. Proteomic Analysis of Menstrual Blood. Molecular &amp;amp; Cellular Proteomics : MCP. 2012;11(10):1024-1035. doi:10.1074/mcp.M112.018390.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-09-07T22:46:50.323" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9146" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9147" CreationDate="2016-09-08T05:47:01.683" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I am 24 years old female. Height 5.3&quot; and Weight 58kg.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to reduce my weight especially belly and thigh fats. I have just changed my routine to make it possible but I am not sure this will work or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here an overview of my day: I get up at 7.00 am in the morning and do some workout including rope skipping and some other exercises for 30 mn. Then I take a hard boiled egg. In the office, at 9.30 am I take a large cup of black coffee (without milk and sugar) with two hands full of nuts (cashew nuts, pistachio, walnut, and almond). During my break time, I take a bowl full of fruits (two peaches, two apples, 1 pear) at 4.00 pm I take another cup of black coffee. For dinner, I take half piece of roti (bread) with any vegetable or meat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is this routine healthy in losing weight and will this lead to weight loss?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5287" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-10T07:54:43.370" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T22:46:32.120" Title="Will I lose weight following this diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9146" CreationDate="2016-09-08T07:00:18.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common thought here is to lose weight you need to have more calories going out than coming in (basically, just eat less).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your TDEE (number of calories you should eat per day to stop any weight change is &lt;a href=&quot;https://tdeecalculator.net/result.php?s=metric&amp;amp;g=female&amp;amp;age=24&amp;amp;kg=58&amp;amp;cm=160&amp;amp;act=1.375&amp;amp;f=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;around the 1600 mark&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets look at your diet, your exercise is not worth accounting for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks a little like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/28Z59.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/28Z59.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick analysis says that if you follow that diet exactly and not pile on sauce onto your dinner then you will lose weight as your calories out &gt; calories in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;HOWEVER&lt;/em&gt; You are cutting out protein and fats to lose weight which can work but is not optimal. Carbs, which make up most of your diet are not very &quot;filling&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's well established that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/5/1558S.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;protein generally increases satiety to a greater extent than&#xA;  carbohydrate or fat and may facilitate a reduction in energy&#xA;  consumption&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;em&gt;Protein, weight management, and satiety, Douglas&#xA;  Paddon-Jones, Eric Westman, Richard D Mattes, Robert R Wolfe, Arne&#xA;  Astrup, and Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while your diet will work, you will probably feel more hungry than if you met your protein and fat intake and cut carbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Footnote: Be aware what you are losing weight to show. IF you have no defined muscle structure you will just end up looking frail/skinnyfat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T07:00:18.017" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8845" CreationDate="2016-09-08T07:22:50.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;. Fiber reduces the postprandial blood sugar. It reduces both how much and how fast the blood sugar raises after a meal, as found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27571099&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having high blood sugar, in turn, affects your health in several negative ways, such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LUnnw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LUnnw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;By Chrizz, Glykemiskt Index (&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glykemiskt_Index.PNG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glykemiskt_Index.PNG&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sugar-side-effects.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; [CC BY-SA 3.0]&lt;/a&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the amount of calories consumed is still the same, so it does not help in that regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At any rate, sugar is overall &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sugar-side-effects.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bad for your health&lt;/a&gt;, so staying away from it completely is still best, And it is not even that hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T07:22:50.080" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-08T09:10:39.100" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the role of low protein intake in the development of thyroid disorders? Can solely lack of protein in diet be a cause of thyroid disorders? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastEditorUserId="5165" LastEditDate="2016-09-09T05:58:53.733" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T05:58:53.733" Title="Low protein intake role in thyroid disorders" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9151" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9154" CreationDate="2016-09-08T10:06:10.173" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I pinch my thumb and little finger together with my hand facing up and then roll my hand towards me, palm side up, I see a tendon 'pop' out of the centre of my wrist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears only some of my friends have this tendon 'pop' out, though none have had surgery. What is it for? Is it there in everyone? Is it healthy that mine 'pops' out and theirs doesn't?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T11:59:44.020" Title="Are there any issues with missing this hand tendon?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9142" CreationDate="2016-09-08T10:47:11.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diagnosis of gout is based on clinical examination and arthrocentesis (to detect the presence of monosodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The use of serum uric acid (sUA) levels is&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;limited&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;in acute gout flare&lt;/strong&gt; and can be difficult to interpret. If acute gout attack is suspected in a patient, an elevated sUA (≥6.8 mg/dL) can lend support to the diagnosis but is neither diagnostic nor required to establish the diagnosis. Normal sUA levels have been reported in patients with acute gout flare &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581951&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To your question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The most accurate time for assessment of serum uric acid levels (and establishment of a baseline value) is two weeks or more after complete subsidence of an acute gout flare.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Becker MA. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gout. UpToDate. Jun 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-gout&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hainer BL et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of gout. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Dec 15;90(12):831-6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T10:47:11.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9151" CreationDate="2016-09-08T11:59:44.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That tendon is attached to palmaris longus muscles, a muscle that some people lack. There are absolutely no functional differences between people that have it and those who don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check the wikipedia article for more information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-09-08T11:59:44.020" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-08T19:44:14.357" Score="1" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are skills stored in the human brain? I understand the difference between STM and LTM (short/long term memory). However, remembering a fact is different than learning a skill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Let's take a 99% mental-only skill like Software Engineering.&#xA;You understand that IF this, THEN that, ELSE something-else. That's how you define a really basic piece of decision logic. There are many more complex forms of that which can become very abstract. At some point, you understand all of them (maybe even for dozens of languages) and you understand it so well, you subconsciously take a requirement and translate it into possibly hundreds of lines of code within seconds. This seems similar to the way people learn to read/write and speak multiple languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this simply a function of LTM which translates bits of code into actions / results? If so, how does that LTM become more readily accessible than other areas of LTM where one has to think harder to remember something? Or when it comes to learned skills (vs just facts), is this a different kind of memory entirely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1999" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T22:48:48.930" Title="How are skills stored in the human brain?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9159" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9206" CreationDate="2016-09-08T21:11:37.117" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most medications are not tested for long-term side effects. And there is no clear definition of &quot;long-term&quot; in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how long of a time period (median? average? range?) are medications tested for by the appropriate government institution? Where can the consumer go to look up this information for each drug? It would be really helpful to know how long one can be on a newer drug before experiencing a harmful long-term side effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6742" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T10:58:53.630" Title="How long of a time period are medications tested for?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9166" CreationDate="2016-09-08T21:30:20.143" Score="1" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;My OBGYN could not officially diagnosis me with endometriosis without performing a laparoscopy (a surgery), and he wants to avoid that at all cost, and he says, even if I had endometriosis,  the treatment would still be the same. So he is  going to treat me as if I have endometriosis. Looking at my medical history (all the pain/vomiting/nausea/PCOS, but yet having a clear Colonoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound and no food allergies) in addition to pressing on trigger points on my abdomen and inside cervix, he believes I have endometriosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He believes that endometriosis may be contributing to my fatigue, extreme nausea, abdominal pain, migraines, digestive issues, etc. So to solve that he wants to insert an IUD into my uterus in two weeks. You can read about general IUDs &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, it's a contraceptive that is inserted directly inside me. But it should help with all the symptoms associated with my period by getting rid of my period. It can last for up to 5 years. I can remove it (if I ever were to try and have kids). He thinks this is far superior to treating my pain than regular birth control. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one he wants me on is called Mirena. You can read about it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mirena/basics/definition/prc-20012867&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. But it seems that a lot of the side-effects are the same as the symptoms that I'm trying to treat, so I'm wondering if it will be counter-productive. How common are the side effects of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, by doing research, I've seen that this medication/device (Mirena) has been subject to many lawsuits, which naturally has me a little on edge. Have they improved this drug since the lawsuits? Is there anything I should be concerned about because of the lawsuits? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T23:21:12.140" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T23:21:12.140" Title="OBGYN wants to insert IUD (Mirena) to treat my painful periods, but should I be worried by all the recent lawsuits?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;endometriosis&gt;&lt;inter-uterine-device-iud&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;contraceptive&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9160" CreationDate="2016-09-09T08:23:12.333" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Laparoscopic coagulation of endometrial spots itself is one of the clinically approved treatment for endometriosis. Though by evidence-based medicine the evidence for laparoscopic treatment can vary from low to moderate (depending what symptoms patient has).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mirena is a hormone releasing intrauterine device for which evidence is moderate by evidence based medicine. Hormone based drugs as all drugs can have side-effects,but you need to remember, it depends on individual's organism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are avoiding laparoscopic surgery and you have experience of using hormone replacement therapy (oral contraceptives or skin application) then you should be fine with IUD. Just make sure gynaecologist inserts it correctly by ultrasound follow up after insertion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing is, you can have it and see how it goes with you,if any inconvenience or severe side effects it can be easily removed just in second. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High evidence treatment for Endometriosis is not found yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From alternative medicine auricular acupuncture can be tried as It showed higher evidence then herbal ones as mentioned below in the link. &#xA;Here is comparison of effectiveness of different treatments in Cochrane clinical trials:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24610050/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24610050/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of clinical trials done for levonorgestrel releasing IUD (Mirena). I think it is one of the most researched hormonal treatment. One of them:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20618247/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20618247/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T08:23:12.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5254" CreationDate="2016-09-09T09:54:41.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the Morning on an Empty Stomach/Between Meals&lt;/strong&gt; - Fruits are recommended to be eaten on an empty stomach or in between meals because at this time digestion happens fairly quick and also different types of enzymes are used by the body to digest the fruit. Fruits contain simple sugars, which need time to be completely absorbed by the body. When fruits are eaten in between meals or on empty stomach, all the nutrients, the fiber and simple sugars are processed well in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pre/Post Workout&lt;/strong&gt; -&#xA;The sugars of fruits will be used by the body for getting immediate energy before workout and helps in refilling the emptied energy stores in the body after workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.md-health.com/Best-Time-to-Eat-Fruits.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.md-health.com/Best-Time-to-Eat-Fruits.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T10:32:31.240" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T10:32:31.240" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9166" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9160" CreationDate="2016-09-09T12:31:20.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making an assumption of a diagnosis of a such serious condition as endometriosis and starting with treatment that can have potential severe side effects without making the actual diagnosis is not serious for a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abdominal adhesions from other causes, like PCOS or pelvic inflammatory disease, can cause similar symptoms. And there are other much more common conditions, like irritable bowel syndrome and trapped wind (&quot;splenic flexure syndrome&quot;) with similar symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Laparoscopy is not a surgery, but an outpatient diagnostic procedure. Not that I encourage anyone to do it. If endometriosis is found, some adhesions can be removed during the procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IUDs have potential &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/mirena-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;serious side effects&lt;/a&gt; including ectopic pregnancy and perforation of the uterus. Nobody can tell how bad other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/mirena-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;side effects&lt;/a&gt; (nausea, migraine, fatigue...) will be in a given person. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-09T17:44:31.517" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T17:44:31.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9168" CreationDate="2016-09-09T17:00:54.080" Score="5" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching salt intake for the elderly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to WebMd (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20100624/90-percent-in-us-get-too-much-salt-5-foods-blamed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20100624/90-percent-in-us-get-too-much-salt-5-foods-blamed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Americans on average should get a maximum of 1500mg sodium = .75 teaspoon salt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Middle aged, elderly, and African American should get maximum 2300mg sodium = 1 teaspoon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is no documentation on minimum intake requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum sodium required for the elderly and what is the minimum sodium requirements for the young?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-07-20T12:51:46.760" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T12:51:46.760" Title="Minimum Salt Intake" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9167" CreationDate="2016-09-09T17:32:05.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234935/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A minimum average requirement for adults can be estimated under&#xA;  conditions of maximal adaptation and without active sweating...to 115&#xA;  mg of sodium or approximately 300 mg of sodium chloride per day. In&#xA;  consideration of the wide variation of patterns of physical activity&#xA;  and climatic exposure, a safe minimum intake [of sodium chloride]&#xA;  might be set at 500 mg/day [&lt;strong&gt;~200 mg sodium/day&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for adults (young or old), the minimum requirement is about 200 mg (0.2 g) of sodium per day or even just about 100 mg (0.1 g) without active sweating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-09-09T17:32:05.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9182" CreationDate="2016-09-09T21:20:09.510" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been trying enema for a couple of days. When I insert the rectal strip, it goes about a inch in. But when I release the water, nothing happens. I don't see the water flowing into me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My suspicion is that I may not be inserting the strip correctly. How can I make sure that the end of the tube has really reached into the colon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can the tube pass the anal sphincter and reach into the colon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6752" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T17:13:48.890" Title="What is the correct way to insert the end of the enema tube?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8988" CreationDate="2016-09-10T04:00:37.697" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance, called IGFBP-1.  It's a blood test.  This test is done at a specialty lab and takes several weeks for the results to come back.  You get your blood draw in the usual place (e.g. your local hospital), but then the sample is sent out to a specialty lab.  This is a relatively non-invasive test.  You can put EMLA cream on the inside of a child's elbow and there will be no pain for the blood draw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An individual with insulin resistance can do this test between once and four times a year, to track progress (or lack thereof).  The lower the result, the more insulin resistant you are.  For example, my son, who has been diagnosed with insulin resistance, has varied between 4 and 20 (I forget what the units are).  When he was at 4, we were seeing more symptoms and higher BMI for age.  When he was at 16 things were better.  At 20, better still.  I'm afraid I'm not certain what range is considered normal -- but I vaguely remember 20 and above was good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of articles out there about this.  Here's one: &#xA;Maclaren NK, Gujral S, Ten S &amp;amp; Motagheti R. Childhood obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007 ;48:73–78.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T04:00:37.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1013" CreationDate="2016-09-10T04:08:35.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who have insulin resistance generally find it more difficult to attain and maintain a healthy weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person with insulin resistance is overweight (which is often the case), and if s/he succeeds in losing even a small amount of weight, s/he will generally see some immediate improvement in their insulin sensitivity and a lessening of symptoms (such as headache, yucky feeling, foggy feeling).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A low-carb diet helped my insulin resistant son.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T04:08:35.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-10T04:16:40.240" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need a short article or brochure explaining insulin resistance to give to my son's school.  It shouldn't start with an explanation of beta cells!  It should explain the basic idea about the body still making enough insulin, but how cells don't respond well.  It should explain that IR can lead to pre-diabetes, and it should explain that insulin resistance and pre-diabetes are not exact synonyms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything good I've found so far is too long, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:43:04.020" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T08:13:37.790" Title="Need succinct overview article about insulin resistance" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9176" CreationDate="2016-09-10T05:01:16.567" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone take medicines of Crohn's and Koch's disease together, if doctors are not able to differentiate between the diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6754" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T07:19:04.487" Title="Crohn's or Koch's disease" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9175" CreationDate="2016-09-10T07:19:04.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The doctor should be able to differentiate between these two diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crohn's:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GI inflammatory disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diagnosed through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20032061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;blood tests&lt;/a&gt; and/or stool sample and/or GI procedures (colonoscopy, endoscopy..)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms related to the GI tract - abdominal pain, diarrhea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/treatment/con-20032061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Treatment options&lt;/a&gt; include: anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics such as cipro&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From WebMD: &quot;Antibiotics may be used &lt;strong&gt;in addition&lt;/strong&gt; to other medications or when infection is a concern, such as with perianal Crohn's disease. However, there's no strong evidence that antibiotics are effective for Crohn's disease.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/home/ovc-20188556&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Koch's/tuberculosis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacterial infection mainly in the lungs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diagnosed through TB skin test and/or chest x-ray&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms include chronic cough over 3+ weeks, fever, night sweats&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treatment: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20188961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;common antibiotic medications&lt;/a&gt; include &lt;strong&gt;isoniazid&lt;/strong&gt;, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both diseases do include weight loss as a possible sign/symptom. But associated symptoms should help determine the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ON ANTIBIOTICS: Prescription of antibiotics &lt;a href=&quot;http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/medication/question88.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;depends on the type&lt;/a&gt; of bacteria of concern. Some antibiotics, such as those for tuberculosis, are specific for a type of bacteria. In theory, if you are taking two antibiotics that target different types of bacteria, then that should be okay, obviously if under medical advice. The main concern is that complications may arise: possibly more side effects, but in particular, inappropriate use of antibiotics may disrupt the balance of good bacteria in your intestines and may lead to emergence of pathogens. Consequently, your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalnews.com/036479_antibiotics_immune_system_destruction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;immune system is affected&lt;/a&gt;, because your intestines act as a barrier. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T07:19:04.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9178" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-10T11:31:16.363" Score="1" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;And also, what happens to these markers when non-fibrous carbohydrates are substantially reduced?  Thanks a lot for any comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6757" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T14:38:34.773" Title="What diet/foods decrease IGF-1 and increase IGFBP-1?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-10T13:44:14.443" Score="2" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to quit smoking, (this is the third attempt to do that), I am a 11 years heavy smoker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first 4 days, i would smoke just 4 cigarettes a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, I decided to cut cold turkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, it has been around 12 hours since the last cigarette i took but my head is hurting, i feel headache above the left eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6758" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T19:32:27.017" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T19:32:27.017" Title="Is it normal to experience headache while quitting smoking" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-10-03T18:48:16.010" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9178" CreationDate="2016-09-10T14:31:50.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My son's pediatric endocriniologist recommended a low-carb diet for increasing his insulin sensitivity (=reducing his insulin resistance).  This is apparently not totally mainstream (yet), though, because his pediatrician, who was otherwise very up on recent developments and research, did not know about the low carb diet, and had trouble understanding it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally have not read much scientific literature about this -- my personal focus was more on implementing the specialist's recommendations at my house -- but here are a couple of references that might get you started if you are interested in following up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022637#t=article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022637#t=article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bray, G. A. (2005). Is there something special about low-carbohydrate diets? Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(6), 469-70. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We found that a low carb diet, paired with metformin treatment and attention to regular, moderate exercise, has helped my insulin resistant son &lt;strong&gt;increase his IGFBP-1&lt;/strong&gt; lab results, lose weight in a slow, sustainable way, and then keep his BMI for age out of the obese zone.  It has also helped him experience less&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cravings &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headaches &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nausea &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;problems with energy level and concentration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the family, who are not genetically related and have no insulin resistance, benefited mildly from the low carb diet as well, especially in terms of better concentration in the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note about my son's experience with exercise: He has always been a boy who got a lot of enjoyment from both organized sports as well as just plain running around, riding his bike, and showing off his strength by carrying around heavy things.  I was surprised how much it helped in the early months of his treatment to avoid exercise that involved short, intense spurts, and religiously walk 20-30 minutes every day (as recommended by the specialist).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He was 9 when we were given the diagnosis and he is now 13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is not just one approach to &quot;low carb diet&quot;, I will share what we have worked out.  The specific approach to a low carb diet we use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;no high fructose corn syrup&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;no candy&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;no sweet baked goods (except for birthdays, and then we use special flours, such as almond meal)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high fiber bread, maximum one slice per meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100% whole grain pasta (I buy the kind that tastes like cardboard, hence one doesn't want to eat very much of it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;complex carbohydrates such as brown rice and potatoes in small servings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fruit limited to two servings per day; fresh and whole (requires chewing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;offer salads several times per week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we don't limit fats or protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we aim for a good proportion of protein to carb ratio at each meal or snack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we all follow the same diet with the child&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no fruit juices -- beverages are water, whole milk, and homemade, flavored bubble water (examples of flavorings: lime juice or pure cranberry juice)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;raw baby carrots or large carrots often used as a snack, sometimes with hummus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When he hit a plateau after about three months, we temporarily substituted pizza sauce for catsup.  That did the trick.  He got unstuck, lost a couple more pounds over the next month, and hit his target.  We were eventually able to go back to catsup (no high fructose corn syrup) in moderation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2016-09-10T14:38:34.773" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T14:38:34.773" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9169" CreationDate="2016-09-10T17:13:48.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll assume you're doing enemas because a doctor ordered it. If not, then I recommend you just don't do it at all. Enemas are not harmless and unless there's constipation they have no benefits. And even then they shouldn't be used routinely. There are safer, healthier ways to manage constipation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll also assume you're sure you're using the device correctly, that it doesn't have some sort of valve that is blocking flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it sounds like you're simply not inserting it far enough. The tip needs to go 2-3 inches into the rectum to get past the anal sphincter. One inch isn't enough. You need to use some lubricant on the tip, preferably something water-based. Your local pharmacy should have a number of choices. But in a pinch you can use stuff like Vaseline, or even a plain vegetable oil such as olive oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this article is written as instructions for nurses giving enemas to patients, it covers things you need to know about enemas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/how-to-administer-an-enema/203226.article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/how-to-administer-an-enema/203226.article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T17:13:48.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9146" CreationDate="2016-09-10T22:29:54.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your diet will yield poor results. As JJosaur analysis points out, it only contains 1150 Kcal, the amount of vitamins and minerals is quite poor. You also need to eat enough protein as JJosaur has pointed out. What you eat during the entire day is less than what I eat during dinner alone (1800 Kcal) and I weigh less than you (55 kg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Losing weight via dieting only works well when you are overweight by a large margin. So, if you want to lose 20 kg or more, then eating a lot less will work quite well, you'll then get plenty of energy from your fat reserves for your energy needs. But if you don't have this huge excess of fat reserves, if your goal is to reduce a BMI of, say 22 kg/m^2 to 20 kg/m^2, then eating a lot less than your energy needs won't work well, you'll become fatigued, your body will take measures to conserve energy and minerals, these are then not available to build up and maintain physical fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have bodies that evolved over hundreds of millions of years, our bodies are programmed via feedback mechanisms mediated by hormones that regulate the metabolic rate, muscle mass etc., the whole point of all this is to enhance the chances of survival given the situation we are in. But, the programming will assume typical prehistoric conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your diet amounts to putting your body through a mild famine condition, your body will have made changes to be able to deal with such a condition better the next time. This means that you're likely to regain your old weight on the long term, if not more and your body composition will have changed, you'll have more fat and less muscle. Your basal metabolic rate will have gone down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I lost weight without intending to do so from about 63 kg to 55 kg by exercising and eating more. I now eat about 3800 Kcal/day and I run for about an hour per day. I only eat healthy foods (whole grains, brown rice, lots of fruits and vegetables). The more I started to exercise and the more I started to eat, the more minerals and vitamins I got in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, running for an hour per day and then eating a lot, is a routine that in a prehistoric setting would correspond to having to work hard to get enough to eat. The body then adapts to deal with this sort of a situation better, that's why I became fitter and stronger. I also lost weight because fat reserves are useless ballast when having to run a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I would suggest that you gradually increase your energy expenditure and energy intake. You should eat a lot more carbs in the forms of whole grains and brown rice. This is because energy from carbs can be more easily used for cardio work. Carbohydrate molecules contain more oxygen atoms in them compared to fat molecules, so they require less oxygen to be burned compared to fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2016-09-10T22:46:32.120" LastActivityDate="2016-09-10T22:46:32.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9185" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9192" CreationDate="2016-09-10T23:06:30.767" Score="4" ViewCount="17930" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it a good idea to use neosporin for opened blisters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of opened blisters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GqfJy.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GqfJy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T23:38:27.850" Title="Is it a good idea to use neosporin for opened blisters?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;neosporin&gt;&lt;blister&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9254" CreationDate="2016-09-11T00:28:31.047" Score="1" ViewCount="3357" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have suffered from migraines since my childhood, but I never grew out of it. For all my life, I've taken all sorts of blockers, but a new doctor recently suggested that I should take Ondansetron/Zofran at 16mg a day, and see if this improves how I feel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also mentioned that it might help me lose weight, which is something I've struggled with because I have hypothyroidism, PCOS, and have had over 15 surgeries on my ankles/feet (so despite earnest efforts, nothing really budges). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How effective is Ondansetron/Zofran for treating migraines?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How effective is Ondansetron/Zofran for helping to lose weight?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How soon will I notice a difference, if any? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2018-05-27T01:59:43.437" Title="Dr. prescribed Ondansetron/Zofran for migraines &amp; says it'll help with weight loss too. How effective is it for either (migraines/weight loss)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9174" CreationDate="2016-09-11T02:43:24.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After massive searching I found a suitable fact sheet.  Its primary focus is diabetes but it includes the basic information I need to get across about insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance is explained succinctly, and well, on p. 9.  Also, the difference between the terms &quot;pre-diabetes&quot; and &quot;insulin resistance&quot; is made clear in this fact sheet.  (That is something the school has always been confused about.  They think that because the specialist has not diagnosed pre-diabetes, therefore my son isn't insulin resistant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2016-09-11T02:43:24.873" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-11T06:20:27.903" Score="1" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;A musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) is one that is associated with a musculoskeletal system (locomotor system). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is MSD a subset of muscular disorders or a separate pathological category altogether?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, is there a distinction between MSD and muscular disorders that are not MSD?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Could you kindly provide examples in each case?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6763" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-11T13:45:13.553" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T15:28:10.433" Title="Musculoskeletal vs. muscular disorders" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-11T07:13:19.987" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pathology that affects gait (manner of walking) is largely associated with disorders that affect the voluntary muscles (skeletal muscle), e.g., fibromyalgia and Trendelenburg's sign. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any involuntary muscular diseases that affect the gait of a person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, does sarcopenia and Pompe disease (gait related muscular disorders) affect involuntary muscles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6763" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T08:59:11.797" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T08:59:11.797" Title="What are the gait related involuntary muscular diseases?" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;gait-walk-abnormalities&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9185" CreationDate="2016-09-11T07:56:37.233" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mtm/neosporin-topical.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;its description&lt;/a&gt;, Neosporin &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be used for minor cuts and scrapes, which seem to fit well to your description of opened blister. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The picture provided shows a shallow opening. I doubt something like that would be much of a concern. It would be better to cleanly cut of the loose cut skin to a comfortable level and wait for the healing process to complete. &#xA;If the loose skin is left uncut, it would have the risk of becoming a handle to rip the skin further. If the wound is deeper, then treat the wound &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/cdi/neosporin-ointment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as prescribed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6763" LastEditorUserId="6763" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T05:13:03.520" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T05:13:03.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-11T08:05:48.643" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was born with congenital bone fusions throughout my body (feet, back, and feet), and have had numerous surgeries on all of the above. However, my feet/ankles have been suffering the most from my bone abnormalities insomuch that it became necessary at the prime of my youth 18 and then again at 19 to have &lt;strong&gt;Triple Arthrodesis (fusions of my ankle/ft bones together) surgeries&lt;/strong&gt; on each of my feet respectively. To read more about this procedure, you can read it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/treatments/pages/triple-arthrodesis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; title=&quot;Triple Arthrodesis&quot;&gt;http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/treatments/pages/triple-arthrodesis.aspx&lt;/a&gt;  (Yes, that means I attended my senior yr of High School in a wheelchair). It was a painful process, but for about 6 years or so I was much better able to manage the pain that I had previously experienced on a daily basis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, being only 10 years later at the &lt;strong&gt;age of 28&lt;/strong&gt;, X-rays show that arthritis has taken up residence in both of my ankles and &lt;strong&gt;the arthritis is continuously expanding because of the fusions due to the surgery&lt;/strong&gt;; getting worse and worse. I have developed &lt;strong&gt;bone spurs on both ankles&lt;/strong&gt; to compensate for all the stress put on my deteriorating ankles. But I didn't need an X-ray to reveal that. My joints swell like balloons and hurt to the extent that you can almost hear the bones rubbing against the other bones. &lt;strong&gt;This has severely limited my capacity to live a normal life.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was a bright-eyed 18 year old facing Triple Arthodesis there were vague warnings that sometime in the distant future (maybe when I was in my mid-fifties? Maybe older?) that I would have to address potential arthritis. And that I shouldn't expect to run marathons. None of that mattered to me -- that was too far in the future to concern me. But having to take a Tylennol 3 from just walking around Walmart at age 28 is not acceptable. &lt;strong&gt;How do I reverse the impacts of my Triple Arthodesis? Is a Total Ankle Replacement the answer for me?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried researching online, but all I can find was &quot;Triple Arthodesis vs. Total Ankle Replacements&quot; and how avoiding bone fusions (that decrease your range of motion is the last option), but unfortunately, Total Ankle Replacements weren't a thing when I was 18. &lt;strong&gt;But can someone who has had the Triple Arthodesis procedure done in the past benefit from a Total Ankle Replacement now?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Or is it irreversible?&lt;/strong&gt; Will the orthopedic specialist just write me off and tell to just wear a brace for the rest of my life and use a cane even though I'm so young. Is there anything that can be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to live a normal life, and not have to use a cane everywhere before the age of 30. Help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T03:48:34.843" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T03:48:34.843" Title="Had Triple arthrodesis (reconstructive/bone fusions) surgeries 10 yrs ago, but now bad arthritis. Total Ankle Replacements the answer? Only 28. Help!" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-09-24T11:29:10.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-11T16:45:56.013" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently stumbled across a story about a new type of digital monopolar radio frequency device called Efficy that apparently combines several different methods for tightening existing collagen fibres and stimulating new collagen growth in the skin (essentially to diminish the appearance of wrinkles, but also for treating rosacea and acne). I'd never heard about this method before, and considering that the treatment prices were &lt;em&gt;quite&lt;/em&gt; expensive, I decided to see if it were possible to acquire a similar device for treatment at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems there are many such RF devices available, ranging from ~£30 to several thousand pounds, but as a consumer it's difficult to know what to look for. Would any of the home-market devices provide comparable results and/or be worthwhile compared to expensive clinic treatments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://germaine-de-capuccini.co.uk/about/efficy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link with details&lt;/a&gt; about the Efficy device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6765" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T09:35:58.407" Title="Efficacy of home radio frequency devices for skin treatment" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9273" CreationDate="2016-09-12T07:25:25.643" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;As defined by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9402502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dentine hypersensitivity is characterized by short, sharp pain arising&#xA;  from exposed dentine in response to stimuli, typically thermal,&#xA;  evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical and which cannot be ascribed&#xA;  to any other dental defect or pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a typical case of dentine hypersensitivity, does thermal stimuli:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trigger a sharp sensation of pain &lt;strong&gt;without actually damaging the dentine&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trigger a sharp sensation pain &lt;strong&gt;caused by physical damage to the dentine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the case where a patient suffering from dentine hypersensitivity is taking painkillers, rendering them unable to feel pain from thermal stimuli.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason this patient should avoid thermal stimuli, such as an ice-cold beverage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking if it is advisable to take painkillers for dentine hypersensitivity. A patient could be taking painkillers for any number of non-dentine hypersensitivity reasons, such as back pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6770" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T04:00:02.443" Title="If a patient has dentine hypersensitivity, can thermal stimuli damage the dentine?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9253" CreationDate="2016-09-12T08:36:25.597" Score="5" ViewCount="18467" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several references which say that early morning sunlight would give the best benefits (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wellbeingescapes.com/sunbathing-is-good-for-you-html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10740553/How-early-morning-light-can-help-you-lose-weight.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt;). This comes from the common consensus that most of the harmful rays, at that time, are filtered out by a thicker portion of the atmosphere through which the light of the sun must pass through to reach our skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't this theory equally apply to evening sunlight as well. Are there any (notable) differences in the health benefit that one might receive from the early morning sunlight from that of the evening sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6763" LastEditorUserId="6416" LastEditDate="2016-09-17T14:57:32.893" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T14:57:32.893" Title="Is early morning sunlight as good as evening sunlight for health?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3120" CreationDate="2016-09-12T13:46:23.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I had the teeth in question removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dentist's assistant told me that the extractions would more or less be the same as those done on teeth with a more normal placement. The dentist told me that there was some chance of having to cut into the tissue if the teeth were too difficult to remove.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual procedure was very straightforward: I was given an anaesthetic, which rendered everything afterwards painless, and the dentist then extracted the tooth. The dentist used something that looked like a knife on one occasion. I was told to avoid drinking, smoking, and hot foods, but did not have to make any major changes to my diet. The little pain there was was also very manageable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1560" LastActivityDate="2016-09-12T13:46:23.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9190" CreationDate="2016-09-12T14:34:10.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more the matter of the usage of the terms rather than an actual categorization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Musculoskeletal disorders&amp;quot; is a term used in occupational medicine that refers to &amp;quot;minor&amp;quot; and mainly &lt;strong&gt;chronic&lt;/strong&gt; disorders (mainly overuse injuries) that affect motion and include disorders of the muscles (chronic strain, myofascial pain), tendons (tendonitis), ligaments and joints (osteoarhritis) and nerves (herniated disc, carpal tunnel syndrome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of muscle disorders that are usually not described as musculoskeletal disorders are &lt;strong&gt;acute&lt;/strong&gt; muscle injuries (muscle contusion, strain, tear).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rmirsi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Center of Occupational Health and Safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WMSDs [Work-related musculoskeletal disorders] are very &lt;strong&gt;difficult to define within traditional disease classifications.&lt;/strong&gt; These disorders have received many names, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repetitive motion injuries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repetitive strain injuries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overuse syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soft tissue disorders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question &amp;quot;Is MSD a subset of muscular disorders or a separate pathological category altogether?&amp;quot;: Muscular disorders are actually a subcategory of &amp;quot;Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue&amp;quot; by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/M00-M99/M60-M63/M62-/M62.82&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICD-10 classification&lt;/a&gt;, but these would still not necessary be &amp;quot;pure&amp;quot; muscle disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &amp;quot;pure muscle diseases,&amp;quot; which mainly affect the muscle fibers or muscle function and not the tendons, ligaments or joints, could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetanus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with muscle spasms (an infection by the bacterium Clostridium tetani)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007814-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rhabdomyolysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with massive muscle fiber breakdown due to trauma, severe alcohol poisoning, adverse reaction of certain drugs, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/myasthenia_gravis/detail_myasthenia_gravis.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myasthenia gravis&lt;/a&gt; with muscle fatigue (an autoimmune disorder) is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/G00-G99/G70-G73/G70-/G70.00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classified as a disease of the nervous system&lt;/a&gt; but affects the function of the muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T12:08:24.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9159" CreationDate="2016-09-12T14:52:21.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that there are no hard and fast rules on how long a clinical trial has to take. There are recommendations or, if you'd like common practices, but the duration of the trial is decided separately for each drug, for each clinical trial phase and even for each individual study (when there is more than one study in a phase).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/ucm405622.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA website&lt;/a&gt; for example, states that the duration of the study is decided by the research team, although it gives common duration span for each phase (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phase 1:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients: 20 to 100 healthy volunteers or people with the disease/condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Length of Study: Several months&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: Safety and dosage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phase 2:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients: Up to several hundred people with the disease/condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Length of Study: Several months to 2 years&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: Efficacy and side effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phase 3:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients: 300 to 3,000 volunteers who have the disease or condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Length of Study: 1 to 4 years&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: Efficacy and monitoring of adverse reactions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information on the conducted studies are included in the &lt;em&gt;Summary of Product Characteristics&lt;/em&gt; (SPC or SmPC for short), you can find them on-line or from your regulatory agency. However, they do not always include the length of the study. For new medicines the companies sometimes give information about the clinical trials, although depending on the country you are in, this information might be available just to healthcare professionals for prescription medicines (because promotion of prescription medicines direct to consumer is prohibited in many countries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fourth, &lt;em&gt;post-marketing phase&lt;/em&gt; is not time-limited, it lasts for as long as the medicine is on the market. The health professionals are obliged to report any side-effects that they become aware of that are either associated or even just concomitant to a medicine use. Patients can report any side effects they notice to their health care professional, but very often there is also an option to report directly to the company/manufacturer. Most companies have a section on their website (or at least an e-mail address) dedicated to this, or, depending on the country a patient is in, the adverse effects can be reported by phone. Aside from spontaneous reporting, post-marketing phase studies are also conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This procedure is a part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/pharmvigi/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacovigilance system&lt;/a&gt;. There are various national and international adverse reaction monitoring systems, and these should all contribute to greater knowledge and the better safety of a medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, there are laws and good pharamcovigilance practice (GVP) guidelines in the EU, that can be found on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000491.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMeA website&lt;/a&gt;. This legislature makes it obligatory for manufacturers to periodically &lt;strong&gt;update&lt;/strong&gt; safety reports and include new findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T10:58:53.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-12T15:31:26.430" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a close relative with type-1 diabetes who suffer from unbalanced sugar levels (high blood sugar/low blood sugar) very often.  Managing her blood sugar is becoming very stressful; especially, when she does not have a precise plan of the daily meals (carbohydrate intake) and the proper amount insult to take accordingly.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to find resources and practices that will help her to manage her sugar much better. I wounder if you can suggest any resources in any form, such as, (Meal plan control, insulin control plans, etc).  Or any practices such as using a planner, documenting sugar levels and insulin intake daily to have better intuition of the overall sugar-level/insulin-intake, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6772" LastEditorUserId="6772" LastEditDate="2016-09-12T15:39:35.030" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T20:27:40.130" Title="What are Useful Resources and Practices that Help Managing Type-1 Diabetes?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-12T15:39:41.977" Score="3" ViewCount="35603" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/3846/what-is-this-knee-pain-when-going-downhill&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; as I suffer from similar knee pain while hiking downhill or on a run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also be certain you aren't battling other imbalances of the hips and legs. &#xA;  When you lay down, do your toes turn way out to the side or point straight up? &#xA;  If they turn to the side(supination/external rotation of the knee), &#xA;      your hip abductors are too tight while your adductors are too weak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never paid attention to the way my feet rests while sleeping. I sleep on my back with my feet turned out. My feet make a 180 degree angle i.e. the outside of my feet completely rests on the bed. Is this normal? What problems could this give?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should the feet be pointing straight up while sleeping? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6774" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:01.770" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T03:03:47.750" Title="What should be the position of feet while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-12T17:40:31.083" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tibetans living at high altitudes have red blood cell levels and&#xA;  hemoglobin levels similar to those of lowlanders at sea level — and as&#xA;  a consequence of the low oxygen levels at those altitudes, &lt;strong&gt;Tibetans&#xA;  live with 10% less oxygen in their blood&lt;/strong&gt; than most other people. Lower&#xA;  oxygen levels might seem like a disadvantage, yet highland women have&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;fewer fertility problems&lt;/strong&gt; than lowlanders living at high altitudes,&#xA;  have &lt;strong&gt;better blood flow to the uterus&lt;/strong&gt; during pregnancy, and deliver&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;heavier, healthier babies&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain how relatively lower oxygen levels can contribute to &quot;better blood flow&quot; etc. in higher altitude populations such as the Tibetans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article said it is unknown how exactly this may happen, but does anyone have an idea how it could be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/huertasanchez_02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Read more here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moore, L.G., D. Young, R.E. McCullough, T. Droma, and S. Zamudio. 2001. Tibetan protection from intrauterine grown restriction (IUGR) and reproductive loss at high altitude. American Journal of Human Biology 13:635-644.&#xA;Beall, C.M. 2003. High-altitude adaptations. The Lancet 362:14-15.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T03:47:13.767" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T03:47:13.767" Title="Benefits of low hemoglobin in high altitude populations" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;hemoglobin&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;altitude-topography&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9210" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9211" CreationDate="2016-09-12T18:18:52.770" Score="12" ViewCount="583" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that many drugs have names that end in the same syllables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;umab&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fenib&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tinib&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabrafenib&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia on Dabrafenib&lt;/a&gt; lists a number of similar drugs at the bottom of the page that end with syllables like these. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do they signify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T11:04:51.530" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T11:04:51.530" Title="What can you learn from the parts of the name of a drug?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9210" CreationDate="2016-09-12T23:54:35.280" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stems and affixes tell you the class of drug (and sometimes other properties). Drugs in the same class work in a very similar way, so therefore you can tell what other drugs it's related to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a massive list: &lt;a href=&quot;https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/jsp/drugportal/DrugNameGenericStems.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/jsp/drugportal/DrugNameGenericStems.jsp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually it's the suffix that tells you the most. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lisino&lt;strong&gt;pril&lt;/strong&gt;, benaze&lt;strong&gt;pril&lt;/strong&gt;, enala&lt;strong&gt;pril&lt;/strong&gt;, rami&lt;strong&gt;pril&lt;/strong&gt; are ACE-Inhibitors (commonly used for blood pressure)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;peni&lt;strong&gt;cillin&lt;/strong&gt;, methi&lt;strong&gt;cillin&lt;/strong&gt;, amoxi&lt;strong&gt;cillin&lt;/strong&gt;, ticar&lt;strong&gt;cillin&lt;/strong&gt; are beta-lactam antibiotics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluo&lt;strong&gt;xetine&lt;/strong&gt;, paro&lt;strong&gt;xetine&lt;/strong&gt;, dulo&lt;strong&gt;xetine&lt;/strong&gt;, venlafa&lt;strong&gt;xine&lt;/strong&gt;, sertral&lt;strong&gt;ine&lt;/strong&gt;  are SSRI antidepressants (selective serotonin uptake inhibitors).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, sometimes we refer to classes by their stem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Her LDL cholesterol is high, she should be on a &quot;statin.&quot; (Class of HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors like simva&lt;strong&gt;statin&lt;/strong&gt;, atorva&lt;strong&gt;statin&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From your list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-tinib = Tyrosine kinase inhibitors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-fenib = B-Raf enzyme inhibitors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-mab = monoclonal antibody&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_antibody&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;-ZUmab&quot; means humanized, and &quot;-XImab&quot; means chimeric&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These and related drugs are in the realm of chemotherapy and anti-inflammatory medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, -mabs are really neat. They are antibodies (just like your body makes to recognize infections and start an immune attack), which are designed to lock onto one extremely specific thing, then cause an effect right at that spot.  For example, it's been the frontier in cancer chemotherapy, as you can sometimes target to kill just the bad cells in certain cancers.  Also in autoimmune diseases, they are used instead of steroids that cause effects all over the body.  They're hard to produce and expensive, and not without side effects, but have lots of potential!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2016-09-13T15:12:01.567" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T15:12:01.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9185" CreationDate="2016-09-13T00:22:43.107" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/injured-skin/wound-care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See this from the AAD about wound care.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/884594-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;See this from Medscape for interesting info on wound healing.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Studies are mixed whether there are clear improved outcomes from using antibiotic ointments (like neosporin) over petroleum jelly (like vaseline) on wounds that are cleaned and kept clean. There is a little more evidence for benefit in wounds acquired in dirty circumstances, and in partial thickness burns.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That article, as well as all dermatologists I work with, recommend sterile petroleum jelly (or antibiotic ointment) to SCAR less than using nothing, and say it may heal faster.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since it has medication in it, antibiotic ointment can have more side effects (like allergic reactions); it's not without risk. Petroleum jelly has no active ingredients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Always keep it covered with a clean bandaid for 24-48 hrs. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can use neosporin (or vaseline) on shallow open wounds safely if you have no allergic reaction to it.  (If it goes down to fascia/muscle/bone, don't - but you should be in a medical office having that looked at anyway.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TRY TO NEVER POP BLISTERS.  A blister is sterile inside until you puncture it, which lets tons of bacteria come party inside your body.  (And viruses, and fungus, and...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If a blister pops, try to wash the area with soap/water, lay the skin back down to cover it, and put a bandaid on - with or without vaseline or antibiotic ointment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tip: Use vaseline tubes to deposit a dab onto the clean bandaid, QTip, or a tissue to be more sanitary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For my 2 cents, I prefer using vaseline and a clean bandaid.  If it was a dirty wound or large deroofed blister, after washing it, I may use antibiotic ointment for first 24 hrs as if it were a burn.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T05:21:58.873" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T05:21:58.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6998" CreationDate="2016-09-13T06:50:47.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways to check that, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;allaboutvision.com&lt;/a&gt; has some great information on various ways to check the orientation of a contact lens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method 1: The Side View&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your contact forms a perfect cup-shape with the edge perfectly&#xA;  upright, the lens is correctly oriented and is ready to be placed on&#xA;  your eye. If the edge has a noticeable outward bend (like a rimmed&#xA;  soup bowl), the contact is inside out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method 2: The &quot;Taco Test&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Place the contact lens between the tips of your thumb and forefinger,&#xA;  grasping it near the center so the entire edge is free. Gently squeeze&#xA;  the lens, as if you are about to fold it in half.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the edge of the lens points upward (resembling a hard-shell taco),&#xA;  the lens is correctly oriented. If the edge bends outward (toward your&#xA;  thumb and finger), the lens is inside out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method 3: Check The Edge Tint&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the color of the handling tint on the lens edge looks very blue (or&#xA;  green, depending on the tint), the lens is correctly oriented. If the&#xA;  color looks pale or washed out, the lens probably is inside out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method 4: Look For Laser Markings&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some contact lenses have a laser marking to help you determine if your&#xA;  contact is inside out. For example, one brand has a &quot;123&quot; laser&#xA;  marking near the edge of the lens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the &quot;123&quot; appears normally, the lens is correctly oriented and&#xA;  ready to be placed on your eye. If the &quot;123&quot; is backward, the contact&#xA;  is inside out. If at first you don't see the laser marking, turn the&#xA;  lens on your fingertip to make sure you check its entire surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/faq/inside-out.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/faq/inside-out.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6778" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-09-22T15:48:56.833" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T15:48:56.833" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9190" CreationDate="2016-09-13T10:28:43.200" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I only partly agree with previous answer and would like to contrast some of the points suggesting that &quot;muskuloskeletal disorders is a term used in occupational medicine&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (&lt;strong&gt;ICD-10&lt;/strong&gt;) of the WHO (which is used by hospitals, health prof. and insurances to &quot;code&quot; a disease), there is a part called &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; (Chapter 13), diseases are then categorized as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arthropathies&lt;/strong&gt; (eg infectious arthropathies, inflammatory polyarthropathies, arthorsis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Systemic connective tissue disorders&lt;/strong&gt; (eg. systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dorsopathies&lt;/strong&gt; (eg spondylopathies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soft tissue disorders&lt;/strong&gt; (eg infectious myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osteopathies and chondropathies&lt;/strong&gt; (eg osteoporosis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;While some of the listed diseases in each of the above mentioned categories might be work related (or occupational), some may also be congenital (genetic) or acquired (drug associated, infectious, de novo, traumatic, etc...).&lt;/strong&gt; Following link provides the extensive classification with the corresponding diseases: &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/XIII&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/XIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So MSD is a main category, which entails some subcategories as listed above. Some diseases might be &quot;pure&quot; muscular, other pure &quot;skeletal&quot; (although in most cases, this leads to muscular problems) and some might be both &quot;muskuloskeletal&quot;. In general, the medicine speciality dealing with all these disorders is rheumatology and from my current experience, the rheumatology unit in my hospital treats a significant proportion of diseases that are not occupational related.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Some myopathies (e.g mitochondrial) are also listed under Chapter VI, &quot;Diseases of the nervous system&quot; as some of them, while affecting the muscles, are also associated with neurological disorders (stroke, epilepsia). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-13T15:28:10.433" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T15:28:10.433" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-13T11:00:19.083" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently studying basic diagnostic procedure and the topic of pancreatitis comes in. The scenario is that the patient has come in with severe nausea and vomiting. It's already been confirmed via blood panel (amalyse and lipase) and urinalysis that the pancreas pancreas is not working correctly and pancreatitis may be present. CT scan is ordered and it is clear via scan the area doesn't look as it should (Just trying to keep this short). In this situation, obviously IV fluids and other nutrients must be administered to dampen the mortality percentage. In this case however, would it be standard to remove the gallbladder without confirming that the gallbladder is the culprit? Just for safe measure? Or should there be more testing done to determine what caused the pancreatitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was told that fifty percent of pancreatic issues are caused by gallbladder disease, although I cannot find any evidence to support this. Is this actually common practice for a GI doctor to do just because pancreatitis is present? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T12:06:24.263" Title="Correlation between gallbladder disease and pancreatitis" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9215" CreationDate="2016-09-13T11:25:31.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gallstones are the most frequent cause of acute pancreatitis.&lt;/strong&gt; According to the American Gastroenterology Association (see ref below), gallstone related acute pancreatitis represent 35-40% of the cases. Interestingly, only 5% of the patients with gallstones will develop pancreatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several studies have been conducted to investigate the optimal timing for cholecystectomy in patients with biliary pancreatitis. &lt;strong&gt;A recent Cochrane review (which summarises and aggregates the evidence from all the studies) has concluded the folowing:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no evidence of increased risk of complications after early&#xA;  laparoscopic cholecystectomy.&lt;/strong&gt; Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy may&#xA;  shorten the total hospital stay in people with mild acute&#xA;  pancreatitis. &lt;strong&gt;If appropriate facilities and expertise are available,&#xA;  early laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears preferable to delayed&#xA;  laparoscopic cholecystectomy in those with mild acute pancreatitis.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  There is currently no evidence to support or refute early laparoscopic&#xA;  cholecystectomy for people with severe acute pancreatitis. Further&#xA;  randomised controlled trials at low risk of bias are necessary in&#xA;  people with mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But this is not an &quot;upfront&quot; procedure. The etiology of acute pancreatitis needs to be determined first&lt;/strong&gt;. The AGA has provided some recommendations on the steps which should be undertaken to determine the etiologies for pancreatitis (you can find them in the reference below) such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;History taking should focus on possible risk factors for pancreatitis (previous symptoms, hypertriglyceridemia, the 4 F (female, fat, forty fertile) as RF for choleliathiasis, drug and alcool use, autoimmmune diseases)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Appropriate lab and clinical examination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abdominal ultrasound (to detect possible cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) or ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): if cause unclear or suspicion of tumor or if high suspicion for cholelithiasis but not visualised in abdominal US&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gurusamy KS. Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute gallstone pancreatitis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 2;(9):CD010326. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010326.pub2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forsmark. AGA Institute Technical Review on Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. May 2007Volume 132, Issue 5, Pages 2022–2044&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastEditorUserId="5146" LastEditDate="2016-09-13T12:06:24.263" LastActivityDate="2016-09-13T12:06:24.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9267" CreationDate="2016-09-13T17:09:47.123" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard of a diet consisting only of boiled potatoes, rice (with salt) and cooked apples which shall help against skin problems possibly caused by allergies. The diet is supposed to be followed for at least a week, after that other food may be added back again step by step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any risks or downsides of this diet if performed strictly for about two weeks? What nutrients would be missing and what other food should be added first to it, keeping in mind that it may not potentially cause allergic reactions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastEditorDisplayName="anon" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T18:59:22.970" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T18:59:22.970" Title="Potato and rice diet to prevent allergic reactions to calm down atopic eczema" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-13T18:00:58.773" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NIPT test gives a probability of a baby having Down syndrome. Supposedly, this test is more accurate than the combined test.&#xA;However, I haven't seen any statistics regarding the accuracy of the NIPT test &lt;em&gt;given&lt;/em&gt; the results of the combined test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More precisely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there an available statistics of the probability for getting a high risk for Down syndrome in the NIPT test, given that the risk in the combined test was low?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, is it known that these results are uncorrelated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6783" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-08T07:46:23.590" LastActivityDate="2016-10-08T07:46:23.590" Title="NIPT test results given results of combined test (in pregnancy screenings)" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;downs-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-13T20:56:18.387" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes asthma attacks can go away on it's own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume you have a very mild attack that doesn't prevent your daily activities.&#xA;Maybe it was triggered by cold air and you know that it's likely to pass after a night or a couple of hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a choice between using a bronchodilator or just waiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence for what's better for you and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5293" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T00:30:04.873" Title="Asthma: using bronchodilator vs waiting?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9222" CreationDate="2016-09-14T00:30:04.873" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&#xA;It's been shown through studies, using a peak-flow meter can determine whether you're in serious trouble or not and essentially &quot;wait it out&quot;. The numbers vary from doctor to doctor, however though a seasoned asthmatic generally knows when it's time to either visit the hospital or use their inhaler. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That pretty much sums it up. They also cite the doctor's name so you can look more up on his studies. &#xA;Basically to put it bluntly, there are a million variables that come into play with something as delicate as asthma. That link below cites the doctor that conducted a study similar to what you're asking and also wrote some of the material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may not be considered an answer, but it's pretty close to what you're looking for. Most pulmonologists will tell you the same thing as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Should I tough it out, or should I get help&quot; question is a huge debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bottomlineinc.com/how-to-survive-an-asthma-attack-without-an-inhaler/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://bottomlineinc.com/how-to-survive-an-asthma-attack-without-an-inhaler/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T00:30:04.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9242" CreationDate="2016-09-14T03:43:37.147" Score="0" ViewCount="1855" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a low immune system so I'm prone to a lot of yeast infections. What are some some DIY/home remedies for treating yeast infections? I know that yogurt is pretty effective, and I've heard that garlic, basil leaves, and cranberries are as well -- in addition to keeping it try and cool (applying cool compressing and not wearing restrictive clothing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But what about baking soda or hydrogen peroxide washes in the infected area, e.g. vagina? Are these effective?&lt;/strong&gt; I've heard mixed reviews and am not sure whether or not it will irritate it and make it worse? Would the hydrogen peroxide sting? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:55:32.890" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:55:32.890" Title="Baking Soda &amp; Hydrogen Peroxide washes effective home remedies for yeast infections? Safe?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9229" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9238" CreationDate="2016-09-14T07:08:05.733" Score="0" ViewCount="945" Body="&lt;p&gt;for about two years now, my platelet levels have been consistently elevated; not off the charts or anything to be overly alarming, but consistently coming in at about 500. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And oddly enough, I'm still anemic, so I have to take iron supplements. I thought people with anemia had low platelet levels, yet mine are high so it doesn't make sense to me.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen a hematologist, and she can't seem to identify anything abnormal to indicate why I have elevated platelets. Also, my WBC is high too, but only about 15. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My GP &amp;amp; OBGYN think that I &lt;strong&gt;might have endometriosis. Would this explain why I have elevated platelets, WBC, but yet am still anemic? Is there any correlation between platelet levels and endometriosis or no?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T19:31:58.963" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T19:31:58.963" Title="Are elevated platelet levels (yet, still anemic) a symptom of endometriosis? Connection?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;endometriosis&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9235" CreationDate="2016-09-14T08:09:22.063" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is very simple. What are some good vegetarian food sources for vitamin B? I'm asking this here because I tried to search it on the net but couldn't find much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2347" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-13T11:08:10.527" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T17:35:14.973" Title="Vitamin B food source" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;vitamin-b&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-02-10T05:29:31.390" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9232" CreationDate="2016-09-14T08:38:36.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin B is a misnomer, think of it not as 1 vitamin but as &quot;B Vitamins&quot;, because there are 8 that are essential to good micro-nutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar/white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called &quot;Enriched Flour&quot; on food labels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good sources for B vitamins include legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. You can find this information by reading the labels of these products. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So far so good for vegans.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The B12 vitamin is of note because it is not available from plant products, making B12 deficiency a legitimate concern for vegans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B12 content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B12. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B12 content does not measure the B12 directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B12 vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B12 content in other types of foods as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because B-vitamins are water soluble and readily excreted if they are over complimented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recommendation for vegetarians/vegans is to supplement Vitamin B12. The rest of the B vitamins should be obtained through legumes (pulses or beans), whole grains, potatoes, bananas and chili peppers.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T08:38:36.160" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9232" CreationDate="2016-09-14T09:27:22.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/vitamins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nutrients Review&lt;/a&gt; you have lists of foods high in individual vitamins B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;US Department of Agriculture (USDA)&lt;/a&gt; are more detailed lists of foods high in individual vitamins and other nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roti/chapati, seeds and other plant foods do not contain vitamin B12. As a vegan, you can get vitamin B12 by eating foods that have vitamin B12 added or by taking vitamin B12 supplements. You can get other B vitamins and other nutrients from natural foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a certain food is low in vitamins B or other vitamins, it does not mean it's bad. It's not important how much vitamins a particular food has, but how much vitamins is in your diet (all foods together). You need to get all vitamins regularly, but this does not mean you need to get every single vitamin every single day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/b12.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Vegetarian Resource Group (vrg.org)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://veganhealth.org/articles/vitaminb12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;VeganHealth.org&lt;/a&gt; seem to be reliable sources of nutrition info for vegans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T09:27:22.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9237" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9239" CreationDate="2016-09-14T13:26:59.670" Score="-5" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've some symptoms of IBS. I want to know some stuff on the basis of my symptoms that I've observed. I know Apples, Melons or milk can cause gas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;instance&lt;/strong&gt;, before quitting milk, when I would drink milk after dinner and sit for half an hour Computer work, I would feel pain in my abdomen, most probably because of gas and then I would sleep to feel comfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;strong&gt;another occasion&lt;/strong&gt;, I eat melon a few days ago and I felt gassy during next 24 hours. Also, recently I was eating vegetable made from Raw Melon (it's know in my area, don't know about others) and I felt slightly more gassy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As my gastroenterologist doesn't know much and doesn't tell me much, I want to know the TIME after taking/eating them when we feel gas, just to make sure if Milk, and these fruits and vegetables are actually causing gas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wherever I asked the question about lactose/fructose intolerance, they suggested me to check myself by eliminating foods. So that's what I'm doing these days. I see improvement but not much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just after 1-2-3 hours of taking these products (this is related to my milk related issue)? If yes then how is it possible because things take at least 15-20 hours to reach large intestine? (I'm asking this because some sites say milk can cause gas after a few minutes of taking it!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it actually when it reaches large intestine, undigested after 15-20 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I request you to further elaborate the time that my take especially milk, melon and apples in causing gas, so that I would properly know these are the real culprits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6525" LastEditorDisplayName="user6525" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T04:29:48.933" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T09:37:27.650" Title="How long a certain food takes for making intestinal gas?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9229" CreationDate="2016-09-14T13:31:26.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the laboratories, the upper limit for thrombocytes count varies between 350,000 to 450,000/microL (350 to 450 x 109 /L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thrombocytosis refers to the condition where the thrombocyte count is above this upper limit. There are different categories for thrombocytosis: reactive thrombocytosis, autonomous thrombocytosis (in the presence of a myeloproliferative or myelodysplasic disorder) and essential thrombocytosis (a type of myeloproliferative disease).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a non exhaustive list of the causes of thrombocytosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonmalignant hematologic conditions (acute blood loss, iron deficiency anemia, acute hemolytic anemia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Malignant conditions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acute and chronic inflammatory conditions (Rheumatologic disorders, vasculitides, inflammatory bowel diseases)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infections (chronic infections, acute viral or bacterial infections)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reaction to medications (glucocorticoids)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tissue damage (myocardial infarction, acute pancreatitis, burns)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found a direct link between endometriosis and thrombocytosis. However, acute bleeding (which can occur in endometriosis) and resulting iron deficiency anemia (which you suggest you have) are both causes for thrombocytosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources: Tefferi A. Approach to the patient with thrombocytosis. Uptodate. August 2016&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T13:31:26.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9237" CreationDate="2016-09-14T14:27:30.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average bowel transit time - the time needed for a food to travel from mouth to stool - in a healthy person is probably around 12-14 hours. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003887.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a certain food or nutrient (lactose, fructose) irritates the bowel, the bowel transit time can be much shorter and it could very well be just 2-3 hours. But abdominal pain, gas or loose stools in IBS can appear even faster than that concluded from the bowel transit time, for example as soon as 15 minutes after a meal. This is because the stool and gas you excrete does not come from your last meal but more likely from your previous meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is gastrocolic reflex that causes the movements of your large intestine, when the food reaches your stomach. This is why breakfast helps to have a bowel movement in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apples and mangoes are high in &quot;net fructose,&quot; which means they contain more fructose than glucose. When a person has less symptoms after removing foods high in net fructose from the diet, it means he can have fructose malabsorption (FM), which is described in detail here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/monosaccharides-fructose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods high in &lt;strong&gt;net fructose&lt;/strong&gt; (to avoid in FM): apples, pears, mangoes, agave, watermelon, honey, beverages sweetened by high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), carambola, feijoa, nance, guava, grapes (for more detailed list see the link above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, a person with FM can have gas and loose stools after eating foods high in &lt;strong&gt;sorbitol&lt;/strong&gt; and other sugar alcohols (polyols), such as &lt;strong&gt;xylitol, maltitol or mannitol,&lt;/strong&gt; which can be found in &quot;sugar-free&quot; chewing gum, certain low-calorie drinks, prunes, grapes, sweet cherries, apricots and peaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, a person with FM can get gas after eating foods high in &lt;strong&gt;fructooligosaccharides (FOS):&lt;/strong&gt; Jerusalem artichokes, red onions and bananas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE, that not all foods high in fructose should be avoided, but only foods high in &quot;net fructose&quot; (described in the above link).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person who has fructose malabsorption as the only or main gastrointestinal problem, eliminates foods with nutrients marked in bold above, he should see an obvious improvement within &lt;strong&gt;48 hours&lt;/strong&gt; and more improvement within a week. After improvement, a person can try to introduce certain less suspicious foods back (but only one food in 48 hours to be able to identify eventual symptoms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person who has FM, often has a slight problem in absorbing lactose due to &lt;em&gt;temporary&lt;/em&gt; lactose intolerance, so it can help if he avoids milk, curd, yogurt, ice cream (cheese and butter should be fine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elimination of all nutrients mentioned above at once is called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/fodmaps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;low-FODMAP diet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when someone thinks he has FM, he can start with a low-fructose diet or a bit more thorough low-FODMAP diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have FM often think they have IBS. If one wants to be officially diagnosed, he can ask a gastroenterologist to perform a &quot;hydrogen breath test with fructose.&quot; The condition is usually life-long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fructose malabsorption should not be confused with a rare hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), which can cause much more severe symptoms after consumption of even minute amounts of fructose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I did not diagnosed anyone here with FM, but this post can help people who have IBS-like symptoms (gas, loose stools, vague abdominal pains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Food allergies usually cause &lt;em&gt;itching and tingling around the mouth&lt;/em&gt; within few minutes of ingestion. An allergologist can make a diagnosis on the basis of the skin test.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intestinal parasites can cause various abdominal symptoms. A gastroenterologist can make a diagnosis from a stool test.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T09:37:27.650" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T09:37:27.650" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9243" CreationDate="2016-09-14T15:35:50.773" Score="-1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;What can I do to enter a numb state of being so that I don't feel constantly dragged down, fatigue, stress, and all the other downs people experience? For years I've tried exercising, eating healthy, etc. It works to some degree. I get plenty of sleep. I believe the issue is mental. For example, this morning I have a truck load of science experiments to build, but as I sat down to start building them I was swamped with horrible feelings, making it feel like I was carrying a mountain on my shoulders. At least one issue is that I get stressed due to fear of failure. I would much rather spend my entire day thinking. To leave my inner world of thought and actually do physical stuff feels like climbing a tall mountain. It's painful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything I can do to numb such sensations? Sometimes I want to be a robot who feels no pain. Perhaps coffee is the answer. Or meditation. Or electric shock therapy lol. Or hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Or joggers high. Or some kind of psychological therapy or hypnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask about becoming numb is that twice when life became incredibly horrible I suddenly had the most wonderful blissful sensation of numbness sweep over me. There are no words to describe how wonderful this numbness felt. It didn't last long, about 10 minutes, but during those 10 minutes I could do anything without pain /stress / sadness / fatigue / fear / feeling down. It would be great and more productive to be able to feel like that during my work hours. Thank you so very much for any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3587" LastEditorUserId="3587" LastEditDate="2016-09-14T19:48:38.943" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T21:36:10.230" Title="Healthy way to become numb" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-09-16T07:16:11.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9224" CreationDate="2016-09-14T20:26:23.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One systematic review (1) conducted in 2003 examined the efficacy of several complementary and alternative therapies (including douching with sodium bicarbonate) for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here an extract of their abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Inconsistencies in definition of vaginitis, type of intervention,&#xA;  control groups, and outcomes prevented performance of a meta-analysis,&#xA;  and &lt;strong&gt;paucity of high-quality studies&lt;/strong&gt; made ranking by evidence-based&#xA;  scales unsuitable. &lt;strong&gt;Lactobacillus recolonization (via yogurt or&#xA;  capsules) shows promise for the treatment of both yeast vaginitis and&#xA;  bacterial vaginosis with little potential for harm.&lt;/strong&gt; Boric acid can be&#xA;  recommended to women with recurrent vulvovaginal Candidal infections&#xA;  who are resistant to conventional therapies, but can occasionally&#xA;  cause vaginal burning. &lt;strong&gt;Because of associated risks in the absence of&#xA;  well-documented clinical benefits, douching remains a practice that&#xA;  should not be recommended for the treatment of vaginitis. Finally, tea&#xA;  tree oil and garlic show some in vitro potential for the treatment of&#xA;  vaginitis, but the lack of in vivo studies preclude their&#xA;  recommendation to patients for the time-being.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second (2) was conducted in 2009 and examined the efficacy of &lt;strong&gt;probiotics (incl lactobacilli)&lt;/strong&gt; for the prevention or treatment of three major urogenital infections: bacterial vaginosis,  vulvovaginal candidiasis, and urinary tract infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, lactobacilli were beneficial for the treatment of patients&#xA;  with bacterial vaginosis. &lt;strong&gt;No clear benefit was seen for candidiasis or&#xA;  urinary tract infection.&lt;/strong&gt; Studies were heterogeneous, with some limited&#xA;  by a small population size. In conclusion, the use of certain&#xA;  lactobacillus strains such as L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri for&#xA;  prevention and treatment of recurrent urogenital infection is&#xA;  promising, especially for recurrent bacterial vaginosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;So to summarise, data suggests that probiotics (yoghurts with lacotbacillus) might be useful but larger studies are needed. Concerning douching with baking soda (ie sodium bicarbonate) or the use of hydroxide peroxide, evidence is sparse and their use is currently not recommended.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the summary of recommendations on UpToDate (a resource for health professionals)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no evidence from randomized trials that garlic, tea tree&#xA;  oil, yogurt (or other products containing live Lactobacillus species), or&#xA;  douching is effective for treatment or prevention of vulvovaginal&#xA;  candidiasis due to Candida albicans.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As a side note, here an extensive review on the use on the risk of benefits of vaginal douching for women’s health.&#xA;Martino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal Douching: Evidence for Risks or Benefits to Women’s Health. Epidemiologic reviews. 2002;24(2):109-124.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Van Kessel et al.Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 May;58(5):351-8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) Abad et al. The role of lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections--a systematic review. J Chemother. 2009 Jun;21(3):243-52.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sobel. Candida vulvovaginitis. Uptodate.com. August 2016&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5146" LastActivityDate="2016-09-14T20:26:23.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9240" CreationDate="2016-09-14T21:15:21.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;These could be symptoms of different medical problems, depression, anxiety, or other issues.  In lieu of personal advice or a discussion of treatments, I advise seeing your primary care provider as a starting point for evaluation and management; they can guide you best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to a medical evaluation, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/apa-blog/2016/06/mindfulness-practices-may-help-treat-many-mental-health-conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;mindfulness medication&lt;/a&gt; and deep breathing are techniques commonly used in behavioral health for stress, anxiety, and other issues. They use principles of quieting the external stimuli and internal stimuli and being present in the moment, still, at peace. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However: this would be in addition to, not instead of, seeing a medical professional to evaluate potential causes of your multiple symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T21:36:10.230" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T21:36:10.230" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9251" CreationDate="2016-09-15T10:55:25.673" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm genetically predisposed to early onset osteoporosis, so I'm trying to cut back on acids in my diet. Coffee is a big one, but I'm also still in school so I'm very attached to caffeine. Would switching from coffee to caffeine powder have any health risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I own and can use a milligram scale to measure the caffeine, so I'm not worried about measuring out safe doses. I would try to intake roughly the same amount of caffeine that I would by drinking coffee, so the amount of caffeine would not change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6797" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T13:22:23.600" Title="Risks of Caffeine Powder" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9201" CreationDate="2016-09-15T11:35:00.390" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that there are many benefits from morning sunlight. It helps people who are suffering from &lt;strong&gt;vitiligo and white patches&lt;/strong&gt;. The morning sunlight gives Vitamin D which is good for our body and also for our bones, But there is a specific time in which you have to get exposed to sun and the time is from &lt;strong&gt;7am - 9am&lt;/strong&gt;. And there is no benefits of evening sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6798" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T11:35:00.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3884" CreationDate="2016-09-15T12:05:43.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Here are the sources you can use:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue is that due to government controls on substances like LSD, &lt;em&gt;very little&lt;/em&gt; research ends up being conducted with/about them due to the difficulties and regulations involved. So information about substances like LSD comes from three main sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The few peer-reviewed academic/pharmaceutical studies which make it past Institutional Review and government regulations to be published in a journal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Content written by &quot;experts,&quot; but &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; peer-reviewed and &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; processed by an Institutional Review Board and &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; published in a journal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Community knowledge and user reports&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the first count, here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/w/images/5/5c/psychedelic_adverse_effects.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a link to a literature review article from 1984.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the second count, you can look into the work of Aldous Huxley, George Greer, Ann Shulgin, Myron Stolaroff, Athanasios Kafkalides, and Stanislav Grof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the third count, you can check out community forums at reddit, erowid, and bluelight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Here's what they generally say:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot take a toxic dose of LSD, though large doses could put you in a state in which you're life is in danger (e.g. you might accidentally walk off a cliff).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most if not all reported effects of LSD (after the substance's primary effects have waned) are psychological, ranging from the mundane (e.g. self-discovery, introspection) to the phenomenal (e.g. PTSD, complete personality change). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people report experiencing &quot;flashbacks,&quot; where they unexpectedly feel like their state of consciousness shifts momentarily back into a psychedelic state. While such reports are popular, they seem relatively rare and unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, not enough users provide a large enough amount of reliable, objective data to say anything definite about long-term effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6797" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T12:05:43.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-15T12:20:07.170" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example if I take a effervescent calcium does it have the same effect as a calcium tablet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6725" LastEditorUserId="6725" LastEditDate="2016-09-15T12:26:25.430" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T12:26:25.430" Title="Are effervescent tablets same as efficient as tablets?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9247" CreationDate="2016-09-15T13:22:23.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine comes from &lt;strong&gt;coffee beans&lt;/strong&gt;, but it can also be synthesized in a laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Caffeine has the same structure whether it’s in Coffee, Energy Drinks, Tea or pills/powder.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine dosages should be tailored to individuals. If you are new to caffeine supplements then the usual recommended start is with a 100mg dose (&lt;strong&gt;see warning below)&lt;/strong&gt;. Typically, 200mg of caffeine is used for fat-burning supplementation (impact is still being discussed in scientific community), while acute strength increases occur at higher doses, 500mg and above (again, still under discussion). Researchers tend to use a dosage range of 4-6mg/kg bodyweight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The structure is the same but its easier to take more than you are used to if you measure wrong. I would &lt;strong&gt;personally&lt;/strong&gt; suggest you &lt;strong&gt;avoid powder&lt;/strong&gt; and go for &lt;strong&gt;pill form&lt;/strong&gt; if you are set on reducing intake through less coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Caffeine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You can read more about caffeine over at Examine.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caution Notice&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is highly stimulatory and a systemic vasoconstrictor. Caution should be exerted if one is either not used to caffeine ingestion or currently has high blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine should not be used as a supplement in those with cardiac impairments without prior consultation of one's doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine can also have an effect on ones quality of sleep; while you may be able to fall asleep, it will be of inferior quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note:&lt;/em&gt; Habitual caffeine use leads to tolerance. This means the effects of caffeine will be diminished, often to the point where the only benefit a user experiences is caffeine’s anti-sleep effect. This is an ‘insurmountable’ tolerance, which means more caffeine will not overcome it. &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/do-i-need-to-cycle-caffeine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A month-long break from caffeine will reduce tolerance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T13:22:23.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-15T14:38:15.263" Score="7" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a (recent) frequent flyer with at least 4 transatlantic trips/month. I have noticed that depending on the food I take just before or during the flight, this can have significant consequences on some intestinal symptoms (like bloating, fullness sensation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/keeping-healthy-while-flying?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some info on WebMD&lt;/a&gt; but it is very general. And as most of my flights are &gt; 10 hours, I can't &quot;eat little&quot; as suggested on this website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the foods which are associated with the least bloating issues during and after the flight? Also, should alcohol be avoided?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-12-09T15:30:52.483" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T16:12:15.780" Title="Foods/Drinks to avoid before and during a flight" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9201" CreationDate="2016-09-15T16:48:42.437" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Actually, I am a frequent flyer (I think I spend at least 10% of my year in an airplane or an airport) and I discussed the problem of sunlight with my treating physician.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, sunlight has an impact on the circadian rythm (which involves the secretion of melatonin, cortisol, control of body temperature) which  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/&quot;&gt;regulates your wake/sleep cycle.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of evening light was examined in a study where a subject was exposed to several hours of light every evening for a week, and the timing of the rhythms of core body temperature and plasma cortisol were measured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors reported that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both rhythms were shifted by approximately 6 hours, and examination of&#xA;  temperature data collected throughout the experiment suggested that&#xA;  the shift had already occurred after only 2 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dysregulated circadian rythms (due to impaired melatonin, cortisol and body temperature levels) is associated with many diseases among which &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018537/&quot;&gt;psychiatric diseases&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837358/&quot;&gt;metabolic syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this possibly explains the results found in the study you linked on the telegraph.co.uk suggesting that &lt;strong&gt;early sunlight&lt;/strong&gt; might reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, probably because this is associated with a physiological (ie normal) circadian rythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you linked one study regarding &quot;sunbathing is good for you&quot;. I think, this should be taken with caution, particularly because &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.melanoma.org/understand-melanoma/preventing-melanoma/why-is-tanning-dangerous&quot;&gt;increased sunbathing is linked to skin cancer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also discussed the effect of different timing of the day to produce the maximum of Vitamin D (I am already deficient...). He mailed me following extracts from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2717723/&quot;&gt;this review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Factors that affect cutaneous production of vitamin D3 include&#xA;  latitude, season, time of day, air pollution, cloud cover, melanin&#xA;  content of the skin, use of sunblock, age and the extent of clothing&#xA;  covering the body. &lt;strong&gt;When the sun is low on the horizon, the&#xA;  atmospheric ozone, clouds and particulate air pollution absorb UVB&#xA;  radiation, limiting the amount that reach the surface of the Earth.&#xA;  The zenith angle of the sun plays a critical role in vitamin D3&#xA;  production. When the zenith angle is more oblique, the path length&#xA;  through the stratospheric ozone layer is increased and hence, fewer&#xA;  UVB photons are able to reach the earth’s surface&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So overall, current research evidence speaks in favor of morning sunlight. Evening sunlight might on the contrary be associated with negative effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T16:48:42.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9186" CreationDate="2016-09-15T22:18:25.877" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your question contains two parts. So I will address them separately.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First here a small background on ondansetron&lt;/strong&gt;: Ondansetron is a selective &lt;strong&gt;antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors&lt;/strong&gt;. It is most frequently used in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How effective is Ondansetron/Zofran for treating migraines?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ondansetron doesn't belong to the drug used in the management of nausea and vomiting in migraine. &lt;strong&gt;Actually, headache are the most common side effects of odansetron&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539593?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9416710?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, so it is definitely not suitable in your case. Although you seem to have tested a lot of drugs against nausea and vomiting, the review by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798203/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lainez et al&lt;/a&gt; provides an excellent &lt;strong&gt;summary of the recommendations for nause and vomiting management in migraine&lt;/strong&gt; (below). This might help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DBvNG.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DBvNG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How effective is Ondansetron/Zofran for helping to lose weight?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found a study showing a link between ondansetron and weight loss. Though, recently, an experimental &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v33/n12/full/ijo2009191a.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; conducted in mice, showed that &lt;strong&gt;tropisetron&lt;/strong&gt; (which is also a 5-HT3R antagonist) &lt;em&gt;reduced intestinal motility and almost completely blocked weight gain associated with glucose feeding&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T22:18:25.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8938" CreationDate="2016-09-15T22:41:55.180" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I think your question contains many personal parts which I can't answer and should be addressed by your gynaecologist. However, I will try to bring some clarifications to some of your raised issues:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you have PCOS are you more likely to have endometriosis?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, two studies have investigated this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2797642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first study&lt;/a&gt; was conducted in 1989 and included 91 women. Here the results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pelvic endometriosis was observed in 15 of 91 women (16.5%) with&#xA;  laparoscopically confirmed polycystic ovary syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt; There were no&#xA;  significant clinical differences among those with and those without&#xA;  endometriosis. The groups were of similar age, parity, and ponderal&#xA;  indices and had similar incidences of oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, and&#xA;  infertility; the serum concentrations of LH, FSH, LH/FSH, prolactin,&#xA;  testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were also similar in&#xA;  each group. However, &lt;strong&gt;women with polycystic ovaries and endometriosis&#xA;  presented more frequently with regular menses (40 versus 14.5%; P =&#xA;  .05) and less frequently with secondary amenorrhea (0 versus 38.2%; P&#xA;  = .05) and galactorrhea (0 versus 9.2%; P = .05) than the women with polycystic ovaries alone.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Endometriosis &lt;strong&gt;appears to be a coincidental finding in polycystic ovary&#xA;  syndrome, and its development does not modify significantly the&#xA;  clinical picture or biochemical profiles of these patients. However,&#xA;  menstrual patterns seem to be affected.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.j-endometriosis.com/article/coexistence-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-and-endometriosis-in-women-with-infertility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;a second study&lt;/a&gt;, conducted in 2014, reported *a significant association between endometriosis and women with PCOS with pelvic pain and/or infertility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So to conclude: while a causal link has still to be determined, presence of endometriosis and PCOS is not uncommon. The latter study showed an odds ratio of 19.7 (95% CI, 9.6-40.2) of finding endometriosis in PCOS (p&amp;lt;0.0001)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the &lt;strong&gt;diagnosis of PCOS relies on the Rotterdam criteria&lt;/strong&gt; ie two out of three of the following are required to make the diagnosis: oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the &lt;strong&gt;diagnosis of endometriosis relies on histologic evaluation of a lesion biopsied during surgery&lt;/strong&gt; (typically laparoscopy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, according to uptodate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Definitive diagnosis of endometriosis is often delayed because the&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;symptoms of endometriosis are vague&lt;/strong&gt;, the symptoms overlap with a&#xA;  number of gynecological and gastrointestinal processes, and a surgical&#xA;  diagnosis entails risk. Studies have reported an average diagnostic&#xA;  delay of 7 to 12 years in women with endometriosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may wish to consider reading following websites on endometriosis and PCOS:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/endometriosis-the-basics?source=related_link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/endometriosis-the-basics?source=related_link&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-the-basics?source=related_link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-the-basics?source=related_link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barbieri et al. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adults. Uptodate. Aug 2016&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schenken et al. Endometriosis: Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis. Uptodate. Aug 2016&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T22:41:55.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-15T23:36:29.827" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://transplants.ucla.edu/site.cfm?id=406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;kidney voucher&lt;/a&gt; allows one to donate a kidney now and get a kidney coupon which they give to a friend or family member, which they can redeem for a kidney later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the reverse possible? Can I agree to donate a kidney later, and get a kidney voucher now (for someone else, of course)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6800" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T16:09:37.493" LastActivityDate="2016-12-03T17:21:03.103" Title="Can I donate a kidney later and recieve one now?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-15T19:55:36.437" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-16T00:27:15.897" Score="5" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been doing much research for years on the esophageal hiatal hernia.  I found exactly one paper on-line (from the US military, I believe, I cannot relocate it) that mentioned in passing that there were dedicated hiatal hernia treatment centers all across the country around the 1950s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were so many, they must have had &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what was their treatment(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard fundoplication surgery was brand-new then, so I doubt they were just places for surgery, especially when a surgical hospital would do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I very faintly recall, they at least treated by abdominal pressure changes via syringe.  Maybe someone here knows a person who was a doctor around that era who might even recall such centers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6801" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:04:53.283" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:04:53.283" Title="What happened to all the centers for hiatus hernia?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;esophagus&gt;&lt;hernia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9257" CreationDate="2016-09-16T06:54:47.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;for someone else, of course&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course not. You haven't read or understood the rules. The point is that you donate a kidney and then the &lt;strong&gt;intended recipient&lt;/strong&gt; gets a voucher to redeem &lt;strong&gt;your&lt;/strong&gt; kidney in the future. The vouchers are not transferrable and only exist to enable someone to donate a kidney for someone else at a time that suits them but not have the recipient immediately take it. i.e. You know someone who will lose kidney function in the future and are happy to donate now, rather than in the future emergency situation when they need it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you were right about the transferability of the voucher, &lt;strong&gt;what you are asking is very unethical. Take a good hard look at your moral compass.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A renal allograft can only be provided to the pre-determined intended recipient(s) identified in the consent forms. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The 'voucher' expires when the intended recipient is no longer living. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The 'voucher' may not be reassigned. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The donor may not withdraw the 'voucher' from the intended recipient after kidney donation. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The intended recipient may only redeem the 'voucher' when transplantation is indicated as a therapeutic modality for end-stage&#xA;  kidney disease (ESKD).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the NKR was to undergo a change of control, the surviving organization must honor all 'voucher' liabilities with the same or&#xA;  better capacity to fulfill all outstanding 'voucher' obligations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order to avoid the transfer of ‘vouchers’ for monetary gain,&#xA;  redemption must be limited to the intended recipient as identified in&#xA;  the informed consent document. The intended recipient is required to&#xA;  have government photo identification. To further insure that the&#xA;  patient receiving the ‘voucher’ kidney is the same person identified&#xA;  on the original consent forms, blood typing and tissue typing is&#xA;  confirmed before the ‘voucher’ is redeemed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="5266" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T09:35:51.803" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T09:35:51.803" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-16T09:16:51.937" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctor suggested me &lt;code&gt;H-pylori Stool test&lt;/code&gt; &amp;amp; now I have the report which indicates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Test Name:Helicobacter Pylori IgG&#xA;Result:1.319 IU/ML&#xA;Normal Ranges: &#xA;&amp;lt; 0.9 --&amp;gt; Negative&#xA;0.9-1.0 --&amp;gt; Indeterminated&#xA;&amp;gt;=1.1 --&amp;gt; Positive&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to know is it normal or not?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6804" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:44:10.647" LastActivityDate="2017-05-15T05:37:24.813" Title="is 1.319 IU/ML Helicobacter Pylori IGG normal?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9261" CreationDate="2016-09-16T09:33:33.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those test results indicate a positive result for traces of Helicobacter pylori in the sample given. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No-one on here will give you any more medical advice. Go see your doctor with those results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T09:33:33.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9270" CreationDate="2016-09-16T11:08:18.023" Score="7" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I suffer from smelly feet, which is very annoying particularly because I am in a new relationship.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;I have tried many OTC/home remedies to prevent this, but this doesn't really help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this website (NHS) &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/foothealth/Pages/smellyfeet.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/foothealth/Pages/smellyfeet.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You're also more likely to have foot perspiration if you're on your&#xA;  feet all day, if you're under a lot of stress or if you have a medical&#xA;  condition called hyperhidrosis, which makes you sweat more than usual.&#xA;  Fungal infections, such as athlete's foot, can also lead to bad foot&#xA;  odour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have any of the conditions mentionned above (I am healthy and my GP told me I don't have hyperhidriosis or fungal infections). Also, I am not on my feet all the day. I did follow all the recommendations (changing socks and shoes every day, keeping my toenails short) without success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the causes of smelly feet? Could it be genetic? Or are there any other reasons (for a healthy individual)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6414" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:26:08.927" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T02:14:52.167" Title="What causes smelly feet?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;perspiration&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-16T14:13:34.357" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what the name is for the medical condition, whose severity could be categorized by a vision dexterity test possibly related to overall body / hand to object reaction time after hearing a sound, whereby someone may have a low degree of awareness about objects in front of them / in their surroundings. This may be even when the person has perfect vision or does not but wears glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, while in a car or other situation, someone could tell you &quot;look at that (sign or object)&quot;, and you would be so slow locating it that it would pass by without you noticing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this condition may be related to either genetics, Down syndrome, or brain damage due to a car accident, or some other factor related to sound and vision processing speed, or brain sensitivity to motion, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see this as a form of blindness (because it feels like a (vision loss) blindness, with a lower degree of non-assisted imagination).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an umbrella term for this, quantifiable (meaning that, like astigmatism, you could have a lot of it or a little bit of it)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are its subcategories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an index, to measure brain/eye strain after a &quot;driving exercise or driving video game&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T14:13:34.357" Title="Umbrella terms for field of vision unawareness blindness spectrum conditions?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-16T14:55:41.673" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know the name of the brain (sub)condition whereby after a car accident, you are unable to shake your head in vigorous back and forth or side to side headbanging activity head movements (such as those taking part among youth listening to heavy metal music in a group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the brain is shaken, some brain-specific pain is felt at the peripheral areas of the brain, where the car crash pressure of the brain against the skull bones took place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, no big deal if you don't have a specific term for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:53:54.443" LastActivityDate="2019-04-22T01:03:30.683" Title="Medical term for headbanging inability post-car-crash condition" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;&lt;temples&gt;&lt;range-of-motion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-04-22T03:46:45.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9220" CreationDate="2016-09-16T17:09:07.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen diets like that (often with lamb included) not to &lt;em&gt;prevent allergies&lt;/em&gt; but to &lt;strong&gt;prevent eating something you are allergic to&lt;/strong&gt;. The idea is that the person is allergic to a large number of diverse things and is eating &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; allergenic every day. By wildly restricting the diet, two things will happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the rash or other symptoms will calm down and heal, the patient's discomfort will be lessened dramatically, and the patient will probably sleep better and become &quot;healthier&quot; with the pressure of the symptoms off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, a baseline will be established to which other foods can be added. The patient can add their most important food first (eg everything I make has onions, let's find out if onions make me break out in a rash) or foods they believe are safe based on past experience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should &lt;strong&gt;never&lt;/strong&gt; consider doing this without a doctor's support and advice. Over the matter of a week or two, I wouldn't worry about vitamin deficiencies, but discuss with your doctor whether supplements are a good idea. Protein is a bigger thing, so talk to your doctor about why there is no meat in the plan. You will get a little from the rice, but probably not enough. Eggs and dairy are things many people are allergic to, so I can see excluding those, but as I've mentioned the people I know who were put on this diet were typically told to eat lamb as part of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is definitely a short term thing that you can retreat to when you are seemingly reacting to everything and your health feels out of control. Don't assume that anyone who suggests it is a quack. But don't assume that it's a safe way to live your life or that you should keep eating that way once your symptoms have subsided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Page 25 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.functionalmedicine.org/content_management/files/AFMCPSeptember2011/7_Updated%20Course%20Materials/Tuesday/Bischoff_Prescribing%20an%20Elimination%20Diet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this PDF of a talk on elimination diets&lt;/a&gt; lists a number of studies on elimination diets in general. It is focused on eliminating things, and doesn't bring the patient down to just two foods, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T17:09:07.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9269" CreationDate="2016-09-16T18:04:44.187" Score="2" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a pet rat who was taking prednisolone for allergies. I've read that prednisolone can slow or inhibit tumor growth. When he was taken off of the medication, he grew a grape-sized tumor over the course of one day. I'm sure the timing of him &lt;em&gt;getting&lt;/em&gt; a tumor was a coincidence and not caused by the prednisolone or removal thereof, but is it possible that taking him off of the prednisolone caused the tumor to grow at an accelerated rate (i.e. faster than it would have if he was never on the medication in the first place)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3028" LastEditorUserId="3028" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T20:11:58.157" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T20:53:50.730" Title="Accelerated tumor growth after stopping prednisolone?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9268" CreationDate="2016-09-16T18:36:20.590" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I am not a veterinary so I can't answer your question in particular. Though, maybe following points on the mechanisms of action of prednisolone might perhaps bring some clarifications:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid.&lt;/em&gt; The effects of prednisolones are multiple and the antitumor effect of glucocorticoid has been investigated in many studies (most of them were actually conducted in mice or rats). Possible mechanisms of action have been described among which inhibition of glucose transport, phosphorylation, or induction of cell death in immature lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, which is a well know reference book in oncology has an entire chapter on the role of corticosteroids in the treatment of neoplasms. Here an extract of the introduction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pharmacologic doses of steroid inhibited growth of various tumor&#xA;  systems. Tissue culture studies confirmed that &lt;strong&gt;lymphoid cells were the&#xA;  most sensitive to glucocorticoids, and responded to treatment with&#xA;  decreases in DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Studies of proliferating human leukemic lymphoblasts supported the&#xA;  hypothesis that glucocorticoids have preferential lymphocytolytic&#xA;  effects. &lt;strong&gt;The mechanism of action was initially thought to be caused by&#xA;  impaired energy use via decreased glucose transport and/or&#xA;  phosphorylation; it was later discovered that glucocorticoids induce&#xA;  apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in certain lymphoid cell&#xA;  populations.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here their conclusion, which gives a good summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of action of&#xA;  glucocorticoids, &lt;strong&gt;it is clear they are of great clinical value in the&#xA;  treatment of lymphoid neoplasms.&lt;/strong&gt; They are also sometimes used in&#xA;  therapeutic regimens for other &lt;strong&gt;endocrine-responsive cancers&lt;/strong&gt;, are&#xA;  efficacious in the treatment of several frequently occurring side&#xA;  effects of malignancies, and are widely used for general palliative&#xA;  therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, yes, prednisolone has an antitumor effect. However, this effect is tumor type dependent and achieved with specific dosing (in humans 10 mg daily to 100 mg/m2/day (depending on indication)). Only a veterinary will be able to provide you with a more accurate and case specific response.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT (after additional clarification was provided by OP)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8247014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; which might help in providing some &quot;time&quot; reference points in rats. This study looked at rat mammary tumor cells and reported &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After dexamethasone &lt;em&gt;(a type of glucocorticoid)&lt;/em&gt; withdrawal, c-myc and cyclin D1 expression (both involved in cell cycle progression)&#xA;  transiently peak at &lt;strong&gt;2 and 4 h&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this &lt;strong&gt;could possibly explain the event you have described&lt;/strong&gt; although bear in mind these results apply for a &lt;strong&gt;particular tumor type and a particular dosage used.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prednison. Drug Information. Uptodate. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/prednisone-drug-information?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=prednisone&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~150#F213063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/prednisone-drug-information?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=prednisone&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~150#F213063&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McKay et al. Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Neoplasms in &lt;em&gt;Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13383/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13383/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T20:53:50.730" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T20:53:50.730" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9264" CreationDate="2016-09-16T19:21:48.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is an interesting question. You are certainly not an isolated case.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The &quot;origin&quot; of foot odor has been examined in many studies.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3145263&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study conducted by Marshall et al&lt;/a&gt; focused on the microflora&#xA;found on normal feet (no foot odor) and compared it to feet with foot&#xA;odor. They reported a &lt;strong&gt;higher population densities of staphylococci and&#xA;aerobic coryneform bacteria in the feet with foot odor&lt;/strong&gt;. They also&#xA;reported that these feets had higher exo-enzymes (lipase, protease,&#xA;and callous degrading enzymes) than the other feet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During the same period, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2232162&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kobayashi et al&lt;/a&gt; showed &lt;strong&gt;staphylococcus epidermidis&lt;/strong&gt; was linked to the presence of foot odor or not&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some years later, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2369557&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a japanese group led by Kanda&lt;/a&gt; analysed socks (!) and feet from two group of people (with/without odor) using a  gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). They reported that &lt;strong&gt;short-chain fatty acids&lt;/strong&gt; were the primary components of foot odor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In 2006, a very interesting study was conducted by a group of canadian researchers: their aim was to identify microorganisms that are involved in producing unpleasant odors and examine plant extracts and fragrant agents which would inhibit the routes of production of these substances.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here first an overview of the &lt;strong&gt;fatty acid they have found ( acetic acid is responsible for the odor of sweat, isovaleric acid, propionic acid,&#xA;isobutyric acid, and butyric acid are involved in foot odor)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mn5U9.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mn5U9.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then they looked at a difference in organisms distribution and found that &lt;strong&gt;bacilli were significantly different between the groups:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FR2c4.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FR2c4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They then examined the possible role of naturally occurring materials using leucine dehydrogenase activity as an index (which is involved in foot odor), and obtained &lt;strong&gt;citral, citronellal, and geraniol&lt;/strong&gt; as good competitive inhibitors. &lt;strong&gt;So these fragments are likely to inhibit foot odor.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why different bacteries are present in some individuals and not in another might be multifactorial and precipitated by diseases (fungus, endocrine disorders,...). I haven't found any study suggesting it might be genetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now, there are indeed many websites suggesting many different possible ways of treating foot odor. The only &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3810/psm.1996.08.1517?needAccess=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;peer-reviewed paper&lt;/a&gt; I could find is was on &lt;em&gt;The Physician and Sportsmedicine&lt;/em&gt; . Here their advices:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eUZuO.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eUZuO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this brought some clarifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources: Ara et al. Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control.Can J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;52(4):357-64.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-09-16T21:43:17.753" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T21:43:17.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9266" CreationDate="2016-09-16T23:16:10.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the context of pain when rapidly moving the head &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; a car accident, one should look into wether you have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000799.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Concussion&lt;/a&gt;. A concussion is an altered functioning state of the brain after a traumatic event that made it move and swell within your skull. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally, I strongly recommend seeing a doctor ASAP if this has recently appeared or gotten worse recently, or if you weren't diagnosed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-09-16T23:16:10.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9199" CreationDate="2016-09-17T04:00:02.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, the hot or cold stimuli do not cause damage to the dentine&lt;/strong&gt;, unless the cold or the heat is truly extream and prolonged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand what is going on, one has to know that dentine is a highly organised structure composed of thousands of tubules (microscopic channels). These spaces are occupied by air, fluid or the extremities of odontoblasts, cells that produced the dentin, which are at the periphery of the pulp chamber, the center of the tooth. The nerves in the middle of the tooth are only capable of transmitting information about pain and are unable to discriminate between the various causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most accepted theories to explain dentine sensitivity was &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14014982&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the hydromechanical theory by Dr. Martin Brännström&lt;/a&gt;. The pain is caused by the movement of fluid in the tubules due to changes in temperature and pressure. Pressure on the tooth or a hot stimulus cause the fluid to expand inwards and compress the odontoblasts and nerves in the middle of the tooth. Prolonged drying or a cold stimulus causes the water in the tubules to contract outwards (toward the stimulus), which causes a suction of the odontoblasts into the tubules which in turn pull on the nerves in the middle of the tooth, again causing discomfort or pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, over-the-counter analgesics (painkillers) will not be very effective at preventing the pain, and more powerful ones will only mask the pain temporarily. Use of special toothpaste to block the tubules and desensitise the nerves can work, but an examination by an oral health professional will make sure that there is truly no other factors at play. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My sources, other than professional training:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14014982&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brannstrom, M. (1963). &quot;Dentin sensitivity and aspiration of odontoblasts.&quot; Journal of the American Dental Association 66: 366-370.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T04:00:02.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9274" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9277" CreationDate="2016-09-17T06:21:49.380" Score="4" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are different triggers for those diagnosed with Lupus, and a common trigger is sunlight. What is it about the sunlight the causes the body to start attacking itself? Does the body not know how to process vitamin D? Does it wear them out faster by dehydrating them? Is there a scientific explaination for Lupus sun triggers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T08:39:24.777" Title="How is sunlight a Lupus trigger for some? What exactly about the sun often causes Lupus flare-ups?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9278" CreationDate="2016-09-17T06:27:24.127" Score="2" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just out of curiosity, consider the following situation. I'm going to die out of thirst and there is no source of water, but sea water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Should I drink it&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;strong&gt;OR&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;it will just make things worse&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and make me more dehydrated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, at which point should I consider drinking, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;maybe just a small sip?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please reply according to scientific facts or true experience.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3384" LastEditorUserId="3384" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T14:16:56.380" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T14:38:55.583" Title="When should I drink from the sea?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9274" CreationDate="2016-09-17T08:39:24.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Very interesting question. Thank you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The pathophysiology of photosensibility in lupus patients is related to the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on cells of the immune system.&lt;/strong&gt; UVR stimulates lymphocytes recruitment and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, which are involved in the pathogenesis of lupus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The mechanisms by which ultraviolet-A (UVA) (320–400 nm) and ultraviolet-B (UVB) (290–320 nm) induces photosensibility are however different.&lt;/strong&gt; Following picture provides a good overview of our current understanding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VhYTd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VhYTd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Recently, a review written by Kim et al (from which the above figure was taken), addressed the issue of photosensibility in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. The paper is open-access if you wish to have further information (in particular on the possible treatments):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kim A, Chong BF. Photosensitivity in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Photodermatology, photoimmunology &amp;amp; photomedicine. 2013;29(1):4-11. doi:10.1111/phpp.12018.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539182/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539182/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T08:39:24.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9275" CreationDate="2016-09-17T08:49:10.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the attempt to prevent or treat dehydration you should not drink sea water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: By drinking seawater you ingest excessive amount of sodium chloride, which needs to be excreted by urine in order to maintain normal blood sodium concentration. Since the human kidneys have a limited ability to concentrate urine, the amount of water lost by urine in order to excrete sodium chloride is greater than the amount of water in the drunk seawater. This results in a net water loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detailed explanation is below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=krLSCQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA373&amp;amp;lpg=PA373&amp;amp;dq=kidney%20urine%20concentration%20ability%20seawater&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=ZBnVktECYW&amp;amp;sig=yJ7xaF3POeo_UjRyTnoATKszmy8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=kidney%20urine%20concentration%20ability%20seawater&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;E. Hall, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th edition, 2016 (p. 373) &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The limited ability of the human kidney to concentrate the urine to&#xA;  only 1,200 mOsm/L explains why severe dehydration occurs if one&#xA;  attempts to drink seawater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sodium chloride concentration in the oceans averages about 3-3.5% with&#xA;  an osmolality between about 1,000 and 1,200 mOsm/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drinking 1 liter of seawater...would provide a total sodium chloride&#xA;  intake of 1,200 mOsm. If maximal urine concentration ability is 1,200&#xA;  mOsm/L, the amount of urine needed to excrete 1,200 mOsm would be...1&#xA;  liter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The kidneys must also excrete other solutes, especially urea, which&#xA;  contribute about 600 mOsm/L when urine is maximally concentrated.&#xA;  Therefore the maximal concentration of sodium chloride that can be&#xA;  excreted by the kidneys is about 600 mOsm/L. Thus for every liter of&#xA;  seawater drunk, 1.5 liters of urine volume would be required to rid&#xA;  the body of 1,200 mOsm of sodium chloride ingested in addition to 600&#xA;  mOsm of other solutes...This would result in a &lt;strong&gt;net fluid loss of 0.5&#xA;  liter for every liter of seawater drunk.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T14:38:55.583" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T14:38:55.583" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7676" CreationDate="2016-09-17T09:04:32.197" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Studies have shown that arthritis (joint inflammation) and arthralgias (joint pain) are reported in up to 95 percent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is currently no evidence for the use of collagen supplements in lupus patients.&lt;/strong&gt; Actually, some decades ago, these supplements have been suggested in patients with osteoarthritis. The reason for this, is that the pathology of OA results from focal and progressive hyaline articular cartilage loss which leads to changes in the bone underneath the cartilage. However, while the prescription of collagen supplements was very trendy some decades ago, their use has slowly declined due to growing evidence failing to show an efficacy of these collagen supplements. Here the conclusion of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063458412007868&quot;&gt;systematic review&lt;/a&gt; conducted in 2013 on this topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is insufficient evidence to recommend the generalized use of CHs&#xA;  in daily practice for the treatment of patients with OA.&lt;/strong&gt; More&#xA;  independent high-quality studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic&#xA;  effects of collagen derivatives on OA complaints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this concerns osteoarthritis but it shows of controversial collagen supplements are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As summarised in uptodate, &lt;strong&gt;treatment of arthritis in lupus patients relies on the following drugs&lt;/strong&gt;: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or hydroxychloroquine. For some patients acetaminophen may be useful. Glucocorticoids, methotrexate, and other immunosuppressives may also be required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schur P. et al. Musculoskeletal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Aug 30, 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/musculoskeletal-manifestations-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=lupus+arthritis&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1%7E150&amp;amp;sectionRank=1&amp;amp;anchor=H2#H499515&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/musculoskeletal-manifestations-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=lupus+arthritis&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1%7E150&amp;amp;sectionRank=1&amp;amp;anchor=H2#H499515&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-17T09:04:32.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3130" CreationDate="2016-09-17T11:28:48.493" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physiologically speaking, it is probably the most rational to drink &lt;strong&gt;250-500 mL of water at once.&lt;/strong&gt; The frequency of drinking depends on the amount of water you need. If you need 2 L per day, you can drink 4 x 500 mL and if you need 5 L per day (which is quite possible when working on a hot day), you can drink 10 x 500 mL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Drinking 1.5 L of water at once,&lt;/strong&gt; once a day, by an adult should not be harmful in terms of water intoxication (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228550291_Current_US_Military_Fluid_Replacement_Guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate - click &quot;download pdf&quot;&lt;/a&gt;), but it is not effective. 1.5 L of water will be quickly absorbed into the blood and will expand your blood volume, which will affect the &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29678-2_677&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;release of various hormones&lt;/a&gt;, which will likely result in a loss of at least 0.5 L of water with the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rationale: If you are otherwise healthy and you urinate frequently (&gt;6 day), you probably consume excessive amount of water in a day or too much at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can learn from personal experience how much to drink to stay well hydrated (no dry mouth or dark yellow urine) and which frequency is suitable for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-20T10:24:00.693" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T10:24:00.693" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9285" CreationDate="2016-09-17T21:00:52.547" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;So i got this white weird condensed things into my juice once i added some milk into it &amp;amp; i got worried whether it is a normal thing or can it have some risk on my health ! Is this a safe juice &amp;amp; what can cause this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PExee.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PExee.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;this is a picture of it&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6815" LastActivityDate="2016-09-18T00:48:19.033" Title="What are those white things in my juice &amp; can it cause me any harm?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9283" CreationDate="2016-09-18T00:48:19.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fruit juice is acidic, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thekitchn.com/food-science-why-lemon-makes-m-88057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;acid makes milk curdle&lt;/a&gt;. This is the end result. It's harmless. It's pretty much just juice-flavored cottage cheese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-09-18T00:48:19.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-18T05:27:27.883" Score="2" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tap water is awful in the U S. I am looking for a way to drink pure drinking water. I researched many options &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;carbon filters is a basic option . However they do not remove fluoride &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;distilled water is not healthy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reverse osmosis water is not healthy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to organize a daily supply of pure drinking water? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6816" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:43:53.583" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T22:20:59.037" Title="What is the best way to obtain pure drinking water in the U S?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-18T14:33:43.627" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;does 5 alpha reductase inhibitor  drugs like finasteride and dutasteride losses their effectiveness over time, and why do some drugs like Hiv regimen work prolonged time without tolerance and other drugs ex. antidepressant drugs have the tolerance issue after short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6819" LastActivityDate="2016-09-18T14:33:43.627" Title="can 5 alpha reductase inhibitor drugs work for life or do they lose effectivness" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-19T03:56:12.893" Score="3" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the best of my knowledge, most mammals cease to drink milk past infancy. Humans, on the other hand often substitute their mothers breast milk with that from other sources like cattle (or soy, forgive the joke). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, I have been taught that lactase persistence is a relatively recent phenomenon in many populations (evolutionarily speaking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is continued consumption of milk as an adult really necessary to stay healthy? I am guessing the nutrients that are found in say, cow's milk are not exclusive to it, and other dietary sources would exist for them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, is it possible milk consumption can prove to be detrimental to adults in some form? (eg: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043817&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043817&lt;/a&gt;, It goes on to say that prostate and breast cancer patients should be cautioned about the possible promotional effects of commercial dairy products and their substitutes.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I would appreciate it if you could support your answer with literature references. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt; I am not looking for a yes or no, answer. I want an explanation that is grounded in an understanding of human physiology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6852" OwnerDisplayName="getafix" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:04:09.227" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:04:09.227" Title="Do adult humans need to drink milk" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9292" CreationDate="2016-09-19T10:00:05.540" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think not drinking milk will cause any issue. Milk if you see is a cheap source of nutrients. It can be easily found. This can relate to why humans have been drinking milk of animals. Domesticating animals have been age old tradition as a source of food. Still today milk is mainly by kids. They can be easily digestible and again a very good source of multiple nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6827" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T10:00:05.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9803" CreationDate="2016-09-19T10:44:46.653" Score="8" ViewCount="1462" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my point of view, nowadays the male circumcision procedure is becoming unpopular. There may be substantial grounds for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be numerous subjective opinions about noticeable sensitivity reduction, but are there any &lt;strong&gt;objective medical studies&lt;/strong&gt; that confirm the negative effect is really presented and sexual sensitivity is in fact damaged after male circumcision? For the moment, I am not interested in advantages of this procedure. Sensitivity reduction (provided that it really damages sexual health of men) is the one disadvantage that outweighs all the advantages of this controversial procedure.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some information about the matter can also be found on &lt;strong&gt;Quora&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Does-male-circumcision-really-damage-sexual-sensitivity-for-men&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Does male circumcision really damage sexual sensitivity for&#xA;  men?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2016-10-08T03:27:45.603" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T01:53:58.940" Title="Does male circumcision really damage sexual sensitivity for men?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;circumcision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-19T11:15:44.793" Score="2" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming no weight gain, does a large amount of refined sugar intake increase the risk of diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way: In theory, if you took two identical subjects, and they each consumed the same amount of calories, but Subject A received 5% of their calories from refined sugar, while Subject B received 25% of their calories from refined sugar, would Subject B have an increased risk of diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T17:38:48.770" Title="Does excessive sugar intake cause diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;refined-foods&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-09-24T11:30:19.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9297" CreationDate="2016-09-19T11:41:43.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=199317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JAMA&lt;/a&gt; study found that women nearly doubled their diabetes risk when they increased the number of sugar-added drinks they consumed from 1 or fewer a week to 1 or more per day over a 4-year period. Rapidly absorbed sugars--like those in colas--may damage the pancreas cells that secrete insulin. In contrast, real-fruit drinks were not associated with increased diabetes risk, perhaps because of the other nutrients absorbed along with the sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/02/13591/quantity-sugar-food-supply-linked-diabetes-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;UCSF&lt;/a&gt;, Specifically, more sugar was correlated with more diabetes: For every additional 150 calories of sugar available per person per day, the prevalence of diabetes in the population rose 1 percent, even after controlling for obesity, physical activity, other types of calories and a number of economic and social variables. A 12-ounce can of soda contains about 150 calories of sugar. In contrast, an additional 150 calories of any type caused only a 0.1 percent increase in the population’s diabetes rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastEditorUserId="6831" LastEditDate="2016-09-19T11:59:09.163" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T11:59:09.163" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9297" CreationDate="2016-09-19T12:27:03.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common conclusion from studies is that high intake of sugars is associated with increased risk of diabetes type 2, but it is not clear if this is due to sugar intake itself or due to associated weight gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; Malik VS et al, 2010, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes, a meta analysis (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963518/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to weight gain, higher consumption of SSBs is associated&#xA;  with development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comment: It is not clear, if this effect is due to weight gain or sugar intake itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; Greenwood DC et al, 2014, Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932880&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has been reported to be&#xA;  associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but &lt;strong&gt;it is&#xA;  unclear whether this is because of the sugar content or related&#xA;  lifestyle factors,&lt;/strong&gt; whether similar associations hold for artificially&#xA;  sweetened soft drinks, and how these associations are related to &lt;strong&gt;BMI.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; Schulze MB et al, 2004, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women (&lt;a href=&quot;http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=199317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JAMA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a&#xA;  greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development&#xA;  of type 2 diabetes in women, &lt;strong&gt;possibly by providing excessive calories&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt; Imamura F et al, 2015, Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The BMJ&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Habitual consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with&#xA;  a greater incidence of type 2 diabetes, &lt;strong&gt;independently of&#xA;  adiposity.&lt;/strong&gt; None the less, both artificially sweetened beverages and&#xA;  fruit juice were unlikely to be healthy alternatives to sugar&#xA;  sweetened beverages for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt; Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee:&#xA;What is the relationship between the intake of added sugars and the risk of type 2 diabetes? (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/14-appendix-e2/e2-45.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Health.gov&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Strong evidence shows that higher consumption of added sugars,&#xA;  especially sugar-sweetened beverages, increases the risk of type 2&#xA;  diabetes among adults and &lt;strong&gt;this relationship is not fully explained by&#xA;  body weight.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-19T17:38:48.770" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T17:38:48.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-19T18:43:23.630" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both me and my mom got infected with cold from the same person apparently, since both of us fell ill a few days after meeting this ill at that time person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, mom got infected far more severely than me apparently, since I’m recovering right now w/o any help from the Doctor, while mom lies with fever, two weeks of sick leave, antibiotics, and diagnosed bronchitis and tonsillitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I had to help her with a few things. This involved a few hours of sitting with her in her room, touching her things, etc. Now I wonder, can I get re-infected from her with the same cold? Is it possible that I’m going to get as bad as she is now, or maybe since I’m still not completely healthy yet and therefore the same germs are in my body as well at the moment it doesn’t really matter, and if I were to get infected that badly, I already would’ve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2016-09-19T18:43:23.630" Title="Can I get infected again with the same cold?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-19T20:56:44.770" Score="3" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I go in for an eye exam, I am subjected to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Snellen charts&lt;/a&gt; (where the letters only appear in the center of my field of vision), air puffs against my eyes, and a bright light shined into my eyes for a few minutes.  The periphery of my field of vision is never tested.  Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is because I believe my father has had tunnel vision for years now.  Whenever I walk directly in front of him, he sees me, but if I approach him from an angle, then won't notice me (unless I make a noise).  My mother says when he's driving, he gets honked at frequently when changing lanes, because she thinks his field of vision is so poor that he can't see the cars in the other lanes.  This is a safety concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My father did get an eye exam one or two years ago, and apparently they said his vision was fine.  If that's the case, then I highly doubt they checked his peripheral vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="346" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T03:37:41.480" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T03:37:41.480" Title="Do eye doctors check for tunnel vision?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;&lt;tunnel-vision&gt;&lt;eye-exam&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-20T06:56:03.437" Score="1" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;Men hair loss is a real issue, and having been suffered from it trying to apply various inefficient ways, the only final way to resolve the issue, I believe, is hair transplantation. However, I'm not really sure if it's really a way to go. Trying to google for a good read on hair transplantation, I mostly get ads and ad-like articles that promise wonderful results, but I can't trust ads before I get a solid picture. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_transplantation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; seems to have multiple issues, and it's not really easy to read a medical article being not a native speaker (as I'm from the Eastern Europe).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it really true that hair transplantation works and are there real examples of public men that applied this kind of surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Offhand, I can remember Elton John and Wayne Rooney only, but I'm still interested the way their results are really achieved. The way the question is asked may appear to be more appropriate for the Skeptics StackExchange site, but I think that the health area is closer to it. This one may also look like &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1885/hair-transplant-for-baldness&quot;&gt;Hair transplant for baldness&lt;/a&gt; but that one seems be slightly different. If any issue, please move, close or delete. Thank you.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6838" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2020-08-26T09:43:27.283" Title="Is hair transplantation really efficient" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;hair-transplant&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-08-26T14:46:29.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-20T09:51:20.977" Score="3" ViewCount="283" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from insomnia. Recently, my treating physician prescribed me vitamin B12 but I don't really understand why and I am wondering whether this is due to my insomnia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So my question is: does vitamin B12 deficiency cause insomnia or on the contrary, is vitamin B12 caused by insomnia?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2519" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:26:39.063" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T18:46:15.123" Title="B12 deficiency and insomnia" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9362" CreationDate="2016-09-20T14:44:51.617" Score="8" ViewCount="4182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about side effects of vibrators because I see a lot of women, who can't have sex with men in reality. They decide to use vibrators as a solution. So I would like to know is there any side effects for using it? &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hWsNw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hWsNw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6842" LastActivityDate="2016-09-25T17:19:16.600" Title="Vibrator side effects" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-14T21:09:06.770" Score="2" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;The U.S. Government publishes the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines&lt;/a&gt; for nutrition. I am unclear on how to interpret the tables for Healthy Eating Patterns. Can you clarify how I read the data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at Table A3-1. &lt;em&gt;Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern: Recommended Amounts of Food From Each Food Group at 12 Calorie Levels&lt;/em&gt;, first column (1000 Cal), Vegetables Food Group, I do not understand why the &lt;strong&gt;Daily Amount&lt;/strong&gt; of food from each group does match up to the weekly recommended amounts. How do the daily and weekly data correlate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought was for 1000 calorie diet, it is recommended to eat 1 cup of vegetables. Limit the vegetables choices to the recommended values per week depending on what you eat. Does that sound right? So, it is recommended to eat up to 1/2 cup of Dark Green vegetables per week; or up to 2.5 cups per week of Red/Orange vegetables. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mGFlP.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mGFlP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Gregg" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:40:11.390" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T01:10:42.443" Title="How to read U.S. Dietary Guidelines Tables?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9312" CreationDate="2016-09-15T12:51:59.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the answer at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.choosemyplate.gov/vegetables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Daily Amounts are appropriate for individuals who get less than 30 minutes per day of moderate physical activity, beyond normal daily activities. Those who are more physically active may be able to consume more while staying within calorie needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegetable subgroup recommendations are given as amounts to eat WEEKLY. It is not necessary to eat vegetables from each subgroup daily. However, over a week, &lt;strong&gt;try to consume the amounts listed from each subgroup as a way to reach your daily intake recommendation&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Gregg" LastActivityDate="2016-09-15T12:51:59.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9322" CreationDate="2016-09-20T18:27:51.763" Score="0" ViewCount="1484" Body="&lt;p&gt;When sitting one the ground I always sit on my knees (&lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiza&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Seiza&lt;/a&gt;), because when I try to sit on my buttocks I tend to lie down, and it's just very exhausting for me to sit this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when I sit on a chair, I'm guilty of heavy slouching when I sit on my ass. When I let go, or don't concentrate on it, sometimes my back touches the lower part of the chair, because I just slouch so heavily.&#xA;I don't have back problems, because I'm very careful when I crouch or lift heavy objects, but when I sit, I don't want to concentrate on sitting, but rather on my work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One solution for me was to sit on one leg on the chair and have the other one either hanging or sort of pursed in to the chair.&#xA;I can feel that my back is straight when I sit this way, but I always wonder if I commit some atrocity to my legs (esp. knees) whenever I do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are there some health drawbacks to sitting this way? (Also I don't really know how to tag this...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6844" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T15:49:38.153" Title="Drawbacks of sitting with one leg on a chair" Tags="&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-20T02:08:31.517" Score="8" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though I am on the thin/skinny side, I have come back from multiple backpacking trips having to tighten my belt. It always seems like one comes back in much better shape than one left in, but at some point losing weight can't be good for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way of calculating how much weight a person can lose without negative side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Charlie Brumbaugh" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T23:15:20.763" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T23:15:20.763" Title="How much weight can a person safely lose on a backpacking trip?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9317" CreationDate="2016-09-20T15:23:17.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://health.stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;health.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt; would be better fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your minimum healthy weight is not dependent on city versus outdoors. Your body is not aware the calorie deficit was caused by a hike.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body is very good at storing and using fat. That is what body fat is designed to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a Dr. but if you got home without severe symptoms you did not harm yourself.  Symptoms of starvation include: diarrhea, anemia, loss of muscle mass.  If you went into loss of muscle mass your body would have told you big time and you would have had a very hard time finishing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lose some body fat is the most efficient way to carry calories.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even on a medical supervised extreme diets they go up to 1 lb a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pro fighters move two weight classes and still perform.  Look at Connor McGregor at 145 (where I think he still holds the belt).  He fought Diaz at 168.  Even training for a fight a pro can lose up to 1 lb a day and still train hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a number you should see a Dr. The Internet cannot tell you that. Even a Dr. is going have a hard time with a number. They will be more interested in symptoms of starvation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" OwnerDisplayName="Paparazzi" LastActivityDate="2016-09-20T19:26:58.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-20T21:45:34.927" Score="1" ViewCount="1942" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00ADYXY7E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Monster Energy Zero Ultra&lt;/a&gt; (or any of the sugar free) monster's compare with generic coffee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was in Highschool, I was working 50+ hours, attending high school, and working on my Eagle scout project. I hit Energy drinks pretty hard. Between that and pizza I gained a pretty good amount of weight. Most of which I have now lost. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am trying to study for an industry certification and I have a very hard time staying awake for more than 30 minutes or so if I sit down to study. I have found that I can sip my way through a monster, like I linked above, and it keeps me awake very well. Better than studying while standing or trying to do other exercises to keep awake (some of which just aren't an option because they make it too hard to read or I cannot type). The Monster does the job of keeping me awake fine and it's 0 points on my weightwatchers plan. I know that's not the best metric, as basically all diet/zero calorie sodas are  0 pts on it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short, if I am drinking 1 of these a day. 2 on the high side, which really isn't much more caffeine than several cups of coffee from what I have seen, is that going to be bad for me? And a good deal of people drink many cups of coffee a day. In an effort to fight any ill effects, I do drink 1 can over the course of about 6-8 hours and I drink at least a liter of water along with it. I find that sipping on both as I go helps me stretch it out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note, I am open to comparisons and constructive feedback. Things like &quot;monster energy will kill you&quot; are pointless unless you can back them up with studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6846" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T10:49:58.623" Title="Monster Energy - SugarFree - vs coffee" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;energy-drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9336" CreationDate="2016-09-20T22:52:00.300" Score="0" ViewCount="243" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one to use the &lt;strong&gt;Mirena IUD&lt;/strong&gt; contraceptive, &lt;strong&gt;will it help with acne control too?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or should I take something separate for that? I'm due to see my dermatologist in awhile about starting &lt;strong&gt;Accutane&lt;/strong&gt;, but she doesn't know about my recent decision to start &lt;strong&gt;Mirena, are they safe to take together?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-07T04:31:29.703" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T06:13:48.313" Title="Does Mirena IUD help with acne control too? Is it safe to take concurrently with Accutane?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;inter-uterine-device-iud&gt;&lt;contraceptive&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;accutane&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9315" CreationDate="2016-09-21T01:54:23.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drawbacks of the way you are sitting are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Confine your legs to one position, which can increase pressures under the knee cap and slow circulation to the legs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prevent you from using your feet to scoot around and navigate your work area.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be tricky to get in and out of.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so, I would recommend you try change your habit of sitting, maybe difficult but it's good for both your health  and your work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6829" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-09-22T15:49:38.153" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T15:49:38.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-21T03:47:31.627" Score="6" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-probiotics-pros-and-cons-20160920-story.html&quot;&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/a&gt;, a study was published in the journal &lt;em&gt;Genome Medicine&lt;/em&gt; that indicated that some probiotics work for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a study published in May in the journal Genome Medicine, the researchers narrowed down the hundreds of studies to seven that fit certain criteria: They used healthy adults and included a control group and a DNA-based identification of the various bacterial strains. Pedersen's group found that some probiotics work for irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis and travelers' diarrhea. With these ailments, the variety of normally occurring bacteria - called the microbiotic &quot;flora&quot; - may be disturbed or knocked out of balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not able to locate this study.  Which probiotics work for IBS, according to this study, and did they identify whether they work for IBS-C or IBS-D?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6849" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:45:16.043" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T00:43:02.507" Title="What probiotics work for irritable bowel syndrome, according to Genome Medicine?" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;&lt;ulcerative-colitis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-21T04:01:50.647" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Food safety guidelines suggest cooking fish to at least 130F.&#xA;Chicken, in contrast, should be cooked to at least 165F.&#xA;Perhaps the bacteria/viruses found in fish die at lower temperatures. If so, why the bacteria/viruses found in chicken are not found in fish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6850" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T04:01:50.647" Title="Why does fish have a lower minimum safe-cooking temperature?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9326" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9332" CreationDate="2016-09-21T05:11:06.053" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been to many doctors, all of them said &quot;It is your biotype.&quot; or &quot;There is nothing wrong with you, but if you want you could take Whey Protein&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know of people that were considered skinny and successfully gained weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T15:58:07.377" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T15:58:07.377" Title="Has anyone sucessfully gained weight?" Tags="&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;&lt;weight-gain&gt;&lt;whey-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9292" CreationDate="2016-09-21T05:30:06.620" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is any benefit it is minimum. We are the only species that adults drink milk.&#xA;About calcium, where does the cow take the calcium for putting in the milk? The cow eats grass, anything green contains calcium, so this story that you have to drink milk for calcium is false. The calcium from milk is not so well absorbed by the organism and is not a very rich source, this is for selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Humans have a serious problem with lactose, lactose is the sugar from milk that has to be transformed to glucose and galactose from the digestive system...And to do that we need an enzyme called lactase which we stop producing around 10 years old...So adults generally have problems to digest milk due to the lack of lactase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZZD4cuvfd8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Milk Myth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Font: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lairribeiro.com.br/biografia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dr. Lair Ribeiro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He worked at Harvard Medical School, Baylor College of Medicine and Thomas Jefferson University among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: The video is in portuguese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T05:30:06.620" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9292" CreationDate="2016-09-21T08:16:24.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271361&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This study expands on the possibility of certain metabolites found in dietary milk may contribute highly to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNP formations. Dietary milk are given primarily to developing organisms, and for that concentrations of growth hormones as well as precursors that transform into growth hormone are widely prevalent in milk. Endless studies have shown that individuals who exhibit higher levels of growth hormones are correlated with higher risk of neoplastic and dysplastic cell formations, or in short, tumor formations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, milk produced from cattle have shown in studies, such as in, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173290&lt;/a&gt;, to contain high levels of antibiotic productants, if given by owners, and/or evidence of white blood cells, more specifically neutrophils. Due to frequent pumping of milk from cow's breast, mastitis often manifests and thus calls for a need for antibiotic intervention. Tremendous number of studies have alluded to early antibiotic implications as a forerunner food allergies, IBS/crohn's disease, as well as other adverse conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6853" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T08:16:24.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-21T09:41:48.120" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read a lot of tips on how to put yourself at peace before sleep, but they don't work for me (possibly because of keeping in mind that it's a problem I struggle to overcome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am fresh graduate, currently unemployed, trying to keep myself busy every day. Before bedtime, I seem to be unable to stop my mind from planning, thinking etc. I get a lot of ideas and I cannot wait for another day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any suggestions on how to keep myself content and calm before bedtime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6824" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-09-23T09:18:13.923" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T09:18:13.923" Title="How to fall asleep when your mind is &quot;not ready&quot;" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;productivity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-09-23T13:54:40.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9319" CreationDate="2016-09-21T10:49:58.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diet soda isn't inherently bad for you: &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to come up with any conclusive statements about caffeine; it is an incredibly well researched topic, but the immense social usage of it and creeping biases make it hard to pick a side on things outside of non-applied biochemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dosages of caffeine tend to fluctuate around a certain range, but with the high inter-individual variation seen with the Aromatase enzyme and thus systemic levels of caffeine and its metabolites I would find it a bit futile to try to find the absolute best dosage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choose your caffeine dose (zero, low, medium, or high) and pick your poison for method of consumption (energy drink, pre-workout supplement, coffee, tea, No-Doz pills, etc.) and &lt;strong&gt;see how it works for you&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/supplements/Caffeine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://examine.com/supplements/Caffeine/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T10:49:58.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9326" CreationDate="2016-09-21T14:17:16.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; You gain weight by consuming more calories than you spend (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/wecan/healthy-weight-basics/balance.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; If you just consume more calories and you do not start with resistance training, you will convert most of the excessive calories into the body fat rather into bigger muscles, so you will appear fatter (skinny fat) and not &quot;bigger,&quot; more muscular, stronger or better looking (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrition.gov/weight-management/commonly-asked-questions-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nutrition.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; Your maximal muscle mass is genetically determined (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816288/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Skeletal muscle is a highly heritable quantitative trait, with&#xA;  heritability estimates ranging 30–85% for muscle strength and 50–80%&#xA;  for lean mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can increase your muscle mass to a certain point with resistance training but not beyond what your genetics allows you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt; According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1818.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/document/99695732/EFSA-Health-Claims-Related-to-Whey-Protein-and-Increase-in-Satiety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;the content available only here&lt;/a&gt;), there is no cause-effect relationship between whey protein consumption and muscle mass gain, strength or endurance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-26T09:26:01.297" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T09:26:01.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9179" CreationDate="2016-09-21T17:52:12.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is normal, since Nicotine is a drug which not only affect many parts of your body‚ but it also affect your brain. Withdrawal feelings usually are the strongest in the first few weeks after quitting and many people start smoking again to feel better. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://smokefree.gov/withdrawal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Understanding Nicotine Withdrawal&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the quitting process the following physical symptoms may occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tingling in the hands and feet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sweating&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intestinal disorders (cramps, nausea)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cold symptoms as the lungs begin to clear (sore throats, coughing, and other signs of colds and respiratory problem).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also includes mental and emotional symptoms such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Feelings of being an infant: temper tantrums, intense needs, feelings of dependency, a state of near paralysis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insomnia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mental confusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vagueness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritability&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anxiety&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quitsmokingsupport.com/withdrawal1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms &amp;amp; Recovery&lt;/a&gt; at QuitSmokingSupport.com&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/smokefree/why-quit/what-happens-when-you-quit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;What happens when you quit?&lt;/a&gt; at NHS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-09-21T17:58:10.013" LastActivityDate="2016-09-21T17:58:10.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6988" CreationDate="2016-09-21T20:52:34.267" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; Freezing cold (4 °C) beverages do not increase the secretion of the gastric acid more than lukewarm or hot beverages, according to this study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;McArthur KE et al, Gastric acid secretion, gastrin release, and gastric emptying in humans as affected by liquid meal temperature (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2912011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coffee (360 mL) was infused into the stomach through a nasogastric&#xA;  tube at 58 (steaming hot), 37, or 4 degrees C (ice cold). Intragastric&#xA;  temperature, measured by an intragastric temperature sensor attached&#xA;  to the nasogastric tube, returned to body temperature 16.7 +/- 2.7 min&#xA;  after the hot meal and 23.8 +/- 1.1 min after the cold meal. Gastric&#xA;  acid secretion increased after hot, warm, and cold coffee but &lt;strong&gt;the&#xA;  initial temperature of the meal had no effect on gastric acid&#xA;  secretion.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; Cold beverages slow down stomach emptying, that is passing of food from the stomach into the small intestine, according to this study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Collares EF et al, 1981, Gastric emptying in children. I. Influence of the temperature of a hydration solution for oral use (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7340752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each baby had measured its gastric emptying for two different&#xA;  temperature solutions, approximately 27 degrees C and 4 degrees C,&#xA;  room and cold temperature...The results showed a &lt;strong&gt;significant larger&#xA;  gastric retention for low temperature one.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests that drinking cool water after the meals can slow down the digestion a bit and possibly cause an uncomfortable feeling of prolonged stomach fullness. This could be what the OP's parents referred to as &quot;blockage.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in the first study above, freezing cold (4 °C) coffee changes to the body temperature in about 20 minutes after it reaches the stomach, so it should not &quot;freeze&quot; the fats in the same sense as it can on the plate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, from the limited evidence presented above, it seems that cool water drunk with meals might cause some stomach discomfort after the meals. Someone would need to be quite observant to become aware of such feelings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-23T07:39:08.773" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T07:39:08.773" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9320" CreationDate="2016-09-22T08:27:24.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When someone is considering to take 2 drugs both of which can have severe side effects, he/she should discuss this with a doctor, so this part of the question CANNOT be properly answered here.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mirena can actually cause acne:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Mirena side effects&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/mirena-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most commonly reported adverse effects are alterations of&#xA;menstrual bleeding patterns, nausea, abdominal/pelvic pain,&#xA;headache/migraine, dizziness, fatigue, amenorrhea, ovarian cysts,&#xA;genital discharge, &lt;strong&gt;acne/seborrhea,&lt;/strong&gt; breast tenderness, and&#xA;vulvovaginitis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dermatologic side effects: &lt;strong&gt;Very common...Acne/seborrhea (15%)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Mirena&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugwatch.com/mirena/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugwatch&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common side effects of Mirena include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight change&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mood changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breast tenderness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nausea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ovarian cysts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vaginal discharge&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abnormal bleeding patterns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Mirena safety considerations&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mirena-us.com/safety-considerations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mirena-us.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between 5% and 10% of Mirena users may experience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headache/Migraine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acne&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depressed mood&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt; Mirena contains the progestin hormone levonorgestrel, which can increase the blood levels of free testosterone (androgene hormone), which can cause acne (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/media/news-releases/hormonal-factors-key-to-understanding-acne-in-women&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAD.org&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Stumpf PG et al, 1981 Changes in physiologically free circulating estradiol and testosterone during exposure to levonorgestrel (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During treatment with d-Ng [levonorgestrel]...the % of testosterone&#xA;increased to about 55% of the total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt; There are many conflicting anecdotal reports of the effect of Mirena on acne online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T20:34:19.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2016-09-22T10:40:19.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just my personal experience, but I feel my head to be extremely sensitive to glasses. I've been wearing glasses since childhood, but I finally changed to contact lenses about two years ago. Since then the discomfort on my head largely stopped and I feel much more natural now in various activities. I guess people feeling the same can definitely try it out and see if that makes them feel better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1612" LastActivityDate="2016-09-22T10:40:19.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-22T11:56:50.593" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Virtual reality (VR) technology is starting to get to a point where it will become more common in the mainstream.  The technology involves placing screens very close to your eyes to create the vision. Id imagine a very close focus point that does not move which would possibly damage your vision over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this likely or is there some reason to think my assumption is wrong&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastEditorUserId="6700" LastEditDate="2016-09-24T00:25:05.167" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T00:25:05.167" Title="Does prolonged use of VR headsets harm your vision?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8698" CreationDate="2016-09-23T02:22:02.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You must consider here why you want to measure your resting heart rate. While one may argue whether you should measure it in the morning while you are still in bed or after you have eaten breakfast, but what matters in practice is what will give the best results when monitoring your fitness, particularly to monitor for possible overtraining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what you want to do is measure your heart rate when you are rest under conditions that give the most consistent results. For some people this is when they are lying down in bed just after they've woken. But some people need to get up first, go to the toilet before they get consistent results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. I tend to have a slightly elevated heart rate in the morning and it fluctuates more compared to when I measure it just before exercise time. In my case this is caused by my 4000 Kcal diet, in the morning there is still 2000 Kcal worth of digested food that needs to come out, the pressure in the intestines can slightly influence the heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My resting heart rate is typically a bit below 40 bpm, but after 3 days of fast one hour running sessions it can be a bit elevated. Should it be systematically elevated even after a pause of a few days, e.g. if I were to measure 45 bpm, then I need to consider if I've been exercising too hard, or if something else is wrong. I can then pay closer attention to heart rate during exercise and how the exercise session feels like do some more measurements of heart rate during exercise and how fast it goes down afterward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that my general fitness is good makes such measurement reliable, because my heart rate relaxes to its resting value very fast. If I run up some stairs very fast and sit down then the heart rate goes down to the resting value within about 20 seconds. It will in fact undershoot it and then climb upwards (it can e.g. go down to 34 bpm and then climb to 38 bpm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other heart rate measurements that are useful to do are measurements during exercise and after exercise to monitor how fast you are recuperating. Also measurements immediately after fixed short duration exertions will give useful information if the resting heart rate is elevated due to some problem. E.g. I know that my heart rate immediately after doing 40 push-ups is typically around 85 bpm. Should I have a lot of stress then the resting heart rate could be elevated to perhaps 44 bpm instead if 38 bpm, but the heart rate after doing the 40 push-ups should then still be about 85 bpm. If however, this has also increased a lot, say to 100 bpm, then I would assume that there is a problem like e.g. overtraining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-09-23T02:22:02.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9382" CreationDate="2016-09-23T09:54:56.013" Score="2" ViewCount="332" Body="&lt;p&gt;Who is the appropriate Dr who can understand issue better and help accordingly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1489" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T16:09:19.760" LastActivityDate="2016-10-08T09:57:24.923" Title="Which medical specialist should be consulted for anus polyp?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3998" CreationDate="2016-09-23T19:25:27.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main short-term detrimental effect of heating on nutrients occurs during cooking. Keeping the food warm for several hours would further destroy some nutrients but to a lower extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only essential nutrients that can be partially destroyed (30-50%) by heating are vitamins (mainly B vitamins and vitamin C) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/topics/processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;nutritiondata.self.com&lt;/a&gt;). Minerals are not destroyed, but some of them can leak out of foods during cooking in water. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats can change during heating but are not &quot;destroyed&quot; in the nutritional sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the linked website, there is a table that shows how food processing (freezing, drying, cooking, draining and reheating) affects vitamins. Keeping food in a thermo is similar to reheating, during which additional 30-50% of vitamins B and C can be destroyed (at temperatures expected in your flask probably less than 30%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cooked and cooled food would retain more vitamins than food kept warm for several hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A more important issue is an increased risk of bacterial overgrowth and food poisoning from a food that was kept warm for several hours. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-26T08:27:06.067" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T08:27:06.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9348" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3556" CreationDate="2016-09-24T12:40:45.783" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its because parasympathetic system answers more vigorously in young males, hence the more powerful vasovagal reflex, and more common vasovagal syncopes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6868" LastActivityDate="2016-09-24T12:40:45.783" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-24T15:45:08.160" Score="4" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Curious about counseling patient's on the long-term risk/benefit analysis of SSRI use? Is there any EBM on what personality changes one should expect after X period of SSRI use? Does this change depend on the underlying psychiatric diagnosis?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6869" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:36:15.423" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T11:14:04.503" Title="Does long-term SSRI use cause any permanent changes in personality? Are there any quantitative/qualitative studies looking at this?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-25T00:53:59.863" Score="0" ViewCount="5024" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read many articles about this. I even talked to my doctor and other people. But it looks like everybody has an opinion, but nobody actually really knows if it's true.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take 25 year old male.  How often can he ejaculate? In general  does each additional ejaculation takes a toll  on a life span? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dear experts please clarify this  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6872" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:01:04.647" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:01:04.647" Title="Does male ejaculation shortens life span?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-25T01:12:38.057" Score="3" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mouth is known to harbor many different types of bacteria, including actinomyces, bacteroides, bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, peptostreptococcus, selenomomas, treponema, veilonella&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, and fungi, such as candida, cladosporum, fusarium, aspergillus, penicillium and cryptococcus.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern research would suggest (but not prove, hence the lack of a reference in this case) that anomalies in the ratios of these microorganisms can wreak havoc on oral health, and potentially lead to issues like tooth decay, periodontal disease, halitosis, cavities, even cardiovascular issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Considering these organisms are able to survive and thrive in the mouth by feeding on the food we eat, and the immune system should theoretically be keeping these organisms from feeding on live tissue, could fasting be used as a method of resetting the playing field, so to speak, and allowing for subsequent recolonization by a healthier mix?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/Supplement_1/S62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/Supplement_1/S62&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978422/figure/F2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978422/figure/F2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:05:25.113" Title="Can fasting be used to reset the oral microbiome?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-25T06:11:26.297" Score="3" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a flu shot entail a risk of secondary infection like a real flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just had my flu shot today and the resulting faux-flu is hitting me hard with fever, cough, aches, etc. I was wondering if the immune response itself is what weakens me from other pathogens, or if there is something intrinsic to a true infection which creates that dilemma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, I was wondering if I need to take it easy to avoid secondary infection or if these sensations are otherwise an illusion and I am effectively as healthy as usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6875" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:22:08.440" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:22:08.440" Title="Is it possible to get a secondary infection following a flu shot" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9365" CreationDate="2016-09-25T06:43:03.137" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometime last night I was bitten by what appeared to be a Hobo spider! I live in Vancouver, British Columbia (Pacific Northwest). At first, the bite didn't hurt too much, but hours later, the punctured site get swollen and redder and redder, and the pain began to increase. Soon a blister formed around it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the redness has radiated and a line stems from it continuing down my body. The blister has since burst and there is a scaley brown ulcer that has emerged. The redness are also dry and flaky and hot to the touch. Also, the pain feels deeper? The bite is on my chest, and it hurts when I breathe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the weekend so the doctor offices are closed, but I'm determined to go to the off-hour clinic tomorrow morning. However, should I be more concerned and go to the ER now? I'm not sure whether I'm under reacting or over-reacting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:24:30.647" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T02:24:30.647" Title="Bitten by a Hobo Spider. How serious? Going to off-hour clinic tomorrow, but should I go to the ER now?" Tags="&lt;venom&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;insect-bites&gt;&lt;blister&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-04-14T15:48:09.573" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9355" CreationDate="2016-09-25T10:00:40.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get a secondary infection following a flu shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can a flu shot entail a risk of secondary infection like a real flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a whole webpage on the effectiveness of flu vaccine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here some points which should provide some further understanding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;According to recent studies conducted by the CDC, flu vaccination leads to a &lt;strong&gt;50% to 60% reduction in the risk of flu illness among the overall population&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;factors that influence the effectiveness of flu vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;: the age and associated disease (comorbidities) of the person being vaccinated and the similarity between the flu viruses the flu vaccine is designed to protect against and the prevalence of the flu viruses in your community.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here an essential extract from the CDC website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During years when the flu vaccine is not well matched to circulating&#xA;  viruses, it’s possible that no benefit from flu vaccination may be&#xA;  observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Finally, influenza vaccination does not protect against other viruses that cause flu-like symptoms.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are many other viruses besides flu viruses that can result in&#xA;  flu-like illness* (also known as influenza-like illness or &quot;ILI&quot;) that&#xA;  spread during the flu season.&lt;/strong&gt; These non-flu viruses include rhinovirus&#xA;  (one cause of the &quot;common cold&quot;) and respiratory syncytial virus&#xA;  (RSV), which is the most common cause of severe respiratory illness in&#xA;  young children, as well as a leading cause of death from respiratory&#xA;  illness in those aged 65 years and older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastEditorUserId="6412" LastEditDate="2016-09-25T10:43:17.400" LastActivityDate="2016-09-25T10:43:17.400" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9353" CreationDate="2016-09-25T11:02:13.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a male person ejaculates the body produces certain hormones, such as dopamine, which is a happiness hormone. It is the reason for the good feeling - your body relaxes. Your well being increases, your organs work well. To make it short: Ejaculation, no matter how often, does not make your life shorter and it does not make your life longer. It just increases your well being. It can only be dangerous if you forget to eat or drink or something like that because you are 'too busy ejaculating'. In that case you would need professional help. What did your doctor say about your question? I am very interested in that, because a doctor should know it isn't bad for your life or anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastActivityDate="2016-09-25T11:02:13.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-25T11:52:35.580" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You are leaving Home, travelling to Destination for 1-14 weeks, and then returning Home. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Destination time is behind Home time by ≤ 6 hours (contra &lt;a href=&quot;https://travel.stackexchange.com/q/1014/13759&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;). Obviously, this question is infeasible if the time zones differ by more time (e.g. you probably cannot go to bed at 5 PM (Destination time) = 11 PM (Home time)).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does following Home's time zone (throughout your total duration at Destination) prevent jet lag?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;PS: I asked also &lt;a href=&quot;https://travel.stackexchange.com/q/79467/13759&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but the context differs because there I am seeking travellers' opinions, but here medical opinions.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:56:21.243" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T23:56:21.243" Title="Does maintaining your home's time zone, while travelling, enable you to evade jet lag?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;aviation&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9373" CreationDate="2016-09-25T13:52:30.440" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the most effective way to detox from heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic that are an unfortunate part of the post-industrial era we live in now. Do we even need to? I'm not talking about acute but rather chronic toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detox has the reputation of being unscientific — probably because of all the bogus products and procedures associated with it. Is there any way to do a broad spectrum heavy metal detox, or is it individual for a metals? If so, how so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ps. Please add or take tags as you feel approopriate!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6858" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T07:24:00.353" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T07:24:00.353" Title="Best way to heavy metal detox" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;detox-purge&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9311" CreationDate="2016-09-25T17:19:16.600" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The literature regarding the use of sex toys in women is sparse.&#xA;I have found two studies, which describe potential side effects related to the use of sex toys in women:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transmission of &lt;strong&gt;sexual transmitted disease&lt;/strong&gt; due to the use of uncleaned and shared penetrative sex toys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Higher prevalence of &lt;strong&gt;bacterial vaginosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vaginal irritation and trauma&lt;/strong&gt; in forceful insertion or when lubricants are not used&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allergies of the vaginal mucosa to the sex toy&lt;/strong&gt; (depending on the sex toy's type of material)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Above mentionned side effects can be prevented by thorough cleaning of sex toys (or use of condoms), use of lubricants and selection of the sex toy's material.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lee R. Health care problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. Western Journal of Medicine. 2000;172(6):403-408.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marrazzo JM, Coffey P, Bingham A. Sexual Practices, Risk Perception and Knowledge Of Sexually Transmitted Disease Risk Among Lesbian and Bisexual Women. Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health. 2005;37(1):6-12. doi:10.1363/psrh.37.006.05.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6416" LastActivityDate="2016-09-25T17:19:16.600" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9422" CreationDate="2016-09-25T18:50:30.780" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a sunny summer I am going to make tincture from fresh fruits with spirit. Rectified spirit is expensive(because of taxes) so I was thinking about buying medical spirit. Medical spirit contains 96% pure alcohol, and 0.5% of Chlorhexidine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorhexidine&lt;/a&gt;). From half of liter of rectified (or medical) spirit I will prepare about 1.1 liter of tincture. The questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it safe to drink such a tincture?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If not, is there a easy way to remove chlorhexidine?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="545" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-30T05:53:25.967" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T11:54:29.950" Title="Spirit's tincture from medial spirit (which includes Chlorhexidine)" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9364" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9371" CreationDate="2016-09-25T20:58:32.890" Score="1" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pardon me if this is the incorrect place to ask, but we recently had a CPR written test and it asked what was the ratio of compressions to breaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I answered 15:1 thinking that for 30 compresions to 2 breaths will yield such a ratio. I got that particular question incorrect, and what was worse was that it was asked twice (don't ask why). I asked the teacher why the ratio couldn't be 15:1 since it asked for a ratio. Now, I'm not trying to be a smart Alex or anything, but it did ask for a ratio and that is what a ratio is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like saying that 9/10 people approved of a particular treatment. Most obviously there were more people in the survey, for it could there could have been 90 out of a 100 people who approved of the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the ratio be considere&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6880" LastActivityDate="2016-09-28T04:44:15.827" Title="What is the ratio when giving CPR" Tags="&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9356" CreationDate="2016-09-25T21:22:38.557" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I didn't die during the night, but the pain did awake me with a jolt at about 5am, and I went to the Urgent Care Clinic promptly at 6am, and it's a good thing because the inflamed site had grown significantly. The Doctors were able to incise/cut out the bite site and take a syringe and suck out the venom/blister/pus that was festering underneath. They applied antibiotic cream over that and bandaged it up. They swabbed it and are running a culture test on it to know which medications are best to treat this. They think they got all of it, but want to make sure it didn't enter my bloodstream, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently during the fall, the Hobo Spiders are extremely aggressive/active at night as it is their mating season and while their bite is not always venomous (it depends whether they inject it at the time), sometimes it is, and in this case it was. The symptoms of a Hobo Spider bite are akin to a Brown Recluse, although not as a potent. But the wound site does take several months to recover/heal completely and will probably leave a scar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bite is venomous or it just becomes infected, it can become pretty serious, especially for those with poor immune systems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just be aware of the Hobo Spider if you are in the Pacific Northwest!  Or if you are concerned about any spider bite, just speak to your physician -- don't hesitate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-09-25T21:22:38.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-26T02:13:07.977" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the title above, we know that vitamin C is beneficial in numerous ways so I would like to know when to have vitamin C efficiently, we would receive the best benefits? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6842" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:34.963" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:09:34.963" Title="Vitamin C, when the best time to have?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-26T02:16:18.737" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any benefits to taking an &lt;strong&gt;Omega 3/6/9&lt;/strong&gt; supplement versus just taking an &lt;strong&gt;Omega 3&lt;/strong&gt; supplement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, in a &quot;typical Western diet&quot; the ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acids is already too high, and many commonly-used cooking oils already contain ample amounts of Omega 6, so it seems counterproductive to consume even more Omega 6 in supplement form. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omega 9, again &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;according to Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, seems to be non-essential (i.e. can be synthesized by the body), and it also seems to be present in commonly-used oils, so supplementation seems a bit pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, I see Omega 3/6/9 supplements being sold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are these 3/6/9 supplements just a marketing trick, or do they actually have any real advantages over the omega-3-only supplements?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or is the 3/6/9 combined supplement supposed to be helpful for a specific health condition (where just omega 3 would be less helpful)? If so, which condition(s)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6881" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T03:01:52.507" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T15:52:36.127" Title="Omega 3/6/9 versus Omega 3 supplements" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9364" CreationDate="2016-09-26T05:28:05.497" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitely agree with you, it's a silly thing and different test inspectors have different ideology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My advice is to not worry about the results of the &quot;paper tests&quot; (I know it's annoying) and focus on it's practicality. They make changes to the so called &quot;guidelines&quot; every few years, as if the past guidelines were &quot;inferior&quot; or &quot;not up to date&quot;. Here's an interesting thing to think about.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is CPR best given using the ABC method? In the past, we were taught Airway, Breathing, Compression. Now &quot;new&quot; guidelines are vouching for CAB because people are afraid of mouth to mouth contact, but are ok with compressing. Which allows the blood (with lower % oxygen:hemoglobin ratio) to circulate the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about if there is 2 people? does the ratio change? If the ratios do change, it makes you question just how arbitrary these numbers are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the day, tests are tests, and real word is real word. I worked in the hospital and my co-worker was accused by the patient's family members of &quot;not compressing fast enough.&quot; As if he was not &quot;passionate&quot; enough in saving a patient's life. Poor lad had to fill out more &quot;paperwork&quot;. Good luck, the medical industry really sucks the energy out of you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reference to Uptodate, the essential goals for performing excellent chest compressions include:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;●Maintain the rate of chest compression at 100 to 120 compressions per minute &#xA;●Compress the chest at least 5 cm (2 inches) but no more than 6 cm (2.5 inches) with each down-stroke&lt;br&gt;&#xA;●Allow the chest to recoil completely after each down-stroke (it should be easy to pull a piece of paper from between the rescuer's hand and the patient's chest just before the next down-stroke)&#xA;●Minimize the frequency and duration of any interruptions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/basic-life-support-bls-in-adults?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=ACLS&amp;amp;selectedTitle=9~150&amp;amp;sectionRank=2&amp;amp;anchor=H12#H5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/basic-life-support-bls-in-adults?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=ACLS&amp;amp;selectedTitle=9~150&amp;amp;sectionRank=2&amp;amp;anchor=H12#H5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6873" LastEditorUserId="6873" LastEditDate="2016-09-28T04:44:15.827" LastActivityDate="2016-09-28T04:44:15.827" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9360" CreationDate="2016-09-26T07:57:52.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you live on an area known for having deposits of heavy metals, or you suspect that you have been exposed (in which case you should go see a doctor), your kidneys should be able to take care of the small amounts of heavy metals present in your diet and environment. That being said, heavy metal intoxication can be treated with chelation therapy if needed. There are many drugs for this, most of them target a different metal selectively. This is not exempt of risks and by no means should be performed without medical supervision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T07:57:52.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-26T09:06:11.297" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard someone saying to me that to reduce the painful of articles, listening to music can heal the pain. Is it right or wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6842" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:25:40.797" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T07:25:40.797" Title="Listening music relieves joint pain" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;music-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-26T10:59:59.563" Score="3" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a body lotion for dry skin, but it contains a warning not to use it for children below 3 years and not to apply it in the face. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what reason would make it inappropriate for the face and whether it should be seen as strict warning or kind note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the ingredients list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AQUA, CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE, CETEARYL ISONONANOATE, GLYCERIN, SUCROSE STEARATE, CETEARYL ALCOHOL, NIGELLA SATIVA SEED OIL, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SEED OIL, SALICYLIC ACID, AMMONIUM ACRYLOYLDIMETHYLTAURATE/VP COPOLYMER, PANTHENOL, XANTHAN GUM, TOCOPHEROL, HELIOTROPINE, POTASSIUM SORBATE, PHENOXYETHANOL, BENZYL ALCOHOL, SODIUM HYDROXIDE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be worth mentioning that the lotion is a supermarket item, not from a pharmacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T06:51:27.653" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T14:57:15.980" Title="Not in the face? Why is this warning on my lotion?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9354" CreationDate="2016-09-26T13:21:04.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I didn't find any study about fasting and &lt;em&gt;oral&lt;/em&gt; flora but in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1352378/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; (PubMed Central, 2005), fasting for 8 days did not significantly change the &lt;em&gt;intestinal&lt;/em&gt; flora in patients with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the mouth flora can change after fasting, it sounds logical that it would change back when you start to eat (the same foods) again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain mouth bacteria, when fed by certain sugars (sucrose, trehalulose, glucose,  fructose) produce acids that can cause dental caries. So, a partial fast (avoiding mentioned sugars) could theoretically decrease the risk of dental caries, but it seems that genetics and the time between sugar eating and tooth brushing are more important than the amount of sugar consumed (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/sugars.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Nutrients Review&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-26T15:12:36.947" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T15:12:36.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9378" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9381" CreationDate="2016-09-26T14:43:10.970" Score="2" ViewCount="452" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently seen the data that suggests processed meat is carcinogenic, but I don't know if what I'm buying is the same thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sainsburys.co.uk/shop/gb/groceries/cooked-chicken---turkey/sainsburys-cooked-chicken-slices--tikka-160g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.sainsburys.co.uk/shop/gb/groceries/cooked-chicken---turkey/sainsburys-cooked-chicken-slices--tikka-160g&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only ingredient that concerns me is the 'Sodium Triphosphate'. Because this ingredient acts as a preservative in a way (it allows the chicken to retain moisture), does that classify it under processed meat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6889" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-15T07:24:21.197" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T07:24:21.197" Title="Is chicken treated with sodium triphosphate classified as processed meat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;&lt;meat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-26T18:38:54.223" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had watched movies which there were some teenagers when they want to prevent from pregnancy, they intuitively know that they should take contraceptive because they are not ready to give a birth. So I wonder does oral contraceptives increase the risk of heart disease or not ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6842" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:01:52.590" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:01:52.590" Title="Contraceptive and heart disease" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9378" CreationDate="2016-09-26T18:41:01.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/features/qa/cancer-red-meat/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; (the organization that keeps a great list with everything that's definitely carcinogenic): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Processed meat refers to meat that has been transformed through&#xA;  salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to enhance&#xA;  flavour or improve preservation. Most processed meats contain pork or&#xA;  beef, but processed meats may also contain other red meats, poultry,&#xA;  offal, or meat by-products such as blood.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the way down there's also a point about the manner of preservation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;24. Different preservation methods could result in the formation of&#xA;  carcinogens (e.g. N-nitroso compounds), but whether and how much this&#xA;  contributes to the cancer risk is unknown.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO doesn't go this far, but based on compounds in some processed meat that are carcinogenic by itself (smoke and N-nitroso compounds), I'd assume a large part of the carcinogenic risk of processed meat can be explained by the presence of these compounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sodium triphosphate that's in your chicken is technically a preservative. However, sodium triphosphate preserves the meat by retaining water, slowing down the drying process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sodium triphosphate itself is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;perfectly safe&lt;/a&gt;, I think the limits on the quantity that you can add are present mainly because it can be used to cheaply increase the weight of meat/fish. It's also GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the FDA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5056" LastEditorUserId="5056" LastEditDate="2016-09-27T06:53:37.430" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T06:53:37.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2016-09-26T20:51:00.333" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Which medical specialist should be consulted for anal polyp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A physician specialised in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus might be the person of choice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be a &lt;strong&gt;proctologist&lt;/strong&gt; (a physician specialised in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_surgery&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;proctology&lt;/a&gt;), or if this speciality is not recognised/available in your country, this could be a &lt;strong&gt;colorectal surgeon&lt;/strong&gt;. In some cases (depending on the size of the anal polyp) a &lt;strong&gt;gastroenterologist can also handle anal polyps (through endoscopic removal)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I would suggest seeing the surgeon who diagnosed this anal polyp and discuss further management with him.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-26T20:51:00.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-27T02:08:57.767" Score="5" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using the below fasting protocol that I'd like to use for intermittent fasting -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fast duration - Sunday night (10-11pm) to Tuesday morning (4:30am)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consumed during fast - Only water (2-4L) and black sugarless tea/coffee (2-3 cups). Absolutely no other foods or beverages (no additional micro/macro nutrients) is taken during the fast duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions&lt;/strong&gt; -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this fasting protocol healthy? Any medical studies/literature explaining why it would be health/unhealthy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the answer to #2 is negative, then wouldn't intermittent fasting in a paleo type of diet context be unhealthy as well? My understanding is that it'll involve similar type of fasting protocol but on alternate days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6895" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T23:48:26.527" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T13:19:21.727" Title="Are water only fasts healthy? Can they cause headaches or other medical problems?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9344" CreationDate="2016-09-27T04:07:18.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer depends on which country you are in, as well as location of where you live (rural vs city).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are going to a hospital, medical doctors specialized in surgery (general surgery) can help you with your problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6873" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T04:07:18.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7588" CreationDate="2016-09-27T10:05:06.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/81/1/3.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;When to eat and how often?&lt;/a&gt; (2005) in American Journal for Clinical Nutrition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effect of the timing of food intake on metabolism has been the&#xA;  subject of active investigation for &gt;40 y. Indeed, whether it is&#xA;  “better” to eat many small meals a day is one of the questions most&#xA;  frequently posed by the lay public. Comparing the potential benefits&#xA;  of nibbling and of gorging has been the focus of much animal and human&#xA;  research, but no clear consensus has emerged (1-7). Simply put, the&#xA;  question of whether there is a health benefit from the consumption of&#xA;  multiple small meals will ultimately depend on how much energy is&#xA;  consumed, as opposed to how often or how regularly one eats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quotes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391809/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Effects of Increased Meal Frequency on Fat Oxidation and Perceived Hunger&lt;/a&gt; (2013):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consuming smaller, more frequent meals is often advocated as a means&#xA;  of controlling body weight, but studies demonstrating a mechanistic&#xA;  effect of this practice on factors associated with body weight&#xA;  regulation are lacking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) results suggest that there is no effect of meal frequency on EE [energy expenditure] or fat oxidation under isoenergetic states, which is in agreement with results from previous results (17,19). However, hunger AUC and the “desire to eat” AUC were significantly greater during 6M compared to 3M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that increasing meal frequency from three to six per day&#xA;  has no significant effect on 24-h fat oxidation, but may increase&#xA;  hunger and the desire to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26226640&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing - Does when we eat matter?&lt;/a&gt; (2016):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At present, there is still a perception within the general community,&#xA;  and amongst some nutritionists, that eating multiple small meals&#xA;  spaced throughout the day is beneficial for weight control and&#xA;  metabolic health. However, intervention trials do not generally&#xA;  support the epidemiological evidence, and data is emerging to suggest&#xA;  that increasing the fasting period between meals may beneficially&#xA;  impact body weight and metabolic health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T10:05:06.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9055" CreationDate="2016-09-27T10:54:25.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you mean by &quot;big people&quot;? Obese? Very tall but not obese (BMI in proper range)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My answer for &lt;strong&gt;obese&lt;/strong&gt;: probably they do age faster, but this is not so easy to prove as we lack measurement tools to measure aging intself. Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217403/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Obesity accelerates epigenetic aging of human liver&lt;/a&gt; (2014):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because obese people are at an increased risk of many age-related&#xA;  diseases, it is a plausible hypothesis that obesity increases the&#xA;  biological age of some tissues and cell types. However, it has been&#xA;  difficult to detect such an accelerated aging effect because it is&#xA;  unclear how to measure tissue age. Here we use a recently developed&#xA;  biomarker of aging (known as “epigenetic clock”) to study the&#xA;  relationship between epigenetic age and obesity in several human&#xA;  tissues. We report an unexpectedly strong correlation between high&#xA;  body mass index and the epigenetic age of liver tissue. This finding&#xA;  may explain why obese people suffer from the early onset of many&#xA;  age-related pathologies, including liver cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assessing tissue age poses a significant methodological challenge&#xA;  because it is not clear which biomarkers of aging are appropriate.&#xA;  There is a considerable debate in the literature as to what extent&#xA;  markers/causes of cellular senescence, such as telomere length,&#xA;  capture all aspects of tissue aging (8–10).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you accept such biomarkers as telomere length:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Leukocyte telomere length, which is a widely used biomarker of aging,&#xA;  has been found to be negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI)&#xA;  (3–7). Although the observed correlation between BMI and telomere&#xA;  length is relatively weak (r = 0.12) (4), it is remarkable that these&#xA;  studies demonstrated that BMI is associated with an age acceleration&#xA;  effect in blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26926488&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;'Adipaging': ageing and obesity share biological hallmarks related to a dysfunctional adipose tissue&lt;/a&gt; (2016): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Accordingly, understanding the interplay between &lt;strong&gt;accelerated ageing&#xA;  related to obesity&lt;/strong&gt; and adipose tissue dysfunction is critical to gain&#xA;  insight into the ageing process in general as well as into the&#xA;  pathophysiology of obesity and other related conditions. Here we&#xA;  postulate the concept of 'adipaging' to illustrate the common links&#xA;  between ageing and obesity and the fact that, &lt;strong&gt;to a great extent, obese&#xA;  adults are prematurely aged individuals&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-09-27T10:54:25.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9392" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7205" CreationDate="2016-09-27T19:56:36.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there is NO non-human medical method for a &lt;em&gt;definite&lt;/em&gt; diagnosis of diseases accepted in any well known medical center as of 27. 09. 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical history and physical examination are performed by doctors. X-ray, CT, MRI, lab tests or even calculations performed by computer programs are usually &lt;strong&gt;ordered and interpreted by doctors.&lt;/strong&gt; It is not a CT machine that tells you a diagnosis, it is a doctor who knows how to read a CT image and make a diagnosis from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, you may be able to self-diagnose a disease, but this is still &lt;em&gt;human&lt;/em&gt; diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related terms are &quot;diagnostic robot,&quot; &quot;computer diagnostic tools,&quot; &quot;diagnostic software,&quot; &quot;machine learning,&quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-27T09:41:03.870" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T09:41:03.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-27T21:25:52.713" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bioinformatics guy working on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Mesothelioma%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s+disease+data+set+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;dataset related to the mesothelioma disease&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;In this dataset:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each row represents a patient record&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;each column represents a health&#xA;feature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are around 200 records of patients and 34 features. Unfortunately, the curators of this dataset did not provide details about the meaning of each row, so now I'm trying to understand them to have a better idea of what we are talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These features-columns are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ache on chest&#xA;age&#xA;albumin&#xA;alkaline phosphatise (ALP)&#xA;asbestos exposure&#xA;blood lactic dehydrogenise (LDH)&#xA;C-reactive protein (CRP)&#xA;cell count (WBC)&#xA;city&#xA;cytology&#xA;dead or not&#xA;diagnosis method&#xA;duration of asbestos exposure&#xA;duration of symptoms&#xA;dyspnoea&#xA;gender&#xA;glucose&#xA;habit of cigarette&#xA;hemoglobin (HGB)&#xA;keep side&#xA;performance status&#xA;platelet count (PLT)&#xA;pleural albumin&#xA;pleural effusion&#xA;pleural glucose&#xA;pleural lactic dehydrogenise&#xA;pleural level of acidity (pH)&#xA;pleural protein&#xA;pleural thickness on tomography&#xA;sedimentation&#xA;total protein&#xA;type of MM&#xA;weakness&#xA;white blood&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among all these features, my machine learning algorithm stated that the most important and significant one is &lt;strong&gt;keep side&lt;/strong&gt;. I have no idea of what &quot;keep side&quot; means in a health context, can anyone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;keep side&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: I forgot to mention that the &lt;strong&gt;keep side&lt;/strong&gt; features has three possible values: &lt;strong&gt;0, 1, 2&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6902" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T23:16:03.367" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T23:16:03.367" Title="What is a &quot;keep side&quot; feature in a patient record?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9384" CreationDate="2016-09-28T12:51:33.397" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the data that you have provided above here is something that will definitely help you out, and do try this out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that you live in a part of the country which is very cold, that said you should consume tea and coffee with regular diet and not on the fasting day, coz the function of tea and coffee is to increase the blood pressure of a human being and usually in cold place having temperatures below 0-degree centigrade its a boon to the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the general functioning of the body is that it produces acid naturally and not the bases(alkaline substances) so you usually would have heard people that they are facing acidity problems and no one says anytime that they have basic/alkalinity problems, so when you drink tea/coffee on the day of the fast, you tend to catalyse the process of the formation of acid and you don't eat anything on the day of fasting, so make sure that you don't drink tea/coffee on the day of fasting. This will give you more headache feeling in the beginning but eventually will go away. If possible, please get rid of the habit of having caffeinated coffee/tea every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, soak Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as Ocimum sanctum(holy basil) in water, put it in the water bottle for 2-3 hours and drink it during the day of the fast just like you are having normal drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this and do let me know about the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6908" LastActivityDate="2016-09-28T12:51:33.397" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-28T18:47:04.690" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any research/study/survey/... that tried to assess the time elapsed between the publication of medical advances and when they start to be used in practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-09-28T19:46:07.570" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T08:57:51.517" Title="How much time does it take for medical advances to be used in practice?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-28T20:22:13.830" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a prescription for Resalor (Prucalopride) is filled, how long does it remain viable before its expiration date?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6910" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T21:26:02.887" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T21:26:02.887" Title="How long does Resalor keep before expiry?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-28T20:57:03.780" Score="5" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 37, badly overweight, and have been for a long time. One of my weaknesses has been pop - normally Pepsi or 7Up - and I'm trying to seriously cut back. So how much is too much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most of my life I've drunk at least a can a day, often two cans (I know, not all that much compared to some, but still too much). If I try to go cold turkey, I end up with depression and massive cravings, so I'm trying to reduce to around two cans or bottles per week. Is that low enough to make a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6911" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T19:45:49.797" Title="Pop: How much is too much?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-29T01:04:25.267" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a blistered rash that kept spreading so my doctor took a swab to see if there was any kind of bacterial cultures present. The results came back today -- I am positive for a staph infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I have Lupus, and have had over 15 surgeries, my doctor asked me asked me if I had a history of MSRA (I suspect HA-MRSA, considering my medical history), but I had not heard of MSRA before so  I told him &quot;no.&quot; So he prescribed me Cefalexin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do the the swab tests they do to see if any bacterial cultures grow --- do they give information if the staph infection is resistant to antibiotics -- caused by MRSA? If so, would the info be detailed enough to tell whether or not if I had HA-MRSA or C-MRSA? Or would they have to do a different kind of testing for that?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming I'll eventually know if I have MRSA by seeing if my staph infection gets better, but I'm wondering if the tests would have had the results for that to begin with? Or if that is just determined based off of medical history and living conditions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-09-29T01:52:39.323" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T01:52:39.323" Title="Swab tests reveals I have a staph infection. Can it tell if it's MRSA? Or is that a different test? If so, can that distinguish HA-MRSA &amp; C-MRSA?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;staph-infections&gt;&lt;mrsa&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-29T02:00:09.757" Score="1" ViewCount="414" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What would be some of the reasons/explanations as to why one's urine test would test positive for ketones, hemoglobin, and leukocytes?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not even sure what ketones and leukocytes are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:56:33.677" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:56:33.677" Title="What does it mean if my urine test is positive for ketones, hemoglobin, and leukocytes?" Tags="&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;hemoglobin&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9393" CreationDate="2016-09-29T05:58:29.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is excerpt of mesothelioma staging from the info booklet of American Cancer Society: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003119-pdf.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://m.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003119-pdf.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Mesothelioma is in the pleura lining the chest wall &lt;strong&gt;on one side of the chest&lt;/strong&gt;. It may or may not also affect the pleura lining the diaphragm (the thin breathing muscle below the lungs) or the mediastinum (the space between the lungs). It may also have spread to the pleura covering the lung.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find direct referral to usage examples of &quot;keep side&quot; in medical records. &#xA;In case of 0,1,2 value one of them can be mediastinal (between lungs) location. &#xA;Once again I logically came to this conclusion and can't claim it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be still guess unless you contact to data providers or researchers of the study and ask them to specify. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastEditorUserId="5165" LastEditDate="2016-09-29T07:58:20.480" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T07:58:20.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9403" CreationDate="2016-09-29T08:57:51.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title of this publication speaks it all: &lt;a href=&quot;http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/104/12/510.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The answer is 17 years, what is the question: understanding time lags in translational research&lt;/a&gt; (2011). Some quotes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This process of conversion of basic science to patient benefit is often called ‘&lt;strong&gt;translation&lt;/strong&gt;’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using different endpoints, different domains and different approaches,&#xA;  Balas and Bohen and Grant et al. both estimate the time lag in&#xA;  health research being 17 years. Wratschko also suggested 17 years as&#xA;  the highest limit for the time taken from drug discovery to&#xA;  commercialization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2016/06000/Making_the_Leap___the_Translation_of_Innovative.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Making the Leap: the Translation of Innovative Surgical Devices From the Laboratory to the Operating Room (2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Innovative surgical devices have preceded many of the major advances&#xA;  in surgical practice. However, the process by which devices arising&#xA;  from academia find their way to translation remains poorly understood.&#xA;  (...) The probability of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-man_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;first-in-human&lt;/a&gt; at 10 years was 9.8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/gim/journal/v17/n6/abs/gim2014133a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;An overview of recommendations and translational milestones for genomic tests in cancer&lt;/a&gt; (2015):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The median time from discovery to recommendation statement was 14.7&#xA;  years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are people trying to lower those lag times, see for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25880494&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Faster by a power of 10: a PLAN for accelerating national adoption of evidence-based practices&lt;/a&gt; (2015):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We propose an ambitious goal: to increase the speed of adoption of&#xA;  evidence-based practices by a power of 10, from 17 years to 1.7 years,&#xA;  and present a 4-step PLAN to achieve this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe in the future things will be better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T08:57:51.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9405" CreationDate="2016-09-29T09:05:15.160" Score="-1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Answer:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on your diet overall. &lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Losing weight is mostly caused by more calories out than calories in.&lt;/a&gt; Everyones calorie needs are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/is-diet-soda-bad-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You could drink diet (0 calorie) soda in moderation and remember to brush your teeth.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T12:18:52.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-29T09:14:00.967" Score="0" ViewCount="350" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are they one and the same? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you be non-anemic and have poor circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you have good circulation and be anemic at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T10:21:53.897" Title="Does Anemia equal poor circulation?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9384" CreationDate="2016-09-29T09:20:03.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have to be sensible, losing weight is simple thermodynamics. If you consume less calories than you need, you will lose weight. Examine.com says it best:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What should I eat for weight loss?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eat less.&lt;/strong&gt; Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one&#xA;best fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric&#xA;intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Examine.com&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since prolonged fasting &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; increase heat expenditure, diets that manipulate fasting (Intermittent Fasting, Alternate Day Fasting) &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; have some benefits on the “calories out” side of things. Yet, even here, weight lost is mostly due to the fact that you control eating: It is much harder to overeat in 8 hours than in 16.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good way to check that you aren't underfeeding yourself is to count calories and sum up per-week what you have eaten vs what your TDEE says you need. Pair that with your personal data for weight delta over the week and you can adjust your calorie intake appropriately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided you are meeting your calorie intake sufficiently prior to the fast there is no reason why you would run into any issues during because you body has the energy it needs to get through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main benefit of your diet choice is most likely psychological, as you have picked those times because you believe/understand its easiest to fast then for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Answers:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Provided you have a good grasp of your personal macro-nutritional and calorie needs, yes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The “paleo diet” (hunter-gatherer diet) is high in fats, high in proteins, and low in carbohydrates, its a means to assist weight loss through low carbohydrate intake, see answer to question 1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T09:20:03.937" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9411" CreationDate="2016-09-29T10:21:53.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/home/ovc-20183131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Anemia&lt;/a&gt; means decreased ability of the &lt;strong&gt;blood&lt;/strong&gt; to carry oxygen. Two examples are iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia due to impaired vitamin B12 absorption. You can have anemia and good circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=97614&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Poor circulation&lt;/a&gt; is a decreased ability of the &lt;strong&gt;circulatory system (heart and arteries)&lt;/strong&gt; to deliver blood to all parts of the body. Examples of causes are heart failure, for example after  heart attack, and hardening of arteries in the legs and arms (peripheral artery disease). You can have poor circulation without anemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T10:21:53.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9405" CreationDate="2016-09-29T12:29:55.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1.5 cans of 7up per day is around 22 pounds of fat in a year. Depending on how overweight you are, this might be the source of ALL your excess weight. Think about that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still drinking 2 cans a week will just slow down your weightloss, and maybe save you a few weeks of discomfort (that's mostly psychological anyway). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculation: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/7-up-7-up-soda-12-oz-can-365658151?v2=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;140 kcal per can&lt;/a&gt; * 1.5 = 210 kcal per day&#xA;365 days per year * 210 kcal = 76650 kcal / year&#xA;76650 kcal / &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376744/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;3500 kcal per pound of bodyweight&lt;/a&gt; = 21.9 pounds per year &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5056" LastEditorUserId="5056" LastEditDate="2016-09-29T15:24:53.127" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T15:24:53.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9405" CreationDate="2016-09-29T13:06:23.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To lose weight you need to consume less calories than you spend, but you know this. Cutting pops is a nice trick -- you can make it &lt;strong&gt;much easier&lt;/strong&gt; if you cut it completely and cut other sugars too. As an alternative beverage, I recommend some mineral water that has a little bit sodium in it, which makes it more tasty than plain tap or bottled water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are tricks how to &lt;strong&gt;get rid of sugar/food craving:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; If you crave for sugar, you &lt;strong&gt;remove all/most sugar and artificial sweeteners from your diet at once:&lt;/strong&gt; pops, fruit juices, fruits, sweets, ice cream, chocolate...This can work easier if you also &lt;strong&gt;remove/limit other quickly absorbable carbohydrates,&lt;/strong&gt; such as potatoes, white rice, pasta and white bread. So, you try to get used to whole-grain cereal products and vegetables (in short: foods high in dietary fiber). After this, in a short time (after few days of struggling) sugar craving can become much less intense. This is from my experience, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;others may tell you similar things&lt;/a&gt; (WebMD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Fast food&lt;/strong&gt; can also cause food craving, probably because of quick and large surge of energy it provides. So, avoiding fast food can really make losing weight easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid depression from such diet, concentrate on your work goals and relationships that make you fulfilled. This requires some effort and can come with some &lt;strong&gt;emotional suffering,&lt;/strong&gt; which, if associated with right goals, can be surprisingly &lt;strong&gt;healing&lt;/strong&gt; for depression and anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not already, become more &lt;strong&gt;physically active.&lt;/strong&gt; Something you can realistically adopt in your life style long-term. Walking, for example. This is not meant (only) to lose calories but to keep you mentally and physically fresh and less depressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-09-30T18:12:44.957" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T18:12:44.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9418" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9421" CreationDate="2016-09-29T18:14:56.560" Score="1" ViewCount="1255" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many forms of UHT milk contain sugar, however, the packaging I have does not give a specific gram content. But they do give a percentage of sugar in the ingredients section. Can I calculate the amount of grams of sugar using this example below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 liter of milk contains 2.8% sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 liter = 1000 grams&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1000 grams x .028 = 28 grams&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore 28 grams of sugar per 1 liter of milk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 100ml of milk equals one serving, then there are 2.8 grams of sugar per serving?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6918" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T10:47:15.023" Title="How much sugar is in my UHT Milk?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9436" CreationDate="2016-09-29T19:44:02.107" Score="4" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found out recently that in Australia and France you are not allowed to give blood if you spent more than one year in the UK between 1980 and 1996 because of mad cow disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering why? and if it is reasonable to have this restriction in place? As I'm not really aware of what issues could crop up from this. It is quite frustrating as I was a frequent donor when living in the UK, but now as I am in France I'm not allowed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6919" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T21:46:13.537" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T21:46:13.537" Title="Blood donor restrictions (Mad Cow Disease) in Australia/France for people who lived in Britain, is it justified?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9418" CreationDate="2016-09-29T20:23:46.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, that is incorrect. Liters are a measure of volume but grams are a measure of weight, so you need to convert 1 liter of milk to the &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;weight&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of 1 liter of milk. (Your calculations would be correct for water, by the way.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Milk is an organic product so some variation is going to exist, but 1 liter of whole milk &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/food-volume-to-weight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;weighs approximately 1031 grams&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that point forward the rest of your calculations are correct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1031 grams x .028 = 28.8 grams of sugar per liter of milk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 100 ml is one serving, then each serving contains 2.88 grams of sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, you were low by about 1 gram.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-09-29T20:23:46.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9363" CreationDate="2016-09-30T05:50:57.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chlorhexidine is intended for local use only. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009564/?report=details&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Health&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This medicine may cause serious and permanent injury when placed in the eyes, ears, or mouth. Carefully follow all instructions before using this medicine to prevent these serious side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martindale: The complete drug reference, 34th edition lists the following potential side-effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;multiple episodes of cyanosis and bradicardia (in an infant whose mother sprayed her breasts with chlorhexidine when breastfeeding)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mild giddiness, unusual laughter, and an increased appetite (in an elderly lady who mistakenly drank 30 mL of 4% chlorhexidine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gastritis (mistaken ingestion)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pharyngeal oedema and necrotic oesophageal lesions, increased aminotransferase concentrations and liver necrosis (150mL of 4% solution)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may say that the concentration of your solution is lesser than in most of these examples. The quantity, however, that you intend to use is much larger. Even though you probably intend to use it over a prolonged period of time, not at once, the fact that chlorhexidine is not intended to be ingested remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: As rumtscho has pointed out in comments the tax may be significantly lower because the liquid might contain other ingredient(s) that make it unsafe to drink. Bottom line is that if something is not intended for peroral use, it should not be ingested (even if you find a way to remove chlorhexidine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-09-30T11:54:29.950" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T11:54:29.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T06:57:44.640" Score="1" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to an orthopedic hospital for a pain in my left shoulder since 6 months.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They first did x-ray, and the report was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;X-ray left shoulder shows reduction in subacromial space and&#xA;  subacromial sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next they did MRI and they didn't see any anomaly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can an (invasive) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrogram&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;arthrogram&lt;/a&gt; detect shoulder anomalies that MRI can not?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6924" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T06:56:43.997" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T06:56:43.997" Title="Can arthrogram detect shoulder anomalies that MRI can not?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T07:20:56.137" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to understand how important diet is to managing diabetes and was wondering whether meal planning was a really important thing and what it involved. Do you have to spend a lot of time each week or is it something you barely have to pay any attention to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6925" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T02:02:42.263" LastActivityDate="2019-09-19T09:29:28.110" Title="￼How do diabetics manage their diet and meal planning?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-09-19T15:15:37.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9427" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9458" CreationDate="2016-09-30T14:59:20.273" Score="6" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently seen a post online stating the question: &quot;What would happen if a blind person tried hallucinogenic drugs.&quot; (This entails 5-HT2A antagonists like Lysergic acid and psilocybin, the most common hallucinogenic drugs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do blind people have the possibility to experience visual hallucinations and does this differ if someone is born blind or became blind sometime after early childhood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6930" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T07:35:36.243" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T18:23:57.063" Title="How does a blind person react to hallucinogenic drugs" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;blind&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T15:32:55.053" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Longtime lurker, first-time poster.  My best friend (who is a big user of this site) was reading this post from another forum:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://startups.stackexchange.com/questions/11189/starting-a-completely-new-industry&quot;&gt;https://startups.stackexchange.com/questions/11189/starting-a-completely-new-industry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He's a super competitive guy, and he's now got this into his head that he's going to try out marathon eating.  I was telling him this is crazy and it's going to be horrible for his health, but he insists that it's not that bad.  So to settle some disagreements, we both agree that I should post some questions here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does one actually keep their health while doing something like this?  Are there certain exercises or eating habits that will help?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This guy talks about eating over 100 McDonalds burgers in 12 hours and 44 boxes of Oreos in 8 hours.  How does one actually do that?  Is there a physical limit on how much somebody can eat?  Do they exercise while eating to burn calories?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If someone were to attempt to marathon eat, what are the best/worst foods to do this with?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much rest does somebody need between marathons?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6931" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:51:27.380" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T18:48:59.677" Title="How can a marathon eater maintain their health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9428" CreationDate="2016-09-30T16:49:41.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a health site, so I'm only answering the part about &lt;strong&gt;health dangers of binge eating:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Weight gain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fast-foods-generic/5931/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;1 hamburger, plain, single patty, 86 g&lt;/a&gt; = 254 Calories&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100 hamburgers = 25,400 Calories = enough for 10 days for a moderately active man. To maintain body weight, this means 1 day with 100 hamburgers and then 9 days of complete fast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Health Consequences &amp;amp; Medical Complications of Binge Eating Disorder&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://eatingdisorder.org/eating-disorder-information/binge-eating-disorder/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Center of Eating Disorders&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High cholesterol levels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart disease as a result&#xA;of elevated triglyceride levels &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Type II diabetes mellitus &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obstructive sleep apnea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Edema (swelling) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kidney disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gall bladder disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Various forms of cancer &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insomnia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Acute gastric dilatation&lt;/strong&gt; in a patient with anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966577/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2010&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acute gastric dilatation is a rare complication of anorexia nervosa&#xA;  binge/purge...Early diagnosis and intervention is critical since delay&#xA;  may result in &lt;strong&gt;gastric necrosis, perforation, shock, and death.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T18:48:59.677" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T18:48:59.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T17:41:33.903" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, I find difficult in lose weight. Besides doing exercises, are there any foods that help fat-burning process faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6806" LastEditorUserId="6806" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T03:16:21.183" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T21:56:32.340" Title="Which foods are good for fat-burning?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9431" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T17:47:06.027" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors that play a role when a person chooses their next pair of glasses. For example, I would think that the exact material of the lens would be of crucial importance. Yet, it looks like having/not having an anti-reflection layer is (at least marketed as) a crucial component for a decent pair of glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had three pairs of glasses, one of which had the anti-reflection layer. I failed to notice any difference whatsoever. Now that I am buying my 4th pair, I would like to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could we measure the difference between the lens with and without the anti-reflection layer? Are their any comparison studies/hard facts that an anti-reflection layer significantly improves the lens ability to convey light?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related search on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/search?page=2&amp;amp;tab=relevance&amp;amp;q=anti-reflection&quot;&gt;physics.stackexchange&lt;/a&gt;. In particular, &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/12208/how-come-an-anti-reflective-coating-makes-glass-more-transparent?newreg=6a9b8bc77d014e39bae7c1d74e75dff9&quot;&gt;this Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt; makes me believe that an anti-reflection layer makes sense only when the following is known:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exact wavelength&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exact angle of incidence &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which makes me further doubt that anti-reflection layer is important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6933" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:40:18.443" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T21:46:11.010" Title="How important is having an anti-reflection layer on a glass lens?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9405" CreationDate="2016-09-30T19:45:49.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If giving up sweetened drinks is too difficult for you, then quit trying. Quit fighting a battle you're already convinced you're going to lose, because you will. One or two soft drinks per day isn't going to do you any great harm if you account for those calories. And after all, your prime objective here is to lose weight, right? Aside from the sugar and calories, there's nothing really terrible about soft drinks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 12-ounce 7Up contains 140 calories. Adding 140-calories worth of exercise per day isn't difficult, even for someone who is &quot;badly overweight.&quot; For example, for a 300-pound person a &lt;a href=&quot;http://caloriecontrol.org/healthy-weight-tool-kit/get-moving-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;30-minute brisk walk burns 273 calories&lt;/a&gt;, which is two 7Ups. If you do that walk and just have one 7Up per day instead of two, you'll begin to lose weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you've been sedentary a long time, then a 30-minute brisk walk might be too much. Fine, start out where you can. The first week make it 5 or 10 minutes -- whatever you can do. The next week add 5 minutes, and keep doing that until you're up to 30 minutes per day. From there you can either continue to add time, or pick up the pace, add some hills or stairs, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll lose weight, you'll improve your cardiovascular fitness, you'll feel better, you'll sleep better, and... you'll still get your daily 7Up fix. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider getting a wearable fitness monitor. They're a good way to keep track of your progress and they help keep you motivated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T19:45:49.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-09-30T21:12:35.933" Score="5" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Talking to relatives, it sounds like it was once believed that opening the chest cavity generally caused the spread and growth of diseases such as cancer because of the introduced oxygen into the area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find much information suggesting this, and it sounds like it might be more of an Old Wives' Tale or a remnant myth from the earlier days of medicine.  And perhaps it might more have been caused more by lack of sterility and cruder surgical techniques in days gone by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm interested to know if there's any scientific basis supporting or debunking such an idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6938" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T14:12:35.803" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T14:12:35.803" Title="Is opening the chest cavity still considered dangerous to the spread\growth of disease?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;chest&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-01-09T02:24:12.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9420" CreationDate="2016-09-30T21:53:00.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood donor restrictiction aims at preventing the transmission of the &lt;strong&gt;variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease&lt;/strong&gt; (also known as Mad Cow Disease for a layperson), which is a prion disease that leads to irreversible neurodegeneration. Affected patients present with neurological and psychiatric symptoms and eventually die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Here some historical background to understand the rational behind the blood donor restrictions:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first description of the vCJD in human occured in 1996&lt;/strong&gt; and was quickly followed by more than 22 others mainly in the UK. Clinical symtoms varied from the previously known sporadic/familial/genetic Creutzfeld-Jakob diseases leading to the definition of a &lt;strong&gt;variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease&lt;/strong&gt;. Additionally as most cases reported &lt;strong&gt;followed an epidemy of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (the animal variant of the disease)&lt;/strong&gt;, a direct link between the diseases (and an animal-human transmission) was made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The issues and the rational for blood donor restrictions:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Approximately &lt;strong&gt;50,000 infected cattle are estimated to have entered&#xA;the human food chain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;at least &lt;strong&gt;five cases of transfusion transmission of vCJD have been reported in the UK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;limits of 1980 and 1996&lt;/strong&gt; have been chosen because the first&#xA;descriptions of the BSE have been reported in the 80's. After 1996,&#xA;due to strict governmental regulations (such as the prohibition on&#xA;ruminant-derived proteins in feeds for all animals and poultry and&#xA;the banning of consumption of animals over the age of 30 months) a significant decline in BSE cases was noted, limiting the possibility of an animal-human transmission.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;strong&gt;current prevalence of vCJD in the originally affected countries is unknown&lt;/strong&gt; and hence makes it difficult to decide on the best approach. In the UK population some studies have suggested that it might be between 120 to 237 per million inhabitants but those values are highly debated (some suggesting it might be lower)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the incubation period of vCJD is long to very long&lt;/strong&gt; (several years to decades) so people who are infected might be asymptomatic at the time they donate blood.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blood donor restrictions vary between countries, some beeing more restrictive than others according to their respective public health policy.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;Brown GH. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. UpToDate. Sept 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/print?source=see_link&amp;amp;sectionName=Relationship%20with%20BSE&amp;amp;anchor=H3&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/print?source=see_link&amp;amp;sectionName=Relationship%20with%20BSE&amp;amp;anchor=H3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-09-30T21:53:00.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-01T11:04:52.730" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an accident 7 days ago and I have been suffering from short term memory loss for about a week now. I can't remember anything from the accident or the day before it. Also, I suffer from headaches and dizziness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How long do these postconcussion symptoms last and are they reversible? Also are there any treatments for it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6940" LastEditorUserId="5016" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T17:32:54.277" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T17:32:54.277" Title="Postconcussion symptoms: how long? Are they reversible? Treatment options?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9439" CreationDate="2016-10-01T11:53:27.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Postconcussion syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; is common following a traumatic brain injury (independent on the severity of the TBI). According to some studies, &lt;strong&gt;30%-80% of patients with mild to moderate brain injury will suffer from some symptoms of postconcussion syndrome (PCS)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms, severity, risk factors and timing vary greatly between individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk factors of PCS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;female and older age are at increased risk&lt;/strong&gt; of developing PCS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;brain injuries following a &lt;strong&gt;motor vehicle accident, fall or assault are at higher risk&lt;/strong&gt; of leading to PCS compared to brain injuries following sport trauma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;individual susceptibility (psychological, premorbid dispositions)&lt;/strong&gt; are associated with increased risk of developing PCS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Symptoms of PCS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The most frequently reported symptoms in patients with PCS are &lt;strong&gt;headaches, vertigo (dizziness), fatigue, psychological impairments&lt;/strong&gt; (irritability, anxiety, insomnia, loss of concentration and memory, and noise sensitivity)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment of PCS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The current recommended approach for PCS treatment is mainly &lt;strong&gt;symptomatic&lt;/strong&gt; and should be tailored to the patient needs. There is no &quot;gold standard&quot; treatment for all PCS patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prognosis of PCS:&lt;/strong&gt; Several studies have investigated the short and long term outcome of PCS. Most of the patients report an &lt;strong&gt;improvement of symptoms and disability within the first 7 to 10 days while after one to three months, the vast majority of patients report complete resolution of symptoms.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt; Evan RW. Postconcussion syndrome. UpToDate. Sept 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postconcussion-syndrome?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=post%20concussion&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postconcussion-syndrome?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=post%20concussion&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-10-01T11:53:27.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9430" CreationDate="2016-10-01T13:56:36.843" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there are no foods that burn fat in any significant amount (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/negative-calorie-foods/faq-20058260&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To burn fat, a food would need to have &quot;negative calories,&quot; which means less calories than the calories needed to digest that food. Theoretically this is possible, for example, water has zero calories and the process of water drinking and absorption requires some energy, so you would burn some calories just by drinking water. But the amount of calories burnt this way is so small that it does not have any practical meaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to think how to decrease food craving:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try to eat less quick carbs (plain white flour products, potatoes, white rice and sugars - soda, fruit juices) and more foods with insoluble dietary fiber (whole-grain bread and non-starchy vegetables). Avoiding anything sweet completely can greatly help prevent food craving.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try to avoid/limit calorie-dense foods: cheese, chocolate, oils, nuts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: Try foods that are not sweet, not calorie dense and have some insoluble fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-10-01T13:56:36.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9569" CreationDate="2016-10-01T14:24:52.720" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;A while back, I my parents knew a family who had a son. His parents believed in some weird thing that if you eat dirt, your immunity will increase and you will be less prone to sickness. However in my opinion, I think this is a very stupid thing to do, as all sorts of stuff could be in the ground, ranging from garbage to toxins. Aside from that, &lt;strong&gt;is there any benefit to eating dirt? Is it worth it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3835" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T23:59:32.563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T13:28:42.040" Title="Is eating dirt good?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9444" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19820" CreationDate="2016-10-01T15:58:36.047" Score="6" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a quick Google search, a mango has 46 grams of sugar (primarily fructose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now from what I understand, eating fruit isn't an issue, primarily because of the fiber that slows the sugar absorption process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So eating the mango, which has about 11.5 teaspoons of sugar (1 teaspoon = 4 grams of sugar), shouldn't be a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, would my health be significantly, negatively impacted if ate 11.5 teaspoons of straight sugar &lt;strong&gt;and paired it&lt;/strong&gt; with some fiber? Of course I am not getting the other benefits of fruit, like vitamins, but will this be bad for my health (bar the potential tooth decay).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a more practical example - drink a can of soda along with a fiber-rich food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6943" LastEditorUserId="6943" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T03:19:00.597" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T09:14:03.310" Title="Is eating straight sugar ok, as long as I eat it with fiber?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9469" CreationDate="2016-10-01T16:44:53.863" Score="5" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason to believe ginger or garlic help curing or preventing common cold? I've heard this multiple times suggested as a home remedy. What does the science say?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T05:46:37.290" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T18:56:57.280" Title="Ginger or garlic and common cold?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-01T17:34:34.867" Score="3" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;According to the below website, video games are associated with many negative side effects such as&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Social isolation&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Practicing violent acts may contribute more to &lt;strong&gt;aggressive behavior&lt;/strong&gt;    than passive television watching.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Academic achievement may be negatively related to over-all time spent    playing video games.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.education.com/reference/article/negative-potential-video-games/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.education.com/reference/article/negative-potential-video-games/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies reporting &lt;strong&gt;positive effects of video games on health&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6412" LastActivityDate="2016-10-01T17:34:34.867" Title="Any scientific evidence supporting positive effects from video games playing?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-02T05:11:05.173" Score="2" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen multiple doctors, including a neurologist, who are bewildered by my symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon altering the dose of lamotrigine from 400 mg to 375 mg, and then back up to 400 mg (split into two doses), I experienced violent myclonic jerks soon after administration of the medication, and noticed a numbness in my right palm, and a tremor I didn't previously have in my left. I also recall consuming alcohol and taking Valium that night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shaken by the experience, I begun to taper off the lamotrigine under my doctor's guidance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the following few days, the numbness that I initially noticed in my right palm spread throughout the right side of my body. Although originally localized to my right side, this numbness soon presented on my left palm, and spread until  my capacity to perceive pressure, temperature, pain etc. was noticeably reduced throughout my whole body (including head).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also experienced frequent muscle twitches throughout the day, and continued to experience myclonic jerks following the administration of the night dose of the lamotrigine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, having tapered off the lamotrigine, my body continues to loose sensation. I experience occasional muscle twitches, and have a tremor in my left hand that I did not previously. On a scale of 1 to 10, where 10 is a &quot;normal&quot; ability to perceive somatic-sensation, and 0 being none, I would be a 3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a label that encompases these symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had an EEG, MRI, blood test (B12, etc.) and EMG. All of these tests have come back as normal. Where should I go from here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to highlight that I am off the lamotrigine, and continue to lose sensation throughout my body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T11:36:47.373" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T11:36:47.373" Title="Is there a disease that involves progressive loss of feeling, a tremor, and muscle twitches?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-09-05T18:46:54.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9452" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9454" CreationDate="2016-10-02T05:14:30.507" Score="3" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc. show up on an MRI scan?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:10:50.917" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:10:50.917" Title="Do all neurodegenerative diseases show up on an MRI scan?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;parkinson&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9453" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9459" CreationDate="2016-10-02T08:55:11.410" Score="3" ViewCount="760" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Pectus Excavatum the sternum is sunken inwards pushing organs slightly out of their normal position. My question is could this repositioning put additional pressure on the heart over time leading to an increased risk of cardio vascular disease or other circulatory related problems? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6656" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:01:57.543" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T05:01:57.543" Title="Can pectus excavatum increase the risk of cardio vascular disease?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;pectus-excavatum&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9452" CreationDate="2016-10-02T10:25:34.053" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neurodegenerative diseases are diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms (memory impairment for Alzheimer Disease/ bradykinesia, tremor and rigor for Parkinson Disease) +/- neuropsychological tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The current role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of neurogenerative diseases such as Parkinson Disease or Alzheimer Disease is mainly supportive&lt;/strong&gt;, it can be used&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to confirm a high suspicion for the disease (due to typical clinical&#xA;presentation for example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;to exclude possible other diseases when the clinical diagnosis is unclear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;None of the current dignostic criteria for AD or PD rely solely on neuroimaging studies.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some signs on MRI scan which &lt;strong&gt;may indicate&lt;/strong&gt; the presence of AD or PD but patients with advanced stages of the disease may show limited signs of the diseases on MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;AD&lt;/strong&gt;, patients typically present hippocampal atropy (craked walnut sign, see image below) or medio temporal atrophy. However, as hippocampal atrophy is also present with age, some age-specific criteria are needed to differentiate between a age-related hippocampal atrophy and an AD-related hippocampal atrophy. Other signs may be present such as white matter anomalies. But these signs do not correlate necessarily with the severity of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gZWYz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gZWYz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In PD, the role of MRI is very limited and is mainly used to help when a differential diagnosis for the symptoms is present. It can also help diagnosing between an idiopathic PD or a vascular PD for example (if signs of cerebrovascular diseases are present on the MRI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, &lt;strong&gt;advanced techniques of neuroimaging&lt;/strong&gt; (non exhaustive list: functional brain imaging with [18F] FDG-PET, functional MRI (fMRI), perfusion MRI, SPECT, amyloid PET tracers (F18-florbetapir, F18-flutemetamol, F18-florbetaben) in AD and MR spectroscopy (MRS), magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion-weighted MRI, diffusion tensor MRI, and high-resolution imaging (eg, MRI at 7 Tesla) for PD) have been suggested to help in the diagnosis of AD and PD. However, most of the studies rely on a small number of patients so further studies including a larger sample size are needed to confirm the encouraging results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wolk D et al. Clinical features and diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. UpToDate. October 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-alzheimer-disease?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=alzheimer&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~150&amp;amp;sectionRank=3&amp;amp;anchor=H406199175#H406199175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-alzheimer-disease?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=alzheimer&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~150&amp;amp;sectionRank=3&amp;amp;anchor=H406199175#H406199175&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chou K et al. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease. UpToDate. October 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-parkinson-disease?source=see_link#H17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-parkinson-disease?source=see_link#H17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for the picture: Ho M. and Eisenberg R. Neuroradiology signs. Alzheimer Disease, p19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T10:25:34.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9456" CreationDate="2016-10-02T11:02:47.300" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a somewhat skinny 16 year old. I am 48KG and 167cm tall. I try and eat as much as I can to gain body mass and not have stick man arms etc. I still am not getting much body mass. If I go to the gym for a certain amount of time every week will I gain body mass? If not what are the best ways to gain body mass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6949" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T16:09:17.220" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T16:09:17.220" Title="Does excercise increase body mass?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9455" CreationDate="2016-10-02T11:16:24.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, although your success will depend on many factors. The best way to gain muscle mass is by lifting heavy weights. You will also need to make sure you eat enough, especially enough of protein.&#xA;How much mass you gain and how quickly depends on how you work out,  and also on your genetic make up. Some people gain muscle easier than others. &#xA;There is a lot of very good information online. Simply google it and follow some of the excellent guides that are out there. Look up what exercises are the best for what you want,  how many repetition you should aim for etc. You can also ask for a personal trainer at the gym to create a plan for you.&#xA;My general advice to you is; whatever you choose, stick to it. Gaining muscle - just like losing weight - is a long process and you will not see results overnight. Think of a tangible goal (gain 5 kgs, squat 50 kgs etc) and work toward getting there, step at a time. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6950" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T11:16:24.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9427" CreationDate="2016-10-02T17:12:38.447" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess the best way would be to convince a blind person to take some psilocybin mushrooms or LSD. Perhaps they would actually see some fractals and stuff, since those visions are generated in the corresponding areas of the brain. Even if not, then the blind person would definitely feel the psychedelic effects: the acute perception of self and the surrounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upd: found this blind man telling about psychedelic experience &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXDUIC2FWM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXDUIC2FWM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastEditorUserId="2361" LastEditDate="2016-10-02T18:23:57.063" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T18:23:57.063" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9453" CreationDate="2016-10-02T17:25:12.150" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is a very interesting question. Thank you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just as a small background on pectus excavatum (PE)&lt;/strong&gt; (also known as &quot;funnel chest&quot;). It is characterised by depression of the sternum that begins over the midportion of the manubrium and progressing inward through the xiphoid process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dpZP9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dpZP9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/multimedia/pectus-excavatum/img-20007723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/multimedia/pectus-excavatum/img-20007723&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=19048741&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study conducted in 947 patients&lt;/a&gt;, the most frequent symptoms of PE are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise intolerance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chest pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poot endurance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortness of breath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;could this repositioning put additional pressure on the heart over&#xA;  time leading to an increased risk of cardio vascular disease or other&#xA;  circulatory related problems&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;. Several studies based on echocardiography have shown that, most of the patients with PE have &lt;strong&gt;cardiac displacement to the left side and hence right ventricular dysfunction (which explains the shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, etc...)&lt;/strong&gt;. Patients often show &lt;strong&gt;right ventricular outflow obstruction&lt;/strong&gt; and reduced right ventricular systolic function (particularly in patients with severe PE). The cardiac displacement and compression may lead to &lt;strong&gt;conduction abnormalities&lt;/strong&gt;, such as bundle branch block.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Noteworthy, surgical treatment is associated with an improvement of these cardiac abnormalities and hence symptoms.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&#xA;Brochhausen C, Turial S, Müller FKP, et al. Pectus excavatum: history, hypotheses and treatment options. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2012;14(6):801-806. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivs045.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-10-02T17:25:12.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9464" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10356" CreationDate="2016-10-03T01:45:56.113" Score="0" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years ago, I was diagnosed with adult ADD. Initially, I was prescribed with Adderall when I lived in the USA, but when I moved to Canada, my doctors switched me to Dexedrine for whatever reason (I think costs?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Around the same time I started taking Dexedrine (about 4 years ago), I developed a quirk where I randomly blurt out words (such as names of my family members) or make little yelps for no reason whatsoever -- even when I was alone. I thought I was just an odd person. My family noticed it too when I visited them, and they playfully make fun of me. And I never understood why it is that I do this because I don't consciously make the decision to do these things. It's not a big deal, and it's not harming my life in any capacity, it's just odd... especially since I'm such a serious person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then one day I was reading the fine print of the side-effects of Dexedrine (to see if it could be causing other symptoms in my life), and I noticed that it says: &lt;strong&gt;&quot;outbursts of words/sounds&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; on  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-89051/dexedrine-spansule-oral/details#side-effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-89051/dexedrine-spansule-oral/details#side-effects&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does that mean exactly? Does that explain my quirky behavior? Is their a medical definition for this type of behavior? Is it like turrets of the mouth? How common of a side-effect is it in patients that take Dexedrine for ADD?&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T01:49:07.503" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T23:44:41.390" Title="How common is the side-effect of &quot;outbursts of words/sounds&quot; for one taking Dexedrine for ADD?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;speech&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-03T06:10:15.347" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I speak quite a lot in my job, get my mouth dry, so I drink some water. But my lips get extremely dry. &#xA;Are there some ways to prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in a subtropical weather, temperatures range from 0 to 30 Celsius. I drive to work, no motorcycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:31:36.960" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:31:36.960" Title="How to solve the problem of dry lips" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;dry-lips&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3627" CreationDate="2016-10-03T06:32:18.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only your healthcare provider can help diagnose and treat YOUR situation, so keep working with them on this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what I can do is help &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;reflect your own statements back to you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the recommendations that your doctor gave you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) You say you're not responding to weight loss - but that you are still 40 lbs overweight.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have reduced your weight, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532991&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;but are still overweight/obese.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20025201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Intra-abdominal pressure is associated with reflux. This also includes tight clothes, posture.  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) You say you're not responding to diet - but that it isn't perfect, just a lot better.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20025201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;what you eat, but not how much you eat at once, what time of day, your posture&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, can you really say you aren't responding?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;These things aren't easy, I completely understand that; &lt;strong&gt;however, sometimes you can't expect to see results unless you follow treatments all the way.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo21.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;possible factors include anatomic, neurologic, endocrine, infectious, inflammatory…&lt;/a&gt; but it's only your healthcare provider that can lead you through a differential diagnosis for your situation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor &lt;strong&gt;has already evaluated you specifically&lt;/strong&gt; and made &lt;strong&gt;recommendations tailored for you.&lt;/strong&gt;  Try your best to follow them all the way to see how you respond. And follow up with your provider along the way for guidance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T06:32:18.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9445" CreationDate="2016-10-03T09:17:38.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find anything useful about ginger, but I've found some publications about garlic and - to make long story short - there is lack of good quality evidence for its effectiveness. Some useful quotes are below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2014):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies of exercise, garlic, and homeopathy showed unclear evidence of benefit, whereas those of vitamin D and echinacea showed no evidence of benefit. (...) We did not identify any high-level evidence for garlic or probiotics in the treatment of the common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Garlic for the common cold.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2014):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Garlic in clinical practice: an evidence-based overview.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2013):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Garlic as a preventative or treatment option for the common cold or peripheral arterial occlusive disease or pre-eclampsia and its complications could not be recommended, as only one relatively small trial evaluated the effects separately. (...) Garlic might be effective in some areas of clinical practice, but the evidence levels were low, so further researches should be well designed using rigorous method to avoid potential biases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one newer and more positive clinical study about aged garlic extract (AGE), but this is still only a single trial, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Aged Garlic Extract Modifies Human Immunity.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2016):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) although the number of illnesses was not significantly different, the AGE group showed reduced cold and flu severity, with a reduction in the number of symptoms, the number of days participants functioned suboptimally, and the number of work/school days missed. These results suggest that AGE supplementation may enhance immune cell function and may be partly responsible for the reduced severity of colds and flu reported. The results also suggest that the immune system functions well with AGE supplementation, perhaps with less accompanying inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T09:17:38.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9445" CreationDate="2016-10-03T11:53:06.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be lack of evidence about beneficial effects of &lt;strong&gt;ginger&lt;/strong&gt; on common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-961-ginger.aspx?activeingredientid=961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD (info from Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database)&lt;/a&gt;, there is &lt;strong&gt;insufficient evidence&lt;/strong&gt; about the effect of ginger on common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/heatlh/flu/indepth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;National Center of Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/a&gt; does not even mention ginger, while it mentions eventual effects of other herbs and remedies on common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T11:53:06.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9475" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-03T15:05:30.107" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I notice about once a week or so I hear a &quot;squirting&quot; sound somewhere within my body.  It is fairly loud and is enough to wake me while I am sleeping during early morning.  I've not found a real rhythm to the sound and it isn't even always while I am sleeping; sometimes it happens when I'm awake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've ignored this for years and my doctor visits have yielded no clarity on the issue.  I've also not found any answers with online research.  It would be nice if I could at least find a starting point for my research... Any idea of what this may be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It almost sounds like my gall bladder vacating contents, but it sounds as though it is too loud to be down in my torso and thus I fear it may be something in my head or neck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T15:05:30.107" Title="Squirting noise while sleeping and other non-reproducible times?" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9477" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9478" CreationDate="2016-10-03T16:12:07.220" Score="4" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately, I have been feeling very bloated and it appears that my body is retaining water extensively. Although I know water weight is only a couple of pounds -- I find that it is very noticeable. &lt;strong&gt;Is there a way to prevent water-retention or lose water weight?&lt;/strong&gt; I know that sodium is a big culprit for water-retention so I've been cutting it out completely, but it doesn't seem to budge. &lt;strong&gt;Are there other ways to lose water-weight?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T19:35:29.907" Title="How to lose water weight? Or prevent water retention?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;water-weight&gt;&lt;water-retention&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9477" CreationDate="2016-10-03T16:36:33.520" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a healthy individual there are 2 main ways to lose water weight:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To decrease sodium intake (this may take several days to become effective).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A low-carb diet that results in ketosis (in as little as 2 days). This means that you burn all glycogen you have in the liver and muscles. If you have 500 grams of glycogen stores and if each gram of glycogen can bind up to 4 grams of water (&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04764.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Wiley Online&lt;/a&gt;), you can lose 2,000 grams (~4 pounds) of water. I'm not saying I recommend this.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other cause of &quot;bloating&quot; is abdominal fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other real cause of abdominal bloating (abdominal distension) is excessive production of gas in the bowel. This usually occurs after consumption of foods high in soluble fiber (oats, legumes, fruits and some vegetables) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Gas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;) or after drinking milk (in people with lactose intolerance) or consumption of fructose (in those with fructose malabsorption). This type of bloating does not increase body weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-10-03T19:35:29.907" LastActivityDate="2016-10-03T19:35:29.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1299" CreationDate="2016-10-03T20:11:22.113" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a couple of systematic reviews of studies, there is &lt;strong&gt;insufficient evidence&lt;/strong&gt; about the lowering effect of vitamin D on blood cholesterol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin D, Evidence &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/vitamin-d/evidence/hrb-20060400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic (data from Natural Standard Research Collaboration)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many studies have looked at the effects of vitamin D alone or in&#xA;  combination with other agents for high cholesterol, but &lt;strong&gt;results are&#xA;  inconsistent.&lt;/strong&gt; Some negative effects have been reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zitterman A et al, 2011, The role of vitamin D in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease [a systematic review]  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21418036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vast majority of intervention studies &lt;strong&gt;did not show an effect&lt;/strong&gt; of&#xA;  vitamin D on serum cholesterol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T09:43:14.947" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T09:43:14.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11783" CreationDate="2016-10-04T04:47:10.093" Score="1" ViewCount="2505" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/skin-biopsy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;skin biopsy&lt;/a&gt;, is it preferable to use vaseline, polysporin, or neosporin? Preferable in terms of scar, allergies, or anything else that one might expect the patient to care about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-04T20:56:00.020" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T08:21:58.170" Title="After a skin biopsy, is it preferable to use vaseline, polysporin, or neosporin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;neosporin&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9451" CreationDate="2016-10-04T11:40:50.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Few things that may help you discuss this with a neurologist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;1. Lamotrigine side effects&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/lamotrigine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commonly reported side effects of lamotrigine include: &lt;strong&gt;tremor,&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;blurred vision, skin rash...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequent: &lt;strong&gt;paresthesia&lt;/strong&gt; [numbness/tingling]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infrequent: &lt;strong&gt;leg cramps, myasthenia, twitching&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;2. Lamotrigine withdrawal&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/lamotrigine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the clinical development program in adults with bipolar disorder, 2&#xA;patients experienced &lt;strong&gt;seizures&lt;/strong&gt; shortly after abrupt withdrawal of&#xA;lamotrigine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;3. Psychological problems (anxiety, depression, panic attack)&lt;/em&gt; themselves can be associated with numbness, tremor and muscle twitching. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/panic-disorder-agoraphobia/symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anxiety and Depression Association of America&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;4. Guillain-Barré syndrome&lt;/em&gt; may appear with similar progressing symptoms starting in the legs or arms. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/basics/symptoms/con-20025832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T12:19:12.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9384" CreationDate="2016-10-04T13:19:21.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's one long review article with lots of references that mentions eventual health benefits of fasting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Longo VD et al, 2014 Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946160/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally do not see fasting as a method to improve health, detoxify or lose weight but rather as something that can help spiritually. So, I do not want to comment those eventual health benefits - to me it's all vague and with insufficient evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a short article about fasting on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/fasting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, there is a statement that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fasting for a few days probably won't hurt most people who are&#xA;  healthy, provided they don't get dehydrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you're fasting to lose weight, you may want to reconsider. The&#xA;  weight loss may not last after you finish fasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...both of which I agree with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good start to a weight loss diet is to adopt eating habits you actually intend to maintain life-long, so something what will become your new normal. If you think it has to be intermittent fasting, it is then your choice. From a limited evidence provided above, I do not think it is especially good or bad for physical health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T13:19:21.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3708" CreationDate="2016-10-04T13:22:48.863" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your strategy is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience there is no other way, really, just keep looking. The signs of a good doctor are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;doctor is genuinely interested in your case and he/she is eager to explain you the particularities of your issue;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;doctor loves his/her work and tracks studies in the field;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after the visit you feel much better, even though, no procedures were performed on you yet and you didn't take any medication.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I come from the country where doctor's are paid very badly by the state and are often incompetent. Yet, recently I saw that one doctor agreed to talk to a patient online off hours (to examine and clarify test results) and then made a visit off hours too. During the visit this doctor made pretty modest (in terms of money) prescriptions and talked a lot about the condition in order to educate the patient. This doc openly stated that she loved her job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above passage was just to tell you that there are doctors who love their job, even in not so good countries, regardless of remuneration they will do their best to help the patient and follow Hippocratic Oath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While you seek for THE doctor, you are free to submit more specific questions here on this website. You are not alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastActivityDate="2016-10-04T13:22:48.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-04T21:00:41.983" Score="3" ViewCount="653" Body="&lt;p&gt;PSSD or Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction really worries me. This is when you carry on experiencing the sexual side effects of an SSRI for years after stopping taking the medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take a single pill and then stop, you may feel a few side effects including sexual dysfunction, but I find it very unlikely that you will carry on experiencing this side effect for years to come, from one pill. I think the same applies if you take an SSRI daily for 3 weeks. You will likely experience the side effects for the 3 weeks, and then maybe for a couple of weeks afterwards, but I do not think that 3 weeks of medication is significant enough to leave you with sexual side effects for years or forever. The brain is very plastic and can heal remarkably well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then you here stories about people who have taken SSRI's for months and then stopped, but then carried on experiencing sexual dysfunction for years or permanently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where's the line? How long do you have to take them for before PSSD becomes a risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6964" LastActivityDate="2019-06-25T12:22:17.040" Title="How long do you have to take an SSRI for before PSSD becomes a risk?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T00:30:32.817" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective is RockTape to treat a tendinopathy? I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows). I am also interested in other kinesiotherapy tapes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rocktape.com/products/tape/how-it-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.rocktape.com/products/tape/how-it-works/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Decompresses an area of swelling and inflammation:  When RockTape is&#xA;  applied to the skin, it has a microscopic lifting effect underneath&#xA;  the skin and between the many layers. This allows the by-products&#xA;  created by inflammation to be removed more quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study that confirmed or infirmed that claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the studies I have found him RockTapes, none of them address tendinopathies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miller, Michael G., Timothy J. Michael, Karrie S. Nicholson, Rebecca V. Petro, Nicholas J. Hanson, and Daryl R. Prater. &quot;The effect of rocktape on rating of perceived exertion and cycling efficiency.&quot; The Journal of Strength &amp;amp; Conditioning Research 29, no. 9 (2015): 2608-2612. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15886956206333044933&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15886956206333044933&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2015/09000/The_Effect_of_Rocktape_on_Rating_of_Perceived.28.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2015/09000/The_Effect_of_Rocktape_on_Rating_of_Perceived.28.aspx&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000901&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The purpose of this study was to investigate&#xA;  the effects of Rocktape (RT), a type of kinesiology tape,&#xA;  on perceived exertion and cycling efficiency […]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T02:53:46.917" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:53:46.917" Title="How effective are kinesiotherapy tapes (e.g., RockTape) to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T00:31:54.337" Score="3" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Has sleep hypnosis been researched and studied to be effective for helping one to fall asleep?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it work exactly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T02:02:22.497" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T17:40:32.670" Title="Does sleep hypnosis actually work for insomniacs?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;hypnosis&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9494" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9512" CreationDate="2016-10-05T00:33:30.223" Score="0" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Let's not beat around the bush:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~3 days ago, I was jumping on a trampoline. Being that I was jumping on a very good trampoline with a gymnast and a cousin or two of hers, I started endeavoring to do flips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After trying to successfully land a front flip 1-2 dozen times (I only succeeded once -- Hey, it was raining. :D), I decided to try to do a &lt;em&gt;back flip&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That, dear reader, is the crux of the problem. Inspired by my (almost) successes in the past, I jumped up, flipped 180 degrees, and landed on my head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally it didn't feel too good, so I climbed out of the trampoline and took a break. I didn't really figure it would turn out all that bad. I kept turning it from side to side to keep it loosened up, but the next day it was worse than it was when I first landed on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The day after my accident, you could feel where a vertebrate in my neck was out of alignment. Over the past couple of days, I've been treating my neck gingerly. (Partly due to that, perhaps, my shoulders are feeling sore as well.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;So:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the correct thing to do in this circumstance (or a situation like it)? The way I see it, I have at least 3 choices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, I could &lt;strong&gt;ignore it.&lt;/strong&gt; Arguments in favor of ignoring it would probably follow the lines of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People hurt their necks all the time. Don't get so worked up over it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you were a real man, you wouldn't let a &lt;em&gt;little bit of pain&lt;/em&gt; bother you. Just &lt;strong&gt;deal&lt;/strong&gt; with it, dude!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You're not crippled, &lt;em&gt;yet,&lt;/em&gt; are you? (Said sarcastically.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arguments opposed to ignoring it would probably sound something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You only have one neck, Bro, take care of it!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It certainly won't hurt to have someone take a look at it. As Benjamin Franklin said, &amp;quot;An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;A true disciple of wisdom would point out that to truly prevent an accident, I should've stayed off the trampoline!&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since your neck hurts when you're checking &lt;em&gt;your blindspot while driving,&lt;/em&gt; it's probably a good idea for you to get your neck checked out for &lt;del&gt;your&lt;/del&gt; &lt;em&gt;my&lt;/em&gt; safety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My second choice is &lt;strong&gt;to have a friend fix(?) it for me&lt;/strong&gt;. I don't really favor this idea for the following reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I only have one neck. I might as well take care of it.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(You might remember this point from the points &lt;em&gt;against&lt;/em&gt; ignoring the problem.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If one of my friends mis-adjusts my neck, I'll &lt;strong&gt;really&lt;/strong&gt; have to go to a medical professional.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't trust my friends with my health ... :D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friends, of course, would point out the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;We&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;know&lt;/strong&gt; what we're doing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;We'll&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;save&lt;/strong&gt; you money, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Since I don't like parting with $$ (you don't either!), this point would have some weight if not for the second point against my friends adjusting my neck.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, &lt;strong&gt;I could just go to a chiropractor&lt;/strong&gt;. I was originally leaning very heavily to this option, but then I started reading about the risks of going to a chiropractor (especially with regards to neck manipulation!). The arguements for going to a chiropractor look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jeffrey, you should go to a trained professional. Better to get your neck adjusted now, than suffer the consequences later.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your neck obviously isn't right. You should go to the chiropractor to get it adjusted properly.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Won't it be great to be able to twist your head normally again?&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your cousin went to the chiropractor when he injured his neck playing football. (His symptoms involved the fact that he was keeping his neck in a rigid position.) After three trips to the chiropractor, his neck recovered and he no longer has troubles with it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The arguments against going to the chiropractor go something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your father knows someone who was ruined for life by going to the chiropractor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your body will heal fine on its own.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(See the points for ignoring it.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adjustments to the neck are dangerous. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/stroke/news/20030512/neck-cracking-raises-stroke-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anyone eager to get a stroke?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;And the question is ...&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, what is the best course of action to take in regards to my neck? Should I ignore it, take a chance by letting a friend adjust it, or immediately go to a chiropractor? Should neck injuries, such as this, be taken seriously or should it be taken as a light matter? Can anyone shed some light on what they believe to be the best path to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Other:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PS:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; using this site as the final health authority!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PPS:&lt;/strong&gt; I can get my neck within about 1-2 inches of my chest before it starts to hurt. I cannot comfortably twist my head around to either of my shoulders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6966" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T18:47:34.310" Title="Should a chiropractor be called if my neck is (moderately) out of alignment?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;neck&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-10-06T11:37:41.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9496" CreationDate="2016-10-04T02:27:10.800" Score="1" ViewCount="1693" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could doing CPR with a foot cause harm to the recipient? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a situation where the rescuer were unable to continue due to fatigue of the arms, is there a way to safely do CPR with the foot?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1945" OwnerDisplayName="sun qingyao" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:29:15.090" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:29:15.090" Title="Can weak people use their feet when doing CPR?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;emt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9495" CreationDate="2016-10-05T04:01:05.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mechanically, if you have good enough foot control to be able to meet compressions guidelines, then a compression is a compression.  But there are a few things to consider. Most importantly, what a good compression is and how to achieve it, and whether you can achieve it with your foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To begin, CPR guidelines &lt;a href=&quot;https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/american-heart-association/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;are updated regularly&lt;/a&gt; based upon research into effectiveness and outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-AHA-Guidelines-Highlights-English.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Rate and depth&lt;/a&gt; are the 2 primary factors in maximizing circulation while allowing the heart enough filling time. (page 39)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.firstaidweb.com/adult4.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Placement&lt;/a&gt; is also important for minimizing trauma to the ribcage (i.e. dislocating and breaking ribs, which can puncture lungs etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Guidelines FOR ADULTS only:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rate:  100-120 compressions per minute.  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have good control, fairly straightforward.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depth: 2 - 2.4 inches (5 to 6 cm).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is the &lt;strong&gt;application of the RIGHT FORCE for THE RIGHT compression depth.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compressions deeper than that have a higher rate of complications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THIS may be more difficult, as a leg weighs more than an arm, and likely less easy to control force.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Placement: middle of sternum, interlocking fingers, and pulling fingers back so the heel of the palm is what presses on the sternum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;THIS is probably where using a foot would be most difficult.  Too wide and you extend beyond the width of the sternum, increasing risk of rib fracture and dislocation - and pneumothorax etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT going back to the reason why we do compressions, if someone drops without a pulse and is in need of CPR, they would likely die without it.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you were to do CPR with the narrowest part of your foot, &lt;strong&gt;focusing on controlling depth and rate,&lt;/strong&gt; would the risks of fracture from too wide of a pressure base be better than NO COMPRESSIONS at all (or too weak ones) because your arms fatigue out?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I speculate that most people would prefer to have foot CPR and risk fractures/pneumothorax in order to not (almost certainly) die. However this part of the discussion would perhaps belong better in philosophy.se; I would be very interested to see a if there is a good argument for &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; doing it, or a discussion of litigation vs Good Samaritan laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the point of this response was a discussion of the biomechanics of CPR for a foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" OwnerDisplayName="Doctor Whom" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T05:37:35.183" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T05:37:35.183" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9498" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10175" CreationDate="2016-10-05T07:10:02.210" Score="5" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was born with congenital bone fusions in several places in my body, one of those places are in the set of three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) in both my ears. Because they are fused, they don't vibrate. I've had several ear surgeries, which have unfortunately only caused nerve-damage and scar-tissue so I'm hearing-impaired. Bottom-line: &lt;strong&gt;I've been wearing hearing-aids my entire life.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Growing up, I would always use a Q-tip to clean out the earwax buildup in my ears &lt;strong&gt;(hearing-aids are constantly in my ears so they don't allow my ears to &quot;breathe&quot; and trap in a lot of bacteria)&lt;/strong&gt;. However, as research became more available as the years went by, audiologists and doctors alike have told me that Q-tips are not the best way to clean out your ears. In fact, they have the potential to cause further damage to your ears because you may just be jamming the earwax further down your ear canal, which can lead to infections/inflammations/loss of hearing, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the alternative method to cleaning out my ears with a Q-tip was to blow-dry them when I got out of the shower. I did this for a few years until the audiologists said that even though the blow-dryer doesn't sound too loud to me, I could be causing a lot of damage to my ear drums. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't recall what the alternative cleaning method has since been. &lt;strong&gt;How do I clean out my ears on a regular/daily basis?&lt;/strong&gt; Yes, I am fully aware that a doctor can flush out the earwax, but I don't have the time nor the money to constantly be seeing the doctor since I have earwax everyday due to my hearing aids. I have a lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the safest, most effective, yet realistic/practical method?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T00:48:33.427" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T09:08:42.573" Title="How to clean out all the earwax buildup in ears from hearing-aids if hearing-impaired? Q-tips are unsafe, right?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;hearing-aids&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T08:01:26.930" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a weird and awesome phenomenon I didn't really find &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thinking-hard-calories/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;much&lt;/a&gt; on: Even though our brains burn (probably) as much calories when hard working as when we just hang out, we somehow feel &quot;mentally&quot; tired when we have to think for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd guess it has something to do with how the neuron signals get messy after a while and we have to take a nap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to avoid it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T08:01:26.930" Title="How to overcome mental fatigue after long work?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T12:56:47.870" Score="1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember that I have seen a list of Authors of Health and/ or Trails papers with a conflict of interst. This means their doutful objectivity is confirmed since they are sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry or whatever. &#xA;Anyone who can help me find this list, since I just cannot find it anymore.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1624" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T12:56:47.870" Title="List of Authors confirmed as ones with a conflict of interest" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14615" CreationDate="2016-10-05T12:57:20.870" Score="6" ViewCount="1813" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am one of the self-motivated activists who run some groups to answer various misconceptions about science and try to fight against ignorance, pseudo-sciences and blind faiths. I was recently asked by several participants about fasting as a &quot;remedy&quot; for infections. Many Ayurvedic practitioners make this claim and make vague reference to research on autophagy. Unfortunately, millions of people fall victim to such fallacious claims. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some references about claims:&#xA;1.&quot;... Patients down with common fever are almost always advised to fast for one day, so that the body toxins get washed out for good; this opens up a healthy passage for the bed-ridden to be treated from fever as soon as possible.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ayurvedatreatments.co.in/ayurvedatreatments/index.php/399-ayurveda-treatment-for-all-common-fever]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ayurvedatreatments.co.in/ayurvedatreatments/index.php/399-ayurveda-treatment-for-all-common-fever]&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;2.&quot;When you are of the belief that you have been infected by amoebiasis or have an over growth of candidas stop consuming food and water until your prana starts flowing to pingala and your hunger is back in fiery shape.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ancienthealingsecrets.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/dry-fasting-for-candidiasis-amoebiasis-and-other-infection-or-parasitic-attacks/]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://ancienthealingsecrets.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/dry-fasting-for-candidiasis-amoebiasis-and-other-infection-or-parasitic-attacks/]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just two examples. There are many such sites with millions of followers. Ayurveda is a recognized medical practice in India.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, I'm not convinced about such claims because research only shows that &quot;intermittent&quot; fasting boost autophagy which in turn improves immune system in general. Autophagy is a catabolic process where a cell &quot;eats itself&quot; and recycles the intracellular constituents. This also happens when cell naturally dies. Intermittent starving is only one of the ways autophagy gets induced and studies only show that autophagy induced by intermittent starving boosts immune system. Moreover, research also shows that some cancer cells also induce autophagy and rely on that for survival. In such cases, inhibition of autophagy is a actually a good strategy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't think any of these imply &quot;recovery&quot; when you are already infected or when infection is well established. It's dangerously fallacious logic and it's like saying, &quot;Your heart becomes healthy when you run regularly. So, start running when you have an heart attack&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I simply want a valid reference that says fasting is actually beneficial even when one is already infected. To me there is a very good chance that opposite may be true. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6970" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T17:05:21.563" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T17:05:21.563" Title="Does fasting improve your immune system even when you are already having some infection?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;autophagy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9493" CreationDate="2016-10-05T13:17:53.263" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well hypnosis doesn't actually work on everyone, believe me, I've tried it myself, but when dealing with sleep hypnosis, its probably the same outcome for someone who can't be succumbed by its hypnotic effect. Now concerning insomnia, I would advice resisting coffee, and taking warm almond milk before bed, since it's also an excellent source of calcium, which can help the brain produce melatonin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when dealing with a person who can be succumbed by sleep hypnosis, such a person might be susceptible to its side effects which are anxiety, headache and even sometimes worsening the insomnia. Don't get me wrong, it is actually one way to induce sleepiness but I'm only telling you its possible side effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last time I had insomnia, the two things I had to do was firstly to listen to soothing music, and resist checking the time, because checking time often will increase the stress and makes me start worrying if I'm ever going to sleep. So for now, my advice for you will be to listen to soothing music and most importantly resist checking your clock, mine lasted for up to 2 wks but when i used this method, within 1 and a half week, it was gone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/cant-sleep-insomnia-treatment.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/cant-sleep-insomnia-treatment.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-10-05T19:34:05.987" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T19:34:05.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9504" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T14:13:12.623" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dr. prescribed medication that he noted had a &lt;strong&gt;common side-effect of dry-mouth.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure enough, it's a common side-effect!! Even though I &lt;strong&gt;drink water&lt;/strong&gt; like a fish, my mouth was still like the Sahara. I had bought &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Biotene Moisturizing Mouth Spray&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; as preparation, and I used it, and it gave me relief for like 5 minutes, but then my mouth quickly transformed into the Sahara desert again. So then I spent a lot of time &lt;strong&gt;sucking on hard-candies&lt;/strong&gt;, but I don't think my Dentist would be too happy about me sucking on hard-candies, especially for long periods of time as I try to sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basically, how is DRY-MOUTH treated (other than the ways I listed above -- drinking lots of water, mouth spray, hard candies) if one doesn't  wish to switch medication?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T18:56:55.510" LastActivityDate="2019-05-25T03:06:43.063" Title="How to treat Dry-Mouth (side-effect of medication)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;dry-mouth&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-05-25T15:29:22.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T14:35:47.503" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were taking an immune system suppressant such as Prograf (Tacrolimus) for a long period of time would a virus like the common cold linger in the body and cause infection over time and possibly other more serious conditions or would the immune system eventually destroy all traces of the virus but just take a longer time to do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6656" LastEditorUserId="6656" LastEditDate="2020-07-10T10:24:15.663" LastActivityDate="2020-07-10T11:15:23.513" Title="Is the common cold deadly to a suppressed immune system?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9506" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9511" CreationDate="2016-10-05T15:24:21.010" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;One may have a few large brown spots here and there around their body and loads of tiny brown spots. Inside a few of these spots are smaller darker brown spots that are irregularly shaped. melanoma is a disease that has a symptoms of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A mole that has changed colour, size or shape&#xA;A mole that is bleeding, oozing or crusting&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This theoretical spot is flat, not bleeding/oozing/crusting but does have darker spots with in it that seem to be developing over the past few months. Lets say that this person is 16 if that helps. Is this theoretically an early sign of cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6949" LastEditorUserId="15652" LastEditDate="2019-02-17T00:05:50.570" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T00:05:50.570" Title="Theoretically, are spots with brown spots inside them cancerous?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;moles&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-10-07T12:21:41.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-05T20:11:57.347" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I had a suspicious mole removed (skin biopsy) to be tested for melanoma (I've had a few of this nature), but this one was quite deep and large, and required 10 stitches. &lt;strong&gt;How to prevent a big nasty scar from forming?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Are their treatments/medications specifically designed for scar-tissue prevention?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T00:53:20.323" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T00:53:20.323" Title="Had a skin biopsy of a suspicious mole (10 stitches) -- how to prevent ugly scar-tissue from forming? Make scar less noticeable?" Tags="&lt;stitches&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;moles&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9506" CreationDate="2016-10-05T21:10:46.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are quite right; most moles are harmless, but it's important to keep a vigilant eye for abnormalities! So kudos to you for being aware, doing research, etc. According to this website &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/Pages/Mole-slideshow.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/Pages/Mole-slideshow.aspx&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;strong&gt;ABCDE of suspicious mole detection&lt;/strong&gt; are the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A: Asymmetry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B: Border&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C: Color ---&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A normal mole usually has one uniform colour, whereas melanomas are&#xA;  often uneven in colour. As the picture shows, a melanoma can have two&#xA;  or three shades of brown or black, or varying shades of red and pink.&#xA;  The darkening of a mole is a sign that it is possibly becoming&#xA;  cancerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D: Diameter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E: Elevation or Enlargement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**There's more information on each of the ABCDE (included on the website), but color seemed to be the most relevant and concerning to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently had the same question myself (as I've noticed a darker center in my mole that was spreading its diameter). I can certainly understand the worry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to the dermatologist who actually just &lt;strong&gt;removed the mole as a skin biopsy so that it can be tested to see if it's positive for melanoma&lt;/strong&gt;. I have not gotten the results back yet, but the procedure was painless and quick. I'm not sure that a dermatologist can tell just by appearance if it's positive for melanoma -- that's why they do the biopsy -- &lt;strong&gt;so I suggest that you see a dermatologist&lt;/strong&gt; (you might need a referral from your family doctor). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck!! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-05T21:10:46.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9494" CreationDate="2016-10-06T00:17:13.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under no circumstances should you ever allow chiropractic manipulation of the neck unless you're interested causing a stroke or paralysis. There is an artery that exits between two cervical vertebrae. If it gets pinched off, it can cause a full-blown stroke, and over-manipulation can actually break the neck.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2016-10-06T18:47:34.310" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T18:47:34.310" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T03:02:52.227" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have cystic acne... and I'm 29. It's not all that fun. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to be optimistic since no matter what I do I can't get rid of it. So... &lt;strong&gt;Are there any benefits to having acne?&lt;/strong&gt; (I'm reaching for the stars, I know, but a girl has got to try to see the silver-lining!) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Does the oil act as a lubricant to prevent &quot;razor-burn&quot; when shaving?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Does the oil prevent dandruff?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Will all this oil cause my skin to look more &quot;youthful&quot; in the future, i.e. I won't have as much wrinkles?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Will it delay the process of skin-sagging, and keep it taut for longer?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T02:57:55.437" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T11:12:58.707" Title="Any physical benefits to acne? Does the oil keep skin from wrinkling &amp; sagging in the future? Can it prevent razor-burn &amp; dandruff now?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;shaving-razor-burn&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;&lt;dermatochalasis-saggy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9515" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T06:38:56.710" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many articles (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerdefeated.com/newsletters/The-Clothes-that-Kill-You-Slowly-but-Surely.html%3E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;) that warm about latest research on modern synthetic cloth materials such as Acryl, Nylon considered toxic and can lead to cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Chemicals You Wear Every Day… With a &amp;quot;mere&amp;quot; 8,000 chemicals used&#xA;in clothing manufacture, it's a sure bet you're wearing many as you&#xA;read this. Let's highlight some of the worst. These kinds of fabric&#xA;finishes &amp;quot;scream&amp;quot; chemicals...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy Care — Wrinkle free, shrinkage free garments release formaldehyde.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water Repellent — Fluoropolymers (as in Teflon) are used to repel oil and water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flame Retardants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacterial and fungicidal chemicals — Triclosan and nano-particles are used for this. Formaldehyde is linked to a 30% increase in lung&#xA;cancer, plus skin/lung irritation and contact dermatitis. It is found&#xA;in fabrics claiming to be:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anti-cling, anti-static, anti-shrink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Waterproof&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perspiration-proof&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moth-proof and mildew resistant Chorine resistant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another mentioning is in book &lt;strong&gt;Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society&lt;/strong&gt; page 4. (available preview at Google Books)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of these thousands of chemicals used to produce synthetic fabric&#xA;is formaldehyde – and this single chemical has been linked to a 30%&#xA;increase in lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most governments regulate formaldehyde levels in the toxic clothing we&#xA;all wear; however, the United States government does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source: undergroundhealthreporter.com/toxic-clothing-synthetic-fibers-hazard-to-health/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true? What is medical community's opinion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noted that most cheap clothing such as fall/winter beanies made from acryl. Even the ones from widely known manufacturer Thinsulate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Unisex-Womens-Thinsulate-Winter-Thermal/dp/B00FG0E05A/ref=cts_ap_2_vtp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;amp;pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&amp;amp;pf_rd_p=1069525627&amp;amp;pf_rd_r=DX1P9EJQBDNA5WW3YHMG&amp;amp;pd_rd_wg=gfsoX&amp;amp;pf_rd_s=desktop-detail-softlines&amp;amp;pf_rd_t=40701&amp;amp;pd_rd_i=B00FG0E05A&amp;amp;pd_rd_w=0XEJZ&amp;amp;pf_rd_i=desktop-detail-softlines&amp;amp;pd_rd_r=DX1P9EJQBDNA5WW3YHMG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;★★★★★4.6/5 stars&lt;/a&gt;). Does it mean the manufacturer opted for cheaper and more toxic materials in order to cut costs and offer competitive market prices? Some articles state that US does not  regulate the amount of formaldehyde. True? What about EU?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6978" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T20:59:44.970" Title="Should synthetic cloth materials be avoided?" Tags="&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;synthetic-fabric&gt;&lt;waterproof-repellent&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19362" CreationDate="2016-10-06T07:54:59.070" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry for a very basic Question (as I am a software engineer) but I am confused after getting material from internet about accuracy of Ultra Sound Gender prediction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;: How much this is likely that a pregnant lady is carrying baby boy if she is told that this is a girl (by an experienced sonographer)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6979" LastEditorUserId="6979" LastEditDate="2016-10-10T06:50:49.973" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T10:54:50.773" Title="Ultra Sound Gender Prediction Accuray" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T08:57:09.170" Score="1" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the alternative treatments for Pectus Excavatum that aren't surgery. I'm thinking stretching, weight training exercises etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6656" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T21:27:58.587" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T21:27:58.587" Title="How to correct Pectus Excavatum without surgery?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;pectus-excavatum&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T10:42:34.813" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm taking these tablets called Pro Plus. When I swallow a tablet, I don't really feel much, but if I chew it up before swallowing it in very small pieces I feel a much bigger impact. Perhaps the benefits are shorter lived but I haven't really noticed that. Is it safe to do this? The packaging makes it clear that you're supposed to swallow whole but I just don't get the same effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6981" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T14:55:22.757" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T14:55:22.757" Title="Is it safe to bite into caffeine tablets?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;pill&gt;&lt;medication-directions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T11:10:09.423" Score="4" ViewCount="9517" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always get a stomach-ache after drinking tea that contains actual tea (so not from fruit tea or herbal tea). Google searching told me it would probably be because of the caffeine or tannins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I find out which one causes the stomach ache?&lt;/strong&gt; I don't like cola and coffee so never really drink other things with caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6982" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-08T01:24:50.950" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T11:53:47.110" Title="Stomach ache after drinking tea" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-04-09T07:17:42.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9521" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9522" CreationDate="2016-10-06T11:47:08.910" Score="7" ViewCount="758" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people have a crunching (grating, cracking, popping) sound when they turn a head. Considering we're talking about long-term condition without any pain, is it considered a normal condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:27:59.980" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T08:37:01.113" Title="Is crunching sound in the neck normal?" Tags="&lt;neck&gt;&lt;popping-cracking-joints&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9521" CreationDate="2016-10-06T13:29:37.623" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking about so called &lt;strong&gt;articular release&lt;/strong&gt;. It is considered a normal condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12033758&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joint cracking and popping: understanding noises that accompany articular release.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2002):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sound, or the noise,&#xA;  is what people notice in articular release; the subjective relief&#xA;  it provides is secondary. (...)&#xA;  The sound generated by joint manipulation has been classified&#xA;  variously throughout osteopathic medical literature, being&#xA;  referred to as an “articular crack,” “articular pop,” “clunk,”&#xA;  “crepitus,” “joint click,” “snap,” “synovial grind,” and “thud,”&#xA;  and it has been described as a “grating” sound in the general&#xA;  medical literature (Figure 3). The articular release may be accompanied&#xA;  by a loud audible release or a soft joint sound—but it can&#xA;  also be inaudible. (...) &lt;strong&gt;The articular crack occurs for patients in both healthy and diseased states. It can be heard during normal functioning.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About long-term, habitual cracking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is articular release necessary to maintain joint health? (...) A person who&#xA;  undergoes habitual cracking does so for the feeling of relief and&#xA;  greater motion in the involved joint. If one were to consider the&#xA;  anatomic and physiologic models solely, one could assume&#xA;  that maintaining motion throughout the joint could lower the&#xA;  likelihood of developing osteoarthritis. On the other hand, the&#xA;  excessive use of a joint could lead to laxity of the ligaments supporting&#xA;  the joint, causing hypermobility or introducing an&#xA;  unnecessary stress that could eventually cause dysfunction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing about the neck, but there is about knuckles, as researchers are generally more interested in investigating knuckle and hand cracking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Swezey and Swezey studied the prevalence of knuckle&#xA;  cracking in geriatric men in comparison to 11-year-old children&#xA;  and found that their data failed to show that cracking leads to&#xA;  degenerative joint disease in the MCP joint in old age. &lt;strong&gt;The&#xA;  chief morbid consequence of habitual joint cracking appeared&#xA;  to be the annoyance inflicted on the casual observer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're more interested in what exactly causes this strange sounds, I recommend reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4398549/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2015). There is a very interesting history section. But the final conclusion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our data support the view that tribonucleation is the process which governs joint cracking. This process is characterized by rapid separation of surfaces with subsequent cavity formation, not bubble collapse as has been the prevailing viewpoint for more than a half century. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T13:29:37.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8721" CreationDate="2016-10-06T13:38:49.073" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850314/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can Male Fertility Be Improved Prior to Assisted Reproduction through The Control of Uncommonly Considered Factors?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (2013):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hot baths&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jung and Schuppe (26) reviewed the evidence on scrotal temperature and fertility. Studies that addressed professional exposure to high temperatures delivered conflicting results concerning fertility parameters. However, contraception via genital heat stress has been demonstrated using hot sitting baths or insulating suspensors. In a small study, wet heat exposure was a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men, and scrotal cooling was found efficient in improving semen quality (27).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T13:38:49.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9643" CreationDate="2016-10-06T18:34:57.760" Score="1" ViewCount="20043" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of the many congenital-bone-fusions (due to Klippel-Feil-Syndrome) throughout my life, doctors have performed many, many medical-imaging tests (CT-Scans, MRIs, X-Rays, Ultrasounds, Endoscopies, etc.), which have led to numerous (15) surgeries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an Archaeologist, I have lived all over the USA, Canada, UK, and Israel. So my medical-imagery is scattered all over the globe. I know you can submit a medical-release form for medical documentation, &lt;strong&gt;but can one request copies of CT-Scans, MRI, X-rays &amp;amp; ultrasound/endoscopic imagery from Dr.'s/Surgeons for personal records? How so?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want them personally because I'm constantly moving and constantly having surgery&lt;/strong&gt;, and it would be greatly beneficial, but I've never known of anyone who had their own copy of their x-rays or ct-scans? It's always been the summary from the radiologist or specialist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**I understand that maybe endoscopies might not be available because they are a camera and are not recorded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;****I also understand that CT-Scans are typically digital (computer-based), but can they print a copy of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T20:04:40.633" Title="How to request copies of CT-Scans, MRI, X-rays &amp; ultrasound/endoscopic imagery from Dr.'s/Surgeons for personal records? Possible?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-06T19:22:24.937" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a woman in her late 20's (or any age for that matter) is medically diagnosed as infertile due to PCOS, endometriosis, or any number of conditions: &lt;strong&gt;how does she go about freezing her eggs if she would like to have children in the future? Whether that be via in vitro fertilization (IVF) or surrogacy?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine that the &lt;strong&gt;process of freezing-eggs&lt;/strong&gt; is different depending on what country you live, your insurance, etc. But I have a few questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1: What is the general method of extracting the egg from the ovary?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2: How long can the eggs be frozen to be viable for possible fertilization?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3: Is it better to freeze your eggs younger, rather than older, if you're not ready to start a family just yet?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4: I know this answer will vary drastically, but what is a ballpark estimate of how much it costs to extract and freeze eggs from the ovary&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5: I imagine insurance doesn't cover it, but I'm not certain.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T02:07:01.717" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T02:07:01.717" Title="What is the process for an infertile woman to freeze her eggs for a future pregnancy either via IVF or surrogacy?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;ovary&gt;&lt;infertile&gt;&lt;surrogacy&gt;&lt;egg-freezing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T04:08:23.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9052" CreationDate="2016-10-06T20:05:16.933" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having done more searching over the last month, I thought it might be helpful to others if I answered my own question. I came to three realizations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, this is like asking, &quot;Dear Google, when am I going to die?&quot; It's impossible to know for sure and it's unnerving to even ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, searching for &quot;older people with cerebral palsy&quot; on the internet is a tricky proposition. Suppose that a person is 80 today (in 2016), and living with cerebral palsy. That means he/she was born in 1936. Would a person with a mild CP impairment even have been diagnosed as such, given the social stigma? Unlikely. Would such a person be tech savvy enough to be posting on message boards? Also unlikely. Would such a person be posting &lt;em&gt;specifically about CP&lt;/em&gt;? Extremely unlikely. Looking for such people is like hunting for unicorns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that said, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.griswoldhomecare.com/blog/spotlight-on-cerebral-palsy-1-cerebral-palsy-and-aging/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this comment thread&lt;/a&gt; features several older people with CP chiming in. I also found a few scattered forum posts from people in their 60s and 70s living with CP. The oldest person I was able to find was Maureen Arcand, who &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wi-bpdd.org/publications/2010/OnePersonsJourneyAgingCPCollection.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wrote extensively&lt;/a&gt; about living with CP and lived to be 86, despite considerable mobility impairments. That's actually above the current US average life expectancy of 81.6 years for women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, there has indeed been some research on this topic, though it can be hard to find. Hutton and Pharoah (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7284164_Life_expectancy_in_cerebral_palsy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;) distinguish between cases with and without severe impairments, and found that in cases where there were no severe impairments (i.e., able to stand and walk, able to care for oneself, no comorbid disorders such as epilepsy), survival outcomes were similar to the general population. Strauss &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03000.x/asset/j.1469-8749.2008.03000.x.pdf?v=1&amp;amp;t=ityq6pbw&amp;amp;s=b1e1bb571bed8e9a62cc9b6738df8b20b5812488&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;) found that in their highest-functioning category, survival rates were slightly reduced compared to the general population, but they go on to caution that, &quot;if a person's pattern of disabilities is at an extreme end of the range for a given group, their life expectancy may differ substantially&#xA;from the group average.&quot; As Hutton says in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/statistics/staff/academic-research/hutton/scope4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this summary document&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;A child who is mildly affected by CP can expect to have much the same length of life as&#xA;a child without CP.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum up, for those of us fortunate enough to be on the extreme mild end of the CP spectrum, all available evidence suggests that the CP itself doesn't put a drag on our lifespans. If you go to Dr. Google, you can find CP resource websites claiming that CP &quot;puts extra strain on the heart&quot; or that people with CP &quot;don't build up a reserve of energy when resting&quot;. That may be true in more moderate or severe cases, but it seems to be an unlikely risk factor for mild cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will I live to be 101, like my grandfather has done (and, unaccountably, continues to do)? Probably not, but then, that's true for most people. Just like everyone else, I don't know how long I've got, but the research says my odds are just about as good as anyone else's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6652" LastActivityDate="2016-10-06T20:05:16.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4326" CreationDate="2016-10-07T00:29:08.010" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No difference, some doctors like to prescribe a script to protect themselves under their medical documentation treating use a patient and also sometimes Insurance requires the script for the TENS unit to be paid for. However it is really easy to buy one on your own without a script on the internet the law is kind of Grey it's not set in stone but it's there to protect people under Medical Care&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6988" LastActivityDate="2016-10-07T00:29:08.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9537" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9635" CreationDate="2016-10-07T11:25:41.020" Score="1" ViewCount="3621" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would a regular ultrasound ordered by an OBGYN be able to detect/differentiate typical benign ovarian cysts from an ovarian tumor? Or is a transvaginal ultrasound needed in that case?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there images that can show the different appearance of an ovarian cyst from an ovarian tumor?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the process of the transvaginal ultrasound different than just a regular ultrasound? I imagine it's inserted into the vagina? Is it quite painful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-07T14:16:51.427" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T20:52:30.750" Title="Would a regular ultrasound be able to differnciate a benign ovarian cyst from an ovarian tumor? Or is a Transvaginal ultrasound needed?" Tags="&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;ovarian-cysts&gt;&lt;transvaginal-ultrasound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9538" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16663" CreationDate="2016-10-07T20:59:04.173" Score="8" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have defective vision, particularly &lt;strong&gt;shortsightedness&lt;/strong&gt;. Obviously, it is quite widespread phenomenon. I tried several times to get accustomed to contact lenses, but without success. It irritates my eyes. It is required to maintain cleanness of lens in order to prevent conjunctivitis or some other infectious eye disease. It is quite troublesome. I'm also not comfortable with wearing eyeglasses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one considers the &lt;strong&gt;laser surgery/correction&lt;/strong&gt; to recover sight, someone probably might be interested in the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is that true that laser correction/surgery for sight recovery can be performed only once in a lifetime. And if after surgery your vision has deteriorated back to poor condition then you won't be able to recover it again using laser correction procedures/technologies.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the state-of-the-art and safest method of laser vision correction. I heard of such methods as LASEK, LASIK, RLE, LRI, PRELEX, etc. Which method is minimally invasive and can be considered state-of-the-art for the moment?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help to clarify these two matters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T02:18:09.343" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T15:44:51.097" Title="Safe and state-of-the art method of laser vision/eyesight correction/surgery?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-08T04:18:04.110" Score="2" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am talking about fast food from such popular chains as &lt;strong&gt;KFC&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;McDonald's&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Burger King&lt;/strong&gt; and similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assortment of the chains typically include the following: hamburgers/whoppers, cheeseburgers, sandwiches, French fries (chips), fried chicken and so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is eating such fast food on regular basis (3-5 times a week) really bad/harmful for health and may lead to sensible health problems. I'm not talking about weight gain or loss. I mean real problems with digestive apparatus, liver, pancreas, spleen or some vital organs causing further significant problems with health. It is also often stated that such food is carcinogenic and may lead to cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it all close to truth or it is just a myth/stereotype?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-06-01T09:16:25.450" Title="Is eating fast food on regular basis really bad/harmful for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-08T17:24:37.320" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people with diabetes get up during the night to test their blood sugar levels. If they don't do this, it is possible that they can pass away in their sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/3744&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; here saying that some early drugs for AIDS need to be taken even in the middle of the night. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other examples of illnesses that require people to get up at night and to not do so is life threatening? What is the name of the AIDS medication above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6997" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T21:23:01.923" Title="What are some examples of illnesses that require you to get up in the middle of the night?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;restless-sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4594" CreationDate="2016-10-09T10:40:59.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There are several parts in your question.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does pain trigger epileptic seizure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer this question, it is essential to understand what is an epilepsy. &lt;strong&gt;An epilepsy arises when the normal pattern of neuronal activity is disturbed&lt;/strong&gt; (ie the epileptogenic threshold is altered). This involves different cellular and molecular alterations: change in neuronal connections (lesions in the neuronal pathways), neuronal signalling (alteration in neurotransmitter availability or in neurotransmitter receptors), etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the literature, some describe &lt;strong&gt;internal factors&lt;/strong&gt; (such as hormones, electrolytes, state of consciousness and body temperature) and &lt;strong&gt;external factors&lt;/strong&gt; (sensory or electrical) that may reduce the epileptogenic threshold and hence trigger a seizure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study, including more than 400 patients which were asked to describe the triggering factors of their last seizures, identified m&lt;strong&gt;issing medication (40.9%), emotional stress (31.3%), sleep deprivation (19.7%), fatigue (15.3%), missing meals (9.1%), fever (6.4%), and smoking (6.4%) as the most common triggering factors&lt;/strong&gt;. However, &lt;strong&gt;pain was also reported as a possible triggering factors, altough less common compared to the above mentionned factors&lt;/strong&gt;. Considering that pain is associated with different molecular (neurotransmitter concentration alteration) and cellular alterations in the brain, it is understandable that pain can be a trigger for seizure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to your second question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would not like to question if doctor on neurology ward was right&#xA;  that it was not epileptic seizure (I have not reason to don't believe&#xA;  her).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Loss of consciousness is not always due to a seizure.&lt;/strong&gt; You could also have experienced a &lt;strong&gt;vasovagal syncope&lt;/strong&gt; in response to the ongoing procedure (and the pain associated with it). Indeed, &lt;strong&gt;syncope is defined as a transient and self-terminating loss of consciousness (LOC) with rapid onset, short duration combined with spontaneous, prompt and complete recovery. Pain is a known triggering factor for vasovagal syncope (a subtype of reflex syncope).&lt;/strong&gt; The fact that your EEG did not show any evidence for an epileptic seizure (and your CT did not find any structural anomaly which would trigger a seizure) further suggests a possible vasovagal syncope. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Of course, this comment is only based on the description you provided and should not be taken for a &quot;final diagnosis&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epilepsy. Pubmed Health Library. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023036/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023036/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsies. Chapter 13. The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management. Panayiotopoulos CP.&#xA;Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Balamurugan E et al. Perceived trigger factors of seizures in persons with epilepsy. Seizure. Volume 22, Issue 9, November 2013, Pages 743–747&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aydin MA et al. Management and therapy of vasovagal syncope: A review. World Journal of Cardiology. 2010;2(10):308-315. doi:10.4330/wjc.v2.i10.308.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-10-09T10:40:59.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7185" CreationDate="2016-10-10T10:45:11.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main causes of nutrition-related peripheral neuropathy are deficiencies of &lt;strong&gt;vitamins&lt;/strong&gt; B1 (thiamin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folate) and B12 (cobalamin) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1171558-clinical#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;). In carnivores, vitamin B1 and B9 deficiencies would be the most likely causes, since these two vitamins are found mainly in plant foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the carbohydrates are essential nutrients, so a low-carbohydrate diet by itself should not cause peripheral neuropathy. Google search for &quot;low-carb diet&quot; &quot;peripheral neuropathy&quot; yields close to zero relevant results, so vitamin deficiencies related to such diet also do not seem to be common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Potassium&lt;/strong&gt; deficiency--which should not be caused by a low carb diet--can also cause tingling (and weakness and cramps), but not burning pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people mention tingling associated with &lt;strong&gt;ketosis&lt;/strong&gt; (shortly after going low-carb) but not pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main risk factors for nutritional neuropathy in carnivore individuals are alcoholism, very poor diet, intestinal malabsorption disorders and taking drugs, such as isoniazid, hydralazine, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1171558-clinical#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What to do? To &lt;strong&gt;go to a doctor,&lt;/strong&gt; who will likely perform a neurological examination and, if necessary, order the blood tests for vitamins, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-10-21T16:20:06.337" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T16:20:06.337" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1672" CreationDate="2016-10-10T17:15:19.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleeping on the floor could be comfortable for some people who does such, but when you sleep on bed usually and eventually decide to sleep on the floor, it'll seem impossible due to body adaptation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might take some weeks for such a person's body to adapt to sleeping on the floor. Let me use myself as a case study, I usually sleep on the bed, but a day arose when visitors came and I had to sleep on the floor, sincerely I found it hard to breathe because my ribs felt pressed against the floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes sleeping on the floor can improve sleep quality but on the other hand, it can't improve sleep quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-10T17:15:19.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-10T21:08:19.903" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;In obstetrics there is a notion of a delivery without labor via c-section under anasthesia. Is there a practice of vaginal delivery under anasthesia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6485" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T01:23:52.023" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T01:23:52.023" Title="Is it possible for a human to perform vaginal delivery without labor? Is there a name for such practice?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-11T18:01:13.700" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-11T02:15:43.527" Score="5" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now it's 3am local time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I'd like to follow a protocol that would put me into sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've just had a juicy pear - it contains sugar that gives energy etc... From that standpoint it wasn't a great choice if I want go to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the &lt;strong&gt;foods, herbs, roots&lt;/strong&gt; that are known for sleep-inducing properties?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T14:54:43.947" LastActivityDate="2017-11-23T11:12:50.847" Title="What type of food (herb, root) helps with sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-11T10:26:02.763" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any preferred or recommended ways to intervene when a loved one appears to be suffering from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_B_personality_disorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Dramatic Personality Disorder&lt;/a&gt;, specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Narcissistic Personality Disorder&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Borderline Personality Disorder&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than strategies for &quot;dealing with it&quot;, how should one help another seek help/treatment without feeding a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_mentality&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;victim mentality&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7025" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T08:17:26.447" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T08:17:26.447" Title="Appropriate way to deal with Personality Disorder in loved one?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-08-03T20:32:59.913" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-10T23:34:38.107" Score="3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't remember and lost the documentation of wich vaccines I have taken in the past, for some of them (luckily, I know many I've taken). I would like to know if vaccinating again could pose health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the 1st time I will vaccinate myself, then probably my age now is not appropriate for a certain vaccine I should have taken when I was a baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that if this is the second time I take a vaccine, then that would not be a problem, since my antibodies are already prepared for the antigens. They may recognize the antigens on the vaccine substance and they will probably attack them, but since they are just antigen carriers, not pathogens like virus or bacteria, they will not produce me any disease. I will have immunological system reactions but that will pass quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" OwnerDisplayName="Santropedro" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T12:45:20.543" Title="I forgot if I have taken &quot;X&quot; vaccine. Can the re-vaccination cause problems?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9443" CreationDate="2016-10-11T13:28:42.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Dr. Sera Young of Cornell University, the most likely of the theories is that eating mud protects the body from pathogens, parasites, and plant toxins. It's suspected to be due to the clay's ability to bind things — perhaps the clay is binding the toxins before they can make you sick. This theory would explain why children and pregnant women are the most common dirt eaters; they are the most susceptible to illness. Clay may even have properties that protect against malaria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/story?id=1167623&amp;amp;page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/story?id=1167623&amp;amp;page=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-11T13:28:42.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-11T17:45:40.547" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any international guidelines regarding the labeling of drugs and pharmaceuticals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7029" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T02:14:36.037" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:14:36.037" Title="International drug labeling guidelines" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-11T20:35:27.857" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a biopsy reveals that cells are &lt;em&gt;&quot;abnormal&quot;&lt;/em&gt; but not cancerous, what does that actually mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:25:31.740" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:25:31.740" Title="What is the difference between abnormal cells and cancerous cells?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;morphology&gt;&lt;cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-12T01:54:17.290" Score="3" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who is trying to get rid of everything with a high sugar content. He doesn't add sugar to tea, coffee, milk. Things like Coke (and all similar drinks), cakes, candies (sweets), cookies, biscuits, chocolates, ice-cream are eliminated. Lump sugar is excluded completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, I heard that sugar is needed for the brain. And getting rid of sugar is not good idea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does sugar-free diet really lead to more healthy condition or it is wrong? Maybe bad consequences of sugar-free diet are even worse than its advantages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T05:41:22.457" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T07:11:12.487" Title="Does a sugar-free diet really lead to more healthy state?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9575" CreationDate="2016-10-12T06:14:24.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sugar that is natural, like in apples or bananas, is good and you shouldn't try to avoid that sugar, as apples and bananas contain important vitamins. I do the same. I avoid sugar as much as I can, for example cake, coke, etc - like you explained, too. It does indeed have a positive effect on your health. Most of the sugar we eat these days are industrial made. That isn't healthy at all and it is even the reason for many 'modern' problems such as diabetes or adiposity. Many people think they have to avoid fat to lose weight and live more healthy, but that is wrong. We need to avoid the sugar, which we are mostly consuming way too much. Therefore, your friend is living a really good example, which everyone should try to follow. Because we eat too much sugar, the sugar gets turned into fat - not the fat (of course, it is the same here: industrial made fat is as bad as the industrial made sugar). We should all stick to the healthy sugar (and fat), like in apples or bananas. That way we get all the sugar we need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most healthy method of eating is the 'back to nature method'. Stick to organic food and you will get only the healthy sugar that you need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, proteins and fat are the most important nutrients! You don't have to worry about getting fat because of eating fat - the body gets used to it and burns fat much more effectively as a result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My experience of consuming no cake, coke and candy is that I feel more free and easy. I don't miss it at all - I even feel bad when I still eat a piece of cake. Of course, it is okay if you eat some chocolate once in a while, but you could for example only eat bitter(sweet) chocolate, which is even healthy and also really tasty. You will get used to such a lifestyle soon - and yes, it definetely has a very positive effect on your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T06:14:24.553" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9580" CreationDate="2016-10-12T09:38:29.960" Score="3" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel sleepiness all time, at the time of study. I try for many types of check up. After observing the test reports the doctors says, 'you are OK, there is no problem with you. I can't understand about your problem.'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get rid of this problem is very emergency for me because if i cannot stop this problem then i have to stop my study. It is impossible for me to continue my study with this problem. Please help! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7032" LastEditorUserId="7032" LastEditDate="2016-10-12T13:23:02.587" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T16:00:58.590" Title="How to prevent sleepiness at study time?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;chronic-fatigue-synd.-cfs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-10-19T15:20:33.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9579" CreationDate="2016-10-12T16:00:58.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, in order to avoid sleeping while studying, just follow this steps below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.Switch the Lights On. Don't even think about studying in just the lamplight at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Sit in Front of a Table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.No Heavy Meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.Move Around in Your Room&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.Read out Aloud While Studying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/How-to-Avoid-Sleep-While-Studying.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/How-to-Avoid-Sleep-While-Studying.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T16:00:58.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7596" CreationDate="2016-10-12T16:29:31.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Milk contains two substances that are known to be related to sleep and relaxation: the hormone melatonin and the amino acid tryptophan. The amount of melatonin in a glass of milk is minute, much less than what would be taken in a supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, according to scientific analysis, combining milk with a carbohydrate-rich food like oatmeal, granola, or toast makes it much more effective. Like bananas, milk contains the amino acid L-tryptophan, which turns to 5-HTP and releases relaxing serotonin. It’s also high in calcium and other minerals, known to have a relaxing effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/does-warm-milk-really-lull-us-dreamland&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/does-warm-milk-really-lull-us-dreamland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-12T16:29:31.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9596" CreationDate="2016-10-12T19:21:34.810" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;when I kneel down, I feel an inner pain in my knee joint. I can not feel this pain while walking or riding stairs. Only when my knee joint touches floor or anything,then I can feel that pain. Please let me know any home method to cure this pain.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7036" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T09:54:10.627" Title="Pain in knee joint" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;knee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-10-19T15:18:21.670" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-12T22:18:06.100" Score="4" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a dilemma I find myself in every time I'm in need of a painkiller: should I take paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen or aspirin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've come across several articles outlining the differences (most notably &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Pain/Pages/Whichpainkiller.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one by NHS&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nps.org.au/topics/how-to-be-medicinewise/Medicinewise-questions/medicinewise-questions/treating-pain-and-fever-in-children&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one by NPS&lt;/a&gt;) and, while a good overview, they don't really provide a clear mechanism to make the decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, my understanding so far is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin and ibuprofen are NSAIDs and thus can be used to ease inflammation, unlike paracetamol&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen and paracetamol are similarly effective in treating pain, while aspirin may be less so (however, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other sources&lt;/a&gt; claim paracetamol to be ineffective for some types of pain)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin should never be taken by those under the age of 16&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In terms of adverse effects, ibuprofen may be a better option in comparison to paracetamol (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4052/are-there-any-untoward-synergistic-effects-in-taking-a-combination-of-acetaminop&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; at least)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many cases, different sources provide different, very often contradictory information, especially in terms of effectiveness and side-effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this question less broad, here are a couple of specific questions (all of these assuming the person in question has no allergies or an existing condition which may limit his options in this sense):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When should you not take a NSAID? It seems the fact they ease inflammation doesn't seem to make them less effective in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which is the most suitable to relieve symptoms of cold and flu?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which is the most suitable to relieve pain caused by physical injury?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7037" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T09:01:01.847" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T09:01:01.847" Title="How to decide which painkiller to take?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T04:18:14.360" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What percentage of deaths in the US are accompanied by an autopsy?&lt;/strong&gt; I know that the deceased's relatives must give consent for an autopsy to be performed (if they do not already know the will of the deceased beforehand), but &lt;strong&gt;what are the circumstances in which autopsies are performed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, it's when a Jane/John doe's body is found, a murder/suspected murder has taken place, death is caused by an unknown reason, medical malpractice may be the culprit of the death, the body experienced traumatic exposure to the elements, scientific research conducted, a third-party (e.g. medications or faulty devices like parts of a car), may have contributed to the demise, etc. What are others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend and I were discussing and he thought that autopsies were performed on EVERYONE, unless the deceased's loved one's did not give permission, because the death certificate had to state the cause of death. But I think this is wrong; I know it's wrong. Because I know plenty of elderly people who have died in the hospital and did not undergo autopsies. The cause of death could be apparent; an autopsy is not necessarily needed to determine cause of death. &lt;strong&gt;In fact, wouldn't autopsies be an exception the rule?&lt;/strong&gt; Because of the expenses surely tied to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many are actually done? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-13T04:21:34.467" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T04:21:34.467" Title="What percentage of deaths in the U.S. are accompanied by an autopsy?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;medical-malpractice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9588" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10218" CreationDate="2016-10-13T04:39:09.037" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that when you sit very long times every day that it is as bad for your health as smoking cigarettes. Especially, it is bad for your metabolism and especially the lungs get into a bad condition on an equal level. Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T18:54:19.437" LastActivityDate="2016-11-22T18:12:37.217" Title="Too much sitting as bad as smoking?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sedentary-lifestyle&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9558" CreationDate="2016-10-13T06:42:32.413" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an insomniac, I've looked into this myself, and found the following to be natural sleep-inducing foods (in no particular order): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cherries&lt;/strong&gt; -- The tarter, the better. They have melatonin!! And they are great for desert. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chamomile Tea&lt;/strong&gt; -- apparently it contains the chemical glycine, which helps relax muscles and nerves. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Honey&lt;/strong&gt; -- the natural sugar of honey helps the insulin levels to raise quickly so the tryptophan (the chemical in Turkey that makes people sleepy after a Thanksgiving meal) can enter the brain easier and help you fall asleep! Plus... it goes well with the Chammomile Tea! &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Almonds&lt;/strong&gt; -- have lots of magnesium in it, and magnesium contributes to quality sleep. Also, try warm almond milk... &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Walnut&lt;/strong&gt;s -- Like cherries, walnuts, also are chalk full of melatonin. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oatmeal&lt;/strong&gt; -- Oats also have melatonin in them, but it also has B-6 in it which makes you relax as well. 2 components! &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a few websites: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;16 foods that help you sleep: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rd.com/health/beauty/foods-that-help-you-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.rd.com/health/beauty/foods-that-help-you-sleep/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9 foods that help you sleep better: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prevention.com/food/foods-better-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.prevention.com/food/foods-better-sleep&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 Foods that Make you Sleepy &amp;amp; 10 Foods that Keep you up: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/g796/sleep-inducing-foods/?slide=6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/g796/sleep-inducing-foods/?slide=6&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**Unlike Prince, I have not found tomatoes good for sleep. I finds tomatoes or tomato based foods to be too acidic for bed time and it gives me acid-reflux. But I guess it all depends on you and your body!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good Night! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T06:42:32.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10177" CreationDate="2016-10-13T07:03:58.543" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it common/more likely for hearing-impaired &amp;amp; deaf individuals to have social anxiety disorders &amp;amp; panic attacks?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone born hearing-impaired myself, I know that I am extremely shy and suffer from social anxiety disorders and I think panic attacks every now and then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am not sure if that is unique to me and my personal circumstances or if &lt;strong&gt;many hearing-impaired or deaf individuals suffer from this as well? Is it common for us to experience this? Why or why not?&lt;/strong&gt;  Is it because we often struggle with communication? Are not used to crowds? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-13T21:21:24.520" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T13:48:15.770" Title="Is is common/more likely for hearing-impaired &amp; deaf individuals to have social anxiety disorders &amp; panic attacks? Why or why not?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;&lt;panic-attack&gt;&lt;social-anxiety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9588" CreationDate="2016-10-13T08:21:50.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Research has linked sitting for long periods of time with a number of health concerns, including obesity and metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels. Too much sitting also seems to increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cheatsheet.com/life/side-effects-of-sitting-all-day.html/?a=viewall&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T08:21:50.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9620" CreationDate="2016-10-13T08:39:50.400" Score="4" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always wondered why people say I should not put my laptop my lap while using it without telling me why, until I found out that it leads to male infertility and skin discoloration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other major side effects of putting my laptop on my lap while using it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="7054" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T10:50:32.393" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T10:50:32.393" Title="What are the health concerns with using a laptop on your lap?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;infertile&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9585" CreationDate="2016-10-13T09:41:54.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;. NSAIDs can increase the chance of heart attack or stroke. This risk may be greater if you have heart disease or risk factors (for example, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes) for heart disease. However, the risk may also be increased in people who do not have heart disease or those risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart problems caused by NSAIDs can happen within the first weeks of use, and may happen more frequently with higher doses or with long-term use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs should not be used right before or after heart bypass surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs may increase the chance of serious stomach and bowel side effects like ulcers and bleeding. This risk may be greater in older individuals. These side effects can occur without warning signs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs_devices_supplements/hic_Non-Steroidal_Anti-Inflammatory_Medicines_NSAIDs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs_devices_supplements/hic_Non-Steroidal_Anti-Inflammatory_Medicines_NSAIDs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; Acetaminophen is most suitable for relieving the symptoms of cold and flu. Acetaminophen affect the areas of your brain that control body temperature and pain. These medications can fight fevers and chills, ease headaches, and soothe sore throats and body aches. NSAIDs surpass paracetamol only when relieving the symptoms of fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinus-nose-tool/treat-aches-pain-fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinus-nose-tool/treat-aches-pain-fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;. Acetaminophen is the most suitable for relieving pain caused by physical injury than NSAIDs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acetaminophen works by inhibiting the synthesis of chemical messengers called prostaglandins, which help to transmit pain signals and induce fever. The body produces prostaglandins in response to an injury or illness. Acetaminophen reduces the pain by helping to block this signaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chemistryexplained.com/A-Ar/Acetaminophen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.chemistryexplained.com/A-Ar/Acetaminophen.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While NSAIDs work on a chemical level. They block the effects of special enzymes -- specifically Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzymes. These enzymes play a key role in making prostaglandins. By blocking the Cox enzymes, NSAIDs stop your body from making as many prostaglandins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/features/pain-relief-how-nsaids-work#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/arthritis/features/pain-relief-how-nsaids-work#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T09:41:54.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9584" CreationDate="2016-10-13T09:54:10.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Applying cold compresses to the painful knee is one of the best and easiest ways to reduce pain and swelling. The cold will constrict the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the affected area and thus reducing swelling. It will also give you relief from the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wrap a handful of ice cubes in a thin towel.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply the compress to the affected knee area for 10 to 20 minutes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do this two or three times daily until your pain is gone.&#xA;A bag of frozen peas also works well as a cold compress. You can opt for alternating hot and cold compresses as well for chronic pains.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-knee-pain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-knee-pain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://everydayroots.com/arthritis-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://everydayroots.com/arthritis-remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/knee-pain-home-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/knee-pain-home-remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T09:54:10.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T15:20:06.630" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I would like to know if there is an way to decrease light sensitivity with Food/operations/technical help/change in Lifestyle or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am highly sensitive to Light since years but it seems that it gets worser and worser. I already tried to &quot;forcefully&quot; go outside if there is a lot sunshine to &quot;train&quot; me to the sunlight, but it doesn´t help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays I try to avoid as much sunlight as possible and go only outside at dusk/dawn but this is obviously not possible all day. The Sensivity goes that far that I am not even when it´s (a little bit) cloudy to look straight ahead, I always have to look down and already know at common streets all little stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already asked my eye doctor and the only thing she said was: &quot;Some are more sensitiv than others&quot;. And that although when I am on that stool and she is is investigating my eye with light I am barely able to sit still with that and afterwards I am full of tears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;btw: I have a high dioptries count and always changing glasses to sunglasses is extremely unpractical - who wants to run around with an 2nd Set of Glasses...?. Interestingly it is not that problematic if I am sitting in my car, but in some situations I already thought that it would have been better to stop the car to be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7043" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:10:08.570" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:10:08.570" Title="What to do against high Light Sensitivity?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T18:27:08.393" Score="4" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since this is more of a health related question, asking this here is preferable than other sites. &#xA;So, does such apps really do not disturb the production of melatonin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does Blue light filters in smartphones really work? Are they really that effective?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7045" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T17:22:10.117" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T17:22:10.117" Title="Does Blue light filters in smartphones really work?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T19:22:06.890" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not switched to LED lighting in my home (though I know that it saves a lot of money in the long run) because I know how it personally impacts me. Not only does it &lt;strong&gt;disrupt my circadian-rhythm&lt;/strong&gt; (and as an insomniac -- it makes it that much harder to sleep --- it's like taking an alcoholic into a bar), but I find that I have a lot of &lt;strong&gt;sensitivity to the light&lt;/strong&gt;, which often trigger some of my migraines with a &lt;strong&gt;migraine aura&lt;/strong&gt;. Once that migraine get's triggered, it's all downhill from there.... so I try to minimize the impact of LED lights in my home as much as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, no matter what I or others do, the world is quickly jumping on the LED bandwagon (it makes economic sense -- I don't blame them), but I'm wondering if anyone &lt;strong&gt;has considered how LED lighting will negatively impact societies' health?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, now that cars have LED headlights, I find it really difficult to drive at night as my eyes are super sensitive to the brightness of the lights and I wince.... &lt;em&gt;Not only does it trigger a migraine, but it could potentially cause me to have an accident if my eyes are closed.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are LED lights known to cause seizures?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What kind of research has been done, if any, to see how the switch to LED lights will negatively impact the human health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T19:22:06.890" Title="World's decision to switch to LED lighting (to save $) cause more health problems? Migraines? Circadian-Rhythm? Seizures? Light-sensitivity?" Tags="&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;&lt;migraine-auras&gt;&lt;led-lights&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T20:34:41.287" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always been an insomniac. However, I haven't always been a teeth-grinder. This is a recent development in the last 5 or years of so. It's so bad that someone sleeping across the room can hear me grinding down my own teeth! Ah! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I've seen a few dentists about this and have tried a number of different mouth-guards. Unfortunately, for me, mouth-guards cause excessive dry-mouth which also lead to restless sleeping because I'm constantly waking up to get water.... or I subconsciously in my sleep throw the mouth-guard out of my mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here I am still a major teeth-grinder and I now suffer from TMJ -- Temporomandibular joint syndrome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there ways to treat:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Teeth-grinding (w/o mouth guards) to prevent further damage to teeth and TMJ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) If I can't treat teeth-grinding w/o the mouth-guards, is there a way to treat the dry-mouth to make the mouth-guard more bearable?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3). Is there a subconscious stress I'm unaware of that needs to be addressed in order to stop the teeth-grinding all together? Or do people teeth-grind even when they are not stressed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:23:23.663" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:23:23.663" Title="How to prevent teeth-grinding at night &amp; TMJ (Jaw) pain? Mouth-guard causes dry-mouth &amp; restless sleep. Alternative treatments?" Tags="&lt;dry-mouth&gt;&lt;subconscious-stress&gt;&lt;mouth-guard&gt;&lt;tmj-jaw-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T21:18:57.870" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the differences between social anxiety and panic attacks in terms of symptoms?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does social anxiety lead to panic attacks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-13T21:48:34.197" LastActivityDate="2016-10-13T21:48:34.197" Title="What are the differences between social anxiety and panic attacks in terms of symptoms?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;panic-attack&gt;&lt;social-anxiety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-13T23:05:30.240" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having an issue with a medical bill for a basic splint I got for a broken elbow.  I am being charged $341.79 for a visit that literally consisted of about 2 or 3 minutes with the doctor followed by about 2 minutes with a PA that applied a $26 off the shelf 3M splint to my arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contacted my insurance company twice and one time they weren't sure and another they said that casts and splints are considered surgery (even though there seem to actually be coding specifically for applying a splint and couldn't offer any further explanation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an absolutely ridiculous charge for doing nothing that someone with fairly basic first aid training couldn't have done.  Is this actually legit or is this something I should try to fight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7047" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T13:24:22.313" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T15:36:28.327" Title="Can applying a simple 3m plaster splint on a non-displaced elbow fracture be billed as surgery in NY?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-10-19T15:22:21.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9608" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9656" CreationDate="2016-10-14T07:29:04.213" Score="2" ViewCount="1446" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am taking trimagnesium citrate powder dissolved in water and I was thinking whether the citric acid is a problem to my teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2562" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-16T05:47:16.943" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T04:24:37.190" Title="Can drinking magnesium citrate cause tooth enamel erosion?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-14T12:45:50.527" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person decides to work a mentally demanding job, giving their all to it, and makes themselves exhausted every day, what can they do to prevent/alleviate the feelings of exhaustion which plague them throughout the week and weekend? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not asking about physically demanding jobs (e.g. manually digging holes all day) although the job in question rarely involves sitting down. I think it is mental overload manifesting itself as exhaustion. I'm talking about a job where you work an 8 or 9 hour shift without a break, no quiet moments, always maintaining high concentration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing the main solution might be &lt;em&gt;sleeping for as many hours as possible&lt;/em&gt;, since that is what the body appears to be suggesting! But maybe there are other nutritional/medical/psychological tactics that can reduce the level of misery slightly? Or make the body more able to cope with this assault?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I know the problem is a mental one, but what can be done to the human body to reduce the magnitude of the inevitable outcomes, or to return to 'normal' faster?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4983" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T02:25:14.813" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T02:25:14.813" Title="What can reduce physical symptoms of mental exhaustion, when you cannot remove the root cause?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-14T14:42:57.813" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had fever (Influenza and body ache, I think) recently and I fast I was hit by weakness/fatigue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a matter of hours, I started experiencing the following symptoms (most of which remained for a while even after the fever was over) -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weakness/Fatigue - Something simple like lifting my arms for a few seconds caused fatigue as if I had lifted weights. My wrists felt like they would break if I lifted something heavy. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brain fog &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Motor control - I walked as if drunk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above made me wonder - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions&lt;/strong&gt; -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exactly what changes happen inside human body that result in this &lt;strong&gt;sudden&lt;/strong&gt; weakness/fatigue?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why do they continue much later after the fever is gone?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the weakness/fatigue an unintentional side effect of fever or is it by design (supposed to help in recovery in some way)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is too sudden for muscle atrophy, then what else? Do the muscles stop producing sufficient ATP? Does the body for some reason start accumulating too much lactic acid? Something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for answers that scientifically explain the root cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6895" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-29T20:51:41.637" LastActivityDate="2016-10-29T20:51:41.637" Title="Why do we get weaker/fatigued during and after a fever?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;brain-fog&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-14T17:32:50.013" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;My young cousing has this skin disease, and that's awful. Any possible cure for this disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7045" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:43.233" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T00:05:12.487" Title="Any cure for epidermolysis bullosa?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;blister&gt;&lt;epidermolysis-bullosa&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-11-20T17:15:33.757" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9618" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-10-14T19:54:10.977" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-10-14T19:54:10.977" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T19:54:10.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9619" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-10-14T19:54:10.977" Score="0" Body="An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient's paper chart." OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T10:50:04.653" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T10:50:04.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9593" CreationDate="2016-10-14T22:34:48.657" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main energy emissions (i.e. ways of affecting its surroundings) of a laptop computer are—&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sound&lt;/strong&gt;: Unless your laptop has extravagant bass speakers that can physically rattle your organs hard enough to be painful, this will have no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heat&lt;/strong&gt;: A laptop can run quite hot, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://malecontraceptives.org/methods/heat_biology.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heating the testes can be used as a method of contraception&lt;/a&gt;, as the ideal temperature for sperm to survive is a little lower than your body temperature otherwise.  The effect is not permanent—heat strong enough to cause lasting damage would be physically painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I think the effect of a laptop on the user's testes is likely to be negligible.  A usual sitting position puts lots of room between the testes and the laptop, allowing most of the heat to dissipate (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inverse-square law&lt;/a&gt;).  If you are trying to conceive, and your laptop runs very hot, and you use it in your lap for a large part of your waking hours, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; its positioning may be worth considering.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Radio waves&lt;/strong&gt;: Computers use low-power non-ionising radiation for WiFi communication channels.  Such radiation has &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/1178/are-wifi-waves-harmful&quot;&gt;not been shown to damage human tissue in any way&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cutting-edge devices with a wireless charging feature also receive low frequency radiation from a base station.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/31385/is-wireless-charging-harmful&quot;&gt;This radiation is also non-ionising and safe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see no way a laptop could cause skin discoloration, except unless ⓐ the skin was burned because the laptop was hot, or ⓑ if the skin's blood supply was cut off due to long-lasting pressure from a very heavy laptop in the same position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the only health concern with having a laptop in your lap is &lt;em&gt;heat&lt;/em&gt;.  Treat a hot laptop like any other hot object: carefully!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T22:34:48.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9614" CreationDate="2016-10-14T22:59:58.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry to say this, but epidermolysis bullosa doesn't have a cure, but there are ways to treat its symptoms.                                                                                                                                                      Medications can help control pain and itching and address complications such as infection in the bloodstream (sepsis). Prescription oral antibiotics may be used if you show signs of a deep or widespread infection (fever, weakness, swollen lymph glands).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An oral anti-inflammatory drug (corticosteroid) may help reduce the pain from dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermolysis-bullosa/basics/treatment/con-20032497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermolysis-bullosa/basics/treatment/con-20032497&lt;/a&gt;.                                                                      &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Epidermolysis-bullosa/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Epidermolysis-bullosa/Pages/Treatment.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T22:59:58.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9622" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9623" CreationDate="2016-10-14T23:42:47.823" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having severe internal pain around my eye, why? And how can it be taken care of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2964" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:26:06.933" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:26:06.933" Title="Treatment for severe Pain" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-10-19T15:18:59.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9622" CreationDate="2016-10-14T23:47:59.397" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly what you are going through is called cluster headache.   &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_headache&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_headache&lt;/a&gt;.                                                                                        Secondly, three main treatments are available to relieve pain when taken soon after a cluster headache starts. These are: sumatriptan injections, which you can give yourself up to twice a day. sumatriptan or zolmitriptan nasal spray, which can be used if you would prefer not to have injections.        &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cluster-headaches/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cluster-headaches/Pages/Introduction.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-14T23:47:59.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9625" CreationDate="2016-10-15T00:27:46.070" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend's sister has a dry eye, she has tried using eye drop but to no avail, pls what else can she do to cure the dry eye and what caused the dry eye&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2964" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T10:50:30.173" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T10:50:30.173" Title="How to cure a dry eye" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9624" CreationDate="2016-10-15T00:34:04.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mild to moderate cases of dry eye syndrome can usually be treated using lubricant eye treatments that consist of a range of drops, gels and ointments. These lubricants are often called artificial tears because they replace the missing water in the tear film. For more information on other treatments for different other causes, visit the website below.                                                     &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dry-eye-syndrome/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dry-eye-syndrome/Pages/Treatment.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T00:34:04.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-15T03:30:56.637" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multiple nurses have told me that the key to a pain-free flu shot is to &lt;em&gt;completely relax&lt;/em&gt; your arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would you explain what's going on at the cellular level when a tense muscle receives a shot and why this leads to extra soreness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6568" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T03:30:56.637" Title="Why does a tense arm worsen flu shot soreness?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-15T02:42:02.217" Score="1" ViewCount="4249" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I had fish for dinner. I felt a sharp pain in my mouth, but don't know why but decided to swallow it instead of spitting it out. Now I don't know if it stuck in my throat or did it went down. Now I keep feeling there is something stuck in my throat. I'm in no pain even when I'm swallowing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Phat Do" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:26:09.393" LastActivityDate="2017-08-13T06:19:38.480" Title="How can I tell if a fish bone is stuck in my throat?" Tags="&lt;fish&gt;&lt;choking&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;throat&gt;&lt;foreign-body-object&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9632" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9642" CreationDate="2016-10-15T19:10:55.947" Score="3" ViewCount="482" Body="&lt;p&gt;i've always experienced a little pain in this area : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PnaZT.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PnaZT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but lately it became REALLY painful specially after wearing shoes for few hours, and the slightest hit on it really causes a lot pf pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there is no weird color&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there is no &quot;yellow/white liquid&quot; coming out of it (dont know its name)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it is slightly &quot;inflated&quot;, like a liiitle bit compared to other toe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am 23 years old, male. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am really picky with shoes and i choose the most comfortable ones (Sport Nike shoes) and my right foot totally agree with that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS : &#xA;Am currently on vacation out of the country so i cant visit doctors, i just want some insights/advice please&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks a lot&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7062" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-16T17:03:45.430" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T19:28:00.510" Title="Why is the exterior part of my left foot Toe is ALWAYS in pain" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;toe&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2016-10-19T15:18:36.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-15T19:38:53.183" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like iceberg lettuce for eating and absorbing a lot of water...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the other foods I can eat endlessly without any calories intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1934" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-09T00:50:15.887" LastActivityDate="2016-11-09T00:50:15.887" Title="What are the food that can be eaten without much calories intake? (to combat hand-to-mouth pattern)" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-15T20:19:33.820" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was born a asthma sufferer. My asthma can be triggered by both sport and allergenes. I use a Ventolin inhaler (thus containing the active substance called &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salbutamol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;salbutamol&lt;/a&gt;&quot;) when the asthma becomes really uncomfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen significant improvement in my comfort during endurance sport (such as running or cycling) when I use Ventolin before doing it (no matter if I feel ok or not regarding my asthma). It is a well-known doping product used by endurance athletes (including those who do actually not suffer from asthma), so that it made me wonder if the comfort improvement was due to the fact it not only &quot;diminish my asthma&quot; but also improve my performance as it would for someone healthy (not suffering from asthma).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose there exists someone who has the exact same body as I have, but without the asthma problem. Is it possible that this drug improve my performance in such a way it makes me significantly* better than such a person (who does not take the drug)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: even if the Wikipedia page says that there is &quot;no compelling evidence that salbutamol [...] can increase performance in healthy athletes&quot; (citing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439523/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;), I have often heard (but don't know if it is true) that many endurance athletes use salbutamol, so I really doubt it does not improve performance if they take it. Moreover, only one study does not seem enough to confirm a fact as most likely true (in a scientific perspective). So I am asking here for facts backed by different scientific sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*significantly is vague and subjective, but can be understood as follows: a &quot;significantly better performance of an athlete over another&quot; consists in &quot;this athlete completely outclassing the other one&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6909" LastEditorUserId="6909" LastEditDate="2016-10-18T20:33:56.583" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T20:33:56.583" Title="Does the use of salbutamol by a asthma sufferer significantly improve his sport performances?" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9537" CreationDate="2016-10-15T20:52:30.750" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your question contains several parts.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is the process of the transvaginal ultrasound different than just&#xA;  a regular ultrasound? I imagine it's inserted into the vagina? Is it&#xA;  quite painful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you call a &quot;regular&quot; ultrasound is known in medical practice as an transabdominal ultrasound. It is a very common procedure, which, depending on the countries, may be done by physicians, nurses or radiology assistants. A transvaginal ultrasound consists of an ultrasound probe inserted (after ultrasound gel is applied on it) into the vaginal cavity. Patients undergoing this procedure describe it as non painful. It is the same sensation as when a speculum is inserted in the vagina to do a pap smear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would a regular ultrasound ordered by an OBGYN be able to&#xA;  detect/differentiate typical benign ovarian cysts from an ovarian&#xA;  tumor? Are there images that can show the different appearance of an ovarian cyst from an ovarian tumor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adnexal masses can be classified as:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benign ovarian&lt;/strong&gt; (polycystic ovaries, teratomas, functional cysts,...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benign non-ovarian&lt;/strong&gt; (paratubal cyst, hydrosalpinges,...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primary malignant ovarian&lt;/strong&gt; (carcinoma,...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Secondary malignant ovarian&lt;/strong&gt; (ie metastasis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group has described 6 essential patterns which help differentiating benign masses (ie for example ovarian cysts in PCOS) or malignant masses using an ultrasound:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the cyst unilocular, multilocular, unilocular solid,...?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the cystic content? Is it anechoic, haemorrhagic, mixed,...?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any wall irregularities?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the vascularisation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any shadows behind the lesions?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there liquid in the peritoneal cavity (=ascites)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using these criteria might help differentiating benign masses with malignant masses. Here some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nOCIf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nOCIf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the IOTA group has even described some features and rules which should orient towards a benign or malignant cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ipFgG.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ipFgG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ixh4x.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ixh4x.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If doubt persist, some indications in the personal history or other clinical examination (+/- biomarkers) might help providing additional evidence in favor of a benign or malignant cause. Finally, confirmation can only be done through histology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though, &lt;strong&gt;the IOTA rules are good performers in predicting the malignancy risk of ovarian masses as suggested by this large systematic review:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kaijser et al. Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update (May/June 2014) 20 (3): 449-462.&#xA;doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt059&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is a transvaginal ultrasound needed in that case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IOTA rules are based on transvaginal ultrasound.&#xA;Here also a summary of the recommendations from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_62.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists&lt;/a&gt; regarding management of suspected ovarian masses in premenopausal women:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A pelvic ultrasound is the single most effective way of evaluating an&#xA;  ovarian mass with transvaginal ultrasonography being preferable due to&#xA;  its increased sensitivity over transabdominal ultrasound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information can be found here regarding ultrasound features of ovarian masses (open access):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4277251/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4277251/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;- for the images and features description: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmus.org/static/uploads/resources/IOTA_Simple_Rules_-_Susanne_Johnson.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmus.org/static/uploads/resources/IOTA_Simple_Rules_-_Susanne_Johnson.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5016" LastActivityDate="2016-10-15T20:52:30.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-16T03:52:50.503" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, I thought I had went to the hospital for a CT-scan, but apparently my appointment was for a bone-scan (ordered by my orthopedic surgeon, who focuses on ankles). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was redirected to the Nuclear-Medicine Department, and was first injected with a nuclear dye, and asked to come back several hours later. I was then handed with an official document for me to hand to any personnel or authority at a border crossing/airport since the radiation inside me would trigger nuclear alarms/triggers (had no idea that this existed). Then after the dye was dispersed throughout my body several hours later, I returned, and they put me in a machine (I think it was labelled SCENE) and it supposedly took images of my bones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. How does the nuclear dye improve the quality of the images that they acquired?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.How is a bone-scan any better than a CT-scan? Is it a new technology?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.What purposes does it fulfill? (I had x-rays for the Dr. 3 weeks prior, and I have arthritis, but why would a bone-scan be necessary)?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:54:54.233" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:54:54.233" Title="How does nuclear/radiation dye improve the quality of my bones' medical-imagery? What is the purpose of a bone scan?" Tags="&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;&lt;bone-scan&gt;&lt;nuclear-radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-16T04:42:00.720" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is that old wives' tales: &quot;I can feel it (storm coming) in my bones.&quot; But I actually find, at least for me, that this is somewhat accurate. What is it about the change in the weather that causes my joints to stiffen-up and cause aches and pains and trigger migraines? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What unseen environmental factors are at play, which are wrecking havoc on my body, whenever the weather changes? How &amp;amp; Why? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T04:42:00.720" Title="Why/How does the change in weather trigger arthritic pain and migraines?" Tags="&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;weather&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-16T04:45:37.033" Score="3" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of medical practitioners do not conduct any research. Is there any research/study/survey/… that tried to look at the reasons why most medical petitioners do not conduct any research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:04.740" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:09:04.740" Title="Why don't most medical practitioners conduct research?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11585" CreationDate="2016-10-16T05:37:35.427" Score="3" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had my tonsils removed in my mid twenties, and my doctors told me that it was going to be a lot more painful than if I had done it when I was just a lad. They were certainly correct!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that a tonsillectomy is more painful to have as an adult? Are the pain nerves more mature? Or is it that the tonsil is larger than when I was a child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T17:43:10.523" Title="Why is a tonsillectomy (tonsil-removal) typically more painful the older you are? Are the the pain nerves more advanced?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;tonsil-tonsillectomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-16T12:37:17.567" Score="8" ViewCount="319" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a hostel and I observe that in weekends, some of my friends are very desperate for an outing or a day trip. But there are some exceptional ones who like to sleep after their lunch, and it results in taking small naps in lectures too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some people, they feel fresh after those naps. Health wise, is it good to sleep after lunch?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7066" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T12:22:14.553" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T15:15:16.853" Title="Are afternoon naps healthy?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;naps&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9606" CreationDate="2016-10-16T15:36:28.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've been able to gather, it appears that treatment of a broken bone is in the same group of codes as surgery because of the after care. The coding is supposed to include follow up care for 90 days if the info I found was correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears it should only be applying a splint if the splint is a one off without after care. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7047" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T15:36:28.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9632" CreationDate="2016-10-16T19:28:00.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a similar issue, which turned out to be pretty simple: I had missed a part of my toenail when trimming it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iAsmD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iAsmD.png&quot; alt=&quot;jutting out corner of a toenail&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part wasn't actually visible as I've drawn it here—it was in between the skin there. As the toenail grew, that part began to painfully poke into the skin, especially when wearing shoes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pain disappeared immediately on trimming off this part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TcNeb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TcNeb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reaching all that way in to the edge of the nail was difficult with ordinary nail clippers (which is why I had missed it), but much easier with nail scissors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HMuRj.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HMuRj.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;nail scissors&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T19:28:00.510" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9525" CreationDate="2016-10-16T20:04:40.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding &lt;strong&gt;United States&lt;/strong&gt;, quote from &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560890/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Copy Fees and Patients’ Rights to Obtain a Copy of Their Medical Records: From Law to Reality&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2005):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patients have a legal right under HIPAA to a copy of their medical records.&lt;/strong&gt; Personal life-long medical records rely on patients’ ability to exercise this right inexpensively and in a timely manner. We surveyed 73 hospitals across the US, with a geographic concentration around Boston, to determine their policies about fees for copying medical records and the expected time it takes to fulfill such requests. Fees range very widely, from $2-55 for short records of 15 pages to $15-585 for long ones of 500 pages. Times also range widely, from 1–30 days (or longer for off-site records). A few institutions provide records for free and even fewer make them accessible on-line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700868/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Patient Access to Personal Health Information: Regulation vs. Reality&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2015):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Access to health information through patient portals and other electronic means is increasing with the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs), but not all providers have EHRs or patient portals and not all information may be available electronically. &lt;strong&gt;Patients are expected to continue to request paper and electronic copies of their medical records.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.ahima.org/2012/03/01/how-to-request-your-medical-records/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;How to Request Your Medical Records&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (2012):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;patients have the ability to request the format in which they would like to receive their records. For facilities using an electronic health record system, the &lt;strong&gt;medical record may be available on CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or sent via secure e-mail&lt;/strong&gt;. Additionally, larger facilities are increasingly creating Web-based portals that allow patients direct access to their information. &lt;strong&gt;It is important to note that patients have a right to a copy of their record, not the original.&lt;/strong&gt; The original record belongs to the healthcare facility. It is a document they must maintain for legal and business purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;Canada&lt;/strong&gt; it seems to be regulated by each province intependently. For example, in Ontario there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/04p03&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Personal Health Information Protection Act&lt;/a&gt; (see part V, chapter 52 for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in &lt;strong&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/strong&gt; things seems to look like this (quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1309.aspx?categoryid=68&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;NHS website&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Under the Data Protection Act 1998, you have a legal right to apply for access to health information held about you. This includes your NHS or private health records held by a GP, optician or dentist, or by a hospital. (...) Depending on which health records you want to see, submit your request in writing or by email to a registered health professional (...). This is known as a Subject Access Request (SAR). (...) Under the Data Protection Act, requests for access to records should be met within 40 days. However, government guidance for healthcare organisations says they should aim to respond within 21 days. (...) You may have to pay a fee to access your health records, so ask if there is a charge before you apply to see them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more from NHS (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2635.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;other webpage&lt;/a&gt;) about fees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Online access to your GP records is free of charge. However, charges may apply if you wish to see the originals or get physical copies or your health records. (...) No fee is charged to see your records but if you wish to take a copy away you may be charged. The charge will vary, depending on how the information is stored. The maximum charges are: &#xA;  * £10 for records that are only held electronically &#xA;  * up to £50 for those records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available electronic form&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;Israel&lt;/strong&gt; there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://waml.haifa.ac.il/index/reference/legislation/israel/israel1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Patient's Rights Law&lt;/a&gt; which states among other things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(A) The patient shall be entitled to obtain from the clinician or the medical facility medical information concerning himself, including a copy of his medical records. (...) 20. (A) A clinician or medical facility may pass on medical information to a third person in any of the following cases: (1) The patient has consented to the disclosure of the medical information. (2) The clinician or medical facility are legally obliged to pass on the information; (3) The disclosure is for the purpose of the patient's treatment by another clinician;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also short note from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.gov.il/ENGLISH/TOPICS/RIGHTSINSURED/Pages/patient_rights.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ministry of Health website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You have the right to receive from the care provider or medical institution, medical information contained in your medical records, or a copy of the medical record (receiving a copy of the record may be subject to a fee). At the time of your release, you have the right to receive a summary of the course of treatment or hospitalization, in writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T20:04:40.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9633" CreationDate="2016-10-16T21:07:40.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All food has calories; it is just a matter of what one's have the lowest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Celery is high in water and low in calories, as is cabbage. For some more low calorie food ideas check out this website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20640804,00.html/view-all&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20640804,00.html/view-all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7069" LastActivityDate="2016-10-16T21:07:40.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9645" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9648" CreationDate="2016-10-17T04:58:56.573" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, blood glucose is measured in mg/dL, while the rest of the world tends to use mmol/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason for using the molar concentration rather than the mass concentration? Or is it just a convention that people decided to adopt arbitrarily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7072" LastActivityDate="2016-10-17T11:16:21.380" Title="Why is blood glucose measured using molar concentration internationally?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9645" CreationDate="2016-10-17T11:16:21.380" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using mmol/L helps with revealing some useful relationships between groups of analyzed substances while using mg/dL might obscure those relationships.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long anwer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wasn't able to find original proposition to switch from mg/dL to mmol/L which should be in &quot;&lt;em&gt;Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry. Including Recommendation 1966 of the Commission on Clinical Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and of the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry. Munksgaard,&#xA;Copenhagen&lt;/em&gt;&quot; by Dybkær and Jørgensen (1967), but by knowing where it should be helps tracking later publications discussing the change. There are also some other publications from Dybkær like for example &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jcp.bmj.com/content/22/3/285.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Quantities and units in clinical chemistry&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (1969), where he shortly states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) it is recommended, as far as possible, to use the 'chemical' basic kind of quantity 'amount of substance' with its basic unit 'mole' (symbolized mol) instead of 'mass' and mass units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to suggest, that mmol/L is better because it's more suitable to proper chemical, laboratory work. This is too vague. Some really interesting comment is made in &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/4/536.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;SI Units: One Step Closer&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (1985) by Lehmann and Beeler:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rationale for the introduction of concetration units based on amount of substance, first proposed internationally in 1967, was that use of those units might reveal functional relationships between analytes, potentially useful in in the interpretations of results, but obscured when concentrations are expressed in mass units. (...) With further advances in understanding molecular bases of disease, and with the introduction of new technologies into the clinical laboratory (...), we may expect increasing use to be made of such biochemically nad physiologically related groups of analytes in order to derive new diagnostic and prognostic information from laboratory tests, and thereby to increase the usefulnesss of laboratory data. Reporting results in amount of substance units will most likely contribute to this process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6557" LastActivityDate="2016-10-17T11:16:21.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-17T11:22:36.713" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have researched and found that fad diets are harmful and are only short-term but it cant just 100% negative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean what if I am 200 kg and cant enter an event because of the weight limit of 100kg. If I am able to find a diet/exercise plan to reduce 100kg in some amount of time, then why not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean the body will try and push you back to that weight because it is not used to being at a different weight but if a person can control themselves then there should be no problem. Soon the body will start to accept your new weight and then you do not have to miss out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my reasoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7075" LastActivityDate="2016-10-17T11:22:36.713" Title="What are the benefits of a fad diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9655" CreationDate="2016-10-17T21:39:52.490" Score="2" ViewCount="1019" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was referred to a Rheumatologist earlier this year due to all my symptoms: constant fatigue, getting sick all the time by every little thing, having unexplained fevers, having constant joint pain, swollen joints, digestive issues, nausea, sensitivity to light, erratic menstruation cycles, chest pain, uptick in my migraines, being in a brain fog, coldness in extremities, etc. I already had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia and osteoarthritis, but my Dr. was suspicious that I might I have Lupus so he ordered an &lt;strong&gt;ANA (antinuclear antibody) test.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My test result is seen below: &lt;strong&gt;Abnormal 1:160.&lt;/strong&gt; My WBC was also soaring, but, my Dr. was undecided on whether or not to diagnose me with Lupus -- though the laboratory technicians had recommended the diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is a positive 1:160 ANA test result still considered ambiguous for diagnosis Lupus? &lt;strong&gt;He labeled me border-line Lupus.&lt;/strong&gt; Is that a real thing? What other diagnostic testing is needed to diagnosis definitively that I have or do not have Lupus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or should I see a different rhematologist? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9dW5d.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9dW5d.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:53:24.903" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:53:24.903" Title="Positive ANA test suggestive of Lupus/SLE, but is 1:160 still ambiguous?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9654" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-18T04:04:12.467" Score="1" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if it's left to right shunt that would make it a volume overload condition in the right side of the heart and thus dilation but also considering that maybe left chambers are also enlarged due to increased flow through the lungs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7083" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T01:13:58.650" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T14:20:48.747" Title="Which cardiac chambers are enlarged in ventricular septal defect?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;shunt&gt;&lt;dialation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9653" CreationDate="2016-10-18T04:11:34.550" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your doctor may use the term &quot;possible lupus&quot; if you meet part, but not all of the diagnostic criteria for lupus &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rheumtutor.com/2012-slicc-sle-criteria/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. I'm assuming in the remainder of this post that you do not meet criteria for &quot;probable&quot; lupus (&gt;= 4 criteria including 1 clinical and 1 immunologic criteria).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A positive ANA is considered 1 immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of lupus. The general expert consensus is that to be considered &quot;possible lupus,&quot; you need at least one criteria plus at least two other features that may be associated for, but are not specific for SLE &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-in-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. These may include (along with some associated symptoms):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optic neuritis (loss of vision, blurry vision, loss of color perception)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aseptic meningitis (stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, headache, abnormal lumbar puncture)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glomerular hematuria (blood and protein in urine seen under microscope)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pneumonitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, or pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung disease (shortness of breath, coughing up blood, abnormal pulmonary function tests, abnormal chest CT scan, abnormal heart echo)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Myocarditis (chest pain, shortness of breath, abnormal heart echo), verrucous endocarditis (complex manifestations, diagnosed on heart echo)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abdominal vasculitis (may manifest as severe acute attacks of abdominal pain)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Raynaud phenomenon (fingers or toes becoming &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drfirooz.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Raynaud.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;vividly white&lt;/a&gt; when exposed to cold)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that all of these symptoms are extremely non-specific and &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; have causes that are much more common than those listed above, e.g. the overwhelming majority of patients with headaches &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; abdominal pain &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; shortness of breath do not have lupus, since those are all symptoms commonly experienced by the general population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your questions: yes, &quot;borderline lupus&quot; (possible lupus) is a real thing. Further tests to rule out probable lupus would include a complete physical exam; complete blood count; urinalysis; anti-DNA, anti-Smith, and antiphospholipid antibodies; complement levels; and a direct Coombs test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients with &quot;possible lupus&quot; may or may not progress to eventually have &quot;probable lupus.&quot; Your doctor may discuss potential treatment strategies to prevent progression depending on your symptoms and the rest of your evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1962" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T04:11:34.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9608" CreationDate="2016-10-18T04:24:37.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Magnesium citrate is not citric acid. In fact, it's not even acidic. And trimagnesium citrate is even less acidic. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_citrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_citrate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's on the alkaline side of neutral, and in fact it's used in medicine to alkalinize patients who are acidotic. Oh, and it's also a pretty strong laxative. So your teeth will be fine. And even if it were acidic, you could just rinse your mouth with plain water afterwards and that would prevent harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T04:24:37.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4626" CreationDate="2016-10-18T05:09:22.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugchannels.net/2015/06/the-90-day-at-retail-boom.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90-day supplies are dominated by mail order pharmacies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TpIP3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TpIP3.png&quot; alt=&quot;90 day scripts 2010 vs 2014&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://reports.pbmi.com/report.php?id=10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PBMI’s 2014-2015 Prescription Drug Benefit Cost and Plan Design Report&lt;/a&gt;, 61% of employers allowed community pharmacies to fill 90-day prescriptions for maintenance medications.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fir9N.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fir9N.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Page 12 from http://reports.pbmi.com/report.php?id=10&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that although the gap between retail and mail order is closing, there's still a restriction in being able to fill 90-day locally based on the employer's insurance policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7081" LastEditorUserId="7081" LastEditDate="2016-10-18T16:10:34.657" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T16:10:34.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3832" CreationDate="2016-10-18T12:26:51.677" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of diseases which can be spread by mosquitoes. like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/chikungunya-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chikungunya&lt;/a&gt; is a mosquito-borne viral disease. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. It is also known as Chikungunya virus disease or Chikungunya fever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/malaria-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Malaria&lt;/a&gt; is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism. This is a mosquito-borne infectious disease. Malaria is contracted by the bite of mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito (the Anopheles mosquito) bites you, it injects the malaria parasites into your blood. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Typhoid fever is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection associated with fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The bacteria get deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. It is food and water borne disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dengue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;zika fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;yellow fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7084" LastActivityDate="2016-10-18T12:26:51.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-18T18:19:13.863" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a vegetarian (not vegan, due to the fact that I eat dairy products and eggs). But for last two years, I have felt some discomfort and pain in my joints. I haven't been diagnosed yet (I'm going through medical screening now), but X-ray examination has already shown that my joints are not in a good state. I don't think that the vegetarianism is the main cause of my problems because I remember that sometimes I had felt discomfort in joints before I've become a vegetarian. But I really want to know scientific opinion about effects on my health from a vegetarian diet (especially on my joints) and is it vital for good health (especially for healthy joints) to eat meat, fish, jelly (gelatin)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5394" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T15:30:37.400" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T15:30:37.400" Title="From a scientific point of view, is it possible to be a vegetarian and keep joints in a healthy state?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;joints&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9660" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9667" CreationDate="2016-10-18T19:41:16.180" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I was diagnosed with my Fibromyalgia by my rheumatologist, I had told my Canadian General Practitioner that my USA Family Doctor had thought I had thought I had Fibromylagia, and &lt;strong&gt;my G.P. laughed at me&lt;/strong&gt;, and said... &quot;Don't ever tell a Rheumatologist that you might have Fibromyalgia because they might not take you seriously because &lt;strong&gt;Fibromyalgia is not considered a &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't tell my Canadian Rheumatologist any of this, but he did diagnose me with Fibrymyalgia in the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there truth to what my Canadian GP was saying, that Fibromyalgia is not considered a genuine, real auto-immune disease by some?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found it really hurtful because my life has been and continues to be pretty rotten because of all the Fibromyalgic symptoms, and him not legitimatizing it as a genuine auto-immune disorder, seems that he either thinks my symptoms are psychosomatic or just made up! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do some General Practioners not consider Fibromyalgia as a genuine, real auto-immune disease?&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T04:10:06.770" Title="Why do some General Practioners not consider Fibromyalgia as a genuine, real auto-immune disorder?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-18T21:39:56.503" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had my semi-annual check-up with my dentist today and he noted that I had a severely dry-mouth. I've known I had this, but with all my other medical issues, I didn't consider it to be one of my major concerns, and simply dealt with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my Dentist made it very clear that dry-mouth can be a very serious problem for oral-hygiene. Not only does it lead to bad breath (halitosis), but it can lead to gingivitis, cavities, tooth-decay, and eventually periodontal disease.... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Considering how serious dry-mouth is (at least according to my&#xA;dentist), why don't you ever hear people suffering from &quot;dry-mouth&quot;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why don't doctors diagnosis you with dry-mouth? Or if doctors know&#xA;that some of the medications you're on aare known to cause&#xA;dry-mouth, why don't they offer a treatment plan for the symptoms?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why isn't dry-mouth taken more seriously?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T05:08:39.137" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T05:08:39.137" Title="Dentist says Dry-Mouth leads to bad breath (halitosis), gingivitis, tooth-decay, periodontal disease, etc. Why isn't Dry-Mouth diagnosed more often?" Tags="&lt;dry-mouth&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;halitosis-bad-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-18T21:49:54.400" Score="3" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the most reliable scientific achievements, evidence based, to help with men that want to last longer during sexual intercourse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T18:14:53.620" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T15:55:40.440" Title="Research based help for premature ejaculation?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T00:06:00.710" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current Medications: Adderall 20mg IR, Welbutrin (Bupropion) 100mg IR twice /day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms: Over time I've developed an odd set of symptoms: &#xA;--My face always tingles / i feel compelled to &quot;pull&quot; my skin nervously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I take my Adderall I then notice this increases PLUS: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- My eyelids get puffy (as in an allergy symptom).&#xA;-- My throat feels tight. &#xA;-- I feel fatigued (as much as if I never took it). &#xA;-- Mind feels foggy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible ideas: &#xA;-- I recently switched pharmacies and the brand of the adderall is different. So I switched to a different stimulant (ritalin) and noticed the same effects though slightly less so. However I have no history of an allergy to any of the inactive ingredients.&#xA;-- As of about 3 months ago I increased my dosage of welbutrin to 200 per day. This was about the time my symptoms started to get worse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Im curious if you all think this is more likely to be: &#xA;1. an actual allergy to the aderall (or inactive ingredient contained therein)&#xA;OR if &#xA;2. the aderall is interacting with the welbutrin in an negative way producing these effects that seem to be allergic.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts much appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7088" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:23.427" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:09:23.427" Title="Allergic Reaction? Adderall + Welbutrin / Bupropion" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T03:06:01.793" Score="1" ViewCount="294" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good evening again, everybody! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As my backstory goes, I am an insomniac (why you get so many questions from me). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am so fatigued, but no matter what, I just can't fall asleep... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried Melatonin -- the natural sleep hormone -- before, and it worked for a while, but it lost its effectiveness quite quickly. I started upping the dosages to get that &quot;sleepiness&quot; effect, and then stopped because I didn't wanna do anything dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wasn't sure -- is it possible to build a tolerance to melatonin (if it's natural)? Or was it not working because I was more stressed than usual? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the highest safest dosage an adult of 150 lbs should take? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T03:06:01.793" Title="Possible to build a tolerance for the sleep hormone melatonin?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9660" CreationDate="2016-10-19T04:10:06.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medicine, more than almost any other discipline, requires continuing education through the entire career. It changes rapidly, and whatever a doctor was taught 20 years ago in med school, or even 10 years ago at a conference, may not be true today. So if they're not keeping up, they're going to be ignorant on some issues. I've seen that myself more than once with my own doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some ways it's easier for specialists. They can focus their continuing ed on their one narrow specialty. If you walk into a cardiologist's office and ask about your rash, he'll just wave you off down the hall to the dermatologist. But a GP can't do that. They have to remain abreast of the whole spectrum. They have to be able to recognize and diagnose -- or at least suspect and refer to a specialist -- pretty much every disease, disorder, allergy, rash, psych issue, pregnancy issue, STD, sex problem, weird bump on my tongue, and of course whiny made-up complaints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it should come as no surprise when patients like you, who suffer from a certain disease and therefore know more about it than most doctors, encounter one whose knowledge is outdated and no longer correct. Your knowledge of the subject is ahead of theirs, so I would recommend smiling, saying good day, and finding another doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T04:10:06.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T12:47:19.197" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any long-term health benefits/ disadvantages of wearing socks, especially woolies ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7094" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T09:59:50.403" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T09:59:50.403" Title="Are there any long-term health benefits/ disadvantages of wearing socks, especially woolies?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T16:50:17.950" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having catarrh for 3 days now and it's really becoming hard to bare, till today I've not slept for 3 days because it has totally blocked my nostrils. Is there any home remedy for catarrh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-19T17:56:22.797" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T17:56:22.797" Title="Treatment for catarrh?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;home-remedy&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;catarrh&gt;&lt;nasal-cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T16:55:20.277" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know some spice can be helpful: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/178/is-eating-spicy-hot-pungent-food-hot-chilli-peppers-etc-healthy-or-harmfu/180#180&quot;&gt;Is eating spicy hot (pungent) food (hot chilli &amp;amp; peppers etc.) healthy or harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, many people seem wear it as a badge of honor that they can eat very spicy foods or sour foods. Some take it to the point of &quot;burning off their taste buds&quot; (I personally did this on several occasions with sour candy as a child), such that everything you eat has a bit of a metallic taste until healed. Other parts of the mouth are also likely damaged, but damaged taste buds have always been the most noticeable to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the risks of initial tissue damage (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-ghost-pepper-burns-hole-in-man-s-esophagus-20161019-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g. burning a hole in your esophagus with a ghost pepper&lt;/a&gt;), is there any evidence of oral cancer risks from repeated tissue damage to your mouth similar to chemical burns (e.g. sour/spicy foods) or temperature-related burns (e.g. coffee/soup that didn't cool down enough before the first sip/bite)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2218" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:50:53.323" Title="Any evidence that &quot;burning off tastebuds&quot; increases oral cancer risk?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;taste-buds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T18:08:14.553" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recognize this sounds like an immature/ignorant question, and I hope it doesn't rub anyone the wrong way, but I came across this CNN article claiming just that, and I was wondering if there is any truth behind it or if this is just an oddity (against the grain) article? CNN isn't exactly &quot;scholarly&quot; or &quot;medical&quot; research.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/26/health/time-height-cancer/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/26/health/time-height-cancer/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do taller/larger individuals have a greater risk of developing cancer because they have more cells that could go rogue?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T18:08:14.553" Title="Do taller/larger individuals have a greater risk of developing cancer because they have more cells that could go rogue?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;tall-height&gt;&lt;large-size&gt;&lt;risks&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-19T18:55:05.757" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a child, before I was out-of-shape, I was diagnosed with &quot;exercised-induced asthma.&quot; Is that a lifelong diagnosis? Or do youngsters tend to grow out of it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I continue to take my Albuterol inhaler and daily puffs from my Advair as the &quot;exercised-induced asthma&quot; diagnosis has carried over into my adulthood. This is because I continue to get a tight-chest and consistent wheezing/coughing during and after any period of exercise. But... are these caused by &quot;exercised-induced asthma&quot; or could it be that I'm simply out of shape (admittingly, I could lose 15 pounds)? Or could it be a combo? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do you know if you have exercise-induced asthma for sure?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do pulmonologists consider exercise-induced or &quot;seasonal&quot; asthma a legitimate diagnosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:33:47.523" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:33:47.523" Title="How to know if it's exercise-induced asthma? Or if tight-chest &amp; wheezing is due to being out-of-shape? Or combo?" Tags="&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;&lt;exercise-induced-asthma&gt;&lt;tight-chest&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9675" CreationDate="2016-10-19T19:14:00.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is probably a combo, as you say you are out of shape. I had that kind of asthma, too. However, I started doing sports and more and more the asthma kind of disappeared. If you do something to improve your fitness and get in shape again - what I suggest to do - always have your inhaler with you! Focus on aerobic and stamina. That way my asthma got away. (The lungs get more air, the bronchia get wider, you can breathe freely) Today, I only get problems breathing when I am really sick, and even then (when I can't breathe through my nose) it does not necessaryly occur. If you have some concerns about wheter you really should start exercising or your asthma gets worse because of it, you have to visit the doctor and ask for an individual check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would start exercising and doing something for my stamina. You need to keep doing it regularly to achieve some results. Sometime you will get to the point that you are able to really train hard without having any serious problems anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastActivityDate="2016-10-19T19:14:00.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9679" CreationDate="2016-10-19T21:53:15.363" Score="3" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mayo Clinic website specifies that &quot;Diagnostic medical sonographers and vascular technologists use nonionizing, high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to diagnose, treat and prevent medical conditions.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason they use the term nonionizing? As far as I understand there isn't a form of sound waves that can cause ionization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7096" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T15:44:11.090" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T15:44:11.090" Title="Non-ionizing sound waves" Tags="&lt;ultrasounds&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9678" CreationDate="2016-10-20T01:32:01.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right: their description contains redundancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the reason for the extra clarification may be to make sure readers understand that the method does not involve X-rays (which &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; ionising, and hence more dangerous).  I've seen people confuse them with ultrasound, because both methods are used for seeing through tissue, their results look similar at a glance, and popular culture colloquially refers to any sort of &quot;seeing through things&quot; as &quot;X-ray vision&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T01:32:01.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T01:56:19.237" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;With VSD left to right shunt in systole logically should dilate right ventricle due to volume overload since left side pressure is higher then the right.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7083" LastEditorUserId="7083" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T02:09:57.813" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:54:06.573" Title="Why is there a left ventricular volume overload in patients with Ventricular septal defect?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;shunt&gt;&lt;ventricular-spetal-defect&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9572" CreationDate="2016-10-20T02:07:26.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, legislation of each country prescribes how medicines should be labeled. There are international guidelines, but national regulations always come first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of international guidelines on labeling are the ones by World Health Organisation (WHO) given in &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19638en/s19638en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guidelines on packaging for pharmaceutical&#xA;products; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 902, 2002&lt;/a&gt; which state that the label should contain at least:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(a) The name of the drug product;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(b)  a  list  of  the  active  ingredients  (if  applicable,  with  the  International  Nonproprietary  Names),  showing  the  amount  of  each&#xA;  present,  and  a  statement  of  the  net  contents,  e.g.  number  of&#xA;  dosage units, weight or volume;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(c)  the batch number assigned by the manufacturer;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(d)  the expiry date in an uncoded form;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(e)  any special storage conditions or handling precautions that &#xA;  may&#xA;  be necessary;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(f)   directions  for  use,  and  warnings  and  precautions  that  may  be&#xA;  necessary; and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(g)  the name and address of the manufacturer or the company or the&#xA;  person responsible for placing the product on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other example of international guidelines are those by European Medicines Agency in &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-2/c/bluebox_06_2013_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Guideline on the Packaging Information of Medicinal Products for Human Use Authorised by the Union&lt;/a&gt; which is binding for the member states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:07:26.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9678" CreationDate="2016-10-20T02:19:30.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Precisely to emphasize the safety of ultrasound and to point out that you or your fetus will not be subjected to any sort of radiation as it may be the case in some of the other popular imaging methods besides ultrasound. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7083" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:19:30.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T02:24:25.187" Score="1" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are reoccurring cold sores, canker sores, &amp;amp; easy bruising symptoms of a poor immune system? Or just indications that an individual could be low on Vitamin C?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could be Vitamin C deficient, but I don't think that I'm so deficient that I've developed scurvy or anything... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I do have fibromyalgia and borderline Lupus so are the cold sores/canker sores/bruises all parts of the that fun diagnosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:24:25.187" Title="Are reoccuring cold sores, canker sores, &amp; easy bruising symptoms of a poor immune system? Or just low on Vitamin C?" Tags="&lt;canker-sores&gt;&lt;cold-sores&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9680" CreationDate="2016-10-20T02:54:06.573" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This happens because with the left to right shunt blood is shunted directly into RVOT and and into pulmonary artery and thus right ventricle is spared but left atria and ventricle become enlarged because of increase flow through the lungs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7083" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T02:54:06.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9654" CreationDate="2016-10-20T03:02:19.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the Ventricular Septal Defects prior to Eisenmenger Syndrome the left to right shunt occurs because left atrial pressure exceeds right atrial pressure in systole and blood gets ejected directly into the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary artery instead of the Right Ventricle. For this reason Right Ventricle does not dilate. However, increased flow through lungs does create a volume loading condition in the Left atrium and Left Ventricle. Hence the volume loading of the left side with the dilation and preserved integrity of the right side, as noted per the American College of Cardiology guidelines. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.acc.org/guidelines#sort=%40foriginalz32xpostedz32xdate86069%20descending&amp;amp;f:@fdocumentz32xtype86069=[guidelines]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7083" LastEditorUserId="7083" LastEditDate="2016-10-23T00:02:37.003" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T00:02:37.003" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="359" CreationDate="2016-10-20T05:42:43.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree humans are over prescribed antibiotics. I think doctors should be more scientific. Take a culture and wait three days for sensitivities to grow (if any). Then and only then prescribe the best antibiotic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real issue to me though is the use of antibiotics in livestock to promote growth more than as a prophylactic. One study in Arizona took bacterial samples from chicken, turkey, and pork from local supermarkets. They sequenced the bacterial DNA and compared them against bacterial strains from hospitalized patients. There were many matches which suggest improperly handled meat can spread antibiotic resistant bacteria that are a result from overuse in there meat industry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: http:/:www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/trouble-with-antibiotics/transcript/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7081" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T05:42:43.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T06:06:55.273" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yeo's Chrysanthemum Tea Drink makes me urinate. A lot. I could easily drink enough of the stuff to satisfy the daily fluid intake recommendations. However, the more I drink, the more often I have to go.. It feels like drinking the tea, or any other fluids that are natural diuretics, as fluid intake would be counterproductive. Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;PS: Ingredients are water, aqueous extract of chrysanthemum, and cane sugar. And  yes, it would be healthier if I brew it myself and use honey or a non glucose/fructose sweetener, but I'm not asking if there is a healthier tea.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ovwZ5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ovwZ5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="891" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-10-20T13:47:49.230" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T15:06:44.637" Title="drinking natural diuretics for fluid recommendations" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;water-retention&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T06:12:29.617" Score="1" ViewCount="208" Body="&lt;p&gt;perhaps related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9687/drinking-natural-diuretics-for-fluid-recommendations&quot;&gt;drinking natural diuretics for fluid recommendations&lt;/a&gt;, I planned on asking in that question, but other than the subject matter, they're two different questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I drink a lot of Yeo's Chrysanthemum Tea Drink, and it makes me urinate a lot. Some research indicates that Chrysanthemum Tea is a natural diuretic. Regardless of whether I drink it canned or brew it myself, the result is the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I treat the tea as if I'm taking a medicinal diuretic and take appropriate precautions for the side effects? Though I'm not entirely sure what the side effects would be aside from frequent urination since the side effects I have been able to find are for diuretic tablets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="891" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T01:32:19.650" Title="drinking too much natural diuretics" Tags="&lt;tea&gt;&lt;water-retention&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T08:19:32.540" Score="3" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tend to very quickly forget things when I am worried or excited. For example, when my boss calls me in his office and tells me something, I forget it so quickly -  in a few seconds -  or when a stranger calls me and tells me some address or any other details, I forget the information as soon as I hang up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have memory problems overall, i.e. I can remember things that I read, see or hear most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any one have same experience or knows the reason and solutions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7098" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T19:28:24.500" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T14:18:58.700" Title="Why can't I remember things?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-10-29T15:21:33.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9701" CreationDate="2016-10-20T12:29:52.477" Score="7" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, I am not an english native speaker, however I will try to explain my issue as clear as possible. I am not asking for any diagnosis, but to clarify my question I will share my personal story . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My work needs about eight hours daily  sitting  in front of a computer. For that, trying to keep by body healthy, I start a new program, in which  I change my food habits into healthier ones, and try to do exercises three times  a week  plus taking a walk daily for  20 min.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However dueto stress I am still facing a problem :  I am thin, even though all fats are accumilating in the abs and waist!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking that, maybe wearing a coreset can prevent this accumilation of fat. So I did some research on different corsets products. &#xA;However, what I found is that:  as many warning of wearing such corset as many  encouragings for wearing it. Maybe this  is due to commercial  facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is : From  medical poin of view,  Does wearing a corset has any disadvantages? What if I wear it for 8 hours a day  ?  does a corset affect the skin ( or as I read the fat under the skin ) ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4947" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-21T07:16:21.277" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T20:54:40.740" Title="Wearing a corset" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;body-shape&gt;&lt;diaphragm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9376" CreationDate="2016-10-20T16:12:31.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience, such warnings are typically present if ingredients in the lotion would irritate the eyes or mouth—problems that can't happen if you avoid applying it to the face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My reasoning goes as follows: The only significant difference between skin on one's face and elsewhere is the higher concentration of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland#Sebum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;sebaceous glands&lt;/a&gt; that secrete oil, but since this lotion is clearly based on oils or fatty alcohols intended to replace or supplement the same oils anyway, I don't see that as significant.  However, a mixture of oils with a thick consistency applied (accidentally) to the eye's tear film would likely cause strong irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd interpret the instructions as &quot;be really careful if applying this on your face; you &lt;em&gt;really really&lt;/em&gt; don't want it in your eyes&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know whether skin in under-3-year-olds is significantly different somehow, but the wording does make me think of the usual &quot;don't let your kid eat it&quot; caveat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-20T16:12:31.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-20T22:44:07.947" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;“Cold slows down blood flow to an injury, thereby reducing pain and &lt;strong&gt;swelling&lt;/strong&gt;. Cold therapy slows circulation. It should be used if the area is &lt;strong&gt;swollen&lt;/strong&gt; or bruised.”&#xA;“Compression stockings are used to help increase circulation. This helps swelling.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How comes these two are true at the same time? I have reactive arthritis and my feet are swollen after long days especially when I stand up or walk a lot. I've read that poor blood circulation causes this and shifting between cold and hot water improves blood circulation. Normally I avoid hot water because it triggers my inflammation, it definitely makes it worse and cold is always good. Anyway, I tried it and I ended with ice compress after massaging in hot water. It didn't reduce swelling at all, it just made it worse. People also say that I should try compression socks for my swollen feet, but I am suspicious about it. If it increases the blood circulation it can't be good for me. Cold slows down the blood circulation and I know it is good for me. So, what is this all about poor circulation, swelling, inflammation, cold treatment thing? I can't make connection. Which one is good? Slowing down the circulation or increasing the circulation? Ice or compression socks? Elevating also is certainly good for me as I experienced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7100" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:24:52.540" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:24:52.540" Title="If compression socks increases the blood circulation and this is good for swelling, then how comes it is said ice is good for swelling?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;cold-compress&gt;&lt;elevating-elevation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-21T01:05:44.717" Score="5" ViewCount="166971" Body="&lt;p&gt;I normally masturbate by licking my hand and using the saliva as a lube, because I'm circumcised and the thrusting motion I actually don't like—it can tear my penis skin since it's too tense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is using saliva safe, or does it contain bacteria that could cause me something? Obviously I can't contract a disease I didn't have, but maybe bacteria in the mouth should not reach the penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" LastEditorUserId="7054" LastEditDate="2016-10-21T20:31:31.340" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T14:46:06.423" Title="Is saliva safe as a sexual lubricant for male masturbation?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;circumcision&gt;&lt;lubrication&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9520" CreationDate="2016-10-21T07:36:31.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the possible solutions might be to try decaf tea. Although decaffeination also reduces the amount of polyphenols to some extent, in many cases there is still a lot of them left. The reduction of polyphenols seems to vary among different brands according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.isaet.org/images/extraimages/IJCEBS%200101112.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; so it might be worthwile to try several brands before you come to a conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another approach might be to try tea with milk, since milk proteins precipitate tannins. However, this reaction is pH dependant and works better with other types of polyphenols than those found in tea, as shown in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijfans.com/Volume%204%20Issue%201/3.%20IJFANS%20A0377-15.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this research&lt;/a&gt;, but if you compare it with how you reacted to decaf tea, you might come to a conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to stress that your stomach ache, even though exacerbated by tea, might have a different underlying cause. If it occurs regularly with tea drinking or if it is not regular but causes great discomfort, you should talk to your doctor to get to the bottom of the problem and receive adequate treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.isaet.org/images/extraimages/IJCEBS%200101112.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Bioactive Compounds of Tea and Decaffeinated Tea (&lt;em&gt;Camellia sinensis&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijfans.com/Volume%204%20Issue%201/3.%20IJFANS%20A0377-15.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interaction between some plants tannins and milk protein&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-03T22:13:27.077" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T22:13:27.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9705" CreationDate="2016-10-21T08:52:14.543" Score="2" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering about the effects of cardiac arrest on blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What would the blood pressure be while cardiac arrest? Would there be any pressure at all (because the heart can't pump blood at all)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Post-cardiac arrest - Would there be an increase or decrease in the blood pressure? Would it cause hypertension/hypotension, and if so why?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7103" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-21T15:58:51.583" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T19:58:48.593" Title="cardiac arrest effects on blood pressure" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9691" CreationDate="2016-10-21T09:06:16.387" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;1. Does wearing a corset have any disadvantages?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wearing of a corset for extended periods of time to maintain or reduce waist size is called tightlacing. It is commented (though nowhere I can cite) that to effectively tightlace you need to use a Victorian-style steel/bone corset as modern elastic/rubber/plastic corsets don't exert enough force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical tightlacing training routine begins with the use of a well-fitted corset and introduces very gradual decreases in the waist circumference. &lt;strong&gt;Lacing too tight too fast can cause extreme discomfort and short-term problems such as shortness of breath and faintness, indigestion, and chafing of the skin if a liner is not worn.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diminished waist and tight corset reduce the volume of the torso. This is sometimes reduced even further by styles of corset that force the torso to taper towards the waist, &lt;strong&gt;which pushes the lower ribs inwards&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Internal organs are moved closer together and out of their original positions in a way similar to the way that a pregnant woman's expanding uterus causes the organs to be displaced.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The volume of the lungs diminishes and the tightlacer tends to breathe intercostally – that is, with the upper portion of the lungs only. Due to the lower portion of the lungs being used less there is often a stereotype of mucosal build-up there; a slight and persistent cough is the sign of the body trying to clear this.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on the effects on individual organs please see this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_tightlacing_on_the_body#Muscles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia Commons article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to google any of the above, its simple biology. You cant magically break the rules of thermodynamics or human biology by squeezing your waist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;2. What if I wear it for 8 hours a day?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same as above still applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;3. Does a corset affect the skin ( or as I read the fat under the skin )?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a way, it moves it around which does 'affect' it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not build muscle and may lead to atrophy of your abdominals due to them not being used to stabilise you (as you rely on the corset).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightlacing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightlacing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some benefits to tempory waist restriction, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.strongerbyscience.com/the-belt-bible/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;when power/weightlifting a tight belt can be used to brace ones core against so that the persons posture is kept more rigid at higher weights. It can even help develop abdominal strength by giving you resistance to push against&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T13:37:06.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-21T15:44:40.717" Score="2" ViewCount="4924" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used a large amount of salt yesterday. Now (after 19 hours) I'm feeling ill. Although I do not think it is my case, I am curious: What amount of salt is toxic? What are the symptoms of salt poisoning? How many hours does it usually take to appear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7107" LastEditorUserId="7054" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:10:42.697" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:10:42.697" Title="What are the symptoms of salt poisoning?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9696" CreationDate="2016-10-21T18:30:15.803" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Saliva is safe to apply to the sexual organs.  While it is true that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the mouth contains lots of micro-organisms&lt;/a&gt;, the same varieties are also commonly thrive elsewhere in the body, and are all harmless against a normally functioning immune system.  Saliva also contains antibacterials, has skin-like acidity, and acts as a pH buffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only concern is that it may also contain anything that has recently been in your mouth.  For example, using saliva as a sexual lubricant may be risky if you—&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;have a topical infection around your mouth or lips, or have recently licked a location of such an infection,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;have recently eaten a food that can irritate sensitive skin or mucous membranes (e.g. vinegar, salt, or anything abrasive), or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;have recently kissed or had oral sex with anyone who might have a sexually transmissible illness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases that you're unsure, other water-based lubricants sold in supermarkets and pharmacies are a safe alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T18:30:15.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9700" CreationDate="2016-10-21T19:58:48.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;By definition, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/CardiacArrest/About-Cardiac-Arrest_UCM_307905_Article.jsp#.WApx6KKk0-o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;cardiac arrest&lt;/a&gt; means the heart is not pumping blood; therefore, there is no blood pressure. None at all. So if you were to cut a person in cardiac arrest, they would not bleed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a heartbeat can be restored, the findings after cardiac arrest will vary. In general, if a normal heartbeat can be restored and the heart is once again pumping effectively, vital signs such as blood pressure should return to normal or near-normal levels fairly quickly. However, everything that was wrong with the patient before the arrest will still be present, so if they had hypertension before the arrest, they will probably have it afterwards. However, the cause of the arrest may have been a heart attack that left heart tissue damaged, and that might result in lower BP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there is no single answer as to what the pressure will be afterwards. It will depend on many things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T19:58:48.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9702" CreationDate="2016-10-21T20:04:33.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Too much salt in the body is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hypernatremia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;hypernatremia&lt;/a&gt;, and the symptoms are fairly straightfoward. You get very thirsty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The major symptom of hypernatremia is thirst. The absence of thirst in&#xA;  conscious patients with hypernatremia suggests an impaired thirst&#xA;  mechanism. Patients with difficulty communicating or ambulating may be&#xA;  unable to express thirst or obtain access to water. Sometimes patients&#xA;  with difficulty communicating express thirst by becoming agitated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment is to drink a lot of water (and quit eating so much salt). Your kidneys will do the rest to restore your normal sodium levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, hypernatremia isn't particularly dangerous. What is dangerous is the opposite, hyponatremia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-21T20:04:33.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-21T21:27:07.190" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are bodybuffers efficient to relax muscles? Example of bodybuffer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bellebodybuffer.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bellebodybuffer.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OYy1e.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OYy1e.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in forarm muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-22T02:46:21.883" LastActivityDate="2016-10-22T02:46:21.883" Title="Are bodybuffers efficient to relax muscles?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;muscle-relaxers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-22T03:48:27.513" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've all experienced it, where we get a waft of some odor (whether pleasant or not), or bite into a long lost taste, or hear an old tune, see some forgotton photographs, (but emphasis on the taste and smell), and instantly we are in taken to a different time and place, and we are sometimes flooded with emotions. I think a Swiss man coined the term, &quot;Nostalgia&quot; (lit. Greek for &quot;Home-sicknesses&quot;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How/Why are our senses, particularly smell and taste, so strongly tied to memories??&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is a debate among scholars whether indulging in nostalgic&#xA;activities is beneficial for our health. What are the key arguments?&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;&lt;em&gt;(I've always got warm, fuzzy feelings, and didn't see how it's harmful, but are the negativeness something like that they may have rose-colored glasses on, and think that the present is not as good as it once was?)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:52:11.250" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T22:07:06.587" Title="Why are taste and smell (and hearing a song from the 90's) such potent triggers for nostolgia? Benefits and Negatives of nostologia?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;taste&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9711" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9714" CreationDate="2016-10-22T04:59:23.977" Score="3" ViewCount="2587" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are yawns and hiccups pscyhosomatically contagious or are they just independent reflexes?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've always been told growing up, &quot;yawns are contagious&quot; or &quot;you gave your hiccups to me.&quot; Is there any truth to yawns and hiccups be pscyhosomatically contagious? As in our body subconsciously sees a yawn and mimics it because the brain needs oxygen and yawns bring oxygen???&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for hiccipus... I don't understand. I know its a reflex of the diaphragm, but I don't know why suddenly our body would do that if we weren't eating or drinking. What benefits are there to hiccuping?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-22T05:28:49.340" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T23:00:03.853" Title="Are yawns and hiccups pscyhosomatically contagious or are they just reflexes/impulses?" Tags="&lt;function&gt;&lt;hiccup-hiccuping&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;yawning-yawn&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9712" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9716" CreationDate="2016-10-22T07:43:14.893" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;As someone who suffers from chronic insomnia and often has to get things done during the day without much or any sleep at all, I would like to know from those experienced what the effects are of Modafinil and other wakefulness drugs before trying them myself. I guess my questions are mainly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does one feel after taking Modafinil?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I go without sleep for a night, will Modafinil give me an energy boost for the subsequent day?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does Modafinil have similar effects as energy drinks or other stimulants in that they increase your heart rate and can make you feel nervous?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and although they do the job and keep you awake without sleepiness I don't like them at all because of how they alter your mood and cause depression when the effects wear off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7114" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T01:28:49.173" Title="Effects of Modafinil" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9711" CreationDate="2016-10-22T15:08:38.870" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yawns are &quot;contagious&quot; in that &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpl.revues.org/390&quot;&gt;other people&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610100/&quot;&gt;and even dogs&lt;/a&gt;) often yawn in response to seeing someone else yawn. The reason people yawn is unclear, but it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3425960&amp;amp;page=1&quot;&gt;thought to&lt;/a&gt; have evolved to serve a physiological need, but changed to serve mainly a social function in the animals that exhibit it. This is supported by the fact that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391210/&quot;&gt;yawns are not contagious to autistic children&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hiccups are caused by a reflex, and have not been shown to be &quot;contagious&quot; this way; their co-occurrence is coincidental.  However, because hiccups can be caused by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup#Causes&quot;&gt;eating quickly or laughing&lt;/a&gt;, which people like doing in a group, co-occurrence may be a little likelier than purely random.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-22T15:08:38.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9712" CreationDate="2016-10-22T22:19:21.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking for subjective opinion, so that's what you're going to get. I've taken it a few times and here are my answers to your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mentally alert and awake.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A mental energy boost, yes. Physical, not so much.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No, it's not a general stimulant like amphetamines. It makes you mentally alert and wakeful, but there is no cardiac stimulation, nervousness, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find full drug info including effects, side effects and precautions &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/modafinil-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-22T22:19:21.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9355" CreationDate="2016-10-23T04:21:40.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/infectious-diseases/influenza/v/flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Flu vaccine risks and benefits&lt;/a&gt; video from the Khan Academy on this subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main cons of getting a flu shot are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting the shot may be painful&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You may get &lt;em&gt;very mild&lt;/em&gt; flu-like symptoms &lt;strong&gt;(you cannot get the flu from a flu shot)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pros are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60% - 70% efficacy against the flu&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Herd immunity if enough people get vaccinated&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7120" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T04:21:40.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9355" CreationDate="2016-10-23T05:57:14.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think your question would be better worded as, &quot;can I get an infection after receiving the flu shot?&quot; Since a secondary infection would imply that you had an infection in the first place. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is not uncommon, and many people hesitate to receive it again after experiencing what you are describing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some patients do report very mild flu-like symptoms after receiving the flu vaccine via a shot, but the symptoms are much more common with the nasal spray. Symptoms may include feeling sleepy, light cough from throat irritation, achy, headache, tired, mild fever, joint point. However, these symptoms are not due to infection, the symptoms are from your immune system reacting to the dead virus particles (eww) to the vaccine. I'm not making this up, it's called the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response symptoms are GOOD, though, because it means your immune system is doing its job like it is supposed to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once your immune system has been in contact with these dead virus particles it will have learned how to combat those strains of viruses in the future. Your system begins to make what are called antibodies, which are what protect you in case you do come in contact with a live virus. In fact, these antibodies are called ig-M, the M actually stands for memory, neat huh? Your white blood cells will actually remember those strains of virus and easily destroy them on contact. So when and if you actually come in contact with the flu, your white blood cells will be ready to do their job very quickly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is certainly possible to get sick during any period of time before or after receiving the flu vaccine. Your body takes several weeks to build immunity to the flu virus after receiving the flu vaccine. It is still possible to contract the flu during that period. In fact, it is possible to contract the flu even after your body achieves immunity, because the flu virus changes constantly even within 1 flu season. The advantage to the vaccine is that if you do happen to get sick, the flu will not be as severe since you will have extra antibodies to begin with.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that it is your body and you know it best. If you have concerns I would certainly recommend seeing a physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7121" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T05:57:14.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9719" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9728" CreationDate="2016-10-23T07:27:45.120" Score="4" ViewCount="28894" Body="&lt;p&gt;because I have diabetes, I try to have more dried fruits instead of cookies, and one of my recent favorites is dried figs.  I buy them from Costco.  Today I came across this page on Amazon on the same product.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B004LWJFFY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.amazon.com/Made-Nature-Organic-Calimyrna-40-Ounce/dp/B004LWJFFY&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;I was surprised by the negative reviews, and it turns out that apparently some of these figs contain dead worms!  Or as the second most helpful review called them, maggots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It freaked me out!  I'm a very picky eater and don't even like seafood, so forget about anything exotic as eating worms! I got nauseous thinking about it and the fact that I've had these for several months now, and went and dissected a few of the figs but could not see anything like that.  Apparently they're fairly small and also hard to distinguish from the inner pulp of the fig.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While reading the comments I saw some angry discussion between some commentators about it, some saying that this is the norm and most fruits naturally dried have things like that inside them and alternative would be using pesticide and ingesting chemicals.  That the US government allows some minimal level of things like that inside the food that we consume.  Of course the other side was saying that this is wrong and dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused by all this and hope that some nutritionist or someone with specialty in this area can help me make sense of this.  Thank you very much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7122" LastActivityDate="2019-08-03T14:35:41.003" Title="How dangerous is it to eat the worms inside fruits?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9720" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-23T10:54:08.450" Score="7" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read many contradictory articles regarding eating before bedtime for someone trying to lose weight. Here some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/17/health/17really.html?_r=4&amp;amp;adxnnl=1&amp;amp;adxnnlx=1335121216-Q4q6iChMxGm7qr5Lq3+Jsg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/17/health/17really.html?_r=4&amp;amp;adxnnl=1&amp;amp;adxnnlx=1335121216-Q4q6iChMxGm7qr5Lq3+Jsg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://time.com/3020266/you-asked-will-eating-before-bed-make-me-fat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://time.com/3020266/you-asked-will-eating-before-bed-make-me-fat/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any proven evidence in the literature that eating before bedtime favors or prevents weight loss?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6414" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:37:34.230" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T07:01:29.073" Title="Should eating before bedtime be avoided if someone wants to lose weight?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-23T11:01:09.200" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually a dentist would ask you if you're sensible to cold, hot, sweet or acid foods or drinks. The dentist may even expose the suspect tooth to compresed air, but what cues do this information give? for example: does sensibility to sweet mean a deeper cavity than to cold ? does any of them mean infection ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is worst or do they all mean the same ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: &#xA;For any sensibility to happen the emanel must let the substance pass throught the dentin. What I belive is that: hot or cold change the temperature of dentin which in turn change the presure around the nerve, but doesn't necesarily need to touch it directly, acid and sweet (that became acid thanks to bacteria) get to the nerve by the pores of dentin, while air needs a direct road to the nerve, thus making it the worst sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7124" LastEditorUserId="7124" LastEditDate="2016-10-26T11:04:28.853" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T11:04:28.853" Title="Do sensibility to hot, cold, sweet, acid foods/drinks or air mean different levels of tooth decay?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;teeth-sensitivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9721" CreationDate="2016-10-23T18:25:00.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a rough initial check.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sensitive teeth&lt;/em&gt; are indicative of &lt;em&gt;exposed dentin&lt;/em&gt;, but not necessarily tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cRgZs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cRgZs.png&quot; alt=&quot;Anatomical diagram of a tooth&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Teeth have layers to them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The top layer (enamel) is composed almost entirely of hard minerals. It is impermeable, and totally insensitive to physical stimuli.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, the next layer (dentin) is a little softer, and has many thin channels that connect inward to the center of the tooth.  This allows various things like temperature, airflow, or some foods to stimulate nerves in the pulp of the tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The centre of the tooth (pulp) connects to the circulatory and nervous systems through the jaw. Stimulation of these nerves is felt as pain or discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dentin may be exposed by tooth decay, but also through erosion from other origins (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bruxism&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;developmental defects&lt;/a&gt;, or due to receding gums exposing thinner-enamelised parts of the tooth nearer the roots, among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;em&gt;any stimulus&lt;/em&gt; is painful, then there's definitely a problem. However, any particular stimulus being more painful than another says nothing about what the problem is, because tooth pain operates by such a very simple mechanism.  Such a check must be followed up by a more detailed examination to determine the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T18:25:00.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-23T20:10:27.850" Score="2" ViewCount="3606" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, arterial blood is usually saturated to ~95% with oxygen, the oxygen being transported in combination with haemoglobin in a ratio of 4:1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Venous blood is saturated at around 75% implying that only around one of the four bound oxygen molecules was used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When then is it dangerous to have SpO2 levels lower than 88%?  Cannot the other bound oxygen molecules be released under low oxygen conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7127" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T09:19:17.437" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T09:19:17.437" Title="Why is 88% SpO2 considered a critical level?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;hemoglobin&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-23T20:39:23.640" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's some apple cider in the fridge and (given as I don't usually drink apple cider) I don't know if its turned &quot;hard&quot; or not. There are no visible bubbles, but it is kinda fizzy. I am not sure whether the alcohol or fizz comes first, and google has all but failed me in this regard. I am especially worried about this because I'm under 21. If anyone has an answer, it would be most appreciated (I apoligize if this question doesn't quite fit here, but I this is the most related Stack Exchange I could find)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7128" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T20:39:23.640" Title="How do I know if cider is hard or not?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-23T20:54:29.780" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two weeks ago, one of my friends asked me, &quot;What does '&lt;strong&gt;expired&lt;/strong&gt; on' text on a syrup really mean?'&quot; &#xA;He is currently working in a place that uses syrup as one of their main product, slushes, then a couple of weeks ago he checked the expiration date of the syrup and it said 04/13/14. Meanwhile here we are in 2016, so it had been about 2 years they kept it and used it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it still safe to be consumed by public?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7129" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-10-27T14:51:57.240" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T01:20:46.967" Title="How long does syrup actually last?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9726" CreationDate="2016-10-23T22:05:38.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You didn't say what type of syrup, so I'll assume a typical syrup like maple. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/17643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stilltasty.com&lt;/a&gt;, it's good for one year if refrigerated and indefinitely if frozen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZODqF.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZODqF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stilltasty uses government food safety guidelines as its criteria, so it tends to be very conservative. I have a bottle of maple syrup that was opened over a year ago and I intend to keep it and finish the bottle even if it takes another year, and it is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; refrigerated. It's kept in a pantry at room temperature. Since bacteria don't grow readily in heavy sugar solutions, bacterial contamination is almost never an issue with syrups, jellies, etc. Sometimes the sugars will separate out, but you can fix that by simply warming the syrup in a microwave or hot water. The sugar crystals will re-dissolve. Mold can sometimes get established, but that's plainly visible and you should toss anything with mold in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, basically, government guidelines say throw that 2014 syrup away immediately. I, however, would eat it without worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: In response to a question in comments, I've added this link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/42810/4729&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/42810/4729&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-11T01:20:46.967" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T01:20:46.967" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9719" CreationDate="2016-10-23T22:19:18.633" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fruits (both fresh and dried) should not contain bugs.&lt;/strong&gt; Their presence indicates that the fruit hasn't been preserved well, or that their producer has made some other mistake.  They may be unsafe to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're in any doubt, dispose of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, let's talk in some more detail about figs, because I also love figs, and because they have a special relationship with bugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Figs you want to eat should not contain bugs either.  However, if you pick the fig yourself, or if the grower who sold it to you was incompetent, you may one day open an undamaged fresh fruit of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fig tree&lt;/a&gt; and find little critters.  Those are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig_wasp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fig wasps&lt;/a&gt;, or larvae thereof.  They are about 2mm long and a normal part of the lifecycle of figs, and render the fruit inedible.  However, they are completely avoidable by growers who know what they're doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each fig species has a unique symbiotic reproductive relationship with a species of fig wasp.  The wasps pollinate the plants, and hermaphroditic plants (only some of all figs) produce flowers that wasps can also lay eggs in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can however guarantee no bugs if we choose to pick only from plants that are—&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocarpy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;parthenocarpic&lt;/a&gt;, which produce mature fruit even when not pollinated, as long as they are in an area without wasps that could pollinate them, or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a gynodioecious species' female trees, in which flowers are shaped such that while wasps can pollinate them, they cannot lay eggs there.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the grower of those suspicious dried figs you linked (with many negative Amazon reviews) must have made a mistake of either—&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;growing a parthenocarpic fig species in an area that &lt;em&gt;has&lt;/em&gt; wasps of the species that pollinates it, or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;misplacing their female trees, and accidentally picking from a hermaphroditic tree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or perhaps they had just stored the fruit badly and the bugs that reviewers found were unrelated.  Either way, it's a shame this supplier is giving dried fruit a bad name.  I'm convinced they are the exception, as that is the first case I've heard of, and certainly not the way fruit should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastActivityDate="2016-10-23T22:19:18.633" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-24T03:43:31.227" Score="-1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed a few years ago that when I use hand lotion, I get thirsty. Is there any medical/scientific reason this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7132" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T21:25:45.907" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T21:25:45.907" Title="Why does hand lotion make me feel thirsty?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9724" CreationDate="2016-10-24T03:46:03.813" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently no biological mechanism that would increase a cell's absorption of oxygen in conditions of low SpO2 (unless you're a mutant). The amount taken by the cell is based on the amount of oxygen rich blood cells that reach the outer walls of the capillary to be permeated through and deliver oxygen. So this means that the cells have no way to just grab more oxygen when they don't have enough. The oxygen they get is what is available to them. Now the next part I'm not sure about, but I can give you a theory. When SpO2 goes below 88%, it may cause a failure in which the lungs can no longer support themselves with oxygen because they themselves don't have any to work (to be more exact, the diaphragm). Therefore making the oxygen levels continue to fall, which is not good if you don't like death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T03:46:03.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9734" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9736" CreationDate="2016-10-24T06:41:02.587" Score="1" ViewCount="792" Body="&lt;p&gt;Crying is one type of expressing feelings. Does crying often reduce the body weight or does it lead to become lean?  Is it affect the health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-03T10:01:56.573" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T10:01:56.573" Title="Does Crying often reduce body weight or become lean?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;water-weight&gt;&lt;tear-duct&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1377" CreationDate="2016-10-24T07:12:11.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any information about whether the Benq monitor in particular will effectively reduce blue light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to your question...  &quot;Is it helpful?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/10/23/near-infrared-led-lighting.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; is fairly well referenced, and includes an interview with Dr Wunsch, a German light therapist.  In summary, it seems long exposure to blue light from artificial sources is indeed a bad for you in both the ways mentioned by Agent_L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article mentions blue-blocking glasses as an alternative solution. Maybe give that a try - it'll be cheaper than a new monitor, and even the layman that Agent_L's mentions, would probably accept that blue light is reduced by wearing a filter over your eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7134" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T07:12:11.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9734" CreationDate="2016-10-24T08:56:58.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, crying helps to reduce body weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress expert Dr Pete Sulack explained to PopSugar that your tears actually contain stress hormones, meaning that when you cry, you're reducing the levels of these hormones in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This impacts weight loss because one of those stress hormones is cortisol, which is a hormone that also happens to make your stomach cling on to fat.&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to be clear, that doesn’t mean you can replace your gym trips with a forced crying session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Yahoo notes, studies have shown that only tears that are caused by genuine emotions – not faked tears or those induced by onion-chopping – contain stress hormones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more: &lt;a href=&quot;http://metro.co.uk/2016/07/23/theres-another-weird-benefit-of-having-a-good-cry-6024545/#ixzz4NzVpIsxw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://metro.co.uk/2016/07/23/theres-another-weird-benefit-of-having-a-good-cry-6024545/#ixzz4NzVpIsxw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T08:56:58.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9739" CreationDate="2016-10-24T09:50:27.390" Score="4" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleeping less at night time leads to sleep at morning. Does this less sleep lead to weight loss ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T07:52:15.740" Title="Does less sleep lead to weight loss?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-24T10:05:58.280" Score="-1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although slow and steady weight loss is better than quick weight loss, are there any benefits of losing weight fast? This could include penetrating yourself in the gym or possibly going into a fad diet that &quot;supposedly&quot; helps you to lose weight faster. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7075" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T10:25:56.053" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T11:56:00.563" Title="What are the benefits of quick weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9737" CreationDate="2016-10-24T12:59:55.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually lack of sleep leads to weight gain and not weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Losing out on sleep creates a viscous cycle in your body, making you more prone to various factors contributing to weight gain. “The more sleep-deprived you are, the higher your levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which increases your appetite,”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you’re stressed, your body tries to produce serotonin to calm you down. The easiest way to do that is by eating high-fat, high-carb foods that produce a neurochemical reaction,”says Breus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailyburn.com/life/lifestyle/sleep-deprivation-effects-weight-loss/&quot;&gt;http://dailyburn.com/life/lifestyle/sleep-deprivation-effects-weight-loss/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T12:59:55.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-24T13:04:45.533" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title. Mistankenly took one 25mg dose of Atarax about 4h ago.  Started feeling very...  tired, and still do. &#xA;When will the effect wear off?  I can't work like this... &#xA;Any 'risks' from having taken one dose randomly like that? &#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7136" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:59.733" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:09:59.733" Title="Mistakenly took Atarax" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9738" CreationDate="2016-10-24T13:34:22.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Better sleep: Research shows that losing 5 percent of your body weight can help you sleep better and longer throughout the night.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Better hormonal balance: When you rid your body of excess fat, your hormones steady and as a result it's easier for you to maintain or even further your weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improved sex drive: According to experts, weight loss has been linked to boosted testosterone levels and an increased libido, and dropping just 10 pounds is enough to stimulate sex hormones &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased sexual performance: Between the energy boost you get from loosing weight and the uptick in stamina from hours spent at the gym, if you really wanted to go all night, you could. Increased physical fitness has been associated with greater satisfaction in the bedroom, according to Smith.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Better mood: Working out releases feel good chemicals called endorphins. Endorphins are responsible for that high you feel post workout. They interact with the receptors in your brain, reducing your perception of pain and deliver a positive feeling in the body similar to that of morphine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mensfitness.com/weight-loss/burn-fat-fast/25-surprising-benefits-weight-loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.mensfitness.com/weight-loss/burn-fat-fast/25-surprising-benefits-weight-loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-10-24T13:39:29.567" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T13:39:29.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9730" CreationDate="2016-10-24T14:09:33.183" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there's no scientific or medical reason why applying hand lotion makes one thirsty. Personally, I think its not the hand lotion making you thirsty, it could be something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T14:09:33.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9740" CreationDate="2016-10-24T17:23:54.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (Atarax, Ucerax) is a first-generation (sedative) antihistamine. Drugs of this type tend to have a pretty tame clinical profile, and it's unlikely you will experience any undesirable effects, apart from the sedation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without knowing your medical history, it can be difficult to ascertain whether you will suffer any drug-drug or drug-disease reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find coffee (caffeine) can help to counteract the sedative/hypnotic effect, although this will not reverse the effects of the antihistamine. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/spcpil/documents/spcpil/con1466744805494.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt;, the amount of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (Atarax) in the body will half within 14-24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's recommended you do not drive or operate heavy machinery without first assessing your ability to concentrate under influence of the medication, or while the drug is still in your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7138" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T17:23:54.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9748" CreationDate="2016-10-24T20:19:22.387" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How many people, on average, floss on a regular basis?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I'm the only person who doesn't floss on a regular basis according to my dentist, but do we know the statistics of how many people actually floss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's important, but I forget to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T23:07:21.593" Title="How many people, on average, floss on a regular basis?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9747" CreationDate="2016-10-24T23:07:21.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this page, &lt;a href=&quot;http://sunvalleypediatricdentistry.com/statistics-brushing-flossing-oral-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://sunvalleypediatricdentistry.com/statistics-brushing-flossing-oral-health/&lt;/a&gt; 50% of Americans floss daily, 31% floss less regularly, and 18% do not floss at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T23:07:21.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-24T23:22:37.067" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For those who suffer from acne -- is frequent exposure to steam an effective way to keep the skin clean?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is heat opens up the skin-pores, and the skin pores are better able to detox, i.e. divulge their bacteria, that way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I&lt;strong&gt;s applying hydrogen peroxide with a Q-tip to each pimple, cyst, black head, a good way to clear up individual blemishes quickly?&lt;/strong&gt; Or is that not such a great idea?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T23:22:37.067" Title="Is frequent steaming of the face (like in a sauna) an effective way to open up skin pores and detox? Hydrogen Peroxide prevent acne?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;detox-purge&gt;&lt;pores&gt;&lt;steam&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9719" CreationDate="2016-10-24T23:32:35.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like they've been harvested too soon so that the larvae haven't had a chance to escape. The pollinating dead insect is normally absorbed inside the fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very doubtful that they're poisonous since they're a natural part of the figs life cycle, and people have been eating them since Adam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2016-10-24T23:32:35.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9752" CreationDate="2016-10-25T00:27:14.010" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took a routine blood test today, and my results came back with three abnormal results that the laboratory flagged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My WBC, platelet count, and neutrophil levels were all elevated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;WBC: 11.8&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platelet Count: 488&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nuetrophil Level: 8.6&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are these levels concerning or just slightly elevated? Possible reason/s for increases in neutrophil, platelet, and WBC levels at the same time?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My GP is currently on vacation --- I called today to see if I should be on treatment, but he's not available for another week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T03:31:02.970" Title="Possible reason/s for increases in neutrophil, platelet, and WBC levels at the same time?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;&lt;platelet-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9751" CreationDate="2016-10-25T00:54:12.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The increased WBC, platelet, and Neutroplil count suggests that your body may be trying to fight off an infection. When the body is under attack, it increases it's white blood cell production to combat the infection. The platelets also suggest an infection, as well as the Neutrophil count, which are a type of white blood cell. The possibility of illness is one out of many, though the most likeley. Though an examination or more blood work can rule out any other causes which may be more severe. If I were in your shoes, I'd consult a doctor who can examine you and do proper tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="7131" LastEditDate="2016-10-28T03:31:02.970" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T03:31:02.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-25T06:10:27.900" Score="1" ViewCount="712" Body="&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, in relation to GERD, certain things you aren't supposed to have include coffee, tea, spicy foods, citrus foods, and chocolate because they relax the (LES) &quot;lower esophageal sphincter.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an opposite to this?  Are there any foods/drinks/actions/other which strengthen or tighten the LES?  If there are, how do they work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done some searching and found a lot of potential answers, but they are mostly hearsay and don't come with much logical explanation.  That being said, here's what I've found as &quot;advice&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthboards.com/boards/acid-reflux-gerd/552661-anything-natural-will-tighten-les.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;?L-GLUTAMINE strengthens muscles, including LES?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healgerd.com/2011/12/17/strengthening-the-les/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;?Deep breaths stretch/strengthen abdominal muscles, including LES?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found something on Health Tap that briefly said nothing but surgery works.  I believe that surgery works, less so that it's the only solution (though it may be the only one found).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7143" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T16:14:28.763" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T16:14:28.763" Title="Is it possible to strengthen/tighten the LES (lower esophageal sphincter)?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;esophagus&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;lower-esoph-sphincter-les&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9759" CreationDate="2016-10-25T15:40:00.890" Score="1" ViewCount="551" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few weeks ago in class (EMT), we were discussing tourniquet application in instances where there is bleeding that couldn't be controlled by pressure. In most cases, a tourniquet will be used on a limb that has arterial bleeding as opposed to venous. And in the case of arterial bleeding, the tourniquet will be applied proximal (above) to the injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I began to wonder if one had to use a tourniquet to control a venous bleed where the tourniquet would be applied. Since venous blood is flowing back to the heart, couldn't the tourniquet be applied distal to the injury? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Theoretically, this is an injury in which &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; a vein has been injured but the bleeding cannot be stopped through traditional methods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T17:25:26.210" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T17:45:04.103" Title="Tourniquet application on a venous bleed" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;emt&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9758" CreationDate="2016-10-25T16:17:01.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In venous lacerations, blood would be able to be stopped by placing a tourniquet below the injury. By stopping the blood from returning from the limb, you wouod be able to effectively prevent blood loss. This would work in the rare case of just the vein being cut, but it's safer to place the tourniquet above the injury in case the vein is not the only thing cut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="7131" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T17:45:04.103" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T17:45:04.103" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-25T18:00:43.157" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been advised to consistently drink 100 (one hundred) oz of water/water-based liquids every day. I've done pretty well at keeping to that, but now that I have a cold, I'd like to drink more. On the other hand, I understand that the first undesirable thing too much liquids will result in is over-diluting the electrolytes in my blood. I know that there are electrolyte supplements, such as Gatorade, and even calorie-free supplements that are easy to fit into my diet. &#xA;How much is known about how much electrolytes I should add for how much water I drink beyond some point, and at what point does it start approaching overhydration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7150" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-31T16:37:11.260" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T16:37:11.260" Title="Limit of daily liquids - higher with electrolyte supplement?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;water-retention&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;&lt;diluting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10174" CreationDate="2016-10-25T17:41:10.247" Score="5" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know, &lt;strong&gt;what is the difference between a hearing aid and a cochlear implant&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;what factors would determine whether you could have one and if so, whether you would want one&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" OwnerDisplayName="Jack Maddington" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:08:50.477" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T22:10:12.880" Title="Deafness and hearing aids and cochlear implants" Tags="&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;&lt;hearing-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-25T23:13:38.307" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have several unsightly scabs in prominent places (handful on face and a couple on arms and hands, but a rather large one on my knee) due to minor cuts I sustained from last weekend's yard work. &lt;strong&gt;What are effective and safe treatments to speed up the healing process of unsightly scabs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the best thing is to not touch it, keep it clean, etc. (scabs are a sign that the wound is healing), and it'll go away eventually -- but is there a way to speed up that process? These scabs are very noticeable (face, hello!), and I have quite a big presentation at work in a mere 5 days, and I want to look as profession as possible (obviously), and will be wearing a dress, which will reveal the huge scab on my knee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does aloe-vera&lt;/strong&gt;, typically used for sunburns, &lt;strong&gt;help with the healing process of scabs?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Is aloe-vera supposed to be kept refrigerated by the way?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I &lt;strong&gt;put an antibiodic-cream on the scab&lt;/strong&gt; (to make sure it's clean), but I'm not sure if I should continue doing this or if I'm just interfering with the process?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I read that topical gels that contain &lt;strong&gt;benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid may induce the skin repairing process&lt;/strong&gt;, but I'm worried it might just dry it out and make it last longer. &lt;strong&gt;What are common household items that would be composed of these ingredients?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there home remedies that are worth trying?&lt;/strong&gt; I already know of the warm-compress, but was wondering if there were more...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-10-25T23:26:54.360" LastActivityDate="2016-10-25T23:26:54.360" Title="What are effective and safe treatments to speed up the healing process of unsightly scabs?" Tags="&lt;aloe-vera&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;&lt;scab&gt;&lt;antibiotic-cream&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9765" CreationDate="2016-10-26T02:53:28.860" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alright, I'm a fourteen-year-old male freshmen in high-school. I weigh 120 pounds, and I am around 5'5 - 5'6. Am I overweight? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am on the cross-country team, so I run thirty-five miles a week (usually around six miles a day), and I try to eat well. Am I considered overweight for my age? I am currently trying to diet by only eating a few protein bars for breakfast and lunch, but I do slip at times and eat desert. I also love carbs. Any advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7152" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-12-29T23:49:08.443" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T23:49:08.443" Title="Am I overweight? Bad self image...?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9764" CreationDate="2016-10-26T03:58:58.323" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; overweight at all, and whoever told you it was a good idea to even consider a &quot;diet&quot; was very mistaken. Don't listen to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 120 pounds and 5'5&quot;, your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Body Mass Index&lt;/a&gt; is 20.0, which is about the middle of the normal range -- an excellent place to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BMI Categories:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Underweight = &amp;lt;18.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal weight = 18.5–24.9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overweight = 25–29.9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that you're running 35 miles a week tells me you're in no danger of slipping into being overweight anytime soon. And of course you love carbs! Everyone loves carbs, but you can afford to enjoy them, so don't worry about it as long as you stay away from soft drinks and crap fast food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, as an athlete, you need carbs. Running 6 miles a day requires a significant amount of energy, and carbs are generally the best way of supplying that before and during your runs. Carbs before/during and protein after is usually the best approach. The carbs supply immediate energy for the run, and the protein after supplies the materials your body needs to build muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T03:58:58.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-26T06:00:05.900" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming a child or person is not visually impaired or deaf, and is not unwilling to respond, for whatever reason, then what kind of medical conditions could be responsible for making such person unresponsive to visual and sound cues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T14:22:31.803" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T14:22:31.803" Title="Unresponsiveness to cues" Tags="&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;social-cues&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-26T09:18:07.130" Score="6" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can any tell me that how to prevent hair loss, and which foods are best for hair growth? Also, can anyone tell me that which foods should take on which time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7158" LastEditorUserId="217" LastEditDate="2016-12-29T23:47:47.547" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T23:47:47.547" Title="Prevent hair loss and best food for it?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-11-30T15:13:55.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3747" CreationDate="2016-10-26T18:06:00.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no known way to absolutely prevent sleepwalking; however, certain steps can be taken to minimize one's risk. These include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get adequate sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit stress. Meditate or do relaxation exercises.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid any kind of stimulation (auditory or visual) prior to bedtime.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/how-is-sleepwalking-treated#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/how-is-sleepwalking-treated#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="181" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T23:57:58.877" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T23:57:58.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-26T18:26:09.660" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've made some makeshift exercise weights by filling old water bottles with tap water and putting them into bags. Ill never drink the water but how long is it safe to store for? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm asking is that I've heard legionnaires' disease can be caught from shower water or car windscreen liquid if not treated. Are there any health risks (legionnaires or other) from not changing the water every so often? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7161" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T01:36:06.650" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T01:36:06.650" Title="How long is stored tap water safe to be around (not drink)?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;legionnaries-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9789" CreationDate="2016-10-26T19:39:18.877" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because I have been dealing with a lot of physical pain, I have been taking a lot of pain medication, which has the common side of effect of constipation. Obviously, this leads to painful defecation since they are hard to push through (sorry for the terrible image, but it's part of the body that we all deal with). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What medications (whether prescription or OTC) or home-remedies are used for stool-softeners or laxatives (to counteract constipation)?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:04:37.913" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:04:37.913" Title="What medications (whether prescription or OTC) or home-remedies are used for stool-softeners or laxatives (to counteract constipation)?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;&lt;laxative&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9042" CreationDate="2016-10-26T21:10:27.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Detoxification (the process by which the body rids itself of a drug)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Behavioral counseling&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Medication (for opioid, tobacco, or alcohol addiction)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evaluation and treatment for co-occurring mental health issues such as depression and anxiety&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Long-term follow-up to prevent relapse&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A range of care with a tailored treatment program and follow-up options can be crucial to success. Treatment should include both medical and mental health services as needed. Follow-up care may include community- or family-based recovery support systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T21:10:27.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-26T23:00:41.027" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would putting slightly more than normal force on a joint in the prime years push off arthritis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T23:00:41.027" Title="Does putting a bit more stress on joints when young increase resilience when older?" Tags="&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;joints&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9775" CreationDate="2016-10-26T23:11:14.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Water stored in jugs that are never opened could contain a dozen lethal diseases and as long as you left the jugs tightly closed they would be harmless. The danger comes when water containing Legionnaires bacteria is aerosolized, such as in a shower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just leave the jugs closed and you can leave that water in there for years. If you really want to be certain, add a few drops of bleach to each jug. That will kill all the bacteria in the jug and as long as it remains sealed it should say that way virtually forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-10-26T23:11:14.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T01:51:31.773" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to explain to someone that Tourette Syndrome is more than just tics.  I would like to do this with an analogy.  People at my son's school keep saying they haven't noticed any tics, and they have ignored what we've tried to explain about the other symptoms of this spectrum disorder.  The Tourette Association says that tics are just the tip of the iceberg, since there are many other conditions that are often associated with TS (comorbid) -- but these people don't seem to be able to take that in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be a good analogy for this?  I need something that's really easy for everyone to relate to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-10-28T00:37:19.663" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T00:37:19.663" Title="Need to find a good analogy" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;tourette-syndrome&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T03:50:24.777" Score="0" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to salivate profusely and have a strong bloody metalic taste before vomiting? This is coupled with orange yellow liquid vomit that also seems to have clear mucus mixed in. This is after all the normal stomach contents from the previous meal have been vomited along with 500 mg extra strength acetometophen for abdominal pains. The rest is all background information and I'm asking only about the metalic taste and salivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T10:09:26.280" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T10:09:26.280" Title="Metallic taste and excessive salivation before vomiting" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;taste&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T04:23:13.290" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using Google scholar to try to find information about idiopathic hypersomnia. I am struck by the fact that no papers even attempt to provide a pathology (or possible pathologies). Clearly, idiopathic means the pathology is unknown, or there could be multiple causes. There are also some known diseases that cause hypersomnia. Does anyone know of a study that attempts to identify the potential causes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read a literature review, Nathaniel Sowa, Idiopathic Hypersomnia. In it he says, &quot;Current research suggests that it is a disorder of hypoarousal, with&#xA;several possible underlying changes in CNS neuronal signaling. However, the exact pathophysiology of the condition is largely unknown.&quot; Just looking for possibilities&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6581" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:19:40.653" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:19:40.653" Title="What are some potential causes of idiopathic hypersomnia?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T09:05:23.600" Score="-1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;its difficult to see small object like pencil,eraser,key. Eye Specialist said there is no solution for this disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7164" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-02T04:07:52.990" LastActivityDate="2017-01-31T08:54:02.400" Title="Is there any homeopathic solution for heredomacula degeneration" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9787" CreationDate="2016-10-27T09:18:07.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Homeopathy is a pseudosience with no proven effectiveness in treating any condition. Degenerative diseases are hard to treat, but don't lose hope that new research will discover a treatment that works in the future. In the meantime, looking for &quot;alternative&quot; cures will not only leave your eyes the same, it will also hurt your wallet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T09:18:07.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9777" CreationDate="2016-10-27T10:27:08.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a medical recommendation, you should speak to your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, paraffin oil, lactulose syrup and dietary fiber supplements are common OTC medications for constipation. It is important to drink plenty of water (specifically with added fiber). For individual advice, talk to your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T05:16:47.843" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T05:16:47.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9791" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9793" CreationDate="2016-10-27T19:00:37.297" Score="2" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming a pregnant lady who is in a comatose state is in the hospital and hooked to IV's and such (and under the watchful eye of the doctor), would her body instinctively contract to the degree where she would be fully dilated and be able to deliver a vaginal birth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that in most cases, it would be c-section, no doubt, but this is just a hypothetical question on whether or not it is even possible.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can a pregnant woman in a coma still be able to give a vaginal birth? Will her body instinctively contract?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T19:44:08.767" Title="Can a pregnant woman in a coma still be able to give a vaginal birth? Will her body instinctively contract?" Tags="&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;coma-comatose&gt;&lt;instinct&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;&lt;contractions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T19:24:28.940" Score="2" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that men's spermatozoids are stored in testicles and are pumped out during sex or masturbation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If someone needs more and thicker sperm, does it matter how long it has been since one has last ejaculated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the sperm always of the same thickness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does one always ejaculate the same quantity of sperm no matter how often one has sex or masturbates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Biologically, how is the sperm stored in the testicles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6537" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T13:41:26.270" LastActivityDate="2020-09-02T00:52:47.957" Title="How is sperm stored in the testicles?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;testicles&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-02T01:16:58.377" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9791" CreationDate="2016-10-27T19:44:08.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though difficult and time consuming, the body will instinctively contract and give birth to the baby. In the case of a strong epidural anesthetic, the woman is unable to push, but the contractions will continue. In some cases, the mother would even pass out during labor and still be able to give vaginal birth. A woman will still be able to eventually give birth while comatose, but it may take longer than a concious pushing effort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T19:44:08.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T22:39:48.763" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do hazel-colored eyes change colors (depending on surroundings) or is that an optical-illusion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is the hazel (and blue) pigment so sensitive to light?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-10-27T22:39:48.763" Title="Do hazel-colored eyes change colors (depending on surroundings) or is that an optical-illusion? Why is the hazel pigment so sensitive to light?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;&lt;pigment&gt;&lt;iris&gt;&lt;pupil&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9823" CreationDate="2016-10-27T23:06:15.137" Score="4" ViewCount="2623" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do pupils dilate when someone says a lie? What are other physical symptoms when someone is lying? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a truth serum? Or is that a myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:50:05.387" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:50:05.387" Title="Why do pupils dilate when someone says a lie? Other physicial symptoms when someone is lying?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;pupil&gt;&lt;dialation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-27T23:45:14.550" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a &quot;pathological-liar&quot; a genuine behavior disorder? How is it different than a &quot;compulsive-liar,&quot; &quot;habitual-liar,&quot; and a &quot;sociopath&quot;? What are the differences in terminology? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:48:56.830" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:48:56.830" Title="Is a pathological-liar a genuine behavior disorder? How is it different than a compulsive-liar, habitual-liar, and a sociopath?" Tags="&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;sociopath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15599" CreationDate="2016-10-28T00:40:52.307" Score="6" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 9 years ago, my cousin in California confided in me that she was still undergoing &lt;strong&gt;electric-shock-therapy for her severe depression&lt;/strong&gt;. I was sure this form of treatment was on it's way out of the medical practice, but she said she still had regular appointments for it. Almost a decade has past, &lt;strong&gt;is this form of treatment still occurring in the USA?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although she (and others) are under anesthesia when the ECT occurs, how do they prevent electrocution from happening? How does it work exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:41:25.060" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:41:25.060" Title="Do some psychiatrists/psychologists still treat severe depression with electric-shock-therapy (ECT)?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;electroconvulsive-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T01:39:14.313" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection#/media/File:Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, lower respiratory infections are a major cause of death in undeveloped and developing countries, especially in central Africa.  What are the primary causes of lower respiratory infections in these countries?  Is it from smoke inhalation, unsanitary water, close proximity to one another without proper medical care, or some other factor I'm not thinking of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7169" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:17:32.007" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:17:32.007" Title="Why are lower respiratory infections so prevalent in undeveloped countries?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10036" CreationDate="2016-10-28T03:46:44.150" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;For an appendisectomy, what foods would be best to eat pre-op? What foods should be avoided or could make the surgery more difficult? Although there is no appetite and the only thing eaten in the past two days is watermelon which was promptly vomited. There is also a constant intake of fluids with electrolyte tablets. Please, what foods would be recommended and which ones deterred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T10:00:12.547" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T21:48:38.253" Title="Recommended foods for before surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;pre-suregery-pre-op&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9296" CreationDate="2016-10-28T05:26:44.767" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following studies found that circumcision does have a detrimental impact on penis sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11761.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 study&lt;/a&gt; by Bronselaer et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The analysis sample consisted of 1059 uncircumcised and 310 circumcised men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the glans penis, circumcised men reported decreased sexual pleasure and lower orgasm intensity. They also stated more effort was required to achieve orgasm, and a higher percentage of them experienced unusual sensations (burning, prickling, itching, or tingling and numbness of the glans penis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the penile shaft a higher percentage of circumcised men described discomfort and pain, numbness and unusual sensations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comparison to men circumcised before puberty, men circumcised during adolescence or later indicated less sexual pleasure at the glans penis, and a higher percentage of them reported discomfort or pain and unusual sensations at the penile shaft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481425&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008 study&lt;/a&gt; by Yang et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a statistic difference in the glans penis vibration perception threshold between normal men and patients with simple redundant prepuce. The glans penis perception sensitivity decreases after circumcision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 study&lt;/a&gt; by Sorrells et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The glans of the circumcised penis is less sensitive to fine touch than the glans of the uncircumcised penis. The transitional region from the external to the internal prepuce is the most sensitive region of the uncircumcised penis and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the circumcised penis. Circumcision ablates the most sensitive parts of the penis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 study&lt;/a&gt; by Kim et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, circumcised men were more than three times more likely to report less enjoyable sex lives after circumcision than better sex lives (28 vs eight men). While decreased sensation was the most frequently cited reason (21 of 28 men) for a less enjoyable sex life, complaints about the physical effects of circumcision on their penises and consequent adverse effects on sex life were also prominent (13 of 28; multiple complaints were separately counted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, we studied the effects of circumcision on sexuality. There were no differences in sexual drive, erection and ejaculation, but circumcised men reported decreased masturbatory pleasure and sexual enjoyment. We conclude that adult circumcision adversely affects sexual function in a significant number of men, possibly because of loss of nerve endings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11597060&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2001 study&lt;/a&gt; by Boyle et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A survey of the 35 female and 42 gay sexual partners of circumcised and genitally intact men, and a separate survey of 53 circumcised and 30 genitally intact men themselves, indicated that circumcised men experienced significantly reduced sexual sensation along with associated long-lasting negative emotional consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="346" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T05:26:44.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T09:10:32.627" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do I always sneeze and get watery-eyes when I pluck my eyebrows? Is it a reflex? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the nerves around our eyebrows linked to our nasal cavity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T09:10:32.627" Title="Why do I always sneeze and get watery eyes when I pluck my eyebrows? Is it a reflex/trigger? Nerves linked?" Tags="&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;&lt;watery-eyes&gt;&lt;pluck-plucking&gt;&lt;eyebrows&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T09:37:16.730" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally understood it with this picture. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bUrKg.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bUrKg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1106" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-02T09:57:39.863" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T09:57:39.863" Title="why do we need to keep a ratio between omega 3 and omega 6?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;omega-6&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T12:25:15.470" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a pro long condition of hair loss. I consulted a dermatologist and he gave me list of blood tests which I should do before the next consultation. I have difficulty in reading one of the items in the list (so does the people in the laboratory and the nurse). Unfortunately the dermatologist is on vacation and I can not ask him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WfS1i.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WfS1i.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can anyone help me reading the 5th item in the below list&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hints&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These tests were prescribed to diagnose the cause of hair loss&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The tests should be taken on a specific dates after a period&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 5th item looks like the word 'total'. I did bit of googling and founf out that there are blood tests called free T3 and T4 and Total T3 and T4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7175" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T12:25:15.470" Title="Clarification with a prescription for blood tests" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T15:55:10.217" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently learned that Ayurveda recommends storing drinking water in copper containers for positive health benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon my simple experimentation, I've noticed the following effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water Type&lt;/strong&gt; : activated carbon filtered drinking water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Duration of storage&lt;/strong&gt;: 8 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The taste of the water changed, it tasted more metallic. I think this is because of the increase of dissolved copper in the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I'm drinking 4-5 liters of water per day, would that be still under the safe limit of 2 mg/day? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/copper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ref 2&lt;/a&gt; Note: I don't have any apparatus to measure the copper content in the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've researched a bit and found that it does have some positive effects on killing some microbes such as bacteria &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312355/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;ref 1&lt;/a&gt;. Note: I'm not able to deduce any conclusion about the increase in copper content from this paper even though the author said it is &quot;within the permissible limits.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know more about the studies related to this claim and I'm really interested to know about the side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6913" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T04:38:33.690" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T04:38:33.690" Title="What are the effects of storing drinking water in a copper container?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;&lt;experiment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T16:08:30.967" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that broken bone will never return to its former state and regain its previous strength. I don't mean that it will be overly weak and fragile. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the statement that a healed bone has a higher probability to break in the place of previous injury if the bone again experiences similar excessive stress pressure legit? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T16:08:30.967" Title="Is it true that broken bone will never recover/restore its previous strength?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;bone-density&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3892" CreationDate="2016-10-28T18:14:40.060" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can have negative effects on our internal organs. Stomach bloating, abdominal pain, and constipation can all be caused by holding in gas. When the gas mixes with our blood and then enters the lungs, it can even become the cause of halitosis (bad breath).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Holding it in, however, while polite and good politics, is bad for your health. That’s because the pressure of a flatus must go somewhere. If not expelled, the gas can blow up the intestinal wall, creating pockets called diverticula. When these pockets get infected, a painful and life-threatening condition called diverticulitis can result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of fart phobia, diverticular disease is a major problem in our society. It is estimated that 30 million Americans suffer each year from this condition, including 40 percent of those aged 65 and 60 percent of those aged 80.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern medicine recognizes that pressure inside the colon causes the marble-sized diverticula to form. But the cause of the pressure is still regarded as unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturalhealth365.com/flatulence.html/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.naturalhealth365.com/flatulence.html/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-10-29T09:29:53.107" LastActivityDate="2016-10-29T09:29:53.107" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8704" CreationDate="2016-10-28T18:44:41.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An accident left Derek Amato with a severe concussion and a surprising ability to play the piano. One theory is that his brain reorganized, making accessible existing memories of music. Another is that his brain no longer filters sensory input, enabling him to hear individual notes rather than melodies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-02/when-brain-damage-unlocks-genius-within&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-02/when-brain-damage-unlocks-genius-within&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Shortly after her accident, the US-based woman, who has chosen to remain anonymous, began to develop extraordinary precise memories&#xA;•She is now able to recall exact details about every single place she has ever seen - and can draw a map or diagram of each location and building&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3040907/Woman-reveals-ski-accident-left-phenomenally-advanced-mental-abilities-head-injury-developed-rare-brain-condition-known-acquired-savant-syndrome.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3040907/Woman-reveals-ski-accident-left-phenomenally-advanced-mental-abilities-head-injury-developed-rare-brain-condition-known-acquired-savant-syndrome.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T18:44:41.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9820" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T19:22:16.917" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are maggots still used in traditional medicine to eat away the dead-skin (necrosis) when a patient has gangrene and needs an amputation? Is it effective? Where do they keep the maggots? Or do they order them in? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what do they use instead to clear off all the dead skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm assuming that they don't use maggots anymore, but am curious how it worked in the past, and what they do now)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T19:22:16.917" Title="Are maggots still used in traditional medicine to eat away the dead-skin (necrosis) when a patient has gangrene and needs an amputation?" Tags="&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;&lt;necrosis-dead-skin&gt;&lt;amputation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T21:31:17.357" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective is the Graston Technique® to treat a tendinopathy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grastontechnique.com/home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.grastontechnique.com/home&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since 1994, Graston Technique® (GT) has been the leading modality in Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM). GT enables clinicians to effectively address scar tissue and fascial restrictions and maintain optimal range of motion in their patients through comprehensive training and education. &lt;strong&gt;GT is clinically proven to achieve faster and better outcomes for acute and chronic conditions such as Achilles Tendonitis&lt;/strong&gt;, Carpal Tunnel, Adhesive Capsulitis, IT Band Syndrome, Lumbar Strain and Plantar Fasciitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grastontechnique.com/clinical-trials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.grastontechnique.com/clinical-trials&lt;/a&gt; lists the following clinical trials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heinecke ML, Thuesen ST, Stow RC (2014). Graston Technique on shoulder motion in overhead athletes (.pdf). Journal of undergraduate kinesiology research, 10(1), 27-39. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grastontechnique.com/docs/research/gt_on_shoulder_motion.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.grastontechnique.com/docs/research/gt_on_shoulder_motion.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Laudner K, Compton BD, McLoda TA, Walters CM (2014). Acute effects of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization for improving posterior shoulder range of motion in collegiate baseball players. International journal of sports physical therapy, 9(1), 1-7. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924602/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924602/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Garrett TR, Neibert PJ (2014). Effect of Graston Technique as a treatment for patients with chronic plantar fasciosis: a randomized controlled trial (.pdf). Journal of athletic training, 49(3), S57-58 &lt;a href=&quot;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.s1#page=57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.s1#page=57&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Toepper BW, Docherty CL, Donahue M, Kingma J, Schrader J (2013). The effects of the Graston Technique on knee extension angle (.pdf). Journal of athletic training, 48(3), S128. &lt;a href=&quot;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.s1#page=57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.s1#page=57&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Schaefer JL, Sandrey MA (2012). Effects of a 4-week dynamic-balance-training program supplemented with Graston instrument assisted soft-tissue mobilization for chronic ankle instability (.pdf). Journal of sport rehabilitation, 21(4), 313-326. &lt;a href=&quot;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.s1#page=129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.s1#page=129&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heyer K, Docherty C, Donahue M, Schrader JW (2012). Effect of implement assisted soft tissue mobilization techniques on iliotibial band tightness (.pdf). Journal of athletic training, 47(3), S128. &lt;a href=&quot;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.s1#page=128&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.s1#page=128&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vardiman JP, Horinek RJ, McCartney MK, Graham ZA, Moodie NJ, Gallagher PM (2012). The ability of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization to attenuate inflammation and symptoms of muscle damage after an eccentric exercise protocol (.pdf). Journal of athletic training, 47(3), S142. &lt;a href=&quot;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.s1#page=142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.s1#page=142&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I couldn't find any randomized controlled trials or - ideally - systematic reviews on the effectiveness of Graston Technique® to treat a tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I emailed info@grastontechnique.com the following (the contact form on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grastontechnique.com/contact&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.grastontechnique.com/contact&lt;/a&gt; doesn't work):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hi,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The front page of your website claims that &quot;Graston Technique is&#xA;  clinically proven to achieve faster and better outcomes for acute and&#xA;  chronic conditions such as Achilles Tendonitis&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any randomized controlled trials or - ideally - systematic&#xA;  reviews on the effectiveness of Graston Technique® to treat a&#xA;  tendinopathy? (I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies, medial or&#xA;  lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks, &lt;BR/&gt;Franck&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2016-10-28T21:44:08.230" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T21:44:08.230" Title="How effective is the Graston Technique® to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-28T22:02:39.853" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;A little while ago, I had my blood drawn for lab work. They were only filling a small vial with it, but even so the nurse had a hard time getting enough blood to flow into the vial. What could cause this to happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7178" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T04:48:13.680" Title="Difficulty extracting blood" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9798" CreationDate="2016-10-28T22:57:53.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon you are describing of the pupils dilating when telling a lie has to do with the way the muscles around the eye are wired to the nervous system, and more specifically, the autonomic nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For better understanding, I suggest reading the chapter about neurotransmission in any introductory pharmacology book, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0071764011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology&lt;/a&gt; (chapter 6 in 12th edition), or &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0071624422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Goodman &amp;amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics&lt;/a&gt; (chapter 8 in 12th edition). However, I will try to explain it briefly here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates bodily functions that occur without conscious control (involuntary actions). This system is divided into two branches: The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system; each can be described by a short general statement, as follows: The sympathetic system is more active in a &quot;fight or flight&quot; situations, and the parasympathetic system is more active in a &quot;rest and digest&quot; state. In other words, the sympathetic nervous system adjusts your body to deal with some kind of threat to your safety, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system adjusts your body to conserve energy and be efficient when resting (i.e. good sleep,good digestion etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, lying usually involves some level of tension or anxiety (unless you are a very good liar), because you might be worried to a certain degree that the lie will be revealed. This tension subconsciously triggers the sympathetic nervous system, which will cause certain effects throughout your body. Sympathetic stimulation to the eye will cause contraction of the radially oriented pupillary dilator muscle fibers in the iris and will result in mydriasis (dilation of the pupil). An opposite effect is achieved when the eye receives parasympathetic stimulation (i.e. when you are calmer, maybe after confessing the truth...), and the pupil undergoes miosis (constriction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, since lying usually involves tension, and tension is associated with increased sympathetic activity, the pupil will dilate following sympathetic stimulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This point leads us to the other part of your question: other physical symptoms of lying are actually other manifestations of increased sympathetic activity (for a more thorough review, please see the texts I recommended above). Among others, common effects are: rise in blood pressure,increased heart rate, and increased sweating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2016-10-28T22:57:53.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9824" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9835" CreationDate="2016-10-28T23:55:22.047" Score="4" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems to be self-evident: If I have a cold, I stay at home, snug under my bed cover, drink a lot of tea and either sleep and let myself be distracted by a book or a movie, until I don’t feel weak anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there evidence that this actually speeds up the recovery? To what extent? Is it only necessary to rest physically (e.g. stay in bed, but do work there), or should I relax completely for a quick recover?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7180" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T06:09:29.360" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T06:09:29.360" Title="How does resting influence the recovery time of a common cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9829" CreationDate="2016-10-29T00:34:06.093" Score="2" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do only men have Adam's Apples? What is it? I mean, I know what it looks like, but I don't understand what it is made up of and what role it plays in the male body. Is it the larynx?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What function does it serve? Is it used for swallowing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it's only part of the male anatomy, it's a part of sexual-dimorphism, but why wouldn't women need it? Or is it just not as noticeable in women? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:20:44.303" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:20:44.303" Title="Why do only men have Adam's Apples? What is it? What function does it serve?" Tags="&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;function&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;sexual-diamorphism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9822" CreationDate="2016-10-29T01:44:56.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getting needles into veins successfully and without damaging them is a difficult skill, and like most skills it has many factors influencing it, not the least of which is experience. With some people it's very easy. For example, athletes with minimal body fat and large, bulging veins are usually trivially easy, but the obese are usually difficult because their veins are hidden under layers of fat. And children and infants are another story altogether. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible reasons why that nurse had a hard time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have small veins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your veins are anatomically deeper than normal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are overweight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are elderly and have fragile veins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vein calcification&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have low blood pressure, making your veins small and hard to find&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dehydration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have dark skin, making them hard to see&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The nurse had little experience&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The nurse had plenty of experience but just sucks at it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry about that last entry but it's a possibility. I've trained a lot of medics to start IVs and the fact is some people just don't have the aptitude for it and never get good at it no matter how much they practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-11-30T04:48:13.680" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T04:48:13.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9826" CreationDate="2016-10-29T09:41:10.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Adam's apple, in conjunction with the thyroid cartilage which forms it, helps to protect the walls and the frontal part of the larynx, including the vocal cords (which are located directly behind it). It is found in both women and men. ... Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size mainly in men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_apple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_apple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on the origin of the Adams apple, visit:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2010/07/why-the-adams-apple-is-called-the-adams-apple/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2010/07/why-the-adams-apple-is-called-the-adams-apple/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-29T09:41:10.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-29T13:03:40.710" Score="1" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does is mean when fasting Insulin Levels are Very Low (0.7 uU/ml) but Fasting Blood sugar levels are normal 4.2 mmol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;KD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7183" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:15:54.560" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:15:54.560" Title="Low Insulin but Normal Blood sugar" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-29T22:01:11.947" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know in antiquity that leeches were commonly used in medicine for any and everything in a technique known as &quot;blood-letting.&quot; But I've heard recently that leeches have a anticoagulant and blood-thinning property that make it great for skin-grafts and reattaching digits, such as fingers or toes. Is this true?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:17:05.427" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:17:05.427" Title="Are leeches still used in modern medicine (for skin-grafts, finger-grafts, etc.)?" Tags="&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;ancient-medicine&gt;&lt;blood-letting-leeches&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9857" CreationDate="2016-10-30T00:13:46.810" Score="0" ViewCount="3357" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are dimples and cleft-chins (aka dimple chins, butt chins) genetic? How rare are cleft chins or dimples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:11:46.473" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:11:46.473" Title="Are dimples and cleft-chins (aka dimple chins, butt chins) genetic?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;heredity&gt;&lt;chins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9824" CreationDate="2016-10-30T13:44:51.687" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence to suggest that rest has any influence on rate of recovery. However, fluids do help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are almost no 'cures' for common cold. However, a variety of remedies do work to lessen the symptoms that we are only too well aware of (malaise, aches, fatigue, irritation, etc). And these remedies are not universal. People have sets of highly personalised and mostly diet based remedies that seem to take the edge off the unpleasantness associated with cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hot teas, tea with lemon and/or honey, chicken soup have all been documented anecdotally to contribute to early recovery.&#xA;And like your own experience, taking rest and your mind off the cold do helps 'hasten' time before you get well again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T13:44:51.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9836" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-10-30T17:22:16.350" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-10-30T17:22:16.350" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T17:22:16.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9837" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-10-30T17:22:16.350" Score="0" Body="A form of pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella, most often by Legionella pneumophila. " OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-12-09T15:37:47.197" LastActivityDate="2016-12-09T15:37:47.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-30T19:01:55.340" Score="4" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of websites on internet that claim a number of games, exercises and diets to be actually helpful in this regard but they do not provide any authentic citation. Some of them are complementary while few are contradictory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused and really don't understand which tips are most thoroughly updated according to research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mercola.com/forms/background.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;articles.mercola.com&lt;/a&gt;. It appeared pretty authentic because the author is an active researcher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By natural I mean non-medicinal means like Exercises, diets and games. I'm looking for them because I'm already under medication and wish to try something non-medicinal for recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.S.&lt;/strong&gt;  I'm new so guide me to improve this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:14:38.270" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:14:38.270" Title="Natural but scientific ways to improve memory and concentration" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9824" CreationDate="2016-10-30T22:07:21.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a study that the amount of sleep is associated with the probability of getting infected by the common cold. The researchers attribute the finding to the impaired functioning of the immune system, when sleeping less. This may not answer your question directly, but it is related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Logistic regression analysis revealed that actigraphy-assessed &lt;strong&gt;shorter sleep duration was associated with an increased likelihood of development of a clinical cold&lt;/strong&gt;. Specifically, &lt;strong&gt;those sleeping &amp;lt; 5 h&lt;/strong&gt; (odds ratio [OR] = 4.50, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–18.69) &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; sleeping between &lt;strong&gt;5 to 6 h&lt;/strong&gt; (OR = 4.24, 95% CI, 1.08–16.71) &lt;strong&gt;were at greater risk of developing the cold compared to those sleeping &gt; 7 h per night&lt;/strong&gt;; those sleeping 6.01 to 7 h were at no greater risk (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 0.40–6.95). This association was independent of prechallenge antibody levels, demographics, season of the year, body mass index, psychological variables, and health practices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study identifies 6h of sleep as the threshold under which catching the infection becomes more likely. To try and explain this phenomenon, the researchers cite studies that have shown that lack of sleep can disturb the effectiveness of the immune system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sleep, along with circadian rhythms, exerts substantial regulatory effects on the immune system.42,43 Circulating immune cells, including T and B cells, peak early in the night and then decline throughout the nocturnal hours moving out of circulation into lymphoid organs where exposure to virally infected cells occur.43–45 Studies employing experimental sleep loss also support functional changes relevant to host resistance. Sleep deprivation results in down regulation in T cell production of interleukin-219,44 and a shift away from T-helper 1 responses, marked by a reduction in the ratio of interferon-γ/IL-4 production.16 Sleep loss is associated with diminished proliferative capacity of T cells in vitro15 as well as modulation of the function of antigen presenting cells critical to virus uptake.46&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prather AA; Janicki-Deverts D; Hall MH, Cohen S. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=30153&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold&lt;/a&gt;. Sleep. 2015;38(9):1353-59&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-10-30T22:07:21.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9842" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9849" CreationDate="2016-10-31T01:59:04.320" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't worn my glasses in a like a year and put them on today. I noticed that vision in one eye is slightly &quot;off&quot; as in, the glasses rated -2.5 power aren't correcting it fully. The difference isn't staggering but it's definitely noticeable. Is it possible to increase the clarity of my vision by wearing my glasses and doing eye exercises so that I can get back to -2.5 power from whatever it's at right now (possible a little more)? I don't have any knowledge of optometry so apologies if this is a blatantly stupid question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7191" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T17:17:51.920" Title="Increase vision clarity with eye exercices?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T02:40:02.383" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have ADD (not ADHD) and I am a PhD student so concentration is something that I consistently struggle with on a daily basis. Though I do take medications take medications for adult ADD, I am still struggling to remember everything for my candidacy exams. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know you can't magically put a book under your pillow and let osmosis happen at night -- letting all the material leak into your brain. But can you solidify memory you've already studied by listening to recordings in your sleep? Does it work better in rapid-eye-movement or slow-wave-sleep? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T17:40:43.860" Title="Can one learn whilst sleeping? Can one solidify a memory &amp; study for exams by listening to recordings while asleep?" Tags="&lt;memory&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;rapid-eye-movement-rem&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T06:59:31.660" Score="5" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does washing hair daily reduce the body heat? and Does washing hair daily cause hair loss or split hair or any hair problems and side effects in health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T06:59:31.660" Title="Does daily hair wash reduce body heat and cause hair loss?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-12T18:48:51.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T14:46:39.160" Score="1" ViewCount="1280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that tomatoes were thought to be poisonous because they were prepared by cooking on a copper pan. Is this true and what compounds or chemicals are made that make it poisonous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T19:05:52.787" Title="What makes cooking tomatoes on copper unsafe?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9842" CreationDate="2016-10-31T17:17:51.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've changed eyeglass prescriptions in the past, which is equivalent to what you're doing. Your eyes are no longer currently accustomed to having that kind of lens in front of them, so it feels the same way it did when you put glasses on for the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would guess that the -2.5 power is the lens which makes a more significant correction to the lens of one of your eyes. I don't remember the numbers for the lenses of my glasses, but my left eye is further off (more nearsighted) than my right eye, so if I were to not wear glasses for a few days, my left eye would notice it more when I put my glasses back on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it was after I had not worn glasses for a while - maybe months - that my vision was evaluated again, and both eyes had changed. My left eye was less nearsighted and my right eye was more nearsighted. So, I would guess that not wearing glasses makes your eyes exercise harder at focusing, which might change the shape of the lenses in either direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe after wearing your old glasses for a couple weeks, giving your eyes a chance to get used to them again, if that eye is still not focusing satisfactorily, you should go to the optometrist and have them see if your eyes have changed. (Two weeks is a rough estimate, but I think it's a good amount of time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7150" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T17:17:51.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T17:35:08.773" Score="1" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctor prescribed Diflucan because of penis thursh, two tablets, I took one, next one after week. Next day started to have strange feeling in anus, like itching, can Diflucan cause this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7192" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T17:35:08.773" Title="Can Diflucan cause anal itching?" Tags="&lt;itching&gt;&lt;anus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T20:35:18.357" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I heard that it is not recommended to take the vitamin C supplements before going to bed at night. Is that true, if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7162" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:13:45.220" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:13:45.220" Title="Vitamin C supplements before bed" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T21:14:29.650" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the spirit of Halloween, I'm thinking of the medical reasons that contributed to the Salem Witch Trials? Was it caused by sociopaths, or classic food poisoning -- ergotism -- or mass hysteria or hallucinations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:47:18.587" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:47:18.587" Title="Were the Salem Witch Trials caused by sociopaths, ergotism, hallucinations, or mass hysteria?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;&lt;sociopath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9864" CreationDate="2016-10-31T21:21:50.673" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are chocolate and cheeses such common triggers for migraines? Is it because of the tyramine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T08:16:33.130" Title="Why are chocolate and cheeses common triggers for migraines?" Tags="&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9832" CreationDate="2016-10-31T22:22:30.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;DIMPLES&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Professor McDonald, citing limited research, concludes dimples have been mislabeled as genetically inherited and as a dominant trait. However, the University of Utah considers dimples an &quot;irregular&quot; dominant trait that is probably controlled mostly by one gene but is influenced by other genes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truth is that dimples are actually genetic defects that are caused by shortened facial muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dimples are caused by a fault in the subcutaneous connective tissue that develops in course of the embryonic development. A variation in the structure of the facial muscle may also cause dimples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.genetic.com.au/genetic-traits-dimples.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.genetic.com.au/genetic-traits-dimples.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CHINS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant gene causes the cleft chin, while the recessive genotype presents without a cleft. However, it is also a classic example for variable penetrance with environmental factors or a modifier gene possibly affecting the phenotypical expression of the actual genotype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-10-31T22:22:30.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-10-31T23:11:17.910" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, botox injections are used to treat wrinkles. I've also heard that it can treat a panoply of other things, including overactive-bladders and migraine prevention! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are botox injections FDA approved for migraine preventions? How does it work exactly? How long does it last? Where do they inject the botox? What are the possible risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:15:16.100" LastActivityDate="2019-06-18T02:21:06.393" Title="Are botox injections approved by the FDA to treat chronic migrraines?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9856" CreationDate="2016-11-01T00:55:43.553" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CHOCOLATE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some who suffer from migraines list chocolate as a possible trigger food. Some neurologists say it is a migraine trigger because it contains the amino acid tyramine. But the connection could be that women tend to crave chocolate during stress and hormonal changes, both of which also may trigger headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=56182&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=56182&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CHEESE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While what triggers a migraine is different for everybody, the most common food culprits out there contain tyramine or phenylethylamine, two amino acids found in chocolate, aged or fermented cheese (including cheddar, blue, Brie, and all hard and “moldy” cheeses), soy foods, nuts, citrus fruits, and vinegar &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joybauer.com/photo-gallery/common-trigger-foods/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://www.joybauer.com/photo-gallery/common-trigger-foods/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-01T00:55:43.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9824" CreationDate="2016-11-01T01:37:50.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, resting does influence the recovery time of a common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's one of the first pieces of advice you get when you're sick, but we can never stress it enough: give your body time to fight off the virus, and don't waste that energy elsewhere. A number of studies found that sleep deprivation results in poorer immune function. Not only do good sleep habits help you fight off a cold, but they will even increase your resistance to catching one in the first place. So, if you're sick, it's important to get plenty of rest—but don't neglect it when you're healthy either. Make sure this is quality sleep, too: drugs like NyQuil contain alcohol, and we already know what that does to your sleep cycle. You'll fall asleep quickly, but you won't get the deep sleep you need to get better&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lifehacker.com/5686387/how-to-most-effectively-battle-the-common-cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;http://lifehacker.com/5686387/how-to-most-effectively-battle-the-common-cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-01T01:37:50.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-01T03:47:14.713" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing an analysis, and retinol and beta carotene are involved. &#xA;I need to know :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Normal levels of dietary beta carotene and Retinol consumed (mcg per day);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Normal levels of plasma retinol and Beta carotene (ng/ml);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Is it possible a plasma beta carotene equals zero? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm talking about intervals. Which values are considered to be too high or too small?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7198" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-01T22:51:05.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-01T22:51:05.897" Title="Plasma concentrations Of Beta-Carotene and Retinol" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9856" CreationDate="2016-11-01T07:39:12.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the tyramine content as you rightly pointed out. The aspect of craving during stress could be an additional factor but the major culprit here is Tyramine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/tyramine-and-migraines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/tyramine-and-migraines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="1947" LastEditDate="2016-11-02T05:47:12.793" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T05:47:12.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9916" CreationDate="2016-11-01T16:15:44.730" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an autoimmune disorder wherein my body is constantly inflamed. While I do take anti-inflammatory medications, I am now looking to complement that with my diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that cinnamon and honey are made-up of anti-inflammatory agents (maybe antioxidants, potassium, vitamin-k, etc) -- is this true? What other food items could be considered anti-inflammatory? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:46:26.530" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:46:26.530" Title="Do honey and cinnamon have anti-inflammatory elements in their biological makeup? What other foods do too?" Tags="&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;&lt;honey&gt;&lt;vitamin-k&gt;&lt;cinnamon&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-01T16:35:52.923" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Growing up, my grandmother always told us kids: &quot;Don't crack your knuckles it will lead to arthritis in your fingers.&quot; And then she would show us her arthritic fingers as &quot;proof&quot; of the aftermath. However, I heard that this may be a medical myth. Can someone either confirm or deny the harmful effects of cracking one's knuckles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T07:03:45.263" Title="Does cracking knuckles (or any other joints) lead to arthritis? Or is this a medical myth?" Tags="&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;osteoarthritis&gt;&lt;knuckles&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-01T17:01:09.903" Score="3" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that insulin prevents ketosis and glucagon prompts it. Aside from these antagonistic, pancreatic hormones, ketosis and keto-adaptation seems to emerge and establish itself through other metabolites and hormones that apparently provide fuel and epigenetic signaling... what are these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand physiologic indicators of a fully keto-adapted person, i.e. one that thrives on no-to-low carbohydrates (I'm not asking for dietary advice here, merely the evolving effects and adaptations of such sustained keto-adapted diets regardless their macronutrient composition and frequency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My limited understanding is that the initial and early sequence of ketosis and keto-adaption is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Free fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissue by glucagon in lieu of blood glucose and the prevalence of insulin (could be as a result of fasting, caloric restriction, intense exercise, whatever), &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metabolizing ketone bodies first appear by the liver (converting mobilized free fatty acids into acetoacetate) and then, after a period, the liver converts the acetoacetate ketones as a precursor into beta-hyrdoxybutyrate.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The body can be observed initially shedding excess acetoacetate ketones through urine in early stages of ketosis (and acetone through respiration after adaptation occurs).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At some point beta-hydroxybutyrate production becomes sufficient enough to be the primary fuel for the brain, presumably causing a cascading series of epigenetic changes throughout the body, e.g. increased human growth hormone production, autophagy, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At some concurrent point mobilized free-fatty acids replace acetoacetate as fuel for skeletal muscles, which presumably is now conserved to the primary role of beta-hydroxybutyrate precursor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this accurate, are there other evolving aspects of metabolite, endocrine or any physiologic changes that are key and/or playing pivotal roles... and what about someone that spends years this way... what's the baseline conditions of sustained and fully evolved keto-adaptation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7201" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T17:07:27.957" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T17:07:27.957" Title="What are the physiologic indicators of keto-adaptation as it becomes our primary metabolism?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;&lt;keto-adaption&gt;&lt;autophagy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-01T19:30:52.413" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;What precautions should I follow while taking care of a pneumonia patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7202" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-01T22:39:06.163" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T20:49:36.997" Title="What Should Be The Precautions While taking Care of pneumonia patient?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9872" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9874" CreationDate="2016-11-01T19:37:00.563" Score="1" ViewCount="921" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first question here, and I don't know if here is a right place for it. &#xA;I am a student, and I study software engineering, so I have to sit down for a long time a day, to study, and I study more than 6 hours usually. about 6 months ago, I experienced a sudden, chronic pain, in my hip, outer side and close to my leg. it lasts about 3 or 4 minutes, then I was alright again. but now frequency of the pain is getting more, it happen on both sides, and there is no situation that trigger that! sometimes, I am trying to sleep! or sometimes I am standing still! it may happens any time. the pain is just like the pain of injection, but it remains for about 30 seconds, to sometimes 5 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is it because of sitting too much? and if it is, what should I do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7203" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:13:13.843" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:13:13.843" Title="Does sitting too much causes hip pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;sedentary-lifestyle&gt;&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-12-09T15:45:03.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-01T20:13:08.407" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Pneumonia contagious? If yes then can anyone please tell me how long it remains contagious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7202" LastActivityDate="2016-11-01T20:13:08.407" Title="How long is pneumonia contagious for?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9872" CreationDate="2016-11-01T20:15:03.750" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your hips suffer from prolonged sitting, becoming tight and limited in range of motion because they are rarely extended. In the elderly, decreased hip mobility is a leading cause of falls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sitting also does nothing for your glutes, which may become weakened, affecting your stability and the power of your stride when walking and jumping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nerve irritation- The major nerves controlling lower leg function cross the hip. Irritation of these nerves can cause pain through the hip and/or down the leg. Injury to the sciatic nerve frequently causes pain along the outer thigh or down the back of the leg; this is called sciatica&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, at the molecular level, your body was designed to be active and on the move all day long. When you stop moving for extended periods of time, it's like telling your body it's time to shut down and prepare for death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIP PAIN RELIEF&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If pain is troublesome, you can take a pain medication such as acetaminophen(Tylenol). A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) such as ibuprofen(e.g Advil, Motrin), or naproxen(e.g Aleve) can also be used for pain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2015/05/08/sitting-too-long.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fitness.mercola.com/sites/fitness/archive/2015/05/08/sitting-too-long.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hip-pain-beyond-the-basics#H1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hip-pain-beyond-the-basics#H1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-01T20:15:03.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9871" CreationDate="2016-11-01T20:25:26.003" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pneumonia-causing germs can become airborne and hence spread easily from person to person. While taking care of a patient recovering from pneumonia it is preferred to use a face mask so that there is minimum exposure to airborne droplets from the patient formed as a result of coughing or sneezing. Moreover, use of hand sanitizer is advised before and after visiting the patient as common surfaces e.g. table tops, door knobs and bed covers can be rich of body fluids from the patient. Generally, keeping a distance from people who are coughing or sneezing and washing your hands after every possible interaction can help protect against pneumonia in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7204" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-06-12T20:49:36.997" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T20:49:36.997" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9876" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9885" CreationDate="2016-11-01T21:19:40.630" Score="6" ViewCount="485" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to shave pubic hair and prevent razor burn and ingrown hair?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that every time I try to shave my pubic hair (like a bikini line), I always make it look a lot worse than before shaving... I'd much rather have a few swaths of hair than bright red inflamed razor burn and itchy red ingrown hairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always make sure my razor is sharp and clean, and that my skin isn't lather/shaving cream is non-scented (so as not to irritate my skin), and that the skin is warm from the water and well covered in lather, and then I shave. And it looks and feels good for about 24 hours, but after that.... all sorts of tiny welts bubble up and I begin itching up a storm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a certain direction to shave? Is there a different instrument I should be using instead of my razor? &#xA;How do I shave my pubic hair without it backfiring on me?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:20:04.087" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:20:04.087" Title="How to shave pubic hair and prevent razor burn and ingrown hair?" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;shaving-razor-burn&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17185" CreationDate="2016-11-01T23:34:06.090" Score="5" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ever since I was a teenager, I've been treated for hypothyrodism (underactive thyrodid). However, I don't recall the official diagnosis process and am not sure if it was ever conducted. My grandmother, mother, older sister, who all lived with me at the time and saw the same doctor, had hypothyrodism and were treated for such. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, I'm not sure if my general-practitioner 15 years ago, just skipped the cause/root of my hypothyrodism and just went straight to the treatment (which at the time was Armour Thyroid Medication wherein dosages were determined by compairson to my TSH levels indicated on my blood-tests) or not. However, I've seen endocrinologists since then and know for sure that I have hypothryoidism (I'm now on Synthroid), but no one ever told me the reason. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading online that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the&#xA;  United States. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/basics/definition/con-20030293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/basics/definition/con-20030293&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if I can ask a doctor now, years later, if they can tell me &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; I have hypothyroidsm, and if it at all relates to Hashimoto's Disease? I have also been diagnosed with borderline Lupus and Fibromyalgia (other autoimmune diseases), and was wondering if these all interrelate in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would knowing the reason for my hypothyroidism make any difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-29T00:41:33.227" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T00:41:33.227" Title="Knowing the root cause of one's hypothyroidism? How to know if it's Hashimotos Disease?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;&lt;tsh-levels&gt;&lt;hashimoto-thyroiditis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T00:05:17.003" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I grew up in California. As such, I fortunately, have very healthy teeth. I didn't get my first cavity until I was 23 and living in the UK! haha. &lt;strong&gt;So is having fluoride in your water-systems a healthy thing since it prevents cavities?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Or does it cause a ton of other problems that I'm not aware of....&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose instead of the free fluoride in the water, you can always pay for fluoride treatments at your dentist. &lt;strong&gt;Is it better to bleach-whiten your teeth before or after the fluoride treatment? Why or why not?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T00:05:17.003" Title="Safe to have fluoride in water-system for cavity prevention? Bleach/whiten teeth after or before fluoride treatments?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9883" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9909" CreationDate="2016-11-02T05:28:04.817" Score="1" ViewCount="1176" Body="&lt;p&gt;At what age (or what size) is safe to implement the Heimlich maneuver on a child if they are choking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm worried if I were to see a child choking, and I applied the Heimlich maneuver, that I might crack/break their ribs, sternum, when I press into their abdomen above their navel. And I suppose that's better than letting the child choke to death, but is their an age/size that doctors generally agree upon is safe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there an alternative maneuver to use for a smaller/younger child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:44:41.530" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:44:41.530" Title="At what age (or what size) is safe to implement the Heimlich maneuver on a child if they are choking?" Tags="&lt;choking&gt;&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;&lt;heimlich-maneuver&gt;&lt;navel-belly-button&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9887" CreationDate="2016-11-02T05:54:43.800" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;If evolution is effective, why do men still have nipples? In extreme situations, can fathers lactate and breastfeed their children if the mother is not present to do so? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T12:54:19.397" Title="If evolution is effective, why do men still have nipples? In extreme situations, can fathers lactate?" Tags="&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;sexual-diamorphism&gt;&lt;nipples&gt;&lt;lactation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9876" CreationDate="2016-11-02T06:06:34.903" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should trim the pubic hair preferably with scissors before shaving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may even consider only trimming alone. But if you must shave, then trim first. Also endeavour to stretch your skin  before shaving. And apply Aloe Vera after shaving. Some would recommend Hydrocortisone, but I'm not a fan of medications....I'm a fan of trimming :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/176437-how-to-keep-pubic-area-from-itching-after-shaving/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/176437-how-to-keep-pubic-area-from-itching-after-shaving/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.wikihow.com/Shave-Your-Pubic-Hair&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.wikihow.com/Shave-Your-Pubic-Hair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1947" LastEditorUserId="1947" LastEditDate="2016-11-03T05:16:42.683" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T05:16:42.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9884" CreationDate="2016-11-02T07:42:01.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Males secrete factors that block the development of female ducts and structures. Once the male embryo produces testosterone, the hormone can influence other sex-specific traits around the body. Men having nipples doesn't really have any evolutionary advantage, but it usually doesn't hurt anything either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barring specific medical conditions—like a tumor on the pituitary gland—men generally lack the necessary levels of prolactin to stimulate lactation and cannot produce milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite having a limited amount of underdeveloped breast tissue, men are still capable of getting breast cancer. It is extremely rare for a man to develop breast cancer, and men account for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases, but it can happen. Risk factors include estrogen levels, obesity, alcohol consumption, and liver disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-do-men-have-nipples/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/why-do-men-have-nipples/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T07:42:01.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T13:07:27.620" Score="4" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read in some forum that coconut oil or hydrogen peroxide could help to remove plaque and stains from teeth and will got white teeth. I know that teeth color is genetic thing but if they will have stains or plaque will this stuff would helpful ? So is it myth or truth ? Is there risk to use hydrogen peroxide ? When there was saying it'll help to have fresh breath. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2519" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:10:54.017" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:10:54.017" Title="Truth or myth to get white teeth?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;plaque&gt;&lt;stain-removal-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9890" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9891" CreationDate="2016-11-02T14:19:31.487" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm suffering from some rather nasty atopic dermatitis on both feet; it's sufficiently itchy that I've torn a lot of the skin off, and I wake at night finding myself already scratching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For treatment, my GP has prescribed Clobetasol 0.05% topical steroid. She advised me to put the cream on, then wrap my feet in cling film or similar to keep it close to the skin and prevent it from rubbing off. However, the information insert that came with the medication itself says in big, bold letters &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Clobetasol propionate cream and ointment should not be used with occlusive dressings&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that an occlusive dressing is what my GP was talking about, wrapping my feet in cling film to keep the cream in contact with the skin. Which advice should I follow - the ointment, or the doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6911" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:01:13.010" Title="Contradictory advice from doctor and packaging" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9891" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9890" CreationDate="2016-11-02T15:30:22.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is something you should contact your doctor about as soon as you can; it would also be wise to talk to the pharmacy where you had the prescription filled. In this case, I would tend to trust the medication packaging.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to answer your question. Yes, what your doctor mentioned would definitely qualify as an occlusive dressing. The reason you aren't supposed to use an occlusive dressing with Clobetasol is because it will cause increased percutaneous (through the skin) absorption (that goes for all topical steroids).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another issue you may encounter if you wear cling-wrap - or some such - on your feet is irritation and excessive sweating which isn't going to help the preexisting condition any. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on Clobetasol, please visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/clobetasol-topical-solution.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;; this website is a treasure trove of information on this medication and many others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T15:30:22.653" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9931" CreationDate="2016-11-02T17:13:35.617" Score="5" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, I've almost won my war. The battle, its almost won... However, I must still claim victory in my final battle. The battle against the little enemies, the ones that have fought with my blade of benzoyl peroxide &lt;em&gt;every single day.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Through spot treatments I have been able to fell every single one of these spots, but only the ones &lt;strong&gt;on&lt;/strong&gt; my face. I've been using a spot treatment with benzoyl peroxide in, which has worked really well for me. However, my issue comes here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are spots underneath my skin, I think. The areas where they come through are a bit red.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, because there is still slightly red skin on my face, and I think this is causing my acne to constantly return. I need to stop this, and end my war once and for all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What I've tried&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Washing my face with a rag and sponge every day, three times a day&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Changing my pillow case every day&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using a benzoyl peroxide spot treatment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Minimizing how much I touch my face&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not interfering with the spots with my fingers, not picking at them, not playing with them. Just letting spot creams eradicate them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seriously, this driving me up the wall. I spot cream in the evening, by the time tomorrow has ended and its time for a shower, they've all come back. Its like they're coming in waves, damn waves! I must put an end to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how can I prevent acne from coming back within the &lt;strong&gt;space of a single school day&lt;/strong&gt;? How can I get rid of these once and for all? What types of measures could I try? I have no reason to visit my doctor, its only acne, but I have no idea what I can try now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is there even a point in me trying? I acknowledge that I am a teenager, but no others that I know seem to have acne/spots like I do.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7212" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-03T15:31:31.813" LastActivityDate="2019-05-19T13:34:05.177" Title="Acne underneath skin" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;&lt;blemishes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-05-19T14:59:21.097" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T17:33:15.973" Score="4" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;In theory, any virus capable of infecting germ cells can plant its genetic load into the sperm/ova that will eventually become offspring. So are most viruses inheritable? Really, if your parents ever got a cold or the flu, you should be born with the virus already incorporated into your genetics. So are there loads of people walking around with inherited viral infections, and if not, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T13:59:56.343" Title="Can viruses be inherited?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9893" CreationDate="2016-11-02T19:20:49.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Universal childhood virus is inherited in DNA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A virus that causes a universal childhood infection is often passed&#xA;  from parent to child at birth, not in the blood but in the DNA,&#xA;  according to a new study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... Her team is now investigating what this means for the children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers found that most babies infected with the HHV-6 virus,&#xA;  which causes roseola, had the virus integrated into their chromosomes.&#xA;  Not only that, but either the father or mother also had the virus in&#xA;  the chromosomes, suggesting it was a germline transmission – passed on&#xA;  in egg or sperm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14658-universal-childhood-virus-is-inherited-in-dna/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14658-universal-childhood-virus-is-inherited-in-dna/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-12-11T09:23:35.490" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T09:23:35.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T23:26:04.263" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can hyperosmiacs (people w/super sonic smell) smell pheromones? How powerful is their sense of smell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a chart that shows the degree to which they smell things in comparison to the rest of us? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a life-long thing? Or is a temporary thing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any articles/blogs by a hyperosmiac? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:44:16.990" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:44:16.990" Title="Can hyperosmiacs (people w/super sonic smell) smell pheromones? How powerful is their sense of smell?" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;nostrils&gt;&lt;pheromones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T23:49:59.363" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to secrete more pheromones while in the presence of the opposite sex?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that those of us who have gone through puberty secret a sexual pheromone that supposedly &amp;quot;attracts&amp;quot; the other sex. I'm not sure how true that is in this day and age in the human world, but if it is, is there a way to secrete more pheromones while in the presence of the opposite sex? Or does that just mean, I'd have to sweat profusely, in which case, that wouldn't be that attractive. I know that there are products out there that claim to be pheromone perfumes or whatever, but aren't pheromones unique to each person? So that seem like it would be bunk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that men typically find women more attractive when they are ovulating because of their pheromones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:42:17.287" Title="How to secrete more pheromones while in the presence of the opposite sex?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;sociosexual-behavior&gt;&lt;pheromones&gt;&lt;sudoriferous-sweat-glands&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-02T23:54:03.197" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that pheromones can synchronize a household of women's menstruation cycles? How? Why? Who's cycle is dominant? How long does it take for it to work? Or is this all a medical myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-02T23:54:03.197" Title="Is it true that pheromones can synchronize a household of women's menstruation cycles? How? Why? Who's cycle is dominant?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;pheromones&gt;&lt;dominant-gene&gt;&lt;recessive-gene&gt;&lt;body-odor&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-03T07:05:28.593" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Im currently located in Thailand and bought very cheap (for less than 10$) but &lt;em&gt;polarized&lt;/em&gt; sunglasses.&#xA;Will I do good or bad to my eyes, wearing the sunglasses in the sun?&#xA;In other words, how much protection does the polarization give?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7217" LastEditorUserId="7217" LastEditDate="2016-11-03T07:24:04.623" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T17:24:52.547" Title="Cheap polarized sunglasses, good or bad?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9876" CreationDate="2016-11-03T08:04:35.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately ingrowns are tough to avoid unless you trim only or have had laser hair removal. But here are a few tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trim first; hair shouldn't be more than 1/4&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use a sharp and clean razor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use moisturizing shaving cream &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shave in the direction of hair growth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you're done and are completely dry, apply antibiotic ointment (like Neosporin) to the areas that you have shaved. Do this daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also be sure to exfoliate all shaved areas between each shave, such as with a clean cotton washcloth, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7218" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T08:04:35.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9944" CreationDate="2016-11-03T10:56:50.997" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just had a colonoscopy and I believed they hooked me to an IV and injected a sedative of some sort, but it wasn't really effective as even though I was drowsy, I never went to sleep, and was fully conscious and aware (mentally and physically) of the colonoscopy. &lt;strong&gt;Is it normal for patients to be awake during their colonoscopy or are we to be completely knocked out?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T22:56:32.747" Title="Patients typically sedated during a colonoscopy?" Tags="&lt;colonoscopy&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-03T11:16:35.643" Score="5" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When was congenital-analgesia (aka congenital insensitivity to pain), the inability to feel pain, clinically documented?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How rare is it really?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it hereditary? Or just a sporadic fluke mutation?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this condition sounds like it would be a lot of fun (since one doesn't feel pain), but this can be an extremely dangerous situation to be in since one can't feel when they have broken bones, have a life-threatening infection, feel the burns of a stove, and may engage in risky behavior, etc. (since they don't feel the consequences of pain). So &lt;strong&gt;what is the life expectancy of someone with congenital-analgesia?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:38:22.710" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T23:49:55.423" Title="When was congenital-analgesia (aka congenital insensitivity to pain), the inability to feel pain, clinically documented? How rare?" Tags="&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;pain-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9884" CreationDate="2016-11-03T12:54:19.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Evolution tends to select out traits that are harmful (in quite simple terms) AND expressed soon enough to negatively affect reproductive success. Nipples (and breast tissue) on males are extremely unlikely to have a negative effect on reproduction, which means there's no negative selective pressure on them. &#xA;Since all embryos have the tissue required to develop breast, and since there's nothing to stop that developmental pathway, they go ahead and develop them. And since doing so does not negatively affect their reproductive success later in life, they are at no disadvantage to any potential male who might express a mutation that would stop the development of breast tissue, so they go right ahead and reproduce with their wildtype, which then allows this trait to continue in spite of its lack of utility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7221" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T12:54:19.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9883" CreationDate="2016-11-03T13:01:35.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone is truly in need of the Heimlich manoeuvre, that means they are dying and cracked ribs are not a consideration in this case. The same goes for cracked ribs after CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However... the Heimlich manoeuvre as such is far more than is required to dislodge a foreign body in a small child, so it's not used. Instead, you give back blows and chest thrusts, depending on the age and size of the child. (The same consideration applies to CPR, where you use a modified technique for chest compressions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here are the entire pediatric resuscitation guidelines:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ercguidelines.elsevierresource.com/european-resuscitation-council-guidelines-resuscitation-2015-section-6-paediatric-life-support/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ercguidelines.elsevierresource.com/european-resuscitation-council-guidelines-resuscitation-2015-section-6-paediatric-life-support/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7221" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T13:01:35.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-03T15:12:19.337" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got one of my teeth extracted. The dentist applied a suture using a nylon string. I've been advised to not eat hot food because the suture would melt.&#xA;Now I'm wondering what is the maximum safe temperature for food that I eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7223" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:44:30.743" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:44:30.743" Title="What is the safe temperature range for nylon sutures?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9930" CreationDate="2016-11-03T16:18:18.407" Score="0" ViewCount="444" Body="&lt;p&gt;My throat is seriously itching me and it seems totally impossible to scratch it. Is there any home-remedy i can use to scratch it, I'm just hoping that it isn't some kind of disease or anything related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:58:32.317" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T00:58:32.317" Title="How to scratch an itchy throat" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;throat&gt;&lt;scratch-scratching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-12-02T19:05:04.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9912" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10915" CreationDate="2016-11-03T16:24:24.960" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a way to build a diet that accounts for &lt;em&gt;every substance intake need&lt;/em&gt; of an healthy adult male human, according to World Health Organization technical reports &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43411/1/WHO_TRS_935_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt;, and tables like the following one.&#xA;So I'm looking after a diet (or diet model) that puts all that that data into practice, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soylent_(food)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Soylent&lt;/a&gt;, but with real food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;I only found this table in Italian. I'll welcome and promptly accept an edit with an English version&lt;/em&gt;)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JtcY5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JtcY5.png&quot; alt=&quot;Human Essential Intake Table&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7223" LastEditorUserId="7223" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T16:26:51.627" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T16:26:51.627" Title="A nutritionally complete diet that respects W.H.O. standards?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9914" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9905" CreationDate="2016-11-03T17:21:24.047" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surely it depends on local guidelines, you could be given propofol or benzodiazepines but it can be done on hypnosis or acupuncture or on nothing. You could get a PTSD afterwards. It is a serious procedure and has a perforation risks and is not wide-spread today thanks to modern ultrasound, CT and MRI and PET.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7225" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T17:21:24.047" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9901" CreationDate="2016-11-03T17:24:52.547" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quality is not always dependent on actual price and vice versa. Trust famous brands and some glasses have characteristics written. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7225" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T17:24:52.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9868" CreationDate="2016-11-03T17:28:44.017" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes you can check MEDLINE and you will find some reports on it,  roibosh tea and several leaves and barks are strong antiinf. drugs &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_tree&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_tree&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7225" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T17:28:44.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-03T17:57:53.793" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;My contact lens fell out onto a relatively clean surface. I picked it up and put it back into my eye without washing my hands or the contact. There were no visible particles on the contact and the contact is sitting comfortably in my eye with no signs of redness or irritation. It is ok to wear this for a couple of hours right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7226" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T21:20:49.307" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T21:20:49.307" Title="Is it ok to not wash a contact lens?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9919" CreationDate="2016-11-03T21:47:45.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Much like you probably won't catch a cold every time someone sneezes on you, you also most likely won't get an eye infection every time you neglect contact lens hygiene. We all did it at some point, I'm sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However... just because you can't see the wildlife on your contacts and hands, doesn't mean it's not there. It is. Little buggers like this one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330640/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330640/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: you'll probably be fine. Probably, not certainly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7221" LastActivityDate="2016-11-03T21:47:45.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9927" CreationDate="2016-11-03T23:11:32.613" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 5 years ago, I spontaneously experienced acute pancreatitis (not sure why), but fortunately, I was already in the hospital for a foot surgery. Anyway... my pancreas hemorrhaged, and I was rushed down to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and I received several blood transfusions. I believe three in all. The doctors said I lost a lot of blood -- about the maximum needed for me to stay alive, and it was a miracle they detected the hemorrhaging when they did. So how much blood might I have lost? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:40:20.807" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:40:20.807" Title="How much blood can one lose (from internal hemoragging) and live prior to a blood transfusion?" Tags="&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;&lt;pancreatitis&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T00:41:15.067" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read this link as well as watching the accompanying docmentary&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/04/30/salmon-fish-farming.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/04/30/salmon-fish-farming.aspx&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;and it makes farmed salmon look like something to be avoided at all costs.  Not only can it contain more chemicals but it can have additives and even a 1:1 omega 3 to omega 6 ratio.  On the other hand I've read articles where it says farmed salmon can have more omega 3 than wild even though it may have more omega 6.  In any case the lack of certification, bad practices and variations between farms make data on this quite murky?  I'm notonly asking about nutrition, but also about additives, chemicals, disease causing fish etc.  Is farmed salmon really so bad as the link makes out?  Would you avoid it. Also does it really have a 1:1 omega 3:6 ratio generally speaking. Your thoughts please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T00:41:15.067" Title="Nutrition farmed vs wild salmon" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T01:23:42.867" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other night, I was getting ready to wind up work and leave for home. I was feeling terribly hungry. But there was no food available nearby and it would be at least an hour before I got home. So, to curb my hunger pangs I drank some water before my hunger subsided somewhat. It was enough to keep me going till I got home. Is it the right thing to drink water when you are feeling extremely hungry (assuming that there is no food available nearby) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what should I have done to curb my hunger pangs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7230" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T07:53:34.363" Title="Is it ok to have water when hungry?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9925" CreationDate="2016-11-04T02:17:46.613" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;gulping water is good for health but when ur hungry and having water will keep your stomach full for some time. If possible carry a fruit/chocolate/ biscuits with you to eat coz it will give you more bliss than having water  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7231" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T02:17:46.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9922" CreationDate="2016-11-04T05:57:04.643" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That depends on the age and general condition of the patient, as well as why and how fast and where they're losing blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, if you had pancreatitis severe enough to perforate the splenic artery (or another of the many large vessels touching the pancreas), the answer is &quot;not much, cause you're already in bad shape&quot;. Then again, if that were the case, you'd have most likely been in the ICU before the hemorrhage happened for treatment of severe pancreatitis, and would have required surgery or interventional radiology to fix the bleeding, and the transfusion requirement would have been higher than three units, because blood loss quickly rises to litres from a major vessel like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other option is known as hemorrhagic pancreatitis in which you bleed into the tissue of the pancreas itself. It doesn't necessary mean you'd end up needing surgery, and if you did, it would not have been for bleeding, it'd have been to clean out the dead parts of the pancreas. In such a case, blood loss would not be severe (minimal, in fact), but coupled with the rest of the stuff that goes very very wrong during pancreatitis, you'd have needed a modest transfusion anyway, in order to keep your blood hemoglobin content optimal, rather than just good enough (we don't usually transfuse to optimal, because the benefit of that is usually nowhere near as large as the risks of the transfusion itself, so we settle for good enough, if possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7221" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T05:57:04.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T06:11:32.310" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Omega 3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) is considered essential unlike EPA and DHA since the latter two can be synthesised from it.  Suppose one gets their EPA and DHA from oily fish, will they no longer need ALA i.e. does ALA alone have any important/essential roles for the body or is it only there to be converted to EHA and DHA and then only these two are used by the body to carry out important functions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:42:11.653" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T09:08:31.220" Title="Is OMEGA 3 ALA required in addition to EPA DHA?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;dha-docosahexaenoic-acid&gt;&lt;epa-eicosapentaenoic-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9911" CreationDate="2016-11-04T08:22:56.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/features/get-to-the-bottom-of-your-sore-throat#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;itchy throats&lt;/a&gt; are associated with post nasal drip, dry air, allergies, or some other irritant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's allergen related, an antihistamine (Benadryl, Zyrtec, Claritin, etc) can be helpful. If you're developing some sort of virus or bacterial infection, often a warm salt water gargle helps to alleviate discomfort and can prevent a full-on infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long has your throat been itchy? If this is an on-going problem, I'd advise seeing your health care provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthcentral.com/allergy/c/2048/10075/itchy-throat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hot tea with honey&lt;/a&gt; can provide temporary relief as the honey will coat your throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7218" LastEditorUserId="7218" LastEditDate="2016-11-05T09:00:53.553" LastActivityDate="2016-11-05T09:00:53.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9892" CreationDate="2016-11-04T08:35:28.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, the only real way to &quot;get rid of acne once and for all&quot; is through the use of the prescription medication &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isotretinoin&lt;/a&gt;. It works to reduce sebum production and thusly decreases the incidence of new spots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning: It's a serious medication with serious side effects -- for me most notably it was severely dry skin on every inch of my body. I've also personally done 2 rounds, as the dosage on the first go was not high enough to achieve desired (permanent) effects. Having said that, after the second course of treatment my skin improved dramatically and I only get a rare tiny pimple or two each month. It was (and can be) life-changing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do your resarch and speak with a doctor about options available to you specific to your personal skin situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7218" LastEditorUserId="7218" LastEditDate="2016-11-05T09:06:04.963" LastActivityDate="2016-11-05T09:06:04.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T09:46:30.563" Score="8" ViewCount="20224" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got foamy urine for half a year and I recently feel obvious pain and burp after urine. However, when I use a urine test stick to test my urine (sold &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01MD030YZ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), everything goes fine (no protein, no Leukocytes, no bilirubin, etc). I have been testing it for 3 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wanna ask what other situation can cause foamy urine and pain. Is it possible that it is bladder infection rather than kidney issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3451" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2019-01-01T12:47:57.590" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T12:47:57.590" Title="What can cause foamy urine other than protein?" Tags="&lt;urine&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;bladder-infection&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T12:43:33.377" Score="2" ViewCount="351" Body="&lt;p&gt;Palm oil is demonized a lot. I know that it contains a lot of polyunsaturated fats. The same thing is known about any animal fats including those in butter, cheese or lard. But these products are considered not so bad. Especially in the latest years after some researches that doubt connection between heart diseases and fats. So does it mean palm oil is only exactly as bad as butter? Or is it even worse for some reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1437" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:10:26.167" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:10:26.167" Title="Butter vs Lard vs Palm oil" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;oil&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8742" CreationDate="2016-11-04T14:55:12.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An open blister should be treated as a wound because the skin is open. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is something called second skin or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocolloid_dressing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrocolloid dressing&lt;/a&gt; that is ideal because it mimics most of the function of the outer skin. Unfortunately it is expensive. It is often used for open blisters on feet during a walking event when the walker want to continue walking (before taping the foot). See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr55V6ua6sE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this youtube video for an example&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full treatment is (according to the dutch red cross):&#xA; - Wash hands&#xA; - Wear gloves&#xA; - Clean wound area&#xA; - Use a disenfectance, beware of allergies&#xA; - Apply the second skin (must overlap at least 1cm on healthy skin.&#xA; - Remove gloves (some people can tape with gloves, most can't)&#xA; - Tape the area.&#xA; - Apply some talcum powder so the tape won't stick to socks.&#xA; - Wash hands again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taping is a skill that takes practice. It must be smooth and has a 33/50% overlap. A good method is to measure a piece of tape, first attach the center and gently strike the tape outwards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have second skin (or you don't want to use it) you can use normal wound dressing but you have some risk that this sticks to the wound. So I won't reccomend it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T14:55:12.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9935" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10978" CreationDate="2016-11-04T15:51:15.037" Score="3" ViewCount="8655" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any ill effects from eating one normally size candy bar per day over a long period of time, as part of an otherwise well-balanced diet for an active adult?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a Twix bar with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;250 calories &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;12 g total fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7 g saturated fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24 g sugar &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7235" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-12-30T18:07:35.283" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T02:26:04.527" Title="Can one candy bar per day be part of a healthy diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T20:10:05.743" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a nursing home for my grandmother with dementia.  I found a nice review site and I noticed that many of the nursing homes received fines from Medicare.  Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://review.care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://review.care&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://review.care/nursinghome/id/13259/retirement-and-nursing-center-austin-austin-tx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://review.care/nursinghome/id/13259/retirement-and-nursing-center-austin-austin-tx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7238" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T10:00:05.303" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T10:00:05.303" Title="Dementia Nursing Home Fines?" Tags="&lt;dementia&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-04T21:47:46.377" Score="1" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always struggled with acne, but recently, I noticed that my typical cystic acne's pimples and zits were different than usual. Not only were they redder and larger, but they were blister-filled and oozed clear liquid (not pus) -- very bubbly like in appearance, and then crusted over with a large gross yellowish-brown scab. Hideous.  Come to find, some of the odd pimples on my face were actually impetigo (a staph infection commonly seen in small children). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I'm not sure how or why I got it, but my Dr. prescribed me the &lt;strong&gt;Fucidin Cream 2%&lt;/strong&gt; to apply 4 times daily for 2 weeks to the impetigo abscesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I was wondering if this antibiotic cream would also clear up my pimples and zits?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T21:47:46.377" Title="Will the Fucidin Cream 2%, prescribed for impetigo on face, help clear-up pimples and zits too?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;impetigo&gt;&lt;abscess-lesions&gt;&lt;pimple&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14028" CreationDate="2016-11-04T22:06:06.673" Score="3" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm using omega 3 currently and I want to add another supplement. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about using another supplement and undecided between Ashwagandha and Rhodiola Rosea .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This webpage shows that ashwaganda is better for my cause (compared to Rhadiola Rosea , which is used to relieve fatigue and deppression and to improve general cognition and subjective well being.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ashwaganda: &lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/ashwagandha/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/supplements/ashwagandha/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Rhadiola rosea: &lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/rhodiola-rosea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/supplements/rhodiola-rosea/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile in the webpage drugs.com there is more evidence regarding to the effects I want to achieve &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R.R: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/npp/rhodiola-rosea.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/npp/rhodiola-rosea.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;A. : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/npp/ashwagandha.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/npp/ashwagandha.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will read further in the references to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of each plant, although I believe Ashwaganda is better .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any comment and suggestion is well welcomed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.s: I want to stay away from synthetic medication as much as possible and I don't believe my neurologist is this much well informed to help me in the choice (I think it would be easier for him to give Adaptol as he has done before)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in Advance !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T16:12:00.860" Title="What is a better treatment combinet with omega 3 , for improoving studying performance and reducing anxiety?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;subconscious-stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9905" CreationDate="2016-11-04T22:56:32.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you are not supposed to get full anesthesia for a colonoscopy. Anesthesia is too dangerous and only used in really invasive procedures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colonoscopies are sometimes done without any medication (the physiologically safest way) and sometimes with sedation. Sedation means that you get something to keep you calm, not that you are put to sleep. That's what you had in your procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/record/1136597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://lup.lub.lu.se/search/record/1136597&lt;/a&gt; for numbers. Nowhere is anesthesia even mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastActivityDate="2016-11-04T22:56:32.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-05T10:12:41.913" Score="2" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd rather have appended this to the health group, but I guess the biology se was better for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is, why is it that the cold, on the back, hurts, whereas the cold on the front, arms, and especially the head, does not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it that the skin on the back id's thicker and tighter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does this condition lessen with cold weather, which makes the blood, also, feel cleaner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a minimum tell me if this is due to fat cell thickness or sensor density (and I am sure it must be the latter if these were the only two variables), and tell me what the neck the blood system does there. How are the heat sensors connected to the blood, heat, and circulation. I want to live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" LastActivityDate="2016-11-05T10:12:41.913" Title="Why cold on the back hurts more than cold in the front?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-05T15:07:31.840" Score="1" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I quantify muscle tightness? I'm mostly interested in forarm muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could ask a physical therapist to assess muscle tightness by touching the muscle. What are other solutions? The more objective and reproducible the measurement, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of use cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use case 1: I want to study the impact of treatment X on muscle tightness. I would like to measure the muscle tightness before and after treatment X is applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use case 2: I want to study the correlation between forarm muscles tightness and tendinopathy (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-07-08T15:18:01.250" Title="How can I quantify muscle tightness?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9952" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9961" CreationDate="2016-11-05T20:52:11.647" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Acupressure as a treatment for nausea or motion-sickness a legit remedy or a placebo? How does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They sell these wrist bands that are suppose to put pressure on pressure points (P6, SJ5, etc), which are suppose to work as a anti-nausea remedy. Additionally, there are supposedly pressure points below the knee caps (ST36). (According to this website: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Nausea-With-Acupressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Nausea-With-Acupressure&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But how does this all work? How do pressure points impact nausea in any way?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T23:54:54.823" Title="Is Acupressure as a treatment for nausea or motion-sickness a legit remedy? How does it work?" Tags="&lt;acupressure&gt;&lt;anti-nausea&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;&lt;acupressure-wristband&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-05T21:17:43.190" Score="0" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a possibility that somebody could tell me specifically an exercise plan or a source where I can get authentic information on exercises for senior people suffering from diseases related to bones and muscles and can it include all types of exercises related to aerobic, anaerobic, strength training, calisthenics, stretching exercises, specialized training, physical therapy, pilates and yoga.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7246" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-09T15:33:16.260" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:54:12.850" Title="What type of exercises should a person do if he/she is suffering from osteoporosis?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;&lt;osteoporosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-05T21:21:39.293" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the Zika Virus is still prominently featured in the headlines, and rightfully so, as well as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/01/health/acute-flaccid-myelitis-afm-death/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a Polio-like disease in Washington&lt;/a&gt;, but &lt;strong&gt;has Ebola reached a pandemic? Or is it just an endemic to Africa?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:36:37.583" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T22:36:37.583" Title="What is the status of Ebola these days? Is it a pandemic or endemic?" Tags="&lt;center-disease-control&gt;&lt;endemic&gt;&lt;polio&gt;&lt;ebola&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9955" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9976" CreationDate="2016-11-06T04:16:55.210" Score="1" ViewCount="1488" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anaphalactic-shock, from what I understand, is dangerous and terrifying. I'm grateful for whoever invented the use of epi-pens. In attempts to better understand epi-pens so that I may be prepared in case anyone experiences anaphylactic-shock around me, &lt;strong&gt;how do epi-pens work exactly? Where do you insert them? Are they like needles? How much do you insert? How fast does it kick-in&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine that the epi-pens differ depending on the type of allergic reaction that is taking place. Is that correct? For instance, I know that my friend has latex allergies, &lt;strong&gt;is there an epi-pen specific to counteracting the cytokines that trigger the antigen for the latex?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:27:50.413" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:27:50.413" Title="How do epi-pens work? Are they specific per allergy? Epi-pen for latex allegery exist?" Tags="&lt;antigen&gt;&lt;cytokines&gt;&lt;epi-pen-epinephrine&gt;&lt;latex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9956" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18271" CreationDate="2016-11-06T08:47:22.993" Score="4" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt;: Please, do not refer to the article it has been given as an arbitrary introduction to the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've stumbled upon an article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3342179/Meet-corporate-high-flyer-manages-hold-100-000-year-job-shooting-deadly-drug-day.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;daily heroin usage for 20 years&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Basically, the article is describing a successful businessman who had been taking heroin multiple times a day for 20 years and had no side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just an example of what I'm trying to ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Why do some people react badly to some drugs/medication while others take them like candies with no side effects&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just genetics in action for some people which prevent reactions in our body or is it something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2018-12-21T22:43:21.110" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T15:39:24.690" Title="Why some people experience no side effects from a drug?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="9957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-06T13:44:29.000" Score="2" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started doing volunteer work on an ambulance, but I had noticed that every time I had to check a patient's heart rate, I couldn't find the pulse and had to have someone else do it instead.&#xA;I even had one of the women volunteering alongside me teach me how to find it, but I couldn't do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you have any tips on finding radial pulse on a patient in a moving, noisy environment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7251" LastEditorUserId="7251" LastEditDate="2016-11-06T20:20:37.340" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T23:37:37.877" Title="Trouble finding radial pulse in patients" Tags="&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-06T15:41:40.843" Score="3" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dozens of sites throughout the internet nowadays, seemingly concerning nutrition, essentially try to convey the same message: alkaline food helps to regulate your internal pH. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having read some simple notion on the subject, I learned body fluids' pH has to be maintained always in a quite strict range (between 7.35 and 7.45), although  in the stomach it goes under 3 because of gastric juices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, is there any scientific evidence backing the aforementioned statement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:15:59.263" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T19:01:23.577" Title="What is alkaline food's actual impact on internal ph regulation?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;&lt;alkaline&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9952" CreationDate="2016-11-06T18:21:32.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stimulating these points with pressure, needles, or heat triggers the release of endorphins, which are the neurochemicals that relieve pain. As a result, pain is blocked and the flow of blood and oxygen to the affected area is increased. This causes the muscles to relax and promotes healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because acupressure inhibits the pain signals sent to the brain through a mild, fairly painless stimulation, it has been described as closing the &quot;gates&quot; of the pain-signaling system, preventing painful sensations from passing through the spinal cord to the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body is composed of a network of energy channels, also called “meridians,” which draw the vital life force, or “qi,” from food, air and your environment in general, according to Iona Teeguarden, a Jin Shin Do acupuncturist and co-author of “A Complete Guide to Acupressure.” When qi flows smoothly, you can easily maintain a state of health. When qi becomes blocked—often due to stress, change or injury—symptoms such as nausea can arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How It Works&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you press an acupressure point, you release physical tension in the muscles and allow blood to flow, notes Susan Lark, women’s health and preventive medicine expert and author of “Dr. Susan Lark’s The Estrogen Decision Self Help Book.” On a more subtle level, Lark notes, qi begins to flow freely, allowing the body and mind to return to a state of balance. One way to think of an acupressure point is as a valve that sits on an energy line. Massaging the point opens the valve, releasing any stagnation in the line and allowing qi flow to resume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/96033-directions-using-antinausea-wrist-bands/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/96033-directions-using-antinausea-wrist-bands/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acupressure.com/articles/how_acupressure_works.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.acupressure.com/articles/how_acupressure_works.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-06T22:37:23.420" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T22:37:23.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-06T20:59:30.317" Score="3" ViewCount="1207" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Porn-Creep a medical condition? We all know that pornography can be highly addictive and can in many circumstances  ruin relationships. Does it correlate to erectile dysfunction for men and/or an inability for men to orgasm/reach climax? Or have a healthy libido?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:10:55.867" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T22:35:30.250" Title="Is Porn-Creep a medical condition? Addiction to pornography (for men) correlate to erectile dysfunction?" Tags="&lt;sociosexual-behavior&gt;&lt;libido&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9963" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9965" CreationDate="2016-11-06T21:37:54.200" Score="0" ViewCount="769" Body="&lt;p&gt;Identical twins have the same DNA and blood-types, right? But different fingerprints? Why do they have different finger-prints? What gene or part of our body signals what our fingerprint will look like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the same situation be true of clones if there were to be human clones? Or would their fingerprints match too? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:47:40.717" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:47:40.717" Title="Identical twins have the same DNA and blood-types, right? But different fingerprints? Why is that? Same for clones?" Tags="&lt;blood-type&gt;&lt;dna&gt;&lt;fingerprint&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9963" CreationDate="2016-11-06T22:48:30.760" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fingerprints are formed semi-randomly as the foetus develops in the womb and are affected by such things as chance fluctuations of hormone levels. Similarly, the pattern of freckles and moles on the skin is caused by random mutations and will vary between identical twins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Identical twins are 'clones' of one another. Their fingerprints are similar but not identical. ... Fingerprints form patterns the same way frost on a window forms patterns -- due to physical forces and conditions, not due to DNA programming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, clones have fingerprints. No, they wouldn't be exactly like their original: fingerprints are influenced by in-utero and epigenetic factors, not just by the DNA. A clone's fingerprints would be very much alike its progenitor (and some features would be nearly identical), but not the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/why-do-identical-twins-have-different-fingerprints&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/why-do-identical-twins-have-different-fingerprints&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Will-a-human-and-his-her-clone-have-the-same-fingerprints&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/Will-a-human-and-his-her-clone-have-the-same-fingerprints&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T22:48:30.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9957" CreationDate="2016-11-06T23:37:37.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Experience: Working 8 years out of an Air Force ER with primary ambulance response and air transportable hospital duties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What always worked well for me was to use landmarks to find the pulse. Go about 1&quot; proximal to the base of the palm (There may be a crease line there to use as a mark), and to the lateral side of the wrist. There is a tendon there, I went a little to the outside (lateral) of that, palpated with the fore and middle fingers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pull gently towards the tendon and slightly down, and you should feel the pulse. I also (as a personal preference) kept my fingers just slightly separated (Maybe 1/4&quot; or so) as I felt that gave me a better feel for the pulse. As far as being able to distinguish it in a distracting environment, you just learn to shut that out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the above assumes that the patient is not compromised to the point where you won't be able to feel a radial pulse no matter what. In that case you would need to go to brachial, femoral or carotid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2016-11-06T23:37:37.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9967" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T01:44:53.627" Score="5" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question may possibly be a fit for English Language or History stackexchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently it was &lt;a href=&quot;http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/10/a-typo-skewed-the-history-of-hiv-in-the-us-and-vilified-an-innocent-man/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;widely reported in the media&lt;/a&gt; about the results of new genetic testing of early HIV samples. The reports showed two major flaws against the usefulness of identifying a Patient Zero in that outbreak: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the man described in the 1980s as Patient Zero in the AIDS outbreak was in fact not the source of the outbreak, but a typical case several genetic steps removed from a putative first case in the US. As a result the notion is &quot;both ethically and scientifically challenged&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The notation used in the actual samples in that original case were marked &quot;Patient O&quot; with an Oh, not &quot;Patient 0 (Zero)&quot;. 'O' for &quot;outside California. It was a typo or an accidental misreading to call the case Patient Zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_zero&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; we can see that most uses of the term seem to refer to the AIDS case. I've also seen the term used in zombie movies, but this may not be a reliable source for medical terminology. Is or was the concept of a patient zero ever used in medicine or epidemiology or virology, or was the concept created out of whole cloth via a mistaken translation by non-medical observers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7258" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T23:07:18.523" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T23:07:18.523" Title="Was &quot;patient zero&quot; a concept used in epidemiology before 1980s HIV investigation?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T02:33:16.020" Score="2" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard the surely fake statistic that the number one fear in America is Public Speaking. Yes, second to death. While that may not be an accurate statistic, it demonstrates that degree to which &lt;strong&gt;glossophobia (fear of public speaking&lt;/strong&gt;) is feared and dreaded. Some more than others. I know that I am numbered among the ones who have an extreme case of glossophobia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an individual born with a hearing impairment and struggling to hear all my life (with the help of my hearing aids) and undergoing speech therapy, I always had social anxiety... so when public speaking is something I need to do... I almost have a panic attack -- except in front of a large audience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am presenting my research at huge academic conference in a few weeks, and I'm losing sleep over it even now. I know that whenever I present anything, &lt;strong&gt;I cannot speak clearly (stammering-stuttering)&lt;/strong&gt; or articulate my thoughts (I lose my train of thoughts, which perpetuates my fear and anxiety), &lt;strong&gt;I shake and tremble and nervously fidget&lt;/strong&gt; as I hold my paper/script (which is distracting to the audience, and often causes me to lose my spot), and I &lt;strong&gt;my mouth becomes excessively dry&lt;/strong&gt;... (often there will be a cup of water available at these things, but I'll go right through that), and then I feel like I don't have enough saliva to even speak and I'm worried I won't be able to speak. I also sweat a lot. My heart races. I cannot look up at the audience. It's like a &lt;strong&gt;surge of adrenaline overtakes me.&lt;/strong&gt; How do I prevent this from occurring? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why does it even have it?&lt;/strong&gt; I always try to give myself a pep talk beforehand that no one is going to eat me and it's all going to be okay, and they're just people too... but no matter what, my body freaks out when it comes to public speaking. &lt;strong&gt;What is it about speaking in front of the people that causes so much fear?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T08:26:20.147" Title="Why do so many people suffer from glossophobia (fear of public speaking)? How to overcome glossophobia?" Tags="&lt;dry-mouth&gt;&lt;glossophobia&gt;&lt;shake-tremble-fidget&gt;&lt;stammering-stuttering&gt;&lt;adrenaline&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T03:41:41.967" Score="1" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I read that in a surgery, flatulence (and its methane qualities) emitted by the patient was the culprit for a fire igniting when it came in contact with the surgical laser. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/11/01/hospital-report-blames-patients-fart-for-surgical-fire.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20foxnews%2Fmost-popular%20(Internal%20-%20Most%20Popular%20Content)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/11/01/hospital-report-blames-patients-fart-for-surgical-fire.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20foxnews%2Fmost-popular%20(Internal%20-%20Most%20Popular%20Content)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are all flatulence/gasses passed comprised of methane (and potentially flammable)? Or is that dependent on the food we eat and the type of gut-microbiota we have to break down and digest the food? Or how long the food ferments in our GI tract? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is burpring/belching comprised of the same elements? Or is that mainly trapped air? I'm assuming that it wouldn't have methane or flammable qualities, correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. It isn't my intention to have a juvenile discussion about this (I know this is a social taboo -- not proper etiquette), but I sincerely would like to know the answer to this, and I apologize if this offends anyone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:39:25.007" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T14:48:25.693" Title="Is flatulence/gas comprised of methane? Is it flammable? What about burps/belching?" Tags="&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;&lt;fermentation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="9972" CreationDate="2016-11-07T05:27:01.953" Score="1" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thirteen years old and have quite a few pimples. I have a couple of questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. What causes them?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. When I pop them(I try not too) they ooze out sticky fluid. What is it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. How can I stop them? Every morning and night, I rinse my face, then     wash my face(with soap) and rinse again, then scrub with sugar, then put on some medicine.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7259" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T17:46:59.710" Title="Pimples: Causes and Cures?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9971" CreationDate="2016-11-07T07:38:01.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put - skin cells, sebum and hair can clump together into a plug, this plug gets infected with bacteria, resulting in a swelling. A pimple starts to develop when the plug begins to break down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimples&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;“A pimple is a result of a blockage of the skin's pore. &#xA; Inside the pore are sebaceous glands which produce sticky sebum. When the outer layers of skin shed (as it does continuously), the dead skin cells left behind may become 'glued' together by the sticky sebum. This causes a blockage in the pore. The sebaceous glands produce more sebum which builds up behind the blockage, and this sebum harbours bacteria (P.Acnes bacteria). Since the body's natural defence against bacteria is primarily phagocytes (white blood cells), these rush to the site behind the blockage (where the bacteria are). This is what gives some pimples the 'whiteheads' (unless the Phagocytes are deeper in the skin, which means you can't see the 'white' caused by them). The white blood cells then destroy (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over-the-counter medications&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common over-the-counter medications for pimples are benzoyl peroxide and/or salicylic acid and antibacterial agents such as triclosan. Both medications can be found in many creams and gels used to treat acne (acne vulgaris) through topical application. Both medications help skin slough off more easily, which helps to remove bacteria faster. Before applying them the patient needs to wash his or her face with warm water and dry&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Home-remedies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dab some lemon juice on it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lemon juice can help get rid of breakouts for a number of reasons. It is rich in vitamin C, which is good for all types of skin, and it’s a citric acid, so it helps ‘exfoliate’ the skin as well. Most importantly though, it is an astringent. An astringent will cause a contraction of body tissues, and will therefore dry out the blemish itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The land of milk and honey (or yogurt)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason it is suggested that milk would cause acne is because of the extra hormones in it-but unless it’s ingested, this doesn’t really do much. For the most part, it just soothes the irritated skin, and helps tone down the redness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whip up some ‘whites&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Egg whites are an easy and affordable way to help reduce acne and fade scars left by unfortunate blemishes. The reason people have found egg whites to be helpful for their skin is because they’re chock full of proteins and vitamins that both combat acne, and help to rebuild your skin cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more home-remedies and directions on how to apply them, visit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://everydayroots.com/acne-remedies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://everydayroots.com/acne-remedies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T07:38:01.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9955" CreationDate="2016-11-07T10:04:42.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is not a medical consultation or advice, only educational information. For any specific questions, talk to your doctor.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EpiPen is an injection of Epinephrine (also called Adrenaline) that is indicated for treatment of anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock), which is a clinical representation of the most severe systemic allergic reactions. Anaphylactic shock may have multiple signs and symptoms, such as: urticaria and/or angioedema; bronchospasm; hypotension; cardiac arrhythmias; unconsciousness and shock (this is an incomplete list, see picture and references for more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aQChs.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aQChs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these adverse reactions occur in the context of an IgE-mediated mechanism. IgE is a type of antibody, which is released in huge amounts in the body when a person is exposed to any type of allergen which they are sensitive to following a first exposure (of course, different people may have different allergies; some may have several, some may have none).&#xA;When IgE antibodies are released in the body, they cause multiple effects that comprise the anaphylactic shock (some were mentioned above, see references below for others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VIar8.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VIar8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Anaphylactic Reaction&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epinephrine is a natural hormone that is responsible for the activation of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/sympathetic_nervous_system.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sympathetic nervous system&lt;/a&gt;. For example, it can cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, it can cause dilation of the bronchi (which allows to breathe better) and other effects. For this reason, it is used as a medication for anaphylaxis, since it can reverse many of its symptoms (i.e. hypotension, bronchoconstriction etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth noting that being a natural hormone, if Epinephrine is taken orally, it is broken down in the stomach rather quickly. That is the reason it has to be given by injection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will answer some of your questions specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epinephrine will usually begin to have an effect in a few minutes, which is important for a medication given for a life-threatening condition (anaphylaxis).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are several ways to administer Epinephrine. It is agreed upon that the most beneficial method is to inject it into the thigh muscle.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epipen is used to treat anaphylactic shock &lt;strong&gt;regardless&lt;/strong&gt; of the allergy that caused it. No matter which allergen caused the shock, anaphylaxis is the same for all people (it is an immunologic reaction of the human body). Therefore, whether it is caused by exposure to latex, bee sting, milk etc., a person in anaphylactic shock should receive the proper dose of Epinephrine as soon as possible (there is an adult dose of 0.3 mg and a child dose of 0.15 mg).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the actual method of administration (which is a very important thing to know, for everyone), you can ask a healthcare professional or watch clips on YouTube, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YheJhyQ168Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. (important: one of the things people overlook many times is the fact that you have to inject the medication, &lt;strong&gt;HOLD IT IN&lt;/strong&gt; for 10 seconds and then pull the injector out).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further information, you can check out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epipen.com/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EpiPen official website&lt;/a&gt; and the following texts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286326/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis: what is the evidence?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666145/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epinephrine: The Drug of Choice for Anaphylaxis--A Statement of the World Allergy Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2016-11-07T21:13:29.760" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T21:13:29.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9971" CreationDate="2016-11-07T11:44:01.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/natural-remedies-for-adult-acne/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MNT&lt;/a&gt;, A pimple is a small pustule or papule. Pimples are small skin lesions or inflammations of the skin - they develop when sebaceous glands (oil glands) become clogged and infected, leading to swollen, red lesions filled with pus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pimples are also known as spots or zits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The development of pimples is primarily connected to oil production, dead skin cells, clogged pores and bacteria (although yeast infection can also cause pimples to develop)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sebaceous glands, which are located at the base of hair follicles, can become overactive due to hormone dysregulation, which is why acne is most commonly associated with puberty, and why breakouts occur around the time of menses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely parts of the body to be affected by pimples are the face, back, chest and shoulders due to the proliferation of sebaceous glands in these areas of skin. Pimples are a sign of acne, especially when a breakout occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Herbal remedies for acne&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/natural-remedies-for-adult-acne/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apple cider vinegar: Noted for promoting energy and good digestion, consider apple cider vinegar also has potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, helping to kill off acne-causing bacteria. It also balances pH levels in the skin, making it more difficult for bacteria to come back. Simply dilute a little with fresh water, pour onto a cloth and apply. Use once a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Green tea extract: Green tea is an all-round health hero. As the Mayo Clinic reports, a lotion of 2 percent green tea extract helped reduce acne in two studies of adolescents and young adults with mild to moderate acne. While no studies have been done with older adults, this could be an excellent addition to your natural remedies for acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coconut oil: This healthy superfood is also soft and gentle on the skin. It can bring down acne redness and fight bacteria. Use just a little and see how your skin improves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc. This nutrient helps the immune system fight off invading bacteria and viruses. Zinc in natural lotions and creams may reduce acne breakouts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbs are also a simple at-home remedy for acne that can be effective. We’d recommend trying these herbal remedies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera. The popular spiky green plant is one of the most commonly used herbs in America today. It’s used for soothing and healing burns, wounds and skin irritations, so include it in your herbal remedies for acne. Use aloe as a spot treatment on the infected areas to help bring down swelling and redness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tea tree oil: Tea tree oil is excellent for adult acne. Its antibacterial properties help to remove dead skin, cleanse pores and kill acne-causing bacteria. Combine a little with water to dilute it, or mix it with some aloe vera gel and apply on your skin. A word of caution: Never ingest it or get it in your eyes or nose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chasteberry, also known as vitex or monk’s pepper, was used by Hippocrates to treat injuries and inflammation. American Family Physician highlights a 2001 German study showing that chasteberry’s active ingredients can influence particular hormones, including those associated with hormonal acne. You can drink chasteberry tea or try the herb in capsule form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T11:44:01.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9953" CreationDate="2016-11-07T11:48:50.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/exercise-benefits-for-osteoporosis-reduces-bone-fracture-risk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteoporosis exercises are encouraged for a number of reasons. First and foremost exercise is good in a general sense, but building muscle strength can be really beneficial to people who may be at risk of losing bone mass. &#xA;Stronger muscles can help improve balance, which can prevent falls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Balancing exercises are therefore a good addition to any workout routine. Regular exercise that includes muscle strength or resistance training, as well as weight-bearing aerobic activity can help prevent bone loss, as we get older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don’t have to get overly aggressive, especially if you have already had a fall and are nervous about exercise. Nonimpact activities such as balance and posture exercises can benefit people with osteoporosis even though they don’t build bone density. These non-impact approaches can still increase muscle strength and decrease your risk of falling and potentially breaking bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are at risk of osteoporosis or you have already been diagnosed with osteoporosis, most doctors agree that supervised weight-bearing exercise is the safest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exercises which strengthen bones and reduce fractures risk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercises which strengthen bones and reduce fractures risk If you want to experience the benefits of exercise and reduce fracture risk there are four different areas you should consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strength training&lt;/strong&gt; – This area of exercise focuses on free weights, such as dumbbells, weight machines or exercise bands. They can make muscles and bones work by lifting, pushing and pulling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balance training&lt;/strong&gt; – These exercises reduce your base of support. For example, instead of standing on two legs, you stand on one. Challenging your balance can actually strengthen your balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Posture training&lt;/strong&gt; – This involves paying attention to how different parts of your body are aligned. The alignment of the spine can become a concern for people with osteoporosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Weight bearing aerobic activity&lt;/strong&gt; – This can be rhythmic activity that you do for at least 10 minutes at a time. Jumping rope, tennis or dancing are good examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yoga and Pilates are two very popular forms of exercise today. They can improve strength, balance and flexibility. While they may sound enticing, certain positions may not be safe for people with osteoporosis. As an example, movements that require you to bend forward could increase your chance of breaking a bone in your spine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the exercises that fall into the above categories and that osteoporosis sufferers say they have had success with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Functional movements, such as standing and rising up on toes &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Doing low-impact aerobics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using stair-step machines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fast walking on a treadmill&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hiking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dancing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tai Chi     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastActivityDate="2016-11-07T11:48:50.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T12:20:04.903" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 30 year old lady. Some doctor told me that I have some problem in my nose bone and it may be a sinus. When I get cold my nose bone pain a lot while breathing and have watery eyes. Whenever I inhale, I feel some pain in right nostril. How to ease these at home. I am staying at a hostel. Kindly suggest me. Is there any medicine for the immediate relief. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7260" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T06:30:46.407" Title="Solution for a sinus problem" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T12:21:01.120" Score="3" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of bubble tea shops around where I live and so I get bubble teas pretty often.  But the drinks are usually pretty sweet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do these bubble teas actually have any health benefits?  Or are the drinks pretty much as bad as drinking soda?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7261" LastActivityDate="2019-05-25T06:02:00.583" Title="Does bubble tea have any health benefits?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-05-25T15:25:57.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T13:41:20.693" Score="2" ViewCount="367" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, all professional doctors, school-textbooks and other resources, consider as armpit temperatures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; 99 &amp;deg; F (some-others &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; 98.6 &amp;amp;deg F) = Fever;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; 99 &amp;deg; F (Some-others &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; 98.6 &amp;amp;deg F) = Normal;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/code&gt; 99 &amp;deg; F (Some-others  &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/code&gt; 98.6 &amp;amp;deg F) = Less than normal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this doesn't match with my experience. I feel normal when I'm around 96 &amp;amp;deg F (officially which is less than normal); and 98.6 &amp;deg; F is clearly perceptible as fever to me. (and this is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; based upon a single thermometer on single event; it is based upon many).  Similarly; my mother tells 98.6 &amp;deg; F is much more than a low-grade-fever whereas her normal temperature is around or below 96 &amp;deg; F. On the opposite end we have seen peoples (such as my father when was youth) who did not reported any feverish or tired or such at near 100 &amp;deg; F. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is quite surprising to me, that 99 &amp;deg; F (or 98.6 &amp;deg; F to some other doctors) is treated-as-definition of lower-end of  &lt;strong&gt;universal&lt;/strong&gt; standard. &lt;strong&gt;Is it really universal?&lt;/strong&gt; or it is just an 'average' or 'consensus' that doesn't cause serious deviation if used as an overall standard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. 1:  Wikipedia tells; normal temperature can vary slightly from person to person and by day of time. But I could not find any such mention about fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. 2: How the human normal temperature could be only one particular value? Shouldn't there be a 'range' instead? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7262" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T04:23:27.883" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T04:23:27.883" Title="Fever lower limit ( 99.0 °F (37.2 °C) at armpit)... is it universal?" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;thermometer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T18:13:08.923" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 3 yo has Early Childhood Caries since he was around 1yo, 3 of his 4 upper teeth are rotten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've asked around and the best solution from Dentists has been the recommendation of extraction of the 3 pieces. He has already received treatment of a layer of resin on all his teeth, and we are waiting for him to develop all his molars so there is some place to put the crown on, proceed with the extraction and put on some replacement until he develops his permanent teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Is the extraction the only option? Is there some risk associated with letting his rotten teeth in place and wait for his permanent ones to come out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7264" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-08T15:04:07.977" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T16:01:51.543" Title="Early Childhood Caries treatment" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10185" CreationDate="2016-11-07T21:57:08.900" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, consumption of the placenta (placentophagy) either via capsule or actual eating, has become more common (although I believe it is still a fringe practice). I know that other mammals have been doing this after giving birth, but is there any scientific evidence that it benefits a human mother? I have read both those that say there are benefits and those that say there is no benefits so I'm confused. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that the possible benefits are that the placenta is obviously chalkful of vitamins and hormones that will help the mother to heal both physically and emotionally after giving birth. For instance, it could help prevent postpartum-depression? It contains oxytocin, which helps promote lactation for breastfeeding? It contains prostaglandin, which helps the uterus to revert back as much as possible to its smaller state? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I read that there is no evidence that it does either of these, and it's possibly just a placebo effect. That the placenta only benefited the fetus while in the womb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not pregnant or anything, I would just like to better understand this trend, and know the science behind it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:15:32.903" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:15:32.903" Title="Any scientific evidence that consumption of the placenta is nutrious for a new mother? Does it prevent postpartum depression?" Tags="&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;placenta&gt;&lt;postpartum-depression&gt;&lt;oxytocin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-07T23:37:56.143" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could someone reasonably bleed out from a puncture wound on the front of the thigh?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am by no means an expert in physiology or any related science, but to my knowledge I suppose the only thing they could cut is the superficial femoral artery? Or could they cut the popliteal artery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking at some diagrams, but they were very unclear to my untrained eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EMzg1.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EMzg1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3636" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:08:23.630" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:08:23.630" Title="Could someone reasonably bleed out from a puncture wound on the front of the thigh?" Tags="&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;&lt;thigh&gt;&lt;exsanguination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10003" CreationDate="2016-11-08T00:51:17.010" Score="0" ViewCount="2227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the World Health Organization (WHO) contain vials of all the diseases ever known to man? If so, where is it located? Or is that classified? Is it for the purposes of creating vaccinations if there were ever outbreaks again? Like if there was another rinderpest outbreak, yaws outbreak, or a cholera outbreak, etc? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be similar to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault? Except instead of storing seeds (in case of natural disasters), it stores diseases? Or is this unethical and controversial because it means human error can accidentally or intentionally releases diseases out into the public again? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:33:25.623" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:33:25.623" Title="Is there a vault somewhere that contains vials of ALL the diseases? Even the eradicated ones? (Like the Svalbard Global Seed Vault)?" Tags="&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-08T01:43:39.813" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are massage creams containing paraben bad for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I see that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=Freeup+Massage+Cream&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;free-up massage cream&lt;/a&gt; contains methylparaben: should I use a &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B0008E8KC8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paraben-free massage cream&lt;/a&gt; instead of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/21581-dangers-methylparaben/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/21581-dangers-methylparaben/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methylparaben is widely used as a preservative in women's cosmetics, such as skin creams and deodorants. This compound has been found intact within breast cancer tissues. Some researchers suggest that methylparaben may increase risk of breast cancer, or accelerate the growth of these tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but there is no link to any scientific study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} reports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methyl paraben is not carcinogenic or mutagenic. It is not teratogenic or embryotoxic and is negative in the uterotrophic assay. The mechanism of cytotoxic action of parabens may be linked to mitochondrial failure dependent on induction of membrane permeability transition accompanied by the mitochondrial depolarization and depletion of cellular ATP through uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Parabens are reported to cause contact dermatitis reactions in some individuals on cutaneousl exposure. Parabens have been implicated in numerous cases of contact sensitivity associated with cutaneous exposure; however, the mechanism of this sensitivity is unknown. Sensitization has occurred when medications containing parabens have been applied to damaged or broken skin. Allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported, although rigorous evidence of the allergenicity of ingested paraben is lacking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the study is 15-year-old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Ingredients/ucm128042.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US FDA seems fine with parabens&lt;/a&gt; but don't cite any scientific study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are parabens safe as they’re used in cosmetics? Are they linked to&#xA;  breast cancer or other health problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FDA scientists continue to review published studies on the safety of&#xA;  parabens. At this time, we do not have information showing that&#xA;  parabens as they are used in cosmetics have an effect on human health.&#xA;  Here are some of the questions we are considering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What do published studies show about the possible hazards of parabens, and on the effects of parabens on human health? For example,&#xA;  do experimental findings with various parabens also happen in real&#xA;  life?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What are the hazards and risks of not using parabens? If we stop using parabens to protect cosmetics and consumers from harmful&#xA;  bacteria, are there safer alternatives for preservatives?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If there are paraben-related health effects that are scientifically supported and documented, how do these effects relate to the use of&#xA;  parabens in cosmetics?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Do the different kinds of parabens act the same or differently in our bodies?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FDA will continue to evaluate new data in this area. If we determine&#xA;  that a health hazard exists, we will advise the industry and the&#xA;  public, and will consider the agency’s legal options under the&#xA;  authority of the FD&amp;amp;C Act to protect the health and welfare of&#xA;  consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Soni, M. G., Stephen L. Taylor, N. A. Greenberg, and G. A. Burdock. &quot;Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature.&quot; Food and Chemical Toxicology 40, no. 10 (2002): 1335-1373. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3137612844209117541&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3137612844209117541&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691502001072&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691502001072&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:14:41.120" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:14:41.120" Title="Are massage creams containing paraben bad for health?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-08T02:22:45.407" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were to liquefy an entire chameleon and inject it into someone's veins, what is the probability of survival?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asking for a friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7269" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T02:22:45.407" Title="Intravenous Chameleon Injection" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:52:10.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-08T02:42:49.527" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to know when it's a migraine, tension, cluster, sinus, or rebound headache?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've always thought I've had migraines and have been treated for such using daily beta-blockers. My symptoms have been extreme sensitivity to light, noise, smell, seeing auras, and feeling a sense of throbbing/pounding in my head. On an &quot;as needed&quot; basis, I used Excedrin Migraine, but I'm worried that triggers rebound-headaches. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the symptoms of cluster, tension, sinus, &amp;amp; rebound headaches? How do you adequately distinguish between them? Do beta-blockers work for all of them?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:15:06.670" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:15:06.670" Title="How to know when it's a migraine, tension, cluster, sinus, or rebound headache?" Tags="&lt;cluster-headache&gt;&lt;rebound-headache&gt;&lt;sinus-headache&gt;&lt;beta-blockers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-08T03:21:39.480" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens during puberty that causes the deepening &amp;amp; squeaking/cracking (dysphonia) of a male's voice? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the androgen hormone change the pitch of the voice? Is it because the vocal-chords are growing during a growth-spurt? Why don't women experience a similar experience during puberty? Or are they, but it's less dramatic or noticeable? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:45:41.360" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T18:01:26.283" Title="What happens during puberty that causes the deepening &amp; squeaking/cracking (dysphonia) of a male's voice?" Tags="&lt;vocal-chords&gt;&lt;androgen&gt;&lt;puberty&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9996" CreationDate="2016-11-08T04:56:15.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coincidentally, I came across this chart in a magazine like 20 minutes after reading your question!! It explains the many differences (and some similarities) between migraine, tension, and cluster headaches. &lt;em&gt;(I apologize for the bluriness of the picture. Additionally, I apolgozie it doesn't also compare sinus headaches, but those are often distinguished by sinus congestion and feeling pressure in the front of your face -- please see&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/sinus-headaches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/sinus-headaches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;).&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vCys3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vCys3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.s. I'm also unsure about the effectiveness of beta-blockers. I tried researching, but only found it referenced as a treatment for migraines (and assummingly rebound headaches). Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T04:56:15.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="9999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9504" CreationDate="2016-11-08T05:16:43.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand your annoyance with dry-mouth. It can cause a whole host of issues so I certainly can commiserate, especially when it comes to trying to sleep with a dry-mouth! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, it seems like you have done a lot of your own research since you knew to invest in and experiment with Biotene Mouthspray, but just in case... here are some other treatment options (besides drinking water, gum-chewing, sucking on candy, staying hydrated, etc): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decongestants can make your symptoms worse apparently (not sure why) so if you can, avoid them. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you can, try to breathe more with your nose and less with your mouth (it seems counterintuitive if the cause of your mouth-breathing is congestion, but decongestants make mouths drier??) maybe try nasal strips&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;add moisture to the air (perhaps via a humidifier) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;limit your caffiene intake -- it can actually make it drier. Who knew?!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's more info: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-mouth/expert-answers/dry-mouth/faq-20058424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-mouth/expert-answers/dry-mouth/faq-20058424&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the best recommendation I have and that I'm excited about because I just discovered it after talking to my dentist and oral-hygienist -- is try something that &lt;strong&gt;stimulates saliva&lt;/strong&gt;. For instance, I've been using &lt;strong&gt;XyliMelts&lt;/strong&gt;, and they have been working wonderfully for me. I can sleep much better because of them! You can find more products on their website here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oracoat.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.oracoat.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T05:16:43.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9997" CreationDate="2016-11-08T05:37:14.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are partially correct in your understanding of how/why the a male's voice deepens during puberty. Let me just clarify a few things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Androgen is a hormone that stimulates or maintains male sex organs &#xA;and characteristics (but keep in mind it's also present in women --     just at a lesser level). During puberty, the androgen levels increase&#xA;and signal for changes to take place. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of these changes (among many during puberty) is the growth of the larynx and subsequently the vocal chords become longer and &#xA;thicker. This contributes to the deeper voice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because the growth occurs over a process of time (in fact, the larynx is not done growing until early adulthood), the vocal-pitch is not stabilized , and may sometimes crack. This is sometimes known as falsetto or as dysphonia as you mentioned.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Females during puberty also have an increase in androgen and their larynx also grows, but not nearly as substantial or noticeable as males, which is why their voices don't crack and also why they don't have adam's-apples (larynx). Also, their vocal-pitch only slightly drops by one octave or so. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T05:37:14.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9954" CreationDate="2016-11-08T05:53:42.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is actually a current (updated daily) map of where each case of Ebola is at, and what status of each case is, you can check it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.liveebolamap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.liveebolamap.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, according to WHO (World-Health-Organization), Liberia had declared in June 2016 that it had reached an end of the Ebola outbreak. Additionally, Guinea had reported an end in transmission at the same time. You can read it here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://who.int/csr/disease/ebola/top-stories-2016/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://who.int/csr/disease/ebola/top-stories-2016/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By all accounts, it was an &lt;strong&gt;EPIDEMIC&lt;/strong&gt; to Western Africa (note endemic and epidemic are two different things... I believe you meant epidemic. Endemic means it's specific to a geographic region because of the environment or a race of people. Epidemic means widespread.) If you would like more specific information regarding the EPIDEMIC, read here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic#Outlook&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic#Outlook&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T05:53:42.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9993" CreationDate="2016-11-08T10:25:30.313" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, from my research it's only the small-pox virus that is presently being stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But still, the find was disturbing because for decades after smallpox was declared eradicated in the 1980s, world health authorities believed the only samples left were safely stored in super-secure laboratories in Atlanta and in Russia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a vaccine against smallpox that was a key tool in the eradication of the disease. This vaccine does not contain the variola virus which causes smallpox, but a closely related virus called vaccinia. When this vaccine is given to humans, it protects them against smallpox. However, it may have rare, but serious side effects, which in extreme cases can be fatal. Since smallpox was eradicated, the vaccine is not recommended in routine immunization. It is used to protect researchers who work on the variola virus that causes smallpox and other viruses in the same virus family (known as orthopox viruses). It could also be used to protect anyone else judged to have a high risk of exposure to smallpox. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccination with the vaccinia virus as a protection against smallpox is not recommended for widespread use. No government gives or recommends the vaccine routinely since it can cause serious complications, and even death. It should be given only to those persons who have a high risk of coming into contact with the virus which causes smallpox, or who have been exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nypost.com/2014/07/08/scientist-finds-lost-vials-of-extinct-smallpox-virus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nypost.com/2014/07/08/scientist-finds-lost-vials-of-extinct-smallpox-virus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/faq/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/faq/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T10:25:30.313" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-08T20:00:33.393" Score="1" ViewCount="347" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is an extremely sensitive topic so I apologize from the get-go if this is offensive in any way -- I am not meaning to. I am aware that there are a myriad of reasons as to why an individual that is being physically abused may continue a relationship or remain silent (fear/feels threatened for one's own life or family -- especially if children involved, financial/living expenses -- feel unable to survive logistically if they leave, the hope that the abuser will change and just needs love &amp;amp; support, low-self-esteem and feeling that they are not worthy of a better/healthier relationship, ignorance -- not even knowing what a healthy relationship looks like because they've grown up in an abusive household, societal norms/culture -- what will friends, family, neighbors, etc. think of me if they know what's really happening or it's a social taboo to flee, etc. etc. etc.). I am not a psychologist or a Social Service employees so I have no expertise in this area and don't claim to do so. I do not pass any judgement on anyone that stays in an abusive relationship as there are too many factors that I cannot even fathom.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, &lt;strong&gt;I'm wondering how common is the is Stockholm-Syndrome and/or Codependency Issues in cases of Battered-Wife(Person)-Syndrome and/or other abusive relationships?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it common that traumatic-bonding occurs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:54:08.353" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:54:08.353" Title="How common is Stockholm-Syndrome and/or Codependency Issues in Battered-Wife(Person)-Syndrome and/or other abusive relationships?" Tags="&lt;emotional-abuse&gt;&lt;physical-abuse&gt;&lt;stockholm-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9967" CreationDate="2016-11-08T23:06:22.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are indeed correct! The origins and first usage of the word &quot;patient-zero&quot; was actually a total misinterpretation that was caught on quickly by the media, and has since been perpetuated henceforth. The &lt;strong&gt;phrase was coined in the early 1980's&lt;/strong&gt; in reference to Gaëtan Dugas, who was erroneously identified as the cause of the AIDS outbreak. Your sources are correct in that new scientific evidence has since demonstrated that he didn't spread HIV, but the damage has been done, and his reputation has been tarnished.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;Patient Zero&quot; reference has since been used in reference to Ebola, Avian Flu, Swine Flu, and Typhoid (this one retroactively). The more medically correct term is &lt;strong&gt;index-case.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are excerpts from a CNN article indicating the etymology of the &quot;Patient Zero&quot; and the usage of index cases: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/08/health/patient-zero-history-super-spreaders/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/08/health/patient-zero-history-super-spreaders/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a researcher's scrawling of the &lt;strong&gt;letter O was misinterpreted as&#xA;  a zero&lt;/strong&gt; in reference to a HIV patient in the &lt;strong&gt;early 1980s, the&#xA;  provocative term &quot;patient zero&quot; was born.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Patient zero&quot; is still frequently used to describe &lt;strong&gt;index cases&lt;/strong&gt; -- the&#xA;  first documented cases of a disease observed or reported to health&#xA;  officials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is another CNN article explaining the misinterpretation of the &quot;patient O&quot; and the clearance of Gaëtan Dugas as the cause for the AIDS outbreak: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-gaetan-dugas-patient-zero/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/27/health/hiv-gaetan-dugas-patient-zero/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dugas was placed near the center of this cluster, and the researchers&#xA;  identified him as patient O, an abbreviation to indicate that he&#xA;  resided outside California. However, &lt;strong&gt;the letter O was misinterpreted&#xA;  as a zero in the scientific literature.&lt;/strong&gt; Once the media and the public&#xA;  noticed the name, the damage was done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of other alleged &quot;patient-zeros&quot; or &quot;index cases&quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/08/health/gallery/patient-zero-cases-history/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/08/health/gallery/patient-zero-cases-history/index.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2016-11-08T23:06:22.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-09T03:41:10.700" Score="2" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there scientific proof that the temperature of water (e.g., above or below room temperature) in our water consumption is connected with any health benefit? Auyrveda testimonials I've seen online seem to say that [usually they seem to discuss drinking hot water in the morning] is connected with helping digestion, but I'm wondering if any scientific / medical studies support that? Have read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/6915/why-is-cold-water-more-refreshing-than-warm-water&quot;&gt;other threads&lt;/a&gt; here (on the Biology exchange) that &quot;the temperature of the ingested water will not affect the overall hydration of the body&quot; which is helpful. Does this include that it does not affect things like bowel movement and digestive health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This question is regarding water only - not with lemon, not tea etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7276" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T09:46:29.383" Title="In drinking hot, warm, room temperature, or cold water - is water temperature proven to be connected with any health benefit?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10007" CreationDate="2016-11-09T08:21:32.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asking about &quot;any health benefit&quot; is perhaps too broad to receive a complete answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, several articles address the issue of water temperature and rehydration. Two studies have shown that when you are in a state of dehydration (in these studies, after physical activity), the optimal drinking-water temperature in terms of good hydration and lower sweating (which causes water loss as a cooling mechanism) was found to be 16°C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote the conclusions of both studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When dehydrated subjects drink water with different temperatures, there are different sweating responses together with different voluntary intakes. According to our results, consuming 16°C water, cool tap water, could be suggested in dehydration.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;For athletes dehydrated in hot environments, maximum voluntary drinking and best hydration state occurs with 16°C water.Provision of fluid needs and thermal needs could be balanced using 16°C water.Drinking 16°C water (nearly the temperature of cool tap water) could be recommended for exercise in the heat.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762624/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of water temperature and voluntary drinking on the post rehydration sweating&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149564&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Water temperature, voluntary drinking and fluid balance in dehydrated taekwondo athletes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2016-11-09T08:21:32.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-09T12:06:07.980" Score="3" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;My son suffers has a lazy eye, and the doctors have said to put a patch over his other eye for two hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also cannot walk yet, so we do physiotherapy, and stepping with him at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if one affects the other. &lt;strong&gt;When one eye is covered is it harder to maintain balance?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it fair to do physiotherapy with the patch on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7288" OwnerDisplayName="RJB" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T02:32:44.763" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T16:25:36.570" Title="Keeping balance with one eye covered" Tags="&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;equilibrium-balance&gt;&lt;depth-perception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9628" CreationDate="2016-11-09T15:14:08.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on its size, it hurts, it makes you cough, and swallowing food will worsen symptoms. The tendency is for symptoms to get worse if that foreign body isn't removed or carried down to the stomach.  If you don't seek medical attention, bacteria may invade the sub-mucosae and infect the area. Therefore, if you feel you've swallowed something that got stuck in your throat or oesophagus, look for an E.R. immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-09T15:14:08.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12125" CreationDate="2016-11-09T18:34:55.550" Score="8" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to remove the yellow stains from my teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I brush two times a day once in the morning and once in  the night.But I am still having yellow stains in my teeth.The back side of two of my teeth have also turned brown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also brushed with baking powder for 3-4 days but no result came .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to get natural color of my teeth back?Please help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7005" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T09:05:39.673" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T01:50:02.543" Title="How to remove the yellow stains from my teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10025" CreationDate="2016-11-10T00:27:14.647" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have scholars since determined Mozart's cause of death? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there has been a swirl of mystery surrounding his death and for quite sometime poisoning by certain communities was blamed as the cause (as Mozart seemed to think so himself and even wrote his own requiem). But for the most part, those claims have been put to rest, correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely diseases that contributed to his demise are rheumatic fever (which may have led to bloodletting), miliary fever, a strept infection and even being a hypochondriac (which caused him to consume medicines that contain antimony that are somewhat toxic), right? Which one of these is the most accurate or believed by the scholarly community -- according to the symptoms which were described (or any physical evidence -- has his body been exhumed to examine it)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:32:13.117" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:32:13.117" Title="What disease/s killed Mozart? Or was it poison?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;streptococcal-infection&gt;&lt;blood-letting-leeches&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-11-25T13:09:29.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10009" CreationDate="2016-11-10T00:47:53.120" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;An eye patch would significantly reduce your sons depth of field in his vision. I believe in turn this would have an effect on his balance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get someone to hold a pencil in front of you, cover one eye and try to touch the sharpened end... hard right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a study that looks at vision impaired balance. Maybe this might help? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/1695904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/1695904&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7286" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T00:47:53.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-10T01:20:41.343" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a third-world country with a lack of doctors. They should start to treat patients as soon as possible even if they did not take full courses in biochemistry, histology, anatomy, biostatistics, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would you give them to study in pediatrics, internal medicine, gastroenterology, emergence medicine, endocrine, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Canada, physician assistants are academically prepared as medical generalists. They are accelerated medically educated clinicians. Their practice of medicine &lt;strong&gt;includes diagnoses&lt;/strong&gt;, performing physical exams, &lt;strong&gt;prescribing medications&lt;/strong&gt;, and educating and counselling patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PAs become generalist medical practitioners in 25 months only (i.e. two years).&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would you recommend for a similar program in a third world country with a lack of of medical practitioners? &lt;strong&gt;What are some of good textbooks that cover 70% or 80% of the essential medical knowledge?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7287" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T02:18:15.177" Title="If people can create an accelerated medical program that can be completed in just three years, what textbooks should they select in the curriculum?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10878" CreationDate="2016-11-10T02:18:48.970" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does auto-brewery-syndrome work exactly? Their bodies somehow produce alcohol without even consuming it? Does this have to do with how the body breaks down food... does it ferment and produce ethanol?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does their body produce enough alcohol to the point where they are intoxicated and they blood-alcohol levels cause hangovers?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When was it discovered that this was a legitimate syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone ever been accused of being an alcoholic because of this? Or been ticketed with an DUI? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one control this symptom if they have it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:13:59.847" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:13:59.847" Title="How does auto-brewery-syndrome work exactly? Their bodies somehow produce alcohol without even consuming it? When was it discovered?" Tags="&lt;blood-alcohol-levels&gt;&lt;ethanol&gt;&lt;hangover-hungover&gt;&lt;drunk-inebriated&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10024" CreationDate="2016-11-10T02:57:04.580" Score="1" ViewCount="1234" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've all experienced it when we hear a chilling tale that scares us or we get out of the pool and there is a crisp breeze or simply something unbelievably emotionally positive is occurring (a sense of euphoria): goosebumps. But WHY? &lt;strong&gt;What purpose do goosebumps serve in the human anatomy?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do the hairs on our arms, neck, spine, etc stand up when these things happen? Is there some primal human benefit that no longer benefits us (or still does and I'm unaware of it)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do other animals experience this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:51:31.933" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:51:31.933" Title="What is the function of goosebumps in human anatomy? It happens when it's cold, scary, or euphoric, but WHY?" Tags="&lt;function&gt;&lt;hair-follicle&gt;&lt;fight-or-flight&gt;&lt;goosebumps&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10013" CreationDate="2016-11-10T07:02:24.857" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Salt :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salt is one of the fundamental dental cleansing agents that has been used for ages. It helps replenish lost mineral content in the teeth and helps revive their white color.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use common salt regularly each morning as a tooth powder instead of toothpaste. Another option is to mix common salt with charcoal and brush your teeth with it regularly.&#xA;You can also mix common salt with baking soda and gently rub it on your teeth.&#xA;Be extra careful using salt as it can cause damage to your gums and tooth enamel if used roughly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemon :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bleaching property present in lemons can also help get rid of yellow discoloration. In fact, gargling with lemon juice and scrubbing your teeth with lemon peel is one of the best ways to make your teeth white again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mix together a few drops of lemon juice and some salt.&#xA;Apply the mixture on the stained teeth and rub the paste vigorously over your teeth and gums. Leave it on for a few minutes and then rinse your mouth thoroughly with water.&#xA;Do this twice daily for about two weeks to get rid of tartar and the yellow tinge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Orange Peel :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cleaning your teeth with fresh orange peel on a regular basis will reduce the yellow tinge accumulated on your teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rub orange peel over your teeth every night before going to sleep. The vitamin C and calcium in the orange peel will combat the microorganisms throughout the night.&#xA;Do this for a few weeks and you will notice effective results.&#xA;If fresh orange peel is not available, you can use dried orange peel powder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strawberries :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strawberries contain a good amount of vitamin C, which helps make your teeth whiter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Home remedy for yellow teeth&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grind a few strawberries into a paste. Rub the paste on your teeth gently. If done twice daily for a few weeks, the yellow tinge on your teeth will vanish.&#xA;Another option is to mix the pulp of one strawberry with one-half teaspoon of baking soda and spread the mixture onto your teeth and let it sit for a few minutes. Rinse out your mouth and brush your teeth with toothpaste to get rid of any residue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-yellow-teeth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-yellow-teeth.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T07:02:24.857" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10022" CreationDate="2016-11-10T09:23:29.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getting goose bumps is a reflex, which is an action your body has automatically without you even thinking about it. This particular reflex is known as the pilomotor reflex. Humans aren't the only mammals that have this reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Function of Goosebumps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As for animals, the pilomotor reflex in them often has the effect of making an animal look bigger. This might help to scare away potential enemies that may have caused the fear reaction in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Goosebumps experienced in times of cold is the body's way of preserving its own heat by causing the hairs on the skin to stand up, thus reducing heat loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do the hairs stand up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you get cold or experience a strong emotion, your brain sends signals to your muscles that make them tense up. When the muscles in your skin that are attached to hairs do this, they make the hairs stand up and pull your skin up just a bit, creating goose bumps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some primal benefit that no longer benefits us?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered by some to be a vestigial reflex; some [who?] believe its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger to scare off predators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do other animals experience this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, animals too experience goosebumps. For example, when porcupines are threatened, their quills raise in a reflex action. Similarly, you may have seen a cat's or a dog's hairs stand on end when they sense danger or feel afraid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-you-get-goose-bumps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-you-get-goose-bumps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-10T14:18:58.333" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T14:18:58.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10016" CreationDate="2016-11-10T10:12:37.230" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, we do know that he became ill on November 22 and died on December 5, 1791, one of many during a fever epidemic. According to his sister-in-law, Sophie, Mozart had a very high fever and was unconscious for most of his illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The researchers looked at death records in Vienna during the months surrounding Mozart's death — November and December 1791 and January 1792, and compared causes of death with the previous and following years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We saw that at the time of Mozart's death there was a minor epidemic in deaths involving edema (swelling), which also happened to be the hallmark of Mozart's final disease,” said Dr. Richard Zegers of the University of Amsterdam, one of the study's authors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on the possible causes of his death, visit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/09/killed-mozart/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/09/killed-mozart/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chron.com/news/bizarre/article/Cause-of-Mozart-s-death-revealed-218-years-1735278.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.chron.com/news/bizarre/article/Cause-of-Mozart-s-death-revealed-218-years-1735278.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T10:12:37.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10026" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10032" CreationDate="2016-11-10T16:02:48.680" Score="5" ViewCount="1185" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the increased circulation and sperm production (in men) what long term and short term benefits can you get with a cold shower every day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clarify, short term effects such as immediate neurological or cardiovascular benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By long term effects, I'm wondering about maybe boosting your body's immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7293" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:41:18.967" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T22:41:18.967" Title="What are the health benefits of cold showers?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-10T18:46:18.137" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long can I store Magnesium Chloride tablets with my other medications? I use a one-week pill organizer and wonder if the water absorbing properties of the magnesium are a concern within  that timeframe. I have been storing the magnesium separately from the rest but would like to have them all in one compartment if this is not an issue. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7294" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T22:33:42.853" Title="Storing pills together" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-10T20:02:04.443" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any research/study/survey/... that looked at how the reasons why physicians and other clinical researchers do not systematically publish in open access venues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swan, Alma. &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=ptsR-DIXX-AC&amp;amp;pg=PA26&amp;amp;lpg=PA26&amp;amp;dq=Percentage+of+total+scholarly+literature+available+in+open+access+repositories+by+year+of+publication+broken+down+by+discipline&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=4Bl_7XTuwm&amp;amp;sig=ygB4srJqK6zwYBWnIeSYbltR5rk&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiU26jb9dfOAhWEVh4KHRiaBY8Q6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Percentage%20of%20total%20scholarly%20literature%20available%20in%20open%20access%20repositories%20by%20year%20of%20publication%20broken%20down%20by%20discipline&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access&lt;/a&gt;. UNESCO, 2012. shows that level of open access is low in medical sciences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1rwWp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1rwWp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-09-19T04:25:58.050" Title="Why don't physicians systematically publish in open access venues?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10030" CreationDate="2016-11-10T20:39:07.087" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For several reasons:&lt;/strong&gt; (if I really understand what you are asking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The layman wouldn't understand medical terminology.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Worse, they would certainly misunderstand studies results. That might be dangerous.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One simple study in medicine means nothing. Nowadays it's all &quot;evidence based medicine&quot; which means &quot;what one worker found in one study has to be confirmed by several others in order to be accepted by the medical community as a universal truth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A layman reading the protocol of a research paper wouldn't understand it. Nor would they understand the statistics involved in validating the results.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are other reasons but these must suffice to explain why medical literature isn't published in mainstream magazines. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T20:39:07.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10026" CreationDate="2016-11-10T21:11:18.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short-Term Benefits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cold showers boost recovery after exercise: Athletes often take ice baths after vigorous training do reduce soreness. You don’t have to take it that far, but you can obtain a similar benefit with a quick cold shower after your training sessions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cold showers increase mood and alertness: When cold water pours over your body, your breathing deepens in response to the shock of the cold (this is your body trying to keep you warm by increasing overall oxygen intake). Your heart rate will also increase, resulting in a rush of blood through your body that will help you get energized for the day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-Term Benefits&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cold showers burn fat: There are two kinds of fat in your body: white fat and brown fat. White fat is the body fat we all know and struggle to get rid of. When we consume more calories than our body needs to function and we don’t burn those calories for energy, they are stored as white fat. Brown fat,&quot;the good fat&quot;, is activated when we're exposed to extreme cold in order to generate energy and keep our body warm.Cold showers also speeds up your metabolic rate which helps to lose fat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Relieve depressive symptoms: &quot;A lifestyle that lacks certain physiological stressors that have been experienced by primates through millions of years of evolution, such as brief changes in body temperature(e.g cold swim) and this lack of &quot;thermal exercise&quot; may cause inadequate functioning of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cold showers strengthen immunity and circulation: Remember how I mentioned that cold showers speed up your metabolic rate, which helps you lose fat? The increase of this rate activates your immune system, which releases virus-fighting white blood cells that will help you get sick less frequently. Cold showers also increase your overall blood circulation, which can help you avoid hypertension and the hardening of arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But still there are various temperature degrees of cold water that may harm the body while some relieves it. For more information about these temperature degrees, visit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049052/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049052/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more on the long and short term benefits, visit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/benefits-cold-showers-7-reasons-why-taking-cool-showers-good-your-health-289524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicaldaily.com/benefits-cold-showers-7-reasons-why-taking-cool-showers-good-your-health-289524&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/surprising-benefits-cold-showers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/surprising-benefits-cold-showers.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T09:41:56.067" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T09:41:56.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10029" CreationDate="2016-11-10T22:33:42.853" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prescription drugs always have a label with their expiration date.  That date is only valid if you keep the tablets/pills/solution in their original containers. Once you remove them, they are exposed to air humidity and they deteriorate quicker. Therefore, your physician wouldn't advise you to remove the pills from their original package and store them somewhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T22:33:42.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10022" CreationDate="2016-11-10T23:00:02.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a hair stands on end, heat loss increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT - I meant this to be a comment...as an answer it's obviously incomplete.  I'll add that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;getting gooseflesh is an innate reflex - an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to specific stimuli, especially cold, nervousness, anxiety, excitement, or fear. It may have been useful to human beings a million years ago but it serves no purpose to the present homo sapiens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastEditorUserId="7280" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T22:38:03.800" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T22:38:03.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10020" CreationDate="2016-11-10T23:09:44.560" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;an MD is an MD. If you want an intensive course for a health professional, give it another name: &quot;medical assistant&quot;, &quot;health technician&quot;, etc.  These professionals wouldn't obviously perform surgery. Instead, their training should be focused on the top 90% diseases they are more likely to see in their everyday practice. Find what diseases and disorders are more prevalent in your area: yellow fever? rheumatic heart disease? HIV infection? Dengue or Zica fever?  Diseases caused by Helmints and Protozooa? TB?  And then train your technicians on the diagnosis and treatment of those disorders.  That's the logical thing to do if a country is very poor and can't afford to have decent medical schools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T23:09:44.560" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9802" CreationDate="2016-11-10T23:23:04.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, the best thing to eat before surgery is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;absolutely nothing&lt;/a&gt;.  This is done to reduce the risk of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aspiration pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;, as your swallowing reflex doesn't work right under general anesthesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor may have specific instructions to the contrary, so ask them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2016-11-10T23:23:04.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-10T23:29:37.750" Score="2" ViewCount="1702" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps, if one had been active for hours and goes for a swim during the night, would it be possible for the person to fall asleep or get really sleepy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7297" LastActivityDate="2019-07-09T19:50:13.683" Title="Is it possible to fall asleep while swimming?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T00:21:00.100" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Exercise-Induced Asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only feel satisfied when I'm either exhausted or when my muscles won't push any further.&#xA;In general I don't like medication, I've always at least tried to have my body cure the disease, and at this point I almost never get sick.&#xA;But Asthma is a chronic disease so there's no way around it.&#xA;I've been given medication, which I have not been using, despite all the headaches, chest pain, and all around unpleasantness.&#xA;But I can't reach my limits, and my thing isn't really building muscle, so I need to be able to train. A lot.&#xA;I've decided it'd be best to take medication, otherwise I'm not getting anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is whether there are any long term usage secondary effects.&#xA;I know from experience there are short term ones - I feel some chest pain while training and if I use it daily (because I have tried it in the past, when I was diagnosed), whenever I stop using it, I feel the effects of Asthma a hell of a lot more. I did it for a week and when I stopped, I found that the next day I felt breathlessness simply getting out of bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were to use the medication that has been prescribed to me daily, how serious are or how serious can these previously described &quot;short-term symptoms&quot; get? Are there any long-term ones? And if so, how serious are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7298" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:53:02.423" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:53:02.423" Title="Exercise-Induced Asthma Daily Medication Use Short and Long Term Effects?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;&lt;exercise-induced-asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10037" CreationDate="2016-11-11T00:33:30.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In USMC basic training we had to learn the so-called T-Float. It's a survival float where you just hang in the water with your body limp, then every 10 seconds or so you bring your hands up towards your chest, straight out into a T, exhale, and then push down with your hands. You then tilt your head out of the water and inhale. In order to pass, the recruit has to do this for 30 minutes. I did, but fell quite asleep while doing so. They had to wake me up to get me out of the pool. Man, was I relaxed after that!&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;So yes! You can fall asleep in the water, not necessarily while swimming, as in moving from point A to point B, but you can fall asleep without drowning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2019-07-09T19:50:13.683" LastActivityDate="2019-07-09T19:50:13.683" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11181" CreationDate="2016-11-11T01:17:53.153" Score="4" ViewCount="610" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that alcohol is the only &quot;drug&quot; one can die from during a drug-withdrawal? Someone recently told me they heard this from rehab, but it doesn't resonate as true... but then again, I'm not expert in health matters. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:29:54.537" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T15:44:26.490" Title="Is it true that alcohol is the only &quot;drug&quot; one can die from during a drug-withdrawal? What are the symptoms of the withdrawal?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;&lt;alcohol-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T01:48:58.230" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the information I have found online concerning intoeing (pigeon footedness) only concerns intoeing in younger children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who has a 9-year-old child who is displaying increasing intoeing and it was first noticed when the child was 8-years-old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What treatments are there, if any for intoeing in children &lt;strong&gt;OLDER THAN 8 YEARS&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T03:57:10.733" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T03:57:10.733" Title="Intoeing in older children" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;&lt;toe&gt;&lt;intoeing-pigeon-toe-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T03:15:40.567" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective is compression therapy to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/shopping/product/18321388777909170404?q=arm+massager&amp;amp;num=50&amp;amp;espv=2&amp;amp;biw=1920&amp;amp;bih=890&amp;amp;prds=paur:ClkAsKraXxuzFKog-K7j4dq2JCls1kMlbPaq2wlEOgKDEupKZylU5Yzz4puNpQx_iB0re54yRx6puiBiO_hw32z3k2cB7nG9KH1TqdanU0KrXXmyqELtzMtYBhIZAFPVH71IC0GSICB6CU1p4YW4UwNwFaaa7A&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiR9dbIwO3PAhVFPj4KHcxgALEQ8wII_AQwAw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example of  compression therapy messager&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mQpvw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mQpvw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T03:15:40.567" Title="How effective is compression therapy to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T05:22:18.647" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak and brittle, and lose mass/strength. So medication for osteoporosis increases bone mass and makes them stronger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what happens if a regular person with perfectly fine bones is given osteoporosis medication (Bisphosphonates)? Is their bone density going to increase or is the body going to simply ignore it and pass it out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Part of the below has been included into the question from the comments)&#xA;Every adult person (normal or sick) has two ongoing processes in their bones - resorption (older bone tissue gets absorbed) and regeneration (new bone tissue gets created and added to bone structure). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteoporosis occurs when the rate of resorption is greater than the rate of regeneration - more bone being absorbed than is being created, thus leading to lower bone mass/density. This typically occurs in older patients whose bodies' regenerative capacity is starting to decrease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bisphosphonates (osteoporosis medication) are supposed to act by inhibiting the resorption of bone tissue. (If the mechanism is different, please do clarify in the comments or an answer.) Is there any reason this should happen only in a person with an already reduced rate of regeneration (something like the action of a catalyst which depends on the relative ratio of something and not on the absolute number)?. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, is the action of a bisphosphonate simply to reduce the rate of resorption (so that the new rate of resorption matches that of the naturally reduced rate of regeneration)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case it is the latter, is it not to be expected that the chemical will do the exact same thing (reduce the rate of resorption) in a normal person (whose bone regeneration rate is still the same) as well as a patient? Could this, in a healthy person, lead to the bones becoming more dense/massive than is normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7299" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T18:18:35.387" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:18:35.387" Title="What happens if a regular person is given osteoporosis medication (Bisphosphonates)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;osteoporosis&gt;&lt;bone-density&gt;&lt;catalyst&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T06:21:00.773" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend tells me that by the time you feel the first symptoms of a cold (runny nose, sore throat, whatever the first symptoms are), your immune system has actually already killed the virus, and the whole sequence of symptoms, from sore throat, to runny nose, to sneezing, to coughing, are just the body going through a kind of unnecessary routine, triggered by the virus, but not actually killing it since it's already been killed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds unlikely to me, but is it true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I do understand that it's not clear what it means for a virus to killed since it's not clear a virus is alive in the first place. I don't know if the claim is that the virus has been deactivated, or actually removed from the body, or what. But the gist is that the virus has basically been &quot;dealt with&quot; before you feel the symptoms.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Also, I realize that even if the threat of the virus has already been removed, perhaps the sequence of symptoms is somehow a necessary part of the way the immune system works -- related, say, to how the body remembers the virus for the next time -- but still the question is whether the symptoms are not about actually ridding the body of the virus right now, since it's already been dealt with.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7300" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-19T04:42:49.073" LastActivityDate="2016-11-19T04:42:49.073" Title="has your body killed a cold virus before you experience any symptoms?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T09:57:52.620" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard some rumours from my peers that eating packaged butter on a daily basis could increase the risk of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This goes from the &lt;em&gt;presumption&lt;/em&gt; that packaged dairy products contain a certain amount of preservatives which, when ingested, might cause cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really/possibly true? Are there any studies about this that prove/disprove/discusses this matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6763" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T10:03:13.940" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T13:15:03.620" Title="Does regular intake of (packaged) butter increase the risk of cancer?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10073" CreationDate="2016-11-11T10:16:20.013" Score="1" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there are several versions of sign languages out there for the deaf, hearing-impaired, and mute individuals (like we have American Sign Language -- ASL:, which must mean we have other dialects of English Sign language, correct?), but &lt;strong&gt;how many languages of sign language do we actually have?&lt;/strong&gt; I understand the need to have different signs for different letters in different languages that don't use the same alphabet so that spellings can be different for their respective native tongue, but... &lt;strong&gt;is there an entire new system of sign language for each language?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know nothing about braille, but was &lt;strong&gt;wondering how many different forms of braille there are?&lt;/strong&gt; Since it's reading letters... I imagine it would have a different system for each alphabet system, right? Or is it more complicated than that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please do enlighten me on this. I do feel very ignorant because even though I was born hearing-impaired and wore hearing aids my entire life and gone through speech therapy and had an interest in sign language... I never learned it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:26:39.667" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:26:39.667" Title="How many different dialects of sign-language are there? And braille for the blind? Is it a different system for each language?" Tags="&lt;blind&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;&lt;communication&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T11:09:44.623" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently working on a project related to Parkinson's disease, and I learnt a lot about how PD develops. In this context, I ran into a question that I could not answer myself. As PD results in a degeneration of dopaminergic brain cell, it causes a deficit of the neurotransmitter dopamine. The symptoms that can be observed and that are typical for PD are mostly affecting the motor capabilities of a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: How can one explain the tremor in the hands of a patient for example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assumed that if there is a neurotransmitter missing, it would result in the affected body parts to become numb and immobile. However, for PD, the patient heavily struggles to perform voluntary movement, but involuntary movements seem to be present quite a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7304" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-11T11:48:38.617" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T11:48:38.617" Title="Dopamine deficit consequences for PD" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;parkinson&gt;&lt;dopamine&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10054" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10057" CreationDate="2016-11-11T13:55:42.200" Score="2" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there anything a friend can do for someone experiencing a sudden panic attack?&lt;/strong&gt; Or is it something that &quot;this too shall pass&quot; and you just comfort them and make sure they don't do anything dangerous, i.e. suicide? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend is experiencing tunnel vision, hyperventilation, heart palpitations, a sense of impending doom, sweating, uncontrollable crying. &lt;em&gt;As a friend, this is scary for me to watch... but I know it's much scarier for the individual.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What can I do to calm them down?&lt;/strong&gt; (They are currently under a a tremendous amount of work, school, emotional, familial, health, financial and now political stress). I don't have any reason to think they would inflict harm on themselves (attempt suicide), but I hate to see them in such distress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T11:11:01.930" Title="How to calm down a friend experiencing a panic attack?" Tags="&lt;panic-attack&gt;&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;&lt;tunnel-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10054" CreationDate="2016-11-11T14:56:33.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When in the middle of a panic attack, immediate relief of anxiety symptoms can come from taking a sedative type anti-anxiety medication such as Xanax, Klonopin, and Ativan. These drugs are provided at least in the beginning of medical therapy, but are not for long-term use. So when you notice a friend is liable of experiencing panic attacks, it's advisable to have the medications listed above in case of emergencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain antidepressants can help prevent anxiety and reduce the frequency and severity of panic attacks, but are not used for immediate relief during an attack. Frequently used antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac, Paxil, Celexa, Lexapro, and Zoloft.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-panic-attack-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-panic-attack-treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T14:56:33.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10054" CreationDate="2016-11-11T15:29:23.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your friend has had similar attacks in the past and he has been told by a general practitioner or a psychyatrist that those were panic attacks, just help him calm down and tell him that the feeling of impending doom, the sweats, dizziness, palpítations and difficult breathing are all part of the clinical picture of a panic attack. Convince him that if he tries to calm down, the symptoms will go away more easily.  Prescription drugs (such as Alprazolam and Clonazepam) are helpful and if one of them is available it's certainly because it was prescribed by his doctor. In this case he has also received instructions on how to take it in an emergency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then again, &lt;strong&gt;if it's the first time a friend of yours is suffering an attack and you are not an MD, take him to an E.R. immediately.&lt;/strong&gt; You may be wrong and it may be another type of medical emergency. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T15:29:23.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T19:11:38.830" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to two different eye doctors, both with good reputations, requesting and asking to do a lasik operation on my eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first one said he would do and &quot;Ultra-lasik&quot; operation, because it is the most recent, quickest and has very low recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second one said I needed the original &quot;lasik&quot; operation, because my eyes thankfully have no problems. (He said the original lasik is used with people whose eyes have no problem, femtolasik for people with fewer-than-normal cornea layers, ultralasik for people with even fewer cornea layers, and femto-smile for people that have so few layers that they can't even open the eye flap they open to do the operation (I am not sure of the exact name of this flap)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I decide which is better?&lt;/strong&gt; Each doctor gave 2 entirely different extremes. Does this indicate they are equally good, or that one doctor is wrong? Where can I learn enough to make a good decision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7306" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-17T21:33:32.350" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T02:59:04.703" Title="Lasik Operation Choice" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T21:48:01.343" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just have really mild itchiness and I noticed it hurt when I tried to scratch my ear. It is nothing severe but I don't want it to become severe. I have not swum recently. I don't know if it matters but I also have type 1 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7308" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T02:06:20.610" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T02:06:20.610" Title="What can cause mild irritation in my outer ear besides swimming?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;outer-external-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9424" CreationDate="2016-11-11T22:10:20.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally, the approach to the diet is a bit mathematic thanks to the Carbohydrate Counting. The Insulin Sensitivity Factor(ISF) and the Insulin-Carbohydrate(I:C) ratio help to calculate the right amount of Insulin needed for each meal.&#xA;If needed the ISF it's helpful the make some corrections to the Blood Sugar level, even before the meal, to be added to the normal amount of insulin.&#xA;For example for a 150gr meal of rice (28gr carbs/100gr) and with a I:C ratio of 1u:10gr, you will need 4.2 units of insulin to compensate the meal. &#xA;Let's assume that you have a BG of 175, with a target of 120, there is a delta of 55, with an ISF of 30mg/dl per U, you'll need 1.8 units of insulin.&#xA;In total for your meal, you will need 6 units of insulin to reach the BG target .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, a diabetic person have to spend as much time as a normal person planning the meals. The difference (unless you already know that) is that you should know the weight and the macros of (almost) everything that you're eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how to calculate the ISF and the I:C:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(ISF) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;amp;id=7605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;amp;id=7605&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I:C) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;amp;id=7303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;amp;id=7303&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2016-11-11T22:10:20.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-11T21:47:28.483" Score="2" ViewCount="5510" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I'm 1 week pregnant and I've been smoking everyday since then how did that effect the fetus? And if there's like any damage how can i fix my mistake? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Jay" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:41:15.687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T23:07:10.933" Title="What are the effects of smoking in the first week of pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;1st-trimester&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-12T01:57:22.173" Score="1" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can diapers cause Toxic-Shock-Syndrome (TSS) like tampons do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that tampons have notoriously been linked to TSS if they are not changed frequently enough..... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I know that diapers are not inserted internally in the infant, I was wondering if I diaper has been neglected to be changed for many hours if the bacteria could work it's way into the system? I know it's never mentioned so it must be extremely rare if it did, but is it possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is the staph or strep bacteria caused by blood, and hence just linked to tampons in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:57:26.887" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:57:26.887" Title="Can diapers cause Toxic-Shock-Syndrome (TSS) like tampons do?" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;tampons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T05:07:35.543" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-12T04:49:43.870" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the role of surgery when treating an overuse tendinitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By overuse tendinitis, I really mean tendinitis, not tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} indicates that the role of surgery when treating an overuse tendinitis is unknown, but the paper was published over 15 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8Ef5q.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8Ef5q.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Khan, Karim M., Jill L. Cook, Jack E. Taunton, and Fiona Bonar. &quot;Overuse tendinosis, not tendinitis: part 1: a new paradigm for a difficult clinical problem.&quot; The Physician and sportsmedicine 28, no. 5 (2000): 38-48. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13346535918941309441&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13346535918941309441&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.massagebyjoel.com/downloads/OveruseTendinosis-PhysSptsmed.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.massagebyjoel.com/downloads/OveruseTendinosis-PhysSptsmed.pdf&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.05.890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.05.890&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T23:17:07.663" Title="What is the role of surgery when treating an overuse tendinitis?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10061" CreationDate="2016-11-12T06:14:56.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are still very early in your pregnancy, so it is likely that everything will be fine if you take measures to stop smoking now.  I would highly suggest meeting with your OBGYN to discuss safe methods for smoking cessation during pregnancy.  The earlier you quit, the better off your baby's development will be.  Prenatal smoking has been associated with premature births, low-birthweight, as well as behavioral problems throughout childhood and adolescence.  It is important to note, however, that the severity of these effects depend on a number of factors, including length of time the mother smoked while pregnant, how much she smoked while pregnant, as well as other health-related issues of the mother.  Early intervention to stop smoking, as well as comprehensive prenatal care for both you and your baby are very important.  But again, it is still very early in your pregnancy, so with proper healthcare, it is likely that all will be well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7309" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T06:14:56.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9603" CreationDate="2016-11-12T09:23:50.470" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of splints have you tried? A NTI (or similar) anterior splint only covers your front teeth so there would be less of problem with dry mouth. If it is a mouth guard, it will be too thick and uncomfortable to wear to sleep. Using dry mouth solutions/gels may help with your dry mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could also look at the causes of your grinding. If it only occurred in the last few years, the likely cause is stress related. You could also look at orthodontic correction of your occlusion (how your teeth come together). This can help but there is no guarantee with the result, so you could spend lots of money and get no improvement. I could go on and on about this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can not tolerate any splint (guard) at all, you can build up your canine teeth if possible to &quot;protect&quot; other teeth from wear to some extent. Beyond that it is very difficult to solve this problem and will result in long term wear and damage to your teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Disclaimer: This was written by a dentist who I contacted)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3835" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T09:23:50.470" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3557" CreationDate="2016-11-12T13:02:16.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question  implies that breastfeeding is an unpleasant and inconvenient thing that should be put up with as long as possible to give a baby &quot;enough&quot; benefit, at which time the box can be ticked and everyone can stop. However most families that nurse past 6 months find it a convenient and pleasant thing, so there's no particular pressure to stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Canadian government, in conjunction with the medical association, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/infant-nourisson/recom/recom-6-24-months-6-24-mois-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommends&lt;/a&gt; exclusively breastmilk for 6 months, and a mix of &quot;real food&quot; and breastmilk after that up to age 2 or longer. The &quot;or longer&quot; part is typically determined by how nursing is working for that particular family. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a whole paragraph of studies and sources from that page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Breastfeeding beyond six months has been associated with a number of positive infant and maternal health outcomes. Breastfeeding longer, in addition to a wide range of other determinants, may have a protective effect against overweight and obesity in childhood (Arenz, Rückerl, Koletzko, &amp;amp; von Kries, 2004; Scott, Ng, &amp;amp; Cobiac, 2012; von Kries et al., 1999). Limited evidence suggests breastfeeding continues to provide immune factors during the first and second years (Goldman, Goldblum, &amp;amp; Garza, 1983; Goldman, Garza, Nichols, &amp;amp; Goldblum, 1982). An observational study suggests breastfeeding to 12 months may protect against infectious illnesses, particularly gastrointestinal and respiratory infections (Fisk et al., 2011). Findings have consistently shown a decreased risk of maternal breast cancer with longer durations of breastfeeding (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2002; Chang-Claude, Eby, Kiechle, Bastert, &amp;amp; Becher, 2000; Brinton et al., 1995). Limited evidence also suggests a protective effect for the breastfeeding mother against ovarian cancer (Luan et al., 2013; Su, Pasalich, Lee, &amp;amp; Binns, 2013; World Cancer Research Fund &amp;amp; American Institute for Cancer Research, 2013). Mothers who breastfeed their older infants and young children also report experiencing an increased sensitivity and bonding with their child (Britton, Britton, &amp;amp; Gronwaldt, 2006; Fergusson &amp;amp; Woodward, 1999; Kendall-Tackett &amp;amp; Sugarman, 1995).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend not trying to decide before birth how long the baby will nurse. After age 1 it's not only up to the mother, and it's possible a toddler will wean even though the family had planned to keep providing breastmilk for some time more. Committing to &quot;at least 6 months&quot; is probably the best strategy to start with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T22:58:02.603" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T22:58:02.603" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-12T17:14:43.670" Score="2" ViewCount="7964" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently come across two terms &quot;Anxiolytic drugs&quot; and &quot;Anti-depressant drugs&quot;. I wanted to know how they differ from each other; &lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt; they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, sure, &quot;anxiety&quot; isn't the same as &quot;depression&quot; but do the &lt;em&gt;effects&lt;/em&gt; of these drugs differ widely (so much, that they're classified under different names)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, Chlorodiazepoxide is classified as an anxiolytic drug, while Phenelzine is classified as an anti-depressant. Say I had a patient &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; who's been prescribed Chlorodiazepoxide; patient &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; has been prescribed Phenelzine by a different physician. Barring possible allergic reactions, or some kind of known sensitivity to either drug, could they possibly take &lt;em&gt;each other's&lt;/em&gt; medication and hope for more or less, the same effect? As in; &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; takes Phenelzine, but &lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt; takes Chlorodiazepoxide. [I just cooked up that example, only to see the difference between the two classes of drugs]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still in High School, so if my question seems a little naive, apologies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7272" LastEditorUserId="7272" LastEditDate="2017-05-06T19:03:06.160" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T19:03:06.160" Title="Is there a difference between anti-anxiety and anti-depression drugs?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;benzodiazepines&gt;&lt;anti-anxiety-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10051" CreationDate="2016-11-12T19:45:35.637" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question sounds more appropriate for the Linguistics SE. I'll answer it here anyhow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASL is based on French Sign Language, the first sign language teacher came from France. AFAIK, the Franch sign language formed spontaneously as soon as there were cities and communities of deaf children. When there is no sign language, but other people who are deaf, the children will spontaneously begin to sign and create a new language. Abroad, many countries got their first language from teacher from the US, so for example Philippine's Sign Language is based on ASL. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These languages have almost no relationship to the speaking communities language. ASL's grammar is more similar to Chinese than to English. But what about fingerspell? Yes, that is one way that English can be encode with your hands. Attempting to write English with your hands is mind-numbingly slow. To communicate at a normal rate, you have to use strategies that prevent 1:1 compatibility with English. This doesn't stop well wishing amateurs from suggesting some sort of &quot;manual English&quot;, SEE (Signed Exact English) is one current contender for a &quot;English-fied&quot; sign language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding dialects of ASL, there are a certain number of Deaf schools. Community differences in signing vary by which school you attended. One famous example is the many regionally different ways to sign Pizza in ASL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Braille on the otherhand is &lt;em&gt;English&lt;/em&gt;. The blind can hear and speak English just fine. So their community is the English speaking community &amp;amp; can read it just fine. For the Deaf community, where ASL is their first language, often they don't learn English as well. This creates a massive cultural war between those who want to force English on the Deaf (at the expense of ASL) and those who favor bilingualism. AFAIK, no one is advocating ASL-only, the Deaf need to deal with the hearing community all the time and it's uncontroversially valuable to be able to understand English, the more fluent the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7313" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T19:45:35.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-12T20:46:40.413" Score="1" ViewCount="858" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In medical contexts, rhotacism is the inability or difficulty in&#xA;  pronouncing the sound &lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do adults have a significantly high chance of overcoming rhotacism, if putting in enough effort? Is there any scientific research around the subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-12T23:15:34.820" LastActivityDate="2016-11-12T23:15:34.820" Title="Can adults overcome rhotacism?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;speech&gt;&lt;speech-therapy&gt;&lt;speech-pathology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10075" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-12T23:34:03.750" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard it several times before that hotter climates regions of the world often have more individuals that exhibit more aggression and violent behavior than colder climates do (that is not to say that colder climates don't have violent people, but that it is more prevalent in hotter climates because the heat causes an arousal). However, I've been reading mixed reviews. And I'm a bit skeptical if that is biased research.... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CNN article I read addressed the arguments for it and against it, and I'm wondering if there is a scholarly article that is more convincing and comes down on either side of the argument? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/07/health/climate-violence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/07/health/climate-violence/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:38:02.567" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T04:59:04.113" Title="Is there a pattern of increased aggression/violent behaviors in hotter climates? Scientific Research? Mixed reviews" Tags="&lt;geography&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;&lt;violent-behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-13T12:20:20.380" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long should it take for a woman to return to her pre pregnancy weight after giving birth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;She is at a healthy weight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No other issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would probably be some sought of range and my guess is straight away is too short&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T11:25:50.730" Title="How long should it take for a woman to return to her pre pregnancy weight" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10077" CreationDate="2016-11-13T14:13:10.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dr Julie Wray, of Salford University, interviewed women two to three weeks, three months and six to seven months after they had given birth to gain a unique insight into postnatal recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She concluded that it takes a year to recover from childbirth. Her study also revealed significant dissatisfaction amongst new mothers with postnatal services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first few days after you give birth, you'll lose weight quickly, as the extra water you carried during late pregnancy is passed out in your wee and sweat. You will lose more weight as the amount of circulating blood returns to normal levels, and your uterus gets smaller. But after this, weight loss tends to slow down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2102517/Women-need-year-recover-childbirth-study-finds.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2102517/Women-need-year-recover-childbirth-study-finds.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a536333/your-body-after-the-birth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a536333/your-body-after-the-birth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T14:13:10.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-13T18:05:13.857" Score="1" ViewCount="4549" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 74 year old Dad has lower Sodium and Chloride than normal in his bloodwork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After taking 1/2 teaspoon of salt with his dinner, the Sodium and Chloride levels are still low, but blood pressure is high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have exact numbers right now, will post as soon as I receive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard low Sodium levels can lead to seizure and stroke. Plus he's depressed at how his life turned out, so that's lot of stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor he goes to is not even board certified and she didn't seem concerned by such levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell what kind of Specialist can help my dad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;More Info&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In May 2016 Dad went to Pulmonologist, blood pressure was 120/61, yet sodium and chloride were low&#xA;Then Dad started taking 1/2 teaspoon of salt with dinner&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 days ago went to Internal Medical Doctor, blood pressure was 140/70 but&#xA;Sodium level is 129&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T08:39:54.790" Title="Specialist to treat low Sodium" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10079" CreationDate="2016-11-13T18:53:10.390" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The type of specialist you should see is a hematologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hematologist is a blood specialist who monitors healthy blood levels, and diagnoses and treats diseases of the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7Bad3ed5c5-0488-4f09-92aa-429c889c1943%7D/what-is-a-hematologist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/%7Bad3ed5c5-0488-4f09-92aa-429c889c1943%7D/what-is-a-hematologist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hyponatremia/doctors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/h/hyponatremia/doctors.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T08:39:54.790" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T08:39:54.790" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9207" CreationDate="2016-11-13T20:27:40.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get a better control of diabetes, the best option is to use an Insulin Pump with a Continuos Glucose Monitor. (CGM)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Insulin Pump allows you to absume Insulin without using needles, having a fully customizable Basal Profile and many other functionalities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CGM keeps your Blood Sugar under control in a continuos way, knowing the trend of it instead of just the current value.&#xA;Some Insulin Pumps (Medtronic) can integrate the functionality of the CGM, having everything in one device. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the Insulin, there are various types and brands. The best option is to talk a Diabetologist and cautiously find the one that map your BG response. On average, a person with type 1 diabetes needs from 0.5-1 U of insulin for each kg of weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a healty lifestile and a correct nutrition is a fundamental to manage diabetes. &#xA;To keep track of the food and the macros there are a lot of Apps that allows you to have a nutritional overview. (for example MyFitnessPal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I would suggest to start from here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin types:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-types-insulin#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-types-insulin#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin intake:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/1115/p2343.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/1115/p2343.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T20:27:40.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10079" CreationDate="2016-11-13T20:52:00.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, your dad shouldn't see a hematologist.  Hyponatremia (low plasma sodium levels) has several different causes.  To mention just a few: certain medications, congestive heart failure, certain diseases affecting the kidneys or liver, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH), chronic, severe vomiting or diarrhea, drinking too much water, dehydration, adrenal gland insufficiency (Addison's disease), low levels of thyroid hormone, the recreational drug Ecstasy, etc.  Your dad should, therefore, be seen by an internist who will find out what is causing hyponatremia. He will then refer your father to a nephrologist, cardiologist, endocrinologist, depending on his diagnosis. But never a hematologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T20:52:00.597" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10065" CreationDate="2016-11-13T21:06:32.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on your age, clinical treatment with rest, physiotherapy, NSAID, epicondylitis, both lateral and medial, may take one to several months to resolve. Surgery is a last resort and should be reserved to those cases where there is complete rupture of a tendon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T21:06:32.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10075" CreationDate="2016-11-13T21:14:10.180" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never found any scientific evidence to back me up but I always thought hot weather predisposes people to violence.  However, it may be that during the very cold months of winter people tend to be indoors most of the time and outdoor interaction and sports are less frequent. Anyway, it would be interesting to check the statistics of violence reports in the northern US states in January and in July and compare them. That might tell us something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-13T21:14:10.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-13T21:48:14.890" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a somewhat smoggy/polluted city, where the air pollution level regularly varies from totally clean to fairly dirty (3 mile visibility).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I'm exercising (cycling) and the air is on the dirtyish side, I try to only inhale air through my nose, because it filters out the particles... right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific data on this? How effective is nose-breathing at filtering contaminants?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7323" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:44:44.313" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:17:49.130" Title="Does nose-breathing filter out pollutants?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10108" CreationDate="2016-11-14T03:13:42.770" Score="1" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between blackheads  and or whiteheads? Are different types of oils (sebaceous) involved? Or are they irritated by different things? Or does one become a pimple? And the other one is more of a blemish? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T12:11:24.257" Title="What are the differences between blackheads and whiteheads? Different oils? Or different outcome?" Tags="&lt;pores&gt;&lt;hair-follicle&gt;&lt;sebum-oil&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10099" CreationDate="2016-11-14T04:17:25.190" Score="1" ViewCount="672" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always thought and assumed it truth that earlobes and noses continued to grow because cartilage doesn't stop growing, but I've heard it's actually due to gravity. Which one is true? Or do both contribute? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T04:22:44.223" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T13:38:13.223" Title="Is it true that our earlobes and noses elongate because of gravity -- not necessareily cartilage growth?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;earlobes&gt;&lt;cartilage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10093" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10094" CreationDate="2016-11-14T08:09:49.753" Score="2" ViewCount="220" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is inflammation of the hearth muscle (myocarditis) diagnosed? What are typical symptoms? What is it commonly mixed up with? How do you differentiate reliably?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="944" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T16:18:49.820" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T16:18:49.820" Title="How is myocarditis diagnosed?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10093" CreationDate="2016-11-14T09:38:52.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis of myocarditis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To diagnose myocarditis, your doctor may conduct a physical examination, and discuss your medical history and any signs or symptoms you may have. If your doctor suspects myocarditis, he or she might order one or more tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of your condition, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MRI. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will show your heart's size, shape and structure. This test can show signs of inflammation of the heart muscle and help make or confirm a diagnosis of myocarditis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Echocardiogram. Sound waves, or ultrasound, can create moving images of the beating heart. An echocardiogram might detect enlargement of your heart, poor pumping function, valve problems or fluid around your heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy. In this test, a small tube (catheter) is inserted into a vein in your leg or neck and then is threaded into your heart. In some cases, doctors use a special instrument to remove a tiny sample of heart muscle tissue (biopsy) for analysis in the lab to see if there are signs of inflammation or infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of myocarditis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common symptom of myocarditis is shortness of breath during exercise or exertion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other symptoms may include fatigue, heart palpitations and chest pain or pressure. The legs also may swell. Rarely, myocarditis causes a sudden loss of consciousness that may be due to abnormal heart rhythms. In summary, patients may experience some, all or none of the following symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness, irregular heartbeat, sudden loss of consciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can myocarditis be confused with other heart diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. For example, the symptoms of heart failure, including shortness of breath, fatigue, inability to tolerate exercise, and associated with difficulty breathing while laying down/sleeping are common to many heart diseases besides myocarditis.  One feature that distinguishes myocarditis from other causes of heart failure is that it often follows an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection and is due to a specific immune response against the heart itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20027303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20027303&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/about-myocarditis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/about-myocarditis/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/types-of-myocarditis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/types-of-myocarditis/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T09:38:52.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-14T10:51:59.963" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just realised I wear ear plugs whilst im asleep (~8 hours) and then go to work and wear ear phones all day (~8-&gt;12 hours) which means there are only about 4-&gt;8 hours a day I don't have something in my ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health effects of this? Particularly ear heatlh...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7330" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T16:19:37.523" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T17:34:17.643" Title="Health effects of wearing ear plugs at night, ear phones during the day" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;earplugs-earphones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10095" CreationDate="2016-11-14T12:23:34.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In a nutshell:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mechanical effects&lt;/strong&gt; - earwax impaction in the auditory canal, external otitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;noise exposure&lt;/strong&gt; (i.e. songs) - some degree of hearing loss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the possible consequences. It doesn't mean you are sure to have them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T12:23:34.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10093" CreationDate="2016-11-14T12:49:01.913" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute Myocarditis&lt;/strong&gt; isn't exactly what a doctor sees in his daily practice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like many other disorders and diseases, and depending on etiology, &lt;strong&gt;the clinical picture may vary between extremes&lt;/strong&gt;: a relatively asymptomatic patient or a severe case of acute hear failure, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. Sometimes the clinical picture may be misleading and mimic an acute MI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;main symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; are usually shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness.  Usual &lt;strong&gt;clinical signs&lt;/strong&gt; are those of acute heart failure, arrhythmias, hypotension, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Electrocardiograms are inevitably abnormal&lt;/strong&gt; and may show ischemic changes similar to those found in coronary heart disease, tachycardia, all sorts of cardiac arrhythmias, conduction disturbances (electrical blocks).   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Echocardiograms&lt;/strong&gt; will show, among other things, left ventricular dysfunction of any degree. &lt;strong&gt;Labs&lt;/strong&gt; will always be useful and depending on etiology (rheumatic myocarditis, viral myocarditis, etc) may even help determine the etiologic diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myocardial biopsy&lt;/strong&gt; is reserved for a few selected cases where the etiologic factor couldn't be determined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Each patient is unique in that the severity of the disease varies a lot.&lt;/strong&gt; Some may recover completely, some may have a sequelae with limited heart function and others may die. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute Myocarditis can be easier to diagnose when it affects children or young adults before the age of thirty&lt;/strong&gt;, as coronary heart disease is very rare in that age group. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastEditorUserId="7280" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T12:54:43.530" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T12:54:43.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10090" CreationDate="2016-11-14T13:38:13.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a common misconception, your ears keep growing because of the cartilage, which supposedly keeps growing your entire life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality cartilage doesn’t keep growing in size your entire life, the real reason why our ears – and also our noses! – keep growing is the result of gravity, and a special kind of cartilage in your ears. In our body there are three different forms of cartilage; Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage. The difference between the three types lies in the kind of protein fiber, their amount and the way it’s constructed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elastic cartilage and gravity are the reason why it seems our ears keep growing &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type of cartilage that can be found in our ear is the elastic variety. And as the name elastic cartilage already implies, its main component is elastic fibers – which give your ear more flexibility. As with all collagen and elastin fibers in our body, they begin to break down when we age. This is causing them to stretch and sag, making them appear longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned before, the actual cause of our seemingly-swelling snout is gravity. When we age, the collagen and elastin fibers that make up cartilage begin to break down. This causes them to stretch and sag, making them appear longer. Our skin giving structural support to cartilage also contains collagen and elastin fibers that droop over time. This compounds the lengthening problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://themedicinejournal.com/articles/do-your-ears-and-nose-continue-to-grow-as-you-age/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://themedicinejournal.com/articles/do-your-ears-and-nose-continue-to-grow-as-you-age/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/02/ears-nose-continue-grow-age/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/02/ears-nose-continue-grow-age/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T13:38:13.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="825" CreationDate="2016-11-14T14:35:58.147" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is common to feel your heart beat. But heart racing especially during the night time is not a good sign. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy adult, the heart rate should average between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Factors that determine heart rate are activity level, exertion of the body, and even stress levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart palpitations or heart racing can be harmless and merely a response to activity, stress, etc. But in some cases, they can be the sign of a serious condition. When it comes to matters of the heart, it’s best to be on guard to help prevent any serious illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nightmares or night terrors &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Emotional triggers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hormonal changes during period, pregnancy, and menopause&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain medications or substances&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low blood sugar levels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other health conditions: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid),&#xA;diabetes, anemia, high fever, and dehydration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/heart-racing-night-causes-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heart racing at night: Causes and treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T14:35:58.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10061" CreationDate="2016-11-14T15:43:09.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't fix it, but you &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; prevent further harm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I disagree with Prince's second assertion; broken waters do not necessarily need immediate delivery, Peri-natal kept my partner going for a few weeks until she hit week 34, following broken waters at week 31, for developmental reasons.   Its still serious, expensive (three weeks in hospital isn't cheap) and best avoided for all concerned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not suggesting however that you should continue smoking &lt;strong&gt;at all&lt;/strong&gt;. It can lead to low birth weight, premature delivery or both (as was true in my own case as a baby)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7333" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T15:43:09.603" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10105" CreationDate="2016-11-14T16:28:46.347" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a neurological or scientific explanation of déjà vu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do we experience it? Is it a suppressed-memory that we have forgotten about for whatever reason -- sort of like cryptomnesia? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is is like a memory recalled from a dream or a state of semi-hypnosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What triggers is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:22:33.693" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:22:33.693" Title="Is there a neurological or scientific explanation for déjà vu?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;dreams&gt;&lt;hypnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-14T16:34:06.150" Score="1" ViewCount="465" Body="&lt;p&gt;Working and chilling using PC over 10h a day, which results in a very uncomfortable eye condition. My eyes are often quite red and I feel &quot;sandpaper&quot; in the eyes. I see a very big variety of eyedrops - which ingredients should eye drops contain to ease my discomfort when I look at a screen for a long time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3195" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-12-01T16:18:25.557" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T16:18:25.557" Title="Which suitable eye drop to choose for computer vision syndrome?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;artificial-tear-eye-drops&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-12-01T05:33:41.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10104" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10117" CreationDate="2016-11-14T17:58:54.813" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;As part of the selection process for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.42.us.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;42 School&lt;/a&gt;, this summer I will be required to take part in a 30 day intensive bootcamp along with other applicants. By the looks of it and what I have read, we will be required to work 7 days a week 15 hours a day for the whole 30 days. &#xA;I know this is not the healthiest thing to do, but my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any tips or techniques that can be used in order to keep up with this work schedule?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything ranging from eating a healthy diet to doing yoga is useful. I will probably end up recurring to energy drinks for the last few days, but the longer I survive without them, the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7335" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T11:42:03.627" Title="Surviving 30 days of 15 hour work shifts" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10102" CreationDate="2016-11-14T18:00:35.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Déjà vu is a French term that literally means &quot;already seen&quot; and is reported to occur in 60-70% of people, most commonly between the ages of 15 and 25. The fact that déjà vu occurs so randomly and rapidly—and in individuals without a medical condition—makes it difficult to study, and why and how the phenomenon occurs is up to much speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A related theory states that déjà vu is a fleeting malfunctioning between the long- and short-term circuits in the brain. Researchers postulate that the information we take in from our surroundings may &quot;leak out&quot; and incorrectly shortcut its way from short- to long-term memory, bypassing typical storage transfer mechanisms. When a new moment is experienced—which is currently in our short-term memory—it feels as though we're drawing upon some memory from our distant past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What triggers it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual trigger for it in healthy individuals is not exactly known, but we do know those same regions of memory and memory monitoring are involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One explanation for déjà vu is that there is a split-second delay in transferring information from one side of the brain to the other. One side of the brain would then get the information twice – once directly, and once from the 'in charge' side. So the person would sense that the event had happened before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-babble/201208/the-neuroscience-d-j-vu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-babble/201208/the-neuroscience-d-j-vu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourbrain/whyisyourmemorysoimportant/whatisdejavu/whatcausesdejavu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourbrain/whyisyourmemorysoimportant/whatisdejavu/whatcausesdejavu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.psu.edu/story/141215/2010/02/02/research/probing-question-what-causes-deja-vu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://news.psu.edu/story/141215/2010/02/02/research/probing-question-what-causes-deja-vu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T18:00:35.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10103" CreationDate="2016-11-14T18:35:10.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G7EG0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb Computer Eye Drops provide moisture for dry and irritated eyes. The fast-acting soothing effect eliminates eye discomfort. Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb Computer Eye Drops provide relief from exposure to prolong computer use that can irritate eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Directions&#xA;•instill 1 or 2 drops in the affected eye(s) as needed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warnings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not use if solution changes color or becomes cloudy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using this product:&#xA;•do not touch tip of container to any surface to avoid contamination&#xA;•remove contact lenses before using&#xA;•replace cap after use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stop using and ask a doctor if:&#xA;•you experience eye pain, changes in vision, continued redness or irritation of the eye condition worsens or persists for more then 72 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on other ways of eliminating computer eye strain other than using eye drops, visit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://visionsource.com/blog/tips-for-eliminating-computer-eye-strain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://visionsource.com/blog/tips-for-eliminating-computer-eye-strain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T18:35:10.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10104" CreationDate="2016-11-14T18:38:58.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The least you could do, I reckon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Strict adherence to sleep schedule.  Offset at your own risk - your minimum expectation is that one hour asleep buys you two hours awake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I assume you will have scheduled breaks for lunch etc?  Make the most of it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't go to bed hungry or stressed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't skip breakfast, regardless.  Porridge in the morning - even if its one spoonful before rushing out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Feet up when you can :P&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T18:38:58.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10089" CreationDate="2016-11-14T21:28:08.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When things like dead skin or cosmetic build-up get into your pores and plug them up, and that pore is still producing its normal amount of sebum, that's when it becomes a whitehead or blackhead. Whiteheads lie below the surface of your skin and blackheads are at the surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both blackheads and whiteheads, says Dr. Chwalek, occur &quot;when a pore gets blocked with dead skin cells and oils.&quot; The difference is that in the case of whiteheads the pore remains closed; whereas with blackheads, the pore is stretched open. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stylecaster.com/beauty/the-difference-between-blackheads-and-sebaceous-filaments/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://stylecaster.com/beauty/the-difference-between-blackheads-and-sebaceous-filaments/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.instyle.com/beauty/skin/difference-between-blackheads-and-whiteheads-and-how-treat-them&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.instyle.com/beauty/skin/difference-between-blackheads-and-whiteheads-and-how-treat-them&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T21:28:08.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-14T21:45:55.933" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a wide belief that &lt;strong&gt;smoking&lt;/strong&gt; mariujana cures some mental and physical diseases, and actually has no harm to your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A large portion of these people are those who really trust scientific studies. But unfortunately, there are a lot of bogus news about science. Most of them advise &amp;quot;do not drink alcohol, instead smoke mariujana.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found &lt;a href=&quot;http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000884&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; website which collected 60 peer-reviewed studies on &lt;strong&gt;medical&lt;/strong&gt; mariujana.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;However, I could not find any similar collection for smoking mariujana.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe smoking &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; is worse than &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; kind of alcohol since&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(i) alcohol harms only after a long time of regular consumption whereas it takes only one pack of smoking &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; to be addicted, and&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(ii) the lungs cannot fully clean themselves but only the bad effects, whereas liver can refresh itself, and the body unless it is permenantly damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a survey/study about this matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7337" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:55:54.967" Title="Is there a survey on the effect of smoking mariujana to human health?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-14T23:35:55.287" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I wake up I see moving silhouette of a human in my room. It lasts roughly 3–4 seconds. Then it fades away. These silhouettes have no detail, so I cannot sort out its faces or any details. I'm 100% sure that it is not dream and I’m not sleeping. It happens after waking up only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-14T23:37:58.087" LastActivityDate="2016-11-14T23:37:58.087" Title="Are moving &quot;ghosts&quot; after waking up normal or it is sign of disorder?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-07-30T14:01:53.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T01:28:19.353" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;When differentiate transudates and exudates, the ration between effusion LDH and serum LDH is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They are termed exudates if ... the pleural fluid to serum ratio of LDH (LDHR) is &gt; 0.6, and transudates if ... the LDHR is &amp;lt; 0.6. (Joseph et al, PMID 11641512)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the mechanism that creates this difference between transudates and exudates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7339" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T20:29:35.550" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T20:29:35.550" Title="Why is lactate dehydrogenase used to differentiate exudates from transudates?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T02:18:37.753" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;How often are people vaccinated in the unlikely event of biological-germ-warfare (Example: anthrax and ricin)? A few years ago, a few letters laced with anthrax and ricin were sent via mail to individuals, and the media was all over it because... well... it's quite frightening to know that traces of these bio-agents were extremely potent and fatal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that brucellosis and meliodosis have also been considered as biological weapons in biological warfare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a way to be vaccinated from such agents?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are people vaccinated based on their risk of exposure (politicians,&#xA;postal workers, soldiers in the military, etc)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often is it done?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At what point does the CDC or WHO (or whoever decides these things)&#xA;decides it best to vaccinate individuals/populations against a known&#xA;biological weapon?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:21:59.763" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:21:59.763" Title="How often are people vaccinated in the unlikely event of biological-germ-warfare (ex: anthrax and ricin)?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12708" CreationDate="2016-11-15T02:44:17.637" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a youngster &amp;amp; a teenager, I had several ear surgeries, and I was not able to wash my hair for several days (just sponge bath the rest of the body). I always have had long hair, and it's blonde, so when it's not washed... it's very noticeable (especially as a teenager, I was very concerned with my appearances). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recall that my mother brought out the baking soda from the kitchen, and did a &lt;strong&gt;&quot;dry-wash&quot; of my hair&lt;/strong&gt; because it was just so greasy/oily and disgusting and I had to go to Junior High. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My memory escapes me, but &lt;strong&gt;how effective is baking soda in keeping the hair looking clean and fresh (if one is unable to use shampoo or conditioner)? How does it work?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T02:50:36.727" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T02:49:12.740" Title="Is baking soda effective in absorbing hair grease (&quot;dry wash&quot;) if one is unable to wash their hair w/shampoo for whatever reason?" Tags="&lt;sebum-oil&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;&lt;hair-conditioner&gt;&lt;greasy-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10104" CreationDate="2016-11-15T11:36:31.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key for this, and unfortunately it goes without saying, is balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you achieve a work/life balance when you're being forced to work virtually non stop? Well, for this I will refer to my university days where in the lead up to exams, it was pretty common to spend a month or so on a fairly similar schedule as yourself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By and large, it should be fairly easy to stay &lt;strong&gt;physically healthy&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid high sugar contents or excessive caffeine consumption. These are great for sprints where you have 4 hours to finish a job. But this isn't a sprint, this is a marathon. Binging on sugar and caffeine will help you on that day, but you will be in a real trough the following day and the day after (which will make you crave more sugar/caffeine and the cycle continues). I'm not saying don't have a coffee and a bowl of coco pops; I'm saying don't have four 500ml cans of Monster Energy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you'll be working at a desk as well so if you make sure you take regular stretches or short walks (even just to the canteen and back) every hour or so you should be fine. Otherwise, you will feel stiff and tired. Yoga or any other more intense exercise (a short run?) would also be excellent every few days if you find the time, but if not then don't worry too much about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you set up your desk properly: screen at the right level, seat adjusted, use the back rest, don't slouch etc. There is plenty of guidance online (first link on google I found: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/&lt;/a&gt;) on how to sit properly at a desk, but you need to be disciplined and actually follow it. You'll really struggle if two weeks in you find you've got a horrible knot in your back or twinge in your neck that makes using your computer uncomfortable. As someone who works a 9-5 office job, I can't really stress how big a difference this can make enough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it goes without saying but try to get ~8 hours sleep a night. Don't stay up too late, with limited time you might really struggle to claw back a sleep deficit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Also drink water. Half the reasons people feel tired, depressed, lathargic etc is because they are dehydrated. If your pee is yellow and smells, you are already dehydrated and need to immediately drink water. If you are thirsty then it's already too late. Don't worry about going to the toilet every two hours, if your pee is clear and odorless then you are on the right track! Make sure you're always topped up. Keep a bottle on your desk, or leave a note to yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, keep your discipline, you're body should be totally fine. Don't stress too much about that. If you do all of the above, you'll probably end up healthier than you already are if you're of average fitness currently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you should be more concerned about is your &lt;strong&gt;mental health&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This WILL knock the absolute shit out of you mentally. You need to go into this with the right attitude and build yourself a few crutches to lean on along the way. Make sure you remember why you're there and how much this would mean to you to be accepted. Write yourself a little message on a post-it note and stick it to your desk, or bathroom mirror or at your bed to remind you that this isn't forever and that it will all be worth it in the end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Work/Life balance is out the window, you don't have time to do the job and have planned time to yourself and sleep. What I would suggest is to &lt;em&gt;make&lt;/em&gt; time for yourself, even 15 minutes every few hours: step away from your computer and go outside and get some sun. Don't even look at your phone. Just 'meditate' in the simplest form possible: do nothing. Do absolutely nothing and revel in it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the opportunity is there (which I imagine it is) make a few friends. Everyone will be suffering the same so see if you can build a few relationships with your peers. Also, you might start to feel homesick so plan for a daily phonecall to someone you know (even if it's just for 5 minutes) on the outside world (Partner, parent, friend) and let them know exactly how you feel.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately this entire exercise is about discipline: stay disciplined and focused on the goal, accept that it's going to be awful, and get on with it using every possible trick or crutch you have available to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And have fun too and best of luck. It probably won't be as bad as you expect! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7303" LastEditorUserId="7303" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T11:42:03.627" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T11:42:03.627" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10298" CreationDate="2016-11-15T11:59:20.750" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for people with serious illness (cancer, AIDs etc) to have pulse rate and blood pressure to still be in the ideal range?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if my blood pressure and pulse range are in the ideal range, then can I safely assume that I am not threatened by any serious sickness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7341" LastActivityDate="2016-11-29T16:58:26.943" Title="Does ideal range pulse rate and blood pressure always indicate no serious illness" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T14:34:50.523" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard people say that it's not recommended to drink water in between meals. Ideally, water should be consumed about 1/2 hour before or 1/2 hour after meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? Should we consume water during meals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7230" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T20:22:32.813" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T20:22:32.813" Title="Is it recommended to drink water during meals?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T15:19:32.877" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just started using an apple watch, and am finding that it's &quot;activity rings&quot; feature encourages me to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;perform more than 30 minutes of exercise a day (green 'exercise' ring);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;move around throughout the day to reach a certain calorific value (red 'move' ring);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stand and move around for one minute every hour (blue 'stand' ring);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and occasionally,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &quot;breathe&quot; app asks me to take deep breaths for about a minute every 4 hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before giving it so much credence, I was wondering if there was any known scientific basis or consensus for health benefits from doing those things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or should I put it in the same category as the folklore about drinking bottled water instead of city water; putting soy milk instead of regular milk in my latte; eating British beef, and re-arranging my furniture to ensure prosperity...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7343" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T20:26:13.843" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T20:26:13.843" Title="Scientific Basis for Apple Watch Activity Rings" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T18:12:59.903" Score="4" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://millerfamilydermatology.com/things-that-are-forbidden-in-my-house/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://millerfamilydermatology.com/things-that-are-forbidden-in-my-house/&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171020215827/https://millerfamilydermatology.com/things-that-are-forbidden-in-my-house/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;1 Neosporin®&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neosporin is a combination of 3 different topical antibiotics-Neomycin&#xA;Sulfate, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Zinc.  They say you should use it&#xA;on “every cut, every time” and claim that it will heal cuts and&#xA;scrapes in half the time.  There are two reasons why I have banned&#xA;Neosporin from my house.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, non-infected wounds don’t heal any faster with Neosporin than&#xA;with vaseline, at least not in any credible study that was performed&#xA;by a 3rd party instead of a drug company.  When it comes to simple&#xA;wound healing, washing the wound with soap and water and then keeping&#xA;it covered with Vaseline is king.  Many products claim faster wound&#xA;healing, but there aren’t any randomized controlled trials that show a&#xA;better response than vaseline.  Can you think of an easier study to&#xA;do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, Neomycin sulfate was allergen of the year in 2010.  Bacitracin&#xA;was allergen of the year in 2003.  With repeated usage, about 10% of&#xA;people will develop allergy to either of these topical antibiotics.&#xA;Using them on open wounds on the legs is particularly prone to cause&#xA;allergy to develop.  When allergies to these antibiotics occur,&#xA;patients develop a poison ivy like reaction on areas where they use&#xA;them (like what you see in the photograph featured in this blog post).&#xA;In addition, some patients with bacitracin allergy have developed&#xA;anaphylactic shock.  Patients with severe neomycin allergies are&#xA;unable to receive some vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never use Neosporin and see no reason to ever use it.​&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should Neosporin never be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T09:06:18.547" Title="Should Neosporin never be used?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;neosporin&gt;&lt;antibiotic-cream&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T18:30:52.493" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common advice is that people should eat large breakfasts (that are supposed to support energy for the whole day), medium-sized dinners and lunches, and to reduce supper to only a snack and eat it no later than a few hours before going to bed (late or large suppers are accused for causing obesity and reducing sleep quality).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest, I fail to understand this advice. My thinking is that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Digestion isn’t instant; early and small suppers will fail to provide energy for the mornings, and the body will only be able to use energy from the breakfast after a few hours, so however large the breakfasts are, following this advice will make you powerless in the mornings (and put you in need to drink a lot of coffee);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the same reason (that digestion isn’t instant) late and large suppers will not make you fat, but instead will provide you energy for the morning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As the ancient Romans were saying, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/latin/comments/29e2g8/plenus_venter_non_studet_libenter_and_its_meaning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;‘plenus venter non studet libenter’&lt;/a&gt;. Indeed, being full makes many people, me including, very sleepy. Following this advice would make it necessary to ignore the signs your body sends to you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Conversely, it is very hard to fall asleep when hungry. And even if I manage to achieve this goal, I often tend to wake up far too early, because my hunger wakes me up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, most importantly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This advice seems to oppose natural instincts: both little children and animals sleep when full, and wake up and become active later on. Unlike human adults, little children and animals follow their insticts and do what the ‘nature’ or evolution ‘wants’ them to do. Following this advice means that one has to force themselves to do the opposite; it would seem that doctors who advice to eat large breakfasts and small and early suppers want to be ‘wiser’ than the evolution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where am I wrong? Why does the advice to eat large breakfasts and small and early suppers advice hold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Disclaimer: I am actually &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; advocating here that we should eat large and late suppers and small breakfasts. I understand that in spite of my way of thinking and my feelings &lt;em&gt;it still may be the case that eating small and early suppers and large breakfast is most optimal&lt;/em&gt;. It is just that when my thinking leads me to results that may apparently be wrong, I would very much like to see where my error lies.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-15T20:24:29.867" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T20:24:29.867" Title="Why are we being advised to eat large breakfasts and small and early suppers?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;meal-replacement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T18:57:49.600" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;After swelling goes away dark spots take place of them. my complete back is covered with dark spots . Urgent help required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7347" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-19T04:54:38.447" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T11:25:19.380" Title="Body acne (extreme condition)" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:52:00.537" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10119" CreationDate="2016-11-15T19:20:09.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking water during or after a meal actually aids digestion. Water and other liquids help break down food so that your body can absorb the nutrients. Water also softens stools, which helps prevent constipation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the fact that it aids digestion, it also has its down-side such as the fact that it would slow the digestion process and reduce the body’s ability to produce enough digestive enzymes to digest foods properly. Without proper digestion, a build up of toxic waste can occur no matter what you are eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that drinking water during a meal would be more beneficial than not drinking while eating if you are not properly hydrated before hand. Eating while dehydrated can cause the body to have a very tough time digesting food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the information presented, when thinking about how to approach eating meals yourself, there are several tips we can apply. It appears most beneficial to stay hydrated throughout the day and if you must drink while you eat, avoid drinking too much, as well as alcohol and acidic drinks. Drink warm water and drink it sparingly. A small glass will likely not interfere with digestion and by adding a dash of apple cider vinegar or lemon, you can aid in the digestive process further. If you can, you might want to try drinking 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after a meal with no drinking during, see how you feel. If it works for you, then stick with what works, if not, adjust accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/07/02/is-drinking-water-while-eating-good-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/07/02/is-drinking-water-while-eating-good-for-you/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T19:20:09.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10122" CreationDate="2016-11-15T20:38:17.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neosporin has its advantages but also has way too many disadvantages. It is said to speed up healing but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most&lt;/a&gt; cases prove that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20110914/study-antibiotic-ointments-may-spread-of-mrsa%20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/a&gt;) called USA 300.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it'll be highly recommended to resist and desist from the use of Neosporin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-15T20:38:17.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T20:51:35.353" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;My &lt;strong&gt;newborn&lt;/strong&gt; nephew was born as scheduled and by all accounts healthy. However, after a few days, it became apparent that he had &lt;strong&gt;jaundice&lt;/strong&gt; and his &lt;strong&gt;liver&lt;/strong&gt; was &lt;strong&gt;not able to process/break-down the bilirubin&lt;/strong&gt; in the blood. Apparently, this is actually quite common for newborns since their livers are not fully formed, and they have more red-blood cells than adults do or whatever... (sorry, I'm not a health physician -- this is just my understanding from my sister-in-law). There was the possibility that if the jaundice didn't go away within a short period of time (with the help of special &lt;strong&gt;formula&lt;/strong&gt;), that my nephew would have to &lt;strong&gt;go under phototherapy (under intense blue lights).&lt;/strong&gt; See image below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SCLnb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SCLnb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does phototherapy's blue lights break down bilirubin?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fortunately, my nephew's jaundice cleared up on it's own, but I've been curious how phototheraphy works.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:21:00.750" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:21:00.750" Title="Infants with Jaundice: How does phototherapy's blue lights break down bilirubin?" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;&lt;jaundice&gt;&lt;bile&gt;&lt;bilirubin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T21:49:06.827" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;After light usage for a maximum of five days, I'd like to know for how long should we have a break from taking non steroid nasal drops like Otrivin to avoid addiction. An example of light usage I mean is using one drop of it once a day before bed time &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7348" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:23:15.387" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:23:15.387" Title="Using non steroid nasal drops" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;vasomotor-rhinitis&gt;&lt;nasal-cavity&gt;&lt;nasal-drops&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-09-27T13:31:14.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10132" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10169" CreationDate="2016-11-15T21:54:00.043" Score="4" ViewCount="2971" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that over use, the ear drums become less effective, but my hearing is bad. To reduce further damage, should I turn down the treble or bass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="479" LastEditorUserId="479" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T20:52:55.957" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T20:52:55.957" Title="Which deteriorates hearing faster; treble or bass?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-15T23:18:03.257" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;My maternal grandfather was 50% Cherokee, and struggled his entire life with alcoholism, and died from the liver damage he had done from the excessive alcohol consumption. His son, my maternal uncle, is also an alcoholic and has had his life completely destroyed from this terrible addiction (ruined two marriages, none of his children will talk to him, lost his job, his home, and many friends, etc). My siblings and I don't have never touched alcohol due to religious reasons, but &lt;strong&gt;can one be predisposed to be an alcoholic?&lt;/strong&gt; Looking at my family line, though from my vantage point (because of limited knowledge of my ancestral line), it seems to be from my maternal side... so I was wondering if it's in my &lt;strong&gt;mitochondrial-dna?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the Native Americans often have a bad reputation in regards to their interaction with alcohol, but I know that there are many, many different reasons (beyond medical) that contributed to that, which... is truly unfortunate. But I don't want to go down that road (History Exchange). However, &lt;strong&gt;I have also heard that there is something in certain Native American genes that predisposes us to becoming alcoholics.... but how true is this statement?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it just a racist statement based on history? &lt;strong&gt;How much of it is based on nature and how much is based on nurture?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:51:11.133" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:51:11.133" Title="Nature vs. Nurture: Is there any truth behind an ethnicity being predisposed to alcoholism? Is it really in my ancestral genes?" Tags="&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;&lt;ethnicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T00:48:53.547" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carbon tetrachloride&lt;/a&gt; portrays it as a dangerous chemical that is a known carcinogen and &quot;potent&quot; hepatogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand this. In the old days carbon tetrachloride was widely used as dry cleaning fluid and many thousands of dry cleaning workers breathed carbon tetrachloride vapors literally all day long. If the Wikipedia article is to be believed all those people would have been dropping dead from liver failure or cancer, yet that did not happen. In fact, carbon tetrachloride was used in dry cleaners for decades, which obviously would not have happened if people were dropping dead left and right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this just a case of scare mongering or is there some legitimate factual basis for not using carbon tetrachloride? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T00:53:19.460" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T07:13:37.823" Title="Toxicity of carbon tetrachloride exaggerated?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10058" CreationDate="2016-11-16T03:44:59.723" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope you find the following helpful.&#xA;Your first doctor stated he would do Ultra Lasik. He told why it is better, using those benefits as his rationale for the choice. He chose Ultra because of the surgical benefit (thinner flap, shorter recovery time, etc...), not because of any clinical limitations due to your corneas. &#xA;Your second surgeon said you don't have any problems with your cornea, so you don't &quot;need&quot; to have Ultra Lasik. Your first surgeon would definitely have told you if you have a problem with your corneas limiting your Lasik options. So, that is something upon which both of them must agree. The econd surgeon reserves Ultra for patients with issues. It costs more, but they don't have the options you have. Your first surgeon is recommending the superior technique. Money for newer procedure may be part of his motivation, but the fact that Ultra Lasik is better is not in question. If you want the best technique, Ultra Lasik is your answer. You don't &quot;need&quot; it, so spending the extra money isn't necessary if it will be a hardship. Hey, if you choose Ultra, either physician could perform the procedure..OR...having made the clinical decision, you can shop around to optimize price! As a person with the &quot;problem&quot; corneas, I can say you are in an enviable position. Good luck! I hope this answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7351" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T03:44:59.723" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10135" CreationDate="2016-11-16T04:14:41.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is &lt;strong&gt;very toxic&lt;/strong&gt;. It can cause both serious acute and chronic effects. The severity of effects depends on several factors such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;length of exposure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;frequency of exposure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exposure route&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other toxic substances present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;factors related to the exposed person (age, weight, physiological susceptibility) etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CCl4 is toxic via all 3 routes of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation) and can cause a range of detrimental effects, including (but not limited to):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral and inhalation exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride results in acute central nervous system effects including dizziness, vertigo, headache, depression, confusion, incoordination and, in severe cases, respiratory failure, coma and death. Gastrointestinal problems including &lt;strong&gt;nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea&lt;/strong&gt;, often accompany these &lt;strong&gt;narcotic effects&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Liver and kidney damage&lt;/strong&gt; can appear after the acute symptoms subside. All symptoms can occur following a single oral or inhalation exposure. Milder narcotic effects followed by liver and kidney damage have been reported following dermal exposure. &lt;strong&gt;Although an inhalation exposure of about 1000 ppm for a few minutes to hours will cause the narcotic effects in 100% of the population, large variations in sensitivity are seen.&lt;/strong&gt; Alcohol intake greatly increases human sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride; consequently, exposure to 250 ppm for 15 minutes can be life threatening to an alcoholic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(RAIS, emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also characterised as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans). There have been many epidemiological studies to confirm these effects, such as this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ott et al. (1985) conducted a cohort mortality study of 1919 men employed for one or more  years  between  1940  and  1969  at  a  chemical manufacturing  facility  in  the  United States. This cohort included 226 workers assigned to a unit which produced chlorinated methanes (methyl chloride (see this volume), dichloromethane (see this volume), chloro-&#xA;  form (IARC, 1987b), and carbon tetrachloride) and, recently, tetrachloroethylene (IARC,1995). Exposure levels were not reported.[...]  There were &lt;strong&gt;42 deaths observed among the 226 workers&lt;/strong&gt; (standardized&#xA;  mortality ratio (SMR), 0.6, based on national rates) [SMR, 0.8, based on company rates]. &lt;strong&gt;Nine cancers were observed&lt;/strong&gt; [SMR, 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–1.5, based on company rates], including three pancreatic cancers [SMR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.7–9.7, based on company  rates].  &lt;strong&gt;Two  of  the  three  workers  who  died  of  pancreatic  cancer  had  been employed for less than five years.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from IARC, emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, it takes time for liver damage to be noticed. Even more so mid- 20th century, when the solvent was mostly used. Still, the toxicity of CCl4 is such, that it has been gradually replaced in dry cleaning from 1940s and 1950s and since 1960s it is no longer in use. The use of CCl4 as a pesticide was stopped in 1986. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, one can experience severe health damage without actually &quot;dropping dead&quot; . It took time (as many things in science do) to establish and prove the connection between CCl4 and its detrimental health effects, but once this was done the old ways from the old days were abandoned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/carbot_c.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Condensed Toxicity Summary for CARBON TETRACHLORIDE&lt;/a&gt; - RAIS, The Risk Assessment Information System&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=194&amp;amp;tid=35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Public Health Statement for Carbon Tetrachloride&lt;/a&gt;, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), CDC&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_193194.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Hazard Datasheets on Occupation. Dry cleaners&lt;/a&gt;, ILO&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Malaguarnera G, Cataudella E, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Chisari G, Malaguarnera M. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374978/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents&lt;/a&gt;. World J Gastroenterol.2012; 18(22):2756–2766&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-150/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Control of Health and Safety Hazards in Commercial Drycleaners: Chemical Exposures, Fire Hazards, and Ergonomic Risk Factors&lt;/a&gt; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-17.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carbon tetrachloride&lt;/a&gt; IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T04:14:41.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T06:34:03.820" Score="1" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an acute irritation and pain in my shoulder blade and collar bone. It's mostly in my left ones but there is also some pain in my right ones. I am in pain when I try to sleep on either shoulder. Because of the irritation, there is a twitch in my left shoulder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been diagnosed with fibromyalgia but this pain is different to the mild pain in the rest of my body. I can live with the other pain but my shoulders are making me lose sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could cause this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6713" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T07:22:35.163" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T15:38:03.170" Title="What could cause pain in one's shoulder blade and collar bone?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T07:59:51.617" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stranger anxiety is a normal phase in the developmental process of an infant, which reaches its apex, more or less, between 6-12 months in age (though it may certainly linger longer). While as parents,we often get embarrassed when we bring the in-laws, best friends, coworkers, and neighbors around and our children are screaming their heads off out of fear -- the &quot;stranger-anxiety&quot; phase is very typical, and assumingly an evolutionary trait that we as humans have kept because of the proverbial &quot;stranger-danger&quot; sentiment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;I was wondering if children who have been diagnosed with Willam's Syndrome (WS) skip the &quot;stranger-anxiety&quot; phase all together?&lt;/strong&gt; Yes, William's Syndrome has a long list of physical and mental abnormalities, but &lt;strong&gt;they are also known for being excessively (abnormally so) friendly and social... so are they developmentally delayed in the sense that they skip the &quot;stranger-anxiety&quot; milestone?&lt;/strong&gt; OR do they not start becoming more extroverted until they are older? (Read more about Willian's Syndrome here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_syndrome&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Since apparently that have a great memory of faces, then they indeed recognize that they are in the presence of a stranger, but this does not stir fear in them in any way, right?&lt;/strong&gt; My friend's daughter has WS (never had the chance to see if her daughter skipped the &quot;stranger-anxiety&quot; phase as a baby), but I know that my friend is always keep a constant eye on her daughter in fear that her daughter may be abundantly social and trusting and make herself vulnerable to kidnapping and other horrendous incidents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why are people with WS so extroverted? Why do they display a strong sense of empathy?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:20:27.103" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:20:27.103" Title="Do children with Willam's Syndrome (WS) skip the the phase of &quot;stranger-anxiety&quot;?" Tags="&lt;social&gt;&lt;developmental-milestones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10139" CreationDate="2016-11-16T08:46:56.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several theories on the cause of fibromyalgia but you have to keep in mind that these theories about the causes of myalgia are merely speculative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the theories states that it may be caused by the reduced effectiveness of the body's natural endorphin painkillers and the increased presence of a chemical called &quot;substance P.&quot; Substance P amplifies pain signals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another theory states that fibromyalgia is caused by biochemical changes in the body and may be related to hormonal changes or menopause. In addition, some (but not all) people with fibromyalgia have low levels of human growth hormone, which may contribute to the muscle pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said earlier, the cause of fibromyalgia is still unclear, but there are some factors that may result to fibromyalgia, which are;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetics. Because fibromyalgia tends to run in families, there may be certain genetic mutations that may make you more susceptible to developing the disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•Infections. Some illnesses appear to trigger or aggravate fibromyalgia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•Physical or emotional trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder has been linked to fibromyalgia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/fibromyalgia-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.m.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/fibromyalgia-causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/basics/causes/con-20019243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/basics/causes/con-20019243&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T08:46:56.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T09:07:16.070" Score="3" ViewCount="1968" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most times when I trek for a long time, by the time I get home and rest, my thighs begin to hurt me. Upon experiencing such pain, I apply Robb on it while massaging, after some time I feel some relief.&#xA;So my question is;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does the use of Robb(balm) relief the pain, is there a chemical constituent present in it that brings about such relief?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And secondly, in the instructions, it says while applying the Robb, make sure to massage properly. If the Robb is simply applied without massaging, will it have any effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T15:47:49.637" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T09:35:43.123" Title="How does robb(balm) relieve pain?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T09:59:17.023" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;A topic is rather strange right? Tonsillitis is an inflammatory condition of tonsils and there is pretty much nothing after the conventional tonsillectomy. Nevertheless this is what it seems to look like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case. My gf, 22, had been suffering from chronic tonsillitis since childhood. Lacune samples always showed presence of Streptococcus Aureus. Antiseptic treatment by a wide range of local antiseptics (including the Chlorophyllipt, and rather uncommon Brilliant Green) in best cases gave temporary relief, in most cases there was no effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A year ago she underwent Tonsillectomy without any complications, however the pain remained. Moreover, something similar to tonsillar lacunae started to form where the tonsils used to be (abscess?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no medic, but considering inefficiency of antiseptics, I strongly suspect an autoimmune reaction. To support this idea, she had Pityriasis rosea in anamnesis a couple of years earlier which had been symptomatically treated with local steroids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We had visited lots and lots of doctors. The case seems to be unconventional and nobody seems to care so this is my desperate attempt to request for fresh opinion on what should we do next.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2361" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T20:37:29.187" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T20:37:29.187" Title="Chronic tonsillitis after tonsillectomy" Tags="&lt;tonsil-tonsillectomy&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T10:36:10.763" Score="3" ViewCount="3115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_male_reproductive_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt; and I figured out that the two muscles of the scrotal sac, the dartos and cremaster muscles contracts involuntarily when it is cold to move the testes closer to the heat of the body in the pelvic region causing the scrotum to appear slightly wrinkled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I've also noticed that it also occurs when preparing to defecate and then when I'm done, it relaxes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does it occur and is there any biological or scientific evidence as to why it happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:58:24.027" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T16:13:21.287" Title="Why does the scrotal sac contract when preparing to defecate?" Tags="&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;testicles&gt;&lt;contractions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10139" CreationDate="2016-11-16T15:38:03.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/fibromyalgia.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug.com&lt;/a&gt;, Fibromyalgia can cause pain and stiffness in the muscles and joints almost anywhere in the body, including the trunk, neck, shoulders, back and hips. People often have pain between the shoulder blades and at the bottom of the neck. Pain may be either a general soreness or a gnawing ache, and stiffness is often worst in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fibromyalgia patients are known to have tender points and shoulder blades are among those tender points and you being diagnosed with Fibromyalgia, this could be the reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To overcome the pain there are some simple stretches that you can try. Found this article on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/shoulder-blade-scapula-pain-causes-symptoms-treatments-and-exercises/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stretches for shoulder blade pain&lt;/a&gt;, also has a infographic which maybe helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T15:38:03.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10165" CreationDate="2016-11-16T15:44:30.943" Score="7" ViewCount="463" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 20 years old and at the uni now. I have never seen any kind of professional advisor, because I thought I could cope with my problems, until recently. I post it here, because somebody might be in a similar situation seeking help, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was a shy, introverted guy at primary school and in college, and still am. I did not and do not drink alcohol at all, though am planning to have a nice first beer with my brother. Maybe it could have allowed me to relax in the past and party/make other people know me more, I do not know. I am not sure how relevant this may be, but my parents divorced 14 years ago. My brother was in his teens when that occured and he was devastated but I also endured a kind of a breakdown around a similar age as he did. My brother moved out very early. I stayed with my mother who has got a hell of a lot insecurities and I would often sink in her problems and try to fix her relationship with her parents (my mom is a teacher (working) and her parents also are (retired)). When I was 15, I had such a row with my mother that I almost fainted and an ambulance would take me. I moved out from her to her parents, which futher worsened their relation. This is sad to state, but I would rather confide in and trust a random person than anyone from my family, which is one of the reasons why I post this question here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am considered a mature, wise and intelligent person but I have trouble getting along with people, especially with women. I feel as though they can feel the bad vibe the second they see me and do not want to continue discussion, not saying of going on a date. I do not want to blame my mother, but I am inclined to believe it has taken some toll on me, because I can not stay with her for longer than 2-3 hours. We would talk normally, but after some time something inside of me would tell me to flee. I feel very sorry for her, and regret having told her about how I have felt about this, but she was pushing me to tell her why I had felt the way I had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At school, I have always felt alone even though I had friends. Things like being chosen last on PE lessons would not bother me much then, but such relatively small nuisances are now re-emerging and cumulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, at the university, I have problems concentrating and can not put up with sad emotions, that is too much for me. I am afraid I will not make it to the 4th semester, and am even more afraid to tell my parents about it. Simple tasks are becoming overwhelmingly difficult to such an extent that I refrain from attending classes because I see no point in me going to them. I used to vent bad emotions by crying and I was used to it, because it seemed to have worked, at least for some time. But now, I can see it is deepening and last two times I felt I was a danger to myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought I was tough enough to get over this, but I feel that that strength is diminishing. At times I feel completely detached from my closest relatives, as though no bonds ever really existed. I do not know if this is insecurity, or me not being able to spot them because I try to suppress anything. Constant fear for the future and reminiscences of the past are very exhausting and debilitating. More and more often I can not help crying, it begins to take over me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sorry for a long read, and thank you if you managed to go through all this text. I hope I made some sense out of it.&#xA;Having written all this for some background I want to ask you, whether I should see a psychologist or go straight to a psychiatrist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7362" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T20:10:11.137" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T16:41:36.597" Title="Should I see a psychologist or a psychiatrist?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;self-esteem&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9932" CreationDate="2016-11-16T15:51:28.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/foamy-urine-causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bel Marra Health&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Proteinuria: This is a condition in which protein is released in the&#xA;  urine in high amounts. Protein is normally released in the urine but&#xA;  in small amounts. When these levels become high, the urine can appear&#xA;  foamy. This can be a sign of an impending kidney problem as the&#xA;  kidneys are not filtering urine properly and thus release &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.belmarrahealth.com/proteinuria-protein-in-urine-treatment-with-statins-and-home-remedies-to-stop-chronic-kidney-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;too much&#xA;  protein&lt;/a&gt;. Untreated high blood pressure and diabetes may contribute&#xA;  to kidney filtration problems, along with other factors like toxins,&#xA;  infections, or trauma to the kidneys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Urinary tract infection:&lt;/strong&gt; When bacteria enter any part of the urinary tract system you may develop an infection. Along with pain,&#xA;  higher urinary frequency and urgency, and burning while urinating,&#xA;  your urine may appear foamy as well. You should see a doctor if you&#xA;  begin to experience UTI symptoms because the earlier the treatment&#xA;  begins the less of a risk of complications you will have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kidney disease:&lt;/strong&gt; Foamy urine can be a sign of kidney disease resulting from kidney stones or diabetes. A simple urine test will&#xA;  determine whether you have kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preeclampsia during pregnancy:&lt;/strong&gt; Preeclampsia during pregnancy results in swollen legs, proteinuria, high blood pressure, and&#xA;  headaches. This can be a fatal condition to both mother and fetus, and&#xA;  all symptoms can worsen with its progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vesicocolic fistula:&lt;/strong&gt; A fistula is an abnormal connection which in this case develops between the bladder and the colon. This allows air,&#xA;  gas, and bacteria to travel into the bladder. Along with foamy urine,&#xA;  a person with vesicocolic fistula will have frequent infections.&#xA;  Symptoms may be similar to those of a UTI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rapid urination:&lt;/strong&gt; Urinating too quickly or forcing urine to come out can be responsible for its foamy appearance. This is because air&#xA;  is introduced into the urine stream causing the bubbles. This type of&#xA;  foam typically disappears within a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concentrated urine:&lt;/strong&gt; If you’re mildly dehydrated, the urine may become more concentrated, so it appears foamy. This can easily be&#xA;  resolved by drinking more fluids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Toilet cleaner:&lt;/strong&gt; Sometimes urine reacts with toilet cleaner which causes bubbles. If you’re unsure if your urine is foamy or whether&#xA;  it’s the toilet cleaner causing it to foam, you can urinate in a&#xA;  separate container that has not been treated with the cleaner and&#xA;  watch for foam. Semen in urine: After sex, small amounts of semen are&#xA;  left in the male urethra. This small amount won’t cause foamy urine&#xA;  unless the bladder sphincter malfunctions, causing the semen to go&#xA;  back into the bladder. In this case, urine will appear foamy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other causes:&lt;/strong&gt; Other causes of foamy urine include amyloidosis, cancer, chemical poisoning, diabetes, heart conditions like an&#xA;  enlarged heart, high blood pressure, infections, kidney failure, liver&#xA;  disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and sickle cell&#xA;  anemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6831" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-04-09T16:44:26.730" LastActivityDate="2017-04-09T16:44:26.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T20:20:27.293" Score="8" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the medical definition that determines when something is a disease or a condition? Some definitions in medical terminology say that for example asthma is a chronic disease while some other areas speak of diabetes as a chronic condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes one a disease and the other a condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7364" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:58:19.847" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T06:52:01.040" Title="Disease and Conditions" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15643" CreationDate="2016-11-16T21:32:52.917" Score="2" ViewCount="399" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an archaeologist, but I am not the Indiana Jones type (tall and brawny) -- but rather, a very petite female (4'9&quot; to be precise). One might say, that I lack the muscle tone and strength to do all the physical labor one would expect from an archaeologist, and they are certainly accurate. But what I lack in physical strength, I make up for in my small stature (and brains -- at least in terms of archaeology). For instance, I am often the only one on the team able to fit and crawl into tiny tomb openings and document the archaeological site lurking underneath the surface, or slide down into a tight pit and document an artifact, or squeeze inside an ancient chamber and able to report back to the rest of the team what I have discovered. Tight spaces have never been an issue for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, on a day-off from excavating in Egypt, myself and a few crew members went to the Pyramids of Giza, of course. We had the opportunity to enter and all of us fared the &quot;Ascending Passage&quot; with ease, though my &lt;strong&gt;tallish coworker&lt;/strong&gt; started muttering complaints about how tight it was (but no one thought anything of it because it was indeed tight... but we all expected that... and none of us really cared all that much because we were in the FREAKIN' PYRAMIDS). But as we continued to ascend it got dramatically hotter and humid (less ventilation) and although we reached the Grand Gallery, where it's more spacious than the &quot;Ascending Passage,&quot; the optical allusion is such that the &lt;strong&gt;walls are closing in on you.&lt;/strong&gt; It is here, in the heart of the pyramid, that my coworker must have been feeling a &quot;&lt;strong&gt;fight or flight&quot; instinct&lt;/strong&gt; because she requested that we return around that instant. She was afraid that she &lt;strong&gt;couldn't breathe&lt;/strong&gt;. Though we are archaeologists in the most iconic Wonder of the Ancient World, we are not soulless and we would gladly accompany her out (and just come back in without her afterwards). However, because the ascending passage is so tight... it is systematized in a way that you can't go backwards (there's a huge crowd of people behind you, which I think only increased her fears). We had to go all the way to the top (King's Chamber) and wait for the designated time to then descend and exit the pyramid. There in the King's Chamber, she started &lt;strong&gt;balling&lt;/strong&gt; and exhibiting what appeared to be a full-blown &lt;strong&gt;panic attack&lt;/strong&gt;. She felt like she was &lt;strong&gt;suffocating&lt;/strong&gt;. We all tried to keep her calm, but we didn't know what to do... we were literally trapped in the tomb with her. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Interior Layout of the Pyramid&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Slq43.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Slq43.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Interior Layout of the Pyramid&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ascending the &quot;Grand Hall&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YbcuG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YbcuG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Ascending the Grand Hall&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, when we did exit the pyramid, she admitted she suffered from &lt;strong&gt;claustrophobia,&lt;/strong&gt; but that she put it aside because she is an Egyptologist and it had been her lifelong dream to enter the pyramid. She was really embarrassed about it. And I kept telling her not to feel embarrassed about it (because to be fair, it was a very humid, dingy, crowded, tight atmosphere -- we were literally &lt;strong&gt;trapped in a tomb&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never did ask her the cause of her claustrophobia (I don't even know if she would know), but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How common is claustrophobia?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the causes?&lt;/strong&gt; Naturally, &lt;strong&gt;classical-conditioning&lt;/strong&gt; would be one&#xA;(having had a bad experience of being trapped in a tight place&#xA;before), but &lt;strong&gt;is something in the amygdala transmitting these fears??&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do taller people tend to be more claustrophobic than the shorter&#xA;people?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:18:52.280" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:18:52.280" Title="Claustrophobia in the Pyramids of Giza: Does height play a role in who is more likely to suffer from Claustrophobia?" Tags="&lt;height&gt;&lt;fight-or-flight&gt;&lt;suffocation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10157" CreationDate="2016-11-16T22:11:18.157" Score="1" ViewCount="1207" Body="&lt;p&gt;My coworker and I were having a discussion over the rate of alcohol absorption.  He argued that after you reach x number of drinks, your body stops passing as much ethanol into the bloodstream because it &quot;knows&quot; when your blood is too saturated with ethanol. He didn't say that ethanol would not be entirely blocked from entering the blood stream, just that the rate would slow down the more you drank. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7366" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T23:32:10.570" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T23:32:10.570" Title="Does the rate of ethanol absorption into blood stream slow down as you drink more?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;ethanol&gt;&lt;blood-alcohol-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10155" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2016-11-16T22:26:30.653" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2016-11-16T22:26:30.653" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T22:26:30.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10156" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2016-11-16T22:26:30.653" Score="0" Body="Questions pertaining issues that you are uncertain of. Questions that you aren't sure if it is a disorder or just part of the physiology of the body that you are not aware of.&#xD;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:56:59.070" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:56:59.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10154" CreationDate="2016-11-16T22:44:45.370" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine by diffusion. Most absorption occurs from the small intestine due to its large surface area and rich blood supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, above a certain alcoholic concentration, the rate of absorption may decrease due to the delayed passage of alcohol from the stomach into the small intestine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maximum absorption rate is obtained with the consumption of an alcoholic beverage containing approximately 20-25% (by volume or v/v) alcohol solution on an empty stomach. The absorption rate may be less when alcohol is consumed with food or when a 40% (v/v) alcohol solution is consumed on an empty stomach. The rate may also slow down when high fluid volume/low alcohol content beverages, such as beer, are consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://forcon.ca/learning/alcohol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://forcon.ca/learning/alcohol.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T22:44:45.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-16T11:18:51.533" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering renting an apartment on the first floor right on a boulevard with a heavy bus traffic. The main air supply to the apartment is from that road, so it's pretty obvious you get a lot of polluted air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an air quality report about this road, it seems that during rush hours this road has 100-216 mg/m3 of NO2 and 300-1020 mg/m3 of NOx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I have no idea what those numbers mean except that it has some red-colored font on the report, I would like to ask - how bad is that to live in this place for a year or more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7358" OwnerDisplayName="grmmph" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T04:24:40.287" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T04:24:40.287" Title="How bad is the pollution when living right on a road with heavy bus traffic?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10153" CreationDate="2016-11-16T23:20:04.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don’t have any statistics to say how common it is, but for those patients that I see suffering with anxiety, claustrophobia (as a feature of their coping) is fairly common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CAUSES&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Well, apart from the ones you listed, there are other causes of claustrophobia, of which are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smaller Amygdalae - the amygdala (plural: amygdalae) is a tiny part of the brain that is used to control how the body processes fear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that people who suffered panic disorders had smaller amygdalae than average. This smaller size could interfere with how the body processes panic and anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prepared Phobia - there is also a theory that phobias develop on the genetic level rather than psychologically. The research behind this theory suggests that claustrophobia and some other phobias are dormant evolutionary survival mechanisms. A survival instinct buried within our genetic code that was once crucial to human survival but is no longer needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37062.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37062.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-16T23:20:04.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-17T03:08:25.963" Score="1" ViewCount="8000" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I recently divulged in a previous question that I am a &lt;strong&gt;4'9&quot; female adult.&lt;/strong&gt; I think everyone can agree that I'm certainly short, but &lt;strong&gt;how do you diagnosis &quot;dwarfism&quot;?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was born with &lt;strong&gt;congenital bone fusions&lt;/strong&gt; thanks to a &lt;strong&gt;rare bone deformity&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;klippel-feil-syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;, and have undergone &lt;strong&gt;15 surgeries&lt;/strong&gt; in my lifetime. While I've always been extremely short to my classmates growing-up (it took me a long time to even get on the height chart at the pediatricians), no one ever suggested or gave thought to growth-hormones because it seems my body was short because of all my bone deformities (I'm missing a few vertebrae in my spine and neck, etc) -- also, it was the 90's. Additionally, &lt;strong&gt;my body is proportional&lt;/strong&gt; so &lt;em&gt;I don't think anyone has ever seriously considered the fact that I may indeed be a dwarf&lt;/em&gt; -- a &lt;strong&gt;proportionate dwarf.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been teased my entire life for my height. For instance, I can't sit in any chair without having my feet dangle, I cannot look in a peep-hole in a door, I cannot take my clothes out of the laundry machine without a step-stool and a long pair of prongs, I am too short to drive go-carts (but can drive a real car), I'm too short to ride a bike -- I can't touch the ground, etc. But these are merely nuisances -- not critical problems -- except when it comes to walking. I simply cannot keep up with anyone even though I'm walking at twice or triple the speed of everyone else (which often wares me out and causes resentment on whoever is with me). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides all this, I have come across time and time again that adult females under &lt;strong&gt;4'10&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; are considered dwarfs, which I a fall under &lt;strong&gt;(I'm 4'9&quot;)&lt;/strong&gt;-- even if barely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In humans, &lt;strong&gt;dwarfism&lt;/strong&gt; is sometimes &lt;strong&gt;defined&lt;/strong&gt; as an &lt;strong&gt;adult height&lt;/strong&gt; of &lt;strong&gt;less&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  than &lt;strong&gt;4 feet 10 inches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/basics/definition/con-20032297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/basics/definition/con-20032297&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dwarfism is short stature that r&lt;strong&gt;esults from a genetic or medical&#xA;  condition.&lt;/strong&gt; Dwarfism is generally defined as an adult height of &lt;strong&gt;4 feet&#xA;  10 inches (147 centimeters) or less.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Proportionate dwarfism.&lt;/strong&gt; A body is proportionately small if all parts&#xA;  of the body are small to the same degree and appear to be proportioned&#xA;  like a body of average stature. &lt;strong&gt;Medical conditions present at birth&lt;/strong&gt; or&#xA;  appearing in early childhood limit overall growth and development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/children/dwarfism-causes-treatments#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/children/dwarfism-causes-treatments#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dwarfism is a condition of short stature. It is defined by the&#xA;  advocacy group L&lt;strong&gt;ittle People of America (LPA)&lt;/strong&gt; as an adult &lt;strong&gt;height of 4&#xA;  feet 10 inches or under, as a result of a medical or genetic&#xA;  condition.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've known this information for awhile, and every time I mention it to a friend or family they just quickly shut me up with &quot;No you're not!&quot; I don't know if they are trying to boost my self-esteem or that my proportional body gives a false perception, but I seem to fit the diagnosis to the letter (the congenital bone deformities that stunted my growths and have caused me to remain within the category for &quot;little person&quot; or whatever term is preferred. &lt;strong&gt;I'm not looking for sympathy (because I am who I am), but why do people act like it's shameful/outrageous if I'm a dwarf? I know I'm taller than most (I'm not wanting attention), but why not call it for what it is? Why this social taboo?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:17:50.573" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:17:50.573" Title="Proportionate Dwarf, Little Person, or Short-Stature? Adult Female: 4'9&quot;" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;height&gt;&lt;klippel-feil-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-17T03:34:26.867" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the differences between laryngitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), &amp;amp; whooping cough? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do cough drops and cough syrups help in all of these different forms of coughs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:36:20.733" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:36:20.733" Title="What are the differences between laryngitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), &amp; whooping cough?" Tags="&lt;copd&gt;&lt;laryngitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-17T04:10:10.247" Score="4" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;FDA does not approve cosmetics&lt;/strong&gt;, although we do approve color additives&#xA;  used in cosmetics. It is the responsibility of cosmetic manufacturers&#xA;  to ensure, before marketing their products, that the products are safe&#xA;  when used as directed in their label or under customary conditions of&#xA;  use.&quot;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194552.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194552.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sooooo.... who is making sure these cosmetic manufacturers are ensuring the safety of their products? Of course they are gonna cut corners where they can and downplay results..&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could be putting on all sorts of &lt;strong&gt;carcinogens, chemicals, pesticides, toxins&lt;/strong&gt;, etc. and not even know it. &lt;em&gt;Why isn't the general public more concerned about this?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Why isn't there an agency to prevent this?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T17:57:35.810" Title="What are we putting on our faces!?! Why don't we have an agency like the FDA approving/monitoring the safety of cosmetics?" Tags="&lt;fda&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;&lt;pesticides&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2016-11-17T12:32:29.590" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;As going through your question, you show your inner feelings. So it is better you to go with &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Psychologist&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Psychiatrist is a medical doctor, he or she has the knowledge and training to evaluate underlying medical problems or drug effects that could cause emotional or behavioral symptoms.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas Psychologist deals with mental health. &lt;strong&gt;Psychologists have a doctoral degree in an area of psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior.&lt;/strong&gt; They’re not medical doctors. A psychologist can have a PhD in philosophy or a PsyD in clinical or counseling psychology. Typically, they do 1-2 years of internship. Unlike psychiatrists, psychologists are also trained in giving psychological tests (like IQ tests or personality tests).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/psychologist-or-psychiatrist-which-for-you&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/psychologist-or-psychiatrist-which-for-you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;A psychiatrist is concerned with the patients well-being, however, their focus is primarily towards disorders such as a chemical imbalance, whereas a psychologist primary focus is on the patients thoughts, feelings and general mental health.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efpa.be/psychologist-psychiatrist.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.efpa.be/psychologist-psychiatrist.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;So you can proceed with Psychologist.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T12:32:29.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10164" CreationDate="2016-11-17T15:23:40.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cosmetics sold in China are subject to control by administrative licensing under the “Supervising Rules of Cosmetics Hygiene” regulations published by the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China (MOH) and the “Rules for Acceptance of Application to Cosmetics Administrative License” published by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.intertek.com/cosmetics/exporting-to-china/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.intertek.com/cosmetics/exporting-to-china/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T15:23:40.443" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10142" CreationDate="2016-11-17T16:16:02.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the following list of ingredients for Robb balm on-line (if the product you are using is different please correct me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CAMPHOR 11.0%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MENTHOL 5.5%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OL EUCALYP 1.0%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OLPINIPUMIL 0.5%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;METHYLSAL 4.0%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ONITMENT BASS ad 100%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except for the ointment base, all of the ingredients contribute to the analgesic effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Camphor&lt;/strong&gt; is used externally as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubefacient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rubefacient&lt;/a&gt; and anlagesic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Menthol&lt;/strong&gt; has analgesic properties. More about the mode of action of menthol can be found in this answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3152/does-menthol-have-therapeutic-effect-on-sore-or-inflamed-muscles-and-tendons/3157#3157&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Does menthol have therapeutic effect on sore or inflamed muscles and tendons?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eucalyptus oil&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Oleum Eucalypti&lt;/em&gt;) is used topically as a rubefacient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methyl Salicylate&lt;/strong&gt; is a topical non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm not sure what Ol Pinipumil... is, the ingredients are strangely abbreviated in the source I found).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref.: Martindale: The complete drug reference, 34th edition (2005).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T16:16:02.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10132" CreationDate="2016-11-17T18:25:29.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of issues wrapped up in this question. The first, which deteriorates faster treble or bass, is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbycusis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Presbycusis&lt;/a&gt;, age related hearing loss, is a high frequency (i.e., treble) phenomenon. While hearing loss can occur due to damage of the tympanic membrane (i.e., ear drum), this is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conductive hearing loss&lt;/a&gt; that can be generally be well treated with hearing aids. Presbycusis and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;noise induced hearing loss&lt;/a&gt; are generally &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sensorinerual&lt;/a&gt; in nature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given how the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inner ear&lt;/a&gt; works, noise induced hearing loss generally occurs at the frequency of the noise. As the sound waves travel through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cochlea&lt;/a&gt; they undergo &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_membrane#Frequency_dispersion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;frequency dispersion&lt;/a&gt;. This means that a low frequency sound (bass) only &quot;travels&quot; the whole length of the cochlea all the way to the apex while high frequency sounds are transmitted only to the base. This means that low frequency sounds are slightly more &quot;dangerous&quot; to the inner ear than high frequency sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final piece to realize is that not all frequencies have the same importance. For speech the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_Index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;articulation index&lt;/a&gt;, and the more recent speech intelligibility index, give more weight to frequencies in the 1-3 kHz range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, you should turn everything down and not just one particular region. If you can only turn down one region, you should attempt to preserve your hearing in the 1-3 kHz range so that you will be able to understand speech.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T18:32:57.433" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T18:32:57.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-17T18:26:53.750" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oral topical anesthetics work great as first stage numbing before an injection of anesthetics during dentist procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there similar topical anesthetics that could be used in other areas of the body, eg. the underarm when undergoing a sweat glans thermolysis procedure such as miraDry? (I know of cases when no topical anesthetics were used, leading to additional pain, and wondering if there's a reason for that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T21:06:07.593" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T21:06:07.593" Title="What topical anesthetics exist for the axillary area?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10171" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10189" CreationDate="2016-11-17T20:25:20.600" Score="1" ViewCount="1456" Body="&lt;p&gt;I received a prescription on unidox solutab against staphylococcus. I've been taking this drug for 4 months and everything looked fine, acne disappeared 3 months ago. Now akne started to appear again and doctor says that I need to take unidox solutab again during the recent 6 months. Is it reasonable to take it for so long? Won't organism adapt to this antibiotic so that taking it is useless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7376" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-18T23:56:48.043" LastActivityDate="2016-11-19T00:09:11.067" Title="How long can you take tetracycline in the treatment of acne?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;staph-infections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-17T21:29:31.253" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm presenting at the most important academic conference of my entire career thus far in 2 days (presenting research to literally 900-1000 people), and as luck would have it &lt;strong&gt;my voice has suddenly disappeared (aphonia&lt;/strong&gt; -- albeit temporary). I haven't been straining it in anyway, but I have been experiencing a &lt;strong&gt;sore-throat and fatigue and a tickling in my throat&lt;/strong&gt; and now it's completely gone.... (not sure if it's laryngitis). Unfortunately, I'm boarding an international flight in less than 15 hours and don't have time to see a doctor, &lt;strong&gt;what are my treatment options?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already suffer from major &lt;strong&gt;glossophobia (fear of public speaking)&lt;/strong&gt; so this is quite possibly the worst thing to lump on top of me. Ah! &lt;em&gt;(Is it possible I lost my voice out of fear?).&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, any tips on how to regain a voice would be very much appreciated!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:57:21.033" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:57:21.033" Title="I've suddenly lost my voice (aphonia) due to illness (laryngitis?) -- how to get it back fast?! Speaking to a 1,000 ppl in 2 days. Eeek" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;sore-throat&gt;&lt;glossophobia&gt;&lt;laryngitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9762" CreationDate="2016-11-17T22:10:12.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing-aids#hearingaid_01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDCD&lt;/a&gt; defines a hearing aid as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hearing aid is a small electronic device that you wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder so that a person with hearing loss can listen, communicate, and participate more fully in daily activities. A hearing aid can help people hear more in both quiet and noisy situations. However, only about one out of five people who would benefit from a hearing aid actually uses one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hearing aid has three basic parts: a microphone, amplifier, and speaker. The hearing aid receives sound through a microphone, which converts the sound waves to electrical signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and then sends them to the ear through a speaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things are a little messy because most people consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_trumpet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ear trumpets&lt;/a&gt; as an early for of hearing aid despite being completely passive. Additionally, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone-anchored_hearing_aid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bone Anchored hearing aids&lt;/a&gt; work in a totally different manner from most hearing aids. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://earlens.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;earlens&lt;/a&gt; is also pushing the boundaries of what a hearing aid is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants#a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDCD&lt;/a&gt; defines a cochlear implant as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cochlear implant is very different from a hearing aid. Hearing aids amplify sounds so they may be detected by damaged ears. Cochlear implants bypass damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. Signals generated by the implant are sent by way of the auditory nerve to the brain, which recognizes the signals as sound. Hearing through a cochlear implant is different from normal hearing and takes time to learn or relearn. However, it allows many people to recognize warning signals, understand other sounds in the environment, and understand speech in person or over the telephone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://american-hearing.org/disorders/hearing-aids/#aids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hearing aid indications&lt;/a&gt; are generally &lt;em&gt;mild or moderate bilateral hearing loss, who has experienced a noticeable communication handicap&lt;/em&gt;. There is a push now to fit hearing aids to anyone, especially children with communication difficulties (e.g., this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.audiology.org/news/amplification-normal-hearing-children-apd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAA report&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.advancedbionics.com/content/dam/ab/Global/en_ce/documents/libraries/Professional%20Library/AB%20Product%20Literature/System_Indications_Precautions/Indications_and_Contraindications.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochlear implant indications&lt;/a&gt; are &lt;em&gt;postlingual onset of severe-to-profound, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with limited benefit from appropriately fitted hearing aids&lt;/em&gt;. These indications are also being pushed and cochlear implants are now used for individuals with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185341/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;single-sided deafness&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochlear.com/wps/wcm/connect/us/home/N6hybrid/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hybrid systems&lt;/a&gt; are being used with individuals with residual low frequency hearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to whether you would want a hearing aid or cochlear implant is a deeply personal question. Those in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deaf Culture&lt;/a&gt; tend to be against auditory assistive devices. Hearing aids are low risk and have a limited commitment. Apart from money if you decide you do not like them, you have lost nothing. Cochlear implants are much more expensive, require surgery, and destroy all/most residual hearing. If you do not like the result of the cochlear implant, you cannot go back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T22:10:12.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9498" CreationDate="2016-11-17T22:18:51.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any evidence based research looking at the efficacy of at home ear wax removal. In general the goal is not to make your ear canals 100% free of wax at the microscopic level. Rather, the goal is remove blockages and NOT damage the ear canal. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.entnet.org/content/earwax-and-care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Academy of Otolaryngolgoy&lt;/a&gt; recommends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most cases of ear wax blockage respond to home treatments used to soften wax. Patients can try placing a few drops of mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or commercial drops in the ear. Detergent drops such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide (available in most pharmacies) may also aid in the removal of wax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irrigation or ear syringing is commonly used for cleaning and can be performed by a physician or at home using a commercially available irrigation kit...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T22:18:51.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10178" CreationDate="2016-11-17T22:29:10.330" Score="1" ViewCount="709" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the health effects of drinking 1 beer a day? How bad would this be for my body and would areas of my health and life would this affect? Long term as well as short term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6616" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2016-11-17T22:44:08.710" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T06:24:25.297" Title="What are the health effects of drinking 1 beer a day?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2016-11-17T22:37:31.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/volume-11/issue-42&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Davis et. al (2007)&lt;/a&gt; conducted a large survey of the UK population between the ages of 55-74. They reported that 12% of their participants had &lt;em&gt;a hearing problem that causes moderate or severe worry, annoyance or upset&lt;/em&gt; and 14% had a substantial hearing loss. Unfortunately, the data are not reported in a way that allows for determining what percentage of people with substantial hearing impairment also have &lt;em&gt;moderate or severe worry, annoyance or upset&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T22:37:31.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10176" CreationDate="2016-11-17T23:03:36.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking one bear is actually not bad. It is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/509506-bad-effects-of-beer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;moderate drinking&lt;/a&gt; and in a nutshell, it is defined as consuming one drink a day for women and two for men. However, if you don’t drink now, you should not start drinking for health.  A healthy lifestyle, including good nutrition and exercise, offers more benefits than moderate drinking. Another important point is that if, as a man, you choose to have two beers a day, it does not mean it’s okay to guzzle one after the other. Drinking just two beers -- or any alcoholic drink -- in one hour impairs judgment and doubles your chances of having a traffic or household accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/alcohol/short-term-long-term-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;long and short-term effects&lt;/a&gt; of alcoholic consumption but they are determined by the number of drinks taken per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-17T23:03:36.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-18T06:33:27.863" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some years of e-cigarette popularity, no labs have yet published side by side comparisons of cell cultures or mice exposed to 10 cigarettes per day, compared to 10 e-cigs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many labs have exposed cells to burnt vapor and 50x doses of vapor and have reported that e-cigs are dangerous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any tests of a cigerette and an e-cigarette side by side? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no intelligent comparative tests of ecig have been designed published in 2 years, does that reflect a negative PR campaign funded by the tobacco industry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7384" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T06:33:27.863" Title="Have there been any tests of e-cigs vs cigarettes?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9498" CreationDate="2016-11-18T09:08:42.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was advised to use olive oil specifically by my doctor, he was also very firm in his assertion that the ear should be self-cleaning by virtue of the villi (sp?) - the hairs in the ear canal passing the wax out. Can you put some oil  in followed by some cotton wool to seal and then sleep on your side?  That would allow body heat to warm it up a bit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7333" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T09:08:42.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9988" CreationDate="2016-11-18T17:22:01.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure its been well-known among females that eating the placenta has lots of health benefits, but recent &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~kristal/placentophagia%20review.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; has shown that it doesn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/Pages/062615-podcast-placenta-consumption.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meredith Carlson Daly&lt;/a&gt; studied this and commented saying;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Researchers at Northwestern University School of Medicine reviewed 10 published research studies on the practice of placentophagy.  They found no data to support the common claims that eating the placenta either raw, cooked, or encapsulated offers protection against postpartum depression, reduces post-delivery pain, boosts energy, helps with lactation, promotes skin elasticity, enhances maternal bonding, or replenishes iron in the body.  The researchers also noted that there have been no studies conducted on whether eating the placenta has any potential risks.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While no scientific study has proven any benefits, a survey was conducted by American Medical anthropologists at the University of South Florida and University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Among the respondents, about 3/4 claimed to have positive experiences from eating their own placenta, citing &quot;improved mood&quot;, &quot;increased energy&quot;, and &quot;improved lactation&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-18T17:22:01.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-18T18:39:41.163" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;(While eating some turkey) I recently found out that poultry farmers routinely use a powerful, arsenic-based antibiotic called &quot;Roxarsone&quot; to treat their livestock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, injecting arsenic into a bird will cause its meat to be contaminated with arsenic due to blood circulation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are arsenic levels in bird meat of a health concern for Americans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T02:46:49.017" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T11:14:40.450" Title="Are arsenic levels in poultry a health concern?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;zoonotic-diseases&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;livestock&gt;&lt;arsenic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10171" CreationDate="2016-11-19T00:09:11.067" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doxycycline is a member of tetracycline group and these are antibiotics of choice in moderate to severe acne. For this group, &lt;em&gt;Martindale pharmacopoeia&lt;/em&gt; states that they should show some improvement after 3 months and that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maximum improvement is said to occur after 3 to 6 months, but treatment may need to continue for 2 or more years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics act by affecting the bacteria causing acne, their mechanism of action is not based on affecting your organism. That's why the organism does not adapt and lessen their effectiveness. However, there is an issue of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics. To prevent it, it is essential to take your medicines exactly as prescribed: not to skip/miss doses, not to take them with food or medicines and supplements that contain calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, zinc and other divalent and trivalent cations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A concern with prolonged antibiotic use may be their adverse effects. It is important that your therapy as well as your progress is monitored by your physician. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-11-19T00:09:11.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-19T15:24:29.250" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently trying to find recent statistics about the lethality rates of appendicitis and lethality rates of surgeries connected to appendicitis (normal and burst appendicitis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7403" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T20:56:38.050" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T20:56:38.050" Title="Current statistics about lethality of appendicitis" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;appendix&gt;&lt;appendicitis&gt;&lt;appendectomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-19T15:43:12.047" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you eat beans you tend to have stinky flatulence because of the long carbohydrates combined with protein. But I heard that the more beans you eat, the more your digestive track will accommodate the beans, which will make digesting beans easier and thus you have less flatulence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true or just a myth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6844" LastEditorUserId="6844" LastEditDate="2016-11-19T16:24:47.330" LastActivityDate="2017-01-18T21:10:32.130" Title="Do you really get better at digesting beans?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10194" CreationDate="2016-11-19T20:17:51.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is. The fact that the more you eat beans, the faster it digests, is not a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For directions,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try adding them into your diet in 1/4 cup increments, and increasing very slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although, there are other ways to increase the digestion rate of beans, but as for your question, it's certainly not a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thefullhelping.com/10-tips-for-better-bean-digestion-a-few-announcements/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thefullhelping.com/10-tips-for-better-bean-digestion-a-few-announcements/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Makes Them So Hard to Digest?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nourishingdays.com/2010/09/what-is-phytic-acid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phytic acid&lt;/a&gt; contained in legumes, the harder beans such as kidney and navy beans contain oligosaccharides. &lt;strong&gt;This complex sugar is impossible to digest without some help because humans do not produce the enzyme alpha-galactosidase needed to properly break it down.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-19T20:17:51.627" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10199" CreationDate="2016-11-20T13:51:45.620" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to treat blood-shot eyes if I don't have Visine eye-drops? Water good or bad idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T23:15:55.230" Title="How to treat blood-shot eyes if I don't have eye-drops? Water good or bad idea?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;artificial-tear-eye-drops&gt;&lt;blood-shot-eyes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10198" CreationDate="2016-11-20T16:25:41.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bad idea. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tears are not water&lt;/a&gt;, so water will simply wash them away and cause increased irritation. There are various folk remedies you can try such as placing teabags on your eyes, but in general if you don't have eye drops, removing the source of the irritation that caused them is the only option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-11-20T16:25:41.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-20T20:17:38.483" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, here I was, eating and drinking in the car because my family didn't have time to stop and eat (we're on vacation) and, anyways, while I was swallowing my strawberry hi-c, I felt this odd, tickly feeling in the back of my throat that made me twitch. I did not know wether that was the cough reflex or not, so I ignored it. But as that liquid went down, however, I couldn't sworn I felt something cold trickle down my chest area (both left and right side) Afterwards, my upper chest area DOES hurt a little (not unbearable) and I'm not wheezing or anything..(not yet!) But I'm quite frightened, nonethless. Please note: I am 16 yr old hypocondriac who has a severe swallowing phobia. Can anyone please help me? I really don't feel like begging my parents to take me to the hsptl.while we're on vacation...I want them to enjoy it without having to calm their anxious daughter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7413" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:44:35.650" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:44:35.650" Title="Liquid in Lungs?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;hypochondria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:54:03.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-20T20:28:08.323" Score="5" ViewCount="1759" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any research on microdosing of alcohol? I did a cursory search but it didn't yield any viable information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting regular stress on various parts of the human body and its systems seems to have an overall strengthening effect. Working out builds stronger muscle, microdosing poison gets you some immunity to poison, bone microfractures lead to denser and stronger bone and so on, gradually and continuously working out various parts and systems of the body appears to have a beneficial effect on their performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what would be the effect of subjecting the organism to continuous alcohol microdosing? And I don't mean &quot;drink a little once a day&quot; but adding a minuscule amount of alcohol to water and other consumed liquids, dosed according to the liver's performance so that the alcohol level doesn't exceed the legal limits you can drive a vehicle with, perhaps even significantly lower than that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If poison microdosing builds up immunity to poison, and I am only assuming that it is being metabolized by the liver and thus improves its ability to metabolize poison, wouldn't alcohol microdosing too make up for a stronger liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also read about studies which show conflicting results, while some appear do indicate there are some benefits to drinking a little alcohol (but not microdosing), others claim that drinking any amount of alcohol is detrimental to the health, but again, that means drinking recreationally, not microdosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that the question gets input, it mandates a clarification be made, that I am specifically interested in liver performance and ability to metabolize toxins, in case it wasn't clean enough. And to clarify the need for this clarification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a problem with mortality rates, due to the extremely uneven distribution of causes of death. When the bulk of deaths are not liver function related, it just doesn't seem like an indicative metric. Not that liver function related deaths are necessarily indicative. Just that mortality rate is a rather rough metric, and when less than 2% of deaths seem to be liver function related, and liver failure related deaths not really being indicative of the effects on &quot;strengthening&quot; the function of &lt;em&gt;healthy liver&lt;/em&gt;, mortality rates don't really answer a question on &quot;effects of micro-dosing alcohol&quot;, but a rather specific yet deprived of specific information question on &quot;effects on microdosing alcohol on mortality rates&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that such a metric would completely stifle say a 10% improvement of metabolism of toxins if the bulk of the test subjects die of unrelated conditions or even already deteriorated liver function, and that is such a case, mortality rates are about as indicative as the effects of microdosing alcohol on the chance of getting struck by lightning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe there are more isolated and focused studies that have tested liver samples from test subjects, or a study involving the introduction of toxins to the body and measuring the speed and efficiency at which they are being handled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7412" LastEditorUserId="7412" LastEditDate="2018-11-16T11:03:06.163" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T16:46:39.557" Title="Effects of microdosing alcohol on liver performance and the ability to metabolize toxins" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10202" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T01:29:07.800" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using a vitamin supplement for hyperthyroid cat that includes bugleweed, also known as gypsyweed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vitamin liquid looks kind of strange. It is dirty brown with black fibers or moss-like substance. Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:51:16.263" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:51:16.263" Title="Is Bugleweed vitamin supposed to be black?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;&lt;home-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T03:43:44.110" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been having real troubles lately with something i named off the top of my head as chronic hiccups. My chest, throat, and neck are hurting because of it. Is this something to get seen for or just something that's no big deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7416" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T17:33:16.053" LastActivityDate="2017-01-07T17:33:16.053" Title="Chronic hiccups" Tags="&lt;chest&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;throat&gt;&lt;hiccup-hiccuping&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10187" CreationDate="2016-11-21T09:07:56.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Roxarsone has been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/CVMUpdates/ucm440668.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;banned by the FDA&lt;/a&gt; and in the EU, so if you live in either of them it's safe to assume that there was none of it in your turkey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, not all arsenic compounds are equally toxic. Arsenate salts are the most toxic, whereas other ones like arsenobetaine (which is commonly found on fish) are completely inoccuous. In the case of roxarsone and related compounds the concern would be that its metabolism would break them down to release arsenates, but I couldn't find evidence that this actually happens through normal metabolism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T09:07:56.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T09:38:51.127" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Baomin et al (2014) it is written that &quot;Although prevalence of pulsatile tinnitus is merely 4%&quot;, with a citation to Liyanage et al (2006).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Liyanage et al (2006) it is written that &quot;Pulsatile sounds are reported in about 4 per cent of unselected patients with tinnitus&quot;. They cite Stouffer and Tyler (1990) in support of this claim. I can't access this Stouffer and Tyler (1990) paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some other source which speaks to this question? I don't feel like I can trust a paper that cites a paper that cites some paper from 1990.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally the paper would report on the prevalence for Caucasian adults in the west, but it need not necessarily be so specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baomin, L., Xiangyu, C., Xinfeng, L., Sheng, L., Jun, W., Yongping, L., ... &amp;amp; Huimin, F. (2014). Interventionai Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculogeneic Pulsatile Tinnitus. Journal of Otology, 9(1), 7-15.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liyanage, S. H., Singh, A., Savundra, P., &amp;amp; Kalan, A. (2006). Pulsatile tinnitus. The Journal of Laryngology &amp;amp; Otology, 120(02), 93-97.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stouffer, J. L., &amp;amp; Tyler, R. S. (1990). Characterization of tinnitus by tinnitus patients. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55(3), 439-453.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3452" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T09:38:51.127" Title="What's the prevalence of pulsatile tinnitus?" Tags="&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T15:58:36.157" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you were at a funeral, and a family member of the deceased said something unintentionally hilarious as part of a eulogy, but only funny to a very small number of people at the funeral. Obviously, it would be very socially inappropriate to laugh, but are normal (neurotypical) people capable of stopping laughter right off or preventing it from starting, or is it normal to not have complete control over laughing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:49:43.637" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:49:43.637" Title="Are most normal human beings capable of controlling laughter?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;laugh-laughter-laughing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10207" CreationDate="2016-11-21T18:26:42.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible to control your laughter. There are several methods of controlling your laughter or laughing without anyone being hurt in the process. Such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Think of something sad and depressing&lt;/strong&gt;: Although this can be unpleasant, it usually takes care of the uncontrollable urge to laugh. If sadness doesn't work, fear is also extremely effective. Think of a scene from a horror movie you just saw or a car accident. This is physically proven to work because the adrenaline (the fear hormone) released from your brain when you have these thoughts will block out the endorphins (the happiness or laughing hormone). It may take some practice to convince yourself enough of the fear, but once you have mastered it, it's very effective.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Force yourself to turn your laugh into a cry&lt;/strong&gt;: if the occasion is something sad such as a funeral. Some people sound like they are laughing before they cry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•If it gets really bad, hold your nose and cover your mouth with that hand. Then people can't see your grin, and you can laugh as hard as you wish inside yourself. You may start shaking, but that's okay, it can be covered as crying. Try not to let any sound out, but if you do ease up by accident, it sounds much like a sneeze or a strange snort.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pretend to pick your teeth&lt;/strong&gt;: Open your mouth wide and pretend to pick away at something stuck. Not only does it totally hide your smile, you also clean your teeth at the same time! Be careful though because the face made is funny enough to make others start laughing when they see what you're up to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.wikihow.com/Stop-Laughing-at-Inappropriate-Times&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.wikihow.com/Stop-Laughing-at-Inappropriate-Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T18:26:42.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9689" CreationDate="2016-11-21T20:15:45.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that you do have some issues remembering verbal instructions, especially if you are under duress of some form. I have this issue as well, but I will not include my personal experience here, as that is not typically appreciated on S.E. sites. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things that may help you are: play &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.learn-with-math-games.com/math-fact-games-for-kids.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;math games&lt;/a&gt; (you may be able to find an app similar to this) and memory games such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lumosity.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lumosity&lt;/a&gt; (also available as an app). Try playing the math games on a time limit, as strange as this sounds, it will help you think more quickly on your feet which &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; help you remember things you heard while stressed more easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you know you will be receiving important information or instructions, be ready with a pen and paper so that you can take down the information - or at least enough details to jog your memory later. If you feel nervous/worked up, try to take some deep breaths and relax before receiving the information. Also, do your best to stay interested in what you are being told, even if it seems boring or normal or whatnot, keep your ears and brain open and not thinking about what you'd rather be doing or hearing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the slightly more long-term, try to eat healthily and get enough rest so that neither of those is responsible for stressing your body. If you continue to have difficulties with your memory or notice it is getting worse - such as expanding to other portions of your life - you may consider getting checked out by a doctor to rule out any more serious issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this has been helpful to you. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to let me know in the comments! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2020-06-09T14:18:58.700" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T14:18:58.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T21:40:10.997" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am asking this question specifically about VR motion sickness but in all my research I have found that it is very similar to any other motion sickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that with VR motion sickness people get used to it after some time.  This function similar to any immersion therapy for motion sickness.&#xA;People have also reported dramamine being effective at controlling symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if taking dramamine and using VR counts towards adaptation time?  I am specifically looking for any research that shows if treating motion sickness with drugs prevents adaptation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also be interested to know if any premises that I have stated based on casual research contradict science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7425" LastActivityDate="2016-11-21T21:40:10.997" Title="Does taking dramamine prevent your body from adapting to motion sickness" Tags="&lt;motion-sickness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T22:01:37.927" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in the antibody formulation (e.g. concentration, salts, pH, excipients, etc.). I wonder if there is a database for that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7424" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-22T20:29:18.560" LastActivityDate="2016-11-22T20:29:18.560" Title="Is there a database for the drug formulation?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-21T23:56:36.517" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went to my dentist for a lookup and he told me I needed a tooth canal treatment. He asked me if I had some problems with my nose, like if it's closed or dry. He was right about it and he told me the nerve next to my teeth is causing the blocked nose. Now I'am asking you guys about it in details. Do you think an infected nerve next to my tooth would cause my nose to be dry ?&#xA;Thanks for you opinions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7426" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:43:41.577" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:43:41.577" Title="Does an infected dental nerve affect nose breahting?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T02:22:25.840" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this an instance of pitted keratolysis? There are no other lesions on the feet. Or is it athlete's foot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3I8hP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:42:32.503" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:42:32.503" Title="Can pitted keratolysis consist of only one lesion?" Tags="&lt;feet&gt;&lt;abscess-lesions&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T05:07:26.553" Score="1" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whats the difference of outcome (in like 6 months) if a person does wide &lt;em&gt;pushups&lt;/em&gt; vs narrow ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whats the outcome of the size of chest (and triceps), strength etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7428" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:18:01.553" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:18:01.553" Title="Wide pushups vs narrow - what are the outcomes?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T06:15:32.900" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do concept unique identifiers (CUIs) in &lt;a href=&quot;https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/metathesaurus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UMLS&lt;/a&gt; have a hierarchy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T17:27:59.543" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T17:27:59.543" Title="Do concept unique identifiers (CUIs) in UMLS have a hierarchy?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T13:52:17.443" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder is there any chance we can have dangerous contagious disease, such as HIV, herpes, hepatitis, etc via sharing thing with other people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I go to fitness center, I share the gym equipment, towel, bath room, steam and sauna room, swimming pool with other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If for example, there is a dry blood stain on towel, is it possible to get infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7432" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T08:20:41.483" Title="Can contagious disease transmitted via sharing things?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9588" CreationDate="2016-11-22T18:12:37.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we compare the average increase in all-cause mortality due to sitting (approximately 50% according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827429/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-study&lt;/a&gt; published on NHS) and the average all-cause mortality due to smoking (aproximately 300% increase according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC data&lt;/a&gt;), siting does not appear to be nearly as bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, because of how broadly you worded the question it is possible that smoking is not as bad as sitting. According to the same publication by CDC that I linked above:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, for smokers who quit before the age of 40 on average the all-cause mortality due to smoking would be just 30%, lower than 50% for caused by sitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your questions of metabolism and harm to lungs. Bad posture while siting restricts maximum lung capacity therefore limiting oxygen intake. Additionally, siting decreases insulin action in blood, decreasing metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7433" LastActivityDate="2016-11-22T18:12:37.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T18:21:35.290" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;What side effect or health damages will occur if a person takes too much pain killer medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7434" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T06:27:24.587" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T06:27:24.587" Title="Effects of taking too much painkillers" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-04-18T16:03:21.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10220" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T21:13:11.597" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a special effects makeup artist (these are the guys who do the wounds or injuries for the movies).&#xA;I need good reference (images or video) of how all kinds of Injuries look like, to make the stuff based in reality and therefore make it look more real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm not a doctor or study medicine, so I don't know good books, or where else to look for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this might be opinion based, but I don't want to know the best, I just would like to know some good sources or go to places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know, that this is probably no the right question for this &quot;community&quot;, but I don't know where else I could ask it. So If you know, please tell me in the comments below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7435" LastActivityDate="2016-11-22T21:13:11.597" Title="Where are good places to find reference?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-22T22:16:39.833" Score="2" ViewCount="2415" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I need glasses and my visit to the optometrist has confirmed this. I've never worn glasses, and I'm new to all this, so I don't completely understand how things work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These past few weeks, I find that on some days my eyesight is nearly perfect. Everything is sharp, no matter the size (such as text). However, on other days, my eyesight is really bad. Things are really blurry, and although I can read text on my computer or far away, it is a bit more difficult to do so. Although not super blurry, the difference is quite significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anyone had these experiences before? Is this normal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7436" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:21:50.007" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:21:50.007" Title="Does eyesight significantly vary from day-to-day?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;blurry-vision&gt;&lt;blepharitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10221" CreationDate="2016-11-22T23:37:35.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of factors involved. I'm no authoritative expert, but here are my personal observations about visual acuity fluctuations and optical knowledge, since getting LASEK (PRK) 6 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;inflammation - My right eye is more likely to get inflammed, which will cause loss of acuity.&#xA;Sleeping in an awkward position could cause this. DO NOT RUB YOUR EYES no matter how much they itch - it will reshape your cornea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eye strain - if you work on a computer &amp;gt; 8 hours a day like me, your focus can get stuck at a certain distance, but this is only temporary. Letting your ciliary muscle relax by staying 3 feet away helps a lot. Blinking and taking breaks also help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Loss of contrast sensitivity instead of focus - I once was accidently blinded by a laser projector like they use in night clubs. It's like looking at the sun, but worse. It took a few hours to recover completely. I think the same can happen if your monitor is too bright. Also good to reduce the blue light level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are you confusing night vision with daylight vision? - In the dark with your pupil wide open, acuity will be poorer due to a larger part of the cornea being used, which exposes more imperfections, and causes more distortion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tired or haven't excercised? - Your brain has to do a lot of signal processing to see, so if you're fatigued, then it will be dulled. Same as with hearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n3yC8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n3yC8.png&quot; alt=&quot;see comment&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7350" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T05:24:04.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10224" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-23T08:32:40.457" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since childhood, I've noticed that when most people get injured they tend to sip the blood from where they got injured claiming that they are doing so, so as not to waste the blood, and furthermore saying that it's better to return the blood back to the body by sipping it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then, I began to wonder if doing such has any side effects. I've never tried it, because as a medical student, it seems inappropriate and very irritating. So in a nutshell,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does sipping the blood have any side-effects or health benefits?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T08:32:40.457" Title="What are the effects of sipping blood?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10228" CreationDate="2016-11-23T09:36:29.613" Score="5" ViewCount="14541" Body="&lt;p&gt;I knew the fact that drinking water more is good for health. 3 Liters per day is good enough for health. But I am drinking more than 10 liters per day. My question is does drinking water more than 10 liters reduce body heat or do I have any side effect for it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-11-24T06:07:13.617" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T02:42:28.677" Title="Does drinking water more than 10 liters per day has any benefit or side effect?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-23T11:11:32.080" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of products on the market that are advertised as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Effervescent C&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They typically consist of a powder or tablet that dissolves in water to create a &lt;em&gt;fizzy drink&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any data to indicate that consuming Vitamin C in a &lt;em&gt;fizzy drink&lt;/em&gt; is any better than just taking a Vitamin C pill?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T12:45:09.633" Title="Are fizzy &quot;Effervescnt C&quot; drinks any better than Vitamin C pills?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10225" CreationDate="2016-11-23T11:39:34.740" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking the appropriate amount of water is okay, but when it becomes excessive, then it could lead to some dangerous circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The appropriate amount of water varies according to lifestyle. According to the popular 8 by 8 rule which says that one should drink eight glasses, each consisting of eight ounce of water, may not suit every individual. Says nutritionist Venu Adhiya Hirani, &quot;While the general belief is to drink eight to 10 glasses of water, it is advisable to drink 12 to 15 glasses of fluids which includes water, tea, buttermilk, soup, etc. This would amount to an intake of around 2.5 litres of fluids everyday.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Krishnan, If you have a sedentary lifestyle and work in an air-conditioned environment where there is no scope for water loss via sweat, drinking more than 2 to 2.5 litres of water is not advisable. It will end up accumulating in your kidney and cause edema. For moderate workers like salespersons, who are required to do physical activity, it is important to drink around three litres of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“It also depends on your size and weight, and also on your activity level and where you live,” Nessler says. “In general, you should try to drink between half an ounce and an ounce of water for each pound you weigh, every day.&quot; For example, if you weigh 150 pounds, that would be 75 to 150 ounces of water a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/Health-benefits-of-black-tea/articleshow/8508759.cms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Consequences of drinking excess water&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Causes Hyponatremia:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sodium content in the blood influences the functioning of the electrolytes. These electrolytes are responsible for sending signals to the cells which control various operations of the body. When you consume too much water, the sodium levels in the blood decrease. This stops the electrolytes from sending signals to the cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Overburdens The Heart:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heart performs the vital function of pumping blood through your entire body. When you consume too much of water, this increases the volume of blood inside your body. The increased blood volume causes unnecessary pressure on the blood vessels and the heart, leading to seizure in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Causes Damage To Glomeruli:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glomeruli are capillary beds in our kidneys. They work as a filtering station to excrete excess water from the body. Too much of water can cause potential damage to this system, leading to serious health hazards. The kidneys have to work overtime to process all this unnecessary water that is beyond their normal filtering capacity (1000 ml per hour).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Causes Swelling Of Cells:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your blood gets diluted due to excess water, the concentration of electrolytes in the blood becomes lower than that in the cells. To maintain a balance in the concentration of electrolytes in the blood and the cells, water begins to flow into the cells. This results in swelling of cells, which is a dangerous condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Causes Brain Edema:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the swelling of brain cells. It is as hazardous as it sounds. Most of the cells in our body have a lot of room to stretch out. But the flat bones in our skull do not leave much space for the brain cells to be accommodated freely. When excess water in the blood vessels starts seeping into the brain cells, it causes swelling in the cells of the brain. This leads to severe conditions that include coma, brainstem herniation, and respiratory attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; There has even been a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2262683/Man-dies-after-drinking-10-litres-of-water-in-eight-hours.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; of a man who died drinking 10 litres of water within eight hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T11:39:34.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-23T12:44:44.833" Score="2" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have allergies to many foods such as dairy, nuts etc so having a difficult time getting enough calcium from natural food sources.&#xA;I have realised that fish bones are a good source of calcium, perhaps even my only alternative to supplements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that it is not a good idea to frequently eat long fish bones as these may get stuck in the digestive system and cause complications.&#xA;I believe an alternative would be to fry or pressure cook the bones and crunch them down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume frying or pressure cooking is not available to me and instead I boil fish bones in water for 5 minutes, cut them with scissors and swallow them with food, would this be digestible and safe to do frequently?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My concerns are:&#xA;&lt;p&gt;- as the bones are cooked with water the bones will not be soft and hence indigestable?&#xA;&lt;p&gt;- even though the bones may have been cut small they may still have hard sharp edges, could these edges not cause complications in the digestive system e.g. slice/pinch tissue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I want to know if it is safe(for digestive system) and beneficial(nutritionally) to eat poached and cut fish bones frequently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:36:20.250" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T04:54:41.367" Title="Is it safe and beneficial to eat poached and cut fish bones?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;foreign-body-object&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10226" CreationDate="2016-11-23T12:45:09.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Effervescent pills have the advantage that since you ingest the active compount already dissolved the absorption rate is generally faster than for normal pills. This is useful when you need the drug to kick in as soon as possible, like medicines for pain or fever. In the case of vitamin C, I see little to no reason why you would need such a fast action, so I assume that there is no benefit on taking one over the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T12:45:09.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10214" CreationDate="2016-11-23T15:46:40.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The wide push-up recruits more of your pectoral muscles while a regular push-up shares the burden with your triceps muscles. According to a small study of eight people, when subjects dropped to their knees to modify the wide push-up, also known as the abduction push-up, they saw a drop in overall muscle activation in the upper body. However, when the same scientists studied the narrow push-up, or adduction push-up, they saw an increase in upper body muscle activation, even though the subjects were modifying on their knees. Thus, they concluded that the narrow push-up is more challenging than the wide push-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/433267-push-ups-elbows-in-vs-out/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/433267-push-ups-elbows-in-vs-out/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T15:46:40.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-23T18:13:05.863" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naturallivingideas.com/banish-muscle-tension/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.naturallivingideas.com/banish-muscle-tension/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has been found that people who suffer from excessive muscle tension, spasms and pain may be deficient in vitamin D. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would being deficient in vitamin D be a possible cause or factor for muscle tension? Alternatively, has any scientific study confirm that claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in forearm muscles. My goal in preventing muscles tightness is to avoid perturbing the tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T18:13:05.863" Title="Is being deficient in vitamin D a possible cause or factor for muscle tension?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10230" CreationDate="2016-11-23T21:58:11.083" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Medical science doesn't work like that&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists would have to study whether your suggestion is effective and whether it has side effects.  Such studies take time and include hundreds of volunteers. Suppose pressure cooking the bones changes the molecular structure of a chemical component and it is likely to produce side effects?  Only serious randomized studies can tell you that.  There are several safe products you can buy, should you have calcium deficiency. Your doctor can diagnose whether you need calcium supplements or not. Young people rarely get calcium deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Patients_Visitors/pcs/nutrition/services/healtheweightforwomen/special_topics/intelihealth1004.aspx?subID=submenu10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In addition, calcium can be found in many foods, not only in dairy products.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dairy Foods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yogurt (1 cup)   350 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milk (1 cup) 300 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cheddar cheese (1 oz.)   204 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ricotta cheese, part skim (1/4 cup)  169 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cottage cheese (1 cup)   150 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nondairy Foods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whole Grain Total cereal (3/4 cup)   1000 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pink salmon with bones, sardines (3 oz., cooked) 181 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Black beans (1 cup)  103 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Broccoli (1 cup, cooked) 150 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Almonds (1 tbsp.)    50 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soy Products&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy yogurt with calcium (3/4 cup)    300 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy milk enriched with calcium (1 cup)   300 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tofu, firm or extra firm (1/4 cup)   250 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy nuts, roasted/salted (1/2 cup)   103 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-11-23T21:58:11.083" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-24T06:21:24.337" Score="2" ViewCount="9081" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whenever I consume onion without cooking, I feel so thirsty. So I am drinking more water than normally. I am lean and my BMI level is below 18.5 . Is this the problem of my health or is there any reason caused by consuming raw onion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2016-11-27T22:06:17.663" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T17:21:01.833" Title="Does consuming raw onion make you thirsty?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-24T13:02:47.083" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bunch of health care terms between which I would like to disambiguate the relationships. A concept map or diagram would be really appreciated since I think better that way. Terms are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Emergency care&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Urgent care&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Non-elective&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acute care&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elective care&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Planned care&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7442" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-11-30T01:34:10.687" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T01:34:10.687" Title="Conceptual differences between urgent, emergency, planned, unplanned, elective and acute care" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-24T15:12:40.007" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you were sleeping on a soft rug for a prolonged period of time, how detrimental would it prove to your back? I read somewhere that it is not advisable to sleep on a soft rug for a long period of time. This may cause potentially severe back and spinal problems later in life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the recommended remedies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7230" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:47:05.017" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:47:05.017" Title="How harmful would it be to the spine if you were sleeping on a soft rug for a prolonged period of time?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;texture&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-24T17:02:28.490" Score="4" ViewCount="715" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I'm still trying to figure out whether it matters if you take a hot or cold or lukewarm or something-in-between shower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the answers I found around the web were like &quot;Yes, hot water does dry your skin more than cold water&quot; but none backed up with any reason or scientific evidence behind it. It only says &quot;hot water strips oils from your skin&quot; but water of really any temperature does that if I'm not mistaken and still a lot of people stress the &quot;hot&quot; aspect here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why is it that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;hot&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; water dries the skin more or is it even true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in which other kind of ways does water temperature affect our skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7443" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:05:54.300" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:05:54.300" Title="(Why) does hot water dry our skin more?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;&lt;dry-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-24T17:58:41.263" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spine-health.com/glossary/muscle-tension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.spine-health.com/glossary/muscle-tension&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Muscle tension refers to the condition in which muscles of the body remain semi-contracted for an extended period. Muscle tension is typically caused by the physiological effects of stress and can lead to episodes of back pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stress may change the body's nervous system by constricting blood&#xA;  vessels and reducing blood flow to the soft tissues, including&#xA;  muscles, tendons, and nerves in the back. This process causes a&#xA;  decrease in oxygen and a buildup of biochemical waste products in the&#xA;  muscles, resulting in muscle tension, spasm, and back pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muscle tension is typically treated using&lt;/strong&gt; nonsurgical options to relax&#xA;  the muscles including exercise, &lt;strong&gt;water therapy&lt;/strong&gt;, and heat therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does &quot;water therapy&quot; work to treat muscle tension (e.g., how much water intake, how often, etc.), and has any scientific study confirm that &quot;water therapy&quot; help treat muscle tension?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in forearm muscles. My goal in preventing muscles tightness is to avoid perturbing the tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-11-24T17:58:41.263" Title="How does &quot;water therapy&quot; work to treat muscle tension?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10243" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10244" CreationDate="2016-11-24T19:40:03.217" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to ask you if you know the reasons somebody feels&#xA;Cold .I have underthyroid  problem.Is there connection between the cold and the underthyroid?My age is 25 and i am woman&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7444" LastEditorUserId="7444" LastEditDate="2016-11-24T19:54:06.500" LastActivityDate="2016-11-24T21:48:01.563" Title="Why i feel cold" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:52:32.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10243" CreationDate="2016-11-24T21:48:01.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One may be cold for several reasons:  &lt;strong&gt;low air temperature&lt;/strong&gt; especially if it is windy and humid, is the most common cause. Some people are cold at 70ºF, others only at 60ºf and a few people are very hardy and can easily tolerate temperatures below 50ºF provided there is no wind. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Younger and physically active people can also tolerate low temperatures better than &lt;strong&gt;the aged or bedridden&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High body temperature is another cause: &lt;strong&gt;fever and hyperthermia&lt;/strong&gt; are examples.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;strong&gt;disease states&lt;/strong&gt; also make you more sensitive to cold temperatures: &lt;strong&gt;hypothyroidism&lt;/strong&gt; is one of them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-24T21:48:01.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10241" CreationDate="2016-11-24T21:58:40.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;water of really any temperature does that if I'm not mistaken&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry but you &lt;strong&gt;are&lt;/strong&gt; mistaken.  Water temperature is an important factor in dissolving lipids. You can ask anyone who washes dishes regularly whether they prefer hot or cold water to remove fat from pans and dishes.  Soap and heat remove fat. Butter is solid when kept in cold places and melts as you heat it.  The same thing happens to skin lipids, hot water melts them and they are removed by soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-24T21:58:40.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9323" CreationDate="2016-11-24T22:16:22.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/food/sns-201608221300--tms--foodstylts--v-f20160822-20160822-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some IBS patients benefit from probiotic supplements. Those with the best efficacy include Align, Culturelle and VSL#3.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-11-24T22:16:22.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T02:30:10.320" Score="3" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a legal training, certification, or license that allows one to legally inject substances/medications into others? Is it illegal to inject others or aid in injecting others without such certifications, licenses, or training? For example to aid someone in injecting medications in a hard to reach area or vaccines at a drive. In that case, what about drawing blood specimens for either donation purposes or testing? All situations I am asking about are with a fully informed consensual adult and with legal substances and proper procedures and materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="7131" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T03:21:24.550" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T04:49:52.423" Title="Existence of injection administering certification?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medical-training&gt;&lt;qualifiy-certify&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="80" CreationDate="2016-11-25T03:27:54.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a patient, Mayo Clinic physicians have indicated to me, as a patient, that weight loss can improve your position (reduce / eliminate apnea+hypoxia events) and reduce the need and possibly eliminate the need for CPAP therapy.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2016-12-09T17:00:42.667" LastActivityDate="2016-12-09T17:00:42.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T03:33:13.210" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;My CPAP is hitting the 5 year mark, so it is time to buy a new one, before the current one fails.  That being said, I am considering purchasing the same Resmed S9 model because having two of the same model enables compatibility of accessories.  There is a newer S10 model.  Has anyone made a the decision to stay with an older model for this reason: if you did, do you believe it was the better decision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:42:17.330" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:42:17.330" Title="CPAP refresh purchase" Tags="&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;brands&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5665" CreationDate="2016-11-25T07:40:47.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few studies have been published concerning this topic.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; For example this one: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1330995/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1330995/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1330995/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To my knowledge they all had somewhat similar results:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Seven solitary subjects, and two groups of four, spent from 5 to 13&#xA;  days in an isolation unit without knowledge of time. Three solitary&#xA;  subjects and one group of four adopted fairly regular activity habits&#xA;  with a period of 25-27 h; one subject adopted a period of 30 h, and&#xA;  one of 27 h initially, decreasing to 24-25 h after a few days. One&#xA;  group of four awoke roughly every 24 h, after a sleep which was&#xA;  alternately about 8 h, or about 4 h and believed by the subjects to be&#xA;  an afternoon siesta. Two solitary subjects alternated sleeps of about&#xA;  8 or 16 h, separated by 24 h of activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while your 'optimal' rhythm might be somewhere around 25 hours of activity in one circadian cycle, there are severe social implications to consider living in 'another timezone' than everybody else in your community.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Concerning the second part of your question &lt;em&gt;and then sleep for over 16 hours&lt;/em&gt;, there are studies, which show that for an average adult the optimal amout of sleep lies between 7-9 hours. However, the test subjects in these studies are usually just awake for around 15 hours. So, I do not think that anybody can give you a responsible advice on this matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to my knowledge, there is no reasonable amount of evidence for long-term effects such a changed circadian cycle might have on one's health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7447" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T07:40:47.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T08:39:26.023" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this for a school thing and I am completely stuck on working out what it is. I'm thinking reticular dermis but thats just a guess. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;It is a clean wound positioned just below the elbow crease that bleeds slowly but consistently for about 10 minutes, when the blood is washed away white can be seen inside, is about a 1.2mm in width and 1cm in length. It takes about 3 weeks to heal (wounds similar to cat scratches usually heal in 5 days on this subject) and leaves a purple scar to begin with. What layer and sublayer of skin is this likely to be in, what depth range too?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I figure that the white must be collagen and the fact that it bleeds slowly but consistently would suggest it was through the surface capillaries and long healing time a decent depth. This is what makes me think reticular dermis but I am really not sure. What do you guys think, it would be great if you could approximate the depth too? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7449" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T00:15:56.200" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T00:15:56.200" Title="What layer of skin and approximate depth would this be?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hypodermic&gt;&lt;capillary-capillaries&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T10:27:25.100" Score="7" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it determined the same way as &quot;healthy&quot; weight?  Someone told me that for weight, they do it by measuring a large number of people and see who gets sick and who doesn't and correlate that weight.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I was in a forum where someone was saying the requirements are different and some can have 6 hours and be okay and some need 9 hours and I been googling for a few hours but can't find out how doctors would determine that, like is there a list of studies where they looked at different ages, men vs women, different personalities, race, etc, and how much sleep they need?  I read in a couple of places that women need more sleep but couldn't find the study that proved that.  One site mentioned Duke university but no link to the study.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7451" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:13:59.387" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T20:19:26.697" Title="How do scientists determine how much sleep a particular individual needs?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-03-13T01:15:35.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10256" CreationDate="2016-11-25T14:35:48.547" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;5 days ago, I found that my right eye does not work properly. The vision of the left eye is better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is how I feel:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person press strongly on his closed eye by his figures or hand, The vision becomes unclear temporarily. This is how I see but I see it permanently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person look at the sun or a strong light, Then the vision in a normal lighted room becomes unclear. This is how I feel too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I have a problem with the &lt;strong&gt;brightness&lt;/strong&gt; of the right eye. I don't have issue with &lt;strong&gt;colours&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;resolution&lt;/strong&gt;. I do NOT see a &lt;strong&gt;blurry&lt;/strong&gt; image. My problem is with &lt;strong&gt;light&lt;/strong&gt; I think. I also see kind of &lt;strong&gt;floaters&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soon, I will go to a doctor. What is the best way to describe my problem? so that he checks me correctly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-11-25T17:58:21.037" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T17:58:21.037" Title="How can I describe my eye weakness (disease) to a doctor?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10255" CreationDate="2016-11-25T15:49:40.397" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite sure the description you give here is enough for a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please take a look at this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/benign-eye-floaters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/benign-eye-floaters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD is a reliable source. They state:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you only have a few eye floaters that don't change over time, don’t&#xA;  sweat it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Go to the doctor ASAP if you notice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A sudden increase in the number of floaters &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Flashes of light &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A loss ofside vision Changes that come on quickly and get worse over time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Floaters after eye surgery or eye trauma Eye pain &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Choose a doctor who has experience with retina problems. If you don’t get help right away, you could lose your sight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T15:49:40.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T17:07:07.613" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spine-health.com/glossary/muscle-tension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.spine-health.com/glossary/muscle-tension&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stress may change the body's nervous system by constricting blood&#xA;  vessels and reducing blood flow to the soft tissues, including&#xA;  muscles, tendons, and nerves in the back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any scientific study confirm and quantify that the reduction of blood flow in the soft tissues resulting from stress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus, and to a lesser extent in forearm muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T17:07:07.613" Title="How much reduction of blood flow in the soft tissues can result from stress?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-25T22:15:45.553" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/epi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;, toxoplasma gondii is purported to be present in approximately 22.5% of those in the US above the age of 12, and is present in some populations worldwide at an incidence rate of over 90%. It has been linked to mental health problems in humans, with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3515034/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; for example showing strong potential for the parasite to cause schizophrenia, and mentioning abundant evidence of the parasite causing brain changes in other hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing my due diligence, I found plenty of information from the CDC, Mayo Clinic and so on indicating that the infection is generally asymptomatic, which is essentially proxy terminology for &quot;doesn't cause any symptoms we're looking for,&quot; and so is generally not treated. If it is treated, however, no resource I could find indicates whether treatment actually eliminates the parasite, or simply holds it at bay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does modern medicine allow us to &quot;cure&quot; toxoplasma gondii infection, or will an infected individual continue to carry the parasite for life?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2016-11-25T22:15:45.553" Title="Can an infection with toxoplasma gondii be cured with the current medical state of the art?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-26T01:27:47.373" Score="1" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are influenza vaccinations a.k.a. flu shots the same worldwide? For example, if the patient gets a flu shot in South Korea in October, then spends the winter in the United States, would the protection against the influenza be as efficient as if the patient had gotten the flu shot in the United States?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:41:18.007" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T12:22:25.673" Title="Are influenza vaccinations the same worldwide?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-26T12:28:40.477" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have acid reflux that gives you severe level of mouth ulcers in such a way that you are getting multiple clusters of canker sores on your tongue and you can't eat or sleep anymore, does that mean your sphincters are malfunctioning or are damaged and can only be fixed through surgery? Is surgery the only solution or can we do abdominal exercises that strengthen the sphincters; I have heard that you are also supposed to avoid any foods or drinks that trigger acidity but technically that is almost every food on the planet which is unavoidable and would probably result in deprivation of vital nutrients from your diet resulting in malnutrition and decrease of immunity increasing the problem even further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7246" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T18:22:43.313" Title="How do we know that our esophageal sphincters are malfunctioning in acid reflux without endoscopy?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;lower-esoph-sphincter-les&gt;&lt;canker-sores&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12465" CreationDate="2016-11-26T17:55:35.463" Score="2" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I had to overview some WiFi technologies, and then wanted to check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jammerfromchina.com/products/14_Antennas_Adjustable_3G_4G_Cellphone_Signal_Blocker_%26_WiFi_GPS_UHF_VHF_%26_Full_Bands_Signal_Jammer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RADIOSIGNAL-BLOCKER&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; hardware (a.k.a. WiFi/Cellural-Signal/Bluetooth/ Jammer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We needed to use that technology to block mobile-phones in our hall, to avoid noise during some important events..  But I was interested, if it is harmful for peoples health (for example, averagely 3 hours a day it will be turned ON in our office).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7459" LastEditorUserId="7459" LastEditDate="2016-11-30T17:45:04.280" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T00:10:15.177" Title="is RADIO-SIGNAL Jammer safe for health?" Tags="&lt;radioactivity&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-26T20:06:11.443" Score="3" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the dangers of collecting menstrual blood in a jar for a week and then paint with it? Will there be any dangerous bacteria in the blood that could be airborne?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any substance I can use to sterilize the blood?&#xA;Will keeping it in the freezer be better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7460" LastActivityDate="2018-03-05T09:05:48.293" Title="dangers of keeping blood in a jar" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10265" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-26T21:24:17.387" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally bought organic soy lecithin granules thinking it was soy granules. I did some research and found that the recommended intake is two spoons a day for an adult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find any useful information as to why this quantity is recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health impacts of eating more than two spoons of soy lecithin per day? Can I safely consume more than this quantity, e.g. because I like the taste?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7462" LastActivityDate="2016-11-27T17:21:01.127" Title="What are the health impacts of soy lecithin?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T00:45:38.457" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to gather data for a bioengineering project, but I'm finding difficulty locating the statistic of the average number of sutures per visit, for E.R.'s. Does anyone know how to find this data? I've tried Google Scholar to look for studies, but couldn't find anything (or my research skills are rather poor...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7465" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:37:50.767" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:37:50.767" Title="Average Number of Sutures per E.R. visit" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;&lt;abscess-lesions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T03:21:27.083" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I am in the software industry, I am in a higher risk group to develop RSI (Repetitive strain injury), and thus I am taking measures to prevent this from happening. I keep a relatively good measure and a good keyboard, but one thing that I have some questions about is that on several websites, one of the recommendations to prevent RSI is to use &lt;em&gt;keyboard shortcuts&lt;/em&gt; more and use the &lt;em&gt;mouse&lt;/em&gt; less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this it would seem that using the mouse makes the risk of RSI higher than the keyboard does. But is there any evidence backing this up? Is RSI mainly due to mouse usage rather than keyboard usage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7466" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:16:13.720" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:16:13.720" Title="RSI mostly due to keyboard or mouse?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T07:50:27.080" Score="0" ViewCount="502" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep reading that at least in the case of viruses humidifiers and warmer air can kill viruses, especially if you have sinusitis.  I was thinking that if you wear a mask you would achieve both higher humidity and the warmer air.  Could this be a good alternative or supplement to nasal vaporizers/inhalers?  You don't generally use inhalers all day, but you could wear a mask almost all day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7467" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-29T06:42:42.150" LastActivityDate="2016-11-29T06:42:42.150" Title="Can wearing a mask when sick help fight off infection?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T12:22:12.307" Score="6" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-drug-related behavior despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, this friend I have &lt;em&gt;(wink, wink, nudge, nudge)&lt;/em&gt; finds thinking long and hard about difficult problems intrinsically rewarding and he sometimes finds it hard to resist it despite certain negative consequences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At work, he tends to prefer tasks that require him to think over tasks that don't, but create actual value.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When he has a particuarly interesting problem to think about, he may be distracted in social situations by the urge to sit and brood over it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most seriously, maybe, he wastes opportunities to relax and unwind thinking about theoretical problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that he would change a thing if he could&amp;mdash;the negative consequences aren't really serious and they're outweighed by the reward, both material and immaterial.  But he's been thinking if anyone ever seriously studied the possibility of a sort of benign addiction to thinking long and hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is such an addiction documented?  Does it make sense at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7469" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:36:13.873" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:36:13.873" Title="Addiction to thinking hard" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;&lt;relax-relaxation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-03-15T10:07:57.957" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10270" CreationDate="2016-11-27T16:48:03.527" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, wearing a mask cannot help fight infection when sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sick person can wear a face mask when around others only to help prevent the spread of flu. Wearing a face mask limits the spread of tiny infected drops that are released when a person talks, coughs or sneezes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all, the masks were originally designed to protect patients from the coughs and sneezes of a surgeon and not to help fight an infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/22/416466284/will-a-surgical-mask-keep-you-safe-in-a-viral-outbreak&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/22/416466284/will-a-surgical-mask-keep-you-safe-in-a-viral-outbreak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sfcdcp.org/fluill.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sfcdcp.org/fluill.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-11-29T06:34:23.337" LastActivityDate="2016-11-29T06:34:23.337" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10260" CreationDate="2016-11-27T17:27:41.343" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly, I would be reluctant to ascribe those symptoms (recurrent oral canker sores) to acid reflux. In very severe reflux acid can make its way up the oesophagus and can cause chemical burns to the throat and mouth, but there would also be other related symptoms, like nausea, indigestion, heartburn, persistent coughing (caused by acid irritating the larynx) and finally burns to the mouth and a taste of acid in the mouth, especially when lying down. Isolated persistent oral aphthous ulcers is not related to acid reflux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, there are no oesophageal sphincters, in the usual sense of a muscular structure. The oesophagus is closed above the stomach when it passes through the muscular diaphragm, which applies external pressure on the oesophagus. This is called a 'functional sphincter', as opposed to an 'anatomical sphincter'. Thus, if this hole in the diaphragm is too big it won't be able to close the oesophagus fully and there will be some reflux of stomach acid into the oesophagus. Depending on how large the hole some of the stomach might be able to go through it, what is called a hiatus hernia. There are no exercises that will close this hole in the diaphragm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, if there is a strong history of typical symptoms then a diagnosis of reflux is fairly straightforward. However some tests are usually required to determine severity and possible treatment. Surgery, in severe cases, is recommended and has good results. There are medications that will help lower acidity levels and can eliminate symptoms in mild cases. This is best decided in consultation with a surgeon. A trial of medications is often worthwhile, to assess response to treatment, before surgery is considered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fourthly, diet plays an important role in the management of reflux. Anything you chew or swallow will cause your stomach to produce acid, but there are certain foods that cause much more acid to be produced or are actually acidic themselves. There are many excellent resources on diet available online or from your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7472" LastActivityDate="2016-11-27T17:27:41.343" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T18:08:06.037" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are vitamins with 150% of Vit C or whatever (and sometimes even advertised with that as a plus!) If the vitamin contains more than 100% of the RDA, does it get averaged out over the week? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7473" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:09:10.870" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:09:10.870" Title="Mult-vitamin with more than 100% of daily recommended amount?" Tags="&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;&lt;medication-directions&gt;&lt;multi-vitamin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-27T18:23:20.137" Score="1" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 16 years old and I was always told that I should shave my beard, that it will cause it to grow faster. Is this true and is there any scientific evidence proving its true? Does it have any side-effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2931" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:32:34.437" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:32:34.437" Title="Does shaving causes the hair to grow faster?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;&lt;shave-shaving&gt;&lt;shaving-cream&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10263" CreationDate="2016-11-27T23:50:13.690" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First problem: Blood is an organic substance, and like all organic substances that aren't cooked, refrigerated or otherwise preserved, it will rot. You'll need to freeze or at least refrigerate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second problem: It is a biohazard. Any diseases the donor had (known or unknown) will potentially be in that blood at infectious levels. Any bacteria introduced during or after collection will also grow very nicely in it unless it's refrigerated or frozen. You really should put a biohazard warning label on your art so people know it is potentially infectious. Keep in mind that some viruses can remain infectious in dried blood for weeks (eg, hepatitis B).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third problem: Blood clots and congeals. After a week you won't have something you can paint with, and it will be black, not red.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try adding a chemical such as chlorine bleach or formaldehyde as a preservative, but I'm not sure what other effects that would have. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming_chemicals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming_chemicals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aftermath.com/content/human-decomposition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aftermath.com/content/human-decomposition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-03-05T09:05:48.293" LastActivityDate="2018-03-05T09:05:48.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10277" CreationDate="2016-11-28T01:45:16.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, shaving does not cause hair to grow faster. People believe it is true for several reasons&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your hair might be just growing faster now because of puberty, which is when people usually start shaving&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shaving makes the ends of the hair blunt, giving it the appearance of thickness as it is coarser than hair that has not been cut recently &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling this brings up many reputable sources debunking this, here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/hair-removal/faq-20058427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; from the Mayo Clinic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7473" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T01:45:16.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10277" CreationDate="2016-11-28T05:36:39.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. Shaving your facial hair (i.e. beard) or any part of your body for that matter will not make it grow back faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is nothing proven scientifically or otherwise that has claimed that when a razor meets your skin does your hair automatically sprout up at a quicker rate.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now there are a few reasons why people might think that this is the case to begin with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do grow body hair, it will naturally shed a few hairs while in the growth phase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact your hair goes through four very distinct phases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anagen (growing phase)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Catagen (regression phase)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Telogen (resting phase)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exogen (shedding phase) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you are a teenager, your beard is heavily in the anagen phase when it starts to come in.  Therefore with regular shaving, you may notice more and more hairs are sprouting up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its not actually the shaving that is causing the growth, its just now that your body has started to enter the prime growth phase due uptick of testosterone in your body and with your androgenic hair (i.e. body hair) starting finally grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore in a relatively short time frame, your beard will seem like it grows in rather rapidly, but in actuality its just that body hair is starting to take form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you think about it logically, if men who shaved daily had beards that grew in quicker, would have substantial beard growth by midday.  While of course that would be pretty sweet, it just physically doesn’t happen that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, we would never have bald men…ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, hair follicles themselves can be in any one of the four stages that we outlined above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you shave your beard, you are effectively normalizing all the hair follicles to just one length and when looking at your beard that is only a couple of days old it may appear thicker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the natural shedding and thinning of your beard that occurs during the exogen phase, when looking at a fresh shaved face, your beard will look more concentrated together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference :&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.toolsofmen.com/does-shaving-make-facial-hair-grow-faster/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.toolsofmen.com/does-shaving-make-facial-hair-grow-faster/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T05:36:39.697" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-28T05:54:41.887" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does drinking hot water instead of cool water reduces paunch. In what way hot water helping to decrease the fat in the body ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T20:47:32.970" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T20:47:32.970" Title="Does drinking hot water reduces paunch?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5959" CreationDate="2016-11-28T06:23:42.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is ill effect if the water contains germs. Boiling water kill the germs, and mixing them with cold water will result in a temperature low enough for the germs from the cold water to survive. That's why in some part of the world, there is some believe not to mix hot and cold water for drinking. It can really cause sickness if the water is not clean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference : &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-ill-effects-if-you-drink-a-hot-and-cold-water-mixture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-ill-effects-if-you-drink-a-hot-and-cold-water-mixture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, its better you to take hot water and keep it for sometime and then drink it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T06:23:42.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5155" CreationDate="2016-11-28T09:22:47.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occupational therapists primarily use functional activities to assess and treat individuals who have lost independence due to illness or injury. It is uncommon to use craft type activities outside of mental health and paediatrics unless it holds some specific meaning for the individual undergoing treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In assessing an individual who has undergone cardiac surgery and is looking to regain independence, I would observe/assist them with a regular activity, such as getting dressed or preparing a hot drink depending on their current level of function. I would specifically be looking at standing and exercise tolerance, functional mobility within the area, balance, and fine motor function. Observing the activity would allow me to ensure other functions were intact - for example, those related to cognition. Once I understood their present physical presentation, I would prepare a treatment plan that enabled me to work on the skills required to develop their independence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key thing, for me as a therapist, is to ensure that the treatment activities I am preparing are meaningful to the individual, and that they address the areas identified within my assessment. Every treatment session is also an assessment so that treatment is fluid and adapts as the needs of the individual change. If your father's current treatment is not meaningful and is not helping him to progress, I would certainly speak to his therapist in order to understand why they believe the activities are beneficial and what the goals of the intervention are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About me:&#xA;Occupational therapist of 13 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7477" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T09:22:47.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-28T09:25:37.353" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a baby has ASD VSD and PDA altogether, than what are the chances for his self-recovery without any heart surgery. Also how soon would you expect such a recovery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the things you would watch in his echo or other tests, to verify if self-recovery is happening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7479" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:36:26.073" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:36:26.073" Title="Baby with ASD VSD PDA altogether" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;ventricular-spetal-defect&gt;&lt;atrial-septal-defect-asd&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-28T17:43:46.647" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common wisdom is that once you've been infected with a cold virus, you are then immune to that specific virus. Obviously there are hundreds of cold viruses, so you can keep getting colds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the same hold true for GI bugs? And if so, does that immunity mean you likely won't suffer many/any symptoms on subsequent exposure? Or will you still get the vomiting and/or diarrhea as that's how your body expels the bacteria/virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T17:43:46.647" Title="Immunity after a GI bug" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-28T21:09:37.870" Score="2" ViewCount="1168" Body="&lt;p&gt;An advertisement of a Kegel equipment for men claims that hanging more weight to the erected penis while contracting the pubococcygeus muscle will help make it stronger. Superficially, this makes sense to me, since to make any muscle stronger, forcing it work more intense than everyday is necessary. Here is their visualization:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EMs7h.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EMs7h.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there any scientific paper research on this method? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only article that the advertisement refers to is &lt;a href=&quot;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/pelvic-exercises-for-men-too/?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pelvic Exercises for Men, Too&lt;/a&gt;, which 1) seems to promote the aforementioned company, and 2) doesn't actually cite any paper that seems to answer the efficiency of the product. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/kegel-exercises-treating-male-urinary-incontinence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/mens-health/in-depth/kegel-exercises-for-men/art-20045074&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; do not specially mention about adding more weight to the penis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2016-12-03T17:13:19.397" LastActivityDate="2016-12-03T17:13:19.397" Title="Would doing Kegel exercise by hanging weight to penis is really effective?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10293" CreationDate="2016-11-28T21:46:03.043" Score="3" ViewCount="5060" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to purchase glasses online but I cannot figure out what the Spherical value is for the left eye (OS).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t2jaA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t2jaA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7490" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T22:11:22.760" Title="Help reading an eyeglass prescription: What does &quot;PL&quot; or &quot;PC&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;astigmatism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10292" CreationDate="2016-11-28T22:11:22.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally found this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plano - PL - This indicates there is no spherical correction in this&#xA;  eye. A plano lens would have no focusing power or correction to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's &lt;code&gt;0&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aclens.com/How-to-Read-Your-Eyeglass-Prescription-c172.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Read and Enter Your Eyeglass Prescription&lt;/a&gt; - aclens.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7490" LastActivityDate="2016-11-28T22:11:22.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-29T00:03:22.457" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the risks, complications, and problems associated with using a 30 gauge needle to draw blood from someone with otherwise average veins? What is the certainty of hemolysis and would it be even possible to syringe draw with a 30 gauge needle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:15:43.190" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:15:43.190" Title="Plausibility of 30 gauge draw?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;needles&gt;&lt;hemolysis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-29T11:24:39.930" Score="2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 14year old boy's penis was cut off distally at the glans during circumcision. The piece of the glans was not stored in ice but the boy was immediately send to hospital with a piece to be re-attached. It took the ambulance about 1 hour to reach the hospital. The piece was not re-attached but the admitting doctor said it is no longer viable. How long does the piece survive in not in ice? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7495" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:14:41.027" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:14:41.027" Title="Penile glans amputation" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;amputation&gt;&lt;circumcision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10118" CreationDate="2016-11-29T16:58:26.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely, uniquiviquly, NO you can not assume that if you have normal blood pressure and pulse range that you are otherwise healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Periodic physical exams are recommend for all persons, even if they seem otherwise healthy (this provides a good guide to determine &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002125.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;frequencies&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are some clear exceptions to this.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AIDS&lt;/a&gt; is caused by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV&lt;/a&gt; infection, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_defining_clinical_condition&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be diagnosed&lt;/a&gt; without abnormalities in pulse or blood pressure.  More pressingly, HIV infected patients often live several years with little to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/signs-and-symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;no symptoms what so ever&lt;/a&gt; (before the development of AIDS, during the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_period&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical latency&lt;/a&gt; period).  Further, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/actagainstaids/campaigns/hivtreatmentworks/stayincare/treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV treatment&lt;/a&gt; has the best outcomes if it is begun prior to the development of AIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you believe that you have been exposed to HIV, (a good summary of transmission information for the public can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;from the CDC&lt;/a&gt;) you need to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/guidelines/testing.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;screened&lt;/a&gt; for HIV.  If you are unsure if you should be screened, then you should consult with your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care_physician&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary care physician&lt;/a&gt; (which if you don't have one, it is best to try and obtain one).  World wide, it can be difficult to obtain primary care, and several agencies, NGOs, and charities are trying to fill that gap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical conditions missed by normal &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_signs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitals&lt;/a&gt; are not limited to infectious diseases.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anemia&lt;/a&gt; is just an easy, common, example of a problem that can present with normal heart rate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(HR)&lt;/a&gt; and blood pressure &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(BP)&lt;/a&gt; (and temp/respiratory rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The short answer to your question: HR and BP are NOT assurances of good health, just a good place to begin looking for problems.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastActivityDate="2016-11-29T16:58:26.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10302" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10310" CreationDate="2016-11-29T22:05:45.793" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Sunday, My right ear feels like something is lodged in it, but only seems to be in bed. What can I do to confirm it, and what can I actually do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note- I'm Only 16, And I've already checked my headphones to see if its a bud. Its not.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7501" LastEditorUserId="7501" LastEditDate="2016-11-29T22:14:40.580" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T10:22:14.943" Title="I'm not sure, but might have something stuck in my ear" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-01-03T04:24:21.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10309" CreationDate="2016-11-29T23:20:08.607" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to reduce my intake of gluten and have found that my bowels are much more stable and regular. Does beer have gluten in it? I haven't found beer to be a problem for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7503" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T10:21:46.007" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T10:21:46.007" Title="Gluten in beer or not?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gluten&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10306" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10308" CreationDate="2016-11-30T05:56:52.003" Score="0" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have low level of hemoglobin in my blood. I include the followings in my food. Pomegranate,Iron syrups,Dates,Beetroot. Still my hemoglobin level is not increased properly. I want some suggestions to increase hemoglobin and the foods taken by me are enough or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-11-30T06:25:48.403" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:53:27.397" Title="Hemoglobin level is not increasing in blood - Why?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;&lt;hemoglobin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-30T07:40:16.197" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctor have advised -22 power glasses for my 3-year old daughter. Does it equal to blindness? Will she behave like a normal child - play, fight and ask for different things (as children do), identify the colors etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7505" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:09:46.713" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:09:46.713" Title="Child with -22 power, is it equal to blindness?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;blind&gt;&lt;color-blindness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10306" CreationDate="2016-11-30T08:48:38.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Iron supplements will only increase your hemoglobin levels if they are low because you lack iron. Ferritin levels are a better indicator of how much iron you have than hemoglobin. If this is the case, animal sources of iron are much more efficient than fruits and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T13:53:27.397" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:53:27.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10304" CreationDate="2016-11-30T09:15:54.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Barley, the most common cereal used in beer, contains gluten. However, it is possible that the fermentation process digests this gluten, at least partially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to be on the safe side, you can try beer made out of rice or corn, as these are completely gluten free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T09:15:54.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10302" CreationDate="2016-11-30T10:22:14.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first thing to do is to see a doctor. Your primary care doctor is the place to start. He or she can look deep into your ear to see if there is anything lodged in it. It may be a build up of wax, or debris. If so, yoUr doctor can clean it out. If there is nothing blocking your ear drum, and the feeling of blockage continues you should see a specialist. These physicians are called Ear, Nose &amp;amp; Throat (ENT) doctors. They can test to see if there is a problem with how your ear works on the inside. Here is a web site that explains how the ear works.&#xA; It is a remarkable and complex instrument. Protect it. Good luck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7503" LastActivityDate="2016-11-30T10:22:14.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-30T12:24:07.393" Score="3" ViewCount="3124" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem started when I was about 18. anything I eat makes the following symptoms happens 15 min after: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brain Fog &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleepiness and Tirdness &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Very thirsty &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rapid heart rate and palpitation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;very irritable, nervous, depressed &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if i don't take Ibuprofen (400-800mg) the brain fog leads to a terrible migraine. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms at first were light and unnoticeable but started to get worse over the years. &#xA;Now I'm 25 and the symptos are the worst ever. I go out of service every day for two hours at least just 5 min after I finish eating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made many blood sugar tests and all were negative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I visited more than 10 doctors in two countries so far and no one takes me seriously and some of them even laughed at me and said I'm deluded. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm not just worried about my illness but also the daily ibuprofen intake. I know it's dangerous but I have no idea what to do or who I go to. &#xA;I appreciate your suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7507" LastEditorUserId="7507" LastEditDate="2016-11-30T12:32:24.113" LastActivityDate="2016-12-12T07:55:21.853" Title="Bad Brain fog 15 min after eating but sugar test is negative" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;brain-fog&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:53:32.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-30T12:24:10.080" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had been smoking cannabis since last year and I think I've undergone a decrease in mathematical creativity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to get a lot of ideas about how to tackle a math problem and was a somewhat good problem solver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now, after 8-9 months of cannabis usage, I get stuck at the most basic problems and am unable to solve if I haven't solved it before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this just my anxiety that's causing it or is this for real?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can quitting cannabis restore my abilities to some extent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.s - This is not some anti-weed propaganda. I'm really feeling like this for some time now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7508" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:27:47.850" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:27:47.850" Title="Decrease in mathematical creativity due to weed" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-11-30T22:43:48.960" Score="3" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose you are locked in a room in New York for three years. You have supply of free drinkable water, utensils for cooking food and access to delivery of groceries from average-priced store. If you have to be able to negate all consequences of your diet, what is the optimal strategy for nutrition aimed at spending as little money as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7513" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T23:48:14.000" Title="What is the cheapest possible diet that will not cause severe irreversible damage to your health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15374" CreationDate="2016-12-01T00:42:47.650" Score="5" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed women who consume tobacco often have striations in their skin above the upper lip when passing middle age (a frequent cause of annoyance as lipstick gets drawn into them via capillary action). I've not however noticed similar patterns in male smokers. Anyone know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7515" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:21:11.727" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T17:52:46.127" Title="Why do female smokers often have creases above their lips?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-01T08:35:44.527" Score="2" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rumor is that an Indian gooseberry contains vitamin C so much as a sum of two/three oranges. Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7519" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T10:23:11.637" Title="Does amla (Indian gooseberry) contain lots of vitamin C?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-c&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10203" CreationDate="2016-12-01T16:27:24.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get a proper diagnosis and see if you really suffer from chronic hiccups, you have to see a doctor. &#xA;Chronic hiccups can be a symptom of another disorder, so sometimes treatment is based on treating the underlying condition. There are also medicines that can ease very severe cases of chronic hiccups, but they are not the sort of medication you should be taking on your own. If you need medicines, adequate therapy can be prescribed by your physician - which is another good reason for a visit to the doctor's office.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hiccups-chronic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hiccups, Chronic&lt;/a&gt; - National Organization for Rare Disorders &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T16:27:24.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-01T19:54:23.883" Score="0" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once in a while I hear some sort of screeching sound, sort of like that unpleasant sound heard when you scratch a sharp object against a chalkboard. Whenever I hear the sound, its sort of in a low tone, so it's as if the sound is either on my head or it's coming from somewhere very far away. Whenever I ask those beside me, they say that their not heating anything. So my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the sound coming from my head or I'm just the only one that could hear it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is such scenario normal or abnormal?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the sound simply produced by the wind passing by my ear?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:58:11.127" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:58:11.127" Title="Hearing some kind of screeching sound. Is it (not) normal?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-12-19T10:57:33.013" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-01T20:56:23.533" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;One day, I went to many pharmacists to measure my blood pressure. I found that the readings are different. I don't know wither my blood pressure rapidly changes or the devices are not very accurate. I tried analog and digital devices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I don't know the actual blood pressure reading and I don't know wither it is high or normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my readings in one day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Morning:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;160/97&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Night:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;150/100&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 5 min of walking in a street: 130/80&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 5 min of walking in a street: 120/90&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 5 min of walking in a street: 125/85&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make sense? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T00:02:21.623" Title="Do these blood pressure readings make sense?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10326" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10329" CreationDate="2016-12-01T21:12:26.573" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;After asking this question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10255/how-can-i-describe-my-eye-weakness-disease-to-a-doctor&quot;&gt;How can I describe my eye weakness (disease) to a doctor?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to an occultist. He said that my eye sight is 6/6 (good) and eye bottom is good healthy too. He did not check my eye pressure and said I'm OK generally. I sitll have bad vision with my right eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to other two oculists, They said I've an issue with eye pressure and I've to check my field of vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I would like you to send my some picture about how a person who have an issue with eye pressure see the world? &#xA;It would be very very useful for me to describe my issue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe I see something like white/Gray spot or cloud?! ... Anyway, I can not describe. Please, Help me by sending the pictures if you have one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T01:01:43.550" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T01:01:43.550" Title="How a person with high eye pressure see? Would you give me pictures?" Tags="&lt;blurry-vision&gt;&lt;field-of-vision-fov-test&gt;&lt;intraocular-pressure-iop&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10326" CreationDate="2016-12-01T23:41:18.667" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since most cases of high eye pressure leads to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glaucoma.org/gleams/high-eye-pressure-and-glaucoma.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glaucoma&lt;/a&gt;, the picture below shows how someone with glaucoma sees the world&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i7izy.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i7izy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-12-01T23:41:18.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="994" CreationDate="2016-12-02T16:05:28.177" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unquestionably, sexual activity has several benefits for the body and mind.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have a satisfactory sexual life tend to be happier, friendlier, calmer and sleep better. People who are happier, friendlier, calmer and sleep better, tend to need fewer medical appointments. Then again, sex is a touchy subject.  Unless you are a psychyatrist, most medical professionals would find it very difficult to find out if an individual patient has a regular and normal sexual life, and even more difficult if they are as pleasurable as they should be.  Trying to find out may induce some patients to lie. Worse than that, some may say the doctor is too nosy and never return.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if an occasionally uninhibited and outspoken patient says that they have no sexual activity and think they would be much happier if they did, to advise &quot;go and have sex to improve your general health or to help treat these disorders&quot; can be risky.  If the patient makes wrong choices and unexpected problems are created, malpractice actions may follow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All a doctor can do is mention that pleasurable sexual activity is good for one's health. So are a good night's sleep and healthy meals, everybody knows that. I'm sure those who enjoy sex, and know where to get a good partner, will have it whenever they want.  For those who cannot find a partner or who do not enjoy sex at all, it's no use telling them to go and have it for the sake of their health. They simply won't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ps - Even if a medical professional were sure some sort of sexual therapy would be of great benefit to an individual patient, any sort of prescription would have to be approved by the FDA or an official Secretary of Health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastEditorUserId="7280" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T15:06:46.820" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T15:06:46.820" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10324" CreationDate="2016-12-02T16:36:07.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you do not only hear these sounds on windy days while outside, wWhat you are describing is most likely &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/home/ovc-20180349&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tinnitus&lt;/a&gt; and not simply the wind passing your ear. While tinnitus is common, it is generally a sign of an abnormality in the auditory system. In most cases you are the only one who can hear it, but in some cases the ear makes sounds. These &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.audiology.org/news/otoacoustic-emissions-tinnitus-distortion-product-oaes-and-transient-oaes-interview-david-kemp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;otoacoustic emissions&lt;/a&gt; can sometimes be heard by you and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-12-02T16:36:07.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-03T22:54:06.410" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking for a probotic suppliment with the following strains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactobacillus Plantarm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactobacillus Acidophilus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactobacillus Brevis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bifidobacterum Lactis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bifidobacterum Longum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best way to match a probiotic suppliment to desired strains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would one need to look at the back of every product supplement out there and try to match each species or is there a better way to find the right probiotic with desired species?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there classes or categories of probiotcs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there certain standards or certifications to look for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there trusted studies on which brands work best?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2313" LastEditorUserId="2313" LastEditDate="2016-12-03T23:00:54.810" LastActivityDate="2016-12-03T23:00:54.810" Title="What is the best way to match a probiotic suppliment to desired strains?" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T07:40:48.003" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that the European Food Safety Authority has established an upper limit of 270 mg/day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The UL for vitamin E was therefore established as 270 mg/day for adults&#xA;  and rounded to 300 mg/day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2562" LastEditorUserId="2562" LastEditDate="2016-12-04T18:54:00.370" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T18:54:00.370" Title="How much Vitamin E is safe to take on long-term for a male young adult?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-e&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T13:45:10.600" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;When did the physicians realize that knowledge of internal anatomy can help in healing the patient?&#xA;I know that human dissections were rare until 15-16c. But there were earlier cultures like the Egyptians, who regularly dissected bodies in order to make mummification, but it seems that this did not affected their medicine. &#xA;I personally study cuneiform texts and in their medicine the larger concept is the belief in external elements (most often demons), who influence the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7545" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:16:07.290" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:16:07.290" Title="When did the physicians realize that knowledge of internal anatomy can help in healing the patient?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;ancient-medicine&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T13:52:49.333" Score="3" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a third year nursing student, currently writing an assignment on Law and Ethics, particularly refusing to treat intoxicated patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for case studies relating to health professionals refusing to treat intoxicated patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;influencing factors I have found are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Duty of care Capacity and consent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mental Health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calming the patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hospital Security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sedation to prevent harm to themselves or others&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question I am looking to answer is, does a health professional ever have the right to refuse to treat an intoxicated patient or would a refusal of treatment always be seen as negligence? All the research I have carried out so far has given me no definitive answers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7544" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T16:23:15.173" Title="Law and Ethics - Refusing to treat intoxicated patients" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T14:26:55.543" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I moved to Canada 6 months ago and as soon as I got here I noticed that my sleeping habits had changed dramatically. Indeed, I sleep much more than I used to. I've always been insomniac and so I used to get around 6 to 7 hours of sleep per night, but now I get at least 8 to 9 hours. However, I always feel tired whereas I used to not feel tired at all on a 6-hour sleep. &#xA;I thought it may not have any connection with me moving abroad but at least 5 friends of mine who also recently moved from France to Canada told me they experience the exact same thing. They all reported sleeping at least 1 to 2 hours more per night since they got here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering, why is it that we sleep more in certain countries than in others? I don't believe it has anything to do with language since we all have been attending international schools where we would hear and speak more than just 2 languages daily. Any other plausible explanation ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7546" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:07:10.060" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:07:10.060" Title="Why do we sleep more in certain countries than in others?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;&lt;geography&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T14:52:31.500" Score="6" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's known that proton pumps exist in all cells in our bodies and help us to get rid of damaged proteins (present a disposal system). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPIs (omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole and other prazole) shut down this little pumps in our stomach, therefore we get a higher PH and the lining can  eventually heal by time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do these drugs shut down &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; the pumps across our body or do they just target the ones inside the stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/news/20160608/proton-pump-inhibitor-health-risks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Refer to third paragraph &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user3462" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditorDisplayName="user3462" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:05:04.030" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T16:57:45.713" Title="Do proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) shut down all the proton pumps in all cells across our body?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;proton-pump-inhibitors&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10349" CreationDate="2016-12-04T16:23:15.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there's a field of medicine that deals with this issue more than any other, it's emergency medical services. Drunks are a daily staple for them, even in &quot;nice&quot; communities. So the following is based on my previous EMS training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is always unethical not to do an adequate medical assessment, but that doesn't mean you have to treat the thing they're complaining about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, if they're heavily intoxicated then that means they cannot give informed consent. They are not considered mentally competent to make health care decisions under US case law; I expect it's similar in other western countries. So they became your responsibility the minute you recognized their mental incompetence (failing to recognize it is just as bad).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, if they're intoxicated then that can mask and/or mimic other concurrent issues. Refusing to at least examine and rule out other problems is therefore negligence. More than one police department has paid a heavy price for jailing &quot;drunks&quot; who were in fact diabetics in insulin shock. Intoxication also dulls pain, so even their own pain assessments can't be trusted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, how intoxicated are they? Remember, being intoxicated means they are your legal and ethical responsibility. Until you've done an adequate assessment to determine that they are mentally competent and not suffering from concealed problems, refusing care will most likely be judged negligence by both medical and legal authorities. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intoxicated people (by any substance) are the quickest ticket known to loss of license and negligence suits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T16:23:15.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-04T20:36:23.507" Score="3" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, a family member and myself were discussing the dying process (a family member recently died). It was brought up to me that - supposedly- the human body losses weight at or very near the moment of death. It was also mentioned that some people believe this weight is the soul leaving the body. However, assuming this weight loss does indeed happen, I have a feeling that there is a physical explanation for the weight loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a quick bit of research on it and found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_MacDougall_(doctor)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; about the subject. But since Wikipedia isn't always the best resource, I am wondering if someone has some better information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does weight loss at - or near - the time of death occur and, if so, what is the cause? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(My theory was that the body often goes acidic near the time of death and that perhaps it actually starts to eat itself at this time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:02:59.987" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:02:59.987" Title="Weight loss during death" Tags="&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;decomposition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7398" CreationDate="2016-12-04T22:22:59.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a speech-language pathologist, I will say you should still see an SLP. While there is no &quot;cure&quot; for stuttering, an SLP can work on specific strategies tailored to you. Go to the American Speech-Language Hearing Association's (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asha.org/profind/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASHA&lt;/a&gt;) website to find a professional near you. Many universities also have speech and hearing clinics where their graduate students work under the supervision of licensed professionals at low or no cost to people who go to the clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding medication: there are no medications approved to &quot;treat stuttering.&quot; Many people who stutter also have co-existing anxiety disorders and could benefit from consultation with their physician on these matters. Beware, though, of any physician who prescribes a medication to help with stuttering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7324" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T22:22:59.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9464" CreationDate="2016-12-04T22:44:13.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First: it says on the WebMD link you posted that you should consult your doctor immediately if you experience the side effect of &quot;outbursts of words/sounds.&quot; Please be sure you do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The word for the involuntary behaviors you're experiencing is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tics&lt;/a&gt;. They are &quot;verbal tics&quot; if you are saying words, or &quot;vocal tics&quot; if you are making non-word sounds with your voice. Some people group both these into &quot;phonic tics,&quot; since you use your vocal cords to make sounds with both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also ask about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/detail_tourette.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tourette Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;. Verbal and vocal tics are a characteristic of this syndrome. Having the tics does not mean you have Tourette Syndrome. Consult your physician about this as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7324" LastActivityDate="2016-12-04T22:44:13.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10377" CreationDate="2016-12-05T00:40:10.997" Score="4" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I almost always feel more tired after sleeping in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, If I go to bed at 12:00am and wake up at 6:00am to an alarm, I feel somewhat tired, but after showering and eating breakfast, I usually do not feel tired at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I go to bed at 12:00am and do not set an alarm, I usually wake up naturally, 8-9 hours later. I tend to feel much more tired when this happens, and for a much longer amount of time (usually until mid day/afternoon) even if I shower and eat right away like I would when waking up early. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sometimes think that it is purely mental. Am I subconsciously forcing myself not to be tired on days that I must wake up early, but not when I am free to sleep in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it possible that I consistently feel more rested after getting less sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7554" LastEditorUserId="7554" LastEditDate="2016-12-05T00:48:59.663" LastActivityDate="2016-12-06T07:02:54.000" Title="Why do I feel more tired when I sleep in?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10358" CreationDate="2016-12-05T07:00:08.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is because your body isn't used to that much sleep. If you usually wake up after 6 hours and then one day after 8 or 9 hours, your body is kind of 'confused' and the metabolism falls asleep again, as you don't need it after the usual 6 hours of sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/2014/07/whats-up-with-that-why-does-sleeping-in-just-make-me-more-tired/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wired.com/2014/07/whats-up-with-that-why-does-sleeping-in-just-make-me-more-tired/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T07:00:08.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7173" CreationDate="2016-12-05T13:21:13.123" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surgery is not the first choise medical Interference in case of dislocated shoulder unless there is a significant damage to the joint and expectation to redislocation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7559" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T13:21:13.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7292" CreationDate="2016-12-05T13:34:25.057" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should leave the food in the natural room temperature to give the iced water droops inside the food to melt so when the food heated, only minimal heat is needed to heat the whole food parts and equally in temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7559" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T13:34:25.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7472" CreationDate="2016-12-05T14:02:35.530" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, absolutely you are underweight, but don't worry we can still improve that just follow my advice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Make peace and be friendly with foods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I advise you experiment and having fun creating new dishes, you have to learn new food combinations that are healthy meals and are tasty for you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You have to start reading different kinds of foods that you think you like and know what type of nutrients they can give you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Change the way you think about foods&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;* If you think that eating vegetables, fruits, meat, brown rice, tuna, cinnamon and etc. can kill you or might harm you, you have to change that; the moment you change the way you judge foods that are the time your body will accept those foods that you don't like. If ever you are eating and suddenly you stop because you don't like it, just imagine and think what nutrients and good health benefits it can bring to you before you stop. It's a matter of sacrificing what you really think about this food and reverse it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Try to eat together with your friends and family&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;* don't try to eat alone, eating with a team can help you improve your eating disorder because most of the time you are talking, laughing and you don't really mind on the foods that you eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Make friends with those who love cooking&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;* Having friends that are good in cooking and experimenting different kinds of dishes can help you change the way you treat those foods. Aside from learning new recipes, you can improve your eating disorder because most of the time your friends talk about foods and you will like it in the long run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Start moving and exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;* You can start walking 30 minutes a day be exposed to the sun could help you with your problem. It's simple because when you arrive at home probably the first thing that you might be looking for is water and next is food. Because you exert force while walking or jogging it depends on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastActivityDate="2016-12-05T14:02:35.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5583" CreationDate="2016-12-05T14:14:36.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your weight will not be 74kg from 77-79 KG maybe because you don't exert much effort to reach it? You don't have that kind of determination to achieve it. I know you will tell me that you do everything to lose weight but I think it's not enough because you're still struggling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand, it's not easy to lose weight that much because it requires you to be serious and focus on your goals. You need to &lt;a href=&quot;https://behealthy.today/healthy-weight-loss-diet-and-exercise/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;change your lifestyle starting from the way you eat, sleep and exercise&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Being healthy starts really in the kitchen, you should avoid alcoholic drinks, pizza, burgers and eating in fast food chain. Start eating healthy foods or make your own healthy recipes and have fun.&#xA;If you are planning to go to the gym I suggest you get a gym instructor, in that way he/she can monitor on your improvements. &#xA;You need also to &lt;a href=&quot;https://behealthy.today/water-weight-loss-effects/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drink more water every day&lt;/a&gt; before you start eating and every before and after your workout. Have a good sleep and everything will be fine.&#xA;I know you can do it. AJA!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastEditorUserId="7478" LastEditDate="2016-12-08T05:25:11.490" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T05:25:11.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-05T14:45:25.080" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will my beard grow if I do a laser treatment for acne scar ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no, which solutions should I consider if I want to have a beard and no acne scar? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7560" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T21:01:27.620" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T21:01:27.620" Title="Laser treatment &amp; beard" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;hair-follicle&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-05T15:44:45.427" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read online that we shouldn't lie down after eating because it'll contribute to acid reflux. However, I personally never feel the presence of acid reflux if I lie down after eating. What are the other negative effects? Are there any serious long-term potential side effects aside from some possible heartburn (which I personally never experience)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7563" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T10:29:40.817" Title="What is the long term side effect of lying after eating?" Tags="&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;heartburn&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10398" CreationDate="2016-12-05T22:10:26.327" Score="0" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two months ago I hooked up with a girl who said she had a cold (let's ignore the stupidity on my part there). The next day she said she went to the doctor and told me she had mono. Naturally, I prepared for the worst because I heard that mono has a 5-6 week incubation period. About 6 weeks later, I was still feeling fine and went to the doctor to get tested. Mono tests came back negative.&#xA;How is it possible that I didn't get it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is mono always inevitable or is it possible to beat it with a solid immune system and not become infected even if one is directly exposed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7565" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2016-12-06T19:44:20.137" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T17:28:30.363" Title="How did I not get Mono?" Tags="&lt;mononucleosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="679" CreationDate="2016-12-06T05:12:28.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should avoid products that contain artificial sweeteners because it will only promote fat storage and weight gain according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/12/23/artificial-sweeteners-confuse-body.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Mercola&lt;/a&gt;, it also promotes health problems associated with excessive sugar consumption, including Cardiovascular disease and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and artificial sweeteners stimulate appetite, increase cravings for carbs why? simply because your body are being fooled by artificial sweeteners by sweet taste but in reality, it has no calories inside. When we eat something sweet, our brain releases dopamine which activates our brain's reward center. The appetite-regulating hormone leptin that will inform your brain that you are &quot;full&quot; if a number of calories have been ingested. However, if we consume something that tastes sweet but doesn't contain any calories, our brain are still activated by these artificial sweeteners that we get sugar (calories), but when the sugar are not present, our body will still continue to give signal that we need more that will results in carb cravings so in short we are tricked by this artificial sweeteners. The study shows that it also worsen any insulin sensitivity and are promoting weight gain. Artificial sweeteners played a role in worsening the obesity and diabetes epidemics since their emergence in our food supply and these are added to about 6,000 different beverages, snacks, and food products, making label-reading an ever pressing necessity. Disturbingly, food industry groups are now trying to hide the presence of artificial sweeteners in certain foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a safer sweetener options, I suggest using stevia or Luo Han, both of them are safe natural sweeteners. Just keep in mind however that if you struggle with hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, or overweight, then you have insulin sensitivity issues and would probably benefit from avoiding &quot;ALL sweeteners&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastEditorUserId="7478" LastEditDate="2016-12-06T05:36:39.793" LastActivityDate="2016-12-06T05:36:39.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10358" CreationDate="2016-12-06T07:02:54.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question Tehp,&#xA;You know what I also experienced that, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-michael-j-breus/how-come-i-feel-more-tire_b_428928.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Michael Breus, a Sleep Doctor&lt;/a&gt; that a Sleep has its own cycle. The sleep-wake cycle follows a regular pattern (circadian rhythm) and when you sleep “too much” that pattern shifts. Circadian rhythms are the patterns of repeated activity associated with the environmental cycles of day and night that are repeated every 24 hours.&#xA;Once our body clocks start to tell our body the wrong time we feel it in lethargy and fatigue. The clock says one thing and your body says another, very similar to jet lag. &#xA;The average sleep cycle lasts between 80-120 minutes (the average is 90 minutes) and the average person has five of these every night (totaling about 7.5 hours of deep sleep).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To avoid this feeling, you should go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. When you get up in the morning expose yourself to sunlight to boost your energy naturally and have regular exercise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastActivityDate="2016-12-06T07:02:54.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-06T17:29:18.817" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best free doctor practice management software in India where I can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create diagnosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Book doctor appointments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upload reports&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7571" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T14:54:33.083" Title="What is the best free doctor practice management software?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2016-12-06T22:15:16.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10380" CreationDate="2016-12-06T17:36:19.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;one of the better practice management solution which i have heard of is &lt;a href=&quot;http://medariya.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medariya&lt;/a&gt;, they are fairly new but providing good features like EMR, appointment, scheduling, sms patients for booking and reminder. you should check it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7572" LastEditorUserId="7570" LastEditDate="2016-12-10T14:54:33.083" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T14:54:33.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10380" CreationDate="2016-12-06T17:39:01.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many websites which you can try but they are not free. The top 2 that you can checkout:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.practo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Practo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lybrate.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lybrate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a free practice management solution that I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medariya.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medariya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Create diagnosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Book doctor appointments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upload reports&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7570" LastActivityDate="2016-12-06T17:39:01.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10385" CreationDate="2016-12-07T03:09:47.667" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 60 and I got my first blood test in a few years.&#xA;The glucose is 101. the range is 65-100. My doctor wrote this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sugar/glucose is one point too high.   You should try to eat fewer&#xA;  carbs (rice and pasta) and less sugar to help keep this down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I eat potato instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, any danger associated with high glucose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7573" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T03:21:30.480" Title="The sugar/glucose is one point too high" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10384" CreationDate="2016-12-07T05:27:10.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether you can eat potato salad or not is asking for personal medical advice, which we can't provide. You should check with your doctor to be sure. However, potato salad is almost all carbs just like rice and pasta, so your doctor will almost certainly say no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, high glucose is dangerous if it becomes chronic. Consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/how-sugar-affects-diabetes#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Almost any part of your body can be harmed by too much sugar. Damaged&#xA;  blood vessels cause problems such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Kidney disease or kidney failure, requiring dialysis&#xA;Strokes&#xA;Heart attacks&#xA;Vision loss or blindness&#xA;Weakened immune system, with a greater risk of infections&#xA;Erectile dysfunction&#xA;Nerve damage, also called neuropathy, that causes tingling, pain, or less sensation in your feet, legs, and hands&#xA;Poor circulation to the legs and feet&#xA;Slow wound-healing and the potential for amputation in rare cases&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your glucose level is barely high at this point, so that's why your doctor recommended diet modification instead of medications. If you follow their advice, you won't have high blood sugar and won't suffer the consequences listed above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want your rice, pasta and potato salad in the future, the best way to get them back is by reducing your blood sugar levels, and the best way to do that is by losing weight and exercising more. It really will make a difference and probably allow you to have potato salad again in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2016-12-08T03:21:30.480" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T03:21:30.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5708" CreationDate="2016-12-07T10:58:09.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stomach acid does not react with foods in the way that it would form harmful chemical complexes. The acid affects pepsinogen - it helps to convert it in its active form pepsin, which is the enzyme that breaks down proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reference.com/science/pepsinogen-converted-pepsin-3f6a6755935d1c0f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reference.com/science/pepsinogen-converted-pepsin-3f6a6755935d1c0f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your question is about acid reflux and how to prevent damage of the esophagus by acid, you may want to know which foods decrease the tonus of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and thus allow reflux of the acid. Examples of such foods are chocolate, fatty foods in general, and foods with peppermint. Other things that irritate the esophagus include spicy and acidic foods, tea, coffee and smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gicare.com/diets/gerd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gicare.com/diets/gerd/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in case you have acid reflux, the above foods may be unhealthy for you, even if they are not unhealthy by themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-08T16:24:48.660" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:24:48.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1297" CreationDate="2016-12-07T12:00:17.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The book Living a Century or More by William Cortvriendt MD, which has a lot of scientific sources that I don't have the expertise to judge but seem reliable, says in the subchapter &quot;Omega-3 PUFAs and inflammation&quot; that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...COX can in fact stimulate or inhibit inflammation. When omega-3 PUFAs come into contact with COX, they will inhibit inflammation. However when COX comes into contact with omega-6 PUFAs then inflammation will be stimulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that inflammation is often an appropriate response by the body, but too much of it is harmful. This explains why the ratio is important: you don't want too little or too much. There may be other effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ideal ratio is between 5:1 and 1:1 in favour of omega-6. The typical ratio is much higher in favour of omega-6. That's why food and supplements with omega-3 are popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: you're trying to have low body fat. Of course the ratio can be controlled in two ways: increase omega-3 or decrease omega-6. If you want to keep total fat low, you could consider limiting omega-6. But keep in mind that these are healthy, unsaturated fats. If that's an option, you should definitely cut trans fats instead, and maybe saturated fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7577" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T12:00:17.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-07T12:14:28.803" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have the combined ACWY vaccine against meningococcal meningitis, how long should it make me immune to this group of diseases for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7578" LastEditorUserId="7578" LastEditDate="2017-01-09T13:57:43.247" LastActivityDate="2018-05-21T06:51:59.110" Title="How long is combined Meningoccocal ACWY vaccine effective for?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10393" CreationDate="2016-12-07T12:34:25.177" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was comparing sources of omega-3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.75 g * 180 / $ 21.96 = 6.1 g/$ (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000SE5SY6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.75 g * 120 / $ 25.62 = 3.5 g/$ (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01998PLWU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1.40 g * 90 / $ 28.47 = 4.4 g/$ (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00CAZAU62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) (label is per 2 capsules)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0.45 g * 60 / $ 33.65 = 0.8 g/$ (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B004LL7AXE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) (vegan)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flax seed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flax seed oil has 6.388 g/tbsp Omega-3, according to Wikipedia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_of_fatty_acids_in_different_foods#Oils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) (2 tbsp/oz).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Virgin flax seed oil costs around 0.34 $/oz (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00E7I57R2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) or 0.66 $/oz (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00E7I3HEM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So 1 oz contains 12.8 g omega-3 for 0.34 $, or 38.0 g/$.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question then is, &lt;strong&gt;can I just use flax seed oil&lt;/strong&gt;, or am I over-simplifying this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7577" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T12:34:03.473" Title="Flax seed vs supplements for omega-3" Tags="&lt;oil&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10390" CreationDate="2016-12-07T14:40:11.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The omega-3 fatty acids with potential health benefits are EPA and DHA found in fish and fish oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The omega-3 in flaxseed is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and there seems to be insufficient evidence about their effectiveness in preventing heart disease, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that ALA can be converted to EPA and DHA in your body, but this conversion is very poor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/lipids/alpha-linolenic-acid-ala.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutrientsReview&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from flaxseed, walnuts and soybeans is&#xA;  much less effective in preventing heart disease than fish oil, which&#xA;  contains EPA and DHA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also some concern that ALA supplements might be associated with an increased risk of cancer, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/4/919.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;, while according to another source (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16783606&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;) it is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-08T12:34:03.473" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T12:34:03.473" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-07T16:52:07.057" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a new product, but I'm afraid it's not safe. Can you help me understand what the safety limits are when it comes to near-infrared light focused on your eyes is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming the wavelength of the light is important, but probably more important is the amount of focus. (For instance, visible light isn't very dangerous unless it's focused in a laser).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Product: &lt;a href=&quot;http://theeyetribe.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://theeyetribe.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is their quote about safety on the FAQ:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes, The Eye Tribe Tracker complies with the essential health and&#xA;  safety requirements set by the FCC and CE directives. The Eye Tribe&#xA;  Tracker is using near-infrared illumination, it conforms with the EN&#xA;  62471 standard and we have obtained an EU declaration of conformity.&#xA;  Our hardware has been tested and approved by a certified lab according&#xA;  to said standard, and is therefore safe to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related question:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13691/is-it-safe-to-look-at-infrared-leds&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13691/is-it-safe-to-look-at-infrared-leds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7586" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T05:34:39.017" Title="Is Near-infrared focused light safe for your eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17008" CreationDate="2016-12-07T17:09:40.663" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a registered body in the UK to which companies can join to show their commitment to consideration of employees with mental health conditions? E.g. I think company's can join Stonewall, for example, in support of diversity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7588" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T06:25:24.700" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T07:17:55.200" Title="Mental health and the work place" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10372" CreationDate="2016-12-07T17:28:30.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mononucleosis is usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses such as cytomegalovirus can cause it as well&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/infectiousmononucleosis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; [1]&lt;/a&gt;. EBV is a really common infection, and it's very likely that you've been exposed at an early age without developing serious symptoms&lt;a href=&quot;http://virology-online.com/viruses/EBV2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;. If that's the case, you wouldn't be infected by a person with active mononucleosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T17:28:30.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10311" CreationDate="2016-12-07T21:04:17.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible that sugar is not causing the problems, but perhaps a reaction to gluten.  If your reaction comes from sugar in the form of wheat products or even products containing trace amounts of gluten, this could be the issue.  I went off of wheat over a year ago and my brain fog disappeared and my weight naturally started to drop.  I recommend looking into the book Grain Brain by Dr. Perlmutter.  Gluten sensitivity doesn't always show itself with gut issues.  It can present many of the symptoms that you describe without gut discomfort.  I recommend maybe getting a gluten sensitivity test done to rule that out.  Note: this is not the same as a test for celiac issues.  Gluten is also known to cause anxiety and depression.  Many with Celiac (an extreme version of gluten sensitivity) are known to struggle with anxiety and depression.  Again, I highly recommend looking into Grain Brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7592" LastActivityDate="2016-12-07T21:04:17.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-08T00:46:54.053" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;High dosages of metformin and other biguanides are liked to lactic acidosis. What is the pharmacological mechanism behind this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware the people have survived doses as high as 63 grams, but at what amount will the majority of the population experience lactic acidosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:01:06.760" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T08:05:45.507" Title="Mechanism of Metformin in Lactic Acidosis" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10311" CreationDate="2016-12-08T00:57:36.070" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem could do be what the food is doing to you, but rather what it is doing for you gut flora.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria in your small intestine are able to communicate with your central nervous system via receptors lining the apical cell of your GI tract. Many of these receptors are ion gated receptors also found in the CNS and have a direct link to your brain (such as seratonin 3, which is responsible for vomiting reflex). However, recent research has found that activation of these receptors may also affect emotional and congintal areas of the brain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be promising to look into your gut flora as the source of your discomfort after eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also be interested in intermittent fasting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please do not use this as medical advice, but rather more information that you can research further at your own discretion. I do not know your medical history and do not want to pretend that I can make any recommendations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T00:57:36.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10403" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10494" CreationDate="2016-12-08T05:32:41.677" Score="4" ViewCount="21862" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know these tablets are especially formulated and coated to dissolve over a certain period of time. I also notice that all I've seen, quite a lot, are too large to pass through the Pylorus. Do they remain in the stomach for most of their release period, slowly being dissolved layer by layer, and only release a constantly steady small amount of their payload into the small intestine to be absorbed and go to work on the body or mind?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7595" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T20:56:44.117" Title="How do extended release tablets work?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-08T07:03:18.873" Score="5" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have ADHD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that 800mg caffeine / day helps me stay alert and concentrated. I don't get jittery and I'm able to fall asleep normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that Adderall and Ritalin sometimes do have those effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the difference between this and Adderall / Ritalin? Do all stimulants have the same effects? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to understand as much as I can about this before seeing my psychiatrist to make a decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7596" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T05:04:43.810" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T17:30:23.910" Title="Difference between Caffeine high dosages (800mg) and Adderal for ADHD?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9575" CreationDate="2016-12-08T07:11:12.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past years of study, sugar had seen to be one of the most disastrous substances to our health. Excessive intake of sugar can cause a lot of health issues like hypertension, diabetes, obesity and other lifestyle diseases. That is why that sugar-free diets are being promoted worldwide. &#xA;What is sugar? &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sugar&lt;/a&gt; is typically a combination of glucose and fructose. Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/288088.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common sources of added sugars include&lt;/a&gt; soft drinks, cakes, pies, chocolate, fruit drinks and desserts. Just a single can of cola can contain up to 7 tsp of added sugar, while an average-sized chocolate bar can contain up to 6 tsp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that our body actually needs a certain amount of glucose to function - primarily the brain - which is the biggest consumer of glucose. All fruits and vegetables contain varying amounts of sugar in the form of natural fructose, so &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/is-your-sugar-free-diet-really-sugar-free/news-story/8dcc235104ce9612cb3d8a9fe2a766a3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aiming to be 100%, or close to, sugar-free&lt;/a&gt;, is not only near impossible but actually unhealthy, as this would mean avoiding all fruits and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And according to MedicalNewstoday &quot;Cutting all sugar from your diet would be very difficult to achieve. Fruits, vegetables, dairy products and dairy replacements, eggs, alcohol and nuts all contain sugar, which would leave you with little other than meat and fats to eat - definitely not very healthy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So what would be the best thing to do?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;AHA provide some tips to reduce sugar intake:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cut back on the amount of sugar you may regularly add to foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, cereal and pancakes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace sugar-sweetened beverages with sugar-free or low-calorie drinks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compare food labels and select the products with the lowest amounts of added sugars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When baking cakes, reduce the amount of sugar in the recipe by a third&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try replacing sugar in recipes with extracts or spices, such as cinnamon, ginger, almond or vanilla&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Replace sugar on cereal or oatmeal with fruit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;strong&gt;Dr. Alison Boyd&lt;/strong&gt; director of Sugar Nutrition UK &quot;Like all sources of calories, sugars can be consumed within a healthy, balanced diet and active lifestyle,&quot; and &quot;Sugars can often help to make certain nutritious foods more palatable, which can promote variety in a healthy, balanced diet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in short, having a &lt;a href=&quot;https://behealthy.today/healthy-weight-loss-diet-and-exercise/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;balanced diet and active lifestyle&lt;/a&gt; could be the most appropriate method to be healthy even if we include sugar(reduce intake, avoid added sugar and focus on sugar from fruits and vegetables) to our diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T07:11:12.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4548" CreationDate="2016-12-08T08:35:45.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vegetable smoothies are good to our health especially if you mix fruit too on it.&#xA;Smoothie doesn't require you to add processed sugar to taste better if you add fruits like banana and apples these are enough to sweeten your smoothie recipe. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com/is-fruit-good-or-bad-for-your-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AuthorityNutrition&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Sugar” is Bad… But it Depends on The Context&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many people now believe that because added sugars are bad, the same&#xA;  must apply to fruits, which also contain fructose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However… this is completely wrong because fructose is only harmful in&#xA;  large amounts and it is almost impossible to overeat fructose by&#xA;  eating fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of evidence that excessive intake of fructose can surely harm your body but it is not applicable for fruits because fruits are loaded with fiber, water and have significant chewing resistance. And therefore most fruits like apples will take a while to eat and digest, meaning that the fructose hits the liver slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also add foods that are rich in protein and healthy fats like Coconut oil, almonds, and avocados. They &lt;a href=&quot;http://simplegreensmoothies.com/low-sugar-fruits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;help to slow the release of sugar during digestion&lt;/a&gt;. If you are looking for other recipes try these &lt;a href=&quot;https://behealthy.today/healthy-weight-loss-smoothies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthy smoothie recipes&lt;/a&gt; that are very helpful to your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from that if you have an active lifestyle natural sugar won't affect your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T08:35:45.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-08T09:21:42.830" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the consequences of drinking too little water (dehydration then death), and drinking too much water within a period of time (also death), but what are the consequences of consistently drinking slightly too much water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about the long-term health consequences of consistently having 1-3L of unneeded extra water per day (so for example, if I need X litres per day to be healthy, but I have X+1L or X+3L per day consistently). Aside from additional urination there's no obvious short-term symptoms but there may be a long term impact on health which I'm oblivious to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7597" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T10:17:11.940" Title="Consequences of habitual overconsumption of water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;water-retention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5708" CreationDate="2016-12-08T10:19:28.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a big difference, it differs  in our &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metabolism, the number of enzymes and the time of digestion&lt;/a&gt;. Why?&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Let's break it down.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stomach acid&lt;/a&gt; is a digestive fluid, formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl) .05–0.1 M (roughly 5,000–10,000 parts per million or 0.5-1%)&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).&#xA;The acid plays a key role in the digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we now know the meaning of stomach acid, let's categorize healthy foods and unhealthy foods. So by doing that let's give an example; fruits and vegetables are considered as &lt;a href=&quot;https://behealthy.today/healthy-foods-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthy foods&lt;/a&gt;, right? and junk foods, noodles, and some processed foods are unhealthy.&#xA;So here's the thing, healthy foods like &lt;a href=&quot;https://saveourbones.com/stop-bad-digestion-and-poor-nutrient-absorption-with-these-3-easy-tricks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fruits and veggies contain enzymes&lt;/a&gt; that will help the process of digestion meaning, these enzymes plus the enzymes produced by our body can digest and break down these foods easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whereas according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/04/29/junk-food-metabolism.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mercola.com&lt;/a&gt;, the instant-noodle consumers&#xA;  had a significantly lower intake of important nutrients like protein,&#xA;  calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, and vitamin C&#xA;  compared with non-consumers.7 Those who ate instant noodles also had&#xA;  an excessive intake of energy, unhealthy fats, and sodium (just one&#xA;  package may contain 2,700 milligrams of sodium).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not to mention, refined carbohydrates like breakfast cereals, bagels,&#xA;  waffles, pretzels, and most other processed foods quickly break down&#xA;  to sugar in your body. This increases your insulin and leptin levels&#xA;  and contributes to insulin resistance, which is the primary underlying&#xA;  factor of nearly every chronic disease and a condition known to man,&#xA;  including weight gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Not only that but remember… when you eat junk food you are not just&#xA;  feeding yourself… you’re feeding your microbiome, too, and in so doing&#xA;  altering its construction for better or worse. Your body’s diverse&#xA;  army of microbes is responsible for many crucial biological processes,&#xA;  from immunity to memory to mental health, so feeding it wisely, with&#xA;  fresh unprocessed and naturally fermented foods is crucial to your&#xA;  overall health and well-being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Research published in the Journal of Nutrition found that women who&#xA;  consumed more instant noodles had a significantly greater risk of&#xA;  metabolic syndrome than those who ate less, regardless of their&#xA;  overall diet or exercise habits.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study shows that processed foods are harder to digest than healthy foods like fruits and veggies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Check these:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://foodbabe.com/2012/08/01/theres-proof-processed-foods-are-harder-to-digest/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://foodbabe.com/2012/08/01/theres-proof-processed-foods-are-harder-to-digest/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.liverdoctor.com/the-best-and-worst-foods-for-a-fast-metabolism/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.liverdoctor.com/the-best-and-worst-foods-for-a-fast-metabolism/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way regarding with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The endpoint is that I'm trying to find out will stomach acid combined&#xA;  with healthy food make less damage to the esophagus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is only possible if you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acid reflux&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7478" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T10:19:28.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10311" CreationDate="2016-12-08T13:43:36.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, your symptoms sound severe enough that every doctor should take you seriously. I cannot provide any final solution, but the following may help you discuss this with a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two conditions that came to my mind are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/expert-answers/reactive-hypoglycemia/faq-20057778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you eat a large meal, especially if high in carbohydrates, a great amount of glucose will be absorbed in a short time. This may trigger the release of excessive amounts of the hormone insulin, which will result in a drop of glucose not only to normal but to below normal levels (insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into the body cells). This is called &quot;postprandial hypoglycemia&quot; - symptoms are pretty much the same as you have described them. Brain fog and sleepiness can be from low glucose levels, and irritation and thirst (dry mouth?) from high adrenaline levels (as a reaction to low glucose). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Migraine is not a typical symptom of postprandial hypoglycemia, but here is a description of a migraine-like headache after meals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181986/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Idiopathic postprandial syndrome can cause very similar symptoms as postprandial hypoglycemia, but without detectable low glucose levels (see the Mayo Clinic article above).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-12T07:55:21.853" LastActivityDate="2016-12-12T07:55:21.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7146" CreationDate="2016-12-08T15:32:42.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Proteins are made of twenty different amino acids. Among these, only about ten are essential amino acids, which means the body cannot synthesize them from other amino acids. This explains the difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T15:32:42.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10367" CreationDate="2016-12-08T16:22:54.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advice against lying down after a meal is usually given to those who already have acid reflux (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/heartburn-and-gerd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;) and not to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reflux comes from excessive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or diaphragmatic sphincter (the later occurs in hiatal hernia), which results in a free flow of acid into the esophagus when you lie down. If your LES functions properly, you will not likely have acid reflux if you lie down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:22:54.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10311" CreationDate="2016-12-08T16:50:49.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the reaction occurs so quickly you might try the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Troubleshooting Step #1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;collect various food items that you usually eat (a fruit, a vegetable, a carbohydrate, meat, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;eat just as much of one item that you would normally have in a meal (Ie: a quarter of an apple, or a piece of lettuce)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wait 15 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may help you decide if it is a particular type of food that causes the reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Troubleshooting Step #2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have been taking any medication since you were 18 and can safely skip it for a couple of days and see if the reaction happens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Troubleshooting Step #3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have any other health issues that seem odd (hair falling out, unexplained rash, etc.), research that, even if it isn't a felt problem as it could be related&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:50:49.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5861" CreationDate="2016-12-08T16:51:35.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also tried to search for any formal information about the product's contents and composition, but couldn't find anything, probably because it is a generic product sold at a supermarket.&#xA;At any rate, this kind of composition (capsule, pellets and tablet) seems to form the mechanism for the 'delayed release' of Omeprazole, as written on the package.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPM2B.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPM2B.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Omeprazole Magnesium package&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omeprazole is a drug with a rather short half-life (0.5-1 hour according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00338&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Bank&lt;/a&gt;). This means that without any intervention in its pharmacokinetics (absorption, elimination time), it will start working in reducing stomach acid rather quickly - Immediate-release Omeprazole should be taken shortly (about 30 minutes) before eating, in order to reduce stomach acid prior to or during eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, although Omeprazole's effect is in the stomach, it needs to be protected from the acidic content of the stomach, where it passes before it is absorbed into the blood. After passing the stomach, it is absorbed into the blood and then reaches the parietal cells of the stomach lining and exerts its effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to make Omeprazole more friendly to the patient, and remove the need to take it only half an hour before eating (thus imposing limitations on the patient and increasing the risk of improper use that might lead to heartburn), delayed-release formulations have been developed. Their main difference and advantage is that the patient does not have to take the capsule only before eating - once he takes the capsule, its contents are &lt;strong&gt;slowly&lt;/strong&gt; released in the body (more slowly than the immediate release formulation), thus providing a delayed effect throughout the day. That is why delayed-release Omeprazole should only be taken once a day (usually in the morning).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The delayed release mechanism is comprised of the pellets and the tablet. The pellets, being smaller, start to disintegrate and release the active ingredient Omeprazole before the tablet (but only after passing through the stomach, since they are enteric-coated as mentioned before). Meanwhile the tablet starts to dissolve, disintegrate and release the active ingredient, but this happens more slowly. After many calculations, it was possible to formulate the capsule and its contents in such a way that one capsule covers an entire day (24 hours). This enables the patient to take one capsule in the morning and act as usual, without worrying about getting heartburn after eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said in the beginning, I was unable to find formal documentation for this mechanism of delayed release, but the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walmart.com/ip/Equate-Omeprazole-Magnesium-Capsules-20.6mg-42ct/14706053&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;consumers' questions&lt;/a&gt; in Walmart's website seem to point in that direction (see page 7; please note that these answers are most probably not provided by professionals, but by customers and others). See also definition no. 2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=513&amp;amp;sectionid=41488035&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, which also seems to apply for this capsule's composition.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AmaMr.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AmaMr.png&quot; alt=&quot;Q&amp;amp;A from Walmart&amp;#39;s website&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:51:35.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="941" CreationDate="2016-12-08T16:57:55.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my understanding and experience sudden back pain can be considered as a sort of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;spasm&lt;/a&gt;. As such it cannot be controlled or relaxed intentionally. The patient is also not even aware of the spasm but only of the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, recent studies have found that an increased intake of magnesium can reduce the back pain. See for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.12107/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A double-blinded randomised controlled study of the value of sequential intravenous and oral magnesium therapy in patients with chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magnesium plays an important role in the communication of nerves and the prevention of spasm. Moreover many people need more magnesium than suggested by the recommended daily allowances for various reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way I understand the result of this study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7600" LastActivityDate="2016-12-08T16:57:55.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10431" CreationDate="2016-12-08T18:55:29.943" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want to send a problem i have and to take an answer.I went to a psychologist recently but the main key of the situation was he couldnt understand my situation.I would like to write to a psychologist like an email.The reason is ,if i visit i would forget detail,i would upset my mind will not work properly.I have searched the internet but maybe i couldnt find something like that.I find only chat conversations and that i dont wanted to.Is there something to write my whole problem and after he/she will read it and he/she will obtain an aspect of view?(I want to send it only to him i dont want to be my problem public).What you have to suggested me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T11:18:55.617" Title="I need a psychologist ,i want to write him online" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-12-19T22:50:38.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-08T20:53:37.447" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are children who were born and then were in an  incubator &lt;em&gt;normal&lt;/em&gt; compared to children who weren't? I ask because I was. How many children were in an incubator in the past (from 1980 to now)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7319" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-01-10T00:09:00.277" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T00:09:00.277" Title="Does time in an incubator as a newborn have long lasting effects?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;birth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T08:24:53.710" Score="3" ViewCount="4779" Body="&lt;p&gt;45+ old male sleep maintenance issues for couple of years resolved by fixing the basics- blacked out room, avoiding alcohol and coffee having the biggest effect.  Still even if I am able to sleep 8 hours the sleep is not as restorative as I would expect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I have noted that 500mg paracetamol (tylenol, acetaminophen ) result in truly excellent restorative sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what could be the mechanism involved?  What hormones are affected by paracetamol that have relevance to sleep?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to modify my diet/lifestyle further to get this type of sleep without the drug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal weight, fighting mild gastrointestinal and dermatological issues that indicate autoimmunity and allergies, on paleo diet since 6 years if that is in any way relevant. I have no pain the drug would help me with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7604" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:41:51.193" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:41:51.193" Title="What is the mechanism by which paracetamol improves sleep?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T09:11:16.317" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my friend's toe nails was removed, because of a chronic disease effect on his hands and leg. His doctors told him it's Psoriatic disease and its a type of chronice disease thats incurable. The doctors told him to not get stressed and advised him to take Vitamin D. It's been more than 1 year. Is this chronic disease incurable? If not, how can he cure this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2016-12-11T00:00:27.377" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T03:38:48.637" Title="Is a Chronic Disease Incurable?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10421" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10423" CreationDate="2016-12-09T14:50:33.593" Score="2" ViewCount="1066" Body="&lt;p&gt;The blood clots and the small bubbles that are stuck inside my cannula enters my body. I asked a doctor and he said its OK if the bubbles are small and clots are not dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these bubbles and clots periodically accumulated by the body? Will they become dangerous? Is body able to get rid of them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for the body to remove clots and bubbles from the blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:37:51.737" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T23:25:12.843" Title="How long does it take for a body to get rid of blood clots and bubbles inside a cannula?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;needles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10421" CreationDate="2016-12-09T16:24:09.133" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, notice that bubbles are stopped by the drip chamber on the IV, or if there's an infusion pump instead of a drip chamber, the pump itself will detect it and stop the flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a small bubble or two in the line after the drip chamber or pump, notice that it doesn't go anywhere. It just sits there and doesn't move with the fluid so it never enters your vein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person administering the IV made the serious mistake of not allowing fluid to fill the entire line before attaching it to you, it would still require a very large volume of air to do you any harm, on the order of 100 ml (an entire syringe full of air). This is because bubbles can't travel from the venous circulation to the arterial circulation where they would be dangerous. They will be trapped by the lungs and then slowly reabsorbed. A huge volume of air could cause a &quot;vapor lock&quot; in the right ventricle, which would be dangerous, but small bubbles in an IV are nowhere near enough to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exception to the above would be in people who have a patent foramen ovale (an opening between the right and left sides of the heart), which could allow air bubbles to pass from right to left. However, a patent foramen ovale is normally covered by a flap of tissue except when you bear down hard. So if you're just laying there in a bed, there is virtually no risk presented to you by air bubbles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a small bubble or two in your venous circulation doesn't make your blood unhealthy or &quot;bad.&quot; They're harmless and will be absorbed and disappear within hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665124/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665124/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T23:25:12.843" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T23:25:12.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T20:10:44.160" Score="2" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen a whole variety of advice for high blood pressure. What's the most effect way to address it? I.e. what 20% of the possible changes make 80% of the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7609" LastActivityDate="2016-12-09T20:10:44.160" Title="What is the 80/20 for high blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10426" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T21:13:29.023" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Situation:  My NHS doctor asks me &quot;Do you have any history of &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; in the family?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; can be anything you like: cancer, insanity, arthritis, sarcasm etc, doesn't matter, I'm more interested in the availability of information).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was baffled by this question.  Surely my medical records tell him who my parents/grandparents are, and therefore what my medical history is.  Why is he asking me directly if he has the database at his fingertips?  It's not like he's just making conversation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My parent's sure don't tell me what ails them and I'm sure their parents didn't encumber them likewise.  My own personal knowledge is certainly out-of-date, incomplete and unreliable at best!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone knows the answer to his question, then it's his computer screen, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is he just too damn lazy to look it up?  Or doesn't he have access to my family information?  Either way seems very worrying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been attending this practice for my whole life, I've never transferred and have never requested new doctors, they have always been good, but now I'm really concerned that there is a disconnect that might leave me vulnerable to uninformed diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why doesn't he know my medical background?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7610" LastEditorDisplayName="user7610" LastEditDate="2016-12-09T21:23:09.727" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T21:46:47.053" Title="UK - Doctor's access to family info" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T21:34:54.607" Score="3" ViewCount="781" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at dozens of websites, more than half associated with universities, and I still can't figure out which foods are high in purine and which are not.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do is try to compare the purine content, like per 100 grams, and go from there.  But many guidelines don't give you the number, and instead say which ones are &quot;high&quot; and which are &quot;medium&quot; or which are &quot;safe&quot; to eat and which not.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance mushroom has been mentioned as both high purine and low purine.  One site mentions tuna as something to be avoided while another says it's safe to eat.  Some sites mention the actual purine content but only for a limited number of foods. And I'm not sure how accurate their numbers are, given that other sites don't agree.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, Wiki links to this non-university page which gives purine content for a limited number of foods: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dietaryfiberfood.com/purine-and-uric-acid/purines-food-and-gout.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dietaryfiberfood.com: Gout: List of High and Low Purine Foods to Pay Attention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any event, I'd appreciate it if you could link me to a paper or book or site that is both comprehensive and accurate, in terms of listing purine content of different kinds of food expressed in measured numbers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7605" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-04-11T10:25:14.250" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T12:26:13.710" Title="Reliable sites that list the purine content of most foods for gout diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-09T23:47:34.683" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know the amount of phytoestrogens like genistein in for example cooked soy, tofu, tempeh etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7613" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:42:01.387" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:42:01.387" Title="Amount of phytoestrogens in processed soy like tofu" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;soy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10415" CreationDate="2016-12-10T10:39:26.360" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Call your psychologist and ask for such option if you can get the e-mail, because you would like to explain your situation in writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they don't have, you can explain your situation on the paper either handwriting or on the computer and print it before going to the appointment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially when it's a private psychologist, they'll love to read what you've written to understand better your situation. In public clinic usually they've tight timeframes. But it may all depend on the specific psychologist and their approach, some of them would want to assess your situation by the direct approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even when they wouldn't want to read it, it's worth to print such document just for your self (even if it's just &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a mind map&lt;/a&gt;), so you won't forget any details what you wanted to share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you looking just for online psychologist, I'm sure you can write to them as you like, whether via e-mail, chat or web forms. Search online for some, then send the message explaining your situation and find the most suitable for you who can understand your problems and can help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-12-10T11:18:55.617" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T11:18:55.617" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-10T14:51:52.643" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a lot of programs running on my laptop. I got very used to scrolling things with my two fingers on a touchpad. The problem is when the programs start to lag and my eyes expect the scroll, but the scroll isn't there. It causes a lot of eye strain and a headache and a frustrating feeling. My eyes keep expecting the scroll and they move slightly and they feel like they're going to explode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that? I'm usually motion sick while watching a screen while in a braking vehicle and I get a bad feeling in my stomach. But I'm not in a vehicle, but sitting still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7618" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:55:05.290" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:55:05.290" Title="Why do I get dizzy when I expect an user interface to scroll while it's lagging?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="475" CreationDate="2016-12-10T15:10:53.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't need at all to use any mouthwash. A healthy mouth is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26811460&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full of bacteria&lt;/a&gt;, almost all of them beneficial for our health, and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no evidence so far of any long term preventive effect of any kind of mouthwash, only trials with &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/odi.12187/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transient effects (&amp;lt; one year)&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(15)00336-0/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6 months&lt;/a&gt; in surrogate clinical endpoints as number of bacteria and gingivitis. The only one with some evidence are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluoridated-based mouthwashes&lt;/a&gt;, but you get the same effect if you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v212/n7/full/sj.bdj.2012.260.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;don't spit after brushing with fluoridated toothpaste&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you still decide to use, the only risk is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22957711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;staining and metallic taste&lt;/a&gt; from chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes. There is no evidence so far of risk of oral cancer associated with the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/475/how-frequently-should-non-alcoholic-mouthwashes-be-used&quot;&gt;essential oil–containing mouthrinses&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, you may invest your money in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22652212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cheese&lt;/a&gt; for your oral health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if you are interested in joining a study to increase our limited knowledge about mouthrinses for oral health, there are some trials &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02546804&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recruiting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in brief: daily use of fluoridated toothpaste without spitting after using it is enough if you already are eating enough &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467151&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fruits and vegetables&lt;/a&gt; and limiting the consumption of sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:09:53.737" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:09:53.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4037" CreationDate="2016-12-10T15:20:33.983" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To remove the sealant, &lt;a href=&quot;http://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(16)30473-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;probably the most effective way to protect the teeth from caries&lt;/a&gt;, you need to reapply an acid or remove the superficial sealed enamel. In both cases you will loss more healthy enamel than sealant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I &lt;strong&gt;would not&lt;/strong&gt; reccomend to remove a sealant from a sealed tooth, instead, I would &lt;strong&gt;reccomend to re-seal&lt;/strong&gt; any partial loss sealed tooth to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;avoid the risk of caries&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, the sealants work creating a barrier between the surface of tyour tooth and the acid that generates the sugar that you drink/eat and is metabolized by normal bacteria living in our mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:10:23.223" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:23.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-10T16:01:58.680" Score="4" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical value when a care provider talks to a trauma patient to keep the patient conscious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's well known that in cases of trauma (in physical medicine) always the paramedic or physician would try to talk to the patient in order to keep him or her conscious. It's known also from movies as the sentence &quot;Stay with me, man!&quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical value to do that? While it doesn't seem to matter to talk someone that lost a lot of blood, if the patient will lose consciousness, they will lose it with or without conversation. The only medical value that I can think about, is just to observe and monitor the patient but not as a tool to keep them conscious. Is that right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to see any scientific reference that supports the claim that it helps actively to keep the patient conscious, if any. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastEditorUserId="7395" LastEditDate="2016-12-11T02:31:33.977" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T05:54:11.893" Title="Is there any medical value when a care provider talk to his trauma patient?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;emt&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10437" CreationDate="2016-12-10T19:54:24.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is certainly an interesting question. From a trauma perspective, I would advocate using the ATLS / ACLS rules to stabilize the patient. Controlling the airway, breathing, and circulation are the first priorities in these patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, there is not much published on PubMed that answers this question. However, I did find an article in Nursing Times that talks about some value in talking to patients - whether they are conscious or unconscious. This has been shown to improve survival in a very limited sample. However, I would caution using this as &quot;evidence-based&quot; literature and would always focus on the ABCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nursingtimes.net/communicating-with-unconscious-patients/200542.article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nursing Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T19:54:24.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5676" CreationDate="2016-12-10T21:15:59.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find more information &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD007868/ORAL_comparison-between-different-concentrations-of-fluoride-toothpaste-for-preventing-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adolescents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; about this issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comparison between different concentrations of fluoride toothpaste for preventing tooth decay in children and adolescents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Although none of the trials included in the review looked at fluorosis or mottling of the children's teeth, fluorosis may be an unwanted result of using fluoride toothpaste in young children and a Cochrane review on this topic has also been published. The possible risk of fluorosis should be discussed with your dentist who may recommend using a toothpaste containing less than 1000 ppm fluoride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authors' conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This review confirms the benefits of using fluoride toothpaste in preventing caries in children and adolescents when compared to placebo, but only significantly for fluoride concentrations of 1000 ppm and above. The relative caries preventive effects of fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations increase with higher fluoride concentration. The decision of what fluoride levels to use for children under 6 years should be balanced with the risk of fluorosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD007693/ORAL_is-the-use-of-fluoride-toothpaste-during-early-childhood-associated-with-discolourationmottling-of-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane review on fluorosis which may be an unwanted result of using fluoride toothpaste in young children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the use of fluoride toothpaste during early childhood associated with discolouration/mottling of teeth?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] There is some evidence that brushing a child's teeth with a toothpaste containing fluoride, before the age of 12 months, may be associated with an increased risk of developing fluorosis. There is stronger evidence that higher levels of fluoride (1000 parts per million (ppm) or more) in toothpaste are associated with an increased risk of fluorosis when given to children under 5 to 6 years of age. However, for some children (those considered to be at high risk of tooth decay by their dentist), the benefit to health of preventing decay may outweigh the risk of fluorosis. In such circumstances, careful brushing by parents/adults with toothpastes containing higher levels of fluoride would be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authors' conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There should be a balanced consideration between the benefits of topical fluorides in caries prevention and the risk of the development of fluorosis. Most of the available evidence focuses on mild fluorosis. There is weak unreliable evidence that starting the use of fluoride toothpaste in children under 12 months of age may be associated with an increased risk of fluorosis. The evidence for its use between the age of 12 and 24 months is equivocal. If the risk of fluorosis is of concern, the fluoride level of toothpaste for young children (under 6 years of age) is recommended to be lower than 1000 parts per million (ppm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More evidence with low risk of bias is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:10:32.780" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:32.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10437" CreationDate="2016-12-10T21:23:31.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just because there may exist some patients who are going to lose consciousness (or die) no matter what doesn't mean this technique has no value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine this. It's the middle of the night. You're in awful pain. Something horrible and unexpected has happened - a car accident, a crime, a house explosion - and you've seen awful things or you're worried about your loved ones on top of everything else. You don't want this to be real. You don't want to experience this. Going away, by zoning out, letting yourself fall asleep, co-operating with the pull you feel towards unconsciousness - that may seem like a good idea. A person telling you not to may actually keep you from letting go and going under, because some part of it is your choice whether to stay conscious or not, at least for some kinds of injury or trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why a care provider wants to keep you awake, it's generally so they can ask you things, or get you to help them treat you. This was my experience when a 3am gallbladder attack took me to the ER. It hurt so much and I was so tired and this nurse was all in my face, demanding I categorize my pain &quot;on a scale of 1 to 10&quot; which I find pointless since they never ask you what a 10 would be, and she wouldn't take no for an answer so I basically closed my eyes and wished she would go away, and I would have happily gone to sleep right there, or at my pain level you could have called it passing out from the pain. But she wouldn't let me. She was firm to the point of rudeness and she was demanding. Her position was &quot;I need you to talk to me so I can help you.&quot; And in the end I did and she did. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point is there is much use to the patient staying conscious - it lets you see if things are getting worse or better, lets you gather information, lets you ask them to roll over or sit up - and in at least some cases, asking (along perhaps with slapping as in the movies, shoulder-shaking, or at least physical contact like taking someone's chin and using it to turn their face towards you) does work to keep people from slipping away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-12-10T21:23:31.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9354" CreationDate="2016-12-10T21:27:41.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oral bacteria requires tiny amounts of carbohidrates to survive. In long term fast, the glicoproteins from the saliva brings necessary carbohidrates to them to survive. But the main actor from diet, from the bacteria perspective,  is the sugar, so, a sugar fast could change the composition of oral microbiota. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, we have the evidence that is the disbalance the ones that is associated with oral diseases and that a healthy mouth is a mouth with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23147531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many different bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the answer to your question is a partial yes: a sugar fast is the only required to change a &quot;bad microbiome&quot; to a &quot;good&quot; one. If you increase also the consumption of fruits, vegetables and some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/science-in-the-news/is-red-wine-good-for-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wine&lt;/a&gt;. The U of Rochester has some examples of good and bad food for your mouth &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&amp;amp;ContentID=4062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: a fast of sugar can change your oral microbiome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:05:25.113" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:05:25.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-11T01:46:56.490" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it right to say that always syncope is a result of low perfusion to brain, or low blood pressure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I know that there are a lot of secondary reasons such as vassovagal or cardiac issues, but if I understand well all of these reasons bring to the condition of low blood pressure which causes the syncope.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T21:11:36.403" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T21:11:36.403" Title="Is it right to say that any syncope is a result of low perfusion to brain?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;syncope&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4023" CreationDate="2016-12-11T02:07:06.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The condition that you're asking about is called in the professional terminology: &quot;&lt;strong&gt;madarosis&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; (but see the picture that I attached). As many proffessional books states, it's common in hypothyroidism, and they don't say it about hyperthyroidism. Then it make sense that it's not &lt;em&gt;common&lt;/em&gt; in hyperthyroidism. But in medicine always can be exceptions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding to the side effect of carbimazole, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; which rely on FDA report, there is no such side effect of carbimazole, and obviously it is not common as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Could Methimazole cause Madarosis? - from FDA reports&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no Madarosis reported by people who take Methimazole yet. We&#xA;  study 2,148 people who have side effects while taking Methimazole from&#xA;  FDA. Find out below who they are, when they have Madarosis and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bibiligraphy: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Thyroid Disorders with Cutaneous Manifestations (p.129) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Illustrated Synopsis of Dermatology &amp;amp; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (p.384)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/krG3G.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/krG3G.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/576mb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/576mb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T02:07:06.030" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10429" CreationDate="2016-12-11T03:09:59.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below are the amounts of phytoestrogens content calculated from results of several analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DAIDZEIN&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tofu - 76µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy sauce - 8µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy milk - 18µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tempeh - 190µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy hot dog, tempeh burger - 49µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GENISTEIN&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tofu - 166µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy sauce - 5µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy milk - 26µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tempeh - 320µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy hot dog, tempeh burger - 139µg/g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info, visit:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/natural/phytamt2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/natural/phytamt2.htm&lt;/a&gt; -  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-12-11T03:15:25.540" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T03:15:25.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10419" CreationDate="2016-12-11T04:02:29.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is rather suggestive of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-the-nocebo-effect-5451823/?no-ist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nocebo effect&lt;/a&gt; since there is no mechanism to explain a connection between sleepiness/weakness and paracetamol use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/paracetamol/fatigue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eHealthMe&lt;/a&gt;,  out of the 1,171 people who reported side effects on paracetamol 64 reported weakness as a side effect, 33 sleepiness as a side effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T04:02:29.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10477" CreationDate="2016-12-11T04:59:20.567" Score="4" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have developed addiction to sugar sweet flavoured food intakes. I am worrying as I believe it can lead to severe consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I overcome this addiction ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7624" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:59:08.400" Title="How to overcome addiction to sweet sugar foods?" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-11T07:19:26.447" Score="6" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is some rather extensive scarring on the forearm from 15 years ago.  Can it be healed by modern medicine (even if it is expensive), and to what extent?  What methods are there to deal with it (skin grafts, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that this is not a request for personal medical advice, but on the state of modern medicine in dealing with scar removal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vwjTd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vwjTd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;scarring&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7625" LastActivityDate="2016-12-12T01:55:45.183" Title="To what extent can modern medicine heal this scarring?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T00:30:15.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-11T09:21:29.153" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand more care and caution are needed in fulfilling end-of-life wishes of children under palliative care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies on how the fulfillment of such wishes affect children differently from adults who are terminally ill? Or is there no difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7626" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T09:21:29.153" Title="Are end-of-life wishes perceived differently by children?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10407" CreationDate="2016-12-11T10:17:11.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your body should tightly control the water concentration (osmolality) via sensors in the brain (osmoreceptors) which send chemical signals (vasopressin) to the kidneys. &lt;strong&gt;These receptors are very sensitive and are capable of making you thirsty with only 1% dehydration.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a normal person drinking extra water will just make more urine and pee it out. An abnormal person (elderly, alcoholic or brain/kidney-damaged) may not be able to produce/react to these chemical messages properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the kidneys need to make sure that this extra urine doesn't take salt (predominantly sodium chloride) with it - the salt concentration is also tightly regulated. The urine it makes must therefore be dilute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you drink too much water for a prolonged period of time, you wash concentrated salt from the part of the kidney that works to concentrate urine (the renal medulla).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; drink all that extra water, your kidneys are less able to conserve water, you will not be able to make concentrated urine and you will actually become dehydrated (volume deplete).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Moral of the story: your body knows what it is doing. Drink when you are thirsty.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7628" LastActivityDate="2016-12-11T10:17:11.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-11T11:20:24.363" Score="4" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine suffers from Herpes (HSV) infection.  He only told me about the same about 2 months back when we last met. Yesterday, at a restaurant he took a bite out of my burger twice. when I realized that he has told me about his condition and I confronted him, he told me that he has been actively taking medications as prescribed by his physician for the past 1 year so far and he was not having any active mouth sore at that time and the last time he had an outbreak was about a month ago so there is no need for me to worry. But, I'm worried now that by being careless, I may have contracted oral herpes. Just wanted to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the chances of my contracting herpes from the above encounter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any tests available using which there is a way to make sure? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long does it take from an infection to show actual symptoms and should I go for lab tests upfront or wait for symptoms?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7629" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2016-12-19T15:27:23.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-16T15:04:05.807" Title="Can herpes spread if an infected (nonactive) person takes a bite of your burger?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-11T12:47:09.677" Score="3" ViewCount="9331" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing this,&#xA;I was having a weird kind of pain between the eyes above the nose, and I thought to try and put honey in there, so I used q-tips dipped in honey, inserted them in the nose (1cm) and after the honey melts and goes up my nose cuz I'm in bed with nose towards the ceiling&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it burns like hell, especially the first time, felt lines above the head, tears out of the eyes, but I think it helped,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got my honey from the beekeeper, so it's raw, hasn't been heated or filtered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if this is a known, common, method or am I the first one ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;maybe not relevant, but want to mention that I had septum deviation surgery 2 times&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;the most sinus pain was gone after the first time I did this, and the more I was doing this the less painful it was to do it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;after the first 2 days I stopped using q-tips, instead I was using a syringe (without the needle) to put honey in my nose, the honey was going through my nose and pouring into my mouth; I also have been drinking a teaspoon of turmeric powder with water once per day, and in the end (about 1 week) &lt;strong&gt;my problem was solved completely&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually did this long time ago also, but I used Manuka doctor 6+ honey, before that I was avoiding bright screens for about 10 years ( keeping brightness on my monitor to 10%) and was amazed when this helped and noticed that bright light doesn't hurt my eyes anymore, didn't think that regular raw honey works as well, but it did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7630" LastEditorUserId="7630" LastEditDate="2018-02-06T06:48:09.700" LastActivityDate="2018-08-26T18:04:41.490" Title="pouring honey in nose for sinus infections" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;honey&gt;&lt;cotton-swabs-q-tips&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-12T01:23:06.530" Score="4" ViewCount="1570" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies/effects of long term use of an allergy pill? I use Loratadine to help control my environmental allergies but I'm concerned about it being an every-day thing. Am I facing any risks by taking an allergy pill every day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastActivityDate="2017-06-01T08:31:54.170" Title="Long term effects of an allergy pill? Loratadine" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10476" CreationDate="2016-12-12T01:45:59.663" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a very lazy person and I'm constantly procrastinating and wasting my time. I've come to realise that allocating certain time slots of the day may benefit my day-to-day production postively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would include allowing a certain amount of time for reading, studying, relaxing, sleeping etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any major psychological advantages and disadvantages to precisely scheduling my day, in such a way that I'm very strict as to when I allocate time for specific tasks and activities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7634" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T09:45:45.033" Title="Psychological aspects to time organisation" Tags="&lt;productivity&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="617" CreationDate="2016-12-12T14:55:53.840" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;for me &lt;strong&gt;cabbage juice&lt;/strong&gt; cleans my forehead almost overnight, I drink it in the evening, almost before bed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I usualy juice half of a &lt;strong&gt;red cabbage&lt;/strong&gt; with 3 carrots and 1 lemon,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and also I use a slow juicer/ horizontal single auger juicer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7630" LastActivityDate="2016-12-12T14:55:53.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10507" CreationDate="2016-12-12T18:11:41.670" Score="0" ViewCount="704" Body="&lt;p&gt;While in central cyanosis we see cyanotic mucosae, we have in peripheral cyanosis a cyanotic peripheral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In central cyanosis we have a oxygenation problem and in peripheral cyanosis a low perfusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't lead a peripheral cyanosis not to cyanotic mucosae and a central cyanosis not to cyanotic peripheral? Because if there is an oxygenation problem I would think that there's also too less O2 in the peripheral and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1626" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:53:28.137" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:53:28.137" Title="Why is this clinical difference between central and peripheral hemoglobincyanosis?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10471" CreationDate="2016-12-12T23:14:17.080" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;If rheumatoid arthritis symptoms improve during pregnancy, why women are not treated with hormones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7640" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T00:32:21.693" Title="Rheumatoid arthritis and hormones" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10457" CreationDate="2016-12-13T12:12:47.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually I claim being the first one - about 30 years ago when I was a teenager I had the idea to cure my sinus infection by honey. Tried once, had similar burning result as you did, and an allergic reaction on top of it (heard of pollen allergy? - thats what honey is full of). Concluded as a failed experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From evolutionary perspective I do not see how honey could ever get into the noses of our ancestors so it probably should not go into yours either. Saline solution of about 10g/liter (physiological concentration ) is much better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7604" LastActivityDate="2016-12-13T12:12:47.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9928" CreationDate="2016-12-13T20:00:48.333" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;ALA does have importance beyond being converted to DHA and EPA, although it is found to be less efficacious. See this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782716300303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conversion of ALA to EPA lies between 8-12%, while it's conversion to DHA is less than 1%. ALA is either eliminated from the body by metabolism in the liver (eliminated as in chemically altered to be excreted. stored as a monounsaturated fatty acid, or utilized as energy) or stored (without being altered) in cell membranes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancertutor.com/budwig/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Budwig Protocol&lt;/a&gt; is an interesting theory about ALA storage in cell membrane and it's application through diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT] To better answer your question, according to the study I linked above, you would not need ALA if you are able to eat adequate amounts of DHA and EPA. ALA's most unique function (according to Budwig protocol, which is still speculative but very intuitive) is it's desired health effects when it accumulates in cell membranes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastEditorUserId="7594" LastEditDate="2016-12-14T00:39:45.697" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T00:39:45.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10467" CreationDate="2016-12-13T20:15:08.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Women are actually treated with hormones, just ones that aren't estrogen/progesterone/ect..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with severe RA are treated with glucocorticoids in order to decrease T and B cell proliferation that further damage to the synovial joints. These hormones have long term health impacts (such as Cushing's disease) and should be used as a last ditch effort. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hormones such as progesterone and estrogen, which are at elevated levels during pregnancy, may decrease T cell  and B cell proliferation to an extent, but they are not as efficacious as glucocorticoids. Furthermore, estrogen and progesterone are related to many other autoimmune diseases: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/775536_5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/775536_5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is information regarding estrogen's role in decreasing T cell proliferation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955504&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955504&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Note: women who are young enough to conceive without medical assistance may still have a thymus. The reduction in thymus activity by estrogen may decrease RA symptoms. However, older women do not have a thymus and will not experience any effects like this from estrogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastEditorUserId="7594" LastEditDate="2016-12-14T00:32:21.693" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T00:32:21.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10481" CreationDate="2016-12-13T20:34:56.663" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;One week ago, I knew I have multiple sclerosis. My right eye is affected and I can not see well. This question is about what should I eat to overcome MS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled about beans and found controversy. I still don't know wither it is useful or harmful for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Which one of these food is useful and which one is harmful? coriander -&#xA;latency -&#xA;Bee's honey -&#xA;Tahini - &#xA;fried potatoes (fingers) - &#xA;lentils - &#xA;chickpeas - &#xA;soybean - boiled liver of chicken - fried fish - boiled chicken without skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Christmas is coming and my family will celebrate by serving different types of food that contains fats, butter, meat, gateau and so on. &#xA;Should I refuse to eat any of these? Or should I eat small amounts of meat and one piece of gateau? How do I know when I reach the maximum amount?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T16:26:30.753" Title="How to celebrate christmas with MS?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-13T22:57:45.907" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having cold and catarrh for the past one week. I don't want to disturb my parents about medicines, so I drink lots of water everyday, but doesn't seem to have any improvement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q1: What is the average recovery time for the body to fight off the infection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:51:25.563" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:51:25.563" Title="What is the average recovery time for cold and catarrh" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;catarrh&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10462" CreationDate="2016-12-14T09:45:45.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there are. The following are advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less Stress&lt;/strong&gt; – Managing your time can directly reduce your stress level. Fewer surprises. Fewer tight deadlines. Less rushing from task-to-task and place-to-place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get More Done&lt;/strong&gt; – Of course, being productive is one of the main goals of time management. When you are aware of what you need to do, you are able to better manage your workload. You will be able to get more (of the right tasks) done in less time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less Rework&lt;/strong&gt; – Being organized results in less rework and mistakes. Forgotten items, details, and instructions lead to extra work. How often do you have to do a task more than once? Or make an extra trip because you forget something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less Life Friction and Problems&lt;/strong&gt; – How often do you create your own problems? Whether it is a forgotten appointment or missed deadline, not managing your time results in increased life friction. Avoid creating your own problems by planning and preparing for your day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More Free Time&lt;/strong&gt; – We can’t create more time, but you can make better use of it by managing your time. Even simple actions like shifting your commute or getting your work done early can produce more leisure time in your life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less Wasted Time&lt;/strong&gt; – When you know what you need to do, you waste less time in idle activities. Instead of wondering what you should be doing next, you can already be a step ahead of your work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More Opportunities&lt;/strong&gt; – Being on top of your time and work produces more opportunities. The early bird always has more options. As well, luck favors the prepared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Improves Your Reputation&lt;/strong&gt; – Your time management reputation will proceed you. At work and in life you will be known as reliable. No one is going to question whether you are going to show up, do what you say you are going to do, or meet that deadline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Less Effort&lt;/strong&gt; – A common misconception is that time management takes extra effort. To the contrary, proper time management makes your life easier. Things take less effort, whether it is packing for that trip or finishing up that project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More Time Where it Matters&lt;/strong&gt; – Managing your time is allotting your time where it has the most impact. Time management allows you to spend your time on the things that matter most to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disadvantages&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; include Non-clear objectives, Mismanagement, Obstacles, Inactivity, Load of different works at one time, Fatigue and stress become part of life, No time for recreation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference : &lt;a href=&quot;https://timemanagementninja.com/2013/10/the-top-10-life-benefits-of-time-management/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://timemanagementninja.com/2013/10/the-top-10-life-benefits-of-time-management/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://content.wisestep.com/top-advantages-disadvantages-time-management/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://content.wisestep.com/top-advantages-disadvantages-time-management/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T09:45:45.033" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10451" CreationDate="2016-12-14T10:32:43.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some ways to tame those sugar cravings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Give in a little.&lt;/strong&gt; Eat a bit of what you’re craving, maybe a small cookie or a fun-size candy bar, suggests Kerry Neville, MS, RD, a registered dietitian and ADA spokeswoman. Enjoying a little of what you love can help you steer clear of feeling denied. Try to stick to a 150-calorie threshold, Neville says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combine foods.&lt;/strong&gt; If the idea of stopping at a cookie or a baby candy bar seems impossible, you can still fill yourself up and satisfy a sugar craving, too. &quot;I like combining the craving food with a healthful one,&quot; Neville says. &quot;I love chocolate, for example, so sometimes I’ll dip a banana in chocolate sauce and that gives me what I’m craving, or I mix some almonds with chocolate chips.&quot; As a beneficial bonus, you'll satisfy a craving and get healthy nutrients from those good-for-you foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Go cold turkey.&lt;/strong&gt; Cutting out all simple sugars works for some people, although &quot;the initial 48 to 72 hours are tough,&quot; Gerbstadt says. Some people find that going cold turkey helps their cravings diminish after a few days; others find they may still crave sugar but over time are able to train their taste buds to be satisfied with less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grab some gum.&lt;/strong&gt; If you want to avoid giving in to a sugar craving completely, try chewing a stick of gum, says nutrition advisor Dave Grotto, RD, LDN. &quot;Research has shown that chewing gum can reduce food cravings,&quot; Grotto says.&#xA;Reach for fruit. Keep fruit handy for when sugar cravings hit. You'll get fiber and nutrients along with some sweetness. And stock up on foods like nuts, seeds, and dried fruits, says certified addiction specialist Judy Chambers, LCSW, CAS. &quot;Have them handy so you reach for them instead of reaching for the old [sugary] something.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Get up and go.&lt;/strong&gt; When a sugar craving hits, walk away. &quot;Take a walk around the block or [do] something to change the scenery,&quot; to take your mind off the food you’re craving, Neville suggests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Choose quality over quantity.&lt;/strong&gt; &quot;If you need a sugar splurge, pick a wonderful, decadent sugary food,&quot; Moores says. But keep it small. For example, choose a perfect dark chocolate truffle instead of a king-sized candy bar, then &quot;savor every bite -- slowly,&quot; Moores says. Grotto agrees. &quot;Don’t swear off favorites -- you’ll only come back for greater portions. Learn to incorporate small amounts in the diet but concentrate on filling your stomach with less sugary and [healthier] options.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eat regularly.&lt;/strong&gt; Waiting too long between meals may set you up to choose sugary, fatty foods that cut your hunger, Moores says. Instead, eating every three to five hours can help keep blood sugar stable and help you &quot;avoid irrational eating behavior,&quot; Grotto says. Your best bets? &quot;Choose protein, fiber-rich foods like whole grains and produce,&quot; Moores says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But won't eating more often mean overeating? Not if you follow Neville's advice to break up your meals. For instance, have part of your breakfast -- a slice of toast with peanut butter, perhaps -- and save some yogurt for a mid-morning snack. &quot;Break up lunch the same way to help avoid a mid-afternoon slump,&quot; Neville says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference :  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/13-ways-to-fight-sugar-cravings#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dailyburn.com/life/health/sugar-addiction-detox/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dailyburn.com/life/health/sugar-addiction-detox/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T10:32:43.027" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10461" CreationDate="2016-12-14T10:51:50.280" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common side effect of loratadine is headache which has been reported in up to 12 percent of users. Other common side effects include drowsiness occurring in 8 percent of users, fatigue in 4 percent and dry mouth in three percent. Drinking plenty of water while your dose is in effect can help alleviate these symptoms. Some who use loratadine regularly report that these side effects get better with time. If your side effects appear to be severe, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether or not there is a better allergy medication for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common Side Effects of Loratadine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleepiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tiredness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stomach pain &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headache Dry eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dry mouth,dry throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diarrhea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An opposite reaction in which you feel excited, jittery, or nervous, known as paradoxical CNS stimulation instead of drowsy or sleepy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severe Side Effects of Loratadine :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liver damage or inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tightness in the chest or breathing tube&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Passing out or fainting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Seizures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/loratadine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/loratadine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.md-health.com/Loratadine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.md-health.com/Loratadine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T10:51:50.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10451" CreationDate="2016-12-14T12:54:14.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two aspects to feeling &quot;addicted&quot; to sugar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Expecting a very sweet taste to the things you eat and drink, and not enjoying unsweetened or less sweetened versions. Maybe you like three sugars in your tea or coffee, or you sprinkle sugar on cereal, fruit, and the like&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting a &quot;rush&quot; when you eat something sweeet, and feeling a drop later, which you fix by having more sugar.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not everyone experiences the second, but many do. Your approaches to the situation depend on which thing you're trying to fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For being used to a sweet taste, try a little while of not eating the things you expect to be sweet. No tea or coffee, no cereal, no toast, whatever. Then when you reintroduce the food, use half the sugar that you used to. If that sounds too unpleasant, try gradually reducing the amount of sugar you add over a few weeks. Switching to alternate sweeteners (whether &quot;healthier&quot; like honey or maple syrup, which might provide a few micronutrients as well as sweetness, or lower-calorie like Splenda, Stevia etc) isn't going to help this pattern of needing sweetness, so it's a poor solution. When you can't get diet ginger ale you'll just drink regular ginger ale because you patterns haven't changed so you don't like water. If you want to eat and drink fewer sweet things, do that, don't change where the sweetness comes from to make your old pattern ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sugar rush/high followed by crash, things are different. Whenever you eat something sweet, be sure to eat some protein or fat at the same time or very shortly afterwards. This will mute the high a little and more importantly, prevent the crash. This was an issue for both my children and they learned how to get something other than pure sugar into their system quickly. So if you start your day with jam on toast, instead of two slices of that, have one of jam on toast and then one of peanut butter on toast. If you start your day with a bowl of fruit, how about putting some yogurt (ideally not zero fat yogurt) in there too? If you have a donut or cookies at 3pm, could you not also have a little cheese (brought from home, it won't spoil) or some almonds or peanuts (which will keep for weeks) as well? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T12:54:14.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10472" CreationDate="2016-12-14T16:14:12.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short:&lt;/strong&gt; Changes in diet have not been proven to help mitigate MS, but there are special diet recommendations for patients on glucocorticoid therapy (solu-medrol belongs to this group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been hypotheses on various diets increasing the risk of MS, however, there is no strong scientific evidence that would confirm this. At best, the results from controlled studies were inconsistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a large prospective study on two cohorts of women (92,422 with 14 year follow-up and 95,389 with 4 years follow-up), which has shown:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In these two large cohorts of women, we found no evidence that higher intake of saturated fat or lower intakes of polyunsaturated fat and fish omega-3 fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of MS. Intakes of dairy products, fish, red meats, poultry, and processed meats were also unrelated to risk of MS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the prospective design, recall or selection biases are unlikely in this study, and the high follow-up rates minimize the concern that differential follow-up rates have effected our results. The estimates of total fat and specific types of fat derived from the dietary questionnaires used in this study reasonably reflect long-term intakes of study subjects&#xA;(15–18). The fact that they have predicted risk of coronary heart disease in the NHS (31) further supports their validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, many doctors do recommend a special diet when on glucocorticoid  therapy. Influence on electrolyte and sugar metabolism has been established with these medicines, as well as increased energy intake. The recommended diet is usually low in calories, fat and simple carbohydrates (no sugar I'm afraid or as little as possible), rich in protein; also low sodium and foods rich in potassium, calcium and vitamin D are recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These nutritional strategies serve to prevent or mitigate potential metabolic side effects of corticosteroids. That being said, it is still a point of debate whether these are applied only in chronic systemic application of glucocorticoids or should they also be included in pulse therapy (short-term, high doses, the sort that you described).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, the recommendations on diet should come from your doctor, and you should ask as many questions as you wish. Sometimes this sort of news comes as a bit of a shock, and it is good to have a family member with you and to write down the recommendations - when there is a lot to process it is easy to forget a crucial piece of information. Whatever you do, make sure to take your therapy as prescribed, as with corticosteroids, depending on how long you take them, it might be dangerous to abruptly stop - your doctor will know if this applies to your case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/152/11/1056.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Fat in Relation to Risk of Multiple Sclerosis among Two Large&#xA;Cohorts of Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/921086-treatment#d8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucocorticoid Therapy and Cushing Syndrome Treatment &amp;amp; Management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/271/2/E317.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T16:26:30.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-14T20:04:35.683" Score="0" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a difference between &quot;Hemeatology&quot; and &quot;Hematology&quot; as physician medical specialties?  Or are these spelling variants, like &quot;Haematology&quot; vs &quot;Hematology&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7657" LastActivityDate="2016-12-15T15:19:21.200" Title="Hemeatology vs Hematology" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10426" CreationDate="2016-12-14T21:46:47.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume or pretend for a moment that a system such as the one you suggest exists. I see two immediate problems, both related to medical privacy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your doctor is not necessarily your mother or grandfather's doctor. Why should a doctor be able to look at the medical records of someone they're not treating? Have your family members all consented to let any and all future doctors read through their records? Have you?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as you mention, you may not know all the illnesses in your family. Imagine if one day your doctor said to you, &quot;because your mother has X, I think we should check you for it also&quot; and this is how you learned some shocking news about your mother. If the only information your doctor has comes from you, there's no chance of telling you something you don't already know. If the doctor were to try being vague and just suggest checking you for X, that won't always work - many people would think &quot;why test for that so young? Someone in my family must have it. I wonder who?&quot; and start the detective process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's adoption. If you were adopted and don't know who your birth parents were, is it ok with you if your doctor knows? And gives you nuggets of information about illnesses they've acquired since you were born? If not, then this too will be a giant blank spot since whether or not your adoptive parents (your real parents) have heart trouble isn't interesting from a medical point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there's the matter of UK residents whose parents or grandparents are not UK residents and therefore have no records with the NHS. Even if a system existed and the legal and privacy issues could be overcome, your doctor isn't going to get access to any family members who live elsewhere. I live in Canada and have relatives in England, so I know this is a real thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A system that correlated and cross referenced everyone into families, using birth, marriage, and adoption records, so that a doctor could just click &quot;see family history&quot; would be expensive to build and a privacy nightmare if it was hacked. And at the end of it all, it would have blank spots and missing information. It would leave the doctor at risk of telling you things you weren't supposed to know. So all that money would create a flawed and possible even harmful system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Better by far to ask you. You might not know, it's true. But then again, you might. I know what my grandparents died of and the one parent I have lost. Diseases mild enough to be kept from an adult child are also mild enough not to be interesting medically. The &quot;ask the patient&quot; technique may not be perfect, but it's cheap, portable, privacy-respecting, and overall - good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-12-14T21:46:47.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9928" CreationDate="2016-12-15T12:57:59.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think, at this point, the answer to the question: &quot;does ALA alone have any important/essential roles&quot; is not yet known, but here are few hints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12617463&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is the role of alpha-linolenic acid for mammals? (PubMed, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The main role of ALA was assumed to be as a precursor to the&#xA;  longer-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA...ALA accumulates in specific sites&#xA;  in the body of mammals (carcass, adipose, and skin).... &lt;strong&gt;There is&#xA;  some evidence that ALA may be involved with skin and fur function.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  There is continuing debate regarding whether ALA has actions of its&#xA;  own in relation to the &lt;strong&gt;cardiovascular system and neural function.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-15T18:35:56.893" LastActivityDate="2016-12-15T18:35:56.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10486" CreationDate="2016-12-15T15:19:21.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a misspelling of &lt;em&gt;haematology&lt;/em&gt;, which is the British spelling of &lt;em&gt;hematology&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Hematology&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;haematology&lt;/em&gt; are synonyms, and there is no such word &lt;em&gt;hemeatology&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hematology#medicalDictionary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;hematology &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;noun he·ma·tol·o·gy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medical Definition of hematology &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;plural hematologies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;:  a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hematologist or chiefly British haematologist&lt;/strong&gt; -jəst\&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;noun&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Variants of hematology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;or chiefly British haematology&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  \ˌhē-mə-ˈtäl-ə-jē\&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2016-12-15T15:19:21.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10403" CreationDate="2016-12-16T07:46:51.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some extended release products do remain in the stomach while the drug is being released but how they remain in the stomach is often not a function of the size of the tablet itself. To help explain I have included some background information about drug formulation. I am referencing the text, Applied Biopharmaceutics &amp;amp; Pharmacokinetics, and my experience as a pharmacy student. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another term used to describe extended release products is modified release products, this is differentiated from conventional immediate release products. However, even within immediate release formulations, absorption can be slowed due to the drug itself being in an inactive form or if the drug is very lipophilic resulting in slower absorption by the GI tract itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among modified release products, there are several different types of technologies which provide different mechanisms for slowing the release of drugs or altering the drug release mechanism. Some examples of modified release formulations are delayed release (generally include enteric coated), extended release and orally disintegrating.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Delayed release tablets are sometimes enteric coated. This enteric coat is specifically designed to prevent dissolution of the tablet in the stomach. This is sometimes meant to protect the drug from the acidic environment of the stomach, but also sometimes meant to protect the stomach from the disrupting presence of the drug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, extended release refers to a drug formulation where the rate of drug release is engineered by a special coating, membrane infused with the drug, capsule with a special opening, a capsule containing special beads, or difficult to dissolve tablet. Some products use multiple mechanisms to achieve the desired rate of drug release. Referencing your question specifically, there are many drugs that remain in the stomach while the release of the drug takes place but this not true of all extended-release formulations (ex: some drugs are designed to remain in the small intestine). Products that remain in the stomach while the drug is released are known as gastroretentive systems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several designs that have been used to maintain the drug in the stomach. A few of these include but are not limited to high-density systems, floating systems, expandable systems, and mucoadhesive or bioadhesive systems. In the expandable systems, one example being metformin ER, a diabetes drug, the tablet unfolds or expands preventing passage through the pyloric sphincter. These expandable tablets make up only a small portion of gastroretentive products. A more common form being the floating or mucoadhesive systems. In the floating systems, the tablet or capsule is designed to be less dense than the stomach contents and thus remain at the top of the stomach while the drug is released. In the mucoadhesive/bioadhesive formulation, the drug has a special coating that allows it to adhere to the wall of the stomach and prevent it from passing through to the small intestine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately there are many technologies that allow for extended release products to function. While the overall concept is the same, how it is achieved can be quite different from drug to drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7666" LastActivityDate="2016-12-16T07:46:51.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-16T08:42:43.277" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was consulted on the following clinical case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An elderly woman (over 65 years old) on Plavix due to 2 CVAs in the last few years. Six months ago treatment was changed to a generic Clopidogrel product, and during this period she developed diffuse hematomas. With Aspirin she also had hematomas, but not with the original Plavix.&#xA;Therefore, her doctor recommended putting her back on Plavix. This, of course, seems like the right thing to do, and I'm not asking about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: What could be the reason for developing hematomas on a generic formulation of Clopidogrel and not on the brand formulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few points should be taken into consideration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As a generic drug, the manufacturer obviously proved bioequivalence, so we won't go there.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The dosage with both formulations was the same.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The inactive ingredients are very similar in both formulations. I won't elaborate about them right now, unless you ask for it in the comments.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I found two articles on that topic, without much help:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1185/03007995.2015.1028912&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; says that &quot;The innovator product of clopidogrel (Plavix/Iscover*) is a hydrogen sulfate salt. [...] Following the expiration of the above name-brands’ patent, a number of generic clopidogrel salt formulations were developed and approved for the treatment of CVD patients. [...] it should be stated that even minor differences in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of various generic clopidogrel salts could have serious clinical consequences...&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The active ingredient in Plavix is formally stated as &lt;strong&gt;Clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate&lt;/strong&gt;, whereas the generic is stated as &lt;strong&gt;Clopidogrel bisulphate&lt;/strong&gt;. After some online research I found that these are two names for the same chemical composition. It did leave me with some confusion - are these two descriptions truly identical, or do we have here two different salts?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233788890_Branded_Versus_Generic_Clopidogrel_in_Cardiovascular_Diseases_A_Systematic_Review&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; is a systematic review about branded against generic Clopidogrel in CVD. The conclusions section states that: &quot;There are a limited number of small studies comparing Plavix and generic clopidogrel in nonhealthy volunteers, reporting hard clinical end points. Taking these limitations into account, the available data &lt;strong&gt;did not suggest any difference&lt;/strong&gt; in cardiovascular events, adverse events, and withdrawals among patients receiving branded and generic clopidogrel.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts will be much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: After some further research I found two more points that should be considered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I stated that the generic formulation of Clopidogrel I found was essentially identical to the brand name in terms of active ingredient, since Clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate and Clopidogrel bisulphate are two names for the same compound. However, I realized today that we have another generic formulation which contains a different salt, Clopidogrel besylate. According to the study I cited above, different salt formulations can affect the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the drug, so that's a new lead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00392-009-0033-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; attempted to compare the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate and clopidogrel besylate. According to its conclusion &quot;no overall significant difference in the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate as compared to clopidogrel besylate [was observed]. However, it is important to note that besides high interindividual there is also &lt;strong&gt;high intraindividual variability between the two different clopidogrel formulas&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Bv2w.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Bv2w.png&quot; alt=&quot;![Clopidgrel salts&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the clinical case, I have yet to find out which generic formulation the patient received, but I wanted to update the question with this new information and ask if anyone witnessed this kind of clinical difference with different salts of Clopidogrel (sharing experiences with different reactions to different salts of other drugs is also welcome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T00:04:24.577" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T00:04:24.577" Title="What could be the reason for difference in adverse effects profile between original and generic Clopidogrel?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-16T12:48:02.613" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it that some people have tinnitus and some don't. Sometimes I feel like I'm so isolated because of the noise in my head.  I can't make it stop and it's difficult to push through so I can hear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7670" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2016-12-16T18:51:52.367" LastActivityDate="2017-01-15T19:13:19.753" Title="If your brain tells you that you hear ringing in you ears, tininitus, why is it so difficult to tell it to stop?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-16T15:15:16.807" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you need the heelpieces? Why did millions years of evoultion develop so short human heel that we need to extend it with the artificial one? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/v5hOn.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/v5hOn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health implications of having shoes with or without the heelpieces? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I stay barefooted or use shoes with heels at home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6566" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T05:33:04.207" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T05:33:04.207" Title="What is the purpose of heelpieces?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;evolution&gt;&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;heel&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10524" CreationDate="2016-12-16T15:40:35.307" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where do &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthgrades.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthgrades&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://vitals.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitals&lt;/a&gt; get their physician list from? Is there a publicly available central repository? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7263" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T01:46:29.647" Title="Is there an official public list of US physicians?" Tags="&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10498" CreationDate="2016-12-16T19:09:18.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting research offers a possible explanation as to why, even when exposed to the same external harmful noise stimulus, some individuals will develop tinnitus and other individuals will not. Extrapolating findings from research on animals may reveal why some people develop tinnitus while others do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animals were exposed to a noise stimulus with the intention of destroying their hearing hair cells:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All nine noise-exposed rats showed similar patterns of severe hair cell loss at high- and mid-frequency regions in the exposed ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subsequently, some of the rats expressed a protein in nervous system cells called GAP-43:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eight of the nine showed strong up-regulation of GAP-43 in auditory nerve fibers and pronounced shrinkage of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) on the noise-exposed side, and strong up-regulation of GAP-43 in the medial ventral VCN, but not in the lateral VCN or the dorsal cochlear nucleus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The GAP-43 protein appeared to be protective in preventing tinnitus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GAP-43 up-regulation in VCN was significantly greater in Noise-No-Tinnitus rats than in Noise-Tinnitus rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears that this protein may work in suppressing tinnitus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GAP-43 up-regulation most likely originates from medial olivocochlear neurons. Their increased excitatory input on inhibitory neurons in VCN may possibly reduce central hyperactivity and tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus take-home points are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;◾Some animals did not develop tinnitus after exposure to a loud noise which caused hearing loss, likely because they produced a molecular response that appeared to suppress hyperactivity of auditory neurons that may cause tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;◾A similar mechanism may explain why some people with severe hearing loss acquire tinnitus but others do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21821100/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21821100/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-12-16T19:09:18.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10466" CreationDate="2016-12-17T11:29:54.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cyanosis occurs when the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin is high (greater than 5g/dL), because deoxyhaemoglobin absorbs differing wavelengths of light than oxyhaemoglobin and looks bluer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Central cyanosis occurs when there is high deoxyhaemoglobin levels in the arterial blood, caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shunt of deoxygenated blood into the systemic arteries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Impaired oxygen uptake through the alveolar membrane&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High levels of overall haemoglobin overwhelming oxygen diffusing capacity (eg &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia_vera&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polycythaemia rubra vera&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low delivery of blood to the alveolar capillaries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because these central areas have high capillary blood flow which reduces the effect of tissue oxygen extraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peripheral cyanosis occurs when there is high tissue oxygen extraction, caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Localised low blood supply (eg peripheral vasoconstriction)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High tissue metabolic demand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you'd always see peripheral cyanosis if there is central cyanosis, but not necessarily central cyanosis when there is peripheral cyanosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7628" LastEditorUserId="7628" LastEditDate="2016-12-17T11:39:34.740" LastActivityDate="2016-12-17T11:39:34.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-17T19:39:35.810" Score="2" ViewCount="545" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand there are dozens of websites out there which provide advice but I have been watching videos that claim watching &lt;strong&gt;porn changes connections in your brain what I could gather from the videos was that some changes could be permanent&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to quit porn and masturbation and get my brain back to what it was?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I started at an early age due to shitty reasons, I masturbated watched a lot of porn since I was 12 or 13 years old.Is it too late for fixing the problem?&#xA;I have spoken to a psychologist but I just feel too embarrassed to tell him all my 'habits', In the initial sessions he said it was not anything dangerous.&#xA;If anybody knows of any portals where I can hide my identity and talk to someone please share I need help :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7683" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:39:46.637" Title="Is it possible to Quit Porn and Masturbation?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;self-esteem&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10523" CreationDate="2016-12-18T03:30:08.833" Score="4" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a woman become pregnant if you don't use a condom, only from &quot;before-sperm liquid&quot;? It's not sperm. This liquid comes when a man is aroused. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T05:25:00.583" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T05:25:00.583" Title="Can pre-ejaculate cause pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;pre-ejaculate-cum&gt;&lt;erection&gt;&lt;sexual-arousal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-18T04:04:04.187" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;While in an MRI you hear a lot of different noises. The pitch changes, as does the pattern and rhythm. Sometimes there's one long noise, sometimes a beep-beep-beep then a pause and the same set of beeps again, and so on. At times a pattern repeats without change for many minutes, while at other times the noises vary more frequently. CBC Spark had &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/289-music-and-tech-week-1.3109376/video-i-hear-music-in-the-mri-1.4124448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an item&lt;/a&gt; comparing it to electronic music.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do these noises tell you? And what about the pauses between them? Is it, for example, safe to move a tiny bit if there is no noise? I sometimes find that I have tensed up and lifted a leg off the surface a tiny bit and I want to relax and put it back down. Is doing that in a silent part better than doing that during noises?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious I suppose, but knowledge is always reassuring. Just like understanding the bell noises on an airplane, I want to understand the MRI noises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-07-09T22:55:22.800" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T19:50:08.887" Title="What can you observe from MRI noises?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;procedural-behavior&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-18T06:41:47.877" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Valsalva maneuver is defined as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attempted exhalation against a closed airway&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Valsalva&amp;#39;s+maneuver&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effort to breathe out forcibly while the mouth and nose are firmly closed or the vocal cords pressed together&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some breathing practices involve pushing air out against resistance, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yogajournal.com/article/practice-section/what-is-ujjayi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ujjayi breath&lt;/a&gt; in yoga or the slow, controlled exhale recommended by some weightlifting coaches. This can be done by partly closing the glottis while exhaling, or by firmly exhaling through the mouth with lips slightly open, as if one were whistling. Unlike the definitions above, the patient does not have a fully closed airway and is still taking in oxygen. But subjectively, this kind of breathing feels like it's raising intrathoracic and eustachian pressure in the same way as Valsalva. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does forcefully exhaling against resistance have similar physiological effects to the Valsalva maneuver? Are there differences caused by the fact that the patient is still breathing, or by the fact that this maneuver can be maintained and repeated for much longer than a &quot;strict&quot; Valsalva?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="236" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T18:08:11.077" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T18:08:11.077" Title="Performing Valsalva maneuver with partly open airway?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;pressure&gt;&lt;valsalva-maneuver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10515" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12706" CreationDate="2016-12-18T09:48:49.283" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that cigarettes have killed millions of people, to the extent that just about everyone knows someone who has died from it. Smoking deaths are overwhelmingly medium to long term effects of smoke inhalation and exposure (citation?). I am looking for short term effects leading to death. So anything from extreme allergic reaction (is that even possible?) to dropping the cigarette into gasoline, you name it as long as it's fatal. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/8855924/Deaths-from-bee-stings-chair-falls-and-boiling-water.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news stories&lt;/a&gt; disseminating statistics on deaths caused by all sorts of animals or even types of furniture. Are there comparable statistics collected on deaths due to cigarettes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could also apply to tobacco in general but I am asking about cigarettes specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7686" LastEditorUserId="7686" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T13:08:25.663" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T13:08:25.663" Title="How many people have been instantly killed by smoking?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-18T14:56:50.587" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that mitochondrial functioning causes oxidative stress (OS). I think mental work causes OS just as physical work does. Can the brain get used to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2562" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:47:28.073" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:47:28.073" Title="Can the brain be trained to handle oxidative stress better?" Tags="&lt;antioxidant&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-18T17:05:41.133" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any salves or creams you can apply to a bleeding wound to rapidly end  bleeding by promoting clotting? And would it perform better than bandages? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7688" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T20:37:06.720" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T22:54:57.320" Title="Procoagulant salve/cream/gel?" Tags="&lt;wound&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-18T19:34:42.650" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I roast my chicken quarters, a ton of drippings come out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutritional content is roughly 220 calories per 4 oz.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't eat those drippings, does that mean that I am actually eating less than 220 calories for every 4 oz. of chicken quarters I eat?  I do eat the skin btw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fat portion of the drippings --as opposed to the stock portion--looks almost identical, and has the same consistency of cooking oil, and according to MyFitnessPal, has 115 calories per tablespoon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if I eat 8 oz of chicken quarters, and this yields one tablespoon of chicken fat, this would be (220 kcal/4 oz * 2 - 115) 325 kcal net total?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7689" LastActivityDate="2016-12-18T19:34:42.650" Title="Are fat drippings accounted for in the nutritional labels of meat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10510" CreationDate="2016-12-19T01:44:26.543" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &quot;pre-ejaculate&quot; that you are talking about does contain a very small amount of sperm, and can absolutely cause pregnancy. To be clear, the alkaline fluid that comes out as the pre-ejaculate is made in Cowper's glands, which do not produce sperm. However, sperm may be present from a prior ejaculation and come out as part of the pre-ejaculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564677/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3564677/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article above goes into some detail. Basically, there is a 41% chance of the content having sperm, and a 37% chance that the sperm it contains are motile - enough to swim upstream and potentially fertilize an egg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actual fertilization depends on a lot of things. However, if you do this enough, the odds of pregnancy increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastEditorDisplayName="user7620" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T01:48:30.820" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T01:48:30.820" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10500" CreationDate="2016-12-19T01:46:29.647" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several sources for publicly available health practitioner databases. One of the most common sources is from the US government, which assigns a National Provider Identification (NPI) number to all medical practitioners. There is an online database you can use here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enter a doctor's name, and you'll see a lot of information about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T01:46:29.647" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10124" CreationDate="2016-12-19T09:54:40.477" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand your question right, the problem is not acne by itself but dark spots or &lt;strong&gt;postinflammatory hyperpigmentation&lt;/strong&gt; after acne has gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one medical article (&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069191-treatment?pa=US2Uc2r3cp5rcAcP4WxCGkDZ1TqRFaU8O3P3jzYCcKuMqqfkHdSHGjqpSyujH612LCEJNCrbkqLWYvqLrhntWA%3D%3D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;) that describes the treatment. The treating substances include hydroquinone, tretinoin cream, corticosteroids, glycolic acid (GA), and azelaic acid. I don't think you should try these treatments on your own; ask a dermatologist about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally do not believe that home remedies would help, because dermatologists and studies do not really mention them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-19T11:25:19.380" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T11:25:19.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10517" CreationDate="2016-12-19T11:16:55.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this would be useful, but cyanoacrylate-based glues have been used in surgical wounds for quite some time as an alternative to other methods. They won't work for all kinds of wounds and they have some downsides to know about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related bibliography: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/minor-wound-repair-with-tissue-adhesives-cyanoacrylates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/minor-wound-repair-with-tissue-adhesives-cyanoacrylates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T11:16:55.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-19T14:21:47.307" Score="1" ViewCount="26908" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a sensitive stomach and it gets disturbed by outside food quite soon. Currently it just got over it (no alcohol involved yet) but I might have a party soon with unavoidable liqueur, so I wanted to know which alcohol I can have with bad stomach. I like beer, whiskey and rum but open for a change if ti help my stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;*My stomach sensitivity is towards extra oily food or heavy food.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="105" LastEditorUserId="105" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T08:48:51.227" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T16:01:44.730" Title="Which Alcohol is fine with upset stomach?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-13T16:08:46.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10528" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10537" CreationDate="2016-12-19T16:10:10.970" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;In view of the findings reported in [strong-evidence-linking-aluminium-alzheimers][2] should we stop using aluminium containers to store food and aluminium foil to wrap food? I am 85 years old, is it going to make any difference to me now? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the comments. I though the link above would be sufficient, but the original source appears to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hippocraticpost.com/mental-health/strong-evidence-linking-aluminium-alzheimers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;  which reports a high concentration of aluminium in the brain tissue of sufferers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own view is that this is not enough evidence of a causal link between the disease and the use of aluminium foil in contact with food, so I am not going to stop using it. It could be for instance that these individuals have a higher propensity to concentrate aluminium in this way, as is suggested in the end of the discussion in the second article referred to above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastEditorUserId="1056" LastEditDate="2016-12-21T13:43:28.540" LastActivityDate="2016-12-21T13:43:28.540" Title="Should we stop using aluminium foil in food preparation and storage?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-19T16:55:56.730" Score="0" ViewCount="2633" Body="&lt;p&gt;My son doesn't like to wear cloths at home. In winters, he lets me shut the heat in his room because he feels hot. The most sentences I hear from him are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's burning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am not hungry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sitting in his room wearing thick cloth, I still feel cold. But whenever my son coming back from school, he will be only in his underpants and will be sitting there all day and never feel cold.&#xA;He also doesn't eat much. He can skip a few meals whenever he doesn't have his favorite food. He can also eat a lot when he likes the food.&#xA;Should I need to worry about anything? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7697" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T19:02:47.930" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T19:02:47.930" Title="My son doesn't feel cold" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;senses&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-01-05T03:05:05.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9675" CreationDate="2016-12-19T17:03:18.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like it is probably a combination of both issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now, focus on working &lt;em&gt;slowly&lt;/em&gt; into building endurance and stamina - thus also getting into shape. Also, clear exercising with your doctor, along those lines, he or she may have some advice for you on what exercises to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/basics/definition/con-20033156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, exercise is not; however, the root cause of your asthma. This means that although there is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/J00-J99/J40-J47/J45-/J45.990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICD-10&lt;/a&gt; code for the condition of exercise induced bronchospasm and therefore pulmonologists will recognize it to some extent. However, my guess is that a pulmonologist will attempt to treat you for the root cause of your asthma, i.e. allergies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T17:03:18.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10517" CreationDate="2016-12-19T17:04:56.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on your definition of &quot;wound&quot; you could consider a styptic pencil. It's generally used for nicks and small cuts, such as you get while shaving. Most drugstores sell them or you can order from Amazon. They are briefly mentioned in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihemorrhagic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; on agents that stop bleeding. The article mentions several other products that are probably only available to doctors, and has a fair number of external links you could use to learn more about those products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T17:04:56.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9312" CreationDate="2016-12-19T18:15:38.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: Why the Daily Amount of food from each group does match up to the weekly recommended amounts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer: The daily amount is for calories, which means that for individuals who consume 1,000 Cal per day (every day, so 7,000 Cal per week), Guidelines recommend 1/2 cups of dark green vegetables per week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories are listed as per day, because people usually know how much calories they consume per day not per week. Foods are per week to show that you do not need to eat them every single day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Daily Value (DV) is an estimated amount of a nutrient a sedentary person (who spends about 2,000 Calories per day) needs per day. For a certain food, the DV of a nutrient is expressed in percents of total daily needs for that nutrient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064928.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a chart with Daily Values of main nutrients from FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;, the Daily Value for iron (for someone who spends 2K Calories per day) is 18 mg per day. &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2626/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One serving (30 grams) of raw spinach&lt;/a&gt; (NutritionData) contains 0.8 grams of iron, which is 5% of the daily value for this person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are more active and spend, for example, 3,000 Calories per day, your Daily Value would be 3/2 of the Daily Value from that chart, so, for iron, 18 mg x 3/2 = 27 mg of iron. In this case, 30 grams of spinach would give you only 2/3 of the 5%, that is 3.3% of DV of iron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My comment on the chart the OP has pasted in the question: If you want at least nearly accurate results, you need to check the Daily Value for an exact food and not just a &quot;food group.&quot; Spinach and lettuce are both &quot;vegetables&quot; but contain very different amounts of iron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T12:01:53.317" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T12:01:53.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-19T18:33:56.120" Score="3" ViewCount="1509" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be many couples out there that have intercourse frequently and yet still manage to have a child. However, I found a number of articles that describe sperm maturity as taking at least three months, with the shortest period being 42 days:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2006/03/6621/new-findings-sperm-life-cycle-could-impact-fertility-treatments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Findings on Sperm Life Cycle Could Impact Fertility Treatments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that a male who has ejaculated a lot during the 42 days before reaching the ovulation window would stand little chance of impregnating their mate. Can immature sperm still fertilize an egg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7701" LastEditorUserId="7701" LastEditDate="2016-12-19T18:59:14.853" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T22:06:32.940" Title="Can sperm fertilize an egg before reaching full maturity?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;sperm-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10529" CreationDate="2016-12-19T20:53:11.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common sense or intuition question: Does your son appear ill to you? Does he look or feel unwell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of symptoms that would suggest he has some illness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;His behavior has changed, so he was not always like this &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased body temperature (did you measure it?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Night sweats&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fatigue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paleness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changed bowel habits&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain (headache, stomach pain...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rash  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One disorder, among others, with feeling of warmth and appetite changes is hyperthyroidism (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hyperthyroidism/hyperthyroidism-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endocrinoweb&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T10:27:33.327" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T10:27:33.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5797" CreationDate="2016-12-19T22:02:01.873" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically, a pregnant woman can travel without most limitations even until the day of birth. The key considerations as the pregnancy progresses is to make sure that accessibility to clinical care is not impeded. For example, I don't recommend going into deepest darkest Africa when you are nine months pregnant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, pregnant women are at special risk for developing some conditions. One risk is for deep vein thrombosis, which is a life-threatening clot in deep veins that can lead to death. Due to the weight of the fetus, it can compress some deep veins in the pelvis and impede circulation. As a result, I highly recommend that pregnant women (and all people in general), take breaks every hour, get up and stretch, and walk around a little bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this advice, you should be able to drive a few miles or even a few hours - as long as you periodically take breaks and get the blood flowing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T22:02:01.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10528" CreationDate="2016-12-19T22:04:32.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The association between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease has been evident for many years. At one point, there was even a discussion that the aluminum in our deodorant was causing an epidemic in Alzheimer's (see this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2319278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2319278&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Truly, there is something to be said about exposure to high quantities of any metal and having adverse effects in the body. However, given the trace concentrations in our deodorant, and the fact that we aren't eating the aluminum foil with our cheeseburger, it is extremely unlikely to lead to any adverse effects in most people (see this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1296988&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1296988&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, at the age of 85, you are at higher risk of Alzheimer's than if you were 55 or 65. It tends to be later in onset (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=102&lt;/a&gt;). Alzheimer's should not be mixed up with age-related dementia is an entirely separate discussion (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.alz.org/what-is-dementia.asp&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastEditorDisplayName="user7620" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T01:47:43.840" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T01:47:43.840" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10533" CreationDate="2016-12-19T22:06:32.940" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Immature sperm are not motile, and thus cannot travel up the Fallopian tubes to cause fertilization. However, all of your sperm are not simultaneously on a 42 day cycle. You have millions of sperm, each at a different stage in the cycle. It is the ones that are fully mature and ready to go that you need to worry about. No substitute for using a condom if you aren't ready to have kids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-19T22:06:32.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5797" CreationDate="2016-12-20T02:18:10.883" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short Answer: No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short Distance Travel is not contraindicated in early pregnancy / first trimester. The embryo is safely implanted in the womb and does not get affected by physical exertion or travel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand your anxiety, but Obstetricians advise that pregnant women go about doing whatever they normally do every day without as much as possible till the third trimester where one needs to adjust for weight and lower physical dexterity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T02:18:10.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-20T06:46:50.340" Score="4" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been suffering Erectile Disfunction and i discussed it with a urologist. The urologist described me Cialis 20 mg (suggested 10 mg first). The problem is that the price is very high in the USA. I told this to the urologist, who suggested I get it from a Canadian pharmacy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm from Bangladesh, where some reputed drug companies make similar medicine, Tadalafil. Is it okay to take that one instead since it is much less expensive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1716" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-19T16:27:06.160" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T13:48:51.933" Title="Is generic Cialis (Tadalafil) equivalent to Cialis?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1313" CreationDate="2016-12-20T08:43:10.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alcohol metabolism has evolved in most living beings as a vital part of digesting fermenting food. This is a process that happens naturally in the gut even if you don't drink alcohol. The digestive system has evolved to not waste such a valuable source of energy many millions of years ago. There is a complete enzyme chain in place to break down and use alcohol as a source of energy. &#xA;Please note that naturally occurring fermentation yields only small amounts of alcohol and that our digestive system is not geared to deal long term with the large amounts of alcohol that some people ingest. Liver damage occurs when the enzymes available to break down alcohol safely get overwhelmed and leave toxic metabolites behind which then in turn damage liver cells. &#xA;So the answer is : yes - alcohol will definitely make you gain weight, roughly to the tune of 7 calories per gram. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7707" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T08:43:10.667" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10529" CreationDate="2016-12-20T09:09:52.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Body temperature actually does not vary a lot between individuals contrary to Lakshmi's answer unless you have a fever. More information is needed to answer the question. Age, body weight / height and calorie intake per day as well as a recent history of unintentional weight gain or weight loss for starters. How long has this been going on for and are there other symptoms? Is your son actually unwell?&#xA;Also: It may be you whose temperature perception is off. It is well known that women, especially as they get older are less tolerant to colder temperatures than men. What is the actual temperature in your house and in his room? Maybe he is trying to escape from the excessive heat you create to be comfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7707" LastEditorUserId="7707" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T09:17:22.597" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T09:17:22.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1313" CreationDate="2016-12-20T10:22:42.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some agreement that the calories and other nutrition data, except the percent of alcohol, do not need to be shown on the labels of alcoholic beverages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these nutrition facts are listed in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov nutrients database&lt;/a&gt; (search for beer, wine, vodka, gin...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4158?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=vodka&amp;amp;ds=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 jigger or 1.5 oz of 80 proof vodka has 97 Calories.&lt;/a&gt; These calories represent &quot;metabolic energy,&quot; which is energy that can be actually used by your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A source that claims that alcohol provides metabolic energy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v61/n1s/fig_tab/1602938t3.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;: Alcohol has 29.6 kJ (7 Cal) of combustible energy and 29 kJ (6.9 Cal) of metabolic energy per gram.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-20T18:24:05.033" LastActivityDate="2016-12-20T18:24:05.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-20T11:18:19.637" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;My local health center missed Pneumococcal conjugate(PCV) for my kid scheduled (as per the plan is given in the booklet) at two months age. Then they missed the same at four months age again due to unavailability. Finally, after they missed it at six months, I talked to the doctor and he gave a few excuses ... then he said it's not very important one. Missing it is not anything of concern. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is he right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7710" OwnerDisplayName="tod" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T23:43:04.000" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T23:43:04.000" Title="Is it okay to miss one of vaccine (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) for infants?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;missed-dose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10551" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-20T16:01:12.727" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started eating Asian food rather frequently about 3 years ago.&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;I like hot and spicy dishes. I have no problem eating for example a Vietnamese Pho with lots of chilis in it. Also, I love to prepare my own food (of any origin) using lots of different types of oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if I only get to eat one drop of chili oil, my body starts to take it seriously.&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;It started when I first made chili oil myself and put a good amount of it in my meal. A few hours afterwards, my heart started beating fast and strong and that did not stop until about &lt;strong&gt;60 hours&lt;/strong&gt; later! It felt like it was pounding during an adrenalin rush, maybe not as strong but without end. I could hardly sleep. No relaxation technique helped.&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;Also, my stomach didn't do too good, but it was not bad. The problem was my heart and the unrest it caused me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was as bad as it ever got. Since then I got the occasional unintentional load of chili oil in restaurants. The symptoms are the same, but weaker and shorter (12-20 hours maybe). I assume in those cases it is just not as much chili oil as it was at the first time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe a quick explanation of how chili oil is made. It is really simple. You put several sliced red chilis (with seeds) into olive oil and let it steep for a few weeks. That's all. Afterwards you use the oil directly from the container it was made in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can cause this? What is different with the oil compared to the single ingredients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7711" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T09:51:51.633" Title="I'm OK with chilis and any kind of oil. But I can't take any chili oil. Why?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10551" CreationDate="2016-12-21T09:30:37.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Capsaicin (the molecule responsible for spicyness) is a very lipophylic substance, meaning that it dissolves very easily and in great amounts in oil. It's not very soluble in water, however. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you eat chilli peppers capsaicin is released to your saliva, which is basically water. And being such, the amount released is limited. However, if you leave chilli peppers in oil, capsaicin is massively released to the oil. The amount of capsaicin that your body will have the chance to take in (aka bioavailability) is much greater for chilli oil than for fresh peppers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not claim that capsaicin is responsible for your symptoms, and if it becomes a problem you should see a doctor, but I hope this helps you understand better the difference between these two condiments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2016-12-21T09:30:37.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10567" CreationDate="2016-12-21T10:30:27.000" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to stop bewilder ? When I siting and I go to get up then I bewilder.What is caused this and how can I treat this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T06:28:13.837" Title="Stop bewilder when go up" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2016-12-29T23:36:18.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5887" CreationDate="2016-12-21T10:48:55.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only a study in which someone would put different vitamins in a blender and measure the eventual changes in their activities could answer this question. Everything else is just a guess or estimation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, the question would need to be for a specific vitamin in a specific chemical form and in a specific tablet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My estimation is that nothing significant would happen. Some vitamins could be partly destroyed by heat, but blending alone does not produce much heat, anyway. Crushing of the tablet could affect the physical composition of the tablet and result in either slightly decreased or increased absorption of the vitamin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/topics/processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;, there is a chart with estimated effects of drying, cooking and freezing on the vitamin content of foods. For example, cooking (it does not say for how long) can destroy 25% of vitamin A, 50% of vitamin C and 70% of folic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think, in general, blending would not do nearly as much damage as cooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-21T20:36:01.617" LastActivityDate="2016-12-21T20:36:01.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10574" CreationDate="2016-12-21T13:36:15.433" Score="-2" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;So basically I'm a late 20's male, newly married (since 3 weeks), having 2 problems:&#xA;1-My wife (virgin, early 20's) have a thick hymen (my guess).&#xA;First three times we tried to have intercourse she felt so much pain and each time she bled (not much), till now each time we try penetration she feel intolerable pain and screams VERY loudly (to the point that i get scared for her well-being).&#xA;I tried to insert my finger there, it went smoothly with some minor discomfort on her side, then i tried 2 fingers, it went through also with some minor pain.&#xA;We tried to apply an Anesthetic Gel (Lidocaine) on her hymen area, but it didn't help the pain.&#xA;Also we tried &quot;Durex Play&quot; lube but she felt very bad burning (obviously &quot;Play&quot; does not Play nice with cuts)&#xA;At this point i'm out of ideas and don't know what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2-My second problem is: We take our time during foreplay, mostly i give her oral (around 15-20 mins), during that time i'm rock hard, when she gets really wet and i try to penetrate, the moment i approach and get in the right position, i got flaccid  :( it is like magic ! It is happening every time now !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help regarding the 2 problems would be much appreciated :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7720" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T17:48:59.363" Title="Very painful sex AND flaccid after foreplay" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2016-12-26T08:53:24.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10560" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-21T13:46:38.890" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of years ago, during a time when I was working long hours and was very stressed, I had significant difficulty coping in a healthy way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some research online about coping with stress and exercising and sleeping enough and working less and now I'm doing a lot better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It didn't really occur to me to get help when I wasn't coping back then. However, I am concerned that in the future this could happen again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to see a psychologist now, so that I can meet them and get to know them, and feel comfortable with them so that in the future if I do have trouble coping, I feel comfortable enough to do get help. Would it be OK to see a psychologist as a mentally healthy person? I'm worried that they will wonder why I'm there if I'm fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5080" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T15:22:56.787" Title="Would it be beneficial to see a psycologist even though I am mentally healthy right now?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-21T17:21:08.533" Score="2" ViewCount="596" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my left big toe. When a nail is too long, usually one clips them. Two days ago, I was working on my computer, and instead of clipping it, I was picking at it. Eventually, the part of nail one would usually separate by clipping, tore free on it's own, and I peeled it from the right side of the nail to the left. Unfortunately, when I had nearly peeled it all off, the sliver I was peeling ripped off completely, the last fragment of nail remaining behind in the side of my toe. Because it's between the nail bed and skin and small, I cannot reach it with any utensil but a tweezer. The tweezer doesn't have enough grip to remove it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2kkcY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2kkcY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(any black is from my socks)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice on how to remove it? I'm afraid it might lead to an infection. I've been putting antiseptic on it but would like to just be rid of the nail so it can heal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7721" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:18:29.217" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:18:29.217" Title="Piece of leftover toenail on big toe, too small to remove" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;nails&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10561" CreationDate="2016-12-21T18:25:51.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is how I do it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I pull the skin on the left side of the big toe down with my fingers - this exposes the leftover part of the nail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I pull up the front bit of the leftover part of the nail with tweezers and thus release it a bit. This part of the nail is not attached to the nail bed, so this doesn't really hurt. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using small pointed scissors, I cut only the part of the leftover nail that is not attached to the nail bed. (You may want to clean the area with alcohol first and sterilize the scissors in a flame.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If to you everything looks more complicated, you may want to...well... visit a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About an infection. Such a broken nail is not much different from the properly cut nail. I mean, when you clip the nail normally, you also &quot;injure&quot; it. On the photo, there is apparently a bit more skin at the front exposed as normally, but it really does not look like a &quot;wound.&quot; Was there any blood? If worried, you can put on a small amount of an antibiotic cream or spray it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the more you pick it the more likely it will become infected. But again, I do not see any big risk here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-23T15:21:57.157" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T15:21:57.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-21T20:36:26.600" Score="1" ViewCount="874" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is pure liquorice juice extracted from the root, solidified, with nothing added, usually sold in sticks or small pieces, non chewable, a low FODMAP ingredient ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:36:54.697" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:36:54.697" Title="Is liquorice low FODMAP?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10568" CreationDate="2016-12-22T00:54:27.953" Score="0" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am human,I have feelings and I can't overcome my anger alone.I have anger in my mind with some persons who went(and maybe will) and make bad things  to me. I didn't do anything yet. I don't know If I will do. Are methods or techniques that could make me from angry to calm my self and to feel relaxed? Especially,if I see a person like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:57:53.597" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T05:59:20.300" Title="control anger with persons" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;subconscious-stress&gt;&lt;violent-behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-22T05:46:56.727" Score="2" ViewCount="489" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my close friends recently underwent minor breast augmentation (up like a half size). She was telling me about the procedure and explained that that the doctor gave her an injection of something into both breasts which somehow stimulates growth of natural breast tissue? I don't know much about physiology or biology, and I couldn't find anything about it online. She insisted that it's not any kind of implant, but rather it's basically just saline. However the information I've found online about saline injections is that they only provide enlargement for a day or two. Her results are permanent (well long term at least...she says that after child birth they may return to a sort of &quot;normal&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly is this method? It's not saline or silicon implants, nor is it fat injection--that much is clear. It also wasn't some sort of low-key cheap or experimental surgery. It was done by a respected plastic surgeon in a major US city. Has anyone heard of this type of work before and can explain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7727" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:35:33.417" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:35:33.417" Title="Permanent saline-injection breast augmentation?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;saline&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10555" CreationDate="2016-12-22T06:28:13.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sounds like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;orthostatic hypotension&lt;/a&gt;. There may be underlying causes, so you should ask a doctor about it, but you can help alleviate symptoms immediately by increasingly salt and water intake or wearing compression stockings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7729" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T06:28:13.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10565" CreationDate="2016-12-22T09:06:35.680" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes of course ! You can control your angry. But instead of controlling it, you can show it in a peaceful way or forget it. I experienced it lot. Before few years, I used to get angry often. Showing your anger towards others should be in a peaceful manner if you want to show your angry. Count numbers in your mind from 1..10 when you get angry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try these simple steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm. Breathing from your chest won't relax you, so picture your breath coming up from your &quot;gut.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Slowly repeat a calming word or phrase, such as &quot;relax&quot; or &quot;take it easy.&quot; Keep repeating it to yourself while breathing deeply.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use imagery. Visualize a relaxing experience from your memory or your imagination.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try non-strenuous, slow exercises. Yoga and similar activities can relax your muscles and calm you down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Practice these techniques daily. Eventually, you'll be able to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tips to tame your temper : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference :  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Play with Kids :) Smile :) Laugh a lot :) Enjoy Your Life :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T09:06:35.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-22T15:59:36.557" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a tropical region and have mosquito problems in the evening. We normally use the commercial mosquito repellent liquid vaporizers. But these are said to be toxic in long term usage. So I was searching for alternatives and found these two videos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUyixgQ-J60&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUyixgQ-J60&lt;/a&gt; - In this, one of the methods is to use camphor tablets in place of the mat used in those kinds of machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yAkG-oo4CE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yAkG-oo4CE&lt;/a&gt; - In this, though not in English, it is explained to use a mix of neem oil and camphor as the solution in the vaporizer bottle. The machine works the same way as the normal one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if this has any serious side affects like the commercial mosquito repellents. Or is this also another untested home remedy tip? Sorry if this question is trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was confused whether to post this in Life Hacks or here, but decided to do it here since the question is more related to health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7734" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:33:18.707" LastActivityDate="2019-08-02T14:42:45.807" Title="Mosquito repellent using vaporized camphor - Health Issues" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;insect-repellents&gt;&lt;insecticides&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10565" CreationDate="2016-12-22T17:18:57.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you desire professional assistance, psychologists have specific training in therapy that can help. A therapist will likely work on developing skills based around becoming aware when you are starting to become angry, and training in techniques to lower your anger levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T17:18:57.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10559" CreationDate="2016-12-22T17:48:59.363" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: Health Stack Exchange is for educational purposes. I speak about these problems in general; I cannot give you health advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several possible causes for insertional pain like you described. Women with these symptoms may have anatomical issues that make penetration painful and/or difficult (such as a thick hymen). If there are any lesions in the vaginal area, such as warts, sexually transmitted diseases, or (perhaps most likely here) unhealed areas from earlier intercourse, these all can definitely cause pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, some women experience involuntary muscle spasms with penetration, which makes penetration VERY painful to her. This is often involuntary, and it isn't &quot;just in your head&quot;, however it is most frequent in women with anxiety about sex, holding personal taboos or having an upbringing with strong social/cultural taboos against sex, or a history of physical or emotional trauma. Having that kind of history is not required though. Treatment involves psychotherapy and techniques to gradually help her relax those muscles (it does not happen overnight).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As L.B. said, perhaps there are cuts there from earlier, in which the best thing may be to let them heal before irritating that area. Any of the other causes can definitely benefit from seeing a gynecologist, as doctors can help all of these issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sounds like sex has been stressful for you both! I hope you are able to relax, smile, and accept that this may take some time before it goes smoothly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2016-12-22T17:48:59.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-22T23:01:08.087" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd also appreciate ways of &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10161/how-can-i-prevent-muscles-from-becoming-tight&quot;&gt;preventing them from becoming tight&lt;/a&gt;, specifically when working at the computer. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7737" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T23:52:27.530" Title="How can I loosen tight Trapezius muscles?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;muscle-relaxers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-23T06:07:47.760" Score="1" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are many reasons behind dark circles under eye. But I want to know whether applying Kajal in the eye leads to dark circle or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:25:35.273" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:25:35.273" Title="Applying kajal in eye leads to dark circle?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;&lt;eyelash&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-23T06:51:30.717" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smelling perfumes or deodorant make me feel thirsty and I consume more water when I feel this. Does this has any impacts in my health or is it any side effect kind of thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T06:51:30.717" Title="Perfumes make me feel thirsty" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-01-24T05:12:22.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5591" CreationDate="2016-12-23T07:29:29.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the Monash University mobile app, available for both iOS and Android, to be very helpful in identifying the low and high FODMAP products. Low and high are relative terms that do not mean anything until they refer to a quantitative scale. The apps does a very good job in defining &quot;low&quot; and &quot;high&quot; based on a serving expressed in cups, grams, millilitres or typical size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this app grapefruit should be avoided as 1 medium sized grapefruit contains high amounts of oligo-fructans, but half medium grapefruit contains moderate amounts of oligo-fructans, which means it might be tolerated by some individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.med.monash.edu.au/cecs/gastro/fodmap/iphone-app.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.med.monash.edu.au/cecs/gastro/fodmap/iphone-app.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7723" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T07:29:29.437" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10584" CreationDate="2016-12-23T07:44:07.967" Score="1" ViewCount="4105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether kimchi, the fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with a variety of seasonings, also known as kimchee or gimchi, can generally be considered low FODMAP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might not be a straight answer as there are many varieties of kimchi and the dish in itself contains many different types of vegetables, but if we remove garlic and onion, and reduce its definition to the main ingredient which is usually fermented cabbage, can we say that Korean style fermented cabbage is a low FODMAP dish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common cabbage and red cabbage (but not Savoy cabbage) feature as low FODMAP in the Monash University FODMAP app, but sauerkraut, which is fermented white cabbage, is not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:23:55.887" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:23:55.887" Title="Is kimchi low FODMAP?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;fermentation&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10582" CreationDate="2016-12-23T11:30:05.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alittlebityummy.com/blog/is-fermented-cabbage-sauerkraut-actually-low-fodmap/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alittlebityummy.com&lt;/a&gt; (a website maintained by some dietitians), both sauerkraut and kimchi are high-FODMAP, because during fermentation, some carbohydrates are converted to mannitol, which is a polyol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A different reasoning from &lt;a href=&quot;http://bodyecology.com/articles/the-low-fodmap-diet-warning-for-ibs-and-sibo-sufferers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BodyEcology&lt;/a&gt;: Both sauerkraut and kimchi are already ferment&lt;strong&gt;ed&lt;/strong&gt;, so they are no more ferment&lt;strong&gt;able&lt;/strong&gt; by the intestinal bacteria, and could therefore be considered low-FODMAP. They do not say anything about mannitol, though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kimchi has not been tested for the FODMAP effect, as far as I know, so the above reasoning may be just a theory, which leaves you with &quot;try and see.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-23T19:47:43.817" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T19:47:43.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10456" CreationDate="2016-12-23T12:13:02.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is certainly possible, however unlikely.  It is also not possible to determine the probability that you would be infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person have a visible infection at the time of the event.  This would further reduce the probability of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms can appear one to three weeks after infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively a blood test can detect if you are infected even before symptoms show.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="964" LastActivityDate="2016-12-23T12:13:02.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-23T23:51:44.023" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would seem that constant universal aggregation of treatment data, including all diagnoses made (and how they were made) and all treatments used (drugs, amounts, therapies, even diet) would offer continual validation of treatments, highlight developing problems quickly, and help us spot any unnoticed useful treatment vectors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediately privacy leaps to mind as the concern.  But couldn't such a system be setup to automatically aggregate this data while maintaining privacy?  Or allow waivers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I know is that here in America, we're obviously far from such a system.  In recent visits, it does seem many large health networks are now moving towards electronic information keeping, but the systems don't sound like they are completely built out, such that practitioners could quickly pull up current statistics or comparisons on any situations/drugs combination options they are looking to use.  Indeed the US is mostly considered behind in certain practices.  So do such widespread national data systems exist in other parts of the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6938" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:47:43.197" Title="Are systemwide treatment statistics collected in any countries?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-24T01:14:33.543" Score="1" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether the kombucha drink (500 ml) is low FODMAP, and if not, why it isn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:23:27.043" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:23:27.043" Title="Is kombucha low FODMAP?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10590" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10596" CreationDate="2016-12-24T05:23:28.067" Score="4" ViewCount="1962" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always wondered when a kid and now. To be quite frank I actually don't even want to post question like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when I ever I go on some rides (drop fast) or bumps fast my nads/balls tickle. Could someone explain why that is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7746" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:06:32.647" Title="Why does my nads tickle when going over bumps?" Tags="&lt;testicles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10594" CreationDate="2016-12-24T10:58:04.667" Score="5" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious to find out what happens during the digestion of solid food or liquid food compared with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, what takes longer to digest and what takes longer before feeling hungry again: eating a bowl of butternut squash soup vs eating the ingredients separately as solids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if that's confusing, I struggled putting the question into words. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7748" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-24T16:14:19.907" LastActivityDate="2016-12-24T16:14:19.907" Title="Digesting liquid food vs solid food equivalent" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-24T12:04:16.257" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've MS and I would like to ask about which is better to eat Skim milk or cottage cheese? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I especially ask about cottage cheese that is made for generations by our grandmothers at the back of the wood stove on the farm. Can I eat this kind of cheese? Does it contain low fats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much should I eat per day to get enough calcium and as low fats as possible? I'm 22 years old male.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2016-12-24T12:04:16.257" Title="Which one has lower fats? Skim milk Vs. Cottage cheese" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-24T12:19:19.687" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;My daughter (15 years old) is very active and full of energy until she hits the sac. After five minutes she's out. This represents the perfect behaviour for bedtime process. But, she does this at 1:00 AM and sometimes even 2:30 AM and pretty much every night. The fact that she has school the morning after does not change that behaviour. Her overall productivity is not impaired. She can study math at 11:00 at night with very good concentration. She does not feel the fatigue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She plays competitive Basketball, Volleyball, does ballet and pretty much every activity school offers. She's a pretty busy bee and feels great about it. In the morning, she a bit grumpy and her overall respect for her parents is declining. But I would say, this is a general pattern in teenagers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies are clear, living this way for all her life will hurt her overall health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I force her to go to bed earlier? I have tried both, forcing and let-go and she won't change her strange habit. I like the let-go approach because my relationship with her is way better. If I force her to go to bed earlier, she fights back and argues...I loose every time. So the let-go choice is better but I feel very bad because she might be arming herself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific studies explaining how to deal with this type of teenager? I think forcing brings so much frustrations on both parts that it may impair our overall health in the long run; even more than bad sleeping patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7749" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:19:13.527" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:19:13.527" Title="Teenagers sleeping patterns and parents actions (force or let-go)" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;adolescents-teenagers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10591" CreationDate="2016-12-24T15:36:37.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The fact of the matter is, regardless of the consumption method, a calorie is a calorie. The energy it takes to burn one liquid calorie equals exactly the same as that needed to burn one solid calorie. What throws some people off is the concept of caloric density. Foods that have high water content tend to have lower caloric density (think fruits and veggies), meaning a greater calorie to volume ratio. For example, to consume the same amount of calories you would get from one cup of raisins, you would need to eat nearly ten cups of grapes. What adds to this is that low caloric density foods tend to make you feel fuller faster because of their water content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that simply consuming more liquid will make you want to eat less. Liquid calories may in fact be deceiving because beverages like sodas often contain a lot of calories but do little to satiate hunger. When studies compared food intake between one group given water to drink and the other given soda, there was little difference in the amount of solid calories they ate. However, even though both groups ate roughly the same amount of food, the group who drank the soda consumed more calories overall because of the beverage that accompanied their meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2016-12-24T15:36:37.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10590" CreationDate="2016-12-24T23:24:36.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always wondered this myself and now my seven year old always ask this when in the back of the car. I came across this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normally, all the parts of your body are pushing on each other because of the constant force of gravity. But in the &quot;free-fall&quot; state of plummeting down a hill, there is hardly any net force acting on you. In this case, the various pieces of your body are not pushing on each other as much. They are all, essentially, weightless, each falling individually inside your body. This is what gives you that unique sinking feeling in your stomach -- your stomach is suddenly very light because there is less force pushing on it. The same thing happens when you drive down a dip in the road in your car or descend in an elevator moving at high speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in effect your &quot;nads&quot; are weightless and I guess that's why you get the sensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7708" LastEditorUserId="7708" LastEditDate="2016-12-25T01:06:32.647" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:06:32.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-25T00:13:55.690" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I gave blood today, as is my habit about every 112 days, going on the apharesis machine to do a double red donation. After the donation, as usual, I found myself having to urinate more often than usual. That's when it struck me. They still give the advice to be well hydrated before donation (and to eat a good meal), but the double red donation has the fluid being taken out replaced by saline solution before it's injected back in. Is drinking a few extra glasses of water before an apharesis donation necessary or even recommended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="31" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T00:13:55.690" Title="Is it necessary to hydrate before doing a double red cell blood donation?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-25T01:20:40.730" Score="0" ViewCount="1686" Body="&lt;p&gt;A woman in this age  can be pregnant or not.Only with the pyshic way man and woman with no condom. Not the way with science that can done miracles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:35:25.927" Title="Can a woman 48 year old get pregnant" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10598" CreationDate="2016-12-25T01:35:25.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conception (pregnancy) can occur from menarche (the onset of ovulation / menstrual period) to menopause (cessation of the menstrual period). The CDC lists the average age of menarche as about 13 years (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137967/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137967/&lt;/a&gt;) and menopause as 51 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922699/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922699/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 48 year old woman, if still having an active menstrual cycle, can get pregnant. However, there are risks of having a pregnancy at that age. Remember that all of the eggs that a woman has are present at birth. This means that a 48 year old woman has kept all of those eggs for her entire life, and that they have been exposed to all of the various stresses that people have over a lifetime. This can include the effects of medications, radiation exposure (which accumulates over time), and other considerations. As a result, the risk of birth defects increases with age of the woman. I strongly recommend consultation with a physician, including special consultation with a fertilization expert. Genetic counseling may also be of particular benefit to help you with family planning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I would also espouse getting a triple screen done should a successful pregnancy happen. This will help you to identify some potentially devastating genetic defects well before birth, thus giving you options for family planning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:35:25.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4103" CreationDate="2016-12-25T01:41:14.773" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people will tolerate a visual acuity of up to 20/40 (being able to read something at 20 feet that a normal person with &quot;perfect&quot; vision can read at 40 feet) before seeing a physician. According to this article (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325714&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16325714&lt;/a&gt;), patients over the age of 65 are more likely to tolerate this level of vision before seeking proper correction, similar to your statement of their vision being &quot;good enough&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other articles that touch on this topic include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451738&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161606&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161606&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastEditorDisplayName="user7620" LastEditDate="2016-12-29T16:11:54.957" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T16:11:54.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10587" CreationDate="2016-12-25T01:47:43.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are actually a variety of publicly available databases that include many different aspects of the types of data that you are looking for. For example, a database produced by AHRQ, known as the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), includes data on hundreds of millions of inpatient visits by patients. It includes data on length of stay, ICU admission, diagnosis, procedures completed, complications, and mortality. You can learn more about using this deidentified, HIPAA-compliant database here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another national data system is the Medicare database, that includes similar information for the portion of the population that is covered by Medicare. Learn more here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/research-statistics-data-and-systems.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/research-statistics-data-and-systems.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US is ahead of much of the world in collecting such advanced data on a variety of health topics. This so-called Health Services Research is actually a hot topic in medicine with many papers published in just the past ten years. Major data systems exist elsewhere, including Canada, Finland, and many others. You can do a straightforward Google search to discover more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T01:47:43.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4502" CreationDate="2016-12-25T19:39:13.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO recommended duration of breastfeeding is not six months, but &lt;strong&gt;a minimum&lt;/strong&gt; of six months.  The paper you link to does not say whether the breastfeeding mothers had low serum iron and ferritin or not.  Low serum iron and ferritin will certainly result in low breastmilk iron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question: no, iron deficiency anemia &quot;per se&quot; is not a serious threat to breastfed infants. (by serious I mean a potentially lethal condition).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T19:39:13.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-25T19:53:02.473" Score="1" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been diagnosed with mono 3 weeks ago. I've talked to the doctor and he said that I should avoid any kind of physical activity because it may enlarge my spleen damage it seriously. Is it True? Is it forbidden for me to have sex? and if it is could you please tell me how long should I avoid it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7754" LastActivityDate="2016-12-25T19:53:02.473" Title="Is sex allowed during mononucleosis?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;mononucleosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-25T20:20:05.790" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;For people who work daily and workout 6 days a week, how often should they shower? I'm concerned about damaging the skin by soaps, chemicals, or just water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it ok to change clothes twice a day? More? Less? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies or research about these topics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3135" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-12-28T05:09:38.097" LastActivityDate="2016-12-28T05:09:38.097" Title="How often should I shower?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;bath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-25T18:17:22.310" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please go through the attached image and confirm if the repeated head CT scan is too much for a 6 yr old boy. Will there be any long term side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate a quick response to my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GFrUn.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GFrUn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;CT Scan Parameters&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="S Kumar" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T20:21:02.190" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T20:21:02.190" Title="Head CT Scan Risks" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10605" CreationDate="2016-12-26T02:40:38.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no official medical advice on this matter, taking regular showers doesn't yield any known health benefits. Except for certain specialized professions e.g. in the medical field where you need to be sterile, you don't need to take showers except possibly for social reasons. Not taking showers, however, may yield health benefits. While not proven, there are biologically plausible arguments in favor of not taking showers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's start with the reason why most of us take showers. This is not because we're following medical guidelines to prevent certain illnesses, it's simply a matter of us not wanting other people to smell us from a large distance. This smell is caused by bacteria that grow in our sweat, they produce chemical compounds like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;butyric acid&lt;/a&gt; that have a strong smell. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_odor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explained here&lt;/a&gt; these smells have a biological function in animals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our modern lifestyle, we have eliminated this flora on our skin and we're also less exposed to bacteria in our environment. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-37482798&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This has been linked to the increased frequency of allergies&lt;/a&gt; that we suffer from. As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-28934415&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results were incredible. Like most of us in the Western world, the families had far fewer types of bacteria living in and on them when compared with people in traditional tribes in parts of the developing world. One hunter-gatherer community was found to not only have a higher diversity of bacteria, but only one in 1,500 suffered from an allergy - compared with one in three in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, taking regular showers combined with and the general approach to hygiene in the Western world may be implicated in many other health problems. E.g., recently &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)31590-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Parkinson's disease has been linked to changes in the gut flora&lt;/a&gt;. Now, this does not mean that taking regular showers will lead to some illness, but it's also not easy to rule this out. Someone who is healthy who gets some stomach bug for which antibiotics are prescribed may lose a lot of his intestinal microbes; the fact that he like almost everyone else takes regular showers and lives in a very clean environment may then predispose him to his gut flora to get populated by the wrong type of microbes which may cause problems down the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, while we can't say that taking regular showers has been proven to be harmful., the opposite that it's healthy can't be proven either, and from a  broader perspective there are far more reasonable, plausible arguments to suggest that you should not bet on it being good for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The real question that should be addressed is how we can stop taking regular showers in a socially acceptable way, because the only reason why we take showers is for social reasons, not for health reasons. Now &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/11853295/Man-who-claims-he-hasnt-showered-in-12-years-uses-bacteria-to-stay-clean.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dave Whitlock&lt;/a&gt; has done an experiment, demonstrating that it's perfectly possible to not take any showers at all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Showering, for many of us, is an important part of our daily routine. Personal hygeine is a good thing to maintain if you want friends or a job.&#xA;  However, Dave Whitlock, a chemical engineer, has decided to eschew bathing for 12 years in favour of dousing himself with a live bacteria spray, invented by a company he co-founded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-12-26T02:40:38.833" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-26T16:30:07.950" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been investigating for an half hour in the Internet and I think there are not many reliable pages in my ignorant opinion so this is my question: is it possible to have hallucinations caused by electromagnetic fields? Are electromagnetic fields capable of modifying normal brain activity? How do electromagnetic fields affect brain activity? If possible, could they be related in any way to the people that claim to have seen a ghost or similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7763" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T05:17:13.270" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T05:17:13.270" Title="how electromagnetic fields affect brain activity?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-26T20:14:02.780" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start learning about sublingual spray mechanisms.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Where can I start  with?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7766" LastEditorUserId="7766" LastEditDate="2019-01-11T22:04:36.043" LastActivityDate="2019-01-11T22:04:36.043" Title="Sublingual Spray Protocol" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-27T01:36:23.547" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;why do you need them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what benefits you get from it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have problem with your back, does it make sense to use them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2016-12-28T13:32:31.480" LastActivityDate="2016-12-28T13:32:31.480" Title="How important foam mattresses for you health?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-27T08:17:02.840" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Does being infected protect one from further infection?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intuition for why it could be the case&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When one catch an infective disease, its immune system becomes more active which could eventually also improve resistance to coming infective disease. As such when one has a flue (s)he could eventually be better off fighting a gastrointestinal infection (in the few days following catching the flue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intuition for why the opposite could be true&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a disease makes an individual more fragile which in turn could eventually make this person more sensible to other infective diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The devil might hide in the details&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that a general conclusion does not hold. It is possible as well that one would be more resistant to any parasite that would trigger the same immunoglobulin but more susceptible to parasite that triggers different immunoglobulin. Having a common cold might protect one from catching a gastrointestinal disease but might renders this same person more susceptible to catching a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Loa loa filariasis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T12:54:48.303" Title="Does being infected protect one from further infection?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;filariasis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10615" CreationDate="2016-12-27T16:17:16.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried a Tempur mattress for a couple of years. I have no back problems. I found it too hot and didn't like the feeling of sleeping in a depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In future I will stick to a good quality mattress with a high spring-count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7752" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T16:17:16.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-27T17:09:23.253" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got myself tested for my T3 levels and TSH too as I usually developed hand tremors and fast heart beats at sudden occasions. I am 18 yo. My TSH level is &lt;strong&gt;5.21 μIU/ml&lt;/strong&gt;. According to me, the refrence ramge is 0.3-5.5 but thats brings me on the threshold. Should I consider medicines? or diet? If any? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7774" LastActivityDate="2016-12-27T17:09:23.253" Title="thyroid stimulating hormone levels and thyroid" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;tsh-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10626" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10627" CreationDate="2016-12-27T17:44:48.973" Score="3" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading up on the effects of eating too much salt as I have literally been addicted to salt. I found out few side effects and it all matches up with my body. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood pressure &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Facial bloating &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequent urge to urinate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium deficiency &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypertension &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found conflicting theories about urination. My question is if too much sodium makes your kidneys retains water, then what explains frequent urination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my body is retaining water shouldn't I feel more thirsty and pee less? I, however rarely feel thirsty and urinate more than a usual amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7775" LastActivityDate="2016-12-30T20:33:15.507" Title="Effects of eating too much salt" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10626" CreationDate="2016-12-27T18:28:03.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: Increased sodium intake may or may not result in water retention, but it does result in increased urination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you are consuming 5 grams of salt per day during a certain period. Then, one day you increase salt intake to 10 grams per day. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19173770&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may or may not result in &lt;strong&gt;water retention,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which will develop fully within few days and become stable at a certain level, so on the end you will have, for example, 2 liters more water in your body than before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing is, that your body wants to maintain blood sodium at a certain level, so your kidneys will excrete the extra sodium. Since the kidneys can excrete sodium only together with a certain amount of water, you will also &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/3/317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;excrete more water (urine)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; Also, with increased salt intake you probably drink more water, which you will again need to excrete (urinate more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; After an increase of salt intake, water retention will occur as a single event developing to its highest level within few days and than stabilize. On the other hand, your kidneys will continuously excrete the extra sodium (accompanied by water), so you will urinate more during the entire period of your increased salt intake. This is how you can have water retention and increased urination at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About &lt;strong&gt;thirst.&lt;/strong&gt; With increased salt intake, you usually become more thirsty, but some people have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3989478/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;weak sense of thirst&lt;/a&gt;, so you might not be able to make reliable conclusions from thirst alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-30T20:33:15.507" LastActivityDate="2016-12-30T20:33:15.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-28T16:03:41.653" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that progesterone is linked to changes in metabolism and appetite, and that those undergoing hormone therapy with progesterone often experience profound changes in hunger and meal habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't managed to easily anything confirming/denying similar metabolic effects from estrogen or anti-androgens, but is this a plausible side-effect of &quot;feminizing&quot; hormones generally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6797" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:39:46.193" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T17:53:58.867" Title="Impact of Various &quot;Feminizing&quot; Hormones on Metabolism" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;appetite&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10634" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10639" CreationDate="2016-12-28T19:55:06.033" Score="1" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been taking the combined birth control pill for the past two months, but I've been away (in another country) for Christmas and I forgot to take the third batch with me. When I got home, I took it immediately.&#xA;Ideally, I should have taken it on Tuesday at lunch, but this time I started the batch on Wednesday at dinner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I was only one day late, but can I get pregnant if I have sex now without a condom? How long should I wait until the pill takes effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7784" LastEditorUserId="217" LastEditDate="2016-12-31T13:37:33.133" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T13:37:33.133" Title="Late taking birth control pill" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-29T07:47:09.103" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat two sweet lime or orange daily after lunch and dinner. I have been doing this since 3 years for 3-4 months during the season of these two fruits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we know these fruits are acidic, is it possible that the amount in which I am consuming these two particular fruits can cause kidney stone in near future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7787" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T07:47:09.103" Title="Can sweet lime and orange cause kidney stone?" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12697" CreationDate="2016-12-29T08:30:47.550" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a cough but sometimes when I go into a place a moment later a person starts to cough. Last time I met my friend that I didn't seen for a long time, having some conversation after a few minutes he suddenly coughs. It keeps bothering me, what does it mean? When I go into a place or talk to someone they will start coughing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7576" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T05:05:00.900" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T21:48:52.257" Title="Is it possible to spread cough even if I'm not coughing?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;cough&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;&lt;vector&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10634" CreationDate="2016-12-29T12:25:43.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Birth control pills omitted for one day and having unprotected sex will not result in pregnancy if you have taken missed pill and the pill you  should been taking on Wednesday. &#xA;Birth control pills are comprised of sex hormones and work by suppressing ovulation. One day missing dosage of birth control pills is not enough for ovulation recovery as shown by researches. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one of the researches that looks at omission of birth control pills for three days and more and its effect on ovulation: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9704763/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9704763/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However there may be the psychological moment overcoming the fear of getting pregnant then having protected sex can be an option to be worry free. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastEditorUserId="5165" LastEditDate="2016-12-29T12:41:10.107" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T12:41:10.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-29T13:29:01.203" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to create a medical application on Android and iOS, but I need to know what the difference is. I made a test, and know that the pulse oximeter is accurate. Is it possible for a smart phone to function as an accurate pulse oximeter? Please cite sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7789" LastEditorUserId="217" LastEditDate="2017-01-01T01:39:49.367" LastActivityDate="2017-01-01T01:39:49.367" Title="How accurately can a smart phone measure pulse oximetry?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10612" CreationDate="2016-12-29T13:51:33.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)&lt;/a&gt; produces electrical currents in the brain through EM induction. It can do all sorts of temporary things to the brain including inducing hallucinations. See for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418887/magnetically-induced-hallucinations-explain-ball-lightning-say-physicists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418887/magnetically-induced-hallucinations-explain-ball-lightning-say-physicists/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T13:51:33.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10642" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-29T14:00:38.523" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it typical that a myopic who wears corrective lenses would need to remove their glasses in order to read or is this an indication that the prescription is wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T13:38:25.213" Title="Is having to remove glasses to read normal?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-29T14:26:55.013" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is the opposite of &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4058/are-there-any-side-effects-to-cracking-knuckles&quot;&gt;Are there any side effects to cracking knuckles?&lt;/a&gt; . When you wake in the morning and stretch joints pop or crack. So what would happen health wise if you where to avoid movements to avoid popping your joints in the long run?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T00:48:31.897" Title="What if you avoid popping your joints entirely?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;cartilage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10649" CreationDate="2016-12-29T17:24:24.953" Score="2" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had inflammation in the optic nerve. There was deficiency in my field of vision. That's because of multiple sclerosis (ms). &#xA;Now,  I'm cured. My field of vision is good. I can see everything but the image that I see is a little bit darker. I find it is hard to read small text and I can't distinguish between a bright white color and a darker white color. I can't describe well because of my English but there are still some remaining issues with my right eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will these issues remain for ever? If no, how long will it take to be fully cured? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if I should use my eye or relax it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should I close my eyes for 10 min per day or something like that to relax it and not to stress it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Or should I close the healthy eye and use the weak eye to activate my brain and the optic nerve? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T13:26:16.213" Title="Can optic neuritis be recovered 100%?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-29T19:43:16.077" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctors seem to draw a distinction between &quot;septic shock&quot; and &quot;shock&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a symptomatic point of view, is there a way to tell the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T15:49:38.103" Title="Septic shock versus ordinary shock, symptoms?" Tags="&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10647" CreationDate="2016-12-29T23:26:39.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no reason to expect a full recovery within a short period of time. Optic neuritis takes some time to heal - if it does - and usually leads to effects lasting for months or longer. Many studies have found that vision will eventually return to average levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493277&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hickman et al. (2002)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; ~85% of patients eventually reached levels of 20/25 or better in the affected eye, with improvements beginning to show within several weeks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/420680&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; 72% of patients eventually reached levels of 20/20 or better in the affected eye; this dropped to 60% in patients with multiple sclerosis. Two thirds reached these levels in both eyes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these results are for acute demyelinating optic neuritis; I don't know if that was what you had. Additionally, this is data from the primary episode. The ONTT found that 35% of patients suffered a recurrence within 10 years. Further episodes could lead to longer (or incomplete) recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, though, don't expect the symptoms to go away quickly, especially if you have multiple sclerosis. While certain factors can lead to a quicker recovery, especially in children, this is seldom the case. Finally, consult your doctor before doing the exercises you list. They are not necessary for a recovery and will not necessarily help at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rnib.org.uk/eye-health-eye-conditions/optic-neuritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Royal National Institute of Blind People&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/Optic-Neuritis/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Iowa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602114706.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Daily article from the American Academy of Ophthalmology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 This is a review of the ONTT, not the official final report.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2016-12-29T23:26:39.650" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10654" CreationDate="2016-12-30T14:22:57.587" Score="1" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the different between a pancreatic mass and pancreatic cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the results of a pancreatic biopsy had following result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Macroscopy&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The specimen received in formalin labeled as Pancreatic Biopsy&#xA;  consist of piece of sort tissue measuring: 0.1 * 0.1 * 0.1 Cm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pancreatic Mass, Biopsy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tiny fragment of connective tissue only (suboptimal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PwrMD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PwrMD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate any help for me to understand the results of this biopsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7387" LastEditorUserId="7387" LastEditDate="2016-12-30T19:46:01.173" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T12:48:57.620" Title="Pancreatic mass biopsy results" Tags="&lt;experiment&gt;&lt;pancreatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10653" CreationDate="2016-12-30T16:16:47.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctors use the term &quot;mass&quot; for any abnormal concentrated mass of tissue when they notice it on an X-ray, CT or MRI, because at this point they do not know yet what the mass is: a cancer, some benign tumor, cyst or something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor, obviously, made a biopsy, so he got a piece of that mass out of your pancreas and sent it to the pathologist. The pathologist described how the tissue looked &lt;strong&gt;macroscopically&lt;/strong&gt; (by the naked eye): as a &quot;piece of soft tissue.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathologist also commented that the specimen was &quot;suboptimal,&quot; because it contained only &quot;connective tissue,&quot; which is less likely affected by cancer, so he/she can neither confirm nor exclude cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The text you have provided does not mention any cancer, but I'm not sure if you have written everything from the document you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't find any text after &quot;Tiny fragment of connective tissue only (suboptimal)&quot;...you can ask a doctor, if you need to wait for the further results or--in case all tests have been completed--what is your exact diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-31T12:48:57.620" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T12:48:57.620" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10648" CreationDate="2016-12-30T17:05:54.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a person is in a shock their organs aren't recieving enough blood or oxygen. &#xA;The main types of shock are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems)&#xA;Hypovolemic shock (caused by too little blood volume)&#xA;Anaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction)&#xA;Septic shock (due to infections)&#xA;Neurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Septic shock: the inflammation resulting from sepsis causes tiny blood clots to form. This can block oxygen and nutrients from reaching vital organs.&#xA;The symptoms of septic shock are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Significantly decreased urine output&#xA;Abrupt change in mental status&#xA;Decrease in platelet count&#xA;Difficulty breathing&#xA;Abnormal heart pumping function&#xA;Abdominal pain&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's an important sign in septic shock that the hypotension does NOT improve with fluid replacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a symptomatic point of view: patients with sepsis often present with a fever, tachycardia, and hypotension but feel warm to touch with a bounding pulse due to the raised cardiac output in the early stages, while in other types of shock the patient presents with cold peripheries.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://rrapid.leeds.ac.uk/ebook/05-circulation-04.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://rrapid.leeds.ac.uk/ebook/05-circulation-04.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Also serum albumin level could be used to differentiate septic shock from other types of shock: &lt;a href=&quot;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1045614&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1045614&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, septic shock and other types of shock have very similar symptoms, the main differences in septic shock are the fever and the hypotention that doesn't respond to fluid replacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sepsis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sepsis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169787&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/septic-shock#Overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/septic-shock#Overview1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6450" LastEditorUserId="6450" LastEditDate="2016-12-31T15:49:38.103" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T15:49:38.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2016-12-30T22:35:12.520" Score="6" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it unhealthy to be in ketosis for more than 6 months on a low carb diet? I would like to be in ketosis for a year if healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7800" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:48:47.933" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:48:47.933" Title="Ketosis over extended period" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10656" CreationDate="2016-12-31T02:40:46.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9BvqlTvVao&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ketosis is not a healthy state for your body&lt;/a&gt;, a low carb diet by itself isn't healthy either as &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/kQpr5Vz_B4M?t=2634&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Klaper explains here&lt;/a&gt;. While you may not notice serious health problems after a year in ketosis, a great deal of damage will be done to your body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T02:40:46.670" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9935" CreationDate="2016-12-31T03:19:28.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's harmful, because what passes for the rest of the so-called &quot;well-balanced diet&quot; isn't actually all that healthy either, it will also contain a fair amount of sugar, and saturated fats and also unsaturated fats which are healthier than saturated fats but not healthy in an absolute sense. So, what passes for a healthy, well-balanced diet is a diet that isn't too bad, but certainly not the most healthy diet you can imagine. This should be considered to be a compromise between what is extremely healthy and what the general public can be convinced to stick to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you then further compromise on this by getting about 10% more of your calories from sugars and fats, of which a large fraction will be saturated fats, you're going to do yet more damage to your body. To get to a healthy diet, you must get rid of almost all the salt, sugar and fats in the diet, even so-called &quot;healthy oils&quot; like olive oil as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGGQxJLuVjg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Klaper points out here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T03:19:28.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10659" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11500" CreationDate="2016-12-31T10:22:37.600" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 31 years old and for many years I wake up between 5-8 times at night and I have to switch from one side to another. I don't have any issue of falling back to sleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For me it feels that I am very agitated, other persons that slept with me told me this also (because I move a lot in bed) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a sleeping issue ? If yes, what can I do about it ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What I want is just fall asleep and when I wake up is morning.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I must say I am not stressed at all with anything and I am a very chill and relaxing person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7804" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T18:36:49.100" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T19:09:47.420" Title="Why do I wake up so many times in the middle of the night" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;restless-sleep&gt;&lt;nocturia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10638" CreationDate="2016-12-31T10:30:50.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, the question is, if cough is contagious in a similar way as yawning is, only with this difference that you don't even cough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, such things can happen. It's not exactly that you &quot;spread&quot; the cough, but you can--unintentionally-- &quot;provoke&quot; the person to cough. This can happen if the person feels uncomfortable in your presence, because you are, for example, giving awkward, ambivalent messages (when your words, voice, emotions, gestures and facial expressions seem to be in a conflict). The other person can find this scary or funny, but he/she is not able or does not want to tell you, so the tension builds up in his/her chest/throat resulting in an urge to cough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem can be either on your or the coughing person's side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking from experience; been on both sides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2016-12-31T12:30:59.543" LastActivityDate="2016-12-31T12:30:59.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10743" CreationDate="2016-12-31T15:40:18.993" Score="0" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 17 years old teenager, recently my joint at ankles got swollen, I thought its normal but next day I was unable to walk due pain in joint. So we wentt to Doctor using mine blood reports and in reports mine C-Reactive protein level was 61.7mg/L, Uric acid level was 7.5mg/dl and ESR was 39 mm 1st hr. So he told me that I have gout and prescribed Febutaz 80mg , Pantocid and Acyproxyum ( last two are painkillers while 1st is for reducing uric acid)  also gave diet restrictions (low purine diet) , however after 6th day my swelling was lowered I was still following diet restrictions and medication, but as soon as I head on 10th day swelling again returned ( my painkiller dosage was done before), What do I do? Cuz I have Exam in 2 months and is it enough to treat it? For your information On 8 the day I eat Ladyfinger and Raw pineapple and 7 glasses of water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7806" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:53:28.573" LastActivityDate="2019-10-28T18:03:42.857" Title="Suffering from Gout problem need help?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;gout&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-06-12T03:10:29.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10664" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10688" CreationDate="2017-01-01T04:09:30.530" Score="2" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the food with the highest calorie per unit price that you can buy and eat regularly? The food cannot give you any undesirable health effect due to the sole reason that you eat it regularly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7809" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:54:25.460" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T19:39:02.003" Title="What is the food with highest calorie per unit price that you can buy and eat regularly?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10689" CreationDate="2017-01-01T05:32:50.827" Score="1" ViewCount="384" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that cysteine is present in onions. But my teacher told me that the cysteine in onions is denatured by the harsh stomach acids. Is this true? If not , are onions viable source of cysteine for a healthy person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7810" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T19:34:39.720" Title="Can the cysteine from onions assimilated by the body?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-01T06:44:24.663" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've been on diffren (adapalene gel) and it's really helped with my stubborn acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I now have acne hyperpigmentation (the red spots on my skin).  I've been trying to find an over the counter medicine, and have come across this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kiehls.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-kiehls_us-Site/en_US/Link-Product?pid=595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.kiehls.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-kiehls_us-Site/en_US/Link-Product?pid=595&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a retinol  booster- so will it help with my hyperpigmentation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7811" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T03:27:06.590" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T03:27:06.590" Title="Fading acne-hyperpigmentation" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;blemishes&gt;&lt;hyperpigmentation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-01T07:57:44.310" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone has to go on extended IV, like when they got into an accident, and cannot eat anything for an extended period, what happens to their stomach and gut? Does it fully recover? How does the stomach and gut deal with lack of food and fluid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2017-01-04T11:18:36.220" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T11:18:36.220" Title="What happens to your stomach on extended IV fluid treatment?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-01T12:38:23.767" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry I couldn't find a better title but by this question I'm not really looking for a cure. I'm just curious to know what happened to me and in my body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would never enjoy food except a couple of dishes everything else used to taste terrible, maybe I should say I didn't like to eat. I would only eat to live and as soon as I feel I don't need it I would stop. Then I went to see a doctor and he was Endocrinologist. He prescribed me these medicines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Levothyroxine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nandrolone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cyproheptadine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;B complex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;oxymetholone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pancreatin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dexamethasone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;spironolactone (not in the first prescription)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hematinic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a week or so the world was totally different. Anything I would eat, tasted awesome. I  would finish my dishes enjoyably. Even those dishes that I used to vomit by just looking at them was tasting incredible. Within 4 weeks i gained nearly 15 kilos (I was too skinny, only 48kg and 174 cm) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 9 months or so the doctor reduced the dosage and I gradually stopped taking them. However 3 years later, I moved to Australia and again gradually I turned back to old days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not as bad as old days but I again lost weight. I am always reluctant to have lunch and I push myself to eat. Even doing activities doesn't change my appetite really only a little that's not noticeable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What changes did those medicines make in my body that made things to taste different &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since I know the medicine are really dangerous to take and I don't want to take them again, is there anything equivalent to those pills, perhaps herbal, i can find with the same effect?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first question is more important to me as I am very curious person about how things work. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note I'm not looking for advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I didn't do any blood test or checkup of any sort and the specialist prescribed as per my comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7815" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T16:16:43.440" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T16:16:43.440" Title="Why doesn't food taste good to my mouth?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;taste&gt;&lt;weight-gain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3310" CreationDate="2017-01-01T13:09:48.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3173114/Do-bad-breath-licking-spoon-ditching-high-protein-diet-experts-reveal-tell-mints-just-make-problem-WORSE.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Daily Mail article&lt;/a&gt; listed many causes I had not heard about (not a trustworthy reference, but the interviewed experts seem legitimate):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dieting, especially low-carbohydrate diets   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intense exercising&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dehydration &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skipping breakfast &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ph balance changes in the mouth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine, especially coffee &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugary foods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flying on a airplane&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1568" LastActivityDate="2017-01-01T13:09:48.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10774" CreationDate="2017-01-01T13:48:17.930" Score="1" ViewCount="14018" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a T2 hyperintense focus? What does it mean, in English, for there to be a T2 hyperintense focus in the subcortical white matter of the right middle frontal gyrus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7815" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:31:43.407" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T00:57:44.923" Title="What is a T2 hyperintense focus in the subcortical white matter?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;white-matter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10675" CreationDate="2017-01-01T14:10:18.337" Score="3" ViewCount="563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if I should ask this question on skeptics.se first, but I guess I'll try here first:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was a kid in summer camp, they served hot soup every day during lunch, even during a heat wave, with temps in the 100s. The head counselor would announce &quot;Hot soup on a hot day keeps you cool&quot;. Was he just trying to get us to eat or is it true? And, my main question is, how does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5130" LastActivityDate="2017-01-01T15:28:12.170" Title="Does &quot;Hot soup on a hot day keep you cool&quot;?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;heat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10673" CreationDate="2017-01-01T15:28:12.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly when I was looking this up, I figured out it was true. Due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.jap.physiology.org/content/116/8/1088&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent research&lt;/a&gt;, the below was realised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When we’re hot, we naturally cool our bodies primarily by sweating, or more specifically by having the sweat evaporate from our skin (that’s important!). Our bodies sense changes in tissue temperature by a network of thermosensors located in the skin and in more central parts of our body, which send input to our brain (specifically, the hypothalamus), which then initiates sweating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When we take in a hot drink, it appears that the thermosensors located in the stomach become overactive, and send strong signals to our hypothalamus that we are hot. In turn, the hypothalamus reacts by initiating an over-compensatory sweating response. So, when this sweat evaporates from our skin, the heat energy we lose due to evaporation exceeds the heat energy gained by drinking the hot drink. In other words, it is because our body overacted to the hot drink that we end up cooler in the end&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2017-01-01T15:28:12.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-01T16:03:11.123" Score="1" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like my breath to feel clean after meals and have been chewing gums or using mints for years. While I knew that mint itself is bad for gastritis, I only recently heard that chewing gum is troublesome as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some options for freshening breath after meals for people that having trouble with acid-reflux?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3310/is-there-a-cure-for-bad-breath&quot;&gt;general practices to prevent long-term bad breath&lt;/a&gt; may not be relevant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1568" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T06:59:27.120" Title="Acid-reflux safe breath fresheners?" Tags="&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;halitosis-bad-breath&gt;&lt;breath-freshners&gt;&lt;spearmint&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-01T20:44:34.687" Score="2" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is an infection in the throat such as tonsillitis, where transmission is through the air &quot;in droplets when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes&quot;, then does this imply that sexual penetration does not cause contagion? Why or why not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7819" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T04:55:41.713" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T04:55:41.713" Title="If someone has a bacterial throat infection (tonsillitis), can it be transmitted sexually (penetration)?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sexual-penetration&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T00:22:13.360" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been to an ENT specialist regarding my tinnitus problem several times, but each time she just insists on doing a hearing test, which appears to be the standard one where you put on headphones to listen to a range of sounds in a soundproof room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the test, she will just quickly scan the results, tell me that the results are fine, there is no cure for tinnitus, and then give me generic advice like &quot;try turning on the fan when you sleep to mask the noise&quot;. My actual consultation time (not counting the hearing test time) is probably 15 mins or less, and I am charged $200+ for this (which is the standard rate in Australia apparently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no clue what this test is supposed to show in the first place (the specialist claims it can detect whether my ears are damaged, is this true?). Isn't there a more indepth test to find out what is causing the tinnitus exactly? I can't believe that I am being charged $200+ just to be told to &quot;try turning on the fan&quot;. Is there anything i can do at all, or should i stop seeing doctors about it since &quot;there is no cure&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any medical professionals confirm if this is what a normal consultation with a specialist is supposed to look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : Nobody has any clue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7821" LastEditorUserId="7821" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T10:05:29.163" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T10:05:29.163" Title="Is my ENT specialist ripping me off?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T02:54:32.860" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wish to understand tuberculosis and contribute to its research, though I am open to other problems. How should I start? I do not wish to join any university. I wish to do it as my side-project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7822" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T00:18:34.373" Title="I am not a student of medicine but a research scientist in Algorithms. I wish to contribute to medicine and am looking for a starting point." Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-01-10T21:19:08.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10693" CreationDate="2017-01-02T03:34:03.477" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a complete newbie to dieting and working out. I am:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5 foot 8 inches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Male&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;173 pounds&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goals is to get to 150 pounds by mid April. So where do I start ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7823" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T19:41:49.690" Title="90 Day Diets for weight loss (Meal Planning) &amp; Workouts" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T10:56:04.443" Score="1" ViewCount="783" Body="&lt;p&gt;First let me explain the scenario:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Someone received an open wound, lets assume from a cut so no blunt-forced trauma meaning no reason to suspect internal injuries. The wound is bad enough that serious blood loss occurs. This happens in a remote place, so medevac and professional health care, are if at all available, delayed by days. A good first aid kit is available, but nothing like IVs. Initial wound care has been done (this is not the part I am interested in here, assume it has been done correctly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the patient will need hydration. The question is whether hydration should be delayed or not?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Broken down: Does drinking water have any detrimental effect in terms of stopping the bleeding and chances to get into a state of shock?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typical unspecific first aid recommendations state to not give a patient anything to drink. If a reason is given for this, it is usually that the patient might need surgery. This is not an issue in this case. Also with food it is clear that it is a bad idea, as digestion &quot;needs blood&quot;, same for water? There is a (seemingly dubious) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nairaland.com/1460146/dont-drink-water-bleeding-injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discussion on Nairaland Forum&lt;/a&gt; where someone states that it will &quot;only dilute the blood&quot; and it is again more directed at internal injuries. And AFAIK it is a normal procedure to give a trauma victim fluids over IV before blood transfusions are available, so this seems wrong to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="257" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-01-09T18:42:13.417" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T20:47:52.630" Title="Does drinking water increase the risk of shock with an open wound?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T11:53:04.393" Score="3" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;Often when I'm reading about why we should not drink milk, I hear the argument that we are the only species that drink milk from other animals and the only specie that continue to drink milk after we are babies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really a good argument? As a lot of what we humans do, are something only we do as a species.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7826" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T23:16:29.193" Title="Is &quot;we are the only species drinking milk from other animals&quot; a good argument against drinking milk?" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10664" CreationDate="2017-01-02T11:57:02.727" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;1 US Dollar&lt;/strong&gt; you can get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods with mainly &lt;em&gt;carbohydrates:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Polenta/cornmeal,&lt;/strong&gt; raw, 847 g = &lt;strong&gt;2,930&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Potatoes, white,&lt;/strong&gt; raw, 2,400 g = &lt;strong&gt;1,844&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bread, black,&lt;/strong&gt; 680 g = &lt;strong&gt;1,536&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oatmeal,&lt;/strong&gt; raw, 340 g = &lt;strong&gt;1,244&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rice, white,&lt;/strong&gt; raw, 320 g = &lt;strong&gt;1,117&lt;/strong&gt; Cal-&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chickpeas (garbanzo beans),&lt;/strong&gt; canned, (also contain protein), 340 g = &lt;strong&gt;558&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods with mainly &lt;em&gt;protein/fat:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chicken,&lt;/strong&gt; raw, 405 g = &lt;strong&gt;640&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sardines,&lt;/strong&gt; canned, 142 g = &lt;strong&gt;354&lt;/strong&gt; Cal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are examples of cheap high-calorie foods you can eat regularly as part of a healthy diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cal = 1 kilocalorie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prices, as available in Slovenia/Europe at 6th January 2017&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculations and sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bread, black, 1kg = 1,39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 680 g = 1,536 Cal (226 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/1536699/crni-hlebec-mercator-1kg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rice, white, 1 kg = 2.98 € = 3.15 $; for $1 you get 320 g = 1,117 Cal (349 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/28543/srednjezrnati-brusen-riz-za-domace-jedi-zlato-polje-1-kg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polenta (cornmeal), 500 g = 0.56 € = 0.59 $; for $1 you get 847 g = 2.930 Cal (346 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16879812/instant-polenta-mercator-500-g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;price&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mlinotest.si/okusi/mlinotest/moke-in-mlevski-izdelki/instant-mlevski-izdelki/instant-polenta-500-g/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calories&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oatmeal, 500 g = 1.39 € = 1.47 $; for $1 you get 340 g = 1,244 Cal (366 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/82115/ovseni-kosmici-zito-500-g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Potatoes, white, 5 kg = 2 € = 2.1 $; for $1 you get 2,400 g = 1,844 Cal (77 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/14939390/krompir-mercator-5kg-pakirano&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;price&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cenim.se/hranilne-vrednosti.php?id=2924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calories&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chickpeas, canned, for $1 you get 340 g = 558 Cal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walmart.com/ip/La-Preferida-Chick-Peas-15-oz-Pack-of-12/19475594?action=product_interest&amp;amp;action_type=title&amp;amp;beacon_version=1.0.2&amp;amp;bucket_id=irsbucketdefault&amp;amp;client_guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;amp;config_id=106&amp;amp;customer_id_enc&amp;amp;findingMethod=p13n&amp;amp;guid=b0a2d57f-0c10-43c6-81c7-0a31e7ad0827&amp;amp;item_id=19475594&amp;amp;parent_anchor_item_id=10534041&amp;amp;parent_item_id=10534041&amp;amp;placement_id=irs-106-t1&amp;amp;reporter=recommendations&amp;amp;source=new_site&amp;amp;strategy=PWVAV&amp;amp;visitor_id=Qywxb4F8UbLMSgaZbzoypE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;price&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4796?man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;qlookup=chickpeas&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;format=Abridged&amp;amp;reportfmt=other&amp;amp;rptfrm=&amp;amp;ndbno=&amp;amp;nutrient1=&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;subset=&amp;amp;totCount=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=3.4&amp;amp;Q9005=1&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;Q9005=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Calories)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Canned fish, sardines, 105 g = 0.7 € = 0.74 $; for $1 you get 142 g = 354 Cal (249 Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/16882804/sardine-v-rastlinskem-olju-mercator-105-g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chicken, whole, 1.5 kg = 3.5 € = 3.7 $; for $1 you get 405 g = 640 Cal (160 (Cal/100 g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://trgovina.mercator.si/market/izdelek/12208088/piscanec-mercator-pakirano-cena-za-kg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-28T19:39:02.003" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T19:39:02.003" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10665" CreationDate="2017-01-02T12:20:02.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cysteine is an amino acid. It is true that it is denaturated in the stomach, but this means only its secondary structure (&quot;shape&quot;), but not the chemical bonds, are changed. So, the cysteine from onions will be absorbed as proper cysteine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any special health benefits of cysteine in otherwise healthy individuals, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, vegetables are in general low in protein and hence in cysteine. They are high-protein foods (meat, fish, eggs, nuts) that are &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=507&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high in cysteine&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that cysteine is not the same as N-acetyl cysteine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100 grams of a raw &lt;strong&gt;onion&lt;/strong&gt; contains &lt;strong&gt;0.004 g&lt;/strong&gt; cysteine. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3030?n1=%7BQv%3D1%7D&amp;amp;fgcd=&amp;amp;man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;qlookup=onions%20raw&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;format=Full&amp;amp;new=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100 grams of cooked chicken leg contains &lt;strong&gt;0.321 g&lt;/strong&gt; cysteine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/902?n1=%7BQv%3D1%7D&amp;amp;fgcd=&amp;amp;man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=&amp;amp;sort=&amp;amp;qlookup=&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;format=Full&amp;amp;new=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;), so about 80 times as much as one big onion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: There is a typo in USDA.gov: they have wrongly written cystine instead of cysteine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)&lt;/em&gt; is a supplement that acts as a &quot;prodrug&quot; for L-cysteine, which means NAC is converted to cysteine in your body.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that cysteine is converted to glutathione and more cysteine would provide more glutathione. But &quot;more glutathione&quot; as such is not already better for health. Further, you would need to know which exact health effect you want to achieve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conclusion: Although, onions are viable, they are relatively poor source of cysteine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T19:34:39.720" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T19:34:39.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T14:09:52.140" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last four days have been terrible! I ate at a restaurant and few hours later, I felt nauseous, lost my appetite. By night time I had a fever, chills, and fatigued. Next day I was unable to eat as I had no appetite and than I started having green bile diarrhea with no actual 'feces' just water and bile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I no longer have a fever and chills but the appetite and diarrhea still remain. Will this pass on it's own or should I seek medical attention? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T12:09:15.603" Title="When should I seek medical help for food poisoning?" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T16:20:50.053" Score="1" ViewCount="453" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am suffering from hair fall from last five year. Whenever i comb my hair hard, small pieces of deal cell start falling from scalp. I tried PRP(Plasma riched platelates) and Minoxidill 5% but that dosen't worked much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on some blogs on internet that a paste of Licorice root, Burdock root and Dandelion root reverses hair fall. As these things are little expensive so before using i want to take suggestion of anyone who have tried it or anyone who have knowledge about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these herbs really effective for hairloss problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7830" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T03:06:13.837" Title="Does paste of Licorice root, Burdock root and Dandelion root reverses Hairfall?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10692" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T22:26:22.490" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is rather morbid, but I have been asking it myself for quite some time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought process was this: If someone removed my limbs, I'd still be able to survive. Other non-vital organs, such as my eyes, could be removed as well and still allow me to remain concious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So after repeating this process, what would the &quot;minimal human&quot; look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: If this is off-topic here, please tell me which site would best be suited for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7831" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T22:26:22.490" Title="What is the least a human needs to survive and remain concious?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10684" CreationDate="2017-01-02T22:28:21.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're not overweight by a huge margin, you want to lose 10 kg. This means that dieting alone is likely to cause problems with your energy levels, making it difficult to then start exercising. Given that you're not used to doing exercise, it's best to start first with exercise. Once you get used to exercising and are making fitness gains, you can start with reducing calorie intake to lose weight faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who carry large excess fat reserves, say someone who is 50 kg overweight, will be able to drastically reduce their calorie intake and still be able to exercise hard, because they can burn fat at a much higher rate. The problem is that a lot of the weight loss programs are adapted to these people, but it's not going to work well for people who only need to lose 10 kg or less weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sort of exercise you need to do is cardio exercise, like biking, running or swimming. You can burn hundreds of calories in a half an hour session, the fitter you become, the faster and longer you can do this, burning more and more energy. Strength exercises like weightlifting are not so useful for burning energy, but they are still good exercises for your overall health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should change your diet immediately toward eating more vegetables, fruits and whole grains. You should make sure you eat enough in the beginning, so that you don't feel hungry. This is to make sure your exercise program starts well. The level you're exercising at is then determined by your present fitness, if you were to start restricting calorie intake immediately, you would under-perform relative to your present fitness. It would then be difficult to increase your fitness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a few months, if you feel that your weight is not coming down fast enough, you can start to restrict your calorie intake. Since by that time you're used to sticking to an exercise routine, you can do this safely without that affecting your exercise performance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T22:28:21.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-02T23:03:23.347" Score="1" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Travell and Simons' &lt;em&gt;Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual&lt;/em&gt;, an energy crisis within a muscle is said to entail the release of sensitizing substances that could interact with local sensory and autonomic nerves. The following sketch from the publication depicts the situation as constituent of a larger, vicious cycle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rwRMg.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rwRMg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Myofascial Trigger Point Syndrome: the Integrated Hypothesis&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which substances are those? Why does the body release them as a result of an energy crisis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="7832" LastEditDate="2017-01-29T03:07:48.440" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T03:07:48.440" Title="Sensitization and Energy Crisis in Myofascial Pain Syndrome" Tags="&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;myofascial-pain-syndrome&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10687" CreationDate="2017-01-02T23:10:59.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not a good argument which doesn't meant hat there aren't better arguments in favor of it. The problem with &quot;we're the only animals that do X&quot; arguments, is that you can substitute for X a lot of other things besides drinking milk and then it becomes problematic in an obvious way. E.g. we're the only animals that walk upright, we're the only animals that cook food, etc. etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there is something to be said about dairy products not being the ideal source of calcium and protein due to containing saturated fats. But they are rich in protein and minerals like calcium. If we leave out dairy products from the diet, then it seems to be quite difficult to get to the RDA of calcium. But here we must take into account another difference between humans and animals;  humans are sedentary animals whose typical fitness level falls way short of the maximum fitness level they could achieve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I do exercise a lot, I eat close to 4000 Kcal a day, and I do get a lot of calcium from sources that would be irrelevant for most other people. These sources are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Water contains 60 mg of calcium per liter, I drink 3.5 liters a day, so I get 210 mg from tap water alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Whole grain bread contains 30 mg of calcium per 100 grams, I eat 500 grams a day, so I get 150 mg from dry bread alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetables, some contain a lot of calcium, some contain oxalates that block calcium absorption, so one has to be careful with making estimates here. An example could be broccoli, this contains 47 mg per 100 grams. I typically eat 500 grams, so I get 235 mg from broccoli.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Potatoes contain 12 mg per 100 grams, but I eat 1 kg of potatoes, so I'll get 120 mg from the dry potatoes alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, an a typical day I can easily get to (210 + 150 + 235 + 120) mg = 715 mg of calcium (the RDA is about 1 gram) from sources most people wouldn't even count because &quot;they hardly contain any calcium&quot;. Now, I do also eat cheese, yogurt and other dairy products. Just two slices of cheese contains 600 mg of calcium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people eat only half the calories I eat, this would bring down the amount of calcium they could typically get to about 360 mg. However, most people also tend to get a smaller fraction of their calories from whole grains, and more from fat. Instead of eating a sandwich with meat, they eat meat with a sandwich like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6DSng.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6DSng.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Typical US sandwich&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you can forget about getting even that 360 mg of calcium from non-dairy sources. A few hundred mg of calcium is all most people can count on from getting from non-dairy sources, therefore they can't do without dairy products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-01-02T23:16:29.193" LastActivityDate="2017-01-02T23:16:29.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10683" CreationDate="2017-01-03T00:18:34.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you wish to contribute to research, I suggest you go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt; and read as many recent papers published on the topic to acquaint yourself with the latest developments to see if there is anything that you can contribute towards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T00:18:34.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-03T00:35:01.893" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since nitroglycerin relieves the symptoms of angina (chest tightness, heavy feeling), why not to diagnose angina with Nitroglycerin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the pain goes away upon taking Nitroglycerin then you have angina, if not - something else, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure, if taken by a healthy person, even a small dose can cause dizziness and a big headache, but it still less expensive then a stress test (which costs about $700).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do doctors test angina with a stress test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7833" LastEditorUserId="7833" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T08:37:31.340" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T08:37:31.340" Title="Diagnose angina (chest pain) by taking Nitroglycerin" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;angina&gt;&lt;tight-chest&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10694" CreationDate="2017-01-03T08:58:38.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A chain of events that leads to release of sensitizing substances, according to&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3201653/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dry needling — peripheral and central considerations (PubMed Central, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;strong&gt;muscle pain&lt;/strong&gt; would cause &lt;strong&gt;spasm&lt;/strong&gt; of the same muscle, and in turn would&#xA;  cause more pain leading to more spasms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sustained contractures&lt;/strong&gt; of taut bands cause local ischemia and &lt;strong&gt;hypoxia&lt;/strong&gt; in the core of trigger points. (This would result from contracted muscles that compress the blood vessels and thus oxygen&#xA;  supply to the muscles - according to your diagram.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Low oxygen levels lead to a significant &lt;strong&gt;drop in pH.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A low pH...triggers the release of several nociceptive [sensitizing]&#xA;  substances, such as &lt;strong&gt;calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP),&#xA;  adenosine triphosphate (ATP), bradykinin (BK), serotonin (5-HT),&#xA;  prostaglandins (PGs), potassium, and protons.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724401/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; mentions &lt;strong&gt;histamine&lt;/strong&gt; as another senzitizing substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: All of the above is merely a hypothesis, so any conclusions drawn from this could be misleading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T19:38:45.607" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T19:38:45.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10690" CreationDate="2017-01-03T09:17:37.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is only a theoretical answer, I can't give a medical advice here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms, as described by the OP, are possibly from viral or bacterial food poisoning. In mild cases, the symptoms can go away &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/basics/treatment/con-20031705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on its own&lt;/a&gt; within a week. If not, a visit to a doctor is recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration (symptoms: fatigue, dry mouth, less frequent urination, dark yellow urine, loss of body weight). To correct dehydration, one needs to drink water (or &quot;oral rehydration solution&quot; you can buy in any bigger store or in a drugstore) until the urine becomes clear and the body weight is back to normal. You can eat what you are able to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T12:09:15.603" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T12:09:15.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-03T11:22:56.310" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;The kitchen in my office, in next to a toilet. That might seem ok as many in houses in uk are. But my concern is how safe is it to use things from that kitchen, as if someone has use washroom, he has to pass kitchen, the bathroom opens into kitchen. Should i be concern and use other kitchen and utensils too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T05:02:54.450" Title="How hazard is kitchen next to toilet" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10710" CreationDate="2017-01-03T13:19:45.677" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;craniotomy&lt;/a&gt;, a large piece of a man's skull may be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That bone piece has to be put back, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to fix it and the bone piece can join the skull normally as it used to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be different methods as the bone piece's size may be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7839" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:47:47.947" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T17:50:04.993" Title="How does a skull mend after a surgery?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;skull&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10725" CreationDate="2017-01-03T14:49:07.030" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tooth in the rear left of my mouth (I think it's my wisdom tooth) has temperature sensitivity; if I eat something very cold and I chew it with that tooth, it begins to hurt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to some problems with my insurance, I can only get an appointment in mid February. From experience, I know that eventually the tooth will start to hurt by itself witouth any stimulus. My question is, what can I do to delay this stage of pain as much as possible? Should I brush my teeth an excessive number of times a day? Should I floss around that tooth often? Should I use mouthwash? Of course this is generally good advice, but I am afraid that since the cavity is so close to the nerve already, excessive brushing of teeth may help the bacteria dig towards the nerve faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Perhaps I should mention, my tooth has had temperature sensitivity for 3-4 weeks already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7841" LastEditorUserId="7841" LastEditDate="2017-01-03T15:08:13.857" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T00:24:47.800" Title="What can I do to minimize the chance of tooth pain?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-01-12T08:58:54.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-03T20:56:32.400" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is really simple: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is completely (vacuum) sealing leftover meat in the freezer absolutely necessary? I would always just use a plastic bag to cover the meat and fold it around couple of times so it's almost as good as sealed (usually grocery plastic bag is much bigger than the piece of meat) and have never had a problem with it last a decade or so I have been cooking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But recently I got this new roommate who insists on me using special small plastic bags with sealers to use and he is being very paranoid, obsessive about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: Is he right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7843" LastActivityDate="2017-01-03T20:56:32.400" Title="Is unsealed meat unacceptable?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10707" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10729" CreationDate="2017-01-03T22:11:00.923" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have gastritis problem when I eat fast food. This year am kind of low in budget and won't be able to afford fast food. I depend on fast food because I come to work every early like 6:00AM and leave office like 10:00PM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By eating apple, pear or others everyday for breakfast and lunch is enough to keep me healthly and hunger free?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7844" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2017-01-05T23:41:02.930" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T07:59:49.320" Title="Eating fruits for Breakfast and Lunch" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-04T03:45:28.280" Score="6" ViewCount="2376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an engineer and a scientist, but not in the field of medicine or health. Partial answers/comments are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4vi7H.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4vi7H.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of my family members start eating egg shells for the sake of obtaining nutrition like Calcium and minerals, once one egg a day before noon. By boiling the egg and microwaving the egg shells. Here are my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Does eating egg help the consumption of &lt;strong&gt;Calcium and Minerals&lt;/strong&gt;? And are they digestible in our body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Is it &lt;strong&gt;clean, hygiene and healthy&lt;/strong&gt; to eat egg shells? Concern that the Hen produces the egg and its metabolic waste through the same Anus? Can we get sick eating the egg shells, even if it has been boiled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)The egg shells are sharp, buy we can try to crush the shells through our teeth as much as possible. Once we consume the egg shells in the Esophagus and the stomach and intestines, more generally, in the Gastrointestinal tract, would the egg shells &lt;strong&gt;hurt or cut the organs&lt;/strong&gt; by any chance? Would it be &lt;strong&gt;healed by itself&lt;/strong&gt;, or would it potentially cause the &lt;strong&gt;cancer for any gastrointestinal tract&lt;/strong&gt;? Also how likely it is a dangerous source of &lt;strong&gt;Salmonella / harmful bacterias&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) How likely consuming the egg shells causes &lt;strong&gt;Kidney Stone and Renal Calculus&lt;/strong&gt;? Say, if I am a young adult, or someone is a senior person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) There are known advantages of eating egg shells: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txtut6GS2NU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txtut6GS2NU&lt;/a&gt;. But are there known disadvantages for eating egg shells, say if just consuming one shell per day, and fully cooked and boiled? Are there Clinical Medicine test for advantages and disadvantages? Anyone gets Cancers through eating egg shell? Kidney Stone and Renal Calculus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, Partial answers/comments are welcome. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6944" LastEditorUserId="6944" LastEditDate="2017-01-04T16:53:13.683" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T17:53:57.907" Title="Eating egg shells: advantages v.s. disadvantages?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10704" CreationDate="2017-01-04T05:06:28.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you cited answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The amount of skull that needs to be removed depends on the type of&#xA;  surgery being performed. The bone flap is then replaced using titanium&#xA;  plates and screws or another form of fixation (wire, suture, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T05:06:28.250" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10711" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-04T08:47:03.737" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have got some exams coming up, and I am kinda short on time. So, I am planning to stay up for a couple of nights for studying. What effects will this have(both positive and negative). Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7846" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:55:34.237" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T08:49:16.557" Title="Effects of not sleeping at night" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-04T09:45:51.417" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am taking finasteride 1mg table, but these days, 1mg table not available. So i am taking 5mg tablet and make it half and taking it. So is that okay ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7848" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T09:45:51.417" Title="5mg tablet (finasteride) and 2mg finasteride tablet" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4786" CreationDate="2017-01-04T18:54:48.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Superficially, yes, that sounds like fairly poor sleep. Don't loose hope entirely, though - in general, when people say &quot;I never fell asleep all night&quot; or &quot;I kept waking up in the middle of the night&quot;, but are observed while sleeping, many still do have periods of uninterrupted sleep that they don't remember.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, nights like you describe sound like you are getting poor sleep, but chances are you're getting &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, it sounds rough! I'm sorry this is an issue you deal with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T18:54:48.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10664" CreationDate="2017-01-04T19:02:42.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For millennia, &quot;Rice and Beans&quot; have been a staple worldwide for good reason: they are cheap crops that together provide a &quot;compete protien&quot;, that is, every type of amino acid that we cannot synthesize ourselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though they're slightly more time consuming to cook, go with dried beans instead of canned if it'll be a regular thing. Eating canned beans for a large part of your diet will have effects similar to eating canned &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; for a large part of your diet, that is, way too much sodium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T19:02:42.947" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10457" CreationDate="2017-01-04T19:10:28.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For nasty sinus infections, which are generally bacterial, &quot;fighting the bacteria with lots of sugar&quot; seems like a very bad idea to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral sinusitis generally resolves within a few days - it's very difficult to demonstrate that any home remedy speeds up healing in such a short window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, honey has been demonstrated to be somewhat anesthetizing vs. a sore throat, so I believe you when you say you feel better after using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T19:10:28.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7657" CreationDate="2017-01-04T19:17:39.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question: yes, adults can receive surgery for a deviated septum. All surgeries have recovery time and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/septoplasty/details/risks/cmc-20205422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the potential for complications&lt;/a&gt;, and this one does not resolve symptoms 100% of the time. Thus, good doctors will want to be sure you've made good, solid tries on everything else first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To explore surgery as an option, the following will help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make a list of everything you've tried (especially past medications, but also past home remedies), and for how many days you tried them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When scheduling with an ENT, ask their nurse if the physician performs surgery for deviated septum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2017-01-04T19:17:39.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-04T21:07:50.033" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the total prevalence percentage for pre-diabetics and diabetics for black race in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a black friend who worry about this, i want to comfort him by saying that this number is not high, don't worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="306" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T04:38:53.873" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:38:53.873" Title="What is the total prevalence percentage for pre-diabetics and diabetics for black race in the US?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;ethnicity&gt;&lt;race&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10718" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10720" CreationDate="2017-01-05T01:13:14.733" Score="5" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 16 year old boy. My father as well as my relatives have diabetes mellitus. If i start going to gym, get into some body building and maintain a healthy lifestyle from now on, can i prevent it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7850" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:44:32.220" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T15:04:13.010" Title="Preventing diabetes mellitus" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10718" CreationDate="2017-01-05T06:51:52.243" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, Diabetes Mellitus is categorized into Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes.The type that you are concerned with is type 2 in which genetic factor plays a major role.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type 2 diabetes is a disease that is fundamentally caused by a mismatch between our genetic makeup and our lifestyle choices, namely diet and physical activity. Numerous genes have been identified as risk factors. Among them about 10 genes are thoroughly studied for their causative etiology. Variations in these genes confer some impairment in insulin secretion and/or utilization, glucose and/or lipid homeostasis.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gbhealthwatch.com/science-portal-diabetes-genes.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many cases of type 2 diabetes can be prevented, or the onset delayed, through positive lifestyle changes. It is estimated that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be reduced by up to 58% by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active and following a healthy eating plan.&#xA;There are numerous ways of preventing the diabetes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Maintaining a healthy weight&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regular physical activity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making healthy food choices&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Managing blood pressure&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Managing cholesterol levels&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking about exercise, it helps to decrease obesity, helps your body increase its sensitivity to insulin. Muscular activity induces glucose entry into muscle cells without the need for insulin. As such, exercise has insulin sparing effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References &amp;amp; Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-prevention/art-20047639&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-prevention/art-20047639&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/prevention&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="6747" LastEditDate="2017-01-06T13:04:47.400" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T13:04:47.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-05T20:05:17.410" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seen here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/1/40.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/1/40.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is stated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In agreement with the results of previous studies (1, 20), the present&#xA;  study showed that caffeine ingestion increased energy expenditure&#xA;  (≈13%) and lipid turnover and oxidation. However, the contribution of&#xA;  nonoxidative lipid disposal was much greater (76%) than that of lipid&#xA;  oxidation (24%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is what's the difference between &lt;em&gt;nonoxidative lipid disposal&lt;/em&gt; vs &lt;em&gt;lipid oxidation&lt;/em&gt;, and how does that effect someone trying to burn fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7856" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T20:05:17.410" Title="Caffeine's role in fat oxidation" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-05T20:54:16.323" Score="1" ViewCount="655" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was using glasses with the following parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;left eye: -2.50Dsph -0.75DCyl&#xA;right eye: -2.50Dsph -0.75DCyl&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, the optometrist prescribed to me glasses with the following parameters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;left eye: -3.25Dsph +0.75DCyl&#xA;right eye: -3.25Dsph +0.75DCyl&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As she explained, these parameters are basically the same, i.e. -2.50 Dioptres with -0.75 cylinders denote the same lenses as -3.25 Dioptres with +0.75 Cylinders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand the physical meaning of this: as far as I recall, dioptres are related to the diffraction coefficient, and the curvature of the lenses. In other words, a lens should has exactly one value for dioptre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7857" LastActivityDate="2017-01-05T20:54:16.323" Title="What is the physical meaning of the following two ways of measuring dioptries wrt cylinders?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10705" CreationDate="2017-01-06T00:24:47.800" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To minimize the chance of tooth pain, assuming that your tooth has a cavity, i.e. dental caries, you must: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;avoid suga&lt;/strong&gt;r: sugar is metabolized by oral bacteria generating acids,&#xA;hence pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;avoid acidic beverages and food&lt;/strong&gt;s, like lemons &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;avoid food or drinks too warm or cold&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;avoid to put anything in the tooth&lt;/strong&gt;, as aspirin or anything else&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brush twice a day with a soft toothbrush and using fluoridated toothpaste (&gt;1.000 ppm of fluoride)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the pain is &lt;strong&gt;transitory&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e, you drink something cold and you feel the tooth, but as soon as you stop to drink the feel stops, in such case you will be fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, otherwise, the pain &lt;strong&gt;prolongs&lt;/strong&gt; even if you retire the stimulus, or start to hurt during the night, then you must go ASAP to a dentist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T00:24:47.800" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13024" CreationDate="2017-01-06T01:45:56.990" Score="6" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a fascinating experience when the bite inside the mouth (especially cheek) gets cured automatically in short span of time. How is this possible as the mouth is exposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/basics/mouth-and-teeth-anatomy/article/oral-bacteria-what-lives-in-your-mouth-0513&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/a&gt; and always wet? Search for the reason in web returned results for the remedies for bite inside the mouth. I couldn't find any entry explaining how the heeling happens so fast given that mouth is germ prone area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="91" LastEditorUserId="91" LastEditDate="2017-01-18T11:05:07.327" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:22:22.087" Title="How a bite inside the mouth gets healed though mouth is always wet inside?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;cheeks&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10707" CreationDate="2017-01-06T07:59:49.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost everyone is facing gastric problem these days. There is not any permanent solution for this type of stomach problem when you take medicine you get relief for a day or two but i recommend you to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.womentune.com/article/health-and-beauty-products-of-aloe-vera-79&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aloe vera juice&lt;/a&gt; daily empty stomach regularly for 3 months then you will see the difference. The regular use of aloe vera juice removes constipation and all other stomach problems permanently from root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7864" LastActivityDate="2017-01-06T07:59:49.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-07T07:57:57.040" Score="1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using this at the moment : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iherb.com/country-comfort-herbal-savvy-comfrey-aloe-vera-2-oz-57-g/6380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Country Comfort Herbal Savvy Comfrey&lt;/a&gt;, but I have read that oil based stuff can cause pneumonia. What to use then ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3029" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-07T16:33:07.957" LastActivityDate="2017-01-07T16:33:07.957" Title="What to use for sore nostrils?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;nostrils&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-07T19:41:23.323" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone whose blood pressure reads 188/134 with a pulse of 62. Read a few more times even after she woke up it stays in that area. Calm, not taking any drugs, normal weight, good health and not sick as far as she knows. What could cause this? Is it possible this can be her norm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was checking my vittles while sitting in a chair int he first paragraph as the diagram showed, but when I laid down they read 134/90 pulse 72 and stayed in that range. Second question would be can there be something that would effect the reading so differently just by sitting up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me add a friend also used it and she was in the normal range while sitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastEditorUserId="2408" LastEditDate="2017-01-08T02:55:36.337" LastActivityDate="2017-01-08T02:55:36.337" Title="How can blood pressure be high but my pulse low?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10740" CreationDate="2017-01-07T20:01:04.577" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If that is the accurate pressure, you really need to go to the emergency room! 188 is high but not immediately dangerous, but 134 for a diastolic is outrageous.  At very least go to an urgent care or a pharmacy and have it double checked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the original question, blood pressure and pulse are not directly related.  The body regulates both separately to respond to environmental and internal conditions, but there is no direct 1:1 correlation. Pulse is how often the heart squeezes; pressure is how hard it squeezes, though technically that's the systolic pressure; and, in the case of diastolic (the lower number) pressure, it's how well or poorly the heart relaxes after squeezing). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pressure of 188/134 would be severely hypertensive with likely diastolic heart failure;   A number like that, though, to me, screams poor equipment or poor technique, which is most likely the case if you are not being professionally tested and especially if you are improperly using a home testing system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7878" LastActivityDate="2017-01-07T20:01:04.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4024" CreationDate="2017-01-07T20:09:32.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course. Just to expand a bit on why...psychological stress causes activation of an adrenal (fight or flight) response, which translates to increased release of adrenaline (epinephrine), and other circulating hormones.  It's that &quot;rush&quot; you feel in your belly when you get stressed, surprised or shocked (which is where your adrenal glands are, anyway).  Physiologically, adrenaline and other hormones directly induce faster pulse, and stronger heart squeeze, which of course translates to a higher blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7878" LastActivityDate="2017-01-07T20:09:32.617" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10662" CreationDate="2017-01-07T20:50:26.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to have some synovial fluid drawn from the joint and examined for Crystals. If none are present the condition is not gout. &#xA;Other possible causes of symptoms are psoriatic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis septic (infectious arthritis).&#xA;The high CRP number indicates an autoimmune condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask for steroid injection in ankle.&#xA;That may give you some relief while you try to adjust your diet to one focused on reducing inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep an eye out for other symptoms like skin rashes that are also caused by auto immune inflammation  causing disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had extreme ankle pain and swelling for 2 months finally got injection. Within a day ankle  was much better.&#xA;Has not recurred for 4 months.&#xA;But now I have a skin problem diagnosed as psoriasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My symptoms began during a high stress time in my life ( death of my sister).&#xA;Anything that helps lower stress like meditation, yoga,exercise,healthy foods will help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7879" LastActivityDate="2017-01-07T20:50:26.663" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10745" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17298" CreationDate="2017-01-07T22:57:28.107" Score="4" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are medical measurements/units pertaining to blood-tests and urine-tests standardized across the globe? Or are they different? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I thought the metric system was standard in science, but when I was talking to my French friend about a test result from a blood-test in Canada, he asked me to explain which unit it was because he was fairly sure it was different?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-09-02T11:25:34.380" Title="Are medical units pertaining to blood-tests, etc. standard/universal? Or vary from country to country?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10718" CreationDate="2017-01-08T00:40:49.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with CCR's answer, let me add that the type of exercise that burns the most energy are cardio exercises (like running, biking swimming). Strength exercise are also recommended for good health, having strong muscles brings additional health benefits. But you cannot replace the benefits of cardio exercise by doing only only bodybuilding. By burning a lot of energy (many hundreds of Kcal a day) you can eat a lot more without gaining weight, but what is then important is that you then eat a lot more healthy foods based on whole grains, brown rice and vegetables. Your intake of fibers will then be a lot larger. Fibers get converted to short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) by intestinal bacteria, and these SCFA are known to have important roles in preventing heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when reading information about diabetes on the Internet, you need to keep in mind that the information you find is aimed at people who are lot older than you, who may already be coping with a lot of health problems, who reasonably would not be able to attain a fitness goal anywhere near to what you can attain. They have to focus a lot more on calorie restriction to lose weight. This is not recommended for young people who are healthy and who have a healthy weight, because this would make it more difficult for you to exercise, you'll feel tired and you won't recuperate as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-01-08T00:40:49.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-08T01:17:00.820" Score="4" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a component of the Myofascial Trigger Point Pain Syndrome vicious cycle, sensitization of nociceptive nerve fibers leads to excessive acetylcholine release from nerve terminals, entailing sarcomere contraction by means of sustained depolarization of the postjunctional membrane. The entire syndrome loop is sketched below, as extracted from Simmons et al. (1999):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Euw4f.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Myofascial Pain Syndrome (Simmons et al., 1999, p. 74)&quot;&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What benefit is the organism trying to reap by releasing ACh when nociceptors are sensitized? Does muscle contracture protects fibers from painful situations such as tearing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bibliography:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simons, D. G., Travell, J. G., Simons, L. S., Cummings, B. D., Abeloff, D., &amp;amp; Lee, J. (1998). &lt;em&gt;Travell and Simon’s Myofascial pain and dysfunction: The trigger point manual: Volume 1: Upper Half of body&lt;/em&gt; (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T11:33:04.953" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T11:33:04.953" Title="Nociceptor sensitization and ACh release" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;&lt;myofascial-pain-syndrome&gt;&lt;referred-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-08T03:03:46.273" Score="-1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is harmful to keep laptop on the legs or near of the body in terms of magnetic influence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7882" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T09:29:49.203" Title="Health and magnetic influence of notebook" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-08T12:58:36.233" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could lips become bigger with physic way?I see many people around me that have a small lips but they managed to do it bigger, is this normal?its a healthy issue or they did a surgery?I don't think someone can make lips bigger with physic way.How can someone do this if you could share your opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:55:48.997" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:55:48.997" Title="Can lips become bigger" Tags="&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-08T16:20:03.127" Score="1" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;How and when (if its possible) to say that traumatic mydriasis is going to be healed or stay forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some specific signs or nobody can say that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any statistic data about it (succesfully recovered patients etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD (30.01.2017)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for me, for today  I still got mydriasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was trying treatment with pylocarpine eye drops, seems like it's not effective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD (07.02.2017)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used more than a week &lt;em&gt;pilocarpine 1%&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD (16.02.2017)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Noticed that appeared weak pupil reaction on light (used my phone flashlight to checking it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the dark pupil approximately &lt;code&gt;6 mm&lt;/code&gt; in diameter, when I turn light and set it close to eye - It shrinks to like &lt;code&gt;4 - 4.5 mm&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD (10.03.2017)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No futher improvement. As I assume it won't get better for now, so.&#xA;Take care of your eyes, guys, wear protection and be aware of the fireworks/party-poppers etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7812" LastEditorUserId="7812" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T06:21:56.750" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T23:30:31.810" Title="Traumatic mydriasis (dilated pupil) information" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;pupil&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10754" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10762" CreationDate="2017-01-08T19:56:35.893" Score="7" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;So many people I have heard argue that exercise increases memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know exercise is healthy for your heart but does it really help long term or working memory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T21:43:12.843" Title="Does exercise increase memory?" Tags="&lt;memory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-08T20:27:00.523" Score="2" ViewCount="1766" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a fever becomes too high, like 42.22 °C, you can die. Is it possible to put the patient in an ice bath to cool the fever down before that point and save their life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7688" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:27:54.323" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:27:54.323" Title="Can you thermoregulate a fever externally with e.g. an ice bath?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10770" CreationDate="2017-01-09T15:59:37.427" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it or isn't it advisable/smart for a healthy individual to simply remove suspicious skin spots himself/herself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T04:01:24.090" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T04:01:24.090" Title="Why is it or isn't it smart for a healthy individual to perform auto-surgery in removing suspicious skin spots?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;moles&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;medical-training&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10755" CreationDate="2017-01-09T17:55:50.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gutenberg.org/files/376/376-h/376-h.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;A Journal of the Plague Year&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Daniel Defoe writes of a febrile patient who cures himself of the plague by swimming in a river:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I heard of one infected creature who, running out of his bed in his shirt in the anguish and agony of his swellings, of which he had three upon him, got his shoes on and went to put on his coat; but the nurse resisting, and snatching the coat from him, he threw her down, ran over her, ran downstairs and into the street, directly to the Thames in his shirt; the nurse running after him, and calling to the watch to stop him; but the watchman, frighted at the man, and afraid to touch him, let him go on; upon which he ran down to the Stillyard stairs, threw away his shirt, and plunged into the Thames, and, being a good swimmer, swam quite over the river; and the tide being coming in, as they call it (that is, running westward) he reached the land not till he came about the Falcon stairs, where landing, and finding no people there, it being in the night, he ran about the streets there, naked as he was, for a good while, when, it being by that time high water, he takes the river again, and swam back to the Stillyard, landed, ran up the streets again to his own house, knocking at the door, went up the stairs and into his bed again; and that this terrible experiment cured him of the plague, that is to say, that the violent motion of his arms and legs stretched the parts where the swellings he had upon him were, that is to say, under his arms and his groin, and caused them to ripen and break; and that the cold of the water abated the fever in his blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Defoe's work is fictional, but presumably it is based on real anecdotes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still trying to track down references, but I also recall reading about indigenous tribes treating cases of the 1918 &quot;Spanish flu&quot; by submerging the sufferer up to his neck in a river. The cases were described in two separate books, one discussing South African responses to the pandemic, the other, those of New Zealand. I recall that in both cases the practice was condemned by colonial medical authorities. (For a South African reference, see Howard Phillips, &quot;Black October&quot;, p. 170)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emsnews.wordpress.com/2009/04/26/viral-flu-earths-oldest-trojan-horse-invaders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an account by an army doctor who was one of the first victims of the &quot;Hong Kong&quot; flu of 1968, who caught it from a returning Vietnam veteran. There is no mention of an ice &lt;em&gt;bath&lt;/em&gt;, but he says that the staff who treated him ran out of ice and had to request more from local restaurants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not an expert, but I believe that Western medicine currently teaches that fevers have an adaptive purpose and should be allowed to &quot;run their course&quot;, while Traditional Chinese Medicine acknowledges this but also identifies a category of illnesses where the high temperatures are harmful to the patient and should be treated with cooling medicines. In other words, the more nuanced view is that most or all contagious diseases may involve some kind of fever as part of the body's immune response, which is usually beneficial, except in cases of &quot;high fever&quot; where it is harmful. According to this theory, using an ice bath would be beneficial in certain types of fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a historical background, the &quot;Father of English Medicine&quot; Thomas Sydenham is associated with early advocacy of the use of &quot;cooling medicines&quot; such as cowslips and laudanum, as well as bleeding, in the cure of fevers. I have spoken with modern ER doctors who will administer morphine, which lowers the body temperature, in the case of a high fever; and I have spoken with other ER doctors who have never heard of this practice but will prescribe ibuprofen to lower the body temperature. The practice of Sydenham's contemporaries was to treat fevers with stimulants, which Sydenham himself condemns. He writes (p. 149):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If bleeding cannot be resorted to [...] the heat of the distemper must by no means be increased. For this reason, the patient must be as much out of bed as he would be when in health, and (weather permitting) there must be no fire in the room. [...] Sometimes a patient has, with the extraordinary cunning of persons so afflicted, escaped the charge of his nurses while in a frenzy, escaped from bed, and exposed himself to the cold air, even during the night. Sometimes he has got cold water, either clandestinely or by earnest entreaty to the nurse, and drunk it off. In either case, by a happy error, a life that had been despaired of had been saved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prescribing a cold bath in certain cases seems consistent with Sydenham's views, but I wasn't able to find any place where he actually advocates doing so. One should note that Sydenham also warns that interfering with the course of a fever will tend to prolong it (p. 111) (&quot;despumation&quot; means &quot;the act of discharging impurities from the body fluids&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In either case, if you allow the effervescence (especially towards the end of a fever) to run its course naturally and in due form, if you take care that it is kept up in its proper vigour, the despumation will be completed within the aforesaid space of fourteen days or 336 hours. If, however, during the same period (that is, at the decline of the fever), you put any untimely check upon this same effervescence or fermentation, either by means of refrigerants or enemata, and if you curb it (as it were) in its natural career, you must not wonder if, when the order of Nature is disturbed, the disease becomes indefinitely protracted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7891" LastEditorUserId="7891" LastEditDate="2017-01-09T20:01:19.340" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T20:01:19.340" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-09T19:06:16.103" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a single adult male looking for a primary care doctor, and I don't know how to choose between a doctor specializing in family medicine, and one specializing in internal medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.piedmont.org/living-better/the-difference-between-family-medicine-and-internal-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this brief summary&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acponline.org/about-acp/about-internal-medicine/career-paths/medical-student-career-path/internal-medicine-vs-family-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this history of the differences&lt;/a&gt; between the two specialties, but nothing I've been able to find has given any guidance on how to decide on one versus the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7893" LastActivityDate="2017-03-03T16:05:07.557" Title="Need a primary care doctor: Internal medicine or family medicine?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10780" CreationDate="2017-01-09T20:46:29.270" Score="7" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that individuals who have color-blindness or complete blindness, are not able to see as vast an array of colors as most. I do understand that they can distinguish shading (dark vs. light), but I'm curious if in their dreams if they are able to experience the vibrancy of colors (since it's not delivered via the optic nerve, but rather the hippocampus)?? Would they be able to recognize color if they did (if they had blindness or colorblindness their entire lives?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am by no means an expert in vision or dreams so I maybe misunderstanding this completely. Please feel free to correct me, and explain how color is perceived both through physical vision and then internally as in dreams. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T21:09:27.120" Title="Are color-blind and blind individuals able to dream in color?" Tags="&lt;blind&gt;&lt;dreams&gt;&lt;optic-nerve&gt;&lt;color-blindness&gt;&lt;hippocampus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-09T21:13:00.223" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;How successful is Global Postural Reeducation (RGP) as a non-invasive treatment for cervical myelopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How well does it work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7894" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-01-10T21:12:56.710" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T21:12:56.710" Title="What is the Success Rate of Global Postural Reeducaton for Treatment for Myelopathy" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;myelopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10754" CreationDate="2017-01-09T21:43:12.843" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, with a caveat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many studies showing beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on cognition, including memory and response tasks. This also includes preventing decline in older adults by preserving hippocampus and temporal lobe size. These can be seen by the following studies involving both humans and rats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/108/7/3017.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Older adult study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bne/121/2/324/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rats in mazes performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755296609000052&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Memory in preadolescents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one thing that was new to me is the effect of resistance exercise, rather than aerobic exercise on cognition. While there isn't much out there examining this mode of exercise, &lt;a href=&quot;http://education.msu.edu/kin/HBCL/_articles/Pontifex_2009_TheEffectOfAcute.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study on resistance exercise and memory&lt;/a&gt;, as well as a couple of cited studies in the same paper, suggest that resistance exercise either does not confer the same cognitive benefits, or that it benefits in other unknown ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short, yes, aerobic exercise does improve memory and cognition, while resistance exercise may not have the same effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2017-01-09T21:43:12.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-10T00:13:25.310" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a quick way to determine if a medication is processed in the kidneys or liver (or elsewhere)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, let's take a few common medications: acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.  Using these as examples, how would someone determine where in the body these medications are processed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2017-01-10T10:37:44.190" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T05:53:23.427" Title="Quick way to determine if a medication is processed in the kidneys or liver?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10767" CreationDate="2017-01-10T01:58:15.850" Score="2" ViewCount="937" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I have read doctors/nurse practitioner have prescribed Zinc, Magnesium and Melatonin for sleep problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence of this and where?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:57:46.457" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:57:46.457" Title="What evidence does magnesium, zinc &amp; melatonin help you sleep?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10764" CreationDate="2017-01-10T06:18:25.053" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Magnesium, zinc and melatonin help to manage and control the sleep problems. These three natural components have their own mechanisms in managing the sleep disorders.&#xA;Firstly, talking about Melatonin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disturbances in the rhythm and amplitude of melatonin secretion may account for symptomatic disturbances to sleep and mood. Melatonin treatment not only improved total sleep time, but also reduced depressive symptoms,indicating a relationship between sleep disturbance and symptoms of depression. The pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) acts as a neuroendocrine transducer of the light–dark cycle. It plays an important role in regulating human circadian rhythms and may have sleep-inducing effects in humans. Melatonin production declines with age and is lower in middle-aged and elderly adults with insomnia than in good sleepers.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc exhibits an antidepressant-like&#xA;activity, related to its action as an antagonist of&#xA;the glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of sleep, Magnesium is  the primary ingredient in muscle relaxation, has a neuroprotective effect that is absolutely crucial to each and every stage of sleep, assists in slowing metabolic processes and lowering brain temperature as your body attempts to repair daily damage during sleep cycles, and helps regulate key hormones responsible for not only helping you fall asleep, but keeping you asleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Study&lt;/a&gt; published in the Journal of American Geriatrics Society was able to investigate the benefits of the combination of zinc, melatonin and magnesium in the treatment of insomnia in elderly people. The results of the study revealed that the combination of natural supplements provided the following outcomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• It increased the total sleep time of the participants&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• There was a reduction in hangover on waking up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• The quality of the sleep was improved&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• It also improved the alertness and the behavior in the morning after taking the supplements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Going to sleep was made easier&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.adamkempfitness.com/melatoninzinc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.adamkempfitness.com/melatoninzinc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hollywoodhomestead.com/magnesium-over-melatonin-to-induce-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hollywoodhomestead.com/magnesium-over-melatonin-to-induce-sleep/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ancient-minerals.com/blog-post/magnesium-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ancient-minerals.com/blog-post/magnesium-sleep/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T06:18:25.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-10T08:58:02.427" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of medical evidence seems to point to there being a link between sun exposure and skin aging. Would this mean that on average, a 30-year-old from Arizona would have more wrinkles and uneven skin tone than a 30-year-old from Canada?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence to back accelerated aging, or at least skin aging, in sunnier parts of the globe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T08:58:02.427" Title="Do people from sunnier parts of the world show accelerated aging?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10757" CreationDate="2017-01-10T10:25:02.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mayo Clinic published &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/skin-cancer/multimedia/melanoma/sls-20076095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a slideshow aimed at helping people identify possible melanomas&lt;/a&gt;. Take a look at it. Do you think you'd be able to successfully differentiate between a melanoma and a benign &quot;suspicious skin spot&quot; every single time? Now consider that melanoma is just one of many different types of skin cancer, and that skin cancer is by far the most common type of cancer.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skin-cancer-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One particular advantage we have in fighting this type of cancer is that it often comes with a warning sign, the &quot;suspicious skin spots&quot; you mention. And this is extraordinarily important in successfully fighting the disease. In 2014, 46% of skin cancer patients in England were diagnosed in stages III or IV, which often means death for the patients. One of the single most crucial factors in whether or not a cancer patient will outlive the cancer is early diagnosis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/22/cancer-late-diagnosis-half-patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The suggestion of just removing suspicious skin spots as you notice them is thus enormously dangerous, because by the time you notice the spot, you could already have metastatic cancer. Indeed, 52% of non-Hispanic black patients and 26% of Hispanic patients receive an initial diagnosis of advanced stage melanoma, as do 16% of non-Hispanic white patients. Note that it is unclear from the source whether this statistic applies specifically within the general population of the US, the general population of the world, or what have you.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a type of cancers so common that an anticipated one in five US residents will get some form of skin cancer at some point in his or her life,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; wouldn't you agree that any step that can improve survival rate as drastically as having a doctor check your suspicious skin spot is most decidedly a step well worth taking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skin-cancer-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/sunanduvexposure/skin-cancer-facts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/22/cancer-late-diagnosis-half-patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/22/cancer-late-diagnosis-half-patients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231498&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T10:25:02.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10771" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10772" CreationDate="2017-01-10T12:32:35.190" Score="19" ViewCount="15097" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that they're facing me and I'm facing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpt from radiologist report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... there is narrowing of the &lt;strong&gt;left&lt;/strong&gt; neural foramen in comparison to the &lt;strong&gt;right&lt;/strong&gt; ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but whose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there an international standard for this?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this convention differ in other fields of medicine?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7898" LastEditorUserId="7898" LastEditDate="2017-01-13T10:18:57.070" LastActivityDate="2018-12-21T10:01:47.480" Title="Medical professionals referring to 'left' and 'right': are they referring to my relative directions or theirs?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;position&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10771" CreationDate="2017-01-10T13:07:03.460" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;In medical documentation, being an X-ray, MRI, description of physical examination or other, the sides &quot;right&quot; and &quot;left&quot; should be always used as they appear in your body. So, the &quot;left neural foramen&quot; is on your left-hand side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is an X-ray image of the chest cavity. You can see the big letter &quot;L&quot; and all the &quot;left&quot; terms on the right side of the image, because this is a view from the front, so they are all point to the left parts of the body. The confusion could occur when someone points to the image and just says &quot;here on the left,&quot; without saying &quot;side of the body &quot; or &quot;image.&quot; Anyway , when a doctor says something is on the left side, it should be always on &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B0MCm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B0MCm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;An X-ray image of the chest showing the letter L on the side where the heart is&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://lifeinthefastlane.com/investigations/cxr-normal/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lifeinthefastline&lt;/a&gt;, CC licence)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-21T10:01:47.480" LastActivityDate="2018-12-21T10:01:47.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10672" CreationDate="2017-01-10T13:56:50.703" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few terms to define here, and I'll go through them one by one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has to do with the type of scan. MRI's are pretty complicated technologically, but the basic idea is that body tissues are full of water, and water molecules respond to magnets. If you turn on a really powerful magnet near body tissues, the water molecules in the tissues will align with the magnetic field. Turn off the magnet and pulse a radio signal, and you'll shake the molecules back into a random alignment and they'll shoot back a radio signal as they move. This is called &lt;em&gt;magnetic resonance&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can detect all the little radio signals coming back from all the molecules and figure out where they all came from, you can map out where all the water molecules are, which tells you where the tissues are. Do it precisely enough, and you can make a high-quality image of whatever tissue you're scanning. This is &lt;em&gt;magnetic resonance imaging&lt;/em&gt;, or MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, like with a camera, you only get an image of one side. If you want everything in 3D, you need to repeat this again and again from a bunch of different angles. That's what you're hearing when the MRI machine goes bang, bang, bang, bang, bang... — the machine is getting the image again and again from every possible angle. It's also repeating images on each location for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few variables you can tinker with to tune the image to what you're looking for, most notably repetition time (TR), how long you wait between each pulse, and time to echo (TE), how long between the radio pulse being sent and the echo being captured. If you set the machine to wait a very short time between pulses (short TR), and a very short time between sending each radio pulse and capturing its result (short TE), you're going to get what's called a T1-weighted image. Much longer TR and TE produce a different image, called a T2-weighted image. Even longer, and you get a FLAIR image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just names for the different types of scans you can get by playing with TR and TE, but the rationale for what makes an image T1- or T2- weighted is based on properties of the water molecules themselves, literally quantum physics. You're welcome to look them up though if you like, and get a really good understanding of exactly what makes the image look that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperintense Focus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intensity on an MRI refers to the brightness of a given spot. But because doctors are doctors, instead of calling it a spot, they refer to a given location on the MRI as a &quot;focus.&quot; This term tends to be reserved for when something special is going on there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To go a bit deeper into intensity, a &lt;em&gt;hyperintensity&lt;/em&gt; is a spot that's brighter than you'd expect it to be, and a &lt;em&gt;hypointensity&lt;/em&gt; is a spot that's darker than you'd expect it to be. In a T2-weighted MRI specifically, watery tissues shine brightest, meaning that a hyperintensity — or hyperintense focus — in a T2 MRI is a particularly watery area, often something unusual. But exactly what it means depends on where the hyperintensity is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;White Matter&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your brain is divided into two basic types of material, white matter and gray matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Broadly speaking, the gray matter forms the outermost surface of the brain, the cerebral cortex, which is in charge of most of the actual thinking that takes place in your brain, like getting input from your senses, sending output to your muscles, and connecting the two with, well, your consciousness and most human mental abilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;White matter on the other hand is like all of the wires that connect the gray matter together, and sits below the surface of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Structurally, you can think of the white matter as the &quot;body&quot; of the brain and the gray matter as the &quot;skin,&quot; even though the gray matter does just about all of the actual thinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Subcortical&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are really three important sections of the brain when it comes to hyperintensities: the periventricular white matter, the deep white matter, and the subcortical white matter. The subcortical white matter is just a little bit deeper than the gray matter of the cerebral cortex. The deep white matter is even deeper than that, going towards the center of the brain, the ventricles. The periventricular (&quot;near the ventricles&quot;) white matter is right along the ventricles at the innermost parts of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Right Middle Frontal Gyrus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is divided into four lobes from back to front and bottom to top: the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. If you only look at the gyri, or outer folds of the brain, you end up with the colored areas below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pFedC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pFedC.png&quot; alt=&quot;Gyri of the Cerebrum&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The frontal lobe is then divided into a number of sections, the main three of which are the superior, middle and inferior gyri, labeled above as &lt;em&gt;gyrus frontalis superior&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;gyrus frontalis medius&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;gyrus frontalis inferior&lt;/em&gt;. The middle section, the middle frontal gyrus, is what we're looking for. Because the brain is split into left and right halves, we end up with two middle frontal gyri, the left one and the right one, shown below.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6qA5m.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6qA5m.png&quot; alt=&quot;Red Middle Frontal Gyri&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is the brain of a guy facing you from the front, looking slightly to your right. The part of his brain you're seeing would be just under the forehead. The red sections are the left and right middle frontal gyri. Remember that these parts are labeled from the perspective of the guy whose brain it is, and not from the perspective of the observer. So the red spot to the left is his right middle frontal gyrus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;All Together&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, what is a T2 hyperintense focus in the subcortical white matter of the right middle frontal gyrus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The T2 tells you that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan. The hyperintense focus is a bright spot, likely caused by higher than expected water content. Remember that bright doesn't mean &quot;compared to the rest of the scan,&quot; it means &quot;compared to how that area is supposed to look.&quot; The subcortical white matter is just the white matter directly below the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain. The right middle frontal gyrus is the left red section in the image above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So all in all, it's a brighter than expected spot in the layer of white matter just below the outer surface of the brain, in the red section to the left above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/Web%20Neurorad/MRI%20Basics.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/Web%20Neurorad/MRI%20Basics.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/a/wisc.edu/neuroradiology/image-acquisition/magnetic-resonance-imaging/mr-terminology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sites.google.com/a/wisc.edu/neuroradiology/image-acquisition/magnetic-resonance-imaging/mr-terminology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/NeurLrngObjectives/NeurLrngObj_Stroke01new.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/NeurLrngObjectives/NeurLrngObj_Stroke01new.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://multiple-sclerosis-research.blogspot.com/2015/01/education-whats-mri.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://multiple-sclerosis-research.blogspot.com/2015/01/education-whats-mri.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307690/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307690/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Images:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gehirn,_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gehirn,&lt;em&gt;lateral&lt;/em&gt;-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebrum_-_middle_frontal_gyrus_-_anteriior_view2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebrum_-_middle_frontal_gyrus_-_anteriior_view2.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T13:56:50.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10748" CreationDate="2017-01-10T14:10:18.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a laptop is completely harmless, both by its amount and by its spectrum. No harmful effects occur from this kind of exposition, regardless of the affected area or the time of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5383" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T14:10:18.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-10T15:33:07.340" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drink many caffee in a workday to boost my work performance (normally 3-4 cups of middle strong arabica).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After work, I would like to do some jogging (maybe around 5 km) to boost my health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't it unhealthy? Isn't it even dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There weren't heart problems in my family in the last 3 generations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7902" LastActivityDate="2017-01-10T15:33:07.340" Title="How about afterwork jogging after drinking a lot of caffee?" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10779" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-10T23:09:02.443" Score="3" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have strep group A. My doctor gave me Penicillin V Potassium 500 MG to take once every 12 hours. It's 3 pm in my time zone, which means the next dose would be 3 AM. Does it make sense to take the next dose at like 11 PM or Midnight, and then again in the late morning, or should I take the next dose first thing in the morning (like 8 AM)? Or should I set an alarm and take it in the middle of the night (I'd rather NOT do that for the full course!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a general way to know whether to err on the side of slightly more or less often, or whether it should be very exact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7905" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:14:30.397" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T05:14:30.397" Title="How exact do I need to be for Penicillin every 12 hours?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;streptococcal-infection&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10760" CreationDate="2017-01-11T00:40:21.060" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Humans (and many mammals, for that matter) are not born knowing how to use our eyes. During the first month we can only discern vague shapes and shadows beyond much more than a foot or so, though some color development takes place during that time. (References &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/parents/infants.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.babycenter.com/0_baby-sensory-development-sight_6508.bc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt; here&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;I won't go into anymore detail; the point being that the brain of a person who is born blind would never learn how to process images. And without having that experience, they would not have context in which to place those images into a dream. I think it would be reasonable to conclude that a person blind since birth could only dream in the context of their own experiences (i.e. a non-sighted world).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Similarly, a color blind (or more accurately color deficient) person could not dream in any colors they have no experience with. For example, if someone couldn't see green, then they could not see that or yellow (yellow being a combination of red and green). Since they have no experience with those colors (i.e. they have no idea what they look like), they could not have dreams with those colors in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-01-11T00:40:21.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-11T06:43:01.183" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any reasearch paper which shows impact on health for the person which is moving from the city with high air pollution to the areas with more fresh air (like countryside)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are 2 main questions which I would like to know from the paper :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can if affect health negatively/positively?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can our body get used to the polluted air and can such drastic change have negative impact on one's health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7908" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:15:31.837" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T05:15:31.837" Title="Research paper on living in areas with fresh air after living for more than 20 years in polluted area and impact on health" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-11T10:32:19.537" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've never been terribly comfortable getting water in my ear.  Others swear part of a proper bathing is rinsing ears out.  I can imagine cleansing could be important, I can also envision that water would alter wax chemistry/effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the medical/scientific stance on this?  Are there common significant health issues that weigh it one way or the other, or is it generally shown to be of minimal difference... or alternatively considered an unanswered question as of yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4947/washing-the-ear&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question got no firm responses, but hope that by limiting it to one specific detail, it would be something people can give more clear information about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6938" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:50:32.210" Title="Is regular water incursion into the ear considered beneficial or harmful?" Tags="&lt;health-outcomes&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;&lt;ear-irrigation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-11T12:11:16.147" Score="10" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found figures and numbers on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/biggest_threats.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/amr-report/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;, while the general public may have little idea about those numbers, such as how many people &quot;normally&quot; die from such disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone provide some easy-to-understand examples on the issue, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can we still use the first generation Penicillin (Penicillin G) to treat normal pneumonia (the one often seen among children and elderly), not those never-heard-of, only-known-to-researchers pneumonia?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the &quot;least-advanced&quot; but still effective antibiotics for common infection, e.g. bacterial upper respiratory infection?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If geographical factors (countries and regions) is going to influence the answer, please specify them in the answer. (I personally would like to know those about China and US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7909" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:13:15.713" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T02:03:37.907" Title="How serious is the antibiotic resistance problem?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;mrsa&gt;&lt;center-disease-control&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11221" CreationDate="2017-01-11T12:57:20.887" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I got some upper respiratory infection the doctor always prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics like amoxicillin. Is there any test to identify bacteria, and if so, why doesn't the doctor order one? Is it prohibitively expensive (or slow)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually they always do some stupid blood test (just some cell count), which reveals nothing about the cause of infection (they told me they were not sure. I'm in China and correct me if I'm wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7909" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T14:41:48.390" Title="Is there any test to identify bacteria?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-11T21:34:21.503" Score="1" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very simple question, which I checked &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/874/how-do-i-know-if-im-flossing-correctly&quot;&gt;is not answered here.&lt;/a&gt;, so please, don't link that question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm using a dental floss pick&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com.ar/search?q=dental%20floss%20pick&amp;amp;espv=2&amp;amp;biw=1517&amp;amp;bih=708&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjB3IqGhbvRAhUHgJAKHaLGCcUQ_AUICCgB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com.ar/search?q=dental%20floss%20pick&amp;amp;espv=2&amp;amp;biw=1517&amp;amp;bih=708&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjB3IqGhbvRAhUHgJAKHaLGCcUQ_AUICCgB#imgrc=cDBtaCmCw9n2AM%3A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;or this one&lt;/a&gt;. I use it normally, passing in between teeth and following normal guidelines. However, after passing it between two teeth, yellow residue of food and other things gets in the floss, should I wash it or remove it with my fingers before re-passing it over other teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1593" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:44.937" Title="Should I wash dental floss pick before passing on the next teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;&lt;dental-floss-pick&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10779" CreationDate="2017-01-12T06:11:57.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With most medications, the important thing is to simply be consistent and make it easy on yourself to remember to take them. An hour or two one way or the other isn't going to matter with most medications, and if something is sensitive enough that it does matter then your doctor should tell you that. In case s/he overlooks that part, you can and should ask the pharmacist who fills the prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-01-12T06:17:01.403" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T06:17:01.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T07:20:35.313" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;My brother and me are ill with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bipolar Affective disorder&lt;/a&gt;. My brother's illness is in the &lt;strong&gt;severe stage&lt;/strong&gt;, and we have no idea what to do, medications do not provide improvement. I hope that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tomatis-center.gr/en/the-tomatis-method/audio-psycho-phonology/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;audio-psycho-phonology&lt;/a&gt; should help, I have felt its effects on myself and I trust in it. Also I understand in detail  how it works. We have tried several &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tomatis.com/en/tomatis-method/a-listening-program.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tomatis audio&lt;/a&gt; courses (playlists) in Russia, but the result is not so good. Now I want to find the best place in the world for Tomatis listening. What Tomatis center do you recommend, where are the the best experts and the most high-tech equipment? As far as I know, the last Tomatis technology is based on &lt;strong&gt;3-channels heaphones&lt;/strong&gt;, not on 2, and also can provide a &lt;strong&gt;real-time&lt;/strong&gt; voice processing. And what else &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelisteningcenter.net/compare.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tomatis-based (audio-psycho-phonology) methods&lt;/a&gt; can you recommend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7916" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T20:50:19.927" Title="Looking for Bipolar Disorder treatment method" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;bipolar-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T12:28:56.593" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;At my Connecticut school, at went up to the lunch lady and asked her for the nutrition facts. They did not have them. I found a few of the nutrition facts online on the school website, but many nutrition facts were missing. Is this legal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7921" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:39:55.613" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:39:55.613" Title="Is it legal for my school to not have nutrition facts?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T14:51:49.817" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one catches a mouth sore forming, is there any treatment that can be used to prevent it from progressing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7924" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-02-24T18:37:14.073" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T18:37:14.073" Title="How can one prevent a mouth sore from worsening if caught early?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;canker-sores&gt;&lt;cold-sores&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T17:13:50.320" Score="2" ViewCount="1865" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the internet, it's difficult to simultaneously pat your head and rub your belly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's another one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;How smart is your right foot&amp;quot;?&#xA;Sit down, lift your right foot and do clockwise circles. While doing that, draw number 6 in the air with your right hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is patting your head and rubbing your belly at the same time considered difficult to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1840" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-07T15:49:06.750" LastActivityDate="2021-02-07T15:49:06.750" Title="Why is patting your head and rubbing your belly at the same time considered difficult to do?" Tags="&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10834" CreationDate="2017-01-12T17:57:28.710" Score="1" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a colonoscopy recently and the doctor removed a polyp. He told me I should get follow-up in six months. I asked him why, since he already determined that it wasn't cancerous and these things grow slowly. He said &quot;Just do it&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if we know there is a missed polyp, does this warrant such an invasive procedure so soon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not trying to be smarter than the doctor, just trying to understand how quickly polyps and cancers grow in the gut. FIT test comes up clean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T12:10:30.137" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T12:10:30.137" Title="Why do a follow-up colonoscopy?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;colonoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10799" CreationDate="2017-01-12T20:32:26.333" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a hearing-impaired individual, but because I was born with this disability, I never researched it because it was never &quot;new&quot; and &quot;exciting&quot; to me, but a friend recently informed me that hearing-impaired individuals actually require more sleep than most because their brains are constantly operating on a higher level as they have to work harder to interpret sounds, etc. For most of my life, I have been on the lethargic side of things, but I was wondering if this is a factually accurate statement. It makes logical sense to me, but can someone point me in the direction of research? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On average, what is the optimal amount of sleep a hearing-impaired individual needs? When was this discovered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T22:27:00.807" Title="Do hearing-impaired individuals need more sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;&lt;auditory-cortex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T21:35:44.977" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been studying for exams lately, and as much as I hate to admit (because I know how bad energy drinks are for people), I've been consuming some energy drinks, and I've noticed that quite a lot of them highlight that they contain turmeric. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How effective is turmeric in energy drinks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there more natural ways to consume turmeric? Like do they exist in foods? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T21:35:44.977" Title="How energizing/effective are Turmeric supplements? They are often advertised on energy drinks" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;energy-drinks&gt;&lt;turmeric&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10797" CreationDate="2017-01-12T22:27:00.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A hot topic in hearing research right now is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.audiology.org/news/listening-effort-and-fatigue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;listening effort&lt;/a&gt;. The basic idea is that is that individuals with hearing loss need to use additional cognitive resources to process sounds. There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/106/3/857.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/a&gt; that mental fatigue impairs physical performance. While I think this evidence provides the basis for arguing that hard of hearing individuals might need more sleep, I am not aware of any direct evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-01-12T22:27:00.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-12T22:43:51.963" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person consumed 4-5 pieces of fruit each morning before working out in the afternoon, would they see different results (weight gain or anything else) than eating those same 4-5 pieces of fruit in the evening and waiting until the next afternoon to workout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7928" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T04:59:30.513" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T02:53:01.043" Title="Does the time of day of sugar consumption matter?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-13T08:18:35.060" Score="2" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently come across the one meal a day (OMAD) diet where you essentially fast until a set time and then consume your days calories in a single meal. I know there are already questions related to this (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3585/is-eating-a-meal-with-2000-calories-at-once-any-different-from-eating-4-times-at/4010#4010&quot;&gt;Is eating a meal with 2000 Calories at once any different from eating 4 times at 500 Calories?&lt;/a&gt;) and I'm not here to debate whether OMAD is a worthwhile diet or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather, I'd like to get some input on what the makeup of that single meal should be. I've seen many people suggest the OMAD diet without recommending any specific meal plan/breakdown&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKfR6bAXr-c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt; discussing how/why OMAD works. If I understand this correctly, by only eating a single meal glucose/insulin levels in your body are allowed to drop, and ketosis is allowed to start providing more stable energy release throughout the day and to use up energy stored in fat cells. Is that a correct understanding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that, is it advisable to eat a carb heavy single meal? I would imagine that would cause glucose levels to spike - does that then get stored back into fat cells thus preventing weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, what is a recommended breakdown for the contents of that single meal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7930" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T20:30:01.530" Title="One meal a day - meal planning" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-13T08:38:58.417" Score="1" ViewCount="788" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently changed companies and started using a train for transport. In that time, I've sprained my ankle twice because of all the dreaded stairs at the train stations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time this happened, my body temperature suddenly increased drastically, to the point that sweat starts dripping from me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the cause and reason behind this sudden increase in temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that body temperature usually drops when severe injuries are experienced, but as painful as a sprained ankle is, I guess it doesn't meet that level of severity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I remember spraining my ankle far more severely in the past, and the same thing happened but I also became very dizzy soon after and I felt lightheaded for an hour or so. Does the dizziness perhaps mean nerve damage? And is it related to the increasing body temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7931" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:30:59.233" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:30:59.233" Title="What causes body temperature to rise drastically after being injured?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;sprain-strain-twist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10806" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-13T15:45:09.627" Score="2" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mayo Clinic, as one example, has an online guide to diseases and conditions curated by qualified medical editors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, the Mayo material is &lt;strong&gt;copyrighted&lt;/strong&gt; and is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; open source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any similar type of medical-related reference that is open source, though?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7935" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-13T05:47:11.557" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T05:47:11.557" Title="are there open-source (non-copyrighted) medical knowledge-bases?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-13T06:17:37.083" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10807" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10841" CreationDate="2017-01-13T22:17:12.147" Score="1" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an MRI images of my brain. There are three red arrows pointing at there parts of the brain. &#xA;I would like to the functions of these three parts, Please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they control motion, speaking, hearing, smelling, emotions or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm diagnosed with MS. I had optic neuritis. I don't feel anything else wrong. But they are three parts so I think there are three symptoms, not just one. So, would you help me discover what else I have? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that It is not allowed to diagnose people in this site. But this is not diagnoses. I just would like to know what the functions of these parts of the brain are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Jcxo2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Jcxo2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/56zvT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/56zvT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:35:52.293" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T20:35:52.293" Title="What are the functions of these parts of the brain (MRI)?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;function&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;&lt;optic-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10809" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10812" CreationDate="2017-01-14T03:39:53.493" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there ever a time when an appendicitis is not an emergency? Whenever I think of an appendicitis, I always envision it potentially bursting, warranting a swift appendectomy. But is that always the case? Could an appendicitis develop gradually and be the explanation for chronic pressurized pain in the lower abdomen/pelvis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T15:07:19.637" Title="Is there ever a time when an appendicitis is not an emergency? Could it explain chronic pain in lower abdomen/pelvis?" Tags="&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;appendectomy&gt;&lt;appendicitis&gt;&lt;appendix&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-14T08:30:40.137" Score="2" ViewCount="766" Body="&lt;p&gt;My hair is somewhat diminishing in volume and my hairline has regressed a little. I am still at age 25 though, but I'm not severely going bald. My friends have this issue too, so I suppose this is average at this age.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just having thoughts, that if I try make the blood vessels near my scalp dilate, then it would promote better blood circulation enough for nutrients cultivate my lost hair follicles to grow back. Similar to the effects of Minoxidil(Rogaine).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this possible or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7937" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:20:22.273" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T21:13:26.093" Title="If apply regular warm compress unto my scalp, will it mimic the use of topical vasodilators?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;hair-follicle&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-14T12:03:50.513" Score="1" ViewCount="402" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an atrophic scar about 4cm to the right of my lip. I wanted to get subcision but the plastic surgeon said there's a risk of damaging the buccal nerve which would then mean I wouldn't be able to speak properly. &#xA;He said it's risky because I don't have much collagen in that area. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How deep is the dermis and epidermis in that region?&#xA;2) is the Buccal nerve right below the epidermis or is it protected by a muscle or another layer?&#xA;3) How deep would you need to go to hit the buccal nerve?&#xA;4) Would a dermapen that goes 2.5mm deep hit the buccal nerve if the skin in that area is not very thick due to collagen loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7940" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T04:48:15.263" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T04:48:15.263" Title="Can microneedling damage the buccal nerve if your skin is thin?" Tags="&lt;face&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10809" CreationDate="2017-01-14T12:21:25.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic appendicitis is possible but rare (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416293/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crohn's disease and ovarian cyst are more common cause of the right lower abdominal pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Constipation and IBS are even more common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-14T15:07:19.637" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T15:07:19.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10813" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10814" CreationDate="2017-01-14T15:20:48.967" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently the elevator got broken at my place and it's been a few days of using stairs. I live on the 5th floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed.. actually I didn't notice anything when going up and down the stairs during the day. I feel like 'ok, I went through stairs', but nothing special.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the other day, we went out and had quite a few alcoholic drinks. On the way back, not only the stairs were 'harder', but I noticed that my heartbeat pulse was significantly stronger than when I normally climb up the stairs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has alcohol any effect on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:18:27.333" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T05:18:27.333" Title="Heartbeat pulse strength vs Alcohol" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10813" CreationDate="2017-01-14T16:02:54.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Alcohol dilates the arteries in the skin, which results in lower peripheral resistance (the resistance of the arteries to blood flow). In order to maintain normal blood pressure, the heart needs to beat faster and push out larger amount of blood per beat. This makes you aware of your heart beats more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1767471/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relations between alcohol consumption, heart rate, and heart rate variability in men (PubMed Central)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reason for a positive association between alcohol intake and heart&#xA;  rate is unclear but possibilities include an increase in sympathetic&#xA;  activity secondary to vasodilation or increased calcium entering into&#xA;  cardiac myocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Dehydration, which causes a drop of blood volume also results in the increased heart rate. Alcohol is a weak diuretic (it slightly stimulates urine excretion), but dehydration after drinking strong alcoholic beverages is more likely caused by insufficient water drinking during alcohol drinking rather than by alcohol itself. Beer (4 vol%), which contains a lot of water actually &lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/83/4/1152.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrates you&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#134&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (NAP.edu)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...it appears that the effect of ethanol ingestion on increasing&#xA;  excretion of water appears to be transient and would not result in&#xA;  appreciable fluid losses over a 24-hour period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-14T20:04:03.437" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T20:04:03.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10816" CreationDate="2017-01-14T18:05:21.873" Score="4" ViewCount="789" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really wonder why different doctors have different opinions or diagnosis. I've experienced this many times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I went to ten doctors to see what's wrong with my eye. Some of them said I'm OK. Some said its very dangerous and I should take specific medicines.&#xA;Also, my blood pressure is a different result from different doctors within the same hour. Once, my nerve doctor said I have a serious disease and I should take an injected medication immediately, while another doctor said that I don't have this disease at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My parents and grandparents also experience situations like these. Why there are great variations in doctors opinions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As an electrical engineer, I can say devices in general can have an error, and it can produce unclear and sometimes wrong information. Is that the reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I live in Egypt where education is not good. Do not doctors know how to use these devices and how to treat people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are doctors exaggerating to earn more money?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just would like to know why I have experienced these variations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-12-12T15:28:06.430" LastActivityDate="2020-12-12T15:28:06.430" Title="Why doctors have different opinions and diagnosis for the same patient?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;medical-training&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10815" CreationDate="2017-01-14T22:24:51.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;People are more complicated than machines. First, imagine a condition like &quot;high blood pressure&quot; or &quot;underactive thyroid.&quot; It's not just a case of measuring one number about you and comparing it to one &quot;correct&quot; number. There is a normal &lt;strong&gt;range&lt;/strong&gt; for healthy people. Imagine some measurement that for normal people is between 10 and 12. Imagine that you genuinely have a shortfall in this number; and you vary between 8 and 10. One doctor sees you on the day you measure 10 and tells you that you're fine. Another doctor sees you on the day you measure 8 and tells you there is a shortfall. So that's one explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But life is actually more complicated than that. Some doctors might think 9-13 is actually normal for that number, so if you measure 9 they'll say you're fine. Others might think that it depends on some other reading, so if you measure 10 but the other number is low, they'll say you're ill, while another will insist that a reading of 10 means you're fine.  And doctors vary on how urgent they think certain conditions are: some think they can advise you to change your diet or to exercise, while others want to start you on medications, even when they both agree you have a particular condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then on top of all of that there's the matter of how the doctors get paid. Some want to recommend particular treatments or tests as much to ensure an income for themselves as to actually fix you. We of course all hope that such people are few and far between, but they do exist, and you may have met a few of them in your time, or your relatives may have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should you behave? You have two choices. One is to focus on your symptoms: you're tired, or your eye hurts, or whatever, and ask your doctor to help you learn why and help you fix that so you feel better. If they do a measurement and say that it's fine, you ask them to do some other measurement or test so that they can suggest things to do that will help with your symptom. The other approach is to learn more about the condition you think you may have. Say you think you have high blood pressure. Learn what a normal range for each number is. When your doctor measures yours, ask what the measurement was. Learn the things you can do - how you sit, for example, that can affect the measurement. Ask the doctor's conclusion about the measurement - is it high? is it fine? - and if your conclusion is different, ask why. Why is that high? Don't people normally vary between x and y over the course of a day? Or why is that fine? Learn some of the thought processes your doctor is going through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting a second opinion is a fine strategy. But &quot;Dr A says I need a medication and Dr B says I do not&quot; is nowhere near as valuable as &quot;Dr A measured 8 and says normal is 10-12 so I need this medication to raise it, but Dr B measured 10 and says normal is 9-13 so I don't.&quot;  You can now go and learn more about what a normal range is, the consequences of being low, the side effects of the medication, and so on, then make an informed decision, including which doctor you want to work with over time to maintain your health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-01-14T22:24:51.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-15T05:39:38.673" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Except of improve the life that influence our health and  creating this black circles down of eyes what we can we do to fix those circles.As an example can i use an ice on the black circles down of eyes to make those black circles go away?what can I use( not chemical ways ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T04:56:29.177" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T04:56:29.177" Title="black circles on eyes" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;blemishes&gt;&lt;periorbital-dark-circles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-15T08:47:53.200" Score="2" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cookwares are made up of various materials. Which cookware is best from health perspective? Please include anodised aluminium and stainless steel in your answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7946" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:21:16.233" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T12:33:23.553" Title="Which cookware is best from health perspective?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10806" CreationDate="2017-01-15T09:21:56.000" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;US source Medline-Plus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UK source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;www.nhs.uk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7947" LastActivityDate="2017-01-15T09:21:56.000" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10821" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10827" CreationDate="2017-01-16T00:43:55.677" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had my gallbladder removed a few years ago because I developed pancreatitis out of the blue and my pancreas hemorrhaged... and they never figured it out... so they assumed it was probably a gallstone that perforated my pancreas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the Urgent Care today -- the doctor was telling me that he still suspected that my pain was still caused by gallbladder complications? Like I still had stones in my bile-ducts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is that possible?? My gallbladder was removed 9 years ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I am having an ultrasound to confirm the findings of gallstones (or kidney stones), but even if they found gallstones, what then do they do? Since the gallbladder was already removed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T20:09:51.957" Title="How/why is it possible for a body to produce gallstones -- yrs after gallbladder was removed?" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;gallstone&gt;&lt;bile-biliary-duct&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10788" CreationDate="2017-01-16T03:49:07.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct use of dental floss is to use a new portion of the floss for every site. The easiest way to achieve it is through the loop or circle technique, using a new part of the loop every time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L5Q5ObxFYY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, always use the floss before the toothbrush. If you use after, you will remove toothpaste (fluoride) deposited in the surface of the teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:10:44.937" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:44.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-16T05:27:47.070" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have looked online but can't find a clear answer. If you eat cannabis, what are the negative effects on the body. Most effects I see online are from smoking the cannabis. But not to much about marijuana its self.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7950" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T05:16:46.300" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T18:31:59.897" Title="Marijuana effects on body" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-16T08:55:08.360" Score="3" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question comes off the back of an answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/a/16562/7604&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; where there was reference to a retraction of an article in The Lancet based on inaccuracies and fraudulent data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a lot of research (if not all) are funded by interested parties such as pharmaceutical companies, the legal profession, etc. I was wondering if there are any articles released which has results in opposite to the best interest of the funding organisation(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/26642/7604&quot;&gt;One example I have recently found by chance within the fields of Psychology and Neuroscience&lt;/a&gt; involves using Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) to treat difficult-to-treat depression (DTD).  Due to the amount of research with conflicts of interest concerning manufacturer(s) of VNS equipment, it is hard if not impossible to find any research completely free of the possible influence the manufacturer(s) have had so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here I am looking for any examples which will show that there is medical research which is completely impartial and not necessarily just the example here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-02-16T14:47:29.653" LastActivityDate="2021-02-16T14:47:29.653" Title="How impartial is medical research?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10821" CreationDate="2017-01-16T15:10:18.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, they never officially confirmed if the problem 9 years ago was from &lt;em&gt;gallstones?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the gallbladder is removed, a doctor usually cuts it and checks if there is any stone in it, so if it were, you would probably know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you have gallstones in the gallbladder you can have additional ones in the ducts. Theoretically, it is possible that a surgeon removes the gallbladder with stones, but some stone remains hidden in the ducts. Ultrasound should detect this. At next ultrasound, you can ask a doctor if any gallstones are mentioned in your medical documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they find a gallstone in a common bile duct, they can remove it by a type of upper endoscopy called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ddc.musc.edu/public/procedures/ERCP.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ERCP&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another quite common cause of the gallbladder-like pain after gallbladder removal is &lt;strong&gt;biliary dyskinesia,&lt;/strong&gt; or more specifically &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iffgd.org/upper-gi-disorders/sphincter-of-oddi-dysfunction.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; which can be due to a spasm of the muscular sphincter at the end of the common bile duct (where it opens into the duodenum). The exact cause is not known, but may be partly psychosomatic or related to certain foods (a bit like in IBS). The pain in SOD appears in the upper right abdominal quadrant (usually just at the bottom of the rib cage), builds up to a steady level and then remains constant and lasts at least 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible that the original problem may not be associated with the bile ducts but with the pancreas. Pancreas can produce &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;pancreatic stones&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which can block the pancreatic duct and cause pancreatitis. These stones can be also removed by ERCP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-16T20:09:51.957" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T20:09:51.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10829" CreationDate="2017-01-16T16:12:03.100" Score="1" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_pollen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bee pollen&lt;/a&gt; is frequently referred to as a health supplement and sold as &quot;organic&quot; in organic supermarkets and stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how pollen can be claimed to be organic and to what extent organic pollen sold differs from non-organic (as referred to the label) pollen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my common sense reasoning, I imagine it to be very difficult to restrict bees to only collect pollen from plants that were not treated with chemicals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, are there any adverse health effects from eating non-organic pollen? Are they more likely to contain chemicals if collected directly from plants that were exposed to chemicals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7462" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T18:57:00.717" Title="How can bee pollen be organic?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;pesticides&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10828" CreationDate="2017-01-16T18:57:00.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.organicfacts.net/organic-products/organic-food/organic-honey-standards.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; that for pollen and honey to be considered organic, there are stipulations on land 3km radius being chemical free and hives to be organic by being natural untreated timber or metal and free of lead based paints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-01-16T18:57:00.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-17T11:09:08.423" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have three cysts in my scalp and they cause me headaches.  I plan to remove them however, I'm afraid about not having my hair grow back.  How likely is it that I might have permanent bald spots as a result of these cysts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7957" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:18:44.407" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:18:44.407" Title="Will my hair grow back?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10796" CreationDate="2017-01-17T14:12:29.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are not pleased with what the doctor said or you do not trust him, obtain your medical documentation about your case and ask for the second opinion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another doctor, in order to be able to give you a proper advice, will need to know the exact type and size of the polyp, was it the only polyp, the first polyp, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of guidelines for the screening after a polyp removal: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0115/p93.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance (American Family Physician, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with one or two tubular adenomas that are smaller than 10 mm&#xA;  should have a repeat colonoscopy in five to 10 years. Repeat&#xA;  colonoscopy at five years is recommended for patients with&#xA;  nondysplastic serrated polyps that are smaller than 10 mm. Patients&#xA;  with three to 10 adenomas found during a single colonoscopy, an&#xA;  adenoma or serrated polyp that is 10 mm or larger, an adenoma with&#xA;  villous features or high-grade dysplasia, a sessile serrated polyp&#xA;  with cytologic dysplasia, or a traditional serrated adenoma are at&#xA;  increased risk of developing advanced neoplasia during surveillance&#xA;  and should have a repeat colonoscopy in three years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to give any suggestion or hint other than: you may want to ask for a second opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a doctor removes a small polyp from the colon, it is usually adenoma - this is a benign, noncancerous tumor that does not cause any harm. But if you leave such adenoma in the colon intact, it can often develop into a cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, once one adenoma is found in your colon, you are at increased risk that another adenoma will appear later and if you give it enough time, it can develop into cancer. I don't know the exact statistics right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stool tests for colorectal cancer&lt;/strong&gt; are briefly explained on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/screening/tests.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;FIT&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; test is basically just more specific test than it is the more known guiac &lt;strong&gt;fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;&quot;FIT-DNA&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; test (also referred to as the &lt;strong&gt;stool DNA test&lt;/strong&gt;) combines the FIT with a test that detects altered DNA in the stool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-18T14:04:02.030" LastActivityDate="2017-01-18T14:04:02.030" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-17T16:43:58.803" Score="1" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a metal microwave which is a bit rusty, also on the inside. Would there be any health hazards due to the condition of this metal, when using the microwave oven?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T03:09:08.393" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T03:09:08.393" Title="Any known health hazards due to rusty metal on the inside of a microwave oven?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;microwaves&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10759" CreationDate="2017-01-17T19:52:48.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a doctor I would &lt;strong&gt;get a family medicine doctor&lt;/strong&gt;. He can help you in various ways: not only he can certainly manage optimally your &lt;strong&gt;pathologies&lt;/strong&gt; (if you have any), but also can give you advices on &lt;strong&gt;prevention&lt;/strong&gt; and could help you with &lt;strong&gt;bureaucracy&lt;/strong&gt; (at least here in Italy family medicine doctors are way more familiar with those things then internal medicine ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you need an internal medicine doctor to manage any specific disease you may already have I still strongly support getting a family medicine one (which of course could interact with other specialists to treat your condition).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internal medicine is to be considered a sub-speciality in my opinion and not an enhanced version of a family medicine one: they just have different roles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastEditorUserId="415" LastEditDate="2017-01-17T20:40:39.400" LastActivityDate="2017-01-17T20:40:39.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10759" CreationDate="2017-01-17T19:55:11.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;family doctor&lt;/strong&gt; is basically your GP, your primary doctor whom you usually see first whatever happens. You visit him in his outpatient office or he visits you at home. A family doctor can make regular chekups, gives you advice and medications for sore throat and other non life-threatening conditions, or makes a diagnosis of a disease for treatment of which he/she will want to send you to hospital. A family physician also deals with common pediatric and gynecologic issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From your second article (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acponline.org/about-acp/about-internal-medicine/career-paths/medical-student-career-path/internal-medicine-vs-family-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acponline.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Required &lt;strong&gt;internal medicine&lt;/strong&gt; training centers on common general medical&#xA;  conditions, but also includes significant experience in each of the&#xA;  internal medicine subspecialties (such as endocrinology, rheumatology,&#xA;  and infectious diseases) and neurology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a family doctor is like a &quot;wider profile&quot; of a general practitioner who--beside common conditions in adults--also deals with children and gynecological problems on the outpatient level. On the other hand an internist is like a &quot;general specialist&quot; who should be able to treat certain more serious conditions, like peptic ulcer, angina, carpal tunnel syndrome, and usually works in a hospital (but could also be on the outpatient level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-17T21:20:18.877" LastActivityDate="2017-01-17T21:20:18.877" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10759" CreationDate="2017-01-17T21:00:38.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding training, a Family Medicine (FM) doctor and an Internal Medicine (IM) doctor who practices primary care are very similar. Both receive &lt;a href=&quot;https://residency.wustl.edu/Residencies/Pages/LengthofResidencies.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 years&lt;/a&gt; of residency training, in both the hospital and outpatient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FM docs are also trained to work with kids. All things equal, IM docs will thus have proportionally more experience with adults. More generally, as said by other answerers, IM docs will usually have more experience with particularly sick adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truth is, both are equally qualified to provide primary care for a healthy young adult male. It's hard to say that the quality of your care will be better from one or the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Physician%20Specialty%20Databook%202014.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;demographics of FM docs and IM docs are different&lt;/a&gt;. I don't wish to stereotype, so this mostly helps predict what you'll find if you're picking one at random - I wouldn't apply it to individuals. To repeat: I have the utmost respect for both professions, and I intend this to be as neutral as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IM docs are more likely to be young&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IM docs are more likely to have graduated from a foreign medical school, and/or to be a foreign national.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;15% of FM doctors have a DO instead of an MD (as opposed to 5% for IM). It's controversial if there is a difference in quality, but DOs receive more training in massage and other body manipulations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no source for this, but I'm gonna cite it as semi-common knowledge. I thought about leaving it off but it's a big deal to some people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most physicians are at least somewhat disdainful of &quot;alternative&quot; therapies (at least the ones with insufficient research). This is still true in FM, but it's my experience that the rare doctor who &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; have an interest there is more likely to end up in FM. If you're big into alternative medicine I would lean towards FM, if you're not then don't let it scare you away. (Please read this paragraph as neutrally as possible; I don't want to start a derailing debate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: your care likely won't suffer either way, but you'll be choosing from a slightly different pool of personalities and demographics. Naturally, all of these are generalizations, individuals all differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastEditorUserId="7735" LastEditDate="2017-02-01T15:35:02.900" LastActivityDate="2017-02-01T15:35:02.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10807" CreationDate="2017-01-17T21:11:31.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Three spots in the brain do not automatically mean three different symptoms. Even if those spots are abnormal, they do not necessary cause any damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor in the &quot;2. MRI report&quot; says there are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...few bilateral &lt;strong&gt;parietal&lt;/strong&gt; subcortical tiny white matter&#xA;  foci...warrant further evaluation to exclude possibility of early&#xA;  onset MS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there are 3 &lt;em&gt;tiny&lt;/em&gt; spots in the white matter of the &lt;strong&gt;parietal lobes&lt;/strong&gt; of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brainmadesimple.com/parietal-lobe.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Parietal Lobes (Brainmadesimple.com)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Function: Processes sensory information that had to do with &lt;strong&gt;taste,&#xA;  temperature, and touch&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/brain_lesions_lesions_on_the_brain/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brain Lesions (MedicineNet)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Parietal lobes are where sensation is processed and interpreted. Aside&#xA;  from touch, &lt;strong&gt;pressure&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;pain,&lt;/strong&gt; there is also the concept of &lt;strong&gt;spatial&#xA;  cognition,&lt;/strong&gt; where the brain recognizes where the body is in&#xA;  relationship to the area around it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reference.com/science/function-parietal-lobe-6297ec84190d8cab&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is the function of the parietal lobe? (Reference.com)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with damage to the parietal lobe can suffer from &lt;strong&gt;language or&#xA;  memory loss&lt;/strong&gt; and might also be &lt;strong&gt;unable to hold a gaze.&lt;/strong&gt; Thus, the&#xA;  parietal lobe helps people recall words when speaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The visual processing within the parietal lobe facilitates &lt;strong&gt;writing&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;mathematical calculations.&lt;/strong&gt; The parietal lobe is also responsible for&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;perception&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;language processing.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajnr.org/content/20/10/1956.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Memory Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis...(American Journal of Neuroradiology)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lesions of the deep white matter in the left parietal lobe have been&#xA;  found to be associated with &lt;strong&gt;impaired performance on the paired&#xA;  associates test, a test of learning and memory.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not saying you should or will suffer from any of these symptoms. A neurologist, who can perform an exact neurological examination might detect some signs you are not aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T11:17:34.217" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T11:17:34.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T00:02:38.347" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research on drop attacks, specifically for those causes mentioned on &lt;a href=&quot;http://american-hearing.org/disorders/drop-attacks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://american-hearing.org/disorders/drop-attacks/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to get an idea of the frequency for drop attacks for each of the known causes mentioned in that article.  Some suggestions for possible responses could be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X times in a lifetime&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X times per year (or month or week, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100% unpredictable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More frequent in older/younger/gender/etc  people (how frequent in each?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No information available&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, provide a reference to where you get your information.  Here are the causes listed on the page I linked to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Cause never established&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Due to the heart (a variant of syncope)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Poor circulation to the brain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Problems with both the heart and the brain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Seizures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Due to the inner ear&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) Psychological problems&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7964" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T04:38:30.677" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T04:38:30.677" Title="Do drop attacks reoccur?" Tags="&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;equilibrium-balance&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;inner-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T01:24:18.847" Score="1" ViewCount="5381" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is diarrhea often accompanied by sweat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that when I or my significant other gets a bout of diarrhea -- that sweating often manifests itself too (moments before and during the process). What causes this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T02:03:51.430" Title="Why is diarrhea often accompanied by sweat? What is the function of the sweat in this process?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;function&gt;&lt;stools&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T12:59:26.497" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sweetener stevia is supposedly healthy. That being said, I have some stevia drops in my refrigerator that are flavored. Is my assumption correct that if this flavoring is artificial, that the health benefits decrease?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; The drops I am using as my example are hazelnut flavored and I do not know whether or not they are artificially flavored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7969" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T02:49:37.137" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T02:49:37.137" Title="Stevia Sweetener" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;artificial-flavor&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10846" CreationDate="2017-01-18T18:29:38.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;About Stevia : I don't know for sure what this product is so I will assume it is just &lt;em&gt;Stevia rebaudiana&lt;/em&gt; extract. There has been a huge controversy over the safety of the product, but serious studies (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2006%2F9241660546_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO - Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Steviol Glycosides&lt;/a&gt;) tend to prove there's no significant effect on health (not a mutagen) in &quot;consumption&quot; doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Committee concluded that &lt;strong&gt;stevioside and rebaudioside A are not genotoxic&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  in vitro or in vivo and that the genotoxicity of steviol and some of its oxidative&#xA;  derivatives in vitro is not expressed in vivo. &#xA;  The no-observed-effect level (NOEL)&#xA;  for stevioside was 970mg/kgbw per day in a long-term study evaluated by the&#xA;  Committee&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that it is not an &quot;inert&quot; compound has apparently &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; effects on humans. Please ask a doctor if you think you might be affected by the Stevia extract you use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Committee noted that stevioside has shown &lt;strong&gt;some evidence of pharmacological&#xA;  effects&lt;/strong&gt; in patients with hypertension or with type-2 diabetes [..]. The evidence available at present was inadequate to&#xA;  assess whether these pharmacological effects would also occur at lower levels of&#xA;  dietary exposure, which could lead to adverse effects in some individuals (e.g.&#xA;  those with hypotension or diabetes). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All depends of the flavor.&#xA;Hazelnut flavor is most likely to be filbertone but it could also be a mix of different other chemicals I'm not aware of. Filbertone is naturally present in hazelnut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any study claiming that filbertone is harmful but also none that claimed it was totally safe. Normally it should be present in very small quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally your stevia drops should contain information about its composition. Ask a someone competent if you want detailed information. It can be a doctor, a chemist or a pharmacist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7972" LastEditorUserId="7972" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T09:30:27.343" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T09:30:27.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10845" CreationDate="2017-01-18T18:55:27.163" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to sources - Diarrhea is caused mainly due to viral infections&#xA;and food poisoning.Cramps, Sweats, and diarrhea can go along due to infection in the uterus or intestines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7974" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T02:03:51.430" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T02:03:51.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T19:29:30.570" Score="2" ViewCount="980" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really find myself threatened by the amount of passive smoke and off-gases of cars I have to inhale every day. I know that surgical mask are not the ultimate solution to it, but can I protect myself from a substantial amount of gas and smoke if I was to wear one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: I don't care what other would think of me in public.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7975" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T04:52:05.293" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T04:52:05.293" Title="Do surgical masks effectively protect me against passive smoking and off-gases from cars?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T21:33:19.940" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, I've got a Rash on my face. It's red and blotchy like broken capillaries but smooth to the touch. It doesn't hurt and is not itchy. The closest condition I can describe it to is Rosacea, but not experiencing half the symptoms of it so I cannot be too sure that is the diagnosis. Could be related to eczema - have had this before in the past on arms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's on my Cheeks and a tiny bit on my chin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to become inflamed after I wash my face. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had to compare how it looks I would say it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.commonskinconditions.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/capillary-repair.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very similar to this&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had it for years and am exhausting options. Have seeked professional advice with no avail, now looking here for help.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2290" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T00:09:15.097" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T00:09:15.097" Title="Rash on face, what is the most likely cause and best treatment?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-02-17T23:29:36.487" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-18T23:54:24.510" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a lip problem. &#xA;So I have a habit of picking my lips, and I finally decided to quit that habit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I picked my bottom lip so much that it turned pink, my whole bottom lip is literally pink now.  I have also started to pick the top of my lip as you can see in the picture.(below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am trying to &quot;grow&quot; back my brown skin on my lip again, btw I'm black, and every time the skin starts to cover the pink areas, I get the urgency to peel of the growing skin. Yes, I have a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;================================&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;me:&lt;/em&gt; Should I show u a picture of my lips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;stack overflow:&lt;/em&gt; No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;me:&lt;/em&gt; Come on u guys need to see how it looks like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;stack overflow:&lt;/em&gt; We can imagine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;me:&lt;/em&gt; well I don't care what you say I'm gonna show u anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AMWcJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; [&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AMWcJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Heres my lips!!!!  &quot;&gt;]&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AMWcJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;stack overflow&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As u can see the pink areas use to be brown, u might notice that some brown is starting to grow back, that's because I have worked hard on trying not to pick at it. But I still do it.&#xA;Also I have a habit of licking my lips[2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I try to do to fix it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put some moisturizer, Cetaphil, and that only makes the skin dry and peel by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put on some Aquaphor and that makes me want to peel my skin off even more!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] I was wondering if I should stop putting lotion on my lips. Because I lick my lips and I get stomachaches, all the lotion getting to my stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**My question **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I see a skin doctor?&#xA;How do I prevent myself from picking the skin off?&#xA;Is there a moisturizer specifically for lips?&#xA;How Long would it take for my whole lives to be its original in of color brown?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7977" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T00:08:01.450" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T00:08:01.450" Title="Pealing lips problem" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;&lt;dry-lips&gt;&lt;dermatillomania&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-19T00:22:35.023" Score="1" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, if one had the majority of the symptoms for Lupus, and even tested positive for SLE via a ANA blood test result, but still hasn't had a &quot;Butterfly&quot; rash ever to appear -- could they still be medically diagnosed with Lupus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Rhematologist was telling me that he does not diagnose anyone with Lupus unless they eventually develop a &quot;Butterfly rash&quot; -- otherwise he just diagnoses people that have all the Lupus symptoms (except the Butterfly), even if they tested positive for Lupus in the blood-work, as &quot;fibromyalgia.&quot; To him, the Butterfly rash is the single most important hinge that swings a fibromyalgia diagnosis to a lupus diagnosis.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But everywhere I look online, not everyone that is positive for Lupus will experience the &quot;Butterfly&quot; Rash. Right? Or am I wrong? Is there medical information that explains either way, and how paramount this &quot;Butterfly&quot; Rash is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:15:46.500" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:15:46.500" Title="Can one be diagnosed with Lupus without the &quot;Butterfly&quot; rash ever occuring?" Tags="&lt;rash&gt;&lt;lupus&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10850" CreationDate="2017-01-19T01:57:29.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that surgical masks are designed primarily to protect the patient from the surgical staff, not the other way around. They prevent  aerosols exhaled by the surgeons and nurses from reaching the sterile surgical field, and do very little to filter the air the staff breathes. In order to do that, you need a tight seal on the face with no gaps, and obviously a paper mask can't do that. Much of the air you breath will come in through those gaps and not be filtered at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although they would stop &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; of the largest suspended particles in air pollution from being inhaled, they would do nothing whatsoever to stop gases such as carbon monoxide, benzene, sulfur dioxide, etc. You would have to wear a self-contained breathing apparatus like scuba divers and firefighters wear to protect against those, which means you'd need to carry an air tank to go with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For citations I refer you to an almost identical question on the physics exchange: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/68502/can-facial-surgical-mask-effectively-filter-particles-of-smoke-pollution&quot;&gt;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/68502/can-facial-surgical-mask-effectively-filter-particles-of-smoke-pollution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:40:18.443" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T01:57:29.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-19T07:39:09.343" Score="4" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please only state ideas that have personally helped you, in your&#xA;daily experience, not a hypothetical answer from a website,&#xA;that &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had major problems with sleep at least since I was a teenager,&#xA;and extraordinary sleeping hours. I feel that if allowed to, I could probably&#xA;go to sleep one hour later every day, until I was back to normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read dozens of articles on the Internet, and talked to family&#xA;and friends, I have tried dozens of suggestions. Nothing has worked for me.&#xA;I feel that perhaps one or two ideas from someone, that are attestable,&#xA;that actually worked in their personal life experience, might work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:&#xA;For reference I can state some tips for the converse, how to stay up longer,&#xA;to indicate the kind of advice I'm looking for:&#xA;eat oranges, drink protein powder, go out into the light and walk around,&#xA;take a strategically timed nap halfway between waking up and desired bedtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 2:&#xA;I do not want to take sleeping pills or medications, although supplements&#xA;would be potentially acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 3:&#xA;If you are aware of something that definitely makes it harder for you to get to sleep, to avoid, that could be potentially relevant and interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT:]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Note 4:&#xA;This is a good summary of quality and useful, but generic, advice:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unidocs.co.uk/docs/misc/sleephygieneleaflet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.unidocs.co.uk/docs/misc/sleephygieneleaflet.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note 5:&#xA;Any mental or physical activities that are attestably good at causing rapid exhaustion would be worth mentioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7978" LastEditorUserId="7978" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T00:49:16.523" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T00:49:16.523" Title="How to get to sleep half-an-hour / an hour earlier than the day before?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10855" CreationDate="2017-01-19T08:18:50.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was young I had the same problem. From experience I've learned to stick to the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Focus on the time you want to get up, not on bedtime. So, just get up at the time you want to get up regardless of how much sleep I got. The more physically fit you are, the less you'll be bothered by the lack of sleep for a few days. Also, by sticking to your exercise routine when changing your biorhythm (you may need to reduce the intensity and duration of exercise if you sleep less than 5 to 6 hours), you'll fall asleep at the right time. The fitter you are, the more the effects of the lack of sleep will be confined to cognitive functions, you'll still have plenty of energy to exert yourself physically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. today I had to get up 2 hours earlier than usual, I went to bed one hour earlier, but I stayed awake for half an hour longer than usual. Nevertheless I got up at the right time and I didn't skip my exercise of one hour fast running. Now, before I started to run I felt like dozing off, so it would have been very tempting for me to skip today's exercise, but had I done that that might have affected the sleep I'm about to get in an hour from now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T08:18:50.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-19T09:54:10.850" Score="2" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;up vote&#xA;0&#xA;down vote&#xA;favorite&#xA;I am no expert in biology or chemistry. There are two links one stating A1 milk is good and A2 is bad the other link claiming the opposite. Which one can I trust? What about buffalo milk which is not discussed in these links?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;link1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com/a1-vs-a2-milk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://authoritynutrition.com/a1-vs-a2-milk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;link2: &lt;a href=&quot;http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/a1-versus-a2-milk-does-it-matter-1414225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/a1-versus-a2-milk-does-it-matter-1414225&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea about the reputation of journals mentioned in link1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Help me out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7979" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T09:54:10.850" Title="The exact difference between A1 and A2 milk" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10810" CreationDate="2017-01-19T09:58:12.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the french equivalent of the FDA, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://agence-prd.ansm.sante.fr/php/ecodex/rcp/R0275712.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ANSM, in a minoxidil presentation  Resume des Caracteristiques Produit&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Le mécanisme précis d'action n'est pas connu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Translation :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action is not known&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the following study : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14996087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth.&lt;/a&gt; the mechanism of action is still not known, even if scientist start to suspect some mechanism of action to be the cause of the effects :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is &lt;strong&gt;some evidence&lt;/strong&gt; that the stimulatory effect of minoxidil on hair growth is also due to the opening of potassium channels by minoxidil sulphate, but &lt;strong&gt;this idea has been difficult to prove&lt;/strong&gt; and to date there has been no clear demonstration that KATP channels are expressed in the hair follicle. [...]stimulation of cell proliferation, inhibition of collagen synthesis, and stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandin synthesis. &lt;strong&gt;Some or all of these effects may be relevant to hair growth&lt;/strong&gt;, but &lt;strong&gt;the application of results&lt;/strong&gt; obtained in cell culture studies to the complex biology of the hair follicle &lt;strong&gt;is uncertain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can read, vasodilatation does not seem to be the reason behind the hair growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hair loss, unless a physician diagnosed something else, is probably normal male pattern hair loss . Studies tend to prove alopecia in male is androgen (testosterone and DHT) related and appear to be caused by a lack, or an inactivation, depending on the source, of stem cells. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is however not about the lack of nutrition or blood flow of the hair follicle. This is a very (very) vast subject, but the wikipedia &quot;Pattern hair loss&quot; article (can't post more link) provides plenty of valuable information about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The warm compress treatment is therefore very unlikely to work and I'd suggest you to ask a physician before attempting anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7972" LastEditorUserId="7972" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T20:22:44.790" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T20:22:44.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-19T11:09:53.373" Score="1" ViewCount="304" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the effect of taking vitamins tablets everyday for a long time? Will that make a person healthier? or harm the kidney? What if a person took them for about three or four months, Can He stop taking them after that period? Or his body will get used to take them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm talking about these medicines specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neurovit (Vit. B12).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vidrop (Vit. D).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Omega 3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ennervita (Vit. A and multivitamin and menerals).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T02:36:48.613" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T16:01:00.070" Title="Is It OK to take vitamin tablets every day for long time?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-07-12T16:42:49.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-19T17:50:39.853" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the question states, when boiling/steaming kale, do the omega 3 oils get boiled out?  I imagine the answer is yes similar to how oil gets boiled out from chicken or meat in a soup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T02:39:38.193" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T18:55:30.790" Title="When boiling/steaming spinach or kale, are the omega 3 oils boiled out?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;steam&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10866" CreationDate="2017-01-19T18:54:35.617" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is one more susceptible to chronic pancreatitis if one's pancreas hemorrhaged during a single inexplicable acute pancreatitis event?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 9 years ago, I suffered from acute pancreatitis, and somehow my pancreas hemorrhaged, and I lost a lot of blood due to internal bleeding and required several blood transfusions... As I mentioned in other posts, the doctors were unable to find the source for the sudden acute pancreatitis nor what caused it to hemorrhaged (so they removed my gallbladder as a precautionary measure).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway -- I was wondering if a single acute pancreatitis attack in the past that severely damaged your pancreas -- might develop into Chronic pancreatitis overtime? &lt;strong&gt;Is there a correlation to a one time incident to a chronic condition&lt;/strong&gt;, which develops years later? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the symptoms of Chronic Pancreatitis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And... I've never actually even taken a sip of alcohol in my life).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:15:21.537" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:15:21.537" Title="Is one more susceptible to chronic pancreatitis if one's pancreas hemorrhaged during a single inexplicable acute pancreatitis event?" Tags="&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;&lt;pancreatitis&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10818" CreationDate="2017-01-19T18:57:51.410" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only safe alternative I've seen is ceramic (not glazed with lead/nickel/aluminium etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should avoid especially aluminium and stainless as it can leach and cause bad health effects(aluminium leaches alot more). Avoid the non stick scam,they are coated with plenty of plastic/polymers causing various lymphatic illness.&#xA;There is ceramic that is safe, and maybe graphite cookware .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source with 12 studies linked :&lt;a href=&quot;https://donate.ewg.org/images/ewg_teflontempinfo_c02.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://donate.ewg.org/images/ewg_teflontempinfo_c02.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime you can cook your food at less high temperature(avoid higher than 240 celcius,which makes it almost useless) ,or cook in glass/borosilicate or ceramic in the oven,until you get a pan. Using oil to cook and not leaving it unattained will reduce alot of non-stick,and you can wash it straight after also.There is natural stick resistant ceramic enough for any if not most foods needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also don't trust any compagny using fluoride/chloride(or polymers/plastics) in cookware,I will not enter into the who would want people to ingest that,but the same thing is in water,in some transformed food ,which blocks the thyroid,pineal and alot of glands if not all of them. Notice how overcommercialised it is and almost everyone has one ? Also the Fda is so biased and hiding cures that I don't trust anything from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Environmental Working Group :&#xA;&quot; Exposure to PFCs has been associated with kidney and testicular cancer,&#xA;high cholesterol, abnormal thyroid hormone levels, pregnancy-induced&#xA;hypertension and preeclampsia, obesity and low birth weight – all good&#xA;reasons to reduce your exposure. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really have the time to find all the studies, altought I have checked on Ncbi/Pubmed ,on that website aluminium is very proven to leach(example aluminium cookware in oven and cofee percolator, stainless also but to a much lower extend(stainless is very often alloyed with nickel,chromium,molydbenum, it is still a health risk on the long term. Just another way of getting cancer or another illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also don't have the concrete proof but I've seen people claiming fluoride increased aluminium effect/transportation in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastEditorUserId="7983" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T17:53:01.770" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T17:53:01.770" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8950" CreationDate="2017-01-19T19:31:34.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a typical ambulance operating at the paramedic level in the US, the following vital signs might be recorded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Respiratory rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BP&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SpO2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GCS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EtCO2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pupil size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last two would be uncommon and only found with certain patients. It's likely there would be more than one set of vitals if the transport time is longer than a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for size, that's for a programmer who knows how the data is being transmitted and stored to figure out. It's not really a medical question, but using the maximum possible ranges of the numbers the minimum bit sizes I come up with are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HR: 9 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BP: 16 &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RR: 6&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SpO2: 7&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GCS: 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;EtCO2: 7&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pupils: 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total: 53&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recognize that those are the minimum sizes you could pack the data into. It's not likely stored in those minimal sizes but rather larger, traditional data types supported by modern databases and programming languages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to calculate a bitrate requirement without knowing how much data has to be transmitted within what period of time. In any case, that's definitely not a medical question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T19:31:34.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10863" CreationDate="2017-01-19T19:53:31.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible that one gradually develops chronic pancreatitis after a single attack of acute pancreatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pancreatitis (NIDDK)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The chronic form of pancreatitis can be triggered by one acute attack&#xA;  that damages the pancreatic duct. The damaged duct causes the pancreas&#xA;  to become inflamed. Scar tissue develops and the pancreas is slowly&#xA;  destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor can make a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis from certain blood tests and other investigations. If chronic pancreatitis is established, further investigations to find the exact cause are warranted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Causes of hemorrhagic pancreatitis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pseudocyst&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pseudoaneurysm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gallstones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anatomical abnormality of the pancreas&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/haemorrhagic-pancreatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiopedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2016/08230/Severe_acute_hemorrhagic_pancreatitis_secondary_to.50.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gut.bmj.com/content/54/3/426.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/pancreas_biliary_tract/acute_pancreatitis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HopkinsMedicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-19T21:36:08.453" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T21:36:08.453" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10855" CreationDate="2017-01-19T23:01:34.390" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theres plenty of herbal supplements that can help, but the real answer is you have to workout everyday and work on mental stuff to get you exhausted .&#xA;Either cardio and muscle training(different muscles each day). I've had that problem for years, theres no magical solution, you're just not tired enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also avoid computers and t.v, 1h30 to 2 hours prior to wished bedtime.&#xA;Obviously don't do heavy workout 1 hour before bed time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't take sugar 3-4 hours before bedtime (take proteins but not too late)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to take sunlight(1-3 hours minimum,best option is to do that when the sun is almost out) for your body to produce melatonin when it's dark(inside house or outside).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is supplements you can easily find that can help,namely herbs and amino acids,and proper nutrition just look it up.&#xA;For example one of the best food (with magnesium that helps alot for sleep) is sunflower seed &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Yes theres fat, but no it doesnt stay like trans fat and if you exercice it won't make you fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T23:01:34.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10198" CreationDate="2017-01-19T23:15:55.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would add to Carey Gregory answer , that water from tap water has bacteria and would make it worse. &#xA;There is natural eye drops from herbal extract (but I don't know them all as it is very hard product to compose,some herbs alone can work well) . Other synthetic eye drops can increase irritation or give you toxic effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is plenty of causes of red eyes, make sure you check symptoms for all of them, and then search from there,you'll find a good answer on internet if you look yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastActivityDate="2017-01-19T23:15:55.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3937" CreationDate="2017-01-20T01:25:03.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's normal to feel exhausted after 6 hours straight on a computer.&#xA;Stop taking fluoride and hallogens in water, that will help any latent/semi permanent brain fog, also take breaks, every hours, of 10-25 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other poisonous substances can cause &quot;brain fog&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also look for Iodine food source to detoxify fluoride and hallogens (raw cranberry smoothie is good source,think it's 2 onzes for 100%, potatoes are good too, beans also) . Theres also Choline for cognitive functions, and alot of other minerals act on that aswell. &#xA;&quot;&#xA;Look for fluoride and sodium laureth sulfate free toothpaste, or make your own, it seems sesame oil kills bacteria responsible for decay,although I have not seen enough proof of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend eating sunflower seed(3/4 or 1 cup) or pumpkin seeds , or peanuts &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&lt;/a&gt; , to get most of the nutrients everyone need, it helps the mental functions.  (Source USDA)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get F.Lux(reduces blue light) and reduce kelvins to 3500 you can also get Pangobright for even lower light,although in advanced setting F.Lux lets you do it also. If you don't want you can always wear glare+blue light reducing glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use zoom to read on computer press Ctrl and scroll up with the mouse wheel (or install an app that does it manually).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastEditorUserId="7983" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T21:23:31.290" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T21:23:31.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10225" CreationDate="2017-01-20T02:42:28.677" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you feel dehydrated it's probably you're just missing natural electrolytes and other nutrients that help with hydration(water retention) so you have to drink alot less and feel hydrated for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theres way better methods to reduce body heat,for example,put plenty of water on your body with a rag and get a fan towards you or go in the outdoor wind. That is how the body cools itself off with sweat. Water on skin cools several times ,10-20X more than air itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe building a homemade house cooling system(with water),look it up on internet. You can look how to make electricity if you live in a place that is expensive, and then buy a cooling unit,but the homemade one works well it seems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T02:42:28.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9232" CreationDate="2017-01-20T02:49:53.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best are deactivated yeast or the extract and&#xA;Sunflower seeds(Source USDA) &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3076/2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other choices(Source USDA) but not limited to; include&#xA;Pumpkin seeds &#xA;Peanuts&#xA;Sesame&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbs are very good sources of all nutrients; look through these herbs (Source;USDA)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/healthy-herbs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/healthy-herbs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T02:49:53.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T04:03:15.567" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed a direct correlation between a spike in my WBC (when I don't have an detection of a viral or bacterial infection) and sometimes (but pretty rare for me), an elevated body-temperature that becomes a fever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over a course of months, my doctors have been monitoring my WBC and I've been monitoring my temperature, and a pattern we have noticed is that everything elevates when I'm under academic stress -- I'm a PhD student taking Comprehensive Exams (not in a medical related field, obviously).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But -- Why/how does stress sometimes cause a spike in WBC or even a fever?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Do either of these psychosomatic symptoms ever work in our benefit of calming us down under stress?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T04:03:15.567" Title="Why/how does stress sometimes cause a spike in WBC or even a fever?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10021" CreationDate="2017-01-20T05:32:46.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My husband was diagnosed with Autobrewery Syndrome in Sept 2015 by the leading ABS clinical doctor Dr. Anup Kanodia as a direct result of a motor vehicle accident while at work in December 2014.  He was taken to the hospital immediately after the accident where his blood draw was 0.29 BAC EVEN THOUGH HE WAS NOT OBSERVED TO BE INTOXICATED BY THE LAW OFFICER OR THE ER MEDICAL STAFF. I observed him prior to this accident showing signs of intestinal distress, an altered mental state, memory problems, severe bloating, and general flu-like symptoms.  Just like several other confirmed ABS patients, he took a course of antibiotics in 2013 as prescribed by his Primary Healthcare Physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autobrewery Syndrome is believed to be caused by common opportunistic yeast and bacteria found in the intestines of most humans.  Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) are consumed normally and after they leave the stomach, the yeast and bacteria in the small intestine begin using that energy to ferment and create ethanol.  At some point, the population of yeast and bacteria go into ethanol overdrive and make the person intoxicated - without that person having had a single sip of alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The earliest scientific literature I could find on the syndrome is from Japan in the 1930s.  It has popped up occasionally since then as a medical oddity article.  In 2013, Dr. Barbara Cordell published a new paper describing the timeline and symptoms of a person eventually diagnosed with Autobrewery Syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My husband is now a regular patient of Dr. Kanodia's and we consult regularly with Dr. Cordell to discuss dietary issues specific to ABS sufferers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a direct result of Autobrewery Syndrome, my husband was convicted of a DUII, reckless driving, and criminal negligence by the State of Oregon in January 2016.  The mandatory restitution we now owe to the State of Oregon exceeds $ 382,000 dollars (USD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are appealing this original conviction based upon the fact that the State of Oregon violated his Civil Rights during the trial.  He was not allowed to use his medical diagnosis in his own legal defense - per the judge's orders issued the night before his trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have created a website regarding our story and the impact ABS has had on our lives.  We also have a Facebook page if you'd like to communicate further with either of us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sierra &amp;amp; Ray Lewis&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/Autobreweryawareness/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.facebook.com/Autobreweryawareness/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.autobreweryawareness.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.autobreweryawareness.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7988" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T05:32:46.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10784" CreationDate="2017-01-20T06:50:51.300" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found some resources on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease/introduction-to-laboratory-diagnosis-of-infectious-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease&lt;/a&gt;, from Merck Manual. In practice, there is urgent need to start treatment before identification of the cause, so lab test will not be widely carried out (together with consideration on cost and potential benefits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7909" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T06:50:51.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10880" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10884" CreationDate="2017-01-20T06:51:35.820" Score="2" ViewCount="650" Body="&lt;p&gt;A decade + ago, I've been told that cell phones disrupt the medical devices in medical facilities, especially in the ER; thus, cell phones have been prohibited from the ER or other designated areas where a cell phone's signal would interrupt with the medical equipment's' signals. (Similar to how we used to shut down -- or airplane mode -- our cellular devices while on an airplane). &lt;strong&gt;Do cell phones cause a significant degree of disruption with the medical equipment's' ability to function properly? Are they still prohibited from the ER?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if policy has changed, research has changed, human behavior has changed, or technologies changed, or a combo, or all of the above, but I have seen a dime a dozen of people brazenly using their cell phones in the ER in a close proximity to medical equipment. &lt;strong&gt;Are they no longer prohibited? Why or why not?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T10:18:19.387" Title="Are cell phones still prohibited from the ER or other medical facilities? Why or why not?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9286" CreationDate="2017-01-20T08:20:21.123" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mineral water&lt;/strong&gt; from a glass bottle can have a good taste, is clean and does not contain fluoride (or far less than tap water).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is &lt;strong&gt;sodium&lt;/strong&gt; in mineral water that is most responsible for its (good) taste. Different brands contain different (small) amounts of sodium, mostly in the range 50-200 mg/liter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not need to seek for &quot;healthy minerals&quot; (calcium, magnesium) in water because you usually get them in greater amounts from foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here on &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=mineral%20water&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;SYNCHRONIZER_URI=%2Fndb%2Fsearch%2Flist&amp;amp;SYNCHRONIZER_TOKEN=5afe38ca-fafc-4036-899f-edc1a6dbd770&amp;amp;ds=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt; is a list of about 100 brands of mineral waters with nutrition facts, here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4177?man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;qlookup=mineral+water&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;format=Abridged&amp;amp;reportfmt=other&amp;amp;rptfrm=&amp;amp;ndbno=&amp;amp;nutrient1=&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;subset=&amp;amp;totCount=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=10&amp;amp;Q7847=8.0&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;Q7847=8.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one example&lt;/a&gt;: 330 mg Ca, 110 mg Mg, 130 mg Na per liter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Distilled water&lt;/strong&gt; contains no minerals, so it does not have any taste. Reverse osmosis water is pretty much the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-20T12:49:35.513" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T12:49:35.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T09:17:48.633" Score="4" ViewCount="1663" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this isn't too broad or unanswerable a question but I'm wondering how many mL of blood serum are typically drawn out for a blood test for HIV. What's the minimum that's typically required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7022" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T10:02:14.617" Title="How many mL of blood is typically drawn for a HIV blood test?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10880" CreationDate="2017-01-20T10:18:19.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cairo University's Journal of Advanced Research (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123216300248/pdfft?md5=972f2b102cdaed157b3fdc0378ab0cee&amp;amp;pid=1-s2.0-S2090123216300248-main.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;) looks at all of the studies on ElectroMagnetic Interferene (EMI) from mobile cellular phones and medical equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says that based on the literature, it was realized that during the initial development of cellular phones, the 2G cellular phones had caused more interference in the functioning of some medical devices.  This has been observed because the medical devices were not originally designed to interact with cell phones on their first come on the scene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By instant, it is the same way that the aircraft was not originally planned that passengers might use an RF emitting equipment onboard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says that at present, the situation may be the similar in some developing countries, but elsewhere, the situation has changed a lot, and the current medical devices are designed to operate safely under any conditions of usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UK Government &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electromagnetic-interference-sources/electromagnetic-interference-sources&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;also says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We do not recommend a ban on the use of mobile phones in hospitals.&#xA;  However, a mobile phone can affect sensitive equipment if it is closer&#xA;  than 1 metre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore we recommend that hospitals/trusts develop local policies to&#xA;  minimise the risk of interference in places such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;treatment areas such as:&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;intensive therapy units (ITU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;special care baby units (SCBU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;operating theatres&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;accident and emergency departments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;by the patient’s bedside when the patient is connected to any electro-medical device&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;other areas where interference with a device could have a detrimental effect on patients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T10:18:19.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T14:10:33.390" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to &quot;fix&quot; my face skin health look. I eat well but I don't see results on my face skin.Can I make my own cream for my skin?I don't want chemist things.I want to create &quot;creams&quot; to improve my face skin.Example can I use yogurt on my face? Things like this ,using fruits,vegetables I don't know what else but not chemist things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7561" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-20T16:58:51.403" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T23:47:24.547" Title="face skin cream" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;blemishes&gt;&lt;organic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T14:30:27.257" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this is the appropriate place to ask such a question and I've Googled this thought but have come back empty handed so wanted to run it by the stack exchange community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I catch any diseases or illnesses by merely scooping up dog feces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bending over to scoop up dog poop putting my respiratory system and face too close to fecal matter whereas after scooping it up and disturbing the pile I would now have microscopic ?pathogens? all over my face, neck, clothing, arms etc JUST BY scooping it up and being in such close proximity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7993" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-20T16:53:12.623" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T16:53:12.623" Title="How Close to Fecal Matter is Unhealthy" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;zoonotic-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T15:35:29.923" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm recovering from a serious COPD exacerbation, and want to start building my upper body strength; my goal is both to increase the strength of my chest muscles for breathing, as well as reduce my O2 needs for mundane activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually I'm planning to go work at a facility (gym, possibly pulmonary rehab) with trainers and machines. At the moment, I'm hooked up to a stationary oxygen compressor with limited movement and mostly confined to my bed and desk. So, I have very limited range of movement or open space to exercise in. But I want to start building up my strength ASAP, especially since I'm working from home all day with plenty of free time to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have using small hand weights doing lateral raises (I think? arms lifting straight out at the shoulder), as I have plenty of room out to the side. But in front, I don't really have enough room to properly do curls. Instead I have been rotating my arms 180 degrees so they face outward, and doing curls up to my side instead of up to my chest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this exercise as effective as &quot;proper&quot; curls in building the appropriate muscles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any possible damage I might be doing by exercising in such an unusual position? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a different type of exercise that has the same effect that would work better?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I have almost no experience with exercise, so please use small words :) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7994" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-21T02:24:56.843" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T02:24:56.843" Title="Upper body exercises in limited space" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;copd&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T17:16:25.577" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I contracted and suffered from TB when I was 3 years old and apparently it was an acute case because as my mother said they feared for my life. The disease was cured and I have had no sequels or long term effects that I know of, leading an active life, doing sports, yoga and so on.&#xA;Now in my fifties I'm beginning to have issues of backpain. The medical tests put it down to ageing but (now the question) could it be long-term effects of &#xA;the childhood TB?&#xA;Lastly, as I have some training as a paramedic, could you direct me to some bibliography?&#xA;Thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7996" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-20T18:01:03.347" LastActivityDate="2017-01-20T18:01:03.347" Title="long term effects of TB" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-20T19:58:36.837" Score="2" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an ALS-like disease called SMA type III. It's a progressive neurodegenerative disease and there was no cure until recently. I have been waiting for a cure for forty years. Thanks to technological advances in medicine, a pharmaceutical company in the USA developed a cure based on antisense oligonucleotide technology. Its name is Spinraza, it's proved to be effective in treatment and FDA approved it, it's on sale now but it's the most expensive drug in the world, about 75000$ per vial and I read that I need 8 intrathecal injections at least. Since it's at exorbitant price I need to look for alternative medicines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me give a brief info about my disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It affects motor neurons in the spinal cord. Unlike ALS, upper motor region in the brain is not affected. And unlike ALS, the cause of the disease is known. I began to feel the symptoms when I was three years old. I had weak muscle tone, weakness and atrophy developed, so I can not use voluntary muscles effectively, I needed to exert much efforts to do simple movements in the early stages of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What reduced me to paralysis  stems from deletion of codons from SMN1 gene located in 5th chromosome at 5q13 locus. Luckily another identical backup gene exists in the same chromosome called SMN2 but it unluckily has a single nucleotide transition from &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; in exon 7 region of SMN2, so it gives rise either to the loss of an SF2/ASF–dependent exonic splicing enhancer or to the creation of an hnRNP A/B–dependent exonic splicing silencer.&#xA;As a result of that mutation, SMN protein can not include the &quot;end parts&quot; named &lt;code&gt;exon 7&lt;/code&gt; so it produces short-lived not fully functional  protein which is essential for motor neurons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical trials concentrated on splice modifiers to include exon 7 during  pre-mRNA and mRNA process. Trials proved that it's feasible. &#xA;Another treatment approach is gene therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What do you propose in  my situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I rearranged the question according to request from moderator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7995" LastEditorUserId="7995" LastEditDate="2019-07-07T15:02:02.277" LastActivityDate="2019-07-07T15:02:02.277" Title="How can I bypass the most expensive drug in the world which goes on sale and get cured?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;&lt;neurodegenerative-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-07-08T22:44:04.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10908" CreationDate="2017-01-21T09:31:37.427" Score="0" ViewCount="280" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a Jerry Springer headline -- despite all the sizzling, implicit drama involved -- &lt;em&gt;heteropaternal superfecundation&lt;/em&gt; is a fertilization term when a woman is successfully impregnated by different/multiple men in the same ovulation cycle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We all know that kitten and puppies from the same litter can be fathered by multiple males (yay for a variety of breeds!)... And we don't typically associate human pregnancies in the same boat because... to be fair... this is quite rare. &lt;strong&gt;But how rare is it?&lt;/strong&gt; Statistics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So the infants are &lt;strong&gt;fraternal twins AND half-siblings&lt;/strong&gt;? Is there a &lt;strong&gt;term&lt;/strong&gt; that comprises this relationship.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;history&lt;/strong&gt; behind &lt;strong&gt;identifying this fertilization process?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;When was it officially documented?&lt;/strong&gt; Did they have any suspicions before DNA (like if children born different races)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:49:19.343" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:49:19.343" Title="Awkward: TWINS, but from DIFFERENT DADS? How rare is heteropaternal superfecundation (statistics)?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;conceive-conception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-21T11:59:46.100" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mom says she woke up with chest pains and nausea twice last night is this a early warning sign of heart attack or stroke? She takes Xanax on the regular not sure if that could have anything to do with it....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8000" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T11:59:46.100" Title="Chest pain accompanied with nausea" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;anti-anxiety-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10560" CreationDate="2017-01-21T15:22:56.787" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You express insight into your weaknesses in coping with stress, and a desire to build healthier coping mechanisms.  A person does not need to be in the acute phase of a psychological problem to seek therapy for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-a0034569.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevention is part&lt;/a&gt; of psychology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even Wikipedia lists prevention in the definition of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_psychology#Clinical_psychology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical psychology.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In health fields, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Levels_of_prevention&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary prevention&lt;/a&gt; tries to prevent something from happening the first time. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Levels_of_prevention&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Secondary prevention&lt;/a&gt; tries to prevent something from happening a subsequent time - as in your situation, where you identified that you've already experienced difficulties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even if you had never experienced difficulties, seeking to improve one's own coping skills to prevent future problems is primary prevention - which is generally ENCOURAGED.  I can't find Academy recommendations specifically for this, but many (if not all) of the 25+ therapists I've worked alongside in clinic encourage early/preventive counseling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychologists (PsyD or PhD) are not the only ones who do behavioral therapy, similarly trained therapists include MFT, MSW, LSW, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, and purely anecdotally, I will gladly disclose that I established a relationship with a therapist myself for preventive counseling a few times during  these 7 years of medical training, and have found it to be extremely valuable when navigating the extreme stressors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T15:22:56.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10892" CreationDate="2017-01-21T19:15:42.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusinersen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nusinersen&lt;/a&gt; is a very new drug approved just a few days ago by FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all you have to find a center were these injections can be performed (I guess there are just a few centers worldwide were these studies have been made).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try having a look at FDA website at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2016/209531Orig1s000TOC.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; to find out key doctors who ran experimental studies. Then try sending them an email or getting in contact with them. Surely there will be other trials running or planned (and they will be the ones who will run them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you have to solve the insurance part with their help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2017-01-21T19:15:42.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10917" CreationDate="2017-01-21T19:59:55.223" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, I don't drink alcohol or coffee so I'm not familiar with the basics and can't speak to the effectiveness of coffee on alcohol, etc. But I have questions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it even effective to &quot;sober-up&quot; an intoxicated/drunk person with coffee? Does their alertness level increase? Or is that just something people try because it's done on TV? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It would seem to me, seeing that alcohol and coffee are both diuretics, that this line of reasoning would only lead to dehydration -- so counter-intuitive to &quot;increasing alertness.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't know if there is an unsaid twist to this and everyone else adds something they're not mentioning that helps induce soberness without compromising hydration levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T02:40:59.740" Title="If alcohol and coffee are both diuretics -- why do so many intoxicated ppl drink coffee to sober up? Dehydration concern." Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10931" CreationDate="2017-01-21T21:32:48.890" Score="2" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;So one of the clinical signs of Cardiac insufficiency is a low blood pressure, and to treat cardiac insufficiency we try to decrease the Afterload.&#xA;what I don't get is that the Afterload is defined as being the force that opposes cardiac ejection and is represented by the blood pressure, and during Cardiac insufficiency we have a low blood pressure doesn't that mean the Afterload is already low ?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8004" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T22:31:01.650" Title="Afterload during Cardiac failure?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-22T10:56:09.590" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this sounds kinda weird for some reason but whenever I heard that we are having a long trip via bus I get a slight nausea eventhough we are not yet on the bus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms triggers even when I sit on the front and even on straight roads&#xA;Listening to music worsens the conditions to me&#xA;I can't even sleep whatever I tried to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried taking some anti-vertigo medicines and bonine but still the problem occurs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anyways to get rid of this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8008" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T01:00:31.283" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T01:00:31.283" Title="I easily get motion sickness/nausea/vomit when riding a bus" Tags="&lt;vomit&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;vertigo&gt;&lt;motion-sickness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-21T14:40:42.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10898" CreationDate="2017-01-22T14:19:48.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this answer on Biology.SE (given and researched by me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is possible through something called heteropaternal superfecundation (see below for further explanation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of all twin births, 30% are identical and 70% are non-identical (fraternal) twins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Identical twins result when a zygote (one egg, or ovum, fertilized by one sperm) splits at an early stage to become twins. Because the genetic material is essentially the same, they resemble each other closely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically during ovulation only one ovum is released to be fertilized by one sperm. However, sometimes a woman's ovaries release two ova. Each must be fertilized by a separate sperm cell. If she has intercourse with two different men, the two ova can be fertilized by sperm from different sexual partners. The term for this event is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488855&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heteropaternal superfecundation&lt;/a&gt; (HS): twins who have the same mother, but two different fathers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been proven in &lt;em&gt;paternity suits&lt;/em&gt; (in which there will be a bias selecting for possible infidelity) involving fraternal twins, where genetic testing must be done on each child. The frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation &lt;em&gt;in this group&lt;/em&gt; was found (in one study) to be 2.4%. As the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488855&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study's authors&lt;/a&gt; state, &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Inferences about the frequency of HS in other populations should be drawn with caution.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer specifics, it's rare, the offspring are half-siblings without any further specific name, and yes, before (and since) DNA testing, there were cases of different race children, but as it is rare, there are not many. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2017-01-22T14:19:48.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10791" CreationDate="2017-01-22T19:34:17.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Bipolar disorder is a medical condition you and your brother should find a psychiatrist who can manage your pathology optimally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you trust in this audio-psycho-phonology it is not supported by any scientific evidence so I would advice against using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical therapy (lithium etc) is essential and could be eventually supported by phycotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note I would add that Tomatis method has only been indagated in a case-control study on autism and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17610057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been proven of none efficacy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2017-01-22T19:34:17.497" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-23T12:22:39.500" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing an article about vertical vs. horizontal health programmes. I read that vertical programmes (health care programmes that aim to combat specific diseases) are more suited for diseases that require simple &amp;amp; easy interventions, so that the intervention is easily distributed across the region in need. I want to give some examples of such diseases that only require one-time intervention for cure, treatment or prevention, but could only think of male circumcision for HIV so far! I'm looking at any infectious diseases but especially in the areas of NTDs and top priority infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any suggestions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8017" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T22:05:48.350" Title="Which infectious diseases only require a one-off intervention for treatment, cure or prevention?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10230" CreationDate="2017-01-23T12:38:34.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the doctor in the other answer has clarified, without any study, it's not possible to reliably evaluate the safety of eating bones of large fish. Bones of large fish are not considered edible for humans, so I doubt anyone has done any study about this. Without a study, you can only guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fish bone can get stuck above the epiglottis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244942178_Fish_Bone_Piercing_Epiglottis_A_Case_Report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case report, ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;) or somewhere else in the throat or esophagus and cause an infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Canned sardines, mackerel, salmon and some other small fish often come with (edible) bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The safest source of calcium for someone who is allergic to various foods would be hard water. You can search for nutrition facts of various mineral waters and find an appropriate one. One such list is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2488164/table/Tab2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calcium concentration in bottled and mineral waters, PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T16:48:19.160" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T16:48:19.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5218" CreationDate="2017-01-23T14:42:11.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/conditions/shin-splints&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shin splints&lt;/a&gt; is dull, burning or throbbing &lt;strong&gt;pain&lt;/strong&gt; (not itch) on the &lt;strong&gt;inner (medial)&lt;/strong&gt; side of the shin in one or both legs. It appears at a certain time after onset of an exercise and typically resolves quickly (within 15 minutes) after stopping exercise. Only in severe cases, it can persist during rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shin splints do not appear as a long-term consequence of frequent knocking to the shins, but as an acute response to vibration stress, like during running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Socks or tightly laced shoes can cause itch, either because of tightness, in which case some swelling would be visible, or because of irritation by the fabric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T09:12:35.480" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T09:12:35.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-23T18:09:18.477" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;A Ketogenic Diet consists of around 200g of fat every day. We know Omega6 to Omega3 ratio should be between 4:1 and 1:1 and the Omega3's should not be taken in excess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that leaves us with at least 190g of fat that should come from Monounsaturated fats (Omega 7 &amp;amp; 9) and Saturated fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the common proportions in a Ketogenic Diet vs a standard carbohydrate rich diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8019" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-23T21:41:30.683" LastActivityDate="2017-09-09T12:08:19.530" Title="Ketogenic Diet: Fatty Acid Ratios" Tags="&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;omega-6&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9912" CreationDate="2017-01-23T20:23:39.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you have stated you are looking for &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;a way to build&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; a diet I will supply you with a tool that I have designed. It already includes a practical example of what I eat every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vEliJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vEliJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not simply a table, it's a calculation tool. Instructions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research foods that you eat at &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure the Serving size is set to 100g! I used to forget that all the time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paste the Values (for a 100g serving size) into the light grey tiles with yellow font.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adjust the amount that you eat everyday with the number above the green tiles (in gramms).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're one of the people that eat the same thing every day like me you can use this to take creating your &quot;perfect diets&quot; to the next level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope links are allowed on stackexchange, because this is the most important part. Get the Excel file here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B4AGSo-ayQGUa3QtSG1saFVXd2M?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B4AGSo-ayQGUa3QtSG1saFVXd2M?usp=sharing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarifying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;A&quot;, dark grey tiles: name of Nutrients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;B&quot;, red tiles: your RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance). Keep in mind the RDA is slightly different from the RDI (Recommended Daily Intake), research and tweak these values to your hearts content.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;C&quot;, red tiles: is the Upper Limit. You should not excess this number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;D&quot;, orange tiles: is the total nutrients you consume (sum of all the green tiles of the same row)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;E&quot;, orange tiles: Your Total / RDA. If you're anywhere near 100% you're good. However it will not warn you if you exceed the UL.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;F&quot;, &quot;I&quot;, &quot;L&quot;... grey tiles with yellow font: Insert the nutrition value for a 100g serving size of a food of your choice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;G&quot;, &quot;J&quot;, &quot;M&quot;... green tiles: Calculation of nutrition value for a serving size of your choice (adjust with number above the green tiles)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Column &quot;H&quot;, &quot;K&quot;, &quot;N&quot;... grey tiles: Percentage of RDA of the specified food&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8019" LastActivityDate="2017-01-23T20:23:39.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10903" CreationDate="2017-01-24T02:40:59.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, nothing will &quot;sober up&quot; a drunk; only time does that. What coffee does is provide caffeine, a stimulant. The stimulant effects will increase alertness, but they will do nothing for perception, coordination, balance or judgement. So, as mentioned in comments, all coffee gives you is an alert drunk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And sure, alcohol plus coffee is two diuretics, so it's bound to dehydrate you faster if you don't compensate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T02:40:59.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-24T07:55:43.617" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the biosynthesis, utilisation and catabolism systems of vitamin D, especially the pathways of neural cells' vitamin D response, altered by the pathophysiological condition of major depressive disorder? If so, can antidepressant drugs restore that? (Assume the dietary uptake and ultraviolet exposure are normal.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="88" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-09-02T14:24:24.303" LastActivityDate="2018-09-02T14:24:24.303" Title="Is vitamin D a very passive xenogenic factor to major depressive disorder?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-24T08:08:55.930" Score="6" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm dieting on a daily basis, but I'm not working out. Will I be able to lose weight just by diet or do I have to workout and exercise? I just can't understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8022" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:46:25.413" Title="can i lose weight just by dieting?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10923" CreationDate="2017-01-24T09:01:26.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You lose weight when you consume less calories than you burn. You burn calories even when you do not exercise, because your body needs calories to maintain vital functions of the heart, kidneys, brain, to digest food, produce heat, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, even if you lie in bed all day and consume less calories than you burn, you will lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you, as a sedentary adult, burn, for example, about 2,000 Calories per day, you need to consume less than this, let's say 1,500 Cal per day and you will lose weight, exercising or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you know how many calories do you burn? If you consume a certain amount of calories and your body weight remains stable for several weeks, you know that you consume about as much calories as you burn. So, you can count how many you consume and you will know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To lose weight, it seems reasonable to consume about 500 Calories less per day than you consume. This is a deficit of 3,500 Calories per week, which equals about 1 pound of body fat.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise is associated with several health benefits (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885312/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review, PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;). You do not need to &quot;work out&quot; to call it exercise. Even walking is exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T09:03:16.253" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T09:03:16.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10905" CreationDate="2017-01-24T22:31:01.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: When treating cardiac insufficiency the key focus is increasing stroke volume. To do this we don't just decrease afterload but we also lower preload and sometimes increase contractility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So cardiac insufficiency is all about cardiac output (CO) and CO = stroke volume(SV)* heart rate (HR). The key problem in cardiac insufficiency is the lowered stroke volume, i.e. the amount of blood that is ejected from the heart on each heartbeat. HR can sometimes be relevant but let's focus on the SV for now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SV is mostly dictated by three factors afterload, preload and contractility. The Frank-Starling mechanism regulates the relationship between these factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an inverse relationship between afterload, the pressure the left ventricle has to overcome to eject blood, and stroke volume that is represented by the force/tension curve. So in the setting of cardiac insufficiency and high blood pressure the lowering of afterload is key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is however a more complex relationship between preload and stroke volume. Stroke volume increases with increased preload up until a certain threshold where the preload pulls the sarcomeres of the cardiac muscles to wide. At this point increased preload decreases the stroke volume even further. This is sometimes referred to as the Starling mechanism (see fig 1). In the setting of fluid overload as we see in cardiac insufficiency blood backs up in the pulmonary blood stream leading to increased preload to the point where it is so high as to decrease the stroke volume. This is where decreasing preload is helpful in increasing stroke volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 2&lt;/strong&gt; The Starling mechanism (note that Ventricular end-diastolic volume is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2AJin.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2AJin.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Sterling Mechanism&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between preload and stroke volume is even further determined by the hearts contractility. An increased contractility leads to a greater increase in stroke volume with each unit of preload (see fig 2). In cardiac insufficiency contractility is usually decreased leading to lower stroke volume in relation to preload. Sometimes, especially in a critical care environment contractility is increased by giving inotropic medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 3&lt;/strong&gt; (LV EDP: Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (i.e. preload))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vekal.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vekal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Contractility affecting the starling mechanism&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when we treat cardiac insufficiency we can manipulate all those factors to alleviate the key problem of a low stroke volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T22:31:01.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10911" CreationDate="2017-01-24T22:55:47.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well there are quite a few but circumcision for HIV is not one of them. There are some reports of circumcision slightly decreasing the risk of contracting HIV but it is in no way fully protective for HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are however loads one of treatments/procedures that cure or prevent disease. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)&lt;strong&gt;Childhood vaccinations&lt;/strong&gt; have virtually eliminated many serious infections in childhood and adulthood. Especially the vaccinations for N. Mengningitis (bacteria that causes meningitis), the MMR (mumps, measles, rubella), Hepatitis B, Smallpox (this one is actually no longer done because the disease has been eradicated) and polio. The TB vaccine is not as good as those mentioned but is also available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)&lt;strong&gt;Chlamydia&lt;/strong&gt; can be treated with a single dose of azithromycin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastEditorUserId="8027" LastEditDate="2017-01-24T23:04:02.077" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T23:04:02.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10883" CreationDate="2017-01-24T23:02:40.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;HIV blood tests (for antigens and antibodies) are, at least where I practice, 4mL. However, if your doctor wants other blood tests she might add 1-2 vials of the same size. Depends on the organisation of the clinical lab and the tests draw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not fully familiar with how rapid HIV testing is done though. That might be slightly different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastActivityDate="2017-01-24T23:02:40.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-24T23:20:17.947" Score="1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I don't smoke but I am wondering if someone were to say smoke about 10 cigarettes per year from about age 20 to age 70, would it affect their health in any way? Would they still be more prone to lung cancer, ventilators, diseases, chronic cough, etc.? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8033" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:02:39.560" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:02:39.560" Title="Will smoking about 10 cigarettes per year over about 50 years virtually do anything to your health?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10446" CreationDate="2017-01-24T23:23:38.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definition of syncope is exactly that, hypo-perfusion in the brain. This is usually caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure such as in a vaso-vagal syncope where a strong vagal response triggers sudden dilation of arteries (vasodilation) and decreases the heart rate. The same goes for heart conditions called arrhythmias cause an abnormal heartbeat (sometimes very slow or very fast) that leads to a drop in blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The response to this hypo-perfusion is a sudden loss of consciousness and muscle tone. This leads to collapse leaving the head/brain at the same level as the heart. This makes the return of venous blood from the lower body easier as it no longer travels against gravity and blood must no longer travel against gravity to the brain. This in turn makes the hearts job of perfusing the brain easier leading to a rapid recovery of consciousness. That's at least the rough concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an article about syncope, it's clinical symptoms, and physiology: &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/132/10/2630/329792/Symptoms-and-signs-of-syncope-a-review-of-the-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/132/10/2630/329792/Symptoms-and-signs-of-syncope-a-review-of-the-link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastEditorUserId="8027" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T17:04:32.160" LastActivityDate="2017-01-26T17:04:32.160" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-25T01:21:28.963" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Growing up, I was always taught to brush my teeth after eating breakfast, but should I be brushing my teeth before breakfast? The reason why I brushed afterwards was to remove the food bits/taste remaining in my mouth so it's fresh and clean for the rest of the day. But one of my friends, working on his degree to become a dentist, says that brushing teeth immediately following a meal is not the optimal time because that's when the enamel in our teeth is the softest... so we could, in fact, be harming our enamel by brushing away at it when it's so soft. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had no idea that the softness-hardness degree of our teeth's enamel fluctuated in a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How/why does the soft/hardness of our enamel change in a day? Is it&#xA;temperature? Saliva? Acid?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many times a day does the texture of our enamel change? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When is the optimal time to brush our teeth? An hour afterward brushing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T01:21:28.963" Title="The enamel of our teeth are softer/harder at various points in the day? Brushing after a meal harmful to enamel?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;&lt;plaque&gt;&lt;texture&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10855" CreationDate="2017-01-25T04:25:10.923" Score="-1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to bed early. Make sure you &lt;strong&gt;don't carry any gadget&lt;/strong&gt; with you while sleeping.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't eat late. Make sure you have eaten &lt;strong&gt;light&lt;/strong&gt; food at least 4 hours early before sleeping.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try some &lt;strong&gt;breathing exercise&lt;/strong&gt;. You can try &lt;em&gt;Pranayama&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Delegate&lt;/strong&gt; your worry. If you've any worry write it down. Put a reminder as per your priority.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8036" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T04:25:10.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5961" CreationDate="2017-01-25T05:23:12.517" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As other people have indicated, what you're describing is definitely a mental illness. In the DSM-IV this was called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypochondriasis&lt;/a&gt; and is also sometimes called health anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically it's now split into two separate conditions as of the adoption of the DSM-V but it's still worthwhile to look at the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A. Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  B. The preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  C. The belief in Criterion A is not of delusional intensity (as in Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type) and is not restricted to a circumscribed concern about appearance (as in Body Dysmorphic Disorder).&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  D. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  E. The duration of the disturbance is at least 6 months.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;  F. The preoccupation is not better accounted for by Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, a Major Depressive Episode, Separation Anxiety, or another Somatoform Disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have indicated, CBT and possibly medication are effective treatment for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've probably gathered as much but merely reassuring her really isn't an effective solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a disclaimer, I don't personally suffer from this particular condition (so someone correct me if I'm off base here), but based on my experience and reading on other anxiety disorders it's also very important to find a way to interrupt the associated behaviors (e.g. unnecessary medical visits, receiving unnecessary treatments, etc.) as those just serve to perpetuate the anxiety. (This is analogous to obsessive-compulsive disorder; compulsive hand-washing may reduce your anxiety in the short term but in the long term it keeps you trapped in the disorder). This is definitely something that she can work with a therapist on though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8021" LastEditorUserId="8021" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T19:09:54.147" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T19:09:54.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10855" CreationDate="2017-01-25T05:27:30.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hygiene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep Hygiene&lt;/a&gt; is the first line treatment for most insomnia.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/getting/overcoming/tips&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is another good list from Harvard.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, the principles of it that worked best for me were blackout curtains, removing everything including TV from the room (the saying is &quot;the bed is just for sleep and sex&quot;), never reading or using my phone in bed, not eating within 3 hrs, and bright lights in the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider asking your doctor, since it's been going on so long, because there are a number of treatable causes of insomnia such as sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, GERD, etc.  Conditions like sleep apnea can be dangerous if untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T05:27:30.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10945" CreationDate="2017-01-25T09:12:21.410" Score="0" ViewCount="2668" Body="&lt;p&gt;During ovulation, one of the de-graaf-follicles in one of woman's ovaries will rupture and release a mature egg, which will then descend through the Fallopian tubes and into the uterus, where it will implant into the endometrium, until the endometrium's lining is shed (if it's not fertilized), correct? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know every woman is different, but is it possible for a woman to feel the rupture of the follicle/release of the egg, and essentially know which ovary contributed to that month's ovulation/menstruation? Like can she tell if it was the right or left ovary? (The ovaries switch off each month, right?) Is it common or rare? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:47:11.843" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:47:11.843" Title="Can a woman tell which ovary, during ovulation, released the egg? Can she feel pain (due to follicle rupture) particular to one side?" Tags="&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;ovulation&gt;&lt;ovum-egg-oocyte&gt;&lt;ovary&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-25T10:58:33.473" Score="2" ViewCount="697" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen in almost all video-games and movies that when someone is stabbed by a sharp knife, the victim &quot;takes out&quot; the knife from his body. Does it help the victim in anyway? What should be the possible &quot;first-aid&quot; steps that can be taken to prevent death of the person? Can the knife stay in there till the medical help arrives? Or is there nothing constructive that can be done ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8041" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-01-26T01:43:03.933" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T01:07:35.670" Title="What should be done if a person is stabbed?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;penetrate-trauma-wound&gt;&lt;knife-stab-wound&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3399" CreationDate="2017-01-25T12:14:56.753" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even a gastroenterologist may not be able to reliable differentiate between the stomach ulcer and gallstone pain just from history/physical examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is typical (but not obligatory):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gallstone pain:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sudden onset of pain in the upper part of the right abdominal quadrant, just below the lowest rib and &lt;strong&gt;about 4 inches from the sternal line&lt;/strong&gt; (or more broadly in the upper right quadrant or in the upper middle abdomen)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pain builds up to a steady level and &lt;strong&gt;remains constant&lt;/strong&gt; and lasts from several minutes to few hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pain is typically associated with &lt;strong&gt;nausea&lt;/strong&gt; (or vomiting): when the pain subsides, nausea also subsides.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pain can (not necessary) radiate around the trunk to the lower right back and into the tip of the &lt;strong&gt;right shoulder blade.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pain is not relieved by antacids or having a bowel movement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/what-does-gallbladder-pain-feel-like.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gallbladder pain&lt;/a&gt; (eHealthStar.com)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stomach ulcer pain:&lt;/strong&gt; (the ulcer can be in the stomach or duodenum)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Burning, &lt;strong&gt;gnawing pain&lt;/strong&gt; in the upper middle abdomen - &lt;strong&gt;below the bottom of the sternum&lt;/strong&gt; or slightly to the left or right&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain is &lt;strong&gt;relieved by antacids&lt;/strong&gt; (long-term, H2 blockers or PP inhibitors would help).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Black stools (from a bleeding ulcer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nausea or vomiting can be present or not - more likely when the cause is an infection by H. pylori.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The stomach area may or may not be tender to touch.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://patient.info/health/stomach-gastric-ulcer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stomach (gastric) ulcer&lt;/a&gt; (Patient.info)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOT typical:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Burping, bloating, gas, constipation and loose stools can be present but are not typical for gallstones or stomach ulcer as such.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A large fatty meal can trigger gallstone pain, but the pain can be totally non-related to meals, for example, it can occur at night.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The gallbladder area may or may not be tender to touch. In case of acute gallbladder inflammation, a patient could feel pain during an inspiration  when a doctor presses to the gallbladder area (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uk0zQUZphlI&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Murphy's sign - short video&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Food can either ease or aggravate ulcer pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Risk factors have some statistical value, but young, slim women and those on a low-fat--or any--diet can get gallstones. Also, non-smokers, non-drinkers and non-NSAIDs users can get an ulcer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strong indicators for an ulcer: black stools, pain relieved by antacids, positive H. pylori test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strong indicators for gallstones: pain in the upper right abdominal quadrant + lower right back + right shoulder blade&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-25T18:34:10.417" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T18:34:10.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10942" CreationDate="2017-01-25T12:32:58.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rupture of the follicle is totally painless as it is not innervated.&#xA;However, some women experience ovulation pain. It is particular to one side, and the mecanism that cause pain are not fully understood. It is maybe due to the excessive size of the follicle that stretches the ovary or to irritation the abdomen.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mittelschmerz/basics/symptoms/con-20025507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;On mayo clinic . com&lt;/a&gt;, it is said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mittelschmerz [middle-pain, aka ovulation pain] pain occurs on the side of the ovary that's releasing an egg (ovulating). The pain may switch sides every other month, or you may feel pain on the same side for several months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is apparently possible for some woman to guess what ovary ovulated on this cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7972" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T12:32:58.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10943" CreationDate="2017-01-25T13:28:26.330" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the weapon is still in the wound : don't touch anything and call the appropriate emergency system (varies from country to country).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Never attempt to remove any penetrating object still in situ as this may cause more serious bleeding&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the wound is open, apply &lt;strong&gt;little&lt;/strong&gt; pressure on it with clean clothes. And call the appropriate emergency system, keep applying pressure until ambulance/doctor arrives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you can save a life by decreasing the out bleeding, or at least make recovery from the wound possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source : Red Cross and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038560&quot;&gt;this paper from Melby V. and Deeny. P&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7972" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T13:28:26.330" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10943" CreationDate="2017-01-25T20:40:12.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only time to remove an impaled object is if it is occluding the airway.  All other times it should be left in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is in place provide a dressing which supports it and prevents it from moving.  Cravats and some roller gauze work well for this.  Control any other external bleeding and other problems.  Check for other injuries, such as multiple stab wounds.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For stab wounds where the object is not in place control bleeding aggressively.  For stab wounds to the neck or chest place an occlusive dressing on entry and exit wounds.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8046" LastActivityDate="2017-01-25T20:40:12.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-26T09:27:05.613" Score="2" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple reports on the internet where people state that they got tinnitus from high blood pressure. Usually it is related to exertion or having an orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just wondering if anyone has t from high blood pressure? [...]&#xA;  Mine is from excessive orgasm, crazy I know but I think the negative effect of it was major high blood pressure in my head/ ears. [...] I have white noise in both ears, morse cued in both as well as other tones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tinnitustalk.com/threads/what-does-tinnitus-from-high-blood-pressure-sound-like.2906/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.tinnitustalk.com/threads/what-does-tinnitus-from-high-blood-pressure-sound-like.2906/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When I signed up for workouts at the gym, it made my tinnitus worse and it affected my left ear as well. I was advised not to lift weights and do strenuous activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://forum.bodybuilding.com/showthread.php?t=151353723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://forum.bodybuilding.com/showthread.php?t=151353723&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have experienced this effect myself both after having and orgasm and while working out and exerting harder than usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know chronic high blood pressure can cause pulsatile tinnitus, but my question is directed at non-pulsatile tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see multiple possible explanations:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1: High blood pressure elevates the intracochlear pressure. This might cause hearing cells to be compressed to death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: High blood pressure restricts the blood flow to the hearing apparatus, which would cause insufficient oxygen supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2562" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:07:16.560" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:07:16.560" Title="Why does high blood pressure cause tinnitus?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;exertion&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-26T10:18:56.460" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I am a software developer, I regularly to a lot of typing when I program. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would reduce the risk of getting RSI if breaks are not an option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently my setup is a laptop using the built in keyboard and trackpad. I also sit on a chair which does not have a table (meaning I have to use it on my legs), I also recline back slightly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to learn the Dvorak (normal and programmer) to see if that helps me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mainly use my keyboard instead of trackpad when I am on my computer, also if people suggest using a mouse instead of trackpad, I would still rather a trackpad since that is what I have got used to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I get it, it seems to be on the hard bit of my right wrist and it goes away within a few days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8050" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:08:36.947" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T10:32:04.750" Title="How to reduce repetitive strain injury" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-26T17:02:34.570" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies that prove drinking milk while having a cols is a bad practice - especially for toddlers? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7894" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-01-27T01:15:10.470" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T18:51:39.990" Title="Should a toddler drink milk if has congestion?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;sinus-congestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-27T00:16:43.310" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;A shunt inserted into the brain to relieve the pressure from Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus drains into the peritoneal cavity. Why could it not simple drain into an external container?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8055" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:09:11.940" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:09:11.940" Title="Brain shunt draining" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;shunt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-27T01:24:02.480" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;People are always telling me to stop stressing so much otherwise I'll develop ulcers, and it seems to me, that for a long time stress was often associated with the development of ulcers. But I believe that it is much more complicated than that and why stress may be a contributing factor (as it seems for everything else), that it is hardly the culprit for an ulcer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes ulcers? To what extent is it linked to stress? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what are bleeding ulcers anyhow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:21:28.480" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:21:28.480" Title="Is stress linked to ulcers? What causes ulcers -- let alone bleeding ulcers?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;subconscious-stress&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1595" CreationDate="2017-01-27T05:17:10.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You seem to be on a great track. I think you're doing all the right things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding cinnamon pills: I have indeed read studies regarding cinnamon curbs blood sugar by lowering insulin resistance. Just be aware that it is a warming herb/spice so if you are someone that finds themselves just a bit too hot all the time, this will exacerbate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, here are some other natural remedies that could work, with some support from science:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coptis extract (called Huang Lian in Chinese): Lengthy studies have shown that Coptis extract has antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties and protect against diabetes, heart disease, and some forms of cancer very well. (source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4609856/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Herbal Tea: Gynostemma has been shown in a study to decrease insulin resistance significantly (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20213586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I work with a new shop that addresses health concerns, including diabetes: &lt;a href=&quot;https://rootandspring.com/collections/internal-health/diabetes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rootandspring.com&lt;/a&gt; and I'm also one of the authors for rootandspring.com, which believes and carries in both these products. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8059" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-01-28T22:46:57.503" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T22:46:57.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10960" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10961" CreationDate="2017-01-27T07:59:14.217" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I Have a moderate discomfort in my back and have done for a while.&#xA;I'm in an office job and am in to physical sports such as MMA which could be related. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had to describe the symptoms, it feels like a slipped disk, but I can't be too sure obviously. What's the most accurate way to diagnose? I don't want to wrongly get my spine manipulated on a hunch for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2290" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T03:10:42.310" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T03:10:42.310" Title="How do I know I slipped a disc?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;hernia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10960" CreationDate="2017-01-27T12:02:44.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A herniated (slipped) disc in the neck (cervical) spine causes pain in the neck, between the shoulder blades and often radiates down one arm. Placing a hand on the affected side on top of the head often relieves the pain. Applying pressure on top of the head often aggravates the pain in the arm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te7JpiXTH-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spurling's test - video, 1 min&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A herniated disc in the lower back (lumbar) spine causes pain in the lower back, which often radiates down across the buttocks and into the thigh. Raising an extended leg to a certain level (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTIPOKhAzZM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;straight leg raising test, video, 20 sec&lt;/a&gt;) triggers pain in the buttocks. The pain is worse during sitting or lying and relieved by walking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A herniated disc in the chest (thoracic) spine is very rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscular pain is by far the most common cause of back pain, either due to bad posture, repeating chronic injuries or acute injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A herniated disc can be detected by an MRI. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-27T13:52:04.733" LastActivityDate="2017-01-27T13:52:04.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10955" CreationDate="2017-01-27T17:47:16.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is for adults:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373954&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In individuals inoculated with the common cold virus, milk intake was&#xA;  not associated with increased nasal secretions, symptoms of cough,&#xA;  nose symptoms or congestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2017-01-27T17:47:16.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10954" CreationDate="2017-01-27T18:53:53.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you have a laptop on your thighs and you type, the wrists are bent upwards (forcedly) more than when you have a laptop on the table (higher).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, arms bent forward and without support can pose a lot of burden on the upper back muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sort of table (even portable) can help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-05-11T12:50:44.653" LastActivityDate="2017-05-11T12:50:44.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-27T22:35:58.430" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my glasses prescription, both of my eyes are (or need) -1.00. I know I'm nearsighted, and it's a low number so it's not too bad. I'm trying to find what this would be as far as 20 out of what number&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8068" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T03:01:28.423" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T03:01:28.423" Title="What is my eyesight" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="10974" CreationDate="2017-01-28T00:56:51.733" Score="1" ViewCount="7491" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there side by side image compairsons of what a Baker's Cysts (behind a knee) and a Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) blood clot behind the knee looks like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know Baker's Cysts, while painful, are not life-threatening whereas as a DVT blood-clot is, and I'm having a hard time knowing what a deep purple and red spotted bruise behind the knee is serious or just the knocks around of life. (Not asking for a diagnosis). Just wondering if there is a side by side comparison of the commonalities and differentces of Baker's Cysts and DVT. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:48:03.043" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:48:03.043" Title="How to determine between a Baker's Cyst and a Deep-Vein-Thrombosis (DVT) behind knee?" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10956" CreationDate="2017-01-28T07:37:24.337" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you lose fluid from your body and if you don't replace the constituents, you'll be deficient in those. CSF when drains into the peritoneal cavity, it gets absorbed into body circulation. But when it drains externally, it's like constantly vomiting or having constant diarrhoea. You become dehydrated, you lose the electrolytes etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8072" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T07:37:24.337" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-28T09:30:48.797" Score="2" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard of this happening &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0004-282X2012001200012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on rare occasion&lt;/a&gt;, but I cannot figure out a sensible mechanism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have some limited understanding of neurology and the function of GABA, and I know that ethanol (a GABA receptor agonist) can certainly cause &lt;em&gt;visual disturbances&lt;/em&gt; and rather dramatic changes in mental status. I do not, however, understand how pregabalin (a GABA analogue) could create the intense &lt;em&gt;hallucinations&lt;/em&gt; described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bluelight.org/vb/archive/index.php/t-410373.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. They seem more like something experienced from the effects of more widely-known hallucinogens, like LSD, which (AFAIK) work via more monoamine routes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain how this drug could cause hallucinations of the type described in these cases?&#xA;I am specifically curious about the links between the change in GABA receptor behavior and the changes in perception described. I realize that any decent answer to this question would need to be fairly detailed, so partial answers or nudges in the direction of sources of more relevant information would still be greatly appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7984" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:12:23.860" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:12:23.860" Title="How could Lyrica (pregabalin) cause hallucinations?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10862" CreationDate="2017-01-28T09:44:43.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The omega-3 fatty acids will not be boiled out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The omega-3 fatty acid content of kale and spinach is mainly made up of ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). This can be seen on nutritional profiles for these vegetable, e.g. on &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/&lt;/a&gt;. It is the case for most popular plant food that the omega-3 content is mostly made up of ALA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The temperature when steaming or boiling will be around 100 degrees Celsius, which is the boiling temperature of water. The boiling point of ALA is around 230 degrees Celsius [1] , and so the ALA will not boil out if you steam or boil vegetables in water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might, however, be more interested in whether to fatty acids change in some other way due to the temperature. The primary concern would be the oxidation of the fatty acids. I did found one study [2], referenced from the Wikipedia page about ALA, which states that ALA remains stable during cooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if you are using a pressure cooker, the temperature may get higher; up to ~120 degrees Celsius. The ALA will still not boil out, but I am not sure how this will affect oxidation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize, if you are boiling or steaming kale/spinach, you can be quite confident that the omega-3 fatty acids will still be there after you finish cooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Pubchem. 2017. &lt;em&gt;linolenic acid | C18H30O2 - PubChem.&lt;/em&gt; [ONLINE] Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/linolenic_acid#section=Physical-Description&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/linolenic_acid#section=Physical-Description&lt;/a&gt;. [Accessed 28 January 2017].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Manthey, F.A., Lee, R.E. and Hall, C.A., 2002. &lt;em&gt;Processing and cooking effects on lipid content and stability of α-linolenic acid in spaghetti containing ground flaxseed&lt;/em&gt;. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(6), pp.1668-1671.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8071" LastEditorUserId="8071" LastEditDate="2017-01-28T10:01:46.190" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T10:01:46.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-28T10:34:25.830" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can corticosteroid nasal sprays such as Nasonex (mometasone) and Rhinocort Aqua (budesonide), effect blood pressure? Do topical steroids like that enter the blood stream in such a way that they effects the whole body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My condition: I have sinusitis and recently was diagnosed with high blood pressure (might be caused by different causes, weight, stress, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a bit confused, my ENT doctor says that corticosteroids don't; while my cardiologist says they do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have any related studies or any hard evidence to support any of the claims please tell me and what do you think in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8073" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2017-02-01T23:57:21.837" LastActivityDate="2017-02-01T23:57:21.837" Title="Nasal corticosteroids and hypertenstion" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10967" CreationDate="2017-01-28T11:07:21.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Baker's cyst&lt;/strong&gt; typically appears as a single or multiple lump with clearly defined borders, covered by normal skin without discoloration (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=baker%20cyst&amp;amp;newwindow=1&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;source=lnt&amp;amp;tbs=itp:photo&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiQsaTX1-TRAhVEuBQKHWA2Cv8QpwUIEg&amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;bih=638&amp;amp;dpr=1&amp;amp;gws_rd=cr&amp;amp;ei=V3qMWPDZH4KMUb-XkbgF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google photos of Baker's cysts&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Varicose veins&lt;/strong&gt; behind the knee appear as a net of knotted bluish threads (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fedenlifenigeria.com%2Feden_imagesblog%2Fvaricose-veins-for-you-mini-skirt-lovers-3.jpg&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fedenlifenigeria.com%2Fvaricose-veins-for-you-mini-skirt-lovers%2F&amp;amp;docid=ATd_PMyYOLKLIM&amp;amp;tbnid=c-V4VrGhWLrjqM%3A&amp;amp;vet=1&amp;amp;w=450&amp;amp;h=300&amp;amp;bih=638&amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;q=varicose%20veins%20knee&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwivq-Tl_uTRAhUEWywKHRqqCwgQMwghKAYwBg&amp;amp;iact=mrc&amp;amp;uact=8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Photo&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Superficial thrombophlebitis&lt;/strong&gt; can appear as a vague red discoloration without swelling on the lower leg rather than behind the knee (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 photos&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deep vein thrombosis&lt;/strong&gt; typically appears as a bluish patchy discoloration (not net-like like in varicose veins) and swelling in the lower leg (not likely behind the knee) &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview?pa=3FYVxc59RqYkf4YmhFhFpOq83ROJLgbwhTa4GgH8ETATZkSHcqE1Jwouv2p8isxcNFsYxDuz%2Fz2hge3aAwEFsw%3D%3D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(scroll to the image 4)&lt;/a&gt;. Google search for &quot;deep vein thrombosis behind knee&quot; gives &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&amp;amp;biw=1366&amp;amp;bih=638&amp;amp;tbs=itp%3Aphoto&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=1&amp;amp;q=deep%20vein%20thrombosis%20behind%20knee&amp;amp;oq=deep%20vein%20thrombosis%20behind%20knee&amp;amp;gs_l=img.3..0j0i30k1j0i24k1l2.46376.52995.0.53233.32.32.0.0.0.0.147.2716.26j6.32.0.foo%2Ccfro%3D1%2Cnso-enfk%3D1%2Cnso-usnt%3D1%2Cnso-qnt-npqp%3D0-21%2Cnso-qnt-npdq%3D0-57%2Cnso-qnt-npt%3D0-16%2Cnso-qnt-ndc%3D800%2Ccspa-dspm-nm-mnp%3D0-085%2Ccspa-dspm-nm-mxp%3D0-2125%2Cnso-unt-npqp%3D0-21%2Cnso-unt-npdq%3D0-35%2Cnso-unt-npt%3D0-1%2Cnso-unt-ndc%3D400%2Ccspa-uipm-nm-mnp%3D0-0125%2Ccspa-uipm-nm-mxp%3D0-0875...0...1.1.64.img..0.32.2695...0i67k1j0i8i30k1.qpsXS2WuiFY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this misleading result&lt;/a&gt;, because most of those photos actually show varicose veins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-01-28T14:05:54.327" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T14:05:54.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-28T18:16:05.587" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being so conservative and introverted makes me bored and uninteresting. I usually see people chatting even when there is nothing substantial to discuss. Can anybody provide some tips on how to have such meaningless talks with others? :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;: If this is not right place to ask such things, let me know where else I should ask :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8060" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:14:24.777" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:14:24.777" Title="Some tips to become more talkative with any person" Tags="&lt;speech&gt;&lt;speech-therapy&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;&lt;social-cues&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10862" CreationDate="2017-01-28T18:17:58.530" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's use the term evaporate rather than boil.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clothes dry on the line at less than the boiling point of water.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mix of the vapor will depend on the vapor pressure at 100 °C (212 °F).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find a vapor pressure chart for omega 3.  Given the boiling temperature is 231 °C it is clearly less volatile than water.  The vapor will be primarily water but the omega 3 content will not be zero.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table salt with a boiling point of 1465 °C - that would be virtually zero at 100 °C. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T18:17:58.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-28T19:15:33.723" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain (3rd Edition), Baldry advances the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When the Myofascial Trigger Point nociceptor-sensitizing substances bradykinin and prostaglandins are released into the tissues as a result of trauma-induced inflammation, they give rise to the development of both vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability.&lt;strong&gt;The effect of this is to cause oedema to develop with compression of veins and resultant tissue ischaemia.&lt;/strong&gt; As a consequence of this a vicious circle is liable to be created because the ischaemia then leads to the release of still more MTrP nociceptor sensitizing chemical substances.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does vasodilation and increased vascular permeability entail oedema and vein compression?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't vasodilation counterbalance vein compression and, thus, hinder ischaemia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T02:58:11.453" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T05:11:16.953" Title="Sensitization and Ischaemia" Tags="&lt;myofascial-pain-syndrome&gt;&lt;acupuncture&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9935" CreationDate="2017-01-28T19:46:15.480" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Twix is part of an &lt;em&gt;otherwise&lt;/em&gt; healthy diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the American Heart Association the limit is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Nutrition/Sugar-101_UCM_306024_Article.jsp#.WIzyC1MrJaQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;36 grams of sugar&lt;/a&gt;.  That is 2/3 of the recommended maximum in one little bar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That one little bar is 35% of the recommended saturated fat for the day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would need an otherwise perfect diet to balance out. People with an otherwise perfect diet just don't have a craving for a Twix.  I seriously doubt what you are characterizing as well-balanced diet is a perfect diet other than the Twix. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a craving for something sweet then a 1-2 sweet fruits is part of a healthy diet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2017-01-28T19:57:46.543" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T19:57:46.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10800" CreationDate="2017-01-28T20:15:25.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is too much fruit for one meal.  That is too much fruit for one day.  2-3 medium sized fruits (apple orange) is the recommended maximum.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-1/a-closer-look-inside-healthy-eating-patterns/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Closer Look Inside Healthy Eating Patterns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strive for complex carbohydrates over simple.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to fuel that afternoon workout then have a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T20:15:25.453" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10975" CreationDate="2017-01-28T20:59:20.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The method I am most fond of is to &lt;strong&gt;try to be more interested in the person&lt;/strong&gt;. Try to find things about the person which you like enough to discuss. Ask lots of questions about the person, but try to avoid subjects that are insulting or painful for either of you. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are you? How are your kids? How is your husband/wife/daughter/son? How is work going? How was your weekend? Do you have any fun plans this weekend? How is your week going?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have difficulty finding anything you would like to know about the person, you can try talking about a subject with which you both are familiar. &lt;strong&gt;Finding common ground is an easy way to form a bond with someone, and will give you more interesting things to discuss.&lt;/strong&gt; Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have you seen (&lt;em&gt;TV show/film that you have seen&lt;/em&gt;)? Did you see the game/match between (&lt;em&gt;teams you like to watch&lt;/em&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, try not to be unnecessarily judgmental. If you get a lot of negative feelings toward a person, it will be more difficult for you to have conversations with them. Also, try not to use the word &lt;em&gt;boring&lt;/em&gt;. The world is more interesting than you might think, and to call anything boring is to deny yourself the joy of discovering what is interesting about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If&lt;/strong&gt; you find it very difficult in general to be interested in people or your surroundings, consider the possibility of depression. Lack of interest in (or inability to enjoy) the world around you is a symptom of depression, and may need to be addressed by your primary doctor or a specialist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7984" LastActivityDate="2017-01-28T20:59:20.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-28T21:13:10.453" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get muscle pain 24 hours after strength training. As far as I know, this is caused by some cracks in the muscle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain is often caused or initiated by inflammation, by which some enzymes and other molecules attach to the nociceptors and pain nerves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that, in the past, some scientists have argued that there is no inflammation at all in the case of myalgia after exercise. So my question is: is this true, and if so, and what else causes these pains the day after strength training?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2882" OwnerDisplayName="Marijn " LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T02:54:33.710" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T02:54:33.710" Title="What causes myalgia after strength training?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10800" CreationDate="2017-01-29T06:33:19.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There does not seem to be a wealth of scientific research relating to the effects of meal timing on weight gain or other health metrics. The common conception is that a calorie is a calorie and there shouldn't be a difference in weight gain if you just change meal time and all other variables are left equal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for meal time in relation to exercise, there also does not seem to be a consensus about whether it is better to eat before exercise or not. The argument seems to mostly revolve around whether it is good to exercise first thing in the morning, before eating, which means a fasting state where glycogen stores are low. Given that you exercise in the afternoon, it does not seem as relevant to you, as if you ate a good breakfast your glycogen stores would likely be restored in any case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize, when you eat the fruit would not seem to play a significant factor in weight gain or other health factors. The much more significant factors would be the exercise type and intensity and your total caloric intake during the day. The post-workout meal is also likely to be more important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8071" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T06:33:19.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-29T15:09:57.077" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;If so, what are the chemicals present that make it toxic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine it depends on the pen.  Specifically, I'm asking about bic pens and sharpies, but I'm curious in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8081" LastEditorUserId="8081" LastEditDate="2017-01-29T15:48:22.740" LastActivityDate="2017-01-29T15:48:22.740" Title="Is it harmful to write on yourself with pen ink?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;artificial&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-29T07:24:10.107" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a field of health science dedicated to constructing strategies for the average person to optimize their health and longevity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I say average person, what I mean is that these should be strategies which are universal and not strategies for dealing with a specific disease/condition of some segment of the population. &#xA;Examples for individual factors would be nutrition and exercise, which have similar recommendations for pretty much all people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if there is a field which is focused on optimizing health from a broad perspective, integrating nutrition, exercise, stress-management, and any other factors which contribute to overall health and longevity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8071" OwnerDisplayName="AlexM" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T02:17:53.140" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T02:17:53.140" Title="What field of health science deals with optimizing health for an average healthy person" Tags="&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10800" CreationDate="2017-01-30T02:53:01.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you eat a substantial meal before exercising, you will burn slightly more calories than if you ate the same meal after exercising. The reason for this is that by eating before, you then have to tote around that much more mass, which requires slightly more calories to perform the same exact task. This is one of the reasons why people on a diet eventually reach some stable weight; eventually the fewer calories they are eating reaches the amount they need to fuel their activity at their reduced weight (mass). Put another way, lighter people need fewer calories just to go about their day-to-day activities than more massive individuals.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Will this make a real difference over the course of, say, a year? I very much doubt it; the difference would be completely overwhelmed by variations in daily activity and food consumption. That being said, if two individuals were tracked over the course of a year with their activity and food consumption completely regulated, the one eating before exercise would lose slightly more weight than the one eating afterward.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;There are charts showing calorie requirements, weight, and physical activity &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/HealthCharts/calorie-requirement.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. One could probably calculate the difference, but I'm too lazy (and pressed for time) to actually do so. I guess my final point is that the difference would be largely academic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T02:53:01.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-30T02:57:39.897" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first question on Health, but I've used Stackoverflow for many years. Thanks for reading!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a nutritionist, I don't study the field. I am just wondering about a diet I recently thought of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the rational behind, I'm just going with a common sense feeling, and what I state as the rationale behind might be wrong, but here it is. I believe lipids give 9 units of energy and are slow burning, and sugars give 4 units of energy and are fast burning. (I can't find the source of those units of 9 and 4 &quot;energy units&quot;, but it sticked, if someone can let me know where it might be coming from)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Breakfast: eat fatty cheese only, e.g. Brie for example, 30% fat, with coffee. That gives me a good slow burning energy base to start the day with, and with the coffee I can avoid feeling hungry until 12-13. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lunch time: eat a full meal from any restaurant, with enough calories to continue through the day. Can be anything. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dinner time: eat soup based food, vegetables, salad. carrots, celeries, lentils, water, tomatoes, olives, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After doing this for 2 weeks, I actually had some positive results, been losing some weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that diet make any sense? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="6835" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T22:48:14.037" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T22:48:14.037" Title="Does this diet make any sense?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-02-07T18:08:29.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-30T03:01:08.060" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled on an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brain-cells-into-thin-air/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about altitude sickness and causing permanent brain damage; is there validity to this for less extreme mountaineers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is common for Colorado front rangers to ascend up a 14,000+ ft peak in one day starting from Denver @ ~5,500.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I myself just this last weekend went from Colo Springs (~6,100) to Monarch ski resort and summited on Murkwood Point which is 12,500 feet, thus doubling my elevation in one day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems the difference between the climbers outlined in the article and weekend warriors like myself are that most of us don't sleep up at these altitudes. We go ski or hike and come back down that same day, spending no more than 6 hours above 12,000 feet; the article says you can contract brain damage even if you don't feel symptoms... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious if climbing to &lt;em&gt;lower-high altitudes (8,000 -13,000)&lt;/em&gt;  is enough to trigger brain damage; in more detail, is someone coming from sea level up to 8000ft equally as bad as someone going from 8000 to 16000 (since it is 8000 altitude gain either way)? Or does it get exponentially worse the higher you get?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just want to be careful, because like I said above, it is &lt;em&gt;very common&lt;/em&gt; for people to ascend 6,000 - 8,000 feet in a day, e.g. doing 14ers in Colorado and in my mind, this isn't work risking your brain permanently... however, I wouldn't mind if the symptoms go away when I descend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8088" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T02:50:11.523" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T02:50:11.523" Title="Altitude Sickness &amp; Brain Damage" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;&lt;altitude-sickness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1394" CreationDate="2017-01-30T08:31:04.303" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buy a small shallow rectangular pyrex dish, bake and eat out of that, it can handle your temperature and if you want one with a lid you could setup your breakfast fish the night before in the fridge.  You absolutely must preheat the oven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that I  saw that you can even go from freezer to preheated oven, but best to ask the makers at pyrex.com they make corelle and corningware too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8091" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T08:31:04.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-30T10:00:43.383" Score="4" ViewCount="6403" Body="&lt;p&gt;Compared to a cigarettes, how much nicotine is in tea, coco powder and vegetables like tomatoes and potatoes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for a normal sized tomato, how many grams of nicotine is present?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-18T12:29:14.067" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T16:11:45.827" Title="How much nicotine is in tea and vegetables" Tags="&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="10996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-30T20:25:13.683" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is an excerpt from Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain, sixth edition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When an &lt;strong&gt;unbiased electrical search stimulus&lt;/strong&gt; is used, however, the prevalence of type I and type II A-fiber nociceptors in the hairy skin of the primate is similar.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is an unbiased electrical search stimulus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastActivityDate="2017-01-30T20:25:13.683" Title="What is an unbiased electrical search stimulus?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-31T06:10:21.660" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are new methods for getting nicotine. For example, vaping. Some people are almost promoting nicotine as a health product that can reduce the risk of Parkison's disease and colitis. Some people are even starting to use nicotine as a nootropic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What long term affect does Nicotine consumption have on the nervous system? Generally speaking, could it cause neuropathy or perhaps make it better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I am NOT asking about smoking tobacco or cigarettes, which have many other chemicals. I just want to know about Nicotine by itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastActivityDate="2017-01-31T06:10:21.660" Title="Affects of nicotine on the nerves" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;neurodegenerative-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="10999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-01-31T16:32:52.470" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the example ICD-10 codes below, will a diagnosis code ever &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; be the most-granular option within a given classification? For example, could a patient's code be left at &lt;code&gt;I21.0&lt;/code&gt; and not taken to the deepest level (e.g. &lt;code&gt;I21.01&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;I21.02&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;I21.09&lt;/code&gt;), or is it required that the diagnosis code &quot;tree&quot; for a given diagnosis be &quot;exhausted?&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;I21 ST elevation (STEMI) and non-ST elevation (NSTEMI) myocardial infarction&#xA;  I21.0 ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction of anterior wall&#xA;    I21.01 is a specific ICD-10-CM diagnosis code I21.01 ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction involving left main coronary artery&#xA;    I21.02 is a specific ICD-10-CM diagnosis code I21.02 ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction involving left anterior descending coronary artery&#xA;    I21.09 is a specific ICD-10-CM diagnosis code I21.09 ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction involving other coronary artery of anterior wall&#xA;  I21.1 ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction of inferior wall&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8097" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T22:47:41.193" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T22:47:41.193" Title="ICD-10 codes: required to go to most-granular level?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10708" CreationDate="2017-02-01T13:13:16.770" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not allowed to comment, so just a partial answer from my part:&#xA;Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in the excrements of birds and egg shells are usually contaminated with them, and even let them through to some extent. Therefore it is very important to boil the shell in advance. This should kill more than 99% of the Samonella bacteria found on the shell: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodsafetywatch.org/factsheets/salmonella/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure about the cancer risk or the likelihood of small cuts. However, Paparazzi is wrong that egg shell contains a lot of fiber. &lt;a href=&quot;http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/eggshell-composition.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The main components of egg shell are chalk, with some traces of magnesium and protein&lt;/a&gt;, so no fibers in there. Please don't downvote this answer, it's only meant as a comment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8080" LastEditorUserId="8080" LastEditDate="2017-02-01T15:24:44.847" LastActivityDate="2017-02-01T15:24:44.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-01T16:24:31.067" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was learning about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/caring-for-your-vision/protecting-your-vision/computer-vision-syndrome?sso=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)&lt;/a&gt; and I noticed that it said that one of the symptoms was &quot;neck and shoulder pain&quot;. What confuses me is that CVS (or digital eye strain) seem to be a problem experienced by the &lt;strong&gt;eyes&lt;/strong&gt;. However the neck and shoulders don't seem to be muscles very related to the eyes but rather it seems that discomfort in these would be caused by bad posture rather than anything to do with the eyes. If that is the cause how does eye strain causes discomfort in the shoulders or neck or visa versa? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As anecdotal experience (I know its not scientific evidence but it might be the cause of my confusion), whenever I've personally experienced digital eye strain the major discomfort for me has been from the upper part of my eyes or headaches. I think my neck has felt a bit stiff but I find it hard to believe that there is actually some causation between the two, specially because the neck pain is an order of magnitude smaller. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does someone with more knowledge on this can explain this phenomenon? If the relation between eye strain and neck pain is real it seems that if I were to look down say and bend my neck for a prolonged period of time, that should cause eye strain or if I over use my eyes (by looking at the same thing for long time, say a screen) then my neck should hurt. But it doesn't seem that any information travels from the eye to the neck to the brain (rather more directly to the brain). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially with my mental model of how things work, it seems that neck/shoulders issue are more common accompanied to computer vision syndrome due because people that look at screens a lot might also have bad habits of posture but it doesn't seem there an actual causation of one to the other. Am I right in this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8098" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T02:41:23.823" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T02:41:23.823" Title="Why are neck and shoulder pain a common symptom of Computer Vision Syndrom (CVS)?" Tags="&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-01T18:56:27.837" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading or focusing up close puts strain on the eyes and I believe can be bad in the long run. With that in mind, would keeping my monitor at a distance (3-4 feet) and using the right set of &quot;magnifying&quot; glasses for that distance be better? Are there any drawbacks of using such magnification for a person with otherwise normal eyesight? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8108" LastEditorUserId="8108" LastEditDate="2017-02-02T11:08:02.120" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T11:25:09.820" Title="Can a small monitor + powerful reading glasses be a substitute for a large monitor with same resolution?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-02T00:07:36.057" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've confirmed this a lot of people and I've noticed I ain't the only one with this experience. When I yawn, it's hard for me to hear what anyone is saying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is - &lt;strong&gt;Is this normal or there's something wrong somewhere&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:58:03.977" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:58:03.977" Title="Why is it that when I yawn, I hardly hear anything" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;yawning-yawn&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10977" CreationDate="2017-02-02T05:11:16.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increased &lt;a href=&quot;http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/03_inflammation/02_acute/inflamm03b.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vascular permeability&lt;/a&gt; means fluid leaks more readily from blood vessels. That leakage builds up in the surrounding tissue, which causes edema. The edema squeezes veins, thereby compressing them, which means they can't do their job of draining the tissue efficiently, and that can lead to the vicious circle he mentions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vasodilation&lt;/a&gt; means the vessels increase their inside diameter, but it doesn't prevent them from being compressed, so no, nothing is counterbalanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T05:11:16.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-02T06:07:42.967" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that echolocation is common among the animal kingdom, e.g. bats, dolphins, etc., but I've read it's also possible among humans as well (granted, we are a part of the animal kingdom too). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know humans do not emit sonar sound-waves, but I read that humans have the ability to echolocate on some level, and it makes sense that blind people are more likely to learn to echolocate than humans with the capacity to see, but &lt;strong&gt;is it common for blind individuals to know how to echolocate? Stats?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also, how do blind individuals learn to echolocate?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it something they pick up naturally because their hearing is sharper due to sensory substitute or are they trained to make clicking sounds? How does it work exactly? How can I learn?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-02-02T06:07:42.967" Title="Is echolocation common among the blind? Or not so much? How to learn to echolocate?" Tags="&lt;blind&gt;&lt;auditory-cortex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11022" CreationDate="2017-02-02T12:40:57.623" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently saw a video on a news channel where people were taking selfies and recording video of the victims of a car accident. The victim ended up dying because no one helped him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It got me thinking about the possibility of saving the victims with my bare hands. Obviously this risks me catching some disease. (Saving means rushing them to a hospital with my own vehicle until an ambulance arrives).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I risk catching any diseases assisting crash victims? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8016" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T09:30:54.567" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T09:30:54.567" Title="Can I save road accident victims with my bare hands?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11021" CreationDate="2017-02-02T14:37:09.123" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, the answer (regarding diseases) is yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anytime you deal with blood or other bodily fluid, you risk catching a variety of diseases. The risk is compounded if you are not wearing proper protective equipment, washing your hands after handling them and covering breaks in skin before handling. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000453.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a list of the diseases you could end up with as well as a list of other fluids and how exposures can occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like to learn more and be able to better assist your patients, you should take first aid classes. Also, if you think that you have a high likelihood of coming in contact with blood or other fluids, you should consider carrying a pair of disposable medical gloves and safety glasses in your vehicle (or backpack... Something that is often with you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you live in an area that has fairly prompt ambulance response, you are much better off not trying to take the patients to the hospital. Instead, if it is safe to do so, try to redirect traffic around the patient so that they don't get hit again and try to keep bystanders a few feet back from the incident so that they do not get hit as well. Try to avoid completely stopping traffic as this can effect the emergency vehicle's ability to get to the scene. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your safety on scene is your priority, if you have the equipment, training to do so and ability to not get hit in the process, you should attempt to provide care to the patients. If any of those factors is not possible, you are much better off trying to keep the patient calm, keep bystanders at a distance - if possible - and try to keep the patient(s) from getting hit again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this is helpful to you. Please feel free to ask questions if you need clarification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T15:52:43.200" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T15:52:43.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11074" CreationDate="2017-02-02T16:18:50.967" Score="1" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Situation:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A middle aged patient with no health insurance and a well documented&#xA;history of moderate to severe bipolar disorder visits a low cost clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The patient has a just lapsed lithium prescription and cannot get a &#xA;refill directly at a pharmacy.  The patient needs a new prescription &#xA;for lithium, and this is the reason for the visit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The health care provider would like to draw blood to test renal function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, lab tests are not provided free, and the cost of the blood test is outside of the reach of the patient.  A urine test is also too expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is more than one patient with this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is there an alternative method(without lab tests) that can assess whether the prescription can be safely filled?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume there is one doctor/physician assistant/nurse practitioner donating time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8115" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T06:45:26.993" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T09:06:46.480" Title="Check Lithium Related Side Effects Without Blood Test" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;renal&gt;&lt;lithium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11024" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-02T16:42:43.097" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rumors have been perpetuated that emergency rooms and jail cells are full during full moons due to increase in risky and violent behaviors. Is this just an urban legend or is there any merit of truth behind it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there is some form of legitimacy to it, what is the medical (or geophysical)&#xA;reason behind it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And if it's not true, why did human behavior become associated with&#xA;the moon?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the moon impact human behavior in any way? (Heard of menstrual cycles...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T23:39:38.827" Title="Is there any truth behind violent &amp; risky (suicidal) behavior occurring with lunar cycles, i.e. full moons? Why (if actually true)?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;violent-behavior&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-03T03:28:18.933" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anyone with first hand knowledge about traveling to Argentina while 4 months pregnant? The &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-argentina&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; states that Argentina is a Level 2 Alert country (Practice Enhanced Precautions) and pregnant women should not go there. However I wonder if this is an overly cautious approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The places of interest would be urban settings in Buenos Aires (city), Mar del Plata (seaside), Bariloche (Patagonia), and possibly Corrientes/Resistencia (northeast).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8117" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T07:25:03.407" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T07:25:03.407" Title="How to decide on travel to possible Zika zone while pregnant" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;zika-virus&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;travel&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-03T14:53:56.940" Score="2" ViewCount="1147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching the topic of electronic cigarettes and have recognized that Philip Morris has recently introduced in some markets the IQOS heat-not-burn cigarettes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is their safety profile in comparison to standard cigarettes and electronic cigarettes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5184" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-03T17:30:34.143" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T17:30:34.143" Title="Is the IQOS heat-not-burn cigarette safe?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11034" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-03T19:39:12.557" Score="1" ViewCount="1987" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard both terms used colloquially growing up, but I'm not quite sure what they refer to exactly. I have an inkling of what they may mean, but can someone clear up the &lt;em&gt;differences between a Goose Egg and a Charley Horse?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Goose Egg:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know a Goose Egg is a bump sustained from an injury (I think?) in the shape of an oval (hence, the name). I know they typically occur on foreheads, but is it exclusively to the forehead? What is it exactly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Charley Horse:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are Charley Horses also a painful bump or are they cramps? Caused by injury or what? Is it like a Goose Egg on a leg? This I'm not so sure about... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-04T02:56:17.640" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T02:56:17.640" Title="What's the medical difference between a &quot;Goose Egg&quot; and a &quot;Charley Horse&quot;?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;cramps&gt;&lt;hematoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10684" CreationDate="2017-02-03T19:41:49.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best method to lose weight is to follow a structured diet program along with adequate amount of exercises or some physical activity. Weight loss is all about a simple equation Calorie in vs Calorie out. When your calorie out is higher than the calorie in, i.e when you are in calorie deficit, that is when the weight loss happens. It is also important to understand the difference between weight loss and fat loss. Weight loss should not involve you losing the lean muscle mass. The importance of proper nutrition with exercise comes here. The key to lose weight is also to plan a diet with input calories slightly above your basal metabolic rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is important to take this fitness journey slow and steady and sustainable... Do look at this link - for weight loss / fat loss along with workourk plans - &lt;a href=&quot;http://getsetgo.fitness/#/public/diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://getsetgo.fitness/#/public/diet/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rajiv www.getsetgo.fitness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8123" LastActivityDate="2017-02-03T19:41:49.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11036" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11041" CreationDate="2017-02-03T19:52:19.637" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time I play with the dogs in the backyard, then the next day I get what feels like a 24-hour head cold. I've verified this at least 7 times. This doesn't happen to me when we run around on any other grass or anywhere else; it's specifically my backyard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I first noticed it when the grass was all dead and we would run around and lots of dried grass dust would get kicked up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the grass has grown back to being green and I don't think nearly as much dust gets kicked up but it still happened to me last week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms feel like weak/sick feeling over my body, mildly sore throat, sneezing episodes, and runny nose. Other than this, I never get sick or have sneezing/runny nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it possible to catch a cold from a backyard? Can a specific patch of grass have a high concentration of cold viruses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8122" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T03:05:59.030" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T03:05:59.030" Title="Catch a cold from the grass?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;runny-nose&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11042" CreationDate="2017-02-03T22:10:34.033" Score="2" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of evolution, I know that the human anatomy is comprised of a few &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vestigial elements&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;tailbone (coccyx)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is listed among one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But doesn't the tailbone still serve a &lt;strong&gt;present function?&lt;/strong&gt; Like aren't muscles and such attached to it? And doesn't it help our posture when sitting? Or does &quot;vestigial&quot; mean we don't use it for the same purposes as our earlier ancestors? Or how is it classified? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I've heard that a few people have actually been &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;born&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;tailbone appendages&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; -- is this accurate? I suspect that they were surgically removed when the baby was born. What is the name for when someone is born with the actual tailbone appendage? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Also, is the condition of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;spina bifida&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; the condition were the&#xA;fetus started to grow a tail, but it never fully developed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T20:42:59.093" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T20:42:59.093" Title="Does the tailbone (coccyx) serve a present function? A few people have been born with tail appendages, right?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;function&gt;&lt;tailbone-coccyx&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11040" CreationDate="2017-02-03T22:46:25.600" Score="4" ViewCount="657" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth in &lt;a href=&quot;http://awm.com/top-doctors-are-now-warning-anyone-over-40-to-stop-taking-ibuprofen-immediately-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;what is said here&lt;/a&gt;, that Ibuprofen is toxic to heart muscle and turmeric is an effective alternative?  I have tried to find the study mentioned but cannot find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T03:07:11.027" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T08:08:22.350" Title="Turmeric vs Ibuprofen" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;osteoarthritis&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;turmeric&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11038" CreationDate="2017-02-03T23:47:45.400" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's look up Ibuprofen up in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ibuprofen.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reliable source&lt;/a&gt;. We can read there that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cardiovascular Risk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased risk of serious (sometimes fatal) cardiovascular thrombotic events (e.g., MI, stroke). Risk may occur early in treatment and may increase with duration of use. (See Cardiovascular Thrombotic Effects under Cautions.)&#xA;  Contraindicated in the setting of CABG surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GI Risk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased risk of serious (sometimes fatal) GI events (e.g., bleeding, ulceration, perforation of the stomach or intestine). Serious GI events can occur at any time and may not be preceded by warning signs and symptoms. Geriatric individuals are at greater risk for serious GI events. (See GI Effects under Cautions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tells me enough, this is a drug that should not be used unless there is no other viable alternative with less side effects. Depending on the dose and duration of the treatment, you have to consider using a drug to protect your stomach. I would leave making that decision to my doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Turmeric, in contrast, does not have side effects. We can &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric#Research&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;read here&lt;/a&gt; that  the claims of it helping to reduce inflammation are not supported by strong studies. It may work, but it's not going to have a very strong effect on the short term similar to powerful painkillers, otherwise the evidence of its efficacy would have been clear. However, if someone stops using Ibuprofen and starts to use turmeric and is able to tolerate not using Ibuprofen, then the simple act of stopping to use Ibuprofen is a good thing. Whether turmeric itself works or not doesn't matter all that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-02-04T08:19:45.037" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T08:19:45.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11036" CreationDate="2017-02-04T00:12:42.297" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't catch a cold from plants. You can, however, inhale lots of grass pollen because...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;we would run around and lots of dried grass dust would get kicked up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second clue it's a pollen allergy is the short nature of it. Colds last longer than 24 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cold-common/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cold-common/Pages/Introduction.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T00:12:42.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11037" CreationDate="2017-02-04T07:02:28.783" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; You are right, the coccyx is the remnant of a vestigial tail, but still not entirely useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309486-overview#a4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;eMedicine&lt;/a&gt;, it is an important attachment for various muscles, tendons and ligaments—which makes it necessary for physicians and patients to pay special attention to these attachments when considering surgical removal of the coccyx. Additionally, it is also a part of the weight-bearing tripod structure which acts as a support for a sitting person. When a person sits leaning forward, the ischial tuberosities and inferior rami of the ischium take most of the weight, but as the sitting person leans backward, more weight is transferred to the coccyx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; It's not actually accurate for a child to be born with a tailbone appendage. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aorth/2011/153797/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The dorsal cutaneous appendage, or so-called human tail&lt;/a&gt; is a rare congenital anomaly with a prominent lesion from the lumbosacrococcygeal region. It is also often considered to be a cutaneous marker of underlying occult dysraphism. You are right again, there has been a report of a 9 - month old healthy male infant brought for consultation for a “tail like” structure in the lumbosacral area since birth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; No, it isn't. Spina bifida is a condition where the spine does not develop properly, leaving a gap in the spine. The spine consists of the spinal column, which is a solid structure made up of bones (called vertebral bodies) separated by discs of fibrous tissue.  Behind this is an enclosed space called the spinal canal, which contains the spinal cord. The spinal cord connects all the nerves in the body to the brain. The canal is surrounded by arches of bone attached to the backs of the vertebral bodies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases of spina bifida, something goes wrong and the arches of bone do not fully close. Sometimes there is only a gap in the bony arch, but at other times the spinal cord is also involved and does not form properly either. The skin over the arch can also either be intact or have a gap as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info on spina bifida, visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spina-bifida/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2017-02-04T07:02:28.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-04T12:06:59.007" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to ask if anybody here can suggest me places where I can get open access to papers under the topic of the behavior of patient safety. I am doing a research on this subject but the institution I am working in is not academia, therefore people around me are not quite well informed about such information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8125" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T17:56:57.363" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T17:56:57.363" Title="Patient safety culture" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-04T15:11:06.953" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I'm using a contact lens for some short-sightedness. It's been around one month. Its validity is for only one month, now its validity expires. I'm using it and I had no issues. The optometrist told me to use it just 12 hours per day and to remove that lens when I go to bed. I didn't want to do that and I'm continuously using it, but still no issues for my eye sight. Is this a safe thing to do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm feeling some pain on my eye. I can't able to see without a lense. What to do please help me ? What should be the cost of a 1 month valid product. I want that because 6 month valid product takes too much money. I don't have that much money.. please help me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8126" LastEditorUserId="8126" LastEditDate="2017-02-06T06:37:34.643" LastActivityDate="2018-08-30T20:07:51.437" Title="Contiuously wearing the same contact lens - ok?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-08-30T21:12:26.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-04T16:23:47.180" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard of the needle lavage treatment for calcific tendonitis, where they inject water solution near the calcification area in the shoulder and drawing it out several times to dissolve the calcification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.07.2254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.07.2254&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, is it effective ? Are there good results in the area ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8128" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-05T23:00:16.890" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T23:00:16.890" Title="calcific tendonitis in the shoulder - lavage treatment effectiveness" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-04T21:26:35.820" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've joined a group on Facebook. It's about people that have optic neuritis. After recovery, The affected eye is back to its original state. There's always a very very small deficiency in the eyesight. There's always a difference between the healthy eye and the affected eye. It never becomes like what god have created.&#xA;People in the group told me that and I myself experienced it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if doctors said that my sight is 20/20. Patients feels like It might be 19.98/20 :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not an eye doctor but I've gathered some info. about optic neuritis and how myelin sheath is partially destroyed. But I still don't know why myelin sheath can not be recovered 100% so that eyesight become 100% too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the following protocol is good enough to rebuild all damaged parts of myelin sheath:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Solu-medrol is anti-inflammation injections. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some other medicines reduces immune system function. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking vitamin and omega-3 pills.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason that I can guess is that the rate or regeneration of myelin is lower (less) than the rate of damaging by immune system. It's like pouring water into a drilled bottle (a bottle that has a hole). The bottle will never run out of water. But at the same time, It will never be full of water. Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-05T22:56:23.617" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T22:56:23.617" Title="Why can not Myelin sheath be fully rebuilt?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;optic-nerve&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;&lt;myelin-sheath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-05T06:42:11.007" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to reliably test the quantity of lactase enxymes in a solution? For example, if I were to culture multiple bacterial species which produce lactase. Is there a way to count the lacyase enzymes. Adding lactose and testing for glucose would not work because lactase is reusable. Being able to perform reaction after reaction without changing. I could also seperate the lactase from all the other polypepties and perform a biuret test agaisnt controls. That rises the issue of isolating the lactase. Any alternative ideas are accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-05T22:53:39.993" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T22:53:39.993" Title="Lactase quantity test?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;lactase&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-05T07:16:01.043" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;What methods are to clean ears with hydrogen peroxide effectively? And is it safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2519" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-05T22:50:30.717" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T03:12:33.860" Title="How to clean ears with hydrogen peroxide?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-12-20T02:22:36.623" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-05T13:12:42.117" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;In December, I opened a pantry, and a canned-food item from 2 shelves higher, rolled and fell off the shelf, smacking me in face. It was extremely painful, but I was so relieved that I was not bruised or bleeding on my face and at the time, my teeth seemed fine. But over the course of days and weeks, I noticed that the tooth that took the brunt of can's fall, started to develop slight brown lines that I couldn't brush away. And over the weeks, those slight brown lines, are then those became tiny brown spots... And now, one of those spots are growing, despite double efforts to brush and floss diligently there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know you can't diagnose me (and I need to see a dentist for confirmation), but can someone just tell me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is brown spotted discoloration suddenly appearing on a tooth, after&#xA;an injury, a sign of tooth decay? If so, how do you stop it from&#xA;spreading? Or is it not possible?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are the symptoms of a dead tooth? Are they the brown spots? Will these spots continue to spread? Or how does a dentist address this issue?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T13:12:42.117" Title="Are tiny brown spots on a tooth a sign of tooth decay? If so, is there a way to stop it from spreading or is it too late? Is it a dead tooth?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11043" CreationDate="2017-02-05T16:18:28.273" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A full college library should have what you need. They typically have most major research journals. Some large municipal libraries will too. Smaller libraries may have material on the subject, but they probably won't have access to research journals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course many research papers are available free online. Abstracts for almost all research is available for free, but full text may be behind pay walls. But the abstracts alone will often be all you need, and if you need the full article it at least gives you the exact publication you need to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T16:18:28.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3549" CreationDate="2017-02-05T18:49:49.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience keeping your nose blown (or even rinsed out) prevents a secondary infection in your throat. Whatever you don't blow out of your nose dribbles down the back of your throat and bacteria get happy there and give you a sore throat. This is technically a different second infection but most people will treat it as a single long cold that &quot;moved down&quot; as it progressed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/nose-blowing-may-prolong-the-common-cold/article4211818/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that suggested nose blowing would put mucus and bacteria up into the sinuses and result in a secondary infection there, but all the nose blowing was done by people lying on their backs, which doesn't seem super representative. To be on the safe side, blow as gently as possible, and keep in mind your own tendency to get a sore throat after a cold or to get a sinus infection after a cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T18:49:49.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-05T19:43:39.223" Score="6" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you see video of a game you just played before sleeping? It happens to me almost every time I play a XBOX / mobile / even a simple game for more than an hour or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I play a game, when I close my eyes I see videos of the game I just played. Video appears the second I close my eyes and it is impossible to avoid visualizing. However, I can look around (in my visualization) the objects, move and do all the actions I could in the real game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't stop there and continues to my dreams in sleep. Sometimes it even continues to next morning. At work, if I just close my eyes for a second or two it appears again. But by end of the day the effect would be gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious to know if this is common with others or is it a condition ? what is the effect known as ? Any other info I can get? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &#xA;Thanks for replying guys. But I do not game too much. :p I do it occasionally like once or twice a month or even less. Although I like gaming I restrict myself from playing it. Coming to Tetris effect, to my understanding I don't think this is Tetris effect. Tetris effect is applying the logic you used in a game in real life. But my case is something different, I visualize it only when I close my eyes. I have observed Tetris effect when I do extensive coding. But that's my job :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8133" LastEditorUserId="8133" LastEditDate="2017-02-06T22:29:27.487" LastActivityDate="2017-02-06T22:29:27.487" Title="Visualization of a game that you just played" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;dreams&gt;&lt;hippocampus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T00:32:06.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11045" CreationDate="2017-02-05T23:58:32.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, wearing the same pair of contact lenses longer then 6-12 months can cause increased risk of infection, as your biggest concern. Sleeping with contact lenses in has a similar risk, as contact lenses combined with closed eyes for 8 hours causes loss of oxygen to the Cornea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're not losing much taking them out at night, and you're risking a lot leaving them in. You're better off listening to your Optometrist, if they think your lenses are no-longer valid, you should get them swapped out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8136" LastActivityDate="2017-02-05T23:58:32.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11058" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11065" CreationDate="2017-02-06T02:04:57.670" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I have developed a purely white finger nail, my right middle to be exact. It's the only one that's white while the others are foggy clear like normal. My mom says it's calcium deficiency but I'm still curious. What do I have and how can I fix it? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8138" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T02:38:40.977" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T02:38:40.977" Title="White Fingernail?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;nails&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11059" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-06T02:12:24.963" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently started at the gym and noticed an excessively flow of blood and bloated veins on my arm when I exercise them...I googled it...it says that is called vascularization but just that...and other uninteresting info about bodybuilding...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if that is healthy or at least good for muscle growth or what&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T02:46:11.603" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T02:46:11.603" Title="Vascularization, good or bad for health/muscle growth" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-06T05:55:11.987" Score="1" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the directions, it says to chew the nicorrette gum for only 30 min. I find that I can chew it for more than an hour before all the nicotine is gone. Is there a health reason why the company limits the time to 30 mins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T02:43:45.970" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T02:43:45.970" Title="Chewing Nicorette Gum for only 30 min" Tags="&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;chew-chewing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11058" CreationDate="2017-02-06T07:20:00.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jGhyq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the picture above describes your question, then the condition is called leukonychia. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/495235-do-vitamin-deficiencies-cause-fingernail-ridges/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skin diseases&lt;/a&gt; such as psoriasis and vitiligo can cause white spots on your nails. The skin around your nails also whitens in response to vitiligo; your nails might be deformed and pitted in the case of psoriasis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic kidney or liver disease can also manifest itself through your nails. Patients with severe cirrhosis or renal failure might notice the bottom half of their nails turn white, while the upper areas remain pink-to-clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukonychia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COMMON CAUSES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common cause is injury to the base of the nail (the matrix) where the nail is formed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is harmless and most commonly caused by minor injuries, such as nail biting, that occur while the nail is growing. Leukonychia occurs most commonly in healthy individuals, unrelated to any known nutritional or physiological deficiency. When caused by injury the marks will disappear as the nail grows outwards, however a dietary deficiency will cause recurrent leukonychia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as to what your mom said, it is slightly correct, certain deficiencies could cause this problem of nail color. Such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin deficiency&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Protein deficiency, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/balanced-living/healthy-living/worried-about-white-spots-on-fingernails/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not calcium deficiency&lt;/a&gt;. It is simply a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/balanced-living/healthy-living/worried-about-white-spots-on-fingernails/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SOLUTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the cause, white spots on fingernails are temporary and will grow out as your nails grow. However, it can take more than eight months for nails to grow out completely so the spots may be around for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2017-02-06T07:20:00.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11064" CreationDate="2017-02-06T07:48:24.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nicorette.com/products/nicorette-gum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicorette.com&lt;/a&gt;, the below shows its instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nicorette gum comes in two strengths - 2mg and 4mg. The following shows which one to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 MG&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you smoke your first cigarette more than 30 minutes after waking up, use the 2 mg strength.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4 MG&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you smoke your first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking up, use the 4 mg strength.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOW TO USE NICORETTE GUM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like any medicine, for Nicorette to do its job, you need to use it properly. Once you’ve chosen a quit date, start using Nicorette Gum on your quit date. Follow the directions on the label. To improve your chances of success, be sure to use at least 9 pieces of Nicorette a day for the first six weeks of your quit. Don’t eat or drink 15 minutes before or while you’re chewing Nicorette. Stay with the full 12 week quit program to increase your chances of success. However, if you find that you need to use Nicorette longer than 12 weeks, the FDA has determined that is acceptable to do so in most cases. Talk to your doctor or health care provider if you feel the need to use Nicorette for longer than 12 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are using Nicorette while trying to quit smoking but slip up and have a cigarette, you should not stop using Nicorette. You should keep using it and keep trying to quit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For other questions you may have on the nicorette gum, visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nicorette.com/faq.html#accordion-content-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicorette's FAQs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2017-02-06T07:58:12.793" LastActivityDate="2017-02-06T07:58:12.793" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-06T08:08:05.200" Score="-4" ViewCount="461" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I wear a condom while receiving oral sex, and the girl licks my scrotum / testicles, am I at risk of any STDs?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, is there anything I can do to protect my scrotum area?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8142" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-07T02:42:50.767" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T06:15:52.570" Title="Wearing condom during fellatio," Tags="&lt;sti&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;&lt;condom&gt;&lt;genital-herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11067" CreationDate="2017-02-07T00:40:17.837" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can get &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Genital-herpes/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genital Herpes&lt;/a&gt; from someone licking your scrotum and there is no protection from Genital Herpes with condoms anyway as they don't cover the scrotum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With oral sex, the risk is only there for you if the person giving oral sex has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cold-sore/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cold sore&lt;/a&gt; and the risk is only there for your partner if you have Genital Herpes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T00:40:17.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11077" CreationDate="2017-02-07T02:34:45.313" Score="0" ViewCount="667" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may sound silly, but a few weeks ago, I received a gag gift in a White Elephant gift exchange and received a belly button brush brush like this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FNtTG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FNtTG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was good for a few laughs, but it got me thinking... When was the last time I've ever cleaned my belly button? For reals? &lt;strong&gt;And how do you clean your belly button specifically? I wash with soap and water around my abdomen, but do I need to do something more?&lt;/strong&gt; I shower every day like most people, but is that enough? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person who gifted me with the novelty item of a belly button brush, recently posted &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2016/08/23/Woman-removes-rock-like-object-from-her-belly-button/5591471957577/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article about omphalolith, umbolith, navel stones&lt;/a&gt; onto my facebook to make me squirm and maybe laugh? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFskGRZmIBA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube video about omphaloliths&lt;/a&gt;, that confirms that this indeed happens... Neither the article ^ or the video ^ explained how to &lt;strong&gt;properly clean your own belly button. Or how often.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Or explained how that impacted dirt starts growing its own hair?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T23:02:02.023" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T23:02:02.023" Title="How does one effectively/safely clean-out or wash their belly button to prevent omphalolith-umbolith (navel stones)?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;cotton-swabs-q-tips&gt;&lt;navel-belly-button&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-07T04:01:21.600" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blushing -- that thing that happens when you get your first kiss or something embarrassing happens and the spotlight is on you -- &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;WHAT&lt;/em&gt; is it exactly? And &lt;em&gt;HOW&lt;/em&gt; does it happen? And &lt;em&gt;WHY&lt;/em&gt; does it happen?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;HOW?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;We know when it happens, but what is the &lt;strong&gt;physiological cause&lt;/strong&gt; of blushing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does our body rush &lt;em&gt;blood to our cheeks (specifically)&lt;/em&gt;? Is our&#xA;body really blushing everywhere, but is it because our cheeks are so&#xA;thin that cheek skin is more easily to pink up?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;What is the physiological difference between blushing and flushing?&lt;/em&gt; Like a blushed face and a flushed face? Is it because flushing is caused my physical stress of the body, where blushing is caused by emotional stress, and the body has different reactions that somehow look different?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WHY?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Most the time our body seems to react due to a physical situation, but blushing  seems like a social response that is triggered by a form of social anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is blushing a part of the fight or flight mechanism?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;em&gt;Does/Did blushing serve social or physiological benefits in a Fight or Flight scenario or was it just the results of being in a fight or flight situation?&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Benefits?: Is there a primal instinctive benefit that humans once had of turning red in the face in a dangerous or intense situation? Did blushing somehow scare off predators? Or it attracted a mate more in a romantic setting? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Result?: Whatever the reason for the fight or flight scenario, is blushing the result of being in a stressed environment? Like does the rush of blood to our brain rams up our metabolism to run? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T20:37:38.040" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T20:37:38.040" Title="HOW and WHY does blushing occur when one is embarrassed? Linked to fight or flight primal instincts?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;&lt;cheeks&gt;&lt;fight-or-flight&gt;&lt;flush-face-body&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11023" CreationDate="2017-02-07T04:43:08.767" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood tests to determine lithium levels are the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of lithium therapy. That said, a patient on a stable dose with no major adverse reactions is presumably within their body's therapeutic range. If there is preexisting renal dysfunction, that brings in a whole new can of worms. The signs and symptoms of lithium overdose are well documented and easily researched. I see many similar scenarios with metformin. Renal function should always to tested periodically throughout treatment but is rarely performed. I say that to say this, if the patient is tolerating the medication, isn't showing signs of renal dysfunction, and has no major reactions, I think it should be OK to prescribe/dispense the medication while diligently monitoring the patient for and changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2489" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:43:08.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10763" CreationDate="2017-02-07T04:54:01.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;drugs.com is a great resource. Go to the a Pro Edition header. Once you pull up the medication, scroll down until you find the Pharmacology Category. Once here, look for Metabolism and Elimination. This is where you will find your answer. Wikipedia is also a great place for quick hitter info. Search for the same sections in those articles and you should get the information you need. The least fun but most precise way is to google search the package insert for the medication you wish to research. Make sure you click the &quot;I am a health care provider&quot; tab. Then look for the package insert/prescribing information. This will be a large pdf where CTRL + F will be your friend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2489" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T04:54:01.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11071" CreationDate="2017-02-07T10:15:42.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had never heard of these things and never had them.  I had to find out what they are and came across an article in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.the-dermatologist.com/issue/2724&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Volume 21 - Issue 7 - July 2013 edition&lt;/a&gt; of The Dermatologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.the-dermatologist.com/content/what-black-umbilical-nodule&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The article&lt;/a&gt; says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An omphalolith – also referred to as an omphalith, omphalokeratolith or umbolith – is a keratin and sebum containing stone-like mass found in the umbilicus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywell.com/what-is-sebum-1069375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sebum&lt;/a&gt; is a light yellow, oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands that keep the skin and hair moisturised, and as indicated in the Dermatologist article, these solid masses are a result of poor hygiene.  The hair shown in some pictures is hair from the umbilicus.  It is not something the omphalith is growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you shower or have a bath regularly and ensure the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prevention.com/health/healthy-living/how-clean-your-belly-button&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;umbilicus is clean&lt;/a&gt; whilst washing, you should have no problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-02-07T10:15:42.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-07T21:38:49.010" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for the newest information about the global rate of thyroid cancer. I've searched on WHO website, but it didn't work. Please introduce up-to-date, informative resources. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8156" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T01:23:28.313" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T01:23:28.313" Title="Prevalence rate of thyroid cancer" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7236" CreationDate="2017-02-08T00:09:27.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chemical name for neoprene is polychloroprene and is a polymer of chloroprene. Chloroprene is suspected of causing cancer, but that does not mean that its polymer causes cancer. For instance, ethylene is a gas used to ripen, among other things, bananas, but its polymer--poylyethylene--is the basis of many plastics; ethylene and polyethylene are nothing alike, just like chloroprene and polychloroprene.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;If some substance does not cause cancer, it's highly unlikely that you will find literature that expressly states that. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;That example you cite is most likely referring to the chloroprene in neoprene. However, that chloroprene is tightly locked up inside its polymer. It would take a strong chemical (stronger that your sweat) to unbind the chloroprene in neoprene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-02-16T00:07:32.050" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T00:07:32.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11084" CreationDate="2017-02-08T03:01:20.730" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having a migraine for a long time, tried different medications, different doctors. recently (for a few months) i noticed that the only medicine that really works for me when i have an attack is codeine. I take a codeine tablet when i have an attack, or 2 when the pain is really excruciating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is it possible to get addicted to this drug by taking about 4 tablets each month? The tablet is made of 300mg acetaminophen and 20mg codeine phosphate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8161" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-08T04:33:50.160" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T06:13:13.903" Title="Can someone get addicted to codeine by taking a few tablets in a month?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11082" CreationDate="2017-02-08T05:36:21.193" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addiction occurs due to chronic or frequent use, which means a lot more often than you're taking it. Since you're going weeks between doses, and you're taking very small doses, there's no danger of you developing a dependence because of the gaps between doses. Your body simply isn't getting it often enough to develop a physical dependence. The danger would come from using it daily or abusing it for recreational purposes. Don't do that and you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to find sources to support the above, but it's actually very difficult to find hard numbers. Nobody wants to put their finger on an amount that leads to addiction since it's going to vary from person to person, but the examples of addiction you can find will always involve daily or near daily use. Infrequent use as you're doing is never how addictions begin as long as they stay infrequent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T05:36:21.193" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3508" CreationDate="2017-02-08T05:54:07.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Salt cravings can be a sign of adrenal insufficiency or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartter_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bartter&lt;/a&gt; syndrome&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/expert-answers/salt-craving/faq-20057988&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;, so you should probably see a doctor and get checked out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have neither of those things, then you need to learn reduce your salt intake. It is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; a symptom of high blood pressure or diabetes. (Some of your coworkers have their causes and effects mixed up.) But it can cause high blood pressure, which you definitely want to avoid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-08T05:54:07.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T14:07:19.883" Score="4" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Veins varicose&lt;/a&gt; occurs in the people, who walk slowly (slow walking is also known as &quot;standing&quot; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/8798&quot;&gt;there is a question&lt;/a&gt; asking for how much of slow walking is bad) for the long time. I however see that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Prevent-Varicose-Veins#step_1_4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;walking and running are used to prevent it&lt;/a&gt;. It is confusing. Is there a minimal speed that demarcates between standing and walking? Is there a maximum walking time limit after which walking changes from preventing varicose to causing it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see that my veins swell and stick quite out after a 12-hour walk. Is it ok? Can I go hiking? How far and long (it terms of distance and time) can I walk and run in one iteration, without taking a break?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8166" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:23:50.833" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:23:50.833" Title="Walking and running for venis varicose" Tags="&lt;blood-vessels&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;walking&gt;&lt;varicose-veins&gt;&lt;exertion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T14:18:21.530" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;For bone fractures, there are many different internal fixation methods to choose from when attempting to treat the injury. How do surgeons or the people responsible know which method provides more stability? For example, for the case in the picture, you could use a combination of plates, screws and rods for internal fixation. How do you choose the optimal method?&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2Co1B.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2Co1B.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8168" OwnerDisplayName="J. Doe" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T01:06:07.730" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T01:06:07.730" Title="How do surgeons select which fixation method to use?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T16:08:32.757" Score="2" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if here is any clue/algorithm/generally well recognized equation to measure body fitness according to/considering average daily/periodic step count data, walking distance, sports and workout time, burned calories, sleep time, rest time, consumed food ingredients, cosumed vitamins, persons age, height, gender etc. parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any article on that section will also be appreciated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8171" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:20:17.367" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:20:17.367" Title="How to measure body fitness" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;walking&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T18:30:00.693" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can giving a sublingual antigen to a virus (e.g. herpes) whilst concomitantly giving antiviral drugs help with meniere's syndrome? The aim being to encourage the Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) to have a different immune response to the virus and thus the meniere's symptoms are reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8174" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:19:04.633" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:19:04.633" Title="How can an oral antigen help meniere's syndrome?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antigen&gt;&lt;menieres-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T21:38:52.383" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Île-de-France&lt;/a&gt; (a region in France mainland), Orsay to be precise. &#xA;I would be here atleast for 2 years.&#xA;Should I be concerned of the long term health issues by drinking &#xA;tap water on a regular basis?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My concern mainly roots from discussion with my colleagues (they are not medical professionals) that tap water contains more mineral concentration and may lead to kidney stone in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8175" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:12:15.390" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:12:15.390" Title="Is drinking tap water safe in Île-de-France on a long term?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11097" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-08T22:41:38.710" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had bad eyesight from birth, and i mean bad. My lenses on my glasses are as thick as anything, without them everything is blurry unless it is a couple of inches away from my face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, upon till now this hasn't been a major problem for me as bad eyesight is quite common, I sat at or near the front in class and just got on with my life with my glasses on permanently. Now I've decided to try to learn to drive (In the UK) and before applying for my provisional, i saw a eyesight requirement page so i proceeded to it only to see that i should be able to read a cars registration from about 20m away, so i went ahead and tested it on a few cars on a bright sunny day but i CAN NOT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No matter how hard i squint, or how close i bring my glasses to my eyes, the text on the plate is just to blurry for me to interpret. i think i can read it from about 15 metres but rules are rules right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hoping for some suggestions as to what to go about doing to resolve this? I mean i need to drive its not an option and i cant get lasik until im 21 (im currently 17).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i was thinking about trying contact lenses but how much difference will they make compared to glasses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8177" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:08:26.017" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:08:26.017" Title="Cannot read from 20 metres away - even with glasses" Tags="&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;&lt;blurry-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-09T06:08:59.077" Score="-1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had unprotected sex with my wife about 3 weeks back. She missed her periods yesterday. In addition to this, she has been feeling weak, her appetite changed drastically, she is usually an insomniac but now is sleeping a lot. She gets food cravings at night. No breast tenderness, nauseated at times(not very much or very frequently), no morning sickness, no vomitings and mood swings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She also has a kind of unpredictable menstrual cycle. She keeps on missing her periods randomly. Most of the symptoms she is showing are common to PMS and Pregnancy. Only today she had a pinkish brown spotting, which put me into fear. The problem is we have a strike in our city and nearly &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of the medical stores are closed so we can't really get our hands on any pregnancy test kits right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's a pregnancy it's an unwanted one. How can I confirm this pregnancy? And if confirmed, what are the steps that I can take to terminate it &lt;strong&gt;without having to go for outright abortion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8179" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:11:01.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T17:18:55.383" Title="Termination of possible early pregnancy" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;cravings&gt;&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3940" CreationDate="2017-02-09T11:46:04.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a trained first aider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I note that this question was asked a long time ago and has never been answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority of ID/Health alert lockets should indeed be waterproof (this would either the case or the information it contains).  Otherwise, it's pretty much useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First aiders are trained to look for lockets that have the &quot;snake on a pole&quot; or &quot;SOS&quot; design prominently in view.  Anything over-stylised would be easily overlooked.  I guess it might well be obvious, but the information held within an SOS locket needs to be updated as soon the information changes, or it becomes illegible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also go for a bracelet - as a male first aider, I wouldn't be comfortable looking into a woman's cleavage for a pendant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, the key thing is that people who are commonly around you (friends/co-workers) should be aware of your condition and any likely conditions you might have.  Background information really does help a first aider, even if they do need to put a little work into confirming what's actually happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7159" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T11:46:04.990" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-09T12:56:03.590" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;It says online that a fracture with multiple segments is considered comminuted, but in the case below with one tibial and two fibular segments, im not sure if there's enough segments to warrant calling it comminuted. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwWH8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwWH8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8168" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T00:06:14.280" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T00:06:14.280" Title="Is this a comminuted fracture?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10748" CreationDate="2017-02-09T15:12:31.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Magnetic, no.  As Variax points out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A potential risk would be one of heat from the battery and components within the laptop itself, which gets hotter as the laptop works harder, especially if the cooling vents are blocked (by clothing, cushions, cats, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heat is a form of radiation, but it's just that - heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7159" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T15:12:31.290" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-09T16:20:46.620" Score="2" ViewCount="1512" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 30 year old male. My job requires me to sit at a desk from 9-6. While working, I often forget to drink water. One in a while, on some days, I do a few exercises after work. But most days I don't. How much water do I need to drink during the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8183" LastActivityDate="2017-05-11T10:55:06.680" Title="How much water does a 30 year old male need to drink daily?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-09T17:14:05.083" Score="2" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where I live, we have fresh vegetables in abundance at groceries. We also have frozen vegetables at the same stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read several articles (I don't have the links right now) which tell that frozen vegetables are better than fresh vegetables.I have a hard time believing that this is the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the general impression that anything fresh is always better. And if it's possible to get fresh vegetables, I always choose fresh over frozen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that frozen vegetables are better than fresh ones? And if so, why is is considered better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:43:42.863" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T06:17:06.613" Title="Which is better in general: fresh vegetables or frozen vegetables" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4024" CreationDate="2017-02-09T18:13:51.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that psychological stress is known to have short term (transient) effects on raising blood pressure, but there's less evidence that psychological stress is a risk factor for hypertension (high blood pressure for a long period of time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a meta-study of other studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acute stress promotes transient elevation of blood pressure, but there&#xA;  is no consistent evidence that this effect results in hypertension.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/abs/jhh200874a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/abs/jhh200874a.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As @JohnP says, doctor's office blood pressure is known to be a suboptimal test of hypertension. Its a single sample, and also it may show up higher (as in the case of the White Coat Effect), or lower (as in the case of Masked Hypertension) than normal. Better determinations of hypertension can made by either wearing an &quot;ambulatory blood pressure&quot; cuff for 24h, or by making many readings with a home BP monitor (in which case your must carefully follow the instructions, be sitting, rested and keep you arm at the correct height). Bear in mind however, that readings from ambulatory and home BP devices are not directly comparable to the same BP values seems in your doctor's office. Different values correspond to the same risk (lower BP values are generally used to determine hypertension when the readings are made out of the doctor's office).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xcVhP.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xcVhP.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above image, &quot;home&quot; is the sitting self test, 24h is the &quot;ambulatory&quot; (while active) average, and nighttime and daytime are the averages of the ambulatory monitor when when asleep/awake. Its important to know there's generally (very!) large difference in risk between the same home and office readings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that your BP returns to truly excellent levels may a good indicator in that your body is reacting appropriately to demands. That said, if you have prolonged high BP (due to stress or otherwise), you should be concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T18:13:51.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11100" CreationDate="2017-02-09T20:03:17.573" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was going to say no because I was under the impression there was also a component of the fragment sizes in the definition (I'm not a specialist), but in doing a bit of research I appear to be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was going to say originally it's a seemingly-open leg fracture (both bones), but according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00522&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00522&lt;/a&gt; it is conminuted, i.e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Comminuted fracture: This type of fracture is very unstable. The bone shatters into three or more pieces. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T20:03:17.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11038" CreationDate="2017-02-09T20:26:50.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen is a very-standard NSAID, and generally speaking it is a pretty safe drug when taken in an appropriate dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All medications have side-effects, Ibuprofen is not the exception. Now, usually these things are not an issue for healthy individuals. Mostly they can be a problem for people with pre-existing conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen is not recommended for people with increased stroke or thrombotic risk (No NSAIDs are recommended for them, actually) but I don't think it is actually cardiotoxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential of GI bleeding can actually be more of an issue as it is an effect directly related to the mechanism of action. Ibuprofen prevents the formation of Prostaglandins that a) Are responsible for inflammation but b) Are also responsible for secreting the protective layer of the gastric mucosa. Nonetheless, it's still generally safe if used in the proper doses and for few days at a time. (Usually, I don't recommend it over 5 days; when I do, I generally prescribe a proton-pump inhibitor also). Note that this risk is further increased if the patient is on corticosteroids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen can also be harmful for the kidneys (it reduces blood flow to kidneys), so it is not recommended in people with kidney disease. And, this is rare but I've seen it happen, in some cases it can cause an interstitial nephritis that can be very bad, most commonly when abused for a very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for turmeric... I've never read any actual evidence that it acts as an anti-inflammatory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-09T20:26:50.177" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-09T20:44:09.617" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;To give you a brief introduction, while writing this post I was in a hospital bed and treated for getting rid of ~20mm of a kidney stone on my left side. The doctors followed the PCNL procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, doctors informed me about another 5mm of stone on right kidney.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick look around the internet to find a solution to getting the stone out of my system with a natural process, many suggest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drink loads of water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drink beer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take Apple cider vinegar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Olive oil and lemon juice therapy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or, have another operation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do natural remedies help for kidney stones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8189" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T14:49:47.720" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T14:49:47.720" Title="Naturally dissolving kidney stone through daily activities, food and drinking habits" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11102" CreationDate="2017-02-09T20:55:33.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The daily water requirements for a 30 years old male are in general the same as for other adults. You need to consume as much water as you lose it. A young adult loses at least about 1 liter per day -- this is the obligatory water loss, which includes the loses by urinating, invisible perspiration and breathing, but not by sweating (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NAP.edu&lt;/a&gt;). Practically everyone sweats at least a little , so everyone probably needs to drink more than 1 liter per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roughly speaking, a sedentary adult living in a temperate climate will usually need about 1.5-2 liters of water per day, including the water from beverages and foods (water, tea, milk, vegetables, fruits, cooked cereals). However, even in moderate climate, on a hot summer day, with few hours of a simple exercise like walking, you will probably sweat a lot, so you might need 4 to 5 liters or more water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since it is not practical to measure the total water intakes and loses, you can just take care that you are well hydrated, which means you are not dehydrated or overhydrated. The main symptoms of dehydration are thirst, dry mouth, bright yellow or dark urine, increased heart rate and fatigue. When you drink more than you need, you will excrete the excessive water, so you will urinate frequently, probably more than 6 times per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a detailed article about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehealthstar.com/dehydration/how-much-water-do-i-need-to-drink-per-day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;how much to drink per day&lt;/a&gt;, with all the reasoning, tests and references. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a bottle of water at your desk - it helps you not forget to drink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T09:52:36.477" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T09:52:36.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-10T02:53:15.600" Score="2" ViewCount="894" Body="&lt;p&gt;EverlyWell is a lab testing startup. I'm looking at their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everlywell.com/products/food-sensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;food sensitivity test&quot;&gt;food sensitivity test&lt;/a&gt;, didn't find a whole lot of independent info online (other than blogger reviews that were paid by the company). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it legit? Do they need to be certified to do such tests? Do they have the certifications? Any (independent) personal experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8190" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-10T03:11:56.267" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T18:58:24.967" Title="EverlyWell - legit?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;qualifiy-certify&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11114" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11318" CreationDate="2017-02-10T02:59:50.137" Score="1" ViewCount="35010" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with PCOS a number of years ago. Recently, my OBGYN set up an ultrasound for me to check on the status of my ovarian-cysts. I just thought it would be a normal pelvic ultrasound performed on the external part of my body, but I found out it will be an internal procedure known as &quot;transvaginal ultrasound.&quot; From what I understand, that means the ultrasound wand is inserted into my vagina to take the imaging needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am pretty nervous (honestly, scared out of my mind) because I'm a virgin. &lt;strong&gt;Will a transvaginal ultrasound break my hymen as I am a virgin???&lt;/strong&gt; How much pain should I anticipate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T08:24:59.320" Title="Do transvaginal ultrasounds break the hymen if one is a virgin? Is it painful for a virgin?" Tags="&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;transvaginal-ultrasound&gt;&lt;ovarian-cysts&gt;&lt;hymen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-10T05:21:45.273" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limb_leads_of_EKG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EKG limb leads image&lt;/a&gt;, I noticed that the function of the right leg node in a 12-lead ecg/ekg is missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an actual placement I know this is present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I need to ask, what is the significance of this node?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Does it serve as an electrical ground?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7480" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T03:32:12.053" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T03:32:12.053" Title="What is the significance of the right lower node in a 12-lead electrocardiogram placement?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;&lt;limbs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-10T15:07:33.773" Score="2" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is Quark &quot;Naturally Fat Free&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://groceries.iceland.co.uk/grahams-quark-naturally-fat-free-250g/p/66581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://groceries.iceland.co.uk/grahams-quark-naturally-fat-free-250g/p/66581&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low-fat or fat-free products often have the stigma that they have been &quot;made so&quot; through some form of &quot;processing&quot; which in turn removes certain desirable aspects of the food (vitamins, minerals), or adds other undesirable ones (sugar, thickener), do compensate for the removal of the fat component. So a claim that something is &quot;naturally&quot; fat-free sounds appealing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how can quark be naturally fat-free, when other dairy products are not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just a marketing ploy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You start with full fat milk, you add rennet, you get curds, you drain the whey, you get cheese. Considered naturally high fat.&#xA;You start with full fat milk, you add some lactic bacteria, you get yoghurt. Considered naturally (relatively) high fat (to the extent that we now &quot;make&quot; low-fat ones).&#xA;You start with full fat milk, you add some other lactic bacteria, you get quark. Which is now magically, naturally fat free? How so? Where did the fat go? Is the whey that is drained out in some versions of quark full of cream? Hardly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Wikipedia research yielded: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[some type of quark] contains in its basic form about 0.2% fat. Quark with higher fat content is made by adding cream&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, dry mass of quark has 1% to 40% fat; most of the rest is protein (80% of which is casein), calcium, and phosphate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8193" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T16:52:13.720" Title="Why is Quark Naturally Fat Free" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3940" CreationDate="2017-02-10T20:06:44.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;[&lt;strong&gt;SOLVED_EasilyAccessibleStandardLogoNoGlitter&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What ever makes the &lt;em&gt;responder&lt;/em&gt; identify the situation quickly enough will help in the worst case scenario or for an emergency. So, for my question what type of accessory would make it easier to identify this particular type of situation? &lt;strong&gt;Ideally a bracelet is the best option&lt;/strong&gt;. Otherwise, if a bracelet can't be worn then it would be appropriate to use a necklace instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just make sure the I.D.'s design isn't straying too far away from how medical logos are displayed. Since we are talking about a standard procedure the medical logo (&lt;em&gt;or the Snack-on-a-Pole / SOS&lt;/em&gt;) must be visible to any peripheral vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to @PETE, I was now able to understand the &lt;strong&gt;importance of speed&lt;/strong&gt; to acknowledge responders to take the appropriate action for person(s) in danger. This is because they were able to locate the information needed as-fast-as-possible without any fuss or delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I just wonder if people ever considered using a Tattoo for this case....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2223" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T20:06:44.297" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11109" CreationDate="2017-02-10T21:32:38.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The one thing I would add to your natural remedy is cranberry juice and/or dried cranberries. Countless studies have shown a correlation between cranberry consumption and renal health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know for a fact cranberry consumption can help prevent kidney stones. I'm not sure about dissolving them, but it certainly won't hurt to add to your remedy list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616463&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616463&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8197" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T21:32:38.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9802" CreationDate="2017-02-10T21:48:38.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mark nailed it. Any procedure that involves anesthesia requires that you not eat anything solid for at least 24 hours prior for the reason Mark stated (aspiration pneumonia). I recently had a colonoscopy and was told that all I could consume food-wise was gelatin (Jello), chicken/beef broth and bouillon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did as instructed but apparently I have a slow digestive tract, so I had to undergo the procedure without anesthesia (it wasn't as bad as you'd think it would be).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8197" LastActivityDate="2017-02-10T21:48:38.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-11T03:43:29.397" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just finished reading &lt;em&gt;Blood Medicine&lt;/em&gt; and I'm wondering, what made Procrit/epogen so deadly, if it was from natural sources? Was it an immune reaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8199" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-11T22:38:53.510" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T22:38:53.510" Title="What caused J&amp;J's Procrit to be so deadly?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11109" CreationDate="2017-02-11T05:53:13.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a stone is formed, to my knowledge, it will have to pass...I don't think that anything is available that will promote dissolving, if that is even possible.  Certainly large fluid intake combined with medication that relaxes the ureters (like Tamulosin) has been found to be effective...also important is prevention, with various regimens depending on the actual composition of the stone, based on treating the underlying precipitators for stone formation...5mm is borderline but with Tamulosin + heavy floods intake, might just pass...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7878" LastEditorUserId="7878" LastEditDate="2017-02-11T05:59:19.283" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T05:59:19.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11098" CreationDate="2017-02-11T06:08:34.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Abortion can be performed chemically (ru-486, mifepriston+misoprostol if I recall correctly). Is there no urgent care or e.r. you can go to for the test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7878" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T06:08:34.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11082" CreationDate="2017-02-11T06:13:13.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Agree with above, taking it so infrequently should prevent habitation (body getting used to it), and as far as addiction goes, everyone is different, but you will know when you start having a problem...when suddenly you reaaaalllly want some codeine. Unlikely to happen fron such infrequent dosing, as long as you don't let it happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7878" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T06:13:13.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-11T07:21:13.630" Score="1" ViewCount="388" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://markbunn.com.au/blog/honey-never-put-it-in-hot-water-teas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; claims that above 42 degrees centigrade, the all-important ‘medicinal’ molecular structure of honey is changed irrevocably, making it indigestible and, in a sense, toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8200" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-08T20:05:11.060" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T20:05:11.060" Title="Toxicity of Heated Honey" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;indigestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3991" CreationDate="2017-02-11T07:38:23.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question has no correct answer. It is up to take the pain for a gain. What I would do is look for other times when I can build rapports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk on respiratory system: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.&#xA;Other risks: lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Passive smoking effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/8133&quot;&gt;A good explanation from SO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/#autoimmune&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risk of autoimmune disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Below Quotes are from the fact sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is estimated that secondhand smoke caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondhand smoke exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If each cigarette lasts for 6 mins, if you inhale even 5% of smoke passively (which is very less than the real scenario) from each smoker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you stand with 2 smokers for 24 mins in a day,&#xA;2 smokers x 6 mins x 5% x 4 times = 240% per day i.e equivalent of 2.4 cigarette smokes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short &lt;strong&gt;Yes, it is highly risky&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8133" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T07:56:05.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-11T07:44:27.883" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen general practitioners / physicians recommending to diarrhea patients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no dietary restriction at all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid &quot;irritating food&quot; such as spicy stuff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid diary products&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why the different recommendations for the same medical condition? Also, these are advice to be followed with medication. What if no medication is given at all, e.g. when medical help is not available, what kind of dietary changes would be recommended to manage diarrhea, like certain food that could make the diarrhea worse, or perhaps make it better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="182" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T07:44:27.883" Title="Dietary management for diarrhea" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11098" CreationDate="2017-02-11T17:18:55.383" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most pregnancy symptoms only start to appear about 6 weeks after the last period. If she had been fertile, it would have been 2 weeks after her last period, and adding 3 weeks gets you to 5 weeks, so this would be soon to be experiencing any of them. Things like feeling weak and sleeping a lot are not generally early symptoms. Spotting is also not a sign of pregnancy. It's more likely she's just worried, especially given the history of missing periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no way to end a pregnancy (without the help of a doctor) that is both reliable and safe. Old wives tales abound, but they don't work and some are insanely dangerous, so I won't repeat any of them here. If you can't just go to a medical store and buy a pee test, then make an appointment with a doctor. They will have access to tests. A blood test for pregnancy can be done very quickly if the lab is on site - emergency rooms do them all the time before prescribing things to women who may be pregnant. It's literally &quot;while you wait&quot; - and you don't wait long. Another advantage of a doctor appointment is that if they tell you it's positive, you will be able to discuss next steps right then and there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-02-11T17:18:55.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11139" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11236" CreationDate="2017-02-12T10:33:25.173" Score="5" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pyrexia (or fever) is mostly considered just high temperature, most often caused by infections. Especially in this time of the year, influenza infections that cause fever are quite common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would presume that the body heats up in order to kill off bacteria (similar as to why we boil water, and cook food). This doesn't really make much sense when it comes to viruses, as they do not have a similar metabolism. &#xA;Still, one symptom of influenza is pyrexia, so I conclude that pyrexia is triggered in some part of the immune system which does not differentiate between a viral and bacterial infection. I imagine pyrexia to be the body's standard response to an intruder of any kind.&#xA;Am I right here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also do have 2 follow up questions: &#xA;How does our body increase the temperature? &#xA;Is there a fail-safe mechanism (the many deaths caused by high temperature make me think there is none)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who listen to R&amp;amp;B:&#xA;I'm not looking for the song by Peggy Lee (which is great, by the way)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:31:59.007" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T03:47:41.530" Title="What exactly is fever?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11140" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11151" CreationDate="2017-02-12T15:58:47.983" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you please let us know if the following are symptoms of seizures in a 16-year-old:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He goes sudden unconsciousness while speaking normally&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There were no convulsions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When it happens he start moving to a corner without his conscious and then falls on floor with bending mouth and fingers unconsciously.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No response even we put room keys or iron rod in hands (it takes 10 minutes to become conscious even if we put these things in hand)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After it happened and he became conscious, we took him to the nearest hospital and blood pressure is normal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has had an MRI scan and EEG (when conscious) and the results are normal. Do we need to take these tests during unconsciousness to get accurate results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help us understanding his condition. We contacted doctors here but they are not sure that it is seizures, as the test results are normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has shown this type of behaviour a few times in the last 1 and a half years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will meet a nearby doctor but your suggestions will help us to understand about his condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-22T14:49:10.457" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T14:49:10.457" Title="How to know if a person has seizures?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-08-24T02:21:13.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11141" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-12T17:08:49.487" Score="3" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;As titled, can holding a constant static charge affect the CNS? If so, is it detrimental? What are the short/long term effects, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8215" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T07:23:35.160" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T07:23:35.160" Title="Can constant exposure to static electricity affect the nervous system in any way?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;&lt;central-nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11142" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1530" CreationDate="2017-02-12T22:02:43.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wearing glasses since 1980. I too get those depressions in the side of my head just above my ears. These don't give me headaches, but the frames do cause great tension in my scalp and eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I lightly pull the frames that go over my ears outward and away from my scalp, all the tension melts away instantly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contacts would probably relieve this. I haven't tried them since 1980 - - they didn't work well for astigmatism at the time. I never tried them again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8216" LastActivityDate="2017-02-12T22:02:43.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10040" CreationDate="2017-02-12T23:46:00.057" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, opiate withdrawal can also sometimes be fatal for a variety of reasons, but it is very uncommon, and withdrawal from some benzodiazepines can trigger seizures that have a small chance of a fatal outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet alcohol withdrawal without medical supervision and possibly medication is by far the most dangerous, and probably has caused more fatalities than all other withdrawals combined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This coming from me that is a recovering alcoholic that has had two withdrawal seizures, or &quot;rum fits&quot;, and it is especially these than can easily trigger a stroke or heart attack. I was just very lucky to be hospitalized for the first one, and given Valium, while the second one was a lot milder, and just temporarily paralyzed my legs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7595" LastEditorUserId="7595" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T05:05:03.253" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T05:05:03.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-12T23:56:40.507" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alcoholics are normally addicted to ethanol, but I was wondering, as an alcoholic (recovering), whether it is actually a broader addiction to the super-class of all alcohols. I know that methanol is sometimes used to adulterate liquor, and causes similar intoxication, but with severe toxicity. It is also sometimes used by desperate winos as a long term, cheaper, and more widely available substitute. A store doesn't need a license to sell methanol or denatured ethanol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because I want to try an develop a test for use by alcoholics, to see if food or drink contains any alcohol, or how much, and I would either have to develop the test for any type of alcohol at all, or only the commonly drunk ones. E.g. should it include, say, rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol, often available also as a cleaning agent, which is quite toxic with a lethal dose being only eight ounces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7595" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T02:43:59.473" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T08:44:03.053" Title="Do all kinds of alcohol trigger the relapse response in alcoholics?" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;&lt;ethanol&gt;&lt;rubbing-alcohol-isopropyl&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T06:25:47.983" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tend to use almost a handful, but I don't know if that's dumb. I don't have long hair, either. On the top, I cut to 8 or 7, usually, and that's the longest I have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8221" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T03:32:52.403" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T03:32:52.403" Title="What's the Right Amount of Conditioner to Use for Thick, Male Hair?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;hair-conditioner&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T09:03:03.210" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that people who lack Zinc tend to have &lt;strong&gt;less&lt;/strong&gt; appetite. In contrast: have any vitamin or mineral deficiencies that cause an increase in appetite been found in the seemingly-objective scientific research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8224" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T23:11:51.507" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T23:11:51.507" Title="Do we know of any vitamin or mineral deficiencies that cause an increase in appetite?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;&lt;appetite&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11140" CreationDate="2017-02-13T17:00:14.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are we to say?&#xA;This is a very delicate issue, and misjudgements from us could lead to severe consequences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the person does in fact suffer from seizures and the SE-Community convinces you of this.&#xA;Assuming you are from a country with regulations on medicine, there will be nothing you can do, apart from checking Dr. Google to understand what seizure exactly is, how it works and what possible cures are. Be asserted though that Dr. Google May not provide you with the best answer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;=&gt; You will have to go to the hospital and get him/her checked. The answers couldn't help you in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the person does in fact suffer from seizures but the SE-Community wrongly tells you he/she doesn't.&#xA;If this would prevent you from visiting the hospital, it would put a serious burden on the suffering person. As you stated in the question, you would, as I hope, visit the hospital no matter of the outcome.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;=&gt; You will have to go to the hospital and get him/her checked. The answers couldn't help you in any way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concluding, the next thing to do is go and visit a hospital.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the OP asked whether the symptoms are  likely linked to seizure: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When it happens he start moving to a corner without his conscious and then falls on floor with bending mouth and fingers unconsciously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, this looks more like a psychological issue than a seizure...&#xA;I assume that the person can't remember anything about this, as you mention that he/she is unconscious. &#xA;Does he/she notice they black out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T17:35:53.793" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T17:35:53.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T18:01:08.853" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently took an unpaid internship at a pain management clinic who is asking me to edit SOAP notes and patients' charts. Is it legal for me to even touch this information without even having been accepted to medical school? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8229" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T01:15:44.887" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T01:15:44.887" Title="Can unpaid/unlicensed college interns edit medical charts in California?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T19:29:20.573" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I frequently see it recommended that EPA and DHA be taken in a 2:1 ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What primary sources (i.e. clinical trials, peer-reviewed studies, etc.) justify this specific ratio? What is the justification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8230" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T01:25:02.857" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T01:25:02.857" Title="Why is 2:1 ratio of EPA:DHA recommended" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;epa-eicosapentaenoic-acid&gt;&lt;dha-docosahexaenoic-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T20:24:29.483" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've often heard/read that brown rice is a better choice over white rice, because it contains the germ and the bran and so has higher levels of fibre, protein, fatty acids and so on... Unfortunately it takes quite a while longer to cook and doesn't really go well with some of the foods I like to eat with rice, so I usually stick to either basmati or parboiled rice... and feel guilty (I don't really, but it makes for a better story).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I go into the shop and pick up three varieties of rice of the supermarket's own brand, i.e. all similar packaging/labelling, easily comparable nutritional information (all values per 100g as sold, i.e. dry, uncooked), take a photo of the nutritional information, and I find this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basmati rice:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fat 0.9g of which saturates 0.3g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Carbohydrate 76g of which sugars &amp;lt; 0.5g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Fibre 1.5g &#xA;  Protein 8.6g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Salt &amp;lt; 0.01g  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parboiled long grain rice:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fat 1g of which saturates 0.2g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Carbohydrate 77g of which sugars &amp;lt; 0.5g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Fibre 1.7g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Protein 7.2g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Salt &amp;lt; 0.01g  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long grain brown rice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fat 2.8g of which saturates 0.7g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Carbohydrate 81g of which sugars 1.3g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Fibre 1.9g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Protein 6.7g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Salt &amp;lt; 0.01g  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this brown rice, which everybody knows as being high-fibre, contains just under 12% more fibre than parboiled rice? And a whopping 27% more fibre than basmati rice, which is about the whitest looking rice you can find? Is that it? It also seems to have the lowest protein content of all the rice varieties looked at here, how is that? I'm really confused by this. I can see a few explanations here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The difference in fibre really is that significant, although I can't see it, especially since the absolute values aren't very high either. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The numbers are wrong. Well, I would like others to repeat this &quot;experiment&quot;/investigation in their area to see what they come up with.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brown rice really isn't any better for you than white rice, with regards to fibre intake.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The are differences in the nutrient content of different varieties of rice that are more significant than just the mere brown/white distinction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8193" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T20:24:29.483" Title="Is the macro-nutrient difference between white and brown rice really that significant?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-13T20:57:22.113" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that the 12-lead EKG is the gold standard for diagnosing many heart problems, but they're limited to fairly short samples (e.g. 30 minutes). Its possible to send a patient home for several days to be monitored with a 3-lead Holter Monitor, or a Zio patch, which clearly does better at detecting transient heart issues, but is limited by the number of leads (?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Putting aside the additional differences in the monitoring period, what might you hope to be able to diagnose with a 12 lead EKG vs, the single or 3 lead ambulatory monitors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1475" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T02:49:56.960" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T02:49:56.960" Title="What benefits for more EKG leads?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11157" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:25:05.030" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:25:05.030" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:25:05.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11158" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:25:05.030" Score="0" Body="Any part of a plant that is consumed as food as part of a meal. Can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T22:09:15.567" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T22:09:15.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11159" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11160" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:27:54.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11161" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11162" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:29:59.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11163" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:31:18.790" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The characteristic symptom is a small bump on the genitals. Vaccines can protect against many genital-wart-causing strains of HPV. Genital warts can be treated with prescription medication applied directly to the warts or can be surgically removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T22:07:33.730" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T22:07:33.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11164" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:31:18.790" Score="0" Body="Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:54:07.693" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:54:07.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11165" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:34:02.420" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:34:02.420" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:34:02.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11166" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:34:02.420" Score="0" Body="Fish are consumed as food and it has been an important source of protein and other nutrients for humans throughout recorded history." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T05:00:23.203" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T05:00:23.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11167" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:37:32.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aimed at three particular groups of women: those diagnosed with cancer who have not yet begun chemotherapy or radiotherapy; those undergoing treatment with assisted reproductive technologies who do not consider embryo freezing an option; and those who would like to preserve their future ability to have children, either because they do not yet have a partner, or for other personal or medical reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T22:07:18.887" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T22:07:18.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11168" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:37:32.313" Score="0" Body="AKA Oocyte cryopreservation. A process in which a woman's eggs (oocytes) are extracted, frozen and stored. In the future, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T11:33:15.583" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T11:33:15.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11169" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:39:38.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The temperature of liquid nitrogen can readily be reduced to its freezing point 63 K (−210 °C; −346 °F) by placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a vacuum pump. Liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on contact with a warmer object, enveloping the object in insulating nitrogen gas. This effect, (known as the Leidenfrost effect), applies to any liquid in contact with an object significantly hotter than its boiling point. Faster cooling may be obtained by plunging an object into a slush of liquid and solid nitrogen rather than liquid nitrogen alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T22:09:23.820" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T22:09:23.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11170" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:39:38.470" Score="0" Body="Nitrogen in a liquid state at an extremely low temperature. It is a colorless clear liquid with a density of 0.807 g/ml at its boiling point (−195.79 °C (77 K; −320 °F)) and a dielectric constant of 1.43." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T22:06:52.587" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T22:06:52.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11171" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:41:45.153" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-13T21:41:45.153" LastActivityDate="2017-02-13T21:41:45.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11172" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-13T21:41:45.153" Score="0" Body="The process of giving birth as a surrogate mother or of arranging such a birth." OwnerUserId="8183" LastEditorUserId="8183" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:44:56.277" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:44:56.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-14T04:06:29.077" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with a &quot;closed displaced fracture of scaphoid of right wrist&quot; today and was wondering exactly what that meant in layman's term.  I can't seem to find a straight forward answer online and the urgent care doctor was in a rush so I didn't get to sit down and talk to him about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8231" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T04:06:29.077" Title="Scaphoid Fracture Explained in Layman's Term" Tags="&lt;wrist&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-14T05:03:55.507" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume Klippel Feil Syndrome (KFS) is genetic/hereditary because my sister and I both have it, and it's a rare disease.  But if I'm wrong, please do correct me. &lt;strong&gt;Is KFS genetic-hereditary?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;My brothers don't have KFS, but are they carriers?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additionally, does this mean that one of my parents had KFS or that both of them were carriers?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If one has KFS, what are the probabilities that they will pass it onto their children?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it a recessive gene/trait (not dominant)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I just want to know what the likelihood of me passing on KFS to my children would be -- and if they don't get KFS -- they  become carriers for it, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-14T08:45:17.907" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T08:45:17.907" Title="Is Klippel Feil Syndrome hereditary? Recessive/Dominant? Liklihood of passing it to offspring?" Tags="&lt;heredity&gt;&lt;klippel-feil-syndrome&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;&lt;dominant-gene&gt;&lt;recessive-gene&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10086" CreationDate="2017-02-14T09:17:49.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any empirical data, but my thought is &quot;not much&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The natural way for breathing at rest is to have the mouth closed and breathe through the nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen no information at all to suggest that people who might be breathing through their mouths (while exercising) are warned against an increased risk of pollution. If there was any significant risk of open-mouth breathing leading to pollution-related illnesses, I'm sure we would have heard about it by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nose does contain sticky mucous and hairs, but not enough to screen every particle coming in (and smoke particles are small).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This hasn't stopped various manufacturers from inventing &quot;nose filters&quot; to cash in on people's paranoia though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7159" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T09:17:49.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-14T13:09:08.453" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Postherpetic neuralgia can be treated by various analgesics, but I'm not sure that I need them, actually I can suffer that pain quite well. But may be analgesics  still do something more then just &quot;pain control&quot; or may be &quot;pain control&quot; is more then just &quot;pain control&quot; and provide some real treatment, nerve's regulation? I afraid that analgesics will just hide the real situation (may be good for clinic, but not good for me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details: Shingles (ZSV) diagnosed 10 day before, treatment by valaciclovir finished, skin is sensitive but nice how it can be after shringles (wraps body around the left). It seems I have moderate problems with immune system (because of my chronic cough?) but not AIDS. Pain is major (burning, shots, cramps) but still is not something that I can't suffer. At least can try suffer for some period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8236" LastEditorUserId="8236" LastEditDate="2017-02-15T10:13:36.750" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T18:42:47.943" Title="Postherpetic neuralgia: Treat or suffer the pain (if you can suffer)?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;shingles&gt;&lt;pain-tolerance&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-12-13T22:45:13.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10040" CreationDate="2017-02-14T14:59:39.060" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to alcohol, benzodiazepines and the opiates (rare), another class of drugs that can cause lethal withdrawal symptoms is the barbiturates. In fact, they present the most dangerous withdrawal of all. Their use has largely been replaced with the benzodiazepines, so abuse is much less common today than it was in the 1960s and 1970s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rehabthailand.com/blog/2016/09/26/barbiturate-abuse-and-its-potentially-deadly-withdrawal/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://rehabthailand.com/blog/2016/09/26/barbiturate-abuse-and-its-potentially-deadly-withdrawal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawing from Barbiturates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Within 2 to 3 months of consistent barbiturate use, a person can&#xA;  develop a tolerance and addiction. Once this has happened, it is&#xA;  important to understand that a doctor or rehab for barbiturates should&#xA;  be [employed] to come off of the medication. As a “GABAergic” drug;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;barbiturate withdrawal can produce life threatening effects, like&#xA;  seizures, which are similar to those of delirium tremens and&#xA;  benzodiazepine withdrawals. However, the barbiturate withdrawal can be&#xA;  even more severe than the aforementioned making it one of the most&#xA;  dangerous withdrawals out of every known drug.&lt;/strong&gt; Like benzodiazepines,&#xA;  the longer acting the barbiturate drug is, the less severe the&#xA;  withdrawal will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T14:59:39.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-14T08:20:37.347" Score="6" ViewCount="734" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this habit of having a water of bottle near me when I go to sleep.&#xA;Not a while ago I used a &lt;strong&gt;plastic&lt;/strong&gt; bottle for that - I refilled it each day or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that plastic encourages bacteria growth (and in general not too healthy to use), and decided to replace the plastic bottle with a &lt;strong&gt;stainless steel&lt;/strong&gt; one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a cork and I close it after each use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is - the water gets smelly after a day. It get's this weird smell it's hard to explain. Smells maybe like mold. I cleaned the bottle with soap and hot water, but the smell returns after a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought maybe I should store the bottle without the cork? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the &quot;healthiest&quot; way to have a bottle of water near you, with minimal implications like bad smell, bacteria growth, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Shai" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:43:30.797" LastActivityDate="2018-07-01T14:30:35.403" Title="Healthy practices: Bad smell in water bottle" Tags="&lt;plastic&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;mold&gt;&lt;food-water-storage&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11182" CreationDate="2017-02-14T16:39:10.357" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a citation on this  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also use a brush and clean the outside of the mouth also   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let it sit and dry completely.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I rotate with two bottles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the cork smell?  The cork is porous and may be holding some bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T16:39:10.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-14T18:08:31.967" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some say that grinding 'Tamarind seeds' soaked in water and applying it all over the toe and letting it dry for more than 8 hours, effectively - if not completely - removes the blackened blood under the nail by absorbing it. And it is repeated until it's completely removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't find any article or webpage that has both subungual hematoma and tamarind using google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the heated paperclip treatment safe? Is it the only form of treatment that can be done at home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mine doesn't seem to be above 40% and it isn't paining. Will it go away if I just leave it like that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8237" LastEditorUserId="8237" LastEditDate="2017-02-17T05:45:12.060" LastActivityDate="2017-02-17T05:45:12.060" Title="How do I safely treat subungual hematoma? Tamarind seeds paste helps?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;hematoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11182" CreationDate="2017-02-14T20:16:32.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Plastic bottles work just fine. When buying sparkling water (I'm German), they come in plastic bottles and never get this &lt;em&gt;taste of old shoe soles&lt;/em&gt;, and I haven't had any problems with bacteria either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, the cork could be a problem, as was pointed out before. I personally have made the experience that water in steel bottles always tastes a bit different to me than &quot;plain water&quot;. If it is just the cork, I recommend using a different lid like &lt;a href=&quot;http://g03.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1bRlQIXXXXXb7XXXXq6xXFXXX4/1000ML-Sports-Bottle-Bicycle-Cycling-Stainless-Steel-Travel-Sports-Bottle-Outdoor-Water-Bottle-Student-Metal-Drinking.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;this&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you were asking for the &quot;healthiest way of having water in a bottle&quot;: Just don't. Exchange the content of the bottle everyday, but rinse the bottle with very hot water before refilling. This is the safest way I know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this is largely based on experience and I don't have scientific studies I could quote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-02-14T20:16:32.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11180" CreationDate="2017-02-15T00:15:37.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had shingles in the last quarter of 2013. It was on the facial and trigeminal nerves. There were times when it felt like someone was boring a hole in my ear with a dull drill bit and pouring 90% isopropyl alcohol on an open wound on my left cheek. It was damn painful.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;I have been taking gabapentin every since, and I'm not sure NSAIDs would be very helpful. Besides, they have their own risks, not the least of which are heart and gastrointestinal problems. Gabapentin has been most helpful, and it doesn't seem like I've suffered any side affects.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;As to whether you should treat or suffer, that's really a personal decision, but if the choice were between NSAIDs or pain and you could tolerate the pain, I'd forego the NSAIDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T00:15:37.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-15T12:28:25.493" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an athlete and definitely don't think I'm fit, I do exercise every now then. my RHR is about 40 and sometimes it goes as low as 38. I used to be able to run a 5k without stopping but I do feel tired now and feel like can't get enough air while running but maybe it's because I'm not as fit as I used to be. &#xA;Two years ago I had an ECG done for 24 hours cause the Dr said my heartbeat was very slow and wanted to make use there is nothing wrong with my heart but ECG result came back normal and I was told my RHR in that 24 hrs was 41 bpm but everything was normal. However I'm just a bit worried now as feel very tired and feel I have no energy even though I eat enough food. my question is could I have Bradycardia despite the normal result of the ECG?  shall I ask my GP to refer me to a cardiologist? &#xA;just some more info I'm female, 33, my height is 164cm and my weight is 55kg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8239" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T12:28:25.493" Title="Resting heart rate is 40" Tags="&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-15T22:05:15.467" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Me and my team are planning to go to a Dementia based Hackathon early March and since this is our first actual hackathon we were wondering if you could provide some advice regarding our idea. Here's some background on our team and idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our Team: It consists of four people, three of whom are second year Computer Science students and me. We are all beginners - novices at programming and can somewhat use python. Only one of our friends is comfortable enough with Java so we won't be able to use an android app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our Idea: To create a game for dementia patients where we help them retain their memories and cognitive function by asking them to select the right picture of something. For example, if they would like to remember what a traffic light is we would get a couple of pictures from google images (one which is the actual traffic light) and ask them to select the right picture. In our theory this will help reduce the regression of cognitive function by helping patients retain their memory through a fun game and possibly stimulate neurogenesis.  Since only of one of us knows Java we are planning to create a Web based game instead of an android app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Issues: We are wondering on what basis we should be asking the questions ( For example, how would we know that most dementia patients need to remember what a traffic light is?). Another thing is I was wondering if we could somehow collect the data from patients playing the game and do some analysis or show it to a professional so they can assess their cognitive function. However, would that be too advanced for us programming wise (we are only beginners programming wise)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Since this stack exchange is mainly based on health just providing some advice on our idea would help a lot (like how good it is, some tips to make it better, etc.), although if you have some experience with programming and would like to give us advice as well that would also be great. Although I think I will go to SO after to get programming specific advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8244" LastActivityDate="2017-02-15T22:05:15.467" Title="Need help with Dementia Hackathon Idea (Professionals experienced with dealing with Dementia patients appreicated!)" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-15T22:32:14.990" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if this topic belongs here but could not find a more relevant stackexchange site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My kid is receiving a  pressure garment treatment to recover from severe burn. However, cutting the pressure garment fabric precisely is a difficult task and some times measures are not accurate, resulting in delays in the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there are any software that can scan your body and then tell you the measurements automatically in an accurate way. I appreciate any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8245" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-16T23:34:59.477" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T23:34:59.477" Title="Are there any reasonably-priced technology to measure any part of your body to help cut the pressure garment precisely" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-16T01:23:21.817" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tis the Valentine Season, and I suppose that's why I was invited to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddle_party&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Cuddle&quot; Party&lt;/a&gt; the other day. Haven't heard of one? Neither had I. I didn't go because it's not my thing, but  it's becoming more and more popular in urban landscapes in this ever increasingly isolated world. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic concept is that a group of people get together and participate in human contact (in a non-sexual way), and this not only elevates the mental health of the participants, but it has a physical health benefit as well -- thanks to the &quot;love drug/hormone&quot; or &quot;cuddle chemical&quot; known as oxytocin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previously, all my knowledge regarding oxytocin concerned mothers and their newborns (examples: regulates labor &amp;amp; breastfeeding), but it plays a role outside of a mother-infant relationship. Oxytocin is released through social interactions and has manifold benefits, some of which are sleep and pain. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/35219-11-effects-of-oxytocin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Live Science: 11 Intersecting Effects of Oxytocin&lt;/a&gt; article ascribes that one of the benefits is sleep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oxytocin released&lt;/strong&gt; in the brain under stress-free conditions naturally&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;promotes sleep&lt;/strong&gt; , according to a 2003 study in the journal Regulatory&#xA;  Peptides. Ellison said this link makes sense because oxytocin counters&#xA;  the effects of cortisol, which is the known as the stress hormone. &quot;It&#xA;  has a calming effect,&quot; she said. &quot;It leaves you feeling tranquil and&#xA;  loving, and certainly that helps our path to sleep.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In articles elsewhere, it mentions that &lt;strong&gt;Oxytocin also is anti-inflammatory and can help with pain management&lt;/strong&gt;. Thus... I was wondering: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To what degree does oxytocin released from the brain vis-a-vis a &quot;Cuddle&quot; Party (or other social interactions):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;em&gt;alleviate pain?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;em&gt;induce sleep?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just how much &quot;cuddling&quot; is needed in order to garner enough oxytocin for:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;em&gt;pain alleviation&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- &lt;em&gt;sleep inducement&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T08:07:12.380" Title="&quot;Cuddle&quot; Parties boost oxytocin? To what degree does it help with pain management and sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;oxytocin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-16T05:53:48.280" Score="-3" ViewCount="333" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a thickening of ones toenails occur if toxic food, such as wrongly processed cheese, frequently is consumed? Foods that are overloaded with toxic food additives, in other words?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2017-11-11T11:50:47.240" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T11:50:47.240" Title="Can processed cheese cause a thickening of toenails?" Tags="&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;nails&gt;&lt;sensitivity-intolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-08-11T17:18:56.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11194" CreationDate="2017-02-16T06:22:13.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Answer to the old question &quot;Can light-cheese cause ingrown toenails&quot;:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;This Question might more be suited for Sceptic SE.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I suffered from an ingrown toenail, but all doctors agreed that it was caused by not cutting my nails properly (I.e. I cut too much of my nail) and so the skin started to grow into my nail bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will have to see a doctor about this, and the two options I know of &lt;em&gt;if there are infections caused by ingrown toenails&lt;/em&gt; are surgery or to put brackets on your toe to pull it out of the nail bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has nothing to do with eating habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Ingrown toenails are caused by skin being in the way of the nail.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There are two ways this can happen:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. The skin is somewhere where it shouldn't be (i.e. growing into the nail bed if the nails has been cut too much)&#xA;Or 2. The nail being somewhere where it shouldn't be (i.e. if you had strangely curved nails)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither 1 nor 2 is related to eating habits or food consumption, hence the answer to your question is &lt;strong&gt;No&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ingrown-toenails/symptoms-causes/dxc-20273047&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Mayo-Clinic&quot;&gt;Mayo-Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-02-19T08:56:36.110" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T08:56:36.110" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11193" CreationDate="2017-02-16T08:07:12.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the first time I've heard about a &quot;Cuddle Party&quot; and I'd probably feel the same way as you about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275795.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here are some key points about oxytocin:-&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Oxytocin is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Oxytocin is released during sex, childbirth and lactation to aid reproductive functions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • This neuropeptide exerts multiple psychological effects, influencing social behavior and emotion.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Oxytocin is prescribed for a variety of obstetric and gynecological reasons, including to aid in childbirth.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • High levels of the &quot;love hormone&quot; have been observed in couples in the first six months of a relationship.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Oxytocin has an anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) effect and may increase romantic attachment and empathy.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Research shows that oxytocin may have beneficial effects for people with autistic spectrum disorders.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  • Oxytocin appears to play a role in protecting the intestine from damage, with potential for use in treatment of irritable bowel disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the impression that natural production of oxytocin is a result of emotional/sexual activity and I'm not sure that cuddling relative strangers (even if they're acquaintances) would replicate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'd put this down to another one of those attention-seeking fads and let other people get on with it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd say that any benefit from these events is more psychological than chemical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user7159" LastActivityDate="2017-02-16T08:07:12.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-17T09:36:49.447" Score="6" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a migraine sufferer myself I must admit, the existence of triptanes has made my life much better. If those would not exist, I might risk loosing my job if I have a bad phase of my migraines. So, for me, and for a lot of other people too, I guess, it is definitely essential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By chance I just stumbled over the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO's list of essential medicines on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;It lists a lot of important medicine, as far as I understand, but also &quot;duplicates&quot; of medicines for the same conditions, but for migraine it only has standard pain medication (and a beta-blocker). Standard pain medication is like taking sugar pills for me during a real migraine. This does not sound like effective migraine medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43292/1/WHO_TRS_933_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article stating that at least one triptan was planned to be included already in 2007. But obviously this did not happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Committee also recommended that a full application for inclusion of a 5HT1 agonist (triptan) for migraine be submitted at its next meeting in 2007.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to demean other diseases, but as migraine is in fact listet as a condition, I would have expected at least one more migraine specific drug to be on the list. I would have been fine with the other mentioned drugs being listed as pain killers, but listing migraine and then not listing triptanes seems strange to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are there no triptanes in the list? Was there an official reason given for them not to be included?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8261" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T01:05:13.257" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T10:49:53.643" Title="Why is there no triptan on the WHO's list of essential medicine?" Tags="&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;beta-blockers&gt;&lt;cluster-headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-17T12:41:31.790" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for anything that has some reasoning/science behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8262" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T00:58:03.750" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T14:24:18.060" Title="Diet/guidelines for fatty liver condition" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;fatty-liver-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10806" CreationDate="2017-02-17T13:55:44.283" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Medline Plus&lt;/strong&gt;, as suggested by user7947, is one of my favorite free, patient-oriented medical resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;emedicine.medscape.com&lt;/strong&gt; is a good source for free, physician-oriented medical resources. Some material requires registering with a free account. (Note that the regular medscape.com may have some stuff behind a paywall. I've had the most luck searching &quot;emedicine diverticulosis&quot; or whatever I'm interested in.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7735" LastActivityDate="2017-02-17T13:55:44.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-17T16:02:32.387" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if there are any health differences between eating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pollen&lt;/a&gt; and honey. Or does the body treat both substances equally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it bluntly, is one healthier than the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7462" LastEditorUserId="7462" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T07:27:01.440" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T07:27:01.440" Title="What are the health differences between pollen and honey?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;honey&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11205" CreationDate="2017-02-17T19:00:39.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In essence, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/eating-diet-nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendation&lt;/a&gt; is to eat a low fat diet with the goal of losing weight.  In addition, avoid alcohol use, as you should with any liver issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's really no magic to most dieting needs (there are some that require medical intervention, but your health professional should have gone over them).  Rather it's more an equation: [calories in] - [calories used] &amp;lt; 0 leads to weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="601" LastEditorUserId="601" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T14:24:18.060" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T14:24:18.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-17T20:23:09.507" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost 2 years ago I got a knee injury (ACL and meniscal tear) which left me with a mechanically locked knee for more than a month. I could still walk normally without much instability. Fortunately, my doctor suggested physiotherapy which got back the original knee movement and restored part of the muscle strength (not full strength though)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right after that, I got a scholarship to a PhD program in China so I didn't do anything to it at first. Last year I rechecked with 2 doctors in somewhat reputable hispitals in Xi'an China, both of them concluded after checking my MRI results and performing physical tests that surgery isn't needed (or that it is not worth it) but I will have to stay away from competetive sports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my concern is mostely related to my healthy knee, which hurts me when I put weight on it or if I do activities like jogging. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to get to my question : &#xA;is it possible that my injured leg got a bit longer (maybe caused by weak muscles or loose ligament)?&#xA;Or is it that I relied on my left side for too long until its muscles became tight which developped a lateral pelvic tilt?&#xA;If that's the case, should I see a doctor? Or someone with other profession (could you offer an exact name of the profession, so I try to translate it to Chinese)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recap :&#xA;- Injured right knee with weak muscles.&#xA;- Left leg feels shorter (or right leg longer) which causes pain in healthy (Left) knee.&#xA;Question : who should I check with? (Should I visit another hospital, somekind of physiotherapy place, bodybuilding coach,..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8266" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-18T00:52:28.873" LastActivityDate="2017-02-18T00:52:28.873" Title="Did I get Lateral pelvic tilt from left leg overuse?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;leg-length-discrepancy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-18T01:42:22.243" Score="3" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Catch someone's eye -- don't catch bacteria for your eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few of my friends don on false eyelashes -- some do it for special occasions, others almost wear them everyday. I have never asked them, because I didn't want to appear to disapprove of their decision to do so (if they are cool with it, then hey... fine), but &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;aren't there a lot of health risks involved with wearing false eyelashes?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, just being very sensitive to &lt;strong&gt;adhesives,&lt;/strong&gt; I get all &lt;strong&gt;itchy&lt;/strong&gt; just thinking about having false eyelashes glued to my eyelid. And I know if I had it done, that I would constantly be &lt;strong&gt;rubbing my eyes,&lt;/strong&gt; which would &lt;strong&gt;introduce more bacteria to them&lt;/strong&gt;, leading to things like &lt;strong&gt;trachoma, stys,&lt;/strong&gt; etc. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;But is this not a common side-effect of wearing false eyelashes?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I would be afraid that all the false eyelashes would put pressure on my natural eyelashes when I blink, and would result in thinning or loss of my natural eyelashes. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Does thinning or loss of natural eyelashes result because of false eyelashes?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T04:18:59.240" Title="False eyelashes: eye candy for onlookers or just eye candy for bacteria?" Tags="&lt;eyelash&gt;&lt;trachoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11336" CreationDate="2017-02-18T03:53:03.470" Score="1" ViewCount="1910" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found it very confusing that in the dental and orthodontic literature, it is often stated that &quot;centric occlusion&quot; (CO) and &quot;maximum intercuspation&quot; (MIC) are synonyms (for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v191/n5/full/4801151a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;), despite the fact that there is tons of research on the &lt;em&gt;discrepancy&lt;/em&gt; between CO and MIC (for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022391367800337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;). How can CO and MIC be considered synonyms, and yet also be different (and in fact, the difference between them is of interest to dentists?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further adding to my confusion, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_intercuspation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, MIC &quot;used to be referred to as &lt;em&gt;centric occlusion&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, but there isn't a reference to back up this specific claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone 1) clarify appropriate terminology for me, and 2) provide a reference to support the correct terminology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8270" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T18:18:23.120" Title="centric occlusion vs maximum intercuspation" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-19T00:52:10.383" Score="0" ViewCount="955" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend with a child who is experiencing coughing fits apparently due to exercise-induced asthma. A doctor has recommended Albuterol. Since the child is active every day in sports, it would mean taking Albuterol every day for many years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this drug safe for use like this, or will there be potentials dangers or loss in effectiveness if using it every day for many years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-19T01:03:36.740" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T17:02:13.847" Title="Albuterol risks for long-term use" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;exercise-induced-asthma&gt;&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11218" CreationDate="2017-02-19T09:44:08.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to look this up as I had only heard of Salbutamol which I have found out is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/cons/salbutamol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exactly the same thing&lt;/a&gt;.  Albuterol is the generic name for Salbutamol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have Salbutamol inhalers (Ventolin - blue inhalers) to use in event of asthma attacks along with a brown Beclometasone inhaler as a preventer, and I have had them since very young.  These inhalers are safe to use over many years as long as you follow the dosage recommended by the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dosage is different from person to person and will need reviewing regularly by your doctor.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/albuterol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Albuterol overdose can be fatal&lt;/a&gt; so any overdose will need urgent medical assistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overdose symptoms may include dry mouth, tremors, chest pain, fast heartbeats, nausea, general ill feeling, seizure (convulsions), feeling light-headed or fainting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Get emergency medical help if you have &lt;strong&gt;signs of an allergic reaction to albuterol:&lt;/strong&gt; hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You should not use &lt;strong&gt;ProAir RespiClick&lt;/strong&gt; if you are allergic to milk proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to make sure albuterol inhalation is safe for you, you or your child may also be taking an antiinflammatory medicine, such as a steroid (cortisone-like medicine), together with this medicine. Do not stop taking the antiinflammatory medicine, even if your asthma seems better, unless you are told to do so by your doctor.  Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;tell your doctor if you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;heart disease, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a heart rhythm disorder;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a seizure disorder such as epilepsy;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;diabetes;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;overactive thyroid; or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;low levels of potassium in your blood.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is not known whether albuterol will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-02-19T09:53:57.077" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T09:53:57.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11232" CreationDate="2017-02-19T10:31:33.173" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I've got into the argument which involved muscle growth, muscle pain, DOMS and lactic acid. I tried serfing web, but it's hardly trustworthy source of information (to be precise it's REALLY hard to find reasanoble explanation). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got several questions which I'd like to find answers to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do muscles grow?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long does it take for lactic acid to clear out of muscles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Something about DOMS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is where can I find the real scientific explanation for these kinds of questions? Are there any usefull publications or maybe some litreture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8278" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T13:00:57.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T13:00:57.897" Title="Is there literature or publications where I can find scientific explanation for muscle growth?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10784" CreationDate="2017-02-19T14:41:48.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I will explain what tests DO tell you the bacteria, and how they are used.  Secondly, I will explain why clinicians rarely do that for respiratory infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test for bacteria, a sample can be taken of the body tissue/fluid that is infected - blood for bacteremia, urine for bladder/kidney infection, pus for abscess, spinal fluid for meningitis, sputum for respiratory infection, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, soon after taking the sample, treatment is started with &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;broad spectrum antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; rather than waiting for test results while the infection grows.  This is called &quot;Empiric Therapy.&quot; Then, when results come back, the antibiotic choice can be &quot;narrowed&quot; in to target the likely bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gram Stain&lt;/a&gt; can give a hint to the bacteria type, which is sometimes enough to assume what it is.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bacterial cultures&lt;/a&gt; not only tell you the specific bacteria (usually), it can test for which exact antibiotics kill it the best. That is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibiotic sensitivities&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commonly, the first test to come back is the Gram Stain, which can be minutes to hours.  For example, &quot;gram positive cocci&quot; highly suggests Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. In this case, we could narrow the antibiotic spectrum to something that kills those types of bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, 24-72 hours later is usually the earliest that culture results are available.  For example, it would tell us (1) Staphylococcus aureus and (2) Resistant to Methicillin but Sensitive to Vancomycin, Clindamycin... (other representative antibiotics).  That would define this bacteria as Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA).  Then we could further narrow the antibiotic to Vancomycin, Clindamycin, etc depending on what kind of infection it is and a bunch of other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_microbiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respiratory tract (including your mouth) is colonized with many different kinds of bacteria&lt;/a&gt;. The bacteria in the phlegm from your lungs will show up in a gram stain or culture, but so will a lot of the bacteria from your mouth.  How then would you know which is causing the infection?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, usually, a clinician will go straight to prescribing an antibiotic that kills the most common bacteria that cause your specific signs/symptoms.  Empiric therapy.  Then if it doesn't work, they may investigate further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinicians often take cultures for (1) serious infections like blood infections (2) suspected uncommon or dangerous pathogens (like tuberculosis) that AREN'T oral colonization bacteria or (3) sometimes after a common antibiotic has failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-02-19T14:41:48.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11222" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-19T16:30:14.740" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I leave some ground beef in my fridge for more than a day or two, it becomes visibly different, it browns, and just looks less appealing. I've been told that for ground meats it is especially important to cook them all the way through because even the insides have been exposed to bacteria in contrast to say a steak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I apply the same logic to sausages, it seems pretty bad. They are also made from ground meats, but because of the casing it is much more difficult to see if the meat inside is going bad. It seems to me that people keep sausages in their fridge for far longer than they would keep ground beef or other ground meats. For instance, sometimes my roommate has sausages in the fridge for 2 weeks or so, and I really wonder if that is okay or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Is this style of food preparation (packing meat into sausages) causing us to breed bacteria in our food and allow it to become more rancid than it would otherwise. Or is there something about the process that helps to preserve the meat similar to prosciutto or jerky? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8280" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T08:09:05.927" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T08:09:05.927" Title="Does sausage-making inherently breed and hide bacteria?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;e-coli&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11224" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-19T20:37:41.070" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always had this 'weird' thought (But could never quite test it...). Would the saliva contain antibodies, or other immuno-boosting substances that can help fight off the same pathogen in another person? If yes, is the concentration (dose) of them in saliva enough to have any considerable effect directly (without any further artificial concentration or extraction done)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7809" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T08:13:19.643" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T08:13:19.643" Title="Does the saliva of a person just recovered from an infectious disease help to cure another persons having the same disease?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11238" CreationDate="2017-02-20T10:10:58.633" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Terribly sorry to bother you with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a 28 year old bloke &amp;amp; last week I was diagnosed with infective mononucleosis. However I barely show any symptoms and I feel pretty good. I only went to visit the doctor because my throat was soar en my lymph nodes enlarged.&#xA;I had &lt;strong&gt;NO&lt;/strong&gt; fever,joint pains, extreme fatigue.(I did feel slighty more tired the last couple of weeks). And my sports performances were going in a downward direction for the last month before the diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being very sportive (running and cycling), I didn't perform any sports for 2 weeks. However I actually feel good. A little bit more tired but not incapacitated.So I want to restart doing sports a soon as possible. I hoped to start next week with some light training (30 - 40km on the bike or running (max) 7 km at an easy pace).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contacted my doctor(s) and they gave the green light. They said I should mainly listen to my own body. If it feels good, then I shouldn't hesitate to do some light activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I did some reading. And some people said that...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;If you start with sports too soon then the body won't fully recover. You &#xA;might relapse a few months later. Or even worse, you won't ever fully &#xA;recover! And the Mono (&amp;amp; slight fatigue) will remain lingering in my body&#xA;till the end of my days.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I contacted my doctor, sister (doctor aswell) &amp;amp; brother in law (sports doctor). they couldn't confirm this claim. They all said sports will increase the recovery time. And I should keep a close eye for an enlarged (more sensitive) spleen &amp;amp; liver. Does anyone here have any insight in this matter? Or can anyone debunk (hopefully) this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8283" LastEditorUserId="8283" LastEditDate="2017-02-21T07:40:06.813" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T07:40:06.813" Title="Doing Sports while having Mono" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;mononucleosis&gt;&lt;spleen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11231" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11233" CreationDate="2017-02-20T11:31:57.810" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been treated for PCOS for about a decade now. But every-time I move to a new place, which happens quite frequently, the doctors always ask me how I was diagnosed with this condition or by what technique was this conclusion reached. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly, I don't recall. I believe it was just my symptoms of being a female with lots of acne as an adult as well as extra hair patches and being in pain and fatigue. Maybe there was a blood test? I'm not sure. And later ultrasounds did confirm that indeed I did have many cysts on my ovaries, but what would have been the correct means/methods by which I should have been diagnosed instead of just going off of my symptoms (which is all I remember for sure)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T13:35:08.147" Title="How is PCOS officially diagnosed?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;ovarian-cysts&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11220" CreationDate="2017-02-20T12:59:40.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h2&gt;How do muscles grow?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells. Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage; and myofibrillar hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Baechle, Thomas R.; Earle, Roger W., eds. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-5803-2&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that: Microtrauma, which is tiny damage to the fibers, may play a significant role in muscle growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resistance training leads to trauma or injury of the cellular proteins in muscle. This prompts cell-signaling messages to activate satellite cells to begin a cascade of events leading to muscle repair and growth. Several growth factors are involved that regulate the mechanisms of change in protein number and size within the muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chargé SB, Rudnicki MA (2004). &amp;quot;Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration&amp;quot;. Physiol. Rev. 84 (1): 209–38. doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2003. PMID 14715915. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unm.edu/%7Elkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lay summary&lt;/a&gt; – Len Kravitz&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h2&gt;How long does it take for lactic acid to clear out of muscles?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depends on a lot of personal factors and can vary wildly. There are some myths on lactic acid that are explained well by this article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactic acid is not responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactic acid is not responsible for muscle cramping.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactic acid is not responsible for muscular acidosis (aka &amp;quot;the burn&amp;quot; during exercise within muscles). Thus, lactic acidosis is a&#xA;misnomer and false.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactic acid is not responsible for muscle fatigue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactic acid can be used a semi-fuel source by some tissues such as the heart, brain, and type I muscle fibers, as well as remade into&#xA;glucose in the liver through the Cori cycle.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;The Truth about Lactic Acid&amp;quot;. Steven Low (2016). &lt;a href=&quot;http://stevenlow.org/the-truth-about-lactic-acid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://stevenlow.org/the-truth-about-lactic-acid/&lt;/a&gt; accessed: 20/2/16&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was posted on reddit and the most commented answer may be of some relevance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If lactic acid doesn't contribute to muscle fatigue, why does the&#xA;lactate threshold matter for performance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because lactic acid build-up is a sign that anaerobic metabolism is&#xA;becoming more dominant, and other factors associated with anaerobic&#xA;metabolism lead to fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Unknown User, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/rwkr0/the_many_myths_surrounding_lactic_acid_especially/c499f89/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T12:59:40.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11231" CreationDate="2017-02-20T13:35:08.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is compound entity. It means that if you want to diagnose PCOS, the complaints (less frequent cycles, acne etc.) are not sufficient - you have to prove both the anatomical component (usually with ultrasound to describe the cysts) and the functional component (less frequent menstrual periods, androgen excess as measured by testosterone or similar hormones in the blood) of the disease. In addition to this, the physician can order other tests to exclude other pathologies with similar presentation. &#xA;About your case, probably the physician that diagnosed PCOS was convinced by the ultrasound exam (he/she saw the cysts) and by your complaints. Maybe you do not remember, but often physicians in these situations order lab tests for hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone, insulin, blood sugar etc.), so check around for any laboratory findings in your medical documentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8288" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T13:35:08.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8788" CreationDate="2017-02-20T14:28:39.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that you can order masks online for that purpose. The main thing is that the mask should not allow the allergens to reach your respiratory tract (also the eyes should be protected if you have eye problems because of the allergy). Because the allergens are physically larger than the usual environmental pollutants, masks that block environmentall pollutants will suffice for airborne allergens. Also, common medical masks won't help you a lot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About using it indors - if you have symptoms even when you are indors, the mask will help somewhat, but it is more practical to eliminate the cause of your problems (dermatophagoides spp. or molds). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8288" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T14:28:39.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="52" CreationDate="2017-02-20T14:56:50.453" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vision_Council&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Vision Council&lt;/a&gt;, which represents the manufacturers and suppliers of the optical industry, suggests the following tips to prevent and lessen digital eye strain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adjust the brightness of your device. Consider changing your background color from bright white to cool gray.&#xA;Attach a glare reduction filter to your computer screen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequently dust and wipe digital screens to help reduce glare.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adjust your screen so that it is directly in front of your face and slightly below eye level. Do not tilt a computer&#xA;monitor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Position yourself or your device so there is sufficient distance between your eyes and the screen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lessen the amount of overhead and surrounding light that is competing with your device’s screen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When using a computer, first sit in your chair and extend your arm. Your palm should rest comfortably on the&#xA;monitor (as if you’re high-fiving the screen).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep handheld devices a safe distance from your eyes and just below eye level.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase text size to better define the content on your screen. Use the settings control to make adjustments that&#xA;feel comfortable to your eyes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remind yourself to blink more often. Staring at a digital screen can affect the number of times you blink, causing&#xA;eyes to dry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take a 20-20-20 break: Every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parents should limit the amount of screen time for children, and reduce their screen time in front of children so as&#xA;to set healthy standards in the home.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blink. Breathe. Break.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also check the following image as a guidance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zhAW3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zhAW3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Computer Eye-gonomics - tips to prevent and lessen digital eye strain&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thevisioncouncil.org/sites/default/files/TVCDigitEYEzedReport2013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Digiteyezed - The daily impack of digital screens on the eye health of Americans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T14:56:50.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11139" CreationDate="2017-02-20T15:09:18.353" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fever&lt;/strong&gt; can be a result of many processes. In context of infectious diseases, the fever is triggered by substances released by the immune cells (substances such as interleukin-1 and -6).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, pyrexia can be achieved by getting exogenous pyrogens, substances from the bacterial debris that can create the same response. Those substances then interact with one part of the brain that regulates the temperature.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;That part of the brain serves as a thermostat, meaning it sets the &quot;default&quot; body temperature higher in these states. By doing that, the body employs mechanisms to raise the temperature, which result with shaking of the muscles, increase in the metabolic rate, sweating etc. What is interesting is that often people with pyrexia or before the onset of pyrexia feel cold (the default temperature is set to higher point, so the organism feels the current temperature as low).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The point of the fever in this context is not fully discovered, but there is evidence that it provides boost to the immune system production capabilities (increased production of cells to fight the infection etc.) and it might hamper the growth of some infectious organisms that are sensitive to temperature changes.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be hyperconcise - fever implies immune system activation against antigen OR presence of exogenous pyrogens released from some bacteria (not all bacteria).    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About failsafe mechanisms - the thermostat here is enough to coordinate between heat production and heat release. If the temperature goes above the &quot;default&quot;, then the organism has many ways to release excess heat (sweating, inactivity, reducing of the metabolism etc.).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best reading on this topic - Guyton et Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology 13th ed., ch. 74.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8288" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-02-21T03:47:41.530" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T03:47:41.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5466" CreationDate="2017-02-20T15:13:33.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to eye care providers, computer glasses designed for digital screens which can help alleviate many of the factors which cause eye strain symptoms, although do not completely prevent it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example they may help the eye to adjust to intermediate-distance objects such as computer screens. There are some with an antireflective coating which may help with eye strain by softening the glare of harsh indoor and outdoor lighting and improving the contract of digital content. There are also lenses that can absorb harmful blue light (they're infused with melanin or use a blue-light filtering coating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the type of lens designed for computer screens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Single Vision Lenses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A prescription lens that is optimized for individuals’ computer screen working distance. This is&#xA;the least flexible lens option as the extent of vision (depth of field) is very limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Progressive Lenses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A solution for your everyday visual needs that addresses far, intermediate and near vision.&#xA;These lenses are a good solution for those with limited computer use. Due to a limited intermediate vision width of&#xA;field, they should not be worn for prolonged computer time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Computer Lenses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A work station solution for those that are on a computer for more than two hours a day. With a&#xA;wide intermediate and near area, these lenses have limited room-length viewing distance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And type of treatments and tints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anti-Reflective Coating&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reduces reflection and glare from indoor and outdoor lighting sources in addition to ghost&#xA;reflections from light sources that can contribute to visual noise and potential visual distractions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HEV Coatings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reduces reflection while blocking out potentially harmful HEV light. Some fluorescent light and&#xA;backlit LED devices produce a lot of light at the blue end of the spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Color Filters&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May filter out harmful blue and violet light that is emitted by many digital devices. These filters may&#xA;also be prescribed to reduce harsh office lighting and balance colors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To determine whether you need such glasses and they would work in your case, it is best to schedule  a comprehensive eye exam to determine whether such prescription is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thevisioncouncil.org/sites/default/files/TVCDigitEYEzedReport2013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Digiteyezed - The daily impack of digital screens on the eye health of Americans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T15:13:33.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11230" CreationDate="2017-02-20T15:27:18.127" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume that you are speaking about infective mononucleosis. No big deal - since your physician encourages you to excercise, that means that you've recovered and that your blood parameters and liver/spleen sizes are normal and not sensitive to touch. So do not worry and adhere to your physicians advice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could think only of one reason why these &quot;claims&quot; can sound true (they are not, ofc.). The thing is that the virus that causes the disease remains in your body dormant (it sleeps there, like herpes), and it can be reactivated latter in life, but the latter manifestations are minor in comparison to the first presentation. Also, another fact - the vast majority of the population has EBV (the virus behind mono) and nobody suffers from that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8288" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T15:27:18.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11239" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3839" CreationDate="2017-02-20T17:01:14.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First I should clarify this - prediabetic range can mean two things: impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Both of these two tell us that a person is at risk of developing diabetes mellitus type-2. IFG means that you have higher glucose in your blood while fasting ; IGT means that your organism cannot reduce the glucose levels after sugar intake as fast as it should because the insulin response is weak in comparison to a healthy body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, it i possible to have hypoglycemia and pre-diabetes. There are few common scenarios: one group of the people with pre-diabetes are using medications that lower their blood glucose as therapy (hypoglycemia can occurr as a side-effect, although rare); also, it is possible that people that do not have good glucose regulation (prediabetes) to fall into hypoglycemia if they abuse alchocol (especially if they mix it with medications that can lower the blood sugar levels).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8288" LastActivityDate="2017-02-20T17:01:14.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-20T22:04:51.623" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to suicide with no pain?My rights are to live but I never asked to come to this world and to face all this.I am not happy and I can't feel happy the only I really want is to die not think not pain,no listening not problems.I bored I hate everything I hate all I haven't reason to live.I am failing I can't stand anymore.I want to give an end to this please guys I am suffer I don't want breath in not breath out.I want to finish is my right to end my life.How can someone dies at home what he can use?No one asks me to bring me here and no one can tell me that's wrong this is the most right thing I will ever done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8289" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-20T23:33:35.217" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T07:43:08.810" Title="Suicide with no pain" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;&lt;euthanasia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-02-21T21:10:07.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T02:24:14.797" Score="3" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to scientific reports it is held that muscles have an important affect on fat burn, but would the rate be different to big, and to strong muscles? In other words, which type of muscle burn most fat at rest; not so strong, big, pumped-up muscle, or strong, smaller, compact, muscle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Muscle is active tissue that burns calories around the clock even as you sleep, kind of like an engine running in neutral. When you move around, you burn more calories, just like a car will consume more gas the faster you go. Fat, on the other hand, is just a storage of excess energy. It does nothing but sit there with its sole goal in life to be a spare tire around your waist until you put in the effort to burn it off&quot; -- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/matt2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Myth of Turning Fat Into Muscle - bodybuilding.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;I wouldn't consider myself big, compared to a lot of guys in the gym. Note, my college gym only has a few big guys, and a few strong guys. No one my size or smaller is strong as me, though, not to brag, it's just part of my question. My arms are touch over 16&quot; flexed, I weigh 195 at 6'1&quot;. But, I would consider myself to be relatively strong, compared to guys who are bigger and more muscular than me. I'm wondering why this happens? How can I be significantly stronger, but smaller? I've been lifting weights for 2 years, I started the day after my cross country season ended when I was a senior in HS. I weighed 155 at the time, so I've gained 40 pounds since then, gaining a few percent in bodyfat. &#xA;  And how do these guys get huge without lifting as much weight as me?&quot; -- &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elitefitness.com/forum/weight-training-amp-weight-lifting/why-some-guys-big-weak-some-small-strong-286229.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why are some guys big/weak and some small/strong? - elitefitness.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2017-06-06T10:31:13.637" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T10:31:13.637" Title="Which kind of muscle has greatest resting metabolic rate; big muscle, or strong muscle?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T05:45:22.447" Score="6" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;Growing up, I was taught to cover public toilets with toilet paper before sitting on them. This was to protect me from diseases left by other users of the toilet. But can one actually get dangerous illnesses from sitting on a public toilet seat? Can a thin layer of toilet paper protect you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the dangers of sitting on a public toilet seat, and how effective is the toilet paper barrier at preventing them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T08:07:19.847" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T00:20:37.107" Title="What are the dangers of sitting on a public toilet seat?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11241" CreationDate="2017-02-21T12:27:40.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. Several BMR equations exist but the most notable one was the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1091498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harris-Benedict equation&lt;/a&gt; (revised 1984), which was created in 1919 and was the 'best' until 1990 until &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2305711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Mifflin St Jeor Equation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These equations use the same factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;P   is total heat production at complete rest,&#xA;m   is mass (kg),&#xA;h   is height (cm), and&#xA;a   is age (years)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When investigation on the BRM of a pool of individuals was done there was a wide range of results for people who appeared to be similar. They realised these because formulas are based on body weight alone, which does not take into account the difference in metabolic activity between lean body mass and body fat they were getting variation in their results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a further breakdown of the BMR impact per-pound of different types of tissue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11346676&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Organ or tissue Daily metabolic rate&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Fat 2 calories per pound &#xA;Muscle 6 calories per pound &#xA;Liver 91 calories per pound &#xA;Brain 109 calories per pound &#xA;Heart 200 calories per pound &#xA;Kidneys 200 calories per pound &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can conclude for 2 individuals of the same weight, and different BMR's that it is likely that their muscle/fat ratio is not equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important point to note is that in all research all muscle mass is treated equally, biology dictates that muscle only has size and the ability for that muscle to be fully recruited to move weight is down to the adaptions that the muscle has gone through. Body builders utilise the principles of time-unter-tension to increase volume and to achieve this they often do not train for maximal lifts. The opposite is true for powerlifters and to a greater extent, strongmen who to train their bodies to perform maximal lifts and thus are 'stronger'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quote from elite fitness is just looking from a maximal lift percentage. If they looked at total power output they might see that bodybuilders have a higher total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What 'burns fat faster'? Neither, muscle is muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T12:27:40.033" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11240" CreationDate="2017-02-21T14:07:53.860" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Country&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Organisation&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Website&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Australia&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Lifeline&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lifeline.org.au/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.lifeline.org.au/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Bangladesh&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Shuni&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://shuni.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://shuni.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Canada&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;CASP&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://suicideprevention.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://suicideprevention.ca/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  France&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Suicide écoute&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://suicideecoute.pads.fr/accueil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://suicideecoute.pads.fr/accueil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Germany&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Telefonseelsorge&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telefonseelsorge.de/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.telefonseelsorge.de/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  India&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;AASRA&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasra.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aasra.info/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Iran&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;IOWB&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://moshaver.behzisti.ir/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://moshaver.behzisti.ir/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Ireland&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Samaritans&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.samaritans.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.samaritans.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Italy&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;SPS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prevenireilsuicidio.it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.prevenireilsuicidio.it/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Japan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;TELL&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://telljp.com/lifeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://telljp.com/lifeline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Korea&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Love-Line&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://counsel24.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://counsel24.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Netherlands&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;113Online&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.113.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.113.nl/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  New Zealand&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Lifeline Aotearoa&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lifeline.org.nz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.lifeline.org.nz/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Romania&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ARPS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.antisuicid.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.antisuicid.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  South Africa&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;LifeLine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/LifeLinePietermaritzburg/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.facebook.com/LifeLinePietermaritzburg/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  UK&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Samaritans&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.samaritans.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.samaritans.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  USA&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;NSPL&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T07:43:08.810" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T07:43:08.810" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T14:15:22.650" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Didn't know where to post this one but this forum seemed the most suitable. So about a year ago I've discovered that my mom can &quot;glue&quot; metalic spoons and forks to her hand and mechanic watches slow down on her. Didn't mind that really much though it was pretty cool, till last Friday, when I decided to try it myself. And guess what? I can too, also I can &quot;feel&quot; the north in my head and watches are moving around 3 times faster on my hand. Last week I've been to Golan heights in Israel and we drove between mine fields and my head hurt like crazy. Can anybody explain to me this condition and probably link some useful information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8294" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T03:56:10.957" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T03:56:10.957" Title="Hyper Magnetism?" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;carrier-genetic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T15:52:38.230" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the medical term for abnormally noisy inhalation that contains no tonal noise, but rather is airy and &quot;wet&quot; (but no crackling or popping), originating in the upper respiratory tract -- similar to the sound that occurs normally when breathing in through a runny nose, or breathing in through a saliva-filled mouth with the tongue in the position you say &quot;eeeee&quot; with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/callan/breath_sounds.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (and other similar resources) there is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crackling: Does not fit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wheezing: Does not fit, contains tone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stridor: Does not fit, contains tone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stertor: Does not fit, contains crackling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are the only breathing noise words that I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="21" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T20:41:52.843" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T20:41:52.843" Title="Term for noisy non-vocal/non-&quot;wheezy&quot; breathing on inhalation" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T17:30:05.653" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother had to have surgery in her figure and her nail is removed. Few month passed and her nail has not grown again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should she do to regrow her nail faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What food should she eat to help growing her nail?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T17:30:05.653" Title="How to grow nails fast?" Tags="&lt;nails&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-21T22:14:59.060" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/14/health/prescription-heroin-canada/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prescription heroin gets green light in Canada&lt;/a&gt;, and I was wondering if this &lt;strong&gt;is to help addicts slowly wean themselves off of it under the watchful eye of a Dr.?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Is that the goal?&lt;/em&gt; If so, are there any statistics showing how effective this route of prescription has been in weaning addicts off of heroin? Or is it more along the lines of &quot;Well... if they are going to continue to use heroin anyhow... they might as well do so under the safety and watchful eye of a doctor?&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Kentucky, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/11/health/overdoses-spike-in-louisville/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overdose cases spike in Louisville: 52 calls in 32 hours&lt;/a&gt;, and they administer antidotes to the heroin overdoses (as I assume elsewhere in the USA), but do studies from Canada's approach have data that indicates prescription Heroin would reduce the risk of heroin overdose? Or is it too early to tell?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-02-21T22:14:59.060" Title="Is prescription heroin (under Dr.'s supervision) in Canada, helping those addicted taper off of it?" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;drug-tapering-weaning&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;&lt;heroin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11256" CreationDate="2017-02-22T10:56:43.007" Score="4" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother, a school science teacher, is of the opinion that the common cold gains its name from the fact that you can acquire a cold virus more readily when you yourself feel cold. For example, in her view, if you were to spend a day in a cold temperature with inadequate clothing, or spend a long time standing in a rainstorm, you'd increase your chance of catching a cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see the potential for this to be true - if your body is at an inadequate temperature, it might be more susceptible to catching a cold (or anything for that matter) as your body is busy trying to keep you warm rather than protecting you from disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I argue with her, however, as I understand the name of the Common Cold to be referring to the most common symptom of it, in that it makes your body feel cold, causing you to wear extra clothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please enlighten me as to how the Common Cold actually takes its name, is it one of the above alternatives, or something else entirely? As a bonus, is there actually any merit to my mother's logic - is it actually easier to catch a cold when you're physically colder than your body would prefer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8301" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T11:53:36.403" Title="The Common Cold - what does the name refer to?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11255" CreationDate="2017-02-22T11:53:36.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The thing to recognize is that until the past century, they didn't know that a cold was a virus, but may well have associated it more with actual effects caused by the cold.  Indeed, this line at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; agrees with that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The name &quot;cold&quot; came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it references this listing at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Etymology Online&lt;/a&gt; supporting this thinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's neither based upon the fact the cold can help you catch the virus, as your mom suggests, nor the feelings during the cold.  Instead, it was an archaic belief that the cold made the disease itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to your question on whether cold can help encourage the common cold, &lt;a href=&quot;http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/the-reason-for-the-season-why-flu-strikes-in-winter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Blog from Harvard&lt;/a&gt; appears to goes into great detail on the related question for the flu.  They mention the theory that altered human habits in winter very much benefit communicability; we are less active, stay inside more, and have school and large indoor holiday gatherings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the summary also references studies investigating direct impacts of temperature.  There were indications that the flu spreads well at any temperature... if the air is dry.  But it only does well in moist air if it is cold.  So it's not all about the temperature, but the moisture/temperature combination.  The blog does mention that there were some oddities to this thinking, though (in tropical locations, they get the flu the worst when it is rainy and slightly cooler).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So a bit of confusion on some points, but additional studies did show that the flu survives in the air better at cooler temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the big answer directly to your question is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Palese tested the immune systems of the animals to find out if the&#xA;  immune system functions poorly at low temperatures and low humidity,&#xA;  but he found no difference in innate immunity among the guinea pigs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, long story short, studies on the flu suggest that the temperature doesn't weaken your body (though certainly it seems likely it would if you were exposed for extreme periods of time!), but that it does offer some conditions which help the germs survive better.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6938" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T11:53:36.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11258" CreationDate="2017-02-22T16:37:23.057" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not have any serious medical condition that I know of. Sometimes when I wake up, my left leg feels as if it doesn't exist, or is made out of jelly, when I wake up. It has resulted in some pretty tough falls . My right leg feels perfectly normal, but when I try to step with my left leg, I just stumble and fall over. Could it be due to hypnic jerks I get sometimes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7846" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T07:45:28.760" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T07:45:28.760" Title="My leg sometimes feels non-existent after I wake up" Tags="&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;paresthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11258" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11257" CreationDate="2017-02-22T18:39:11.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very probably not.(1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds like an issue with nerves (especially a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/compressed-nerves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pinched nerve&lt;/a&gt;) that makes your Brain unable to &quot;proper&quot; communicate with your leg, hence the jelly-like feeling.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, I would expect your leg to feel numb or &quot;pins and needle&quot; pain.&#xA;Not feeling your leg in the morning seems normal to me (i.e. &lt;a href=&quot;http://neurology.health-cares.net/paresthesia.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paresthesia&lt;/a&gt;), but falling because you don't have control over your leg seems rather serious.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If this does not go away, or if you do feel either pain or numbness in your extremities, I would highly advise you to consult a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1): I can't rule it out with 100% certainty as I neither am a professional neurologist nor can I examine you thoroughly, but with very high chance sleeping habits are not important.&#xA;If you are however convinced to be suffering from paresthesia every morning, this might be cause by a weird sleeping position which is applying a lot of pressure to your nerves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T18:39:11.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11261" CreationDate="2017-02-22T20:40:38.007" Score="2" ViewCount="18852" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've realized I'm expierencing stress (or rather embarassment) quite differently than I used to. Like a year ago (I was 16) I expierenced stress just as a short warming up of my shoulders. For the last year or so, I expierence it more like a lot of very small stings seemingly randomly appearing everywhere all over my body. Is there a name for this condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-22T20:50:38.680" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T12:38:15.267" Title="Why do I feel small stings all over my body in stress?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;paresthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11260" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11553" CreationDate="2017-02-22T20:43:49.847" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a small child, I thought I was performing magic whenever these &lt;strong&gt;migraine-auras&lt;/strong&gt; developed, and I would ask my younger brother if he wanted to see a magic trick. I'd have him close and open his eyes, and I'd say something like, &lt;em&gt;&quot;Viola! Do you see how colorful they are?&quot;&lt;/em&gt; He never could. I soon realized that the people around me weren't seeing these blotches of colors (&lt;strong&gt;scotoma-blind spots&lt;/strong&gt;), flashing lights (&lt;strong&gt;scintilla migraines&lt;/strong&gt;), and striking zig-zags (&lt;strong&gt;fortification spectra&lt;/strong&gt;) as I was, and these seemingly &quot;thrilling&quot; light shows were followed by intense pain in my head. It stopped being fun. I was eventually diagnosed with migraines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a migraine sufferer since I was a child (now an adult in my early 30's), I have always wondered what migraine auras are exactly. They often accompany my migraines, but not always. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What triggers migraine auras to develop in some migraine episodes, but not others?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is exactly happening to the field of vision when migraine-auras occur? Is it actually obstructed or is it more of an illusion (like bordering the line of hallucinations)?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T15:58:12.457" Title="What's up with migraine auras? Why do they occur sometimes with migraines, but not always? What are they even?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;migraine-auras&gt;&lt;scotomas-blind-spots&gt;&lt;scintilla-flashing-lights&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11261" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11259" CreationDate="2017-02-22T21:16:37.993" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paresthesia Anxiety Symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; -- seems like the term/condition you are looking for &lt;em&gt;(though I am not a doctor and am not diagnosing you as such -- I'm just trying to inform you of the term you might be looking for).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia entry on Paresthesia&lt;/a&gt;, it describes the sensation as such: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Paresthesia is an &lt;strong&gt;abnormal sensation&lt;/strong&gt; such as &lt;strong&gt;tingling, tickling,&#xA;  pricking, numbness or burning&lt;/strong&gt; of a person's skin with no apparent&#xA;  physical cause. The manifestation of a paresthesia may be transient or&#xA;  chronic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't use the word &quot;stinging&quot; as you do so I'm not sure if this fits the bill, but it does go on to describe how it can be quite sporadic and painful. Other articles also have used the word &quot;stinging&quot; in reference to Parethesia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This CalmClinic article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/needles-and-pins&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;4 Ways to Prevent Pins and Needles From Anxiety&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, does a pretty good job of &lt;strong&gt;correlating how stress and anxiety are strongly linked to Parethesia&lt;/strong&gt; (the stinging, tingling, burning, pins-and-needles sensation). I'm not sure if your stress leads to anxiety and sometimes panic attacks that include hyperventilation, but if so, here is an explanation as to why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During hyperventilation, the body has too much oxygen and not enough&#xA;  carbon dioxide. That imbalance causes every vessel inside the body to&#xA;  constrict, while simultaneously reducing the release of calcium into&#xA;  the nerves. Both of these cause the nerves to feel &quot;tingly.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Those with&#xA;  anxiety are also prone to hyperventilating more as a result of their&#xA;  hyperventilation. Hyperventilation can cause symptoms of not getting&#xA;  enough air (shortness of breath) which makes people breathe in deeper.&#xA;  But that deeper breathing is actually counterproductive, since too&#xA;  much oxygen is the cause of hyperventilation. This makes the symptoms&#xA;  get worse, and increases the likelihood of tingling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation&#xA;  is one of the main causes of panic attack and severe anxiety symptoms,&#xA;  and the pins and needles feeling is undoubtedly one of the most&#xA;  troublesome for those unaware of their breathing patterns. Not&#xA;  everyone experiences the same sensation either. Some people feel pain,&#xA;  while others feel a tickling. Some people may experience different&#xA;  sensations at different times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT do keep in mind that there are other reasons for this sensation to develop, even different stress and anxiety reasons (if you're not necessarily hyperventilating):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other Links Between Anxiety and Pins and Needles&lt;/strong&gt; Those with anxiety and those that suffer from anxiety attacks are also more prone&#xA;  to body consciousness. They become over-sensitive to every sensation&#xA;  their body makes, and unintentionally overthink the causes of those&#xA;  experiences.Feet, arms, fingers, and legs, all may fall asleep due to&#xA;  pressure on the nerves. For a person without anxiety, this experience&#xA;  is rarely given a second thought. To a person with anxiety, this&#xA;  experience can cause a significant amount of distress – enough to make&#xA;  someone worry about their health.In addition, dehydration and other&#xA;  less serious diseases may also create a tingling feeling in the limbs&#xA;  as well as anxiety. If you have an anxiety disorder, you may be more&#xA;  likely to react very strongly to these sensations until you experience&#xA;  an anxiety attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps, but please do consult a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-02-22T21:16:37.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11243" CreationDate="2017-02-23T00:20:37.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First you have to consider how diseases are transmitted. STDs are usually skin to skin or warm body fluid to an open sore. Diseases like influenza, ebola, etc can't go through your skin. They require you to touch your eyes, mouth, or an open sore. Even getting a few drops of urine on your legs probably won't get you sick unless you move some of it to a wound, eyes, or mouth. This is why washing your hands is extremely important when using the restroom.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the bathroom has regular maintenance and cleaning, the top of the toilet seat is likely one of the cleanest surfaces in the restroom most of the time. The cold hard surface of the toilet seat isn't ideal for any type of disease. Viral and bacterial levels decline very quickly on such surfaces. As long as it is visibly clean there is little to no chance of catching a disease from it. And a disinfecting wipe would reduce the dangers from mild to zero. I'm actually surprised wipes aren't offered in public restrooms. Stores often offer wipes for the shopping cart, but not in the bathrooms for the toilet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the fun part:&#xA;In studies it is actually the handles of the bathroom stall door and sink that are the dirtiest because they are touched after you use the toilet and before you wash your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly many toilets have a violent enough flush to launch a spray of fine mist into the air that no one notices. There is a small chance that could give the flu to people in neighboring stalls. But the person whom uses the toilet five minutes later probably won't have any problems as long as they wash their hands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't worry about STDs. They usually aren't infectious enough or won't survive on cold hard surfaces. Many require skin to skin contact that a toilet doesn't provide. It is usually the more mundane diseases such as influenza or the common cold that are transmitted everywhere that are caught in the restroom. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Truthfully you are more likely to catch something from the shopping cart that you didn't wipe down, than you are the restroom in the same store. That surface is less likely to be clean than the sink in the restroom. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some reading for the people whom want articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/what-can-you-catch-in-restrooms#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/what-can-you-catch-in-restrooms#3&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/a22542/germs-on-public-toilet-seats/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/a22542/germs-on-public-toilet-seats/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T00:20:37.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9963" CreationDate="2017-02-23T02:20:44.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Identical twins have the same DNA and blood-types, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sort of. It is more complicated than that. DNA mutates at a rate of around 1 in 10,000 cell divisions. Some of those mutations will happens very early in development. Because of which it isn't uncommon for one twin to have different DNA based health conditions than the other. Identical twins usually have enough differences in their DNA that you can find a few legitimate differences in the raw output that services like 23andMe.com provide. If both twins have their Exomes sequenced there is usually enough differences to settle paternity and criminal DNA evidence issues. It has only reached a price to be realistic to do so in the last few years. There is even one company that provides DNA testing for twin issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/2014/12/genetic-test-distinguishes-identical-twins-may-used-court-first-time/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wired.com/2014/12/genetic-test-distinguishes-identical-twins-may-used-court-first-time/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But different fingerprints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNA will typically give twins the same type of fingerprints. But the exact shape is determined by environmental factors. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/02/identical-twins-dont-have-identical-fingerprints-even-from-birth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/02/identical-twins-dont-have-identical-fingerprints-even-from-birth/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T02:20:44.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11268" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18692" CreationDate="2017-02-23T03:37:43.117" Score="9" ViewCount="30266" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dtoii.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dtoii.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that picture it mentions how triangle wounds are impossible to stitch up. If that is true how would one treat a triangle puncture wound on the human body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8312" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T07:04:28.087" LastActivityDate="2019-04-20T15:13:32.513" Title="Dealing with triangle puncture wounds" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;stitches&gt;&lt;penetrate-trauma-wound&gt;&lt;knife-stab-wound&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T07:29:20.130" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting thirsty often even consuming water often, more than 5 liters per day. Still I feel thirsty when I did not consuming water. Also I feel dry in my head always. I think it was the outcome of over heat in my body but I want to know the  correct reason for this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6747" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T09:13:13.503" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:49:12.990" Title="Getting thirsty often even consuming water often- why?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;dry-mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-04-25T23:26:07.457" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3480" CreationDate="2017-02-23T07:40:41.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet is overflowing with information regarding probiotics, and since these products are not registered as drugs and are widely sold as nutritional supplements, it might be hard to &quot;separate the wheat from the chaff&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12664-015-0547-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review&lt;/a&gt; which seems pretty comprehensive, and extracted some key concepts that may answer your question (they will be italicized hereinafter). First, some basic terminology is in order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Microbiota&lt;/strong&gt; - this is a general name for a &quot;community&quot; (for lack of a better word) of different types of microorganisms. Specifically, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;human microbiota&lt;/a&gt; is the entire community of microbial organisms that inhabit the human body. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426293/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this text&lt;/a&gt; for elaboration.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Microbiome&lt;/strong&gt; - this is a general name for the collection of genes of a certain microbial community. The human microbiome is the collection of genes of the human microbiota, and is the subject of an extensive study due to the potential health benefits its manipulation may provide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gut microbiota&lt;/strong&gt; - this should be clear already... this is the entire microbial community that resides in the digestive system. It is also called '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gut flora&lt;/a&gt;'. This concept is not unique to humans, so we will refer to the human gut microbiota from now on.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Probiotics&lt;/strong&gt; - as ProfK correctly noted in his comment, probiotics is the commonly used name for the content of &quot;good bacteria&quot;, which are essentially the same bacteria that naturally inhabit our digestive system (specifically the colon), in the form of a commercial product.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your first question - &lt;strong&gt;What are the bacteria in your large intestine doing that benefits health/immunity?&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gut bacteria use mostly fermentation to generate energy, converting sugars in part to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that are used by the host as an energy source. The main end-products are acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFA help increase gut motility, decrease gut pH, and provide energy for commensal bacteria. Besides SCFA, a number of amino acids that are indispensable to humans are provided by commensal bacteria. It has been well established that some microbial species may be responsible for the synthesis of vitamins like biotin, phylloquinone, and vitamin K, and deficiencies may directly or indirectly be associated with reduction in abundance of specific components of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiota also plays an important role in preventing comorbidities and infection in addition to influencing mood regulation, obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and cognition.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your title question - &lt;strong&gt;How do probiotics work?&lt;/strong&gt; - I will only cite this short paragraph: &lt;em&gt;Probiotics can act through multiple mechanisms to affect the health of the host. They can transform dietary components into bioactive molecules, modulate the microbiota, or interact directly with the host immune or nervous system.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Please see the section on mechanism for a deeper explanation and specific examples for probiotic mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Final point: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=probiotics%20benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many studies&lt;/a&gt; show all kinds of health benefits associated with probiotics in different states of disease. They cannot be covered here, but the review I cited can be a pretty good starting point. One of the main uses of probiotics is following (or together with) an antibiotic treatment, in order to replace some of the gut flora that might be destroyed by the antibiotics - antibiotics do not differentiate between &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; bacteria, and some research (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291194&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;) indicates that taking probiotics close to an antibiotic treatment may help to restore the gut flora (which has a significant role in the human body as discussed earlier) faster and help to overcome the bacterial infection better and faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T07:40:41.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T09:10:43.573" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry if this is an obvious question. I frequently have migraine attacks, and have to take some pills to stop the pain. Now my question is, does a pill stop the source of an attack, or does it just stop my brain from feeling it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's make a clear example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have a broken bone, you take a very powerful painkiller (or maybe even injection), so you can't feel the pain in your broken arm anymore. But still, if you apply pressure on the bone, it will still damage the body, regardless of feeling it or not. So it's not curing the bone, it's just preventing you from feeling it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when i have these attacks, i need to stay in dark and rest (as you already know what is a migraine attack), and if i still continue to (for example) use my computer, it will hurt more and more with each second passing. This is an alert from my brain: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stop doing what you are doing and rest!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now i know a simple pill won't cure a major wound or a broken arm,but still, does these medicines cure a headache, or i will still damage my body by continuing my things when i have an attack and take a pill which stops the pain almost instantly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8161" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T09:15:40.523" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T10:12:41.577" Title="Do painkillers cure headaches or just stop us from feeling it?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11273" CreationDate="2017-02-23T10:12:41.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do painkillers work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When part of your body is injured, special nerve endings send pain messages back to your brain. &#xA;Painkilling drugs interfere with these messages, either at the site of the injury, in the spinal cord or in the brain itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many painkillers are based on one of two naturally occurring drugs: aspirin and opiates. Aspirin uses a chemical found in willow bark, used by the Ancient Greeks to relieve pain. Opiates all work in a similar way to opium, which is extracted from poppies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://mentalfloss.com/article/18615/how-do-painkillers-find-kill-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mentalfloss.com/article/18615/how-do-painkillers-find-kill-pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8315" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T10:12:41.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T14:54:00.620" Score="5" ViewCount="1169" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if excitement is also bad for your body. I know it uses the same parts of the brain. And when i feel excited I don't want to eat and i get jittery. it is also the same with stress or anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8317" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T19:25:25.480" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T01:37:32.013" Title="What is the difference between stress and excitement?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;&lt;shake-tremble-fidget&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11320" CreationDate="2017-02-23T15:14:02.847" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a reasonable amount of time to wait to determine the effect of introducing a change in lipid medication (statins \ fenofibrate).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if on January 1 one measures Triglycerides and Cholesterol are high (beyond reference range) and fenfibrate is introduced: how many days should the medication be used before re-testing to measure efficacy?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have experience with managing your Triglyscerides \ Cholesterol please state this in your response and along with any lessons-learned: thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T10:56:24.853" Title="Lipid test interval" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11276" CreationDate="2017-02-23T16:03:29.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The quality of evidence is not really the best (taken from a management guideline) but I frankly doubt there is any better-quality evidence to answer this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/48406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/48406&lt;/a&gt; says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Follow-up of People Started on Statin Treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Measure total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in&#xA;  all people who have been started on high-intensity statin treatment at&#xA;  3 months of treatment and aim for a greater than 40% reduction in&#xA;  non-HDL cholesterol. If a greater than 40% reduction in non-HDL&#xA;  cholesterol is not achieved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Discuss adherence and timing of dose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Optimise adherence to diet and lifestyle measures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Consider increasing the dose if started on less than atorvastatin 80 mg and the person is judged to be at higher risk because of comorbidities, risk score or using clinical judgement. [new 2014]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is pretty much consistent with what I have seen and done managing patients with dislipidemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T16:03:29.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11218" CreationDate="2017-02-23T17:02:13.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Albuterol is a short-duration ß2-receptor agonist (to which it owes its main effect, bronchodilation); and while it can produce some effect on ß1-receptors (producing effects such as tachycardia), these will still be short-lived due to the short-acting nature of the drug itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More reliable exercise-induced asthma information here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I cannot comment on Chris' response, but most of the information he gave is irrelevant; and some of it is downright incorrect. Steroids are not prescribed &quot;to make sure Albuterol is safe for you&quot;; the actual reason is that Asthma is primarily an inflammatory condition that responds very well to inhaled corticosteroids as first-line therapy. These are added to therapy when the asthma is anything more severe than &quot;sporadic, mild crises that respond to short-acting bronchodilators.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T17:02:13.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T18:36:16.507" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know a lot about stem cells or if a person's DNA could affect them in such a manner that if a person would have a damaged limb or organ, it would make it grow back with stem cell treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8319" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T18:36:16.507" Title="What if we replace the DNA in stem cells with ours and we place the cells inside damaged organs to heal them?" Tags="&lt;technology&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T19:25:42.433" Score="3" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend and work colleague of mine has been diagnosed with tuberculosis, when I took him to the hospital because he was having problems breathing. He had been earlier (falsely) diagnosed with pneumonia. He says I don't need to worry about it because his doctor says he has no &quot;expectoration&quot;, and he isn't planning telling anybody when he gets back to work. We work in a crowded open-space/office environment. Is it true that tuberculosis without expectoration is not contagious at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8320" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T20:23:39.940" Title="Is tuberculosis without expectoration contagious?" Tags="&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-23T14:32:17.927" Score="1" ViewCount="3185" Body="&lt;p&gt;More specifically, does gargling help prevent sickness when a person &lt;em&gt;feels&lt;/em&gt; the early-stages of being sick? (That slight feeling of rawness in one's throat, for example, or a light, abnormal fatigue). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine says that gargling during this stage has worked wonders to prevent oncoming sickness. The argument made is that one absorbs the offending bacteria/viruses via the respiratory tract—and gargling with an antiseptic kills off otherwise sickness-causing pathogens. For example, if wearing a mask helps prevent sickness by blocking pathogens from the throat, why wouldn't using an anti-septic on the throat directly similarly prevent sickness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is a biological oversimplification. I claim that, by the time a person feels &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; symptoms, said person is already sick and gargling won't help prevent further sickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(05)00258-8/abstract?cc=y=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; study claims that gargling with &lt;em&gt;water&lt;/em&gt; as a &lt;em&gt;preventative&lt;/em&gt; measure (i.e. - before feeling any rawness, irritation, inflammation, or fatigue) reduces the occurrence of respiratory tract infections. While I don't think it's quite relevant in this question, it's the most related thing I could find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A somewhat tangential point: We both agree that, if there's some placebo effect going on that increases the chances of fast recovery after gargling, then gargle all day!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="AmagicalFishy" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-23T20:36:16.620" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T06:10:15.557" Title="Does gargling Hydrogen Peroxide or Listerine help combat cold/flu?" Tags="&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;sore-throat&gt;&lt;gargling-gargle&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11282" CreationDate="2017-02-23T17:36:41.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think gargling could prevent sickness. Flu and cold are caused by viruses and they usually enter from the nostril. That is one of the reason why facial mask cover the nose as well. Regular gargling with Listerine can suppress the bacterial that grow on your teeth gaps but in the long term it will alter the bacterial ecosystem in your mouth.&#xA;Gargling hydrogen peroxide is highly dangerous, it can damages the tissue and cause cancer. It can causes blisters and irritation as it is very reactive. If you swallow it accidentally it can cause death. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Disinfectant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Disinfectant&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Use_in_alternative_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide#Use_in_alternative_medicine&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8345" OwnerDisplayName="Felix Leung" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T17:36:41.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11281" CreationDate="2017-02-23T20:23:39.940" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's not true according to the CDC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you speak you force air out your lungs, and presumably some bacteria can be carried out in this fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/exposed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/exposed.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-02-23T20:23:39.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T00:31:49.303" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one is taking prescription opioids to manage backpain from an auto accident, what is the litmus test \ telltale sign that one is becoming addicted?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What countermeasures can be taken to avoid addiction besides totally abstaining usage of opioids?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have experience working with addiction or have gone through the process of being addicted please state this in your reply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-02-24T02:15:01.910" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T02:15:01.910" Title="Opoid addiction telltale signs" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;&lt;substance-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T01:11:10.220" Score="2" ViewCount="518" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people seem to naturally understand that spoiled food is &quot;gross.&quot; But what are the actual dangers of eating it? Does it taste bad, or does it have serious potential to make one sick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, this is an incredibly broad question, so I'll zero in on meats, specifically muscle and organ meats from chicken, beef and pork. What bacteria/fungi/parasites tend to grow on these meats as they spoil, and how are they dangerous to humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked this question because there's plenty of information online about the consequences of eating &lt;em&gt;undercooked&lt;/em&gt; food, but nothing I can find about eating &lt;em&gt;spoiled&lt;/em&gt; food. I'm asking specifically what happens when you eat meat products that have gone bad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T20:53:40.427" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T01:55:58.370" Title="What are the dangers of eating spoiled meat?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-02-23T02:32:31.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11300" CreationDate="2017-02-24T04:39:28.960" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a chemical or process that would dissolve or remove all other tissues in an organ (in my case, i would like a heart) and leave all the vasculature and blood vessels intact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7131" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:58:28.397" Title="Isolating blood vessels and vasculature of the heart?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11282" CreationDate="2017-02-24T06:10:15.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you feel a cold &quot;coming on&quot; then your body (immune system) is already fighting it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to find studies on gargling to prevent respiratory illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0715/p153.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the AAFP released guidelines and recommendations for the common cold&lt;/a&gt; that looks at many studies for evidence for &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prevention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptom alleviation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreasing the length of illness symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It discusses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What things DO have evidence for being effective&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What things have evidence suggesting they DON'T work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What things don't have enough evidence to say one way or the other&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AAFP is one of multiple physician academies; others may offer similar guidelines and recommendations as well that you could check out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T06:10:15.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T08:58:53.243" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 30 years old and have spent 10 - 14 hours a day seated for several years now, and recently have started suffering from lower back pain and stiffness. I decided to start stretching, and what I do is essentially &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yogajournal.com/pose/plow-pose/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the plow pose&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be mostly beneficial, but some of the immediate effects make me a bit concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes entering the pose takes time because I can't quite get my feet to touch the ground from the get-go. I feel an intense sensation of heat in my entire lower body and my hands, and when I do get my feet to touch the ground, there are very uncomfortable muscle spasms (uncomfortable enough to make me clench my teeth) in my hands and legs that last maybe 5 - 10 seconds before my body finally calms down and I can stay comfortably in the position, I usually hold it for up to 1 minute. When I get up, there is moderate numbness in my legs; I can stand, but I would not be able to run and walking is difficult. This will also pass quickly. Doing the pose alleviates stiffness and pain in my lower back for the rest of the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have never experienced anything like above before when stretching. Should I be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8327" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T00:34:28.337" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T00:34:28.337" Title="Intense heat, muscle spasms during and numbness after back stretch" Tags="&lt;back&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;spasms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T13:57:01.983" Score="1" ViewCount="600" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dr. Rhonda Patrick is a PhD who has conducted research into how to slow down ageing using nutrition - i came across her on a JRE podcast : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxM_CLsvieE&amp;amp;t=6580s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxM_CLsvieE&amp;amp;t=6580s&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She founded 'foundmyfitness' : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/user/FoundMyFitness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/user/FoundMyFitness&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where she talks a lot about how nutrition can help slow down and prevent ageing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is - how much of what she says is true? Is she the next Mehmet Oz, or is she for real? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8329" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T13:57:01.983" Title="How much of what Dr. Rhonda Patrick's advice is accepted science vs speculation about potential goodness?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T14:46:49.093" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed some sodas have a sugar value of say 35g. Then under sweeteners they list Sugar and High Fructose Corn Syrup. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the HFCS part of that 35g or is that 35g of actual sugar and then an undisclosed amount of HFCS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8330" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T00:35:41.640" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T00:35:41.640" Title="Does High Fructose Corn Syrup show up in the sugar value on Nutrition Facts?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11302" CreationDate="2017-02-24T16:49:33.970" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a professional pianist and have been playing for eight years now. I recently noticed a problem in my left hand: if we enumerate the fingers consecutively, 1 beeing the thumb, my fourth finger is very weak compared to the fourth finger of my right hand, and if I position my left hand completely open and try to bend only the third and fourth fingers, I can't manage to keep them together while doing this. Could I have injured myself from practicing too hard? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm especially worried, since when I was little I used to bend my fingers backwards really hard, to the point that some of my knuckles got bigger and stayed this way even after I stopped. What kind of injuries could this cause, and what type of doctor should I visit to get my hand checked? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8331" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T00:37:01.743" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T00:37:01.743" Title="Weakness in a finger (pianist)" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;knuckles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T18:43:41.930" Score="3" ViewCount="4059" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wnq3d.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wnq3d.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone tell me how to spot a cavity on this image?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far is that it is supposed to be darker area. But I have trouble recognizing it in real x ray image.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8333" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T00:38:52.863" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T00:17:51.603" Title="What does cavity look like on X ray?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-24T21:20:51.037" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to do some research for a writing project, but I need some advice to help me identify what specific things I should be researching, because &quot;immune deficiency&quot; in general brings up a kind of overwhelming number of possible directions to go in. Ideally, I'm hoping to identify a suitable specific diagnosis for a character, or at least narrow down my options, so that I can focus my research more effectively and improve my chances of an accurate portrayal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The character is a girl in her mid teens, who's had health issues since before she started school. That's set in stone. Anything else is open to adjustment for accuracy, but here's what kind of stuff I had in mind;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Primary rather than secondary immunodeficiency.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Severe enough for her to be absent from school fairly regularly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not life threatening (at least for the time being)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;She's had to be hospitalised enough times that she's pretty familiar with the process.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When she &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; in school her illness is rarely (if at all) totally invisible. There might be some restrictions on what she can or can't take part in, she might need some kind of medical equipment, she might display some kind of visible symptoms, maybe she just gets fatigued easily? Whatever it is, it's noticeable to her classmates.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So. Anything in particular come to mind? Anything I should (or shouldn't) be focusing on? Any advice or suggestions would be much appreciated, and could potentially save my brain from imploding after one too many pages of dense and technical medical literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8335" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T04:12:51.380" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T08:39:42.467" Title="Is there an immune deficiency disorder that fits this description?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;adolescents-teenagers&gt;&lt;stable-condition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11290" CreationDate="2017-02-24T21:48:45.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this can basically be accomplished via plastination, whereby they replace the normal water in tissue with a form of silicone. You can use it on virtually any kind of tissue; first time I walked into an anatomy lab I grabbed a large slice of &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt;... about 1-inch thick, with a large hole in its center and began wondering what it was. Only when I turned it on its side and noticed hair and a tooth did I realize I was looking at a sagital cut of a complete head)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look up the Bodies art show, you can find some very nice examples of this (When I saw it several years ago, they even had the vascular tree of a complete body)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastEditorUserId="8186" LastEditDate="2017-02-25T04:11:56.793" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T04:11:56.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10911" CreationDate="2017-02-24T22:05:48.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although cirumcision slightly reduces the chances of getting HIV, there is another pathology that it prevents almost in its entirety: Penile cancer (still it's doubtfully enough justification to warrant a circumcision public health policy or something, since it's very rare to begin with)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another I can think off-the-top of my head: Cholecystectomy for Vesicular cancer. Although it won't prevent ALL Gallbladder cancers, the vast majority of them is caused by gallstones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032543/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032543/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Penile cancer is rare in developed countries (one in 100,000 men).&#xA;  Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis occurs almost exclusively in&#xA;  uncircumcised men, with phimosis being the strongest associated risk&#xA;  factor (OR 11.4 [95% CI 5.0 to 25.9]).[36] This finding underscores&#xA;  the importance of genital hygiene and of identifying and treating&#xA;  cases of phimosis and residual nonretractile foreskin in all males.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634588&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634588&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575712&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T22:05:48.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11295" CreationDate="2017-02-24T22:26:42.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Go see an orthopedic surgeon; it's not exactly the most classical story but you might have some form of carpal tunnel syndrome. In most cases in can be effectively treated with rest, painkillers and stretching/exercise (so you don't get unnecessarily scared about the &quot;surgeon&quot; part); either way, considering it's your profession, I definitely think it is justified to be evaluated by a professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastEditorUserId="8186" LastEditDate="2017-02-24T22:34:37.923" LastActivityDate="2017-02-24T22:34:37.923" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-25T01:02:34.687" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;optimal time-of-day&lt;/strong&gt; (if one is to live a little and eat a sweet treat every now and then) for &lt;strong&gt;consuming a sugary goodie?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Before or after brushing teeth?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After:&lt;/strong&gt; I assume everyone one would say after brushing so you can brush all the sugar out of your teeth so it doesnt sit there all day and rot your teeth out, right? I think this too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Before:&lt;/strong&gt; But I also hear brushing right after eating is bad for your enamel because when you eat -- your enamel is soft and you end up being rough on your enamel if you brush right afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PLUS, is fluoride more protective right afterwards? If I use a fluoride-based toothpaste right before eating a treat is it more effective in protecting my teeth from the sugar rather than adding that layer of protection on after the threat of sugar enters my mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T01:02:34.687" Title="Sweet Tooth: Healthier to brush before/after eating sweets? Fluoride protection effective if used right before?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-25T09:00:11.983" Score="0" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BSrT1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please say is there any serious issue .really worried.My report says 95bpm and otherwise normal ecg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8340" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T16:29:42.973" Title="Please say what my ecg means" Tags="&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-01-30T00:31:54.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11338" CreationDate="2017-02-25T11:08:51.813" Score="3" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;In light of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/22/kim-jong-nam-murder-malaysia-identifies-north-korean-embassy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bizarre murder/assasination of N. Korean dictator's 1/2 bro&lt;/a&gt; at a Malaysian airport, the world's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/kim-jong-nam-vx-nerve-agent/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;deadliest weapon of mass destruction&quot;&lt;/a&gt; has been herald as VX in all the news headlines. I haven't heard of it... and apparently not very many others have as well? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;VX is part of a group of nerve-agents (organophosphates) that have been created and used as chemical warfare as &quot;weapons of mass deconstruction.&quot; It can be diseminated via liquid or vapor that has neither scent nor taste, which makes it so terrifying. Watch and learn more about the history of VX &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0DXV210OhQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on the History Channel clip.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't understand &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;how VX differs from Sarin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (another nerve-agent used for Chemical Warfare but possibly in Syria and Iraq)? I don't understand how they differ in their symptoms and manifesting themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is VX so much more potent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:51:09.983" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:51:09.983" Title="What's this about Chemical-Warfare?! Nerve agents?! What's the difference between VX and Sarin?" Tags="&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11306" CreationDate="2017-02-25T15:30:56.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question violates rules; the only reason I'm answering is because it is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's got a regular rhythm with a normal rate, an axis around 30º, which is normal.&#xA;All segment durations are within normal limits, and I don't see any conduction blocks. The &quot;Possible infarction&quot; comment is an automated interpretation by the machine (more often than not, not very reliable) and is probably due to the extremely low voltage in aVL and V1 (which I think is probably due to a badly-placed electrode).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, the person who can (and should) give you the most qualified interpretation of this exam is the doctor who ordered it in the first place and has knowledge of your history and any other symptoms you may or may not have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T15:30:56.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11314" CreationDate="2017-02-25T16:54:07.833" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a university project involving the design of a metal implant. We're considering using a shape memory alloy, nitinol, for an intramedullary nail that changes shape with temperature. The idea is that it should expand in the body when implanted to increase friction and thus stabilisation but what happens if the person goes to a cold place, isn't homoeostasis supposed to keep the body at 37 degrees celsius, how much would the temperature of the implant change according to weather when inside the body. Thanks in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8168" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T21:10:23.243" Title="Temperature effect on metal implant" Tags="&lt;implant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-25T19:01:07.580" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each week, I'm going to create liquid mixes of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;liquid B12&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;liquid fish oil &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;liquid aloe vera extract&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;powdered Rhodiola Rosea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;powdered L-Tyrosine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will these chemicals interfere with each other, or reduce bioavailability, if left dissolved together for a week or so?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8348" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:14:34.693" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:14:34.693" Title="Is it OK to mix liquid and powdered vitamins + supplements together?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11310" CreationDate="2017-02-25T21:10:23.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normal body temperature varies from around 36ºC (sometimes perhaps a little less, even) to around 37.5ºC... Inside the body itself, you might have a higher temperature by around 0.5ºC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-02-25T21:10:23.243" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11114" CreationDate="2017-02-26T08:13:17.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;During Transvaginal Ultrasaund procedure defloration (breaking a hymen) can happen but not necessarily;It depends on several factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transvaginal Ultrasaund in virgins should be performed only with patent's signed informed consent form (or by close relatives if patient is not of legal age or is unable to do so). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very important,especially in culturally sensitive regions as can be detrimental for patient's future life,thus if defloration happens It will be documented and can be shown to the interested sides. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Informed consent is legal document that is intended to protect both:the patient and the doctor who performs the procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information mentioned above is derived from own practice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately no research or case report is available by online search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the forum link where you can find some answers:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doctorslounge.com/gynecology/forums/backup/topic-14728.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.doctorslounge.com/gynecology/forums/backup/topic-14728.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the popular article from news: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3907422&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3907422&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5165" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T08:13:17.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11276" CreationDate="2017-02-26T10:56:24.853" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not clear as to how soon an intervention results in changes but in some &lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015151&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trials&lt;/a&gt; people have tested within 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I typically retest people at three weeks to provide reinforcement for a dietary intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T10:56:24.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1133" CreationDate="2017-02-26T12:47:45.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told by a gastroenterologist at the IWK children's hospital in Halifax NS ( regarding medications my child had to take - that many things are excreted from our body when taken  in capsul form before it gets a chance to work. An example the doctor gave me is when people take Metamucil capsules they do not get the effect bc the capsul goes through the system often before it is effective.  The doctor recommended for someone taking Metamucil to take the powder form rather than the capsul.  I would think the same idea would affect probiotic capsules.  I started opening my capsule and putting the powder on my oatmeal / food and taking it that way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8355" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T12:47:45.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11297" CreationDate="2017-02-26T14:04:30.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a specialist but I notice something at the top of the 4th tooth from the top side. Maybe there's the cavity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8319" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T14:04:30.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10804" CreationDate="2017-02-26T20:30:01.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Individual Results Vary&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some people only eat food 30 points or lower on the Insulin Index.  Low carb, medium protein, high fat.  This is usually where the ketosis plays in, but is usually only necessary for people with a high carb addiction, and they should &lt;a href=&quot;http://livinlavidalowcarb.com/blog/is-ketosis-necessary-on-a-low-carb-diet-lets-ask-the-experts/2264&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;taper down very slowly&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other people are vegan and might do the above or the below.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While others need high carbs for some reason.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is usually wise to talk with your doctor or a nutritionist before changing anything radically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8360" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T20:30:01.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-26T22:18:23.723" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently talking to a friend about my Crohns and he said he heard that marijuana can help treat it. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;When I was first diagnosed, I decided NOT to go on medicine and have therefore been on the Specific Carbohydrate Diet. It works for me, but it is extremely restrictive and difficult to live with.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Are there any studies or tests that show that having a &quot;brownie&quot; once a day can be helpful in treating Crohns?&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;i&gt;I have searched Google, but I find the entire issue of marijuana extremely biased one way or the other. Either its the miracle drug that cures all and let me walk on water and turn it into wine (or at least think I am), or its the worst plant ever discovered. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5130" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:09:20.377" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:09:20.377" Title="Can marijuana help treat Crohn's Disease?" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;appetite&gt;&lt;ulcerative-colitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-26T22:45:41.300" Score="0" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently adopted following diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Green juice (Kale + Swiss Chard + Spinach + Blue Berry + Banana + Ginger) -Daily&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Green juice (Bok choy + Collard green + Arugula + Cabbage + Broccoli + Garlic + Turmeric )  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oats (Old fashioned) - Daily&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steam rice cake and banana - Every night&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boiled egg - Alternative days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avocado - 1 daily&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beans and lentils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cacao for flavinoid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asparagus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apple/Prune&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the essential elements that will be missing in this diet (for a 40 year old person)? Something like iodine? And what else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a need to add the following - barley / Brussels sprouts/ Flax seeds / macadamias / cashew? Also, Fenugreek(Uluva (in Malayalam)) and Cinnamon for blood sugar control?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8361" LastEditorUserId="8361" LastEditDate="2017-02-28T06:24:33.420" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T18:14:10.187" Title="What will be the missing elements in this diet" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-26T23:12:41.793" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a mother has type O blood, and a father has type AB, their children will almost certainly have either type A or type B. Considering a mother of type O blood will begin to produce antibodies against both A and B blood after exposure to the corresponding antigen, does such a pregnancy ever cause Graft versus Host Disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about in the opposite case, wherein a fetus has type O blood and the mother has either of type A or B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:08:52.560" LastActivityDate="2017-05-02T03:13:35.960" Title="Do fetuses' blood types ever cause Graft versus Host in the mother?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;graft-versus-host-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11329" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-02-26T23:13:41.130" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-02-26T23:13:41.130" LastActivityDate="2017-02-26T23:13:41.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11330" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-02-26T23:13:41.130" Score="0" Body="This tag is for questions related to Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD)." OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T23:58:07.340" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T23:58:07.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11334" CreationDate="2017-02-27T00:15:30.577" Score="5" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it that medical assessments on obesity is &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1079%2FBJN19910073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;based on BMI&lt;/a&gt; when BMI scales are inaccurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take for example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phillipheath.com/about/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phillip Heath (Mr. Olympia 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Height: 5’9″&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Competition Weight: 250 lbs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives a BMI of 36.9 when calculated using the formula &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmi-calculator.net/bmi-formula.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Weight in Pounds / (Height in inches x Height in inches)) x 703)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is considered &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmi-calculator.net/bmi-related-disease.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;half way between obese and extremely obese&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a very high risk of BMI related diseases&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you cannot say Phillip Heath is very obese so why do government organisations and health professions use BMI to rate people's level of obesity and look to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/02/obese-patients-and-smokers-banned-from-all-routine-operations-by/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduce access to health care&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn49.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;introduce 'Fat Tax' to incentivise weight loss&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:08:28.987" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:08:28.987" Title="Considering obesity using BMI" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-27T03:56:51.307" Score="3" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;If cholesterol is mostly produced at night, is there any evidence on whether or not cholesterol tests  (TC, LDL, HDL, etc) done early in the morning produce different results compared to doing them later in the day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8363" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:06:48.817" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:06:48.817" Title="Does Cholesterol Measurement vary throughout the day?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;ldl&gt;&lt;hdl&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-27T09:52:52.320" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand (in a too simplified way) that the main cause of tooth decay is the mineral breakdown of the tooth enamel by the action of acids formed from food debris on the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's correct, wouldn't be a definitive solution for tooth decay coating the tooth with a fine layer of some anti-adherent/non-stick element like Polytetrafluoroethylene on a long-term regular basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some kind of research papers on this specific topic that i can read? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8367" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:05:20.167" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T15:53:05.240" Title="Is there any definitive prevention for tooth decay?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11331" CreationDate="2017-02-27T11:32:52.197" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All models are wrong, but some are useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is true for the body mass index. In general, people with a higher BMI have a higher chance of getting obesity-related illnesses than those with a BMI in the 18-25 range. But of course, there are exceptions like the one you mention. That's no reason to discard the entire BMI, because it does work in many cases. It's easier than other predictors (such as abdominal circumference).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example would be age, as a predictor of mortality. It's safe to assume that in general, a 90-year-old would die sooner than a 25-year-old. But it's not true that no 25-year-olds die before any 90-year-old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second part of your question: obesity is defined as a BMI &gt;30. In that sense, we can say that Heath would be obese. But once again, this &quot;label&quot; is not flawless. He's probably got a lower probability of getting obesity-related illnesses than someone with a BMI of 29.9 based entirely on a bad diet and lack of exercise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL:DR; BMI isn't a flawless predictor, but it's ease-of-use causes it to still be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8369" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T11:32:52.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11213" CreationDate="2017-02-27T18:18:23.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Centric occlusion&lt;/strong&gt; is an articular position and &lt;strong&gt;maximum intercuspation&lt;/strong&gt; is a dental position. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It &lt;em&gt;suppose&lt;/em&gt; that, in a &lt;em&gt;healthy&lt;/em&gt; person, both are the same, and that the problems with TMJ arises when there is a discrepancy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, for a rehabilitation of a total edentulous person, you should rehabilitate with MIC = CO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, there is no evidence linking absence of CO in MIC with pathology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References  from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395541&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prosthodontics&lt;/a&gt; point of view and from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16637479&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;orthodontics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T18:18:23.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11677" CreationDate="2017-02-27T19:26:19.793" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;When referring to the STarT questionnaire. Why is &quot;STarT&quot; capitalised like that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find a definition of it as an acronym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The STarT questionnaire, also know as the STarT Back questionnaire, is used to sub-group patients into low/medium/high risk of chronicity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8371" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T15:15:09.667" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T20:07:44.207" Title="STarT Questionnaire Meaning" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11307" CreationDate="2017-02-27T20:10:17.713" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both are organo-phosphorous/phosphate compounds, and both act by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, leading to sustained muscle contraction and usually death by asphyxiation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sarin however is much less stable due to the phosphorus-fluorine bond being easily broken by water or basic/nucleophilic materials.  The products of this hydrolysis are relatively non-toxic phosphonic acids.  Not all of the VX hydrolysis products appear to be fully non-toxic, which likely adds to it's designation as &quot;deadliest&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there's the measured LD50 of the two, with Sarin being 172 μg/kg (rat, intravenous) and VX being &lt;em&gt;only 7 µg/kg&lt;/em&gt;.  I don't know the exact chemical reasons for this, but one could assume the differences in structure lead to different and possibly more efficient binding affinity for VX or some other &quot;advantageous&quot; feature that makes it so deadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, the two agents have different levels of volatility.  Sarin is much more volatile, and so can be &quot;cleared&quot; much more easily.  VX is likely to stick around in contaminated materials since it doesn't evaporate out of them as easily, and this could arguably make it more &quot;deadly&quot; over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/12963/chapter/12&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Useful and in depth reference here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8370" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T20:10:17.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9034" CreationDate="2017-02-27T20:16:52.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an App call Ada. It's only available for iOS. It's an IA based bot that ask you about your symptoms and gives you a diagnostic. It was pretty accurate with some regular illnesses. It's much more advanced than a &quot;symptoms checker&quot;, it can for example give you opinions based on statistical data. Also keeps record of your symptoms and dates, and ask you after if you are feeling better or worse or if you are cured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ada.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ada - Personal Health Companion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8367" LastActivityDate="2017-02-27T20:16:52.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-28T02:30:11.973" Score="1" ViewCount="264" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the hard data on incidence of specific diseases for the year 1995 and (projected) 2025. I have omitted chronic diseases as a group, although they are projected to increase from 90 million (1995) to 168 million by 2025.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The confluence of aggravators work too well together: quality of life, disposable income, percentage of those depressed, number of those with multimorbidities, and the fact that the incidence shows no signs of stopping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We may be looking at a snowball effect: If the workforce is undergoing constant depletion and is being increasingly transformed into a burden, the economy will start to shrink, and this will hasten the process of depletion of the remaining workforce. Access to health care will begin to decrease, further hastening disintegration of health, economy and living standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is abundantly clear looking at the chart below that life expectancy has no chance of increasing by 2025, but the question is how much will it decrease and how quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also: what forces exist to help mitigate the damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/L9snz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/L9snz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Incidence 1995-2025&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8378" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:04:04.493" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:04:04.493" Title="Calculate U.S. life expectancy for 2025?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11341" CreationDate="2017-02-28T02:57:22.297" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, to answer the question there may be many reasons playing into these causes. &#xA;-Immigration: Some races are more prone than others statistically&#xA;-Technology: With more access to technology people are more likely to grow up antisocial, and obese.&#xA;-Age: The baby boomers all will be at least 60 by this time most of them even in their late 60s or 70s and they will make up a significant portion of the people getting disease like diabetes, arthritic, depression, cancer, obesity, etc.&#xA;-Generational values: The teenagers of 2025 born 2007-2013 will have different values then teenagers growing up today(people born in the late 90s or early-mid 2000s) and it may be more acceptable for them to use different drugs like heroin which is becoming popular again unfortunately leading to autoimmune, depression. If they are growing up around people who are indoors constantly because of video games and I-pads they obviously will be more prone to health problems just by being sedentary and not getting enough sunlight. In fact, I would argue that in 2025 the healthiest group of people would be those born between 1975-2005, partly for that reason. &#xA;-Population:The world population is going to be roughly 8 billion people in 2025, over 2 billion more since 1995 meaning more people with these problems.&#xA;-Unknown causes: Some things like autism we don't know what causes it, but 1 in 15 people having autism in 2025 is damn near unbelievable. There may be other unexplained causes which may contribute to these problems, but I know I knocked at least 50 percent of them out for you. Hope this helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8377" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T02:57:22.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11333" CreationDate="2017-02-28T03:07:06.063" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no definite prevention. The teeth naturally weaken with age just like the rest of your body. However, smoking,   chewing tobacco, junk food, and drinking sugary drinks will not cause it immediately but definitely will speed it up and make is worst. Brushing your teeth and flossing them at least twice a day for each should help prevent tooth decay too. Unfortunately though, many people lose some of their teeth by the time they are in their 80s and may start showing signs of tooth decay as early as their 40s. You can only do what's most healthy and hope for the best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8377" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T03:07:06.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11344" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-28T04:01:06.727" Score="3" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cook food on Sunday in bulk quantity, enough to last me lunch and dinner till Wednesday (sometimes Thursday if I had to skip for outside food in between).&#xA;I separate everyday meals in rubber maid plastic containers and keep it frozen in the refrigerator. When I want to eat it, I heat it in microwave.&#xA;I have been following this schedule everyday and would like to know if this has any adverse effects on my health(or rather anyone's health in general)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3818" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T22:18:37.520" Title="Is eating refregerated home cooked food daily bad for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-28T04:19:01.770" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;This seems like the oldest problem that mankind has ever faced since the dawn of our beauty-driven world. I'd like to hear practical tips, products, or treatments that has worked for you, best if consistently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8379" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-04T03:00:41.257" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T07:40:59.100" Title="What is the most effective thing that has worked for you in getting rid of acne (any kind)?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-02-08T03:00:45.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11331" CreationDate="2017-02-28T06:13:59.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As well as any other measurements it doesn't say much on it's own. You need to use it along with other personal details (and measurements) to get some meaning of it. &#xA;One of the problems with BMI is that muscle weighs more than fat, so athletes (specially the ones that practise sports that rely on strength)  tends to break the BMI meaning.&#xA;It work well in regular people with a normal bone-muscle-fat ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8367" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T06:13:59.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11327" CreationDate="2017-02-28T07:56:52.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Theres choline, but hey why not calculate it yourself? I can't share a website that does no sell anything too often it seems,but you will find on my profile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutritional database are from Usda and websites transform their data with % value and tools to calculate total nutrient amount of selected foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I know you are missing several nutrients. Should also check for spinach oaxalic acid and nutrient interference, as well as uric acid impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should try sunflower seeds,pumpkin seeds,peanuts, and look seeds/nuts and herbs you'll find everything(except iodine for usda) &#xA;B12 can be supplemented (don't forget it's stored in the liver)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastEditorUserId="7983" LastEditDate="2017-02-28T08:03:35.247" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T08:03:35.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11341" CreationDate="2017-02-28T09:08:19.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've asked how we might calculate (or rather, estimate) the life expectancy of people living in the US in 2025, and provided us with some data that could be relevant. It's understandable that you'd have trouble reflecting on this problem given only the figure included above; among other considerations, you don't have very much data, and the data you've been provided with doesn't seem to be as relevant to the question you're working on as you might like. More on the second consideration below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The figure in the original question reports incidences of diseases in the US for 1995, but any method of using figures regarding reported incidences of disease to predict the US life expectancy would rely heavily on assumptions regarding how the (reported) incidence of a disease relates to the number of deaths caused by that disease. If you're interested in predicting the average American's life expectancy based on data regarding the death rates of certain diseases, the CDC has such historical data available in their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Vital Statistics Reports&lt;/a&gt;. You'll probably want to model things based on the death rates for certain causes, rather than the total number of deaths from such causes, even though both numbers are published in the reports on &quot;Deaths: Final Data&quot; linked above; this would take care of the fact that the US population hasn't historically been stagnant over time. Specifically, Table 11 on page 55 of the 1997 NVSS report, and Table 11 on page 46 of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 NVSS report&lt;/a&gt; have these numbers; other tables in the said reports are often only for certain subsets of the population, or give the number of total deaths, instead of the death rate per 100,000 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that sounds like too much work, it might be worth noticing that historical life expectancy tables by year for the US are widely available. I found a few relevant sources by searching for &quot;life expectancy by year in the US&quot; (and would add relevant links if I had the StackExchange reputation to do so).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8384" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T09:08:19.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11356" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-28T13:38:02.910" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could be a particular online website for reviews, a list of doctor's strength and weaknesses during some kind of an assessment, and or anything that can give consumers a greater capacity in gauging the quality of the work their doctors have done on them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8386" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:01:46.650" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T15:01:35.260" Title="Is there a way to monitor the quality of healthcare and dental care I am receiving?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;qualifiy-certify&gt;&lt;second-opinion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11344" CreationDate="2017-02-28T13:46:14.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prepared food is typically good for 3-4 days in the refrigerator&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/storagetimes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;food safety guidelines&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frozen is is even longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be cooled (not frozen) in a normal refrigerator.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthy depends on the food.  Home prepared food can be healthier than prepared food (especially fast food) that can have a lot of fat and salt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T13:46:14.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-02-28T16:13:46.870" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any sympatholytics or monoamine depleters that are purely peripherally active? I'm looking for something like prazosin or reserpine that doesn't cross the blood brain barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8389" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:00:53.247" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T22:00:53.247" Title="Peripherally active sympatholytics?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;central-nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11360" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11380" CreationDate="2017-02-28T17:11:06.740" Score="4" ViewCount="3388" Body="&lt;p&gt;In august 2016 i managed to fall off my bicycle and broke my femur bone (right greater trochanter). It was an accident and nobody else was involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urgent surgery followed approx. 12 hours after the accident which left me with a 11x420mm Stryker titanium rod inside the right femur. More or less from the hip down to the knee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, 2 weeks hospital care, then home recovery. This went well and i worked with a physical therapist which gradually introduced new exercises, etc. Then I moved to a normal gym which i am still doing after 7 months. I am now almost ok, climbing stairs and walking around, but there is a slight limping i am not able to get rid of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now during these 7 months there were a few intermediate checks with the doctor and his team. Two times they measured my hip-to-knee distance with a ruler and compared with the other leg, and it seemed to be ok. I didn't know what that really was about at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Todays x-ray check showed the fracture well recovered, however the doctor finally concluded that my right leg appears shorter by 5mm. That there's nothing to be done at this point and i should keep doing recovery and possibly try wearing a foot silicone pad inside my right shoe. No more checks have been scheduled and i am free to move on with my life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is it normal to expect this &quot;alignment margin&quot; in this type of surgery? any statistics that says a broken femur is likely to remain slightly off after surgery?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is this something i could potentially never be able to correct either via exercising or possibly other kinds of medical intervention?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;could the difference in length be more than 5mm, and they said that to sound &quot;optimistic&quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the difference is real (and it feels like it could be, since i am still limping a bit) and i am never able to correct it in any way, what kind of side effects should i expect?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;should i double check with another doctor?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what are my options?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any kind of insight you could provide!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8391" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:54:15.040" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T23:31:44.313" Title="Leg apparently slightly shorter after femur surgery" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;femur&gt;&lt;leg-length-discrepancy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11327" CreationDate="2017-02-28T18:14:10.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You missed a lot actually!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Raw Honey&lt;/strong&gt; in lukewarm water , very first thing in the morning, great if lemon added to it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grapes(raisins)&lt;/strong&gt; drink it in the morning and the noon after soaking it in the glass of water if they are raisins or eat it raw.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figs&lt;/strong&gt; (in many ways, eating, make a powder to clean teeth and drinking a tea of it by boiling it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Olives&lt;/strong&gt; either as an oil or vegetable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oranges&lt;/strong&gt; at least two daily, make a juice with its fiber and drink it sip by sip slowly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dates and Guava&lt;/strong&gt; (in the morning) are seen as the most nutritious.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unbleached &lt;strong&gt;Jaggery&lt;/strong&gt; a little piece after every meal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beetroot&lt;/strong&gt; especially if you have eye issues or anemia problem.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Almonds&lt;/strong&gt; either as an oil or eat it after soaking it at night and eating it very first things in the morning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cashew&lt;/strong&gt; has healing benefits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8385" LastActivityDate="2017-02-28T18:14:10.187" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11374" CreationDate="2017-02-28T21:29:33.710" Score="6" ViewCount="7230" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Is forgetting certain spellings in English (easy ones, and remembering the tougher ones) and other things like daily chores etc., a sign for Alzheimer's?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Does Alzheimer's affect people under the age of 30?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Is there any research work which states or which can be used to see if forgetting small spellings or dreaming certain alphabets (which one hasn't drawn for 5 years), but remembering other basics as well as advanced things a sign of depleting brain capacity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8393" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-12-22T10:10:05.310" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T10:10:05.310" Title="Is forgetting certain spellings a sign of Alzheimer's?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;dreams&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11331" CreationDate="2017-03-01T00:32:46.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's not conflate two different problems with BMI here. One the one hand you can have a low body fat percentage and still have a high BMI, but that only applies to body builders who exercise at a near professional level. Such a person will not get wrongly diagnosed by his or her doctor of being overweight. So, this shouldn't be a problem, however, as Carey Gregory points out, some insurance companies in the US make decisions about coverage and premiums purely based on BMI, which can lead to unjust decisions. A more practical problem with BMI is that it will underestimate the risk of cardiovascular problems and diabetes in people of certain ethnicities, particularly Asians. As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/bmi_asia_strategies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommended by the WHO&lt;/a&gt;, Asians should keep their BMI below 23 kg/m^2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then having cleared up these two real issues with the BMI, let's consider the context in which the argument for a fat tax and the denial of medical services are made in the sources quoted by the OP. The medical problem that at hand is that health problems caused by a poor diet combined with lack of exercise  account for the lion's share of health care costs. The US is a special case where 50% of the health care costs is due to an inefficient system, in most other Western countries, the burden of health care costs to society is about 10% of GDP. But even that 10% of GDP is mostly due to people eating too much fat, salt and sugar and not doing enough exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The people who choose to eat too many Big Macs are not only making me pay for my health care, they are actually limiting my health care options. The health care industry is hard at work at fixing the bodies of people who through their own faults, have wrecked their bodies, therefore I don't have to count on being treated in an optimal way. If at age 90 I would need a new kidney, I will be rejected because of my age despite having the fitness of a 60 year old by that time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also costs for society outside of health care. Your car is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj8-cGh9FsE&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=1171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;significantly more expensive&lt;/a&gt; because the workers at the factories where cars are made are not making the right lifestyle choices. If you buy a plane ticket, you're paying more because transporting heavier people requires more fuel, the costs are shared by all passengers; people only pay for their extra  checked luggage above their allowance, not your checked fat. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlILHQ0DXFA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This has led to calls for the system to be modified&lt;/a&gt;. The fat tax mentioned here is a fee that overweight people would have to pay. Contrast that with the notion of a &quot;fat tax&quot; in the source quoted by the OP. There it's about imposing a VAT on fat, which is a reasonable way to get the population to stick to a healthier lifestyle, thereby drastically reducing the costs incurred on society. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, while it may look like the BMIs of very muscular athletic people poses a problem with using the BMI, a closer examination of the relevant facts reveals that this is not a major problem. Rather, it are obese people whose BMIs do actually reflect their miserable physical state (and also people with a normal weight who eat an unhealthy diet) who are making everyone pay a hefty fat tax, and they are making the quality of the health care available for you a lot worse. Bureaucratic problems with athletic people having high BMIs are trivial to fix, unfair as such problems may look like, let's not forget that at age 80 you are not eligible for a heart transplant, no matter how well your medical prognosis is. How unfair is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-03-01T22:55:52.570" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T22:55:52.570" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-01T11:01:13.160" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a canine that hurts even after a root canal; the evidence points towards a crack in the tooth. It looks like I'll need it extracted, but I'm not sure I can afford getting an immediate implant. Given that it's an anchor tooth, what's the possibility of bone loss or other implications if I wait 5 months before getting the implant? Is there much risk in getting extracted now and waiting it to heal before starting the implant? Thanks so much!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8399" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:48:24.197" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:48:24.197" Title="What are the implications of extracting a canine tooth without an immediate implant?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;&lt;implant&gt;&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-01T12:58:33.887" Score="2" ViewCount="3966" Body="&lt;p&gt;My upper GI endoscopy report impression says: lax cardia, grade a relux oesophagitis, erosive gastritis. What is &quot;lax cardia&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My symptoms: abdomen pain around belly button, weight loss, belching etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is my disease?&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HgfBo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HgfBo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-01T12:58:33.887" Title="What is &quot;lax cardia&quot;?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-09-03T23:01:14.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11363" CreationDate="2017-03-02T02:42:55.963" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four cognitive symptom categories for Alzheimer's disease: aphasia, amnesia, apraxia, agnosia. These are broad categories that our brains handle somewhat separately. People frequently do sustain a brain injury to the left side of the head that damages his or her ability to process language and speech without affecting any other cognitive abilities. Our ability to utilize language is somewhat separate in the brain from areas responsible for the ability to reason, remember or use muscles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So transient forgetting of spellings of common words would be processed in the language areas of the brain, and deficits of that ability are called Aphasia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgetting daily chores falls into the category of Amnesia and is handled by a different area of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But your examples are about as non serious as they can get. Everyone has minor lapses in cognitive ability. So I'm hesitant to suggest seeing a doctor as I don't want to be blamed for a bunch of people getting laughed at when they go see their doctor for symptoms that lack of sleep may cause. Pose some more serious examples or extensive repeated lapses of forgetfulness or difficulty with words, or motor control, and I would have no problem suggesting you speak with a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, Alzheimer's disease can happen to people in their late teens. But it is very rare. Most commonly onset of this condition is 40 or above. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gstatic.com/healthricherkp/pdf/alzheimer_s_disease.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gstatic.com/healthricherkp/pdf/alzheimer_s_disease.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I simply don't know enough about aphasia research to answer your third question. I suspect the answer may be out of scope for this forum, but I don't know. Perhaps someone else will. However I must also caution you that dementia is one of the most serious, but isn't the only cause of cognitive lapses.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alzfdn.org/AboutAlzheimers/symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.alzfdn.org/AboutAlzheimers/symptoms.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastEditorUserId="8256" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T03:45:22.863" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T03:45:22.863" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T06:23:34.703" Score="2" ViewCount="5177" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is a remedy floating around the internet that states 1 tblspn of baking soda mixed in 8 oz of water results in forced excretion of water soluble drugs. For example methamphetamine. I'm not exactly sure of the specific details on how this recipe for explosive diherrea is able to mask the toxins and their coinciding metabolisms in your urine for a predetermined period of time on a panel UA test. In professional opinion, does this at all sound possible? And if so, what is the beauty behind this freedom saving concoction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8409" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:46:43.343" LastActivityDate="2018-11-20T05:18:52.633" Title="Urine analysis, the baking soda myth" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;&lt;alkaline&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11375" CreationDate="2017-03-02T10:57:23.480" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let us start by saying that &lt;em&gt;it is not recommended to use home-made remedies off of some internet website, as the information may be inaccurate and misleading. You should always consult with a healthcare professional in order to avoid adverse outcomes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept of manipulating urine pH in order to accelerate the excretion of certain drugs is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gtfch.org/cms/images/stories/media/tk/tk71_3/Scholer.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;well-known&lt;/a&gt;. It is related to acid-base properties of drugs, as most drugs are weak acids or bases (I will not go into detail about this here, as it is a very basic concept in pharmacology, and can be looked up in most textbooks. You can also read a bit about it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-absorption&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of increasing excretion rate of certain drugs is related to a phenomenon called &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_trapping&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ion trapping&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. Basically it means that since acids will be ionized (become charged) in basic pH and bases will be ionized in acidic pH, and ionized species have difficulties passing through membranes, changing urine pH can eventually cause a certain drug to concentrate in the urine. &lt;br&gt;(drugs pass from blood to urine according to their ability to pass membranes. In general, if a drug is uncharged it can go back and forth, but if it becomes charged, it would be more difficult for it to move across membranes, so it is essentially &quot;stuck&quot; where it became charged, which is preferably the urine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUCxN.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUCxN.png&quot; alt=&quot;Ion trapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the normal range of urine pH is 4.6-8 (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003583.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), which means that it fluctuates between acidic and basic values (pH value of 7 is neutral). When the urine is &lt;strong&gt;acidic&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;basic&lt;/strong&gt; molecules that pass from the blood to the urine become ionized (charged), and then cannot go back into the blood (i.e. they are &lt;strong&gt;trapped in the urine&lt;/strong&gt; and are excreted from the body more quickly).&lt;br&gt; When the urine is &lt;strong&gt;basic&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;acidic&lt;/strong&gt; molecules that pass from the blood to the urine become ionized and are excreted from the body more quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address your specific question: The commonly accepted method for making the urine more basic (i.e. alkalinization) is to administer sodium bicarbonate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/Datasheet/s/SodiumBicarbonateinjAFT.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;intravenously&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24055481&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; about administering sodium bicarbonate orally, but it is not the common practice. Also note that methamphetamine is a weak base (pKa = 9.87, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01577&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DrugBank&lt;/a&gt;), so it will be excreted more quickly by &lt;strong&gt;acidification&lt;/strong&gt; of the urine, and not &lt;strong&gt;alkalinization&lt;/strong&gt; (acidification is usually done with vitamin C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MZxeV.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MZxeV.png&quot; alt=&quot;Methamphetamine excretion affected by urine pH manipulation&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I would like to point out that one tablespoon of baking soda in 8 oz of water is not very precise and has a relatively high potential for error, which may lead to too high urine pH. I repeat my warning: &lt;em&gt;stay away from this kind of practice, as unsupervised manipulation of blood/urine pH may have adverse and even fatal reactions&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T10:57:23.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T12:38:34.753" Score="2" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across some shocking information that GCC countries and Brunei doesn't give work visa for person who was diagnosed by TB in past. Any spots in chest will be enough evidence to cancel the application for work visa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other countries that follow same policies? Does scars in chest is harmful for individual? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8411" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:43:17.387" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:43:17.387" Title="What are the countries restricted for Workings as a TB diagnosed individual?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T12:28:35.287" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctor so often changes stethoscope on body,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then how can he\she identify heart beat rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user47138" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:44:04.860" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:44:04.860" Title="Why doctor wont put stethoscope stationary at one point?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;procedure-purposes&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;procedural-behavior&gt;&lt;stethoscope&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11360" CreationDate="2017-03-02T13:00:11.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am certainly no expert, however I had a hip replacement in August 2015 and I know I have a slight leg length difference now.  It's very common in hip surgery but I think we are so pleased to be out of pain it doesn't seem important until we are fully recovered as you are and then possibly left with a limp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was measured about 8 weeks after surgery and there was a difference but they said it can a couple of years for everything to 'bed in' and I think they were right except I feel that my left leg is longer than my right and some days it seems more apparent than others.  For me I think unless I start getting pain somewhere I'm not worried, I have got used to it. Saying that I did have to retrain myself to stop limping as it had become a habit. Have you had help with strengthening your core and your leg?  Once you find the right physiotherapist they are amazing.  I go to Pilates and it has made such a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know people who use the little insole in their shoes and they work fantastically.  A friend of mine had a really bad back and sciatica and could hardly walk but just by wearing an insole and levelling him up, he is now pain free and has been for years.   He has one pair for his shoes, another for his wellies and a third for his trainers now!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would definitely go for a second opinion as it is your health and you have a right to ask questions and be in control. Sometimes we just need to speak to the right person and get peace of mind. I think it is different for everyone, some don't notice or can live with it and some people are more aware, as I am. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry to hear you have been through so much but sounds like you have recovered really well which is fantastic.  Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take care&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8412" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T13:00:11.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T13:31:44.073" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some podiatrists recommend well cushioned shoes with lots of support for people with fallen arches. However, some say that you should wear flat, firm shoes with no support so the foot muscles get enough exercise and get strong enough to support the arch.&#xA;What do you think? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8083" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:41:39.277" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:41:39.277" Title="For fallen arches - supportive or flat shoes" Tags="&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;&lt;flat-feet-fallen-arches&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T15:05:04.947" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;When it comes to Vitamin D3 supplementation there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15251658&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; that give a patient a big dose of 50,000 UI once per month. What happens when I take a similar approach to supplementing zinc?&#xA;Are there adverse effects from taking too much on a single day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:37:40.533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T17:19:14.250" Title="What happens when you take a whole monthly dose of zinc just once per month?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;missed-dose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4426" CreationDate="2017-03-02T15:17:51.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: This explanation does not concern itself with body health, wellbeing, the ability to follow/sustain the diet short/long term, impact to nervous system or the psychological impact of satiety that low-carb diets can offer. It only concerns itself with the imaginary scenario of two identical subjects following the same total calorie diet but with macro-nutritional differences.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Are Carbohydrates fattening?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question asks if carbohydrates lead to more fatty mass gain than the other macronutrients: fat and protein (and alchohol), if consumed at the same calorie level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way: &lt;strong&gt;For weight change, does the macro-nutritional profile of a diet affect the rate and total amount of fat mass gained?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common tautology employed by people proving that macro-nutritional profile is not important when it comes to weight loss is &amp;quot;a calorie is a calorie&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Evidence For, or &amp;quot;A calorie is a calorie&amp;quot;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/1Luq1wkRjtrQ8/collections/52134261/public/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Several metabolic ward studies have shown that there is no difference in weight loss when protein intake was held constant.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; If you're really looking for a metabolic advantage through manipulating macronutrient, you'd be far better off putting your money on protein. There's actually some evidence that higher intake levels do convey a small metabolic advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unsurprisingly, the studies into macronutrient impact on mass change are numerous but by no means perfect. One has to cast a very critical eye over all the conflicting evidence (and mud-slinging) and make their own decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good meta analysis of the above tautology by the well-respected Buchholz AC &amp;amp; Schoeller DA. concluded that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...Neither macronutrient-specific differences in the availability of dietary energy nor changes in energy expenditure could explain these differences in weight loss. Thermodynamics dictate that a calorie is a calorie regardless of the macronutrient composition of the diet...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Buchholz AC, Schoeller DA. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;amp;pmid=15113737&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is a calorie a calorie?.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):899S-906S.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This referenced a ward study (amongst others which also concluded the same):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the high-carbohydrate and high-protein groups lost weight (-2.2+/-0.9 kg, -2.5+/-1.6 kg, respectively, P &amp;lt;.05) and the difference between the groups was not significant (P =.9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sargrad KR, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Boden G. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.&lt;/a&gt; J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(4):573-80.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To continue the evidence-train for there being no win in carbs-vs-fat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a 2003 study by Bravata DM, et al. the conclusion was that nutritional-profile really doesn't affect total weight change at a significant level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for or against the use of low-carbohydrate diets. [...] Among the published studies, participant weight loss while using low-carbohydrate diets was principally associated with decreased caloric intake and increased diet duration but not with reduced carbohydrate content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684364&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review.&lt;/a&gt; JAMA. 2003;289(14):1837-50.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2009 study directly comparing the weight loss &amp;quot;fad&amp;quot; diets concluded that provided you reduce calories, the method you do this is not of importance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246357&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt;. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859-73.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 1996 study also concluded the same thing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of this study showed that it was energy intake, not nutrient composition, that determined weight loss in response to low-energy diets over a short time period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, De tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(2):174-8.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Australian study put them head-to-head over 12 months and didn't find a large difference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under planned isoenergetic conditions, as expected, both dietary patterns resulted in similar weight loss and changes in body composition. The LC [low carbohydrate] diet may offer clinical benefits to obese persons with insulin resistance. However, the increase in LDL cholesterol with the LC diet suggests that this measure should be monitored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439458&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):23-32.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2010 study went a step further and did a 2-year study across over 300 participants; patients lost an average of 7 kg or 7% of body weight, and no differences between the 2 groups were found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Successful weight loss can be achieved with either a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet when coupled with behavioural treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PONTI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PONTI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;clearly no difference&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679555&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial.&lt;/a&gt; Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(3):147-57.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking a different view and looking at weight gain, there are fewer studies but the evidence points to the same outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no significant difference in fat balance during controlled overfeeding with fat, fructose, glucose, or sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mcdevitt RM, Poppitt SD, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919929&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women.&lt;/a&gt; Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2):369-77.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be also seen in this small 2000 study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...fat storage during overfeeding of isoenergetic amounts of diets rich in carbohydrate or in fat was not significantly different, and carbohydrates seemed to be converted to fat by both hepatic and extrahepatic lipogenesis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lammert O, Grunnet N, Faber P, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029975&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men.&lt;/a&gt; Br J Nutr. 2000;84(2):233-45.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A important point to note is that dietary fat &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; what is stored as bodily fat, when a caloric excess is consumed. For dietary carbohydrate to be stored as fat then they must undergo a conversion through 'de novo lipogenesis' which will occur when the carbohydrate portion of someone's diet alone must approach or exceed ones total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). You can read more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, for a comprehensive primer on insulin and how it functions please check out &lt;a href=&quot;http://weightology.net/weightologyweekly/index.php/free-content/free-content/volume-1-issue-7-insulin-and-thinking-better/insulin-an-undeserved-bad-reputation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; on weightology which is summarised in layman on reddit by /u/ryeguy, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/j853z/insulin_an_undeserved_bad_reputation_plus_notes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Evidence Against, or &amp;quot;A calorie is not just a calorie&amp;quot;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find evidence to support the opposite viewpoint. However there is criticism of the studies done these are found in the &amp;quot;Dear Sir&amp;quot;'s in the ASfCN/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/5/1445.1.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A post&lt;/a&gt; by Anssi H Manninen is critical of a Bravata study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837-50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...In the true low-carbohydrate group, the mean weight loss in trials was 17 kg, whereas in the higher-carbohydrate group it was only 2 kg. Oddly, the authors did not consider this significant. Only by intermingling the results of trials of low- to medium- and high-carbohydrate diets could the authors have reached the misleading conclusion quoted above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/5/1445.2.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In another article Richard Feinman and Eugene Fine&lt;/a&gt; dispute the assertation of &amp;quot;a calorie is a calorie&amp;quot; using the first law of thermodynamics by stating that the second law must also be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What should I eat for weight loss?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eat less.&lt;/em&gt; Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one&#xA;best fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric&#xA;intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many diets, fad or not, do work. This is mainly because they reduce calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5266" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T15:17:51.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11384" CreationDate="2017-03-02T15:38:23.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That approach works with some supplements and not others. Iron, for example, will be held in the small intestine until the blood level lowers enough for safe absorption by which time it might just be pushed out of the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zing is regulated by secretions in urine and sweat. Any you ingest, or breath in (unsafe welding practices), will be absorbed by the blood stream in a rather reckless fashion. Then the body will filter it down to normal levels. Before your body accomplishes this task you might be subjected to symptoms of zinc poisoning. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_toxicity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T15:38:23.533" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11378" CreationDate="2017-03-02T16:51:08.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably the doctor isn't using the stethoscope to determine your heart beat rate. Mine seem to use it to listen to my lungs as I breathe, and I've seen them used to listen for valve sounds or other oddnesses in a baby's heartbeat. The actual rate can be determined other ways: the stethoscope is more for observing the sounds in your chest. They may move on quickly from a spot because they can't hear anything useful at all, or because they can hear that everything sounds fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, I can tell you that when I had growths in my lungs that caused an almost constant cough, doctors held their stethoscopes in place for quite a while at a time, and now that those growths are all gone, they listen for a shorter time in each place and then say &quot;your lungs sound completely clear.&quot; As an adult, I've never been told anything about my heart after a stethoscope has been used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T16:51:08.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T17:04:38.193" Score="3" ViewCount="3227" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wandering if it is possible for soda to be contaminated by viruses/bacteria originating from water that was used to produce it. I have to specific questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can jaundice virus/bacteria survive in soda?(carbonated water)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can hepatitis virus/bacteria survive in soda? (carbonated water). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note the water is lake/well water and it is untreated water, non-chlorinated and has not undergone any type of purification  . The only thing added to water mentioned here is the carbondioxide added to make it soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a possibility for jaundice or hepatitis bacteria/virus to be present in soda water and if somebody drink that soda, he catch those diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am concerned as a soda consumer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8417" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T20:43:05.347" LastActivityDate="2019-03-02T02:44:15.510" Title="Can virus and bacteria survive in soda water? (carbonated water)" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;&lt;jaundice&gt;&lt;carbonated-carbonation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T20:29:57.350" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed a pattern that sugary and non-sugary cereals are typically enriched with the same levels of every vitamin EXCEPT iron, which is typically twice as high in the non-sugary cereals.   Here are some examples by percentage of adult-female iron  RDA per serving (double the numbers to get percentage of adult-male iron RDA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cheerios, plain: 51%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cheerios, any other flavor:  25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toasted oats, plain:  45%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toasted oats, any other flavor: 25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Corn flakes:  45%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frosted flakes:  25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quaker oatmeal plain: 40%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quaker oatmeal, any other flavor: 20%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why the heck do the manufacturers do this?   Do they assume only female hemophiliacs eat plain cereals?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How large is the risk of getting too much total iron from diet when you eat these cereals, considering the tolerable upper limit is only 40mg and the average adult male gets 20mg compared to an 8mg adult-male RDA.   Just adding two largish bowls of cheerios to the average male diet would put it over the limit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8421" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T21:36:09.283" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:36:09.283" Title="Why do non-sugary cereals contain twice the iron of sugary cereals?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T21:30:44.137" Score="2" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had plenty of MRI's in my life, and I know the drill: take off the glasses, bra with a metal clasp, hair-tie with a metal band, all metal jewelry, etc. It makes sense. You don't want to put someone adorned in metal inside a magnetic machine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what I've never understood is how come it's okay that my fixed-retainer (metal wire behind the front rows of my teeth --- after braces) is permissible in the MRI? I mean, yeah, I can't remove it... so there's that... But I'm not talking about proper etiquette and all that jazz -- I want to know the science behind it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why have I never once felt any magnetic pull or anything on the metal wires behind my teeth while I'm having my MRI's?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the other metal items I remove (listed above) likely not have an impact either?? It's just because it ruins the imaging? Is that's what going on there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T13:36:52.613" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T13:36:52.613" Title="Why aren't fixed retainers (metal wires) behind front row of teeth affected by the MRI's? Isn't it magnetic?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-02T21:51:29.830" Score="1" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several terms to think about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;premium&lt;/code&gt; - the monthly cost of a plan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;deductible&lt;/code&gt; - the amount you pay before your insurance kicks in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;coinsurance&lt;/code&gt; - the amount you pay after your insurance kicks in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;copay&lt;/code&gt; - also the amount you pay after your insurance kicks in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;out-of-pocket maximum&lt;/code&gt; - the amount you pay before your insurance pays for everything &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you continue to pay your premium even after you've met your out-of-pocket maximum?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does your premium count towards your deductible or out-of-pocket maximum?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8422" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-02T22:15:35.587" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T01:42:03.713" Title="Do premiums count towards out of pocket maximum?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;&lt;health-insurance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-07-19T15:45:29.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11392" CreationDate="2017-03-02T21:55:19.953" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywell.com/do-premiums-count-toward-your-deductible-1738443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another blog post&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, health insurance doesn’t work that way; &lt;code&gt;premiums&lt;/code&gt; don’t count toward your &lt;code&gt;deductible&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After you’ve paid enough in &lt;code&gt;deductibles&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;copays&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;coinsurance&lt;/code&gt; to&#xA;  have reached your &lt;code&gt;out-of-pocket maximum&lt;/code&gt; each year, your health plan&#xA;  begins to cover 100% of the cost of your care for the rest of the&#xA;  year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You don’t have to pay any more cost-sharing that year. However, you&#xA;  still have to pay your monthly &lt;code&gt;premiums&lt;/code&gt; or your health insurance&#xA;  policy will be canceled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8422" LastActivityDate="2017-03-02T21:55:19.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4517" CreationDate="2017-03-03T00:56:34.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no established lower or upper intake level, but there's data showing that the average human body contains around 3ppb of gold, mostly in the form of nanoparticles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a long review of the academic literature on medical uses of gold nanoparticles:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347577/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347577/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, it has a lot of effects on the immune system and it has been used as an adjuvant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8421" LastActivityDate="2017-03-03T00:56:34.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11328" CreationDate="2017-03-03T01:41:03.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very rarely, The AB father plus O mother scenario you describe can cause a disease:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More commonly, Rh-positive father plus Rh-negative mother can cause a disease:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find any reports of the mother suffering any ill effects from the baby's immune system.    The likely reason for this is that fetuses don't make their own antibodies.  They rely on the mother's antibodies.   See:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/5782/at-what-age-do-babies-begin-to-synthesize-their-own-antibodies&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/5782/at-what-age-do-babies-begin-to-synthesize-their-own-antibodies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8421" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:48:15.073" LastActivityDate="2017-03-03T01:41:03.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-03T02:10:50.517" Score="3" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always wondered if the race had an influence on the chance of finding a matching organ donor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, do Asian people have a better chance of finding a matching organ from searching only in the Asian population compare with searching within same amount of people but from different race group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T07:34:10.230" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T07:34:10.230" Title="Importance of ethnicity for organ donor" Tags="&lt;ethnicity&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;race&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11399" CreationDate="2017-03-03T03:22:53.787" Score="1" ViewCount="529" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned earlier, I had a MRI today... I wasn't in the waiting room for long so I didn't have a chance to read the bright yellow folder labeled &quot;Earthquake Guide during a MRI.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as I walked home, I kept thinking about that folder because it seemed so bizarre to me. Was this a thing that happens a lot that necessitated a guidebook? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had never considered &lt;strong&gt;what would happen if you were in the MRI during an earthquake? Was there actually an official safety protocol for this?&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;Except... try to wriggle your way out and go somewhere safe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-09-04T20:48:43.797" LastActivityDate="2019-09-05T23:28:30.987" Title="What to do when an earthquake hits while inside a MRI?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11398" CreationDate="2017-03-03T06:23:18.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Do nothing, stay inside the MRI machine.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never performed MRI scan in the past but I had experience of several quite big earthquakes within the last 10 years. So I provide my thought on this for your reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to say that you probably already in the safest place during an earth quake in a building for two reasons: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) rooms for big scanners are usually build with solid concrete and very likely to be strengthened further comparing with standard concrete building for accomodation or office. That makes the room very unlikely to collapse during an earth quake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) MRI machine is basically a giant piece of metal. If earth quake strikes during your scan, you have already surrounded and protected by this heavy and strong metal structure. This makes your situation even safer as you will be well protected even the building collapse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on my personal experience on earth quakes, I think you will be pretty safe even there is a magnitude 8 or less earth quake happen during your MRI scan. For the quakes that more than magnitude 8, shallow and close by, well, good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1698" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2019-09-04T01:37:07.350" LastActivityDate="2019-09-04T01:37:07.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-03T07:55:02.907" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to never have to clear my throat after waking up, but around 4 months ago I caught a cold that took a long time to clear up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when I wake up, I always find that my throat needs clearing. It never used to be this way. What can I do about it? Should I be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8424" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-03T08:06:10.187" LastActivityDate="2017-03-03T08:06:10.187" Title="After recovering from a cold, I always wake up with some phlegm in my throat" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;throat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-03T20:39:41.453" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many upper respiratory infections, otitis media in children, sinusitis and other infections, are treated with antibiotics (if these are bacterial infections, of course). Doctors usually prescribe a suitable antibiotic for 7 or 10 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;how do doctors decide what should be the duration of treatment with antibiotics?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it according to clinical findings? Is it according to experience and their impression of the patient's complaints? Or is it arbitrary and subjective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/33681-antiobiotics-10-days-prescription.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; online, but I'm looking for something more scientific and reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-04T13:10:54.830" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T13:10:54.830" Title="How do doctors decide on the duration of an antibiotic regimen?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-03T22:30:22.943" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a (hopefully fully functional) adult, who has exhibited many traits that correlate with high-functioning Aspergers corner of ASD spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am intensely curious as to whether a professional would agree with that (as in, am I diagnosed with ASD, or with &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_students&amp;#39;_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical student syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is three-fold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'm not experiencing any issues in life that might stem from that potential ASD. Yeah, i'm a shy introverted geek who likes things to be in order. But none of it is to a degree that has negative impact on life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, i'm not even sure how to approach a mental health professional to request to be tested - my expectation is that &quot;I self-diagnosed as Aspergers based on online test&quot; would be laughed out of office real quick.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Less importantly, even if the office takes me, the insurance would refuse to cover the tests, again because there's no demonstrable pathology in my life.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a fully functioning adult professional, I'm very leery of visiting a mental health professional; especially with work-provided health insurance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone who lives in Tri-State Metropolitan area of US:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the best options for me to get tested for Aspergers?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What would be the best ways to ameliorate my concerns outlined above when doing so?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8430" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T23:33:08.473" Title="What are my options to get tested for Aspergers as an adult?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;autism&gt;&lt;aspergers-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-03T22:35:54.353" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm hoping this is an appropriate question for this stack group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For several years I've been playing with a plot for a novel whose protagonist is a woman whose body does not seem to age.  Science fiction, of course, but I'd like to base it on a real syndrome that I vaguely recall hearing about some years ago, and which powerfully caught my imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that progeria (pitchforked into the public eye by Benjamin Button) is the exact opposite...children who seem to age before their time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a real life syndrome or condition which would cause a child's body to stop maturing, and to always have the appearance of a child?  I just need a name, googling various combinations of keywords hasn't found me anything close.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="646" LastActivityDate="2017-03-03T22:35:54.353" Title="Is there a syndrome which causes a child's body not to &quot;age&quot;?" Tags="&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11404" CreationDate="2017-03-04T00:48:24.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the age of fifty five, I received a diagnosis of severe ADHD.  ADHD has significantly affected my life, threatened my marriage, and made my professional career...challenging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to see a psychiatrist for marriage counseling and it was there that I found out I had ADHD.  Up til that point I had no idea.  None.  In retrospect, my symptoms were so obvious it was ludicrous that nobody had twigged to it before, but when I was growing up there wasn't much awareness of ADHD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just receiving the diagnosis (I don't take drugs, as after fifty five years I have already learned a lot of coping mechanisms that allow me to function fairly well) has made a huge difference in my life.  Once my husband learned that I didn't forget to do things because I was careless, or didn't care, and we both learned how to help me lean on his ability to keep track of things, my marriage was worlds better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No mental health professional is going to scoff at your observation that you might have Aspergers.  If you have concerns, do a little googling and find one who lists experience with Aspergers and give him (or her) a call.  At the very least, a good counselor can help you develop coping strategies for any problems that might be troubling you.  And as for billing, tell a prospective counselor about your concerns.  Usually they are very good at billing in such a way that insurance companies understand and accept.  It would be ridiculous for a health insurance company to refuse to pay for a test just because the test comes back negative.  All there has to be is a reasonable suspicion that a pathology might be present, and in any case an evaluatory meeting should be covered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also mention that providers and employers are prohibited from discriminating against individuals with mental disabilities.  After I received my diagnosis I was fairly open about it with friends and co-workers and even potential employers, and I haven't noticed that it has impacted my life negatively.  We've gotten a lot more accepting of peoples' differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="646" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T00:48:24.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-04T03:05:20.073" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's fairly common knowledge that heavy drinking can damage the liver, causing scarring among other issues. Can moderate drinking, say one or two glasses of red wine a day, cause the same damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-03-05T19:31:32.257" LastActivityDate="2018-06-29T13:05:47.757" Title="Does moderate drinking cause damage to the liver?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11403" CreationDate="2017-03-04T07:13:04.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from relying on their extensive training, physicians have therapeutic guidelines based on scientific studies at their disposal. These guidelines are usually issued by a national medical authority for a given disease, syndrome etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, for antibiotics, a clinician has to take into account several factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which bacteria caused the infection?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How severe is the infection?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which antibiotic is used?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the patient responding to therapy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the characteristics of the individual patient (age, immune system status etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The recommendations on treating community acquired pneumonia show how guidelines differ among countries, but also that &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; guidelines link the type of bacteria to the duration of therapy. Another factor is patient's response to therapy (as seen in the guidelines in Canada and the US).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jLelE.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jLelE.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: File TM. &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/39/Supplement_3/S159/288772/Clinical-Efficacy-of-Newer-Agents-in-Short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Efficacy of Newer Agents in Short-Duration Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;. Clinical Infectious Diseases.2004;39(Supplement_3):S159-S164&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2a. Specifically, for &lt;em&gt;otitis media&lt;/em&gt; in children &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Acute_otitis_media/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Royal Children's Hospital Melburne&lt;/a&gt; suggest an algorithm which takes into account the child's response to therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2b. For the same indication, in the US he severity of symptoms and child's age are taken into account. American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines recommend: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The optimal duration of therapy for patients with AOM is uncertain; the usual 10-day course of therapy was derived from the duration of treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Several studies favor standard 10-day therapy over shorter courses for children younger than 2 years. [162,190–194] Thus, &lt;strong&gt;for children younger than 2 years and children with severe symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;a standard 10-day course&lt;/strong&gt; is recommended. &lt;strong&gt;A 7-day course of oral antibiotic&lt;/strong&gt; appears to be equally effective &lt;strong&gt;in children 2 to 5 years of age with mild or moderate AOM.&lt;/strong&gt; For children &lt;strong&gt;6 years and older with mild to moderate symptoms, a 5- to 7-day course&lt;/strong&gt; is adequate treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:  Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T et al. &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/3/e964&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media&lt;/a&gt;. Pediatrics.2013;131(3):e964-998&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2017-03-04T07:13:04.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-04T07:44:40.230" Score="3" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;How come animals don't have any variety in their diets, yet they seem to be strong and healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gorillas eat only leaves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cows eat only grass&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Giraffes eat only leaves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do humans need such an enormous variety in their diets but animals don't?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1983" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T11:28:00.733" Title="Variety in Diet - Animals and Humans" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-04T13:52:27.867" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the effects of long term benzodiazepines use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suffer from a devastating anxiety since childhood that progressed to a point where I had a panic attack almost every day.  Benzodiazepines (namely diazepam or clonazepam) help my symptoms immensely and allow me to function &lt;em&gt;much better&lt;/em&gt; in school, relationships, and other areas of life.  I have managed to taper myself to a fairly low dose, but can't see myself being able to go off of them in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen and talked to multiple doctors, and over the last two years I have tried other medications, but nothing except benzos have worked as well for me: Sertraline, Lithium, Olanzampine, Paroxetine, Fluvoxamine, Imipramine, Fluoxetine, Quetiapine and Bupropion absolutely didn't work.  Others had some benefits that were outweighed by the side effects like (on an efficacy scale): Clomipramine &gt; Venlafaxine &gt; Escitalopram.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am concerned about the effects of long term benzodiazepines use.&lt;/strong&gt;  While some papers appoint 'em as very harmful in a long term others don't. Some scientists argue that it's related to permanent cognitive loss (although my notes in college improved since I started taking benzos), dementia and so on... while others say that it is just part of marketing campaign to rocket the &quot;z drugs&quot; prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research on long term HUMAN models? I mean... benzos are around since the 60's... if they were that harmful shouldn't we've already noticed it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8433" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-05T16:13:06.657" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T09:51:46.397" Title="What are the effects of long term benzodiazepines use?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;anti-anxiety-meds&gt;&lt;benzodiazepines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11412" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11428" CreationDate="2017-03-05T00:10:06.913" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people have fast metabolism (high &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basal metabolic rate&lt;/a&gt;), but some slow one. Usually it's high for men and decreasing with age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And fast metabolism is considered as good one, because it keeps you from over-weighting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on which factors metabolism and BMR depends? Genetic? Lifestyle? Environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you change it? If yes, then how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T03:37:02.740" Title="on what metabolism depends" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11345" CreationDate="2017-03-05T00:22:46.540" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Natural pearl powder has done wonders for me. My skin has cleared up and gotten brighter. It can be taken topically or ingested. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8059" LastActivityDate="2017-03-05T00:22:46.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-05T02:37:27.147" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have observed repeatedly that if I push myself in an aerobic workout, then not just my muscles, but my immune system also takes a beating. My chance of catching a cold is then much higher. I've made this correlation so frequently that I no longer have any doubt there is a connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One solution is presumably not to workout too hard, but can this be solved nutritionally? Is there a set of nutrients with which I can replenish my system just before or after an intense workout to counteract the resulting weaker immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7886" LastActivityDate="2017-03-05T02:37:27.147" Title="What nutrients can support an immune system to counteract intense workouts?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11416" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11417" CreationDate="2017-03-05T06:19:20.823" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm male and I have a long hair. But some people warned me and told me that having long hair makes it more likely to fall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing I found on the internet really convinced me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a real cause or just a myth? If it is a real cause, does it happen only (or more) for men?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I still go to the hairdresser to cut the ends regularly?&#xA;Is letting it grow without any cut a bad thing (assuming I take care of it with other ways)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8143" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T02:59:15.680" Title="Is length a cause of alopecia?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;alopecia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11416" CreationDate="2017-03-05T15:55:36.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, long hair has a appearance of falling out. But everyone's hair is constantly falling out. Hair generally falls out at a rate of 50 to 100 strands of hair a day. And regrowth of the hair generally matches that rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/11/hair-loss-causes_n_923727.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/11/hair-loss-causes_n_923727.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer hair is more noticeable than short. And our hairs are more likely to come out all at once when stressed. Long hair might also break releasing a portion of the strand, a problem that short hair doesn't have. When you are in the shower you aren't going to notice 2 or 3 short strands falling out. Strands of long hair are very noticeable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there is one related issued tied to this subject. Hair that is frequently pulled on will fall out faster. Hair that is kept in tight hair styles or is constantly being tugged on by it owner will fall out faster than normal. But that is due to the roots literally being tugged out of the head. The weight of hair alone can't do this. It is problem that favors long hair. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_alopecia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_alopecia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastEditorUserId="8256" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T02:59:15.680" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T02:59:15.680" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11409" CreationDate="2017-03-05T16:57:38.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is quite broad, so I can only begin to answer, based on the animals you mentioned: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cows and other ruminants (including giraffes) have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/feed-and-nutrition/feeding-the-dairy-herd/ruminant-anatomy-and-physiology.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a totally different digestive system&lt;/a&gt;, which allows them to ferment the ingested food and thus acquire nutrients in a way that is not accessible to humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As for the gorilla, what may only be &quot;leaves&quot; for you are in fact various items (leaves indeed, but also bark, fruits, flowers, roots, seeds and shoots) from hundreds of different species, as you may reed in &lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.460.6233&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;If we compare these foods to human dietary requirements, these foods provide amounts of protein that would be probably be sufficient for humans, but very low amounts of fat and available carbohydrate, and lots of dietary fiber (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/127/10/2000.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this other article&lt;/a&gt;). According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/127/10/2000.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, Western Lowland Gorillas derive more than half of their energy from the fermentation of fiber in the colon (under the form of short-chain fatty acids), whereas this source of energy is marginal for humans. Despite very little genetic difference, humans have evolved to eat very differently from apes. A human trying to follow a gorilla diet would quite probably not be able to achieve this level of colonic fermentation and thus would fail to thrive on this diet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastEditorUserId="7599" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T09:22:45.907" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T09:22:45.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-05T18:12:58.303" Score="5" ViewCount="3064" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can long-term usage of aluminum kettles cause Altzheimer's or another disease, considering the fact that the water inside is heated to 100 C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8437" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T01:06:10.660" LastActivityDate="2017-04-02T23:05:56.540" Title="Are aluminum kettles dangerous?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-05T20:31:02.580" Score="5" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel fear when I should talk to a girl or do my exams or do things I am obliged to do. It happens in the morning, I wake up with fear and I can't handle the situation. My thoughts are negative and I can't do anything to change it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have talked to two doctors; one's solution was to take pills and the other to do a physical program and a healthy diet that will do my body better. I find both solutions wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the first, I think I will depend on the pills and when I face a more difficult situation, I will need more a powerful pill. I could harm myself with those, right? For the second, maybe I'll be healthier but I believe a healthy diet will not improve the situation of this panic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do now? I am disappointed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8439" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T06:48:15.007" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T23:50:34.193" Title="How to stop panic?" Tags="&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;panic-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11409" CreationDate="2017-03-05T21:28:05.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, humans are &lt;strong&gt;omnivores&lt;/strong&gt;, while all the example animals given in the question were &lt;strong&gt;herbivores&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You are comparing apples and oranges (or rather, apple and beef)!    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you compare a human's diet with a wild pig's (sus scrofa) &lt;a href=&quot;http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_scrofa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diet&lt;/a&gt;, you will find out that they both eat a variety of foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why this is the case, biology.stackexchange might be more suited for your question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-03-05T21:28:05.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11426" CreationDate="2017-03-06T00:59:40.493" Score="5" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common accidents can lead to tooth injuries. A tooth that has fallen out obviously needs a dentist, but cracked teeth are on a line between important and ignorable. How does this type of injury affect the patients' health? What are the potential consequences of leaving a cracked tooth untreated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/avU9v.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/avU9v.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Example of cracked tooth&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1782" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T07:57:56.763" Title="How dangerous are cracked teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T01:16:54.753" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it harmful for humans to eat meat from livestock/animals with high levels of  stress hormones? Or does it just change the quality and taste of the meat&lt;/strong&gt; (and not necessarily harmful for human consumption)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to know if the meat you purchased is from an animal that may have endured stress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T01:16:54.753" Title="Harmful to eat meat from livestock/animals with high levels of cortisol (stress) hormone?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;taste&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;livestock&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11424" CreationDate="2017-03-06T01:18:27.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;More dangerous than healthy teeth, but not impossible to live with. A cracked tooth has a higher risk of breaking, is less resistant to tooth decay, heat, cold, acid etc. The 2 most dangerous situations I can imagine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the weakened tooth breaks apart, its parts can be as dangerous as shards of glass in the mouth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the injury leads to osteomyelitis, it might require a surgery.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a doctor, I'm just guessing: if your tooth is cracked, &lt;strong&gt;see your dentist ASAP&lt;/strong&gt;, as each case is unique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The photo in the question is my cracked tooth. I had an accident almost a year ago, landed my face on concrete, visited my dentist, used 25 g Elmex gel as she recommended. I still don't use this tooth, so fortunatelly it's still in its place and is painless.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1782" LastEditorUserId="1782" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T07:57:56.763" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T07:57:56.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T03:17:00.520" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an out-of-state hospital has none of my information except for name and date of birth, can they bill me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was hospitalized in NY for a night for excessive drinking, what can I expect or should I do in the coming days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8443" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T22:10:24.430" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T22:10:24.430" Title="Can a hospital bill me based on my name and date of birth?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-18T16:16:58.790" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11412" CreationDate="2017-03-06T03:23:38.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well metabolic rate is determined by many factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hormones:&lt;/strong&gt; BMR is regulated by the thyroid glands. The T3 and T4 hormone levels increase or decrease the BMR.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Body Mass:&lt;/strong&gt; BMR is directly proportional to the total body mass.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muscle Mass&lt;/strong&gt; BMR is also directly proportional to the percentage of muscle mass of your body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Age:&lt;/strong&gt; BMR is inversely proportional to age.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Activity Levels&lt;/strong&gt; Regular aerobic/anaerobic exercise will raise the metabolism.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other factors that may have some impact like levels of Stress, menopause or total skeletal mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8367" LastEditorUserId="8367" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T03:37:02.740" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T03:37:02.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T09:39:43.730" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;e.g. do you use paperforms, EHR masks? Do you type directly into a physician letter? &#xA;In Germany we use mostly a paper form in the first place and afterwards we document the results into a report. You have to document the physical examination manually twice, which costs a lot of time.&#xA;A detailed explanation of the daily workflow for the documentation of the physical examination in the USA would be very helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8446" LastActivityDate="2017-09-19T07:25:58.193" Title="How is the workflow of physical examination's documentation in the USA exactly?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11431" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11433" CreationDate="2017-03-06T09:45:23.613" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I visited my dentist today and she told my that I should stop eating lemon and lime because it damage my teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a pill or and alternative way that can replace this? They say that fruits are healthy but I'm interesting in if I can eat pills as an alternative for fruits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8447" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T22:09:15.540" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T22:12:51.303" Title="Pills as an alternativ for fruits" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;enamel&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T11:24:55.687" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;As some of you may be aware, the Rabies vaccination requires a set of 3 doses over a period of 1 month. I have &quot;maybe&quot; had 2 of those 3 jabs. The nurse can see on my records that 2 doses have been administered back in 2004. &lt;strong&gt;As rabies is a one off vaccination and it lasts for life, does this mean simply having the additional 3rd dose is all that is required?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot remember back to 2004 to know if I really had 2 or 3 doses so sadly we'll just have to go by what is on record. I'm just intrigued as to how this works. &lt;strong&gt;Because the course was not complete, does this render the vaccination useless, and does a full 3 part course need to be re-administered to ensure its effects?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to disclaim, I will not be using the answer to this question as sufficient medical advice, I will leave that to the nurse for my up coming appointment. I am curious however, about the technical aspect of having a  partial vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8398" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T11:24:55.687" Title="Rabies vaccination, two 3rds of the required course" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11431" CreationDate="2017-03-06T12:21:49.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recommendation to stop eating lemon and limes to prevent tooth decay is likely due to their acid content. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary nutritional benefits of citrus fruits are mainly vitamin C (ascorbic acid), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2650T/x2650t03.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;though many other useful nutrients are also provided&lt;/a&gt;.  Luckily, it appears that according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847730/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt; the bio-availability of &quot;artificial&quot; vitamin C is not markedly reduced, and so supplements can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other nutrients that fruits, though not only citrus, provides that may be unhealthy to cut completely out of your diet.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aicr.org/reduce-your-cancer-risk/diet/elements_phytochemicals.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Phytochemicals&quot;&lt;/a&gt; are a collection of plant-based chemicals that may have a multitude of benefits to health, but are not standard vitamins.  Dietary fiber is also an important component of your diet that can often be provided by fruits, citrus or otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, taking supplements of at least vitamin C is shown to be able to replace real citrus fruit intake for that nutrient, but there may be other nutrients that you should introduce through other foods (legumes and animal proteins are a good source of folate, as well as fortified grains) or through another supplement.  There are also several &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reference.com/food/low-acid-fruits-bfd94511754c894b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;low acid fruits&lt;/a&gt; that may be helpful while reducing tooth decay, assuming you brush after to reduce sugar left for mouth bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8370" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T12:21:49.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11522" CreationDate="2017-03-06T13:24:51.483" Score="2" ViewCount="902" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/epilepsy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epilepsy&lt;/a&gt; is a condition that seems to encompass many possible things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that people with photosensitive epilepsy can react badly with exposure to flashing light, or irregular light patterns (such as sunlight peeking through trees in a forest).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it also true that tiredness can trigger seizures/passing out (for people with epilepsy), or, in particular, exposure to too much heat? Some people have told me this, but none of them are medical professionals and I'm not either. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/brain-and-nervous-system/a336/epilepsy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; gives examples such as lack of oxygen/infections/stroke, but it's not clear from anywhere I've looked if epileptic attacks could ever be caused by excessive exposure to heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8451" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:31:16.160" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:31:16.160" Title="Can people who are epileptic be more sensitive to heat exhaustion/heat stroke?" Tags="&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;heat-exhaustion&gt;&lt;heatstroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11439" CreationDate="2017-03-06T14:53:05.497" Score="4" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since more than 2 years I'm consuming &lt;em&gt;birch sugar&lt;/em&gt; (xylitol) instead of sugar for basically everything and I try to avoid any product which contains sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I wasn't consuming too many things with sugar before I switched to xylitol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As many sites on the net explain, there's certain scientific evidence supporting that using xylitol to brush the teeth and make xylitol rinses, and also chew xylitol gums can really improve oral health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since anything related to oral health is very critical because a wrong step may mean irrecoverable and permanent damages, I was wondering if there's some actual scientist study that can support xylitol as oral health tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, has the FDA or EMA any document regarding this topic or do they approve xylitol to be used on this matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8452" LastEditorUserId="8452" LastEditDate="2017-03-06T15:28:28.347" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T22:50:20.220" Title="Are there scientific studies that support the daily usage of xylitol to prevent oral problems?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T19:15:09.607" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Urinary tract infection causes dysconfort by giving the urge to urinate even with empty bladder. The one time I had the symptoms (blood in urine, urge to urinate again), I forced myself into drinking too much water so my bladder filled again in a few minutes, so I could urinate. I repeated the process during the course of a few hours, and each time the urine was clearer, and never again I had the symptoms (this was about 4 years ago). Today my girlfriend had the same symptoms, and she used the same procedure. She also went to the hospital, and due to excessive urination, the urine sample she collected for the examination was water-clear. Results came out with no indication of infection, so the doctor sent us home without antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study or established knowledge that forcing urination is an effective treatment for UTI? Should I be worried she might still need antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8455" LastEditorUserId="8455" LastEditDate="2017-03-08T02:46:46.570" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T05:39:37.013" Title="Can urinary tract infection be treated by inducing urination?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;&lt;urinary-tract-infect-uti&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11436" CreationDate="2017-03-06T19:58:46.763" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Original Answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This comes from my high-school chemistry book (in German): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hexanhexol (sorbitol) is common in apples, cherries and other fruits. The sweet taste comes from the OH-Groups within the molecule. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Sorbitol is half as sweet as sugar (glucose), but does not cause carries.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Furthermore, foods containing sorbitol feel cool in the mouth, as&#xA;  sorbitol is drawing energy from its surroundings in order to dissolve.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Pentanpentol (xylitol) has very similar properties [i.e. not causing carries], but is as sweet as glucose.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QjnBF.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QjnBF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Extract from my chemistry book&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think, if school books teach that xylitol prevents caries, this argument must be pretty solid. (School books are usually very conservative and only teach bullet-proof things, at least in Germany).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't tell you exactly &lt;strong&gt;why&lt;/strong&gt; xylitol and sorbitol prevent caries. It probably has something to do with the fact that neither we nor bacteria are able to process any source of energy other than carbohydrates, and so the cariogenic bacteria do not have enough &quot;food&quot;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following from this, your diet must consist of glucose (or polysaccharides which will be broken down into glucose), otherwise you would have starved to death! Therefore, &lt;strong&gt;if you do not brush your teeth regularly&lt;/strong&gt; there will be enough &quot;food&quot; for caries because of polysaccharides in other foods that we eat.&#xA;If you brush your teeth regularly and have a good oral health, there will be almost no gains (apart from the diet/weight bit) by using a sugar substitute!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Edit&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sources and studies about xylitol and dental health:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v194/n8/abs/4810022a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature Article&lt;/a&gt; discusses the benefit of xylitol compared to other polyols. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chewing xylitol gum is certainly effective at preventing caries&#xA;  development compared with chewing sugared gum or not chewing any gum.&#xA;  Xylitol gum appears to be more effective than sorbitol gum or&#xA;  combinations of xylitol and sorbitol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jmicro/article-abstract/52/5/471/1044146/Remineralization-effects-of-xylitol-on?redirectedFrom=fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Study from the Japanese Microscopy Society&lt;/a&gt; claims that xylitol remineralises tooth enamel. However, as &lt;strong&gt;@JohnP&lt;/strong&gt; pointed out in the comments, there is a potential conflict of interest as the sponsor of the study is a manufacturing company which also produced products that include xylitol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We morphologically determined the effects of xylitol on the&#xA;  remineralization of artificially demineralized enamel. […] The MIP&#xA;  evaluation indicated that remineralization was more prominent in&#xA;  layers at depths of 50–60 µm in the xylitol samples than in the&#xA;  non‐xylitol samples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As Matías Fiedemraizer pointed out in the comments, the AASP &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/media/policies_guidelines/g_xylitoluse.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommends&lt;/a&gt; Xylitol for patients with high risk of caries:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recognizes the&#xA;  benefits of caries preventive strategies involving sugar substitutes,&#xA;  particularly xylitol, on the oral health of infants, children,&#xA;  adolescents, and persons with special health care needs. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Dosing frequency should be a minimum of two times a day, not to&#xA;  exceed eight grams per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This  &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007095.pub2/abstract;jsessionid=BC6106DDC9ACF5960C447362207A5021.f04t01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; shows that the risk of AOM is reduced for kids with xylitol intake.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is fair evidence that the prophylactic Administration of xylitol&#xA;  among healthy children attending day care centres reduces the&#xA;  occurrence of AOM by 25%. This meta-analysis is limited since the data&#xA;  arise from a small number of studies, mainly from the same research&#xA;  group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adult&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; assessing whether xylitol can in fact prevent tooth decay. This is their conclusion:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found some low quality evidence to suggest that fluoride toothpaste&#xA;  containing xylitol may be more effective than fluoride-only toothpaste&#xA;  for preventing caries in the permanent teeth of children, and that&#xA;  there are no associated adverse-effects from such toothpastes. The&#xA;  effect estimate should be interpreted with caution due to high risk of&#xA;  bias and the fact that it results from two studies that were carried&#xA;  out by the same authors in the same population. The remaining evidence&#xA;  we found is of low to very low quality and is insufficient to&#xA;  determine whether any other xylitol-containing products can prevent&#xA;  caries in infants, older children, or adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The abstracts and findings of all articles are available online, one has to purchase the whole article though to be able to read everything.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Judging from all the studies, I would just have a normal diet and brush my teeth regularly. For me, it is too much effort to change my eating habits, try to eat foods that only contain alcohol sugar when the benefits are not even clear.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;It is important to note&lt;/em&gt; however that xylitol &lt;strong&gt;does&lt;/strong&gt; prevent caries if used consequently as a sugar substitute and no other polysaccharides are consumed. &lt;em&gt;This is not recommended&lt;/em&gt; (1). But fluoride tooth paste prevents caries it at least to a very similar extend.&#xA;Lastly, one has to consume xylitol at least twice a day to get a positive effect [AADP article], but only a maximum of 8g, as osmotic diarrhoea is a major possible side effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1): This was an understatement. Under no circumstances try to only consume xylitol and no other carbohydrates! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-11-05T22:50:20.220" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T22:50:20.220" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11421" CreationDate="2017-03-06T22:13:13.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a doctor mentioned eating a healthier diet in relation to your problems then that suggests that your diet is pretty bad. We can't judge if that's the case, but if you are not eating well, e.g. lack of proteins in your diet, not enough calories etc., then that will affect your psychological well being. Your brain will hit the stress and anxiety button a lot sooner if your energy levels are low due to chronic malnutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-03-06T22:13:13.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11452" CreationDate="2017-03-06T22:47:38.837" Score="3" ViewCount="2922" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a MRI last week for my spine. I got a call today that I'm having a CT-scan tomorrow for my abdomen (unrelated issue). The day after tomorrow, I'm having X-rays done on my teeth at the dentist because I cracked my teeth. These are all unrelated medical issues. But all these medical issues required medical-imaging that happened to be scheduled within 7 days of each other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it dangerous to have a MRI, CT-scan, and an X-ray all within a week's period?&lt;/strong&gt; Are they all radioactive? Also, I had an ultrasound 2 weeks ago (which was unhelpful --- which is why I'm now having the CT-scan). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T13:07:22.577" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T13:07:22.577" Title="Dangers of having MRI, CT-scan, &amp; X-ray within a seven day period?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-06T23:52:32.897" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following a sleep study, I've been diagnosed with &lt;em&gt;mild, positional obstructive sleep apnea&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the clinic's recommendations is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The patient should &lt;strong&gt;avoid sleeping supine&lt;/strong&gt; given non-supine &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apnea%E2%80%93hypopnea_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AHI&lt;/a&gt; is in the normal range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, I'm fine if I can manage to sleep on my side and avoid the tendency to sleep on my back.  But it's hard to control my unconscious body movements while I'm sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some good techniques to encourage side-sleeping?  (One solution would be to sleep sitting up, but I consider that to be a non-viable solution, since it impacts sleep quality in other ways.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8457" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T00:06:10.523" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T16:12:41.870" Title="How to make myself sleep on my side?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11447" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T00:45:10.443" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have Epidermolysis Bullosa, and I'm 20 years old. I have never (but always wanted to) had my nails done by a professional. Having E.B means I've lost a nail and 3 are only half there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given this, I was wondering if anyone out there knows whether or not it should be OK? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm very un-confident so you wouldn't see my walking into a nail salon and just asking there and then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8458" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T22:01:49.097" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T22:29:13.880" Title="Epidermolysis bullosa and getting nails done" Tags="&lt;nails&gt;&lt;epidermolysis-bullosa&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-12-06T23:14:10.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11448" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14111" CreationDate="2017-03-07T01:58:34.117" Score="3" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, the sole purpose of the gallbladder is to store extra bile that is opportunely released in order to properly digest fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the gallbladder is removed, &lt;strong&gt;what happens when there's not enough bile to digest a given amount of fat?&lt;/strong&gt; And particularly, &lt;strong&gt;what happens with the fat that does not get digested?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had my gallbladder removed a few weeks back and I've heard that consuming a relatively high amount of fat might produce problems such as diarrhea, gas and bloating, but I haven't experienced these (fortunately, or perhaps I haven't consumed a meal high enough in fat yet). In addition, I don't understand if the undigested fat is excreted or just stored in the body—as opposed to being properly used as a nutrient (I Googled this and there are mentions and accounts of both weight loss and gain; I didn't find proper research papers or a reliable source).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8460" LastEditorUserId="8460" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T16:48:19.493" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T12:26:17.717" Title="How does gallbladder removal affects fat digestion?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3469" CreationDate="2017-03-07T07:01:21.503" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pre-ejaculate or precum is a pre-fluid that a guy releases during the intercourse. This fluid is also popular with name pre- seminal fluid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fluid &lt;strong&gt;contains spermatozoa but not so much&lt;/strong&gt;. But this spermatozoa is enough to make a girl or woman pregnant. Girls with high fertility rate can get &lt;a href=&quot;https://thelifesquare.com/pregnant-from-precum-8575481/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pregnant from precum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8461" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T07:01:21.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T07:54:25.883" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a pretty nasty form of acne, and some of the abscesses are so deep it takes weeks for them to even become removable, though for the whole time they cause pain and/or discomfort.&#xA;What I am curous about - are there ways to somehow dissolve the ichor accumulated in abscess when it is under skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8462" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T09:13:34.687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T09:13:34.687" Title="Non-surgical ways of removing ichor" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;&lt;abscess-lesions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11445" CreationDate="2017-03-07T13:24:21.943" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amounts of radiation in today's machines is low enough that there is no negative impact to be expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;X-Rays&lt;/strong&gt;: A chest X-ray gives you about 10 mrem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MRI&lt;/strong&gt;s measure the reaction time of molecules (in the body) to changes of outside magnetic fields. No radiation or radioactivity is involved at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CT-Scans&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;A chest CT scan clocks in at about 200mrem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Natural background radiation&lt;/strong&gt; is around 300 mrem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smoking&lt;/strong&gt; five cigarettes a day means you &lt;em&gt;inhale&lt;/em&gt; about 1300 mrem a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this list for many more examples:&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iem-inc.com/information/tools/common-radiation-exposures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.iem-inc.com/information/tools/common-radiation-exposures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2392" LastEditorUserId="2392" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T15:05:44.053" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T15:05:44.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T14:17:27.810" Score="8" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/01/how-much-pee-is-in-our-swimming-pools-new-urine-test-reveals-the-truth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; few days ago. Long story short: people pee in swimming pools. A lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article itself got only this short paragraph related to health risks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, while urine is sterile, compounds in urine, including urea, ammonia, and creatinine have been found to react with disinfectants to form byproducts known as DBPs that can lead to eye and respiratory irritation. Long-term exposure to the compounds has been linked to asthma in professional swimmers and pool workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the risks according to this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;eye and respiratory irritation &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;asthma in the extreme cases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely there are more risks involved from being inside such water. What are those risks, and how much one should stay in the water to really be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T21:29:45.047" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T21:29:45.047" Title="What exactly are the health risks of using public swimming pools?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11453" CreationDate="2017-03-07T14:50:56.567" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Surely there are more risks&quot; well, you could drown. You could be assaulted or filmed in the change room. You could get dry skin from exposure to the water or the compounds in it - when I swam daily in a semi-public pool I had to use lotion after every swim, which I don't need to do after daily swims in my own these days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I expect you're more concerned about catching something communicable. As the article says, urine is sterile. People with open sores and runny noses aren't allowed in the pool (there's generally a large sign about this) and the chlorine in the water is designed to kill the germs from the people who ignore the signs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article's risk isn't even about being in the water - it's about breathing and having uncovered eyes near the water. That &quot;chlorine&quot; smell we all recognize is actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;chloramines&lt;/a&gt;, which are formed when chlorine reacts with ammonia in urine and sweat. These are the compounds that irritate the eyes and perhaps the respiratory tract. (The Wikipedia article has references.) So to reduce your risk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wear goggles and put them over your eyes as you leave the change room, rather than waiting until you're in the water and about to put your face in. Leave them over your eyes until you're well away from the water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take that pre-swim shower seriously, to reduce your own organic contributions, and pee before you swim&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;don't hang around on the &quot;pool deck&quot; of an indoor pool breathing the fumes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after your swim, rinse yourself, including your hair, and your swim suit thoroughly, so that you don't carry chlorine compounds out of the area&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have a choice between an indoor and an outdoor pool, choose the outdoor one for better ventilation, but don't forget to use sunscreen in that case&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have a choice between a pool that always smells really chlorine-y and one that doesn't, choose the less smelly one: its users are presumably contributing less organics and thus creating less chloramines. I noticed a huge difference between the university pool used by (among others) students training for the Olympics and the public pool used by ages 2-92. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you spend hours a day everyday at the pool, because it's your job to train, or you're a lifeguard, these precautions are probably more important. If you go a few times a week, you don't need to be paranoid about it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T14:50:56.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11455" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T14:59:57.537" Score="4" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently researching the values for a Complete Blood Count. Obviously different sources give slightly different values, usually due to rounding, but I found that some values consistently shifted over the years (according to my sources), meaning both the lower and the upper value in-/decreased, but the range is roughly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I wonder who exactly decides which values are normal. Who decides that you should have ~12-16% HGB as Woman/~14-18% HGB as Man (as an example)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is a national decision, please add the information specific to Germany (because that is where I am located). If such information is not available or the relevant data can not be freely accessed via the Web, please write who is usually in charge so I can ask them directly.me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8464" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T21:37:16.753" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:57:08.750" Title="Who decides the &quot;normal&quot; values for blood count?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;cbc-complete-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T16:26:06.860" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find difficulties when I sleep with my wife to do the sex I heard that there are food to become good in sex please help me :( &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8465" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T21:31:46.163" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T21:31:46.163" Title="anyone give me a list of Healthy Foods to Crank Up my Sex Drive?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;libido&gt;&lt;sexual-arousal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-07T20:33:49.687" Score="-1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a lazy person . But I want to build my body up , without going to the gym . Suggest me some good exercise routine to get those six packs ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8467" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-07T21:43:09.507" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T11:50:18.207" Title="How to get six packs by doing exercise at home?" Tags="&lt;weightlifting&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;&lt;abs&gt;&lt;body-building&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11676" CreationDate="2017-03-07T19:11:40.383" Score="11" ViewCount="2890" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that there can be adverse effects from masturbation, such as difficulties with having children and/or decreased sex drive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can masturbating actually decrease my fertility or sex drive? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" OwnerDisplayName="Student28" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T19:56:51.860" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T07:51:32.020" Title="Effects of masturbation on Health" Tags="&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;sociosexual-behavior&gt;&lt;infertile&gt;&lt;conceive-conception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11456" CreationDate="2017-03-07T21:15:45.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maca &amp;lt;--- Really healthy in general also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Horny Goat's Weed &amp;lt;--- Haven't tried it myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think generally you're looking for herb-aphrodisiacs. Try a google search and I'm sure you'll find lots of resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, improving nutrition in general is key to most health-issues I believe. Avoid refined carbs (sugars), eat more fiber, if you live in Europe (like me) take a vitamin D supplement in the Winter, take a multisupp aswell, supp with magnesium and potassium also. Aim for correcting potential micronutrient deficiencies - you'll have to research a little to get a general understanding. A good one for overall health is fish-oil.&#xA;Also some regular exercise does wonder for your sexdrive, doesn't have to be fitness, running is a fantastic tool imo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8468" LastActivityDate="2017-03-07T21:15:45.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4568" CreationDate="2017-03-08T04:24:29.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;The closest thing the Google Gods suggest is allopecia, but I don't think allopecia does this&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YES!  Alopecia does do this!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Alopcia affects more than the hair on your head.  It can manifest itself on other parts of your body where hair grows..including legs, arms and private areas.  You say you don't want to see a doctor, but this may be a reason to see one.&#xA;You may want to check out the National Alopecia Areata Foundation website (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naaf.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.naaf.org&lt;/a&gt;) for more information.&#xA;Good luck to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8469" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T04:24:29.863" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-08T05:56:37.193" Score="2" ViewCount="1133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will go see a new dentist and I know that they ask all their patients what medications they're taking (in the US, at least). However, I don't want to tell my dentist this information because I feel like dentists and their staff do not keep things very private. Staff at some dental offices seem overly curious and may gossip a lot. And at some dental offices, I've heard very detailed conversations about the medical issues of other patients. I want to protect my privacy. Is it ok if I just say I'm not taking any medications? To put the question in more specific terms, which medications are actually crucial to tell your dentist about (for fear of serious medication interaction effects)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6742" LastActivityDate="2021-03-18T11:40:42.767" Title="What are the medications you definitely need to tell your dentist about?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-08T11:36:39.993" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;34 year old male. Had a long flight to Cancun Dec 2015, when I arrived my feet and lower legs began to get extremely swollen and red and put me out of commission for the first 3 or 4 days of my vacation.  I saw two doctors there and they couldn't identify it, they thought it was some sort of cellulitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ever since that time, I started getting them regularly.  It started occurring monthly (mid=Jan 2016 was the next time) but around Sept '16 it's been daily.  My shoes hardly fit - I don't tie my laces anymore,  - this IS with compression socks warn each day.  The socks used to help, but now the swelling seems to just force the socks to expand, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've gone through two primary care doc's in this time, and I had two docs in Cancun look at me.  I've had a rheumatalogist specialist look at it, I've had multiple ultrasounds and X-rays on my legs.  My PCP had me go to the ER in Sept for redness developing and I ended up being checked in for 3 days with bag after bag of different antibiotic IVs (at least 3 or 4 types) and then I was sent home with amoxicillin (which I discovered I was allergic to). Since then, I haven't had a single day where the swelling wasn't there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get intense leg cramps, my toes will get sharp pains and go numb/purple sometimes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The various doctors keep suggesting Buergers and Cellulitis and maybe some other stuff, but I wasn't diagnosed with anything (why not?).  After some time with this and lots of reading, I don't think it's Buergers anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had extremely high IgA and ALT levels on my blood test results 3 times, then suddenly they were normal on the 4th test (not sure if this is anything related).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any idea what I could do to help the problem?  Or any idea what could be causing something like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3396" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-08T13:32:03.843" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T13:32:03.843" Title="Odd leg swelling" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;legs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11473" CreationDate="2017-03-08T14:30:27.303" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for the official name for people who worry constantly about what is in their food. Consequently, who constantly change their diet because of perceived possible future health issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internet seems to have a limitless supply of &quot;Warning: XXX considered dangerous and is in everyone's food!&quot; articles, enabling these poor people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something similar to hypochondriac, I suppose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8472" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T01:25:13.663" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:25:13.663" Title="Is there a name for an irrational fear of food additives, food colouring, preservatives, etc?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;preservitives&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;&lt;artificial-flavor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11421" CreationDate="2017-03-08T16:56:23.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, anxiety can be handled with medications or with &quot;talking therapy&quot;, of which there are many types. So far you have seen two doctors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One offered medication. You were concerned about depending on them rather than learning to handle situations yourself, and about possible side effects or damage to yourself from those pills. These are wonderful things to discuss with that doctor. You can ask about side effects, you can ask if the doctor thinks you need to be on the medications indefinitely or just while you learn to handle difficult situations, and so on. You can also ask about needing higher doses for more difficult situations. Once you thoroughly understand what the doctor is suggesting and why, and the benefits and risks of it, you can decide whether you want to take it and how you will know whether you want to keep taking it or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One recommended just getting healthier overall. A great question to ask that doctor is why that might help? Perhaps you're sleeping very poorly. Perhaps some blood tests have shown you are suffering from deficiencies that might cause anxiety. You need a reason to believe that exercise and healthy food will help the anxiety, right? That said, living a healthy live often means living a happy life with less worry, so if you can afford (time and money) to walk more, spend time outside, eat fresh food you cooked yourself, and take up an active hobby, I would encourage you to do that as a good thing in itself that might happen to lower your panic situation too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to asking more questions from the two doctors you've already spoken to, you can look into counseling or therapy. There are many kinds! &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CBT&lt;/a&gt; is often suggested for anxiety - rather than discussing your childhood and trying to find out why you react as you do, it focuses on teaching you specific skills for coping with things that distress you today. Many people learn what they need to learn from such counselling and then stop doing it. The Wikipedia article includes links to studies, including one specifically about adults with anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T16:56:23.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11469" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11471" CreationDate="2017-03-08T19:02:51.167" Score="5" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the brain is excited everything is all around better, learning is faster, training is better, socializing is easier and thinking is faster and more coherent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some, such as myself, however, this is not a natural state, indeed it is very rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have, in the past, suffered from major depression, and while I learned to control this seemingly normal state of mind, it seems that much of my brain is still &quot;off&quot; leading me to believe that neuron firing in my brain may be inhibited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I have considered a number of methods for dealing with this problem amoung which are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SSRIs: The problem doesn't seem to be seratonin deficiency, which prompted me to stop. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Marijuana: While it does help with the depressive mental states, it only replaces them with vegetative states which is not optimal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cocaine: Ruled out due to high costs and risk of addiction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Various epinephrines: Ruled out due to the potential shut down of natural epinephrine production in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All these drugs are seemingly unworkable and in fact, music is the only thing capable of producing excitatory responses in my brain, though they happen rarely and seldom last for longer than a few hours, however the very fact that they happen may be indication that a more permanent excitatory state is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, I would like to place what you've read thus far into context, I am not looking for a permanent &quot;high&quot; which you might associate with some of the aforementioned drugs, while that may be a dream state for a drug addict, it is not for me.&#xA;I am simply looking for methods with which I may increase the excitability of my neurons to a point which I deem acceptable for daily life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether those methods include psychoactive drugs, psychtropic drugs, dietary plans, meditation or any other method I may have thus far not thought of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, I would appreciate any scientifically founded information or useful methods on the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8474" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T03:19:13.517" LastActivityDate="2018-09-02T15:28:27.907" Title="How to keep the brain in an excited state?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;music-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11464" CreationDate="2017-03-08T20:39:41.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should provide your dentist with a complete medical history and up to date list of all your medications. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/endocarditis-prevention#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;endocarditis&lt;/a&gt;, inflammation of the lining of the heart, can be triggered by routine dental care. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/antibiotic-prophylaxis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADA&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefects/TheImpactofCongenitalHeartDefects/Infective-Endocarditis_UCM_307108_Article.jsp#.WMBqYtV0QXc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AHA&lt;/a&gt; have guidelines when antibiotics should be taken prior to dental care. To give you an idea of the complexity, up until a few years ago it was recommended that patients with joint implants take antibiotics prior to dental care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drug interactions are another concern and in worse case scenarios you may not be conscious when medical decisions need to be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-03-08T20:39:41.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11469" CreationDate="2017-03-08T23:38:20.357" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What worked for me (and many others!) was exercise.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After trying many antidepressants, I tried running. What got me motivated was an old article that I read about a clinical trial done by the University of Wisconsin around 1980. (Sorry, I could not find it today). IIRC, half of the group was given Prozac with no exercise, and the other half ran but was not given any pills. At the end of 10 weeks, the runners were less depressed than the other group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading that, I decided to try running in the morning before work. I ran as far as I could until I was out of breath, and then walked back home. I made myself run a little further each time. One day, I could run much further; I didn't get out of breath, my legs just got tired. After only 6 weeks, I was amazed at how GOOD I felt! My depression and anxiety vanished. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You get a &lt;em&gt;runner's high&lt;/em&gt; when you get in shape. That's a well known benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, I regularly ran between 3 and 4 miles, 4 or 5 days a week after work. And I did that for several decades, before I slipped on some ice and injured my ankle and lower leg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before you try it, &lt;em&gt;educate yourself&lt;/em&gt;. You can injure your feet without the correct technique (such as stretching your leg muscles beforehand) and suitable running shoes (I used Nikes). See an appropriate physician and read some good running/jogging books first! And if you feel real pain, stop running and just walk that day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These days, I alternate walking with running. It does wonders for my mental health, as long as I can stay motivated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8473" LastEditorUserId="8473" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T02:54:23.320" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T02:54:23.320" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11467" CreationDate="2017-03-09T01:23:36.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there indeed a phobia for the irrational fear in which you are describing. It is called &lt;a href=&quot;http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Chemophobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chemophobia&lt;/a&gt;, and it is described as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chemophobia&lt;/strong&gt; is specifically a distrust of what people view as&#xA;  &quot;artificial&quot; chemicals – food additives, drugs, pesticides and so on.&#xA;  This is usually attributed to a lack of trust and knowledge among the&#xA;  public, which is often fueled by tabloid-based health scares and the&#xA;  occasional additive shown to possibly be toxic. Advances in the field&#xA;  of analytical chemistry are also thought to be behind chemophobia, as&#xA;  modern techniques are capable of identifying substances in very low&#xA;  (parts per billion or even trillion) and harmless quantities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more substantiated and scholarly source, have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257789222_Food_chemistry_and_chemophobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Chemistry and Chemophobia&lt;/a&gt;. For just a brief glimpse of what the detailed article is about, here is the abstract below: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chemophobia is the exaggerated fear of anything ‘chemical’ which is&#xA;  found quite widespread both in the Western world and in Asia. That&#xA;  food incontrovertibly is chemistry seems to require regulation of all&#xA;  sorts. As we will see below, that would truly necessitate gargantuan&#xA;  determination exceeding every regulatory effort to date. Worse, it&#xA;  will be futile. Our food is peppered with natural compounds such as&#xA;  organohalogens, dioxins, aflatoxins, and many others. These we will&#xA;  briefly discuss, including their natural whereabouts. Overall, the aim&#xA;  of this paper is to show that food is chemistry beyond our immediate&#xA;  control, including those synthetic chemicals that are deemed to be&#xA;  artificial and should not be found in ‘safe’ food. The latter is an&#xA;  overestimation of regulatory competence and an underestimation of&#xA;  nature to produce most unlikely chemicals in unlikely places,&#xA;  including our food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ta Da! There is basically a phobia for everything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WclNC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WclNC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WclNC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jRDsY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T01:23:36.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-09T05:05:24.730" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking how to alleviate irregular bilateral dorsal hand pain. &#xA;The origin can be C7/C8 dermatomes or radial/ulnar nerve. &#xA;Etiology can be excessive sitting on camping chair (some hours daily) and/or excessive typing with computers (hours daily), respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking videogame console &lt;em&gt;Nintendo Switch&lt;/em&gt; as physiotherapy for the former etiology agent. The latter one can be removed by just sitting better. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4978" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T06:44:36.420" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T06:44:36.420" Title="Can Videogame physiotherapy help with dorsal hand pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;dorsal-upper-back-side&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11469" CreationDate="2017-03-09T14:24:55.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitely, exercise. Any form. Running is often mentioned because of &quot;runner's high,&quot; but I have bad knees so... I walk. I walk with earbuds and listen to my favorite music. I change where I walk and the music I listen to frequently. Then you have swimming, yoga, pilates, hit a handball at a wall, dance, martial arts, hiking, biking, climb a wall, all things you can do alone or with someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brain exercise: Crossword puzzles, sudoku, quizzes, anything that make you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart care: Practice at least one random act of kindness daily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just move. Everything is okay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/X2uKd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/X2uKd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;evom tsuj&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8475" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T14:24:55.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-09T15:47:56.390" Score="0" ViewCount="18916" Body="&lt;p&gt;My business partner and I are avid fans of choosing good foods. I choose pasta as my carb source, he chooses potatoes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The questions are:&#xA;Is one of these 2 worse for your health then the other?&#xA;Is one of these 2 better for your health then the other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8476" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-09T18:52:10.817" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T15:08:44.713" Title="Pasta VS Potatoe - Which is worse, and/or better for you" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-09T16:11:24.263" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I exercise intensely for roughly 30 minutes 7 days a week. Monday, I got a sinus infection or cold or something, and because it was difficult to breathe, stopped exercising. I've gotten progressively more and more sore throughout the week, but my symptoms are diminishing. Is this from not exercising or possibly related the illness? If it's from not exercising, why would I be sore from inactivity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8477" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T16:11:24.263" Title="Soreness from not exercising" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-09T19:01:40.880" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently been prescribed a minimal dosage of Gliclazide (40 milligrams a day).  I've been diagnosed type 2 diabetic for two years and until I was on the Gliclazide I'd never even come close to a hypo.  Since I've been on it I've had 4 hypos.  Today I had one, even though I'd eaten a lot of sugar (Had a bag of sweets shortly after lunchtime).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At about 6 pm I had another hypo.  My wife read up on various things and told me about reactive hypoglycemia, and I was wondering if that's the likely cause of my hypo today.  My eating habits haven't changed much in the last 12 months (I'm generally a good diabetic, with the odd naughty day, like today), but I was wondering if the Gliclazide could have made reactive hypos more likely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8481" LastEditorUserId="8481" LastEditDate="2017-03-11T10:30:17.873" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T10:30:17.873" Title="Does gliclazide increase occurrences of reactive hypoglycemia" Tags="&lt;hypoglycemia&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11485" CreationDate="2017-03-09T20:15:02.377" Score="1" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was always under the impression that photographic, aka eidetic memory (from the Greek word for &quot;form&quot;), was a genuine, realistic condition. It's referenced in pop-culture a lot. As a child in grade school, I was always envious of the people somewhere out there that had this condition because I always wanted it for my math, spelling, history, geography, etc. tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this idealized &quot;photographic&quot; memory has seem more and more of a myth. Sure, some are born with a keen sense of memory than others, but they aren't just born with a photographic memory, but that this is something that they have to train their brains to do (I'm not sure if their memory/brain exercises will ever reach the degree of &quot;photographic&quot; -- does anyone know)? Anyway, is this a correct realization? &lt;strong&gt;Or does photographic/eidetic memory actually exist from birth?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Or is photographic memory only achieveable through memory exercises such as the &quot;memory palace&quot;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there is the condition of hyperthmesia, where individuals are able to recall vivid details from their own personal life, but that's not quite the same as seeing thousands of numbers and memorizing the order. But &lt;strong&gt;is hyperthemsia a real condition too?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sv2Za.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sv2Za.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:36:46.350" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:36:46.350" Title="Does photographic (eidetic) memory exist or is it a medical myth?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10061" CreationDate="2017-03-09T23:07:10.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, an embryo is not susceptible to maternal exposures for the 1st 21 days (day 1 being conception) and then considered most susceptible (depending on the threat / insult) from day 22 through day 72.  When one considers timing issues in early pregnancy, be aware the due date is historically based on the 1st day of the last menstrual period which about 2 weeks before the actual concepticon.  Fetus most vulnerable between 3 to 8 weeks after conception which corresponds with being between 5 to 10 weeks pregnant based on last period. Embryologist vs Obstetrical age/dates. In the old days, there weren't ovulation predictors or early ultrasound - 1st day of the last menstrual period was the only &quot;landmark&quot;  for predicting the due date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8482" LastActivityDate="2017-03-09T23:07:10.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11481" CreationDate="2017-03-10T01:27:36.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, both eidetic memory and hyperthemsia exist. And photographic memory has never been proven to exist. But they aren't what pop culture advertises them as. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperthemsia first. It is the ability of a person to remember extremely detailed events from most of their life. But it is of limited use. It is an extremely self centered memory condition. Most people can only remember in great detail events that are important to them. Other things they they encountered along the way, they won't remember any better than the rest of us. And they are just as susceptible to false memories as the average person. Given a date they can generally give very detailed descriptions of personally important memories from that date. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160125-the-blessing-and-curse-of-the-people-who-never-forget&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160125-the-blessing-and-curse-of-the-people-who-never-forget&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eidetic memory is the ability to look at an object once and remember everything about it for a short duration afterwards. A person with eidetic memory can glance at a long paragraph for a handful of seconds, then close his/her eyes, and, using the brain's ability to remember the image just seen, read it word for word back to you. Five minutes later mistakes will be made in the recall. 30 minutes later he/she will be able to give an extremely detailed summary of the paragraph. Very few can reproduce it perfectly after a few hours. About 2 to 10 percent of children below the age of 12 have this ability and it gradually fades away as they get older. Very few adults claim to have it. This is a short term memory ability. There are no proven cases of someone with a long term eidetic memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidetic_memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidetic_memory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Photographic memory is defined as the ability to read text and reproduce it later without the imagery that eidetic memory has. If there are people with this ability, they aren't discussing it openly. Since there are no verifiable cases of this existing, there is no need to discuss it further.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.single.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.single.html&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8256" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T01:27:36.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-10T02:53:31.380" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, people say that drugs kill the brain but someone who becomes stupid and forgetful from years of smoking marijuana isn't literally brain dead. What specific drugs and other activities or actions &quot;turn down&quot; the human brain without debilitating the person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8485" LastEditorUserId="8485" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T03:14:57.633" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T03:14:57.633" Title="What practically &quot;kills&quot; the human brain without debilitating the person?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-10T06:50:27.217" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've received a CD with the results of my MRI. The images seem very grainy and the maximum resolution of the images is around 320x320px or 512x512px.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this typical for these kind of images? It's hard for me to see any detail with such a low resolution. I'm sure when the doctor showed me the images on his computer screen there were much more detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8486" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T06:50:27.217" Title="DICOM MRI images resolution" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;angular-spatial-resoluton&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11488" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15622" CreationDate="2017-03-10T06:53:58.090" Score="8" ViewCount="1350" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disneyland's Haunted Mansion and Pirates of the Caribbean have become notorious public touristy locations to sprinkle/spread ashes of deceased loved ones, according many articles, including this one: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2011/LIVING/07/01/ten.secrets.disney.mf/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Secrets of Disneyland&lt;/a&gt;. Disneyland has a firm &quot;no spreading cremated remains&quot; policy, and it always removes the ashes from the rides ASAP upon discovering that they have been covertly sprinkled by park guests on the ride. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand completely why Disneyland does this... Cultural sensitives, ash buildup can cause maintenance issues, cleanliness standard, among tons of other things (but out of respect for everyone else), but &lt;strong&gt;I'm curious if cremated ashes of a cadaver are medically harmful or cause any health hazards to living humans? Like is it toxic to accidentally inhale a bit of it?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is Disneyland also removing the ashes immediately because of health risks??&lt;/strong&gt; Or is more of the cultural-respect and clean atmosphere (and probably legal standards)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:13:25.423" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:13:25.423" Title="Are cremated ashes medically harmful to the living?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;cadavears&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11490" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11491" CreationDate="2017-03-10T08:49:19.153" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the blood needs both Potassium and Sodium. However, we use only added Sodium with our food (when we salt it). The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical saline&lt;/a&gt; is also water + sodium chloride and contains no potassium. Why is the imbalance? Should I avoid added NaCl in my food since it is not paired with K and, as such, will be drained by kindeys anyway or Should I look for added Potassium salt to recover the balance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8166" LastEditorUserId="8166" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T07:22:15.930" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T07:22:15.930" Title="We add Sodium with salt but not Potassium" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11490" CreationDate="2017-03-10T12:34:53.130" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your kidneys will take care of that for you. They regulate the concentration of electrolytes in your blood.&#xA;Usually, enough potassium is available in your food (e.g. coffee and bananas are rich in potassium) to prevent a potassium shortage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Too much medical saline can cause hypernatraemia (too high concentration of sodium) and hypokalaemia (too low cencentration of potassium). However, one needs quite some quantities for that, and the balance is usually quite easily recovered by supplementing potassium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL:DR; don't worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8369" LastActivityDate="2017-03-10T12:34:53.130" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-10T17:05:01.467" Score="2" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most whitening strips instruct the user to apply them only once every 6 months.  What negative effects could occur if I used them once every 4 months instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6760" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-10T17:55:59.720" LastActivityDate="2020-11-19T09:31:31.920" Title="What happens if you use teeth-whitening strips too often?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;&lt;white-strips-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-11-19T21:13:37.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-10T22:28:35.823" Score="9" ViewCount="370" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now and then you see something like this when looking at pictures from Japan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VnAvF.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VnAvF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Japanese people with surgical face masks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are supposedly many reasons for this, but one is, quoting a summary from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask#General_public&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surgical masks are popularly worn by the general public in East Asian countries to &lt;strong&gt;reduce the chance of spreading airborne diseases&lt;/strong&gt;; in Japan, it is common to wear a face mask whilst ill to &lt;strong&gt;avoid infecting others in public settings&lt;/strong&gt;. In Japan and Taiwan, it is common to see these masks worn while ill, as a show of consideration for others and social responsibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;em&gt;Does it help?&lt;/em&gt; That is, are people in Japan less sick from airborne diseases compared to cultures where it is not common to wear a mask? Are there any data to back it up, or to disprove it? I'm specifically thinking of the common cold, but other diseases would be interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate the difficulty in answering such a question - it seems as if you would have to find a near-identical country to compare with, but then again, there are probably a lot of organizations tracking just this sort of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8492" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:20:13.457" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T12:47:47.610" Title="Surgical masks - do they prevent the spread of disease?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11497" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11498" CreationDate="2017-03-11T11:25:50.783" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I got picked up by a friend's neighbour. His car extremely strongly smells of cigaretts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it bad for your lungs to stay in that car for let's say 15 minutes? Can such a short amount of time being a passive smoker already cause long-term damage? How long would I have to stay in that car to suffer really serious damages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user6799" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:52:12.373" Title="To what extend can passive smoking be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11497" CreationDate="2017-03-11T16:11:25.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, passive smoking can induce an asthmatic attack and, depending on duration of exposure, harm your lungs. There is also a publication in NEJM from 1999 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199903253401204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199903253401204&lt;/a&gt;) that shows that passive smoking is associated with a small increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8497" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T13:52:12.373" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:52:12.373" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10659" CreationDate="2017-03-11T19:09:47.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK: It's pretty normal as long that you don't have trouble getting back to sleep.&#xA;Try to google 'sleep cycles' to learn more about how the brain functions. Basically we have, I recall, 4 stages of sleep. Stage 4 is what is known as REM sleep, and this is where vivid dreaming happends, stages 3 is deep sleep and so on ...&#xA;The point I'm getting to, is that a complete sleep cycle will take approx. 90min, and after a complete cycle you're back at stage 1, where you'll be mildly awake again.&#xA;Info is based on recollection and might not be 100% accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers,&#xA;Tobias&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8468" LastActivityDate="2017-03-11T19:09:47.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-12T00:11:35.290" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two adult brothers, 5 years apart. The weight difference between them is minor, but remarkable and incomprehensible given the circumstances. As we cannot come up with a plausible explanation, I hope to find one here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more detailed description of both brothers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Younger brother: late twenties, &lt;strong&gt;69.5 kg at 174 cm height&lt;/strong&gt;. Hits the climbing gym 2-3 times a week, plays soccer or goes running between 0 and 2 times a week. Nutrition mostly vegetarian, meat maybe once a week.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Older brother: early thirties, &lt;strong&gt;67 kg and 180 cm height&lt;/strong&gt;. Hits the climbing gym 3-4 times a week, no other sports. Comparable nutrition, probably less total intake than the younger brother.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visual aspects, body type:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally, they share a similar body build as they are brothers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If put side by side, there are some visual differences:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The younger brother is slim/lean with well defined muscles, but no bulky upper body. A little more body fat around the belly than the older brother. The fancy modern scale claims 12% body fat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The older brother features a wider upper body/back/shoulder, noticeably more muscle mass in the upper body and arms. Body fat most definitely lower than the younger brother's.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long story short: one would expect the taller and bulkier brother to be heavier than the younger brother. The difference in body fat is too low to compensate this difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are plausible reasons for this seemingly contradictory weight difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8501" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T11:25:33.373" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T11:25:33.373" Title="Understanding the weight difference between two brothers" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11457" CreationDate="2017-03-12T10:41:17.260" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You to prioritise high tension low rep range over large rep range with lower tension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key in building muscle is something called 'Time under tension'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good number of reps for hypertrophy (building muscle) is 8-12 whereas for building strength a good range is &amp;lt;6. You want to build muscle, not strength! (understand the difference :))&#xA;(A keynote is this: the abdominals are muscle, and need to be trained accordingly - e.g., they need the same kind of attention as any other muscle; tension &gt; volume)&#xA;(A second keynote: approiate tension is key, chose a weightrange where you fail after 12 reps.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also need to eat a solid diet, and a low (e.g. very low 6-10% BF, the lower you go the morw definition you get)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, there are no shortcuts - many (especially product advertisers) would have you believe this; this is false!!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visit a site like www.t-nation.com and read some articles - you'll have to educate yourself a little to reach your goal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe theese are the keypoints to achieving a six-pack. Next up you'll have to research some exercises yourself. And remember, regular situps will not do much, the key is ToT (time under tension).. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry bout the bad grammar also, was written in a rush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8468" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T10:41:17.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-12T10:51:48.373" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why saliva comes out of my mouth during sleeping ? Usually saliva does not disturbs me but, I am disturbed due do to saliva during sleeping.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T11:19:59.777" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T11:19:59.777" Title="Why saliva comes out of my mouth during sleeping?" Tags="&lt;saliva&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11512" CreationDate="2017-03-12T15:53:21.700" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got braces in January 2017. It is today 12 March 2017 that I got one of the braces detached from tooth (Lower tooth and Second Left tooth with respect to my reference frame). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I talked to my Dentist and He is our of Town and will be available after 3 days. Dentist said - &quot; Leave it as it is. It will cause no harm.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I suspect, since food and water (Water is hard at my area)  can get between tooth and the bracket, And 3 days are enough for cavity to dominate. Is my tension worth? If yes, Please suggest some methods to avoid cavity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I brush twice a day and I use Hexidine mouthwash. *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I planned to pull that bracket a little and clean the area between it and the tooth. It is right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8505" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T18:19:19.397" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T18:19:19.397" Title="Dental Braces : Urgent Advise Needed" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11511" CreationDate="2017-03-12T17:36:54.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the bracket is removed all the way and is not cemented you can remove it carefully. You should be fine but I have had this happen before. Just open the tiny latch on the bracket and place bracket in a safe place. If you cannot remove it mouthwash and a little floss or a Christmas tree brush will help clean behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8312" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T17:36:54.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-12T17:40:59.707" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;The toxicity of anti-inflammatory drugs appears to be a well-estabilished issue, as outlined by papers such the one in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997980/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What organs may be negatively affected by anti-inflammatory drugs? Is such damage permanent? Can it be gauged somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="7832" LastEditDate="2017-03-15T03:10:47.127" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T03:10:47.127" Title="Permanent damage from anti-inflammatory" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-12T19:13:09.543" Score="4" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do US students take USMLE exams of the same content like IMG (foreign) doctors? Is it true that American students take USMLE separated in subjects not a as a whole set of 300 questions on all topics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8507" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T23:25:37.327" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T03:07:51.067" Title="Do US students take USMLE exams of the same content like IMG (foreign) doctors?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-12T19:29:23.893" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time I go to shopping and drink a juice, but I would like to know which one loses less vitamins during the preparation. Because I want to ask the juice that I can take more vitamins (it's expensive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already listened that vitamin C is one that need to be consumed fast, because it's fruit loses it fast. And about the others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8508" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-12T23:26:19.133" LastActivityDate="2017-03-12T23:26:19.133" Title="Which fruits loses less vitamins during a juice preparing?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11513" CreationDate="2017-03-13T00:01:30.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs can also cause stomach ulcers, which may be fatal if left untreated. You can actually bleed to death.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;References:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;for ulcers:&lt;br&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/peptic-ulcer-disease-cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br&gt;for death:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/complications-of-peptic-ulcer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T23:26:05.110" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T23:26:05.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11526" CreationDate="2017-03-13T00:22:43.793" Score="0" ViewCount="799" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally gave my long-term boyfriend of 4 years several hickeys on his neck this weekend. We make out all the time, and I've never given him hickeys before  (never desired or thought about giving him hickeys -- or even knew how), so I'm not sure how I gave him not just one, but several on his neck this weekend. I didn't seem to do anything different. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long do hickeys last? What are good ways to promote the healing process? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I'm not sure how I managed to give him hickeys since I made out with him as I normally do, how do I prevent future hickeys -- he's pretty embarrassed about it. (Or I am... because everyone knows I'm his girlfriend).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T01:35:04.723" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T12:48:41.240" Title="Accidental hickeys: How long do hickeys last? How to prevent the development of them next time?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;&lt;lips&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11435" CreationDate="2017-03-13T01:23:20.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Something that is worth mentioning right out of the gate is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_seizure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;febrile seizure&lt;/a&gt; (see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/febrile-seizures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Epilepsy Foundation&lt;/a&gt;). These are sudden seizures, generally experienced by young children, resulting from an especially high fever. The generally accepted (although not fully confirmed) mechanism is via something called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;respiratory alkalosis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mazarati (2007)&lt;/a&gt;). Hyperthermia, among other processes&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, triggers an imbalance in blood pH and pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which in turn can increase brain activity, leading to a seizure. Children (generally below the age of six) are especially vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, it would make sense that heat could be a possible seizure trigger. That said, there are some things to bear in mind. First, children who experience a febrile seizure are likely to never have a seizure again; these seizures are generally not linked to epilepsy, although a family history of seizures may contribute to this. Therefore, there are two questions to ask: Can heat stroke cause seizures, and is this more prevalent for people with epilepsy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also need to consider that instances of heat stroke can be quite different. Often, it is convenient to divide cases into two categories: Exertional heat stroke (EHS), and non-exertional/classical heat stroke (NEHS/CHS). &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; gives a rather nice comparison on page 551. There are a few differences that pertain to our case, some of which I've copied here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Patient Characteristics |     Classic     | Exertional &#xA;--------------------------------------------------------&#xA;Age                     | Young children/ |  15-55 yr&#xA;                        |   the elderly   |&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------&#xA;Fever                   |     Unusual     |   Common&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------&#xA;Activity                |    Sedentary    |  Strenuous&#xA;                        |                 |   exercise&#xA;--------------------------------------------------------&#xA;Acid-base disturbances  |   Respiratory   |   Lactic&#xA;                        |    alkalosis    |  acidosis&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that respiratory alkalosis is described as more common classic heat stroke, which afflicts children, whereas &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactic acidosis&lt;/a&gt; is more prevalent in exertional heat stroke. Interestingly enough, I haven't been able to find any information on the latter &lt;em&gt;causing&lt;/em&gt; seizures, although I have seen references indicating it can arise as a byproduct of seizures, especially tonic-clonic (&quot;grand mal&quot;) seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is, of course, well-known that heat stroke can trigger once-off seizures in people, often including small children (which should be apparent from some of the above). This has been well-studied in, of all creatures, dogs, which have unfortunately high mortality relates, often from being left trapped in a car or other area which rapidly becomes very hot. &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=zeEqDQAAQBAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One book&lt;/a&gt; states that an astonishing &lt;em&gt;35%&lt;/em&gt; of dogs who suffer from heat stroke experience seizures in the process; &lt;a href=&quot;http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3074&amp;amp;context=iowastate_veterinarian&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this may arise from cerebral edema&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;) or something else. I don't have comparable statistics for humans (I assume the mortality rates are better than the 50%+ I've seen quote for dogs), but it's clear that heat stroke can, and often will, cause seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, though, these seizures - like febrile seizures - generally do not recur. They are distinct and separate from epileptic seizures. Therefore, our second question is still unanswered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/living-epilepsy-adults/overheating-seizure-trigger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Countless&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coping-with-epilepsy.com/forums/f23/heat-sensitivity-3790/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forums&lt;/a&gt; (why people use all caps is beyond me) are full of stories of people with epilepsy suffering seizures purportedly due to heat stroke, heat exhaustion, or something similar. I'm assuming these are cases of exertional heat stroke. However, &lt;em&gt;these seizures are not necessarily caused by epilepsy&lt;/em&gt;. They may be entirely coincidental. A person with epilepsy may have a seizure brought on by something unrelated to the primary cause of their epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some exceptions - but they occur predominantly in children. I stated before that children who experience a febrile seizure are likely to never have another. This is true, but there are underlying conditions which may produce febrile seizures repeatedly, or, rather, make it more likely for heat-related seizures to occur. Two important ones are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravet_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dravet syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, also known as Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI). The latter may be regarded as a special case of the former. Both are genetic, caused by mutations in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav1.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SCN1A gene&lt;/a&gt;; they may or may not be inheritable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, mutations in SCN1A (or perhaps another gene) occasionally inhibits &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sodium channels&lt;/a&gt; from working properly, which in term can lead to a seizure. The links between high temperatures and the channels are more tenuous, though &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; have suggested that in cases of GEFS+, heat may impact the voltage across the channels, further impacting their ability to properly function (see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/106/10/3994.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oakley et al. (2008)&lt;/a&gt;, studying mice with Dravet Syndrome).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, then, it appears that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heat stroke can indeed cause seizures, especially in children and small animals. Fevers can have the same effects, and may be more severe. However, all of these seizures are normally one-time events.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; underlying diseases which result in epilepsy with heat sensitivity. Repeated febrile seizures may arise as a result. However, these are usually - though not always - limited to young children. Most people with epilepsy likely do not have to worry about being &quot;triggered&quot; by heat much more than most people do.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do think that an appropriate analogy to draw here is with photosensitive epilepsy, as you did. While rapidly flashing lights &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; lead to a seizure, this is generally limited to a subset of those with epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 Hyperventilation is another possible seizure trigger, acting via a similar mechanism. I'm guessing you're more familiar with it.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T01:23:20.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-13T01:27:11.143" Score="5" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you have cold symptoms and go the pharmacy, you have two categories of choices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Individual over-the-counter medications to treat specific symptoms, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain reliever/fever reducer (&lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/image.cfm?type=img&amp;amp;name=ac406eb8-38e1-4160-9e27-ec0fa0140d98-02.jpg&amp;amp;setid=85d72ac9-0123-4831-86aa-afd3521c0f19&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;: Acetaminophen 325 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nasal decongestant (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/otc/102032/7-29-16%200942388C3%20only%20image.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;: Phenylephrine HCl 10 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cough suppressant (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/otc/101570/image-01.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;: Dextromethorphan HBr 15 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Expectorant (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/otc/102089/be4ece05-a5df-41f6-8378-d1257cd794a8-01.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;: Guaifenesin 100 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Cocktail&quot; (...correct terminology?) drugs, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tylenol.com/products/tylenol-cold-flu-severe-caplets&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tylenol cold + flu severe&lt;/a&gt; (Acetaminophen 325 mg, Dextromethorphan HBr 10 mg, Guaifenesin 200 mg, Phenylephrine HCl 5 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/otc/102090/c0732bd0-5a49-4e8e-838f-946010fabad5-01.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;TopCare cold multi-symptom&lt;/a&gt; (Acetaminophen 325 mg, Phenylephrine HCl 5 mg, Dextromethorphan HBr 10 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is, if you only have, say, only 2 cold symptoms, it's better (or at least, &lt;em&gt;not worse&lt;/em&gt;) to simply take the individual medications that treat the symptoms separately rather than some &quot;combination&quot; drug that also treats other symptoms you might not have.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;At best, that would seem like a waste of the drug, and at worse, it might have side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be 100% crystal clear, &lt;strong&gt;I'm assuming a reasonably intelligent layperson&lt;/strong&gt; here who pays attention to the active ingredients and the dosages and who doesn't blindly mix and match. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm NOT asking about mixing e.g. Topcare Acetaminophen + Tylenol Cold, which would double-dose the acetaminophen and potentially cause liver damage. I'm assuming no overlap of active ingredients.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm NOT asking about mixing 4 drugs at 2x the dosages that they would be found in a combination drug. I'm assuming the dosages are close to what they would be in the combination drugs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm NOT asking about mixing Ibuprofen + Acetaminophen, or Ibuprofen + Dextromethorphan HBr for that matter. Again, this is because I'm assuming the combinations taken are already obviously found in existing OTC drugs on the shelf at similar dosages, and in this example they're not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given these, am I correct that it's better (or not worse) to treat the individual symptoms here, or is it worse? For example, might I overdose on the &lt;em&gt;inactive&lt;/em&gt; ingredients, or might they interact dangerously?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8511" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T15:14:59.280" Title="Taking pills A + B individually instead of 1 cold medication that has A + B + C + D, bad idea?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12790" CreationDate="2017-03-13T10:10:16.293" Score="4" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My question is applicable to all multi-dose vaccines with vaccination intervals of several weeks, though the specific case that triggered my question was the chickenpox vaccine Varilrix/GSK.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that, if after the first dose of the chickenpox vaccine, the patient develops chickenpox-like blisters (more than 10), that seroconversion occurred and that the patient would have detectable and lasting antibodies against chickenpox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is true and if seroconversion certainly happened, is it at all necessary to vaccinate a second time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My analogy is that, if actual chickenpox infection conveys long lasting immunity and the vaccine-strain infection &lt;em&gt;certainly&lt;/em&gt; happened, will that be enough for long-lasting immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is vaccine effectiveness independent of how the immune system reacts to a single dose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8515" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T09:08:25.543" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:35:12.637" Title="Is the second vaccine dose necessary if seroconversion occurred after the first dose?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11520" CreationDate="2017-03-13T12:48:41.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a dermatologist, but hickeys are cutaneous very small bleedings when tiny blood vessels in the dermis, known as capillaries, get broken. They begin to bleed in to the small spaces below the epidermis called interstitial space. The best method to heal this bleedings is just to wait. Maybe cold application could help ... but the blood must be resorbed by body cells and it takes time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So its not dangerous at all ... just wait :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8497" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T12:48:41.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11513" CreationDate="2017-03-13T15:48:45.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is also not uncommon (around 1:1000 if I'm not mistaken) to have normal doses of ibuprofen result in liver failure. The mechanism is still unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8524" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T15:48:45.420" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-13T15:49:58.217" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long can our body be exposed to UV to not cause health problems like skin cancer, etc,. In some parts of the USA, the UV index can reach High (7-9). I'm trying to understand if I need to stay outdoors during this time for few hours, can it cause skin cancer? If not, how long is the safe duration without having health issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8523" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T01:59:51.503" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T16:23:37.890" Title="Safe UV exposure time" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-13T16:45:47.747" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually suffer from palpitations due to stimulation of vagus nerve from gastric problems and sitting/lying posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I've been experiencing some abnormal mental stress patterns such as slow onset of mental depression leading to defeaning negative thoughts and then these symptoms suddenly vanish and leaving me wondering &quot;what just happened?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I've started to notice that these depression episodes occur along with a  uncomfortable feeling on the left chest region from center to lower left as if a nerve string is upset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I should seek the help of a professional for this but for my own curiosity I wonder if this mental stress can be caused by an upset vagus nerve&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4972" LastEditorUserId="4972" LastEditDate="2017-03-13T16:59:01.740" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T20:19:16.977" Title="Does physical stress on vagaus nerve cause depression?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-13T17:23:41.620" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fitbit.com/chargehr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fitbit Charge HR&lt;/a&gt; allows one to track their sleep by continuously monitoring motion and heart rate. It uses algorithms to infer when its user falls asleep and when they wake. The next morning, Fitbit's software can generate a report of the sleep, including: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time spent asleep &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep/wake schedule (timestamps for &quot;bedtime&quot; and &quot;wake up&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Periods of wakefulness (plus number of times awake and total time being awake)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Periods of restlessness (plus number of times restless and total time being restless)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I use this report to gauge the quality of my sleep? What's normal, and what's the ideal?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A naive answer might be that 8 hrs of sleep plus no periods of restlessness or wakefulness would be ideal. This varies from person to person and with age, however: a baby wakes more than an adult, and an elderly person may wake to use the bathroom--but each case is healthy and &quot;normal&quot;. Moreover, a sleep doctor I had once said that it's normal and healthy for the body to turn over several times while sleeping, if only to improve circulation and decrease stiffness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8526" LastActivityDate="2017-03-13T17:23:41.620" Title="How can I evaluate my sleeping habits based on a Fitbit Charge HR (or similar)?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;restless-sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-14T00:38:20.253" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just because I want to know. For reference, here is the ingredient list for ONE A DAY Men's Health Formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin A (14% as beta-carotene) 3500 IU 70%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin C 60 mg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin D (as Vitamin D3) 700 IU 175%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin E 22.5 IU 75%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin K 20 mcg 25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thiamin (B1) 1.35 mg 90%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Riboflavin (B2) 1.7 mg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Niacin 18 mg 90%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin B6 3 mg 150%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Folic Acid 400 mcg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin B12 18 mcg 300%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biotin 75 mcg 25%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pantothenic Acid 16 mg 160%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium (elemental) 210 mg 21%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iron 0 mg 0%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnesium 140 mg 35%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zinc 15 mg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Selenium 110 mcg 157%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copper 2 mg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Manganese 2 mg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chromium 120 mcg 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lycopene 300 mcg &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8530" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T00:38:20.253" Title="What is the LD50 on once-a-day vitamins?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1321" CreationDate="2017-03-14T00:50:55.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: No. There is no technical term for &quot;brain zaps.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome&quot; accurately names the &lt;em&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt; of brain zaps, but brain zaps are only one of many symptoms of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD calls them &quot;electric shock sensations,&quot; psychopharmacologyinstitute.com calls them &quot;electric shock-like sensations&quot; and (possibly, assuming they're referring to the same thing) &quot;rushing sensations in the head.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/creativity-way-life/201107/fireworks-or-brain-zaps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychology Today&lt;/a&gt; refers to them as &quot;Brain zaps, brain shivers, brain shocks, head shocks or electrical shocks&quot; and describes them as &quot;brief but repeated electric shock-like sensations in the brain and head, or originating in the brain but extending to other parts of the body.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medhealthdaily.com says some folks refer to them as &quot;cranial shivers.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A variety of sources are proposing &quot;myalotinasis&quot; from the Greek for &quot;brain&quot; and &quot;jolt,&quot; but although it certainly sounds much more medical, it doesn't seem to be catching on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8528" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T00:50:55.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-14T02:43:54.053" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Desperate times call for desperate measures. I've been reading a lot about the Donner Party who came to a screeching halt on the Sierra Nevadas when snowstorms and starvation killed the majority of the party, the first settlers of Jamestown who faced certain death due to starvation, and last, but not least, the rugby team aboard a Uruguayan flight that crashed into the Andes, and their desperate attempts to survive. All of these truly unfortunate atrocities have two things in common: &lt;strong&gt;starvation and cannibalism.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a number of questions relating to Survival Cannibalism (which is what the above incidents are about). In all cases, survivors tried to avoid eating their deceased counterparts at all costs, I'm sure, so I'm wondering...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;did they first developed pica disorder, where they craved other items instead? Like leather shoes, fur jackets, wagon canvases,&#xA;etc?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Are those even edible?&lt;/em&gt;  Or is it not considered genuine pica&#xA;disorder because &quot;desperate times  call for desperate measures,&quot; and&#xA;it's not like they were craving that over a nice hamburger and steak&#xA;fries. It's just that those were the only things available besides&#xA;their deceased loved ones?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When they eventually did start consuming their deceased friends and&#xA;family, &lt;strong&gt;what parts of the body were the most edible? Or the most&#xA;commonly consumed areas?&lt;/strong&gt; (As I imagine that the survivors wouldn't&#xA;want to look at the face of the dead as they cut them as it would&#xA;exacerbate survivor's guilt all the more)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:02:19.773" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:02:19.773" Title="Survival Cannibalism: extreme starvation lead to pica disorder then to cannibalism? What is &quot;edible&quot;?" Tags="&lt;instinct&gt;&lt;starvation&gt;&lt;edible&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11523" CreationDate="2017-03-14T05:13:52.470" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a good question actually, and a few of my patients come and ask me this over the counter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few reasons why manufacturers do this, but I'll mention 2 here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For symptoms of the cold and flu, your symptoms may change from one symptom to another, even during the course of the cold or flu itself&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Just to give an example: It could start off with a runny nose and then proceed to a cough or a sore throat due to nasal drip.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Having a combination product with multiple active ingredients will cover all basic symptoms, and help you get through the cold itself. Those drugs are a there in your system just in case those symptoms occur, so it's not a waste per say.        &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cost&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It costs less to have tablets/caps/liquid manufactured with multiple active ingredients than having one active ingredient per product.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This cost would be reflected for the consumer who is buying this as well.&#xA;In regards to safety, there has been safety and efficacy research put into products which are placed on the market beforehand, and this is regulated by the FDA.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Products are tested for their interactions as well. So it's reasonable to say that if they're already on the market, they would have underwent scrutiny and testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I'm a pharmacist for 5 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8533" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T15:14:59.280" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T15:14:59.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11523" CreationDate="2017-03-14T15:41:34.810" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my personal preference, and I have asked both doctors and pharmacists about it. They all agree&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If&lt;/strong&gt; you are able to remember the names of the different ingredients, choose according to your symptoms, and manage different times frames (every 4 hrs for one; every 6 hrs for another) &lt;strong&gt;then&lt;/strong&gt; taking individual ingredients is better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it better? You won't be taking something you don't need, or more of something than you need. The risk is that you will mix things or take too much (you've dismissed these as not a worry) or that it will be too much hassle, while you're sick, to figure out what to take. People like the idea of &quot;take this, you'll feel better&quot; without a lot of thinking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I react poorly to antihistamines, so I take separate ingredients to give me control. This is now reasonably difficult, since buying decongestants without added ingredients keeps getting harder and harder. That's why I've asked doctors and pharmacists about my approach. Should I just give up and buy decongestants with acetaminophen in them already? But they all tell me I am actually doing it right, with the proviso that you have to be prepared to put in the mental effort to get all the doses right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T15:41:34.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11531" CreationDate="2017-03-14T18:38:41.963" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surely all interconnected, however, mental stress by definition is caused by signals from outside and on your psychics, so the answer logically is No, but if you define pain and any nerve disorder by itself a mental stress, than answer is definitely Yes. You should focus on What To Do Approach and find doctors who are competent to relieve your pains without harming you mentally and physically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8507" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T18:38:41.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7248" CreationDate="2017-03-14T19:13:14.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also departing from fish, hempseed oil is &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10681-004-4811-6?LI=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;known to contain the optimal ratio of omega 3 and omega 6&lt;/a&gt; fatty acids, and does not present any health drawback to my knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T19:13:14.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-14T19:42:29.410" Score="3" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a duplicate of a question asked on &lt;a href=&quot;http://parenting.stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;Parenting.stackexchange.com&lt;/a&gt;, that I'm reposting on this site because I want an answer to this, too. I've never heard of anything like this before, I always heard of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwi---qE4dbSAhVJFZQKHUPDB0cQFggaMAA&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMethamphetamine&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGSjv0E5lOHAc18Tid8VIsRfVPjLw&amp;amp;sig2=F47GCUjNtAXWKbk7YasTAw&amp;amp;bvm=bv.149397726,d.cGw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methamphetamine&lt;/a&gt; ruining somebody's life/ health. In this case, it seems to be making it better:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;My 16 year old son used to take weed, XANAX, and Adderall and I was easily able to tell when he was high on any of them. He somehow managed to get a medical marijuana prescription so now I just have to let go of the fact that he can smoke weed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;He recently moved on to methamphetamine and I have no way of telling weather he is high or not. I tried comparing Adderall reviews to methamphetamine and from what I garnered meth is the same as Adderall but without the side effects such as the speedy talking and weirdness, but much higher neurotoxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We have a hidden camera in our kitchen and I saw him take meth on the kitchen table. When I came home I tried noticing any signs of him being high, but I couldn't find any. Unlike Adderall, he talked completely normally. He did all his homework and chores and even took pride in it, and on top of that studied math even when he didn't have to. He normally finds all of that boring and rarely does it. I didn't want to let him know we had a camera in the kitchen, and I didn't want him to think that the completion of his chores and homework was a sign of him using drugs, so I stayed quiet. He was up until 4am practicing for a test that he had 2 days later, and whenever I walked in, he wasn't playing any video games and actually studying. I have never seen him this way (working so hard without going behind our back to play games), but again, I don't want to make him think its a sign that he using meth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;His grades changed to A's and B's once he started using meth, but I know how neurotoxic it is, and that the long term effects are extremely terrible, and I hate to admit it but meth turned him into a better person, but only when he's on it, when he gets off it he is much worse then he was before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Eventually I asked him straight-up if he was any drugs besides what I knew, and whenever he is on meth he is extremely honest so he admitted to his use. He claimed it isn't a problem and that he takes 40mg every 2 days orally and that he lets the comedown happen, but I know that meth is really bad long term so I don't want him taking it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Does anyone know how to tell if someone is high on meth besides the fact that he is working on chores and homework?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Credit to &lt;a href=&quot;https://parenting.stackexchange.com/users/26811/kirill2485&quot;&gt;kirill2485&lt;/a&gt; for the OP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/29281/how-to-tell-if-someone-is-high-on-meth&quot;&gt;https://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/29281/how-to-tell-if-someone-is-high-on-meth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8541" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:19:44.790" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:19:44.790" Title="How to tell if someone is high on meth?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-10-01T16:21:43.230" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-14T22:26:04.637" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a member of the healthcare community, I've long been taught (as we have all) that test results are only valid in the context of symptoms and at the discretion of a healthcare professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, preventative medicine has long suffered at the hands of treatment-based medicine, and at present the cost of routinely conducting tests for the most dangerous of medical conditions is prohibitive for most. In the interest of promoting preventative medicine, what if routine, inexpensive blood tests were used as a prescreening for further condition-specific testing, rather than strictly as an accompaniment to patient complaints of symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To zero in on one common and dangerous category of conditions in particular, which test results in common blood tests (CBC, CMP, etc.) would most indicate, with high sensitivity and irrespective of symptoms or whether the patient is even experiencing symptoms yet, further testing for potential cancer cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:16:31.413" Title="Which blood test results would most indicate further testing for cancer?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11548" CreationDate="2017-03-14T22:43:57.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer? Most likely none.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Better answer? What you are asking is what we health professionals call &quot;Screening tests&quot;, which are by definition highly sensitive but relatively non-specific routine tests that are cost-effective to conduct routinely in HEALTHY population at risk for a particular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things like Prostate Antigen or Occult Blood in Stool may fall in this category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there won't be a catch-all for what you want. Especially because &quot;cancer&quot; is, as you probably know, not a disease but rather a cluster of them, with different epidemiologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, it makes sense to check PSA in a male over 40 years of age, as screening for prostate cancer, because it is a slow disease with very good prognosis if caught early.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same PSA, same pathology, but now your patient is a man identical to the first example, except he is now 80 years old. It is in fact much more probable that you will get an altered result and that he will in fact have prostate cancer. However, it's pretty futile to check his PSA because even if it was through the roof and he did in fact have cancer, at that age the benefit of actually making the diagnosis and treating him more likely than not will be outweighed by the cost of treatment (speaking both in terms of money and quality of life).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short. Yes, there are such a thing as screening tests. Yes, they are great tools if employed judiciously. No, there are no catch-all batteries of tests that could detect cancer in healthy individuals in a cost-effective way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastEditorUserId="8186" LastEditDate="2017-03-14T23:16:31.413" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:16:31.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11523" CreationDate="2017-03-14T23:24:45.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As echoed by others here, this is an excellent question and your conclusion is largely correct. For what it may be worth, I personally always ask my patients (after taking the entire history and doing the appropriate physical, of course), to summarize which of their symptoms are actually the most bothersome for them, and specifically treat those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result will very much vary depending on available formulations, cost of them (and whether the patient can actually afford them), among other things. I sometimes combine single-drugs (say Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen and an Antitussive), or I might combine something that has both Ibuprofen and an Decongestant with pure Acetaminophen, and so on and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More often than not, as long as dosages and overlaps are kept in mind, it is possible to make MANY effective combinations of symptomatic treatment for a given situation. I dare say most physicians have a couple or more &quot;go-to&quot; combinations for similar situations, depending on some of the factors I've outlined above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:24:45.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11539" CreationDate="2017-03-14T23:33:22.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nails, hair, teeth and bones in general are not edible.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ears and the larynx are difficult to digest.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscles are easy to remove and are also nutritious.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The liver is rich in nutrients and vitamins, easy to chew and swallow and, provided you haven't missed your anatomy classes, not very hard to remove.  The same applies  to blood clots and the spleen.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The bowels are usually avoided because they are rich in bacteria and viruses, in addition to their most repugnant content.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I ever had to do it to survive, I'd go for the muscles which are just like raw beef.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:33:22.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11260" CreationDate="2017-03-14T23:56:31.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Migraine auras are in a way similar to epileptic seizures; the most-accepted theory is they're caused by a depression of cortical neurons that spreads throughout the cortex during the attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473742&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cortical Spreading Depression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170844&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Migraine Aura Pathophysology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:56:31.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11290" CreationDate="2017-03-14T23:58:28.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a procedure where you fill the coronary arteries and/or the venous system of the heart with acrylic resin, which quickly solidifies. You then submerge the whole heart into an acid solution which dissolves everything except the acrylic filling. What is left is a 3D replica of the heart arterial or venous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1259681&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read more about this&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7280" LastActivityDate="2017-03-14T23:58:28.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T01:38:12.597" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amidst the set of stretching techniques labeled Proprioceptive Muscular Facilitation, there are isometric contractions. Why does isometric exercise stretch muscles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T00:26:25.837" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T03:48:53.267" Title="Isometric contraction in PNF" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T03:16:42.070" Score="1" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled across a rather odd class of products online, dubbed &amp;quot;trace mineral taste test kits&amp;quot;. I won't link to them because it'll probably trigger all the spam filter bots, but a typical product description is as follows (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Set Contains: 8 - 8 oz bottles Liquid Mineral Test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Potassium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Zinc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnesium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chromium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Manganese&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Molybdenum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Selenium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To Test - Sip a small portion. Swish the liquid about the mouth, you may discard or swallow. The mg. Content of each mineral per taste test is insignificant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You need this mineral if the taste is sweet, pleasant or no taste. You have an adequate amount of the mineral if you taste something. You don't need this mineral if the taste is so-so, you don't like it, or it's pretty bad.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a glance this seems to be a bit of pseudo-science to me. On the other hand I do know that e.g. food tastes better when I'm hungry, water tastes better when I'm thirsty, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this based in truth? Are mineral deficiencies, at least the ones in that list, self-identifiable based on the &amp;quot;pleasantness&amp;quot; of the taste? I'm primarily looking for answers backed by concrete, peer-reviewed studies from reliable sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:29:40.480" Title="Is a taste test a reliable way to determine mineral deficiencies?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;&lt;taste&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T08:19:15.957" Score="-1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flu is a disease of all ages, with worst complications and risk of death in babies and the elderly, but people of all ages can get very sick or be hospitalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Ronald Ellis" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T00:17:41.557" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T00:17:41.557" Title="Should everyone take an annula flu vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11561" CreationDate="2017-03-15T15:03:03.380" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No you should not unless you are chronically sick. This research proves that.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://flushotcanada.blogspot.ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://flushotcanada.blogspot.ca&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The CDC will tell you otherwise, and doctors who's training is guided by the Industry will as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8549" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T15:03:03.380" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T16:16:16.593" Score="3" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking this question for a number of reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I like to be proactive in my healthcare&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My therapist seems more reactive rather than proactive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't feel like I'm getting much out of my sessions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the therapist I'm seeing is not the right person for me. But it's been difficult to find someone who takes my insurance, so I'd like to do what I can to make the most out of what I can get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My biggest problem is that I am going to therapy with the goal of getting something useful out of it yet all I feel like I'm getting is someone to listen to me rant on about things, very rarely offering useful advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8550" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T01:05:22.273" LastActivityDate="2017-03-22T09:04:06.683" Title="As a patient, how can I help improve my counseling/therapy sessions?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11566" CreationDate="2017-03-15T19:11:38.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my own experiences I would recommend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;write down what your goals are. You should really think this through. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;write down any questions you have before you go to a session&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have difficulties to remember all things being said, you could bring someone you trust maybe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask your therapist for advice in this&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remember your therapist is only human. I find that this makes their authority over me less intimidating and I dare to ask more and be more critical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps. It does for me. Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T19:11:38.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T19:33:30.753" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;To prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) it seems to be standard that newborns get a neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis (oral or parenteral). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that statistically about 1 of 30000 (otherwise healthy) newborn has HDN if no vitamin K prophylaxis was given. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this number change if one looks only at cases with no obvious risk factors except breast feeding i.e. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unproblematic natural birth (in particular nor birth trauma)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;successful breast feeding in the first hour after birth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;healthy balanced diet of the mother during and post pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mother didn't consume alcohol or smoked during and post pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mother didn't take drugs or medicaments during and post pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8551" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:17:18.827" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:17:18.827" Title="Statistics of HDN on groups without risk factors" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;&lt;vitamin-k&gt;&lt;prophylaxis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11561" CreationDate="2017-03-15T19:36:00.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC recommends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccination to prevent influenza is particularly important for persons who are at increased risk for severe complications from influenza, or at higher risk for influenza-related outpatient, ED, or hospital visits. When vaccine supply is limited, vaccination efforts should focus on delivering vaccination to the following persons who do not have contraindications (no hierarchy is implied by order of listing):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ll children aged 6 through 59 months;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;all persons aged ≥50 years;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;adults and children who have chronic pulmonary (including asthma) or cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurologic, hematologic, or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persons who have immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV infection);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;women who are or will be pregnant during the influenza season;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;children and adolescents (aged 6 months–18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy and who might be at risk for experiencing Reye syndrome after influenza virus infection;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Indians/Alaska Natives; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persons who are extremely obese (BMI ≥40).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm?s_cid=rr6505a1_w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm?s_cid=rr6505a1_w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasons for this are countless, if you can handle it read the article in the above link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short: people at risk of complications of flu. &amp;quot;Normal&amp;quot; people can handle a &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; flu very well. An example of how things can go wrong is the spanish flu where healthy mid-aged people where more vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for the USA. I'm from Holland and we use almost the same criteria, except for the extreme obese and only for persons aged &amp;gt;60 years. Also health professionals get a shot. &lt;strong&gt;AND we don't recommend giving the vaccine to children/babies! Only in some cases with bowel disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T19:36:00.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11570" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-15T21:30:07.683" Score="1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;When searching Internets for a home-based way to test for Hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid) the so called HCL Challenge is widely suggested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the HCL Challenge one gradually increases the dosage of HCL pills until a burning in the stomach occurs. If burning occurs with low dosage the acid level in stomach is assumed to be adequate (and vice versa - if burning occurs with a high dosage, one has a deficiency of stomach acid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found one &lt;a href=&quot;https://metabolichealing.com/the-hcl-challenge-why-the-conventional-test-is-dead-wrong/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt; claiming that this way of testing is wrong, because a burning at a low dosage might also occur when your mucosal barrier is damaged (and your acid level could still be too low in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source isn't backed by any source, however I found similar conclusions in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://amzn.to/qiLEot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;book&lt;/a&gt;. On the other hand, I haven't even manage to find any scientific proof for the whole idea of HCL testing. It seems to be more of a wisdom of the crowd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;can one trust the HCL Challenge?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8552" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T00:08:37.597" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T00:08:37.597" Title="Is &quot;HCL Challenge&quot; a right way to test for Hypochlorhydria?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;indigestion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11404" CreationDate="2017-03-15T23:33:08.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I just want to know if I'm on the spectrum or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the point you made about insurance is pretty accurate, you have to have an actual &lt;em&gt;problem&lt;/em&gt; for there to be a medial reason to investigate the possibility of Asperger's syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, functioning well as a human being isn't just about being a capable professional - it's also about having quality interpersonal relationships if possible, and that can be a hurdle for some people with Asperger's. You haven't touched on this specifically in your post so I have no idea what your situation is in this respect, but if you're a typical person with Asperger's whose social life consists mainly in having conversations on the Internet you may want to rethink whether some form of treatment would benefit you or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a solid social life and you're certain you wouldn't benefit from treatment, I suggest simply forgetting all about it. It doesn't add anything to the bottom line to know if you have Asperger's or not. If you just want to find things out about yourself that you didn't know before you could try researching your genealogy instead, it's a lot more socially acceptable than  seeing a mental health professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8553" LastActivityDate="2017-03-15T23:33:08.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-16T00:42:34.270" Score="2" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the medical/clinical difference between Vanishing Twin Syndrome and Fetus in Fetu??&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;General Differences:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I know that in both cases, there is a &lt;strong&gt;set of twins, but then there&#xA;is just one fetus in the end&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;em&gt;So is the difference on how that&#xA;comes to be?? Or on how the case manifests itself?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vanishing Twin Syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand about &lt;strong&gt;&quot;Vanishing Twin Syndrome&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; is that&#xA;one of the twins is &lt;strong&gt;absorbed by another&lt;/strong&gt; (sometimes due to it&#xA;being a blighted ovum)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;But are there any times in which the alpha    fetus absorbed a fetus that would have survived?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fetus in Fetu&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And with Fetus in Fetu -- A &lt;strong&gt;fetus (or teratoma) that dies&lt;/strong&gt; is not&#xA;absorbed by the other growing twin, but &lt;strong&gt;exists as a separate entity&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;inside the fetus&lt;/strong&gt; that will survive?    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And with Fetus in Fetu --- is    it really thought to be a teratoma and not just a non-viable fetus?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:12:08.193" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:12:08.193" Title="What's the difference between Vanishing Twin Syndrome &amp; Fetus in Fetu?" Tags="&lt;fetus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11556" CreationDate="2017-03-16T03:48:53.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL; DR: It reduces the inhibitions of the muscle that produce the resistance to the stretch, allowing a further range of motion (ROM) than previously. So it doesn't really stretch the muscle, it reduces the tendency of the body to resist the stretch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expansion: PNF stretching is a fairly advanced, intense stretching technique that uses isometric contractions while the muscle is in a near maximal stretched state. This contraction is held for anywhere from 3-20 seconds, although &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15756164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study suggests&lt;/a&gt; that there isn't really any difference between shorter and longer intervals in the stretch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism is not really understood, the main theories currently is that if affects the stretch reflex, reciprocal inhibition and autogenic inhibition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stretch reflex is due to a muscle spindle (nerve receptor), that when a muscle is stretched suddenly, it sends a signal to the brain to contract the muscle. The greater the stretch, the more forceful the contraction. If you increase the ROM of the muscle, you are less likely to fire the stretch reflex. (As an aside, when the doctor whacks your knee with the hammer to see it twitch, that's the stretch reflex in action).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reciprocal inhibition - Agonist/antagonist muscles are muscles in opposition to each other such as biceps/triceps, hamstrings/quadriceps, etc. When an agonist muscle contracts, the spindle sends a message to the brain for the antagonist to relax. It is suggested that this mechanism is altered by PNF stretching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autogenic inhibition - The golgi tendon organ fires when tension increases in the muscle, either due to contraction or to stretch, causing the agonist muscle to relax. This would override the tendency of the muscle to tighten under stress and relax, enabling a further ROM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For additional reading, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3588663/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is an writeup&lt;/a&gt; on PNF stretching discussing the various possible mechanisms of action, along with varying techniques of PNF (Contract/Relax, and Contract/Relax/Antagonist/Contract). It also has quite a few cited studies that are good reading. The writeup also addresses the gate-control theory which I am not familiar with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T03:48:53.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-16T05:11:14.857" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if you know about sizes of breast tumors at the beginning and at the end of a typical radiotherapy treatment. I know that standard scheduled (50 Gy in 25 sessions) and hypofractionated (40-42 Gy in 15 sessions) could be used. But for example, in ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive what is the amount of reduction in tumor's size? or with others type of breast cancer. I know that it depends of the patient and other factors, but if you know some information and if it is documented I would thank you so much.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8554" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T05:11:14.857" Title="Typical size for breast tumor at the beginning and at the end of radiotherapy treatment" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11575" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11592" CreationDate="2017-03-16T06:11:49.493" Score="2" ViewCount="20474" Body="&lt;p&gt;My parents would not let me to take a showers or take a bath because they claimed it would make you even more sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any evidence that taking a bath or shower when sick has negative effects?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-16T18:26:49.507" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T13:42:27.963" Title="Not taking bath or shower when sick" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;bath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-16T08:28:17.773" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a larger incidence of female patients with Trisomy 18 that occurs mostly because of non-disjunction in the meiosis of oocytes. Why does this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2641" LastEditorUserId="6439" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:43:49.420" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:43:49.420" Title="Why are the majority of patients with Edwards Syndrome females?" Tags="&lt;data&gt;&lt;ovum-egg-oocyte&gt;&lt;chromosomes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-16T17:15:35.737" Score="2" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through diet, cardio vascular exercise and using a Low Level  Laser Therapy machine I have lost 4.75St with a daily calorie deficit of approx 700 - 1100 calories below my BMR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My BMI is now 24 (in the 'healthy' range, but close to 'overweight'), and moving forward I would ideally want to gain muscle at the same time as stripping away more fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have only recently added weight training to my regime, but my concern is my body may burn the muscle I do build as opposed to my fat stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the best approach moving forward to maximise muscle growth at the same time as maximising fat loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8570" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T10:44:13.273" Title="How do i lose fat and gain muscle at the same time?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9639" CreationDate="2017-03-16T17:43:10.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After removal of tonsils, most adults&#xA;  have significant pain for 10 -14 days, some up to 3 weeks. &lt;strong&gt;Because &#xA;  adults &amp;amp; teenagers have larger tonsils and more developed throat muscles&lt;/strong&gt;, pain and muscle spasm can &#xA;  make it difficult to swallow for 2 weeks or more.  Constipation may occur because narcotic pain &#xA;  medication, when taken regularly, can slow down the bowels.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://communityent.com/post-op/adult-tonsil.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8569" LastActivityDate="2017-03-16T17:43:10.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11598" CreationDate="2017-03-16T19:53:36.133" Score="6" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;Babies have extraordinary instincts upon their arrival just into this world. It just happens naturally. One of these is of the swimming variety as witnessed in this video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Mr47DJIuTc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Underwater Baby Divers&lt;/a&gt;. Who knew!?! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trait we just witnessed in this video is  described in this article,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livescience.com/20802-newborn-baby-skills.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Life Science: 5 Incredible Baby Skills&lt;/a&gt;, known as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the &lt;strong&gt;&quot;diving reflex,&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; also known as the &lt;strong&gt;bradycardic response&lt;/strong&gt;; also&#xA;  exhibited by seals and other aquatic animals, the instinct may be a&#xA;  vestige of our ancient marine origins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It works like this: Infants up to 6 months old whose heads are&#xA;  submerged in water will naturally hold their breath. At the same time,&#xA;  their heart rates slow, helping them to conserve oxygen, and blood&#xA;  circulates primarily between their most vital organs, the heart and&#xA;  brain. The survival response keeps accidentally submerged babies alive&#xA;  much longer than adults would survive underwater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another astounding video to watch is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KU-LRUc8TSE&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Babies Swimming&lt;/a&gt;, but it is almost 4 minutes long and has uber cheesy music in the background. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A scientific/medically based article is found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12022304&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bradycardic response during submersion in infant swimming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now these infants aren't engaging in synchronized swimming extravaganzas or anything of that nature, but what they are capable of doing just on instincts is incredible!!!  I imagine this is a vestige of a positive evolutionary trait. For example, if an infant slipped into a lake while mother was bathing nearby, etc. etc. etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOW TO MY QUESTIONS: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Why do infants lose these instincts around 7ish months?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--- Is it because they are not &lt;strong&gt;as&lt;/strong&gt; vulnerable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--- Or that they are larger and have more strength and their reflexes don't work the same? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--- Or they simply forget because their minds are being filled with other important pieces of information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; If under the watchful eye of a professional trainer, lifeguard, parent, etc., the infant &lt;strong&gt;utilized these skills frequently, would they be able to maintain their &quot;diving reflex&quot; beyond the 7ish month period?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; To be clear I do not advocate at anytime that these infants have advanced swimming capabilities to swim alone... so &lt;strong&gt;never leave a baby or child unattended near a body of water&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:10:38.447" LastActivityDate="2018-12-26T22:57:47.697" Title="Are all Infants' Aquatic Instincts lost after 7ish months? Can they be maintained if skills are utilized often?" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;&lt;instinct&gt;&lt;apnea-holding-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-16T23:00:00.553" Score="4" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I understand the need for rabies vaccination &quot;before&quot; exposure since the vaccine basically prepares the immune system, so that in the future should the same intruder enter the body again, the immune system already knows how to handle it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I dont understand however is the need of an immediate rabies vaccine for a person after he/she has been exposed to rabies virus (bitten, scratched by a rabid dog) , assuming he/she has not been vaccinated before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rabies virus is already in the saliva of the rabid animal right? and the immune system should already start making the necessary antibodies to counter it right? What's the purpose of injecting a weaker version of the virus if the immune system is going to create the antibodies anyway? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the immune system more effective, efficient and quick in creating a solution if it is introduced to a much weaker version of the virus? And after figuring out a &quot;fix&quot;, it applies this to the original, strong version of the virus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is the immune system not very responsive to the original virus and it must be &quot;triggered&quot; first to create the necessary &quot;fix&quot; by introducing a weaker version with which it is more responsive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, I'm quite lost on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8572" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T05:49:23.393" Title="Why do we need a rabies vaccine after exposure?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11587" CreationDate="2017-03-17T02:24:40.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is because rabies &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html#wb-auto-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;take time to kill you&lt;/a&gt; and vaccine that you &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/rabies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are given is 'dead' virus&lt;/a&gt; so it makes it easy to develop antibodies against and when you have antibodies you can fight actual virus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T02:24:40.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11575" CreationDate="2017-03-17T05:16:05.710" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any evidence that taking a bath or shower when sick has negative effects?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is quite interesting because I've heard MANY patients with this same belief. Some people believe that bathing when sick will make you more sick. Some women do not bathe during their menstrual period because their mothers told them it would lead to some adverse effects. Even some mothers who just gave birth do not take a bath in the immediate post-partum period because they believe it will be harmful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all the medical books I've read, I've never encountered one that cautions against bathing when someone is sick. I also searched PubMed just now and I didn't find a study that details the negative effects of bathing during a sickness. On the contrary, there are a lot of studies that encourages people to bathe during illness, especially when they are febrile. In fact, it is a common practice in the medical profession to advise patients to have a sponge bath when their temperature is up. Aside from the cooling effect of bathing, it also cleans the body and prevents the spread of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only situations I could think of when I would advise patients to not take a bath is when a patient is too weak to stand up and take a bath or is at risk of falling by doing so. But then again, these patients can still have sponge baths in their bed. What they're not allowed is to ambulate, but they're allowed to bathe. Also, if patients have skin lesions or contraptions that shouldn't be wet; but then again, these can easily be covered by waterproof dressings and the patient can still take a bath. The last thing I could think of why I wouldn't allow a patient to bathe is when a patient is hypothermic (or has low body temperature). But then again, they can have warm baths instead. So overall, I really couldn't think of a reason--and I haven't read any--why baths can worsen illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got interested to know the source of this belief, and I've come across this article. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/05/why-bathing-was-uncommon-in-medieval-europe/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/05/why-bathing-was-uncommon-in-medieval-europe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before the Middle Ages, public baths were very common, as was the&#xA;  general public regularly taking time to bathe in one way or another.&#xA;  Even during the 4th and 5th centuries, Christian authorities allowed&#xA;  people to bathe for cleanliness and health, but condemned attendance&#xA;  to public bath houses for pleasure and condemned women going to bath&#xA;  houses that had mixed facilities. However, over time, more and more&#xA;  restrictions appeared. Eventually, Christians were prohibited from&#xA;  bathing naked and, overall, the church began to not approve an&#xA;  “excessive” indulgence in the habit of bathing. This culminated in the&#xA;  Medieval church authorities proclaiming that public bathing led to&#xA;  immorality, promiscuous sex, and diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This latter “disease” point was very common;&#xA;  it was believed in many parts of Europe that water could carry disease&#xA;  into the body through the pores in the skin. According to one medical&#xA;  treaty of the 16th century, “Water baths warm the body, but weaken the&#xA;  organism and widen pores.  That’s why they can be dangerous and cause&#xA;  different diseases, even death.”  It wasn’t just diseases from the&#xA;  water itself they were worried about.  They also felt that with the&#xA;  pores widened after a bath, this resulted in infections of the air&#xA;  having easier access to the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting, right?&#xA;Anyway, if you find a logical, scientific explanation for the harmful effect of bathing during an illness, please tag me. I'd like to know it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8543" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T05:16:05.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11576" CreationDate="2017-03-17T11:21:22.100" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943463-overview#a6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, the ratio of affected females/males differs when you look at liveborn or prenatal infants, which indicates a prenatal selection against males (&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt; more males are spontaneously aborted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article links to more references for further reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T11:21:22.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11598" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11586" CreationDate="2017-03-17T18:19:06.810" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, the study should not be trusted too much. Thirty six test subjects does not seem very much to me in order to make such a claim. However, &amp;amp;AtlLED's opinion in the comment differs from this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the abstract (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thirty-six&lt;/strong&gt; infants were studied during diving exercises in infant swimming. [...] Although the bradycardic response gradually decreases, the study shows that a clear-cut response exists in children older than has previously been reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I think it is clear that the heart-rate does seem to slow down. There is nothing to very little studies available so the rest of my answer is somewhat &lt;strong&gt;educated speculation&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Frontal Lobe&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The frontal lobe is also the most common place for brain injury to occur. Damage to the frontal lobe can create changes in personality, limited facial expressions, and difficulty in interpreting one’s environment, such as not &lt;strong&gt;being able to adequately assess risk and danger&lt;/strong&gt;. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/frontal-lobe/male&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, an infants frontal lobe is not well developed at the age of 3 months or less. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The volume of the hippocampal formations increased sharply until the age of 2 years, and continued to increase slowly thereafter. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajnr.org/content/20/4/717.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take a look at this &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Buu74.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neat graph&lt;/a&gt; and notice the huge jump from 0 years to 2 years. The steepest growth is presumably around 0,5 years (just guessing from approximation the tangent).&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OvKcN.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OvKcN.gif&quot; alt=&quot;&amp;lt;code&amp;gt;[Source][3]&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems therefore fairly reasonable to me to conclude that around the age of 6 months, the frontal lobe is well developed so that the infant is able to correctly address the risk of drowning. And as any normal human, they would start to &lt;strong&gt;panic&lt;/strong&gt; when they &lt;em&gt;realise that they are drowning&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This panicking will cause an increase of heart rate and is the opposite of a bradycardia response.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A bit on evolution&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evolutionary speaking, it makes sense to have a survive-by-all-means mechanism that will be triggered as soon as one is in serious danger. Such a mechanism can be counterproductive in a very few examples, like here when the bradycardia response is reversed. Nevertheless, it is very useful in most cases and therefore, we have this mode. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would therefore conclude (again, educated guessing) that the bradycardia response of babies was never &quot;intended&quot; (1) and is just a side product of them not being able to judge a situation correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Appendix&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;standard&quot; newborn male infant weighs around 3kg, is about 48cm tall and its head circumference is roughly 34cm, so the radius is 10 cm. Assuming the body is cylindric, this would give us a density of 5.8g/cm^3 (V = π r^2 h, density = V / mass) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://intergrowth21.tghn.org/site_media/media/articles/newbornsize.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Values taken from the Intergrowth.21 study&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qkk93.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qkk93.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I weigh roughly 70kg, am about 180cm tall and my head radius is maybe 30cm, which means my density is about 103.8g/cm^3.&lt;br&gt;&#xA; Concluding, an infants buoyancy is significantly larger than mine. As the infant grows and gains weight, the buoyancy will decrease until the density reaches the density of a full grown human during adolescents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not explain why the heart rate is so low, but it is another factor as to why infants are quite good at swimming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Note&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1): Intended is a pretty bad word here. I mean, the argument was about evolution and not creation. I meant by this that the bradycardia response is just a side-product of multiple factors: The survive-by-all-means mechanism in adults and the baby's inability to correctly asses danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-12-26T22:57:47.697" LastActivityDate="2018-12-26T22:57:47.697" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-17T18:19:30.983" Score="2" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have purchased the product &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drgreens.com/Dr-Greens-Agent-X-Fake-Pee-Premixed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Green Agent X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;How many times I can put the un-opened product in the microwave before it becomes unusable? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8583" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T18:26:02.690" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T18:26:02.690" Title="Reheating Dr. Green Agent X" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11601" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11610" CreationDate="2017-03-17T22:09:58.820" Score="0" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;What could this mean, if a few years ago I had a TB test, tested negative, and then just a few weeks ago, tested positive for TB.  I know I am immunized against TB but I find it quite odd that I was tested positive when previously I had tested negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2360" LastActivityDate="2017-03-19T13:03:24.207" Title="Tested negative for TB and then tested positive for TB?" Tags="&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4958" CreationDate="2017-03-17T23:14:43.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found out this week why hunger is waking me up - my stomach is extra long almost twice that of average. I just got it sleeved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of biodegradation of food. Pennington Biomedical Center has a scandinavian paper on that site that lists food satietis. White potatoes are tops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unani.com/digestion_time_of_foods.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.unani.com/digestion_time_of_foods.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8588" LastEditorUserId="8588" LastEditDate="2017-03-17T23:20:12.273" LastActivityDate="2017-03-17T23:20:12.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11605" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-18T13:50:22.710" Score="3" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday my left breast was kind of sore so I took of my bra and started feeling around it. I could feel a hard lump under where my nipple is which is quite big. Today it s only sore when I start to prod it but otherwise I can t feel it, but now my skin is red around my nipple where i was prodding last night. I have never had this before and it s only in 1 boob, I m really worried and I don t know what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8590" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-19T14:46:48.487" LastActivityDate="2017-03-19T14:46:48.487" Title="Im 14 and I can feel a lump in my left breast. Is this normal?" Tags="&lt;breast&gt;&lt;nipples&gt;&lt;large-size&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-03-21T17:00:05.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-18T20:37:30.297" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;An increase in testosterone can reverse the excess fat.&#xA;As the men age I believe that decrease in testosterone causes fat gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we increase testosterone can we reverse the extra fat storage in the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes how can we increase testosterone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3392" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T21:18:37.137" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T21:18:37.137" Title="Reversal of excess fat in men by increase in testosterone" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-19T01:19:15.333" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;We discovered through a blood test that our 3yo is severely allergic to cats. We have two cats who are 7 and 8 respectively and we're adopted as kittens. So their hair and dander is all over everything in our house. We are finding new homes for that cats, but I have the painstaking chore of cleaning their hair and dander off/out of everything in the house. I know it will take a while to really clean the house and it will never be entirely free of all hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forgive me if this isn't the right place to ask (maybe the biology SE?), but I am trying to figure out the best way to clean so the allergen is dead or denatured so it does not affect my daughter. Will washing clothes and other linens in very hot water kill whatever it is in the hair and dander that causes a reaction? So that even if the hair is present, it won't affect her? Is there a kind of soap or other agent I can use? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, we have no carpeting in the house, but we do have rugs. And since we live in a cold climate, we also have lots of thick, heavy blankets of various textiles and materials. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8596" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-19T14:53:12.820" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T14:58:06.617" Title="Cleaning to rid house of cat allergen after cat is gone" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;animal-dander&gt;&lt;detergent&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-19T03:53:22.660" Score="1" ViewCount="1305" Body="&lt;p&gt;More specifically, if Person A consumed a certain amount of food cooked with olive oil every day, and if Person B consumed the same amount of food cooked with ghee/clarified butter every day, which person would be subjected to a lesser risk of heart disease?&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's an age old argument within our family that I'd look forward to getting cleared. I'd greatly appreciate reliable sources/citations to any answers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8597" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-19T14:41:46.427" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T12:29:42.817" Title="Which is better; Olive oil or Clarified butter(Ghee)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-10-15T18:34:51.137" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11601" CreationDate="2017-03-19T13:03:24.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You don't specify which test was used to screen for TB, in this answer I will assume that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mantoux test&lt;/a&gt; was used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You probably were vaccinated using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calmette-Guérin&lt;/a&gt; vaccine.&#xA;Unfortunately this has been proven not to give an efficacious immunity against TB infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this scenario there are two chances:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You actually were exposed to M.Tuberculosis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Mantoux test is probably a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8668383&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;false positive&lt;/a&gt; due to your vaccination if you are at low risk for TB infection or to other factors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being at low risk means an individual was not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In contact with another person with infectious TB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Born or has lived in a high TB prevalence country&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both cases I would personally advise you to contact a doctor to get a chest x-ray and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuantiFERON&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IGRA quantiferon&lt;/a&gt; blood test to further investigate. This is particularly advisable in your case having two different outcomes from serial testing which honestly could increase the possibility of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_tuberculosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;latent TB&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="415" LastActivityDate="2017-03-19T13:03:24.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11611" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-03-19T13:59:17.540" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-03-19T13:59:17.540" LastActivityDate="2017-03-19T13:59:17.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11612" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-03-19T13:59:17.540" Score="0" Body="Questions about temporary absence or voluntary cessation of breathing." OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T02:34:50.147" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T02:34:50.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T01:01:25.047" Score="3" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I have hey fever, which makes my eyes water uncontrollably and constantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has happened since I was a child. I've been known to randomly cry, my friends know I'm not actually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of just letting the tears flow down, ill wipe them. I'll do this quite regularly, every few minutes or so, as soon as I feel liquid gathering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe this wiping of salty tears has contributed to the damaged skin I have under my eyes, especially because it's most noticeable under my right eye which waters much more, thus gets rubbed much more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its started to very much bother me lately, the skin looks dry and dark compared the rest of my face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've thought of getting some medication via a checkup with a GP that would finally liberate me of this problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the skin naturally develop its natural pigmentation, or is this more serious damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The skins often sore, from what I think is the saltiness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly should I do. I'd love to have proper even skin, and not have to constantly wipe my eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8603" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-20T17:48:46.160" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T17:48:46.160" Title="Can I remove the dark skin under my eyes" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;pigment&gt;&lt;periorbital-dark-circles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T01:11:12.673" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a 21 year-old male. I've had mild acne since my early teens, and currently it translates to a few raised red spots on my face and many more on my back and shoulders in an average week. The more stressed I am in a week, the more spots I tend to get. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've never really done anything about my acne due to an initial lack of knowledge about skin hygiene, and feeling too overwhelmed about all the information that was out there to start anywhere. As a result, the last few years of damage have also left me with a pockmarked forehead. I'm now determined to improve my skin to make it smooth and healthy again, but need to know how to go about doing this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a) What are the root cause(s) of acne?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b) What are the most effective, scientifically-proven ways to clear it up?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;c) Is it possible to undo the damage of the last few years on my pockmarked forehead in order to make it smooth again?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance to anyone that can provide me with a sourced, definitive answer - I'd really appreciate the help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8602" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T11:48:49.053" Title="What causes acne, and how do I get rid of it?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T03:45:27.913" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;My resting heart rate is around 50 bpm but my blood pressure is around 122/78. Is this unhealthy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8605" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T03:45:27.913" Title="Low Resting Heart Rate but high bp" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T16:19:55.313" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00646&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170320161714/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common arthroscopic procedures include: Treatment of tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several elbow surgical treatments that are currently most effective when done as an open, traditional procedure. These include surgeries to: Treat golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are medial epicondylopathies more effectively treated with  open, traditional surgical procedures than with arthroscopies, whereas it isn't the case for lateral epicondylopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T16:19:55.313" Title="Why are medial epicondylopathies more effectively treated with open, traditional surgical procedures than with arthroscopies?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T19:24:05.593" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see a lot of articles that suggest 10-50g carbs / day to get into ketosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why so low?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need at least 2500+ calories / day. Even if I consumed half of my calories from carbs and glycolysis supplied half of my requirements, the other half would have to come from ketosis, no? And if I spend half of every day in ketosis, won't I (slowly) become keto-adapted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8613" LastActivityDate="2017-03-20T19:24:05.593" Title="Why is such a low carb intake mandated for keto-adaptation?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;keto-adaption&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T04:09:50.497" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started to change my diets two years ago, and are now eating large amounts of fiber every day - 'large amounts' meaning &lt;em&gt;far above the recommended 30 g&lt;/em&gt;, typically 100 - 150 g per day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have read about possible complications like abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation; I have none of these, I am doing fine with it for months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: are there any known short or long-term adverse effects from such high fiber intakes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2392" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T11:25:50.903" Title="Are there negative consequences of eating large amounts of fiber (if you feel fine with it)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T04:17:03.680" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am new to this site and not entirely sure how much background knowledge I should posses in order to ask questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am curious as to why a yeast infection burns and itches? What is the bacteria doing to my body that causes such a reaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8619" LastActivityDate="2017-03-21T04:17:03.680" Title="Why does a yeast infection burn?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T14:21:24.623" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;A keloidal scar is a fibrous tissue that occurs when skin is injured and forms over the wound to repair and protect the injury. Till now, there is no complete cure except for plastic surgery. But dermatologists say that a plastic surgery of keloids could only exacerbate the scar than diminishing completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from surgery, is there any medication like herbal treatment that could reduce the scar? In general, is there any traditional medicine to treat keloids?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have realised there are so-called &quot;peptide gels&quot;. Do they work on keloids too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8352" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-18T16:02:35.047" LastActivityDate="2017-09-18T16:02:35.047" Title="Is there any cure for keloids?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;keloids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T15:30:07.740" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: if this is off-topic here, just let me know. This seemed like the right SE to ask it on.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get pretty bad hay fever in the spring/summer. Running nose, itching eyes, the whole thing. I know there are methods to limit your pollen exposure/symptoms, and there are of course drugs that can help, but I'm wondering if it's possible to train your body out of being allergic to pollen completely. Or to anything, for that matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some research, but was only able to find tips on reducing exposure. The closest I came was an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.steadyhealth.com/topics/overcoming-allergies-is-possible&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;experiment&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't tell me how to get used to pollen in a home environment, where it's everywhere (it's also talking about severe allergies, which I do not have - don't worry, there is no risk of death here). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can I somehow get my body 'used' to pollen?&lt;/strong&gt; How? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1153" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:31:37.170" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T04:31:37.170" Title="Is their a way to train my body out of being allergic (to pollen)?" Tags="&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;pollen&gt;&lt;hay-fever&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;&lt;allergen-immunotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="109" CreationDate="2017-03-21T16:42:53.747" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that everyone is different, but when I was much younger, I read an article on hair loss and was sold on the notion that DHT is the primary cause. It might also be the cause for you since that &quot;shine&quot; is a direct result of the oily sebum where DHT thrives. So I am now 40 with minimal hair loss and I have always focused on using DHT reducing shampoos. For a long time I used a DHT-reducing shampoo made by Aveeda but it can be prohibitively expensive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I did my research and found that Head &amp;amp; Shoulders had the same active ingredients that also reduce DHT. I have been using Head &amp;amp; Shoulders for multiple decades now and I attribute that as being the main cause of being able to have a full head of hair at 40 years old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastActivityDate="2017-03-21T16:42:53.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T16:46:57.910" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been suffering from allergies for years and I have recently seen an allergist. I was told that I would be a good candidate for immunotherapy. However, it is not an inexpensive process and a pretty hefty time commitment too. Are there studies that show that immunotherapy is effective? Is it more effective for some allergies rather than others? Note that I mostly suffer from environmental allergies and not food allergies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastActivityDate="2017-03-21T16:46:57.910" Title="Is immunotherapy effective against allergies?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T17:56:00.517" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;If urine is sterile, why do people warn that refraining from urination too long will cause a bladder infection or urinary tract infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8622" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:24:00.140" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T04:24:00.140" Title="Sterile urine, but UTIs?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;urinary-tract-infect-uti&gt;&lt;bladder-infection&gt;&lt;urination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11634" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11642" CreationDate="2017-03-21T21:46:17.047" Score="1" ViewCount="5098" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that there are babies that are under 5th percentile. The baby is about a year old and the height and weight under 5th percentile. What does this mean? Does this mean the baby will be small forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8625" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T11:12:26.810" Title="Are babies under 5th percentile mean they will be small forever?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-21T23:13:20.763" Score="2" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such a general question, and if this gets closed, I completely understand. But, I seriously need some guidance here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have made a decision to put a considerable amount of effort into my own physical health. You know, things like dieting, exercise, and hygiene. My lifestyle has been extremely unhealthy. Almost zero exercise, a wonky sleep schedule, consumption of healthy things only happens about once every 4 months, a treasure trove of junk food, awful hygiene, especially oral hygiene, I rarely brush my teeth unless my mouth feels truly gross and when I'm desperate and short on time, I just do like 10 seconds of Listerine, which I know won't improve anything much, and I never floss. Somehow, I've only had one cavity and none of my teeth have fallen out for the entirety of this lifestyle. I'm sick of feeling gross all the time, and I genuinely WANT to care about my health, I'm just a lazy person, but I'm in a time in my life where I feel like I can really push myself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with this is: where do I start? I don't think this question can truly be answered. The world of health, especially when it comes to things like weight-loss programs and exercise programs, is so vast that I don't even know if I can take advantage of everything, and then I have to focus on things that will work specifically for ME, since not everything works for everyone. I'm the kind of person who likes to make an extremely detailed and well-defined plan before I go into anything, even if I don't follow through with these plans. Of course, I still tried to do my own research, and even then, I don't entirely trust a lot of online sources, especially if they look scammy, and a lot of these sources focus on getting healthy &quot;fast.&quot; I don't care at all about how fast I can become healthy, I care about something that works. Of course, I don't want to like wait, you know, an entire decade to be healthy, but I'm not even gonna consider a link that says &quot;lose 10 pounds in one second guaranteed! Click here!&quot; Also, my doctor just isn't any help at all, since he just provides vague descriptions of health that I'm pretty sure he tells every one of his patients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My mathematical mind likes to look at the fundamentals first. I don't know if anyone could outline these fundamentals, or provide any sources that look at these fundamentals, and then detail the fundamentals. In fact, I would prefer exterior sources (the freer, the better, this is the internet after all) that can go into way more detail than a quick answer to this question.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8626" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T21:53:01.683" Title="Where do you even start going into the world of physical health?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11626" CreationDate="2017-03-22T07:54:54.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not at all.&#xA;Studies have shown that a large amount of fibers is a &lt;strong&gt;protective factor&lt;/strong&gt; against colo-rectal cancer for example.&#xA;Actually, as you said, only effects are some &lt;strong&gt;digestive troubles&lt;/strong&gt;, since fibers are cut and destroyed by bacterias in colon : those bacterias produce gas, that's why you might feel uncomfortable.&#xA;But if you don't have that, go on !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One important point :&lt;/strong&gt; you don't have to REPLACE something by fibers. I mean, it's good to eat a lot of fibers, but &lt;strong&gt;not only fibers.&lt;/strong&gt; Don't forget proteins !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8629" LastActivityDate="2017-03-22T07:54:54.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11617" CreationDate="2017-03-22T08:08:36.813" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;According studies, it's an interaction between genetics and environment. If you parents had acne, you might have. But, overall, &lt;strong&gt;diet&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;stress&lt;/strong&gt; are big factors for acne : your genetic makes you more sensible to this.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836431/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI : Acne and food&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand if you talk about medical treatments or other... I will talk about medical treatments so. 2 classes of treatment can be used (in France, but I think it's ok everywhere), if it's not an hormonal acne : &lt;strong&gt;antibiotics&lt;/strong&gt; (tétracycline) that have anti-inflammatory effects. It's good on low or medium acne. But when it's too big for use, it's better to use &lt;strong&gt;Retinoids&lt;/strong&gt; like Isotretinoin, but it's an heavier treatment on 9 months, but very efficient.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-right-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acne types and treatments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recommendations (in France) are : after a treatment by Retinoids for example, you should let &lt;strong&gt;2 years&lt;/strong&gt; to completely see effects. The remaining marks can be treated by &lt;strong&gt;laser&lt;/strong&gt; (or corticoids but it's less efficient). It is well known that exposing the marks to sun is bad.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/acne-scars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acne advices&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8629" LastActivityDate="2017-03-22T08:08:36.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11566" CreationDate="2017-03-22T09:04:06.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am studying counselling and psychotherapy in university and there are 3 main different approaches of therapy offered in counselling and psychotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Humanistic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;including Existential Therapy, Gestalt Therapy, Human Givens Psychotherapy and Person-Centred Therapy (PCT), (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/humanistic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychodynamic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;a therapeutic approach that embraces the work of all analytic therapies. Its roots lie predominantly in Freud's psychoanalysis approach, but Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank and Melanie Klein are all widely recognised for further developing the concept and application of psychodynamics. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/psychodynamic-therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Integrative&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;a combined approach to psychotherapy that brings together different elements of specific therapies. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/integrative-therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)  The therapist would integrate elements of both Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches and could be integrated with a leaning towards Person Centred or Psychodynamic; or could be 50:50 between the two.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Humanistic therapy, the client takes the lead in all sessions - hence the name &lt;strong&gt;Person-Centred&lt;/strong&gt; in Person-Centred Therapy.  Therapy is concentrated on the here and now, and the therapist will listen to what the client says and reflects it back to the client in order for the client to &lt;strong&gt;hear&lt;/strong&gt; what is said and work through the issues themselves with the therapist's help.  The therapist in humanistic approaches will not put forward a position of expertise.  Only the client knows where they are in therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Psychodynamic therapy, the therapist is diferent in the sense that they will analyse what the client says and look at past events which may have lead to the problems in the present.  A psychodynamic therapist might give some 'homework' or some tasks to carry out which might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gestalt therapy is an example being that although primarily humanistic (it concentrates on the here and now), the therapy does have a small element of psychodynamic too.  Gestast therapy may use techniques such as the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201001/cool-intervention-9-the-empty-chair-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;empty chair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; or exaggerated body language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the therapist I'm seeing is not the right person for me.....all I feel like I'm getting is someone to listen to me rant on about things, very rarely offering useful advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for some direction and you are seeing a purely Person-Centred therapist, then you may be seeing the wrong person.  Maybe a discussion is needed with your therapist to work out where the problems may lay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-03-22T09:04:06.683" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-22T10:36:10.240" Score="4" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen much more inexpensive non-socialized medicine in places such as Puerto Rico, with equal or greater standards of care and outcomes. I would like to understand why the USA is not like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8630" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T23:52:23.070" Title="Why are healthcare costs so inflated in the USA?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-01T00:26:34.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11634" CreationDate="2017-03-22T12:12:28.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it does not mean the baby will be small forever. Some children are small because their genes will lead them to be small adults. Others start out small because of issues during the pregnancy, and eventually become more typical. Others slow their rate of growth because something is wrong, such as an illness or a problem with nutrition. That's why growth is measured so frequently - it's a way to know if everything is still ok.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cps.ca/documents/position/toddler-falling-off-the-growth-chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article from the Canadian Pediatric Society&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While children usually follow the same percentile for weight and height (or length) for most of childhood, children growing normally may also change percentiles in their first two or three years, to adjust toward their genetic potential [4]. Using the National Center for Health Statistics (CDC) growth charts (showing the third, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentile), DW Smith showed that as many as 30% of normal children crossed one major percentile line and 23% crossed two in the first two years of life [5]. Smith’s estimates cannot be applied to the WHO growth charts because the major percentiles charted are different (the 0.1 percentile, 3rd, 15th, 50th, 85th, 97th, 99.9th percentile). Crossing two major channels on the WHO growth charts would represent a greater change, and one that cannot be considered ‘normal’.&#xA;  Birth weight and length are strong predictors of subsequent growth [6], but do not always reflect a child’s genetic potential. Intrauterine growth may be affected by external factors (eg, maternal malnutrition or smoking, gestational diabetes, placental insufficiency). After birth, there may be some ‘catch-up’ if an infant was born smaller than her/his genetic potential, or a ‘catch-down’ if the child was born larger than his/her genetic potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Growth patterns also depend on feeding, with breastfed infants often growing faster than formula-fed infants in the first six months of life, and formula-fed babies growing faster after six months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Children with a constitutional growth delay will start showing retarded linear growth in the first three years of life. After that time, growth resumes at a normal rate but parallel to or under the growth curve, or along the lower growth percentiles during the prepubertal years. After the age of three, there should be no more change in growth percentile until puberty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two children I know well enough to know their growth chart positions were in the 10th percentile throughout childhood. One of them is a girl and started her period quite a bit later than normal. Both are regular sized adults and completely healthy. They were just slow growers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that moving down the growth charts is something to look into, but just starting out small is not something to worry about. After all, 10% of babies are under the 10% mark - that's the definition of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-03-22T12:12:28.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-22T21:29:16.123" Score="4" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for H.Pylori to last for 10 years if not cured properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8636" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:33:43.477" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T06:02:54.813" Title="how long can H.Pylori last if not cured?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;h.-helycobacter-pylori&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11702" CreationDate="2017-03-22T22:47:52.480" Score="0" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've a cavity in a tooth. It's very small but it seems that it's deep because I feel pain when I eat sugar on this tooth or when I do much stress for chewing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that refilling a cavity is a painful process. That's why I don't wanna go to a doctor. I'll brush my teeth regularly and increase calcium intake trying to prevent more damage.. Will this work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For me, it's better to remove the entire tooth (if it becomes too bad) than refilling it because that's less painful. Am I making the right decision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:19:37.973" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T06:15:12.037" Title="I'm afraid of going to dentist" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;chew-chewing&gt;&lt;teeth-sensitivity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11647" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-22T23:33:47.227" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do antiseptic creams work to prevent nosebleed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8637" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:18:16.967" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T04:18:16.967" Title="Why are antiseptic creams effective for epistaxis?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;&lt;epistaxis--bloody-nose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11648" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11667" CreationDate="2017-03-23T02:41:16.487" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;On an animated TV show (dragon ball Z) characters would have clothes which seamed 3 times their own weight. Gradually building up could one be able to carry evenly across there body 3 times there weight and feel normal? What would be the upside and downsides?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T22:12:07.790" Title="Normal life with heavy weights?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11635" CreationDate="2017-03-23T04:39:34.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no quick fixes. The deeper you dug yourself in the pit, the taller and heavier the ladder you're gonna need to get yourself out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, there are a few rules to start with that should work for everyone. (Unless you're allergic to any of these items).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start counting calories. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid wheat, gluten, dairy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eat as much as you can fresh home made foods; quinoa, buckwheat, chicken, fish, vegetables. Rice and other grains are OK but not too much as they are high in carbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aim for high protein, low carbohydrates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cut down on sugar, and fruit (due to its sugar). No soda, caffeine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brush AND floss everyday evening (at least).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And start moving. Every day. Doesn't have to be running, even not necessarily jogging if you can't. Just move, as fast as you can; brisk walking. Start let's say 15 minutes at 4mph or whatever speed you think is a bit faster then you normally walk. And incrementally increase every week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consistency is key.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritynutrition.com/low-carb-diet-meal-plan-and-menu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://authoritynutrition.com/low-carb-diet-meal-plan-and-menu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/guide/fitness-beginners-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/guide/fitness-beginners-guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Wheat belly&quot; by Dr. Davis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T06:20:06.843" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T06:20:06.843" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-23T04:42:09.143" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long after finishing a meal will taking vitamin supplements work well (the vitamins will be absorbed in a sufficient amount) if the recommendation states that it should be taken with food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:39:17.547" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T23:39:17.547" Title="How long after finishing meal will vitamins be well absorbed?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;dissolve&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11651" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11663" CreationDate="2017-03-23T09:40:52.440" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it important to eat healthy food in a low-stress environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came across this question a while ago and it's been at the back of my mind even since. I've googled this question many times but I keep having difficulty finding a concrete answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8642" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T22:50:05.040" Title="Why is it important to eat healthy food in a low-stress environment?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11645" CreationDate="2017-03-23T10:52:06.920" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, of course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Helycobacter Pylorii&lt;/strong&gt; is a gram- bacteria which live is acid envronment, like stomach or duodenum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common thoughts are that since stomach is acid, HP should die during time. This is not true, because this bacteria has different &quot;weapons&quot; to survive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;em&gt;urease&lt;/em&gt;: this enzyme uses urea in the stomach to produce ammonia and HCO3-(bicarbonate), that neutralize the acid of the stomach;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;em&gt;motility&lt;/em&gt;: this bacteria can move: this prevent acid to attack it;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-specific proteins (&lt;em&gt;adhesins&lt;/em&gt;): which allows the bacteria to attach to the side of the mucous membrane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, making other enzymes, like &quot;&lt;em&gt;vacA&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and &quot;&lt;em&gt;cagA&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, can damage your stomach/duodenum wall and enter, causing the well known ulcers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This bacteria is also important in the genesis of &lt;em&gt;gastric cancer&lt;/em&gt;, if it is not treat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt; is really simple:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;em&gt;invasive methods&lt;/em&gt;: with an endoscopy, doctor take a &quot;bite&quot; of the mucous wall and make both histological research, culture or test with urea (if needed, I can explain better later)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;em&gt;not invasive&lt;/em&gt;: urea breath test, feces test, serology IgG anti HP&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therapy&lt;/strong&gt; is simple as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-proton pump inhibitors(PPI) + clarithromycin + metronidazole or amoxicillin for 2weeks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-if clarithromycin resistance: PPI + tetracycline + bismuth + metronidazole &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is called &quot;sequential therapy&quot;; there is also the triple therapy, but researches prove that sequential is effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&amp;amp;sectionid=40726901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chapter 151 of the Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2578890/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of H. pylori infection: the reality.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-27T04:18:02.173" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T04:18:02.173" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11634" CreationDate="2017-03-23T11:12:26.810" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The percentile system doesn't mean anything from one measure only.&#xA;The criteria behind it, is that the organism you are checking is growing up, so is mandatory &lt;em&gt;to follow up&lt;/em&gt; his grow process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads us to measure babies multiple times during the infant life (but also during the fetal life!!), and this allows us to create a &lt;strong&gt;curve&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually a baby under the &lt;strong&gt;10th&lt;/strong&gt; percentile is definite IUGR or SGA, differently.&#xA;Or, if he's above the &lt;strong&gt;90th&lt;/strong&gt; percentile, he's big for gestational age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the same criteria I've explained before, being between the 10th and the 90th percentile with one measure, doesn't mean the baby is ok. Infact, in the medical field, if a baby is between the range above, but lose in a month &lt;em&gt;more than 40 percentile points&lt;/em&gt;, this is considered like a baby under the 10th percentile. From this, you can understand really well the importance of the following up and constant measurements during his growing up life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming back to your question, no, this doesn't mean your baby will be forever small. Think about premature birth, for example: they grew up normally, but usually are small when born.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This of course is a case that require follow up, not because he will have problems, but to monitor his grow and act on it, maybe with supplies or other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T11:12:26.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11626" CreationDate="2017-03-23T11:25:50.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no negative consequences, &lt;strong&gt;IF&lt;/strong&gt; you eat in the proper way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this statement I am referring to eat every component of the diet, like carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and of course fibers. This is essential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main problem with people that eat lots of fibers, is that they feel full fast and usually won't eat all the proper components. &#xA;Problems you have provided, like abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation are in fact caused of not eating good enough: vitamins deficit can lead to abdominal pain, coagulation problems and so on; protein deficit can leat to muscular problem, problems in the healing of scars or in general dermatological problems and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, eating a lot of fiber has no side effect if you integrate the other component of the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T11:25:50.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-23T11:13:35.813" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have many PCG records with different lengths, what is the minimum length (minutes or seconds) that a specialist use to diagnose any abnormalities in heart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highly appreciate your help.&#xA;Cheers &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8645" OwnerDisplayName="monsieor" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:17:30.013" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T04:17:30.013" Title="How long a phonocardiography (PCG) should be for diagnosis?" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9654" CreationDate="2017-03-23T11:48:01.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Ventricular Septal Defects&lt;/em&gt; represent &lt;strong&gt;30%&lt;/strong&gt; of all the congenital cardiac defects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important is to underline that the interventricular septum has a membranosus part (superior) and a muscular part (inferior).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also &lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt; types of VSD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Perimembranosus&lt;/em&gt;: under aortic valve. gives a aortic insufficiency due to the prolapse of the right coronaric cuspid or of the non coronaric cuspid&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In-let&lt;/em&gt;: in the upper-posterior part of the septum, under atrio-ventricular valves&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Out-let: under aortic and pulmunar valvolar rings; this give a aortic insufficiency&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Muscular-trabecular: (known also as swiss-cheese), because has more holes and is far from conduct pathways.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shunt is always &lt;strong&gt;left to right&lt;/strong&gt;, due to pressures of the venticulus. This creates a big difference between pulmonary and sistemic resistances, so the right ventricle is enlarged, but not the right atrius&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diagnostic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Xray&lt;/em&gt;: cardiomegaly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;EKG&lt;/em&gt;: not specific signs of ventricular hypertrofy. The cild can be completely asintomatic, and have symptoms when make phisical activity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Heart Ultrasound&lt;/em&gt;: is the gold standard. This shows the discontinuity of the septum and with a flow examination it shows the left-to-right direction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that you want references, and this is great.&#xA;This is from my sudies and is actually on every Pediatric Manual. Also on Pubmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-my personal noted during internship&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastEditorUserId="8643" LastEditDate="2017-03-23T14:20:48.747" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T14:20:48.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11633" CreationDate="2017-03-23T11:57:58.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Urine is sterile when in the bladder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have bacteria in the urethra (which goes from bladder to outside). When urinating, you usually wash out the patogens in the urethra, but some can still remain there. Then, if you don't urinate, bacteria can go up in the bladder and gives you patologies, like cystitis, or other type of infections.&#xA;&lt;em&gt;((little off-topic: this is the main reason why females have more often than men cystitis. Female urethra is shorter than the male's one, and so bacteria can go up more easily)))&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can bring also the bateria up in the ureter (which goes from bladder to kidney) if you refraining from urination too long continuously, causing kidney infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T11:57:58.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11458" CreationDate="2017-03-23T14:51:29.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; relevant researches that links the two things.&#xA;Moreover, some specialists say that masturbation can prevent, or at least decrease, the risk of develop a prostate cancer. Keep in mind that these are new studies, so data are too few to create a rule.&#xA;With the informations that researchers obtain, they can say that the risk is reduced (1).&#xA;But as I stated before, there are not enough data to confirm this (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to this, the spermatogenic cycle is different from the female one: female have a fixed number of egg follicles, while men production of sperm is cycle (Spermatogenesys take 64 days, and it's continuous). So, if sperm cells are not used for fertilize egg cells, they will die and after short time the cycle of production start again (please, keep in mind that the process is way more difficult and specific; this is a overview to explain what the user asked).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, no. Masturbation doesn't decrease your fertility and if studies are confirmed, it may prevent from prostate cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-(1) www.medscape.com/viewarticle/844820&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-(2) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27871956&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-03-24T18:34:24.763" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T18:34:24.763" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11656" CreationDate="2017-03-23T15:05:04.383" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no fixed lenght for PCG.&#xA;Usually is made paired with an ECG, in order to correlate electro and mechanic activity to sound activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sounds in this case, come from the valves (1st and 2nd tone), so looking at a complete cardiac cicle it should be clear if the subject has a particular severe condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case the condition is not severe, more cardiac cycles can be useful, but the decision to record for minutes or seconds is personal. Usually longer records are made to take more data to analyze, but if you have a patology, you have it in quite every cardiac cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to this, nowadays, a PCG is less used as a time, because a simple auscultation can show you the same result as a PCG. It is useful for storing data during long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've not many references, but only my personal experience. You can check any cardiologic and diagnosys book. If I find relevant references, I'll edit the post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T15:05:04.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-20T07:09:37.763" Score="0" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 69 years old man who has been jogging and running many marathons all my life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't pick my genes so i had a blockage in my heart artery which lead to placement of a stent last year in spite of all my blood and heart numbers being ideal.  But I can pick my lifestyle so I asked my doctor if i should run today's LA marathon. He said there was not enough stats on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I decided to run the marathon today cautiously and at a bit of slow pace. I was ready to stop if there was any warnings or pain or irregularities. nothing happened and i finished in under 6 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just sharing my personal experience to help populate the shadowy stats on workout and exercise for new generation of senior citizens who are desperately in need of knowledge about this, now that stents are commonly used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is ther any organized data available on the potential constraints of stents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;After I had my stent I kept running 20-25 miles a week and ran the 2017 LA marathon in 5:56 hrs. I had 3 pit stops along the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My doctor took me off Plavix (clopidogrel bisulfate)after I had a massive hemorrhage last March in an skiing accident. I am doing fine now and back on track running, and intend to run on LA 2019 marathon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8647" OwnerDisplayName="kamran" LastEditorUserId="8647" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T19:10:26.923" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T19:10:26.923" Title="Why is there not enough research on heart stent and exercise?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;stents&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11662" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11716" CreationDate="2017-03-23T18:02:33.563" Score="5" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When e.g.  working in surgery, one has to stand for a very long time. I'm sure everyone has been through a similar experience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some time, my back usually starts to feel weird and I have the urge of stretching my lower back. &lt;strong&gt;@Omu&lt;/strong&gt; explained the symptom very well in a comment. This also occurs for me when walking for a very long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;strong&gt;@bertieb&lt;/strong&gt; pointed out, this is called paraesthesia. I'm talking about this part (the red colour is just to highlight the area I'm talking about):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B1s1D.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/B1s1D.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, I have heard but not experienced that there can be circulation problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard that compression stockings would alleviate the latter issue. &lt;strong&gt;How should one deal with standing up a long time&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Appendices&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like this is a general issue that many people have. Go see your doctor might not be a great answer as a) I don't want to bother my doctor with issues of no concern and b) there &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; be ways other deal with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note:&lt;/em&gt; Usually, personal experience is not considered a reliable source. In this particular case, I think answers with detailed&#xA;  description what procedure was used and why procedure &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; helped&#xA;  relating to &lt;strong&gt;extensive personal experience&lt;/strong&gt; should be allowed.&#xA;  However, I do not want to set a precedent and am open to suggestion by&#xA;  mods. Obviously, &lt;strong&gt;medical reasons will be favoured.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T21:59:38.430" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T21:59:38.430" Title="Dealing with a lot of standing" Tags="&lt;back&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;standing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11651" CreationDate="2017-03-23T18:43:54.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good evening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to point out that this question might be to general for a complete answer but I will do my best in point out some points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to health, eating healthy is important regardless if your in a low stress or a high stress environment, and while I do realize you asked about eating healthy in a low stress environment I felt it was important to point out some of the stress inducing problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effect of stress&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress causes the release of hormones in your blood stream and it arrives and affects your entire body (From lectures).&#xA;The extended exposure to stress has effects on cognitive and mental health, (Sonia J. et al.) and immune system (David N. et al.) among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effects of Food&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one is probably self explanatory, between not eating the amount of vitamins required to problems such as obesity there's plenty we could talk about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-For vitamins I like to refer to this very informative and complete website:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/the-abcs-of-vitamin-deficiency-symptoms-you-can-treat-yourself/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/the-abcs-of-vitamin-deficiency-symptoms-you-can-treat-yourself/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Due to byproduct of protein metabolism ammonia, excess of protein intake can have toxic effects(William V. et al.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you live in a low stress environment the health issues obtained from unhealthy eating remain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope This was useful to you and, even if not completely, answered your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sonia J. Lupien, Bruce S. McEwen, Megan R. Gunnar &amp;amp; Christine Heim ; Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;David N Khansari, Anthony J Murgo, Robert E Faith. Effects of stress on the immune system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;William V. McDermott, Jr., M.D. ,Metabolism and Toxicity of Ammonia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8646" LastEditorUserId="8646" LastEditDate="2017-03-23T22:50:05.040" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T22:50:05.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11648" CreationDate="2017-03-23T22:07:19.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you build this up gradually, then you're more likely to succeed, although it may still be above the limit that your body can tolerate in the long term. In general, exercise stresses the body, but the body then responds to that by making itself stronger not just to meet the extra demand but to actually exceed this (provided the exercise routine isn't too strenuous). If you do bodyweight exercises like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POdzasJklxw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt; with weighted clothing then it is actually possible that with the extra weight you'll actually feel lighter than you felt before you started wearing weighted clothing due to increased muscle mass, at least up to some maximum weight. At some point, it will become too much for your body to sustain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T22:07:19.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11661" CreationDate="2017-03-23T23:10:28.863" Score="5" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Why is there not enough research on heart stent and exercise?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is research of stents and exercise! How much is enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact there are exercise programmes, known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rehab&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiac rehabilitation&lt;/a&gt; designed to help those who have had some forms of cardiac disease or procedures-- including stent insertions. Cardiac rehabilitation has evidence to suggest that it is a beneficial programme for those who have suffered eg heart attacks or who who have had stents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is evidence to suggest that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/42/9/1569&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exercise shortly following stent insertion is safe&lt;/a&gt; too; though perhaps inadvisable in the context of having a sore groin from the femoral access used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain types of exercise, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870309006553&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;may protect stent function&lt;/a&gt;, though it should be noted that the study that suggested this had a relatively small sample size. It may have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962772&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;other beneficial effects&lt;/a&gt;, but again note 1) small sample size and 2) a surrogate marker (&lt;em&gt;heart rate variability&lt;/em&gt; (HRV)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be reasonable to conclude that other factors notwithstanding some forms of exercise is not harmful in and of itself following a stent. Of course, &lt;strong&gt;context is everything&lt;/strong&gt;- if those 'other factors' were that a person who has had a stent is terribly unfit and so has very poor heart function, or has other significant co-morbidities, or similar it may not be safe for them to exercise!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And so to the next point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Why isn't there research to say if me running this marathon is safe? Why wouldn't my doctor tell me it's safe to run in the LA marathon?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Why' questions can be tricky to answer; but in brief it may be tricky to do good, conclusive research as to whether having a stent affects marathon running. Research or trial design is a very broad topic to go into (it's a science unto itself), but it's hard to do well at the best of times. In this particular case there are several potential pitfalls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stent or not, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989386&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some people die during marathons&lt;/a&gt;. This may be due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106468&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiac arrest&lt;/a&gt; or in the context of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/28/2/428&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sudden cardiac death&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, say you have someone who sadly dies during a marathon, and they have a stent. How do you work out whether they died due to it not being safe to run because they have a stent, or for another reason? Stent or not, were they fit to run- are they a previously fit-and-healthy individual with a background of running before their procedure, or were they a sedentary individual who had a heart attack out the blue and leapt 'off the couch' to get fit after they had to have stents put in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the absence of evidence, it's a judgement call. I can't and wouldn't wish speak for your doctor, but if they were to tell you that based on you being previously fit and well, and that you are doing well following the procedure you should be fine; if you then were to have something adverse happen, you may decide they had advised you poorly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/about/foundation/global-heroes/guidelines.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;programme for those with stents (and other medical devices) to be sponsored to enter a marathon&lt;/a&gt;; I am not affiliated with them. It's also worth pointing out that one of the requirements is that the putative runner:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Certify they have consulted with a physician who deems the runner medically fit to participate in the race.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there you go. Run safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Citations and Further Reading&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cardiac rehabilitation-  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Recovery.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS info&lt;/a&gt; and a linked &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/living-with-a-heart-condition/cardiac-rehabilitation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Heart Foundation guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/05/16/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983536&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mortality and Cardiovascular Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Community&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/42/9/1569&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Early exercise after coronary stenting is safe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870309006553&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation : A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962772&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;High-intensity interval exercise training improves heart rate variability in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention for angina pectoris.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989386&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Marathon-related cardiac arrest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106468&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiac Arrest during Long-Distance Running Races&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/28/2/428&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risk for sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastActivityDate="2017-03-23T23:10:28.863" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11635" CreationDate="2017-03-23T23:27:54.427" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you approach this from a mathematical point of view, you should consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://math.stackexchange.com/a/1809109/155436&quot;&gt;reading this first&lt;/a&gt;. Von Neumann's theory on universal constructors captured the essentials of biochemistry long before the field of biochemistry came into existence, therefore the right approach in biology and medicine is to frame things in terms of robust machines that are going to be able to maintain themselves under a very wide range of conditions by adapting themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the human body has evolved to function optimally under conditions that involve eating a low fat, high whole grain carb diet and a lot of physical exercise. What has happened over many millions of years, is that our body has come to depend on sticking to such a lifestyle for optimal function, but adaptability means that you won't immediately collapse and die if your lifestyle differs from this significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about empiric evidence to back this up? For a long time, the medical community didn't seriously investigate this, the Western lifestyle was used as the default model and only minor tweaks were investigated. It was found that eating less saturated fats, a bit more fruits and vegetables, and exercising a bit more was going to improve the general health. Only very recently have more radically different lifestyles been seriously investigated. E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; describes the health of the Tsimane people in Bolivia. As we can read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/tsimane-of-the-bolivian-amazon-have-worlds-healthiest-hearts-says-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (the Lancet article is behind a paywall):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A high carbohydrate diet of rice, plantain, manioc and corn, with a small amount of wild game and fish – plus around six hours’ exercise every day – has given the Tsimané people of the Bolivian Amazon the healthiest hearts in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Most of the Tsimané are able to live their entire life without developing any coronary atherosclerosis. This has never been seen in any prior research. While difficult to achieve in the industrialized world, we can adopt some aspects of their lifestyle to potentially forestall a condition we thought would eventually effect almost all of us.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me, this empirical evidence goes beyond the specifics of the Tsimane lifestyle, it also confirms what I explained above, i.e. the human body has been adapted by natural selection so much to an indigenous lifestyle that straying away too far from this will damage the body. But because the human body is a well designed self repairing machine, it will adapt itself quite well to an unhealthy lifestyle. So, while you'll get atherosclerosis, it won't kill you for some considerable time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example. If you live in Nature, your salt intake won't be much higher than 0.1 grams per day, more than 50 times lower than what passes for a normal salt intake. Is this harmful or is our normal intake harmful? If you believe in what I'm advocating for then you should believe that 0.1 grams per day is not harmful and that possibly 5 grams per day could have negative health effects. A priori there are no good reasons to expect that 5 grams of salt per day would fix a biological flaw in our body. And indeed, &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/52/1/146.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;if you read this article&lt;/a&gt;, you see that what passes for a normal blood pressure should be considered to be mild hypertension, this is masked due to the fact that we're all overdosing on salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about eating fat, don't carbs cause type 2 diabetes? As &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritionfacts.org/2017/03/09/how-exactly-does-type-2-diabetes-develop/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here&lt;/a&gt;, the problem starts with fat buildup in the muscles which causes insulin resistance which can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. This shouldn't be a surprise if you consider where your calories would come from if you lived in an indigenous society. There is no cooking oil in the jungle. So, why would you assume that millions of years of evolution has led to some  flaw in your body design that is magically going to be cured by Tesco's extra virgin olive oil? That doesn't make sense to me, so you should not use any oil or at least limit it's use to very small amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then if you stop or severely cut down on fats, take a lot of exercise and eat a lot of fruits and vegetables and whole grains, your health should improve. You may ask how much fruits and vegetables you should eat. We can again approach this from a theoretical reasoning where we assume that the indigenous lifestyle yields optimal health. Here we can consider that indigenous people had little access to meat and ate no dairy products. This means that they would have had to get a fair fraction of all their essential amino acids from vegetables and grains. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is then that some essential amino acids are difficult to get from non-meat, non-dairy products if you eat normal Western-diet sized portions (unless you eat special foods like tofu, but such special foods are hard to get in the jungle). So, this means that what passes for normal portions is too small. If you make some rough estimates of how much you should eat, you get to a figure of the order of 1 kg of fruits and vegetables combined per day. So, 500 grams of vegetables and 500 grams of fruits per day will yield a fair fraction of essential amino acids, it is thus a good guess for what a healthy intake should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can then assume that this intake of 1 kg of fruits and vegetables is something that our bodies are likely optimally designed for. While amino acids is not something we need to be concerned about unless you are a vegan, fruits and vegetables contain a lot of vitamins and minerals and fibers. So, even if you eat meat and dairy products, your body should be considered to be optimally designed to eat about 1 kg of fruits and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating a lot more fruits and vegetables than recommended as been put to the test only recently, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-39057146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;results are as follows&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared with eating no fruit or veg a day, it showed:&#xA;  200g cut the risk of cardiovascular disease by 13% while 800g cut the risk by 28%&#xA;  200g cut the risk of cancer by 4%, while 800g cut the risk by 13%&#xA;  200g cut the risk of a premature death by 15%, while 800g cut the risk by 31%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as I mentioned above, indigenous people have a low meat intake, so it may be wise to limit your meat intake. But you must then make sure you're getting enough protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:22:09.487" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T02:07:03.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-24T08:37:05.920" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father is 70 years old and is almost seven months struggling with Pancreatic Cancer stage IV.Recently there are a dozens of aphthous ulcer in his mouth and he can't eat anything for a week. Have anyone else face this issue before? any useful treatment for this?&#xA;Any help would be much appreciated. Thanx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before this time, these ulcers were cured by a herbal treatment(of course the doctor agreed to use) There was a gel made with licorice root and was effective that time. But know it's not sufficient and by doctor prescription we are using chlorhexidine 0.2% and nystatin powder for oral suspension and for soothing his mouth, ice cream is great but mostly we give him carrot juice with ice cream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that he doesn't eat anything doctor diagnosed it is more than ulcers and is an oral thrush. We now use lidocaine and then give him food or medicine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8656" LastEditorUserId="8656" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T12:12:35.170" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T12:12:35.170" Title="Aphthous ulcer in pancreatic cancer" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-24T15:25:45.733" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a huge fan of adding bleach tablets to toilets, but my wife and I have experienced an unfortunate increase in stomach-related problems since we had children. Despite our attempts to regularly manually clean our toilets, I've begun to think about bleach tablets more often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flushing a toilet may spray a mist into the air. I have read that that mist can spread disease. Can adding bleach tablets to my toilets at home reduce the chance that that mist can effectively spread disease? If so are there specific health risks to using bleach tablets that offset this benefit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8663" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-25T04:41:28.187" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T04:41:28.187" Title="Do toilet bleach tablets prevent the spread of enteric diseases?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;bleach&gt;&lt;toilet-bowl&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11458" CreationDate="2017-03-24T19:15:46.040" Score="14" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Short Answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Masturbating does not decrease fertility or sex drive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long Answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Historically, masturbation was discouraged for a variety of reasons including the thought that it lead to mental health problems.  However, that was disproved.  The abstract of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v14n02_02&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coleman, E. (2003)&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research on masturbation has indicated that, contrary to traditional beliefs, masturbation has been found to be a common sexual behavior and linked to indicators of sexual health. While there are no general indicators of ill health associated with masturbation, it can be powerfully negative or positive for many individuals. As an example, it is widely used in sex therapy as a means of improving the sexual health of the individual and/or relationship. Promoting masturbation as a means of a public health strategy for sexual health is highly controversial; however, there are arguments and evidence that suggest that this may be an important part of any public health approach to improving sexual health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Masturbation was a diagnosable psychological condition until DSM II in 1968. (Ley, 2014) The American Medical Association consensually declared masturbation as normal in 1972.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the false ideas on masturbation and mental health, there are not a lot of documented studies but I am going to concentrate on fairly recent studies to eliminate the falsehoods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another point of note mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elzanaty, S. (2008)&lt;/a&gt; is that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared with clinic-collected semen, home-collected samples had statistically significantly higher values for sperm concentration, total sperm count, rapid progressive motility, and total count of progressive motility. Semen volume, proportion of normal sperm morphology, neutral α-glucosidase, prostate-specific antigen, zinc, and fructose did not differ significantly between groups. [Therefore] results demonstrate superior semen quality in samples collected by masturbation at home compared with at a clinic. This should be taken into consideration in infertility investigations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Male Masturbation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since sperm are short-lived, they must constantly be replenished, so &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100318-men-sperm-1500-stem-cells-second-male-birth-control/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the testes produce 1,500 sperm per second&lt;/a&gt;. Plus sperm is produced during the whole of the male life. If the dead sperm is not released through sex or masturbation, it will automatically be released by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some males find that they are more prone to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/nocturnal-orgasms-and-emissions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;nocturnal emissions&lt;/a&gt; during times of less frequent sexual activity because they are not ejaculating as frequently from masturbation or sex with a partner, and in fact — as @Gabri pointed out, and studies have confirmed — high ejaculation frequency was related to decreased risk of total prostate cancer &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Leitzmann, et al., 2004)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Female Masturbation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is even less around for female masturbation, but one study suggests that female orgasm induces ovulation &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22690&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Pavličev, and Wagner, 2016)&lt;/a&gt; so that would suggest that the chances of conception would be higher.  The difference between men and women is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/the-female-reproductive-system&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there is only a finite amount of eggs&lt;/a&gt;.  The human female has all their eggs at birth and no more is being produced. Once they are all released, that's it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coleman, E. (2003). &lt;em&gt;Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health&lt;/em&gt; Journal of Psychology &amp;amp; Human Sexuality 14(2-3): pp 5-16; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v14n02_02&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1300/J056v14n02_02&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elzanaty, S. (2008). &lt;em&gt;Comparison of semen parameters in samples collected by masturbation at a clinic and at home&lt;/em&gt; Fertility and Sterility (Journal of American Society for Reproductive Medicine) 89(6): pp 1718–1722; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.044&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leitzmann, M.F.; Platz, E.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C. and Giovannucci, E. (2004). &lt;em&gt;Ejaculation Frequency and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer&lt;/em&gt; JAMA 291(13): pp 1578-1586; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ley, D.J. (2014). The Myth of Sex Addiction. Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4422-1305-0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pavličev, M., and Wagner, G. (2016). &lt;em&gt;The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm&lt;/em&gt; Journal of Experimental Zoology 326(6): pp 326–337; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22690&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/jez.b.22690&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T19:15:46.040" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11337" CreationDate="2017-03-24T20:07:44.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;STarT Back stands for Screening and Targeted&#xA;Treatment for Back pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8372" LastActivityDate="2017-03-24T20:07:44.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17368" CreationDate="2017-03-24T22:00:20.833" Score="6" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm talking Immuran (azathioprine) and I would like to know what it does to immune system exactly. I'm not a doctor but I'm asking here just to learn.&#xA;Does it kill all white cells? Does it reduce the number of white blood cells? Or does it just prevent them from doing their function? What if a virus entered my body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="3676" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T15:32:24.863" LastActivityDate="2018-09-08T20:37:13.587" Title="How does immunosuppressant affect immune system?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9323" CreationDate="2017-03-25T00:43:02.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have it on good authority that bacillus coagulans and saccharomyces boulardii are effective at combating C. difficile, which is largely responsible for IBS. Here are a couple of citations from respectable sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/1185.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacillus coagulans&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3296087/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;saccharomyces boulardii&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T00:43:02.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11671" CreationDate="2017-03-25T02:56:06.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are certain that the oral ulceration you are referring to is aphthous stomatitis, pain killers should be considered, especially if  hydration and nutrition are affected. Aphthous ulcers are a common oral mucosal lesion (1); most treatments focus on reducing pain and healing time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on your question, I'm assuming that your father is not using any analgesic or the one he's taking are not effective enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because most treatments are used without research demonstrating therapeutic results (2), it's difficult for me to describe &lt;em&gt;useful&lt;/em&gt; treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, I've seen severe cases where analgesics, including viscous lidocaine, were used (as buccal tx, NOT swallowed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when pain has been reduced enough for mastication and swallowing to be tolerable, soft and pH neutral food can help bring satiety. Avoid any hard food that may injure the ulcers, as this will increase pain and healing time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please make sure to discuss this issue with your father's MD, especially if he's not eating at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;(1) Aphthous Stomatitis (&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122381-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1122381-overview&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;(2) Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972085&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8666" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T02:56:06.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-25T18:07:40.230" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often juice at home (using a slow juicer) carrots and sometimes I add apples, some red cabbage, a small beet, on occasion oranges with ginger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my mom keeps telling me that juices are bad for the pancreas and that I should stop this, and instead eat more cooked food/vegetables, because that will be easier on my digestive system, also says all the doctors will tell me the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched, and can't find anything on the internet saying that juices are bad for the pancreas, I only find info saying that it's actually good for it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7630" LastActivityDate="2017-03-25T18:07:40.230" Title="are fresh squeezed juices bad for the pancreas?" Tags="&lt;pancreas&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5951" CreationDate="2017-03-25T19:02:28.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When taken orally tetracycline can cause discolouration in developing teeth and should be avoided - when possible - in young children.&#xA;Systemic tetracycline will have no effects on the colour of fully erupted teeth. So not something an adult needs to worry about !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Discolouration of the teeth occurs in a high proportion of children undergoing antibiotic therapy with drugs of the tetracycline group during the time of tooth development.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oral Diagnosis 2nd Edition W R Tyldesley page 69&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8672" LastEditorUserId="8672" LastEditDate="2017-03-26T00:50:36.933" LastActivityDate="2017-03-26T00:50:36.933" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5503" CreationDate="2017-03-26T00:38:07.497" Score="27" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Let's get a few things out of the way...&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sex is normal (&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_5370&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). Sexual desire and arousal are normal (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160217-what-is-a-normal-sex-life&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). Asexuality is normal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965446/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). Masturbation is normal (&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_261&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;),(&lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_565&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;). There is no problem whatsoever with these three things, although everyone blushes when they talk about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is Masturbation healthy?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Downsides&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Masturbation is not risk free. It is about as dangerous as &lt;em&gt;chewing or walking&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/male-masturbation-5-things-you-didnt-know#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;). Some side effects are irritated skin and ruptured penis, but only if you really, really, really overdo it (Once or twice a day is by far not overdoing it!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upsides&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While masturbation does not have the health benefits sex has (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/male-masturbation-5-things-you-didnt-know#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;), there are some advantages to it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) You get to know how your penis/vagina works. This will greatly benefit you when having sexual intercourse!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) Masturbation can help you relax and improve your mood; it won't resolve clinical depression but it can help you feel better if you're having a bad day, and it can help you forget about stressful events of the day and improve sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) Masturbating can provide pain relief. Reports indicate that masturbation can help relieve menstrual cramps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;d) Masturbation can help strengthen muscle tone in the pelvic and anal areas, which can reduce the chances of incontinence and uterine prolapse. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/sex-relationships/guide/women-masturbation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e) Masturbating men are less likely to develop prostate cancer. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/health-and-sexual-benefits-of-masturbation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Unless it &lt;em&gt;hurts&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;as long as you are comfortable with it and feel the desire&lt;/em&gt;, masturbation is actually a good thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How much is too much?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out before, one can overdo it.&#xA;This article (&lt;a href=&quot;http://sexuality.about.com/od/masturbation/a/masturbation1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;) sums everything up quite neatly though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no amount of masturbation that is healthy or unhealthy. Masturbation isn’t like candy or eggs, there isn’t a &amp;quot;recommended daily allowance&amp;quot;, it means different things to different people, and we all use masturbation differently, in positive and negative ways. So this question needs to be answered on an individual basis, keeping in mind that very few of us actually masturbate in ways that are harmful to ourselves or others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, there are people whose masturbation is causing them distress and even pain (physical, emotional, psychological), and for those people it may make sense to talk with someone and sort our whether they are masturbating too much or whether they can adjust their feelings about masturbation to allow them to enjoy it more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References and Sources&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1): &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_5370&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia of Neuroscience&lt;/a&gt; - Sex&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(2): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160217-what-is-a-normal-sex-life&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC Future&lt;/a&gt; - What is a 'Normal' Sex Life?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(3): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965446/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PLOS One&lt;/a&gt; - Asexuality Development among Middle Aged and Older Men&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_261&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Women Health&lt;/a&gt; - Masturbation&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(5): &lt;a href=&quot;http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_565&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia of Adolescents&lt;/a&gt; - Masturbation&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(6): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/male-masturbation-5-things-you-didnt-know#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; - Five things about male masturbation&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(7): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/sex-relationships/guide/women-masturbation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; - Women Masturbation&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(8): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/health-and-sexual-benefits-of-masturbation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Men'sHealth&lt;/a&gt; - Masturbation&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(9): &lt;a href=&quot;http://sexuality.about.com/od/masturbation/a/masturbation1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sexuality.com&lt;/a&gt; - Worried About Too Much Masturbation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might also be worth another look: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/11676/8212&quot;&gt;This great answer&lt;/a&gt; by Chris on a very similar question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-02T12:28:41.990" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-26T08:13:14.693" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately there's talk of rice having arsenic and I do eat rice cakes every day and  do not want to stop. I eat every day between 1-3 oz. Is that OK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T06:07:38.197" Title="How much rice cakes is too much with regards to arsenic toxicity?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;arsenic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11689" CreationDate="2017-03-26T08:22:54.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found the answer. According to consumer reports it's too much. Got to find a replacement :-(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/01/how-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/01/how-much-arsenic-is-in-your-rice/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T05:27:42.010" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T05:27:42.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11693" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-26T18:35:13.467" Score="4" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hook worm is contracted through infected soil, feces, etc. If I am correct? Every website says developing countries are more at risk, but how at risk am I in Canada when I walk barefoot on trails and paths?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8682" LastEditorUserId="8682" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T21:07:29.767" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T21:07:29.767" Title="Chances of contracting hook worm in Canada?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;geography&gt;&lt;barefoot&gt;&lt;hookworm&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-27T03:45:00.667" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;We, who love coffee very much, have a belief/satisfaction(could be very wrong) that coffee(which has caffeine) is better than cigarette or any other products which has nicotine. But as far as I know caffeine isn't so good for the body too. Is caffeine is less harmful than nicotine? Is there any comparative analysis on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8687" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T03:45:00.667" Title="Caffeine vs Nicotine addiction" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11697" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-27T04:51:00.287" Score="5" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of the bread made in my bread-making course uses White flour. They come out nice &amp;amp; white, crusty &amp;amp; chewy. Tastes great too! But a lot of my friends say that bread or other food items made from white flour is actually bad for health. My questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is White flour so bad? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What kind of diseases does it bring upon eventually? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is occasional consumption (say, once/week) still not recommended?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8688" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-13T13:31:11.593" LastActivityDate="2017-08-13T13:31:11.593" Title="Why is White flour not healthy?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;refined-foods&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11697" CreationDate="2017-03-27T06:53:11.063" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;White flour is wheat flour that has been stripped of two main components–the bran and the germ and it is bleached with chemical bleaching agent to make it appear bright white.It can increases their chances for weight gain, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.That’s why it’s best to choose whole grains &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8689" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T06:53:11.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11259" CreationDate="2017-03-27T12:38:15.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a similar experience right now and correlate it to a different challenge. Because if there is one thing I am not, it is being anxious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've experienced muscle weakness over de last 4 months which I've now recently realized has been correlated to a lack of vitamin D in my body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With having had a vitamin D boost from the pharmacy, my health is getting a lot better now and exercising my muscles makes sense again (because they actually grow again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I notice is I still have these stings sometimes, even in locations which did not have the most serious muscle weakness. But what I expect is that with enough exercise and eating the right healthy foods, the stings will also go away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you exercise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8695" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T12:38:15.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-27T12:58:41.577" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;i am planing to make routine that help to improve hair and skin health  .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;strong&gt;Aleo Vera , curd , Fenugreek Seeds , Egg&lt;/strong&gt; etc . And i hear that all these are very good for hair and skin . Now what my doubt is how can i apply these ,things? First day i can apply aleo vera, then second day etc etc  ??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone use these please suggest good routine .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8696" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T12:58:41.577" Title="Perfect Solution For Skin and Hair" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11646" CreationDate="2017-03-27T20:38:51.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you go to the dentist the first thing she will do is not to fix that cavity, but an inspection of your teeth. This will give you a chance to meet and talk to the dentist before anything gets serious and you can ask all the questions you want. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The truth about the pain is, filling cavities used to be extremely painful in the long gone days before anaesthetics were invented. These days you get a jab, the part of your mouth with the sick tooth will go numb and you will not feel a thing during the treatment. Even after the anaesthetic wears off there won't be any pain as there is only pain during the cleaning of the cavity but it stops right after the tools are removed from the tooth, this is where teeth are different to flesh wounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you wait too long you will be in for a lot of pain. From your description I would think that your teeth are overall rather healthy. A healthy tooth can be very sensitive even with a small hole that is not very deep. This means there is a lot of potential for the pain to become worse. At some point it will become permanent. This can happen suddenly. You may wake up in the middle of the night and will be in pure pain, as if you had a glowing hot iron in your mouth and you can't get rid of it. Also there will be no one close by to give you any real help (like a dentist could). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you think going to the dentist is scary, not going is a lot scarier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know all this? From experience. From my mothers side I inherited teeth that are prone to cavities so I had regular treatments starting with my milk teeth. The only dentist in the area believed in treating children &lt;em&gt;without anaesthetics&lt;/em&gt; so they would remember the pain and look better after their teeth. This was forty years ago and any dentist with this kind of attitude today would not have their license for very long (or so I hope). This left me scared of dentists too and as an adult I didn't go for a couple of years, until one of my teeth became so sore as I described above. The pain was a lot worse than getting treated even without anaesthetics and there was no end to it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I am more scared of &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; going. Because of the condition of my teeth there was a time where I have been more frequently to the dentist than to the hairdresser and these days, having been to &lt;em&gt;sane&lt;/em&gt; dentists ever since, I am not scared of going at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8698" LastActivityDate="2017-03-27T20:38:51.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-27T21:52:22.947" Score="1" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed a blind spot in my eye. I made field of vision test and doctor says: &quot;All humans see like you, This is the normal vision&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why did I notice this &quot;blind area&quot; and many other people don't even have an idea about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought of the following reasons but I don't know the truth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The blind spot is very small.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is far from the center of the eye (where things go blurry) and people focus on the center only.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our brain is an excellent processor and can hide it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We get used to see it since we were so young.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;People rarely close one eye. They see using the two eyes so they see a complete picture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T21:05:41.397" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T21:05:41.397" Title="Why people don't notice the normal blind spot &quot;punctum caecum&quot; in each eye?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;field-of-vision-fov-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-27T22:55:03.813" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a couple of years I have had what I suspect to be an undiagnosed squamous cell carcinoma on my big toe. If I scratch off the superficial part it looks like there is a root remaining (I can see what looks like the end of a blood vessel) and of course the thing comes back. Does the presence of the &quot;root&quot; tell me anything about the nature of the item? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T20:18:35.123" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:18:35.123" Title="Does the presence of a root on a skin cancer aid in identification?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-28T11:23:48.903" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know about natural anti inflammatory foods but how many broccoli is equivalent to 1 Tylenol ? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/foods-that-fight-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/foods-that-fight-inflammation&lt;/a&gt; has natural anti-inflammatories . Reason for asking this question is how much natural things to take to combat inflammation ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8703" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T11:23:48.903" Title="We all know about natural anti inflammatory foods but how many broccoli is equivalent to 1 Tylenol?" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11477" CreationDate="2017-03-28T15:08:44.713" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Potatoes have are a great source of many minerals and a healthy option for a carbohydrate.  They may raise your blood sugar rather quickly, but so will your typical pasta. If you eat the skin, that is a decent source of fiber, so that should slow the absorption of the carbs. Potatoes are actually significantly higher in potassium than bananas, go figure.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, it is hard to say whether or not potatoes or pasta are going to be a benefit to your diet depending on the rest of your food intake. Assuming you are not overindulgent in calories or carbs, then I would suggest potatoes. But, variation is always a great idea, so maybe you can switch to pasta occasionally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8708" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T15:08:44.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11646" CreationDate="2017-03-28T15:29:21.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dental Student here, I highly recommend that you go see the dentist. First if the cavity gets into the pulp, you will need Root Canal Therapy to save that tooth, plus a core, and crown. Which is expensive. If you get it treated early, a filling may be all you need. A third possibility is getting the tooth extracted and getting an implant, but that is expensive. Using the proper toothpaste can in fact help arrest the decay, but the decay that is already present is there to stay. Prevident 5000 which is high in fluoride and MI paste which is high in calcium and phosphate ions can help remineralize the tooth and make it &quot;stronger.&quot; Regular cleanings are important, because they will clean your teeth and put fluoride varnish on which helps strengthen your teeth, also chewing gum with xylitol will help stimulate saliva which will help your teeth and keep the bacteria count to a minimum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8709" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T15:29:21.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11710" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11712" CreationDate="2017-03-28T16:35:14.157" Score="4" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a huge fear of photos of certain things in space. Here's a list:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nebula&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Galaxies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Planets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am not scared of photos of stars (like the sun or distant stars), galaxy or star clusters (far away enough so the galaxies are not too large, like this one: &lt;a href=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heic1401a-Abell2744-20140107.jpg/800px-Heic1401a-Abell2744-20140107.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heic1401a-Abell2744-20140107.jpg/800px-Heic1401a-Abell2744-20140107.jpg&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am also not scared of comets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asteroids are not very frightening, only a little bit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I look at photos of these, my heart begins to race. I have a book with these photos in it and I can not look at it in bed or I fear I will have nightmares (I have had nightmares of me flying through space before).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an explanation / name for a phobia similar to this?  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8710" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T20:21:47.427" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:42:58.913" Title="I'm scared of certain celestial objects" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11710" CreationDate="2017-03-28T17:33:05.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Welcome to Health SE!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Astrophobia&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did a Google search for [ &lt;code&gt;fear of space&lt;/code&gt; ] and looked at what appeared. I think that your phobia is called &quot;astrophobia&quot;. See, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/astrophobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Wiktionary definition&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Causes&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try a Google search, and look at some of the results, to learn &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=why+phobias+develop&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;why phobias develop&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Treatment&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like all phobias, and like all other anxiety disorders, your fear is treatable. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/specific-phobias/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20253354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's only a tiny problem, maybe you can treat yourself; post a new question asking how. Or you can pay a psychologist the full hourly rate to do the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's a bigger problem (e.g. if you're a primary-school teacher who's just been asked to teach an astronomy unit to your students), your medical insurance will likely cover the treatment. See your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.  I'm an IT consultant, not a doctor, so this answer may be full of mistakes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T20:42:58.913" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:42:58.913" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-28T18:31:13.840" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to untangle the relationship between the UPF/SPF rating of clothing or sunscreen and its effectiveness at reducing health risks from exposure to sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first complication is that a UPF/SPF rating represents the denominator of the fraction of UV radiation that passes through the protective barrier.  This means that there are diminishing returns on higher UPF/SPF ratings.  For example, a mere UPF 5 blocks 80% of UV radiation.  Doubling the UPF rating blocks half of the &lt;em&gt;remaining&lt;/em&gt; radiation, which is only 10% of the original amount.  Doubling it again only blocks another 5%.  Et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second complication is that the health effect of UV radiation may be non-linear.  In other words, an 80% reduction in exposure may result in more or less than an 80% reduction in risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, I'm looking for an answer that takes these factors into account, expressing health risk as a function of UPF/SPF while holding exposure time constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6499" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T20:20:19.147" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:20:19.147" Title="Relationship between UPF/SPF and reduction in UV damage" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;spf-sun-protection-factor&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11803" CreationDate="2017-03-28T19:21:49.547" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;As our body needs more water and I drink more juices than water. So, I want to ask that can juices fulfill requirement of water ?  ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="8466" LastEditDate="2017-04-02T17:20:20.287" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T16:52:04.057" Title="Can juices fulfill requirement of water ?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10509" CreationDate="2017-03-28T20:34:00.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's probably difficult but possible to quit. Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60846-X/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case report&lt;/a&gt; of a guy who was severely addicted. He spent up to 8 hours a day online, watching pornography, and lost several jobs due to addiction. He needed help from a psychiatrist, but did manage to get sexually sober. If he quit, you can too. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Internet filter might help. Pluckeye is good. Or you can use a parental-control filter and have a friend hold the password.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buy iOS devices, not Android devices. They're easier to filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't sleep with a cellphone next to your bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep a window shade open behind you when you're on the computer. That way, people can see in. Fear of being caught might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/pornfree/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pornfree sub-Reddit&lt;/a&gt; might also be helpful. Visit and post every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2017-03-28T20:39:46.637" LastActivityDate="2017-03-28T20:39:46.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11662" CreationDate="2017-03-28T20:55:17.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;h1&gt;How can I deal with standing for long periods?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;I have an odd sensation, like pins and needles&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The technical name for that kind of altered sensation is &lt;a href=&quot;http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/numbness-and-tingling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paraesthesia&lt;/a&gt;. It can have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/1077/diagnosis/step-by-step.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;number of causes&lt;/a&gt;; so much so that if you are getting this and it's bothering you the usual response applies: &lt;em&gt;go and seek medical advice&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you are still a bit reticent and want to try other things first, there are a number of options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Stand right!&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Postural problems &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3629399&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can cause nerve compression&lt;/a&gt;. An &lt;em&gt;anterior pelvic tilt&lt;/em&gt; is relatively common:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XCwad.png&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PostureFoundationGarments04fig1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anonymous - Posture &amp;amp; Foundation Garments&lt;/a&gt;, public domain)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Posterior&lt;/em&gt; pelvic tilt can happen too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tS8AZ.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tS8AZ.gif&quot; alt=&quot;posterior tilt&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://spscgym.wordpress.com/2015/04/23/anterior-pelvic-tilt-lets-talk-about-your-curvy-low-back-and-forward-tipped-pelvis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SPSC Crossfit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are standing for long periods, make sure your posture is good:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;head level (not forward)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chin parallel to ground&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chest high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shoulders level and relaxed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;abdomen flat, held up and in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lower back flat and tucked under&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;legs straight, knees relaxed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;feet parallel, toes forward&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Check your footwear&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related to the above, differences in footwear &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.386/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may affect posture&lt;/a&gt; (NB, small &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;). Interestingly, high-heels &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1910649&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may not be as bad as many think&lt;/a&gt; in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main point is to wear relatively 'neutral' footwear where possible; and support/take account of high/fallen arches if appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Take Breaks / Exercise&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are able to take a break to sit down for a while, or at least move in a way that is different to how you stand, this movement can grant some relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Squats (supported by a wall if needed), simple weight transfers - either leg-to-leg, or forefoot-to-hindfood - and pelvic tilting exercises can assist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be a point to ask a physiotherapist for advice (as below), as it is easier for someone else to observe your posture and where the sensation is; then make recommendations based on that!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Other Options&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Ask for Help&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I don't want to bother my doctor with issues of no concern&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a general point: if something is causing you issues, then it is of concern. You don't have to have to be terribly unwell to see a doctor! I understand where you are coming from, but if you are suffering as a result of something it may be worth running it past them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you could &lt;strong&gt;consult a physiotherapist&lt;/strong&gt; for their opinion and suggestions for exercise. Here, it is possible to self-refer to physios (although there was a significant wait last time I used that service); but there are usually reasonably-priced private options too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Use a Foam Roller&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you asked for suggestions backed by personal experience and not just the usual sources, I would be remiss in not putting this forward. Anecdotally (&lt;em&gt;n=3&lt;/em&gt;), using a foam roller has helped and given relief for back stiffness (with its attendant altered sensation) and pain. The &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;s in this case are myself, my father, and a close family friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are fairly simple things in and of themselves:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5EBde.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5EBde.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;foam roller&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;(credit: self)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and decent relief can be achieved by lying perpendicularly on top of them positioned near your power back, and rolling back and forth. More info can be found elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: This is highly anecdotal and I haven't yet found good sources to back them up- but lots of (trendy) health mags like them. That might be a positive or a negative thing, depending on your perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Disclaimer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you start having significant other issues, like numbness, issues with continence, severe pain, weight loss or other &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gloshospitals.nhs.uk/en/Wards-and-Departments/Departments/Pain-Management/Different-Pains/Back-Pain-Draft/Red-Flags-in-Back-Pain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;red flag symptoms&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;strong&gt;definitely see a doctor&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Further reading:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.saintlukeshealthsystem.org/health-library/back-safety-basics-good-posture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Good posture&lt;/a&gt;, from St Luke's health System (others are similar)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/multimedia/back-pain/sls-20076817&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic's 'improve your posture'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/standing/standing_basic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Working while standing&lt;/a&gt; information from CCOHS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(note, this was written focusing on back pain which is not as relevant to OP, it is left in for others who find this answer who &lt;strong&gt;do&lt;/strong&gt; have back pain)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Actually, I have pack pain too...&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I feel like this is a general issue that many people have. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are so right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back pain is a huge and varied subject. It is &lt;em&gt;extremely common&lt;/em&gt;, and as such has a big impact on a great number of individuals but also society writ large- &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/backpain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline claims that it is a condition &quot;affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point during their lives&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/news/2014/03March/Pages/Back-pain-leading-cause-of-disability-study-finds.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK statistics are similar&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the problem you are having, you probably already knew that. You probably also know some of the recommendations for back pain, but they are worth restating, in brief:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keep active; in general mobility helps back pain more than immobility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;try &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Backpain/Pages/low-back-pain-exercises.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exercises geared towards back pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anti-inflammatory painkillers may help; but if you have stomach issues or are going to be taking them longer-term the you definitely should have a conversation with your doctor about that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hot and cold compression packs can give relief&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These ones are summarised from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/back-pain/pages/introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the NHS page on back pain&lt;/a&gt;; but similar advice is available elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="8653" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T12:33:14.327" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T12:33:14.327" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T02:06:20.097" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007507.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007507.htm&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170329020431/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007507.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Laryngoscopy may be done in different ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Indirect laryngoscopy uses a small mirror held at the back of your throat. The doctor shines a light on the mirror to view the throat&#xA;  area. This is a simple procedure. Most of the time, it can be done in&#xA;  the doctor's office while you are awake. A medicine to numb the back&#xA;  of your throat may be used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fiberoptic laryngoscopy (nasolaryngoscopy) uses a small flexible telescope. The scope is passed through your nose and into your throat.&#xA;  This is the most common way that the voice box is examined. You are&#xA;  awake for the procedure. Numbing medicine will be sprayed in your&#xA;  nose. This procedure typically takes less than 1 minute.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the upsides of performing a laryngoscopy through the nose (vs. laryngoscopy through the mouth)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;video taken from the mouth is of better quality than video taken from the nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;going through the nose allows to ask the patient to speak normally, whereas if the video is taken from the mouth the patient cannot talk normally (they can only emit sound)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-06-04T14:19:48.157" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T14:19:48.157" Title="What are the upsides of performing a laryngoscopy through the nose (a.k.a. nasolaryngoscopy) instead of a laryngoscopy through the mouth?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T07:10:38.393" Score="2" ViewCount="230" Body="&lt;p&gt;In relation to stories such as this one, with the (probably sensationalized?) headline of &quot;Nigerians boycott Coca-Cola drinks after court rules them 'poisonous'&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumers of Sprite and Fanta have more to worry about than rotting&#xA;  teeth according to a Lagos High Court judge, who ruled that the&#xA;  Coca-Cola products could be &quot;poisonous.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The court held that &lt;strong&gt;high levels of benzoic acid and sunset additives&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  in the popular soft drinks could pose a health risk to consumers when&#xA;  mixed with ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, according to&#xA;  local media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/28/africa/nigeria-coca-cola-case/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/28/africa/nigeria-coca-cola-case/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand benzoic acid and ascorbic acid, but in this context what are sunset additives?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term seems to get thrown around in every article that discusses the subject, but none of them seem to offer a specific definition of what compound/compounds are covered.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &quot;sunset additives&quot; just what 'FD&amp;amp;C Yellow' is known as overseas?  Or is it an actual class of additives?  Or some other compound entirely?  And how toxic is it, relative to the other ingredients in the soda?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T08:36:50.360" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T08:36:50.360" Title="What are &quot;sunset additives&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;dyes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T08:50:27.120" Score="1" ViewCount="2840" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I sterted a new health program ( eating healthy +  exercising at least three times a week) . In addition to that, I bought a home laser hair removal machine, and I started using it on some specific places ( like under arms and legs). However I recognized later that I have some varicose veins in my thighs.  They are very small appearing with a dark blue color.  Despite that, I continue using my laser heair removal machine even on my thighs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: Is there  any health problem of using laser hair removal on varicose veins  ? I know that varicose veins are some times trated using Laser, so what is the problem by using laser for removing hair  ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4947" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T09:13:27.670" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T15:32:00.160" Title="laser hair reomval and varicose veins" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;thigh&gt;&lt;varicose-veins&gt;&lt;laser-hair-removal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14284" CreationDate="2017-03-29T12:14:31.537" Score="5" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was listening to the &quot;Hookworm&quot; episode on &quot;Stuff You Should Know&quot; Podcast, and as a tangential comment, they mentioned that scientists theorize that hookworms may offer a another treatment option (or cure?) for asthma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How exactly do the scientists think hookworms may actually benefit asthma sufferers? How did they devlop this idea?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does the experimental-treatment consist of? Do they insert hookworms into patients?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T15:27:44.933" Title="The upside to hookworms? Possible treatment to asthma?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;hookworm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T13:38:33.780" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was diagnosed with acute tendonitis two months ago by a doctor, and prescribed voltaren. Two weeks after the diagnosis the pain still had not subsided, and I visited the doctor again and got a cortisol injection in the shoulder. The doctor did not say anything about how long the healing progress vould take, and I still feel pain within the shoulder (only when doing certain movements or applying some force). &#xA;My question is how long should I wait, and/or is it necessary with a surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8718" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T13:38:33.780" Title="Acute tendonitis" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7000" CreationDate="2017-03-29T16:17:12.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bones are connected to each other by ligaments which are composed primarily of collagen. After a sufficient period of time the ligaments will decompose and the skeletal remains will be reduced to individual bones.&#xA;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&#xA;Ligament&#xA;Ligamentum (Plural: Ligamenta) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TA&#xA;A03.0.00.034 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FMA&#xA;21496, 30319 70773, 21496, 30319 &#xA;Anatomical terminology &#xA;[edit on Wikidata]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament, articular larua,[1] fibrous ligament, or true ligament.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8672" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T16:17:12.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11729" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15360" CreationDate="2017-03-29T16:17:39.047" Score="10" ViewCount="849" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am adding to the beginning of this question the caveat that I am not asking this for me or anyone in particular.  I am studying counselling and have come across this issue whilst researching and it lead me to try and work out what options are available when helping those who come to me with sexual dysfunctions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst Higgins, et al. (2010) highlights the problem with sexual dysfunctions whilst prescribed Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), I am going to split my question in parts for easier answering. This question will be concerning &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.personalconsult.com/pubabstracts/viagrassri.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anorgasmia&lt;/a&gt;.  Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect of antidepressants and can have significant impact on the person’s quality of life, relationships, mental health, and recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higgins et al points out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sexual problems reported range from decreased sexual desire, decreased sexual excitement, diminished or delayed orgasm, to erection or delayed ejaculation problems. There are a number of case reports of sexual side effects, such as priapism, painful ejaculation, penile anesthesia, loss of sensation in the vagina and nipples, persistent genital arousal and nonpuerperal lactation in women.  The addition of sildenafil (Viagra) will improve erectile dysfunction in men (Rudkin, et al., 2004)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but what about anorgasmia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The side effects don't seem to be rare from my research online and many patients are not even told to look for it. If a man has premature ejaculations, the side effect of anorgasmia usually helps that nicely, but if it already takes long enough, it might take even longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higgins et al. also points out that with adjunct treatment (introducing another drug to counteract side-effects), clients treated with bupropion SR showed a significantly greater improvement in desire and frequency of engaging in sexual activity; and in a systematic review of medication switching strategies for managing sexual dysfunction, switching from SSRI to non-SSRI antidepressants may produce varying individual responses, and although the sexual dysfunction may recede, the depressive illness may reassert itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So has there been any studies which anyone knows of which definitively help with the problem of anorgasmia whilst taking SSRI or SNRI medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higgins, A., Nash, M., and Lynch, A. M. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction: impact, effects, and treatment&lt;/em&gt; In:  Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety Vol.2: pp 141-150&lt;br&gt;PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC3108697&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FDHPS.S7634&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.2147/DHPS.S7634&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rudkin L, Taylor M, Hawton K. (2004). &lt;em&gt;Strategies for managing sexual dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication&lt;/em&gt; In: Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews 18(4): pp 1465-1858&lt;br&gt;PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15495050&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;15495050&lt;/a&gt;  DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD003382.pub2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-11-27T12:35:50.950" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T12:35:50.950" Title="Anorgasmia with SSRI and SNRI prescriptions" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T16:27:29.017" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I strained a muscle in my shoulder; the throbbing pain got so bad that I, uncharacteristically, took pills for the pain; namely some old Robaxal that I had sitting around from 6 or 7 years ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That stopped the throbbing temporary, but now 24 hours later the unbearable pain is returning. I have some Tylenol with codeine that a dentist prescribed after a double root canal, but I didn't finish the prescription. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to take it now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8722" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T20:55:21.823" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T20:55:21.823" Title="Should I take 9 year old Tylenol with codeine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T17:16:42.770" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an inflammation of the epididymis. I took blood and urine tests and it's not caused by STDs or any bacteria that would show up on a urine culture. My doctor wants me to take ibuprofen at 400mg twice a day until I see him at the next appointment, which will put me at three weeks of using it. I'm concerned about the risk of damaging the DNA in my sperm that I'll potentially need next month for IVF (that takes 72 days to mature) and I've already finished the 10 days of Doxycycline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I'm confused by the doctors logic here. Why are anti-inflammatories ever prescribed for an epididymis inflammation when the purpose of an inflammation is to protect tissues from an infection or virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7701" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T12:21:11.800" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T12:21:11.800" Title="Why are anti-inflammatories prescribed for an epididymis inflammation?" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T17:46:17.480" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a story about someone who's poisoned with a drug which makes him not be able to sleep for several days. In order to make my story as realistic as possible I need to know a couple of things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Does this type of drug actually exist? I think that amphetamines or modafinil can keep you awake but,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Can these drugs keep the effect for a long time (days)? I mean, the organism would start at a certain point and try to sleep, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If there's such a drug then after a long period of sleep deprivation the person would start to have certain symptoms. Could be hallucinations one of these symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) And now even more complicated: is there any possibility that if the person dies could be no trace of the drug in an autopsy's toxicological analysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8723" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T20:59:27.460" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T20:59:27.460" Title="What drugs can keep you awake for long time?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;&lt;autopsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11733" CreationDate="2017-03-29T18:41:46.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most popular drug that can keep people awake for long time is caffeine. Most caffeine pills contain a 200mg dose, about the same as the average 12-ounce cup of coffee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8724" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T18:41:46.757" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T20:24:07.327" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;My doctor (a cardiologist) always writes this in his prescription after checking his patients: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;A.C.J.U.NV.NJ.O.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note all the dots will be superscripts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" OwnerDisplayName="WRICHIK BASU" LastEditorUserId="8726" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T07:26:13.060" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T07:26:13.060" Title="A medical notation which i could not understand" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T22:29:14.987" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can Cortisol be administered in gaseous form (inhalation)? What carrier gas would be adequate? CO, CO2, NO (Nitric Oxide)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8727" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-29T23:38:16.943" LastActivityDate="2017-03-29T23:38:16.943" Title="How can Cortisol be administered in gaseous form?" Tags="&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11772" CreationDate="2017-03-29T23:19:43.983" Score="4" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;Came across an &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/944231/ibuprofen-has-some-nasty-side-effects-that-doctors-have-known-about-for-a-while/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; saying that Ibuprofen blocking COX-1 and COX-2 has side effects: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They work by inhibiting enzymes called cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and 2&#xA;  (COX-2). These are involved in a number of internal pathways that&#xA;  result in production of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins,&#xA;  which promote inflammation and increase pain perception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Animal studies have shown blocking COX-2 and the subsequent pathway of&#xA;  prostaglandin production may have the unwanted effects of increasing&#xA;  the tendency of blood to clot inside arteries, and a reduced ability&#xA;  of the heart to heal after a heart attack. In the early 2000s, a&#xA;  number of large studies found a significant association of negative&#xA;  heart events, such as heart attack and stroke, with the use of&#xA;  selective COX-2 inhibitors. This resulted in two of these drugs,&#xA;  Valdecoxib and Rofecoxib or Vioxx, being withdrawn from the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They talk about a lot of products doing the same and taken off the shelves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However they don't propose any alternatives with same benefits and no side effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no expert and no doctor, so I'm coming here to ask about what soft pain killer should I use instead to avoid those side effects and have the same pain killing effect, even if it's less strong? Tylenol ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T05:01:41.663" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T12:37:11.673" Title="What are ibuprofen alternatives without the side effects" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T23:36:55.317" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the ossicles in my ears are fused, I'm profoundly hearing impaired and don't quite understand the complaints of those suffering from misophonia or hyperacusis because I think it's a miracle to just hear! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, most noises don't bother me. However, I do notice that I react to &lt;strong&gt;hearing nails on a chalkboard&lt;/strong&gt; the same way the majority of the population does: &lt;strong&gt;psychical cringes and goosebumps up the spine.&lt;/strong&gt; What causes this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does a sound that's not harmful to hearing trigger such a physical reaction?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If I'm not hearing it at the same frequency or pitch as everyone else, how does it have this almost uniform impact?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:09:24.277" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:09:24.277" Title="Why do nails on a chalkboard physically make us cringe?" Tags="&lt;soundwaves&gt;&lt;goosebumps&gt;&lt;misophonia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-29T23:41:29.843" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 45 year old male from India. I was born with a Hemangioma in upper lip. Doctors told us it does not have a complete cure, so they planned to give injections when it increased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors are now planning to decrease it with injection and then treat by surgery.&#xA;Is there any alternate procedure preferably with orally administered medicines?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8730" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-28T14:30:07.837" LastActivityDate="2018-02-23T18:27:03.033" Title="Is Hemangioma treatable by medicine?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;lips&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-04T00:53:39.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3618" CreationDate="2017-03-30T03:11:15.700" Score="9" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Edit: COVID and your laundry&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're worried about SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus) or COVID, you're looking at the wrong post. Instead, please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/12077/how-can-you-disinfect-your-laundry&quot;&gt;a related question of mine&lt;/a&gt; and the answer I've posted there. Both the question, and the answer, discuss COVID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;A scholarly report discusses the matter&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some years ago, a scholarly report was published. The report's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Appendix A&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; discusses, among other things, how to clean your laundry if there's a risk that it may be somewhat contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The advice given&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report advises:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whenever you do laundry, add some &lt;strong&gt;activated oxygen bleach (AOB)&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Notes: You can use standalone AOB, or a detergent with AOB included. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/12053/if-you-have-fungus-e-g-athletes-foot-its-wise-to-add-activated-oxygen-blea&quot;&gt;This link&lt;/a&gt; discusses your options. In the US, &lt;strong&gt;Tide powder&lt;/strong&gt; is one good choice. Certain products are probably &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; good disinfectants, including Tide liquid, Tide pods, and OxiClean.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If possible, also do laundry at &lt;strong&gt;140 °F (60 °C)&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note: This may shrink and/or destroy certain items. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sudsuplaundry.com/understanding-laundry-temperatures-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Read their care labels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the &lt;strong&gt;regular cycle&lt;/strong&gt;. Don't enable &amp;quot;quick wash&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;water saving&amp;quot;, or any other environmentally-friendly options.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure each item goes through the rinse and spin cycles &lt;strong&gt;at least twice&lt;/strong&gt;. Preferably three times.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's best to wash items belonging to the infected family member in &lt;strong&gt;separate loads&lt;/strong&gt; from everyone else's laundry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you can also dry the items in &lt;strong&gt;sunlight&lt;/strong&gt;, this is an extra bonus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The report also gives &lt;strong&gt;other advice&lt;/strong&gt;; please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Water temperature&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some countries (including the US and certain others), if you want to wash clothing at 140 °F (60 °C), there's a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;http://bottomlineinc.com/laundry-error-to-blame-for-persistent-athletes-foot-and-toenail-fungus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the Bottom Line Inc. website states that, in these countries,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;household water heaters typically are set to 120 °F [50 °C] to minimize the risk of scalding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article suggests three possible workarounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One (&lt;strong&gt;dangerous&lt;/strong&gt;) workaround would be to raise your water heater's temperature to 140 °F (60 °C). But this is a dangerously-high setting. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/03/28/175584883/many-hot-water-heaters-set-too-high-upping-burn-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; It may also be illegal in your jurisdiction. &lt;a href=&quot;http://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Hot_Water_Temperature_Laws.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Water at 120 °F (50 °C) takes 5-10 minutes to cause a third-degree burn; but water at 140 °F (60 °C) takes just 3-5 seconds. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.terrylove.com/forums/index.php?threads/honeywell-am-1-thermostatic-mixing-valves-water-heater-tempering.45651/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Third-degree burns sometimes kill people. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28j9zp/eli5_why_when_someone_is_badly_burnt_do_they_die/cibgrh9/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Maybe I should email the Bottom Line Inc. and suggest that they revise their article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another workaround might be to pour a &lt;strong&gt;kettleful of boiling water&lt;/strong&gt; into your top-loading washer shortly before it's finished filling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A third workaround is to use a washing machine with a &lt;strong&gt;water-temperature-boosting feature&lt;/strong&gt;, &amp;quot;such as the Whirlpool Front-Load Washer with Deep-Clean Steam, model #WFW86HEBW, which can get the water up to 150 °F [65 °C]&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2020-08-07T20:16:23.087" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T20:16:23.087" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="11744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T03:45:12.133" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 27 years old. I work in the computer software industry.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;I have a full-time job and I also work on some freelance projects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spend around 11 hours on my full-time job and it is a bit stressful (i.e I can only relax for 1 hour).&#xA;I commute for 2 hours everyday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I go home, I have around 10 hours before i get ready for office again.&#xA;If i sleep for 6 hours, i will have 4 hours to work.&#xA;If i can concentrate for 4 hours, it would be great. But i cannot do that. I waste time watching TV, eat and sleep. I set an alarm so that i can wake up 4 hours before i start of office, but i cannot wake up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I train myself to stop wasting my time during those hours?&#xA;Is it because I'm unhealhty?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Sash&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8731" LastEditorUserId="8731" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T08:48:22.217" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T19:14:58.787" Title="How to work 16 hours a day?" Tags="&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11689" CreationDate="2017-03-30T06:07:38.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitely do not delete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was ready to dismiss consumer reports out of hand, but level of analysis  suggests question of arsenic exposure not trivial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for posting report link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="426" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T06:07:38.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11742" CreationDate="2017-03-30T06:17:16.267" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oral beta blockers used successfully fit infantile form. &#xA;Pulsed dye laser increasingly popular, though not sure if this is an option for you.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="426" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T06:17:16.267" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T07:16:25.607" Score="2" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the ratio of amount of indirect and direct bilirubin in the blood in a healty individual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8733" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T11:27:54.847" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T11:27:54.847" Title="What is the indirect - direct bilirubin ratio in the blood in physiological conditions?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;bilirubin&gt;&lt;bile&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11751" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11764" CreationDate="2017-03-30T08:11:02.817" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use either a pill or condom to have sex with your partner, what is the probability of getting pregnant and/or getting a venereal dicease in each case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder which is more effective in terms of the probability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research or statistics in this field? I don't mind it by country and age (though it is preferable to filter it), but I would like to restrict it only to heterosexual sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:13:00.777" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T06:34:00.087" Title="Which has lower rate of getting pregnant and/or a venereal dicease in condom vs pill?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;pill&gt;&lt;condom&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11752" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T08:17:35.593" Score="4" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I am sleeping about 6 hours a day (or a bit less than that): from midnight to around 6 AM. I usually not feel sleepy after I wake up (and the neighborhood of where I just moved into is quite noisy every morning so that it is rather difficult for me to go back to sleep) so I usually get up right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am afraid that I might not have had enough sleep each night (although I do not feel that much tired during the day) and that it might be harmful to me (in the long term) to sleep only around 6 hours a day. (Not sure if this is a relevant information: my age is 26.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it really harmful for health (in any way) to sleep just around 6 hours (or less) a day? Is there any indication to tell if an individual gets enough sleep each day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8734" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:15:56.997" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:15:56.997" Title="Is sleeping 6 hours (or less) a day harmful for health?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2018-09-27T15:13:19.927" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11754" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T09:36:30.490" Score="3" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About a month ago I've removed a mole (nevus) which accrued on &quot;clean&quot; skin (de novo) about 4-5 months ago. It has always been charcoal black and 1,5 mm in diameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the dermatologist did a punch biopsy on it. Results are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Multiple sections have been examined from specimen submitted.&#xA;There is a small central area of melanocytic proliferation seen within biopsy which is subtended by chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in the upper dermis with incontinent melanin pigment.&#xA;Trans epidermal elimination of melanin pigment is seen with some melanin present in cornified layers of epidermis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an atypical melanocytic proliferation noted with some extension into the overlying spinous layers of epidermis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: Atypical Junctional Melanocytic Prolifiration - further wider excision of this area is requested.*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I went to the surgeon and he said it is a melanoma and did the excision with 2cm margins on each side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What confuses me is the pathologist said it's not malignant while sergion says it is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What it really is? Is it possible not to have a concrete answer looking at the above histology report? And if not what could possibly clarify it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is highly appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have contacted the pathologist on the phone asking for clarification, and than he mentioned that he does not think it's malignant, but cannot state that on the report as he is not 100% sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case second excision is sent for a test as well - hopefully it will put some light on this diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8736" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T11:25:51.213" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T20:26:29.157" Title="Need help interpreting histology results (punch skin biopsy)" Tags="&lt;melanoma&gt;&lt;moles&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11755" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T09:52:31.617" Score="2" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;My daughter is twelve years old. She is having frequent tooth problems. She brushes her teeth vigorously and most of the times she has gum pain too. One of the teeth from the lower jaw is decayed and I consulted a dentist in Whitby. The dentist suggested for  root canal therapy ( &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.appletondental.ca/services/dental-procedures/root-canal-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.appletondental.ca/services/dental-procedures/root-canal-treatment/&lt;/a&gt; ). I think, over brushing may be a cause of her dental issues. Please share your views.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8735" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T11:20:24.020" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:55.450" Title="vigorous brushing a cause for dental issues or not?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T13:09:35.337" Score="1" ViewCount="6071" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately blue veins started appearing on my girlfriend's legs. She is 21 years old, she works in a flowers factory where she has to stand for around 8 hours on same spot and boxing flowers or whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blue veins started appearing once she started working, she is stressed most of time, her body always tired from standing. It even increased once she moved from a country to another after vacation.. Oh also she has compression socks and pantyhose if that's what it is called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to know, is this normal for a 21 years old female? Could it be by birth? Is it work? or just being stressed can cause this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are 2 pictures of her leg:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RDdFo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RDdFo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;First image&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xR6XW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xR6XW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Second image&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8738" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:10:24.523" LastActivityDate="2017-06-03T15:47:32.337" Title="Blue veins appearing on legs" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;varicose-veins&gt;&lt;legs&gt;&lt;standing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1977" CreationDate="2017-03-30T15:14:58.017" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It occurred to me after I wrote the initial response that life expectancy would be UNAFFECTED and would not show up in data per se, because of the life style implications. &#xA;For example, higher consumption of sugar leads to a litany of health issues, of which problems with gall bladder is just one among many. So, a person that fits this bill has their gall bladder removed, their person life expectancy is not changed. Absent a lifestyle change, if they were going to live to be 70, after gall bladder surgery, they will still live to be 70.&#xA;If you have a lower sugar consumption, and hence a healthier lifestyle (all things being equal), well, you were going to live longer anyway, and probably won't need your gall bladder removed. But if you did a data query on life expectancy and gall bladder removal it would be difficult to make a precise correlation that would not be directly associated with gall bladder removal, that couldn't be laid at the feet of just a general lifestyle issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gary Taubes book, &quot;Good calories, Bad calories&quot; does a great job of exploring various fat/carb/protein hypotheses, and examines the science and history behind them. &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000UZNSC2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.amazon.com/Good-Calories-Bad-Gary-Taubes-ebook/dp/B000UZNSC2/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&amp;amp;ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1490886787&amp;amp;sr=1-1&amp;amp;keywords=good+calories+bad+calories+by+gary+taubes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8739" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T15:14:58.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11755" CreationDate="2017-03-30T15:32:18.840" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a dentist; however, I have heard from my dentists that using a medium or hard bristled toothbrush has no positive effect but can actually wear away tooth enamel and cause a receding gumline. Switch to a soft bristle toothbrush if you haven't already. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my childhood I preferred medium bristles because it felt like it was cleaning my teeth better - keep that in mind if your daughter complains. Make sure she knows the firmer bristles are not what do the cleaning, the toothpaste and its foaming and abrasives do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if she uses a sonic toothbrush than the effects with be magnified. You can try replacing the toothbrush with one that uses sound or change in vibration patterns to signal when it is time to change positions, such as the phillips DiamondClean. You can usually get them cheaper on Amazon or through your dentist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more thing - no amount of brushing some parts of your teeth will compensate for the parts that aren't brushed at all. Proper brushing technique is very hard to get used to, if it is even shown at all. Ask your dentist or dental hygienist to provide a thorough instruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Floss!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8740" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T15:32:18.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T18:39:27.313" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the fact that egg yolk contains very good and plenty of iron, I read on several websites that egg white hinders the digestion of iron. However, I could not find any deeper reasoning about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does egg white lessen the nutritional value of iron in eggs and if yes how strongly? Is it recommended for people suffering from iron deficiency too leave the egg white away when eating eggs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8744" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-03-30T20:11:20.080" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T20:11:20.080" Title="Are eggs good or bad for iron incorporation?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11754" CreationDate="2017-03-30T20:26:29.157" Score="4" Body="&lt;h1&gt;How do I interpret a histology / pathology result?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in comments, Health.SE isn't a place for personal medical advice, so I'll steer clear of addressing your result specifically. That being said, some general points about pathology reports and some of the nuances may be illuminating for you or others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why isn't the result clear?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than thinking in a binary way about results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;☐ cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;☑ not cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pathologists can't always be certain- sometimes it's clearly malignant, sometimes it isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;☐ malignant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;? probably malignant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;? maybe malignant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;? pre-alignant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;☐ not malignant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Margins, are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248492/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extremely important when diagnosing whether a lesion (&quot;lump&quot;) is malignant&lt;/a&gt;, are by definition not available in a punch biopsy. There are quite a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/reports-and-results/reading-pathology-report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;number of factors&lt;/a&gt; to balance when deciding whether a sample is malignant or not (eg cell size, shape, differentiation, numbers)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why are my pathologist and surgeon saying different things?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to speak for either person involved here; but although both the pathologist want to do the best they can, they may have slightly different 'views'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathologist has been a small specimen of a larger lesion and has to make a determination about what is going on in it. It's not always possible to say with 100% certainty what is actually happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your surgeon has (I assume) seen you, seen the lesion in person, and hear you say that it's a new and recent occurrence. They may have &lt;strong&gt;added that knowledge to the pathology report&lt;/strong&gt; and decided that on the balance of probability that it is malignant, and that it should be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: the above is speculation, and merely offered as a &lt;em&gt;possiblity&lt;/em&gt; as to why they are saying different things. If this concerns you, then read the next section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What should I do?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As recommended, speak to the doctors involved- the pathologist and the surgeon. They should be happy to explain their reasoning to you and be able to clarify what they mean and why they made the decision they did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that does not satisfy you, you always have the option to seek a second (in this case, third!) opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/AboutNHSservices/pathology/Pages/pathology-services-explained.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathology services explained&lt;/a&gt; - starts with &quot;Unlike the pathologists you might see on the television...&quot;, which is a good start in my book&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0315/p1155.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Punch biopsy outline&lt;/a&gt; from American Family Physician&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/diagnosing-cancer/reports-and-results/reading-pathology-report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reading a Pathology Report&lt;/a&gt; from cancer.net&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Disclaimer / TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may well be some pathologists reading this who are thinking &lt;em&gt;&quot;that's way too oversimplified&quot;&lt;/em&gt; or similar. Really, it's probably still too complicated. It's a tricky job to do and so it's not easy to summarise a speciality in an answer on a Q&amp;amp;A site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The take-home message is in the bullet points above: &lt;strong&gt;pathology does not always give a clear answer&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T20:26:29.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11751" CreationDate="2017-03-30T20:52:01.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pill &lt;em&gt;slightly more effective&lt;/em&gt; than condom for contraception. Other methods are better still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pill is &lt;strong&gt;ineffective&lt;/strong&gt; for preventing STI; condoms are mostly effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;In Full&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First things first. Statistics on contraception efficacy are widely available, so as a bonus you are getting info on several more types than just 'condom' and 'pill'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;How effective is contraception at preventing pregnancy?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reported in percentages; take the percent away from 100 if you would prefer to know how many women in a hundred will fall pregnant &lt;em&gt;despite using the contraception correctly&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Short-Acting&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;male condoms&lt;/strong&gt;: 98% (NB &lt;em&gt;heavily&lt;/em&gt; dependent on effective / proper use)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;female condom&lt;/strong&gt;s: 95%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diaphragms: 92-96%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;caps: 92-96%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;COCP&lt;/strong&gt; (combined oral contraceptive pill): &gt;99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;POP&lt;/strong&gt; (progestogen-only pill): 99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long-active Reversible Contraception (LARC)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contraceptive injection: &gt;99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contraceptive implant: &gt;99% (NB: over &lt;strong&gt;three&lt;/strong&gt; years)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IUS (intrauterine system): &gt;99% (NB: over &lt;strong&gt;five&lt;/strong&gt; years)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IUD (intrauterine device): &gt;99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contraceptive patch: &gt;99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vaginal ring: &gt;99%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;'Permanent'&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;female sterilisation: &gt;99% (1 in 200)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;male sterilisation: &gt; 99% (1 in 2000)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;'Natural'&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;natural family planning: ≤ 99% (ie up to 99%, depending on how closely it is followed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(condoms and pills highlighted in bold)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/how-effective-contraception.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS contraception guide&lt;/a&gt;; from which the stats are liberally taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/contraceptive_methods_508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC also publishes a poster family planning methods&lt;/a&gt;. The percentages are the number of pregnancies per year (ie the opposite of the NHS published statistics). They also give &lt;em&gt;actual effectiveness&lt;/em&gt;, rather than assuming correct use every time. For &lt;strong&gt;condoms in particular, this means only 82% effectiveness (vs 99%)&lt;/strong&gt;; and for &lt;strong&gt;the pill&lt;/strong&gt;, 92% (vs &gt;99%). There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;further information available&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it isn't an 'accepted' source, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods#Effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page with a table on contraceptive effectiveness&lt;/a&gt;; the more important part is in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods#References&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;references section of the article&lt;/a&gt; which has plenty of further reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;How effective are condoms vs the pill for preventing STIs?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STIs need a method of entry to pass an infection from one host to another. Condoms, when used correctly, form a physical barrier preventing entry. The pill gives &lt;strong&gt;no barrier to entry&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have yet to find a (reputable) source which claims that the pill gives any protection for STIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the CDC by itself has several resources on condom effectiveness at preventing STIS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/docs/condoms_and_stds.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Condom factsheet in brief&lt;/a&gt; (PDF warning)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/brief.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Condom factsheet&lt;/a&gt; (non-PDF) - has further sources at the bottom of the article&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Condom Effectiveness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="8653" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T06:34:00.087" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T06:34:00.087" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-30T23:32:53.267" Score="3" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a pet dog be a carrier of chickenpox after contact with a person who has currently suffered chickenpox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Ryko" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:07:16.057" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T09:29:21.027" Title="Can a pet dog be a carrier of chickenpox?" Tags="&lt;chickenpox&gt;&lt;carrier-genetic&gt;&lt;animal-dander&gt;&lt;vector&gt;&lt;zoonotic-viruses&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11765" CreationDate="2017-03-30T23:57:16.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h1&gt;Other animals&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Humans are the only known animal that the disease affects naturally. However, chickenpox has been caused in other primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;varicella zoster&lt;/em&gt; virus cannot infect dogs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8745" OwnerDisplayName="Greg Hewgill" LastActivityDate="2017-03-30T23:57:16.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11946" CreationDate="2017-03-31T01:57:37.447" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to find information about this online but unfortunately couldn't find anything besides more or less serious-looking articles explaining the different kinds of mercury poisoining, etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure this is the right place to ask but I don't know where else to go. I eat a ton of fish (mostly salmon in the past but have been eating a lot of tuna lately) and have been feeling progressively worse lately with what seem to be typical symptoms of mercury poisoning. Obviously health problem symptoms are a bit like astrology, where any list can be believed to fit one's current situation, but the likelihood is high enough given my diet that I want to get it checked out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the best way to test for organic (specifically) mercury levels? Do I need to see a family doctor, a certain kind of specialist? Do I go directly to a lab? I've read that organic mercury testing still not being a common thing to do, many doctors don't know what kind of testing to do and recommend the &quot;wrong&quot; kind (inorganic testing for organic testing, etc...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in Boston MA, if it makes a difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8747" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T02:12:23.417" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T13:55:46.340" Title="How and where to test for organic mercury levels?" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-31T02:34:26.370" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are prescription lenses available to correct chromatic aberration of the human eye? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find the effect quite appreciable: at night, I see circular rainbows around bright street lamps, and am unable to read blue neon signs since they require significantly more 'back-focusing' (I am short-sighted).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't seem like lenses to correct chromatic aberration are a routine prescription. Why not? Are they generally available upon request?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8748" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T03:25:54.720" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T03:25:54.720" Title="Can prescription lenses correct Chromatic Aberration?" Tags="&lt;contact-lenses&gt;&lt;visible-optical-spectrum&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-31T06:18:11.387" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally played music wearing earphones at top volume, and felt maybe half a second of pain before I seemingly involuntarily swatted the earphones to the ground. I don't remember even having time to think about the loud noise before the earphones were on the ground, and it left me thinking, do humans have a reflex to &quot;swat&quot; away loud noises from the ears?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T15:56:47.103" Title="Do humans have a loud sound avoidance reflex?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11740" CreationDate="2017-03-31T11:44:41.713" Score="6" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Are ibuprofen side effects something to worry about?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: maybe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longer answer&lt;/strong&gt;: As with a lot of health questions, it depends on how they are being taken. If, for example, you hurt yourself playing a sport and want to take a painkiller for some short-term relief, ibuprofen &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; won't do you much harm in the short term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you are in chronic pain (or inflammation, as another answer notes) the situation is a little different. If you are taking an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anti-inflammatories-non-steroidal/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NSAID&lt;/a&gt; - ibuprofen is one of several in this class of drug - on a regular basis it's worthwhile watching out for some side effects. One mentioned in the article you linked are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Peptic-ulcer/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;stomach ulcers&lt;/a&gt; as NSAIDs can have an effect on the protective lining of the stomach. Usually some form of '&lt;em&gt;gastroprotection&lt;/em&gt;' is offered to offset this, such as a PPI (proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As another example, if you are taking ibuprofen for recurrect headaches (eg migraines), you can counter-intuitively end up getting another kind of headache, called a [medication overuse headache(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.migrainetrust.org/about-migraine/types-of-migraine/other-headache-disorders/medication-overuse-headache/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.migrainetrust.org/about-migraine/types-of-migraine/other-headache-disorders/medication-overuse-headache/&lt;/a&gt;) (MOH). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that any long-term use should be discussed with a medical professional; who can assess relative risks and check for interactions with any other regular medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;But ibuprofen/NSAIDs can't be safe! Vioxx was taken off the market...&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quite true. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/944231/ibuprofen-has-some-nasty-side-effects-that-doctors-have-known-about-for-a-while/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the article you quoted&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the early 2000s, a number of large studies found a significant association of negative heart events, such as heart attack and stroke, with the use of selective COX-2 inhibitors. This resulted in two of these drugs, Valdecoxib and Rofecoxib or Vioxx, being withdrawn from the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Vioxx controversy was a pretty big deal, and resulted in compensatory payouts and fines. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103#t=article&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;VIGOR study&lt;/a&gt; demonstrated a 4-fold increase in heart attack risk on rofecoxib (Vioxx) versus naproxen. This was attributed to the 'cardioprotective' effect of naproxen. This was incorrect, and another trial (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050493&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;APPROVe&lt;/a&gt; was stopped early because selective COX-2 inhibitors demonstrated adverse cardiovascular events. There was a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofecoxib#Litigation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;raft of litigation&lt;/a&gt; relating to the sale of Vioxx, with payouts and fines in the billions of dollars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested, the Vioxx controversy created lots of discussion ongoing to this day- from editorials, to book sections, entire books themselves and arguments relating to tort reform. It is clearly beyond the scope of this question! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, not all NSAIDs are Vioxx; and as noted above, it is possible to take them (even ibuprofen) relatively safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What are the alternatives to ibuprofen?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As another answer comments, it depends on what you are taking ibuprofen for. As mentioned above, you may be fine continuing to take ibuprofen, depending on circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;naproxen (another NSAID, but with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019238/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lesser risk / may be protective&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;paracetamol / acetaminophen (ie Tylenol, as you say)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NSAID cream / gel, eg for joint pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tramadol may help for some kinds of pain, but there are issues with addiction and constipation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alternatives, such as exercise, acupuncture, meditation etc can all potentially reduce pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anti-inflammatories-non-steroidal/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS page on NSAIDs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103#t=article&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;VIGOR&lt;/a&gt;, for reference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa050493&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;APPROVe&lt;/a&gt;, also for reference&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019238/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/heart-safer-nsaid-alternatives&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heart-safer NSAID alternatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T11:44:41.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-31T12:16:52.773" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother is seventy-five years old. She had been suffering from dental issues for so long. She has undergone four root canal treatments till now. But still, she is suffering from toothache and most of them are decayed. I am having the thought of dentures for her. I have scheduled an appointment for denture procedures but I have no idea about the treatment. &#xA;Anyone had an experience with dentures?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It would be great if I get some views about it.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8751" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2017-10-19T02:35:11.203" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T02:35:11.203" Title="Dentures for my mother" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;&lt;dentures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11740" CreationDate="2017-03-31T12:37:11.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that you are bothered and anxious over the fact the ibuprofen might have side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every drug has side effects without exception. But that does not mean everybody will have those side effects. The probability of anybody getting one or more side effects is usually very low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should talk to your physician who can help you choose the safest drug for you and help you with information that will allow you to make choices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are considering to take Ibuprofen as an anti-inflammatory drug, you can consider Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) as an Alternative. The safety profile of Acetaminophen is slightly better than Ibuprofen at normal dosages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2017-03-31T12:37:11.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-03-31T14:44:04.210" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember nutritionist explained me that taking &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kefir&lt;/a&gt; does not make much sense for calcium since its lactose is converted into the acid and that acid washes out as much calcium as milk gives you. I wonder about such acid-rich foods as lemonads, fruits and particularly lemons. You like them because fruits are associated with health. But what is their effect on calcium loss in the skeleton?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8166" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-03-31T21:55:30.060" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T20:08:02.090" Title="Effect of acidic fruits on bone calcium" Tags="&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;osteoporosis&gt;&lt;skeleton-skeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11420" CreationDate="2017-03-31T16:50:28.437" Score="2" Body="&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't know how risky aluminum is. &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/18182/is-aluminum-in-pans-soda-cans-and-antiperspirants-correlated-to-alzheimers#18186&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Germany, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) wondered about kettles too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They wrote an article named &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/faqs_about_aluminium_in_food_and_products_intended_for_consumers-191148.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;FAQs about aluminium in food and products intended for consumers&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. I shall quote a bunch from that article; their final answer to your question is at the very end of my post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;What health risks does aluminium absorption pose?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any assessment of the hazardous potential of aluminium focuses on its effects on the nervous system and the fact that it is toxic to reproduction (effects on fertility and unborn life) as well as the effects of aluminium on bone development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When aluminium is ingested with food, its acute toxicity is low. ... But even in healthy individuals, the light metal accumulates in the body in the course of a lifetime, especially in the lungs and the skeletal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;What quantities of aluminium can be absorbed ... without any health risks?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For oral intake from food, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has derived a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 milligramme (mg) of aluminium per kilogramme of bodyweight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, later in their article, they answer your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h1&gt;Can I continue to use aluminium cooking pots / pressure cookers?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Provided that they are coated, yes. If they are not, no salty or acidic foods such as apple purée, rhubarb or salted herring should be prepared or stored in such pots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it sounds like they say you can continue to use your aluminum kettle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:46:45.903" LastActivityDate="2017-04-02T23:05:56.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11781" CreationDate="2017-04-01T04:17:10.583" Score="3" ViewCount="197" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was searching the correlation between drinking soft drinks and IQ, because I wanted to verify if countries that drank a lot of coke/soft drinks were more likely to have more intelligent populations (e.g. the basic rationale was that sugar in carbonated drinks would speedup brain faculties, thus having more synapses, and overall better brain performance)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found in that 2012 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507933/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt; article citing the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A total of 529 children participated in this study, (77.7%) of the&#xA;  children have high IQ level. Almost (60%) of the children drink&#xA;  carbonated drink daily, while (74%) eat chips every day. The&#xA;  association between drinking carbonated drinks, eating chips and&#xA;  intelligence level was significant (P= 0.043, 0.001) and prevalence&#xA;  odds ratio of 1.5 and 2.4 respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the study concludes with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There were significant associations between carbonated drinks, chips&#xA;  intake and IQ score. More regulations on what to sell inside the&#xA;  schools canteen are needed. Increasing nutritional knowledge of the&#xA;  parents, especially the mothers is very important and more health&#xA;  promotions should be given regarding children nutrition in the early&#xA;  years of school.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I reading this right, that junk food and drinking soft drinks is correlated with higher intelligence quotient ? Does all that sugar beside its negative side effects (tooth decay, insulin highs) have this positive effect on intelligence ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="6835" LastEditDate="2018-02-06T14:57:50.900" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T14:57:50.900" Title="Correlation between carbonated drinks and IQ" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;&lt;carbonated-carbonation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11780" CreationDate="2017-04-01T06:37:08.570" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Am I reading this right, that junk food and drinking soft drinks is&#xA;  correlated with higher intelligence quotient ?  Does all that sugar beside its negative side effects (tooth decay, insulin highs) have this positive effect on intelligence ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No you are not reading it right, but your mistake is very a common misunderstanding of statistics.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key point to remember is: correlation does not imply causation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that just because two things appear to coincide, you can't conclude that one causes the other - or even that they are related at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cross-sectional study&lt;/a&gt;.  They are looking at these variables at a single point in time.  This kind of study allows you to say &quot;interesting, many people who own red cars have cats.&quot; Correlation. But what it doesn't do is allow any inference of which causes the other - you can't say that people who have cats are likely to get red cars, or the other way around.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To attempt to establish causation, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_study_design&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study design&lt;/a&gt; that manipulates or strictly observes factors across time is required.  Of these designs, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=45858&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Randomized Control Trial&lt;/a&gt; design is generally the strongest for that purpose - but that is a discussion in and of itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;humorous website&lt;/a&gt; that I share to emphasize the key message to take from this - just because the prevalence or incidence of two variables coincides, you can't say anything about whether there is causation or relationship at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, in review of the study, there is absolutely no evidence to support that one causes the other, or that they are in any way related.  Any theorizing about why they correlate would have to be tested in another study design in order to hold weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-04-01T23:42:30.040" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T23:42:30.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11732" CreationDate="2017-04-01T07:11:00.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a wonderful &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explanation of inflammation&lt;/a&gt;, although a bit technical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Key passage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Inflammation, the immune response of body tissues to injury or infection, is an important component of innate immunity. The inflammatory process involves a complex biological cascade of molecular and cellular signals that alter physiological responses, ultimately resulting in the familiar clinical symptoms of pain, swelling, heat, and redness (1, 2). At the site of the injury, cells release molecular signals that cause a number of changes in the affected area: vasodilation, increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, exudation of fluids containing proteins like antibodies, and invasion by several different types of leukocytes, including granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation does help fight disease, but it also can cause harm to the body's tissues in different ways. This is why healthcare providers often treat inflammation with things that &lt;a href=&quot;https://familydoctor.org/prescription-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-medicines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bring down inflammation (ibuprofen and NSAIDs)&lt;/a&gt;, excessive swelling (ice on sprained ankle), etc. That helps prevent further damage and reduce formation of scar tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very simplified analogy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation is like a war zone on home turf, with your body's cells against bacteria/virus invaders (OR injured tissues OR sometimes for no reason).  Our body cells sometimes go all out spraying napalm and dropping bombs.  You may win the war but often with collateral damage.  The war zone can keep burning for a very long time - the fires often keep burning for a while the war is over, and leave areas of scorched land behind. NSAIDs are like firefighters to suppress the burning flames.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-04-01T07:17:04.593" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T07:17:04.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9483" CreationDate="2017-04-01T08:21:58.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is considered a clean surgical wound, unlike a cut sustained outside. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/injured-skin/wound-care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this from the American Academy of Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and this &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/884594-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape article&lt;/a&gt; with information on wound healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Studies are mixed whether antibiotic ointments (like neosporin) work any better than petroleum jelly (like vaseline) on wounds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For clean wounds, it seems minimal to no difference. There is a little more evidence for neosporin benefit in wounds acquired in dirty circumstances, and in partial thickness burns.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That article, as well as all dermatologists I work with, recommend sterile petroleum jelly (or antibiotic ointment) to REDUCE SCARRUNG - for which vaseline is superior to using nothing, and it may also heal faster.  I apply sterile petroleum jelly on patients after I perform biopsies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since it has medication in it, antibiotic ointment can have more side effects (like allergic reactions); although those are rare, it's not without risk. Petroleum jelly has no active ingredients and is unlikely to cause any reaction at all.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Always keep it covered with a clean bandaid for the first 24-48 hrs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T08:21:58.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-01T10:11:14.230" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been using normalising gel to wash my face. I got as a present cleansing milk, toner and protein mask. How am I supposed to use these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I kind of understand that toner is used to remove those other products but which? What I have found is that it should be used to neutralise some drying chemicals in tap water like chlorine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the relationship with normalising gel and cleansing milk? Is their functionality the same? I have not found any source where the two would be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in which point should I use that protein mask? Is it something that is to be cleaned off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure if this belong to health but skin care is closest to health of the existing stacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8757" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-01T19:52:24.363" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T19:52:24.363" Title="How to use normalising gel, cleansing milk, toner and protein mask" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11756" CreationDate="2017-04-01T10:32:29.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Veins pop out when the muscles are strained. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-veins-pop-out-when/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-veins-pop-out-when/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscle builders try to get them popping out with constraining the blood flow by tying something to their arms. The compression socks and pantyhose may work in a similar way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikihow.com/Get-Veins-to-Pop-Out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wikihow.com/Get-Veins-to-Pop-Out&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8757" LastEditorUserId="8757" LastEditDate="2017-04-04T14:43:43.863" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T14:43:43.863" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11788" CreationDate="2017-04-01T15:07:02.563" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1615664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FOURIER study&lt;/a&gt; (to lower cholesterol with PCSK9), there is a significant reduction in different types of cardiovascular events (MI and Stroke) in the treatment group and yet the total cardiovascular mortality has not decreased compared to placebo (page 6 of pdf). What kind of other conditions/diagnoses could account for the extra deaths in the treatment group from 'Cardiovascular death' that compensates for MI and stroke?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8759" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T23:07:06.190" Title="For a purpose of a clinical study, what is considered to be a cardiovascular death?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11420" CreationDate="2017-04-01T15:10:52.310" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Aluminum-Alzheimer's connection is very controversial - esp in regard to vaccine adjuvants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, here is an excellent video describing the underlying concerns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKfbkeQyw84&amp;amp;t=376s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKfbkeQyw84&amp;amp;t=376s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The upshot is, including silica rich mineral water in the diet can help excrete aluminum that has accumulated in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address your question: might want to exchange the aluminum pot for a steel one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8758" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T15:10:52.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11786" CreationDate="2017-04-01T23:07:06.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cardiovascular death is a general term meaning death caused by anything involving the heart or blood vessels. I can't find and don't think there exists a formal definition. Aside from stroke and MI, the major examples would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sudden cardiac arrest&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pulmonary embolism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Congestive heart failure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lethal arrhythmias&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_dissection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aortic dissection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_rupture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myocardial rupture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiac tamponade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-01T23:07:06.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-02T07:18:22.217" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not medical student so you may feel this is silly. But is this possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you acquire an infection by inhaling bacteria and viruses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8765" LastEditorUserId="45" LastEditDate="2017-04-04T11:34:42.707" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T11:34:42.707" Title="Can you acquire an infection by inhaling bacteria and viruses?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;nostrils&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-02T22:07:22.600" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;my right eye no is -5.00 cyl.-1.50 sph at 170 axis and left eye no is -2.00 cyl.-9.00sph at 180 axis .what should I do to save it .as I am taking Co dorsal drops. science three years on doctors advice and doctor is satisfied with my version as my eyes are weak since my birth I want to improve and save my eye sight. Please help me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8771" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T23:53:50.373" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T23:53:50.373" Title="disorder of eye" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;artificial-tear-eye-drops&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-03T03:06:30.400" Score="1" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this questions in my head and couldn't find the answers in google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i am 171 cm with a weight of 68. Its Actually quite ideal. But I wanted to grow bigger. I've been using Nitrotech Whey Isolate (Protein) for about 6 months already, and have seen some good changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I am curious with Weight Gainers, I just bought one Masstech. I wanted to know if it is actually alright to consume Mass gainer after workout and then Whey protein before bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because if i have to consume mass gainer before bed, I'm scared that i will grow up to be fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you, your feedback means a lot to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8772" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T21:13:53.703" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T21:13:53.703" Title="Can I drink Weight Gainer after Workout and Whey before bed?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;whey-protein&gt;&lt;body-building&gt;&lt;body-shape&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11801" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11814" CreationDate="2017-04-03T14:38:38.477" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend have suggested that a boiled egg is great rather than fried omelet but yolk should not be consumed as it makes fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8779" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-03T21:15:08.900" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:52:46.233" Title="Is the yolk of the egg should not be eaten for bodybuilding?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;body-building&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11770" CreationDate="2017-04-03T15:24:17.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are describing sounds like a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startle_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;startle response&lt;/a&gt;. The startle response, along with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulo%E2%80%93ocular_reflex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vestibular-occular reflex&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_reflex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acoustic reflex&lt;/a&gt;, and are often thought of as reflexes, despite not involving a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_arc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reflex arc&lt;/a&gt; where a sensory neuron synapses with the spinal cord allowing for motor responses to occur without the signal reaching the brain. The startle response involves a number of brain structures and therefore, even though it is an unconscious response, in the strictest sense, it is not a reflex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-04-03T15:24:17.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11803" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11714" CreationDate="2017-04-03T18:54:36.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with getting your daily requirement of water solely from juices, is that most juices have significant amounts of sugar in them. Let's say your favorite juice is orange juice. Orange juice is about 88.3% water so in order to get your recommended 64 fl. oz. (1.892 L) of water you'd have to consume 72 fl. oz. (2.129 L) of juice. Orange juice has 112 Calories in 1 cup (248 g), so you'd have to drink nine cups which would be 1,008 Calories. Add that to whatever food you eat and you'd have a whole helluva lot of calories. Unless you led a very active live style, you'd gain a lot of weight. But as far as water goes, your body really doesn't care where the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O comes from. If you got it from juice or plain water, you'd more or less remain just as hydrated. (I say &quot;more or less&quot; because variations in sodium content of one juice to another would affect how much water your body retains.)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit:&lt;/b&gt; Contents of orange juice came from this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_juice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit 2:&lt;/b&gt; For those who consider Wikipedia an unreliable source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1971/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt; also has similar data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-04-04T16:52:04.057" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T16:52:04.057" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-03T23:35:19.077" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated in a previous post, &lt;strong&gt;Alien-Hand-Syndrome is&lt;/strong&gt;: &quot;A disorder in which a person’s hand or limb acts as if it has autonomous, voluntary activity independent of the individual.&quot; -- &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alien+hand+syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the cause of Alien-Hand-Syndrome is not quite understood, scientists have agreed, more or less, that it is rooted in a neurological disorder or trauma. And while I certainly understand that it is a neurological phenomenon and not the limbs themselves, &lt;strong&gt;I am wondering if there have been any studies on alien-hand-syndrome and individuals born with extra limbs and phalanges?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;I know that it's not the number of limbs that causes alien-hand-syndrome, but brain trauma or neuro-degenerative disease such as a stroke, &lt;strong&gt;but is it more likely to occur in those with more limbs and dactyls (when these head traumas and diseases strikes)?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; -- or is to rare and specific that research hasn't been conducted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases of &quot;parasitic twins,&quot; the individual is born with the set of limbs (sometimes complete set of limbs!) of the &quot;parasitic&quot; twin that wasn't viable. See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/21/health/parasitic-twin-surgery-removes-extra-limbs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN: Risky surgery separates 10-month-old from parasitic twin&lt;/a&gt;. However, it seems that the extra limbs in these cases are removed because it is too much for a tiny heart to sustain all the limbs. Nevertheless, &lt;strong&gt;in polymelia and dysmelia, birth-defects born with an extra or partial extra limbs (whether functioning or malformed), where the limbs are not surgically removed -- has there been studies on alien-hand-syndrome and their limbs?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I certainly know that Alien Hand Syndrome is related to movement in the limbs (and not the phalanges/dactyls) -- &lt;strong&gt;Can alien hand syndrome include &quot;involuntary movement of the phalanges or dactyls?&quot; What is this called? How frequent is it among polydactyls?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T16:21:40.553" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T16:21:40.553" Title="Is Alien Hand Syndrome MORE common among those born with extra limbs and dactyls (fingers and toes)? Or not studied?" Tags="&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;limbs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11777" CreationDate="2017-04-04T08:03:44.353" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finding an ideal balance of acidic and alkaline foods keeps your body’s pH neutral. Low pH is acidic, while high pH is alkaline. Neutral pH is considered to be at pH 7.0.High acidic food intake can adversely affect your bones by causing them to lose calcium to your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8790" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T08:03:44.353" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-04T09:07:39.437" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;A consultant I saw this week prescribed an additional medication (Gabapentin Milpharm 100mg). The idea being to reduce the sensitivity of my nerves (and thus, I guess, not feel so much pain). Which I am fine with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a scary long list of symptoms which says &quot;fewer than 1 in 10 experienced these&quot;. They range from funny (flatulence) to redundant (Back Pain) to weird (Sudden Anger at others) and worse (impotence, vertigo, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get an accurate picture of my actual risk, here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that less than 10% of the population a total for all symptoms, for &quot;at least one&quot; or for each of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I assess the information I have at hand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="411" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-05T21:27:24.743" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T21:27:24.743" Title="How do I realistically assess the risk of side effects with a drug?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4919" CreationDate="2017-04-04T09:09:04.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through the collective experience of observing millions of deaths, we have arrived at the following indicators of irrecoverable death, each one a more final proof than the previous:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Respiratory arrest (no breathing)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cardiac arrest (no pulse)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after death&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Algor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More Information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death#Signs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death#Signs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8792" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T09:09:04.060" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11801" CreationDate="2017-04-04T09:17:19.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a common myth that egg yolk should not be eaten for bodybuilding. Unfortunately, it is a misguided thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Egg yolk contains vitamins and minerals in varying amount.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It raises good cholesterol. Cholesterol promotes more muscle growth. A study showed that those with higher cholesterol levels built more muscle than those will lower levels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Egg yolks are a fantastic food source. This goes for everyone, but especially for the bodybuilder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8793" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T13:52:46.233" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:52:46.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11765" CreationDate="2017-04-04T09:29:21.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;No,dogs cannot get chicken pox. you must first know what an anthroponotic disease is. It means that it is a contagious disease wherein a pathogen found in humans is transmitted to animal species. Once a pathogen transfers to animals, at times it may result to the same disease found in humans with a few significant differences in presentation. Chicken pox not being an anthroponotic disease means that it is not transmissible to your pets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8794" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T09:29:21.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4919" CreationDate="2017-04-04T15:23:51.780" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;anongoodnurse&lt;/code&gt; has provided an &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4919/how-do-they-make-sure-someone-has-really-died-before-declaring-them-dead/4931#4931&quot;&gt;excellent answer&lt;/a&gt; mostly based on the&#xA;  U.S. I will focus on Germany and European countries to provide you&#xA;  with a broader view of the topic.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If you should live in the U.S., this will still matter to you as the &lt;em&gt;medical aspects&lt;/em&gt; behind my answer remain the same in the U.S. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obligatory Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: I am not a lawyer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obligatory Disclaimer No. 2&lt;/strong&gt;: I have a rather dark sense of humour and tried to hold it back as to not offend anyone. Feel free to point out parts that you are uncomfortable with in a comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Legal Aspects&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're not dead (yet) when you decease. It is only when a doctor declares you dead that you have officially died. In Germany, only a professional doctor (&lt;a href=&quot;http://landesrecht.thueringen.de/jportal/?quelle=jlink&amp;amp;query=BestattG%20TH&amp;amp;psml=bsthueprod.psml&amp;amp;max=true&amp;amp;aiz=true#jlr-BestattGTHpP6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) may fill out a death certificate and pronounce you dead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are well trained physicians (2) and hardly make any mistakes, especially if it comes to something as important as declaring someone dead. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unexperienced physicians or similar are not allowed to fill out death certificates for exactly this reason: To prevent living people from being declared dead (3). Also, any doctor making a mistake will probably lose their &lt;em&gt;Approbation&lt;/em&gt; (license to be a doctor) and no one really wants to declare a person dead even though they aren't. The doctor will be extra cautious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Declaring Someone Dead&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Germany, additional to the rather obvious check for respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest the doctor has to check for the following three signs of death:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rigor Mortis&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Stiffness of Death&lt;/em&gt;):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is stiffness of the corpse due to post-mortem muscle contraction.&#xA;The normal reaction between adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ATP and ADP) within the muscle fibres ceases after death and the ATP level in the muscle progressively diminishes. This is accompanied by accumulation of lactic acid and a fall of pH (increase in acidity), which leads to stiffening and firmness. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/rigor-mortis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;)(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rigor-mortis-and-other-postmortem-changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;)(6)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Livor Mortes&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;The blue color of death&lt;/em&gt;):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Once the heart stops beating, blood collects in the most dependent parts of the body as it is not pumped around by the heart, usually the buttocks and back when a corpse is supine. The skin, normally pink-colored because of the oxygen-laden blood in the capillaries, becomes pale as the blood drains into the larger veins. Within minutes to hours after death, the skin is discolored by livor mortis, or what embalmers call &quot;postmortem stain,&quot; the purple-red discoloration from blood accumulating in the lowermost (dependent) blood vessels. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rigor-mortis-and-other-postmortem-changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;)(6)        &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decomposition&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Yeah, let's actually not get into that too much...&lt;/em&gt;      Basically, there is autolysis (aseptic breakdown of tissues due to the release of intracellular enzymes) and putrefaction (breakdown of tissue due to bacteria). Both are usually accompanied with a very strong odor. It's hard to be overlooked by anyone! (6)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What if I'm not sure why this person died?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a German death certificate, there are three types of death (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vordruckleitverlag.de/tmp/1602.png.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Natural Death&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the person is 120 years old, has pulmonary embolism, cancer and multiple myocardial infarctions, their death is not too much of a surprise and can be considered natural. This is either the case if there are enough illnesses known to assume multiple organ failures or if all symptoms indicate a certain type of death (e.g. a myocardial infarction).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unnatural Death&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;First I thought he died due to stress, and then I noticed the knife in his back.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If a person has multiple gunshots, is lacking a head or some limbs or alternatively has been cut into pieces, well, you're off safe to assume they have died an unnatural death. This triggers immediate call of the police and investigation by the prosecution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unknown cause of death&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the physician has, simply put, no idea why this person could have died, they will tick the field with &lt;em&gt;Ungeklärte Todesursache&lt;/em&gt;. This will usually lead to medical examinations by an official medical officer and sometimes autopsy if no cause for death can be found. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerztekammer-bw.de/10aerzte/40merkblaetter/30leichenschau/ungeklaert.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Germany, death certificates will only be filled out by highly trained physicians. If they have any doubt on how you have died, why or if you are actually dead, they are forced by law to escalate the problem to the next level (i.e. call the police and a medical officer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume all eventualities and you actually are pronounced dead wrongly. What is the problem here? It's not like your being cremated the next day (9). Neither will you be killed to make sure that you are dead, but your body will either be left where it has been to allow relatives to have a last visit or stored somewhere. If you are not dead, you can come back to life and just joyfully announce this to your sobbing relatives. Or, in the most extreme cases, &lt;em&gt;just climb out of the tomb&lt;/em&gt; ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1): State Law Thuringen, &lt;a href=&quot;http://landesrecht.thueringen.de/jportal/?quelle=jlink&amp;amp;query=BestattG%20TH&amp;amp;psml=bsthueprod.psml&amp;amp;max=true&amp;amp;aiz=true#jlr-BestattGTHpP6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;§6 on Declaring Someone Dead&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;[in German]&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2): In Germany, to be a professional physician one must study human medicine for 12 semesters and work 4 years as a assistant doctor before getting the &lt;em&gt;Approbation&lt;/em&gt; (license to be a doctor). Only then after at least 10 years of study they are allowed to fill out death certificates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3): On a lighter note, just imagine all the bureaucratic effort to revert the death of a person. The word &lt;code&gt;dead card&lt;/code&gt; gets a whole new meaning here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/rigor-mortis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Oxford Companion to the Body&lt;/a&gt;, hosted by encyclopaedia.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(5): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rigor-mortis-and-other-postmortem-changes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Macmillan Encyclopedia of Death and Dying&lt;/a&gt;, hosted by encyclopaedia.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(6): &lt;strong&gt;Content Warning&lt;/strong&gt;: Explicit Images of Corpses.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;     Forensic pathology - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/forensicspostmortem.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;General Postmortem changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(7): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vordruckleitverlag.de/tmp/1602.png.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A template for the German death certificate&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;[in German]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(8): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerztekammer-bw.de/10aerzte/40merkblaetter/30leichenschau/ungeklaert.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An official guidance&lt;/a&gt; to doctors how to fill out a death certificate and what options there are by the state of Baden-Württemberg &lt;em&gt;[in German]&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(9) Interestingly enough, in the U.S. you can actually be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/understanding-cremation-laws-and-how-they-affect-arranging-a-cremation.html#.WOO5pRhh2fc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cremated after a minimum waiting period&lt;/a&gt; of 24 hours or 48 hours (depending on state law).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In Germany, there &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bestattungen.de/ratgeber/bestattungsarten/feuerbestattung.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has to be a second &lt;em&gt;Leichenschau&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (basically going through the list and checking whether all signs of death are present) at least 48 hours after the official death time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-16T20:12:00.740" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T20:12:00.740" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-04T15:25:01.820" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Heimlich maneuver is well-known as a way of ejecting food and other obstructions from the windpipe, yet it is not always effective. If someone began choking on food in the best possible environment, &lt;em&gt;in an emergency room&lt;/em&gt; or even &lt;em&gt;on an operating table&lt;/em&gt;, with no particular choice of food for this question, what would be the best alternative to the Heimlich maneuver to clear it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-05T21:16:32.970" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T21:16:32.970" Title="What's the quickest and most effective way of removing food from the windpipe in an emergency room setting?" Tags="&lt;choking&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;&lt;heimlich-maneuver&gt;&lt;trachea-windpipe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11831" CreationDate="2017-04-04T15:39:10.213" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some medicine is required to take with food. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4525/how-much-food-is-necessary-to-buffer-the-stomach-when-taking-medicine&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; asked how much food you need to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm interested if you can take pills and then eat later (20-30 min). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it considered that you take pills with food or it's too long and food should be taken exactly the same moment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T12:53:20.687" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T18:02:49.540" Title="can I take pills before food?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-04T23:13:24.313" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;What about cold blustery wet weather makes my nose run like crazy? I've read online that it's because the air is dry... but I live in Vancouver and it's super damp here so I'm not sure that's why my nose runs like crazy when I'm outside walking in the wet and windy weather. Is it because of seasonal allergies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I'm inside it's not running at all... but outside, it's like flipping an &quot;on&quot; switch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does blustery wet weather make one's nose runny?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-04-04T23:13:24.313" Title="Why does my nose run like a faucet when I'm outside in blustery wet weather?" Tags="&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;runny-nose&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;&lt;weather&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-05T01:02:19.243" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am emotional guy  and I cant sleep at night.What can i do to overcome this? I have take a hot shower and after i went to bed but my thoughts didnt left me to slept.Always the same thing i cant slept.I have anger and many things.I have looked my life with different aspect of view but it failed once again.I havent the courage anymore.What can i do to stop feeling stop beeing emotional especial with the other woman.I cant control it anymore.I went to psychologie not helped me with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8800" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T01:02:19.243" Title="Pills or what to do when you are emotional" Tags="&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-05T01:55:06.127" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to still have breakthrough bleeding in between periods if you have been on birth control for over a year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1988" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-05T04:23:57.060" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T04:23:57.060" Title="Birth Control Pills. Abnormal Bleeding" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;pill&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;contraceptive&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11820" CreationDate="2017-04-05T18:02:49.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are referring to taking them with a meal (so in a real world sense you'd take them right after you sit down to eat).  I'd suggest taking them as prescribed.  Not taking your medicine with food can affect the bioavailability / absorption of your medicine. Can get a sick feeling too if taken on an empty stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-04-05T18:02:49.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-05T23:11:52.663" Score="1" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;I brought these vitamin B12 capsules from Costco&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zSRHW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zSRHW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supplements panel says its okay to take one tablet daily&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x0G9X.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x0G9X.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I am worried since 1 tablet has a whooping 83333% or as much as 833 times the daily value. To put it in perspective, one of these tablets should be good for 2 years! Is it really okay to take one of these tablets daily? What is the recommended dosage? I am vegetarian and consume dairy products sparingly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8812" LastEditorUserId="8812" LastEditDate="2017-04-06T16:47:07.777" LastActivityDate="2017-04-06T16:47:07.777" Title="What is the recommended dosage of 5000 mcg Vitamin B-12" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T03:21:36.937" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;How come when I drink water really fast I get nauseous then I burp and I feel better. What causes this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8814" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-06T07:37:26.860" LastActivityDate="2017-04-06T07:37:26.860" Title="How come when I drink water really fast I get nauseous" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T04:35:51.170" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read lots of research reports, surveyed Regenexx, Mesoblast, even seen MRI proof of disc regeneration in animals. However I have yet to see a study where over 20 people benefited (Regenexx does show you before and after but only for some patients ). I have also heard of surgeons in Asia do miracles but again no MRI report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; include links to study showing human mri significant improvement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some study from any part of the world which shows this ? I realize it might be in a lab somewhere (even perhaps a secret lab). Would appreciate someone posting some links for that ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8815" LastEditorUserId="8815" LastEditDate="2017-04-06T04:45:39.280" LastActivityDate="2017-04-06T04:45:39.280" Title="Is there an MRI proof of regenerated human intervertebral disc in the spine?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;spinal-cord-compression&gt;&lt;posterior-bulging-discs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T13:17:13.527" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the age of 16-19, I went to the gym 6 days a week, ate and slept well and was in &lt;strong&gt;excellent&lt;/strong&gt; physical fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am 24, haven't worked out in 5 years, and have a terrible sleeping pattern (4-7 hours a night), and eat even worse! My body is gone well and truly to seed, but despite all this, I am a lot stronger physically than all of my friends, even those who exercise regularly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2423" LastActivityDate="2017-04-09T18:49:16.930" Title="Has my history of body building made me permanently stronger? (Despite quitting years ago)" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;&lt;body-building&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T14:57:18.403" Score="2" ViewCount="823" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just curious not asking a professional opinion, Does anyone know the average time difference between S1 and S2 sounds of the heart the so called lub-dup sound? &#xA;I believe its around 150 milliseconds. &#xA;What does it mean if that time difference (quadruples) goes well beyond 600 milliseconds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8827" OwnerDisplayName="npn" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T05:04:56.967" LastActivityDate="2017-11-05T18:22:45.433" Title="Period between Heart lub-dup sound S1 and S2" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;stethoscope&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T16:48:09.207" Score="2" ViewCount="40509" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get quite a strong pain in my wrist when I bend it back, or play a wrist-intensive sport like squash, but the rest of the time my wrist is OK and my fingers don't feel any different either.  The pain is most severe when my wrist is in this position, with the painful area circled in red:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/53lz2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/53lz2.png&quot; alt=&quot;Wrist pain bend&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... so it is bent back and something is having to support it from moving any further.  For example, leaning against a wall with that hand is quite painful.  The pain is along the top of the wrist, somewhat on the ulnar side although radiating out to the whole wrist to some extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this likely to be damage to the triangular fibrocartilage?  From looking online that seems the most likely explanation.  If so what is best to heal it?  It has been this way for a few weeks now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8" LastActivityDate="2018-12-22T02:25:21.283" Title="Wrist pain when bent back" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-12-22T17:04:20.037" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T19:50:45.160" Score="3" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a lot of research cautioning people with anxiety and depressive disorders to limit their intake of refined carbohydrates, sugars and fats. A person who has suffered dysthymia and anhedonia for many years has tenuously observed that eating lots of sugar, fat like whipped cream and refined carbs is alleviating their condition. Is there any research supporting this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8828" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T04:34:35.950" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T04:34:35.950" Title="Can eating more fats, carbohydrates and sugar improve mood?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T20:18:33.200" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;For an adult male who got an operation on a phimotic penis, the hypersensitivity on the glans would keep tormenting him for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But after you finish the period of putting a bandage on your penis, will having your penis outside to expose it to the air make it faster to have your penis less sensitive to an stimulation, than keeping wearing an underware? If you want to get accustomed to the hypersensitivity on your glans faster, which is the better way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T04:37:45.470" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T04:37:45.470" Title="Wearing an underware or not - which makes the hypersensitivity on your glans gone faster?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-06T21:01:26.413" Score="1" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I found out that my eyesight is slightly different than most people I know. It's rather hard to explain, so I hope it makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see through all objects. All day. All the time. When I put my finger about 30cm away from my face and I focus on a point behind my finger, I see my finger twice, without having to concentrate on it. It is not possible for me in any way other than closing one eye to see my finger 'blurry' and 'centered' like how it would be considered normal I guess? The problem is that this happens all day. Everything I do all day is focussing on stuff which makes everything between me and that object 'transparent' and makes me see it twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good example is playing pool. When I look at the ball I am going to want to pot, I see my cue and the white ball 'double' and am unable to make the shot. When I focus on the white ball, the ball I want to pot is 'double' and I can not get a clear 'line' of where the ball will go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only found out recently that this is not a normal way of seeing things, and I can not seem to find anything related to this topic on the internet. My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'Is this normal?'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'Is this dangerous?'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;'Should I do anything about it?'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8830" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T04:12:54.593" Title="Seeing through objects" Tags="&lt;double-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11847" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3627" CreationDate="2017-04-07T01:28:59.190" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would first and foremost attempt to lose weight; nevertheless, Endoscopy is not really the the optimal test to diagnose hiatal hernia. You should do a double-contrast Esophagus-Stomach-Duodenal X-Ray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what Gene said re: PPIs, it makes no sense. Their mechanism of action is to inhibit the chemical mechanism that allows the gastric parietal cells to secrete acid (Proton -i.e. ionized hydrogen- Pump Inhibitor).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless, PPIs will never actually cure reflux, just by supressing the acid you prevent complications of ACID reflux (irritation of the esophagus, bruxism, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/barium-swallow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Barium Swallow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uptodate.com/contents/acid-reflux-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;amp;search=hiatal%20hernia&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1%7E1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acid Reflux Patient Info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T01:28:59.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11846" CreationDate="2017-04-07T04:12:54.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't normal, you might have misaligned eyes like my grandmother had, who had similar symptoms to you when she was younger. It was corrected with minor surgery later on in her life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is definitely something to talk to your GP or Optometrist about!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2423" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T04:12:54.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11854" CreationDate="2017-04-07T05:33:30.483" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had always thought that the options for breastfeeding an adoptive infant were to hire wet nurses or retrieve breast milk from milk banks (otherwise adoptive infants were fed by baby formula). It hadn't even crossed my mind that in &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; circumstances, adoptive mothers were capable of inducing lactation by breast-pumping.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, emphasis on the &lt;em&gt;&quot;some&quot;&lt;/em&gt; as I know not all women are not capable of inducing lactation in order to produce breast milk. However, &lt;strong&gt;must a woman had previously given birth to a child in order to induce lactation?&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;strong&gt;when an adoptive mother is able to induce lactation&lt;/strong&gt; for their adoptive infant, &lt;strong&gt;are they able to produce colostrum&lt;/strong&gt;, the first most nutritious (full of antibodies) secretion from the breast? Or is this only produced when the body is actually preparing to give birth to a baby? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are they able to induce lactation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:06:23.423" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:06:23.423" Title="Can some adoptive mothers induce lactation to breastfeed their adoptive infants?" Tags="&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;&lt;breast-milk&gt;&lt;induce&gt;&lt;lactation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T09:00:45.567" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what my cough looks like, verify blood :( &lt;a href=&quot;https://ibb.co/gD6Otv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ibb.co/gD6Otv&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ibb.co/hE4nLa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ibb.co/hE4nLa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8833" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:13:10.230" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:13:10.230" Title="I think I just coughed a little blood, have been dry coughing for 2-3 days. What should I do?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T13:21:00.703" Score="2" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;The gallbladder is a pouch like organ that can hold little stones that form from cholesterol and other crystals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people experience pain or other complications from these stones, the common treatment is to remove the entire gallbladder and any stones in the bile ducts either through abdominal or laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: why can not one simply open the gallbladder, and remove the stones, then seal the gallbladder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is motivated by a feeling that one should not remove an organ ( even an &quot;unnecessary&quot; organ as is claimed like the gallbladder ) without a good reason. So I'm wondering why I didn't read there was a surgical option for leaving the gallbladder in place, but removing the stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8834" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T18:43:56.860" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T11:53:09.543" Title="Why can one not simply remove gallstones, not the whole gallbladder?" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;gallstone&gt;&lt;laparoscopy-keyhole&gt;&lt;bile-biliary-duct&gt;&lt;cholecystectomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T13:54:57.720" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Title mostly says it all. I've never had chickenpox. I was given chickenpox vaccine shots twice, once as an infant, and once at around 12-13 years old. I am now 23 years old. Am I safe? Or should I not meet this person until the other person (a 5 year old child, being cared for NOT by the person I might meet) has recovered? I'm not pregnant or otherwise in a category that should NOT risk chickenpox even a tiny bit, but obviously I'd rather avoid getting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking both, the contagiousness of a housemate of a sick person, and whether my vaccinations are still effective (I understand it can't be 100% guaranteed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8835" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T18:50:08.497" LastActivityDate="2017-06-01T13:24:14.970" Title="Can I get chickenpox from meeting someone who lives with someone else with chickenpox?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-05-05T02:43:23.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11850" CreationDate="2017-04-07T16:28:52.927" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/expert-answers/induced-lactation/faq-20058403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article on the Mayo Clinic site&lt;/a&gt; suggests combining three approaches:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hormones before the baby's arrival, if there is time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pumping both before and after the baby's arrival&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;feeding the baby through a system that provides nursing pressure (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medelabreastfeedingus.com/products/51/supplemental-nursing-system-sns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this SNS&lt;/a&gt;, a bottle you wear around your neck with a thin tube you put on your nipple, so that the baby gets milk from the tube while the mechanics encourage more production)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for &quot;induce lactation&quot; will find you a number of personal stories with varying degrees of success, and varying definitions of success. Click carefully - there are also sites dedicated to the subgenre of &quot;erotic lactation&quot; which not everyone will want to visit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On colostrum, it isn't the most &lt;em&gt;nutritious&lt;/em&gt; milk, but it does give a big antibodies boost. Nevertheless, milk continues to be a good source of immunities for a long time after that first week, as this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814970_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 Future Virology article&lt;/a&gt; describes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Human colostrum contains more than 1 g/l IgA, and during the first year of lactation, concentrations are maintained at approximately 0.5 g/day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the approach generally involves beginning to pump before the baby is born, even if there was a colostrum response, it wouldn't be timed to the baby's arrival. The people I know who considered this took into account convenience (once a supply, even a partial one, was established), health benefits, feelings of closeness, and not getting glare-stares when using a bottle in public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T16:28:52.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T19:09:56.487" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hey everybody I got back from a visit with an orthopedic this morning and we're talking about a getting a hip replacement and he mentioned some a hip replacement material that is up one level above Titanium on the periodic table.  he mention the name a couple times and I can't remember what it is does anyone know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update:  I stopped by the Surgeons office again and left him a message.  He called back saying it's above the Periodic scale than Titanium - so I believe it's what Bill Oertel had thought on the atomic number.  It's called&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eoj.eg.net/article.asp?issn=1110-1148;year=2013;volume=48;issue=4;spage=327;epage=329;aulast=Eid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trabecular Metal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;made out of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tantalum&lt;/a&gt;.  I recall him saying it was fairly new and I remember it wasn't an option when I looked to have the hip replaced almost 7 years ago.  I did see this quote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the high biocompatibility and passive characteristics of&#xA;  tantalum have been documented long ago, its cost and methods of&#xA;  production have limited its use until recently&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe that's what he meant, I don't know.  At any rate, looks like it's good I waited the 7 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8839" LastEditorUserId="8839" LastEditDate="2017-04-24T14:30:10.437" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T14:30:10.437" Title="hip replacement - above titanium?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;metal&gt;&lt;hips&gt;&lt;joint-replacements&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11856" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12028" CreationDate="2017-04-07T19:33:33.247" Score="8" ViewCount="1186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can males safely cease masturbation if they so desire, assuming the person isn't sexually active?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8840" LastEditorUserId="8840" LastEditDate="2017-04-29T10:28:21.480" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T14:47:33.567" Title="Is it safe to cease masturbation for good?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sociosexual-behavior&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11855" CreationDate="2017-04-07T19:37:38.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Artificial hips made out of an element on level above titanium.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trouble I'm having here: &lt;strong&gt;Literally the only four metals/metalloids a period above titanium&lt;/strong&gt; are beryllium, magnesium, aluminium and silicon (and, to be fair, boron also counts as a metalloid). You don't won't your artificial hip to be made of either one of the four.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your doctor can not have meant any of the metals above!&lt;/strong&gt; I recommend to kindly write a letter or an email to your doctor asking for which artificial hip they were referring to, or just call them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02443329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study &lt;/a&gt;notes, almost all artificial hips are made of cobalt-based alloys or titanium-based alloys. I therefore think it is safe to assume that your doctor referred to the cobalt hip replacement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Cobalt is in the same period as titanium, but has an atomic number of 27 instead of 22. It comes after titanium in any way that one could read the periodic table.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Regarding jet engines, have a look at this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=11454&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Advanced Metal Alloys and Their Applications in Jet Engines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T19:49:24.280" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T19:49:24.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T19:55:40.637" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a street dog bites a human, is it always necessary to take 5 doses [day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28] of injections? For a small bite, could one injection be enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person was bitten again, would they need a different course of treatment with less injections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:27:11.100" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T23:27:11.100" Title="When getting injections after a dog bite, what to expect?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11852" CreationDate="2017-04-07T19:59:10.160" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sages.org/publications/patient-information/patient-information-for-laparoscopic-gallbladder-removal-cholecystectomy-from-sages/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gallstones do not go away on their own. Some can be temporarily managed by making dietary adjustments, such as reducing fat intake. This treatment has a low, short-term success rate. Symptoms will eventually continue unless the gallbladder is removed. &lt;strong&gt;Treatments to break up or dissolve gallstones are largely unsuccessful.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Emphasis mine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The complications of removing just a stone would probably be the same as removing the gallbladder - problems with a general anesthetic, or infections of the incision. But leaving the gallbladder there might expose you to the risk of needing the surgery again. Since life after gallbladder removal is generally reported to be the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholecystectomy/details/results/rsc-20230054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;same as before&lt;/a&gt;, except without abdominal pain, removing just the stones would be exposing the patient to more risk (of a recurrence and possibly a second surgery) for no benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T19:59:10.160" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11881" CreationDate="2017-04-07T20:07:09.027" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the three most important reasons (or most expensive research problem yet to be solved) that biodegradable materials can be used for grow bone but not for limb length increase surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are way too many reference that biodegradable materials can be used for bone replacement. Why are there none for limb lengthing surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="306" LastEditorUserId="306" LastEditDate="2017-04-08T17:35:33.143" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T06:42:28.013" Title="Why can biodegradable materials not increase limb length via surgery?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-07T22:07:14.130" Score="2" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;How different are the college programs? Is nursing school more difficult in Europe or America? What is the average time a person spends on college to become a registered nurse in Europe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8842" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T22:19:38.850" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T22:19:38.850" Title="How similar/dissimilar are the requirements to be a registered nurse in America and Europe?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;medical-training&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11855" CreationDate="2017-04-07T22:10:11.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd venture to guess that when your doctor referred to &quot;above&quot; titanium, he meant towards elements with greater atomic number. If so, my guess is that he/she was referring to zirconium. Zirconium oxide ceramic materials are an alternative to titanium, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/87-B/12/1631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article, there are conflicting studies as to their effectiveness. Apparently this alloy is also referred to as Oxinium; when you Google &quot;zirconium hip replacement,&quot; you get several references to Oxinium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-04-07T22:16:17.403" LastActivityDate="2017-04-07T22:16:17.403" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-08T03:43:53.820" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lab test shows normal T3 ,T4 and TSH levels but signs of hyperthyroid are present like hair shedding, increase Heart rate, irritability. Is it possible to be hyperthyroid or can there be other disease.Hyperthyroid is in remission from last 10 months. Endocrinologist said levels are fine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TzIUj.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TzIUj.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1767" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T10:58:19.137" Title="Can you be hyperthyroid even if levels are in Lab range" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11869" CreationDate="2017-04-08T05:20:16.317" Score="1" ViewCount="6422" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a street dog bites a human, Are there any food restrictions while being treated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard we should't eat spicy foods and non veg , is it another myth ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:25:49.117" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T04:27:46.693" Title="Is there any food restrictions after dog bite" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11865" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11867" CreationDate="2017-04-08T06:15:05.210" Score="0" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which is the best injection  after dog bite in india&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In India, is Rabipur the preferred injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastActivityDate="2017-04-08T17:37:39.733" Title="Which is the best injection after dog bite in india" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-22T13:50:34.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-08T16:59:23.050" Score="1" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can we walk slightly for 5 to 7 mins in every 1/2 hr after blood sample collection during 2 hrs 75gm glucose tolerance test? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does walking have an effect on the GTT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is the sample test result and to know whether this patient suffering from diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fasting : 114 mg% . 1/2 hr : 190 mg%. 1 hr : 235 mg% .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 1/2 hrs : 180 mg% . 2 hrs : 157 mg%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this test valid or invalid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8846" LastEditorUserId="8846" LastEditDate="2017-04-15T17:09:37.140" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T17:09:37.140" Title="Can we Walk for few minutes during Glucose tolerance test?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;procedural-behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11865" CreationDate="2017-04-08T17:37:39.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is one of several brands of rabies vaccine available in India. A list can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medlineindia.com/vaccines/rabies_vaccine.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It wouldn't be appropriate for anyone allergic to eggs since it is cultured in eggs. Otherwise, it should be perfectly fine and is on the lower end of the cost scale. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably only a pharmaceuticals distributor in India could say whether it's the &quot;preferred&quot; brand, but it is a major brand from a reputable manufacturer. It should be completely adequate to protect the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-08T17:37:39.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-08T23:10:21.383" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;With no usage I mean no active usage because of not working nerves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically the question is wether there is like an end-state to muscle atropy where the muscle tissue changes and after what time this state is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8848" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T09:40:26.743" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T09:40:26.743" Title="Is a muscle still a muscle after years without usage?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;muscular-atrophy&gt;&lt;muscular-dystrophy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11864" CreationDate="2017-04-08T23:23:39.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is myth. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/rabies/resources/SEA_CD_278_FAQs_Rabies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no dietary restrictions during the course  of vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-08T23:23:39.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11755" CreationDate="2017-04-09T17:51:49.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A detrimental effect of toothbrushing can be influenced by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use of an abrasive toothpaste&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use of hard bristles toothbrush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use of excessive force during toothbrush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;excessive number of toothbrushing per day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and any combination of the above&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent review concludes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The benefits of normal oral hygiene procedure exceed possible side effects by far, but excessive toothbrushing - especially of eroded teeth - might cause some harmful effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24993269&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of oral hygiene: does toothbrushing harm? Monogr Oral Sci. 2014;25:215-9. doi: 10.1159/000360379. Epub 2014 Jun 26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual reccomendation is to use regular fluoridated toothpaste with soft bristles toothbrush. To compensate the use of excessive force, the use of electric toothbrush could be reccomended (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791283&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:10:55.450" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:10:55.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11839" CreationDate="2017-04-09T18:49:16.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Studies do suggest the existence of &quot;muscle memory&quot;, possibly related to the nuclei of muscle cells (myonuclei). See &lt;a href=&quot;http://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/2/235#sec-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for instance. Still, the precise dynamics and hysteresis of strength and their causes do not seem to be fully explored yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-04-09T18:49:16.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-09T22:35:57.637" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 28 years old guy with no background about anything related to health science and its relevance. However, after 4 years of suffering depression, now I am quite keen to self-learn about exercise science related, such as nutrition, strength and condition training, anatomy, and a very basic foundation of health science. I am sorry if I mentioned these name wrong or inappropriate or overlapped, as I have no idea about this field's terminology. What I am trying to do now is to take the very first step, and I think about studying very basic of physiology, anatomy, biology and chemistry from Khanacademy. Am I correct with that thought? If not, please tell me what I should learn first. My goal is just to educate myself, not trying to be a doctor, it would be great if I can though. Thank you for your advice in advance guys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8855" LastActivityDate="2018-10-13T10:27:57.630" Title="I am totally new and I want to self-learn about nutrition and human health. Where should I start?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11879" CreationDate="2017-04-09T22:49:28.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's awesome you'd like to learn about exercise science!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly where I'd recommend starting is getting a membership to a local gym and if you have a family, friend or co-worker that could act as your workout buddy that would be ideal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along with the actual doing -- to slowly start I'd recommend subscribing to a magazine or two (Men's Health, Muscle and Fitness etc..) something that will get your feet wet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was in your shoes right after high school -- 8 years, 3 degree's and too many certs later, I never would have believed it.  Once I started seeing results I became obsessed &amp;amp; have since entered the rehabilitation side as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line who knows where this will lead you -- just stick with it and don't overload your plate to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you ever have any questions feel free to contact me -- I'd be happy to help you out!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-04-09T22:49:28.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11860" CreationDate="2017-04-10T06:42:28.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Victor, I'm not going to name off three reasons but instead ask you to think what is involved in leg lengthening, and try to explain why it's impossible to do so by the method you refer to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people have heard of biodegradable materials in bone repair and often think it can be easily used as &lt;strong&gt;bone &lt;em&gt;replacement&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. (I'm not implying that's what you think though it might be.) There's ongoing research into this field with better materials being developed and tested in animal models. The different kinds of suitable biodegradable material you ask about isn't used to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;replace&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; bone but instead they're used as a &lt;strong&gt;platform for bone to &lt;em&gt;form&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. After bone formation has taken place, the material gradually degrades until only the bone manufactured by the person's body remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different materials need to be used depending where the bone repair is needed in the body. You ask about lengthening the limbs (you mentioned a leg in your comments). Biodegradable platform used in bone repair for a leg could be repair of a badly fractured bone where inserting titanium pins wouldn't work with too many shattered fragments. A biodegradable platform would be used that would allow bone to reform after the badly broken pieces are removed. No &lt;em&gt;artificial&lt;/em&gt; piece of bone is used and meant to stay in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The material used needs to be strong enough to be load-bearing but porous enough to allow to allow orthoblasts, bone growth factors, fibroblasts, collagen and tiny capillaries to infiltrate the platform and form solid bone again. I won't go into detail of what particular materials are best or how it actually happens. Suffice to say, this is major surgery and the leg has to be opened up (if not already due to an open fracture. Repair will start quickly but for the newly formed bone to be strong enough for active use, it will take many months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The surrounding tissue of muscles, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels and nerves are largely intact, although damaged to an extent. They're available to provide the necessary cells and other factors that enable new bone formation. But what you're asking is for the leg to be opened, the bone to be cut through and a piece of &lt;em&gt;bone platform&lt;/em&gt; to be inserted. So where will the extra muscles, nerves and blood vessels come from? It's not possible to put the &lt;em&gt;platform&lt;/em&gt; in if there's no room for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are already methods that work satisfactory now but they're slow and painful. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_lengthening_methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leg Lengthening Methods&lt;/a&gt; describes a number of them if you want to understand it better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T06:42:28.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11882" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-10T09:03:16.040" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an accident over 1 year and 4 months ago and till today the OP site has not completely closed, although while dressing it I have seen some  tiny bone fragments coming out  about 5 times and it is a comminuted fracture of the distal (3rd) tibia. &#xA;There is callus formation at the top side of the fracture although very slow and poor alignment of the bone. There is also some sort of apparent shortening and the affected site is currently swollen, although there have been several wound swab (MCS) that have been cultured, but no infection was detected at various stages. &#xA;I have attached the latest XRay snapshot, My question is why the swelling still?&#xA;And why has it not healed to a reasonable extent I am in my very early 30's thanks.&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZOR7m.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZOR7m.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8858" LastEditorUserId="8858" LastEditDate="2017-04-10T17:52:47.007" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T17:52:47.007" Title="I went through surgery and IM nail was placed in my leg, removed fear of infection because the OP site refused to close completely," Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11755" CreationDate="2017-04-10T10:24:30.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Can 'vigorous' brushing cause dental problems?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: Yes*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;(&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; reviews tend to conclude that it's better to &lt;strong&gt;over-brush&lt;/strong&gt; than &lt;strong&gt;under-brush&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longer answer&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/11873/8653&quot;&gt;good answer by sergiouribe&lt;/a&gt; which lists factors relevant to detrimental tooth brushing, there are a few more things you mentioned which are worth dealing with as implicit questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are her gum problems related to over-brushing?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;most of the times she has gum pain too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over-brushing can indeed cause gum problems. From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v211/n6/full/sj.bdj.2011.764.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BDJ review&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct mechanical/physical influence or indirect factors resulting in gingival inflammation are key aetiological factors in gingival recession.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vigorous tooth brushing or by brushing with a hard bristle toothbrush are common causes of recession and this is often seen in patents with good oral hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tooth Decay&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back in 2003, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study on brushing force using electric toothbrushes&lt;/a&gt; made it to the general news, under the guise of (eg) &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2999806.stm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Brushing too hard 'damages teeth'&lt;/a&gt;. The news article has a couple of helpful comments on the matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Despite this, anecdotal evidence within the dental profession suggests that the majority of the population still believe that the longer and the harder you brush, the better for your teeth it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;The way in which you brush your teeth is just as important, and this goes hand in glove with the time you spend brushing and the pressure you apply to them.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What should I do about this vigorous brushing?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you haven't already, talk to your daughter about the reasoning behind tooth brushing and clear up potential misconceptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;harder isn't necessarily better&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;longer isn't necessarily better&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving some physical analogies may help. Instead of thinking of thinking of 'scrub' (like cleaning tile grout!), think more along the lines of 'massage' (with apologies to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/brushing-teeth-mistakes#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;webMD&lt;/a&gt; for borrowing the image). That same article recommends circular motions for brushing, but apparently &amp;quot;wide diversity in recommendations on toothbrushing methods&amp;quot; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v217/n3/full/sj.bdj.2014.651.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a problem as advice isn't clear&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally it's important to be positive and encouraging in how this is phrased- you don't want your daughter to be put off brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slightly orthogonally, &lt;strong&gt;if she is rinsing or using mouthwash after brushing, it's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/dentalhealth/Pages/Teethcleaningguide.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;better to do these either before brushing, or after a meal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. This might be slightly confusing as there's plenty of mouthwash marketing showing using it after brushing! But the prevailing wisdom is that rinsing or mouthwashing &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;will wash away the concentrated fluoride in the toothpaste left on your teeth&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;It is right to go for a root canal then if the problem is with brushing?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the dentist is a dental professional, that's their call. There is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Root-canal-treatment/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;information on root canal procedures&lt;/a&gt; from NHS Choices though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Further Reading&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v211/n6/full/sj.bdj.2011.764.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Dental Journal&lt;/a&gt; - gingival recession review&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tooth brushing force&lt;/a&gt; (and &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2999806.stm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one of the many news articles it spawned&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;webMD &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/brushing-teeth-mistakes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;teeth brushing mistakes&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/dentalhealth/Pages/Teethcleaningguide.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS tooth cleaning guide&lt;/a&gt; (there is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dental-decay/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;info on tooth decay&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T10:24:30.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-10T14:54:13.807" Score="2" ViewCount="1571" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have zero medical knowledge (only the basic &quot;common&quot; ones) and I would like some opinions from you experts about CT Scan. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend had a CT scan done some days ago, and since then she's obsessively scared about a potential cancer risk due to the X-rays she absorbed with that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe (and she does it too somehow) she's over-exagerating, but she doesn't manage to get rid of that bad thought. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone with some knowledge on the subject reference the real cancer risks of having a single CT scan in life, at the age of 31, when you're in perfect health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm doing this just because I would like to help her easing a bit her feelings with some concrete and authoritative evidences on the &quot;non-danger&quot;. I'm basically not looking for a real medical consultation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8863" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:19.270" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:19.270" Title="Real dangers of CT Scan made only once at age of 31" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11884" CreationDate="2017-04-10T15:23:25.007" Score="6" Body="&lt;h1&gt;CT brain at 31, what's the risk?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Very little&lt;/em&gt;, compared to overall cancer risk*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longer answer&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your girlfriend is concerned about increased risk of brain malignancy due to having a CT at age 31. This is something that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/medicalimaging/medicalx-rays/ucm115329.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA has weighed in on&lt;/a&gt; in a helpful summary page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As in many aspects of medicine, there are both benefits and risks associated with the use of CT. The main risks are those associated with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;test results that demonstrate a benign or incidental finding, leading to unneeded, possibly invasive, follow-up tests that may present additional risks and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the increased possibility of cancer induction from x-ray radiation exposure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;probability for absorbed x-rays to induce cancer&lt;/em&gt; or heritable mutations leading to genetically associated diseases in offspring &lt;em&gt;is thought to be &lt;strong&gt;very small&lt;/strong&gt; for radiation doses of the magnitude that are associated with CT procedures&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(all emphases mine)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Hold on, the effective dose is much higher than a chest x-ray!&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article goes into further detail, and there is a comparison of radiation doses in a table. It is tempting to conclude that since the dose is much higher than a chest X-ray, the risk is also much higher. However, the article covers this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A CT examination with an effective dose of 10 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115335.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;millisieverts&lt;/a&gt; (abbreviated mSv; 1 mSv = 1 mGy in the case of x-rays.) may be associated with an increase in the possibility of fatal cancer of approximately &lt;strong&gt;1 chance in 2000&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you combine the natural risk of a fatal cancer and the estimated risk from a 10 mSv CT scan, the total risk may increase from &lt;em&gt;400&lt;/em&gt; chances in 2000 to &lt;em&gt;401&lt;/em&gt; chances in 2000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(both emphases mine again)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The absolute risk increase is relatively small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it another way: if someone were to (unfortunately) develop an ultimately-fatal cancer having had a CT scan; it would be unlikely that the cancer was a result of the CT scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These things do matter on a larger scale, when considering populations; but your girlfriend can (hopefully) put this fear behind her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;So what do I say?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, sometimes medical fears or those around adverse effects can be tricky to let go of. We are adept at spotting patterns, and if something happens after the fact, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;we tend to assume it happened as a result of the fact&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If she is amenable, a sensitive discussion about what happened in the lead up and around the time of the CT may let your girlfriend express some previously-unexpressed fears or emotions, and hopefully move past her worry about the risk of malignancy from the CT itself. If the vents were traumatic, or if she does feel it's 'obsessive', she may benefit from discussing it in counselling- some folks have the perception that counselling is only for the most deeply troubled or traumatic of events; but it can help in a very wide variety of circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Astute readers will point out that there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-ct-scans-increase-risk-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some debate&lt;/a&gt; over the &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.12121137&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;data used to model risk&lt;/a&gt;; these still tend to consider the bigger picture of population risk (eg 70 million CT scans year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in the US)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Reading:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emittingproducts/radiationemittingproductsandprocedures/medicalimaging/medicalx-rays/ucm115329.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA page on CT radiation risks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115335.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA explanation of radiation quantities and units&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996147/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Radiation Risk From Medical Imaging&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T15:42:34.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10009" CreationDate="2017-04-10T15:36:49.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to combine physiotherapy with patching sounds like a parenting nightmare. As the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/pediatric-center-detail/amblyopia-patching&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAO&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Persuading your child to wear a patch can be a challenge, especially if the vision in the child’s amblyopic eye is very poor and the child is objecting strongly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They go on to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unfortunately this is an area of treatment where there is no “quick fix” but it is also a brilliant opportunity to spend a great deal of time and enjoy playing with your child.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the physiotherapy is something that is enjoyed by the child, there would need to be a complying reason to combine the two. Medically, there is no compelling reason to combine the therapies, but for individual patients there could be practical reasons (e.g., time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;to answer your question, the visual system does plays a role in balance. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vestibular Disorders Association&lt;/a&gt; has a nice graphic depicting how sensory input affects balance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nl3t8.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nl3t8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While vision plays a role in balance, the blind can compensate for their visual impairment: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.afb.org/section.aspx?SectionID=67&amp;amp;TopicID=313&amp;amp;DocumentID=3470&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.afb.org/section.aspx?SectionID=67&amp;amp;TopicID=313&amp;amp;DocumentID=3470&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T15:36:49.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13136" CreationDate="2017-04-10T17:04:20.987" Score="7" ViewCount="387" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are &lt;em&gt;preferably free and preferably PDF filetype&lt;/em&gt; online resources that one can use to study the basic anatomy of the human body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like these would be great for Health.SE as we could provide a link to those resources that everyone can access instead of books that are usually very costly. I'm starting with human anatomy because this seems the most important to me.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T23:23:02.893" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T18:48:21.397" Title="Resources for human anatomy" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-10T20:00:51.850" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, PTSD is primarily a psychological disorder. However some websites claim there are physiological responses, such as vomiting, hyperventilation, and even loss of consciousness. I'm aware that such responses can be attributed to fear, but am weary of unreliable sources. I would like to understand how much of this is fact vs fabrication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~~~~~ Question ~~~~~&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some of the most extreme physiological responses ( if at all ) that PTSD can elicit in its suffers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8865" LastEditorUserId="8865" LastEditDate="2017-04-10T22:09:40.680" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T22:09:40.680" Title="What are some of the most extreme physiological effects associated with PTSD?" Tags="&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-10T20:58:32.257" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard about the so called &quot;retinal light toxicity&quot; that the blue light from LED lighting may cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to mount a filter on the objective of my microscope to reduce the risk of injuries, but there are different kind of filters depending on the spectrum.&#xA;I could not find any trivial information telling if one should filter the blue in the visible spectrum, UVA, UVB or UVC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for which kind of UV should the filter be, and if for all three, does this imply a multi-coated filter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8866" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T22:52:33.757" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T22:52:33.757" Title="Which kind for filter to protect eyes from LED's blue light : UV(A), UV(B) or UV(C)?" Tags="&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;led-lights&gt;&lt;visible-optical-spectrum&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-10T21:37:48.007" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandparents both have facial herpes around their lips and I have just spent a weekend with them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On arrival I was unaware of their conditions and therefore hugged them and allowed them to kiss me on the cheek. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later in the weekend, I also gave a kiss to my grandma on her cheek and hugged them when saying goodbye with some skin in contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their lips hardly came into contact with my cheek but I am still worried that I could have herpes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't noticed anything different about my skin on my face but my girlfriend wants me to get the test for herpes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How likely is it for me to be infected with herpes considering what I have described above? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8868" LastActivityDate="2017-04-10T21:37:48.007" Title="How infectious is herpes?" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-11T05:23:21.797" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Japan where raw fish are frequently eaten with no anti-parasite processing the infection of the nematode Anisakiasis became a required reportable diagnosis in 2012. Nevertheless, only 89 cases were reported in 2013. According to a study on the subject they claimed that health insurance records suggested over 7000 cases (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/60/9/e43/405137/Is-the-Quality-of-Sushi-Ruined-by-Freezing-Raw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/60/9/e43/405137/Is-the-Quality-of-Sushi-Ruined-by-Freezing-Raw&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be a huge divergence in numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess there are two things I don't understand. If it is required to report it, how could they have only 89 reported cases but 7000+ &quot;insurance&quot; cases? The other thing I don't understand is that another study I read found Anisakiasis infection in 20% of the mackerels that they examined. If the nematode is so prevalent, shouldn't people in Japan be getting sick on a much larger scale? I mean there are &lt;em&gt;millions&lt;/em&gt; of people in Japan eating raw mackerel. If 20% of that mackerel has Anisakiasis larva, then shouldn't we be seeing hundreds of thousands of cases of human infection, not just 7000 or 89?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-11T21:33:30.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T21:33:30.770" Title="Incidence of anisakidosis in Japan" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-11T08:57:51.867" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is known about a (multivariate) statistical distribution of complete blood count? Especially about the covariance or correlation matrix &#xA;(in a healthy population).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8872" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-04-11T21:45:28.257" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T21:45:28.257" Title="Covariance matrix for Complete blood count" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;cbc-complete-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-11T14:15:27.293" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;For painting/drawing models, what is the maximum exposure time and maximum light intensity of a spot shining in your eyes at a fixed position?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is: before the damage to your eyes becomes unrepairable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the light intensity actually the problem, or is it purely the heat which causes the problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clarfiication edit:&lt;/strong&gt; A painting/drawing model is a person exerting a modeling discipline. Contrary to a photography model, a painting model performs for one or more painters/drawers who will use the model's body as an inspiration for their artistic works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastEditorUserId="7890" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T18:00:36.220" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T18:00:36.220" Title="For painting/drawing models, what is the maximum exposure time and maximum light intensity of a spot shining in your eyes at a fixed position?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;light&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-11T13:50:07.620" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there currently some safe method to monitor arterial blood for weeks while &quot;living normally&quot;? Essentially, do doctors monitor some people's bloods contents by attaching some device that constantly draws and analyzes blood? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it, what are the risks? What are the side effects of this device? Where is it usually attached?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, why not, what's keeping this from existing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" OwnerDisplayName="VSO" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T15:23:36.967" Title="Side Effects of Monitoring Blood Stream for Weeks?" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11884" CreationDate="2017-04-11T15:41:02.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The TL;DR answer is: yes, radiation can cause cancer, but no one knows for sure exactly what the risk is of one CT scan.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radiation (especially in fetuses/children) increases the likelihood of cancer. Our information comes mostly from atomic bomb survivors, people exposed at Chernobyl, people treated with high doses of radiation for cancer and other conditions, and people exposed to high levels of background radiation, e.g. uranium miners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can one CT scan increase your chance of developing cancer? Yes, but how &lt;em&gt;significant&lt;/em&gt; that is remains debatable. It depends on a lot of unmeasurable things: genetics, age, one's ability to repair the damage, which area of the body is being dosed, whether there are other carcinogens at work (e.g. viruses or co-carcinogens), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following are commonly found numbers. Given 10,000 people, about 2000 will die of non-radiation related cancers. If you expose those 10,000 people to &lt;strong&gt;10 mSv of radiation&lt;/strong&gt;, you can expect 5-6 additional cancer deaths in that 10,000 (or .5% increase). &lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; However, if you expose someone to 10 mSv twice, with two months in between, the risk does not double. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The average dose of radiation per year from background sources is 1.5-3.5 mSv/yr.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; Because of our ability to repair damaged DNA over time, it's generally estimated that, from natural background radiation, the risk of developing cancer from background radiation is about 1% of our total cancer risk.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The average CT scan is going to give you 7 mSv of exposure&lt;/strong&gt; (that's a high estimate. The newer the machine, the lower the dose - usually.) What is your chance of getting a &lt;em&gt;lethal cancer&lt;/em&gt; from that? The answer is: no one knows.&lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relative risk has be calculated by some. The following all give you a (estimated) 1 in a million chance of dying from that event&lt;sup&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Driving 40 miles in a car (accident)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Flying 2500 miles in a jet (accident)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Canoeing for 6 minutes  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Receiving 10 mrem (.1 mSv) of radiation (cancer) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you can estimate that (maybe) the risk of dying from a 7 mSv CT scan is about equivalent to driving 2800 miles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of all this is, no one knows your exact risk of developing a lethal or r&lt;em&gt;elatively non-lethal&lt;/em&gt; cancer (yes, that does exist) from an imaging study. Most ethical radiologists will tell you there is no known safe radiation exposure, and that one should avoid unnecessary radiation exposure. While some imaging studies &lt;strong&gt;are&lt;/strong&gt; unnecessary, some of them are not, and the risk of avoiding the study greatly outweighs the risk of undergoing it. What you can do to protect yourself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ask if an MRI will give the doctor the same information (no radiation, but 2-3x the cost, longer wait)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ask the doctor if the test is absolutely necessary (a lot of tests are ordered to &lt;em&gt;cover one's ass&lt;/em&gt;)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ask if there is another way to obtain the same information (e.g. colonoscopy instead of barium study)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;get your study from the newest scanners available (radiation can be reduced up to 60% between generations of CT scanners)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;reduce conflict of interest: any CT scan ordered &lt;em&gt;in house&lt;/em&gt; (or by a doctor that owns a share in the imaging facility) should be questioned (but not necessarily refused.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xrayrisk.com/calculator/calculator-normal-studies.php?id=17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;XrayRisk.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/health_effects.html#est_health_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USEPA Radiation and Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Radiation-and-Life/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiation and Life&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[4] Higher accumulated doses of radiation might produce a cancer which would only be observed several - up to twenty - years after the radiation exposure. This delay makes it impossible to say with any certainty which of many possible agents were the cause of a particular cancer. In western countries, about a quarter of people die from cancers, with smoking, dietary factors, genetic factors and strong sunlight being among the main causes. Radiation is a weak carcinogen, but undue exposure could certainly increase health risks.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[5] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maricopa.gov/emerg_mgt/pvngs_radiation.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Nuclear Society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[6] &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/radiation-safety/risks-of-radiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risks of Radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;[7] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiation and Risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; From previously given answer on Biology.SE&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T15:41:02.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-11T17:26:41.850" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently noticed that I have dry, itchy skin - particularly on my shins and ankles - and I think this may be caused by the warm-to-hot 10 minute showers I have every morning. The problem is that if I don't have these showers, my hair will feel greasy as soon as I wake up until I've had a shower. It's a hard sensation to describe, but it also feels like I'm very acutely aware of the hairs on my scalp, as well as the skin on my face. This is such an uncomfortable position to be in that it prevents me from getting anything done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this normal to feel after a shower? If not, what could be the cause of it, and how can I be free of it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8602" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-11T21:31:36.157" LastActivityDate="2017-04-11T21:31:36.157" Title="Why do my hair and scalp feel greasy and itchy until I shower?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;greasy-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11884" CreationDate="2017-04-12T02:17:46.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risk from a single CT exposure should realistically be estimated to be zero. &#xA;The commonly used &quot;linear no-threshold extrapolation model&quot; to get to estimates of cancer risks due to exposure to low levels of radiation (of the order of 10 mSv or less) has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663584/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no scientific basis whatsoever&lt;/a&gt;.  E.g., observations of excess cancer cases after the Chernobyl disaster have failed to find any evidence in favor of it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contrary to previous claims, there was no increase in leukemia or other cancers (except thyroid cancer) in regions contaminated after the Chernobyl accident where thyroid doses ranged up to 1 Sv (123). The increase in thyroid cancer among young children is correlated with dose (124), and a threshold at 200 mSv is compatible with data (125).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the model is still useful to get to very rigorous safety standards for people who can be exposed to radiation. It's of course better to exaggerate the risk by a factor of a thousand than to underestimate it by even a small factor. Also, the risk is not the same for patients and medical staff, a patient may be exposed only a few times in his/her life whole the medical staff could be exposed several times a day if they would not leave the room where the patient is scanned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The faults in the DNA that lead to cancer are overwhelmingly the result of &lt;a href=&quot;http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6331/1330&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DNA replication errors&lt;/a&gt;, not due to exposure to background radiation of few mSv to a few dozen mSv per year, so we don't need to worry about getting CT scans. We should worry about what we eat, whether we get enough exercise, and we should avoid stress (so, actually, we shouldn't worry too much), as these factors do impact on biological processes that are related to cancer risks. Here we need to consider that random DNA damage is not going to cause cancer, it has to be very specific damage affecting certain genes in crucial places. Also, the immune system which can then still eliminate the threat, has to fail to do so. If you stick to a healthy lifestyle, you're going to reduce most of these independent risk factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T02:17:46.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T09:43:26.460" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background: In an attempt to relieve hemorroids I hurt myself with hot water on the buttocks near crack area, this started only two days ago. The burn area is not exceeding width of two fingers on each cheek, mostly inside the folded cheeks area and not on the exposed cheeks. Burn is red and painful but no blisters, with painful tingling, yet pain is relatively controlled with non-steroidal analgesics. When I clean the burn in the morning it sheds very little blood on the cleaning tissue but bloods stops after I gently swap the burn 2-3 times. I am avoiding sitting down or laying on my back as it worsen the pain. &#xA;Question 1: is this a second degree burn? I clean with saline and apply antibiotic cream three times daily, is this enough? &#xA;Should I also apply an antibiotic spray and or any steroidal cream?&#xA;Question 2: I can't cover the burn given difficulty of making the dressing stable with every movement, is this ok?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8882" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T22:46:03.517" LastActivityDate="2019-09-30T17:36:03.747" Title="Hot water burn management" Tags="&lt;burns&gt;&lt;antibiotic-cream&gt;&lt;saline&gt;&lt;second-degree-burn&gt;&lt;buttocks&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-09-30T18:42:51.080" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T14:46:44.833" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any negative health effects associated with breathing in air surrounding sulphur hot springs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested in what sort of gaseous compounds might be found in such air, which might likely have a negative health-wise impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T22:41:54.823" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T22:41:54.823" Title="Are there any negative health effects associated with breathing in air surrounding sulphur hot springs?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;&lt;sulphur&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T17:20:32.363" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father (aged 53) has stopped drinking alcohol  since January and due to this he has a low bp 110/60, when he goes to the toilet bleeding there is blood in the urine, hemoglobin is 6, stomach is full and tight (seems like bloating), he sleeps for almost 24 hours. Which type of specialist is suitable for such a condition? (We are based in India).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8885" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T18:07:30.893" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T20:41:28.870" Title="Which type of specialist should we see for bleeding and possible liver damage after alcohol withdrawal?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;&lt;alcohol-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T17:57:48.680" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at my results from a C/T I had a year ago, because my doctor wants to get another since my lymph node is still enlarged. When I looked at the results I saw&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The right axillary region shows small bone lymph node collection measuring 2.1 cm x 1 cm collectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When these results came back, my doctor said everything looked fine. In the little research that I've done it looks like anything over 2 cm is cause for concern, but that was specifically about lymph nodes. So my question is, what is a lymph node collection, or even more specifically what is a bone lymph node collection. Is that different than a single lymph node? What is the normal size range?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8886" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-04-12T18:10:42.740" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T18:10:42.740" Title="What is a Lymph Node Collection" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;lymph-nodes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T22:06:08.957" Score="2" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following chromosomal formula&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;46,XX,del(7)(q11q36)[12]/46,XX[13]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It indicates that the patient has 46 chromosomes, is a female and has a deletion on the long arm of chromosome 7 spanning the bands from 11 to 36.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Where can I find medical information about this specific deletion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I am interested in the health impact of this deletion and not about a list of gene names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastActivityDate="2017-04-12T22:06:08.957" Title="Where can I find information about this deletion?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-12T23:36:08.330" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If women in their 20's do have concerns or family history of having breast cancer, can they request to have the brca-gene-test done??&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How rare is it for women that young to ask for that? Or is it only in special circumstances where doctors suspect it that doctors make the referral for the brca gene test?&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I'm not worried about me as I'm fairly certain breast cancer doesn't run in my family -- I think it's just coincidental my grandmothers on either side of the family battled breast cancer late in their lives (my mother is currently in her 60's and doesn't have breast cancer).  &lt;strong&gt;I'm just curious who is tested for brca gene mutations and how medical practitioners make that decision.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T20:35:39.970" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T20:35:39.970" Title="How common is it for women in their 20's to have a BRCA gene test conducted?" Tags="&lt;heredity&gt;&lt;brca-gene-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5053" CreationDate="2017-04-13T02:54:03.030" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Infrared light is invisible and in remotes it is not as intense the sun's rays or welding, so there is no immediate danger. Over exposure (long period) to intense Infrared penetrates inside the eye and damages the retina and can cause cataracts (an opaque retina).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8890" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T02:54:03.030" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-13T07:56:57.400" Score="2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading around and cannot find a definite answer. When should I or when should i not apply direct pressure to a bullet wound? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll narrow it down to arms and legs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8893" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T17:57:46.770" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T17:57:46.770" Title="When not to apply pressure to bullet wound?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;limbs&gt;&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;&lt;shrapnel-bullets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-13T03:09:08.240" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure i'm posting on the right place and I don't really know what it is called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just wondering. How the cuurent food company calculated the nutrition information of they food?&#xA;In my opinion:&#xA;example, not all Orange will contain 2mg of Vitamin C, it should depends on the size of the Orange, where the tree grew, how old is the Orange, how much is the weight, how much part of it get into the product and etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why if I buy 2 same product from the same company it has the same nutrition(written on the nutrition fact)?&#xA;It should not the same on the nutrition count. Right?&#xA;Anyone can answer?&#xA;Sorry for my English, hope you still can get what I mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="newbie" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T00:49:10.497" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T00:49:10.497" Title="How to calculate nutrition fact?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;brands&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-13T15:22:01.773" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ate something with my headphones on, and after eating I noticed that the ear speaker lose their covering film. I noticed as after lunch I touched them and had little black particles of the cover in my hand (guess this is due to the aging of the plastic film). Then I noticed them also on my desk, so surely some of them might haven fallen on my lunch, or even I had some on my fingers before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am concerned that I have eaten some of these plastic parts. They are very thin and not hard, so they might get resolved in my stomach acid (and do not pass through as I had written elsewhere when plastic gets swallowed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How harmful might that be? That my body might absorb little fragments and particles of plastic??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8898" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T22:13:12.723" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T22:13:12.723" Title="Swallowed very little and porous plastic parts. Might it be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;foreign-body-object&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11923" CreationDate="2017-04-13T17:34:17.663" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say someone has a virus and the doctor prescribed him to take him antibiotics, while taking the antibiotics can he be effected with another type of virus or the antibiotics will make him immune for some period of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1366" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T20:36:19.283" Title="Does taking antibiotics make you immune to virus?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11921" CreationDate="2017-04-13T20:36:19.283" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses like colds, flu,&#xA;  most sore throats, and bronchitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/features/getsmart/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/features/getsmart/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T20:36:19.283" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11917" CreationDate="2017-04-13T20:54:21.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Never unless the wound is actively bleeding heavily, which would most likely be an extremity wound since gunshot wounds to the torso tend to do most of their bleeding internally where you can't see it and only a surgeon can stop it. Head wounds where external bleeding is a major concern are rare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With wounds to the torso you don't generally want to be applying pressure since that could cause the bullet to shift or move, which may cause more harm. For example, what if the bullet is lodged in an artery? If you apply pressure and dislodge that bullet it might unseal the artery and cause uncontrolled bleeding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T20:54:21.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-13T21:17:47.617" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, before I get slammed by everyone for this seemingly &quot;outrageous&quot; question -- I have to say, I am highly doubtful and leery of this claim, which is why I'm asking. Actually, I am fairly certain this claim is wrong just based on all the recent studies done on sugar recently and the lack of data in this supposed study, but I would welcome being &quot;wrong&quot; in this case. haha. &lt;em&gt;(like I need another excuse to eat ice cream?)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend is currently in a nutritionist course while at college (though it's a 100 level course), and she very briefly reiterated to me a lecture her prof gave wherein he talked about how eating ice cream could actually improve mental concentration if eaten in the morning? I pressed for more details, but she had finals and was in a hurry... but she very quickly dished out this &quot;study&quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibtimes.com/eating-ice-cream-breakfast-may-improve-mental-performance-alertness-study-says-2450646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Business Times: Eating Ice-Cream for Breakfast May Improve Mental Alertness...&lt;/a&gt;But, as you can see, there really isn't an explanation or much details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, let's say if this study were to be true, h&lt;strong&gt;ow does this ice cream improve mental performance?&lt;/strong&gt; And w&lt;strong&gt;hat are alpha waves, and how do they relate to this discussion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Also, does anyone have more details on this study?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-04-13T21:17:47.617" Title="Eating ice-cream for breakfast may improve mental performance &amp; alertness? Legit?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-13T21:38:17.110" Score="6" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I check online for memory improvement, I mostly come across games.&#xA;But I am a software developer, and my job is like solving puzzles all the time while debugging the codes for nearly 10 years. However still I have a very short term memory, and I have to think considerable amount of time to remember what I actually eat yesterday, or where was I on last weekend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I don't trust solving puzzles much. (Maybe I didn't find the right one.) Did you achieve results for improving your short term memory? (I'm not talking about memorization techniques for cards etc, I am talking about natural memory capacity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8902" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-13T22:11:05.043" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T11:30:02.820" Title="How to improve your short term memory?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;&lt;short-term-memory-loss&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-14T03:57:18.480" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the reasons for the major decline in the rate of newly discovered antibiotics, which we have been experiencing over the last years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T03:57:18.480" Title="What are the reasons for the major decline in the rate of newly discovered antibiotics?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-14T06:33:08.830" Score="4" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditional knowledge about heath in my country is guided by Ayurveda and according to it sleeplessness can be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chandigarhayurvedcentre.com/herbal-remedies-for-flatulence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a symptom&lt;/a&gt; of flatulence. I wonder if a connection between flatulence and sleeplessness exists and has been discovered by modern medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found only &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freemd.com/s2/2228/bad-insomnia-flatulence.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;freemd.com&lt;/a&gt; of DSHI Systems correlate &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freemd.com/s2/2228/bad-insomnia-flatulence.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flatulence with insomnia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T17:58:35.660" LastActivityDate="2019-06-06T10:56:38.310" Title="Can flatulence be a cause of sleeplessness?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11926" CreationDate="2017-04-14T18:59:13.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Outdoor physical aerobic exercise did it for me. Walking and especially running. In just a few weeks I had a completely different brain (so it seemed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get some advice from a sports physician first, it'll save your body and make the experience much more fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8473" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T18:59:13.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-14T20:23:46.730" Score="2" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Matchmaker, matchmaker, make me a match; find me a find; catch me a catch! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are probably a whole litany of &lt;strong&gt;factors that are considered to match organ donors with those needing organs so that the transplant is not rejected. What are these factors?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood type is obvious (as well as medical history to alcohol and substance abuse, etc). What else? Age plays a role depending on what is being donating, but not on everything, right? &lt;strong&gt;Does gender matter? What else?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are organs transported on dry ice to keep them as viable as long as possible? &lt;strong&gt;What is the means by which they are transported? How long from death or extraction to transplant does it take?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(I'm assuming the type of donation/transplant matters... but let's just throw kidney as an example).&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T20:23:46.730" Title="What factors, beside blood-type, are considered a &quot;good match&quot; for organ transplants?" Tags="&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;transplant-rejection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-14T21:54:11.560" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading about clinical studies on various chronic diseases, I get a sense that increasing lifespan is rarely the primary objective of these studies, and instead they focus on surrogate markers, like blood pressure or blood sugar. Is it generally important for a drug to have a reduced mortality compared to placebo for it to be approved by FDA, etc? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="755" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:31:59.350" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:31:59.350" Title="Do drugs that increase (or don't decrease) mortality during clinical studies still get approved and if so - why?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11941" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-14T23:07:03.480" Score="2" ViewCount="428" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I cry or tear up, my eyes start burning and get red, causing me to tear up more. It helps when I wash my eyes with warm water. I don't understand, because my eyes aren't dry to start with so there must be some tears there to start with. I'm not wearing contacts or eye shadow or eye liner at the time. This happens when I watch a sad movie or pluck hairs. It's like I'm allergic to my own tears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, I'm not going to the doctor and I'm in perfect health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-14T23:15:05.593" LastActivityDate="2017-04-14T23:15:05.593" Title="Why do my tears burn?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;pluck-plucking&gt;&lt;tear-duct&gt;&lt;watery-eyes&gt;&lt;blood-shot-eyes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-15T01:24:23.250" Score="3" ViewCount="1036" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the last few weeks, I've started breaking out with medium-to-severe acne, and in an attempt to clear it up &lt;em&gt;in the short-term&lt;/em&gt; I've been using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/T-Zone-Skin-Clearing-Face-Moisturiser/dp/B00CS57EAE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;T-Zone Skin Clearing Face Moisturiser&lt;/a&gt;. However, I'm not sure if it's making any difference, and it may even be making it worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible for a moisturiser to make acne worse?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, &lt;em&gt;as a longer term solution&lt;/em&gt;, in the last few days I've started a 2-3 month course of antibiotics prescribed my doctor to clear the acne up. Should I be able to use this particular moisturiser and antibiotics simultaneously without any problems, or must I only use one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8602" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:46:53.090" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T16:29:24.067" Title="Can using moisturiser make acne worse?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;&lt;exacerbate-exacerbation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-08-01T00:06:54.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11767" CreationDate="2017-04-15T13:55:46.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;New York State&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yes, I know that you don't live in New York State. This is however the most useful and explanatory document that I have found on this matter and therefore linked it as further information.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mercury Levels Tests are performed either with urine or with blood in the New York State.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most commonly accepted methods of assessing mercury exposure are&#xA;to test urine or blood. Both tests usually measure levels of total&#xA;mercury (elemental, inorganic and organic). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevated mercury in urine usually indicates exposure to an elemental or inorganic source&#xA;of mercury, such as from a job that uses mercury. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevated mercury&#xA;in blood usually indicates exposure to organic mercury (such as from&#xA;eating fish containing methylmercury) or recent exposure to a high&#xA;level of elemental mercury vapor. For most people, an elevated blood&#xA;mercury level is associated with eating fish and other seafood&#xA;containing organic mercury.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/chemicals/hsees/mercury/docs/factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Health Department&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In New York State, it is mandatory to report high level of mercury in blood or urine tests to the New York State Department of Health. Therefore, if anyone in New York had underwent a blood or urine test, they would have been notified if there are high mercury levels. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/chemicals/hsees/mercury/docs/factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Health Department&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Massachusetts&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was a bit more challenging to find sources for Massachusetts. However, if one digs deep this is what I could find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Confidential Report Form for the State of Massachusetts states that all persons with mercury blood levels higher than 15 μg / L or urine mercury levels higher than 35 μg / g creatinine &lt;strong&gt;must&lt;/strong&gt; be reported. (Link to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/occupational-health/confidential-report-form.docx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;.doc version of the Confidential Report Form&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/occupational-health/occu-injury-reporting-brochure.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reporting Occupational Diseases and Injuries Form&lt;/a&gt; (again in .doc-type) states exactly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/environmental/iaq/grafton-street-school-fact-sheet.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Public Health Fact Sheet Regarding Elemental Mercury Contamination at the Grafton Street School&lt;/a&gt; (MA) says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[mercury] tests are available to measure elemental mercury levels in&#xA;the body.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Urine or blood samples are used to test for exposure to&#xA;elemental mercury.  Urine is most useful for testing for potential&#xA;inhalation exposure to elemental mercury.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In order to get the most&#xA;accurate measure of mercury, the sample should be collected soon after&#xA;exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visit a &lt;strong&gt;GP&lt;/strong&gt; of your choice and simply ask them to perform a mercury test on you. They will either collect blood or your urine and send it to a lab.     &lt;em&gt;If they perform a urine test&lt;/em&gt; and you are very very sure that you only want organic mercury to be checked (where it is recommended to do a blood test), kindly tell them exactly this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would strongly recommend printing out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/chemicals/hsees/mercury/docs/factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linked PDF-Document&lt;/a&gt; and bringing that with you. It is easier for your doctor to accept the official document (and they will see that you are well-informed) than to trust in your reasoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary of References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New York State Health Department  - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/chemicals/hsees/mercury/docs/factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding Mercury Exposure Levels&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Massachusetts Health Department - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/occupational-health/confidential-report-form.docx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Confidential Report Form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Massachusetts Health Department - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/occupational-health/occu-injury-reporting-brochure.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reporting Occupational Diseases and Injuries Form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Massachusetts Health Department - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/environmental/iaq/grafton-street-school-fact-sheet.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Public Health Fact Sheet Regarding Elemental Mercury Contamination at the Grafton Street School&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-15T13:55:46.340" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-15T15:52:11.000" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an accident 18 months ago and can't use the leg fully because the Operation site hasn't healed and is still discharging. I had an IM surgery, and the implant has been removed about 10 months ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had several Xrays but I still feel we are not getting the real picture of what's going on, as the Xray is usually done on the front view and the side view for the leg. A family friend has suggested that a CT Scan will probably show more. Considering the cost involved, I dont know if that's the right thing to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8858" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T12:27:03.557" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T12:27:03.557" Title="Will a CT scan help monitor my Tibia recovery better than an Xray?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12357" CreationDate="2017-04-15T16:49:38.627" Score="1" ViewCount="1248" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_122.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;In 10 human volunteers, the threshold of detection for irritation was about 0.1% when hydrogen peroxide was administered as drops directly to the eye (McNally, 1990).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen peroxide reacts with Melanin pigments and turns it into colorless compound. Melanin is found in hair, skin and eye.&#xA;H2o2 is already used to bleach hair to lighten it's color due to its effect on Melanin.&#xA;this has already been many researches about turning melanin into colorless compound with h2o2 like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2165063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, and there exist commercial compounds for achieving this result on hair.&#xA;The question is why the same can't be done with eyes using extremely diluted h2o2 for long period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8912" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T23:21:35.073" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T02:29:08.247" Title="Is it safe to use extremely diluted H2O2 (&lt; 0.1%) On eyes regularly?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;diluting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11952" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-15T18:54:00.310" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many types of breads that are available in market like milk bread, brown bread etc. Which bread I should eat that can be more good for my health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:41:12.063" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T21:05:19.960" Title="Which type of bread is good for health?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;grains&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11957" CreationDate="2017-04-15T20:48:35.180" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;i have red skin in my face since a couple months. I thought it is coming from drinking because I spent like 3 weeks drinking every second day with a friend who visited me and afterwards I got problems with my skin, as well this reddening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have it for months now and the dermatologist told me to use something to heal tissue and to apply basically sun lotion. Well I did that for 10 days straight i applied a sun cream and the healing lotion, and I still look like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;any wild ideas what else it could be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;yes yes, seek help from a professional yeah right, I have another appointment soon. But each doctor tends to say something else, and I wanted to see here if someone has advice /  a wild guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: I lately got a bit of dermatitis / neurodermitis again, a disease I used to have a lot more when I was a baby. Now I barely ever get it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it looks like sun burn to me, but I am almost never in the sun (I am a programmer, food delivers at noon to my place typically). If someone would tell me sun burn -&gt; i would tell him that it might be the lack of sun, but not sun burn for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i have a new notebook since a couple months. Can it be the light emitted by the screen? probably not because I read flatscreens do not emit UV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8913" LastEditorUserId="8913" LastEditDate="2017-08-06T14:53:06.677" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T14:53:06.677" Title="Reddened in the face / red skin in the face" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;hyperpigmentation&gt;&lt;flush-face-body&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-06-21T15:20:54.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-15T21:22:24.313" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone was to kiss someone else with herpes, would approximately 3% H2O2 or 70% alcohol offer a proven risk reduction immediately after an exposure (within the hour for instance)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/1/should-we-require-references-to-back-up-all-answers&quot;&gt;reliable references&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-04-21T21:34:23.787" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T00:00:32.493" Title="Herpes: would prophylaxis H202 3% or alchol 70% decrease risk of infection from exposure?" Tags="&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;&lt;prophylaxis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11954" CreationDate="2017-04-16T08:44:44.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many possibilities here, but my first thought upon seeing the pictures and reading that it occurred after you increased your alcohol consumption was rosacea. It can be triggered by alcohol consumption. Certain foods can trigger it as well. You'll want to google &quot;rosacea&quot; and &quot;rosacea triggers&quot; because there's much more info out there than I can easily summarize here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another big possibility is allergies/atopic dermatitis/eczema. Did you change any product usage like soaps, detergents, shampoo, or conditioner which come into contact with the skin? Have you started eating any new foods that you now eat frequently? Any other recent environmental changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow up with your dermatologist. It may take several visits to narrow down and pinpoint some diagnoses that have nonspecific symptoms, and sometimes it even comes down to trial and error with several treatment options. If you don't get anywhere after that, perhaps seek another opinion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3561" LastActivityDate="2017-04-16T08:44:44.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10456" CreationDate="2017-04-16T15:04:05.807" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be unlikely you catch herpes by sharing a bite or two of a hamburger with an infected person in remission. It's so unlikely that if (hypothetically) you did test positive for herpes (and it was your first time to test) that the positive exposure could have occurred from any number of situations that happen repeatedly in daily life.  That's because the infection rate of herpes is so high, and the number of people who harbor it unknowingly is so high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastActivityDate="2017-04-16T15:04:05.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-16T19:56:56.957" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was experiencing nasal blockage for years and I've basically tried everything imaginable. Nasal drainage, nasal sprays (both prescription strength and over the counter), pills, breath-rite etc...And those they do help somewhat relieve the blockage a little, after an hour, it's back to square one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of my nasal passages is ALWAYS blocked and it rotates between the two. I recently went to an ENT to have it checked and he informed me I had a deviated septum. He recommended have it corrected through surgery (in-office procedure) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are the risks associated with this surgery? What's the average recovery time? I've never had surgery before so this will be my first time under the knife so I would love to here from people who've had this procedure and give me their in site!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:35:36.510" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:35:36.510" Title="What are some of the risks associated with Septoplasty?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;nostrils&gt;&lt;deviated-nasal-septum&gt;&lt;septoplasty&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-16T20:13:02.427" Score="2" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;How safe is drinking radioactive carbon-14 during urea breath test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1366" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:34:26.663" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:34:26.663" Title="Is drinking 'radioactive carbon-14' safe?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;urea&gt;&lt;breathalyzer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-16T22:14:50.153" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious why is it not wide spread and well-known I'm hesitant to begin a one month course. any suggestions ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8924" LastActivityDate="2017-04-16T22:14:50.153" Title="Is Arcalion 200mg by Servier good for ADHD" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-08-03T20:31:58.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T07:22:46.677" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Autopsy report of a person showed mild accumulation of fat in liver. Q1. Is mild accumulation of fat in liver common?&#xA;There was evidence of trauma to upper abdominal cavity. Q2. Can mild trauma to fatty liver be fatal. I know trauma to the liver in general can create complications, but is the fatty liver more vulnerable? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8927" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T07:22:46.677" Title="Can trauma to a liver with mild fat accumulation result in death?" Tags="&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;fatty-liver-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T16:55:40.400" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/315152-how-to-increase-tendon-strength/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.livestrong.com/article/315152-how-to-increase-tendon-strength/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170417165014/http://www.livestrong.com/article/315152-how-to-increase-tendon-strength/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increase circulation throughout your body to improve the blood flow to your tendons. Part of the problem with tendons is that they aren't vascularized as well as your muscles are, meaning that the blood flow inferior. This can result in poor cell regeneration, weak tendons and possible injury. &lt;strong&gt;To improve your circulation, include aerobic exercise alongside your resistance training workout to get the blood flowing.&lt;/strong&gt; Massaging and applying heat either to particular problem areas like your elbow or heel, can help with blood flow, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any scientific study demonstrated that aerobic exercises increase the blood around the tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T22:14:34.090" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T22:14:34.090" Title="Does aerobic exercises increase the blood around the tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;aerobic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T17:03:05.163" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some weeks back, my left ear was closed partially when I woke up in the morning.Now I hear less from that ear. What could have happed to my ear? Is there any way to open it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:50:52.517" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:50:52.517" Title="How to open my partially closed ear?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T19:01:36.543" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was born in 1993, received my first MMR vaccine in 1994 and the booster in 1997. I'm about to travel to a country where vaccination rates are lower, and as a result, measels outbreaks still happen regularly. Because I was vaccinated against measels 20 years ago, am I safe from contracting measels in this country (and potentially transmitting it to unvaccinated infants on my return home), or has the vaccine &quot;worn off&quot; by now, making it advisable for me to get a third MMR shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8932" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T21:32:50.187" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:32:50.187" Title="Travelling to country with endemic measels - Do I need MMR shot renewed?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;endemic&gt;&lt;measles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T21:58:53.683" Score="1" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the weekend, I developed an intense sore throat, (it may well be strep throat -- results are pending). Anyway, I've been looking for any and all means to help ease the pain, and my boyfriend came across several articles indicating that marshmallows might help. One such articles is here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20640098,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;14 Ways to Soothe a Sore Throat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although there's no hard evidence that it works, sap from the&#xA;marshmallow plant has been used for hundreds of years—usually in tea&#xA;form—to treat coughs, colds, and sore throats. And while real&#xA;marshmallow bears little relation to the puffy campfire treats that&#xA;took its name, both may have sore throat-fighting properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to anecdotal reports, modern-day marshmallows can help ease&#xA;sore throat pain, possibly because the gelatin coats and soothes.&#xA;&amp;quot;It's not the wackiest thing in the world,&amp;quot; Dr. Linder says. &amp;quot;If your&#xA;throat is really swollen and it really hurts to swallow anything, I&#xA;can see how something slippery and sweet like marshmallows might&#xA;provide some relief.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is clear that marshmallow roots would be much more effective than the sugary marshmallow puffs, &lt;strong&gt;I was wondering if gelatin properties or if any properties left of a marshmallow puff are still helpful nevertheless? Or is it all a placebo?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I do not have marshmallows at my home and have not tested it personally).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-17T21:58:53.683" Title="Are marshmallows an effective remedy for sore throats?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;sore-throat&gt;&lt;gelatin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-17T22:00:41.480" Score="3" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a gastric bypass surgery you can only eat tiny meals, the severe calorie restriction causes rapid weight loss. What I don't understand is why the bodyweight will then eventually stabilize as the person would still be eating way less than what normal people eat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-17T22:03:32.990" LastActivityDate="2019-02-04T03:44:32.340" Title="Why don't people who get gastric bypass surgery starve to death?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;starvation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-18T09:33:29.207" Score="2" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hello guys!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm epileptic and last months I have some problems with my attention and my memory&lt;/strong&gt;. Another problem is, I'm from Russia and we don't have here good pills or really qualified doctors and medication service. I mean we have no chargeable insurance, you need to pay for all. And if you can't, there are free service, worse than which only service in Africa... Probably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, I wanna to start using nootropics. But almost every medication has notice, that it can gives side effects for my disease&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Actually, I would like to use &quot;Adderal&quot;, 'cause of amphetamine inside 'cause it steals all your attention whatever you do&lt;/strong&gt;. And this would really helpful for me. &lt;strong&gt;But we don't have it here free for sale&lt;/strong&gt; (to be honest, &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;there is absolutely no drug here as I think&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, only strange online pharmacies sells it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;I wanna combine some local nootropics with amphetamine&lt;/strong&gt; if it would possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 4 questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will it give the same effect as Adderall?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the probability that nootropics give side effects on epilepsy?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How will the probability increase if I mix nootropics with amphetamine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. &lt;strong&gt;I use &quot;Topiramate&quot; for now&lt;/strong&gt; (the best medication for me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I used &quot;Lamotrigine&quot; (worse) and before that I used &quot;Depakine chrono&quot; (&quot;Valproic acid&quot; is active substance as I know, that was the worst and the most expensive), which didn't help me at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8936" LastEditorDisplayName="user8936" LastEditDate="2017-04-20T14:43:29.527" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T14:43:29.527" Title="Nootropics for epileptics" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;&lt;nootropic-smart-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11979" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12002" CreationDate="2017-04-18T16:08:14.460" Score="3" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you please let me know if any foods available to keep our brain active and alert always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I loss the common sense also to think on few things. For example pronouncing a word that I already know in wrong way. I also forget regular things like locking doors, turning off lights etc. very poor listening skills. I think the common problem for all these is because of low functionality of my brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to improve my brain usage. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a vegeterian&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-18T23:56:30.573" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T07:33:09.897" Title="How to keep my brain active and alert in natural always" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;brain-exercises&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;forgetfulness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11984" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17564" CreationDate="2017-04-19T00:19:38.280" Score="0" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that it all depends on the health of the individual, but typically speaking &lt;strong&gt;how fast can a common cold progress and develop into pneumonia?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After how many days of enduring chest congestion and coughing up mucus, from what appears to be a typical cold, should one be concerned that it may be pneumonia?&lt;/strong&gt; Is three days too soon? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:42:15.930" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T12:42:35.883" Title="How fast can a common cold progress/develop into pneumonia?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;cough&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-19T05:23:51.527" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Preface&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am not a student of medicine or a medical professional by any means. All uses of anatomic and biologic terms come from a general education plus a little hobby-knowledge. Misuses of such terms should also be excused based on the same explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in getting educated a little on how and what might cause an allergic-like reaction on skin in areas of high probability of rash appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the past month, I've been struggling with sensations of severe itching in various areas of my body: arms, legs, torso, etc. There are some spots of rash that come and go, don't stay for too long in one spot. The spots with rash do &lt;b&gt;not&lt;/b&gt; itch what-so-ever, only areas where signs of rash have never been observed and areas that look absolutely healthy, clean, and not dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rash Description&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt; &#xA;The rash itself consists of multiple macules and papules that are spread somewhat random, not in a colony, pretty far apart from each other. Every such element has a well-defined center that is usually filled with some fluid. I can't describe it as a vesicle or a pustule because the fluid does not have a vivid color. After papule puncture, the inside has clean, transparent 'walls'. The interesting part is that the &lt;strong&gt;rash changes&lt;/strong&gt;, or rather started to change. More on that below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no other accompanying symptoms. Lymph glands are normal size, not painful or swollen. No fever, no headaches or muscle aches. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;History&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It started off as a little itchy spot on the inner thigh, no visible rash, irritation or anything else out of place. Then itching started spreading across both thighs, lower belly, crotch area. Tiny pink macules started appearing over that area. The itching became severe and would wake me up at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the signs of rash started disappearing from that area as the itching started to spread onto lower legs, higher torso, arms, and so on. The rash again appeared on the right buttock and stayed contained there. It started to look more well-defined and something I've described above, and pictures of which are below. The same rash also appeared on the outer skin of hands. Again, no itching there, only areas without visible rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It stopped spreading from there. The papules started to dry out, and stayed pale pink. Taking of &lt;strong&gt;antihistamines&lt;/strong&gt; is the only thing that keeps me from going insane even now. &lt;strong&gt;Hydroxyzine&lt;/strong&gt; HCL 25mg at night and &lt;strong&gt;Fexofenadine&lt;/strong&gt; HCL 180 mg twice a day. The first night after taking Hydroxyzine (50 mg first time), multiple interesting spots appeared on the back, about 6 or 7. The spots were very close to each other forming thin and long shapes, almost like knife cuts. They were not the same form of rash, they weren't elevated. Again, no itching there at all. Then same prolonged 'colonies' started appearing on other parts like lower belly, higher thigh. After injecting Kenalog 40 mg/mL, which did not appear to help at all neither with itching nor with the rash, more appeared on the inner feet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Time for Pictures (in order of evolution)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;On hands, notice the red dots throughout:&lt;/b&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lAwSa.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lAwSa.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prologed shape:&lt;/b&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fMz7b.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fMz7b.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, due to low reputation I cannot post more pictures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither me nor my doctor have any clue what's going on, and what's causing this as there are absolutely no other symptoms. I'm not allergic to any drugs, or anything at all (known). Haven't changed anything in the diet, clothes or detergent. Maintain very good hygene, however hot water seems to make the itching unbearable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8945" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T10:08:52.370" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T10:08:52.370" Title="What causes asymptomatic itching with rarely distributed rash?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11989" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="11991" CreationDate="2017-04-19T15:15:59.070" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;So the MDRD equation (The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) estimates glomerular filtration using the formula: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 175 x (SCr)-1.154 x (Age)-0.203 x (0.742 if female) x (1.212 if African American)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I know the age, race, and sex parameters are based off of population data, but how is the 175 derived? Is it just a constant that makes the equation work, and if so, why not use different exponential values? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T15:50:44.943" Title="Derivation of 175 in MDRD Equation" Tags="&lt;creatinine&gt;&lt;glomerular-filtration-grf&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-19T15:37:53.417" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a similar question like this on here but I don't think there was a solid answer. I have a terrible problem where I have bad breath all day especially in the morning but I don't know how to stop it. I am 17. I already:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have regularly brushed my teeth twice a day since I was 14 (before that too of course but not always regularly)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have never smoked anything&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I don't drink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Just got my teeth cleaned at dentist (not surface clean but deep) and I was at the recommended plaque index level &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My diet is very healthy, I almost never eat out or eat junk food&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I may be a little dehydrated during the day because I sometimes only drink 4 or 5 cups of water in a day but I tried drinking more than 8 at even spaced intervals one day and it didn't help, I just had to use the bathroom more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am really desperate to get rid of this problem. Sometimes when I floss a little blood appears but not much. Could I have gum disease? Could anybody advise what there is left to do? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8947" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T16:58:47.740" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T20:36:59.280" Title="Bad Breath Problem" Tags="&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;halitosis-bad-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11989" CreationDate="2017-04-19T15:50:44.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok I believe it might the be average male adult height in cm. That is why you multiply by 0.742 for females. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7594" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T15:50:44.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11970" CreationDate="2017-04-19T16:56:22.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first thing to do is you should go to see a doctor. Your primary care physician can look deep into your ear to see if there is anything lodged in it. It may be a build up of wax, or debris. If so, your doctor can clean it out. If there is nothing blocking your ear drum, and the feeling of blockage continues you should see a specialist.  You could also have an ear infection that could be causing some inflammation. The doctor may prescribe ear drops, an oral antibiotic, or even a nasal spray to help with you  These physicians are called Ear, Nose &amp;amp; Throat (ENT) doctors. They can test to see if there is a problem with how your ear is working.  Here is a web site that explains how the ear works. It is a remarkable and complex instrument. Protect it. Good luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8948" LastEditorUserId="8948" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T18:31:20.240" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T18:31:20.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11990" CreationDate="2017-04-19T20:31:48.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first question I would ask in response to your question on gum disease is &quot;Have you spoken with your dentist about the health of your gums?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bad-breath/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS webpage on Halitosis&lt;/a&gt;, it sounds that most of the possibilities have been ruled out, but not oral hygiene completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most common cause of bad breath is poor oral hygiene. Bacteria that build up on your teeth – particularly between them – as well as your tongue and gums, can produce unpleasant-smelling gases. These bacteria are also responsible for gum disease and tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you don't floss and brush your teeth regularly, any food trapped between your teeth will be broken down by the bacteria and may be responsible for bad breath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bacteria can also live on the rough surface of your tongue. &lt;strong&gt;As well as brushing your teeth, cleaning your tongue can also help control bad breath&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you eat healthily, food and drink could still have a role in the problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eating strongly flavoured foods, such as garlic, onions and spices, is likely to make your breath smell. Strong-smelling drinks, such as coffee and alcohol, can also cause bad breath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bad breath caused by food and drink is usually temporary. It can be avoided by not eating or drinking these types of food and drink too often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other possibilities which you can find out by going to the webpage and going through them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T20:31:48.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-19T20:35:46.873" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently American Airlines employees have complained that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-19/american-airlines-pilots-say-uniforms-are-making-them-ill-too&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;new uniforms are making them sick&lt;/a&gt;. The only reason I can think for this, is that there must be fire retardant chemicals being sprayed on the fabric. Is this a common practice, adding fire retardant chemicals to garment fabrics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-19T20:49:10.473" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T16:15:00.647" Title="Use of fire retardants in fabric" Tags="&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;synthetic-fabric&gt;&lt;fire-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-19T22:48:43.620" Score="5" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came from my doctor and he did a urine sample and said there was blood in my urine. I've never seen &quot;blood&quot; in my urine or had any issues with my kidneys  so I was perplexed by this. Is this possible to have blood in urine without actually seeing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5280" LastEditorUserId="8951" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T02:32:21.073" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T11:44:38.653" Title="Blood in urine without seeing it...?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11952" CreationDate="2017-04-19T23:37:37.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, Whole grain bread with the most fiber and protien, with the shortest ingredients list with no preservatives, colors, sugar, would be best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiber and protein help you feel full longer and can help you cut down on additional junk snacking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/video/truth-about-bread&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/diet/video/truth-about-bread&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2017-04-20T21:05:19.960" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T21:05:19.960" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11995" CreationDate="2017-04-19T23:41:29.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. what you are describing sounds like microscopic hematuria (1). Sometimes red blood cells(RBC) are not numerous enough to be visible in  urine. Yet, when tested, RBCs are detected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp012694&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8666" LastActivityDate="2017-04-19T23:41:29.797" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-20T02:02:41.733" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would oral medication be given to patient in ICU that can't swallow? I was told that the tablets are grind and put in water then provided through a tube. Is this true? How would the nurse know the effect of interaction resulting from mixing those ground pills? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8949" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:43:13.917" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:43:13.917" Title="How would oral medication be given to patient in ICU that can't swallow?" Tags="&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="11999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11998" CreationDate="2017-04-20T05:14:03.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Through a nasogastric tube.&#xA;What you call &quot;interaction&quot; would be previously known by general and common knowledge of pharmacology.&#xA;The doctor must know about those interactions, the nurse simply administrates what was indicated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8951" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T05:14:03.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11995" CreationDate="2017-04-20T05:21:43.953" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible and it is called microscopic hematuria. Etiologies of microscopic hematuria range from incidental causes to more serious ones.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0515/p1748.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Further assessment is needed to stablish its meaning. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8951" LastEditorUserId="8951" LastEditDate="2017-04-20T22:08:43.797" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T22:08:43.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11979" CreationDate="2017-04-20T07:33:09.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For activity you need energy, try eating foods that contain polysaccharides. That's what  athletes eat before triathlon. &#xA;Reference : &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monosaccharides help for short time energy boost although they can turn into fats if not used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8953" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T07:33:09.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4959" CreationDate="2017-04-20T12:46:38.483" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some small drawbacks associated with surgery, that all doctors are going to tell you. And there are some big drawbacks (like death or amputation risk), that not all doctors are going to tell you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, one of the greatest Brazilian female singers, Clara Nunes died some 30 years ago in one such operation, at the peak of her energy. Some people say this is old news, so here are more recent ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.folhavitoria.com.br/geral/noticia/2013/11/costureira-morre-apos-cirurgia-de-varizes-e-familia-denuncia-negligencia-em-guarapari.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Woman dies after varicose veins surgery.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmjornal.pt/sociedade/detalhe/amputada-apos-cirurgia-a-varizes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Woman has her leg amputated after varicose veins surgery.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3102674/Husband-woman-died-needlessly-varicose-vein-surgery-awarded-six-figure-sum-hospital-accept-failed-carry-basic-test.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another woman dies because hospital failed to carry basic test.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/coroner-s-court/new-hospital-arrangements-after-patient-s-death-following-vein-surgery-1.2641365&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yet another woman died due to a blood clot in the lung following vein surgery.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thatslife.com.au/article/real-life/vein-treatment-varicose-leg-loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Life-threatening infection almost costed woman her legs.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should mention that probably the biggest risk lies with the anesthesia. Several other news relate people dying because of the anesthesia in other common surgeries, some of them purely aesthetic (like liposuction). &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/04/under-the-knife-study-shows-rising-death-rates-from-general-anesthesia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; is shocking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(...) after decades of decline, the worldwide death rate during full&#xA;  anesthesia is back on the rise, to about seven patients in every&#xA;  million. And the number of deaths within a year after a general&#xA;  anesthesia is frighteningly high: one in 20. In the over-65 age group,&#xA;  it’s one in 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763076/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Other studies&lt;/a&gt; bring numbers way higher than seven in a million:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Brazilian and worldwide studies demonstrated a similar decline in&#xA;  anesthesia-related mortality rates, which amounted to fewer than 1&#xA;  death per 10,000 anesthetics in the past two decades. Perioperative&#xA;  mortality rates also decreased during this period, with fewer than 20&#xA;  deaths per 10,000 anesthetics in developed countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's 1 death in 500 anesthetics. I'd prefer to keep my varicose veins, at least until I know the numbers about the risk they represent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, when you look for information in doctor's and medical clinics websites, they don't explicitly mention all the risks involved. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.steticlin.com.br/cirurgia-varizes-e-perigosa-anestesia.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://drauziovarella.com.br/entrevistas-2/varizes-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; are two Brazilian examples. In English, we have other examples. The respected &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/cardiovascular/laser_varicose_vein_surgery_135,28/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins&lt;/a&gt; tells nothing about the biggest risks. Their &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;About&quot; page&lt;/a&gt; clearly states their &lt;em&gt;measure of success&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Johns Hopkins Medicine (...) is an &lt;strong&gt;$8 billion&lt;/strong&gt; integrated global&#xA;  health enterprise and one of the leading health care systems in the&#xA;  United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.veincentre.com/about/Risks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; puts it clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surprisingly perhaps most vein clinic websites fail to highlight&#xA;  potential risks giving the impression that all treatments are&#xA;  perfectly safe with nothing at all to worry about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's understandable: they want the patient's money, not to scare them away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, sometimes having varicose veins may also be risky, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587201/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this report&lt;/a&gt; suggests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I have found no studies comparing which risk (to keep or to remove varicose veins) is higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, someone asked me about a source for my claim that medical error is now the third cause for death in the USA. Here it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/192908&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is US Health Really the Best in the World?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you don't want to pay US$30 just to have 24-hour access -- yes, they call it &lt;em&gt;buying&lt;/em&gt; this sort of vital information -- you may try &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1001/jama.284.4.483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sci-hub&lt;/a&gt; instead. The relevant information is on (non-free) second page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These total to 225 000 deaths per year from iatrogenic causes. (...)&#xA;  [these estimates] are lower than those in the IOM report. (...)  In&#xA;  any case, 225 000 deaths per year constitutes the third leading cause&#xA;  of death in the United States, after deaths from heart disease and&#xA;  cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225187/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you have some more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3037" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T12:46:38.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-20T13:06:11.087" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Background Information&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My boyfriend recently started the ketogenic diet about 3 weeks ago and I have started noticing that his breath has been getting stronger and stronger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It smells like a cross between the purple Listerine and the smell you get when you have a cavity. I read that his body is producing keto bodies - hence the smell.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I also read that it should smell like acetone but this smell is stronger and off-putting/ He brushes regularly now but the odor is still there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain to me what is going on, if they have had any experience with this, what they did, or suggest what I can do to alleviate the situation or tell him to him so he can do something about it. I will also appreciate if someone can explain the science behind it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8956" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-21T02:37:03.220" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T02:37:03.220" Title="Keto diet and mouth odor" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;halitosis-bad-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12007" CreationDate="2017-04-20T14:42:29.823" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Iam living in France, and I am having a difficulty understanding the label of nutrition facts.  The following are  two labels of two different products: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eLkfC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eLkfC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T4N82.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T4N82.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My problem is that I am unable to determine th amount of trans fats in my products. As it is indicated, the amount of fats in 100g of the product, then the amount of saturated fats. No indication is for unsaturated and trans fats. Would some one help me undertand how this work? How can I find the amount of  trans fats.  Some products are surely containting unsaturated fats and trans fats and  it is difficult to determine the amount of each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thakn you for any  indication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4947" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T13:24:13.983" Title="Nutrition Facts and Fatty acides" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-20T14:50:54.200" Score="1" ViewCount="2703" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffered a closed, dislocated comminuted fracture of the extreme distal tibia just above the ankle joint on Feb 19th of this year with surgery the following day. I was treated with an IM nail for the tibia. The injury was caused by slipping on a hill with my foot stuck in the mud; I guess the angle and twisting motion was just right to cause the break. There was an associated fibula break at the same level as the tibia fracture and a second below my knee. The actual ankle joint was not involved at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went for my 8 week xrays, and am slightly concerned at the progress, and was not really satisfied with the answers my OS provided, he seemed in a bit of a rush. On the xrays, the top fibula break showed good callus formation, but the bottom break and the tibia fracture showed no new bone growth. I was cleared to weight-bear as tolerated at week six, and have been doing so in a cam boot while using a walker. My OS did not seem too concerned about this, and did not reduce my weight bearing status. When asked the reason for the lack of bone growth he informed me that the tibia is one of the slowest healing bones in the body, and because of the break's extreme distal location, there is not much muscle and therefore not much blood supply. He said not to worry too much as it's not unusual to have no radiographic signs of bone growth at 8 weeks, sometimes it takes 10 or 12 to show. In addition, he pointed out that the lower fibula fracture showed no callus either, and since the top break was healing well that it was likely just the break's location slowing the healing progress. It is worth noting that the fracture alignment has remained good on all xrays since post op, and I do know that accepted wisdom is that the farther down the tibia you go, the longer it is likely to take to heal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It just seems odd, as there is no pain on weight bearing, or palpation of the fracture site, and only mild soreness after stressing the leg. Movement is easy, and the leg has achieved a level of somewhat normal comfort, so it seems counter to the radiographic findings. &lt;strong&gt;Is it normal in very distal fractures to take longer than 8 weeks to show signs of callus?&lt;/strong&gt; If it was not healing would there be pain and discomfort? I'd imagine there would be, and I experience none.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8957" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:42:25.767" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T02:38:21.157" Title="Healing progress of tibia fracture 8 weeks post surgery" Tags="&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;&lt;calluses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12005" CreationDate="2017-04-20T18:42:11.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You cannot determine the amount of trans fats because the information is not there. Trans fatty acids are a particular type of unsaturated fatty acids.&#xA; More specifically, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/nda040831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one double bond in the trans configuration&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. So the amount of trans fats can be anywhere between 0 and the amount of unsaturated fats, which you can obtain by subtracting the amount of saturated fats from the total fats. Hopefully closer to 0. &#xA;A way to go if you are concerned about trans fats would be to look at the list of ingredients, and avoid partially hydrogenated fats and oils. Rather high amounts of trans fats are also found in dairy and beef fat (3-6% of total fatty acids) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/nda040831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. Some are also formed when frying oils at high temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastEditorUserId="7599" LastEditDate="2017-04-22T13:24:13.983" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T13:24:13.983" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12014" CreationDate="2017-04-20T18:59:57.760" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend has a question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to figure out (on my own) if I have a problem with my blood sugar. To that effect I have just bought a home testing kit to run post-meal sugar test (like they would in a clinic).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just wondering if coffee affects my blood sugar as I'd like to drink it with my &lt;code&gt;70 grams&lt;/code&gt; carbs for the test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a recurrent yeast infection, which is why I'm doing this testing. However I know that I don't have the following: HIV, leukemia which leaves diabetes as the only other &lt;em&gt;usual&lt;/em&gt; cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8960" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T19:19:52.470" Title="How does coffee affect blood sugar levels?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11952" CreationDate="2017-04-20T20:41:13.413" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you buy bread from a shop it is likely to be commercial flour which is processed. Buy organic flour and make your own that way you know it is least likely to be contaminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6920" LastActivityDate="2017-04-20T20:41:13.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12080" CreationDate="2017-04-21T01:41:35.457" Score="1" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a high school senior planning to attend university this Fall and major in Biomedical Engineering.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan to perform biomedical research as a career after my PhD. My objective is to push the treatment and cure of diseases forward - I would like to see human suffering diminished and eliminated as much as possbile during my lifetime.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been advised that a practical doctorate would help me achieve my goals, so I am considering earning a DVM or an MD alongside a PhD.  &lt;strong&gt;My question is, which should I choose?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, what sort of research and application will I perform with a DVM-PhD vs an MD-PhD, and how substantially will my work affect human health?  I ask because I have recieved mixed signals when questioning vets and doctors in the same manner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They usually said that 'the DVM would be good for animal modeling of human diseases, while the MD would be good for direct application to humans.'  But in the professional world this seems much more convoluted - for instance, a DVM-PhD at my university of choice is the leading researcher for human regenerative medicine at that particular institution.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to make a decision within a year as to which 'track' I will pursue becuase each degree has slightly different undergraduate couse commitments, volunteering requirements, etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone is knowledgeable on this subject, I would deeply appreciate all the help I can get!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8961" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-04-23T06:48:26.140" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T10:17:22.683" Title="MD-PhD vs DVM-PhD" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-01-20T10:19:54.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12026" CreationDate="2017-04-21T02:32:21.853" Score="0" ViewCount="15811" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am super congested and I blew my nose a bit ago, and I felt that the sinus pressure was so severe that s mucus/phlegm excreted from the orifice of my eye somehow. &lt;strong&gt;is this possible?&lt;/strong&gt; are the sinus cavities connected in such a way that mucus can come out the eye?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T16:32:59.617" Title="Possible mucus come out of eye when blow nose?" Tags="&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;nose-blowing&gt;&lt;sinus-headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12012" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-21T02:46:44.957" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_licking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wound licking is an instinctive response in humans and many other animals to lick an injury. Dogs, cats, small rodents and primates all lick wounds.[1] Saliva contains tissue factor which promotes the blood clotting mechanism. The enzyme lysozyme is found in many tissues and is known to attack the cell walls of many gram-positive bacteria, aiding in defense against infection. ... However, there are also infection risks due to bacteria in the human mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK. So humans instinctively lick cuts and other wounds, and this carries both benefits and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_licking#Risks_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;risks&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy person with a healthy immune system, do the benefits generally outweigh the risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T02:46:44.957" Title="Mammals instinctively lick their wounds. There are benefits and risks. If your immune system is healthy, is it wise to lick your wounds?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12008" CreationDate="2017-04-21T17:21:31.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a type 1 diabetic I have noticed even black coffee can have an effect on blood sugar. Coffee( the caffeine really) increases your blood epinephrine (adrenaline) levels. Adrenaline has the same effect as glucagon .&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22429/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8948" LastEditorUserId="8948" LastEditDate="2017-04-21T19:19:52.470" LastActivityDate="2017-04-21T19:19:52.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11998" CreationDate="2017-04-21T19:36:09.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some research I found this topic which answers part of my question. It does not answer the chemical effects of mixing drugs outside the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atitesting.com/ati_next_gen/skillsmodules/content/Medication-Administration-2/equipment/nasogastric.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nasogastric medications&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2-&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/drug-administration-via-a-nasogastric-tube/200984.article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug-administration-via-a-nasogastric-tube&lt;/a&gt;. (may require subscription!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find the process of grinding different pills and serving them altogether strange I am almost sure that this can't be generally correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8949" LastEditorUserId="8949" LastEditDate="2017-04-24T10:50:13.263" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T10:50:13.263" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-22T01:13:12.047" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the differences between the professions and license requirement of pathologist and biotechnologist in New York?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked this because this site is also for medical student and professionist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="306" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T06:35:45.157" Title="What is the differences between the professions and requirement of pathologist and biotechnologist?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12059" CreationDate="2017-04-22T09:42:30.903" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat at Subway pretty frequently. I would like to choose the heathiest ingredients to put inside my sandwich. What are these ingredients? Assume that I am a normal person with no illness like diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="8973" LastEditDate="2017-04-22T10:35:58.163" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T06:53:44.270" Title="Picking healthy ingredients for sandwich in Subway" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12021" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-22T16:38:29.410" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what's causing the following issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a night out to the club (where music is loud) and getting drunk with friends it seems the next day when I wake up that sounds that I know (for example my favorite song) sound different. It's just some notes of the song though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any explanation?&#xA;Couldn't find any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks and best regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8975" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:41:41.560" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:41:41.560" Title="Music/Sounds sound different after a night out" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;hangover-hungover&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;&lt;sound-amplification-psap&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-22T17:26:57.757" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;This geriatric patient has reccurent erythroderma and he is also on tuberculosis treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is how he looks&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1LbRX.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1LbRX.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;abdoment&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JUAzZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JUAzZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;face and ear&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what might be the possible cause? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8977" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:40:19.110" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:40:19.110" Title="Dermatitis exfoliate the most possible etiology" Tags="&lt;face&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;&lt;outer-external-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11956" CreationDate="2017-04-22T17:42:59.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both alcohols, ethyl and isopropyl, can kill several bacteria in 10 seconds or fewer in the lab, including Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella typhosa, and Pseudomonas species, some of the bad actors in infections. For M. tuberculosis, it may take as long as five minutes of contact.  Many, but not all, viruses are goners, too, like HIV, hepatitis B, herpes, influenza, etc. Even some systemic bad fungal infections are susceptible, but again not all. But kissing means you put the virus into the mucose of the Respiratory and GI tract,  rubbing the alcohol wont help the disease transmission. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some references:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/32253904/Effectiveness_of_disinfection_with_alcohol_70_w_v_of_contaminated_surfaces_not_previously_cleaned&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study is addressing the effectiveness of alcohol&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mtpinnacle.com/pdfs/disinfectant-selection-guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This PDF&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8977" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T23:57:49.927" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T23:57:49.927" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12034" CreationDate="2017-04-22T18:13:43.597" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an image floating round the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kaVCo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kaVCo.png&quot; alt=&quot;A row of infected wounds&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source, near as I can tell, is an upload to Pinterest with no explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there were just one wound you might think it was a spider bite, but there are several all in a row. And they're all tied off as if the cavities are all connected underneath the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is going on here? What happened to this guy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8978" LastEditorUserId="8978" LastEditDate="2017-04-22T18:31:28.270" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T10:16:22.410" Title="What happened to this guy? (Graphic)" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;necrosis-dead-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-22T18:29:15.227" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently working on a mathematical project about optimisation problems in pharmacokinetics. To make it more practical and interesting, I was thinking of making some computations on actual data. I am looking for concentrations in plasma of various drugs (e.g. aspirin, alcohol, caffeine,...) measured at several points after the administration, e.g. every 10 minutes. Does anyone know of any such database with medical data? I am looking for something genuine and free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8979" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T18:29:15.227" Title="Is there a medical database with data (measured from patients) for research?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12011" CreationDate="2017-04-22T18:58:21.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 4 sinuses : frontalis, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinus. Frontal sinus, it excrete mucus into the  meatus medius via a small opening called hiatus semilunaris anterior . Anterior and middle sinus of ethmoid also excrete mucus to meatus medius. The sphenoid sinus drainage to sphenoid recess. The two sinus drainage to meatus medius, but below the meatus medius there is another meatus called meatus inferior, it receive a drainage from ductus nasolacrimal ( it connect nasal cavity with eye) so if you cry the tears will be excreted to the nose. In your case i think the problem has nothing to do with the sinus, because there is no sinus drainage to inferior meatus. You may have a condition called nasolacrimal reflux, where the content in nose go up to the eyes (yes it is possible that you blow your nose too hard and causing the mucus exit via your eyes) . The content of the nose is not only mucus, it may mixed up with normal flora such as bacteria staphilococcus and or streptococcus. These bacteria may infect your eyes causing conjunctivitis. For you further reading &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)03383-X/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)03383-X/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8977" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-04-22T21:28:19.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-22T21:28:19.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12051" CreationDate="2017-04-22T19:01:23.437" Score="2" ViewCount="1501" Body="&lt;p&gt;Laparoscopic procedures and percutaneous endoscopic procedures both seem very similar, but are somehow distinct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find plenty of studies comparing the outcomes of the different methods (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15937831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15937831&lt;/a&gt;), but I cannot find out what exactly distinguishes a percutaneous endoscopic procedure from a laparoscopic one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the distinguishing factor between the two methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2218" LastEditorUserId="2218" LastEditDate="2017-04-23T11:45:01.850" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T17:41:54.753" Title="What is the difference between a percutaneous endoscopic procedure and a laparoscopic procedure?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;&lt;laparoscopy-keyhole&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11856" CreationDate="2017-04-22T22:08:56.083" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lifelong abstainance from masterbation is completely safe.  As @Noah said in his comment, there are plenty of celibate people out there with no adverse health from their life choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though sperm is constantly being produced, dead sperm will be shed after time anyway.  See my answer to a similar question at &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/11676&quot;&gt;Effects of masturbation on Health&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also seen this good answer from @Narusan at &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/11687&quot;&gt;How many times a week is masturbating good for health?&lt;/a&gt; which mentions that there is no defined amount which is healthy or unhealthy.  It is down to individual choice and health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;-- Edit to answer queries in the comments --&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8840/user8840&quot;&gt;@user8840&lt;/a&gt; questioned this answer in the comments.  He/she said,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How about &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_balls&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blue balls&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, &quot;the condition of temporary fluid congestion in the testicles accompanied by testicular pain&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree with what &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/45/shadow-wizard&quot;&gt;@ShadowWizard&lt;/a&gt; said, which was that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;this only applies when you're sexually aroused for long period of time. I am pretty sure this answer assumes no sexual arousal is involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to stress on some of the points surrounding this &quot;condition&quot;, and some of these points are mentioned in the Wikipedia article linked above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasocongestion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasocongestion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, (temporary fluid congestion) as mentioned in the link provided in the Wikipedia article, is required for erection in men and clitoral arousal in women.  It is the increase in blood and pressure in the relevant body parts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blue balls&lt;/strong&gt; is a slang term and has no official term which I have been able to find.  The Wikipedia article says that some urologists call it &lt;strong&gt;epididymal hypertension&lt;/strong&gt;, however, researching a bit more, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one article in the journal &lt;em&gt;Pediatrics&lt;/em&gt;, published in 2000&lt;/a&gt;, discussed &quot;epididymal hypertension&quot; as a potential diagnosis in young adult males.  The problem is that &quot;epididymal hypertension&quot; is a diagnosis which is a general, &lt;em&gt;all encompasing&lt;/em&gt; diagnosis for all sorts of causes of testicular pain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The condition described, what the urologists often term “epididymal hypertension,” and some have labeled “deadly sperm buildup” or “DSB,” has many other manifestations of which physicians and their caretakers ought to be aware. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rockney &amp;amp; Alario, 2001&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywell.com/understanding-blue-balls-1298225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another article&lt;/a&gt; states the fact that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The medical community hasn't spent a ton of time on this particular phenomenon. For one thing, it is absolutely non life-threatening, despite the belief otherwise by many a first time sufferer. Plus, any topic even suggesting sexuality among the sub voting aged crowd is politically charged and uncomfortable for many healthcare providers to broach with either their patients or their patients' parents (especially the moms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Worse yet, the immediate relief of the pain is most efficiently handled by the immediate release of the arousal. The easiest way to do this, of course, is through orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Boys and men will often wake up with an erection in the morning, with or without stimulation or erotic dreams.  These erections are sometimes referred to as &quot;morning wood&quot; or &quot;morning glory&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether the erection was nocturnal or not, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.familyplanningplus.org/8001/if-a-man-keeps-getting-hard-but-doesnt-ejaculate-does-he-develop-stomach-pains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the easiest (and quickest) treatment for this is ejaculation&lt;/a&gt;. However, even without release, the condition will subside on its own within an hour or two, although it can be within minutes.  Although rare, epididymal hypertension could last as long as 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-06-10T14:47:33.567" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T14:47:33.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-23T00:51:17.940" Score="4" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across a number of food products that have some alcohol ranging from .04% to 2% they often don't have warnings and you only find by going through the ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;deserts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;marzipan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;miso paste&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you give one of these lollies to a child will the alcohol cause harm or is it too low to have an effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. Is a 20 gram marzipan at .04% alcohol dangerous for a child? I would also like some way to calculate this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T22:27:33.847" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T22:27:33.847" Title="What level of alcohol in food is dangerous for children?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-23T02:49:21.610" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Around two or three days ago I noticed some unusual dry red patches started forming on my face. They're dry, rather itchy, and red even though some aren't that red. As of now, I have them under my eyes near my cheekbones, the sides of my face and the area around my jaw. At first I assume this happens because I'm near my menstrual cycle (I'm currently seventeen years old), however this never happens before. I tried Googling and the symptoms are most similar to eczema, but I'm not that sure. I've been layering on moisturizer to soothe it but nothing happens. What am I supposed to do to heal/reduce these dry patches and what causes it? Thank you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:37:10.057" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:37:10.057" Title="Dry red patches on face?" Tags="&lt;face&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;dry-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12036" CreationDate="2017-04-23T08:37:40.047" Score="4" ViewCount="1901" Body="&lt;p&gt;My test reports show that my Vitamin D - 25H (Hydroxyvitamin D) is &lt;strong&gt;6.16 ng/ml&lt;/strong&gt; whereas the normal range is &lt;strong&gt;30 - 100 ng/ml&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I read a few articles (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/vitamin_d_deficiency/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medicinenet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/in/health/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets-leaflet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;patient.info&lt;/a&gt;) on the internet and they said that liver is a good source of Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, which liver i.e. chicken, lamb, beef etc is best for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8986" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:33:59.720" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:33:59.720" Title="What type of liver is richest in Vitamin D?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;livestock&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12027" CreationDate="2017-04-23T10:01:05.470" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quite simply, a percutaneous surgery or procedure is done by inserting a needle (larger bore than an ordinary hypodermic needle) through the skin. A catheter needle is placed into a blood vessel and a wire, other catheters and other needed devices are threaded through the small hole. It's used in balloon angioplasty, stent placement, cardiac ablation and positioning or replacing lead wires for heart pumps.&#xA;It always involves going through a blood vessel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laparoscopic surgery is considered minimally invasive and involves a surgeon making a small incision in the skin, between 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 inches), further away from the steam to be operated on and using specialized equipment to both light up the internal area worked on and to view the area through a camera linked to an external screen that the surgeon views. Specialized surgical instruments are needed too for the surgeon to reach and manipulate tissue that's at a distance from the small incision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically one is done through a small hole while the other is done through a small incision, although considerably larger than a hole. If you're still unclear, ask in a comment and I'll edit my answer to add more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T10:01:05.470" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12024" CreationDate="2017-04-23T10:16:22.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;NOT a spider bite even if it was just one deep cut. Spider bites are rare and more than 99% of spider bite cases are usually some person's overactive imagination. Doctors get rather tired hearing these stories and roll their eyes when they hear them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever happened to the man, it must've become infected. The rubber (or silicone) tubing is meant to keep the wounds open to allow for drainage. It could easily have come about from something that Carey mentioned and was contaminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T10:16:22.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-23T10:22:59.240" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I likes to eat the oil which is in the food. But, I have listened we should not eat that oil. I want to ask that is this oil unhealthy and creates problem in the body ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T10:22:59.240" Title="Is it unhealthy to eat the oil in the food?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12032" CreationDate="2017-04-23T10:52:03.543" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The older the animal, the greater the amount of vitamin D stored in the liver. While liver is a &lt;em&gt;somewhat&lt;/em&gt; good source of vitamin D, it's also &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; high in vitamin A. A person eating liver  more often than once or twice a week could possibly overload on vitamin A. Especially in the amount youd need to correct a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin A is toxic in larger amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just one serving of 100 grams of beef liver contains 26,000 IU of vitamin A. 100 grams is roughly the size of a woman's palm. The US Institute of Medicine gives an upper limit of 3,000 IU of vitamin A per day. Vitamin D content in beef liver, however, is only 49 IU. The USDA Nutrient Database doesn't even list vitamin D in chicken or lamb liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not take vitamin D tablets? They're available as D3 (cholecalciferol) and it's converted to calcitriol, the active metabolive used in the body. It's inexpensive and the dose can be better controlled than by eating liver. Your doctor would be best suggesting how much D to take. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8847" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T10:52:03.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-23T13:30:04.703" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Average calories required for a man are 2000 to 2200. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the unit calories, or kilo-calories (sometimes also called Calories)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8989" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-05-02T16:47:16.897" LastActivityDate="2017-05-02T16:47:16.897" Title="Unit of the daily recommended amount of calories" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12037" CreationDate="2017-04-23T13:53:31.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That figure is in kilocalories.  A human needs about 2000 kilocalories per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a kilocalorie is described as a &quot;big calories or a &quot;Calorie&quot;, but to me that's more confusing than helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1694" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T13:53:31.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12039" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-23T14:59:53.007" Score="2" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any recommended &amp;amp; reliable books out there that explains about and list Herbal Medicines for Diabetes Type-1 and Type-2 Patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8988" LastActivityDate="2017-04-23T14:59:53.007" Title="Book about Herbal Medicine for Diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4505" CreationDate="2017-04-24T01:32:51.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should try with Mint leaves and peppermint tea that's will help you a lot , but try with natural leaves not the one that sell in the store&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8993" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T01:32:51.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12042" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-24T06:18:59.317" Score="1" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently had a tooth extraction and am rinsing my mouth with a syringe, and would like to use a saline solution instead of just warm water. But I only have potassium chloride, not sodium chloride. Is this still an effective saline solution for minimizing oral bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7792" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T06:18:59.317" Title="Can KCl (potassium chloride) salt substitute be used in a saline solution?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;saline&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-24T09:00:08.903" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 14-year-old son while playing soccer fell down and lost one of his teeth. His friends rushed him to a nearby emergency dental care in Toronto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His dentist told him that if the knocked out tooth could be replaced back into the socket within 30 minutes, the chances of tooth surviving is high. But in a hurry, they forgot to take the knocked out tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other alternative treatment in his case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8996" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T13:51:17.357" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T13:51:17.357" Title="Is there any other alternative treatment in his case?" Tags="&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-24T11:40:57.990" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out what kind of transmission ...&quot; non-vectored infectious disease through sneezing on someone &quot; would be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to say droplet because its directly on that person, but not sure&#xA;what the difference between droplet contact and indirect physical contact is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8998" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:32:45.153" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:32:45.153" Title="Droplet Contact or indirect physical contact" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-24T15:30:09.360" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;So it's accepted that tomato puree counts as one of your five a day (20g of double concentrate for example). What is the max you could have for it to still count? So could you have 40g and it would be two portions, or 100g and it's five? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9001" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T15:30:09.360" Title="tomato puree - five a day" Tags="&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-24T16:24:21.130" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always liked to sleep over my tummy. Now i'm 24 and recently noticed whenever i try to sleep properly on my back at night i feel very stressed the next day, partial sleeps, rolling on bed(even upto 180 degrees). Is this a proper sleep? And why am i rolling on bed at night when sleeping on back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9002" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:35:09.547" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T17:35:09.547" Title="Sleep issues when sleeping on back" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;recumbent-lying-down&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12050" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12055" CreationDate="2017-04-24T16:42:53.137" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started working in a chemistry lab and found out on my first day that someone in the same lab as I am has lip herpes. I am a habitual nailbiter, and while this would be a great opportunity to break my habit of biting nails, even with the best intentions I am still worried that the occasional slip up would happen, and my fingers would touch my mouth after having handled an object the colleague has also handled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I at risk of catching the herpes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7721" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T21:26:36.007" Title="Contagiousness of lip herpes in the work environment?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;lips&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12027" CreationDate="2017-04-24T17:41:54.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Percutaneous means &quot;effected, occurring, or performed through the skin&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/percutaneous&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference lies in one of the terms - percutaneous endoscopic procedure - having a more general meaning whereas laparoscopy refers to endoscopic procedures carried out specifically within the abdominal cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Laparoscopy/Pages/Introduction.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [PEG]  tube placement could be described as a laparoscopic procedure since it is an endoscopic procedure within the abdominal cavity via a skin incision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149665-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put simply laparoscopic procedures are percutaneous endoscopic procedures involving organs within the abdominal cavity&#xA;However percutaneous endoscopic procedures have applications in many other areas of the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;eg. Percutaneous Endoscopically-Assisted Calcaneal Slide Osteotomy &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748879/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8672" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T17:41:54.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12054" CreationDate="2017-04-24T21:21:29.147" Score="3" ViewCount="7396" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12077/how-can-you-disinfect-your-laundry/12078#12078&quot;&gt;Another thread&lt;/a&gt; discusses how to disinfect laundry. This may be useful if someone in the home has a fungal infection (e.g. athlete's foot) or if it's full of feces or vomit or blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An answer there includes a list of about half a dozen recommendations. One of these recommendations is: &quot;Whenever you do laundry, use activated oxygen bleach.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Activated oxygen bleach&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An activated oxygen bleach (AOB) is any product which contains both &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Peroxide-based_bleaches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oxygen bleach&lt;/a&gt; and an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_activator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;activator&lt;/a&gt;. These ingredients may be included as part of a laundry detergent, or they may be part of a standalone &quot;color-safe bleach&quot; product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent quite a while searching online to try to find a product which contains an activator; but, at first, I didn't find one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Common bleach activators&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_activator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that the most common activator used in Europe is tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It adds that the most common activator used in the US is sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's a commonly-available laundry product (a detergent or an oxygen bleach) which is &lt;strong&gt;labeled&lt;/strong&gt; as containing some specific bleach activator?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Labeled&quot; means one of two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) The box or webpage includes an ingredients list, and one of the ingredients is a known bleach activator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Or the box or webpage mentions the chemical name of the actual activator which is used in the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T12:06:32.743" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T21:09:08.177" Title="How can I obtain &quot;activated oxygen bleach&quot;? I hear that it can help people to disinfect their laundry.​" Tags="&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;&lt;detergent&gt;&lt;bleach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12053" CreationDate="2017-04-24T21:21:29.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OxiClean products don't contain a bleach activator, so they aren't very good at disinfecting laundry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few popular products which include activated oxygen bleach:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US, you can use Tide Mountain Spring powder, or probably any other Tide powder. No pre-soaking is necessary. Do not use Tide liquid or Tide gel packs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the UK, you can use Persil Biological powder or Fairy Non-Bio powder. You must set your machine to 30&amp;nbsp;°C or higher. Most power products in Europe contain TAED. No liquid detergents or gel packs contain an activator in Europe or North America.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Details follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;I think you must buy powder&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy a powder, a tablet, or a self-dissolving film-coated pack which contains a solid portion. But you can't buy a liquid detergent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://laundry.reviewed.com/features/liquid-powder-pacs-pods-which-detergent-cleans-clothes-best&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This source&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Powders have more bleaching technology than liquids, and can go after particulate soils better,&quot; says Elaine Cella, principal researcher for Tide. &quot;In powder we can put in non-chlorine bleach, which you can’t put into a liquid, because it deteriorates too quickly.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(But, the source seems to imply, liquid detergents are best at dealing with food, body oils, and other greasy soils.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;In the US and Canada&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;NOBS&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOBS is the best bleach activator commonly available in North America. It produces the active chemical &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kUBZDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=RA2-PA455&amp;amp;lpg=RA2-PA455&amp;amp;dq=nobs+pernonanoic+acid&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=erl_HLG4zg&amp;amp;sig=jQ_LudFDFccvNqHea8skUEoUpzA&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwijsbmy-ZffAhWjnOAKHc-qArAQ6AEwAHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=nobs%20pernonanoic%20acid&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pernonanoic acid&lt;/a&gt; in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. But most laundry products don't use it. Originally, the product was made exclusively for Tide's manufacturer, Procter and Gamble, but even though this is no longer the case it has not been introduced into formulas by other &lt;a href=&quot;https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/10/01/772865/10151403/en/FutureFuel-Chemical-Company-Enters-Into-Contract-Amendment-to-Extend-Supply-of-NOBS-Laundry-Detergent-Additive-to-Procter-Gamble-Through-2018.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;manufacturers.&lt;/a&gt;. It works fine in both warm and hot water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I visited the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pgproductsafety.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P&amp;amp;G ingredients site&lt;/a&gt;. It looks like many (maybe all) Tide powders include a bleach activator. For example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pgproductsafety.com/productsafety/ingredients/Ultra_Tide_Powdered_Detergent_Mountain_Spring.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tide Mountain Spring powder&lt;/a&gt; includes the activator NOBS. (The liquid &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pgproductsafety.com/productsafety/ingredients/Tide_Mountain_Spring.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not&lt;/a&gt;; don't use it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the ingredients list for a few &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pg.com/productsafety/search_results.php?submit=Search&amp;amp;searchtext=Gain&amp;amp;category=ingredients&amp;amp;start=1&amp;amp;num=50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gain&lt;/a&gt; powdered detergents. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pg.com/productsafety/ingredients/Ultra_Gain_OxyPowdered_Detergent_IcyFreshFizz.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ultra Gain with Oxy powder (Icy Fresh Fizz)&lt;/a&gt; includes NOBS. All other Gain powders, including &quot;Ultra Gain&quot; and &quot;Ultra Gain with Febreze&quot;, lack an activator; don't buy them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;TAED&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TAED isn't as soluble as NOBS but in the washing machine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide released from sodium percarbonate in the detergent, it dissolves quickly to produce the active bleaching and disinfecting chemical &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lubrizol.com/Home-Care/Products/Mykon-TAED-and-Warwick-B-Series-TAED&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;peracetic acid.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone agrees that TAED works fine in hot water and it is now claimed that &#xA; good performance is achieved in water as low as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lubrizol.com/Home-Care/Products/Mykon-TAED-and-Warwick-B-Series-TAED&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;15&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In warm water? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.siriusint.com/our-products/britebleach-nobs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This source&lt;/a&gt; says that TAED works at 40&amp;nbsp;°C and above. In the worst-case scenario, if your cold-water supply can fall to 0&amp;nbsp;°C, your washing machine's &quot;warm&quot; water setting can produce water as cold as 25&amp;nbsp;°C. So I don't know whether or not TAED is always a good choice for warm-water clothes washing. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bradford.ac.uk/business/intellectual_property/tech_oppt/taed.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This source&lt;/a&gt; gives me doubts about TAED's solubility. But, since the &quot;warm&quot; setting is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thespruce.com/laundry-and-water-temperature-1900646&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;usually significantly warmer than 25&amp;nbsp;°C&lt;/a&gt;, and since &lt;a href=&quot;http://futurefuelcorporation.com/nobs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; implies that it dissolves fully in 25 minutes even at 20&amp;nbsp;°C, therefore it may be fine to use TAED in warm water if you do the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Start your top-loading washing machine's &quot;wash&quot; cycle and let it agitate for a few minutes, then pause the machine and let it soak for ten minutes before continuing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, of course, you can just set your machine to 40&amp;nbsp;°C. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.persil.com/uk/laundry/laundry-tips/fabrics/top-tips-disinfect-clothes-ill.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/en-us/brands/what-were-made-of/ingredients-inside/ingredients-brands-listing/clorox/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clorox 2 Stain Remover &amp;amp; Color Booster powder&lt;/a&gt; contains TAED.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/en-us/what-were-made-of/ingredients-inside/clorox/clorox-2-stain-remover-color-booster-packs-44600308166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clorox 2 Stain Remover &amp;amp; Color Booster packs&lt;/a&gt; are self-dissolving film-coated packs which are made up of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.com/forum/-/Tx36MJR5IHWEU2H/ref=ask_ql_ql_al_hza?asin=B00Q8J4KUI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a liquid portion and a dry portion&lt;/a&gt;. These packs contain TAED. But Clorox 2 Oxi Max powder &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/en-us/what-were-made-of/ingredients-inside/clorox/clorox-2-oxi-max-dry-44600312712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lacks TAED&lt;/a&gt;; do not buy it. In Canada, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thecloroxcompany.com/en-ca/what-were-made-of/ingredients-inside/clorox/clorox-2-stain-fighter-original-dry-55500010288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clorox 2 Stain Fighter powder&lt;/a&gt; contains TAED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rbnainfo.com/productpro/ProductSearch.do?brandId=28&amp;amp;searchType=CAT&amp;amp;template=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Resolve in-wash stain-remover powder&lt;/a&gt; (only available in Canada) also contains TAED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Henkel introduced &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Persil Proclean&lt;/a&gt; into the US market in 2015.  The powder variants contain TAED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Do not buy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OxiClean powder isn't a detergent; it's a color-safe bleach. I visited the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wercs.churchdwight.com/webviewer.external/private/search.aspx?language=EN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Church &amp;amp; Dwight ingredients page&lt;/a&gt;. I checked the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wercs.churchdwight.com/webviewer.external/private/document.aspx?prd=ING-1605%7E%7EPDF%7E%7EMTR%7E%7EING%7E%7EEN%7E%7E2010-01-15%2011%3A22%3A38%7E%7EOXICLEAN%20VERSATILE%20STAIN%20REMOVER%7E%7E&amp;amp;productName=oxiclean&amp;amp;productName_option=d__value~&amp;amp;productID_option=d__value~&amp;amp;language=d__EN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ingredients list&lt;/a&gt; for regular OxiClean powder; it doesn't contain any activator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked the ingredients table for Walmart's store-brand &lt;a href=&quot;http://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/46/83/454aab1d41c28de491d6d86b11b6/great-value-ingredient-list.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Great Value Oxi stain remover powder&lt;/a&gt;. It doesn't include any activator either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked an ingredients list for &quot;Ultra Purex Powder Detergent with Renuzit&quot;; I found it on the Environmental Working Group website. It doesn't appear to contain any activator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the US &lt;a href=&quot;https://sunproductsmsdsbrand.thewercs.com/private/results.aspx?__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR=D6323F43&amp;amp;subformat=d__INDS&amp;amp;language=d__EN&amp;amp;CUSTOM3=powder%20laundry&amp;amp;CUSTOM4=sunlight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun powders&lt;/a&gt; don't contain any activators. I'm sure that the Canadian &lt;a href=&quot;https://sunproductsmsdsbrand.thewercs.com/private/results.aspx?__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR=D6323F43&amp;amp;subformat=d__INDS&amp;amp;language=d__EN&amp;amp;CUSTOM3=powder%20laundry&amp;amp;CUSTOM4=sunlight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunlight powders&lt;/a&gt; don't contain any: I checked all of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;In the UK&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most powder detergents in Europe contain &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2mrLBQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA401&amp;amp;lpg=PA401&amp;amp;dq=most+powder+detergents+in+europe+contain+taed&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=7l1tpyHXRu&amp;amp;sig=cSjHXDSVX366UCuxra0SmGKg29w&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiD4MLY-5ffAhXhUN8KHf5NAfIQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=most%20powder%20detergents%20in%20europe%20contain%20taed&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TAED.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't do that much UK-related research, since I don't live in the UK. But I did check the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unilever.co.uk/wiop/products/persil/persil-biological-powder.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ingredients list for Persil Biological Powder&lt;/a&gt;. It contains the activator TAED. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.info-pg.com/eng/variants/United%20Kingdom?prodForm=487#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bold 2-in-1 washing powder granules&lt;/a&gt; vary. For example, &quot;Lavender &amp;amp; Camomile Advanced Performance&quot; includes TAED, but regular &quot;Lavender &amp;amp; Camomile&quot; lacks it. All &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.info-pg.com/eng/variants/United%20Kingdom?prodForm=749#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fairy Non-Bio washing powder granules&lt;/a&gt; include TAED, whether &quot;Advanced Performance&quot; or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Notes&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Activated oxygen bleach will gradually fade many colored garments over time. &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=VMqSJROG_WYC&amp;amp;pg=PA73&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're using cold water, use a Japanese detergent which contains LOBS or DOBA instead. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.runyoutech.com/nobs.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;.  These detergents are primarily designed to clean oily stains like collar stains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Finding other options&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to find other options: It may be helpful to do a Google search, using your country's Google search engine, for the strange-looking query [&amp;nbsp;&lt;code&gt;laundry detergent with bleach activator ingredients&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp;]. This was helpful for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;A request&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please do &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/posts/12054/edit&quot;&gt;edit this post&lt;/a&gt;, improve it, and add more information to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="15280" LastEditDate="2018-12-23T11:43:34.133" LastActivityDate="2018-12-23T11:43:34.133" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-04-24T21:21:29.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12050" CreationDate="2017-04-24T21:26:36.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Estimating the risk of communication of two members of the herpesvirus family (Herpesviridae) in this context is very difficult to answer, not only because of lack of research, but because of the many possible environmental factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) survives for short periods of time outside the host (1). It can survive on dry inanimate surfaces, with a survival ranges from a few hours to 8 weeks (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of disinfectants could certainly help diminish the risk of contagiousness. It can be inactivated by 0.5% Lysol[benzalkonium chloride] in 5 minutes, by 2,000 ppm (2,000 ul/liter) of bleach in 10 minutes, or by rubbing alcohol (1:1 mixtures) (3, 4, 5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude, prophylactic use of oral acyclovir could be, in extreme cases, an option to reduce risk of communication (6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chayavichitsilp, P., Buckwalter, J. V., Krakowski, A. C., &amp;amp; Friedlander, S. F. (2009). Herpes simplex. Pediatrics in Review, 30(4), 119-129.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., &amp;amp; Kampf, G. (2006). How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Croughan, W. S., &amp;amp; Behbehani, A. M. (1988). Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(2), 213-215.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wood, A., &amp;amp; Payne, D. (1998). The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Journal of Hospital Infection, 38(4), 283-295. doi:DOI: 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90077-9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prince, H. N., &amp;amp; Prince, D. L. (2001). Principles of viral control and transmission. In S. S. Block (Ed.), Disinfection, sterilization and preservation (5th ed., pp. 543-571). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prophylactic oral acyclovir after renal transplantation. Pettersson, Erna et al. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/Abstract/1985/03000/Prophylactic_Oral_Acyclovir_After_Renal.14.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/Abstract/1985/03000/Prophylactic_Oral_Acyclovir_After_Renal.14.aspx&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref 1-3 from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/herpes-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/herpes-eng.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8666" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T21:26:36.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11926" CreationDate="2017-04-24T23:51:44.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, to improve your ability to remember what you did yesterday or today just start by making a conscious effort to recall it on a daily basis. A simple example would to take some notes about what you did that day each day. e.g. after work keep a log of what happened during they day, lunch meetings, etc, what you did, who said what. &#xA;People who seem Naturally good at remembering what they did during they day probably rethink their day over and over without conscious effort.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reason why&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason for this is that your brain will capture / allocate resources to  what you focus your attention on and over time it gets better at it. Being a software developer your brain probably spends its building the concepts around structures around the existing code and the problem you are trying to solve, not so much the day by day events.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Puzzles&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are absolutely right thinking that the brain training puzzles wont help with your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;episodic memory&lt;/a&gt; because they wont. Those puzzles will improve on specific abilities such as the ability to track multiple objects what ever specific function they are training, but getting that to improve your memory in the day to day is like exercising your arm to improve the strength in your leg.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for physical exercise, it's very important for brain health as highlighted in the below quote from the book &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/books/titles/152336508/the-first-20-minutes-surprising-science-reveals-how-we-can-exercise-better-train&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The fist 20 minutes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no medicine or other intervention that appears to be nearly&#xA;  as effective as exercise in maintaining or even bumping up a person's&#xA;  cognitive abilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will improve your overall cognitive ability but may not improve your ability to remember what you did yesterday. For a bit more look here &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10754/does-exercise-increase-memory&quot;&gt;Does exercise increase memory?&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Final Note&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What you are talking about is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;episodic memory&lt;/a&gt; (Day to day) not &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;short term memory&lt;/a&gt; (Last 10 minutes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Practice using it, possibly a daily journal that includes what you ate for lunch, who said what, but not as something introspective&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If anything has changes recently get advice from an expert because there can be many causes to memory issues. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastActivityDate="2017-04-24T23:51:44.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-25T04:56:20.203" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to ayurveda, is it a right combination to have amaranth and yogurt together? Also with maybe some fruit thrown in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: i.e. does the combination have any negative/harmful effect on the body?&#xA;For reference here are a couple of links &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.banyanbotanicals.com/info/ayurvedic-living/living-ayurveda/diet/ayurvedic-food-combining/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-3615/10-Common-Food-Combinations-That-Wreak-Havoc-on-Your-Health.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link2&lt;/a&gt; that mentions such combinations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpts: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Food combining theory recommends to avoid mixing carbohydrates with acids. Adding dairy to this already difficult combo turns it into a recipe for digestive problems and after-meal fatigue&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above statement is just an example (not really saying that it implies for my question). Want to know if amaranth and yogurt combination falls in any such harmful category?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9007" LastEditorUserId="9007" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T02:46:40.863" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T02:46:40.863" Title="Amaranth + Yogurt advisable in ayurveda?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12018" CreationDate="2017-04-25T05:56:07.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To preface this, I do not know the laws pertinent to the state of New York.  This answer discusses the difference between the professions and licensing in general.  State licensing boards may publish state-specific laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pathologist is usually used to refer to a physician specialist (MD or DO)&lt;/a&gt; who goes through medical school and does a pathology residency (after-graduation training that nearly all physicians do).  There are different divisions within pathology that some pathologists can specialize in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pathologists in general are specialists in the analysis of anatomical structures and histology (tissues and cells) and all the things that could go wrong with them - diseases, disorders, injuries, and other destructive processes.  A pathologist in a hospital may, for example, receive biopsies to check for cancer, blood smears to look for abnormalities, autopsies, forensics, etc.  They have a broad base of skills and knowledge that can be valuable in many applications.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like any other kind of physician, they can choose to do things other than practice in clinical settings - they may do research or product design or advising or policy...etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia defines biotechnology&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use&quot;... Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The possible types of endeavors in biotechnology are very diverse, but overall differ from pathology in most forms of practice, although their paths may cross. A pathologist might be able to engage in biotechnology, whereas a biotechnologist could not practice as a medical pathologist without going to medical school.  But an MD/DO is not the only route into the &lt;em&gt;field&lt;/em&gt; of pathology - there are pathology technicians that assist pathologists, there are PhDs in pathology that do research similar to the research pathologists might do, and other related professions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that the general field of biotechnology can be entered in different paths, but there are actual &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biotechtraining.northwestern.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bio Technology Programs (e.g. Northwestern&lt;/a&gt; that are PhD level training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T06:35:45.157" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T06:35:45.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12019" CreationDate="2017-04-25T06:53:44.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association, as well as the NIH and others, have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/DiningOut/Tips-for-Eating-Fast-Food_UCM_308412_Article.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendations on eating healthier when eating out.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fundamentals of what specific foods AND what quantities of those foods make for a &quot;healthy&quot; diet involves a very large discussion that is beyond the scope of this question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this specific setting, one way to approach it is to consider the choices between nutrient-dense foods versus calorie-dense foods as ONE measure of &quot;healthy.&quot;  For weight management, the number of calories you eat each day are important to consider as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choosemyplate.gov/nutrition-nutrient-density&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrient-dense foods&lt;/a&gt; have more nutrition packed into something with fewer calories - for example spinach, cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, sprouts...  Olives and avocados have more calories but are still nutrient dense with healthy fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calorie-dense foods include things that have many calories (and often fat) in small amounts of the food, proportionally high in comparison with less nutrition - like mayonnaise, fried foods, sugar, flour/bread, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples: Many cheeses and some meats (like salami or tuna with mayo) have more calories and fat per gram of protein and are therefore less nutrient-dense than lean meats (like chicken or turkey breast).  Mustard or vinegar have nearly no calories, whereas Mayonnaise has a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.subway.com/en-us/menunutrition/nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subway has a nutrition information webpage&lt;/a&gt; for specific information.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T06:53:44.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-25T07:21:10.983" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read some research about it. Does Anybody know what substance in  Aloe Vera  can help in decreasing blood sugar in patients with diabetes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also is there any substance in Aloe Vera that is proven to decrease Insulin Resistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8988" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T17:32:01.753" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T14:39:44.177" Title="Aloe Vera and Diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;aloe-vera&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12064" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16434" CreationDate="2017-04-25T17:30:16.817" Score="3" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told to avoid eating dairy during a heavy cold or sinus infection because &lt;strong&gt;dairy makes mucus very thick.&lt;/strong&gt; I've also read elsewhere that dairy doesn't impact thickness of mucus... But anecdotal evidence makes me think that consumption of dairy does impact the thickness of mucus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So is it correct to avoid dairy if one is having nasal congestion issues?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it indeed does cause thick mucus... &lt;strong&gt;why?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-05-28T18:24:52.313" Title="Does consuming dairy make mucus thicker? Why?" Tags="&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;sinus-congestion&gt;&lt;nasal-drip&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2017-04-25T21:38:10.970" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can go to a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or to your university's counseling office. Any of the three can help you. Go to whichever is easiest. Before trying your first beer, ask them whether or not they think it's a good idea yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one of them thinks that you need more help from a different type of professional, they'll recommend someone good in your city.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have close friends or family, also gradually open up to them about your problems. They can be helpful too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:38:10.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11271" CreationDate="2017-04-25T21:39:32.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;h1&gt;It might be diabetes&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have said, it might be diabetes, or it might be something else. You may need some lab tests done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Untreated diabetes can cause worse problems&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do have diabetes, and you don't treat it properly, it can cause worse problems. Therefore, you should phone a doctor today and book an appointment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;If you can't afford to see a doctor&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't afford to see a doctor, seek &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;charity care&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some diabetes treatments cost more; some cost less. The expensive ones may be the best and most convenient. But, if you can't afford them, ask the doctor for cheaper treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2017-04-25T21:49:12.990" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:49:12.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10451" CreationDate="2017-04-25T21:54:42.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sugar is a kind of food. So, you might want to try some food-addiction support programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oa.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overeaters Anonymous&lt;/a&gt; is a good option. Sugar addicts are always welcome to join their program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;meetings you can visit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a podcast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;books and pamphlets that you can buy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/OvereatersAnonymous/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a sub-Reddit where you can post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:54:42.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10451" CreationDate="2017-04-25T21:59:08.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may want to try the following suggestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don't keep any sugary foods in your home. Instead, buy healthier options such as fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you do buy sugary junk foods, buy smaller quantities. Also, put some sugary junk food in a bowl, then close the package and put it away. This will reduce your temptation to eat too much.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, gradually change your habits. For example, instead of adding honey to breakfast cereal, add fresh or dried fruit. Raisins and dates are convenient and inexpensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a sugar craving hits, distract yourself. For example, you could phone a friend, or read a book, or go bicycling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastActivityDate="2017-04-25T21:59:08.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-26T00:51:25.873" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a mercury (&lt;code&gt;Hg&lt;/code&gt;) thermometer manufactured by Ballo Thermometers (in Leesburg, Florida) circa May 1969.  On the backside is printed “MICH 42”, which is apparently the name of its stereotype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mercury fails to rise from out of the tip.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I tried heating to excess of 106°F, but to no avail.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I can see the mercury in the empty channel on the tip's side of the bottleneck to the uniform tube with the calibrated marks — if I can aquire use of a photographic lens with adequate resolution, I will be able to show photographs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8764" LastEditorUserId="8764" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T17:10:30.090" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T17:10:30.090" Title="Mercury fails to rise in thermometer" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;thermometer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-26T01:28:59.240" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt; that turmeric is a plant of the ginger family, which is grown for its rhizomes. &quot;It is native to southern Asia, requiring temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive.&quot; You can use the rhizomes fresh, like you would use ginger; or you can use them boiled and dried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan to use a juicer to juice some turmeric just for general health purposes (not for a sick person).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some recipes, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/golden-milk-turmeric-tea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, recommend to process it unpeeled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious whether there is any nutritional value or beneficial substances (antioxidants, etc) in the skin part that could be good for human health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8988" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T01:29:27.327" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T01:29:27.327" Title="Nutritional Value / Beneficial Substances contained within Turmeric skin" Tags="&lt;juice&gt;&lt;turmeric&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12071" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-04-26T02:08:10.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thermometers are used medically for ascertaining severity of several medical conditions, but are also used for more generic assessments of health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measurements in a medical context are usually given in units of either Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various different methods are employed by thermometers so as to acquire a measurement.  For example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Digital thermometers use the variations of electrical conductivity and resistance with respect to temperature.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Expansion thermometers, more familiarly known as either an alcohol or a mercury thermometer, use the variations of volume of a liquid with respect to its temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8764" LastEditorUserId="8764" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:50:33.450" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:50:33.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12072" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-04-26T02:08:10.463" Score="0" Body="A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature of a substance or body.  Related to:  fever, hypothermia, heat stroke …" OwnerUserId="8764" LastEditorUserId="8764" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:55:03.557" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:55:03.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12073" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12074" CreationDate="2017-04-26T03:25:22.037" Score="2" ViewCount="321" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the lungs take in oxygen, pass it to the heart to send throughout the body, and receive CO2 from cellular respiration that the lungs then breathe out. (Oversimplified, I know, but let's run with it for a minute, if we can.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for the lungs to function without the heart functioning? That is, can the lungs take in oxygen, and, not having anywhere to put it, breathe it back out? Of course, breathing out wouldn't contain any excess CO2 because the heart doesn't collect it from the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the event that the answer is yes, would CPR be performed differently, i.e. without the breaths between the 30 pushes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the converse case: can the heart function without the lungs functioning? I suppose anaerobic respiration is one form of this, but can that be sustained long-term? Once again, if the answer is yes, would CPR be performed differently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8950" LastActivityDate="2017-07-30T11:19:34.573" Title="Is it possible for the lungs and heart to work independently of one another?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12073" CreationDate="2017-04-26T04:17:21.390" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're overlooking one important point: Both the heart and lungs are living tissue too, and without both circulating blood and oxygen they will die just like all the other tissues in the body. So no, neither one can continue to function without the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for CPR, I don't see how anything would change. Without circulating blood in the lungs, no gas exchange can occur, and that's the one thing lungs do. As for the the heart, without oxygen being delivered by the lungs the heart would stop quickly. (But that's okay because the brain would already be dead at that point.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, the two are completely inter-dependent and cannot function independently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/robertsk/biol101/heart.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/robertsk/biol101/heart.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-26T04:17:21.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12073" CreationDate="2017-04-26T07:21:53.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The above answer is correct: no they can't function independently. I want to build on that answer with a couple additional points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider that your heart beats while you hold your breath - but it needs oxygen, so if your lungs stop for a long time they aren't exchanging O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; so your heart muscle will eventually stop.  Conversely if your heart stops, you're on your way to dying and your neurological breathing mechanisms will eventually stop, as will the muscles that move air in/out.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So again as the above answer discusses, fundamentally, if one stops the other will soon stop too. Then soon thereafter the rest of the body too, i.e. death. Neither organ could last very long on its own without mechanical support to get it going again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;can the lungs take in oxygen, and, not having anywhere to put it, breathe it back out? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the answer is that if blood stops circulating, your lungs will soon stop moving air in/out - but even then there IS &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;equalization of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; partial pressures between the blood and the little bit of air left in the lungs&lt;/a&gt;, even if neither is moving.  But that doesn't do any good for the person, who is basically dying, unless the blood starts circulating again - by CPR or a machine or on its own.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPR circulates blood primarily, but also pressing on the chest moves a little bit of air in/out of the lungs.  That is why &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/Programs/HandsOnlyCPR/UCM_475604_CPR-Learn-More.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the algorithm for CPR removed rescue breathing for sudden collapse / cardiac arrest in teens &amp;amp; adults outside of the healthcare setting&lt;/a&gt;. &quot;Hands only CPR.&quot;  Compressions are precious in circulating blood to the brain, and seconds of them are lost when doing breathing.  EMTs and Paramedics outside the hospital are a different story, as they are skilled medical professionals, and might use a bag device to help breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is that principle of equalization of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; between blood and air that makes the tiny bit of air that goes in/out of the lungs during chest compressions good enough to not lose precious compressions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2017-07-30T11:19:34.573" LastActivityDate="2017-07-30T11:19:34.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12078" CreationDate="2017-04-26T10:24:10.343" Score="2" ViewCount="866" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clothing can probably spread fungal infections (e.g. athlete's foot) from person to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/05/revealed-antibacterial-products-you-dont-need-364826/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not a lot of evidence&lt;/a&gt; that clothing can spread bacterial infections. But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=42&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bloomfield et al.&lt;/a&gt; quote Gebel et al., who write: &amp;quot;Absence of definite evidence for a health hazard is not equivalent to evidence of absence of risk.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, indeed, as Bloomfield et al. write, you might want to sanitize your laundry in certain situations. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if it's full of feces, vomit, or blood, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if someone in the house has a fungal infection (e.g. athlete's foot), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you encounter &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;certain other circumstances&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can you disinfect your laundry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;COVID addendum&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're not yet sure how long the pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can survive on clothing. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/05/01/how-long-does-covid-19-coronavirus-survive-on-clothes-how-to-wash-them/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This source&lt;/a&gt; discusses some theories. In April, a Texas biomedical scientist &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.houstonmethodist.org/blog/articles/2020/apr/how-long-can-coronavirus-survive-on-clothes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concluded&lt;/a&gt; that the chances of getting COVID-19 via contaminated clothing were likely quite low. Even today, researchers think that COVID is spread mainly by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/06/887919633/aerosols-droplets-fomites-what-we-know-about-transmission-of-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;close contact between people&lt;/a&gt;, not by contaminated clothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're washing the laundry of a likely COVID patient, though, extra precautions are wise; please see my answer below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2020-08-07T20:14:48.610" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T20:14:48.610" Title="Disinfecting laundry — that of a likely COVID patient, or of any other possibly-infectious individual" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12077" CreationDate="2017-04-26T10:24:10.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Edit: COVID and your laundry&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In April, a Texas biomedical scientist published &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.houstonmethodist.org/blog/articles/2020/apr/how-long-can-coronavirus-survive-on-clothes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; about COVID and clothing. She suggested that, during the COVID pandemic, it's usually fine to just do laundry in the ordinary way. But, if you're washing the laundry of a likely COVID patient, it's wise to take extra precautions. Please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the CDC's recommendations&lt;/a&gt;, plus the rest of my post (below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;A scholarly report discusses the matter&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some years ago, a scholarly report was published. The report's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Appendix A&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; discusses, among other things, how to clean your laundry if there's a risk that it may be somewhat contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The advice given&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report advises:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whenever you do laundry, add some &lt;strong&gt;activated oxygen bleach (AOB)&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Notes: You can use standalone AOB, or a detergent with AOB included. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/12053/if-you-have-fungus-e-g-athletes-foot-its-wise-to-add-activated-oxygen-blea&quot;&gt;This link&lt;/a&gt; discusses your options. In the US, &lt;strong&gt;Tide powder&lt;/strong&gt; is one good choice. Certain products are probably &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; good disinfectants, including Tide liquid, Tide pods, and OxiClean.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If possible, also do laundry at &lt;strong&gt;140 °F (60 °C)&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Note: This may shrink and/or destroy certain items. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sudsuplaundry.com/understanding-laundry-temperatures-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Read their care labels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use the &lt;strong&gt;regular cycle&lt;/strong&gt;. Don't enable &amp;quot;quick wash&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;water saving&amp;quot;, or any other environmentally-friendly options.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure each item goes through the rinse and spin cycles &lt;strong&gt;at least twice&lt;/strong&gt;. Preferably three times.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's best to wash items belonging to the infected family member in &lt;strong&gt;separate loads&lt;/strong&gt; from everyone else's laundry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you can also dry the items in &lt;strong&gt;sunlight&lt;/strong&gt;, this is an extra bonus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The report also gives &lt;strong&gt;other advice&lt;/strong&gt;; please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Water temperature&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some countries (including the US and certain others), if you want to wash clothing at 140 °F (60 °C), there's a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;http://bottomlineinc.com/laundry-error-to-blame-for-persistent-athletes-foot-and-toenail-fungus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the Bottom Line Inc. website states that, in these countries,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;household water heaters typically are set to 120 °F [50 °C] to minimize the risk of scalding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article suggests three possible workarounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;One (&lt;strong&gt;dangerous&lt;/strong&gt;) workaround would be to raise your water heater's temperature to 140 °F (60 °C). But this is a dangerously-high setting. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/03/28/175584883/many-hot-water-heaters-set-too-high-upping-burn-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; It may also be illegal in your jurisdiction. &lt;a href=&quot;http://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Hot_Water_Temperature_Laws.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Water at 120 °F (50 °C) takes 5-10 minutes to cause a third-degree burn; but water at 140 °F (60 °C) takes just 3-5 seconds. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.terrylove.com/forums/index.php?threads/honeywell-am-1-thermostatic-mixing-valves-water-heater-tempering.45651/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Third-degree burns sometimes kill people. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28j9zp/eli5_why_when_someone_is_badly_burnt_do_they_die/cibgrh9/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; Maybe I should email the Bottom Line Inc. and suggest that they revise their article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another workaround might be to pour a &lt;strong&gt;kettleful of boiling water&lt;/strong&gt; into your top-loading washer shortly before it's finished filling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A third workaround is to use a washing machine with a &lt;strong&gt;water-temperature-boosting feature&lt;/strong&gt;, &amp;quot;such as the Whirlpool Front-Load Washer with Deep-Clean Steam, model #WFW86HEBW, which can get the water up to 150 °F [65 °C]&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5305" LastEditorUserId="5305" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T03:29:18.010" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T03:29:18.010" CommentCount="8" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-04-27T10:02:35.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12010" CreationDate="2017-04-26T10:38:44.990" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a complicated question, as there are likely few people (I am not one of them) who are fully knowledgeable in the scope of both DVM and MD or DO (which is the other type of physician degree) in combination with PhD, and I do not know if someone with that knowledge will see this question.  But your question is a very good question - I would recommend you seek out and ask MD PhDs, DVM PhDs, MDs, and PhDs to explore your options.  It's an important decision.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can help from the perspective of an MD/MPH (Masters in Public Health) who has done some research, and I have colleagues who do many different types of research with varying combinations of degrees. MD or DO alone, MD or DO + PhD, or just PhD (e.g. in fields like biomedical engineering).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of MD-PhD or DO-PhD combined programs where usually you do 2 years of med school, then complete the PhD (which often is 4 but can be much more), then return for the last 2 years of medical school - and may or may not go on to complete residency.  Some MD/DO PhDs practice clinical medicine, whether they do research or not.  I imagine this is much the same for DVM-PhD programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But more to the point, what is most important is for you to reflect on your ultimate goals.  Are you specifically interested in working on animal models?  Or do you want to obtain the education that provides you the most possible options, so that you can determine along the way where you feel you can make the greatest impact?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are vast numbers of ways to engage in research that improves the health of humans, and animal models is only a subset of the diverse possibilities.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential advantages of DVM over an MD/DO is something I had not previously considered, and I can see how expertise in the animal models would be beneficial in some research.  But again, are you sure you want to focus primarily on animal models?  Consider that DVM may limit your scope of what you can do in clinical research involving human subjects.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other paths include MD or DO alone, MD PhD, DO PhD, PhD alone (in fields like Biomedical Engineering etc), PharmD (pharmacy doctorate), or others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the two you mentioned, the MD-PhD (or PhD alone) may open more doors for you in research overall, since animal research is only one section of medical research.  The MD/DO when combined with PhD does give advantages over PhD alone in some circumstances, from what I understand, but is not always necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What an MD/DO can give you is a thorough grounding in both the fundamentals of human physiology/pathophysiology AND its clinical management.  Completing a residency in clinical medicine also gives you the experience and skills to actually &lt;em&gt;practice&lt;/em&gt; medicine in addition to doing research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I recommend talking with people with the degrees and combinations I mentioned.  Your school's advising counselors should be able to help arrange that, or contact a local university with a med school or phd program to request to speak with their advisors, or with researchers.  They may help you as a prospective student.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a parting thought, you might also consider public health if you are aiming to do what you say here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;see human suffering diminished and eliminated as much as possbile during my lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public health is sometimes overlooked, since people don't necessarily know about it as a field - but they definitely know the effects of it.  Public health is all about improving the health of entire populations through multiple angles, including many branches of research.  It incorporates (and offers specializations in) epidemiology, biostatistics, disease prevention, education, program design and analysis, population management, policy and administration, and other elements.  Vaccinating the population has been a joint effort of medical research and public health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read about public health and maybe talk with the department at a university - it's actually a really rich and diverse field with lots of opportunities.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T10:17:22.683" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T10:17:22.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12081" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18641" CreationDate="2017-04-26T11:59:11.663" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;As discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/4899/8950&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, one can change their blood type by getting a bone marrow transplant from a donor with a different blood type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would the bone marrow not be rejected, as the body's immune system is still &quot;used to&quot; the previous blood type? Wouldn't the immune system attack the marrow, or at least the red blood cells it produces, for containing foreign proteins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8950" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T11:10:00.617" Title="How can a bone marrow transplant from a donor of a different blood type not get rejected?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;transplant-rejection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12084" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-26T13:51:43.447" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been sleeping mainly on my right side for as long as I can remember. I am wondering whether this could have had any effect on my cognitive development?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can image that gravity pulling down the blood to the right side may lead to a minor difference in pressure and available oxygen between the left and right side of my brain. Does this mean that different parts of my brain take a more substantial part in processing the events of the day?  Could this difference accumulate to something noticeable and permanent over the course of a lifetime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9021" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-02T23:05:33.857" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T15:10:49.403" Title="Does sleeping on one side affect cognitive development?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;development-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-26T14:22:52.380" Score="2" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tore my wrist ligaments and cracked a bone when punching. It is the 4th week and my hand is better but when I try to do push ups it hurts. My doc told me that ligament tear never heals. Is it true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9023" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T01:22:31.240" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T03:11:38.817" Title="How do I recover from a torn wrist ligament?" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;&lt;tear-torn&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-26T23:51:13.210" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fevers raise the body's temperature, therefore requiring more energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why, then, is a loss of appetite a characteristic of fevers if food would provide the essential extra energy used to raise the body's temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9029" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-27T01:17:35.180" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T01:17:35.180" Title="Why do people lose their appetite while having a fever?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;&lt;hunger-hungry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-27T01:15:53.037" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that if a woman/mother, for whatever reason, has a caesarean section (c-section), all the subsequent births thereafter most likely will be done via a c-section. &lt;strong&gt;Is this true? Why or why not?&lt;/strong&gt; (Of course I know you can still deliver vaginally, but that many OBGYNs will opt for c-section). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that c-sections are on the rise because they tend to do c-sections just based on the fact that the mother had a previous c-section (even if this particular birth or pregnancy had no risks to the baby or mother)... But this has not always been the case. So what are the medical reasons for the uptick in c-sections?   (If we are to assume that hospitals are not in it for the money momentarily). &lt;strong&gt;Does having a c-section impose an added risk on following births? What are they?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why are obgyn's hesitant to do VBAC births?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:05:08.860" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T18:46:02.620" Title="Why are obgyns generally hesitant to do VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean sections) births? Do previous c-sections impose added risks?" Tags="&lt;birth&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;obgyn&gt;&lt;obstetrician&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-27T02:04:14.473" Score="1" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;About two months ago I decided that I want live a more active lifestyle and get back to the weight and fitness level I used to be at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Issue&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been doing cardio in the form of uphill hiking (40 mins uphill and 20 mins running back down) almost every day going at a steady pace and keeping my heart rate up to the point where my forehead is almost dripping with sweat and my the back of my t-shirt is soaked from sweat for the past 1.5 - 2 months and my beer belly hasn’t gone down at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can feel myself getting fitter but just not losing the beer belly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that visceral fat is harder to get rid of than subcutaneous fat but I would have expected to lose at least a little bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I started exercising my waist was 103.5 and now its roughly still the same at 105.3 cm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is my belly today:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sUaXC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sUaXC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;my belly&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Diet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I eat a bowl of cereal (no sugar) for breakfast and mainly red meat with veges for dinner so I am almost certain that my calorie intake isn't over the top. I don't snack during the day either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Liquid Intake&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to drink quite a lot of alcohol so I guess this is where I got my beer belly from, I stopped drinking and replaced that with coke and since roughly two months ago I only drink Coke Zero which has no calories. I drink about 2 liters a day to fix my sugar craving from the real coke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I should be drinking more water and the next step is to quit coke zero and go onto water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Life Style&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a software developer so I am sitting most of the day until I go for my hike.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this be related to drinking too much coke zero even though it contains no calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9030" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-06-27T16:11:31.243" Title="Not losing visceral fat (beer belly)" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-02T23:42:57.413" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15108" CreationDate="2017-04-27T02:35:31.910" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;The photic sneeze is nothing to sneeze at! Even our beloved deep-thinker, Aristotle, pondered this phenomenon: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing?&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; And this, my friends, is the question that I present today. Do we know why a large number of people experience the photic sneeze, a sneeze reflex when someone is rapidly bathed in bright lights (esp. when emerging from the dark)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is something happening in our occipital lobe, such as the trigeminal nerve, in which the body's wires are essentially crossed? In other words, &lt;strong&gt;can visual stimulation really be a catalyst for a sneeze?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is something else going on here? Is it a nervous, startled reaction from primal times that had some sort of benefit? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there typically more particles in sunlight that can trigger sneezes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2018-02-24T10:32:08.853" Title="Why sneezing occurs when suddenly exposed to bright lights?" Tags="&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;&lt;trigeminal-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-27T17:56:55.530" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had no idea that caffeinated soap existed! (You really do learn something new everyday)! So apparently these caffeinated soaps are on the market, but &lt;strong&gt;are they &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; all that effective in boosting energy?&lt;/strong&gt;  How does the energy boost compare to consuming a caffeinated soda?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, &lt;strong&gt;does that mean that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hx4s5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hx4s5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T17:56:55.530" Title="Can caffeine be absorbed through the skin? Specifically, do caffeinated soaps boost energy?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;bath&gt;&lt;soap&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-27T18:08:08.767" Score="3" ViewCount="633" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a bit of an odd question, but here goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body needs energy to function. Each organ (brain, heart, etc.) need different amounts of energy to function properly. So it stands to reason that your heart's minimum required energy is higher than that of your spleen (just an example). So here's my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Which organ requires the most minimum energy, and how much energy is the minimum?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking this question because I'm trying to figure out &quot;if energy were removed from a body, such that all parts of the body had the exact same amount of energy, what would be the minimum energy needed to make sure no organs failed&quot; (this has to do with World Building, to an extent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, it'd be very helpful to know how much energy would be required for said organ not only for survival, but also to maintain a relatively normal, or even active, functionality. Would this equal the energy normally found in a person, or could it be lower?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I need to clarify further, just let me know. Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9039" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T18:21:09.467" Title="What is the minimum energy needed to stay alive?" Tags="&lt;energy&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12103" CreationDate="2017-04-27T19:50:18.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like what you are looking for is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basal metabolic rate&lt;/a&gt;, which is the rate that you expend energy at rest, which roughly translates to the minimum rate that you need to consume energy in order to survive long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It varies significantly from person to person based on a large number of factors. A number of formulas to estimate it for a given person are present &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate#BMR_estimation_formulas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in that article&lt;/a&gt;, as well as details on factors that contribute to variance. Too much to summarize here, but BMR is the term you'll want to search for for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the metabolic rates of various tissues, there is also a lot of research on that as well, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is one example&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20160405121358/http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/research-review/dissecting-the-energy-needs-of-the-body-research-review.html/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;archive&lt;/a&gt;), and general search terms are things like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=energy+expenditure+per+organ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;energy expenditure per organ&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastEditorUserId="21" LastEditDate="2017-05-27T18:21:09.467" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T18:21:09.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12103" CreationDate="2017-04-27T19:59:38.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Resting energy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number you are looking for is basically the energy the body needs in a resting state.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When resting, we assume that no energy is used for any actions but vital ones, as the body is not exactly doing anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Measuring that energy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measuring that energy is slightly more complicated. Here is my solution to it:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;With any machine, we are talking about efficiency. This is basically the percentage of energy that is actually used and not turned into heat.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The efficiency of the human respiratory system (the ATP cycle) is &lt;a href=&quot;http://history.cpet.ufl.edu/lm/Respiration/efficiency01.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/a&gt;. This means that 61% of the energy is transferred as body heat and 39% are actually being used.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(The maximum practical efficiency of combustion engines is &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/98966/maximum-theoretical-efficiency-of-internal-combustion-engine&quot;&gt;35-37%&lt;/a&gt;, just for comparison.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Doing the maths&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The energy of our body heat is approximately &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;80 watt&lt;/a&gt;. Because 61% of the total energy vital for our body is the body heat, the 80 Watt are 61% of the total energy necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the total energy needed for the body is 130 watt or 130 Joule / second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The result in perspective&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This energy is the same as 468kJ per hour or 11MJ per day. Converting this into kcal results in 2629kcal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is roughly 200kcal more than &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/estimated-calorie-requirement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; lists as requirements for a sedentary average male.&#xA;Why could this be the case? It is probably because the body heat energy is difficult to measure and prone for errors. If it was 60 watt instead, we would end up with 2000kcal / day, which seems a bit more realistic to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;: According to Jason's answer, my end result should be around 1200kcal / day. This leaves me wondering what has messed up my calculations...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Note on Wikipedia&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find a link to an online version of the source that Wikipedia cites. There seems no other reliable reference out there that has a number. This is why I cited wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-04-27T19:59:38.470" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T00:13:33.123" Score="2" ViewCount="582" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take Claritin in the mornings. Right now in the evening my eyes are itchy and I'd like to take Benadryl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a good idea or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9040" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-28T03:22:32.537" LastActivityDate="2017-04-29T19:11:20.010" Title="Taking Benadryl after Claritin" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T03:10:07.723" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many have speculated the cause for Charles Darwin's poor health, and the likely culprit has been projected as Chagas Disease. But let's not go down that rabbit hole, i.e. diagnosing Darwin's mysterious ailment. I'm just curious... &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can one contract Chagas Disease from the region near the Galapagos Islands?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:52:53.627" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:52:53.627" Title="Can one contract Chagas Disease from the region near the Galapagos Islands?" Tags="&lt;geography&gt;&lt;tropical-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T04:58:10.577" Score="4" ViewCount="407" Body="&lt;p&gt;In reading about the horrific Battle of Passchendaele during World War One, I came across an anecdotal account of a British officer sheltering in a shell hole in a rain storm. The narrator claims that this officer had no wounds, and had fallen asleep on the wall of the crater while the muddy water it contained was only a foot deep.  The next morning, when the narrator awoke, the officer was still not physically wounded, but the muddy liquid had risen considerably overnight, covering the officer's face and drowning him in his sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a hard time believing that an uninjured, healthy person with no neurological or physiological problems would be able to sleep through something like this.  I'm sure many of you have experienced the acute physical discomfort and emotionally jarring panic of unintentionally inhaling water - failing to notice the sensations would be virtually  impossible.  If healthy people could sleep through drowning, the form of torture known as &amp;quot;waterboarding&amp;quot; would presumably be unremarkable rather than horrific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I know from experience that if you cover your big brother's mouth and nose while he's asleep, he wakes up very quickly (and punches you repeatedly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is the idea of a healthy person with no relevant medical issues  sleeping through their own drowning plausible?  Wouldn't your brain react in such a way as to wake you up so you could save yourself?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="838" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T23:04:44.927" Title="Is it possible for a healthy person to drown in their sleep without waking up?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;drowning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T14:18:48.933" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the pathophysiology of menustral irregularities in hyperthyroidism? Especially early menorrhagia seen in early hyperthyroidism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1683" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-28T21:23:30.400" LastActivityDate="2017-04-28T21:23:30.400" Title="menorrhagia in early hyperthyroidism" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T17:14:18.067" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fstr/15/3/15_3_275/_pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fstr/15/3/15_3_275/_pdf&lt;/a&gt; , but I am not sure whether it means that bananas prevent cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8437" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-28T21:22:39.877" LastActivityDate="2017-04-28T21:22:39.877" Title="Do bananas prevent cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-28T21:21:48.393" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a medical condition or illness (what's the terminology??) for when there is an acute incidence of when the trachea is coated with so much mucus and phlegm that it causes labored breathing and swallowing, but the airways in the lungs are completely clear? So when a person goes to the doctor, the doctor will hear the lungs as clear even though the patient is struggling to breathe because the trachea is clogged with mucus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-28T21:26:52.713" LastActivityDate="2017-04-28T21:26:52.713" Title="Condition of mucus coated trachea, but clear lungs?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;trachea-windpipe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12107" CreationDate="2017-04-28T21:45:22.100" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Benadryl (aka diphenhydramine) is strongly anticholinergic&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/article/anticholinergic-drugs-elderly.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. That means it blocks acetylcholine activity in the body's cells. It does this by binding with the cells' acetylcholine receptors, which just about all cells have. These drugs have been linked to dementia&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/common-anticholinergic-drugs-like-benadryl-linked-increased-dementia-risk-201501287667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in older people. Among the H&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-blocking antihistamines (loratadine [Claritin], cetirizine [Zyrtec], and fexofenadine [Allegra]), loratadine is generally considered the weakest and cetirizine the strongest&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlicker.com/803-allegra-vs-zyrtec-vs-Claritin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. When I first developed hay fever symptoms after I stopped smoking, my then doctor put me on loratidine and Flonase. I no longer use loratidine, as I've found cetirizine to be more effective. However, I still use Flonase at night. It's available over the counter now, and I can get it at Costco for less than my co-pay was when it was a prescription drug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-04-29T19:11:20.010" LastActivityDate="2017-04-29T19:11:20.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12085" CreationDate="2017-04-28T23:55:40.887" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a similar problem. So I was snowboarding when I wiped out and slammed, twisted, and poped my knee on the hard snow. It hurted! Anyway I want to the doctor after a couple weeks to determine if any bones were broken, there wasn't and I was told that the X-ray didn't show any sign of tear. But then I was hand examined and I had a swollen part of my knee that indicated that I tore my meniscus. Doctor said if you don't feel better in two weeks come back(to have surgery ). (Ok this anwser is taking too long). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway the accident happened in January and my knee still hurts.(after I started exercising it started to feel better. I have read that exercising(not to harsh obviously) that will actually help. This will cause the muscle to grow around my knee and strengthen it.  That will do the same with your wrist. Every part of the human body is able to repair itself.  Babies can regrow  finger tips(part of their finger) for crying out loud.  Now the speed of your recovery depends on the listed items below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Current state of health (smoking....etc will slow cellur process which is essential to any type of body repair.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercising if not done right.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok... Finally now I am going to tell you what to do about your wrist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to help your body recover&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't guarantee that you will recover from your injury but I do have some tips that hopefully will help. If you don't recover you might have to get surgery cause I am guessing you don't want to hurt forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should apply ice for 25 minutes a day on the wrist. This will help reduce pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next you should slowly exercise your wrist. Look the exercises up.&#xA;Don't over do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get alot of sleep and eat correctly. Healing will be quicker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A torn ligament takes 6-9 months to heal.&#xA;Make sure, when you sitting at a desk, to not lay your wrist on the border of the desk this will put a sharp pressure on your wrist causing it to hurt. Don't put any unnecessary pressure on your wrist!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this anwser is long, once I start typing I don't stop! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listen to your doctor not stack exchange. Although it got me thinking when he/she said &#xA;torn ligaments &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; heal. This is not true under normal conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7977" LastEditorUserId="7977" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T02:25:52.117" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T02:25:52.117" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-29T05:08:12.203" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Been trying to conceive for over 2 years. Had my and hubby's hormones and swimmers checked, both normal. I do have a short-ish cycle, 24-26 days. I track every month and usually ovulate between days 8-10, which seems really early. My period this cycle was 2 days late, (if it was my period!?) lighter than normal, just took an ovulation test on day 4 and it was positive?? I don't want to get my hopes up but read that lh level changes could be another sign of pregnancy. Been taking preg tests all week, one right after the POS ovulation test and it was negative. I know I need to see my Dr but just going to be so anxious over the weekend and wanted some opinions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9048" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-29T05:48:53.557" LastActivityDate="2018-03-02T00:25:21.890" Title="What's the earliest possible ovulation day/ possibly pregnant" Tags="&lt;conceive-conception&gt;&lt;ovulation&gt;&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-03-04T00:53:16.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-29T18:52:31.143" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an application developer with little experience. I recently graduated from university and now I work as a app/game developer. My issue is that every time I get a new task or project I get very nervous because it's something new and something I didn't do before, and this makes me lose focus, waste time and prevents me from being creative in my field. Also when I get project assigned to me on a weekend and I need start it in the beginning of the week, I keep wasting time over thinking about and being nervous which causes me to stay desperate and negative. How can I overcome this fear and accept the challenges and just keep stuff simple in my head?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9054" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:49:07.940" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T19:49:07.940" Title="How to handle overthinking and being nervous all the time" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-08-03T20:33:19.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12232" CreationDate="2017-04-29T22:46:52.187" Score="4" ViewCount="439" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hydrophobia comes to mind when thinking of individuals infected by rabies... But is there a scientific/medical explanation as to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;why rabies, specifically, causes a fear to water, specifically?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because swallowing is hard when one has rabies, and since water requires swallowing, they have hydrophobia? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does the fear of water also extend to fears of drowning? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What exactly are they fearing of water? And how does rabies cause a fear specific to &lt;em&gt;water&lt;/em&gt; and not just... everything?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T18:09:45.550" Title="Why do people infected with rabies have a fear of water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-30T01:38:20.813" Score="1" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the options for a young healthy man to get rid of sex drive for good? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the desire for sex is a weakness, a chain in the neck, and enemy of a focused mind. I want to get rid of this desire for good. This should release a lot of time and attention to more enduring pleasures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9059" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T13:54:12.203" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T01:40:39.543" Title="Getting rid of sex drive" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;&lt;libido&gt;&lt;male&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10013" CreationDate="2017-04-30T01:47:20.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few aspects that need to be addressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;strong&gt;Diet &amp;amp; Oral habits&lt;/strong&gt;: Often, drinks with natural or artificial coloring will stain the surface of the enamel and any tartar (calcified plaque) that rests on your tooth. Some oral products (ex: smoking) and medication (ex: some mouthrinces and some antibiotics) are also known to cause discoloration.  Any long-term solutions will require you to examine the cause of the coloration, and whether there are underlying causes for it (a more in-depth look at teeth coloration can be fond here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;strong&gt;Cleaning and scaling&lt;/strong&gt;: A dental health professional can remove the tartar and remove external coloration. This procedure has to be performed every 6-12 months if not more often, depending on that professional's assessment of your current health &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;strong&gt;Chemical treatment&lt;/strong&gt; If all external coloration has been removed, and you are still dissatisfied with your tooth color, a dentist can assess and prescribe you a whitening agent, or otherwise recommend an off the shelf solution but this is beyond the scope of the original question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v190/n6/full/4800959a.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555792/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T01:47:20.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11775" CreationDate="2017-04-30T02:48:47.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dentures:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, there are two kinds of removable denture: &lt;strong&gt;Complete&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Partial&lt;/strong&gt;, indicating whether the denture replaces all or only some of the teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Purposes:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restore or improve &lt;strong&gt;masticatory function&lt;/strong&gt; (eating)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restore or improve &lt;strong&gt;phonetics&lt;/strong&gt; (speech)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Restore or improve &lt;strong&gt;esthetics&lt;/strong&gt; (smile and appearance)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keep in mind that the patient will need time to adjust to the dentures and that most dentures don't behave like the original teeth.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Design:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their physical design which will determine the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;stability&lt;/strong&gt; (whether it uses extensions, clasps around teeth or attaches itself to implants to &lt;em&gt;prevent it from moving side to side&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;retention&lt;/strong&gt; (whether it uses suction, clasps around remaining teeth or attaches itself to implants to &lt;em&gt;prevent it from getting out of place vertically&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;support&lt;/strong&gt; (whether it rests on the gums, has rests to support itself on teeth or attaches itself to implants to &lt;em&gt;resists vertical chewing forces&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Procedure:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of appointments depends on the work that needs to be done before making the denture. For example, The dentist will have to plan out the treatment, do filling, extractions or other surgeries (ex: place implants). As for the dentures,  it takes at the very least a few separate appointments depending on the treatment plan to get the right shape of the denture as well as the position of the teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Further reading:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further information on dentures, one should first understand the functioning of complete dentures: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sharry, John J. 1968. &lt;em&gt;Complete denture prosthodontics&lt;/em&gt;. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T02:48:47.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8966" CreationDate="2017-04-30T03:09:27.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is &lt;strong&gt;NO&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long answer is: &lt;strong&gt;If time is of concern, ask your oral health professional whether an electric toothbrush can improve your cleaning enough so that 2 minutes of brushing are sufficient.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated in another question on Health.Stackexchange:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it is the physical movement of the bristles of the brush that removes&#xA;  plaque that accumulates on and between the teeth and gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No matter what tool you use, contact is unavoidable with the teeth.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I currently have not seen good scientific papers that endorse using high-pressure water or air as a substitute for a toothbrush and floss to clean teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an article that discusses plaque control using a toothbrush:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/Axelsson-03-S1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Health.Stackexchange question I sited from:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1143/is-brushing-teeth-without-toothpaste-actually-harmful/1366#1366&quot;&gt;Is brushing teeth without toothpaste actually harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T03:09:27.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-30T04:43:27.427" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend is 22 and has a condition of ankylosing spondylitis. She has to take pain killers every day, especially when the weather is more humid or cold, otherwise her lower back keeps hurting. She complained recently of feeling like she's losing a bit of flexibility in that area, which is associated with the condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/ankylosing-spondylitis-remission#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;following article&lt;/a&gt; from Health Line says the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remission is also a treatment goal. To go into remission from AS, the&#xA;  inflammatory response it causes must be dampened and controlled with&#xA;  medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked online for all resource I can find and recent advancements on treatments for it, and I am looking for any further guidance on how to slow/reverse as much as possible the effects of that condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. sports that can be practised, food that can be eaten, additional vitamins that can be taken, operations that can be done. It appears that the objective of treating this condition is to reduce inflammation to reach a low level of disease activity. Any advice is most welcome. Any further explanation of how that condition develops is also most welcome. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="6835" LastEditDate="2018-02-05T18:48:17.493" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T18:48:17.493" Title="Ankylosing Spondylitis early diagnosis" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;weather&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-02-09T11:28:55.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12134" CreationDate="2017-04-30T07:39:53.160" Score="0" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad was diagnosed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;benign prostatic hyperplasia&lt;/a&gt; (BPH) and recently underwent a CT scan. In the CT scan report, it is referred as &amp;quot;pedicle metastasis d9&amp;quot;. What does this mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9055" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:42:37.460" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:42:37.460" Title="Need some clarification on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;&lt;enlarged-prostate-bph&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12130" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-04-30T08:33:37.310" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T08:33:37.310" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T08:33:37.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12131" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-04-30T08:33:37.310" Score="0" Body="Concerning ingestion, absorption, or contamination of the human body, internally or externally, by elemental mercury or mercuric compounds." OwnerUserId="8764" LastEditorUserId="8764" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T13:20:03.383" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T13:20:03.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-04-30T09:31:52.167" Score="3" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone has the symptoms of the damaged nerve and should undergo a root canal therapy: Is there any risk for a diabetes patient to undergo this procedure?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9061" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T12:12:20.153" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T12:12:20.153" Title="Root canal therapy for diabetes patient?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7458" CreationDate="2017-04-30T09:40:36.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Naturally, your nasal passageways and sinuses drain down into the back of your throat - and you swallow the drainage without even realizing it.  In the diagram below, it's the oropharynx where your mouth and your nasal/sinus passageways come together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sore throats are a common &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptom of the common cold&lt;/a&gt;.  You may notice the pain more when swallowing the increased mucus from your cold.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DoG4S.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DoG4S.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T09:40:36.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12129" CreationDate="2017-04-30T09:44:17.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very important that you and your dad see his doctor for an explanation of these results ASAP.  Reading CT results out of clinical context can lead to misunderstandings.  The doctor can analyze the CT results in the setting of your dad's clinical picture. Only he/she can explain the significance of the results, and what that means for your dad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume you are asking this because you read that and were worried, so you tried to google it but found the results confusing. I can help clarify the individual words in your question and help guide your understanding, so that you are prepared for your conversation with his doctor.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is NOT an explanation of the CT results. Only the doctor can do that for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there are limitations to what a CT scan can tell you for certain.  A CT is not a perfect photograph, nor a tissue sample that you can say for certain is X Y or Z.  A radiologist analyzes the characteristics of abnormalities that he/she sees and makes recommendations of what it is - sometimes it is straightforward like a clear fracture in a bone, other times less clear like a shadow on a bone.  Again, you need the doctor to combine the CT results with everything else known about your father in order to say what he thinks is going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pedicle means stalk and can be used for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several different things&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually in human anatomy, pedicle will indicate the portion of the vertebrae (of the spinal column) that form the sides of the hole through which the spinal cord passes (see below in pink)&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARv1R.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARv1R.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;pedicle&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In surgical anatomy, there seems to be a neurovascular bundle referred to as the &quot;prostatic pedicle.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RL6cb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RL6cb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;D9&quot; and &quot;T9&quot; are both ways to designate the 9th Thoracic vertebra of the spinal column.  It is in the mid-back region.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metastasis&lt;/a&gt; is the spread of a cancer from the original site to another place in the body.  I have rarely heard metastasis used for anything other than cancer or similar processes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The radiologist may be suggesting that it appears to be a metastasis on the spine.  But a CT scan can only suggest that something is a metastasis, it can't diagnose it for certain - that is why you need to see his doctor, who can interpret it along with your dad's clinical picture and tell you what it means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T09:50:44.880" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T09:50:44.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12132" CreationDate="2017-04-30T10:35:03.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any risk for a diabetes patient to undergo this procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, root canals carry some risks for everyone, and the degree of risk depends on your health status.  Surgical risks for diabetics are generally related to how well their blood sugar is controlled and their other comorbidities.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000702.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is a simple MedLine article on surgery for diabetics.&lt;/a&gt; In general, for a dental procedure, the major potential complications that are directly related to diabetes include infection and slow healing, but others are possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several risk stratification assessments that are used to determine the level of risk someone has going into different types of procedures.  So it is impossible for anyone online to counsel you on your own risks and benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should go ASAP for evaluation of what it is.  It could be a cavity that may or may not require a root canal, or it could be an abscess developing.  Consider going to the ER if you can't get into the dentist right away - especially if you develop a fever or anything like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T10:35:03.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12149" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12153" CreationDate="2017-04-30T11:57:15.450" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wax is build in my ear and I want to clean my ear. So, I want to ask that are cotton ear cleaners safe to clean the ear wax ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-04-30T21:09:09.167" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T14:48:18.343" Title="Are cotton ear cleaners safe to clean the ear wax?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;&lt;inner-ear&gt;&lt;cotton-swabs-q-tips&gt;&lt;ear-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12149" CreationDate="2017-04-30T22:41:41.253" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, they just make earwax problems worse by compacting the wax and pushing it further into the ear canal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy ear drops containing carbamide peroxide that will dissolve excess wax safely. No prescription is required in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/03/health/earwax-cleaning-guidelines/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why you shouldn't use cotton swabs to clean your ears (CNN 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T14:48:18.343" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T14:48:18.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12111" CreationDate="2017-04-30T23:04:44.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, that's not even a little bit plausible unless something else caused seizures or altered mental status that would deaden the normal airway protection reflexes. As you observed, inhaling water would cause an immediate and violent reaction even in someone who's sound asleep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, intoxicants, unrecognized injury, or hypothermia could explain it. In the story you mentioned, hypothermia would get my vote. Falling asleep with your body partially submerged in cold water could do that, and a soldier exhausted from days without sleep might be a ready victim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo11.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo11.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-04-30T23:04:44.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T02:32:04.633" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for long or short term study (preferably meta analysis) about effects of vegetarian or vegan diet on mortality, cardiovascular risks and cancer risks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9068" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:49:24.887" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T20:00:40.520" Title="Meta analyses on vegetarian diet" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;vegan&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T05:30:30.573" Score="0" ViewCount="683" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use condom to prevent the transmission of HIV in anal sex. How can I know if the condom is broken &lt;em&gt;before or during the sex&lt;/em&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What's the feeling when the condom breaks during the sex?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there are tiny, invisible holes on the condom that will allow HIV to pass through (for example, the condom is damaged by a needle), will it remain complete during the sex or will it break apart &quot;in time&quot; so I can know?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can I test for those holes before the sex?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7909" LastEditorUserId="7909" LastEditDate="2017-06-17T01:49:32.820" LastActivityDate="2017-06-17T01:49:32.820" Title="How can I detect condom failure?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;condom&gt;&lt;perforate-perforation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2017-06-19T19:32:46.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T13:00:40.827" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;So starting with yesterday, my girlfriend started getting some weird muscle contractions on her right arm. It would start shaking while not being able to control it or feel anything. I have to mention that all of this is painless, it doesn't last more than 30 seconds and it happens twice a day (until now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have anyone ever experienced this before? We went to see a doctor but they asked us to take some more tests and since today (in Romania) is a public holiday, we can't get nowhere until tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would highly appreciate any insight. I'm freaking out more than my girlfriend does :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9070" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T15:19:57.110" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T15:19:57.110" Title="Right arm muscle cramps and inability to move or feel" Tags="&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;&lt;spasms&gt;&lt;cramps&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T14:01:43.977" Score="2" ViewCount="2276" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandson loves strawberries, but this morning he was eating his cereal and I had cut up strawberries to put in it. My eye sight is not the best, but I think that slice of berry must have been turned over and I just did not see the worm. He was close to his last bite when he saw this brown worm in his strawberry. Needless to say he said 'he is never eating strawberries again&quot;. Just wondering if he actually did eat some worms in the strawberries... will this hurt him? I ate the same berries yesterday as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9072" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T15:21:39.987" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T15:21:39.987" Title="Can it hurt you to eat a worm in a strawberry" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;filariasis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T14:18:17.467" Score="4" ViewCount="3119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I read &lt;a href=&quot;http://exploreplasticsurgery.com/understanding-rib-removal-surgery-waistline-reduction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; about &quot;rib subtotal removal&quot; for plastic surgeries for &quot;Waistline reduction&quot;. In the article, the author (Dr Barry) mentioned &quot;Only the most outer or distal portion of the ribs are taken&quot;. Could anyone help me identified which part is the &quot;distal portion of the ribs&quot;. Is it &quot;the cartilage part&quot; or the &quot;part that connected to the backbone ?&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UWMog.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UWMog.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In rib removal surgery it is important to appreciate that only a portion of the ribs are removed. The more appropriate term would be subtotal rib removal or resection. Only the most outer or distal portion of the ribs are taken. There is no benefit to chasing the rib resection back under the semispinalis muscle near their vertebral facet attachments. Only about 5c to 7cm lengths of the rubs are removed. Thus many soft tissue attachments remain for core body support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source of the article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://exploreplasticsurgery.com/understanding-rib-removal-surgery-waistline-reduction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://exploreplasticsurgery.com/understanding-rib-removal-surgery-waistline-reduction/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7071" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:15:49.357" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T16:28:25.180" Title="What is the distal portion of the ribs?" Tags="&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T15:01:41.773" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if it is possible to get anti-PD1 (nivo/pembro/...) treatment in an adjuvant setting after resection of metastatic melanoma. Even if that means paying the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, anti-PD1 (pembro and nivo) are approved for advanced metastatic melanoma but they are not approved for adjuvancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know whether it's possible for an oncologist (legally) to provide an anti-PD1 in an adjuvant setting for resected metastases in melanoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case is in Spain if that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9073" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T15:01:41.773" Title="Anti-PD1 in adjuvancy after resection of metastatic melanoma in Europe" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12164" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T18:22:02.227" Score="7" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guilt is a feature of Major clinical Depression. My doubt is, can guilt be considered delusional for making a diagnosis of mood-congruent psychotic depression? Can there be a delusional guilt?  Because, wouldn't a person with depression if guilty, be always firm in his belief (which is characteristic of a delusion)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2245" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:14:16.323" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T10:12:47.467" Title="When is guilt in depression considered psychotic?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12167" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12231" CreationDate="2017-05-01T21:01:36.037" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spend most of my time in nice air conditioning, but there are a few times when I anticipate allot of excercise where I'm at risk of dehydrating to the point that I will develop a headache.  Usually when playing with toddlers outside that make me do all the heavy lifting ;)  I'm learning to be more cautious of this, but it still seems like it happens a bit too often.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first question is what to do once I already have a headache from dehydration.  I've tried simply chugging allot of water, but this just seems to lead to excessive restroom breaks, and it still takes half a day for the headache to go away.  The water seems to go through me without being absorbed or doing anything to stop a headache once it's started.  Is there a way both to speed up the process so the headache goes away faster and to avoid excessive restroom breaks in the process?  Is there only so much water I can drink at once and beyond that it's not going to help hydrate faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second is how do I avoid getting dehydrated so fast?  I feel like even when i go into a situation worried about getting dehydrated and drinking many bottles of water I still end up with a headache.  I may not be drinking enough because I'm worried about just needing lots of restroom breaks, but is there something else I should be doing when I'm expecting to sweat allot that will help avoid getting a headache?  Preferable something that doesn't take me away from my activities too often :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T17:41:10.113" Title="Rehydrate &amp; avoiding dehydration without excessive urination?" Tags="&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T21:15:03.607" Score="2" ViewCount="920" Body="&lt;p&gt;I donated my kidney many years ago to some random two year old.  It was major surgery, but it did get me a month paid vacation on short term disability and was a great way to lose weight (stupid kidneys weight me down) so hey I figured it was worth it ;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also been taking Adderall for ADHD, and currently am on Adderall XR.  My doctor just prescribed test to check on my kidney functionality, regular procedure for Adderall.  However, it reminded me that Adderall can affect a kidney which I thought may be a problem since I only have the one remaining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My doctor doesn't seem to consider this an issue, and I'm inclined to trust her on this.  However, I'm also not overly committed to Adderall, I can easily take any other stimulant medication (though, I wouldn't be surprised if most of them have the same kidney risks?) or Straterra if they are safer.  Is there a risk, even a small one, sufficient to warrant at least considering an alternate medication if I have only one Kidney?  or is my doctor right in considering the risk low enough to not warrant worrying about changing to another stimulant if I have one that seems to work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-02T01:47:16.077" LastActivityDate="2017-05-02T01:47:16.077" Title="Is Adderall safe for someone who donated a kidney?" Tags="&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T21:39:41.857" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been having HIV symptoms  for more than 4-5 months, I reran  the antibody test for five times it all became negative, the doctor said that you didn't have to worry about HIV anymore as all the testing results became negative,  But  I still have Some symptoms of HIV which are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swollen  tonsils (lasting for more than a month)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sudden weight loss (4-5kg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscle and joint pain &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of appetite&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some other possible cause of these symptoms other than HIV&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastEditorUserId="9074" LastEditDate="2017-05-01T21:50:49.850" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T21:50:49.850" Title="What are some better alternatives to HIV antibody test?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12170" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-01T23:35:30.480" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at two products:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Product A contains active ingredients Zinc Oxide at 9.0%, and Titanium Dioxide at 7.0% for 113g.  It has SPF 45.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Product B contains an active ingredient Zinc Oxide at 20% for 100g. It has SPF 40.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both products are mostly naturally derived and hardly contain any chemicals - paraben free, DEA free, non-nano, etc. However I read that zinc oxide is better at blocking UVA than titanium dioxide - and here is where my confusion lies: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which product is healthier (i.e. no long-term harmful effects on skin, and better sun protection) to use? Product A with higher SPF, or Product B with higher amount of zinc oxide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9075" LastActivityDate="2017-05-01T23:35:30.480" Title="Physical sunscreen high SPF vs high active ingredient percentage" Tags="&lt;face&gt;&lt;spf-sun-protection-factor&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12174" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12197" CreationDate="2017-05-02T15:50:19.050" Score="3" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if the question is silly, but this is something that has been around my head for years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV&lt;/a&gt;irus &lt;em&gt;feeds&lt;/em&gt; itself out of the inmune cells (from Wikipedia, emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system&lt;/strong&gt; such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells, apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. &lt;strong&gt;When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I thought that HIV victims die out of diseases that they will survive if they weren't infected by HIV. In other words: HIV destroys the immune system and then the person dies because of a different cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, why isn't posible to keep HIV infected people in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Boy_(film)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aseptic environments&lt;/a&gt; waiting for the virus to consume all the immune cells and &quot;&lt;em&gt;die out of starvation&lt;/em&gt;&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9085" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-02T23:07:36.980" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T22:27:20.187" Title="Why don't leave HIV infected people in aseptic environment until they're cured?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-02T16:45:15.127" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a thousand times that legumes themselves are &quot;incomplete proteins&quot;, meaning they are deficient in some amino acid, so it is beneficial to combine them with grains, which have the amino acid that legumes lack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all the websites I've read, the lacking amino acid in legumes is methionine, which grains have supposedly a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when trying to estimate how much of this amino acid I need to consume daily, I found something really confusing, legumes actually have more of all amino acids than grains (yes, including methionine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, everybody is claiming that they need to be combined, and this isn't like a debate, everybody seems to agree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why is it that mixing these two foods make &quot;complete proteins&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also appreciate if you would link a source, although is not necessary&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9086" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-05-02T22:49:28.103" LastActivityDate="2017-05-02T22:49:28.103" Title="Why do legumes + grains make 'complete proteins'?" Tags="&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;&lt;vegan&gt;&lt;grains&gt;&lt;legumes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12084" CreationDate="2017-05-02T18:30:33.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this will have no affect on your cognitive processes. It may affect your sleep pattern; side sleeping help open your airways  allowing you to breath better. Don't sleep on your back if you're snore. Don't sleep on a sore or bruise, this will put pressure on it, sometimes that may be good. Most of the time though this may make your recovery slower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fluid in your cranium called  Cerebrospinal actually keeps your brain balanced when you are sleep, so your brain is not taking extra pressure in any form.&#xA;Now if you were to get smacked, your brain will move of course. But as long as your still your brain is pretty much at an equal balance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://restrite.com/sleep-positions-and-your-brain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Read more &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't worry your body is and incredibly engineered structure. Your body is prepared for anything &lt;em&gt;natural&lt;/em&gt;. Now if you sleep upside down that may cause some problems because that not position your body is &lt;em&gt;programmed&lt;/em&gt; for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases of course can cause your body to reprogram itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7977" LastEditorUserId="7977" LastEditDate="2017-05-03T15:10:49.403" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T15:10:49.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-03T12:20:43.947" Score="2" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read different references and I understand that the average heart rate during sleep &lt;strong&gt;decreases&lt;/strong&gt; by some beats per minute. The heart rate is &lt;strong&gt;slower&lt;/strong&gt; in non-REM stage than REM but I found no measurements or ranges related to the heart rate variation during these two stages. If we consider a healthy group of people, does the heart rate during REM and non-REM change within a specific range?  Is it possible to detect the REM stage by only tracking the heart rate (by wearable watches)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9089" LastEditorUserId="9089" LastEditDate="2017-05-04T07:03:16.287" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T07:19:57.837" Title="How does the heart rate change during REM and non-REM stages?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;rapid-eye-movement-rem&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12155" CreationDate="2017-05-03T16:23:01.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26853923&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566947&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are both meta analysis. Long term effects though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9086" LastEditorUserId="9086" LastEditDate="2017-05-03T16:40:16.510" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T16:40:16.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11116" CreationDate="2017-05-03T16:52:13.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with food labelling laws/common practice in Iceland, but in Australia we're bound by rules set out by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/industry/labelling/Pages/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Standards Australia and New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;. On our ingredients lists, if the product is made with what was originally full-fat milk, it's entry on the ingredients list will be 'Milk' or 'Milk Solids'. If it's made with low fat/skim milk, it will be listed as 'Skim Milk' (though this could just be companies electing to declare they've used low-fat options to increase consumer appeal). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I'm no cheesemaker, I do make my own low-fat yoghurt just by using skim milk (and our commercially available low-fat yoghurts list 'skim milk' on their ingredients lists). According to  Given that this is a particular brand of quark, and quark has a varied amount of fat in it according to the wiki article, I'd say that the manufacturer simply makes the cheese out of low-fat/skimmed milk and either doesn't have to or chooses not to declare as such on the ingredients list (the one you linked to simply said 'milk').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fat doesn't go anywhere, its likely that it just wasn't there to begin with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9091" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T16:52:13.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8758" CreationDate="2017-05-03T17:25:29.283" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Free sugars have no associated vitamins/minerals. They are, for all intents and purposes, nothing but calories/kilojoules. Yes, there is carbohydrate sugar in fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, legumes, dairy, basically everything, but a carrot/apple/slice of bread/etc has more in it than just its energy content. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/your_health/healthy/nutrition/n55a_australian_dietary_guidelines_summary_131014_1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Australia's Dietary Guidelines&lt;/a&gt; (eg, 'eat 5 serves of vegetables/day, 2 serves of fruit/day, etc.) are constructed based on currently understood empirical evidence such that 95% of the healthy population could consume it and experience the least amount of food-related chronic disease risk - which more or less translates to 'bare minimum to get the body's micro-nutrient needs without excessive calorie intake (and thus the associated weight gain and associated problems). I'm assuming most countries use a similar mindset. You can read the health educator guide or summary of scientific evidence publication &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/n55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for a more detailed explanation of of why the decisions were made and based on what evidence (or look up your own country's guidelines or international bodies like the WHO). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're 'using up' your daily calorie limit on foods that are primarily energy (calories) with no associated micro-nutrients (eg. processed snack foods/drinks with loads of excess &quot;free sugars&quot;), you're missing an opportunity to meet your body's micro-nutrient needs without exceeding your daily calorie needs. That doesn't necessarily mean that you can't ever have junk food - Australia's dietary guidelines were formed with actual eating behaviors in mind (not just biochemical ideals), so the daily recommendations do allow for occasional discretionary (junk food) choices, because you need to be realistic about what the majority of the population is able to achieve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9091" LastActivityDate="2017-05-03T17:25:29.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-04T05:10:44.727" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please  recommend some books on advanced pathophysiology that are accurate and simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1683" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-26T18:45:23.143" LastActivityDate="2020-02-26T18:45:23.143" Title="Best books for understanding pathophysiology" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-04T06:03:40.280" Score="3" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe this is not the correct place to ask, but the answer I am seeking is from someone who has had gallstones, and they made changes to their diet, medicine, lifestlye (or whatever) to avoid them, and those changes worked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's possible to search Google, but I'd like to hear from people who've had the experience because I find such anecdotes very useful to consider. Again, this type of question may not be appropriate here. If not, please let me know and I'll happily get rid of it. Advice on how to improve the question to fit the site standards is very welcome, thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8834" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T12:27:15.113" Title="How to avoid gallstones?" Tags="&lt;gallstone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11722" CreationDate="2017-05-04T11:52:02.593" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A professional hair removal laser machine doesn't purposely heat up the skin, most machines for hair removal are using a wavelength with a short burst cycle that will heat up the melanin in the hair and use the hair shaft to transfer the heat to damage the hair bulb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A professional hair removal machine with correct settings shouldn't have any effect on varicose veins. The laser use for varicose veins treatment is more focus and powerful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The side effect of laser removal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dry skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pigment changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase hair grow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/laser-hair-removal/basics/risks/prc-20019438&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/laser-hair-removal/basics/risks/prc-20019438&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9097" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-03T15:32:00.160" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T15:32:00.160" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-04T18:05:47.377" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.afrezza.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Affreza&lt;/a&gt; is an inhaler that delivers rapid-acting insulin through inhaling rather than injection.  But my question is, are there any methods of delivering long-acting insulin that do not require an injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin syringes (like the ones used with Toujeo and Triceba), insulin pumps (like Medtronic), patch pumps (like V-Go), insulin ports (like I-Port), and insulin jet injectors (like Insujet) all require an injection of some kind.  But does anyone know a way to deliver long-acting insulin, either inhalable like Affreza or some other method that doesn't involve injection in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is about Type II diabetes, not Type I.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="9100" LastEditDate="2017-06-06T17:10:09.987" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T20:05:13.060" Title="Are there any non-injection methods of delivering long-acting insulin?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12211" CreationDate="2017-05-04T19:02:33.213" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is an excerpt from the &quot;findings&quot; section of an MRI radiology report. What do the instances of two numbers separated by a slash mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a lesion within the spinal canal at T2-3 posteriorly (&lt;strong&gt;14/8&lt;/strong&gt;). There is a large one at T11-12 protruding into the right neural foramen (&lt;strong&gt;17/27&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These seem to denote some kind of location or frame of the MRI scan but I'm not sure how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9101" LastEditorUserId="9101" LastEditDate="2017-05-05T02:58:13.300" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T22:45:28.227" Title="Reading radiology reports: What do two numbers separated by a slash mean?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-04T19:10:16.273" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;People with Type II Diabetes requiring long-acting insulin can inject themselves once a day with a syringe or insulin pen, but there is an alternative to that: insulin pumps.  Insulin pumps provide a continuous supply of rapid-acting insulin throughout the day, which has the same effect on the body as one daily injection of long-acting insulin.  (And if you require mealtime insulin, you can get the insulin pump to deliver a &quot;bolus&quot; or extra amount of insulin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now insulin pumps come in two types: tube pumps and patch pumps.  Tube pumps require you to inject a new injection set into your skin every 2-3 days.  Concerning patch pumps, there are two patch pumps on the market, V-Go which is injected once every 24 hours, and Omnipod which is injected once every 3 days.  There are also insulin ports like the I-Port, which is also injected once every three days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my question is, are there any insulin pumps (or ports) which you can keep attached to your skin for more than a few days?  I just want to minimize the frequency of injections as much as possible.  Something that you just inject once and then it stays attached for two weeks or a month would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="9100" LastEditDate="2017-05-10T13:35:32.013" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T14:36:28.963" Title="Are there any insulin pumps which are attached for more than a few days?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12195" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12207" CreationDate="2017-05-04T21:19:05.983" Score="4" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have a medical issue and are unable to carry a baby, can you have the fetus taken out of you and grown in another woman's womb? Or could you freeze it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking of a medical issue like severe chronic pain or cancer that requires significant medical intervention that may harm the baby's growth inside the mother's body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9103" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-05-29T19:53:18.260" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T07:45:20.477" Title="Growing foetus in another woman's womb" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;frozen-freeze&gt;&lt;surrogacy&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-04T21:39:15.833" Score="3" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I recognize that most magicians and street performers that &quot;swallow&quot; swords are most likely doing an optical allusion, some people have actually done this correct? &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;How is it possible for individuals to put a sword in their mouth and down their throat without perforating their internal organs and without choking themselves?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; I understand that there must be a lot of training involved, and even with training, it's always risky (I would never do this!! And neither should you!! haha), but how do they physically do it without harming themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an image of what I'm referring to: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G1yPM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G1yPM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T17:10:38.717" Title="How are performers able to &quot;swallow&quot; swords without harming their body?" Tags="&lt;swallow-swallowing&gt;&lt;choking&gt;&lt;foreign-body-object&gt;&lt;knife-stab-wound&gt;&lt;perforate-perforation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12174" CreationDate="2017-05-04T23:57:10.477" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three major reasons why we can't just keep someone in an aseptic environment and wait for their CD4 count to drop to zero and - presumably - for HIV to have consumed itself to extinction in the patient:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time. In the Pre-HAART era in a middle-income country like &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-014-0599-8&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/a&gt;, the median survival time for someone with AIDS was 1.1 years, but that can be a very long tailed distribution. That's &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; expensive, and the logistical capacity to keep someone in perfect isolation and containment for that period of time doesn't really exist on a population scale. And keep in mind you'd have to be &lt;em&gt;perfect&lt;/em&gt; that entire time, with no room for errors of any sort, as you're essentially allowing people to become extremely immune compromised. That's not at all practical, even on a theoretical level.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Native flora, cancers, etc. An HIV+ individual still has their own native flora, which may become dangerous due to a compromised immune system, such as &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814253&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;C. difficile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. They may have been previously infected by a dormant herpes virus. And they're at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hiv-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;higher risk of cancers&lt;/a&gt;, only some of which are infectious in origin and thus could be prevented in a perfectly sterile environment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HAART. HAART therapy is awesome, and while not a cure for HIV/AIDS, is an extremely effective treatment for the disease. Any amount of money used keeping people in perfectly sterile isolation for years on end is likely better spent increasing screening and access to HAART.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2017-05-04T23:57:10.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12198" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-05T06:43:13.190" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was allotted spectacles when I was in class 1.My lens power was then $-1$.Now after 12years it has became three times.I don't get why my lens power is increasing at such a fast rate.One reason I feel is use of computers and smartphones.I try to avoid them but it is a important part of my study.I fear if this continues I will be blind one day.Can anyone please suggest some measures I could take to avoid this.Please note I donot want to undertake a operation and wear contact lenses.Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9111" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T06:28:44.060" Title="Increase in lens power" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-10-01T16:23:48.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-05T08:02:58.693" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am desperate for some kind of help with this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a very frustrating inner ear condition which has changed over a few years, becoming seemingly more serious. Having heard many possible causes from a professional, I now want to see for myself if any of them hold any merit. Thus, I am now looking to find any avenues of research into fluid build-up, eustachian tube or sinus dysfunction relating to any other condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to clarify, I'm not here for a diagnosis, I'm asking if anybody knows of any research material describing a link between otic conditions such as OME and any other cranial etc, medical condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3535" LastEditorUserId="3535" LastEditDate="2017-05-08T14:29:59.373" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T16:31:52.457" Title="What can extreme tinitis and other ear problems be related to?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;middle-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-05T08:39:15.733" Score="2" ViewCount="1092" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can sitting in air conditioned environment ( like office ) for prolonged periods ( years ) cause joint pains ( rheumatoid arthritis )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9112" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:11:26.450" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:48:24.017" Title="rheumatoid arthritis and air conditioned environment" Tags="&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-05T12:22:07.427" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;What can cause infertility in men ? Can young persons like 21 year old can prevent themselves from infertility ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-05T18:53:28.317" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T18:06:35.547" Title="What can cause infertility in men?" Tags="&lt;male&gt;&lt;young-adults&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12196" CreationDate="2017-05-05T16:04:40.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an uncle that could do this trick, and it always amazed me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;spoiler&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Swallowing&quot; the sword is really just letting it slide down your throat, but this is much harder than one might think. It requires the peformer to relax all the muscles in the throat (and resist the body's natural urge to gag or get the object out) - this requires a lot of practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it's obvious, but I should mention that they always use a sword with a dull blade. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;spoiler&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So it's not exactly &quot;swallowing&quot; a sword - instead, the performer relaxes his throat muscles, allowing the blade to enter the esophagus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9117" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-05-06T17:10:38.717" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T17:10:38.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12205" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12215" CreationDate="2017-05-05T16:42:44.870" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;If HIV is spread by intercourse, then it is completely under our control if diagnosed people just don't have sex. Why is that so hard? We could soon eradicate the disease from at least the developed world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user5324" LastEditorDisplayName="user5324" LastEditDate="2017-10-08T21:36:38.970" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T06:34:06.197" Title="Eradicating HIV" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12195" CreationDate="2017-05-05T17:11:31.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Taking a partly developed foetus out of the mother?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; This is currently not an available method.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, there are methods out there for the problems you described:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Three-parent baby&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One method &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31069173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;allowed in the UK&lt;/a&gt; is called a &quot;&lt;em&gt;three-parent baby&lt;/em&gt;&quot; and the following &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/02/three-parent-babies-explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guardian article&lt;/a&gt; explains it fairly well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The procedure replaces a small amount of faulty DNA in a mother’s egg with healthy DNA from a second woman, so that the baby would inherit genes from two mothers and one father. The idea is to prevent certain genetic diseases being passed on to children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Di.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E09Dim.png&quot; alt=&quot;BBC Graphic Method 1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zAqeMm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;BBC Graphic Method 2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28986843&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC Article&lt;/a&gt;]      &lt;em&gt;Click Images for full resolution!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Gestational Surrogacy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Host (or gestational) surrogacy is when IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) is used, either with the eggs of the intended mother, or with donor eggs.  The surrogate therefore does not use her own eggs, and is &lt;strong&gt;genetically unrelated to the baby&lt;/strong&gt;. It is physically more complicated and considerably more expensive than straight surrogacy, (although many IPs can have some costs covered by the NHS) and always takes place in a fertility clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HFEA UK about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hfea.gov.uk/fertility-treatment-options-surrogacy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surrogacy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PubMed Article about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531011/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;legal and ethical aspects&lt;/a&gt;     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Illinois Department of Health about &lt;a href=&quot;http://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/birth-death-other-records/birth-records/surrogacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surrogacy&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T17:11:31.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12195" CreationDate="2017-05-05T19:42:26.433" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently no, but there is work in progress that will allow extremely premature babies to be grown in artificial uteri. It has so far worked well for baby goats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/04/preemies-floating-in-fluid-filled-bags/524181/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9119" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T19:42:26.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12119" CreationDate="2017-05-05T20:05:45.253" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is unlikely that the pregnancy test is wrong. Sometimes ovulation tests appear positive in pregnancy because LH is very structurally similar to a alpha-HCG, a subunit of HCG that is being secreted in pregnancy - and so ovulation tests also pick it up. However, a pregnancy test is more sensitive to HCG than an ovulation test, so a negative result on it is probably indicative of no pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could however test again in 3-4 days to make sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LH values can vary a bit during the cycle and have 'peaks' even when you're not ovulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9119" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T20:05:45.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-05T20:53:34.947" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;i wanted to know is there any drug to defuse the effects of anaestethics and sedatives? And not being a prescribed drug , or meant for specific diseases?&#xA;By the way I have Hashimoto, so it shouldn't Interfere with my disease ,&#xA;Thanx&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9120" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T20:53:34.947" Title="Any Drug working as &quot; Anti Anaesthetic &quot;?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12193" CreationDate="2017-05-05T22:30:36.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I called the radiology office and the technician I talked with said that the numbers should denote the &lt;strong&gt;series&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;frame&lt;/strong&gt; in which the (in this case) lesions can be found. He said that these numbers would normally be accompanied with markup such as &quot;series 14, image 8&quot; or the like and that this abbreviated form is non-standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for &quot;14/8&quot; I needed to go to the 8th image in the 14th series in the study. Note however that one of the software programs I used to view the MRI used a 0-indexed system to number the images meaning that the first image is viewed as image 0 and the 8th image as image 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9101" LastEditorUserId="9101" LastEditDate="2017-05-05T22:45:28.227" LastActivityDate="2017-05-05T22:45:28.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-06T00:58:30.093" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching various behaviours patients exhibit when wounded, for a game project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, when going into shock, people will sometimes shake violently? I wondered how often this happens if so, and how long this persists for (normally). I was wondering if this symptom was due to pain, or perhaps a feeling of cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9109" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-08T23:47:12.333" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T23:47:12.333" Title="Violent Shivering in Wounded and Incapacitated Patients" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;shake-tremble-fidget&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12215" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12205" CreationDate="2017-05-06T05:06:44.663" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's quite easy to be infected with HIV and not know it. HIV is notoriously stealthy, often producing no symptoms for months or even years, and in the meantime the person can transmit the disease. That scenario describes a large percentage of the people who have transmitted the disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are the people who don't even know it exists, much less how to prevent it. A lot of the world isn't educated and doesn't have access to modern health care. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intercourse isn't the only way to transmit it. Sharing needles is a common route of infection among drug addicts, and in third world countries where medical supplies are scarce, needles are sometimes reused. Infections have also occurred via organ donations, accidental exposure to body fluids (usually medical personnel), and from mother to child both in vitro and via breast milk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thousands of people died of AIDS due to HIV infections they acquired from blood transfusions and organ donations before HIV was recognized and screened for. That probably still happens in third world countries where they don't have the money or facilities to screen adequately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course, there are the sociopaths who just don't care. There are people who know they are HIV+ and will still go out and have unprotected sex without informing their partners. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, you might want to consult a few religions about convincing people not to have sex. Several of them have been trying to do that for thousands of years and every one of them has failed miserably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's a nice idea, but it would take a large coordinated effort by most countries around the world (lasting many years and costing many billions) to eradicate it entirely. As you might imagine, the political, financial and logistical difficulties such a program faces are rather large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T05:06:44.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-06T10:31:58.927" Score="1" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;We should take milk from a milkman who brings milk directly from cow/buffalo or we can take tetra pack milk ? I have heard that tetra pack milk is not healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T10:31:58.927" Title="Is tetra pack milk safe to drink?" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-06T11:49:36.790" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering why sexual abuse may be different than physical abuse in our culture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because there is a real physiological difference in the brain, or could it be from the way society taught us to address these kind of things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is being raped different than being mugged by gunpoint to the victim, i.e. why would there be more severe mental trauma when sex is involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find objective data on this matter, but could not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9125" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-03-28T15:15:38.113" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T15:17:02.677" Title="Why does sexual abuse have a different mental effect than physical abuse?" Tags="&lt;emotional-abuse&gt;&lt;physical-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-28T15:17:56.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-06T14:49:49.097" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just been given a prednisolone treatment after widsom tooth extraction (on local anaesthetic). I'm on 40mg per day, aside with 3g of amoxicillin per day. I weigh about 62kg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read the prednisolone leaflet, just to be sensible.&#xA;I found in it two things that disturb me :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) It can come up positive in doping control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) It raises blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions, relative to each of these facts, are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1a) Does this mean that if I do sport my performance will be artificially enhanced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1b) Am I at risk of harming myself by overdoing it (heart or whatever) ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(1c) If I run say for one hour assuming the last twenty minutes were only achieved thanks to the drug, does it still contribute to keeping me fit as much as an ordinary one hour jog ? In other words is there any point in trying to keep fit during the treatment ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(2a) If I don't suffer from high blood pressure, can the treatment raise my blood pressure to an unhealthy level ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2b) On short term, does it raise blood pressure like when you treat yourself to a salty takeaway or does it do it to a higher degree ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5290" LastEditorUserId="5290" LastEditDate="2017-05-06T14:54:59.040" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T14:54:59.040" Title="Various effects of prednisolone" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12220" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12222" CreationDate="2017-05-06T17:00:58.920" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;This website &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theminimalists.com/diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.theminimalists.com/diet/&lt;/a&gt; claims that &quot;...because of diet and exercise, I need less sleep than I used to. Most mornings I wake around 3:30 a.m., after five or six hours of sleep&quot;. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times&lt;/a&gt; (admittedly, a more reputable source on matters of health) they recommend that &quot;Adults (26-64)&quot; sleep &quot;7-9 hours&quot; per night. I understand that this applies to the average adult, so it seems that the first source could be true. So this made me wonder, &lt;strong&gt;what effect (if any) does diet have on someone's sleep?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7933" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T18:08:12.703" Title="What is the effect of diet on sleep allowances?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12201" CreationDate="2017-05-06T18:06:35.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many factors can influence infertility in men. Some of these are related to sperm themselves (sperm amount, motility and shape), others are related to adequate hormone production, congenital and anatomic disorders, and at times infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are otherwise healthy without anatomic issues such as retrograde ejaculation or congenital diseases like cystic fibrosis - there are some reversible things to keep in mind to promote male fertility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Avoid substance use like cocaine and marijuana&#xA;*Quit smoking&#xA;*Maintain a healthy weight -obesity decreases sperm count&#xA;*Always use safe sex practices!! - STD infection can effect fertility&#xA;*Avoid prolonged heat exposure while trying to achieve pregnancy (hot tubs)&#xA;*Avoid long term exposure to toxins (chemical/factor workers)&#xA;*Mental and emotional stress can temporarily decrease sperm count&#xA;*Adequate sleep and control of chronic medical conditions&#xA;*If you note testicular abnormalities on your self exams, see your physician&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps! Source, your friendly neighborhood physician&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9129" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T18:06:35.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12220" CreationDate="2017-05-06T18:08:12.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exercise can improve sleep quality, as demonstrated for instance &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20113919&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, so maybe this improved quality reduces the needed quantity of sleep. It has been claimed that the practice of yoga reduces sleep needs, and long-term yoga practice has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linked to better sleep quality&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;As for diet and sleep, there are indeed correlations, but these may vary and it seems the impact could go both ways. In particular, sleep deprivation has been linked to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27804960&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased caloric intake&lt;/a&gt;. Closer to your question, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633109&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study&lt;/a&gt; on the effects of diet on sleep quality has shown evidence of the impact of certain foods on sleep quality, but concludes on the necessity of more studies on the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-05-06T18:08:12.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-06T22:50:48.033" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a caregiver allowed to pickup prescription medicine for elderly person living in assisted living center?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am conducting research on this topic and writing a paper about it. Answer would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9130" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:10:05.930" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:10:05.930" Title="Is a caregiver allowed to pickup prescription medicine for elderly person living in assisted living center?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12224" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12230" CreationDate="2017-05-07T02:00:07.917" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been dehydrated (among other things) for the last 3 or so years due to stress and other factors, but I'm really beginning to feel it now. I am trying to drink water more, but that's hard when all you're surrounded by seems to be junk..Still, I will try my best. I am just wondering if there is anything else I can do to fix this problem faster than drinking gallons of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My scalp is also very brittle in addition to me having dry lips because of the dehydration :/ I just turned 19 if that information is needed at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help/advice is much appreciated. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9133" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T17:29:20.060" Title="Severely dehydrated. Any &quot;quick&quot; way to fix that?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12225" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17186" CreationDate="2017-05-07T03:20:35.890" Score="2" ViewCount="457" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a medical case of someone experiencing a prolonged, unexplained pain symptom in his lower left abdomen and groin area. Feeling the worst when sitting down, but much better standing up or lying down. CT and MRI are negative for lower abdomen and groin area. Hernia was not found (but can't be completely ruled out). STDs are ruled out. Physiotherapy doesn't seem to help. Symptoms have lasted for 1 year and counting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, patient is healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What may be the possible cause of this kind of pain or soreness? Is it a muscular problem or nerve problem? Are there any suggested pain management?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9134" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-08T23:41:08.047" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T01:22:42.253" Title="What might be the cause of this unexplained, prolonged groin pain symptom" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;groin&gt;&lt;chronic-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-09-10T12:54:47.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-07T05:47:15.143" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I could not find any obvious ipecac at least as a liquid on Amazon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were some pellets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is ipecac for use as an emetic still available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:08:36.700" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:08:36.700" Title="Ipecac emetic still available?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-07T10:14:23.820" Score="2" ViewCount="535" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence of the risk of GI bleeding when comparing IV vs Oral steroids e.g. hydrocortisone Vs Prednisone Vs dexamethasone. The only information I can find is the following picture from this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6343871&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6343871&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appears no comments on this in this article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/5/e004587&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/5/e004587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0BoZq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0BoZq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="686" LastEditorUserId="686" LastEditDate="2017-05-07T21:24:05.850" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T23:24:40.207" Title="GI bleeds in IV vs Oral steroids" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-07T11:41:37.440" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a pulse oximeter that can record data overnight and display the results on a Mac laptop or Android app.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This video describes what I'm after:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiNi5hFGzrQ&amp;amp;t&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oximiter for Blood oxygen testing: Sleep apnea check - Part 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is the product range from ChoiceMMed America:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://store.choicemmedamerica.com/collections/pulse-oximeter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ChoiceMMed America Pulse Oximeters products&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific product in the YouTube video has been discontinued. Also I live in Australia and prefer buying thing here, since buying overseas takes 4-6 weeks to ship and I get hit with import duty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you recommend a pulse oximeter that's available for purchase in Australia or alternatively on e-bay? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9138" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:07:20.227" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:07:20.227" Title="Australia: Pulse oximeter for overnight sleep study" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12224" CreationDate="2017-05-07T17:29:20.060" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're finding it difficult to get in the habit of drinking enough water, there are lots of other ways to increase your fluid intake. In addition to getting enough fluids when you are dehydrated, it is also important to replenish electrolytes and minerals in your body, and this will help you to hydrate yourself more quickly than simply drinking lots of water. Here are my suggestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sports drinks like Gatorade contain electrolytes and may be more appealing to you than water. If you prefer a less sugary option, coconut water also contains high levels of electrolytes. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also make an oral re-hydration solution (ORS) at home, simply mix 4 cups water with 6 small spoonfuls of sugar, and a half a small spoonful of salt and mix to dissolve. This will restore lost fluids and minerals more quickly than plain water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also eat watery fruits and vegetables to re-hydrate yourself more quickly, as these not only have high water content but will replenish lost minerals -watermelon, cantaloupe, grapefruit, oranges, strawberries, cucumber, grapes, papaya, celery, lettuce, spinach, zucchini and tomatoes are some good examples. If you don't like to eat these foods plain, consider blending into a smoothie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration causes loss of minerals like potassium - eat 1-2 bananas a day to replenish your potassium.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9117" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T17:29:20.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12167" CreationDate="2017-05-07T17:41:10.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When hydrating, it is important not only to consume enough fluids, but also to ensure that you are replenishing electrolytes and minerals in your body. This will help you to hydrate yourself more quickly and sustainable than simply drinking lots of water. Here are my suggestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sports drinks like Gatorade contain electrolytes and will hydrate you more efficiently that plain water. If you prefer a less sugary option, coconut water also contains high levels of electrolytes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also make an oral re-hydration solution (ORS) at home: simply mix 4 cups water with 6 small spoonfuls of sugar, and a half a small spoonful of salt and mix to dissolve. This will restore lost fluids and minerals more quickly than plain water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also eat watery fruits and vegetables to re-hydrate yourself more quickly, as these not only have high water content but will replenish lost minerals -watermelon, cantaloupe, grapefruit, oranges, strawberries, cucumber, grapes, papaya, celery, lettuce, spinach, zucchini and tomatoes are some good examples. If you don't like to eat these foods plain, consider blending into a smoothie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dehydration causes loss of minerals like potassium - eat 1-2 bananas a day to replenish your potassium.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following these suggestions should help to prevent dehydration (and rehydrate you if you do become dehydrated) better than simply drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9117" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T17:41:10.113" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12122" CreationDate="2017-05-07T18:09:45.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When the rabies virus is spread to a new host, it first attacks muscle cells, which prevents the host's immune system from recognizing the invasion. Next, it binds to neurons at neuromuscular junction. Rabies virus is neurotropic, thus it binds preferentially to neurons, specifically the acetylcholine receptors on neurons. After binding the neuromuscular junction, it uses retrograde transport to travel up the neuron axon. When the virus reaches the neuron cell body, it rapidly spreads to the central nervous system, where it replicates in motor neurons and quickly reaches the brain. Next, it travels to the peripheral and autonomic nervous system and then finally reaches the salivary glands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why does the rabies virus cause hydrophobia? The virus is accumulated in the salivary glands of the host so that it can be transmitted to the next host, often through wounds inflicted by a bite. As the virus spreads through bites, drinking water or swallowing would decrease transmission (by reducing quantities of infected saliva present in the mouth). To prevent this, the rabies virus causes painful spasms in throat and larynx. This causes saliva production in the host to be greatly increased, and also means that drinking, or even thinking about drinking, causes painful spasms in the throat. Since the muscular movements that occur while drinking are involuntary, and the virus has already infected autonomic nervous system and motor neurons, this is what enables it to control the involuntary muscle movements of throat and larynx in the host. This association of swallowing with the excruciating pain, and an inability to swallow, leading to choking, is what leads to fear of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the term 'hydrophobia' in this case is somewhat misleading - bathing or a body of water might wouldn't trigger a hydrophobic response (unless ingestion of water was a possibility), as the fear is more specifically fear of choking on liquids due to impaired swallowing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9117" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T18:09:45.550" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12228" CreationDate="2017-05-07T19:49:10.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no randomized controlled trials I am aware of.  Pubmed yields nothing. Thinking physiologically, it's likely the same risk. PPI in high risk patient regardless of steroid form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9129" LastActivityDate="2017-05-07T19:49:10.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13360" CreationDate="2017-05-08T03:49:10.083" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;By what mechanism does mint create a sensation similar to coldness or pain in one's mouth?  Why would this sensation become less and less over time with repeated exposure to mint?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8710" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-26T05:37:07.033" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T05:37:07.033" Title="What makes mint feel painful?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;taste&gt;&lt;senses&gt;&lt;spearmint&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-08T10:41:03.763" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I occasionally come across the idea that eating too many of a particular nut or other food substance will give you an allergy to it later. An example might be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.peanutallergy.com/boards/can-allergy-develop-from-eating-too-many-peanuts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.peanutallergy.com/boards/can-allergy-develop-from-eating-too-many-peanuts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9146" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-03-03T10:36:00.807" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T03:29:10.587" Title="Is there any evidence for the idea that eating too many nuts makes you allergic?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;nuts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12244" CreationDate="2017-05-08T14:04:12.530" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that brains can use ketones for energy and concentration instead of sugar? &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/-cwojmZxsjY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This video&lt;/a&gt; (and my roomate) claim they can. I thought brains only operate on glucose and the liver is required to turn fat into sugar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T19:44:29.757" Title="Is it true that brains can metabolize ketones?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-08T14:34:56.770" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use noise isolating in ear headphones while working. I am considering instituting &quot;music breaks&quot; to reduce risks related to hearing loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 10-20 minute review of websites haven't really given me anything better than &quot;breaks&quot;. Before diving into papers I thought I'd ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What sort of regime is optimal? Is there something that gives me a good 80/20 payoff?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example regimens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 minute of complete silence via earplugs every 30 minutes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 minutes of complete silence via every hour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Separately, is there a meaningful difference between music / talking / white noise in terms of risk of hearing loss? How much better is complete silence than mere quiet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lack of clearer advice from healthcare source makes me suspect that no one really knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/312/when-does-the-use-of-headphones-become-harmful/490#490&quot;&gt;When does the use of headphones become harmful?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-08T23:43:33.007" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T23:43:33.007" Title="Optimal length of music break to reduce long term risks of noise-induced hearing loss?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;&lt;hearing-loss&gt;&lt;white-noise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12199" CreationDate="2017-05-08T16:31:52.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can piece together, you are asking about the relationship between &lt;em&gt;fluid build-up, eustachian tube or sinus dysfunction&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;other cranial&lt;/em&gt; conditions. The key thing to realize is that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eustachian tube&lt;/a&gt; connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Fluid build up is almost always a middle ear issue. Inner ear diseases are things like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menieres-disease/basics/definition/con-20028251&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meniere's disease&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;middle ear&lt;/a&gt; is an isolated space located in bones of the skull and not in the &lt;em&gt;brain&lt;/em&gt;. In extreme cases middle ear infections can infect the bones separating the middle ear and inner ear and can lead to meningitis and brain abscesses: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Otitis-media/Pages/Complications.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Otitis-media/Pages/Complications.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T16:31:52.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12240" CreationDate="2017-05-08T17:05:53.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using noise isolating headphones poses no additional risks beyond regular headphones. Using high quality headphones poses no additional risks beyond wearing hearing aids, and in fact the materials are often the same. The risk of prolonged listening is overall exposure. There are a who bunch of standards for calculating the overall noise exposure dose. This a a nice &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.noisemeters.com/apps/occ/twa-dose.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;online calculator&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no standard that makes use of &lt;em&gt;breaks&lt;/em&gt;. The goal of the standards is to limit your total exposure. As an example, with OSHA, you can be exposed to 90 dBA for 8 hours and 79 dBA for 16 hours. It doesn't care you the 90 dBA period is divided. In other words, OSHA does not care if you take breaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there is not a strong evidence base supporting the standards. As I said in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/7574/55&quot;&gt;answer of mine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;hidden hearing loss&lt;/em&gt; is an active area of research. The focus of the research is predominately on non-maximal noise doses. I am not aware of any research looking at the effects of breaks on maximal, or non-maximal, noise doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As i said in my other answer, &lt;em&gt;What is known is that there is no way to reverse hearing loss. There is no pill you can take. While hearing aids do restore some level of hearing, you should take care of your ears.&lt;/em&gt; If possible, you should stay well below a maximal noise dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you listen to your music at 80 dBA for 16 hours a day with 8 hours of quite at night, that is a 50% noise dose based on OSHA. This is the &lt;em&gt;action level&lt;/em&gt;, where an employer would be forced to institute a hearing conservation program. You should attempt to stay even further below this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T17:05:53.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12239" CreationDate="2017-05-08T19:44:29.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My limited understanding is that fat does not get converted to glucose only to ketones. Protein can be converted into glucose (sugar) by gluconeogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ketones are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies#Uses_in_the_heart.2C_brain_and_muscle_.28but_not_the_liver.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;used by the brain&lt;/a&gt;, though apparently only for 70ish percent of energy use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that the amount of carbohydrate needed by the brain is not actually that high. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/nutrition/how-many-carbohydrates-do-you-need.html/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lyle Macdonald sets the amount of carbohydrate&lt;/a&gt; a day needed to prevent ketosis at around 100g (~ 400 kcal) from a literature review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T19:44:29.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7271" CreationDate="2017-05-08T20:12:51.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So with everything related with diet there are two effects: whether a particularly diet affects what macronutrients you eat, and the effect of the food itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/superfoods/Pages/is-green-tea-a-superfood.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS advice green&lt;/a&gt; tea in the amounts that you would consume by drinking it have limited effects on the metabolism. Missing from this advice is the evidence that in larger doses green tea can have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/fat-loss-supplements-2.html/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;modest effect on energy expenditure&lt;/a&gt; ~5% increase in energy consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the benefits of regularly tea consumption may have more to do with &lt;em&gt;behaviour&lt;/em&gt; than energy use though, in which case it doesn't really matter which tea you drink. To get an idea what's going on here you might like to track your calories / what you eat during the day to get a feel for the effect that that tea might be having. There can be a bit of a heisenberg effect here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coffee on the other hand can act as quite an effective appetite suppressant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastActivityDate="2017-05-08T20:12:51.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12247" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-09T00:29:44.497" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can Sciatica manifest itself without having pain run down one of the legs?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Can it feel like lower back pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:02:36.493" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:02:36.493" Title="Can one have Sciatica without having the leg pain? Just lower back pain?" Tags="&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;&lt;legs&gt;&lt;myelopathy&gt;&lt;spondylosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-09T02:50:49.040" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01447089&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01447089&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it was about 'at-risk' children, and spoke of vigilance as something to do with paying attention. I'm thinking of vigilance in terms of keeping clean, hygiene, wound dressing, sanitation, attention to details, not letting things slip through the cracks, fastidiousness, on-the-ball, things like that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T02:50:49.040" Title="Is vigilance correlated to intelligence?" Tags="&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-09T07:35:02.683" Score="3" ViewCount="2952" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it safe in the long-term to use magnesium hydroxide (commonly known as &quot;milk of magnesia&quot;) as an anti-perspirant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find some informal descriptions using magnesium hydroxide as a deodorant, but nothing scientific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9155" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:14:44.730" LastActivityDate="2018-09-28T15:15:40.667" Title="Is it safe to use magnesium hydroxide as an anti-perspirant?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;antiperspirant-deodorant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12263" CreationDate="2017-05-09T09:21:37.903" Score="0" ViewCount="624" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how the Contour Next Link 2.4 and the insulin pump MiniMed 640G communicate with each other. Is this over Bluetooth or what is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9156" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T15:01:11.203" Title="Communication between Contour Next Link 2.4 and insulin pump MiniMed 640G" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12252" CreationDate="2017-05-09T13:50:11.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The manufacturer touts its ability to transmit data to its own apps via Bluetooth, so I'd say the answer is yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The MiniMed Connect App for iOS is compatible for devices running iOS&#xA;  8 and iOS 9 with Bluetooth®&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The MiniMed Connect App for OS is compatible for devices running&#xA;  Android™5.0/5.1.1/5.1.2 (Lollipop) and Android™ 6.0/6.0.1/6.0.2&#xA;  (Marshmallow) with Bluetooth®.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/minimed-connect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/products/minimed-connect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T13:50:11.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12254" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12256" CreationDate="2017-05-09T15:54:54.840" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told that one problem with many sugar substitutes is that the body thinks they are sugar, and the processes that it uses to absorb sugar from the blood stream are therefore triggered. This means that although sugar-free soda does not &lt;em&gt;add&lt;/em&gt; sugar to the blood stream, it makes the body absorb more of the sugar that is in the blood stream already, thus negating (some of) the benefits of using a sugar substitute. Is there any truth to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is not about the overall usefulness of sugar substitutes, I am interested in whether this very particular effect is real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9159" LastEditorUserId="8764" LastEditDate="2017-05-09T21:44:02.057" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T21:44:02.057" Title="Does aspartame cause the body to absorb more sugar?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12254" CreationDate="2017-05-09T20:01:17.113" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I wasn't going to try to answer this because I thought any possible answers would be essentially opinion-based, but it seems to me much of the so-called research as been just that.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Aspartame is made from and breaks down into two common amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine) and a very small amount of methanol (wood alcohol)&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aspartame&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is well tolerated in small amounts&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11926610&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;If this hypothesis were true, then any combinations of these compounds should produce the same result. I haven't seen any research that suggests this is true.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T20:01:17.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12254" CreationDate="2017-05-09T20:16:48.593" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that simply seeing sweet foods (without even eating them) can cause your body to release insulin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3894001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This abstract&lt;/a&gt; of a review paper includes the sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;high acute levels of insulin can be produced by simply seeing and thinking about food and that individuals showing this response show a greater tendency toward weight gain in a food-abundant environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it stands to reason that eating sugar free sweet foods can have the same effect. Whether this then leads to you getting more energy from the other food you have eaten I do not know, but the abstract covers other studies that directly connect these reactions to weight gain due to the next thing you eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I long ago observed for myself that if I had sweetener in my early-morning coffee, when the coffee cart came around (a thing that used to happen in offices in the 80s) I was unable to resist having a bun or muffin with my mid-morning coffee. But if I had a teaspoon of sugar in that morning coffee, I could last till lunch with no buns or muffins. The net savings of sugar and fat was definitely on the side of sugar in my coffee. Your physiology may vary, but science says my observation was real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, your summary &quot;the body thinks they are sugar&quot; is probably not supported. Rather, the &lt;strong&gt;mind&lt;/strong&gt; thinks they are sugar and things go from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T20:16:48.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12257" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-09T21:22:24.513" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;This ranch's marketing blurb at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gentzlonghornbeef.com/nutrition_facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.gentzlonghornbeef.com/nutrition_facts&lt;/a&gt; compares longhorn beef to other animal protein sources. I'm specifically interested in how the fat breaks down into Trans/Saturated/Unsaturated. I'm also interested in anything that might be problematic but is not disclosed at that site. Also, I've seen the claim that it's good for Omega-3 fatty acids, at sites such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.simmonscattlecompany.com/grass-fed-beef&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.simmonscattlecompany.com/grass-fed-beef&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, they want to present the best case to sell their product, so I'd like to know how factual these claims are, and whether anything important is left out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm particularly interested to see the characteristics of the best possible product, so presumably grass-fed longhorn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9161" LastEditorUserId="9161" LastEditDate="2017-05-10T11:30:43.507" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T11:30:43.507" Title="How does longhorn beef compare to other meats wrt a heart-healthy diet?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-09T21:48:54.167" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about curcumin and it seems to have been pretty useful in numerous clinical trials (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535097/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535097/&lt;/a&gt;), although its biodisponibility is &quot;abysmal&quot; (less than 1% &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346970/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346970/&lt;/a&gt;). This seemed contradicting so I did a quick research and it turns out it is considered a PAIN and an IMP. However, I can't fully understand what both of those things are. Do they imply each other? How is a compound proven to be a PAIN or an IMP? Can a PAIN or an IMP have a good clinical value? Is there a mechanism in which curcumin, in spite of having such a low biodisponibility, could have such a great effect overall in health? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9162" LastActivityDate="2017-05-09T21:48:54.167" Title="What is a PAINs (pan-assay interference compounds)? How do you prove that a compound is a PAIN? And IMPs (invalid metabolic compund)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T02:04:51.200" Score="2" ViewCount="681" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is quite pervasive in the field of neuropsychology &amp;quot;quickly assess[ing] visuospatial and praxis abilities, and may determine the presence of both attention and executive dysfunctions&amp;quot; -- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.strokengine.ca/assess/cdt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Partnership for Stroke Studies&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be used the most for Dementia and Alzheimer's. (You can also watch many YouTube videos of the Clock Drawing Test being administered &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hRBPrfDQVI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;screening for Dementia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the &amp;quot;Clock Drawing Test&amp;quot; for encephalitis assessed in the same way as screening for dementia?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_on_Fire&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by Susannah Cahalan, about a woman who was diagnosed with encephalitis through this Clock Drawing Test. &lt;strong&gt;SPOILER ALERT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Najjar diagnosed Cahalan using a test that involved her drawing a&#xA;clock, a test normally given to people suspected of having dementia or&#xA;Alzheimer's disease. Rather than drawing the clock face normally, the&#xA;disease caused Cahalan to draw all of the numbers 1 through 12 on the&#xA;right face of the clock, because the right side of her brain, which&#xA;regulates the left side of the body, was inflamed. Najjar used this to&#xA;help diagnose Cahalan and start her road to recovery. -Wikipedia link above ^^&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the way Cahalan drew the clock different than how a person with Dementia would draw the clock?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How is the doctor able to distinguish Dementia from Encephalitis on the Clock Drawing Test?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:01:49.907" Title="Is the &quot;Clock Drawing Test&quot; for encephalitis assessed in the same way as screening for dementia?" Tags="&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T09:34:13.460" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I'm a big snacker. Especially salty snacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my experience, this always equates to fatty snacks (cheese, crisps, fried nuts, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to wonder, are there alternatives that provide a similar salty flavour without as much of the fatty component?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I attempted popchips, but there are severe availability issues with that here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Of note that I am a vegetarian :P&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9169" LastEditorUserId="9169" LastEditDate="2017-05-10T11:50:38.383" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T12:26:30.373" Title="Foods that are salty but not fatty" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12252" CreationDate="2017-05-10T09:37:46.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pump MiniMed 640G and the Contour Next Link 2.4 uses the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol with a proprietary data format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It uses the following operating frequencies 2420 MHz, 2435 MHz, 2450 MHz, 2465 MHz, 2480 MHz with a 5 MHz Bandwidth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is yet no evidence of the compatibility of the MiniMed Connect with the 640g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're interesting in the communication with your pump you can check this project that allows you to get data from your pump on Android Phones using the Contour Next Link 2.4: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pazaan/600SeriesAndroidUploader&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/pazaan/600SeriesAndroidUploader&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/sites/uk/medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/files/minimed640gifu2015mp6025957-024_a_en_mmol.compressed.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/sites/uk/medtronic-diabetes.co.uk/files/minimed640gifu2015mp6025957-024_a_en_mmol.compressed.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T09:37:46.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12262" CreationDate="2017-05-10T11:48:17.933" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Salty foods are generally either carby (chips/crisps, fries/chips, popcorn) or proteiny (meat, cheese, nuts.) Most carby snacks have no way to make the salt stick without the fat. Air popped popcorn, for example, the salt just falls off.  Ditto microwave or oven crisps. You can reduce the fat and change the fat and that may help. For example oven-baked potato wedges with just a little oil. Air popped popcorn with a tiny drizzle of butter. They sell low fat crackers that are salty but apparently they are high in sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll have better luck going the protein route. For those who eat meat, lean meat most certainly exists. I make my own jerky, which is very salty and satisfying. There are also low- and no-fat sliced meats (chicken, turkey, ham) though these need to be kept cool and can't just be pulled out of your pocket for a nibble on the bus. I have seen dried sausages, pepperoni-style, in a snack size and a low-fat variant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have the ability to prepare a little, a salt-lover in my family loves to dip spring onions (green onions - the long thin things that are white at one end and green at the other) in salt a bite at a time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a home dehydrator, try beet chips: slice beet(root) very thin, lay out on dehydrator trays, sprinkle a pinch of sea salt on each (the juices will make it stick / soak in) and then dry them. I really enjoy these and they are fat-free. Once made, they keep for ages and can be taken with you for an on-the-go snack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-10T12:26:30.373" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T12:26:30.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T13:19:12.370" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to evaluate a measurement system suitability for some physiological parameters say heart rate. If I collect say 30 measurements of my heart rate, the standard deviation of the population will include equipment standard deviation and subject hear rate standard deviation. The latter is not noise, hence I would like to quantify only the equipment measurement variation, any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that's a classic problem for qualifying medical devices I imagine, but could not find anything clear on this unfortunately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9173" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T03:39:59.697" Title="gauge R&amp;R of time varying data: how to discriminate between equipment variation and actual signal variation?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T15:05:03.000" Score="4" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have few expensive nutritional supplements which expired in April (as in the label). Can I still consume it in May?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, consuming expired medicines is not advised. However, can't they be consumed just a few weeks after they expire?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are expiry dates really exact or they are an approximation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6473" LastEditorUserId="6473" LastEditDate="2017-05-11T02:29:45.163" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T17:45:56.443" Title="Can medicines which expired a month ago be consumed safely?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T15:54:59.463" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know working with computers can cause eyestrain and red eyes (and also the Computer Vision Syndrome). But recently I got some messages saying computers and mobile phone displays could cause &lt;strong&gt;retinal disorders&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is this true? What can be done to prevent retinal disorders?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I frequently do some eye exercises which takes the pain off the eyes. &lt;em&gt;Would that be enough to keep the issues if caused by computers in balanced way?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(EDIT: I'm not talking about computer vision syndrome, because as i mentioned i'm already taking measures for it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9002" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:03:23.390" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:03:23.390" Title="Can computers cause issues to retina?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-10T22:03:07.527" Score="4" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems require you to still do fingerstick blood testing on a daily basis in order to calibrate them.  But that defeats the purpose of why people want CGM systems in the first place, which is to minimize the number of shots you have to endure.  But one CGM system that doesn't require fingerstick calibration is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freestylelibrepro.us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Freestyle Libre Pro&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Freestyle Libre Pro was approved by the FDA for use by doctors to give to their patients &lt;a href=&quot;http://abbott.mediaroom.com/2016-09-28-Abbott-Receives-FDA-Approval-for-the-FreeStyle-Libre-Pro-System-a-Revolutionary-Diabetes-Sensing-Technology-for-Healthcare-Professionals-to-Use-with-Their-Patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in September 2016&lt;/a&gt;.  But unfortunately, it hasn't yet been approved for consumer use by the FDA yet.  So my question is, are there any other CGM systems which don't require fingerstick calibration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And are any of them FDA approved for consumer use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="9100" LastEditDate="2017-05-18T19:06:39.743" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T14:57:48.257" Title="What CGM systems don't require fingerstick calibration?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12194" CreationDate="2017-05-10T23:39:12.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately no, I have not found in my research any pumps which can be attached for a longer amount of time, although I did find a study which you may find relates to your question. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440169/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link to Study&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is the rationale behind site transfer and the suggested schedule. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The manufacturers of IISs and insulin formulations used in insulin pumps recommend changing IISs and infusion site every 2–3 days in order to avoid skin and infusion problems. However, in reality, these infusion site-related recommendations are based only on reports derived from anecdotal data sets about use of the IIS in daily practice. Thorough investigations providing a scientific rationale for depicting a safe interval for the changes are still lacking to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8948" LastActivityDate="2017-05-10T23:39:12.120" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-11T00:36:00.013" Score="1" ViewCount="1646" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once did a long bike ride that burned my legs (low sun intensity/focus, long exposure time). They were immediately sore but didn't peel until 2 weeks later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I once swum a bit and burned my shoulders (high sun intensity/focus, low exposure time). They were also immediately sore, and peeled only 2 days later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was the difference in sun intensity + time exposure responsible for the difference in the time taken for the dead skin to peel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7323" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:02:53.627" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T02:02:53.627" Title="One sunburn peels after 2 days, another after 2 weeks. Why?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;desquamation-skin-peeling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12272" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12277" CreationDate="2017-05-11T01:05:33.117" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170511010443/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)  says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the Food and Drug Administration, medication errors jumped from 16,689 in 2010 to more than 93,930 in 2016. That's nearly a 463% increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why has the number of medication errors increased by 463% between 2010 and 2016 in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-05-11T05:54:15.927" Title="Why has the number of medication errors increased by 463% between 2010 and 2016 in the US?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-11T02:35:41.513" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a wife and before we got married she was diagnosed with PCOS, but then she got pregnant and gave birth to our beautiful daughter. As what I read PCOS means you have hormonal problem. During the first month she is having trouble sleeping. She can only sleep around 2-4 hours a day. Even at night even if I place the baby away so she can just sleep for 8 hours, she can't even sleep and just stay awake till dawn. BTW she is doing breastfeeding that time. I also read about Post Partum Insomnia which is normal for new moms. I read all over the internet about the horror of having Insomnia and I feel bad that I can't do anything for her. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to what I also read breastfeeding can cause Estrogen hormones decrease thus it will result to Insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, we tried to seek help from health professionals but they just gave us Iterax to help my wife fall asleep, but it just produce the same result where my wife can sleep 4 hours only. We already tried herbal medicines too but it doesn't work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only solution that we made is that we weaned our little girl after 1 month and 3 weeks, and she can sleep now better. Though I don't agree weaning our child in the first place, because I know how precious breastmilk is for babies, but I can't even let my wife fall apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question:&#xA;Is the insomnia experienced by my wife is due to its PCOS or having low hormones in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I didn't place the link of the articles where I read the information but you can just use the keywords &quot;post partum insomnia&quot;,&quot;PCOS&quot;, &quot;breastfeeding&quot; in google to get my references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9178" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T02:02:19.397" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:42:55.397" Title="Do women with polycystic overian syndrome is prone to have insomnia during motherhood?" Tags="&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;postpartum-depression&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-07T15:32:57.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12276" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12536" CreationDate="2017-05-11T05:49:46.487" Score="2" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently taking a long-acting insulin called Triceba.  But I recently changed my health insurance, and the new insurance doesn't cover Triceba, it only covers another long-acting insulin called Toujeo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what are the differences between Triceba and Toujeo?  Do they have significant differences in effectiveness, side-effects, and ease of use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="9100" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T21:51:01.720" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T16:06:06.607" Title="Are there any significant differences between Triceba and Toujeo?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12272" CreationDate="2017-05-11T05:54:15.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The USA Today article you linked to provides two potential explanations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The FDA said the spike is because of improvements made to its reporting system over the last two years. Pharmacy industry experts believe the numbers also reflect more people are filling more prescriptions than ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first explanation seems quite plausible, as it's unlikely that the error rate would increase organically that fast in six years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastActivityDate="2017-05-11T05:54:15.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-11T09:40:04.283" Score="3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in front of computer a lot, read books and drive. I wear glasses and their number keeps growing. Every year when my eyes become strained I know I need new lenses. I get breaks from the computer every hour or two. Is there any other advice besides diet? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8954" LastActivityDate="2020-07-03T23:51:40.537" Title="What is the best diet for healthy eyesight?" Tags="&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-07-04T00:39:45.950" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-11T21:28:40.507" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was at the dentist for a checkup today and I was asking about a small black bit in my back tooth. He said it will eventually become a cavity and need a filling but for now it's fine and depending on how I look after my teeth it could be ok for a while. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this a very odd thing to hear. It makes very little sense to me that there is nothing that can be done now to mitigate the effects in the future. I don't want to pay another €50 for a second opinion, so I'm wondering if he was right. Is there nothing that can be done during the early stages of a cavity to prevent it needing a full on filling in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9183" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T00:51:52.920" Title="Ways to reverse a cavity before it goes rotten?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-12T00:02:12.393" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a solicitation for medical advice. If I want a medical opinion I know I need to see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there specific medicines, drugs and/or substances which:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are legal in the USA without a prescription for adults over 21 years of age; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maintain desired effects, and are safe with no serious side effects over the long term, during waking hours for up to one full week (suppose weeks are separated by at least a month)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have the desired effect of significantly improving one's ability to &quot;deal with&quot; another person that one can't stand being around due to obnoxious mannerisms and behaviors which are not intended to cause offense?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not - are there any that satisfy the third and either the first or second (but not both) constraints?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things that came to mind:&#xA;- Alcohol (not completely effective, side effects, hard to conceal)&#xA;- Lithium, antidepressants, etc.; do these need a prescription?&#xA;- St John's Wort - purportedly a mood elevator, is there evidence it works?&#xA;- Etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I understand that getting doped up is not an emotionally healthy way to deal with one's problems. For the purposes of this question, please work under the purely theoretical assumption that this is the only available class of options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9185" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T00:02:12.393" Title="Medicine/drug to &quot;get along&quot; with difficult people?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;mood-moodiness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12333" CreationDate="2017-05-12T03:54:35.927" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have both a wrist blood pressure monitor and an upper arm blood pressure monitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I generally enjoy using the wrist monitor more, as it's difficult for me to secure the cuff on the arm monitor, as I have somewhat bulky arms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm currently very confused, though, as the wrist monitor I purchased recently is suddenly giving me readings that are about 20 points below the upper arm monitor's readings: 95 systolic and 55-60 diastolic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The monitor I've had for my upper arm has given me a wide range of readings at times, with gaps between readings taken minutes apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which should I trust is more accurate? The lower readings from the wrist monitor, or the ones from the arm monitor? I've tried both several times and they're coming in consistently at a range apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9186" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-05-15T20:29:19.477" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T23:27:47.563" Title="Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor Accuracy?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10954" CreationDate="2017-05-12T10:32:04.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I actually did a study on this (pains relation to posture) providing ergonomic assessments and follow ups for office workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally you'd look something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.victoriamassagetherapy.ca/userfiles/image/Ergonomics2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.victoriamassagetherapy.ca/userfiles/image/Ergonomics2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have carpal tunnel wrist guards that I'm sure you'd love to wear.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd sit on a Swiss Ball -- doubt this is possible either but your innercore is key to preventing lower back pain and possible surgery (you don't want this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is carpel tunnel surgery is just snipping your flexor retinaculum so that is a pretty simple fix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prioritize watching your back and neck regions for sure.  A workspace that's properly setup would be great too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-05-12T10:32:04.750" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12292" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18569" CreationDate="2017-05-13T01:53:54.927" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170511010443/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/05/10/skin-melts-off-medication-error/315930001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)  says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the Food and Drug Administration, medication errors jumped from 16,689 in 2010 to more than 93,930 in 2016. That's nearly a 463% increase.&lt;BR/&gt; […]&lt;BR/&gt;Pharmacy industry experts believe the numbers also reflect more people are filling more prescriptions than ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any scientific study tried to quantify to what extent filling more prescriptions increases the number of medication errors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T21:30:16.840" Title="To what extent does filling more prescriptions increase the number of medication errors?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-13T11:25:02.417" Score="4" ViewCount="595" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the physiological mechanism behind why people who are overweight or less &quot;in-shape&quot; get out of breath more easily than those who are in good shape?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it purely power to weight ratio?  What are the factors involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9202" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T09:53:32.547" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T10:10:06.050" Title="What factors cause an unfit person to get out of breath faster?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-13T07:20:00.207" Score="0" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we are under water for minutes or hours, our skin appears shrunk, shriveled, and pale. How does a baby's skin appears normal even after 9 months in amniotic fluid? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Pragadeeshcruise " LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-05-13T17:04:01.070" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T15:36:19.100" Title="How does a baby's skin appear normal after birth?" Tags="&lt;infant&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12298" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12302" CreationDate="2017-05-13T17:52:25.673" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a myriad of reasons for my fatigue, shortness of breath, lack of motivation, headaches, lack of concentration, feeling very cold in my feet/hands, etc. (I have hypothyroidism, PCOS, fibromyalgia, asthma, migraines, &amp;amp; adult ADD -- I'm actually taking meds for each of these conditions too). However, I've been feeling a sharp  intensity in the above symptoms, which is why I went to my GP. Long story short, I have yet another reason contributing to the above symptoms: &lt;strong&gt;iron deficiency&lt;/strong&gt;. My TSH (thyroid levels) were fine, but my &lt;strong&gt;ferritin levels are at 21 ug/L&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;How low is this? Would this explain the above symptoms?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, as soon as I muster enough energy, I'll walk to the nearest pharmacy and get iron supplements. However, I'm wondering... &lt;strong&gt;How long does it take for iron supplements to impact my health at all?&lt;/strong&gt; Will I notice improvements &lt;strong&gt;immediately? Or&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;is it more of a gradual thing&lt;/strong&gt; that takes weeks before noticing more energy and focused concentration, etc? (Don't worry, I'll be taking it long-term... I'm just wondering if I'll see improvements fairly quickly as I have my Oral Exams -Grad School- in 6 days, and want my brain to be in tip-top shape). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T20:28:59.397" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T20:28:59.397" Title="How long does it take for iron supplements to start improving energy levels? Is it instant or gradual?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12535" CreationDate="2017-05-13T18:05:10.213" Score="4" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the consumption of artificial sweeteners as a replacement for sugar increase the risk of diabetes or hyperinsulinemia? Have there been any clinical trials studying this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9199" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-13T18:34:19.877" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T23:27:05.057" Title="Do artificial sweeteners increase risk of diabetes or hyperinsulinemia?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;&lt;artificial-flavor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12297" CreationDate="2017-05-13T18:35:25.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle#Water-immersion_wrinkling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wrinkling of wet skin&lt;/a&gt; is triggered by an increased concentration of water in the outer layers of the skin.  This happens because water tends to move from areas of low dissolved substances (eg. a bucket of tap water) to areas of high dissolved substances (eg. your body).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amniotic fluid is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity#Isotonicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isotonic&lt;/a&gt;: that is, it has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the body.  This means there's no movement of water, and hence, no wrinkled skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-05-13T18:35:25.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12298" CreationDate="2017-05-13T22:00:26.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ferritin levels of 21 ug/L are on the extreme lower edge of the normal range. You can think about iron stores as follows. A healthy person will have iron stores of a few grams. Since iron is present in every cell of the body, we lose iron via the loss of dead skin cells, mucus, sweat etc. etc. The iron in red blood cells is recycled when they die, so we don't lose that iron. But you can lose iron due to bleeding, e.g. intestinal bleeding can go unnoticed and only cause low iron levels. Women who get heavy menstrual bleeding can also end up with low iron levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The typical loss of iron in healthy persons is about 1 milligram per day, this means that we absorb about 1 milligram of iron from food. The typical diet contains 10 to 20 milligrams of iron, our bodies are capable of absorbing quite a bit more than the 1 milligram and will typically be able to do that when iron stores get low unless, of course, the cause of the iron deficiency is due to poor iron absorption or a poor diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Iron supplements prescribed by a doctor typically contain about 100 milligrams of iron. You'll be able to absorb anywhere between 20% and 50% of this, so it will take at least a month before you've put back 2 grams of iron into your body. Without such supplements, with a good diet this would take ten times longer, so at least a year or so (assuming that the dietary fix is actually going to do the job).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you are young person (you're not an old, frail, 90 year old) you have to consider the cause of the iron deficiency even if it isn't due to serious medical problems. If it's due to a poor diet (as opposed to heavy menstrual bleeding), then your diet must be so poor that it's likely affecting your health in other ways besides causing low iron levels. If you were 90 years old then it would be far more reasonable that a normal diet could fall short of the iron requirement. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-05-13T22:00:26.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-14T06:12:36.820" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a game, I need at least a vague estimate on how much the lungs will bleed. One person mentioned that a deer shot through both lungs with a hunting rifle would be stopped by the bleeding within 10 to 15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have an estimate on bleeding in human lungs? In general, I'd hope to have an extreme case, and a mild case for comparison, as then I can tweak the numbers to count for that unpredictable variance that comes with injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9109" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-05-15T08:06:50.180" LastActivityDate="2017-05-15T08:06:50.180" Title="Amount of Bleeding from Wounded Lungs" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-14T10:07:48.610" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touching_heads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; on Wikipedia the following passage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Head lice infestations might serve as a protection against body lice&#xA;  by inducing cross-resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that cross-resistance for different kind of poisons or drugs, but what is cross-resistance against lice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9212" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:58:26.690" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:58:26.690" Title="What is cross-resistance against lice?" Tags="&lt;head-lice&gt;&lt;sensitivity-intolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9514" CreationDate="2017-05-14T10:25:14.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this study &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ca.22571/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; those of us with oily skin may have less forehead wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9213" LastEditorUserId="9213" LastEditDate="2017-05-14T11:12:58.707" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T11:12:58.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12156" CreationDate="2017-05-14T14:52:11.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid the answer is no, you can't know in advance if the condom is going to break.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell, and from my own personal experience, most condom failures are not due to the condom itself being bad, but from misusing it, e.g. putting it in a wrong angle (so it slides off during the act), using too much force during the act, thus tearing the condom, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes there are indeed failures in the material itself, causing it to tear while using it, but no way to see those, they are not visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my tips are quite common:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure the condom is not expired. (they always must have expiration date on the package)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make sure the condom's package is sealed when you open it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the condom properly. (Tons of guides if one wants, don't think it's needed to repeat here.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If during the act you have a feeling it's breaking/broken pull out immediately and take a look. In case of actual breaking, the hole should be obvious.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enjoy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastActivityDate="2017-05-14T14:52:11.230" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12773" CreationDate="2017-05-14T19:36:21.663" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have hyperoptia with roughly +5 diopters on both eyes and considering occasionally using diving mask for snorkeling in summer. The problem is, these masks usually come only up to +3.5 diopters and prescription mask is too high investment for few days a year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to ask, if using +3.5 diopter in my case would improve situation from just using normal mask – I can see well enough without glasses for limited time, but it is not comfortable for my eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9219" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:57:19.577" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:57:19.577" Title="Wearing under corrected diopter diving mask (hyperopia)" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-15T08:12:58.583" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just gearing up for a major academic exam -- was curious -- &lt;strong&gt;what foods are recommended as &quot;study&quot; foods?&lt;/strong&gt; What foods should I eat while studying and for consuming on the day before/day-of the exam? By this, I mean, &lt;strong&gt;which foods increase mental performance in cognitive abilities and boost concentration and activity and improve my memory while studying?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-05-15T08:12:58.583" Title="Good &quot;study&quot; foods? Which foods imporve cognitive abilities, memory, concentration &amp; overall mental performance?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;memory&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12306" CreationDate="2017-05-15T23:20:32.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're saying that a head lice infestation might provoke the immune system into more effectively resisting body lice infestations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-15T23:20:32.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-16T00:15:10.777" Score="-1" ViewCount="5584" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Girlfriend's period starts at May 20/May 21. To cut the story short, we had non penetrative sex on May 11th and I ejaculated outside (Far away from her vagina).  She also has been using a period cycle tracking App and the app said that her last day in the &quot;Fertility&quot; window was May 10th, with its peak at May 9th. Even though no sperms came near her vagina, my girlfriend is quite stressed that she might be pregnant because my finger, which might have had tiny drops of semen came close to her vagina (but never actually went inside). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to calm her down assuring her that its almost impossible to become pregnant from this scenario. Am I correct in assuming that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9229" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T11:08:11.220" Title="Can my Girlfriend Get Pregnant 9 Days before her period?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-06-22T14:46:13.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-16T00:27:46.633" Score="3" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people take 80-300mg a day of aspirin for cardiovascular reasons; while, from what I've seen online, arthritis patients take up to 3000mg a day (is this correct?). But what are the increased risks associated with such a high daily intake? At what daily dose does aspirin become dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found many accounts of acute poisoning, but no quantitative studies on the chronic effects over time, as a function of dosage -- it's surprisingly hard to find information on this (I've tried every keyword combination under the sun).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9230" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T19:31:04.973" Title="At what daily dose does daily aspirin use become dangerous for a long-term user?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12491" CreationDate="2017-05-16T12:32:58.477" Score="3" ViewCount="297" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I had to go through a lot of ultrasound teeth cleaning because my gums suffered inflammations in the past. I am doing the dental cleaning every 3 to 4 months and every time the dentist says that the gum is getting better and better because I am flossing thoroughly. Before the inflammation, I never flossed so this is kind of a novel procedure for me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I empirically assumed that flossing is really the thing that helps to heal, as also acknowledged by the dentist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is... there are actually no studies to prove this statement. I have looked for articles and I found for instance &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-36962667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://apnews.com/f7e66079d9ba4b4985d7af350619a9e3/medical-benefits-dental-floss-unproven&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/science-in-the-news/the-medical-benefit-of-daily-flossing-called-into-question&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. I understand from the articles that there is not sufficient proof to endorse the procedure. Despite this, the dentists still recommend flossing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From one of the articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The evidence for flossing is “weak, very unreliable,” of “very low” quality, and carries “a moderate to large potential for bias.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should one understand from this? Is there someone here that works in this field or did some research on this issue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I ask this is that I want to eliminate using the floss and replace it with WaterPik, which I find more comfortable, fast and less abrasive. But I have also seen articles in which they write that floss is better than WaterPik. So then I come back to the same issue...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to know if the dental ultrasound cleaning is actually the one healing me or is the flossing? Can anyone help me with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9235" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:56:08.697" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:56:08.697" Title="Is dental floss really effective? According to studies, it is not" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;&lt;dental-floss-pick&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12322" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-16T14:13:53.573" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of diet is effective at eliminating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and how long does one need to be on it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9197" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T04:13:42.417" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T04:13:42.417" Title="What type of diet is effective at eliminating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;&lt;sibo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12316" CreationDate="2017-05-16T18:45:02.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a doctor nor a person that has any medical degree, but I read a lot about the human body, including pregnancy. The situation &quot;almost impossible,&quot; as you describe it, can also be possible if certain conditions were achieved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting pregnant is actually not something easy, even though you can find a lot of crazy discussions on women getting pregnant from trees, bullets, air, oral and anal sex, etc. It's a whole crazy world out there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fertility of the egg is decreasing significantly after the ovulation, so according to your time-frame, she should be okay (see graph). &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AEnwo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AEnwo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you see, the danger would have been before the ovulation or during the ovulation. In your case, there are two days after the ovulation (if the app calculations are correct). Fertility also depends on her age. The older a person gets, the lower the fertility, so also consider that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that you should use science and ask her to make a pregnancy test. That instrument should give you a better &quot;opinion&quot; than mine. Also, if she is really scared about it, there are the so-called &quot;morning after pills&quot; which are quite efficient in terminating an eventual fertilization. She can get one next time you are in similar situation, rather than stressing out. However, NEVER use those pills as a contraceptive method. Use it ONLY for emergency purpose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm just a person who likes to read about the technicalities of the human body. I'm not an expert in the field nor the right person to give you medical advice. Use science for that ;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9235" LastEditorUserId="9235" LastEditDate="2017-05-16T19:15:01.447" LastActivityDate="2017-05-16T19:15:01.447" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-16T19:45:48.433" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just reading up on some ALS literature, and noted something on a newly diagnosed patient. The (current) assessment is that this particular patient's ALS symptoms are caused by a glutamate deficiency. What is interesting is that the patient is a Type 2 diabetic, which would hint at that as an original source for the deficiency, as glutamate is typically synthesized in cells from glucose. But glutamate can also be synthesized, in cells, from aspartate, as in aspartame. The patient claims to have stopped drinking sugar-free beverages about a year ago, for personal reasons, which roughly lines up with the onset of the symptoms. Could it be that the patient has been unknowingly substituting glucose-to-glutamate synthesis with aspartate-to-glutamate synthesis and the change in diet stopped that? And is it maybe possible to add aspartame products to the diet and get that work-around running again, to reduce glutamate deficiency symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I sadly lack access to ALS experts around here, so I thought this could be a place to ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9159" LastActivityDate="2017-05-16T19:45:48.433" Title="Glutamate substitute for ALS?" Tags="&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-17T00:31:53.610" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in forensic science, and continue to be surprised by the breadth of information that can be revealed from a body or other physical/forensic evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning:  Graphic question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been listening to the Podcast, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/jan/12/hollywood-a-podcast-that-scratches-at-the-dark-underbelly-of-films-golden-age&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Hollywood &amp;amp; Crime&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. The notorious 1947 murder case of Elizabeth Short (aka the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dahlia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Black Dahlia&lt;/a&gt;) is a central theme of this podcast. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that forensic science back then is definitely not what it is today, but they sure knew more than me! Anywho, in one of the podcast's episodes it states that the coroner concluded that the victim, Short, had her face disfigured (a smile carved in her cheeks) prior to her death. But... the body was found drained of blood, and completely washed cleaned. Thus, &lt;strong&gt;how do coroners/forensic scientists know if the assault occurred during one's life or post-mortem without evidence of blood to imply either way?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:49:24.887" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:49:24.887" Title="How do coroners/forensic scientists know if an assault occurred during one's life or post-mortem?" Tags="&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;cadavears&gt;&lt;coroner&gt;&lt;forensic-pathology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-17T03:16:50.430" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;my mom had a cataract surgery she used to take daily dosage of UNISTAR 75 which contains aspirin in it but doctor said not to take it for a week. what is the reason behind it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9244" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:55:22.333" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:24:55.247" Title="why is it not allowed to take aspirin based medicines before a day and after a week of cataract surgery?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12294" CreationDate="2017-05-17T09:20:50.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Part of why some people get out of breath faster is due to an inefficiency in the lungs and in the muscles.  Muscles use oxygen when they move, the more they move the more oxygen they use.  However, muscles are able to adapt and become more efficient in someone who is consistently active.  Also, the lungs are powered by intercostal muscles, which are a bunch of small muscles, and the diaphragm.  Someone who is fit usually takes deep breaths to account for the increase in Oxygen needed for physical activity, and do this consistently with their exercise routine. Their diaphragm and other lung muscles get stronger with the regular deep breaths taken, making their lungs work more efficiently as well.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.active.com/articles/breathing-101-increase-your-efficiency-for-better-oxygen-uptake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.active.com/articles/breathing-101-increase-your-efficiency-for-better-oxygen-uptake&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastEditorUserId="9246" LastEditDate="2017-08-09T18:45:24.687" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T18:45:24.687" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12332" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-17T11:37:15.567" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Concussions are a serious matter no matter what age you are. Of course innumerable factors are at play, but in general, &lt;strong&gt;do concussions affect children more profoundly than they do adults?&lt;/strong&gt; In other words, if the same type(degree?)of concussion occurred to a child and adult, will it have more lasting damage to the child? (for argument's sake... they are in the same overall health....) &lt;strong&gt;Why or why not?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T11:37:15.567" Title="Do concussions affect children more profoundly than adults?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;middle-aged-adults&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12282" CreationDate="2017-05-17T13:27:06.727" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take both to your doctor's office the next time and compare them to the manual cuff. There are many models that can be calibrated that way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all models are as accurate as others. &lt;a href=&quot;http://heartinsight.heart.org/Summer-2016/Tips-for-Choosing-a-Blood-Pressure-Monitor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article from the American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt; recommends arm monitors over wrist ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrist and finger monitors are not recommended because they yield less&#xA;  reliable readings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've anecdotally heard of more inaccuracies in wrist than upper arm monitors. Mayo Clinic &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/wrist-blood-pressure-monitors/faq-20057802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommends the same&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-07-04T23:27:47.563" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T23:27:47.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-17T19:43:58.770" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having had some recent education on the macronutrients in food, I have learned that it is important to understand where the calories in your food come from, whether from protein, carbohydrates, or fat. It look at nutrition labels completely different now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a nutrition label, I usually see these three macronutrients in bold, along with a few micronutrients like sodium, potassium, and cholesterol.  Now I would expect that the calories from fat to total calories ratio would match the grams of fat to grams per serving ratio, but it is not so. Take this example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PU2tW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PU2tW.png&quot; alt=&quot;US Nutrition label&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;72&lt;/strong&gt; of the &lt;strong&gt;230&lt;/strong&gt; calories come from fat, or &lt;strong&gt;31.3%&lt;/strong&gt;. However, &lt;strong&gt;8&lt;/strong&gt; grams of the &lt;strong&gt;55&lt;/strong&gt; grams of the serving's mass comes from fat, or &lt;strong&gt;14.5%&lt;/strong&gt;. These are very different numbers. This is true for many other examples I could post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that the same mass of fat always has more calories than an equivalent mass of the other macronutrients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9250" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T21:15:54.547" Title="Why does the calories from fat to total calories ratio not match the grams of fat to grams per serving ratio?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12335" CreationDate="2017-05-17T20:19:06.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You drew the right conclusion! Fat does embody more calories (about 9 kcal/g) than the same weight of carbohydrate (4 kcal/g), protein (4 kcal/g) or ethanol (7 kcal/g). These are only approximate values, though, but they have been in use since the late 19th century and the work of Wilbur Olin Atwater. For references and details see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/MEETING/004/M2847E/M2847E00.HTM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAO website&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27974598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-05-17T20:19:06.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-17T21:24:57.800" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hy everyone!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My mom broke her right arm almost 2 months ago (I believe this is called distal radius fracture), and she had to undergo a surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 weeks after the surgery she started with physiotherapy, which lasted for another 3 weeks. Unfortunately, although she is very responsible with this (does everything that Dr says), the physiotherapy didn't show much of an improvement. Her hand is still swollen, the skin has a &quot;bronze&quot; color (she is caucasian), joints are very stiff, and she says that it hurts like hell when the therapist &quot;stretches&quot; her arm (fingers).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Dr said today that she has what is called a Sudeck's syndrome (CRPS, RSD), and she was given a pack of corticosteroid pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: her hand does not hurt in &quot;idle state&quot;, only during the physiotherapy. I googled a bunch of articles considering CRPS, but I realized that all those (poor) people are in a constant pain. Is there some variation of CRPS without constant pain, or is it too early to tell if the pain will appear in future in my mom's case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9252" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:54:27.783" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:54:27.783" Title="CRPS without constant pain" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-18T03:54:41.720" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could anyone please give me a list of the major organs in the human body with their vascular densities? 3D models and pictures of such are available, but calculating how much which organ has is very difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need an estimate of this so that I can calculate something for a video game.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9109" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:53:25.763" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:53:25.763" Title="List of Organs by Vascular Density?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;capillary-capillaries&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-18T12:30:43.710" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are my leg x-ray. I had an accident 7th may 2017. My fibula (hope I got the right name) was fractured. My orthopedist says nothings to worry. It will fine within two weeks. I have passed 12 days, but my legs still pain. If I take pain killer then there is no pain. If I didn’t, it will start the pain.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have two questions.&#xA;Is there is anything’s serious? &#xA;How long it takes to return to daily activities? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/erOej.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/erOej.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9264" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:52:42.930" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:52:42.930" Title="How long it takes to return to daily activities?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;fibula&gt;&lt;weight-bearing-activity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-18T14:47:54.123" Score="-2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now, it is hard to explain for me. But I need to know what is this. Because I have no idea what this is, I might over-explain. I tried Google with lots of different phrases, and it seems as if this needs some human help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr: This is related to getting annoyed when lots of stuff is happening. Because of my specific life, this mostly happens when I'm working on my computer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically I get annoyed when lots of different programs are open, or I'm doing lots of different things all with lots of specific details. Instead of tackling a problem step-by-step, sometimes you need to do a lot at once, mostly due to time constraints. For example, as a content writer, sometimes I open five Microsoft Word windows and as I type different things about the same topic, I choose which file to put that piece of content in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Suppose I create different headings in all of those, and I also have to do some formatting. This becomes &lt;strong&gt;&quot;too much&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; too quickly and I'm on the verge of crushing my teeth into each other.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perhaps I can't do multitasking, but there's more to it. I can't stand the sight of a &lt;strong&gt;computer screen with tons of icons&lt;/strong&gt;. On my desktop, there are just 5 and that too set in small size. The rest of the screen is empty, mostly pure black. &lt;strong&gt;This makes me relaxed&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can't handle it (mentally) &lt;strong&gt;when lots of tabs are open&lt;/strong&gt;. I must close what I don't need to feel okay and continue. If, due to some reason, I open a lot of tabs, the &lt;strong&gt;&quot;chaos&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; makes me &lt;strong&gt;extremely annoyed, unhappy, agitated, and aggressive&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Suppose I have &lt;strong&gt;two workspaces open&lt;/strong&gt; -- one where I am doing some downloading, some disk cleanup, and an antivirus scan -- and on the other one, I am doing some college work that requires at least two software and four to five folders open. This exact situation is what &lt;strong&gt;I can't take&lt;/strong&gt;. Once I clear up the college work and close that workspace, I feel &lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt; relieved. This relief is uncommon, nobody should feel so much of it for such a small thing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all the mentioned stuff, I can &quot;do&quot; it easily, but I start clenching my teeth while doing such jobs. I start shaking my head every once a while, as if I'm &quot;refreshing&quot; myself to handle the chaos. &#xA;I think I have a disorder, and not knowing what it is just makes me even more annoyed. I am sure somebody here knows what exactly I have. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9267" LastActivityDate="2017-05-21T16:02:08.933" Title="Do I have a disorder? (See description)" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-06-21T17:48:38.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12352" CreationDate="2017-05-18T15:53:00.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your doctor would be the most qualified to answer this.  I am not able to interpret x-rays, but I do know that fractures usually take 6-8 weeks to heal.  That can differ based on a persons age, nutrition, and whether they have any other underlying health conditions, and the severity of the fracture.  Your doctor who knows your health condition would be able to give you the best estimate based on the variable factors.  Also, after the bone heals the muscles may be tight or weak due to the decrease in activity from the time needed to heal.  This can also contribute to pain.  Don't start exercising until your doctor gives you the OK or you can do more damage than good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastActivityDate="2017-05-18T15:53:00.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11950" CreationDate="2017-05-19T02:29:08.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4835(81)80107-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study regarding hydrogen peroxide and human cataract&lt;/a&gt;, hydrogen peroxide was shown to damage the proteins in the human lens, thereby leading to the formation of cataract &lt;strong&gt;(Spector and Garner, 1981)&lt;/strong&gt;. Using hydrogen peroxide for the eyes will probably result into eye damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9271" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T02:29:08.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-19T05:43:17.643" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drink 2 cups of Nescafe every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 a.m. first cup and 12 p.m. another cup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I drink this kind of Nescafe and add with a spoon of condensed milk, not the 3 in 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ljMR4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this habit good for my health (especially my hearth)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8702" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T05:43:17.643" Title="Are two cups of nescafe a day good for my health?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4002" CreationDate="2017-05-19T16:47:27.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think alcohol is better than peroxide for the reasons stated above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, from an evidence stand-point, there is no really strong evidence for basically any solution over the other or even for whether to clean or not clean wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally (and what is preferred by most in daily practice and generally recommended in guidelines as well) is cleaning with a running solution (either isotonic saline or water) as it's believed that the largest part of the cleaning is actually done by mechanically pushing the germs off the wounded region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003861.pub3/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effects of water compared with other solutions for wound cleansing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T16:47:27.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12353" CreationDate="2017-05-19T19:20:13.853" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't make a diagnosis based on a few behaviours, let alone on a forum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you feel these experiences are interfering with your daily life, then seek professional help - perhaps your doctor or mental health professional (e.g., clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, or psychotherapist).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9282" LastEditorUserId="9282" LastEditDate="2017-05-21T16:02:08.933" LastActivityDate="2017-05-21T16:02:08.933" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-19T20:38:36.033" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do fiber pills interfere with the absorption or efficacy of prescrption medications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2017-05-19T20:38:36.033" Title="Do fiber pills interfere with prescrption medications?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13943" CreationDate="2017-05-20T03:58:12.233" Score="8" ViewCount="522" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been researching cholesterol a bit (my grandma is telling me off) and I've found some sites saying that eating cholesterol is not bad since you're body makes 75% of the cholesterol found in your body. That only 20-25% of the cholesterol in your body comes from food and that if you eat more, your body will cut down on its production of cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However given that, would it be safe to say that that is only true if you don't eat more than 4 or 5 times the 'normal' amount of cholesterol? Since all the cholesterol is being provided for by food and your body is already not making any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or if you eat over 100% does your body remove the additional cholesterol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically my question is: is eating too much cholesterol bad for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T20:53:32.047" Title="Is eating too much cholesterol bad?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12368" CreationDate="2017-05-20T22:15:01.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating cholesterol is bad for the body, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/EJr3MUNc14Y?t=316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this why people are saying otherwise &lt;/a&gt;. Eating any kind of saturated fat is bad even unsaturated fats should only be used in small amounts. The only fats the body needs are the Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids, but we only need a few grams per day of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand the problems with eating cholesterol and (saturated) fats in general, it's helpful to get back to the basics. Our bodies have evolved for a very long time (tens of millions of years) as monkeys living in trees who got the vast majority of its energy in the form of sugars and starches from foods packed with useful nutrients. This has led to our bodies becoming dependent on a very high nutrient to calorie ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While our more recent ancestors did eat meat, indigenous populations who still live like our recent ancestors will typically get a far smaller fraction of their proteins from meat compared to us. They get the bulk of their essential amino acids from vegetables, but that requires eating vast amounts of vegetables and then you not only get the required amino acids but also vast amounts of other compounds. We may not require the amino acids from vegetables anymore because we eat more meat and dairy products, but if our bodies have evolved under the conditions where our bodies were flooded with all the compounds from the vast amounts of vegetables, then it's foregone conclusion that we're going to harm our bodies (perhaps in subtle ways) by eating less vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence that this picture is largely correct comes from studies done on indigenous populations, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this recent study on the Tsimane people&lt;/a&gt;. And &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/2014/11/11/we-can-end-the-heart-disease-epidemic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; you can read about the results of an older study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe the Africans were just dying early of other diseases and so never lived long enough to get heart disease? No. In the video One in a Thousand: Ending the Heart Disease Epidemic, you can see the age-matched heart attack rates in Uganda versus St. Louis. Out of 632 autopsies in Uganda, only one myocardial infarction. Out of 632 Missourians—with the same age and gender distribution—there were 136 myocardial infarctions. More than 100 times the rate of our number one killer. In fact, researchers were so blown away that they decided to do another 800 autopsies in Uganda. Still, just that one small healed infarct (meaning it wasn’t even the cause of death) out of 1,427 patients. Less than one in a thousand, whereas in the U.S., it’s an epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with cholesterol in the diet is then not just the cholesterol itself, but also with this indicating that you probably eat less vegetables and fruits than that cholesterol being all that harmful by itself (but note that even a little cholesterol in the diet does do some harm). People who eat more eggs and meat and use more cooking oils, will typically not eat large amounts of vegetables. There are compounds in vegetables like broccoli (e.g. lutein and zeaxanthin) that will prevent cholesterol from oxidizing, and it's the oxidized cholesterol that causes damage. If the cholesterol doesn't do the job it's supposed to do because it's getting oxidized, your body will produce more of it, leading to even more oxidized cholesterol and more damage to your arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T20:53:32.047" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T20:53:32.047" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-21T07:48:49.150" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;My little sister is getting chemotherapy recently as we found that she is suffering from acute lymphatic leukemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this desease can be treated, and will she be okay, or it is a fatal one? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am studying medicine but I am still in second year medical school so I want to know more about leukemia to be able to help her. What should I do? Is there any course online that can help me? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some types of chemotherapy is not available here (as L-asparaginase &amp;amp; purinezole), so can anyone help us and sent this medicine for us when we need them? They are available nowadays, but I am talking about later.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9290" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-06-05T17:15:08.860" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T15:26:28.980" Title="Leukemia this merciless desease" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-23T16:52:52.443" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12374" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-21T08:00:10.253" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been seen seeing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foL9gfbfweY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;TV Doctors&quot; commercials&lt;/a&gt; recently from Cigna.  And it got me wondering.  Strictly from a financial sense, what is the estimated average benefit (or cost) of annual checkups.  Seeing these commercials run so heavily would make me think that they see this as beneficial to them financially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if it is being done more to enhance their image than to directly make money, it would seem they've decided that the cost of annual checkups must be fairly reasonable for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the estimated financial benefit of an average checkup?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though I really have to imagine there has to be a wealth of data on this question out there SOMEWHERE, let's definitely try to simplify things in hopes of getting some kind of an answer by making the consideration of costs just strictly the net return for a patient paying all costs at approximate market value.  Obviously it probably changes by age, and seeing such fluctuations how would be absolutely brilliant, but an average value would be just fine.  And there's quite a lot of estimation and fluidity in such values, as costs and values change... so even old data would work great for me.  Just to get a rough idea with some support.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there not such a value out there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6938" LastEditorUserId="6938" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T07:17:07.757" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T07:17:07.757" Title="What is the estimated monetary benefit (or cost) of annual checkups?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12382" CreationDate="2017-05-21T15:18:30.283" Score="1" ViewCount="3119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am facing some issues with the left pinky finger which i use mostly in typing. I learned touch typing a couple of years back and i believe the finger positioning is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do i need to see a doctor for this or just use some finger stretching exercises?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9002" LastEditorUserId="9002" LastEditDate="2017-05-21T15:25:42.607" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T15:28:06.610" Title="Left pinky finger pain due to typing" Tags="&lt;fingers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-06-15T01:34:44.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-21T21:16:15.357" Score="1" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an 18 year old male looking to get a 10 panel STD test done in Illinois. The testing is a bit expensive, but according to my parents insurance provider, Blue Cross Blue Shield, which I am covered under, the cost of the test should be covered. However, I don't necessarily want them to be aware that I am getting a test, as it is not a conversation I want to have. So my question is, if I get the test and ask insurance to pay for it, does the insurance send some form of &quot;notice&quot; that the testing was covered to my parents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9294" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T15:12:08.523" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T23:42:34.757" Title="Will my health insurance provider report my STD testing to my (policy holder) parents?" Tags="&lt;health-insurance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12378" CreationDate="2017-05-22T14:13:43.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need to ask the insurance company that question but the answer is probably yes. What they receive probably won't say what the test was. It will most likely just list the company that billed it plus something generic like &quot;laboratory.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under US law the insurance company &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/faq/disclosures-to-family-and-friends&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can't discuss&lt;/a&gt; what the bill was for with your parents without your written consent, but I'd say they're going to be curious and probably concerned when they see the bill so you're going to need an explanation. I can't imagine any lies that would be believable. If I were them I would think either you have a medical problem you're not telling us about or they were STD tests, and as a parent I'd much rather find out it was the latter. It's not unreasonable for a college student to seek STD testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing to consider is unless you're trying out for a role in a porn flick, do you really need a full battery of tests? While some STDs can be silent (eg, HIV), most come with symptoms, at least initially. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T14:13:43.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12376" CreationDate="2017-05-22T15:28:06.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pain in your finger may be due to a condition called RSI(Repetitive Strain Injury). I heard there could be many reasons for you to have an RSI. In this case you already mentioned that this finger is used mostly in typing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had an RSI months back on my right pinky finger due to typing. I did some stretching exercises found on the internet which you could gather easily on the web. I also changed my typing habits a bit in such a way that i don't have to use the right little finger, which may not be practical at all cases. The point here was to give some rest for the finger. Now like the above comments, no one could diagnose you over the internet so i recommend you to go and see a doctor!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9295" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T15:28:06.610" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-22T16:40:02.567" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get irregular, sharp, short bursts of pain in my chest, on the left side, near my heart. Supposedly, heart and circulatory related pain is neither sharp nor short, so this pain may be muscle or lung-lining related. (I also haven't had any shortness of breath, nausea, or fatigue). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had plenty of acid reflux over the years (stomach acid gets into my throat and burns like crazy until addressed), and I just don't understand why, whenever I try to look for information about my mystery chest pain, I'm forced to hear about something as seemingly irrelevant as acid reflux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's like calling tech support and they ask you if your computer's plugged in. Am I missing something here? Can acid reflux cause actual chest pain, and not just esophageal pain? If it can, then how? I'm under the impression that the digestive system is a closed system, and that a stomachache shouldn't cause, say, shoulder pain or a backache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(edit: I found somewhat similar question, and it's answers mention esophageal spasms, but are such symptoms common enough to be relevant, and would they actually cause chest pain? would it not be obvious that the source of the pain is the esophagus?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9297" LastEditorUserId="9297" LastEditDate="2017-05-22T16:49:12.623" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T18:03:05.943" Title="Why is acid reflux (allegedly) often confused with chest pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;chest&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12384" CreationDate="2017-05-22T18:03:05.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average person has never felt chest pain of cardiac origin so has no idea what it &quot;should&quot; feel like, and therefore they have no way of knowing how to distinguish it from other sources of chest pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, reflux causes actual chest pain in some people. Just because you can easily recognize it as reflux doesn't mean everyone can. What if you've felt reflux before, but the pain seems a bit different this time? Do you just wave it off and hope you're right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Esophageal spasms can be intensely painful, and if it's the first time you've felt it how would you know what it was? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But perhaps most importantly, the very notion of what cardiac chest pain &quot;should&quot; feel like is a dangerous generalization created by Hollywood and urban legend. Cardiac chest pain comes in a wide range of varieties, many of which can be mimicked by reflux, esophageal spasm, muscle strains, spinal problems, pleurisy, and a dozen other conditions. It can be sharp or dull; it can be more like a pressure than actual pain; it can radiate to one or more arms, the jaw, shoulders, or back. In fact, it might be felt somewhere other than the chest entirely, or there may be no pain at all. So-called silent heart attacks are not unusual, especially in diabetics, women and the elderly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, no, distinguishing cardiac chest pain from other sources is neither easy nor obvious. Walk into any ER (A&amp;amp;E) the world over complaining of chest pain, and they will work you up under the assumption that it is of cardiac origin until that possibility has been ruled out. Nobody ever died from misdiagnosed reflux, but they most certainly have died of misdiagnosed chest pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/signs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/signs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-22T18:03:05.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12488" CreationDate="2017-05-22T21:50:51.823" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I catch a cold, I usually just work through it, i.e. take no rest day and try to live by the same schedule as when I'm healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already read on WebMD that this behaviour can increase the duration of the cold and / or worsen the symptoms, but can I also experience any &lt;em&gt;long-term&lt;/em&gt; damage, e.g. from the additional ~3 days of coughing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And how about when the common cold symptoms mix with flu symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9300" LastEditorUserId="9300" LastEditDate="2017-05-22T21:56:27.310" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T14:43:16.333" Title="Any irreversible damage from not treating common cold right" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-22T22:55:35.997" Score="3" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several nutrients which I'm not getting enough of from food, in some cases hardly any, due to dietary restrictions. I &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; get the nutrients I need if I carefully structure my diet, but I don't want to. I'm really lazy. I'm still trying to eat a varied diet including plenty of fruits and veggies, I just know it's not enough. So I'm taking a multivitamin and a couple of other pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty much all the information I can find suggests this is a bad idea, but none of it seems to directly answer why. The biggest apparent reason is that supplements are not absorbed as well as food. But I can't see any indication of how well supplements are absorbed. I know it depends on a lot of factors (including the dosage) and is probably hard to measure, but don't we have at least a rough idea in specific situations? If I take, say, 100% of the RDA of iron in a pill, is the amount my body absorbs probably more or less than 50%? How much do caffeine, vitamin C, calcium, etc. affect the absorption? The information always seems to be qualitative, not quantitative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, if a certain dosage won't be sufficiently absorbed to fulfill my requirements, why can't I just take more? I know that this leads to diminishing returns and high dosages can be problematic, but that doesn't quite explain it. The amounts found in supplements are generally on the order of 100% of the RDA, &lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt; less than the amounts which are considered risky which are more like 1000% (with the exception of calcium, where there are some concerns about supplementing around 100-200%). It's hard to believe that the cost of manufacturing the pills or the difficulty of swallowing them would significantly increase in many cases, especially when we're talking about adding a few milligrams or less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, many of the fears seem irrelevant. Don't take certain dangerous supplements like the dirty dozen. Don't make certain combinations. Don't try to use supplements to treat diseases like cancer. And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the problem uncertainty? Does it just seem safer to tell people to get their vitamins from food? Or perhaps do some people know what can and should be done but others are still catching up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OK, that's a lot of rambling, let me try and make a coherent, SE style question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I'm a healthy adult between the ages of 20 and 40. I don't know of any medical conditions that I have relevant to supplements. I am not currently deficient in anything. I can afford to buy as many supplements as I need, I remember to take them, and I don't mind doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For which nutrients can I safely obtain X% from supplements (where X is ideally 100 but can be as low as 50 if necessary), and under what conditions (e.g. don't drink coffee)? How much of the supplement should I take to reach this amount?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For which nutrients is it a really bad idea to lean on supplements, and why? Are there some supplements that just don't seem to work? Or are the risks too great?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: it looks like I need to clarify. I'm vegan. There are several nutrients that I can't easily get from food, particularly B12, calcium, and vitamin D. My diet is generally fairly good - plenty of fruits, veggies, nuts, and grains - but that doesn't help enough with those nutrients. Yes some vegetables have calcium but I don't want to eat, say, 600g of kale every day. It seems safe to say that I need calcium in my body, so I want to know if pills work for that. I'm not suggesting living on junk food and pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9301" LastEditorUserId="9301" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T21:06:19.717" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T13:31:50.237" Title="Can I use take pills to prevent micronutrient deficiencies and not worry about my diet too much?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-23T12:17:13.800" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;While i was wrestling a few years ago i pulled a muscle in my neck and the coach never gave it time to fully heal. I experience intense neck pain on occasion, just like my grandfather and dad but they didn't get it until they were older (early20's).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9306" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T12:17:13.800" Title="Can the repeated pulling of a particular muscle without time to fully heal in between injuries cause chronic pain?" Tags="&lt;chronic-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12390" CreationDate="2017-05-23T14:28:23.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The biggest issue with using supplements instead of food is that studies don't always measure what they think they're measuring. A lot of near-magical powers were ascribed to Vitamin C, for example, that have not held up when done with supplements. It may turn out that many of the benefits of &quot;Vitamin C&quot; are really be related to fibre, since people were getting that Vitamin C from fruits and veg. Or to some other phytonutrient. Or to being the kind of person who spontaneously eats a lot of fruit and veg, or at least doesn't get kicked out for noncompliance when in a study that asks you to eat a lot of fruit and veg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract;jsessionid=E796FD224092DA6898069BE31C21EB69.f02t01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The present systematic review included 78 randomised clinical trials. In total, 296,707 participants were randomised to antioxidant supplements (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) versus placebo or no intervention. Twenty-six trials included 215,900 healthy participants. Fifty-two trials included 80,807 participants with various diseases in a stable phase (including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, ocular, dermatological, rheumatoid, renal, endocrinological, or unspecified diseases). A total of 21,484 of 183,749 participants (11.7%) randomised to antioxidant supplements and 11,479 of 112,958 participants (10.2%) randomised to placebo or no intervention died. The trials appeared to have enough statistical similarity that they could be combined. When all of the trials were combined, antioxidants may or may not have increased mortality depending on which statistical combination method was employed; the analysis that is typically used when similarity is present demonstrated that antioxidant use did slightly increase mortality (that is, the patients consuming the antioxidants were 1.03 times as likely to die as were the controls). When analyses were done to identify factors that were associated with this finding, the two factors identified were better methodology to prevent bias from being a factor in the trial (trials with ‘low risk of bias’) and the use of vitamin A. In fact, when the trials with low risks of bias were considered separately, the increased mortality was even more pronounced (1.04 times as likely to die as were the controls). The potential damage from vitamin A disappeared when only the low risks of bias trials were considered. The increased risk of mortality was associated with beta-carotene and possibly vitamin E and vitamin A, but was not associated with the use of vitamin C or selenium. The current evidence does not support the use of antioxidant supplements in the general population or in patients with various diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was also the whole &quot;oat bran fibre&quot; thing that turned out to be mostly about what participants &lt;strong&gt;didn't&lt;/strong&gt; eat because they were so full from eating three huge fibre-filled muffins every day. Choosing a sweetened breakfast cereal that happens to have a little oat fibre in it isn't going to have that effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is an observation that &quot;people who eat a lot of food X have less Y&quot;, reasoning about exactly the reason for it - a compound in food X, a compound in a thing people often eat with food X, a food they don't eat instead, a cultural habit -- is more of a challenge than you might think. To use a non-food example, studies about whether circumcision affects the spread of STDs was complicated by different rates of being piously religious and monogamous in the two groups. As a result, just taking a Vitamin C pill may not help you at all, if you're not generally eating good food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the specific case of vegans, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dietitians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Vegetarian-Diets/Eating-Guidelines-for-Vegans.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dieticians of Canada&lt;/a&gt; seems to be in favour of supplements-in-disguise  by recommending fortified products a lot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B12:&lt;/strong&gt; Vitamin B12 is important for making red blood cells and helping the body use fats.   Good sources of vitamin B12 include:&#xA;  Red Star nutritional yeast,&#xA;  fortified soy beverages and other fortified non-dairy beverages like rice and almond beverage,&#xA;  fortified meat alternatives like TVP, veggie burgers and meatless chicken, fish and meatballs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin D:&lt;/strong&gt; Vitamin D helps the body to absorb and use calcium and phosphorus for strong bones and teeth.  Good sources of vitamin D include:&#xA;  fortified soy beverages and other fortified non-dairy beverages like rice and almond beverage,&#xA;  non-hydrogenated margarines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calcium:&lt;/strong&gt; Calcium helps bones to grow and stay healthy. It also helps muscles to contract, including making the heart beat.  Good sources of calcium include:&#xA;  soy yogurt, fortified soy beverages and other fortified non-dairy beverages like rice and almond beverage,&#xA;  soybeans, navy beans, white beans and tofu prepared with calcium sulfate,&#xA;  almonds,&#xA;  sesame butter (tahini),&#xA;  blackstrap molasses,&#xA;  some vegetables, such as bok choy, okra, collard greens and turnip greens,&#xA;  some fruit, like figs and fortified orange juice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do include sources that are not supplements though, and these probably are still the wiser approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://veganhealth.org/articles/bones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;long article&lt;/a&gt; on vegans and calcium (among other nutrients) includes this conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion on Calcium and Vegan Diets:&lt;/strong&gt; There is no reason to think that vegans are protected from osteoporosis more than other diet groups, and they should strive to meet calcium recommendations. Although it is possible to meet the calcium recommendations by eating greens alone (see chart below), the average vegan probably will not meet recommendations without drinking a glass of fortified drink each day, eating calcium-set tofu, or taking a 250 - 300 mg supplement (in addition to eating an otherwise balanced diet). Although it is important to get enough calcium, do not get more than 1,400 mg of calcium per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article itself includes links to studies if you need the science behind the conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-23T22:09:59.620" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T22:09:59.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-23T23:44:58.617" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that loop diuretics decrease BP because they are inhibiting the NKCC2 co-transporter so that sodium would not get reabsorbed. But while you are inhibiting the co-transporter, it also causes less sodium passing through the macula densa and so leads to increase of renin secretion. While renin is causing increase of BP, then why are we using loop diuretics to lower the BP?? Aren't the effects contradicting?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9316" LastActivityDate="2017-05-23T23:44:58.617" Title="I have a question regarding use of loop diuretics in hypertension" Tags="&lt;diuretics&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7601" CreationDate="2017-05-24T16:41:13.947" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The body &lt;em&gt;loves&lt;/em&gt; a rhythm.  So if you are regularly skipping breakfast, and otherwise eating healthily, there shouldn't be a problem.  You will adapt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I would not recommend skipping breakfast.  Depending on your daily activity, it may be wise to &quot;fuel up&quot; first.  I personally ascribe to an old maxim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, and dinner like a pauper&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T16:41:13.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-24T17:20:15.153" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;The medicament &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorprothixene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chlorprothixene&lt;/a&gt; has been around since 1959. Why is it not approved for use in the United States?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9326" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T10:42:53.537" Title="Why is Chlorprothixene not approved for use in the United States?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-24T18:46:33.120" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;is everyone's head supposedly perfectly centered between the shoulders? What if it seems the head is more to one side (left or right)? Does that mean something wrong with the spine? any other causes? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9327" LastActivityDate="2017-05-24T18:46:33.120" Title="our head supposedly perfectly centered?" Tags="&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12416" CreationDate="2017-05-25T16:45:10.260" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been drinking coffee for 3 years now. Due to health reasons, I want to quit my caffeine consumption.&#xA;Now every morning when I don't take caffeine, I feel sleepy, drowse, and have a headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the natural alternative way to get rid of the caffeine addiction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9338" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T15:32:31.600" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T15:32:31.600" Title="Getting rid of caffeine addiction" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-25T17:44:20.953" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had chicken pox when I was ten and I have a deep scar in my forehead due to it. I am now 25 and I will like to remove this scar if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering, what branch of medicine will this fall under? Will it be a dermatologist - I am not familiar with their line of work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9342" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:35:25.220" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:35:25.220" Title="Branch of medicine that falls under scar removal" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;forehead&gt;&lt;keloids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12413" CreationDate="2017-05-25T17:52:34.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A paper in Psychopharmacology&lt;/a&gt; reviews studies of caffeine withdrawal symptoms and concludes that these symptoms &quot;meet the bar&quot; for being clinically proven withdrawal symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;headache, fatigue, decreased energy/activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It lists some others that might be withdrawal symptoms as well, and points out&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12-24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20-51 h, and for a duration of 2-9 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you really want to stop using caffeine, do so, knowing that the first few days will be the hardest and then it will get easier. By a week without it, you should be generally past the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since some of the drowsiness is actually just a withdrawal symptom, you may find after a week that you don't need a replacement (natural alternative.) Or you may find that you need more sleep, or to eat earlier in the day. Figure out what to replace it with once you are not feeling those withdrawal symptoms any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T17:52:34.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12415" CreationDate="2017-05-25T18:24:30.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-scars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; lists the following three types of scars: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keloid Scars&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  These scars are the result of an overly aggressive healing process. They extend beyond the original injury. Over time, a&#xA;  keloid scar may hamper movement. &lt;strong&gt;Treatments include surgery to remove&#xA;  the scar, steroid injections, or silicone sheets to flatten the scar.&#xA;  Smaller keloids can be treated using cryotherapy (freezing therapy&#xA;  using liquid nitrogen). You can also prevent keloid formation by using&#xA;  pressure treatment or gel pads with silicone when you are injured.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Keloid scars are most common among people with dark skin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contracture Scars&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  If your skin has been burned, you may have a contracture scar. These scars tighten skin, which can impair your&#xA;  ability to move. Contracture scars may also go deeper, affecting&#xA;  muscles and nerves. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypertrophic Scars&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  These are raised, red scars&#xA;  that are similar to keloids but do not go beyond the boundary of the&#xA;  injury. &lt;strong&gt;Treatments include injections of steroids to reduce&#xA;  inflammation or silicone sheets, which flatten the scar.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;Emphasis mine, I also omitted acne scars on purpose&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You seem to either have scars of type I or III. &#xA;The first step to take would indeed be to talk to a dermatologist. They will diagnose the scar and possible removal options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later on, you might be lead to visit a cosmetic surgeon for the scar removal, or there will be steroid injections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T18:24:30.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-25T23:33:58.997" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if we know how the immune system identifies allergens. My biochemistry knowledge is basic so I apologize if I use concepts incorrectly! Specifically, I want to know about the likelihood of having an allergic reaction to something, given an allergy to something else... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll clarify the situation with the following example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say a person develops an allergy to some molecule, A. Another molecule, B, has a different skeletal structure. A and B are both thought to have a similar mechanisms for the treatment of some medical problem. If a person is allergic to A, are they more likely to be allergic to B?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this even more concrete, let's say a person is allergic to varenicline, a synthetic molecule used to treat nicotine addiction. Is that person more likely to be allergic to Lobeline (indian tobacco)? They have different skeletal formulas, but varenicline is an agonist on nicotine acetlycholine receptors, while lobeline is a mixed agonist-antagonist on these receptors. (Maybe this is not relevant?). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the fact that both molecules have similar neurochemical mechanisms of action on dopamine receptors, have any implications as to whether the immune system would identify the new molecule as an allergen? What about an allergen, physical or chemical, is it that the immune system is actually ID'ing or remembering?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have an allergy to varenicline, and considered taking lobeline until i read they have similar neurochemical mechanisms. I'm not looking for advice, because I am not going to take lobeline. I'm just curious. Thanks in advance for any insight!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9347" LastActivityDate="2017-05-25T23:33:58.997" Title="how does the immune system identify allergens? application: varenicline and lobeline" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-26T14:16:47.740" Score="1" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 15 years old and a male from Sweden. For the last 2 werks I've been starting to party and drink with my friends. But i have never gotten &quot;drunk&quot; more preferably &quot;a bit happy&quot;. But for 3 days ago i drank possibly a bit too much, and got quite groggy and unresponsive. The other day when i woke up i felt my heart beating hard, and  i occasionally feel my heart beating without touching it with my hands. It isnt beating fast but harder, i'm an &quot;athlete&quot; and my fat percentage is quite low, so it might br easier to feel it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also read somewhere that the heart has to work even harder during an hangover to eviscerate/clean toxic from the blood. I stayed  away from alcohol the whole day, but drank a beer and a little liquor in the night with my friends. But i didnt effect me much. Now 2 days after my heart is still beating hard. When I inhale, it hurts a bit in my heart/chest. &#xA;Is this dangerous, should i consider contacting a doctor or should I wait 2-3 days? Edit** My dad also has a high heart pressure&#xA;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9351" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T02:12:36.557" Title="Feel my heart beating even when resting, happened after drinking" Tags="&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-06-15T01:32:08.423" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11697" CreationDate="2017-05-26T14:17:05.323" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No individual food is &quot;not healthy&quot; it is your diet that overall is healthy or not. Using white flour instead of whole flour gives away a chance to eat some fibre. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1141.aspx?categoryid=51&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A page from the UK's NHS&lt;/a&gt; explains how much fibre you need and the role it plays in health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, your friends may object to wheat or flour (even whole wheat) because it is a carbohydrate. There is a popular belief that eating carbs will give you diabetes or cause you to gain weight. Refined carbohydrates, such as white flour, are considered even worse. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/nutrients/carbohydrates.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;government of Canada advice&lt;/a&gt; certainly doesn't say &quot;don't eat carbs&quot; but I am sure that will not stop your friends from telling you not to eat them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases are not brought on directly by eating a specific food. Eating too much of one thing (especially if that leads to eating not enough of another) can, over time, contribute to the development of obesity, diabetes, heart conditions, and so on. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/445503/SACN_Carbohydrates_and_Health.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;huge UK report&lt;/a&gt; concludes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the evidence from both prospective cohort studies and randomised controlled trials indicates that total carbohydrate intake appears to be neither detrimental nor beneficial to cardio-metabolic health, colo-rectal health and oral health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This includes sugars (also called simple carbohydrates) and starches (also called complex carbohydrates). It points out that sugars are linked to dental problems (cavities) and that eating unrefined grains (eg whole wheat, brown rice) is associated with a lower risk of diabetes and heart issues. It also emphasizes the importance of fibre. If you can't read the whole report, read pages 17 through 20 which are the recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all that in mind, if you eat plenty of fruits and vegetables you can eat a little white bread from time to time (especially homemade bread where you know exactly what's in it) without worrying. Consider learning how to make whole wheat bread as well: it is also tasty and chewy and you might like it a lot. Don't worry about your friends; there will always be people telling you that &quot;sugar is poison&quot; or &quot;we aren't designed to drink milk&quot; - get your dietary advice from informed sources and you will have more confidence in what you cook and eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-05-26T14:17:05.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-27T04:27:36.753" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823017/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One study&lt;/a&gt; has suggested that measles can lead to &quot;immune memory loss&quot;, meaning immunities gained prior to measles infection can be lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had measles at age six. According to the (current) CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;schedule for immunizations&lt;/a&gt;, much of my presumed immune response was developed from vaccinations prior to age 6 and thus seems to me to possibly be at risk. Also, I had chickenpox and other infections prior to having the measles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it recommended to get re-immunized for things I was exposed to (via vaccine or infection) prior to having the measles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9356" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T04:27:36.753" Title="Do I need to get re-immunized for immunities received prior to contracting measles?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;&lt;measles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12094" CreationDate="2017-05-27T17:43:42.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does not matter what exercise you are doing; you have no influence what fat reservoirs will be targeted. But there are some things which you should do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calculate your &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basal metabolic rate&lt;/a&gt;. While there are differences, they are in the range of +- 100 kcal. Being software engineer, multiply it with 1.1 to get your daily calorie requirement without cycling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Get a good kitchen scale and weigh &lt;strong&gt;every.single.thing&lt;/strong&gt; you are eating. Calculate what you really take in a day. There are no such things as &quot;healthy&quot; foods which you can eat without getting more fat (vegetables are perhaps an exception because you need something like 5-10 kg before you hit your basal metabolic rate). Do &lt;strong&gt;not trust&lt;/strong&gt; your own observations and assessments, eating under controlled conditions proved that people estimate their calorie intake in the wrong direction (fat people too low, thin people too high) with horrific error rates up to 500%. Also include your drinks and sweets into the condition. Even if you won't do scale everything the whole time, at first you need to know what you are really consuming.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Be aware that your weight is fluctuating because water is stored and released, it could be up to 5 kg. Control your weight every day to check out&#xA;such fluctuations.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Be aware that losing weight needs time: 1 kg fat amounts to 7000 cals. If you reduce your necessary intake from 2500 kcal to 1500 kcal (this is much!), you will approximately lose 1 kg per week or 4 kg per month. If you have over 30 kg overweight, it will take a year to get rid off the fat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check your blood if you have defiencies in vitamins, mineral nutrients and if your thyroids are ok: blood condition (anemia), iron (ferritine), glucose levels (diabetis) and vitamin D.  It explains many problems because if the body was suffering with bad nutrition before it will feel really, really bad if you decrease the intake and make food even more monotonous.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check if you eat enough proteins. If you exercise, your body needs protein to repair damage and build up muscle, if it is gets not enough protein it will actually &lt;em&gt;destroy&lt;/em&gt; muscle mass and replace it with fat because it cannot sustain it. Protein has also the added bonus that the body needs more time to process it so your glucose level is much more steady, it prevents both food cravings if the level drops down and relieves your pancreas from spitting out insulin if the level is too high.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9362" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T17:43:42.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12427" CreationDate="2017-05-27T18:49:29.887" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend seeing a doctor, although to put your mind at ease, I can tell you both from research and heavy personal experience that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/what-causes-heart-palpitations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;palpitations&lt;/a&gt; can also be caused by &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; things including stress, anxiety, depression, &lt;em&gt;sleep deprivation&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;dehydration&lt;/em&gt; (possibly chronic), poor nutrition, caffeine, nicotine, &lt;em&gt;alcohol&lt;/em&gt;, other drug side effects, etc. While scary, usually they aren't life threatening, but always best to see a doctor to be safe when it comes to your heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21" LastActivityDate="2017-05-27T18:49:29.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12438" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12487" CreationDate="2017-05-28T07:23:45.883" Score="3" ViewCount="1102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was watching &lt;em&gt;T2 Trainspotting&lt;/em&gt; movie, where Franco took too many Viagra. Franco is involved in a chase scene between him and his rival Mark. After the thriller chase is completed he takes a look in his pants, and notices his penis got erected without him knowing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this happen in the real world too? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9371" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:30:03.393" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:30:03.393" Title="Can Viagra cause a spontaneous erection?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;erection&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-28T17:08:48.487" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen a lot of medications including a few that I take for certain situations. 1 of the medications that I occasionally take is Benadryl. The main component of this is Diphenhydramine HCl. I have always wondered why this and some other medications have HCl mixed with the main ingredient. I mean, HCl can dissolve pretty much anything given the time and is why people with Achlorhydria(total absence of HCl in their stomach) have iron deficiency anemia. HCl makes iron better absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why do some medications have HCl in them if the HCl could potentially dissolve all the medication and make it useless(chemical burn to get medication useless)? Is it to increase the amount that is absorbed just like it does with iron? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastActivityDate="2017-05-28T17:08:48.487" Title="Why do some medications have HCl?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="882" CreationDate="2017-05-28T20:55:42.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recommendations for daily protein intake &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-much-protein-do-you-need-every-day-201506188096&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vary widely&lt;/a&gt;. Expressed as a proportion of the person's body mass, a general requirement is considered to be 0.8 g per day and kg of body mass, that would be 68 g for you. If you are physically active, this might be more. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jap.physiology.org/content/73/5/1986&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One study on strength athletes&lt;/a&gt; concluded on protein requirements of 1.76 g.kg-1.day-1 for strength athletes, against 0.89 g.kg-1.day-1 for sedentary subjects. On the other hand (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uscupstate.edu/uploadedFiles/Student_Affairs/Health_Promotion_and_Education/Protein%20II.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; for instance) endurance sport does not raise protein requirements significantly, so 1 g.kg-1.day-1 would be enough for endurance athletes. Also, since endurance sport raises general energy requirements, the protein requirements are actually easier to meet (in terms of percentage of proteins in energy intake).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-05-28T20:55:42.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-28T21:24:01.093" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to test if a condoms is good to use? Say you have a bag of 100, and you want to test couple of them to make sure the rest are still good. Assuming we are going to dispose of the test condoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9373" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:29:12.317" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:29:12.317" Title="How to check if condoms are good to use?" Tags="&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;&lt;condom&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12442" CreationDate="2017-05-28T22:17:00.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fill them with water. If they leak, they're bad. Just keep in mind they're not meant to withstand pressure, so don't fill them to bursting. Use just enough water to show if there are any leaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-05-28T22:17:00.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12451" CreationDate="2017-05-29T20:07:08.667" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I found a bag of banana chips and started looking at the ingredients as always, and to my surprise it says it's &quot;Produced with Genetic Engineering&quot;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's a GMO banana? And more importantly, is it safe to eat??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BcYK8.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BcYK8.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;package back&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hkB0Y.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hkB0Y.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;package front&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9381" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:08:00.137" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:08:00.137" Title="Genetically Modified Banana?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;gmo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12449" CreationDate="2017-05-29T20:34:20.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One could argue that the vast majority of foods we eat contain some ingredient that is in some sense &quot;genetically modified&quot;. There is not, as yet, a widely accepted legal definition of GMO. See the LA Times article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0412-miller-gmo-labels-unscientific-20160412-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;GMO food labels are meaningless&quot;&lt;/a&gt; for more on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All bananas you eat are genetically modified. Bananas do not grow in nature without seeds; we have engineered them that way for the consumer. It is impossible to say exactly what the nature of the genetic engineering that occurred in these bananas without asking the company directly, and they may not wish to divulge that information. They could have modified genes to ripen the bananas quicker, improve their vitamin content, make them more resisant to disease, preserve their shelf life, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is little point on extensively discussing here whether genetically modified bananas are safe to eat, because there are people on both sides of that argument who will never agree, on principle. According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23395/genetically-engineered-crops-experiences-and-prospects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 report&lt;/a&gt; by the National Academies of Science there was &quot;no substantiated evidence that foods from GE crops were less safe than foods from non-GE crops.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2293" LastActivityDate="2017-05-29T20:34:20.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-30T00:58:26.713" Score="2" ViewCount="1138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feed a feral cat and her litter of 4 5-week old kittens in my backyard. I got a small scratch on my hand which bled for a few minutes and heard it hiss. That's when the mom came and proceeded to lick it. After freaking out for a bit, I decided to go the ER and was given the first dosage of post exposure shots (2 on each arm, and 1 at the site of the scratch).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't go to the ER three days later as I was supposed to. I don't have a way to quarantine all the cats but they do house themselves in a shed. Every so often, I check on them and I don't see any neurological differences, salivation, or any other telltale symptoms like disorientation or aggression. On any of the cats, I don't see any injuries. I'll still continue to observe each of them, especially the one that scratched me which allows me to pet it, as I still have a 1% doubt since it hasn't been 10-14 days since I started observation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would continue the vaccinations but money is a concern as well. Also, I looked up a report of rabies cases in my county (Hudson of NJ), and I was very surprised to see that there have only been 5 cases of rabid cats from 1989 to 2016 and only 18 raccoons in the same time frame. It's the only county in NJ to have a total of double digit cases among all reported animals while the other counties were in the several hundreds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the risk vs benefit of getting the next rabies shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9386" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:07:18.683" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:07:18.683" Title="Minor feral cat scratch that bled 6 days ago. Rabies possibility?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;cat-scratch-fever&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2017-05-30T02:39:46.943" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Follow your doctor's advice and complete the post-exposure prophylaxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, the risk of rabies is low. But the reason that it is treated so seriously is that if you contract rabies it will invariably be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the kitten is behaving normally now, you cannot be sure at this point that the kitten does not have rabies. If it is rabid, by the time it shows signs it may be too late for you to initiate effective post-exposure prophylaxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, if you complete the vaccine series now and are ever bitten again, you will not have to undergo the immune globulin and entire vaccine series again. If you don't complete the vaccine series this time, you would have to start again with everything should you be bitten again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not long ago I saw a case of a cat with rabies, and while we don't come across it often you have to be aware that it is out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2293" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T02:39:46.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-30T12:04:20.587" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get a lot of mosquito bites and have noticed that how severe my reaction is depends on where on my body I got bit. I wonder if this is normal and why this occurs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9306" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T12:05:58.253" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T12:05:58.253" Title="Can a mosquito bite on different parts of the body react differently?" Tags="&lt;insect-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-30T12:39:37.240" Score="3" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I have a cold or otherwise feeling ill, I like to take vitamin C supplements. I've noticed that they almost invariably have amounts way above the recommended daily allowance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, one that I'm looking at now contains 1000mg, where the RDA is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_minerals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90mg&lt;/a&gt;. That is around 11x more than is needed. I've noticed similar things on other vitamin supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose in providing such large doses? &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/82/3258&quot;&gt;This answer&lt;/a&gt; for example, suggests that 1000mg of vitamin C can actually be harmful. Why not just provide the RDA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3258" LastEditorUserId="3258" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T07:59:38.923" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T07:59:38.923" Title="Why do vitamin supplements often have quantities way in excess of RDAs?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12461" CreationDate="2017-05-30T20:21:20.227" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know why your taking vitamin C supplements when you are ill. Vitamin supplements are usually prescribed when the vitamins in the said person is known to be deficient. They are not prescribed for illness and shouldn't be taken as such as over-dosage causes hyper-vitaminosis or vitamin toxicity.&#xA;Having said that, I think you meant to say that the RDA is 90mg(as 90g is way too high). I'm aware that this value is different depending on the country as well as the type of person. &#xA;The reason why vitamin supplements are available in high doses is because these are meant to be used for deficiency syndromes(sometimes they're used as placebos as well). They are meant to replenish the lost stores of vitamins in the body. Also note that 1000mg of oral vitamin C does not mean that your body will absorb 100% of it. Infact in 1000mg of oral vitamin C, only about 50% is absorbed by the body. This is what is referred to as &quot;bio-availability.&quot; This is because a series of metabolic activities take place in the body, and about 50% is absorbed and 50% is excreted [please note that bioavailability of different drugs will be different]. &#xA;There is also no point in making vitamin supplements to contain the exact RDA as required as &#xA;(a) You would have consumed the RDA equivalent if you are eating a balanced diet &#xA;(b) Hence there is no need to create a supplement as such &#xA;(c)  For 90mg of vitamin C to be absorbed by the body, the dosage of the supplement should around 125mg(here at lower doses bioavailability of vitamin C is around 70-80%). This does not help people will deficiency syndromes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9397" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T20:21:20.227" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12453" CreationDate="2017-05-30T21:59:37.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This cat may be harboring rabies that will be discovered up to 11 months from now, in one rare case 6 years. The typical incubation period for rabies runs 21 to 240 days. Hence, the usual legal 6-month (183 day) quarantine for possible rabies infections in any animals -- that duration is just beyond the peak of this incubation-range curve. A 6-month quarantine is still not safe, it's just &quot;safer&quot;. Keep in mind too that giving a wild-harvested cat a rabies-shot does not cure it of rabies if it already has rabies -- nor are rabies-vaccines at all effective on the undeveloped immune systems of kittens. A cat or kitten may or may not show any symptoms of harboring rabies up to the point of its death. Not all animals exhibit the so-called &quot;furious rabies&quot; symptoms during the 2 weeks before death from rabies. 1 out of 5 (~20%) of all rabid animals only exhibit minor symptoms of lethargy, paralysis, or disorientation; called &quot;dumb rabies&quot; or &quot;paralytic rabies&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks to TNR practices and free-roaming cats you are now &lt;strong&gt;four times more likely&lt;/strong&gt; to contract rabies from any cat than &lt;strong&gt;any other&lt;/strong&gt; domesticated animal. This is why even the CDC has issued direct warnings against the use of those failed TNR (trap, neuter, re-abandon) programs anywhere and everywhere: &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12070/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12070/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, rabies may be just one of your problems now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just the diseases these invasive species vermin cats have been spreading to humans, not counting the ones they spread to all wildlife. &lt;strong&gt;There are no vaccines against many of these&lt;/strong&gt;, and are in-fact listed as bio-terrorism agents. They include: Afipia felis, Anthrax, Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease), Bergeyella (Weeksella) zoohelcum, Campylobacter Infection, Chlamydia psittaci (feline strain), Cowpox, Coxiella burnetti Infection (Q fever), Cryptosporidium Infection, Cutaneous larva migrans, Dermatophytosis, Dipylidium Infection (tapeworm), Hookworm Infection, Leptospira Infection, Giardia, Neisseria canis, Pasteurella multocida, Plague, Poxvirus, Rabies, Rickettsia felis, Ringworm, Salmonella Infection (including the most dangerous new super-strain found only in cats), Scabies, Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis), Toxocara Infection, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinosis, Visceral larva migrans, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. [Centers for Disease Control, July 2010] Bird-flu (H1N1, H5N1, H7N2), Bovine Tuberculosis, Sarcosporidiosis, Flea-borne Typhus, Tularemia, Rat-Bite Fever, SARS, an antibiotic-resistant strain of Staph aureus (MRSA -- Meticillin-Resistant Staph aureus) &quot;The flesh-eating disease&quot;, and Leishmania infantum; can now also be added to CDC's list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, &quot;The Black Death&quot; (the plague) is alive and well today and being spread by people's cats this time around. Many people have already died from cat-transmitted plague in the USA; all three forms of it transmitted by &lt;strong&gt;cats&lt;/strong&gt; -- septicemic, bubonic, and pneumonic. For a fun read, one of hundreds of cases, Cat-Transmitted Fatal Pneumonic Plague -- &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8059908&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8059908&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abcdcatsvets.org/yersinia-pestis-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.abcdcatsvets.org/yersinia-pestis-infection&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&quot;Recommendations to avoid zoonotic transmission:&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Cats are considered the most important domestic animal involved in plague transmission to humans&lt;/strong&gt;, and in endemic areas, outdoor cats may transmit the infection to their owners or to persons caring for sick cats (veterinarians and veterinary nurses).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9398" LastEditorUserId="9398" LastEditDate="2017-05-30T23:30:59.437" LastActivityDate="2017-05-30T23:30:59.437" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10261" CreationDate="2017-05-31T00:10:15.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you're in the U.S. and the jammer is mounted atop your building, you need to do an &lt;a href=&quot;https://transition.fcc.gov/bureaus/oet/info/documents/bulletins/oet65/oet65.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;environmental assessment if your transmit power is over 1000 watts&lt;/a&gt;. However, as Carey Gregory mentioned, if you're jamming signals in the U.S., you have other legal problems (and you &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; be jamming signals at 1000 watts). If you're planning on mounting the jammer in the building itself, I don't think you can use the rooftop limits--you would likely need to use the other equations in the document I linked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm only addressing RF-burn risk here. Whether RF radiation has any effect on cancer incidence is an ongoing much-disputed research topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1663" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T00:10:15.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10676" CreationDate="2017-05-31T04:53:34.900" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drink plenty of water and swish cool water around in your mouth. ...&#xA;Brush after every meal and floss, preferably twice a day.&#xA;Replace your toothbrush every two to three months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more things if is it possible to avoid to eat junk food, chocolate, coffee, onion, smoking, alcohol etc.&#xA;I hope it will help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9153" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T04:53:34.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-31T05:50:10.973" Score="-1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Got a check-up today at the doctor's office and the digital scale really scared me: 184 pounds, compared with my normal 160 from a year ago.  I am a 5'9&quot; tall male.  My doctor oddly didn't mention anything to me - no words of caution, nothing.  Just gave me my blood pressure, weight, height, and answered some questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this kind of gain a health issue of its own, or only if I had other symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9407" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T18:42:47.207" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T18:56:15.987" Title="Are there health issues with gaining 24 pounds in one year if otherwise healthy?" Tags="&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12695" CreationDate="2017-05-31T06:13:07.563" Score="4" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m helping my sister to write article about &quot;laughing&quot;. I believe laughing and happiness have positive effects on our health. Possible examples are relieving stress, increasing blood flow to brain, relaxation, boosting T-cells, triggering release of endorphins, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wondered whether laughing can cure diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that laughing can cure diabetes and gastric pain as I've heard? Are there any other diseases that can be cured by laughing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9406" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:04:55.883" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:04:55.883" Title="What diseases can be cured by laughing?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;endorphins&gt;&lt;laugh-laughter-laughing&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12470" CreationDate="2017-05-31T08:40:18.613" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, I would be worried because at 5'9 an 160lb, you were at a normal BMI of 23.6. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 5'9 and 184lb you are overweight with a BMI of 27.2 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The calculator I used was: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question now is: &lt;strong&gt;Why&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor may not be to concerned and this can fall under several reasons such as: Did not read your history chart, did not have enough history with you, or just feel compelled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means you need to take it into your own hands. Have you had any different patterns or daily habits from last year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has your diet change? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is your daily routine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you incorporate healthy habits such as gym, avoiding unhealthy foods, skipping meals or such? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not sure, I suggest starting a journal recording daily events such as: When you wake up, what you eat, what is the dosage/weight/serving, where you dine at (if you eat out), when you go to sleep, any medications taken, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a week you should have enough data to pour through to see some observations that may be linked to the weight gain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is assuming the weight gain is from lifestyle and diet intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9409" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-05-31T18:56:15.987" LastActivityDate="2017-05-31T18:56:15.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-31T15:32:40.430" Score="5" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read a short story involving &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Prosopagnosia-Information-Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prosopagnosia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;), which harms or fully removes a person's ability to remember and recognize faces, and I've since been doing reading to better understand the condition. The precise causes, as I understand it, are not well-known, although it is believed to be related to damage in the right fusiform gyrus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prosopagnosia is thought to be the result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus, a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Prosopagnosia-Information-Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I'm aware, the fusiform gyrus has functions beyond facial recognition and analysis - although my knowledge of how facial recognition in the brain works is limited. Therefore, my naïve logic is that damage to the region should also damage other (related) mental abilities, yet I can't find much information about other disabilities prosopagnosiacs may face, if any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If prosopagnosia does arise from damage to the fusiform gynus, why are the effects merely limited to facial perception? If the effects are not this limited, are there any minor disabilities associated with the condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T12:48:13.617" Title="Why does prosopagnosia (face blindness) only affect recognition of faces?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-05-31T22:54:07.633" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;My girlfriend is curious about the following. Can a woman, when anaesthetised, &amp;quot;push&amp;quot; while giving birth since she can't really feel anything? How is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9417" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T16:48:48.513" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T16:48:48.513" Title="How can a woman give birth under epidural anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;birth&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;instinct&gt;&lt;epidural&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12438" CreationDate="2017-06-01T09:33:03.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Viagra &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bpas.org/more-services-information/erectile-dysfunction/viagra/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not cause a spontaneous erection&lt;/a&gt;. You have to be sexually stimulated in order for it to take effect. This particular film scene would suggest that Franco was sexually aroused by the 'chase'. &#xA;Hope this helps clear things up for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9423" LastEditorUserId="9423" LastEditDate="2017-06-22T14:51:22.500" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T14:51:22.500" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12389" CreationDate="2017-06-01T09:46:06.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common colds are exactly that, common. Lots of people contract colds and there are no significant health repercussions. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/coldsandflu/Pages/Coldcomfort.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/coldsandflu/Pages/Coldcomfort.aspx&lt;/a&gt; However, if you have underlying medical conditions where your immune system is already compromised then a common cold can cause serious problems if left untreated. &#xA;If you have a serious underlying health condition, your doctor will likely advise you of what action to take should you contract a cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9423" LastEditorUserId="9423" LastEditDate="2017-06-22T14:43:16.333" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T14:43:16.333" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12320" CreationDate="2017-06-01T15:30:51.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is dental floss really effective?&#xA;The evidence shows that we don't know. Here the main issue is the lack of good evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How we find how effective is? Simple: we took a group of people with similar age, similar dental status, and divide randomly to one group who will use floss and other who don't. Then, we wait for one, two or five years and compare caries and periodontal disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the theory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, there is &lt;strong&gt;no experimental trials&lt;/strong&gt; like this. All that we have are &lt;strong&gt;observational studies&lt;/strong&gt; tracking the oral health of people who floss and people who don't. Hence, sometimes we see that people who floss have better oral health that people who dont and sometimes the contrary. For example, if we ask @jess, we will record the he floss AND he have periodontal issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue with observational evidence is that, maybe, for some reason, the people who floss is essentially different from the people who don't. For example maybe the people who floss eat more vegetables and that is the reason why they have better oral health. Or, on the contrary, maybe the people who floss have more periodontal problems, and in such case we will find the opposite, that floss is correlated with periodontal disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is hard to extract conclusions from observational evidence and that is the conclusion of most systematic reviews: we don't have evidence that indicate that floss is effective. &lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt; also we don't have evidence showing that floss is ineffective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, is wise to ask your dentist for your personal condition, taking in consideration all your particular characteristics and follow her/his advice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TL;dr: The scientific research does not show that flossing is&#xA;  effective against tooth decay or gum disease. But it&#xA;  doesn’t show it’s not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD008829/ORAL_flossing-to-reduce-gum-disease-and-tooth-decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sambunjak et al. Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. &lt;em&gt;Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews&lt;/em&gt; 2011, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD008829. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008829.pub2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0023143/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hujoel et al. Dental flossing and interproximal caries: a systematic review. &lt;em&gt;J Dent Res&lt;/em&gt;. 2006 Apr;85(4):298-305.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastActivityDate="2017-06-01T15:30:51.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-01T18:07:32.517" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;If topical corticosteroids cause vasoconstriction, is it always only temporary? Does it always return to its original state or even more dilatated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9428" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:01:43.253" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:01:43.253" Title="Is topical corticosteroid vasoconstriction temporary?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;dialation&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-01T20:49:05.403" Score="8" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most reputable health organizations (if not all) recommend keeping your daily intake of sugar to as low as possible. At the same time, these same organizations acknowledge that carbohydrates are an essential macronutrient that the body needs to properly function and that about 50% of our caloric intake should come from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, aren't these two recommendations completely contradictory? All carbohydrates that the body can absorb eventually get turned into glucose, a simple sugar like any other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it bad to consume a bunch of table sugar (sucrose), for example, which is already half glucose and its other fructose half will also get converted into glucose anyway, but perfectly fine to consume other more complex carbohydrates that just like sucrose, will also end up being converted into glucose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If both, simple sugars and all other carbohydrates end up as glucose in the body, then why does one get a bad rep and not the other? What's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3113" LastEditorUserId="3113" LastEditDate="2017-06-03T00:38:58.393" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T23:54:08.550" Title="Why does sugar get such a bad rep?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12496" CreationDate="2017-06-02T00:50:04.553" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Correct me if I'm wrong but, the &lt;em&gt;sort&lt;/em&gt; of sugar consumption that gets a bad rap is the consumption of simple sugars that result in &lt;em&gt;empty calories&lt;/em&gt;. In other words, the consumption of sugar-laden, low-nutrient foods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sugary drinks form a fine example, from pops to fruit juices: In an 8 fl. oz. serving of cranberry juice, I might consume 35g sugar. I don't get any protein, or fiber, but I get a fine dose of vitamin C; you get your 100% recommended daily value of vitamin C from a variety of sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I consumed 35g of sugar and I didn't consume anything else. If my lifestyle is sedentary, a lot of this sugar goes to the fat stores. &lt;em&gt;However&lt;/em&gt;, 8 fl. oz. of cranberry juice never filled anyone up, either, and so it's quite easy to imagine that over time, as a percent of total nutrients for the day, multiple instances of &quot;&lt;strong&gt;35g aqueous sugar&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; starts to become somewhat overwhelming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also why health organizations make the recommendation to switch from enriched, bleached flour products to whole grain products. The flour refinement process ends up stripping the natural nutrients, which they attempt to add back at the end of the process (&lt;a href=&quot;https://wholegrainscouncil.org/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/wg_vs_enriched_coloredHiRestext.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;just an example&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrient density should be a key consideration in the &lt;em&gt;types&lt;/em&gt; of sugary foods you consume. But, keep in mind this depends entirely on each individual's diet plan, and so here I've made broad statements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2636" LastActivityDate="2017-06-02T00:50:04.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12496" CreationDate="2017-06-02T02:22:47.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two problems with eating plain sugars. The first problem is that plain sugars are empty calories, causing you to miss out on essential nutrients as explained in detail in CMosychuk's answer. Another problem is that the insulin spike is different when eating plain sugar or the same amount of sugar found in fruits, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEJE6I-Yl4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/making-the-case-for-eating-fruit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The higher insulin spike after eating plain sugars causes glucose levels to drop below ideal levels, triggering a release of fatty acids. It is this response that causes damage to the body. The same mechanism plays a role in the progression of pre-diabetes to full blown diabetes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-06-28T23:54:08.550" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T23:54:08.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-02T07:30:41.297" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many jobs in medicine, science, and economy require unsuitable commitment especially for early-career people. This can often lead to extension of the daily work far into the night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume a 30-year-old works 8 hours a day and sleeps for 8 hours at night. Twice a week, s/he skips sleeping by pulling an all-nighter. One could try to recover from that long wake phase by sleeping a bit longer the next night. Assume the person follows this procedure for decades. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How often can this be safely done before the bodys suffers from&#xA;serious damage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should one stop at a certain age to prevent serious injury?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What organs suffer the most?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9430" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:00:54.727" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:00:54.727" Title="How often can we pull an all-nighter until the body is irreversible damaged?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;&lt;young-adults&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-02T07:59:01.160" Score="5" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've started to wonder whether or not my bouts of insomnia are truly detrimental or just &quot;the way I am.&quot; Last night for instance, I woke up after four hours of sleep feeling very excited and stimulated about a project I am working on. At first, I assumed this was another case of increased cortisol, but felt also conflicted since my state of mind was quite positive and eager.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have for quite some time held, what now appears to be, an unhealthy attitude that I absolutely need X hours of sleep or else my performance and mood will suffer. Now, however, I am considering that when nights like last night come, that I should just surrender to the restlessness and go about reading or working on project. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would I only be encouraging future episodes by not lying in bed? Or is my body trying to tell me something, like &quot;Now would be a great time to work!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9431" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-02T15:36:59.773" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T00:58:13.390" Title="Should I &quot;give in&quot; to insomnia?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-02T13:02:17.193" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if I'm asking in the wrong community, but here's where I think I can reach more people in the medical field.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am in engineering, for a project in my uni, I thought of doing a research on using computer vision and machine learning to detect bone fractures in X-Ray images (very general description, the title can still be changed).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before I start investing time into this research, I would like to know if there are any real-world value in a bone fracture detection program. What are your advice/opinions on this project? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9432" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:59:41.630" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:59:41.630" Title="Are there any real-world application in a bone fracture detection program?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12500" CreationDate="2017-06-02T15:39:42.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/insomnia/FAQ-20057824&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; says, among other things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you wake up and can't fall back to sleep within 20 minutes or so, get out of bed. Go to another room and read or do other quiet activities until you feel sleepy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Super thrilling and exciting work may not be the best choice. That said, I've been waking in the night lately and I found that doing a small nugget of work (most recently I changed a demo in an upcoming presentation, which took about half an hour) gives me a sense that I did something and earned a chance to relax. That was a better result than reading for an hour. I went back to sleep afterwards quite easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-06-02T15:39:42.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-02T15:52:39.313" Score="1" ViewCount="1166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need an IV started once or twice a month, sometimes more often. This has been going on for a year now. It is getting harder and harder to get them started. 4 weeks ago it took three tries. Yesterday it took only one, but I was crying out in pain (it really burned) and ended up with tears streaming down my face. The nurse wanted to remove it but I didn't want to go through that twice so I had her keep going. Once the needle was in place, my vein spasmed shut. By concentrating on breathing and relaxing I managed to get the vein to open again. The blood draw they needed to do required a syringe to actually pull the blood out. However once the IV was hooked up and the meds were flowing in, I was fine for the next hour or so, and after it was removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things I know already:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be hydrated. Avoid caffeine and drink extra liquids in the hours before the IV will be started&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;work on being physically relaxed despite pain and fear. Breathe deeply. Keep your eyes open.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the body part where the IV will be started should be warm. They wrap me in a heating pad.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if there is a spot where attempts have failed before, tell the nurse when that spot is being considered, &quot;they tried that last time and couldn't get in&quot; or &quot;they tried that last time and got in but didn't get blood on a pull back&quot; or whatever.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This rather small arsenal is not enough for me. I am very motivated to get these IVs started -- it's where the miracle goes in -- but the nurses really don't like pushing sharp metal into someone who is yelling ow and ouch, who is crying real tears, etc. And it's not the best part of my day. So, how can I make it go more smoothly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-06-03T22:25:30.250" Title="How can I make getting an IV easier?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12504" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-02T19:32:39.473" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've listen to a lecture of a Russian doctor who said that &quot;&lt;strong&gt;it is forbidden to clean a rabies wound with alcholol&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; (&quot;spirt&quot;) as a first treatment, he added that it is possible to disinfect the wound with the alcohol just after a well cleaning with water and soap. He explained that the alcohol not only not help to remove the virus but it is helps it to enter... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, my question firstly is if it is correct or acceptable attitude in the medical world or just a personal opinion or caprice of this doctor (as sometimes it happens...)? I started to hesitate his things especially after I saw &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/rabies/resources/SEA_CD_278_FAQs_Rabies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO instructions&lt;/a&gt; (p. 4) for treatment in rabbies case: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Wounds should be washed and flushed immediately with soap and water&#xA;  for 10–15 minutes. If soap is not available, flush with water alone.&#xA;  This is the most effective first-aid treatment against rabies. Wounds&#xA;  should be cleaned thoroughly with 70% alcohol/ethanol or&#xA;  povidone-iodine, if available&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is not certain because if you look at the order you'll see that first of all it's water and soap and later alcohol, but it's not necessary that the order is matter. It seems as a matter of interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:58:41.840" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:58:41.840" Title="Is it indeed forbidden to clean a rabies wound with alcohol?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;rubbing-alcohol-isopropyl&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12279" CreationDate="2017-06-02T20:17:15.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mainly with fluoridated toothpaste &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; sugar restriction. See&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/dental-sealants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/dental-sealants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/public-programs/advocating-for-the-public/fluoride-and-fluoridation/fluoride-clinical-guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ada.org/en/public-programs/advocating-for-the-public/fluoride-and-fluoridation/fluoride-clinical-guidelines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831358&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831358&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10343087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10343087&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="7617" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T00:51:52.920" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T00:51:52.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12500" CreationDate="2017-06-02T20:32:49.877" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that you also want to sleep better on the long term. Then that may require some lifestyle changes like exercising more. If waking up much earlier than usual and feeling that you just can't sleep more happens quite frequently, then you need to weigh your options such that sticking to your new routine is going to work the best. The problem with getting more exercise is that while &lt;a href=&quot;https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/21/how-exercise-can-help-us-sleep-better/?_r=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleep is known to be affected by exercise&lt;/a&gt;, it's not easy to get to sleep better by exercising more. You need to continue to exercise for a while to reap the benefits for sleep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But people with insomnia and other sleep disturbances tend to be “neurologically different,” Dr. Baron said. “They have what we characterize as a hyper-arousal of the stress system,” she said. A single bout of exercise on any given day “is probably not enough to overcome that arousal,” she explained. It could potentially even exacerbate it, since exercise is itself a physical stressor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually, however, if the exercise program is maintained, Dr. Baron said, the workouts seem to start muting a person’s stress response. Her or his underlying physiological arousal is dialed down enough for sleep to arrive more readily, as it did in the 2010 experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We may get a better insight into insomnia by looking at populations were insomnia is rare. It turns out that many indigenous populations don't get the amount of sleep that is conventionally recommended, but they don't suffer from insomnia anywhere near the levels that's considered to be normal in Western societies. As &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/20151015-paleo-sleep-time-hadza-san-tsimane-science/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though the San, Tsimane, and Hadza often average less than seven hours of sleep, they seem to be getting enough sleep. They seldom nap, and they don’t have trouble dozing off. The San and Tsimane languages have no word for insomnia, and when researchers tried to explain it to them, “they still don’t seem to quite understand,” Siegel says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Tsimane get far more exercise than most Westerners do. We can &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/tsimane-of-the-bolivian-amazon-have-worlds-healthiest-hearts-says-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Tsimane get a ton of exercise, Gurven says, but it's not really intense exercise. &amp;quot;I think there's a general stereotype that if you're a hunter-gatherer and farmer, that you're exercising vigorously every day, like the equivalent of running a marathon, and that's not the case,&amp;quot; Gurven says. &amp;quot;It's really just that they're not sedentary.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead the Tsimanes do a lot of walking — about 7 1/2 miles each day. And they're active for more than 90 percent of daylight hours. In contrast, Americans spend about half their waking hours sitting down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they eat far less fat than we do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you hear &amp;quot;hunter-gatherer,&amp;quot; people often think of the meat-packed paleodiet. But the Tsimane diet couldn't be further from that. More than 70 percent of their calories come from carbohydrates — ones that are packed with fiber, such as corn, cassava and plantains. The other 30 percent of the calories are split evenly between protein and fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, by changing your lifestyle by getting more exercise, eating healthier and getting a larger fraction of your calories from whole grain carbs, and by not focusing too much on getting 8 hours of sleep (6.5 hours may be enough), you'll likely end up sleeping better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T00:58:13.390" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12503" CreationDate="2017-06-03T22:25:30.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've already hit all the main points so there's not much to add. I'm sorry to say that some people are simply a &quot;tough stick&quot; and there's not much you can do about it. For example, I have a friend who looks like he should be an easy stick. He's athletic, muscular, with very little body fat, and those types usually have pipelines for veins that you can hit from 50 feet away--  but not him. He suffered an MI recently and the paramedics ended up having to use his external jugular to get an IV. (And when paramedics can't get an IV on you, you are definitely a tough stick.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing I can think to add to your list is to get the arm lower than your body. Let it hang off the edge of the bed for a minute or two before they try. You want all those veins as engorged as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Definitely keep track of which veins work and which ones don't. Sometimes veins look good but they're not, or vice versa. It helps if the patient knows from past experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If push comes to shove, there are other ways. They can use the external jugular like the medics did on my friend, they could place an indwelling catheter that remains in place for months, or they can even do a cutdown, but a nurse isn't going to have the authority to do any of those things so you would have to bring the issue up with the doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-06-03T22:25:30.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-04T11:54:14.413" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 29 years old, I used to be fat, I was weighed more than 95 kg (I am 183 cm), And one day I decided to lose weight. I started to reduce food portions, no soda, no sugar on coffee and I lost 28 kg in 18 months, so I was 67kg (now I am 73 kg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not do sport (just walking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But something is still surprising me : I have super skin legs and shoulders and arms, but still have fat hips (not belly), it looks like my body is on a form of &quot;A&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to lose those hips ? If I continue to reduce food, I think I'll be bonesy (especially on my face).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am really lost and frustrated ! Is musculation and more food could be the solution ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3518" LastActivityDate="2017-06-05T15:06:09.677" Title="What to eat when you are a skinny fat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-04T22:11:42.400" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different kinds of contraceptives have different yearly failure rates depending on whether the user of the contraceptive follows all the proper procedures for the contraceptive (&quot;perfect use&quot;), or uses the contraceptive as the typical person would (&quot;typical use&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As part of a research project, I need to know what percentage of actual people use condoms (as well as other contraceptives) in such a way so as to fall into the &quot;typical use&quot; category or &quot;perfect use&quot; category. Do such data exist? If so, where might I find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9444" LastActivityDate="2017-06-04T22:11:42.400" Title="Data on &quot;perfect use&quot; vs &quot;typical use&quot; of contraceptives?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;condom&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12523" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12532" CreationDate="2017-06-05T05:10:22.880" Score="1" ViewCount="296" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to increase my body weight and reduce my skin problems. At night, I put mustard seeds in a glass of water, and in the morning I crush them in a mixer grinder with that water and drink that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it good for weight gain? Is there any another benefit if I drink this every morning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I searched on the internet, most website showed that mustard seeds reduce weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9449" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T15:29:20.163" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T15:29:20.163" Title="Gaining weight by eating mustard seeds" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12517" CreationDate="2017-06-05T15:06:09.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;More physical activity would very probably be a good idea.&#xA;Body fat distribution has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28544651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genetic determinants&lt;/a&gt;, and you cannot really target a body area for fat reduction. Conversely, exercising can have an impact on muscles and general fitness, in addition to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;improving your mood&lt;/a&gt; and maybe helping you be more satisfied with your body. &#xA;It does not have to be musculation: you may try swimming, running, body-weight training, yoga or any individual or team sport.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-06-05T15:06:09.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12523" CreationDate="2017-06-05T21:59:19.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/274&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nutrient values of mustard seeds&lt;/a&gt; shows a high energy density, with lots of protein (26g per 100g) and lipids (36g per 100g), as well as minerals and vitamins. All of these may be of benefit. The high energy density would logically promote weight gain... if the quantities you ingest are significant. &#xA;It is not possible to say if it will help you gain weight or get rid of skin problems without knowing what your diet looks like apart from this morning glas, what these skin problems are, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-06-05T21:59:19.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12299" CreationDate="2017-06-06T02:18:37.100" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Findings&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a strong link between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), obesity, and Type 2 diabetes, recognized by multiple studies, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592517/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for example this survey (1)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144736/)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article (2)&lt;/a&gt; compares the consumption of SSBs with that of artificially sweetened beverages, and finds SSBs significantly worse. The study, however, is only a 10-week study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670679/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article (3)&lt;/a&gt; shows that one dose of sucralose does not cause insulin production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Stellman,%20Steven%20D.,%20and%20Lawrence%20Garfinkel.%20%22[Artificial%20sweetener%20use%20and%20one-year%20weight%20change%20among%20women](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714671).%22%20Preventive%20medicine%2015.2%20(1986):%20195-202.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article (4)&lt;/a&gt; tends to show that ongoing use of artificial sweeteners does not control weight, but it is not conclusive evidence that it causes an increase in weight (self-selection issue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660468/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article (5)&lt;/a&gt;, however, discusses a cohort where higher consumption of diet soda is associated with a significant increase of the risk of metabolic syndrome and the development of T2 diabetes. It is not, however, a smoking gun, because it does not prove causality but association (there could be self-selection: people at risk for metabolic syndrome may tend to drink more diet soda).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would say that there is weak evidence of an association between the consumption of artificial sweeteners and diabetes risk. There is also some evidence that using artificial sweeteners is better than SSBs. On the whole, it seems to me that evidence is mixed at this stage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For myself, I will continue -- carefully -- to use artificial sweeteners (sucralose in my case), but I will keep an eye on additional evidence when it comes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: Malik, Vasanti S., and Frank B. Hu. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592517/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fructose and cardiometabolic health: what the evidence from sugar-sweetened beverages tells us&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Journal of the American College of Cardiology 66.14 (2015): 1615-1624.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: Raben, Anne, et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144736/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Increased postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia, and lipidemia after 10 weeks’ sucrose-rich diet compared to an artificially sweetened diet: a randomised controlled trial&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Food &amp;amp; nutrition research 55.1 (2011): 5961. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: Ma, Jing, et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670679/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296.4 (2009): G735-G739.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4: Stellman, Steven D., and Lawrence Garfinkel. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Artificial sweetener use and one-year weight change among women&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Preventive medicine 15.2 (1986): 195-202.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5: Nettleton, Jennifer A., et al. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660468/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; Diabetes care 32.4 (2009): 688-694.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastEditorUserId="9464" LastEditDate="2017-06-06T23:27:05.057" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T23:27:05.057" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12276" CreationDate="2017-06-06T03:05:02.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Triceba is actually Tresiba. It is a very long-acting basal insulin, that you take once a day. It is probably the best basal insulin today for people who do not have fast-changing basal needs like athletes: very insensitive to when you are taking it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toujeo is a 3x concentrated version of insulin glargine -- i.e. 3x Lantus. It acts roughly like Lantus, but its increased concentration gives it slightly different properties in terms of timing. The most interesting aspect of Toujeo is that it does not appear to wane &quot;too early&quot; as Lantus often does with many users (Lantus can wane sometimes in as little as 18 or 20 hours for some individuals). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790523/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This research paper&lt;/a&gt; shows more sustaining power for Toujeo vs Lantus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both Tresiba and Toujeo are modern insulins that are superior in some ways to the old ones. One can be better than the other depending upon your need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you need A LOT of insulin, then Toujeo is superior to Tresiba, because of its concentration. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you have a significant waning problem with basal insulins, Toujeo would probably be better than any except Tresiba. Tresiba is the ultimate duration-optimized insulin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a waning problem with Toujeo (rare but not impossible), approach your doctor and ask him for a letter of medical necessity, to explain to your insurance that the only insulin you can use really is Tresiba. But there is a good chance that Toujeo may actually work well for you, and even be the superior insulin if you are somewhat insulin-resistant. Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastEditorUserId="9464" LastEditDate="2017-06-06T16:06:06.607" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T16:06:06.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12269" CreationDate="2017-06-06T03:42:08.137" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware of only three available CGMs in the US today: The Dexcom G4, the Dexcom G5, and the Medtronic Enlite. There used to be one more, the Abbott Navigator, but it was withdrawn from the US market about 4 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Medtronic Enlite had a very rough start, with many complaints and worries about accuracy, but seems to have stabilized. The Dexcom G4 and G5 are strong and mature systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Enlite requires 3-4 calibrations per day. It can be a bit picky about how to redo a missed calibration. There are no communities of users that I know of where you can find great calibration recipes for the Enlite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Dexcom G4 and G5 require 2-3 calibrations per day. Users have come up with fairly sophisticated routines to optimize them and ensure that the actual reading is close to reality -- a good forum to discuss that may be &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.FUDiabetes.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://forum.FUDiabetes.org&lt;/a&gt; . I can provide no proof for that, but I consider that almost all the calibration recipes you get there for the G4 and G5 would work for the Enlite as well - very little is specific to the Dexcom CGMs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Freestyle Libre Pro is not a consumer CGM. Its function is really different:  your doctor gives you the sensor, you wear it for 2 weeks without knowing what it measures, then your doctor downloads the results. It is a diagnostic tool, not a diabetes management tool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is another Freestyle available that you may be aware of, the Freestyle Libre. The Freestyle Libre is actually a pretty cool idea, although not quite a consumer CGM either. Essentially, it is a sensor without a transmitter -- and, like the Freestyle Libre Pro, it dos not need calibration either! You need to manually pass a reader over it to read the result. So you can get a result anytime you want, but you do not get a track that you can view like you do with a Dexcom. The difference may seem small but is actually a giant one when trying to manage blood glucose. Nonetheless, the Freestyle Libre, with its much lower cost, is a great tool that fulfills a different need. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the Freestyle Libre is not available in the US yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in the end -- there is no CGM that I know of which is present in the US but does not require calibration. If I had to pick:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if I had good insurance I would pick a G5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if I did not have good insurance I would pick a G4 (it is possible to pay a lot less for transmitters per year with the G4 -- but that is another story).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T03:42:08.137" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-06T03:45:00.050" Score="1" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in a software company. When in office, I tend to eat moderately. I make sure I have a short stroll every hour in office. At the end of the day, I end up getting bloated stomach. But when I'm home and not being much physically active, even if I eat more than I eat in office, I don't get bloated stomach. What could be the reason? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2314" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:53:43.267" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T18:01:21.287" Title="Why do I get bloated stomach when in office but not at home?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-01-14T17:07:35.043" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-06T07:24:33.600" Score="5" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard the claim that eating rice during dinner is not good for ones health.&#xA;Is this true?  What is the impact of eating rice in night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9368" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:53:24.993" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:53:24.993" Title="Effects of eating rice at dinner time" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12194" CreationDate="2017-06-06T17:05:31.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be great to be able to keep an infusion set for that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why infusion sets cannot stay as long as CGM sensors is that the cannula used for injecting insulin in an infusion set is a lot more invasive and damaging than the very thin fiber that is used for measurement in a CGM sensor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CGM users often make their sensors last much longer than the manufacturer's requirements: the Dexcom sensor is supposed to stay on 7 days, but many users use them for 14 days, sometimes much more. In fact, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.fudiabetes.org/t/dexcom-world-records/1005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;online competitions&lt;/a&gt; as to who can keep them longest...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, I don't know of pump users who commonly use their infusion sites for longer -- I am sure they exist, but it is simply not a common thing. I do hear a lot of users complaining that they cannot keep their site going for three days -- and many users also report that their third-day site absorption is worse than the other two days (a commonly mentioned factor is 20% worse). Infusion sets are a costly part of the system for pump users, so I would expect to have heard about a lot of users reporting on forums how successful they are at making them last very long -- but that's not the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, imho, existing cannula technology is unlikely to allow for an infusion site lasting beyond 3-4 days. It will take some radical innovation, I think, to make it possible.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[EDIT] Per the discussion in the comments section, to reply to the need for more precision in this answer by the OP, I actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://forum.fudiabetes.org/t/infusion-sites-how-long-do-yours-last/1162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;asked some users in a diabetes forum&lt;/a&gt; to summarize their exposure to leaving infusion sets for a longer duration. The anecdotal results were that, while a small number of people are able to leave infusion sets longer than 3 days, a fairly significant number of posters reported problems on day 3 or later, as well as potential long-term damage to the site (lipodystrophy). When going user-per-user to compare their report to their pump brand using their previous posts, results appear similar across tubeless and tubed pumps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastEditorUserId="9464" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T14:36:28.963" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T14:36:28.963" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12539" CreationDate="2017-06-06T19:54:04.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The glycemic index of rice varies quite a lot: according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; from Harvard Medical School, from 38 for Parboiled rice to 72 for white rice. The latter is a rather high glycemic index. As a consequence, it may be that white rice at dinner releases glucose rapidly, and what is not needed then gets stored as fat. &#xA;Of course, this depends on a number of factors, like how much rice do you eat, what sort of rice it is (there are many!), whether your dinner has been preceded or is followed by physical activity, and so on. Generally, I would reject the claim that eating rice during dinner is not good for one's health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T19:54:04.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12192" CreationDate="2017-06-06T20:05:13.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no inhaled insulin products that are long-acting, basal products. Today, Afrezza is the only type of inhaled insulin that is available, and it is of course bolus insulin. The only other inhaled insulin product that made it to commercialization, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021868lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exubera (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;, only lasted a year, and was also a fast-acting bolus insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By its very nature, inhaled insulin has inherent advantages for speed of action, from the lungs into the bloodstream. The other aspect is that you only use basal insulin once or twice a day, where you use bolus insulin many times a day -- so being able to use an aerosol for bolus insulin has more attraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, you are out of luck :( I don't expect to see a non-injectable basal insulin for many years. I don't know of any such product in FDA trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastActivityDate="2017-06-06T20:05:13.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12060" CreationDate="2017-06-07T02:37:56.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpt.12382/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; did a thorough literature search of all existing Aloe Vera research and found, at best, weak conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The current evidence suggests some potential benefit of Aloe vera in improving glycaemic control in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. However, given the limitations of the available evidence and the high heterogeneity in study results, high-quality, well-powered randomized controlled trials using standardized preparations are needed to quantify any beneficial effects of Aloe vera on glycaemic control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On that basis, I am not sure if your premise (Aloe Vera helps in decreasing blood sugar in patients with diabetes) holds true. I do not know of any study that has actually identified helpful substances in Aloe Vera for diabetes and do not think there is any [study].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diabetes as a disease seems to attract crackpots and crackpot theories. I have a child with Type 1 Diabetes. Every month I must meet 4-5 people who come to me with ridiculous theories and substances that will cure diabetes or improve it: cinnamon, coriander, beet juice, dried mango, pineapple, &quot;natural substances that reverse diabetes.&quot; It is an experience common to all of us, parents of children with diabetes or people with diabetes: just look at how mocking savvy diabetes forums are towards the diabetes diet of the day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sad truth is that there is nothing. For Type 1s, insulin is the only thing that can help. Many Type 2s will be helped by diet, exercise and some oral medicines -- but, for most of them, they will eventually graduate to insulin too. In fact, that would be true for all of them -- except that some will die of something else first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no magic bullet:(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9464" LastEditorUserId="9464" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T14:39:44.177" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T14:39:44.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-07T02:48:49.233" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father has very severe spinal issues and falls frequently. If he falls indoors, he is able to push or pull himself up from a nearby object with little to no help. Outdoors, he has nothing to pull up on and difficulties getting someone to help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking for something sturdy he could have with him to aid in picking himself up. He is too proud to use a walker of any kind as he is also still quite young. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9475" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-08T13:33:19.973" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T14:39:12.970" Title="Fall Recovery Assist" Tags="&lt;self-help&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-06-22T13:43:39.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12549" CreationDate="2017-06-07T09:08:28.640" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what we use in the ambulance service, they aren't cheap, but haven't had to lift a fallen person for many years because of this. I believe you can get some funding if you live in the U.K. But not sure about other counties. Great for people with spinal pains as you can start on it flat and slowly sit up as it raises. Your father can operate on his own but a lot easier with another person. If he struggles to &quot;shuffle&quot; onto the cushion then use of a &quot;slide sheet&quot; like EZ Slide (quite cheap) is great. We use these in conjunction every day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mangarhealth.com/uk/store/product/patient-lifting/elk-lifting-cushion/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9480" LastActivityDate="2017-06-07T09:08:28.640" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-07T12:43:31.237" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, specially if I have nasal congestion, because of a cold or hayfever, I have ear pain when landing. I also had problems with equalizing the one time I did scuba diving, last year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some friends of mine are going to try skydiving and I'm thinking of joining them, but I'm worried about ear pain (or ear injuries). They'll jump from 4km. I understand the pressure difference is not as bad as when a plane comes down from 8-10km, but on the other hand, it'd be much faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this dangerous for someone like me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9482" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:52:26.570" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:52:26.570" Title="Is skydiving from 4km dangerous for people who suffer from ear pain in planes?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;pressure&gt;&lt;barotrauma&gt;&lt;air-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12554" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-07T16:17:51.270" Score="1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume you happen to have some abrasions on your arm or leg and you want to swim in a swimming pool with chlorine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the contact with chlorine have negative (or positive) effects regarding healing and infection risks?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Will the abrasions hurt because of the chlorine?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2878" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:50:45.633" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:50:45.633" Title="Are there effects of chlorine on abrasions?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;&lt;chlorine&gt;&lt;abrasion-cut-laceration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12560" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-08T00:21:38.957" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a small &lt;a href=&quot;https://ncomputers.org/2017/septoplasty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; and want to motivate its readers to go and see a doctor if they have constant trouble in the nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In April 2017 i had a septoplasty and am very happy with the results :D&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard, that many doctors still using nose tubes. The doctor said his technique avoids the need of those tubes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to provide clearer information, it would be great to know the english name of this technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9289" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:47:18.553" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:47:18.553" Title="Name of septoplasty technique without nose tubes?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;&lt;septoplasty&gt;&lt;intubation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12588" CreationDate="2017-06-08T07:53:21.093" Score="2" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a habit of toggling between hot and cold water while taking shower. Does this result faster wrinkle (or faster aging of skin) of skin, because hot water cause expansion and cold water cause contraction of skin (applying the effect of temperature on other material) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know whether these parameter has any effect on skin or skin health depend solely on vitamin and protein intake.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T16:08:57.817" Title="Switching hot and and cold water while taking bath" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-08T08:35:17.030" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a impacted wisdom tooth. I am thinking about having a dentist extract it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the pros and cons when your molar is being extracted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9484" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:46:31.777" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:46:31.777" Title="Impacted wisdom tooth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;&lt;wisdom-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12565" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12569" CreationDate="2017-06-08T14:01:45.427" Score="1" ViewCount="302" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe a very close friend of mine is (at least moderately) underweight, but he does not fully agree. He's 19, and about 5'10 and about 61kg (134 lbs). He plays a good deal of sports, mostly soccer and running, and eats mostly right (as far as I'm aware, I've known him for a while), and he's slightly muscular. It is very unlikely that he has got any major health issues, because we both had our physical exams some months back and he was mostly fine. I would appreciate some opinions on whether he is underweight, which myself and many others believe he is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: thanks for all the answers. I suppose that does help to discredit my belief, and I'm glad he's alright in terms of weight. Also I can't really estimate his body fat because I've had no past experience in doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9487" LastEditorUserId="9487" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T02:56:45.840" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T02:56:45.840" Title="How do you know if someone's weight is too low to be a healthy person?" Tags="&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12549" CreationDate="2017-06-08T14:39:12.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any kind of mobility aid such as a walker or cane will reduce the incidence of falls, which is probably more important than helping to get up from them. The walker will also (if the brakes are on) serve as a device to help him get up. As well, any mobility aid tells onlookers &quot;this person has a medical condition.&quot; If he looks too young to fall down for medical reasons, people may assume he is drunk or high, and feel a reluctance to help him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can overcome his walker resistance by telling him it's not for him to walk with, it's for him to get back up with. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/Falls-Prevention/Pages/Tips/MobilityaidsImproveIndependence.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page from the Saskatoon Health Region&lt;/a&gt; has fall prevention tips and suggests a conversation with a doctor on what aid might be most useful. There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a Wikipedia page on fall prevention&lt;/a&gt; that cites studies of strength and balance training and Tai Chi, along with changing medications and glasses, as ways to reduce falls. Certainly being stronger and having good balance would also help for getting up from a fall. A person who insists they are too young for a walker might be open to some training and therapy to improve strength and balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T14:39:12.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12565" CreationDate="2017-06-08T14:47:32.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMI calculator from the National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt; to calculate your friend's Body Mass Index. It came out at 19.2, which is in the normal range. So he is not underweight. (Even if he was, that's between him and his doctor, and a gaggle of friends announcing their medical opinions that he weighs too little is probably not helpful.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T14:47:32.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12565" CreationDate="2017-06-08T19:51:47.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can very generally tell a person is at a healthy weight by combining the Body Mass Index with the Body Fat Percentage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23336132&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a study published by the National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt; indicating that BMI and body fat percentage together are a better measurement of healthy weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your friend's BMI is 19.2, in the normal range, and you indicated he is lean, so his Body Fat Percentage is not an issue. Thus, he is considered at a normal weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3738" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-08T21:44:47.357" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T21:44:47.357" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12479" CreationDate="2017-06-08T23:41:17.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply put, it doesn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breaking the word &lt;strong&gt;prosopagnosia&lt;/strong&gt; down you end up with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prosop&lt;/strong&gt; is rooted in Greek for face, and gnosis is knowledge (&lt;strong&gt;agnosia&lt;/strong&gt; is therefore lack of knowledge, or ignorance, but not in a pejorative sense).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are tons of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;agnosias&lt;/a&gt;, which is defined as impairment of a single modality (like vision) from being able to process information correctly. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833/bill-oertell&quot;&gt;Bill Oertell's answer&lt;/a&gt; correctly points out, his pattern recognition skills are impaired visually and affects faces, birds, and I'm sure other similar objects. I'd imagine things with similar and subtle color changes (like hawks and human faces) cause issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, something like dementia can impact facial recognition which is a subclass called developmental prosopagnosia, and that obviously carries a host of other impairments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prosopagnosia is a disorder that can be caused by trauma, genetics from birth, and developmental conditions. It is a symptom, not a cause, and as such the cause will generally exhibit other symptoms as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastActivityDate="2017-06-08T23:41:17.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12266" CreationDate="2017-06-09T02:03:22.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you measure only your heart rate, you can only provide measures of the &quot;population&quot; of your own heart rate. You should not take a sample from one individual as indicative of the population of all persons and their heart rates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure you can understand the variation of heart rates generated from a single device when measured on a non-standardized heart rate. If you had a standardized heart rate and number of different devices, then you could comment on agreement if the heart rates are measured under the same condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="570" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T02:03:22.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12427" CreationDate="2017-06-09T02:12:36.557" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a bit older than you (22), and I have had the same problem. One night, during new years I was binge drinking with friends and the next morning I felt my heart pounding with some light chest pains. The pounding has continued up to this day, but it is a lot lighter and I don't really notice it until I focus on it or lay down to sleep. The best advice I can give you is:&#xA;1) See your doctor to have your mind put at ease&#xA;2) Drink lots of water &#xA;3) Avoid alcohol, caffeine and drugs ( I still drink alcohol, it's hard not to when all our friends are but I limit and try not to go overboard or I end up feeling like shit)&#xA;4) Remind yourself you're fine and try to exercise a bit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9476" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T02:12:36.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-09T10:55:12.707" Score="2" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading the information available &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.melanoma.org/find-support/patient-community/mpip-melanoma-patients-information-page/ldh-levels-1int&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, it's stated that both exercise and other injuries can cause elevated results on a couple of indicators commonly used to measure liver function.  Specifically, it's noted that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High levels of AST may be caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Very strenuous exercise or severe injury to a muscle.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some of the elevated LDH level causes include &lt;strong&gt;tissue damage due to&#xA;  trauma&lt;/strong&gt; or disease, a recent heart attack, disease of the liver or the&#xA;  kidney or even the lungs, cancer, anemia, HIV, meningitis or&#xA;  encephalitis to name a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which are fairly consistent but also a bit vague.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, how strenuous must the exercise be to trigger a detectable increase?  Are we talking about something on the order of running a marathon, or more like pushing things a bit too hard at the gym?  And when it comes to injury/trauma, would superficial injuries like cuts, scrapes, and bruises be expected to have an effect, or must it be something more severe like a heart attack or other major internal injury?  Lastly, what magnitude of increase would typically be attributable to &quot;strenuous exercise or severe injury&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2563" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T10:55:12.707" Title="Can superficial injury and exercise elevate AST and LDH levels?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12574" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12579" CreationDate="2017-06-09T13:57:20.077" Score="5" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;My doctor ordered some blood tests for me.  I would like to understand what each test is for, meaning what information could be gathered from the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;W.B.C.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platelets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E.S.R.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C.R.P.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alpha feto protein  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C.E.A.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that some of these, such as CRP, are no longer relevant or often used. Is that true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9490" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T09:43:58.393" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T09:43:58.393" Title="What do these blood tests mean in general and why do doctors ask for them before taking action?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12575" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12577" CreationDate="2017-06-09T14:00:17.643" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to be able to search for foods by specific fatty acids. My specific use case is finding foods with short- and medium-chain fatty acids but not long-chain fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any data-sets / websites that provide this sort of information?&#xA;This is the sort of thing that either requires programmatic filtering of the dataset or for someone else to have specifically provided features for searching based on this criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Approaches tried&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/nutrition&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt; database does not provide this information.&lt;/strike&gt; As included in @tetraminos answer below, &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/nutrition&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt; contains the necessary information: individual fatty acids are given names like &quot;4:0&quot; and &quot;16:1 undifferentianted&quot; with codes like &quot;F4D0&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/dairy-and-egg-products/0/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Self nutrition data&lt;/a&gt; appears to have this information, but no effective way to search for what I want  (fatty acids more details). Is there data derived from a public source?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a particular food you can often find the information you want by googling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9148" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:45:44.920" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:45:44.920" Title="Where can I find information about foods fatty acids?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-09T14:53:12.593" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in the month of Ramadhan and my fast is almost 15 hrs each day. I can see overall changes: for example my shoulders and arms are getting lean but my stomach remains like a little bear belly. It is like nothing is happening there. Is there anything called a stubborn fat? Why do I see changes everywhere, but my belly still is big?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2059" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T15:51:15.443" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T15:51:15.443" Title="Is stomach fat more &quot;stubborn&quot; than other body fat?" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12575" CreationDate="2017-06-09T15:53:53.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA database&lt;/a&gt; does provide detailed information about fatty acids in foods. Too detailed actually: for each food, you can get the amount of fatty acids with each number of carbon atoms. So in your specific case, you would have to get this data (for instance as .csv), and sum up the respective amounts of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Biochemistry/Lipids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;until 12 carbon atoms&lt;/a&gt; in the aliphatic tail) and long-chain fatty acids. Basic spreadsheet software should allow you to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know of any website that does that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7599" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T15:53:53.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12574" CreationDate="2017-06-09T19:20:14.113" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;CRP&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. It is one of a group of proteins called &quot;acute phase reactants&quot; that go up in response to inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, when there is an inflammation anywhere in your body, the amount of C-reactive protein in your blood will rise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CRP test is a general test to check for inflammation in the body. It is not a specific test. That means it can reveal that you have inflammation somewhere in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003356.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Inflammation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A test result showing a CRP level greater than 10 mg/L is a sign of serious infection, trauma or chronic disease, which likely will require further testing to determine the cause.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Heart Diseases&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you're having an hs-CRP test to evaluate your risk of heart disease, there is a high risk if you have an hs-CRP level greater than 2.0 mg/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/c-reactive-protein/basics/results/PRC-20014480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;ESR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is commonly called a &quot;sed rate.&quot; [...]&#xA;  This test can be used to monitor inflammatory diseases or cancer. &lt;strong&gt;It is not used to diagnose a specific disorder.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;(Emphasis mine)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they measure how long red blood cells (erythrocytes) take to travel down a thin  tube.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003638.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results from your sed rate test will be reported in the distance in millimeters (mm) that red blood cells have descended in one hour (hr). The normal range is 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women. The upper threshold for a normal sed rate value may vary somewhat from one medical practice to another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/sed-rate/details/results/rsc-20207039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;AFP&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) blood test checks the level of AFP in a pregnant woman's blood. AFP is a substance made in the liver of an unborn baby (fetus). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very solid indication whether one is pregnant or not. It can also help to asses the health of the fetus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one is not pregnant, it is highly probable that there are problems with the liver if a high amount of AFP can be found in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/alpha-fetoprotein-afp-in-blood&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For women who aren’t pregnant as well as men, the normal amount of AFP is usually less than 10 nanograms per milliliter of blood. If your AFP level is unusually high but you aren’t pregnant, it may indicate the presence of certain cancers or liver diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/alpha-fetoprotein#results5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;CEA&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test measures the amount of this protein that may appear in the blood of some people who have certain kinds of cancers, especially cancer of the large intestine (colon and rectal cancer). It may also be present in people with cancer of the pancreas, breast, ovary, or lung.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This protein is usually only produced in the fetus, so a high level of CEA in the blood can be linked to cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The normal range is 0 to 2.5 micrograms per liter (mcg/L). In smokers, the normal range is 0 to 5 mcg/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003574.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;WBC&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The White Blood Cell  Count (WBC) determines the amount of leukocytes, or white blood cells in your blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The leukocytes play a vital role in your immune system. Generalized:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These cells help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs that invade the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Having a higher or lower number of WBCs than normal may be an indication of an underlying condition. A WBC count can detect hidden infections within your body and alert doctors to undiagnosed medical conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, and blood disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a standard part of any blood test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count#overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The normal number of WBCs in the blood is 4,500 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter (mcL) or 4.5 to 11.0 x 10^9/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different labs. Some labs use different measurements or may test different specimens. Talk to your doctor about your test results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003643.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;RBC&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An RBC count is a blood test that measures how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a standard part of any blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003644.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A normal range in adults is generally considered to be 700,000 to 5.2 million red blood cells per microliter (mcL) of blood for men and 500,000 to 4.6 million red blood cells per mcL of blood for women. In children, the threshold for high red blood cell count varies with age and sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/high-red-blood-cell-count/basics/definition/SYM-20050858&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Platelet Count&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Platelets are parts of the blood that help the blood clot. They are smaller than red or white blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The number of platelets in your blood can be affected by many diseases. Platelets may be counted to monitor or diagnose diseases, or to look for the cause of too much bleeding or clotting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a standard part of any blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003647.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Test Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A normal platelet count is between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter (one-millionth of a liter, abbreviated mcL). The average platelet count is 237,000 per mcL in men and 266,000 per mcL in women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A platelet count below 150,000 per mcL is called thrombocytopenia, while a platelet count over 450,000 is called thrombocytosis. Platelets seem to have a large backup capacity: blood typically still clots normally as long as the platelet count is above 50,000 per mcL (assuming no other problems are present). Spontaneous bleeding doesn’t usually occur unless the platelet count falls to 10,000 or 20,000 per mcL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://answers.webmd.com/answers/1198204/what-is-a-normal-platelet-count&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD Answers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T09:38:59.410" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T09:38:59.410" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-09T19:34:21.823" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume Group A and B are 2,000 people each. If one doctor found that, say, sodium bicarbonate alkalized all venous blood of patients in Group A, but another doctor found that sodium bicarbonate acidified all venous blood of patients in Group B, why might this be? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9493" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-06-09T20:17:45.713" LastActivityDate="2017-06-09T20:17:45.713" Title="Opposite Venous Blood pH Readings In Groups Of Patients?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10662" CreationDate="2017-06-09T22:48:39.950" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well apart from medications prescribed by medical physician or rheumatologist &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upaae.com/get-rid-of-gout-pain-in-24-to-48-hours-guaranteed-using-this-natural-remedy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this home remedy&lt;/a&gt; is extremely effective at curing gout pain and preventing further gout attacks. May God prevent you from further gout attacks but if it reappears then must give it a try, its all natural and with no side effects.&#xA;4 Easily available Items you will need for preparing this remedy.&#xA;1, Two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar&lt;a href=&quot;https://upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;,2. One tablespoon of raw honey (Honey is for changing the strong taste of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACV&lt;/a&gt;, if you are diabetic don't add honey).&#xA;3, Juice of One Fresh lemon&lt;a href=&quot;https://upaae.com/all-about-lemon-juice-and-gout-high-uric-acid-levels-research-based/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;4, A glass of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use:&#xA;Mix all these items and drink the whole glass of this mixture. Prepare this drink two times a day and drink, you will notice pain reduction in less then 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9495" LastEditorUserId="9495" LastEditDate="2019-10-28T18:03:42.857" LastActivityDate="2019-10-28T18:03:42.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-09T23:39:57.537" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last month I suffered a bout of severe muscle weakness that led to a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves Disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am currently on medication but yesterday I noticed that a visible bulge appeared on my neck, I have booked an appointment to speak with my doctor about this next week but am unsure as to how urgent or potentially harmful this development is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The swelling is significant enough to make swallowing somewhat uncomfortable and has remained relatively constant for a couple of days now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9496" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:44:07.233" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:44:07.233" Title="How serious is thyroid swelling while on medication for Graves Disease?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-10T15:41:17.187" Score="6" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the thyroid gland just completely stopped working and it went untreated, how long would it take for one's thyroid hormones to get to dangerously low levels? At what point does Myxedema Coma occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9502" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-03-05T09:14:38.697" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T11:40:51.640" Title="How long would it take for one's thyroid hormones to get to dangerously low levels?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;&lt;tsh-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12561" CreationDate="2017-06-10T16:08:57.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin wrinkles are generally caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life&lt;/a&gt;. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first link states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question concerning hot and cold showers or baths, the processes within the body which help with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z4khvcw/revision/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;homeostasis&lt;/a&gt; could have an effect on the collagen framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z4khvcw/revision/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vasoconstriction and vasodilation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; are the processes which take place to alter the amount of blood flow throught the capilliaries of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blood vessels leading to the skin capillaries become narrower — they constrict — letting less blood flow through the skin and conserving heat in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question would be &lt;strong&gt;would vasoconstriction and vasodilation have such a big impact on the collagen framework?&lt;/strong&gt;  I cannot find any articles which answer this and therefore I would say that this is open to opinion.  On the other hand, another aspect of bathing is that the skin wrinkles in baths, and in the shower if you're in there long enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The epidermis, or outer layer of the skin, is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-fingers-wrinkle-in/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;made up of cells called keratinocytes&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;which form a very strong intracellular skeleton made up of a protein called keratin. These cells divide rapidly at the bottom of epidermis, pushing the higher cells upward. After migrating about halfway from the bottom of this layer to the top, the cells undergo a programmed death. The nucleus involutes, leaving alternating layers of the cell membrane, made of lipids, and the inside, made largely of water-loving keratin. The outer layer of the epidermis, called the stratum corneum, is thus composed of these alternating bands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When hands are soaked in water, the keratin absorbs it and swells. The inside of the fingers, however, does not swell. As a result, there is relatively too much stratum corneum and it wrinkles, just like a gathered skirt. This bunching up occurs on fingers and toes because the epidermis is much thicker on the hands and feet than elsewhere on the body. (The hair and nails, which contain different types of keratin, also absorb some water. This is why the nails get softer after bathing or doing the dishes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This skin bunching happens in hot &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; cold water, and it can lead to damage to the collagen framework just like any other skin movement through frowning, smiling etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-06-10T16:08:57.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-10T20:41:45.583" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a UK postman. I wear a Fitbit which tells me I walk around 30,000+ steps a day, sometimes more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't seem to be losing weight. I log my food and its seems I am always 2000+ calories left to eat. I mainly eat well with the occasional boost of the naughty stuff. I am 46 and my rhr is about 57/62&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could I be putting my body into starvation hence the lack of weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1SHAZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1SHAZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9504" LastEditorUserId="9504" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T15:18:52.013" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T03:05:11.560" Title="Not reaching a calorie goal/putting weight on" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2017-06-21T15:18:46.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-10T21:14:29.017" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had mental issues since I was four years old, I'm 16 now. I live in Austria. I have already spent a few months in a psychiatric care, but things don't seem to be getting better, and in face, seemed to get worse. That was last year. And in the last few months, there have been new problems that have surfaced with my psyche and they are getting worse every day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already have a therapist but I don't know if she can help me, my parents don't understand. What else could I do to make things better for me? I hope you can help me, if the question is not allowed her you can delete it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9505" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2017-06-12T16:54:49.530" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T16:54:49.530" Title="Mental disorders - where to go?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2017-06-21T17:46:34.110" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12590" CreationDate="2017-06-11T15:53:11.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://namipamainline.org/choosing-the-right-mental-health-professional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Alliance for Mental Illness - NAMI (Main Line, PA)&lt;/a&gt; quotes an article from SAMHSA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therapy is a collaborative process, so finding the right match-someone with whom you have a sense of rapport-is critical.&lt;/strong&gt; After you find someone, keep in mind that therapy is work and sometimes can be painful. However, it also can be rewarding and life changing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In essence, therapy takes time and patience. However, you can (and should) monitor your progress. If you don't feel that you are getting the help you need, you can talk about this to your therapist. This is a great advantage of getting help in person over getting help over the internet: therapy can and should be customised to your needs. For a therapist to do that, they need your help. The best way to help them and your self is to communicate your concerns. However, people are different - both doctors and patients. If after a while you don't think that there is any improvement, you should feel free to look for another therapist. &#xA;When looking for a therapist you should feel free to ask questions. Aside from asking for credentials and fees, Mayo Clinic staff article (also quoted by NAMI) recommends asking about your therapist's: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... treatment approach and philosophy, to make sure it suits your style and needs.Whether they specialize in certain disorders or age groups. Some, for instance, work only with adolescents. Others specialize in eating disorders or substance abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A therapist who specialises in your type of problems is more likely to have the necessary experience to help you. Also, since therapy is a sensitive process, finding someone you feel comfortable working with can aid the therapy process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important thing is not to give up on therapy and seeking professional help. For tips on finding a therapist that suits you, you might have a look at these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/how-to-find-therapist#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Find a Therapist&lt;/a&gt; - from WebMD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nami.org/Find-Support/Living-with-a-Mental-Health-Condition/Finding-a-Mental-Health-Professional&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Finding a Mental Health Professional&lt;/a&gt; - from NAMI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://namipamainline.org/choosing-the-right-mental-health-professional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Choosing the Right Mental Health Professional&lt;/a&gt; - NAMI, PA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastActivityDate="2017-06-11T15:53:11.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5649" CreationDate="2017-06-11T17:15:30.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your own doctor knows the answer to this - different practices could have different definitions - and should have asked you questions that tested their own criteria. These might be things like &quot;are you bleeding?&quot; and &quot;did you lose consciousness?&quot; along with &quot;how bad is the pain?&quot; and &quot;how long have you felt this way?&quot; After these questions they might say &quot;call an Ambulance&quot;, &quot;go to A&amp;amp;E&quot;, &quot;we can see you at 2:30&quot; or &quot;we can see you 6 days from now at 2:30.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asking you &quot;is it an emergency?&quot; is a foolish question when you don't know their criteria. [People ask foolish questions all the time, and forget that not everyone knows what they know.] So answer by providing the information you would use to make the decision yourself: &quot;I think so, it has come on very suddenly and the pain is worse than I've ever experienced&quot; or &quot;not enough to call for an ambulance but I can't stop it bleeding and I really would like it looked at today&quot; or &quot;I suppose not, I just want to be sure it's not the start of something serious&quot;. Just saying &quot;yes&quot; doesn't give them any reason to agree with you and schedule something sooner or send you to more urgent care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-06-11T17:15:30.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-11T18:56:47.420" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;After taking antibiotics for a couple of days, I feel a general sense of weakness in my body. This includes physical weakness (tiredness, shortness of breath) and mental weakness (difficulty of performing normal cognitive tasks, impossibility of performing more difficult ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to reduce this general weakness when on antibiotics, so as to remain as close to normal functioning as possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9508" LastActivityDate="2017-06-11T18:56:47.420" Title="How to avoid general weakness when taking antibiotics" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-04-16T11:29:48.943" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7008" CreationDate="2017-06-12T01:42:24.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that your friend has confused &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first-pass metabolism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with overall liver metabolism. Anything that goes into your digestive tract (including the medicines taken (per)orally) goes straight to the liver, through hepatic portal vein. Once the substances reach the liver they are metabolised to a certain extent, depending on their chemical structure. Then, blood is carried from the liver by hepatic veins to vena cava inferior which leads to the right atrium of the heart. The heart pumps the blood into the whole body (including the liver) and substances in the blood go round and round being metabolised in each turn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a substance enters the body in any way other than the digestive system, it gets to the heart and goes round and round through the whole body, including the liver and each time it passes the liver gets metabolised. The thing is that the substances reach the heart and enter systemic circulation &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; they reach the liver - the first pass effect is bypassed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, I can't find research that supports your friend's wrong claim, but there are plenty of resources that refute it. For instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the plasma concentration-time profiles of metabolites may differ after oral and parenteral doses, &lt;strong&gt;the fraction of a dose eventually converted to a metabolite should be the same after each route of administration provided that the ingested drug is completely absorbed, is eliminated solely by metabolism in the liver, and has linear kinetics&lt;/strong&gt;. Otherwise, the fraction of a dose administered that is converted to a metabolite may vary with route of administration (e.g. with isoprenaline and salbutamol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from: Susan M. PondThomas N. Tozer, &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165%2F00003088-198409010-00001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;First-Pass Elimination Basic Concepts and Clinical Consequences&lt;/a&gt;, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 1984&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A clinically significant aside: medicines that show extensive first pass metabolism sometimes cannot be used perorally. This is a case with nitroglycerin, e.g. This is why it is often used sublingually, i.e the tablet is placed under the tongue, but should not be swallowed. This way the first-pass metabolism is bypassed, but the medicine is still extensively metabolised by the liver, as soon as it reaches it. There are also intravenous and transdermal forms, but the sublingual form is interesting because although it is something you &quot;put into your mouth&quot; the effect your friend is talking about is bypassed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24058#PHARMACOKINETIC_PROPS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glyceryl Trinitrate Tablets 500 micrograms SmPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sepia.unil.ch/pharmacology/index.php?id=86&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-06-12T06:19:02.943" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T06:19:02.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10711" CreationDate="2017-06-12T08:49:16.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased risk of disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heightened blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weakened immune system and reduced effectiveness of certain vaccinations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stress. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Greater risk of death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Impaired creativity. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moodiness. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lower GPA. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Poor decisions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Twitchy eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fertility issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sex drought.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Weight gain. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fat Gene activation. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Emotional eating. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depression. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased risk of car accidents. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Slower reaction time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tired partner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tremors.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Premature aging. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dry skin. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Big-time breakouts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dull skin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Skin sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detail : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/advice/a34370/terrible-side-effects-of-skimping-on-sleep-in-your-20s/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/advice/a34370/terrible-side-effects-of-skimping-on-sleep-in-your-20s/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/10-results-sleep-loss#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/10-results-sleep-loss#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-deprivation/effects-on-body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-deprivation/effects-on-body&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9433" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T08:49:16.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12600" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-12T09:27:03.097" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-12T09:27:03.097" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T09:27:03.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12601" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-12T09:27:03.097" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions about Biomedical tests used in diagnosis of health conditions." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6769" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T13:11:05.453" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T13:11:05.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12604" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12609" CreationDate="2017-06-12T11:11:38.230" Score="4" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the common cold is a broad disease, is it possible to get vaccinated? Is it possible at least in some future, or is it even in theory not possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastEditorUserId="2192" LastEditDate="2017-06-12T22:57:59.163" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T22:57:59.163" Title="Is a general vaccine against getting a cold possible?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12643" CreationDate="2017-06-12T13:05:04.477" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a 17 year old male teenager. Currently my weight is around 95 kg and my height is 175 cm.&#xA;This year I need to focus most on my studies and because of this I don't get time to exercise. Also exercising makes me very tired because of which much of my precious time is wasted. I follow a strict vegetarian diet (including dairy products). Sometimes when I have some spare time I do some push-ups and do a little bit of exercise in my room and I'm comfortable doing that. I currently aim to get my weight around 75 kgs. I do walk around 10k steps daily.&#xA;So if anyone has some spare time and any suggestion or tip to tell me  they are very much welcomed.&#xA;THANK YOU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9516" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T15:17:46.293" Title="How to loose weight as a 17 year old?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-06-15T01:35:53.743" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-12T16:22:46.860" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I focus on the ring in this image (the ring is 1 cm tall on my monitor,&#xA;I stand 300 cm away, the room is dark, and I cover one eye), I actually&#xA;see an &quot;8&quot; formed from double-vision where the lower ring is dimmer.  So,&#xA;I'd simply say that this lower ring is caused by a cataract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest, the &quot;cataract ring&quot; is not just lower, but also slightly right;&#xA;the off-vertical angle is roughly 20 degrees.  It's interesting that my other&#xA;eye also has similar downward double-vision (with a smaller 10 degree&#xA;rightward shift).  (I get even more cataract glare details when I focus on the&#xA;small dot to the left, instead of the ring, but I'm trying to keep this question&#xA;simple.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do most people have downward double-vision in both eyes like me?  If so, is&#xA;there any theory about why/how the eye changes asymmetrically as we age?&#xA;I guess that the exact statistical study I'm suggesting here has never been&#xA;done, but hope cataracts have been studied enough to answer theoretically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WVnNA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WVnNA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9517" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T16:22:46.860" Title="Downward Double-Vision" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;double-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12604" CreationDate="2017-06-12T18:33:31.940" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem with treating &amp;quot;the common cold&amp;quot; is that it's really a large collection of similar illnesses caused by completely different strains of virus. The effects are similar, but the causes are different. Any treatment for one type would likely be ineffective against many of the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some stats from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/cure-for-common-cold-vaccine-2016-10&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a Business Insider article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &amp;quot;cold&amp;quot; can be caused by over 200 different viruses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;20-30 types of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;rhinovirus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - the most common class of culprit - can be in a given area in a certain period.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's likely that a different set of viruses will be in that area the next year, meaning people would need to be vaccinated annually, at the least.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's impossible to predict what strains will pop up next.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To have a completely effective vaccine, you'd need to have as many strains as possible in either a single vaccine or a series of them, and that's simply not easy. It could be impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there are ongoing efforts, as always. A couple different paths have been taken; I've given an example for each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The brute force approach&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One technique is to simply stuff as many strains into a vaccine as possible. An attempt I've seen mentioned quite a lot is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12838&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lee et al. (2016)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. They tested a vaccine on macaques (monkeys, not too different from humans) and found that certain antibodies were produced in response to types of human rhinovirus. They attempted to use 50 strains at once in the vaccine, which is quite impressive, and got good results for 49 out of those 50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The alarm approach&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have also been other attempts in recent years. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/patents/WO2014122220A1?cl=en&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;One group&lt;/a&gt; went on a different path, using a specific protein found when viruses invade cells as a vaccination in mice. This has the advantage that it can be used to train the immune system against many different strains; one protein can serve as a vaccine against dozens of types of viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The cell sacrifice approach&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few years back, a group at MIT (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022572&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rider et al. (2011)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) developed a technique called Double-stranded RNA [dsRNA] Activated Caspase&#xA;Oligomerizer (DRACO). DRACO essentially gets infected cells to shut themselves down - killing themselves - to stop the infection from spreading. After all, viruses need cells to reproduce. So far, DRACO has worked in mice, defeating over a dozen types of viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these approaches need testing! Human subjects have not yet been used; the closest any have gotten have been macaques, as well as isolated human cells. Additionally, no treatment has been tested against more than a fraction of rhinoviruses and other strains. There's absolutely no guarantee that any of this will work, but it's certainly steps in the right direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; I've taken this from the &amp;quot;home invasion alarm&amp;quot; analogy used in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/20/common-cold-vaccine/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this explanatory article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2192" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-06-12T18:33:31.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12611" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12642" CreationDate="2017-06-13T06:02:42.353" Score="6" ViewCount="2432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to practice basic CPR with my children, but do not want to invest in a CPR doll.  I would be interested in suggestions as to how else one could do this.  My idea was to practice the bits which are not dangerous with a person and to substitute a firm cushion (or several, to get a feeling for different resistance levels) for the actual pressing, with another at the top for the head.  I suspect there must be something better though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For information I am sufficiently qualified to teach first aid at the organisation I volunteer for, but have not been taught the didactics of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if the question is too imprecise for this site, but I hope not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: here is a photo of the result.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J0G08.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J0G08.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;CPR dummy&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9465" LastEditorUserId="9465" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T14:16:56.617" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T14:16:56.617" Title="Basic CPR practice without a dummy" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12612" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-13T07:52:27.707" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could a healed fracture, years old, cause ridges/distress in the sinus? Enough for bacteria or fungus to cling to and cause a sinus infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I researched some pictures of how the inside of the sinus looks and it seems to be mostly soft tissue. To me this makes it look like a healed fracture, even if it wasn't healed that neatly, couldn't cause any rigs or bumps that bacteria could house in easily, because the tissue would have grown over it by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: &lt;strong&gt;Can a healed fracture impact the structure of the inside of the sinus?&lt;/strong&gt; Or will the soft tissue do it's job?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5268" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T07:52:27.707" Title="Can a healed fracture impact the structure of the sinus?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12656" CreationDate="2017-06-13T08:23:44.317" Score="2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much Vitamin D does a person who's out the whole day in the summer and who's tanned enough that they don't get sunburn produce in a way that's bioavailable (measured in IU)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get a more specific scenario, let's take the average Summer day in Berlin where an average sized male wears pants but nothing about the waistline. The amount of tan is the amount that the average inhabitant of Berlin develops if he's out constantly over the summer in the same outfit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also happy about other specific examples. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="588" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T14:11:01.513" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T22:15:00.083" Title="How much Vitamin D does the body produce if you are outdoors a whole summer day?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-13T09:25:10.227" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the research on web I found that drinking &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carrot&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;beetroot&lt;/a&gt; juice is very good for skin health (i.e. improving skin colour, shining etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, both juices are used to loose weight, while I want to gain weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other foods with similar effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9449" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:37:45.243" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:37:45.243" Title="Improving skin color and shining through diet" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;juice&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12615" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T10:57:10.110" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T10:57:10.110" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T10:57:10.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12616" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T10:57:10.110" Score="0" Body="Questions about tests of the blood that help to estimate the component(s) in it." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:56:08.230" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:56:08.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12617" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:02:56.723" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:02:56.723" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:02:56.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12618" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:02:56.723" Score="0" Body="Questions concerning the organ, part of digestive system which has role in protein digestion." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T05:01:48.353" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T05:01:48.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12619" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:05:34.630" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:05:34.630" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:05:34.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12620" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:05:34.630" Score="0" Body="It is a contractible and excitable connective tissue found in animals." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6769" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T07:37:32.913" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T07:37:32.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12621" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:07:37.917" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:07:37.917" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:07:37.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12622" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:07:37.917" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions concerning meaning and usage of words as applied in medical science." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6769" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T13:08:53.767" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T13:08:53.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12623" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:10:46.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This tag is for questions regarding anatomical connection between muscle and bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. (See image below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QZdPam.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QZdPam.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon#/media/File:Achilles-tendon.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notable tendons are the achilles tendon in the heel and the triceps tendon in your elbow, both of which are often subject to diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tendon-related disease are called &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/tendinopathy&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;tendinopathy&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;tendinopathy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19089.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/tendon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T05:01:58.260" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T05:01:58.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12624" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:10:46.987" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding tendons, a band of fibrous tissue and the anatomical connection between muscles to bones as opposed to ligaments that connect different bones." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T05:01:54.143" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T05:01:54.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12625" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:14:37.677" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:14:37.677" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:14:37.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12626" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:14:37.677" Score="0" Body="It is a process of gaseous exchange by means of respiratory system. It includes inhalation-exhalation and exchange of gases at the level of alveoli-capillaries in lungs." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2019-02-19T05:44:12.630" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T05:44:12.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12627" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:17:56.517" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:17:56.517" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:17:56.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12628" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:17:56.517" Score="0" Body="It is about the microbes of domain Bacteria that can act as both infectious agents and symbionts (e.g.commensals) in our body." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6769" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T08:16:35.387" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T08:16:35.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12629" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:20:22.287" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:20:22.287" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:20:22.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12630" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:20:22.287" Score="0" Body="This tag should be used for questions about health issues concerning sports." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="6769" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T13:20:37.523" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T13:20:37.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12631" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:22:23.910" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-06-13T11:22:23.910" LastActivityDate="2017-06-13T11:22:23.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12632" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-06-13T11:22:23.910" Score="0" Body="For questions pertaining to the organ used for inhalation, exhalation and olfaction." OwnerUserId="6769" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:53:34.013" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:53:34.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9628" CreationDate="2017-06-14T04:28:59.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's often difficult to tell the difference between an esophageal abrasion and a foreign body just by how you feel.  If you get it checked out and it's just an abrasion, no biggie; if you don't and it's a foreign body, it could result in infection or perforation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncemi.org/cse/cse0313.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an EM website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All patients who complain of a foreign body of the throat should be taken seriously. Even relatively smooth or rounded objects that remain impacted in the esophagus have the potential for serious problems, and a fish bone can perforate the esophagus in only a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T04:28:59.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-14T09:41:51.087" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought sunglasses in China that claims to have UV400 protection.&#xA;I'd like to test this as my eyes' health is on the line :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to check the maximum UV amount these glasses can protect me against ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks, .x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9528" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T09:41:51.087" Title="Test UV protection on sunglasses" Tags="&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12611" CreationDate="2017-06-14T14:40:29.573" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;With a very small budget&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do not want to spend any (or very little) money on it, I recommend filling a small garbage bag with wet sand and then placing a cushion or pillow over it. I'm guessing if you want to add a realistic touch, you could place some small sticks of wood in the garbage bag to act as ribs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the above answer is all based on my guessing; but seems like it would be fun to experiment with. However, the below answer and link will give you instructions to make a DIY manikin that a CPR instructor has made and uses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Slightly bigger budget&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With some patience, time and approximately $14 USD, you can make a manikin out of a plunger, lid, foam, plaster of Paris and a few other common items. I will not go into detail about it, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://cyylau.blogspot.com/2013/02/diy-cpr-manikin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a link to the blog where you can find detailed instructions, pictures and a list of materials. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention having the children practice some skills on a human. As long as they are old enough to understand the concept of not actually doing these skills on a person who doesn't need them, I encourage you to teach them on a human. Teach them the anatomical landmarks, how to check for breathing and a pulse and how to open an airway(1) on a real person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this is helpful to you. If you have any additional questions, please let me know! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; If you plan to teach them how to open an airway, be sure to only do the head-tilt chin-lift. If you wish to teach the jaw thrust, that is best done on a doll. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-14T14:55:55.340" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T14:55:55.340" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12605" CreationDate="2017-06-14T15:17:46.293" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I randomly found your question and I couldn't help but type an answer even though I am no expert (but I have dealt with that issue at times, actually at your age). I do not know what the deal is with this deserted stack exchange, but I will try my best because I found it worrying what you wrote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You do not have time for some moderate Cardio 30 minutes three times a week? Cardio, not some walking. Forget trackers for the amount of steps, they do not work. You have to do your sport in your room? How is it a waste of time if you want to lose weight? How does one even study with that intensity? Here is my advice: Track every calorie you eat and try to end up with a deficit of 300-500 every single day. There are a couple of apps that can help or you can do it the old school way with pen and paper. You will not lose weight unless you are at a deficit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really wonder what you have to study so hard for. I ended up with almost perfect grades at your age and still had the time to lose more than 30 kg with sport, but I also grew up in a Western country where school is really easy. Push ups burn almost no calories, be aware of that. Just walking does a little bit, but it is all too easy to just eat what you have burned in a couple of hours. You will even see that in the long run, instead of making you tired that sport will help you study. Your life has just begun, in 20 years you will run into some serious problems if you do not run enough now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, do not expect fast results. First you lose water and so on and not fat and then your weight will no longer change for a while. This will take some time - we are talking about almost a year here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long story short: Track everything (except your steps). This isn't rocket science. If you are a hard studier, you should have no problem with doing some simple calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9530" LastActivityDate="2017-06-14T15:17:46.293" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12297" CreationDate="2017-06-14T21:47:43.743" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like the other answer, in part I am sure it is literally that amniotic fluid is not water.  Your hands will not wrinkle in all fluids, they do in some fluids.  I also don't even know if they would absorb water that early even if exposed.  You are covered in vernix at birth, and it's waxy &amp;amp; protective.  That alone would likely act as a water barrier.  You will also notice in wrinkling it's only in the hands &amp;amp; feet.  That type of wrinkling is intended to improve traction on slippery surfaces.  You don't wrinkle everywhere when submerged, only in the areas where it may benefit you to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vernix: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763724/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763724/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Info on traction created by skin wrinkles &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/01/wrinkles-help-fingers-get-grip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/01/wrinkles-help-fingers-get-grip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastEditorUserId="9533" LastEditDate="2017-06-15T15:36:19.100" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T15:36:19.100" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12648" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12589" CreationDate="2017-06-15T01:54:38.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calorie estimates from fitness trackers such as a FitBit are &lt;em&gt;extremely&lt;/em&gt; unreliable, to the point where descriptions such as &quot;wild guess&quot; are reasonable.  For example, a recent study found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/7/2/3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;errors of between 30% and 90%&lt;/a&gt;, with walking being the form of exercise with the highest error rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At a guess, I'd say the reason you're not losing weight is because the FitBit is overestimating your energy burn by about 2000 kcal a day.  5000 kcal a day is typical for someone engaged in heavy physical labor (eg. digging ditches).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T01:54:38.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12589" CreationDate="2017-06-15T03:05:11.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't post comment yet, so I will post it as answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calories estimates are for reference only&lt;/strong&gt; and that is &lt;strong&gt;nowhere accurate at all.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Your body consumes calories even at rest, our body requires calories to operate at all time(heart-beat, respiration, etc.). I am going to say what all people say about weight losing strategy. Obviously the application you are using is misleading and the most effective strategy to pay attention to what you are going to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Do sports and do not eat more than you need&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a postman, I can imagine you walk with a heavy bag every weekday, but the main factor in consuming your own calories is the intensity of your activity, you can walk slowly or in normal speed for 1 hour, the calories burnt/used are nowhere near race-walking for 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I mainly eat well with the occasional boost of the naughty stuff&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be a problem, if you boost yourself with naughty stuff in short interval between diet and assuming that naughty stuff is a low quality calories food, you are not going to lose weight. Your body will store extra calories when you have more than you need, low quality calories provides high calories and does not fill your stomach well enough. If you are hungry, try something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to lose weight, then pay attention to nutrition label, not only the calories, but the other nutrition like fat and sugar. Usually you won't find nutrition label in restaurant, but you should be able to determine what is good and bad for your nutrition goal. You will be more experienced as you try, I managed to go from 40&quot; belly to 34&quot; in a year by myself using the same strategies I typed. Resistance training can help too, but for this topic, you look for information in relationship between nutrition and resistance training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9536" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T03:05:11.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12613" CreationDate="2017-06-15T03:55:38.203" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's difficult to say, as the tan itself will reduce the level you are making.  It acts as a barrier.  You also have to account for showering.  If you shower right after sun exposure, you will reduce some of your D3 because it is synthesized at skin level &amp;amp; then absorbed.  It is possible for a human to make 50,000iu in a day.  There are always factors in play, such as complexion, tanning, and global location that will impact exactly how much a given person makes.  There have been studies where this is attempted to be measured, but even in situations where they exposed 2 people to the same thing, they had one person with 20ng higher blood values than the other, and that is significantly higher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I live in a Northern climate so I just supplement year round.  If you take D3 (not D2) it is all coming from natural sources &amp;amp; will operate within your body just as effectively as sunshine.  I also supplement my children from birth.  I can't swear it works,  but I can say we have never needed a sick visit to a doctor other than one time for one child for excessive vomiting, which I have never thought D3 could prevent.  We do not experience typical childhood illness at all &amp;amp; we are not particularly careful other than to aim for a very high nG value on bloodwork because I happen to personally believe it matters for immune system functioning.  So what we take is well in excess of what is generally recommended, but it's all completely approved through our Drs &amp;amp; all have been extremely happy that we are taking the levels we are taking.  I can also say I am the only parent I know of multiple children who completely skipped early infant illnesses.  I worked too, so they weren't home all day with me, but none of my children ran so much as a fever or runny nose before age 2.  They didn't inherit that.  Their parents both were the typically sick children that you anticipate all kids will be, lots of coughs, colds, general stuff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some info on the various nG levels that were found for various people under the same situations/exposures. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/how-do-we-know-how-much-vitamin-d-you-make/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/how-do-we-know-how-much-vitamin-d-you-make/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a lot of information on how D3 impacts immune functions. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678245/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678245/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry I cannot be more accurate to determine precisely what a given person would make in a given situation.  I do not think bodies work like that though.  It seems on the studies I have come across, similarly sized people of the same complexion &amp;amp; same exposure still manage to synthesize it differently enough to be notable.  It's relatively easy &amp;amp; inexpensive to get your blood tested for D3, at least where I live, so if you are truly curious about your own production, you can certain request testing.  I think all people should be checked at least yearly.  It's such an important nutrient.  It behaves much more like a hormone than a vitamin &amp;amp; there is a receptor for D3 on nearly every tissue &amp;amp; cell type in your body.  It impacts all things, from immune health to brain development &amp;amp; function, to heart health.  So I think on the whole, we are missing the mark medically when we so rarely test it &amp;amp; recommend such low supplementation while living in an era where people see less sunshine that likely ever before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T03:55:38.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-15T09:28:40.433" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had an incident that spray some Roundup weedkiller on my foot (but i didn't wash it up in time). The smell is also bad that I may also acidentally inhale some.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have googled quite some time, and it makes me panic. Some says it is linked to cancers and even worse, the ALS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could some one tell me that in this case, could this one-time exposure be Carcinogenic, causing ALS or other health issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: the label on the spray does not say anything related to the potential health risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1699" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:33:58.563" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:33:58.563" Title="What is the risk of one-time small exposure to Roundup Weedkiller Spray?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;&lt;herbicide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-15T17:45:04.697" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sadly where I live, healthcare is not so good, so I am a bit sceptical since several of my friends with serious illness were misdiagnosed in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently my grandmother was diagnosed with stomach cancer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The doctor only gave us some basic and short answers, so I decided to ask some professionals of their opinion; this is why I'm here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some research on google but found nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, if I want to learn about it and do some more research, where should I start, what should I search for? Maybe some links would be useful about some similar cases,  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9546" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:35:18.963" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:35:18.963" Title="Stomach cancer - as bad as it looks?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;second-opinion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1713" CreationDate="2017-06-15T18:56:01.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My nephew had FPIES, he is also IgA deficient &amp;amp; has general food sensitivities &amp;amp; my looking into seems to indicate that these things are linked simply meaning that having FPIES does have some influence on an increase in having other food sensitivities (as well as being IgA deficient).  You may want to have your child tested for IgA deficiency if that hasn't been done yet as it's also linked to other potential issues.  None of it is terribly scary things, but things you want to be aware of nonetheless.  IgA deficiency is actually relatively common, effecting about 1 in 500 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not recall her mentioning him reacting to medication, but he could have &amp;amp; I just wasn't told or don't recall her saying it.  I can also tell you there are FPIES groups on facebook that are there for support &amp;amp; to bounce questions specifically off those living with it or who have lived with it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link here about halfway down pretty much says you can have a FPIES reaction to anything, depending on the severity of the case &amp;amp; the potential for trace amounts of irritants in the ingested food.  I am sure medication could fall under that as fillers and binders can contain a number of ingredients &amp;amp; they aren't even always spelled out of they are considered no allergenic &amp;amp; GRAS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kidswithfoodallergies.org/page/food-protein-induced-enterocolitis-syndrome-fpies.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.kidswithfoodallergies.org/page/food-protein-induced-enterocolitis-syndrome-fpies.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T18:56:01.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12613" CreationDate="2017-06-15T23:50:45.450" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is produced in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. But vitamin D in the skin is also broken down by UV irradiation and this leads to a maximum equilibrium level of vitamin D in the skin of the order of 25,000 IU (different sources will give different figures of this maximum value, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/how-do-i-get-the-vitamin-d-my-body-needs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The vitamin D council says it's between 10,000 and 25,000 IU&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this does not mean that you can get 25,000 IU per day from the Sun, because it takes a few days for the vitamin D in your skin to be transported to the liver where it gets converted to calcidiol. The maximum daily dose of vitamin D you can get from the Sun is estimated to be about 10,000 IU/day, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/69/5/842.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see e.g. here&lt;/a&gt;. So, if you expose your body to UV radiation from the Sun for the first time since last summer, then you can produce 25,000 IU in your skin, but by the next day only 10,000 IU will has been taken away from there, this means that with 15,000 IU still left in the skin you can only add 10,000 IU until you're back at the maximum of 25,000 IU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also means that to get a high dose of vitamin D, you don't need to expose your skin to the Sun every day. If we pretend that lower amounts of vitamin D in the skin don't affect the speed at which it is removed, then the body would be able to extract 20,000 IU in two days from the 25,000 IU, the amount of vitamin D left under your skin is then 5000 IU, exposing your skin to the Sun will add back that 20,000 IU. In reality, with lower amounts of vitamin D in the skin you'll extract less from it per unit time, so you won't get 10,000 IU/day if you go into the Sun every other day, but it's not going to be a factor of two lower as one could naively expect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-06-15T23:50:45.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12653" CreationDate="2017-06-16T04:32:36.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You said you went to google and found nothing. I find that puzzling because I went to google, typed in &quot;stomach cancer&quot; and found a wealth of info. Here's a sampling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/home/ovc-2020232&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/home/ovc-2020232&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/stomach-gastric-cancer#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/cancer/stomach-gastric-cancer#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicinenet.com/stomach_cancer/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicinenet.com/stomach_cancer/article.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course there's always Wikipedia, and it has a ton of references at the bottom of the article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one thing you need to keep in mind is that nobody on the internet can tell you anything about your grandmother. You really need to get that directly from her doctor, who is the only one who can tell you exactly what she has, what her prognosis is, and how he intends to treat it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-06-16T13:12:41.143" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T13:12:41.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-16T05:10:17.460" Score="5" ViewCount="8749" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question concerns the consumption of pure, unsweetened cocoa. The cocoa to be consumed could either be boiled or mixed with tap water. Its consistency could range from buttery to creamy to soda-like. I could consume the cocoa without any sweeteners or other additives, although occasionally I might add a dash of cinnamon or other spice or even a teaspoon of peanut to sweeten it up a bit. Leaving aside the dietary limits for these occasional additives, is there a practical limit to the amount of cocoa a healthy person could consume per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that eating a kilo of anything, even so-called &quot;super foods&quot;, could make you sick, but as a practical diet plan, I'm thinking of a regimen that consists of oatmeal with cocoa for breakfast, a lunch of cocoa-coated veggie fries, chilled cocoa with peanut butter or whipped cream for my dinner dessert, and the usual sauces and dips made out of cocoa. In short, every meal will have the dark brown powder as an ingredient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't an entirely hypothetical question. I've adopted a cocoa-based diet as a means of curbing my unhealthy craving for sweets, having recently learned I have symptoms of prediabetes. By accident I discovered that after eating extra dark chocolate I found my usual bland banana super sweet. After several days of trial, I found I could drink my usual chilled breakfast cocoa without adding milk. The net effect is that I could have a satisfying &quot;dessert&quot; that consists entirely of a teaspoon of skim milk and cinnamon, one-third cup oats diluted in water, and flavored by three tablespoons of cocoa powder!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9551" LastEditorUserId="9551" LastEditDate="2017-06-16T06:02:23.640" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T17:16:43.240" Title="Does eating too much cocoa have harmful side effects?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12662" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12659" CreationDate="2017-06-16T21:00:28.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6195?n1=%7BQv%3D1%7D&amp;amp;fgcd=&amp;amp;man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;qlookup=cocoa+powder&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;format=Full&amp;amp;new=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cocoa powder&lt;/a&gt; is rich in the nutrients &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism#Iron_overload&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;manganese&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology#Dietary_reference_intake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;magnesium&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Phosphorus_deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phosphorus&lt;/a&gt;, and also contains significant amounts of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;theobromine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine#Overdose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caffeine&lt;/a&gt;.  Overdose information about many of these is hard to come by, but it looks like the limiting factor is going to be either iron or theobromine, with consumption of around 100-300g of cocoa powder being enough to cause symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as a side note, it appears that &lt;a href=&quot;https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;theobromine has appetite-suppressing effects&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-06-16T21:00:28.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-17T12:00:02.930" Score="5" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says that Diarrhea can result in dehydration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some religions demand that one fast on a regular basis. What are the possible consequences of fasting for most of the day if one has diarrhoea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9561" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-05-01T20:32:28.530" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T14:37:24.983" Title="Should I continue fasting if I have diarrhea?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12679" CreationDate="2017-06-17T19:42:44.483" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First of all I'm not a medical specialist at all, but still I hope my question is precise enough to be answered.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One day I asked a General Practitioner if a father could go outside with his baby / new born while the weather was hot (let's say around 30-35°C), carrying it skin to skin against the father's chest in a carrying scarf. The GP's answer was &quot;obviously the father shouldn't&quot;. Unfortunately the GP could not explain me why the father should not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer : This question intent is only theoretical, I don't plan nor recommend to go outside with a new born when it's hot, since I know it could be dangerous for the baby.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wanted to know if in a carrying scarf (skin to skin against the father's chest) the adult's body could help the baby's one to regulate its temperature, throwing away the exceeding heating from the baby. Or put another way can the adult's body act as a heat exchanger to keep the baby's internal temperature around the adult's body temperature (~ 37°C) ? Or would it be worse and would the baby's internal temperature increases up to risky values ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance to whoever that can shed me some lights!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9564" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:31:17.130" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:31:17.130" Title="Can a healthy baby / new born be carried longer when the weather is hot if carried skin to skin against its father's chest?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;weather&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-17T22:28:55.773" Score="6" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been going through the Rhodes medical physiology and have learned about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141212/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endothelin&lt;/a&gt; (specifically its role in hyperplasia) and collateral vessels in slowly developed [cardiovascular disease] (CVD). This makes me wonder the following things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why can we not avoid the scar tissue formation that plagues &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocardial+infarction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;myocardial infarction&lt;/a&gt; (MI) survivors by administering Endothelin in a selective manner so as to make it only hit the type A receptors ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How plastic are heart cells?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FYI: I have no idea how the heart controls its plasticity and cell growth, but given that cancers in the heart are so rare surely the administration of endothelin would be well regulated&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9567" LastEditorUserId="9567" LastEditDate="2017-06-27T13:23:18.080" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T03:58:59.480" Title="What would happen if you administered endothelin during a myocardial infarction?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;myocardial-infarction&gt;&lt;hyperplasia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-18T00:19:07.023" Score="4" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Omeprazole (or other proton pump inhibitors) is often used to treat patients diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori. I heard of people treated this way and there's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; which suggests doing so. The drug reduces gastric acid secretion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, I found tons of non-scientific articles, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bewellnaturallyguide.com/is-low-stomach-acid-the-cause-of-h-pylori/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, suggesting that the bacteria thrives when the stomach acid level is low. If this is the case, &lt;strong&gt;why is it treated with antacids?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found lot of scientific papers on the subject, but I find them incomprehensible. Could someone explain in plain English?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8552" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:30:16.833" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:30:16.833" Title="Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and stomach acid" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;proton-pump-inhibitors&gt;&lt;helicobacter-pylori&gt;&lt;antacid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-18T02:35:18.680" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some shampoos contain ingredients such as Biotin with the expectation that it will promote hair growth. Presumably the ingredient is in a format that can be taken up by the skin (or the hair follicles), or the shampoo contains some additional agent to support absorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this question I am assuming that the absorption process would take some minimum amount of time (seconds or minutes), and that the shampoo would need stay on the scalp during that time in order for the ingredient to be absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the labels on some of these shampoos do not provide any indication on how long the shampoo would need to stay on the scalp before rinsing it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The question I would like to ask:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any guidelines how long this kind of shampoo should be left on the scalp before rinsing it off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9568" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T04:06:43.497" Title="Shampoos that are supposed to help hair grow - how long should they be left in before rinsing?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-18T04:55:34.960" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dentist have disclosing tablets that are chewed to teach/give feedback on the effectiveness of tooth brushing.  Is there a disclosing agent, that for example, can be sprayed on before showing? This might be handy for alzheimers patents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9569" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T04:55:34.960" Title="Disclosing agent for showering?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12672" CreationDate="2017-06-18T05:20:40.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is basically a physics question, actually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume father and infant both start out at 37C core temperatures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The baby is placed against father's chest. Due to their size differences, about 40% of the baby's skin surface is in contact with the father while only about 10% of the father's body is in contact with the baby (estimated using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uwmedicine.org/airlift-nw/Documents/burn-pocket-card-final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rule of Nines&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they're both the same temperature nothing happens. But let's suppose one of them starts getting hotter than the other. What happens then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's dad, he becomes a big heat source for baby since he's in contact with 40% of baby's skin surface and a much larger body. He can only make it harder for baby to stay cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's baby, baby can't radiate heat from 40% of his body surface, making cooling much harder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think the answer is your GP was right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Meanwhile, millions of people around the world in tropical climates strap their infants to their body and go work in the fields all day long with no apparent harmful effects.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T05:20:40.040" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12672" CreationDate="2017-06-18T07:21:30.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your GP clearly has no understanding of Physics, nor of Anthropology. Firstly as the other answer points out, millions of people carry their babies like this in tropical climates and have done for hundreds of thousands of years. It's fairly insulting to presume that they must have been so stupid as to suffer great harm coming to their babies without doing anything to alter their habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to the physics, according to the second law of thermodynamics (Clausius's statement), heat will always pass from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. Consider that the only way in which baby might be in danger of getting too hot in either case, is if the outside temperature were high enough that it's ability to lose heat to the outside was compromised. That means that it's degree of contact with the outside air is irrelevant as that is causing the problem in the first place. Because of the second law of thermodynamics, when you put two bodies of different temperature together, they will homogenise to the same temperature, essentially becoming one unit. We have biological mechanisms to maintain homoeostasis. Presuming a healthy father, the adult's mechanisms will be more efficient than the baby's (they have a larger surface area to loose heat over and their heat loss system will be fully developed). By putting the two bodies together, therefore, the baby is becoming part of a system which is overall more efficient at losing temperature than it was on it's own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way of looking at the second law is that the baby can only pick up heat from the adult if it started off cooler than the adult, why would it have done that if both are in the same environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course if the sling were made out of an insulating material, then heat could get trapped in that part of the adult's body which would comprise the entirety of the baby's body and so could cause some harm. Charitably, I suppose that's what the GP might have been thinking about, but you just need a less insulating sling material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9145" LastActivityDate="2017-06-18T07:21:30.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12699" CreationDate="2017-06-18T14:14:04.383" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;If skin is constantly scraped or rubbed, callouses form and the body better deals with future scrapes and rubs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any process in which we adapt to being hit by blunt objects? &#xA;When I am hit hard by something blunt I will bruise, is there any process in which we get better at dealing with this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9572" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T08:23:52.337" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T20:59:07.840" Title="Does the body adapt to recurring blunt force trauma?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-18T16:50:13.993" Score="5" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last October I had an injection which was need for my trip to Costa Rica, a few minutes later I passed out and split my head open due to landing on concrete. On Monday I'm having a typhoid injection which is needed for my trip to Namibia next Sunday, but what can I do in order to reduce the risk of passing out and how long after the injection should I wait with the doctor until the risk of passing out has passed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9574" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:28:46.977" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T06:57:32.067" Title="Passing out after injections" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;typhoid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-02-28T15:19:23.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12681" CreationDate="2017-06-18T17:56:41.390" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/64969.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fainting due to vaccination occurs only occasionally&lt;/a&gt;, your immune system usually takes longer to react to viruses or bacteria (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incubation%20period&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this is the incubation time of an illness&lt;/a&gt;). 1 hour is a very unusual incubation time, furthermore the virus you get injected is not active anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is therefore much more likely that a combination of anxiety and pain caused your &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-fainting-basics#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vasovagal reaction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to prevent this from happening the next time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are warned and can prepare this time.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I would recommend sitting in a chair for roughly 30 minutes after you have received the injection so that your anxiety decreases. If you were to collapse in the chair, it will also prevent heavy injuries. Close your eyes and rest your head in your hands if you feel your blood pressure drop.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-fainting-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Do not hyperventilate!&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(I know, that's said easily)&lt;/em&gt;: &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pay attention to your breath and focus on breathing in... and out.... and in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drinking a glass of water also helps me&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In General, drinking water and not being dehydrated will help. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bring chocolate with you. The sugar is a fast way for your brain to absorb energy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Have someone with you so that if you start to feel dizzy, they can help you and, if necessary, contact emergency services if you collapse.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from this, sedatives will help but I wouldn't recommend to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a nice trip! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2019-02-28T06:57:32.067" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T06:57:32.067" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-19T19:48:07.400" Score="0" ViewCount="1338" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I have been quite heavily drinking beer, and noticed a strange effect: apparently an addiction developed but not to alcohol but to CO2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, now I cannot satisfy my thristyness with non-carbonated drinks, such as tap water, tea and milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I felt thristyness all the day despite drinking a lot of milk products and tap water. All the day I was drinking and pissing, but still was thristy. Finally, after 4th glass of tap water in a row, without any hope to combat my thristyness I went to a store and took a bottle of carbonated mineral water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instantly when I started drinking it my eyes filled with tears of satisfaction and the thristyness went away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I suspect I developed some kind of dependence on CO2 dissolved in water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9588" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:27:23.517" LastActivityDate="2020-09-28T08:37:30.817" Title="Can carbonated water produce addiction in humans?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;food-addiction&gt;&lt;carbonated-carbonation&gt;&lt;thirst-thirsty&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-19T21:11:34.197" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear that we must maintain a healthy ratio of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fats of at most 1:4 to avoid excessive inflammation in the body. However, Omega-3 fats are so hard to find in significant quantities in regular foods, and the few Omega-3 rich foods that do exist are pretty pricey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I was thinking. Does the ratio still really matter that much when you're consuming other kinds of anti-inflammatory foods like cinnamon with your meals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't cinnamon, for example, serve the same purpose as Omega-3 fats as far as anti-inflammation goes that would allow me not to worry too much about the ratio of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3113" LastEditorUserId="3113" LastEditDate="2017-06-19T21:30:06.377" LastActivityDate="2017-06-19T21:30:06.377" Title="Should I still worry about my Omega-3 to Omega 6 ratio when I consume other anti-inflammatory foods with my meals?" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;omega-6&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12692" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-19T21:14:07.300" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tryptophan is an amino acid and a building block for certain hormones such as melatonin and serotonin. If you're looking to improve your mood I would imagine taking a Tryptophan supplement may be most effective in the morning to enhance serotonin production whereas if you're trying to address issues with sleep you may opt to take a Tryptophan supplement in the early evening to enhance melatonin production. When is it most effective to take a Tryptophan supplement for subjective to mood or sleep related issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9591" LastActivityDate="2017-06-19T21:14:07.300" Title="When is it most effective to take a Tryptophan supplement?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12496" CreationDate="2017-06-20T08:12:27.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is all down to the type of carbohydrates you consume.  There are 2 main types of carbohydrate and they are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.co.uk/nutrition/simple-carbs-vs-complex-carbs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple carbs (sugars) and complex carbs (polysaccharides)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of their structures, sugars are metabolised more quickly in the body compared to complex carbohydrates.  Therefore, sugars get turned into glucose more quickly for energy use, hence the term &quot;sugar rush&quot; from the build up of energy in the body.  Any unused glucose will end up as fat and stored in the body's fat reserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sugars are found in a variety of natural food sources including fruit, vegetables and milk, and give food a sweet taste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sugars can be categorised as single sugars (monosaccharides), which include glucose, fructose and galactose, or double sugars (disaccharides), which include sucrose (table sugar), lactose and maltose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes complex carbs different is that they are starches formed by longer saccharide chains, which means they take longer to break down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chemically, they usually comprise of three or more linked sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When dietitians and nutritionists advise having complex carbohydrates, however, they are usually referring to whole grain foods and starchy vegetables which are more slowly absorbed than refined carbohydrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whole grain starches include the wheat grain and kernel which provide the majority of fibre and nutrients to be found in starchy foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to picking starchy foods, such as rice, bread and any other products made from flour, it’s best to opt for whole grain versions of these products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We should not rely too much on carbohydrate though.  Whilst whole grain foods impact upon blood glucose levels more slowly than other forms of carbohydrate, higher levels of carbohydrate can still raise blood sugar levels substantially.  So whilst aiming for complex carbohydrates rather than simple carbs, you still need to keep within the recommended daily calorie intake and ratios of carbs to other nutrients such as vitamins and fibre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-06-25T15:20:56.053" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T15:20:56.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-20T10:33:18.743" Score="1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you apply topical corticosteroids to the penis (due to medical indication), can these cause local vasoconstriction and can the vasoconstriction be bad for sexual health (erections)? Or does the vasoconstriction not affect erections because of where it happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9594" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:26:32.687" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:26:32.687" Title="Topical corticosteroids on penis vasoconstriction" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;erection&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12471" CreationDate="2017-06-20T11:15:53.777" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have all heard the saying that &quot;Laughter is the best medicine&quot; and some people in the medical community have been sceptical of the healing power of laughter, but that's changing. In fact, doctors have begun to support laughter therapy to complement traditional treatments for injuries and diseases like cancer. From research, it does seem like laughter &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; the best medicine (in compliment to other traditional medicine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychologists studying the science of happiness believe that practising certain positive behaviours like laughter can bring the pleasure, engagement and meaning that comprise happiness (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jameson, 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some serving in the military are being trained to use genuine and forced laughter as stress relievers to help prevent and treat conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that can result from harrowing experiences like combat duty (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burbank, 2006&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/laughter-is-the-best-medicine.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to helpguide.org&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter relaxes the whole body&lt;/strong&gt;. A good, hearty laugh relieves physical tension and stress, leaving your muscles relaxed for up to 45 minutes after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter boosts the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;. Laughter decreases stress hormones and increases immune cells and infection-fighting antibodies, thus improving your resistance to disease. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/4526&quot;&gt;See also @JohnP's answer&lt;/a&gt; in the Health Stack Exchange question &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4477&quot;&gt;Does laughing improve immune system?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter triggers the release of endorphins, the body’s natural feel-good chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;. Endorphins promote an overall sense of well-being and can even temporarily relieve pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter protects the heart&lt;/strong&gt;. Laughter improves the function of blood vessels and increases blood flow, which can help protect you against a heart attack and other cardiovascular problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter burns calories&lt;/strong&gt;. OK, so it’s no replacement for going to the gym, but one study found that laughing for 10 to 15 minutes a day can burn about 40 calories—which could be enough to lose three or four pounds over the course of a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter lightens anger’s heavy load&lt;/strong&gt;. Nothing diffuses anger and conflict faster than a shared laugh. Looking at the funny side can put problems into perspective and enable you to move on from confrontations without holding onto bitterness or resentment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laughter may even help you to live longer&lt;/strong&gt;. A study in Norway found that people with a strong sense of humor outlived those who don't laugh as much. The difference was particularly notable for those battling cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paediatric hospitals also use therapeutic forms of entertainment like clown therapy to help children tolerate the pain, nausea and anxiety associated with chemotherapy and radiation treatment. The 1998 movie &quot;Patch Adams&quot; was based on the real-life story of a doctor who used humour to treat patients while he was still in medical school. Patch Adams and his colleagues at the Gesundheit Institute in Virginia use a combination of clowning, singing and dancing to treat patients through entertainment in conjunction with traditional medicine (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.patchadams.org/patch-adams/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gesundheit Institute&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other internet sites including &lt;a href=&quot;http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/emotions/laughter-cure-illness.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How Stuff Works — Science&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Laughter sets off a chain reaction throughout the body that promotes physical and psychological health. Regular and frequent guffawing can both prevent illness and help you get well. Laughter lowers your body's hormone and cortisol levels. (Cortisol is a stress-induced chemical that can lead to heart disease, high blood pressure and excess belly fat.) Laughter also strengthens your immune system because it increases the production of antibodies in your saliva and in your bloodstream to stave off bacteria, viruses and parasites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laughter also helps with skin conditions. People suffering from eczema noted improvement in their complexions after consistently watching funny movies. When allergy patients laugh regularly, it reportedly shrinks their welts (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(08)00290-0/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kimata, 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some cancer treatment centres incorporate laughter therapy sessions into a patient's treatment plan to increase the positive thinking and happy feelings that support the healing process (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CTCA, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for laughter curing diabetes, I don't know about curing diabetes, but as How Stuff Works — Science states that laughter reduces cortisol levels which can lead to excess belly fat &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20188164,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;getting rid of belly fat may lower Type 2 diabetes risk&lt;/a&gt;.  So diabetes might not be able to be cured by laughter, but laughter &lt;strong&gt;can prevent&lt;/strong&gt; Type 2 Diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burbank, L. 2006. &lt;em&gt;The Growing Popularity of Laughter Therapy&lt;/em&gt; NPR [Online]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(Transcript) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5165226&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(MP3 Audio) &lt;a href=&quot;https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/day/2006/01/20060120_day_11.mp3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/day/2006/01/20060120_day_11.mp3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CTCA, n.d. &lt;em&gt;Laughter therapy&lt;/em&gt; Cancer Treatment Centers of America [Online]&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/laughter-therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jameson, M. 2008. &lt;em&gt;C'mon, get happy&lt;/em&gt; Los Angeles Times [Online]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.latimes.com/la-he-happy8-2008sep08-story.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kimata, H. 2009. &lt;em&gt;Viewing a humorous film decreases IgE production by seminal B cells from patients with atopic eczema&lt;/em&gt; Journal of Psychosomatic Research 26(2): pp 173–175&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.006&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19154860&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T11:37:19.870" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T11:37:19.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10638" CreationDate="2017-06-20T13:08:12.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it just happens and you're overthinking about it. It means absolutely nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cough is a protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. A cough can also be psychogenic or neurogenic but certainly not telepathic or magic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What causes coughs:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most coughs are caused by cold or flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other causes include:&#xA;smoking,&#xA;allergies(for example hay fever),&#xA;infections like bronchitis,&#xA;mucus dripping down the throat from the back of the nose.&#xA;A cough is very rarely a sign of something serious like lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastEditorUserId="9548" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T21:48:52.257" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T21:48:52.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12680" CreationDate="2017-06-20T17:01:20.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7eOu6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7eOu6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;These are your skin's layers and components.&lt;/strong&gt; When being hit by something, everything you see gets either damaged or destroyed. &#xA;Bruising is caused by the blood that escapes the broken capillaries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a &quot;recurring blunt force trauma&quot; those capillaries are not allowed to heal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same thing happens to everything you see above including the sensory nerve fibers and in the long run, touch sense is affected. You might call this an &quot;adaptation&quot; but it's certainly not beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now regarding the &lt;strong&gt;bones&lt;/strong&gt; underneath all this, there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wolff's law&lt;/a&gt; which states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that sort of loading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Load though doesn't mean hit, so it doesn't apply to that!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;, your body certainly kind of adapts to situations like &quot;being hit blunt objects&quot; by losing the sense of touch, but you don't &quot;get better at it&quot;, you just feel the damage a little bit less because you've already destroyed a lot of sensory nerves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruise#Mechanism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_trauma&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastEditorUserId="9548" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T20:59:07.840" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T20:59:07.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12471" CreationDate="2017-06-20T18:07:25.437" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's certainly beneficial and it has positive effects on our health. I see a lot of references on the answer above. But that's all to it. Otherwise we would be tickling patients day and night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's absolutely no scientific evidence of laughter curing any diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nothing came up on google, google scholar, pubmed, scopus, researchgate, mendeley. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;5 years of studying medicine so far and laughter cure hasn't come up &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I also asked other doctors for their opinions on the matter and they laughed at me. Oh the irony.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Laughter doesn't cure diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I propose a study to be done, where patients suffering from diabetes or other diseases get only to watch funny movies and take no medications. We'll get a definitive answer then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T18:07:25.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-20T19:58:13.643" Score="0" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that onion juice is good to increase hair growth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is onion juice really good for hair regrowth?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I've heard/seen on the internet that Onion juice is good for this, is it worth a try ? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I use a blender or just a grater to grind it? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should I add other ingredients like olive oil, honey, or lemon juice?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9596" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T14:27:56.910" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T14:27:56.910" Title="Onion juice and hair regrowth" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12702" CreationDate="2017-06-20T20:45:42.470" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every single website that suggests onion juice is good for hair regrowth doesn't have credible sources. I went through a lot and all of them are full of mumbo jumbo and charlatans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this onion madness seems to have some.. I repeat some... scientific basis and maybe that's where it all started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is an actual research paper on the matter:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126069&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The problem&lt;/strong&gt; though is that it was a very small study. Only 38 patients. They divided them in 2 groups and gave onion juice to one and plain &lt;strong&gt;tap water&lt;/strong&gt; to the other. They noticed hair regrowth on the first group... but also on the second group!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does that mean onion juice is good for hair regrowth?&lt;/strong&gt; - Maybe, but the study is too small to prove anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does that mean water is good for hair regrowth?&lt;/strong&gt; - uh... I don't know, wouldn't there be a lot less bald people walking around?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T20:45:42.470" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12704" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-20T21:53:04.827" Score="4" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do people smoke? Everyone knows it is unhealthy. There is an infinite number of scientific reports about this and yet, people continue to smoke (and start a new).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9597" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T22:14:47.857" Title="Why do people smoke? Everyone knows it is unhealthy" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12704" CreationDate="2017-06-20T22:08:42.073" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because when tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes &lt;strong&gt;physical&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;psychological dependency&lt;/strong&gt;. You see, it acts on &lt;strong&gt;brain reward mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt;, both indirectly (through endogenous opioid activity) and directly (through dopamine pathways). It actually extends the duration of positive effects of dopamine and increases the sensitivity of the brain's reward system to rewarding stimuli. &lt;strong&gt;It makes you to want more of it&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is suggested that it is even &lt;strong&gt;more addictive than cocaine!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative with increasing dosages. That explains why people smoke even more when they are under stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will not comment on why people start smoking in the first place. The reasons are numerous. Peer pressure is one of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easton, John (March 28, 2002). &quot;Nicotine extends duration of pleasant effects of dopamine&quot;. The University of Chicago Chronicle. 21 (12).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kenny PJ, Markou A (Jun 2006). &quot;Nicotine self-administration acutely activates brain reward systems and induces a long-lasting increase in reward sensitivity&quot;. Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (6): 1203–11. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nesbitt P (1969). Smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parrott AC (January 1998). &quot;Nesbitt's Paradox resolved? Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking&quot;. Addiction. 93 (1): 27–39.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-overview#a3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-overview#a3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastEditorUserId="9548" LastEditDate="2017-06-20T22:14:47.857" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T22:14:47.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10515" CreationDate="2017-06-20T22:35:13.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt; maybe a few, but not instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nicotine poisoning exists but rarely is it fatal. Especially, when it is delivered through smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been very few incidents of death by nicotine poisoning reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004459&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004459&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073810000459&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073810000459&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastActivityDate="2017-06-20T22:35:13.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10115" CreationDate="2017-06-21T00:29:51.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, No and no...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple google search for the words &quot;baking soda hair&quot; reveals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Baking soda may cause long-term damage and hair breakage&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/baking-soda-hair#overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/baking-soda-hair#overview1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People use baking soda + vinegar to clean combs and drains...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't put it on your hair unless you look like Bruce Willis and going bald might be cool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastEditorUserId="9548" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T02:49:12.740" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T02:49:12.740" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12709" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15659" CreationDate="2017-06-21T01:52:48.873" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a well regarded medical/academic type of blood panel test or list of items to get tested for, when unable to loose weight, despite proper diet and exercise efforts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://truweight.in/blog/weight-loss/list-of-blood-tests-for-weight-loss.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this comes up&lt;/a&gt; in a quick Google search, however, was looking for something &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; tied to any marketing...but with more medical/academic credibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Female, early 30's).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9600" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T19:19:54.833" Title="Blood Test Panel for weight loss in females" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12709" CreationDate="2017-06-21T03:02:13.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The list of tests in the link you posted is pretty complete. It is indeed a complete set of tests for that occasion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/features/why-arent-you-losing-weight#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a bit more credible source though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind though, only a doctor can always recommend the appropriate tests if needed, not the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T03:02:13.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12718" CreationDate="2017-06-21T12:03:07.120" Score="2" ViewCount="741" Body="&lt;p&gt;Babies while in the womb are surrounded by fluids, so they cannot breathe.&#xA;Do they get oxygen through the mother's umbilical cord? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are we kind of amphibious before coming to the world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9605" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:14:08.590" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:14:08.590" Title="why don't babies drown in the womb?" Tags="&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;drowning&gt;&lt;amniotic-cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12714" CreationDate="2017-06-21T17:52:45.773" Score="8" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Why does a foetus not drown?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The foetus gets oxygen through the mother's umbilical cord:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The fetus receives its oxygen supply across the placenta, to which oxygen is delivered by maternal blood. The amount of oxygen delivered to the placental site is determined by the magnitude of blood flow and the oxygen content of uterine arterial blood. Transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal blood is influenced by the diffusion gradient for oxygen between the maternal uterine blood and fetal umbilical blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-77469-0_9?no-access=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxygen Supply to the Fetus and Fetal Hypoxemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further information about the umbilical cord and the placenta, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord#/media/File:Gray39.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Wikipedia image&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are foetus' amphibious?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. Although foetuses have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2004/Chapt9-PharyngealArches.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharyngeal arches&lt;/a&gt; the &quot;oxygen supply line&quot; is the umbilical cord. A foetus can not live outside the womb due to a lack of oxygen supply (the lungs are not yet working) and general supply of vital molecules. This is why they can not be considered amphibians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The word &quot;amphibian&quot; is derived from the Ancient Greek term ἀμφίβιος (amphíbios), which means &quot;both kinds of life&quot;, ἀμφί meaning &quot;of both kinds&quot; and βιος meaning &quot;life&quot;. The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian#Classification&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-21T19:19:48.593" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T19:19:48.593" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-21T20:03:25.837" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a reasonably healthy 47 yo male. Not hypochondriac. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering which basic medical tests should be performed, and in which cycle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about tests per se (blood, urine,...), technology-based ones (chest x-ray if this is still a thing, for instance) and basic ones like blood pressure or heart rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there some which are recommended and make sense? I am particularly asking for those which are &quot;wide spectrum&quot; and which are likely to trigger attention when they are wrong (as opposed to some specialized markers for instance) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1319" LastActivityDate="2017-06-21T20:03:25.837" Title="What are basic checks to be done yearly" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-07T11:02:09.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12721" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12738" CreationDate="2017-06-22T02:13:31.953" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dentist has discovered an implant of unusual shape, see two x-rays of the same area,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yXKSJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yXKSJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;To the left there is a normally-looking implant, but the other one seems unusual, the abutment does not seem to fit the main screw. Have anyone seen this shape of abutment before? Is this a defect in installation, or is this a special kind of implant design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9612" LastEditorUserId="9612" LastEditDate="2017-06-22T05:07:19.797" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T03:25:37.953" Title="What kind of implant abutment is it?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;implant&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-22T10:15:29.473" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a large number of startups that offer nutritionally complete food, like Soylent and Huel. All of them, as far as I know, offer it mainly in powdered form. You have to mix it with water, and shake it, giving you a 'nutrient drink'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, all this mixing is very annoying to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why do they offer powdered versions only, instead of the kind of bars that astronauts eat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huel offers &lt;a href=&quot;https://huel.com/products/huel-bar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this bar version&lt;/a&gt;, but its small, and only intended as a side snack. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any other companies that offer nutrtionally complete food in hard-form rather than powdered-form, that can be used as a primary meal replacement?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T02:58:16.163" Title="Why is nutritionally complete food always powdered, and are there non powdered versions?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-22T11:32:09.927" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in an apartment where sometimes neighbors make noise at bedtime.&#xA;I have trouble sleeping, any noise, if it isn't a constant noise, bothers me.&#xA;So, I started listening to music before bed and it significantly improved the quality of my sleep. And I use a headset similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01BY7ZMXC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt; (not exactly this, I think mine is more comfortable, but just to have an idea of the size): it seems too big to use during sleep, and that's right, but despite that he is Well comfortable and less troublesome than the intra earphones I have. So, I listen to music with it until I fall asleep. After a while, I wake up, and shoot him, but since I'm already sleepy, I can go back to sleep quickly.&#xA;But I wanted something I could use all night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of the existence of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleepphones.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt; sleep phones, but I don't know if they are perfectly adequate. At first glance, the sound seems a little weak. I usually listen to heavy rock and it's important that the sound quality is good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wanted to buy an in-ear earphone. But I wanted it to be very comfortable to use all night and the sound quality is reasonable. Does anyone have something in this sense to indicate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9617" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T13:40:54.197" Title="In-ear earphone to sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;earplugs-earphones&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-06-26T14:18:01.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-22T13:19:44.480" Score="-1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work 9-6 in a software company. There's not much physical movement in office. I experience fatigue on reaching home. What can I do on weekends and even weekdays so that I don't feel tired after coming home from office?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2314" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T07:29:44.730" Title="How to reduce fatigue after office?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-11-24T17:19:19.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12724" CreationDate="2017-06-22T13:40:54.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asking for earphones/headphones which have &lt;strong&gt;a good sound quality&lt;/strong&gt; is not on-topic for this group as this generates opinion related answers at best.  Some people's idea of good quality can be very different to others.  To highlight this I wonder where you get the idea that sound quality is poor when there are no sound specifications provided on the website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are after something which can be safely used whilst asleep to take noise away, then as far as earphones/headphones is concerned, it &lt;strong&gt;seems&lt;/strong&gt; that the SleepPhones you linked to would be more comfortable based on the testimonials.  As a personal opinion, if you go for them it &lt;strong&gt;may&lt;/strong&gt; be best to go for the wireless ones to prevent strangulation by the cord on corded phones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from this, there are earplugs which you can buy to remove sound.  However if having music helps you sleep then this will not be the answer for you.  To select the right earplugs for you, you may want to look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coopersafety.com/earplugs-noise-reduction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cooper Safety's Webpage&lt;/a&gt; and read up on the information on NRR values. Specifically, the section on &lt;strong&gt;How does NRR change decibels of exposure?&lt;/strong&gt;  They also list on the page, typical sound levels in decibels (dB) of various sounds in order for you to estimate the dB levels you want to cancel out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish you luck in your search for something which is right for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T13:40:54.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12728" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12730" CreationDate="2017-06-22T15:57:51.433" Score="3" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently have purchased a home that was built in the late 80s. To my knowledge it has had two owners who have each lived there around 12-15 years each. While talking to the neighbors after moving in, I have now learned that both of the previous owners had a spouse die of cancer while living in the home. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this something I should be worried about? Is there anything I can do to ensure my families safety (specific inspections, remove specific materials, etc.)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance for your help, I am quite worried about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9619" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T22:15:15.987" Title="Just learned the previous two owners of the house I bought died of cancer, should I be worried?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12728" CreationDate="2017-06-22T21:09:45.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/lifetime-probability-of-developing-or-dying-from-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;about 20% of people die of cancer&lt;/a&gt;.  As our ability to cure things that aren't cancer gets better, that number will only go up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you compute the probabilities, it turns out that for ever five houses where the previous four occupants died while living there, one of those houses will have had two or more occupants die of cancer (exact odds: 18.08%).  In short, what you've encountered is only slightly more unusual than flipping a coin twice and having it come up &quot;tails&quot; both times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-06-22T21:09:45.233" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12774" CreationDate="2017-06-22T22:39:06.980" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that lactose-free milk is made by adding the lactase enzyme to regular milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there enough lactase present in the milk to catalyse lactose in  simultaneously-consumed regular dairy products, e.g. natural yoghurt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Assuming both are consumed in, say, the quantities you'd use on breakfast cereal, and that they're allowed to mix well.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that lactase supplements exist; the question is whether these would still be necessary. I have anecdotal evidence that they may not be, but I am interested in a reasoned explanation one way or the other. In particular, whether the chemical mechanism by which lactase breaks down lactose consumes the enzyme as well, or whether it can continue catalytic actions on further lactose molecules afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9624" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:24:58.620" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:24:58.620" Title="Combining lactose-free dairy and regular dairy" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;&lt;lactase&gt;&lt;catalyst&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9095" CreationDate="2017-06-23T01:55:27.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No cooking oils at all should be used. While saturated fats are very unhealthy as pointed out in M. Arrowsmith's answer, there is a problem with using unsaturated oils as well. We should first note that there is no need to fry food, you can steam or boil your food, and add whole foods containing fats like avocados, walnuts, and chia seeds. There are no proven nutritional health benefits of frying foods in refined oils over a plant based diet that includes all the fats in the form of the above mentioned whole foods.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely, we know from many observational studies that diets that include cooking oils in any form are worse w.r.t. atherosclerosis compared to plant based diets in which no or very small amounts of cooking oils are used. Such diets do contain some amount of fat, this comes mainly from nuts, seeds and certain oily vegetables like avocados. A very recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study of the indigenous Tsimané people&lt;/a&gt; reported:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... the Tsimané, a forager-horticulturalist population of the Bolivian Amazon with few coronary artery disease risk factors, have the lowest reported levels of coronary artery disease of any population recorded to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other such results had been obtained previously in other indigenous or rural populations who stick to a low fat diet containing a lot of fruits and vegetables and who get a lot of physical activity. But in the Tsimané study, research have been able to bring CT scanners to the remote locations where the  Tsimané live to directly measure coronary artery calcium scores, while the older studies used more indirect methods. E.g. as &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1221/712631/Serum-cholesterol-diet-and-coronary-heart-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported in the landmark article that made the link between cholesterol and heart disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the African population of Uganda coronary heart disease is almost non-existent. This statement is confirmed by adequate necropsy evidence. In the Asian community, on the other hand, coronary heart disease is a major problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article goes on to link the differences to the differences in cholesterol level which is then argued to be due to the differences in the percentage of calories coming from oils, it was 30–45% in the Asian community while 10-15% in the African community. Note that the Tsimané also get 14% of their calories from fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then having established that a low fat diet and a generally healthy lifestyle that includes eating lots of vegetables and getting plenty of exercise yields a low rates of heart disease in indigenous populations, one also needs to consider how other indigenous populations fare who eat a high fat diet. E.g. there exists a popular myth about Eskimos having very low rates of heart disease despite eating a high fat, meat based diet containing hardly any fruits and vegetables. But as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(14)00237-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During the 1970s, 2 Danish investigators, Bang and Dyerberg, on being informed that the Greenland Eskimos had a low prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) set out to study the diet of this population. Bang and Dyerberg described the “Eskimo diet” as consisting of large amounts of seal and whale blubber (ie, fats of animal origin) and suggested that this diet was a key factor in the alleged low incidence of CAD. This was the beginning of a proliferation of studies that focused on the cardioprotective effects of the “Eskimo diet.” In view of data, which accumulated on this topic during the past 40 years, we conducted a review of published literature to examine whether mortality and morbidity due to CAD are indeed lower in Eskimo/Inuit populations compared with their Caucasian counterparts. Most studies found that the Greenland Eskimos and the Canadian and Alaskan Inuit have CAD as often as the non-Eskimo populations. Notably, Bang and Dyerberg's studies from the 1970s did not investigate the prevalence of CAD in this population; however, their reports are still routinely cited as evidence for the cardioprotective effect of the “Eskimo diet.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the known facts on heart disease prevalence and diets in different populations paints a clear picture: using cooking oils is done at your own peril. But what about using only the healthy unsaturated oils, surely we can evade problems by using, say, olive oil?  The main problem with this is that  you're going to eat much more oil than the typical 10 to 15% of the natural intake that is seen in indigenous populations that are free of heart disease. This especially in case of a 90 year old grandmother as mentioned in the OP's question whose energy intake and use will be quite low. A few tablespoons of oil will already get you over this limit which makes frying food quite difficult. But why would that be a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is due to the &quot;empty calories effect&quot;, the larger the fraction of the oil of the total energy intake, the less room will be left for energy in the form of whole grain carbs such as brown rice, whole grain bread and whole grain pasta. Even if you use the most healthy oils known like olive oil, the more you use of such oils the more you're going to miss out on the health benefits of the whole grain carbs. These health benefits come from not only the vitamins and minerals in whole grain carbs, but also from the fibers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fibers are converted in the intestines by gut bacteria to short chained fatty acids (SCFAs) which the body uses for a whole host of things. It has been shown that SCFAs &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735932/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduce cholesterol levels&lt;/a&gt;. Besides whole grains, whole foods that contain fats such as walnuts and chia seeds also contain a lot of useful nutrients including fibers. We have to note here that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/increasing_fiber_intake/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Total dietary fiber intake should be 25 to 30 grams a day from food, not supplements. Currently, dietary fiber intakes among adults in the United States average about 15 grams a day.&lt;/a&gt; Indigenous populations like the Tsimané get more than twice the recommended amounts (I checked this from my own diet which is similar to what the Tsimané eat), suggesting that the recommended amount is way too low. A 20 year-old may then be able to boost fiber intake while still using using significant amounts of cooking oils, but what about a sedentary 90 year old?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, cooking oils have no health benefits, we don't need to use them. Using the healthier unsaturated oils is not a good option either compared to not using any cooking oils, because you're going to get less nutrients as a result. This is going to be more of a problem the older and less physically active you are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-06-26T02:46:57.817" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T02:46:57.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-23T02:04:29.183" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this sounds like a joke question (and while i'm sure it's funny) it's not a joke.  I have always sneezed &quot;weird&quot; and many people can't tell the difference between my sneezes and coughs.  I always sneeze 3-10 times in a row, and I have some allergies but nothing extreme.  My whole family does the multiple sneeze thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I've always sneezed with my mouth open, but lately I've been trying it with my mouth closed.  There's two ways to do it, stifle the sneeze or let it fly out the nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything I'm missing?  How do you guys sneeze?  Also wondering if anyone else sneezes a bunch of times in a row.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9625" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T23:24:04.793" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T23:24:04.793" Title="What's the correct way to sneeze?" Tags="&lt;nose&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12734" CreationDate="2017-06-23T03:33:06.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whatever you do, make sure you cover your mouth with e.g. the inside of your elbow.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Spreading bugs is a) bad, and b) impolite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/etiquette/coughing_sneezing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;See this CDC webpage for more information.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9624" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-23T05:55:50.990" LastActivityDate="2017-06-23T05:55:50.990" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17692" CreationDate="2017-06-23T11:54:11.370" Score="6" ViewCount="1322" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been conducting extensive research over the last few years on the history of nudity in social situations, and I am looking to expand my research base now I have come across a few other interesting facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have asked a &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/16831/7604&quot;&gt;similar question&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com&quot;&gt;Psychology &amp;amp; Neuroscience Stack&lt;/a&gt; for any psychological benefits and adverse effects from social nudity and what I am after overall is...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there any physical health effects of social nudity (benefits and adverse effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this particular question, I am asking...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of anything which would scientifically support or refute a claim that nudity would help prevent Testicular Torsion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;strong&gt;prevention of testicular torsion&lt;/strong&gt; being given as a reason for not wearing underpants interesting so I did a little research on this, although I am not even sure how &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_commando&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;going commando&lt;/a&gt;&quot; would make a difference when wearing clothing, unless the underpants were tight.  Surely wearing loose fitting underwear would have the same effect as going commando in other clothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Testicular Torsion&lt;/a&gt; occurs when the spermatic cord to a testicle twists, cutting off the blood supply (a condition called ischemia). The most common symptom is the rapid onset of acute testicular pain and prolonged testicular torsion will result in the death of the testicle and surrounding tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:35:37.727" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T14:44:10.787" Title="Health Benefit of Social Nudity - Testicular Torsion Prevention?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;&lt;nudity-nude-naked&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12721" CreationDate="2017-06-23T22:57:08.320" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that this is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentsplyimplants.com/en/Implant%20systems/ANKYLOS%20New/Overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ankylos&lt;/a&gt; brand implant system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also appears that the thin neck of the abutment, while having some advantages of reducing area where microbiology might get in (due to minimized implant-abutment junction), is having some structural mechanical weakness, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osseonews.com/abutment-fractures-with-anklyos-implant-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this blog&lt;/a&gt;. An opinion is that this system should not be recommended for mandibular molar implants, due to large ratio of&#xA;of occlusion surface to the size of abutment base. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9612" LastActivityDate="2017-06-23T22:57:08.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12438" CreationDate="2017-06-24T09:52:27.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generally agree with &lt;em&gt;jj78&lt;/em&gt;, although I would add a couple of provisos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) The answer partly depends on how one defines 'spontaneous', an adjective with more than one meaning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;spontaneous&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;adj.&lt;/em&gt; 1. occurring, produced, or performed through natural processes without external influence: &lt;em&gt;spontaneous movement&lt;/em&gt;. 2. arising from an unforced personal impulse; voluntary; unpremeditated: a &lt;em&gt;spontaneous comment&lt;/em&gt;. - From Late Latin &lt;em&gt;spontāneus&lt;/em&gt;, from Latin &lt;em&gt;sponte&lt;/em&gt; (voluntarily).&lt;code&gt;[i]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along the lines of what &lt;em&gt;jj78&lt;/em&gt; wrote, if the thrilling chase caused the character to become sexually aroused, then his erection would not meet the first definition of 'spontaneous' because there was an external influence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, one might argue that since Franco took Viagra, he &lt;em&gt;wanted&lt;/em&gt; to achieve an erection at some point in the near future, which would satisfy the second definition of 'spontaneous', i.e., it was a voluntary act. Sure, that argument is a bit of a stretch, so let's move on to a more important point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) Perhaps &lt;em&gt;Dhanraj Kumar&lt;/em&gt;, the OP &lt;code&gt;[ii]&lt;/code&gt;, is asking if Viagra can cause an &lt;em&gt;unwanted&lt;/em&gt; erection. If that is the case, then the answer is a qualified 'no'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I say 'qualified' because there are two uncommon exceptions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) About 2.5% of men &lt;code&gt;[iii]&lt;/code&gt; who take sildenafil (the generic name for Viagra) report experiencing priapism &lt;code&gt;[iv]&lt;/code&gt;, a condition made famous by the commercials for Viagra and similar medications that warn of &quot;an erection that lasts for more than 4 hours.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the cited journal article (see footnote &lt;em&gt;iii&lt;/em&gt;) the authors note, &quot;However, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the case was not clinically severe. Also, for most of the priapism cases, the reporter indicated that the patient had recovered or was recovering without sequelae at the time of the report.&quot; &lt;code&gt;[v]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) In another sildenafil research study &lt;code&gt;[vi]&lt;/code&gt; 15% of the men reported &quot;recovery of spontaneous erection&quot; after taking the medicine for a limited period of time. (They subsequently stopped taking sildenafil and continued to enjoy normal erectile function.) In this instance, the authors are using 'spontaneous' in the sense of a 'natural process', which I recognize is not exactly what we're talking about here, but I wanted to mention it for completeness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Footnotes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;i.&lt;/em&gt; &quot;spontaneous.&quot; &lt;em&gt;Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary.&lt;/em&gt; 2010. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ii.&lt;/em&gt; OP = original poster, i.e., the person who asked the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;iii.&lt;/em&gt; Giuliano F, Jackson G, Montorsi F, Martin-Morales A, Raillard P. Safety of sildenafil citrate: review of 67 double-blind placebo-controlled trials and the postmarketing safety database. &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Clinical Practice.&lt;/em&gt; 2010;64(2):240-255. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02254.x &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810448/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;PMCID = PubMed Central Identification Number - PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature.&quot;&gt;PMCID:PMC2810448&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;iv.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;priapism&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;n.&lt;/em&gt; an abnormal condition of prolonged or constant penile erection, often painful and seldom associated with sexual arousal. It may result from localized infection, a lesion in the penis or the central nervous system, or the use of medications or recreational drugs such as cocaine. It sometimes occurs in men who have acute leukemia or sickle cell anemia. - &lt;em&gt;Mosby's Medical Dictionary,&lt;/em&gt; 8th edition. 2009. Elsevier. Accessed 24 Jun 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;v.&lt;/em&gt; Giuliano, et al., p. 248.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;vi.&lt;/em&gt; Son, H., Park, K., Kim, S.-W., &amp;amp; Paick, J.-S. (2004). Reasons for discontinuation of sildenafil citrate after successful restoration of erectile function. &lt;em&gt;Asian Journal of Andrology,&lt;/em&gt; 6(2), 117–120. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15154085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;PMID = PubMed Identification Number - PubMed is the U.S. National Library of Medicine medical research literature database&quot;&gt;PMID:15154085&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/priapism&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;priapism&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;priapism&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/sildenafil&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;sildenafil&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;sildenafil&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/viagra&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;viagra&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;viagra&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/erectile&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;erectile&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;erectile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastEditorUserId="9632" LastEditDate="2017-06-24T10:14:14.377" LastActivityDate="2017-06-24T10:14:14.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15373" CreationDate="2017-06-24T10:33:50.060" Score="4" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been conducting extensive research over the last few years on the history of nudity in social situations, and I am looking to expand my research base now I have come across a few other interesting facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12737&quot;&gt;another question I asked&lt;/a&gt;, I am asking...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will going nude reduce parasitic problems in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;An example&lt;/h2&gt;Dr. David Reed of Florida University has been studying human lice and found that wearing clothes introduced a new form of human lice (the clothing lice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5eYCE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5eYCE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Image — Head louse on the left, clothing louse on the right&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;(Image — Head louse on the left, clothing louse on the right - Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pakistanaffairs.pk/threads/71336-SCIENCE-EDUCATION-How-do-scientists-know-that&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pakistanaffairs.pk&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would going nude reduce Clothing Lice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clothing Lice is a direct descendant of the head louse.  The genetic data for this branch of lice would give us a date when humans started to get dressed and the data indicates that our ancestral humans lived naked for at least 2½ million years.  Clothing was first used at least 83,000 years ago and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago (&lt;a href=&quot;http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/29.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reed, et al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Horizon: What's The Problem With Nudity, 2008&lt;/a&gt;).  If you take the median of these dates that makes it approximately 127,000 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;Horizon: What's The Problem With Nudity (2008). [TV] Directed by Paul King. UK:BBC.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;BBC iPlayer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reed, D. L., et al. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa&lt;/em&gt;. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(1): pp. 29-32.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq234&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1093/molbev/msq234&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T17:13:40.073" Title="Health Benefit of Social Nudity - Parasite Reduction?" Tags="&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-24T10:51:59.227" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been conducting extensive research over the last few years on the history of nudity in social situations, and I am looking to expand my research base now I have come across a few other interesting facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also given @CareyGregory’s rhetorical question some thought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does the body need to do to remain at its normal temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally to another question I asked on parasite reduction through being naked, I am asking...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will going nude improve homeostasis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Example&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Professor Peter Wheeler of Liverpool John Moore’s University says that the average human can lose heat at a rate in excess of 1 kilowatt, which is the amount of heat put out by a 1 bar electric fire.  If you have body hair, you can still lose heat by sweating, but the rate of heat loss will be reduced because the air flow across the body would be severely reduced which in turn would reduce the rate at which the sweat is going to evaporate.  Sweating into a fur coat would have been no use to our ancestors. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90002-D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wheeler, 1994&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Horizon: What's The Problem With Nudity, 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does wearing clothing hamper the body’s ability to lose excess heat more than body hair?  What studies have been done to corroborate this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;Horizon: What's The Problem With Nudity (2008). [TV] Directed by Paul King. UK:BBC.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;BBC iPlayer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00j0hnm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wheeler, P. E. (1994). &lt;em&gt;The thermoregulatory advantages of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: the contribution of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling&lt;/em&gt;. Journal of Human Evolution 21(2): pp. 107-115.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90002-D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/0047-2484(91)90002-D&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this indicate one physical benefit to nudity (quicker heat loss for body temperature regulation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:13:16.030" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:13:16.030" Title="Health Benefit of Social Nudity - Improvement of Homeostasis?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;&lt;nudity-nude-naked&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-24T18:05:45.490" Score="3" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thesticlinic.com/ureaplasma-urealyticum.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ureaplasma Urealyticum&lt;/a&gt; is a bacterium that can be passed through sexual contact although it is not considered a classic STI or STD because of its low degree of pathogenicity &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/Path.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(ie, harm the infected person)&lt;/a&gt;. The two species of Ureaplasma are Parvum and Urealyticum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one hand it may not lay dormant forever and once the immune resistance is weakened it may cause inflammation. On the other hand treatment (antibiotics) may actually cause more harm than Ureaplasma itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the modern approach to this?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there a consensus?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What are the criteria to decide whether the treatment is required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9635" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-06-29T04:14:51.743" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T14:10:37.453" Title="Should Ureaplasma Urealyticum be treated if it doesn't cause any symptoms?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-24T19:01:06.243" Score="3" ViewCount="326" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HPV 51 is considered carcinogenic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is currently no reliable method to completely cure it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to mitigate the risks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to detect cancer development?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are any actions required if there are no visible condylomata?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there any statistical data on how often HPV 51 causes cancer in males?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9635" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-05-18T18:16:51.647" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T18:16:51.647" Title="HPV 51 positive male - how to avoid cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-24T21:27:48.257" Score="1" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize the answer to this question varies with the time of day (most &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/want-healthy-skin-avoid-sun-damage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendations&lt;/a&gt; are to avoid exposure between 10am and 2pm), latitude, altitude, medication and other factors, and goes as far as claiming that &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanskin.org/resource/safety.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there's no such thing as a healthy tan&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's assume a white person in their 30s without an existing tan, who doesn't take any medication, living at around 35 degrees north latitude (California) at around sea level. For how long can they safely expose one unclothed body area to the sun, without sunscreen, outside peak hours, during the summer without clouds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &quot;safely&quot; I mean without non-obvious detrimental changes lasting longer than a week:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sunburn is obvious and not safe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/benefits-sunlight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;serotonin increases&lt;/a&gt; are non-obvious, but not detrimental&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DNA damage that does not materially affect the individual but might be passed on to offspring is outside the scope (assume the individual has already reproduced, and/or no longer plans to reproduce)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastEditorUserId="811" LastEditDate="2017-06-26T22:27:40.707" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T22:27:40.707" Title="How long can a fair skinned person be safely exposed to the sun without sunscreen?" Tags="&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23137" CreationDate="2017-06-24T22:00:20.330" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought that HbA1C is a way to measure the average blood sugar a person has had over the past 3 months.  But I just did an HbA1C test, and the form said that A1C measures an average over a 2 to 3 month time period.  So my question is, what is the exact duration of time over which HbA1C measure an average?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like as much numerical precision as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T14:01:21.760" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T00:17:04.513" Title="What interval of time does HbA1C give information about?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-25T10:11:30.463" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some of the subjects that I found so confusing :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Try to eat good Carbs/Sugar not the bad ones (simple / complex ):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Checked internet and from what I understood that they are quite similar but the chemical structure is different. &#xA;The differences between the structures makes the absorption more slow for the complex carbs ( and non processed sugar ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is does the fact of the slow absorption is really good? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way I understand this: At the end it's a matter of time until these Carbs get absorbed and turned into fat, so it is just a matter of time!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Abs exercices will not burn the belly fat!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also explained that you can't burn a specific area of your body ( this one makes a sense for me ). But saying that doing abs exercices will not burn the fat around your belly - I cannot trust this fact easily: what I'm burning then? Fuel? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No blog post explained in deep why you should this and shouldn't eat that, basically the same information is duplicated in all blogs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9641" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-06-25T10:58:53.390" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T07:32:14.807" Title="The most confusing concepts in weight loss" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-25T11:11:41.727" Score="3" ViewCount="404" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep reading statements like this (this one from a BBC news article, talking about alcohol and mangoes), and get suspicious that there is a misunderstanding somewhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It acts as a powerful diuretic, causing you to urinate more, meaning you become dehydrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that it would be one of these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It acts as a powerful diuretic, causing you to urinate more, meaning your bladder gets emptied more often, but otherwise not altering the water levels in your body. Diuretics are mainly a problem just before bed and on long car journeys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It acts as a powerful diuretic, meaning more of your body's water gets redirected to the bladder, even more than the water in the diuretic drink, and so you end up with a net loss of water in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought &quot;diuretic&quot; had the former meaning (you want to empty your bladder more often) but I'd love to have a proper medical reference, or see some solid scientific research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9642" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T20:31:23.747" Title="What exactly is a diuretic and its relationship to dehydration" Tags="&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12749" CreationDate="2017-06-25T20:31:23.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A diuretic increases diuresis, which means it causes your kidneys to excrete more urine. It has nothing to do with your bladder and both of those definitions you quote are wrong, especially the one saying it doesn't alter the water levels in your body. Diuretics definitely reduce the water levels in your body; that's the most common reason for taking them. The second quote is wrong by saying they cause water to be redirected to the bladder. There's no redirection involved. Water is removed from your system the same way whether you take a diuretic or not. It's simply removed faster with a diuretic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; has a good summary of their medical uses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver&#xA;  cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain&#xA;  kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make&#xA;  the urine more alkaline and are helpful in increasing excretion of&#xA;  substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poisoning.&#xA;  Diuretics are often abused by those with eating disorders, especially&#xA;  bulimics, in attempts to lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop&#xA;  diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic&#xA;  effect.[citation needed] That is, the reduction in blood pressure is&#xA;  not due to decreased blood volume resulting from increased urine&#xA;  production, but occurs through other mechanisms and at lower doses&#xA;  than that required to produce diuresis. Indapamide was specifically&#xA;  designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for&#xA;  hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-06-25T20:31:23.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="51" CreationDate="2017-06-26T03:57:29.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consumption of carbohydrates is necessary to sustain life and mental health. Eating or drinking carbs stresses the body both when consuming too much or too little. Today's diabetic diet do include carbohydrates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a little background, the pancreas serves two functional purposes. It provides the endocrine hormones that balance the sugar available in the blood stream. For the endocrine function, it produces insulin and glucagon from the Beta cells. Insulin is the catalyst for cells to pull in sugar from the blood. Glucagon tells the liver to dump glycogen to raise up blood sugar. The glucagon is dumped when the pituitary signals the adrenal glands to go into fight-or-flight mode. It boosts the available energy. Drinking simple sugars like the ones in soft drinks is an easily metabolized sugar, and it makes the pancreas work extra hard. At the same time, if the person has insulin resistance, the pancreas has to pump out even more to get the sugar from the blood into cells. Eventually the pancreas just stops functioning when it is worked too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second function of the pancreas is exocrine, and it produces enzymes to help the body digest food and absorb vitamins. One of the enzymes also aids in the digestion of carbohydrates. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to make a long story short, yes, consuming high amounts of sugar may increase your risk of diabetes, especially type 2. However, the bigger risks factors, for diabetes and the potential of pancreatic cancer, are stress, alcohol consumption and eating red meats. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to the American Diabetes Association answering your very &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/myths/?loc=db-slabnav&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt;. Here is more information about how to treat your pancreas with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pancan.org/facing-pancreatic-cancer/diet-and-nutrition/diabetes-and-pancreatic-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respect&lt;/a&gt;. The pancreas will demand respect eventually, and working with it helps to ease many complications of disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3378" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T03:57:29.250" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12760" CreationDate="2017-06-26T16:53:19.543" Score="6" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I know how much caffeine I drank and when. Just knowing my sex, weight (and maybe height), what is the best estimate for how much caffeine is in my system now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: Suppose I drank 180 mg of caffeine 5 hours ago, another 180 mg of caffeine 2 hours ago, I'm female and weigh 140 pounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing food intake may also have a lot to do with it, but let's ignore that. Is a good estimate available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Motivation:&lt;/em&gt; I am logging my blood pressure and want to know if it's correlated with the amount of caffeine in my blood. Rather than just write down how much caffeine I had that day, I wondered if there might be a better measure of how much caffeine I have at the time of measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7111" LastEditorUserId="7111" LastEditDate="2017-06-27T00:34:30.890" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T18:41:04.260" Title="What is the amount of caffeine in the human body over time?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12759" CreationDate="2017-06-26T18:05:56.987" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is readily absorbed, with up to 99% absorbed within 45 minutes of ingestion.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mean half-life in healthy individuals is 5 hours, although this varies widely between individuals, ranging from 1.5 to 9.5 hours. For our purposes, we'll use the mean of 5 hours.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Knowing the above plus how much caffeine you've ingested will allow you to plot caffeine levels over time. Given the wide variation in half-life, I'm going to ignore the 99% absorption and treat it as 100%. Using your example we get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The 180 mg you ingested 5 hours ago is now down to 90 mg.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The 180 mg you ingested 2 hours ago is now down to 136 mg. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therefore, there are now 90 + 136 = 226 mg in your system. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly that's only a ballpark figure given the wide variance of half-life times, but it's probably as close as you can get without more rigorous measuring techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-06-27T03:56:25.153" LastActivityDate="2017-06-27T03:56:25.153" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12761" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12762" CreationDate="2017-06-20T01:57:31.543" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wondering lately, I get bitten, or scratched by my cat a lot and the wound gets a tiny bit swollen, and then it heals. So if I get bitten by a house dog what could be the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="toothless199" LastEditorDisplayName="user3116" LastEditDate="2017-07-14T16:19:30.513" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T16:19:30.513" Title="Whose bite is worse for infection a cat's bite or a dogs?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12761" CreationDate="2017-06-22T02:26:58.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They can both be bad; it depends greatly on the type of wound.  Dogs are responsible for the vast majority of bites, hospitalizations, and deaths, but there's some suggestion that when cats do bite, it's more likely to cause serious problems, but the numbers of cat bites are small, so it's hard to say for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistically, dogs are are the cause of 85% - 90% of bites in the US, and ~50% of those bites are unprovoked.  Cats are responsible for 5% - 10% of bites, and close to 100% of those bites are provoked.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither cats nor dogs are known for their dental hygiene, so both cat and dog bites are at high risk for infection.  There's also a chance, especially in older animals, that some portion of the tooth breaks off and is left in the bite wound.  It seems that cat bites are more likely to be deep puncture wounds than dog bites, and, as such are more likely to cause a serious infection, but cat bites are also much rarer than dog bites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With cat bites, some people can go into anaphylactic shock, which is less likely with dog bites.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both cats and dogs can transmit rabies via bite; statistically, cats are more likely to have rabies than dogs, but the chance of either is very small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0815/p239.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0815/p239.html&lt;/a&gt; for detailed information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Kevin McKenzie" LastActivityDate="2017-06-26T15:50:59.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8959" CreationDate="2017-06-27T17:54:21.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's very little you could do in terms of lifestyle changes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://whyquit.com/whyquit/A_Benefits_Time_Table.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quitting smoking&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3059262/Binge-drinking-raises-risk-heart-attack-70-spirits-dangerous-beer-wine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stopping excessive drinking&lt;/a&gt;, and stopping the use of stimulants such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2111405/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cocaine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080604091829.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amphetamines&lt;/a&gt; are the only things I can think of that would have fairly immediate results, but I doubt it would be enough to prevent that arterial plaque from rupturing that's going to cause the heart attack. The time to prevent that was lifestyle changes 30 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would do if I had such information would be head to the best interventional cardiologist available and ask for a full workup and aggressive treatment of any pending problems they find. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-06-29T01:57:23.360" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T01:57:23.360" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12769" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13458" CreationDate="2017-06-27T18:16:09.087" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;One time before having a small operation I was given N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O gas (hope so) and an injection of some sedative (I don't know which one). I went high on the first dose and was given the injection incrementally till I fell fully unconscious. I was healthy during the operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I felt great about that feeling. Does giving anesthesia to patients cause addiction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T13:40:42.887" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T13:40:42.887" Title="Can anesthesia cause addiction?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8959" CreationDate="2017-06-28T02:26:38.543" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people get bad news from their own hearts in the form of a chest pains when actually getting a heart attack. But not all of these people can be treated, there are cases where angioplasty of a bypass cannot be performed. Such patients have a bad prognosis, they have a very high probability of suffering another heart attack in the near future. Dr. Esselstyn has been experimenting with a very strict plant based, fat free diet on such hopeless patients, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/J6pLRdawBw0?t=2910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt; with what he claims are good results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, the patients here did get medical treatment in the form of medicines, so anticoagulants, blood pressure medication, nitrates, statins etc. would all be administered where appropriate. Nevertheless, without the lifestyle changes imposed by sticking to Esselstyn's diet, most of his patients would have lived for no more than a few years, dying directly from another heart attack or from heart failure caused by subsequent heart attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, this does not mean that we should all stick to Esselstyn's diet. More rigorous tests are needed to verify his claimed results. Also, even if verified, an intervention that can prevent a death from some cause with a period of a few years may not be good for a young person who is not facing that risk at all.  Also, the short of diet Esselstyn is arguing for may lead to deficiencies on the long term if you're not very careful about your nutrient intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare this to taking aspirin. If you somehow know that you're going to have a heart attack in the near future, you'll be able to reduce the probability of getting that heart attack simply by taking an aspirin. But if you don't have that information, then taking an aspirin just in case will not help you to increase your life expectancy, because it increases the probability of a fatal intestinal bleeding, while the reduction of the probability of having a heart attack is going to have a lesser effect in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T02:26:38.543" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12310" CreationDate="2017-06-28T06:53:14.367" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since nobody answered, I tested it and it does help. If you have hyperopia with +5 diopter and use lenses with diopter +3.5, it effectively lowers your eye diopter error to +1.5 (with some difference due to water refraction index, depending on where the lens is). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practical terms, with +1.5 diopter you will see things very close to you somewhat blurry, but other things reasonably sharp, so it can be good enough for snorkeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in doubt, use for example this application:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediawebtool.com/tablet/optos_vs/diseases/hyperopia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mediawebtool.com/tablet/optos_vs/diseases/hyperopia/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take diopter error of your eye, subtract the diopter of the lens you want to use and you will get error of your eye after correction. See, if it is good enough for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9219" LastActivityDate="2017-06-28T06:53:14.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12732" CreationDate="2017-06-28T19:21:34.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you imply in your question, enzymes are catalysts, and as such, participate in a chemical reaction but remain unchanged after that reaction is completed. Therefore, once lactase has converted a lactose molecule into galactose and glucose, it is free to split another. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencing.com/activity-lactase-enzyme-9115.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt;, lactase can split up to sixty lactose molecules each second, so two lactase molecules can split 120; 4, 240; 16, 960. and so on. IOW, the more the lactase, the faster the conversion. &lt;a href=&quot;https://biochem80p.wordpress.com/tag/enzymes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; provides a graphics that demonstrate how enzymes work.&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Eiz5B.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Eiz5B.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;So to answer your question, yes, there is enough lactase present in a lactose-free product to further catalyze any lactose present in any added dairy products. Whether or not there is enough to catalyze that lactose before it passes into the large intestines is another matter, however. When lactase is added to regular dairy products, they're allowed to &quot;ferment&quot; for several hours. Since lactose is not cheap, only enough lactase is added to catalyze a given quantity of lactose in a certain amount of time. My guess is that there will still be a significant amount of lactose present before it's passed into one's large intestines, where it causes the symptoms of lactose intolerance. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There is a lactase enzyme sold on &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B003VSTRY8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amazon&lt;/a&gt; that can be added to regular milk. It requires five drops for sixteen ounces of milk. If my calculations are correct, it works out to 0.8 ml per gallon of milk. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;FWIW, the product is excellent. It makes a gallon of lactose-free milk about a dollar cheaper, which adds up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-06-29T21:21:40.450" LastActivityDate="2017-06-29T21:21:40.450" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-29T05:56:46.537" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Depo Provera shot directly start working or waiting must be required for it's effects. Secondly when the second shot should be conducted? Exactly after three months or can a delay of one to three days be acceptable or not. Or can we inject it again two to three days before the exact time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9668" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:19:42.587" Title="Is Depo-Provera shot directly start working?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-30T00:51:46.890" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specifically, a hospital serving a local population of 200-400 people, and assuming departments include ER, ICU, dentistry, maternity, outpatient, pharmaceutical, radiology, and general surgery. What would the physician to nurse ratio be? Could a physician cross departments for efficiency (i.e. unused ICU staff doubling as GP for outpatients)? Money is of no concern, and administration is run by the physicians themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9677" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T00:51:46.890" Title="What's The Minimum Staffing/Logistics For Running A Hospital?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;nurse-practitioner&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12744" CreationDate="2017-06-30T02:52:49.493" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand very few HPV &quot;infections&quot; lead to cancer. For a man ,if there is a cancer , it is very likely to be in the head and neck. Although squamous cancer it may not produce a surface lesion. Look for lesions, lumps, changes in voice, swallowing, sinuses. If have something find a doctor familiar with head and neck cancers. I had 3 doctors tell me I was imagining things until my cancer got to stage 4 by which time it was very difficult to treat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9678" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T02:52:49.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12785" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12788" CreationDate="2017-06-30T03:47:39.450" Score="0" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I went skiing recently and hit the back of my head pretty hard. I had a headache for a few days, but it went away and hasn't really come back. I recently got x-rayed for braces and noticed a depression about where I hit my head (in the back towards the bottom). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NcbKo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NcbKo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal, or at least not an issue? I feel like I might be paranoid, but I guess you can never be too safe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9681" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:16:03.230" Title="Are Depressions in the Skull Normal or At Least Okay" Tags="&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;&lt;skull&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-08-01T04:45:26.247" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12785" CreationDate="2017-06-30T12:16:03.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a layman, no expert on human skulls.  I do think I can likely help you feel a little less concern perhaps.  The type of xray used by orthodonists typically is called a cephalometric xray or ceph.  The image I see of you seems pretty typical &amp;amp; many seem to show some amount of a thicker area along the occipital bun on the back of the head.  Here is some info on the type of xray &amp;amp; if you link, you will see an image that very much shows a similar bone formation and a little info on the type of xray used.  You can certainly ask your orthodonist about it.  They can tell you what is typical that they see &amp;amp; I am pretty certain had they seen anything unusual, they would speak up immediately.  I had a chiropractor take an xray that showed a sinus tumor.  They didn't tell me that.  They told me I needed to have my dentist do some xray as something looked off in my oral cavity &amp;amp; they have a better resolution to take a look.  It was from a tooth growing in the wrong place &amp;amp; totally treatable.   &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywell.com/definition-of-cephalometric-ceph-x-ray-1059162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.verywell.com/definition-of-cephalometric-ceph-x-ray-1059162&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:16:03.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12777" CreationDate="2017-06-30T12:19:42.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the shot was given within a week of the period starting, it's instantly effective.  If not, its considered effective after 7 days.  It needs to be injected every 12-13 weeks.  Anything in that 7 day range is considered the &quot;right&quot; time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-shot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-shot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:19:42.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11525" CreationDate="2017-06-30T12:35:12.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to know the the level of conversion is through bloodwork to measure it and even that can be problematic.  From the CD site:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Commercial assays can be used to assess disease-induced immunity, but they lack sensitivity to always detect vaccine-induced immunity&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(i.e., they may yield false-negative results).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue there is that even the CDC knows that immunity can be undetectible (for what reason I do not know), and yet you are protected.  If it's a vaccine induced infection, I think you'd be subject to the same risk of false negatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only way to measure is titer though.  In fact, you cannot &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; know the current vaccine schedule is leaving you protected.  I have a sibling that has received a particular vaccine a number of times (3 times more than what is considered necessary) and regardless, if she has a titer pulled, it shows no immunity (not varicella, we had that as children).  We don't typically titer all people because it isn't generally a good use of resources.  You can though, request one to be done &amp;amp; certainly after an outbreak of varicella, to simply see if another shot is warranted or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quote provided is about 1/4 of the way down on that link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt17-varicella.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt17-varicella.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-06-30T12:35:12.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-06-30T14:08:48.200" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had various periods of extended back pain that chiropractors can relieve by &quot;adjusting&quot; (a.k.a. &quot;cracking&quot;) my spine in just a moment, providing immediate and long-term relief from pain sometimes in a single visit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've asked massage therapists if they can do that, and they decline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I see an MD for the exact same problem they may prescribe anti-inflammatories and seem more concerned with whether it's worth sending me to get an MRI, or whether I should just &quot;give it time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other professionals that will do the spinal adjustments for which chiropractors are known?  If not, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="843" LastEditorUserId="843" LastEditDate="2017-07-02T16:48:40.923" LastActivityDate="2017-07-02T16:48:40.923" Title="Are chiropractors the only professionals who will &quot;adjust&quot; the spine?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;chiropractor&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-01T00:04:18.670" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know a few people that'll have 5 hours, at the most, of sleep. Perhaps 6. It's habit for them, and I don't understand how they are able to remain energized and think clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a physiological difference, are they just conditioned, or are they not doing as well as they seem to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9686" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T00:04:18.670" Title="What is the physiological difference between people that can function on limited sleep, and other?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-01T01:52:37.570" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to buy lactase enzyme products, such as chewable tablets or drops, that convert lactose in dairy produts to glucose and galactose on-the-fly (supplementing or replacing low human lactase production).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these, particularly chewable tablets, may interact with lactose while the lactose-containing food is still in the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the effect on dental health of glucose/galactose compared to lactose? Is there a higher risk of dental health problems, e.g. cavities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If glucose and/or galactose are more detrimental to dental health than lactose, would swallowing the chewable tablet supplement (often also a listed administration method) be better for dental health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9624" LastEditorUserId="9624" LastEditDate="2017-07-01T23:55:07.630" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T23:55:07.630" Title="Lactase enzyme products and dental health" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;&lt;lactase&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11942" CreationDate="2017-07-01T23:50:45.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is absolutely possible for moisturizer to make acne worse. You've probably heard the term &quot;non-comedogenic&quot; in advertisements for various skin products, and that means that the product is not supposed to cause zits, aka comedones. &lt;a href=&quot;http://thescienceofacne.com/what-does-non-comedogenic-mean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a page with a more detailed explanation and a handy chart of common ingredients for reference. Additionally, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cosdna.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.cosdna.com&lt;/a&gt; allows you to input the name of an ingredient and returns the comedogenicity and irritancy ratings. I haven't used it extensively, but it has matched up with the Fulton scale on each search I've done so far.&#xA;However, comedogenicity ratings are definitely not to be taken as gospel. Acne is highly individual and multifactorial, so there is no way to derive a universally accurate scale of ingredients that will or will not cause acne. It can certainly be a helpful tool, but if it were that simple, no one would have long-term acne! ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moisturizer can also cause skin issues via sensitivity or allergy to any of the ingredients. I have very sensitive skin and am allergic to just about everything, so that happens to me all the time and I've just thrown in the towel and started making my own moisturizer. You should talk to your doctor about your individual situation (especially about concurrent use of the two treatments), but the answer to your question in general is yes. Moisturizer can cause all kinds of problems, but to figure out which ones you're experiencing, you'll need to be examined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck... I hope your skin feels better soon!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9682" LastActivityDate="2017-07-01T23:50:45.630" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-02T05:46:27.877" Score="1" ViewCount="2089" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recall from a commercial that brushing is to get rid of plaque, and the point of getting rid of plaque is to stop it from producing acid with sugars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what if I don't eat sugars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean foods like nuts, breads, potatoes, meats can be eaten after brushing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, can I eat potatoes and breads without brushing ever again and not have any adverse effects on my teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9691" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T13:41:15.280" Title="Can you eat nuts after brushing?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12826" CreationDate="2017-07-02T14:46:34.670" Score="4" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most studies which find a link between sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes focus on sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) intake, presumably because SSB's allow for a high sugar intake without feeling of satiety and provide a rapid rise in blood sugar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies which relate (added) sugar intake from solid foods to diabetes type 2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies which show a clear link between SSB intake and development of diabetes type 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/199317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/199317&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477.short&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/94/2/479.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/94/2/479.long&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8980" LastEditorUserId="11037" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T09:34:17.490" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T09:34:17.490" Title="Is sugar in beverages worse than sugar in solid food (i.e. candy, chocolate) with respect to diabetes type 2" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12804" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12808" CreationDate="2017-07-02T18:15:51.253" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any foods which can increase the brain activity, and can make you instantly more &quot;clever&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9694" LastActivityDate="2017-08-05T03:10:50.130" Title="Which foods increase the brain activity?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-07-19T15:45:44.650" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12804" CreationDate="2017-07-03T09:48:04.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont know if our diet can make us cleverer or not but I do know how our food habits can improve the overall functioning of the nervous tissue like memory,reflexes etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You see the well being of the nervous system based solely on diet tactics can be undertaken in 5 steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)The neurons communicate with one another via synapses and the working rate of the synapses depends on the availability of neurotransmitter.Neurotransmiter depletion is the main cause of fatigue at the synapses.&#xA;Intake of tryptophan rich food like milk ,,egg yolk and legume help in the formation of neurotransmitter serotonin which is thought to be involved in the memory pathways.Intake of choline containing food like eggs,liver,peanuts,spinach,beet,wheat,shell fish etc helps improve acetylcholine formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)The neuronal tissue is broadly segregated into white matter and grey matter.&#xA;Compounds like galactocerebrosides are more common in the white matter composition and gangliosides in the grey matter.&#xA;Intake of galactose rich food like milk,&#xA;essential fatty acids like linolenic acids,rich in walnut oil,soyabean oil,marine fish oils and linolenic acids in safflower and peanut oils help improve the functioning of these tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also amino acids like cysteine,methionine and serine are essentially helpful in maintaining the health of the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)The nervous system can generate ATP for conduction of impulses only from glucose.So the proper intake of glucose plays an important role too in reducing fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4)Electrolytes like Na+,K+ are important for conduction of impulses.So they should be considered for intake but in proper quantities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5)Vitamin B1,B6 is essential for a healthy nervous system.Food like yeast,liver,cereal grains,lentils,fish are rich in both of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9699" LastEditorUserId="9702" LastEditDate="2017-08-05T03:10:50.130" LastActivityDate="2017-08-05T03:10:50.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12810" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12830" CreationDate="2017-07-03T13:48:45.493" Score="2" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to reduce my waist size and I don't get much time in morning to run, so I am planning to run after dinner for 30 - 40 minutes.... My age is 26.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any disadvantages of running in night after dinner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-07T05:23:55.333" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T05:23:55.333" Title="Disadvantages of Running in Night after dinner" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2019-02-07T05:32:38.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12811" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12812" CreationDate="2017-07-03T14:32:47.290" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's common knowledge that getting insufficient sleep makes people immune-compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what about light rest? In particular, if you spend a significant amount of sleeping hours conscious (but sleeping by every other part of the definition) does that impair immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, this condition could be caused by sleeping disorders or other health conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T12:01:30.590" Title="Does conscious sleep impair immunity?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12811" CreationDate="2017-07-03T15:51:54.253" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is currently a researchable topic in neuroscience.&#xA;Actually its not about light sleep or deep sleep or resting.Neuroscience prefers to describe sleep in the context of the immunity into mainly two stages: REM(Rapid Eye movement)sleep and non-REM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every sleep cycle occurs broadly in the given stages:&#xA;wakefulness -&gt;rest -&gt;non REM-&gt;REM-&gt; non REM/wakefulness&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You see every stages has varying hours in total sleeping duration and is different at different ages.&#xA;The REM sleep is the also called paradoxical sleep because the EEG records are similar to that of wakefulness and it is during this stage that we dream.&#xA;It is actually this stage of sleep that is responsible for boosting immunity.That is why it has been experimentally determined in rats that when they are deprived of REM sleep continuously for a few days they die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like I said REM sleep is still under study and  is a matter of greater reasearch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REFERENCES:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839418/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839418/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568388/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568388/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9702" LastEditorUserId="9702" LastEditDate="2017-07-05T12:01:30.590" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T12:01:30.590" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="6991" CreationDate="2017-07-03T16:42:59.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;1: Straight-up natural selection&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacterial population mostly commensals and symbiotes with a few pathogenic bacteria present, some resistant -&amp;gt; commensals and symbiotes keep pathogens in check through eating their food -&amp;gt; take antibiotics -&amp;gt; resistant bacteria, including resistant pathogens are suddenly favored -&amp;gt; now it becomes a real problem&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;2: Somewhat roundabout and downright insidious.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infection false positive -&amp;gt; take antibiotics for nonexistent &amp;quot;infection&amp;quot; -&amp;gt; commensals and symbiotes forced to adapt (develop resistance) or die -&amp;gt; small chance some of them could encode antibiotic resistance in plasmids -&amp;gt; those plasmids might transfer and end up in the &amp;quot;wrong hands&amp;quot; (pathogenic bacteria) -&amp;gt; nice going &amp;quot;genius&amp;quot;, you just spawned another infectious headache for everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat unrelated, even if the new plasmid doesn't happen, improper use of antibiotics can cause an infection anyway:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infection false positive -&amp;gt; take antibiotics for nonexistent &amp;quot;infection&amp;quot; -&amp;gt; commensals and symbiotes die off -&amp;gt; large amounts of &amp;quot;food&amp;quot; (stuff that bacteria eat) left up for grabs -&amp;gt; finish antibiotic course -&amp;gt; bacteria repopulate -&amp;gt; chance of pathogenic bacteria grabbing more food first and crowding out commensals and symbiotes -&amp;gt; now you're actually sick&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T16:42:59.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-03T16:50:03.047" Score="6" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I have gas in my intestines, why does it hurt?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mayo clinic has a lot of words, that describe the how and why you get gas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anything that causes intestinal gas or is associated with constipation or diarrhea can lead to gas pains. These pains generally occur when gas builds up in your intestines, and you're not able to expel it. Most people pass gas at least 10 times a day. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/basics/definition/con-20019271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few answers at &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4505/methods-for-dealing-with-gas-pains&quot;&gt;Methods for dealing with gas pains?&lt;/a&gt; talking about how to get rid of gas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why do some, health people feel pain when they have gas?  I can't imagine the gas bubble has a sharp point, so it's not like the gas bubble is poking your intestine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.iasp-pain.org/Taxonomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; so some mechanism must be turning the physical presence of gas in the intestine to pain.  What is that mechanism? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarify: this question is about a healthy persons normal daily gas causing occasional pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2017-07-05T09:43:31.943" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T02:51:22.860" Title="Why does gas cause pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12800" CreationDate="2017-07-03T16:50:24.647" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is far more complicated. First, some sugars are far better at promoting cavities than others. Next, starches (such as potatoes and breads) slowly convert to sugar in the mouth due to amylase in saliva. Even worse, starches are better than straight up sugary liquids at sticking to teeth, which means that eating potatoes or bread and leaving the pieces in your mouth over the day could be worse for your teeth than a sugar-sweetened tea or coffee (where the sugar will tend to be washed away quickly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meats and nuts are usually sugar-free or almost sugar-free and are generally OK for eating after brushing, except if you glazed, marinaded, or dipped them in something sweet or starchy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T16:50:24.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-03T20:17:57.673" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic stress can have a serious impact on our physical as well as psychological health due to sustained high levels of the chemicals released in the ‘fight or flight’ response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've studied the neurobiological implications in abused children, and i found that in those children is noticed a dysregulation of the &quot;Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal&quot; axis and particularly anomalous levels of Cortisol (Hart, Gunnar, Cicchetti, 1995).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors hypothesize that the reduced activity of the HPA axis may have an adaptive role cause it protects against the consequences of a chronic hypercortisolism (Cicchetti e Rogosch, 2001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can this alteration have effects on social skills?&lt;/strong&gt; Are there &lt;em&gt;neurobiological&lt;/em&gt; evidences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9706" LastActivityDate="2017-07-03T20:17:57.673" Title="Which long-term effects can hypocortisolism have on behavior?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-03T20:23:21.153" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 27 years old brain lacks concentration and  memory, mood to perform daily task is lazy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to have a test most of the vitamins are ok except D and B complex Below average a little bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which supplements do you suggest me to take in order to get rid of mind Absent, and bad memory Also increase concentration, in terms of best Supplements brand and what should i take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9707" LastEditorUserId="9707" LastEditDate="2019-07-11T20:14:07.047" LastActivityDate="2019-07-11T20:14:07.047" Title="Brain performance suppliments" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;&lt;short-term-memory-loss&gt;&lt;multi-vitamin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-12T05:19:04.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-03T20:36:22.823" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I finally decided to have a surgery for my ACL since I tore it completely, and after taking so much time to think about it and gather opinions from doctors, friends, etc. I think is the best move I have right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend that already got his ACL fixed told me that he got a shot in the back right before the surgery and that he was awake most of the time. I asked my doctor if that was going to be the case for me and he told me that he was going to put me a mask around my mouth and nose and he will put me to sleep for all the time of the surgery duration, I told this to my friend and he said I should be careful with that because if they leave the mask for more time than needed that I can get into a vegetative state which made me very nervous because I think that is worse than dying in my opinion, is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can I expect to be the side effects of general anesthesia over local anesthesia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="650" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T10:37:27.597" Title="Are there any side effects of general anesthesia over local anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;knee&gt;&lt;acl-ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-07-18T22:17:21.210" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12802" CreationDate="2017-07-04T00:10:50.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume by &quot;(added) sugar intake from solid foods&quot; you mean something like, &quot;Is higher-than-average sugar consumption from foods (separate from beverages) associated with increased risk of Type II diabetes?&quot; &lt;em&gt;- If that is not correct, please let me know.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;CONTEXT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before listing citations to some relevant studies, some brief background information will provide important context for you and others reading this thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you know, the body breaks down carbohydrates (sugars, starches, fiber) into glucose. Consequently, health professionals encourage diabetic patients to not only monitor total carbohydrate intake, but also the &lt;em&gt;types&lt;/em&gt; of carbohydrates consumed as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most common ways to gauge the impact of a carbohydrate on glucose levels is the &lt;em&gt;glycemic index&lt;/em&gt; (GI), and its companion &lt;em&gt;glycemic load&lt;/em&gt; (GL).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mention this fact because while sweet foods, e.g., candy bars, cake, ice cream, etc., tend to have a high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), this is not always the case (e.g., watermelon is sweet, but has a low GL), and non-sweet foods high in starch can carry a high glycemic load. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MORE INFORMATION&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/glycemic-index-diet/art-20048478&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glycemic index diet: What's behind the claims&lt;/a&gt; on the Mayo Clinic website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Atkinson, F. S., Foster-Powell, K., &amp;amp; Brand-Miller, J. C. (2008). International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. &lt;em&gt;Diabetes Care, 31&lt;/em&gt;(12), 2281–2283. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1239&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1239&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The University of Sydney (Australia) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glycemicindex.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.GlycemicIndex.com&lt;/a&gt; - &#xA;&quot;The Glycemic Index (GI) is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates with a low GI value (55 or less) are more slowly digested, absorbed and metabolised and cause a lower and slower rise in blood glucose and, therefore insulin levels.&quot;﻿&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look up many foods' GI and GL on the University of Sydney's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycemic index search engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;RESEARCH ARTICLES&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some articles published in peer-reviewed medical journals that directly address your question (the first two citations), or a related aspect of your inquiry:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CITATION: AlEssa, H. B., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Malik, V. S., Wedick, N. M., Campos, H., Rosner, B., … Hu, F. B. (2015). Carbohydrate quality and quantity and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102&lt;/em&gt;(6), 1543–1553. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.116558&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.116558&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;QUOTE: &quot;Diets with high starch, low fiber, and a high starch-to-cereal fiber ratio were associated with a higher risk of T2D.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CITATION: Tsilas, C. S., de Souza, R. J., Mejia, S. B., Mirrahimi, A., Cozma, A. I., Jayalath, V. H., … Sievenpiper, J. L. (2017). Relation of total sugars, fructose and sucrose with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. &lt;em&gt;Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189&lt;/em&gt;(20), E711–E720. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160706&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160706&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with type 2 diabetes. To assess whether this association holds for the fructose-containing sugars they contain, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through June 2016). We included prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation of fructose-containing sugars with incident type 2 diabetes. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. We pooled risk ratios (RRs) using random effects meta-analyses. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RESULTS: Fifteen prospective cohort studies (251 261 unique participants, 16 416 cases) met the eligibility criteria, comparing the highest intake (median 137, 35.2 and 78 g/d) with the lowest intake (median 65, 9.7 and 25.8 g/d) of total sugars, fructose and sucrose, respectively. Although there was no association of total sugars (RR 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.09) or fructose (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84-1.29) with type 2 diabetes, sucrose was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98). Our confidence in the estimates was limited by evidence of serious inconsistency between studies for total sugars and fructose, and serious imprecision in the pooled estimates for all 3 sugar categories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INTERPRETATION: Current evidence does not allow us to conclude that fructose-containing sugars independent of food form are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research is likely to affect our estimates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CITATION: Reeds, J., Mansuri, S., Mamakeesick, M., Harris, S. B., Zinman, B., Gittelsohn, J., … Hanley, A. (2016). Dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a First Nations community. &lt;em&gt;Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 40&lt;/em&gt;(4), 304–310. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.001&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;QUOTE: &quot;At follow up, 86 participants had developed incident type 2 diabetes. FA [factor analysis] revealed 3 prominent dietary patterns: Balanced Market Foods, Beef and Processed Foods and Traditional Foods. After adjustment for age, sex, waist circumference, interleukin-6 and adiponectin, the Beef and Processed Foods pattern was associated with increased risk for incident type 2 diabetes (OR=1.38; 95% CI 1.02, 1.86). In contrast, the Balanced Market Foods and Traditional Foods Patterns were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CITATION: Malik, V. S., Li, Y., Tobias, D. K., Pan, A., &amp;amp; Hu, F. B. (2016). Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Epidemiology, 183&lt;/em&gt;(8), 715–728. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv268&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv268&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;QUOTE: &quot;Substituting 5% of energy intake from vegetable protein for animal protein was associated with a 23% (95% CI: 16, 30) reduced risk of T2D [Type 2 Diabetes]. In conclusion, higher intake of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of T2D, while higher intake of vegetable protein was associated with a modestly reduced risk.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T00:10:50.430" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-04T06:12:27.370" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether anorexic people have trouble with drinking water as well or just solid food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6426" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:49:41.703" Title="Anorexia and drinking water" Tags="&lt;anorexia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12827" CreationDate="2017-07-04T10:22:32.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is: No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, A number of psychological factors contribute to Anorexia nervosa and some patients might also have issues with water intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is interesting to note that Anorexia nervosa is stongly related to impaired water metabolism (water balance in other words), at times (rarely) leading to water intoxication and even death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03327750&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fluid intake, personality and behaviour in patients with eating disorders, Abraham, S.F., Hart, S., Luscombe, G. et al. Eat Weight Disord (2006) 11: e30. doi:10.1007/BF03327750&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.1051/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hart, S., Abraham, S., Franklin, R. C. and Russell, J. (2011), The reasons why eating disorder patients drink. Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev., 19: 121–128. doi:10.1002/erv.1051&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(92)90379-P&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paul Jacquin, Olivier Ouvry, Patrick Alvin, Fatal water intoxication in a young patient with anorexia nervosa, Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 13, Issue 7, 1992, Pages 631-633, ISSN 1054-139X, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(92)90379-P.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:49:41.703" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:49:41.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12825" CreationDate="2017-07-04T10:37:27.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your anxiety is natural, especially if this is your first surgery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, statistics are clear: Anaesthesia is safe. &#xA;In fact, it is safer than driving a car. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should discuss your nervousness with your family physician or an anaesthetist who can reassure you and clear all your doubts. Health StackExchange is not a bad replacement too, so let me give you one or two pointers on what will happen and why you shouldn't worry (these do not replace adequately a talk you can have in person with a physician) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Please do not listen to anecdotes or read stories on Facebook, they will only cause more anxiety. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Before the Surgery, the Anaesthesist is going to go through your medical record carefully and have a talk with you (Pre-Anaesthesia workout). Based on your health condition and the surgery, the Anaesthesist will work out a meticulous plan which will include details of what anaesthetic agent(s) to use, how to introduce those agents and who to wean you off them at the end of the surgery, so that you can nicely recover consciousness. He/She will also have a backup plan, lest something should go wrong.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During the Surgery, the Anaesthesist is going to very carefully calibrate a mixture of gases that will sedate you into unconsciousness as per plan, and continue to monitor on a minute to minute basis, various parameters of your body to judge its optimal functioning. Your Heart Rate, Pulse, Rate of Breathing, How much your blood is oxygenated, etc will be part of the monitoring. As per the Monitoring, the Anaesthesist will increase or reduce the amount of anaesthetic agent. Also, the Anaesthesist will withdraw the anaesthetic agents gradually and carefully, allowing you to 'wake up'. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are worried if they will leave the 'mask on' for longer than needed, but this will never happen. There will be a checklist of things to do and the whole team goes through these checklists to ensure that nobody 'forgets' to do something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are still not convinced or worried, you can and should talk to a caregiver, nursing staff, patient advisor or at least a community worker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope you have a great surgery and early recovery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T10:37:27.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12810" CreationDate="2017-07-04T10:41:08.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Immediately after dinner - No. The body is re-directing a significant amount of blood to your stomach region to deal with the dinner you just had. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, a run would not be advisable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should ideally wait at least 2 hours after dinner and if the dinner was heavy, at least 4 hours to allow for the food to be digested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Wait for 2 to 4 hours after dinner before you run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T10:41:08.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-04T12:09:29.170" Score="0" ViewCount="1115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say a person is born with both thumbs unable to &quot;bend&quot; more than 5 degrees at the MCP joint (center or middle joint).&#xA;This picture is of a thumb bending well over 45 degrees at the same joint. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O1vEi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O1vEi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9711" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T22:37:28.247" LastActivityDate="2018-06-10T10:51:20.150" Title="What is the name for an underdeveloped MCP joint in the thumb?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;thumb&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12824" CreationDate="2017-07-04T14:00:55.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Narusan's comment on exercise, it's important to consider diet too. Sometimes a lack of concentration and mental alertness can result from lower-than-usual energy levels, which can in turn be caused by poor dietary choices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS Choices stresses that eating well (as in a healthy, balanced diet) is preferable to taking supplements when trying to boost or maintain energy levels: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/energy-mythbuster.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/tiredness-and-fatigue/Pages/energy-mythbuster.aspx&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9423" LastActivityDate="2017-07-04T14:00:55.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12836" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12838" CreationDate="2017-07-04T16:12:31.470" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading Zimbardo's &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1846041031&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The lucifer effect: understanding how good people turn to evil&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in which he describes the famous &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment#Goals_and_methods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stanford prison experiment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that investigated the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison guards. The experiment's results favor situational attribution of behavior over dispositional attribution. It seemed that the situation, rather than their individual personalities, caused the participants' evil behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zimbardo concluded that a set of psychological processes - among them deindividuation and obedience to authority - can induce good people to do evil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifiying Zimbardo's definition of evil: - &lt;em&gt;&quot;Evil consists in intentionally behaving in ways that harm, abuse, demean, dehumanize, or destroy innocent others - or using one's authority and systemic power to encourage or permit others to do so on your behalf&quot;&lt;/em&gt; - my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does a cerebral circuit of evil induced by situational circumstances exist ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9706" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T06:47:22.240" Title="Any research on brain's processes involved in evil actions?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-04T19:03:06.343" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently bought some clothing which has a sticker attached to it stating that the clothing material was tested for harmful substances under OEKO-TEX® Standard 100.  I have never seen this before so I did a bit of research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the website, I have found that OEKO-TEX® is a Swiss company and standard 100 takes account of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oeko-tex.com/en/business/certifications_and_services/ots_100/ots_100_start.xhtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;important legal regulations, such as banned Azo colourants, formaldehyde, pentachlorophenol, cadmium, nickel, etc.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked up Pentachlorophenol and according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tuv-sud.com/home-com/resource-centre/publications/e-ssentials-newsletter/consumer-products-e-ssentials/e-ssentials-4-2016/technical-guidance-on-pentachlorophenol-pcp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TÜV SÜD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a group of polychlorinated compounds used as preservatives for wood, leather and textiles to protect against the attack of moulds, fungus and bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PCP is toxic to human and the environment, in particular to aquatic life. Acute inhalation exposure to PCP in humans may affect the cardiovascular system, blood, liver, and eyes. PCP is also suspected to be carcinogenic. When PCP-treated articles are burned, highly toxic chemicals such as dioxins and furans may be released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am in the UK and our country is not in the list of countries which have restrictions on PCP provided on the TÜV SÜD website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand that PCP could be harmful whilst the textiles are treated with PCP, but is PCP in textiles actually harmful when worn after the PCP has been applied?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9715" LastEditorUserId="9715" LastEditDate="2018-04-28T22:32:43.950" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T22:32:43.950" Title="PCP and OEKO-TEX® Standard 100" Tags="&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12836" CreationDate="2017-07-04T20:38:04.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you put it that way... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;...a cerebral circuit of evil...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...no, that is absolutely ridiculous (no offense). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the human body (and generally in nature) there are only physical and &lt;strong&gt;biochemical mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All behaviours&lt;/strong&gt; that are described by the behavioural sciences (e.g. psychology) can be interpreted by biochemical mechanisms. For example, if you suddenly feel threatened then your heart rate will increase and you will feel the urge to either run away or get very aggressive and stay put. That's because a chemical reaction in your brain triggered the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fight-or-flight response&lt;/a&gt; and cortisol is having a party with adrenaline and all your internal organs are invited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E3yg5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/E3yg5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't be a coward if you run away and not evil if you decide to fight... it doesn't matter how you were raised or what you believe in because even if you are a pacifist, you will try to protect yourself if you have to and chemistry is on your side.&#xA;The same principle applies to everything else, including &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression#Physiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aggression&lt;/a&gt; which can be influenced by numerous hormones that themselves are influenced by numerous situations and of course &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_of_aggression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genetics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biochemical mechanisms and pathways&lt;/strong&gt; are very complex and they even overlap and interact with each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a map of all the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/bio_sim/articles/metabolic_pathways.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metabolic pathways&lt;/a&gt; to get an idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, when it comes to the complex human behaviour, you can imagine how difficult it is to put the pieces together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thought is not arbitrary or philosophical, it is pure chemistry! It's&#xA;  just... not easy to understand, measure, describe, experiment with...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/what-are-thoughts-made-of/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Are Thoughts Made Of?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in order to scientifically explain &quot;evil&quot; one has to take all knowledge we have on biochemistry and genetics and apply it to human behaviour. That's a very daunting task and concept to grasp, which if you want to do then you should walk in the path of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neuropsychology&lt;/a&gt; and organic psychiatry while taking up physiology, biochemistry and genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, other keywords you're looking for are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obedience&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;compliance&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;The problem with those terms though is that they're a bit abstract when it comes to science. We haven't established any satisfying connection between them and the human brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9548" LastEditorUserId="9548" LastEditDate="2017-07-05T06:47:22.240" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T06:47:22.240" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-05T05:06:56.760" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;My doctor advised me to get vaccinated against the Japanese encephalitis before a trip to Cambodia. He recommended three injections in order to get protected for 10 years: a first injection, a second one a month later and a third one six months later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the basic principle of vaccination is to inject an innocuous version of a virus so that the immune system knows it, and recognizes it and respond to it quickly in case of contact with the real virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Could someone explain how the multiple injections vaccination works?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a guideline for answering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why three injections and not one as for many other vaccinations?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the three injections in the process the same?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How flexible is this schedule? In particular, I had always been confused by the &quot;6 months later&quot; for the third injection. Is it 6 months after the first or the second injection? Does it matter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="484" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T05:06:56.760" Title="How does the schedule for a vaccination in multiple injections work?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5489" CreationDate="2017-07-05T17:31:41.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any peer-reviewed scientific evidence supporting positive effects from listening to binaural beats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, several. Here are two &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RSS feeds&lt;/a&gt;, which will continuously update, with research articles on binaural beats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=1JAk5IMbg5bmNMHPIeQ14XUY1FnnNzZdrT8hIlMftEW8mAyICV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed RSS feed&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/pubmed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt; (US National Library of Medicine) where &quot;binaural beats&quot; appears in the title or abstract of an article. (&quot;binaural beats&quot;[Title/Abstract]) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/rss/binaural%20beats?f%5B0%5D=bundle%3Areview&amp;amp;f%5B1%5D=im_field_stage%3A3&amp;amp;adv=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane RSS feed&lt;/a&gt; - standard search for 'binaural beats'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the only review article I could find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chaieb, L., Wilpert, E. C., Reber, T. P., &amp;amp; Fell, J. (2015). Auditory beat stimulation and its effects on cognition and mood states. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00070&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find any articles with a meta-analysis of the extant research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several very recent articles add to accumulating evidence for positive effects, under specific conditions, e.g., listening to 15 Hz binaural beats but not 5 Hz binaural beats, and with specific individuals, i.e., not every adult will respond in the same manner depending on several variables, many of which have not yet been delineated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Anxiety Reduction&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isik, B. K., Esen, A., Büyükerkmen, B., Kilinç, A., &amp;amp; Menziletoglu, D. (2017). Effectiveness of binaural beats in reducing preoperative dental anxiety. &lt;em&gt;British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 55&lt;/em&gt;(6), 571–574. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.02.014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.02.014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Heart-Rate Variability (Relaxation)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McConnell, P. A., Froeliger, B., Garland, E. L., Ives, J. C., &amp;amp; Sforzo, G. A. (2014). Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Psychology, 5&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01248&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Creativity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reedijk, S. A., Bolders, A., &amp;amp; Hommel, B. (2013). The impact of binaural beats on creativity. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00786&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00786&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Visuospatial Working Memory&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beauchene, C., Abaid, N., Moran, R., Diana, R. A., &amp;amp; Leonessa, A. (2016). The effect of binaural beats on visuospatial working memory and cortical connectivity. &lt;em&gt;PLOS ONE, 11&lt;/em&gt;(11), e0166630. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166630&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166630&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Verbal Working Memory&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beauchene, C., Abaid, N., Moran, R., Diana, R. A., &amp;amp; Leonessa, A. (2017). The effect of binaural beats on verbal working memory and cortical connectivity. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Neural Engineering, 14&lt;/em&gt;(2), 026014. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa5d67&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa5d67&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Cognitive Flexibility&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hommel, B., Sellaro, R., Fischer, R., Borg, S., &amp;amp; Colzato, L. S. (2016). High-frequency binaural beats increase cognitive flexibility: evidence from dual-task crosstalk. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Psychology, 7&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01287&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Individual Differences&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reedijk, S. A., Bolders, A., Colzato, L. S., &amp;amp; Hommel, B. (2015). Eliminating the attentional blink through binaural beats: a case for tailored cognitive enhancement. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6&lt;/em&gt;, 82. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;This suggests that the way in which cognitive-enhancement techniques, such as binaural beats, affect cognitive performance depends on inter-individual differences.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, what types of binaural beats, and what were the positive effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see the articles listed in both RSS feeds. Answering your question with specificity would constitute a review article in itself. ;-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Have any negative effects been documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not in recent studies where the technique has become more refined based on previous findings. However, I would caution anyone from running out and buying an binaural beats app or the like, unless you know a lot about the topic; you trust the manufacturer; you do not have any potentially contraindicating audiological, psychiatric, neurological, or cognitive impairments or disorders; and you run it by your physician first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2017-07-05T17:31:41.833" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12861" CreationDate="2017-07-05T20:09:48.170" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people develop these before compared to their counterparts. Does the geography has an important effect, because of a sun exposure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9694" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T00:14:23.217" Title="What are the reasons for developing the wrinkles in the eyes? Is sun exposure an important cause?" Tags="&lt;wrinkles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1631" CreationDate="2017-07-06T02:18:08.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have you had a read through the &quot;What counts as your 5 A Day&quot; link, at the top of the NHS page you linked to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/5ADAY/Pages/Whatcounts.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/5ADAY/Pages/Whatcounts.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to answer most of the questions you've raised. Keep in mind that the point of these programs is to increase the variety of fresh fruit and veg - not to give you a list of foods you should eat, but to push towards better eating habits involving a wider variety of fresh foods (which, as the site says, are known to be healthier than processed foods).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to that NHS page, potatoes don't seem to count because they're already consumed ubiquitously and often unhealthily. Wine wouldn't count because a) it's not fresh, and b) there are other health concerns involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9624" LastEditorUserId="9624" LastEditDate="2017-07-06T05:26:18.207" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T05:26:18.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="463" CreationDate="2017-07-06T07:00:36.490" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my experience, it is better to change postures while you sit long. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most often, I sit in a posture similar to below yoga posture 'Padmasana' in my chair, but not for so long, just for 5 or 10 minutes. It really helps to reduce the tension on the back.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, it need not be in exactly this position, just cross your legs as you can. After 5 or 10 minutes you can go back to your normal sitting posture as suggested in above answers. Whenever you feel tension on the back just try this posture for a few minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try this out and see how it goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c12R2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c12R2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="815" LastEditorUserId="815" LastEditDate="2017-07-06T07:11:51.853" LastActivityDate="2017-07-06T07:11:51.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-06T11:57:59.850" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;For orthodontic treatments such as braces, after completion of treatment, sometimes teeth return to their original position or some degree of misalignment.  How frequently does this occur?  How often does it occur if maintenance (such as retainers) treatments are done properly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9732" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-06T09:04:06.380" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T09:04:06.380" Title="What is the failure rate of orthodontic treatments?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12853" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-06T13:19:16.753" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually take lunch at 2 PM and take dinner at 9 PM without any snacks or coffee in between. I will take a glass of green tea and two liters of water in between lunch and dinner. I feel hungry around 7 and I don't eat anything until 9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can staying hungry have any effect on health ? If so, what measures do I need to take ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorUserId="8427" LastEditDate="2017-07-10T05:08:37.963" LastActivityDate="2017-07-10T05:08:37.963" Title="Is there disadvantages in staying idle with hunger?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;hunger-hungry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12843" CreationDate="2017-07-07T00:14:23.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin wrinkles are generally caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life&lt;/a&gt;. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first link states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T00:14:23.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10316" CreationDate="2017-07-07T00:17:45.270" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin wrinkles and creases are generally caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of age, men have a higher collagen density than women; this is the ratio of collagen to the thickness of the skin. Researchers believe that the higher collagen density accounts for why &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dermalinstitute.com/uk/library/17_article_Is_a_Man_s_Skin_Really_Different_.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;women appear to age faster than men of the same age&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both men and women lose about one percent of their collagen per year after their 30th birthday. For women, however, this escalates significantly in the first five years after menopause then slows down to a loss of two percent per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life&lt;/a&gt;. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first link states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-07-07T07:50:18.363" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T07:50:18.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1902" CreationDate="2017-07-07T00:21:04.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin wrinkles are generally caused by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-collagen#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a breakdown of the collagen framework within the skin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Collagen is a key part of your skin's structure. It forms a network of fibers within your skin that acts like a framework.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In young skin, the collagen framework is intact and the skin remains moisturized and elastic. Over time, the support structure weakens and the skin loses its elasticity. The skin begins to lose its tone as the collagen support wears down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrinkles and other signs of skin ageing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.boots.com/healthy-skin/guide/ageing-skin-do-you-look-older-than-you-should&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be influenced by habits and behaviours during a person's life&lt;/a&gt;. Avoiding some risk factors for premature skin ageing can help keep skin looking younger for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as smoking causing premature skin aging,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrinkles at the corners of the eyes (crow's feet) or between the eyebrows (frown lines) are thought to be caused by small muscle contractions. Over a lifetime, habitual facial expressions like frowning, smiling or squinting leave their mark on our skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first link states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using your facial muscles -- smiling, frowning, or squinting, for instance -- is part of expressing yourself. That's normal, but it does stress the collagen in your skin. Over time, that stress adds up and contributes to facial lines and wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If your lips are pursed whilst you are consuming the lozenge, then over time, wrinkles will form just like they would with other facial movements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T00:21:04.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1413" CreationDate="2017-07-07T00:47:53.527" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem can be down to the hearing protection level of the earmuffs compared to the earplugs and the pain is the result of the noise hurting your ears.  Different hearing protective devices can have different protection levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To select the right hearing protection for you, you may want to look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coopersafety.com/earplugs-noise-reduction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cooper Safety's Webpage&lt;/a&gt; and read up on the information on NRR values. Specifically, the section on &lt;strong&gt;How does NRR change decibels of exposure?&lt;/strong&gt; They also list on the page, typical sound levels in decibels (dB) of various sounds in order for you to estimate the dB levels you want to cancel out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said your earmuffs have a NRR of 25dB.  Looking at what Cooper Safety highlights, that means they will reduce the noise level by 9dB (not 25dB) and a lawnmower or blower will have a noise level of around 90-100dB so NRR of 25dB is nowhere near enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish you luck in your search for something which is right for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T00:47:53.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-07T06:45:38.197" Score="3" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness are the four classic symptoms associated with asthma. Is it possible for someone to not experience any of the last three symptoms and still be diagnosed with bronchial asthma? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9744" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:11:31.383" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:11:31.383" Title="Asthma without coughing, wheezing, or chest tightness?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;cough&gt;&lt;tight-chest&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-07T07:42:29.760" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw lot of companies advertising in online or in TV that we can reduce belly fat by using their machines. Is that really works , Is there any disadvantages  ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also i saw some take medical treatments for removing extra fat present only in belly part ? what affects will happen on health ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aXFCW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aXFCW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T07:42:29.760" Title="Is there any disadantage in reduce belly fat by machines or by medical treatments" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12869" CreationDate="2017-07-07T12:05:09.810" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an infection comes back a few weeks after taking antibiotics, because the full dose and prescribed amount of antibiotics wasn't taken, does this mean that the bacteria is now immune to that antibiotic? Or can it still be treated the same way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9745" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-07-14T16:18:17.553" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T16:18:17.553" Title="Resistance of Bacteria to Antibiotics after fall-back" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12868" CreationDate="2017-07-07T21:05:06.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, nothing is immune to anything, just resistant, and resisitance itself varies. If you develop a bacterial or viral disease, your body will develop antibodies against it. This makes you resistant to the bacteria or virus, but not immune. If you are exposed to a sufficient quantity of that same agent, you will develop the disease again. This is true for antibiotic-resistance, as well.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;So...when you take antibiotics for some bacterial disease, some small percentage of those bacteria may be naturally resistant to the bacterium simply because of genetic mutation, may have developed strategies that allow it to mutate in response to environmental stimuli, or have borrowed it from cross-breeding&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4888801/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. When you start taking the antibiotic, it kills off the non-resistant bacterial population first, which is generally the vast majority if it. Normally, you are prescribed a sufficient amount of antibiotic to kill off the whole bacterial population. The problem arises when people stop the antibiotic regimen because they're feeling fine and see no reason for taking the remaining prescription. This leaves behind the resistant bacteria. And if your immune system doesn't take care of the rest, you will redevelop the disease, and it will then be resistant the that antibiotic. Not only that, but you will then spread that antibiotic-resistant bacteria to others.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Depending on the strength of the bacteria's resistance the disease may nor may not need to be treated with a different antibiotic, but most likely it will. If treated with the same antibiotic, the dosage and/or duration will need to be increased.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://harvardmagazine.com/2014/05/superbug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decent article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Note: by mentioning viruses I do not mean to imply that antibiotics may be used to treat viral infections. Also, I omitted bacterial resistance developed by other means (e.g. farm animals, food sources) because it seemed beyond the OP's question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-07-07T22:44:51.037" LastActivityDate="2017-07-07T22:44:51.037" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12871" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-07T23:10:08.597" Score="2" ViewCount="724" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some animals do Anilingus, so it might be  reasonable to think that also among healthy humans anilingus might be without harm or is even healthy to strengthen the immune system or has some other benefits. Is that true when done on a regular basis from a young age on like some animals do, that it is healthy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9750" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-08T01:11:06.457" LastActivityDate="2019-03-29T09:05:27.947" Title="Is Anilingus healthy?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12875" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-07-08T12:53:07.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A myocardial infarction occurs if blood flow through the heart muscle stops or is significantly decreased. This will damage the heart muscle and if not treated, the oxygen supply to vital organs will decrease. Untreated myocardial infarctions are lethal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CeYmLm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CeYmLm.png&quot; alt=&quot;Myocardial infraction scheme&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction#/media/File:AMI_scheme.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common causes for a myocardial infarct is a coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking and over-weight or diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of a myocardial infarction are chest pain, which often radiates to the left arm. However, roughly 30% of myocardial infarctions have atypical symptoms. When an infarction is suspected, it is important to call emergency services immediately, as the survival rate drastically decreases with time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, myocardial infarctions are diagnosed with an electrocardiogram (ECG). Elevated ST segments are a typical indicator of a heart attack.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UfCup.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UfCup.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://stephsap.blogspot.de/2011_02_01_archive.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stephsap.Blogspot&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:49:08.887" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:49:08.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12876" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-07-08T12:53:07.080" Score="0" Body="Questions regarding a myocardial infarction, also known as heart attack." OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:49:52.897" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:49:52.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12878" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12905" CreationDate="2017-07-08T19:04:09.803" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the anatomy of my injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How it happened:&lt;/strong&gt; I was cutting to the left in basketball. My right knee popped 3 times and I felt sharp pain. Immediately after the injury I couldn't extend my leg any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Extension:&lt;/strong&gt; I can extend it to about 20-30 deg from straight. After that I get a sharp pain in anterior-medial below the patella (where the meniscus is). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Flexion:&lt;/strong&gt; After the injury I could flex it almost all the way. Two days after it locks 45 degrees from fully bent. At that point I get a sharp pain in posterior-lateral region of the knee (in the knee crevice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;General:&lt;/strong&gt; I can put moderete weight on my leg, but can't walk without crutches because I cannot straighten it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;History:&lt;/strong&gt; I had the exact same injury (simptoms) 2 times in my life before. Each time, I would stay in bed 2-3 weeks and could limp. A month or two and I could walk/run. I also had an ACL surgery 8 months ago (after those two times).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; I can't understand why my knee locks. The general belief is that a part of meniscus is stuck underneath the knee and this is in line with my immediate locking. However, I feel like it doesn't explain why I am able to region the range of motion 2-3 weeks after the injury. Is there any other explanation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9761" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T05:08:00.230" Title="Anatomy of Knee Locking That Heals in Weeks" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;&lt;legs&gt;&lt;tear-of-a-meniscus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-07-24T21:06:07.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T03:27:13.533" Score="3" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the most advanced non-invasive technology these days for identifying clogged arteries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9762" LastEditorUserId="9762" LastEditDate="2017-07-09T03:39:49.950" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T03:39:49.950" Title="What is the most advanced non-invasive technology these days for identifying clogged arteries?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T04:19:40.280" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been running for a while now and dieting, and I've lost a couple of pounds of weight. I'm now 130 lbs and 5 foot 11, and 25 years old. As a result, my breast size has also decreased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that you lose more of your breast fat if you're on a calorie deficit, than what you gain if you're on a calorie surplus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, I've heard that if you lose 5 pounds, and then gain 5 pounds, you will have relatively less fat in your breasts in the end than before you lost the 5 pounds, and relatively more in your belly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? is there scientific evidence for this, or for it being false?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9758" LastActivityDate="2018-12-23T18:59:15.683" Title="Does my breast size decrease permanently after weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T04:49:22.303" Score="2" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can APC cells become autoreactiv against own antigens if they only have PRR as recognition complexes - and are not under central/peripheral immune tolerance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6811" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T04:49:22.303" Title="APC cells - autoreactivity" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;antigen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11104" CreationDate="2017-07-09T06:17:06.613" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Frozen vegetables are just as good if not better than fresh vegetables at a grocery store, provided that the vegetables are frozen immediately after harvest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many online articles that point to this, but here's an example from a recent NY Times article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nutrient level differences between fresh and frozen produce are so minor they aren’t likely to impact overall health.  Vitamin content occasionally was higher in some frozen foods but researchers found no consistent differences between fresh and frozen. Frozen broccoli, for example, had more riboflavin than fresh broccoli. But frozen peas had less riboflavin than fresh peas. Frozen corn, green beans and blueberries had more vitamin C than fresh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/are-frozen-fruits-and-vegetables-as-nutritious-as-fresh/?emc=eta1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/are-frozen-fruits-and-vegetables-as-nutritious-as-fresh/?emc=eta1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9754" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T06:17:06.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T07:07:01.110" Score="4" ViewCount="1259" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad's histopathological examination (HPE) of his rectal adenocarcinoma says &lt;code&gt;T2 Nx Mx&lt;/code&gt;. Hence, it means that the lymph nodes were not assessed. However, as per my understanding, when the rectum/colon is removed, some lymph nodes should have been removed. So, what does &lt;code&gt;Nx Mx&lt;/code&gt; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible not to remove any lymph nodes at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9763" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:11.487" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:43:11.487" Title="What is the meaning of T2 Nx Mx in histopathological examination?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lymph-nodes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T09:35:41.120" Score="3" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical papers/books exist linking vaccines to autoimmunity yet I am not able to decide whether they should be considered sound and peer reviewed scientific studies or not. Some examples are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;rare reactions such as hypersensitivity, induction of infection, and autoimmunity do occur and can be severe and even fatal&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26275795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;In this review of the literature, there is evidence of vaccine-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant-induced autoimmunity in both experimental models as well as human patients&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118663438.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;The final section covers diseases in which vaccines were known to be the solicitor – for instance, systemic lupus erythematosus&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me to understand whether the concern about autoimmunity is or is not scientifically supported?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9765" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T20:00:04.027" Title="Vaccines and autoimmunity concerns" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T13:07:42.550" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common focus of press releases following outbreak of a &quot;new&quot; infectious disease is the &quot;patient zero&quot;, or first individual to show infection. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand how epidemiologically it would be quite important to know where an infectious disease started and when to understand its spread, but is this information actually useful for development of treatments and vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T13:07:42.550" Title="What is the significance of &quot;patients zero&quot; in infectious disease beyond epidemiology?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-09T15:20:43.240" Score="5" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;During perimenopause a womans period may become irregular and lighter. Since menopause is said to be finished after a woman hasn't had a period for 12 months,  would very light menstrual spotting for 2-3 days be considered a period? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8403" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T17:18:22.853" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T09:32:48.123" Title="Is spotting considered a period?" Tags="&lt;menstruation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12978" CreationDate="2017-07-09T20:47:13.860" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;My hairs started to grow white when I was about 18. After that, I notice some of them grow black again, but mostly they are turning into white. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this age (24 y/o) almost half of my hairs are white. I've visited 3 doctors (different ages) but they didn't tell me anything other than it's genetic. However, there is no one in our family having such a condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've asked my parent and grandparents to recall sharply if anyone related to them had her/his hair grown white in a young age, but the answer was negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't end here. My beard and mustache are very sparse. If you split the hair coverage on a normal male, then I only have the bottom half. Even those don't fully grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, no one else has such condition in our family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it have another reason other than genetics? Since I don't live in some radioactive field or some exotic locations with strange environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9770" LastEditorUserId="9770" LastEditDate="2017-07-15T20:23:32.187" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T09:31:35.427" Title="Strange hair growth behavior" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7519" CreationDate="2017-07-09T23:23:28.163" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming that we are talking about the risk of having intercourse one time under the conditions you described, and assuming you do not know if your male partner had an STD, and provided your partner used a latex or polyurethane condom labeled as protective against disease, the risk of contracting HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis quite low (it is &lt;strong&gt;very unlikely&lt;/strong&gt; that you contracted any of those STDs), although it is not zero. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of contracting genital ulcer diseases (herpes, syphilis, chancroid) and HPV (human papillomavirus) infections, even with proper condom use, is somewhat higher, although it is &lt;strong&gt;statistically unlikely&lt;/strong&gt; that you contracted one of those STDs from one-time intercourse as you described. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the best advice (which you will see on any authoritative website, journal article, or from your own doctor) is: &lt;strong&gt;&quot;When in doubt, get it checked out.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; And in general, regular STD testing is the best way to prevent the spread of STDs (if you know you have an STD, you can either not have sex or inform your partner(s) and take preventative measures) and to treat them early and more effectively if you happen to contract one. Talk with your doctor, a local health clinic, or other health provider about how often you should get tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some related information that might be helpful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Illness/HIVAIDS/ucm126372.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;From the FDA&lt;/a&gt; (United States Food &amp;amp; Drug Administration):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will a condom guarantee I won't get a sexually transmitted infection?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When used consistently and correctly, condoms are highly effective in&#xA;  preventing HIV. They are also effective at preventing sexually&#xA;  transmitted diseases (STDs) that are transmitted through bodily&#xA;  fluids, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. However, they provide less&#xA;  protection against STDs spread through skin-to-skin contact like human&#xA;  papillomavirus (genital warts), genital herpes, and syphilis. Although&#xA;  highly effective when used consistently and correctly, there is still&#xA;  a chance of getting HIV if you only use condoms, so adding other&#xA;  prevention methods can further reduce your risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I get the most protection from condoms?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is best to read the label on the packaging the condom came in&#xA;  before using the condom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Choose the right kind of condoms to prevent disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Store them in a cool, dry place. Storing condoms near heat (your back&#xA;  pocket or glove compartment) can make them weaker and less effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Remember to use a new condom every time you have sex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does a condom protect against sexually transmitted infection?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A condom acts as a barrier or wall to keep blood, or semen, or vaginal&#xA;  fluids from passing from one person to the other during intercourse.&#xA;  These fluids can harbor germs such as HIV and other sexually&#xA;  transmitted infections.  If no condom is used, the germs can pass from&#xA;  the infected partner to the uninfected partner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do I choose the right kind of condoms to prevent disease?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Always read the label. Look for two things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The condoms should be made of &lt;em&gt;latex&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;polyurethane&lt;/em&gt; condoms for&#xA;  people sensitive or allergic to latex. Tests have shown that latex and&#xA;  polyurethane condoms (including the female condom) can prevent the&#xA;  passage of the HIV, hepatitis and herpes viruses. But &lt;strong&gt;natural&#xA;  (lambskin) condoms may not do this&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The package should say that the condoms are to prevent disease.&lt;/em&gt; If the package doesn't say anything about preventing disease, the condoms&#xA;  may not provide the protection you want, even though they may be the&#xA;  most expensive ones you can buy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Novelty condoms will not say anything about either disease prevention&#xA;  or pregnancy prevention on the package. They are intended only for&#xA;  sexual stimulation, not protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Condoms which do not cover the entire penis are not labeled for&#xA;  disease prevention and should not be used for this purpose. For proper&#xA;  protection, a condom must unroll to cover the entire penis. This is&#xA;  another good reason to read the label carefully. &lt;em&gt;(emphasis added)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a pretty amazing website that provides links to &lt;strong&gt;28 different STD Risk Calculators&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calculators.org/health/std-risk.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.calculators.org/health/std-risk.php&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;strong&gt;quick, easy-to-read table&lt;/strong&gt; that tells you which sexually transmitted diseases you can contract depending on whether you have anal or vaginal intercourse and whether or not the 'penetrating' male uses a condom: &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartsexresource.com/sites/default/files/Anal-Vaginal-Sex-Table-v3.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://smartsexresource.com/sites/default/files/Anal-Vaginal-Sex-Table-v3.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The website also has tables for oral sex and other types of sex: &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartsexresource.com/about-stis/know-your-chances-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://smartsexresource.com/about-stis/know-your-chances-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;strong&gt;Fact Sheet&lt;/strong&gt; from the United States Centers for Disease Control that gives a quick overview of STD prevalence in the U.S. for 2015:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/STD-Trends-508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC Fact Sheet: Reported STDs in the United States&lt;/a&gt; (PDF) – Summary of trends and highlights of data from 2015 Surveillance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More info on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stdcheck.com/blog/stds-you-can-get-while-wearing-a-condom/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;STDs You Can Get While Wearing A Condom&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - Molluscum Contagiosum, Pubic Lice/Crabs, Syphilis, Genital herpes, and HPV (human papillomavirus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Condoms and STDs: Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which is slightly more technical than the public fact sheet, but most readers here will understand it and I like the detail it provides. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/latex.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HTML version&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/docs/Condoms_and_STDS.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;em&gt;Advocates for Youth&lt;/em&gt; website, &lt;strong&gt;Condom Effectiveness&lt;/strong&gt; provides well-referenced information about the efficacy of condom use for various STDs. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/416-condom-effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HTML version&lt;/a&gt; | &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/fscondomeffectiveness2005.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2017-07-09T23:23:28.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-10T17:04:00.323" Score="4" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that the consumption of caffeine increases my productivity and improves my mood. That being said, I'm wary of acquiring a tolerance - I would like to take a low enough dose infrequently enough that I have an increase in energy and mood when using it, and return to my baseline when not using it. I would like to avoid developing a tolerance to the point that consuming Caffeine simply brings me back to what was previously my 'baseline'. I've done a fair amount of searching online, and was unable to find any reputable sources detailing information on caffeine tolerance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On average, how much caffeine will a person have to consume, and how often, to develop a tolerance? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user9777" LastEditorDisplayName="user9777" LastEditDate="2017-07-10T21:30:27.910" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T18:39:45.360" Title="Caffeine tolerance" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-08-03T20:33:51.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-10T22:14:54.230" Score="3" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;p&gt;what's the best way to prepare or cook oats for the benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;does soaking oats have any benefits such as lowering GI?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;does cooking oats have more benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;how long do you need to microwave oats to get those benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;what's the minimally viable time you should microwave your oats to get these benefits&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9779" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:26:46.660" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:26:46.660" Title="Does soaked oats lower glycemic index (GI) and does it chemically/biologically count as cooked?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12919" CreationDate="2017-07-11T02:33:09.610" Score="0" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;My friend got tb skin test last three day. There is no swell spot or redness and the result of the test is negative. But on &lt;strong&gt;day 4&lt;/strong&gt;, he start to have redness spot on the injection area and a bit itchy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Does it mean he has tb virus?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9781" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T22:20:55.687" Title="Getting red spot after 3 days of Tb Skin test" Tags="&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12904" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12906" CreationDate="2017-07-11T04:38:45.720" Score="1" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;When someone gets a stroke their capillaries in the brainare gradually tearing. Usually, we bring the patient to the nearesthospital for immediate treatment.&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There's one unconventional method of saving human life from stroke. It is the&#xA;  method of a Chinese Professor who said that this method is 100%&#xA;  efficient. He added that if a family member got hit by stroke,&#xA;  just be calm. Regardless of where the victim is, do not move them,&#xA;  because if you move the patient, capillaries will burst and bleeding&#xA;  in the brain will occur.&lt;br&gt; Here are the steps on how a needle can&#xA;  save a stroke patient's life:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hold the needle over a fire for a few seconds in order to sterelized it, and then use it to make a small stab wounds on all 10&#xA;  fingers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;There is no specific acupuncture. The stab wounds should be only a few millimeters from the nail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The wounds are made so the blood can flow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If there is no bleeding you should apply some pressure in order to cause bleeding.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;When all ten fingers start bleeding you should wait for a several minutes and you will see that the patient will come back to life!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the victim's mouth is distorted, massage their ears until they become red by improving the blood flow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Then you need to use the needle and poke in each ear's soft part in order to make two drops of blood drop (from each ear). A few minutes&#xA;  later, the patient's mouth would no longer be distorted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wait until the patient becomes conscious and their movement went back&#xA;  to normal without any unusual symptoms. Afterwhich, bring them to the&#xA;  hospital for further treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seem the unconventional method like a hoax for me. Actually it is FACT or HOAX ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9406" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T05:42:58.520" Title="Fact or Hoax : Unconventional method of saving human life from stroke?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12878" CreationDate="2017-07-11T05:08:00.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As I can't see you in person.  This is by no means a Dx, please see a physician or physical therapist as soon as possible.  They will be&#xA;  able to perform an evaluation to determine the extent of the injury&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;You cannot treat this yourself you MUST see a specialist.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is only an idea of what may be going on, I cannot tell without an eval.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://flexcin.com/6-telltale-signs-your-knee-injury-is-serious/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://flexcin.com/6-telltale-signs-your-knee-injury-is-serious/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coreconcepts.com.sg/condition/the-buckling-knee/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.coreconcepts.com.sg/condition/the-buckling-knee/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CwYCO.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CwYCO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HYIBm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HYIBm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T05:08:00.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12904" CreationDate="2017-07-11T05:42:58.520" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Grandmother died of a ischemic stroke (TIA followed by blockage) after weaning herself off of blood thinners because she didn't &lt;strong&gt;&quot;need the medicine&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huge issue with his advice - the large majority of strokes are due to a clot or another form of vessel blockage. The rest caused by a hemorrhage (you'll have the worst headache of your life) while bleeding profusely internally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That advice literally makes me mad &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;(not at you)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; -- but whoever wrote it.&#xA;   &lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Physiologically it makes no sense.&lt;/em&gt;  In most cases that would kill someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Below is Advice According to the MayoClinic.org&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch for these signs and symptoms if you think you or someone else may be having a stroke. Note when your signs and symptoms begin, because the length of time they have been present may guide your treatment decisions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trouble with speaking and understanding.&lt;/strong&gt; You may experience confusion. You may slur your words or have difficulty understanding speech.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg.&lt;/strong&gt; You may develop sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, especially on one side of your body. Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Similarly, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes.&lt;/strong&gt; You may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes, or you may see double.&#xA;Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness or altered consciousness, may indicate you're having a stroke.&#xA;Trouble with walking. You may stumble or experience sudden dizziness, loss of balance or loss of coordination.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When to see a doctor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seek immediate medical attention&lt;/strong&gt; if you notice any signs or symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to fluctuate or disappear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Think &quot;FAST&quot; and do the following:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?&#xA;Or is one arm unable to raise up?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is his or her&#xA;speech slurred or strange?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Time. If you observe any of these signs, call 911 immediately.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call 911 or your local emergency number right away. Don't wait to see if symptoms go away. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A stroke occurs when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. This deprives your brain of oxygen and nutrients, which can cause your brain cells to die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A stroke may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people may experience only a temporary disruption of blood flow to their brain (transient ischemic attack, or TIA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ischemic Stroke&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 85 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes occur when the arteries to your brain become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). The most common ischemic strokes include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thrombotic stroke.&lt;/strong&gt; A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to your&#xA;brain. A clot may be caused by fatty deposits (plaque) that build up&#xA;in arteries and cause reduced blood flow (atherosclerosis) or other&#xA;artery conditions. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Embolic stroke.&lt;/strong&gt; An embolic stroke occurs when a    blood clot or other debris forms away from your brain — commonly in    your heart —&#xA;and is swept through your bloodstream to lodge in    narrower brain&#xA;arteries. This type of blood clot is called an    embolus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hemorrhagic stroke&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in your brain leaks or&#xA;   ruptures. Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions that&#xA;   affect your blood vessels, including uncontrolled high blood pressure&#xA;   (hypertension), overtreatment with anticoagulants and weak spots in&#xA;   your blood vessel walls (aneurysms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A less common cause of hemorrhage is the rupture of an abnormal&#xA;   tangle of thin-walled blood vessels (arteriovenous malformation)&#xA;   present at birth. Types of hemorrhagic stroke include:&#xA; - &lt;strong&gt;Intracerebral hemorrhage.&lt;/strong&gt; In an intracerebral hemorrhage, a blood vessel in the brain bursts and spills into the surrounding brain&#xA;   tissue, damaging brain cells. Brain cells beyond the leak are&#xA;   deprived of blood and also damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High blood pressure, trauma, vascular malformations, use of blood-thinning medications and other conditions may cause an intracerebral hemorrhage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Subarachnoid hemorrhage.&lt;/strong&gt; In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, an artery on or near the surface of your brain bursts and spills into the space&#xA;between the surface of your brain and your skull. This bleeding is&#xA;often signaled by a sudden, severe headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A subarachnoid hemorrhage is commonly caused by the bursting of a&#xA;small sack-shaped or berry-shaped outpouching on an artery known as&#xA;an aneurysm. After the hemorrhage, the blood vessels in your brain&#xA;may widen and narrow erratically (vasospasm), causing brain cell&#xA;damage by further limiting blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transient ischemic attack (TIA)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A transient ischemic attack (TIA) — also known as a ministroke — is a brief period of symptoms similar to those you'd have in a stroke. A temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain causes TIAs, which often last less than five minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your brain. A TIA doesn't leave lasting symptoms because the blockage is temporary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seek emergency care even if your symptoms seem to clear up. Having a TIA puts you at greater risk of having a full-blown stroke, causing permanent damage later. If you've had a TIA, it means there's likely a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to your brain or a clot source in the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not possible to tell if you're having a stroke or a TIA based only on your symptoms. Up to half of people whose symptoms appear to go away actually have had a stroke causing brain damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T05:42:58.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T09:00:21.083" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat 150 grams of raw oats every morning together with other things, and I have just heard that oats should always be cooked (boiled). (I do a lot of exercise)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard that in the long run, raw oats can cause  problems such as irritable colon, gasses, digestive problems and inflammation and deficiencies in magnesium, iron, calcium and potasium due to the phytic acid present in oats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have also heard that it takes a long time to digest, and it can leave remains in the intestines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is that appart from occasional gasses I do not feel bad and my blood analysis always are corect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1042" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T09:00:21.083" Title="Is it safe to eat uncooked (raw) oats" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12915" CreationDate="2017-07-11T10:22:27.247" Score="4" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case a victim of an accident or gun shot or other trauma of that sort is heavily bleeding, does it increase survival chances to tell them to stay awake? And if it does, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can imagine it might prevent the patient from passing out, but why would that be a good thing? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9783" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:10:14.450" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:10:14.450" Title="Keeping a heavily bleeding patient awake. Why?" Tags="&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;penetrate-trauma-wound&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;&lt;exsanguination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T13:01:42.463" Score="0" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been coughing for around 3 months now, with a feel of air flow on my throat. I went to my family doctor, who said it was reflux from my stomach that went out to my throat and made like red things on my throat that make me cough. I wasn't convinced so I went to another doctor who said the same and gave me Esomeparzol to reduce stomach acidity (Even I don't feel an acid taste at all), and that made me go to an Otolaryngologist who said that I have allergies in my throat due to my nose secretions and he did Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy to be sure of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not convinced. I am not seeking any medical advice here. I worry that I have a tumor in my lung that makes me cough (though no blood, or anything else other than the cough for 3 months now). I know my doctors are right. &lt;strong&gt;But how do I stop being nervous?&lt;/strong&gt; How can I trust my doctor ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-07-15T11:12:14.547" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T11:12:14.547" Title="How can I trust my doctor and what he said" Tags="&lt;cough&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-07-24T20:02:30.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T13:03:59.757" Score="4" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a medical student reading a book about nutrition and Metabolism. In the description of Anorexia nervosa patients the writer states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;She has a preoccupation with, and often a considerable knowledge of, food and frequently has a variety of stylised compulsive behaviour patterns associated with food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does 'stylised compulsive behaviour patterns associated with food' mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9731" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T17:56:14.550" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T17:56:14.550" Title="What are the food behaviors of anorexic patients?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;obsessive-compulsive&gt;&lt;anorexia&gt;&lt;eating-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T13:23:35.650" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I've read seems to indicate that hypothermia leads to death by stopping the heart, which means your cells slowly die from oxygen deprivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is that accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suppose you mechanically pumped a person's blood as they got colder, and also oxygenated their blood. Would this enable them to survive?  For instance, could you use this as a kind of partial cryosleep?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9786" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:11:45.300" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:11:45.300" Title="Circumvent death by hypothermia" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;hypothermia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T13:49:33.973" Score="2" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been ejaculating huge amounts of semen overnight, and I have to wake up and change my clothes and clean up before I can go back to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something I can do to prevent ejaculation during my sleeping hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9787" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:08:33.407" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:08:33.407" Title="Ejaculating while sleeping" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;pre-ejaculate-cum&gt;&lt;semen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-07-29T18:58:58.620" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12908" CreationDate="2017-07-11T13:51:36.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No!&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;With brain injuries&lt;/strong&gt;, it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.brainline.org/author/jeffrey-bazarian/qa/it-true-you-should-keep-someone-awake-who-has-sustained-tbi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not recommended anymore to keep patients awake&lt;/a&gt; because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;people with a concussion need to sleep to recover. In the days before head CT scanning was widely available, the only way to know if someone had life-threatening brain bleeding (which occurs in less than 0.1 percent of those with concussion) was to observe him for a decrease in his level of alertness that resulted from the blood pressing on vital brain structures. This usually happened within six hours of injury. It was thought that if you could keep someone awake you could prevent him from lapsing into coma, which of course did not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;While &lt;a href=&quot;http://15answers.com/does-keeping-someone-awake-keep-them-from-dying-like-in-movies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some people on the internet&lt;/a&gt; claim&lt;/strong&gt; that someone awake with a higher blood pressure and a faster pulse will have better survival chances, (actually, this would mean that they bleed more, not less), there is no scientific evidence that this will indeed improve survival chances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Emergency services&lt;/strong&gt; usually check whether the patient is still able to stay awake to assess his situation &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/masstrauma/resources/gcs.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)&lt;/a&gt;. Saying &quot;Stay with me, buddy&quot; will then be used to asses the verbal response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, this is only used to assess the current life-threatening dangers (for example in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564046/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;various Triage systems&lt;/a&gt;). Keeping someone awake will not benefit their survival chances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mostly, trying to keep someone awake only creates very dramatic scenes for movies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T05:36:41.110" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T05:36:41.110" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12934" CreationDate="2017-07-11T17:16:47.723" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;can a person get infected by Hepatitis B while taking Hepatitis B vaccine if the needle is infected with Hepatitis B virus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:08:01.920" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:08:01.920" Title="can a person get infected by Hepatitis B while taking Hepatitis B vaccine" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12914" CreationDate="2017-07-11T20:13:13.937" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nocturnal emissions &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/nocturnal-orgasms-and-emissions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(q.v.)&lt;/a&gt; are completely normal and generally nothing to worry about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T20:13:13.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12903" CreationDate="2017-07-11T22:20:55.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of different skin tests used for tuberculosis.  The common ones are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mantoux test&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tine test&lt;/a&gt;, and the no-longer-used &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaf_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heaf test&lt;/a&gt;.  All three of them indicate potential tuberculosis infection by measuring the presence and/or size of the firm raised area at the injection site after a certain amount of time; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20100215105953/http://www.immunisation.nhs.uk/files/mantouxtest.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS's instructions for administering the Mantoux test&lt;/a&gt; specifically call out itching of the injection site as normal, and state that any redness should be ignored when judging the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T22:20:55.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-11T23:30:52.463" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason I am asking this is actually related to daily recommended potassium intake, which is stated to be around 4.700 mg daily. However, even if I concentrate all my meals on potassium intake, it's very hard to get near this number (I think around 14 bananas would suffice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So searching for possible ways to increase intake, I noticed a number of &quot;meal replacements&quot; (like Soylent, but many of them DIY), which use potassium chloride or potassium citrate to provide the necessary intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.completefoods.co/diy/recipes/keto-chow-150-master-rich-chocolate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Keto Chow&quot; recipe&lt;/a&gt; contains 6 grams of potassium citrate, and apparently perfectly provides all the nutrients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XcBnH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XcBnH.png&quot; alt=&quot;Nutrient facts for Keto Chow&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Image taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.completefoods.co/diy/recipes/keto-chow-150-master-rich-chocolate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.completefoods.co&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the &quot;numbers&quot; look rather nice, but I am wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any downsides using such meals?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Specifically for potassium, is potassium citrate a safe supplement?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5243" LastActivityDate="2017-07-11T23:30:52.463" Title="Is it a good idea to consume Soylent meal replacements (specifically containing potassium supplements)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;meal-replacement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12924" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16290" CreationDate="2017-07-12T07:56:05.123" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the 23andMe DNA Test is reliable and worth to get ? Or there is nothing like the actual physical dna tests at laboratories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does 23andMe DNA Test provide the exact information provided by laboratories or it is a waste of time and money ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I am not promoting for this product at all, the only thing is that DNA test are so expensive, how can a simple small machine can do that hard work instead of laboratories. So, I asked the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:06:16.943" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T02:20:59.683" Title="23andMe DNA Test is reliable?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;brands&gt;&lt;dna&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-12T13:59:36.177" Score="-2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;My heart rate increasing, hand is shaking, feeling too weak that can’t stand up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this happening to me??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2198" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T01:07:45.793" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T01:07:45.793" Title="Why am I feeling too weak that can’t stand up after seeing new syllabus before two days of exam?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;shake-tremble-fidget&gt;&lt;central-nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-07-19T15:42:06.197" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12936" CreationDate="2017-07-12T23:26:21.783" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad is currently taking Synthroid and according to instructions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.synthroid.com/medication/routine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Use SYNTHROID only as ordered by your doctor. Take SYNTHROID as a single dose, preferably on an empty stomach, one-half to one hour before breakfast.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if he waits more than one hour? What if he takes at bedtime and waits 10 to 14 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the instructions said &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;AT LEAST one-half to one hour before breakfast&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the answer is obvious, but according to the wording it implies food MUST be eaten 1 hour after taking Synthroid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please clarify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T03:25:44.103" Title="Synthroid : 30 minutes to 1 hour before meal. What if person waits more than 1 hour" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-12T23:42:44.290" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being diagnosed with severe vitamin D deficiency, I am on a high dosage (50k IU per week) for the past 2 months. I have also been getting regular sun exposure. &#xA;But my weakness and other problems which show because of the deficiency have become worse (although my levels are rising as per the blood work).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few people said that the medications will make things worse before it gets better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? I have been trying to read a lot about this and haven't come across anything stating this. Does anyone know if this is true and what is the scientific reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9796" LastActivityDate="2017-07-12T23:42:44.290" Title="How long does it take for Vit D medications to show effect?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10921" CreationDate="2017-07-13T00:06:23.953" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As someone who has been diagnosed with severe vitamin D deficiency, I can tell you from my personal experience that low vitamin D levels almost always makes you feel sad and depressed (we are talking about the chronic type). And since the levels take a lot of months to rise to normal, this lower mood levels start to become a part of your life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/health-conditions/depression/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin D&lt;/a&gt; receptors are linked to the areas of the brain associated with depression. &#xA;There have been many &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908269/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; to prove this is true. A quick google search will point you to many more studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anti-depressant drugs help in most cases, although the doctor should decide more on this. Almost always as the vitamin D level starts to rise, it does take care of this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9796" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T00:06:23.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12916" CreationDate="2017-07-13T02:06:50.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's hard to imagine such a scenario but the answer is yes. If you haven't completed the vaccination series and therefore haven't developed immunity yet, then you remain susceptible to infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T02:06:50.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12925" CreationDate="2017-07-13T02:30:12.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is safest to be evaluated by a medical professional. The rules of HealthSE don't permit personal health advice questions. If you are still experiencing symptoms - as above, get seen urgently or phone for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9797" LastEditorUserId="9797" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T06:29:51.283" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T06:29:51.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12936" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12930" CreationDate="2017-07-13T03:25:44.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is directed that way due to the impact of having food in your stomach. It requires an empty stomach for adequate absorption of the drug. Waiting the 30 mins - 1 hour means that there's enough time for the drug to begin being absorbed before the food dilutes this. It also requires waiting at least three to four hours before taking any supplements that contain iron or calcium, calcium-fortified juice, or cow’s milk, which can be difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to take Synthroid at night time, there is some concern that there will still be food from dinner, although most patients haven't eaten a lot just before going to bed anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies have been done that have shown an improvement in thyroid hormone levels if taken at bedtime compared to in the morning.The key with Synthroid is taking it regularly and consistently, if night time suits him better that is an okay option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&#xA;Bolk, Nienke MD; et. al. &quot;Effects of Evening vs Morning Levothyroxine Intake: A Randomized Double-blind Crossover Trial.&quot; Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010;170(22):1996-2003.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9797" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T03:25:44.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-13T09:43:32.107" Score="0" ViewCount="1685" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any foods that can naturally increase the length and girth of my penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some food I can think about are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milk &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steak&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eggs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Basil &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Broccoli &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not looking for like 5 extra inches, just maybe 1 more inch would be fantastic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9801" LastEditorUserId="45" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:55:41.360" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T04:55:41.360" Title="What foods can increase penis length and girth?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T21:31:07.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12942" CreationDate="2017-07-13T17:17:08.527" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;After full sexual development is complete (usually the teens for most males), penis enlargement is impossible. Anyone who tells you otherwise is a liar and is probably trying to sell you something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/penis-enlargement-does-it-work#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/men/guide/penis-enlargement-does-it-work#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;I think there isn't a guy in the world who hasn't wished his penis&#xA;  were an inch or two longer,&quot; says Michael O'Leary, MD, professor of&#xA;  urologic surgery at Harvard Medical School and a urologist at Brigham&#xA;  and Women's Hospital in Boston.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, after more than a century of generally dubious and sometimes&#xA;  lunatic penis enlargement attempts, there's still not much you can do.&#xA;  Sure, there are lots and lots of supposed options out there -- penis&#xA;  pills, creams, brutal stretching exercises, horrific-looking devices,&#xA;  and penis surgery. Almost none of it works. The few approaches that&#xA;  can work often have modest benefits and serious side effects. How&#xA;  serious? In some cases, erectile dysfunction-serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Trust me, if I knew of a way to safely and effectively increase penis&#xA;  size, I'd be a billionaire,&quot; O'Leary tells WebMD. &quot;But I don't. Nobody&#xA;  does.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T17:17:08.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12948" CreationDate="2017-07-13T19:25:42.840" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know any better remedies except operation available for &lt;strong&gt;scrotal swelling in a child&lt;/strong&gt; ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My sister's son is affected with this... why does it occur for 1 and half year child? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And is there any solution except operation available? In my localities they say different reason was not satisfied. Simple google search told me disorder name but I didn't understand why it occurs and its cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody tell me? would be great help and will save a child life... we are waiting to operate but we would like to cure without operation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Child feels pain when somebody touches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3682" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T11:31:41.140" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T11:31:41.140" Title="Scrotal swelling affecting a child" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-02-08T14:46:34.000" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12945" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12946" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" LastActivityDate="2017-07-13T23:21:25.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12972" CreationDate="2017-07-14T00:56:09.617" Score="4" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming both water and soda water come from the same tap water source, and the soda water does not have any additives or flavoring. (aka not pop) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What effect would soda water have on the human body compared to plain water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9810" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T11:53:45.080" Title="What is the difference between soda water and water?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12944" CreationDate="2017-07-14T06:11:53.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not the right place to ask that question, you/your sister need to talk with the medical professional who evaluated and diagnosed him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA, whoever proposes to do surgery has a legal and ethical obligation to explain it thoroughly (the reasons for the procedure with the risks, benefits, and alternatives) to the patient or legal guardian of the child BEFORE the procedure. &#xA; Informed consent.  I don't know the law in your country but there must be something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Health SE we can't diagnose or propose treatment plans.  Even for a doctor, without examining the child, it would be unethical to give treatment recommendations.  Yes there are some causes of scrotal swelling that MIGHT REQUIRE surgery (for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_torsion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;torsion&lt;/a&gt;, or often &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/dxc-20206367&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inguinal hernia&lt;/a&gt;), sometimes medical emergencies requiring &lt;em&gt;immediate&lt;/em&gt; surgery. But no one online should diagnose your nephew's case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend you write down your specific questions,  print out a picture like the one I attached, and TAKE THEM BOTH to the physician (or another for a second opinion if you feel it is needed) to explain it to your sister (and you).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rw1Bc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Rw1Bc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T06:11:53.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11182" CreationDate="2017-07-14T06:24:09.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with the answers on cleaning and the type of bottle/cork/lid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing you should consider is that residue from your saliva may be what &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.breathmd.com/how-to-smell-your-own-breath.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;smells bad&lt;/a&gt;.  Try leaving the freshly-cleaned bottle filled with your usual water out for a day without drinking from it and see if there is any odor, in which case it might be your water source. Then try changing your oral hygiene habits - brushing after meals, brushing your TONGUE, gargling with mouthwash - and see if that improves anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T06:24:09.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5825" CreationDate="2017-07-14T12:03:38.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cooling burn-injured skin has a benificial effect on the extent or depth of the wound. This cannot fully be explained by only &quot;taking away the heat&quot;. We know this, because delayed cooling still has a beneficial effect, even if the intradermal temperature has already fully normalized.&lt;br&gt; &#xA;Cooling a burn wound influences important cellular and humoral mediators involved in the inflammatory respons that develops in the burning skin. However, the mechanisms are still not fully understood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417915000054?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This review&lt;/a&gt; gives some interesting background information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:03:38.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="814" CreationDate="2017-07-14T12:19:15.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a misconception that you will start to cough up tar after smoking cessation. I can imagine why you would think that - after all, cigarettes contain tar and that has to have gone into your lungs, so it has to come out, right?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What happens is that you breathe in fine particles with smoking, part of which your body gets rid of in the period after you had that cigarette. Another part settles in your lungs, but it's not going to get out. I'm guessing you're visualizing it as a collection of tar/dust in your lungs which you're going to cough out eventually if you keep coughing up enough. It simply isn't. You get mucus because of irritation/inflammation of the lungs due to smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are going to find is that your lung function gets better with time after smoking cessation. The amount of  mucus you cough up will likely also get less. &lt;a href=&quot;http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/23/3/464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This review&lt;/a&gt; gives some interesting background information about what smoking cessation does to your lungs and body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:19:15.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1480" CreationDate="2017-07-14T12:35:12.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As has been pointed out in the comments, a common cold is already a (viral) infection. By far the largest part of upper airway infections are viral and the body is very capable of clearing them up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a common misconception that that the colour of the mucus gives information about whether it is viral or bacterial. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410464/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; shows that the sensitivity of yellowish or greenish sputum used as a test for a bacterial infection was 0.79 (95% CI 0.63–0.94); the specificity was 0.46  (95% CI 0.038–0.53), which is very low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A visit to your doctor for a cold is almost never necessary. Even in the case that there is a bacterial infection, your body can almost always get rid of it itself. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076918&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; concludes that in acute, uncomplicated rhinosinusitis (which is, essentially, what we call &quot;a cold&quot;) there is no place for antibiotics. It may cause the cold to be over faster than it would be without antibiotics, but without the antibiotics there is a very very low rate of complications. Antibiotics cause adverse events and resistance of bacteria, so they should not be used without reason. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;As there is no reason for antibiotics, a visit to your doctor will also not be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A subsequent upper airway infection with coughing is often caused by something called post-nasal drip (essentially mucus from the nose dripping into the throat), which sucks but doesn't warrent a visit to the doctor. Signs of a possible pneumonia are: fever for &gt;3 days or recurrent fever after a few fever-free days, dyspnea or wheezing (this is based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhg.org/standaarden/samenvatting/acuut-hoesten#idp35451712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dutch guidelines&lt;/a&gt; so I don't have an English source for this). In this case, I would definitely recommend going to your doctor. There is still a realistic chance that you're not going to need antibiotics, but that is a decision the doctor needs to make based on the specific circumstances and this cannot be assessed over the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:35:12.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5300" CreationDate="2017-07-14T12:47:22.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although this question is hard to research - you're dependent on self-reported data on sleeping hours, and there are many confounders that influence this relation (why do people sleep longer? maybe people who sleep longer are more likely to be without a job, and being without a job is also associated with higher risk of heart disease etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the consensus seems to be that: Yes, it has been found that longer sleep (which is  usually defined as &gt;8 hours or 9 hours or longer) is associated with a higher risk of heart disease and also of diabetes. I'm not sure about damage to the brain functions, though I'm sure you could find this out easily too.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845795/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This review&lt;/a&gt; gives an overview of studies that have investigated the association between sleep duration and cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:47:22.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11455" CreationDate="2017-07-14T12:57:08.750" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally these decisions are &quot;made&quot; by work groups of specialists in the field. Your question is very general. There are so many measurements that can be done from blood samples that there is no way I can provide you with information on exactly &lt;em&gt;who&lt;/em&gt; decides what the reference value is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&quot;Who decides&quot; makes it sound like it is arbritrary - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556592/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is not&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;Decisions are usually based on statistics - 2 standard deviations from the population mean, for example, are taken as a reference standard. This means that the reference range can be defined as: &quot;what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general population?&quot; Be aware: Values outside a reference range are not necessarily pathologic, and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically. On the other hand, values within the reference range can be pathologic even though they are &quot;normal&quot;. This is why reference range is actually a better term than &quot;normal&quot; range.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sometimes, however, the reference value is based on what values have an optimal health effect. A problem with optimal health range is a lack of a standard method of estimating the ranges.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T12:57:08.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12957" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-14T14:13:17.940" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a habit of eating too much of food. Whenever I start to eat any meal I don't think of quantity and I eat till I finish the plate even if I am full. I feel like I am eating mindlessly or sometimes I feel I have the stamina to eat more. Is there any effective treatment approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9096" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-16T21:17:39.043" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T21:17:39.043" Title="Which treatment approaches for compulsive overeating are most effective?&quot;" Tags="&lt;eating-disorder&gt;&lt;emotional-eating&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-14T14:33:39.237" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I m married for almost 6months. My husband doesn't have any sex drive. He touched me only once or twice till date. He doesn't want to go to any doctor. Please suggest me medicines to increase his drive (Note: He is not impotent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9816" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T05:56:53.963" Title="Lack of sex drive" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-07-29T19:07:15.107" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12911" CreationDate="2017-07-14T16:34:57.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that a tumour in your lung can make you cough (I coughed uncontrollably day and night until mine went away) but a million much milder things can do that too. If you had a cancer growing in your lungs you would have symptoms other than just coughing. Your doctors would notice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the &quot;acid reflux&quot; and the &quot;allergies&quot; treatments have not helped, it's good for you to continue to investigate so you can get some relief. It's not good for you to decide it's the worst possible thing, that will just upset you for no benefit. Keep communicating with your family doctor that you want to know what is causing the cough and you want to clear it up and get relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sticking with one doctor and going from them to a specialist and then back again is probably the best way to build trust, compared to going to a series of different specialists who can argue with each other through you. If you think your family doctor would let you die from tumours rather than help you, you need a different family doctor. But if it's just a matter that you can't shake your fear, work with your doctor to get that settled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T16:34:57.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-14T16:55:29.637" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why can intubation with vigorous bag-mask ventilation rapidly lead to a further deterioration of an unconscious patient?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9818" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:03:08.230" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:03:08.230" Title="Intubation with bag-mask ventilation after pneumothorax or tension pneumothorax" Tags="&lt;unconsciousness&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;&lt;collapsed-lung&gt;&lt;intubation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-14T17:36:11.193" Score="1" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does blood pressure have little correlation with cardiac output in the elderly? (Source ATLS student course manual)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9818" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:59:30.007" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T08:28:01.520" Title="Correlation between blood pressure and cardiac output in the elderly" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-14T18:23:50.373" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently undermethylation can be diagnosed using blood work. I googled it a bit, and what I saw seemed to suggest that it isn't widely accepted in the medical community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how legitimate this diagnosis is. That's hard to define, but I suppose that would mean &quot;has been discussed in peer-reviewed articles in legitimate journals,&quot; among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, to clarify: I don't doubt that it's a &lt;em&gt;thing&lt;/em&gt;. I guess to put my question even more precisely, it would be &quot;is it considered legitimate to care about it and attach weight to it.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9820" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T18:23:50.373" Title="Is undermethylation considered a legitimate diagnosis?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;epigenetic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12961" CreationDate="2017-07-14T23:44:04.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) X Stroke Volume (SV)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreases in CO &gt; Decrease BP.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increases in CO &gt; Increase BP.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c1hwr.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c1hwr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With aging CO remains stabilized at rest due to the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heart Rate&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(HR)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;(About the Same)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stroke Volume&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(SV)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased Left Ventricular &lt;em&gt;(LV)&lt;/em&gt; End Diastolic Volume &lt;em&gt;(EDV)&lt;/em&gt; and LV hypertrophy results in increased SV.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This SV increase is negated by Peripheral Resistance Increases.&#xA;Due an increase in LV diameter and increase in Systolic Pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therefore, these combined effects balance each other out &lt;strong&gt;resulting no net change in CO, or Systolic BP&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223374/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223374/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-07-14T23:44:04.243" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4783" CreationDate="2017-07-15T00:49:45.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does this mean my previous psychiatrist can share information with my current psychiatrist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an exception for 'psychotherapy notes', a term with a very specific meaning&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;  under HIPAA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Psychotherapy notes&lt;/em&gt; means notes recorded (in any medium) by a health care provider who is a mental health professional documenting or analyzing the contents of conversation during a private counseling session or a group, joint, or family counseling session and that are separated from the rest of the individual's medical record. Psychotherapy notes &lt;strong&gt;excludes&lt;/strong&gt; medication prescription and monitoring, counseling session start and stop times, the modalities and frequencies of treatment furnished, results of clinical tests, and any summary of the following items: Diagnosis, functional status, the treatment plan, symptoms, prognosis, and progress to date. &lt;em&gt;(emphasis added)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you had psychotherapy sessions with your previous psychiatrist, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; he or she kept psychotherapy notes of each session, which are stored separately from other treatment records, you would need to sign a consent form to permit your previous psychiatrist to send copies of those psychotherapy notes to your new psychiatrist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Footnotes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2003-title45-vol1/xml/CFR-2003-title45-vol1-sec164-506.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Uses and disclosures to carry out treatment, payment, or health care operations, C.F.R. § 164.506 (2017)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Office for Civil Rights, United States Department of Health and Human Services, &lt;em&gt;Does a physician need a patient's written authorization to send a copy of the patient's medical record to a specialist or other health care provider who will treat the patient?&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/faq/271/does-a-physician-need-written-authorization-to-send-medical-records-to-a-specialist/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/faq/271/does-a-physician-need-written-authorization-to-send-medical-records-to-a-specialist/index.html&lt;/a&gt;, last reviewed 26 Jul 2013, accessed 14 Jul 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&amp;amp;SID=bc8a6a67e9e36fd0fa15c0de48d34f78&amp;amp;mc=true&amp;amp;n=pt45.1.164&amp;amp;r=PART&amp;amp;ty=HTML#se45.1.164_1501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Definitions, C.F.R. § 164.501 (2017)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T00:49:45.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12969" CreationDate="2017-07-15T00:56:02.697" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note: Requesting guidance on how to approach, not medical advice.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Dad is in his early 70s and has taken Prevacid once a day for nearly 20 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After eating food would come up after an hour. Nowadays my dad barely eats anything so very rarely something would come up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am reading that drugs such as Prevacid have increased risk of Kidney failure. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414214855.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For past 2 years when Dad took blood tests he had slightly low levels of Sodium, Chloride, Potassium and CO2 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last week he took blood tests and here were results&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium 132 Lo (reference 135 - 147 mmol/L)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chloride 93 Lo (reference 96 - 108 mmol/L)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C02 17 Lo (22 - 29 mmol/L)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Internal Medicine doctor said these levels are so insignificant there are &lt;code&gt;no associated Pathology to treat these small ranges&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;on the physiological level they don't do anything clinical&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am questioning this. What if they are related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus FDA (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/prevacid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) warn long term use of Prevacid &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;can cause bone fractures in the hip, wrist, or spine. Long-term use is&#xA;  defined as multiple daily doses for a year or longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you take this drug for three months or more you may also develop&#xA;  low magnesium levels. This can be serious and may or may not come with&#xA;  symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question: How can my Dad stop taking Prevacid?&lt;/strong&gt; Will the doctor take him off completely or gradually lower his dose? What other questions to ask Doctor regarding this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it is my Dad barely eats anything, let alone anything acidic. Mostly eats fruits, veggies, fibers, drinks lots of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for any guidance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it helps, below is a summary of his daily meds and vitamins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6dxJ5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6dxJ5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus his daily routine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JBuIb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JBuIb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:15:22.027" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:15:22.027" Title="Elderly Father Takes Prevacid for last 20 years, seems to do more harm, how to stop" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;esophagus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-08-01T04:48:01.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12966" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12967" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T01:02:00.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12965" CreationDate="2017-07-15T04:58:48.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, we can't give advice specific to an individual on Health SE.  See rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT what I CAN do is help guide your next discussion with his doctor.  (Those are great diagrams and will help your doctor when you and your dad go to see him/her. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first and most important question to understand is: why was he put on Prevacid (a protein pump inhibitor) in the first place?  Before trying to stop it, you need to know whether there is a medical indication for continuing it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This kind of conversation you want is called a &quot;risks vs benefits&quot; discussion.  The decision to start/stop/continue a medication often involves this.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The long-term use of PPIs is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0515/p692.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current topic of discussion&lt;/a&gt;, as we're reaching nearly 30 years since they came out on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yes the kidney is the major regulator of Sodium, Chloride and some other electrolytes.  But the primary lab values monitored for signs of &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kidney dysfunction&lt;/a&gt; are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;creatinine&lt;/a&gt;, urea nitrogen, often potassium, and sometimes urine tests.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;With some labs, there is a tolerated range even outside the reference range for normal.  Sodium and chloride are examples. This is in part due to laboratory variations between readings.  Often the trend of lab values is more important than individual readings - but of course, a significantly out-of-range value is different.  It's a complicated topic.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Discernment in how aggressively to manage abnormal values comes from study, practice, and experience.  This is an example of why it takes so many years of training before you can practice medicine. Don't expect you'll fully understand electrolyte balance after talking with the doc, but DO set a reasonable goal of what you want to understand through the discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I am not commenting at all on your dad's lab values.  We cannot evaluate him online.  But this is some information to guide YOUR understanding and WHAT to ask his doc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T04:58:48.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12958" CreationDate="2017-07-15T05:35:13.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;See a doctor. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/features/revving-up-low-libido&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low libido&lt;/a&gt; (the medical term for sex drive) can have medical causes. Two examples among many potential causes are low testosterone or depression. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mindful-sex/200809/seeking-sex-therapy-primer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sex therapy&lt;/a&gt; (a type of couples psychotherapy) is a type of counseling that is highly recommended in the medical/behavioral health field for couples with differences in sexuality that causes stress for one/other partner or both.  (This is in addition to - not a replacement for - seeking medical evaluation.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-07-15T05:56:53.963" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T05:56:53.963" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-15T06:08:22.553" Score="6" ViewCount="386" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's someone who I've been getting to know and she's particularly free-spirited and very smart and mature for her age (in college).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As our discussions have started to lean more towards us potentially having sex, we started to share more personal information with each other, and something she revealed is a bit shocking to me: she's had 25 sexual partners in the past.  I've only had a few - and can remember every girl that I've ever slept with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I protect myself in this situation?  I'm not seeking medical advice, but more like, is it dangerous for me to have sex with someone who has had that many sexual partners in her past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've thought about asking her to let's go and get an STDs test together at some clinic, but I am afraid that would insult her and ruin any chances of us getting intimate.  Now I sort of wish that I hadn't known so much about her, to be honest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9823" LastEditorUserId="9632" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T04:50:43.177" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T03:59:15.690" Title="Having sex with someone who's had many sexual partners," Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;condom&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12947" CreationDate="2017-07-15T11:53:45.080" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chemically speaking, carbonated water is j&lt;strong&gt;ust plain water with carbon dioxide dissolved&lt;/strong&gt; in it under high pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It hydrates just as well as normal water, because it still contains plain H2O. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are no additives.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It might have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=cIhPAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT998&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=carbonated%20water&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;slightly larger effect on erosion of teeth than normal water&lt;/a&gt; because it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thuisexperimenteren.nl/science/carbonaatkinetiek/Carbondioxide%20in%20water%20equilibrium.doc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;just a little bit acidic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The effect on the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04232.x/abstract;jsessionid=8AF28D926E52FBD3DD7CEBED1003740E.f04t04&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;is little to none&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Joan Gandy, &lt;em&gt;Manuel of Dietary Practices&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=cIhPAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT998&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=carbonated%20water&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chapter on Dental Erosion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;T. Johnson et al., &lt;em&gt;Systematic review: the effects of carbonated beverages on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04232.x/abstract;jsessionid=8AF28D926E52FBD3DD7CEBED1003740E.f04t04&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiley Online Library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further Reading:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/156879-health-effects-of-carbonated-water/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/is-carbonated-water-bad-for-you#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/sparkling-water-healthy-regular-water-article-1.1460179&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Daily News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-07-15T11:53:45.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-15T13:27:48.743" Score="5" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;when you're on a diet and you hit a plateau, they say your metabolism may have slowed because you're in &quot;starvation mode.&quot;  My question is, when this happens do you get fatigued/sleep a lot/not have any energy?  Is it obvious your metabolism has slowed, or does your body keep it a secret?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9825" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T01:36:35.817" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T01:36:35.817" Title="What are signs that metabolism is slowing in dieting?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-02T04:11:44.990" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="12975" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12976" CreationDate="2017-07-15T15:30:04.983" Score="4" ViewCount="274" Body="&lt;p&gt;At &lt;a href=&quot;http://Study%20Type:%20Interventional%20%20Study%20Design:%20Allocation:%20Randomized%20Intervention%20Model:%20Parallel%20Assignment%20Masking:%20Participant,%20Care%20Provider,%20Investigator,%20Outcomes%20Assessor%20Primary%20Purpose:%20Treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/a&gt; you can look up studies to learn more about them. On one such study, I saw this block of text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Study Type: Interventional &#xA;Study Design: Allocation: Randomized&#xA;              Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment&#xA;              Masking: Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor&#xA;              Primary Purpose: Treatment&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand all of these except the last one. To the untrained eye, that sounds like &quot;we mostly want to treat people, but we will gather data while we're doing so.&quot; Is that a correct interpretation? What are other possible responses to &quot;Primary Purpose&quot; and how would they differ from &quot;Treatment&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T04:44:25.100" Title="What does &quot;Primary Purpose: Treatment&quot; mean in a clinical study?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12975" CreationDate="2017-07-15T19:54:11.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your interpretation is basically correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formal definition is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://prsinfo.clinicaltrials.gov/definitions.html#IntPurpose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://prsinfo.clinicaltrials.gov/definitions.html#IntPurpose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primary Purpose&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;*§&lt;/strong&gt; Definition: The main objective of the&#xA;  intervention(s) being evaluated by the clinical trial. Select one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Treatment: One or more interventions are being evaluated for treating a disease, syndrome, or condition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other choices are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prevention: One or more interventions are being assessed for preventing the development of a specific disease or health condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diagnostic: One or more interventions are being evaluated for identifying a disease or health condition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Supportive Care: One or more interventions are evaluated for maximizing comfort, minimizing side effects, or mitigating against a&#xA;  decline in the participant's health or function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Screening: One or more interventions are assessed or examined for identifying a condition, or risk factors for a condition, in people&#xA;  who are not yet known to have the condition or risk factor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Health Services Research: One or more interventions for evaluating the delivery, processes, management, organization, or financing of&#xA;  healthcare.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Basic Science: One or more interventions for examining the basic mechanism of action (for example, physiology or biomechanics of an&#xA;  intervention).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Device Feasibility: An intervention of a device product is being evaluated in a small clinical trial (generally fewer than 10&#xA;  participants) to determine the feasibility of the product; or a&#xA;  clinical trial to test a prototype device for feasibility and not&#xA;  health outcomes. Such studies are conducted to confirm the design and&#xA;  operating specifications of a device before beginning a full clinical&#xA;  trial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other: None of the other options applies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-16T04:44:25.100" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T04:44:25.100" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12892" CreationDate="2017-07-16T14:07:34.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are more possible causes, other than generics, as described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/white-hair#causes2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stress&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stress can also affect your hair. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3194.epdf?referrer_access_token=f5itwGSx4tfduOAJ6brLKtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PllzPg5WytBDYJRNOAVZQdntSUaaExaa8GG_D_ch131CAJKcBFet--QLk8oZ9cGATDXFmx79IDaw7NdBlPRXe0JJMNyH3F9STF8GaGvvW0ieCr5glOyDVgvT_49R_3SzkUpuQ03Sum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 study&lt;/a&gt; found a connection between stress and a depletion of stem cells in the hair follicles of mice. So if you’ve noticed a rise in your number of white strands, stress might be the culprit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autoimmune disease&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An autoimmune disease can also cause premature white hair. This is when the body’s immune system attacks its own cells. In the case of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/alopecia-areata&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alopecia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/symptom/vitiligo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitiligo&lt;/a&gt;, the immune system can attack hair and cause loss of pigment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thyroid disorder&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hormonal changes caused by a thyroid problem — such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism — may also be responsible for premature white hair. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. It helps control many bodily functions such as metabolism. The health of your thyroid can also influence the color of your hair. An overactive or underactive thyroid can cause your body to produce less melanin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B-12 deficiency&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;White hair at an early age can also indicate a vitamin B-12 deficiency. This vitamin plays an important role in your body. It gives you energy, plus it contributes to healthy hair growth and hair color.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A vitamin B-12 deficiency is associated with a condition called pernicious anemia, which is when your body can’t absorb enough of this vitamin. Your body needs vitamin B-12 for healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen to cells in your body, including hair cells. A deficiency can weaken hair cells and affect melanin production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Smoking&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There’s also a link between premature white hair and smoking. One study of 107 subjects found a connection between the “onset of gray hair before the age of 30 and cigarette smoking.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the steps you can follow are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go to the doctor again, this time ask to test yourself for alopecia and vitiligo, as well as checking your thyroid gland.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While waiting for those tests, try some things yourself and see if this help:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take Vitamin B-12 pills.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In case you smoke, quit smoking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastActivityDate="2017-07-16T14:07:34.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-16T15:00:10.277" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;When heart stops beating - consciousness is lost in seconds. It is explained that it is due to the drop of blood pressure in brain veins. However, by my understanding - that should only make brain cells to starve of oxygen and make them die only in minutes(5+) and in the mean-time consciousness should continue all that time. Why that does not happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9829" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T22:00:21.893" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T22:00:21.893" Title="Why consciousness is lost immediately when heart stops beating?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12994" CreationDate="2017-07-16T17:56:18.633" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the word-of-mouth idea that brown, or at least parboilt rice is nutritionally better for you than white rice. But then I read &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/407/is-there-any-downside-in-eating-whole-grain-rice-instead-of-white-rice&quot;&gt;Is there any downside in eating whole-grain rice instead of white rice?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and there's also the more exotic kinds of rice, like black or red. Now, since I appreciate essentially all kinds of rice (with just a weak preference for Basmati for its taste) - how should I decide which kind of rice to prefer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T14:36:23.217" Title="How to decide which kind of rice to prefer?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-16T22:34:13.703" Score="4" ViewCount="8424" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching around online, there are tons of silly articles about sparkling water, making sweeping statements about how bad they are for your teeth and even the rest of your body, but with no concrete evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone find and share the actual pH of different flavors of La Croix? I'm particularly interested in lime, lemon, and plain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9831" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:30:24.830" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T16:36:20.820" Title="What is the pH of La Croix?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-17T02:13:49.400" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;After receiving 6 PRP injections in both knees, I have now been diagnosed with Myleofibrosis!&#xA;Is there any evidence of the associated link?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9834" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:28:48.760" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:28:48.760" Title="Platelet Rich Plasma Injections" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-17T04:34:57.937" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming I am not on any prescribed toothpaste and only toothpaste I been using are conventional toothpaste bought over the counter with fluoride. Also, assume I have a good brushing and flossing habit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be any risks or effects by switching to a toothpaste that does not contain fluoride? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9810" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:23:09.793" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T00:52:17.413" Title="Are there any risks about switching to a non-fluoride toothpaste?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="12993" CreationDate="2017-07-17T04:58:12.603" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that sometimes if the White Blood Cells are high that will not indicate that something really bad is happening in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why, in general, when there is suspicion for dangerous infections (like tumors, lung infection,...) doctors ask for WBC test ? And does the treatment rely on the amount of these cells ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a doctor so I hope any explanation to be simple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T13:42:01.620" Title="Why White Blood cells are that important in defining infections" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-17T07:54:37.067" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if children have a weak immune system and are prone to inffections, it is considered physiological for them to have lymphocytosis. What is the reason for this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2641" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T06:48:54.443" Title="Normal high lymphocyte count in children" Tags="&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12971" CreationDate="2017-07-17T09:44:32.680" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very good and important question, not only for you but for other people as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As people have said in the comments, YES it can be potentially dangerous to have unprotected sexual encounters with her without having tested for STDs first. Even if she's had unprotected sex with only ONE person, she would've been at risk for an STD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as she hasn't been tested, please have protected sex only. &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/53/suppl_3/S64/311640/Interventions-to-Prevent-Sexually-Transmitted&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; talks about (among other things) the effectiveness of condoms in reduving the risk for STDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should be honest with her and say &quot;I'm not comfortable having unprotected sex if you do not test for STDs first.&quot; STDs can be asymptomatic, so she might have one and not know about it. So it's not a question of trust. If it makes it easier for you, you might even say &quot;It's not that I do not trust you, but I do not know the people you've had sex with before and it's them I don't trust.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, I tell people: If a person refuses to check for STDs/does not want to have protected sex, they do not truly care about you. If that's the case, walk away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastEditorUserId="9814" LastEditDate="2017-07-17T09:53:58.723" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T09:53:58.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12986" CreationDate="2017-07-17T10:01:10.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such type of relative lymphocytosis may be due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1)vaccinations in children&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccinations increase the number and the types of antigens available to the developing T-cells for their central tolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thymus is the centre for central tolerence of the T-cells.The T-cells are so important for the immunity in children because they (memory T-cells)can also trigger the formation of B-cells for humoural immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B-cells,however undergo &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_tolerance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;central tolerance&lt;/a&gt; in the bone marrow.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/hv.28559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[REFERENCE]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)Thymus activity which is at peak during the period from childhood to puberty.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_involution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[REFERENCE]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9702" LastEditorUserId="9702" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T06:22:50.643" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T06:22:50.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-17T12:32:19.497" Score="2" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody tell me, what's that ringing sound in the ears which prevails even when somebody is in quiet surroundings? Is that sound real or just created by our brain due to some sort of malfunctioning? Some scientific explanation would be more apt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT1: As far as I have observed my body, I found neck pain(most likely cervical spondylosis) to be a prominent reason for this. But the wiki article, as referred by a user, doesn't point include it. So, I'm now curious to add this to the question as well. &#xA;&lt;em&gt;If there is any valid study that pin-points cervical pain to be a reason for Tinnitus?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT2: Please don't downvote since I'm not asking for diagnosis. But want to know what physical &amp;amp; chemical changes could be behind this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My facts: I observed, that cardio exercises and outdoor gaming activity, temporary eradicated this problem. The longest relief span recorded by me was 2 days. I can understand that exercise improves the blood flow which could have helped, but what continued the relief for 2days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9822" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:24:01.857" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T12:41:35.867" Title="Ringing in ears" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-17T13:04:27.390" Score="1" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the pack it says to not to use if the nasal passage is completely blocked. Can using it with a blocked nasal package cause harm and if so how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KVHcU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6700" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:25:44.643" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:25:44.643" Title="Why does fess Sinu-Cleanse say not to use if your nasal passages are completely blocked" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;saline&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12985" CreationDate="2017-07-17T13:42:01.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;White blood cells are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. When there is an infection, the body makes more white blood cells to fight of the infection. When there is a suspicion of an infection, the doctor will look at the WBC count (together with the CRP count, another sign of infection) to see how likely it is that there is an infection. If necessary, this can help aid in the decision to prescribe antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is a too low count of WBCs the body is at risk of infections. The immune system will not function fully. This can be potentially lifethreatening if the WBC count is very low. For example, this is what happens in HIV or due to chemotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a high WBC count is not always functional. Sometimes a high WBC count is caused by other things, such as bone tumors or leukemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/wbc-count#symptoms-of-an-abnormal-count3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T13:42:01.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12980" CreationDate="2017-07-17T15:04:39.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rice can be primarily distinguished as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A)polished termed as &amp;quot;white rice&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B)unpolished(whole)termed as &amp;quot;brown rice&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HOW ARE THEY PRODUCED:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When only the outermost layer of a grain of rice (the husk) is removed, brown rice is produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the next layers underneath the husk (the bran layer and the germ) are removed, leaving mostly the starchy endosperm,white rice is produced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WHY BROWN RICE IS NUTRITIONALLY BETTER THAN WHITE RICE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several vitamins ,dietary minerals and essential fatty acids  are lost in this removal and the subsequent polishing process.Vitamins lost are-B1,B3 ,traces of vitamin A and E.Minerals lost are iron,magnesium etc.Essential fatty acids in the bran oil and fibres are also lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Germinated brown rice is nutritionally better because germination activates various enzymes in the rice, giving rise to a more complete amino acid profile, including GABA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPROVE WHITE RICE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortified rice has been produced with the help of biotechnology which is fortified with traces of the lost minerals,vitamins and other substances into the starchy grain matter itself.Such bio fortified white rice may be nutritious.One such is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;golden rice&lt;/a&gt; which is fortified with added micronutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another measure is parboiling the rice before polishing.Parboiling helps the minerals and vitamins to be impregnated to some extent into the  starchy grain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCERNS ABOUT ARSENIC CONTENT OF RICE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FIRSTLY,it depends on the type of soil,pesticide used during farming and varies from place to place.&#xA;Indeed it possess more threat to people eating brown rice than those eating parboilt, fortified white rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SECONDLY several measures are being taken to prevent such casualties.(pls check the reference below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THIRDLY,researchers have discovered a transporter protein in rice that sequesters arsenic in vacuoles, preventing the toxic element from traveling into grains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REFERENCES:11. ^ Yandell, Kate (2014-10-04). &amp;quot;How Rice Overcomes Arsenic&amp;quot; . Retrieved 2015-03-27.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[source]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WHY IS COLOURED RICE GRAIN MORE NUTRITIOUS THAN THE WHITE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The genetic colouration of the grain is due to the higher iron,anthocyanin and other antioxidant concentration,absent in white rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REFERENCE:&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/white-rice-brown-rice-or-red-rice-which-one-is-the-healthiest-747933&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[link]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9702" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T14:36:23.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12991" CreationDate="2017-07-17T16:31:43.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people describe &lt;em&gt;ringing in ears&lt;/em&gt; as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tinnitus&lt;/a&gt;. From a medical perspective, the definition of tinnitus is a real mess. It is typically described as a symptom and not a disease and diagnosis is often based on self report (although objective tinnitus is when a doctor can hear the sound). Things get messy though in that &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinnitus.org/tinnitus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heller and Bergman (1953)&lt;/a&gt; found that 93% of individuals &lt;em&gt;without tinnitus&lt;/em&gt; reported hearing sounds when placed in a very quiet room. In general, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/symptoms-causes/dxc-20180362&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; does not suggest seeing a doctor about tinnitus unless, it is bothersome, occurs suddenly, is accompanied by dizziness, or is brought on by an upper repository infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-07-17T16:31:43.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="12999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T00:05:15.697" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that some mouthwashes or rinses have cetylpyridinium chloride in them and some have alcohol. Is there much of a difference in their ability to kill germs? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8542" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T00:05:15.697" Title="What is the difference between cetylpyridinium chloride and alcohol?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;rinsing-mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T05:32:38.773" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking into this question for a friend who has been prescribed birth control pills. She was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome but has since recovered. She currently has no symptoms and has a regular menstrual cycle but is concerned that her abnormal menstruation will return &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; she stops taking birth control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been unable to find any literature that would answer this question definitively. Thanks for the help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9844" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:22:10.627" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:12:52.597" Title="Does birth control affect menstrual normality after stopping use in patients with PCOS?" Tags="&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;contraceptive&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T08:09:27.397" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;My eight tooth (on the bottom :) ) has made its way through gingiva, and it has grown in the direction of 7th tooth. That makes difficult to clean food remains from the place of contact of 7th and 8th.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Till now there is only one trouble - cleaning teeth, but my doctor said that we should plan to extract 8th tooth so to eleminate further problems (t.g. caries because of difficulties in cleaning)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that there is a practice of planned extraction of 8th teeth in Germany. Is it so? At what age? Any other important details?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9846" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:20:16.803" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:20:16.803" Title="Eight (wisdom) teeth extraction in Germany" Tags="&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;gingivitis&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;&lt;wisdom-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T08:09:38.623" Score="1" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the last couple of years, we have accumulated several McDonalds &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=mcdonalds%20lego%20cups&amp;amp;source=lnms&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjypbmhsJLVAhXJBcAKHXBIBs8Q_AUICygC&amp;amp;biw=1902&amp;amp;bih=707&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lego Happy Meal Cups&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebrickfan.com/the-lego-movie-mcdonalds-action-cups-review/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this release&lt;/a&gt; and other releases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have been re-using them for drinks, both warm and cold and putting them in the dishwasher. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that they are made up of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thebrickfan.com/the-lego-movie-mcdonalds-action-cups-review/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;#7 plastic&lt;/a&gt;, which contains BPA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/children/bpa#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BPA&lt;/a&gt; has been linked to some health concerns, hence some products proudly state they are 'BPA Free'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is our current practice safe, or should we bin them/ only use them for play?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9847" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:19:30.837" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T03:30:57.473" Title="Is is safe to re-use McDonalds Lego Happy Meal Cups?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T15:35:52.233" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware that in general, poultry is preferable to red meat for a healthy diet. What I am not clear about is whether the reason for this is &lt;em&gt;because&lt;/em&gt; red meat is much fattier and caloric than poultry or if there are additional reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make this question concrete, let's suppose I want to eat a burger every day for lunch. Would it be healthier for me to choose 85% lean ground turkey over 85% lean ground beef, or are those options identical on health grounds due to their identical fat content?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9855" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-18T21:19:02.480" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:19:02.480" Title="Is there a health difference between equally lean red meat vs poultry?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;meat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13008" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-18T21:57:46.983" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was listening to the hit true-crime podcast, &quot;My Favorite Murder,&quot; (don't judge it by it's name until you listen to it -- it's not what you think), and one of the cases they discussed was about Gypsy Rose Blanchard and her mother, Dee Dee (episode 47). You can read the details of the case &lt;a href=&quot;http://crimefeed.com/2017/05/munchausen-by-proxy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but basically Gypsy Rose's mother had Munchausen by Proxy (MSBP), which means she feigned the illness of her child (by deliberately harming her) in order to receive attention, funds, etc. from the community. In Gypsy Rose's case, her mother made her sick and claimed she had leukemia and had to eat through a tube for more than a decade until finally Gypsy Rose was able to murder her abuser, her mother. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, my question is this: &lt;strong&gt;Are victims of Munchausen by Proxy likely to violently react to their abuser or will they develop a codependepent relationship (akin to Stockholm syndrome)?&lt;/strong&gt; How common is Gypsy Rose's reaction to her abuser?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-07-18T21:57:46.983" Title="What are the psychological effects for Munchausen by Proxy (MSBP) victims? Stockholm-Syndrome?" Tags="&lt;emotional-abuse&gt;&lt;physical-abuse&gt;&lt;munchausen-syndrome&gt;&lt;stockholm-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13010" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-19T00:16:52.097" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently a student studying at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology looking to develop a new medium for patients to manage their health records. My biggest question for you all is in what format does your practice send electronic medical records to individuals who request it electronically? Are these records in PDF format perhaps? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you all! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9859" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T00:59:28.887" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T00:59:28.887" Title="In what format does your practice send patient records to individuals who request it in electronic format?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-19T01:39:26.470" Score="4" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does co-use of nicotine replacement therapy and metformin increase lactic acidosis risk? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:02:03.793" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:02:03.793" Title="How does metformin interact with nicotine?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12328" CreationDate="2017-07-19T08:24:55.247" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aspirin has a &quot;blood thinning&quot; effect; it inhibits platelet aggregation. Therefore, it gives a higher risk of bleeding in the period surrounding the surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not found a review about specifically cataract surgery, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1401105#t=article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; large trial (&gt;10000 patients) shows that in noncardiac surgeries, aspirin gives an increased risk of major bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:24:55.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3300" CreationDate="2017-07-19T08:45:13.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is old, but the answer might help some other people:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all: yes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/20/2292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high triglycerides are a risk for CVD.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, there is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0201/p246.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no evidence&lt;/a&gt; that treatment of moderately high triglycerides will decrease the rate of CHD for primary prevention in otherwise healthy individuals. The amount of side effects of medication are more important than the very very little gain that might be expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:45:13.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12200" CreationDate="2017-07-19T08:48:24.017" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, Air conditioner is one of the reason in increasing arthritis joint pain. Due to the direct blowing of unnatural cold air from AC adversely affect in joints and causes swelling. AC's cool air circulation in the room increases stiffness in the joints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9815" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T08:48:24.017" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12883" CreationDate="2017-07-19T08:56:10.683" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to answer these personal situations. In general, yes it is possible that no lymph nodes were removed during surgery. Whether that might be the case with your father, I simply cannot tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nx means &quot;cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot (or has not (yet)) be measured&quot;. Some lymph nodes &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; have been removed during surgery, but either for some reason they could not be tested, or they were not (yet) tested for traces of cancer. Or no lymph nodes were removed, and therefore the HPE can say nothing about lymph node status.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Similarly, Mx means that &quot;metastatis cannot (or has not (yet)) been measured&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, we do not know your father's exact situation. It might be that the doctors think there is no reason to test for lymph nodes or metastasis (e.g. because the cancer was found in a very early stage), or HPE was simply insufficient and more testing is necessary in a later stage. If you're in doubt about this, please (advice your dad to) ask his doctors about it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I forgot to give this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastEditorUserId="9814" LastEditDate="2017-07-19T09:04:23.247" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T09:04:23.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2017-07-19T09:17:14.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question cannot be answered. It is individual and based on, among many other things, red blood cell survival. To understand why this is so, you need to understand than A1C is more accurately called Hemoglobin A1c &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; glycated hemoglobin. It's a form of hemoglobin that is formed due to hemoglobin's exposure to plasma glucose.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It has been found that red blood cell (the cells that contain hemoglobin) survival &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604523/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has considerable variation, even in hematologically normal people&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, however, it is more important to realize that HbA1c is a measure for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetes.co.uk/what-is-hba1c.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glucose control over a few months&lt;/a&gt;, than to know how long exactly it &quot;has been measuring for&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9814" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T09:17:14.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12886" CreationDate="2017-07-19T12:02:22.617" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Autoimmunity triggered by vaccination is a documented, but &lt;strong&gt;rare occurrence&lt;/strong&gt;.  The current research shows a correlation between autoimmune conditions and elevated levels of HLA proteins. Certain HLA proteins tend to have a predilection for activating the immune system against “self” cells. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;HLA proteins also can explain why certain people are more prone to autoimmune conditions that are induced or exacerbated by vaccines.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of vaccine-related autoimmunity is by orders of magnitude lower than that of autoimmunity triggered by infectious disease. Since the latter includes vaccine-preventable infections, for most autoimmune conditions there is a &lt;strong&gt;net protective effect of vaccination&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current evidence supports administering appropriate vaccines in the absence of specific contraindications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728772&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728772&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435705&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435705&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104366181400139X&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104366181400139X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937813&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937813&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648110&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10648110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Srdja_Jankovic/publication/315656865_Vaccination_and_Autoimmune_Phenomena/links/58e1ed7eaca272059ab07f9c/Vaccination-and-Autoimmune-Phenomena.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Srdja_Jankovic/publication/315656865_Vaccination_and_Autoimmune_Phenomena/links/58e1ed7eaca272059ab07f9c/Vaccination-and-Autoimmune-Phenomena.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T12:02:22.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-19T12:36:43.293" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;How and to what extent does methylphenidate impact immune system function? How does its impact compare to that of amphetamines? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T12:36:43.293" Title="Immune system &amp; methylphenidate?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;nootropic-smart-drugs&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13035" CreationDate="2017-07-19T14:01:14.383" Score="5" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;Increased sodium intake is linked to higher blood pressure, and therefore larger chance of developing cardiovascular issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, increased potassium intake (within RDA, which is a whopping 4500mg by some sources) is linked to less chance of developing such issues. At the same time, potassium chloride is used in lethal injections, which is not true for sodium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it considered a good practice to replace cooking NaCl salt with KCl?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5243" LastEditorUserId="7792" LastEditDate="2017-10-29T16:32:24.420" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T16:32:24.420" Title="Is it a good idea to replace Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with Potassium Chloride (KCl) for everyday consumption?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;rda-recommend-daily-allow&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13000" CreationDate="2017-07-19T15:12:52.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer: her periods will probably be irregular when she stops taking birth control, unless she's taken other measures to reduce her PCOS symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I'm a medical student who has PCOS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long answer: While on birth control pills, menstrual cycles are entirely controlled by the pills. This means that if the patient takes the pills religiously, their menstrual cycles will be regular, with their period happening exactly when specified by the pills. PCOS is a complex disease with many underlying factors, including genetics and lifestyle (e.g. obesity). Many of its symptoms, including acne and irregular periods, can be controlled by birth control pills, but the underlying genetic issues will still be present and often the underlying lifestyle issues will still be present. Therefore, when a patient with birth control pills stops taking the pills, if they have not done anything else in their life to reduce their PCOS, it is likely that their former symptoms will return. This means if they previously had irregular periods they will probably get irregular periods again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exception would be if they have made some kind of lifestyle change to reduce their PCOS, such as losing weight. Weight loss can normalize hormone levels and help with PCOS symptoms (e.g. &quot;most treatments of obesity...achieve modest reductions in weight and improvements in PCOS phenotype&quot;, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649566/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649566/&lt;/a&gt;). Weight loss can sometimes restore fertility in PCOS patients who have lower fertility due to PCOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's my personal experience: I had PCOS, diagnosed by an endocrinologist via an ovarian ultrasound, clinical history, and blood tests. My periods were EXTREMELY irregular. I had a normal BMI but it was on the &quot;high side&quot; of normal. I learned in medical school about how PCOS is tied in with sugar consumption (high sugar consumption -&gt; high insulin -&gt; higher androgens -&gt; worse PCOS, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://imaging.ubmmedica.com/CME/pt/content/p010531a.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://imaging.ubmmedica.com/CME/pt/content/p010531a.gif&lt;/a&gt;). I also learned that consequently PCOS is sometimes treated with metformin, a diabetes drug. Instead of taking a drug, I eliminated white and brown sugar from my diet and limited myself to an appropriate number of calories per day. I also exercise for an hour a day. Consequently, I lost 25 pounds (current BMI = 20, which is low end of normal) and my PCOS symptoms have entirely vanished: I have clockwork periods, and a recent ultrasound of my ovaries showed no cysts, so I no longer meet ANY of the diagnostic criteria for PCOS. Because I have &quot;cured&quot; my PCOS through lifestyle changes, as long as I continue the lifestyle changes I am &quot;cured&quot; of PCOS. In contrast, I know someone who is taking birth control pills to hide their PCOS symptoms, and if they stop taking the pills their symptoms do come back. Note - everyone is physiologically unique, and so people respond to lifestyle changes to a different degree. Diet and exercise are great, but may not always &quot;cure&quot; someone - the best resource is to talk to your own physician. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:12:52.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9024" CreationDate="2017-07-19T15:18:55.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a population level, women tend to have higher body fat percentage than men: 25% for normal women versus 15% for men. This means that for a man and women with equally-sized abs, the man's abs will look more prominent because they have less fat on top of them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another contributing factor is that men put on muscle more easily than women do. This isn't sexism, it's biological fact due to the actions of testosterone to build muscle. If a man and a woman exercise for the same amount of time and the same intensity, the man will build more muscle because he has about 3x as much testosterone as the woman, and androgens (including testosterone) increase muscle growth. (This is why some body builders take &quot;steroids&quot;: to boost their muscle growth.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in summary, the reason men develop &quot;more abs&quot; is because they have lower body fat and can build muscle more easily. This is of course ON AVERAGE...there are plenty of men who have no visible abs and plenty of women with impressive 6-packs. Any individual through proper diet and exercise can develop good-looking abs regardless of their gender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:18:55.097" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10726" CreationDate="2017-07-19T15:22:22.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One reason the mouth heals quickly because it's very well vascularized (meaning it has a lot of blood vessels). Yes, the mouth does have a lot of bacteria, but so does the rest of you: humans contain 10x more bacterial cells than human cells, and a lot of those bacteria are extremely helpful to have around. Natural bacteria alone will not reduce healing. Infection with &quot;bad bacteria&quot; can reduce healing, but unless a person has poor oral hygiene, there is no reason to suspect they will have &quot;worse bacteria&quot; in their mouth compared to anywhere else on their body. Also, the tissues in the mouth have simple structure, meaning it is easy to rebuild them. For more information you can visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joseylanedentistry.com/3-reasons-why-your-mouth-heals-faster-than-other-parts-of-your-body/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.joseylanedentistry.com/3-reasons-why-your-mouth-heals-faster-than-other-parts-of-your-body/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T15:22:22.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1040" CreationDate="2017-07-19T16:00:40.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person's body is in a low-metabolism state induced by starvation or restricted calorie intake, then an increase in the calorie intake will allow a raised metabolism. The natural lower limit to metabolism is death: if a person restricts calories too much, their metabolism drops lower and lower, until they develop various complications and then die. The natural upper limit to metabolism is, in my view, heat: a person's metabolism is only going to increase naturally to a certain point, based on their BMI, body composition, genetics, lifestyle, etc., and after that point the metabolism will not increase any more otherwise excessive heat would be generated (also leading to death.) A example of dysfunctional metabolism where people just burn more and more energy is the misuse of the now-unavailable drug mimicking &quot;uncoupling protein&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-of-medical-student-sarah-houston-after-taking-banned-slimming-drug-dinitrophenol-highlights-8584597.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-of-medical-student-sarah-houston-after-taking-banned-slimming-drug-dinitrophenol-highlights-8584597.html&lt;/a&gt;). BUT this is an example where a drug was taken that dysregulated metabolism. Normally the body will not allow the metabolism to increase like that. What happens instead in the natural world is obesity. If you increase calories too much, past the point of metabolic increase, then extra calories are stored as fat and you become obese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-07-19T16:00:40.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13027" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-20T01:40:06.900" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was so addicted to Tetris in college (playing several hours every day with my left hand farther forward on the keyboard than my right) that my left back visibly atrophied in the region surrounding the bottom of its scapula. After that I was found to have scoliosis for the first time in my life. Back pain ensued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now when I raise a weight over my head with both hands, I can feel my left shoulder blade poking out more than my right. It also takes conscious effort to keep my left shoulder down and back when I'm doing push-ups. My physical therapist says that when I lie down on my stomach my scoliosis almost completely vanishes, but when I stand up (which is when I feel the tension back there) it comes back and pulls to the right between the shoulder blades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to correct this. A year of chin-ups didn't seem to do the trick. Any tips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5216" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T22:09:57.180" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T22:09:57.180" Title="How does one strengthen the muscle connected to the lower end of the scapula?" Tags="&lt;position&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;&lt;scoliosis&gt;&lt;scapula&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-20T04:33:18.597" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/toddler-brain-damage-reversed-drowned-article-1.3338812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this story&lt;/a&gt; and many others, I read articles that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can help people with brain damage but can also help healthy people. I heard that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve athletic performance as well as cognitive process of healthy people. Are there any proven research that shows this? Is it totally safe and has only benefits and no threats for healthy people? What is the minimum time for improving your brain and performance and does it last forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9867" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T01:12:29.103" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T15:56:04.823" Title="Are there no threats and only benefits for using hyperbaric oxygen therapy?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-20T05:23:15.233" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel there's a lack of information about taking a wide variety of supplements, however, people are increasingly taking a wider variety of supplements. I'm interested in finding out how these particular supplements interact with one another, especially over a period of time. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hgFzhae3SEIxHvN0V3P4IRzxJbk-ZsD_Jku8gV83-dQ/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hgFzhae3SEIxHvN0V3P4IRzxJbk-ZsD_Jku8gV83-dQ/edit?usp=sharing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user9868" LastEditorDisplayName="user9868" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T06:43:06.603" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T06:43:06.603" Title="Interested in how these particular supplements work together" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13029" CreationDate="2017-07-20T05:52:58.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;SE Health is not meant for personal advice. Only your doctor can answer this question based on an evaluation of your medical conditions, medications, allergies, and physical exam.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I can do is guide you toward the right resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Make a list of these things you are on, a list of your medical history, a list of medication or food reactions you've had in the past, and what you wrote in the question.  Take it with you to the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the supplements you take and diagnosis of Leaky Gut, I would recommend a doctor who practices functional medicine or a doctor of naturopathy - at least in the USA.  I know for a fact that most MD/DO training does not cover very many alternative medications and supplements.  Part of the reason is that there is limited evidence about some of them, part is that they are not always regulated or safe, and part is that the pharmaceutical industry tends to dominate what is taught in med school (they generate the most evidence through extensive research that costs big $$).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatments of ANY kind range in evidence of effectiveness from 0 to extremely strong, depending on what quality research is able to show us. There IS evidence for safety and efficacy of many alt meds/supplements, but I am not an expert in which resources those are.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why I point you to one of those specialists who DO use those resources regularly.  I have met and listened to a number of very knowledgeable and evidence-based doctors of naturopathy and functional medicine doctors, but that does not mean that all of them practice strongly evidence-based medicine. I recommend that you request that the doctor provide you with the resources that support their recommendations so that you can read further and educate yourself on them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medication interaction checkers exist online, but there are a couple caveats.  One, they might not be accurate with supplements (or even have them listed).  Two, there is no way to input your medical history.  If you have damaged your liver drinking, for example, your liver enzymes may not work right and medications can build up or behave differently.  This is why you need a doctor to talk with you for your individual case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck with your learning process.  It is good that you are asking these questions about safety and your health!  It's just not the right way to ask questions on Health SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-07-20T15:08:25.360" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T15:08:25.360" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3300" CreationDate="2017-07-20T07:46:17.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. &#xA;Some triglycerides are needed for good health. But high triglycerides might raise your risk of heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Range of triglyceride levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Normal is less than 150. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Borderline-high is 150 to 199.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;High is 200    to 499.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Very high is 500 or higher.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have high triglyceride levels, you possibly have an increased risk for developing heart disease and other health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9870" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T07:46:17.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13032" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-20T10:46:45.227" Score="3" ViewCount="1512" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does a bigger load of ejaculation lead to a better chance of getting my wife pregnant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9871" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T22:02:41.417" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T22:02:41.417" Title="Will maximizing my ejaculation load help to increase my chances of becoming a father?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;sperm-count&gt;&lt;semen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-20T11:53:19.330" Score="5" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can passing faeces and urinating occur at the same moment and if not, why? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I don't have any medical knowledge really or background but the only conclusion I can come to is that faeces press against the connection internally from the bladder to the urethra preventing urine being released until the pressure is removed from the connection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9872" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T22:01:48.947" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T20:58:31.620" Title="Urinating while excreting" Tags="&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;urination&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;&lt;defecation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13033" CreationDate="2017-07-20T12:52:46.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are voluntary and involuntary muscles on urination.  The default circuit is to close the involuntary during and before bowel. It is a way of the body forcing you to clear the bowel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/urination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2017-07-20T18:33:16.883" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T18:33:16.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13021" CreationDate="2017-07-20T14:52:58.190" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;From the context of your question I would say no.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increasing K+ intake is alright but completely eliminating Na+ from the diet would be a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of the cardiovascular diseases like high blood pressure associated with high NaCl intake,cutting down NaCl from the diet(that is making the food less saltier) or increasing the dietary intake of K+ through K+ rich fruits or vegetables could prove to be extremely useful but replacing NaCl with KCl without recommendation could cause side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we are aware that hypokalemia (low K+ in the blood)  increases the risk but hyperkalemia (high K+ in the blood) too can cause the same.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why some salt substitutes are considered good&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salt substitutes having high quantities of K+ in the form of KCl and KI and little amount of Na+ are considered to be better than having only KCl as the main component.The former donot help to eliminate Na+ from the diet but helps to maintain a high proportion of K+ to a low proportion of Na+ also they are a source of iodine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/salt-substitutes-heart-health&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Reasons why the dietary recommendation for K+ is higher than Na+&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The kidneys are very sensitive to high K+ in the blood and ECF  thus efficiently excrete them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why not everybody should  have a salt substitute.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with renal disorders, hyperglycemia, neural disorders should be on a diet strictly prescribed by their physicians.&#xA;This is because renal disorders and hyperglycemia renders slight hyperkalimia. The nervous system relies totally on the balanced levels of K+ and Na+.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_substitute&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;...People with kidney failure, heart failure, or diabetes should not use salt substitutes without medical advice. A manufacturer, LoSalt, has issued an advisory statement[6] that people taking the following prescription drugs should not use a salt substitute:amiloride, triamterene, Dytac, captopril&amp;amp; other angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, spironolactone, andeplerenone...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3692158/#__ffn_sectitle&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietary sources should prove to be a more better approach to increase K+ intake in a non-prescribed otherwise healthy indivitual.They include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;... All meats (red meat and chicken) and fish such as salmon, cod, flounder, and sardines are good sources of potassium. Soy products and veggie burgers are also good sources of potassium.Vegetables including broccoli, peas, lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes (especially their skins), sweet potatoes, and winter squash are all good sources of potassium.Fruits that contain significant amounts of potassium include citrus fruits, cantaloupe, bananas, kiwi, prunes, and apricots. Dried apricots contain more potassium than fresh apricots.Milk, yogurt, and nuts are also excellent sources of potassium...&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002413.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9702" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-07-22T03:52:12.137" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19311" CreationDate="2017-07-20T18:06:17.680" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the affect of sodium on human if taken raw and if taken diluted . For example if I take 5g salt as raw and if I diluted the same with 1 liter water and consume will the effects on the body same or different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T22:00:24.380" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T17:35:37.933" Title="Affect of raw and diluted sodium on human" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;diluting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12886" CreationDate="2017-07-20T20:00:04.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like many health issues that are currently on the rise, anything you can potentially say is vaccine related can also easily be said to be environmental toxin related.  There is quite a bit of research on autoimmune issues as it's currently a serious cause for concern to many researchers.  It is much more common today than it was 50 years ago and they are trying to understand why &amp;amp; what we might be able to do to stem that increase.  This book is a great one for explaining the links between toxic exposures &amp;amp; why it is believed to be the major factor in autoimmune disorder. &lt;a href=&quot;https://donnajacksonnakazawa.com/the-autoimmune-epidemic-excerpt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://donnajacksonnakazawa.com/the-autoimmune-epidemic-excerpt/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T20:00:04.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11275" CreationDate="2017-07-20T21:28:23.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although you do activate a lot of the same systems in both cases, I would think your biggest difference will be what &lt;em&gt;else&lt;/em&gt; you activate when excited, which would be Dopamine, Oxytocin, Serotonin, Endorphins, etc.  When you are stressed you will actually release cortisol which will inhibit excretion of other feel good chemicals.  You may release the feel good ones when the stress has passed, depending on the type of stress (horrible daily grind of an awful job versus the stress of being chased by a hungry bear &amp;amp; getting away). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thepositivepsychologypeople.com/habits-of-a-happy-brain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most stress people feel in the modern developed world is more of a long term nagging sort, versus the survival level sort.  That is also long &amp;amp; drawn out in such a cases, versus excitement, which in intense feeling, is generally rather brief.  You don't typically sustain the anxious level excitement that impacts eating, sleeping, etc longer term.  You can experience all those for a fair amount of time though when in love.  It would still then be coupled with positive chemicals versus the levels of cortisol &amp;amp; such experienced when instead it's negative feelings you are experiencing with similar side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-20T21:28:23.400" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13043" CreationDate="2017-07-20T21:56:26.210" Score="4" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that rodents (i.e. rats) steal part of your food and there is a norovirus outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With respect to norovirus, I think there is not much I can do to &quot;prevent&quot; myself from catching the illness; e.g. I can't inspect my Chipotle burrito and go, &quot;ah ha! there's the norovirus right there on my tomatos!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But with respect to rats falling out of the ceilings, I would like to know what kind of food safety precautions I should adhere to.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is:  If rats eat part of my food, can I simply scoop away this part and then eat the rest of my food?  Or is it not advisable to eat any of the food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there like a &quot;5 second rule&quot; that I can follow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9874" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T05:01:23.900" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T05:01:23.900" Title="Rodents falling from the ceiling at Chipotle restaurants, what to do?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;food-addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13041" CreationDate="2017-07-21T00:41:34.527" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You actually need to ask this question? If rats are falling on your food in the restaurant then they're running amuck in the kitchen eating and crapping on your food. So the answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Find the manager&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Demand a refund&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leave&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Report it to the health department&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T00:41:34.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13032" CreationDate="2017-07-21T05:41:01.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your actual sperm count will matter as well as volume to &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; degree, as well as her level of fertility.  If your wife is not currently releasing a fertile egg nothing else at all matters of course.  If there no fertile egg there to be ready, then volume &amp;amp; count mean nothing.  You have to account then for timing as well of course.  But you can have a high sperm count with low volume &amp;amp; have better chance than high volume with a low count. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fertilitycenter.com/fertility_cares_blog/andrology-blog-part-ii/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.fertilitycenter.com/fertility_cares_blog/andrology-blog-part-ii/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T05:41:01.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13032" CreationDate="2017-07-21T08:13:09.247" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only exception is if your doctor has conducted a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025038/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;semen analysis&lt;/a&gt; and determined that you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025036/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oligospermia&lt;/a&gt;, in which case your doctor &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; recommend having sexual intercourse with your wife 3-4 times a week instead of every day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The bottom line:&lt;/em&gt; Don't start any unproven 'methods' for increasing the chances of pregnancy without talking with your wife about your idea, and asking your doctor(s) if the method has been scientifically proven to work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what some experts have to say on the topic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;...prolonged abstinence has little positive effect on conception and can actually decrease a couple’s chances of [getting pregnant] — even for men with low sperm counts. How so? While holding back does increase the number of sperm, ... abstinence longer than one day &lt;em&gt;decreases&lt;/em&gt; sperm [motility]...&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whattoexpect.com/preconception/boosting-male-fertility.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Boosting Male Fertility&lt;/a&gt; (WhatToExpect.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Does%20frequent%20masturbation%20affect%20male%20fertility?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does frequent masturbation affect male fertility?&lt;/a&gt; by Erik P. Castle, M.D. - &quot;Ultimately, having sexual intercourse ... several times a week will maximize your chances of getting your partner pregnant, whether you masturbate or not.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Turning it around to what actually works, see: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/fertility/art-20047584?pg=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthy sperm: Improving your fertility&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/fertility/art-20047584?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What's the best way to produce healthy sperm?&lt;/a&gt; (both on the Mayo Clinic website).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also on the Mayo Clinic site: &lt;a href=&quot;https://connect.mayoclinic.org/2016/03/14/how-to-increase-chances-of-pregnancy-5-tips-to-improve-sperm-quality/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How To Increase Chances of Pregnancy: 5 Tips To Improve Sperm Quality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;em&gt;PubMed Health&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0076677/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Infertility: Overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.parentherald.com/articles/28103/20160314/increase-chances-pregnancy-5-tips-improve-sperm-quality.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How To Increase Chances Of Pregnancy: 5 Tips To Improve Sperm Quality&lt;/a&gt; - an interview with Mayo Clinic doctors by &lt;em&gt;Parent Herald&lt;/em&gt; online magazine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastEditorUserId="9632" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T18:00:19.457" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T18:00:19.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13310" CreationDate="2017-07-21T10:52:53.830" Score="3" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the years I have accumulated some extra body mass that I want to get rid of. I currently weigh almost 104kg at 1.85m.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To do this I have started exercising again and I am slowly adjusting my diet. First stage is removing most crap from my diet and introduce a low calorie breakfast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the last couple of weeks I eat 250g of cherry tomatoes and some other veg like half a cucumber, some radishes or some carrots. I find it tasty, it doesn't bore me (yet), I get lots af fluids (or at least I piss more and more often) and it keeps me satisfied till at least lunch time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wash the tomatoes before consuming, aiming to remove any pesticides (or other surface contaminents).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Assuming I get enough macro- and micro nutrients in other meals, are there any short- or longterm health risks known to eating 250g of cherry tomatoes daily?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9879" LastEditorUserId="9879" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T07:25:56.583" LastActivityDate="2017-08-14T05:52:50.910" Title="Eating cherry tomatoes daily - Healthy?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-21T12:19:52.873" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to have defibrillator in my summerhouse, but I found that it cost a lot (1000USD) and it is overpraised since it contains almost nothing inside. I decided to look for one in China online store, but found only demo equipment. Does anybody have experience in buying cheep defibrillator? Can I use demo defibrillator from Ali-express?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9880" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-21T21:59:45.687" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T21:59:45.687" Title="Defibrillator from China" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;aed-defibrillator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13028" CreationDate="2017-07-21T15:47:31.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While hyperbaric oxygen therapy does have many benefits, there are potential issues. According to John Hopkins University Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can lead to lung damage, fluid buildup in the ears and vision changes. While these are not common, they can occur from the high pressure that the body is experiencing. A healthy person without indications for its use may want to avoid it, but in reality they will likely be fine as long as the treatment isn't long and they don't have any contraindications for it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;link to John Hopkins article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation/complications_of_hyperbaric_oxygen_treatment_134,148/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation/complications_of_hyperbaric_oxygen_treatment_134,148/&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9805" LastEditorUserId="9805" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T15:56:04.823" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T15:56:04.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9710" CreationDate="2017-07-21T22:02:08.313" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, basically.  There is some psych literature on this; we romanticize the past, because of a particular, complex way the brain chooses to behave.  In doing so, we typically remember good things from the past and hold on tightly to those things, even though in total one's past could have been more painful than the present, which is sometimes neglected and ignored and thus people hold themselves back and struggle to look forward and be forward-looking.  A psychology / museum curator told me this stuff recently.  Again sorry for not having sources to provide.  Try a Google search or search on PubMed.  I would search for both neurology and psych literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9884" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T22:02:08.313" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-22T09:06:24.737" Score="0" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've unprotected oral sex with 3 partners, two of which were from escort service while I was in not sober state. It was a gay sex (I'm usually rather straight and it was my almost first gay experience) and I was acceptive part. No-one ejaculated in my mouth though but penetration was deep in the throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly regret about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm scared so much that now I have some desease and can't take tests because mite biten me and now I have to take 2 weeks antibiotics course to prevent LIme desease(s) and then I need to wait for 2 weeks more before taking the tests.&#xA;How high chances of getting some desease?&#xA;Which tests should I take and how?&#xA;I feel like I'm going crazy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10889" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-22T14:48:33.887" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T20:45:30.037" Title="I've unprotected acceptive oral sex with 3 partners, two of which were from escort service. What are my chances to get some desease(s)?" Tags="&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;sexual-penetration&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-07-26T15:16:01.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13055" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-21T19:07:38.287" Score="5" ViewCount="1021" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this morning I eating cereal (lucky charms) and the batteries to my remote were running low so I went to go change them, leaving my cereal in my room. When I came back my kitten around 3 or 4 months was licking the milk from my cereal. His paws weren't in it though. I really don't want to waste food. So is it safe if I just continue eating it? He was only there for 15 seconds at most. I'm typing this at my computer with my cereal behind me on a tall stool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/j6aQx0ViHG0/maxresdefault.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/j6aQx0ViHG0/maxresdefault.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat what I walked into this morning but this is not my cat.&#xA;(Not a picture of my cat)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user9942" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-22T14:45:32.693" LastActivityDate="2017-07-22T14:45:32.693" Title="Can I continue to eat a cereal my cat ate out of?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;&lt;zoonotic-diseases&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;&lt;zoonotic-viruses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13055" CreationDate="2017-07-21T22:03:29.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This really isn't any different from asking if it is safe to share food with another person after watching them eat from the same bowl.  If you have a weak immune system, as with anything else, it is probably better to not share saliva with pets or humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on your comfort zone, there shouldn't be any issues though if you wanted to continue eating.  The only stopping factor is really if you find it unpleasant or not.  I know plenty of people who share a glass of water with their pets, for me, I wouldn't cause I don't find it appealing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the end it's really a matter of choice to you, but it is worth noting if you have a weak immune system to not share saliva in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9865" OwnerDisplayName="ggiaquin" LastActivityDate="2017-07-21T22:03:29.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13058" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-22T11:33:09.213" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this article about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.simplicityboats.com/chemorot.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the treatment of rot in wooden boats&lt;/a&gt;, which in the 11th paragraph from the top mentions the use of common &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ethylene glycol&lt;/a&gt; based antifreeze for the treatment of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete&amp;#39;s_foot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;athletes foot (tinea pedis)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know about any medical research done on this topic, or failing that, the health impact on externally applied ethylene glycol? To narrow down the expected quantity of exposure I would propose an initial treatment of maybe twice a day for a week going down to maybe once a week to prevent any new outbreaks. Areas to be treated are the soles of both feet, the toes with the area between them, under the toe nails and the area on top of the toes. Basically the same area as recommended for commercially available treatments for athlete foot like clotrimazole &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would guess this is still below the actual exposure that any car mechanic would get on a daily base during his/her work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information that includes any impact of common (anti corrosion) additives found in commercially available antifreeze fluid are welcome if kept separate from those of ethylene glycol specifically. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8698" LastActivityDate="2017-07-22T11:33:09.213" Title="What are the health implications of using ethylene glycol to treat athletes foot (tinea pedis)" Tags="&lt;athletes-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12980" CreationDate="2017-07-23T10:46:48.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. Brown rice is more nutritious than polished rice as polishing process removes some vitamins and minerals in the process. However, it takes longer to cook, is brown in colour, so less attractive and has chewy mouth feel. Similarly it takes longer to digest too. Some people not used to eating a lot of fibre may initially have some gastric discomfort in the beginning. Parboiling rice does help retain some of the nutrients while milling and is easier on the stomach. It also requires less cooking time than brown rice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3184" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T10:46:48.920" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13054" CreationDate="2017-07-23T20:45:30.037" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would encourage you to get seen by a healthcare professional for testing/advice. This could be from your family doctor or at a walk-in clinic. There might also be a sexual health center near you that can offer testing, advice, and counseling services. Everything would be confidential and should be judgement free (if you feel like you are being judged you can always ask to see someone else). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10898" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T20:45:30.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13033" CreationDate="2017-07-23T20:58:31.620" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;They certainly can occur at the same moment, but there are also situations where they might not. Similar to your hypothesis, if someone is for example severely constipated they may not be able to urinate until they have had a bowel movement due to the urethra (the tube that allows urine to leave your bladder) being pinched off from the pressure of the stool.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10899" LastActivityDate="2017-07-23T20:58:31.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13069" CreationDate="2017-07-23T23:10:54.713" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 30-year-old first-aid manual has the following instructions for treating minor burns:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apply cold water or ice until the pain goes away, but not for less than five minutes or more than one hour.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Leave blisters alone.  If they pop, leave the overlying skin on to act as a dressing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not use anesthetic creams or sprays.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not apply butter or any ointment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antibiotic creams are unlikely to help or harm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this still the recommended way of dealing with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:02:45.373" Title="First aid for minor burns" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;burns&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13068" CreationDate="2017-07-24T00:09:08.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Burn treatment has changed over the years. When I was in the USMC Air Wing many decades ago, I suffered some pretty bad burns on both hands by trying to push a jet engine starter (turbine engine) with my hands. (Yeah, I know, pretty stupid.) They rushed me to sick bay and drenched my hands in ice water for 30 minutes. My hands never did blister. Since then I have always used ice to cool a burn.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;That said, ice is no longer recommended for treatment of a burn, as it can cause further damage to the underlying skin, and it's just about impossible to apply ice to only the burn without affecting the surrounding area.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000662.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ul&gt;First aid for Minor Burns&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;li&gt;First, calm and reassure the person who is burned.&lt;br&gt;If clothing is not stuck to the burn, remove it. If the burn is caused by chemicals, take off all clothes that have the chemical on them.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cool the burn&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Use cool water, not ice. The extreme cold from ice can injure the tissue even more.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If possible, especially if the burn is caused by chemicals, hold the burned skin under cool running water for 10 to 15 minutes until it does not hurt as much. Use a sink, shower, or garden hose.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If this is not possible, put a cool, clean wet cloth on the burn, or soak the burn in a cool water bath for 5 minutes.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br&gt;After the burn is cooled, make sure it is a minor burn. If it is deeper, larger, or on the hand, foot, face, groin, buttocks, hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, or wrist, seek medical care right away.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;If it is a minor burn.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;li&gt;After the burn is cooled, make sure it is a minor burn. If it is deeper, larger, or on the hand, foot, face, groin, buttocks, hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, or wrist, seek medical care right away.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;DO NOT break blisters. An opened blister can get infected.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;You may put a thin layer of ointment, such as petroleum jelly or aloe vera, on the burn. The ointment does not need to have antibiotics in it. Some antibiotic ointments can cause an allergic reaction. DO NOT use cream, lotion, oil, cortisone, butter, or egg white.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If needed, protect the burn from rubbing and pressure with a sterile non-stick gauze (petrolatum or Adaptic-type) lightly taped or wrapped over it. DO NOT use a dressing that can shed fibers, because they can get caught in the burn. Change the dressing once a day&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;For pain, take an over-the-counter pain medicine. These include acetaminophen (such as Tylenol), ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin), naproxen (such as Aleve), and aspirin. Follow the directions on the bottle. DO NOT give aspirin to children under 2, or anyone 18 or younger who has or is recovering from chickenpox or flu symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Also from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/tc/burns-home-treatment#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-burns/basics/art-20056649&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T00:31:14.767" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T00:31:14.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-24T02:11:22.917" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding's that amphetamines are immunosuppressive... Theoretically, couldn't  these drugs result in false negatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T16:14:34.277" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T16:14:34.277" Title="Can amphetamines suppress reactivity to scratch testing (for immunotherapy)?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;&lt;allergen-immunotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-24T03:17:04.700" Score="2" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the interactions, if any, and their effects to mood/health/wellness, between &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba#Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ginkgo Biloba&lt;/a&gt; and psychotropics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in answers covering at least these drug types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) - example: Fluoxetine (Prozac)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) - example: Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dopamine reuptake inhibitors - example: Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; I tried using drug interaction checkers, such as that from &lt;a href=&quot;https://reference.medscape.com/drug-interactionchecker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;, but no interactions are reported. Nevertheless, I've done some online search and found some informal references (aka: Reddit) saying that Ginkgo Biloba is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)&lt;/a&gt;. It is generally advised not to take other medication such as antidepressants and stimulants if you have been on a MAOI for the past 14 days (or vice versa) due to the increased risk of serotonin syndrome, possibly fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23538078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; stating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Potential interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, alprazolam,&#xA;  haloperidol, warfarin, and nifedipine have been reported in case studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says that no changes in MAO A or B levels were observed, in one study using positron emission tomography imaging following 1 month of treatment at 120mg/day of Ginkgo Biloba in humans; although this might be due to the comparatively low dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1843" LastEditorUserId="1843" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T22:38:35.427" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T22:38:35.427" Title="Any drug interactions between Ginkgo Biloba and psychotropics?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12991" CreationDate="2017-07-24T11:12:52.797" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ringing in ears can happen due to various reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its causes can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal aging process&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Head and neck injuries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ear infections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A foreign object, or earwax touching the eardrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eustachian tube (middle ear) problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stiffening of the middle ear bones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Traumatic brain injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cardiovascular diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various ways you can get rid of it but consult with your doctor first before taking any medication or doing any exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10905" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T11:12:52.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12991" CreationDate="2017-07-24T12:41:35.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually tinnitus or ringing in ears is caused by infections or blockages in the ear, and it can disappear once the underlying cause is treated. Prolonged exposure to loud sounds is the most common cause of tinnitus.&#xA;Other conditions and illnesses that can lead to tinnitus are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blockages of the ear due to a buildup of wax &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some drugs mostly aspirin, different types of antibiotics, anti-&lt;br&gt;&#xA;inflammatories,sedatives, and antidepressants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The natural aging process&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meniere's    disease, which affects the inner part of the ear&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;High blood pressure&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allergies&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Circulatory problems&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Underactive thyroid gland&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cardiovascular disease&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anemia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10906" LastActivityDate="2017-07-24T12:41:35.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-24T15:43:57.687" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to research by &lt;a href=&quot;http://oii-usa.org/2563/how-common-is-intersex-in-humans/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Organization Intersex International&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;hermaphrodites&lt;/strong&gt; (born with both male and female genitalia) &quot;make up &lt;strong&gt;1 in 2000&lt;/strong&gt;, or &lt;strong&gt;.05%&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot; Babies born as hermaphrodites happen more than the general public realizes or history acknowledges... so I seek for a better medical understanding of these individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What typically happens to these babies?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a &lt;strong&gt;surgery necessary for all hermaphrodites?&lt;/strong&gt; Like is it physically possible for them to live full-lives with both genitalia?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the &lt;strong&gt;doctors or the parents decide&lt;/strong&gt; what &lt;strong&gt;sex&lt;/strong&gt; the &lt;strong&gt;child&lt;/strong&gt; will be? If so, on what &lt;strong&gt;basis&lt;/strong&gt; is the &lt;strong&gt;gender/sex&lt;/strong&gt; of the baby &lt;strong&gt;determined&lt;/strong&gt; prior to the &lt;strong&gt;surgery&lt;/strong&gt; removing the &quot;extra&quot; genitalia? &lt;em&gt;Do they base it off of which genitalia is more developed?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At what &lt;strong&gt;age&lt;/strong&gt; of the infant do they perform these surgeries?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the &lt;strong&gt;transgender and bisexual&lt;/strong&gt;  (LGBTQ) &lt;strong&gt;rates&lt;/strong&gt; of those born as hermaphrodites the same/lower/more than others born with one set of genitalia?&#xA;Are the &lt;strong&gt;surgeries reversible?&lt;/strong&gt; Like if a person later on felt like the doctors/parents chose a gender that they don't identify with... &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My questions are sincere and I apologize for my ignorance concerning hermaphrodites (which is why I try to seek answers) or if I lack the skills to phrase my questions in a proper manner. I know each person is different and complex, I am just wondering about what generally happens and the impact it has on their future. I apologize if I may offend anyone with my questions. Please forgive me if I do.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:59:13.087" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:59:13.087" Title="Hermaphrodites (born with both sets of genitalia): Do surgeons HAVE to perform surgery? How soon? Decision basis for which genitalia to keep?" Tags="&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-24T15:55:25.380" Score="2" ViewCount="1055" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen people loosing a lot of pounds working out. But their skin hanging all over the body. Does the skin get normal ever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GP0hl.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GP0hl.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3478" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-07-24T16:02:06.570" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T10:16:25.430" Title="Do our skin get normal after obese person lose weight?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;&lt;dermatochalasis-saggy&gt;&lt;stretch-marks-striae&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-24T17:02:38.940" Score="10" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;70 or so years ago, kids all got their tonsils out. I have a family member who, when perfectly healthy, had them out (75 or more years ago) because his twin was having his out, and it would be too hard on his mother to have only one twin in the hospital, and she would likely have to go through that again eventually, so get it over with. I have another who had them out about 55 years ago because &quot;I got sick all the time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet nobody under 40 (who I know, in North America) has stories like these about themselves or their children. Infants these days get ear infections, which generally clear up before school age one way or another. Some get tubes. But these tales of 4-10 year olds getting their tonsils out and getting to eat ice cream (in various picture books I own) just don't seem to match present-day reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why? Do tonsils not get infected any more? Have doctors decided removing them is a bad strategy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2017-08-06T08:44:32.547" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T16:40:50.773" Title="Whatever happened to Tonsillitis?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;&lt;tonsil-tonsillectomy&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-25T00:03:54.730" Score="1" ViewCount="224" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can rubbing ones head vigorously with the knuckles result in brain trauma (essentially a hard scalp massage with the knuckles). Forceful enough that it is putting pressure on the scalp and causing localized pressure and pain. I would assume not, because there is no rotational or linear force causing the neck to swivel, but I'm not sure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10910" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T00:03:54.730" Title="Noogie = concussive force?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13077" CreationDate="2017-07-25T00:46:12.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/features/you-lost-weight-what-about-extra-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You Lost the Weight. What About That Extra Skin?&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/after-huge-weight-loss-sagging-skin-remains-n44481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;After Huge    Weight Loss, Sagging Skin Remains&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are two good articles -- hopefully they answer some questions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best of luck going forward and congrats on the weight loss!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T00:46:12.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-25T10:38:33.573" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;While researching online, I &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mensclinic.com/no-scalpel-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read about scalpel free vasectomy&lt;/a&gt;. With any procedure, there are risks and benefits.  How safe and effective is this procedure?  How does that compare with a traditional vasectomy procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10914" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T09:56:13.947" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T09:56:13.947" Title="Is scalpel-free vasectomy safe and effective?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13098" CreationDate="2017-07-25T10:59:57.873" Score="3" ViewCount="517" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a syphilis in blood during the first stage of it, when you just got a chancre on your genitals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean is it possible that there is no syphilis  in your blood, but you still infected by the syphilis and the infection is accommodated just in the chancre?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is possible for how long can such condition last? The condition when you are infected, but you blood is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9336" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-25T22:15:40.283" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T07:56:23.427" Title="Is it possible for a syphilis test to be negative when a syphilis chancre is present?" Tags="&lt;syphilis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-25T16:21:24.270" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any researchers or practitioners that have extremely deep understanding of the tailbone/coccyx?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10921" LastEditorUserId="10921" LastEditDate="2017-07-25T18:59:02.197" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T18:59:02.197" Title="Who are some of the world's most recognized experts on the tailbone/coccyx?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;&lt;pelvis-pelvic-bone&gt;&lt;tailbone-coccyx&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-25T21:28:26.093" Score="11" ViewCount="4439" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can females or males achieve an orgasm without physical stimulation (masturbation) of the sexual or reproduction organs (vagina, penis, breast)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Males have nocturnal emissions that work without physical stimulation, can males or females have that during daytime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, how does one achieve an orgasm this way? Is it mostly psychological?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10925" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-07-25T21:49:26.190" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T17:06:10.360" Title="Is it possible to reach an orgasm without physical stimulation (masturbation)?" Tags="&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13095" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-25T22:12:23.847" Score="2" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;How common is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in normal adults who don't have obvious risk factors such as high-impact sports? Have there been any studies done on the normal population as opposed to those who are at risk? (I understand that this can only be diagnosed posthumously, so any study would tend to be biased towards elderly individuals.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10926" LastActivityDate="2017-07-25T22:12:23.847" Title="How common is CTE in normal adults?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;traumatic-encephalopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13087" CreationDate="2017-07-26T07:48:40.767" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives#False_positive_error&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;false positive&lt;/a&gt; rates of syphilis blood tests in primary syphilis.  It's a biostatistics thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AAFP has a good article on the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0415/p2233.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical dilemmas of syphilis&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The VDRL and RPR, respectively, are reactive in 78 percent and 86 percent of patients with primary syphilis. They become positive within approximately four to six weeks after infection or one to three weeks after the appearance of the primary lesion. Thus, these tests can be negative in early syphilis, when patients have lesions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that a test could be incorrectly negative if:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The person is not in the 78% (VDRL) or 86% (RPR) of people with the disease that the test is able to identify correctly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The test is done before the body has made enough antibodies for the test to detect them yet&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FTA-ABS is &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229461-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;often used as a confirmatory test&lt;/a&gt; after a positive VDRL or RPR.  Sensitivity is 84% in primary syphilis and nearly 100% in later stages. Its specificity is 96%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually clinicians start with a screening test like RPR, then if it's positive, follow up with a confirmatory test.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally screening tests should be highly sensitive (rule out); confirmatory tests should be highly specific (rule in).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With something like syphilis, often a chancre is treated as syphilis even with a negative test in case it's a false negative, due to the serious transmission and complications possible from untreated syphilis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-07-26T07:56:23.427" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T07:56:23.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-26T11:07:01.387" Score="4" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;The heroin abstinence, like alcohol abstinence, is something painful and hard to pass through.&#xA;Listen a history when Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love came in Brasil, in 1993, when they go down in street searching for heroin, but in Brazil there's no heroin.&#xA;So, come to my mind, many rockstars are addict to heroin, and sure enough, a lot of time they find themselves without this in countries like Brazil (a cocaine paradise where heroin just does not exist).&#xA;So, what probably those heroin addicts take when there's no heroin available? Which available (and accessible without medical prescription) substances would avoid the problems of heroin abstinence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10930" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T11:07:01.387" Title="What a heroin addict takes when there's no heroin available, in order to avoid abstinence syndrome?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;heroin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-03-08T16:12:23.950" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13105" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13110" CreationDate="2017-07-26T13:45:09.997" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why can't deafness be permanently eliminated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the physical aspects that stop us from re-creating an ear drum or cochlea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I lost my ear due to an infection when i was a kid, *that was behind my ear drum and ruptured in. Why are there no solutions for this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10932" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-07-29T20:16:14.197" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T20:16:14.197" Title="Eliminating deafness" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;hearing-impaired&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9591" CreationDate="2017-07-26T13:48:15.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can answer this from a first hand perspective, based on my experiences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm almost completely deaf from one ear. It can cause more of a social discomfort that can lead to anxiety. I can't talk with anyone in a club, i can't approach a girl properly, in a meeting i have to do a 120 degree turn on anyone sitting on my right, and you find also those great people, even 'friends' that mimic having said something right in your face so that they make you have to ask what was it they said. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you start ignoring these kind of things, you start risking being passed for an antisocial or a loner, especially if you are a quiet / introverted &lt;em&gt;not shy&lt;/em&gt; type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10932" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T13:48:15.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13110" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13105" CreationDate="2017-07-26T14:52:02.577" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term deaf (with a lowercase d) is generally not used clinically. In lay usage it can mean various degrees of hearing loss from moderate (possibly even slight or mild) impairments through profound loss. Similarly &lt;em&gt;eliminating deafness&lt;/em&gt; is not a well defined concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;auditory system&lt;/a&gt; is complex and hearing loss can be caused by damage to any part from the outer ear all the way up to the auditory cortex (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_deafness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_deafness&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conductive hearing losses are generally caused by &lt;em&gt;damage&lt;/em&gt; to the outer and middle ears and can often be &lt;em&gt;eliminated&lt;/em&gt; through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hearingloss.org/content/types-causes-and-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surgery or hearing aids&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Damage to the inner ear can be treated with hearing or bypassed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_implant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cochlear implants&lt;/a&gt;. Neither of these &lt;em&gt;eliminate&lt;/em&gt; deafness, but can restore a significant amount of functional hearing. The auditory system is described as having thousands of channels  while a cochlear implant has a dozen or so. Hearing aids simply turn up the volume so other channels can detect the sound, but there are still missing/damaged channels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is also research into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochlea.org/en/future-cures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hair cell regeneration&lt;/a&gt; that could repair some types of damage to the inner ear. While the research looks promising, it is technically difficult. You have to regrow the hair cell in the correct location with the right orientation and size. Then you need to stimulate nerve fibers to synapse on the regrown cell. you have to also worry about the supporting cells and the rest of the structures in the inner ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Damage to the auditory nerve can be bypassed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_brainstem_implant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;auditory brainstem implants&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762428&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;midbrain implants&lt;/a&gt;. These devices do not &lt;em&gt;eliminate&lt;/em&gt; deafness, but do restore functional hearing. Again, the number of channels (and the processing the brain does on the sound) limit the performance of the device.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-07-26T14:52:02.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-26T21:49:56.147" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that the chances of impregnating a women during her period, or in the few days (up to a week) after her period, are close to 0 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that I don't need to use a condom during this interval of time between her period and up to a week after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10938" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T06:14:11.357" Title="Is it impossible to impregnate a woman during her period, and in the few days after?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11297" CreationDate="2017-07-26T22:58:15.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bottom row, second from the front, right at the gum line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1eUq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the darkened wedge-shaped area on the right edge of the tooth in the enlargement below? That is exactly what it looks like: a hole in the enamel of the tooth. That is what a cavity is and it's what it looks like on x-ray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sSTez.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T00:17:51.603" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T00:17:51.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13115" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13119" CreationDate="2017-07-26T23:06:52.160" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are carrots other than orange good for the eyes? Do they contain any vitamin A? I'm mostly just curious about potential foodstuffs that are good for the body &amp;amp; I'm starting with carrots because I read a lot. If they are beneficial to the eyes or any other part of the body, could you let me know please. Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9637" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2019-05-01T04:06:04.140" LastActivityDate="2019-05-01T04:06:04.140" Title="Carrots of other colors besides orange" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-05-01T04:22:29.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17876" CreationDate="2017-07-27T02:23:40.320" Score="3" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;In acid reflux disease, patients are advised to eat foods that can neutralize acid in their stomach to keep the acid level in stomach low enough, for example just a small cake can efficiently reduce the acid level in stomach. Is there any same things to neutralize bile for bile reflux disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10941" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T11:15:05.913" Title="Neutralize bile in stomach" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;bile&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13115" CreationDate="2017-07-27T05:56:23.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well not only are carrot colors other than orange still good for beta carotene (although some do have considerably less - purple still has an orange core though) things like kale, which are not at all orange, have a lot of beta carotene.  for serving size, there is more Vit A in kale, than carrots.  Sweet potatoes are also higher.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a very easy reference on what carious carrot colors have in them, I found this the most simplistic explanation.  You can skip a lot of the reading &amp;amp; just scroll down the chart. &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/20/eat-this-now-rainbow-carrots/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall I haven't found much that shows white carrots to be terribly nutritious but they do help your system in digestion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T05:56:23.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13113" CreationDate="2017-07-27T06:14:11.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is basic information on how the menstrual cycle &amp;amp; ovulation occur. &lt;a href=&quot;http://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/understanding-your-menstrual-cycle-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://womhealth.org.au/conditions-and-treatments/understanding-your-menstrual-cycle-fact-sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that said, I charted my cycles for years &amp;amp; was well aware of how my body worked overall.  I have actually taken education on the use of charting to avoid pregnancy.  It worked very well for me for a decade &amp;amp; then one time I ovulated on day 4 (which for most women would be during menstruation) and that is how I got pregnant with one of my children.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no time in a cycle you can have unprotected sex and be absolutely certain you will not ovulate, even if you have always ovulated on a predictable schedule.  I did know this.  It was okay with me overall to have that unplanned pregnancy, hence why I was comfortable taking that risk as a married person who had children already.  If you do not want a child, wear a condom, every time.  It really &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; what you need to do.  You cannot know for sure what a body will ever do because it is impacted by stress, sleep, foods, etc and hormones - things you cannot always account for. Even when a woman takes hormonal birth control, there is a failure rate.  None of the birth control options other than sterilization have close to a 0% chance &amp;amp; anyone telling you that is not being factual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T06:14:11.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-27T07:14:12.190" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does ingesting (for example) 30 grams of sugar with one litre of water a day has the same effect on the dietary intake as ingesting 60 grams of sugar with two litres of water? How does the absorption of nutrients looks like your body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10944" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-07-30T06:59:48.683" LastActivityDate="2017-07-30T06:59:48.683" Title="Total Amount vs. Percentage of Nutrients" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13198" CreationDate="2017-07-27T09:47:05.890" Score="3" ViewCount="4702" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just opened my first ever USN &quot;Pro Protein&quot; premium multi-protein bar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its a &lt;strong&gt;68g bar&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;strong&gt;20.1g protein&lt;/strong&gt; in it. That's less than 1/3rd protein. Good news is it tastes pretty good...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, the nutritional information says that it contains &lt;strong&gt;29.6g protein per 100g&lt;/strong&gt; - still less than 1/3rd protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, is this considered a high protein supplement? I would have expected &quot;high protein&quot; to mean that protein content is closer to at least 50% protein...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9812" LastEditorUserId="9812" LastEditDate="2017-07-27T10:17:06.323" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T14:06:47.737" Title="How much protein per 100g is considered &quot;high protein&quot;?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13077" CreationDate="2017-07-27T10:16:25.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hanging skin is typical when weight loss is sudden or too fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin is elastic, remember, so over time it'll shrink or expand as necessary but if you're losing weight too quickly, your skin won't have the time it needs to adapt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When losing weight, you'll obviously be working to decrease your calorie intake to a deficit of what your body needs to maintain the weight but this has to be measured carefully if you're going to stay healthy when losing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommended calorie deficit per day for healthy weight loss is 500 calories less than TDEE (total daily energy expenditure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if your TDEE calories is 1875 (the calories you need to consume to maintain your weight), then you'll want to aim for a maximum daily intake of 1375 calories. You can consider calories lost during exercise as &amp;quot;bonus calories.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Summary&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consuming too few calories per day when losing weight will mean you'll lose weight faster which could cause hanging skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep your calorie intake per day while losing weight to 500 calories less than you need to maintain your weight for healthy weight loss which will avoid the hanging skin problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9812" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-07-27T10:16:25.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13128" CreationDate="2017-07-27T11:04:27.830" Score="5" ViewCount="3217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can extended use of glasses that are very tight-pressing against the temples inhibit blood circulation towards the brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find that I get headaches if I wear tight glasses, and found a similar question here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1530/can-tight-glasses-cause-headaches&quot;&gt;Can tight glasses cause headaches?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but it still doesn't clear out my doubts about blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10946" LastEditorUserId="10946" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T16:06:38.810" LastActivityDate="2019-08-05T22:11:40.520" Title="Can very tight glasses restrict blood flow to the brain?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13127" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-27T13:58:14.953" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I discovered recently I am allergic to soy and have been looking at the labels on many foods I eat to discover it's in almost all the foods I eat.  Some don't seem to make any sense - like raw walnuts containing soy, according to the ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I be aware of on the labels outside of direct warnings?  I'm worried that a product may contain soy without warning of it, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Manufactured on equipment that processes peanut, other tree nuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a product that &lt;em&gt;possibly&lt;/em&gt; contains soy required to make this clear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10947" LastEditorUserId="16504" LastEditDate="2019-08-31T16:59:48.970" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T08:27:30.357" Title="Food Packaging Labels' Ingredient Statement Required To List Allergens?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13126" CreationDate="2017-07-27T16:08:30.210" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not towards the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at the two diagrams.  The temporal artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that stays outside the skull.  The internal carotid artery goes inside the skull.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3ohX7.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3ohX7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You couldn't compress the skull with sunglasses if you tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lv0Nf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lv0Nf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142908-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MANY headaches are related to muscular/tendinous pain in the head and neck&lt;/a&gt;, not the brain. Putting pressure on the temporal regions can cause pain in the muscles, and sustained pressure can cause spasms.  Restricting the flow through the arteries of your face could in theory reduce flow to muscles of your scalp, causing pain and ischemia.  It is less likely to be the cause of pain from sunglasses pressure, as there is lots of collateral blood flow, but not impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that transmitting any force through the actual skull via compression, which is a pretty solid bone, would take a great deal of pressure (orders of magnitude above what sunglasses are capable of) and would involve fracturing bone. Then you'd be looking at potential stroke/TBI symptoms.  That is not happening to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not going to discuss your symptoms of confusion, that starts down the path of individual medical advice.  If you are concerned about any of your symptoms, see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get some better sunglasses or fix the hinges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-09T11:54:08.867" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T11:54:08.867" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-27T16:36:58.527" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife went to an Ontario (Canada) public hospital and they performed a blood test, among other things. The test revealed a presence of bacteria in the blood. They said they will send it for analysis to determine the exact bacteria, which may take up to 48 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somebody from the hospital called a day or so later and said that there's no need to worry, the bacteria should be all gone, and it was most likely introduced into the blood stream (and the sample) during the actual blood test. They said there's no need for follow-up tests. They mentioned that the needle was sterile, but the bacteria was probably on her skin. Is this normal? I thought that with proper procedures your risk of infection should be essentially zero. How effective is the sterilizing wipe that is used before inserting the needle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking whether what happened (ie blood contaminated during a blood test) is a fairly normal occurrence or if it indicates non-trivial issues with the hospital staff's procedures that should be brought to someone's attention. In other words, something like &quot;Yeah, this happens sometimes, it's not a big deal&quot; vs &quot;Uh.. you should really notify your local health authority ASAP, there's a clear health hazard for other patients&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10948" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T22:48:01.270" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T10:56:20.287" Title="Hospital says their blood test caused sepsis. How serious is this?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-27T22:38:57.137" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume someone has an increased risk for leukemia, lymphoma, lung cancer, and maybe even brain cancer because of fumes from ABS material that they have inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can they do once they are aware of their risk? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a few questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What lifestyle changes can they make, if any, to help lower the risk of those cancers?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What tests can they ask their doctor to do on a regular basis to help catch those cancers early? Catching cancer early is key to survival of course.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What sort of timeline would they be looking at for developing those cancers? 10 years? 20 years? or even 5 years?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any symptoms they should be on the lookout for?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any other possible cancers that they should consider at risk for?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Any other advice?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10951" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-07-29T00:59:09.850" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T00:59:09.850" Title="Options after exposure to ABS fumes" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;toxic-fumes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-28T05:23:27.053" Score="1" ViewCount="1091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading this &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000520.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;about broken toe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your toe is crooked after the injury, the bone may be out of place&#xA;  and need to be straightened in order to heal properly.  This may be&#xA;  done either with or &lt;strong&gt;without surgery&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the broken, I think it really needs surgery. Then why does this article&#xA;shows may not needed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user35303" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:29:16.497" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:29:16.497" Title="How bone of broken toe can be straightened without surgery?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;toe&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11887" CreationDate="2017-07-28T11:05:30.233" Score="7" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://teachmeanatomy.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TeachMeAnatomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Containing over 700 vibrant, full-colour images, TeachMeAnatomy is a comprehensive anatomy encyclopedia presented in a visually-appealing, easy-to-read format.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Created by a team of doctors and medical students, each topic combines anatomical knowledge with high-yield clinical pearls, seamlessly bridging the gap between scholarly learning and improved patient care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a good site which mainly deals with anatomy of the human body, It also freely accessible and which can also be considered credible. Also see the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://teachmeseries.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TeachMeSeries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; which contains information about other fields of medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/guide/anatomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medscape is the leading online global destination for physicians and healthcare professionals worldwide, offering the latest medical news and expert perspectives; essential point-of-care drug and disease information; and relevant professional education and CME.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get introduced to the major organ systems of the human body! You’ll learn some general anatomy (a roadmap of your body), learn how the arm bone actually connects to the shoulder bone, and how the different organs work together to keep you alive. Watch some videos, read some articles, try some flashcards, and then quiz yourself!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/skeletal-basics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These bones of mine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This blog will explicitly introduce the human skeleton and its anatomical traits to a general and interested audience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This blog then is an introduction and a repository for me, detailing my interests in the field and whilst also documenting my own ongoing archaeological experience.  Furthermore, I want to take you on a journey of discovery of self learning by detailing what exactly human osteologists and bioarchaeologists do.  Alongside this approach I will also include details of my own extensive experience of bone disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to date academic references are noted on each post explicitly and an effort is made to find an Open Access articles and resources, where available, as appropriate.  Within each of these references you will find much more detail on the specific subject highlighted and also on the practice of human osteology and archaeology in general.  Please enjoy and share.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PDFs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Anatomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This discusses about the anatomy of human peritonium and abdominal cavity.[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Category:Bookshelf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From: Project Gutenberg&lt;/a&gt;] which contains many other free access books related to other field also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24440&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surgical Anatomy&lt;/a&gt; [From: Project Gutenberg]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/BookDetail.aspx?bookId=169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anatomy and Physiology&lt;/a&gt; [From: Open Textbook Library]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11530/?term=%22anatomy%20and%20histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20(%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%22histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D)%20OR%20%22anatomy%20and%20histology%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20%22anatomy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The organisation of the Retina and Visual System&lt;/a&gt; [From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI Bookshelf&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• [&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/stream/AnatomyByGerardJ.TortoraBryanH.Derrickson/anatomy%20by%20Gerard%20J.%20Tortora%2C%20Bryan%20H.%20Derrickson#page/n4/mode/1up&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anatomy By Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson&lt;/a&gt;] (Thanks to @&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13819/gordon&quot;&gt;Gordon&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8593" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T18:48:21.397" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12161" CreationDate="2017-07-28T11:48:00.453" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The part of the ribs that articulates with the thoracic vertebrae (in your spine) is called the proximal end and the part that articulates with the costal-cartilage / sternum (in the centre of your chest) is called the distal end. The 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and the 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; pair of ribs only articulates with the thoracic vertebrae (proximal). They are called as floating ribs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ribs project from proximal articulating facets with thoracic vertebrae, slant forward, and depending on the rib pair under consideration, articulate at the distal end with either the sternum, hard cartilage or ‘float’ freely (Jurmain &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt; 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://thesebonesofmine.wordpress.com/category/rib-cage/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8593" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2017-07-29T16:28:25.180" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T16:28:25.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13138" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-07-28T11:55:05.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physiology is the study of how organisms, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in living systems. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Questions should be on function, while the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/anatomy&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;anatomy&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;anatomy&lt;/a&gt; tag should be used for structural aspect questions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Questions asking about mechanisms or the physiological processes behind a pathological condition should include the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/pathophysiology&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;pathophysiology&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;pathophysiology&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Questions asking about the electrical activities of the heart should include the &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/cardiac-electrophysiology&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;cardiac-electrophysiology&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;cardiac-electrophysiology&lt;/a&gt; tag.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8593" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2017-08-24T02:19:39.423" LastActivityDate="2017-08-24T02:19:39.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13139" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-07-28T11:55:05.110" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-07-28T11:55:05.110" LastActivityDate="2017-07-28T11:55:05.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-29T07:59:32.237" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title says, what can cause high amounts of activity during one's sleep? Activity like: switching on lights, and walking around outside. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6713" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:28:18.563" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T14:49:42.453" Title="Is there a mental disorder that causes people to do things in their sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sleep-walking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="913" CreationDate="2017-07-29T10:30:29.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most vitamins are best taken with some sort of food to aid in the absorption of the supplement. Taking vitamins throughout the day at different intervals also aids in maintaining proper levels of each supplement. Thus, taking vitamins in smaller dosages throughout the day provides optimal balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are taking vitamin supplements with no contraindications to any prescriptions and your choice is to take them all at night or not at all, you are not creating a problem by taking them all[enter link description here][1] at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10968" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T10:30:29.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-29T14:07:22.073" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why when a patient feels a pain in his stomach, doctors always ask him if he's losing apetite ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does losing apetite conduct to as diagnosis ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:27:43.560" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:27:43.560" Title="Why losing apetite is always a criteria when stomach pain happens" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-29T17:35:52.377" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard from a doctor that one should take vaccination for tetanus every 10 years. On the other hand, I have also heard from a medical researcher that there are no known cases where one has got a tetanus after he or she has got a tetanus vaccination. Which one is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10971" LastActivityDate="2017-07-29T17:35:52.377" Title="Should one retake the tetanus vaccination?" Tags="&lt;tetanus-shot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-29T17:37:24.587" Score="-3" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;They've yet to come up with anything except pumping you with poisons that merely give you an extra year or two to live while you suffer humiliating side-effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you ask experts about why they've never come up with a cure, their answers are always the same &quot;Cancer isn't one disease. It's a million different diseases. It would be like you want a single cure for infections.&quot; Well, infections do have a cure: antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another more modern excuse from top cancer researchers is that &quot;Cancer is an evolutionary mechanism to protect the species gene pool&quot;. So is everything else we cure, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems the billions of dollars pushed into all this research is pointless. From the outside it looks as though these researchers don't try to understand what cancer even is, they just rely on trial and error and hope they find something that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10970" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-07-30T13:22:00.497" LastActivityDate="2017-07-30T13:22:00.497" Title="Will there never be a cure for cancer?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2017-07-30T21:11:42.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13151" CreationDate="2017-07-30T13:20:20.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question contains a number of over simplifications. Cancer isn't one disease. That's not an &quot;excuse&quot;, it's a fact that was painfully learned by researchers who rolled up their sleeves to &quot;cure cancer&quot; and realized they had it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, &quot;poisons&quot; (I presume you mean chemotherapy) are not the only treatment. You ignored not only surgery and radiation, which work for some people, but immunotherapy, which is producing some astonishing results for some particular cancers (not just where they started to grow, but their genetics, affect whether immunotherapy will work.) This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038596/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 article&lt;/a&gt; talks about the research in that area and what has been learned. For melanoma, even stage 4 metastatic melanoma, projected survival time has gone from a small number of months to a decade or more, possibly to regaining the natural lifespan. One interesting sentence fragment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the availability of novel immunotherapies could potentially result in cancer turning into a controllable chronic disease in a considerable proportion of patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the field has moved dramatically even since that paper was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-truly-cure-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Scientific American article&lt;/a&gt; about what the phrase &quot;cure cancer&quot; involves. Yes, there are still a lot of people dying of cancer - I've been to my share of funerals - but there are plenty living with it and eventually dying of something else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-07-30T13:20:20.650" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-31T02:15:21.817" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard this from some people in my village that snake venom catches fire like diesel fuel. And they said, one can make a li'l cut around the wound and set it on fire as an immediate action to get more time to reach some medical aid. Now, there are some cases where people have done this and they are still alive(could be their luck as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what could be the health concerns with such a method?&#xA;And is it of any worth at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please, keep your answers based on medical theory or some real life cases.&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9822" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:24:15.013" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:24:15.013" Title="Snake bite &amp; setting it on fire" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;venom&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;&lt;fire-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-31T11:28:41.913" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO gives &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sugar intake recommendations&lt;/a&gt; in terms of percentage of energy intake. That, combined with some popular wisdom makes the think that it isn't the same if I eat, say a chocolate bar, before or after lunch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, the major problem with free sugars is that they cause an insoline production spike that our body is not quite prepared to deal with in the long run. If I were to eat some &lt;em&gt;not so unhealty food&lt;/em&gt; (such as a regular meal), the insuline levels would rise at a normal pace until the free sugar intake and would drop less after the sugar processing, because there would still be the rest of the meal to digest, effectively reducing the insuline spike.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it is worse to consume free sugars before a meal than after? If so, how much worse is it? For the same ammount of adverse effects, can I ingest more free sugars after a regular meal than after a small one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; please consider as meals something a nutricionist would recommend to an average, healthy adult person, a &quot;regular meal&quot; being the lunch, and the small meal the mid-morning break.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10990" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:17:54.210" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:17:54.210" Title="Does free sugar intake before meals cause more adverse effects than after them?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-07-31T14:42:04.210" Score="2" ViewCount="1135" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it ok for a person with hepatitis b to get a tattoo? What are the risks? Will it make the condition worse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10993" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:32:46.770" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:32:46.770" Title="Tattoo on person with hepatitis b" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12984" CreationDate="2017-07-31T18:35:12.920" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all the rest is the same, &lt;strong&gt;your risk of caries would increase by 25%&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12535435&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: Cochrane Syst Review&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="7617" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T00:52:17.413" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T00:52:17.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13147" CreationDate="2017-07-31T19:29:14.333" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;you`d better find a partner to live with, it is dangerous to be lonely today, many mental disorders have sleep troubles, PTSD is common, anxiety is not a disease if controlled&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10999" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T19:29:14.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12725" CreationDate="2017-07-31T19:47:12.693" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do software as apart of my job, and I drink tea, coffee, eat icecream as an antidepressant,  have warm baths with sea salt, go for a walk every day and 1-4 fishing per year, you need a medical examination, if you feel really bad to treat progressing diseases, you need clean oxygen, comfortable sleep and clean water and food to restore yourself&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11004" LastActivityDate="2017-07-31T19:47:12.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13172" CreationDate="2017-07-31T20:52:51.720" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tattoo will be irrelevant to the person with Hep-B receiving it. The risks will be the same as anyone else receiving a tattoo, except of course that Hep-B won't be among those risks as it normally would. It will not make the condition worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it will present a risk to the tattoo artist and anyone else exposed to the used needles, ink, and other supplies that were exposed to the person's body fluids. Anyone exposed to the tattoo before it has healed will also be at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person with the disease is the threat, not the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/hepatitisB/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/hepatitisB/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-08-01T03:56:56.797" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T03:56:56.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-01T04:27:10.383" Score="1" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;For recurrent tinea (jock itch), what specialty of physician should one see - a primary care physician, dermatologist, or infectious disease physician?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11005" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-06T10:24:02.783" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T10:27:22.223" Title="What specialty of doctor should one see for recurrent fungal skin infections?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;jock-itch-tinea-cruris&gt;&lt;ringworm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-01T05:14:23.267" Score="1" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does venous PO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; decrease in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/anemic-hypoxia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anemic hypoxia&lt;/a&gt;? Shouldn't it be constant as PO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is a measure of the dissolved oxygen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11006" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-16T09:13:15.607" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T09:13:15.607" Title="Venous PO2 and anemic hypoxia" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-20T04:06:55.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-01T10:05:11.270" Score="3" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to estimate approximately what the percentage of glucose and the percentage of sucrose is in a food product, simply by looking at the ingredients and nutritional information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11008" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T07:44:29.953" Title="How do you estimate glucose and sucrose levels of a food product?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13134" CreationDate="2017-08-01T16:33:22.653" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking from experience: Depending on the type and severity of the break, if the bone has not yet healed in place, you can potentially tape the toe in such a way to keep it straight while the bone heals. Because it is difficult to stay off of your feet for several weeks to allow the bone to be stable, a boot is sometimes recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which toe it is also matters with regard to treatment. The big toe is responsible for 50% of the utility of all of your toes (source: my orthopedist).  The other 4 toes share the remaining 50%. So, if it is a smaller toe that is broken, a loss in functionality is not quite as problematic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11012" LastActivityDate="2017-08-01T16:33:22.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-02T02:28:40.463" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should one expect similar gains in muscle mass from supplementing beta-ecdysteroid to anabolic steroids like Nerobol or Methylandrostenediol? From the research I have done so far it is clear that beta-ecdysteroid has anabolic properties (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447764/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;), but how does the scale of muscle mass gain compare? &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02524596&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; would seem to show very similar effects on mass gain, but I cant' seem to find a straight and direct answer to this question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11015" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2017-11-26T15:26:02.697" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T15:26:02.697" Title="Anabolic Effects of Beta-Ecdysterone" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4606" CreationDate="2017-08-02T13:29:04.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is generally considered that less than 50kcal is acceptable during periods of fasting. This obviously doesn't mean 10 50kcal in quick succession is acceptable (that is considered a 500kcal meal). I personally would not be held-up on the fact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of calcium and vitamin supplementation it is generally advised that they are consumed with a meal. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/calcium-supplements/faq-20058238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In particular calcium carbonate should be consumed with a meal&lt;/a&gt;. The first meal of the day after you break the fast, is indeed by definition 'breakfast'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So either take your supplements but very little else until you break the fast, or take them with your first meal.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to the comment on ketosis; that is something very different again. While in a fasted state it is unlikely you are also in a ketogenic state. Ketogenic diets are high protein, higher-fat diets with little carbohydrate — unless you ate very little carbohydrate during feeding you would not be in a state of ketosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take calcium with a meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Very small amounts of food/supplementation (less than 50kcal) during a fast is unlikely to bring you into a 'fed state'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IF is not a Ketogenic diet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From (albeit anecdotal) personal experience focus on consistency and building healthy habits rather than getting hung-up on the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11018" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T13:29:04.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13122" CreationDate="2017-08-02T14:06:47.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Within the E.U. the European Commission consider a product labeled as or 'claims' to be a source of protein must contain at least 12% and a high-protein product — or one labeled as such to likely have the same meaning for the consumer must be at least 20% protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A nutritional 'claim' means any claim which states, suggests or&#xA;  implies that a food has particular beneficial nutritional properties&#xA;  due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The energy (calorific value) it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(a) provides&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(b) provides at a reduced or increased rate or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(c) does not provide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The nutrients or other substances it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(a) contains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(b) contains in reduced or increased proportions or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;(c) does not contain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your bar then — having 29.6% protein — is indeed high-protein. In the E.U.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S. it is more difficult to define.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Food &amp;amp; Drug Administration state:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., similarly a product &quot;high,&quot; &quot;rich in&quot; or described in &quot;excellent source of&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contains 20% or more of the DV per RACC. May be used on meals or main&#xA;  dishes to indicate that the product contains a food that meets the&#xA;  definition, but may not be used to describe the meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DV being Percent Daily Value and RACC being Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Frequently Asked Questions for Industry on Nutrition Facts Labeling Requirements factsheet the RACC for most cooked meats and fish is 85g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for a meat to be high-protein it must have 17g (20%) of protein if the RACC was 85g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would vary by protein source, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In general, the 20% mark is considered to be high-protein.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11018" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T14:06:47.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-02T16:51:54.430" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that excessive listening to music on headphones can cause hearing damage, but I listen to audiobooks and can do so at a very low volume and still enjoy them. I also wonder if it is as damaging because it isn't a steady stream of sound like music.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long is it safe to listen to audiobooks on headphones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11021" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-02T20:41:23.987" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T15:21:00.250" Title="Headphone usage with audiobooks" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13206" CreationDate="2017-08-02T18:58:55.263" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been seeing a therapist for depression and I've been requested to get a physical done so I can have my vitamin D, testosterone levels and thyroid checked. Unfortunately I live in a rural area where there are not nearly enough doctors and I have exhausted all efforts to try to find a primary care physician to establish myself with. It's gotten so bad our local insurance provider has stopped fielding phone calls asking for support finding a primary care physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been suggested to me by several offices to get the tests done that I need at our local Urgent Care center, which I can do, but... what happens if they find something that needs treatment? I do not have a doctor. What would possibly be my next step in that situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11022" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T01:09:40.057" Title="Is There Any Point In Getting Lab Tests Done If I Can't Find a Primary Care Physician?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11777" CreationDate="2017-08-02T20:08:02.090" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Arguments that suggest that there exists a rather trivial vulnerability in the human body that would be relevant even if you stick to a healthy lifestyle, should a priori be considered to be unlikely. Animals have survived for hundreds of millions of years in the wild without needing to consult expert dietitians to make sure calcium absorption is not impaired. Now, there is actually some hard evidence that this particular argument is bunk. As &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clinicaldensitometry.com/article/S1094-6950(13)00153-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A popular concept in nutrition and lay literature is that of the role of a diet high in acid or protein in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. A diet rich in fruit and vegetable intake is thought to enhance bone health as the result of its greater potassium and lower “acidic” content than a diet rich in animal protein and sodium. Consequently, there have been a number of studies of diet manipulation to enhance potassium and “alkaline” content of the diet to improve bone density or other parameters of bone health. Although acid loading or an acidic diet featuring a high protein intake may be associated with an increase in calciuria, the evidence supporting a role of these variables in the development of osteoporosis is not consistent. Similarly, intervention studies with a more alkaline diet or use of supplements of potassium citrate or bicarbonate have not consistently shown a bone health benefit. In the elderly, inadequate protein intake is a greater problem for bone health than protein excess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core mistake made when such arguments are presented, is that the human body is pictured like a simple machine (e.g. a car) that is subject to wear and tear and then one argues that when subject to certain conditions, the body will degenerate. But the human body is not like a simple machine that we can make, it's a machine that is constantly maintaining itself. Your bones are living tissue that are constantly breaking down and are being rebuild. They should not be compared to a concrete wall of a building, it's far more appropriate to compare it to a building site where a lot of building work is constantly going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the system is perturbed, e.g. due to changes in the diet, less calcium is being absorbed, many feedback mechanisms at many different levels start to act to prevent this perturbation from causing problems. E.g. lower calcium levels in the blood will cause the kidneys to remove phosphate from the blood. The phosphate in the blood is in  chemical equilibrium with the phosphate bound to the bones, if phosphate is removed then the blood gets undersaturated with phosphate and phosphate from the bones is released onto the blood which then also releases calcium from the bones into the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time the kidneys release calcitriol in the blood which ends up in the cells of the intestines, there they switch on a gene that codes for an enzyme that increases the calcium absorption from food. This is just one of the many layers of feedback systems that regulate calcium metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get into trouble you have perturb the system so much that the feedback mechanism can no longer compensate for that, e.g. if you get way to little calcium from your diet. Or if your vitamin D levels are much too low then the body cannot make cacitriol, which is derived from vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in the flawed reasoning where you picture the human body as a simple system like a building, there are no feedback mechanisms. A wall of a building does not repair itself. The human body, in contrast, does repair itself but not perfectly, otherwise we would live forever. What we can do is make the self-repair mechanisms more effective, or at least make sure they don't degrade very fast as we age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unhealthy diet that causes arteriosclerosis is not just bad for the heart, arteries throughout the body will be clogged. This will make the transport of nutrients to all cells in your body to get impaired, including those in your bones, and that then compromises the self-repair capacity. This is why eating broccoli is better for your bones than eating a cheeseburger. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise will cause the self-repair mechanisms to be boosted to keep up with the increased need for repairs and as explained above, the more active the self-repair mechanisms are the better your body including your bones will be maintained. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-08-02T20:08:02.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13200" CreationDate="2017-08-03T01:09:40.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Then the physician at the urgent care center will either treat you or refer you to someone who can. Just because it's an urgent care center doesn't mean the physicians there don't have a duty to act or can't provide followup care. In fact, in an area like yours with a shortage of doctors, I would imagine they're accustomed to situations like this and handle it routinely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T01:09:40.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13188" CreationDate="2017-08-03T07:44:29.953" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I check the carbs and it usually says  40 grams and &quot;amount that's sugar: 12 grams&quot;. Then you know the carbs and how much is from sugar per gram. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even 8-9 grams of sugar per 100grams is super much, that's like 10% for only that bottle/food. Carbs are ok at long it's fiber and good carbs with a low sugar rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11027" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T07:44:29.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12725" CreationDate="2017-08-03T07:52:03.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Good breathing exercises keeps your lympha in motion and is good for cleaning and detoxing as well as making you in a better calmer state. When the fluid is in motion the body is too.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exercise in between every other 15 minutes is super important. If you can, try work while standing. Do some stretching, 3x10 squats and get your body moving. I always work out directly after work, that makes me more alert and&#xA;not that tired, I know it's difficult to push me go to the gym but do&#xA;a workout that's fun, crossfit? Do some strength training and some cardio afterwards for 15 minutes and enjoy a good meal after that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I'd also say that nutrition could be an 80% factor, avoid sugar in the morning, what do you eat for breakfast for example? Eat eggs, yoghurt, seeds (I do pumpkin+sunflower seeds), oats and good stuff. Avoid juice (sugar) and processed stuff. Lunch, eat a lean lunch that's not that huge and you'll get food coma, I eat salad, light protein and light grains (quinoa, brown rice, pasta). Maybe do a mozzarella salad or so. Pizza, burger and fatty stuff...avoid. Try eat as natural as possible. Have some nuts as a snack and drink a coffee after work and go to the gym :) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrition is So important here! PM me if you want and I'll help ya! &#xA;Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11027" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T07:52:03.877" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-03T09:23:33.803" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I have been wondering whether there are herbal remedies that would relax the mind from situations related to stress but NOT decrease blood pressure. So far, it has been easy for me to find lists of herbs that have relaxing effects such as from this website, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kitchentablemedicine.com/herbalsedative/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.kitchentablemedicine.com/herbalsedative/&lt;/a&gt;, but when I have investigated their effects further I have found that all of them contribute some degree to lessening blood pressure. The reason I am asking this is because a member of my family has naturally low blood pressure and by taking relaxants they have found that it causes them headaches when their blood pressure falls from an already low level. I would be much obliged if someone could clarify whether such remedies are possible or impossible to obtain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11029" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T18:14:41.273" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T18:14:41.273" Title="Herbs that Would Relax the Mind but Not Decrease Blood Pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;&lt;calm-soothing-strategies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-08-24T02:20:56.030" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-03T13:08:24.387" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it immunosuppressive? If so, to what extent? What are the mechanisms for this effect? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T13:08:24.387" Title="How does donepezil impact the immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13199" CreationDate="2017-08-03T15:21:00.250" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cover the answer to the vast majority of this question in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12240/optimal-length-of-music-break-to-reduce-long-term-risks-of-noise-induced-hearing/12242#12242&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, there are standards regarding the total &lt;em&gt;sound&lt;/em&gt; exposure that is safe, but the evidence base for these standards is limited. This a a nice &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.noisemeters.com/apps/occ/twa-dose.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;online calculator&lt;/a&gt; for calculating the noise dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The unique part of your question relates to the difference between audiobooks and music. The safety standards are essentially based on the average sound level and the duration (there are special standards for impulsive noises like gun shots). With some relatively simple signal processing (phase randomization), it is possible to transform speech or music into noise without changing the average sound level. Therefore the standards and safe exposure limits are the same for speech, music, audiobooks and noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-08-03T15:21:00.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13372" CreationDate="2017-08-03T16:51:05.670" Score="6" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;A normal starting dose of levothyroxine is 50 mcg per day. According to ATA, absorption is 60-80%. Let's assume 70% and let's assume 5 L of blood in the average human being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;50 mcg * 0.7 / 5.0 = 7 mcg/L&#xA;7 mcg/L = 7000 ng/L&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://unitslab.com/node/121&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this tool&lt;/a&gt;, 7000 ng/L of thyroxine is 9000 pmol/L. Free T4 is usually 0.03% of total T4 so I'd at first expect the dose to contribute &lt;code&gt;9000 * 0.03 = 270 pmol/L&lt;/code&gt; of free T4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a normal human range of free T4 is 10-24 pmol/L. Clearly I've made a mistake somewhere since the dose seems to be an order of magnitude too large.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the correct calculation? What is the expected average T4 increase when taking 50 mcg of levothyroxine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11032" LastEditorUserId="11032" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T11:20:56.990" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T04:44:36.307" Title="How much T4 increase do you get per mcg of levothyroxine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13212" CreationDate="2017-08-04T06:28:54.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We cannot recommend medical treatments on this site.  It's dangerous, especially in a situation where we're talking about symptomatic hypotension.  I can offer you suggestions on where to go for answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I recommend a relationship with a primary care physician.  A very low baseline BP should be assessed, and precautions discussed with the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, I would recommend your relative bring up this concern about relaxation herbal therapies to the PCP.  Most M.D. and D.O. practitioners are not well versed in alternative medicines (even those for which there is mounting evidence of efficacy) but some are.  If they are not, I might recommend seeing an N.D. or other practitioner with thorough knowledge of herbal treatments of mental health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, regardless of whom else he/she sees, psychology/counseling/therapy is an extremely beneficial treatment for stress/anxiety that doesn't involve taking any substances, herbal or otherwise.  It may be able to help get to the root of the problem, rather than just treating symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T06:28:54.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-04T08:21:24.050" Score="-1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;It tastes like mud. Surely something that disgusting is good for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11034" LastActivityDate="2017-08-05T17:42:28.323" Title="Do the health benefits of beetroot juice outweigh how rank it tastes?" Tags="&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-08-07T18:43:00.253" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-04T11:51:25.573" Score="4" ViewCount="2351" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anything from a molded house be safely moved to a new house without any further harm for health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can spores be wiped out from clothes and furniture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11040" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T06:41:35.743" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T06:41:35.743" Title="Should all the stuff be thrown away when moving out from a house with mold?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-04T15:22:34.480" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does it means when you repeat all your blood test between 2 months and all the result are within range and exactly the same as previously, but a test called CRP decreased from 2 to 0.98.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that I have infection or not ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9873" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T09:50:36.550" Title="What does CRP decreased result means within 2 months" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;crp-c-reactive-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T19:09:32.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-04T23:20:17.643" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a software engineer who has pretty bad posture while sitting at my desk all day. I was wondering if getting a more ergonomic chair that promotes better posture will help with my sleep apnea at night? I'm pretty sure a lot of my breathing problems are because my chin tilts forward against my chest and blocks my airway. Can a more ergonomic chair help sleep apnea? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11044" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-08-04T23:26:20.993" LastActivityDate="2017-08-04T23:26:20.993" Title="Will an office chair that promotes better posture help with sleep apnea?" Tags="&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13219" CreationDate="2017-08-05T17:42:28.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no correlation between something tasting &quot;bad&quot; and being good for you. Many things that taste bad are in fact bad for you, and many things that you think taste bad, other people like the taste of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you juice a vegetable or a fruit, the taste is generally stronger in the juice than if you were just to eat it raw. If it's a cherry or an orange, that's considered a feature. If you don't like the taste of beets, then juicing them isn't going to make them taste nicer. However, it can put them in a form where the taste can be hidden - by adding sweet fruit juices, by adding crushed ice (cold reduces the taste of most things) and the like - or it won't last long because you can drink it quickly compared to chewing and swallowing a quantity of solid food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like all vegetables, beets can be part of a healthy diet. But there is no single vegetable that must be eaten to ensure health. People all over the world go their whole, healthy lives without ever eating a beet, raw or cooked. You didn't specify what health benefits you feel it provides, but I suggest researching a little to find a different vegetable that will give you those benefits with a taste you enjoy. You could also (depending on the benefit you're looking for) consider cooking it differently in the hope of finding a preparation you enjoy. I love borscht made with lots of bacon, onions, and potatoes, and topped with sour cream. I also like dried beet chips topped with sea salt, and grated beets fried in butter with a squeeze of lime juice and some lime zest (a dish we call &quot;Surprise! You Like Beets!&quot; at my house.) But if you don't like them, eat something you do like. There are no medals for eating unpleasant things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-08-05T17:42:28.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13223" CreationDate="2017-08-06T10:16:12.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mold/cleanup.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC has a great website on cleanup after mold&lt;/a&gt;.  Also, this is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/hurricanes/pdf/flyer-get-rid-of-mold.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple pamphlet&lt;/a&gt;.  The degree of decontamination needed &lt;strong&gt;depends on the item and the extent of the mold&lt;/strong&gt;.  Whether something needs to be thrown out depends on multiple factors.  There is too long a list to give a full discussion here, but the fundamentals include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bleach can kill spores.  Some clothing can be bleached.  Nonporous surfaces can be scrubbed with bleach. Carpets cannot, drywall cannot, generally furniture cannot.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not everything requires bleach, like clothing/sheets can generally be washed on heavy cycle with detergent in very hot water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If mold did not directly grow on an item, sometimes it can be cleaned in other ways, so read about the specific circumstances. E.g. furniture steam cleaning or shampooing can be successful, depending on degree of mold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When handling items contaminated with significant amounts of mold, or in a mold-damaged area of the house, wear a respirator mask capable of filtering mold spores (N95) and other protective equipment so that you don't contaminate other areas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mold has known deleterious health effects, so especially if you have allergies to mold, make sure you do read the CDC recommendations if you've experienced mold problems.  Spores can be transported to a new location and grow there if it encounters favorable circumstances (damp rooms, leaking roof, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-08T01:25:35.730" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T01:25:35.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13185" CreationDate="2017-08-06T10:27:22.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can always start with a primary care physician.  Tinea is common, and there are multiple ways to treatment tinea infections that do not require a specialist.  A dermatologist might be warranted for extensive, invasive, multiple-treatment-resistant cases.  In which case the patient's immune system needs to be called into question (e.g. diabetes, HIV).  Infectious disease doctors are overkill for tinea, but the correct choice for HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-06T10:27:22.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13232" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T12:40:14.043" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone is getting flu frequently, how can he/she make his/her immune system become stronger? And what should he/she eat for daily meals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11055" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T11:06:33.460" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T15:53:26.697" Title="How can a person make his/her immune system stronger and prevent flu?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T14:34:30.573" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sk9Ms.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sk9Ms.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Here is an MRI picture of someone who suffers from a backache. Does any one know that his problem is disk extrusion or disk protrusion? &#xA;It does not seems to be a disk extrusion, yes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11056" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:38:34.377" Title="Protrusion or Extrusion?" Tags="&lt;back&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;dorsal-upper-back-side&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13234" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13260" CreationDate="2017-08-07T14:39:44.657" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine that you accumulate fat VERY easily besides being unable to always prepare your food and eat healthy, and not having much time to exercise.&#xA;If you wanted to cut calories, what would be the foods that have low calories but leave you satisfied? like jelly(Gelatin) but more nutritious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11057" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T18:35:24.527" Title="What are the best foods for cutting calories?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-08-21T01:35:00.390" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13233" CreationDate="2017-08-07T14:59:01.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To me it appears like an extrusion, have a close look at this.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aiGUS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aiGUS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The aperture of the disk material that is outside its confined space is larger than the the width of its normal boundaries. Since, it's very minor I still doubt to completely categorize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read an article that explains the difference between &quot;&lt;strong&gt;disk protrusion &amp;amp; extrusion&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;: here is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.medivisuals.com/blogmedivisualscom/bid/71959/Protrusions-Versus-Extrusions-Intervertebral-Disc-Pathology-Part-3-of-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;link to it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9822" LastEditorUserId="9822" LastEditDate="2017-08-07T17:35:18.223" LastActivityDate="2017-08-07T17:35:18.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T19:21:05.710" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I eat something that has 200 calories, and say it's like a chocolate bar or maybe even a couple of beers is that the amount of calories I would have to work off? I guess the second part to that question is, does the body convert all calories or do some calories just pass through without getting absorbed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11060" LastActivityDate="2017-08-07T19:21:05.710" Title="Calories uptake and reduce" Tags="&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13223" CreationDate="2017-08-07T21:08:25.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: this is my personal experience, not a scientific opinion or anything like that. I hope it helps.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a similar situation to you three years ago. We moved out of the damp apartment, full of black mould. We cleaned all of our furniture with ordinary upholstery shampoo, washed our clothes with normal detergent, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We then moved to a nice, dry apartment. No doubt some spores remained on the clothes, etc. However, they did not cause any health effects that we know of. We have moved several times since then and have never had symptoms of anything. The spores need moisture to grow into mould, or they'll die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11063" LastEditorUserId="11063" LastEditDate="2017-08-07T21:40:02.840" LastActivityDate="2017-08-07T21:40:02.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T21:20:09.100" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started a new job, in which I will be teaching clinical staff in A&amp;amp;E how to use the new software package the hospital has bought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is, I do not have a medical background. I need a flowchart (or similar) to tell me what the patient's 'journey' is when they arrive in A&amp;amp;E.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hate the word 'journey' in this context, but I can't think of a better one. The point is, it's hard for me to train people on the new software when I don't really know what they're doing with the physical patient in front of them. What are the decision points?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some scenarios&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Someone walks into A&amp;amp;E with a painful but non-critical injury, like a broken toe. What happens to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Someone arrives in an ambulance. What happens to them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) What are the other common scenarios I haven't thought of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For context, this is a large, NHS general hospital in a medium sized city, in England.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11063" LastEditorUserId="11063" LastEditDate="2017-08-07T21:59:57.280" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T05:30:12.200" Title="What's a patient's 'journey' (yuck) through A&amp;E?" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T22:40:36.487" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what is the best time of day to go to the gym, and still be able to study efficiently afterwards/not forget what i learned that day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically I can imagine myself going at morning, night, or 6pm (time of day I feel tired,and often have coffee).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;About me: struggling student who wants be fit, but academics is my priority. My question is kind of similar to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10482/optimizing-routine-for-peak-cognitive-and-mental-performance&quot;&gt;Optimizing routine for peak cognitive and mental performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11065" LastActivityDate="2017-08-07T22:40:36.487" Title="Time of day to go to the gym (cardio + weights), with regard to mental performance" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T22:57:22.083" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the chance to care (including changing diapers) for a disabled individual who previously had c diff, and was told he &quot;no longer has it&quot;, but was later told it was only in remission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He is on medication so that he &quot;will never get it again&quot;. I've been told by some that this is a low risk situation, and by others that this is a very big deal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does c diff disappear completely? I know that many people have it in safe amounts in their stomachs. Can it be held in remission permanently with medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am young and healthy, but taking antibiotics. I live with an individual whose career could end if he got c diff from me. I'm getting a lot of mixed messages, can someone help me understand this situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11061" LastActivityDate="2017-08-07T22:57:22.083" Title="Does C. Difficile disappear completely?" Tags="&lt;clostridium-difficile&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-08T02:20:36.997" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had flat feet for years, but unfortunately, my parents didn't really know that this was an issue until it was pretty much too late to correct it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as an adult, I've been trying to get back into running again, so I can lose some weight.  Unfortunately, my feet hurt terribly.  I have a Brooks pair of shoes that I know is good.  As well, I've gotten some custom orthotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the podiatrist I see insists that the orthotics are fine, and that my feet don't need to be pushed anymore into the right position than they already are.  I'm pretty sure he's wrong, but if he's not, I don't want to insist that my inserts be adjusted, only to find out that I was wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only have feelings as to whether or not my feet are being held in the right position, but these are subjective, and I don't think they're reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any objective way to know for sure if my feet are being held in the healthiest position possible when I walk or run?  Is there some sort of test that exists that my doctor, perhaps, doesn't know about?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11066" LastActivityDate="2017-09-09T12:28:47.070" Title="With orthotics, is there any objective way to know if your feet are being held in the right position?" Tags="&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;&lt;flat-feet-fallen-arches&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8925" CreationDate="2017-08-08T11:10:27.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been swimming 3 to 5 days a week!  About 45 min each sessiob for 5 months.  Before that. The skin of my feet was like leather.  Now they are so soft that I dont recognize my own feet.  So from my experience,  livestrong is correct.&#xA;Cheers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11071" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T11:10:27.840" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13238" CreationDate="2017-08-08T12:30:57.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suggest you get your employer to arrange for you to spend a few days observing in an actual A&amp;amp;E. You will be able to see the answers to these questions, the actual words the doctors and nurses use, and how they perform particular tasks (recording and communicating patient observations, deciding what room or cubicle to go to, telling a patient what room or cubicle to go to, and so on) with the system (which may be pen and paper) they have in place today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then when you deliver the training not only will you understand the flow of various kinds of patients through the system, you will use the same words for the process as your clinical staff use, and you will be able to say things like &quot;instead of scribbling the vitals on a piece of paper and reading them aloud to the next staff member, you can [whatever your software does.]&quot; You will not only do a better job of training them, because you use their words and connect it to their current process, but you'll also do a better job of selling the software to them, getting them to enjoy using it and seeing it as an improvement. Since it's been bought, it would be good if they liked it, and a lot of that is in your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This small investment of your time to make your training more effective should bring a good reward to your employer. I have trained a lot of people on a lot of software, and written a lot of software for people, and a day or two watching them work is an incredible way to be sure you will do a better job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T12:30:57.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11446" CreationDate="2017-08-08T16:12:41.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just like @Aganju said, you can sew things into your pyjamas so you get uncomfortable when sleeping on your side. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are belt products like SLUMBERBUMP that prevent you from rolling onto your back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another remedy that I've tried was to roll myself into a blanket with a lot of pillows on my back. This prevented my from rolling over at night&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11075" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T16:12:41.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3397" CreationDate="2017-08-08T16:41:35.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer: I haven't come across anything that states that patients with a mild Meniere's episode should rest on principle even if they're feeling well enough to perform activities. So, I think it would be up to the patient's own judgement about what they are comfortable doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The longer answer: Meniere's disease is a disease of the inner ear, and is associated with distortions of the delicate membranes found in the inner ear. The underlying cause is not fully understood - various theories include that Meniere's disease is caused by a blockage at the endolymphatic sac, genetics, a virus, or a problem with blood vessels, but nobody knows for sure. If a person has definitively been diagnosed with Meniere's disease by a physician, then the treatment focuses on reducing symptoms. Treatments include lifestyle chances (limiting salt intake to 2-3 g per day, avoiding caffeine/alcohol/nicotine/MSG which are harmful substances that can worsen symptoms based on their effects in the inner ear, etc.). Treatments also include certain medicines (prescribed by a physician, e.g. anti-nausea medications like prochlorperazine.) There's also vestibular rehabilitation therapy which tries to help people with their balance, and hearing aids for hearing problems. Finally, there are some surgical procedures that might help in certain really severe cases of Meniere's that don't respond to any other treatments. In all my reading about Meniere's, I was not able to find any studies that suggested that patients should force themselves to rest during a mild Meniere's episode during which they would be capable of performing various activities. At the end of the day &quot;listening to your body&quot; is really a good piece of advice: if the patient feels safe and comfortable performing certain activities during a mild episode, it is probably alright; if they start to feel worse, they can stop what they are doing or take it more slowly. Of course, the best person to answer this question would be the patient's personal physician, since the physician will know the patient's full medical history and will therefore be able to give a more individualized answer. &#xA;Source: I'm a medical student, and I referenced the article on Meniere's disease in UpToDate, a medical encyclopedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T16:41:35.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13250" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9252" CreationDate="2017-08-08T16:48:27.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Foods that cause bloating in general will also cause bloating on a flight. Foods that can cause bloating from gas production include anything with certain artificial sweeteners (like maltitol, which cannot be properly digested by gut bacteria), fruits (due to fructose), beans, etc. Other foods can cause bloating due to water retention - basically anything with a high salt content, like french fries. The main issue with flying is dehydration: the recirculated air is kept quite dry, which can lead to reduced body water unless you make sure to drink plenty of water throughout the flight. (The only downside to drinking plenty of water is that you'll likely have to use the tiny airplane bathrooms, but you'll still feel better overall if you stay hydrated.) You're also sitting down for a long time, which can reduce circulation, so it can be helpful to wear compression stockings and to stand up occasionally to stretch your legs. Finally, you should avoid alcohol, because alcohol is dehydrating (e.g. see &lt;a href=&quot;https://gastrolyte.com.au/dehydration/dehydration-and-alcohol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gastrolyte.com.au/dehydration/dehydration-and-alcohol/&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary - Eat foods that are low in salt and do not contain artificial sweeteners; Drink plenty of water; Wear compression stockings and be sure to move your legs / stand up and walk as much as possible; Avoid alcohol during the flight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-08-08T16:48:27.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13257" CreationDate="2017-08-08T23:01:03.990" Score="6" ViewCount="814" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious. Done no research into this. Can anyone explain if there is a correlation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T10:55:57.487" Title="Does frequent masturbation decrease testosterone levels in men?" Tags="&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-06-29T21:41:15.453" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13238" CreationDate="2017-08-09T05:24:46.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, there are MANY different clinical flows in the ED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But very grossly generalized, for the majority of walk-in cases to EDs (at least in the US) the flow might go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;registration &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;triage, usually by an RN &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;wait forever (depends on the availability of rooms/RNs/physicians based on what other cases are present in the ED at the time)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;placed in &quot;room&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;physician sees pt, formulates differential diagnosis, places orders (tests, treatments) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;testing or treatments done, results come in, monitoring of response to treatment, etc&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;differential diagnosis refined based on results&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- (rinse and repeat 5/6/7 until stabilized or resolved)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;disposition determined (admit to inpatient vs discharge for outpatient followup)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;discharged with instructions (and possibly prescriptions etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An admitting service will assess patient and admit to inpatient service, then pt will wait in ED until a bed on the inpatient floor is available.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just a generalization.  Flow differs a lot depending on many factors. &#xA; Some examples of factors include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Acuity&quot; determined in triage.  For example, a stroke is generally highest acuity, whereas broken toe will likely be low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When a higher acuity case arises, it will delay the steps of lower acuity cases often&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steps 1-3 are skipped when brought in by ambulance, as they're triaged by EMT/medics on the way&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trauma, strokes, heart attacks, codes and other emergencies have unique flows&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-09T05:30:12.200" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T05:30:12.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13256" CreationDate="2017-08-09T08:42:46.257" Score="1" ViewCount="834" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was using eye drops for allergy, after some time felt bitter taste in my mouth. I unknowingly consumed a little of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So generally is it OK to consume nasal, eye, ear drops that come in mouth after use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask this because an adult can spit it out but kids won't be able to.&#xA;Are these type of medicines tested for consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T08:59:51.000" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T08:59:51.000" Title="Eye drops came to mouth through eyes" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;artificial-tear-eye-drops&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13255" CreationDate="2017-08-09T09:38:10.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mucous membranes (think of skin like the inside of your lip) readily absorb most medications.  Your eyes, nose, mouth, etc are lined in mucous membranes.  They are contiguous; the eyes drain into the nasal passageways, the nasal and oral passageways are united at the nasopharyx.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically any over the counter or prescription nasal sprays or eye drops that you would use at the recommended dosage, if they dripped down your throat, would not be toxic in the mouth/stomach any more than in the eye or nose. Even if they taste gross. &lt;strong&gt;HOWEVER, this is only true at the doses you should be using them, for the small amount that might drip down the back of your throat after proper application.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs%20hsdb:@term%20@DOCNO%203143&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This eye drop&lt;/a&gt;, for example, can cause toxic effects in kids at 1 or 2 ml dose.  But that's much more than the few drops you should be administering.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/children/news/20121025/child-poisonings-eye-drops-nose-sprays#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is an article&lt;/a&gt; on child poisonings from drinking eyedrops.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of how Visine helps constrict the blood vessels in your eyes to reduce redness.  So you use a drop or two and it acts on the eye, barely anything is absorbed into the blood, and barely anything makes its way down into your nose/mouth.  But if you drank a squirt of it, it could have that vasoconstrictive effect throughout your whole body.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So keep your Visine out of tiny hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I can't speak for all the special eyedrops used by ophthalmologists, but we're talking about meds you'd use at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some important things to note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a nasal spray (like fluticasone or azelastine) is coming down the back of your throat enough to really taste it, you need to make sure you're using it correctly.  Look at youtube for videos on how to properly use nasal sprays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You mention ear drops - that's definitely not the same situation, as your middle ear communicates with your sinuses via the Eustachian tubes BUT your external ear canal is NOT connected with anything internal - it's a dead end.  Or it should be.  If you have ear drops draining into your sinuses/mouth, go to the ER or an ENT (otorhinolaryngologist) immediately to check for ear drum perforation!   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If enough of a topical corticosteroid (e.g. fluticasone) is swallowed regularly, it can predispose to oral/esophageal thrush in some individuals, similar to inhaled corticosteroids.  Another reason to make sure you're spraying it right!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-09T10:00:32.163" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T10:00:32.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13252" CreationDate="2017-08-09T10:55:57.487" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.testofuel.com/tf/does-masturbating-lower-testosterone/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;masturbation does not decrease testosterone levels in the blood&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant studies cited in the linked article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fox CA, Ismail AAA, Love DN, Kirkham KE, Loraine JA. Studies on the relationship between plasma testosterone levels and human sexual activity. J Endocrinol. 1972;52:51–58.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Batty J. Acute changes in plasma testosterone levels and their relation to measures of sexual behaviour in the male house mouse (Mus musculus) Anim. Behav. 1978;26:349–357.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phoenix CH, Dixson AF, Resko JA. Effects of ejaculation on levels of testosterone, cortisol, and luteinizing hormone in peripheral plasma of rhesus monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1977;91:120–127.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T10:55:57.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-09T14:18:25.380" Score="8" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried googling it, the only credible link I found is this: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/12/in-men-high-testosterone-can-mean-weakened-immune-response-study-finds.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/12/in-men-high-testosterone-can-mean-weakened-immune-response-study-finds.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please tell me whether this is true. If yes, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1233" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T00:16:16.213" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T18:01:35.187" Title="Is there a direct correlation between high testosterone level and weak immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13259" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-09T14:49:56.777" Score="0" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's put aside harmful affects of staring at computer screen, is there any advantage of looking at computer screen for long time ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason that I ask this question is this: My mother and father both did not use computer when they were young and they had sight has problems when they were around 22-23 years old, and started using eyeglasses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand I have been looking at computers since I am 6 years old, I became a computer engineer and my life is looking at computers. Now I am 31 years old and I don't use glasses and don't have any problem with my eyes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though I am genetically prone to, I did not suffer any problems. Could there be a relationship ? Or am I genetically lucky?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8902" LastEditorUserId="17521" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:53:00.047" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T06:08:25.863" Title="Can looking at a computer screen be good for your eyes?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;screen-time-limits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13234" CreationDate="2017-08-09T18:35:24.527" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anything with alot of fiber.  Fiber makes people feel full without adding many calories.Insoluble fiber does not add calories and soluble fiber adds less calories per gram than other carbohydrates. Whole grains and vegetables have good fiber, and if you are craving something sweet, fruit has better nutrition and better fiber than cookies and candies.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fiberfacts.org/fibers-count-calories-carbohydrates/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://fiberfacts.org/fibers-count-calories-carbohydrates/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastActivityDate="2017-08-09T18:35:24.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-10T01:56:13.267" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does taking the supplement Creatine affect the kidney?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took Creatine 30 mins before a blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious if is it POSSIBLE that the test will be falsely elevated by measuring Creatine or its byproducts in my blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it possible that taking Creatine harms the kidneys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11090" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T11:45:21.390" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T05:51:07.957" Title="Does consuming Creatine harm the kidneys, or does it artificially elevate serum Creatinine?" Tags="&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12186" CreationDate="2017-08-10T06:37:45.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really liked the pathology textbook &lt;a href=&quot;http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1455726133&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Robbins &amp;amp; Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease&lt;/a&gt;.  I own the massive book, and it's pretty well written and not difficult to read, given that you have the science background to understand it.  Not that I could sit down and read it, I used it more as a topic reference, but I did have classmates who read the thing, kudos to them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I loved &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pathoma.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathoma&lt;/a&gt; for a more straightforward, simplified, top-down approach to pathology. It solidifies fundamentals without too many details, which Robbins and other sources will certainly fill in for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most comprehensive sources of advanced concepts are usually system-specific texts rather than a general pathology textbook.  For example, extremely advanced cardiac pathophysiology would be more extensively covered in cardiology-specific literature than in Robbins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: This answer is opinion-based. Since Robbins is a fairly standard med school textbook, I think it's fair as an answer; Pathoma is just a very popular resource that I found to be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T07:04:04.143" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T07:04:04.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13225" CreationDate="2017-08-10T09:50:36.550" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;CRP is sometimes used as a marker of infection or inflammation, yes, but (1) it's nonspecific and (2) to say an infection is present or absent requires a LOT more information and most often a clinical examination.  By itself without any clinical context those values don't tell us nearly enough to comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask whomever ordered the test, they're the ones evaluating you, and obviously doing so for a reason.  We can't give medical advice here on SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T09:50:36.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13129" CreationDate="2017-08-10T10:37:45.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Infection control protocols are in place to prevent as much harm as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, your title is inaccurate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hospital says their blood test caused sepsis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You misinterpreted what they said.  I will explain contamination more thoroughly below, but additionally, bacteria in the blood stream (bacteremia) and Sepsis are not the same thing.  You get a transisent bacteremia just brushing your teeth, but you don't get sepsis from it (except in rare rare circumstances).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, I will preface this by saying that by explaining why medical errors happen doesn't justify them.  My opinion (and to qualify my opinion, I've spent months of my training in infection control quality improvement) is that infection control is an area in which we have a lot of work to do, as there remain many unacceptable events and outcomes, and failings occur at all steps in the processes.  But that's another discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, adverse events like lab errors, contamination, medical errors, hospital acquired infections, etc are generally tracked by hospital committees like Infection Control.  I'm not sure if contaminated vials are always watched, but I have seen them discussed in such committees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fourth, I will address contamination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contamination of blood cultures does happen sometimes.  It results&#xA;when a small amount of normal skin bacteria is pushed into the vials&#xA;when blood is added to the vials, making it unclear whether it was in&#xA;the blood to begin with.  It can happen at the needle insertion or at&#xA;the hub insertion into the bottle diaphragm.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a blood culture, low levels of a normal skin bacteria is usually a&#xA;flag for clinicians to suspect contamination rather than actual&#xA;bacteremia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In that case, depending on our suspicion for bacteremia, the severity&#xA;of the patient's condition, and condition-specific recommendations,&#xA;we might repeat it to ensure it was contamination.  But we may, based on clinical picture, decide that the likelihood is so low that there is no benefit to repeating the test.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is bacteria introduced into the bloodstream? Does that mean the patient now has bacteremia or sepsis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the point of bacteria contamination was during needle insertion&#xA;into the skin, then yes some bacteria was likely introduced to the&#xA;patient's blood stream at that time.  That would most likely be a&#xA;very, very small amount of bacteria; nonetheless, it is not entirely&#xA;impossible to get an infection from that.  (After all, blood&#xA;infections and endocarditis can result from reusing IV drug needles,&#xA;right?)  But bloodstream infections from venipunctures in hospitals is not common.  (I will try to find some specific stats on that.)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When you brush your teeth, you are pushing oral bacteria into your bloodstream, and have a transient bacteremia that your body eliminates and you never know it happened.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it was just present on the diaphragm of the culture&#xA;bottle, then no it was not introduced to the blood stream.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It does not mean the bacteria was pushed into the bloodstream and&#xA;then infected blood was drawn out.   The bacteria hitched a ride on&#xA;the blood flowing into the bottle, somewhere along the way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to answer directly, yes this only happens when proper infection control protocols are broken.  There are many reasons this might occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And yes, sometimes this is due to people forgetting or being careless. &#xA;Healthcare providers are always busy and sometimes rushed; being humans, that is when errors are more likely to occur.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;But another very important reason to understand, sometimes it is due to the system or environment or equipment not being set up for success.  Swiss cheese model of medical errors is a very interesting concept, I recommend looking it up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it is due to emergency speed of the test and protocol steps are knowingly hasty or skipped.  If it is about saving a life, the route of least harm is often chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes if a vein cannot easily be located, the skin needs to be touched to find an accurate site, and they may not have used a sterile glove to do so or reswabbed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question of whether this was a serious breech of protocol is unfortunately subjective.  It all depends on your expectations for human errors/attention/neglect/memory and system errors... and would be a great discussion on PhilosophySE perhaps.  My expectations are perhaps higher than most, and these sort of things upset me, which is why I'm in administrative positions doing things about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the question of whether this is not all that uncommon can be answered: correct, it is not uncommon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the hospital consider this a serious breech of protocol?  Not likely, although it may be tracked like other errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I do not think it is inappropriate to bring your concern about contamination to the hospital, actually.  Reminding them and encouraging raising standards is important, IMHO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this said, if she feels sick or develops a fever, regardless of what they said, she should be re-evaluated by a clinician to say whether anything more should be done.  Hopefully this is all in the past at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T10:56:20.287" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T10:56:20.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-10T11:02:37.110" Score="7" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that sleep is important, and on weeks, that I consistently get enough sleep I feel my best.  The problem is sometimes I wake in the middle of the night and can not go back to sleep for hours.  I know that insomnia in general is a somewhat common problem.  I do not want to take medication, but want my sleep to improve.  Any suggestions would be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9268" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-08-11T17:41:12.867" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T18:03:35.890" Title="How to get rid of insomnia naturally?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;breaking-habits&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13266" CreationDate="2017-08-10T11:20:35.763" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sleep.org/articles/sleep-hygiene/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep Hygiene.&lt;/a&gt; Learn it, try it, and see if it resolves your issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've answered &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10855/how-to-get-to-sleep-half-an-hour-an-hour-earlier-than-the-day-before/10939#10939&quot;&gt;this similar question before&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insomnia has different causes.  The most common, outside of poor sleep hygiene, is anxiety or depression.  That's something else to consider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend seeing your doctor in general to discuss it, they can help guide you whether there are any alarm features that might require tests or treatment, like signs of sleep apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T11:20:35.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-10T11:28:35.590" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is about the minimum knowledge and equipment required to create&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drugs for treating infectious diseases or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drugs for pain reduction or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drugs for cancer treatment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and where to acquire necessary knowledge and equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11091" LastEditorUserId="11091" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T12:00:40.850" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T12:28:45.547" Title="How can someone not working in the pharmacologic industry help find a solution for a medical problem without donating money and without waiting?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T21:35:41.930" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13241" CreationDate="2017-08-10T11:30:34.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any tests you can do, other than subjectively analyzing your gait for stability, joint pressure, and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can guide you to your options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 3 primary medical professionals who deal with orthotics are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orthotics departments associated with orthotists/physiatrists (MD or DO physician with specialties in musculoskeletal conditions)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Podiatrists (a different type of doctor than any specialty of MD or DO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physical therapists (usually not the ones prescribing but may make recommendations)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what it's worth, I got mine via the orthotics department of a hospital system that's associated with an MD physiatrist office.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T11:30:34.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13268" CreationDate="2017-08-10T12:28:45.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Research studies can be simple or complicated, depending on many factors including the nature of the thing that you are investigating, the history of discovery in that field (what knowledge you're working from or springboarding off of), materials required, whether it is in vivo or in vitro, whether animals or humans must be involved as test subjects, etc etc etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The traditional paths are going through school to get a science or medical degree of some sort.  You don't have to be a PhD or MD to do research, you can do quite a lot with an undergrad degree.  But usually the principal investigators in research studies are either PhDs or MDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways to apply to be involved in research without a degree, as an assistant or lab technician, depending on the research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can imagine how much research has been done on all 3 of those areas, you'd see that you'd need to do a lot of literature review as guidance and to inform you whether you're repeating failed experiments or going down the wrong direction, and a bunch of other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outside of science, you could enter the field via public health.  Or epidemiology/statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming completely from outside of the science field OR academic fields, and wanting to contribute is a lot less well-traveled path.  Innovators may be able to make huge leaps in research, but they still require a frame of knowledge to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you have money, you can do a lot by supporting research proposals that you like, researchers that you like, or even opening a lab and setting your own standards - but we are talking about a ton of money there.  Note there are always regulatory bodies to ensure quality and safety that you have to follow.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without education or money or political sway, you can get involved in professional groups (or grass roots) advocacy to improve the medical field and research.  There are efforts to try to get journals made open access rather than paid, efforts to control prescription costs, efforts to establish more open databases of information, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, you could be a subject participant in clinical research trials yourself.  There are many out there seeking participants in discovering new medications.  Read about what they're studying so you know what you're contributing to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond these answers, there isn't a lot more opportunity I can come up with.  I love the enthusiasm, idealism, and concept of being able to drop in and help!  But usually for meaningful contributions in research, it usually takes quite a bit of work.  Quite a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-10T12:28:45.547" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13274" CreationDate="2017-08-10T16:53:38.297" Score="2" ViewCount="2960" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does testing blood helps identifying in case of Common cold or fever? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/common-cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; about Common cold states, a doctor may do a throat or nasal culture, or blood test to rule out a secondary infection. If that's the case, what are those likely infection? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These article about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/studentlife/health/promotion/goto/resources/illnesses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common cold&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/common-cold/diagnosis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnosing&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/common-cold-diagnosis#overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; have given ideas on doctor asking for test, but I would like a simple explainable answer from this community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11093" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T18:49:37.690" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T05:17:15.897" Title="Reason behind testing blood when someone is suffering from Common cold and fever?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-10T21:14:28.757" Score="5" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many resources on depression and suicide use the term &quot;suicidal ideation&quot; as an important sign/symptom. Some sources (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aasmnet.org/JCSM/AcceptedPapers/JC0009207.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Krahn, Miller, and Bergstrom, &lt;em&gt;Rapid Resolution of Intense Suicidal Ideation after Treatment of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea&lt;/em&gt;, 2007&lt;/a&gt;)      say that it alone (without anything else, like an actual suicide attempt) constitutes a medical emergency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the definition of the medical term of art &quot;suicidal ideation&quot;? For example, does any fleeting thought or consideration of suicide as a possible option count, or is more required? Does it require a firm conclusion that suicide is the only reasonable option? Part of me suspects that the definition is &quot;to think about suicide to the extent that such thinking rises to the level of a medical emergency&quot;, but that seems like a circular definition!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a definitions question. I do not need help with depression or suicide!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7130" LastEditorUserId="7130" LastEditDate="2017-08-10T23:21:04.347" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T05:36:27.987" Title="What is the definition of Suicidal Ideation?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13271" CreationDate="2017-08-11T05:10:29.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are differences between individual clinicians' ways of approaching things, and regional ones as well, so I can't speak for every clinician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0715/p153.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respiratory infections are one of the most common reasons why someone comes into primary care&lt;/a&gt; or urgent care, and there are common approaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone comes in with cold symptoms, many factors that are taken &#xA;into consideration.  Based on those factors, clinician might order lab tests or might not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason is that &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302460-differential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the differential diagnosis of respiratory infections is broad&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many viruses like the cold and flu&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pneumonia (primary bacterial or superimposed after viral infection)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bronchitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacteria like strep throat or sinus infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Allergies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chemical irritation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pneumonia and sinus infections (and very rarely blood infections or meningitis) are possible after a viral infection because the mucus from the cold sitting in the sinuses/lungs are a place bacteria like to grow in.  Those are usually the only times antibiotics are worthwhile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mentioned symptoms &quot;I have a cold.&quot;  Those aren't symptoms. Symptoms are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cough (dry or productive of sputum)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;runny nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sore throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hoarse voice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;headache&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;body aches&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fevers or chills&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fatigue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bleeding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;weakness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lightheadedness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nausea/vomiting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The constellation of symptoms and timeline are the primary things that tell us WHAT the infection is.  Adding vital signs (temp, blood pressure, pulse) and a physical exam, often we don't even need labs/tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when they do, labs/tests they might get are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nasopharyngeal swab if they suspect flu and want to be certain, or a viral panel for rhinovirus etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Throat swab / culture for suspicion of strep throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chest XRay if there's evidence of pneumonia (which is not as common as you think just because you cough a lot)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Complete blood count to check your white blood cells.  This is usually high when you have any kind of infection, but the differential can clue you in to whether it's bacterial or viral (another topic of discussion).  This isn't always done unless you are concerned for a serious infection like severe pneumonia, as the fact the WBCs are high doesn't add much to the picture.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there's an underlying disease making the respiratory infection more risky, like COPD, asthma, lung diseases, etc, they may want to check other blood tests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If highly suspected maybe blood tests to check for uncommon things like genetic conditions, HIV.  Or mono.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually the only reason they would do a test is if it would change management of the condition.  Often, there's no point determining which virus it is, you'd manage it the same, except early intervention in flu, severe infections, or young kids.  An elevated WBC doesn't tell you much except &quot;likely infection&quot; which you already know by the clinical symptoms.  Etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, ESR and CRP have low role in respiratory infections generally, unless we're looking at sepsis from pneumonia/sinus infection, and then you'd usually add lactate and trend those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-11T05:17:15.897" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T05:17:15.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13273" CreationDate="2017-08-11T05:36:27.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thoughts about wanting to die or killing oneself do constitute &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/definitions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suicidal ideation.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ideation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ideation&lt;/a&gt; is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the process of forming ideas or images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that applied to suicide or wanting to die = suicidal ideation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it doesn't mean that the individual is at immediate risk of completing suicide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depression is common; 1/3 of human beings alive will have at least a short episode of depression at some time in their lives.  Having passing thoughts about wanting to die (or not be alive) is not uncommon.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinicians are now recommended to screen for depression/suicidality at all primary care visits due to how common and treatable it is.  If someone replies &quot;yes&quot; to that question, additional questions are asked to characterize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reassuring factors that a person isn't at immediate risk of self-harm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Passive suicidal ideation means the individual is thinking about it like &quot;it'd be nice if I died&quot; or &quot;I'm ready for life to be over&quot; but without a desire or plan to actually commit suicide to achieve that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No plan of how they'd go about doing it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protective factors and reasons for living like family, spiritual beliefs, goals.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/suicide-often-not-preceded-by-warnings-201209245331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more likely to follow through with suicide&lt;/a&gt; if they have a plan of how to do it.  Or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/guns-suicide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;access to a gun&lt;/a&gt;.  Or have tried before.  So those are more red flags that this person may be at risk of harming themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case there's risk of immediate harm, a person needs to seek help or be involuntarily given help - ideally by a counselor or medical professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T05:36:27.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-11T08:24:39.427" Score="4" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my healthcare provider, a newborn should not be affected by chicken pox if it has immunity thanks to his mother having had the infection as a child herself - this immunity is apparently womb gained and lasts roughly a year. Let's assume that the infant is also breastfed exclusively - apparently, this assists the immunity because the mother's milk contains antibodies the newborn can use for resistance to various infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like there is thus a mechanism where antibodies can be acquired from the mother and used by an infant to fight a disease. I'm told that breastfed babies do not get sick as often as formula fed ones, because disease the mother is exposed to causes antibodies to pass from the mother to the baby in the breast milk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;is it true? I've only received this information anecdotally from midwives, but has it been subject to scientific scrutiny? Are the mechanisms well understood? (It seems unlikely to me that eating someone else's antibodies helps a person fight disease; why are the antibodies not digested and decomposed?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if true, does the newborn develop his own immunity from his own immune system, while it uses the mother's antibodies to fend off the chickenpox? Or does it replace his defence mechanism for a while (e.g the first year of life) to let him grow strong, but he will remain liable to contract illnesses like chickenpox later?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if I, as an adult who has never had chickenpox myself, were to consume the breastmilk would I also benefit from enhanced resistance to chickenpox or other diseases the producer is exposed to/can generate antibodies for? Or is this antibody transfer mechanism limited to mother and child?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11097" LastEditorUserId="11097" LastEditDate="2017-08-11T13:33:25.957" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T00:07:11.747" Title="On the mechanics of chickenpox immunity for newborns and breastmilk antibody transfer" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11194" CreationDate="2017-08-11T12:00:06.570" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Toe-nail fungus can cause a thickening of ones toe-nails, and is &quot;one of the most common reasons for thick toenails&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nail fungus is a common condition that begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, nail fungus may cause your nail to discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. It can affect several nails. (Nail Fungus: www.mayoclinic.org)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Changes in your toenails may be a sign of an underlying condition. Toenails that have grown thicker over time likely indicate a fungal infection, also known as onychomycosis. Left untreated, thick toenails can become painful. Prompt treatment is key to curing the nail fungus. Fungal infections can be difficult to cure and may require months of treatment. (Thick Toenails (Onychomycosis): www.healthline.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you notice that one or more of your toenails are thick, discolored, brittle, and crumbling it could be a sign that a fungal infection is causing thickened toenails. In fact, nail fungal infections (the medical name is onychomycosis) are one of the most common reasons for thick toenails.&#xA;  Podiatrist, Dr. Kyoung Min Han says that toenail fungal infections are more common than fingernail fungus and affects around 10% of all adults in Western countries. (Thick Toenails: Causes and Effective Home Remedies: www.healthyandnaturalworld.com)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another, less common toe-nail thickening condition is Psoriasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Psoriasis can affect fingernails and toenails. Psoriasis symptoms include pitting, abnormal nail growth and discoloration. (Nail psoriasis: Can treatment or home care help?: www.mayoclinic.org)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2017-11-11T10:43:37.067" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T10:43:37.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-11T13:55:52.143" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UK does not routinely vaccinate its citizens against chickenpox though the info website of the chief healthcare provider acknowledges that vaccinations are available and there are also circumstances where antiviral drugs may be prescribed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently received advice from my doctor that there isn't much point in either vaccinating or prescribing drugs for chickenpox, and the consensus for adults who have never had chickenpox seems to basically be that you take your chances, suffer the infection should it be contracted and serious complications are unlikely though it's more unpleasant to contract as an adult than as a child&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thus confused as to why the NHS website would create one impression (steps can be taken for adults with no chickenpox immunity) and the doctor another slightly different impression (steps aren't taken..). While there isn't a direct contradiction, neither source has said when steps are taken, but the doctor implied that steps aren't taken because there is no point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In what context would it make sense for an adult with no immunity to get vaccinated, or to take antiviral drugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume that vaccination would only be successful up to the point that said adult is exposed - walk into a party and be greeted by a child with full on chickenpox and it's too late for vaccination.. but what about antivirals? Could that adult go home, and start a course of drugs that would effectively kill any viruses they'd contracted, before developing a full blown infection of their own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about the situation where said adult lives with a child who wakes up one morning with a chickenpox rash? Given that the child is apparently contagious a few days before the first spot, is the adult likely too far along the infection timeline themselves for antivirals to have any effect? Is there a point of no return, beyond which AV drugs are ineffective, and for chickenpox this point is  so early that it's usually too late by the time anyone realises?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11097" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:13:31.753" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:13:31.753" Title="For Varicella zoster (chicken pox), when are vaccination/antiviral drugs effective?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-11T14:39:48.997" Score="4" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've bought some air fresheners a while back, and since then I get migraine attacks more often. I didn't fully realize that it might be the cause for my headaches, until I didn't use it for a week and I was fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I just used it again and it was followed by a headache. I thought it might be because of the chemicals, or maybe I am allergic to it, So I tried a new one today, same result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is there any scientific reason that could claim a headache caused by just a smell?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9770" LastEditorUserId="9770" LastEditDate="2017-08-11T17:49:36.013" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T13:42:37.900" Title="Can a headache be caused solely by a smell?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;smell&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-11T17:48:58.187" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can somebody explain me if there is any known reason for the high prevalence of the skin melanoma in Queensland and Newzeland?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11103" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T17:37:38.363" Title="High skin melanoma incidence in Australia and New Zeland" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-11T17:56:14.120" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dexedrine is a common treatment for ADD in adults.  It is a stimulant that helps with focus and engagement in their work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is an amphetamine and thus has potential for chemical dependence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Missing a dose or stopping can lead to withdrawal symptoms like depression, anxiety, fatigue, irritability.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore missing a dose may leave an individual feeling less happy, less energetic&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The longer one takes Dexedrine, will one become more reliant on it for energy/happiness/motivation? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will the side-effects of not missing a dose get worse over the years?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are any of these effects permanent?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T10:08:02.827" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T10:08:02.827" Title="What are the long term effects of Dexedrine (for adult ADD)?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;add-adhd&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13278" CreationDate="2017-08-11T21:43:38.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8925.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Administering the vaccine up to 3-5 days after exposure has been shown to reduce the severity of the disease significantly, but studies vary greatly as to whether or not post-exposure vaccination can prevent the disease entirely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Post-exposure treatment with antiviral drugs is effective at reducing the severity of the disease, but due to the expense and low expected benefits, it is only recommended for immunocompromised individuals or patients at risk of severe complications. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vaccination of adults is less effective than vaccination of children: children frequently get full protection after a single dose, while adults usually require two doses.  Additionally, vaccination of children provides protection for upwards of ten years, while immunity in vaccinated adults fades after a few years.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-08-11T21:43:38.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13262" CreationDate="2017-08-12T05:51:07.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can it be falsely elevated?  Yes: according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17851680&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, creatine in the bloodstream peaks between 1 and 3 hours after consumption, depending on the form in which it is consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that taking creatine harms the kidneys?  Maybe.  There have been &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/creatine/safety/hrb-20059125&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reports of kidney damage as a result of taking creatine&lt;/a&gt;, but small-scale controlled trials of typical performance-enhancing doses (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12701816&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18188581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) do not show problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know what sort of shape your kidneys are in, don't take creatine before a blood test.  The above-mentioned pharmokinetics study says that a 28-day waiting period will return your muscle creatine levels to baseline values; 8-24 hours is sufficient for your blood creatine levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T05:51:07.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10907" CreationDate="2017-08-12T15:00:12.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some ways which are said to decrease motion sickness include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try having ginger candies or ginger tea ginger&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If possible   stare at the horizon or anything that doesn't move(stationary).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.entnet.org/content/dizziness-and-motion-sickness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American academy regarding motion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't see any sort of digital things or avoid reading books...&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-reading-in-a-mov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regarding books and nausea &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try chewing gums or  crackers which decrease your nausea by chewing&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26818376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed regarding chewing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try inhaling  peppermint smell(if possible isopropyl alcohol similar to sanitizer smell...)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0041569/#!po=3.33333&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Isopropyl but no evidence for peppermint&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try getting a comfortable positions where you can stretch your legs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Try taking in some fresh air&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/digestive-health/diet/foods-that-help-relieve-nausea/#01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Foods that prevent nausea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23638927&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed regarding ginger&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11072" LastEditorUserId="11072" LastEditDate="2017-08-16T11:02:58.827" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T11:02:58.827" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-12T15:32:34.467" Score="4" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Out of curiousity, I'm researching the JNC 8 guidelines for hypertension, and when reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; publication, I noticed it says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is strong evidence to support treating hypertensive persons aged 60 years or older to a BP goal of less than 150/90 mm Hg and hypertensive persons 30 through 59 years of age to a diastolic goal of less than 90 mm Hg; however, &lt;strong&gt;there is insufficient evidence in hypertensive persons younger than 60 years for a &lt;em&gt;systolic goal&lt;/em&gt;, or in those younger than 30 years for a &lt;em&gt;diastolic goal&lt;/em&gt;, so the panel recommends a BP of less than 140/90 mm Hg&lt;/strong&gt; for those groups based on expert opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: How can the JNC 8 recommend an overall BP goal (which consists of both diastolic and systolic measurements), yet, they don't suggest a goal for either diastolic, or systolic, depending on the age of the person? Why do they make this distiction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11108" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:10:08.857" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:10:08.857" Title="How can a BP goal be recommended, but not a diastolic or systolic goal?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;age&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13289" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13295" CreationDate="2017-08-12T15:52:22.247" Score="0" ViewCount="1223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have low libido (less sexual desire) and and can't have an erection.  Are there any drugs that provide erection without sexual stimulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen a urologist and other physicians and have had testing done. They confirmed that I have no physical issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have elevated prolactin, which my psychiatrist says is caused by Soltus, which I take for depression.  He has recommended to reduce and stop it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also used to inject myself with testosterone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I have porn-induced erectile dysfunction and am on day 40 of abstaining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried Viagra like medicines but no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am asking whether there are any drugs for ed which do not require sexual stimulation to work, as viagra-like drugs require sexual stimulation to get an erection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-08-16T13:38:54.657" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T13:38:54.657" Title="Are there any drugs that provide erection without sexual stimulation?" Tags="&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;&lt;libido&gt;&lt;erection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-08-22T15:09:24.277" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-12T17:25:40.017" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am at my wits end with acne. I've got rid of &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of the spots (like the physical spots that most people would want to pop) with the help of Lymecycline (a skin antibiotic) that the doctor gave me and a spot gel she gave me, but I still have red, inflamed skin. I change my pillowcase every night on a rotor, I stopped drinking milk, I'm doing &lt;strong&gt;every single thing&lt;/strong&gt; I have read online and been told because I am incredibly, incredibly angry now at this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to come across as a picky eater, but I really find it quite hard to eat a lot of foods, primarily vegetables like peas and green beans, because I can't stand how they feel in your mouth. I also find the act of eating quite disgusting and I really hate doing it so it's quite hard for me to incorporate new foods into my diet, but I have been trying to incorporate sweet potatoes because apparently they help acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what I eat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Breakfast. I always have a bowl of pasta with tuna in. I wanted to be able to have carbohydrates to give me energy, but at the same time, I wanted to fight acne. Tuna apparently is good for acne. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lunch. Some days I don't eat lunch because I really just, I just hate eating. But, when I do, I have plain cous cous and nothing else, every single day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tea. I live in England and tend to have those kinds of 'hearty' meals that are common like Sheperds Pie, Cottage Pie, meat, stuff like that. Dumplings. Curry. Those kinds of things. Often in these recipes you include carrots or parsnips but I leave these out because I don't like how they feel in your mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's what I'm eating. I have no idea if my diet is what's giving me the inflamed skin so I have turned to Health SE for answers. I told my doctor I stopped drinking milk because it was bad for acne but she said my acne is completely hormonal and I should put milk back in because I used to have a warm glass of milk before I went to bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have taken a picture of the problem so you can see it. Hang on, it's uploading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PlHdv.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PlHdv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Acne&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay so as we can see from the image I've got 3 spots at the minute, but to be honest they'll probably go down pretty fast. The main focus isn't those - it is the inflamed, red skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why do I have this red skin?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What can I do to get rid of it?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I promise I will do whatever I'm told.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7212" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T20:29:34.427" Title="Is my diet affecting my skin?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-08-22T14:51:38.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13290" CreationDate="2017-08-12T20:21:30.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your doctor is probably right about it being a hormonal imbalance, but why do you have a hormonal imbalance?  That would be a great question for you to ask your doctor.  Hormonal imbalances can be caused because of a food sensitivity.  Dairy, wheat and soy are the big ones, but it may be one, two, or all three of them. Or it could be something unrelated to food.  Everyone is individualized.  The following site helped me to figure out what worked for me, it is a great resource for figuring out your individual needs. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acneeinstein.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acneeinstein.com/&lt;/a&gt;. This site is very detailed and explains the problem of acne in understandable language.  As well as multiple causes.  When cutting something out of your diet you also need to be sure you have completely cut it out.  Milk includes butter, and any processed foods with milk, so no milk chocolate and even most dark chocolates have milk.  However, everybody is individualized and this may not be the case for you.  Also, to make the question more appropriate for the site you could ask... Does diet affect skin? Then make the more detailed portion a bit more generalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastEditorUserId="9246" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T20:29:34.427" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T20:29:34.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-12T20:36:19.257" Score="4" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a mother of toddlers. I'm incredibly overwhelmed with stress. I am very anxious about the world around me and I fear their safety. I don't have enough control of my emotions and I believe I overact with them. I cherish their innocence but I feel I'm the very person polluting it with my anger and fear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how to come up for air while still being practical and realistic about their safety. I feel like I'm drowning. &#xA;Is there a way to normalize without medication. If so, how can I do it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11110" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T03:41:27.540" Title="How to I overcome extreme anxiety without medication?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T21:27:37.597" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13292" CreationDate="2017-08-12T21:29:51.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stress- relief techniques can help manage anxiety... specific ones to incorporate based on anxiety are... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mindful meditation as shown by the study in this article... &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.149.7.936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.149.7.936&lt;/a&gt;  Meditation can be performed in the morning before the toddlers awake, or after they go to bed.  Even 5 minutes consistently done on a daily basis can help you to focus and reduce anxiety throughout the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yoga may be effective based on this article, although I know it can be difficult to do with toddlers, but if you have the time before they wake up, or during nap time. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/effects-yoga-anxiety-stress/286390903.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/effects-yoga-anxiety-stress/286390903.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deep breathing can also reduce anxiety, during an episode of anxiety &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anxieties.com/57/panic-step4#.WY9xmlGGOUk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.anxieties.com/57/panic-step4#.WY9xmlGGOUk&lt;/a&gt;   Basically when someone is anxious their breathing and heart rate go up, which affects other things as well.  By controlling your breathing, your heart rate can go down, and help regulate the other symptoms of anxiety.  This can be done at any time anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also don't stress if you can't do the above consistently... Stressing over not using stress relief techniques in counter productive.  Also, depending on your situation you could ask for help from family and friends.  I think sometimes us Moms think we have to do everything ourselves, when we don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastEditorUserId="9246" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T21:36:25.977" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T21:36:25.977" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13289" CreationDate="2017-08-12T23:07:07.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can't give medical advice here.  But I can guide you in how to approach talking with your doctors, and add another doctor/specialist you haven't mentioned but should see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have already told us that you have elevated prolactin - which&#xA;has a known association with erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have already told us that you have depression, which has a known&#xA;association with erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have already told us that you have recently started to refrain&#xA;from high porn use, which is known to sometimes have an association&#xA;with erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You have already told us that you used to inject yourself with&#xA;testosterone and now levels are down, so you've been messing with&#xA;your hormones exogenously.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you have 4 &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/444220-differential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;possible reasons for erectile dysfunction&lt;/a&gt;: two hormonal, two neuropsychological.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these issues are resolved yet, so I might recommend talking with your doctors and working on those before trying to find a medication that could have additional side effects.  A pill might not exist for the purpose you're seeking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Did you talk with your urologists about whether there are other medication options? They need to guide you as they are DOCTORS who specialize in this!  Make sure they know about all of the other factors as well, including your psych meds, depression, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As your psychiatrist has already said, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisulpride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amisulpride&lt;/a&gt; is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;associated with a high risk of elevating blood levels of the lactation&#xA;  hormone, prolactin (thereby potentially causing the absence of the&#xA;  menstrual cycle, breast enlargement, even in males, breast milk&#xA;  secretion not related to breastfeeding, impaired fertility, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;impotence&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  breast pain, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so talk with your psychiatrist about options for your depression - he already recommended considering it! BUT note that soltus is an uncommon medication for unipolar depression, so &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;do NOT adjust your medication without your psychiatrist's careful guidance.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, and just as importantly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I recommend you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apa.org/topics/sex/treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see a psyCHOLogist/counselor/therapist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; as soon as you can get in.  Tell him/her the whole story and they can guide you on what you can do about it.  &lt;strong&gt;Sexual function, especially libido, is not just a hormonal or medication thing.&lt;/strong&gt;  There are successful treatments that involve no medication for some people.  One option is sex therapy for individuals or couples, which he might recommend. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/save-your-sex-life/201011/healing-erectile-dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this psychology article:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may believe that you will have difficulty with this forever or that is not solvable unless you take medication for the problem but a pill may not fix all of the trouble.&#xA;  Here's why.... For most men, erectile problems are caused by an&#xA;  anxiety issue, not a medical issue. While prescriptions such as&#xA;  Viagra, Levitra and Cialis may help to solve the problem of getting&#xA;  your penis hard, you may not get to the core of why your penis is&#xA;  having difficulty getting hard in the first place. By then you are&#xA;  committed to taking prescriptions and &quot;timing&quot; when we are sexual for&#xA;  the rest of your sexual relationship. Getting to the core of the&#xA;  anxiety and taking back control of your body is what we will be&#xA;  discussing in this article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have already said you have both medical issues and psychological issues that are likely part of this picture.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may not be a pill for your situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-12T23:14:00.203" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T23:14:00.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13266" CreationDate="2017-08-12T23:10:08.377" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insomnia is extremely rare in indigenous populations, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/modern-hunter-gatherers-probably-get-less-sleep-than-you-do/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned in this article&lt;/a&gt; where the sleeping habits of 94 members of the Hadza of Tanzania, the San of Namibia and the Tsimané of Bolivia were studied:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Only 1.5 to 2.5 percent of the hunter-gatherers the researchers studied experienced insomnia more than once a year. In comparison, 10 to 30 percent of people in industrial societies report chronic insomnia, the scientists noted. Insomnia was so rare among the San and the Tsimané, they do not have a word for the disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As suggested in the article, one can then try to adopt some of the relevant lifestyle factors that are plausibly involved in sleep. A new finding was the importance of temperature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The scientists found that the amount of sleep these hunter-gatherers got had less to do with the length of daylight hours than with temperature. These groups sleep an hour more in the winter than they do in the summer.&#xA;  &quot;In natural conditions, humans sleep [more] during a period of declining temperature,&quot; Siegel said. &quot;In contrast, in most modern settings, while we may turn the temperature down at night, it is not declining.&quot;&#xA;  In other words, modern life has &quot;almost completely eliminated a major sleep regulator,&quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing that is mentioned in the article is that these indigenous people sleep less than we tend to do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Investigations showed that these traditional peoples slept slightly less than 6.5 hours a night on average. In comparison, people in industrial societies usually average seven to eight hours per night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This combined with the fact that these people get a lot more exercise than most of us get radically changes the balance between sleep and daytime exertion. And the diet has a totally different balance between fats and carbohydrates. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/tsimane-of-the-bolivian-amazon-have-worlds-healthiest-hearts-says-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A high carbohydrate diet of rice, plantain, manioc and corn, with a small amount of wild game and fish – plus around six hours’ exercise every day – has given the Tsimané people of the Bolivian Amazon the healthiest hearts in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.............&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Their diet is high in unrefined carbohydrates (72%) with about 14% protein and it is very low in sugar and in fat – also 14%, which amounts to about 38g of fat a day including 11g of saturated fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the bigger picture that we don't get if we only study sleep in Western societies, is that the Western lifestyle is not so robust at preventing insomnia compared to indigenous populations. The people who sleep well in Western societies are still just one or two steps away of getting insomnia, while the way indigenous populations live, put them many more steps away from getting insomnia, which makes insomnia far less likely to occur there, so much so that their languages &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/20151015-paleo-sleep-time-hadza-san-tsimane-science/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;don't have a word for it&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The San and Tsimané languages have no word for insomnia, and when researchers tried to explain it to them, “they still don’t seem to quite understand,” Siegel says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which really emphasizes the point that insomnia just doesn't happen there, otherwise the people there would be able to understand it from their own personal experience. From my personal experience, I think that sleep time and exercise may be the most important factor. I run every day for about one hour (and quite fast with my heart rate at about 150 bpm), and I sleep on average slightly less than 7 hours a day. When I was younger I slept for 8 hours and I didn't exercise anywhere near my current level. I did have sleeping problems far more frequently than I have today. So, to me at least, this seems to be a a problem that's caused by the body getting way too much rest and way too little exertion.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-08-12T23:10:08.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13299" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13468" CreationDate="2017-08-13T06:35:37.937" Score="3" ViewCount="814" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people get a temporary increase in wakefulness or better ability to concentrate after caffeine intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are several known mechanisms of action to explain the effects of caffeine. The most prominent is that it reversibly blocks the action of adenosine on its receptor and consequently prevents the onset of drowsiness induced by adenosine. Caffeine also stimulates certain portions of the autonomic nervous system.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does caffeine block the adenosine receptors? How does it stimulate the autonomic nervous system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-01T07:18:17.620" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T07:18:17.620" Title="Mechanism of action (MOA) of Caffeine" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-13T14:02:45.833" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have blood pressure and I want to get rid of medicines.I developed High BP about 4 years ago. Can I prefer to cure it from natural diet that includes natural diet from Spinach, Apple, Carrot and Cucumber on a daily basis. &#xA;Am I right in my approach? Seeking for professional health advice. Thank you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1897" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T03:16:52.330" Title="Is it mandatory to for a blood pressure patient to take medicines throughout the life span?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T19:17:28.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-13T14:49:18.893" Score="2" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading anecdotal stories of people with psychosis and schizophrenia online and meeting some people in real life suffering with them first hand, it seems that their experiences are always negative and range from moderately to severely distressing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If psychosis is defined as &lt;em&gt;a loss of contact from impaired thoughts and emotions&lt;/em&gt; then surely it should reason that there are people who experience delusions that are the opposite of distress i.e pleasure  e.g being spied on by an attractive female government as opposed to a non-existent supernatural demonic entity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11117" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T01:57:45.570" Title="Can individuals experience a 'pleasurable' form of psychosis?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13232" CreationDate="2017-08-13T18:59:45.823" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make your immune system stronger simply.....Live in Haiti. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did for 8 years now I never get sick. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok here's a my theory that I learned from 10th grade biology last year. Ok here's how to stronger your immune system.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eat some infected food, like, moldy bread. &#xA;Just eat anything that has bacteria in it! &#xA;Don't eat to much obviously, the bacteria can overcome your body which can be fatal. &#xA;Just eat enough to get you a bit sick. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now once you start feeling a bit sick, guess what, your body is producing antibodies to fight off the bacteria that is invading. When you body produces a certain type of antibodies it will &quot;store&quot; the DNA of that antibody and will produce it again if that same bacteria or like it invades again. (So if you want to protect against the flu..simply kiss your wife who already has the flu). &#xA;You body will produce antibodies that fight the flu bacteria or virus.  You will want to take some antibiotics. Antibiotics just stimulate the immune system to create &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; antibodies. This is a faster way to become immune to a certain bacteria(sickness)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you didn't take antibiotics your bodies antibodies will likely get dominated by the bacteria that you got from your wife! Then you will have to go to the doctor and tell them about what you read from me on Stack. Then he will likely sue, you probably will too. Anyway the doctor will then give you some antibiotics and tell you to get some rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This theory is mine! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't sue me I'm just a 16 year old with no life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7977" LastActivityDate="2017-08-13T18:59:45.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-13T22:05:15.203" Score="1" ViewCount="355" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is this a normal feature? Or, if this happens, it has to be an herpes sore? Are there mucoceles (because of a bite, for example) that lay a sore? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8210" LastEditorUserId="8210" LastEditDate="2017-08-14T09:17:39.287" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T03:28:08.657" Title="Can a mucocele on the lip pop up and become a canker sore?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;canker-sores&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13308" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13314" CreationDate="2017-08-14T01:24:46.200" Score="7" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard many things about smoking and a main issue as of one being that 2nd hand smoking is worse than 1st hand smoking itself? &lt;strong&gt;(I do not smoke I am just around someone who does smoke)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this rumor true? If &lt;em&gt;so&lt;/em&gt; why is this, and what should I do if I can smell it or if I am around them when they light the cigarette?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11120" LastEditorUserId="11120" LastEditDate="2017-08-14T13:53:03.057" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T19:05:09.073" Title="Is 2nd hand smoking worse than 1st hand smoking" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13232" CreationDate="2017-08-14T05:05:16.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use Vitamin D3 to prevent that sort of illness in my home.  It has been used by many doctors &amp;amp; is more &amp;amp; more being promoted for this, as flu season is strongly linked to shortened days &amp;amp; lower D3 levels in research.  I do believe it's working as I have seen far fewer illnesses in general and have not gotten the flu now in many years since starting this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to some information about D3 and it's use in this regard. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4463890/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4463890/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-14T05:05:16.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13046" CreationDate="2017-08-14T05:52:50.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think I can answer this myself now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After ~3 weeks I started having problems with my intestines. My stool got very soft, sometimes more like diarrhoea. So I stopped eating tomatoes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Ik took about 2 weeks for things to normalize again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess moderation is in place here. 1 or 2 times a week shouldn't be a problem, but don't overdo it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9879" LastActivityDate="2017-08-14T05:52:50.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-14T08:36:34.057" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/46/are-artificial-sweeteners-safe&quot;&gt;Are artificial sweeteners safe?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I heard that there were studies/was a study released recently which were against artificial sweeteners. I can't really find them/it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have you heard anything new about this topic or that 2015 post mentioned above is actual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2017-08-14T08:36:34.057" Title="What is the current standpoint on artificial sweeteners?" Tags="&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-14T08:58:21.770" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recall reading, perhaps 25 years ago, one of those counter-intuitive factoids noting that milk had more calories than soda, ounce for ounce (but of course that this was offset by nutritional benefits of milk). I believe this was referring to skim milk, widely quoted (and presumably stable over time) at 90 calories per 8 ounces, or 135 calories per 12 ounces. And I think I remember noticing that it made sense because a 12-ounce can of (regular sweetened) soda was typically labeled as less than this -- the number I picture seeing is 120 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in recent times I see 12-ounce cans of soda labeled as at least 140 and sometimes 150+ calories, reversing the comparison that I thought used to be made. I am unable to find mention of lower calorie contents in the past or evidence of the factoid I recall (skim milk &gt; soda). I know it is a bit ill-defined because of variation between brands/types of soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: was a typical 12-ounce regular soda (Coke, Pepsi, etc.) 140-150 calories even 25 years ago? Has it increased (which I can imagine might happen gradually over time due to a stealth &quot;sweetness war&quot;)? Or is my recollection off (perhaps the original comparison was to &lt;em&gt;whole&lt;/em&gt; milk and so I'm thinking of the wrong numbers)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11122" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T06:03:11.007" Title="Has the calorie content of soda (in US) increased over the years?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-14T13:52:00.903" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that flu shots generally are manufactured in eggs or chicken embryos, and so there can be an issue for people who are allergic to eggs. What other shots should people allergic to eggs know could set off their allergies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8950" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:48:58.750" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:48:58.750" Title="What shots are not okay for someone with egg allergies?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13308" CreationDate="2017-08-14T13:57:17.487" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, if one was to inhale the same amount of smoke passively as smokers inhale actively, it would be more dangerous. This is hardly the case though, as smokers also inhale parts of second hand smoke, and because as always, &lt;em&gt;dosis facit venenum&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Risk of Second Hand Smoke&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of developing cancer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to secondhand smoke raises the risk -- &lt;strong&gt;by as much as 30 percent [1.3 times]&lt;/strong&gt; -- that others will get lung cancer and many other types of cancer, it can lead to emphysema, and it is bad for your heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/effects-of-secondhand-smoke&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine, Annotation Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lower risk of developing cancer is because passive smokers don't inhale the same amount of smoke - you usually walk past a smoker and not stand right next to them until they have finished their cigarette.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inhalation of toxic fumes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are 2 types of tobacco smoke:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mainstream smoke, which is directly inhaled through the mouth end of the cigarette &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sidestream smoke, which comes from the burning tip of the cigarette &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Second-hand smoke is made up of sidestream smoke and&#xA;  exhaled mainstream smoke, mixed with the surrounding air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sidestream smoke is about &lt;strong&gt;4 times more toxic than mainstream smoke,&#xA;  although people inhale it in a more diluted form&lt;/strong&gt;. This is because&#xA;  sidestream smoke contains much higher levels of many of the poisons&#xA;  and cancer-causing chemicals in cigarettes, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At least 3 times as much carbon monoxide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;10-30 times more nitrosamines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Between 15–300 times more ammonia &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer/passive-smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancerresearchuk.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the total amount of toxic fumes passive smokers inhale is less than what smokers inhale, because the former are not exposed to smoke as often as the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of Developing Heart Diseases or Strokes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Breathing secondhand smoke can cause coronary heart disease, including&#xA;  heart attack and stroke. Know the facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Secondhand smoke causes nearly 34,000 early deaths from coronary    heart disease each year in the United States among &#xA;  nonsmokers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonsmokers who &lt;strong&gt;breathe secondhand smoke at home or at work increase&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  their risk of developing heart disease by 25–30%.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Breathing secondhand smoke interferes with the normal functioning of    the heart, blood, and vascular systems in ways that increase&#xA;  your    risk of having a heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Even briefly breathing secondhand smoke can damage the lining of    blood vessels and cause your blood to become stickier. These changes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  can cause a deadly heart attack.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/heart-disease-stroke.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdc.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, the risk is lower than the risk of smokers because it is &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; an exposure during work or at home and are not expected to inhale the same amount of smoke as bystanders as smokers do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Risks of First Hand Smoke&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of developing cancer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People who smoke cigarettes are &lt;strong&gt;15 to 30 times more likely&lt;/strong&gt; to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke. Even smoking a few cigarettes a day or smoking occasionally increases the risk of lung cancer. The more years a person smokes and the more cigarettes smoked each day, the more risk goes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/risk_factors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdc.gov&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Toxic fumes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cigarette smoke is a mixture of over 4000 chemicals, many of which are&#xA;  harmful to the human body. All currently available tobacco products&#xA;  that are smoked deliver substantial amounts of toxic chemicals to&#xA;  their users and those who breathe their smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the more than 4000 chemicals present in cigarette smoke, more than&#xA;  60 have been identified as cancer causing chemicals, 11 of which are&#xA;  known to cause cancer in humans and 8 that probably cause cancer in&#xA;  humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With approximately &lt;strong&gt;one non-smoker dying due to secondhand smoke&#xA;  exposure for every eight smokers dying&lt;/strong&gt; of smoking-related disease it&#xA;  is no surprise that secondhand smoke has been designated a known human&#xA;  carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). Further, &lt;strong&gt;about half of regular&#xA;  smokers will die of a smoking-related disease&lt;/strong&gt; and have a &lt;strong&gt;reduced life&#xA;  expectancy of about 13 to 16 years&lt;/strong&gt; as compared with non- smokers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/1F9BA81210676CF8CA257A0D001F122C/$File/toxic.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Australian Department for Health&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of Heart Diseases and Strokes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you smoke, your chance of dying from a heart attack is &lt;strong&gt;2 to 3 times&#xA;  greater&lt;/strong&gt; than that of a person who does not smoke. About &lt;strong&gt;1 out of 4&#xA;  heart attacks is believed to be directly related to smoking&lt;/strong&gt;. Smoking&#xA;  is a much more important risk factor for a heart attack than high&#xA;  cholesterol, obesity, high blood pressure, or stress.&#xA;  A person who smokes is twice as likely to die from a stroke as a person who does not smoke. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/tc/smoking-heart-attack-and-stroke-risks-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If you have children&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second hand smoking is especially damaging to children:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every day millions of children in the UK are exposed to secondhand&#xA;  smoke, which puts them at &lt;strong&gt;increased risk of lung disease, meningitis&#xA;  and cot death&lt;/strong&gt;. Treatment, hospital and GP visits for secondhand smoke&#xA;  related illnesses cost the NHS more than £23.6 million each year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/childrens-health-up-in-smoke&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gov.uk&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early exposure to chemicals is a lot more damaging than during adulthood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Passive smoking causes lasting damage to children's arteries,&#xA;  prematurely ageing their blood vessels by more than three years, say&#xA;  researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/health-26432111&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can lead to early heard attacks and other coronary diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure of unborn children to tobacco smoke may also increase the&#xA;  risk of miscarriage, low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome&#xA;  (SIDS), or ‘cot death’. There is strong evidence that the babies of&#xA;  mothers who smoke after birth have more lung diseases in their first&#xA;  year of life and have double the normal risk of serious airway&#xA;  infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/2C2DEB2D69E29B0DCA257BF0001E7410/$File/tobpass.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gov.au&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have kids, you definitely should follow the advice below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What you can do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can protect yourself and your family from secondhand smoke by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Quitting smoking if you are not already a nonsmoker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Not allowing anyone to smoke anywhere in or near your home&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Not allowing anyone to smoke in your car, even with the windows down&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Making sure your children’s day care center and schools are tobacco-free&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Seeking out restaurants and other places that do not allow smoking (if your state still allows smoking in public areas)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Teaching your children to stay away from secondhand smoke.          &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Being a good role model by not smoking or using any other type of  tobacco.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdc.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-19T19:05:09.073" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T19:05:09.073" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13333" CreationDate="2017-08-14T16:18:05.890" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;i want to share my routine and to know its health effects.&#xA;i am 18 years old and i don't play any sports or exercise.I spend my entire day in my room i go out about 2 3 times a day and that to on my bike.I love to eat junk food and from hotels.I eat a lot bit still i am skinny.After eating i go to bed and lie there no exercise or physical work at all.I feel depressed all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what health effects it will have on me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11127" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T01:35:36.033" Title="Does my routine effect my health and age?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-08-24T02:20:16.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-15T01:44:29.853" Score="5" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/167981/bodybuilder-death-urea-cycle-disorder&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/167981/bodybuilder-death-urea-cycle-disorder&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170815011902/http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/167981/bodybuilder-death-urea-cycle-disorder&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While protein supplements may not seem dangerous, Hefford's case is a reminder of how important it can be to check with your doctor before adding them into your routine. Of course, urea cycle disorder is uncommon, but excess supplements can be dangerous if someone already has health conditions they may not know about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;There's medical advice on the back of all the supplements to seek out a doctor but how many young people actually do?&amp;quot; White told Yahoo 7 News.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I check before taking protein supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-09-18T10:30:30.993" Title="What should I check before taking protein supplements?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13307" CreationDate="2017-08-15T03:06:27.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mucoceles can rupture.  Usually that will resolve them though.  If it persists, it needs a doctor most likely.  You can find more details on that here and explanation of what a doctor would do for one that isn't resolving after rupture. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.steadyhealth.com/medical-answers/oral-lesions-oral-mucocele-and-canker-sores&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.steadyhealth.com/medical-answers/oral-lesions-oral-mucocele-and-canker-sores&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T03:06:27.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13313" CreationDate="2017-08-15T03:09:47.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure where you &quot;heard&quot;, but currently people with egg allergy are merely asked to stay for observation 30 mins after a flu shot, but a reaction is not expected due to the very small volume.  The only one I know that is a total no is yellow fever.  Here is additional info on egg allergy &amp;amp; vaccinations. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-ingredients/egg-products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-ingredients/egg-products&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T03:09:47.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13304" CreationDate="2017-08-15T03:16:52.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you would prefer to not take medication for high blood pressure, then your doctor can assist with that as well.  They do not have to only write you a prescription.  If you are willing to meet with a nutritionist, that is a great start, then adding in cardio workouts and perhaps something for stress reduction, which can be anything from yoga to painting to walks in nature, whatever works for you, even meditation is great for many.  You should not start doing these things without monitoring your blood pressure ever though.  If you are seeking to make any major lifestyle changes while medicated, your doctor needs to be involved.  If you stay on the medication and manage to decrease your blood pressure, then you will be over-medicated.  If instead you do not decrease it the way you hoped, but reduce your medication, you are left at risk for stroke or other issues from improperly controlled high blood pressure.  So yes, there are people who come off the medications, with a doctors guidance and monitoring, but it is only safe to do so with that help in place.  I am all for doing the things you need to get healthy, but no one needs to die on the way to getting healthy.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/suppl_2/S99.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/suppl_2/S99.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T03:16:52.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13322" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-15T06:34:18.207" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;a person, lets call him bob had unprotected sex with jane on friday night lets say saturday morning at like 4 am. Monday evening at around 11 pm the girl feels like throwing up and bad generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it be because she is pregnant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8913" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T03:25:09.243" Title="how soon after unprotected sex can side effects of getting pregnant occur?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-08-18T19:48:31.767" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13292" CreationDate="2017-08-15T07:45:42.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend seeing a counselor/therapist/psychologist ASAP to help you with this. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy&lt;/a&gt; is one of many approaches to anxiety. But a professional can help identify what you need to focus on. They are the branch of healthcare that manages mental health with behavioral interventions rather than medications (or in addition to medications from an MD in some cases, as they don't prescribe meds)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T07:45:42.103" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-15T13:32:40.290" Score="6" ViewCount="455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if taking medication to deal with unconcentration on ADHD would lose hyperfocus, which is considered one of the advantage of ADHD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand taking medication on ADHD have a side effect such as nausea or a headache. But how about hyperfocus? Or is it dependent on each medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1307" LastActivityDate="2021-02-24T14:03:55.367" Title="Does taking medication lose hyperfocus on ADHD?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13327" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-15T15:40:21.967" Score="0" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;When one has low testosterone, allopathy only has the Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) available. This is a lifelong therapy and stops the natural production of testosterone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medicine for erectile dysfunction exists in homeopathy. Are there drugs in homeopathy to boost Testosterone, not replace it altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-08-15T17:33:01.027" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T08:03:05.620" Title="Homeopathic remedy for low testosterone?" Tags="&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-08-17T22:09:08.117" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-15T16:58:01.710" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;For days ago, I run backwards and my thies still hurt (just like muscles hurt when they're exerted). Is that a sign of any injury?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3353" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T23:24:57.330" Title="How should I deal with my leg being tired at the fourth day after the overexertion?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;legs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13329" CreationDate="2017-08-15T23:24:57.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not neccessarly. If you're in acute pain then you should definitely go to the doctor or emergency room. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I've recently overexerted myself biking and jogging and it took about 5 days for my aching calf muscles to get back to normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T23:24:57.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12538" CreationDate="2017-08-15T23:41:27.290" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating less or more doesn't necessarily reduce or add to bloating. It could be the types of food that you are eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dairy, grains, and legumes are common culprits. See link below for a good explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/nutrition/13-foods-that-cause-bloating&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/nutrition/13-foods-that-cause-bloating&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2017-08-15T23:41:27.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13317" CreationDate="2017-08-16T01:35:36.033" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any routine and habits affect a persons health, for better or worse. There is no way anyone can tell you what health affects your routine will have on you, only that it increases or decreases your risks for certain diseases.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sedentary lifestyle, increases risks of disease, both physical and mental. See:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lifespanfitn.ess.com/workplace/resources/articles/health-risks-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.lifespanfitn.ess.com/workplace/resources/articles/health-risks-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a routine such as using a bike as transportation can help reduce these risks, because bike riding is a form of exercise.  However,being consistently active throughout the day is best. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet also affects people, the healthier you eat, and the less junk you eat the better.  Sometimes peoples poor lifestyle choices do not catch up to them until later in life, or they may find that problems they never thought would happen to them, catch up to them sooner than they would like.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T01:35:36.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13322" CreationDate="2017-08-16T03:25:09.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If fertilization took place, chances are that implantation wouldn't even have happened yet, since that takes 3-4days, so until that happens, your body has no clue &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; happened, much less react to it. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-conception#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/baby/understanding-conception#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T03:25:09.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13292" CreationDate="2017-08-16T03:41:27.540" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If this level of anxiety kicked in after having children it may qualify as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anxietybc.com/parents/new-moms/feeling-anxious/recognizing-post-partum-anxiety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PPA - post partum anxiety&lt;/a&gt;.  People often think of depression, but anxiety is also incredibly common.  There are varying degrees you can experience such things and &lt;em&gt;sometimes&lt;/em&gt; it might be a good idea to consider medication &lt;em&gt;while&lt;/em&gt; making lifestyle changes to assist you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a mother to young kids myself, I know that I am prone to anxiety.  What I didn't know initially was that I am also prone to developing something called post partum hyper-thyroiditis.  So this was doubly awful. I was loosing weight like crazy, unable to sleep, and having all sorts of symptoms due to my thyroid which also increases anxiety for some, and having anxiety with the two together had me convinced for a while that I had to have cancer or some awful thing happening, because of all my strange symptoms (especially excess weight loss).  I tell you that because pregnancy also puts a strain &amp;amp; sometimes that means it can change our health.  It is always advisable to &lt;em&gt;talk&lt;/em&gt; to the doctor about any symptoms you are having, even anxiety, simply because there can be a biological component to it.  I could have never yoga-d my way into a healthy thyroid.  That wasn't going to work, right?  So a check up &amp;amp; talk with the doctor is seldom a bad idea.  If they advise a medication you prefer not to take, you don't &lt;em&gt;have&lt;/em&gt; to take it, but it's still worth looking at all options and ensuring you don't have anything else causing you to have more intense anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the rest of what I do.  I have recently started a supplement called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/integrative-mental-health-care/201703/l-theanine-reduces-symptoms-anxiety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;L Theanine&lt;/a&gt;.  It's an extract found in tea.  It simply helps me feel more calm &amp;amp; focused.  The strength &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt; take is about what you get in 2 cups of tea, so not much, and it's not magical, but it helps a little. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoiding caffeine helps me as well.  That was one my doctor advised right off.  I again, can't say it magic, but also better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CBT is one that is commonly used clinically.  I was already versed in meditation, so for &lt;em&gt;me&lt;/em&gt; I've just reapplied myself to that, which in many ways is not too terribly far removed from the techniques of CBT, such that now there is MCBT that is a marriage of the two. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/cbt-mbct-difference.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/cbt-mbct-difference.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T03:41:27.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13327" CreationDate="2017-08-16T08:03:05.620" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really recommend you go to a medical doctor for these issues.  I am all about evidence-based alternative medicine, but in general, Homeopathy has very poor evidence for being able to treat most things.  Another Meta-analysis this year of homeopathy have turned up empty on a lot of things.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy#Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses_of_efficacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; referencing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the most&#xA;  reliable evidence did not support the effectiveness of&#xA;  non-individualized homeopathy. The authors noted that &quot;the quality of&#xA;  the body of evidence is low.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its best efficacy is generally due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placebo effect&lt;/a&gt;, which may be responsible for its efficacy in ED, as many cases of ED have at least partial psychological etiology. Testosterone is part of your endocrine system, not as likely to respond to homeopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/21/e609&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;erectile dysfunction in a young man can be herald of early cardiovascular disease&lt;/a&gt;.  More reason to get a doctor to see you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366148/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T08:03:05.620" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-16T08:39:14.337" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sit around 8-14 hours per day at office and usually I stand just for lunch and go to the wash room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should do to reduce belly fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10984" LastEditorUserId="10984" LastEditDate="2017-08-17T03:53:14.170" LastActivityDate="2017-08-17T03:53:14.170" Title="What should do to reduce belly fat who sit in around 8-14 hours per day at office?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-08-22T14:29:55.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-16T09:00:05.913" Score="3" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a certain (abdominal) chronic medical condition. I've been to several doctors over the course of the last years and nothing could be found -- I'm completely healthy, according to all my tests. I am not asking for personal medical advice but if there is, in general, anything I can do besides seeing doctors who don't find anything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there reliable online sources where I could explain my condition at length and perhaps someone would have an idea? If I get any sort of plausible suggestion, I might be able to talk about it with the doctors and see if it makes sense. I'm not looking for alternative medicine or things which are not scientifically established. I just want to make sure my doctors haven't missed anything of value that could be related to my condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm willing to accept that there are some unidentified chronic conditions for which there is no cure or identification of cause, but I'd like to know I've exhausted all my possible options before that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11145" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-17T21:20:03.890" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T05:19:02.010" Title="How to find other help when doctors can't help" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;chronic-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13341" CreationDate="2017-08-16T09:30:18.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might sound unfortunately obvious, but exercising and reducing fatty food intake is all you can do to reduce body fat. There's no real trick other than to change your diet and put a time investment into exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something I've noticed is that it is difficult to maintain a diet while working in an office. It's difficult to focus mentally when you're hungry. I noticed that working manual jobs (I emptied shipping containers for a while) it was easier to eat less since you didn't need to be mentally focused. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That pretty much leaves exercise as your best bet. Is it possible for you to start cycling to work? This is a real 'two birds, one stone' solution. Working full time, you lack the free time to fully dedicate to exercise. Your commute is time wasted as it is, so why not cycle some or all of the way to your office? &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2017/04/25/new-research-indicates-cycling-to-work-has-extraordinary-health-benefits/#7aac183c3e62&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2017/04/25/new-research-indicates-cycling-to-work-has-extraordinary-health-benefits/#7aac183c3e62&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's great for cardio, great for weight loss (the calories you burn are huge), and makes your legs look damn sexy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, swimming is another good option because it exercises your whole body and isn't a huge time sink. You don't need to do a lot to gain huge results. You can swim and hour in the morning/on your lunch/after work and gain a huge amount from it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately the key is to cut your diet down and exercise and you should see results in no time. Just doing one or the other may disappoint you, in my own experience, over how slow progress you may make, and cause you to give up, but if you do both for a month or so you'll notice the difference. This should give you a huge confidence and motivational boost to keep going and go harder. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7303" LastEditorUserId="7303" LastEditDate="2017-08-16T13:35:09.720" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T13:35:09.720" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13341" CreationDate="2017-08-16T15:19:10.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't eat much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body consumes about 2500 calories per day. You can get a more precise estimate by adding three factors, the Basal Metabolic Rate (BRM), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutristrategy.com/caloriesburned.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calories consumed by activity&lt;/a&gt; and food processing calorie consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adult male: 66 + (6.3 x body weight in lbs.) + (12.9 x height in&#xA;  inches) - (6.8 x age in years)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adult female: 655 + (4.3 x weight in lbs.) + (4.7 x height in inches)&#xA;  - (4.7 x age in years)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for example, if you weigh 200 pound, are 5'10&quot;, male and 40 years old, then your estimated BMR is 66 + (6 * 200) + (12.9 * 70) - (6.8 * 40 ) = 1957 calories. If we add in 300 calories for walking around and 200 calories for processing food (10% of the food consumed), then the total is around 2500 calories. A weight loss diet could be, for example, half of that, which 1250 calories per day. A person with this nutrition profile will steadily lose fat if they eat below 2500 calories per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate of weight loss depends on how big the caloric deficit is. So, in the above example, a person with a 2500 requirement and a 1250 diet will lose about 1250 calories per day. A pound of body fat will generate about 3500 calories of energy. That means with a 1250 deficit, the person will lose 1/3 pound per day, or 10 pounds every month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T15:19:10.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13342" CreationDate="2017-08-16T15:38:28.740" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem you are running into is that medicine is a &lt;em&gt;science&lt;/em&gt;, but doctors are &lt;em&gt;practitioners&lt;/em&gt;. Doctors are not scientists. If your problem does not fit easily into one of their categories, it will be difficult to determine what it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, remember that doctors spend very little time on any individual patient. You get a 15-minute appointment and some tests, that's it. Not enough time to do serious investigations. If a bio-medical researcher spent every day working, the whole day, working on your case, they could probably figure it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way to solve this problem is to collect as much data as you can. This will make it much easier for a doctor to figure out what might be wrong. The data you should collect is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what you eat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;when the discomfort occurs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;exactly where it occurs each time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;under what circumstances did it occur (sitting, lying down, walking, after eating, 1 hours after eating, during eating, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, you want to create a detailed log of your problem. This data is the starting point for getting a deeper understanding of your problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T15:38:28.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-16T15:41:16.857" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I estimate the calories in food by weight and type. For example, if I have X ounces of meat, approximately how calories is that? Or, if I have X ounces of a starch (like a tuber) how many calories is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for approximate formulas, not exact amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2017-08-17T03:29:22.363" Title="Food calories by type and weight" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10544" CreationDate="2017-08-16T19:00:23.413" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadalafil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tadalafil&lt;/a&gt; is second generation medicine after Viagra. Normally &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303039.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doctors prescribe generic name of a medicine&lt;/a&gt;. Request him to prescribe generic name, then choose the company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T14:38:37.337" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T14:38:37.337" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13347" CreationDate="2017-08-16T19:08:39.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to know how many calories some food sample contains, you need to know exactly how much of that sample is protein, fat, and carbohydrate. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dining.ucla.edu/housing_site/dining/SNAC_pdf/CaloriesCount.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt; from UCLA gives a breakdown of the calories per gram of those components:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Carbohydrate = 4 calories per gram&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Protein = 4 calories per gram&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol = 7 calories per gram&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Fat = 9 calories per gram&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Once you know what these are, the math is fairly straightforward; just multiply each and then add. If there are 5 grams of carbs, then totals calories from carbs equals 5 x 4 = 20; if 6 grams of protein, then 4 x 6 = 24; and so on.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Starch is a carbohydrate. But for your other example of &quot;&lt;i&gt;meat&lt;/I&gt;&quot;, you'd need to know the breakdown of that particular meat, so you couldn't just say X amount of meat has y amount of protein, z amount of carbohydrate, and z amount of fat. Each meat is different. That said, the breakdown of each kind of meat (i.e. chicken, lean beef, pork, etc.) is probably close enough that you could get a ballpark figure for whatever kind of meat you're interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-08-16T19:08:39.103" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-17T04:43:12.620" Score="3" ViewCount="867" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 2 prescriptions of Predinisone, and on one of them it is written, &quot;PredniSONE 5MG TAB WES&quot; and on another one it is written, &quot;PREDNISONE 10MG TAB CAD.&quot; Are they the same formula and only differ in the quantity in each tablet? What does CAD and WES means in this case. On another bottle of Acetaminophen (i think) it states &quot;tab LEG&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6666" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:08:53.653" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:08:53.653" Title="What is the meaning of &quot;WES&quot; &quot;LEG&quot; or &quot;CAD&quot; written next to a prescription?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12235" CreationDate="2017-08-18T04:31:24.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If anyone sees this for whatever reason (I guess if you look up this question...), the pain has gone away after me forcing myself to use mint toothpaste and other mint products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8710" LastActivityDate="2017-08-18T04:31:24.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13342" CreationDate="2017-08-18T04:54:43.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am so sorry you are not getting answers. It is very frustrating to seek help and find no relief and no explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I live, about an hour from me, is a doctor that is rather unusual but specialized in differential diagnosis.  She works in a large compound of her own in the middle of nowhere and all she does is diagnose &amp;amp; then recommend your options.  She takes patients only on a retainer and last I knew it was pretty high, like $5000 USD.  I have to think she cannot be the only gifted diagnostician out there. I found her asking around in the alternative medicine community about medical doctors that others knew of that might be of help.  She is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; alternative. She is simply someone who is not within the normal scope of who I might get referred to as she isn't covered by insurance.  She didn't just take my money to see me and then charge me a ton more.  The retainer covered a lot of things, labs, tests, visits, etc.  I believe I saw her about a dozen times (all covered) and she spent 3 hours with me on intake, just asking questions, checking me over, etc.  Getting a differential diagnosis the way &lt;em&gt;she&lt;/em&gt; does it was nothing like I have ever had before or since.  She was absolutely highly involved in time spent with me, with labs onsite and equipment to sometimes get results while I was there.  Her recommendations that follow are also pretty different, including dietary recommendations, vitamins, supplements, exercises, the whole thing, on top of any prescribed treatments.  And once you are diagnosed, you are done.  She is on to other people needing help and you are back to your main care physician with huge folder of test results &amp;amp; documented conclusions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking a little online to see if I could find some terminology for you that might assist locating a physician like this, but I am not sure that is the right way.  I suggested you asking around as I am not sure I would have ever found her any other way.  I will say too that if you suffer, do not give up.  There is always a chance they &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; find an answer and finding your relief is worth that fight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-18T04:54:43.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-18T13:48:03.350" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mom had 2 episodes of severe vertigo in the last 2 weeks. First one started one morning, and she had to lay in bed for 3-4 hours before it subsided, it kept spinning even when she's lying in bed and not moving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2nd one started during the day when she leaned forward to pick somethign up and felt everything spinning around her. It went away when she keeps her head up, but as soon as her head tilted or leaned forward it would trigger an attack, and each attack lasted for 30 sec -1 min each. And she also felt nauseas during the 2nd one for an entire day. But as long as she keeps her head up without moving the verigo went away, which was not the case in during the first one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's NO report of ear ringing or fullness sensation either time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, 2 years ago she had a similar vertigo attack in which she fainted and woke up after a couple of minutes. There was no fainting in the most recent 2 attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She's 65.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can it be and what can be done about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11160" LastActivityDate="2017-08-19T17:11:28.240" Title="My mom is experiencing strong vertigo" Tags="&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;vertigo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2017-08-22T14:27:14.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-18T14:00:36.107" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that opinions differ viz cleaning frequency for subjective reasons: for example, some hate seeing dust, others don’t mind; some clean mostly for social reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But are there some studies about objective reasons for (or against?) cleaning your apartment (wrt health)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am especially interested in long-term, or very sudden and bad, consequences, that I might not observe until it is too late. Is more frequent cleaning correlated with lower incidence of problematic illnesses, for example?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11161" LastEditorUserId="11161" LastEditDate="2017-08-23T07:44:08.530" LastActivityDate="2017-08-23T07:44:08.530" Title="How often should I clean my apartment?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-08-21T01:38:51.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13369" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14264" CreationDate="2017-08-19T00:33:55.947" Score="8" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well known that the conversion rate of Omega-3 to EPA and DHA is too low to supply us with the required amounts. But this is nevertheless a strange situation, why would natural selection have led to a vulnerability where lack of seafood means that you're going to be deficient on EPA and DHA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if we dig deeper and consider someone who only eats natural foods, then we need to consider that such a person will not eat any refined fats and oils. Such a person would end up getting all the fats from vegetables, nuts and seeds, the fats contained in there are for a large part Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats. This doesn't seem to be relevant to the low conversion rate, however, when sticking to such a diet on the long term, a large fraction of the body fat would become the Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats that this person eats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then given that in a natural setting, the Omega-3 in the human body is present in high concentrations in fat tissue, it seems to me that it's there that the enzymes that convert Omega-3 to EPA and DHA should be present. The low conversion rate in our bodies is then due to having filled the fat cells with saturated fats an mono-unsaturated fats with only very small amounts of poly-unsaturated fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T18:21:54.413" Title="Is our use of cooking oils responsible for the insufficient conversion of Omega-3 to EPA and DHA?" Tags="&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13217" CreationDate="2017-08-19T12:01:16.150" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, thyroid hormones are actively taken up into cells and accumulate there. Therefore, the apparent volume of distribution for T4 is 10 liters rather than 5 liters (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969720490443354&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). Secondly, I would assume a slightly lower proportion of free T4 (0.02%) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969720490443354&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). That results in 90 pmol/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is still above the reference range for FT4. However, T4 is rapidly converted to T3, rT3, 3,5-T2, thyronamines and iodothyroacetates (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). In combination, these mechanisms end up in plausible concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This scenario also explains, why even slight variations of parameters can end up in dramatic changes of hormone concentrations, e.g. in allostatic load (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775711&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;J. W. Dietrich, A. Tesche, C. R. Pickardt &amp;amp; U. Mitzdorf. Thyrotropic Feedback Control: Evidence For An Additional Ultrashort Feedback Loop From Fractal Analysis. Cybernetics and Systems Vol. 35 , Iss. 4, 2004. doi &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969720490443354&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1080/01969720490443354&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Homeostatic Control of the&#xA;Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment. Front&#xA;Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Nov 20;6:177. doi &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;PMID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635726&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;26635726&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chatzitomaris A, Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Hering S, Urban A, Dietrich B, Abood &#xA;A, Klein HH, Dietrich JW. Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic&#xA;Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. &#xA;Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Jul 20;8:163. doi &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3389/fendo.2017.00163&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775711&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;28775711&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastEditorUserId="2721" LastEditDate="2017-08-19T21:59:29.197" LastActivityDate="2017-08-19T21:59:29.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14459" CreationDate="2017-08-19T16:54:39.727" Score="3" ViewCount="258" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have helped new mothers with breastfeeding for over a decade now.  I am often surprised how many end up with their gall bladder removed within the year following birth, many in the first few months.  Many will say they had some irritation during pregnancy, while many also had no indications at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am well educated on the mechanics of breastfeeding and it's biological components within the mother.  It is well known that while breastfeeding, you release a linear peptide called CCk (cholecystekinin) that aids in digestion, and it floods your systems and is excreted in the milk.  Among the actions CCK is triggering, a major one is the gall bladder to release bile.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most cases I am seeing, the woman is under 30, in otherwise relatively good health, no history of being overweight, etc.  I cannot seem to understand why so frequently I am seeing such young women with no major risk factors have this issue and am trying to understand it it's preventable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I became interested when it happened to &lt;em&gt;me&lt;/em&gt;.  I had a doctor willing to help me look at life changes to support my gall bladder through diet to see if it could heal.  I cannot say I will never need it out, I am at higher risk that I will, eventually.  My current enzymes have been stable and fine for years and that I kept my gall bladder and had another baby without any flares.  I had to follow a pretty strict diet for a year and then I was able to slowly add foods back in and my inflammation seemed to subside.  I went back to a stricter diet after birth, due to my prior experience, but that was merely a precaution.  I do not think that is possible in all cases, this was only after thorough exams and talks with my doctor that he felt it &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be worth trying to heal it versus removal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought is if we could know what puts a specific mother at risk, perhaps we could preemptively help her take measures to avoid the issue.  It's considered a minor surgery generally, but no mother wants surgery when recovering from birth and trying to take care of a young baby, etc.  I would love if I could find any link there as I have poked around trying to understand a potential link for at least 8 years now since I went through it.  I have no anecdotal statistics on this, but I can tell you that in helping about 50 mothers a month, I am getting 4-5 in there asking me about the effects of this surgery on breastfeeding, every month.  That seems very high to me for healthy women in this age range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T14:22:58.170" Title="Is there any known link between cholecystitis (gall bladder inflammation) and breastfeeding?" Tags="&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13364" CreationDate="2017-08-19T17:11:28.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your mother should see an ENT (ear, nose, throat specialist).  Vertigo is often recurring and treatable.  My mother also suffers from it and she was reluctant to take it seriously and kept saying her ears felt fine.  I finally got her to ask for a referral to an ENT last year and it has been life changing.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Her episodes were getting more frequent and intense and her medication wasn't helping like it used to.  She says now she wishes she had gone ages ago.  The Dr helps her with adjustments and then gives her exercises to do at home as well.  She too (my mother) has no ear sensations that she is aware of, but that makes no difference really.  After seeing the tremendous difference it was in her life to see the ENT, it would be the first place I would go if I were having those symptoms.  If it's not ear related, they can also determine &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; as well and suggest what she needs to look into next.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one should just live with vertigo attacks and it can be very dangerous (think of one coming on while driving, on stairs, etc).  Even one attack a month can cripple your life if you can't even say when it's coming.  My mother was stubborn and it took her becoming desperate to seek proper help.  She was in bed often at that time and loosing weight due to nausea (she kept telling me she was &quot;taking a nap&quot;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The final straw for her was me telling her she was not permitted to babysit my children or take them anywhere.  She was so hurt and angry, but she was here visiting one day when it hit, and she passed out right in front of me and then tried to argue with me that she hadn't lost consciousness.  One trip to the ENT made such a difference, just one.  It only got better from there.  She had to be suffering more than she said because she looks amazing now.  Her color is better, she looks healthier on the whole, she has more energy.  Vertigo can be life altering.  I would always encourage all people get help and get it early on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9533" LastActivityDate="2017-08-19T17:11:28.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-19T17:33:41.970" Score="0" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got diagnosed with a blood clot after a knee surgery and now my doctor told me that I need to be taking Warfarin for 3 months. I was talking to one friend of mine, who studied medicine and he said that I should be careful eating citric foods like limes, oranges, etc. Because they can make my blood even more thinner, which can be life threatening if I get a skin cut. I like limes a lot, I probably eat like 2 or 3 of them daily, so I got concerned about this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also heard that warfarin can cause gastritis and a stroke as a side effect, which is pretty scary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to do a research online on that but I couldn't find anywhere that this is true. Any help would be appreciated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="650" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T15:05:09.120" Title="Is it true that I can't consume citric foods while on Warfarin?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11430" CreationDate="2017-08-20T03:55:55.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It varies.  If you are in a system with an EHR, then there is often a template for the physical exam.  Otherwise, it can be typed manually.  Some systems without EHRs still use paper charting.  I am unaware of anyone having to formally document the physical exam twice.  Some will chart on a computer while in the room with a patient; others will simply remember the findings and document them after they have left the room.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8784" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T03:55:55.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10215" CreationDate="2017-08-20T04:01:48.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there is a hierarchy, but it is based on the original sources (ie not created by UMLS).  For example, SNOMED concepts belong to a hierarchy.  UMLS records this hierarchy in the mrhier table. It is probably best to consider the hierarchy based on the source's code, and not on the UMLS concept ID, as the mapping between UMLS CUIs and codes are often very rough.&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9676/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9676/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8784" LastEditorUserId="8784" LastEditDate="2017-09-09T03:33:22.597" LastActivityDate="2017-09-09T03:33:22.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10030" CreationDate="2017-08-20T04:20:02.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure your assertion is accurate at the present time, at least in regards to the US.  The chart you provide stops at 2006, and NIH Public Access policy didn't kick in until 2008.  Also, it is uncertain how &quot;Open Access&quot; is defined.  NIH rules specify that an article (funded by NIH) must be available to the public after 12 months of exclusive (non-public) publication.  So it may be the case that medical articles may be freely available to the public but still not meet certain criteria for &quot;Open Access&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8784" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T04:20:02.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13395" CreationDate="2017-08-20T06:32:22.717" Score="1" ViewCount="7554" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/vascular-disease-ed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Venous leak&lt;/a&gt; is one cause of erectile dysfunction in which the trapped blood leaks back.  It is difficult to understand, and I have these questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does venous leak develop? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is done to diagnose someone with venous leak?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there effective treatments, such as surgery?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At what stage surgery is needed?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T16:34:15.580" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T17:37:52.077" Title="What are effective treatments for venous leak?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;&lt;erection&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11430" CreationDate="2017-08-20T06:54:19.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with the other answer and wanted to add a few things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At most larger healthcare systems in the USA, EHRs are used. Paper is still sometimes used in smaller practices, but rarely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA physician documentation is called notes, not letters. Letters generally are directed to a particular individual, for example to a specialist or work note, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what a mask is?  In EHR there are usually templates that are brought into a note.  They have pretyped sections with blanks you can jump to and type in details.  Or there are click boxes that auto-write the text of the findings you select into the note.  They bring in things from vitals to lab values to medications to diagnoses/PMH/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Daily workflow wise, ideally you're able to finish the note with the patient in the room or immediately after leaving.  But in our over-stretched system, often physicians end up with a bunch of charting to finish at the end of the day.  That includes physical findings that are remembered and input later.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The burden of documentation sometimes (or often) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jwatch.org/fw111995/2016/09/06/half-physician-time-spent-ehrs-and-paperwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;takes more time than the time spent actually speaking with or examining a patient.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T06:54:19.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-20T11:53:22.643" Score="1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ayurveda&lt;/a&gt; is an ancient treatment from India which is 3000 years old, based on experience and observation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Ayurveda good against modern diseases like tuberculosis, cancer etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11109" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T14:24:24.617" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T05:32:05.197" Title="Is Ayurveda treatment effective for modern diseases?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;alternative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13376" CreationDate="2017-08-20T13:54:21.610" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;First of all and above all&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;we cannot give medical advice which is contrary to what is recommended by your doctor.  If you have any concerns about your medication, please seek the advice of your doctor before making any changes to dosage or other recommendations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What research states&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research has shown that certain fruits, particularly grapefruit and other citrus juices, can interfere with medication efficacy. A review in the journal Pharmacy Practice sought to explore warfarin interactions involving fruits to see which fruits were most commonly associated with these interactions. Twenty-three case reports and controlled clinical trials were evaluated and the majority involved cranberry products (also the most frequently studied fruit). Pomegranate juice, avocado, grapefruit juice, mango, and papain were also suspected in the reported warfarin–fruit interactions. Based on these limited findings, additional research is needed but physicians may want advise patients taking warfarin to consume cranberry products and grapefruit juice in limited amounts and to inquire regarding recent mango, pomegranate juice, and avocado consumption. (&lt;strong&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.empr.com/medical-news/fruits-most-likely-to-cause-warfarin-interactions/article/366309/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MPR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190014544823&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the full article referenced in MPR at this web address&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.66808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adepoju &amp;amp; Adeyemi (2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; also states that it has been found that Limes and Lime Juice (which are citrus) cause a reduction in the anticoagulant activity of warfarin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I have found, it is not just the citus content which needs bearing in mind.  As @DoctorWhom stated in the comments, &quot;Warfarin needs to be monitored regularly by your doctor's office. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/expert-answers/warfarin/faq-20058443&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;As it's a Vitamin K antagonist, eating foods high in Vitamin K reduces its effect&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/519474-warfarin-oranges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong states that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Phylloquinone, or vitamin K1, is the major form of vitamin K in the diet. According to the Cleveland Clinic, foods very high in vitamin K include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, soy oil, green tea, tofu, spinach and other dark leafy greens. For those who take warfarin, it is recommended to avoid large fluctuations in vitamin K intake. Large amounts of vitamin K can cause the drug to become less effective, and consuming vitamin K in smaller amounts than is customary for a particular person may increase the effectiveness of the drug and result in bleeding. Maintaining a consistent intake of vitamin K in the diet will allow the physician to make the most therapeutic changes to the warfarin dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst it is &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; that citrus foods can be eaten, &lt;strong&gt;it is advisable to consult your doctor before doing so to ensure that the correct information is given for your personal situation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Whatever you do, do not go against advice given by your doctor as it can risk your life when on blood thinning medications such as Warfarin or any other (complimentary or alternative) blood thinning products&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T15:05:09.120" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T15:05:09.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10544" CreationDate="2017-08-20T14:53:30.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tadafil is the generic name for Cialis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs.com provide an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/international/tadalafil.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;international list of brand names which includes Cialis&lt;/a&gt; whilst MedIndia provides a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medindia.net/drug-price/tadalafil.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list which doesn't contain Cialis&lt;/a&gt; along with their prices in in Indian Rupees (&amp;#8377;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going for Cialis is the same as going for any other brand name. They all contain the active drug (Tadafil).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T14:53:30.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13232" CreationDate="2017-08-20T16:11:43.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whatever you do, please don't deliberately eat moldy bread.&#xA;It contains a spore/fungus. Ingesting that would be detrimental to the body since spores are exponentially harder to kill than germs or bacteria. &#xA;The only thing you're getting from moldy bread is food poisoning and pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Germs/Bacteria that you find on the playground, when you bite your nails or eat without washing your hands, are the ones that boost your immunity because those kind of germs are easy to kill. The body's immune response is enough to form an antibody against that germ. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to prevent the flu or get rid of it quickly, antibiotics would help. Advil Cold and Sinus works best for my patients. If that's not your path, then you can go with apple cider vinegar TID for 1 week. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11067" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-22T15:03:28.750" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T15:03:28.750" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11530" CreationDate="2017-08-20T16:23:37.890" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any amount of time in the sun is enough to give you skin cancer. Sunscreen should be used frequently during these times..or whenever you go out in general. One common misconception people usually have with sunscreen is the duration and strength of the sunscreen. SPF (Whatever the number is) does not indicate how strong the sunblock is..SPF- Sun Protection Factor is the amount of time you have until it wears off. So, if you have a sunscreen at SPF 15, you'd best be reapplying it every 15 minutes. In high UV index, its best to avoid the sun, but if you must go outside, I'd recommend covering most of your body and applying sunscreen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11067" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T16:23:37.890" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12676" CreationDate="2017-08-20T16:29:42.233" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically those kind of shampoos you need to leave on your scalp for about 10 minutes for maximum absorption. &#xA;However, if you are experiencing hair loss, there is a procedure that is done by dermatologists called PRP. &#xA;PRP or Platelet Rich Plasma is a procedure where a Dermatologist would draw about 100cc of blood from your arm, then run it through a centrifuge for about 15 minutes. The blood separates into 4 different levels. The Top layer is the Plasma, which is the layer that the dermatologist takes (About 50-70cc) and injects it back into the scalp, stimulating hair follicle growth. Many of my patients are very happy with the results, however the procedure is never covered by any insurance, and costs around $500. Worth it though. Also be ready for quite a bit of pain, since dermatologists use about a 27GA needle to inject your scalp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11067" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T16:29:42.233" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13384" CreationDate="2017-08-20T17:08:54.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will answer your questions in turn&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How does venous leak develop?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/vascular-disease-ed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the linked article in your question&lt;/a&gt; states how Venous Leak can happen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It may happen with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/vascular-disease#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vascular disease&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vascular diseases affect blood vessels. They lower blood flow to organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. If they cut blood flow to the penis, they can cause erectile dysfunction. These diseases may be the cause of ED in as many as 50% to 70% of men who have it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It’s also linked to diabetes, Peyronie's disease (a buildup of scar tissue in the penis that leads to curved, painful erections), some nerve conditions, and even severe anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What is done to diagnose someone with venous leak?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For medical diagnosis, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/diagnosing-erectile-dysfunction#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD states&lt;/a&gt; that as well as your medical and sexual history, your doctor will check your penis and testicles to make sure they look normal and their nerves work as expected. He may also look for hair loss and larger-than-normal breasts. Both of these can be signs that you have a hormone problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He may also check your pulse at your wrists and ankles to see whether your blood flow is normal,listen to your heartbeat to make sure it sounds right, and take your blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on your physical exam, as well as looking at your medical and sexual history, your doctor may want to order certain blood or urine tests, or even an overnight erection test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it looks more likely that a mental or emotional issue is the source of the problem, your doctor will ask you standard questions about your mental well-being. They help him/her check for depression, anxiety, and other common causes of erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Are there effective treatments, such as surgery?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/guide/erectile-dysfunction-treatment#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at this page&lt;/a&gt; gives a list of possible treatments depending on the results of the medical examination, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Counselling&lt;/strong&gt; - for depression or anxiety related problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Medications&lt;/strong&gt; - Tadalafil, Sildenafil etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pumps&lt;/strong&gt; - vacuum devices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surgery&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;At what stage surgery is needed?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This as a last resort (if all else fails).  These can include placement of an implant (prosthesis) in the penis or vascular reconstruction surgery to improve blood flow to or reduce blood leakage from the penis and surrounding structures. This procedure works in very few cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T17:08:54.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-20T18:51:33.503" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is viral keratitis contagious? I'm asking, as I'm not getting any authentic material on the net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-20T21:53:39.617" LastActivityDate="2017-08-20T21:53:39.617" Title="Is viral keratitis contagious?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13400" CreationDate="2017-08-21T01:24:43.837" Score="5" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an official database of medical illnesses/conditions?  Is it publicly available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a patient's information is entered in the medical record software, does the software cross-reference the patient's data (age, gender, symptoms) with known illnesses/conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, why not?  It seems like WebMD was trying to be this sort of database, but it relies on self-assessment.  I feel like a feedback loop from medical professionals (to constantly update/improve the database's matching ability) could fine-tune the definitions of certain conditions (based on measurable data points), and improve diagnosis accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11175" LastActivityDate="2017-08-21T12:54:28.093" Title="Mental disorders are documented in the DSM, how are other medical conditions documented?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13405" CreationDate="2017-08-21T08:27:03.773" Score="2" ViewCount="4077" Body="&lt;p&gt;My father is suffering from corneal ulcer. So, I want to know if it is contagious. Materials on the net are not correct, and proposals in the same article (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.firmoo.com/answer/question/8265.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;) contradict each other. That's why I want an authentic answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T00:01:31.127" Title="Is corneal ulcer contagious?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;cornea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13397" CreationDate="2017-08-21T12:54:28.093" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure if this is what you are after but there is the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). The current one is ICD-10 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/icdonlineversions/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/icdonlineversions/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11178" LastActivityDate="2017-08-21T12:54:28.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13412" CreationDate="2017-08-21T16:20:08.310" Score="3" ViewCount="889" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to a medical consultation early tomorrow (circa 5:45 AM) where might be a blood test. I was invited for a party tonight where I would drink and smoke marijuana (marijuana is illegal in my country). Is it a bad decision to go? Can alcohol and THC be detected in my blood? &#xA;Thanks for the answers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11182" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T17:35:10.707" Title="Possible blood test after smoking weed" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-21T20:35:51.817" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a well known &quot;fact&quot; that an average men should consume about 2500kcal per day but having checked my intake this sounds ridiculously high (by about a factor of 2.25 in my case). Some studies with self-reported kcal intake seem to match the recommendation fairly well. Wikipedia lists countries with an average intake per capita of over 3000kcal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes me wonder for example as to how high variation in intake is and what this 2500kcal recommendation actually means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there estimates on what daily intake looked like over history? Such as 5 centuries ago, 2000 years ago etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8775" LastActivityDate="2017-08-21T20:35:51.817" Title="Are there any good studies on daily kcal intake?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13402" CreationDate="2017-08-21T23:49:13.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not a medical diagnosis, however though; Yes it can be detected. Generally THC can be detected in blood, urine, and hair. The length of detection depends on the method used to determine what substances are in your system and how long you have been consuming them. If you smoke it, detection for single time use is 12-24 hours via blood and 1 - 7 days or more via urine. A hair test could be used for detection of up to months after use. Regular use is A MINIMUM of 6 - 7 days via urine and 2 - 7 days for a blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2017-08-21T23:49:13.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13399" CreationDate="2017-08-22T00:01:31.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple variables, let me explain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ulcer itself is not contagious. It is just an open sore that won't heal properly. What exactly causes an ulcer to occur needs to be determined by a physician. Contact lense wearers and individuals whom scratch the cornea are more susceptible to ulcers and bacterial issues. The short answer is no the ulcer is not contagious. HOWEVER if the ulcer is a result of bacterial infection it very well could be. Bacteria is non discriminatory, so you could possibly pick something up if you come into contact with any objects or non sterile material that someone else touches or has. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rubbing eyes, or sharing contact lense solution could possibly transfer bacterium. Nothing is contagious as long as you take the proper medical precaution. It's best to practice very good hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T00:01:31.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-22T11:20:50.500" Score="2" ViewCount="7475" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have something white dots on my penis. Is it OK to use soap to clean penis? Or what should you use to clean penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11186" LastActivityDate="2018-10-18T19:31:27.587" Title="Is it OK to use soap to clean penis?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-09-06T22:57:50.537" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5755" CreationDate="2017-08-22T11:40:36.670" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an paper that might help you:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554027/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554027/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short conclusion is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Application of the scapular brace improved shoulder posture and&#xA;  scapular muscle activity, but EMG changes were highly variable. Use of&#xA;  a scapular brace might improve shoulder posture and muscle activity in&#xA;  overhead athletes with poor posture.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have you found any other sources? Have you tried it yourself?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11187" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-22T15:09:44.273" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T15:09:44.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13410" CreationDate="2017-08-18T11:47:57.497" Score="10" ViewCount="957" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a popular belief that a coffee and a cigarette in the morning contributes to having a bowel movement at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is already somewhat of an answer for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/1658/6918&quot;&gt;question to why coffee seems to have laxative effects&lt;/a&gt;, however it's not very detailed and does not say anything about other factors like cigarette smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cigarettes also seem to contribute strongly to this effect (at least in popular belief). Is this a real, biological effect or just a placebo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" OwnerDisplayName="Tomáš Zato" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2019-06-01T13:41:44.027" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T17:13:42.607" Title="Can cigarettes help trigger bowel movements?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13409" CreationDate="2017-08-21T15:52:37.780" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;When thinking about the nervous system, most people think about the brain and spinal cord: the CNS. However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;enteric nervous system&lt;/a&gt; controlling gut function has another ~500 million neurons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among other things, these neurons coordinate the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;peristaltic contractions&lt;/a&gt; of the gut which act to move food through the digestive system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peristalsis is under the control of several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. One of these is acetylcholine. One of the two major classes of acetylcholine receptors are known as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotinic acetylcholine receptors&lt;/a&gt; (nAChR). These receptors are so-named because nicotine, found in cigarettes, is a strong agonist for them (although their typical endogenous agonist is acetylcholine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is good evidence that nAChRs are involved in gut peristalsis. Antagonists of nAChRs reduce peristalsis &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/271/5/G849.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kadowaki et al. 1996&lt;/a&gt; and agonists increase peristalsis &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajpgi.physiology.org/content/257/4/G517.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blank et al. 1999&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, you can expect that cigarettes, which contain nicotine, would increase gut motility and therefore make bowel movements more likely or more imminent. Of course, there can also be daily cycles of bowel function, so you cannot easily link smoking in the morning to a specific subsequent bowel movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blank, E. L., Greenwood, B., &amp;amp; Dodds, W. J. (1989). Cholinergic control of smooth muscle peristalsis in the cat esophagus. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 257(4), G517-G523.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kadowaki, M., Wade, P. R., &amp;amp; Gershon, M. D. (1996). Participation of 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and nicotinic receptors in the peristaltic reflex of guinea pig distal colon. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 271(5), G849-G857.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" OwnerDisplayName="Bryan Krause" LastActivityDate="2017-08-21T15:52:37.780" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13402" CreationDate="2017-08-22T17:06:43.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bdt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;variety of blood tests a medical provider could use&lt;/a&gt;. Your medical provider isn't going to do every blood test in existence on your blood, so if your only concern is about THC detection, unless the consultation is a drug screening (for example, if it were mandated by a court due to previous drug convictions, or part of an employment screening that includes drug testing), they have no reason or time to bother testing for THC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, partying of any type, even staying up late eating potato chips and watching movies, could influence the results of blood tests (things like blood sugar and cholesterol levels, for example; see some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1018.aspx?CategoryID=69&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;guidance from the UK's NHS&lt;/a&gt;), as well as other tests (your blood pressure &lt;a href=&quot;http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/33/1/79.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;could be elevated post-drinking&lt;/a&gt;, for example) and make those tests less useful for diagnosis. Usually your physician will provide instructions prior to such tests (if they don't, &lt;em&gt;ask them&lt;/em&gt;, those of us here can only guess what tests they might be running), such as &quot;no food for ___ hours&quot; before - that's one of the reasons for the early morning hours, because it is typically easiest to fast overnight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, of course you are safest not consuming illegal substances, but it is important to know the reasons for the medical exam and consider those reasons ahead of the tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2017-08-22T17:35:10.707" LastActivityDate="2017-08-22T17:35:10.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-23T04:27:10.887" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I occasionally brush my fingers through my hair, and can sometimes feel dandruff stuck in my hair (not on my scalp). When I gently, as in really carefully and gently, remove these dandruff, I often see them come out with hair attached to them. Most of the time it's one or two strands of hair for each dandruff grain/bit. I'm just wondering whether this is a permanent loss of hair, and therefore whether the hair will regrow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9487" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T12:46:01.693" Title="Will hair that fall along with dandruff regrow?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T00:41:15.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-23T06:33:47.817" Score="10" ViewCount="1429" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fasting stresses the body. Whereas the body may normally rely on fats, proteins and carbohydrates from food, during a fast extending beyond a few days the body is forced to consume fats in place of the formerly named, and meet its carbohydrate needs through gluconeogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in all my research, a question I haven't been able to answer is what about protein? Namely, the body really doesn't use protein for energy, but for rebuilding tissues, essentially a constant, slow healing process. &lt;strong&gt;Without a supply of amino acids, is proper healing inhibited while fasting?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-19T20:22:02.880" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T20:22:02.880" Title="Does fasting inhibit healing?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13421" CreationDate="2017-08-23T14:02:55.303" Score="2" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is pure speculation on my part, but I have an old back injury in my left lower back. I have no idea what it is and neither do a ton of doctors that looked at it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that stretching my lower back (toe reach, toe reach with one foot over the other, especially when stretching the affected side) helps immensely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that when I wake up with my back stretched out (i.e. don't feel a stretch on trying it) I feel very well rested. On other days, I feel completely tired. This does NOT seem to be related to amount of sleep, but to the position my back was in when I slept (avoiding lordosis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know this is a vague, but is there any evidence to support my theory that my back alignment is affecting how &quot;tired&quot; I feel? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T18:26:21.183" Title="Can Spinal Alignment Cause Fatigue?" Tags="&lt;back&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13420" CreationDate="2017-08-23T15:24:08.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brooksspinalcare.com/misaligned-spine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.brooksspinalcare.com/misaligned-spine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes indeed it can. Even very subtle misalignment can cause a variety of issues. Most commonly it's early joint degradation and odd sensations in the legs due to tension that isn't evenly dispersed. This is somewhat of a controversial topic though, there's limited research on somewhat benign misalignment. Usually more severe cases are studied. You'd need measurements and scans done to determine if it's actually misaligned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2017-08-23T15:24:08.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13423" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13424" CreationDate="2017-08-23T16:12:48.687" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother has been suffering from a disease that looks predominantly stomach and intestinal ulcer. The doctor has recommended medicines, and also endoscopy. However, we wanted to have a second opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second doctor says that antacids increase stomach and intestinal ulcers. Now, we are in a problem, and don't know whom to believe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to know that: does antacids increase ulcers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" LastActivityDate="2017-08-24T05:23:24.183" Title="Does antacid increase intestinal and stomach ulcers?" Tags="&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;antacid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13423" CreationDate="2017-08-23T19:55:43.257" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should see a GI doctor. There are two ways to treat gastric ulcers. With antacids (like calcium carbonate &quot;Tums&quot;) that bind with the acid and neutralize it, and medications that block acid production like PPIs and H2 blockers. Neither cause excessive acid secretion. The notion that an antacid causes excessive secretion is not recorded anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000198.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000198.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPI and H2 blockers can cause excessive acid after you abruptly stop taking them.  It's called rebound acid production or secretion. It's not permanent, however taking antacids after stopping acid reducers is recommended for a few weeks to allow your stomach to readjust to normal state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.refluxmd.com/what-to-expect-if-you-reduce-ppi-use/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.refluxmd.com/what-to-expect-if-you-reduce-ppi-use/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there is a very small possibility that rebound acid could cause an ulcer after you stop taking your acid reducer. That's just my logic on the matter. If treated properly, you should remain ulcer free. If not a specialist needs to find out why it's chronic if it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-24T05:23:24.183" LastActivityDate="2017-08-24T05:23:24.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-23T20:36:50.313" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done quite a bit of research about natural remedies to treat gallstones and have come to this site looking to expand my research.  One source said that stones cannot get smaller and gallbladder removal is the only solution.  But wouldn't NOT having a gallbladder lead to health problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence for effective &lt;em&gt;non-surgical&lt;/em&gt; treatment options for gallstones - especially natural remedies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there even any health risks to just leaving it untreated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have come to this site to expand my research. I feel hopeful with the credibility of members and admins in passing on reliable information.&#xA;Thanking you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11199" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T08:45:52.727" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T08:45:52.727" Title="Gallstones: risks of leaving untreated? Effective non-surgical treatments?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;gallstone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-24T13:10:35.173" Score="3" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thrombolysis is regularly given to patients with DVT or brain infarctions, I wonder if this is always risk-free?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we have a massive cartoid thrombosis, for instance, would treatment with thrombolysis undermine the structural integrity of the thrombosis, so that it breaks up into large segments which then cause embolims before they dissolve?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11205" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T04:28:32.550" Title="Can thrombolysis &quot;cause&quot; an embolism?" Tags="&lt;thrombosis&gt;&lt;embolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-24T17:40:57.233" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard a lot about immunotherapy in the last 2 years. It is not used in many countries and is still under testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is immunotherapy? (I need a simple explanation, I am not a doctor)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How much longer will the cancer patient will live if this treatement is used at any cancer stage?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why is it still not used in all countries? (I have heard that the UK will start to use it for all patients in 2 years.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-25T13:08:31.137" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T13:08:31.137" Title="What is Immunotherapy for cancers?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;allergen-immunotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13429" CreationDate="2017-08-25T02:58:50.013" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is very broad as asked. I will answer with one example, there are others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunotherapy gets the patient's own immune system to destroy the tumours rather than the treatment itself destroying them. This might involve making the immune system more active, or interfering with the way that tumours hide or shield themselves from the immune system. For example, Wikipedia says of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipilimumab&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ipilimumab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction. Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and allows the lymphocytes to continue to destroy cancer cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Lymphocytes are your own white blood cells, the same mechanism that cleans up infections in your body all the time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; at cancer.gov summarizes some studies showing how Ipilimumab and other immunotherapies are changing outcomes for melanoma. You can do you own searches for other drugs and other cancers. For example Nivolumab is combined with &quot;ipi&quot; for melanoma. I have also seen ads on tv for Nivolumab for lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much longer will patients live? That depends on the cancer. Melanoma has dismal outcomes if it's Stage IV - median survival of about 6 months, less than 10% surviving 5 years - and chemotherapy doesn't help survival. (One &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462607/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on how bad stage IV is with traditional treatments.)  So there's plenty of room for improvement. The studies in the article above include some of that improvement. It's hard to find much on long-term odds, because they haven't been using these drugs long - ten years at most. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not use it everywhere? Well they literally do not know what cancers it works for (presumably not all of them) or precisely what kind of survival improvements to expect. It's a no-brainer to use it with something that has survival times of just a few months, but should you use it with something that has survival times of 2 or 3 years? Because there is a cost. First, a dollar-cost: $200,000 a year is typical. And second, the side effects are very bad. They can be fatal. And when they're not fatal, they're hospitalize-you-and-major-steroids bad, and take-a-compensating-medication-for-the-rest-of-your-life bad. The immune system can over-react causing inflammation and swelling that might damage or destroy your thyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, or whatnot, or give you colitis. Understanding the side effects is a big part of the current studies. One &lt;a href=&quot;https://am.asco.org/checkmate-067-longer-follow-shows-melanoma-pfs-still-better-combo-nivolumabipilimumab&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; describing how people went from months of survival to years mentions &quot;55% of patients will have high-grade adverse events&quot; so widespread use will be held back by that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02714218?term=nivolumab%20ipilimumab%20phase%20untreated&amp;amp;rank=5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; I'm very familiar with. It compares two dose regimens of two different immunotherapy drugs for melanoma. These regimens have already been shown to have the same response rate; the study compares the side effects. It's normal for some patients to have to stop taking the treatment because the side effects are intolerable. And a similar &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(16)30366-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; (same combination of drugs, same disease) reported results where over 60% of patients getting the combination were still alive after 2 years. 65% is so much better than 10%!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other immunotherapy drugs, but in general you see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the treatment doesn't attack the cancer; rather it enables the patients own immune system to do so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the improvements in survival are astonishing. People living years instead of months, and possibly decades instead of months. People becoming immediately &quot;better&quot; with no symptoms instead of lingering with constant side effects of chemo and radiation, or surgeries many times a year&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the long term outcomes are not well known at all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the side effects are very dangerous when they happen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the cost is high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a personal point of view, yesterday I said to my doctor &quot;it feels like being around when insulin or antibiotics were first being used&quot; and he agreed, yes it does. But that includes the part where you don't know for sure how things will turn out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-25T12:52:04.217" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T12:52:04.217" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-25T06:20:12.247" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ouce asked on Quora, why people do not do yearly blood tests and imaging, to prevent getting stage 4 cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answers listed reasons not to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It would cost a lot of money (for the country, the person, or insurance companies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No Symptoms, No tests needed &lt;strong&gt;(but cancer could exist even without symptoms, right ?)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use preventive medicine tests from your own money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other financial reasons&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do we think it's a waste of money to do a test, when it's something we can do once each year, so we don't spend much more money in the future curing from killer diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-25T13:20:51.320" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T06:55:12.553" Title="Occasional medical tests and imageries" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13435" CreationDate="2017-08-25T13:40:07.870" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Screening tests such as &quot;blood tests and imaging&quot; have two costs and one benefit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the cost (dollars and possible health problems) of the actual screening, which can in some cases be free&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the cost (dollars and possible health problems) of the followups required when the screening is positive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the benefit of less people dying or their treatment being less expensive when things are found before there are symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, deciding whether or not to screen will be different for every disease because each of these costs and benefits will be different for every disease. But it's really important to realize that screening brings false positives. These cause distress and anguish to people who believe they are dying and they cost a lot of money because the investigations required are expensive and intrusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently Ontario has stopped recommending women do monthly breast self exams. These are free. However they do not save any lives. Women who actually have lumps find them without dutifully checking every month or week for them. But with the regular screening, many find things that are not cancers. They need to take time off work, get biopsies, which can be inconclusive, get scans, even have surgery to remove lumps so they can be sent to pathology, and so on. This costs a lot of money directly to the hospital and indirectly in people being off work. All this expense is pointless: there is no difference in survival rates between groups who do BSE and those who do not. They didn't even take into account the misery of thinking you have cancer when you don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/breast-cancer-screening-guide-says-skip-exams-1.985763&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;news article&lt;/a&gt; about the changes, which also includes not having doctors do breast exams routinely if there are no symptoms, and not having mammograms before age 50. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://canadiantaskforce.ca/guidelines/published-guidelines/breast-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Task Force Guidelines&lt;/a&gt; referred to in that article.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For screenings that are not just self-examination, consider also the radiation from scans, the chances of an allergic reaction to contrast dye, the chances of infection from a blood test, of catching an antibiotic-resistant infection while in the hospital recovering from having something removed, and so on. Both the screening and the procedures that happen when someone screens positive can hurt or kill people if you screen everyone, meaning millions of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, while it may seem logical to you that screenings like this would save lives by catching things earlier, there is very little evidence to support that. Our bodies actually destroy small cancers all the time: just because you see a small cancer on a scan doesn't mean the huge treatment machine has to swing into action. That is only needed when a small cancer demonstrates it's becoming a big cancer. And in the majority of cases, there are symptoms. These things get found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T13:40:07.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-25T19:03:53.133" Score="3" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I see online is that there may be a connection between leaky gut, thyroid and cholesterol. Docs prefer to give medicines usually life long but I saw that thyroid disease can be reversed with healthy lifestyle and diet changes and it mainly depends on the gut health. One interesting case I read was the person was cured of thyroid disease after fixing the leaky gut by going gluten free. Could anyone shed some light on this topic particularly autoimmune thyroid disease.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/9515902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/9515902&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11213" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-27T07:46:27.447" LastActivityDate="2017-08-27T07:46:27.447" Title="Can thyroid disease be reversed without using lifelong medicine?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;gluten&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-25T19:39:51.693" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the most developed countries there exists &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_schedule&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official vaccination schedules&lt;/a&gt; which result from an in depth analysis of the risk-benefit ratio for the general population. I.e. it is (or should be) the best available schedule &lt;strong&gt;statistically for the whole population&lt;/strong&gt;. Lots of physicians follow strictly those guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However considering a particular individual, you can take other variables into account, which may result in a different optimal vaccination schedule. The only information usually taken into account are diseases which result in a clear contraindication for a particular vaccination. However there are more variables with less impact on the schedule but which may relevant to (slightly) optimize the benefit-risk ratio for the individual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if you have a newborn from a familiy with contact to the drug scene should clearly have a hepatitis B vaccination. However in other families there is clearly (almost) no risk that the infant comes into contact with someone having hepatitis B (for example because of the families social environment and because the infant doesn't go to a nursery), the risks of unintended side effects might be larger then the benefits. Then the doctor should explain this to the parents and also point out that the social environment and thus the risk may change if the child is at puberty and that it might be difficult to send the child to vaccination at this age...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example would be the FSME vaccination. If a infant lives in a big city you might come to a different recommendation than for a child of a farmer family living in a FSME risky environment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A further example is the rota virus. In this case the recommendation might be different if the mother is breastfeeding or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the timing may depend, for example if a infant is raised at home for the first three years, you might consider giving the vaccination a a bit later than for a infant which is in a nursery the whole day since month 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are there any books or papers which discusses those aspects of individualized optimizing the vaccination schedule in a comprehensive way supported by reliable probabilities and reasoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of different available vaccines and different risks of getting infected, the answer depends on the country. In particular I am interested in Germany. But discussions based on the situation in other European countries or the US may be comparable. Where as the situation in some African countries will be very different (that's not what I want).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore my interest is mainly focused on the typical vaccinations during childhood and not about travel vaccinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8551" LastActivityDate="2017-08-25T19:39:51.693" Title="References for comprehensive guideline for individualized vaccination schedules" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-26T00:17:40.300" Score="7" ViewCount="4076" Body="&lt;p&gt;i would like to ask if is it possible to get brain tumors or any health risk if i sleep beside a &quot;powerful&quot; WiFi router(eg. Asus RT-AC5300)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googled around and found that some people say it's totally fine and some are saying to not sleep beside it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11206" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T22:36:18.067" Title="can sleeping near a wifi router harm your health?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13441" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13442" CreationDate="2017-08-26T02:40:28.667" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), or Duhring's disease,[1][2] is a chronic blistering skin condition,[3] characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid.[4] Despite its name, DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus: the name means that it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes.......A connection between DH and celiac disease was recognised in 1967,[5][6] although the exact causal mechanism is not known. DH is a specific manifestation of celiac disease&quot; definition given by Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who do not know, celiac disease is treated by removing gluten from someones diet, and that is when symptoms improve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the rash is directly or indirectly induced by gluten, as a manifestation of celiac disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any other conditions with rashes that resolve when removing gluten from the diet, and recur on reintroduction of gluten, and it being consistent when this process is repeated?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, then wouldn't a repeatable correlation between gluten and eruption of this type of rash be diagnostic of celiac disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastEditorUserId="9246" LastEditDate="2017-08-26T09:34:14.303" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T09:34:14.303" Title="Does Dermatitis Herpatiformis have a differential diagnosis?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;rash&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;celiac-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13441" CreationDate="2017-08-26T06:31:46.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is general information about celiac disease and dermatology.  For individual diagnosis one must see a physician.  A primary care physician is a good option, as they can diagnose celiac disease, it is usually not necessary to see an immunologist or dermatologist.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dermatitis Herpetiformis &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062640-differential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;does have a differential diagnosis.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, consider other conditions that could mimick DH like bullous pemphigoid, herpes, uritcaria, eczema, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DH is often confirmed by a biopsy and testing for associated conditions that are suggested by other symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even for confirmed DH, however, consider that celiac is not the only disease associated with DH.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dermatitis-herpetiformis?source=see_link&amp;amp;sectionName=ASSOCIATED%20DISEASES&amp;amp;anchor=H23341200#H23341200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt; states that the next most common associated condition is autoimmune thyroid disease, and others include type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, vitiligo, Addison's disease, alopecia areata, some other autoimmune diseases, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that correlation does not imply causation - this means that just because they occur together does not mean one causes the other, or that they are certainly caused by the same thing.  It just means that there's an increased likelihood of having one of the other conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However, the added time-consistent direct correlation of gluten and the rash would very &lt;em&gt;strongly suggest celiac&lt;/em&gt; and make other associations unlikely.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is it &lt;em&gt;diagnostic&lt;/em&gt; of celiac disease then?  Can you definitively rule in or out celiac?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diagnosing celiac disease incorporates multiple aspects including clinical history, exam, and usually lab testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider that gluten does not exist in isolation; it is a component along with many other components in certain foods.  It is possible, though less likely, to have a skin reaction to a different component in the same food.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3088693/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; in a GI Journal states the current recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...interpretation of serological testing requires consideration of the full clinical scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen some providers consider one feature of celiac disease as clinically diagnostic, and therefore treated as such without necessarily confirming with blood tests:  &lt;strong&gt;the repeatable correlation of resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms on removal of gluten, and recurrence of symptoms upon reintroduction of gluten.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are other associated recommendations are to do the blood testing to have a more concrete diagnosis.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-of-celiac-disease-in-adults?source=machineLearning&amp;amp;search=celiac&amp;amp;selectedTitle=1~150&amp;amp;sectionRank=1&amp;amp;anchor=H3#H7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt; recommends:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a general rule, testing should begin with serologic evaluation. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibody is the single preferred test for detection of celiac disease in individuals over the age of two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-26T06:37:09.500" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T06:37:09.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13435" CreationDate="2017-08-26T06:55:12.553" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Great answer above.  This is to add on to it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making a decision on whether to recommend screening tests for the entire population is different from deciding whether to screen an individual patient. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/grade-definitions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;USPSTF uses panels of experts who employ extensive epidemiology and biostatistics and literature reviews to make those recommendations.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the population level, things like cost-benefit analysis, how rare a condition is, how many you need to screen before you prevent 1 cancer, and risk (like what % of screening tests result in harmful outcomes) are extremely important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is reflected in the Grades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grade &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt; recommendations = &lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;onsider offer or provide this service for selected patients depending on individual circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;recommends selectively offering or providing this service to&#xA;  individual patients based on professional judgment and patient&#xA;  preferences. There is at least moderate certainty that the net benefit&#xA;  is small.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grade &lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt; recommendations = &lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;iscourage the use of this service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high&#xA;  certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms&#xA;  outweigh the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the individual level, like grade C, individual considerations must be taken into consideration. That is why it takes a clinician to discern whether or not to do a non-recommended screening test (or not do a recommended screening test).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, &lt;strong&gt;once someone presents with a suggestive symptom, doing a test is not a considered a screening test but a diagnostic test.&lt;/strong&gt;  Once someone is extremely anemic, the appropriate workup for anemia isn't screening, it's diagnostic.  The recommended workup steps for symptoms/signs/findings are established by consensus of experts based on research.  That's another topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T06:55:12.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-26T07:59:07.577" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like many people, I use the internet and various online resources to search for questions that I have about my personal diet, fitness and health regimens/questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, often I run across information that seems correct, but I'm not quite sure of. Often these have what appear to be scientific studies backing them, but when I do a little more investigation, I find other studies directly refuting the claims of the first study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add to this there are many sites promoting their own slant on things, such as this website about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fashionkibatain.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;health and fashion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I compare differing sources of information to make the best informed choices for my own health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11215" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T07:59:07.577" Title="How do I determine reputable health information soon?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-26T12:17:02.773" Score="3" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of exercise or modality(ice/heat/tens) protocols that are supposed to increase joint cartilage bed thickness? This is excluding stem cell injections. I imagine that such a protocol would be more effective with children and younger athletes who still have stem cells present in their joints to create the repair. However I don't know if any research that measures stem cell density inside of joints for different age populations or for different exercise programs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11216" LastEditorUserId="11216" LastEditDate="2017-08-26T13:17:41.433" LastActivityDate="2020-12-23T22:53:40.753" Title="How to improve joint cartilage thickness" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13420" CreationDate="2017-08-26T12:45:26.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the answer to this question is at this time purely anecdotal. Unless someone can find research studies to back up some of these observations you will have to rely on biased answers such as this one.&#xA;In my experience as a clinician, the answer is yes. However, in my view spinal misalignment is a laypersons description of what I would call a somatic dysfunction, from the osteopathic field, or a neuromuscular dysfunction, from the physical therapy view point. I have personally experienced and have witnessed in my patients improved wellbeing and decreased pain levels after resolving these dysfunctions. Additional benefits include improved efficiency with balance and force production by athletes.&#xA;My frustration with the misalignment language is clinicians desire to 'realign' the spine through manipulation. Manipulation can be useful with extremely hypomobile joints. However, since bones do not move themselves and muscles are merely the actuators, the real problem is primarily one of the peripheral nervous system. Manipulation and stretching do help reset the PNS but only for a short time. Techniques such as functional/indirect, muscle energy, and strain counterstrain are much more effective as they deal with directly effecting the underlying tone characteristics of an entire joint. Integrating this joint into a functional chain then becomes possible using neuromuscular reeducation. All of these techniques are only as effective as the practitioner applying them. Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11216" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T12:45:26.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-26T15:00:23.337" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;An example of videogame which made parents to be worried is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto#Titles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gran Theft Auto&lt;/a&gt;: a game in which participants gain scores by making sex with a prostitute or by killing people. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aacap.org/aacap/families_and_youth/facts_for_families/FFF-Guide/Children-and-Video-Games-Playing-with-Violence-091.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some studies&lt;/a&gt; reveal that on average, girls spend more than 1 hour per day playing videogames and boys spend more than 2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Additionally a study led by Dill &amp;amp; Dill (1998) suggests that an extended &#xA;exposure to &#xA;videogames violence increases aggressive behavior and other aggression-&#xA;related phenomena. Clear effects on social and emotional development.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I was wondering whether any studies have been done that investigate the effect of videogames on cognitive development&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;furthermore if to play to videogames could be considered as a risk factor for dyslexia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178997000013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dill &amp;amp; Dill, 1998&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9706" LastActivityDate="2017-08-26T15:00:23.337" Title="Effects of children's exposure to video-games" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;dyslexia-dyslexic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-27T11:36:54.250" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not something I can find much information about online... but is it possible that the MAP could send your hormones out of whack and result in feeling really warm at times?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11219" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-08-28T03:45:56.807" LastActivityDate="2017-08-28T03:45:56.807" Title="Can the morning after pill affect your body temperature?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-27T18:24:30.463" Score="8" ViewCount="468" Body="&lt;p&gt;Myopia, meaning short sightedness is said to develop when eyes are exposed to excessive strain. But what I've failed to understand properly is whether myopia can be reversed or cured in any manner? When I was diagnosed with myopia in my childhood, my doctor told me that if I were to stare at far away objects for long periods, it would help cure my eyes. I'm not sure if what he said was to keep me off my computer, or whether it had some scientific background. Thus my question, is myopia reversible, naturally or through medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11221" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T20:38:33.137" Title="Is Myopia Reversible/Curable?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-27T18:57:12.383" Score="6" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/gen_info/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Head lice&lt;/a&gt; are ectoparasites. Basically, they suck up blood, glue their eggs (nits) onto a human hair out of which the nymph emerges. The nymph stage grows into an adult and the cycle repeats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a web search I find that head lice complete their entire life cycle on the human scalp. See for example the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/gen_info/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; page on lice for a credible and informative website. In fact, all websites I have found so far mention that lice live on the scalp. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_louse&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt; explicitly states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Head lice [...] spend[...] their entire lives on the human scalp...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;em&gt;none of the sources&lt;/em&gt; I have dug up mentions explicitly that lice live &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; on the scalp and cannot survive anywhere else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notably, I am wondering if head lice can survive in a beard, or in other hairy parts of the human body.&lt;/strong&gt; Is it enough to eradicate them from the scalp with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/contagious-skin-diseases/head-lice#treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lice shampoo&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/contagious-skin-diseases/head-lice#treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lice comb&lt;/a&gt;, or can a few covert outcast lice survive somewhere else on the body just to repopulate the scalp after the war is over?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T10:45:34.297" Title="Do lice survive on body parts other than the scalp?" Tags="&lt;parasites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13428" CreationDate="2017-08-29T04:28:32.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Thrombolytics:  Risk vs Reward&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thrombolytics risk vs reward debate isn't going anywhere for a while.  It isn’t due to lack of numbers or statistics. The reason that this issue is still debated is all about the reliability of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stroke is a devastating condition and every clinician wants to do everything in their power to help their patients. Unfortunately, good intentions are not enough, and it is generally our sickest patients in whom we need to be most careful about the delicate balance between doing good and doing harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can’t tell you for sure whether thrombolytics work. Physiologically&#xA;speaking, they are clearly doing something, as is evidenced by the&#xA;increase in bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a hint at benefit throughout a number of studies, but that has to be tempered by the various sources of imbalance and bias in this literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that there must be some subgroup of patients who are benefiting to balance out harms in others. Unfortunately, our currently approach is akin to giving thrombolytics to all chest pain patients, or at least to any patient with a positive troponin. In that population, lytics fail. We don’t have an ST elevation equivalent to guide us in stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My biggest concern is that the push to define tPa as the “standard of care” has &lt;em&gt;robbed us of the important research&lt;/em&gt; that would have discovered this subgroup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Bottom Line?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t know. If NINDS was replicated today, I would open the odds between 4:1 and 9:1 against the same results. (In other words, I think there is about a 10-20% chance that if the same protocol was run, we would see the same results). I think we clearly need more research. I think basic philosophy of science and statistical tenants tell us that we must attempt to replicate NINDS. Or maybe this whole debate will simply disappear, as endovascular therapy becomes the new norm. More on that next time…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How tPA Should be Presented to Patients&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“There is a treatment we sometimes use for stroke that is supposed to break down the clot causing the stroke. The treatment is controversial, and you will probably hear different things from different doctors. The issue is that out of 13 major trials, only 2 have shown benefit, and both of those trials have some problems, and they were both paid for by the people who make the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some risks that we’re certain about: about 1 in 12 patients will have severe bleeding resulting in worse neurologic outcome. Despite that risk, in the best case scenario, about 1 in 10 people given this drug early will have a noticeable improvement in their function after 3 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it isn’t clear how reliable the science has been, and we don’t know which patients have the greatest chance at benefit or harm. The choice to receive this medication remains up to each individual patient.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: https://first10em.com/2017/05/26/thrombolytics-for-stoke/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-08-29T04:28:32.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12769" CreationDate="2017-08-29T07:13:04.353" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Addiction has both psychological and physical components.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many sedatives, such as benzodiazepines (e.g. lorazepam or diazepam), do have a potential for both.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physically&lt;/strong&gt;, it takes more than one administration to create a chemical dependence, so that is not likely to have happened.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physically&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413427-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nitrous Oxide&lt;/a&gt; is not known to create a chemical dependence - I cannot find that in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;psychologically&lt;/strong&gt;, one of the things that many people with substance use disorders say is that they &quot;will do anything to achieve that feeling again.&quot; They often think about the pleasure they feel when they are on the drug and have a powerful desire to feel it again.  This can be true for both of the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nitrous Oxide IS actually used as a street drug where it's called &quot;Whip-Its&quot; and has harmful side effects.  Benzos and other sedatives are sold on the street as well, and also have serious side effects and potentially fatal withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're worried whether you're physically addicted because they gave it to you once, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're just thinking &quot;that felt nice,&quot; that's not addiction either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you're considering finding a way to achieve that feeling again (via Nitrous Oxide or another chemical), then you're starting the walk down the path to psychological addiction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out these risk factors for being more likely to struggle with an addiction: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/basics/risk-factors/con-20020970&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/basics/risk-factors/con-20020970&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413427-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413427-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://uhs.fsu.edu/hp/docs/whip-its.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://uhs.fsu.edu/hp/docs/whip-its.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/nitrous_oxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/nitrous_oxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/resource/substance-abuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/resource/substance-abuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T07:45:17.507" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T07:45:17.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-29T10:40:36.940" Score="4" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from schizophrenia and depression and take medication for this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current medication are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Qutipin (200 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oxetol (600 mg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bupron (300 mg) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arip (30 mg)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Qtencare (tablet) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I consulted a sexologist in Toronto and he prescribed Testosterone Decanoate to increase my testosterone levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could any of the medication I take be responsible for my low libido? Which doctor should I be discussing this with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11228" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-08-29T13:06:41.543" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T08:35:34.363" Title="Can low libido be a side-effect of schizoprenia medications?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;libido&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13463" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13459" CreationDate="2017-08-30T08:19:09.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes they can.  Co-occurring conditions like depression may also contribute to low libido.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623530/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is a good article&lt;/a&gt; that discusses the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mechanisms by which antipsychotic drugs may cause sexual&#xA;  dysfunction are as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;histamine receptor antagonism, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;dopamine receptor antagonism, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;cholinergic receptor antagonism, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;alpha-adrenergic alpha receptor antagonism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A primary theory is that antipsychotics that have dopaminergic receptor antagonism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;may decrease the libido by inhibiting motivation and reward.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of those medications, haloperidol, risperidone, and amisulpride are also known to raise levels of prolactin, which inhibits testosterone production.  This has a higher association with sexual dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole are less likely to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bupropion inhibits reuptake (increases amount) of norepinephrine and dopamine. It is one of the antidepressants least likely to be associated with sexual dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Doctors:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should talk with your psychiatrist that prescribes you this combination of medications and seek his/her advice.  These are common side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should also talk with your primary care physician.  They can do the endocrinology tests for prolactin and/or testosterone IF they feel they are appropriate.  They will likely ask that you discuss your meds with your psychiatrist as well, as they are the experts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is to talk with a urologist, who are the experts in male genitalia and everything about them.  But a primary care doctor is generally better at putting the whole-person picture together, if you have additional medical issues that are not being addressed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sexologist is not a medical doctor (at least in my understanding it is a branch of psychology) and as such is not going to be able to do those tests or prescribe anything like testosterone - if that is necessary.  They are, however, extremely helpful in addressing all other contributing factors to low libido and erectile dysfunction!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An important point:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not medical advice; talk everything over with your physician before making changes, and for anything regarding your unique situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But overall, managing schizophrenia is paramount to anything else, as uncontrolled symptoms affect ALL quality of life aspects not just sex. I sincerely applaud anyone who maintains their schizophrenia well managed on medications, as it is easy to think &quot;I feel fine maybe I don't need it&quot; and fall into relapse of symptoms.  It can be a very difficult condition to treat because med adherence is so important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Libido can be adjusted with things like sexual therapy and possibly medications, but when a condition like schizophrenia is well managed, you don't want to mess with changing those meds unless it's under your psychiatrist's careful guidance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T08:35:34.363" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T08:35:34.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13465" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-30T10:37:51.173" Score="6" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is common to get scattered pimples after shaving one's face with a razor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can it be prevented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are after-shaves - some with alcohol, others without - as well as lotions and gels.  Do these work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11236" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T15:59:18.080" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T11:06:30.117" Title="How can post-shaving pimples be prevented?" Tags="&lt;shave-shaving&gt;&lt;shaving-cream&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-22T14:04:34.807" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13451" CreationDate="2017-08-30T10:45:34.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Human head lice &lt;em&gt;generally&lt;/em&gt; do not survive very long when they are out of their preferred habitat.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;But they &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; adapt:&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Head and body lice used to be designated Pediculus capitis and P. corporis but they are now known to belong to the same species, P. humanus x[16,17]. Fifty years ago Levene and Dobzhansky [18] showed that head lice could be trained or adapted to become the rather larger body lice by attaching them to the body in small pill boxes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should read as: an infestation should be looked at as a locally serious problem. Although any spread from there is not that likely, looking for them elsewhere is prudent advice. Treatment should be guided by actual symptoms. They are quite hungry. If a certain amount of time has passed after &quot;the war is over&quot; and no symptoms appeared elsewhere in the meantime, then a scalp repopulated  from other sources on that body is very unlikely. Eggs surviving in the hair itself are much more likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T10:45:34.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13299" CreationDate="2017-08-30T11:10:58.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is an antagonist at adenosine receptors 1 and 2A. This means it binds to said receptors without activating them. The presence of caffeine at the adenosine receptors prevents adenosine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) from binding (and producing a response), thereby causing stimulation (1) . This activity also induces neurotransmitter release (2) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine. (3) This underlies it ability to bind to the same receptors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oMbEn.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oMbEn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Comparison of adenosine and caffeine structure&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 1&lt;/strong&gt; Comparison of the structural formulas of caffeine and adenosine (4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The autonomic effects of caffeine are also mediated through caffeine's activity at the adenosine receptors (2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/coffee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/coffee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170208153409/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170208153409/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00201&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8608761_Caffeine_as_a_psychomotor_stimulant_Mechanism_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8608761_Caffeine_as_a_psychomotor_stimulant_Mechanism_of_action&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/2456-caffeine-and-adenosine-structure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/2456-caffeine-and-adenosine-structure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-08-30T23:49:31.233" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T23:49:31.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-30T12:00:41.423" Score="2" ViewCount="4241" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does the stability of a CBC (and all related tests) means for a patient who is not suffering anything besides few ache here or there like in stomach or the back?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More generalized, if a blood test repeated 3 times in matter of 9 months, and the all values are in the normal range and nearly the same from test to test. Is there any conclusions we can extract from that, even if the patient still have few pains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T12:00:41.423" Title="What does the stability of blood test means for patient who have few pains in different parts of the body" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;cbc-complete-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-30T17:06:10.363" Score="3" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are often told to trust doctors and the healthcare system in general. But what guarantees that the doctor is so willing to help, especially if they are hired in a public system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just the fact that they studied, applied for and finally got the job as a doctor does not give the patients any guarantee whether the doctor always has best intentions for every patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11238" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-08-31T17:08:01.887" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T17:08:01.887" Title="What guarantees the benevolence of a doctor?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-09-05T18:46:34.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13471" CreationDate="2017-08-30T22:19:30.953" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What guarantees that the doctor is willing to help, especially if they are hired in a public system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Nothing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, the doctor with the perfect resume could end up killing you because for whatever reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, you have this issue with any group of humans. How do you know your fellow teammate in sports will not choke you? How do you know your fellow soldier will not shoot you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are systems that &lt;strong&gt;prevent doctors from abusing their option&lt;/strong&gt;s:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Law&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Obviously, killing someone will lead to persecution and possible conviction with different penalties depending on the legislation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Employment&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If a doctor messes up and it's solely their fault, chances are they are going to get fired and have a hard time (as in &lt;em&gt;impossible&lt;/em&gt; in Germany, for example) to get employed again and will usually have their certificate revoked in the meantime.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reputation&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Doctor have to make money. They have either themselves or a family to feed. If they do you harm, they are going to lose reputation and make less money&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Helper Syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Those who care not that much about money usually become doctors because of the helper syndrome. They want to help other people. (That's why I'm answering your question here, as an example). They would not do you any harm because it goes against their ideals, and against the reason for why they became doctors in the first place.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What you can do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors are humans (apart from the people who work 80 hour weeks and 3 24-hour shifts in a week, which I suppose are  either vampires or zombies).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can rely on common sense which will usually tell you whether you should trust that person. &lt;strong&gt;If you don't trust your doctor, change them&lt;/strong&gt;. Trust is very important in a doctor-patient relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you feel bad or have fears, either confront the doctor directly, talk to someone else or make an appointment with a psychologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;In the end&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors might be more scary because they know more about you and your body/health, but in the end the taxi driver around the corner could also kill you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's just a matter of reasonability. The health system has options implemented to make abuse more difficult, but it's possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trust in your ability to judge other people and use it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-08-30T22:19:30.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13490" CreationDate="2017-08-30T22:37:05.080" Score="0" ViewCount="3772" Body="&lt;p&gt;My nose gets clogged very frequently. I keep have to dig out boogers out of it. They stick to the inner and upper part of the nostrils. Sometimes it's small pieces. Sometimes it's one huge piece. Usually I try to dig them out while they are still moist but if left for long enough they start to crust up. I pick my nose in the morning, afternoon and before bed. Each produces a short relief in breathing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haven't noticed any differences in time of year. I live in a very dry climate. AC is usually on in the office whole day. I tried steaming showers, flushing with salt water. Things that provide best relief are cough medicine and spicy foods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a medical condition of sorts? Sometimes when my nose is unclogged I still have difficulties getting a lung full of air. This causes snorring at night&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11075" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T22:08:11.213" Title="Have to constantly pick my nose in order to breathe normally" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4248" CreationDate="2017-08-31T00:57:34.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia states that tolerance does develop upon repeated use 'Tolerance and dependence of the amfetamine type develop on repeated administration of &#xA;dexamfetamine.' (1). This document only  mentions tolerance in the general sense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One article on the use of amphetamine and its derivatives for Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) note that its effect on psychomotor retardation does not attenuate over time. (2). However, they do note that tolerance does develop to its effects like 'hyperthermia, hypertonia, and anorexia' (2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same article, it is mentioned that other authors have observed declining efficacy over time (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the most pertinent sources I could find on the question within humans. Animal studies seem to support the notion that tolerance does indeed develop (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that the TGA remarks on the  tolerance phenomenon, and that there is evidence from other sources to support this notion, I'm inclined to suggest that tolerance does indeed develop with repeated use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;amp;id=CP-2017-PI-01667-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;amp;id=CP-2017-PI-01667-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181580/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181580/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1257363&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1257363&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-08-31T01:22:55.023" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T01:22:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13494" CreationDate="2017-08-31T03:27:25.797" Score="6" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, many doctors recommend old people, who cannot do gym or such huge physical fitness exercises, to walk, as walking is considered and a clinically proven very good way to keep good health for the aged people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our doctor prescribes the same, but he is a bit different. According to him, walking only in the morning helps keeping good health. Walking in the evening has no good effect on the health of the person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, walking is a good physical exercise, but how does it matter if I walk in the morning or evening? Can anyone give a proper scientific explanation for what the doctor says? I cannot seem to find any, and neither can the doctor tell me anything satisfactory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T16:26:25.090" Title="Walking as a healthy habit for the aged and my doctor's thoughts on it" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;walking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10748" CreationDate="2017-08-31T09:29:49.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The heat can increase scrotal temperature, which may influence male fertility &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;. However, that study is from 2005 and laptops are much less hot these days so I would not think its that much of an issue...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/20/2/452/603276/Increase-in-scrotal-temperature-in-laptop-computer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3239" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T09:29:49.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11942" CreationDate="2017-08-31T12:23:43.963" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being a dermatologist i would recommend you to not use moisturizer as it will make your condition more worse, its just like adding fire to the fuel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of using an ordinary moisturizer, you should go with non-comedogenic moisturizer at it has water based light contents and it will not clog your pores and won't cause acne break out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I founded one &lt;a href=&quot;https://bestmoisturizerguide.com/non-comedogenic-moisturizer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;useful article&lt;/a&gt; where they have mention about the non comedogenic moisturizers as well as some of the best non comedogenic moisturizers, among them you can select anyone which you think will suit your skin type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11241" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T12:23:43.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11617" CreationDate="2017-08-31T12:32:55.563" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acne can be caused by multiple reasons and the main reason is the clogging of pores due to oil and dirt around us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You must always keep your skin clean to prevent yourself from acne, as well as if you have oily skin you must not use oily creams and moisturizers as they can clog your pores and cause acne breakout. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11241" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T12:32:55.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-31T14:50:50.840" Score="4" ViewCount="380" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been hearing advertisements for a new fat reduction treatment called CoolSculpting, in which areas of fat are brought down to below the freezing point of fat but above the freezing point of water, causing the fat to freeze and destroy the fat cells while the non-fat cells remain unaffected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes me wonder, couldn't one just spend time in an icebath? Various sources spread throughout the internet, most notably plastic surgeons, answer this with the trivial, &quot;No! The CoolSculpting device is special and safe, and any method of cryolipolysis not using the device would be dangerous!&quot; but from a medical perspective, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the point where I explicitly say ice baths can cause hypothermia and a host of other issues, so I'm definitely not recommending it personally, but medically, wouldn't time with the torso in an ice bath, with a wetsuit/drysuit covering the legs and groin, have the same effect as CoolSculpting, but for thousands of times lower cost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T14:50:50.840" Title="Ice bath cryolipolysis?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13485" CreationDate="2017-08-31T15:28:44.590" Score="3" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;When people get intoxicated with alcohol (as in: they had way too much), they sometimes feel very bad, and while they are awake, they stop being responsive and cannot communicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that state, vomiting may bring back a certain alertness:&#xA;after vomiting, they can respond and talk again and also seem to feel better, albeit both effects only last very briefly.&#xA;This may happen several times in a row with falling back to unresponsiveness in between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does vomiting help become responsive, and why does the effect only last a short time?&#xA;Vomiting does not immediately reduce the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream, so how else does it work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11244" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T20:05:21.087" Title="Being drunk, how does vomiting help become responsive?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;&lt;drunk-inebriated&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-31T18:42:10.240" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother took Tramadol 50mg with two panadeines and had drowsiness and intoxication. How long can I expect that to last? Some web sites say 12-24 hours. Is that right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11248" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-09-04T20:37:20.840" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T20:37:20.840" Title="For how long drowsiness and intoxication last with Tramadol 50mg" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-09-03T02:34:43.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13481" CreationDate="2017-08-31T20:05:21.087" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vomiting does not restore alertness. It might rouse them from their stupor because of the physical activity it involves, but it does nothing specific to increase their level of consciousness. If vomiting accomplishes this temporary feat, vigorous efforts to rouse them would probably accomplish the same. Trust me, people can and do choke to death on their own vomit while unconscious due to alcohol. By no means is vomiting guaranteed to wake them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What vomiting does do is remove alcohol still in the stomach, which means it reduces the intoxication level that is yet to come. If someone is drunk enough to be unconscious and has a stomach full of alcohol that hasn't been absorbed yet, vomiting might very well save their life. What most people who drink to the level of stupor don't understand is just how close to death they are at that stage. Respiratory depression and death are the next stages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General info: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-08-31T20:05:21.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-01T00:40:42.807" Score="3" ViewCount="438" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis that causes the eyes infection Trachoma survive on a surface (eg. towel, sheets)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In which phases is the Trachoma infection contagious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11249" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T09:45:11.530" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T07:56:48.060" Title="Contagiousness and Survival of the Chlamydia trachomatis Bacterium" Tags="&lt;trachoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-01T03:40:20.310" Score="3" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one can purchase nicotine liquid for e-cigarettes at a concentration of 100mg/ml for roughly 130$ a liter, why is nicotine gum so expensive in the US and Canada?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there regulations on the sale of nicotine gum?  Are their formulation costs associated with the production of nicotine gum?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11250" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T03:40:20.310" Title="Why is nicotine gum so expensive?" Tags="&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13473" CreationDate="2017-09-01T13:25:06.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may see improvement by using a saline spray several times a day. Don't pick, as picking will favor the formation of crusts. You'll need to find some alternate things to fidget with for the duration, and on a temporary basis you may need to put some bandaids across the nostrils to deter the habit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/TestsAndTreatments/HomeHealthCare/Pages/Normal-Saline-Solution-How-prepare-home.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/TestsAndTreatments/HomeHealthCare/Pages/Normal-Saline-Solution-How-prepare-home.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal saline is a sterile mixture of salt and water. It is called&#xA;  normal because its salt concentration is similar to tears, blood, and&#xA;  other body fluids (0.9% saline). It is also called isotonic solution.&#xA;  Normal saline is soothing and will not burn or sting when applied. It&#xA;  is used for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;injecting medicines via the veins (intravenous infusion)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rinsing contact lenses&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;rinsing the nasal passages (nasal irrigation)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;cleansing the bladder (bladder irrigation)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How to make normal saline solution at home &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Saline solution is easy to make at home. You will need:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1 clean glass bottle or jar with lid&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;table salt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pot with lid&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Put one cup of water and ½ teaspoon of salt into the pot. Put the lid on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boil for 15 minutes with the lid on (set a timer).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set the pan aside until cooled to a room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carefully pour the salt and water (normal saline) from the pan into the jar or bottle and put the lid on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal saline solution: A few important points&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is very important to use only fresh normal saline. Bacteria can grow in saline and cause infections&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use a clean glass jar or bottle is that has been recently washed in a dishwasher with very hot soapy water&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do not drink solution&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Throw away the solution if it grows cloudy or looks dirty&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keep the saline in a bottle or a glass for a maximum of 24 hours. Throw away any unused solution, wash the container, and make a new&#xA;  solution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can buy an over-the-counter nasal spray, if it is a bottle with a screw-on top, empty it out, rinse well with boiled water, and put the saline solution you prepared in that.  Squirt once or twice in each nostril several times a day.  Then just leave the inside of your nose alone and be patient.  If you feel the need to blow your nose, that's okay as long as you do it gently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the first few days, find special activities that will distract you from the urge to pick.  Stay away from environments and activities in which you normally engage in picking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't see improvement within a week, definitely see a doctor.  Or sooner if things are really bothering you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some additional resources that may be helpful: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In seeking sensory stimulation, people tend to go to the sites where the nerve endings are. Grooming-type behaviors would seem to be a likely choice when it comes to reducing or producing stimulation. Any one of a number of different grooming-like behaviors could be pressed into service to perform this balancing function externally. Hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting, blemish squeezing, cheek biting, nose picking, etc., are only a few of a whole group of behaviors that already exist in the repertoires of all human beings that can be put to this use. [...] Grooming behaviors are something all human beings already engage in on a daily basis. The difference is that those people, whose behaviors have become extreme versus those who are doing them at a low level, are having difficulty regulating their internal levels of stimulation, and are putting the behaviors to another use.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=96:a-stimulus-regulation-model-of-trichotillomania-why-people-pull&amp;amp;catid=37:trichotillomania-by-fred-penzel-phd&amp;amp;Itemid=64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=96:a-stimulus-regulation-model-of-trichotillomania-why-people-pull&amp;amp;catid=37:trichotillomania-by-fred-penzel-phd&amp;amp;Itemid=64&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other articles at the same site:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=section&amp;amp;id=7&amp;amp;Itemid=64&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=section&amp;amp;id=7&amp;amp;Itemid=64&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The section on Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors at &lt;a href=&quot;https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/related-disorders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/related-disorders/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2017-09-01T13:45:13.370" LastActivityDate="2017-09-01T13:45:13.370" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-01T21:41:46.473" Score="5" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is produced in the skin when exposed to sunlight.&#xA;Therefore, when using sunscreen on the skin, is Vitamin D production inhibited?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-01T22:06:17.540" LastActivityDate="2020-07-13T06:16:05.280" Title="Does the use of sunscreen inhibit Vitamin D production?" Tags="&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13492" CreationDate="2017-09-02T09:37:26.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been a &lt;a href=&quot;https://mobile.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/health/17real.html?referer=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;controversial question for many years&lt;/a&gt;. The current evidence suggests that sunscreen &lt;strong&gt;does block a part of Vitamin D production, but with negligible amounts&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have found that by blocking ultraviolet rays, sunscreen limits&#xA;  the vitamin D we produce. But the question is to what extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A few studies have concluded that the effect is significant — a&#xA;  reduction as great as tenfold. But more recent, &lt;strong&gt;randomized studies&#xA;  that followed people for months and in some cases years suggest that&#xA;  the effect is negligible.&lt;/strong&gt; While sunscreen does hamper vitamin D&#xA;  production, these studies say, it is not enough to cause a deficiency.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;[...]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Dr. Lim added that &lt;strong&gt;rather than cutting back on sunscreen&lt;/strong&gt;, people&#xA;  concerned about vitamin D should &lt;strong&gt;consume more foods rich in vitamin D&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  like salmon, milk and orange juice.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://mobile.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/health/17real.html?referer=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Times Article&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Studies cited in the article&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Matusoka LY et al. &lt;em&gt;Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study.&lt;/em&gt;      &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3190255/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Marks R et al. &lt;em&gt;The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin D levels in an Australian population. Results of a randomized controlled trial.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/7726582/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Farrerons J et al. &lt;em&gt;Clinically prescribed sunscreen (sun protection factor 15) does not decrease serum vitamin D concentration sufficiently either to induce changes in parathyroid function or in metabolic markers.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9767286/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T09:37:26.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13475" CreationDate="2017-09-02T13:39:08.237" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a physical therapist (PT) - considering we specialize in the application of movement and exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consistency NOT time of day is the key to any exercise regimen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A walk in the park at 6AM or 2PM would have the same effects on &quot;health&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ask him explain to explain the reasoning behind this - and - if he'd send or write down the the name of the research article(s). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd gladly review it for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry just saw you said he has no research backing this claim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I can tell you if you prefer to walk in the evening this is just as&#xA;  beneficial as walking in the morning.  You will see the same health&#xA;  benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walking is a fantastic exercise, so do it &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;whenever&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; it works best for you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-09-03T16:26:25.090" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T16:26:25.090" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13445" CreationDate="2017-09-02T15:57:12.820" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones in all synovial joints is avascular.  Without a blood supply it is unable to heal or regenerate.  Over time the loss of this cartilage is what causes the condition known as osteoarthritis.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The modalities you've listed are indicated for swelling / healing and pain management.  So they'll only help with secondary symptoms that are seen with cartilage loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sci/2017/4130607/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stem Cells seem to offer the most promise but nothing has been approved yet.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kobe Bryant had a non FDA approved treatment called &lt;strong&gt;Regenokine&lt;/strong&gt; done in Russia, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1798763-what-is-this-knee-treatment-kobe-bryant-goes-all-the-way-to-germany-for&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can read about the procedure here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T15:57:12.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13484" CreationDate="2017-09-02T17:01:55.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Side-effects of medicines (such as drowsiness with tramadol) should be reported to and managed by the patient's healthcare team - in the best case by the doctor who prescribed the medicine, but you can also contact your pharmacist or in severe and urgent cases the ER or poisoning control centre. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the &lt;em&gt;theoretical&lt;/em&gt; part of your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martindale, Extrapharmacopoeia (34th edition) states that half-life following oral administration for tramadol is 6 hours - that is, in most people the concentration should reduce by half after six hours. Apart from this and the initial dose, we lack a lot of data. Therefore, we would have to simplify the possible calculations making very, very rough approximations that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the medicine is taken without other medication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the medicine is absorbed instantaneously (note that this can never truly be the case, even though literature data states that it is &quot;readily&quot; absorbed, following oral administration)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In these circumstances, after n elimination half-times, there would be 0.5^n parts of medicine left in the body. That is, after 5 elimination times, i.e. 30 hours, there should be about 3.125% of the dose left. Given the roughness of our assumptions it would probably be a bit more (but we can't know how much). With this piece of information we should ask ourselves - is this remaining dose sufficient to cause drowsiness. For that, we would need tramadol's &lt;em&gt;therapeutic index&lt;/em&gt;, which I can't find. &#xA;The theory gets more complex because there are two other active substances involved: codeine and paracetamol. Metabolism and subsequent elimination can be slowed down since metabolic pathways of these tree substances overlap. What's more, codeine can cause dose-dependent drowsiness itself (although in combination preparations doses are usually lower, we can't completely exclude possible synergistic effects with tramadol). In the end, every person can have slightly different physiology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point is: even though there are many ways to calculate the kinetics of a medication in a body, there is a lot of (experimental) data that we would need and a lot of factors influence the processes affecting the medicines' movement through the body and its effects. &lt;strong&gt;This is why, in practice, decisions are made based on the clinical presentation of the patient&lt;/strong&gt; (and in very severe cases some lab tests) - your mother's doctor (or, if necessary, as @DoctorWhom suggested poison control centre) will know if they should do something and what. For example, your mother's doctor may decide to switch the medication combination or alter the dose. &#xA;There is really no way to tell based solely on theoretical assumptions. The data you can find on the internet is also very rough and most likely assumes that tramadol was the only medication taken (which wasn't the case here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd like to have a look at some equations, here's a reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soraya Dhillon and Kiren Gill: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.rs/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjTxaWI_IbWAhWFbZoKHdHKAnQQFgglMAA&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandybooksellers.com%2Facatalog%2F9780853695714.pdf&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNGPHQUqeJwa02T-LnulYPnZUsk6WQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basic pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="613" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-09-02T22:30:07.003" LastActivityDate="2017-09-02T22:30:07.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13486" CreationDate="2017-09-02T18:52:10.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the case I'm talking about this is the current situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eye lashes turning? No, the patient is in the scarring phase (TS in picture below). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How long did the patient have it for? Hard to say but probably 4/6 months, not years. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After one week under treatment with &lt;em&gt;Azithromycin&lt;/em&gt; antibiotic and &lt;em&gt;Erythromycin&lt;/em&gt; eye ointment the patient isn't getting worse but isn't getting better either. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The patient is negative to Chlamydia test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;patient's doctor&lt;/em&gt; (in the US) confirmed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The patient is contagious until the swelling goes away and no follicles have swelling in the eyelids&lt;/strong&gt;. It can only be spread if the patient touches her eye and touches something and someone else touches it and it reaches his/her mucoses. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the worst possible scenario of the patient's vision loss? Or contact&#xA;wearing? &#xA;The patient could have partial vision loss in her old age due to the scars ruining the surface of the eye. May not be able to wear contacts again. Will have to evaluate when the patient is healed. The scarring is permanent and may cause irritation using contacts. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How long does trachoma live on inanimate objects&lt;/strong&gt;? &#xA;Not sure. &lt;strong&gt;Not enough research&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;PS.&lt;/strong&gt; see update below).&#xA;If children touch the patient (the patient likely got the disease from her students coming from countries at risk of Trachoma), she should just wash her hands immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What can the patient do in the future to reduce chances of getting trachoma again? &#xA;Good hand washing. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can the patient be around people? &#xA;Yes, the patient should avoid to hold babies or touch children and make sure not to touch her face without washing her hands. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why is the patient getting headaches? &#xA;The patient strains her eyes during the day to see, because of the medication and inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UJNnv.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UJNnv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://figshare.com/articles/_WHO_Simplified_Grading_System_A_Guide_for_the_Assessment_of_Trachoma_/633115&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www2a.cdc.gov/stdtraining/self-study/chlamydia/chlamydia_pathogenesis_self_study_from_cdc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;&quot;The life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis is approximately &lt;strong&gt;48–72 hours&lt;/strong&gt;. It requires that the bacteria live within a host cell and that they survive by replication those results in death of the cell.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Received an answer from &lt;em&gt;trachomacoalition@gmail.com&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chlamydia trachomatis survives ≈ &lt;strong&gt;30 minutes&lt;/strong&gt; on a dry surface (e.g.&#xA;  glass) and up to &lt;strong&gt;2-3 hours&lt;/strong&gt; under humid conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Trachoma is &lt;strong&gt;contagious&lt;/strong&gt; in the active, &lt;strong&gt;inflammatory phase&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  (TF/TI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11249" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T07:56:48.060" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T07:56:48.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-02T21:05:52.740" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the possible reasons for sensitivity of tooth bases to heat, cold, or sweet?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am not referring to gum pain, but pain in the actual teeth at the base at/below the gum line.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my reading, I have found that people experience sensitivity in a tooth after having a tooth treated by a dentist with filling work etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However, I've also encountered situations where the treatment of gum retreat at the base line of teeth with a rinse has the same sensitivity on other teeth, including untreated ones!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7540" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-05T09:06:25.327" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T17:25:19.193" Title="Reasons for tooth-base sensitivity?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="16" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-03T02:45:46.910" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took several human-nutrition-focused courses in my past education, and I'd like to provide a corpus of resources covering fundamental human nutritional information, as, for example, what are calories/carbohydrates, or how are different fats used by the body, or proper hydration, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basic stuff for a smart consumer (domestic or wild) to make the right nutritional food choices. I've seen a lot of OCW and slideshows for the topic, but nothing that's quite right vis-a-vis covering the core ideas. Just wanted to ask &lt;a href=&quot;https://mathoverflow.net/questions/54430/video-lectures-of-mathematics-courses-available-online-for-free&quot;&gt;in the spirit of this question&lt;/a&gt; what this community has found that does the topic justice, so I can share with others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11263" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-03T14:05:57.350" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T11:51:51.553" Title="What are some reliable and free basic online nutrition courses?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13501" CreationDate="2017-09-03T08:33:30.990" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question, and this is not a complete answer, as I cannot think specifically of a &lt;em&gt;free course&lt;/em&gt;.  I will update this if I find one.  But a very good resource that I feel provides a great foundation for what balanced nutrition is, with a lot of good explanations (that you don't have to be a scientist to understand), is a Harvard public health website. One of the primary researchers involved did a Skype lecture with us, during which he presented the research behind their information, and we felt it was quite solid: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-03T08:33:30.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-04T00:03:59.987" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do some companies in the United States ask their employees not to share information regarding health plans? I.e.,  why do some companies keep information regarding health plans confidential, accessible to the company employees only? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm surprised as typically company benefits are publicly accessible/advertised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-09-04T00:03:59.987" Title="Why do some companies in the United States ask their employees not to share information regarding health plans?" Tags="&lt;health-insurance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-11-30T16:04:43.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-04T19:38:15.087" Score="3" ViewCount="565" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a name for chronic, painless wrinkling that progresses to peeling (without any blistering) in one single location?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious if this is a known condition, as I would like to learn more about it, but do not know its name to research it. For me, it has occurred only on one or two fingers during the last year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The photos below should clarify what I'm referring to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TtOFK.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TtOFK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11270" LastEditorUserId="11270" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T09:05:02.397" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T02:05:27.460" Title="Is there a name for wrinkling and skin peeling on a single fingertip?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;dry-skin&gt;&lt;desquamation-skin-peeling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-07-04T04:04:08.970" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-04T20:48:37.653" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should the leg with a broken femur (which has been treated with surgery) be exercised when the swelling of the leg has sufficiently decreased, but the muscles still hurt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11271" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-04T20:59:03.327" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T00:23:41.913" Title="Exercising a leg with a broken femur" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;femur&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13510" CreationDate="2017-09-04T23:20:52.087" Score="6" ViewCount="1178" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had this issue for over 4 years now and in that time seen many practitioners including GPs, Physiotherapists and Physical therapists. All been insightful but unsuccessful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am at a loss and don't know which practitioner to see next, any advice would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More information about my knees:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The physiotherapist used the umbrella term &quot;Runners knee&quot;, it certainly helps describe the symptoms I am experiencing but is perhaps a bit vague. I would say a definite weakness there when exerting myself, and eventually pain / inflammation afterwards. To me it feels like a cartilage issue.&#xA;I have tried supplements including: Bone broth, Glucosamine and chondroitin but still no difference. &#xA;My knee condition became much worse after repeated exercise on my bicycle, eventually I just couldn't ride it any more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2290" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T09:36:06.460" Title="I have painful/weak knees - which practitioner is best to see?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;knee&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-05T02:24:08.433" Score="5" ViewCount="7563" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that blocked middle ear/Eustachian tubes can cause nasal congestion as they are connected up to the back of the ear drum, yet  flushing these out with salt mixed with water has no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can ear wax cause restricted breathing ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11272" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-05T20:44:07.063" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T12:40:44.483" Title="Can ear wax cause nasal congestion?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13508" CreationDate="2017-09-05T03:20:03.233" Score="8" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please Note: This is not a diagnosis, it is being provided to help you and a health care professional understand possible causes of your&#xA;  condition.  You must see a local professional for an evaluation and&#xA;  orthopedic testing.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Runners Knee is also known as &quot;Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)&quot; which essential describes the symptoms not the cause of the problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you basically were given a term to describe what you already knew (not exactly useful).  I’m surprised further testing was not done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Chondromalacia Patella&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the limited information I have it sounds like &lt;strong&gt;Chondromalacia Patella&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Which is the combination of patellar tracking issues and deterioration of articular cartilage on the posterior surface of the patella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have to perform special orthopedic tests to narrow down the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Essentially the information below is what your PT should be looking for to rule in / out this diagnosis &lt;em&gt;(normally the information below isn’t given to&#xA;  patients but it sounds like you’ve been getting nowhere with this --&#xA;  hopefully this gives your PT   a direction to figure out what is going&#xA;  on)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Clinical Picture&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Generally there is a gradual onset of diffuse aching pain over the&#xA;anterior or anteromedial aspect of the knee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There may or may not be inflammatory signs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is often crepitus (cracking) as the knee moves thru its ROM&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is an exacerbation of pain with activities such as squatting,&#xA;kneeling, and ascending stairs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is what is referred to as a positive movie sign – that means&#xA;that refers to seating in a movie – fair amount of flexion – will get&#xA;achy in the ant/medial knee to the extent where you have to change&#xA;position or shake out the knee – patient may also have a feeling of the&#xA;knee catching or giving way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Typically see mechanical causes of this pathology – will affect not&#xA;only tracking but also the contact surface areas of the PF jt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Etiology – Mechanical Causes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genu Valgum (means knee) – where we are going to see an increase in the valgus vector at the knee- which is going to affect tracking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Femoral Anteversion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive Internal Femoral Rotation- alters the Q angle which&#xA;increases the lateral stresses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patella Alta – if the length of the patellar tendon exceeds the top&#xA;to bottom displacement of the patella by 15% or 1 cm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laxity of medial capsular retinaculum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tightness of the lateral retinaculum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acute or chronic patellar subluxations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pronation of the foot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;External Tibial Torsion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weakness of the VMO&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pathology – referred from the floor up – or from the hip down &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Usually there is something going on above or below the joint – results&#xA;  in this pathology – must find what is causing this to be successful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Treatment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you understand the cause you will be able to effectively plan the&#xA;intervention&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are things you can’t fix- structural deformities – if it&#xA;involves structures that displace the patella laterally&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The follow will also alter patellar tracking.  Excessive pronation of the foot, weakness of VMO, tightness of lateral retinaculum  or ITB (ober , patellar tilt test) , weakness of frontal plane hip muscles&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Misc Notes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Terminal Extension Exercises - Don’t strengthen the VMO&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) – the literature says the OKC ex from a position of 90-45 degrees of flexion is the safe arc in terms of joint reaction forces to do open chain work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Close Kinetic Chain (CKC) - that arc of safe movement – is from 0-60 degrees of knee flexion &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What Professional(s) to See&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An outpatient physical therapist should be able to narrow this down. As far as Musculoskeletal related issues the leading experts in this field are orthopedic surgeons &lt;em&gt;(with physical therapists being #2).&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Professional Bias&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However be aware just like a PT will advocate therapeutic exercise - a surgeon will tend to lean toward surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see DoctorWhom's post below as he has provided some great insight that should help guide you what to do next.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5095938/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5095938/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2010.0302?code=jospt-site&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2010.0302?code=jospt-site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-05T09:36:06.460" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T09:36:06.460" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13508" CreationDate="2017-09-05T03:47:30.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the above answer that provides guidance on some things to take into consideration when discussing this with your doctor/therapist, I will recommend how to approach seeking the right provider.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, you've seen &quot;GPs, Physiotherapists and Physical therapists&quot; - but &lt;strong&gt;have you seen an orthopedic surgeon or non-surgical orthopedic physician?&lt;/strong&gt;  This is a situation where a specialist examination and imaging (perhaps even an MRI but at least Xrays) probably should be done.  It is not always clear when to send a patient straight to PT for eval/treatment versus sending them to an orthopedic surgeon/nonsurgical specialist first, but in this case since the previous did not yield sufficient results, I'd recommend going that route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing an ortho surgeon doesn't mean you're saying you want surgery. They are the best experts for evaluating what is wrong and determining what options for treatment you have.  They often work with Physical Therapist experts to determine course of therapy in non-surgical management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you go:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Write down and bring with you&lt;/strong&gt; a &lt;strong&gt;concise, clear timeline of events&lt;/strong&gt; - onset, past injuries, symptoms - and a list of what makes it worse/better.  Bring any imaging or results you've had done before, then they can decide if they want to start from scratch or build on the tests/evaluations done before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T03:47:30.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11411" CreationDate="2017-09-05T06:22:04.477" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Benzodiazepines (benzos) are not indicated for long term treatment of anxiety disorders due to concerns with tolerance, dependence, and other adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Serious adverse effects&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive impairments (such as psychomotor retardation and memory impairment), and depression can occur secondarily to benzo use. There is evidence to suggest that the cognitive impairments may persist following cessation after long-term use &lt;strong&gt;in humans&lt;/strong&gt; (1). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benzos increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents, and hip fractures in the elderly (2). Seizures can occur during abrupt withdrawal (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Alternatives to Medication&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychotherapy, most notably Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), is an effective modality of treatment for anxiety (4). It does not carry all the nasty side effects associated with psychotropic medications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887617703000969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887617703000969&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Risks Associated with Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0815/p224.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0401/p2121.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0401/p2121.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Efficacy and Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cpa.ca/docs/File/Practice/TheEfficacyAndEffectivenessOfPsychologicalTreatments_web.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cpa.ca/docs/File/Practice/TheEfficacyAndEffectivenessOfPsychologicalTreatments_web.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T09:51:46.397" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T09:51:46.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13501" CreationDate="2017-09-05T07:03:13.897" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several online learning platforms that offer free and/or paid courses (in some platforms the courses are usually free of charge, and you can pay to get an official completion certificate). Personally, I have used so far only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt; (which is completely free to use and does not offer graduation certificates)  and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coursera.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coursera&lt;/a&gt; (which offers the material for free, but the certificate is paid), but I did not see that they offer such a course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.edx.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;edx.org&lt;/a&gt;, with which I have had no experience, seems to offer a course that might be suitable for your needs (free to use, pay for a certificate, according to the course webpage). Check it out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.edx.org/course/nutrition-health-micronutrients-wageningenx-nutr102x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be other online learning platforms as well. If you haven't done that already, browse through &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.co.il/search?q=online%20nutrition%20courses&amp;amp;oq=online%20nutrition%20courses&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3...422479.423318.0.423558.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0.Xf-Qg0urrpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Google search&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: come to think of it, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coursera.org/learn/food-and-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this course&lt;/a&gt; by Coursera may also be of use to you (see the syllabus for more details).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T07:03:13.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13501" CreationDate="2017-09-05T09:37:34.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best directory of online courses that I know of is class-central.com. It includes and compares edx.org and Coursera. The more general subject &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.class-central.com/subject/nutrition-and-wellness?sort=rating-up&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Nutrition &amp;amp; Wellness&quot;&lt;/a&gt; lists 99 courses. Only a few will fit all of your requirements. I have not tried them but they are often university backed and from other subjects I know class-central's rating system is useful.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11254" LastEditorUserId="11254" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T11:51:51.553" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T11:51:51.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13509" CreationDate="2017-09-05T15:09:53.407" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems unlikely that ear wax could cause nasal congestion and restricted breathing, since in relatively healthy individuals, the ear canal is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane (aka the ear drum). If the ear infection, or the Q-Tip, or however you &quot;flushed&quot; the middle ear, caused a perforation of the ear drum, lots of things could be going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-09-05T15:09:53.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-05T18:03:30.253" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would be interested to know how much time does it take for diarrhea to pass through the human bowels? I am looking for a timeline, eg 2-3 hours vs the regular 6-8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="866" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:07:04.080" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:07:04.080" Title="How long does it take for diarrhea to pass through the bowels?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13518" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13520" CreationDate="2017-09-05T18:33:11.190" Score="11" ViewCount="15614" Body="&lt;p&gt;The gel contains these ingredients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aqua, Propylene Glycol, Glycerin, Hydroxyethylcellulose, PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Aroma, Benzoic Acid, Sodium Hydroxide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of these should be the &quot;active ingredient&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11281" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T11:08:50.800" LastActivityDate="2018-02-04T06:18:57.563" Title="Active ingredient of Durex Intense Orgasmic Gel that should cause arousal?" Tags="&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;lubrication&gt;&lt;sexual-arousal&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-05T19:25:08.703" Score="3" ViewCount="291" Body="&lt;p&gt;What will happen if the pus is not drained out of an abscess? Will it stay there forever or will the body get rid of it automatically?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11283" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:04:49.043" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:04:49.043" Title="What happens if pus is not drained from an abscess?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;abscess-lesions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13518" CreationDate="2017-09-05T20:02:49.647" Score="10" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your gel does not contain an active ingredient that causes arousal.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The antifreeze agent propylene glycol will be perceived as an increase in body temperature, where-ever applied, which is supposed to turn one on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the ingredients are about the aggregate state and lubricity of the gel. Any drugs that enhance sexual performances (&lt;em&gt;thanks &lt;strong&gt;@CareyGregory&lt;/strong&gt; for catching that&lt;/em&gt;) are not prescriptive-free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What the producing company advertises&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They never say that the gel will cause sexual arousal, their only claim is that a &quot;warming and cooling, pulsating sensation on the clitoris will be felt if applied&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Currently known drugs that can enhance sexual performance&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Men&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, for men the PDE5 inhibitors &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699015.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sidenafil&lt;/a&gt; (C&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;30&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;S) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/110634#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vardenafil&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(C&lt;sub&gt;23&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;32&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;S)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/110635&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tadalafil&lt;/a&gt;(C&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;19&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9869929&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;avanafil&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(C&lt;sub&gt;23&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;26&lt;/sub&gt;CIN&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are the only known chemicals enhancing sexual performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For Women&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20081004092107/http://www.femalesexualdysfunctiononline.org/commentaries/commentaries.cfm?abs_id=abs_007&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Before 2015&lt;/a&gt;, no pharmaceutical drug has concluded its clinical trial as a substitute of viagra for women. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today,  only the 5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1A&lt;/sub&gt; agonist &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6918248&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;flibanserin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(C&lt;sub&gt;20&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is mistakenly dubbed &quot;female viagra&quot; (the pharmacodynamics are totally different) as it is known to enhance the sexual performance of women. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm458734.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA has approved of the usage of flibanserin&lt;/a&gt;, while it is still denied in Europe &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs15006-015-3559-3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;due to dangerous side-effects (especially in combination with alcohol) and uncertainty about its effectiveness.&lt;/a&gt; (German Source Only).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The ingredients one by one&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aqua&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Latin for &lt;strong&gt;water&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; That's what it is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is used to indicate purified water in packages labelled according&#xA;  to the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Propylene Glucol&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is a simple &lt;strong&gt;antifreeze agent&lt;/strong&gt; which will increase the received body temperature when applied to the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Propylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water.&#xA;  Propylene glycol is also used to make polyester compounds, and as a&#xA;  base for deicing solutions. Propylene glycol is used by the chemical,&#xA;  food, and pharmaceutical industries &lt;strong&gt;as an antifreeze&lt;/strong&gt; when leakage&#xA;  might lead to contact with food.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=240&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Glycerin&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is another name for the sugar alcohol &lt;em&gt;glycerol&lt;/em&gt;, commonly used &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;as a &lt;strong&gt;solvent&lt;/strong&gt;, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/glycerol#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hydroxyethylcellulose&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Another name for the chemical commonly called &lt;em&gt;hetastarch&lt;/em&gt;, which is a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;derivative of starch used as a &lt;strong&gt;plasma expander&lt;/strong&gt; when prepared in an isotonic solution.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24846132#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem.gov &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This oil is mostly used as a &lt;strong&gt;dissolving agent&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Functions: Fragrance Ingredient; Surfactant - Emulsifying Agent; Surfactant - Solubilizing Agent; PERFUMING&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/704597/PEG-40_HYDROGENATED_CASTOR_OIL/#.Wa72dD-bGEc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;EWG.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  .&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  PEG Castor Oils and PEG Hydrogenated Castor Oils help to form emulsions by reducing the surface tension of the substances to be emulsified. They also help other ingredients to &lt;strong&gt;dissolve&lt;/strong&gt; in a solvent in which they would not normally dissolve.&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cosmeticsinfo.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aroma&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is not specific, so any types of additive that creates flavour falls under this category.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benzoic Acid&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This is one of the most &lt;strong&gt;common food preservatives&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/243#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sodium Hydroxide&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A simple &lt;strong&gt;base&lt;/strong&gt; (NaOH) used to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;to &lt;strong&gt;neutralize acids&lt;/strong&gt; and make sodium salts.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14798#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T17:32:43.803" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:32:43.803" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-05T21:00:31.283" Score="4" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any reported health concerns or risks from use of an acrylic mouth guard, such as one to prevent teeth grinding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask (in part) because they're often used for many years and they often seem to wear down over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A search for information returned &lt;a href=&quot;http://pprc.org/index.php/2013/p2-rapid/do-dental-night-guards-contain-chemicals-of-concern/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;useful information&lt;/a&gt; which seems to suggest they aren't, though it may depend on the materials used in a specific case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11285" LastEditorUserId="11285" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T12:37:55.517" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:52:16.953" Title="Health risks of acrylic mouth guards" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13492" CreationDate="2017-09-05T22:38:04.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is produced in the skin. There are two subtypes of UV radiation: UVA and UVB. UVA is primarily responsible for photoaging, and UVB for the superficial burning that results from sun exposure (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UVB electromagnetic radiation converts 7-dehydrocholestrol to pre-vitamin D3, which is then converted into Vitamin D3 (1). Sunscreens with an SPF rating absorb or reflect (depending on the filters used) UVB light (2). Without UVB light, 7-dehydrocholestrol cannot be converted into pre-vitamin D. It may also be of interest to note that glass blocks UVB (but not UVA radiation) and thus has a similar effect on Vitamin D production (1). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality, however, people rarely apply sunscreen well enough so that Vitamin D production completely ceases (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, yes sunscreen does inhibit the production of Vitamin D, although in most cases not to such an extent that Vitamin D deficiency becomes a concern. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/uva-and-uvb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/uva-and-uvb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/6-things-you-should-know-about-vitamin-d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/6-things-you-should-know-about-vitamin-d&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T01:10:19.283" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T01:10:19.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13507" CreationDate="2017-09-06T00:23:41.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question to ask the surgeon who operated on the leg. Eventually, once the femur heals, you should be able to exercise on it unless there are some unusual individual circumstances. However, you do not want to start exercising if the bone has not healed yet. Whether the bone is healed or not will depend on (a) how long it has been since the surgery (a day? a year?), (b) how bad the break was, (c) the type of surgery performed to repair it, and (d) the general health of the patient. Pain is generally a warning sign that means &quot;be careful&quot; so if your leg is in pain, you should listen to that warning sign and avoid stressing the area. So, in summary: (1) Talk to the doctor who operated and ask how long you need to wait before you can exercise, and what types of exercise would be appropriate; (2) After your doctor clears you for exercise, consider talking to a physical therapist about the best way to strengthen the area. Exercise is great for improving many aspects of health, but you need to be careful if you have a broken bone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T00:23:41.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13509" CreationDate="2017-09-06T07:31:41.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the above, see this diagram.  Your &lt;strong&gt;MIDDLE ear (highlighted in blue) connects to your sinus via the Eustachian tube&lt;/strong&gt; (where it drains into the sinus cavity isn't showed). Your &lt;strong&gt;EXTERNAL ear canal&lt;/strong&gt; is where the wax is, and it's &lt;strong&gt;separated from middle ear by the ear drum&lt;/strong&gt; (TM).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d4wRq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d4wRq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;External/Middle/Inner Ear and Eustachian tube&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, many physicians advise &lt;strong&gt;not to use cotton tipped applicators in the canal;&lt;/strong&gt; they tend to just pack wax deeper and cause it to become thicker/harder to remove, and also risk perforating the ear drum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI: It's also actually that &lt;strong&gt;nasal congestion and blocked Eustachian tubes can cause middle ear fluid or infections, not really the other way around.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nasal congestion persists, consider seeing a doctor for evaluation, as it may be allergic rhinitis or various other causes, which can cause middle ear effusions if untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T12:40:44.483" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T12:40:44.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-06T09:00:31.970" Score="9" ViewCount="346" Body="&lt;p&gt;In '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening_to_Prozac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Listening to Prozac&lt;/a&gt;' (Pg. 305) Kramer notes that once &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;monoamine oxidase inhibitors&lt;/a&gt; (MAOIs) poop-out, depressed patients are often unresponsive to subsequent pharmacological interventions (and in some cases &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECT&lt;/a&gt; (1)), and can suffer particularly severe &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mad-in-america/201106/now-antidepressant-induced-chronic-depression-has-name-tardive-dysphoria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tardive dysphoria&lt;/a&gt;. His statement is supported by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008298/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the Antidepressant response post MAOI &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyphylaxis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tachyphylaxis&lt;/a&gt;? Does the treatment resistance and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacerbation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exacerbation&lt;/a&gt; of underlying depression apply to all MAOIs regardless of reversibility (e.g.: the older MAOIs that covalently bond to the MAO such tranylcypromine and phenelzine vs. moclobemide) and selectivity (e.g.: the MAO-B selective selegiline vs. the MOA-A selective moclobemide)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Identification and Treatment of Antidepressant Tachyphylaxis &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008298/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008298/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2018-07-19T18:20:22.950" LastActivityDate="2019-05-18T03:03:05.607" Title="Antidepressant response post MAOI tachyphylaxis" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;maoi&gt;&lt;tachyphylaxis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13527" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:14:00.857" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T11:14:00.857" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T11:14:00.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13528" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:14:00.857" Score="0" Body="The rapid loss of efficacy of a drug." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T19:38:34.790" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T19:38:34.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13529" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:14:59.720" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T11:14:59.720" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T11:14:59.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13530" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:14:59.720" Score="0" Body="A class of antidepressants that function by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase (MAO)." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T19:38:42.797" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T19:38:42.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13531" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:16:06.370" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-06T11:16:06.370" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T11:16:06.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13532" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-06T11:16:06.370" Score="0" Body="A type of psychoactive medication that elevates mood in depressed individuals." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T15:24:24.887" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T15:24:24.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13521" CreationDate="2017-09-06T17:52:16.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your source points out, there are Health concerns with &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; acrylic mouthguards, if they contain BPA. However, the concerns are, according to the FDA, negligible and propose no danger to you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ask your dentist&lt;/strong&gt; whether the mouthguard in question does contain BPA and act accordingly.**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As required, the Schein MSDS for “Easy Flow Acrylic Powder” listed three hazardous ingredients: Dialkyl Phthalate (CAS# 84-66-2), Titanium Dioxide (CAS# 13453-67-7), and Mineral Pigments (CAS# 57453-37-5), but made no mention of &lt;strong&gt;BPA, the chemical of concern to the consumer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;So what is BPA?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bisphenol A (C&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;O2), commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. It is a difunctional building block of several important plastics and plastic additives. With an annual production of 2–3 million metric tonnes, it is an important monomer in the production of polycarbonate.&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bisphenol_A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BPA affects &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16904728/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;postnatal development of embryos&lt;/a&gt;, and has many &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/?term=BPA&amp;amp;sort=[relevance]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;negative health effects on mice&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As always, &lt;em&gt;sola dosis facit venenum&lt;/em&gt; (the dose makes the poison) and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has said that BPA is safe at the very low levels that occur in some foods. This assessment is based on review of hundreds of studies.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/bpa/faq-20058331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:52:16.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13534" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-06T18:22:52.730" Score="5" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Semi-occlusive dressings can be used to regenerate fingertips including fingerprints and sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could one just cut a scar (a surgery scar for example) out and use a semi-occlusive dressing to remove the scar? Wouldn't scarring be prevented by using semi-occlusive bandages instead of regular ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mühldorfer-Fodor et al., Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2013 Feb;25(1):104-14. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00064-012-0192-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00064-012-0192-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoigné et al., J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014 Jun;39(5):505-9. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193413489639&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1177/1753193413489639&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11293" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T14:53:57.833" Title="Can semi-occlusive dressings be used to remove scars?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-06T21:52:41.947" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been facing this problem for quite a while. What should a vegetarian student cook and eat to avoid any significant Vitamin deficiency and to stay healthy. Please keep in mind that such a student faces money and time constraints. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The easily available options which I have found out by now are cooking rice, and maybe dal, in a rice cooker. And of course one can toast a bread and have it with butter or jam. But I am finding it very difficult to keep myself going with these options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common deficiency that a vegetarian faces are lack of protein and Vitamin D12. These are more or less offset by the intake of other green vegetables. But I have found out that the vegetables, which I eat, are not available in my area. So naturally I will not meet those nutrients demand of my body and in due time may develop some deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have edited my question on the advice of comments I received. I agree this question is more suitable for cooking stackexchange site but this problem faced by vegetarians has far too many health influences for it to be neglected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I urge the reader to consider this problem as a serious one. But I understand that a non vegetarian may find it difficult to label this as a serious problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The country I am from is India and I have recently moved to Canada. It would be really nice if someone shed some light over this issue. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11295" LastEditorUserId="11295" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T13:18:46.680" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T13:18:46.680" Title="What should a vegetarian student cook in a foreign country" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-07T00:58:59.727" Score="4" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;To what extent does transdermal estrogen use, without co-use of progesterone, increase endometrial and breast cancer risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does risk, if it exists correlate with years of use?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T00:58:59.727" Title="transdermal estrogen use sans progesterone &amp; endometrial and breast cancer risk?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-07T09:41:45.250" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every single time whenever symptoms of a cold start to develop, excluding the general irritation (headaches, runny nose, etc) - there are moments where my mood just gets extremely positive. Is there any relation between colds and some sort of happy high? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very strange that such good feeling onsets during colds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11297" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T10:20:12.893" Title="Relation between Cold &amp; Mood" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;mood-moodiness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13539" CreationDate="2017-09-07T10:14:23.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reflexively I want to say it's due to the medicine -- commonly &quot;Sudafed&quot; which contains &quot;Pseudoephedrine&quot; or &quot;Phenylephrine&quot;.   The former can be used to manufacture  methamphetamines (also known as meth).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oddly enough I've experienced the same thing, a good mood and very noticeable feeling of relaxation. I can't help but think there is something more going on here (from a physiological standpoint, as I don't always take &quot;Sudafed&quot; when I have a cold).  &lt;strong&gt;I'd be very interested hear what other knowledgeable members have to say regarding this.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;+1 - Fantastic question by the way..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T10:20:12.893" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T10:20:12.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4286" CreationDate="2017-09-07T12:36:26.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Stress and Urination&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some people stress can cause an increase in urination. The form of stress may be physical or emotional. Since the control of aldosterone is partly under the influence of the brain, any type of nervous stimulus or mental stress can affect its secretion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When an individual has physical stress, there is increased release of the stress hormones, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon and cortisol, all of which can affect urination. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Catecholamines - Direct and Indirect Renal Effects&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two of these &quot;fight or flight hormones&quot; - epinephrine and norepinephrine have direct and indirect effects on urine production. When these hormones act directly on the kidneys and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains constant. &#xA; The result is a decrease in urinary output.  Conversely, the indirect effects of these hormones increase MAP, resulting in increased urine output. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Aldosterone&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s role is to regulate blood pressure and sodium levels.  Water, sodium and aldosterone levels are all directly related.  When your body’s aldosterone levels are high – so are your levels of sodium and water.  thus less is secreted. This reverse of this process also holds true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the control of aldosterone is partly under the influence of the brain, any type of nervous stimulus can affect its secretion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cortisol and ADH&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under chronic stress this works slightly differently. First cortisol levels will increase.  This leads to decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which results in increased urination. As stress levels remain high cortisol levels eventually drop. Your adrenal gland becomes unable to produce sufficient levels of aldosterone – which once again causes an increase in urination. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11116129/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11116129/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/192/1/131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/content/192/1/131&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190050/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190050/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T12:36:26.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13543" CreationDate="2017-09-07T14:21:24.710" Score="3" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I bought a pair of running shoes (with a lot of cushioning) and another pair of casual shoes. However, the casual shoes didn't fit my feet well and I want to exchange them, which would take a few days. I'll go out on a trip tomorrow. I'm thinking about wearing the running shoes for the entirety of my trip. Would wearing running shoes all the time have adverse effects on my feet, since the extreme amount of cushioning might be &quot;unnatural&quot; in a sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1612" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T04:17:57.750" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T16:07:08.943" Title="Is there any adverse effect to my feet if I wear running shoes all the time?" Tags="&lt;feet&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13542" CreationDate="2017-09-07T14:30:34.990" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I understand you asking if any type of acute or chronic musculoskeletal issues will arise due to wearing cushioned shoes during a trip.  If this is the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No this is perfectly fine.&lt;/strong&gt;  The cushioning will actually be beneficial if you're doing any type of extended walking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only case where this could cause any type of issue would be neglecting to use a medically prescribed orthotic &lt;em&gt;(this is a custom casted shoe insert)&lt;/em&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any reason you're thinking otherwise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T14:30:34.990" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13534" CreationDate="2017-09-07T14:53:57.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That sounds a bit too broadly defined a question to answer with a general yes or no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a scar is formed it is difficult to &lt;em&gt;remove&lt;/em&gt;, if not impossible. Cutting out scar tissue produces another scar. The outcome of this might be worse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although quite promising, your second link qualifies: &quot;The skin healed &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;almost without scarring&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; […]&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scar formation outcomes are largely determined by how the affected tissue came to be wounded and how it is treated immediately and long term afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Already present scars may be treated, with surgery, chemicals, lasers, etc.&#xA;This is done mostly to 'improve' them, to make them smaller, less obvious, to camouflage them so to speak. Fresh scars will be more easily influenced than older ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the goal then there seem to be some options in that general direction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354695&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Silicone-based scar therapy: a review of the literature.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030657&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Silicone gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17312518&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review of over-the-counter topical scar treatment products.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T14:53:57.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13547" CreationDate="2017-09-06T16:44:36.917" Score="16" ViewCount="301" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the thalidomide birth defect disaster of the 1960s, why was it later approved by the U.S. FDA for treatment of leprosy (1996) and of multiple myeloma (2006)? Presumably, the teratogenic issues and problems with permanent nerve damage didn't go away, as the liver can convert the &quot;good&quot; enantiomer to the &quot;bad.&quot; Thalidomide affects even non-pregnant women, so why approve a drug with known severe complications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11301" OwnerDisplayName="halcyon" LastEditorUserId="11301" LastEditDate="2017-09-07T18:28:41.223" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T18:28:41.223" Title="Why is thalidomide a current drug on the market?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13545" CreationDate="2017-09-06T17:05:40.290" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide#Medical_uses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thalidomide&lt;/a&gt; is used to treat, among other things, multiple myeloma. Since we know it has adverse effects for pregnant women, we simply don't give it to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all drugs have side effects of some kind. We don't ban aspirin or NSAIDS, even though those are all known to have issues with stomach bleeding, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Zhe" LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:05:40.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13545" CreationDate="2017-09-06T17:07:05.183" Score="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Because leprosy and multiple myeloma are conditions for which other treatment options are limited.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All treatments have side effects, some more debilitating than others. The trick with pharmacology is to balance the benefit of treatment with the hazards of the side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take cancer chemotherapy. The drugs we use for cancer chemotherapy are &lt;em&gt;horrible&lt;/em&gt; poisons. We literally use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;derivatives of chemical weapons&lt;/a&gt; to treat cancer. Why do we deliberately poison cancer patients with what amounts to a weapon of mass destruction? Because if we don't, the cancer will kill them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In pharmacology there's a concept of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;therapeutic window&lt;/a&gt;. That is, there's a particular amount of compound that will cause death or other severe disability. There's another (hopefully lower) level of the compound that will effectively treat the disease. In treating, we hope to hit that middle ground: enough to treat the disease, but not enough to kill the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different drugs have different therapeutic window. The window for over-the-counter drugs like asprin is rather large: the amount needed for severe side effects is many times higher than what people take to treat headaches. That's why we can allow untrained people to self-dose. (Though look at acetaminophen/paracetamol as an over-the-counter example where the window is not as large as it probably should be.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the threaputic window for many chemotherapy drugs is rather narrow. To make sure we hit that window, they're typically dosed by licensed professionals in a very controlled environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to thalidomide. The side effects of thalidomide are pretty severe. But to some extent they're controllable. If you scrupulously avoid exposing pregnant women or women who may become pregnant to thalidomide, you can avoid the teratogenic consequences. For the other consequences, you're back to the theraputic window: you want to hit a level of drug that is effective in treating the disease, but minimizes side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why thalidomide has been approved. It's a cost/benefit analysis. The approving authorities took a look at the hazards of leaving leprosy and multiple myeloma untreated (or treated with other methods) versus the hazards from exposure to thalidomide. On the whole, they felt that the risks of thalidomide could be mitigated enough that it was the &quot;lesser evil&quot; than leaving the diseases untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if someone came out with a wonder drug that was as effective as thalidomide in treating these diseases but had fewer (or more benign) side effects, doctors would drop thalidomide like a hot potato, and the FDA might even revoke its approval. (Similar arguments hold for other potentially hazardous drugs like the nitrogen mustard chemotherapeutics.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11300" OwnerDisplayName="R.M." LastActivityDate="2017-09-06T17:07:05.183" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-07T18:43:14.630" Score="6" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never engaged in caffeine except in rare circumstance where I take Excedrin due to a headache/migraine. However, after reading about the enhanced mental state from caffeine and trying a cup of coffee a few days ago, discovering it improved my focus; I think I might want to take it fairly regularly. Does this sound like a good idea? If yes, How often and how much should I take it to avoid any tolerance or dependence?(in other words, lots of benefit with practically no detriment) And along with that, am I ignorant of something I should know that would play a role?(I hardly know what caffeine feels like)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11302" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T19:12:22.373" Title="Is Moderated Caffeine Good? (if so how much and how often)" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-07T19:44:55.783" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother has Osteoarthritis. Her pain in the knees and ankles increases to a great deal on full moon and new moon days, even though she spends those days like any other normal day in terms of physical activities. This occurs not only to my mother, but also occured to her father (my late grandfather) and many others in her family. Not only in her family, I see that some of my neighbours afflicted with Osteoarthritis also suffer from huge pain on full moon and new moon days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain biologically how this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8726" LastActivityDate="2017-09-07T19:44:55.783" Title="How is the pain of Osteoarthritis related to Lunar movements?" Tags="&lt;osteoarthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13550" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13554" CreationDate="2017-09-07T21:40:01.860" Score="4" ViewCount="1346" Body="&lt;p&gt;Benzene is (considered to be) a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene#Biological_oxidation_and_carcinogenic_activity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dangerous carcinogenic&lt;/a&gt; volatile organic compound. If somebody (oh, say, I dunno, a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.houstonpress.com/news/scientists-discover-pipelines-belching-benzene-in-east-houston-8181569&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;petrochemical&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plant&lt;/a&gt; maybe?) were to release some Benzene into the air where you live - could you  filter it out? Say, with some mask, or some filtration system for a room?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling, I've noticed that &quot;activated carbon&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aquapurefilters.com/contaminants/110/benzene.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may be useful for this purpose&lt;/a&gt;, in some contexts, but frankly I have no idea whether that makes sense or whether what works for water filters is relevant for air filtration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS - I'm not in Houston myself, but my home town also has a refinery which emits some Benzene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2019-01-10T10:08:02.150" LastActivityDate="2019-01-10T10:08:02.150" Title="How do you filter out Benzene?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-08T00:19:22.877" Score="3" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/travel/faq-frequent-airline-questions.html?mcubz=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/travel/faq-frequent-airline-questions.html?mcubz=1&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Pilots do have a higher incidence of skin cancer,” said Dr. James M. Spencer, a member of the board of directors of the American Academy of Dermatology and an expert in skin cancer treatment and cosmetic surgery in St. Petersburg, Fla., referring to several studies about skin cancers among airline pilots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why exactly more pilots have skin cancer is not known (for instance it could be from cosmic radiation, changing circadian rhythms or from, say, spending a lot of time outdoors in the places they fly to). And to complicate matters, no one has done a scientific comparison of instances of skin cancer in frequent fliers versus non-frequent fliers, Dr. Spencer said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article was written in 2012. Since then, have we understood why airplane pilots are more likely to have skin cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T01:10:26.710" Title="Why are airplane pilots more likely to have skin cancer?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10404" CreationDate="2017-09-08T03:35:53.840" Score="8" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Adverse effects of excessive caffeine intake&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;800 mg/day is well above the maximum recommended amount (1)(3). High doses of caffeine (&gt;600 mg/day) can increase the risk of spontaneous abortion in women (2). Caffeine directly affects the heart. Side effects related to this becomes especially pronounced at higher doses, and can cause tachycardia, and arrythmias (5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excessive caffeine consumption can result in severe psychological dependence and withdrawal (5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine use is associated with increased risk of developing anxiety disorders (4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tolerance also develops with chronic caffeine consumption. Increased doses will be required to achieve the desired effects of enhanced concentration and reduction of fatigue (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moderate amounts (100-200 mg/day) however, have been demonstrated to be safe (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Treatment of ADHD with caffeine&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence to suggest that caffeine is an effective treatment for ADHD (5)(9). However, caffeine is not indicated for ADHD, and tolerance develops rapidly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;A Comparison of Stimulants&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drugs referenced interact with organisms in unique ways (i.e.: possess unique pharmacodynamics), and in turn, differ in their therapeutic effects, and side effects. The drugs also have varying pharmacokinetic profiles, meaning that they are absorbed, distributed, excreted, and metabolized differently in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Caffeine&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine is an antagonist at adenosine receptors 1 and 2A. This means&#xA;  it binds to said receptors without activating them. The presence of&#xA;  caffeine at the adenosine receptors prevents adenosine (an inhibitory&#xA;  neurotransmitter) from binding (and producing a response), thereby&#xA;  causing stimulation (1) . This activity also induces neurotransmitter&#xA;  release (2) .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/13299/mechanism-of-action-moa-of-caffeine/13468#13468&quot;&gt;Mechanism of action (MOA) of Caffeine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, caffeine is a more mild CNS stimulant than the amphetamines (i.e.: methylphenidate and amphetamine). The amphetamines are a more effective treatment for ADHD than caffeine (10)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methylphenidate is a reuptake inhibitor of dopamine (DA), and to a lesser but still marked degree, noradrenaline (NE) (6). This activity increases the effect of these neurotransmitters, resulting in a reduction of symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Amphetamine (Vyvanse, Adderall, Dexedrine)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amphetamine is a releasing agent of DA, NE, serotonin (5-HT) (6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side effects such as anorexia, weight loss, and nausea tend to occur more commonly with amphetamine than methylphenidate. (8)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to the therapeutic effect, there is no significant difference between methylphenidate and amphetamine overall (7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine: How much is too much? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coffee &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/coffee&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/coffee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medicines in my Home Caffeine and Your Body  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/downloads/UCM200805.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/downloads/UCM200805.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Common Psychiatric Disorders and Caffeine Use, Tolerance,and Withdrawal: An Examination of Shared Genetic and Environmental Effects &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443633/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443633/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine Psychological Effects, Use and Abuse &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1981/pdf/1981-v10n03-p202.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1981/pdf/1981-v10n03-p202.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate formulations for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinical Gains from Including Both Dextroamphetamine and Methylphenidate in Stimulant Trials &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842881/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842881/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A post hoc comparison of the effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate on symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801529&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801529&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tea consumption maybe an effective active treatment for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277687&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277687&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine versus methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction: a double-blind comparison. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1096645&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1096645&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T05:36:51.920" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T05:36:51.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13550" CreationDate="2017-09-08T04:17:32.827" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;VOCs are one of the most prevalent indoor air pollutants. They are released by many common materials, from foams to carpets to paints.  House air circulation is not very conducive to adequate dispersion, and it is usually worse in the winter.  There are known health effects from headaches to cancer.  Effects experienced are usually limited to symptoms rather than more severe pathology, but it depends on air concentration and chemical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are filtration systems for VOCs.  This is not an exhaustive list.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have written a term paper on plant VOC filtration, and researched/spoken with an MD pulmonologist who is an Environmental Health professor, for my OWN home air quality questions.  Sources below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/aircleaners/air_cleaners_gas_leak.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Activated charcoal and similar carbon filtration systems do filter VOCs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is air circulation; check the square footage of units. I myself purchased a Vornado (not product placement, just an example) and there are numerous others. (Note: the ones that use electric fields to sanitize air produce potentially harmful molecules. That's another topic.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are full-house HEPA filtration systems (HEPA filters can over-work your furnace) for particulates, but do note that putting a HEPA filter on a normal furnace can cause it to overwork and break.  However for VOCs, I imagine there are installable carbon filters for even a normal house HVAC. &lt;em&gt;If you check into that, please add a comment or answer and I'll include it!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Air filters with activated charcoal will remove benzene (and other&#xA;  volatile organic compounds)  Source: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2. Individual respirators for chemicals do exist as well.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it is not feasible to live in a gas mask...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3. Plants filter VOCs pretty well.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some years ago there was a surge of large downtown office buildings across the world that installed numerous of the plants that have the highest filtration rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am going to quote my paper; references below.  It's a text wall, but it thoroughly answers your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that there are specific plants that are&#xA;  particularly excellent at removing VOCs from the air.  Contrary to&#xA;  what one might expect, it is not the foliage nor flowers of the plants&#xA;  that are responsible for this filtration; it is the microorganisms&#xA;  unique to each plant that live on the root systems in the soil.  They&#xA;  absorb the molecules and metabolism them for energy.  (Wolverton,&#xA;  1989).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regarding specific plants, Chrysanthemum morifolium, the florist’s&#xA;  mum, in multiple studies stood out as the best at removing overall&#xA;  VOCs in the indoor environment.  Other plants have more “specialized”&#xA;  performances.  For removal of formaldehyde, Chmaedorea seifrizii (the&#xA;  bamboo palm) outperforms all other plants. For benzene,  Hedera helix&#xA;  (English Ivy) does the best at low concentrations, and Gerbera&#xA;  jamesonii (the Gerbara daisy) performs best at high concentrations. &#xA;  The Gerbara daisy also outperforms all others at high concentrations&#xA;  of TCE, but Spathiphyllum sp. (the Peace Lily) is better than the&#xA;  daisy at lower TCE concentrations.  The common houseplants golden&#xA;  pothos and snakeplant are both also well-studied as being adept at&#xA;  removing VOCs (Wolverton, 1989).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The number of houseplants that would be required in order to&#xA;  adequately filter an 1800 ft2 home is estimated at 15-18 of 6-8&quot;&#xA;  diameter plants per person (Wolverton, 1997).   Aeration of the soil&#xA;  is critical in order for airborne VOCs to reach these microbes.  There&#xA;  have been several designs of aerated planters utilizing hydroculture&#xA;  with charcoal filtration that have aimed to take advantage of this&#xA;  army of chemical-cleansing microbes, such as the Plant Air Purifier&#xA;  designed by Wolverton himself, but studies on efficacy are currently&#xA;  sparse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NASA Clean Air Study and Wolverton Research &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolvertonenvironmental.com/air.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wolvertonenvironmental.com/air.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://iaqscience.lbl.gov/voc-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://iaqscience.lbl.gov/voc-cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/voc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/voc/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132311002101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132311002101&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine courses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[like 30 other references for term paper]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T10:03:48.070" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T10:03:48.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10248" CreationDate="2017-09-08T04:49:52.423" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes there is. In the USA, the certification is called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aama-ntl.org/medical-assisting/what-is-a-medical-assistant#.WbId6bKGP5c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Assistant&lt;/a&gt;.  It is a certification that is unlicensed, thus they must work under supervision of a licensed provider (who CAN inject legally) such as LVN RN BSN APRN PA MD/DO...   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebotomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phlebotamy&lt;/a&gt; (drawing blood) is different than administering injections, as you are not putting a substance in the patient.  There is a certification program for this as well, and can be done by most health practitioners.  But regarding whether it can be done by someone not certified, it seems that rules differ institution to institution.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T04:49:52.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3094" CreationDate="2017-09-08T06:26:18.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a documented phenomenon. Some people experience paradoxical reactions to caffeine, and other stimulants such as dextroamphetamine (1). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A theory posited by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/how-does-caffeine-affect-nervous-system-health-research/Content?oid=875717&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this non-medical source&lt;/a&gt; (which does not cite sources), suggests that the blocking of adenosine receptors by caffeine causes the body to compensate by producing more adenosine, or increasing the number of adenosine receptors. Either way, the net effect is increased adenosine neurotransmission, and consequently, sedation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paradoxical effects of caffeine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1118251&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1118251&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Health: Does Coffee Make You Sleepy? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/how-does-caffeine-affect-nervous-system-health-research/Content?oid=875717&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/how-does-caffeine-affect-nervous-system-health-research/Content?oid=875717&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T06:26:18.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5304" CreationDate="2017-09-08T09:06:08.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antipsychotics cause prolactin elevation by blocking the activity of dopamine at the D2 receptors (1). The presence of dopamine at these receptors inhibits the secretion of prolactin (2). The exact level of prolactin elevation varies between antipsychotic to antipsychotic based on their affinity for the D2 receptors (2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tolerance can develop to this particular side effect with chronic antipsychotic &#xA; therapy (i.e.: it may become less pronounced over time) (1). Prolactin levels  return to base line within 2-3 weeks of discontinuation of an antipsychotic (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Long-term health consequences of hyperprolactinemia&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elevated prolactin levels &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; cause other side effects, such as bone density decrease (1)(2). However, the notion that this particular event occurs as a result of hyperprolactinemia is controversial, and may occur for other reasons such as lifestyle factors (1)(2). Decreased bone density increases the risk of bone fractures. Fractures in the spine or hip are of high concern because they can result in disability, and a higher risk of death (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperprolactinemia is associated with hypogonadism (2). Hypogonadism may prevent normal development during puberty (4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In women, there is some concern that hyperprolactinaemia may increase the risk of breast cancer (2). Although this idea is also controversial (1)(2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperprolactinaemia and Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenia &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/468929_4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/468929_4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperprolactinaemia With Antipsychotics &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/hyperpro.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/hyperpro.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Osteoporosis - Symptoms and causes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20207860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20207860&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Male hypogonadism &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/dxc-20248457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-hypogonadism/symptoms-causes/dxc-20248457&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-10T02:01:26.817" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T02:01:26.817" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13542" CreationDate="2017-09-08T09:20:03.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dealing with the exact same issue many times, I can tell you that the only troublesome outcome of this would be your running shoes wearing out faster. For example, after 8 months instead of 12 - the exact figure heavily depends on your running / walking habits. As for your question, running with worn-out shoes can cause injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a bad thing to use running shoes for walking/hiking, as long as you take this fact into account. I do this all the time and replace my running shoes more often / use older ones for light walking/dancing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11308" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T09:20:03.277" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13608" CreationDate="2017-09-08T09:50:16.723" Score="6" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leg-length discrepancy&lt;/a&gt; (from femur fracture or any other etiology) obviously causes an imbalance in gait, and therefore the entire kinetic chain.  This often happens at a young age and therefore they face an entire lifetime of gait imbalance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A large discrepancy is sometimes treated surgically (but it is not a minor procedure).  Moderate, with a shoe lift.  Mild, with an insole.  But when &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; wearing a lift or insole (e.g. walking barefoot at home), your kinetic chain is still imbalanced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads me to ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the long term MSK complications resulting from this imbalance?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there physical therapy techniques that aid in minimizing harm to joints etc?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This was an interesting case in my ortho rotation; I was not satisfied with the answers from 2 orthopedic surgeon attendings, who refer to orthotics but don't regularly refer to PT for this.  My reading has yielded mixed opinions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T11:50:33.980" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T11:16:43.920" Title="What are long term complications of mild to moderate leg length discrepancy?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;gait-walk-abnormalities&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13518" CreationDate="2017-09-08T15:27:58.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That product is marketed boldly as &quot;Special formula designed to bring sensual waves of warming, cooling or tingling sensations. Increases sensitivity of her intimate areas for more intense pleasure. Up to 20 earth-shattering orgasms in 1 bottle.&quot; So it is intended to &lt;em&gt;enhance&lt;/em&gt; not cause arousal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That still sounds quite a bit like an overstatement. Looking through the consumer &lt;a href=&quot;http://theflipsideoffeminism.com/k-y-intense-reviews.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reviews&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; on various sites gives mixed results, at best. Many negative &lt;a href=&quot;http://liebe.gofeminin.de/forum/durex-intensiv-gel-wirkts-bei-euch-fd396307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;experiences&lt;/a&gt; are reported (even on commercial sites selling it). Most seem concerned with bad smell, bad taste and, hm, &quot;lack of action&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;complete&quot; list of ingredients amounts to only an almost meaningless account of substances. An &quot;active ingredient&quot; or &quot;mechanism of action&quot; is nowhere to be found. Not on the product, not with the manufacturer and not on review sites or testing agencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the ingredients might account for anything:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/705315/PROPYLENE_GLYCOL/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Propylene Glycol:&lt;/a&gt; Declared as emulsifying agent. Is also an &lt;a href=&quot;http://sexualwellnessnews.com/seven/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;irritant&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4857673/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potential contact allergen&lt;/a&gt;.  &quot;Classified as expected to be toxic or harmful&quot;. Hormone-like substance used to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840104000811&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increase milk production in turbo cows&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/propylene-glycol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long list of concerns.&lt;/a&gt; Reduces barrier function of the skin. Thereby providing synergistic effects with other ingredients. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.codecheck.info/drogerie_toilettartikel/verhuetung_liebesspielzeuge/gleitgel/ean_4002448096870/id_1857873589/Durex_Intense_Orgasmic_Gel.pro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Codecheck&lt;/a&gt; label: &quot;slightly questionable&quot;. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Most likely candidate for &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; &quot;active ingredient&quot;. Applied to genitals the most positive way to describe this substance is: it gives reportedly a slightly warming and at the same time cooling sensation before drying out in very short time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/704597/PEG-40_HYDROGENATED_CASTOR_OIL/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PEG&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thesmartmama.com/understanding-labels-peg-40-hydrogenated-castor-oil-greenwashing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wholly classified as dangerous&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.treehugger.com/style/beyond-parabens-7-common-cosmetics-ingredients-you-need-to-avoid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proponents of the organic movement.&lt;/a&gt; But also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4505343/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'Considered safe' by traditional standards, although it too is a penetration enhancer&lt;/a&gt;, i.e. weakening the barrier function of the skin, again possibly giving synergistic effects with other ingredients. Additionally this substance was often found to have concerning levels of very harmful impurities. Unsafe on damaged skin. Codecheck label: &quot;questionable&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aroma (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/702512/FRAGRANCE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fragrance&lt;/a&gt;, Flavour): Under current law this may contain a mix of anything from essential oils to other highly active substances. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5044959/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is a legal loophole&lt;/a&gt;: anything &lt;em&gt;declared&lt;/em&gt; to be only for smell and flavour can fall under this label &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/03_Verbraucherprodukte/02_Verbraucher/03_Kosmetik/02_KennzeichnungKosmetik/bgs_kosmetik_kennzeichnung_node.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;since only 26 substances have to be listed specifically.&lt;/a&gt; The list of ingredients is sorted by weight and Aroma features pretty high on it. Codecheck label: &quot;not classifiable&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/700679/BENZOIC_ACID/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benzoic Acid:&lt;/a&gt; Preservative that is restricted for use in cosmetics in Japan. May have &lt;a href=&quot;https://endocrinedisruption.org/interactive-tools/tedx-list-of-potential-endocrine-disruptors/search-the-tedx-list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hormone-like effects&lt;/a&gt; and can be an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8132170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;irritant or allergen.&lt;/a&gt; Codecheck label: &quot;slightly questionable&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summing this up: unless the manufacturer opens its playbook and explains what is there to do what, this is probably a moderately unhealthy, slightly irritating lube. Together with its advertising framing this seems to be mostly a mind thing if received as pleasurable (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharidin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a concept not totally unheard of&lt;/a&gt;). Published data on the ingredients and consumer reports seem to indicate that a similar effect might be achieved by mixing equal parts of peppermint and stinging nettle in a water-oil emulsion with milk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; This link leads to another product but with very similar ingredients. Main point being propylene glycol is also  included in that one and it is at least halfway 'independently' reviewed. Links to commercial sellers of this product are numerous and they do not advertising coming from this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T18:31:26.097" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T18:31:26.097" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-08T20:14:23.610" Score="5" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been wondering, what are known dietary causes for constipation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason that combining Rice and Meat in a meal would cause constipation? Is there some gut reaction that is causing these symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11312" LastEditorUserId="11312" LastEditDate="2017-09-10T12:54:02.230" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T12:54:02.230" Title="Dietary Interactions that cause Constipation" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13565" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13566" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" LastActivityDate="2017-09-08T21:37:45.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13564" CreationDate="2017-09-09T00:09:09.477" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The major dietary causes are not enough water and not enough fibre. (See the Risk Factors section of this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/constipation/symptoms-causes/dxc-20252715&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic article&lt;/a&gt;, which focuses on medical causes of constipation.) There's nothing complicated about mystery little factors in your food that combine to create a problem. If you eat only white rice and meat for a meal, with no vegetables, then you are eating a lot less fibre than someone who added vegetables to that meal or who ate beans instead of meat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First thing to do if you're suffering constipation is to drink a lot more water. Second thing to do is add vegetables and legumes to your meals. There are things you can do beyond that, but they are not dietary and should probably be suggested by someone more familiar with your personal situation. More water and more fibre are generally a safe approach, so if you're sure your situation is caused by what you eat and drink, fix that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A note that if you are ill or are taking any medication, it's a whole different story and you shouldn't do anything (not even eating extra fibre) without discussing it with your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-09-09T00:09:09.477" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-09T10:42:38.023" Score="2" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been told that these too tests test the same condition/symptom: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;H Pylori breath test &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SIBO 24 hour PH breath test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone confirm if a H Pylori test is the same as a 24 Hour PH Breath Test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11319" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-10T06:30:42.930" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T06:30:42.930" Title="Difference between H Pylori Breath Test and SIBO 24h PH Breath Test" Tags="&lt;sibo&gt;&lt;h.-helycobacter-pylori&gt;&lt;helicobacter-pylori&gt;&lt;small-intenstines&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-10T02:57:12.557" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the intake of carbonated water with sugar additives correlate with the incidence of cavities? Is carbonated water itself corrosive? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T11:55:06.557" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T01:14:59.737" Title="Relationship between carbonated water intake and cavities?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-10T10:38:42.093" Score="9" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past couple of days, I've repeatedly heard and read that cinnamon consumption increases the metabolic rate in humans. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.de/search?rls=en&amp;amp;q=does%20cinnamon%20accelerate%20metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google search&lt;/a&gt; brings up plenty of results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, few of them cite any concrete evidence. In fact, even those that mention sources point to circumstantial evidence at best. For instance &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/491512-does-cinnamon-increase-metabolism/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong.com&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 2012 study published in the International Journal of Preventative&#xA;  Medicine investigated the effects of cinnamon in people with type 2&#xA;  diabetes. One group took cinnamon supplements every day, while the&#xA;  other group took a placebo. After eight weeks, the cinnamon group lost&#xA;  more weight and body fat than the group taking the placebo, even&#xA;  though the cinnamon group did not make any changes to their usual&#xA;  eating habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, all &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.12minuteathlete.com/10-hacks-boost-metabolism/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;12minuteathlete.com&lt;/a&gt; put forth to back their claim is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you’ve ever read the 4-Hour Body by Tim Ferris (and if you haven’t,&#xA;  I highly recommend it), you probably remember the section on his&#xA;  cinnamon experiments. Basically, he found that eating about one and a&#xA;  half teaspoons of cinnamon a day can help regulate glucose levels,&#xA;  which in turn helps control weight gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://idealbite.com/cinnamon-for-weight-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Idealbite.com&lt;/a&gt; goes into more detail about the purported effects of cinnamon on the body and mentions two studies but doesn't give links or any information with which to find either of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, my question is how much evidence is there really for the metabolism-accelerating effects of cinnamon intake and how conclusive is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11323" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T14:51:52.680" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T12:25:52.253" Title="Does cinnamon accelerate metabolism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;cinnamon&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-10T11:31:06.263" Score="2" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that eating a lot of products containing  carbohydrates can make you feel tired. However, when I was younger (pre-20) I never noticed this effect. Currently 25 and noticed being tires quite soon after eating a larger portion of carbohydrates. Can this Change be due to age or could it be other lifestyle changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I may have some terms mixed up, but basically lately feeling tired after eating which didn't occur about a few years ago. I have, however, stepped into a bit more healthy lifestyle, eating less and actually training once / twice a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="816" LastEditorUserId="816" LastEditDate="2017-09-10T11:37:29.537" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T11:37:29.537" Title="Can age affect how carbohydrates affects your energy level?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13542" CreationDate="2017-09-10T16:07:08.943" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was not specified what kind of &quot;trip&quot; is planned. Extreme weather, height (mountains), ground conditions are quite decisive variables to consider. Then of course there is also the length of the trip.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 4 day business trip to a coastal &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/09/shoes-worst-for-feet_n_4069370.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;city&lt;/a&gt; in temperate climate is very different to actually running in running shoes or to 6 months trecking through the jungle during the monsoon or the Alaskan Rockies in winter. Choose the right tool for the job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prevention.com/health/shoes-and-foot-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Most important&lt;/a&gt; is of course &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26611985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that the shoes do fit!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Is there &lt;a href=&quot;http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/04/health/shoes-feet-hurt-body/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; adverse&lt;/a&gt; effect to my feet if &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/wellbeing/a26805/shoes-affect-you-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I wear running shoes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;all the time?&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There needs to be some care taken, not only in choosing the shoes but also to your feet as such, to prevent these most common possible conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blisters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;athlete`s foot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomycosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;onychomycosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nail&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ingrown nails&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronychia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paronychia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immersion foot syndromes&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/health/trench-foot#overview1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trench&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foot-pain-explored.com/trench-foot.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;foot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilblains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chilblains&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subungual_hematoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subungual hematoma&lt;/a&gt; (tennis toe)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joint_sprain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metatarsophalangeal joint sprain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While these possible conditions from that incomplete list may be a bit on the extreme side of &quot;any adverse effects&quot;, they are certainly more probable with prolonged use of any shoe. It is still not very advisable to always wear the same pair of shoes. If one somehow has to make do with only one pair of shoes:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19424280903204036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Take the shoes off&lt;/a&gt; as often as possible, keep your feet dry, airy, clean, change the socks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T16:07:08.943" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13078" CreationDate="2017-09-10T16:40:50.773" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an excellent wikipedia page about the the procedure called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsillectomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tonsillectomy&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Although tonsillectomy is performed less frequently than in the 1950s, it remains one of the most common surgical procedures in children in the United States and many other western countries.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That WP page is amply sourced with research papers, the following box is just  a shortened excerpt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A recent study states that tonsillectomies in young children (0 to 7&#xA;  years) are correlated with weight gain in the years following surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The morbidity rate associated with tonsillectomy is 2% to 4% due to&#xA;  post-operative bleeding; the mortality rate is 1 in 15,000, due to&#xA;  bleeding, airway obstruction, or anesthesia complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Impact on immune system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It remains controversial whether tonsillectomy may negatively affect&#xA;  the immune system. However, multiple studies have confirmed&#xA;  correlation between a previous history of tonsillectomy and a wide&#xA;  range of diseases, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hodgkin's disease,  Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Laryngeal cancer,&#xA;  Esophageal cancer, Thyroid cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer,&#xA;  Base of tongue cancer, Leukemia, Asthma, Hay fever, Irritable bowel&#xA;  syndrome, Crohn's disease, Appendicitis, Heart attack, Sarcoidosis,&#xA;  Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple sclerosis, Deep neck infection,&#xA;  Poliomyelitis, Recurrent cellulitis, Primary biliary cholangitis,&#xA;  Chronic rhinosinusitis, Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric&#xA;  disorders associated with streptococcal infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover, other studies have found that tonsillectomy may lead to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a decrease in levels of serum immunoglobulin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;a decrease in levels of secretory Immunoglobulin A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increased risk of autoimmune disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increase in mortality between the age of 18 and 44&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increased risk of chronic disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increase in overall cancer risk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mark's comment is basically right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The simplified version is that alternative short-term treatments got&#xA;  better, and long-term studies showed that the long-term benefits&#xA;  mostly didn't exist. Still looking for sources.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is also actually a very prominent example of very widespread bad practice that once was the standard. One study shedding some light on this can be found in the historian &lt;a href=&quot;http://Bad%20Medicine:%20Doctors%20Doing%20Harm%20Since%20Hippocrates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Wootton's &quot;Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates&quot;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover Lister’s innovations made possible new types of bad medicine.&#xA;  For the first time it was possible to operate on the abdomen, and some&#xA;  surgeons proceeded to happily chop out bits and pieces (an appendix&#xA;  here, a colon there) not because they were infected, but because they&#xA;  might one day become infected––the historian Ann Dally has called this&#xA;  ‘fantasy surgery’. These operations never became the norm, but&#xA;  tonsillectomies did, and we now know they did more harm than good.&#xA;  Worse still, the decision as to whose tonsils should be removed was&#xA;  not remotely rational. Of 1,000 11-year-old children in New York in&#xA;  1934, 61 per cent had had tonsillectomies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;The remaining 39 percent&#xA;    were subjected to examination by a group of physicians, who selected&#xA;    45 percent of these for tonsillectomy and rejected the rest. The&#xA;    rejected children were re-examined by another group of physicians, who&#xA;    recommended tonsillectomy for 46 per cent of those remaining after the&#xA;    first examination. When the rejected children were examined a third&#xA;    time, a similar percentage was selected for tonsillectomy so that&#xA;    after three examinations only sixty-five children remained who had not&#xA;    been recommended for tonsillectomy. These subjects were not further&#xA;    examined because the supply of examining physicians ran out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clearly&#xA;  the decision as to who should have a tonsillectomy was entirely&#xA;  arbitrary. This was bad medicine alive and well in the 1930s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First: do no harm. Since tonsillitis is still a common problem, the actual illness may be differently classified or diagnosed today. There may be other treatments available. But just cutting it out was of questionable effectiveness in the first place, could and did lead to a number of side effects and unwanted complications or long term effects. Together with the observation that most of the time not even the official guidelines were able to ensure a good practice, and many doctors were apparently unable to follow them, it is a good thing that this tonsillectomy fad is further falling out of fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-10T16:40:50.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-11T02:38:13.767" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;When exercising, oxygen demand increases.  Heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, and depth of breaths increases.  Some people experience yawning during exercise.  What reasons would that happen, or what is its purpose if only some people experience it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked and found a variety of theories, like cooling the brain, but can't seem to find a good source for what has the strongest evidence. This article for example only touches on some theories: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/By_the_way_doctor_Why_do_I_yawn_when_I_exercise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/By_the_way_doctor_Why_do_I_yawn_when_I_exercise&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8596" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T09:59:49.537" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T09:59:49.537" Title="What triggers yawning for some people during physical activity" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-11T06:45:40.717" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is shown that it is not possible to reduce/gain fat in one area by exercising that body part alone[1].Facial fat is no exception. However, is it possible to increase the facial mass via exercising the face; is there any paper written on this subject? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yalescientific.org/2011/04/targeted-fat-loss-myth-or-reality/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.yalescientific.org/2011/04/targeted-fat-loss-myth-or-reality/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9694" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T06:45:40.717" Title="Can facial mass be increased?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13641" CreationDate="2017-09-11T11:21:37.090" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dad has a skin allergy (rashes, itchiness), and I want to cut out some things from his diet to see if it's causing the problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't know how long an allergic reaction can last in absence of the allergen. Suppose he's allergic to fish, and I cut out fish. How long can I expect to wait until his skin will actually get better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8424" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T16:25:39.190" Title="How long can an allergic reaction last after exposure to an allergen?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;rash&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13572" CreationDate="2017-09-11T12:04:15.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;There is no difference between real and added sugar.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;) as an example can be an additive or a &quot;original&quot; nutrition of any natural product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbonated water with sugar additives therefore has the same increasing chance of caries (and cavities) as the same amount of sugar as what companies might advertise as &quot;Carbonated water with real sugar&quot;. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mobile.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/17real.html?referer=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recent research&lt;/a&gt; has found that the amount of time spent consuming sugar has a larger effect on the risk of cavities than the amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/12972/8212&quot;&gt;This previous answer of mine&lt;/a&gt; talks about the corrosiveness of carbonated water and comes to the conclusion that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;carbonated water might have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=cIhPAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT998&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=carbonated%20water&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;slightly larger effect on erosion of teeth than normal water&lt;/a&gt; because it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thuisexperimenteren.nl/science/carbonaatkinetiek/Carbondioxide%20in%20water%20equilibrium.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;just a little bit acidic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-11T16:09:21.053" LastActivityDate="2017-09-11T16:09:21.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13609" CreationDate="2017-09-11T17:29:28.617" Score="5" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've gone to physical therapy twice in my life for lower back pain. Each time the exercises I was given concentrated on improving the strength of the abdominal muscles, never the gluteus group of muscles, which, among other things, enable us humans to walk upright. So why don't exercises for lower back pain also include exercises to improve the strength of the gluteus group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T10:46:18.630" Title="Why do exercises for lower back pain concentrate on the abdominal musciles?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;lumbago-low-back-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13593" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17452" CreationDate="2017-09-11T23:38:09.503" Score="4" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read some articles which claim that after each workout, we should have at least one hour's rest before meal; others suggest half an hour. Otherwise, it will do damage to one's stomach. These were in Chinese; I haven't found any English articles talking about this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does having a meal shortly after workout cause any harm to one's stomach? If so, what is the time period one should wait before eating? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11343" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T07:28:02.567" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T20:48:10.810" Title="How long should one wait to eat after exercise" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13596" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13625" CreationDate="2017-09-12T01:51:12.917" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would the brain be damaged, or would everything just stick itself together instantly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11344" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T18:21:14.783" Title="What would be the impact of taking a 1 cell thick slice down the middle of a person" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2017-09-14T10:20:08.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13597" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:23:18.293" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T03:23:18.293" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T03:23:18.293" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13598" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:23:18.293" Score="0" Body="An activity undertaken to collate, interpret, or discover information." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T15:22:11.910" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T15:22:11.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13599" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:24:58.100" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T03:24:58.100" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T03:24:58.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13600" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:24:58.100" Score="0" Body="Pain experienced in the head." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T15:24:02.093" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T15:24:02.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13601" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:50:49.590" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T03:50:49.590" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T03:50:49.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13602" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-12T03:50:49.590" Score="0" Body="A class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections. They function by inhibiting the growth of, or by killing bacteria." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T02:46:52.083" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T02:46:52.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-12T09:06:22.993" Score="6" ViewCount="3121" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there harmful side-effects of a couple sleeping with the penis in the vagina? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11351" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T12:09:20.157" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T01:02:55.250" Title="Sleeping with the penis in the vagina" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-12T09:09:09.790" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12531122&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;While sleeping salivation is usually decreased.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If you are sleeping and have a blocked nasal tract (rhinitis, allergies) or just an open mouth you further dry out your mouth. Other causes might also come into play. &#xA;As stated in the linked  article above, this is not only uncomfortable in the morning, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3433908/Sleeping-mouth-open-damages-teeth-fizzy-drink-bed-Dry-mouth-causes-acid-levels-rise-eroding-teeth.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is detrimental to the health of your teeth.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What safe possibilities might exist to increase saliva production during non-waking hours? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/what-is-saliva#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Assuming that pregnancies aren't always &lt;em&gt;'that'&lt;/em&gt; practical…)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T09:09:09.790" Title="Safe way to increase salivation at night/during sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13560" CreationDate="2017-09-12T09:33:33.523" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Two Types of Leg Length Discrepancies (LLD)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a heads up it's pretty tough to give a general answer to such an involved area (I tried lol). I’m forced to leave quite a bit out as there are so many causes, tests, treatments etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;True LLD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Simply put there is an anatomical or structural difference (L) vs (R)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Typically these are congenital &lt;em&gt;(i.e malformations such as adolescence&#xA;coxa vara)&lt;/em&gt; or trauma &lt;em&gt;(such as a fracture can also cause this)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exactly you’ve already outlined above. as this is an actually&#xA;difference in length some type of external intervention is required.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unfortunately when dealing with a True LLD anytime the brace,&#xA;orthotic etc. is removed the underlying kinematic imbalance will&#xA;reappear.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not surprisingly you’ll see frontal plane devations toward the&#xA;affected (shorter) side - such as a lateral pelvic tilt, scoliosis etc..&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Functional LLD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An apparent or functional LLD generally results from a compensation&#xA;due to improper positioning -- they are never structural.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There’s a whole battery of orthopedic tests used to narrow down the&#xA;cause and type of LLD, I will not be going into this in any depth. &#xA;Also there are TONS of  conditions that can lead to this, for&#xA;simplicity I’m going to focus primarily on Sacroiliac (SI) Joint and&#xA;the related musculature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;SacroIliac Joint Dysfunction&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain in or around region of joint that is presumed to be due to malalignment or abnormal movement of SI joints&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Common Pelvic Girdle (SI) Dysfunctions&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Posterior torsion of innominate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anterior torsion of innominate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Superior Pubis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Innominate Upslip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Innominate Outflares&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Sacroiliac Joint - 3 Kinetic Chains&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LE kinetic chain&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sacrum-innominate-LE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spine kinematic chain&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;L4-5-sacrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Closed kinetic chain&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Innominate-sacrum-innominate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Symmetrical Motion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Movement of both in nominates relative to sacrum &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;See this primarily with ant and post pelvic tilts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asymmetrical motion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antagonistic motions of each innominate relative to sacrum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lumbopelvic motion &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rotation of Spine &amp;amp; both innominates around femoral heads&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Posterior torsion&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ipsilateral ASIS higher&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ipsilateral PSIS lower&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;SI Joint: Supportive Network of Musculature&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iliopaoas&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rectus Femoris&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hip abductors/adductors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Piriformis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gluteus maximus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sartorius&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hamstrings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abdominals &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Quadratus Femoris&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multifidus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Joint Characteristics&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Primary support to SI jt - self locking mechanism, shape of the&#xA;articular surfaces, and the ligaments&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;SI Joint – Normally in a position of stable equilibrium and b/c of&#xA;that there tends to be the need for significant force to disrupt it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;some of the strongest muscles in the body surround the SI but none&#xA;have the primary function of moving it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;no voluntary SI movements and the movements that we do see is influenced by other body regions thru weight changes and positional changes &#xA;-these surrounding muscles are going to facilitate the stability of the joint &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Musculature Details&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iliopsoas&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  -  Unilateral - when the pelvis and femur are fixed the iliopsoas will&#xA;produce ipsilateral FB of the lumbar spine with contralateral RO.&#xA;The FB of the spine relative to the pelvis will decrease lumbar lordosis&#xA;Bilateral contraction of iliopsoas produces ant pelvic rotation and takes the sacrum along &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rectus Femoris&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; - when pelvis is fixed,  flexes the thigh on the pelvis&#xA; - thigh and lumbar spine are fixed – and pelvis is free to move – it can cause ant innominate torsion ipsilaterally &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hip Abductors / Adductors&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; - Directly influence SI jt thru the pubic symphysis - since the gluteus medius tends to pull the ilium away from the sacrum- almost a distraction effect&#xA; - Create stress through public symphyisis &#xA; - Adductors- create stress thru pubic symphysis&#xA; - Abductors sartorius may have an anterior torsion effect on the innominate when the hip is extended and the knee is slightly flexed abductor &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Piriformis:&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;-Bilateral contraction of the piriformis produces a nutation effect on the sacrum &#xA;– Unilaterally get a rotational effect toward contralateral side&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gluteus Maximus:&lt;/strong&gt; Bilateral contraction of the maximus- post pelvic rotation – unilateral contraction – causes ipsilateral post torsion &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hamstrings:&lt;/strong&gt; Tightness can cause post innominate torsion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transversus Abdominis:&lt;/strong&gt;  Contributes to the stiffness of the SI jt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quadratus Femoris&lt;/strong&gt; - bilaterally contraction-stabilizes the lumbar spine and can result in sacral nutation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Multifidus&lt;/strong&gt; – it is considered an anticipatory stabilizer of the LS spine &#xA;the multifidi are recruited as a stabilizer before the Lower and Upper limbs  move &#xA;Co contraction of multifidus and the TrA – further increase stiffness of the SI jt.  Ipsilateral side bending will increase the shearing stress to the ipsilateral SI jt &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Specific Treatments&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As treatments are very evaluation dependent I’d really need results of an evaluation and orthopedic testing otherwise I’d just be throwing out random exercises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=6_c0vgAACAAJ&amp;amp;dq=inauthor:%22Ludwig%20Ombregt%22&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjO6t21r5_WAhVn2oMKHV40CZIQ6AEILjAB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthopedic Clinical Examination: An Evidence Based Approach for Physical Therapists.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books/about/A_System_of_Orthopaedic_Medicine_E_Book.html?id=YaFsAAAAQBAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A System of Orthopaedic Medicine, 3rd Edition.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T09:55:24.773" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T09:55:24.773" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13592" CreationDate="2017-09-12T10:37:54.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your inner core is where majority of the Chronic LBP research supports working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inner Core&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transverse Abdominis &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multifidus &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diaphragm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pelvic Floor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zBmmf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zBmmf.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transverse Abdominis Dysfunction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Numerous studies demonstrated timing and thickness change deficits in&#xA;subjects with LBP and athletes with groin pain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When respiration is challenged, TrA is the first muscle recruited to&#xA;assist with expiration&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Activation of TrA is preparatory, normally occurs before activation&#xA;of primary mover and is not direction dependant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There's no reason you can't work your glutes&lt;/strong&gt; - research support this as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EMG results demonstrated that subjects with chronic lower back pain had significantly&#xA;  higher levels of recruitment for the lower and upper gluteus maximus,&#xA;  hamstrings, and erector spinae muscles during rotation when compared&#xA;  to the control subjects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Supporting Research:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2006/12150/Low_Back_Pain_Patients_Demonstrate_Increased_Hip.18.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2006/12150/Low_Back_Pain_Patients_Demonstrate_Increased_Hip.18.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3806175/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3806175/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899579/&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805012/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3805012/&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141777&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141777&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T10:46:18.630" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T10:46:18.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-12T12:04:53.343" Score="4" ViewCount="606" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence linking Cubital Tunnel Syndrome to &quot;chronic&quot; (persistent, non-healing) tendonitis or any other long-term/chronic issues with connective tissue in the elbow region?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1980" LastActivityDate="2017-09-26T04:26:30.500" Title="Any link between Cubital Tunnel Syndrome and &quot;chronic&quot; tendonitis?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;carpal-tunnel-syndrome&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13611" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-12T13:40:27.773" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;When doing some stretching exercises and listening to music, I noticed that when my head is upside down for 10sec or more, my hearing changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very gradual and I am losing the low frequencies. At the same time, I am feeling nose congestion coming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon coming back up, my hearing is fully restored almost instantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this phenomenon due to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-12T23:29:59.447" LastActivityDate="2017-09-12T23:29:59.447" Title="Hearing with head upside down" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-06T19:25:46.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13616" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-13T01:17:42.897" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have a negative skin test for tuberculosis and a positive QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube Test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what does it mean, assuming a PA-LAT chest x-ray on the same patient is negative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T01:17:42.897" Title="Is it possible to have a negative skin test for tuberculosis and a positive QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube Test?" Tags="&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-13T07:20:19.050" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for reference(s) describing various challenges of introducing artificial intelligence algorithms into medical practice. Preferably, references should be scholarly and comprehensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qr.ae/TbckAz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://qr.ae/TbckAz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/6zxh14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/6zxh14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-09-13T20:51:56.273" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T20:51:56.273" Title="Reference(s) describing various challenges of introducing artificial intelligence into medicine" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13596" CreationDate="2017-09-13T14:21:23.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A person is not a loaf of bread, but a network of organs at various positions that depend upon each other. What you are basically asking, would damage some organs by cutting them in half this rendering them useless, while others you would only cut off the blood supply, which would kill them. TLDR they would bleed out before anything else could happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11361" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T14:21:23.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1639" CreationDate="2017-09-13T17:04:00.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is just sparkling water, not other acids –aka flavours– added, &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00795.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;then it is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; that bad for your teeth.&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;It all depends on how acidic, how low the pH level for the actual drink is and for how long it comes into contact with your teeth.&#xA;The amount of time your teeth are in contact with it  is typically low. Carbonic acid does not stick to your teeth. And this acid is very weak with minimal impact on teeth altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to draw a general conclusion to all waters on the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for anyone still worried, there are two factors at play:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Actual amount of CO2 added&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Presence of other minerals which can buffer the acidity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonated_water&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia gives you for example a pH level of 3-4.  Classifying it between apple and orange juice.&lt;/a&gt; That sounds quite scary and very acidic.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocks_El_Torcal_de_Antequera_karst_Andalusia_Spain.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pictures&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;karst&lt;/a&gt; erosion come to mind immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is not necessarily the actual pH level of bottled sparkling water in every case. &#xA;Excuse the ads, but for reference: several mineral waters on sale have much less acidity. Here is one with an actual &lt;a href=&quot;http://highlandspring.com/natural-source/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pH of between 4 and 5&lt;/a&gt; and here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gerolsteiner.de/en/minerals/bicarbonate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one with pH of ~5.7&lt;/a&gt; and one with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.finewaters.com/bottled-waters-of-the-world/france/badoit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very low bubble count with a pH of 6&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore you have to look for the actual product, ask the manufacturer or test the water in question yourself. In the case of homemade soda this the only option anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-13T20:32:30.770" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T20:32:30.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13624" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13640" CreationDate="2017-09-13T17:58:36.040" Score="5" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had three surgeries this summer, the last surgery was 11 weeks ago. The incision is small, about 2 inches, and started to heal fine at one end. The other end rejected 3 stitches which were pulled and drained for 3-4 weeks. Since, the wound has been healing very slowly (it is still bleeding slowly and is open). The surgeon has said that it is progressing the entire time, but progress has been very slow. They recommended me to a wound care office. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday at the wound care office they treated the unhealed part with Silver Nitrate and prescribed a silver based ointment to put under their bandage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I pressed the doctor on what was happening that slowed the healing process and required the nitrate treatment, she wouldn’t give any specifics. She only said “the wound has healed too much, and now it can’t heal anymore without knocking it back first.” I asked for more details and got a similar response back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me some clarification as to the biological process going on and what the nitrate treatment is supposed to accomplish? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11363" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T16:19:25.803" Title="Wound care specialist says “it has healed too much, now it can’t heal”" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13596" CreationDate="2017-09-13T18:16:09.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to the above answer, the most immediate fatal events are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While you can cut the corpus callosum effectively separating R/L cerebral cortex without killing the person, splitting your midbrain/brainstem is instant game over.  Almost all signals to/from the rest of the body and cerebral cortex, including your heartbeat breathing and consciousness, originate or go through there.  There are multiple points of crossover that you'd interrupt - there and throughout the spinal cord. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You'd transect critical vessels (the aorta at the arch, superior/inferior vena cavae, circle of Willis, dural sinus) so you'd both dump out massive blood volume in an instant, and stop all further circulation. Vessels don't auto-seal, even a small break can cause significant leaks. Transecting your CSF ventricles would drain the fluid from the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-13T18:21:14.783" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T18:21:14.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22" CreationDate="2017-09-13T18:21:29.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best thing you can do is visit a speech pathologist (aka a voice coach) who can work with you to make sure you are not stressing your vocal folds and other parts of the speech pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T18:21:29.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13624" CreationDate="2017-09-13T21:15:25.310" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is reported here about the &quot;wound care specialist&quot; sounds like being either badly phrased by the doctor or misunderstood, misremembered or phrased rather unluckily by the OP (no offence, just speculation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the reason for this unsatisfactory status of explanation: This treatment is likely not focused on the nitrate part of the formulation alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://woundcareadvisor.com/how-to-apply-silver-nitrate/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Silver&lt;/em&gt; nitrate&lt;/a&gt; is likely &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352216&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;employed&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/3156&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;help with the healing process&lt;/a&gt;. Quotes from the links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[#]&#xA;  Topical application of silver nitrate is often used in wound care to&#xA;  help remove and debride hypergranulation tissue or calloused rolled&#xA;  edges in wounds or ulcerations. It’s also an effective agent to&#xA;  cauterize bleeding in wounds. Silver nitrate is a highly caustic&#xA;  material, so it must be used with caution to prevent damage to healthy&#xA;  tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[#]&#xA;  Whether it is used as a topical ingredient or a dressing ingredient,&#xA;  the use of silver in treating wounds has been around for quite some&#xA;  time. Silver has an array of beneficial effects in promoting healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[#]&#xA;  The use of silver nitrate application reduce dramatically the size of&#xA;  large wounds, which eventually healed, avoiding the patients to&#xA;  undergone surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-13T21:15:25.310" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-13T22:17:18.820" Score="4" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a dentist is measuring how far gums have receded and looking for infection below the gum line they use a probe which they insert below the gum line and record how far it goes before hitting healthy tissue (or at least that is my understanding). They record the depth measurement of a tooth and then move onto the next using the same probe and without washing it in between. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that this would be a great way to spread infection from one gum to the next. I asked my hygienist why this isn't considered unsafe. She started to explain to me why it wasn't dangerous and then caught herself and said &quot;I don't know&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So am I right to be concerned? Might they be unwittingly spreading infection throughout the mouth by this seemingly unsanitary exam practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:36:27.057" Title="Do periodontal exams spread infection?" Tags="&lt;gums&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;periodontal-pathogen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13628" CreationDate="2017-09-14T00:52:55.717" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This line of reasoning expects infectious bacteria to be immobile on their own and &quot;gums&quot; to be isolated from one another in a regularly closed and healthily salivated mouth.&#xA;If your practitioner would have put the probe into her own mouth before examining yours, then that would be a great way to spread whatever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your own mouth is an ecosystem where one, local, inflamed, infection can easily spread to any other place within your mouth, no probes needed. The bacteria can move on their own and your saliva provides a very convenient way of transportation. Everything that might spread is already there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T00:36:27.057" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:36:27.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13630" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-09-14T02:33:45.357" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-09-14T02:33:45.357" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T02:33:45.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13631" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-09-14T02:33:45.357" Score="0" Body="A class of antidepressants that prevent the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft through selective inhibition of the SERT protein." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T15:24:21.100" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T15:24:21.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13634" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-14T05:25:47.610" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get 300mg of Xolair injected twice a month (every 2 weeks). I was wondering if there are any studies showing long term side effects of this medicine that are not published by the manufacturers of the drug?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11367" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T06:41:11.660" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T06:41:11.660" Title="Long term side effects of Xolair" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-14T07:33:17.130" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical reports can be quite long and may contain complicated vocabulary that is difficult or impossible for patients to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Germany, there’s a website called &lt;a href=&quot;https://washabich.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Was hab’ ich?&lt;/a&gt; (“What do I have?”) to which a patient may submit their medical report.&#xA;Students of medicine (8th term upwards) and MDs who participate in the project translate said report into everyday language. They explain the concepts behind symptoms and prescriptions in a way that is easy to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a lot of work: I have seen people work twenty hours on a single, complicated letter, and a medical report of two pages may very well translate into a document of twenty pages.&#xA;This work is done in their spare time and is not paid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This service is offered to patients free of charge because it should be absolutely independent of a patient’s income.&#xA;The platform is funded through donations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an English service where patients can get their medical reports explained / translated into everyday language? If so, is it gratuitous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11244" LastEditorUserId="11244" LastEditDate="2017-09-28T07:09:48.573" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T07:09:48.573" Title="Is there a service that translates medical reports into everyday language?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-14T09:58:20.403" Score="1" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence to suggest a link between exercising of combat sports and mental health problems (in the later future). For example is there any (reaffirmed) study that shows a higher risk for alzheimer, etc. when the patient done x hours/week of sparring in a full contact combat sport? Professional vs Amateurs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11369" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T09:58:20.403" Title="Link between combat sports and mental health" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13634" CreationDate="2017-09-14T15:56:37.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are many studies, too numerous to list. I'm unsure of what is meant by &quot;long term use&quot;, since the drug is relatively new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ethical reasons, it is required that every author state if there is a potential conflict of interest (e.g. the study was funded by the manufacturer.) Just look at the beginning or the end of the paper, where it lists if there is a potential conflict of interest. Look under &quot;Author information&quot; and &quot;Grant support&quot; sections; some even list it under &quot;Disclosures&quot; or other similar names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T15:56:37.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13624" CreationDate="2017-09-14T16:19:25.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“the wound has healed too much, and now it can’t heal anymore without knocking it back first.” I asked for more details and got a similar response back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking to patients is an art. This doctor lacks that art to some extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wounds left to heal on their own - without stitches - heal by &lt;a href=&quot;http://woundeducators.com/three-types-of-wound-closure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;secondary intention&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, that is, the wound fills in with a temporary tissue called granulation tissue. The best outcome is that enough granulation tissue is laid down to cover the wound, then, within the tissue, the normal components of skin, such as epithelial tissue and blood vessels grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epithelialization and neovascularization result from the increase in cellular activity. Stromal elements in the form of extracellular matrix materials are secreted and organized. This new tissue, called granulation tissue, depends on specific growth factors for further organization to occur in the completion of the healing process. This physiologic process occurs over several weeks to months in a healthy individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is somewhat of a &quot;dance&quot; dependent on how much of what kinds of signals the injured tissue sends out, and sometimes the granulation tissue grows too much, and actually impedes the process of epithelialization. In that case, the excess granulation tissue (or even all of it) needs to be removed so the process can start over (the process is dependent on the right amount of the right signals (e.g. growth factors). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what was meant by the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to why silver nitrate was used, it destroys granulation tissue, but so does just picking it off and other methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your wound specialist really should have this talk down pat enough to give the answer in under a minute. But patients ask questions, and time is getting shorter and shorted for doctors to spend with patients (blame insurance companies for that.) So one way to save time is to avoid answering questions. You'll heal just as well without the information, but it doesn't engender much trust in the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1836438-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wound Closure Technique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T16:19:25.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13589" CreationDate="2017-09-14T16:25:39.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to adjust diet to identify an allergen, there are two approaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove the thing you suspect (in this case, fish) and wait a certain amount of time. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says two weeks to two months.) If the reaction clears up and doesn't come back, the thing you removed was the allergen. If it does not clear up, or clears up but then recurs, something else the person is still eating is the allergen. Choose a different thing to eliminate and start the process again. (Some people now restore the first food since it's been cleared of suspicion, others don't in case multiple allergies are in effect.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove everything that might be suspect (Say, everything the person ate that day, or in extreme cases, everything except one or two foods eg rice and lamb.) Wait until symptoms subside, then add foods back one at a time. If a reaction occurs with something, never eat it again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first strategy can take a very long time if you don't know what the allergen is. It also has the issue of not being sure whether the reaction has just not died down yet, or is still happening because an allergen is still being eaten. The second is dangerous because the diet may be missing things you can't go without for even a few days, never mind for the weeks some reactions take to die down. You need the support of a doctor or nutritionist to consider it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are quite a lot of studies in the reference section of that Wikipedia article that you may find useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T16:25:39.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13645" CreationDate="2017-09-14T19:01:24.527" Score="2" ViewCount="12145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google will not help get me to a definitive answer based on my search terms. What is the proper medical term for the crust that forms when blood coagulates? Also, is it different for different parts of the body or internal vs. external?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2218" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T20:02:02.240" Title="What is the medical term for a scab?" Tags="&lt;scab&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16084" CreationDate="2017-09-14T19:41:21.333" Score="6" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contrary to the recent past, when high carb - low fat diets were recommended, it appears that now the opposite type diet is often being recommended.  Many doctors who have written books on the subject recommend diets high in fat and extremely low in carbohydrates, limiting them at 10% of caloric intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unclear how pragmatically one could live on just 10% carbohydrate.  The latter represents the most efficient source of energy for the body.  Athletic performance, endurance would suffer with only 10% carbohydrate.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I gather the idea of the high fat diet is to change the metabolic state of the body in a state of ketosis whereby given the absence of readily available carbohydrate fuel, the body learns how to use and burn fat for energy.  Is this process all that healthy and sustainable over the long term?  And, would it enhance cognitive capabilities over the long term as one ages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-16T06:12:43.367" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T08:08:30.897" Title="Is there scientific evidence that low-carb diets enhance athletic and mental performance?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13645" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13642" CreationDate="2017-09-14T19:42:26.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You'll likely get a response that &quot;eschar&quot; means &quot;scab&quot;.  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is incorrect.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Understanding Why the Term &quot;Eschar&quot; is Incorrect&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What differentiates this term? Factors such as the dermal layer involved &lt;em&gt;(location)&lt;/em&gt; and wound type it is associated with.  &quot;Eschar&quot; is a medical term that describes necrotic (dead) tissue found &lt;em&gt;within&lt;/em&gt; a full-thickness wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Sanguineous Crust&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; would be a precise medical term for &quot;scab&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-14T20:02:02.240" LastActivityDate="2017-09-14T20:02:02.240" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13659" CreationDate="2017-09-14T20:53:33.350" Score="6" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that hand sanitizers may not be as effective against certain types of protein-based bacteria, or something along those lines, but beyond that I can't seem to find the line where hand sanitizer alone is longer enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11061" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T13:14:13.670" Title="When is hand sanitizer appropriate/sufficient in place of warm water and soap?" Tags="&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-15T01:56:48.633" Score="1" ViewCount="189" Body="&lt;p&gt;My teeth, in some parts, are impossibly yellow and do not whiten no matter what procedures have been done. I am seeking out a method to artificially whiten the yellow parts without veneers or resin put on them. In other words, if they can't be naturally whitened, I want them artificially whitened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I, however, refuse veneers because it doesn't make my teeth whiter -- it just covers the teeth and it's purely fake. I want some sort of epoxy or enamel-mimicking agent that can bind to my teeth and change the real color of the dentin to be yellow and keep it that way. Or some other scientific way of doing this without veneers, resin or implants. I refuse to believe that it's impossible to force dentin to look white. I want my teeth to be Hollywood white without veneers/dentures/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like the natural yellow color to be artificially cleaned and painted/bonded to force the color of the yellow to turn white -- not have something fake cover the natural color. As stated, I've tried every professional whitening possible from dentists, etc. and it will not make my teeth super white.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11375" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T10:25:45.183" Title="Possible to whiten teeth beyond natural color without veneers?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13650" CreationDate="2017-09-15T05:23:24.700" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a physician that &lt;strong&gt;always takes blood pressures bilaterally&lt;/strong&gt; for EVERY patient he sees.  These patients are assumed to be healthy adults coming in for basic routine medical exams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see any advantage of doing this....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the rationale behind this (if any)? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assuming there is a difference -- what would that even mean?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T22:55:04.870" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T22:55:04.870" Title="Taking Blood Pressure Bilaterally -- Why?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13649" CreationDate="2017-09-15T05:38:20.057" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Because that's the way to measure blood pressure&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The German guidelines for treating hypertonia are to always measure bilateral. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerztezeitung.de/medizin/krankheiten/herzkreislauf/bluthochdruck/article/803360/blutdruck-immer-beiden-armen-gleichzeitig-messen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German Source Only&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;strong&gt;@DoctorWhom&lt;/strong&gt; pointed out in the comments, atherosclerosis&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and ascending aortic dissection&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; can lead to difference in the blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, as a study fairly recently conducted (2012) found, not measuring bilaterally can have other devastating effects as well: An undetected difference in blood pressure greater than 15 mmHg increases the overall mortality by 60%, and cardiovascular mortality even by 70%. Furthermore, the risk of suffering from an undiagnosed PAD (peripheral artery disease)&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; increases by factor 2.5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study concludes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A difference in SBP of 10 mm Hg or more, or of 15 mm Hg or more,&#xA;  between arms might help to identify patients who need further vascular&#xA;  assessment. A difference of 15 mm Hg or more could be a useful&#xA;  indicator of risk of vascular disease and death.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61710-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link to whole&#xA;  study&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the chances of a wrong reading are significantly lower if verified once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis where the artery wall thickens, thus leading to an increased blood pressure in this artery (and depending on the location, can lead to a difference between L and R blood pressure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: The aortic dissection is a tear in the wall of the aorta. As the tear extends along the wall of the aorta, blood can flow in between the layers of the blood vessel wall (dissection). This can lead to aortic rupture or decreased blood flow (ischemia) to organs. A decreases blood flow will result in lower blood pressure. Thus measuring L and R gives one a quick overview and a faster way of ruling aortic dissection out than sending the patient to the CT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;: PAD's is a broad term for the narrowing of arteries different from coronary arteries and cerebrovascular arteries. Depending on the location of narrowing, a difference in blood pressure between L and R can occur).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-15T11:33:55.463" LastActivityDate="2017-09-15T11:33:55.463" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13647" CreationDate="2017-09-15T06:43:46.620" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hand sanitizers have bactericidal and virucidal properties that &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/0at_jtzJCDM?t=50&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;when used properly&lt;/a&gt; in sufficient quantity for at least 20 seconds&lt;/em&gt; kill the vast majority of pathogenic organisms/viruses.  Alcohol-based sanitizers are superior in spectrum of what it kills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you are correct that it doesn't kill everything, and some of what it doesn't kill is pretty nasty stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, spores are formed by some bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, (aka C diff) which is a hard-to-kill bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea (usually in people whose immune system or gut flora are disrupted).  It takes substances like bleach to kill the spores, so you have to wash them off instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, fungus isn't always killed by sanitizers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the CDC's &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-hand-sanitizer.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Show Me the Science - When &amp;amp; How to Use Hand Sanitizer&lt;/a&gt;&quot;- &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to&#xA;  reduce the number of microbes on them in most situations. If soap and&#xA;  water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that&#xA;  contains at least 60% alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of&#xA;  microbes on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate&#xA;  all types of germs.  Why? Although alcohol-based hand&#xA;  sanitizers can inactivate many types of microbes very effectively when&#xA;  used correctly, people may not use a large enough volume of the&#xA;  sanitizers or may wipe it off before it has dried. Furthermore,&#xA;  soap and water are more effective than hand sanitizers at removing or&#xA;  inactivating certain kinds of germs, like Cryptosporidium, norovirus,&#xA;  and Clostridium difficile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;short novel on this topic.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-15T06:43:46.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-15T10:30:26.577" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard theories such as washing away particles, soothing membranes, and enhanced circulation, but haven't seen (or looked for) any scientific papers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11378" LastActivityDate="2017-09-15T10:30:26.577" Title="By what mechanism does drinking liquids reduce the symptoms of a sore throat?" Tags="&lt;sore-throat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3034" CreationDate="2017-09-15T14:43:27.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If all other variables are constant then yes.&#xA;In real life it depends.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098122/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3098122/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11380" LastEditorUserId="11380" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T12:55:57.003" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T12:55:57.003" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13670" CreationDate="2017-09-15T21:59:04.700" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attempting to write a story and am stuck on a question of medical significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone describe a health issue for which a proper treatment might require bandaging / immobilizing one or both hands for a period of not more than two weeks? Ideally, the affected appendage would be basically unusable during the recovery period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that this is vague, but that is because I do not know what I am talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus points if you can get it by doing something stupid or otherwise embarrassing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance for taking the time to think about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11384" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T05:30:54.283" Title="What might require a hand to be immobilized for a period of time?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T00:25:19.763" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was recommended by my doctor that I lose weight, and he suggested I research the 16:8 diet, which is a fasting diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found a ton of web sites on the internets, but most of them feel wonky or they only talk about the time.  What I'm trying to figure out is the calorie intake for the 8 hour period?  Is it your standard 2000? 1200?  2000 seems like a lot of calories, a 1200 (600 per meal) seems acceptable but I don't want to starve myself.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am doing this for weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11385" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-09-16T02:04:00.763" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T02:04:00.763" Title="Where can I find information about the 16:8 diet?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13647" CreationDate="2017-09-16T13:14:13.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question seems to ask in which situations hand sanitizers can be a suitable substitute for water and soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.rutgers.edu/research-news/handwashing-cool-water-effective-hot-removing-germs/20170529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Techniques for hand hygiene&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soap and water is still considered the gold standard for hand hygiene.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When using soap and water, it is important to wet the hands first.&#xA;  Then apply 3 to 5 mL of soap to the hands, avoiding bar soap. Next rub&#xA;  the hands together for a minimum of 15 seconds covering all surfaces&#xA;  of the hands and fingers. Finally rinse the hands off with water, dry&#xA;  thoroughly with a paper towel and use the paper towel to turn off the&#xA;  faucet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When soap and water is not available, alcohol-based hand rubs (wipes, gels, or foams) should be applied.&lt;/strong&gt; When using an&#xA;  alcohol-based product, healthcare workers must completely follow the&#xA;  manufacturer's label to ensure that the desired efficacy is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the initial question properly we have to differentiate the situations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;daily setting, &quot;normal world&quot;: almost never; only when detergents and water are unavailable and an actual incidence would advise disinfection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bigthink.com/amped/humans-10-human-and-90-bacterial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;health care setting, medical world&lt;/a&gt;: still almost never, as a substitute, &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt; as an important addition to water and detergent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;For a General Question of daily Hygiene:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main effect of a handwash is that it &lt;em&gt;washes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;away&lt;/em&gt; the bacteria/germs. Water, especially warm and hot water does its own thing to remove them, a soap-like substance adds to this effect and so is a towel. Any added ingredients that qualify for actually killing germs are just &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.rutgers.edu/research-news/handwashing-cool-water-effective-hot-removing-germs/20170529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;icing on the cake&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;None of the above methods I listed will so much kill but &lt;em&gt;remove&lt;/em&gt; bacteria or dilute them in the sense of reducing their numbers. &#xA;Nothing that is not also harmful to you will kill &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; of the bacteria. As long as you are not ill &lt;em&gt;and required&lt;/em&gt; to be or live as sterile as possible that is a good thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are yourself a living being. Sounds like a fun fact but is meant to convey that &quot;a human&quot; might have &lt;a href=&quot;http://bigthink.com/amped/humans-10-human-and-90-bacterial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different definitions now&lt;/a&gt; than a few decades ago. Not all bacteria are harmful. Most of them are not. Many of them are actually beneficial or even needed, like those in your gut. While gut bacteria might have quite a good reputation by now, those on your skin, that those handwashes would like to kill are only slowly getting a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535073/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;better stand.&lt;/a&gt; Everyone lives in a symbiosis with their individual microbiome. Overzealous sanitation at least disrupts this balance. Costs and benefit should be carefully calculated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal handwash is usually (more than) enough. It is not possible to really sterilise everything completely, nor would that be desirable.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Add to that the effects of evolution:&#xA; What does that mean in the slightly longer term?&#xA;In using sanitizers regularly you create an environment on your skin where the pressure to adapt is directed towards resisting the chemicals used in that agent. Some bacteria survive this attack. Compare that to their phenomenal ability to multiply and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overcome chemical onslaughts with for example antibiotics.&lt;/a&gt; This leads to the situation that you un-train your own immune system to deal with any bacteria and disrupt the workings of the good bacteria your microbiome needs or can tolerate. Indiscriminate killing also tends to have the very unwelcome side effect of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06055-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;giving just the most harmful bacteria an edge&lt;/a&gt; in the fight for survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T13:14:13.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13656" CreationDate="2017-09-16T17:55:19.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;h2&gt;A fractured wrist&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, radius or ulna&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the story of my 11 year old self. I played soccer, was the goal keeper, tried to save a ball and broke my wrist. Simple as that&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard treatment of bone fracture is immobilisation of the bone. Either an orthopaedic cast or splint might be necessary, and maybe even a nail if the wrist is messed up really badly. This renders both arm and hand pretty useless, the affected appendage would be basically unusable during the recovery period. The cast will have to be in place until the bone fully healed, which would have taken 2 weeks, if I had listened to the doctors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you need a longer time of immobilisation, consider the following: My 11 year old self really wanted to go to my best friend's birthday party. That took place at a swimming pool. Obviously, at some point I had to fall into the water, and it was quite embarrassing telling the doctors that I did not follow their instructions (which was a pretty explicit &quot;Do NOT let water touch your cast), and the cast had to be redone because it partly dissolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Embarrassment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll leave this up to you. Personally, I find my story pretty embarrassing. Maybe because it happened to &lt;em&gt;me&lt;/em&gt;. A few other stories are compiled in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/gfhy5/dumbestworst_broken_bone_stories/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this reddit thread&lt;/a&gt;. There are so many ways one can break bones that &lt;em&gt;anything&lt;/em&gt; is realistic. It's worth asking a few friends of yours. Fractured bones are so common you will get quite a few good stories from them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: A wrist cast will render moving of the hand impossible, but wiggling of fingers is still possible. Further reading for broken wrists: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/colles-fracture#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: Broken radius or ulna will make the arm (to which the hand is attached) not movable, but you could still twist your wrist and wiggle with your fingers depending on the cast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;: Caveat: It might be a bit simpler for children to brake their bones than adults because children's bones are still developing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T17:55:19.240" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T18:00:32.530" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that teeth have white spots on them. What are they, why are they there and how can I remove them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11390" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-16T18:16:33.597" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T04:49:21.460" Title="Why are parts of my teeth super white, but most yellow?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-04-22T18:16:44.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T19:50:04.200" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not an orthodontist but a physicist. But while discussing a certain orthodontic technique with an experienced board-certified orthodontist (who graduated and practice in the US), it became apparent to me that the technique he was taught (and uses) is quite over-optimistic in its ignorance of the effects of elementary physical principles, which is why it almost always results in a much-less-than-ideal outcome, and it also greatly disturbs and compromises the other satisfactory elements of the bite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After thinking about the situation, I came up with a quite simple alternative technique to fully control the desired movement, without disturbing the satisfactory areas of the bite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be implemented with existing orthodontic devices which I am familiar with; however it may be enhanced and slightly simplified with a new auxiliary device that I have (conceptually) invented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not being a physician, how do I publish this technique under my name?&#xA;How can I patent this auxiliary device, when I did not actually built it, but only drew a sketch?&#xA;Not that I try to become a millionaire, I just want to prevent others from taking over this idea and charging orthodontists/patients for using it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11391" LastActivityDate="2017-09-16T19:50:04.200" Title="How to publish a new orthodontic technique/device?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2017-10-02T19:04:13.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T19:50:40.430" Score="4" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sepsis is initiated by infection (usually bacteria or fungi) but the main symptoms arise from over-reaction to the infection by our immune system leading to inappropriate levels of inflammation and also blood clotting. Organ damage follows. So, apart from giving antibiotics, what other therapies do physicians give to reduce the over-reaction of the immune system, the clotting and to protect organs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11393" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:46:54.543" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T07:46:29.927" Title="In sepsis what therapies are used to reduce the over-reaction of the immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T23:14:27.603" Score="10" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about immunotherapy, and in particular, allergy drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that by taking small amounts of an allergen by any route of administration, you restore tolerance to that allergen, and eventually cease to have an allergic reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true?  If so, why is something similar to allergy drops not used in the home?  E.g. If you have a mild nut allergy, why not eat small, gradually increasing amounts of nuts every day until the nut allergy ceases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11394" LastEditorUserId="11394" LastEditDate="2017-09-18T14:53:03.433" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T23:26:22.850" Title="Can you cure an allergy by repeatedly consuming the allergen?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;allergen-immunotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13667" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10058" CreationDate="2017-09-17T00:35:18.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not my professional area of expertise -- however I had Lasik done years ago when there weren't many &quot;experienced&quot; optometrists to choose from.  The optometrist I saw said he was one of the first in the field to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm embarrassed to say I paid $6,700 for the procedure &lt;em&gt;(I guess this post is somewhat a rant as I think I was overcharged)&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After I could see 15/20 bilaterally for years.  So it worked great, however not sure what exactly changed but one eye is now 60/20 and I need glasses after paying that much for the procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) As you received conflicting information, &lt;strong&gt;see additional professionals until you feel comfortable with their answers.&lt;/strong&gt;  The initial consultation is &lt;strong&gt;normally free&lt;/strong&gt; as this is an elective surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.) Again this is just based on my experience having had &quot;Normal Lasik&quot;. I can tell you the actual procedure took literally 5 minutes. So unless I'm missing something procedure length should not be a concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.) Make a list of doctors in your area (that specialize in Lasik).  Call and make sure the consultation is free -- go see as many as you want. Come with a list of questions and don't be afraid to politely ask follow up questions (or for them to clarify their reasoning).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T00:35:18.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-17T01:15:12.177" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any book or website about ALL diseases were officially registered ever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt that there is some book that has information about all diseases. I think that one book can hold only some diseases for instance A, B, C, D and another one C, D, E, F and it can always miss some of diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order not to read all books I just want to know is there any main source in internet which most doctors use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need this for filtering and finding disease according its symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P.S.&lt;/strong&gt; I have not medical education, I am just curious about it, and I want always be sure that doctors not making mistake when diagnosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11396" LastEditorUserId="11396" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T06:20:09.037" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T11:40:27.107" Title="Where I can find infomation about ALL diseases of human beings?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13656" CreationDate="2017-09-17T05:23:02.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fractures would be a good reason to be fully immobilized in a cast (after the first 5-10 days in a splint to allow swelling to go down) but they usually take &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fracture-healing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at least 4-6 weeks to heal&lt;/a&gt; enough to remove a cast/brace (one sources says maybe 3 for a minor fracture in a finger).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your character to have around 2 weeks of immobilization, a few ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestion 1: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A grade 2 (moderate) sprain&lt;/a&gt; is an incomplete tear of a ligament and usually involves a week or two of immobilization with a brace.&lt;/strong&gt;  There are recommendations to start physical therapy early on, so it would be removed for short periods of time to do gradually increasing exercises to strengthen and rehab. Rest, Ice, and Elevation are the other treatments involved.  You can sprain things by over-extending past its usual range of motion. To sprain the back of the wrist/hand your character could fall onto the hand when it's flexed (the opposite direction of the photo in that link).  I've seen it happen from a motorcycle fall.  At 2 weeks they may not be at full function, however, they may still need to continue physical therapy for a while and be careful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestion 2: &lt;strong&gt;If your character sustained &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/1101/p2029.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a partial thickness (second-degree) burn&lt;/a&gt; on their hand/wrist, the healing time is around 2-3 weeks in most cases.&lt;/strong&gt;  He/she could have burned themselves on fire, the stove, hot metal or chemicals.  If the burn is extensive, especially on the fingers or back of the hand (where there is higher tension on the skin), the doc may apply a semi-immobilizing brace to hold the hand in a neutral position, to prevent the person from flexing the digit/hand and breaking apart the healing skin.  Burns are treated with specific creams and bandaging to protect from infection, so the brace is usually removed once or twice a day to change bandages. Burns can, though not always, leave pretty impressive scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggestion 3: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1015/p945.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sutures for lacerations&lt;/a&gt; on the hand are usually removed at 10-14 days.&lt;/strong&gt;  Not all lacerations are treated with sutures, but if they are deep OR on the back side of the hand (where there is higher tension on the skin) it is more common.  It the injuries are extensive, especially if it's across a joint line (like the wrist or knuckles), then after suturing and bandaging they may apply a similar brace. Note that unlike burns, you usually don't keep a bandage on after a day or two.  If they had to leave a brace on, they may just use a non-stick bandage between the sutures and the brace and make sure it's not too tight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty easy to find an embarrassing way to have this happen, it all depends on the situation and the character.  There are a thousand ways to fall, cut yourself, burn yourself, or otherwise hurt a hand.  I've certainly done it.  We tend to stick them out to protect ourselves whenever we're falling, to shield ourselves from oncoming harm, or to stop other people/things.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-17T05:30:54.283" LastActivityDate="2017-09-17T05:30:54.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-16T06:17:56.410" Score="2" ViewCount="329" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why couldn't the physicians put the patient under during the procedure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16572" OwnerDisplayName="larry4699" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T22:58:13.517" Title="Why patient has to be awake during cardiac catheterization?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-11-30T05:50:49.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13671" CreationDate="2017-09-17T08:46:01.730" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple reasons it's not preferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure is not extremely invasive or very painful and can usually be tolerated awake.  Most procedures that CAN be tolerated awake ARE done awake. General anesthesia has more risks than just anesthetic locally and an anxiolytic to relax the patient.  It often requires airway protection (e.g. MAC or intubation) which also carries risks, and generally requires anesthesiology present in the room. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes if there is concern that the patient cannot handle it and would move excessively due to anxiety or such, then they may do moderate/general anesthesia on a case by case basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not something I could specifically find, but I can theorize that if there were to be disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque resulting in stroke, rare but a potential risk of the procedure, then the physician could identify signs of stroke far better when the patient is awake then when asleep.  Interventions to treat stroke are time-sensitive (&quot;time is brain&quot; is the saying) so a delay could have serious results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/procedural-sedation-in-adults-outside-the-operating-room#H1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate Procedural sedation in adults outside the operating room&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthetic-considerations-for-electrophysiology-interventional-cardiology-and-transesophageal-echocardiography-procedures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate Anesthetic considerations for electrophysiology, interventional cardiology, and transesophageal echocardiography procedures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="15555" LastEditDate="2019-03-18T05:46:13.520" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T05:46:13.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13573" CreationDate="2017-09-17T14:53:34.160" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite being a long known spice and its known &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon#Traditional_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;role in traditional medicine&lt;/a&gt; the modern evidence for health related benefits and detriments of cinnamon are sparse.The NCCIH sums it up with &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCCIH Publication No.463: Cinnamon&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies done in people don’t support using cinnamon for any health&#xA;  condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cinnamon is indeed used in the way the OP phrased it, but whether it is really effective remains currently dubious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Results in Favour of Cinnamon&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some scientific studies showing very interesting and promising results like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ppar/2008/581348/abs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Improved Insulin Resistance and Lipid Metabolism by Cinnamon Extract through  Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are&#xA;  transcriptional factors involved in the regulation of insulin&#xA;  resistance and adipogenesis. Cinnamon, a widely used spice in food&#xA;  preparation and traditional antidiabetic remedy, is found to activate&#xA;  PPAR and , resulting in improved insulin resistance, reduced fasted&#xA;  glucose, FFA, LDL-c, and AST levels in high-caloric diet-induced&#xA;  obesity (DIO) and  mice in its water extract form. In vitro studies&#xA;  demonstrate that cinnamon increases the expression of peroxisome&#xA;  proliferator-activated receptors  and  (PPAR/) and their target genes&#xA;  such as LPL, CD36, GLUT4, and ACO in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. The&#xA;  transactivities of both full length and ligand-binding domain (LBD) of&#xA;  PPAR and PPAR are activated by cinnamon as evidenced by reporter gene&#xA;  assays. These data suggest that cinnamon in its water extract form can&#xA;  act as a dual activator of PPAR and , and may be an alternative to&#xA;  PPAR activator in managing obesity-related diabetes and&#xA;  hyperlipidemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089990071200144X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cinnamon polyphenols regulate multiple metabolic pathways involved in insulin signaling and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism of small intestinal enterocytes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;  Ex vivo, the cinnamon extract significantly decreased the amount of&#xA;  apolipoprotein-B48 secretion into the media, inhibited the mRNA&#xA;  expression of genes of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β,&#xA;  interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and induced the expression&#xA;  of the anti-inflammatory gene, Zfp36. CE also increased the mRNA&#xA;  expression of genes leading to increased insulin sensitivity,&#xA;  including Ir, Irs1, Irs2, Pi3k, and Akt1, and decreased Pten&#xA;  expression. CE also inhibited genes associated with increased&#xA;  cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and apolipoprotein-B48 levels,&#xA;  including Abcg5, Npc1l1, Cd36, Mttp, and Srebp1c, and facilitated&#xA;  Abca1 expression. CE also stimulated the phospho-p38 mitogen-activated&#xA;  protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and&#xA;  extracellular-signal-regulated kinase expressions determined by flow&#xA;  cytometry, with no changes in protein levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  These results demonstrate that the CE regulates genes associated with&#xA;  insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and cholesterol/lipogenesis&#xA;  metabolism and the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase&#xA;  signal pathway in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/193229681000400324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cinnamon: Potential Role in the Prevention of Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Metabolic syndrome is associated with insulin resistance, elevated&#xA;  glucose and lipids, inflammation, decreased antioxidant activity,&#xA;  increased weight gain, and increased glycation of proteins. Cinnamon&#xA;  has been shown to improve all of these variables in &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;, animal,&#xA;  and/or human studies. In addition, cinnamon has been shown to&#xA;  alleviate factors associated with Alzheimer's disease by blocking and&#xA;  reversing tau formation &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; and in ischemic stroke by blocking&#xA;  cell swelling. &lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; studies also show that components of cinnamon&#xA;  control angiogenesis associated with the proliferation of cancer&#xA;  cells. Human studies involving control subjects and subjects with&#xA;  metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary&#xA;  syndrome all show beneficial effects of whole cinnamon and/or aqueous&#xA;  extracts of cinnamon on glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity, lipids,&#xA;  antioxidant status, blood pressure, lean body mass, and gastric&#xA;  emptying. However, not all studies have shown positive effects of&#xA;  cinnamon, and type and amount of cinnamon, as well as the type of&#xA;  subjects and drugs subjects are taking, are likely to affect the&#xA;  response to cinnamon. In summary, components of cinnamon may be&#xA;  important in the alleviation and prevention of the signs and symptoms&#xA;  of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and related&#xA;  diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Metabolism Accelerator?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most promising indicators going into the direction of the question's &quot;metabolism acceleration&quot; might be found in studies like these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0026-0495(17)30212-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CA activates thermogenic and metabolic responses &lt;strong&gt;in mouse and human primary subcutaneous adipocytes&lt;/strong&gt; in a cell-autonomous manner, giving a mechanistic explanation for the anti-obesity effects of CA observed previously and further supporting its &lt;strong&gt;potential metabolic benefits on humans&lt;/strong&gt;. Given the wide usage of cinnamon in the food industry, the notion that this popular food additive, instead of a drug, may activate thermogenesis, could ultimately lead to therapeutic strategies against obesity that are much better adhered to by participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Inconclusive Results&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But trying to gain a systematic view on such a complex substance is quite a challenge.&#xA;The Cochrane Library  concludes in &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is insufficient evidence to support the use of cinnamon for type&#xA;  1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further trials, which address the&#xA;  issues of allocation concealment and blinding, are now required. The&#xA;  inclusion of other important endpoints, such as health-related quality&#xA;  of life, diabetes complications and costs, is also needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another 2011 Research Summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One fairly well-studied supplement used to help hyperglycemia in diabetics is cassia cinnamon. Animal and laboratory studies have indicated that cinnamon may mimic the effects of insulin and make cells more sensitive to insulin (Anderson et al., 2004).&#xA;  In diabetic patients, some studies have shown a favorable response; some no effect. The most comprehensive review of cinnamon use in diabetics, published in 2008 by the journal Diabetes Care (Baker et al., 2008), found no metabolic benefits to the use of cinnamon by type I or type II diabetics. Specifically, no benefits to fasting blood glucose, lipids, or cholesterol were observed in a meta-analysis of five small clinical trials.&lt;a href=&quot;http://Ronald%20Ross%20Watson%20and%20Victor%20R.%20Preedy:&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Bioactive Food As Dietary Interventions For Diabetes&quot;&gt; [Ronald Ross Watson and Victor R. Preedy: &quot;Bioactive Food As Dietary Interventions For Diabetes&quot;, Academic Press: San Diego, London, 2013&lt;/a&gt;,  p377.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas an article in Annals of Family Medicine sees it in more positive light:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019277&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically&#xA;  significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, total&#xA;  cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels, and an increase in HDL-C&#xA;  levels; however, no significant effect on hemoglobin A1c was found.&#xA;  The high degree of heterogeneity may limit the ability to apply these&#xA;  results to patient care, because the preferred dose and duration of&#xA;  therapy are unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that most of the positive results where obtained in beakers and rats, while studies of its effect in humans are mostly either negative, not replicated or inconclusive. Citing a single study that is not a fundamental and large breakthrough is usually a good indication that the newspapers have filled their bogus pipeline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect on metabolic rate seems to be out of focus for the interest in cinnamon and its most promising fields of application as a medicine are directed to diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Whether those sources cited by the OP have &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; background in valid and reliable scientific evidence seems unlikely. More likely is that they are all examples of 'journalism' (this is meant as an insult) and bad science communication: Taking preliminary findings and blowing them out of proportion, misrepresenting the facts given to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cinnamon in moderation as a spice is nice. If used as an agreeable herb that makes fibrous ingredients more attractive without adding much calories it is superb. If taken as a medicine or supplement it can be quite ineffective and at the same time dangerous. This is especially true if one does not differentiate between cinnamon and cassia. If using large amounts of cinnamon might still be a goal then there are some more things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/508/11231&quot;&gt;How much cinnamon is too much?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T12:25:52.253" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T12:25:52.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-18T00:16:26.570" Score="4" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which criteria should one look at when purchasing an electric toothbrush (from a medical perspective, i.e. ignoring non-medical criteria such as price, battery, life expectancy or warranty), and what's at the optimal value for each of these criteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some ideas of criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;number of brush strokes per minute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vibration mode&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;shape of the brush (see below for some examples)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the question is too broad,  I don't mind asking about each criterion in separate questions (though I might not be aware of all the criteria).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of shapes of the brush:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nX067.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nX067.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://qr.ae/TbcMuj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://qr.ae/TbcMuj&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/70rfce&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/70rfce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-18T03:41:38.667" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:03.403" Title="Which criteria should one look at when purchasing an electric toothbrush?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13678" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-18T01:54:12.167" Score="11" ViewCount="581" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel as if the question to &quot;vapes&quot; is unclear whether or not if it is bad for your lungs. I have done plenty of research and have found people only talking about E-Cigarettes, leaving me in confusion about if vapes &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; any nicotine contain harmful substances for your lungs. (I am &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; talking about E-Cigarettes, which I believe is a vape &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; nicotine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion. If you decide to use a vape, &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; any nicotine, the question still lingers as to if it is still harmful to your lungs. Is it still causing damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11120" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T12:38:14.920" Title="Does 'vaping' affect your lungs?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15584" CreationDate="2017-09-18T09:49:51.957" Score="7" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between being fat and obese?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is being fat healthy? Some parents are very happy to have kids who are fat. They say fat is healthy, but being overweight isn't. Why would this be the case? What adverse health effects are there when one is obese (or fat, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11356" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-19T15:59:32.813" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T05:46:14.047" Title="Fat vs. Obesity" Tags="&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-18T17:22:25.217" Score="2" ViewCount="4948" Body="&lt;p&gt;What can be the cause of painless, swollen tonsils with white spots and streaks (exudates) on them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in the example picture below, what might the differential diagnosis be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DCeL9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Image of issue&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11408" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T19:40:30.630" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T19:40:30.630" Title="Differential diagnosis of swolen tonsils with exudates" Tags="&lt;tonsillitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11275" CreationDate="2017-09-19T00:26:25.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stress and excitement both activate the sympathetic nervous system, so they can feel very physically similar (high heart rates, etc.) The main difference is in higher-level brain processing, where stress is subjectively perceived as negative and excitement as positive. Interestingly, there is a study that proposes &quot;anxiety reappraisal&quot; in which you tell yourself you're excited instead of nervous, to facilitate management of high-stress situations. See popular press coverage here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/03/youre-excited-not-nervous-you-just-keep-telling-yourself-that.html&lt;/a&gt; and the original study by Alison Wood Brooks here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://adobe99u.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/xge-a0035325.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-09-19T00:26:25.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-19T06:46:43.187" Score="4" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I read something on nih.gov or nhs.uk, I trust that what I'm reading is scientifically reliable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these sites do not really focus on cosmetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a website that is aimed at the general public, and provides information about cosmetics, and various cosmetic procedures like lasering or derma-rolling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the things I find about cosmetics online are written by questionable sources, such as consumers (who don't have a scientific background), or companies who clearly have a vested interest in certain products. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there an impartial, scientifically reliable and extensive website about cosmetics, cosmetic surgery, cosmetic products, etc?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9758" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T11:20:14.277" Title="Is there a reliable website about cosmetic science?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13690" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-19T13:04:10.633" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes when I get up from lying down or sitting position I feel lightheaded. I can also get ringing in my ears and/or dizziness. It goes away on its own after about a minute. If I get up slowly it can help prevent those symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there's any other way to prevent this from happening or an explanation of why it might happen. I've asked my doctor about this in the past who didn't really have an answer other than suggesting I get up slowly. I've had tests (blood, heart, blood pressure) that show everything is fine. I'm a male in my early 30s who is otherwise healthy. I've had these symptoms for about 10 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11414" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T11:18:34.273" Title="Any way to prevent lightheadedness when getting up?" Tags="&lt;dizziness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13689" CreationDate="2017-09-19T14:04:11.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would trust the professional organizations' websites and journals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Academy of Dermatology  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.AAD.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.AAD.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Osteopathic College of Dermatology &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aocd.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aocd.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Journal of Clinical Dermatology &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/journal/40257&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/journal/40257&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01909622?sdc=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01909622?sdc=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or google your terms followed by site:aad.org  or site:aocd.org etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finding evidence for the newest procedures is harder; there's simply less of it.  I find this to be the case myself.  Dermatologists themselves differ in what they accept and practice from newer technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other major peer reviewed medical reference, like UpToDate, I would as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T11:20:14.277" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T11:20:14.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13692" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-19T15:26:34.970" Score="3" ViewCount="432" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Trypsin + Chymotrypsin (100000 AU) tablet interact with alcohol? I have been prescribed this for a subconjuctival hemorrhage. Online searches led me nowhere on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11417" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:02:19.967" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:02:19.967" Title="Interaction of Trypsin or Chymotrypsin with alcohol" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;&lt;blood-shot-eyes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13710" CreationDate="2017-09-19T17:23:25.027" Score="5" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;A health conscious person might wander around these days and see a lot of advertising going on, that says: &quot;Eat More Protein!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go to a site that calls itself healthline you are even presented with the title:  &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-reasons-to-eat-more-protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10 Science-Backed Reasons to Eat More Protein&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really the case? For everyone? What are scientifically valid reasons that might object to such a broad and general advice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-20T08:53:46.693" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T15:10:17.643" Title="Should we all eat more Protein?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13694" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-19T19:19:15.617" Score="2" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can serum electrolytes (such as Ca Mg or K) within NORMAL limits rise or drop substantially within 12-24 hours?  Enough to go outside of normal range, even to the point of being symptomatic? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11419" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-09-20T20:41:50.220" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T05:01:01.887" Title="How fast can serum calcium, magnesium and potassium levels change?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-20T00:36:05.040" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of my wife taking clonazepam during pregnancy? To be specific, I am looking for recent studies on this, I have done a lot of research and am fairly confused by what I have read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11422" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T14:00:05.157" Title="Clonazepam and pregnancy" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;benzodiazepines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13698" CreationDate="2017-09-20T01:34:24.173" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is an issue for which YOU NEED to have a risks-benefits discussion with a doctor.&lt;/strong&gt; Only they can help guide you whether to continue the medication or not, as there may be risks either way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am answering this question because it is helpful&lt;/strong&gt; to be aware that until recently, the FDA classified medications into &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy-categories.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pregnancy Risk Categories&lt;/a&gt; based upon evidence from studies &lt;em&gt;or lack thereof.&lt;/em&gt;  They removed these labels (for reasons outside the scope of this question) but the categories are helpful at least to start with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benzodiazepines as a class were Category D in pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; including clonazepam.  Some Benzodiazepines were Category X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Category D&#xA;  There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.&#xA;  Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam, losartan, &lt;strong&gt;clonazepam&lt;/strong&gt;, lorazepam&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Category X&#xA;  Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.&#xA;  Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does NOT mean 100% for sure that a medication should not be taken - it is ALWAYS IMPORTANT to have a risks-benefits discussion with a doctor for medications during pregnancy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T01:34:24.173" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13700" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13702" CreationDate="2017-09-20T01:42:05.000" Score="5" ViewCount="613" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder many people say  &quot;If too much smile can be wrinkles on the face?&quot; From some &lt;strong&gt;articles&lt;/strong&gt;, I found some opinions that is the smile can be wrinkles on the face. But on the other hand is not it if we smile it means we are happy ? and is not it if we smile can make us stay young?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11356" LastEditorUserId="11356" LastEditDate="2017-09-20T14:51:39.730" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T14:51:39.730" Title="Fact or Myth, Will too much smile cause wrinkles?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;smile-smiling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13700" CreationDate="2017-09-20T05:30:48.663" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wrinkles are not directly proportional to age; people have different collagen properties.  Some people wrinkle far earlier than others, and in different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But yes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wrinkles/symptoms-causes/dxc-20265774&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;smiling does promote wrinkles to some degree&lt;/a&gt; due to repeated muscular contractions causing the same skin wrinkling pattern, but smiling also has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201206/there-s-magic-in-your-smile&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;beneficial&lt;/a&gt; and lasting &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neuropsychotherapist.com/the-neuroscience-of-smiling-and-laughter/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;neurobiological effects&lt;/a&gt; that go far beyond the minimal superficial impact of slightly deeper wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T05:30:48.663" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13694" CreationDate="2017-09-20T06:26:16.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood levels for electrolytes are maintained by homeostasis in most people, primarily in the kidneys.  But they can actually vary quite widely within hours - depending on health conditions and medications.  It can even vary fatally in some (rare) cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I cannot give a more complete answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are too many possible reasons to discuss adequately in an answer.  Therefore it would have to be individualized, which we can't do here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gather all your results and take them to a primary care doctor (or GP or whatever they're called where you're from) along with a list of your symptoms (in chronological order) and questions.  They can guide your evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T06:26:16.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-20T13:13:52.610" Score="8" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am familiar with Harrison's principles of internal medicine and Nelson's textbook of pediatrics, which I've heard are regarded as the go-to books in their respective fields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for more books of the same level in other medical fields (especially psychiatry and obstetrics), so I was wondering if there was anywhere a list of the best textbooks for each medical expertise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T13:13:52.610" Title="Is there a list of the most prominent textbooks in each field of medical expertise?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T00:31:15.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13693" CreationDate="2017-09-20T14:15:38.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer yes, unless you have got any condition stopping you from doing so.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Now the long answer:&#xA;Protein is the building block of the body. If we consider the human body as a huge network of interconnected chemical reactions, we can appreciate it a little better. Mostof chemical reactions in the body use enzymes as catalyst and most enzymes are proteins. A quick google search will provide you info on that matter.&#xA;Coming to topic at hand the protein RDA for a normal sedentary individual is &lt;strong&gt;0.8-1g/kg&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-much-protein-do-you-need-every-day-201506188096&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/how-much-protein-do-you-need-every-day-201506188096&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;This value pales in comparison to the protein intake of athletes and especially body builders. As you increase your physical activity your body's demand for protein increases,as you're breaking down muscle to build more: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023001?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11023001?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21660839?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21660839?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; This is the reason for the association of high intake of protein with physically active individuals. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;For someone doing moderate amounts of resistance training 1.6-2g/kg should be fine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22150425&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;High intensity strength training individuals have been reported to take around 3g/kg.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;For better explanation may I suggest this video&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeKn-ym6sgE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeKn-ym6sgE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11380" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T14:15:38.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-20T14:49:57.097" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen multiple product advertisements for DGL Licorice and was wondering if there is a scientific consensus on the health benefits of the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11409" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T02:38:57.090" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T02:38:57.090" Title="What are health benefits of DGL Licorice" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13693" CreationDate="2017-09-20T15:10:17.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on the diet and the person. However, protein myths abound because people look at extreme ends of the scale, and assume that outlier needs are suitable for the masses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for homeostasis and general maintenance, then the upper limit that has been shown in studies to be beneficial is 1.6g/kg/d, or about .73g/lb/day. 1g/lb/day is a little bit of overkill, but is an easy mark to remember. Where the outlier comes in is people using steroids for bodybuilding, which allows greater protein use than in a naturally training person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking for weight/fat loss with lean mass maintenance (i.e. losing as little muscle as possible while cutting calories), then a higher rate of protein intake is recommended to help make up for caloric deficits in carbohydrates. It is also noted that the higher the level of athlete, the &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; you need the protein (i.e. elite level athletes need less protein than beginners, as counterintuitive as that sounds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02640414.2011.619204?scroll=top&amp;amp;needAccess=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta analysis by Philips and Loon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our consensus opinion is that leucine, and possibly the other branched-chain amino acids, occupy a position of prominence in stimulating muscle protein synthesis; that protein intakes in the range of 1.3–1.8 g · kg−1 · day−1 consumed as 3–4 isonitrogenous meals will maximize muscle protein synthesis. These recommendations may also be dependent on training status: experienced athletes would require less, while more protein should be consumed during periods of high frequency/intensity training. Elevated protein consumption, as high as 1.8–2.0 g · kg−1 · day−1 depending on the caloric deficit, may be advantageous in preventing lean mass losses during periods of energy restriction to promote fat loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That article is an excellent read, and contains many links and references to studies on various protein intakes for low to elite level athletes and body builders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://bayesianbodybuilding.com/the-myth-of-1glb-optimal-protein-intake-for-bodybuilders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another very well written article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check if maybe there still isn't a slight benefit of going higher in protein that all these studies couldn't find, I co-authored a meta-analysis with some of the world's leading fitness researchers. We again a cut-off point at exactly 1.6g/kg/d beyond which no further benefits for muscle growth or strength development are seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the sound research, many review papers have concluded 0.82g/lb is the upper limit at which protein intake benefits body composition (Phillips &amp;amp; Van Loon, 2011). This recommendation often includes a double 95% confidence level, meaning they took the highest mean intake at which benefits were still observed and then added two standard deviations to that level to make absolutely sure all possible benefits from additional protein intake are utilized. As such, this is already overdoing it and consuming 1g/lb ”˜to be safe' doesn't make any sense. 0.82g/lb is already very safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examining the article you link in the question, the end includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though a higher protein intake can have health benefits for many people, it is not necessary for everyone.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Most people already eat protein at around 15% of calories, which is more than enough to prevent deficiency&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;However, in certain cases, people can benefit from eating much more than that, or up to 25-30% of calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It then links to an article on &amp;quot;how much protein you should be eating&amp;quot;, which notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common recommendation for gaining muscle is 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight, or 2.2 grams of protein per kg.&#xA;Numerous studies have tried to determine the optimal amount of protein for muscle gain and many of them have reached different conclusions.&#xA;Some studies show that over 0.8 grams per pound has no benefit (13), while others show that intakes slightly higher than 1 gram of protein per pound is best (14).&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Although it's hard to give exact figures because of conflicting results in studies, 0.7-1 grams (give or take) per pound of body weight seems to be a reasonable estimate&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while all the articles agree that a general intake of around 1g/lb/day is the upper limit of beneficial, they also agree that in specific diets and goals, increasing the amount of protein can aid in weight loss and lean mass retention. I believe that is the intent of your original article, despite the somewhat click bait title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T15:10:17.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13690" CreationDate="2017-09-20T15:20:38.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everyone gets dizzy to some degree when they get up &lt;em&gt;suddenly&lt;/em&gt; from a supine position (laying down) or even sitting. When significant, this is called orthostatic hypotension. The most common cause in a 'normal' person is because the veins in your legs hold more blood proportionally lying down than when standing and walking. When you suddenly stand, the blood returning to your heart in insufficient to supply your brain &lt;em&gt;momentarily&lt;/em&gt; (i.e. your &lt;em&gt;cardiac output&lt;/em&gt; decreases.) The answer is, indeed, getting up slowly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, keeping well hydrated may help; Since in a supine position the venous capacitance is high, move the muscles in your legs - all of them from your toes up - to increase blood return to the heart. Start by pointing toes (entire foot) down then up a few times, rotate your ankles, stretch your legs, bend your knees, squeeze your knees together, push them apart against resistance, etc. If you're on your back, roll over once or twice and back again. Then see if all that helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this only happens in the morning, keep water by your bed and drink a couple of glasses of water (about 16 oz) before getting up (ideally up to 30 minutes before), and elevate the head of your bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get enough exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of medical causes of dizziness on standing as well. Because of your age and how long this has been going on, one would need to do a few tests to see if your nervous system is slow to respond to sudden changes in cardiac output (this is called autonomic dysfunction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is bothersome enough, a more in-depth evaluation should be done. Only a good exam by a doctor can tell if it is significant enough to warrant further investigation. If you're unhappy with your doctor's approach, get a second opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Above all, take @DoctorWhom's advice in her comment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;the paper below discusses some scary things. Please keep in mind that due to your age, you're unlikely to have many of these conditions.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2888469/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing and treating orthostatic hypotension: As easy as A, B, C&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T11:18:34.273" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T11:18:34.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-20T16:26:45.700" Score="7" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, what steps could a layperson take to ensure the product they consume is healthy for them, or to get to know the adverse health effects of said product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good answer would talk about where to find medical studies regarding consumption of products, how to evaluate the reliability of those studies, and what other easily accessible resources one should consult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T01:48:47.453" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T13:44:42.197" Title="How do I evaluate health benefits and health advertisements of products?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-09-20T23:49:50.687" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13713" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13714" CreationDate="2017-09-20T16:44:31.180" Score="28" ViewCount="4490" Body="&lt;p&gt;E-Cigarettes have been recommended by a fair share of physicians as a substitute for cigarettes because they are supposedly healthier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the scientific consensus on the health effects of e-cigarettes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T00:24:19.827" Title="What are known health effects of smoking e-cigarettes" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13713" CreationDate="2017-09-20T16:44:31.180" Score="29" Body="&lt;h2&gt;We do not know&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a bit unsatisfying as an answer, but it's the truth. Vaping is around for somewhat 13 years (&lt;a href=&quot;http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/25/world/fg-china-cigarettes25&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;invented in 2003&lt;/a&gt;), but the international breakthrough was so recent that no long term studies have been conducted with meaningful results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is all there is to it. Feel free to read extracts from the studies below to get a broader understanding of how complicated and convoluted research in this area is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources stating it's at least healthier than tobacco cigarettes&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0194599814536847&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (“E-cigarettes”)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &#xA;Paul Truman Harrell, PhD, Vani Nath Simmons, PhD, John Bernard Correa, Tapan Ashvin Padhya, MD, Thomas Henry Brandon, PhD&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Vol 151, Issue 3, pp. 381 - 393&lt;br&gt;&#xA;First published date: June-04-2014 , DOI: 10.1177/0194599814536847&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;E-cigarettes currently vary widely in their contents and are sometimes inconsistent with labeling. &lt;strong&gt;Compared to tobacco cigarettes, available evidence suggests that e-cigarettes are often substantially lower in toxic content, cytotoxicity, associated adverse effects, and secondhand toxicity exposure.&lt;/strong&gt; Data on the use of e-cigarettes for quitting smoking are suggestive but ultimately inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/360220#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Nutt D, J, Phillips L, D, Balfour D, Curran H, V, Dockrell M, Foulds J, Fagerstrom K, Letlape K, Milton A, Polosa R, Ramsey J, Sweanor D, Eur Addict Res 2014;20:218-225&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings&lt;/strong&gt;: Weighted averages of the scores provided a single, overall score for each product. Cigarettes (overall weighted score of 100) emerged as the most harmful product, with small cigars in second place (overall weighted score of 64). After a substantial gap to the third-place product, pipes (scoring 21), all remaining products scored 15 points or less.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Interpretation&lt;/strong&gt;: Cigarettes are the nicotine product causing by far the most harm to users and others in the world today. &lt;strong&gt;Attempts to switch to non-combusted sources of nicotine should be encouraged as the harms from these products are much lower.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/co-otolaryngology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&amp;amp;issue=10000&amp;amp;article=00004&amp;amp;type=abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preventing or reducing smoking-related complications in otologic and neurotologic surgery.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Golub, Justin S.; Samy, Ravi N. Otolaryngology &amp;amp; Head &amp;amp; Neck Surgery: October 2015 - Volume 23 - Issue 5 - p 334–340&#xA;doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000184&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cigarette smoking negatively influences otologic surgery results, mostly because of tobacco combustion byproducts. Counseling and, if needed, pharmacologic measures to reduce smoking are recommended. E-cigarettes that deliver nicotine in water vapor may be safer than tobacco smoking. Our review contributes to the discussion of how the trends of e-cigarette use and marijuana legalization will unfold in the future to affect our patients’ outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350653/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, Worrall-Carter L. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2014;12(1):21. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-12-21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The literature search revealed 37 relevant articles. Findings suggest that e-cigarettes are mostly used by middle-aged current smokers, particularly males, to help them for quitting or for recreation. E-cigarettes contain very low levels of multiple toxic substances such as formaldehyde and acrolein, &lt;strong&gt;but these levels are many times lower than those found in cigarettes. They were found to have effectiveness in aiding smoking cessation to a limited degree.&lt;/strong&gt; Debate continues regarding regulating their use for cessation versus heavy restrictions to control recreational use on the basis that it perpetuates nicotine addiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources stating it's as bad as nicotine patches or worse when looking for a substitute to cigarettes&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00989-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Jon O. Ebbert, MD, Amenah A. Agunwamba, ScD, MPH, Lila J. Rutten, PhD, MPH. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. January 2015, Volume 90, Issue 1, Pages 128–134.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clear evidence about the safety of e-cigarettes is &lt;strong&gt;lacking, and laboratory experiments and case reports suggest these products may be associated with potential adverse health consequences&lt;/strong&gt;. The effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation is &lt;strong&gt;modest and appears to be comparable to the nicotine patch combined with minimal behavioral support&lt;/strong&gt;. Although a role for e-cigarettes in the treatment of tobacco dependence may emerge in the future, the potential risk of e-cigarettes outweighs their known benefit as a recommended tobacco treatment strategy by clinicians. Patients should be counseled on the known efficacy and potential risks of e-cigarettes.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00989-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00989-6/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources stating it's unclear whether it can be used for tobacco cessation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/aim/article/2443060/behavioral-pharmacotherapy-interventions-tobacco-smoking-cessation-adults-including-pregnant-women&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; Siu AL.  Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:622–634. doi: 10.7326/M15-2023&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is &lt;strong&gt;insufficient to recommend electronic nicotine delivery systems for tobacco cessation in adults&lt;/strong&gt;, including pregnant women. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians direct patients who smoke tobacco to other cessation interventions with established effectiveness and safety.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/aim/article/2443060/behavioral-pharmacotherapy-interventions-tobacco-smoking-cessation-adults-including-pregnant-women&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://annals.org/aim/article/2443060/behavioral-pharmacotherapy-interventions-tobacco-smoking-cessation-adults-including-pregnant-women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/457102/Ecigarettes_an_evidence_update_A_report_commissioned_by_Public_Health_England_FINAL.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;E-cigarettes: an evidence update. A report commissioned by Public Health England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DrugFacts from DrugAbuse.gov, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cigarettes-other-tobacco-products&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Royal College of Physicians in London: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FDA Rule about Tobacco Products &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/10/2016-10685/deeming-tobacco-products-to-be-subject-to-the-federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-as-amended-by-the&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(&lt;em&gt;Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5G4Pz.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5G4Pz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;References of the image&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(28 April 2015). &quot;E-cigarettes: Considerations for the otolaryngologist.&quot;. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology. DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.032. PMID 25998217.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2014). &quot;Science and Electronic Cigarettes&quot;. Journal of Addiction Medicine 8 (4): 223–233. DOI:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049. PMID 25089952. PMC: 4122311. ISSN 1932-0620.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2016). &quot;Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions&quot;. Cornea 35 (7): 1015–1018. DOI:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881. PMID 27191672. PMC: 4900417. ISSN 0277-3740.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grana, R (13 May 2014). &quot;E-cigarettes: a scientific review.&quot;. Circulation 129 (19): 1972–86. DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMID 24821826. PMC: 4018182.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ebbert, Jon O. (2015). &quot;Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes&quot;. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90 (1): 128–134. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004. PMID 25572196. ISSN 00256196.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A. (2015). &quot;Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians&quot;. The American Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. PMID 25731134. ISSN 00029343.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2017). &quot;E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: A Primer for Oncology Clinicians&quot;. Clin J Oncol Nurs. DOI:10.1188/17.CJON.54-63. PMID 28107337.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Author of the Image: Mikael Häggström&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Image Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adverse_effects_of_vaping_(raster).png#Summary&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-20T19:40:20.487" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T19:40:20.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13683" CreationDate="2017-09-20T17:02:07.417" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the picture you provided, the tonsils are enlarged and they appear to be &lt;em&gt;cryptic&lt;/em&gt; (that is, they have little &quot;caves&quot; where food and bacteria can get trapped and grow.) Cryptic tonsils are common, painless, a common cause of bad breath, and a source of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/50847-tonsil-stones.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;tonsilliths/tonsilloliths&quot;&lt;/a&gt; or tonsil stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a picture of a tonsils with tonsilliths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x61Pom.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x61Pom.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Exudates&lt;/em&gt; are whitish material that appear on tonsils which are inflammed. The cause can be viral or bacterial. Sometimes the exudates are so typical of one or the other that a fairly accurate diagnosis can be made just by looking at the throat. For example, &lt;strong&gt;Infectious Mononucleosis&lt;/strong&gt; is characterized by enlarged tonsils (sometimes so enlarged that they meet in the middle, called &quot;kissing tonsils&quot;) and a membraneous-looking exudate, as in the picture below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yK7VM.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yK7VM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tonsillar ulcers usually occur with viral infections. They look like craters, usually surrounded with redness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pmpjfm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pmpjfm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strep is the most common bacterial infection of the throat. Strep throat  can look like anything or even nothing, so I won't include a picture, because the appearance of the throat is usually useless for its diagnosis. Exudates of some kind are common but not necessary. Strep throat is treated with an antibiotic, as is diptheria and gonococcus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diptheria is a very serious infection where the tonsild are covered by a membrane somewhat similar to Infectious Mononucleosis, but usually worse. A vaccination program can largely eliminate diptheria except in cases where immunity has worn off or has never &quot;taken&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1LyOf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1LyOf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Candidiasis is a yeast infection common in children, when it is called &quot;thrush&quot;. It is treated with antifungals. The exudates are more diffuse, appearing on the uvula, the palate, and sometimes the tongue as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x9D8q.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x9D8q.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many viruses that can cause exudates, and antibiotics don't help when a virus is the cause. The most common causes of sore throat with exudates is a virus, not all of which are listed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to know the cause of an exudate for two reasons: contagiousness (how likely someone you come into contact with can become infected) and other organ systems which may become involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both strep and Infectious Mononucleosis can be diagnosed on an office visit (perhaps two if the first test is equivocal.) Strep is painful; Infectious Mononucleosis can be painful or not, is common in young adults, and is easily spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you see a throat like that pictured in the question, the safest and smartest thing to do is to be seen by your doctor, so that you get treated if needed, and so that you don't unknowingly spread an infection. The doctor can advise you on the precautions necessary and what to look for that means the infection is getting worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/764304-differential&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharyngitis Differential Diagnoses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2017-09-20T17:02:07.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13712" CreationDate="2017-09-20T18:42:37.407" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Educate yourself! That means reading up. From reliable sources.  Most of the information on the internet is mere statements on sites that present health relevant info as easy and simple. But in reality most often answers to your question are not so easy and not so simple. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While certain companies and sometimes even mother nature might not subscribe to the following principle, at least you should treat yourself like a good doctor promised to do: first, do no harm! That means when looking for information you should always keep a very keen eye on on the cost/benefit relation that the information you find will hopefully enable you to estimate. Look for the possible side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Using information about the product in general&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt; is a free archive of medical articles regarding almost anything. Enter the product name (or the active agent) and see what comes up. &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have questions regarding a specific article, &lt;strong&gt;feel free to ask here.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If  you are looking for the whole article source, and not just the abstract, copy the article name and paste it into a Google search field, using parenthesis (&quot;Abstract Title Goes Here&quot;). This way, Google will only show you search results for exactly this combination of words. Check through a few links at the top to see whether one of the archives has the full text without a text wall. If you still do not find the full text, consult your university library (if any) or talk to your librarian in your public library. Otherwise, &lt;strong&gt;ask on our main chatroom, &lt;a href=&quot;https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/22477/the-waiting-room&quot;&gt;The Waiting Room&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and someone might be able to help you out.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visit the website of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt; and search for the name of your product.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If negative or positive health effects are listed and you do not understand why the product in question does have this effect, &lt;strong&gt;feel free to ask here&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MayoClinic&lt;/a&gt; and see if anything pops up. &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have questions regarding the Mayo Clinic Article, &lt;strong&gt;feel free to ask here.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do go to the bottom of the article and have a read through the sources MayoClinic provides. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Try googling the product name directly (using parenthesis). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are uncertain, whether such the search results come from reliable resources, &lt;strong&gt;ask on our main chatroom, The Waiting Room&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do not understand why the product has the effect you were able to find, &lt;strong&gt;feel free to ask here&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For cosmetics and their ingredients you might consult databases like &lt;a href=&quot;http://codecheck.info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CodeCheck&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SkinDeep&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Using information about the ingredients&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research all molecules and ingredients of the product at &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do not understand what a chemical compound is, or how it interacts with other chemicals, &lt;strong&gt;feel free to visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;Chemistry.SE&lt;/a&gt; and ask there&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have a question about the interaction of said chemical with your body, visit the sections &quot;Drug and Medication Information&quot;, &quot;Pharmacology and Biochemistry&quot; and &quot;Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways&quot;. If you do not understand information there, &lt;strong&gt;decide whether you should ask at Chemistry.SE or here&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T13:44:42.197" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T13:44:42.197" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-09-20T18:42:37.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13752" CreationDate="2017-09-21T01:03:57.300" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Updated Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of all the standard dose vaccines, which one is most strongest? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Flu shot doesn't guarantee against flu, but it is a layer of defense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to  this link there is Afluria, Fluarix, FluLavel, Fluzone. How are they different, which one should I ask for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/rr6602a1.htm#T1_down&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influenza Vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 2015 to 2016 I received FLUARIX QUAD 2015-2015 SYRINGE in Dec 2015&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For 2016 to 2017 I received AFLURIA 2016-2017 SYRINGE in Oct 2016&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="1456" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T18:11:55.523" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T00:15:26.303" Title="Type of Flu Shot for Person in Late 30s - Which Standard Dose Provides Most Protection?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-21T03:04:06.053" Score="5" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockhead.com.au/health/orthocell-wins-patent-for-tech-that-can-grow-you-a-new-body/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://stockhead.com.au/health/orthocell-wins-patent-for-tech-that-can-grow-you-a-new-body/&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170921030149/https://stockhead.com.au/health/orthocell-wins-patent-for-tech-that-can-grow-you-a-new-body/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CelGro has been shown to improve tissue in-growth and repair in clinical studies using the collagen medical device to augment repair of the rotator cuff tendon within the shoulder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What clinical studies are they referring to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see nothing on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=CelGro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=CelGro&lt;/a&gt;. I also don't see anything on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Orthocell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Orthocell&lt;/a&gt; (Orthocell is the firm that develops CelGro).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170921025826/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55d2ae4ce4b0e20eb51007ce/t/57622ba729687fa7422bc538/1466051497971/Early+Positive+Results+Tendon+and+Celgro+-+%252716.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20170921025826/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55d2ae4ce4b0e20eb51007ce/t/57622ba729687fa7422bc538/1466051497971/Early+Positive+Results+Tendon+and+Celgro+-+%252716.pdf&lt;/a&gt; just says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first three patients to receive CelGro showed no complications and demonstrated that the scaffold is safe […].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T19:48:32.800" Title="What clinical studies demonstrated that CelGro improves tissue in-growth and repair for the rotator cuff tendon injuries?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13724" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13713" CreationDate="2017-09-21T03:55:33.867" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question might need isolation into two parts: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nicotine addiction vs. inhaling combusted natural products &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cessation and the mere use of vaped products.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There should be little doubt that &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; habitually inhaling nitrosamines and aldehydes is probably better than doing so.  In the end, however, the suggestion is equivalent to &quot;eating boiled steak is healthier than grilled steak&quot; - for the very same plethora of chemicals that give flavor, but are the result of combustion - whether fine Turkish tobacco or Kobe beef.  I'll still take mine rare and blackened, please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, tempering the large research cited on &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/13714&quot;&gt;Narusan-in-coma's answer&lt;/a&gt; with the thought that &quot;vaping&quot; has created a whole large group of younger people that would not otherwise &quot;smoke&quot; burning tobacco, &lt;em&gt;the ultimate effects, as Narusan-in-coma points out, are not known.&lt;/em&gt;  Nor is research at all simple, as most &quot;vapor&quot; folks will not vape Frutopia Fun Blend #7 for decades, inhaling god-knows-what flavoring chemicals, with repeated long-term exposure and dosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can only be concluded that the combustion products are eliminated (or reduced by magnitudes).  If &lt;em&gt;those&lt;/em&gt; are considered Enemy #1, then one could make the leap to &quot;healthier&quot;.  But only with that assumption in place, and forsaking all others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Substitution&quot; presumes a nicotine addiction already in place.  The health effects of nicotine addiction &lt;em&gt;by itself&lt;/em&gt; (without combustion and environmental factors) have not been proven or even justified well in my mind.  In fact, tests in rats have shown that nicotine alone may not be addictive at all.  Which right or wrong proves &lt;em&gt;nothing&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I worked for many years with a renown DABT toxicologist, building devices to smoke cigarettes in a precise way, and deliver &quot;precision&quot; cigarette smoke to lab animals like rodents and lagomorphs.  Not just for &quot;cancer&quot; type research, but psychology and performance physiology studies as well.  In fact, the nicotine and tar content have to be measured constantly and accurately by tobacco companies, for the required labeling, since tobacco is a natural product and can vary from season to season.  So I would say that I know a little something about this topic.  Very very little.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mere living will eventually lead to death.  Of this, and only this, I am certain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;On Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Cites added to demonstrate some of the claims I made, and to comply with this stack's guidelines.  Note that I am not trying to &lt;em&gt;prove&lt;/em&gt; anything; I merely demonstrated a &quot;path&quot; to a conculsion of &quot;healthier&quot; (vaping vs. smoking) - with the provisio assumption that &lt;em&gt;combustion&lt;/em&gt; products represent the bulk of the health risk compared to mere nicotene in water vapor.  It is only with this grand assumption one could come to a &quot;healthier&quot; conclusion.  The last cite is an interesting one that suggests the most meaningful &quot;answer&quot; to the OP question, within the framework of my assertions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary source detailing the inconsistent results in animal testing demonstrating nicotene alone, devoid of other environmental factors, is addictive in of itself:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans: an update on addictive properties&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nicotine, a psychoactive component of tobacco,&#xA;  appears to play a major role in tobacco dependence, but reinforcing&#xA;  effects of nicotine have often been difficult to demonstrate directly&#xA;  in controlled studies with laboratory animals or human subjects: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687081/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687081/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources alluding that aldehydes and nitrosamines are some of the most signifigant carcinogenic / COPD causal chemicals in burning tobacco:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is time to regulate carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette tobacco&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... immediate regulation of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific&#xA;  nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and&#xA;  N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in cigarette tobacco as a logical path to&#xA;  cancer prevention. NNK and NNN, powerful carcinogens in laboratory&#xA;  animals, have been evaluated as “carcinogenic to humans” by the&#xA;  International Agency for Research on Cancer. &#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135519/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135519/&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Critical role of aldehydes in cigarette smoke-induced acute airway inflammation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cigarette smoking (CS) is the most important risk factor for COPD,&#xA;  which is associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation. We&#xA;  hypothesize, that highly reactive aldehydes are critical for&#xA;  CS-induced neutrophilic airway&#xA;  inflammation:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594194&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594194&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in “dry puff” conditions&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...reports, accompanied by huge media campaigns, stating that e-cigarettes generate many times higher levels of carcinogenic&#xA;  aldehydes compared to tobacco cigarettes. We have always responded&#xA;  that such findings were the result of severe overheating of the&#xA;  device, which the vapers identify and avoid. We have repeatedly&#xA;  referred to the dry puff phenomenon as an explanation of these&#xA;  findings...:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecigarette-research.org/research/index.php/research/research-2015/210-ald&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ecigarette-research.org/research/index.php/research/research-2015/210-ald&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11441" LastEditorUserId="11441" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T00:24:19.827" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T00:24:19.827" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13726" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-21T06:47:35.380" Score="2" ViewCount="528" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking red wine, some people’s teeth, gums or lips will get a very distinct purple stain, while this does not happen at all for other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a few guesses as to why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The smoothness of the outer layer of the teeth varies from person to person, and that leads to more “shadow” or surface for purple color.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It happens to everybody, but some skin tones provide a sharper contrast to the color.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It depends on how long the wine touches the lips and teeth:&#xA;it would happen to everybody if the same amount of wine stayed in the mouth the same amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It actually happens to everybody, but it becomes more visible as some people open their mouths wider when speaking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;questions&lt;/strong&gt; are: Why and on which part of the mouth (lips, gums, teeth) do the stains appear?&#xA;Why does it happen more for some than for others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question has been asked elsewhere (e. g. on &lt;a href=&quot;https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080102212233AAXjOSn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yahoo Answers&lt;/a&gt;) without satisfying answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11244" LastEditorUserId="11244" LastEditDate="2017-10-26T07:54:35.413" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T07:54:35.413" Title="Why do some people get purple stains on teeth from red wine, and some don’t?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-21T13:13:36.467" Score="7" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that flying can harm a developing baby when the mother is pregnant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happened to my partner is that she missed her period and took a flight after being one and a half months pregnant. Only after the flight did we meet and take a pregnancy test which resulted positive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My partner did not know flying could harm the baby. What is the truth about possible impacts that flying can have on your baby and what kind of damage can result? Am I getting too worried or do I have reasons to be worried?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11652" OwnerDisplayName="Jimmy Joslington" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-09-21T17:02:23.123" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T13:54:40.533" Title="Pregnancy and flying" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13730" CreationDate="2017-09-21T14:47:04.227" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Don't worry! You should be totally fine. It sounds like flying early in pregnancy does not have any negative side affects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/air-travel-during-pregnancy/faq-20058087&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Generally, commercial air travel before week 36 of pregnancy is&#xA;  considered safe for women who have healthy pregnancies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted more links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/927.aspx?CategoryID=54&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/927.aspx?CategoryID=54&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/baby/taking-to-the-skies-pregnant-and-safe#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/baby/taking-to-the-skies-pregnant-and-safe#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also Congratulations!  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11461" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T16:19:06.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13730" CreationDate="2017-09-21T17:57:18.060" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Specific to the health of the baby, no, you should not have any concerns over a single flight, or even over an occasional flight.  From the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Air-Travel-During-Pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;helpful guide to air travel during pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;, where they specifically discuss a few risks which I will summarize below.  All of this assumes a healthy pregnancy, and before term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abstract summarizes it well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the absence of obstetric or medical complications, pregnant women can observe the same precautions for air travel as the general population and can fly safely. Pregnant women should be instructed to continuously use their seat belts while seated, as should all air travelers. Pregnant air travelers may take precautions to ease in-flight discomfort and, although no hard evidence exists, preventive measures can be used to minimize risks of venous thrombosis. For most air travelers, the risks to the fetus from exposure to cosmic radiation are negligible. For pregnant aircrew members and other frequent flyers, this exposure may be higher. Information is available from the FAA to estimate this exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My summary of the specific risks from the longer paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Environmental conditions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pressurized environment of the aircraft can lead to some changes in the mother's blood pressure and heart rate; there is currently no evidence this is likely to cause an issue with a developing fetus, but you can take preventative measures such as wearing support stockings, walking around periodically, and drinking sufficient water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Turbulence&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Turbulence can cause the expectant mother to fall and be injured (which could in theory do harm to the fetus), so when possible sit down with your seatbelt fastened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cosmic radiation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An occasional flight will not cause you to receive more ionizing radiation than the generally accepted safe level; however, many flights could put you at risk of surpassing that level.  The specifics, and a link to determine her specific exposure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Available information suggests that noise, vibration, and cosmic radiation present a negligible risk for the occasional pregnant air traveler (6, 7). Both the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommend a maximum annual radiation exposure limit of 1 millisievert (mSv) (100 rem) for members of the general public and 1 mSv over the course of a 40-week pregnancy (7). Even the longest available intercontinental flights will expose passengers to no more than 15% of this limit (7); therefore, it is unlikely that the occasional traveler will exceed current exposure limits during pregnancy. However, aircrew or frequent flyers may exceed these limits. The Federal Aviation Administration and the International Commission on Radiological Protection consider aircrew to be occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation and recommend that they be informed about radiation exposure and health risks (8, 9). A tool to estimate an individual exposure to cosmic radiation from a specific flight is available from the Federal Aviation Administration on its web site (&lt;a href=&quot;http://jag.cami.jccbi.gov/cariprofile.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jag.cami.jccbi.gov/cariprofile.asp&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So - no, your partner did not put the fetus at particular risk by flying while pregnant; however, if she is likely to fly many times during the pregnancy (such as, if she works in sales and flies on a weekly basis), she should talk to her obstetrician and ask them whether the particular flight frequency and duration is safe throughout the pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7282" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T17:57:18.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13735" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13739" CreationDate="2017-09-21T18:00:53.787" Score="25" ViewCount="22188" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm taking antibiotics (specifically, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/amoxicillin_clavulanate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amoxicillin clavulanate&lt;/a&gt;) to fight off an ear infection. As she prescribed my antibiotics, my doctor told me not to eat milk products for a few days, then only eat yogurt until I was off the antibiotics altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest, I'm thinking about ignoring this advice and just reducing the milk products I eat. On a typical day, I drink multiple glasses of milk, eat of bowl of oatmeal with milk, eat meals with lots of cheese, and eat ice cream at night. Cutting all of this out for a few days leaves me without much to eat!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the downsides to eating milk products while on antibiotics? Is it just that, since my gut bacteria will be weakened, I risk digestional problems? Or can the consequences be more severe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="729" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:03.220" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:08:03.220" Title="Why should I avoid milk when on antibiotics?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13735" CreationDate="2017-09-21T18:16:18.057" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is most commonly a precaution to prevent Mal-absorption. Milk has copious amounts of calcium which bond with the antibiotic in the gut. Once the tetracycline (antibiotic) bonds, it creates a neutral environment for food to digest in. Once the calcium bonds with mil it breaks down the antibiotic as well as the stomach acid used to break it down.This will not only cause Mal-absorption of nutrients through your G.I. tract, but will also keep your body from breaking down the medication as efficiently or at all. Gastroparesis in combination with tetracycline is also sometimes reported, dairy products could exacerbate this, but this was out of an old medical journal, I don't know the validity of that so take it with a grain of salt.. High calcium foods should be avoided while on treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's the breakdown of why you shouldn't take them in combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's more information on what to avoid and why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682098.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682098.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2017-09-21T18:16:18.057" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13749" CreationDate="2017-09-21T18:34:03.627" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it is hard to find food allergies. Wheezing or any side affects but the root cause may not be known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a good way to find food allergy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11465" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T17:32:43.553" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T06:40:45.210" Title="How to discover allergies to certain foods?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13735" CreationDate="2017-09-21T22:08:36.630" Score="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Products high in calcium and magnesium should not be taken at the same time as antibiotics of the tetracycline (tetracycline, doxicycline, etc.) class, and milk should also be avoided with the quinolone class. They have the ability to bind the antibiotic in the gut, decreasing absorption. &lt;strong&gt;There is no reason to avoid dairy products while taking other antibiotics&lt;/strong&gt; (such as the penicillin class, the one you're taking. The clavulanic acid is to increase it's strength against certain bacteria.) If the antibiotic package insert (or the pharmacists's instruction sheet) states it should be taken on an empty stomach, take it with water. But what you eat when you eat is your choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some doctors believe that milk products cause increased production or thickening of secretions, and that's a problem if you have a middle ear infection. If there is fluid in the middle ear, especially infected fluid, you want the fluid to drain out of the middle ear via the eustacian tube into the back of your throat. So, the thinking that milk makes mucus worse means recommending a decrease in milk products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that thinking correct? Probably not. Milk does not affect mucous production or quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one study of 60 volunteers,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that no statistically significant overall association can be detected between milk and dairy product intake and symptoms of mucus production in healthy adults, either asymptomatic or symptomatic, with rhinovirus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been confirmed in other studies as well. In a subset of asthmatic patients, cessation of milk consumption improved symptomatology, but this is thought to be due to an allergy to a component of milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advice to eat yogurt is in all likelihood an attempt to reduce the risk of C. diff (aka Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea), which is present with any antibiotic. Antibiotics upset gut flora. Live culture yogurt has some beneficial gut bacteria species. However, this, too, depends on the yogurt. Probiotics &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; helpful, but many yogurts are monocultures and/or don't contain enough bacteria to make a difference to the gut. Some do, however. So, the advice to eat yogurt is good; it may not help, but it might. Look for yogurt with live cultures (plural).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One meta analysis looked at research done on this very topic (which is hot in medicine right now.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea can be attributed in part to imbalances in intestinal microflora. Therefore, probiotic preparations are used to prevent this diarrhoea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It concluded,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results suggest a strong benefit of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but further data are needed. The evidence for beneficial effects is still not definitive. Published studies are flawed by the lack of a placebo design and by peculiar population features.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, whenever I put patients on antibiotics, I also &lt;em&gt;prescribed&lt;/em&gt; two yogurt brands, one serving of one in the morning and another serving of the second in the evening. The brands I recommended were shown to have sufficient CFUs (colony forming units) of several important beneficial gut inhabitants. (There weren't any single yogurt brand that had the big five.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2154152&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01318.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T13:36:20.493" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T13:36:20.493" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-22T09:09:15.287" Score="4" ViewCount="2575" Body="&lt;p&gt;The formula for the standard body mass index is mass divided by the square of height, where mass is in kilograms and height is in metres. It has been criticised in that its variation with height may not be optimal, and also because it takes no account of age or sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various alternatives have been suggested. These include the Smart BMI, which is advertised &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.smartbmicalculator.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. What formula does it use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11141" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T09:09:15.287" Title="What is the formula for the Smart Body Mass Index?" Tags="&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-22T12:21:37.337" Score="6" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandmother was prescribed Dolo 325 (acetaminophen or paracetamol) after she had an episode of a silent heart attack. The dose is to be taken twice daily. Can anyone explain how this treatment might work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11480" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T12:21:37.337" Title="Acetaminophen after a heart attack" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;myocardial-infarction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T00:32:55.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-22T15:38:22.750" Score="2" ViewCount="509" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there is someone who is allergic to cocamidopropyl betaine and concerned about skin irritation from SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate), is there a resource that shows shampoos without these ingredients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11487" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-09-22T20:12:36.033" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T20:12:36.033" Title="Is there a shampoo that does not contain SLS or cocamidopropyl betaine?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="154" CreationDate="2017-09-22T16:12:56.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, I'm not sure whether the question is answerable at all without a more detailed scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ca²⁺ excretion increasing with excess protein&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This seems to be linked to elimination of excess acids rather than directly to protein according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/3/391.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/3/391.long&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15546911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15546911&lt;/a&gt; finds the additional excretion coming from the increased intake under high protein diet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ca²⁺ uptake/loss in bones (which is typically the main point of the Ca uptake/loss discussion, and bone is a large researvoir of Ca in the human body):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;bone (re)building needs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ca²⁺&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;protein&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(we're talking here high/excess protein diets, so let's assume this is not a limiting factor)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mechanical stimulation (excercise)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if you are in a situation with (primarily) net loss of bone because of &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; of the 3 ingredients to bone growth above (e.g. lack of excercise even though Ca and protein are available), you'll observe a net Ca loss, because Ca released from the bone that (naturally) broken down is excreted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ca²⁺ uptake from food depends on&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bioavailablility, which depends on presence/absence of other substances.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;e.g. oxalate will precipitate Ca as insoluble and bioinavailable Ca-oxalate (in 1:1 mol ratio). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there are studies indicating that high-protein food increases Ca uptake, see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/3/391.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/3/391.long&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;vitamin D status of the recipient: vitamin D is needed to transport Ca²⁺, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24335055&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;roughly, the higher the vitamin D level, the higher the Ca uptake&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Not only rachitis in children but also osteoporosis in old people is correlated with vitamin D deficiency. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/4/609.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/4/609.full&lt;/a&gt; outlines a mechanism how urinary Ca loss may trigger increased Ca uptake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking those points together, we may construct 2 extreme lifestyles that would react quite opposite to the linked intake of protein + calcium in milk: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, imagine a sedentary indoors couch potato. No sun (low vitamin D), no excercise (no bone growth stimulus). Without adequate vitamin D levels, the Ca in the milk (although in principle bioavailable) is not even absorbed in the gut. Even if it were (or: even the little that is) is not used for net new bone growth as the excercise stimulus is missing. With a high protein diet (or, a diet causing excess acid urinary excretion), Ca is lost. It may have been lost even without a high protein diet because of bone loss due to lack of excercise. Or, with a low excess acid diet, bone would have been maintained even with the low level of excercise.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, consider a physically active outdoors person. Excercise gives a bone growth stimulus, sunlight does its share in supplying vitamin D. In that scenario, milk gives the protein as well as the Ca to actually grow bone. Result is a net gain in Ca, even though some Ca is excreted via urine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Slightly off topic: this whole scenario feels a bit like a 101 in how to lie with statistics without actually lying: we have at least 4-5 factors that need to be at the right setting (and for 4 of them it is comparatively easy to be off) in order to achieve bone growth/net Ca gain. Now any study looking at a single factor will not find an effect unless they make sure all other factors are right. And if one factor is worse with the treatment group than the controls, a study may even seem to observe the opposite of what is really going on.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find numbers for Ca²⁺ excretion per gram of protein. A rough guesstimate based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/6/1051.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/6/1051.full&lt;/a&gt; would be up to 200 mg Ca²⁺ urinary excretion for 150 g of protein consumption. Based on that rough guesstimate, food with a ratio &gt; 1.33 mg Ca/g of protein would be considered as &quot;gaining Ca²⁺&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutrition_and_health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutrition_and_health&lt;/a&gt; gives cow milk with 30 - 35 g protein / l and 1200 mg Ca²⁺/l, yielding a Ca : protein ratio of &gt; 30 mg Ca/g of protein. Even assuming just the average absorption rate for Ca in food of 30 % (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/35/4/783.extract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/35/4/783.extract&lt;/a&gt; - didn't find numbers for milk, though it is frequently cited as highly bioavailable - but then it will also depend on other factors) that leaves almost an order of magnitude to the side of more Ca uptake than increase in excretion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So overall, this &lt;strong&gt;back-of-the-envelope calculation is in favor of milk being a net source of Ca&lt;/strong&gt;. Note however, that not all dairy products have the same Ca:protein ratio as milk. E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whey&lt;/a&gt; has even more Ca:protein, and consequently the cheese of which whey is a leftover/side product has a somewhat lower Ca:protein ratio. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2017-09-22T16:12:56.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13737" CreationDate="2017-09-22T17:31:27.527" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people might recommend that you could have a diary of foods consumed and when symptoms of allergies occur, and by eliminating causes one by one, whatever remains will be the food you are allergic to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If symptoms of the allergy include a &lt;strong&gt;difficulty of breathing or eye/lip or throat swelling, do not do this, under no circumstances, but go straight to the doctor.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might have a &lt;strong&gt;potentially deadly anaphylactic shock&lt;/strong&gt; if you suddenly consume a lot of the allergen (by trying to eliminate other causes). Apart from that, this method is unreliable and will take a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tests&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiple allergy tests exist, and depending on your insurance and location, healthcare providers might cover the tests for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Various skin tests.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003519.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Further discussion of the 3 most common skin tests at Medlineplus.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Various blood tests.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/allergy/tab/test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Further discussion of blood tests at American Association for Clinical Chemistry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, there’s no way around getting together with your GP and discussing this matter. The GP will advise you which test to take.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T06:40:45.210" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T06:40:45.210" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13722" CreationDate="2017-09-23T00:09:54.970" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your pharmacist or doctor should be able to decide which one is the best fit for you. Factors that are considered in recommendations include age, allergies (egg or mercury), and your medical history specifically if you are on a continuous steroid therapy or if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medication that you received last year &quot;AFLURIA&quot; is not a Quadrivalent vaccine which means it only has the protection of 3 strains of the flu instead of 4. As mentioned in the comments, the strains selected is based on studies by health professionals to figure out the prevalence of a strain in a specific year. To get the extra protection ask for a quadrivalent vaccine and let the healthcare professional make the decision based on what he/she has available and your history. I have not found a study to compare the efficacy of the different quadrivalent vaccines and I do not think there will be one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would cite sources for what I said above, but this is all based on my experience as a healthcare professional. If you need additional information CDC website is your best source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[edit] also, the CDC provide a tool to figure out which vaccines you need at your age and sometimes provide a specific recommendation. Give it a try: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/adultimmsched/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/adultimmsched/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3036" LastEditorUserId="3036" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T00:15:26.303" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T00:15:26.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13677" CreationDate="2017-09-23T01:04:04.203" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Refer to the [Cochrane Systematic review] about this issue, available at [1]&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3/full#CD002281-tbl-0012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3/full#CD002281-tbl-0012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:11:03.403" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:03.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13572" CreationDate="2017-09-23T01:14:59.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;About sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), the ingestion of 1-2 SSB  daily increment the caries incidence at least in 31% (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813370&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of carbonate drinks without sugar added increase the incidence of dental erosion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28176000&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, any carbonated liquid is associated with dental erosion. If you add sugar, then is also associated with dental caries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T01:14:59.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-23T13:19:10.753" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently some man had injured my eyes and eyelid skin. My lower eyelid skin was ripped. Lacrimal channel was ripped as well. In the hospital, my wound on the inferior eyelid was stitched. Soon the stitches will be removed. Can I somehow contribute (assist) to the skin and constitution (after stitches removal) to prevent excessive formation of scar tissue and the appearance of a scar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are recommendations for correct healing of the wound of the skin after removing the stitches and preventing excessive formation of scar (healing) tissue and scars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T13:19:10.753" Title="Recommendations for correct healing of a skin wound after removal of stitches?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-23T15:34:55.470" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to &quot;fix&quot; destroyed vocal chords a person has after undergoing tracheostomy? Many have  tracheostomy and this is an issue for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11499" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T17:17:56.467" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T17:17:56.467" Title="Restoring vocal chords after tracheostomy?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;vocal-chords&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13760" CreationDate="2017-09-23T17:19:48.583" Score="2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard a rumor that there were health benefits from giving blood.  (The rumor claimed that doing so would help to &quot;remove unwanted stuff from your bloodstream&quot; so that your body could create fresh new blood.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Let me add: I was in Britain during a mad cow disease incident, so I'm not permitted to donate blood to help other people.  I'm just trying to understand if there's any health benefit for donating blood for me personally.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1559" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T19:08:45.420" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T19:15:51.477" Title="Health benefits from giving blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13761" CreationDate="2017-09-23T17:23:33.767" Score="5" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I encountered this claim (&lt;a href=&quot;http://slatestarcodex.com/2017/02/22/repost-the-non-libertarian-faq/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Listerine (and related mouth washes) probably do not eliminate bad breath. Although it may be effective at first, in the long term it generally increases bad breath by drying out the mouth and inhibiting the salivary glands. This may also increase the population of dental bacteria. Most top dentists recommend avoiding mouth wash or using it very sparingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim is given in context with seven other claims, and we are told that four of them are true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use mouthwash occasionally, and I would use it more regularly if I were more confident it didn't have negative health consequences.  Is this claim true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1559" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T10:24:41.200" Title="Hazards of mouthwash?" Tags="&lt;mouthwash&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13758" CreationDate="2017-09-23T18:20:26.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &quot;rumor&quot; is initially mostly based on a humor. According &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to humorism&lt;/a&gt;  your four juices might be out of balance or gone bad and that might prescribe a course of the ancient practice of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodletting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bloodletting&lt;/a&gt;  to restore that balance, giving you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/traditions/humours&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a cure for almost anything&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since modern medicine largely abandoned humorism as a theoretical framework this line of reasoning is no longer regarded as valid. If someting in your blood 'is bad', simply reducing the volume of it by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/news/20040910/bloodlettings-benefits#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;loosing blood for this purpose&lt;/a&gt; – &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bcmj.org/premise/history-bloodletting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;usually&lt;/a&gt;  –  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington#Death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isn't beneficial at all&lt;/a&gt;. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336103/pdf/brmedj07876-0001.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;historical detour&lt;/a&gt; is mainly directed towards the explanation given to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern medicine can still name you &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/health-sciences/blog/surprising-health-benefits-of-donating-blood/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a quite useful list of benefits&lt;/a&gt;, reasons and explanations, but they seem to be more accurate than the ancient views:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You are &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1423-0410.2003.00271.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doing something good&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/giving-blood-ultimate-holiday-gift&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;help others&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Ryan2/publication/41087502_When_Helping_Helps_Autonomous_Motivation_for_Prosocial_Behavior_and_Its_Influence_on_Well-Being_for_the_Helper_and_Recipient/links/02e7e53274d556c5f8000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;being a benefactor usually makes you feel good. An inherent health benefit.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-donation/details/why-its-done/icc-20323210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You might have saved a life.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/patient-visitor-guide/minnesota/blood-donor-program/facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;or three.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-donation/details/what-you-can-expect/rec-20323218&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;You get a health checkup&lt;/a&gt;, since nobody wants blood that doesn't meet certain standards, like not being infectious.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And the first direct benefit you will get: it is quite beneficial for conditions associated with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/men/features/too-much-iron-in-your-blood&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;too much iron&lt;/a&gt;, like in reducing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron-overload&lt;/a&gt; (which can be quickly reached through certain foods or misuse of supplements) or even &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/health/hemochromatosis/DS00455/DSECTION=symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;real diseases like&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/hemochromatosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hemochromatosis&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;(Obviously, anyone having iron deficit is excluded from benefiting. &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00969.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Males being the the main target for this potential benefit.&lt;/a&gt; But unexpectedly also beneficial for you if you have e.g.  certain infections like with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Staphylococcus aureus of the antibiotic-resitant kind&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quite a surprising result in a study (that needs replication): &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-53&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Back to past leeches: repeated phlebotomies and cardiovascular risk&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BMC Medicine, Michalsen et al. demonstrated a dramatic improvement of&#xA;  blood pressure, serum glucose and lipids after removing 550 to 800 ml&#xA;  of blood in subjects with metabolic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27089416&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One more health benefit of blood donation: reduces acute-phase reactants, oxidants and increases antioxidant capacity:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that blood donation affected&#xA;  oxidative status and acute-phase reactants in donors. Blood donation&#xA;  removes oxidants and decreases oxidative stress by elevating&#xA;  antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase. This is one more&#xA;  health benefit or reason why we should donate blood. Further&#xA;  large-scale studies should evaluate this mechanism and compare the&#xA;  same effect of wet cupping therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summing that up: go and donate (if you are accepted)!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-23T19:15:51.477" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T19:15:51.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13759" CreationDate="2017-09-23T19:13:35.323" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The statement quoted is actually contained under the heading: &lt;blockquote&gt;4.2: Is this really true? Surely people would investigate the safety, ethics, and efficacy of the products they buy.&lt;/blockquote&gt;So this statement is not necessarily true or false; it is just one of the many statements in this heading that may or may not be so.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;As to whether or not mouthwash may be effective, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/rdh/2002/03/studies-show-listerine-at-least-as-good-as-flossing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; in DetistryIQ has this to say about Listerine:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;These findings support the benefit of adding an antiseptic mouthwash to a daily oral health care routine, especially for those patients who don't brush and floss properly,&quot; ...&quot;The findings, however, do not mean that flossing should be replaced with rinsing. I recommend that dentists and hygienists talk to their patients about what's best for their oral healthcare routine, and devise strategies to target difficult to reach areas that are susceptible to plaque accumulation and gingivitis.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br&gt;The ADA in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; also says:&lt;blockquote&gt;While not a replacement for daily brushing and flossing, use of mouthwash (also called mouthrinse) may be a helpful addition to the daily oral hygiene routine for some people.&lt;/blockquote&gt;It also has some good information in it.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;I could not find any reputable articles that made the claim in the OP's citation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-09-23T19:13:35.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-23T19:24:34.530" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an intolerance to bananas and avocados without a doubt.  I get bowel cramps, bloating, and if I eat way too much of those foods, some mild topical itching on my skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research for latex food intolerance and histamine intolerance clearly indicates bananas and avocados as the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;worst foods for both&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of these intolerances which caused me to wonder if they aren't the same thing.  I have also read that our bodies may interpret a structurally-similar chemical (chitinase) in the latex fruit family as actually being a histamine even though it isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, are these two intolerances actually the same thing, are they both simply related to histamine intolerances, or are they, in fact, two separate intolerances altogether?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below I Google-searched &quot;histamine intolerance chitinase&quot;.  None of the information I have found specifically clarifies that they are either different or simply two names for the same, or otherwise, very similar or related problems.  My results are inconclusive, and before I proceed to solve my problem by avoiding foods, I want to be sure I am avoiding the correct set of foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KTMeM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KTMeM.png&quot; alt=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11501" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:44:57.850" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:44:57.850" Title="Are &quot;latex fruit intolerance/syndrome&quot; and &quot;histamine intolerance&quot; related or otherwise two names for the same problem?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;sensitivity-intolerance&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;&lt;latex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13763" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-23T20:24:29.457" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does egg consumption impact atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease risk? I'd especially welcome experimental studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T15:48:02.223" Title="Eggs &amp; heart health?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-24T11:39:49.913" Score="6" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that health experts recommend Himalayan or Celtic or generally salts that contain more minerals than the usual table salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However... keep in mind that these really are tiny amounts. For example, the 0.3% content of Magnesium for celtic salt implies that you would need to eat 100 grams of salt to reach the recommended daily amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/different-types-of-salt#section9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is true that these salts contain other important minerals, how could they make any significant difference, even in the long term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason I see for taking these more complete salts would be the lack of processing or because of sea pollution. So, are the more complete salts any more worth it than normal table salt, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-25T04:58:20.110" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T20:10:24.397" Title="Are minerals in salts (e.g. Himalayan) overrated?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13767" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-24T11:54:32.903" Score="1" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had acne for 2 years now. I used to have acne everywhere on my face and even on my spine. Recently I stopped eating junk food and chocolate, small breakouts that come and go from time to time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main problem now is red and purple acne marks.I drink 3-4 cups of Lipton green tea to help prevent acne. Yesterday I started drinking lemon juice with sugar and water for vitamin C, so far there is no result. I have tried various treatments to help with marks, but so far nothing is helping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the image of my scars: &lt;a href=&quot;https://imgur.com/a/vW4WR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://imgur.com/a/vW4WR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11507" LastEditorDisplayName="user11461" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T19:31:17.240" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T21:06:06.227" Title="How to get rid of acne marks and scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-10-02T19:06:15.920" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="772" CreationDate="2017-09-24T18:54:48.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since all of the studies on this specific product seem not only mussel-like but downright fishy when reporting large effects the following is a bit speculative and just &lt;em&gt;assumes&lt;/em&gt; that it actually works:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two aspects of action seem possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EIB is often seen as  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(07)00570-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;even cases of asthma in which exercise appears to be the only trigger of bronchial obstruction (pure EIA) may be manifestations of chronic inflammation of the airways.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The clam-extract is said to contain 30 PUFAs and especially the Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. When the ratio of Omega-3 is moved towards the optimum it is commonly believed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456976&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduce&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammation&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28900017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The extract is said to be an inhibitor for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.mar-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5-lipoxygenase&lt;/a&gt; pathway and might therefore be called an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antileukotriene&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The product differs from what was marketed as an anti-arthritis medication which &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10067-005-0001-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;largely proved unsuccessful&lt;/a&gt;. If the main action is indeed from the PUFAs then I wonder how much exactly is in those pills and why it should not be possible to use the PUFAs  and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/foods-that-fight-inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other inflammation reducing foods&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diet/anti-inflammatory-diet-road-to-good-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from&lt;/a&gt; other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559234/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sources&lt;/a&gt;. A more optimised &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442909&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ratio of fatty acids&lt;/a&gt; is advised anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-09-24T19:56:22.600" LastActivityDate="2017-09-24T19:56:22.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-24T19:46:25.677" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mother went to a campsite near a lake and came back with &lt;strong&gt;reddish-brown dots&lt;/strong&gt; all over her pant legs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She's not sure whether they are ticks or fleas.  Her pants sat in her room for two days before she realized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I browsed the internet, saw several people said fleas are reddish-brown so thought that was it, but then found a few posts where people said ticks are also reddish-brown.  So now we're right where we started - nowhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I told her to see a small-animal veterinarian because they would likely be knowledgeable about ticks &amp;amp; fleas.  In the meantime (they're closed today):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Q: &lt;strong&gt;Are they ticks or fleas?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Q: Do both the vehicle and house need to be treated?  If so, what product is recommended?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since she has been bitten:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Q: Does she need to be treated with anything?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11512" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T00:14:15.827" Title="The difference between ticks &amp; fleas?" Tags="&lt;insect-bites&gt;&lt;fleas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2017-10-02T19:07:24.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-25T00:50:55.787" Score="1" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the answer to the following question? And why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An untreated patient with which one of the following conditions is MOST LIKELY to present with (relative to a healthy individual) decreased plasma bicarbonate and decreased total body sodium?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(a) diabetic ketoacidosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(b) carbon monoxide poisoning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(c) anaphylactic shock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(d) severe iron-deficiency anaemia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(e) a panic attack and hyperventilation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5113" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T21:14:43.853" Title="Hyponatremia and hypobicarbonatemia" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;carbon-monoxide-poisoning&gt;&lt;hyponatremia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-08-07T15:49:41.287" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually when I experience a sudden loud noise or silence I hear this sound..&#xA;Okay a website says this&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A common cause of tinnitus is inner ear cell damage. Tiny, delicate hairs in your inner ear move in relation to the pressure of sound waves. This triggers ear cells to release an electrical signal through a nerve from your ear (auditory nerve) to your brain. Your brain interprets these signals as sound. If the hairs inside your inner ear are bent or broken, they can &quot;leak&quot; random electrical impulses to your brain, causing tinnitus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ixn1n/eli5_what_is_the_ringing_noise_we_hear_when&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So my doubt is why do we experience short term tinnitus,like for a minute or so,what happens to the broken inner hair&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11072" OwnerDisplayName="Sonic Splasher" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-25T13:01:42.700" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T13:01:42.700" Title="Tinnitus caused due to random impulses?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-25T11:12:01.500" Score="7" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course to cure from a fever in general takes already time to recover from, but in the kissing disease it takes often much longer (sometimes even years) and the tiredness is much more a symptom of the Epstein virus than other virus infections. But what causes this precisely?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2882" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-28T15:13:35.420" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T16:06:10.523" Title="What causes the long tiredness caused by the infectious mononucleosis disease (by the Epstein-Barr virus)?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;mononucleosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13775" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13788" CreationDate="2017-09-25T15:47:32.857" Score="7" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm nearing graduation from university, at which point I'll have a degree in computer science (bioinformatics) with a minor in mathematics. My intention is to specialize in computational medical research, perhaps applying various A.I. techniques to studying/modeling medical data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, &lt;strong&gt;is there an inherent difference between MD vs. DO regarding the ability to perform research?&lt;/strong&gt; Are there more resources available for one more than the other? Does the industry, in general, promote/value research of DO more than MD? Other way around?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any insight is greatly appreciated, as I need to start thinking about MCAT and applying to programs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11108" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T18:14:25.383" Title="Differences between MD vs DO regarding computational research?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13723" CreationDate="2017-09-25T19:48:32.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Evidence of healing of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears following arthroscopic augmentation with a collagen implant: a 2-year MRI follow-up&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331028&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331028&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9839" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T19:48:32.800" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13770" CreationDate="2017-09-25T21:14:43.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbonic Acid / Bicarbonate Buffer System&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Metabolic Acidosis and DKA&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Includes the following:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Decreased pH&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Low HCO3 levels&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This condition occurs when acids other than carbonic acid accumulate in ECF or when there is a loss of HCO3.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rarely occurs spontaneously but in is with other problems&#xA;&lt;em&gt;(starvation, shock, trauma... but the answer you're looking for is&lt;/em&gt;.......&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;ANSWER&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/tc/diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Points&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Information Below MerekManual Professional Version)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Metabolic acidosis can be caused by acid accumulation due to&#xA;increased acid production or acid ingestion; decreased acid&#xA;excretion; or GI or renal HCO3− loss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Metabolic acidoses are categorized based on whether the anion gap is&#xA;high or normal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High anion gap acidoses are most often due to ketoacidosis, lactic&#xA;acidosis, renal failure, or certain toxic ingestions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal anion gap acidoses are most often due to GI or renal HCO3−&#xA;loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculate delta gap to identify concomitant metabolic alkalosis, and&#xA;apply Winters formula to see whether respiratory compensation is&#xA;appropriate or reflects a 2nd acid-base disorder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treat the underlying cause&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NaHCO3 is indicated when acidosis is due to a change in HCO3− (normal&#xA;anion gap acidosis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intravenous NaHCO3 is controversial in high anion gap acidosis (but&#xA;may be considered when pH &amp;lt; 7.00, with a target pH of ≤ 7.10).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/tc/diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/tc/diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-topic-overview#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/acid-base-regulation-and-disorders/metabolic-acidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/acid-base-regulation-and-disorders/metabolic-acidosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-09-25T21:14:43.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13610" CreationDate="2017-09-26T04:15:14.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sorry for the wait!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To orient ourselves first trace the Ulnar Nerve distally to the hand from the Brachial Plexus &lt;em&gt;(BP)&lt;/em&gt; and then review how Cubital Tunnel Syndrome ties in (it's neurological relation). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me know if you have a more specific question (this is most commonly what is seen -- can go into other areas.  &lt;em&gt;Sorry for so many abbreviations - these are old ortho notes.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Nerve Entrapment - UE&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ulnar Nerve (C7, C8, T1)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.) Arises from medial cord of BP&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.) Travels down medial arm &lt;em&gt;(anterior compartment)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.) Once it reaches the medial epicondyle run b/n brachalis and the medial head of the triceps.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4.) Crosses elbow on medial under ulnar groove.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;5.) Right after it crosses the elbow It’s travels b/n the heads of the FCU (called the cubital tunnel) then it.  Innervates FCU ulnar (humeral and ulnar) heads and FDP (Medial Part) (MOTOR) &lt;br&gt;&#xA;6.) In the forearm it travels b/n FDS and FDP. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;8.) Exits forearm medial to FDP tendons and just before it crosses wrist gives off a branch Dorsal Brach (SENSORY) &lt;br&gt; Dorsal side sensation to medial ½ 4th finger and 5th finger &lt;br&gt;&#xA;9.) Travels through Guyon Tunnel (or Canal) at wrist above flexor retiaculum and gives off 2 branches: &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qYU1G.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qYU1G.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deep Branch Supplies&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(MOTOR)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oppones Digiti Minimi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adductor DM&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 Lumbricals (on ulnar side)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dorsal and Palmar Interossi&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FPB&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Superficial Branch&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(SENSORY)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Palmar side sensation to medial ½ 4th finger and 5th finger&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cubital Tunnel Syndrome:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7zntp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7zntp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compression Sites:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ulnar groove&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cubital tunnel (where nerve passes b/n 2 heads of FCU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medial head of triceps – seen as a result of hypertrophy of that&#xA;muscle   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If nerve is unstable in ulnar groove and it starts subluxing, can result in neuritis, but overtime with scaring can lead to compression.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Etiology:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Syndrome associated with frequent elbow flexion (ulnar nerve on stretch).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight lifting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constricting fascia bands (ligament of strutres)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Masses (bone abnormalities, swelling and ulnar nerve subluxation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical Picture:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Will be medial elbow discomfort (similar to medial epicondyltis)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parastesis of the medial ½ of the ring finger and 5th finger&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repetieve flex/ext activites may excepabte these symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orthopedic Testing /  (+) tinnel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Atrophy of hypothenear group&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased grip strength&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LNkZi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LNkZi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Night splints to help keep elbow extended &lt;em&gt;(to avoid stretching of&#xA;that nerve)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surgically:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decompression, medial epicondyleptimy or transposition ulnar nerve&#xA;more anteriorly. &lt;em&gt;(so flexion will not stretch nerve)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ulnar Nerve Transposition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Images From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physio-pedia.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.physio-pedia.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-26T04:26:30.500" LastActivityDate="2017-09-26T04:26:30.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13784" CreationDate="2017-09-26T07:08:14.703" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taste is irrelevant. Health effects is the more important consideration. Which is a healthier choice for an adult male in his early 40s? Pasteurized or non-pasteurized milk? How much should he drink if he is an office worker who does not work out a lot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T05:13:27.660" Title="Is pasteurized or non-pasteurized milk healthier for an adult male in his early 40s?" Tags="&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13780" CreationDate="2017-09-26T17:15:11.820" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pasteurized milk is perfectly safe for people of all ages but raw milk may or may not be. According to the CDC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raw milk is milk from any animal that has not been pasteurized to kill&#xA;  harmful bacteria. Raw milk can carry harmful bacteria and other germs&#xA;  that can make you very sick or kill you. While it is possible to get&#xA;  foodborne illnesses from many different foods, raw milk is one of the&#xA;  riskiest of all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people who chose raw milk thinking they would improve their&#xA;  health instead found themselves (or their loved ones) sick in a&#xA;  hospital for several weeks due to infections caused by germs in raw&#xA;  milk. Getting sick from raw milk can mean many days of diarrhea,&#xA;  stomach cramping, and vomiting. Some people who drank raw milk have&#xA;  developed severe or even life-threatening diseases, including&#xA;  Guillain-Barré syndrome, which can cause paralysis, and hemolytic&#xA;  uremic syndrome, which can result in kidney failure, stroke, and even&#xA;  death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Age is largely irrelevant unless you're very old or very young. On this subject the CDC has this to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The risk of getting sick from drinking contaminated raw milk is&#xA;  greater for infants and young children, older adults, pregnant women,&#xA;  and people with weakened immune systems, such as people with cancer,&#xA;  an organ transplant, or HIV, than it is for healthy older children and&#xA;  adults. But healthy people of any age can get very sick or even die if&#xA;  they drink raw milk contaminated with harmful germs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how much to drink, there's no right or wrong answer for that. Drink as much as you like but keep in mind that whole milk is fairly high in calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/rawmilk/raw-milk-questions-and-answers.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-09-27T05:13:27.660" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T05:13:27.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5748" CreationDate="2017-09-26T23:57:53.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A big difference here is due to the structures involved.  Mature tendons are composed of cartilage and contain a &lt;strong&gt;very poor blood supply&lt;/strong&gt;.  They rely on localized synovial fluid for tissue perfusion and nutrition as opposed to simply a connecting blood vessel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MmIgy.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MmIgy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epicondylitis (lateral or medial) is a &lt;strong&gt;chronic from of inflammation&lt;/strong&gt; caused over time by repetitive micro-trauma (wear and tear) to the tendon, nerve and vessel in the related area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NSAIDS would help with any inflammation and pain resulting from this.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also in looking at that medscape article.  It seems some involved are not realizing your tendon not only very minimally bleeds (if at all), &lt;strong&gt;it does not produce sufficient platelet rich plasma that is capable of healing these micro-traumas&lt;/strong&gt;.  This is why injections of exactly that - platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used as a treatment to heal the damaged tissue.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be a debate in more vascularized tissues (where the injury is generally some type of acute trauma and bodies own healing process is  required).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See Here:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505250/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-09-27T00:27:31.797" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T00:27:31.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13786" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13769" CreationDate="2017-09-27T00:14:15.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;@Carey Gregory: You're right, they are neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She went to a small-animal vet clinic as I suggested and had them looked at under a microscope; the vet confirmed &lt;strong&gt;they are neither ticks nor fleas&lt;/strong&gt; and didn't have an idea as to what they might be.  &lt;strong&gt;They had 6 legs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Needless to say, she is relieved but still curious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11513" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T00:14:15.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12814" CreationDate="2017-09-27T02:51:22.860" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Try this: poke your tongue out of your mouth and, holding your hand in front of your mouth, jab your hand (finger, palm, whatever) a little with your tongue. Push at your hand. I predict your hand will interpret this as a very soft contact and nothing the slightest bit painful. Go ahead and push as hard as you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, push your tongue against your cheek so that your cheek bulges out a little and stretches. Push harder. Keep going. It hurts, right? In fact, you probably have to stop before you push as hard as you did against your hand. Your tongue isn't sharp, but the pain probably feels sharp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stretching is a different form of pain than other pressure sensations. I don't know why, but it is. The gas bubble distending the intestine locally is like your tongue distending your cheek. Someone even did a study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29805-2_4797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;excerpt&lt;/a&gt;) putting balloons into people to prove that it is the distension in the intestine that is causing the reported pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T02:51:22.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13775" CreationDate="2017-09-27T03:34:07.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;MDs and DOs are both physicians.  Both learn at least a core medical curriculum, then take exams demonstrating that level of knowledge (USMLE vs COMLEX). Both can apply for residencies for any specialty, and they take the exact same specialty boards in order to practice medicine.  Both can go into research or any other branch of medical science, with or without going through a residency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The core medical curriculum is offered in all.  So I honestly feel that what you learn and your exposure to research is highly institution-dependent, and the differences between MD schools can even be greater than between MD and DO schools. (Except that &lt;a href=&quot;http://medschool.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=1158&amp;amp;action=detail&amp;amp;ref=1019&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;OMT&lt;/a&gt; is not offered in most MD schools to my knowledge.)  There are some generalizations, like that DO schools tend to be more holistic in philosophy, but even that is institution-dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, historically, and even still in some circumstances/regions/fields, DOs have had a more uphill battle to reach the positions and recognition that they deserve in this MD-dominated medical field.  But within the medical field, I feel that the vast majority of MDs and DOs today finally see each other as equal colleagues, as they should.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Certainly&lt;/em&gt; a doctor's skill as a clinician or researcher is more dependent on their individual learning, mentorship and experiences that they seek out than anything else!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is probably the most important factor for someone going into research: what the affiliated UNIVERSITY is doing.  What research can you be involved in during medical school? What can it offer you in strength of opportunities and mentorship? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would approach it by exploring the difference between SCHOOLS rather than degrees. Figure out who is doing what you want to do, and who offers the most opportunity to explore what you're interested in.  Then apply accordingly.  Also, I recommend contacting both an MD and a DO in a similar field of research and ask them for their perspective on their experience, and advice as someone coming into the field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T03:34:07.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13767" CreationDate="2017-09-27T21:06:06.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer: many therapies can reduce acne scars, but no therapy can get rid of acne scars entirely, so you should talk to a dermatologist about the best option for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long answer: Preventing acne scars in the first place is the best approach, but there are many methods for removing scars of different types. There are different kinds of acne scars: atrophic scars (indentations in the skin caused by destruction and loss of collagen), and hypertrophic scars and keloids (firm, raised lump; less common; caused by collagen gain). There may also be a reddish hue associated with either type of acne scar. The first step in treating acne scars is to treat the redness. The best treatment to decrease redness is pulsed-dye laser therapy, which targets oxyhemoglobin (a compound from blood) within the skin and can reduce redness by about 60%. Other steps in treating acne scars include the CROSS technique (chemical reconstruction of skin scars, using a trichloroacetic acid peel), subcision (a surgical technique), and punch excision and punch elevation (another surgical technique). Collagen remodeling procedures are also available, which include ablative laser resurfacing, a method that ablates parts of the skin very precisely. Other miscellaneous acne scar treatments: chemical peels, dermabrasion, skin needling, injectable soft tissue fillers, and silicone gel sheeting. NOTE: Do not try any of the medical procedures at home. Talk to an experienced dermatologist. The best way for you to reduce the appearance of your acne scars will be to meet with a dermatologist who can give you a physical exam, treat any ongoing acne flare-ups, and provide you with personalized, practical options for reducing your existing acne scarring. Reference: &quot;Management of Acne Scars&quot; from the UpToDate encyclopedia; article written by Nazanin Saedi MD and Nathan Uebelhoer MD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2017-09-27T21:06:06.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-27T23:14:44.670" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m 13, and during PE I regularly reach 200+ BPM right after I’m done with what they call our “fitness plan.” I can feel my heart racing, but I’m not lightheaded or anything. My heart rate goes down to a reasonably low level (around 120) within 2-3 minutes of being finished with the 10-minute workout. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t feel like I work out overly hard. I just do as best as I reasonably can without injuring myself (so about 90% of my best). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m pretty athletic (but not into sports, I don’t play sports; what I mean by this is I can do around 40 push ups, 120ish curl ups, which is a lot higher than a vast majority of people my age).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this normal?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11528" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-09-28T05:32:41.040" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T07:22:58.880" Title="Reaching Maximum Heart Rate during PE" Tags="&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-28T02:07:19.120" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was introduced by a spectacles shop about a new technology called computer lens which block blue light that is harmful to eyes. He says it reduces eye-strain for workers who need to be face a computer monitor for hours every day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More importantly, are there any side effects or harmful effects that one need to be aware about computer lens? I am fine with paying more but not ok if the &quot;gimmick&quot; is harmful to my eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="8973" LastEditDate="2017-09-28T08:39:11.070" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T08:39:11.070" Title="Do computer lens have side effects?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-10-02T19:06:33.337" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-28T14:16:26.000" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are nurse prescribers limited to giving PGD medication only?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are there non-PGD medications they are permitted to prescribe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question relates to NHS general hospitals in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11063" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-09-28T14:44:36.927" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T14:44:36.927" Title="Is nurse prescribing limited to PGD medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;nurse-practitioner&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13810" CreationDate="2017-09-28T18:30:14.447" Score="7" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few days a year in which certain religions fast.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there's an evidence based approach for absorbing a lot of water before to help keep oneself hydrated.&#xA;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/5429/11535&quot;&gt;this question about the speed at which we should drink&lt;/a&gt; whose answer was positioned towards rehydrating.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aish.com/h/hh/yom-kippur/guide/Seven_Steps_to_an_Easy_Fast.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Other articles&lt;/a&gt; recomends avoiding chocolate, tea, coffee and salt. I would have thought though that adding salt to your water while loading up for a fast day would help you absorb more of it because it will counteract some of the water (meaning it will say in you and not be excreted). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should one consume salt and water in the days leading up to a fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11535" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T15:55:04.283" Title="Hydrating before a fast day" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-28T20:32:50.760" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two popular books (&quot;Dropping Acid&quot; by Dr. Jamie Koufman and &quot;The Acid Watcher Diet&quot; by Dr. Jonathan Aviv) claim that Title 21 of the FDA regulations require that all low-acid foods be acidified to inhibit bacterial growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the regulation, it appears that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4d614b42a3b55769082df20d7b61783b&amp;amp;mc=true&amp;amp;node=pt21.2.114&amp;amp;rgn=div5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;section 114&lt;/a&gt; describes the use of acidification to preserve foods, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=4d614b42a3b55769082df20d7b61783b&amp;amp;mc=true&amp;amp;node=pt21.2.113&amp;amp;rgn=div5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;section 113&lt;/a&gt; describes and permits the use of thermal processing as an alternative.  This would contradict the books' claim that &quot;all&quot; preserved foods are acidified, and it's consistent with my subjective impression that many canned foods (e.g. beans) don't seem acidic at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a blanket regulation that I'm missing?  If not, what methods (such as using a pH tester or reading labels to see if they mention citric acid or similar preservatives) can be used to determine whether a particular food has been acidified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11536" LastActivityDate="2017-09-28T20:32:50.760" Title="Are canned/bottled foods acidified?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-28T21:14:38.463" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two popular books (&quot;Dropping Acid&quot; by Dr. Jamie Koufman and &quot;The Acid Watcher Diet&quot; by Dr. Jonathan Aviv) claim that tissue damage in GERD and LPR is caused by the digestive enzyme pepcin.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In their model, reflux leads to the presence of pepcin outside the stomach.  Exposure of the pepcin to acid then activates it and causes tissue damage.  Based on this model, they recommend consuming low-acid foods and drinking slightly alkaline water to reduce the activity of the pepcin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this model accurate, and is the resulting recommendation reasonable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11536" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T10:14:15.563" Title="Does pepcin play a role in GERD/LPR?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13805" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13808" CreationDate="2017-09-29T07:07:13.907" Score="-1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suffer from the following condition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mainly in the rainy season sometimes from being asleep I wake up. But neither I am able to open my eyelids, nor move any body part. But I am fully conscious. I struggle to move my fingers. After a few minutes with extreme effort and associated unbearable pain I am finally able to move my body parts and open my eyelids. Why this takes place and what is the cure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: My maternal grandmother and mother also suffer from this condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11087" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T14:56:18.737" Title="What is the name of this disease, it's cause and cure?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-09-29T15:02:15.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13816" CreationDate="2017-09-29T07:43:35.983" Score="4" ViewCount="1142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am on Lamotrogine (specifically in the form Epitec). Last week my dose was raised by 25mg (from 200mg/day to 225mg/day). Over the last couple of days I have developed a tic in my eyes. At first it was intermittent, but compulsive blinking spasms. Now it has settled onto the right side of my face, but have become constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way I can describe the sensation is it feels like something has hold of the muscle in my cheek (Zygomaticus?) and is pulling it, causing my upper lip the rise on that side and my right eyelid to flutter down to the point of completely obscuring my vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen mentions of a couple of case studies (can't find them!) of people reporting tics. But it seems to only be a few out of the thousands who take the medication. But I know that that can not be a good representation, because often these things can go unreported. I have also checked my package insert and it mentioned nothing. But that is the only thing that has recently changed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is: &lt;strong&gt;How common are facial tics REALLY with Lamotrigine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11540" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T05:27:20.240" Title="How common are tics as a side-effect when taking Lamotrigine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-03-27T05:57:39.153" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-29T13:08:01.770" Score="4" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost all treatment recommendation for gastritis, duodenitis or peptic ulcer that has Helicobacter pylori, calls for 2 or 3 antibiotic at the same time, why is that ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not use a single effective antibiotic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11542" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T15:35:05.203" Title="Why stomach ulcer need more than one antibiotic at the same time?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13805" CreationDate="2017-09-29T14:56:18.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Likely it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleep paralysis&lt;/a&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnopompic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypnopompic state&lt;/a&gt;. It's not uncommon and has a hereditary component. Drug therapy is not that useful, and it may just require some cognitive therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-09-29T14:56:18.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13800" CreationDate="2017-09-29T16:23:49.913" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, so this seems to be a 24 hour fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salt (sodium) and glycerol, after drinking water, prolong the time in which the water is excreted from the body, but they both work only for few hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of hyperhydration to delay dehydration sounds interesting for marathon runners (in order to avoid the need to drink during the race), but according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2007/02000/Exercise_and_Fluid_Replacement.22.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American College of Sports Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, only few hours after hyperhydration, you will likely lose the excessive water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Attempting to hyperhydrate with fluids that expand of the extra- and&#xA;  intracellular spaces (e.g., water and glycerol solutions) will greatly&#xA;  increase the risk of having to void during competition...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glycerol can also have side effects, such as diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any nutrient, supplement or food that would keep the water in your body in any meaningful manner in a 24-hour fasting scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of fasting is that you &lt;em&gt;feel&lt;/em&gt; the lack of benefit of food. The resulting hunger can then remind you of things, other than food, that are important for you. Resisting from food alone (while drinking water) can already have this effect. Hyperhydration before fasting would cancel the effect of resisting from water, so what's the point of this, anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saying that, I am not promoting or suggesting anyone to resist from drinking water for any amount of time, because it could be potentially health- or even life-threatening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one has to survive for 24 hours without water and food, the means to avoid dehydration can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep yourself well hydrated before fasting.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#133&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alcohol and caffeine&lt;/a&gt; before fasting because they can promote the excretion of water through the urine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid/limit anything what promotes sweating, such as exercise, exposure to sun and excessive clothing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-10-03T15:55:04.283" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T15:55:04.283" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-29T16:37:21.730" Score="4" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and I believe Alzheimer's as well, seem to all be the result of the body's plumbing being clogged up by fat and cholesterol deposits. Exercise, a diet low in artificial fructose, saturated fat, and trans fats, but high fiber, seems to be effective at reducing your risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diabetes II is the result of insulin not being effective because of inter-cellar build ups; heart disease is when your heart cannot get blood to function because of build up in the vessels that supply it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be fair to categorize these health issues as different manifestations of the same disease, similarly to how we call many different kinds of cancer &quot;cancer&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence that Alzheimer's may be a form of diabetes: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769828&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11545" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T00:36:44.737" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T00:36:44.737" Title="Would it be fair to say heart disease, diabetes (II), and Alzheimer's disease are all the same health issue expressed different ways?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-30T03:39:03.273" Score="2" ViewCount="286" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well known that seizures result when the brain encounters more electrical activity than it is able to handle. Is the primary cause related to an excess of electrical &lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt;, electrical &lt;em&gt;voltage&lt;/em&gt;, or something else (e.g. frequency)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7130" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-03T09:37:01.360" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T07:11:07.793" Title="Do seizures result from an excess of electrical current or electrical voltage in the brain?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13816" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13806" CreationDate="2017-09-30T06:50:06.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tics occur very rarely (i.e.: 1 in 10,000) with lamotrigine. (1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not convinced that your symptoms meet the definition of a tic. Tics are are non-rhythmic and can be temporarily suppressed (2). From your description, the movements appear to be completely involuntary. A twitch (or myclonic jerk) may more accurately describe what you are experiencing. &#xA;When you take into consideration that twitches occur more frequently than tics (are uncommon - 0.1%-1.0% of people) in individuals undergoing lamotrigine therapy (3), it is more likely that it is this that you are suffering from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your cluster of symptoms is consistent with benign essential blepharospasm (a type of muscle twitch (2)), which involves (4):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;increased blink rate (77%), eyelid spasms (66%), eye irritation&#xA;  (55%), midfacial or lower facial spasm (59%), brow spasm (24%), and&#xA;  eyelid tic (22%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this is my non-medical opinion (I am not a doctor), and I urge you to visit your treating health care professional for proper diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TGA PI Lamitical &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;amp;id=CP-2013-PI-01024-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&amp;amp;id=CP-2013-PI-01024-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tic Disorders and Twitches &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/brain/tic-disorders-and_twitches#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/brain/tic-disorders-and_twitches#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lamictal Side Effects &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/lamictal-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/lamictal-side-effects.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Benign Essential Blepharospasm Clinical Presentation &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212176-clinical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1212176-clinical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-09-30T07:53:55.207" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T07:53:55.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13817" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13864" CreationDate="2017-09-30T10:14:19.390" Score="1" ViewCount="1376" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a stomach endoscope as part of my general health check. They weren't told to check for a peptic ulcer but I'd assume given my symptoms of gas they would have looked for it. It came back with no concerns- could have seen it directly if I had really wanted to. Can a stomach endoscope check miss a peptic ulcer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1279" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T04:47:58.497" Title="Can a stomach endoscope miss a peptic ulcer" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-30T13:38:08.440" Score="-1" ViewCount="1845" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long can sperm survive when semen dries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can dead sperm cause pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if semen were left to dry on the toilet seat for 2 hours, and a woman were to use the toilet, is there ANY scenario in which she could get pregnant?&#xA;Please answer,I am really paranoid over this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11551" LastEditorUserId="11551" LastEditDate="2017-10-01T13:28:09.653" LastActivityDate="2017-10-01T13:28:09.653" Title="What is the life expectancy of a sperm in dried semen?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12800" CreationDate="2017-09-30T13:41:15.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;After brushing your teeth, eventually you will have to eat again. And of course you can/may eat, for example nuts, after brushing your teeth. It depends on the timing. And of course: the way this question is phrased it is more along the lines of &quot;Is it a good idea to brush teeth, then eat nuts and then go to sleep?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the answer is a definite no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My friend the dentist used to say: &quot;A clean tooth is a healthy tooth&quot;; so that commercial is not as bad as advertisements usually go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sugar&lt;/a&gt; is just a subtype of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt; and carbohydrate digestion actually starts in your mouth. The starch &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amylose&lt;/a&gt; from potatoes for example is broken down by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;enzyme&lt;/a&gt; called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amylase&lt;/a&gt; found in your saliva into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;maltose&lt;/a&gt;. This a disaccharide like common table sugar and food for acid producing and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cariogenic&lt;/a&gt; bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data2f.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The amount of carbohydrates contained in the things you eat varies, but is very seldom zero (especially if the food is &lt;em&gt;somehow prepared/processed&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Starches&lt;/a&gt;, especially &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/09637489709028590&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;processed ones&lt;/a&gt;, tend to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/09637489709028590&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cling to your teeth&lt;/a&gt; and prolong the time the bacteria have an ample &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7867054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supply of food to produce cariogenic acid&lt;/a&gt; and multiply themselves. That means bread after brushing is a foolishly stupid idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you will not be able able to avoid any and all carbohydrate intake for eternity it is already self-evident that never brushing again is not the smartest choice available. But aside from tooth decay caused by carbohydrate metabolising bacteria (that you now have &lt;em&gt;'avoided in theory'&lt;/em&gt;) there is an additional aspect that will come into play even if total 'no-carb diet' was to be followed through:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dental calculus or tartar buildup (From: &quot;Supragingival Calculus: Formation and Control&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/154411130201300506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dental calculus is composed of inorganic components and organic matrix. Brushite, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and whitlockite form the mineral part of dental calculus. Salivary proteins selectively adsorb on the tooth surface to form an acquired pellicle. It is followed by the adherence of various oral micro-organisms. Fimbriae, flagella, and some other surface proteins are essential for microbial adherence. Microbial co-aggregation and co-adhesion enable some micro-organisms, which are incapable of adhering, to adhere to the pellicle-coated tooth surface. Once organisms attach to the tooth surface, new genes could be expressed so that mature dental plaque can form and biofilm bacteria assume increased resistance to antimicrobial agents. Supersaturation of saliva and plaque fluid with respect to calcium phosphates is the driving force for plaque mineralization. Both salivary flow rate and plaque pH appear to influence the saturation degree of calcium phosphates. Acidic phospholipids and specific proteolipids present in cell membranes play a key role in microbial mineralization.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is problematic because they are &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets (10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x):&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Periodontal diseases are infections caused by micro-organisms that colonize the tooth surface at or below the gingival margin. While these infections have many properties in common with other infectious diseases, they exhibit unique properties conferred by their site of colonization and the nature of the en- vironment in which they reside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Never brushing again will certainly shorten your life you live in comfort, regardless of how extreme you try to adapt your dietary ideas. Caries, periodontitis and other sorts of inflammation and infections would be very likely to increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T13:41:15.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13819" CreationDate="2017-09-30T14:36:13.983" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;There's no need to worry. Getting pregnant isn't that easy.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unlikely that sperm survive for 2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On a dry surface, such as clothing or bedding, sperm are dead by the time the semen has dried. In water, such as a warm bath or hot tub, they'll likely live longer because they thrive in warm, wet places. But the odds that sperm in a tub of water will find their way inside a woman's body and cause her to get pregnant are extremely low.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/sperm-and-semen-faq#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's assume the sperm has somehow managed to survive on the toilet seat or whatever you are proposing. &#xA;The sperm would then have to enter the female body via the vagina and travel through the uterus to the ampulla of the uterine tube for fertilisation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LkXBJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LkXBJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Image Credit: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/fallopiantubesnormal.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pathologyoutlines.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;s&gt;basically&lt;/s&gt; literally impossible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's assume that, for the sake of the argument, the male sperm actually has travelled there. Even then, one can only get pregnant during ovulation, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/menstrualcycle/Pages/WhencanIgetpregnant.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is roughly 10-16 days before the female period in the menstrual cycle&lt;/a&gt;. Sperm only survives for several days (let's be generous and assume 4 days) in the female body, meaning that timing is pretty important. This means the chance to get pregnant at a random day is roughly 1/7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: This is one reason why IVF exists, and why quite a few couples have problems getting a child.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T14:36:13.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13822" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-30T14:58:20.987" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can silicone plaster &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Mepiform&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; (that is typically used for prevention of excessive formation of scars) be used for the specific type of scars - &lt;strong&gt;atrophic scars&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T20:14:16.413" Title="Can silicone plaster &quot;Mepiform&quot; be used for the atrophic scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13811" CreationDate="2017-09-30T21:54:57.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, Alzheimer's is considered by some to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type III diabetes&lt;/a&gt; and the pathology induced is a combination of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and elevated glycation products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-09-30T21:54:57.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-09-30T23:15:32.273" Score="7" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've had maybe 5 or 6 CT scans over the course of my life, and I'm only 27. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What risk do those CTs present to someone like me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11553" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:19:18.060" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:19:18.060" Title="CT scans and cancer risk" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13824" CreationDate="2017-10-01T10:05:08.710" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every procedure has to be weighed for potential costs and benefits. Cancer is a risk already present and might shorten a life, CT scans on the other hand are done to prolong a life.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The &lt;em&gt;exact&lt;/em&gt; risks (costs) for CT scans is unknown, especially the exact risks &lt;em&gt;for you&lt;/em&gt;, since we only have statistical data to estimate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior data forms the basis for this statistical risk assessment.&#xA;For example: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612608150&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although CT scans are very useful clinically, potential cancer risks exist from associated ionising radiation, in particular for children who are more radiosensitive than adults. We aimed to assess the excess risk of leukaemia and brain tumours after CT scans in a cohort of children and young adults. […]&#xA;  Use of CT scans in children to deliver cumulative doses of about 50 mGy might almost triple the risk of leukaemia and doses of about 60 mGy might triple the risk of brain cancer. Because these cancers are relatively rare, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the cumulative absolute risks are small&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: in the 10 years after the first scan for patients younger than 10 years, one excess case of leukaemia and one excess case of brain tumour per 10 000 head CT scans is estimated to occur. Nevertheless, although clinical benefits should outweigh the small absolute risks, radiation doses from CT scans ought to be kept as low as possible and alternative procedures, which do not involve ionising radiation, should be considered if appropriate. (emphasis added)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The technology and methods are constantly improved upon. Unnecessary scans should be avoided though. &lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.2511081300&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whole-Body PET/CT Scanning: Estimation of Radiation Dose and Cancer Risk:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whole-body PET/CT scanning is accompanied by substantial radiation dose and cancer risk. Thus, examinations should be clinically justified, and measures should be taken to reduce the dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that does not mean you should deny any further scans. But make sure your doctors know about prior scans. Especially when changing doctors. Sometimes old scans are unknown to exist but just as useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To visualise that you can not avoid all radiation and to put the doses you receive from scans in perspective, this looks very useful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/75x40.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/75x40.png&quot; alt=&quot;https://xkcd.com/radiation/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not take this chart as a reliable guide or definitive advice. But do a mathematical comparison of two figures: &quot;Chest CT scan&quot; and &quot;Maximum yearly dose permitted for US radiation workers.&quot; (The equivalent of 7 of these scans &lt;em&gt;in one year&lt;/em&gt; would still be considered &quot;OK&quot; under these workplace regulations.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In more practical terms this might translate into something like &quot;How Much Do CT Scans Increase the Risk of Cancer?&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-ct-scans-increase-risk-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 2009 study of medical centers in the San Francisco Bay Area also calculated an elevated risk: one extra case of cancer for every 400 to 2,000 routine chest CT exams.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more detailed breakdown consult information like &quot;Computed Tomography (CT) Scans and Cancer&quot; from the National Cancer Institute:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;It is commonly thought that the extra risk of any one person developing a fatal cancer from a typical CT procedure is about 1 in 2,000. In contrast, the lifetime risk of dying from cancer in the U.S. population is about 1 in 5.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T12:42:57.763" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T12:42:57.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13826" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13863" CreationDate="2017-10-01T12:00:26.693" Score="2" ViewCount="2012" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to treat my Blepharitis, I put a towel over my head and allow steam from a bowl of water to clear the sebaceous glands between my eye lashes, which glands deliver oil to the surface of the eye. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The surface of the eye needs not only moisture, but a small amount of oil in order to form a film across the eyeball. If the oil is not properly delivered, the water in the eye forms a droplet and dribbles out, causing, paradoxically, not only a leaking eye but a dry eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, am I damaging my eye by steaming it ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See my video on Youtube describing Blepharitis and describing the treatment &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbJyTR_6gS8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbJyTR_6gS8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11557" LastEditorUserId="11109" LastEditDate="2017-10-01T15:28:51.713" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T16:40:04.923" Title="Is it unhealthy to steam my eyes in order to cure Blepharitis?" Tags="&lt;blepharitis&gt;&lt;steam&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-01T15:20:06.423" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having fallen onto your hands and knees on asphalt, the top layer of skin is gone from your wrists, and you can see tiny amounts of blood that are not coming out of anywhere in particular (perhaps the pores in my estimation). The blood is also not collecting. You aren't &quot;bleeding&quot; per se, as it's not continuously running. But there is blood there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The injury is round in shape, skin missing. Around the edges, the top layer has peeled back. I hesitate to call it a cut or a bruise, although there is swelling. When this happened to me, it didn't scab over. It just kind of went away after a few days. I suppose it would be some kind of impact related thing, but I'm not sure, hence me asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the thing it's closest to is a road rash, where it's very red and there is blood visible, but there's no blood coming out. The scab is where its healed, not the injury itself. What's the term for this kind of skin damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11560" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T04:03:08.260" Title="What would you call the following type of injury?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13830" CreationDate="2017-10-01T19:14:53.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are discussing about &lt;strong&gt;ABRASION&lt;/strong&gt;...it's what called the injury caused by rubbing over rough surfaces with your skin peeled off..search images for abrasion to confirm it.Also look for CONTUSION.Most probably it must be abrasion from your words.&#xA;REFERENCE: Essentials of Forensic Medicine. Author-Narayan Reddy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11559" LastActivityDate="2017-10-01T19:14:53.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13830" CreationDate="2017-10-01T20:06:17.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the OP has verified in the comments, the injury is in fact called an abrasion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Quick Overview&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Abrasion is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping the skin or a mucous membrane; a “skinned knee” and a “floor burn” are common examples. To treat the injury, the wound should be washed, a mild antiseptic or antibiotic ointment applied, and the wound covered with sterile gauze.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/abrasion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical-Dictionary.The-Free-Dictionary.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the following happens when one injures oneself causing an abrasion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The top layer of the skin (Epidermis) gets torn off by the friction, revealing the dermis and its minor blood vessels below. This is why the wound is hardly bleeding. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nerv ends in the dermis are also revealed, this is why the comparably small injury causes a lot of pain. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The open wound secrets exudate, mainly consisting of blood serum.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The layers of the skin:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4Wo0u.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4Wo0u.png&quot; alt=&quot;Image Credit: Wikipedia&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image Credit: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermis#/media/File:Skin.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Treatment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, abrasions do not lead to infections. Nevertheless, it can't hurt to be cautious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the wound doesn't bleed a lot, dirt does not get washed away naturally that easily and it is recommended to rinse the wound first. In Germany, &lt;a href=&quot;https://wundnetz-kiel.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/110915-Wundreinigung-Information.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is not recommended to rinse the wound with water&lt;/a&gt; (albeit the water having very good quality, it is not sterile) and instead, it is sufficient to  mechanically clean the wound with sterile compressions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has the advantage over disinfectants that the blood clotting is not inhibited. Opinion on this differs in the U.S., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/how-to-clean-a-skin-wound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;where normal cleaning is still recommended&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it hardly matters for a minor injury like this. If you do not have a sterile compression at hand, I recommend to use water instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Afterwards, the open wound should be covered with a liquid bandage or a sterile bandage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Visit a doctor if signs of a severe infection should appear or if the abrasion covers a large area. The wound will then require special treatment.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T04:03:08.260" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T04:03:08.260" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-01T21:54:56.913" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many popular media that discuss fat loss and dieting, a common idea is that eating at the &quot;wrong&quot; time of the day, say a meal at dinner time, is supposedly better from a weight loss perspective than eating that same meal at another time of day, say around midnight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research to back up statements like that? I.e., does it make a difference when in the day we eat the same food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11561" LastEditorUserId="11561" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T14:34:42.740" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T14:34:42.740" Title="Does it matter for metabolism at what time of day we eat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12721" CreationDate="2017-10-02T03:25:37.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes agree to the above answer. Just to add on, this is called platform switching. From bone level to soft tissue level (the gingival/biotype looks thick, most probably due to past gum disease)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11562" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T03:25:37.953" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13648" CreationDate="2017-10-02T03:33:42.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no healthy way. Whitening/bleaching do not change the shape of your teeth but alas, dentine doe not bleach well, if at all (it just gets more sensitive to temperature change). Veneers done well will have a 'good' shape to ensure gum health. As for trying to find something to paint on, let's explore that if you place a opaque white dental liquid filling but it being so thin, will eventually wear off real fast with everyday brushing. Sorry, no miracle solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11562" LastEditorUserId="527" LastEditDate="2017-12-01T13:57:04.940" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T13:57:04.940" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-02T11:58:03.547" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to self-studying a bit of biochemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When carbs enter the blood, it seems to have understood that they enter with the same chemical compounds, called glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if something similar happens for fat as well: I mean, do unsaturated and saturated fats become the same chemical compound when entering the blood and/or cells? If not, what are the differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11565" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T11:58:03.547" Title="Saturated and unsaturated fats, same compound in blood/cells?" Tags="&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13840" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-02T12:46:38.993" Score="3" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are jaw, teeth and other related part of body ( more precisely, head ) affected by bad posture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a bad jaw position be solved in 'nature' way, by exercise, correction of posture of neck, so head even when relaxed can't get in 'down' position where teeth are closed? Should one go to physical practioner to examine one‘s overall posture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11563" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-02T16:01:53.257" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T21:14:08.063" Title="Can posture affect the jaw position?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;jaw&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13094" CreationDate="2017-10-02T17:06:10.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It shouldn't be such a surprise that &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01541556?LI=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;both sexes&lt;/a&gt; can experience the behaviour described in the question at night, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1978-11323-001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;involuntarily&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During waking hours there are mainly &lt;a href=&quot;http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-20115-001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several distractions&lt;/a&gt; in your mind that counteract (previously this would have been &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1958/08000/RECALL_OF_SOME_PHENOMENA_OF_SLEEP__A_Comparative.3.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;control&lt;/a&gt;&quot;) these processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But since this rather complex yet basic behaviour is a combination of &quot;mind and matter&quot;, that is the brain and other organs, this question is primarily to be broken down into: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00926230590513401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Are Orgasms in the Mind or the Body? Psychosocial Versus Physiological Correlates of Orgasmic Pleasure and Satisfaction&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are not only those legends, fairy tales or &quot;reports&quot; from guru like figures or their followers. It seems at least not wholly uncommon to just engage your mind in very &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01542589?LI=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pleasurable thoughts and images to achieve something you desire&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, that part of your question seems to have to be answered with a &quot;yes!&quot;&#xA;And if it is not physical, then yes again, hm, by definition it has to be psychological. There &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GK6cct0Vjs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has to be a reason&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now, I have to be afraid, a manual for non-manpulation achievements is unknown to me. I guess you just have to use your own imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have fun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T17:06:10.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-02T19:58:52.983" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that humans can tolerate lower frequencies at high volumes better than higher frequencies. In fact, for particularly low frequencies, high SPL is needed just for it to be audible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What’s the difference between low and high frequencies for the ear? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the decibels are equal, does low frequency sound cause the same amount of total hearing damage as other frequencies? If not, how much less damage does it cause? What is the maximum safe threshold for lower frequencies? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By low frequency, I am referring to the range of 16-100Hz, which is the range of most commercial subwoofers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of people with 150db+ car audio systems, who are not deaf or hearing impaired. With regular sound, this would be as loud as a gunshot and constant exposure will surely cause significant damage. Many people in those communities seem to think bass is safe at loud volumes. However, I have not found any research to support or counter this argument.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/1/2/140166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clearly, low frequency sound affects hearing differently than high frequency sound.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is different from &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10132&quot;&gt;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10132&lt;/a&gt; because I am specifically asking the difference in hearing damage of frequencies. &lt;strong&gt;I am aware that high frequency damages high frequency hearing and so on, but surely, it will also damage other frequencies of hearing and the rate of damage is different.&lt;/strong&gt; It also does not account other types of hearing damage such as tinnitus. The answer to the other question does not contain scientific sources either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11570" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:00:53.580" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T22:00:53.580" Title="What is the effect of sound frequency on hearing?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;eardrum&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-02T20:02:24.657" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've conducted a case study with one contender and found out that interestingly, torn blisters (a large bulla in my case) burn when in contact with plain water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really am talking about plain water, not alcohol, disinfectant, hydrogen peroxide (which shouldn't be applied to blisters) or else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case? I suspect it's fairly similar to having any part of the skin torn away and sprinkling water on it, but luckily, this has not yet happened to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T20:02:24.657" Title="Skin under bulla hurt when in contact with water" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;blister&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13849" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13840" CreationDate="2017-10-02T21:14:08.063" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here you have &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - &lt;a href=&quot;https://occlusionconnections.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/gnm-approach-compilation-clayton-a-chan-dds.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://occlusionconnections.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/gnm-approach-compilation-clayton-a-chan-dds.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - &lt;a href=&quot;https://occlusionconnections.com/gneuromuscular-dentistry-gnm/physiologic-rest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://occlusionconnections.com/gneuromuscular-dentistry-gnm/physiologic-rest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems i have to write more to my answer be acepted&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11571" LastActivityDate="2017-10-02T21:14:08.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13815" CreationDate="2017-10-03T04:41:25.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a brief overview of the types and characteristics of seizures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Epileptic Seizure:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is characterized by &quot;torrents&quot; of electrical discharges by groups of neurons. &#xA; This temporarily blocks any other neural signals from reaching the CNS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epilepsy is not associated with intellectual impairments&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epilepsy occurs in about 1% of the population according to the American Epilepsy Society.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genetic factors play a role, but brain injuries, stroke, infections,&#xA;or tumors can also be causes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aura&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Sensory Hallucinations)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;May precede seizure - some people report they can &quot;feel it coming&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Absence Seizures&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These are also referred to as &quot;petit mal&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mild seizures of young children: expression goes blank for few&#xA;seconds&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tonic-Clonic Seizures&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(formerly grand mal)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most severe; last few minutes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Victim loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions,&#xA;loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of tongue&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/ProfessionalEducation/EpilepsyEdPrograms/AES_Basic_Mechanisms_December_2014.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/ProfessionalEducation/EpilepsyEdPrograms/AES_Basic_Mechanisms_December_2014.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T04:41:25.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13852" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-10-03T07:46:10.410" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-10-03T07:46:10.410" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T07:46:10.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13853" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-10-03T07:46:10.410" Score="0" Body="A condition whereby there is an alteration of normal functioning by a known aetiology, typically manifesting as collection of symptoms. " OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-10-04T06:08:44.397" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T06:08:44.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13854" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-10-03T08:04:53.627" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-10-03T08:04:53.627" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T08:04:53.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13855" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-10-03T08:04:53.627" Score="0" Body="Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technology that employs various techniques (most notably magnetic fields) to capture the anatomy of a body." OwnerDisplayName="user1571" LastEditorDisplayName="user1571" LastEditDate="2017-10-04T06:09:05.570" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T06:09:05.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-03T18:35:24.963" Score="3" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any need to take fish oil supplements with food?  Or do they work just as well if they are taken on an empty stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T14:59:01.977" Title="Should fish oil supplements be taken with food?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;omega-6&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-03T19:36:46.687" Score="1" ViewCount="809" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently some man had injured my eyes and eyelid skin. My lower eyelid skin was ripped. Lacrimal channel was ripped as well. In the hospital, my wound on the inferior eyelid was stitched. A week ago the stitches were removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to contribute to the skin to prevent excessive formation of scar tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is more suitable for the treatment of fresh scar? &lt;strong&gt;Stratamed&lt;/strong&gt; gel or &lt;strong&gt;Strataderm&lt;/strong&gt;. Or is there no difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-10-03T19:36:46.687" Title="What are the differences between Stratamed and Strataderm gels?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-04T02:18:27.273" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Puberty wreaks havoc on skin. There's no arguing against the mountains of empirical evidence. Acne and pimples are the most common complaint, followed by unwanted hair and armpit odors, all of which were previously absent. And this NIH academic article (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978100/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978100/&lt;/a&gt;) specifies that &quot;Inhibition of androgen is known to promote skin wound healing&quot; (see the abstract) - a topic with applications in both the military and regenerative medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Puberty did so much to improve my skin.&quot; - said no one ever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, androgens are to blame for these (in both men and women). With the massive number of problems, it's way past time for a serious health project to eliminate or neuter (pun intended) all androgen receptors in dermal (skin) cells. I have yet to find any article or scholarly research paper that names one advantageous effect that androgens have on skin - all of them are harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technology developments in recent years are a gold mine of solutions just waiting to be put into practice. Different cell types have different markers, and it's easy to envision adding an inhibitor to the gene that codes for androgen receptors such that a compound that only dermal cells produce regularly binds to the inhibitor and prevents dermal cells from growing androgen receptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While waiting for CRISPR/Cas9 to be ready, there are plenty of cell signaling based approaches. Medication that gets inside skin cells through endocytosis and prevents androgen receptors from &quot;communicating&quot; through blockage of enzyme cascades. Blocking 1 step in the cascade is enough to extinct the previously mentioned health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An even more short-term and lower-tech stopgap would be a topical that soaks down into the skin and irreversibly damages/blocks androgen receptors. Apply on face and neck to prevent acne. Apply to armpits to stop hair growth and odors. Apply to wounds to promote healing. Regularly apply anywhere else to inhibit unwanted hair growth. Topical is built to denature/inactivate permanently in highly acidic conditions to prevent unwanted side effects on accidental ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The present availability of anti-androgen topicals is a joke. Most of them are prescription only. Almost all of them are specific to either men or women. None of these solutions are practical for wide-scale deployment in civilian life, first aid and emergency service, or the military.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T15:25:49.270" Title="Why isn't there a larger effort to reverse and block the effects of androgens on skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13826" CreationDate="2017-10-04T03:35:51.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can answer your question whether you are &quot;damaging your eye by steaming it&quot; because it depends on your methods whether it's harming the eyeball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your eye does need moisture, which is the purpose of the oil glands.  If your &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blepharitis-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blepharitis&lt;/a&gt; involves clogged oil glands, then they're not putting out the oil that they should.  Therefore using &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/blepharitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;warm compresses&lt;/a&gt; to help clear those glands should do the opposite of stopping the oil - it should allow it to come out normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again, regarding STEAM, I cannot say whether your particular method is safe. Make sure you only use a method from a reputable source, and replicate it accurately!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is more to blepharitis than just oil glands.  Ask your doctor their recommended treatment plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T03:35:51.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13817" CreationDate="2017-10-04T04:47:58.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;An EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) with biopsy has a &lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/368602-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sensitivity of 95% for diagnosing Peptic Ulcers&lt;/a&gt;.  That means less than 5% are missed.  Remember, this is on average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That doesn't sound amazing, but it's actually pretty good.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071675/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article talks about clinical predictors&lt;/a&gt; for ulcers, which are also very important in diagnosis.   If someone has symptoms, the threshold for suspicion goes up.   A good history and physical exam will let the doctor know how much to suspect an ulcer.  That is called a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cebm.net/pre-test-probability/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pre-test probability&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NO ulcer signs/symptoms + negative EGD = likelihood of having an ulcer is extremely low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MANY ulcer signs/symptoms + negative EGD = still low, but worth a discussion. There may be another test (like pH, urease, etc) that could increase diagnostic accuracy IN SOME CASES.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you say it like it was done as a routine screening part of your &quot;general health check,&quot; which is strange. We generally don't just throw EGDs at every human with a stomach, we do them when there is high enough suspicion that something is wrong.  So make sure you have the conversation with your doctor so he/she can help you understand both the reason for doing the test AND the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T04:47:58.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13862" CreationDate="2017-10-04T10:45:59.017" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why, oh, why? Looking into the mirror was sometimes a waking nightmare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is partly an &lt;a href=&quot;https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/66377/what-is-the-xy-problem&quot;&gt;XY-Problem&lt;/a&gt; and secondly not a pessimists complaint but an overoptimistic expectation. So, let's re-analyse and maybe rephrase or reframe the objectives first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the real goals here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To be healthy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To also look healthy, that is: looking good and beautiful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are the goals as formulated in the question? &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Severely disrupting several systems of not yet fully understood complexity in an adolescent body; that is an ever changing system that just started the biggest remake changes in the course of maturing a body into adulthood.  This in an attempt to achieve real goal No. 2 without regard to real goal No. 1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Reasons for progress on this to be perceived as too slow&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &quot;puberty wreaks havoc on the skin&quot; is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;correlation&lt;/a&gt; based on time. In puberty certain unpleasant skin disorders may manifest themselves. True. But this is not a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monocausal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;monocausal&lt;/a&gt; explanation like in &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;puberty&lt;/a&gt; causes acne&quot;. And this is easily evident from the question itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &quot;[…][anti-androgen]&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt; […] are prescription only. Almost all of them are specific to either men or women.&quot; – Well, having &quot;anti-sex-hormones&quot; differentiated for the different sexes seems &lt;em&gt;required&lt;/em&gt;. Men and and women have different levels of hormones. My guess here is that absolutely nobody wants zero androgens in his system. And considering the side-effects: Topical agents may have a systemic effects. If it gets &lt;em&gt;into&lt;/em&gt; your skin to affect cells there, it is &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; your system, almost free to travel anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Usually, androgens are to blame for these…&quot; Meaning that with certain levels of androgens (you were never free of them, maybe they are useful?) a certain number of people are more prone to develop skin issues? That is one part of a probably true explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acne vulgaris that is “the end of my life forever” for one teen can be ignored by another. Acne rosacea can be embarrassing beyond belief and a huge social handicap, or a minor nuisance.&lt;sup&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/acne#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acne&lt;/a&gt; is not an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease#Terminology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;illness&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tuberculosis&lt;/a&gt; where you have one pathogen clearly causing a sharply definable set of symptoms. What is colloquially called acne is better described as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;syndrome&lt;/a&gt; where many symtopms, many causes and many treatment options are available now and will become available in the future. As it's stated in the question &quot;this is a goldmine&quot;. But one mine that is still a bit difficult to explore and extract the wealth from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acne is an extremely complex disease with elements of pathogenesis involving defects in epidermal keratinization, androgen secretion, sebaceous function, bacterial growth, inflammation, and immunity. In the past 30 years, much has been worked out, and we now have a fairly detailed understanding of the events that result in an acne pimple, although there is also much left to be discovered.&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the so-called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/causes/con-20020580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;causes&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acne&lt;/a&gt; there are really just a number of factors identified as contributing to the state of unpleasantness. Colloquially:  Hormonal imbalances, oily skin, bacterial infections and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetics, Diet, Hormones, Stress, Comedones (plugs in pores),[…]&lt;sup&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in another systematic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetics, Androgens, Inflammation, Neuropeptides, Bacteria, The Acne Biofilm, Evidence Supporting a Link Between Acne and Nutrition, Smoking, Antimicrobial Peptides in Acne, Acne and Antimicrobial Lipids, Natural and Artificial Suntanning, Acne and Environmental Pollution (Chloracne), Myths and Beliefs of Acne Pathogenesis: Diet, Smoking, Hygiene, […] Drug-Induced Acne, Body-Builder Acne, Acne Cosmetica… &lt;sup&gt;(3)&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This multitude of causes, often found in countless variations or combinations, means that to arrive at &quot;The Acne Gel&quot; with just an anti-androgen in it is bound to fail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only if a condition is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763909/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;really classified&lt;/a&gt; as a androgen- or androgen-receptor &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.klinikum-dessau.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Hautklinik/PDF-Files/244_expder-androgens.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;disorder&lt;/a&gt; is there any reason to act upon this alone. Androgens are not &quot;bad&quot;. Simply blocking, or yet destroying, the complete signalling pathway for that may yield quite unpleasant results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15529497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Both estrogens and androgens play important parts in skin and hair physiology, […]Further studies with androgen-dependent skin are required to determine whether estrogen receptor β has a regulatory role on androgen receptor expression in the hair follicle in parallel with its role in other androgen-dependent tissues.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2004.00255.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Androgens affect several functions of the human skin, such as sebaceous gland growth and differentiation, hair growth, &lt;em&gt;epidermal barrier homeostasis&lt;/em&gt; and wound healing.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Just removing this one bad guy&quot; is just not an option.&#xA;Or just imagine human skin without collagen, you would fall apart to see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15320789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Collagen, the major macromolecular component of skin, is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the tissue as well as for providing important functional characteristics, such as pliability and thickness. We have been studying the structure and regulation of collagen in mouse mutations affecting the skin. In the course of these studies, we found that there are significant differences in collagen content between the skin of wild-type male and female mice, which become evident at puberty. Furthermore, male mice with an X-linked mutation in the androgen receptor gene (formerly called testicular feminization and abbreviated as ArTfm) showed decreased levels of collagen, indicating that the androgen receptor pathway contributes to the observed differences. These findings demonstrate that there are striking differences in the collagen content of skin between male and female mice, and provide a biochemical explanation for these differences.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(An important side note should be allowed in reaction to the comment below: the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;odour&lt;/a&gt; dependent an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;androgens&lt;/a&gt; that is manufactured &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; the skin is what &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15008668&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attracts the ladies&lt;/a&gt; (well to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19526225.600-sniffers-genes-dictate-if-sweat-smells-sweet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;certain extent&lt;/a&gt;, or likeminded identities), &quot;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2010/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/16/us-genes-odor-idUSN1522717720070916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stink&lt;/a&gt;&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_odor#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found often&lt;/a&gt; in the same place is mainly manufactured by the bacteria &lt;em&gt;on the skin&lt;/em&gt; feeding on accumulated waste there. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Irreversibly damaging&quot; anything looks like a good idea? Most of those suffering from acne in their youth stop suffering from acne in adulthood. Starting to manipulatie anyones genes without first getting a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; better understanding of all the complexities of these processes –in general– seems very pre-mature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I am by no means an expert in guessing the path of the future, I am convinced that there are better ways to treat acne now and even better treatments – without crispering genes – will become available. If a condition within this spectrum of unpleasantness &lt;em&gt;is identified with certainty&lt;/em&gt; to be influenced positively by androgen receptor sensitivity modification then a treatment doing just that (but temporarily) will come quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Understanding the complex relationships that form the background for these three diseases is essential in order to provide the “deliverable”&lt;sup&gt;(3)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, only funding research into overly specific directions, like genetic modification or topical anti-androgens, may have detrimental effects in the long run. Please consider this the next time you have to vote on anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=sx_cua_GYS4C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guy F. Webster, Anthony V. Rawlings (2007):&quot;Acne and its Therapy&quot;, Informa Healthcare: New York.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=Z1yFBQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;F. William Danby (2015): &quot;Acne: causes and practical management&quot;, Wiley: Chichester, Oxford.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=vnQqBAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christos C. Zouboulis Andreas D. Katsambas, Albert M. Kligman (2014): &quot;Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea&quot;, Springer: Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-04T15:25:49.270" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T15:25:49.270" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13858" CreationDate="2017-10-04T11:00:04.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/omega-3s-in-fish-oil-and-supplements-whats-your-best-strategy#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fish oil&lt;/a&gt; is a fat. Supplements relating to fat and fat solubility have usually one thing in common: the fat digestion and nutrient extraction is usually improved when these fats are consumed like in a normal meal. But this is really just a general rule of thumb. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2008/07/24/Food-better-than-supplements-for-omega-3-says-ADA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Since real meals containing these are probably better anyway&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But more important are the possible immediate side-effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fish oil is &lt;strong&gt;likely safe&lt;/strong&gt; for most people when taken by mouth in low doses (3 grams or less per day). There are some safety concerns when fish oil is taken in high doses. Taking more than 3 grams per day might keep blood from clotting and can increase the chance of bleeding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High doses of fish oil might also reduce the immune system's activity, reducing the body's ability to fight infection. This is a special concern for people taking medications to reduce their immune system's activity (organ transplant patients, for example) and the elderly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Only take high doses of fish oil while under medical supervision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-993-FISH+OIL.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fish oil can cause side effects including belching, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, loose stools, rash, and nosebleeds. &lt;em&gt;Taking fish oil supplements with meals&lt;/em&gt; or freezing them can often decrease these side effects. …&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis in this paragraph  added)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-04T14:59:01.977" LastActivityDate="2017-10-04T14:59:01.977" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-05T08:30:47.390" Score="6" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient is taken to a hospital's emergency department (the closest one to them) with major trauma and urgently needs surgery for internal bleeding. However, there are no surgeons (for whatever specialty) on call. What will happen here? Is there any way the patient can be stabilized, and then transferred to a facility where surgery can be performed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11610" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T22:00:36.733" Title="What happens in an emergency room in this situation?" Tags="&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-05T12:17:16.097" Score="1" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;I really interested to know if wrapping a hot towel in neck will help to get rid of sore throat quickly? if yes, then why ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1847" LastActivityDate="2019-03-24T20:28:56.487" Title="Does wrapping hot towel in neck to get rid of sore throat and cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;sore-throat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-03-24T21:34:59.840" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-05T18:20:13.867" Score="2" ViewCount="213" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between silicone plasters/strips &lt;strong&gt;Mepiform&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Mepiderm&lt;/strong&gt;. What is better to use for a scar that is 1 month old? I want to use a silicone tape (for prevention of excessive formation of scars). Mepiderm is more expensive. Does this mean that it copes better with scars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T18:20:13.867" Title="What are the differences between Mepiform and Mepiderm silicone plasters/tapes?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13876" CreationDate="2017-10-05T19:10:16.777" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will not get rid of it but it will help with the pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a fever or there are stuff (exudates) on your tonsils. I would have it checked out to rule out strep. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But mostly likely it is viral and you will need supportive care like tylenol for pain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11597" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T19:10:16.777" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13875" CreationDate="2017-10-05T19:13:03.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer is the ED will try and stabilize the patient as best as they can with fluids and pressors if needed. But patient will need surgery to figure out where the bleed is coming from. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11597" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T19:13:03.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-05T19:59:04.093" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there anything that actually prevents armpit sweat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11599" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-06T00:21:51.563" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T16:10:19.063" Title="what is really working solution for armpit sweat" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13875" CreationDate="2017-10-05T20:21:19.447" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US this should be a very rare event. Every state (or region) has hospitals designated as level 1 trauma centers. Being certified as a level 1 trauma center means they have all the personnel and facilities necessary to handle any type of trauma at any time. That means surgical teams and all the support staff and facilities such as radiology, blood bank, pharmacy and all the necessary personnel are on site and available 24/7. Surgeons being &quot;on call&quot; isn't good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along with trauma centers, there is a system of regulations governing which patients qualify as trauma patients and how EMS must handle them. When EMS responds to a 911 call and they determine that the patient meets trauma criteria, they &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; transport that patient to the nearest trauma center. (This is one of the few times that EMS can overrule a conscious, sober, adult patient's choice of hospitals.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, exceptions can and do happen. For example, a patient has suffered massive blood loss. The trauma center is 45 minutes away and the patient is deteriorating rapidly and unlikely to survive the trip, but another hospital is 5 minutes away that has a blood bank and surgical capabilities. In that case the medics would contact their own medical control (usually an ED doctor where they're based) and request a diversion. If approved, they would then contact the new destination hospital to give them a heads up on what's headed their way. You don't take a critical patient somewhere without knowing for sure they can accept them. The idea here is the patient will be stabilized at the smaller hospital and then transferred to the trauma center ASAP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the scenario you ask about should almost never happen. There's no benefit to taking a trauma patient somewhere where there are no surgeons since there's little a hospital can do that the medics can't. It's better to fly the patient if possible or simply keep moving. Time is everything in trauma and diverting to a hospital without the necessary resources would be a waste of precious time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comments Narusan raises a good question: What if the patient travels to the smaller hospital himself? In that case the same thing would happen. They would stabilize the patient to the best of their abilities and then transfer them to a trauma center as soon as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ems.gov/pdf/advancing-ems-systems/Provider-Resources/EMS_Trauma_Agenda.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ems.gov/pdf/advancing-ems-systems/Provider-Resources/EMS_Trauma_Agenda.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-05T22:00:36.733" LastActivityDate="2017-10-05T22:00:36.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-06T04:35:19.977" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for vestibular neuritis to last longer than two months after taking a course of steroids?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11601" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-06T04:57:07.210" LastActivityDate="2017-11-05T05:47:09.570" Title="How long can vestibular neuritis last?" Tags="&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;inner-ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13883" CreationDate="2017-10-06T05:37:14.917" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four different types of labyrinthitis (or  vestibular neuritis):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mastoiditis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;usually caused by untreatedOtitis Media, middle ear infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;lueslabyrinthitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;usually caused by a luetic pleurisy or meningitis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mengingogene labyrinthitis&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;usually caused by meningococcal diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;viral labyrinthitis&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;usually caused by viral infections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter is the most &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001054.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common type of labyrinthitis&lt;/a&gt;. Assuming steroids means antibiotics, mengingogene labyrinthitis seems to be your case. If steroids means something like Aciclovir or other virostatic agents, you are suffering from a viral labyrinthitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;No matter the cause, 2 months of pain and vertigo is too much&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 months of taking drugs is a lot as well (depending on the drugs you are taking) and should be discussed with your doctor. Don’t hesitate, &lt;strong&gt;take your last results with you&lt;/strong&gt;, and visit a doctor of your choice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading (German only): &lt;a href=&quot;http://m.flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Labyrinthitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DocCheck Flexikon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-06T05:37:14.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-06T13:14:22.260" Score="-2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just wanted to know what is the maximum possible time for symptoms of pregnancy to show up after having unprotected sex(assume conception occurs)? What I mean is visible symptoms,not something like missed period or anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11551" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T13:36:33.300" Title="Maximum time for symptoms of pregnancy to show up?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;conceive-conception&gt;&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-10-08T20:14:23.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13889" CreationDate="2017-10-07T02:05:01.920" Score="5" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;For some reason, I get hungry pretty fast. This leads to unhealthy behaviour of eating snacks to keep the hunger away. What are some healthy food to eat in between meals to ward off hunger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T21:50:10.730" Title="What are some healthy food to eat in between meals when a person gets hungry?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;snacks-snacking-snack&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13888" CreationDate="2017-10-07T10:49:31.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends what your definition of &lt;code&gt;healthy&lt;/code&gt; is really. If you're looking for something low calorie, I would suggest a large bowl of steamed vegetables. If you heavily season them avoiding salt if you can - think pepper and paprika, they are surprisingly delicious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just cook frozen vegetables like brocoli, corn or peas in a bowl. You can buy them from any supermarket for super cheap, and the meal takes 5 mins in the microwave with basically no prep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10/10 healthy&#xA;10/10 easy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11608" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T10:49:31.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-07T12:20:53.893" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relating to the paramedics within the Hong Kong Fire Services Department. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11610" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T12:20:53.893" Title="How highly trained are paramedics in Hong Kong?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9959" CreationDate="2017-10-07T14:14:42.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is evidence that alkaline food affects internal pH, but it is important to note that the regulation of internal pH (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acid-base homeostatis&lt;/a&gt;) has other contributing factors, which is why the impact of food is subtle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm mainly aware of evidence from studies on sodium bicarbonate, as an example for a simple way to supplement alkaline food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143086&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gabriela Froio de Araujo Dias et al&lt;/em&gt;: (In)Consistencies in Responses to Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: A Randomised, Repeated Measures, Counterbalanced and Double-Blind Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This experiment studies the effect of sodium bicarbonate as a pre-workout supplement. Blood pH is measured at baseline, pre-workout (after either placebo or sodium bicarbonate supplementation), and post-workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UaHQs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dashed lines are the placebo group, solid lines the sodium bicarbonate group. This shows that the buffering from sodium bicarbonate has a slight effect on blood pH even pre-workout.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.springermedizin.de/the-effect-of-%CE%B2-alanine-and-nahco3-co-ingestion-on-buffering-cap/8485160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Jessica Danaher et al&lt;/em&gt;: The effect of β-alanine and NaHCO3 co-ingestion on buffering capacity and exercise performance with high-intensity exercise in healthy males&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study has a different focus, but the experimental setup and results in terms of blood pH response are similar (labels &quot;SB&quot; are sodium bicarbonate groups; RSA and CCT refer to two different exercises):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3XIh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So technically you could say that alkaline food &quot;helps to regulate internal pH&quot;, but it is a very weak influence. To emphasize the impact of other contributing factors to blood pH, it is also interesting to look at something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;M. Kox et al&lt;/em&gt;: Voluntary Activation of The Sympathetic Nervous System and Attenuation of the Innate Immune Response In Humans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article studies the effect of the Wim Hof method, in particular its breathing technique. The breathing technique basically alternates between voluntary hyperventilation and breath holds. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/04/30/1322174111.DCSupplemental&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supplementary material&lt;/a&gt; features a video of one subject performing the breathing technique, including monitoring of blood pH over the course of the exercise. The subject has a basline blood pH of 7.4. During hyperventilation, blood pH increases over 7.6 as a result of the reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood. During breath retention, carbon dioxide levels normalize and the blood pH falls (almost) back to the baseline level. Note that these effects on pH are very quick compared to nutritional influences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example shows why it is difficult to separate the effect from alkaline food from other factors contributing to pH homeostasis. Taking a few deep breaths or holding your breath has a very immediate effect on blood pH, which can easily bias the more subtle effect from an alkaline diet. I'm not an expert, but I could imagine that the respiratory rate is even determined by dietary factors. Thus, instead of studying the effect on internal pH, it might be more sensible to show that an alkaline diet leads to reduced breathing in the long term, because the body could maintain the same pH level even with higher carbon dioxide levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastEditorUserId="11609" LastEditDate="2017-10-07T15:42:41.677" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T15:42:41.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-07T17:51:58.177" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been drinking a cup of coffee every morning for about 3 continuous years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this daily activity have a negative effect on my health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11614" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-08T04:07:03.290" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T04:07:03.290" Title="Relation between health and coffee" Tags="&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-07T18:40:03.443" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to {1}, entraining gamma  (20-50 Hz) oscillations attenuate AD-related pathology in mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} also note that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gamma is altered in humans with AD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which seems to indicate that a similar treatment may  work for humans. However, since they focused on mice, they point out that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;further&#xA;  study is needed to determine whether it will be therapeutic in human AD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does entraining gamma oscillations attenuate AD-related pathology in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia. Hannah F. Iaccarino,  Annabelle C. Singer,    Anthony J. Martorell,   Andrii Rudenko, Fan Gao, Tyler Z. Gillingham,   Hansruedi Mathys,   Jinsoo Seo, Oleg Kritskiy,  Fatema Abdurrob, Chinnakkaruppan Adaikkan,  Rebecca G. Canter,  Richard Rueda,  Emery N. Brown, Edward S. Boyden    &amp;amp; Li-Huei Tsai. Nature 540, 230–235 (08 December 2016) doi:10.1038/nature20587 ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://syntheticneurobiology.org/PDFs/16.12.iaccarino.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://syntheticneurobiology.org/PDFs/16.12.iaccarino.pdf&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v540/n7632/full/nature20587.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v540/n7632/full/nature20587.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T18:40:03.443" Title="Does entraining gamma oscillations attenuate AD-related pathology in humans?" Tags="&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9959" CreationDate="2017-10-07T19:01:23.577" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As for the studies... I would think the first study actually proves my point. People were given 20+g of bicarb and then exercised nearly to death (as evidenced by their ICU worthy ABGs), and yet they survived. Furthermore, they survived with the buffers on the sigmoid curve, which means these extreme values in ABGs represent a very very extreme assault on the body. With a minor glitch that a change to a more alkaline diet is... no... this sort of system will not register a change, simply because it is built to withstand the extremes of external environment with minimal changes to the internal environment. If the ancestor in my first comment could have their blood pH affected by something as minor as a change in alkalinity of an otherwise non-toxic diet, they would have no chance of withstanding a sustained extreme physical effort that is hunting an animal without firearms or running from an animal hunting them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7221" LastActivityDate="2017-10-07T19:01:23.577" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-07T19:47:43.047" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are silicone plasters or silicone gels more effective for minimizing scarring and optimal healing of a one month-old scar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-08T04:01:35.867" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T04:01:35.867" Title="What works better in minimizing scars? Silicone plasters or silicone gels?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-08T05:59:25.780" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient complains about light background pain around the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, likely a tendinopathy such as a tendinosis. MRIs show nothing abnormal. Can a physician or physiotherapist detect by touching that there is a tendinopathy or that the tendon is not properly healed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the patient saw the physician one hour after doing the MRI, and that the patient has neither swelling nor heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T05:59:25.780" Title="Detecting a tendinopathy by touching" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-08T10:24:43.707" Score="1" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was injured 4 weeks ago. After the removal of the stitches, either an atrophic or a normotrophic scar (about 1 cm long) was formed on my face. I would like to contribute to the skin and constitution for minimizing scarring and optimal healing. What vitamins will be useful for the skin in this case? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T19:14:50.640" Title="What vitamins are useful for restoring the skin after an injury?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13886" CreationDate="2017-10-08T13:36:33.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;9 months / 40 weeks. Multiple stories have been printed over the years of women who discovered they were pregnant only while delivering a baby. Typically these women are overweight and have irregular periods. They don't get any morning sickness, and they interpret the baby's movements as gas. (To find stories on this in the popular press, just search for &quot;didn't know pregnant&quot; and plenty will appear.) In some cases they are not overweight and have even been pregnant before, but still do not notice. (Or perhaps they claim they don't notice: there is a lot of skepticism from people when women say they didn't know.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's even been a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/324/7335/458.1.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proper medical study&lt;/a&gt; on this. (The title takes the same position that come on, you must have known, you just denied it to yourself and others, which I find a little rude.) Roughly 1 in 500 didn't know until after 20 weeks. By 20 weeks you would expect morning sickness to be well underway, the woman to be &quot;showing&quot;, and movements to be felt. Roughly 1 in 2500 didn't know until they went into labour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you asked for a maximum, there it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T13:36:33.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13902" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13904" CreationDate="2017-10-08T14:38:53.267" Score="8" ViewCount="1480" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a long on-going discussion about the breathing part of CPR being so off-putting that it frightens people away from doing CPR altogether.  I was wondering what can be done to make it less off-putting, assuming one does not have paramedic equipment to hand.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously there is the miniature face mask, but most people do not bring that with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the CPR is a two-person job, with the person pushing in charge, I could imagine telling the second person to clean the face with a tissue (assuming that starting with a delay is better than not starting) and then to breath through a second one.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have never done CPR in a real life situation, so input from someone who has would be of particular interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Very sorry, I should have said that I was specifically not looking for &quot;leave rescue breathing out&quot; as an answer; I think that is a whole topic of its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9465" LastEditorUserId="9465" LastEditDate="2017-10-09T14:26:55.153" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T20:34:59.687" Title="How can CPR breathing be made less off-putting" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13906" CreationDate="2017-10-08T14:49:53.227" Score="7" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always been aware that sports drinks help you replace potassium lost from exercise. But I also know that too much potassium in your bloodstream is not a good thing and bad for your heart. So can drinking too many sports drinks be dangerous for you? What would happen if a person drank a gallon of a sports drink a day for a month? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2083" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T05:19:30.453" Title="Can too much potassium from sports drinks be dangerous/lethal?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13902" CreationDate="2017-10-08T15:10:11.970" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;That problem is already solved for you, at least in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current guidelines issued by the American Heart Association no longer require rescue breathing. Chest compressions alone are now &lt;a href=&quot;http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/Programs/HandsOnlyCPR/UCM_473196_Hands-Only-CPR.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the standard&lt;/a&gt; for community CPR (vs professional CPR). They refer to it as &lt;em&gt;hands only CPR&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On an anecdotal note, I've done mouth-to-mouth on a perfect stranger. He was a young adult male drowning victim. It's not as off-putting as you might think. However, had he vomited, which is common in cardiac arrest, that would have made me wish for a pocket mask. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit in response to edit to the question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If protective equipment like a pocket mask isn't available and omitting mouth-to-mouth isn't an option, then there aren't many options left. A piece of cloth used as a barrier might help reduce the gross factor, but I doubt it will do much to protect you from bacteria and viruses. If vomit is present, you need to clear the airway first anyway, which should have been covered in your CPR class. If blood is present, now you have to ask yourself how much risk you're willing to take since you could be exposing yourself to dangerous bloodborne pathogens. Although it's okay to wipe the mouth and face off with a wet cloth, it's not okay to try and rinse the mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honestly, should you find yourself in the situation of using your CPR training, I think you'll find that you'll be too busy and focused to even notice the off-putting aspects unless the patient is a real mess. Just do what needs to be done and what your risk assessment allows you to do. You'll probably be surprised how much work CPR is. Even professionals come away from a 'code' sweating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-10-09T20:34:59.687" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T20:34:59.687" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-08T15:11:31.847" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well known that deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may increase a patient's risk of pulmonary embolism (PE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the patients who develop DVT, what is the estimated proportion who go on to develop a PE?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="83" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T15:11:31.847" Title="In what proportion of patients does a DVT progress to a PE?" Tags="&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13903" CreationDate="2017-10-08T20:33:32.143" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sports drinks contain trivial amounts of potassium. For example, one US gallon of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/Product?formula=33877&amp;amp;form=RTD&amp;amp;size=32&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gatorade contains 480 mg of potassium&lt;/a&gt;, which is roughly comparable to a single banana and much less than a sweet potato. The US RDA for potassium is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tc/potassium-content-of-fruits-vegetables-and-other-foods-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4700 mg per day&lt;/a&gt;, so you could safely drink 10 gallons per day if you consumed nothing else. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dangers of potassium are vastly overstated, even by most medical professionals. If you have normal kidney function and you're not taking a small number of medications that cause potassium retention, it's actually extremely difficult to make yourself hyperkalemic by oral consumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-09T05:19:30.453" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T05:19:30.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13902" CreationDate="2017-10-08T22:22:32.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The British came across this exact problem. CPR was seen as a tricky business, especially when it was considered complicated and might involve mouth-to-mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their solution was (as Carey Gregory mentioned) to recommend chest-compressions in time to a relatively popular (and more importantly, catchy) song. Their logic was that even a simple step like that was much better than people standing about doing nothing out of fear of getting it wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a big push to get this message out via an advert the British Heart Foundation ran with a famous actor (Vinnie Jones) in which he literally says the line: &quot;No kissing, you only kiss your Mrs on the lips&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find it here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcQG2MMegXw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcQG2MMegXw&lt;/a&gt; or by searching &quot;Vinnie Jones' hard and fast hands-only CPR&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11618" LastActivityDate="2017-10-08T22:22:32.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13908" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-09T01:19:28.000" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;In its &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/medical_devices/publications/en/Donation_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guidelines for Donations of Health Care Equipment&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171009011906/http://www.who.int/medical_devices/publications/en/Donation_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;), the WHO says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sense among some biomedical engineers and health care professionals who have extensive work experience in these countries is that &lt;strong&gt;less than 30%, perhaps as low as 10%, of used equipment ultimately becomes operational.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number is quite vague and unreferenced. What percentage of donated used medical equipment to developing countries ultimately becomes operational?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T15:28:11.763" Title="Does less than 10% of donated used medical equipment ultimately becomes operational?" Tags="&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-09T03:13:25.650" Score="1" ViewCount="1111" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you sleep, you sweat out and breathe out some water, but how much is normal to lose, assuming you're not actively trying to make yourself sweat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11623" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T16:14:56.787" Title="How much water weight is it normal to lose while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;water-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-09T12:09:39.143" Score="4" ViewCount="9838" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen people on the internet claim that you shouldn't tilt back your head during nosebleeds, because blood could get into your lungs or stomach. When I asked people I know what they do during nosebleeds and what they know, most of them tilt their heads back and put cotton tampons or handkerchiefs in the nostrils. None of them have suffered any trauma caused by swallowing blood, and as far as I know, it's rare for seriously bad effects to occur like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an infamous photo of a very large branching blood clot (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snopes.com/photos/medical/bloodclot.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.snopes.com/photos/medical/bloodclot.asp&lt;/a&gt;) which is used to scare kids about nosebleeds, but it seems to be an exceptionally rare occurrence. At least that's so uncommon that I've only seen that in this one picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One common thought that goes through minds of people I've talked to seems to be &quot;Blood loss is a thing, and I'm losing blood, so I better swallow it back into myself&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to ask the more knowledgeable folk on this site: Is swallowing own blood from nosebleeds harmful, neutral or beneficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found a question on SE about consuming blood in general, and the recommendation is against that, but in that case it's extra blood that wasn't in your own body's circulation. So this is a different question, just in case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1839" LastEditorUserId="1839" LastEditDate="2017-10-09T19:13:58.263" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T01:47:28.577" Title="What are the effects of swallowing own blood from nosebleeds?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13908" CreationDate="2017-10-09T15:28:11.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is on the one hand quite a broad question (&quot;these countries&quot;) for not a very vague but a very specific number. On the other hand this is indeed a public health issue very much unfocused by the public eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One additional problem not mentioned in the question is that from all the donated equipment some is not suitable, beyond repair, unwanted, without operators or technicians to repair, running out of replacement parts and consumables. That means that it is not only a factor of &quot;what percentage becomes operational&quot;, but also of what arrives where, who profits from what along the whole line and how long does it stay operational?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give you a few examples with references:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11517-011-0786-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effectiveness of medical equipment donations to improve health systems: how much medical equipment is broken in the developing world?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is often said that most of the medical equipment in the developing world is broken with estimates ranging up to 96% out of service. […] This study examined 112,040 pieces of equipment. An average of 38.3% (42,925, range across countries: 0.83–47%) in developing countries was out of service. The three main causes were lack of training, health technology management, and infrastructure. We hope that the findings will help biomedical engineers with their efforts toward effective designs for the developing world and NGO’s with efforts to design effective healthcare interventions. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The analysis may underestimate the number of pieces out of service. We have relied on hospital reported equipment status reports to create the analysis. However, hospitals may ignore some working equipment that never entered their inventory, broken equipment off inventory or they may lack the technical staff to conduct a thorough inventory. In any case, we suspect that many hospitals are underreporting their broken equipment. Unfortunately, we are aware of no independent, peer-reviewed study that tracks a particular shipment of donated equipment from original status to final disposition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, how much equipment is out of service in the developing world? The answer is about 40%. We find no evidence to support the statement that most or nearly all the equipment in resource poor settings is broken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While donations can cause problems and there are undoubtedly some hospitals where the situation is much worse, the analysis does suggest that donating equipment can improve the available healthcare options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the other hand, investments in capacity building, health technology management and infrastructure could nearly double the amount of working medical equipment without the expense of collecting, testing, and shipping used medical devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this seemingly simple process so ineffective?&#xA;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862008000100015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beyond good intentions: lessons on equipment donation from an African hospital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While researching this subject the authors found guidelines for medical equipment donations produced by WHO in 2000. They identify four principles of &quot;good donation practice&quot;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;the ensuring of maximum benefit to the recipient, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;respect for the wishes and context of the recipient, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;the avoidance of quality double standards, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;and effective donor-recipient communication and planning. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This case bears out the importance of these principles and the necessity for putting into practice guidelines that appear to have been largely overlooked. The need to strengthen health systems throughout the world is a recognized key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This case is illustrative of this challenge and offers support for WHO policy, and indeed support for the contention that the progression from knowledge and policy to practice is the great challenge of international health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO paper referenced in the question is relatively old (1997) – but apperently not much has changed – &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/17434440.4.6.759&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Barriers for medical devices for the developing world:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most important design barrier is the lack of spare parts in the target countries. Any device designed for the developing world will be likely to stop working as soon as the first replacement part is required. […] Other possibilities for the failure to replace parts exists. The cost may be prohibitive or the hospital may lack the expertise or tools required to execute the repair. Most hospitals do not have a technician with more than a high school education. […] One of the most common problems encountered in developing world hospitals is the lack of consumables. Consumables are liquids or supplies required for the use of the equipment, but allowing only limited, or no, reuse […]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The developing world represents a market size approximately five-times larger than the developed world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Successfully capturing the developing world market will require more than selling the same devices at lower prices. Most medical devices&#xA;  transplanted from the developed world to the developing world hospital&#xA;  fail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most important unique design barriers for medical devices in the developing world hospital are the lack of spare parts and the lack of&#xA;  required consumables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other unique barriers include a lack of reliable power and water, public infrastructure and technical expertise.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is a misconception that designs must be simple and that capital cost is always the primary barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Stripped-down designs may be perceived as lesser quality and rejected, despite lower cost.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at just one concrete example of &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892012000400012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical equipment donations in Haiti: flaws in the donation process:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The team found that only 28% of the equipment was working properly and in use for patient care; another 28% was working, but lay idle for technical reasons; 30% was not working, but repairable; and 14% was beyond repair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to this point this answer focussed on just a short list of what in this process usually can go wrong: just dumping some stuff in front of the natives while making money from it is not effective, despite producing some karma-friendly statistics. Speaking of which, some problems are not so much in the design of the process, but in the execution. &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05309.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Equipment donation to developing countries:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There has been one episode when import duty was requested; the charity's response was that the equipment could be ‘safely dumped into the sea’. Fortunately, there was a happy ending to this story and the equipment reached its destination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On another occasion, a container was ‘lost’ in Somalia, due to a lack of robust arrangements at the destination. Donations to countries which are politically unstable are a particular challenge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That number of 30% or less does not look very inaccurate today, 20 years after  it was  identified as a problem, guidelines to reduce this inefficiency published and much money made from this good-doing charitity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T15:28:11.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-09T21:20:47.787" Score="4" ViewCount="898" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does breastfeeding moms tend to have higher cholesterol levels after pregnancy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11628" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:42:40.533" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:42:40.533" Title="Is it normal to have high cholesterol after pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;postpartum-body&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-09T22:40:31.993" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a specific type of food that causes flucloxacillin to not be abosrbed more so than other kinds of food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically could somebody eat for example a handful of almonds or peanuts as a small snack without it causing the flucloxacillin to lose effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11629" LastActivityDate="2017-10-09T22:40:31.993" Title="What is the reason you can only take flucloxacillin on an empty stomach?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13911" CreationDate="2017-10-10T01:47:28.577" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood irritates the stomach and in sufficient quantity will cause nausea and vomiting, so that would make it harmful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.emedicinehealth.com/stopping_a_nosebleed-health/article_em.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.emedicinehealth.com/stopping_a_nosebleed-health/article_em.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do not tilt your head back. This may cause blood to run down the back&#xA;  of your throat, and you may swallow it. Swallowed blood can irritate&#xA;  your stomach and cause vomiting. And vomiting may make the bleeding&#xA;  worse or cause it to start again. Spit out any blood that gathers in&#xA;  your mouth and throat rather than swallowing it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The story behind the photo you posted may or may not be accurate, but clearly the patient in question was not well. Blood running down the trachea of a healthy, alert person would trigger an immediate cough reflex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-10-10T01:47:28.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13948" CreationDate="2017-10-10T02:23:44.253" Score="3" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there research which shows that infants intuitively stabilize towards a nutritionally balanced diet, if they are given a wide range of foods to choose from by themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask because I recall reading this from some popsci article years ago, but cannot find neither the source nor the paper itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The research paper I had in mind went like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method&lt;/strong&gt;: Get several newborn (or at least very young) babies, put them away in a room away from any other people, this room contains nothing but a wide wide variety of foods, wait until they decide to eat for their selves and see what happens.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: Though the infants initially ate very randomly, they eventually stabilized towards a nutritionally balanced diet (albeit a bit unusual, apparently a subject drank fish oil raw)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't read the paper first hand, as it was quoted by Cracked. While I can find the same article, I don't think they would pull fake research out of their arse (they have(had) a reputation of being a pretty legit popsci source I recall). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for either the exact paper I described, or a paper showing a very similar result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11634" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-11T20:43:16.160" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T20:43:16.160" Title="Infant dieting habits in natural setting" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15750" CreationDate="2017-10-10T02:27:41.357" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exercise is more fun in the morning, when the air is still fresh and the hot sun is not there to sting you. But not for a few of us who have to go to work in the morning, and also not fun after just coming home at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of us have time to do sports at night because in the morning we are busy. Is nighttime sports more dangerous for the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11356" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T13:04:46.553" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T13:04:46.553" Title="Is exercise at night dangerous?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-10T04:46:42.467" Score="3" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain (3rd Edition), Baldry asserts the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When the Myofascial Trigger Point nociceptor-sensitizing substances bradykinin and prostaglandins are released into the tissues as a result of trauma-induced inflammation, they give rise to the development of both vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability.The effect of this is to cause oedema to develop with compression of veins and resultant tissue ischaemia. As a consequence of this a vicious circle is liable to be created because &lt;strong&gt;the ischaemia then leads to the release of still more MTrP nociceptor sensitizing chemical substances&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why and how does ischaemia lead to the release of nociceptor sensitizing chemical substances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7832" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:59:55.890" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:59:55.890" Title="Ischaemia and sensitization" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;myofascial-pain-syndrome&gt;&lt;nociceptor&gt;&lt;ischaemia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14124" CreationDate="2017-10-10T11:00:51.657" Score="11" ViewCount="13396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from exposure to cold, the core element of the Wim Hof Method is a breathing technique, which alternates between hyperventilation and hypoventilation (apparently similar to Tummo meditation). It consists of repeating the following steps for 3-4 times:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperventilation for 30 deep, strong breaths.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breath hold after an exhalation for as long as possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inhalation followed by another breath hold for ~10 seconds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exercise seems to have a profound effect on human physiology, which has been discovered in &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;The focus of the experiment was to study the immune response after administration of an endotoxin while performing the breathing exercise.&#xA;The study revealed the following physiological reactions (see also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2014/04/30/1322174111.DCSupplemental&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;videos in the supplementary material&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increases epinephrine levels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Suppresses immune response, i.e., decreased pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and increased anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood pH: Increases from ~7.4 to over ~7.7 during hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis); falls back to ~ baseline during breath retention.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oxygen saturation: At 100% during hyperventilation; temporarily drops to ~50% during the breath hold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arterial pCO2: Decreases from a baseline of ~4.5 kPa to below 2 kPa during hyperventilation. The breath hold recovers pCO2 but not fully to baseline level, which is why the minimum pCO2 seems to decrease with each hyperventilation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arterial pO2: Increases from a baseline of ~16.5 to kPa over 22 kPa during hyperventilation. During the breath hold pO2 can fall below 4 kPa, and the minimum seems to become lower with each repetition. pO2 stays slightly elevated post exercise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at these physiologic reactions, I'm wondering how performing this exercise on a daily basis would affect the development of cancer?&#xA;I am a scientist, but not in the field of medicine or health, so it is difficult to make sense these effects.&#xA;Naively, I would think that some of the reactions like the more alkaline blood pH and a more efficient immune system should be beneficial for preventing cancer.&#xA;Also, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5266177/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2017 study&lt;/a&gt; has found positive effects of breath training on respiratory cancer.&#xA;On the other hand, the exercise involves states of low oxygenation during both:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperventilation: As a result of the low carbon dioxide levels, haemoglobin binds oxygen (Bohr effect), leading to reduced tissue oxygenation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breath hold: The low oxygen saturation and arterial pO2 probably means that the body is in a temporary state of generalized hypoxia at the end of the breath hold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick research on the connection between oxygenation/hypoxia and cancer seems to indicate that hypoxia is something that should be avoided by all means, because it promotes malignant progression and metastasis, and increases resistance to therapy and mortality (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_hypoxia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/9/suppl_5/10.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004 article&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17440684&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 article&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/oncsis/journal/v5/n1/full/oncsis201550a.html?foxtrotcallback=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 article&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for an experienced health scientist to put these observations into perspective? I.e., would you recommend (or advise against) a cancer-prone person to do such an exercise from a purely theoretical point of view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastEditorUserId="11609" LastEditDate="2017-10-10T15:00:51.510" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T06:26:25.273" Title="Is a hyperventilation+hypoventilation breathing exercise (Wim Hof Method) more likely to prevent or promote cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13927" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-10T13:53:03.707" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have friends and acquaintances having remineralized and healed their teeth, some of whom having quite some cavities. I really doubted it but decided to do some research instead and it is possible indeed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference with me is that I have around 5 teeth, if not more which had their nerves removed. Is there any hope? Common sense says 100% impossible but please share if any solutions for that are known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T21:57:38.560" Title="Teeth with removed nerves. Possible remineralization?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13928" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14022" CreationDate="2017-10-10T15:31:31.913" Score="3" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it dangerous to prepare tea directly in a water boiler? If I prepare green tea in a water boiler there is some discoloring of the container. Are there any bacteria/ molds which are dangerous to one's health which could survive between boiling intervals supposed you heat the water until it boils?&#xA;How often should you clean the container thoroughly using strong detergents? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8980" LastEditorUserId="8980" LastEditDate="2017-10-10T16:11:45.283" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T12:03:00.043" Title="Prepare tea directly in water boiler - dangerous?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13930" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13946" CreationDate="2017-10-10T17:45:58.397" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I come from totally &lt;strong&gt;engineering background&lt;/strong&gt; but I'm passionate learner in my free time! I would like to start learning from the fundamentals about cancer and see if I can get some insights using my (engineering) background, as I'm progressing more and more in my learning career. Just give me your opinions and a real scientific &lt;em&gt;roadmap&lt;/em&gt; I must follow, no matter how big it is (or how much it will take!), in order to understand cancer on some very serious advanced level. It could be in form of a books (preferably), videos, forums, MOOCs,YouTube channels, scientific papers and all other resources you think are relevant as long as it is serious &lt;strong&gt;like learning maths&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please&lt;/strong&gt; put all that in what you think is &lt;strong&gt;a right order&lt;/strong&gt; (from your experience), starting from very &lt;strong&gt;foundations&lt;/strong&gt;. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11642" LastEditorUserId="11642" LastEditDate="2017-10-11T19:21:16.567" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T19:21:16.567" Title="What education background is generally required in order to understand and study advanced topics in cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13932" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13939" CreationDate="2017-10-10T18:14:49.430" Score="2" ViewCount="8520" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched the Web and I came across this article explaining the meaning of B.D it says that B.D means twice a day but it doesn't specifies that I have to take the medicine twice a day before or after meal, I mean after/before breakfast and dinner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11645" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T11:17:04.353" Title="What does B.D means in a Doctor's Prescription?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-10T18:35:56.010" Score="3" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;When talking about drugs, three names often get discussed: brand name, generic name, and active ingredient. What are the differences between these names and what do they tell you about the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/9210/55&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; focuses on the generic name of a drug and does not mention the brand name and the active ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2017-10-11T15:17:01.250" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T17:26:44.310" Title="What can you infer from an unknown drug from its name" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-10T21:01:41.147" Score="3" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know hair loss can be created by many reasons such as genetic, air pollution and so forth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, I want to know whether there is a relationship between hair loss and removing phlegm from throat with high pressure on the head or not. I surfed the net but I couldn't find anything related to this matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11647" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:56:51.017" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:56:51.017" Title="Relation between phlegm and hair loss" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;mucus-phlegm&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-09-27T13:32:44.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-10T21:10:09.907" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tooth was drilled deeply to the nerves and before the end of the visit, it was filled with so called medication. Its color is 100% white and it's very easily dissolvable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is what is it exactly? Does it have healing properties? Is it a pain killer? Does it threaten the nerves in any way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T19:52:21.150" Title="White, filling type of, tooth medication. What is it?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13938" CreationDate="2017-10-10T22:28:18.383" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I look after vulnerable people as a Security Warden supervising Homeless Hostels at night. We sometimes have persons prone to epileptic seizure. My First Aid course just told me to clear the area around them, then speak to them reassuringly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was told that if they fit for longer than 5 mins, call an ambulance or if, after the fit ceases, they do not recover within another 5 mins [10 mins total]; again, call an ambulance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this all there is to know ?&#xA;Is there any more I can do for them ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Addition After Posting: I have since spoken to an epilepsy sufferer and she has told me that during seizure her worst problem is a sense that the convulsion will never end, that she is stuck in it and cannot get out. She describes fighting against it to try and control it. She told me all she needs is for someone to touch her lightly on the shoulders, to look into her eyes and just to speak her name and reassure her that it will all soon be over. I know that in some cases seizures can be quite a physical thing but I am not aware they are ever 'violent' as such, so what she requests sounds, to me, quite reasonable.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11557" LastEditorUserId="11557" LastEditDate="2017-10-11T14:14:02.177" LastActivityDate="2017-10-12T05:09:26.547" Title="How to assist an epilepsy sufferer in convulsion?" Tags="&lt;epilepsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13936" CreationDate="2017-10-11T06:13:35.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;There is not more you can do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcross.org.uk/What-we-do/First-aid/Everyday-First-Aid/Seizures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Red Cross strongly recommends to not restrain&lt;/a&gt; them but let them go through their seizure, otherwise you will cause injury to them, and notes nothing more that can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/basics/first-aid.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The CDC has the same information on their website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, get a few bystanders to make sure the ambulance knows where to get, ensure the patient has at least a little bit of privacy (it helps to send multiple people running for defibrillators just in case, if there’s a large crowd), wait, talk to the patient and reassure them that someone is there for them, and monitor breathing without touching or restraining the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What paramedics are able to do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paramedics, Emergency Doctors and other first responders (it is depending on legislation and institution who’s allowed to do what) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2001/08/4933/seizure-treatment-en-route-hospital-safe-and-effective-study-shows&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;will inject Valium or benzodiazepines en route to the hospital.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Benzodiazepines can cause some people to stop breathing, breathe too &#xA;  shallowly or can cause cardiac complications.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (Cited from the study)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is (apart from the difficulty with injections and legislation) why regular people are not allowed to administer such drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, it is important for the EMT’s to secure airways and ensure that the patient’s blood is saturated with oxygen enough after a severe case of epilepsy: Regardless whether they administered medication, some patients will stop breathing. This is also one reason why you have to call the ambulance after or during a severe case of epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If the patient stops breathing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient should stop breathing before the ambulance arrives, then there is something you can do. Start CPR, look for public defibrillators and do what your first aid training has taught you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-12T05:09:26.547" LastActivityDate="2017-10-12T05:09:26.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13932" CreationDate="2017-10-11T11:17:04.353" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As &lt;strong&gt;@LangLangC&lt;/strong&gt; pointed out, &lt;em&gt;bis in die&lt;/em&gt; is Latin for twice a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, usually drugs come with a prescription information a bit more elaborate, and twice a day is more commonly abbreviated as B.I.D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/33DPC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/33DPC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Example Prescription&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This example and further examples can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncpanet.org/pdf/students/2013/educators/appendixa.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this example, p.o. (&lt;em&gt;per os&lt;/em&gt;, latin for through the mouth) means oral consumption, and b.i.d (&lt;em&gt;bis in dies&lt;/em&gt;, twice a day) twice daily. It is not specified if the intake should be before meal (a.c. or &lt;em&gt;ante cibum&lt;/em&gt;) or after meal (p.c. or &lt;em&gt;post cibum&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your pharmacist should have provided you with more information about intake when you received your drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find a list of medical abbreviations for prescriptions &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.d.umn.edu/medweb/Modules/Prescription/Abbreviations.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T11:17:04.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13942" CreationDate="2017-10-11T15:14:14.940" Score="2" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've searched through the web for how to measure neurotransmitters (such as dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin), but could not find any. Could someone please specify if there is a unit of measurement, like micrograms, for neurotransmitters? And if there is, can you please tell me which one? My hunch is some form of mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11657" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T15:32:20.067" Title="What (if any) are the measurement units for neurotransmitters?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13941" CreationDate="2017-10-11T15:32:20.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These substances are measured in mass concentration (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/dosage/dopamine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example: Dopamine&lt;/a&gt;), that is, mass per volume. The standard SI unit for this is mg/ml, but I've also seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003562.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ng/ml&lt;/a&gt; or other units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because they are usually used in solutions as an infusion. If you were to be just talking about how much neurotransmitter you have, you'd use any unit of mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T15:32:20.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12368" CreationDate="2017-10-11T15:43:57.797" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current outlook is: Dietary cholesterol is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21690178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;largely&lt;/a&gt; a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199108223250813&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-issue&lt;/a&gt; still overburdened with much anxiety and even &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7730926&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hysteria&lt;/a&gt;. While certain levels and ratios of &amp;quot;blood cholesterol&amp;quot; (different lipoproteins, triglycerides etc.) are still treated as indicators of &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; trouble that &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; call for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/treating_cholesterol.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;intervention&lt;/a&gt;, that intervention is likely pharmacological in nature and less through &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/reduce-cholesterol/ART-20045935?p=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dietary means&lt;/a&gt; of reducing cholesterol intake. &lt;a href=&quot;https://heartuk.org.uk/cholesterol-and-diet/low-cholesterol-diets-and-foods/dietary-cholesterol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cholesterol&lt;/a&gt; is not &amp;quot;The Bad Guy&amp;quot; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/panel-suggests-stop-warning-about-cholesterol-in-food-201502127713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;avoid&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14241&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;all&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;costs&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/02/why-you-should-no-longer-worry-about-cholesterol-in-food/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no&lt;/a&gt;, eating (too much) cholesterol is not that bad in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/08/19/12/57/the-debate-about-dietary-cholesterol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;itself&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; (But keep in mind that 'eating too much cholesterol' may be the result of eating too much and too fat in general. &lt;em&gt;That&lt;/em&gt; is bad.) The type of natural fat ingested is less important over-all and even blood cholesterol or lipo-proteins are under fire as being much less of a value in predicting health outcomes or even being a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16398902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;worthy&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12974874?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;target&lt;/a&gt; to intervene at all:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ravnskov.nu/2015/12/27/myth-9/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;People with high cholesterol live the longest&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;And that might almost explain why decreasing cholesterol intake leads to an increase in the absorption rate and an increase in cholesterol synthesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/dietary-cholesterol-from-physiology-to-cardiovascular-risk/2AD4493E735677B9298CCC17FA790539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jean-Michel Lecerf and Michel de Lorgeril: &amp;quot;Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk&amp;quot;,  British Journal of Nutrition, Volume 106, Issue 1, 14 July 2011, pp. 6-14, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000237&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietary cholesterol comes exclusively from animal sources, thus it is naturally present in our diet and tissues. It is an important component of cell membranes and a precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D. Contrary to phytosterols (originated from plants), cholesterol is synthesised in the human body in order to &lt;strong&gt;maintain a stable pool when dietary intake is low. Given the necessity for cholesterol,&lt;/strong&gt; very effective intestinal uptake mechanisms and enterohepatic bile acid and cholesterol reabsorption cycles exist; conversely, phytosterols are poorly absorbed and, indeed, rapidly excreted. &lt;strong&gt;Dietary cholesterol content does not significantly influence plasma cholesterol values,&lt;/strong&gt; which are regulated by different genetic and nutritional factors that influence cholesterol absorption or synthesis. &lt;strong&gt;Some subjects are hyper-absorbers and others are hyper-responders,&lt;/strong&gt; which implies new therapeutic issues. &lt;strong&gt;Epidemiological data do not support a link between dietary cholesterol and CVD.&lt;/strong&gt; Recent biological data concerning the effect of dietary cholesterol on LDL receptor-related protein may explain the complexity of the effect of cholesterol on CVD risk. [emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://advances.nutrition.org/content/3/5/711.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mitchell M. Kanter, et al.: &amp;quot;Exploring the Factors That Affect Blood Cholesterol and Heart Disease Risk: Is Dietary Cholesterol as Bad for You as History Leads Us to Believe?&amp;quot;, Advances in Nutrition, September 2012, vol. 3: 711-717, doi: 10.3945/​an.111.001321&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For much of the past 50 years, a great deal of the scientific literature regarding dietary fat and cholesterol intake has indicated a strong positive correlation with heart disease. In recent years, however, there have been a number of epidemiological studies that did not support a relationship between cholesterol intake and cardiovascular disease. Further, a number of recent clinical trials that looked at the effects of long-term egg consumption (as a vehicle for dietary cholesterol) reported no negative impact on various indices of cardiovascular health and disease. Coupled with data indicating that the impact of lowering dietary cholesterol intake on serum LDL levels is small compared with other dietary and lifestyle factors, there is a need to consider how otherwise healthy foods can be incorporated in the diet to meet current dietary cholesterol recommendations. Because eggs are a healthful food, it is particularly important that sensible strategies be recommended for inclusions of eggs in a healthy diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/06/24/ajcn.114.100305.short#fn-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Samantha Berger et al.: &amp;quot;Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis&amp;quot;, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102: 235-236; July 15, 2015, doi: 10.3945/​ajcn.114.100305&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forty studies (17 cohorts in 19 publications with 361,923 subjects and 19 trials in 21 publications with 632 subjects) published between 1979 and 2013 were eligible for review.  […] Dietary cholesterol was not statistically significantly associated with any coronary artery disease  […] or hemorrhagic stroke. […] Dietary cholesterol did not statistically significantly change serum triglycerides or very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations. Reviewed studies were heterogeneous and lacked the methodologic rigor to draw any conclusions regarding the effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk. Carefully adjusted and well-conducted cohort studies would be useful to identify the relative effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387485706&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Erik Rifkin, Edward Bouwery: &amp;quot;The Illusion of Certainty [Health Benefits and Risks]&amp;quot;, Springer, New York, 2007&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;chap 8: &amp;quot;Elevated Cholesterol: A Primary Risk Factor for Heart Disease?&amp;quot;, p. 91:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let’s &lt;strong&gt;assume for a moment&lt;/strong&gt; that Fig. 8.1 is correct. Let’s say the gentle upward trend from the lowest to the highest cholesterol level is legitimate. Let’s forget about difficulties in excluding diabetics and people with genetic abnormalities, and in normalizing for age and unknown additive or synergistic effects of multiple risk factors. Then in a group of 1,000 individuals with elevated cholesterol, there will be approximately 1 additional death annually when compared to 1,000 individuals with normal cholesterol. Therefore, 99.9% of the individuals with elevated cholesterol would not be affected. [emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is important: just assuming the hypothesis once taken for granted: &amp;quot;eating eggs clogs your arteries&amp;quot; (the so called &amp;quot;diet-heart hypothesis&amp;quot;) is correct &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01767.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not translate well&lt;/a&gt; into statistical observations for the general population or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14017430801993701&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;public health&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give an outdated but relatable picture to this statistical figure:&#xA;&amp;quot;1987 wies S. Seely nach, daß eine lebenslang durchgehaltene cholesterinarme Kost die Lebensdauer lediglich um drei Tage bis drei Monate, bestenfalls jedoch um ein Jahr erhöhe.&amp;quot; (Translation: Seely had proven in 1987 that lifelong avoidance of dietary cholesterol would lead to prolongation of a life by just 3 days to 3 months overall, but one year at the most. Cited from: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil and Wolfgang Wegner: &amp;quot;Enzyklopädie der Medizingeschichte&amp;quot;, Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, New York, 2007, p. 282. Note that  these calculations are &lt;a href=&quot;http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/6/e010401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;now viewed as likely even much less pronounced&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/de/book/9789048188741&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A. Stewart Truswell: &amp;quot;Cholesterol and Beyond. The Research on Diet and Coronary Heart Disease 1900–2000&amp;quot;, Springer: Dordrecht, Heidelberg, 2010&lt;/a&gt;, p. 158/9:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[citing: Dietary Prescription to Reduce the Risk of CHD from “ABC of Nutrition”, 3rd Edition (1999) [840] &lt;em&gt;slightly outdated now, cited here for illustration of how outdated some advice to reduce dietary cholesterol is:&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Total fat. Reduction is not essential for improving plasma lipids but should reduce coagulation factors and day-time plasma&#xA;triglycerides and contribute to weight reduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Saturated fatty acids. Principally 14:0, 16:0 and 12:0 should be substantially reduced from around 15% of dietary energy in many&#xA;Western diets to 8–10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mainly linoleic acid (18:2 ω-6): they should be about 7% of dietary energy (present British level), up to&#xA;10%. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids should be increased, both&#xA;20:5 and 22:6 from seafoods and 18:3 from canola (rapeseed) oil, etc.&#xA;Monounsaturated fatty acids. Ideal intake if total fat 30%, saturates&#xA;10% and polyunsaturated 8% would be 12% of total dietary energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trans fatty acids. With the help of margarine manufacturers these are being reduced. The UK Department of Health recommends no more than&#xA;2% of dietary energy. Avoid older hard margarines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary cholesterol. This boils down to the question of egg yolks. Eggs are a nutritious, inexpensive and convenient food. The UK&#xA;Department of Health recommends for the general population no rise in&#xA;cholesterol intake.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Salt (NaCl). Restriction to under 6.0 g/day is advised for the general popula- tion (100 mmol Na). It is more important for coronary&#xA;patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fish. The UK Department of Health recommends at least twice a week, preferably fatty fish. It should not be fried in saturated fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fibre. Oatmeal is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetables and fruit. These are low in fat, and contain pectin and other fibres, flavonoids and other antioxidants, and they contain&#xA;folate. Expert Committees in Britain and the USA recommend five&#xA;servings of different vegetables and fruit per day (400 g/day average&#xA;weight).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soy products (not salty soy sauce) recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol in moderation, two to three drinks per day is beneficial for middle- aged people at risk of coronary heart disease but cannot be&#xA;recommended for the general population because of the greater danger&#xA;of accidents in younger people and of all the complications of&#xA;excessive intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coffee should be instant not filtered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even the very controversial researcher Ancel Keys had to reach this conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Keys reached the counter-intuitive conclusion “there can be little doubt that, other things being equal, the serum cholesterol level is markedly influenced by the proportion of calories supplied by fats in the diet, that vegetable as well as animal fats have this effect, &lt;strong&gt;and that the dietary cholesterol itself is unimportant at all levels of intake practicable with natural foods.&lt;/strong&gt;” [p. 14; original at Keys A (1952): &amp;quot;The cholesterol problem.&amp;quot; Voeding, 13: 539–558.]&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(Notice the date of this statement and that these conclusions about fat he drew were not unbiased but &lt;em&gt;designed&lt;/em&gt; to promote carbohydrates.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16187636-cholesterol-and-saturated-fat-prevent-heart-disease---evidence-from-101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Evans: &amp;quot;Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Prevent Heart Disease. Evidence from 101 Scientific Papers&amp;quot;, Grosvenor House Publishing, Guildford, 2012&lt;/a&gt;. (Popular translation of and comments on selected papers, obviously biased but entertaining and not entirely incorrect.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bdi.de/fileadmin/PDF/bdi_aktuell/2002/11/Bdi02_11M.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frank P. Meyer: &amp;quot;Das Aus für die Cholesterol-Legende&amp;quot;, BDI aktuell 11-2002, 14–19&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thincs.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/978-1-60327-571-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fabien De Meester, Sherma Zibadi and Ronald Ross Watson: &amp;quot;Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion&amp;quot;, Springer: New York, Dordrecht, 2010.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-13T13:40:06.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13933" CreationDate="2017-10-11T15:44:14.380" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Brand Name&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a company first develops a drug and releases it on the market, they will have a patent for the drug (usually lasting 20 years). A good example for a brand name is Aspirin from the German company Bayer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The brand name is somewhat the equivalent of a car name, as an example Renault Megan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Generic Name&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a patent expires, other companies can produce the same drug, under a different name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A generic drug is a medication that has exactly the same active ingredient as the brand-name drug and yields the same therapeutic effect. It is the same in dosing, safety, strength, quality, the way it works, the way it is taken, and the way it should be used. Generic drugs do not need to contain the same inactive ingredients as the brand name product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a generic drug can only be marketed after the brand-name drug's patent has expired, which may take up to 20 years after the patent holder’s drug is first filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generic drugs are usually much less expensive than brand name drugs once they reach the market.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/generic_drugs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Aspirin, Aspirin is still a registered trademark, but aspirin isn't. But because the drug is so famous, it is retailed by different companies under the name &lt;em&gt;aspirin&lt;/em&gt; (lower-case a), which is not trademarked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Active Ingredient&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The active ingredient of Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. &lt;strong&gt;This is what a doctor should prescribe&lt;/strong&gt; (but because aspirin is so famous, most people use that name instead of acetylsalicylic acid), &lt;strong&gt;and this is of interest to other doctors, pharmacists etc.&lt;/strong&gt;. It basically tells you what the drug does, &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9210/what-can-you-learn-from-the-parts-of-the-name-of-a-drug&quot;&gt;adhering to the nomenclature explained in this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also encountered quite a few doctors, nurses or EMT's who said that there is sometimes confusion because brand names are so popular people refer to the active ingredient by the brand name (see acetylsalicylic acid).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T15:44:14.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13946" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13930" CreationDate="2017-10-11T17:28:32.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To &quot;understand cancer on some very serious advanced level&quot; is a major endeavor for someone coming from outside of a biological sciences background.  You might look at it that biology and chemistry are the foundation of medical sciences, where physics and math are the foundation of engineering sciences.  Physics and math are of course important in medical sciences, but I might say that it's only insofar as their role in biology and chemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Biomedical engineering is where the two really start to cross over. If you are considering focusing on cancer with your career, you might consider studying Biomedical engineering - but either way, I recommend you take a look at the coursework of a Biomedical engineering degree to see what you HAVE and HAVE NOT studied yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had to break cancer into fundamentals: when a malfunction occurs in the genes (or &quot;processing&quot; of genes) in the cells of a tissue of an organ in an organ system of an organism, each specific malfunction can cause specific normal histological structures and physiological functions to go &quot;wrong&quot; in specific and complex ways that have specific and complex effects.  There are specific conditions that can cause those genetic malfunctions to occur.  And there are a LOT of things we still don't understand about many of those steps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, to truly understand cancer, you need to understand many layers of material that are rooted in those below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathology requires knowledge of histology and anatomy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathophysiology requires knowledge of physiology - not just of the organ/system in question, but also general endocrinology (signaling pathways).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physiology and histology both require cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All of those require a solid grounding in biology and biochemistry.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has been suggested, it may be easier to start with a specific cancer and start making a list of concepts you need to read about when you find your gaps.  OR you might look at TED talks or university lectures posted online for a video on the fundamentals of cancer, and see what you understand already vs what you would need to learn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can only offer a single person's opinion, so take it with a grain of salt, and I am light years from being an expert in cancer. But the first time I really felt that all the concepts fully came together and sprung alive was a lecture in a pathology review course called Pathoma - and that was my second year of med school after an undergrad degree in biology.  That's also when I grasped that there is SO much more to it that I will never understand without dedicating enormous time to it.  He might offer a free video, I don't know, but it was the best framework I'd seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-10-11T18:02:27.853" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T18:02:27.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13920" CreationDate="2017-10-11T19:00:03.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The Study in Question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC537465/pdf/canmedaj00208-0035.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Davis: Self-Selection of Diets (1939)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing for themselves specifically meant &lt;strong&gt;permitting newly weaned infants to choose how much or how little to eat of 33 available foodstuffs&lt;/strong&gt;. As she emphasized to her Quebec audience, &lt;strong&gt;no adult was allowed even to hint to the children what might be a proper choice or portion amount&lt;/strong&gt;. “The nurses' orders were to sit quietly by, spoon in hand, and make no motion,” she said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accordingly, Davis devised the experiment to let children do for themselves because &lt;strong&gt;she suspected that children's bodies instinctively “knew best” what the individual child should eat.&lt;/strong&gt; Her intellectual model, a view that would later be called “the wisdom of the body,” likened a child's instinctive appetite to the way various autonomic body systems effortlessly adjust themselves to compensate for external challenges — think of sweating on a hot day, and breathing faster when you start to run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Initially, it seemed that this conceit didn't apply to Davis's test children and their food preferences.&lt;/strong&gt; None of the eat-what-and-how-much-of-what-you-want infants had the same diet on any given day, week or month. “Every diet differed from every other diet, 15 different patterns of taste being presented, and not one diet was the predominantly cereal-and-milk diet, with smaller supplements of fruit, eggs and meat, that is commonly thought proper for this age,” she told her Montréal audience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, she and others later saw that the infants' fanatical heterodoxy turned into what appeared to be 15 uniformly well-nourished, healthy children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could eating drastically different diets achieve uniform health and nutritional balance? Body wisdom was the only likely explanation Davis concluded. “&lt;strong&gt;Such successful juggling and balancing of the more than 30 nutritional essentials that exist in mixed and different proportions in the foods from which they must be derived suggests at once the existence of some innate, automatic mechanism for its accomplishment.&lt;/strong&gt;”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;However, this does not mean infants should not be taught what to eat.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The foods she offered the children were varied, but all were generally&#xA;thought to be healthy.&lt;/strong&gt; Their intrinsic goodness meant that it would&#xA;have been difficult for her small charges to veer too far from the&#xA;nutritional straight-and-narrow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Errors the children's appetites must have made — they are inherent in&#xA;any trial-and-error method — but the errors with such a food list were&#xA;too trivial and too easily compensated for to be of importance or even&#xA;to be detected.” The key thing was to provide healthy food and let&#xA;children eat as much or as little of it as they wanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The results of the experiment, then: &lt;strong&gt;Leave the selection of the foods&#xA;to be made available to young children in the hands of their elders,&#xA;where everyone has always known it belongs&lt;/strong&gt;,” she told her peers in&#xA;Montréal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While an interesting double-hinged interpretation of her results, it&#xA;was, Davis recognized, more a comforting argument than a true&#xA;demonstration of the limitations of baby body wisdom. &lt;strong&gt;She did not&#xA;present her little ones with a foolproof diet, just a&#xA;not-intrinsically-foolish one.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The study is lacking statistics, graphs and all that.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All that Davis did was to tell what she found. There are absolutely no graphs, no charts, no individual breakdowns of any sorts for any of the children. It's a summary paper of an Everest of data with next-to-no data in it&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All quoted text taken from the analysis:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmaj.ca/content/175/10/1199.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stephen Strauss: Clara M. Davis and the wisdom of letting children choose their own diets. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060990 CMAJ November 7, 2006 vol. 175 no. 10 1199&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T19:12:52.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-11T20:58:01.063" Score="3" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether growth hormone intakes (e.g., through injections) help heal a tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far is limited and somewhat contradictory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) shows some positive results but has only 10 human participants &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) shows some negative results but was performed on rats, and focus on acute tendon injuries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) shows some negative results (a higher stimulation of type III collagen production and a lower stimulation of type I collagen production in CTS cells as compared with control cells)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathy (either lateral or medial, a.k.a. tennis elbow or golfer elbow).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Doessing, Simon, Katja M. Heinemeier, Lars Holm, Abigail L. Mackey, Peter Schjerling, Michael Rennie, Kenneth Smith et al. &quot;Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis.&quot; The Journal of physiology 588, no. 2 (2010): 341-351. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3306954158736346801&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3306954158736346801&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821728/?report=classic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821728/?report=classic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In skeletal muscle and tendon the extracellular matrix confers important tensile properties and is crucially important for tissue regeneration after injury. Musculoskeletal tissue adaptation is influenced by mechanical loading, which modulates the availability of growth factors, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which may be of key importance. To test the hypothesis that GH promotes matrix collagen synthesis in musculotendinous tissue, we investigated the effects of 14 day administration of 33–50 μg kg−1 day−1 recombinant human GH (rhGH) in healthy young individuals. rhGH administration caused an increase in serum GH, serum IGF-I, and IGF-I mRNA expression in tendon and muscle. Tendon collagen I mRNA expression and tendon collagen protein synthesis increased by 3.9-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.01 and P= 0.02), and muscle collagen I mRNA expression and muscle collagen protein synthesis increased by 2.3-fold and 5.8-fold, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.01 and P= 0.06). Myofibrillar protein synthesis was unaffected by elevation of GH and IGF-I. Moderate exercise did not enhance the effects of GH manipulation. Thus, increased GH availability stimulates matrix collagen synthesis in skeletal muscle and tendon, but without any effect upon myofibrillar protein synthesis. The results suggest that GH is more important in strengthening the matrix tissue than for muscle cell hypertrophy in adult human musculotendinous tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2) Baumgarten, Keith M., Harvey A. Oliver, Jack Foley, Ding-Geng Chen, Peter Autenried, Shanzhong Duan, and Patrick Heiser. &quot;Human growth hormone may be detrimental when used to accelerate recovery from acute tendon-bone interface injuries.&quot; J Bone Joint Surg Am 95, no. 9 (2013): 783-789. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6271717280291194701&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6271717280291194701&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636184&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&#xA;  In this rat model of acute tendon-bone injury repair, daily subcutaneous postoperative human growth hormone treatment for fourteen days failed to demonstrate a significant difference in any biomechanical parameter compared with placebo. Furthermore, subcutaneous administration of 5 mg/kg of human growth hormone twice daily from seven days preoperatively until twenty-eight days postoperatively demonstrated lower loads to ultimate failure and a higher risk of bone fracture failure compared with placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) Allampallam, Krishnan, Joana Chakraborty, and John Robinson. &quot;Effect of ascorbic acid and growth factors on collagen metabolism of flexor retinaculum cells from individuals with and without carpal tunnel syndrome.&quot; Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 42, no. 3 (2000): 251-259. ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=235155596236721817&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=235155596236721817&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effects of ascorbic acid and various growth factors on the proliferation rate and collagen metabolism were studied in cells from the flexor retinaculum of individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (FR-CTS) and without carpal tunnel syndrome (FR control) and in human dermal fibroblasts. Ascorbic acid and four growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and epidermal growth factors, were used. Ascorbic acid stimulates type I collagen production more in FR control than in FR-CTS. Growth factor treatment resulted in the following responses by the cells: (1) a higher mitogenic response than in the control cells; (2) &lt;strong&gt;a higher stimulation of type III collagen production and a lower stimulation of type I collagen production in CTS cells as compared with control cells&lt;/strong&gt;; and (3) more α2(I) than α1(I) collagen production in CTS cells, unlike in control cells. We concluded that cells of the FR from individuals with CTS are physiologically altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-11T20:58:01.063" Title="Do growth hormone intakes help heal a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13933" CreationDate="2017-10-12T00:23:16.907" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify simply:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brand name - Whatever the name the company come up with for their medical products e.g. Viagra&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generic name = Active Ingredient - are the same - they both refer to what the medicine common name is Viagra = Sildenafil Citrate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generic medicine are what they referred to medicines made by other manufacturer that copied the original company who invented the drug after the drug have come off patent. So to save money - go for the generic medicine but sometime they may not work as well as the original medicine, because they try to cut cost - so the taste, the packaging tends to be lower quality. But they should both deliver the same active ingredient of medicine, just all the other ingredients that help make the drug will be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11662" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2017-10-14T17:26:44.310" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T17:26:44.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13953" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13968" CreationDate="2017-10-12T01:39:39.530" Score="2" ViewCount="445" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to make hookah aroma made from agar-agar dissolved in vegetable glycerin, aromas and high quality flavored vodka, but from what I heard, agar-agar expands within the stomach and is as well heat-resistant. I've seen jelly cubes used like that and concerning smoke production and flavor it was very good, but I don't know what gelling agent has been used. Agar-agar sounds like a very good choice as it is extracted from plants and burns on high temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this dangerous and if it is, how dangerous exactly it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11663" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T15:20:11.367" Title="Is it dangerous to inhale agar-agar jelly" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13954" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13981" CreationDate="2017-10-12T07:09:21.277" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was walking with my daughter of 17 months old today on the sidewalk and I had to go through a work site where the workers were removing old macadam (tarmac?) on the road.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since they were going slow, I had to pass them but since one machine was throwing particles of macadam in the back of a truck, I'm wondering about the risk my daughter went through, breathing this air (probably full of small particles?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know if this was bad for her health (and mine), or since it was not long (less than a minute for sure,  and I was running) it should be ok?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for reassuring me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11665" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T14:23:05.377" Title="Risk related to dust/particles floating around when scrubbing macadam?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-12T11:28:53.777" Score="10" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to reverse Type 2 diabetes by using a specific diet?  What about insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11667" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T06:17:22.600" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T07:57:44.530" Title="Is Type 2 Diabetes reversible?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13959" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13961" CreationDate="2017-10-12T13:41:49.997" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading about Chagas disease. It is not clear for me if the transmission from mother to child can be called &lt;em&gt;vector transmission&lt;/em&gt; or not, because I read in wikipedia that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In Chagas-endemic areas, the main mode of transmission is through an&#xA;  insect vector called a triatomine bug&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, main mode of transmission is through the vector but from mother to child is also a less common mode of transmission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastActivityDate="2017-10-13T02:55:37.403" Title="Chagas disease: transmission" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-12T19:09:59.767" Score="6" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://mmajunkie.com/2016/08/with-vape-pen-in-hand-ufc-202s-nate-diaz-explains-the-benefits-of-cannabidiol-oil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mmajunkie.com/2016/08/with-vape-pen-in-hand-ufc-202s-nate-diaz-explains-the-benefits-of-cannabidiol-oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“It’s CBD [cannabidiol],” Diaz said. “It helps with the healing process and inflammation and things like that, so you want to get these for before or after the fights, in training. It’ll make your life a better place.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a research paper (1) regarding the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabidiol&lt;/a&gt; (a nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;no documented side effect&lt;/a&gt;) for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taken together, these data show that CBD [cannabidiol], through its combined immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, has a potent anti-arthritic effect in CIA [collagen-induced arthritis].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it is quite old (2000), and doesn't address tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does cannabidiol (CBD) help prevent or heal a tendinopathy? If so, what's the best modality (e.g., injections, patches, smoking)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1) Malfait, Anne-Marie, R. Gallily, P. F. Sumariwalla, A. S. Malik, E. Andreakos, R. Mechoulam, and M. Feldmann. &quot;The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis.&quot; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 17 (2000): 9561-9566. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=505227943814940929&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=505227943814940929&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/97/17/9561.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/97/17/9561.full&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1073/pnas.160105897&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1073/pnas.160105897&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T15:16:08.840" Title="Does cannabidiol (CBD) help prevent or heal a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13959" CreationDate="2017-10-13T02:55:37.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mother-to-Child transmission is known as &quot;vertical transmission&quot;. Vector transmission exclusively refers to an intermediate organism (often, but not always, an insect).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="206" LastActivityDate="2017-10-13T02:55:37.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-13T07:54:32.367" Score="1" ViewCount="389" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's autumn, and the temperature is like 8°C outside. I walk to my office everyday, it's about 10 minutes distance, my speed is a little bit faster than leisure walk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wear a T, a sweater and a light jacket outside. While walking, I feel like I am sweating a bit, and when I arrive at office, it's a bit sticky, not so wet, but sticky than usual for this temperature. I take off my jacket and sweater to cool down about 5 minutes, and it is normal again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to sweat like that under that temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11675" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T06:00:03.860" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T06:00:03.860" Title="Is it normal to sweat while walking (even when it's cold outside)?" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;walking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:23:09.873" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="13966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-13T20:58:31.820" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/record-417-million-award-in-lawsuit-linking-johnson-johnson-baby-powder-to-cancer/article19544646.ece&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson was sued&lt;/a&gt; for being unable to warn customers about Cancer risk of using Talcum powder for personal hygiene, what are the alternatives? In India?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11680" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T17:09:02.423" Title="Alternatives to Talcum powder for personal hygiene?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;genitals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13953" CreationDate="2017-10-14T07:41:46.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agargel.com.br/agar-en.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;agar&lt;/a&gt; melting temperature is approximately 85-95C / 176-185F and coals burns at around 200C / 392F at rest, providing temperature of at least 100C / 212F inside the bowl, agar will ultimately liquefy. You can eventually, still &lt;strong&gt;inhale it&lt;/strong&gt; in its liquid form, just as soon as you have one of the vortex/phunnel bows (i.e the one that prevent leakages).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've probably seen &quot;shisha gels&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LSZP7.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LSZP7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They obviously do resemble &quot;jelly-alike cubes&quot;, but they are actually made of something very different - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theshishashop.com/herbal-shisha-tobacco-free/sweet-flavours/watermelon-shisha-flavour-bigg-ice-rockz-tobacco-free-120g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydroponic gel&lt;/a&gt; (also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.godfreyphillipsinternational.com/blog/decoding-goes-hookah-need-know-shisha/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;) (water crystals) which is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;often used as artificial weed&lt;/a&gt; and is not meant for human consumption. Whether it is healthy or not per se is debatable, I wouldn't use them.&#xA;Also, there is a known shisha aroma manufactured by Changning Dekang Biotechnology Co,. Ltd that, according to its creators consists of &quot;natural fruits&quot;, such as orange cores. It also looks like jelly.&#xA;(see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UX2I0qFEfs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;random review&lt;/a&gt; if you like)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaporizing alcohol as you suggest is a terrible idea unless you want to treat yourself from Pulmonary edema or you are a rat. It goes directly into the bloodstream making you instantly &quot;drunk&quot; for a shorter time. You can also very well get poisoned by inhaling too much of HQ flavored vodka. Inhaled alcohol can dry out nasal passages and make them more susceptible to infection not to mention that here is also a potential increased risk of addiction. Alcohol's bolining point would be very similar to agar's melting point - 78C which makes your idea interesting to some extent. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081238/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full description&lt;/a&gt; of the process from NCBI. Actually as far as I see, the information provided there is not quite comprehensive as I was hoping) Note that water filtration like the one from the hookah itself is not optional. While it might not &quot;filter&quot; or &quot;detoxicate&quot; alcohol, it will cool the vapour, that could, otherwise damage your lungs and trachea severely. So use with caution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inhaling agar however, is unfortunately *not-very-healthy and it can cause lung polyps and even respirator collapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Agar is a thick gel. Agar might stick to some medications in the&#xA;  stomach and intestines, when taken by mouth - WebMD Interactions section&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coughing mechanism might not be sufficient for purging this kind of substance from your lungs. It of course, depends on how you smoke, but however you smoke there will always be a risk. I am not saying that you shouldn't take it, it is up to you, but I strongly advice you to be smart about that and not take advantage of it excessively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;See side effects of agar, straight from WebMD. Note the emphasis on &quot;possibly safe when given by mouth: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-80-agar.aspx?activeingredientid=80&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;beautiful link~&lt;/a&gt; also check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agargel.com.br/agar-tec-en.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;agar's structure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you like to see in plain text that inhaling agar-agar is hazardous, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1154.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencestuff.com/msds/C1154.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (Although I think it refers to inhaling the powder, not the vapor)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11681" LastEditorUserId="11681" LastEditDate="2017-10-15T15:20:11.367" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T15:20:11.367" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13980" CreationDate="2017-10-14T14:16:24.740" Score="6" ViewCount="236" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to deliberately get cancer? Maybe injecting a malignant tumor? I'm asking this just out of curiosity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T20:28:15.270" Title="Is it possible to deliberately get cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13966" CreationDate="2017-10-14T17:09:02.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/ovarian-cancer/news/20000411/talc-powder-ovarian-cancer-link#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inconclusive&lt;/a&gt; linking talcum powder to cancer. However, most doctors say there is no reason for you to use it, at all, ever, on any part of you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to absorb perspiration, use clothing. For example, choose soft absorbent cotton underwear over shiny synthetic fabrics. Choose larger underwear that contacts more skin over &quot;thong&quot; or &quot;string&quot; style skimpy underwear. Wear a soft cotton chemise or camisole under your blouse. Avoid pantyhose or other tight fitting clothing that might make you sweat. Wear a cotton nightdress instead of polyester pajamas. Choose soft cotton socks and go without shoes and socks as much as is practical (eg at home in private.) If your feet sweat dramatically, don't wear the same shoes two days in a row: give them a chance to dry thoroughly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people use corn starch as a talcum replacement; this is an especially bad idea in your underwear or in a baby's diaper, since the corn starch can feed yeast that is naturally on the skin, and lead to a yeast infection. The concerns over breathing powder are also apparently an issue with corn starch, though I can't find a reference for it at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: talcum powder doesn't keep you cleaner or prevent infections. You probably shouldn't use it, and you probably don't need a substitute. If you have a specific condition or issue, discuss with your doctor the specific place you want to use it (it's far safer on your feet than in your underwear, for example) and how often. If it's ok to use it, do take good care not to breathe any in while applying it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T17:09:02.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13973" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="13997" CreationDate="2017-10-14T20:33:48.540" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;grass, hashish, hash oil... I've read THC is the active ingredient in all these. But I've heard people saying they have different mental effects. Can you please explain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T18:47:30.120" Title="Do the derivatives of cannabis have the same effect on the brain?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14010" CreationDate="2017-10-14T21:48:26.690" Score="5" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the CDC, people under 8 who have never had the flu vaccine or flu should get 2 doses at least 28 days apart. The reason given is that &quot;the first dose 'primes' the immune system,&quot; but as far as I know &quot;primes&quot; is not a medical term in this context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly does &quot;'primes' the immune system&quot; mean here? And what is the interaction between the first and second doses that provides immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11686" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T12:44:06.357" Title="Why are two influenza vaccinations required for people under a certain age?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13956" CreationDate="2017-10-14T22:44:40.460" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on how long the patient has been on insulin, and whether &quot;pancreatic exhaustion&quot; has been reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person has been on insulin only a few years when there is still endogenous insulin production ( check by doing a C-peptide test ), then yes, it's possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the work by Prof Taylor at Newcastle, England using extreme low calorie diets which rapidly reverse hepatic and pancreatic steatosis, restoring hepatic sensitivity to glucose levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for pathogenesis &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-008-1116-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00125-008-1116-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656330&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656330&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; The 12 month results from the DiRECT study show that 50% of the patients in the intervention arm ( The intervention comprised withdrawal of antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs, total diet replacement (825–853 kcal/day formula diet for 3–5 months), stepped food reintroduction (2–8 weeks), and structured support for long-term weight loss maintenance ) went into remission off all diabetic drugs.  The greater the weight loss, the more likely remission was achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33102-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33102-1/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-06T07:57:44.530" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T07:57:44.530" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-14T23:23:34.433" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently saw a very disturbing post history on Reddit about a person with the stump of a penis left, and no testicles, as he severed his penis by shooting it off and castrated himself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He said he planned on committing suicide last weekend by shooting off the remaining stump with his revolver, and we haven’t heard from him since. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you really die or bleed to death from a small wound such as removing the stump of a penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11687" LastActivityDate="2017-10-14T23:23:34.433" Title="Can you die from severing your penis?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13956" CreationDate="2017-10-15T00:10:18.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Neil Barnard &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLqINF26LSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explains in this video&lt;/a&gt;, a low fat whole food plant based diet has yielded positive results. But note here that you don't need to go full vegan for this to work, the most important element is to drastically increase your whole grain carb intake, drastically reduce your fat intake, and increase your physical activity levels. This is best done under medial supervision because your medication will have to be adjusted to deal with the increased carb load.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the popular low carb, high fat ketogenic diet while having some benefits for diabetes patients, allowing people to reduce their medicine intake, is not usually not going to reverse diabetes, and this diet comes with serious adverse health risks. Anthony Lim explains &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbH6TIdtZ3Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in this video&lt;/a&gt; that he used to recommend the low carb approach to his patients with some success, but how doing the opposite led to complete cures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important factor that causes people to get type 2 diabetes and keep them diabetic is the indoctrination of the general public that eating large amounts of (unrefined) carbs is bad for health. I experience this almost every time when I'm ordering my diet in restaurants, particularly in North America. On one occasion a very obese waiter told me that the 1 kg of potatoes I ordered for dinner is bad for health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T00:10:18.487" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-15T00:46:34.017" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the active release technique help prevent or treat tendon injuries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read some pilot studies with small samples sizes (see below), I wonder whether there are more extensive studies, ideally RCTs or SRs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} George, James W., Andrew C. Tunstall, Rodger E. Tepe, and Clayton D. Skaggs. &quot;The effects of active release technique on hamstring flexibility: a pilot study.&quot; Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 29, no. 3 (2006): 224-227. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16584948&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16584948&lt;/a&gt;  ;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1297471980492189395&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1297471980492189395&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt;  ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475406000376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475406000376&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine if active release&#xA;  technique (ART) significantly increases hamstring flexibility in&#xA;  healthy male participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;METHODS: Twenty physically active male participants with no current or&#xA;  previous history of lower extremity injury received ART on the origins&#xA;  and insertions of the hamstrings and dorsal sacral ligament. The&#xA;  sit-and-reach test was used before and after treatment to determine&#xA;  hamstring flexibility. Summary statistics were calculated, and pre and&#xA;  post hamstring flexibility scores were compared using a related&#xA;  samples t test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the pre- and&#xA;  posttest groups (mean pre = 35.5 cm, df = 19, SD = 7.56; mean post =&#xA;  48.3 cm, df = 19, SD = 7.07; P = .0015). All 20 participants increased their sit-and-reach scores following the application of ART.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;strong&gt;This study demonstrated that a single ART treatment&#xA;  increased hamstring flexibility in a group of healthy, active male&#xA;  participants.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{2} Drover, Janice M., Dominique R. Forand, and Walter Herzog. &quot;Influence of active release technique on quadriceps inhibition and strength: a pilot study.&quot; Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 27, no. 6 (2004): 408-413.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319764&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319764&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7686360738794548562&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7686360738794548562&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,22&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475404001010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475404001010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Objective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To determine if Active Release Technique (ART) protocols could be used&#xA;  as an effective way to influence strength and muscle inhibition in the&#xA;  quadriceps muscles of athletes with anterior knee pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Design&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pilot clinical outcome study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methods&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sample consisted of 9 athletes (4 male athletes, 5 female&#xA;  athletes) who were identified as suffering from unilateral anterior&#xA;  knee pain. A Biodex dynamometer and the interpolated twitch technique&#xA;  were used to determine isometric strength and inhibition in the&#xA;  quadriceps muscles, respectively. The treatment intervention consisted&#xA;  of the Active Release Technique treatment protocols for anterior knee&#xA;  pain. The experimental leg and contralateral leg were tested&#xA;  pretreatment and posttreatment, and the experimental leg was tested a&#xA;  third time approximately 20 minutes posttreatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Knee extensor moments were calculated by multiplying the moment arm by&#xA;  the forces measured by the Biodex dynamometer. Percentage of muscle&#xA;  inhibition was calculated by dividing the interpolated twitch torque&#xA;  (ITT) by the resting twitch torque (RTT), that is (ITT/RTT*100). A&#xA;  repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare&#xA;  pretreatment and posttreatment values for strength and muscle&#xA;  inhibition for the experimental and contralateral knees. The results&#xA;  showed no statistical significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ART protocols did not reduce inhibition or increase strength in the quadriceps muscles of athletes with anterior knee pain.&lt;/strong&gt; Further&#xA;  study is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T00:46:34.017" Title="Can the active release technique help prevent or treat tendon injuries?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-15T04:57:44.183" Score="1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does Clinical death experience and sleep paralysis experience are the&#xA;  same? did anyone die due to sleep paralysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11042" LastEditorUserId="11042" LastEditDate="2017-10-15T10:07:32.560" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T13:34:32.780" Title="Does Clinical death experience and sleep paralysis experience the same? did anyone die due to sleep paralysis?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13970" CreationDate="2017-10-15T05:58:32.347" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Yes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A decent share of radiation will do the trick for you, as both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;physicists&lt;/a&gt; experimenting with the newly found radiation have shown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There even is a unit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sievert&lt;/a&gt;) which measures how cancerous a dose of radiation is. One sievert is equivalent to a 5,5% chance of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/radiation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relevant XKCD for how what radiation has how much sievert&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9Dcv9.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9Dcv9.png&quot; alt=&quot;XKCD&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/columns/straight-dope/article/13045187/can-cancer-be-transplanted-what-happens-if-organs-carry-tumors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer can be transplanted&lt;/a&gt;. This is an issue that &lt;a href=&quot;https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-0175-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been subject to quite a few conferences&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/68530&quot;&gt;Related Worldbuilding.SE question.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T20:28:15.270" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T20:28:15.270" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13981" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13954" CreationDate="2017-10-15T14:23:05.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tar (which is the black, foul-smelling stuff in tarmacadam, often called tarmac or macadam depending on where you live) does have an associated &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/coal-tar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer risk&lt;/a&gt;, but only for occupational exposure. In other words, the workers who were removing that material should have been wearing masks and such to protect themselves, but you and your daughter were not exposed at dangerous levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty easy to find clickbaity headlines like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prevention.com/health/healthy-living/chemicals-tar-sealants-associated-increased-cancer-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is Your Driveway Toxic?&#xA;A troubling new report you need to see&lt;/a&gt; that suggest the very small amounts of dust from these surfaces that come into your house every day an accumulate over time and pose a risk that far outweighs a few minutes of walking past a construction site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34809699/ns/us_news-environment/t/study-sees-parking-lot-dust-cancer-risk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; don't say &quot;people who live near a lot of parking lots get more cancer.&quot; They just say &quot;in apartments with a lot of parking lots nearby, the dust had a measurably higher level of a thing we know can cause cancer.&quot; Still, controlling the general urban-ness of where you live is probably far more important than avoiding momentary exposure at a roadworks site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T14:23:05.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-15T18:14:38.687" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using Dextromethorphan 450 mg daily for 6 months. My friends say that my eyes have become smaller. I look myself in the mirror, or compare selfies, I can't tell. Is it possible that drug abuse make eyes smaller?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11692" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T20:26:55.717" Title="Could drug abuse possibly make eyes smaller?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13984" CreationDate="2017-10-15T20:26:55.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Yes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are taking is somewhat &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.narconon.org/drug-abuse/dextromethorphan-signs-symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;25-times&lt;/a&gt; the recommended amount for medication. You are probably experiencing a fairly strong addiction to the drug. Yes, addiction can do many things to your body, including screwing up your amount of sleep and thus changing appearance of your eyes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effects of the drug include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dizziness &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dilated pupils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drowsiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;changes in sleeping pattern&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can all contribute to the eyes perceived smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Important Warning&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.drugcom.de/?uid=770a7c482ac523dfcb9992d1187401f9&amp;amp;id=drogenlex&amp;amp;sub=4&amp;amp;idx=202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dextromethorphan is known for several lethal combinations&lt;/a&gt; with regular medication (&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.drugcom.de/?uid=770a7c482ac523dfcb9992d1187401f9&amp;amp;id=drogenlex&amp;amp;sub=4&amp;amp;idx=202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link to a German source from the government’s Health Agency&lt;/a&gt;). This is why you should never take “DMX” as a drug, you can never know how good the quality is and anything mixed in this (going even to normal cold medication) can be lethal in combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, opioids and opioid-derivatives are highly addictive (up to 50 times more compared to heroin) and have dangerous side effects. I would strongly advise against taking these drugs (and especially advise against injection, many lethal diseases are transmitted that way). If one really wants to consume drugs for whatever reasons, healthier options of drug consumption do exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;You can find help for your drug addiction here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://tel:1-877-941-2814&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1-877-941-2814&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-15T20:26:55.717" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T00:17:21.267" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the kitchen, I am very health conscious and try to prepare and store foods with care&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After working with a whole chicken, I usually wash the chopping board and knife with hot (but not boiling) soapy water (in particular, the dish soap I use is Fairy Liquid)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, is this actually sufficient in killing all the unwanted germs and/or bacteria? I've seen maybe 1 article and people on forums stating that you should use bleach instead - is this necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11693" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T00:17:21.267" Title="Is it sufficient to wash utensils, which have touched chicken, with soapy water" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T02:43:08.203" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&amp;amp;oldid=732386650&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&amp;amp;oldid=732386650&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) is considered a first-aid treatment, rather than a cure for soft tissue injuries. […] Exceeding the recommended time for ice application may be detrimental, as it has been shown to delay healing.[citation needed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study that confirmed or infirmed that claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T14:17:29.033" Title="Is exceeding the recommended time for ice application detrimental (delay healing) for soft tissue injuries?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13988" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T03:12:43.320" Score="6" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have really sweaty hands, so I decided to put Driclor on it. However, once my hands got dry, my armpits started sweating like crazy. My doctor said this is due to compensatory sweating. So I was wondering, what would happen if you completely blocked every sweat gland on your body(not that I'm going to)? Would you explode or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11694" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T14:14:38.430" Title="What if you blocked every sweat gland in your body?" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-03-12T18:48:19.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T06:19:12.200" Score="2" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overdose of many psychoactive drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/580944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opiates&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;benzodiazepines&lt;/a&gt; and others) can cause respiratory arrest, which may lead to death. This appears in every prescribing information of said drugs, but I was unable to find anywhere if this adverse effect and the resulting death are accompanied with pain. Since opiates are administered for pain relief, perhaps the answer is no, but I wonder if anyone has a more established answer for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if the answer is indeed no (i.e. death by drug-induced respiratory depression is NOT painful), why wasn't it chosen as a method of execution instead of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lethal injection&lt;/a&gt;, which is more expensive and complicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T17:02:32.600" Title="Is death due to drug-induced respiratory arrest painful?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13979" CreationDate="2017-10-16T11:53:08.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a complicated question. As far as I understand this it is about comparing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;near death experiences&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleep paralysis&lt;/a&gt;. (Commonly, I would regard in this context &quot;clinical death&quot; as real death. A really final stage of life from where there is no coming back by definition – and for example Jesus is not recorded to have said much about &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; experience afterwards. Other instances of people 'coming back' seem even less trustworthy anecdotes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What is near death experience (NDE)?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the NDE-scale a near-death-experience includes a few, or&#xA;  several, of the following 16 elements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Time speeds up or slows down.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Thought-processes speed up.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A return of scenes from the past.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A sudden insight, or understanding.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A feeling of peace or pleasantness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A feeling of happiness, or joy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A sense of harmony or unity with the universe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Confrontation with a brilliant light.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The senses feel more vivid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;An awareness of things going on elsewhere, as if by extrasensory perception (ESP).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Experiencing scenes from the future.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A feeling of being separated from the body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Experiencing a different, unearthly world.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Encountering a mystical being or presence, or hearing an unidentifiable voice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Seeing deceased or religious spirits.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Coming to a border, or point of no return.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joy, peace and happiness seem to be in direct contradiction with what is commonly said about sleep paralysis: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What is sleep paralysis (SP)?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep paralysis is a relatively common but under-researched phenomenon. While the causes are unknown, a number of studies have investigated potential risk factors.&lt;/a&gt; […]&#xA;  Sleep paralysis involves a period of time at either sleep onset or upon awakening from sleep during which voluntary muscle movements are inhibited. Ocular and respiratory movements remain unaltered and perception of the immediate environment is clear. These episodes are frequently associated with a variety of hallucinations, such as a sense of an evil presence (known as intruder hallucinations), pressure felt on the chest (incubus hallucinations), and illusory feelings of movement (vestibular-motor (V-M) hallucinations). Sleep paralysis is a global phenomenon, with terms for sleep paralysis existing in over 100 cultures. In many places, sleep paralysis experiences are interwoven with a culture’s folklore. Episodes of sleep paralysis have been suggested as an explanation for supposed paranormal phenomena such as witchcraft, demonic assault, and space alien abduction. Fear and distress are typically associated with episodes, though feelings of bliss are sometimes reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems to be a much complicated issue: near universal neurological and psychological experiences are reported with wildly differing language. It is debatable how much of this is cultural influence of what is talked about afterwards or cultural difference of what is actually experienced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the one thing in common for NDE and SP is the so called out-of-body experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28293186&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep Paralysis, &quot;The Ghostly Bedroom Intruder&quot; and Out-of-Body Experiences: The Role of Mirror Neurons.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  This interaction involves a convergence of inputs in the right SPL, and their target zones in V5. Not surprisingly, damage to the prefrontal cortex sometimes results in echopraxia — i.e., miming what somebody near is doing. Analogously, the massive deafferentation of sensory input during SP would lead to a similar disinhibition of the MNS and its propensity to project its body into another individual — if you are a chimp — or another virtual body, if you are a human. A disturbance of these interactions would lead to the more florid manifestations of an alien abductor, bedroom intruder, or mysterious other — seen so frequently during SP. In addition, we suggest that OBEs during SP, likewise result from the massive deafferentation that occurs during REM sleep paralysis. These ideas could be explored using neuroimaging, to examine the selective activation of brain regions associated with mirror neuron activity, when the individual is hallucinating an intruder or having an OBE during SP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overlap for this is sometimes striking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other noteworthy influence factors are certain circumstances that arise during operations.  These include so-called anaesthesia awareness. Patients do not feel any pain, but for a short time — seconds or minutes — they are in fact awake.  This short time feels to them as if it were an eternity. So after the operation, they can tell astonished clinical staff about details of the operation, such as what the surgeons were talking about. If in addition out-of-body experiences are induced by medication, we can picture to ourselves how a patient might talk about this afterwards: he might well say that he had come out of his body and observed what was going on in the operating room.  Theoretically, in such a situation, the out-of-body experience could also be explained by saying that the anaesthetic did not work completely, so that the patient was awake but did not feel his own body. This is an association which resembles sleep paralysis. Such anaesthesia awareness is a relatively frequent phenomenon, occurring in one out of every 1,000 cases of narcosis. Worse are conditions in which the experience of pain is not completely switched off. This happens in three out of every 10,000 narcoses. Consider a typical hospital in the German city of Leipzig with 1,700 patient beds and 43,000 patients annually. Statistically, 320 operations are conducted every week! Now we can much better imagine how often such things occur. The chances of experiencing anaesthesia awareness are rather high.  Thus, iatrogenic near-death experiences are highly probable in patients who undergo an operation.&amp;lt;(1), p 99.&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are certainly beliefs out there, that draw a direct connection:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Night-mare, Traditional Hmong Culture, and Sudden Death (Sudden Death and the Night-mare: Is There a Connection?)&#xA;  Thanks to the many Hmong men and women with whom I spoke, the logic of the Hmong explanation for the role of &lt;em&gt;dab tsog&lt;/em&gt; in the sudden nocturnal deaths was now clear to me.&#xA;  Although it was its resonance with the night-mare that first drew me to the topic of SUNDS, part of me wished that there was no connection—that the syn- drome could be attributed to causes entirely recognizable within the biomedical model and that would not, through a cultural vector, provide yet another opportunity for some to view the Hmong immigrants as exotic and alien. The traumatic recent history of the Hmong refugees (that led to their resettling in the United States) soon revealed a biocultural connection that was previously obscured by historical and geographical distance. I will now turn to this relationship to show how Hmong explanations of lethal &lt;em&gt;dab tsog&lt;/em&gt; attacks can simultaneously be understood from a biomedical perspective.  &amp;lt;(3) p 94–116.&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That last citation is followed with &quot;The Night-mare and the Nocebo – &lt;strong&gt;Beliefs That Harm&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; (emphasis added).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an overlap in the descriptions of both phenomena, but this is rather small. This suggests that they are not the same but seem to share certain pathways on the biological level and certain expectations on the cultural level. It is unlikely that someone who is &quot;just&quot; having a sleep paralysis really dies from that alone – it is nevertheless a distressful experience that might amplify underlying conditions – and if nocebo adds to that this might not be entirely harmless.  Fortunately, sleep paralysis seems to be a lot more treatable than death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319037271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Birk Engmann: &quot;Near-Death Experiences: Heavenly Insight or Human Illusion?&quot;, Springer: Cham, Heidelberg , 2014.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://global.oup.com/academic/product/near-death-experiences-9780190466602&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;John Martin Fischer, Benjamin Mitchell-Yellin. &quot;Near-death experiences : understanding visions of the afterlife&quot;, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2016.&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books/about/Sleep_Paralysis.html?id=kKthXWBdnpYC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shelley R. Adler: &quot;Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, London, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161781/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7299182-dark-intrusions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Louis Proud: &quot;Dark Intrusions: An Investigation Into the Paranormal Nature of Sleep Paralysis Experiences&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Anomalist Books: San Antonio, New York, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T13:34:32.780" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T13:34:32.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13992" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13989" CreationDate="2017-10-16T12:48:09.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;If you think of committing suicide, you can find help here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://tel:1-800-273-8255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1-800-273-8255&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;No, it is not painful.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://page-one.live.cf.public.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.2165/00002512-199915050-00001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In fact, opiates and and benzodiazepines are used for assisted suicide and for Palliative medicine.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 1992 nationwide study by one of the authors&#xA;  (G. van der Wal) on drugs used by Dutch general&#xA;  practitioners in euthanasia and physician-assisted&#xA;  suicide showed that more than 40 different drugs&#xA;  were used. [9] In 30% of patients a single drug was&#xA;  used, most frequently a barbiturate or an opioid. In&#xA;  57%, a combination of 2 drugs was given, most often&#xA;  a benzodiazepine or a barbiturate with a neuromus-&#xA;  cular relaxant (curare derivative). In this study, 75%&#xA;  of the drugs were given parenterally, 21% orally, and&#xA;  3% rectally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/742070_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secobarbital is most commonly used&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently in Oregon, secobarbital is the medication most commonly prescribed for physician-assisted suicide, followed by pentobarbital.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/5056199/Nitrogen-Plastic_Bag_Suicide_A_Case_Report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt; The lethal dose prescribed is typically 9 g of secobarbital in capsules or 10 g of pentobarbital liquid, to be consumed at one time.[4–6] The contents of the secobarbital capsules or the pentobarbital liquid should be mixed with a sweet substance such as juice to mask the bitter taste. Until the time of use, the medication must be stored out of reach of children and kept away from others to prevent unintentional overdose or abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/5056199/Nitrogen-Plastic_Bag_Suicide_A_Case_Report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inhaling nitrogen gas is another humane form of suicide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several organizations and sites in favor of suicide promotethe use of N&#xA;  2&#xA;   focusing on the following ‘‘pros.’’ First, deathinduced by N&#xA;  2 gas is fast. Most people will lose consciousnessafter 12 seconds and then die within minutes. Besides, thismethod offers the prospect of a peaceful death because N&#xA;  2 exists in the air. In that way, the intense hypercapnic alarm responsecaused by irritant fumes, such as carbon dioxide, is avoided.Moreover, the decedent’s reputation can remain intact, becauseonce the suicide device is removed from the scene, no tracesimplying the manner of death remain. Regarding the equipment,it is easy to obtain without drawing suspicion because it isavailable from hardware stores and via the Internet as well. Moreover, N&#xA;  2 may serve as a suicidal gas, but when released, being lighter than the air, it disperses quickly, and it is not fatalto anyone that may stand next to the body during recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-16T12:55:50.533" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T12:55:50.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T14:13:43.553" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of supportive evidence that its role in ATP results in much of the clinical manifestation of hypophosphatemia, but I was wondering about the other roles where Phosphate is an important part of nucleic acids in DNA, and RNA so what happens to these in hypophosphatemia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is cell membrane or critical component of cell signaling (phospyrlation or component of cAMP affected?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11698" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:56:22.023" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:56:22.023" Title="Effects of hypophosphatemia on DNA" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-16T14:15:00.987" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this is the proper forum to ask this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In November I will be giving a short talk on Statistics to a Science group, and will be including a warning about how averages can mislead. One amusing example, from a BBC4 TV programme, is that the average number of legs in the population is about 1.998, since a few people have one or no legs, but no one has three or more. So nearly all the population has more than the average number of legs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more serious example I remember from years ago reading that the average level of radioactivity  on a beach near Dounreay Nuclear Site, after a series of accidents there, was (whatever), well within safety limits. I thought then that the real danger would be intensively radioactive particles that could be ingested, but averaged out over an area would give this reassuringly safe value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find a reference to this, all that I can find is the shameful story of failure to deal with the admitted problem of huge numbers of these particles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help me with figures to illustrate this, or a similar example, or  a reference to the original reports?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1056" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T17:06:00.217" Title="Danger from Environmental Radioactive pollution" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13987" CreationDate="2017-10-16T14:17:29.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course. Icing helps by numbing the pain sensation, thereby providing relief. If iced continuously it would lead to tissue damage with exact same effect of exposing your skin to below freezing temps. Frost bite but from within.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried to ELI5 as much as possible. Hope it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11698" LastActivityDate="2017-10-16T14:17:29.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="13997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13973" CreationDate="2017-10-16T14:28:57.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hemp&lt;/a&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986974&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highly heterogenous&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28915313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemical composition&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;sup&gt;∆9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetrahydrocannabinol&lt;/a&gt; (THC) is just one of many active substances. Although THC is the most psychotropic 'ingredient' in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabis&lt;/a&gt; it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28120229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;by far&lt;/a&gt; not the only &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabinoid&lt;/a&gt; responsible for different experiences with different preparations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important difference in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outcomes&lt;/a&gt; of hemp consumption is from the different &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28875990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overall concentrations &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; ratios&lt;/a&gt; of mainly THC and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabidiol&lt;/a&gt; (CBD) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cannabis_foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;route&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cannabis_smoking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;administration&lt;/a&gt; (not to discount the other chemicals present).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means it is more dependent on the strain used than the preparation in question. Only when using the same plant for different preparations you might reason that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grass&lt;/a&gt; is just dried and cured flowers (with a concentration of molecules as produced by nature), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hashish&lt;/a&gt; is then a 'step up' with higher concentration (but with roughly the same ratio of chemicals from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trichomes&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oil&lt;/a&gt; as the highest concentration (made through a highly chemical extraction process).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there is not really much of a difference (assuming e.g. that with oil there are no solvents left in the finished product): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is depends on the source material&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It depends on the quality standard of preparation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It depends on the amount of active chemicals delivered, their ratio to one another, the route, and speed of uptake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems necessary to add that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/marinol-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;THC isolated&lt;/a&gt; on itself can be &lt;em&gt;quite&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8774-1840/dronabinol-oral/dronabinol-solution-oral/details#side-effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasty&lt;/a&gt;. People talking about &quot;Cannabis overdose&quot; are mostly talking of too much of &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; cannabinoid. You can get too high.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To mitigate these unwanted effects of THC (and other cannabinoids working like this) a certain level of CBD is needed. While CBD will not be making you &quot;high&quot;, it is &lt;em&gt;technically&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://herb.co/2017/03/24/cbd-psychoactive/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;psychoactive&lt;/a&gt; in having (among others) a certain relaxing effect and more importantly modulating the effect of THC. They work synergistically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Returning to the problem of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.projectknow.com/research/marijuana-overdose/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;overdose&lt;/a&gt;: eating and drinking are slower to set on – smoking, vaporising have a faster onset. But with inhaling the effects are usually  felt within seconds compared to up to hours when ingesting the material. That means a user smoking can stop much sooner once she approaches or oversteps hers limits. Eating on the other hand needs very careful testing and dosing: once is is swallowed then that is the ride you booked and paid for, no refunds. And that brings us back to oil extracts. Smoking oil, made from fairly THC rich material to begin with or ending up that way, might overwhelm you on the first draw.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-17T18:47:30.120" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T18:47:30.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14467" CreationDate="2017-10-16T21:25:10.793" Score="3" ViewCount="855" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question. As far as I know, &lt;strong&gt;silicone gels&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;silicone plasters (aka sheets or patches)&lt;/strong&gt; are used to optimize wound healing and minimize scarring. I purchased a silicone plaster &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mepiform&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and silicone gel &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Strataderm&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; against the scars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can they be used &lt;strong&gt;simultaneously&lt;/strong&gt; to enhance their positive effect? That is, first you put the silicone gel on skin, let it dry and then on top of the dried gel you attach silicone plaster. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will it be more effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2017-11-18T18:04:22.700" LastActivityDate="2021-01-10T08:46:21.753" Title="Is combining silicone plasters and silicone gels for scars effective?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-17T05:39:11.950" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Wallis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this story about Terry Wallis&lt;/a&gt; and how his brain worked to self recovery, what are the medical/scientific conclusions and theories that we can collect from his medical status and what we can do for future discoveries ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The summary of the story:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He was in a Coma for 19 years and doctors said to family that he will not recover at all. &#xA;  But suddenly, he regained consciousness and was able to speak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T11:07:00.470" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T11:07:00.470" Title="How the brain would recover by itself?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;&lt;coma-comatose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-17T06:28:00.120" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I desperately need advice!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm so happy to say that I'm 5 weeks pregnant. I just confirmed it yesterday. I'm concerned only about one thing. I have undergone laser hair removal a few days back without knowing I'm pregnant. Will there be any risks associated with this? I have scheduled an appointment with OB/GYN on 20th of this month. I'm worried about the situation. I'm not able to find anything related to this in google. The only thing I have seen while researching is that it's better to avoid laser treatments during pregnancy as there is not much information regarding the effects. I would be grateful if you could share any information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11701" LastEditorUserId="527" LastEditDate="2017-10-17T09:47:52.323" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T10:59:38.003" Title="Laser treatment during pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;laser-hair-removal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14003" CreationDate="2017-10-17T08:40:19.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ask an OB for further guidance.  Theoretical potential mechanisms of harm (that I doubt occurred) include radiation, electrical shock, inflammation, or stress hormones from tissue trauma.  Stress has been shown to correlate with potential harm in fetal development (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710585/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;, increased risk of mood disorders later in life) but the proposed mechanisms generally involve repeated/chronic stress (including anxiety and excessive worry) or severely traumatic events. It is unlikely that one episode of laser hair removal would come near the threshold for harm - BUT there isn't enough evidence to be sure, which is why recommendations say to avoid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it's unlikely that there will &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; be a strong body of evidence for its safety/harm in pregnancy.  Evidence for the effects of things during pregnancy is often difficult to establish. It is primarily through retrospective studies that correlations are studied.  (It's unethical to do double blinded RCT studies on human lives, and using animal models to study just a cosmetic procedure would be both expensive and poor animal stewardship.) Also, partially because there are so many potentially-confounding factors over those 9 months, you need a large sample size in order to draw correlations between exposures and outcomes.  (Or enough severe outcomes that even a low-power correlation is sufficient to prompt warnings.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T10:59:38.003" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T10:59:38.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13900" CreationDate="2017-10-17T09:06:00.537" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Buy a bottle of vitamin E in liquid form, and massage the scar a &lt;em&gt;minimum&lt;/em&gt; of twice daily for at least 3-6+ months. Everyone's skin will heal differently, but &lt;strong&gt;consistency&lt;/strong&gt; provides for the best results your skin can obtain. Also, keeping your scar out of the sun as much as possible will help significantly. If you go outside wear a high SPF sunscreen to keep your scar from darkening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet can accelerate any form of healing in general, especially high vitamin c foods. Vitamin C helps to heal skin blemishes, and is also a super antioxidant. Fruits and vegetables to look for are blueberries, broccoli, guava, kiwi, oranges, papaya, strawberries, and sweet potatoes. In many beauty stores or online you can find vitamin c oils/serums meant to put on your skin and promote healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side note: if the scar is still visible after a year or so, a dermatologist may suggest laser treatment or other options. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wishing you a speedy recovery!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11695" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T09:06:00.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14012" CreationDate="2017-10-17T10:13:03.807" Score="4" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come upon a box of teabags which is kind of old - it says &quot;Best Used before June 6th 2014&quot; - so maybe 4 or 5 years old. The ingredient list only says &quot;black tea leaves&quot;, nothing else. It was sitting on some cabinet shelf and is still half-full. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does old tea &quot;go bad&quot;? Is there an actual problem drinking it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2017-10-17T19:24:00.310" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T19:24:00.310" Title="Are there detrimental health effects to drinking old tea?" Tags="&lt;tea&gt;&lt;expiration-dates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14008" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-17T10:35:28.273" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Bombay, India. We boil our water here, and have done so for many years. I'm wondering if a serious water purifier e.g. RO + UV would be a better way to go. In this context, better means, better for the health of the human (or possibly animal) who is consuming that water. We occasionally have international guests, and sometimes they seem unhappy with boiled water as a option. Or is both boiling and purification the best way to go?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some discussion of this on the net, but I'm looking for a detailed answer, with pros and cons. I haven't found anything like this. Also, some of the answers I've felt have been on sites which might be biased, like sites selling water purification technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An Indian-specific answer would be ideal, but not necessary. I do know that Bombay water is supposedly very bad. I've never tested it, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the main disadvantage of boiling water is that it doesn't get rid of dissolved solids and other possibly dangerous impurities. And the corresponding disadvantage of RO water purification is that it gets rid of &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; minerals, which is presumably bad. And it apparently possible to remineralize the water, but I don't know how much of an issue it is in practice. There might be other issues that I'm not aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="52" LastEditorUserId="52" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T08:39:07.337" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T08:59:02.987" Title="Filtered water vs boiled water" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13974" CreationDate="2017-10-17T16:14:30.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just empirical data &lt;em&gt;suggesting&lt;/em&gt; that the weaker &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune system&lt;/a&gt; of young humans is typically not 'yet &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;finished&lt;/a&gt;' reacting to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccine&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;building&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;enough&lt;/em&gt; anti-bodys (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;and the rest&lt;/a&gt;…) after just one &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu shot&lt;/a&gt;. Being &amp;quot;primed&amp;quot; might be perceived as a popularising phrase but it is not that far off either. One shot was observed to be not as effective in the past while two were apparently seen as similar effective as compared to shots for people older than children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relevant excerpt from the CDC for the upcoming season is really quite comprehensive and I cannot dump all the studies &lt;em&gt;they considered&lt;/em&gt; in reaching this conclusion:&#xA;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm#children_aged_6mths_8yrs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines&#xA;Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2016–17 Influenza Season&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children aged ≥6 months typically develop protective levels of antibodies against specific influenza virus strains after receiving the recommended number of doses of seasonal IIV (101,105,131–134). Immunogenicity studies using the A(H1N1)pdm09 monovalent vaccine indicated that 80%–95% of vaccinated children developed protective antibody levels to the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus after 2 doses (135,136); response after 1 dose was 50% for children aged 6–35 months and 75% for those aged 3–9 years (137).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies involving seasonal IIV among young children have demonstrated that 2 vaccine doses provide better protection than 1 dose during the first season a child is vaccinated.&lt;/strong&gt; In a study during the 2004–05 season of children aged 5–8 years who received IIV3 for the first time, the proportion of children with protective antibody responses was significantly higher after 2 doses than after 1 dose of IIV3 for each antigen (p = 0.001 for influenza A[H1N1]; p = 0.01 for influenza A[H3N2]; and p = 0 0.001 for influenza B) (138). &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Vaccine effectiveness is lower among children aged &amp;lt;5 years who have never received influenza vaccine previously or who received only 1 dose in their first year of vaccination than it is among children who received 2 doses in their first year of being vaccinated.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt; A retrospective study of billing and registry data among children aged 6–21 months conducted during the 2003–04 season found that although receipt of 2 doses of IIV3 was protective against office visits for ILI, receipt of 1 dose was not (139). Another retrospective cohort study of children aged 6 months through 8 years, the majority of whom received IIV3 (0.8% received LAIV3), also conducted during the 2003–04 season, found no effectiveness against ILI among children who had received only 1 dose (140). In a case-control study of approximately 2,500 children aged 6–59 months conducted during the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons, being fully vaccinated (having received the recommended number of doses) was associated with 57% effectiveness (95% CI = 28–74) against LCI for the 2004–05 season; a single dose was not significantly effective (too few children in the study population were fully vaccinated during the 2003–04 season to draw conclusions) (141). &lt;/sub&gt; &lt;br&gt; The results of these studies support the recommendation that all children aged 6 months–8 years who are being vaccinated for the first time should receive 2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks. [emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be visualised like in &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://Efficacy%20of%20a%20single%20dose%20of%20live%20attenuated%20influenza%20vaccine%20in%20previously%20unvaccinated%20children:%20A%20post%20hoc%20analysis%20of%20three%20studies%20of%20children%20aged%202%20to%206%20years&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy of a single dose of live attenuated influenza vaccine in previously unvaccinated children: A post hoc analysis of three studies of children aged 2 to 6 years&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/var1y.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/var1y.png&quot; alt=&quot;Kaplan-Meier curve for the time to first episode of culture-confirmed influenza illness in year 1 of the study by Bracco Neto et al among previously unvaccinated children aged ≥2 years. LAIV = live attenuated influenza vaccine.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This indicates that children are strictly speaking not &lt;em&gt;required&lt;/em&gt; to be vaccinated two times, since a single flu shot also provides some significant protection. But a second vaccination likely increases the potential benefit substantially. That's why a second round is &lt;em&gt;recommended&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5218633/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness for Fully and Partially Vaccinated Children 6 months to 8 Years Old during 2011–2012 and 2012–2013: The Importance of Two Priming Doses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, during 2011–12 and 2012–13, vaccination with IIV3 reduced the risk of outpatient medical visits for ARI associated with influenza virus infection by about half. Vaccinations received in previous seasons had preventive value in subsequent seasons in the form of residual protection for those who missed vaccination in and priming which boosted the benefit of IIV. &lt;strong&gt;Most notably, children primed with 2 doses of influenza vaccine in the previous same season appeared to enjoy even greater preventive benefit from IIV3 and may have reduced their risk of A(H3N2) illness by two-thirds.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18022736&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a trivalent influenza split vaccine in previously unvaccinated children aged 6—9 and 10—13 years&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunization of previously unvaccinated children against influenza is thought to require two doses of vaccine. There is currently no general consensus regarding the age cut-off for a two-dose vaccination regimen. &lt;strong&gt;A second vaccine dose in previously unvaccinated children appears advisable because of the limited immunogenicity of a single dose of influenza vaccine in young children. […] These recommendations are based on the premise that a significant proportion of these children are immunologically na ̈ıve…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who was exposed to the antigens of the viruses develops some residual immunity. This limited immunity further weakens over time since the viruses change so much and so rapidly. Thus people might require 'an update' to these antibody information for the immune system based on the 'currently trending' virus strains. Young children have a weaker adaptive immune response and &lt;em&gt;presumably&lt;/em&gt; no residual immunity. Both points are thought to be addressed by the two vaccination regimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T12:44:06.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-17T17:56:01.923" Score="2" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the acute phase of a tendinopathy, the patient may experience spasms located near the injured tendon. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T17:56:01.923" Title="Why do patients sometimes experience spasms during the acute phase of a tendinopathy? (spasms located near the injured tendon)" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;spasms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14007" CreationDate="2017-10-17T19:05:19.500" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Black tea&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; last &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%27er_tea&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;almost forever&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/black-tea-uses-and-risks#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health related detriments are potentially&lt;/a&gt; present already in fresh leaves.&#xA;Risks added by storing tea for too long are first and foremost: taste deterioration. This is especially true if it was stored improperly, that is with spices and other material that emits odours that are then captured by the tea. That is of course all moot if it was stored somewhere moist. Molds growing on it should be of some concern. Since it is black tea that will be prepared with boiling water :this will kill most of the microorganisms present on the leaves, since they never had a chance to thrive on dry material. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trust your eyes, your nose and your taste buds. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;If you think it looks gross now, or tastes way off, don't drink it. Otherwise don't worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eatbydate.com/drinks/coffee-tea-shelf-life/tea-shelf-life-expiration-date/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How long does tea last?&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long does packaged tea last? Unopened, packaged tea can last a year beyond any &quot;best by&quot; date stamped on the package. Does tea expire? Tea will eventually lose flavor, but dry leaves will last a very long time. The shelf life of tea depends on a variety of factors, such as the best before date, the preparation method and how it was stored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.teavivre.com/info/shelf-life-of-tea/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Shelf Life of Black Tea&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Black tea is fully fermented, and it has a longer shelf life than green tea. Generally, the shelf life of black tea in bulk is about 18 months, while bagged tea is 24 months. Tins or aluminum foil bags for black tea can be stored for about 3 years, and paper bag is for 2 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/18486&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Storage - How Long Can You Keep...&#xA;Tea Bags, Commercially Packaged — Unopened Or Opened&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How long do tea bags last? The precise answer depends to a large extent on storage conditions — to maximize the shelf life of tea bags (including black, green, herbal and oolong), store in a cool, dark cupboard, away from direct heat or sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How long do tea bags last at room temperature? Properly stored, tea bags will generally stay at best quality for about 18 to 24 months.&#xA;  To maximize the shelf life of tea bags, and to better retain flavor and potency, store in airtight containers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are tea bags safe to use after the &quot;expiration&quot; date on the package? Yes, provided they are properly stored and the package is undamaged — commercially packaged tea bags will typically carry a &quot;Best By,&quot; &quot;Best if Used By,&quot; &quot;Best Before,&quot; or &quot;Best When Used By&quot; date but this is not a safety date, it is the manufacturer's estimate of how long the tea bags will remain at peak quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do tea bags ever spoil? No, commercially packaged tea bags do not spoil, but will start to lose potency and flavor over time — the storage time shown is for best quality only.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should you store tea bags in the refrigerator or freezer? Storing tea bags in the fridge or freezer is not recommended, since condensation can result, which will harm the taste and flavor of the tea.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can you tell if tea bags are still good? To test whether tea bags are still good, brew a cup of tea for at least 3 to 5 minutes - if the aroma is weak and the flavor is not obvious, the tea bags should be replaced.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://now.tufts.edu/articles/tea-health-benefits-storage-time&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does tea lose its health benefits if it’s been stored a long time? And is it better to use loose tea or tea bags?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While fresh may be best for enjoying many types of teas, that’s not always the case. Some pu’er teas from China are considered to improve in taste with storage, much like a fine wine. In fact, the degradation and oxidation of catechins during storage of pu’er teas result in the formation of new phytochemicals, which have come to be highly valued by tea drinkers for their rich, earthy taste and probiotic health properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related on Cooking.SE (Seasoned Advice):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/9778/62255&quot;&gt;My tea bags are expired, can I still use them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-17T19:20:46.157" LastActivityDate="2017-10-17T19:20:46.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-17T20:03:46.820" Score="3" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding's that fever's an immune system response to pathogens. Would suppression of this response delay time to recovery? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T01:52:44.773" Title="Does use of NSAIDs prolong recovery time from febrile illness?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4463" CreationDate="2017-10-18T01:15:07.473" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thyroid function and serotonin activity are highly linked. Serotonin stimulates hypothalamic TRH (Thyroid Releasing Hormone) production, leading to an increase in TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) production from the pituitary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serotonin stimulates hypothalamic TRH production which leads to an increase in TSH production from the pituitary. Adequate serotonin production is necessary to maintain thyroid hormone levels. Theoretically, an excess of serotonin may lead to the opposite reaction. For example, excess serotonin can lead to a reduction in dopamine production, which can then lead to an increase in norepinephrine production, leading to an increased stress response and cortisol production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your serotonin levels are low, you feel anxious, depressed, and pessimistic, and you might also struggle with sleep problems — all common symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11840307&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11840307&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18208678&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18208678&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastEditorUserId="8916" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T16:03:29.143" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T16:03:29.143" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-18T05:47:46.833" Score="7" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say the baby dies, what happens to the milk? Is it re-absorbed by the body and will the absorption of the macro and micro nutrient be same as someone who would drink it. I do know that cows are prone to health problems if they are not milked but they were specifically bred to produce milk so drawing parallel conclusion might not work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Got curious after seeing a click-bait article about a woman surviving in the forest using her breast milk. I did not read the article so I assumed she must have drank it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11707" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:54:14.147" LastActivityDate="2019-03-15T01:00:50.243" Title="What happens to the breast milk of a mother who doesn't nurse" Tags="&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;breast-milk&gt;&lt;postpartum-body&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-03-15T01:18:06.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14029" CreationDate="2017-10-18T07:33:03.703" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand the stages of Chagas disease are three: &lt;em&gt;acute&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;indeterminate&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;cronic&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposing someone is on third stage, does it mean that he/she has previously go through indeterminate stage? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: Is indeterminate stage a necessary condition to cronic stage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T05:35:04.760" Title="Chagas disease: stages" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14008" CreationDate="2017-10-18T07:39:17.610" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hazards from drinking water in &lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Quality-of-Mumbais-water-supply-falls-alarmingly/articleshow/19607105.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mumbai in 2012-2013&lt;/a&gt; were identified as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Officials said the contaminants found in Mumbai's water were sand particles, sewage water, E.coli, other bacterial content besides other foreign particles. Among the deadliest of these, E.coli can cause severe abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhoea and vomiting, said doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Boiling for one minute will kill/inactivate E Coli and other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/boilwater/response_information_public_health_professional.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;water borne pathogens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Boiling water kills or inactivates viruses, bacteria, protozoa and other pathogens by using heat to damage structural components and disrupt essential life processes (e.g. denature proteins). Boiling is not sterilization and is more accurately characterized as pasteurization. Sterilization kills all the organisms present, while pasteurization kills those organisms that can cause harm to humans. Cooking food is also a form of pasteurization. For pasteurization to be effective, water or food must be heated to at least the pasteurization temperature for the organisms of concern and held at that temperature for a prescribed interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, you're going to need some type of filter to remove sand particles or chemicals that might be in your water.  Some people believe that it's better to filter out chlorine ( though a lack of effective chlorination is Mumbai's problem ) as it might affect the intestinal biome and contribute to disease, but this is speculation at present. However, water left to stand for some hours will allow chlorine to dissipate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T08:59:02.987" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T08:59:02.987" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13928" CreationDate="2017-10-18T09:28:19.140" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the initial question seems crazy enough from the start, the preamble to this answer has to make it clear that you should not use a water boiler with tea – or anything else but water – in it. This answer has to assume that the question is about: only green tea or plain water used directly in the boiler. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doubting that there are really people so much after the IgNoble that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academiaobscura.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/RSC-tea-guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;real studies&lt;/a&gt; have been conducted to test this. Even if called unsolicited advice: just don't do that. Reasons and alternatives follow:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The boiler should &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063249/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not contain&lt;/a&gt; any &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222987/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plastic&lt;/a&gt; (which might leach plasticzers and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/ToxicityReviewOfDINP.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sct/documents/out12_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemicals&lt;/a&gt; into the water) or heat spirals that are not made out of stainless steel (since &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23712458&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/feb/07/science.research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;old type spirals&lt;/a&gt; may leach &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel#Toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nickel&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21749233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other metals&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10209881&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;into&lt;/a&gt; the water). [What to use then? Glass and stainless steel, or a traditional pot/kettle.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Boiling &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/tea-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tea&lt;/a&gt;, and especially &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;green tea&lt;/a&gt;, will absolutely ruin the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.seriouseats.com/2015/07/how-to-brew-green-tea-where-to-buy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;taste&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Steeping too hot or for too long results in the release of excessive amounts of tannins, leading to a bitter, astringent brew, regardless of initial quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to go the convenience path that seems to have inspired this idea: put your &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/tea#safety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tea&lt;/a&gt; into a cup and put that into &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/23/never-boil-water-twice-making-cuppa-tea-guru-warns/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a microwave&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And, extraordinarily, Mr Gorman advocates something which - had they been invented - Orwell would surely have balked at; using a microwave to make tea.&#xA;  Mr Gorman, whose organisation represents tea packers, brokers and importers, said: &quot;Usually when people's tea goes cold they reboil the kettle and make another cup. But doing this you are guaranteed to give yourself a dull cup of tea. You need freshly drawn water for a good cup because reboiling it takes out all the oxygen and nitrogen out of it.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;He added: &quot;A better solution is to put it in the microwave for 15 to 20 seconds. When you microwave tea all you're doing is from a scientific point of view is just moving the molecules around and getting it back up to a decent temperature. It is not impacting the flavour at all.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cleaning the water boiler with strong detergents &lt;a href=&quot;http://oem.bmj.com/content/41/2/279.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may leave some of these detergents behind&lt;/a&gt;. That is presumably the most dangerous health problem with the approach outlined in the question (provided that the kettle itself is really fit for food grade application).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the discolouration bothers you or starts to impact the boiling efficiency: soak it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soda&lt;/a&gt;. Tea stain will then come off so easily that you might use a very mild and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560657&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eco-friendly&lt;/a&gt; simple soap to keep it shiny clean. Rinse thoroughly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won't attempt brain surgery with shards from your kettle? So it becomes an argument of common sense that you will not need absolute sterility. Boiling &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3545/why-is-it-a-bad-idea-to-re-heat-drinking-water&quot;&gt;fresh water&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:RESB.0000040010.64651.f9.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decent quality&lt;/a&gt; will kill enough microorganisms (that will be in there in very small numbers to begin with). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/should-you-sterilize-your-babys-bottles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Even baby bottles are now free from this germ-o-phobe advice.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that high quality tea like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyokuro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gyokuro&lt;/a&gt; or Fancy White should be prepared with a water temperature of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea#Brewing_and_serving&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;below&lt;/em&gt; 70°C&lt;/a&gt;! Tea can also be &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/cold-steeping-green-tea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cold brewed&lt;/a&gt; (no sterilisation at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tea_in_China&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inventors of tea&lt;/a&gt; have the following to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixing_clay_teapot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yixing clay teapot&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yixing teapots are meant for use with black and oolong teas, as well as aged pǔ’ěr tea. They can also be used for green or white tea, but the water must be allowed to cool to around 85 °C (185 °F) before pouring the water into the pot. Yixing teapots absorb a tiny amount of tea into the pot during brewing. After prolonged use, the pot will develop a coating that retains the flavour and colour of the tea. It is for this reason that soap should not be used to clean Yixing teapots. Instead, it should be rinsed with fresh water and allowed to air-dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://verdanttea.com/how-to-season-yixing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Season an Yixing Teapot&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other info: Never use anything but water to clean an yixing pot. Soap will be absorbed and create a permanent soapy flavor in the tea you steep. Always allow your yixing pot to dry completely between uses, and before replacing the lid and storing. A teapot stored wet with the lid on will mold. If your teapot molds, reboil for 10-15 minutes and re-season. Take a picture of your pot when you start using it so that you can compare in a year to see how it has grown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;tl;dr&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this 'boiling the tea directly in the kettle' is not a good idea for a number of reasons, the negative health impacts from the tea residue alone should be negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T12:03:00.043" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T12:03:00.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14023" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-18T10:55:51.103" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a phobia against tabaco smoke. I constantly try to avoid smoke by holding my breath or distancing myself from smokers. It's a significant stress to me. As well as an inconvenience in social situations and daily routine. I am considering trying to tolerate it in crowded areas and while talking to friends.&lt;br&gt; As an amusing anecdote, I love winter as it's too cold around here to hold a cigarette :)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In tram stations, I'd have to tolerate being within 1meter of a smoker for 20min a day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;My friends take smoke breaks a few times a day, depending on our schedule. They smoke 1 cigarette or more. I am either on a crowded balcony where most students take smoke breaks, usually taking a leave of abscence from the conversation after a few minutes. Or in a yard trying to make myself heard without shouting.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Perhaps I can eliminate the stress and still avoid passive smoking.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In which situations can I tolerate passive smoking, such that I avoid health risks?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also can you point me to any relevant scientific articles or government recommendations? I'm looking for an argument against passive smoking outdoors, if any.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am not satisfied with the answers I found as they are too general. I'm looking for an answer to my particular case. Certainly passive smoking is harmful in a closed space, but what about open space? My point is, risk varies by exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11709" LastEditorUserId="11709" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T11:11:30.967" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T12:43:27.077" Title="Should I tolerate passive smoking?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2017-11-04T12:23:25.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14024" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14023" CreationDate="2017-10-18T12:28:11.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Outdoor secondhand smoke certainly can be harmful.  There are increasing numbers of locations banning outdoors smoking as well.  The links provided above in the comments provide great information on general health risks of secondhand smoke; it's impossible to quantify time/distance/wind direction/ventilation etc specifically for your situations, as there are too many factors.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the research is out there about heath risks from outdoor secondhand smoke.  Take care to differentiate reliable sources from unreliable.  But Googling &quot;smoking outdoors&quot; yields a number of academic research links, such as from Stanford:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We were surprised to discover that being within a few feet of a&#xA;  smoker outdoors may expose you to air pollution levels that are&#xA;  comparable, on average, to indoor levels that we measured in previous&#xA;  studies of homes and taverns,&quot; said Wayne Ott, professor (consulting)&#xA;  of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford and co-author of&#xA;  the JAWMA study. &quot;For example, if you're at a sidewalk café, and you&#xA;  sit within 18 inches of a person who smokes two cigarettes over the&#xA;  course of an hour, your exposure to secondhand smoke could be the same&#xA;  as if you sat one hour inside a tavern with smokers. Based on our&#xA;  findings, a child in close proximity to adult smokers at a backyard&#xA;  party also could receive substantial exposure to secondhand smoke.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/may9/smoking-050907.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/may9/smoking-050907.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-10-18T12:43:27.077" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T12:43:27.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14025" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14026" CreationDate="2017-10-18T12:49:10.480" Score="1" ViewCount="3432" Body="&lt;p&gt;I occasionally have this sensation that feels like something is crawling on a specific place on my head hair (left side about 2&quot; above ear). It comes and goes, no certain time or periods to forecast when it will take place or leave.&lt;br&gt;&#xA; It's also very subtle, so I can sense it when I'm relaxed in a quite environment.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have been experiencing this for months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not itching or hurting, just a bit of tingling. Merely feels that something is doing its business in there. But it's always in the exact location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can my scalp be inhabited by parasites or lice? How can I really inspect what is going on in there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="115" LastEditorUserId="115" LastEditDate="2019-01-11T11:02:46.520" LastActivityDate="2019-01-11T11:02:46.520" Title="Sensation of something tingling on head-hair - not itchy" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;head-lice&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-01-10T14:14:16.357" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14025" CreationDate="2017-10-18T13:25:52.733" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Head-lice/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS recommends &lt;strong&gt;not to use&lt;/strong&gt; any of the following treatment options&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;products containing permethrin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;head lice &amp;quot;repellents&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;electric head lice combs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tree and plant oil treatments, such as tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil, and lavender oil&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;herbal remedies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Head-lice/Pages/Treatment.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The very basic option&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wet combing involves removing head lice with a special fine-toothed&#xA;comb. It's suitable for everyone and is relatively inexpensive. A&#xA;number of lice removal combs are available to buy. Combs with&#xA;flat-faced teeth spaced 0.2-0.3mm apart are best for removing head&#xA;lice, although combs with smaller gaps can be used to remove eggs and&#xA;nits (egg cases) after treatment. The comb may come with instructions&#xA;outlining how to use it.&#xA;A commonly used method is described in the linked article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/children/tc/lice-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The simple option&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because Wet-Combing can fail (lice cling to the hair and scalp of the host): you could buy an over-the-counter Lotion that is supposed to kill lice, follow the instruction and comb your hair with a specially designed comb for lice (you can usually find that at your local drug store). If no lice are brushed out, you don’t have lice. This will kill other parasites as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/kids/photos/animals/Bugs/H-P/head-louse-from-above.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Geographic Image&lt;/a&gt; for reference (Note that lice are very small and appear like small black dots to the naked eye, if you are unsure, use a magnifying glass):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MZ0RM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MZ0RM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Visit a doctor&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If this doesn’t solve your issue and the itching preservers&lt;/strong&gt;, visit a General Practitioner. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/children/tc/lice-when-to-call-a-doctor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD has further recommendations who to see when.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on lice lotions, visit the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC and go to section Over-the-Counter.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T09:19:03.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9943" CreationDate="2017-10-18T15:15:17.087" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general concentration issues can be related to any lack of vitamins. &#xA;E.g. you may supplement Vitamin B12 contained in Spirulina or chlorella algae. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another Thing which can remarkably encourage your Brain capacity is curcuma. Combine it with pepper and add it into smoothies or eat it as a whole. A little portion of virgine plant oil may also increase the effect of curcuma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to understand, that anxiety is triggered by a fight-or-flight mechanism thats inside us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To reduce anxiety, there are several things to do which all lower your anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sleep at least 8 hours a night&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat something when you wake up (Your body may cause stress because of a low blood sugar)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take walks into nature. Really enjoy it!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meditation, especially breath control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;generally Eating healthy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11712" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T15:15:17.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14020" CreationDate="2017-10-18T19:15:01.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here an answer. Everybody is invited to debate. The person who wrote it is a Chagas disease specialist, Dr Anis Rassi Jr. So thanks Dr Rassi for the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The phases of the disease are only 2: acute and chronic. The chronic&#xA;  phase is divided into: indeterminate form, cardiac form, digestive&#xA;  form and cardio-digestive form. With the exception of only about 5% of&#xA;  the patients who right after the acute phase get directly into a&#xA;  determinate form, all the others get into the indeterminate form. Of&#xA;  those in the indeterminate form, about 60% will remain indeterminate&#xA;  all lifelong while about 40% of patients 10 to 30 years later develop&#xA;  the clinical forms of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar information can be read &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com.ar/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Chagas%20disease%20Rassi%2C%20Anis%20et%20al.&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on this excellent paper&lt;/a&gt; which is free (and has more than 1300 citations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-05-27T05:35:04.760" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T05:35:04.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-18T21:04:58.693" Score="4" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do the original companies have to reveal their manufacturing process to the public before they sell the drugs and the other companies can copy from them after their patent is expired?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11713" LastActivityDate="2017-10-18T21:04:58.693" Title="How do drug companies know how to produce a generic drug?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14025" CreationDate="2017-10-19T00:00:46.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could use a lice comb and look for nits as well. My family and I had them once after traveling and we used olive oil and a lice comb and it worked well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9667" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T00:00:46.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14084" CreationDate="2017-10-18T17:35:54.677" Score="3" ViewCount="1700" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read some facts that Ibuprofen is safe to take during breastfeeding as it transfers in very little amount into the breast milk. Can the milk of a mother  taking motrin/advil or some other ibuprofen make a baby sleepy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11628" OwnerDisplayName="somename" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-23T13:10:25.647" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T13:47:38.660" Title="Can the milk of a breastfeeding mother taking Ibuprofen make a baby sleepy?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14013" CreationDate="2017-10-19T01:52:44.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are studies that state reducing a fever may prolong illness. Fever can increase T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity. A study in 1990 showed that acetaminophen and aspirin increased symptoms and made viral shedding last longer. While that doesn't exactly address the role of NSAIDS I would think it would be the same as aspirin and acetaminophen. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.decodedscience.org/breaking-fever-bad-fever-suppression-may-detrimental/43607&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: Is Breaking the Fever Bad? Fever Suppression May Be Detrimental by Catherine Moss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9667" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T01:52:44.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10040" CreationDate="2017-10-19T15:26:12.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments/alcohol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Addiction Centers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms are  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stage 1: Anxiety, insomnia, nausea, and abdominal pain characterize&#xA;this stage, which begins 8 hours after the last drink.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stage 2: High blood pressure, increased body temperature, unusual&#xA;heart rate, and confusion come with this stage, which begins 24-72&#xA;hours after the last drink.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stage 3: Hallucinations, fever, seizures, and agitation come with&#xA;this stage, which tends to begin 72+ hours after the last drink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is stage 3 that can kill you.  Fever and seizure can kill you.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_tremens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stage 3 / DT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is scary is you can have very few stage 1 and stage 2 symptoms and still develop stage 3 symptoms. A seizure is not directly related to other symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_tremens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs from which to withdraw.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly it is not the only drug withdrawal you can die from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2017-10-19T15:44:26.490" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T15:44:26.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1427" CreationDate="2017-10-19T18:32:14.163" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One’s mental state has a major effect on bowel function. In fact, there is a high correlation between IBS and stress. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the high levels of anxiety and stress commonly seen in patients with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095723/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Irritable Bowel Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, evidence suggests that the syndrome may be linked to a disruption of the stress system. The stress response in the body involves the sympathetic nervous system which has been shown to operate abnormally in IBS patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an article by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy_aging/healthy_body/the-brain-gut-connection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins School of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, scientists are inferring that ‘&lt;em&gt;the little brain&lt;/em&gt;’, or enteric nervous system (ENS) is the link between what's going on in the gut and it's effect on the brain, or the relationship between digestion and mood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anxiety and depression have been thought to contribute to gastro conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jay Pastricha, MD, Director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Neurogastroenterology states that the main role of the ENS is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;...controlling digestion, from swallowing to the release of enzymes that break down food, to the control of blood flow that helps with nutrient absorption to elimination.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=32dHPgAACAAJ&amp;amp;dq=0321541308&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach&lt;/a&gt;, when your sympathetic nervous system is activated by a stressful event, for example, it initiates a “fight or flight” response -- a mechanism that primes the body for action, particularly in situations that threaten survival. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including those in the digestive tract. Because the blood vessels in the gastrointestinal organs constrict, the digestive tract will inhibit peristalsis (digestion) and result in a variety of GI symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The GI tract is generally sensitive to emotion in most people (even those who do not have IBS) as anger, anxiety, sadness, and elation (among others) can all trigger symptoms in the gut. For example, you've likely heard or even spoken the words &quot;going with your gut&quot; when making a decision or feeling like you have &quot;butterflies in your stomach&quot; when feeling nervous. In people who suffer from IBS however, the ENS may trigger big emotional shifts which can lead to functional bowel problems such as &lt;strong&gt;constipation&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;diarrhea&lt;/strong&gt;, bloating, pain, and stomach upset. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with IBS can experience either constipation, diarrhea, or both depending on the individual and how their emotionally triggered symptoms present. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360064&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the purpose of treatment, IBS can be divided into three types based on your symptoms: constipation-predominant (IBS-C), diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), or mixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research also suggests that digestive system activity may affect cognition (thinking skills and memory). As explained by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/the-gut-brain-connection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Health&lt;/a&gt; article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The brain has a direct effect on the stomach. A troubled intestine can send signals to the brain, just as a troubled brain can send signals to the gut. Therefore, a person’s stomach or intestinal distress can be the cause &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; the product of anxiety, stress, or depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an effort to provide further evidence in response to &quot;How does your mental state actually affect the functioning of the bowel?&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychological factors influence the actual physiology of the gut, as well as presenting symptoms. As it relates to IBS, stress can affect movement and contractions of the GI tract or can increase inflammation. Additionally, people with IBS may perceive pain more acutely than other people do because their brains do not properly regulate pain signals from the GI tract. When faced with a stress-causing event, the existing pain can feel worse. As stated in the article, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy_aging/healthy_body/the-brain-gut-connection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'The Brain-Gut Connection'&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Irritation in the gastrointestinal system may send signals to the CNS that trigger mood changes, which is why a higher than normal percentage of people with IBS and other bowel disorders develop depression and anxiety. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastEditorUserId="8916" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T16:31:38.920" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T16:31:38.920" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14038" CreationDate="2017-10-19T21:29:43.817" Score="2" ViewCount="1579" Body="&lt;p&gt;My oximeter always shows a value of 97.&#xA;I've been trying to figure out how to influence the value, however it always stays the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to hold my breath or tied my finger up (to limit blood flow), with the assumtion, that this would lower the blood oxigen level.&#xA;However, the value stayed the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could I change my values (up and down)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7435" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-20T05:06:34.010" LastActivityDate="2020-10-08T17:34:08.137" Title="How to lower SpO2?" Tags="&lt;pulse&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14037" CreationDate="2017-10-19T22:57:42.410" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried it out on my pulse oximeter.  I placed it on my thumb where it read 97%.  I then held my breath and it gradually dropped down over the course of a minute to 93% before I had to give up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest you check your device on other people in case it's defective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-19T22:57:42.410" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14047" CreationDate="2017-10-20T11:03:15.933" Score="3" ViewCount="299" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 41 years old and I take terrible care of my teeth. I can remember when I was younger ,I never used to brush my teeth, maybe twice a week, nowadays if I remember I brush once a day. But still, maybe only 3-4 times a week. I don't mind the odd sugar snack as well. Always had white teeth even though I don't brush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But despite all of this, I have &lt;strong&gt;NEVER&lt;/strong&gt; had a cavity or even had pain in my gums or teeth area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can you go through your entire life without cavity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6915" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T16:28:17.933" Title="Can you never have a dental cavity your entire life?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14044" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14045" CreationDate="2017-10-20T16:38:46.220" Score="3" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for monitoring a person's oxygen saturation (SO2). Though its reading of SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) is not always identical to the more desirable reading of SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) from arterial blood gas analysis, the two are correlated well enough that the safe, convenient, noninvasive, inexpensive pulse oximetry method is valuable for measuring oxygen saturation in clinical use. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_oximetry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does pulse oximetry work exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T12:39:39.250" Title="How does pulse oximetry work?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14044" CreationDate="2017-10-20T16:38:46.220" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Introducing Energy States&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Around an atom, there are 7 different electron shells&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. When the electrons receive the necessary amount of energy, they jump from one state to another (called &quot;ground state&quot; and &quot;excited state&quot;), as shown in the image below:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0umyX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0umyX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;The figure (generated by POV-Ray) shows excitations of copper 3d orbitals on the CuO2-plane of a high Tc superconductor; The ground state (blue) is x2-y2 orbitals; the excited orbitals are in green; the arrows illustrate inelastic x-ray spectroscopy;&lt;/sup&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a molecule absorbs light in the UV-vis (&lt;em&gt;Ultra-Violet-Visible&lt;/em&gt;) region ranging from 400nm to 780nm wavelength, an electron is promoted from a lower- energy occupied orbital to a higher-energy empty orbital resulting in an excited state molecule. One requirement for a molecule to absorb light is that the energy of the photon needs to match the energy difference between the orbitals.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h0vAwm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h0vAwm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Photons having insufficient energy will be transmitted. Therefore, the colours of light absorbed proved us with experimental information about the energy spacing between orbitals.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/eburns2/Excited-States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scott Cummings, 2008; The Chemistry of Excited States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Introducing Spectroscopy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Newton first had ideas regarding spectroscopy, and later on, William Wollaston and Joseph von Fraunhofer built the first spectrometers and discovered the spectral signatures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As different elements have different spacing between electron orbitals, the energy needed to absorb or emit photons is different and therefore&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; photons of different wavelengths are absorbed or emitted. This results in a specific spectral signatures of a molecule, a set of spectral lines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spectroscopy is really important for astronomers because it can tell them about the molecular make-up of planets, stars and nebulae.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further Reading: &lt;em&gt;Fraknoi, Andrew; Morrison, David (13 October 2016). &lt;a href=&quot;https://cnx.org/contents/LnN76Opl@13.86:H5KhIDcK@3/Spectroscopy-in-Astronomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;OpenStax Astronomy&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Introducing Hemoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, an iron-containing protein (thus oxygenated hemoglobins are red), which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood. The oxygenated hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3QXukm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3QXukm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KenUYm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KenUYm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Left&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?dps=0&amp;amp;uid=1HHO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Graphic of a Human Oxyhemoglobin (HHO)&lt;/a&gt;, two of the four oxygen module this fully saturated haemoglobin currently carries are circled blue by me (the red &quot;stick&quot; represents the oxygen molecule in this graphic).&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Right&lt;/strong&gt;: The same molecule in the same resolution, this time with a highlighted solvent accessible surface.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Putting it all together&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily for modern medicine, the absorption of light at wavelengths of 660nm and 940nm differs significantly between haemoglobin loaded with oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin) and haemoglobin lacking oxygen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The isobestic point is the point at which two substances absorb a certain wavelength of light to the same extent. In oximetry, the isobestic points of oxyhaemoglobin (&lt;em&gt;HbO&lt;/em&gt;) and deoxyhaemoglobin (&lt;em&gt;Hb&lt;/em&gt;) occur at 590 nm and 805 nm. These points may be used as reference points where light absorption is independent of the degree of saturation. Some earlier oximeters corrected for haemoglobin concentration using the wavelength at the isobestic points.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CFNQl.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CFNQl.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Thus comparison of absorbencies at different wavelengths allows estimation of the relative concentrations of HbO (&lt;em&gt;oxyhaemoglobin&lt;/em&gt;) and Hb (&lt;em&gt;haemoglobin&lt;/em&gt;) (i.e. saturation). Modern pulse oximeters may use two or more wavelengths, not necessarily including an isobestic point.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150224221820/http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anaesthesia.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, this is how pulse oximetry works. It can tell saturated and unsaturated haemoglobin apart, using different absorption of light due to different electron configurations in the molecules. Below is an extract about the technical aspects of pulse oximetry:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are two methods of sending light through the measuring site:&#xA;  transmission and reflectance. In the transmission method, as shown in&#xA;  the figure on the previous page, the emitter and photodetector are&#xA;  opposite of each other with the measuring site in-between. The light&#xA;  can then pass through the site. In the reflectance method, the emitter&#xA;  and photodetector are next to each other on top the measuring site.&#xA;  The light bounces from the emitter to the detector across the site.&#xA;  The transmission method is the most common type used and for this&#xA;  discussion the transmission method will be implied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After the transmitted red (R) and infrared (IR) signals pass through&#xA;  the measuring site and are received at the photodetector, the R/IR&#xA;  ratio is calculated. The R/IR is compared to a &quot;look-up&quot; table (made&#xA;  up of empirical formulas) that convert the ratio to an SpO2 value.&#xA;  Most manufacturers have their own look-up tables based on calibration&#xA;  curves derived from healthy subjects at various SpO2 (&lt;em&gt;Peripheral Oxygen Saturation&lt;/em&gt;) levels. Typically&#xA;  a R/IR ratio of 0.5 equates to approximately 100% SpO2, a ratio of 1.0&#xA;  to approximately 82% SpO2, while a ratio of 2.0 equates to 0% SpO2.       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20150318054934/http://www.oximetry.org:80/pulseox/principles.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oximetry.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Dangers of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spectral signature of carboxyhemoglobin (hemoglobin saturated with CO) is so similar to that of oxyhemoglobin that standard oximeters mistake one for the other, as multiple studies have shown:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This report confirms that pulse oximetry may be misleading during carbon monoxide poisoning as the pulse oximeter does not differentiate between HbO (&lt;em&gt;oxyhemoglobin&lt;/em&gt;)and HbCO (&lt;em&gt;carboxyhemoglobin&lt;/em&gt;). Diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning therefore relies on clinical evidence and must be confirmed by measuring the HbCO concentration with a multiple band CO-oximeter (&lt;em&gt;Carboxy-oximeter&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/66-5-625.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAc4wggHKBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggG7MIIBtwIBADCCAbAGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMDkt9j395Hizu2lpnAgEQgIIBgagI17uOj-B_uViIGb3_tFgDESxXblV3WdumDSYeTNrt5AiGL8ptgsb-mXifP91D8KlTdTV_PkeqmkERqxTCO4lU3ga6cZD48qLw68dW9ST3lhsu1vkONPwMhY24zpgxc33L61DsU3waJRiD2F5tZkf-6GRbmYSpO64jJKcVGVYwsuFTHfZsVsUZRcg6FgVGFZygMqAYd9yzum2HIJ47oSz7wwOKNOcqakrN713WBX_PUSlASyPBO5rJDoqiE137aAfLboczzKDiGstFz8Iiri-nfQE7NPlT-zyb6kLfEyPD1aBkvt8NlYmzuyR4s4W5bOrghP-1a2k6HBDFfV1j-20a6guUxaqHcQ9ySRJU5bNAdOHi5FoKkLjowhnmfhoswWvmE_l0RicN-72b5b7V12aCpCS2OfAepSo5E3IIWE0kyiX8wL2Gmn7iCsMue47OeEe9aNy07C2SwyAcFDCk1qEPPoWzowITxsrp0IcV0OZLE7Nm7bYkk4LuXN6fmaohtvw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carboxyhemoglobinaemia and pulse oximetry, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1991&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, CO-oximeters exist that can differentiate between oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: An explanation as to why this is the case would lead way too far. It has to do with the wave-particle dualism of quantum mechanics and a good analogy can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/129141/169089&quot;&gt;this answer on Physics.SE&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency and  and thus inverse proportional to the wavelength. All other factors in the Planck-Einstein equation are constant. More information &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/175742/169089&quot;&gt;can be found on Physics.SE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T12:39:39.250" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T12:39:39.250" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-20T17:12:49.617" Score="4" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/548516-does-losing-weight-affect-your-kidneys/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reading&lt;/a&gt; that rapid weight loss could cause Uric stones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How fast is rapid weight loss? 5 pounds per month?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11731" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T22:59:48.623" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T16:06:43.587" Title="How fast is &quot;too fast&quot; for Uric stones?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;&lt;calculi-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14041" CreationDate="2017-10-20T19:16:12.547" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you could die today and that would make the answer yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-some-people-get-mo/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-some-people-get-mo/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dental caries is the most prevalent infectious disease in humans,&#xA;  affecting 97 percent of the population in their lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above we can conclude that 3% of the population go their entire lives without a cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T19:16:12.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-20T21:35:51.597" Score="6" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the general workflow involved in managing images such as X-ray, scan etc in a day to day job of a healthcare-technician or a doctor? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested to know more about how these images are shared, viewed, tagged and passed around for review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any online resources regarding this will be useful, as I am really struggling to get resources around this coming from a tech back ground. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11733" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2019-01-01T12:47:45.310" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T12:47:50.477" Title="Medical Images and workflow" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;bone-scan&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-20T22:05:27.857" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Biafine is a topical non-steroidal medication, which has been used use in France for over 25 years. Why did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve Biafine for prescription only in 2006?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T22:05:27.857" Title="Why did the FDA approve Biafine only in 2006?" Tags="&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-20T23:40:34.890" Score="3" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to pass HSV-1 at any time even if your symptoms are currently dormant, but the risk of contagion is higher during outbreaks. When does the risk of contagion return to it's dormant level? Is there some type of graph depicting the changes in the contagion risk over the course of the outbreak?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11734" LastActivityDate="2017-10-20T23:40:34.890" Title="When is HSV-1 most contagious?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-21T07:07:05.717" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a probiotic that says it has 8 billion CFU (colony forming units) per capsule. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16080791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a paper on this same probiotic&lt;/a&gt; that discusses a study where the participants took 11.8 log CFU per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I compare these two dosages? How many CFU is &lt;code&gt;11.8 log&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11737" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T23:03:09.170" Title="Probiotic doses - comparing CFU measurements" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10122" CreationDate="2017-10-21T08:32:19.533" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can look up practically any medicine that exists and you will find long lists of all of the possible side effects, risks and interactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Manufacturers have to list everything that could possibly go wrong, in order to cover their butts legally, in this &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;Caution: Coffee May Be Hot!&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; world that we live in.  Medical companies have to do &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm143531.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extensive testing&lt;/a&gt; of every product and document possible side effects that might not even be related.  The U.S. spends &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048809/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;$55 billion/year&lt;/a&gt; on liability insurance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neosporin (aka Polysporin where I live) is something I always keep on hand. The tiniest scrape could become infected if not kept clean.  Use it sparingly and a tube lasts for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During that time, the sun is damaging you more than the eating a tube of Neosporin would!  Neosporin is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/neosporin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0.0004%&lt;/a&gt; medicine and the other 99.9994% is basically &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-69007-0_136&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaseline&lt;/a&gt; (to keep it from rubbing off, and as an inert germ barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Prince states &amp;quot;[Neosporin] is said to speed up healing but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.care2.com/greenliving/4-reasons-to-throw-your-neosporin-in-the-garbage.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most&lt;/a&gt; cases &lt;strong&gt;prove&lt;/strong&gt; that Neosporin is actually one of the antibacterial ointments behind the spread of a lethal strain of MRSA&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;evidence&amp;quot; provided is a lone link to an article written by a &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/maryamhenein?lang=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;self-proclaimed bee-keeping entrepreneur&lt;/a&gt; with no medical background, whose primary cause appears to be promoting a movie she directed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Let's walk through the article's &amp;quot;proof&amp;quot; piece by piece:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotic resistance (MRSA) is bad.  It has even killed people.  The example given: like vulnerable babies &amp;amp; elderly in India.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the author is allergic to one antimicrobial ingredient in Neosporin. This allergy affect &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywell.com/sulfa-drug-allergy-83067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3%&lt;/a&gt; of people, which &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;is similar rate as allergies to other antibiotics, such as penicillin&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The referenced 'study' &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Antimicrobial Ointments and Methicillin-&#xA;Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/10-1365-ahead_of_print.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentions Neosporin only once&lt;/a&gt;, stating that in some cases, patients tried to treat MRSA with only large amounts of Neosporin -- &lt;em&gt;which didn't cure them&lt;/em&gt;.  I guess that proves there should be a warning on the tube: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;Neosporin will not cure life threatening infections. If you have one, see a doctor.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;When animals eat antibiotics and then humans eat animals, traces of antibiotics might show up in the humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My favorite part&lt;/strong&gt; is her tangent about how &amp;quot;in ancient times&amp;quot; people thought consuming Silver would fight infection.  Later they realized eating Silver didn't cure them and instead caused different problems.  Then &lt;strong&gt;in the very next paragraph&lt;/strong&gt; she recommends using Silver Oxide instead of Neosporin.  The only application of Silver Oxide states in Wikipedia is use as &lt;em&gt;an ingredient in batteries&lt;/em&gt;.    &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The article's only link from a doctor is a two-page opinion &lt;em&gt;essay&lt;/em&gt; (far from clinical evidence) written by a single doctor stating that people sometimes think they can use Neosporin to treat major illnesses instead of seeing their doctor, including one idiot who's foot was almost amputated after treating a visibly disgusting infection with nothing but Neosporin once a day.  &lt;strong&gt;Note the category in which the essay is classified&lt;/strong&gt; (below the document):  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Entertainment &amp;amp; Humor&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, &lt;strong&gt;using the same logic as the author's case against Neosporin&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gun-crimes kill a lot of people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nerf guns are a readily-available, gentler form of a gun but sometimes people misuse them and get hurt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore nobody should ever use Nerf Guns. That will &lt;strong&gt;solve&lt;/strong&gt; the gun-crime problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or one more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have HIV, eating lots of bubblegum doesn't cure you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, bubblegum is responsible for the HIV epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11738" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T09:06:18.547" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-21T15:56:12.367" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the last year I think the 90% of the times I can't sleep for more than ~4.5 hours continuously (which corresponds to ~3 cycles), then I'm awake for ~30 minutes trying to sleep, but if I fall asleep again, usually it's not for more than ~1.5 hours (~1 cycle more)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this way of sleeping healthy? After waking up I don't feel terrible, but I think I could feel better, I'm currently 26 years old and when I was a teenager I think I slept usually 7 or 7.5 hours continuous...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3244" LastEditorUserId="3244" LastEditDate="2017-10-22T19:08:44.050" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T18:16:29.710" Title="Sleeping 6 hours discontinuously every day" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13956" CreationDate="2017-10-21T16:22:10.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. T2D is reversible, with some caveats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;T2D is essentially a set of symptoms in a body that has ingested too much sugar, and has lost insulin sensitivity. &quot;Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise.&quot; --wikipedia  Diabetes_mellitus_type_2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;T2D is an arbitrary diagnosis based on the easily-measurable blood glucose level: wikipedia Diabetes_mellitus_type_2#Diagnosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outside the arbitrary medical definition, which has a binary diagnosis, it's much more meaningful to talk about insulin sensitivity as a spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people are insulin-sensitive superstars, far better at efficiently digesting sugars than &quot;normal&quot; people, and generally speaking T2 diabetics are less insulin-sensitive than normal people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A helpful analogy is IQ. The arbitrary definition of moron is a person with IQ between 50-69, an imbecile has an IQ from 20-49, and idiots have IQs below 20. That's pretty easy to measure, and also pretty meaningless. A much more useful application of IQ scores is to try to make ALL people improve their own individual IQ score over time through education.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't focus enough on the fasting blood glucose level, or response of blood glucose level to ingested sugar &lt;em&gt;as a spectrum of insulin-sensitivity&lt;/em&gt;. Instead, we just have 1 label, T2D. Kinda like if we ignored geniuses, morons, and regular people, and just had a single &quot;disease&quot;, called &quot;dumb&quot;, for people with an arbitrary IQ, let's say below 73.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you ask about reversing diabetes, what you're really asking is, can a person use diet to improve their insulin sensitivity, as measured by fasting blood glucose, and/or response of blood glucose to ingestion of sugar. The answer is &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diet is the strongest factor in improving insulin sensitivity.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbs are just sugar chains consisting of 3 or more sugars, so it's useful to divide all nutrition into simply sugar, fat, and protein, and never use the word carbs again. Just call them long-chain or complex sugars, so you don't camouflage diabetes-inducing sugars as nutritive-sounding &quot;carbohydrates&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating very low-sugar diets (ketogenic, atkins, or even many low-calorie diets) improves insulin sensitivity. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3313649/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3313649/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some caveats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most, if not all, T2Ds are terrible eaters who consume(d) loads  of sugars, so dietary changes are difficult for many T2Ds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some damage caused by eating sugar is irreversible. If you got your legs sawed off because you were extremely insulin-resistant for a long time, they won't grow back. Somewhere around 100,000 diabetes leg amputations happen every year in the US. This is a huge problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reversal is slow, unless the person commits to a very drastic change, like a ketogenic diet (for most people this means &amp;lt;40g of sugar per day). Humans usually believe in lucky positive events, and expect to see immediate feedback from any changes, but most important achievements in life require small investments of energy and attention every day, over periods of months or years. This is why so few people are financially secure, physically fit, happily married, well-adjusted, and healthy. All of the important problems in life require consistent attention and near-daily investments of effort in PROCESSES over long investment horizons. The positive events, like winning Mr. Olympia, cover modelling on Forbes, and celebrating a happy 50th anniversary, aren't really &quot;events&quot;, so much as results flowing naturally from slow, consistent processes. The behaviors that will reverse T2D are not comfortable, and your aunt will have to take those actions every day for months before seeing any positive results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can make your aunt see that sugar caused her T2D, and that not eating sugar will reverse it, and she carries a powerful enough &quot;WHY&quot;, such as not getting her legs sawn off, being able to hike mountains with her nieces and nephews, living a long and happy life, then she will start substituting fat for sugar in her diet, and live happily ever after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just be aware, it's a psychological battlefield, and the same thinking and actions that got her where she is will NOT get her out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/news/2017/09/type2diabetesisreversible/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/news/2017/09/type2diabetesisreversible/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2#Diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2#Diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11740" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T16:43:11.620" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T16:43:11.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14060" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14061" CreationDate="2017-10-21T17:03:23.073" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can you measure the number of calories you consume if whatever you’re eating doesn’t have a label or if you get it from a restaurant? I’ve never really counted but I’d like to start and I’m not sure if you can get that information about everything. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11741" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T21:02:45.553" Title="How do you measure the amount of calories with unlabeled foods?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14060" CreationDate="2017-10-21T21:02:45.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you can weigh each part of the meal, then you can look up the calories.  There are many apps for this.  If you can't weigh it, then a guess can still be made on the approximate portion size.  If you're diabetic and need to calculate the carbohydrate load prior to injecting insulin, then you can try asking the chef who should have the nutritional information available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T21:02:45.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14054" CreationDate="2017-10-21T21:15:17.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1198254/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1198254/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study group members (8 males and 4 females) took three probiotic containing capsules (8.4 log CFU per capsule) two times daily (the daily dose 9.2 log CFU) during three weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the study protocol says the active group took 6 capsules a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question says that the retail version of this capsule says it contains 8 billion CFU per capsule. So, without knowing the weight of the bacteria in the capsule, it's not possible to do a direct comparison as bacteria are normally counted as the ability to form colonies per g, or per ml of the bacterium.  And then because these figures are very high, they are changed to a log base 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2017-10-21T23:03:09.170" LastActivityDate="2017-10-21T23:03:09.170" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-21T22:20:27.490" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming an individual has otherwise sufficient dental hygiene (brushing twice a day, flossing daily, tongue scraping, avoiding acidic foods and drinks, etc.), is there any potential for bacteria from uncleaned dental guards to cause any appreciable tooth decay, or demineralized spots on the teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10910" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T00:48:23.220" Title="Risk of tooth decay from uncleaned night guards?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13974" CreationDate="2017-10-22T00:36:03.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2015-16, The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued a report on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines&lt;/a&gt; that recommended that all children (under nine years old) should get &lt;em&gt;two doses&lt;/em&gt; of flu vaccine the first year that they are vaccinated against the flu. The second flu shot — a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/booster%20dose&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;booster dose&lt;/a&gt;, improves the effectiveness of the flu vaccine in children. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6505a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a study during the 2004–05 season of children aged 5–8 years who received IIV3 for the first time, the proportion of children with protective antibody responses was significantly higher after 2 doses than after 1 dose of IIV3 for each antigen (p = 0.001 for influenza A[H1N1]; p = 0.01 for influenza A[H3N2]; and p = 0 0.001 for influenza B) (138).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The “interaction” you reference draws a correlation to &lt;em&gt;adaptive immunity&lt;/em&gt; — the process in which the body develops antibodies against the virus. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21070/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The adaptive immune system&lt;/a&gt;, also called acquired immunity, uses specific antigens to strategically mount an immune response. The adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens (for example, the flu virus), and uses an &lt;em&gt;immunological memory&lt;/em&gt; to learn about the threat and enhances the immune response accordingly. More specifically, the adaptive immune system relies on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9107415&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;B cells and T cells&lt;/a&gt; to carry out its task.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Evidence is reviewed that suggests that B cells essentially recognize antigen patterns, whereas T cells react against antigens newly brought into lymphoid tissues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the adaptive immune system can learn and remember specific pathogens, it can provide long-lasting defense and protection against recurrent infections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T00:36:03.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14063" CreationDate="2017-10-22T00:48:23.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23016013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PAM (protective athletic mouthguards) are contaminated by microorganisms that have the potential to produce oral and systemic diseases. They should be sanitized daily and changed when they become sharp and/or jagged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a commentary from the AGD on this study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;These concerns are similar to using an infected toothbrush repeatedly or using silverware that has not been cleaned properly,&quot; says AGD spokesperson Bruce Burton, DMD, MAGD, ABGD. &quot;Although a mouthguard is recommended to prevent permanent damage to the mouth and teeth, we know it also has the potential to be a reservoir for bacteria that can cause gum infections or the bacteria that help promote tooth decay.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T00:48:23.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-22T13:37:09.413" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is supposed to take &quot;placebo pills&quot; when a woman is on her menstruation and just only the first time she start taking contraception pills is mandatory to consume a pill on the first day of the period, vice she was always taking 21 pills, the new period started and she consumed the first pill of the new box every month, when it is advisable to take a rest or utilize the placebo pills (the seven other pills).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could happen if the girl is taking contraception pills during her period time? Would the efficacy of them be diminished?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11745" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T09:05:02.347" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T09:05:02.347" Title="About contraception pills efficacy" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-22T14:29:29.153" Score="0" ViewCount="1091" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed the degree of sweetness of the food corresponds with the likelihood to get acne. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas, diluting the flavor reduces the likelihood even if total calorie intake is same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there science to support this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11747" LastEditorUserId="11747" LastEditDate="2017-10-23T14:32:22.747" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T08:55:50.760" Title="Does adding water to drinks reduce their glycemic index?" Tags="&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14057" CreationDate="2017-10-22T15:58:09.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is generally unhealthy, especially as sleep cannot be made up or paid back like financial debt. Try to get back to at least seven hours. As always, consult with a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352721815000157&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11750" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2017-11-07T14:53:55.837" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T14:53:55.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13880" CreationDate="2017-10-22T16:10:19.063" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solutions to managing armpit sweat and odor:&#xA;1) Shave your armpits once every few months to periodically clear out that persistent bacteria. &#xA;2) Sprits or dampen armpits with diluted alcohol solution to kill the bacteria (don’t do this immediately after shaving).&#xA;3) Apply adhesive armpit pads to your favorite shirts, so as to prevent bacteria and deodorant buildup in them. &#xA;4) Consult with your doctor before doing any of these, except #3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11750" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T16:10:19.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14068" CreationDate="2017-10-22T16:11:46.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glycemic index (GI) helps to rates carbohydrate-containing foods (or drinks) by how much they boost blood sugar (blood glucose).&#xA;Although GI offers useful information that can help you choose foods that have kinder, gentler effects on blood sugar, it is not a perfect guide for choosing a healthy diet. Why ? According to According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/use-glycemic-index-to-help-control-blood-sugar-201208135154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Skerrett, Former Executive Editor, Harvard Health&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some foods, like carrot and watermelon, have a high glycemic index, but a serving contains so little carbohydrate that the effect on blood sugar is small. Others, like sugary soda, have a moderate glycemic index because they contain a fair amount of fructose, which has relatively little effect on blood sugar. But they also pack plenty of glucose, which does boost blood sugar.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, he suggested that the GI of a particular drink (or food) can also be influenced by what it is eaten with. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Olive oil or something acidic, like vinegar or lemon juice, can slow the conversion of starch to sugar, and so lower the glycemic index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now over to the exact matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does adding water to drinks reduce their glycemic index? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indirectly? Arguably YES since this will reduce insulin resistance and help a person reduce their hunger/thirst (thus reducing consumption).  According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharecare.com/health/diabetes/drinking-water-blood-sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eliot LeBow -Diabetes on Sharecare.com&lt;/a&gt;         &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;proper hydration seems to reduce one's blood sugars by decreasing insulin resistance while at the same time reduces a person's need to take more &#xA;  drinks or food during the day. Also, enough water will help remove the &#xA;  excess sugar and ketones out of your system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3693" LastEditorUserId="3693" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T05:31:40.547" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T05:31:40.547" CommentCount="5" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-10-24T05:31:40.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14075" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14077" CreationDate="2017-10-22T21:08:15.860" Score="4" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have often read that calcium and iron-rich foods (or supplements) should not be ingested within the same meal, as those two minerals impede each other's absorption trough the gut. But several vegetables are recommended as high sources of both minerals. Can the body absorb and use these minerals in these foods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11730" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T20:13:55.570" Title="Calcium and iron absorption" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-22T21:50:20.920" Score="4" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, I take x-rays once a year with my dentist.  Is this harmful?  Am I at risk of getting cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, I have to see a dental specialist, such as an periodontist, and the assistant to the periodontist would proceed to take &quot;full-mouth x-rays&quot;, so that instead of taking an x-ray from each side of the jaw, they take about 15-18 x-rays from many different angles of my jaw.  I feel it's dangerous / gratuitous -- and that those excessive amount of x-rays is just used to train the assistant, and that it's unnecessary for the periodontist to make an evaluation of my teeth and gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are &quot;full-mouth x-rays&quot; harmful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11753" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-01-11T14:19:19.627" LastActivityDate="2018-01-11T14:19:19.627" Title="Is taking x-rays during a dental check-up harmful?" Tags="&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14075" CreationDate="2017-10-22T22:08:04.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stomach acid helps to get iron absorbed from food. Calcium supplements in the form of calcium carbonate will lower stomach acid levels and thereby impede iron absorption. One can avoid that problem by using calcium citrate supplements. The calcium that's naturally present in foods is not in the form of calcium salts like calcium carbonate or calcium citrate. Instead, the calcium in vegetables sits inside an organic molecule, a so called molecular complex. In some cases this leads to poor absorption for calcium, e.g. in case of spinach the calcium is bound to oxalate and only 5% of the calcium is absorbed. The calcium in kale, in contrast, has a 50% bioavailability. The calcium in typical dairy products have about 30% biovailability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to keep in mind when you try to get your minerals like calcium and iron from vegetables instead of dairy and meat products, is to make sure you eat a lot of vegetables. While only a few slices of cheese and small piece of meat is sufficient to get to the RDA for calcium and iron, the volume of vegetables you need to eat to meet the RDA is huge by ordinary standards. The best way to go about this is to include vegetables in your lunch and even in your breakfast if you struggle to eat large volumes in single meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T20:13:55.570" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T20:13:55.570" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-22T22:51:57.953" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 5'10 (178cm) male who is lightly active and weigh 55kg (122 lbs), and want to maintain this weight, thus have consulted some websites out there that have got 'calorie calculators' to determine the calorie intake per day required to maintain weight. However, the results have varied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calculator.net/calorie-calculator.html?ctype=standard&amp;amp;cage=19&amp;amp;csex=m&amp;amp;cheightfeet=5&amp;amp;cheightinch=10&amp;amp;cpound=121&amp;amp;cheightmeter=180&amp;amp;ckg=60&amp;amp;cactivity=1.375&amp;amp;printit=0&amp;amp;x=88&amp;amp;y=9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.caloriecalculator.net&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/healthy/eat-healthy-get-active/take-control-your-weight/calorie-counter-calculator.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.cancer.org&lt;/a&gt; say 2159 calories per day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calorieking.com/interactive-tools/how-many-calories-should-you-eat/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.calorieking.com&lt;/a&gt; says between 1800 and 2000 calories per day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/30-day-fitness-challenge/register/?overlay=1&amp;amp;goal=0&amp;amp;gender=male&amp;amp;age=19&amp;amp;weight=122&amp;amp;feet=5&amp;amp;inches=10&amp;amp;activity=1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.livestrong.com&lt;/a&gt; says 1890 calories a day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The range seems pretty large. Which figure seems most accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9487" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T22:51:57.953" Title="Which website's calorie intake threshold to believe?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14076" CreationDate="2017-10-22T23:10:25.997" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The American Dental Association states that the overall exposure to all sources of radiation per year is estimated to be in the USA 6.2 mSv.  And from an OPG which is probably similar to what you're having as 0.01 mSv.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're a child, a young woman, or pregnant, you should ask for neck-shielding with a lead collar, or a lead apron to protect your thyroid and fetus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for do you need yearly x-rays, then I suggest you discuss with your dentist. If you don't need fillings due to a lack of dental caries, you may get away with less frequent x-rays.  And with the newer digital x-ray systems, there's a lower dose again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lVT1t.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lVT1t.png&quot; alt=&quot;exposure table&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/x-rays&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/x-rays&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-22T23:10:25.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-23T02:11:27.053" Score="4" ViewCount="12293" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am studying a non-medical field so please bear with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which part of the flat skin has the most nerve receptors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I plan to build a grid of vibrators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6912" LastEditorUserId="6912" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T23:43:47.547" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T16:56:32.083" Title="Which part of the body has the most nerve receptors?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;tactile-touch&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14075" CreationDate="2017-10-23T02:57:28.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be a problem when you look at iron status so there may be other mechanisms at play that compensate for the effect of calcium on iron absorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies on human subjects have shown that calcium (Ca) can inhibit iron (Fe) absorption, regardless of whether it is given as Ca salts or in dairy products. This has caused concern as increased Ca intake commonly is recommended for children and women, the same populations that are at risk of Fe deficiency. However, a thorough review of studies on humans in which Ca intake was substantially increased for long periods shows no changes in hematological measures or indicators of iron status. Thus, the inhibitory effect may be of short duration and there also may be compensatory mechanisms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21462112&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21462112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T02:57:28.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14032" CreationDate="2017-10-23T11:47:06.400" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a general rule of thumb this concern for safe lactating (breast feeding) is of course entirely legitimate:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2015.29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nonpharmacological approaches are always first-line treatment, and should also be used to complement any required drug treatment.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the connection of ibuprofen and sleepiness may not be unfounded either:&#xA;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ibuprofen-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Unusual tiredness or weakness, sleepiness or unusual drowsiness (rare), and extreme fatigue (rare)&lt;/a&gt;&quot; &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; listed as possible side effect of ibuprofen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds scary unless one takes into account that these effects are listed as rare and: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02735557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;As weak acids, NSAIDs [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs] are excreted in small amounts into human breast milk with little risk for adverse effects in the suckling infant.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get some hard numbers on this one might considers these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002937884901959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Concentrations of ibuprofen in breast milk and serum were compared in 12 patients who had ingested one 400 mg tablet of ibuprofen every 6 hours over a 24-hour period for relief of post-cesarean section pain. Samples of breast milk and blood were obtained simultaneously over a 34-hour period beginning just prior to the first dose of ibuprofen. Gas-liquid chromatography assay methodology capable of detecting 1 μg/ml was used to determine concentrations of ibuprofen in serum and breast milk. Ibuprofen was present in the serum with a half-life of approximately 1.5 hours. No measurable amounts of ibuprofen were found in the samples of breast milk. &lt;strong&gt;The conclusion drawn is that, in lactating women who take up to 400 mg of ibuprofen every 6 hours, less than 1 mg of ibuprofen per day is excreted in breast milk.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And reach the following conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~MxKkGI:1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Because of its extremely low levels in breastmilk, short half-life and safe use in infants in doses much higher than those excreted in breastmilk, ibuprofen is a preferred choice as an analgesic or antiinflammatory agent in nursing mothers.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These conclusions are in generalised form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25217187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to our review, AMDs [anti-migraine drugs] safe during breastfeeding are as follows: low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ibuprofen, sumatriptan, metoprolol, propranolol, verapamil, amitriptyline, escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, acetaminophen, caffeine, and metoclopramide. AMDs compatible with breastfeeding but warranting caution are as follows: diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, most new triptans, topiramate, valproate, venlafaxine, and cyproheptadine. Finally, high-dose ASA, atenolol, nadolol, cinnarizine, flunarizine, ergotamine, methysergide, and pizotifen are contraindicated.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what now about the sleepy baby at hand? Babies are just sleepy in general and after feeding especially:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/breastfeed-sleep.html#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; My baby falls asleep while nursing. What can I do?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Newborns often fall asleep at the breast, especially after feeling satisfied from a good feeding.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is completely normal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a553835/sleep-and-breastfeeding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding and sleep often overlap in the early weeks, when your baby spends more time asleep than awake. Dozing off mid-feed and waking for more milk a short time later is normal for newborns.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this period will pass:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://breastfeedingusa.org/content/article/what-about-sleepy-baby&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each baby is unique. While some mothers worry that their baby isn’t sleeping regularly enough during the early weeks and months, you may have concerns that your baby is too sleepy. Experience has shown, however, that most babies develop more of an established sleep pattern after the newborn period. Enjoy this special time with your baby.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken together this should read as: minimising drug intake is always a good idea, a sleepy baby is probably not a reason of big concern. If the infant seems highly unusual it is presumably still a good idea to present the case to a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-23T13:47:38.660" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T13:47:38.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14080" CreationDate="2017-10-23T12:07:47.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The largest organ in your body does -- the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most sensitive area would be any distal (meaning the farthest away) extremities.  Areas that require fine control (such as dexterity).  Your finger tips or genitals would be #1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8806" LastEditorUserId="8806" LastEditDate="2017-10-23T12:14:48.237" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T12:14:48.237" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14086" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10993" CreationDate="2017-10-23T12:26:46.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not much. Unless your vegetables or teas do contain tobacco or some exotic weeds.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199308053290619&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;letter&lt;/a&gt; mentioned in the comments was an interesting table listing different plant sources of nicotine. The highest amount was reported for eggplant containing 100ng/g of nicotine. In that letter this was translated into 10g of plant material needed for a consumer to ingest 1 µg of nicotine. These values were used because this level of exposure was deemed equivalent with the amount of nicotine obtained by a passive indoor smoker. An average cigarette contains around 10mg nicotine. (Take note of the different units of measurement.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would mean an &lt;em&gt;unhealthy amount&lt;/em&gt; of vegetable is needed to be eaten to approach the nicotine levels of just one cigarette for a smoker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this should have been clear from the start given the different magnitudes this letter provoked quite some reactions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199311183292118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The main problem with the inferences in these authors' letter is a 500-fold error in the calculations used to determine the vegetable equivalent of toxicologically meaningful exposure to tobacco smoke.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Determining the amount of vegetable consumption suggestive of exposure to cigarette smoke is also more complicated and physiologically difficult than implied by Domino et al. &lt;br&gt;First, it would take an approximately 500-fold increase in the amount of vegetables estimated by Domino et al. to produce exposure equivalent to half a cigarette a day -- e.g., &lt;strong&gt;more than 100 kg of tomatoes would have to be consumed in one day.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; Second, as acknowledged by Domino et al., nicotine exposure would be greatly reduced if vegetable skins, which contain most of the nicotine, were not eaten or if they were cooked in water, thereby extracting the nicotine.&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Third, ingesting nicotine is not equivalent to inhaling it, since absorption from the stomach is poor and 70 percent of the nicotine entering the circulation is metabolized during its first pass through the liver.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; Finally, it has been well confirmed that the exposure to tobacco smoke indicated by a plasma concentration of 5 to 10 ng of cotinine per milliliter is of clear toxicologic importance,3 whereas there is no evidence that daily exposure to the equivalent of 1 percent of the smoke from one puff of a cigarette would be of toxicologic importance or could possibly confound assessment of environmental exposure.&lt;/a&gt;[formatting and emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To which the original author responded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The amount of nicotine in certain vegetables is obviously too small to produce any pharmacologic or toxicologic effects. &lt;strong&gt;The difference between the small amount of nicotine in certain vegetables and the large amount in one average tobacco cigarette offers a marvelous lesson, both pharmacologic and toxicologic, on the importance of dose-effect relations.&lt;/strong&gt; We never intended to suggest that vegetarians could become nicotine addicts, or that children who hate vegetables have a legitimate reason for refusing to eat them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many plants, only especially those of the nightshade family, contain chemicals that are classified as active drugs; like nicotine. But tobacco is specifically breed for nicotine content and cigarettes are standardised for its content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf990089w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Determination of the Nicotine Content of Various Edible Nightshades (Solanaceae) and Their Products and Estimation of the Associated Dietary Nicotine Intake:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aubergines.&lt;/strong&gt; Aubergines were investigated by Castro and Monji (1986), Sheen (1988), and Davis et al. (1991) with inconsistent results. The concentrations published previously include not detectable (Davis et al., 1991), &gt;100 μg kg-1 wet weight (Castro and Monji, 1986), and 2.65 mg kg-1 dry weight (Sheen, 1988). &lt;strong&gt;We investigated four different types of aubergines, and nicotine could only be quantified in one sample. In two of the remaining samples, nicotine was detected but could not be quantified.&lt;/strong&gt; […]&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Tea.&lt;/strong&gt; Conflicting results are found in the literature concerning nicotine concentrations in black tea (Sheen, 1998; Davis et al., 1991; Domino et al., 1993). Therefore, tea samples were analyzed for nicotine to address these contradictory results. The concentrations that were found in the dry tea leaves (Table 6) were surprisingly high in concentration, ranging from 163 to 1600 μg kg-1. Large variations were found within the types of black tea, whereas the concentrations were more or less consistent within the green teas. For an estimation of the dietary nicotine intake from tea, the nicotine concentration of the tea leaves is less relevant than that in brewed tea. Tea was brewed using common amounts of tea leaves and water. The results show that nicotine is not efficiently extracted by conventional brewing techniques (Table 7). Even tea with very high nicotine concentrations in the leaves (e.g., teas 3 and 4) do not show high amounts in the brewed tea. If detectable, the extraction yield is in a range of 20-25%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Averaged Nicotine Concentrations &#xA;  Based on the Observed Nicotine Concentrations&#xA;source                       nicotine (ng/g)  SD (ng/g)&#xA;nicotine from potatoes       4.5              1.9&#xA;nicotine from tomatoes       2.7              0.7&#xA;nicotine from tomato paste   5.3              0.6&#xA;nicotine from tomato sauce   4.5              1.5&#xA;nicotine from ketchup        7.3              1.5&#xA;nicotine from aubergine      2.1              0.5&#xA;nicotine from brewed tea     4.0              0.3&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The edible Solanaceae analyzed in this investigation were found to contain relatively consistent amounts of nicotine in the range of 2-7 μg/kg for fresh fruits. These results are in agreement with most but not all of the previous results reported in the literature. Nicotine appears to survive a variety of processing operations such as the preparation of tomato ketchup, sauces, and pastes as well as frying and boiling of potatoes. These products showed slightly higher concentrations in comparison to the related fresh fruits. Relatively large concentrations of nicotine found in tea leaves were not reflected in brewed tea. &lt;strong&gt;Using food consumption data from government sources, a mean estimated daily dietary intake of nicotine is approximately 1.4 and 2.25 μg/day&lt;/strong&gt; at the 95th percentile based on the nicotine content and consumption data discussed in this report. It is possible that these estimates are low because of incomplete food consumption data. Further work is required to relate the estimated dietary nicotine intake to nicotine metabolite concentrations in biological fluids to be able to make reliable statements about the importance of dietary nicotine intake in comparison to environmental tobacco smoke exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To bring that back into perspective, a reminder on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram#SI_multiples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SI units of magnitud&lt;/a&gt;e seems appropriate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;g  = mg = milligram&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt;g = µg = microgram&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  10&lt;sup&gt;−9&lt;/sup&gt;g = ng = nanogram&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nicotine is the principal alkaloid in commercial tobacco, N. tabacum, usually accounting for &gt;90% of the alkaloid fraction whereas nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine seldom accumulate to &gt;5%. Further nicotinoids are present only in very small concentrations in tobacco (Bush et al. 1999).[…]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Nicotinoid Content of Cured Tobacco Leaves and Tobacco Smoke. Of course there are differences concerning the qualitative alkaloid profile of green tobacco leaves, cured leaves, and tobacco smoke. This is also true from the quantitative point of view. Thus, due to enzymatic transformation during senescence and air-curing, e.g., the nicotine content may be reduced in favour of an increased amount of nornicotine. This may happen even to an extreme extent. Due to individual genetic conversion so-called “converters” are able to metabolize leaf nicotine to its nor congener up to 95% (Siminszky et al. 2005 and references therein). This happens more frequently in burley cultivars than in flue-cured tobaccos. Moreover, aging and flue-curing turned out to lead to a reduction on the concentrations of minor nicotinoid components.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;The accumulation of &lt;em&gt;large&lt;/em&gt; amounts of nicotine and/or its congeners is confined to four solanaceous genera belonging to two clades of the subfamily Nicotianoideae&lt;/strong&gt; (Nicotianeae clade: Nicotiana; Cyphanthera clade: Crenidium, Cyphanthera, Duboisia).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Eckart Eich: &quot;Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis, Chemotaxonomy, Biological and Economic Significance&quot;, Springer: New York, 2008, Ch 3.3 Nicotinoids (Tobacco Alkaloids) p83&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the eggplant/aubergine is one species to really worry about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Particularly high levels of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lci-koeln.de/deutsch/veroeffentlichungen/lci-focus/tropane-alkaloids-and-calystegines-occurrence-toxicity-analytical-methods-maximum-levels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calystegines&lt;/a&gt; have been determined in Solunum melongena, eggplant/aubergine, and Capsicum annuum var. annuum, bell pepper/paprika. (Eich, p165.)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (E-feruloyltyramine) and its octopamine [2-hydroxytyramine = 1-(p-hydroxyphe- nyl)-2-aminoethanol] congener as well as N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine were discovered in the roots of S. melongena L., eggplant/aubergine. Furthermore, the already known N-trans-p-coumaroyltyramine was detected in this sample (Yoshihara et al. 1978).(Eich, p 299.)    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These changes in the nicotin content are in the order of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/genuss/tabak/tabak.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The nicotine content in the tobacco leaves varies between 0.05% (Virginia tobacco) through 3 - 4% (&quot;Burley&quot;) to 7.5% (&quot;Machorka&quot;, Russia)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare that value for tobacco of the mild Virginia kind again with the eggplant from the letter in the first paragraph with the &lt;em&gt;absurdly&lt;/em&gt; high values given there, assuming both kinds of plant material were ingested:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    source                       nicotine (ng/g) &#xA;&#xA;    nicotine from eggplant       ~100&#xA;    nicotine from tobacco     ~500000   &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in  mind that eggplant values seem to be a sensational result of the unreplicated kind.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;First hand smoking means not everything of that material is inhaled, some is burnt, some is lost to the environment. This concentration is much higher in commercial blends of tobacco found in cigarettes. The effect of second hand smoke is further diluted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nicotine is a very potent poison for most animals from protozoa to humans. The acutely fatal peroral dose for an adult is probably 60mg (Taylor 1995) which is equivalent to the nicotine content of five cigarettes or one cigar. However, smoking results in a considerable decomposition of this alkaloid due to pyrolysis; furthermore, much of the remaining volatile nicotine is not absorbed due to exhalation. (Eich, p98.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strict Swedish and Danish Health Council members conclude that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The average dietary exposure to nicotine from the food plants mentioned above was calculated to be 1.1 μg/day (88% from potatoes) in Sweden and 1.3 μg/day (70% from potatoes) in Denmark.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Nicotine is very toxic at high doses. The lethal dose in man is 50-100 mg, which approximately corresponds to the nicotine content of tobacco in 5 cigarettes. At lower doses it has many pharmacological effects.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In comparison, the total dietary exposure to nicotine is very low, and seems to be insignificant in relation to exposures giving rise to toxic and/or pharmacological effects.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The dietary exposure to nicotine is about two orders of magnitude lower than the exposure in passive smoking and around three orders of magnitude lower than the direct exposure during cigarette smoking (around 900 - 1 700 μg nicotine is assumed to be absorbed from a single cigarette). In addition to the difference in exposure level, absorption is much lower when exposure occurs in the diet than when by the inhalation route. Absorption from the stomach is poor and 60 to 70 percent of the nicotine is metabolised during the first pass through the liver, whereas absorption in the lungs is good and distributes nicotine systemically.     Thus, it seems very unlikely that the low nicotine levels from dietary exposure would cause any toxicological harm in human.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/25_PDF_word_filer%20til%20download/06kontor/Nikotinalkaloider%20i%20planter%20fra%20natskyggefamilien.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christer Andersson &amp;amp; Paula Wennström &amp;amp; Jørn Gry: &quot;Nicotine alkaloids in Solanaceous food plants&quot;, TemaNord 2003:531&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, nicotine can be &lt;em&gt;detected&lt;/em&gt; in vegetables. Although this is quoted above, it worth repetition: &quot;it would take an approximately 500-fold increase in the amount of vegetables estimated by Domino et al. to produce exposure equivalent to half a cigarette a day –– e.g more than 100 kg of tomatoes would have to be consumed in one day.&quot;&#xA;Unless one employs very sophisticated concentration and purification methods (or plays the long game in breeding those plants for nicotine content) the concentrations of nicotine in commonly consumed vegetables are much too low as to be of any concern (or value, depending on perspective).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-09-19T16:11:45.827" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T16:11:45.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14080" CreationDate="2017-10-23T12:31:45.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we are talking about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tactile corpuscle&lt;/a&gt; or Meissner's corpuscles and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lamellar corpuscle&lt;/a&gt; it would be the  fingertips followed by lips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find a reference in English, only a &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=jwUjBAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA376&amp;amp;lpg=PA376&amp;amp;dq=%22Meissner-K%C3%B6rperchen%22+h%C3%B6chste+dichte&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=oEPxFkoYdY&amp;amp;sig=bXTN27hyrrCBvvqfvYgTt5IMEDg&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiO2tS23YbXAhWkIsAKHbETCy04ChDoAQgvMAI#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22Meissner-K%C3%B6rperchen%22%20h%C3%B6chste%20dichte&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Die Fingerspitzen weisen die höchste Rezeptorendichte auf. Damit wird Begreifen möglich.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lang, Phillip, Lang, Florian&lt;/em&gt;: Basiswissen Physiology, Springer-Verlag, 2007; Seite 376&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fingertips have the highest density of receptors. This is why grasping is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Translation into English&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The all over highest density in receptors can be found in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fovea centralis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T14:11:06.517" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14089" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14068" CreationDate="2017-10-23T14:28:17.350" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; Does reducing the sweetness of a drink by diluting it with water reduces the likelihood of acne?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt; Not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any study that would show an association between the mere &lt;em&gt;sweetness&lt;/em&gt; of a food and the risk of acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that &lt;strong&gt;low-glycemic load diet&lt;/strong&gt; may help reduce acne (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD009436/SKIN_complementary-therapies-acne-vulgaris&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glycemic load = glycemic index x grams of carbohydrates in the food. Glycemic index is an estimation of the effect of a food on the blood glucose level after its ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;strong&gt;high-glycemic index foods&lt;/strong&gt; (GI &gt;70) are some sweet beverages, cornflakes, instant oatmeal, white rice, potatoes, white bread, pasta, biscuits and other baked goods made from white flour and little fiber (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, high-glycemic foods are not necessary sweet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diluting &quot;the sweetness&quot; of a food or beverage may not reduce its glycemic index. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.glycemicindex.com/faqsList.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glycemicindex.com&lt;/a&gt; gives this example (but no link to any study):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A more dilute solution, say 25 grams fructose in 500 mL water will&#xA;  have a &lt;strong&gt;higher&lt;/strong&gt; GI than 25 grams fructose in 250 mL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such estimation sounds counterintuitive, but it makes sense, because a beverage with 5% sugar (25 g fructose in 500 mL water) usually empties from the stomach faster than a beverage with 10% sugar (25 g sugar in 250 mL water) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-6-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Metabolism&lt;/a&gt;). So, the diluted beverage passes from the stomach into the intestine faster, which results in faster glucose absorption and thus in higher GI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To decrease the glycemic load of the meals, you can decrease the amount of high glycemic index foods, for example, eating whole-grain bread (high in fiber) instead of white flour products (low in fiber).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T08:55:50.760" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T08:55:50.760" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-23T19:26:59.527" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some pills which say to &quot;take every X hours&quot;, and others say to take &quot;X times a day&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long should the break be between administrations of pill #2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &quot;take 4 times a day&quot; means to take it every 6 hours, or every (24-8)/4 = 4 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11731" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T19:38:47.237" Title="How often is &quot;X times a day&quot;?" Tags="&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14090" CreationDate="2017-10-23T19:38:47.237" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;4 times a day means those 4 doses should be spread roughly evenly over a 24 hour period, so approximately 6 hours apart. The best way to do this is usually to take a dose right before bed and right after you wake up. Don't worry too much if you sleep for more than 6 hours. Dosing schedules aren't generally down to the minute, as everybody metabolizes drugs differently, so delaying one dose for an hour or two likely won't make a big difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to do the latter dosing schedule you suggested, you'd take pills at 9am, 1pm, 5pm, and 9pm, for example. That gives you a 12-hour lapse between doses, which is fully double the expected interval of 6 hours. That's probably outside the acceptable flexibility in the schedule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1050" LastActivityDate="2017-10-23T19:38:47.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-23T21:24:05.120" Score="4" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone in their late teens/early 20s smoked 20 cigarettes a day for 5-10 years, and then never smoked again, by approximately how much would that reduce their lifespan?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11763" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T05:07:02.633" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T17:12:49.797" Title="By how much does former smoking reduce one's lifespan?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14093" CreationDate="2017-10-24T00:51:38.533" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know a man who is now a healthy 84 years old and still going strong and still works at his small business store.  He smoked for 30 years, I think up to 2 packs a day.  When he quit, he was a health nut and continues to be a health nut -- lots of vegetables for dinner, no alcohol, no smoking, no drugs.  His only vice now is sugar -- candy bars and ice cream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know of a 85 year old man - a math professor - who actually still smokes everyday (in his office, too!) and is still kicking and going strong and teaching and working on a new book.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'd have to say that genetics probably* plays a huge* role in determining whether you will land up with health issues / cancer from smoking.  If you are predisposed to cancer / did not win the genetics lottery, you will suffer the consequences of smoking more so than others who may have &quot;better&quot; genetics than you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: look ahead, move forward in time.  Don't beat yourself up over your past vices.  Take steps toward living a healthier life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11764" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T00:51:38.533" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14118" CreationDate="2017-10-24T07:19:53.750" Score="5" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wearing braces can lead to some very visible color changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very often some parts are darker than others and &quot;white spots&quot; appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heavy brushing of the teeth is not a good idea since this will not work well and also erodes too much of the enamel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a professional teeth whitening performed by a dentist is not preferred or not an option then other remedies that are often recommended include special toothpastes, sodium bicarbonate or over the counter whitening strips.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These options may be unsafe or ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What options do exist to improve the aesthetics of the teeth in such a situation?&#xA;Mainly this means: how were these spots formed and how to get rid of the white spots safely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11767" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T17:13:01.153" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T18:17:58.620" Title="Getting rid of white spots on front teeth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;stain-removal-teeth&gt;&lt;white-strips-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-24T08:02:40.213" Score="6" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;What feature of a skin injury (for example, depth of laceration?) determines whether scars will form as hypertrophic or not?  For this question, I am &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_scar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;differentiating hypertrophic&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;keloids&lt;/a&gt;, which is a different process.  An example is below of the same individual with both regular and hypertrophic scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1QYXJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1QYXJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8483" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-09-26T04:29:00.277" LastActivityDate="2018-11-20T20:01:25.233" Title="What causes some lacerations to form hypertrophic scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-24T10:27:46.010" Score="0" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occasionally I have to get up very early for flights, surveys etc and only get a couple of hours sleep. As soon as I wake up, my throat feels completely dry and I am extremely dehydrated. The only way to put it right is to drink silly amounts of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if I was to get a full 7/8 or so hours sleep rest (i.e. longer without water), I do not feel this and am not thirsty at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas why this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11034" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T10:58:11.830" Title="Why do I feel dehydrated when I wake up very early?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2017-11-14T17:47:25.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14099" CreationDate="2017-10-24T10:58:11.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;feeling&lt;/em&gt; of dehydration may be due to dry mouth, for example, due to stress related to getting up early. Feeling unrefreshed due to lack of sleep may also make you feel dehydrated. But this is not dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you are actually dehydrated, you lose body weight. It is considered that you are mildly dehydrated when you lose at least 1% of body weight, so at least 0.7 kg (1.5 lbs) in a 70 kg (154 lbs) person (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559016.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Defense Technical Information Center&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to check if you are really dehydrated, weigh yourself and compare your weight with what is your usual weight (checked in some &quot;normal&quot; morning when you think you are well hydrated, in same clothes, after emptying your bladder and bowel and before eating anything).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2017-10-24T10:58:11.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14102" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14103" CreationDate="2017-10-24T15:11:33.013" Score="5" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one’s immune system was dealing with fighting any common-cold virus infection, does that in any way change the efficacy of the flu vaccine received at that time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how efficient the immune system is to multi-tasking against various threats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11772" LastEditorUserId="11772" LastEditDate="2017-10-24T15:22:06.203" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T16:44:46.550" Title="Does efficacy of the flu vaccine change if received while sick with the common-cold?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14102" CreationDate="2017-10-24T15:38:19.610" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No, it doesn't&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines contain the same antigens (or parts of antigens) that cause diseases. For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus. &lt;strong&gt;But the antigens in vaccines are either killed, or weakened to the point that they don’t cause disease. However, they are strong enough to make the immune system produce antibodies that lead to immunity.&lt;/strong&gt; In other words, a vaccine is a safer substitute for a child’s first exposure to a disease. The child gets protection without having to get sick. Through vaccination, children can develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/howvpd.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effort it takes for the immune system to produce antibodies is so little your immune system should be able to cope with it, this is why multiple vaccinations can be received at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of studies have been done to look at the effects of giving various combinations of vaccines, and when every new vaccine is licensed, it has been tested along with the vaccines already recommended for a particular aged child. &lt;strong&gt;The recommended vaccines have been shown to be as effective in combination as they are individually.&lt;/strong&gt;  Sometimes, certain combinations of vaccines given together can cause fever, and occasionally febrile seizures; these are temporary and do not cause any lasting damage. Based on this information, both the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend getting all routine childhood vaccines on time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/multiple-vaccines-immunity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/%7E/media/Files/Report%20Files/2003/Immunization-Safety-Review-Multiple-Immunizations-and-Immune-Dysfunction/MultImmSummaryFINAL.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Further Reading&lt;/a&gt;, Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the Common Cold is usually not very straining on the immune system, and immunity to the influenza can take &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/vax-summary.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;up to 2 weeks to develop&lt;/a&gt;. Your immune system is handling so many infections at the same time, most of whose outbreaks never occur because the immune system is quick enough, a few killed antigens won't burden it much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you still are in doubt, talk to your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A little treat&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/21409m.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/21409m.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T16:44:46.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-24T20:37:37.197" Score="8" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I‘ve learned and heard is that if there is an indication of a tension pneumothorax (e.g. rib series fracture with elevated pulse and difficulties in breathing), treatment is always to get two venous catheters, two syringes and do needle chest compression on both sides (just to be sure the punctuation works).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I‘ve come across &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1726546/pdf/v022p00008.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and was wondering if there are any reliable alternatives to the rather invasive treatment option, especially with the morbidity outlined in the article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, if the indications are clear there is no reason to hesitate, but especially with children their bones are not strong and such symptoms and indications are easily achieved. I don’t want to have to pierce them, but I also don’t want to let them die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T16:22:09.450" LastActivityDate="2020-11-19T11:32:07.120" Title="Treatment Options of Tension Pneumothorax" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;pneumothorax&gt;&lt;thorax&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16631" CreationDate="2017-10-24T20:52:21.280" Score="7" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ulcerative colitis can be endoscopically assessed and characterized as 'active' or 'inactive'. I was wondering how those disease states are related. Do patients with UC regularly alternate between active and inactive states? Or are there periods of activity flaring up, etc? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Context: Researcher looking at a dataset: GSE59071 from Vanhove et al. 2015. They have both of those states, but they don't mention the process behind the original diagnosis/significance of disease activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(Paper: &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/article-abstract/21/11/2673/4579337?redirectedFrom=fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiebe Vanhove et al.: &quot;Strong Upregulation of AIM2 and IFI16 Inflammasomes in the Mucosa of Patients with Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease&quot;  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Volume 21, Issue 11, 1 November 2015&lt;/a&gt;, Pages 2673–2682, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000535&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000535&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26313692/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed ID 26313692&lt;/a&gt; or  &lt;a href=&quot;https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26313692/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11774" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-19T18:51:18.347" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T19:03:00.067" Title="Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;ulcerative-colitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="57" CreationDate="2017-10-24T23:31:34.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on my medical knowledge and a literature search, I cannot find evidence to suggest that banana peels are a superior treatment for warts. I saw only one nearly 40-year-old study on PubMed,  Warzawer-Schwarcz L. &quot;Treatment of plantar warts with banana skin.&quot; Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981 Dec;68(6):975-6. &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Citation/1981/12000/Treatment_of_Plantar_Warts_With_Banana_Skin.35.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Citation/1981/12000/Treatment_of_Plantar_Warts_With_Banana_Skin.35.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This study involved taping fresh banana peel every day to the wart using surgical tape, and then scraping chunks out of the softened wart repeatedly. It seems like the primary function of the banana peel was to make the skin damp and soft for scraping. I actually think using just duct tape instead could accomplish a similar function (keeping skin damp), with the advantage that the tape can naturally pull off chunks of wart when you rip it off. Another study found that duct tape actually can be effective for wart removal; researchers theorize this is because the duct tape may be stimulating the immune system (see here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/men/news/20021015/duct-tape-gets-rid-of-warts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/men/news/20021015/duct-tape-gets-rid-of-warts&lt;/a&gt;). Also, personal story, when I was a kid I got rid of a wart on my hand using the duct tape method. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main recommendation, though, would be to try freezing it off again, or getting it cut out. I don't know how many times you've tried freezing it, but warts can be fairly determined and may require multiple freezings to disappear. You may also want to try a different dermatologist - perhaps your current dermatologist doesn't have good freezing technique. You can also have the wart cut out, though that will have longer recovery time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you've got a lot of options - don't give up! Sometimes a combination of therapies can be effective. For example, I once also got rid of a wart on my foot using drug store salicylic acid stickers, repeated scraping to remove dead skin and dead wart tissue, followed by freezing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information: Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV16 and HPV18 cause cervical cancer; HPV6 and HPV11 cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis; but there are also many types of HPV that are not sexually transmitted and merely cause skin warts (see the Wikipedia article &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastEditorUserId="9862" LastEditDate="2017-12-10T04:18:51.923" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T04:18:51.923" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14109" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-10-25T00:41:39.060" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T00:41:39.060" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T00:41:39.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14110" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-10-25T00:41:39.060" Score="0" Body="The medical term for chest. Meaning that body part between your neck and belly that contains the ribs, heart, lungs, and a large part of the spine." OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T16:40:38.010" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T16:40:38.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11448" CreationDate="2017-10-25T08:03:10.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, fats trigger gallbladder contraction, which results in the release of the bile into the small intestine. The bile helps to digest fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The liver is connected to the small intestine by the common bile duct. When your gallbladder is removed, the bile will flow from the liver via the bile duct directly into the small intestine. This continuous flow of the bile can irritate the intestine and trigger diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After gallbladder removal, the bile is still delivered into the intestine, so all the fat should be properly digested as before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, during gallbladder removal, a small stone accidentally passes into the common bile duct and blocks the flow of the bile through it. This prevents fat digestion. The undigested fat moves further into the colon, where it is partially broken down by normal intestinal bacteria (which results in gas) and partially excreted in the stool (which results in smelly, floating and pale stools) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://slu.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=617&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;gid=000263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adam&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-10-25T12:26:17.717" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T12:26:17.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14080" CreationDate="2017-10-25T16:56:32.083" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;If you want to build a vibrator, you need to look for erogenous zones, not just sensitive zones&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An erogenous zone (from Greek ἔρως, érōs &amp;quot;love&amp;quot; and English -genous &amp;quot;producing&amp;quot; from Greek -γενής, -genḗs &amp;quot;born&amp;quot;) is an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which may generate a sexual response, such as relaxation, the production of sexual fantasies, sexual arousal and orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erogenous_zone#Specific_zones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia.Org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article gives a good overview&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are two types of erogenous zones: nonspecific and specific. Those of the nonspecific type depend upon exaggeration of a basic tickle sensation.&lt;/strong&gt; Specific erogenous zones, the mucocutaneous zones of human and animal, have special neural and cutaneous anatomic characteristics. The mucocutaneous end-organs in any given species appear to be identical in all of the the zones. The endings of the primates are markedly different from those of lower animals. &lt;strong&gt;Development of the nerve endings is principally postfetal and may coincide with the organization of oral, anal and genital patterns of behavior.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Winkelmann, RK. (1959). &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. Mayo Clin Proc. 34 (2): 39–47.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T16:56:32.083" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-25T23:47:37.400" Score="3" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard for breaking down a person's health profile in to a small number of most relevant factors? Something similar to how OCEAN(Big5) decomposes a person's personality into 5 traits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be something that has obvious dimensions, like nutrition,exercise and mental, and have a standard questionnaire to be answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11785" LastActivityDate="2017-10-25T23:47:37.400" Title="N Factor model for health profile similar to OCEAN" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-26T00:19:15.363" Score="10" ViewCount="1208" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some time ago I was rejected as donor and received following rejection letter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just wanted to inform you that there was a positive infectious disease&#xA;  result for Hepatitis B. Unfortunately, we cannot take donors into the&#xA;  program with a positive Hepatitis B test result due to the inventory&#xA;  possibly being compromised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the following test results were attached to the rejection letter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hepatitis Bc IgM Ab:                 NON-REACTIVE (Anti-HBc IgM)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hepatitis Bs Ag:                     NON-REACTIVE (HBsAg)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hepatitis Bc Ab:                     REACTIVE (HBcAb)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, I don't want to be a donor, if I pose risk to someone else. So I am fine with their judgment, if it is in best interest of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, now I am curious, especially after I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm#C2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this CDC&lt;/a&gt; website and I am trying to understand under which category I fall under.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My understanding is that I fall under &quot;Immune due to natural infection&quot; and that it is actually impossible for me to infect others via sexual intercourse or if someone else uses my blood?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11783" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T23:14:38.697" Title="I have natural immunity to Hepatitis B. Do I pose risk to others?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13926" CreationDate="2017-10-26T01:15:07.167" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation can lead to reduced oxygen transport to cells. As a result, ineffective breathing patterns can cause cell and tissue hypoxia, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and many other negative effects caused by low body-oxygen levels and hypocapnia (reduced CO2 levels). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypoxia has been found to be a driving force in several health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, chronic fatigue, and has become a widely known key cause of &lt;em&gt;cancer&lt;/em&gt; on the cellular level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Otto Warburg&lt;/a&gt; investigated the metabolism of tumors and the respiration of cancer cells. In 1931, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme as it relates to cellular metabolism and cellular respiration. His studies led to the discovery that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...cancerous cells can live and develop, even in the absence of oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under normal conditions, abnormal cells are detected by the immune system and destroyed. However, the work of macrophages, enzymes and other agents of the immune system is severely restricted when hypoxia exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicine.yale.edu/intranet/facultybydept/sara_rockwell-2.profile&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Rockwell from Yale University School of Medicine&lt;/a&gt; studied malignant changes on the cellular level and wrote in an abstract, titled ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9406244&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxygen delivery: Implications for the biology and therapy of solid tumors&lt;/a&gt;,’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The physiologic effects of hypoxia and the associated microenvironmental inadequacies increase mutation rates, select for cells deficient in normal pathways of programmed cell death, and contribute to the development of an increasingly invasive, metastatic phenotype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Malignant cells normally and constantly appear and exist in any human organism due to the billions of cell divisions and mutations. As described in ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26891/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition&lt;/a&gt;,’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A tumor is considered cancer only if it is malignant, that is, only if its cells have acquired the ability to invade surrounding tissue. Invasiveness usually implies an ability to break loose, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels, and form secondary tumors, called metastases, at other sites in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3759546?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute hypoxia in tumors: implications for modifiers of radiation effects&lt;/a&gt;,’ describes methods that were developed in selecting and analyzing cells from tumors as a function of their distance from the tumor blood supply. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This information provides direct evidence that, at least for that tumor, hypoxia can result from transient fluctuations in blood perfusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is evidence about the fast growth of tumors when the condition of hypoxia is present. ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15456710&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Microenvironmental and cellular consequences of altered blood flow in tumours&lt;/a&gt;’ gives credence to this notion, stating&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...tumor angiogenesis is triggered by various signals characteristic of the tumor microenvironment, including low oxygen tension, low extracellular pH and low glucose concentration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abstract also draws a correlation between hypoxia and cancer metastasis:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to hypoxia either induces or selects for cells that are hyper glycolytic, and this in turn produces local &lt;em&gt;acidosis&lt;/em&gt; which is also a common feature of solid tumors…Evidence linking tumor acidity with increased activity of several extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme systems is examined…High levels of lactate, another end-product of glycolysis, in primary lesions have been correlated with increased likelihood of metastasis...adoption of a hyper glycolytic phenotype is a necessary feature of carcinogenesis itself and confers a survival and proliferative advantage to tumor cells over surrounding normal cells. Empirical evidence supporting this &quot;acid-mediated tumor invasion&quot; model is discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, ’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8640781&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma&lt;/a&gt;’ explores the relationship between tumor oxygenation and treatment outcome in human soft tissue sarcoma, claiming that tumor oxygenation predicts chances of cancer invasion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...anaerobic culture of fibrosarcoma and melanoma cells followed by reoxygenation led to both significant DNA over replication and an increased level of distant metastases. Entry of hypoxic cells such as these into the systemic circulation and subsequent sequestration into the oxygen-rich environment of the lungs could explain the results of the present study…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypoxia can also affect cancer development, treatment, and prognosis according to ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC110663/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regulation of Proliferation-Survival Decisions during Tumor Cell Hypoxia&lt;/a&gt;,’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hypoxia may thus produce both treatment resistance and a growth advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752413/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypoxia and radiation therapy: Past history, ongoing research, and future promise&lt;/a&gt;’, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption during the course of multi fraction and multi-agent therapy alter tumor oxygenation and are probably critical in determining the efficacy of many widely used therapeutic regimens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767506&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prognostic significance of tumor oxygenation in humans&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Low tissue oxygen concentration has been shown to be important in the response of human tumors to radiation therapy, chemotherapy and other treatment modalities. Hypoxia is also known to be a prognostic indicator, as hypoxic human tumors are more biologically aggressive and are more likely to recur locally and metastasize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And lastly, in ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947397&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Investigating hypoxic tumor physiology through gene expression patterns&lt;/a&gt;,’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinical evidence shows that tumor hypoxia is an independent prognostic indicator of poor patient outcome. Hypoxic tumors have altered physiologic processes, including increased regions of angiogenesis, increased local invasion, increased distant metastasis and altered apoptotic programs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the findings of the previously mentioned studies, the appearance, development, and metastasis of cancer can be attributed to cell hypoxia which can occur as result of extended hyperventilation. Therefore, the Wim Hof method may not be advantageous when included in a cancer-prone individual's &quot;prevention plan&quot; due to the potential risks involved with hypoxia (as a potential consequence resulting from the hyperventilation component of the breathing exercise). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T01:15:07.167" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14095" CreationDate="2017-10-26T01:42:48.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, there are three options to deal with white spots in frontal teeth after orthodontic treatment: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;remineralization,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;micro-abrasion, and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;resin infiltration.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several case report about micro-abrasion and resin infiltration, and some clinical trials about all, but a recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030284&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review&lt;/a&gt; found the evidence of effectiveness was rated as low, that means that the results are inconsistent or there is a high risk of bias, i.e. the manufacturers of the products published the results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The three options are different: &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Remineralization&lt;/strong&gt; uses fluoride aiming to add something to the surfaces layer of the tooth.   There are some clinical trials showing positive results (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887683) and others showing no effect (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480987). But the advantge of a non invasive therapy is that there is no loss of enamel surface, hence there is no irreversible alteration to the tooth surface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Microabrasion&lt;/strong&gt; on the other hand smooth irreversibly the surface of the eroded enamel with an acid. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;strong&gt;infiltration&lt;/strong&gt;, also irreversibly treatment, use an acid to remove a small layer of the eroded enamel and then add a resin layer. From the esthetic point of view this solve the issue immediately, but the lack of prospective studies add an interrogation mark to the long term results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, from all the three options, currently the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27907894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;remineralization&lt;/a&gt; is the only that is non-invasive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="7617" LastEditDate="2017-10-26T18:17:58.620" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T18:17:58.620" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13694" CreationDate="2017-10-26T05:01:01.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are conditions that cause this.  One of the most well known is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/inherited-muscular-disorders/familial-periodic-paralysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;familial periodic paralysis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each form of familial periodic paralysis involves a different gene and electrolyte channel. In 70% of affected people, the hypokalemic form is due to a mutation in the alpha-subunit of the voltage-sensitive muscle calcium channel gene on chromosome 1q (HypoPP type I). In some families, the mutation is in the alpha-subunit of the sodium channel gene on chromosome 17 (HypoPP type II).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T05:01:01.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14116" CreationDate="2017-10-26T05:55:47.907" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Hepatitis B core antibody test is positive for IgG but negative for IgM indicating that you had the hepatitis B infection a while ago. The negative hepatitis B surface antigen test means that they are not detecting the hepatitis B in your blood when testing for the virus surface antigen.  This means you've successfully cleared the infection to a very low level.  You don't mention the hepatitis B surface antibody levels which are usually used to determine if you're now immune eg. after a series of hepatitis B vaccinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't mean you don't have the virus in your system.  Immunosuppressants such as methotrexate and TNF inhibitors could still potentially reactivate the hepatitis B infection.  So, you'd want to measure the HBV DNA viral load and then track that serially to see if such treatment causes a reactivation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805974&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805974&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T05:55:47.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13312" CreationDate="2017-10-26T06:03:11.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am satisfied that the calorie content of soda has been fairly constant over the past few decades. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1992/06/17/the-gulp-war/44de2bd5-153b-49f7-a8ea-3303a2223035/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 1992 newspaper article&lt;/a&gt; says &quot;a 12-ounce can of 7-Up, Sprite or Coca-Cola contains 150 calories&quot;. I conclude that comparisons claiming more calories in milk than soda (ounce for ounce) were, and are, applicable to milk containing fat rather than skim milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11122" LastActivityDate="2017-10-26T06:03:11.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13926" CreationDate="2017-10-26T17:25:57.483" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from monks and nuns who showcase impressive abilities Wim Hof is onto something. One anecdote reads as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tdathletesedge.com/blog/2017/7/2/guest-blog-by-vince-tsai-the-power-of-breathing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I’ve also experienced the positive changes myself, […] My cardiovascular and muscular endurance has increased substantially too, with a reduction in my run times, thanks to the over-saturation of oxygen to my cells, activation of my autonomic nervous system and the overriding my hypothalamus, and the changing of my body’s pH level to a more alkaline state. All the changes to my physiology from practicing the Wim Hof Technique consistently, has improved my overall health and athletic performance considerably.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But anecdotes from believers are of course not very useful. Scientists are nevertheless intrigued by all those world records Hof has collected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407914616274&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;At first this seems a ridiculous idea, because our body’s innate immune system has long been known to operate in an autonomic fashion: we can’t voluntarily control it. But what if this understanding was wrong? Dutchman Wim Hof, better known as “the iceman”, certainly thinks so. Hof holds several world records for withstanding extreme cold, such as immersion in ice for almost 2 hours. Over the years, he developed techniques that allowed him to withstand low temperatures. These include meditation, breathing methods and repeated exposure&#xA;  to cold. But he also made the outlandish claim that he could exert control over his immune system. In 2011, although we were sceptical, we put Hof’s claim to the test. […] When we got back to the Netherlands, we tested the volunteers’ immune responses using the endotoxin model. The results were remarkable: the volunteers trained by Hof, who practised the breathing techniques during the experiment, showed exceptionally high adrenaline levels – even higher than those measured in people bungee jumping for the first time (PNAS, vol 111, p 7379). They also reported fewer flu-like symptoms, experienced lower fevers and had cytokine levels of less than half those of the control group. These results show, for the first time, that it is indeed possible to voluntarily influence the SNS and hence the innate immune system.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same study in a peer reviewed journal comes with more data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7379.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Hitherto, both the autonomic nervous system and innate immune system were regarded as systems that cannot be voluntarily influenced. The present study demonstrates that, through practicing techniques learned in a short-term training program, the sympathetic nervous system and immune system can indeed be voluntarily influenced. Healthy volunteers practicing the learned techniques exhibited profound increases in the release of epinephrine, which in turn led to increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators and subsequent dampening of the proinflammatory cytokine response elicited by intravenous administration of bacterial endotoxin. This study could have important implications for the treatment of a variety of conditions associated with excessive or persistent inflammation, especially autoimmune diseases in which therapies that antagonize proinflammatory cytokines have shown great benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Excessive or persistent proinflammatory cytokine production plays a central role in autoimmune diseases. Acute activation of the sympathetic nervous system attenuates the innate immune response. However, both the autonomic nervous system and innate immune system are regarded as systems that cannot be voluntarily influenced. Herein, we evaluated the effects of a training program on the autonomic nervous system and innate immune response. Healthy volunteers were randomized to either the intervention (n = 12) or control group (n = 12). Subjects in the intervention group were trained for 10 d in meditation (third eye meditation), breathing techniques (i.a., cyclic hyperventilation followed by breath retention), and exposure to cold (i.a., immersions in ice cold water). The control group was not trained. Subsequently, all subjects underwent experimental endotoxemia (i.v. administration of 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin). In the intervention group, practicing the learned techniques resulted in intermittent respiratory alkalosis and hypoxia resulting in profoundly increased plasma epinephrine levels. In the intervention group, plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased more rapidly after endotoxin administration, correlated strongly with preceding epinephrine levels, and were higher. Levels of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were lower in the intervention group and correlated negatively with IL-10 levels. Finally, flu-like symptoms were lower in the intervention group. In conclusion, we demonstrate that voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in epinephrine release and subsequent suppression of the innate immune response in humans in vivo. These results could have important implications for the treatment of conditions associated with excessive or persistent inflammation, such as autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second study also sees changes resulting from practicing the technique, this time stripping the method of its Asian mysticism parts and thereby westernising it:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612090/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurocognitive and somatic components of temperature increases during g-tummo meditation: legend and reality:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stories of g-tummo meditators mysteriously able to dry wet sheets wrapped around their naked bodies during a frigid Himalayan ceremony have intrigued scholars and laypersons alike for a century. Study 1 was conducted in remote monasteries of eastern Tibet with expert meditators performing g-tummo practices while their axillary temperature and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were measured. Study 2 was conducted with Western participants (a non-meditator control group) instructed to use the somatic component of the g-tummo practice (vase breathing) without utilization of meditative visualization. Reliable increases in axillary temperature from normal to slight or moderate fever zone (up to 38.3°C) were observed among meditators only during the Forceful Breath type of g-tummo meditation accompanied by increases in alpha, beta, and gamma power. The magnitude of the temperature increases significantly correlated with the increases in alpha power during Forceful Breath meditation. The findings indicate that there are two factors affecting temperature increase. The first is the somatic component which causes thermogenesis, while the second is the neurocognitive component (meditative visualization) that aids in sustaining temperature increases for longer periods. Without meditative visualization, both meditators and non-meditators were capable of using the Forceful Breath vase breathing only for a limited time, resulting in limited temperature increases in the range of normal body temperature. Overall, the results suggest that specific aspects of the g-tummo technique might help non-meditators learn how to regulate their body temperature, which has implications for improving health and regulating cognitive performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That sounds indeed promising. But in what way remains mostly unclear. &quot;Attenuating immune response&quot;? Well, lowering the immune system's activity might be a bad idea in relation to cancer, putting a brake on overshooting inflammatory processes might be good. Is any of this studied in a larger group? Is any of this studied over a longer time frame?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Temporary&lt;/em&gt; short time hyperventilation or even hypoxia may have some kind of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045191&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;training&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;effect&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; lead to improved oxygenation of body tissues overall. Doing this repeatedly or routinely may also have quite &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053942&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;unwelcome&lt;/a&gt; effects. But the &lt;em&gt;local&lt;/em&gt; 'tumor hypoxia' effects of cancer that appear as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sustained&lt;/a&gt; under-oxygenation of the affected cells are not necessarily the same as what happens in breathing a few times like the Hof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23328940.2017.1329001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There is, however, a string attached to the Wim Hof Method, &lt;strong&gt;that is the risk that people may think the method is scientifically valid.&lt;/strong&gt; Wim is a wholehearted speaker, but his scientific vocabulary is galimatias. With conviction, he mixes in a non-sensical way scientific terms as irrefutable evidence. Many less scientifically literate people believe what he says and several seriously diseased people have used his method as the final straw. Stories of believers circulate on the Internet, in popular magazines and are broadcasted as well. &lt;strong&gt;The scientific investigations are often presented with a biased view.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &#xA;  When practicing the Wim Hof Method with a good dose of common sense (for instance, not hyperventilating before submerging in water) and without excessive expectations: it doesn't hurt to try. &lt;strong&gt;Although the effects on our health wait to be proven, people may feel healthier.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  All in all, I think it is worthwhile to sort out whether and which of the training aspects of Wim's method affect our immune system and metabolism. And, with respect to the extreme challenges, is Wim special? Or are we all, as he himself proclaims, ice(wo)men?&lt;/a&gt;[emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Summary&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Wim Hof is onto something. But what is it? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612308621597&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Western&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527303003504&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;science&lt;/a&gt; has optimised &lt;a href=&quot;http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2009.0044&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meditation&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032705002570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;techniques&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859209000230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proven&lt;/a&gt; many benefits one can gain from these practices, even in their archaic or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29020861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mysticised&lt;/a&gt; form. Better breathing patterns and more activity as opposed to sedentary life are without question positive changes for many 'civilised' people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This answer assumes a somewhat mediated approach to the technique. There are always &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15136413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extreme&lt;/a&gt; cases that seem to invalidate a common sense evaluation. Trying to do this in a &quot;cancer prone&quot; individual? The relation to cancer seems currently indirect at best. If you overdo it, and what is meant by that is completely undetermined, it is very probably bad. As Taylor above has found this post:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://probablyhealthy.com/2016/02/15/13-observations-after-5-months-and-200-sessionsof-wim-hof-breathing-method/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13 observations after 5 months and 200+ sessions of Wim Hof Breathing Method&lt;/a&gt; some aspects become quite clear though: 120 minutes sessions, doing in a car or in icy water, and possibly alone, there are quite a number of such immediate risks involved in practicing this to these extremes. How much more likely cancer is due to these exercises if done so often and so long to &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; stress out and damage the system is not known via scientific studies. Overdoing it will very probably lead to very unwelcome effects, like driving off the road, so quickly that any increase in risk for cancer will be moot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless this Hof-method or the tummo meditation are more researched we have to conclude for now that there are many anecdotes but almost no real evidence as defined to our standards that this works either way or better than simply &quot;do more sports&quot;. Only indicators, but a few, point into the direction of overall improved health, if one doesn't faint from the hyperventilation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being the optimist I await much more studies on this. Until those arrive: I guess it doesn't hurt much, it doesn't help much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T23:24:19.503" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T23:24:19.503" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-26T21:10:45.317" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have 1-month old scar on my face. Now I am using silicone gel against scars. On the internet I found that in such cases, it will also be useful to apply such products as vitamin E (liquid form), aloe vera gel, petroleum jelly, coconut oil, lavender oil, linseed oil, honey and other products containing bio-oil. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a question. Does it make sense to apply these substances on the scar to minimize the scarring? Does it actually work against scars? Some sources write about a significant positive effect against scarring while others state that such products have not been shown to be of much benefit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:12:16.820" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:12:16.820" Title="Does it make sense to apply bio-oil products such as vitamin E (oil), Aloe vera, etc. on the scar to minimize scarring?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;vitamin-e&gt;&lt;aloe-vera&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14067" CreationDate="2017-10-27T05:34:17.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point of the sugar pills is to induce a withdrawal bleed, but that may not be necessary. Efficiency is not affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I have to bleed every month?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that shows women need monthly withdrawal bleeding, and no health problems are linked to skipping or eliminating bleeding. Studies have found that using the pill continuously for two or more cycles before having withdrawal bleeding is as safe and effective at preventing pregnancy as a traditional regimen.4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Patient-Resources/fact-sheets/Understanding-Menstrual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Patient-Resources/fact-sheets/Understanding-Menstrual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-10-27T05:34:17.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-27T12:39:34.483" Score="1" ViewCount="4344" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking into this and can't seem to find it anywhere.  I know that the raw egg whites can lead to a biotin deficiency, but I'm wondering if eating the yolk as well negates this.  Please note that the eggs are pasteurized to prevent salmonella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just find that I've never really liked cooked eggs, but can happily consume 10 a day in a smoothie before and after training with a little bit of milk and 20ml maple syrup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11798" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T14:44:22.717" Title="Does eating whole raw eggs lead to biotin deficiency?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14133" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-27T15:15:05.760" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;In India many of the people are hugely affected by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chikungunya&lt;/a&gt; disease and doctors couldn't wipe out this disease here. In our locality almost every household has some Chikungunya patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any complete cure of this disease. Are there effective do's and don'ts recommended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11799" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:11:34.700" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:11:34.700" Title="What is the solution for Chikungunya?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14131" CreationDate="2017-10-27T15:16:16.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physrev.physiology.org/content/33/4/560.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biotin&lt;/a&gt; is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/biotin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;important&lt;/a&gt; nutrient. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biotin&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deficiency&lt;/a&gt; was at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23183297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thought&lt;/a&gt; to be very rare. Unless the diet was for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jas/abstracts/5/2/JAN0050020219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;main part&lt;/a&gt; composed of raw egg white it was assumed to be only of concern in certain subgroups like severely malnourished children. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726758/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;But deficiency might actually be much more widespread:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The importance of biotin for human health has been under-appreciated for many years. Health professionals thought that the role of biotin in human well-being was limited to that as a coenzyme for carboxylases and that biotin deficiency was fairly rare in free-living humans. This view has changed considerably over the past few years. Evidence has been provided that &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/2/295.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;marginal&lt;/a&gt; biotin deficiency might be more common than widely believed, particularly in certain subgroups of the general population, such as pregnant women, patients treated with certain drugs and severely malnourished children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The component responsible for this phenomenon is the substance &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;avidin&lt;/a&gt; that is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinutrient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antinutrient&lt;/a&gt; and biotin binding substances are mostly  found in the white but also the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biochemj.org/content/157/2/395&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;yolk&lt;/a&gt; for humans since the binding produced by the biotin and avidin is apparently stronger than digestive juices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avidin is glyco-proein that binds to any biotin so consuming egg yolk does not &quot;negate&quot; that. Egg yolk does not contain anything that reverses or prevents this bond. Biotin  of any source, for example synthesised by gut bacteria, is subject to being captured by consumed avidin. Eating a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.93.2420.477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;egg white&lt;/a&gt; means &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/44868&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; has to eat that much &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450323/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more biotin&lt;/a&gt;, that conveniently is also present in the yolk – to compensate for the losses due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/avidin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;avidin&lt;/a&gt; consumption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To really develop clinical manifestations of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biotin deficiency&lt;/a&gt; it usually might take a while. But consuming lots of raw egg white seems to be not a very good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the following mentions pets and the effect of denaturation on avidin by cooking seems under debate now, this paragraph illustrates it well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032306619810026X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A syndrome termed “egg white injury” was first described in the 1920s. Animals fed raw egg whites as a component of their food developed a scaly skin rash, elevated blood cholesterol levels, and defects in nerve transmission. Eventually, the underlying cause was identified as a deficiency of biotin, brought about by an inhibitory substance in egg white that decreased availability of biotin. This factor was named “avid-albumin” or avidin. Avidin is a protein that is a secretory product of the hen’s oviduct and is subsequently deposited in the albuminous portion of the egg. When consumed, avidin combines with dietary biotin in the intestine and prevents its absorption. The avidin in egg white is so effective in this capacity that raw egg white has been used to experimentally induce biotin deficiency in laboratory animals. Regardless, the danger of a pet owner inducing a biotin deficiency in a dog or cat by feeding supplemental eggs is slight because the yolk of the egg contains large quantities of biotin. In addition, cooking eggs denatures avidin and destroys its biotin binding ability. Practically speaking, potential risk for biotin deficiency will only occur if an owner supplements the pet’s food with only the white of the raw egg. As in other species, signs of biotin deficiency in dogs and cats include dermatitis, loss of hair and poor growth rate.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-10-27T15:16:16.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-27T16:10:25.667" Score="7" ViewCount="381" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have questions on how to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/10718/preventing-diabetes-mellitus&quot;&gt;prevent&lt;/a&gt; or on how to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/13956/is-type-2-diabetes-reversible&quot;&gt;reverse&lt;/a&gt; diabetes type 2. There are also some minor details about &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/51/is-there-evidence-that-eating-too-much-sugar-can-increase-the-risk-of-diabetes&quot;&gt;isolated&lt;/a&gt; potential causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No question to the overall causal explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our friendly neighbours at the wikipedia write about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes mellitus type 2&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But looking at the section for causes there are just listings of contributing factors: lifestyle, genetics, and medical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/diabetes-basics#2-3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting almost 18 million Americans. While most of these cases can be prevented, it remains for adults the leading cause of diabetes-related complications such as blindness, non-traumatic amputations, and chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in people over age 40 who are overweight, but can occur in people who are not overweight.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That leaves one wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this wikipedia definition exhaustive? What is the main cause of diabetes type 2? Is this even the right way to phrase this question? Are their multiple main causes? If yes, how are they related to one another? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What causes Diabetes mellitus type 2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T18:35:51.173" Title="What causes Diabetes mellitus type 2?" Tags="&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2017-10-28T00:04:57.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only effective management of viruses is by vaccination. In this way diseases such as measles have been eradicated from some countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is no vaccine available so ecological measures such as controlling the mosquito vector need to be employed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines are under development eg. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v23/n2/full/nm.4253.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v23/n2/full/nm.4253.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T00:04:57.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-28T02:11:27.067" Score="3" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that laser vision/eyesight correction/surgery is strictly recommended to do only once in a lifetime and if after first laser correction someone's eyesight returned to bad condition the only option is to use glasses/lenses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T02:17:43.373" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T02:17:43.373" Title="How many times in a lifetime a man can do laser vision/eyesight correction/surgery?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2017-10-28T12:26:09.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since 'the cure' or rather a vaccine against the virus is still only on the horizon, affected populations have to resort to prevention measures and supportive care, once the infection breaks out. Even with a vaccine, &lt;a href=&quot;http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1982/9241700661_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mosquito population control&lt;/a&gt; and bite prevention will be necessary to control chikungunya disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1408509&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chikungunya at the Door — Déjà Vu All Over Again&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We now face a new threat posed by the unrelated chikungunya virus, which causes a disease clinically similar to dengue in a similar epidemiologic pattern, which is transmitted by the same mosquito vectors, and for which we also lack vaccines and specific treatments. […] Thus, the current chikungunya threat to the United States must be met primarily with standard public health approaches such as mosquito control and avoidance. In addition, there is an important role for astute clinicians in diagnosing and reporting the disease when it occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Do's include limiting the habitat and reach of the mosquitos. &#xA;If possible any open &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnant_water&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;still waters&lt;/a&gt; should be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149385/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drained&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/denguecontrol/control_strategies/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;closed&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;covered&lt;/a&gt;. Uneven spots of ground where puddles are forming after a rain should be filled with earth or other material. Wholes in a road should be fixed as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tightly woven &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_screen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;screens&lt;/a&gt; in front of doors and windows might help to keep the insects out of homes, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X09001910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nets&lt;/a&gt; around beds to keep those already in away from sleeping humans. Wearing long clothes helps to prevent the incidents of bites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insect &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;repellent&lt;/a&gt; chemicals like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEET&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DEET&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.2987%2F8756-971X%282006%2922%5B507%3APARBMR%5D2.0.CO%3B2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;p-Menthane-3,8-diol&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaridin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Icaridin&lt;/a&gt; applied to the exposed skin, clothing and even parts of a house structure might help to keep them away. If those strong chemicals arr either not available, not affordable or not well tolerated by the people who should apply them, much weaker &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent#Common_natural_insect_repellents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;natural repellents&lt;/a&gt; might be worth a try. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the disease vector is an insect, very &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925229/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;targeted&lt;/a&gt; and limited usage of pesticides might be an option to consider. This is an option that has rather wide spread consequences beyond just &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_pest_management&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;killing&lt;/a&gt; the mosquitos and those might develop resistance or already are &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;resistant&lt;/a&gt; to the chemicals to employed there. Most of those insecticides are not really safe for humans to use and the actual way they are used (misused, misapplied, over-dosed, under-dosed etc.) might have a net effect that's undesirable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more humane and less environmental destructive method of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_trap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;limiting&lt;/a&gt; the number of mosquitos is to &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/VAT3Kq_w_VM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trap&lt;/a&gt; them. Their are two ways in principle to achieve this: either sexual stimulation with pheromones, leading the insects to sticky traps from where they do not escape. Or exploiting their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rovuyeXl42Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;target acquisition&lt;/a&gt; system, by presenting them &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNjyLRQutXs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decoy&lt;/a&gt; signals that will steer a significant number of them away from humans and animals and into the traps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a significant number of infections result from bites of the insects while being outside, long clothing, repellents should be among the first things to do for individuals. A number of larger scale fan traps might be worth to try in a community effort to decrease the spread of the insects and reduce the number of bites for people being outside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is about the similar disease called Dengue fever, this guide:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143163/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vector Management and Delivery of Vector Control Services&lt;/a&gt; –  and others like it – should be read  and everything in there that an individual can do should be put into action and tried as soon as possible. If any aspect in there is of a size too large for individuals these components should be addressed by the local community and even escalated to higher authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T12:58:03.420" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T12:58:03.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9043" CreationDate="2017-10-28T15:49:57.513" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a misconception at the driving part of the question. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340807/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise&lt;/a&gt; has more effects (on the brain) than just &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synapse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stimulating&lt;/a&gt; a few &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;synapses&lt;/a&gt;. That is indeed a vague and vastly incomplete conception. Since brain chemistry is by far not completely understood it is also quite premature to believe we would be able to define some kind of &quot;optimal&quot; endorphine production. These &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neuropeptides&lt;/a&gt; are short acting and produced and released, signalling and reabsorbed as needed. Endorphins are quickly broken down by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proteases&lt;/a&gt;. So what we do know to directly answer the question: not long. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we do know about the brain from pharmacology and neuroscience is that it is not operating and optimisable like a belt-fed machine gun when it comes to releasing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transmitters&lt;/a&gt;. This system strives over-all for a certain kind of balance, equilibrium or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;homeostasis&lt;/a&gt;. You &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regulate&lt;/a&gt; one thing up, the brain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation#Downregulation_and_upregulation_of_receptors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regulates this down again&lt;/a&gt;. Flood the brain with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotine&lt;/a&gt;, that stimulates or blocks certain receptors, which in turn are altered in their number to compensate for this over the top supply. This does not mean the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neurochemistry&lt;/a&gt; cannot be influenced. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296435&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise can make you feel good&lt;/a&gt;. But that feeling &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438875&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does not&lt;/a&gt; depend on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;endorphines&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353785&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alone&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While endocannabinoids seem to contribute to the motivational aspects of voluntary running in rodents, influencing the total distance covered most likely via CB1 receptors, they are less involved in the long-term changes of emotional behavior induced by voluntary exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As usual human behaviour and experience is more than just some biochemicals floating around. Any human is much more than the collection of some neurotransmitters and more than the sum of some electricity circuits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1543149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dissociating runners use a cognitive style in which they cut themselves off from the sensory feedback they would normally receive from their body. Marathon runners demonstrated high hypnotic susceptibility scores. Additionally, use of dissociation as a running strategy during the marathon was positively related to susceptibility, and runners who dissociated in training had higher susceptibility scores than did other runners. Runner's high was not related to hypnotic susceptibility; however, it was positively related to dissociation. The most common description of runner's high was general relaxation, whereas the least used description was total euphoria. &lt;strong&gt;Surprisingly some runners defined runner's high in ambivalent or negative terms.&lt;/strong&gt; These results were related to the processes of self-hypnosis and to the positive mental health benefits of running.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trying to use this exercise related 'legal high' sounds like a natural substitute. And of course, natural means safe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3532354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endurance athletes: physiologic changes and nonorthopedic problems.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The current increased participation in long distance running and endurance events brings new challenges to the physician. Adaptive changes of exercise must be differentiated from disease states. Left ventricular hypertrophy, Wenckebach rhythm, elevated creatine kinase (myocardial fraction), gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, amenorrhea, and apparent anemia may all be exercise related. New syndromes have arisen--from &quot;runner's high&quot; to athletic amenorrhea. These dedicated athletes can be difficult patients. They are highly motivated and will continue training despite significant pain and danger of permanent damage. Speaking their language--carbohydrate loading, &quot;the bonk,&quot; &quot;slow twitch,&quot; &quot;the wall&quot;--is helpful in their treatment. Traditional health problems are less likely to bring the fitness addict to the physician than some new and peculiar disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just to remind you that going after the maximal effect of endorphine related happiness through sports may lead to addictive behaviour that is not good at all. It is by no means to be read as an advice to abstain from sport, if you like it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25413542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does sport really produce positive effects in mental illness? The author discusses this question, through a survey of the literature. There is evidence that exercise increases endorphine levels. In order to support the prevention and treatment of depression through sport, it seems particularly useful, to encourage the practice of moderate, diversified physical activity.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still looking to get a good dose of elevated endorphines (and a generally healthy mixup for your brain chemistry)? Then here is something that is more fun:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267132/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T15:49:57.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9614" CreationDate="2017-10-28T20:41:51.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no cure as yet, but there are some treatments being used or trailed that reduce the amount of blistering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In America and Japan they do bone marrow transplants for the more severe cases (but it is highly risky, and not always effective).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are various trials going on with creams at the moment for various sub-types of EB, for example for EB Simplex the &lt;a href=&quot;http://deliversebs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacerein 1% ointment (CCP-020)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdedge.com/edermatologynews/article/107789/rare-diseases/topical-allantoin-cream-speeds-wound-healing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Allantoin 6% for RDEB.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gene-corrected skin grafts e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/epidermolysis-bullosa-new-skin/545291/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Dying Boy Gets a New, Gene-Corrected Skin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also being researched but I've not seen the results for yet are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research in stem cells&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research into culturing the patients own skin from areas where it does not blister and transplanting it back.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein replacement therapies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cell-based therapies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="11807" LastEditDate="2018-10-30T00:05:12.487" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T00:05:12.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11447" CreationDate="2017-10-28T20:46:29.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife has RDEB and has occasionally had her nails done (french manicure) without problems.  However you do have to ask them to be a bit more slow and gentle than normal, otherwise it is painful and might cause a blister.  You might want to explain the condition to them so they are aware of why you are asking them to do is more carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would also depend on whether your hands tend to usually blister or not.  My wife's hands don't tend to blister (and is missing one nail), but if yours do blister it might be a bit more risky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="11807" LastEditDate="2017-10-28T21:29:47.297" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T21:29:47.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14148" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-10-28T21:50:45.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Epidermolysis Bullosa is usually classified by whether it is inheritable or not and on which layer of the epidermis the layer of skin affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sub-types include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epidermolysis bullosa simplex &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Junctional epidermolysis bullosa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (the acquired version)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acral peeling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="11807" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T06:13:57.420" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T06:13:57.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14149" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-10-28T21:50:45.317" Score="0" Body="Epidermolysis Bullosa is a rare skin condition where either one of the binding proteins for the skin (including mucosal membranes)  are not being produced correctly, or the immune system attacks these proteins.  This leads to the skin being very fragile and tend to blister or peel of very easily.  The condition can vary from being very mild (tendency to blister on the soles of the feet) to lethal (fatal within 7 weeks of birth)" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="11807" LastEditDate="2017-11-02T15:15:09.270" LastActivityDate="2017-11-02T15:15:09.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7566" CreationDate="2017-10-28T23:50:04.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the article &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/13720/how-is-deviated-nasal-septum-related-to-cold&quot;&gt;How is deviated nasal septum related to cold&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By looking at the information above you could think that the connection between nasal septum deviation and chronic sinusitis is clear. This literary review however states that the correlation between a deviated nasal septum and having chronic sinusitis is still unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it looks like it is unclear whether it will help you reduce the risk of infection, but it also looks like it is a given that it will improve your breathing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11808" LastActivityDate="2017-10-28T23:50:04.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-29T00:15:30.490" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done some research on the internet about blood sugar and insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's mentioned that drinking something like a cup of soda (basically sugar water) can cause a rapid spike of blood sugar and insulin but then a rapid drop in blood sugar (headaches, feeling sleepy/tired, etc.) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/03/21/watch-how-soda-affects-your-body.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/03/21/watch-how-soda-affects-your-body.aspx&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this rapid drop apply to insulin too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11424" LastEditorUserId="11424" LastEditDate="2017-10-29T22:52:39.330" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T22:52:39.330" Title="Does A Rapid Drop In Blood Sugar Correspond With A Rapid Drop Of Insulin?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14154" CreationDate="2017-10-29T02:46:32.547" Score="3" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does eating/chewing honey help prevent gingivitis, periodontal disease and dental caries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The studies have found so far tend to say yes but it needs to be confirmed by other studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Abstract:&#xA;  Research has shown that manuka honey has superior antimicrobial properties that can be used with success in the treatment of wound healing, peptic ulcers and bacterial gastro-enteritis. Studies have already shown that manuka honey with a high antibacterial activity is likely to be non-cariogenic. The current pilot study investigated whether or not manuka honey with an antibacterial activity rated UMF 15 could be used to reduce dental plaque and clinical levels of gingivitis. A chewable &quot;honey leather&quot; was produced for this trial. Thirty volunteers were randomly allocated to chew or suck either the manuka honey product, or sugarless chewing gum, for 10 minutes, three times a day, after each meal. Plaque and gingival bleeding scores were recorded before and after the 21-day trial period. Analysis of the results indicated that there were statistically highly significant reductions in the mean plaque scores (0.99 reduced to 0.65; p=0.001), and the percentage of bleeding sites (48% reduced to 17%; p=0.001), in the manuka honey group, with no significant changes in the control group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there may be a potential therapeutic role for manuka honey confectionery in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Within the limitations of the study it can be concluded that topical application of honey can modify the pH, reduce bacterial counts, and inhibit bacterial growth. These data suggested that topical application/chewing of honey might help prevent gingivitis and caries in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Further studies will be required to substantiate these preliminary observations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(it's unclear which honey they used. They indicate they got it from Imtenan Co. Ltd., Elnozha Elgededa, Cairo, Egypt, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imtenan.com/product-categories/honey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.imtenan.com/product-categories/honey/&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171029025153/http://www.imtenan.com/product-categories/honey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) lists several honeys)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Atwa, AL-Dany A., Ramadan Y. AbuShahba, Marwa Mostafa, and Mohamed I. Hashem. &quot;Effect of honey in preventing gingivitis and dental caries in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.&quot; The Saudi dental journal 26, no. 3 (2014): 108-114. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4610632761702788996&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4610632761702788996&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013905214000327#b0170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013905214000327#b0170&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} English, H. K., A. R. Pack, and P. C. Molan. &quot;The effects of manuka honey on plaque and gingivitis: a pilot study.&quot; Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology 6, no. 2 (2004): 63-67. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=The+effects+of+manuka+honey+on+plaque+and+gingivitis%3A+a+pilot+study.&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=The+effects+of+manuka+honey+on+plaque+and+gingivitis%3A+a+pilot+study.&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15125017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15125017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-10-29T02:52:20.560" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T20:08:03.323" Title="Does eating/chewing honey help prevent gingivitis, periodontal disease and dental caries?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;periodontitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14093" CreationDate="2017-10-29T11:38:51.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has to be a speculative answer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/23/putting-a-number-to-smokings-toll/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Putting a Number on Smoking’s Toll&lt;/a&gt;?&#xA;Important is this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People who quit between 25 and 34 years of age &lt;em&gt;gained about 10 years of life&lt;/em&gt; compared to those who continued to smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Positive changes are not to be discounted. And stopping reduces risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oncolink.org/risk-and-prevention/smoking-tobacco-and-cancer/former-smokers-and-cancer-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many current and former smokers want to know their risk of developing lung cancer in numbers. For example, some people want information such as &quot;I have a 10% chance of developing the disease.&quot; Assigning a number to risk is very complicated and is often hard to interpret – while one person may think 10% is a high chance, another thinks that is a relatively low number. And for the person who is in that 10% and develops the cancer, the number is meaningless. Remember that statistics like these are numbers based on large groups of people. It can be difficult to translate what that means for any one individual. In other words, don't let the number convince you that it is okay to continue smoking.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;5 years after quitting &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Your risk of stroke is reduced to that of a non-smoker 2-5 years after quitting. The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and bladder is cut in half after 5 years. (US Surgeon General's Report, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;10 years after quitting&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The lung cancer death rate is about half that of a person who is still smoking. (US Surgeon General's Report, 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;15 years after quitting&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The risk of coronary heart disease is that of a non-smoker's. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are findings just about a subgroup of risks and they are presented to encourage people to stop smoking. Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613764&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduction&lt;/a&gt; of smoking or smoking cessation seems always &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/smo/benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;beneficial&lt;/a&gt;, this is much more motivating and indeed a positive outlook. The longer you live &lt;em&gt;after you stop&lt;/em&gt; smoking, the stronger the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/news/20080506/quit-smoking-death-risk-drops-fast#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reduction of risks&lt;/a&gt; related to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;smoking&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that is not precisely what is asked for here. Calculating the reduced life expectancy by simply subtracting the risks or reductions mentioned above does not work very well. (Of course you can always do the math, but numbers can get meaningless.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The calculation of expected negativity just criticised may be done as follows:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117323/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 years x 365 days x 20 cigarettes = 73000 cowboy moments &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;73000 cm x 11 rf = 803000 minutes lr&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exact calculations for the risks of an individual are impossible. Also keep in mind that the above calculation is based on just one paper, that only assigned and calculated numbers. That is quite different from measuring it. And applied to everyone the above formula is very imprecise, since there are many contributing factors, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581335&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;age of smoking initiation&lt;/a&gt;, simply left out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To look at the first quote from another perspective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stopsmokingcenter.net/education/benefits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Life Expectancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If a smoker quits before age 35, their life expectancy is the same as non-smokers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If a smoker quits between the age of 35 and 65, add 5 years to their life expectancy as compared to others who continues to smoke.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If a smoker quits between the age of 65 and 74, add 1 year to their life expectancy as compared to someone who continues to smoke.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T11:38:51.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14152" CreationDate="2017-10-29T14:12:15.833" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Analysing the papers already cited in the question and further looking for evidence there seems to be some promising research going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey#Medical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Honey&lt;/a&gt; has bactericidal properties, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0188440905001475&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Manuka honey even more so.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Sounds quite logical then to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996410001897&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use this honey in helping with oral troubles as a result of bacterial activity&lt;/a&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honey contains so much sugar(s) that it's tempting to write that honey &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; sugar.&#xA;Sugar also has bactericidal properties but is very strongly connected with the development of dental problems, caries being the first on that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While other oral problems might have their causative agents in a variety of bacteria. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tooth decay&lt;/a&gt; in the form of caries is most prominently the result of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Strepptococcus mutans&lt;/a&gt; metabolising saccharides into acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This application of honey to the teeth to prevent biofilms, plaque and inflammation or gingivitis seems almost promising. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3220139/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Manuka honey, chlorhexidine gluconate and xylitol on the clinical levels of dental plaque:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Manuka honey and chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced plaque formation significantly better than xylitol chewing gum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall cost benefit relationship looks not so good for caries:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://eprints.um.edu.my/13641/1/EuroPerio8_poster%2DSyarida_2015_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Streptococcus mutans is not very affected by Manuka honey:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;►  Both honeys were bacteriostatic against all microorganisms tested. MH (Manuka honey) was more effective than clover honey (CH).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ► Both honeys were bactericidal against all microorganisms tested except S. mutans.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ► Most microorganisms were more sensitive to MH than CH except S. gordonii and F. nucleatum ATCC 44256.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;► MH was more effective than clover honey against three of the tested plaque-associated species.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ► Subgingival application of manuka honey as an adjunct to periodontal treatment merits further investigation. However, since S. mutans was relatively resistant and pH of honey is below 5.5 this may predispose root surfaces to caries and erosion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all Manuka honeys are created equal:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jisppd.com/article.asp?issn=0970-4388;year=2014;volume=32;issue=3;spage=212;epage=219;aulast=Rupesh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the effects of manuka honey on salivary levels of mutans streptococci in children: A pilot study&lt;/a&gt;(DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.135827):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, what has not been taken into account is that honey varies markedly in the potency of its antibacterial activity. Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey from New Zealand has been found to have substantial levels of non-peroxide antibacterial activity associated with an unidentified phytochemical component, denoted as Unique Manuka Factor (UMF). […] Results: Children using manuka honey showed statistically significant reductions in salivary S. mutans after 10 and 21 days. Conclusion: Manuka honey with UMF 19.5 may be considered as an effective adjunctive oral hygiene measure for reducing colony counts in children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this UMF? Some claim to have identified the (main) substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.200700282/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand:&lt;/a&gt; &quot;This clearly demonstrates that the pronounced antibacterial activity of New Zealand Manuka honey directly originates from MGO.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This chemical is found in Manuka honey in measurable amounts and seems to be quite effective.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26986806?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How methylglyoxal kills bacteria: An ultrastructural study.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However these concentrations vary, are hardly to judge for the consumer; and concentration seems to matters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28813014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibacterial Properties of Nonwoven Wound Dressings Coated with Manuka Honey or Methylglyoxal.&lt;/a&gt; studied the antibacterial activity of both MH and MGO (at equivalent MGO concentrations) when applied as a physical coating to a nonwoven fabric wound dressing. […] Other than the case of MGO-containing fabrics, solutions with much higher MGO concentrations (128 mg L-1-1024 mg L-1) were required to provide either a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Some&lt;/em&gt; Manuka honey may lead the way to find something that helps against a range of problems. Applying it directly to teeth seems currently not advisable. As the lack of definitive research indicates, this answer can not provide a clear statement at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-10-29T20:08:03.323" LastActivityDate="2017-10-29T20:08:03.323" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-30T02:37:09.507" Score="6" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one has diabetes type 2 and wants to reduce sugars, is it healthy to eat carrots?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do carrots effect diabetics?&#xA;Is there any list of fruit and vegetables which are good for diabetics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11815" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-10-30T15:25:57.550" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T23:32:31.343" Title="Diabetes Type 2 and Carrot Sugar" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-31T00:05:44.067" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-31T11:14:25.293" Score="8" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of doctors are specialised in what fields?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, below is a Community List of which doctors are responsible for what. This list is not exhaustive and should not be taken at face value depending on medical circumstances, but it should give one the broadest overview we can give. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-02T07:14:59.193" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T19:31:14.823" Title="Which type of doctor to see when?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-11-03T22:58:59.173" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14191" CreationDate="2017-10-31T14:51:58.400" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probiotics are used by a large number of people. I know there is research on their efficacy, but have any studied reached what would reasonably be considered a phase III clinical trial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11826" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T18:38:06.447" Title="Are there any phase III clinical trials of probiotics?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14104" CreationDate="2017-10-31T16:54:43.127" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is treated surgically only. that disease has a high lethality. Thoracotomy may be a life-saving option if other actions fail &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trauma.org/archive/thoracic/CHESTtension.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.trauma.org/archive/thoracic/CHESTtension.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11038" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T16:54:43.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14169" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14135" CreationDate="2017-10-31T16:57:14.873" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;many reasons: pancreas traumas and inflammation, sedentary life, medications, alcohol excess, viruses, stresses and inheritance contribute, written in any medicine textbook like Harisson`s&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11038" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T16:57:14.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-10-31T18:37:17.353" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question in its simplest sense is: would a person avoiding complex carbohydrates, but having adequate essential nutrients, be more likely to lack alertness during the day? Are carbohydrates essential to alertness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps I should ask as well: in terms of immediate energy, is a complex carbohydrate snack (e.g. a fruit) more efficient / only efficient to boost alertness compared to other nutrients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11830" LastEditorUserId="11830" LastEditDate="2017-10-31T19:02:21.183" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T19:02:21.183" Title="Effect on Alertness of Nutrients" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14133" CreationDate="2017-10-31T22:38:28.027" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your probably meant this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A relatively new technology where a specially structured gene sequence is added to a species in such a way that it encourages the spread of the sequence through the population. This includes malicious sequences designed to extinct or near-extinct a species. Gene drives work best in quickly-reproducing species, making them perfect for eradicating pest species that spread dangerous diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2 most obvious pest species to eradicate (providing the most benefit per cost): mosquitoes and rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2017-10-31T22:38:28.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14183" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14206" CreationDate="2017-11-01T03:38:34.000" Score="4" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I tried googling this question, I found the answers for &quot;What is the lowest survivable body temperature&quot; and &quot;humans can survive for a few minutes in -200 degree weather&quot;. Neither of which are my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read that the internal temperature of igloos can be in the wide range between 19 F and 61 F (-7 C and 16 C). 61 degrees I could see being reasonable, but 19 degrees seems nearing too cold for survival. I'm wondering where that cutoff point is. What is the lowest temperature that living in it continuously (say, a week or more) poses a serious health risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4857" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-11-02T13:12:56.507" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T16:41:36.630" Title="What is the coldest temperature a person could live in continuously?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;&lt;hypothermia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-01T12:21:35.630" Score="5" ViewCount="306" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am using &quot;Eucerin Daily Protection, face lotion SPF 30&quot; with zinc.  The label says it is effective for 24 hours of moisturization.  But does not say how long the SPF is good for. I realize that zinc is a physical block and hence has different properties than other sun blocks, but not sure how different the protection span is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I put this on in the morning and, go into my office job (sitting at a desk), will it still be an effective sun block 4 or 5 hours later when I go out for a lunchtime walk?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assuming: I don't wash it off, nor work up a sweat which might cause it to come off.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt; A google search finds &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drbaileyskincare.com/info/blog/how-often-should-you-reapply-mineral-zinc-oxide-sunscreen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This post&lt;/a&gt; which essentailly says, In the scenario given I should not need to reapply.  While the post sounds good, it does not offer any scientific evidence (&lt;em&gt;other than self study&lt;/em&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:09:59.163" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T20:09:59.163" Title="How long is zinc sun block effective?" Tags="&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;spf-sun-protection-factor&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-01T12:58:04.673" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got first 2 doses of vaccination of  cellular DPT vaccine vaccine from government hospital, both caused intense irritability and fever to about 103 degree to my 3 month kid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A different doctor of private hospital told that there is acellular pentamaxim vaccination injection that is painless, however I also got to know that protection rate of acellular pantavlent is less than the other one which is painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is protection rate difference between cellular pentavac and acellular pentamaxim vaccination ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7624" LastEditorUserId="7624" LastEditDate="2017-11-01T14:13:41.503" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T14:13:41.503" Title="what is protection rate difference between cellular pentavac and acellular pentamaxim vaccination?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14188" CreationDate="2017-11-01T14:27:57.610" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everywhere there's information that ovulation happens at around 14th day of the cycle. But what is the mathematical meaning for the word around?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7513" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T16:22:36.343" Title="What is the dispersion of woman's ovulation day around the mean value which is 14th day?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;ovulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14186" CreationDate="2017-11-01T15:32:24.123" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Dispersion is roughly 12 days&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study found that only 10% of those with a regular cycle of 28 days had ovulation in the 14th day, dispersion was from day 10 up to day 22. In this study, only 69 out of 696 cycles were regular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ovulation occurred as early as the eighth day and as late as the 60th day of the menstrual cycle. ​Figure1 shows the distribution of fertile days, generated by the smoothed distribution of ovulation days. Overall, an estimated 2% of women were in their fertile window by the fourth day of their cycle and 17% by the seventh day (based on 213 women). This percentage peaked on days 12 and 13, when 54% of women were in their fertile window. If ovulation was delayed, women reached their fertile days much later. Among women who reached the fifth week of their cycle, 4-6% were in their fertile window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current clinical guidelines about a woman's potentially fertile days have been based on two assumptions—that ovulation occurs 14 days before the next menses and that women are fertile for several days before and after ovulation. It follows that in the usual menstrual cycle lasting 28 days, the fertile days would fall between days 10 and 17.15 The assumptions are, however, outdated. Firstly, only a small percentage of women ovulate exactly 14 days before the onset of menses. This is true even for women whose cycles are usually 28 days long. &lt;strong&gt;Among the 69 cycles for 28 days in our study, ovulation occurred 14 days before the next menses in only 10%. Time from ovulation to next menses ranged from 7 to 19 days (days 10 to 22 of the menstrual cycle).&lt;/strong&gt; Thus, the fertile window can occur much earlier or later in the cycle than clinical guidelines suggest. On average, at least 10% of women with regular cycles were in their fertile window on any given day of their cycle between days 6 and 21. The timing of the fertile window is even less predictable for women with less regular cycles, which includes adolescents and women in their perimenopause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27529/#!po=33.9286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;BMJ. 2000 Nov 18; 321(7271): 1259–1262. PMCID: PMC27529 Allen J Wilcox, branch chief, David Dunson, investigator,and Donna Day Baird, senior investigator&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zyklus-wissen.de/8.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; by Dr. med. Elisabeth Raith-Paula provides the following graphic, which seems to be inline with the above cited study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b4tkd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b4tkd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Taken From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-22209-6_7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raith E., Frank P., Freundl G. (1994) Wie korrelieren die Zeichen und Symptome der periodischen Fruchtbarkeit zur Ovulation und untereinander?. In: Natürliche Familienplanung heute. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22209-6_7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T16:22:36.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-01T16:09:15.793" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Myself, my brother, and a friend of mine all have noticed independently that our left and right eyes perceive colour differently from the other eye. As compared to my vision with both eyes open, my left eye sees things in a noticeably cooler palette while my right eye sees things in a noticeably warmer palette. This has been detectable since my early childhood, some 24 years or so, thus not a new development of any kind, at least in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have each ask our relevant medical professionals why this might be throughout the years, and the answers have ranged from &quot;I don't know&quot; to &quot;I've never heard of that happening.&quot; The latter I have always found a bit surprising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We wear corrective lenses for various vision issues, I assume it is related to that some how, but the mechanism in particular eludes me. I also feel like maybe this is true for everyone and we just happened to notice it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My brother and I both have substantial astigmatism, the parameters of which vary significantly between each eye. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My friend has astigmatism in one eye only.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They both report the difference being between cooler and warmer palettes, though I don't recall if their variations correlate to the same eyes in terms of weak and dominant. My dominant eye is my right (the warmer one).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speaking only for myself, the effect is present regardless of whether I am wearing my glasses or not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speaking only for myself, the effect has not gotten noticeably stronger or weaker with time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not concerned that this is a big deal, and it does not bother me at this time, just curious that the three of us have had this experience without hearing about it anywhere else, and without our professionals knowing what we're talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11840" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T16:09:15.793" Title="My left and right eye have a consistent, clear difference in color perception. Why?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14163" CreationDate="2017-11-01T18:18:39.797" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Primary Care&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primary Care Physician&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;General Practitioner&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;In the USA: primary care specialties include Family Medicine (all ages), Internal Medicine (adults), Pediatrics (children). Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants are also primary care providers who work alongside physicians.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is often the best place to start, as they are well-versed in managing most conditions and injuries. If it is complicated enough to require a subspecialist who spent years studying just that area (see below), the PCP will be able to refer you to the right subspecialist.  PCPs are experts in evaluating and managing &amp;quot;the big picture&amp;quot; of your overall health.  Make sure you bring ALL results with you to your PCP/GP so that they can coordinate your care! Many of them do minor procedures such as biopsies, cyst removal, joint injections, IUDs.  They also specialize in general wellness and disease prevention from immunizations to mammos and PAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Subspecialists&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allergy and Immunology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Diagnose, treat and manage allergies (hypersensitivity of the immune system to everyday environmental influences like pollen, which usually cause very little problems in most other people) that manifest in conditions like hay fever, food allergies, allergic asthma, or anaphylaxis.  Also immune disorders, such as immunodeficiencies; there is some overlap with Rheumatology with autoimmune disorders.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anaesthesiology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Focuses on maintaining stable vital body functions before, during and after surgery. They also manage pain both in the acute setting (like surgery) and chronic &lt;em&gt;pain management&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gastroenterology&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Gastroenterologists are physicians with training in the management of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Their field, gastroenterology, is the study of the normal function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver. In essence, all normal activity and disease of the digestive organs are part of the study of Gastroenterology.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hepatology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Diseases of the liver, such as cirrhosis due to hepatitis or alcohol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Orthopedic Surgery&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Experts in evaluation and treatment of complicated musculoskeletal injuries and conditions. This is primarily a surgical specialty, but also perform non-surgical treatments such as bracing or joint injections, and refer out for physical therapy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;You usually won't see this specialist personally; they work behind the scenes.&#xA;They specialize in diagnosing diseases based on examination of tissue, body fluids, organs, or autopsies (anatomical and clinical pathology). There is also forensic pathology, which you hopefully won’t encounter all too soon.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical Therapy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;This is not a medical doctor, but is a trained expert (usually at doctorate-level) in treating musculoskeletal injuries and conditions using strengthening and flexibility exercises, stretching, massage, ice/heat, and modalities such as ultrasound, electric stimulation, and other therapies.  This includes things like rehab after hip or knee surgery, arthritis, sprains, back injuries, and even tension headaches.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;This list is work in progress, under on-going maintenance, and definitely not exhaustive&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T07:04:31.840" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2017-11-01T23:36:02.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14165" CreationDate="2017-11-01T18:38:06.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search on the clinical trials website to find most of the trials conducted with probiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg. &lt;code&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?intr=%22Lactobacillus%22&lt;/code&gt; gives currently 589 results, some of which are described as phase 3 studies.  You can change the search term to &lt;code&gt;acidophilus&lt;/code&gt; or whatever you're interested in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-11-01T18:38:06.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-02T04:06:39.377" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;The chocolates I've been having currently typically take about 5 hours to peak, and the last time I used them, it was literally 11 HOURS later. I ate one dose of about 4mg (I think... I lost the label but it was from a dispensary). I am sure I did not eat any other edibles in between. There's also the factor that I now drink moderate alcohol throughout the high. But can alcohol really cause the high to be so much more delayed/prolonged? Or is it something else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also very high percentage THC and almost no CBD if I remember correctly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. The amount of chocolate I eat is extremely small. I usually eat literal crumbs. And this time it was a solid 1/4th chunk of a chocolate square, but still very small. So right now my working hypothesis is that there's so much dosage in so little food that there's a high amount of randomness in how it passes through my body? Or maybe part of it got stuck on my throat for a long time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11843" LastEditorUserId="11843" LastEditDate="2017-11-07T19:41:26.270" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T19:41:26.270" Title="Peak effect of edible marijuana 11 hours after ingestion; how is it possible?1" Tags="&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;edible&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-02T07:05:14.913" Score="4" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is sleep pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.talkaboutsleep.com/how-to-use-melatonin-correctly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article on melatonin&lt;/a&gt;, and one of the commenters said something about 'sleep pressure'. I did a web search to see what it was, but web searches don't often seem to allow exact phrase matches anymore (so, I got results about other sleep topics and blood pressure instead).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The commenter said, among other things, &quot;The other, the S process is influenced by sleep pressure.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on sleep&lt;/a&gt; mentions homeostatic sleep pressure (but it doesn't define it; nor does it mention another kind of sleep pressure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11844" LastActivityDate="2017-11-02T07:05:14.913" Title="What is sleep pressure?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-02T22:00:44.237" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any meds , aside from caffeine , that increase blood pressure . I know physical exercise can produce a temporary increase but I am wondering about something that can increase it for hours. Starting with a pressure like 60/40 ?  Assume hydration and electrolytes are good .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastEditorUserId="9688" LastEditDate="2017-11-02T23:51:42.593" LastActivityDate="2017-11-02T23:51:42.593" Title="Any meds to increase blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17730" CreationDate="2017-11-03T04:12:45.773" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient presents acute renal failure that has rapid progression.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient asks upon consultation “At what percent are my kidneys functioning to what they should be”. Physician responds with “about 12 percent”.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What mathematics would provide the requested information. Also, this is a general example as every situation is different. How would a physician provide a number such as this to a patient or colleague if approached with the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-11-03T22:24:46.423" LastActivityDate="2018-10-21T16:34:38.230" Title="How to determine at what percentage an organ is functioning vs. what is expected?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14206" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14183" CreationDate="2017-11-03T16:41:36.630" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are just too many factors to give an easy clean answer to this question. To limit the problem, lets assume the individual is wearing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_insulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 CLO&lt;/a&gt; of clothing in still dry air. Further, lets assume that this person has a surface area of 2 m (a little bigger than the typical male, but it makes the math easier). Finally, lets assume they can indefinitely produce 300 Watts of heat (this is about 6000 calories a day). This means their heat output is 150 W/m^2. Then solving&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;T = (31 − 0.155·P·R)°C&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with R=1 and P=150 gives a temperature of 8°C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T16:41:36.630" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-03T18:24:06.267" Score="5" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long plane flights carry a risk of DVT. It is easy to find advice on preventing DVT by being active:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/dvt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; says &quot;walk around every 2-3 hours&quot; and mentions that you should do this when traveling by car also. This article also mentions that you are at higher risk of DVT if you have active cancer or are receiving chemotherapy. It recommends compression socks, too. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo clinic&lt;/a&gt; says &quot;If you're traveling a long distance by car, stop every hour or so and walk around. If you're on a plane, stand or walk occasionally.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/dvt/tc/preventing-deep-vein-thrombosis-from-travel-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; says &quot;If you are traveling by car, stop every hour or so. Get out and walk around for a few minutes. If you are traveling by bus, train, or plane, get out of your seat and walk up and down the aisle every hour or so. &quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these mention the possibility of sleeping on the plane. Are they suggesting you should not sleep? We all lie down for 8 hours or so every night, and yes, we can toss and turn a little more freely in a real bed, but I find it hard to imagine this advice means &quot;don't sleep, stay awake so you can walk around a lot.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, there is a big difference between &quot;every hour&quot; and &quot;every two or three hours&quot; - and that's not counting good old &quot;occasionally&quot;. None indicate whether wearing compression socks means it's safer to go for a longer interval between walks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if a person with at least some risk factor for DVT is going on a long (11 hrs) flight, wearing compression socks, in business with a lie-flat bed, is lying flat in that bed and sleeping actually as dangerous as sitting awake in economy? What about a 13 hour flight in economy, still with the socks, is sleeping for part of that flight dangerous? This is normal sleep without the aid of Ambien or even alcohol, and thus there will be tossing and turning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I'm asking: I have those flights in my future and a doctor told me emphatically to get up &quot;every hour&quot; on the plane and walk around. I didn't think to ask about sleep time, and I have no problem getting up once an hour while awake. But this same doctor knows that I drive two to three hours to and from my appointments, and has never said to pull over the car and walk every hour during a drive. Yet DVT isn't related to altitude, just to sitting still. So I feel the &quot;every hour&quot; is probably a little overcareful. But I am interested in what the studies show, and specifically on the matter of sleeping, in business and in economy. I am not asking for a diagnosis or to override my doctor's advice. I just want to sanity check it since we didn't discuss economy vs business and lying down to sleep. A study showing the effects of following various advice regimens (and that includes overnight flights where people slept or stayed awake) would be great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-11-03T23:46:33.677" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T23:46:33.677" Title="Sanity checking airplane advice re DVT: walk every hour, 2-3 hours? OK to sleep?" Tags="&lt;travel&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14207" CreationDate="2017-11-03T22:56:06.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Unless you have risk factors, don't worry too much&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr Gordon Guyatt, chair of the panel, said: &quot;There has been a significant push in health care to administer DVT prevention for every patient, regardless of risk.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;&quot;As a result, many patients are receiving unnecessary therapies that provide little benefit and could have adverse effects.&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Stephen Adams: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9064474/DVT-risk-raised-by-sitting-in-the-window-seat.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DVT risk raised by sitting in the window seat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Telegraph.co.uk. 7. February 2012&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wearing GCS (graduated compression stockings) is actually discouraged for patients without risk factors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The panel noted that the &lt;strong&gt;absolute risk of developing a DVT or a resultant PE due to a long flight&lt;/strong&gt; - collectively known as venous thromboembolism (VTE) - &lt;strong&gt;was &quot;very small&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  One person in 4,600 experiences a symptomatic VTE in a month following a flight of four hours or longer, and only a minority of those are serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;ibid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, stay well hydrated, this will make you visit the toilet twice in 12 hours and you have the necessary movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Get up and &lt;strong&gt;walk from time to time&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;flex your heels&lt;/strong&gt;, however small the space you can always raise and lower your feet and &lt;strong&gt;exercise your calves&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Stay well hydrated&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/10028503/Flight-socks-and-aspirin-wont-stop-blood-clots-says-professor.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Telegraph.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: The title is misleading: The article basically concludes that for patients &lt;strong&gt;without risk&lt;/strong&gt; factors, flight socks and aspirin won't further decrease risk of the DVT. (&lt;em&gt;Prof Gradwell added that people most at risk from developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were those who have a predisposition to blood clots because of existing medical conditions.&#xA;  In these cases, individuals should consult their GPs, and might benefit from specially fitted compression stockings, or be told to take an extra dose of aspirin, he said.&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If you do have risk factors, wear graduated compression stockings and do exercise your feat, and also consult your doctor&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fifty of 2637 participants with follow-up data available in the trials of wearing compression stockings on both legs had a symptomless DVT; three wore stockings, 47 did not (odds ratio (OR) 0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.25, P &amp;lt; 0.001; high-quality evidence). There were no symptomless DVTs in three trials. Sixteen of 1804 people developed superficial vein thrombosis, four wore stockings, 12 did not (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.13, P = 0.09; moderate-quality evidence). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is high-quality evidence that airline passengers similar to those in this review can expect a substantial reduction in the incidence of symptomless DVT&lt;/strong&gt; and low-quality evidence that leg oedema is reduced if they wear compression stockings. Quality was limited by the way that oedema was measured. There is moderate-quality evidence that superficial vein thrombosis may be reduced if passengers wear compression stockings. We cannot assess the effect of wearing stockings on death, pulmonary embolism or symptomatic DVT because no such events occurred in these trials. Randomised trials to assess these outcomes would need to include a very large number of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clarke, Mike J; Broderick, Cathryn; Hopewell, Sally; Juszczak, Ed; Eisinga, Anne:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004002.pub3/abstract;jsessionid=AA32A68747DC6724EC29491FAB67ECDC.f03t02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016,9. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Ltd CD004002 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004002.pub3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one has risk factors of DVT, wearing GCS stockings is encouraged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For travelers on flights of 6 hours or more who have an increased risk for DVT/PE, the ACCP recommends frequent ambulation, calf muscle stretching, sitting in an aisle seat if possible, or the use of below-knee graduated compression stockings (GCS). For long-distance travelers who are not at increased risk for DVT/PE, the guidelines suggest against the use of GCS.&lt;/strong&gt; In addition, the guidelines suggest against the use of aspirin or anticoagulant therapy to prevent DVT/PE in long-distance travelers. For travelers who are considered to be at particularly high risk for DVT/PE, the use of antithrombotic agents should be considered on an individual basis because the adverse effects may outweigh the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Symptomatic DVT/PE is rare in passengers who have returned from long flights; however the association between air travel and DVT/PE is strongest for flights longer than 8 to 10 hours,” said Dr. Crowther. “Most passengers who do develop a DVT/PE after long-distance travel have one or more risk factors.” &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;American College of Chest Physicians&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chestnet.org/News/Press-Releases/2012/02/ACCP-Antithrombotic-and-Economy-Class-Syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New DVT Guidelines: No Evidence to Support Economy Class Syndrome. Oral Contraceptives, Sitting in a Window Seat, Advanced Age, and Pregnancy Increase DVT Risk in Long-distance Travelers.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; February 7, 2012 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, check with your doctor whether anticoagulants are an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR / Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I gave my best efforts, I have not found studies giving absolute numbers how much risk you are at without walking, with walking, without GCS, with GCS and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt;: DVT can get nasty in a worst-case-scenario. Getting up every four hours is not such bad an alternative to a bad case of DVT (however unlikely that is) and it’s not like one would enjoy a deep and healthy sleep in a small plane seat anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for driving: Be the driver. This way, your feet get great exercise (if you’re not driving an automatic). Or play We Will Rock You every hour or so and stomp along. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-03T23:15:19.557" LastActivityDate="2017-11-03T23:15:19.557" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-04T10:28:06.283" Score="5" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been wearing my fitbit charge2 for a bit over a year, of course with small pauses for charging etc.&#xA;The heart rate is measured with a 1Hz frequency and a resolution of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now fitbit determines what it thinks of as a resting heart rate and some approximation of my vo2 max.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: By any means of calculus, what else can we learn from this data?&#xA;Are there any measures of interest that I can extract from these values?&#xA;Is there any software out there to do this?&#xA;I am not afraid of doing the matlab/python code myself or sharing my data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11862" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T10:28:06.283" Title="given heart rate data over 1year with 1Hz time res, what can we learn?" Tags="&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;quantified-self&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14184" CreationDate="2017-11-04T20:32:41.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR: No, sunscreen needs to be re-applied every 2 hours&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Your product is the same as SPF 30 sunscreen&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SPF is a measure of how much solar energy (UV radiation) is required to produce sunburn on protected skin (i.e., in the presence of sunscreen) relative to the amount of solar energy required to produce sunburn on unprotected skin.&lt;/strong&gt; As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;FDA&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm106351.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun Protection Factor (SPF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is irrelevant whether you apply sunscreen with an SPF of 30, or vanilla ice cream with an SPF of 30, or zinc sun block moisturiser with an SPF of 30. The FDA approves all 3 products, and the SPF value is an absolute, standardised value and does not depend on type of product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, using a SPF 30 zinc sun blocker blocks equal amounts of UV radiation as a SPF 30 sunscreen. In fact, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm239463.htm#ingredients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;zinc oxide even is one of the multiple possible active ingredients in a sunscreen&lt;/a&gt;, and yes, you are right, it is a physical blocker and therefore better than most sun screens as it protects from UVA and UVB also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How long does an SPF 30 sunscreen protect my skin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“&lt;strong&gt;If you’re in the sun, your sunscreen is good for a max of two hours&lt;/strong&gt;, and depending on the sunscreen it might not even last that long,” Garner says. The skin literally “uses up” the active ingredient in the lotion over time, meaning it can’t do any more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Laura Schoecker&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/05/sunscreen-mistakes-tips_n_3377817.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8 Sunscreen Mistakes You’re Probably Making&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. HuffingtonPost. 2013&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA agrees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reapply [sunscreen] &lt;strong&gt;at least every two hours, and more often if you’re swimming or sweating.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People should also be aware that no sunscreens are &quot;waterproof.” All sunscreens eventually wash off. Sunscreens labeled &quot;water resistant&quot; are required to be tested according to the required SPF test procedure. The labels are required to state whether the sunscreen remains effective for 40 minutes or 80 minutes when swimming or sweating, and all sunscreens must provide directions on when to reapply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;FDA&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm239463.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is the case with chemical sunblockers. Physical sunblockers do not get absorbed as easily by the skin (The swimming and sweating still holds, though):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are differences between the two main types of sunscreens: physical and chemical. &lt;strong&gt;A chemical sunscreen is absorbed by the skin.&lt;/strong&gt; Sunlight is deactivated or degraded after contact with the organic chemicals contained in the sunscreen. Chemical sunscreens typically contain a range of ingredients like benzones, aminobenzoic acid and cinnamates that, together, protect against UVA and UVB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A physical block, in contrast, sits on the skin’s surface and contains inorganic compounds like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide that are not absorbed into the skin. In this case, light is either absorbed into sunblock material or reflected away from the skin, similar to a mirror or aluminum foil. &lt;strong&gt;Ingredients in physical sunblocks protect against both UVA and UVB and, because they are not absorbed into the skin&lt;/strong&gt;, they are nonirritating and nonallergenic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr. Doris J. Day&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://consults.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/what-to-look-for-in-a-sunscreen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What to Look for in a Sunscreen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. New York Times. 2009&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, both the FDA and multiple interviews with doctors I have seen encourage patients to use physical sun blockers and re-apply sunscreen every 2 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remember that sunscreen needs to be reapplied every two hours&lt;/strong&gt;, or more frequently after swimming, heavy perspiration, or toweling off. Also remember, no matter how much sunscreen you apply, the SPF should be 15 or higher for adequate protection – and ideally 30 or higher for extended time spent outdoors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Elizabeth Kale&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/ask-the-experts/how-much-sunscreen-should-i-be-using-on-my-face-and-body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ask The Epxert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Skin Cancer Foundation. 2010&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to sunscreens, &lt;strong&gt;sun smart behavior including avoiding the midday sun, staying in the shade when you can, and wearing a hat and sun protective clothing. Use an SPF of 15 or higher, and reapplying it every two hours or more often if you are swimming or sweating, is critical&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr. Doris J. Day&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://consults.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/what-to-look-for-in-a-sunscreen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What to Look for in a Sunscreen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. New York Times. 2009&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Beware of a common misconception&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read the claim on multiple, reputable websites that SPF multiplies the time you can normally stay in the sun without burns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sunscreens provide protection by absorbing, reflecting or scattering the sun's rays. They may also contain chemicals that interact with the skin to protect it from UV rays. Sunscreens are rated according to their effectiveness by the sun protection factor (SPF). A product's SPF number helps determine how long the product will protect you before you need to re-apply it - how long you can stay in the sun without burning. For example, you may normally burn in 20 minutes. If you apply an SPF 15 sunscreen, you'll be protected for about 300 minutes, or five hours (SPF 15 x 20 minutes = 300 minutes). A person with lightly pigmented skin who burns in 10 minutes would be protected for only about two-and-a-half-hours with SPF 15 (SPF 15 x 10 minutes = 150 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;American Skin Association&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanskin.org/resource/safety.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun Safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;According to the FDA, this is a common misconception&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is a popular misconception that SPF relates to time of solar exposure. For example, many consumers believe that, if they normally get sunburn in one hour, then an SPF 15 sunscreen allows them to stay in the sun 15 hours (i.e., 15 times longer) without getting sunburn. This is not true because SPF is not directly related to time of solar exposure but to amount of solar exposure.&lt;/strong&gt; Although solar energy amount is related to solar exposure time, there are other factors that impact the amount of solar energy. For example, the intensity of the solar energy impacts the amount. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;FDA&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm106351.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun Protection Factor (SPF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-04T20:54:07.670" LastActivityDate="2017-11-04T20:54:07.670" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-04T22:47:15.560" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is about remedies to minimize scarring. Mostly, two medicines are advised, these being the silicone gel “&lt;strong&gt;Strataderm&lt;/strong&gt;” and a cream with extracts of Centella Asiatica and Pine (pinus sylvestris) – “&lt;strong&gt;Cicatrix&lt;/strong&gt;”. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strataderm gel consists of silicone, while Cicatrix cream is composed of plant extracts. Also, these medicines differ in the way they are applied. Strataderm should be applied with a thin layer and left to dry. Cicatrix should be rubbed in by massaging movements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which remedy is more effective in minimizing scarring? Which of these medications is more likely to show the best effect against scars. The one that based on silicone or the one that based on plant extracts. And is there any sense in combining both these remedies for minimization of scars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T15:33:54.243" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T15:33:54.243" Title="Silicone gel &quot;Strataderm&quot; or plant extracts cream &quot;Cicatrix&quot; effect against scars?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14223" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14226" CreationDate="2017-11-05T12:40:04.533" Score="4" ViewCount="1665" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone eats blue cheese (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is manufactured with some variety of the penicillium mold&lt;/a&gt;) while they are sick, does this a have any effect on creating antibiotic resistant bacteria? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11871" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-05T13:23:40.573" LastActivityDate="2017-11-05T22:01:03.077" Title="Blue cheese antibiotics" Tags="&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14223" CreationDate="2017-11-05T18:45:33.227" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, yes, but don't worry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;New antibiotics that are active against resistant bacteria are required. Bacteria have lived on the Earth for several billion years. During this time, they encountered in nature a wide range of naturally occurring antibiotics. To survive, bacteria developed antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Therefore, it is not surprising that they have become resistant to most of the natural antimicrobial agents that have been developed over the past 50 years. This resistance increasingly limits the effectiveness of current antimicrobial drugs. The problem is not just antibiotic resistance but also multidrug resistance. [From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/ja/journal/v62/n1/full/ja200816a.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_roqueforti&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Penicillium roqueforti&lt;/a&gt; is in a constant fight with bacteria since 'forever' using its antibiotics to gain the upper hand when used in cheese. Those bacteria responsible for any infection coming into contact with those antibiotics and surviving the encounter will be somehow more resistant to those chemicals than before the encounter. They may have very well been resistant to those before. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/de/book/9780387708409&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These survivors may be naturally resistant to the antibiotic ingested, or they may have acquired resistance during therapy. Sometimes the patient was already colonized with resistant organisms before treatment had even begun.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this is of a very small concern because blue cheese mould are not producing antibiotics or other chemicals of use as a medical agent for pathogenic human infections with bacteria. Those &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefortine_C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemicals&lt;/a&gt; are either &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arved_Lompe/publication/291983856_Die_gesundheitliche_Unbedenklichheit_von_Penicillium_caseicolum_P_camemberti_and_P_roqueforti_II_Biologische_Prufung_auf_Toxinbildungsvermogen_an_Zellkulturen_The_harmlessness_to_health_of_Penicillium/links/56af4d9308aeaa696f2fe2ce/Die-gesundheitliche-Unbedenklichheit-von-Penicillium-caseicolum-P-camemberti-and-P-roqueforti-II-Biologische-Pruefung-auf-Toxinbildungsvermoegen-an-Zellkulturen-The-harmlessness-to-health-of-Penicill.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very weak&lt;/a&gt; or in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2231314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very low&lt;/a&gt; concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Penicillium is a very large group of species and not every member of this family produces useful drugs. Resistance to antibiotics is an evolutionary process and evolution favours minimalism in regard to developing new features. Eating these cheeses, if properly prepared and stored, should not increase resistance against prescription drugs we use currently under the term antibiotics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after detailing some very nit-picky technicalities let me clarify my opening statement to: No.  These cheeses will not cause problems with resistance to prescription drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-05T22:01:03.077" LastActivityDate="2017-11-05T22:01:03.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T01:05:20.733" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done my research on phenobarbital during pregnancy and one thing I came across was that phenobarbital blocks vitamin K from getting through the placenta and into the fetus. Vitamin K deficiency means that once injured, bleeding won't stop on its own. Not saying that all babies get bruised from birth (although some probably do). Now I know that vitamin K is injected into the foot of a newborn to prevent this unstoppable bleeding from happening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If phenobarbital is still the necessary medication of choice, even during pregnany, this looks like dilemma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I also looked up if vitamin K toxicity is possible (because I know vitamin K is fat soluble and with most fat soluble vitamins, toxicity is possible be it from eating organ meats (especially liver), or from supplements. It turns out that at least with vitamin K2 (the most common vitamin K supplement), toxicity is not possible or if it is, is not feasible by taking a supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if taking a vitamin K supplement will prevent a fetus from being born with vitamin K deficiency in a woman who takes phenobarbital for seizures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So will taking a vitamin K supplement prevent a fetus from having a vitamin K deficiency or is this then just to be dealt with otherwise that a baby will not get enough vitamin K during pregnancy?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-08T19:37:53.797" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T19:37:53.797" Title="Is Congenital Vitamin K deficiency due to phenobarbital preventable" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;&lt;vitamin-k&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14184" CreationDate="2017-11-06T05:03:19.530" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. ZnO is a white powder that is insoluble in water and is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products including rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, foods, and as a sunblock. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For material science applications, zinc oxide has a high &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/refractive-index&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;refractive index&lt;/a&gt;, high &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dictionary.com/browse/thermal-conductivity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;thermal conductivity&lt;/a&gt;, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against &lt;em&gt;sunburn&lt;/em&gt; and other damage to the skin caused by UV light. It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use by the FDA and is completely &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/photostable&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;photostable&lt;/a&gt;. As stated in an article titled ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(99)70532-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) as a photostyable UVA/UVB sunblock agent&lt;/a&gt;' the suitability of microfine zinc oxide as a broad-spectrum photo protective agent was assessed by examining the properties considered important in suncreens: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/attenuation-spectrum&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;attenuation spectrum&lt;/a&gt;, sun protection factor (SPF) contribution, photostability, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/photoreaction&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;photoreactivity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results: Microfine zinc oxide attenuates throughout the UVR spectrum, including UVA I. It is photostable and does not react with organic sunscreens under irradiation. Conclusion: Microfine zinc oxide is an effective and safe sunblock that provides broad-spectrum UV protection, including protection from long-wavelength UVA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1999, the FDA issued a notice of proposed rule making that amended the tentative final monograph (proposed rule) for over-the counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products. ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/102298b.txt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use&lt;/a&gt;' states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The agency discussed a study submitted to the Panel using zinc oxide alone and in combination with phenyl salicylate, another sunscreen ingredient (58 FR 28194 at 28213). The study was designed to measure the ability of zinc oxide (15 to 33.3 percent) to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation over a broad range of wavelengths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the proposed rule, the agency also discussed the public health significance of ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation and the characteristics and proposed labeling of OTC sunscreen drug products that claim to provide protection from UVA radiation. One comment measured the spectral absorbance of three formulations: (1) 4 percent zinc oxide, (2) 25 percent zinc oxide, and (3) 2 percent oxybenzone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Albino hairless mouse stratum corneum/epidermis samples were prepared by mechanical removal of the dermis using a dulled razor&#xA;  blade. The samples were cut into 1-inch circles and maintained in a hydrated state by floating the samples (dermal side down) on a water bath. The absorbance of each skin sample was measured and recorded. Ten microliters (L) of sunscreen were applied to the skin substrate, allowed to dry for 15 minutes, and the absorbance measured. The absorbance of each sunscreen treated sample was subtracted from the absorbance of the skin (without sunscreen) to yield the absorbance of the sunscreen. Five replicate measurements for each sunscreen formula were averaged and plotted with standard deviations at each 10 nm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spectral absorbance plots established that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...zinc oxide has a relatively flat and broad absorbance curve from 250 nm through 370 nm with a sharp drop in absorbance beyond 370 nm and extending into the visible spectrum. Comparison of the measurements of the 4 percent zinc oxide with 25 percent zinc oxide showed that the magnitude of absorbance is related to the amount of zinc oxide in the formulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These measurements adequately demonstrated that zinc oxide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...absorbs radiation between 290 and 380 nm and, thus, support effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another comment included the results of in vitro testing of a formulation containing 15 percent zinc oxide in a stable emulsion. The transmittance data supported the premise that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...zinc oxide can protect against UV radiation, including both UVB and UVA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One comment included a spectral profile of attenuation for zinc oxide alone in a cosmetic formulation and from 1:1 and 3:1 combinations of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. These spectral profiles of zinc oxide in various formulations demonstrated that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...zinc oxide as a single ingredient can provide protection in both the UVB and UVA spectral regions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent scientific advances in understanding the photochemistry and photobiology of sunscreen drug products have raised many issues regarding sunscreen active ingredients, including zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Because zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have many similar physical characteristics and may be used in combination in OTC sunscreen drug products, the following discussion addresses both ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There has been renewed interest in using physical sunscreens, i.e., zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, in sunscreen formulations because these ingredients may confer protection for a broad range of the UV radiation spectrum. Some manufacturers have developed ultrafine forms of these ingredients in the range of 0.02 to 0.10 microns that are transparent on the skin, may offer both UVA and UVB protection, and are esthetically pleasing…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sunscreens have been generally classified as chemical (organic) or physical (inorganic) depending on whether they absorb specific UV radiation wavelengths or reflect and scatter UV radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been described as physical sunscreen ingredients that provide protection from UV radiation through reflection and scattering. However, new data and information indicate that they also absorb UV radiation as well as scatter visible light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various authors have shown that these ingredients exhibit a semiconductor optical absorption gap meaning they absorb most radiation at wavelengths shorter than the gap (approx. 380nm) and scatter radiation at wavelengths longer than the gap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are irradiated with light containing energy greater than the band gap (approximately 3 electron volts), an electron from the valence band can be excited to the conduction band, thus creating an electron-hole pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many formulation variables that may affect the photocatalytic capability of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Such variables include mineral components, particle size, surface area, crystalline structure, particle coatings, pH of the medium, differences in the refractive index of the medium, and other components in the formulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the FDA continues to evaluate data and information for the purpose of proposing a monograph method for determining UVA radiation protection, it nonetheless finds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;there is ample data demonstrating that zinc oxide provides protection against UVA radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it relates to the frequency one should apply sunscreen, a common recommendation by many public health agencies is to reapply sunscreen every &lt;em&gt;two to three hours&lt;/em&gt;. Is this recommendation effective in minimizing ultraviolet exposure of the skin during time in the sun? ’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11712033&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;When should sunscreen be applied?&lt;/a&gt;’ studied how the time of sunscreen reapplication affects the solar ultraviolet exposure of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A mathematical model was derived that took into account typical amounts of sunscreen application and sunscreen substantivity to determine how these factors, when combined with the time of sunscreen reapplication, influence the photoprotection provided by sunscreen during exposure for several hours around mid day in strong sunshine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results of the study were as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using a sunscreen that is readily removed from the skin achieves little in the way of sun protection, no matter when it is reapplied. For sunscreens that bind moderately or well to skin, typical of modern waterproof or water-resistant products, the lowest skin exposure results from early reapplication into the sun exposure period, and not at 2 to 3 hours, after initial application. Typically reapplication of sunscreen at 20 minutes results in 60% to 85% of the ultraviolet exposure that would be received if sunscreen were reapplied at 2 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concluding statement advises sunscreen users &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…to apply sunscreen liberally to exposed sites 15 to 30 minutes before going out into the sun, followed by reapplication of sunscreen to exposed sites 15 to 30 minutes after sun exposure begins. Further reapplication is necessary after vigorous activity that could remove sunscreen, such as swimming, toweling, or excessive sweating and rubbing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another abstract, ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15767357&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A noninvasive objective measure of sunscreen use and reapplication&lt;/a&gt;’, studied whether a noninvasive swabbing technique can detect sunscreen use for up to 6 hours, and whether the technique can detect reapplication of sunscreen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirty volunteer office workers were randomly assigned to have one of a variety of sunscreens applied using recommended application techniques, and half were randomly assigned to have sunscreen reapplied after 3 hours. Alcohol-based swabs were used to obtain a sample from participants' arm at 20 minutes, and hourly from 1 to 6 hours post-application. Absorption readings were analyzed using an UV-visible spectrophotometer…The “swabbing technique” was consistently able to distinguish the sunscreen from control swabs for up to 6 hours. The absorption readings between 20 minutes and 6 hours were significantly higher than control swabs. There were no differences between the group that had sunscreen reapplied and the group that did not.The swabbing technique was consistently able to distinguish the sunscreen from control swabs for up to 6 hours. The absorption readings between 20 minutes and 6 hours were significantly higher than control swabs. There were no differences between the group that had sunscreen reapplied and the group that did not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study concluded with evidence indicating that the sunscreen swabbing technique is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;an effective noninvasive method for detecting a variety of sunscreen products in adults over a 6-hour period. No differences in absorption readings were found with sunscreen reapplication. This procedure will be a useful adjunct to other objective measures of sun protection and UV radiation exposure, resulting in a more accurate picture of the sun protection habits of individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, the Skin Cancer Foundation answers several relevant questions in an article titled ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen/sunscreens-explained&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunscreens Explained&lt;/a&gt;’. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How much Sunscreen Should I Use and How Often Should I Put it On?&#xA;  To ensure that you get the full SPF of a sunscreen, you need to apply 1 oz – about a shot glass full. Studies show that most people apply only half to a quarter of that amount, which means the actual SPF they have on their body is lower than advertised. During a long day at the beach, one person should use around one half to one quarter of an 8 oz. bottle. Sunscreens should be applied 30 minutes before sun exposure to allow the ingredients to fully bind to the skin. Reapplication of sunscreen is just as important as putting it on in the first place, so reapply the same amount every two hours. Sunscreens should also be reapplied immediately after swimming, toweling off, or sweating a great deal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, to address your question: “Why do I need to reapply a zinc sun blocker if it has not been exposed to sun or sweat?”; The International Agency for Research on Cancer’s ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook5/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention Volume 5&lt;/a&gt;,’ explains in Chapter 6: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook5/Handbook5_Sunscreens-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Other beneficial effects of sunscreens&lt;/a&gt;, that there are other potential beneficial effects of sunscreens that are not related to the prevention of skin cancer include prevention of painful sunburns, photodamage and photoageing UVR-induced provocation of certain cutaneous diseases, and photoimmune suppression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use of sunscreens can prevent skin diseases from progressing acutely after exposure to the sun; these diseases include cutaneous lupus erythematosus…and reactivation of herpes labialis… The other potential benefits of sunscreens are related to the type and duration of exposure to UVR. Prevention of photodamage and photoageing, which are related to cumulative exposure to UVR, in countries where solar irradiance is intense throughout the year requires daily, longterm sun protection… Prevention of acute flares of cutaneous diseases, which may be related to episodic exposure to UVR, requires anticipatory use of sun protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under certain circumstances, diseases of various etiologies can be aggravated by sunlight in people who on other occasions may react normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These diseases include lupus erythematosus, lichen planus and herpes simplex. The disease most frequently recognized as requiring careful photoprotection from both UVB and UVA is lupus erythematosus in the discoid, systemic and subacute forms…The available evidence suggests that regular use of sunscreens reduces morbidity from both cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, if you are unsure about whether it is necessary to wear sunscreen indoors, you may want to consider your medical history and potential predisposition toward developing a disease that may increase the need for more intensive &quot;sun-blocking&quot; protective measures. However, it is always advisable to consult with your primary care physician and/or dermatologist with any personal health-related questions or concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T05:03:19.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T10:59:12.607" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to stop wrinkles on face when sleeping on stomach ? or Is this a myth that we get wrinkles if we sleep on stomach ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-12-13T01:45:04.753" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T01:45:04.753" Title="how to stop wrinkles on face when sleeping on stomach" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T12:36:48.073" Score="4" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700638&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Damien, Scheider, and Muller 1998&lt;/a&gt; looks at susceptibility to secondary immune response in vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Is it reasonable to infer, from susceptibility to subclinical secondary immune response, a susceptibility to colonization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11826" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T12:36:48.073" Title="What is the relationship between susceptibility to subclinical secondary immune response and susceptibility to colonization?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T15:42:42.277" Score="3" ViewCount="499" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a drug to decrease sexual desire or prevent it?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there therapies to eliminate the habit of frequent masturbation, if one were to want to postpone sexual behaviors until a future relationship?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11881" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-11-10T03:14:12.553" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T09:10:04.287" Title="Drug to prevent sexual desire?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;sociosexual-behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14237" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T16:17:52.647" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was younger I remember someone telling me to try not to cough when I have a dry cough, otherwise it will get worse.  Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose one gets over a cold and then is dry coughing for a few weeks after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11882" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T16:17:52.647" Title="Does coughing make dry cough worse?" Tags="&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T17:27:04.747" Score="4" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can anyone get asthma? Or is it something that one is born with? Can the condition ever be &quot;cured&quot;, or only symptoms remedied during an attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11882" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T17:27:04.747" Title="Can anyone get asthma?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;asthma-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T19:25:56.837" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the choice of taking 500mg of Naproxen once a day, or 250mg of Naproxen twice a day (separated by ~12 hours), which is safer for the kidneys and liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T00:48:00.487" Title="Is it safer to take Naproxen once a day or twice a day?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-06T19:31:32.510" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;Herpes simplex keratitis is a viral infection of the eye.  Topical antiviral medications are used to treat the virus.  Corticosteroids ophthalmic drops are sometimes used as well.  But corticosteroids can suppress the immune system, and drug warnings state not to use them when one has a viral infection. This seems like a contraindication, so why would steroids be used for herpes keratitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11886" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2017-11-08T06:46:15.533" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T06:46:15.533" Title="Why are topical corticosteroids used in conjunction with an antiviral to treat herpes keratitis?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14242" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14244" CreationDate="2017-11-06T19:48:53.590" Score="4" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Opened a can of soup and it made a loud noise with the open-tab lid suddenly pulling in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that bacterial decay can make cans bulge (due to gaseous byproducts of bacterial metabolism) and the general rule is that bulging cans or cans that expel a large amount of gas on opening should be discarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, are there any known dangers associated with negative pressure in a can that implodes enough to pull the can lid in on opening? There are relatively few types of bacteria that consume gases (an example being nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The can wasn't visibly deformed or damaged in any way before or after opening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T21:21:39.157" Title="Can of soup with negative pressure (slightly implodes) on opening: Safe to eat?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14242" CreationDate="2017-11-06T21:21:39.157" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9780387754291-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-512104-p173797705&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;One method of food sterilisation involves vacuum-sealing&lt;/a&gt;. This is why there was negative pressure in the can&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; and why the lid got sucked in as soon as it was able to move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria creating positive pressure is due to digestion and excretion of gasses, which have a lower density and thus result in higher pressure. I am unaware of any bacteria or other germs that will excrete substances significantly condensed so that a negative pressure will result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: Ironically, what made you think the product might be spoiled is what ensured the product wouldn’t get spoiled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-11-06T21:21:39.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-07T05:40:38.673" Score="3" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help for one of my stories and I didn't think this would be suitable for Worldbuilding or Writing so I am asking it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lisa, one of my characters, is pregnant and she is in her second trimester. She is pale, has weird cravings, and feels tired and dizzy. Her grandma thinks that she is anemic and is planning to cook liver for Lisa. Lisa is not nauseous at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I have heard 2 sides of the same coin here when it comes to using liver to treat anemia regardless of pregnancy, age, and other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One side I have heard is that it is rich in heme iron(the more bioavailable form of iron) and you should definitely eat it if you are anemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other side I have heard is that it has so much vitamin A in it that if you eat enough liver often enough to treat the anemia, you will get vitamin A toxicity because 4 ounces of liver has at least 16 times the recommended daily value of vitamin A and if you want iron rich meat to treat anemia, kidney might be a better option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So should a pregnant woman who is anemic eat liver as long as it is cooked and if so, how much and how often to treat anemia while avoiding vitamin A toxicity?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T16:21:15.430" Title="Liver for iron deficiency anemia" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14250" CreationDate="2017-11-07T12:48:06.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: Animal liver may not be a suitable source of iron to treat anemia in pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The upper tolerable intake for vitamin A&lt;/strong&gt; --the amount that should not cause any side effects in an adult women and no birth defects in a baby--, is 10,000 IU per day, which can come from &lt;strong&gt;4.8 oz or 135 g of &lt;em&gt;pork&lt;/em&gt; liver.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This amount of pork liver can contain &lt;strong&gt;24 mg iron,&lt;/strong&gt; which is less than the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron (27 mg/day) and less than commonly prescribed doses of iron supplements (&gt;100 mg/day), so it is unlikely to improve anemia in a reasonable time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/vitamins/vitamin-a-retinol-retinal-beta-carotene.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iron&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. NOTE, that &lt;em&gt;beef&lt;/em&gt; liver can contain much more vitamin A and much less iron, so it is even less suitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.P.S. One serving of &lt;em&gt;beef spleen&lt;/em&gt; contains twice as much iron than pork liver and practically no vitamin A (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3477/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-11-07T16:21:15.430" LastActivityDate="2017-11-07T16:21:15.430" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-07T16:52:00.633" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;About a month ago I woke up to my right arm completely numb forearm onwards. It was completely dead and I could swing it around. It took a few minutes for it to come back alive and I didn't care about it after that. Recently I woke up to it a lot more often than I would be comfortable with (3 times this week). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have researched slightly on this issue and almost all the solutions I got were along the lines of &quot;it's not serious and your brain will wake you up&quot;. What I'm concerned with is that what if I don't? My arm now feels weaker(most probably psychological) and I really don't want to wake up to a dead limb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This issue only surfaced recently and is there any correlation to my age? I'm 17.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11897" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T20:06:17.407" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T05:05:20.660" Title="Prevention of numb limbs caused by sleep posture" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;limbs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14256" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-07T20:06:15.417" Score="6" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know, is there an area of overlap between misophonia and autism? Because I have heard autistic people are sensitive to specific sounds in absence of love and cover their ears. How different are these conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11652" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:51:29.257" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T04:53:31.910" Title="Misophonia and autism" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;autism&gt;&lt;sensitivity-intolerance&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;&lt;misophonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-08T09:20:06.773" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some would recommend doing more exercise, but somehow after couple weeks of exercise(burn at least 150 calories everyday), the rate still stay the exactly the same. Is the rate working like a fixed number to body or do my body have problem with burning calories? If it is the case, is there any suppliments would help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11902" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T22:20:30.577" Title="Is there any way to increase self-burn calories rate?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14263" CreationDate="2017-11-08T10:57:33.227" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've experimented depression for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, I haven't been feeling depressed everytime, only sometimes, especially when I was alone, but that's not the reason. Every &quot;episode&quot; was like I would want to die over and over again, but at a certain time, I've felt like I was detached from my mind and I was thinking about me crying as a &quot;different&quot; person, I've stopped realising why I was crying, everything was blurry for me, I've started to feel confused about everything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm fine, still feeling confused, but it's better. My problem now is that I'm struggling with fatigue. Everytime I want to focus on something, I feel lazy and tired, especially on rainy days. I've been playing a game, and I'm still playing, but now I'm not that good at playing and I don't know why, in the past was better even when I was sad.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to learn something new, but everytime I'm focused on learning I have something like fever and my eyes are burning and I gave up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid of possible illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I do? I've tried to drink more coffee, eat more, sport etc., doesn't help too much. I can't afford to go to a psychologist/doctor right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for my bad english, I'm not native speaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11903" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T12:18:08.677" Title="Confusing thoughts/depression" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2017-11-08T14:17:44.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14261" CreationDate="2017-11-08T12:18:08.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Professional Advice is vital&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychologist&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I know you said you can’t afford to see a psychologist, and I can’t judge you. I don’t know of your financial background and costs of health care in your local region. I do want to point out that basically, what you have to ask yourself is how much your health is worth to you. If you can somehow manage to see a psychologist, you’d benefit greatly from it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Churches&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Again, this is very dependent on where you live. In my area, local (Christian) priests have the qualifications of professional grief counsellors and chaplains. They usually offer their services for free. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aid Organisations&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Organisations like the Red Cross also have professional psychologists and chaplains on a voluntary bases and demand little to no money for their services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T12:18:08.677" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13369" CreationDate="2017-11-08T12:42:16.260" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reasoning with &amp;quot;evolution&amp;quot; and 'natural' settings is a good starting point in terms of human nutrition. But there are caveats in this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it tends to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article-abstract/11/2/123/890895&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;armchair&lt;/a&gt; reasoning without archaeological or paleontological evidence&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;evolution can be very quick, even for &lt;a href=&quot;http://science.sciencemag.org/content/267/5206/1907&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;slowly reproducing and mutating&lt;/a&gt; humans: before the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/on-the-nature-of-transitions-the-middle-to-upper-palaeolithic-and-the-neolithic-revolution/E2C7C71267F54E0B71371C34BF11C1B5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;neolithic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00259.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;revolution&lt;/a&gt; humans did not eat so much starches or fats from grassy corns (that we &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teosinte&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transformed&lt;/a&gt; considerably by breeding in a very short time) and lactose &lt;a href=&quot;https://muse.jhu.edu/article/476465/summary&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tolerance&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase_persistence&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;adults&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.1983.9979887&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;spread&lt;/a&gt; very quickly from anatolian cattle keepers to the north and west (mainly)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://science.sciencemag.org/content/309/5732/234&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;evolution is still ongoing&lt;/a&gt; and not a finished process we have to live with. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(03)00215-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epigenetics&lt;/a&gt; alone indicate that genetic adaptability is intergenerationally high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;humans are &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/053901888027002005&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;true&lt;/a&gt; omnivores and can and did survive in good health and into old age on a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16034.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;very broad&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/053901848001900603&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;spectrum&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/101/26/9551.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;foods&lt;/a&gt;. And they did so in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/98/11/6528.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;past&lt;/a&gt;. This is not to be read as everyone in our supposedly golden past got quite old. Insects, game, fish, mollusks, birds, tubers, roots, grass seeds, nuts, vegetables and fruit, all on the menu but in very different ratios at differernt times.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the vast majority of our history the main concern with food was always: getting more in order to ensure to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;get enough&lt;/a&gt;. More than enough food eaten  was only a problem for a minute 'elite' of the past and starvation or malnutrition is still a big problem in some parts of this world. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famines&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Starving&lt;/a&gt; to death is much quicker than eating to death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very funny to read old recipes for &amp;quot;war-bread&amp;quot; in World War I Germany: when the (now so called) bad carbohydrates from grains were in short supply and &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=MxqhBgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA87&amp;amp;lpg=PA87&amp;amp;dq=kriegsbrot+1917++rezept&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bran, beets and potatoes&lt;/a&gt; were added to stretch out what was there. &lt;a href=&quot;https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&amp;amp;CC=GB&amp;amp;NR=131402&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What&lt;/a&gt; today is sold as &amp;quot;health-food&amp;quot; was once one of the very sparse reasons for ordinary &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip_Winter&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Germans to riot&lt;/a&gt; and rebel and make a revolution!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://Conversion%20ratios%20of%20n-3%20fatty%20acids%20between%20plasma%20and%20erythrocytes:%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-regression.&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;conversion rate&lt;/a&gt; for EPA and DHA is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dhaomega3.org/Overview/Conversion-Efficiency-of-ALA-to-DHA-in-Humans&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;usually low&lt;/a&gt; but not necessarily too low&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927474/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;If fed much omega-3 the conversion rate in rats can exceed the brain's uptake limit.&lt;/a&gt; And in humans this is quite similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA varies between 0.2% and 21%, and that of ALA to DHA varies between 0% and 9% (Andrew et al. 2006; Williams and Burdge 2006). The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is affected by multiple factors such as sex and competitive inhibition of Δ6-desaturase by LA and ALA. […]&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Besides the amount of PUFA, the ratio of ω6/ω3 is known to be of nutritional importance as it is the key index for balanced synthesis of eicosanoids in the body&lt;/strong&gt; (Steffens 1997). For optimal infant nutrition, the ratio of n-6/n-3 must be not higher than 10 (Gerster 1998). In Coastal states where mothers consumed high amounts of fish rich in n-3 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratios were significantly lower than that of other countries (6.5 and 8.5, respectively) (Kneebone et al. 1985; Boersma et al. 1991). High consumption of plant oils rich in n-6 PUFA and consumption of relatively low marine foods (as source of n-3 PUFA) increases the n-6/n-3 ratio. When one has a diet rich in ALA and lower LA consumption levels, EPA and DHA in muscle tissue increased due to reduced competition for Δ6 desaturase. In most Indian consumers, the n-6/n-3 intake ratio is equal to 1/30-70, but the ideal ratio is 1/5-10 to protect human health. Japanese are the only people who take an ideal ratio of 1/2-4 and this is due to their consumption of seafood (Aleksandra et al. 2009). In communities in the west, consumption of ω6 is much higher than that of ω3; such that in the United States, consumption of ω6 is 10–30 times more than that of ω3. Nutritional scientists suggest the 2:1 to 4:1 n-6/n-3 ratio, which indicates a high consumption of seafood (Aleksandra et al. 2009).&#xA;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237475/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is partially illustrated here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vm4Lv.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vm4Lv.png&quot; alt=&quot;eicosanoid synthesing pathways.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, both pathways use the same enzymes, making them the limiting factor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, most studies in humans have shown that whereas a certain, though restricted, conversion of high doses of ALA to EPA occurs, conversion to DHA is severely restricted. The use of ALA labelled with radioisotopes suggested that with a background diet high in saturated fat conversion to long-chain metabolites is approximately 6% for EPA and 3.8% for DHA. &lt;strong&gt;With a diet rich in n-6 PUFA, conversion is reduced by 40 to 50%.&lt;/strong&gt; It is thus reasonable to observe an n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio not exceeding 4-6. From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9637947&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2010/11/08/Omega-3-ALA-intakes-enough-for-EPA-DPA-levels-for-non-fish-eaters&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega-3: ALA intakes enough for EPA/DPA levels for non-fish eaters?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The conversion of the plant-based omega-3 ALA to the long-chain EPA and DHA may be increased in vegans and vegetarians who do not eat fish, suggest results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while it is true that artificial transfats are really bad, and otherwise industrially damaged fats should be avoided at all cost it is not true that saturated fats have a bad influence on eicosanoid status.&#xA;Total consumption of plant based alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) is one key, over abundance of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;omega-6&lt;/a&gt; acids like arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) is another. That is quite ironic because a vegetarian or vegan diet that is not well planned tends to increase this unhealthy ratio of fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the view that the ratio of all &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fatty acids to one another&lt;/a&gt; has come under attack, the rate of conversion is still dependent on dietary ALA in this view:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/84/1/44.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Conversion of α-linolenic acid in humans is influenced by the absolute amounts of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in the diet and not by their ratio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Too much PUFAs of the wrong kind is detrimental.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beef from cows that are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846864/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;grass fed tends&lt;/a&gt; to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.berkeleywellness.com/healthy-eating/food/nutrition/article/grass-fed-beef-omega-3s&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a much richer source of omega-3 acids&lt;/a&gt; than those fed soy and maize to fatten &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16500874&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;them and us up&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at these sources of &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;essential fatty acids&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XtZJ7.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XtZJ7.png&quot; alt=&quot;Pauling illustration of EFAs and sources&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from leaving out sources of good fat, like the nutritious monkey brain that's full of DHA because that &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.ohsu.edu/2014/02/05/monkeys-that-eat-omega-3-rich-diet-show-more-developed-brain-networks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ape ate all&lt;/a&gt; the good stuff away from us: You see an important ingredient in our diet suspiciously absent from that picture. The same article, however, does list it partially elsewhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Food Sources of Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6) (157)&#xA;Food                         Serving         Linoleic Acid (g)&#xA;Safflower oil                1 tablespoon    10.1&#xA;Sunflower seeds, oil roasted 1 oz            9.7&#xA;Pine nuts                    1 oz            9.4&#xA;Sunflower oil                1 tablespoon    8.9&#xA;Corn oil                     1 tablespoon    7.3&#xA;Soybean oil                  1 tablespoon    6.9&#xA;Pecans, oil roasted          1 oz            6.4&#xA;Brazil nuts                  1 oz            5.8&#xA;Sesame oil                   1 tablespoon    5.6&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sunflower-fat and oils from grains are a major contributor of PUFAs in a suboptimal ratio, providing too much &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AA&lt;/a&gt; and LA. And this is one part of refining fat: feeding animals the wrong kind of fodder that then ends up damaging us. Only eating the plants with this ratio directly might be even more damaging. A vegan cooking his gluten-rich seitan-steak in sunflower oil is very likely on the wrong track.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means from an evolutionary view it is perfectly &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=7f9lgCviA4IC&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reasonable&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781466594876&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;assume&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20683/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;humans evolved to eat what was/is found in the African savannah far from the coast&lt;/a&gt;. Only after the neolithic revolution when our &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=ixACN_MMHVsC&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;western diet slowly&lt;/a&gt; came into the abysmal shape it is today did we decrease our ability to synthesise EPA and DHA so much that adding external i.e. marine sources for them is now &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781588296689&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;almost&lt;/a&gt; mandatory. If one wants to keep the high amount of omega6 in the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parts of the reasoning in the question are perfectly valid. But the unqualified call for poly-unsaturated essential fatty acids is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332202002536&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;culprit&lt;/a&gt;. Mono-unsaturated acids and saturated fats might raise concerns because of their energy density, not because of their effect on DHA/EPA conversion. While omega-6 acids &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; necessary, they have been present in western diets in much to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442909&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;high ratios&lt;/a&gt;. It is therefore unwise to call for an increase in all PUFAs across the board.&#xA;It is not the use of cooking oil per se that brought us into this situation. It is industrialised agriculture and food preparation that favoured the very &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/FRI-120028831&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lopsided&lt;/a&gt; narrowing of our meal plans into the unhealthy category for way too many people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit total fat intake, avoid trans fatty acids, and reduce saturated fats.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make monounsaturated fatty acids the primary dietary fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Include good sources of ALA (omega-3 fatty acids from plants) daily.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduce intake of omega-6 fatty acids, if excessive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider a direct source of EPA and DHA.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/020810p22.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vegetarian’s Challenge — Optimizing Essential Fatty Acid Status]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T18:21:54.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11128" CreationDate="2017-11-08T16:01:10.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly: yes, heating honey can be of a certain concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article linked to above is based on ayurvedic principles which do not compare well in their reasoning with modern scientific thinking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/is-cooking-honey-unhealthy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;First, Ayurveda claims that heating honey to 104°F/ 40°C or above causes a negative chemical change that causes it to become bitter. This makes it undesirable to use from a culinary perspective in comparison with other natural sweeteners like unrefined cane sugar or fruit.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In addition, Ayurvedic dietary principles warn that consuming honey that has been cooked, baked or added to hot liquids contributes to ill health over time. The reason is because honey that is cooked becomes like glue. The molecules then tend to adhere to mucous membranes in the digestive tract producing toxins, called ama. The literal meaning of ama is undigested food or toxins stuck within the digestive tract. It is considered to be the root cause of most ill health in Ayurveda with heated honey one of the most difficult forms to detoxify.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Charaka, the ancient sage of Ayurveda, wrote over 500 years ago that “nothing is so troublesome as ama caused by the improper intake of honey.”&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Dr. Krishna, an Ayurvedic practitioner for over two decades explains further that even raw honey should not be mixed with hot or spicy foods as this will by default make it “hot”. In addition, he advises against using raw honey in a hot environment where you are already warm and possibly overheated.&#xA;At this point, we’ve established that the ancient system of Ayurveda considers uncooked honey to be nectar and cooked honey as poison. But, what does modern science have to say on the subject?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is indeed an interesting question. Some concepts in the above reasoning should be regarded as very weak reasoning. It could nevertheless be accidentally right, based on empirical evidence and just getting in wrong in the pre-scientific explanation? Meanwhile, the producers of honey, have a clear message:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sleepingbearfarms.com/raw-honey-posts/heating-honey-pros-cons/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is Heated Honey Toxic?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;First, let’s assuage the most serious concern – no, heating honey will not turn it toxic and kill you. Heating up raw honey will change the makeup of the honey, and potentially weaken or destroy enzymes, vitamins, minerals, etc (more on this in a second) but it will not give you a horrible disease or poison you. Yes, this is something that we’re asked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keeping it close to raw is great for your body, but heating it isn’t going to kill you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that heat denatures the enzymes present in honey and destroys some vitamins should not come at a surprise. Heated protein is consumed in large amounts and the protein coming from cooked eggs or fried meat is not a concern for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7EccYugxhQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coctivores&lt;/a&gt; like humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reason for valid concern then? A small degradation of enzymes and vitamins doesn't sound scary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215355/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Studies on the physicochemical characteristics of heated honey, honey mixed with ghee and their food consumption pattern by rats&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Honey and ghee are the two food substances used widely in our diet. In Ayurveda, it is quoted that heated honey and honey mixed with equal amount of ghee produce deleterious effects. […] There was a significant rise in hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde (HMF) in 60º and 140°C heated honey samples. The browning and total antioxidant of honey mixed ghee samples was significantly higher when compared to ghee samples. […] The study revealed that the heated honey mixed with ghee produces HMF which may cause deleterious effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27439754&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of honey HMF on enzyme activities and serum biochemical parameters of Wistar rats&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a by-product of thermal degradation of glucose and fructose. In this study, the effects of high HMF content of honey on biochemical parameters of rats were investigated. Experiments were conducted with 40 Wistar albino male rats, each weighing 250-350 g and covered a period of 5 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups. The first group was served as control group. HMF was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 200 mg/kg rat b.w. to the animals in group 2. Group 3 was fed with honey that contains 10 mg HMF/kg honey. In group 4 and 5, there were honeys that contain significantly high HMF content due to long storage period (181 mg HMF/kg honey) and heat process (140 mg HMF/kg honey). At the end of the feeding process, biochemical blood parameters of rats were investigated. It was observed that there were no differences among the glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, uric acid, Na, GGT, and ALP parameters of the groups. On the other hand, significant differences were observed among the cholesterol, LDL, BUN, creatinine, Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, total bilirubin, LDH, CPK, AST, ALT, total protein, and pseudocholinesterase values of the rats. The highest adverse effects were obtained from group HMF, and it was followed by groups SH (stored honey) and HH (heated honey). It can be concluded that high HMF content of honey may affect the human health adversely; thus, HMF in honey must be controlled by beekeepers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is indeed a bit disconcerting. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylfurfural&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HMF&lt;/a&gt; is present in honey from the start and increases with age as well as with the application of heat. This substance is &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lwt.2010.11.002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suspected&lt;/a&gt; to be a carcinogenic agent. But how much of this substance actually forms in the intended application of honey as sweetener in tea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27413239&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Characterisation of viscosity, colour, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content and diastase activity in raw rape honey (Brassica napus) at different temperatures&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of heating at various temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) on dynamic viscosity, colour, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) concentration and diastase activity of raw rape honey were assessed. […] &lt;strong&gt;Heating for 15 min between 50 °C and 80 °C did not significantly degrade the quality of the honey, but, &lt;em&gt;slightly&lt;/em&gt; enhanced formation of 5-HMF and reduced the diastase activity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heating honey may not be ideal, and it &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; spoil a little over time. In relation to the question it has to be noted that all hexose &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1081%2Ffri-120025480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;saccharides&lt;/a&gt;, and especially fructose as found in table sugar, can degrade in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of this has to be put into perspective: a table spoon of honey in a cup of tea will not reach a high enough temperature for long enough to really become so &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toxic in a meaningful dose&lt;/a&gt; to be of any real concern in that regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T16:08:32.633" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4623" CreationDate="2017-11-08T19:42:54.053" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any work done in this area. A whole blood transfusion is not going replace circulating defective lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation has some promise in patients with deteriorating lung function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Autologous HSCT could “reset” the host immune system to a point in time when the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity were not present (41). Illustrative of this point, is the fact that pre-HSCT immunity wanes and often disappears after autologous HSCT. In recipients of TBI conditioning and autologous HSCT, the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity was shown to normalize after lymphoablation and autologous transplant (42). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But do the benefits of autologous HSCT outweigh the risks? Likely not in autoimmune diseases with low associated mortality, but for scleroderma lung disease the benefits appear compelling. Replicated in multiple phase II reports from Europe and the US, dramatic and durable improvements in skin fibrosis and quality of life measures have been observed along with stabilization of PFTs. Three prospective, randomized clinical trials in patients with SSc and internal organ involvement have compared autologous HSCT treatment to high-dose IV pulse CYC given for up to 12 months. The SCOT trial is still following all subjects through the 54th month primary endpoint, but as detailed above the ASSIST and ASTIS randomized trials have been completed and both report statistically significant clinical benefits after stem cell transplantation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS787239/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS787239/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-11-08T19:42:54.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14236" CreationDate="2017-11-09T13:34:22.127" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sexual function is human biology. It is complex with aspects that are psychological + neurological + hormonal + vascular + etc.  It's all interwoven.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, beyond &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_castration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemical castration&lt;/a&gt;* (which as mentioned above is a harsh and drastic measure), the answer is no - at least not reliably, as decreased libido is only a potential side effect &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/all-about-sex/201403/do-you-take-drugs-might-cause-sex-problems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;of some medications&lt;/a&gt;.  Some &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/medications-that-affect-sexual-function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;examples&lt;/a&gt; include antipsychotics, antiepileptics, antihypertensives.  Most adverse sexual side effects of medications are actually just physical, such as inability to orgasm or have a full erection - WITHOUT decreasing desire.  Therefore they are not clinically indicated for intentionally decreasing libido.  Even if you found someone to prescribe it, you would have to then deal with the unwanted effects of those medications' &lt;em&gt;primary&lt;/em&gt; mechanism of action, and &lt;em&gt;other potential side effects&lt;/em&gt;.   Also, as a correction to your comment, Viagra doesn't increase sex drive, it increases erectile tumescence with arousal.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I do not have a formal reference for the below, it is from a lecture on sexual health by a faculty clinical psychologist:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person CAN address the psychological aspects of sexual behaviors that they find distressing.  The PsyD pointed out that for those who feel distress about masturbation behaviors, including in relationship settings, it is often not the act of masturbation that yields distress, it is what the person engages in during the act - e.g. pornography or ego-dystonic fantasies - and those are alterable behaviors.  This is actually a common issue that psychologists/sex therapists see and know how to address.  I advise seeking professional guidance for approaching this in a psychologically healthy way, as distress over sexuality can adversely impact healthy future sexual relationships.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*This Wikipedia explanation is actually better than other medical sites I found that aren't behind pay walls&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2017-11-09T13:34:22.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14321" CreationDate="2017-11-09T14:26:14.003" Score="6" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I recently learned about how exactly obesity is formed. I learned that if you consume too many calories but don't burn enough of them, your body will start to form fat. Then how come that people still get hungry even if they have plenty of engergy stored by fat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words; Why does the body still need extra food even though it has plenty of energy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11918" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T12:15:49.003" Title="Why do people still get hungry if they're overweight" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-09T17:13:14.687" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kidney cysts are becoming 4th leading factor of kidney failure unfortunately. &lt;strong&gt;There is no cure of PKD yet&lt;/strong&gt; though research is going on! &lt;br&gt;&#xA;My question is &amp;quot;If a person suffers from PKD detects it accidently at very early age suppose at his twenties. Will it be helpful to him anyway as there is no cure available? At early stage, there are only some cysts on Kidney then at later stage where thousands of cysts reside on Kidney stopping Kidney to do its functionality.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q. Does everyone with PKD develop kidney failure? &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Answer: About 50 percent of people with PKD will have kidney failure by age 60, and about 60 percent will have kidney failure by age 70. People with kidney failure will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/polycystic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kidney.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11919" LastEditorUserId="11919" LastEditDate="2020-09-04T16:56:29.597" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T16:56:29.597" Title="Do detection of Kidney cysts (PKD) at an early stage helps prevention of Kidney Failure?" Tags="&lt;kidney-disease&gt;&lt;cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14278" CreationDate="2017-11-09T20:04:38.007" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article?id=193515&amp;amp;src=search&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A study conducted by the German journal Ärzteblatt&lt;/a&gt; revealed that in German Emergency Rooms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;more than half of the patients do not think their condition requires urgent treatment and &lt;strong&gt;thus do not meet the definition of a medical emergency.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a flaw within the German healthcare system or can a trend of overfull Emergency Rooms be considered a global issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;For this specific question, I do see that there might be an absence of studies and numbers, so I‘d encourage personal experience as long as it is well reasoned and backed up by inherent logic or facts.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T20:19:35.390" Title="Overfull ERs across the globe" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14277" CreationDate="2017-11-09T21:49:24.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This doesn't look like a Germany only problem to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/949429-tackling-the-problem-of-overstretched-emergency-departments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK has this problem&lt;/a&gt;, the US…&lt;br&gt; &#xA;This is a classical textbook resource allocation problem. Our ideologues have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;theriac&lt;/a&gt; like cure-all for this. Their religion calls this supreme being &quot;the market&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with a regular source of care used the emergency department more appropriately than did patients without a regular source of care. […] &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Public emergency departments could refer large numbers of patients to appointments at primary care facilities. This alternative would be viable only if the availability and coordination of primary care services were enhanced for low-income populations. [From: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.83.3.372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Primary care and public emergency department overcrowding&lt;/a&gt;.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lack of coordination, lack of (not only monetary) resources, increase of demand and run-for-profit cost-cutting and funding-slashing – all working nicely together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01280.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frequent Overcrowding in U.S. Emergency Departments:&lt;/a&gt; Abstract. Objective: To describe the definition, extent, and factors associated with overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) in the United States as perceived by ED directors.[…] Conclusions: Episodic, but frequent, overcrowding is a significant problem in academic, county, and private hospital EDs in urban and rural settings. Its causes are complex and multifactorial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this is a systemic and structural problem of those politics we chose to endure and tolerate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064400701053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overcrowding in the nation’s emergency departments: Complex causes and disturbing effects:&lt;/a&gt; Ten years ago, serious overcrowding in emergency departments became a national issue. Although temporary improvement of the problem occurred, the issue of ED overcrowding has now resurfaced and threatens to become worse. Overcrowding is caused by a complex web of interrelated issues described in this article. ED overcrowding has multiple effects, including placing the patient at risk for poor outcome, prolonged pain and suffering of some patients, long patient waits, patient dissatisfaction, ambulance diversions in some cities, decreased physician productivity, increased frustration among medical staff, and violence. Solving the problem of overcrowding will not only require a major financial commitment from the federal government and local hospitals, but will also require a cooperation from managed care. Unless the problem is solved in the near future, the general public may no longer be able to rely on EDs for quality and timely emergency care, placing the people of this country at risk. &#xA;  Among the reasons listed, there are quite a few redundant words used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased complexity and acuity of patients presenting to the ED&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overall increase in patient volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Managed care problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lack of beds for patients admitted to the hospital.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding inpatient hospital admission by “intensive therapy” in the ED.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delays in service provided by radiology, laboratory, and ancillary services.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortage of nursing staff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortage of administrative/clerical support staff&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortage of on-call specialty consultants or lack of availability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortage of physical plant space within the ED&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Problems with language and cultural barriers.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortage of house staff who rotate through teaching hospital EDs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased medical record documentation requirements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Difficulty in arranging follow-up care.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice there are factors indicating increased quality of health care: overall numbers increase is partially the result of better quality leading to an ageing population. Then there is this stupid taylorised over documentation for quality controlling (McKinseyed to death), thought of as good idea, terrible outcome in current practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But most indicative in this analysis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shortages&lt;/a&gt; everywhere! &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?hl=de&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=EDg_AwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PP1&amp;amp;dq=%22seventeen%20contradictions%22%20end%20of%20capitalism&amp;amp;ots=DB54P-Cgut&amp;amp;sig=1JWnGRA3ks2Ic0nXOpecLg3xIYQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sounds&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/328/7452/1328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;socialism&lt;/a&gt; is back? &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Or&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/096922997347751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is&lt;/a&gt;  this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;driven by greed&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-10T20:19:35.390" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T20:19:35.390" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-09T22:28:07.203" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have scoliossis.I went to 2 doctors and they send me to get some kinetotherapy .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked them what can I do with my problem.I asked them if I can go to the gym and they said that I can &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; go to the swimming pool.&#xA;Both doctors are women if that matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they right? Aren't any exercises that I can do at the gym?Since I didn't went to the gym my muscles became smaller and I feel like my learning speed had decreased because I don't move and I don't get enough oxigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EwKrM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EwKrM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11767" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T01:47:01.517" Title="Scoliossis exercises at Gym" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;scoliosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2017-11-13T06:15:57.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-10T09:18:43.187" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;Originally the question was &lt;code&gt;How are Sensitivity/Specificity determined for the first test available for a disease?&lt;/code&gt; but I narrowed it down a bit since it seemed to be too broad. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that measuring Sensitivity and Specificity requires that you know in advance which people are positive or negative for some disease what's the general process if you develop a new test for a new disease where there's no existing test for the disease making it hard to actually reason about who has the disease and who doesn't. Similarily, if you have an existing test and develop a new test that is supposed to be more accurate, how are you going to tell who has the disease and who not because using the existing test to quantify that introduces &quot;unkown&quot; errors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarily, how is this done for diseases that don't even have biomarkers available at that point. I.e. mental illnesses like depression. The way they are defined is by a set of criteria that define the illness and then people develop questionaires to screen for these mental illnesses but since the only way of knowing whether somebody actually has depression is to apply the criteria from the definition those criteria are actually what defines the test in the sense that hose criteria determine whether somebody has the disease, or not. In essence, doesn't this mean that you invent criteria based upon 'nothing' and then create a questionnaire for it but since the definition is actually arbitrary how does this gain you new insight or new information? In some sense, I could define 'hoarding' as well... 'excessively collecting/hoarding objects...' and then devise a questionaire that consisting of two questions 'do you hoard books' and 'do you hoard empty bottles' and if 80% of hoarders do one of these things I will have 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity but I might as well just use the criteria from the definition and do much better than that questionnaire. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can't really make the argument that the criteria are set so that it fits people having the disease well... because the criteria is what defines the disease in the first place contrary to disease that are diagnosed based on an underlying known pathology and tests try to detect that pathology (or side-effects of that pathology) and the accuracy of the test depends on how good in can detect that pathology. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some thoughts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the way I'd do it is I'd just measure a lot of stuff and then see if I can find any significant correlation. Like I have 100 patients with similar symptoms and I check their blood and see that 80 of those patients have more copper in their blood than a healthy control group causing me to think that copper is involved in the pathology then I'd investigate that further and then I notice that their bodies don't process copper as they should and this sometimes causes in 90% of the people with that pathology increased copper blood levels, in 10% we don't see that and the other 10% of my patients turned out to have something that produces the same symptoms but the pathology is something completely different. So I devise a test around that that' measures elevated copper levels which 90% people (with that pathology) have but with some errors and due a cut-off level I have to put somewhere let's say I get about 88% sensitivity and 96% of specificity (because a few people have idiopathic elevated copper levels or something that produces a higher copper level). But I obviously can't really do the same for illnesses where I don't know the pathology because there's zero way of telling who has which pathology. Like depression. If I define depression as 'a.) has low mood on most of the days for at least 6 months' or similar and this is both the test AND the definition of the disorder I obviously get 100% sensitivity, but that's because the test and the definition is the exact same thing and there's no way of determining the specificity because everything that matches my criteria is by definition having this illness I just defined meaning it will match absolutely everything that provokes these symptoms regardless of the pathology so I can't really measure specificity unless I neglect the existence of other diseases producing the same symptoms, in which case I'd get both 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity but this is obviously 'cheating' OR if I just define it as co-morbid to some other pathology in every case but that's basically also just a neat 'cheat'?&#xA;I could then add a little extra criteria 'b.) not due to some other disorder' but this at least scientifically looks like another 'cheat' because now you don't have a test for anything anymore to begin with. You have a definition, but no test. You can't use a questionnaire anymore. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8775" LastEditorUserId="8775" LastEditDate="2017-11-10T16:14:27.733" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T16:14:27.733" Title="How are Sensitivity/Specificity determined for tests in mental health?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11724" CreationDate="2017-11-10T13:52:35.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. There are scientific reasons and treatments involving worms and allergies or other immune system disorders. But the results are not overly conclusive and still understudied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is based on the so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hygiene hypothesis&lt;/a&gt; in immunology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short version to this: our immune system evolved in a world full of dirt and germs  where it had to be quite aggressive against all those threats and invasions in order to keep  our ancestors alive. In recent years – since Leuwenhoek, Semmelweiss, Lister, Koch and Pasteur – we learned that and how germs could make us ill and tried to eradicate all of them. Or at least keep them away from us as to limit the danger of getting infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would theoretically translate into the very simple reasoning: Trying to eliminate all germs, or improving hygiene, ensures a much healthier population across the board. But the problem observed was that allergies were on the rise into previously unheard of dimensions despite the direct living environments getting cleaner and cleaner. That is, in modernised or Western societies allergies have become very widespread. In less developed nations the rise of allergies was seen as much less pronounced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hypothesis is now that a lack of actual threats and &amp;quot;proper training&amp;quot; is directing the immune system to attack otherwise rather benign substances (like pollen) or even the own tissues (auto-immune disorders). Turning this process from its head back to its feet again it was then tried whether a deliberate infestation with once very common hookworms might alleviate the symptoms of sufferers. And apparently it sometimes did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from currently being still &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; promising there are downsides to its applications. The effects seem to rely quite heavily on early childhood exposure and diminish with age. Having a worm is not much fun and of course, once the worms have &amp;quot;modulated the immune system&amp;quot; you have to get treatment to get rid of them again (which might cause an impressive range of side-effects on its own; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/vermox-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while overuse of certain hygienic agents, like disinfectants and antibiotics, are certainly a problem, cutting back radically on hygiene or even to introduce deliberate infections of any kind seem like an easy inference – and a bat droppings crazy stupid one on top. It's complicated and we're still figuring out much of the basics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good overviews are presented here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130422-feeling-ill-swallow-a-parasite&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worm therapy. Why parasites may be good for you&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/2014/pages/hookworm/hookworm.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health by Hookworm&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/23/parasitic-hookworm-jasper-lawrence-tim-adams&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gut instinct: the miracle of the parasitic hookworm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although there were early speculations about this coming from Russian fringe doctors many decades ago and emerging in Western science in the seventies, the hypothesis really came into form with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hay fever, hygiene, and household size&lt;/a&gt; and took off after German reunification provided a really large quasi-experimental corroboration for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another word for this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;helminthic therapy&lt;/a&gt;. This whole concept is now even largely superseded (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ni.3829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;refined&lt;/a&gt;?) with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/health/Old-Friends-Hypothesis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Old Friends hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;, including bacteria and even viruses. This presents a much more &lt;em&gt;re&lt;/em&gt;-balanced view of &amp;quot;us&amp;quot;– taking for example also our whole microbiome into consideration and not just a few &amp;quot;key players&amp;quot; like the hookworm in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More up-to-date and in a more scientifically constructed wording than the gross oversimplifications above are these papers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680069/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interactions between helminth parasites and allergy&lt;/a&gt;(2009)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Helminth infections have strong modulatory effects on anti-parasite inflammatory responses in the human host but it is not clear if helminths can affect allergic inflammatory responses to aero-allergens. Helminth infections have been associated with both a reduced prevalence and increased prevalence of atopy and atopic disease in different populations. The immune regulatory effects of tissue helminths are likely to be stronger than those of geo-helminths. Further research in prospective observational and intervention studies is required to address the question of causality. An understanding of the mechanisms by which helminth parasites modulate the host allergic inflammatory response may lead to the development of novel anti-inflammatory interventions. The demonstration of a causal association between some helminth parasites (particularly geo-helminths and toxocariasis that have a worldwide distribution) and an increased risk of asthma could lead to anthelmintic treatment programmes in populations considered to be at high risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025185/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Hygiene Hypothesis and Its Inconvenient Truths about Helminth Infections&lt;/a&gt;(2016)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current iterations of the hygiene hypothesis suggest an adaptive role for helminth parasites in shaping the proper maturation of the immune system. However, aspects of this hypothesis are based on assumptions that may not fully account for realities about human helminth infections. Such realities include evidence of causal associations between helminth infections and asthma or inflammatory bowel disease as well as the fact that helminth infections remain widespread in the United States, especially among populations at greatest risk for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that the parasites are well known to be able to modulate the immune system response. But this does not translate into proven, always beneficial effects. It can also go very wrong and actually worsen any associated condition. We do not know with certainty how the parasites do it. We do not know with certainty which parasites might be good or bad for what. We do not know with certainty if early exposure (at a young age), where the observed effects seem strongest, is necessary and therefor a treatment for adults much less effective. Having parasites is not very pleasant, just copying their mechanism looks much more promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recently emerged attractive alternative hypothesis to explain the rise of inflammatory diseases is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“biome depletion” theory&lt;/a&gt;. This suggests inflammatory disease may be due to a loss of species diversity or alteration of composition of the commensal microbiome within the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The immense conflicting data regarding the benefits versus harms of live helminths as a therapeutic modality to date warrants further questioning of the utility of additional human clinical trials. Therefore, directing future research and trials towards helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules allows for safer and better-described therapies that could alleviate the suffering from autoimmune conditions without the commensurate risk of a parasite infection. Indeed, the aim of experimental animal models should be to develop novel treatments that mimic the effects of helminths without requiring the presence of parasites in the host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374592/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders – where do we stand?&lt;/a&gt; (2015)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Parasitic helminths have evolved together with the mammalian immune system over many millennia and as such they have become remarkably efficient modulators in order to promote their own survival. Their ability to alter and/or suppress immune responses could be beneficial to the host by helping control excessive inflammatory responses and animal models and pre-clinical trials have all suggested a beneficial effect of helminth infections on inflammatory bowel conditions, MS, asthma and atopy. Thus, helminth therapy has been suggested as a possible treatment method for autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially in relation to asthma:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://autoimmunetherapies.com/candidate_diseases_for_helminthic_therapy_or_worm_therapy/asthma_helminthic_therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asthma &amp;amp; Helminthic Therapy. Evidence for the use of helminthic therapy to treat Asthma&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T15:27:44.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-10T15:20:35.360" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glutamate decarboxylase enzyme converts Glutamate into GABA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also increase in gaba levels decrease gad activity! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why does increased gaba levels decrease GAD activity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11925" LastActivityDate="2017-11-10T15:20:35.360" Title="GAD67 Effect on Sleep" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15978" CreationDate="2017-11-10T17:19:53.107" Score="6" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we neglect the effect of dehydration and BM, then is weight gain a one variable function of calorie intake minus calorie consumption? If yes, how many grams one would gain for excessive 1000 calories? If no, what other factors are involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T10:03:51.067" Title="Weight gain as a function of calorie intake minus calorie consumption" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-11T02:22:25.277" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is pupil dilation required to test for any damage caused to the human eye by a solar eclipse?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7611" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T04:50:23.050" Title="How to doctors test for eye damage from a solar eclipse?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14292" CreationDate="2017-11-11T04:50:23.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's not. Solar retinopathy commonly presents with blurred vision the day after gazing at an eclipse so the diagnosis can be made on the history. Other symptoms that might present include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a central or paracentral scotoma, chromotopsia, metamorphopsia, photophobia, and headache&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't need to dilate the pupil to examine the fovea, or to examine the macula, or to test visual acuity. However, pupillary dilatation might be of help in other investigations to confirm the diagnosis such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), and OCT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2013/october-2013/solar-retinopathy-etiology,-diagnosis,-and-treatm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2013/october-2013/solar-retinopathy-etiology,-diagnosis,-and-treatm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T04:50:23.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13450" CreationDate="2017-11-11T19:13:57.240" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/myopia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myopia&lt;/a&gt;, or nearsightedness, occurs when the eye grows too long from front to back. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Optometric Association&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of focusing images on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/retina&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;retina&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/lens-eye-structure&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lens&lt;/a&gt; of the eye focuses the image in front of the retina. In a normal eye, the light focuses on the retina. However, in individuals with myopia, the eyeball is too long and focuses light in front of the retina. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although genetics plays a major role in the development of myopia, it's development may also be affected by how an individual uses their eyes. For example, individuals who spend a considerable amount of time doing near-work such as reading, writing, and working on a computer have an increased risk of developing myopia. Although it primarily presents in school-aged children, adults may also develop the condition as a result of visual stress or as a complication of another health condition such as diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can myopia reversible, naturally or through medication?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although a cure for nearsightedness has yet to be discovered, several studies suggest it may be possible to at least control myopia by &lt;em&gt;slowing its progression&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An article published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology: ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/news/eye-drops-nearsighted-children&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eye Drops That Can Slow Down Nearsightedness in Children&lt;/a&gt;’ references a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/assets/28fe020e-5f93-4d06-aac1-889cecb15fb2/635835505202800000/atropine-for-myopia-5-yr-clinical-trial-ophthalmology-2015-pdf?inline=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trial on atropine&lt;/a&gt; which was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of different concentrations of atropine eye drops for the control of myopia progression. Results of the five-year trial indicate that &lt;strong&gt;a low concentration of atropine drops could potentially be an effective treatment for myopia&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a five-year clinical trial, investigators there showed that &lt;strong&gt;0.01 percent atropine drops safely slowed down the progression of myopia by about 50 percent&lt;/strong&gt; with almost no side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697954/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Safety of Orthokeratology - A Systematic Review&lt;/a&gt;' evaluates the ocular safety of orthokeratology (also known as Ortho-K or OK) for the treatment of myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is sufficient evidence to suggest that &lt;strong&gt;OrthoK is a safe option for myopia correction&lt;/strong&gt; and retardation. Long-term success of OrthoK treatment requires a combination of proper lens fitting, rigorous compliance to lens care regimen, good adherence to routine follow-ups, and timely treatment of complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study analyzes the efficacy of atropine eye drops and orthokeratology lenses in controlling myopia progression and elongation of axial length. ’&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2415-14-40&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overnight orthokeratology is comparable with atropine controlling myopia&lt;/a&gt;,' a retrospective study, included &lt;strong&gt;105 patients (210 eyes) who wore OK lenses&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;105 patients (210 eyes) who applied 0.125% atropine&lt;/strong&gt; every night during the 3 following period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The change in axial length per year was 0.28 ± 0.08 mm, 0.30 ± 0.09 mm, and 0.27 ± 0.10 mm in the OK lens group, and 0.38 ± 0.09 mm, 0.37 ± 0.12 mm, and 0.36 ± 0.08 mm in the atropine group for years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed an increase in myopia of 0.28 D and 0.34 D per year, and an increase in axial length of 0.28 mm and 0.37 mm per year in the OK lens and atropine groups, respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA showed significant differences in myopia (p = 0.001) and axial length (p &amp;lt; 0.001) between the atropine and OK lens groups; in astigmatism, there was no significant difference in these parameters (p = 0.320). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparison of increases in axial length in relation to baseline myopia showed significant correlations both in the OK lens group and atropine group. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High myopia patients benefited more from both OK lenses and atropine than did low myopia patients. The correlation of baseline myopia and myopia progression was stronger in the OK lens group than in the atropine group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results of the study reveal that the &lt;strong&gt;OK lens is a useful method for controlling myopia progression&lt;/strong&gt; even in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/ask-ophthalmologist-q/high-myopia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;high myopia&lt;/a&gt; patients.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, although myopia cannot be reversed (yet), several studies concur that it is possible to control or slow the progression of nearsightedness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T19:13:57.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13450" CreationDate="2017-11-11T20:38:33.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There appear to be both genetic and environmental factors for the development of myopia. The results from the Sydney Myopia study found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: Children who became myopic spent less time outdoors compared with children who remained nonmyopic (younger cohort, 16.3 vs. 21.0 hours, respectively, P&amp;lt;0.0001; older cohort, 17.2 vs. 19.6 hours, respectively, P=0.001). Children who became myopic performed significantly more near work (19.4 vs. 17.6 hours; P=0.02) in the younger cohort, but not in the older cohort (P=0.06). Children with 1 or 2 parents who were myopic had greater odds of incident myopia (1 parent: odds ratio [OR], 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-5.2; both parents: OR, 3.3, 95% CI, 1.6-6.8) in the younger but not the older cohort. Children of East Asian ethnicity had a higher incidence of myopia compared with children of European Caucasian ethnicity (both P&amp;lt;0.0001) and spent less time outdoors (both P&amp;lt;0.0001). A less hyperopic refraction at baseline was the most significant predictor of incident myopia. The addition of time outdoors, near work, parental myopia, and ethnicity to the model significantly improved the predictive power (P&amp;lt;0.0001) in the younger cohort but had little effect in the older cohort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In adults refractive surgery can ameliorate myopia but I'm not aware of any drugs that can do this in the adult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem prudent, especially in at risk populations such as east Asian, and if one has a parent with myopia, to spend adequate hours outside in sunlight to help prevent the development or progression of myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23672971/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23672971/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T20:38:33.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4618" CreationDate="2017-11-11T21:02:14.627" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would appear that breast feeding allows the infant gut flora to rapidly normalize after the course of antibiotics whereas this can be a problem for artificially fed infants who can suffer with post antibiotic diarrhoea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Savino et al., (2011) studied the gut bacteria of exclusively-breastfed infants, with an average age of 4 months, who were admitted to hospital with pneumonia and treated with the antibiotic, ceftriaxone. As expected, they found a negative effect of antibiotic exposure on faecal bacterial numbers with 5 days of antibiotics significantly reducing faecal bacteria to the point where Lactobacilli were undetectable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In these exclusively-breastfed infants, faecal bacterial counts returned to pre-antibiotic levels by 15 days after the end of antibiotic treatment. This reflected a rapid reestablishment of commensal bacteria in the infant’s gut. Importantly, there was also no change in stool frequency and no antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in these infants which is a common problem when artificially-fed infants are exposed to antibiotics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite being given doses of an antibiotic which has a detrimental effect on gut bacteria, these exclusively-breastfed infants did not suffer from antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and this finding was attributed to exclusive breastfeeding (Savino et al., 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unrelated to the question, breastfed infants also appear to need fewer courses of antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/feature-article_breastfeeding-and-antibiotics&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/feature-article_breastfeeding-and-antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-11T21:02:14.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-12T02:25:21.607" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some plastic surgeons say that attaching silicone plaster on top of the silicone gel is more effective against scar. Some surgeons say that it is useless. What is the truth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11937" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T02:25:21.607" Title="Is simultaneous use of silicone gel and plaster against scar reasonable?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-12T14:57:24.167" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am ex smoker. I smoked for decade  and quit smoking. here on [this link]&lt;a href=&quot;http://hangover-cure.co.uk/smokers-and-ex-smokers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://hangover-cure.co.uk/smokers-and-ex-smokers/&lt;/a&gt;) I have found a solution for cleansing the lung. is it safe and a possibke way for cleansing the lungs? or any other better ideas ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11039" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T23:24:23.553" Title="how to clean ex smokers lungs" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-12T20:05:05.560" Score="20" ViewCount="6150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering today about what someone should do immediately after either they or someone else had a fractured / broken bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What first aid / steps should be taken after this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this something you'd call 911 for immediately and need an ambulance for? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or could you get someone with a broken leg or arm to hobble over into a car and take them to an emergency room?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On that note - When someone has a broken bone, do you take them to an urgent care or an emergency room? How do you decide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9186" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T08:29:12.853" Title="What to do if someone breaks a bone?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-12T20:38:33.830" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about the health effect of accepting a job that is a 40 minute car ride + 2.5 hours train ride away from me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/take-the-bus-or-train-to-work-to-avoid-diabetes-and-weight-gain-study-suggests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggests&lt;/a&gt; that train rides are healthier than car rides. I live 40 minutes drive away from a train station. Then the train takes 2.5 hours to get to NYC. The seats are large and comfortable and the train is nicer than your average commuter train.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I need to drive 40 minutes on a highway (not congested) to get to a train station early in the morning, does that negate the benefits of commuting by train?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am personally excited about the train and do not worry about the very long train ride. I could read books and enjoy myself on a pleasant train ride even though it is a very unusual commute. My worry is more about the 40 minute car ride early in the morning 5am to the train station.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5174" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-05-08T20:04:55.633" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T20:04:55.633" Title="What is the health effect of commuting by first a 40 minute car ride and then a 3 hour train ride?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-12T20:45:21.903" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;So let's assume you're speaking of a large bone, like the arm (humerus, radius or ulna) or leg (femur, tibia or fibula), but not the skull, spine or pelvis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good rule of thumb: the larger the bone, the more serious it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second rule: if the skin is broken (the bone is sticking out), it is serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you suspect a hand or foot fracture with no blood, you can take the person to an urgent care center or ER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you suspect a leg or arm fracture, best to call EMTs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see blood, or the person is unconscious, call the EMTs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T13:08:46.990" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T13:08:46.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14279" CreationDate="2017-11-12T20:57:44.263" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scoliosis is a natural and very common phenomenon.  Generally we don't see or feel scoliosis, rather, it is something that shows up by chance on an x-ray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with mild scoliosis are not limited by it, and exercise, all kinds of exercise, is not harmful.  I encourage my patients to exercise as much as they want, regardless of the type of exercise they choose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise will not correct scoliosis, but it's not important that mild scoliosis be corrected as it is neither painful or harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T20:57:44.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14273" CreationDate="2017-11-12T21:14:09.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;So think about fat stored in your body as being like money in a 401K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You decide you need groceries, so you go to the store, but you can't use the money in the 401K to buy them, you need cash or a credit card.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body is the same; it needs immediate cash (carbohydrates/sugars...) for the day to day needs, and it tells you it needs them through hunger.  Just like the 401K won't help you buy groceries, fat won't stop day to day hunger, so you have to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T21:14:09.320" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-12T21:18:58.477" Score="24" Body="&lt;h2&gt;You as an untrained bystander can do little to nothing.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Professionally trained paramedics could (as an example) pull the leg and thus remove tension between two bone membranes (&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826636/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;periostei&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) and in a best case scenario alleviate all pain. The bone itself has hardly any nerve endings, it is only the periosteum that causes pain. This only works in a few cases. Other options include administration of pain killers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few “guidelines” what to do when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the patient is in pain, call an ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the patient can not walk/stand up, call an ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the fracture is open (ruptured skin / blood), call an ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the patient was or still is unconscious, call an ambulance, check for vital functions (breathing, airways).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the patient wants an ambulance, call the ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: To be on the safe side, call an ambulance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; you do?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During my very first first-help training, my trainer said something that stuck with me: “We humans have two fundamental fears: To die, and to die alone”. While it is sometimes impossible to save someone’s life, we can always, always be with them and comfort them. &#xA;So, never leave a patient alone unless there is absolute need, and if so, communicate clearly that you will return very shortly and e.g. just need to grab an AED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, being in pain is not very enjoyable, and having a large crowd of bystanders assemble around the patient doesn’t make it a bit better. Try to give them the decency of privacy. If you have already called the ambulance, get a few people to spread out, watch out for the ambulance and guide them to the patient. Hush the other ones away or give them tasks like looking for AEDs in nearby public buildings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, lying immobilised, the patient gets cold quite quickly. Make sure to keep them warm. Jackets, &lt;s&gt;a camp fire&lt;/s&gt;, or a &lt;a href=&quot;https://az768999.vo.msecnd.net/images/products/38/lampa66964_635848435088676854/lampa66964_large_0.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;rescue blanket&lt;/a&gt; are always a good idea, even on mild summer days. (Pro Tip: A rescue blanket makes it quite clear to the ambulance drivers where and who the patient is, and it also protects the patient from the watchful eyes of bystanders. Such blankets are usually a part of every first-aid set in public buildings).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, as a patient you are very dependent on the people around you. Because patients are usually sitting and leaning against a wall or lying on the ground (to prevent meaningful damage if they should collapse), their field of vision is very limited. Pain also distracts, so they are not highly aware of their surroundings. &#xA;This is why one must explain every action one takes to them, especially if it includes coming very near or touching the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here’s what you could do (order and items on the list depend on every case, don’t take this as a standard rule). Reiterating from above, always tell the patient what you’re doing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check vital functions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call ambulance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Check vital functions again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Direct someone to get a first-aid set from a nearby public building.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Send a few people as “beacons” for an ambulance, have them look out for it and guide its way upon arrival at the scene.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there’s still a large crowd, send a few people looking for AEDs&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ensure warmth of patient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Distract the patient until arrival of ambulance. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: It’s not likely that you will need a defibrillator, and I wouldn’t send for one as a standard procedure. However, it is always easier to send people looking for &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; than just hushing them away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T20:35:02.637" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T20:35:02.637" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14240" CreationDate="2017-11-12T21:30:55.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: the kidneys and liver don't care if it's 500mg once a day or 250mg twice a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One must consider two things: the amount of medication needed to relieve symptoms and how long it lasts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body metabolizes 500mg and 250mg at the same rate, therefore 500mg won't last twice as long as 250mg.  But if the 250mg isn't strong enough to reduce the symptoms, it makes no sense to take it at that dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11940" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T21:30:55.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-12T23:28:29.147" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not clear to me if the health issues related to sitting are due to not standing as much or not moving as much (or both). If the issue is that you're not moving much, standing doesn't seem it would help much. Does using a standing desk at work prevent the health issues with sitting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11685" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T23:28:29.147" Title="Does a standing desk prevent the health issues with sitting?" Tags="&lt;sitting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14313" CreationDate="2017-11-12T23:28:29.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/17/470713717/stand-to-work-if-you-like-but-dont-brag-about-its-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this NPR article&lt;/a&gt; in a meta-analysis it seems it's not yet clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;there isn't really any evidence that standing is better than sitting,&#xA;  Verbeek adds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carr says the finding of the Cochrane review doesn't mean that&#xA;  standing desks and variations are useless. It just means there hasn't&#xA;  been enough study of the desks to say either way. &quot;The state of the&#xA;  science is definitely early,&quot; he says. &quot;There needs to be longer&#xA;  studies with more people to get a good sense these desks actually&#xA;  cause people to stand.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/152/11685&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; says movement is more important than standing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;it's the inactivity with sitting that is unhealthy. You can&#xA;  stand and be inactive just as well (standing desk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11685" LastActivityDate="2017-11-12T23:28:29.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14240" CreationDate="2017-11-13T00:08:34.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Naproxen has a half-life of between twelve and seventeen hours.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/naproxen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Constant steady-state serum levels of Naproxen are produced after four to five days..&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/naproxen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; It stands to reason that the lower the dose the lower the renal and hepatic load and vice versa; the higher dosage requires the kidneys and liver to remove more of the drug. @D Bagnall is correct, however, that the half-life is not affected by the dosage, other than the obvious fact that a higher initial dose leaves more drug in your body after the half-life period than a lower dose.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Most NSAIDs produce their effect by inhibiting the production of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036662/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; COX-1, and (to a lesser effect) COX-2 help protect the stomach from its acidic environment.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Contrary to popular believe, NSAIDs do not &quot;burn&quot; a hole in your stomach. Because of the protective effect of these enzymes, NSAIDs should be take only while symptoms persist. If needed for longer periods, you should consult with your physician.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;But to answer your main question: As far as your liver and kidneys care it's the dosage that matters. One should always take the lowest dose that produces the desired effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T00:48:00.487" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T00:48:00.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14305" CreationDate="2017-11-13T00:39:31.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cited article offers no mechanisms of action, no data to corroborate the claims, and no research (not even observational). It merely makes unsubstantiated claims and offers them as fact. As I pointed out in my comment, I can think of no mechanism by which any of the cited regimens could produce the desired effect.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;That said, the only thing I know of that can cleanse the lungs is time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T23:24:23.553" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T23:24:23.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14279" CreationDate="2017-11-13T01:47:01.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, there are exercises that place no stress on the spine and couldn't worsen your scoliosis. Leg extensions using machine, preacher curls, pec flys are some examples of exercises that doesn't involve the spine at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other exercises like shoulder press, deadlifts, squats put pressure and stresses on the spine and might be more risky with certain back conditions. If doctors advise against gym, these might be the exercises that you are supposed to avoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about the scientific consensus but it is believed (by both doctors and laymen) that scoliosis may lead to uneven pressures that can lead to disc protrusions and some other trauma easier than normally. So you should (as any person) take extreme care and control your back (and whole body) not only during exercise, but also when carrying weights, preparing for exercise and putting weights down after the exercise. This might be the other reason why doctors advise you against visiting the gym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11942" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T01:47:01.517" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-13T07:26:58.883" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any guidelines for the indoor air quality exposure limits for newborns or infants?&#xA;I would like to find the guidelines for the indoor air quality parameters such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temperature&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relative Humidity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Formaldehyde&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Particle matters (PM2.5, PM0.1 ,..)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9089" LastEditorUserId="9089" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T12:55:25.070" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T12:55:25.070" Title="Are there any guidelines for the indoor air quality exposure limits for newborns or infants?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;infant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14273" CreationDate="2017-11-13T12:15:49.003" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hunger is far more complicated than &quot;my weight is below normal for my height, I should eat now.&quot; It's not some sort of correction mechanism that turns on and off to make your weight go up and down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a first approximation, you feel hungry because your stomach is empty and/or your blood sugar is low. People can drink water or eat lettuce to fill up their stomachs, and that works a little. Often, if you eat something very high in sugar, not mediated by anything slower to digest, you will be even hungrier afterwards because of your body's insulin response. The web is full of &quot;foods that make you hungry&quot;, &quot;what to do instead of eating when you're hungry&quot; and such like, some of which have a grain of truth in them, and that certainly demonstrate how complicated hunger is in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies have been done showing that people can get hungry for a variety of reasons that have nothing to do with their current weight. Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3894001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a review&lt;/a&gt; of various papers relating to insulin levels and cognitive factors such as looking at or thinking about food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T12:15:49.003" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-13T12:26:31.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are untrained on this subject matter, the best practise is to do nothing about the fracture.* Even most certified first aiders are not trained to handle broken bones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*By nothing I don't literally mean nothing. I would assume that you have already called for ambulance. If he is in a dangerous location you can try to move him, but you will have move the area of the broken bone as little as possible. If he is unconscious and not breathing proceed to CPR, even if his rib cage is fractured. If he is in an awkward position you can try supporting him with things around you.(for example he could be lying on his side and supporting himself with his arms. Slide a bag for him to lie on.) If he is bleeding seriously carry out first aid. General idea is keep him alive until help arrives, other things can wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11897" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-04-06T08:29:12.853" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T08:29:12.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-13T12:40:41.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From personal experience I can definitely attest that a person with a broken arm can indeed (under reasonable circumstances) hobble to a car and be driven to the hospital (not sure which department, presumably first aid initially).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my case I was the child with the broken arm and my mom drove met to the hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This way (even with safe driving) I was in the hospital slightly faster then in any other scenario, and we did not put unnecessary pressure on the medical system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I was not in significant pain, and no blood/bone was coming out (just an arm at an odd angle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11949" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T12:40:41.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-13T13:54:21.360" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If both legs are OK and there is no way they could have a spinal injury, you may well find it is quicker to get them to hospital in your car.  Drive very slowly over bumps and around corners, do not accelerate fast and leave plenty of stopping distance for slow braking.  This would be my preferred option for a minor injury to an arm, hand, shoulder or foot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any other situation, call an ambulance and follow the phone operator's instructions to the letter.  Do &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;NOT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; try to be clever or show initiative about treating the casualty - you could easily make things worse!  That said, be very clear about the situation and telling the operator exactly what happened and any change to the casualty's condition.  For example, moving a casualty or removing a bike helmet could increase the damage from a spinal injury, so normally this is a job for the experts - but if the casualty has stopped breathing then the first priority is CPR, because they're guaranteed to die if you don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TBH though, your questions suggest you're asking in the wrong place - not the wrong forum, but just generally by asking on the net.  You won't learn anything useful here.  Get yourself to a properly-run first aid course, learn what to do from people who actually know, and do some hands-on practise so that you can actually do it yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11952" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T13:54:21.360" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13068" CreationDate="2017-11-13T14:54:10.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your manual is doing well despite its old age, &lt;strong&gt;but&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nowadays, &lt;a href=&quot;http://firstaid.about.com/od/injuriesathome/ht/06_burns.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;we no longer apply ice though&lt;/a&gt;, just water:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do not use ice to cool a burn.&lt;/strong&gt; Ice can cause frostbite very quickly when used on a burn because the skin is already damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And we still apply no ointment, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthcommunities.com/burns/overview-of-burn-injuries.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;never ever&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don’t apply burn ointments.&lt;/strong&gt; Like butter (or mayonnaise), these ointments, usually oil-based, won’t relieve pain but instead will trap heat, slow down healing, and increase the risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creams, etc, are not listed at all in current first-aid guidelines as they only appear at a later stage in the process, should doctors determine it can be useful. So your guidelines are not wrong on that standpoint as they instruct not using such products.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What the current guidelines state&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; The first thing to do is to stop this internal reaction using flowing water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/36645/277100/file/PSC1_version%201.1.1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official guidelines for general public in France&lt;/a&gt; (section 1.1.2), and sticking to thermal burns here (not chemical nor electrical), you should:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quickly water the burn &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Act right after the burn if safely possible. (You are not supposed to put yourself in danger to save someone: this is the best way to end up with two victims instead of one)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put the burn under flowing water. The temperature should be balanced (15~25°C is fine). The tap is fine to to that, just keep in mind to keep the water pressure low enough not to press the burn.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While watering, remove the clothes of the victim unless they adhere to the burn (should they adhere, don't pull on clothes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evaluate the burn&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No blister or blister smaller that 1/2 of the victim's palm ; far from natural orifices ; not on the neck, face or joints ; just red, not black and white: this is a &lt;strong&gt;minor burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any burn that does not match the criteria above, or any large red area on a children, is a &lt;strong&gt;major burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should it be a &lt;strong&gt;minor burn&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep on watering as long as the burn hurts and the victim doesn't feel cold. Not just a couple of seconds: 5 or 10 minutes is not surprising, it's actually fine. Watering is what prevents (more) blisters from appearing later on.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depending on the pain, aspect and victim's age: watch over the burn or ask a doctor or a physician. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't pierce blisters should there be any. Cover them with a sterile plaster. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Should blisters, fever, heat, pain, etc, appear later on, ask for medical advice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should it be a &lt;strong&gt;major burn&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call the medical emergency services, and, without hurrying (very important! Being calm is gaining time.)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell your name, phone number, current location,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tell this is for a burn, and tell the victim's gender and age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Describe the result of the evaluation you made. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They will guide you in accordance to the protocols applicable in your country. This guidance will certainly include watering, covering the victim if he/she feels cold...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do NOT hang up the phone before they tell you to do so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep on watering as instructed by the medical assistance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make the victim to lie down in a way he/she cannot fall (floor, bed...). Sitting down is OK the victim has difficulties to breathe. The victim should NOT sit on a chair but on the ground to prevent him/her from falling. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protect the victim with a clean linen. The burnt body parts should remain visible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Watch over the victim until the arrival of the ambulance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="102" LastEditorUserId="102" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T07:02:45.373" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:02:45.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14306" CreationDate="2017-11-13T16:35:51.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It all depends on the bone that is (or might be) broken, and on the overall condition of the patient.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call an ambulance for a fractured skull, vertebra or hip.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call an ambulance for open fractures (bone piercing through the skin).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call an ambulance if the patient is/has been unconscious or under shock.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call an ambulance if you are not sure whether you need one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call an ambulance if the patient requests it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not move the patient any more than necessary. Especially, &lt;strong&gt;if you suspect a spinal injury (broken vertebra), absolutely avoid moving the patient unless strictly necessary to save their life&lt;/strong&gt;. If you are unsure, call 911 (North America), 112 (Europe) or the local equivalent; they will instruct you what to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secure the accident site if necessary, stay with the patient. Give first aid for any additional conditions (if any), comfort them, make sure they remain conscious, get a blanket to keep them warm if necessary, help them look after their belongings, direct the ambulance to the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be OK to take the patient to a hospital on your own if all of the following are true:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The broken bone is just a limb and not under stress while sitting (arm, shoulder, collarbone, foot, possibly tibia or fibula)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No other complications are present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The patient can move without additional pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The patient agrees&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the patient to the nearest hospital (urgent care should be sufficient for cases that don’t require an ambulance) or suitable physician. If necessary, they will refer the patient to wherever adequate care can be given. Ski areas often have a specialized doctor in most villages, or even a sports clinic; the same may be true for other areas where outdoor sports are common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my own experience, most with ski accidents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once a skier asked me to help her up because she couldn’t get up on her own. That turned out to be a bad decision, as it turned a partial femur head fracture into a full one. Lesson learned: if the patient cannot or will not get up on their own, tell them to stay put and get help.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Another time I came to a site where someone had a knee injured. Her husband had already attempted to splint her knee with her ski poles and attempted to get her up. Same mistake as above, we ended up getting help.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yet another time, someone fell on her wrist. She was still OK to ski carefully and I accompanied her to the doctor, who then determined a radius fractured near the wrist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of several skiers who skied downhill with leg or vertebra fractures which were not discovered until they got to the doctor’s. Certainly not recommended if you suspect that kind of injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Last but not least: if you feel you might need this kind of knowledge, consider taking a first aid course.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11954" LastEditorUserId="11954" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T16:56:11.503" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T16:56:11.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4618" CreationDate="2017-11-13T17:30:50.580" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Breast milk is known to provide many benefits to the newborn and developing infant. &#xA; According to '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234410&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bioactive Proteins in Human Milk: Health, Nutrition, and Implications to Infant Formulas.&lt;/a&gt;’:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several proteins in breast milk, including lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, milk fat globule membrane proteins, and osteopontin, have been shown to have bioactivities that range from involvement in the protection against infection to the acquisition of nutrients from breast milk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research suggests that breastmilk can help re-establish a healthy balance of bacteria and antibodies &lt;em&gt;even after the use of antibiotics&lt;/em&gt;. As stated in '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7825464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Early infant feeding and micro-ecology of the gut.&lt;/a&gt;': &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Newborn infants are rapidly colonized by both aerobic and and anaerobic bacteria, initially with about 50% of each type. Several factors related both to the infant and its environment influence the composition of the intestinal microflora quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Major ecological disturbances are observed in newborn infants treated with antimicrobial agents. &lt;strong&gt;One way of minimizing the ecological disturbances, which may be seen in infants treated in neonatal intensive care units, is to provide them with fresh breast milk from their mothers and to use antimicrobial therapy only under strict clinical indications&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10645469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protective nutrients and bacterial colonization in the immature human gut.&lt;/a&gt;' describes the role breastfeeding has on infant intestinal microflora. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The normal human microflora is a complex ecosystem that is in part dependent on enteric nutrients for establishing colonization. The gut microbiota are important to the host with regard to metabolic functions and resistance to bacterial infections. At birth, bacterial colonization of a previously germ-free human gut begins. Diet and environmental conditions can influence this ecosystem. A breast-fed, full-term infant has a preferred intestine microbiota in which bifidobacteria predominate over potentially harmful bacteria, whereas in formula-fed infants, coliforms, enterococci, and bacteroides predominate. The pattern of bacterial colonization in the premature neonatal gut is different from that in the healthy, full-term infant gut. Those infants requiring intensive care acquire intestinal organisms slowly, and the establishment of bifidobacterial flora is retarded. A delayed bacterial colonization of the gut with a limited number of bacterial species tends to be virulent. Bacterial overgrowth is one of the major factors that promote bacterial translocation. The aberrant colonization of the premature infant may contribute to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. &lt;strong&gt;Breastfeeding protects infants against infection. Oligo-saccharides and glycoconjugates, natural components in human milk, may prevent intestinal attachment of enteropathogens by acting as receptor homologues. Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the composition of the human intestinal microflora to the benefit of the host. These beneficial effects may result in the suppression of harmful microorganisms, the stimulation of bifidobacterial growth, or both.&lt;/strong&gt; In the future, control and manipulation of the bacterial colonization in the neonatal gut may be a new approach to the prevention and treatment of intestinal infectious diseases of various etiologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is possible that the antibiotic your son is taking can impact his gut flora, it is also important to note that breast milk contains a host of factors that can assist in re-establishing a healthy balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastEditorUserId="8916" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T17:53:24.983" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T17:53:24.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14328" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14616" CreationDate="2017-11-13T17:51:03.090" Score="3" ViewCount="4957" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pertaining to health insurance, what does &quot;Copay &lt;strong&gt;with&lt;/strong&gt; deductible&quot; mean, in contrast to &quot;Copay &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; deductible&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get &quot;Copay &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; deductible&quot; -- you must pay for the service fully out of pocket until your deductible is met, after which you must only pay the copay amount and the insurance pays for the rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what does &quot;Copay &lt;strong&gt;with&lt;/strong&gt; deductible&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSNjX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SSNjX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11955" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T14:22:06.083" Title="&quot;Copay with deductible&quot; vs. &quot;Copay after deductible&quot;" Tags="&lt;health-insurance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-12-14T15:10:28.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14346" CreationDate="2017-11-13T18:29:01.267" Score="4" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there was a woman who is also a hemophiliac/bleeder, what happens when she gets her period? Does her condition affect said period in any way, and if so, how? Would it be troublesome (more than usual) for her, and would she have to face any serious issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11957" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-11-15T14:26:22.860" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T09:27:50.383" Title="What happens when a hemophiliac woman gets her period?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;female&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14328" CreationDate="2017-11-13T19:31:42.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had the same question and found the following on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qhpcertification.cms.gov/s/Plans%20and%20Benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CMS.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This cost-sharing option means the consumer first pays the copay, and&#xA;  any net remaining allowed charges accrue to the deductible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11960" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-13T20:21:40.970" LastActivityDate="2017-11-13T20:21:40.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9890" CreationDate="2017-11-14T07:01:13.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There might be a reason&lt;/strong&gt; for the doctor to give a different advice (starting with dosage of medication) than the packaging suggests. Perhaps in this specific case the wrapping is to simply prevent further scratching, since you did wake up at night and were already doing it, meaning you have no control over this action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dressing would increase skin resorption which needs to be factored in. Maybe your doctor did think about that too, and perhaps decided that stronger medication may be warranted in a case as severe as this, &lt;strong&gt;but it would definitely not hurt to ask.&lt;/strong&gt; If I'd be the doctor I'd definitely commend the patient for actually reading the information insert. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11964" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:01:13.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10923" CreationDate="2017-11-14T07:46:25.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with Jan, but I believe in 80% diet and 20% exercise since dieting is hard and you'd want to build up a habit of exercise so that your body is used to burning calories.&#xA;Anyone who wants to lose weight should start cutting down on meal portion size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10904" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:46:25.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-14T07:50:24.297" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seeing a nutritionist on Wednesday, and these are the list of questions I intend to ask. &#xA;Would like to get advice of anyone in my position (vegetarian, blood results okay but on the borderline - especially LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, eat a range of food but not too focused on super healthy, don't weigh portions, decent amount of exercise). Also, am I missing any questions that I really should be asking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Overview&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I’m a vegetarian. I eat milk-byproducts, eggs, and all vegetables and fruits. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Don’t like mushrooms or aubergine/egg plant&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tofu is OK, seitan NOT ok.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;No allergies to nuts or fruits except for black grapes and yogurt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My family has a history of diabetes, high BP and cholesterol; They are on medication. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions to the doctor:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What’s the cause for high LDL and low LDL levels?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to increase my metabolism? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What should I do to prolong the time I can avoid medication for either of the above?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the ideal weight for me? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;3 big meals or multiple small meals?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Low-fat vs. Low-carb for weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is one nutrition advice you give?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How can I support my immune system so I’m not as vulnerable to an auto-immune diseases/pathogens/colds/flu?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How might personal genetics influence how my body uses nutrients?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a vegetarian, how can I make sure my protein intake is high enough? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What do I eat/drink on a normal day?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exclusively use Olive oil for cooking in the house.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Breakfast (8am)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1 small bowl Cereal (Tresor, Chocapic, and Kellogs… ?) - quantity? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1 Sandwich with fresh cheese, lettuce and tomato &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;1 Chocolate muffin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;2 cookies&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;NOTHING&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scrambled eggs with bread&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ramen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lunch/dinner (1/8pm)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pizza with cheese and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;White rice with &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lentils: Chickpeas, green peas, black beans&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetables&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Egg fried&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tortilla&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vegetable pasta&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lentils: Chickpeas, green peas&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soup + sandwiches with cheese&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Salad&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wild rice, apple, cucumber, feta and nuts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quinoa, nuts, apple, avocado&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Snack (5pm)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Crisp-bread with Emmental cheese and seeds&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chocolate&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Assorted nuts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a couple of beers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patatas bravas&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apples &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pears&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Banana&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What should I avoid?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What should I eat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can we define the quantity of food I eat?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Where will I get my vitamins?  My minerals? My phytochemicals?  My micronutrients? My omega 3’s?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I don’t want to weigh everything I eat ( we have a scale). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can we define it in terms of units, handfuls, cups?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it a case of what I eat but less? or changing what I eat?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What exercise should I do?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently I swim about 1.5km every day (why is my pulse so high?, what can I do to reduce it?) Resting pulse of &#xA;68.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Walk to work (4km round trip)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a regular home exercise &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the day I am sitting in front of a desk &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11965" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T07:50:24.297" Title="Seeing a nutritionist on Wednesday. Is there anything else I should ask about?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14338" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14365" CreationDate="2017-11-14T08:18:56.243" Score="1" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was injured 2 months ago. After the removal of the stitches a normotrophic scar (about 1 cm long) is forming on my face. I would like to indirectly contribute to the skin and my constitution for minimizing scarring and optimal healing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What vitamins (dietary supplements or some other substances) for internal taking will be useful for the skin? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T05:28:03.713" Title="What vitamins or dietary supplements for internal taking are useful for injured skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14329" CreationDate="2017-11-14T13:57:35.697" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Luckily&quot; haemophilia only occurs in men*; women may be carrier of the disease but their bleeding tendency is in general less severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, haemophilia carriers and women with other bleeding disorders (such as von Willebrand disease or platelet problems, e.g. Glanzmann) may experience very heavy menstrual blood loss. In general the menstruation won't take more days, but the blood loss can be much more severe. This could lead to anaemia and &lt;em&gt;potentially&lt;/em&gt; death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To minimise this blood loss, one could suppress the period (e.g. oral contraceptives or an intra-uterine device). Other options would be administration of the part that's missing or malfunctioning (clotting factor or platelets) or blood transfusion to treat anaemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* based on the comments below I want to add that it is possible that a woman is a true haemophiliac, but that this is very rare. Haemophilia is an X-linked disorder; because men inherit XY one affected X chromosome will cause the disease. Women have XX, which means that they can &quot;compensate&quot; the effect of one affected X chromosome by the activity of the other X chromosome. She is then a carrier of the disease: there is a 50-50 chance of her son (to whom she gives one X) is a haemophiliac. A woman could inherit two affected X chromosomes if her father is a haemophiliac and her mother is a carrier (and inherits the affected X chromosome). This makes true haemophilia much more rare in women than in men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8369" LastEditorUserId="8369" LastEditDate="2017-11-16T09:27:50.383" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T09:27:50.383" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4569" CreationDate="2017-11-14T16:10:45.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is only a partial answer. Actual studies on this are indeed hard to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all: the healing information waves of the herbs you bring near your astral body and other such nonsense will feature in some related answers; not here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sew4home.com/tips-resources/sewing-tips-tricks/organic-fillers-warming-pads-we-compare-rice-corn-and-flaxseed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grain bags&lt;/a&gt; or cherry pit pillows are indeed used as a heat storage and delivery device. Only for heat delivery they &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.leitlinien.de/nvl/html/kreuzschmerz/kapitel-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;currently feature as &quot;doesn't hurt, may help, increases comfort and well being&quot; for physician guidelines for lower back pain.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the primary effect they are intended to deliver there might be even more convincing findings behind them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/890-study-heating-pads-relieve-internal-pain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;When heat over 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 Celsius) is applied to the skin, heat receptors deeper down, where the pain is, are switched on. The heat receptors in turn block the effect of chemical messengers that cause pain to be detected by the body&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Specifically, King and his colleagues discovered that a heat receptor called TRPV1 can block P2X3 pain receptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The filling of these bags or pillows actually does matter for a variety of reasons.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past they were most &lt;a href=&quot;http://tipnut.com/make-your-own-microwave-heating-pad/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;popularly&lt;/a&gt; filled with &lt;a href=&quot;https://sew4home.com/tips-resources/sewing-tips-tricks/organic-fillers-warming-pads-we-compare-rice-corn-and-flaxseed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simple&lt;/a&gt; grains like wheat, rice or barley. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130417091648.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This provides&lt;/a&gt; a nice and even, down-weighing sensation of heat. But these are problematic because of their moisture content and inherent instability. They break down and dehusk, releasing &lt;a href=&quot;https://familydoctor.org/condition/occupational-respiratory-disease/?adfree=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;harmful dust and particles&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If used in this way they also tend to rot and mould quickly. Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12669902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11957384&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;allergenic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5365019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potential&lt;/a&gt; of the ingredients is concerning. This is another reason for not using them to apply cold: moulding will be even quicker then. For a quick make-shift heat applicator they might still be an option, just discard them after some very few uses to make sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cherry pits seem less problematic in both regards, being described as a much &quot;drier heat&quot; but they too &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerztezeitung.de/panorama/article/588757/heisses-koernerkissen-setzt-bett-brand.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can&lt;/a&gt; be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/elder/10638872/Alert-over-dangers-of-wheat-bags-after-pensioner-dies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quite&lt;/a&gt; a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.productsafety.gov.au/news/wheat-bag-fire-hazards&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surprising fire hazard&lt;/a&gt; when brought to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choice.com.au/home-and-living/heating/home-heating/articles/heat-wheat-bag-danger-and-new-voluntary-standard-140616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heat in a microwave&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://mitrade.in/product/cherry-stone-pillow-for-adults/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;manufacturer&lt;/a&gt; of a cherry stone pillow sold as medical equipment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Attention: Important safety information:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Please do observe the specified heating instructions. Prolonged heating can cause higher energy and damage the pillow (ignition hazard)!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Please warm the pillow under supervision and ensure it is not humid!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Let the pillow cool before the next heating!&#xA;  […]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Important Note:&#xA;  While using the cherry stone pillow for babies / children, please also note the following:&#xA;  Make sure the product is intact and sealed properly! For loose cherry stones can cause choking hazard and suffocation!&#xA;  Use only under close adult supervision!&#xA;  Check for the suitable temperature for your child using your elbow (max. 41°C)![…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Special instructions: To prevent decay/ formation of mold:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Do not wash the Cherry stone pillows.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Store product dry! Protect from moisture!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The heat storing and distribution properties of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856441&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130417091648.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fillers&lt;/a&gt; is an obvious variable to consider. Together with a parameter that is less easy to measure: coziness.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding other flowers, herbs and spices is often done for the non-part of this answer from the first paragraph. But when using it for delivering heat they obviously can relase volatile substances like essential oils which can have a variety of effects. Adding &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lavender&lt;/a&gt; flowers will smell beautifully and calm you down. However, all those additives I saw added to these pillows substantially increase the mould, allergy and fire hazards. If they are known or even just suspect to be effective and wanted it's probably best to use them isolated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes: the content of the bags does matter quite a bit. Using hard and dry kernels – like cherry pits or grape seeds – seems as good as using just pure sand; and both are better than grains or colourful mixtures of sometimes dubious effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-14T20:20:55.923" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T20:20:55.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14276" CreationDate="2017-11-14T20:37:17.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/blog/kidney-cars/pkd-preventable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no way&lt;/a&gt; to prevent PKD. However, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170216103905.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a drug&lt;/a&gt; in pre-clinical trials now that may be effective in treatment of PKD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center, working with a&#xA;  California biotech firm, have developed a potential drug to treat&#xA;  polycystic kidney disease -- an incurable genetic disease that often&#xA;  leads to end-stage kidney failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The drug, now called RGLS4326, is in preclinical animal testing at San&#xA;  Diego-based Regulus Therapeutics Inc. An investigational new drug&#xA;  filing to pave the way for human clinical trials is expected later&#xA;  this year, said Dr. Vishal Patel, Assistant Professor of Internal&#xA;  Medicine at UT Southwestern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T20:37:17.060" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-14T21:05:06.730" Score="3" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I share a house with two very furry guinea pigs and inconveniently, am also very allergic to them. Every morning I take an anti-allergy tablet as I’m well aware that I’m likely to come into contact with the fur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve noticed the past few days that my reaction has been worse than usual, when I’ve come into contact with them. I’d normally be sniffly and sneeze a fair amount for a short while; whereas the past couple of days I’ve had a painful chesty cough in addition to this. It made me wonder, are there any factors which contribute to the severity of an allergic reaction, making a reaction worse than ‘usual’?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11978" LastActivityDate="2017-11-14T21:05:06.730" Title="Factors affecting the severity of an allergic reaction" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14352" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14353" CreationDate="2017-11-14T21:52:30.883" Score="4" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;A more specific form of my question would be, &quot;Barring mental barriers, what will lead to collapse after extended cardiovascular exercise?&quot;  I was considering asking this in the worldbuilding SE, but I figured that I would get more detailed or realistic answers here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do cardiovascular exercise for an extended period of time, the typical process (pretty much as roughly speaking as possible) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do the exercise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Make the conscious decision to stop doing the exercise once you're sufficiently exhausted or once you've exercised for a sufficiently long time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can make the argument that there are some exercise routines that swap step 2 for &quot;Get to the point where you can't do the exercise anymore and stop there,&quot; in which case the decision to stop wouldn't exactly be a conscious decision.  I suspect, however, that even with an exercise routine like that, if someone pointed a gun to your head and told you to keep exercising, then you could probably keep going.  Those mental barriers are just too strong: at some point, your brain will say &quot;No more!&quot; before your body does and you will stop prematurely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In stories that I write, I occasionally run into the scenario of characters in a &quot;run for your life&quot; sort of situation, where something is perpetually on their tail that they need to escape from.  They can't slow down or stop: they have to go as fast as they can for as long as they can in order to escape danger.  In this sense, it's like the hypothetical I described: a gun is basically being pointed to their heads and they're being forced to keep running.  At this point, mental barriers are thrown out of the window in order to prevent premature death, so they're not going to get in the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But something will eventually.  At some point, the hero will collapse, and I'm interested in knowing what's going on in the body when that point finally happens.  Do the muscles cease their functionality due to a deficiency of ATP?  Do you briefly black out or pass out due to lack of oxygen (or rather, a surplus of CO2) being distributed through the body?  Or is it &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; going to be a mental barrier that inevitably causes collapse (in other words, will something kick in the brain before other parts of your body fail that will force you to stop running regardless of external stimuli)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can assume that prior to the extended sprint, the character is well-rested and hydrated.  If different cardiovascular exercises are expected to yield different results, we can limit things to just running, since that's what I'm primarily interested in.  Also, since many people can jog pretty much indefinitely provided the jog is slow enough, we can assume that the character is continuously exercising at the peak of his or her capabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11013" LastEditorUserId="11013" LastEditDate="2017-11-21T02:13:35.357" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T05:15:25.133" Title="What will happen if you keep running? What will eventually cause you to stop?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14352" CreationDate="2017-11-15T02:23:09.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been my understanding that a buildup of lactic acid (aka lactate) eventually causes the muscles to stop being able to process glucose. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-lactic-acid-buil/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; from Scientific American describes the processes the muscles use to convert to an anaerobic process as muscle performance outpaces oxygen supplies. The pertinent passage:&lt;br&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A side effect of high lactate levels is an increase in the acidity of the muscle cells, along with disruptions of other metabolites. The same metabolic pathways that permit the breakdown of glucose to energy perform poorly in this acidic environment.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T02:23:09.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14355" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14356" CreationDate="2017-11-15T09:56:20.377" Score="20" ViewCount="5751" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've googled through internet, and all I found was &quot;what expiration dates mean&quot;. I found nothing about the underlying mechanism of expiration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As drugs are chemicals, why do they expire? Are there chemical reactions that produce other chemicals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-15T14:44:35.937" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T23:59:51.520" Title="Why do drugs expire?" Tags="&lt;expiration-dates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14355" CreationDate="2017-11-15T13:06:31.160" Score="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drug molecules, even when stored safely inside a tablet\capsule, inside a closed container, upon a high shelf (hopefully), are still exposed to the environment, and are thus exposed to all of the chemical processes and reactions that go about all around us (to name just a few - oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization, polymerization, and more). Depending on the type of drug molecule and its functional groups, the molecule may undergo all kinds of chemical processes that may change its structure and\or properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, drugs (and foodstuffs, as mentioned in the comment above) degrade and decompose over time, and are thus given an expiration date to indicate that after a certain amount of time, the drug's manufacturer strongly recommends to avoid using the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important remark should follow: the expiration date refers to &lt;strong&gt;the entire pharmaceutical product&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. the formulation, and not just the active ingredient. It is absolutely possible that the active ingredient will remain stable for a long time, but some inactive ingredient (excipient) in the  tablet\capsule\syrup will have undergone some decomposition that may render the product ineffective, or even worse, toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick Google search for &quot;drug decomposition&quot; or &quot;drug degradation&quot; yields many useful results for further reading. To name just a few:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/learning/learning-article/understanding-the-chemical-basis-of-drug-stability-and-degradation/11029512.article&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding the chemical basis of drug stability and degradation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/ms_optimisstic/drug-degradation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug degradation&lt;/a&gt; (Slideshare presentation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/saharishkhaliq/pharmaceutical-degradation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmaceutical degradation&lt;/a&gt; (Slideshare presentation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's a non-scientific article addressing the issue from another angle: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/18/537257884/that-drug-expiration-date-may-be-more-myth-than-fact&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;That Drug Expiration Date May Be More Myth Than Fact&lt;/a&gt; (might be an interesting read for you as well)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T13:06:31.160" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-15T14:39:12.320" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the effect on the amount of insulin secreted after ingestion of a high carb diet after being on a low carb diet for some time.Will the amount of insulin secreted be too high or too low and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11982" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T14:39:12.320" Title="What is the effect on insulin sensitivity after sudden breaking of a low carb diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-15T15:55:41.970" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across this question today, it says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nicotinic receptors stimulation is directly responsible for …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should fill the spaces by one of the following choices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increasing the excitability of sympathetic postganglionic neurons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;increasing the the force of stomach contraction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;delaying the emptying of liquids from the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;decreasing the excitability of sympathetic postganglionic neurons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only article speaking about the nicotinic receptors in my physiology book says that they are cholinergic receptors found in the autonomic ganglia, i.e. they are found on the postganglionic neurons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when I tried to solve the question I thought upper three choices are correct answers because stimulating the receptors on the postganglionic neuron will increase its excitability (choice 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if that postganglionic was sympathetic the emptying of the liquids from stomach will be delayed  (choice 3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if it was parasympathetic the force of stomach contraction would increase (choice 2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am so confused between these choices, and I feel that there is something wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone help me find the correct answer, but put simply please, as I'm just a first-year dental student.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11984" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-15T16:55:05.973" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T16:55:05.973" Title="Nicotinic receptors stimulation" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-15T16:56:01.850" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dietary staple is currently a soup made from meat, bone, and assorted vegetables pressure cooked for two hours at 15 psi (at the boiling point of about 250° F). I consume it in its entirety, including the bones which become soft and edible. Since this is my primary source of nutrients, I am concerned that the persistent use of pressure cooking may lead to imbalance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found many studies that suggest that certain vitamins (such as vitamin C) are retained very well by pressure cooking, but all these studies use very short cooking times -- minutes, not hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can easily estimate the nutrients going into the pressure cooker, but I'm having a hard time estimating the nutrients coming out. &lt;strong&gt;Does anyone have information of the effect of pressure cooking for long times (hours) on the nutrient content of food?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11986" LastActivityDate="2017-11-15T16:56:01.850" Title="Effect of Long Pressure Cooking on Essential Nutrients" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14355" CreationDate="2017-11-15T21:58:04.617" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beside &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/14356/11994&quot;&gt;Don_S's&lt;/a&gt; very detailed answer I want to point out a few other things:&#xA;At least in my country, drugs are not only synthetic chemical drugs. Drugs can also be biological or contain other non synthetic chemical substances.&#xA;Examples are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipendula_ulmaria#Herbal_and_pharmacological&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Early versions of what is now known as &quot;Aspirin&quot; was gained from the plant Meadowsweet.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some preventive antivirus drugs contain weak forms of the real virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion#Health_care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some of the drugs are or contain a mixture of oils and fats.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion#Instability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They can go bad the same as for example butter after some time.&lt;/a&gt; Some of them have such a short life time that they are directly produced on demand in the drug store and will expire after few days or weeks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is hard to produce under such steril conditions and packaging that it is ensured that it will not get polluted for decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason might be that the storage life was tested/is known for a limited amount of time and cannot be guaranteed for a longer timespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11994" LastEditorUserId="11994" LastEditDate="2017-11-17T23:59:51.520" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T23:59:51.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14365" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14338" CreationDate="2017-11-16T05:28:03.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The process of wound healing is extremely complex and combines several processes that occur after the injury. According to '&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=m_etDgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;lpg=PA48&amp;amp;ots=IlPeqkIMJm&amp;amp;dq=normotrophic%20scar%20healing&amp;amp;pg=PA5#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=normotrophic%20scar%20healing&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bioengineering In Wound Healing: A Systems Approach&lt;/a&gt;,'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These processes include coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibropalacia, epithelization, contraction, and remodeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wound healing is not always a linear process, as it depends on multiple local, system, and environmental characteristics. When the healed wound completely restores the anatomy and function of the initial tissue, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the regeneration is complete and scarless. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, fundamental conditions required for tissue regeneration are not favorable in mammals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…the wound must close fast to enable survival and thus, in most cases in mammals, a tick fibrous tissue — a scar — is formed at the injured site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although several systemic and genomic studies have identified potential cellular and extracellular factors that mediate the formation of scars, the exact mechanism that induces proliferative scar tissue formation instead of healthy tissue is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current data show that alterations in coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, contraction, remodeling, mechanical tension correlate with the formation of scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation plays an important role in the body’s response to the injury and in all stages of wound healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The inflammatory response includes the response of local inflammatory cells and recruitment of inflammatory cells from the circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiple studies show that inflammation continues to play a critical role in wound remodeling,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…probably leading to scar formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wounds create damage at the system’s protective layer and provides a new, nutrient rich ground for microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Microbiota play a role in both wound-healing abnormalities: chronic, non-healing wounds and hypertrophic scars, and also healing improvement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advances in molecular biology have allowed for an improved understanding of wound healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For optimal healing, complex molecular processes must be appropriate and precise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The depth of injury is of particular interest as it determines if a wound heals with scarring or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Injury that is restricted to the epidermis is referred to as an erosion; if the injury were to go deeper, involving the dermis, then it is referred to as an ulcer…Erosions heal without scar, while dermal injury often heals with scar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many factors influence the time needed for a wound to heal…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…by secondary intention: wound depth (i.e. deeper wounds take longer than shallow wounds), anatomic location (e.g. concave surfaces do better than convex surfaces), vascular supply, shape (I.e. the narrower the diameter, the faster the closure), underlying comorbidities (e.g. Diabetes, tobacco use), and secondary infection...the balance between degradation and synthesis determines if a scar will be normal or abnormal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your &quot;normotrophic&quot; scar type is said to cause the least harm and typically forms as a result of an adequate reaction of the body to an injury. A chapter on Normotrophic Scars in the ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-29196-8_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Atlas of Scar Treatment and Correction&lt;/a&gt;’ states the following,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the wound passes all stages of cicatrization without deviations, a normotrophic scar is formed. &lt;strong&gt;In time, such scars become level with the skin, assume a whitish color, become thin, and do not pose any physical discomfort to their bearers. Normally, they do not require correction except for aesthetic improvement of the scar appearance, its surface effacement, and acceleration of the color normalization process&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What vitamins (dietary supplements or some other substances) for internal taking will be useful for the skin?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't one specific vitamin, supplement, or &quot;some other substance&quot; that is useful for the skin. However, your nutritional status in general can greatly influence wound healing, as wounds increase the energy, vitamin, mineral, and protein requirements necessary to promote healing. In fact, without adequate nutrition, the process of wound healing can actually be negatively impacted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27447105&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition in Wound Care Management: A Comprehensive Overview.&lt;/a&gt;’ &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The role of nutrition in wound healing may be overlooked in the wound care patient…it is often multifaceted, with many nutritional components playing a variety of roles in the wound healing process. &lt;strong&gt;Suboptimal nutrition can alter immune function, collagen synthesis, and wound tensile strength, all of which are essential in the wound healing process.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above abstract determined that &lt;em&gt;nutrition is a common denominator for all wound patients&lt;/em&gt;, regardless of the type of wound. In summary,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…it appears that some nutrients are necessary only if deficient, whereas others may become conditionally essential and serve a therapeutic role. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrition also influences &lt;em&gt;skin structure&lt;/em&gt;. An abstract titled ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27832138&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Balance on Skin Structure in Aging Male and Female Mice.&lt;/a&gt;’ evaluated the associations between macronutrients, energy intake, and skin structure in mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We evaluated the associations between macronutrients, energy intake and skin structure in mice fed 25 experimental diets and a control diet for 15 months using the Geometric Framework, a novel method of nutritional analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin structure was associated with the &lt;em&gt;ratio of dietary macronutrients eaten&lt;/em&gt; and the nature of the effect differed between the sexes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In males, skin structure was primarily associated with protein intake&lt;/strong&gt;, whereas &lt;strong&gt;in females carbohydrate intake was the primary correlate&lt;/strong&gt;. In both sexes, the dermis and subcutaneous fat thicknesses were inversely proportional. Subcutaneous fat thickness varied positively with fat intake, due to enlarged adipocytes rather than increased adipocyte number. We therefore demonstrated clear interactions between skin structure and macronutrient intakes, with the associations being sex-specific and dependent on dietary macronutrient balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An abstract on '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217039/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Chronic Wounds&lt;/a&gt;' discusses nutrition as related to the patient with chronic wounds. The review provides knowledge of basic nutrition, the epidemiology of malnutrition in the chronic wound patient, and how to screen patients for malnutrition. It also recognizes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…even obese patients may suffer from protein and micronutrient malnutrition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Macronutrients are discussed in detail:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Macronutrients are defined by ASPEN Guidelines and Standards as “&lt;strong&gt;nutrients present in the body and required in the greatest amount (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids).”&lt;/strong&gt; Amino acids are the building blocks of protein throughout the body. Some individual amino acids (arginine, glutamine, and methionine) have been supplemented in addition to the protein in the diet as adjunct pharmacologic nutrients for wound healing. Carbohydrates may be used to provide carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis but only for those amino acids that are nutritionally dispensable (nonessential). Indispensible (essential) amino acids must be provided in the diet as a component of protein fed or as a keto-acid for all indispensible amino acids except lysine, threonine, and histidine. Fatty acids and cholesterol are nutrients that can be catabolized via beta oxidation to form cellular energy (ATP) and have important cellular functionality such as insulating membranes for nerve axons and are also necessary to form the lipid bilayer essential for organelle and cell membranes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Micronutrients are also discussed in detail:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Micronutrients are defined as “nutrients present and required in the body in minute quantities (e.g., vitamins, trace elements).”&lt;/strong&gt; Micronutrients include the vitamins and certain minerals. These minerals are often referred to as trace elements. Certain minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus (macrominerals), which are present in large quantities in the bone and other tissues, are not considered trace elements. One of the most common functions of micronutrients, and some macrominerals, is to serve as necessary cofactors for enzymatic reactions. Essential (or indispensable) nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized in the body, such as vitamin C and minerals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'&lt;a href=&quot;https://mynutrition.wsu.edu/nutrition-basics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Basics&lt;/a&gt;' by Washington State University, outlines specifics related to macro- and micronutrients including role in the body, recommended daily allowance, and food sources. This might be a useful resource in determining appropriate macro- and micronutrient related food choices that may promote wound healing and possibly reduce the appearance of scarring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070399/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The importance of patients’ nutritional status in wound healing&lt;/a&gt;,' concurs,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wound healing is dependent on good nutrition and the presence of suitable polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.&lt;/strong&gt; Protein deficiency has been demonstrated to contribute to poor healing rates with reduced collagen formation and wound dehiscence. High exudate loss can result in a deficit of as much as 100g of protein in one day. This subsequently needs to be replaced with a &lt;strong&gt;high protein diet&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Vitamins are also important in wound healing&lt;/strong&gt;. Vitamin C deficiency contributes to fragile granulation tissue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is possible that you may not achieve complete scar prevention, the information described above may provide some insight about the role of nutrition in wound healing and scar appearance. Because your injury is located on your face, it is also important to be conscious of simple facial movements, as this may also affect the healing process and contribute to scar formation. However, as with any health-related question or concern, it is always best to consult with your primary care physician or treatment specialist before making any drastic changes to your normal dietary regimen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T05:28:03.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14352" CreationDate="2017-11-16T05:42:56.623" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the runner can't drink then dehydration will be the first thing that takes him out. Water is the one essential thing he's going to lose rapidly through sweat, urine and respiration, and as he loses it he's going to lose electrolytes along with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end result will be disabling muscle cramps, weakness, and exhaustion. If he somehow continues on despite these things, cardiac arrhythmias may follow due to electrolyte imbalances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1318513/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1318513/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T05:15:25.133" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T05:15:25.133" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-16T06:14:00.880" Score="6" ViewCount="1873" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR&lt;/strong&gt; hyperventilating for 60 minutes for psychedelic/meditative/therapeutic effect: is this dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation can lead to cerebral hypoxia, as hypocapnia (reduced CO2 in blood) causes vasoconstriction in the brain along with alkalosis which impairs the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen (Bohr effect). This is all pretty understandable and there's an extremely detailed breakdown of the mechanics and effects of hyperventilation in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hyperventilation.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this excellent article by an anesthesiologist&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result of the hypoxia and alkalosis, hyperventilation can have some pretty psychedelic effects (tingling, numbness, spasms, confusion, disassociation, hallucinations, generally altered state). Some New Age practices take advantage of this (under the term &quot;breathwork&quot;[1] ), with a whole layer of pseudoscience and/or mysticism on top, but I've tried it once and the effect is real: hyperventilating for that long produces some crazy results!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia is &quot;well tolerated&quot;[2] but the only concrete info I can find about cerebral hypoxia is that you lose consciousness about 15 seconds after oxygen supply to brain is interrupted, and brain damage can start 4-6 minutes after that. On the one hand, hyperventilation won't even come close to cutting off oxygen supply. On the other hand, these practices can keep this up for an hour. The widely reported &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking_game&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;choking/fainting game&lt;/a&gt;&quot; has caused injuries and fatalities, but has components that make it more dangerous - strangulation, pseudo-Valsalva maneuvers, and holding your breath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How dangerous is this? From what I can tell, mild hyperventilation can cause noticeable mental effects without being dangerous (common in panic attacks for instance). But what if you take it really far? What are some sane limits on duration, and how could you identify that you're getting into dangerous territory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathwork&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2543200/Get-high-without-drugs-Is-hyperventilating-way-trance-using-holotropic-breathwork-latest-new-age-craze.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dumb-but-relevant tabloid article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Via citation &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocapnia#cite_note-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; (sorry): Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP (2002). &quot;Hypocapnia&quot;. N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMra012457. PMID 12097540.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: This question &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/13926/12000&quot;&gt;Is a hyperventilation+hypoventilation breathing exercise (Wim Hof Method) more likely to prevent or promote cancer?&lt;/a&gt; has a lot of great info about the effect of hyperventilation (and hypoventilation) on the body, but it's in the context of regularly performing the exercise long term, and the breathing pattern is different. My question is about the possibility of acute damage from pure hyperventilation in one go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12000" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:51:00.520" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:51:00.520" Title="Could the cerebral hypoxia caused by voluntarily hyperventilating for an hour (&quot;breathwork&quot;) cause brain damage?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12267" CreationDate="2017-11-16T09:20:29.180" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one can be entirely certain, but most studies point in the direction of &amp;quot;yes&amp;quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/460159&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;for instance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The testing, conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ultimately covered more than 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as far as 15 years past their original expiration date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more recent study of the same issue see &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1377417&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cantrell et al.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Shelf-Life Extension Program (SLEP) checks long-term stability of federal drug stockpiles. Eighty-eight percent of 122 different drugs stored under ideal environmental conditions had their expiration dates extended more than 1 year, with an average extension of 66 months and a maximum extension of 278 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our data set, 12 of 14 medications retained full potency for at least 336 months, and 8 of these for at least 480 months. Given our inability to confirm ideal storage conditions for our samples, our results support the effectiveness of broadly extending expiration dates for many drugs, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated by SLEP in a more controlled fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One (exceptional) fact to note in the latter paper is that aspirin withstood really poorly the test of time: out of 226mg declared, only 1.5mg remained, but this was after a really long time; all drugs tested by Cantrell et al. had expired &amp;quot;28 to 40 years prior to analysis&amp;quot;. The first article I mentioned has a more optimistic take on recently expired aspirin:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Chris Allen, a vice president at the Bayer unit that makes aspirin, said the dating is &amp;quot;pretty conservative&amp;quot;; when Bayer has tested 4-year-old aspirin, it remained 100% effective, he said. So why doesn't Bayer set a 4-year expiration date? Because the company often changes packaging, and it undertakes &amp;quot;continuous improvement programs,&amp;quot; Mr. Allen said. Each change triggers a need for more expiration-date testing, and testing each time for a 4-year life would be impractical. Bayer has never tested aspirin beyond 4 years, Mr. Allen said. But Jens Carstensen has. Dr. Carstensen, professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin's pharmacy school, who wrote what is considered the main text on drug stability, said, &amp;quot;I did a study of different aspirins, and after 5 years, Bayer was still excellent. Aspirin, if made correctly, is very stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-16T09:44:35.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7242" CreationDate="2017-11-16T14:34:31.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The structure you are searching for is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_concha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasal conchae&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They are bone lamellae coated with  mucosal tissue and their main purpuse is the augmentation of the surface of the nasal cavity, with the task To clean, warm and moisturize the inhaled air.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's unlikely that you will be able to damage it  with your toungue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/y0LH6.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/y0LH6.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Concha_nasalis.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Concha_nasalis.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Ref CC BY-SA 3.0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastEditorUserId="527" LastEditDate="2017-11-17T10:13:24.390" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T10:13:24.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12267" CreationDate="2017-11-16T17:17:15.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;echoing what Fizz has stated. The shelf-life of medications depends on several competing factors. However, be advised that &lt;em&gt;nutritional supplements&lt;/em&gt; are not approved by the FDA, so the aforementioned study does not apply to that class of pharmaceuticals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FDA approval of Dietary Supplements&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194344.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm194344.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drug expiry&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-drug-expiry-date-a-necessary-safety-measure-or-yet-another-big-pharma-conspiracy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-drug-expiry-date-a-necessary-safety-measure-or-yet-another-big-pharma-conspiracy/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429690/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429690/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12012" LastEditorUserId="12012" LastEditDate="2017-11-17T17:45:56.443" LastActivityDate="2017-11-17T17:45:56.443" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-16T21:32:25.590" Score="4" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard some rumors say that vitamin D deficiency can be a cause of hair loss in humans, but I'm not even marginally sure about this fact.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'd like to be better informed about vitamins' actions - if any - on human hairs, and not only vitamins D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some detailed but on-topic discussions and references to support the claims are appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11270" LastActivityDate="2018-08-14T20:01:33.803" Title="Is vitamin deficiency associated with hair loss?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-18T12:08:30.510" Score="3" ViewCount="419" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are mixtures of baking soda + xylitol equivalent in effectiveness as casual flouride toothpaste?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have good brush technique, good diet, brush twice per day, is this mixture mixed with, amount of water enough to become creamy, in other words,  to be able to pick up with toothbrush&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;... too abrasive for oral cavity (tooth, gum...) ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;... too abrasive for plastic retairners ( note: after brushing teeth with this mixture, wash oral cavity with water 3-4 times, then drink some water, and then put retairners in mouth )?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;... good enough to replace toothpaste, tooth remineralisation?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;... abrasive for cleaning retainers (note: take bowl, put this mixture, put water enough to retairners are drowned in, and let it stay for 10 minutes )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are sources I have found prior to asking here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://womandailytips.com/baking-soda-and-your-teeth-what-sodium-bicarbonate-does-to-your-teeth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;baking soda is not abrasive for oral cavity, because it has an RDA value of 7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12025" LastEditorUserId="12025" LastEditDate="2017-11-18T12:35:05.557" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T19:00:20.220" Title="Baking soda + xylitol, as replace for casual flouride toothpaste" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;retainers&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-18T20:27:03.230" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171118202503/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/17/italian-doctor-says-worlds-first-human-head-transplant-imminent/847288001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20171118202503/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/17/italian-doctor-says-worlds-first-human-head-transplant-imminent/847288001/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An Italian doctor announced Friday that he will soon perform the world’s first human head transplant [...] Canavero estimates the procedure will &lt;strong&gt;cost up to $100 million&lt;/strong&gt; and involve several dozen surgeons and other specialists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can explain such a high cost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-24T22:48:11.450" Title="Why is the cost estimate for the first head transplant 100 million USD?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-25T15:36:31.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14420" CreationDate="2017-11-18T22:55:37.867" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to visit Nepal every 2 years (at least). I was there 2 years ago and got very sick in the second week, basically stomach flu, probably salmonella or e.coli or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was there about a month ago and became sick again in a similar fashion, although it seemed very slightly less dramatic, no high fever this time etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I expect to gain immunity against e.coli at least or maybe even salmonella? Can I expect to get a stronger stomach, which is not so easily upset? Do frequent travelers to Asia or Africa, who tend to experience these type of problems tend to experience them less the more they travel?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have asked a similar question &lt;a href=&quot;https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/17413/how-long-until-i-develop-immunity-to-stomach-flu-travelers-disease&quot;&gt;on The Great Outdoors&lt;/a&gt; and was advised to ask on Health as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-11-21T18:54:23.563" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T18:54:23.563" Title="Can I gain immunity against traveler's disease?" Tags="&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;e-coli&gt;&lt;salmonella&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14394" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-19T03:41:22.483" Score="4" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electronic health records (EHRs) often contains ICD codes used for billing purpose. Is there any study/survey that looked at how often ICD codes in EHRs reflect the actual diagnosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T20:56:46.617" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T21:17:57.917" Title="How often do ICD codes reflect the actual diagnosis in EHR?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-19T09:16:54.233" Score="2" ViewCount="558" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accumulated less than a handful of grey / white hairs during some stressful days in graduate school.  I looked in the mirror often and couldn't believe that I was &quot;aging&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, having finished with school and living a happier, more productive and emotionally intelligent lifestyle, I notice that those white hairs on my head have disappeared.  I haven't made any drastic changes -- my hairstyle is still neither short nor long, I eat sort of poorly but drink a lot of cow milk and unsweetened green tea that's fortified with 200% vitamin C, and I sleep at least eight hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If grey / white hairs is a sign of stress and aging, does the disappearance of white hairs from my head indicate in some sense that aging is reversible -- primarily by reducing the stress in my life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12028" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T18:08:39.097" Title="My grey / white hairs disappeared - in some sense, is aging reversible?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;hair-color&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-11-21T18:50:54.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3817" CreationDate="2017-11-19T18:32:41.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it true that one shouldn't take a bath after lunch?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&#xA;That's a long hold myth, nothing more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it might have all the pedagogical value of scare stories in general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130401-can-you-swim-just-after-eating&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;So telling kids they might drown because they’ve just eaten is one way of getting them to listen to you. But from the evidence, it doesn’t appear to be backed up by science.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bathing is less demanding than swimming? Most of these beliefs centre around swimming which might be a cause of discomfort, even minor cramps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating-Exercise Connection:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/myth-or-fact-should-you-wait-swim-after-eating&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Even though this particular example is a myth, the relationship between eating and exercise is important. Knowing when and what to eat can make a difference in how many calories you burn and how effective your workout is.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take to mean lunch in the South of Europe, where drinking alcohol with meals is customary, than the picture might change a little bit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/health/the-claim-never-swim-after-eating.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;But meals that include a drink or two are another story. In 1989, for example, a study in the journal Pediatrics looked at almost 100 adolescents who drowned in Washington and found that 25 percent had been intoxicated. One year later, a study of hundreds of drowning deaths among adults in California found that 41 percent were alcohol related.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Bottom Line&lt;/strong&gt;  Swimming after a meal will not increase the risk of drowning, unless alcohol is involved&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it seems to persist since even health organisations like the Red Cross &lt;em&gt;once&lt;/em&gt; did give out advice along those lines. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m3240085_SwimmingWaterSafety.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Not any longer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/summer_debunking_summer_health_myths/views.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;False: Wait a half hour after eating before you can safely go swimming&#xA;This one seemed almost universally accepted when I was a child and is still believed today. The myth involves the possibility of suffering severe muscle cramping and drowning from swimming on a full stomach. While it's true that the digestive process does divert the circulation of the blood toward the gut and to a certain extent, away from the muscles, the fact is that an episode of drowning caused by swimming on a full stomach has never been documented. Neither the American Academy of Pediatrics nor the American Red Cross makes any specific recommendations about waiting any amount of time after eating before taking a swim. There's a theoretical possibility that one could develop a cramp while swimming with a full stomach, but a person swimming in a pool or controlled swimming area could easily exit the water if this happens. As with any exercise after eating, swimming right after a big meal might be uncomfortable, but it won't cause you to drown.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For possible origins of this myth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/health-myths/swimming-after-eating.htm/printable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;No one is quite sure when or why parents began telling their children to wait an hour after eating before setting so much as a little toe in the pool or lake. Two popular theories abound, one biological and the other social.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And scientists have objected these theories for quite a while now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.snopes.com/oldwives/hourwait.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In 1961 exercise physiologist Arthur Steinhaus took a position against this belief in the Journal of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. He labeled the very idea of stomach cramps “questionable.”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T18:32:41.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13418" CreationDate="2017-11-19T18:57:03.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting#Medical_application&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fasting has some medical applications&lt;/a&gt;. Among them is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preoperative_fasting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;pre&lt;/em&gt;-operative fasting&lt;/a&gt; which involves wounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But wound healing is basically a status of greatly increased nutritional demands. So, yes, fasting while wounded tends to be a not so good idea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20692599&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basics in nutrition and wound healing:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Therefore, local wound management and good documentation of the wound is essential for non-delayed wound healing and prevention of the development of chronic wounds. During the wound-healing process much energy is needed. The energy for the building of new cells is usually released from body energy stores and protein reserves. This can be very challenging for undernourished and malnourished patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that article:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Influence of undernutrition on wound healing&#xA;Even in uncomplicated starvation, as during a prolonged fasting, the body of an average adult subject loses 60 to 70 g of protein (240–280 g of muscle tissue) per day. However, severe trauma or sepsis can increase the loss of body protein up to 150 to 250 g (600–1000 g of muscle tissue) per day. Wound healing is delayed in subjects who had periods of starvation (simple or stress starvation) before injury or a surgical procedure due to the lack of endogenous substrates. Further undernutrition impedes wound healing in addition to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delayed neovascularization and decreased collagen synthesis   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prolonged phase of inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased phagocytosis by leukocytes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dysfunction of B and T cells&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased mechanical strength of the skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Proteins&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Proteins play the most important role throughout the entire wound-healing process. Lymphocytes, leukocytes, phagocytes, monocytes, and macrophagesdimmune system cellsdare mainly comprised of proteins and are necessary to initiate a healthy inflammatory response in the healing process. An adequate supply with proteins is necessary for consistent wound healing. Because collagen is the protein that is produced mainly in the healing wound, a lack of protein decreases the synthesis of collagen and the production of fibroblasts.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Of course, all proteinogenic amino acids are important during wound healing. There is evidence that some amino acids are especially important for the process. Methionine and cysteine are involved in the synthesis of connective tissue and collagen. Arginine is thought to have a major influence on the proliferation of collagen accretion and on an improved immune reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course there is an increased need for fatty acids, vitamin C, iron, zinc etc. From a surgeon's perspective these points need to be considered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17080694&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The metabolic effects of fasting and surgery:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  - fasting rapidly affects metabolism, although gradually adaptation occurs to minimize protein losses&#xA;  -  surgery increases metabolic rate and catabolism, of which insulin resistance is related to the magnitude of surgery&#xA;  -  insulin treatment in insulin-resistant patients after surgery or trauma markedly improves body metabolism and reduces morbidity and mortality&#xA;  -  avoiding preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance by about 50% and attenuates postoperative impairment in nitrogen losses, lean body mass and muscle function&#xA;  -  fasting or deficient energy intake after surgery does not affect postoperative insulin resistance but does accelerate nitrogen losses&#xA;  -  perioperative parenteral nutrition has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with malnutrition, but has no beneficial effects in well fed patients&#xA;  -  oral supplements perioperatively may attenuate postoperative weight loss and reduce infectious complications&#xA;  -  patients undergoing surgery within a multimodal programme designed to reduce stress and to improve postoperative function display only minor insulin resistance, which allows feeding without hyperglycaemia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/juFZT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/juFZT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Nutrition, Anabolism, and the Wound Healing Process, p2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more comprehensive view of nutrition and wound healing, take a look at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nutrition, Anabolism, and the Wound Healing Process: An Overview:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  One is activation of the stress response to injury, and the second is the development of any protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Any significant wound leads to a hypermetabolic and catabolic state, and nutritional needs are significantly increased. The healing wound depends on adequate nutrient flow. Of particular concern is the presence of any PEM, PEM being defined as a deficiency of energy and protein intake to meet bodily demands. PEM in the presence of a wound leads to the loss of lean body mass (LBM) or protein stores, &lt;strong&gt;which will in and of itself impede the healing process.&lt;/strong&gt; Early aggressive nutrient and micronutritional feeding is essential to control and prevent this process from developing. PEM is commonly seen in the chronic wound population, especially the elderly, disabled, or chronically ill populations where chronic wounds tend to develop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-19T19:39:55.493" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T19:39:55.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-19T19:29:00.357" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my fairly limited understanding, much of the time medications are said to be damaging to the liver, what is meant is that the process of breaking them down causes the formation of free radicals, which then attack the local liver cells. Is this usually the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol, Calpol, Panadol depending on where you live) is broken down in the liver through three pathways, glucoronidation, sulfation, and a third involving the cytochrome P450 enzymes. This third pathway entails breakdown chiefly by CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 through the intermediate NAPQI, which is a strong oxidizer. Too much acetaminophen, or a little over a long period of time, leads to a buildup of NAPQI, which causes oxidation of liver cells and subsequent liver damage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it the case that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, when drugs are known to cause liver damage under certain conditions (such as high dosage or extended use), it's because the drug is broken down in the liver into reactive chemical species that cause oxidative stress on the local liver tissues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-11-19T19:29:00.357" Title="Is drug-based liver damage usually traceable to free radical generation?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14390" CreationDate="2017-11-19T20:12:01.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all: even brushing with nothing – except the dry brush – is better for dental hygiene than doing nothing at all. Before the invention of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tooth brush&lt;/a&gt; people were actively caring for their teeth. One interesting example is found in the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadora_persica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toothbrush tree&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, which has a number of beneficial attributes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address the questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abrasiveness is usually no big problem for the gums. Tooth enamel is another story, but: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29056187&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Baking soda as an abrasive in toothpastes: Mechanism of action and safety and effectiveness considerations:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  On the basis of the collected evidence, baking soda has an intrinsic low-abrasive nature because of its comparatively lower hardness in relation to enamel and dentin. Baking soda toothpastes also may contain other ingredients, which can increase their stain removal effectiveness and, consequently, abrasivity.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Practical Implications:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Even those formulations have abrasivity well within the safety limit regulatory agencies have established and, therefore, can be considered safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For plastic retainers &lt;em&gt;after rinsing&lt;/em&gt; in your mouth? Totally inert.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you do not have a regular toothpaste, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; baking soda is a nice alternative. But fluoride containing pastes are usually considered way superior. For &quot;remineralisation&quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tooth enamel&lt;/a&gt; is mainly built from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatite&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydroxylapatite&lt;/a&gt;. Sodium bicarbonate is usually very low in Ca&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;(PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, that is calcium, phosphorous, or beneficial trace elements like strontium and fluoride. &lt;br&gt; The &lt;em&gt;direct&lt;/em&gt; contribution to remineralisation has to be considered zero. The neutralising effect of the soda&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29056184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evidence for biofilm acid neutralization by baking soda&lt;/a&gt;) might contribute a little bit to enable the natural capacity of your saliva to remineralise. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Test the baking soda on any piece of plastic, like a  bowl or a cup. It will not do anything to it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That might look very safe and effective now. Reading certain studies just emphasises this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29056186&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stain removal and whitening by baking soda dentifrice: A review of literature:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The evidence available in the literature indicates that baking soda-based dentifrices are effective and safe for tooth stain removal and consequently whitening. A number of clinical studies have also shown that baking soda-based dentifrices are more effective in stain removal and whitening than some non-baking soda-containing dentifrices with a higher abrasivity. So far, research efforts have mainly focused on stain removal and tooth-whitening efficacy and clinical safety of baking soda dentifrices used with manual toothbrushes, with only a few studies investigating their effects using powered toothbrushes, for which further research is encouraged.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Practical Implications:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  As part of a daily oral hygiene practice, baking soda-based dentifrice is a desirable, alternative or additional measure for tooth stain removal and whitening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this should not be misread! &lt;br&gt;&#xA;All of the above just says that the plan from the question is not really dangerous. Baking soda and xylitol may even be a quite clever combination compared to soda alone. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Comparing toothpaste on this basis with regular paste containing fluoride shows the  superiority of added fluoride for maintaining oral health in numerous studies, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparing three toothpastes in controlling plaque and gingivitis: A 6-month clinical study:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  After 6 months, subjects assigned to the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride group exhibited statistically significant reductions in gingival index scores and plaque index scores as compared to subjects assigned to the herbal/bicarbonate group by 35.4% and 48.9%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in gingival index and plaque index between subjects in the herbal/ bicarbonate group and those in the fluoride group. The triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice was statistically significantly more effective in reducing gingivitis and dental plaque than the herbal/bicarbonate dentifrice, and this difference in efficacy was clinically meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means unless your local drinking water is very high in fluoride or you drink large amounts of green or black tea (containing large amounts of fluoride) tooth pastes with fluoride will be much better at protecting dental health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-20T19:00:20.220" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T19:00:20.220" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13440" CreationDate="2017-11-20T01:49:48.460" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been an ongoing debate regarding health risks from the electromagnetic fields being emitted from WiFi routers. The constant radiation exposure is arguably dangerous at close distances and may contribute to serious health issues, especially with long-term “chronic” exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2011, the World Health Organization classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as “&lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;possibly carcinogenic to humans&lt;/a&gt;” based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potential for adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, such as those emitted by wireless communication devices, are detailed in a 2011 World Health Organization press release titled, '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/document/56730830/pr208-E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From May 24-31 2011, a Working Group of 31 scientists from 14 countries has been meeting at IARC in Lyon, France to assess the potential carcinogenic hazards from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. These assessments will be published as Volume 102 of the IARC Monographs, which will be the fifth volume in this series to focus on physical agents, after Volume 55 (Solar Radiation), Volume 75 and Volume 78 on ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma-rays, neutrons, radio-nuclides), and &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol80/mono80.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Volume 80&lt;/a&gt; on non-ionizing radiation (extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IARC Monograph Working Group discussed the possibility that these exposures&#xA;could induce long-term effects, in particular an increased risk for cancer. The&#xA;exposure categories involving radiofrequency electromagnetic fields that were discussed and evaluated included:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…occupational exposures to radar and microwaves; environmental exposures associated with transmission of signals for radio, television and wireless telecommunication; and personal exposures associated with the use of wireless telephones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;International experts shared the complex task of tackling the &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb1exp0706.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exposure data&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb2studieshumans0706.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the studies of cancer in humans&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb3studiesanimals0706.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the studies of cancer in experimental animals&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/currentb4studiesother0706.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mechanistic and other relevant data&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The evidence was reviewed critically, and overall evaluated as being limited* among users of wireless telephones for glioma and acoustic neuroma, and inadequate** to draw conclusions for other types of cancers. The evidence from the occupational and environmental exposures mentioned above was similarly judged inadequate. The Working Group did not quantitate the risk; however, &lt;strong&gt;one study of past cell phone use (up to the year 2004), showed a 40% increased risk for gliomas in the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over a 10‐year period)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;*'Limited evidence of carcinogenicity': A positive association has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer for which a causal interpretation is considered by the Working Group to be credible, but chance, bias or confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;**'Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity': The available studies are of insufficient quality, consistency or statistical power to permit a conclusion regarding the presence or absence of a causal association between exposure and cancer, or no data on cancer in humans are available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Jonathan Same (University of Southern California, USA) and overall Chairman of the Working Group, suggested that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“…the evidence, while still accumulating, is strong enough to support a conclusion... The conclusion means that &lt;strong&gt;there could be some risk&lt;/strong&gt;, and therefore we need to keep a close watch for a link between cell phones and cancer risk.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IARC Director, Christopher Wild added,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;”Given the potential consequences for public health of this classification and findings, it is important that additional research be conducted into the long term, heavy use of mobile phones. Pending the availability of such information, &lt;strong&gt;it is important to take pragmatic measures to reduce exposure such as hands-free devices or texting&lt;/strong&gt;”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several scientific articles resulting from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2010/pdfs/pr200_E.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interphone study&lt;/a&gt; were made available to the working group and were included in the evaluation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the scientific articles, ’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862434&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acoustic neuroma risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study.&lt;/a&gt;’ determined that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There was no increase in risk of acoustic neuroma with ever regular use of a mobile phone or for users who began regular use 10 years or more before the reference date.&lt;/strong&gt; Elevated odds ratios observed at the highest level of cumulative call time could be due to chance, reporting bias or a causal effect. As acoustic neuroma is usually a slowly growing tumour, the interval between introduction of mobile phones and occurrence of the tumour might have been too short to observe an effect, if there is one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second scientific article also included in the evaluation, ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://oem.bmj.com/content/68/9/686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Estimation of RF energy absorbed in the brain from mobile phones in the Interphone Study&lt;/a&gt;,’ explained&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While amount and duration of use are important determinants of RF dose in the brain, their &lt;strong&gt;impact can be substantially modified by communication system, frequency band and location in the brain&lt;/strong&gt;. It is important to take these into account in analyses of risk of brain tumors from RF exposure from mobile phones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a guide on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/wireless-devices-and-health-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wireless Devices and Health Concerns&lt;/a&gt; addresses the topic of RF exposure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the Federal Communications Commission, federal health and safety agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have been actively involved in monitoring and investigating issues related to RF exposure. For example, the FDA has issued guidelines for safe RF emission levels from microwave ovens, and it continues to monitor exposure issues related to the use of certain RF devices such as cellular telephones. NIOSH conducts investigations and health hazard assessments related to occupational RF exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Federal, state and local government agencies and other organizations have generally relied on RF exposure standards developed by expert non-government organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since 1996, the FCC has required that &lt;strong&gt;all wireless communications devices sold in the United States meet its minimum guidelines for safe human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) energy&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FCC’s guidelines and rules regarding RF exposure &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...are based upon standards developed by IEEE and NCRP and input from other federal agencies... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These guidelines specify exposure limits for hand-held wireless devices determined by the &lt;strong&gt;Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The SAR is a measure of the rate that RF energy is absorbed by the body. &lt;strong&gt;For exposure to RF energy from wireless devices, the allowable FCC SAR limit is 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg), as averaged over one gram of tissue&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 1996, the FCC has required that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;strong&gt;all wireless devices sold in the US go through a formal FCC approval process to ensure that they do not exceed the maximum allowable SAR level when operating at the device’s highest possible power level.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several US government agencies and international organizations work cooperatively to monitor research on the health effects of RF exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the FDA and the World Health Organization (WHO), among other organizations, to date, &lt;strong&gt;the weight of scientific evidence has not effectively linked exposure to radio frequency energy from mobile devices with any known health problems&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some health and safety interest groups have interpreted certain reports to suggest that wireless device use may be linked to cancer and other illnesses, posing potentially greater risks for children than adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While these assertions have gained increased public attention, currently &lt;strong&gt;no scientific evidence establishes a causal link between wireless device use and cancer or other illnesses&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although no scientific evidence currently establishes a direct link between wireless device use and cancer (or other illnesses), some consumers are skeptical of the science and analysis that underlies the FCC’s RF exposure guidelines. Thus, some parties recommend taking precautionary measures to further reduce exposure to RF energy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FCC does not endorse the need for these practices, but provides information on steps you can take to reduce your exposure to RF energy from cell phones. For example,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;strong&gt;wireless devices only emit RF energy when you are using them and, the closer the device is to you, the more energy you will absorb&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the FCC's suggested measures to reduce RF exposure include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Use a speakerphone, earpiece or headset to reduce proximity to the head (and thus exposure). While wired earpieces may conduct some energy to the head and wireless earpieces also emit a small amount of RF energy, both wired and wireless earpieces remove the greatest source of RF energy (the cell phone) from proximity to the head and thus can greatly reduce total exposure to the head.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Increase the distance between wireless devices and your body.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Consider texting rather than talking - but don’t text while you are driving.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although potentially misleading, some parties recommend considering reported SAR values of wireless devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First, the actual &lt;strong&gt;SAR varies considerably depending upon the conditions of use&lt;/strong&gt;. The SAR value used for FCC approval does not account for the multitude of measurements taken during the testing. Moreover, &lt;strong&gt;cell phones constantly vary their power to operate at the minimum power necessary for communications&lt;/strong&gt;; &lt;strong&gt;operation at maximum power occurs infrequently&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Second, &lt;strong&gt;the reported highest SAR values of wireless devices do not necessarily indicate that a user is exposed to more or less RF energy from one cell phone than from another during normal use&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;For additional information, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/specific-absorption-rate-sar-cell-phones-what-it-means-you&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SAR and cell phones&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Third, &lt;strong&gt;the variation in SAR from one mobile device to the next is relatively small compared to the reduction that can be achieved by the measures described above&lt;/strong&gt;. Consumers should remember that &lt;strong&gt;all wireless devices are certified to meet the FCC maximum SAR standards, which incorporate a considerable safety margin.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;For additional information, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fcc.gov/general/specific-absorption-rate-sar-cellular-telephones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;maximum SAR value for each phone&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies have also reported that wireless devices might interfere with implanted cardiac pacemakers &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...if used within &lt;strong&gt;eight inches&lt;/strong&gt; of the pacemaker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although several studies claim health risks associated with wireless and EMF radiation, there is still much work to be done before definitive statements about EMF safety can be made. Because these health risks are of concern to you, it may be advisable to take precautionary measures by placing your router at an appropriate distance from your body, especially while sleeping. However, it is best to discuss any health-related questions or concerns with your primary care physician or specialist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note - you may also want to review the specs on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asus.com/us/Networking/RT-AC5300/specifications/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asus RT-AC5300 router&lt;/a&gt; listed on the Asus website and request additional product documentation from the company to review with your primary care physician or specialist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplemental information and resources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://transition.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/mobilephone.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wireless Devices and Health Concerns Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radio Frequency Safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqCDrHXgtd0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta Explains: Cell phones and radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7wCeuSqm34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cell Phone Radiation Safety Tips With Dr Sanjay Gupta on Anderson Cooper 360&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastEditorUserId="8916" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T22:36:18.067" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T22:36:18.067" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-20T03:00:53.193" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://boxpromag.com/the-power-of-bellecores-bodybuffer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://boxpromag.com/the-power-of-bellecores-bodybuffer/&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stimulating muscle and tendon healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study that confirmed or infirmed that the use of bodybuffers stimulates tendon healing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of bodybuffer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q4iOz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/q4iOz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T03:00:53.193" Title="Does the use of bodybuffers stimulate tendon healing?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-20T05:24:30.780" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;azathioprine&lt;/a&gt; weakens the immune system by reducing white blood cell count. I've read that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interferons&lt;/a&gt; boost the immune system against viruses. They seem to have different functions, but they treat the same disease!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a doctor but I would like to understand how interferon works because I am a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple sclerosis&lt;/a&gt; patient. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T01:18:40.097" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T01:18:40.097" Title="How does interferon beta 1-A help patients with multiple sclerosis?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-20T12:16:28.270" Score="3" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a lot of Dandruff and I am just starting to lose hair. Is there any co-relation. I heard Dandruff is neither good nor bad, it is quantitative. Meaning that everybody has it, but on different levels. For some it  is not visible, but they do have it and others have a lot of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? More over is dandruff bad for my hair. Does it Cause hairfall?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12039" LastEditorUserId="12039" LastEditDate="2017-11-21T01:47:26.023" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T04:11:00.320" Title="Is dandruff bad?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-04-18T15:56:56.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-20T16:20:46.530" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a term and definition for when the body reacts to pain you can't consciously feel?&lt;/strong&gt; To be more descriptive, &lt;em&gt;it's a reflex to pain,&lt;/em&gt; like pulling back from a hot stove and coddling the finger you touched it with, although you &lt;em&gt;don't feel any pain.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less importantly, but more broadly speaking, &lt;em&gt;what is a reaction to what would be pain, though pain isn't felt by the person?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12040" LastEditorUserId="12040" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T03:14:24.047" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T03:14:24.047" Title="What is a pain response when the feeling of pain isn't there?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15097" CreationDate="2017-11-20T17:01:44.600" Score="10" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I were to be in a car accident, or something similar, I know that certain tests would be performed either by the first responders or by the medical personnel in the emergency room. Like checking my blood type and for allergies to determine what medicines they can and can't give me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why I have an ICE armband which identifies me, supplies my age, allergies, organ donor status and family contact details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also 15 weeks pregnant. If something were to happen to me, I'd want the doctor to know that I'm pregnant so that baby-safe measures could be taken (as much as possible) and that the health of the baby could also be evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, pregnancy is determined by a urine test. However, if I'm unconscious in an emergency situation, I wouldn't be able to go to the bathroom. So a blood test is probably the only option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How and when is pregnancy tested for in an emergency situation, and would it be beneficial to add a temporary notice to my ICE armband that I'm pregnant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12041" LastActivityDate="2019-10-15T05:56:44.877" Title="In an emergency situation, how does the medical doctor determine that an unconscious patient is pregnant?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-20T18:28:25.857" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does having any plastic between your eyes and the environment automatically provide UVA and UVB protection?  Or do the lenses actually have to be coated (or be comprised of a special type of plastic) in order to afford UVA and UVB protection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This question is partially prompted by a shirt that I bought that prominently advertises its high level of UV protection.  Well, even the least expensive t-shirt seems to provide good protection.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2017-11-20T18:28:25.857" Title="Are cheap sunglasses dangerous?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-21T00:52:56.607" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a great fan of eggs and have consumed many eggs a day since I was young.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had not even the slightest worry about my blood cholesterol level until an old man told me yesterday about the detrimental effects that over eating eggs might have on my health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does eating three to five whole eggs each day increase the level of blood cholesterol?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12042" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T06:38:25.873" Title="Does eating three to five whole eggs each day increase the level of blood cholesterol?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-07-28T13:26:57.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10437" CreationDate="2017-11-21T05:48:09.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, I don't think keeping a patient awake has any treatment value in trauma cases. I'm skeptical there even are situations where you could override the effects of traumatic injury by simply talking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it has significant value in assessment. Level of consciousness is the first and most significant vital sign, and being able to monitor it in trauma is crucial. Declines in many body systems will be signaled by the brain first, so you always want to be aware of the patient's mental status. You do that by talking to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129809/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129809/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-11-21T05:54:11.893" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T05:54:11.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14393" CreationDate="2017-11-21T11:31:36.013" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A short &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crm.de/itb2013/beitraege/abs_haditsch.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary of a report by Prof. DDr. Martin Haditsch&lt;/a&gt;  seems to come to the conclusion that a permanent immunity of travelers against &quot;traveler's disease&quot; can not be gained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Traveler's diarrhea is usually caused by a toxin-producing gut germ, namely&#xA;  ETEC (enterotoxic / enterotoxigenic E. coli), the resulting immunity&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;requires a recurrent contact, which is only guaranteed in the local population&lt;/strong&gt;. As a result, travelers can &lt;strong&gt;repeatedly&lt;/strong&gt; fall ill&#xA;  during repeated visits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actions that can be taken are mentioned as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to the well-known &quot;Peel it, boil it, cook it - or forget&#xA;  it!&quot;, a strengthening of the defense barriers is possible through&#xA;  several measures: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;high-percentage alcoholic drinks (WITHOUT ice cubes!) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;bitter tinctures or bitter teas stimulate the gastric acid secretion (important unspecific line of defense) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In addition, cholera (Dukoral®) oral vaccination as a specific measure may be due to one of the vaccine antigens used (B-subunit of&#xA;  the cholera toxin; deceptively similar to the heat-labile ETEC toxin -&#xA;  produced by up to 75% of the strains detected) considerable&#xA;  cross-immunity (for 3 to 7 months) and thus lead to a significant&#xA;  protection against ETEC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the mentioned salmonella:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salmonellosis does not leave an effective immunity against re-infection &lt;em&gt;from &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uniklinikum-saarland.de/fileadmin/UKS/Aktuelles/Zeitschrift_UKS_Report/Medizinlexikon/Meizinlexikon_ab_2005/Salmonelleninfektion.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Die Salmonellose hinterlässt keine wirksame Immunität gegen eine erneute Infektion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T11:31:36.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-21T13:57:32.493" Score="4" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;There always seem to be much vaguely stated health reading material about anal intercourse increasing the risk of the transfer of HIV/AIDS, but it never reads precisely; so my question is: does research show that it is the &lt;em&gt;penis&lt;/em&gt; that gives the HIV more easily to someone through insertion of the penis into the anus (unprotected) vs. vaginal and/or orally?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it the other way around, i.e. the infected person's &lt;em&gt;anus&lt;/em&gt; is more likely to carry the virus and thus more easily spreads HIV to the uninfected person's penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12046" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-03-09T13:41:43.523" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T13:41:43.523" Title="What's with anal sex and HIV?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;penis&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14424" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-21T22:18:26.387" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;what is the exact value of the blood ph, how is it corrected and at what precision ?&#xA;Has there even been a real time high precision analysis of the blood ph ? where we could see the correction occurring in real time periodically on a graph, it would be awesome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12051" LastActivityDate="2017-11-21T22:18:26.387" Title="What's the exact value of blood Ph and how is it corrected" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-22T01:03:04.787" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can one know whether an ICD-10 code is a routine diagnosis code? I am asking as in the United States, some health insurances do not cover medical appointments or procedures billed with a routine diagnosis code.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T22:02:27.010" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T22:02:27.010" Title="How can one know whether an ICD-10 code is a routine diagnosis code?" Tags="&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-22T08:49:23.903" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am translating a Swedish text, and I am having problems translating the term &quot;akutremiss&quot; to British English. The term is commonly used in Swedish healthcare. It is basically a referral, of any type, where the medical issue is urgent. I have done some basic googling on some of the options, just to see which ones are the most commonly used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;GOOGLE SEARCHES AND HIT COUNTS&#xA;&#xA;healthcare &quot;acute referral&quot;&#xA;19 700&#xA;&#xA;healthcare &quot;emergency referral&quot;&#xA;95 400&#xA;&#xA;healthcare &quot;urgent referral&quot;&#xA;56 800&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clear winner is &quot;Emergency referral&quot;. &quot;Urgent referral&quot; is the runner up. But I feel there is a big difference in the level of urgency between &quot;urgent&quot; and &quot;emergency&quot;, with an emergency being &lt;em&gt;way&lt;/em&gt; more urgent than something which is just &quot;urgent&quot;, at least to my ears. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I included &quot;acute referral&quot;, mostly because it is a direct translation of the Swedish term, but it sounds really strange to me. I have never heard anyone use the word &quot;acute&quot; to mean &quot;urgent&quot;. The pages I checked seem to be mostly about eye damage, so perhaps the term is eyes-only (pun intended). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some thoughts? Is there anything like an &quot;official&quot; term used in the healthcare community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12053" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T08:49:23.903" Title="Correct english term for an urgent referral" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-22T11:31:46.333" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Description of Disease&lt;/strong&gt; : &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://g.co/kgs/dgw9oE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An &lt;strong&gt;inherited disorder&lt;/strong&gt; in which clusters of cysts develop in the kidneys.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  More than 1 million cases per year (India)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Treatment can help but this condition can't be cured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://g.co/kgs/dgw9oE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Question&lt;/strong&gt; : What makes PKD so difficult to diagnose and cure the patient later even promising medicines fail at last stage? &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Even, if a child having kidney cysts suffering from ADPKD herited from his parents at very early age nothing can be done to help him. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Cutting sodium(recommended by doctors as treatment) in diet can't be a permenant solution&lt;/em&gt; possible for forever. &#xA;&lt;br&gt;In 21st Century, such disease should have eliminated a long ago, then why researchers aren't still up with something, that help reducing the death toll(Kidney Failure) due to PKD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11919" LastEditorUserId="11919" LastEditDate="2020-06-01T08:00:12.863" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T16:32:22.577" Title="Why is Polycystic Kidney Disease(PKD) so difficult to cure?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;&lt;cysts&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14421" CreationDate="2017-11-22T13:25:28.100" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, anal sex is the most risky method of sex with the highest possible chances for HIV infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is clearly said in the official &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/analsex.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anal sex is the riskiest sexual behavior for getting and transmitting HIV for men and women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the reason, it's neither the penis nor the anus directly. They separate the reasoning for the receptive partner (&lt;em&gt;bottom&lt;/em&gt;) and  insertive partner (&lt;em&gt;top&lt;/em&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The bottom’s risk of getting HIV is very high because the lining of the rectum is thin and may allow HIV to enter the body during anal sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HIV may enter the top partner’s body through the opening at the tip of the penis (or urethra) or through small cuts, scratches, or open sores on the penis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do note, that article and all above quotes refer to anal sex when the receptive partner can be either male or female. (As it's common belief that gay anal sex is more risky, which is not true.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T13:25:28.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14434" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14436" CreationDate="2017-11-22T14:47:03.140" Score="0" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find FDA nutritional guidelines that are used for Nutritional Facts on packaged foods?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on 2000 calorie diet  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total fat&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sat fat&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Cholesteral&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sodium&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Carbohydrate&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Protein  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Daily g or mg for each of the items above?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find examples with % but cannot find what total is used.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Like 7% is rounded from some number.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T15:02:37.113" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T16:12:35.630" Title="Nutritional Guidelines" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14434" CreationDate="2017-11-22T16:01:03.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Daily Values for nutrients in a 2,000 Calorie diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total fat = 65 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sat fat = 20 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cholesteral = 300 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium = 2,400 mg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carbohydrate = 300 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein = 50 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-11-22T16:12:35.630" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T16:12:35.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-22T21:07:45.550" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since childhood, some people told me that wetting a metal utensil in alcohol could sterilize it. How true is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12061" LastActivityDate="2017-11-22T21:07:45.550" Title="Does dipping something metal in alcohol sterilize it?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-22T22:12:32.843" Score="7" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a picture on Facebook about butcher's cutting out cancer when processing meat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If consumed, would it be dangerous to us? Can we get sick? I'm assuming the body's immune system would recognize the cells as foreign since its animal meat, but would it do anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I have not looked into whether this picture had any truth to it. But my question still stands if it is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RAWda.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RAWda.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Picture mentions&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12062" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T11:33:31.560" LastActivityDate="2019-02-14T16:02:00.357" Title="What if you eat meat with cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-03-23T11:54:40.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-23T05:43:36.570" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} presents some techniques to treat tendinopathies, and says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;deep-friction treatments serve to stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do deep-friction treatments stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen production?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Bass, Lmt Evelyn. “Tendinopathy: Why the Difference Between Tendinitis and Tendinosis Matters.” International Journal of Therapeutic Massage &amp;amp; Bodywork: Research, Education, &amp;amp; Practice 5.1 (2012) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312643/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312643/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-11-23T05:43:36.570" Title="Why do deep-friction treatments stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen production?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;massage&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14448" CreationDate="2017-11-23T06:29:29.747" Score="4" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to identify a person is suffering from depression/ OCD / suicidal depression? How he behaves and act while he is suffering from above? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12067" LastActivityDate="2019-10-16T10:42:39.637" Title="What are the symptoms of depression/ OCD / suicidal depression? How we can identify a person by his behavior?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14445" CreationDate="2017-11-23T13:37:00.013" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most credible source for diagnosis and evaluation of mental conditions is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)&lt;/a&gt;, which is published and updated every few years by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Psychiatric Association&lt;/a&gt;. The latest and most updated edition is the 5th edition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite being a professional manual and guidelines for psychologists and psychiatrists, the criteria for diagnosis that are listed for each psychiatric condition covered in the book are (mostly) written in a style that laymen can also understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i2.wp.com/eiko-fried.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2018-07-17-at-16.57.18-450x381.png?resize=450%2C381&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a reprint of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1115/hi-res/afp20151115p896-t2.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a reprint of the diagnostic criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Due to the nature of this subject (i.e. wide diversity of presentations), a person does not necessarily have to exhibit &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; of the signs in order to be diagnosed with a certain mental condition.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;This point may be illustrated by the beginning of the Major Depressive Disorder entry: &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Five (or more)&lt;/strong&gt; of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning...&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diagnosis is best left for medical professionals, but there is great benefit in early detection of relevant signs by family members or friends. If you are asking as a non-professional, then read through the criteria and be observant. This may save a life.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2019-10-16T10:42:39.637" LastActivityDate="2019-10-16T10:42:39.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14450" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14456" CreationDate="2017-11-23T22:55:13.503" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a big brand bag of dry roasted peanuts the other day. Delicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I've been trying to understand nutrition, especially in relation to diabetes. I was under the impression that sugar, starches, and fibre were all carbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, which I think it is, then why does the back of said peanut packaging say there is more fibre than carbs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding incorrect or else what's going on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LPmeK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7588" LastEditorUserId="7588" LastEditDate="2017-11-24T05:55:12.307" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T13:59:16.660" Title="Fibre &lt;= carbs always true?" Tags="&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14451" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14453" CreationDate="2017-11-23T23:48:45.523" Score="2" ViewCount="215" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm almost 30 now and have never been able to grow a full beard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not a thick beard either and quite patchy in places especially around my cheeks and jawline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My brothers have been able to grow thick full beards since they were teenagers but it doesn't look I can as last time I tried I grew it out for three months and it just looked like an old brush with bristles missing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point I'm not sure it's possible but would be nice to read some success stories as I'm sure there are some. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8591" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T21:02:15.047" Title="Is it possible to never grow a full beard" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14451" CreationDate="2017-11-24T06:07:04.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Growing a beard is mostly due to genetics and your sensitivity to testosterone levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people have no facial hair, they tend to think it’s because of the fact that they have low testosterone. &lt;strong&gt;That’s not the case, it’s actually based on how sensitive your body is to testosterone.&lt;/strong&gt; In other words, if you are highly sensitive to it, you’re going to have a lot more hair on your face and body. The good news for those without much or any facial hair is that they don’t have to worry about being bald later on in life&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://royalbeardclub.com/beards/how-to-grow-a-beard/is-beard-growth-all-genetics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Royal Beard Club&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has been pointed out, a commercial site does have it's own interest. While I have been struggling through an advertisement jungle to find free sources that back up the first claim (hair growth is related to hair follicle sensitivity to testosterone), I have been able to find a source backing up the second claim (that hair loss is related to hair follicle sensitivity to testosterone):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s not the amount of testosterone or DHT that causes baldness; &lt;strong&gt;it’s the sensitivity of your hair follicles. That sensitivity is determined by genetics.&lt;/strong&gt; The AR gene makes the receptor on hair follicles that interact with testosterone and DHT. If your receptors are particularly sensitive, they are more easily triggered by even small amounts of DHT, and hair loss occurs more easily as a result. Other genes may also play a part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-loss-and-testosterone#genes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Alternatively &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/hair-loss-causes-men&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer your question: Yes, it is totally possible to be unable to grow a beard, and there’s not much one can do about beard thickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T21:02:15.047" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14450" CreationDate="2017-11-24T07:46:37.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The label on the picture is wrong. Both fiber and sugar belong to carbohydrates, so sugars (5.1 g) + fiber (8.6 g) = 13.7 g carbohydrates, but the label says only 7.2 g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4448/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;, 100 g of dry roasted peanuts contain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4.2 g sugars&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;8 g fiber&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;21.5 g carbohydrates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 9 g of carbohydrates that are not specifically mentioned is starch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T07:46:37.847" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-24T08:39:20.823" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a few ER room stories on quora where trauma surgeons would dictate their real life accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of them said about a accident victim who was very much alive , conscious and talkative. Upon operating the surgeon's team found that the hepatic vein has ruptured from vena cava behind the liver. So the team decided that nothing could be done to repair that damage and save the patient's life. They stopped the life support and slowly the patient died on the table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-saddest-case-you-have-had-as-a-doctor/answer/Peter-Lucas-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Full account of the incident here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading through the comments I found this passage :&#xA;You remember Professor Asrat used to say that injuries to the vena cava behind the liver are when the surgeon sees God? He used to say things like that that I didn’t understand. I understand now.’”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I fail to understand is why was this situation deemed untreatable? Especially when someone is very much alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would one not try to treat it anyway regardless of success rate when the other option is definitely death of the patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several cases which are very likely to be fatal (cancer , HIV , ebola ) etc are treated regardless of the final outcome so what went wrong in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4972" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T15:39:06.510" Title="Why is treating hepatic vein injuries so difficult?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13374" CreationDate="2017-11-24T09:47:36.357" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PREVENTATIVE AND RISK FACTORS FOR GALLSTONES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BREASTFEEDING:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775873&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Childbearing, breastfeeding, other reproductive factors and the subsequent risk of hospitalization for gallbladder disease&lt;/a&gt; (PubMed) (A prospective cohort study on 1.3 million women in England and Scotland from 1996-2001)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hospitalization for gallbladder disease is common in middle-aged&#xA;  women. &lt;strong&gt;The risk&lt;/strong&gt; increases the more children a woman has had, but&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;decreases the longer she breastfeeds.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OBESITY:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The known risk factors for gallstones (and hence cholecystitis) are (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343155/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rapid weight loss (&gt;3.5 lbs/week; 0.5-2 lbs/week is considered low risk) due to a very low calorie diet (&amp;lt;800 Cal/day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Some women who have more children go through repeated cycles of obesity and rapid weight loss.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GENETICS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genetic predisposition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethnicity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/pancreas_biliary_tract/gallstone_disease.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hopkins Medicine&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Pima Indians of Arizona have the highest prevalence of gallstones&#xA;  worldwide. Ninety percent of Pima women over the age of 65 have&#xA;  gallstone disease. Micmac Indians of Canada, Hispanics, and Mexican&#xA;  American women also have a higher prevalence of gallstone disease, as&#xA;  do both men and women in Norway and Chile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DIET:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE about high fat, high saturated fat or high cholesterol intake as risk factors, and fiber, vitamin C or unsaturated fat intake as preventative factors for gallstones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3343155/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-11-24T14:22:58.170" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T14:22:58.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14457" CreationDate="2017-11-24T13:22:09.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The part of the question about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/forms.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;passive euthanasia&lt;/a&gt; is an ethical question, which in my opinion does not fit for Health.SE.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgicalcriticalcare.net/Resources/injury_severity_scoring.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;INJURY SEVERITY SCORING&lt;/a&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatic avulsion&lt;/a&gt;, which is given with &lt;strong&gt;vein has ruptured from vena cava&lt;/strong&gt;, has an &lt;em&gt;ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE&lt;/em&gt; of 6 which would count as unsurvivable.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Problems with the surgical treatment are in addition to the high blood loss: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Venous walls are very delicate, so that a sewing, especially at irregular torn ends, is difficult. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ingress of air into open veins may result in pulmonary embolism. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Disrupted blood flow can lead to the formation of thrombi which can also end in a pulmonary embolism or can lead to congestion of the arterial inflow in the liver and thus to liver failure or further bleeding. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T15:39:06.510" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T15:39:06.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-24T16:00:50.413" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm just getting over an illness now which came with a fever.  I couldn't help but notice that the fever fluctuated drastically over the course of the illness, with me switching between number of blankets/layers of clothes constantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the importance of the fever in the immune response and why it occurs, but I'm curious why it would fluctuate so drastically.  I would have expected it to stay at a certain constant 'high' for much of the illness, and only start to drop as I fought off the illness.  I'm curious why the fever appeared to instead constantly vary throughout the illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T16:00:50.413" Title="Why does a fever flucturate when sick?" Tags="&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-24T18:58:37.003" Score="3" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently working on an engineering project which monitors the users current UV exposure and attempts to calculate how much time they can safely remain in the sun. An issue I've encountered is finding a method for actually making a calculation and summation of how much &quot;sun&quot; someone has received based on their skin tone over a changing UV reading. The UV index seems to give guidelines for exposure time but I cannot find anything that can be put into numbers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12075" LastActivityDate="2017-11-24T18:58:37.003" Title="Calculating sun exposure limit over changing UV index" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14001" CreationDate="2017-11-25T03:30:51.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors that can determine how well an individual will heal and scar. While many treatments have been suggested for the treatment of scars, only a few of them have been supported by prospective studies with an adequate control group. As a result, the development of hypertrophic scars and keloids remains an unsolved problem in the process of wound healing. An abstract titled, ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9810992?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The use of silicone occlusive sheeting (Sil-K) and silicone occlusive gel (Epiderm) in the prevention of hypertrophic scar formation&lt;/a&gt;' confirms,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this reason, a successful treatment to prevent excessive scar formation still has yet to be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, as it relates to the &lt;em&gt;effectiveness&lt;/em&gt; of topical scar treatments -- there isn't one particular type that is &lt;em&gt;completely effective&lt;/em&gt;. The potential for achieving results from a topical scar treatment is usually dependent on the age, thickness, and location of the scar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, clinical support of topical gel products, relative to all alternative scar therapies, is considered the &amp;quot;internationally recommended first-line form of scar management&amp;quot;, though there continues to be ongoing deliberation over the exact mechanism of action of silicone in improving a scar. '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486716/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Use of Silicone Adhesives for Scar Reduction&lt;/a&gt;' explains,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present it is likely that through occlusion of the scar site and hydration of the wound bed, the overactivity of scar-related cells is suppressed, and their activity normalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas occlusion and hydration may also be achieved by other scar care products, '&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2989813;jsessionid=B8FC345F5F30BF514B5D53722310AA86&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An Evaluation of Evidence Regarding Application of Silicone Gel Sheeting for the Management of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids&lt;/a&gt;' recognizes the benefits of silicone gel sheeting, stating it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…has been clinically proven to also address pruritus, skin pigmentation changes, and primary prevention...Hypertrophic and keloid scar-related physical discomfort ranging from itching to pain have been seen to improve dramatically upon SGS treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional benefits include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...no skin stripping, and no painful skin or hair pulling; but another advantage also lies in the fact that...unlike alternatives, have a low viscous component that limits their flow and consequently their readiness to absorb materials at the surface of the skin such as stratum corneum cells and lipids.  The adhesive surface...remains relatively clean and can be removed, reused and cleaned repeatedly without diminishing its integrity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...used in scar treatment for more than 30 years, demonstrating safety and efficacy recognized by wound care professionals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...silicone gel sheeting has been demonstrated to reduce incidence of hypertrophic scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same abstract references several topical silicone-containing scar care products and, when comparing &lt;strong&gt;silicone gel&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;silicone gel sheeting&lt;/strong&gt;, the limitations of silicone gel sheeting specifically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...can be cumbersome to keep on the scar, with some patients showing an aversion to wearing SGS in visible areas&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, silicone gel was said to have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…a higher compliance than gel sheeting, due primarily to ease of use and convenience...[but] A few studies have suggested no significant difference between the gel and gel sheeting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the abstract also confesses that additional studies are needed with all therapies used to treat scars, your question is still addressed to some degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;…&lt;strong&gt;silicone gel sheeting can be employed, especially as an &lt;em&gt;adjunct in combination&lt;/em&gt; with other hypertrophic scar and keloid treatments.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the provided information, you can &lt;em&gt;technically&lt;/em&gt; use both topical scar treatments at the same time but may not receive an added benefit from the combination. Thus, using one or the other should be just as effective. The effectiveness of using one or both products will likely depend on your individual biology because (as with any therapy), individual responses and results may vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, it is always in your best interest to consult with your primary care physician or dermatologist to discuss the best treatment option(s) for your specific condition and individual needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-25T03:30:51.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-25T06:18:47.070" Score="3" ViewCount="3095" Body="&lt;p&gt;I been reading a lot of positive benefits from ashwagandha lately such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keeping blood sugar balanced&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boosting testosterone levels&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reducing level of stress and anxiety &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boost brain function&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Having anti cancer properties&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and many others and as person who's been suffering from general anxiety disorder for over a decade now while basically having both diabetes and cancer encrypted in my dna I dont think I could of asked for anything better. &#xA;Would smoking  ashwagandha bring the same health benefits as taking it in pill or powdered form would? Which form (route of administration) delivers the most health benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12076" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2017-12-17T15:36:35.560" LastActivityDate="2017-12-17T15:36:35.560" Title="can smoking ashwagandha have the same benefit as the power/pill form?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;traditional-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13766" CreationDate="2017-11-25T18:16:19.873" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many benefits associated with Himalayan rock salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking into the first hit from the still favourite search engine one lands on a journal from an otherwise respectable publisher in the medical sciences and finds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0030-1249902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Global Proving of Himalayan Crystal Salt&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Themes for Himalayan Rock Salt:&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Major themes&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  – Suicide/Homicide/Accident/Death/Rape&#xA;  – Comfortable with oneself/Confidence/ buoyancy&#xA;  – Emotions: Grief/Sadness/Pain&#xA;  – Moods: Irritable/Negative&#xA;  – Mother-child theme&#xA;  – Masculine/Feminine energy&#xA;  – Homosexuality&#xA;  – Lonely&#xA;  – Old things/Memory&#xA;  – Heart/Love Minor themes&#xA;  – Past life&#xA;  – Postponing&#xA;  – Watched, being&#xA;  – Cobweb sensation Co-incidences&#xA;  – Work in bathroom/Sink/Tap&#xA;  – Cosmic events The Higher Self&#xA;  – Spiritual side – Meditation Food&#xA;  – Food theme&#xA;  – Food affinities The cosmic projection&#xA;  – Animals/Birds&#xA;  – Ocean&#xA;  – Flowers&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Physical representation&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  – Physical: Eye&#xA;  – Physical: Head&#xA;  – Physical: Hips&#xA;  – Physical: Lips: Herpetic eruptions&#xA;  – Dental issues&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this sums up quite nicely what a big cure-it-all this is. It's a miracle food and priced accordingly!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how can it be so effective? – Simple answer: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2016/02/01/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-eat-pink-himalayan-salt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it's old, it's pure, it's from an obscure Eastern region associated with mysticism; and it is even said to contain &quot;all 84 trace elements&quot; the human body needs in the perfect ration!&lt;/a&gt; –– Wait a minute. Pure and 84 elements? That are in a human body and needed? How exotic!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;OK, really? Health Benefits?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315081.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is pink Himalayan salt?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pink Himalayan salt is mined in Pakistan and may be up to 98 percent sodium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Translation: It's not from the mountains of the Himalaya but one of the largest salt mines in the vicinity of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lahore&lt;/a&gt;. Looking at a map locating &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khewra Salt Mine&lt;/a&gt; one is hard press to identify the surroundings with the claimed origin of these salts. It's in Punjab and not in the Karakorum mountains. Exposing the first lie about it right in its name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pink Himalayan salt is chemically similar to table salt. It contains up to 98 percent sodium chloride. The remainder of the salt is made up of trace minerals, such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which give the salt its light pink tint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Translation: Mostly table salt, with some dirt left in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The presence of these minerals also explains why Himalayan salt tastes different to regular table salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That might settle this issue. But even the yellow press can make this clearer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://time.com/4834865/himalayan-pink-salt-benefits/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pink Himalayan salt is nutritionally very similar to regular salt. It’s just prettier and more expensive.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we inquire about this opinion on a site dedicated to evidence based medicine and promoting science in general the picture gets bleak:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/pass-the-salt-but-not-that-pink-himalayan-stuff/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What kind of salt should we use?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Even if this analysis is accurate, it is meaningless for health and if anything is worrisome. The amount of minerals in it is too minuscule to make any difference, and we already get plenty of the same trace minerals from other foods. They claim that two double-blind studies were done, but no such studies are listed in PubMed. There is no evidence published in peer-reviewed journals that replacing white salt with pink salt makes a shred of difference or leads to any improvement in health.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you read down the list of minerals, you will notice that it includes a number of radioactive substances like radium, uranium, and polonium. It also includes substances that act as poisons, like thallium. I wouldn’t be worried, since the amounts are so small; but if anyone believes the trace amounts of “good” minerals in Himalayan sea salt are good for you, why not believe the trace amounts of poisons and radioactive elements are bad for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The claim that pink Himalayan salt contains 84 trace minerals may be true, but the claim that it “promotes health and wellness” is false until proven otherwise by legitimate clinical studies. While waiting for evidence, I’d just as soon my salt didn’t contain uranium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Is this a Scam?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were several chemicals analysis undertaken to verify at least the claims about mineral contents of this salt:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;According to an analysis by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Clausthal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Technology Clausthal&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20061024061013/http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/19/0,1872,2275027,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salt as sold contains just 10 different minerals&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Außerdem entspricht der Anteil an Natriumchlorid nicht dem internationalen Standard für Speisesalz: Der müsste bei mindestens 97 Prozent liegen. Die untersuchten Proben enthalten etwa 94 bis 95 Prozent Natriumchlorid und etwa drei Prozent Polyhalit. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Translation: international trade regulations proscribe a content of 97% sodium chloride for regular table salt whereas Himalayan Salt only contains 94–95% and in addition 3% &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhalite&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polyhalite&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Consumer Rights&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various consumer rights organisations have been alerted to this expensive salt and the outrageous claims made about it:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20071009153653/http://www.vnoe.at/presse/Der_Nepp_mit_dem_Himalayasalz.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oekotest.de/cgi/index.cgi?artnr=28360;bernr=04;co=;suche=himalaya%20salz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;all&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ugb.de/dmlc/n/6/140889/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concluded&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.test.de/Himalaya-Salz-Glaubensfrage-1058556-0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt; the  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.markenmagazin.de/olg-koeln-himalaya-salz-irrefuehrung-ueber-die-geografische-herkunft-eines-produktes-urteil-vom-01-10-2010-6-u-7110/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;place of origin is bogus&lt;/a&gt;, the claims about the &lt;a href=&quot;http://kirste.userpage.fu-berlin.de/medi/suppl/mensch.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mineral content and mineral needs of a human body&lt;/a&gt; are bogus, physiological benefit claims are bogus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If there are no benefits, are there dangers?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for the health status of the people in the region where this salt is mined and consumed is very instructive: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14315706&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the people there&lt;/a&gt; live in the so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28348999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Himalayan goitre belt&lt;/a&gt;! While regular table salt &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4546523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;should be iodised&lt;/a&gt; now that Khewra salt is not. And &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lack of&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20509329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iodine leads&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599931&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some problems&lt;/a&gt; in the region where those lucky people always eating Khewra salt for cheap should be much healthier than we who have to pay so much for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Even if this is a Scam, I like how Looks and Tastes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Complete bogus it may be, but it is pretty, I get my iodine from elsewhere and &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ps/article/90/12/2869/1602392&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pricey stuff&lt;/a&gt; tends to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-wine-economics/article/do-more-expensive-wines-taste-better-evidence-from-a-large-sample-of-blind-tastings/D58EA9E4DA934A7ED0F8CEE33F780DDC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;taste better?&lt;/a&gt; Well, only if you know that it is prices!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ps/article/90/12/2869/1602392&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In the current study, there were no significant differences among TS and other gourmet-style salts with respect to meat quality and sensory characteristics of fresh poultry breast meat products. Objective tenderness, flavor, and overall cook loss yields were not altered due to the replacement of TS with other gourmet salts. Subjective tenderness, juiciness, and flavor notes were also not significantly different among salt treatments. The use of alternative salts with lower sodium content in chicken marination may be a healthy alternative to TS, with respect to potential sodium reduction (especially SGDG) and mineral enhancement, without sacrificing meat quality or sensory attributes. Sonoma gourmet salt may also potentially increase marination yields.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, the claimed benefits are a reason for scorn. If in this case there are not even taste benefits then we have to conclude that there is only a single one health benefit associated with pink Himalayan salt: it's so expensive that the gullible buyers will have less money to waste on other detrimental supplements or health foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-26T20:10:24.397" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T20:10:24.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14472" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-26T08:58:50.927" Score="2" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;All around the www, they say: &quot;modern toothpaste contains toxic/dangerous ingredients.&quot; But have manufacturers of modern toothpaste mastered this, and have they formulas in which these dangerous ingredients can't do harm? In other words: are these ingredients in so small amounts in there so that they can't be harmful? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;edit:&lt;/strong&gt; some of the ingredients contained in modern toothpaste that cause the greatest concern for me are: fluoride, triclosan, SLS, glycerin, artificial color…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12025" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-05T17:34:30.267" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T18:02:36.203" Title="Is modern toothpaste acually bad?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-26T10:57:38.740" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865824&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wilhelm et. al. 2016&lt;/a&gt; is a meta-analysis of 23 placebo controlled beta-blocker studies. The attempt of the study was to indicate what fraction of the beta-blocker's effect was due to the placebo effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a discussion with another person, a few issues have come up. First, he feels uncomfortable with the variability of the study designs for the 23 studies used. I see that as being a necessary component of the analysis, as it is seeing if different methodologies yield different results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He claims the studies are not randomized, but they do seem to be randomly selected, just controlled for certain requirements in order to perform the moderator analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion also seems reasonable: if study quality improvement yields stronger results, the logical conclusion is that the effect is real and not due to some kind of statistical noise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I accidentally ignoring the flaws, or are they simply not there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11826" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T10:57:38.740" Title="Are there any apparent flaws in the methodology of Wilhelm et. al. 2016?" Tags="&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14516" CreationDate="2017-11-26T15:33:15.850" Score="-3" ViewCount="523" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using hair gel for years now ( Taft gel from Schwarzkopf ), and after a day of using said gel when I scratch my hair there is a small amount of hair i take of glued up togheter. I‘m too young to go bold naturally.  So can a certain type of gel couse a personal hair loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12082" LastEditorUserId="12082" LastEditDate="2017-11-29T21:48:26.097" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T13:24:43.063" Title="Does hair gel damage your hair?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-12-12T15:10:21.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-26T16:31:08.333" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read from various sources that, although the use of a condom does reduce the risk of transmission, it does not completely rule it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just how does that happen? Assuming that there are no open lesions and that a condom is worn, does the virus get transmitted through unbroken skin? How? Please back your claims with references as to the exact mechanism of transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I am specifically referring to HSV-2, not HSV-1. I am also not referring to the latest trend in the two strains intermixing due to unprotected oral practices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12083" LastActivityDate="2017-11-28T19:30:05.300" Title="How can genital herpes be transmitted even with a condom?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;genital-herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5179" CreationDate="2017-11-26T19:47:27.620" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alas, you cannot protect yourself from these toxic substances once they are in your body. Further, as currently phrased this question is awfully broad. We have managed to produce a gigantic amount of different harmful substances and covering them all in this answer is really not possible. Instead this answer tries to generalise about fat-soluble and long term stable materials that get liberated in weight loss. Any substance mentioned in citations is meant as one example, most examples do not generate generally applicable advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some options to consider to protect you from the harm these substances do. For obvious ethical reasons most of the following is based on experimental data &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; and not nearly enough on human trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is, these substances are generally very stable, but not indestructible. They do accumulate in fatty tissues and are hardly excreted or broken down. But eventually some of them are broken down or just excreted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275706&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The fate of inhaled (14)C-labeled PCB11 and its metabolites in vivo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This study shows that PCB11 is completely absorbed after inhalation exposure and is rapidly eliminated from most tissues. Phase II metabolites dominated with a slower elimination rate than the PCB11 or phase I metabolites and thus can best serve as urine biomarkers of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dynamics of POP release and damage are still investigated and indeed worrisome:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29107350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dynamics of persistent organic pollutants in obese adolescents during weight loss:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, POP levels raised by 1–3.5% per kilogram weight loss. The increase in the POPs levels during weight loss did not affect the profile, which remained similar over time. Weight reduction is recommended for overweight and obese individuals in order to decrease the risk of weight-related health problems. However, the results of the present study indicate that the increase in the levels of POPs released in blood during weight loss might be of concern since literature suggested that they can be associated with endocrine disturbances. The clinical significance of the weight loss induced serum pollutants levels observed in the present study is, however, as yet unknown. Beneficial health effects of weight loss are generally expected, however, the increase in the internal exposure may adversely act on health since metabolism and/or elimination of POPs may be altered in adolescents as compared to adults. Further studies are therefore needed to address this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To minimise the damage they will do there are a few routes open, all of them weak and some of them based on preliminary results and reasonable speculation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Slow down their release&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it was already priced into the original question, the slower the weight loss the slower the release of persisten organic pollutants (POPs). The dosage makes the poison and therfore slowing the release of these unwanted materials is all the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Increase excretion and elimination&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As should be obvious highly lipophilic substances like those in question are not easily deposed of. But the body does eliminate them, very slowly, once they are mobilised from the fatty tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means drinking a lot helps, sweating a lot helps and loosing blood helps. Speeding up the metabolism, exercising or even going to a sauna seem quite beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The loosing blood needs special mention since it would be unethical to go donating blood if anyone does it to get rid of toxic substances. Yet it seems strange to advise blood-letting again, even when this involves a round of the venerable &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirudo_medicinalis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hirudo medicinalis&lt;/a&gt; treatment. But once the substances are mobilised they are transported via blood to areas you want to to avoid them ending up. Extracting this contaminated blood is not the strangest of ideas then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360950/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Human Excretion of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Conclusion. Blood testing provides only a partial understanding of human PBDE bioaccumulation; testing of both blood and perspiration provides a better understanding. This study provides important baseline evidence for regular induced perspiration as a potential means for therapeutic PBDE elimination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the infamous &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olestra&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Olestra&lt;/a&gt; and its kind may have a role of value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05817&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Chlordecone Release from Adipose Tissue to Blood in Response to Body Fat Mobilization in Ewe (Ovis aries):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt; To be efficient in depurating animals, undernutrition should be combined with a strategy increasing the fecal lipid output and consequently the POP excretion pool, such as the &lt;strong&gt;supplementation of the diet with nonabsorbable lipids.&lt;/strong&gt; This combined strategy was tested with success for hastening the removal of PCBs in chickens. Further studies are needed to assess its efficiency in larger animals such as ruminants, where only nonabsorbable lipid supplementation in well-fed growing lambs or lactating cows and goats was tested. With regard to CLD, which accumulates in the liver rather than in AT, undernutrition seems not to represent a valuable strategy because of its probable deleterious effect on liver size and metabolic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Limit the damage the substances can do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were a few theories proposed for certain mechanisms of action for these substances, one of them being endocrinal disrupters another being promoter of oxidative stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially the latter has received some attention and the old adage of food being your medicine came to life again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While &amp;quot;eat healthy&amp;quot; seems like a no-brainer on this front it is currently the best practical advice available. These findings are very limited by their nature. Popular &amp;quot;anti-oxidants&amp;quot; have usually a very low bioavailability and even in those experimental settings used to study them in regard to POPs with scaffolding mechanisms their effectiveness was greater than zero, but still not very great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Curcumin, resveratrol, CoQ10, NAC and just about all of the usual suspects for such a scenario showed some promise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyls,&#xA;and cardiovascular disease: a potential target for antioxidant nanotherapeutics:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;A final consideration to be made in the use of antioxidant therapies is that of the route of administration. Given their size and use, most studies have focused upon i.v. injection of nanocarrier systems. Yet, such intervention strategies are likely to be limited to acute and subacute exposures, as prolonged i.v. administration is highly undesirable. As such, exploration of alternative delivery methods, includ- ing inhalation, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and topical administration, is needed. All of these methods have been tried for the delivery of antioxidant in free form. Clinical trials employing oral delivery of antioxidants such as curcumin in free form have been conducted several times, with variable dosage towards suppression of oxidative stress-induced inflammation. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Chronic exposure of environmental pollutants remains a significant health concern. Even now, PCBs pose a contin- uous threat to the health and safety of our population. As a result, we need a wide array of tools and strategies to counteract these potential risks. While effective and healthful nutrition is likely to be a major player in our strategies to minimize health hazards, as seen by clinical trials of antioxidant interventions, it is unlikely that nutrition alone is enough to treat or prevent all PCB exposure-induced disorders. As such, strategies that can reduce body burden, enhance antioxidant delivery to target cells, and capture PCBs before entering the body can potentially be used to provide defense against PCB toxicity. Furthermore, we know from other treatments, such as NAC for acetamino- phen toxicity, where antioxidant therapy can be an effective antidote. In order to enhance antioxidant therapy, strategies for effectively delivering antioxidants, such as nanocarriers, are likely required. Further studies for ideal candidates will be needed to best assess which compounds will be most effective at countering the toxicity of co-planar and non-coplanar PCBs. Finally, while studies with injectable nanocarriers provide some promising results, such routes of administration are not likely acceptable for chronic delivery systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best treatment is of course preventing any new harmful material from entering your system. For that it might be worth considering decrease animal fat consumption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plant consumption by grizzly bears reduces biomagnification of salmon-derived polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organochlorine pesticides.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-26T20:08:36.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14450" CreationDate="2017-11-27T13:59:16.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The link @bummi provided is very helpful in understanding this.  Here's a quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While fibers are carbohydrates, they do not affect your body’s sugar/glucose levels or the levels of sugar related hormones such as insulin. In fact, high fiber meals take longer to digest and therefore, affect your blood glucose more slowly. This is why it is often recommended that individuals calculating insulin needs should subtract fiber from the total carbohydrates of a food. Therefore, it is often advised that individuals following a carbohydrate-based diet plan not count dietary fiber as a carbohydrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a biochemist, fiber may be a carbohydrate, but since fiber doesn't function in the body in the same way as sugars and starches, nutritional labels work as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fiber is listed separately.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carbohydrate content is given first as a total of sugars and starches (7.2 g in your example).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then the sugar portion of the &quot;carbs&quot; is listed (5.1 g in your example).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietitians generally recommend that people with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, or diabetes, count carbs by subtracting off the fiber.  This helps people compare two types of bread products in the grocery store.  As a quick calculation, it can be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T13:59:16.660" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-27T20:02:35.303" Score="-2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some medicine that can safely and reliably cause mild nausea? Like a pill that would make the one who takes it nauseous for an hour and that's it. And by &lt;em&gt;safely&lt;/em&gt; I mean that there would not be any other adverse effects except the nausea itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12095" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T20:29:04.797" Title="Is there some medicine that can safely and reliably cause mild nausea?" Tags="&lt;nausea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2017-11-29T21:05:42.937" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14486" CreationDate="2017-11-27T20:29:04.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like you have a test to avoid, in which case you can probably just say you are feeling nauseous. If you really want to make yourself (or someone else) feel nauseous, depending on your sensitivity to motion sickness, you can put wamr (or cold) water in the ear canal. This is basically what a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003429.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caloric test&lt;/a&gt; of balance is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2017-11-27T20:29:04.797" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14490" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14545" CreationDate="2017-11-28T00:53:43.253" Score="6" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard from the street that salt is bad for kidneys. But I heard from others that all salt does is pick up blood pressure, which can cause damage to the kidneys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if salt is bad for someone with low blood pressure but has kidney stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11731" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T12:05:17.193" Title="Is salt bad for kidneys?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14477" CreationDate="2017-11-28T19:30:05.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;HSV-2 can be spread by skin-to-skin contact, so a condom offers limited protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, herpes virus can be released (shed) from areas of the skin that&#xA;  do not have a visible herpes sore. For these reasons, condoms may not&#xA;  fully protect you from getting herpes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-11-28T19:30:05.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14506" CreationDate="2017-11-29T05:02:01.967" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at a news article about South Korea's trauma center shortage, and there was a story about a man with a ruptured intestine being transferred between smaller hospitals before finally reaching a trauma center. It said that those smaller ones did not have the resources to deal with serious trauma injuries. What does this mean exactly, not having enough resources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question refers to cases like this in general, not specifically this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11610" LastEditorUserId="11610" LastEditDate="2017-11-29T07:19:43.780" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T02:24:30.260" Title="How can a hospital not have enough resources to deal with serious trauma?" Tags="&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-29T10:36:12.053" Score="5" ViewCount="1162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently read a story, in the story, there was a person that had a severe asthma attack. Another person came into his rescue and performed compressions and mouth to mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wasnt stated whether or not the victim of the asthma attack had his heart rate stop at all in the story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question(s):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- why was it necessary to do compressions?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- can an asthma attack stop heart rate if its too severe?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(If yes then it would answer the previous question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12120" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-11-29T20:15:29.307" LastActivityDate="2018-10-07T14:15:22.407" Title="Can Asthma lead to a Cardiac Arrest and thus require CPR?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;cardiac-arrest&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14499" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16248" CreationDate="2017-11-29T11:21:46.553" Score="3" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been a type 1 diabetic for over 30 years. According to what I learned during my life from doctors and dietitians, for my age/height/weight, I should take around 6 bread units of carbohydrates per meal (=6*12g= 72g).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The carbohydrates are currently forming around 50-60% of my food intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now I am looking into increasing my protein intake at the expense of carbohydrates (so that carbs remain around 40% of the daily nutrients), while remaining on the same target calorie amount per day in meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far I understand, insulin regulates &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; of the nutrient absorption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Insulin] regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by&#xA;  promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into&#xA;  fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, whenever I was talking to doctors, they maintained that I only needed to count insulin needed for eating carbohydrates when planning how much to inject before a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is whether in general &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; insulin per meal is necessary when consuming more proteins at the expense of carbs? Will the proteins (and fats) be able to be absorbed and used by body without (or with less than usual) insulin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12121" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-11-29T15:39:06.323" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T06:25:21.467" Title="Insulin &amp; break down of different nutrient groups" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14498" CreationDate="2017-11-29T12:38:13.960" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-83737-1_12?no-access=true&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asthma can lead to shortage of breath and in severe cases to death by suffocation&lt;/a&gt; (called &lt;code&gt;asthmatic asphyxia&lt;/code&gt;). Failure of breathing inherently involves that the heart rate stops (called &lt;code&gt;cardiac arrest&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A victim who is unresponsive and not breathing normally is in cardiac arrest and requires CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;European Resuscitation Council, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cprguidelines.eu/sites/573c777f5e61585a053d7ba5/content_entry573c77e35e61585a053d7baf/573c781e5e61585a053d7bd1/files/S0300-9572_15_00327-5_main.pdf?&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Guidelines 2015&lt;/a&gt; p. 82&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if the asthmatic victim did not breathe normally anymore (no regular breath in 10 seconds, &lt;em&gt;ibid&lt;/em&gt;), they did everything right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if they weren't sure whether the patient was still breathing, they did everything right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SGXT0.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SGXT0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Taken From European Resuscitation Council, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cprguidelines.eu/sites/573c777f5e61585a053d7ba5/content_entry573c77e35e61585a053d7baf/573c781e5e61585a053d7bd1/files/S0300-9572_15_00327-5_main.pdf?&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Guidelines 2015&lt;/a&gt; p. 85&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-29T12:38:13.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14771" CreationDate="2017-11-30T00:38:36.240" Score="5" ViewCount="1152" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a laymen's medical question! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of a cortisone like Prednisone vs. the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of Advil/Ibuprofen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12142" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T17:04:07.353" Title="Anti-inflammatory : Cortisone vs. Ibuprofen" Tags="&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14496" CreationDate="2017-11-30T02:24:30.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It could mean any number of things. First and foremost, serious trauma requires immediate surgery, and quite often surgeons with different specialties. A single patient might need a thoracic surgeon, a neurosurgeon and an orthopedic surgeon (they might need more than that but you get the idea). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the surgeons, they'll also need a surgical team, an available operating room, anesthesiology, radiology with CT capabilities, blood bank, and a bed in ICU. Most smaller hospitals aren't likely to have multiple surgeons and all the support staff and facilities immediately available. It's extremely expensive to maintain such resources 24/7, especially since they would be idle much of the time at a small hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why trauma systems were developed in the US. These are hospitals specially designated as trauma centers. Typically, they're large, urban hospitals that have the patient volume and financial resources to be able to afford keeping such staff and facilities available. Along with the trauma centers, regulations exist that define which patients meet the criteria of being &quot;trauma patients&quot; and EMS will transport all such patients to the nearest trauma center rather than simply the nearest hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also my answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/13881/805&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T02:24:30.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-30T03:22:22.063" Score="4" ViewCount="4177" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dydrogesterone and Dienogest are very very helpful medications in treating endometriosis condition, and Dydrogesterone helps many women to become pregnant. They are widely used around the world and help a lot of women. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in US Dydrogesterone was discontinued a long time ago. In US women have access to only a single type of progesterone - Norethindrone or Depo Provera, which is not good in helping with endometriosis or infertility. Dydrogesterone, Dienogest, Desogestrel - are not FDA approved. Why so? So many women suffer from endometriosis and Depo Provera (which is usually prescribed) has sooooo many side effects and fertility restored up to 2 years! Norethindrone or Depo Provera are the worst options for women, and they are the only option available in US. Why is it the case? Why Dydrogesterone was discontinued?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12146" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T11:52:44.213" Title="Why Dydrogesterone is no longer available in US? Why dienogest is not approved?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-30T04:46:50.607" Score="4" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;It currently sits at about 30% give or take, which is extremely high given they are a developed country and compared to stats in the US and Japan of 10-15%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: South Korea's Ministry of Health, via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea-defection-surge/border-without-doctors-south-koreans-urge-more-funding-for-trauma-care-after-defector-drama-idUSKBN1DO0SX&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reuters news agency:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An official at South Korea’s Ministry of Health said more than 30 percent of people who suffered fatal trauma injuries last year could have survived if they had access to proper, timely treatment. That’s far higher than the 10 to 15 percent in places such as the United States and Japan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11610" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-11-30T20:02:26.113" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T20:02:26.113" Title="Why is South Korea's preventable trauma death rate so high?" Tags="&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-30T06:33:09.353" Score="4" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The iPhone offers a &quot;night shift&quot; feature. Research indicates that blue light exposure decreases melatonin secretion (e.g., Ferguson, Melton, Li, Park, &amp;amp; Tosini, 2008). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what extent do built-in blue light filters on electronic devices decrease blue light emission? Is the software program, F.lux, any better? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:49:56.283" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:49:56.283" Title="Effectiveness of blue light filters for preventing delayed and decreased melatonin secretion?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14513" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14562" CreationDate="2017-11-30T10:29:47.007" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient is told that he/she should not eat or drink anything for 4 hours in advance of having an echo (except from drinking pure water).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, an echo works with ultrasonic sound. Would the echo really be able to see a difference depending on what beverage one drinks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the echo is to check for gall or kidney stones (in case that has anything to do with the matter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12154" LastEditorUserId="12154" LastEditDate="2017-12-01T15:39:44.937" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T06:48:26.770" Title="Why is one only allowed to drink water from four hours in advance of an echo (ultrasonography)?" Tags="&lt;technology&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14476" CreationDate="2017-11-30T13:24:43.063" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two main things to consider here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What kind of hairloss is there?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is in the product that is applied to the hair?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;concerning 1:&lt;/strong&gt;  All humans loose their hair, constantly. That is part of the life cycle of hair und usually goes quite unnoticed when the hair is short and is progressively more obvious when the hair was allowed to grow longer. &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/understanding-hair-loss-basics#1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The average adult head has about 100,000 to 150,000 hairs and loses up to 100 of them a day; finding a few stray hairs on your hairbrush is not necessarily cause for alarm. &lt;br&gt; At any one time, about 90% of the hair on a person's scalp is growing. Each follicle has its own life cycle that can be influenced by age, disease, and a wide variety of other factors. This life cycle is divided into three phases: 1. Anagen -- active hair growth that lasts between two to six years 2. Catagen -- transitional hair growth that lasts two to three weeks&#xA;  3. Telogen -- resting phase that lasts about two to three months; &lt;strong&gt;at the end of the resting phase the hair is shed&lt;/strong&gt; and a new hair replaces it and the growing cycle starts again.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially in males going &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bald with age&lt;/a&gt; is very common. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is this kind of genetic fate &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; because of underlying medical conditions (toxins, too much supplements…) asking questions on the web is no the best course of action. For that a medical examination is needed and prescriptions for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/men-hair-loss-17/slideshow-men-hair-loss-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;finasterid or hair transplants&lt;/a&gt; are equally unsuitable for 'the cloud'. Since hairloss &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be just a cosmetic issue of aesthetics or an indication for serious issues a visit to a medical practitioner is strongly advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;concerning 2.:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.codecheck.info/kosmetik_koerperpflege/haarstyling/gel/ean_4015000935722/id_1823963/Schwarzkopf_3_Wetter_Taft_Power_Styling_Gel_Mega_Stark.pro&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Checking for the ingredients of a specially preferred product mentioned in the qustion reveals that among other substances it contains some that are found to be of varying concern:&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PEG-40, PEG-70: tensides, weakens the barrier function of skin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Triethanolamine: immune system disruptor, potential allergen, irritant, nitrosamine producer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acrylates / Steareth-20 Methacrylate Copolymer: weakens barrier function of skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disodium Edta:  weakens cell membranes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polyester-5: the glue in the gel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phenoxyethanol: preservative, negative influence on immune system and nervous system, potential allergen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Propylene Glycol: negative influence on immune system, potential allergen, suspected of being toxic or harmful to health &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Citral: potent allergen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means it is not an unrealistic assumption that indeed the product just causes trouble. It is a conglomerate of questionable ingredients. But that is far from certain! All of these substances are allowed in cosmetics after all. None of them is listed as directly causes premature hair loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One explanation to consider is the perceptual issue of an aging man in panic finding these hairs: As stated earlier, hairs are constantly falling out. If some of them were glued together with gel before falling out that might just mean they did not increase in number; but that they only became much more noticeable that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using anything on hair is typically not necessary. If something is supicious: stop using it and watch if conditions improve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T13:24:43.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14472" CreationDate="2017-11-30T14:01:57.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. As asked &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;modern toothpaste&lt;/a&gt;&quot; is very good for you. &quot;Good&quot; defined here as: Modern toothpaste is designed to help you keep a happy smile into old age with your natural teeth. It should help to keep your teeth, and everything in your mouth, really, clean, fresh and healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the short answer. And that is a bit too simplistic, alas. The longer answer is slightly more complicated and has the following foreword:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A product that is approved by a nation-wide body of control might indeed be good for most people or at least contain ingredients considered safe or not known to cause general harm. But there are indeed some general bad apples out there on the market. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a statement for the general populace and individual results may differ because of allergies, over-reactions or even counter indications on the medical side, taste and preference on the personal side. The nice thing about that is that you still have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prevention.com/health/health-concerns/the-best-toothpaste-for-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;choice&lt;/a&gt; between &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.test.de/Zahnpasta-im-Test-4607097-tabelle/alleZahnpasten/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many products&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reviews.com/toothpaste/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;market&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both 'natural' and lets call them 'industrial' toothpastes come in a staggering variety. Both may contain questionable substances and they all vary on effectiveness.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;All around the WWW&quot;: it is usually a bad idea to listen to or read what every quack out there has to say about his or her ideas of toxicity. The author of this answer may be a passionate quack! So think for yourself and educate yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 'right' amount of fluoride will kill you, the right amount of 'natural' substances will kill you also. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;right amount of fluoride&lt;/a&gt; (without scare quotes: the optimal amount of fluoride, coincidently most of the time the amount in toothpastes) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;will strengthen your teeth&lt;/a&gt; and lessen the incidence of tooth decay. Avoiding it completely is a personal choice – and may very well be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248357&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not the best choice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your wants:&lt;/strong&gt; Things likely to look for in a toothpaste:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluoride (strengthens teeth, comes in different forms with different profiles,  e.g. amin-fluoride, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/724117/STANNOUS_FLUORIDE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stannous fluoride&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29085574&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The beneficial effects of fluoride on human oral health are well studied. There are numerous studies demonstrating that a small amount of fluoride delivered to the oral cavity decreases the prevalence of dental decay and results in stronger teeth and bones. However, ingestion of fluoride more than the recommended limit leads to toxicity and adverse effects.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The beneficial role of fluoride for the maintenance of good oral health has been known for many decades and strongly evidenced by scientific research. However, it must be emphasized that tooth decay (dental caries) is not caused by fluoride deficiency and fluoride supplementation will never reverse the active or gross carious lesions. Since the level of safety of fluoride is low, products that contain a high level of fluoride should be stored and used according to the recommend-dation and should be monitored by a qualified dental professional especially in children and pregnant women. In children, the swallowing reflex is not very well developed and the fluoride containing dental products are flavored hence increasing the possibility of a child to consume an excessive dose of fluoride. In areas with high fluoride levels in the drinking water, alternative dental products with low fluoride levels should be prescribed and monitored.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/707061/ZINC_CHLORIDE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;zinc chloride&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762153&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;controls bacterial growth&lt;/a&gt;, although: not suitable for children)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other minerals (e.g. containing calcium, strontium)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/707002/XYLITOL/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;xylitol&lt;/a&gt; (controls bacterial growth)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/705994/SODIUM_BICARBONATE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;baking soda&lt;/a&gt; (helps with lifting plaque)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;plant extracts (mainly, but not just, for flavour: mint, myrrh, anise, salvia, fennel, chamomile, eucalyptus; really a long list…)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/703046/HYDROXYAPATITE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydroxyl-apaptite&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;artifical enamel&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some enzymes &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your maybes:&lt;/strong&gt; Things likely to be included and probably not of concern either way or in a grey zone:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/702620/GLYCERIN/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycerin&lt;/a&gt; and alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/717690/CHLORHEXIDINE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chlorhexidine&lt;/a&gt; (while great against bacteria and preventing plaque: may stain teeth, causes other problems in your mouth, severly alters taste perception)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your Unwanted:&lt;/strong&gt; Things very likely to avoid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/706110/SODIUM_LAURYL_SULFATE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sodium lauryl sulfate&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;SLS&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2696932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;foaming&lt;/a&gt; irritant) &lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(Please excuse the personal advice and anecdotal experience report by the authors of this answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7825393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does it cause ulcers?&lt;/a&gt; – It does for sure!) &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;abrasive materials (use the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_dentin_abrasivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RDA&lt;/a&gt; value of a product as guideline: &gt;100 is too much, aim for &amp;lt;60)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;acids and other sugars or sweeteners than xylitol or stevia (sorbitol, aspartame etc.) &lt;sub&gt;Note that this doesn't say aspartame e.g. is dangerous, just that there are better options.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/706623/TRICLOSAN/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;triclosan&lt;/a&gt; (very &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/07/well/live/why-your-toothpaste-has-triclosan.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;questionable ingredient&lt;/a&gt; all around if not strictly prescribed, &lt;em&gt;does help&lt;/em&gt; against plaque and gingivitis, but causes a whole lot of problems)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;plastic micro beads (mostly because of the environment, less harmful immediately to the consumer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;parabenes: steeply raising &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/beauty/skin-and-lifestyle/parabens.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concerns&lt;/a&gt; over their effect as xeno-estrogens, although &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733628&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in toothpaste their contribution to unwanted effects seems minimal&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;strange artificial colours (first: because they are completely unnecessary except to make you buy the stuff, second: most beneficial ingredients have their own colour – and if not, what's wrong with white?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That list is not exhaustive. Questinable materials often found in so-called 'natural toothpaste' &lt;em&gt;is not covered. (and there are lots!)&lt;/em&gt; The list above plant extracts above shows: even industrial toothpastes make use of natural components. But those ingredients may include things like green tea extract (generally well tolerated) or tea-tree oil (often not well tolerated and possible allergen). These  should be checked especially thoroughly, for allergies, side effects etc. Potential hazards for any ingredient have to be weighed for their beneficial effects and especially the intended use and application considered: do not swallow the pastes! Even the xylitol listed as very beneficial and of very low concern will cause upset stomach and diarrhea when ingested in sufficient quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general: Look for a toothpaste that meets these criteria, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; your tastes and preferences. Try them out. If you tolerate the ingredients: Then go to your dentist and ask him about his opinion about your preferred choice(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things listed here &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; things not listed here but contained in a toothpaste may require you to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/13712/11231&quot;&gt;check yourself&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;but don't just google it, and stop there on the first hit, go for &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/q/783/11231&quot;&gt;quality references&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check it on wikipedia &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check it on a consumer rights webpage (example &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/health/home_en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HealthEU&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check it on drugs.com&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check it on pubchem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;check it on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;skindeep database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-05T18:02:36.203" LastActivityDate="2017-12-05T18:02:36.203" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-11-30T16:02:43.883" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seventeen years old both my parents are short. is there any way for me to grow taller. i mocked by most of people because of height.anyone plz tell me succesful way to grow taller&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12159" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T07:54:32.890" Title="is there any succesful way to grow taller after age of seventeen" Tags="&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14520" CreationDate="2017-11-30T16:19:45.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No, there isn’t.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much variation (difference between individuals) in height is attributable to genetic effects and how much to nutritional effects?&amp;quot; &lt;strong&gt;The short answer to this question is that about 60 to 80 percent of the difference in height between individuals is determined by genetic factors, whereas 20 to 40 percent can be attributed to environmental effects, mainly nutrition.&lt;/strong&gt; This answer is based on estimates of the &amp;quot;heritability&amp;quot; of human height: the proportion of the total variation in height due to genetic factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can special treatment and nutrient supplements increase the height further? The answer is yes. The most important nutrient for final height is &lt;strong&gt;protein in childhood&lt;/strong&gt;. Minerals, in particular calcium, and vitamins A and D also influence height. Because of this, malnutrition in childhood is detrimental to height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-much-of-human-height/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientific American&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-11-30T16:19:45.077" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T04:01:20.713" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that things like sodium, cholesterol, and sugar levels can be found in blood (at least I think so.) But what about things like fruits and veggies? Can that be detected through bloodwork? Or would you only be able to see the chemicals/molecules that it has broken down into?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12173" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T12:22:20.813" Title="Can the foods you have been eating be detected through blood tests?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T06:30:48.563" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;It can go directly in your bloodstream. Most substances are absorbed faster through skin than when ingested(from what I've read)&#xA;I know apparently Chloride is effectively and quickly absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Surfactants like sodium lauryl-sulfate increase the skin penetration of water-soluble substances, possibly by increasing the skin permeability of water.&quot; --------Source; from wikipedia; (Baggot JD. Disposition and Fate of Drugs in the Body. Chapter 5 in Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6th edition, 1988 Iowa State Press, Ames.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More about Lauryl and other absorption factors in very complete study here&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283952/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283952/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;It has been reported that anionic surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate can penetrate and interact with the skin, producing large alterations in the barrier properties.[30] An additional mechanism for the penetration enhancement by SLS involves the hydrophobic interaction of the SLS alkyl chain with the skin structure which leaves the end sulfate group of the surfactant exposed, creating additional sites in the membrane. This results in the development of repulsive forces that separate the protein matrix, uncoil the filaments, and expose more water binding sites, hence increasing the hydration level of skin.[12]  &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a very serious health concern since it's in alot of shampoo and soaps, there is also alot of variation of Lauryl-sulfate based/similar substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other substances would increase skin absorption?&#xA;A few from the study above ; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There are a variety of substances which have been identified as&#xA;  absorption enhancers, such as alcohols, azones and derivatives,&#xA;  non-polar compounds, ureia and cyclic derivatives, pyrrolidones and&#xA;  derivatives, cyclodextrins, aprotic solvents, surfactants, and even&#xA;  electrophoresis, electroporation and physical ultrasound.  &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glycols&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acids and fatty alcohols&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:55:12.247" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:55:12.247" Title="What substances are absorbed through skin when pores are open through heat?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;pores&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-07-07T17:00:14.910" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T13:05:01.810" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often recommended by dermatologists and self-healing people to promote scars to fade away. &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin E&lt;/strong&gt; in oil form should be rubbed in on scars by massaging movements twice daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be numerous subjective opinions, but are there any objective medical studies that confirm the positive effect of the vitamin E is really presented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it clinically shown to be effective in improving the appearance of scars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T03:36:16.473" Title="Does vitamin E in liquid oil form help to fade scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;vitamin-e&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T15:35:57.753" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am Mild Deutans by taking a color blind test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deutans is defined by a result as&#xA;&quot;Deutans are people with deuteranomaly, a type of red-green color blindness in which the green cones do not detect enough green and are too sensitive to yellows, oranges, and reds.&#xA;As a result, greens, yellows, oranges, reds, and browns may appear similar, especially in low light. It can also be difficult to tell the difference between blues and purples, or pinks and grays.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This maps to me. But can I be cured? Or if not, is it possible for me to have a imagine of my blinded color? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12180" LastEditorUserId="12180" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T00:51:00.573" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T00:51:00.573" Title="Is there any way to help color blind people feel the true color like normal people?" Tags="&lt;color-blindness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10149" CreationDate="2017-12-01T16:41:36.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend a psychologist first and then if needed a psychiatrist. I suffered from severe depression for almost a year. I still suffer from depression but it's not nearly as bad and OCD symptoms are less severe. I saw a psychiatrist and was subscribed meds that worked for the most part but when I finally started weaning of my meds it was hell. Withdrawal was so bad I wanted to get back on my meds but didn't.  It is better to get to the root of your problems and learn to cope than to just be on meds for long -term. But I am not a health professional and some people do need a combo of counseling and meds. What I'm saying is try counseling first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12181" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T16:41:36.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T18:56:50.497" Score="2" ViewCount="7578" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is the text I'm having trouble with (from &lt;em&gt;Foundations of Legal Research and Writing&lt;/em&gt; 5th Edition by Bast and Hawkins):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To their horror, they saw two bodies in the deep end of the pool. They all jumped into the pool and pulled out the bodies. The two women tried to revive Joseph and Phil while the two men called the police and fire departments. When they arrived, the police and firefighters joined the Andersons and the Cookes in trying to revive the two boys. The two boys were rushed to the hospital but died a few hours later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few hours later?  Is that plausible (realistic)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T05:27:55.537" Title="How long does it take to die from drowning?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;drowning&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14531" CreationDate="2017-12-01T20:34:31.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know it depends on how much damage it has been done to the brain firstly and the  other organs. &#xA;Usually the first cells to die in the brain are  those located in hypotalamus and they start dying within 3 minutes and as the lack of oxygen progresses other brain cells die to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last important organ that is heart starts dying at 15 minutes. So probably if you rescue the person now and start CPR it will live but with brain damage(the worst here being a vegetative state due to major brain damage).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also another big factor in cell death is the metabolic rate of cells which slows down considerably in very cold water temp. In my uni Emergency book it is said that people could stay drowmed in cold water for up to 45 m and live.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope my answer helped you, but I'm pretty sure you can find a  ER professional healthcare staff around here which will provide way better answe than this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1082" LastActivityDate="2017-12-01T20:34:31.703" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-01T22:49:31.250" Score="3" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 70 year relative complains on occasional pain due to osteosynthesis titanium remaining in a leg, also she fears potential complication if her diabetes starts to progress. Does it make sense to remove considering it is there for 10 years? Can one expect her walking and travelling in a month or few?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12187" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:49:29.787" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:49:29.787" Title="recovery expectations/timeline for ankle-joint osteosynthesis removal" Tags="&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;ankle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14472" CreationDate="2017-12-01T23:16:15.423" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hi I'll try to cover most topics in the subject and link sources efficiently and straight to the points. Including detox studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern toothpaste is madness for alot of reasons and the main one is that they keep using fluoride(not even it's natural form by the way,which is calcium fluoride and you very well could do without it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Main sources from the points below,unless I mentioned a different source comes from this website,which is a database of more than 500 studies about fluoride various health effects(organised by different health issues). &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/issues/health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fluoridealert.org/issues/health/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;------Check out brain effect , acute toxicity(dosage) ,etc);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 It's a proved toxic substance and neurotoxin ,and is in several foods,beverages,and in alot of places in the United States it's in water.&#xA;---High fluoride residues in several foods containing pesticides residues,most quantity is in wheat and oats,corn, and meat fed from those same substances.&#xA;Sources and content; &#xA;General idea of fluoride content in foods; from studies of content/residues analysis(pesticide link page is broken)&#xA;Fluoride in food 1996 – 2013  Part 1;   &lt;a href=&quot;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/f-_in_food.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/f-_in_food.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;---Part 2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/f-_in_food__pt__2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/f-_in_food__pt__2.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;---Fluoride in a few processed drinks such as coca cola    &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/content/processed-drinks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fluoridealert.org/content/processed-drinks/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;---Fluoride in drugs &lt;a href=&quot;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/index_drugs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/index_drugs.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;---One analysis of a particular himalayan salt brand &lt;a href=&quot;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/analysis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/html/analysis.html&lt;/a&gt;`&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EPA itself (but 2004,so it probably is reduced and some subtances banned,still looking for most recent)  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/f.source.food.inerts.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/pesticides/f.source.food.inerts.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D and aluminum absorption.  And interraction of phosphate or phosphorique acid,iron ,zinc, and aluminium with fluoride.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1336426/pdf/cmaj00262-0018c.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1336426/pdf/cmaj00262-0018c.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 All the harmfull effects far outweigth any benefits, which are&#xA;actually very small and most often not very different that from&#xA;people that don't use fluoride. Also no true meaningfull statistical correlationof cavities prevention or reduction from fluorated area compared to those that aren't. Cavities are caused by health and nutrition habits,enamel health,sugars and bacterias causing acidification and decay, poor dental hygiene substance choices, acids. If you take fluoride or not has little to no effect,except clogging the faulty area.&#xA;statistical value in whole cities or country are almost the same % . &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 Substances are absorbed through skin and sublingual, but how fluoride % or quantity I did not find enough studies yet.  Still compiling studies about how much in ingested from mouth/enamel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.1 But this study,although in my opinion not the best(since it has a few flaws in it's clarity),is still good to prove the point even more since it has enamel absorption as well as sublingual, because sublingual is alredy proven to increase absorption of many drugs/substances .   I will find more,but this one is interresting because in the application theres no open enamel/cavity area.   &lt;a href=&quot;http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/884/1/012054/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/884/1/012054/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot; SDF that is applied in the buccal or sublingual mucosa will be rapidly&#xA;absorbed into the reticulated vein located beneath the oral mucosa and then carried through the&#xA;internal jugular and braciocephalic veins until it flows into the systemic circulation and is excreted&#xA;through the urine [15]&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;4 Is supposed to be used topically to be &quot;effective&quot;, but they still add it in water,weird huh(several MCG/L by the way ,sometimes even MG/L). - 4 In their own words it's supposed to be used topically to be &quot;effective&quot;, but they still add it in water claiming it's beneficial for teeths,weird huh(several mcg or mg/l by the way). Source; &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/articles/50-reasons/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fluoridealert.org/articles/50-reasons/&lt;/a&gt;   and alot more studies in there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;4.1 Even dentist agree that acids destroy enamel and causes increase risk&#xA;of cavity,yet tap water(and some toothpaste) contain alot of acidic&#xA;components, including(depending on area) alot of places in the United States and some parts in Canada; they are Fluorosilicic Acid/Hydrofluorosilicic Acid/silicofluoride/silicofluoric acid.&#xA;That seems very counter producting doesnt it and it also leaches city pipes either plastic or metal.&#xA;The other form added to both sources is Sodium Fluoride.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;4.2 Then one might say it's for bone health, again benefits outweigth the&#xA;risk and there is much more healthy substances for bone&#xA;health/strength than ingesting such a strong poison(not mentioning&#xA;other heavy metals and other toxins in tap water treated by water&#xA;factories. One should never drink that, or at minimum have it&#xA;filtered with 0.0001 micron absolute reverse osmosis,ideally which&#xA;has a activated carbon filter(block) lower than 5 or 1 micron. Also plastic&#xA;water bottles leach different bisphenols and phtalates,it's best to use ceramic or glass(and keep it cold in a cooler with bigger frozen bottles).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;5 It is definetely not a essential nutrient. &lt;a href=&quot;http://fluoridealert.org/studies/essential-nutrient/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fluoridealert.org/studies/essential-nutrient/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;6 It's (sometime) efficacity comes from clogging enamel/cavities/or sensitive nerve,but is more absorbed in the cases of open pathway causing toxicity. Cavities are healable naturally with good health habits(avoiding eroding) and bioactive supplementation and/or foods that will repair the tooth,combined with substances that inhibit cavity causing bacterias.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;6.1 And will over time cause fluorosis from teeth or bone exposure ,it's among one of the least harmfull effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-7 Other substances increase absorption of toxins from the skin/buccal.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283952/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283952/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&quot;It has been reported that anionic surfactants like sodium lauryl sulfate can penetrate and interact with the skin, producing large alterations in the barrier properties.[30] An additional mechanism for the penetration enhancement by SLS involves the hydrophobic interaction of the SLS alkyl chain with the skin structure which leaves the end sulfate group of the surfactant exposed, creating additional sites in the membrane. This results in the development of repulsive forces that separate the protein matrix, uncoil the filaments, and expose more water binding sites, hence increasing the hydration level of skin.[12]  &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7.1  From same study ; &quot;Anionic materials tend to permeate relatively poorly through stratum corneum upon short-time exposure but permeation increases with application time.[2] The alkyl sulfates can penetrate and destroy the integrity of the stratum corneum within hours of application.[18] &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7.2 --- So the long term repeated exposure in that sens ,and shampoo/soaps ,are worse,but oral absorption is very effective as well.&#xA;--- Will find more studies, but it's very convincing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 -And there is so much more available studies to be looked at , so anyone saying fluoride should be used and telling others to take it and that theres no risk,are either very uninformed,biased and naive,to stay polite. Even if all forms of buccal absorption can(depending on fluoride content quantity) be small in one day(although small is relative to what dentist and &quot;health agencies&quot; call small ), on the medium,and especially on the long term it's not small at all,especially considering the acute toxicity dose of fluoride, and the fact that from skin/buccal absorption,alot of it goes straight through the blood or the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9   *** Heres 2 studies about fluoride detox that show Tamarind Indicus food but mostly extract of seeds and pulp big potential for detox,including bones fluoride removal(second study).&#xA;9.1   Resumed study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11840184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11840184&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Full study  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/1601287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/1601287&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9.2  Full study dogs and fluoride &lt;a href=&quot;http://societyforfluorideresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Dog-and-fluorosis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://societyforfluorideresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Dog-and-fluorosis.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9.3 The studies contradict themself in some nutrients absorption, but it can show fluoride interraction with those nutrients,especially magnesium. And can be due to various nutritional aspects of the test subjects, such as food and tap water anti-nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is other substances that help in detox(more than just fluoride) but I don't have all the references, so I can't name them just yet,but they fairly easy to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7983" LastEditorUserId="7983" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T01:42:21.537" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T01:42:21.537" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14554" CreationDate="2017-12-02T01:25:36.910" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is my first question in this community and I'm not sure if this question belongs here, but I hope you can help me anyway, because it's very important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An acquaintance of mine had had a caesarean section. Her c-section was lasered with some kind of pincer. I am not sure if it is a pincer, but I know that doctors need this instrument to close the Caesarean section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm looking for the name of this device. &#xA;Do you know what this instrument is called? This instrument seems to be getting very hot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope you can help me as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12189" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:54:24.297" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:54:24.297" Title="During Caesarean section: What is the name of the instrument in which the scar is burned to close it?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;&lt;instruments&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14531" CreationDate="2017-12-02T02:08:56.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's very realistic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The boys were apparently clinically dead when found. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clinical death&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; means there is no pulse or respirations. Clinical death is not necessarily permanent. CPR, defibrillators, and drugs can sometimes reverse the situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical death is different from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;legal death&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is what happens when a doctor declares someone dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely scenario is pulses were never restored, but they were young and previously healthy so a lot of time and effort was expended trying to resuscitate them. It was quite possibly a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very common scenario. When you read that someone was taken to the hospital in cardiac arrest and died hours (not days) later, what that usually means is the hospital spent hours trying to save them but failed. They most likely never regained pulses. The time of death is reported when the doctor in charge gave up and declared them dead, not when their hearts stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T05:27:55.537" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T05:27:55.537" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1296" CreationDate="2017-12-02T06:02:07.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the saying goes, anything is a poison, it's the dose that matters. Short summary, the new 2015 US PHS standard (0.7 mg/L) or even the old one (0.7-1.2 mg/L) are below the doses at which negative effects were observed in China (2.5-4.1 mg/L), and the evidence from there is not of high quality, even though there's one meta-analysis of it. (As a cautionary tale on inferring from low quality evidence, &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/20353/29579&quot;&gt;the first meta-analysis of homeopathy found positive results&lt;/a&gt;, latter ones which filtered out low-quality studies were more skeptical.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But back to fluoride, what did the United States Public Health Service (PHS), actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547570/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decide in 2015&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For these community water systems that add fluoride, PHS now recommends an optimal fluoride concentration of 0.7 milligrams/liter (mg/L). In this guidance, the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water is the concentration that provides the best balance of protection from dental caries while limiting the risk of dental fluorosis. The earlier PHS recommendation for fluoride concentrations was based on outdoor air temperature of geographic areas and ranged from 0.7–1.2 mg/L. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for neurotoxicity, this was PHS's review of the new evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;IQ and other neurological effects.&#xA;  The standard letters and approximately 100 unique responses expressed concern about fluoride's impact on the brain, specifically citing lower IQ in children. Several Chinese studies considered in detail by the NRC review reported lower IQ among children exposed to fluoride in drinking water at mean concentrations of 2.5–4.1 mg/L—several times higher than concentrations recommended for community water fluoridation.[81–83] The NRC found that “the significance of these Chinese studies is uncertain” because important procedural details were omitted, but also stated that findings warranted additional research on the effects of fluoride on intelligence.[6]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on animal studies, the NRC committee speculated about potential mechanisms for nervous system changes and called for more research “to clarify the effect of fluoride on brain chemistry and function.” These recommendations should be considered in the context of the NRC review, which limited its conclusions regarding adverse effects to water fluoride concentrations of 2–4 mg/L and did “not address the lower exposures commonly experienced by most U.S. citizens.”[6] A recent meta-analysis of studies conducted in rural China, including those considered by the NRC report, identified an association between high fluoride exposure (i.e., drinking water concentrations ranging up to 11.5 mg/L) and lower IQ scores; study authors noted the low quality of included studies and the inability to rule out other explanations.[84] A subsequent review cited this meta-analysis to support its identification of “raised fluoride concentrations” in drinking water as a developmental neurotoxicant.[85]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A review by SCHER also considered the neurotoxicity of fluoride in water and determined that there was not enough evidence from well-controlled studies to conclude if fluoride in drinking water at concentrations used for community fluoridation might impair the IQ of children. The review also noted that “a biological plausibility for the link between fluoridated water and IQ has not been established.”[79] Findings of a recent prospective study of a birth cohort in New Zealand did not support an association between fluoride exposure, including residence in an area with fluoridated water during early childhood, and IQ measured repeatedly during childhood and at age 38 years.[86]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the actual &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265943/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Zealand study&lt;/a&gt; we find out they used a simiar standard as the US, albeit slighly lower at 0.7-1 mg/L, and no effect on IQ was noticeable at this level of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the stated reason for lowering the PHS standard in 2015 to just 0.7mg/L was based on risk of fluorosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although not fully generalizable to the current U.S. context, these findings, along with findings from the 1986–1987 survey of U.S. schoolchildren, suggest that the risk of fluorosis can be reduced and caries prevention maintained toward the lower end (i.e., 0.7 mg/L) of the 1962 PHS recommendations for community water fluoridation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and lack of need for the higher value (1.2 mg/L)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent data do not show a convincing relationship between water intake and outdoor air temperature. Thus, recommendations for water fluoride concentrations that differ based on outdoor temperature are unnecessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T06:02:07.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14543" CreationDate="2017-12-02T06:33:48.190" Score="-1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a software engineer and you know that it requires to think in logical way to develop code. I am also hard working to reach the dead lines just to do not loss job. But from last 6 months forgetting lot of things in my daily life, I am not able to remember atleast what I did in the morning. Will it be common to have such memory loss or else will it cause permanent loss? I am not able to avoid my thoughts about work as I need to finish work by deadlines. Is there a way to avoid such memory loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T10:40:23.730" Title="Why I am lossing memory if I work hard?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2017-12-03T09:33:58.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1432" CreationDate="2017-12-02T09:30:20.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best known environmental risk factor (to date) for myopia is lack of intense/outdoor light exposure. The pathway for this is reasonably well understood, namely: lack of intense light exposure leads to lowered dopamine, which is necessary to prevent eye growth, which in turn leads to myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This based on relatively recent evidence, but it is of reasonable quality:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;three successful interventional studies (clinical trials) have been conducted &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first in Taiwan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495846/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;then in China&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.10803&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;again in China&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RCT&lt;/a&gt; this time); there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599950/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; of these which gives the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;forrest plot&lt;/a&gt; below:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k78Hp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k78Hp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;three older &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cohort studies&lt;/a&gt; included in the aforementioned meta-analysis also found an association between light exposure and myopia, and so did a bunch of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cross-sectional studies&lt;/a&gt;, albeit weakly. The meta-analysis conclusion was &quot;Increased time outdoors is effective in preventing the onset of myopia as well as in slowing the myopic shift in refractive error. But paradoxically, outdoor time was not effective in slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a prospective &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;longitudinal study&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. repeated measures) &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15978&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in Australia&lt;/a&gt; using for the first time a wrist-worn light sensor to measure actual light exposure found &quot;modest but statistically significant relationship between objectively measured daily light exposure and axial eye growth (adjusting for potential confounders) indicating that greater average daily light exposure results in less axial growth of the eye in childhood.&quot; And concluded that &quot;These findings support the role of light exposure in the documented association between time spent outdoors and childhood myopia.&quot; Its findings are consistent with other older studies e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380471&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one in Denmark&lt;/a&gt; that used day length as an approximation for light exposure. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;some animal models &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23434455&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;support&lt;/a&gt; the pathway: in particular a dopamine blocker &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;given to chicken&lt;/a&gt; abolished the preventative effect of sunlight on myopia development. Some questions remain in this area though, in particular knock-out mice models insofar did not reproduce the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;High-quality science news sources highlighted the new discoveries: in particular, &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; had &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/the-myopia-boom-1.17120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;featured news story&lt;/a&gt;. And if you wonder why all intervention studies in this regard have been conducted in East Asia, &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; has this eye opener on prevalence increase in the region:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pjw9r.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Pjw9r.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Education, at least in some countries, is correlated with a lack of said outdoors light exposure, but it is a much easier proxy to measure than light exposure. Several article have looked at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_interaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interaction&lt;/a&gt; between recently discovered genetic risk factors for myopia and education; the latest one seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;, whose main finding is reproduced below in graphical form:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3K6EH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3K6EH.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect appears more significant in Asians than in Europeans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should probably mention that education also correlates with near-work exposure, an old favorite hypothesis (advanced centuries ago by Kepler!), but for which &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819974ae&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;direct evidence is weaker&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T09:43:34.813" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T09:43:34.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14541" CreationDate="2017-12-02T10:48:50.830" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleep deprivation and stress alone can cause this, but it's not the only possible cause... depression and/or anxiety also are correlated (and not unlikely given the length of exposure to chronic stress you mention)... so do see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;effects of sleep deprivation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First and foremost, total SD impairs attention and working memory, but it also affects other functions, such as long-term memory and decision-making&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410591/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Burnout&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; while not accepted in the psychiatric bible (DSM) is also a resonable explanation, and can have the same effect(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A systematic review provided by Deligkaris et al. (2014) distinctly showed that burnout is associated with a decline in three main cognitive functions: executive functions, attention and memory (assessed objectively using psychometric tests instead of self-reports).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459038/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Also&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While burnout does not appear in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [(DSM-5)], it has been established as a legitimate justification for sick leave in several countries, for instance Sweden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope you live there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I suggest you read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/memory-loss/art-20046326?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo clinic's advice&lt;/a&gt; for possible other causes and on dealing with memory loss. The causes I mentioned above are reversible, the neurological ones are less so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you think I'm prioritizing the above wrong, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/memory-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS has this&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common causes of memory loss&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GPs often find that people who see them about memory loss are most likely to have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anxiety&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;depression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their memory loss is a result of poor concentration and not noticing things in the first place because of a lack of interest. Sleeping problems often make the memory loss worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other common causes of memory loss are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a head injury – for example, after a car accident&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a stroke – this cuts off some of the blood supply to the brain and causes brain tissue to die&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;followed by a longer/separate list of less common causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T10:40:23.730" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14507" CreationDate="2017-12-02T11:47:19.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure about the US case, but for UK &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO-DI-22-2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I found&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dydrogesterone withdrawn&#xA;  for commercial reasons&#xA;  United Kingdom — Dydrogesterone&#xA;  (Duphaston ®) is to be withdrawn from&#xA;  the market from March 2008 for commercial&#xA;  reasons. Dydrogesterone was licensed&#xA;  for use in several indications,&#xA;  including threatened or recurrent miscarriage,&#xA;  dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and&#xA;  hormone replacement therapy.&#xA;  A Public Assessment Report has reviewed&#xA;  evidence for the efficacy of&#xA;  progesterone and dydrogesterone in the&#xA;  maintenance of pregnancy in women with&#xA;  threatened miscarriage or recurrent&#xA;  miscarriage.&#xA;  For several decades, progesterone and&#xA;  progestogens (such as dydrogesterone)&#xA;  have been used to maintain early pregnancy.&#xA;  However, this practice seems to&#xA;  have been based on theoretical considerations&#xA;  rather than robust evidence of&#xA;  efficacy. Although the methodological and&#xA;  ethical difficulties associated with conducting&#xA;  efficacy trials in these indications&#xA;  need to be considered, the quality of&#xA;  much of the evidence is generally poor&#xA;  relative to today’s standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reference: Medicines and Healthcare&#xA;  products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) information&#xA;  release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The verbiage &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/09/06/2017-18816/determination-that-gynorest-dydrogesterone-oral-tablets-5-milligrams-and-10-milligrams-were-not&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;provided by the FDA&lt;/a&gt; is a bit more obscure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have carefully reviewed our files for records concerning the withdrawal of GYNOREST (dydrogesterone) oral tablets, 5 mg and 10 mg, from sale. We have also independently evaluated relevant literature and data for possible post-marketing adverse events. We have found no information that would indicate that this drug product was withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I read into that is &quot;withdrawn for commercial reasons&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2017-12-02T11:52:44.213" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T11:52:44.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14490" CreationDate="2017-12-02T12:05:17.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having kidney stones alone entails &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-steps-for-preventing-kidney-stones-201310046721&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a recommendation for low-sodium diet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reduce sodium: A high-sodium diet can trigger kidney stones because it increases the amount of calcium in your urine. So a low-sodium diet is recommended for the stone prone. Current guidelines suggest limiting total daily sodium intake to 2,300 mg. If sodium has contributed to kidney stones in the past, try to reduce your daily intake to 1,500 mg. This will also be good for your blood pressure and heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T12:05:17.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9042" CreationDate="2017-12-02T12:45:20.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most (proposed) behavioral addictions aren't that well studied (or accepted in the DSM). Gambling is the exception, so you may want to look at how that is treated. Also, there are no accepted standards for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/04/pornography.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;what is porn addiction vs. normal use&lt;/a&gt;. And since you ask about depression in a different question: increase in porn use can be a symptom of depression or bipolar [hypo]mania.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2017-12-02T12:45:20.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-02T18:05:03.470" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I only buy it once, and use it again and again for years when I make sauerkraut or any kind of fermented food&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible and beneficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12200" LastActivityDate="2018-02-20T19:50:16.583" Title="Is it possible to keep reusing shop bough probiotics?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;&lt;indigestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-02-22T17:07:00.590" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9042" CreationDate="2017-12-03T02:53:29.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heroin is a special case of substance addiction, because of the tremendous withdrawal side effects.  In general, substance addiction recovery doesn't require a gradual approach.  In fact, from what I know about OCD, which has some similarities, I suspect that a gradual approach would be more difficult to succeed with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.addiction.com/addiction-a-to-z/porn-addiction/porn-addiction-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.addiction.com/addiction-a-to-z/porn-addiction/porn-addiction-treatment/&lt;/a&gt; states that recovery from a pornography addiction will generally involve&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;counseling such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), coupled with group therapy, 12-step and other social support groups and perhaps alternative therapies such as art therapy, equine therapy (working with horses), EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) and the like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done some reading about exposure treatments for OCD, skin picking and hair pulling, and I have helped my son with his home exercises for OCD (with guidance from his therapist).  Another term for exposure treatments is Exposure and Response Prevention.  I wrote up an overview about our experience with it &lt;a href=&quot;https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/78073/32436&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see some overlap between pornography addiction and OCD.  One of the OCD symptoms my son has had is an electronics addiction.  At school he was given a Chromebook to carry around all day and use in all his classes.  It was connected to the internet.  He started spending his school day surfing the internet, and started failing classes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The internet is often used for viewing pornography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the things that makes it so difficult to get this under control is that frequently one uses the computer for other things as well, and it's a slippery slope to go from writing a necessary email to surfing pornography sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to read more about this, I recommend the articles by Fred Penzel: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=category&amp;amp;id=36:ocd-and-related-subjects-by-frederick-penzel-phd&amp;amp;layout=default&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.wsps.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=category&amp;amp;id=36:ocd-and-related-subjects-by-frederick-penzel-phd&amp;amp;layout=default&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T02:53:29.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14527" CreationDate="2017-12-03T03:24:13.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently not. An &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2016-09-02/does-vitamin-e-improve-scars/7537890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Austalian ABC article&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that collagen, a fibrous protein in the skin, is involved in scar formation and that vitamin E, when present in the body, influences the formation and arrangement of collagen fibres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Dr Artemi says it does not automatically follow that applying vitamin E to skin will improve the way collagen is formed and laid down when wounds heal and scars form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact several studies have tested this exact idea and shown it to be false. One study even found that in almost a third of cases, vitamin E caused a common skin irritation — known as contact dermatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I found the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417589&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;last study mentioned&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of this study show that topically applied vitamin E does not help in improving the cosmetic appearance of scars and leads to a high incidence of contact dermatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 90% of the cases in this study, topical vitamin E either had no effect on, or actually worsened, the cosmetic appearance of scars. Of the patients studied, 33% developed a contact dermatitis to the vitamin E. Therefore we conclude that use of topical vitamin E on surgical wounds should be discouraged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/13/health/13real.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NYT take on this&lt;/a&gt; also mentioned that paper and also another study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the largest studies to investigate the claim was published in 1986 in The Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation. In it, scientists followed a group of 159 people who had suffered burns over the course of a year, randomly selecting some to regularly apply vitamin E to their scars and others to use a different topical cream. Those in the vitamin E group showed no noticeable improvement in the size, thickness or appearance of their scars by the end of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3312212/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One hundred fifty-nine operative procedures for postburn contractures of interdigital webs (96), the axilla (46), or the neck (17) were prospectively randomized to be treated postoperatively for four months with a topical steroid (Aristocort A), topical vitamin E, or the base cream carrier for these drugs. The nature of the medication was blinded both to the patient and to the evaluator. Patients were followed for one year. Observations were made for range of motion, scar thickness, change in graft size, and ultimate cosmetic appearance. No beneficial effect of either vitamin E or topical steroid could be demonstrated. However, adverse reactions occurred in 16.4% of patients receiving active drug, compared to 5.9% treated only with base cream. Interestingly, the grafts initially contracted and subsequently grew to be a size larger (about 20%) than the original graft by one year. It is concluded that neither topical steroid nor topical vitamin E is effective in reducing scar formation after grafting procedures for reconstruction for postburn contractures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T03:36:16.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14553" CreationDate="2017-12-03T08:22:13.373" Score="5" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do they float iniside our &quot;blood blob inside our body&quot; or they are connected to our muscles ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T14:01:23.500" Title="What keeps our organs in place?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14552" CreationDate="2017-12-03T09:06:05.107" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They’re fastened together by blood vessels, nerves and most importantly, connective tissue, muscles and bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JqLiw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JqLiw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Source: anatomyorgan.com&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JJLAJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JJLAJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/abdominal-muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same holds true for other organs in the body, although the skin and the brain are slightly different cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The brain does float around, albeit in the cerebrospinal fluid, and very rapid movements (like hitting the head) can cause the brain to clash against the skull, causing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/brain/tc/traumatic-brain-injury-concussion-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concussion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6WD78.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6WD78.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/1317_CFS_Circulation.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The skin is a muscle itself, connected to other muscles and tendons and is also supported by the skeleton.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-12-04T14:01:23.500" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T14:01:23.500" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14536" CreationDate="2017-12-03T11:24:08.980" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the description, the instrument you are looking for should be a bipolar coagulation forceps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wxW5k.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wxW5k.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://img.medicalexpo.com/images_me/photo-m/70641-8603370.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref: medicalexpo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is used to stop bleeding by coagulation of smaller vessels, bigger one will still have to be closed by e.g. a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ligature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It's part of the instruments used in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosurgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrosurgery&lt;/a&gt;, which uses high-frequency alternating polarity,  typically in the radio frequency (RF) range of 100 kHz to 5 MHz, to minimize the effects of muscle and neural stimulation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;An other application area for bipolar would be the destruction of maligne tissues, e.g. tumors.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;With the bipolare the current in the patient is restricted to the tissue touched by the forceps electrode which helps to prevent damage to other sensitive tissues as it would be possible with the often used monopolare.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The monopolar instrument another member of electrosurgery would be , more looking like a wired pen or scalpell where a big dispersive electrode is placed elsewhere on the patients body to close the circuit, is mainly used for fulguration and cutting with simultaneous coagulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="527" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T11:24:08.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-03T14:53:34.857" Score="4" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Artificial daylight lamps are frequently recommended as an intervention to improve mood in the winter months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/w8h0j.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/w8h0j.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;daylight lamp in use&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Light_Therapy_for_SAD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image from Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; and is licensed under the Creative Commons &lt;a href=&quot;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's know about how they can be used the best way? Do we have knowledge that some lamps are better than others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T05:07:40.713" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T05:07:40.713" Title="What's important when getting an artificial sunlight lamp?" Tags="&lt;environmental-climate&gt;&lt;light&gt;&lt;mood-moodiness&gt;&lt;environmental-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-03T15:12:59.490" Score="1" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;The liver is rather unique in being able to regrow after partial donation. More interestingly, growing organs in general uses loads of energy, and while I'm not exactly advocating for advertising liver donation as a weight loss strategy, how many calories exactly does it take to regrow a liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T19:18:01.290" Title="How many calories does it burn to regrow a liver?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14556" CreationDate="2017-12-03T16:03:21.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get the answers started, though admittedly with a very rough estimation, I'll add my own idea of a lower bound of calories burned to regrow an entire liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because basic laws of thermodynamics state that to produce 100 calories worth of food requires at the very least 100 calories worth of energy, an estimate on the nutritional content of the liver itself should be a reasonable lower bound for how many calories it takes to regrow a liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/pork-products/2195/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutritiondata.com&lt;/a&gt;, raw pig liver has 134 calories per hundred grams, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3468/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;raw cow liver&lt;/a&gt; has 135. Given the relative consistency, right around 134 should be a reasonable estimate for the caloric content of human liver, not that any of us really want to test that one out. Now according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MaryPennisi.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypertextbook&lt;/a&gt; referencing a number of sources, average mass of a human liver is around 1.5 kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/evaluation_to_be_a_living_liver_donor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UCSF Medical Center&lt;/a&gt; states that the majority of a liver is regrown in the first two weeks. In theory, this would mean that in the case of a whole liver donation, half the liver would be regrown in the first two weeks after donation. However, whole liver donations tend to not lead to regrowth, with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(00)80412-2/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; (unfortunately paywalled) stating that around 25% of the liver needs to be left to initiate regrowth. For arguments' sake however, and considering we're already vastly underestimating the caloric needs for liver regeneration by assuming 100% efficiency, let's roll with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So 1.5 kg of liver at 134 calories per 100g yields 2,010 calories per liver, of which 1,005 would regrow in the first two weeks, or &lt;em&gt;no less than&lt;/em&gt; 71.79 calories per day to regrow a liver for the first two weeks after loss/donation. Notably, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2017/07/ecology-notes-raymond-lindemans-law-of.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raymond Lindeman's 10% law&lt;/a&gt; implies that regrowing a liver may burn &lt;em&gt;10x this number of calories or more&lt;/em&gt;, so I'm really curious to see what answer someone who knows more than I do might provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/pork-products/2195/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/pork-products/2195/2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3468/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/3468/2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MaryPennisi.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MaryPennisi.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ucsfhealth.org/education/evaluation_to_be_a_living_liver_donor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ucsfhealth.org/education/evaluation_to_be_a_living_liver_donor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(00)80412-2/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(00)80412-2/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2017/07/ecology-notes-raymond-lindemans-law-of.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2017/07/ecology-notes-raymond-lindemans-law-of.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2017-12-03T19:18:01.290" LastActivityDate="2017-12-03T19:18:01.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14513" CreationDate="2017-12-04T06:48:26.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two major issues with eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swallowing and digesting food allows air to get into the digestive tract. Air is a barrier to the ultrasound waves so renders tissues distal to the air invisible as the ultrasound will reflect off the tissue air interface&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Food can cause the gall bladder to contract pushing its contents into the small bowel. A contracted gall bladder is not easily identified &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbonated beverages are also not advised due to the CO2 bubbles that form and release which can interfere with ultrasound interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/radiology/why-cant-my-child-eat-anything-before-an-ultrasound/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/radiology/why-cant-my-child-eat-anything-before-an-ultrasound/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T06:48:26.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14563" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-04T09:43:15.443" Score="3" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am usually told to take particular medicines before dinner or after dinner. Does this apply to  Vitamin B2 and B6?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detailly, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should I eat them in 30 minutes near dinner (after longer time, in shorter time, right after dinner or it doesn't matter ?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it better to eat at other time than near dinner?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If I am not allowed to eat them near dinner, what time is second best to eat ? (Morning, Noon, Afternoon, Dusk, Night, MidNight ? specific range of a day would be better . )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many sites talking about this, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319556.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319556.php&lt;/a&gt;  (it suggest eat on an empty stomach in the morning, but also many sites says take 30 minutes after dinner ... )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But none of them provided an evident. I would be glad to see medical thesis, paper or credible research results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3698" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:30:58.560" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:30:58.560" Title="What is the proper time to eat Vitamin B2 and B6?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;meal&gt;&lt;vitamin-b&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-04T13:19:40.637" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a brief scenario from my actual experience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone cuts their finger on a sharp knife and the cut is a bit deep. With pressure the bleeding eventually stops, and the small flap of skin that was partially cut is covering the wound entirely. However, there is a small amount of blood under the small flap of skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this injury require medical attention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12233" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T13:19:40.637" Title="When does a cut require medical attention?" Tags="&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;abrasion-cut-laceration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-04T19:10:30.817" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I imagine any medication that has an effect on catecholamines would in some way increase histamine levels as well, just for the fact that histamine is part of the 'fight or flight' response and seems to go along with catecholamine activation. (I'm not super knowledgeable on neurophysiology, so please excuse my ignorance of its complexities and the extent of different pathways). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q 1: If an individual has problems with high histamine levels related to frequent stress response activation and subsequent cortisol spikes, would medications such as adderall and other stimulants greatly exacerbate histamine related physiological imbalances? Note: high histamine levels prevail in spite of antihistamine use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q 2: If, as I suspect, stimulant medications do have too much of an effect on histamine levels, what alternatives are there for remedying low dopamine levels and poor executive functioning due to depression and ADHD? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12239" LastActivityDate="2017-12-04T19:10:30.817" Title="Do pharmaceuticals which increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain significantly increase histamine levels?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;adhd&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;dopamine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-05T00:03:15.880" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any research/study/survey/... that tried to estimate  how many paper abstracts medical researchers read when preparing a clinical systematic review? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T15:05:30.010" Title="How many paper abstracts are typically read when preparing a clinical systematic review?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-05T04:13:06.533" Score="4" ViewCount="364" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stockholm syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; describes the '&lt;em&gt;irrational&lt;/em&gt;' bond between a captor and captives. It has been more than four decades since the name, coined by &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nils Bejerot&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, was formally accepted into medical literature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; everybody accept the existence of Stockholm syndrome as a genuine disease entity. For instance, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Professor Nadine Kaslow&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of Emory University argues that there is lack of evidence to support the existence of the syndrome, and she further adds that it exists mostly in the media; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr Arthur Brand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of Brand &amp;amp; Kelton-Brand argues that it is a sort of adaptive behaviour to the new environment; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Professor Jon Allen&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of Baylor College of Medicine and his colleagues as well as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Professor Judith Herman&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of Harvard University suggest it be a complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can someone shed light on whether there is fairly enough clinical evidence, referring to evidence based medicine, to support the existence of Stockholm syndrome?&lt;/em&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3481" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:49:12.663" LastActivityDate="2018-12-20T17:40:39.493" Title="Does 'Stockholm Syndrome' really exist?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;&lt;stockholm-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-05T09:48:30.997" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like a lot of Japanese girls, I'm a bit obsessed with personal hygiene. Sometimes I get up 2AM to have a shower... after already having one before going to sleep, because something just doesn't feel &quot;right&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I work in a more diverse corporate environment where we have people coming and going from Korea and Hong Kong all the time. One thing I notice is that I catch flu quite easily, at almost every single turn of a season. Just recently I caught flu twice... within half a month, both recovered well within 3 days with minor complications remained like running nose or cough. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, I notice that colleagues and ex-college friends who are about the same height, age and weight as me but doesn't pay much attention to personal hygiene rarely get sick... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the whole thing could just be a confirmation bias. But I still want to know, is there any scientific studies done which shows that being super &quot;clean&quot; actually &quot;spoil&quot; or &quot;overly-pamper&quot; your immune system? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12149" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:56:07.377" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:56:07.377" Title="Does being overly attentive to hygiene impair your immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;obsessive-compulsive&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-06T02:04:34.587" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how precisely can a physiotherapist assess muscles tightness by touching a given muscle. For example, if muscles tightness can be measured as a percentage, would a physiotherapist be able to distinguish 10% tightness from 20% tightness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T20:10:02.497" Title="How precisely can a physiotherapist assess muscles tightness?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-06T02:39:25.523" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;My uncle who worked in pharmaceutical factory, says it is safe to eat more Vitamin B than you need, because people have limited absorption of Vitamin. Is this ture ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3698" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:25:38.740" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:25:38.740" Title="Is it safe to eat more Vitamin B than you need?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;vitamin-b&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-06T04:17:08.733" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to start keeping track on my blood pressure at home.  If I take multiple daily measurements during the month of December should I average it at the end of the month and then use that final numbers  to check against the chart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7990" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T04:17:08.733" Title="Measuring Blood Pressure at home" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12888" CreationDate="2017-12-06T13:33:19.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually women get a period 2 weeks after ovulation. During menopause hormone levels fluctuate and ovulation may not occur regularly and periods are more spaced out or closer together, heavier or lighter. Some months women do not ovulate at all and don't have a period. There are two main hormones that regulate the lining of the uterus- estrogen (&quot;the fertilizer&quot;) and progesterone (&quot;the lawn mower&quot;). During perimenopause women are still producing these two hormones but sometimes they aren't in the same proportion to each other as they were during younger years. If there's more estrogen than progesterone the lining of the uterus thickens and at some point it's shed (spotting) even if there isn't ovulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, spotting could be counted as a period if you are in perimenopause. However, if you haven't had ANY bleeding for 12 months and then have spotting you should check with your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12268" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-12-06T16:19:23.597" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T16:19:23.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14571" CreationDate="2017-12-06T15:05:30.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if this will be just a partial answer, it might help to &quot;better understand the process of creating systematic reviews&quot;, as given in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One obvious answer to give here is: &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; of the abstracts have to be read, once the papers turn up &quot;positive&quot; within the (re-)search strategy for the literature. After all they have to be evaluated for inclusion or exclusion. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;If the original question is meant to ask for the average number of studies actually used, i.e. a hard number of included papers into the review, then the answer is quite different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781461422778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Terri Pigott: Advances in Meta-Analysis, Springer, 2012:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another common question is: How many studies do I need to conduct a meta-analysis? Though my colleagues and I have often answered “two” (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/1076998609346961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Valentine et al. 2010&lt;/a&gt;), the more complete answer lies in understanding the power of the statistical tests in meta-analysis. I take the approach in this book that power of tests in meta-analysis like power of any statistical test needs to be computed a priori, using assumptions about the size of an important effect in a given context, and the typical sample sizes used in a given field. Again, deep substantive knowledge of a research literature is critical for a reviewer in order to make reasonable assumptions about parameters needed for power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It therefore depends on how well studied and researched a field or a research &#xA;question is to select the reviewed papers from. Highly fashionable topics with controversy attached will have hundreds or thousands to choose from, niche interests, unprofitable venues perhaps only a few. To request a statistic across all of these fields of clinical systematic reviews is entirely possible. But one of the problems associated with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.creative-wisdom.com/teaching/WBI/es.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analyses&lt;/a&gt; is the so called garbage-in-garbage-out problem: such an undertaking – of not only &quot;estimate how many paper abstracts medical researchers read when preparing a clinical systematic review?&quot; but even precisely calculate that number – might be in danger of producing meaningless numbers, only useful for journalists or politicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One article providing just such a meta-meta-analysis does list such a number as requested in the question for the sub-field of psychology: 51 (range 5–81). (doi: 10.1080/00273171003680187&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760285&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Meta-Meta-Analysis: Empirical Review of Statistical Power, Type I Error Rates, Effect Sizes, and Model Selection of Meta-Analyses Published in Psychology.&lt;/a&gt;) But it also  highlights the problems inherent with such an approach quite nicely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Effect Sizes and Heterogeneity in Meta-Analysis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Model Choice:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Fixed-effects models were used with much greater frequency than random- effects models, often without overtly stating that such a model was being used. On the other hand, random-effects models were used with increasing frequency over time. Future studies should more routinely implement random-effects models given their greater validity from an inference standpoint. &lt;br&gt; Finally, it is important to consider that use of random-effects models will lower power for significance tests in most cases (i.e., when the between-study variance is greater than zero).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More general we might guard against blind trust into reviews or meta-analysis in general. Currently, the field of medicine strives to rebuild its knowledge on an evidence based foundation, which is of course very welcome. But in pursuing this goal with overly confident concentration on quantitative data and mathematical models, a child in the bathtub might get hurt. Naming, using or just believing in any kind of 'gold standard' (or variously even platinum) will be too much on one extreme side. That is pictured as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/moyhs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/moyhs.png&quot; alt=&quot;research hierarchy, p4 of Cleophas Modern Meta-Analysis Review and Update of Methodologies&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biggest problem with that picture is that &quot;the filter&quot; is quite ill defined and regularly studies with higher statistical power or greater significance are chosen to be included. While sounding logical at first this violates philosophical principles, on principle, like Carnap's &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evidence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Principle&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.319.5442&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Total Evidence&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. This mechanistic reasoning introduces therefore its own set of systematic bias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address several of these known dangers, pitfalls and shortcomings the &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PRISMA statement&lt;/a&gt; is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prisma-statement.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;initiative&lt;/a&gt; to at least standardise the approaches and document transparently the procedure chosen for these types of analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More epistemological problems are condensed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stegenga: &quot;Is meta-analysis the platinum standard of evidence?&quot; (2011):&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[…] meta-analyses fail to adequately constrain intersubjective assessments of hypotheses. This is because the numerous decisions that must be made when designing and performing a meta-analysis require personal judgment and expertise, and allow personal biases and idiosyncrasies of reviewers to influence the outcome of the meta-analysis. The failure of Objectivity at least partly explains the failure of Constraint: that is, the subjectivity required for meta-analysis explains how multiple meta-analyses of the same primary evidence can reach contradictory conclusions regarding the same hypothesis. […] However, my discussion of the many particular decisions that must be made when performing a meta-analysis suggests that such improvements can only go so far.&lt;br&gt; For at least some of these decisions, the choice between available options is entirely arbitrary; the various proposals to enhance the transparency of reporting of meta-analyses are unable, in principle, to referee between these arbitrary choices. More generally, this rejoinder from the defenders of meta-analysis—that we ought not altogether discard the technique—over-states the strength of the conclusion I have argued for, which is not that meta-analysis is en- tirely a bad method of amalgamating evidence, but rather is that meta-analysis ought not be considered the best kind of evidence for assessing causal hypotheses in medicine and the social sciences. I have not argued that meta-analysis cannot provide any compelling evidence, but rather, contrary to the standard view, I have argued that meta-analysis is not the platinum standard of evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-12-06T15:05:30.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-07T04:54:35.167" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I prevent muscles from becoming tight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in forearm muscles. My goal in preventing muscles tightness is to avoid perturbing the tendons that attach to the epicondyles at the elbow end of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T04:54:35.167" Title="How can I prevent muscles from becoming tight?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-07T06:37:45.467" Score="1" ViewCount="3168" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;insertive fellatio&lt;/strong&gt;, i.e. getting a blow job, is considered a very low risk exposure, perhaps a mere theoretical risk,  for HIV infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can someone come up with &lt;strong&gt;published clinical evidence&lt;/strong&gt; on the risk of HIV infection via insertive fellatio that it is a '&lt;strong&gt;very low risk&lt;/strong&gt;' or '&lt;strong&gt;only a theoretical risk&lt;/strong&gt;'?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3481" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T12:56:10.740" Title="What is the risk of HIV infection via insertive fellatio?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-07T07:58:30.770" Score="4" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are signs to look for to determine overuse or addiction to cocaine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12068" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-01-24T17:24:27.830" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T17:24:27.830" Title="Early signs of cocaine addiction" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;substance-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14598" CreationDate="2017-12-07T12:56:10.740" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One problem with this approach of seeking knowledge is the theoretical nature of the question itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24191417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Unprotected fellatio, which has been practiced by all civilizations since mists of time, is now becoming a cause of concern due to the AIDS epidemic. Most of the sexually transmitted infectious diseases are concerned by fellatio and only few medical studies deal with this topic. This paper is therefore a non exhaustive review of risks brought upon by unprotected fellatio. &lt;strong&gt;It is almost impossible to assess the exact risk for a given infection because of the complexity of sexual intercourse, which is rarely exclusively oro-genital.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore: if the following quotes contain numbers, please read them as illustrative and explaining, not as an apology or absolution.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Two such articles that nevertheless do put a number on it in the way you are looking for are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22515139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assessing the risk of HIV infection after an isolated exposure incident:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  The higher the plasma viral load of an HIV-infected person, the greater the risk that their blood, sperm and vaginal secretions are infectious. The risk of infection from splashes onto non-intact skin or a mucous membrane is virtually non-existent if the exposed area is washed within 15 minutes. There is almost no risk of HIV transmission from nasal secretions, saliva, urine and vomit, unless they contain visible blood. The risk associated with sexual exposure to HIV varies enormously, depending on the type of sexual activity: almost non-existent for insertive fellatio; estimated at 1.5% for passive (receptive) anal intercourse with ejaculation inside the rectum. The risk of HIV transmission following injury from a sharp object contaminated with blood has been estimated at about 0.3%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12441814&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risk of HIV infection attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men and in the population of men who have sex with men.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  We examined HIV infection and estimated the population-attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for HIV associated fellatio among men who have sex with other men (MSM). Among 239 MSM who practised exclusively fellatio in the past 6 months, 50% had three partners, 98% unprotected; and 28% had an HIV-positive partner; no HIV was detected. PAR%, based on the number of fellatio partners, ranges from 0.10% for one partner to 0.31% for three partners. The risk of HIV attributable to fellatio is extremely low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these numbers might be quite misleading. These are statistical statements! They are &lt;em&gt;calculated&lt;/em&gt; for the whole population and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;do not correspond to what a single individual will do or receive (that is &quot;get&quot;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of finding a number to put the mind at ease a more comprehensive risk reduction strategy might be a much better choice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11773877&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Sexual acquisition of HIV is influenced by choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. However, current risk-reduction strategies focus mainly on condom use.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Goal:&lt;/strong&gt; To estimate the contribution of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use on the per-act relative and absolute risks for HIV infection.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Study Design:&lt;/strong&gt; Per-act relative risk for HIV infection was &lt;strong&gt;calculated&lt;/strong&gt; with use of estimates of HIV prevalence, risk of condom failure, HIV test accuracy, and per-act risk of HIV transmission for different sex acts. Absolute risks were calculated on the basis of these relative risk estimates.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Choosing a partner who tested negative instead of an untested partner reduced the relative risk of HIV infection 47-fold; using condoms, 20-fold; and choosing insertive fellatio rather than insertive anal sex, 13-fold. Choosing one risk-reduction behavior substantially reduces absolute risk of HIV infection for heterosexuals but not for men who have sex with men.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Clarifying the magnitude of risk associated with different choices may help people make effective and sustainable changes in behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even a small risk is still a risk and in case of nuclear power plants these numbers are big enough to demand that these plants be abolished. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put that into absolute numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Abstract/2014/06190/Estimating_per_act_HIV_transmission_risk__a.14.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Sexual exposure risks ranged from low for oral sex to 138 infections per 10 000 exposures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further if we are talking risk assessment in the field asked in the question, let us not forget that HIV may be the only concern expressed here, but it is by far not the only illness that should be of concern! Some examples of the &quot;let's not forget&quot; category are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sti.bmj.com/content/74/1/6.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &#xA;  To review the literature on the role of oral sex in the transmission of viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs). &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Oral sex is a common sexual practice among both heterosexual and homosexual couples. The evidence suggests that HIV transmission can take place through oro-genital sex from penis to mouth and vagina to mouth. Case reports describe apparent transmission from mouth to penis although this appears less likely. The risk of oro-genital transmission of HIV is substantially less than from vaginal and anal intercourse. Receptive oro-genital sex carries a small risk of human papillomavirus infection and possibly hepatitis C, while insertive oro-genital contact is an important risk factor for acquisition of HSV 1. Oro-anal transmission can occur with hepatitis A and B. The transmission of other viruses may occur but is unproved. &lt;strong&gt;The relative importance of oral sex as a route for the transmission of viruses is likely to increase as other, higher risk sexual practices are avoided for fear of acquiring HIV infection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please re-read the last line in bold a few times, to get a feeling of how to better interpret the numbers given above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T12:56:10.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14572" CreationDate="2017-12-07T14:47:14.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stockholm Syndrome does exist. It has an exceptionally high face validity. It does have this attribute due to many case reports available in the non-medical newspapers. You see a pattern, you have a desire to name it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trick of taxonomy is trying to explain this behaviour pattern, many psychological theories stand at the ready: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048670701261178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Traumatic Entrapment, Appeasement and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evolutionary Perspectives of Hostage Reactions, Domestic Abuse and the Stockholm Syndrome:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Evolutionary theory and cross-species comparisons are explored to shed new insights into behavioural responses to traumatic entrapment, examining their relationships to the Stockholm syndrome (a specific response to traumatic entrapment) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […]&#xA;   The neurobiological basis of defensive behaviours underlying PTSD is explored with reference to the triune brain model. Victims of protracted traumatic entrapment under certain circumstances may display the Stockholm syndrome, which involves paradoxically positive relationships with their oppressors that may persist beyond release. Similar responses are observed in many mammalian species, especially primates. Ethological concepts including dominance hierarchies, reverted escape, de-escalation and conditional reconciliation appear relevant and are illustrated. These phenomena are commonly encountered in victims of severe abuse and understanding these concepts may assist clinical management. Appeasement is the mammalian defence most relevant to the survival challenge presented by traumatic entrapment and appears to be the foundation of complex PTSD. Evolutionary perspectives have considerable potential to bridge and integrate neurobiology and the social sciences with respect to traumatic stress responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To properly diagnose a new &quot;syndrome&quot; you need to measure &quot;symptoms&quot;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3415129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;make comparisons&lt;/a&gt; to enable a differential diagnosis. One such scale applying the concept of &quot;Stockholm Syndrome&quot; to dating complications is presented here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8555117&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A scale for identifying &quot;Stockholm syndrome&quot; reactions in young dating women: factor structure, reliability, and validity:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the whole process is hampered by the rarity in which subjects are scientifically examined compared to the media coverage if such a case is presumed to be present. That concept is now apparently highly attractive for lay persons to explain counter intuitive behaviour up to a point that Stockholm Syndrome now almost replaced the previously assumed intuitive behavioural response of intense hatred. That is the weakness expressed by different researchers in the question. Psychological and psychiatric symptoms, disorders and syndromes are highly influenced or even dependent on culture. (cf. DSM and homosexuality). At the moment the process of clearly defining Stockholm syndrome as a distinct category that is really sharply defined against alternatives and related concepts is not finished:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;‘Stockholm syndrome’: psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  The existing literature on the subject of ‘Stockholm syndrome’ is sparse; the majority of the literature is based on case reports with little reference to how ‘Stockholm syndrome’ was diagnosed and what, if any, is its significance in terms of management of victims. ‘Stockholm syndrome’ is rarely mentioned in peer-reviewed academic research.[…]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In summary, a systematic literature review has identified large gaps in research into ‘Stockholm syndrome’. Existing literature does very little to support its existence yet case studies demonstrate a possible pattern in the behaviour and experiences of people labelled with it. We found similarities between widely reported cases studies into hostage ⁄ kidnap victims that could be used as the basis for diagnostic criteria. We also suggest that labelling the hostage victim with a psychiatric syndrome makes their story more readable and more likely to boost media circulation. The mystery of the origins of psychiatric illness holds society with fascination; psychiatry does not deal in absolute values and definitions, it is easy for the media to have free reign with medical terms, such as ‘Stockholm syndrome’ that have, as yet not received comprehensive assessment and validating criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-07T20:12:43.443" LastActivityDate="2017-12-07T20:12:43.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-07T15:27:16.320" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been searching for analysis &amp;amp; preferable scientific review of Chinese medicinal treatment of psychological disorders... in particular anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detail: Passing by, I walked into a Chinese Medicine shop yesterday for the first time in my life &amp;amp; enquired about chinese treatment for anxiety. The Dr.Wang behind the counter asked me to show her my tongue, which I did. All it took was a second for the spectacled doctor to inspect from a distance of about 5 feet &amp;amp; diagnose that I had poor liver function &amp;amp; blood circulation, particularly to the head. Curious, I asked her for the treatment &amp;amp; she prescribed two medications. I do not have the name of the medicines (everything was in Chinese), however, the dosage was interesting, one to be taken three times a day, eight tablets at a time. The other one is 10 tablets, twice daily. The first prescription is suppose to last 9 days at a cost of £25 &amp;amp; I presume it needs to be carried on for a few weeks atleast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been on my mind since &amp;amp; to be clear, while I am very intrigued to the point of going for it, if only to see the results after a few weeks, however, I am conscious that this is not a cheap treatment &amp;amp; coming from a family of doctors, I have been quite sceptical of Chinese, Arabian, Ayurvedic, Eastern etc treatments. However, reading online, there appears to be some posts on people finding relief through this treatment where Western treatments have failed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there any study / research / literature on these Chinese treatments, relating to psychological / psychiatric treatments? Has any proof ever been found for the body energy they call Chakra / Qi energies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3338" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T12:25:25.153" Title="Research On Chinese Medicinal Treatment For Anxiety?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-07T18:39:15.833" Score="4" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the following citation and now many subsequent papers, FODMAPs containing foodstuffs are a viable treatment option for a variety of prolems originating in your gut:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15948806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Personal view: food for thought–western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn's disease. The FODMAP hypothesis:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;The association of Crohn's disease with westernization has implicated lifestyle factors in pathogenesis. While diet is a likely candidate, evidence for specific changes in dietary habits and/or intake has been lacking. A new hypothesis is proposed, by which excessive delivery of highly fermentable but poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates and polyols (designated FODMAPs--Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides And Polyols) to the distal small intestinal and colonic lumen is a dietary factor underlying susceptibility to Crohn's disease. The subsequent rapid fermentation of FODMAPs in the distal small and proximal large intestine induces conditions in the bowel that lead to increased intestinal permeability, a predisposing factor to the development of Crohn's disease. Evidence supporting this hypothesis includes the increasing intake of FODMAPs in western societies, the association of increased intake of sugars in the development of Crohn's disease, and the previously documented effects of the ingestion of excessive FODMAPs on the bowel. This hypothesis provides potential for the design of preventive strategies and raises concern about current enthusiasm for putative health-promoting effects of FODMAPs. One of the greatest challenges in defining the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease is to identify predisposing environmental factors. Such an achievement might lead to the development of preventive strategies for, and the definition of, possible target for changing the natural history of this serious disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the evidence is mounting that this a indeed an interesting &lt;em&gt;treatment&lt;/em&gt; option, it looks like an either very counter-intuitive or even contrafactual or contradictory logic to other received wisdom about nutrition. A healthy gut is populated with a very diverse microbiome and that microbiome is fostered on a diet rich in fibre and probiotics, prebiotics, including the FODMAPs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that FODMAP-lists frequently do not contain not only a list of ready made convenience products, industrially enriched with said substances, but a long list of natural foods containing various amounts of the FODMAPs, it conflicts with the advice to supposedly generally improve a typical western diet with more fibre and prebiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fodmapchallenge.com/2017/04/prebiotics-fodmaps-different/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example: Wheat/rye breads, couscous, wheat pasta, barley and gnocchi&#xA;Jerusalem artichokes, garlic, onion, leek, asparagus, beetroot, peas, snow peas, and sweet corn.&#xA;Nectarines, peaches, watermelon, persimmons, rambutan, grapefruit, pomegranate, dried fruit, custard apples.&#xA;Cashews and pistachios;&#xA;Foods containing inulin&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it is obviously not very advisable &lt;em&gt;at all&lt;/em&gt; to follow these restrictions if you are healthy just because gluten-free  is so last year and you are in dire need for a new fad, I still wonder if the whole concept is indeed viable, &lt;em&gt;despite&lt;/em&gt; the evidence. Even in strictly prescribed diets it is simply not feasible to apply all these restrictions long term and not even called for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390324/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Finding papers criticising 'low-FODMAP’ is not hard&lt;/a&gt;, but I struggle to find the theoretical concept behind the actual positive evidence criticised in a paper that is also providing alternatives in comparable evidence level of never reducing prebiotic FODMAPs (in populations that seem to be in the benefitting target audience).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: Is the FODMAP hypothesis providing red-herring quality evidence or how do we reconcile the two positions of increasing prebiotic intake with lowering FODMAP intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-01-21T23:23:03.293" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T17:06:49.147" Title="Increase pre-biotics or reduce FODMAPs can these two postions be reconciled" Tags="&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14605" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14603" CreationDate="2017-12-07T22:32:25.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are there studies on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, and the studies are numerous. If &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2016/10/data-fabrication-in-china-is-an-open-secret/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conducted in non-Chinese&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Efficacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contexts the results&lt;/a&gt; are most of the time quite underwhelming or more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27128912&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reason for concern&lt;/a&gt; than &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2017/06/recklessly-stupid-tcm-promotion-by-the-daily-mail/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anything&lt;/a&gt; like &quot;encouraging&quot;. Way too often the theory behind the treatments appears flaky, the evidence for effectiveness regarding desired results is weak and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/tcm-traditional-chinese-medicine-new-developments/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dangers posed by unregulated and uncontrolled substances&lt;/a&gt; ingested looks quite big.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Has any proof ever been found for Qi energy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None. &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2015/02/traditional-chinese-medicine-a-commercially-driven-world-in-an-evidence-free-environment-of-make-belief/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TCM&lt;/a&gt; is very much &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2013/05/do-chinese-reviews-summarising-chinese-clinical-trials-of-tcm-send-us-up-the-garden-path/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;incompatible&lt;/a&gt; with Western tradition of scientific thinking and explanation. What has been found, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;occasionally&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, is that &lt;em&gt;despite&lt;/em&gt; a – &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi#Scientific_view&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from a Western viewpoint&lt;/a&gt; – complete garbage perspective concerning the underlying theory, some treatments offered by TCM appear to be effective. But remember that effective and efficient might be two different things here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the herbs, animals &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26804582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;and metals&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; employed are recognised to be pharmacologically relevant. That is 'active'; but often unproven to be more beneficial than detrimental. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If evidence based medicine oriented studies are undertaken, they analyse the effects of &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2015/02/traditional-chinese-medicine-a-commercially-driven-world-in-an-evidence-free-environment-of-make-belief/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the herbs and other methods&lt;/a&gt; according to Western scientific standards, &quot;Qi&quot; is not featured there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone offering a diagnose &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; selling a treatment in the way described in the question is not only &lt;em&gt;highly&lt;/em&gt; unethical but also &lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/a-tcm-challenge/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quite unlikely&lt;/a&gt; to be correct, even according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://edzardernst.com/2016/07/chinese-officials-admit-that-their-tcm-exports-are-of-dubious-quality/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TCM standards&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One such study that examines TCM a style remedy for anxiety according to western standards (althogh not in humans) is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23966085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antianxiety-like effects of Chimpi (dried citrus peels) in the elevated open-platform test:&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Dried citrus peels (Chimpi) is one of the most common natural medicines with qi (energy flow) rectifying and shi (dampness) drying actions, which originates from Citrus unshiu, and/or C. reticulata according to the definition of the pharmacopoeiae of Japan and China. In this study, the pharmacological effects of their extracts and major chemical constituents hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin on anxiety were examined with an anxiety model of elevated open-platform test using ICR male mice (6-week-old) and total duration of freezing was decreased in fluoxetine-treated mice, which is a simple and highly sensitive to the effects of serotonergic anxiolytics. Moreover, yokukansankachimpihange (YKH), a combination of yokukansan with Chimpi and Hange (Pinellia) was also examined because Chimpi is considered to play a crucial part in this formula against anxious symptoms in dementia patients. The results showed that Chimpi and YKH possess a significant anxiolytic-like effect similar to that of fluoxetine, suggesting that they might be similar to fluoxetine in their pharmacological actions through the serotonergic neurotransmission pathway. Moreover, it also suggested that the major chemical constituent, hesperidin could be an active principle attributed to the antianxiety-like effects with a direct and indirect role via its aglycone hesperetin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note the amount of weasel words and speculation displayed in this &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; test. &quot;Qi&quot; is only mentioned as an organising principle with the originating system of medicine, the actual action displayed is then tried to be translatable into Western standard medical language and reasoning. The application of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperidin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hesperidin&lt;/a&gt; alone, without mention of any 'Qi', is under very active investigation:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832973?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biological effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid. (Note I): antiinflammatory and analgesic activity.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7495469?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biological effects of hesperidin, a Citrus flavonoid. (note II): hypolipidemic activity on experimental hypercholesterolemia in rat.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18593176&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: new findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25109791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neuropharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavonoids hesperidin and hesperetin--a mini-review.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-0-306-48094-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Helaine Selin &amp;amp; Hugh Shapiro: &quot;Medicine Across Cultures. History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures&quot;, Kluwer: New York, Boston, 2003.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-661-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;James David Adams Jr &amp;amp; Eric J. Lien: &quot;Traditional Chinese Medicine. Scientific Basis for Its Use&quot;, RSC Drug Discovery Series No. 31, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing: Cambridge, 2013.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crcpress.com/The-Pharmacology-of-Chinese-Herbs-Second-Edition/Huang/p/book/9780849316654&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kee Chang Huang: &quot;The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs&quot;, CRC Press: Baco Raton, London, &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;1999.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crcpress.com/Chinese-Herbal-Medicine-Modern-Applications-of-Traditional-Formulas/Liu-Tseng-Yang/p/book/9780849315688&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chongyun Liu &amp;amp; Angela Tseng: &quot;Chinese Herbal Medicine. Modern Applications Of Traditional Formulas&quot;, CRC Press: Boca Raton, London, 2005.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crcpress.com/The-Way-Forward-for-Chinese-Medicine/Chan-Lee/p/book/9780415277204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kevin Chan &amp;amp; Henry Lee: &quot;The Way Forward for Chines Medicine&quot;, Taylor &amp;amp; Francis: London, New York, 2002.&lt;/a&gt; (Esp. ch4: &quot;Understanding the Toxicity of Chinese Herbal Medicinal Products&quot; p 71–91.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-08T12:25:25.153" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T12:25:25.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-08T06:23:24.947" Score="1" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Honey may be acidic, but, like lemons, it is alkaline-forming in the body. Once in the stomach, it can actually alkalinize your system. In general, your diet should be made up of about 70 percent alkaline-forming and 30 percent acid-forming food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.honeycolony.com/article/benefits-of-raw-honey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;. Yes, it has its minerals and vitamins but the amounts of sugar it contains are incredibly high in comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T06:23:24.947" Title="Honey. Is it really alkaline forming?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;honey&gt;&lt;alkaline&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-08T06:57:28.810" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;My uric acid level has been high and hasn't been able to return back to below normal point for several years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since two years ago, my knees have been suffering a lot, which makes me limp. MRI shows that my patella under both knee caps have become very thin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Will gout finally make patella thinner and thinner if uric acid level has kept being high for long periods?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12042" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:47:57.517" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:47:57.517" Title="Will gout finally make patella thinner and thinner if uric acid level has kept being high for long periods?" Tags="&lt;urine&gt;&lt;gout&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9502" CreationDate="2017-12-08T13:56:27.913" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This sounds like dream come true for 'alternative medicine':&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.the-cma.org.uk/Articles/WaterOnly-Fasting-Can-Help-The-Body-To-Fight-Off-Disease-And-Can-Have-The-Most-Profound-Health-Benefits-Too-6098/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Water-Only Fasting Can Help The Body To Fight Off Disease – And Can Have The Most Profound Health Benefits Too:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; A recent news item caught my attention – it concerns the therapeutic value of fasting.  Researchers at the University of Southern California presented a study that explained that refraining from food for as little as two days can regenerate the immune system, and in addition, fasting for two to four days helps the body to fight infection and “flips a regenerative switch” that triggers stem cell-based regeneration of new white blood cells, thereby renewing the body’s defense system. During the fast, the body gets rid of the parts of the system that might be damaged or old, the inefficient parts. The scientists believe that even if you start with a system heavily damaged by chemotherapy or aging, fasting cycles can generate an entirely new immune system.  In a small pilot clinical trial researchers found that fasting for a 72-hour period prior to chemotherapy protected patients against toxicity. Fasting also affects the levels of a substance in our bodies called IGF -1 and in reducing this it diminishes tumour growth and the risk of developing cancers.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  So, how does water-only fasting actually work? What is going on in the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Water-only fasting – as the name suggests is where you only drink water and take no food whatsoever and, most importantly, you must take complete bed rest.  The truly therapeutic part of the fast does not actually begin until the second or third day: the reason for this is that during the first 24 - 48 hours after starting a water fast, the body is still burning off circulating blood sugar and also sugar stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glycogen. Once the first two to three days of the fast are over, your body then begins to burn fat tissue for fuel. Next, molecules named ketones begin circulating in the blood. Ketones suppress hunger and this is why fasting is not a difficult process – once you are over the first few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt; Many people don’t understand the process of ketosis correctly and fear that this could damage the kidney and brain, possibly leading to loss of consciousness and even more dire consequences. However, a group of ‘hygienic physicians’ as doctors working in this field are known (and which includes Dr Sabatino as one of the leaders in the field), have supervised many thousands of fasts over the past 50 years, and have shown these concerns to be unfounded. In fact, when fasting is undertaken in a supportive environment, with the supervising practitioner ensuring proper hydration, and total resting conditions, kidney and heart function often dramatically improve as weight and blood pressure drop. There is often a dramatic improvement in the acuity of special senses, vision, hearing etc. People wearing glasses will sometimes remark how they experience moments of absolutely perfect eyesight without their glasses.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Researchers found out&quot;: without a link to the original study, not even a date on the article cited above, that is very poor reporting and avoids being checked for accuracy. A very poor practice. Apart from some valid information, and relying on unsourced and probably preliminary scientific evidence, and using impressive sounding abbreviations, there is also the corresponding bull**** mixed under (e.g. &quot;fasting cycles can generate an entirely new immune system&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But are there studies that might confirm these alleged findings? A more reliable source for this claim is presented in a very accessible article here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.popsci.com/feed-or-starve-sickness-it-depends-on-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Feed Or Starve A Sickness? It Depends On The Infection:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  To investigate how loss of appetite might affect the immune system in sick animals, researchers infected some mice with the bacteria Listeria (a common cause of food poisoning), and some with the influenza virus.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  When the mice were force fed, those with bacterial infections died—but those with viral infections were more likely to survive. The researchers determined that glucose in food was responsible for these divergent fates (rather than proteins or fats). When the team used drugs to block the mice from using glucose, the mice infected with bacteria survived, while their virus-ridden peers died.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Viral and bacterial infections induce different types of immune responses. So our metabolism might require different fuels to prevent inflammation from damaging the body. During a viral infection, glucose seems to be key. But during a bacterial infection, fasting benefited the mice by allowing them to use ketones, a different fuel that is produced when fat is broken down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That indicates an important finding that &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; have very profound effects in the future. But the cited article is sensible enough to also state clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But it’s definitely too soon for these findings to translate into advice about how sick people should eat. This study focused on one strain of mice in a lab setting and only a couple of forms of infection. “It remains to be seen how these results apply to critical illness in humans,” Medzhitov and his coauthors wrote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original research article is published here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)30972-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation (2016)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To repeat, in there is the important caveat to note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One limitation of this study (common to most animal studies) is that it was performed on a single mouse strain (C57BL/6J) in one mouse facility. Thus, the roles of genetic background and facility-specific environment remain unknown. In addition, there are many caveats with extrapolating data on organismal biology from studies in unnatural settings of animal facilities. […] Finally, it remains to be seen how these results apply to critical illness in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further studies at least confirm that there are some interesting changes related to the modulation of immune system responses while fasting:&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28742108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fasting metabolism modulates the interleukin-12/interleukin-10 cytokine axis (2017):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  […]  Growing evidence indicates that metabolic processes impact both, innate and adaptive immunity. […] In conclusion, we showed that fasting metabolism modulates the IL-12/IL-10 cytokine balance, establishing novel targets for metabolism-based immune-modulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, sadly, we still do not know for sure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General problems to simply saying &quot;it works&quot; are summarised here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28610949&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calorie restriction in rodents: Caveats to consider (2017):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  The calorie restriction paradigm has provided one of the most widely used and most useful tools for investigating mechanisms of aging and longevity. By far, rodent models have been employed most often in these endeavors. Over decades of investigation, claims have been made that the paradigm produces the most robust demonstration that aging is malleable. In the current review of the rodent literature, we present arguments that question the robustness of the paradigm to increase lifespan and healthspan. Specifically, there are several questions to consider as follows:&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At what age does CR no longer produce benefits?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does CR attenuate cognitive decline? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there negative effects of CR, including effects on bone health, wound healing, and response to infection?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How important is schedule of feeding? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;How long does CR need to be imposed to be effective? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;How do genotype and gender influence CR? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What role does dietary composition play?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consideration of these questions produce many caveats that should guide future investigations to move the field forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare these findings in animals with how humans will react to fasting while infected, a general overview of fasting across different species might be useful and is  documented here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783642290558&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Marshall D. McCue: &quot;Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation&quot;, Springer: Heidelberg, New York, 2012.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-01-11T14:20:21.500" LastActivityDate="2018-01-11T14:20:21.500" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14328" CreationDate="2017-12-08T15:44:06.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been looking at their plans too, and wondered the same thing. I called Sendero today at 844-800-4963 and the rep told me that it means the same thing as &quot;after deductible&quot;. She said once you've reached your deductible, then you only pay the copay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12285" LastActivityDate="2017-12-08T15:44:06.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14619" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17539" CreationDate="2017-12-08T17:39:41.950" Score="4" ViewCount="623" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how women (in the old times) were able to find if they were expecting twins. Was it possible a woman give birth to twins without knowing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12287" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:47:48.487" LastActivityDate="2018-09-28T19:55:01.383" Title="In medieval times, how were twins detected?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;ancient-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14620" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-08T17:45:25.003" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is sometimes recommended by dermatologists for topical use to promote wrinkle smoothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does vitamin E in liquid oil form help to fade wrinkles? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T11:47:30.083" Title="Does vitamin E in oil liquid form help to eliminate wrinkles on face?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;wrinkles&gt;&lt;vitamin-e&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7608" CreationDate="2017-12-09T18:31:43.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)&lt;/strong&gt; manifests in early childhood and is characterised by &lt;em&gt;qualitative abnormalities in social interactions, markedly aberrant communication skills,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;restricted repetitive behaviours, interests, and activities (RRBs).&lt;/em&gt; It is primarily considered a childhood disorder; however, it is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not necessarily a childhood disorder&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Autistic spectrum disorders &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;can be and should be diagnosed even in adults&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and there are always benefits of diagnosing them rather than not doing so. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.autism.org.uk/about/diagnosis/adults.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Autistic Society of the United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; declare, in their official website, the following information regarding the benefits of a formal diagnosis for adults:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benefits of a diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people see a formal diagnosis as an unhelpful label, but for&#xA;  many, getting a timely and thorough assessment and diagnosis may be&#xA;  helpful because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it may help you (and your family, partner, employer, colleagues and friends) to understand why you may experience certain difficulties and&#xA;  what you can do about them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it may correct a previous misdiagnosis (such as schizophrenia), and mean that any mental health problems can be better addressed (however,&#xA;  it can be difficult to make a diagnosis of autism where there are&#xA;  severe mental health issues, or where someone is receiving treatment).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it may help you to get access to appropriate services and benefits your employer will be required to make any necessary reasonable&#xA;  adjustments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;it may help women, and those with a demand avoidant profile, who may not before have been recognised as autistic by others you can join&#xA;  the autism community – you don't need to be diagnosed to join our&#xA;  online community or subscribe to our Asperger United magazine, but you&#xA;  might need a diagnosis to join some social groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your question&lt;/strong&gt; provides some important information as you describe your case with the following words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;… someone who has a reasonably good job and who copes easily with&#xA;  day-to-day tasks of living (cooking, cleaning, travelling etc) but who&#xA;  has no friends (or very few), very little social life, and is very&#xA;  reticent about engaging in conversation beyond basic pleasantries and&#xA;  technical work conversations with colleagues …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The person described above &lt;em&gt;has reasonably good job and copes easily with day-to-day tasks of living (cooking, cleaning, travelling etc)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;despite having&lt;/strong&gt; features that may lead to a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. Should such a person in his adult life look for a formal diagnosis? &lt;strong&gt;The National Autistic Society&lt;/strong&gt; has already answered the question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It’s quite common for people to have gone through life without an autism diagnosis, feeling that somehow they don't quite fit in. Many people learn to cope with life in their own ways, although this can be hard work. They might be married or living with a partner, have families or successful careers. Others may be more isolated and find things much more of a struggle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is up to you whether you decide to seek a diagnosis and some people are happy to remain self-diagnosed. The only way to know for sure whether you are autistic is to get a formal diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;On the information we have discussed above, I shall suggest that the person concerned seek a formal diagnosis, if he has not already been diagnosed, and receive the help that would surely improve the quality of his life with regard to social and interpersonal interactions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autism in adults shall be an important health related issue; accordingly, the &lt;strong&gt;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)&lt;/strong&gt; has published its guideline on autism in adults: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg142&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in June 2012, and it was last updated in August 2016. The &lt;strong&gt;National Health Service of the United Kingdom (NHS)&lt;/strong&gt; follows the NICE guideline to ensure that the diagnosis and management of Autism Spectrum Disorder in adults is carried out in a regular and consistent manner across the country. Moreover, the &lt;strong&gt;Department of Health&lt;/strong&gt; also issued its statutory guideline: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/422338/autism-guidance.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Statutory guidance for Local Authorities and NHS organisations to support implementation of the Adult Autism Strategy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in March 2015 in that mission.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;There is always help for people in need.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3481" LastEditorUserId="3481" LastEditDate="2017-12-10T04:24:09.957" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T04:24:09.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13888" CreationDate="2017-12-09T21:50:10.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you get hungry very fast, you are most likely not eating enough for your activity level or not getting the right nutrient ratios.  Typically, if you up the protein and fiber content in your meals/snacks you'll be less hungry in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you feel you are eating enough, check on whether or not your hunger is &quot;real&quot;.  Sometimes things like not drinking enough water, too little sleep, etc. can trick you into thinking you are hungry, or, you may just wanting something to snack on out of boredom.  If this is the case, good snacks may be food that are lower calorie but high in volume, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vegetables (and if you aren't a big fan, try adding some seasoning and roasting until crunchy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apple slices, banana, berries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sunflower seeds (which take a while to eat shelled)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Air popped popcorn&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more nutrient dense snacks when you are truly hungry, find foods with a higher healthy fat content (will keep you focused and full) and a higher protein content (keeps you fuller longer), like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1oz of nuts (not strictly 1oz, but it is easy to overeat nuts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An egg or two on toast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Banana or apple with peanut/nut butter and cinnamon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein shake or bar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avocado on toast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Veggies and hummus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grilled chicken&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you find that you are lacking energy to get through the day or that exercise is abnormally draining, you may want to add more carbohydrates, like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bakes potato/Sweet potato&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rice and beans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sprouted grain toast &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;English muffin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just some simple suggestions, but hopefully this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12296" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T21:50:10.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14260" CreationDate="2017-12-09T22:01:43.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is extremely difficult to measure TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure) - the calories one's body uses in a day - because of how complex the body works, how many factors effect it, and how different each person is. 150 calories/day is a relatively small amount in the grand scheme, and probably will not affect you a ton, especially in the short term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One surefire way to increase TDEE is to gain muscle, as each muscle cell uses much more energy, even at rest, than each fat cell.  When you exercise, try shifting your focus from burning calories to building muscle (and you will still obviously burn calories in the process).  You can do this by weight training and resistance training most simply - start out small, find techniques that work for you, and keep upping the intensity over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12296" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T22:01:43.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-09T22:21:35.097" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Some Context...&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple years ago my friend shouted into my ear very loud at a concert (stupid move, but I guess he just wasn't thinking), and ever since, it has been prone to getting blocked and is more sensitive to loud noises.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a number of flights in a row to complete tomorrow. I am flying from Australia to Brazil. I had a short flight, about &lt;code&gt;50 minutes&lt;/code&gt; across states today (&lt;code&gt;Melbourne to Adelaide&lt;/code&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tomorrow I'll be going from:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;1. Adelaide to Dubai&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;2. Dubai to Rio De Janeiro&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;over 23 hours or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The Problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While coming down to land on my flight today I started feeling quite a lot of pain and swelling in my ear canals. When I massaged between the behinds my ears to just underneath the joint of my jaw, I felt that the tube was so swollen that it had become rock hard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ever since the flight - about 3 hours from writing this, my ear on the right side (the one that was shouted into) is completely blocked, and there is a tight sensation in my sinuses, on that side of my face and I am experiencing mild nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be trying to book an emergency appointment to see a GP today, but if they can't book me in, I'll have to take the advice of medical stack exchange and make a decision whether or not to fly further, for risk of damaging my ears. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My Question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it safe for me to fly today? Is there any chance that flying will injure me further?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11612" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:21:04.120" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:21:04.120" Title="Will flying potentially damage my ears further?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;inner-ear&gt;&lt;barotrauma&gt;&lt;air-pressure&gt;&lt;ear-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7608" CreationDate="2017-12-09T22:33:16.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many reasons as to why an individual might seek a formal diagnosis of Autism or Asperger’s Syndrome (AS). For some, it may increase self-awareness to some degree for the sake of possibly capitalizing on one's strengths and managing areas of challenge. For others who qualify, an individual may seek a diagnosis to obtain additional means of support. In order to qualify for disability benefits under most US government financial assistance programs, a formal diagnosis is also required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-10029.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Social Security disability&lt;/a&gt; insurance program pays benefits to disabled individuals and certain family members if the individual has worked long enough and has paid Social Security taxes. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-11000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Supplemental Security Income (SSI)&lt;/a&gt; program pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have limited income and resources. For more information about the Social Security disability evaluation process, see: ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/12.00-MentalDisorders-Adult.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Disability Evaluation Under Social Security, 12.00 Mental Disorders - Adult&lt;/a&gt;' and ’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssa.gov/planners/disability/dqualify5.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Disability Planner: How We Decide If You Are Disabled&lt;/a&gt;'. Additionally, under the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)&lt;/a&gt;, a diagnosis is necessary in order to request reasonable accommodations for individuals seeking employment. A publication by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission titled, ‘&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/fs-ada.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Facts about the Americans with Disability Act&lt;/a&gt;,’ elaborates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. The ADA covers employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations. The ADA's nondiscrimination standards also apply to federal sector employees under section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act, as amended, and its implementing rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same publication also states a relevant piece of information to take note of regarding the provision of reasonable employment accommodations for disabled individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An employer generally does not have to provide a reasonable accommodation unless an individual with a disability &lt;em&gt;has asked for one&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AS is now widely believed to be among a group of conditions associated with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke's '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-Fact-Sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt;,' elaborates,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term “spectrum” refers to the wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability in functioning that can occur in people with ASD. Some children and adults with ASD are fully able to perform all activities of daily living while others require substantial support to perform basic activities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, published in 2013) &lt;strong&gt;includes Asperger syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) as part of ASD rather than as separate disorders. A diagnosis of ASD includes an assessment of intellectual disability and language impairment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the same token, a test called the &lt;strong&gt;Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ)&lt;/strong&gt;, created by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismresearchcentre.com/people_baron-cohen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Simon Baron-Cohen&lt;/a&gt;, Professor of Developmental Psychopathy at the University of Cambridge was developed to measure the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has autistic traits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismresearchcentre.com/project_7_asquotient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autism Research Centre&lt;/a&gt;, provides further details on the Adult AQ (Autism Spectrum Quotient).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our studies have shown that people with a clinical diagnosis tend to score above 32 out of 50 on the AQ, first-degree relatives tend to score higher than average on the AQ, males in the general population tend to score higher than females, and scientists tend to score higher than non-scientists on the AQ. We have also found the AQ shows heritability (from twin studies) and cross-cultural stability, and that it predicts clinical diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, The Autism Research Centre also recognizes that at best, the AQ is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…a screening instrument - it is not itself diagnostic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An article titled ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.autismresearchcentre.com/papers/2005_Woodbury-Smith_etal_ScreeningAdultsForAS.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Screening Adults for Asperger Syndrome Using the AQ: A Preliminary Study of its Diagnostic Validity in Clinical Practice&lt;/a&gt;,’ evaluates the AQ for its potential as a screening questionnaire in clinical practice on one hundred consecutive referrals to a diagnostic clinic for adults suspected of having AS or high functioning autism (AS/HFA). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We believe our results support the AQ as a useful screening instrument in clinical practice. It provides a quick and reliable method of determining the likelihood of any individual falling on the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum and warranting further, more detailed, assessment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there may be a percentage of individuals who potentially possess many autistic traits but who do not require any clinical support and thus, do not seek diagnosis…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…because of a good cognitive match between their cognitive style or personality, and their family or occupational or social context. In this sense, &lt;strong&gt;whether a high AQ score becomes disabling may depend on environmental factors (tolerance by significant others, or being valued for contribution at work, or a place in a social network, protecting against the risks of secondary depression) rather than solely on factors within the individual&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is increasing evidence that by diagnosing even relatively late&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…much can still be done to effectively manage the social impairments and facilitate better social inclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, results of the same study indicate that the AQ test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…has a good discriminative validity and good screening properties at a threshold score of 26.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In lieu of the information provided, an Asperger/Autism Network (AANE) article titled, ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aane.org/resources/adults/aspergerautism-spectrum-diagnosis-adults/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asperger/Autism Spectrum Diagnosis in Adults&lt;/a&gt;,’ advises individuals to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that the Asperger/Autism Spectrum diagnosis is not an absolute and fixed category of traits and characteristics. Everyone with this profile looks different and therefore the boundaries around this characterization can be challenging to define.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While most individuals with AS can be affected by some common traits, the intensity of each trait lies along a spectrum. Hence, the extent to which AS shapes a person’s life and experiences can vary greatly from person to person. With that being said, it is highly advisable that the individual in question consults his or her primary care physician or qualified specialist for a thorough assessment, testing, diagnosis, and treatment, if needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8916" LastActivityDate="2017-12-09T22:33:16.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14639" CreationDate="2017-12-09T23:39:20.993" Score="3" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking on various websites. They all say to stop CPR when normal breathing has started. But this news says that that is wrong and you CPR must not be stopped unless you have breathing and a pulse:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1253701/Girl-swimmer-16-died-wrongly-trained-lifeguard-stopped-CPR-thinking-saved-life.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1253701/Girl-swimmer-16-died-wrongly-trained-lifeguard-stopped-CPR-thinking-saved-life.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6470" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-12-10T12:09:13.127" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T12:09:13.127" Title="When should one stop CPR?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-10T10:18:14.177" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Active 70 Year old female asian experienced chronic diarrhea, which subsided when the iron supplements were removed.  Hemoglobin is normal.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for the iron in 2 beef meals in one day to cause diarrhea or is iron-induced diarrhea a long term buildup of iron toxicity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T10:18:14.177" Title="Diarrhea induced by Iron" Tags="&lt;diarrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14631" CreationDate="2017-12-10T12:06:01.907" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the patient is breathing normally, stop CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h1IG5.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h1IG5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cprguidelines.eu/sites/573c777f5e61585a053d7ba5/content_entry573c77e35e61585a053d7baf/573c781e5e61585a053d7bd1/files/S0300-9572_15_00327-5_main.pdf?&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Official Guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council, latest edition: 2015. Section 2, p.88&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part that made me personally most suspicious in the article was that the patient supposedly breathed for 4 minutes without pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, she did not take the crucial step of checking for a pulse - to determine whether the heart had restarted - and unwittingly left Sophie dying on the wet floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paramedics arrived four minutes later and resumed CPR&lt;/strong&gt;, only to be asked by one of the lifeguards: 'Why are you doing CPR? She's alive,' the hearing was told.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally breathing for 4 minutes without pulse is impossible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely in this case the patient was gulping (also known as undergoing agonal respiration). This is not considered normal breathing and requires CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lifeguard took it as &amp;quot;normal breathing&amp;quot; and discontinued CPR wrongfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to detect agonal breathing&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=164&amp;amp;v=ICODRFoWZkw&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a video of a real resuscitation&lt;/a&gt; and from 2:40 onwards it's a good example of agonal breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The procedure followed in this video is outdated&lt;/strong&gt;, but it's a great example of agonal breathing. &lt;a href=&quot;https://cprguidelines.eu/sites/573c777f5e61585a053d7ba5/content_entry573c77e35e61585a053d7baf/573c781e5e61585a053d7bd1/files/S0300-9572_15_00327-5_main.pdf?&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The newest guidelines can be found here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T12:06:01.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7608" CreationDate="2017-12-10T16:26:42.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two nice answers already, but both marching into the same direction. To round off the picture, this is the advocatus diaboli:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the existence of a diagnosis in general demands its application onto some individuals, some of those might indeed benefit from receiving such a diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X04000197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asperger’s disorder: A review of its diagnosis and treatment:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Although Asperger’s disorder has a preschool age of onset, it is important to tailor treatment based on the patient’s age. Parents of children with the condition become generally aware of problems in their child’s development around 30 months of age; however, they may experience significantly longer delays and greater frustration in obtaining a confirmation of diagnosis from clinicians. The practical implications of delayed diagnosis may affect adversely the prognosis in the case of the more able children with Asperger’s disorder. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In the adult years, patients with Asperger’s disorder may experience increased anxiety due to stresses associated with independence and vocational demands. Educational and behavioral inclinations can be aimed at problem-solving strategies, self-understanding strategies, and management of anxiety and other comorbidity. […] &lt;br&gt;&#xA;From the conclusion:  Awareness of Asperger’s disorder’s distinctive clinical features and understanding of its historical background, epidemiology, and course, could eventually lead to more effective evaluation and management of these patients. Although the validity and usefulness of an Asperger’s disorder-specific diagnostic concept is far from resolved, it is our hope that this review will assist clinicians in evaluating and managing patients with this lifelong disorder and subsequently improve their long-term prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that the criteria for diagnosis are far from perfected and since it was already correctly noted, these imprecisions are on a spectrum with increasing difficulties to establish valid diagnostic criteria at the extreme ends of this spectrum. It is further complicated by the research focus being mainly on childhood problems and treatment. Adult Asperger's is far less researched and conclusions might be clouded by simply transposing findings from childhood Asperger's onto Adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are there really &amp;quot;benefits&amp;quot; from being diagnosed AS as an adult? There sure are some! But benefits often come with a cost. These have to be considered in an informed decision making process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-005-3300-7?LI=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Screening Adults for Asperger Syndrome Using the AQ: A Preliminary Study of its Diagnostic Validity in Clinical Practice:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With &lt;strong&gt;increasing demands on clinical services to assess for the possibility of Asperger Syndrome,&lt;/strong&gt; as demonstrated by the large number of referrals currently received at our clinic in Cambridge, it is important to be able to identify those people who are most likely to have AS. We believe our results support the AQ as a useful screening instrument in clinical practice. It provides a quick and reliable method of determining the likelihood of any individual falling on the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum and warranting further, more detailed, assessment. We suggest that a more conservative threshold score of 26 would ensure that false negatives are limited, and equally avoid cases ‘slipping through the net’.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;However, if the AQ were being used in a general population screen (and the ethical case for such a use has yet to be demonstrated) the higher cut off of 32 is likely to minimise false positives. &lt;strong&gt;We suspect that this is because in the general population there may be a percentage of individuals who have many autistic traits but who do not require any clinical support (and are not seeking this) because of a good cognitive match between their cognitive style or personality, and their family or occupational or social context&lt;/strong&gt; (Baron-Cohen, 2003). &lt;strong&gt;In this sense, whether a high AQ score becomes disabling may depend on environmental factors (tolerance by significant others, or being valued for contribution at work, or a place in a social network, protecting against the risks of secondary depression) rather than solely on factors within the individual. This impression warrants systematic research.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Of importance is that seventy-five percent of the patients seen in the clinic had been referred by their general practitioner. This figure represents all suspected cases referred by primary care practitioners as no one was excluded simply based on their AQ score.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Therefore our results are also relevant in the primary care setting where, as a result of increasing awareness of autistic spectrum conditions, there is likely to be an increase in the numbers of patients seeking assessment. The GP has the difficult task of deciding who should be referred on for in-depth assessment. We believe the AQ will facilitate this process, and is particularly useful in this setting as it is a relatively quick and easy to use screening instrument. There is increasing evidence that by diagnosing even relatively late much can still be done to effectively manage the social impairments and facilitate better social inclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems to indicate a certain 'trend' seen in clinical settings: with increasing awareness of the existence of this 'syndrome' or 'situation' or 'condition'. This is not to say it is a fad or fashionable label to attach to someone or her behaviour. But some psychological or psychiatric diagnosis approaches clearly fell out of fashion some time ago. Recently few women were diagnosed with hysteria and officially even fewer people are now 'treated' for being homosexuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09687590903534254&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;‘How can a chord be weird if it expresses your soul?’ Some critical reflections on the diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This paper questions the way in which the diagnosis of Aspergers syndrome has come to be widely accepted and used as an essentially medical category. It does so by drawing upon sociological and historical analyses of society, psychiatry and psychology, as well as the writings of service users, other practitioners in the autistic spectrum disorder field and the author’s own clinical experience. It is argued that the seeming popularity of this label within Western society may have as much to do with widespread social and cultural change during recent decades as with the supposed deficits of those who attract the diagnosis. The aims are to ask what this might mean for health and social care practice in this field and to encourage the growth of theories and approaches that are grounded more firmly in an awareness of the social environment, while also reflecting the varied experiences and standpoints of people who carry this label.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;As a worryingly elastic diagnostic label, Aspergers syndrome seems to be capable of extension to a wide range of individuals who might otherwise have little in common save their isolation, their apparent interpersonal awkwardness, their dislike of change and, in a socially and vocationally competitive age, the understandable concern of their families. Of course, it has to be acknowledged that for many the diagnosis has its uses. For those who are able to negotiate the current health and social care systems acquisition of this label may open up pathways towards financial and material assistance and also towards improved personal assistance at school, college or work, all of which may be badly needed and, when made available, may make the person’s world an altogether more benign place. There may also be some advantage to being diagnosed with Aspergers syndrome, where the alternatives might include the more pejorative labels of ‘psychosis’ or ‘schizophrenia’.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And yet this kind of intervention and support can come at a price. Erstwhile helpers can become focused upon imparting narrow psychological or social skills based ‘solutions’ at the expense of seeking a broader understanding of the social and familial roots of the individual’s problems or of trying to challenge conventional ideas of what is normal or natural (Molloy and Vasil 2002). While there are no medical treatments aimed specifically at Aspergers syndrome, the indications of high rates of psychiatric drug prescribing for people in this group is worrying. This is a situation that cannot be altogether unwelcome to drug manufacturers keen to market their wares and the suspicion that autistic spectrum disorders are being widely promoted with an eye to future developments in pharmaceutical technology, or simply as a way of finding an expanded market for currently available products, is not altogether implausible (see, for instance, D. Boyle 2003).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Given the doubts about the coherence and validity of the diagnosis, there is the nagging thought that in many, and perhaps most, instances what we are talking about is not so much a clearly demarcated ‘developmental disorder’ as a spectrum of character traits or dispositions that fit poorly with the ethos of our current business and consumer culture. More frequently than is recognised, the ‘problems’ presented by Aspergers syndrome may lie in a world that increasingly struggles to accept any form of difference from the notional norm unless, of course, such difference can be repackaged as a form of deviancy, illness or developmental difficulty, ready and waiting to be ‘managed’ by a set of self-appointed experts.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Perhaps as health professionals and even as friends and relatives of ‘people with Aspergers syndrome’ we might, in the words of one service user, try to embrace the sentiments expressed by the singer Joni Mitchell, who is reputed to have said in defense of one of her tunes ‘How can a chord be weird if it expresses your soul?’ Such acceptance (and the ability to genuinely listen that implicitly goes with it) would surely not represent anything like a complete answer to the difficult and complex questions that have been raised here, but it might be a good place to start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum it up: if it ain't broke, don't fix it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-10T16:26:42.170" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14620" CreationDate="2017-12-10T18:43:29.420" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical application of vitamin E may reduce the length and depth of facial lines and wrinkles, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/skin-wrinkles-and-blemishes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland Medical Center&lt;/a&gt;. One specific form of vitamin E that has this benefit is alpha-tocopherol cream. Using such a cream can also reduce skin roughness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/329997-how-to-rub-vitamin-e-on-face-for-wrinkles/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Step-by-step guide about usage of vitamin E for skin&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/21/vitamin-e-oil-tips_n_3477654.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Precaucious of usage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12302" LastEditorUserId="12302" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T11:47:30.083" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T11:47:30.083" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14644" CreationDate="2017-12-10T19:18:44.713" Score="1" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read articles about how fluoride toothpaste is essential to maintaining a healthy mouth, and how it is beneficial to the enamel. However, I could not find articles/papers regarding the effect of fluoride on the layer beneath the enamel, also known as the dentin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume a guy who has his enamel completely eroded away (tooth decay), and is only left with his dentin. (Side Question: How likely is this?) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he starts brushing his teeth with fluoride toothpaste, will the toothpaste help in slowing down his tooth decay, and/or have other positive and negative side effects? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12303" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T08:50:15.153" Title="What does fluoride toothpaste do to the dentin on the teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14642" CreationDate="2017-12-11T01:29:37.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is usually seen in clinical settings: a child is left with an untreated enamel caries. Then the lesion progress and the lesion is cavitated. The dentin then start to react, ocludding the dentinal tubules. When the saliva (+ minerals) reach the dentin, the caries process start to slow down and the dentin change from dark brown to almost black. At the same time, the change in color represents a change in the surface composition, changing from a soft surface to a hard one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This occurs with the minerals of the saliva. If you add fluoride, you will enhance this process. Hence, &lt;strong&gt;the fluoride of the toothpaste will slow down the caries process in the dentin&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About you side question: often. Keep in mind that any radicular surface clinically visible means exposed dentin.  Google &quot;radicular caries&quot; images. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to read the details, ten Cate has several (now classics) papers: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ten Cate JM. Remineralization of caries lesions extending into&#xA;dentin. &lt;em&gt;J Dent Res.&lt;/em&gt; 2001 May;80(5):1407-11.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deng DM, van Loveren C, ten Cate JM. Caries-preventive agents induce&#xA;remineralization of dentin in a biofilm model. &lt;em&gt;Caries Res.&lt;/em&gt; 2005&#xA;May-Jun;39(3):216-23.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus 1: nobody knows why the carious dentin is brown...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus 2: a black spot in a teeth means a dentinal &lt;strong&gt;stopped&lt;/strong&gt; carious lesion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T01:29:37.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="775" CreationDate="2017-12-11T02:04:10.237" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently using a logitech ambidextrous trackball and I am starting to develop pain for clicking with the thumb. The wrist seems to remain stable, but there is still a certain amount of tension when moving the ball in the wrist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Else at my job, I try to move the mouse by moving my whole arm instead of the wrist to reduce wrist pain. There does not seem to be a perfect solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12305" LastActivityDate="2017-12-11T02:04:10.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14652" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14653" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T00:52:04.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-12T18:56:08.050" Score="1" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seemingly overnight, this charcoal tooth-whitening technique has become a craze. I've read many &quot;testimonials&quot; and reviews that claim that it indeed whitens teeth, but I have also read articles wherein &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/08/15/video-featuring-charcoal-as-teeth-whitener-reaches-millions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dentist warns against long-term effects&lt;/a&gt;, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the thing.... I do not plan to use charcoal toothpaste/powder long term, I just want to do a quick whitening of my teeth prior to my engagement photos (and later on before my wedding photos). So I'm not worried about the long-term effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have a slight fractured tooth due to a chip, it looks kind of like this:&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/abXSQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/abXSQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;And, I'm wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;would the charcoal product whiten this line??&lt;/strong&gt; or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;would it essentially do nothing to it??&lt;/strong&gt; Or worse,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;would it stain the line black?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;How to whiten the fractured line?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (I don't have dental insurance and my engagement photo shoots are soonish).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:56:45.620" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:56:45.620" Title="Can Charcoal Toothpaste/Powder Whiten a Slight Fracture-Line on a Tooth?" Tags="&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;&lt;stain-removal-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14657" CreationDate="2017-12-12T19:15:03.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being an very mild abrasive charcoal is indeed used since ancient times to clean teeth. This behaviour is seen among the natives of Africa and Digitalia even now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Examples for recent use in Africa: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19751519&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral health related behaviors among adult Tanzanians: a national pathfinder survey.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;and&lt;/sub&gt; &#xA;&lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22960965&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral health practices among pregnant women in North Eastern Nigeria.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cleaning teeth in this way is possible. Cleaning teeth in this way is not very effective, especially not for &quot;whitening&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28599961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices: A literature review:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  The authors' literature search identified 118 potentially eligible articles. Thirteen studies reported brushing the teeth with raw charcoal or soot; however, none of these studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies offered nonspecific caries reductions, 3 studies reported deleterious outcomes (increased caries, enamel abrasion, nonquantified negative impact), and 1 study indicated only that brushing with raw charcoal had no adverse effects on oral hygiene. Seven other studies reported only on the use of charcoal for oral hygiene. Internet advertisements included unsubstantiated therapeutic claims-such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and oral detoxification, as well as potentially misleading product assertions. One-third of the charcoal dentifrices contained bentonite clay, and 1 contained betel leaves.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The results of this literature review showed insufficient clinical and laboratory data to substantiate the safety and efficacy claims of charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices. Larger-scale and well-designed studies are needed to establish conclusive evidence.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Practical Implications:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Dental clinicians should advise their patients to be cautious when using charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices with unproven claims of efficacy and safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No product sold over the internet for this purpose is both safe and effective. A professional dentist has some tools, abrasives, and chemicals or even artificial veneers that will be vastly superior. Some of those might even be just temporary (for photo shoots).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One important point regarding the &lt;em&gt;perceived&lt;/em&gt; efficacy of coal toothpaste is: compared to what you see before brushing and during brushing your teeth will &lt;em&gt;look&lt;/em&gt; much cleaner than before or during. That is because they have been brushed and &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; cleaner than before brushing and compared to the mess the coal produces they are even whiter to the eye afterwards. The actual colour of your clean teeth will not change by this. Main effect is psychological – and that is largely in &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; brain – with little benefit to anyone else looking at these teeth without knowing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-12T19:20:54.663" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:20:54.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-12T19:38:49.637" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm an adult woman in her 30's, who suffers from Poly-Cystic-Ovarian-Syndrome (PCOS). My doctor has proscribed me Metformin to treat/manage my PCOS. Since PCOS can be one of the several causes for Adult Acne, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;does research show that Metformin alleviates/mitigates Adult Acne in PCOS women?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm having my engagement photos done soon, and my Adult Acne is still going strong. I was wondering if Metformin is not meant to help with Acne... or if... my Acne would just be worse without it?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2017-12-12T19:38:49.637" Title="Does research show that Metformin alleviates/mitigates Adult Acne in PCOS women?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14253" CreationDate="2017-12-13T04:45:23.950" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Personal experience:  If I fall asleep in a number of different postures, I also experience numbness, as I have since I was about your age. If I fold my arms, kink my wrists, place my hands under my head, etc, numbness typically ensues. Depending on which nerves are pinched off, the thumb and adjacent fingers may be numb, the pinky and adjacent fingers may be numb, or they may all be. If I fall asleep on a hard wooden chair, my legs may be numb and I may be unable to walk in a controlled manner when I extract myself from the silly thing.&#xA;Research: Unless you do have a disorder, deficiency, or tendency to use mind-altering substances, you will probably have no long-lasting effects from this phenomenon. According to James Dyck, MD, it could be you are actually waking up before your body is. I quote, “...During REM sleep, the brain sends a signal to cause a body-wide paralysis. The purpose of this is to keep you from acting out dreams (which occur during REM). But if you wake up during one of these phases, you can be conscious before your [sic] fully regain control of your limbs. This is called sleep paralysis, and it can be a frightening situation. You're stuck somewhere in between dreaming and wakefulness, and you can't move...”&#xA;What seems to me is happening is a little different, he explains what seems to be your condition (and mine) like, “The nerve compression has led to a temporary paralysis (perhaps because you got stuck in a compressed position during REM).” He warns, “Compressing nerves can damage them. The good thing is that the body will naturally wake up as a protection mechanism when a nerve has been compressed too long. After you wake and relieve the pressure, the nerves will quickly come back online, usually first with a pins-and-needles feeling.”&#xA;I recommend reading this article in full:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.vox.com/platform/amp/2016/6/6/11854588/numb-arm-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.vox.com/platform/amp/2016/6/6/11854588/numb-arm-sleep&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your consciousness is impaired, eg, from alcohol or drug use, you may not wake up until you have already caused at least temporary damage to your nerves.&#xA;It is possible that a deficiency or disorder is causing the numbness*, so it is recommended to see a physician if numbness or tingling persists,** and I would say the same would go for weakness, particularly if it’s at all possible to be certain that you aren’t imagining yourself to be weaker. Are you measurably unable to lift or reposition the same items or weights you used to?&#xA;If you’ve ruled out disorders, or possibly in diagnosing whether it’s normal or something to be concerned about, you can try the following list of remedies from lovetoknow.com:***&#xA;“To reduce or prevent this from happening, try the following tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep your hands from being under a pillow or your head while you sleep.&#xA;Don't lie directly on your arm and cut off the circulation.&#xA;Don't fall asleep with your hands in a fist; try to keep them uncurled.&#xA;Hold your hands above your heart to help them &quot;wake up.&quot;&#xA;Try drinking ginger tea, which can improve circulation.&#xA;Try doing exercises to strengthen your shoulders, neck, and arms.&#xA;Try using softer pillows, including a knee pillow, and sleeping on your back (side sleeping can cause hands to fall asleep when they're under the pillow).&#xA;If you're having carpal tunnel or tendonitis problems that are causing your hands to fall asleep or feel numb, an anti-inflammatory drug might also be helpful.&#xA;Nocturnal support braces for your wrists and hands can help reduce the tingling sensation that disrupts your sleep. Splints can provide support, help you avoid bending the hands and wrists awkwardly and reduce the chance of crimping any nerves.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally would recommend trying some braces that keep your wrists from bending freely. If that doesn’t help, it could be that keeping your elbows straight will fix the problem. Either way, the advice will always be to consult with your physician, which makes a lot of sense if he knows any more about you than you’ve described, especially if he has experience in the field. Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;a href=&quot;https://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=difficulty-sleeping%7Cnumbness-or-tingling%7Cnumbness-or-tingling&amp;amp;symptomids=79%7C164%7C164&amp;amp;locations=2%7C40%7C52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=difficulty-sleeping%7Cnumbness-or-tingling%7Cnumbness-or-tingling&amp;amp;symptomids=79%7C164%7C164&amp;amp;locations=2%7C40%7C52&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/arms-falling-asleep-at-night&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/arms-falling-asleep-at-night&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sleep.lovetoknow.com/Numbness_in_Hands_While_Sleeping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sleep.lovetoknow.com/Numbness_in_Hands_While_Sleeping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2848" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T04:45:23.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3524" CreationDate="2017-12-13T06:02:43.817" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the guy who, for 1 year, ate nothing but seasoned potatoes and potato derivatives, survived... ... Likely his challenge spawned some scientific papers on the subject? Goodnight!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; other news outlets that covered this, so just look him up for more viewpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He was also using Calcium-fortified Soy Milk for his Mashed Potatoes, and did this with nutritionist help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/how-man-potato-only-diet-eating-year-weight-loss-50kg-health-lifestyle-a7967536.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/how-man-potato-only-diet-eating-year-weight-loss-50kg-health-lifestyle-a7967536.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1818" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T06:02:43.817" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3524" CreationDate="2017-12-13T11:53:04.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These findings are largely correct. We do not necessarily need &lt;em&gt;newer&lt;/em&gt; findings to confirm that.  If you look back a few years and consider one of largest experiments in this regard it becomes clear that this is not ideal but possible. The Irish have survived as long as they had enough potatoes available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[…] [the Irish Potato Famine, because about two-fifths of the population was solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons.]&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Potatoes alone have no fat soluble Vitamins A, D, and no B12. While D might not be a problem in central latitudes because humans may synthesise adequate amounts of this vitamin through sun exposure alone, vitamin A and B12 must be acquired from other sources. The amounts of biotin and of calcium in potatoes is equally quite low. Potatoes are also quite low in essential fatty acids and overall fat content. The protein content is of relatively good quality but with comparably low digestibility and mass. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These deficiencies of potatoes are very well balanced when the diet also contains cow's milk, since &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutritional_value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it provides all of these &quot;missing ingredients&quot; that are generally recognised as essential.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise the potato is quite unusual in its measured content of nutrients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrates:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Potato carbohydrates may be classified as starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What potatoes are best known for: source of energy in the form of starch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lipids:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The lipid content of potato is low. Galliard (1973) found 0.08 to 0.13% (FWB) in 23 varieties. This range is too low to have any nutritional significance but contributes towards potato palatability (Kiryukhin &amp;amp; Gurov, 1980), enhances tuber cellular integrity and resistance to bruising and plays a part in reducing enzymic darkening in tuber flesh (Mondy &amp;amp; Mueller, 1977).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Organic acids:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The major organic acids identified in the potato are citric and malic acids (Jadhav &amp;amp; Andrew, 1977; Bushway et ai, 1984). Others present are oxalic and fumaric (Bushway et al., 1984), chlorogenic and phosphoric (Schwartz et aL, 1962), as well as ascorbic, nicotinic and phytic acids, amino acids and fatty acids. All these contribute to flavour and help to buffer the potato sap (the pH of the tuber is 5.6 to 6.2); the level of some, especially that of malic acid, can be used to indicate tuber maturity. Ascorbic and nicotinic acids influence directly, and phytic acid indirectly, tuber nutritional value (see pp. 45 and 49).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient that diminishes the value of the potato and everything eaten with it. Other problematic substances found in potatoes are lectins, glycoalkaloids and proteinase inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pigments:&lt;/strong&gt; Anthocyanin pigments in the periderm and peripheral cortex produce totally or partly pigmented skins in potatoes. In some South American varieties, the pigment is so dark that tubers may appear black and others dark purple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These secondary nutrients are often touted as very healthy constituents in potatoes. Whether they are or not, in commercially grown potatoes they are almost absent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Potato flesh may be white or various shades of yellow, depending upon the variety. Yellow coloration is generally due to presence of carotenoid pigments. The major carotenoid identified in 13 German varieties was violaxanthin, followed by lutein and lutein-5,6-epoxide and, in lower concentrations, by neoxanthin A and neoxanthin (Iwanzik et al., 1983); beta-carotene was detected in only trace amounts or was totally absent. One cultivar had an intense yellow flesh colour, but a relatively low level of carotenoids. It is therefore possible that, in some varieties, the yellow colour is due to other, unidentified, pigments as well as to carotenoids. In some places (e.g. Peru) yellow-fleshed varieties are highly prized and command higher prices than those with white flesh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Varieties differ substantially in their contents. Growing and harvesting conditions influence their value, as do factors like freshness, storage conditions, and how they are prepared and eaten. Most of the most important nutrients are present in potatoes. There may very well be other nutrients missing for something approaching anything like an 'optimal diet', but potatoes already offer a large chunk of what a human typically needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamins:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Potatoes are substantial sources of several vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the B vitamins thiamin (B1), pyridoxine (B6) and niacin. Riboflavin (B2), folic acid and pantothenic acid are also present. Small amounts of vitamin E have been reported (Paul &amp;amp; Southgate, 1978). Biotin is present in traces. The vitamin A precursor beta-carotene is absent or present only in trace amounts.&#xA;  Factors affecting contents&#xA;  Values can vary considerably, as the ranges, determined by different authors, shown in Table 2.10 demonstrate, but relatively little work has been carried out to determine the sources of variation. Different methods of analysis can lead to varying results: Finglas &amp;amp; Faulks (1984, 1985) attributed differences in their determined values for thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and total folate from those previously reported for the potato in food composition tables to analytical methods that were more reproducible than those used earlier.&#xA;  The thiamin content of potatoes depends upon variety (Swaminathan &amp;amp; Pushkarnath, 1962; Leichsenring et al., 1951) and location of growth (Leichsenring et al., 1951). Tubers from loamy soil contained more thiamin than tubers from sandy soil, and thiamin content is greatly increased by nitrogen fertilization (Augustin, 1975).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, although the potato has been shown to be a source of good-quality protein, to have a favourable ratio of protein calories to total calories and to be an important source of vitamins and minerals, its overall value in the diet nowadays is generally greatly underestimated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Energy value:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The potato has a lower average carbohydrate content than do other roots and tubers, and also a comparable fat content (Table 2.2). Raw potato has a somewhat lower average energy content than other raw roots and tubers with 335 kJ (80 kcal) per 100 g. However, the large variation in tuber DM content produces a range of energy contents also, e.g. 264 to 444 kJ (63 to 106 kcal) per 100 g was found for the energy values of North American commercial varieties (Toma et al., 1978fl). The energy content of raw potato is considerably less than that of raw cereals and legumes; however, when cooked, the latter staples absorb large quantities of water, which changes their composition significantly. The potato, when boiled in its skin, retains its energy value almost unaltered. A fairer comparison of the potato and the cereals or legumes, therefore, is either on a dry, raw basis or on a cooked, 'as eaten', basis. […] Bread and tortillas, however, provide substantially more energy than cooked potatoes. […] The potato's low energy density (energy content per gram of food) is advantageous when potatoes are included (without added fat or energy- rich sauces) in diets of the developed world, where obesity, as a state of malnutrition, is found increasingly. In parts of the developing world where diets are energy deficient, this attribute may be a disadvantage, particularly in the diet of infants and small children, whose digestive systems cannot cope with large intakes. Too much potato would be needed to supply all the energy requirements of small children, so they need an energy-rich supplement. […] Although adults would also have to consume large quantities to meet all their daily energy needs, their digestive systems have a greater capacity. Up to 4.5 kg per capita were consumed daily in Ireland in the seventeenth to nineteenth century (Pimental et al., 1975). This would have provided approximately 15.06 MJ (3600 kcal) and 94 g of total protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary fibre:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Boiled potato flesh has a dietary fibre content similar to that of cooked white rice and a much lower content than that of boiled green plantains or of boiled Phaseolus beans. Potatoes cooked as french fries or chips are a more concentrated source of fibre (Table 2.8). It can be calculated that 100 g of boiled potato supply 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 times the fibre that can be found in a 35 g 'medium' slice of white, brown or wholemeal bread, respectively; a 25 g packet of chips supplies 1.9,1.4 and 1.0 times the respective bread fibre contents.&#xA;  There is no recommended daily allowance (RDA) for dietary fibre at present. It has been suggested (Brodribb, 1983) that about 40 g/day should be consumed to maintain correct colonic function. Recently an ad hoc working party of the NACNE (National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education, 1983) recommended an increase in British dietary fibre intake to 30 g per person per day. When potatoes are consumed in quantity on a regular basis, they make a significant contribution to dietary fibre intake. At present, for example, fresh potatoes contribute 15% of the dietaryfibreintake in British households and rank as a primary source (Finglas &amp;amp; Faulks, 1985).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At present, potato may be seen from the tables to compare favourably on a raw basis with all the listed staples and vegetables in terms of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin, and with most of the vegetables in pyridoxine and pantothenic acid contents. It has a much lower biotin content than the other vegetables, but it may be a comparatively richer source of folic acid than was previously thought. Fresh potatoes may contain 30 mg or more of ascorbic acid per 100 g when newly harvested, with an average value of 20 mg/100 g, although values decline when potatoes are stored, cooked or processed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comments on protein contribution from potatoes:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Potato protein is of sufficiently high quality for maintenance purposes in adult man and for growth of infants and children. The relatively low digestibility of potato protein is a disadvantage when potatoes are used for feeding to children; potatoes have to be consumed in large quantities to satisfy both protein and energy requirements, a characteristic they share with other root and tuber staples. Potatoes are rarely consumed as the sole source of N in the diets of either adults or children, but it is clear that they can make a valuable contribution to the protein content and quality of a mixed diet, provided present levels of protein in potato are maintained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABD047.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jennifer A. Woolfe,: &quot;Potato in the human diet&quot;, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, 1987.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Returning to the Irish experiment with John Reader: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Propitious_Esculent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Potato. A History of the Propitious Esculent&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Yale University Press: New Haven, London, 2008: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;I have heard [the potato] stigmatized as being unhealthy, and not sufficiently nourishing for the support of hard labour; but this opinion is very amazing in a country, many of whose poor people are as athletic in their form, as robust, and as capable of enduring labour as any upon earth.  When I see the people of a country, in spite of political oppression, with well-formed vigorous bodies, and their cottages swarming with children; when I see their men athletic and their women beautiful, I know not how to believe them subsisting on an unwholesome food.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This quotes an English survey of the time. While these observations seem to be the result of relatively subjective impressions, there are quite some numbers to back that up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The population of Ireland more than doubled between 1687 and 1791, rising from 2.16 million to 4.75 million.  During the fifty years from 1791 to 1841 another 3.4 million were added, taking the population to 8.15 million.  Another 1.75 million emigrated to North America, Scotland, England and even Australia during the same period, which brings the total born in Ireland to nearly 10 million — almost a five-fold increase in 154 years (1687 to 1841). ‘Probably in no other western country has so rapid a rate of natural increase been so long sustained,’ writes the historian Kenneth H. Connell.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-13T18:49:21.920" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T18:49:21.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14677" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14599" CreationDate="2017-12-13T17:48:07.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some signs of addiction are enlarged pupils, increased alertness and energy, loss of interest in food and sleep, increased talkativeness, rapid mood changes, increased heart rate, nasal congestion. You can read about these and other symptoms in the articles &lt;a href=&quot;https://luxury.rehabs.com/cocaine-addiction/symptoms-and-signs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cocaine Addiction Signs and Symptoms&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://drugabuse.com/library/cocaine-abuse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cocaine Abuse&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12302" LastActivityDate="2017-12-13T17:48:07.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14678" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14687" CreationDate="2017-12-13T18:18:06.793" Score="7" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that many times:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Green tea is good for cavity protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-you/oral-health/5-ways-green-tea-is-good-for-your-oral-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is written on this site&lt;/a&gt; (the first one googled):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cavity prevention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because green tea controls bacteria and lowers the acidity of saliva and dental plaque, it may be a useful tool in preventing cavities. A recent Egypt-based study tested people before and after they gave their mouths a five-minute rinse with green tea. The test subjects had less bacteria and acid in their mouths, as well as reduced gum bleeding. Other research has found that drinking green tea shows promise when it comes to preventing tooth decay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I never heard such a thing from some reliable source (my dentist doesn't know anything about that).&#xA;The question has three parts really, they are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is green tea really good against cavity?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much? Is it even worth mentioning?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you have some reliable source? (big medical research, world respected dentist, or something like these)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9507" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T18:59:38.040" Title="How much is green tea really good against tooth decay?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="988" CreationDate="2017-12-13T18:23:23.183" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the low-fat diet risks include poor brain function, because the brain basically requires a high amount of cholesterol, which can be reduced by low levels of healthy fats in the ration. Here's some more information about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.smartpillwiki.com/how-to-improve-short-term-memory-definition-causes-symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;short term memory loss&lt;/a&gt; and some &lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/15-brain-foods-to-boost-focus-and-memory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;foods should be included in the diet&lt;/a&gt; to prevent it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Connection between memory loss and nutrition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another cause of this problem is when you have a deficiency of certain vitamins in the body. If you don’t eat well then this can lead to deficiency of certain nutrients in the body such as vitamins that play a major role in keeping your brain in good health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673620&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lower naturally occurring TC levels are associated with poorer performance on cognitive measures, which place high demands on abstract reasoning, attention/concentration, word fluency, and executive functioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12302" LastEditorUserId="12302" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T17:15:27.827" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T17:15:27.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-14T15:57:10.483" Score="1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not know how bad does 2-3 cigarettes a day on the average healthy body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comments made me point out rightfully, so I have to specify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;2-3 cigarettes without increasing the dosage over time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not want to include genetic factors on this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, maybe there is a study or something on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it cause a real damage, or to this quantities the body recovers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12342" LastEditorUserId="12342" LastEditDate="2017-12-15T08:42:03.403" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T07:26:02.870" Title="How much damage is caused by smoking 2-3 cigarettes on a healthy body?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3851" CreationDate="2017-12-14T17:16:07.053" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, it is not recommended to get a flu shot while fighting any infection or illness as it could add stress to the immune system (I've had this assumption confirmed by my doctor). If your child was infected by the bug you have (some of the infectious agent made it into his/her body, but his/her immune system is keeping it at bay for the time being), the bug could be on its way to causing illness. If this is the case, the child's body is already working to deal with the pathogen and extra stress from the flu shot may overwhelm his/her system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, my recommendation from my experience and knowledge would be to wait until you are sure you are both healthy and infection free. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12239" LastEditorUserId="12239" LastEditDate="2017-12-14T17:22:23.767" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T17:22:23.767" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14678" CreationDate="2017-12-14T17:59:28.050" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Green tea, or any real tea made from the Camellia sinensis plant, has many advantages as a go-to beverage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It itself does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; contain significant amounts of sugar, it has an enamel preserving pH level (that is: it is non-acidic). Some compounds (like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19397954&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;poyphenols&lt;/a&gt;) have shown some activity against harmful bacteria causing gingivitis or caries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most significant part plays the sometimes enormous amount of fluoride tea contains. Fluoride hardens the enamel against acids from bacteria metabolising around. In fact tea has often &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497633/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;so much fluoride that this is much more likely to be a health concern&lt;/a&gt; than the caffeine content some hysterics worry about. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/do-fluoride-levels-in-cheap-tea-pose-a-health-risk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Or not?&lt;/a&gt; Since everyone should only buy tea that was tested for pesticides,  radioactivity, and other contaminations, why not demand a chemical analysis sheet as well?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Green tea is tooth friendly. It does not cause or aggravate tooth decay. On the contrary, it usually makes your teeth stronger (and stains them, alas) – Green tea will not stop or reverse caries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Every sugar drink replaced by tea helps. How much tea is needed for the effects of fluoride to be significant depends on other dietary factors, water fluoridation and tooth paste used. The amount of tea is therefore impossible to gauge exactly but an upper limit is dependent on how much tea a user can take (if the fluoride content is kept well below a dosage causing problems like fluorosis) since caffeine and tannins are not equally well tolerated by everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27107380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation using extracts from Assam tea compared to green tea:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Assam tea has stronger biofilm inhibition activity against S. mutans than green tea. A substance of &amp;lt;10kDa in mass in Assam tea had a high concentration of galloylated catechins and a stronger biofilm inhibiting activity than green tea. In contrast, substances &gt;10kDa in mass from green tea included higher concentrations of polysaccharides composed of galacturonic acid, such as pectin, that enhance biofilm formation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The higher concentrations of galloylated catechins in Assam tea may assist in prevention of dental caries, whereas in green tea, this mode of inhibition was likely offset by the presence of pectin. Purification of catechins in partially fermented Assam tea with lower-molecular-weight polysaccharide than pectin may be useful for developing oral care products such as toothpaste and oral care gel pastes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27313414&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inhibition of salivary amylase by black tea in high-caries and low-caries index children: A comparative in vivo study:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The average ratio of maltose to sucrose ratio percentage reduction in high-caries group was 43.63% and 41.17% in no caries group which was highly significant (P &amp;lt; 0.005) while the intergroup comparison was found statistically insignificant.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Tea decoction has inhibitory effect on salivary amylase activity thus dental caries. The effect was statistically insignificant in children with high- and no-caries index.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://An%20In%20vitro%20Study%20to%20Compare%20the%20Effect%20of%20Different%20Types%20of%20Tea%20with%20Chlorhexidine%20on%20Streptococcusmutans.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An In vitro Study to Compare the Effect of Different Types of Tea with Chlorhexidine on Streptococcusmutans:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The mean zone of inhibition of the aqueous extracts of green tea, black tea, oolong tea and chlorhexidine was found to be 16.33 mm, 10.33 mm, 19.66 mm and 22 mm respectively. The mean zone of inhibition of the ethanol extracts of green tea, black tea, oolong tea and chlorhexidine was found to be 14 mm, 9 mm, 20.66 mm and 22 mm respectively. The study result state that the inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine is almost similar to that of oolong tea followed by green tea and black tea.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; From the present study, it can be concluded that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of oolong tea showed highest antimicrobial activity compared to green tea and black tea.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis): Chemistry and Oral Health:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Green tea is a widely consumed beverage worldwide. Numerous studies have suggested about the beneficial effects of green tea on oral conditions such as dental caries, periodontal diseases and halitosis. However, to date there have not been many review articles published that focus on beneficial effects of green tea on oral disease. The aim of this publication is to summarize the research conducted on the effects of green tea on oral cavity. Green tea might help reduce the bacterial activity in the oral cavity that in turn, can reduce the aforementioned oral afflictions. Furthermore, the antioxidant effect of the tea may reduce the chances of oral cancer. However, more clinical data is required to ascertain the possible benefits of green tea consumption on oral health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more comprehensive overview with a lot of references are in each: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crcpress.com/Green-Tea-Health-Benefits-and-Applications/Hara/p/book/9780824704704&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yukihiko Hara: &quot;Green Tea: Health Benefits and Applications&quot;, (Food science and technology ; 106), Marcel Dekker: New York, Basel, 2001.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=9415&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Helen Mckinley &amp;amp; Mark Jamieson: &quot;Handbook of Green Tea and Health Research&quot;,  Food and Beverage Consumption and Health Series, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2009.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crcpress.com/Tea-and-Tea-Products-Chemistry-and-Health-Promoting-Properties/Ho-Lin-Shahidi/p/book/9780849380822&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chi-Tang Ho &amp;amp; Jen-Kun Lin &amp;amp; Fereidoon Shahidi: &quot;Tea and Tea Products. Chemistry and Health-Promoting Properties&quot;, CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2009.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T18:59:38.040" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T18:59:38.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-14T23:35:05.890" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, if a person with a cold goes into a small doctor's office and coughs, then they leave and 10 minutes later, you enter and breath the air in the room, can this make you sick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3354" LastActivityDate="2017-12-14T23:35:05.890" Title="How long can a virus stay in the air for?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4063" CreationDate="2017-12-15T17:18:40.813" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thank you for the very interesting question regarding the prostate. Let me first briefly explain a few historical confusions regarding the nomenclature of prostatic disorders with particular attention to your ‘&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;congestive prostatitis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;’, which may be called an almost extinct creature!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Classifications of Prostatic Disorders&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/23996298?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meares and Stamey (1968)&lt;/a&gt; suggested a classification of prostatic disorders based on clinical and bacterial culture findings, and their classification had been widely used at least until 1995. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1785024?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doble (1994)&lt;/a&gt; identified &lt;strong&gt;Meares and Stamey’s  traditional classification of prostatic disorders&lt;/strong&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Acute prostatitis &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chronic bacterial prostatitis &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Non-bacterial prostatitis &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prostatodynia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the traditional classification, non-bacterial prostatitis refers to a condition that presents with similar clinical features as chronic bacterial prostatitis, including pyuria, but except that the cultures of urine and expressed prostatic secretions are negative. Prostatodynia also presents with similar clinical features as chronic bacterial prostatitis but excluding pyuria, and the cultures are negative. It is important to note that prostatodynia is more a symptom than a condition itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10422990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Krieger, Nyberg &amp;amp; Nickel (1999)&lt;/a&gt;, the US &lt;strong&gt;National Institute of Health (NIH)&lt;/strong&gt; standardised the classification of prostatic disorders in 1995 by adding a disease entity as asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, and combining non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia into an entity as chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome. Thus, the NIH classifications can be listed as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I.&lt;/strong&gt;   Acute Prostatitis &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;II.&lt;/strong&gt;  Chronic bacterial prostatitis  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;III A.&lt;/strong&gt; Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome,&#xA;  inflammatory &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;III B.&lt;/strong&gt; Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome,&#xA;  non-inflammatory &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IV.&lt;/strong&gt;  Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Historical Relationship between Congestive Prostatitis &amp;amp; Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congestive prostatitis is an outdated nomenclature for a constellation of mostly ill-defined urological and pain symptoms,  and a few signs; it had been a poorly understood entity for the most of its time in use. Congestive prostatitis is clinically characterised by urological symptoms, such as urinary frequency, dysuria, and strangury; and pain or discomfort in urogenital and anal areas, such as pain in the inguinal region radiating sometimes even to the testicles, burning in the urethra, and pressure in the perianal region (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs, 1988&lt;/a&gt;). It is not clear whether the patients experience an actual pain or just a discomfort. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prostatitis%20aus%20psychosomatischer%20Sicht&amp;amp;author=EA.%20G%C3%BCnthert&amp;amp;publication_year=1983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Günthert (1983)&lt;/a&gt;, as mentioned by, &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs (1988)&lt;/a&gt;, many patients, without being asked, stress the fact that they do not experience actual pain, but rather a very unpleasant, disturbing feeling. Some of them cannot even sit comfortably. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Prostatitis%20aus%20psychosomatischer%20Sicht&amp;amp;author=EA.%20G%C3%BCnthert&amp;amp;publication_year=1983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Günthert (1983)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/23996298?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Janssen et al. (1983) &lt;/a&gt;as mentioned by &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs (1988)&lt;/a&gt;, over 50% of these patients also complain about sexual disorders, such as erection difficulties, or painful or premature ejaculation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poorly defined symptomatology and pathophysiology of congestive prostatitis, along with a host of associated psychological manifestations, either as aetiology or as sequelae, had tempted many to classify congestive prostatitis as a psychosomatic clinical condition in which urological examination may show an actual swelling of the prostate, but where neither bacteria in the expressed prostatic secretions nor any other organic disease can be found (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/23996298?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Janssen et al., 1983&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs, 1988&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1785024?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pavone-Macaluso, di Trapani &amp;amp; Pavone, 1991&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned initially, congestive prostatitis is an outdated name for the condition it refers to, and there had been a myriad of names used synonymously to the same condition, perhaps reflecting the poor understanding of the condition itself: &lt;strong&gt;prostatosis, chronic prostatitis, prostate congestion, chronic congestive prostatitis, prostate neurosis, urogenital neurosis, autonomic urogenital syndrome, chronic recurrent prostatitis, and abacterial prostatitis&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA3896974&amp;amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;amp;v=2.1&amp;amp;it=r&amp;amp;linkaccess=fulltext&amp;amp;issn=0031305X&amp;amp;p=AONE&amp;amp;sw=w&amp;amp;authCount=1&amp;amp;isAnonymousEntry=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Peterson, 1985&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs, 1988&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the current understanding of the pathophysiology and aetiology that ranges from prostatic to extraprostatic causes, diverse nature of the symptomatology, therapeutic options available, and the need to facilitate research with a consistent nomenclature, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the condition previously called as congestive prostatitis (and the other names mentioned above) is now included in the broad entity called chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;The use of the other names is discouraged to minimise the confusions and ensure consistency in medical literature.&lt;/strong&gt; Terms such as congestive prostatitis, congested prostate, and prostate congestion &lt;em&gt;should only be used, if unavoidable, to describe a particular state or condition of the prostate rather than disease entities themselves&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a clinical syndrome described based on urological symptoms and/or,  pain or discomfort. It is defined as chronic pelvic pain for at least three of the proceeding six months in the absence of other identifiable aetiologies. Inflammatory and non-inflammatory sub-classification is done on the presence or absence of inflammatory cells in expressed prostatic secretions, post-prostate massage urine, or seminal fluid (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443716&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nickel, Nyberg &amp;amp; Hennenfent, 1999&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05373.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schneider et al., 2005&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this discussion, the name ‘&lt;em&gt;congestive prostatitis&lt;/em&gt;’ will be used only for the sake of answering the original question. Let us now look into the queries that the original question asks about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Is there any cure apart from ejaculation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Can the condition be improved/helped by,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;• Exercise?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;• Dietary modifications?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we have discussed above, '&lt;em&gt;Congestive Prostatitis&lt;/em&gt;' is an outdated name for the vague disease entity it refers to, and the name should be and is avoided in current medical literature. The term congestive prostatitis itself signifies only a state or condition of the prostate rather than a distinct disease entity itself. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Whatever constellation of symptoms and signs attributed to congestive prostatitis in the past is now classified and named as chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although CP/CPPS still remains a poorly understood disease entity, as reflected by the many hypotheses of its cause, there have been tremendous improvements in its evaluation, diagnosis, and management (&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05373.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schneider et al., 2005&lt;/a&gt;). The symptoms seem to have a multifactorial origin so it is very important, yet difficult, to exclude underlying diseases with similar symptoms. The identification of the origin of the symptoms is crucial for the effective management; therefore, various attempts have been made to formulate tools to facilitate the evaluation and diagnosis of CP/CPPS,  such as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upointmd.com/NIHCPSIEnglish.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH-CPSI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.urospec.com/uro/Forms/ipss.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I-PSS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.upointmd.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UPOINT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09701.x/asset/j.1464-410X.2010.09701.x.pdf?v=1&amp;amp;t=jb5dofqr&amp;amp;s=3dbe2cd4dd1c308104e815a489f4d2050beb1408&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nickel &amp;amp; Shoskes, 2010&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the multifactorial origin of CP/CPPS, there are a number of therapeutic modalities for CP/CPPS. However, &lt;strong&gt;there is no universally a accepted treatment regime. In fact, none of the therapeutic options hitherto available is a cure for CP/CPPS.&lt;/strong&gt; However, many medications and other forms of treatment can help to alleviate the symptoms and make CP/CPPS more bearable. Over time, this condition may improve or stabilise on its own (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;). Few guidelines have been published based on clinical evidence to provide recommendations for the treatment, eg &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5008168/#!po=1.04167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Prostatitis Expert Reference Group (PERG) consensus guideline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cua.org/themes/web/assets/files/guidelines/en/1121__1_.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Urological Association (CUA) guideline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this answer is not intended for a detail discussion on each treatment option available, the overall treatment strategies can be outlined as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1. Pharmacological treatments –&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alpha-blockers (eg tamsulosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, terazosin, and silodosin), antibiotics (eg ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin), and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (eg finasteride)  are the most efficacious medications for CP/CPPS, provided with they are used judicially considering the nature of individual cases. Anti-inflammatory medication treatment, such as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (eg celecoxib) and glucocorticoids (eg prednisolone), are generally given when pain is not controlled with initial therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clinical significance of pharmacological treatment for CP/CPPS has been questioned (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anothaisintawee et al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cohen et al., 2012&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;PEGR&lt;/strong&gt; recommend the following based on the best clinical evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;• α‐adrenergic antagonists may have a modest treatment effect&#xA;  regarding total, urinary symptom, pain and QoL scores in CBP and&#xA;  CP/CPPS, and should be considered as an initial treatment option&#xA;  (&lt;strong&gt;Level 1&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    Antimicrobial therapy may have a moderate effect on total, urinary,&#xA;  pain and QoL scores in CBP and CP/CPPS and should be considered as an&#xA;  initial treatment option (&lt;strong&gt;Level 1&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    There is insufficient evidence to warrant recommending 5α‐reductase&#xA;  inhibitors as monotherapy in CP/CPPS, unless co‐existing BPE is&#xA;  present (&lt;strong&gt;Level 2&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    In patients with early‐stage disease who present with pain&#xA;  symptoms, regular paracetamol may be offered. NSAIDs should be offered&#xA;  only for short‐term treatment of pain, to patients with early‐stage&#xA;  CBP or CP/CPPS whose symptoms are suspected to be due to an&#xA;  inflammatory process, or those judged to be experiencing an&#xA;  inflammatory flare. If pain is considered to be neuropathic in origin,&#xA;  treatment with a gabapentinoid (e.g. pregabalin or gabapentin), a&#xA;  tricyclic antidepressant (e.g. amitriptyline, nortriptyline or&#xA;  trimipramine) or a selective serotonin‐noradrenaline (known in the USA&#xA;  as norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI; e.g. duloxetine) is&#xA;  warranted (&lt;strong&gt;Level 5&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    Multimodal/combined therapy should be uniquely designed for each&#xA;  individual patient, according to history, physical examination and&#xA;  investigations. Depending on the symptoms at presentation, the&#xA;  following may be considered for adding to first‐line antibiotic&#xA;  therapy (&lt;strong&gt;Level 5&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;o    An α‐blocker and/or an NSAID.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;o    An agent targeting neuropathic pain (e.g. pregabalin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;o    A 5α‐reductase inhibitor (predominantly for patients with&#xA;  coexisting LUTS with BPE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2. Invasive treatments and other non-pharmacological treatments –&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases of refractory CP/CPPS, invasive surgical treatments such as prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transrectal high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) of the prostate, and transurethral microwave thermotherapy have been used. The evidence on such invasive surgical management techniques is very limited. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other non-pharmacological treatments such as repetitive prostatic massage, therapeutic ejaculation,  neuromodulation techniques (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641356&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kabay et al., 2009&lt;/a&gt;), and various phytotherapies, including pollen extracts, bioflavonoids and/or Serenoa repens (saw palmetto), have been reported as being successful in treating some cases of CP/CPPS. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical dysfunction, such as abnormal pelvic muscle spasm and muscle tenderness, is associated with some cases of CP/CPPS (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hetrick et al., 2003&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18082223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shoskes et al., 2008&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Therefore, specialist physiotherapy that aim to improve relaxation and coordinated use of the pelvic floor muscles, such as biofeedback physical therapy and pelvic floor re‐education, as well as myofascial trigger point release, may play a role in providing symptom improvement in patients with CP/CPPS. However, the evidence on such treatments is also scarce.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PEGR&lt;/strong&gt; recommend the following based on the best clinical evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    There is insufficient evidence to warrant recommending surgical&#xA;  techniques, including radical prostatectomy, TURP, HIFU or prostatic&#xA;  massage for the treatment of CBP or CP/CPPS, except in the context of&#xA;  a clinical trial setting (&lt;strong&gt;Level 3&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    The following specialist physiotherapy treatment options may be&#xA;  considered: pelvic floor re‐education; local pelvic floor relaxation;&#xA;  biofeedback; general relaxation; deep relaxation/mindfulness; trigger&#xA;  point release; myofascial release; stretches; exercise for pain&#xA;  management; TENS; acupuncture for trigger point release and pain&#xA;  management; bladder retraining (&lt;strong&gt;Level 5&lt;/strong&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    Phytotherapy has a modest beneficial effect on symptom improvement&#xA;  in CBP and CP/CPPS and may be considered as a treatment option in&#xA;  treatment‐refractory patients (&lt;strong&gt;Level 2&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Since the original question mentions ‘ejaculation’ specifically, a brief historical note is made here. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Trieb%20und%20Kultur&amp;amp;author=H.%20Christoffel&amp;amp;publication_year=1944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christoffel (1944)&lt;/a&gt; as cited by &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73412-0_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diederichs (1988)&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3913/3913-h/3913-h.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Confessions&lt;/a&gt; of Jean Jacques Rousseau (1767) reveals that Rousseau was plagued by the frequent urge to urinate, which disappeared after a visit to a Venetian brothel but reappeared in connection with hypochondriac fears of having a venereal disease. &#xA;The role of frequent ejaculation in either producing or reducing CPPS symptoms remains controversial. Although patients with enlarged, symptomatically congested prostate glands are often advised that regular sexual intercourse may alleviate their symptoms, the role of frequent ejaculation in either producing or reducing CP/CPPS symptoms remains controversial, and there is little objective evidence if at all (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/456165-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ahuja, 2016&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3. Psychological interventions –&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CP/CPPS is associated with a host of psychological manifestations, either as aetiology or as sequelae. Accordingly, various psychological treatment modalities have been used to treat CP/CPPS. However, no evidence from randomised clinical trials or comparative studies is available to support the use of psychological treatment or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in these settings. When referring a patient for psychological treatment, it is important to reassure the patient that his condition is real and that his suffering is not imaginary. Psychological support is appropriate in helping the patient cope more effectively with his serious, real-life problem (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PEGR&lt;/strong&gt; recommend the following based on the best clinical evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;• Psychosocial symptoms should be assessed in both the early and late&#xA;  stages of CBP and CP/CPPS. If there is a significant suspicion of&#xA;  psychological factors contributing to a patient's condition, these&#xA;  should be screened for (&lt;strong&gt;Level 5&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;•    CBT should be considered in conjunction with other treatments in&#xA;  later‐stage CBP and CP/CPPS, as it may improve pain and QoL (&lt;strong&gt;Level 5&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;4. Dietary and lifestyle interventions –&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Traditionally, patients have been warned to avoid excessive intake of prostate irritants, such as tobacco (smoking), coffee, tea, caffeine, carbonated drinks, spicy foods, acidic foods, cranberry juice/cranberries, lemon juice, alcohol, and chocolate. However, none of these items is known to cause actual physical damage or to worsen the long-term prognosis. The reported success of this approach is anecdotal, and it will not work for all patients. Nevertheless, responsible limitation of these items may help to control the day-to-day symptoms (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090429513008546&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herati et al., 2013&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/456165-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ahuja, 2016&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;). A glass or two of wine or sherry may lessen nocturia symptoms. Alkalinisation of the urine seems to help some patients  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The benefits of frequent ejaculation and specific exercises have been discussed above. Sitz baths may provide partial relief from acute exacerbations. Perianal self-massage may also also offer some relief, but the reported success is anecdotal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/456165-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ahuja, 2016&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437745-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson, 2017&lt;/a&gt;). Sedentary lifestyle is associated with severe pain in patients with CP/CPPS; therefore, the modification of such lifestyle is a potential target for treatment (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26666410&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chen et al., 2016&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3481" LastEditorUserId="3481" LastEditDate="2017-12-16T16:23:58.037" LastActivityDate="2017-12-16T16:23:58.037" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5215" CreationDate="2017-12-15T17:55:33.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an updating addendum to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/5229/11231&quot;&gt;YviDe's answer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While still very far from being completely understood fecal matter transplants are more than just the commensal &lt;em&gt;bacteria&lt;/em&gt; that are beneficial to gut health and able to &quot;just outcompete&quot; Clostridium difficile (CD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Humans are not only human dna-derived cells and many many bacteria. One part often overlooked is that the human microbiome is also populated with a an abundance of viruses that are surprisingly beneficial for the host's health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthy subjects may be hosts to viruses that not only eat away the food of CD or produce substances that are a bit harmful to CD's metabolism. A healthy gut contains some viruses called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteriophages&lt;/a&gt; that actively seek and destroy CD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2017/05/24/gutjnl-2017-313952&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bacteriophage transfer during faecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection is associated with treatment outcome:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313952&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313952&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Subjects with CDI demonstrated a significantly higher abundance of bacteriophage Caudovirales and a lower Caudovirales diversity, richness and evenness compared with healthy household controls. Significant correlations were observed between bacterial families Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Caudovirales taxa in CDI. FMT treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the abundance of Caudovirales in CDI. Cure after FMT was observed when donor-derived Caudovirales contigs occupied a larger fraction of the enteric virome in the recipients (p=0.024). In treatment responders, FMT was associated with alterations in the virome and the bacterial microbiome, while vancomycin treatment led to alterations in the bacterial community alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; In a preliminary study, CDI is characterised by enteric virome dysbiosis. Treatment response in FMT was associated with a high colonisation level of donor-derived Caudovirales taxa in the recipient. Caudovirales bacteriophages may play a role in the efficacy of FMT in CDI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is highly effective for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown bacterial colonisation after FMT, but data on viral alterations in CDI and the association between viral colonisation and treatment outcome are largely unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CDI was characterised by a high abundance of Caudovirales bacteriophages and a low Caudovirales diversity, richness and evenness compared with healthy household controls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Donor-derived Caudovirales taxa occupied a significantly larger fraction of the enteric virome in CDI subjects who responded to FMT compared with those who did not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;FMT was associated with alterations in the enteric virome and bacterial microbiome, while vancomycin treatment was associated with alterations of the bacterial microbiome only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recipients infused with donor faeces consisting of a higher richness of Caudovirales than that of recipient were all cured with FMT. CDI subjects who had restoration of bacteria community only were found to have disease recurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The restoration of virome community is as important as that of bacterial microbiome in FMT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Donor selection based on virome characteristics should be considered in FMT practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the explanation models given in the first answer are not wrong, but likely incomplete. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further links:&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jcm.asm.org/content/17/6/1148.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing scheme for Clostridium difficile.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996499901920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevention of Clostridium difficile -induced ileocecitis with Bacteriophage&lt;/a&gt;(Hamster model)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jb.asm.org/content/190/20/6734.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Characterization of a Clostridium difficile Bacteriophage and Its Cloned Biologically Active Endolysin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jb.asm.org/content/188/7/2568.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genomic Organization and Molecular Characterization of Clostridium difficile Bacteriophage ΦCD119&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-12-15T17:55:33.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14696" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14702" CreationDate="2017-12-16T16:03:15.500" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://alsearsmd.com/glycemic-index/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; table says corn has a GI of &lt;strong&gt;55&lt;/strong&gt; whereas corn flakes are rated at &lt;strong&gt;92&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can these ratings be so different when regular, unsweetened corn flakes are composed of 98%+ corn (according to the ingredients list on the box, for example Kellog's Original)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1903" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-16T16:34:43.137" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T13:29:48.603" Title="How come corn and cornflakes (which are 98%+ corn) have a drastically different glycemic index rating?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14696" CreationDate="2017-12-17T13:41:27.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cornflakes were specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_flakes#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;invented as a religiously inspired way to make the grains more easily digestible and to decrease masturbation desires.&lt;/a&gt; This &amp;quot;health food&amp;quot; tasted awful and made the eaters not very happy. Today the now very ancient memory of healthy food choice still reverberates through the marketing efforts and public memory. Despite these flakes now being a very &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Cereal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highly processed&lt;/a&gt; food that many people might object to eat at all if they knew how these are made (analogous to the sausage making process).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A switch of emphasis occurred early in the 1900s from promoting corn flakes as a health food to a breakfast food that ‘tastes good’. This occurred especially after barley malt extract and sugar were added to enhance the flavor of the basic toasted corn flakes. Cereal producers in those early 1900s also turned to prominent artists to paint scenes of ‘the wholesome life situations’ that always included the product being advertised in a prominent position. […]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Market forces also drove the quest for more nutritious cereals. The emphasis was aimed at stressing the importance of breakfast as the day’s most important meal in a world whose pace was beginning to accelerate faster and faster. A ‘vitamin’s horsepower’ race soon evolved where manufacturers and marketers tried to outdo each other with vitamin additions and marketing strategies. […]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;We will limit our discussion here on liquids blending to the four basic flavor materials; water, sugar, salt and malt. The workhorse mixing vessel for these has been, and still is, the steam jacketed kettle. Liquid sucrose, dry salt, and liquid malt extract are slurried in water in a kettle equipped with agitation, and a steam jacket sufficient in capacity to heat the mix to 125°F (52°C). This is a high enough temperature to make a good useable slurry of such viscosity for ease of handling.&#xA;[from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/books/cereals-processing-technology/owens/978-1-85573-561-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gavin Owens: &amp;quot;Cereals processing technology&amp;quot;, Woodhead Publishing: Abington, 2001.]&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody needs to chew cornflakes, as they are sugary pre-digested carbohydrates that dissolve on their own upon contact with watery liquids. The pre-digestion artificial stomach machine looks like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/utyf4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/utyf4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cornflake extruder assembly line&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the finished product some orienting average numbers might be for typical cornflakes and unprocessed maize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;        starches sugars fibre salt&#xA;flakes  72g      8g     4g    2.75g&#xA;Maize   63g      1.29g  9.2   0.02g&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.naehrwertrechner.de&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naehrwertrechner&lt;/a&gt; For one popular &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/wellbeing/galleries/34492/cereals-the-best-and-worst-revealed/16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;product&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/blog/2015/03/sugar-in-cereal-who-are-the-worst-offenders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;others&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cornflakes are not 98% corn. Just using dry weight ratios of the finished product: The amount of salt, malt and sugar alone is above 10%. Another  &amp;quot;official&amp;quot; recipe for typical corn flakes is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Formulation:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The basic raw material for the traditional corn flake is derived from the dry milling of regular field corn. Dry milling removes the germ and the bran from the kernel, and essentially what is left is chunks of endosperm. The size needed for corn flakes is one half to one third that of the whole kernel. […]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A typical formula for corn flakes is as follows: corn grits, 100 lb (45 kg); granulated sugar, 6lb (3.7 kg); malt syrup, 2lb (1 kg); salt, 2lb (1 kg); and water sufficient to yield cooked grits with a moisture content of not more than 32% after allowing for steam condensate. [From &lt;a href=&quot;https://aaccipublications.aaccnet.org/doi/book/10.1094/1891127152&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elwood F. Caldwell &amp;amp; Robert B. Fast: &amp;quot;Breakfast cereals and how they are made&amp;quot;, American Association of Cereal Chemists: St. Paul, 2000&lt;/a&gt;, p19.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to the corn going into these machines: Fibre content removed, heated several times, sugar and carbohydrates ratio increased. Everything pulverised and only afterwards baked together into something resembling solid food. Although on a much lower level this is of course also true for anything grain based, like good old bread, the level of processing is much higher in these flakes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further steps in processing: Mixing, Cooking, Dumping, Delumping, Drying, Cooling and Tempering, Flaking, Toasting, which then usually results in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The moisture content of flakes is usually in the range of 1.5–3%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not bet your farm on these numbers, products differ in one and the same assembly line and even much more so in &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/1/5/T1.expansion.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different markets&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of processing leads to some very minor enhancements in availability of the remaining nutrients, removal or destruction of many other nutrients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1541-4337.12216/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Micronutrient and Phytochemical Contents of Maize: From A to Z:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The effects of different processing methods on nutrient content in maize, from field to plate, indicate that, generally, the fresher and less processed the maize is, the more nutrients it retains. […] Losses to micronutrients during processing can be mitigated by changes in processing methods or reduction in processing, and also by encouraging consumption of whole-grain maize products over degermed, refined products. When losses cannot be mitigated and populations consuming the product are at risk of specific micronutrient deficiencies, these can be potentially reduced through fortification&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leads to the gycemic index and its differences &lt;em&gt;even&lt;/em&gt; in seemingly similar foods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/1/5.full.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[…] It is also important to emphasize that many low-GI foods are relatively less refined than are their high-GI counterparts and are more difficult to consume. The lower energy density and palatability of these foods are important determinants of their greater satiating capacity. […]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;WHY DO GI VALUES FOR THE SAME TYPES OF FOODS SOMETIMES VARY?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people have raised concerns about the variation in published GI values for apparently similar foods. This variation may reflect both methodologic factors and true differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the foods. One possibility is that 2 similar foods may have different ingredients or may have been processed with a different method, resulting in significant differences in the rate of carbohydrate digestion and hence the GI value. Two different brands of the same type of food, such as a plain cookie, may look and taste almost the same, but differences in the type of flour used, in the moisture content, and in the cooking time can result in differences in the degree of starch gelatinization and consequently the GI values. In addition, it must be remembered that the GI values listed in the table for commercially available processed foods may change over time if food manufacturers make changes in the ingredients or processing methods used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason GI values for apparently similar foods vary is that different testing methods are used in different parts of the world. Differences in testing methods include the use of different types of blood samples (capillary or venous), different experimental time periods, and different portions of foods (50 g of total rather than of available carbohydrate). Recently, 7 experienced GI testing laboratories around the world participated in a study to determine the degree of variation in GI values when the same centrally distributed foods were tested according to the laboratories’ normal in-house testing procedures (31). The results showed that the 5 laboratories that used finger-prick capillary blood samples to measure changes in postprandial glycemia obtained similar GI values for the same foods and less intersubject variation. Although capillary and venous blood glucose values have been shown to be highly correlated, it appears that capillary blood samples may be preferable to venous blood samples for reliable GI testing. After the consumption of food, glucose concentrations change to a greater degree in capillary blood samples than in venous blood samples. Therefore, capillary blood may be a more relevant indicator of the physiologic consequences of high-GI foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is clear that GI values are generally reproducible from place to place, there are some instances of wide variation for the same food. Rice, for example, shows a large range of GI values, but this variation is due to inherent botanical differences in rice from country to country rather than to methodologic differences. Differences in the amylose content could explain much of the variation in the GI values of rice (and other foods) because amylose is digested more slowly than is amylopectin starch (32). GI values for rice cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of the size of the grain (short or long grain) or the type of cooking method. Rice is obviously one type of food that needs to be tested brand by brand locally. Carrots are another example of a food with a wide variation in published GI values; the oldest study showed a GI of 92 ± 20 and the latest study a GI of 32 ± 5. However, the results of an examination of the SEs (20 compared with 5) and the number of subjects tested (5 compared with 8) suggest that the latest value for carrots is more reliable, although differences in nutrient content and preparation methods contributed somewhat to this variation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important reason GI values for similar foods sometimes vary between laboratories is because of the method used for determining the carbohydrate content of the test foods. GI testing requires that portions of both the reference foods and test foods contain the same amount of available carbohydrate, typically 50 or 25 g. The available or glycemic carbohydrate fraction in foods, which is available for absorption in the small intestine, is measured as the sum of starch and sugars and does not include resistant starch. Most researchers rely on food-composition tables or food manufacturers’ data, whereas others directly measure the starch and sugar contents of the foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This difference in the accuracy of measurements of the carbohydrate content might explain some of the variation in reported GI values for fruit and potatoes and other vegetables. Food labels may or may not include the dietary fiber content of the food in the total carbohydrate value, leading to confusion that can markedly affect GI values, especially those for high-fiber foods. Consequently, researchers should obtain accurate laboratory measurements of the available carbohydrate content of foods as an essential preliminary step in GI testing. The available carbohydrate portion of test and reference foods should not include resistant starch, but, in practice, this can be difficult to ensure because resistant starch is difficult to measure. There is also difficulty in determining the degree of availability of novel carbohydrates, such as sugar alcohols, which are incompletely absorbed at relatively high doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measuring the rate at which carbohydrates in foods are digested in vitro has been suggested as a cheaper and less time-consuming method for predicting the GI values of foods (33). However, only a few foods have been subjected to both in vitro and in vivo testing, and it is not yet known whether the in vitro method is a reliable indication of the in vivo postprandial glycemic effects of all types of foods. It is possible that some factors that significantly affect glycemia in vivo, such as the rate of gastric emptying, will not change the rate of carbohydrate digestion in vitro. For example, high osmolality and high acidity or soluble fiber slow down the gastric emptying rate and reduce glycemia in vivo, but they may not alter the rate of carbohydrate digestion in vitro. It is difficult to mimic all of the human digestive processes in a test tube. In fact, research results from our laboratory have shown that GI values measured in vivo can be significantly different for the same foods measured in vitro. Until we know more about the validity of in vitro methods, it is not recommended that they be used in clinical or epidemiologic research applications or for food labeling purposes because of the potential for large over- or underestimates of true GI values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As any grain from grasses maize &lt;em&gt;needs&lt;/em&gt; some form of processing to be really palatable and nutritious for humans. Corn flakes may be actually one of the better choices among those horrid cereals, being relatively low in added sugar compared to other cereals and mainly raising concerns for their high amount of salt. But the destructive processing removes the taste along with the vitamins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/23/food-book-extract-felicity-lawrence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The managing director of Kellogg's Europe Tony Palmer confessed that 'if we'd known you could take out 25 per cent of the salt and make cornflakes taste even better, we would have done it earlier. But it's also about the interaction with the sugar – as you take the salt out, you've got to reduce the sugar because it starts to taste sweeter.' But isn't the target to reduce sugar consumption too? Why not just cut down on salt and sugar, we wondered. Well, sugar helps keep the crispness and is part of the bulk, so that would be difficult, we were told. Mr Palmer's eyebrows started working furiously as he answered: 'And the risk is, if you take the salt out you might be better off eating the cardboard carton for taste,' he said.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-18T13:29:48.603" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3278" CreationDate="2017-12-19T03:26:45.637" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are the most important steps and tips that help you gain weight for those who do not suffer from diseases and health problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat three main meals during the day, plus two or three snacks between meals, preferably drinking milk or fresh juices with meals or between them to increase calories in the body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - refrain from drinking water before eating and reduce drinking between meals so as not to lose appetite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 - Limit the intake of foods containing unsaturated fats, because they raise the level of insulin in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4 - Avoid eating vegetables and fruits that contain amounts of water, such as watermelon, orange and squash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You should gradually gain weight, as 500 calories a day increase your weight by five kilograms a week.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take enough rest every day and sleep for enough hours.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Exercise to speed up metabolism, this makes your body needs more calories and therefore needs to eat larger amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight-fast/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight-fast/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12362" LastActivityDate="2017-12-19T03:26:45.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-19T06:59:45.707" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normotrophic scar (about 1 cm long) was formed on my face (lower eyelid). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, with time scars tend to turn white. That probably indicates that scar tissue formation is finished. Then this white scar stand out against a background of normal healthy skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to contribute to the skin for minimizing whitening (albication) of the scar so that the scar looks as a normal skin around it as more as possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be done to minimize albication of the scar at the stage of scar tissue formation? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2017-12-22T01:01:12.663" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T07:59:25.743" Title="How to prevent and minimize whitening (albication) of the scar on face?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-19T20:39:10.263" Score="3" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many physicians and laypeople extol the virtues of &lt;strong&gt;Fish Oil&lt;/strong&gt; supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how much is too much, and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume the fish oil is being ingested by a healthy adult, and that the fish oil has been purified to remove mercury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T03:27:42.610" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T03:27:42.610" Title="Fish Oil: How much is too much?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14714" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14715" CreationDate="2017-12-19T22:47:20.693" Score="2" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am tracking my calories and other nutrients as part of an effort to lose a few pounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have a whole blood donation scheduled today. If you aren't familiar with the process, afterward, they give you sugary and other kinds of food (like cookies or crackers) to help get your blood sugar up, since you just lost a big chunk of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I need a few of these snacks to feel better. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How should I account for these extra calories in my day? Should I ignore them and not record them? Should I record them and just accept I will eat more than usual? I can apply a calorie penalty to  my tracking if that seems more reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't exercise them off, you generally aren't supposed to workout after a donation for about 12 hours, no weight lifting for 24.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12367" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T00:55:47.637" Title="How should I account for a blood donation while couting calories/trying to lose weight?" Tags="&lt;calories&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14714" CreationDate="2017-12-20T00:55:47.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might as well ignore the calories of food given to you in such a situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicaldaily.com/why-donating-blood-good-your-health-246379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Burns Calories&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  People burn approximately 650 calories per donation of one pint of blood, according to the University of California, San Diego. A donor who regularly donates blood can lose a significant amount of weight, but it should not be thought of as a weight loss plan by any means. To donate blood the American Red Cross requires donors to weigh at least 110 pounds and maintain healthy iron levels in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But aside from citing dodgy evidence (at UCSD this number seems absent from search results, despite being the sole source for every search engine hit giving you concrete numbers on that) it is irrelevant how much you gain or lose on this one occasion since you wil not be allowed to donate often enough to notice any impact on weight gain or loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T00:55:47.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14716" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14720" CreationDate="2017-12-20T01:45:33.927" Score="4" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a story where the kidnapper uses this intravenously. There's no running involved. I'd like to know what my character will feel as it takes effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also any possible side affects (other than cardiac arrest), how waking up will be like, and how difficult it would be for the kidnapper in the story to get the drug in the first place&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12369" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T14:11:44.370" Title="What is it like to go under with Succinylcholine?" Tags="&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-20T09:03:40.943" Score="3" ViewCount="417" Body="&lt;p&gt;Infectiologist at local medical clinic told me that vaccination against measles is not recommended for men because it harms sexual potency. She said though that it is OK to vaccinate children against measles, but for men it is not good. Is it correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T09:33:34.127" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T13:31:25.930" Title="Is it true that measles vaccine lead to poor sexual potency for men?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;measles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-20T09:12:14.447" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;For an ALK positive (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) lung cancer, is extreme forgetfulness or any other memory related issues a recognised adverse side effect of treatment with Crizotinib?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12371" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2017-12-21T02:34:38.487" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T02:34:38.487" Title="Can Crizalk 250mg cause extreme forgetfulness?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14717" CreationDate="2017-12-20T11:39:57.650" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official stance on this 'issue' is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MMR vaccine side-effects&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the risks from MMR vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A vaccine, like any medicine, is capable of causing serious problems,&#xA;  such as severe allergic reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The risk of MMR vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely&#xA;  small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Getting MMR vaccine is much safer than getting measles, mumps or&#xA;  rubella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most people who get MMR vaccine do not have any serious problems with&#xA;  it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mild problems&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fever (up to 1 person out of 6)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mild rash (about 1 person out of 20)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Swelling of glands in the cheeks or neck (about 1 person out of 75)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If these problems occur, it is usually within 6-14 days after the&#xA;  shot. They occur less often after the second dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Moderate problems&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Seizure (jerking or staring) caused by fever (about 1 out of 3,000 doses)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Temporary pain and stiffness in the joints, mostly in teenage or adult women (up to 1 out of 4)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Temporary low platelet count, which can cause a bleeding disorder (about 1 out of 30,000 doses)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Severe problems (very rare)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Serious allergic reaction (less than 1 out of a million doses) Several&#xA;  other severe problems have been reported after a child gets MMR&#xA;  vaccine, including:&#xA;  - Deafness&#xA;  - Long-term seizures, coma, or lowered consciousness&#xA;  - Permanent brain damage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These are so rare that it is hard to tell whether they are caused by&#xA;  the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this leads to the recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MMR (Measles, Mumps, &amp;amp; Rubella) Vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What You Need to Know&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why get vaccinated? Measles, mumps, and rubella are serious diseases.&#xA;  Before vaccines they were very common, especially among children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Measles&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt; &#xA;  Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and&#xA;  fever. It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and&#xA;  staring), brain damage, and death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mumps&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and&#xA;  swollen glands. It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the&#xA;  brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or&#xA;  ovaries, and rarely sterility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rubella (German Measles)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Rubella virus causes rash, arthritis (mostly in women), and mild&#xA;  fever. If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a&#xA;  miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects.&#xA;  These diseases spread from person to person through the air. You can&#xA;  easily catch them by being around someone who is already infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can protect children (and&#xA;  adults) from all three of these diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thanks to successful vaccination programs these diseases are much less&#xA;  common in the U.S. than they used to be. But if we stopped vaccinating&#xA;  they would return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Who should get MMR vaccine and when?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Children should get 2 doses of&#xA;  MMR vaccine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First Dose: 12-15 months of age Second Dose: 4-6 years of age (may be&#xA;  given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose) Some infants&#xA;  younger than 12 months should get a dose of MMR if they are traveling&#xA;  out of the country. (This dose will not count toward their routine&#xA;  series.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some adults should also get MMR vaccine: Generally, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;anyone 18 years of&#xA;  age or older who was born after 1956 should get at least one dose of&#xA;  MMR vaccine,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; unless they can show that they have either been&#xA;  vaccinated or had all three diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MMR vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Children between 1 and 12 years of age can get a &quot;combination&quot; vaccine&#xA;  called MMRV, which contains both MMR and varicella (chickenpox)&#xA;  vaccines. There is a separate Vaccine Information Statement for MMRV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people should not get MMR vaccine or should wait. Anyone who has&#xA;  ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the antibiotic&#xA;  neomycin, or any other component of MMR vaccine, should not get the&#xA;  vaccine. Tell your doctor if you have any severe allergies. Anyone who&#xA;  had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of MMR or&#xA;  MMRV vaccine should not get another dose. Some people who are sick at&#xA;  the time the shot is scheduled may be advised to wait until they&#xA;  recover before getting MMR vaccine. Pregnant women should not get MMR&#xA;  vaccine. Pregnant women who need the vaccine should wait until after&#xA;  giving birth. Women should avoid getting pregnant for 4 weeks after&#xA;  vaccination with MMR vaccine. Tell your doctor if the person getting&#xA;  the vaccine: Has HIV/AIDS, or another disease that affects the immune&#xA;  system Is being treated with drugs that affect the immune system, such&#xA;  as steroids Has any kind of cancer Is being treated for cancer with&#xA;  radiation or drugs Has ever had a low platelet count (a blood&#xA;  disorder) Has gotten another vaccine within the past 4 weeks Has&#xA;  recently had a transfusion or received other blood products Any of&#xA;  these might be a reason to not get the vaccine, or delay vaccination&#xA;  until later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which leads to the conclusion that there might have been a slight misunderstanding in doctor-patient communication? As a very, very rare reaction this is a perfectly possible secondary outcome scenario. (Meaning two things here. First: this might be caused only indirectly, because two: if you have a reaction or experience more serious &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/m-m-r-ii-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;side-effects&lt;/a&gt; it is more than likely that these performance issues are not of primary concern) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As something to base a general recommendation &lt;em&gt;against vaccination for men&lt;/em&gt; this seems implausible, to say the least. If this is indeed a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rund-ums-baby.de/kinderarzt/Macht-die-Masern-Impfung-wirklich-impotent_328350.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;myth&lt;/a&gt; portrayed  accurately than some more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547299/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reading&lt;/a&gt; might be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748339/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;required&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding sexual and reproductive health this vaccine actually improves &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharedjourney.com/mumps-and-male-infertility.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outcomes&lt;/a&gt; in preventing mumps related swollen testes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633545/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mumps orchtitis&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v21n1/5.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;infertility&lt;/a&gt; (from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)68274-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mumps epididymitis&lt;/a&gt;) , and possibly &lt;a href=&quot;https://ehealthforum.com/health/sexual-satisfaction-after-mumps-t228238.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;impotence&lt;/a&gt; (erectile disfunction).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T13:31:25.930" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T13:31:25.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14716" CreationDate="2017-12-20T14:05:26.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Succinylcholine, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suxamethonium_chloride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Suxamethonium chloride&lt;/a&gt;, is an 'interesting choice' for this kind or purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a muscle relaxant with a relatively short duration it will paralyse the victim, cause breathing to stop and then death. Depending on dosage and wether your perpetrator carries a breathing apparatus for mechanical ventilation with him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the victim remains conscious she will feel extremely helpless and terrified on the psychological side. Physical reactions during or afterwards might include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Signs of a high potassium level like a heartbeat that does not feel normal; - change in thinking clearly and with logic; feeling weak, lightheaded, or dizzy; feel like passing out; numbness or tingling; or shortness of breath.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Slow heartbeat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Very bad dizziness or passing out.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Very bad headache.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Muscle pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Twitching.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A heartbeat that does not feel normal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chest pain or pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;More eye pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Trouble breathing, slow breathing, or shallow breathing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;This medicine may cause a very bad and sometimes deadly problem called malignant hyperthermia. Call your doctor right away if you have a fast heartbeat, fast breathing, fever, or spasm or stiffness of the jaw muscles.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/cdi/succinylcholine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From: drugs.com/succinylcholine&lt;/a&gt; more personal &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/comments/succinylcholine/for-anesthesia.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;review&quot; stories found here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the fun doesn't stop there. From &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/anectine-drug.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Generic Name: succinylcholine chloride&#xA;Brand Name: Anectine:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The average dose required to produce neuromuscular blockade and to facilitate tracheal intubation is 0.6 mg/kg ANECTINE (succinylcholine chloride) Injection given intravenously. The optimum dose will vary among individuals and may be from 0.3 to 1.1 mg/kg for adults. Following administration of doses in this range, neuromuscular blockade develops in about 1 minute; maximum blockade may persist for about 2 minutes, after which recovery takes place within 4 to 6 minutes. However, very large doses may result in more prolonged blockade. A 5- to 10-mg test dose may be used to determine the sensitivity of the patient and the individual recovery time. […] The dose of succinylcholine administered by infusion depends upon the duration of the surgical procedure and the need for muscle relaxation. The average rate for an adult ranges between 2.5 and 4.3 mg per minute.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  SIDE EFFECTS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adverse reactions to succinylcholine consist primarily of an extension of its pharmacological actions. Succinylcholine causes profound muscle relaxation resulting in respiratory depression to the point of apnea; this effect may be prolonged. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur in rare instances. The following additional adverse reactions have been reported: cardiac arrest, malignant hyperthermia, arrhythmias, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypertension, hypotension, hyperkalemia, prolonged respiratory depression or apnea, increased intraocular pressure, muscle fasciculation, jaw rigidity, postoperative muscle pain, rhabdomyolysis with possible myoglobinuric acute renal failure, excessive salivation, and rash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There have been post-marketing reports of severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions) associated with use of neuromuscular blocking agents, including ANECTINE (succinylcholine chloride) . These reactions, in some cases, have been life-threatening and fatal. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNINGS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SUCCINYLCHOLINE SHOULD BE USED ONLY BY THOSE SKILLED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION AND ONLY WHEN FACILITIES ARE INSTANTLY AVAILABLE FOR TRACHEAL INTUBATION AND FOR PROVIDING ADEQUATE VENTILATION OF THE PATIENT, INCLUDING THE ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN UNDER POSITIVE PRESSURE AND THE ELIMINATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE. THE CLINICIAN MUST BE PREPARED TO ASSIST OR CONTROL RESPIRATION.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TO AVOID DISTRESS TO THE PATIENT, SUCCINYLCHOLINE SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED BEFORE UNCONSCIOUSNESS HAS BEEN INDUCED. IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS, HOWEVER, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO ADMINISTER SUCCINYLCHOLINE BEFORE UNCONSCIOUSNESS IS INDUCED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SUCCINYLCHOLINE IS METABOLIZED BY PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE AND SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION, IF AT ALL, IN PATIENTS KNOWN TO BE OR SUSPECTED OF BEING HOMOZYGOUS FOR THE ATYPICAL PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE GENE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion: this will not work very well. Relatively safe and effective in the hands of experts and the right setting, in a criminal plan this will lead to disaster if the plan didn't involve sending the kidnapping victim &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/05/the-history-of-sux-the-worlds-most-discrete-murder-weapon/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;back in pieces&lt;/a&gt; from the start. If you insist on using this drug: for similar effects you might look at curare's effects, which might be easier to come by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T14:11:44.370" LastActivityDate="2017-12-20T14:11:44.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14721" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14712" CreationDate="2017-12-20T16:35:16.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people are quite gullible. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(Just &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_sucker_born_every_minute&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;general observation&lt;/a&gt;, not a a comment on the question or the asker.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the marketing section of the industries' propaganda unit tells the public, supplements can only augment so much in a good diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA once said that &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/highest-dose-fish-oil-should-take-8430.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3g of fish oil&lt;/a&gt; daily is generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-993-fish%20oil.aspx?activeingredientid=993#vit_dosing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;number of studies&lt;/a&gt; out there with differing dosages tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that is misleading, not in the least because of the &amp;quot;let's assume&amp;quot; part in the question above. These &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-993-fish%20oil.aspx?activeingredientid=993&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supplements&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/qa/what-are-side-effects-from-fish-oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;have side-effects&lt;/a&gt;, even if 'pure' and manufactured to the highest standards. No single nutrient can be assayed in complete isolation. They interact on multiple levels and the rest of the diet is as much an influence on outcomes, as are genetics, the microbiome and other environmental or lifestyle factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;The virtues of fish oil: &amp;quot;For what would anyone need this supplement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub4/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;At present, we do not have sufficient high quality evidence to determine the effects of n-3PUFAs as a treatment for MDD. Our primary analyses suggest a small-to-modest, non-clinically beneficial effect of n-3PUFAs on depressive symptomology compared to placebo; however the estimate is imprecise, and we judged the quality of the evidence on which this result is based to be low/very low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011014.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Poly-unsaturated fatty acid supplementation for drug-resistant epilepsy?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The existing evidence, which consists of only three small studies, is not enough to support the use of PUFA supplementation in addition to routine antiepileptic medications to improve seizure control or quality of life in people with drug-resistant epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;There is not enough evidence to say that people should stop taking rich sources of omega 3 fats, but further high quality trials are needed to confirm the previously suggested protective effect of omega 3 fats for those at increased cardiovascular risk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review shows that it is not clear whether dietary or supplemental omega 3 fats (found in oily fish and some vegetable oils) alter total deaths, cardiovascular events (such as heart attacks and strokes) or cancers in the general population, or in people at risk of, or with, cardiovascular disease. When the analysis was limited to fish-based or plant-based, dietary or supplemental omega 3 fats there was still no evidence of reduction in deaths or cardiovascular events in any group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are just a few examples. Fish oil is not just a magic pill that is equally beneficial for anyone in every circumstance. And as so often &amp;quot;taking much will do much good&amp;quot; does simply not apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case? Randomised clinical control trials have shown…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That things are a bit more complicated when in comes to humans and their nutrition as to arrive at a meaningful result in these trials when the focus is on isolated substances, components, or ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9168460&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results demonstrate that supplementing the diet with n-3 fatty acids resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation, as measured by plasma MDA release and lipid peroxide products, which was not suppressed by vitamin E supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reductionist nutrition studies are valuable tools to find, explore, or explain basic mechanisms. But it is inappropriate to grab every one such study and start selling stuff based on these findings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/estimated-macronutrient-and-fatty-acid-intakes-from-an-east-african-paleolithic-diet/140B0406C4200A514C70CBF6A5B0E802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein &amp;lt; 35 energy % (en%) and linoleic acid (LA) &amp;gt;1·0 en%), at known hunter–gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30–30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter–gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25–29), moderate-to-high fat (30–39) and moderate carbohydrates (39–40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11·4–12·0), MUFA (5·6–18·5) and PUFA (8·6–15·2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3·7–4·7 en%), low in LA (2·3–3·6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4·75–25·8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2·26–17·0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2·54–8·84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1·12–1·64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0·84–1·92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials. […]&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The fish oil fatty acids EPA and DHA (and their derivatives), vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) and vitamin A (retinoic acid) are examples of nutrients that act in concert, while each of these has multiple actions(7,8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consequently, the criteria for establishing optimum nutrient intakes via randomised controlled trials (RCT) with single nutrients at a given dose and with a single end point have serious limitations. They are usually based upon poorly researched dose–response relationships, and typically ignore many possible nutrient interactions and metabolic interrelationships.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, the adequate intake of linoleic acid (LA) to prevent LA deficiency depends on the concurrent intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA), γ-LA and arachidonic acid (AA). Consequently, the nutritional balance on which our genome evolved is virtually impossible to determine using the reigning paradigm of ‘evidence-based medicine’ with RCT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last sentence is a bit extreme in its wording but highlights very well the almost fraudulent 'jumping onto a soap box' attitude that the supplement industry apparently cannot resist since its creation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Institute_for_Risk_Assessment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment&lt;/a&gt; reached in 2009 the point to issues &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-993-fish%20oil.aspx?activeingredientid=993&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a warning and called for a maximum dosage of around 1-2g daily equivalent of 100g salmon&lt;/a&gt;. Overdosing on these &lt;em&gt;pharmakons&lt;/em&gt; would increase multiple risks, like increased bleeding, decreased immune system function, premature death for patients with pre-existing heart disease etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giving one single number to avoid overdoing it seems more than difficult. In this case it is not only the total dose response relationship to consider. This also about the ratio (mainly of fatty acids) and unavoidable interactions with other supplements, medications and normal food, which is now also sometimes fortified. As a general rule of thumb: consider an Inuit or Japanese gut and body, trained or habituated to large amounts of sea fish, whose owner also &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; likes eating fish. The equivalent amount of fish oil in supplements might be a good orientation for staying in the 'not detrimental' range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason to abstain from fish. There is no doubt we do not eat enough omega-3 fatty acids – &lt;em&gt;compared to the ratio of omega 6.&lt;/em&gt; Just &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/14264/11231&quot;&gt;lowering omega-6 PUFAs&lt;/a&gt; seems to be a much safer and cheaper way to achieve what the extolers want to achieve. Staying away from the industry's omega-6 rich food abolishes the perceived or real need for the industry's supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not to say that (even supplemented) &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-013-0389-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;omega-3&lt;/a&gt;, whether from fish oil or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309174012003385&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journalofpreventivecardiology.com/pdf/Issue3/Cooking%20oils%20for%20heart%20health.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;elsewhere&lt;/a&gt; is totally useless, ineffective or wholly dangerous. In a clinical setting under good supervision and control of the individual and his lab results even high doses of fish oil will likely prove to be of substantial value in a wide range of applications. Everyone should be able to decide this for himself. But the industry has to be kept under the strictest regulation and harshly enforced quality control. The primary target for improving health has to be a sensible &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877065716303438&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diet&lt;/a&gt;. We just don't know it any better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T13:58:22.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-20T18:13:36.977" Score="1" ViewCount="3645" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the available inputs of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gender&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Height (cm)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight (kg)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat (%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscle Mass (%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.qxmd.com/pubmed/6986753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Watson Formula&lt;/a&gt; calculates Total Body Water (in Litres) as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TBW(Male) = 2.447 - 0.09156 X age + 0.1074 X height + 0.3362 X weight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TBW(Female) = -2.097 + 0.1069 X height + 0.2466 X weight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how do you calculate Body Water &lt;strong&gt;Percentage&lt;/strong&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the additional input of Fat and Muscle enough to make the calculation possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 22/12/2017:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2833/bill-oertell&quot;&gt;Bill Oertell&lt;/a&gt; Makes a very good ( and on hindsight obvious :-) ) point. I did a little more digging and most references to healthy water percentage ranges are referring to percentage of body water by mass. So given that the Watson Formula is returning water in Litres and 1L = 1Kg we simply need  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Simplistic) Body Water Percent by Mass = TBW/Weight * 100%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this does give us a very simplistic view on water percentage. The original formula I found is not taking into account variances caused by Body Fat and Muscle Mass that the modern electronic fitness scales record using bioelectrical impedance. When I run the data from one such device ( Salter MiBody ) through the given formulas I get results that are close ( +/- 1.5% ) but there is clearly a variance caused by other factors. I think what I need is a more modern Total Body Water formula taking into account Fat and Muscle numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12375" LastEditorUserId="12375" LastEditDate="2017-12-22T14:51:01.387" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T14:51:01.387" Title="What is the formula for calculating Body Water Percentage?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14723" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15995" CreationDate="2017-12-20T18:31:59.083" Score="5" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia cites &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121257&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 1970 study by Voors&lt;/a&gt; claiming that drinking hard water lessens the odds of dying from atherosclerosis. The stud itself even makes some bolder claims stratified by race, namely that lithium was protective for whites and vanadium for non-whites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A much more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2265038/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2008) article by Burton&lt;/a&gt; makes no mention of either lithium or vanadium, but says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The idea that hard water—particularly that with higher magnesium concentrations—helps ward off cardiovascular problems has been around for 50 years. However, due to the ecologic nature of most studies, uncontrolled confounding factors, and the different variables and outcomes measured, no firm conclusions have ever been drawn. The WHO is therefore coordinating worldwide efforts to compare cardiovascular morbidity before and after changes in the calcium/magnesium content of water supplies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approximately 10 years later, has anything conclusive come out this? Is hard water in general protective of cardiovascular problems? Is any mineral in particular important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2017-12-20T18:38:45.423" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T15:36:07.730" Title="Hard water and cardiovascular problems" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14726" CreationDate="2017-12-20T20:44:28.050" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was in a debate with someone about some religious topics. And one of them was a religious treatment ritual that included taking someone else's saliva and throwing water on his back then mixing both (the washing water and the saliva), then the person to treat should bathe using this water.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I insisted that this is wrong and it can transfer diseases, but my friend was not convinced.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right? Are there any bacteria or viruses that can be transferred through washing water or saliva? Note that the treated person doesn't drink that. He just uses it to wash his body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12376" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T23:57:40.263" Title="Can you get infections by washing your body with someone else's water?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14724" CreationDate="2017-12-20T22:56:21.787" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of diseases that can be transmitted through saliva. These include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Rhinovirus (colds)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Flu virus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Epstein-Barr virus (mononucelosis, or mono)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Type 1 herpes (cold sores)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Strep bacteria&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hepatitis B and hepatitis C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cytomegalovirus (a risk for babies in the womb)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/06/does-saliva-have-health-risks-3-ways-germs-can-spread/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2016/06/does-saliva-have-health-risks-3-ways-germs-can-spread/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that Ebola may also be in that list. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, from what you describe I'd say the chances of an infection occurring are low since the saliva will be highly diluted and the person is bathing in it rather than drinking it. But the possibility still exists because water could be splashed in the eyes, nose or mouth, or they could have open sores. Given the severity of some of those diseases, I wouldn't advise the practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2017-12-21T23:57:40.263" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T23:57:40.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14718" CreationDate="2017-12-21T02:31:26.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Crizotinib is an oral receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/xalkori-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common side effects&lt;/a&gt; do not include forgetfulness.  If one experiences memory issues, then one should look for another cause such as the non-small cell lung cancer itself, or, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127595/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paraneoplastic manifestations&lt;/a&gt;, as well as simply depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T02:31:26.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14685" CreationDate="2017-12-21T07:26:02.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The moment you start smoking a cigarette, the damage to your body begins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only physical, but mental health also begins to decline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few things that happen inside a human body once smoking begins...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apart from nicotine, some 3000+ harmful chemicals enter your body and stir up chemical reactions!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The blood in your body starts to clot.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nicotine makes your brain to change its functions without you realizing it!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ability of your lungs to filter bad substances gets reduced and well, over time, it helps you achieve lung cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over time, low libido, erectile problems will occur.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Women who smoke may invite cervical cancer apart from, pregnancy issues, premature delivery.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Invitation to various types of cancers such as, throat, lips, voice box, tongue besides damage to your nails, hair, skin, you name it!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to American Academy of Dermatology, smoking contributes in premature ageing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/anti-aging-skin-care/causes-of-aging-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/anti-aging-skin-care/causes-of-aging-skin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The natural ageing process gets momentum due to chemicals in the cigarette and helps you get wrinkles and stained skin at an early age!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few things you need to know, if you're going to smoke 2-3 cigarettes/day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical Damage&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Threat to cardiovascular system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Respiratory damage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brain damage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Damage to reproductive system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Damage to skin, hair, nails&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bad breath&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and so on!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body does recover initially as its immune system is strong!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the time passes, and so does the smoke, it also begins to deteriorate and over time, you become eligible to the above mentioned conditions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's upto you to decide whether to let go of your own healthy body into smoke or make it count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quit smoking my friend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7643" LastActivityDate="2017-12-21T07:26:02.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-22T04:02:57.347" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several people in my family are sensitive to caffeine. I can't sleep if I have coffee in the afternoon, and dad won't even each chocolate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few times recently I've noticed I can't sleep well at night, and I think it's related to times I have wine in the evening in addition to coffee in the morning. It's like I drank a strong coffee at dinner time, except I didn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking that the liver processes many chemicals, and if it filtered caffeine out of my bloodstream but processed it slowly, then maybe there'd be some left at dinner. Then maybe all of it would be released in the evening back into the bloodstream because a more important toxin (alcohol) needed processing. And so then I'd experience the effects of drinking coffee at an odd time hours later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this even possible? I.e. is it possible for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine to be stored in the body (in the liver?) after drinking it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It to take a long time (6-12 hrs) for the caffeine to be processed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For that caffeine to be released into the bloodstream and start having effects, with the release triggered by a glass or two of wine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12388" LastEditorUserId="12388" LastEditDate="2018-01-08T05:20:39.527" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T05:20:39.527" Title="Can drinking alcohol release stored caffeine?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-02-03T04:19:49.187" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-22T04:55:06.970" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can nicotine withdrawal  cause oversleeping? My understanding that nicotine decreases sleep duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9860" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T00:06:48.087" Title="Nicotine withdrawal’s effect on sleep rhythms?" Tags="&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14747" CreationDate="2017-12-22T06:52:20.197" Score="8" ViewCount="352" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the changes that happen to the female body (let's say this person is 20) in the short (year one to five) and in the long term (20+ years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the dose of testosterone is high enough to reach the typical levels that a man has. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies, especially for the long term changes and effects?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12379" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T16:46:13.413" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T02:07:19.973" Title="What happens to a woman if she takes testosterone?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;female&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13552" CreationDate="2017-12-22T14:27:44.293" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recent study confirmed the increased risk of airline pilots of a certain type of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma or &quot;BCC&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidence of cancer among licenced commercial pilots flying North Atlantic routes &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-017-0295-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;December 2017, &lt;em&gt;Environmental Health 16(1):86&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk is increased relative to the general population (who fly less frequently). Whilst there can be no proof, the authors hypothesize that &quot;Basal cell carcinoma of skin is radiation-related cancer, and may be attributed to cosmic radiation.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems a very reasonable conclusion from the data available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11849" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2017-12-23T01:10:26.710" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T01:10:26.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14547" CreationDate="2017-12-22T17:58:23.507" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thomas, you don't want to keep probiotics for a long time - they are living bacteria and will die fairly quickly compared to most things. For instance, if you waited a year (just a guess based on years of experience, no formal source) the potency of the probiotic will be much less because many of the bacteria will have died. If you buy it, you should use it on a regular basis until it's gone - including using it in sauerkrat!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12392" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T17:58:23.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14735" CreationDate="2017-12-22T21:20:57.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is not stored in the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a normal person, peak concentration of caffeine in the bloodstream is reached between 30 minutes and 2 hours after consuming it.  It's then metabolized with a half-life of 3 to 7 hours.  In the situation you describe, caffeine levels are probably no more than 25% of their peak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various conditions and medications can reduce the clearance of caffeine from the body (most notably, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10049999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives both increase the half-life to around 15 hours&lt;/a&gt;).  However, this doesn't affect the rate of uptake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an interaction between caffeine and ethanol, but it's &lt;em&gt;ethanol's&lt;/em&gt; metabolism that gets reduced, not caffeine's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00201#pharmacology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugbank.ca's entry on caffeine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T21:20:57.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-22T21:30:24.693" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background of the question: I worked on a very important project which was also critical for the firm and would have affected the employment permanently if it failed. During that time several coworkers were sick, but I never felt sick at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally the project is finished and I go into my well-earned holiday. Despite being well on the last day I suddenly felt woozy on the first day of the holiday. The very next day the big, big hammer was coming down, fever, shivering, cold and pain all over the body (My stomach was ok and I wasn't queasy, only spaced out) . I really, &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; felt miserable and nearly slept all day.&#xA;The very next day the symptoms are receding and I am feeling better now. Both the sudden onset and the sudden recovery are unusual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, is the body able to delay a disease if it is very important?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember a claim that some statistics indicate that on important days (New Year, Easter, religious days in common, birthday, anniversary etc.) people are both less prone to die before the day and more prone to die after the day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9362" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T21:30:24.693" Title="Can the body delay infections/sickness for important reasons?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13927" CreationDate="2017-12-22T21:31:32.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on which part of tooth has the decay, if it is in enamel it can be remineralized because of this process doesn't need pulp tissue despite of the dentin decay which needs the pulp tissue to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean enamel decay needs outer resources for reminerlization and dentin ones need pulp to do the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12394" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T21:31:32.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14738" CreationDate="2017-12-22T23:39:31.817" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The long-term impact of testosterone on women's health is still not clarified enough, so it's not easy to predict them exactly.&#xA;Some common &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971358/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;side-effects of high testosterone level&lt;/a&gt; are acne and increased oiliness of the skin and hair. High level of testosterone con also lead to infertility and are commonly seen in polycystic ovarian syndrome.&#xA;There're side-effects related to high-dozage intake of testosterone: liver-damage, hirsutism, masculinization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One of the 20 randomized, placebo-controlled trials examined the risk of liver disease in women receiving androgens and showed no change in hepatic enzymes. In the literature, this has been reported only in cases in which the blood testosterone levels increased to supraphysiological levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other adverse effects of the use of testosterone in women, such as hirsutism, deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris, should not be neglected. However, the most common adverse effects are acne and increased oiliness of the skin and hair, which were also reported in 3 of the studies shown in Table 1. In addition, 10% of patients receiving 1.25 mg/day or 2.5 mg/day of methyltestosterone and 45% of those receiving 10 mg/day of the same were reported to have experienced these side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Masculinization is rare and is due to the administration of high doses of androgens. Implants containing up to 300 µg/day of testosterone initially produce supraphysiological blood peaks, although these are transient and do not induce virilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone intake is connected with some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378512213000121#bbib0210&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;myths and mysconceptions&lt;/a&gt;, which was revealed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone is a ‘male’ hormone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone is the most abundant biologically active hormone in women&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone's only role in women is sex drive and libido&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone is essential for women's physical and mental health and wellbeing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone masculinizes females&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Outside of supra-pharmacologic doses of synthetic androgens, testosterone does not have a masculinizing effect on females or female fetuses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone causes hoarseness and voice changes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no conclusive evidence that testosterone therapy causes hoarseness or irreversible vocal cord changes in women&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone causes hair loss&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone therapy increases scalp hair growth in women&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone has adverse effects on the heart&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is substantial evidence that testosterone is cardiac protective and that adequate levels decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone causes liver damage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-oral testosterone does not adversely affect the liver or increase clotting factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone causes aggression&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone therapy decreases anxiety, irritability and aggression&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone may increase the risk of breast cancer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testosterone is breast protective and does not increase the risk of breast cancer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The safety of testosterone use in women has not been established&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The safety of non-oral testosterone therapy in women is well established, including long-term follow up&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Long-term data exists on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of doses of up to 225 mg in up to 40 years of therapy. In addition, long term follow up studies on supra-pharmacologic doses used to ‘female to male’ transgender patients report no increase in mortality, breast cancer, vascular disease or other major health problems&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of testosterone intake relates of dosages and initial testosterone level. &lt;a href=&quot;https://steroidssaleguide.com/high-low-and-normal-testosterone-levels-in-women-signs-symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Normal testosterone levels for all women&lt;/a&gt; values from 0.26 to 1.3 ng/ml. The rate of free testosterone varies with age, for the age 21-39 it's 0,12-3,1 pg/ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12302" LastActivityDate="2017-12-22T23:39:31.817" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14736" CreationDate="2017-12-23T00:06:48.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542051/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; can cause insomnia rather then oversleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) reports 7 primary symptoms associated with nicotine withdrawal: irritability/anger/frustration, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, insomnia, and restlessness&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12395" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T00:06:48.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-23T05:46:16.727" Score="3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically, protein is used as a sport nutrition for muscle growth. But I need it for another reason. I was injured (lacerated skin wound). Physicians sometimes recommend to consume protein to promote skin healing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are many different protein supplements. They are also different types of protein: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;whey protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;multicomponent protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;casein protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;isolate protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;protein hydrolysate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of the different types of protein supplements are better suited to promote optimal healing of the skin after a lacerated wound rather than using them for muscle growth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T09:06:16.330" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T09:06:16.330" Title="Which type of protein supplement is better suited to promote skin healing?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-23T07:34:33.390" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I play with stray dogs in India. None of them are vaccinated or anything. Yesterday a puppy was chewing my finger as usual but his teeth have grown and it caused a wound. I got my first injection today. So can I play with them during the rabies course? If they bite me again during the course or after it, will I need another vaccination? Please tell, thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12008" LastActivityDate="2017-12-23T07:34:33.390" Title="Do's and dont's for rabies by dog bites" Tags="&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-01-08T10:01:05.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14753" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-24T02:42:53.790" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;My brother currently has two serious toothaches.  (Yes, he's scheduled for the dentist.)  He noticed, though, that eating bread makes the pain stop.  Later, he noticed that sugar works much better.  We were just now driving along, and he started having serious tooth pain.  He pulled into a gas station, bought some gummy bears, and now he's fine.  I've had similar, lesser, experiences - in my case, I'd eat sugar, and my teeth would hurt for a second, but as I keep eating it would go away.  Everything I google, though, says &quot;Sugar makes my teeth hurt&quot; etc.; I can't find anything on WHY it would make it STOP hurting.  Anybody know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And I'm not asking for advice.  He's already got an appointment scheduled.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9786" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T10:09:32.360" Title="Sugar stops toothache" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-24T20:00:21.230" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have question from dentistry field in Periodontology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much is .25%  chlorhexidine gel absorbed in plasma or blood when placed in periodontal pocket ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12400" LastActivityDate="2017-12-24T20:00:21.230" Title="systemic absorption of chlorhexidine" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;periodontitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14759" CreationDate="2017-12-25T14:37:44.467" Score="3" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my country, hookah just became insanely popular.&#xA;Government agencies alongside health organizations mobilized and started to forbid smoking under the pretense that it is as unhealthy as cigarettes, &lt;strong&gt;or maybe even more unhealthy&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's gonna be a lie right? No one died from hookah.&#xA;So my question is smoking hookah really unhealthy and if so, how unhealthy it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12404" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T13:50:39.667" Title="Dangers of smoking hookah" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14758" CreationDate="2017-12-25T15:39:57.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, it isn't healthy.&#xA;It will not provide you vitamins, or cure you from cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR&#xA;But it isn't &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; unhealthy. What that means is that there are health &lt;strong&gt;risks&lt;/strong&gt; you must take into account and decide whether it worths it. Smoking hookah can also be very beneficial in terms of the way you feel. For some people, those benefits overly exceed these on cigarettes, which is one of the reasons they quit smoking, which is a good thing, because cigarettes are more harmful than hookah, but they can also be less harmful than hookah. It depends on how much you smoke. The more you smoke the more the risk increases. People have tendency to abuse cigarettes more than hookah, partially because smoking cigarettes is easier, cheaper and more practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, generally there are much more harmful chemicals in generic tobacco, but we will discuss the top 3 most hazardous of them. Videlicet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(tobacco_residue)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.co2meter.com/blogs/news/1209952-co-and-co2-what-s-the-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carbon monoxide (and dioxide when oxygenation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Let's start off with the nicotine.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all hookah is prepared with a tobacco that contains nicotine. It could still be tobacco, but wiped out tobacco, soaked in water even boiled, until its full purification. I would still not give my bets on that though as it may still contain some levels of nicotine, which immediately turns it into an unhealthier product. You can also smoke shisha gels, shisha fruits, steam stones and Hookah Creams - all of these do not contain nicotine unless explicitly added.&#xA;Although there is insufficient evidence to classify nicotine as a carcinogen, there is an ongoing debate about whether it functions as a tumor promoter. Almost all hookah tobacco (like Al. Fakher, Gazi and whatever) contain approximately .05% nicotine. If it says .5%, that is probably a typo. Nakhla shisha is the only brand that boast .5% approx.&#xA;these percentages will stay the same regardless of whether you load a 20g bowl or a 100g bowl. That means if you buy 50grammes you will be smoking 0.025mg of nicotine around 5 times. Note that this is the general content of nicotine not the actual amount, being absorbed from the organism. The smoker inhales smoke, by which the nicotine absorbs. Hookah is something to be shared with a company, so very often it is being shared from 2 to even up to 10 people, distributing the total nicotine intake, but eventually exposing all to the secondhand smoke. How much of the substance you would get is determined by variety of different factors such as how long you smoke, how much smoke you inhale, how often you inhale. Some people think that because of the huge amount of smoke the hookah produces it is by any chances loading you with much higher levels of nicotine, which is not true, because 1. 50% of the smoke being produced is actually a vegetable glycerine and 2. Because the nicotine level will not magically increase, specially for your bigger clouds. Bigger clouds only means overtoasting the tobacco, which ultimately leads to a reducing time of use. At least pleasurable time. Almost all the times bigger clouds means shorter hookah session lifespan. One hookah session can vary but people generalize it to between 45 minutes and one hour. So there is still some nicotine you will absorb, which makes it unhealthy. Lots of people smoke cigarettes for 45 minutes too, smoking much cigarettes that contain much higher density of poison.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928221/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine leads to addiction&lt;/a&gt;. Adding good flavors only make it more charming and more addictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tar&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tar is a known carcinogen.&#xA;Sometimes, this substance is even more dangerous, because unlike the nicotine, which absorbs in your body fast, the tar does not and it produces dense accumulation over time, that kills the pulmonary tissue. It may also cause cancer. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=743063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Support Reference&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;The process of purifying tobacco removes some of the tar, but not completely.&#xA;Cigarettes take advantage of some 3 centimeter filter of &quot;foam&quot; while the hookah gives you a few hundreds of water filtration, which &quot;wash&quot; the smoke itself.&#xA;And it works a-okay. As the time goes and you smoke, you can notice that the water becomes more yellowish. Some people wrongly assume that's all tar, but it is proven that it contains so much more, including molasses and solid particles /heavy metals. The water does not only filter, but it also cools down the smoke and when the smoke is cooled down, it is lighter and when it is lighter it is easier for your lungs to aspirate it.&#xA;So a good practice is to put ice in the water phial. You can also try one of those &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hookah-shisha.com/p-18164-sultana-add-reducer-4-pack.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;water enhancers&lt;/a&gt;. Manufactures claim that it empowers the water with special molecular level filtration abilities. I haven't encounter scientific studies remotely related to this product yet, but from using it I can not tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Carbon monoxide and dioxide&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what is being produced from the process of burning. It is being released by the charcoal. When smoking cigarettes you are exposed to a direct burning of a tobacco set on fire, which gives you a lot of carbon mono and some dioxide. When you smoke hookah, the shisha does not burn. It bakes. On a temperature of anything around 100C. But, I shall tell you that, the carbon monoxide released from angry lighter coal might exceed that from cigarettes and cigs, mainly because of the duration of your drag. Carbon monoxide might be the least of your problems. It causes dizziness, caused by the blood vessels (arterial) tightening, whereat the heart rate increases to compensate the blood delivery to your brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summerize:&#xA;Nicotine is in very low levels and density - there is a slight but existing risk of developing cancer and increase of cholesterol levels and even greater risk of addiction. Smoking inside somewhere may lead to a nicotine exposure equal to or greater than that if you were smoking, it depends on the place, its ventilation, air flow and how much people smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tar is in low levels and density, the more you smoke, the higher levels of it you accumulate. Smoking way too frequent leads to more tar being accumulated, which may damage everything between your mouth and lungs and cause cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbon dioxide isn't risky - it WILL violate human internal processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So it is unhealthy, obviously. Not so unhealthy to lead to death or cause irreversible consequences as such haven't been documented, to my knowledge.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electroniccigaretteconsumerreviews.com/how-much-nicotine-is-in-one-cigarette/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.electroniccigaretteconsumerreviews.com/how-much-nicotine-is-in-one-cigarette/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very broad NCBI article on nicotine's effects:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363846/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363846/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you need, you can find more support for all that, all over the internet. Trust only trusted articles though, because in this topic, there are a lot of disagreements, from all kind of people: concerned parents, politicians, kids, &quot;informed&quot; bloggers, gov agencies with an unclear amploa, critics, conspiracy diggers etc and etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11681" LastEditorUserId="11681" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T13:50:39.667" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T13:50:39.667" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-25T22:40:04.050" Score="6" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a situation where a patient's heart isn't strong enough for surgery, why isn't it common for a doctor to give the patient epinephrine before the surgery? Do the effects of epinephrine not last long enough, or have potentially harmful effects in larger quantities? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Is it that the patient's blood flow is also increased when using epinephrine, making blood loss more significant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12407" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T15:41:09.737" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T23:37:26.630" Title="Why not use epinephrine in heart failure?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;adrenaline&gt;&lt;procedural-behavior&gt;&lt;epi-pen-epinephrine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14765" CreationDate="2017-12-26T02:57:16.430" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a story of a character named Eric who lives in D.C., and got jumped by 3 tough Mancunian visitors and beaten to the point of being left in a condition of falling in and out of trance-like states.&#xA;Would this be catalepsy, or could a beating cause catalepsy?  If not, what is that condition in which Eric would fall in and out of trances starting right after and because of this heavy beating he received?&#xA;Remember, I'm going for accuracy in this story, hence why I am asking if it would be catalepsy that was caused by this beating he received. thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12408" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T05:52:03.903" Title="could catalepsy be caused by being beaten in the street?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14764" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14766" CreationDate="2017-12-26T04:10:44.443" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a person donates bone marrow, does it weaken the body, affect health and/or shorten life span? Does it adversely weaken the body permanently? What are some risks to bear in mind before one agrees to donate bone marrow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T02:13:45.230" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T00:51:14.620" Title="Will donating bone marrow weaken a person's health?" Tags="&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14762" CreationDate="2017-12-26T05:52:03.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Possibly so. Head trauma can lead to the development of epilepsy, which is a disorder characterized by chronic seizures, also having catalepsy as a symptom. It may be a different disorder, depending on how the trances present themselves. If you want the trances to be chronic, multiple over time, this leads to the question of whether or not there's a trigger. If you want it to be triggered by, say, a loud noise, it would be considered Post Traumatic Stress disorder. This might result in him curling up in a ball on the ground, or screaming, and becoming somewhat unresponsive. I believe you're looking for Atypical Absence Seizures, during which the person having the seizures stares straight ahead, becomes unresponsive. These episodes are only considered &quot;Atypical&quot; if they last longer than 20 seconds. Otherwise, they're just called Absence Seizures. You'll need to start being concerned if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Either way, they're symptoms of Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy.&#xA;Hope this helps!&#xA;A few helpful websites for more information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absence-seizures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absence-seizures&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doosesyndrome.org/mae-explained/absence-seizures?phpMyAdmin=6847bcaa11f3a4c4a30eee927e12da01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://doosesyndrome.org/mae-explained/absence-seizures?phpMyAdmin=6847bcaa11f3a4c4a30eee927e12da01&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12407" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T05:52:03.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14764" CreationDate="2017-12-26T06:02:25.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not really, not in any long term way. The purpose of bone marrow is (Most often) to provide clean slates (The scientific term being &quot;stem cells&quot;) for the production of platelets (Helps with blood clotting), red blood cells (Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues), and white blood cells (Fights infection). Usually only two to three percent of bone marrow is extracted when donating. The bone marrow will likely regenerate within a few weeks. The donation of bone marrow won't endanger anything (Except &lt;em&gt;perhaps&lt;/em&gt; make pathogens slightly more dangerous), and the bone marrow will grow back in a few weeks. It's less dangerous than giving blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I apologize for getting my facts wrong. The use of general anesthesia may leave you feeling tired after the surgery (Although you will be kept until you recover from the anesthesia's effects), and as the marrow is taken from your pelvic bone, you will likely be sore for a week or so, resulting in no long term damage, posing no risk to your daily life. On the other hand, in blood donation, afterwards you can expect to feel nauseous, and have the potential to bleed profusely if you perform any &quot;Heavy lifting,&quot; posing a possible risk to you and possibly your surroundings, if you work in any job which requires operating machinery. Ergo, donating bone marrow is still less dangerous than donating blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bethematch.org/support-the-cause/donate-bone-marrow/donation-process/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bethematch.org/support-the-cause/donate-bone-marrow/donation-process/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bethematch.org/transplant-basics/how-marrow-donation-works/myths-and-facts-about-bone-marrow-donation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bethematch.org/transplant-basics/how-marrow-donation-works/myths-and-facts-about-bone-marrow-donation/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bloodcell.transplant.hrsa.gov/donor/donating/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bloodcell.transplant.hrsa.gov/donor/donating/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://m.kidshealth.org/en/teens/donating-blood.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://m.kidshealth.org/en/teens/donating-blood.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow/basics/risks/prc-20020055&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow/basics/risks/prc-20020055&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12407" LastEditorUserId="12407" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T00:51:14.620" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T00:51:14.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14768" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-26T11:35:36.017" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that vitamin supplements that are sold in drugstores in form of pills/tablets are not so useful for health than those that we get from natural food, vegetables and fruits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T11:35:36.017" Title="Are synthetic vitamins from drugstores far less healthy and useful than those from natural products?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9662" CreationDate="2017-12-26T14:08:50.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Premature ejaculation has variable definitions, which cause some difficulties in diagnosis. The main &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565560/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;treatment methods&lt;/a&gt; are psychological counseling, behavioral therapy, drug therapy and surgical treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drug therapy including topical drugs, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRi), receptor blockers, type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i), etc., of the latest medications can choose hydrochloric acid of dapoxetine (Priligy) treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717471/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oxytocin antagonists&lt;/a&gt; shows good results, but they demands further reserches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that is believed to shorten ejaculatory latency times through central and peripheral pathways in animal models. The ejaculatory delay observed with SSRIs may be mediated by alterations in the central release of oxytocin. This has formed the basis of the development of oxytocin receptor antagonists. The first drug used in human clinical trials was epelsiban. This is a highly selective oxytocin receptor antagonist with rapid absorption and elimination. It had been shown to delay ejaculatory latency in animal models. In this multicentre study, men were randomly assigned to placebo or epelsiban (50 mg/150 mg). Study inclusion was based on the ISSM definition of PE, and IELT was measured with the use of a stopwatch. There was no significant difference in the baseline IELT measurements between the groups. Following 8 weeks of treatment, there were no significant clinical or statistically significant differences in IELT between the groups. The authors speculated that efficacy may be linked to centrally acting oxytocin antagonist activity. There is some evidence from animal studies to support this hypothesis. This has led to the development of the most recent oxytocin antagonist. This is a small molecule with good central penetration and rapid absorption with potent antagonism of the oxytocin receptor. A total of 88 men with LPE were randomly assigned to either placebo or active drug (400 mg/800 mg). Inclusion appeared to be based on ISSM criteria. Following 8 weeks of treatment, IX-01 resulted in a 3-fold increase in IELT (1.6 in the placebo group). This improvement was observed as early as 2 weeks after starting treatment. The drug was well tolerated with no serious or severe adverse events; 21% reported at least one adverse event (30% in the placebo group). The dropout rate was high: 21% with the active drug and 27% in the placebo arm. This is obviously encouraging news for the field, and we should expect larger trials involving a more diverse population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The combination of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/aiua/article/view/aiua.2017.2.148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug and behavioural therapy&lt;/a&gt; shows more effective results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&#xA;  18 patients were enrolled, aged between 25 and 55 (mean: 40), all with primary PE, free of comorbidities and with their partners involved. Six patients were prescribed 30 mg dapoxetine two hours before sexual relations for 3 months (group A); 6 patients began the dynamic rehabilitative treatment (group B); 6 other couples were assigned to pharmacological treatment in association with dynamic rehabilitative behavioural treatment for 3 months (group C). Division of subjects was carried out by simple randomisation, excluding patients with a short frenulum, phimosis, ED, chronic prostatitis or experiencing results from previous treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS:&#xA;  Outcomes of treatment were evaluated at the end of the 3 months of treatment and 3 months after discontinuing treatment. In Group A 75% of patients were cured at 3 months and 25% at 6 months. In Group B 25% patients were cured at 3 months and 25% at 6 months. In Group C 75% of patients were cured 3 months and 50% at 6 months. &quot;Cured&quot; means a Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) score reduced from an average of 12 to an average of 6 and Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time (IELT) values from &amp;lt; 1 to &amp;gt; 6 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes keeping to healthy lifestile can prevent medical treatment. First of all the &lt;a href=&quot;http://potencyup.com/how-to-stop-premature-ejaculation-best-pills-for-treatment-and-home-remedies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diet that helps cure premature ejaculation&lt;/a&gt; includes such foods as green onions, boiled asparagus, ginger, almonds, honey etc. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02984592&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; devoted to the connection between physical activity and premature ejaculation is being conducted (completion date is January 31, 2017). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12302" LastEditorUserId="12302" LastEditDate="2017-12-26T14:16:16.580" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T14:16:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14504" CreationDate="2017-12-26T17:07:14.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (&lt;strong&gt;NSAIDs&lt;/strong&gt;) are anti-inflammatory agents that are different structurally and mechanistically from the&#xA;anti-inflammatory steroids. NSAIDS act by a competitive and reversible&#xA;active site inhibition of Cyclooxygenase (&lt;strong&gt;COX&lt;/strong&gt;) enzyme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inhibition of COX reduces the local synthesis of Prostaglandins (&lt;strong&gt;PGs&lt;/strong&gt;) that include pro-inflammatory actions among the diverse physiological role for the PGs. The PG family is also associated with fever and the perception of pain that accounts for the antipyretic and analgesic&#xA;effects of the NSAIDs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NSAIDs are prostaglandin inhibitors and prevent peripheral nociception&#xA;  by vasoactive substances such as prostaglandins and bradykinins. Most&#xA;  NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1, which produces prostaglandins that are&#xA;  believed to be cytoprotective of the stomach lining, and &lt;strong&gt;COX-2&lt;/strong&gt;, which&#xA;  produces prostaglandins responsible for pain and &lt;strong&gt;inflammation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that glucocorticoids (or corticosteroids) modify the expression of so many genes, and&#xA;  that the extent and direction of regulation varies between tissues and&#xA;  even at different times during disease, you will not be surprised to&#xA;  learn that their anti-inflammatory effects are complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;/sup&gt;indeed claim steriodal anti inflammatory drugs to be superior than NSAIDs, but strictly speaking it depends on the condition being managed (in that particular study its Rheumatoid arthritis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Corticosteroid drugs can relieve inflammation, and in high doses they&#xA;  have a dramatic effect on the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. They&#xA;  are used only temporarily, however, because of serious adverse effects&#xA;  during long‐term use. The review found that corticosteroids in low&#xA;  doses are very effective. They are more effective than usual&#xA;  anti‐arthritis medications (non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, or&#xA;  NSAIDs)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there seeemed to be no significant differences in their efficacy when managing inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was moderate-certainty evidence of no difference in mean cell&#xA;  value in the participants receiving an NSAID compared with the&#xA;  participants receiving a corticosteroid (mean difference (MD) -0.60,&#xA;  95% confidence interval (CI) -2.19 to 0.99), and there was&#xA;  low-certainty evidence that the mean flare value was lower in the&#xA;  group receiving NSAIDs (MD -13.74, 95% CI -21.45 to -6.04).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major reason why the former are generally frowned upon as the mainstay of managing inflammatory conditions is perhaps their &lt;strong&gt;wide range of adverse effects&lt;/strong&gt; with long term use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Low-dose glucocorticoid replacement therapy is usually without&#xA;  problems but serious unwanted effects occur with large doses or&#xA;  prolonged administration of glucocorticoids. The major effects are as&#xA;  follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The adverse effects of the glucocorticoids include suppression of the&#xA;  pituitary–adrenal axis that requires dose tapering while withdrawing&#xA;  the drug. GI effects are also common adverse effects and may include&#xA;  peptic ulcer, GI hemorrhage, ulcerative esophagitis, and acute&#xA;  pancreatitis. Characteristic effects of glucocorticoids include weight&#xA;  gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, acne, increased susceptibility to&#xA;  infection, and cushingoid “moon face” and “buffalo hump.” Other&#xA;  adverse effects include headache, vertigo, increased intraocular and&#xA;  intracranial pressures, muscle weakness, psychological disturbances,&#xA;  edema, and hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, the general take home points are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NSAIDs are the agents of choice for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and&#xA;ankylosing spondylitis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs may also be used to relieve musculoskeletal pain, headache, and gouty arthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, glucocorticoids are useful for the &lt;strong&gt;last resort&lt;/strong&gt; management of severe, disabling arthritis; severe allergic reactions; seasonal allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma; chronic ulcerative colitis; rheumatic&#xA;carditis; nephrotic syndrome; collagen vascular disease; cerebral edema; and topically for inflammatory disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0010532/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Corticosteroids versus placebo and NSAIDs for rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28670710&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroids for controlling inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rang and Dale Pharmacology 8th ed: Drugs affecting major organ systems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12413" LastEditorUserId="12413" LastEditDate="2017-12-27T17:04:07.353" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T17:04:07.353" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14135" CreationDate="2017-12-26T17:52:09.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a combination of peripheral&#xA;  insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion by pancreatic&#xA;  beta cells. Insulin resistance, which has been attributed to&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;elevated levels of free fatty&lt;/strong&gt; acids and &lt;strong&gt;proinflammatory cytokines&lt;/strong&gt; in&#xA;  plasma, leads to decreased glucose transport into muscle cells,&#xA;  elevated hepatic glucose production, and increased breakdown of fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For type 2 diabetes mellitus to occur, both &lt;strong&gt;insulin resistance&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;inadequate insulin secretion&lt;/strong&gt; must exist. For example, all overweight&#xA;  individuals have insulin resistance, but diabetes develops only in&#xA;  those who cannot increase insulin secretion sufficiently to compensate&#xA;  for their insulin resistance. Their insulin concentrations may be&#xA;  high, yet inappropriately low for the level of glycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simplified scheme for the pathophysiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus is depicted in the image below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XQ7E5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XQ7E5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview#a3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-26T17:52:09.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14135" CreationDate="2017-12-27T05:39:27.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a person (pancreas) is unable to produce requisite amount of insulin to maintain blood glucose levels or when their body is not able to utilize the manufactured insulin, that person is said to have affected by Type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable causes include but are not limited to: person's age, weight, genetics, lack of exercise, ethnicity and lifestyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes: There is evidence&#xA;  that certain ethnic groups have a predisposition to type 2 diabetes in&#xA;  the presence of the same risk factors. For example, among adult South&#xA;  Asians there are higher rates of obesity, central fat distribution,&#xA;  and resulting insulin resistance than in white populations.&#xA;  Nutritional factors (reduced intake of vitamin B12 and folate, because&#xA;  of prolonged cooking of vegetables) and lower levels of habitual&#xA;  physical activity also play their part in increasing the risk of&#xA;  diabetes in these population groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a reference &lt;a href=&quot;http://pmj.bmj.com/content/81/958/486&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7643" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T05:39:27.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-27T12:43:50.830" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember once my father took a CBC test, and his hemoglobin was strangely higher than that of one day before. We thought the test could be erroneous, but the lab's technician said it's probably because of not drinking enough water! Is there such a connection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T13:05:26.843" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T13:05:26.843" Title="Can inadequate amount of water in body, affect CBC test results?" Tags="&lt;hemoglobin&gt;&lt;cbc-complete-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-27T16:15:34.163" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are any typical 3D printed (&lt;strong&gt;extrusion based&lt;/strong&gt; 3D printer) materials, such as ABS or PLA (or slightly more exotic ones, such as kevlar, fibreglass, or carbon fiber), safe for implantation in the human body? Or in medical terms, are they biocompatible (biofunctionality is not topical for this question)? If not, why not? If most of them are safe, then please explain which ones are NOT safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highly relevant, and perhaps even more interesting is: Are there any peer reviewed medical papers that have investigated what materials are safe for implantation in the human body? A paper which answers this unambiguously would be the ideal answer to this question. Another concern is if the process of 3D printing itself adversely influences the properties of the material in the context of implantation applications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to determine the answer to this question myself, but I cannot find any papers or studies which answer it. I can easily find that ABS plastic is &quot;non-biodegradable&quot;, but I suppose the issue of adverse host responses is more crucial, e.g. causing inflammation or it being a bacterial growth substrate to promote infections seems like plausible concerns. I'm sure there might be other dangerous complications too, which I'm not aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a paper dealing with corrosion issues for implantable metals: DOI: 10.1089/end.1997.11.383&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a paper dealing with silicone-urethane being prone to breakdown: DOI: 10.1021/ma301965y&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a paper describing the properties and history of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which appears to be commonly used as implants:  DOI: 10.1109/EEIC.2005.1566331&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By extension, a 3D printer using UHMWPE might be safe, barring any adverse chemical or mechanical issues as a result of the 3D printing process itself. However, it is not clear to me if any 3D printers can actually reliably print UHMWPE. Furthermore, it is unclear if UHMWPE is a sane choice, as it appears to be useful in applications where strength is required, such as for joints. What about other applications where load bearing properties are not required (e.g. a simple enclosure for implantable electronics)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that titanium appears to be frequently used for implants, and while titanium 3D printers do exist, they are beyond the scope of this question. The valid context is extrusion based 3D printers in the sub $10,000 range (arbitrarily chosen to make the question avoid being tagged as &quot;too broad&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12417" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T16:15:34.163" Title="Are any 3D printed materials biocompatible (safe for implantation in the human body)?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;implant&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14793" CreationDate="2017-12-27T18:11:43.807" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D 3 of the most important vitamins that contribute to the growth of the human body.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Why this vitamin is deficient and few in children and the elderly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12418" LastEditorUserId="12418" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T08:33:19.650" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T08:33:19.650" Title="Why vitamin D3 is deficient in children and the elderly?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2017-12-29T00:41:22.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-27T20:18:33.210" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is terbinafine hydrochloride cream OTC in the US whereas ciclopirox olamine cream isn't? Both medications are typically used to treat fungal skin infections (tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, etc.). I wonder what makes ciclopirox olamine cream unsafe to be sold without some physician's consent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2017-12-27T20:18:33.210" Title="Why is terbinafine hydrochloride cream OTC in the US whereas ciclopirox olamine cream isn't?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-27T21:00:32.650" Score="7" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read about a court case where someone was acquitted for &quot;being dangerous to the surrounding&quot; by having unprotected sex when diagnosed with HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning was that since this person was medicated, (s)he had too low levels of viruses to be infectious. How can that be? 1 virus should be enough to infect someone, shouldn't it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand/guess that the risk of infection &quot;per virus&quot; might be very low and that, if you &quot;want&quot; the risk for infection to be higher than, say, 1 %, you need to be exposed to millions (or something like that) of viruses. But still, as long as you can transmit more than zero viruses to your surroundings, you must be infectious, mustn't you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9597" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:48:40.310" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:48:40.310" Title="How can there be a level of HIV viral load that will make infecting others impossible?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-28T04:18:00.310" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a Ph.D. candidate in molecular biology and cannot convince my indoctrinated mother and grandmother that you cannot determine whether or not you need to take a vitamin by simply holding it and assessing whether it increases or decreases the strength of your grasping arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The story is this: my grandmother became genuinely allergic to most foods and suffered massive immunosuppression, which led her to seek advice from Mayo Clinic, and after extensive testing finding nothing, she was sent home in critical condition eating potatoes and gluten-free flours. She tried 500 &quot;alternative&quot; things, and eventually claims that holding cans of vitamins or foods in her hand will strengthen her grasp if she needs to take them or weaken her grasp if she doesn't need them. She has recovered amazingly over the past few years, and now has convinced half of the extended family that this technique is true, which puts a lot of pressure on the three unbelieving M.D's or Ph.Ds in the family (myself included) to explain why this doesn't work. Their theory is that &quot;frequency&quot; in the vitamin or food translates to your body, which responds in kind with strength or no strength. I have never tried blinding her to what food or vitamin she was holding, as she is resistant to testing that because she might take something she doesn't need or is allergic to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where are they even getting this idea? I can't find any information online, and how do I explain to them? .... Or am I wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12422" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T04:18:00.310" Title="Truth or fiction: Testing vitamins to take by holding them and assessing strength" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15364" CreationDate="2017-12-28T06:55:45.223" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;On one level, dentists are not different from &quot;normal&quot; specialists - they just specialize in treating teeth. On another level, they're different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Many universities have separate faculties of dentistry and of medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dentists get their own special degrees, e.g. MDS, MDent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: why are dentists so special? As far as I'm aware, the other specialists (anesthesiologist, neurologist, urologist ...) all start out the same. They take the same classes at university, graduate as GPs, do some years of housemanship, and eventually specialize. Why doesn't the same apply to dentists? Is there something special about teeth that makes it impractical or unnecessary to start as a GP before specializing in dentistry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T02:58:14.047" Title="Why are dentists special compared to other doctors?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-28T08:42:31.113" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was warned recently that eating beets can cause reddish-purple urine, which got me thinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood is filtered by the kidneys to produce urine, high school biology. So if a meal of beets can dye urine reddish-purple, due to betalain pigments from the beets making it into the urine, would that mean that the same betalain pigments also dye the blood itself reddish-purple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find an answer online, but all the results for any search containing the most relevant words, 'dye', 'beets', 'urine', and 'blood', only seem to turn up results about beets changing the color of urine, not about beets changing the color of blood. Is this indeed the case? Is the effect of a large meal of beets noticeable upon, say, a blood draw?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T08:42:31.113" Title="Do beets dye your blood purple?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-28T12:02:12.817" Score="1" ViewCount="395" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it advisable to play badminton after having a simple tooth extraction for one of my wisdom teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a tournament (I will be playing around 5 matches, I'm an intermediate player) in the coming 3 days and I am planning to get one of my tooth extracted before 2 days of the tournament, as it is causing pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please advise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1739" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2017-12-28T22:50:41.260" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T22:50:41.260" Title="Playing badminton after tooth extraction" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-01-09T21:48:25.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14786" CreationDate="2017-12-28T12:49:02.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That will be hard to predict, as it varies from person to person. I've had one of them extracted and could train the next day (a different sport, korfball, but with similar impact on your body as badminton); a team mate couldn't play for a week after his operation. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacted_wisdom_teeth#Wisdom_teeth_removal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients will experience pain and swelling (worst on the first post-operative day) then return to work after 2 to 3 days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the rate of discomfort decreased to about 25% by post-operative day 7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so don't expect the operation to help so soon; it will mostly have a long term effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7205" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T12:49:02.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14790" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14799" CreationDate="2017-12-28T17:20:49.217" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often hear cancers of skin, glands, eye and other organs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an ear cancer? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12418" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T13:05:52.643" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T13:05:52.643" Title="Can ear cancer occur?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-28T18:36:17.643" Score="4" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm a runner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My immune system became weak due to some virus and I got a fungal infection about 9 months ago.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I didn't know that I have a fungal infection because it wasn't visible at first and I noticed this only after &lt;strong&gt;my skin started to peel off&lt;/strong&gt; (which is about 2-3 months into the infection).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I did all steps recommended by a local dermatologist and the internet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Terbinafini hydrochloridum 10 mg/g&lt;/strong&gt; - I was using this for 3 months without any improvement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Miconazole nitrate 20 mg/g&lt;/strong&gt; - I was using this for 4 weeks without any improvement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clotrimazolum 10 mg/g&lt;/strong&gt; - I was using this for 4 weeks without any improvement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tannic acid 40% 1 spoon per 1 liter&lt;/strong&gt; - For 3 months I was soaking my feet in this 1 times a day for 30 minutes without any improvement&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Betamethasonum 0.5 mg/g + Gentamicinum 1 mg/g&lt;/strong&gt; - I'm using this in addition to the above creams all the time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I got rid of all my previous shoes&lt;/strong&gt; and bought new ones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I got rid of my previous socks&lt;/strong&gt; and bought new ones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I was making sure all that time to keep my feet dry and cold&lt;/strong&gt; whenever possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent 6 months of inconvenience, $200+ on dermatologist visits, $200+ on medicines and I can say today that &lt;strong&gt;THERE IS NO IMPROVEMENT WHATSOEVER&lt;/strong&gt; (it's even worse than it was)!!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how terribly far it has advanced despite using all of the remedies above: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pDWvi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pDWvi.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please help me save my life, it's eating me! Does my fungal infection became the &quot;deep tissue&quot; version already? Why it's not going away? I see this is frequently asked on the internet but I assure you all I did a very thorough research and did not find any actual solution that works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12428" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T02:41:56.877" Title="How to REALLY treat fungal infection?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;athletes-foot&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-01-05T18:39:40.057" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3043" CreationDate="2017-12-28T19:10:50.477" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lungs are very efficient at self cleaning because they need to be! You can not change your lungs like you can a filter on a hoover.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about it, how many smokers have you seen with black gums and mouths? Teeth and tongue can be discoloured from tea,coffee and cigarette smoke but have you ever seen anyone with the actual skin on the inside of their mouth significantly discoloured?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition smokers lungs are used for lung transplants and there is no evidence that they are&#xA;less likely to make it through the screening process, which would include eye balling when they are removed&#xA;from the donor. Can you imagine a health professional placing blackend lungs in a container and slapping a donor organ sticker on it?!?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/smokers-lungs-used-in-half-of-transplants-9101647.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/smokers-lungs-used-in-half-of-transplants-9101647.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anti-smoking industry is happy to carry on misleading people on this subject because that is how they make their money. I would guess that the reason many people who know better do nothing to correct this misconception is simply that they think that if people stop smoking as a result of a little white lie then so be it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes it is myth that smokers have black lungs! They would probably all be very dead long before they could become an organ donor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: I have found quote from Trial testimony of DUANE CARR, M.D., April 1, 1970 [p.m.], WEAVER v. AMERICAN TOBACCO&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Q: When you open up a lung and you look at it, tell the jury whether or not you can tell any difference, colorwise or otherwise between the lung of a smoker and the lung of a non-smoker?&#xA;  A: No, there is no way to tell whether a man smokes or not by looking at his lung.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is on page 7 here &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=nhnl0001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=nhnl0001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE 2: I have just spent a couple of hours looking for more up to date&#xA;evidence on the subject with not much luck (not including the unsupported trash written in news columns). I did however find this study&#xA;where lung surface carbon were analyzed in 72 autopsy specimens by image analysis and found the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We did not find a statistically significant association between lung surface and smokers and non-smokers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188237&amp;amp;type=printable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188237&amp;amp;type=printable&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is only 72 specimens but I expect it was quite a time consuming and expensive process!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12429" LastEditorUserId="12429" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T10:41:54.747" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T10:41:54.747" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14779" CreationDate="2017-12-28T19:16:40.993" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin, rather it is the precursor of one&#xA;  of the hormones involved in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and&#xA;  the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, where it has&#xA;  both endocrine and paracrine actions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that the most important source is the endogenous synthesis in the skin by &lt;strong&gt;photolysis&lt;/strong&gt; of 7-dehydrocholesterol compared to dietary sources;&#xA;problems of deficiency arise when there is &lt;strong&gt;inadequate exposure to sunlight&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two compounds have the biological activity of vitamin D:&#xA;  cholecalciferol, which is the compound formed in the skin, and&#xA;  ergocalciferol, which is synthesized by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation&#xA;  of ergosterol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are few foods that are rich sources of vitamin D. It is generally accepted that, for people with inadequate exposure&#xA;to sunlight (young children and the house-bound elderly), supplements are&#xA;necessary to maintain adequate status. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, dietary sources of vitamin D are few, and most foodstuffs&#xA;are devoid of vitamin D. The only significant sources of&#xA;vitamin D (D2 or D3) are animal liver, fatty fish (e.g.,&#xA;salmon, halibut, cod), egg yolks, and fish oils. Because human milk is an&#xA;extremely poor source of vitamin D, breast-fed infants&#xA;require a vitamin D supplement. This contributes to the other reason to the inadequacy in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, excessively high intakes of vitamin D are associated with hypercalcemia and calcinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins: Vitamin D (D .A Bender 2nd Ed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 11thed Ross et al.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-28T19:16:40.993" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-28T20:37:56.910" Score="7" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is water flossing more efficient than string flossing to remove plaques from tooth surfaces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I present below what I have found so far. In the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Pik,_Inc.&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Waterpik&lt;/a&gt; is a manufacturer of water flossing devices. By extension, Waterpik = a type of water flossing device.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;oral irrigator =   water flossing device&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} (published in 2013) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: The WF group had a 74.4% reduction in whole mouth plaque and 81.6% for approximal plaque compared to 57.7% and 63.4% for the SF group, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.001). &lt;strong&gt;The differences between the groups showed the water flosser was 29% more effective than string floss for overall plaque removal&lt;/strong&gt; and approximal surfaces specifically (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The WF group was more effective in removing plaque from the marginal, lingual, and facial regions; 33%, 39%, and 24%, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION:&#xA;  The Waterpik Water Flosser and manual toothbrush is significantly more effective than a manual brush and string floss in removing plaque from tooth surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and {3} (published in 2009) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS:&#xA;  The standard jet tip removed 99.99% of the salivary (ex vivo) biofilm, and the orthodontic jet tip removed 99.84% of the salivary biofilm. Observation of the remaining four teeth by the naked eye indicated that the orthodontic jet tip removed significant amounts of calcified (in vivo) plaque biofilm. This was confirmed by SEM evaluations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION:&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;The Waterpik dental water jet (Water Pik, Inc, Fort Collins, CO) can remove both ex vivo and in vivo plaque biofilm significantly.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whereas &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/287399-waterpik-vs-floss/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livestrong.com/article/287399-waterpik-vs-floss/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171228203636/https://www.livestrong.com/article/287399-waterpik-vs-floss/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) says, without citing any scientific study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The downside: &lt;strong&gt;A Waterpik doesn’t remove plaque from teeth as well as floss&lt;/strong&gt;. “Flossing scrapes off the sticky film of bacteria, while a Waterpic just rinses it,” Hayes explains. MayoClinic.com &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/dental-floss/faq-20058112&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20171228203710/https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/dental-floss/faq-20058112&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) using a Waterpik isn't a substitute for flossing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and {2} (published in 2008) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As an adjunct to brushing, the oral irrigator does not have a beneficial effect in reducing visible plaque.&lt;/strong&gt; However, there is a positive trend in favour of oral irrigation improving gingival health over regular oral hygiene or toothbrushing only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there now exists a scientific consensus on the efficiency of water flossing compared to string flossing for removing plaques from tooth surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Lyle, Deborah M., Jimmy G. Qaqish, and Reinhard Schuller. &quot;Evaluation of the plaque removal efficacy of a water flosser compared to string floss in adults after a single use.&quot; J Clin Dent 24 (2013): 37-42. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13416577876110061555&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13416577876110061555&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282867&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282867&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Husseini, A., D. E. Slot, and G. A. Van der Weijden. &quot;The efficacy of oral irrigation in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and the clinical parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic review.&quot; International journal of dental hygiene 6, no. 4 (2008): 304-314. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17144292305835117689&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17144292305835117689&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138181&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138181&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Gorur, A; Lyle, DM; Schaudinn, C; Costerton, JW (2009). &quot;Biofilm removal with a dental water jet&quot;. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry. 30 Spec No 1: 1–6. PMID 19385349. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3786584786784088020&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3786584786784088020&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19385349&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19385349&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T20:11:47.867" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:16.760" Title="Is water flossing more efficient than string flossing to remove plaques from tooth surfaces?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;&lt;plaque&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14790" CreationDate="2017-12-29T02:20:13.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is ear cancer, both middle / inner ear and outer ear. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/head-neck-cancer/cancer-of-the-ear&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer of the ear&lt;/a&gt;.   Most of these are types of skin cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common type of cancer of the ear is squamous cell carcinomas. Other types of cancer affecting the outer ear include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;basal cell cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;melanoma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. There are also heart cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T02:26:19.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14800" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14809" CreationDate="2017-12-29T03:29:21.560" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a late Christmas question, is it possible to be allergic to pine trees?(aka Christmas trees) I’m asking for curiosities sake mostly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9637" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T23:35:23.400" Title="Pine allergies is it possible?" Tags="&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-29T09:15:23.977" Score="3" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;em&gt;anamnesis&lt;/em&gt; is the process of asking potentially relevant questions for building a medical history of a patient. I think this involves:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting to know past illnesses of the patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting to know which illnesses are in the patient's family&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asking for previous medication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once the doctor has the history, is there a word for the process of figuring out the symptoms why a patient visited the doctor in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine that doctors check the following in this process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the patient have any pain? If so, at which location and how severe is it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there other inconveniences, such as:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;coughing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not getting enough air&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;running nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pressure on the ear&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;feeling dizzy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;feeling confused&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Reason for this question: I wanted to have a look if there are books on Amazon which help in this process for people from foreign countries. So people needing a doctor, but being unable to describe properly with words what is going on)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T12:43:40.960" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T12:43:40.960" Title="What is the process called, when a doctor tries to figure out what is wrong with you?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14801" CreationDate="2017-12-29T09:58:28.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anamnesis&lt;/strong&gt; = &lt;strong&gt;patient's medical history&lt;/strong&gt; = a summary of all &lt;strong&gt;symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; and all other relevant data (family history, circumstances in which the problems started, etc.) that a patient reveals. So, all examples mentioned in your question fall under anamnesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The subject that describes how to perform an anamnesis and physical examination is called &lt;strong&gt;clinical propedeutics&lt;/strong&gt;. Various books for doctors and nurses are available, but this may be way beyond what someone needs to know from a patient's perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous layman &quot;family health&quot; books available...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Online sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/symptoms_and_signs/alpha_a.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Symptoms and Signs A-Z List (MedicineNet)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mountsinai.org/static_files/MSH/Files/Patient%20Care/Executive%20Health%20Program/MedicalHistoryQuestionaire.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A medical history questionnaire (Mont Sinai Medical Center)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2017-12-29T13:26:17.270" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T13:26:17.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-29T19:03:09.847" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drink a shed load of the energy drink 'Monster Energy.' Each single 500 ml can contains: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B2 3.5mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B3 43mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B6 4.0mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B12 13ug&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I drink around 4 of these within a 3 hour period every day. How likely would a vitamin overdose be in these circumstances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12441" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T16:44:26.223" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T16:44:26.223" Title="How much of the following vitamins would result in a vitamin overdose?" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;multi-vitamin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-29T23:13:00.303" Score="9" ViewCount="186" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which is more harmful for your kidneys? Drinking more than enough water or having less than the minimum amount required?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12442" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-03T12:25:33.063" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T08:54:16.993" Title="Which one is more harmful for your kidneys, drinking more or less water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14800" CreationDate="2017-12-29T23:35:23.400" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a neighbor (who actually farmed Christmas trees) who was allergic to pine pollen. That's not something that you would get from bringing a tree into the house in December though. You can find plenty of information about pine tree pollen allergies - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pollen.com/research/genus/pinus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they don't appear to be serious&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology &lt;a href=&quot;http://acaai.org/allergies/types/allergy-myths/pine-tree-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;points out&lt;/a&gt; that some people are also allergic to eating pine nuts. Keep that in mind, though cones on your tree shouldn't be considered edible anyway, the tree may have been sprayed with all kinds of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, not all Christmas trees are pine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-12-29T23:35:23.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14810" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14807" CreationDate="2017-12-30T09:25:28.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps to emphasize the definition of vitamins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vitamins are a disparate group of compounds; they have little in&#xA;  common either chemically or in their metabolic functions.&#xA;  Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that&#xA;  are required in the diet in &lt;strong&gt;small amounts (micrograms or milligrams&#xA;  per day)&lt;/strong&gt; for the maintenance of normal health and metabolic integrity.&#xA;  They are thus differentiated from the essential minerals and trace&#xA;  elements (which are inorganic) and from essential amino and fatty&#xA;  acids, which are required in larger amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a table showing the RDAs for named vitamins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RmjJf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RmjJf.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I compiled this tablet with information obtained from these sites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamins and minerals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/vitamins-minerals-how-much-should-you-take&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamins and Minerals: How Much Should You Take?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it may seem you are well under the upper tolerable limits, continuing this habit will eventually results in toxicity over a long period of time.&#xA;Bear in mind these micronutrients are needed in trace amounts and over-accumulation will inevitably introduce adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually (as suggested in comments) you should be more concerned with the other minerals/components you are over consuming namely sodium and sugar. These surely will precipitate other conditions like organ damage, increased blood pressure, renal damage cardiovascular disease etc and you should be equally concerned as with the vitamins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acknowlegements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/75234/41890&quot;&gt;Why is the Vitamin B complex, a “complex”?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T09:25:28.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-30T14:34:46.367" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I googled for the best type of specialist who performs colonoscopies and it says gastroenterologist [&lt;a href=&quot;https://bottomlineinc.com/health/health-care-professionals/which-type-of-doctor-should-do-your-colonoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://patients.gi.org/gi-health-and-disease/your-doctor-has-ordered-a-colonoscopy-what-questions-should-you-ask/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link 2&lt;/a&gt;]. My questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why don't they mention &lt;em&gt;colorectal surgeon&lt;/em&gt;? One would think that a colorectal surgeon is more specialized in the digestive system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would it matter if the patient has anal stenosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T19:20:30.053" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T19:20:30.053" Title="Best type of specialist who performs colonoscopies" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;colonoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-30T16:06:40.850" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dry pigmented skin or kids moon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xeroderma pigmentosum is a genetic disease that was first discovered in 1870 by Dr. Moritz Kaposi, a product of the loss of oxygen-deficient ribosome DNA, in its treatment of mutations caused by UV penetrating of the skin. Due to the absence of the DNA polymerase 1 and 3, which causes the burning of the skin and its full ulcer and the inevitable infection of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12418" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-01-09T00:39:59.023" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T00:39:59.023" Title="Is the kids moon disease a skin cancer?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14808" CreationDate="2017-12-30T19:10:39.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background reading&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though your fluid intake can be highly variable, the total volume of fluid in your body normally remains stable. Homeostasis of body fluid volume depends in large part on the ability of the kidneys to regulate the rate of water loss in urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally functioning kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine when fluid intake is high, and a small volume of concentrated urine when fluid intake is low or fluid loss is large. The Anti Diuretic Hormone (&lt;strong&gt;ADH&lt;/strong&gt;)/sometimes called &lt;strong&gt;arginine vasopressin&lt;/strong&gt;   controls whether dilute urine or concentrated urine is formed. In the absence of ADH, urine is very dilute. However, a high level of ADH stimulates reabsorption of more water into blood, producing a concentrated urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When water intake is low or water loss is high (such as during heavy&#xA;  sweating), the kidneys must conserve water while still eliminating&#xA;  wastes and excess ions. Under the influence of ADH, the kidneys&#xA;  produce a small volume of highly concentrated urine. Urine can be four&#xA;  times more concentrated (up to 1200 mOsm/liter) than blood plasma or&#xA;  glomerular filtrate (300 mOsm/liter).  The kidney is crucial in&#xA;  regulating water balance and blood pressure as well as removing waste&#xA;  from the body. Water metabolism by the kidney can be classified into&#xA;  regulated and obligate. Water regulation is hormonally mediated, with&#xA;  the goal of maintaining a tight range of plasma osmolality between 275&#xA;  to 290 mOsm/kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substianting the answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to regulating fluid balance, the kidneys require water for&#xA;  the filtration of waste from the blood stream and excretion via urine.&#xA;  Water excretion via the kidney removes solutes from the blood, and a&#xA;  minimum obligate urine volume is required to remove the solute load&#xA;  with a maximum output volume of 1 L/h. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The kidneys &lt;strong&gt;function more efficiently in the presence of an abundant&#xA;  water supply&lt;/strong&gt;. If the kidneys economize on water, producing a more&#xA;  concentrated urine, &lt;strong&gt;there is a greater cost in energy and more wear on&#xA;  their tissues&lt;/strong&gt;. This is especially likely to occur when the kidneys are&#xA;  under stress, for example when the diet contains excessive amounts of&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;salt or toxic substances that need to be eliminated. Consequently,&#xA;  drinking enough water helps protect this vital organ&lt;/strong&gt;. In cases of&#xA;  water loading, if the volume of water ingested cannot be compensated&#xA;  for with urine output, having overloaded the kidney’s maximal output&#xA;  rate an individual can enter a hyponatremic state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concluding remarks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: Is it very important to understand that both dehydration or overhydration both pose equally disastrous effects on health. While the former is associated with orthostatic hypotension, delirium and morbidities the latter has been reported to be associated with water intoxication and hyponatremia, proteinuria etc.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water, Hydration and Health. Barry M. Popkin, Kristen E. D’Anci, and Irwin H. Rosenberg. Nutr Rev. 2010 Aug; 68(8): 439–458.doi:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1753-4887.2010.00304.x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Principles of Anatomy and Phisiology G. Tortora: Urinary system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive fluid intake as a novel cause of proteinuria. F Clark et al. Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2175005/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2175005/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12413" LastActivityDate="2017-12-30T19:10:39.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-30T20:57:45.483" Score="1" ViewCount="1467" Body="&lt;p&gt;3 months ago I obtained normotrophic scar on my face in place of eyelid. All this time I was looking for remedies to minimize scarring and somehow improve appearance of scar. I was advised to use different things: silicone gels, silicone patches, creams, Vitamin E, massaging and so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One physician recommended me to use ASEA supplement.&#xA;It is described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;​ASEA is the world’s first and only bio-active solution to fortify the immune and healing system through Redox Signaling. ASEA is the only product in the world that provides native, stabilized Redox Signaling molecules to the body’s cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;​​ASEA is a natural supplement that repairs, replaces and revitalizes&#xA;  every cell—telomeres in the the body. ASEA harnesses the power of&#xA;  Redox Signaling to fortify the immune and healing system at a most&#xA;  basic level. Redox Signaling molecules are the body’s answer to&#xA;  cellular efficiency and communication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cells that work at optimum levels and communicate freely and quickly&#xA;  with each other facilitate the immune and healing system’s function to&#xA;  repair, replace and revitalize every cell – allowing it to operate at&#xA;  its best and empowering the body to heal itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For now, I am very skeptical about this product. Actually, it looks like some fake product designed just to make money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've checked the product on Amazon and I noticed that there are a lot of positive reviews on this product from real people.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creators of the product claim to have a science behind this product. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you think is ASEA supplement really useful and can help people minimize scars or it is just one of the snake oil type products?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-01-11T14:12:06.807" LastActivityDate="2019-05-06T21:49:38.007" Title="Is ASEA supplement useful against scars or it is a fake product?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14814" CreationDate="2017-12-30T23:34:59.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was quite skeptical to read the word describing the product in the questions title.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is really no weaker word allowed to describe this extraordinary scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their website is full of it but does not list anything remotely coming close to a list of ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have a sub-page called &amp;quot;science-faq&amp;quot;. That lists probably the loophole their legal team dug out for them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Redox signaling technology has not been evaluated by the FDA. However, ASEA manufacturing is FDA registered, NSF certified, and meets all FDA Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). NSF International’s GMP Registration Program enables manufacturers to become independently registered by NSF to meet GMP requirements. The program is open to manufacturers of dietary supplements who want to demonstrate their commitment to public safety. These GMP requirements are listed in Section 8 of NSF/ANSI 173, which is the only accredited American National Standard in the dietary supplement industry developed in accordance with the FDA’s 21 CFR part 111.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health claims on the order delivered here are not evaluated, independent testing nowhere to be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get closer to the truth, we have to read the label on the bottle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OCLwz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OCLwz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Nutritional Info&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yeah. Sodium and Chloride &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; vital elements, they play a role in diverse &amp;quot;signalling processes&amp;quot;? So what now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their claims have to be taken with a pinch of salt. Conveniently their product delivers just that. &lt;strong&gt;And nothing more, dissolved in water&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looks like everyone should buy one bottle, just to participate in a following lawsuit against the manufacturer, the marketers and every seller and market place involved in this. If indeed a real physician recommended this he should be reported to some authorities that might take some action on this multi-level marketing frauds and this accomplice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although one picture says more than the words needed to deride this pile of money well invested, here is nice write up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/asea-another-expensive-way-to-buy-water/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ASEA: Another Expensive Way to Buy Water:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ASEA is made in Utah from municipal water that is highly purified using both reverse osmosis and distillation. The pure water is then combined with pure salt and allowed to cure, before undergoing a patented process that oxidizes and reduces the saline solution into the final product. During processing most of the chloride ions are integrated into redox molecules. Sodium ions are not effected [sic] and help to maintain electrical neutrality. Hydrogen and oxygen also contribute to the formation of redox molecules, but most of the water forms a matrix of clusters around the active redox molecules and ions. This micro-clustering further contributes to the stability and electrical neutrality of the product. The final product is no longer a saline solution. It is not salt and water. It is a balanced buffet of redox molecules. The raw materials have been transformed into a new product. Ingredients: Some people ask why redox Molecules are not listed as an ingredient on each bottle of ASEA. By comparison, when we look at the ingredients on a loaf of bread, we find flour, water, eggs, sugar, oil, yeast, etc. Nowhere on the list does it say “bread”. The raw ingredients have been blended and heated and forever transformed. You can no longer locate the eggs or oil that we know went into the process. It’s the same with ASEA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is very creative, but it’s not science. It’s just an attempt to baffle you with bull****.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-11T14:19:51.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-31T04:27:19.333" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being an aluminium-based compound, is it conceivable that anticaking agent (554) could cause acute aluminium toxicity in excessive quantities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently 0.3% of aluminium is absorbed by the GI tract (perhaps this is different for aluminium based compounds?), 95% of which becomes bound to transport proteins and eliminated renally. If the amount exceeds what the body can excrete, the excess is deposited in tissues such as bone, brain, liver, heart, muscle, and spleen. The symptoms of aluminium toxicity include altered mental status, muscle weakness, and bone pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What amount of sodium aluminosilicate in an acute ingestion would be required to cause a toxic effect in a healthy individual with normal renal function?&#xA;Is there any data on the bioavailability of Al from the compound?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12449" LastEditorUserId="12449" LastEditDate="2018-01-02T05:30:11.800" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T05:30:11.800" Title="Potential for sodium aluminosilicate to cause aluminium toxicity" Tags="&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14818" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-31T10:55:45.537" Score="1" ViewCount="787" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading lately about &lt;strong&gt;injaculation&lt;/strong&gt; as a mean of preventing the ejaculation during an orgasm, by applying pressure on a particular spot of the urethra in order to stop the semen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems equivalent to &lt;strong&gt;retrograde ejaculation&lt;/strong&gt;, where (whatever the reason) the semen is redirected to the bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it seems sometimes claimed that injaculation and retrograde ejaculation are two different things and that with injaculation the sperm doesn't go to the bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it be so, and in this case what happens to the semen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12451" LastEditorUserId="12451" LastEditDate="2018-01-02T09:13:56.987" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T09:13:56.987" Title="Is injaculation different than retrograde ejaculation?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;semen&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14821" CreationDate="2017-12-31T12:34:30.833" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;My gf is 1.55 m (5'1&quot;) tall and weights 40 kg (88 lbs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering everything else to be at normal parameters, is it healthy to be really this tiny?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12452" LastActivityDate="2017-12-31T18:03:15.873" Title="Is it healthy to be really petite" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14819" CreationDate="2017-12-31T18:03:15.873" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are health risks associated with being underweight. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH BMI calculator&lt;/a&gt; returns 16.6 for a 5'1&quot; 88 lb person and says anything under 18.5 is underweight. There is less information available about the risks of a low BMI than a high one, but I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/Underweightadults.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a page from the NHS&lt;/a&gt; in the UK. It suggests fatigue and a lowered immune system are worries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a difference between being very thin even though you eat and move normally, and being very thin because you are restricting your diet. There are also health risks with losing weight quickly. All of these are things for your friend to discuss with her own doctor. A single point like a height and a weight is useful to confirm &quot;yes, that's a really thin person&quot; but not for anything more such as &quot;you should stop dieting&quot; or &quot;you should try to gain weight.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2017-12-31T18:03:15.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14811" CreationDate="2018-01-01T01:08:49.957" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anal Stenosis, I think, is commonly seen in newborns or infants.&#xA;This needs treatment by itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A adult person having &quot;Anal Stenosis&quot;, if he/she is passing stools normally, then he can, as well go for Colonoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colo-Rectal surgeons do surgeries, like complications Crohn's disease or Ulcerative Colitis or Megacolon, resection of Colon cancer etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colonoscopy/Endoscopy is a different speciality where the physicians get training in looking, excising small polyps, taking biopsies etc. They are not trained in surgery. If the lesion is beyond the scope of Gastro-Enterologist, then it has to be dealt with by a surgeon. Colo-rectal surgeries, some of them can be done endoscopically, in an operation theatre, just in case, if anything goes wrong, they should be ready for Laparatomy (opening of the abdomen)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12454" LastActivityDate="2018-01-01T01:08:49.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-01T09:12:20.727" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per wikipedia these are the definitions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue[1] in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hematoma (US spelling) or haematoma (UK spelling) is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery[1] and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is contusion a hematoma due to trauma? Is haemorrhage a technical term for bleeding (even simple ones)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9776" LastEditorUserId="9776" LastEditDate="2018-01-01T19:38:15.083" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T06:05:52.740" Title="Difference between Contusion, Haemorrage and Hematoma?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14750" CreationDate="2018-01-01T11:18:37.563" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many natural things that are great for healing the skin that you should look into. I know many people who use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mapleholistics.com/blog/what-is-a-dermaroller-and-what-are-its-benefits/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dermaroller&lt;/a&gt; but you can be in a different situation because of your skin or using essential oils on your skin but don't use too much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should probably ask a dermatologist because they can take a look at your skin and give you the best answer. Without seeing your skin nobody can give a definitive answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12456" LastActivityDate="2018-01-01T11:18:37.563" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15820" CreationDate="2018-01-01T17:19:02.870" Score="3" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have met a few people like me who are always warm to touch even in the winters. With people sitting close often inquiring if I have a fever. Why is that? and Is it normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12460" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T02:46:39.243" LastActivityDate="2018-04-01T20:36:59.223" Title="Why are some people always warm/hot to touch even with normal core temp?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-02T18:51:24.820" Score="1" ViewCount="1728" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mederma and Contractubex have similar composition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mederma&lt;/strong&gt;'s ingredients according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tabletwise.com/mederma-gel/composition-ingredients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tabletwise&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allium Cepa Topical (onion)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allantoin Topical&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Purified Water Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Xanthan Gum Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polyethylene Glycol-4 Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methylparaben Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sorbic Acid Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fragrance Topical&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: two main active components are highlighted in &lt;strong&gt;bold&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contractubex&lt;/strong&gt;'s ingredients according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tabletwise.com/contractubex-gel/composition-ingredients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tabletwise&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Extractum Cepae-Cepalin Topical (onion)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heparin Topical&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allantoin Topical&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both products are made by the same company - &lt;strong&gt;Merz Pharmaceuticals&lt;/strong&gt; (Frankfurt, Germany). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two gels have almost identical &lt;strong&gt;active&lt;/strong&gt; components, except for &lt;strong&gt;heparin&lt;/strong&gt;. Contractubex contains it, Mederma doesn't. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of the products better suited for treating normotrophic scars that aren't older than 6 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastEditorUserId="6830" LastEditDate="2018-01-04T12:22:26.560" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T12:22:26.560" Title="Mederma or Contractubex. What is better for still forming normotrophic scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14811" CreationDate="2018-01-02T19:35:12.563" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sorry to hear that. &#xA;Hemorrhoidal surgery does not go as deep as anal sphincter. Somebody must have cut his anal sphincter and tried to repair which might have resulted in Anal Stenosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have ulcers etc at the anus, you need colonoscopy to rule out any Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no other pathology, manual anal dilatation can be attempted under anesthesia in several installments &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know if your father forms lot of scar when he gets a scar.&#xA;That could be a problem. Some steroids may have to be used during the healing process after the procedure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other option is Colostomy and give some rest to the anus.&#xA;During that time, Anal stenosis can be dealt with.&#xA;Once anal stenosis is satisfactorily corrected, then colostomy can be closed. This is my opinion &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12454" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T19:35:12.563" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14828" CreationDate="2018-01-02T20:32:50.293" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may not be the answer you are looking for if you are only interested in a (Western) scientific explanation, but I would suggest reading about the practical life science of Ayurveda, which determines 3 'doshas' or body types, based on an elemental world view. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find the detailed explanation from Ayurveda (take an online dosha quiz for quick results, and then read more deeply) a more practical and actionable set of information than Western medicine would provide on this particular question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Woo-woo / new age disclaimer. I am not into either of those realms particularly. However, I mention that because lots of people have a hard time distinguishing Vedic Science and actual Yoga from all the hippy hocus pocus being peddled around, especially in America :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12469" LastActivityDate="2018-01-02T20:32:50.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-02T23:58:33.823" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got a toothache few days ago and since holidays were here the dentists didn't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It hurt day and night and the pain was extreme but luckily for me I figured out that cold water helped me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I drank a LOT of water; about a glass every minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was going a lot to the bathroom but my stomach didn't hurt.&#xA;I didn't know humans can drink that many water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the limit (gallons or liters) for drinking water and what happens if you drink more than the limit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12082" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-01-03T17:26:03.710" LastActivityDate="2018-01-03T21:19:47.397" Title="Limited amount for drinking water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14843" CreationDate="2018-01-03T09:12:34.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking too much water can lead to &lt;em&gt;water intoxication&lt;/em&gt;, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For those who have healthy kidneys, it is rather difficult to drink too much water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water#For_drinking&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication#Prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another article&lt;/a&gt; has information about the exact amount:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Healthy kidneys are able to excrete approximately 800 millilitres to 1 litre of fluid water (0.84 - 1.04 quarts) per hour.[12] However, stress (from prolonged physical exertion), as well as disease states, can greatly reduce this amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water intoxication may lead to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and drowsiness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in the end, it even&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Every&lt;/em&gt; substance is potential poisonous, it just depends on the amount. It's not likely you will get water intoxication from combating a toothache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water probably helped for you because it cools your teeth; an alternative could be  using an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ice pack&lt;/a&gt;. Even though you're not likely to suffer from water intoxication, it might save you a few trips to the restroom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7205" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-01-03T21:19:47.397" LastActivityDate="2018-01-03T21:19:47.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14846" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14885" CreationDate="2018-01-03T10:40:37.593" Score="3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently (Dec 2017), it came out in Nature magazine that chronic use of canola oil can lead to memory impairments and even Alzheimer's. So far I had been reading mostly good things about it, also given its high smoking point, SFA/MUFA/PUFA ratios and Omega-3 content, it seemed ideal to use for frying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have any meta-analysis on the effects of canola oil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12476" LastEditorUserId="12476" LastEditDate="2018-01-04T07:40:17.910" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T11:05:25.747" Title="Is canola oil good or bad as compared to other cooking oils?" Tags="&lt;oil&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14848" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-03T13:25:11.977" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will now be in contact with many unvaccinated dogs. I will have to take the pre exposure course. Please tell me how frequently it is taken. Will I require boosters if a dog bites me after I have taken the pre exposure course? Please tell me everything I should know. I could not find much in the internet and I will not be able to go to a doctor for some days. Thank You.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12008" LastActivityDate="2018-01-03T13:25:11.977" Title="Details for pre exposure prophylaxis for rabies" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-03T17:33:00.450" Score="3" ViewCount="479" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inuits' diet consists almost entirely of meat. As per my understanding, meat does not provide us with fibre and fibre is obtained from plant products only. Do the Inuits suffer from any malnutrition or digestion issues because of a lack of fibre in their diet? Have their digestive systems adapted to their diet or does the climate they live in have a role to play? If so, what would happen if an Inuit person changes to a &quot;mainstream&quot; diet that includes cereals and vegetables? What if a &quot;mainstream&quot; person goes vice versa?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6696" LastActivityDate="2019-04-03T10:19:59.780" Title="Is fibre an essential nutrient?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;meat&gt;&lt;indigestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-04T00:09:31.740" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;My brother-in-law smokes pipes and cigars. He says they're not bad like cigarettes but I thought smoking anything is bad. Is it true that pipes and cigars aren't detrimental to your health like cigarettes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12480" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T00:09:31.740" Title="Is Smoking Cigars and Pipes the Same as Cigarettes?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-04T07:04:17.243" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand correctly, the immune system reacts to infections by priming virgin helper T cells for the particular antigens exposed on the surface of the invader, leaving some memory T cells trained to trigger an attack on that antigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct in assuming that this same process can occur with benign allergens like fur, tree nuts and so on, to create memory T cells for these benign antigens, triggering an immune response on re-exposure? For example, exposure to soy at some point early in life resulting in creation of soy-adapted memory T cells, which trigger an immune reaction to soy upon re-exposure by eating it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-01-04T07:04:17.243" Title="Are allergies due to memory T cells for benign antigens?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-04T10:20:11.097" Score="2" ViewCount="486" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any resource online about what I call &lt;strong&gt;&quot;voluntary accommodation&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;: the ability to contract the lens of the eye manually in order to blur or clear the vision. My optician advised me to ask a ophthalmologist but where I live, they are overbooked and expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, is the ability to contract the lens common?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Accommodation&lt;/a&gt; is a natural and automatic process made by the muscle inside the eye in order to focus the vision. My question is about contracting manually that muscle. Apparently not so many people can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12484" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T01:40:23.100" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T01:40:23.100" Title="Is &quot;voluntary accommodation&quot; common?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-04T12:18:39.007" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now, there are different methods of scar resurfacing: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fraxel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Radio Frequency therapy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CO2-Laser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Microneedling with/without PRP&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nd:YAG laser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dermabrasion/Microdermabrasion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe some others? Which method of invasive scar treatments is more effective in minimizing scars and has fewer side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6830" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T04:02:49.837" Title="What is the most potent method of scar resurfacing?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;laser&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14862" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-04T18:52:07.723" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a simple example, H2O molecules are identical, but water can have three different forms (liquid, vapour, ice.) What about more complex matters, like drugs? Can they have different forms which work differently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T16:45:23.773" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T21:13:19.317" Title="Do drugs with the same chemical formula work identically?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14862" CreationDate="2018-01-05T01:24:09.180" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many drugs come in more than one form -- or formulation, I should say. For example, it's common for a drug to come in an oral formulation and an injectable formulation: same chemical, different formulation with different usages. There are many &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosage_form&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;dosage forms&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they work differently? Yes and no. Typically, the drug is going to exert the same general effects regardless of delivery method, but those effects are going to occur more rapidly if given intravenously than orally, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good example is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=minoxidil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;menoxidil&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Minoxidil is a vasodilator that relaxes (widens) blood vessels and&#xA;  improves blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This effect gives minoxidil two very different uses: the first is as a pill that reduces high blood pressure, and the second is as a topical ointment that can regrow hair on the scalp. The mechanism of action is the same for both purposes (increasing blood flow), but the effect is very different given the formulation. A pill affects the body as a whole and so reduces blood pressure, but the topical ointment affects only a small area of scalp so encourages hair growth in that area without having an effect on blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar examples abound. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T01:24:09.180" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14791" CreationDate="2018-01-05T02:41:56.877" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had fungal infection some time ago and nothing helped to cure it, until I started use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclopirox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ciclopirox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It cured it completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try it, but prescription is required for this medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T02:41:56.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-05T05:32:52.287" Score="7" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the optimal strategies to achieve and maintain vitamin D adequacy (sun exposure, vitamin D supplementation or both), and whether sun exposure itself has benefits over and above initiating synthesis of vitamin D, remain unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} was published in 2015. Since then, do we have more evidence as to whether vitamin D supplementation fully replaces sun exposure to avoid  vitamin D insufficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Hartley, M., Hoare, S., Lithander, F. E., Neale, R. E., Hart, P. H., Gorman, S., … Lucas, R. M. (2015). Comparing the effects of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D insufficiency, and immune and cardio-metabolic function: the Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Supplementation (SEDS) Study. BMC Public Health, 15, 115. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1461-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1461-7&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391331/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391331/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-01-05T18:22:09.810" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T21:44:41.227" Title="Does vitamin D supplementation fully replace sun exposure to avoid vitamin D insufficiency?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-05T09:41:49.097" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Yogasanas&quot; have some astonishing health benefits, but can it help in making a person taller? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've searched and found that some &quot;Aasanas&quot; do actually help besides performing &quot;Suryanamaskar&quot; (Sun salutations)!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-yoga-asanas-to-increase-height&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&quot; QnA for the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here area a few names:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tadasana (Tree-pose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chakrasana&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hastpadasana (Hand to foot-pose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Trikonasana (Triangle-pose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bhujangasana (Cobra-pose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But what if you wish to grow taller anyway? Is there a way to increase height naturally?&#xA;  Yes! Yoga can make you grow taller by addressing a few key issues. Essentially, yoga stretches your spine, lengthens your back and leg muscles, and improves your posture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.artofliving.org/in-en/yoga/yoga-benefits/grow-your-height-with-yoga&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7643" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T09:41:49.097" Title="Can performing &quot;Yogasanas&quot; regularly, help increase a person's existing height?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;yoga&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14870" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-05T13:50:03.740" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://nypost.com/2017/08/23/stressed-out-adults-are-paying-people-to-swaddle-them/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38441166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; articles on this, but I was wounding what the facts were on this. There's a lot of talk that it is good for your health, but I have not found any evidence that it actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swaddling adults is said to help provide stress-relief and similar effects to that of swaddling babies is said to calm them, making them feel lie they are in the womb. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why is swaddling believed to be  good for your heath?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12320" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T13:50:03.740" Title="Why is swaddling good for your heath?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-05T16:35:56.247" Score="3" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming one does not overdose, or take the wrong supplements, are there significant long term downsides to taking vitamin/nutritional supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am talking here about supplements such as Vitamin D, B12, or Iron. And I'm assuming the person actually has a deficiency in them due to diet (e.g. vegetarianism, or practical limitations). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T16:35:56.247" Title="Are there serious downsides to nutritional supplements?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14862" CreationDate="2018-01-05T21:13:19.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to Carey's excellent answer, many drugs also exhibit polymorphism, the ability to form different crystal structures (think coal, graphite, and diamond, which are all different crystal structures of carbon), solvates, and hydrates (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O added). Each polymorph will almost certainly have different chemical properties such as solubility, melting and boiling points, etc. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/cutting-edge-chemistry/crystallization-and-polymorphism.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; from American Chemical Society describes the problems synthesizing a drug called axitinib, as it can form sixty-six different polymorphs. It also describes a drug, raltegravir that Merck is exploring the different properties of with those different forms. Also, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from Wikipedia (please note here I am referencing Wikipedia for chemical, not medical, information) describes some excellent issues with polymorphs of Zantac, among others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2018-01-05T21:13:19.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14879" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14881" CreationDate="2018-01-06T14:08:46.923" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;CT revealed chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. In addition to regular treatment (septoplasty, etc.), multiple ENT specialists recommend daily nasal irrigation e.g., with Irigasin (NaCl solution). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have read a counter-opinion of one doctor that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no waters and sinus cleansing drugs! Is the gibberish of TV commercials of worthless and sometimes harmful preparations. There is no possibility to administer drugs to the inside of the sinuses except for the surgery called puncture or sinus rinsing after the operation of a special connection for this purpose with the nose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research confirming that sinus irrigation helps for chronic sinusitis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7320" LastEditorUserId="7320" LastEditDate="2018-01-06T14:50:53.293" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T15:11:44.500" Title="Can nasal irrigation help for chronic sinusitis?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14868" CreationDate="2018-01-06T14:21:38.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nicely, sunlight &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; best. While we are still not knowing nearly enough concerning all the details, that's a safe bet. Even the supplement lobby acknowledges that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitamin-d-supplementation-and-sun-exposure-can-we-pick-and-choose/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Despite the increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancers, the Vitamin D Council recommends moderate sun exposure and 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 on days you do not get sun exposure. We are not alone. Recent studies imply that sun exposure does more than simply make vitamin D and that one cannot fully replace the benefits of sun exposure by simply taking a vitamin D supplement.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are differences. Differences between sunlight synthesised and supplemented. But also between those two types compared to D derived from food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just one example: Sunlight D remains twice as long in the blood compared to ingested D:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356951/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin&lt;/strong&gt; (2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Sources of vitamin D&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A major source of vitamin D for most humans is synthesized from the exposure of the skin to sunlight typically between 1000 h and 1500 h in the spring, summer, and fall. &lt;strong&gt;Vitamin D produced in the skin may last at least twice as long in the blood compared with ingested vitamin D.&lt;/strong&gt; When an adult wearing a bathing suit is exposed to one minimal erythemal dose of UV radiation (a slight pinkness to the skin 24 h after exposure), the amount of vitamin D produced is equivalent to ingesting between 10,000 and 25,000 IU. A variety of factors reduce the skin's production of vitamin D3, including increased skin pigmentation, aging, and the topical application of a sunscreen. An alteration in the zenith angle of the sun caused by a change in latitude, season of the year, or time of day dramatically influences the skin's production of vitamin D3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, producing D uses up cholesterol and sulfate, since D is found in more forms in the human body than just those D1-3 compounds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26708628&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Determination of four sulfated vitamin D compounds in human biological fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (2016)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The determination of both the water-soluble and lipid-soluble vitamin D compounds in human biological fluids is necessary to illuminate potentially significant biochemical mechanisms. The lack of analytical methods to quantify the water-soluble forms precludes studies on their role and biological functions; currently available liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are able to determine only a single sulfated form of Vitamin D. We describe here a highly sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of four sulfated forms of vitamin D: vitamins D2- and D3-sulfate (D2-S and D3-S) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2- and D3-sulfate (25(OH)D2-S and 25(OH)D3-S). A comparative evaluation showed that the ionization efficiencies of underivatized forms in negative ion mode electrospray ionisation (ESI) are superior to those of the derivatized (using 4-phenyl-l,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD)) forms in positive ion mode ESI. Separation was optimised to minimise co-elution with endogenous matrix compounds, thereby reducing ion suppression/enhancement effects. Isotopically labelled analogues of each compound were used as internal standards to correct for ion suppression/enhancement effects. The method was validated and then applied for the analysis of breastmilk and human serum. The detection limits, repeatability standard deviations, and recoveries ranged from 0.20 to 0.28fmol, 2.8 to 10.2%, and 81.1 to 102%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29173203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Different forms&lt;/a&gt; have different &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;actions&lt;/a&gt; and even if all forms might be transformed from D3 alone that requires enzymes whose efficiency is not necessarily equally adequate across the whole population or whose inter-actions involves competing pathways. Supplements usually contain only one single form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But since skin colour, clothing habits or necessities, and latitude make it almost impossible for many people to get enough sun exposure there is just no other way but too increase the D level by ingesting &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; form to reach amounts  needed or amounts considered 'optimal' or beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As can be seen from the second link: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;sunlight &amp;gt; D-containig food &amp;gt; supplements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng34/resources/sunlight-exposure-risks-and-benefits-1837392363205&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunlight&lt;/a&gt; (as always: in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28323044&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;moderation&lt;/a&gt;) has other beneficial effects beyond D, but even as food might not provide  enough D, supplements &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; are still very probably a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29299734&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;worthwhile option&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T21:44:41.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14881" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14879" CreationDate="2018-01-06T15:11:44.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The American Rhinologic Society says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.american-rhinologic.org/irrigation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nasal/Sinus Irrigation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Recent research has confirmed that sinus and nasal irrigations with salt water are helpful. Multiple devices are available for delivery however the high volume and positive pressure methods seem to work the best. Both the irrigation device and the water source have the potential for contamination and thus proper sterilization of both is critical to the safe and effective use of irrigations. Medicated irrigations are being used more commonly and may improve our ability to treat chronic sinusitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes surgery is needed to properly reach the actual sinuses and simple salt solutions might not be enough to really treat acute symptoms in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that the longtime daily use &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; also have some small detrimental effects (most research shows benefits), despite heeding all precautions, depending on the goals of this intervention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/neti-pot-nasal-irrigation-pros-and-cons#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neti Pot, Nasal Irrigation Pros and Cons&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Cons of Nasal Irrigation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using nasal irrigation to clear stuffed sinuses can be helpful from time to time for relieving symptoms, but a study presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology in 2009 shows that it may actually be counterproductive when used regularly over the long term. The study showed that patients who used nasal saline irrigation for a year and then stopped using it for a year had a 62% lower incidence of sinusitis during the year in which they stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth a try if the dosage (of the salt or meds) is well measured, the water luke warm, and the water and other equipment clean. Unless &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; doctor advises strictly otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T15:11:44.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14882" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14900" CreationDate="2018-01-06T16:17:16.033" Score="-1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say we have two men, A and B, A is trained and B is not. Apart from that they have the same weight and running technique. When they both run at the same speed for 5 km does the amount of air they inhale differ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As they both need the same amount of energy for the excercise I would think that they need the same amount of oxygen for the chemical processes in the muscles. I found studies that show that the heart rate decreases but I am not sure if this directly shows that they need less air because it could be that they can transport more oxygen per heart beat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12496" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T17:27:22.637" Title="Effect of training on air intake" Tags="&lt;oxygen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-01-23T16:53:33.507" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14057" CreationDate="2018-01-06T17:36:10.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way you are sleeping is &lt;em&gt;not necessarily unhealthy&lt;/em&gt;, but this is easily debatable and you should probably look at what social and lifestyle factors may be affecting your sleep duration and consider some adjustments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote from an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mindupdate.com/2007/04/the-mystery-of-sleep-and-the-lucky-few-who-dont-need-it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mindupdate.com/2007/04/the-mystery-of-sleep-and-the-lucky-few-who-dont-need-it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Mystery of Sleep and the Lucky Few Who Don't Need It&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also interesting is how we perceive the amount of sleep we’ve gotten. A study by Dr. Allison Harvey, of Berkley, measured how much sleep a group of insomniacs actually got compared to their perception of it. It turns out that they only received 35 minute less than those who had no trouble sleeping, yet when asked how long they had slept, the insomniacs reported only 2-3 hours of actual sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps your perception is skewed?  Or perhaps you are one of the lucky few who simply require less sleep? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2018-01-06T17:36:10.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14846" CreationDate="2018-01-07T02:38:50.290" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fat rodents are slightly dumber than lean mice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17373-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effect of canola oil consumption on memory, synapse and neuropathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (2017)&lt;/a&gt; is an interesting result, to be sure. If rapeseed oil is indeed responsible for the effects observed we should definitely get to know that and react to that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is a very preliminary result in &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; animal study, eagerly picked up by 'journalists'. Given the small effect of a study so subpar in design that  one has to wonder why that relatively prestigious journal did not enforce higher standards for what has been published. Reading just said article I wonder how a simple replication could be reliably constructed from the limited information given. The section &amp;quot;Materials and Methods&amp;quot; was either shortened severely or the design of that study was – naive – to stay polite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/12/canola-oil-alzheimers-clickbait/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Temple University again greases the clickbait machine with canola oil study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists should be lauded for investigating health claims used to a market a product. But when preliminary findings are reported to the public without appropriate context, that’s a problem. […]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the Inquirer warned readers about relying on a mouse study, stating in the second paragraph: “The results should be viewed with caution because what happens in mice often does not happen in people.” But that warning came only after baiting readers with the overreaching headline.[…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Inquirer’s story also contains information that’s not in the news release and does serve to temper some of the hype. It reports that the senior investigator “considers the study a ‘red flag’ for canola oil users, though he would not tell people to stop eating it,” that he plans to experiment with different fats and doses “to see how much is needed to induce brain changes and whether changes are reversible,” and that he acknowledges not knowing why canola oil and olive oil might affect the brain differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An even nicer analysis than in the compressed comments on Nature is on Medium:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@kevinfolta/science-illiteracy-strikes-again-canola-oil-is-not-causing-alzheimers-and-dementia-c5694fd536b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No Evidence of Canola Oil Causing Alzheimer’s and Dementia&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sensational Misinterpretation of Published Data Creates Concern where None is Warranted&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Overall. When looking at this paper I see a good lab with competence and expertise in the area performing a test on a small number of mice, where they give standard lab chow and lab chow containing significant amount of canola oil. The effects seen cannot be directly attributed to canola oil per se, but to oil consumption, or increased calories in the diet, or just being overweight. Obesity is associated with at least certain forms of AD, so seeing specific markers and mild impairment in an AD mouse model is probably not surprising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may very well turn out that unidentified or untested for toxins, pollutants, pesticides, mineral oil residues or who knows what in the oil tested elicits undesirable effects. Erucic acid is perhaps not the only poison naturally found in rapeseed that makes it less than ideal as 'the standard cooking oil'. That paper in question doesn't tell and does not allow to infer any such conclusion either way. It may be an important clue, an honest error or just junk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime, the positive evidence in favour of using rapeseed oil seems to have the majority:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nure.12033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lin Lin et al.: &amp;quot;Evidence of health benefits of canola oil&amp;quot;, Nutrition Reviews, Volume71, Issue6, June 2013, p 370-385&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Canola oil‐based diets have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol levels in comparison with diets containing higher levels of saturated fatty acids. Consumption of canola oil also influences biological functions that affect various other biomarkers of disease risk. Previous reviews have focused on the health effects of individual components of canola oil. Here, the objective is to address the health effects of intact canola oil, as this has immediate practical implications for consumers, nutritionists, and others deciding which oil to consume or recommend. A literature search was conducted to examine the effects of canola oil consumption on coronary heart disease, insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, energy metabolism, and cancer cell growth. Data reveal substantial reductions in total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as other positive actions, including increased tocopherol levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with consumption of other dietary fat sources. In summary, growing scientific evidence supports the use of canola oil, beyond its beneficial actions on circulating lipid levels, as a health‐promoting component of the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerning Alzheimer's directly, it is even suggested that rapeseed oil might be  more of a positive factor than a danger, because of their vitamin E and fatty acid contents.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13668-017-0199-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Michelle Walters et al.: &amp;quot;Role of Nutrition to Promote Healthy Brain Aging and Reduce Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease&amp;quot;, Current Nutrition Reports,&#xA;June 2017, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp 63–71&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-017-0199-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T11:05:25.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-07T06:52:59.583" Score="-3" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I ate fish at lunch yesterday, kinda felt something in my throat, i assumed it'd go away. Later i started feeling like something is definitely there. I tried looking for it using but couldn't see it. I tried eating bread with peanut butter, honey, salt water, dry rice, banana but nothing helped. The other stressful thing is that, i dont specifically know where its stuck, i cant feel the right place. I slept at night thinking I'd probably go away which was foolish of me. This morning, well i kinda feel like its in my ear like close to my ear. Is that possible? What should i do, any recommendations? Oh and someone said to try homeopathic medicine, does that work or sth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12500" LastActivityDate="2018-01-07T12:04:46.730" Title="Fish bone stuck in my throat" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;throat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-01-08T22:07:05.050" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14886" CreationDate="2018-01-07T12:04:46.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Homeopathy remedies have no physiological effect (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.howdoeshomeopathywork.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.howdoeshomeopathywork.com&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A homeopathic consultation along with the associated ritual of prescription etc may have a psychological or placebo effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the fish bone goes, chances are what you’re feeling is a scratch with associated inflammation which will go away in a few days (the perfect situation for a homeopathic remedy to “work”- a self limiting condition), but the only way to know for sure is to have someone competent have a look. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12501" LastActivityDate="2018-01-07T12:04:46.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-07T14:55:00.133" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I receive an intramuscular injection of Haldol (Haloperidol) every week. Does doing exercise (such as running) helps in getting rid of the injected Haldol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12504" LastActivityDate="2018-01-07T14:55:00.133" Title="Does running help to get rid of a product put in the body by intramuscular injection?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14890" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-07T16:27:29.533" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Allergic tests performed a year ago confirmed I am not allergic to a cat. However, there a few signals that make me doubt in credibility of the test results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I felt much better (less sneezing, less pain in sinuses) when I left my apartment, where I keep my cat, for two weeks vacations by the sea. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I also remember that a few days before allergic tests I had stopped taking calcium. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have also read and heard from a colleague who had two cats that you might be allergic to one cat but not to the other, so my guess is that test results might really depend what allergen is used.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, my question how credible is negative result of allergic skin tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it make sense to repeat the tests again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7320" LastActivityDate="2018-01-07T16:27:29.533" Title="How credible is negative result of allergic skin tests?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-07T18:13:41.763" Score="6" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been using Minoxidil for a while, and I just stopped recently. I couldn't see a difference in hair loss while taking a shower. But how can I be more certain about the change in hair loss? Pulling hair to see how strong they are?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T01:14:55.063" Title="How to accurately monitor hair loss?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14882" CreationDate="2018-01-08T17:27:22.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eventually I found something:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrew, George M., Carole A. Guzman, and Margaret R. Becklake. &quot;Effect of athletic training on exercise cardiac output.&quot; Journal of Applied Physiology 21.2 (1966): 603-608.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Porszasz, Janos, et al. &quot;Exercise training decreases ventilatory requirements and exercise-induced hyperinflation at submaximal intensities in patients with COPD.&quot; CHEST Journal 128.4 (2005): 2025-2034.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12496" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T17:27:22.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13280" CreationDate="2018-01-08T17:37:38.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the causes of melanoma is exposure to UV radiation [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Skin cancer - Cancer council Australia&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;], and Australia is a sunny place!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This reference is also helpful: &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&quot;Australia has one of the highest skin cancer incidence and mortality rates in the world. The reason for these high rates is due in part to the high ambient solar UV levels, combined with a predominately susceptible fair skinned population. With a population of just over 20 million, over 1700 Australians die from skin cancer each year. At least two in three Australians will be diagnosed with skin cancer before the age of 70 and over 400 000 Australians are treated for skin cancer each year.&quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09459.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Skin cancer prevention in Australia&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sinclair, C.; Foley, P. &quot;Skin cancer prevention in Australia&quot;. British Journal of Dermatology. 161: 116–123 (2009)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11849" LastActivityDate="2018-01-08T17:37:38.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12373" CreationDate="2018-01-08T17:53:25.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry to hear about your little sister. You may well have found an answer to these questions by now, but I have an answer below for the sake of others who may have similar questions. I assume you are asking about Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia or &quot;ALL&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American National Cancer Institute has very comprehensive and well presented material online. This is for health professionals [ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq&lt;/a&gt; ] and also information which is for patients / parents [ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq&lt;/a&gt; ].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant advances in ALL treatment and prognosis have been made in recent years:&#xA;&quot; For ALL, the 5-year survival rate has increased over the same time from 60% to approximately 90% for children younger than 15 years and from 28% to more than 75% for adolescents aged 15 to 19 years.&quot; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Ref:&lt;/strong&gt; Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M: SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2013. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This applies to the US &amp;amp; UK population (intensive chemotherapy with excellent supportive care, which is costly), but as I'm not sure where you are based I cannot answer about the prognosis in your area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid I cannot answer your third question about supplying chemotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11849" LastEditorUserId="11849" LastEditDate="2018-01-09T15:26:28.980" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T15:26:28.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T00:26:20.760" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, and that being overweight can adversely affect the availability of vitamin D in the body. It seems that having more fat on the body results in more removal of vitamin D from the bloodstream. If that vitamin is being stored in fat, when is it released, and is it equally effective when released? Can burning fat in the winter release vitamin D, and thus work to offset the vitamin D deficiency resulting from lack of available sunlight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T07:15:26.400" Title="When is vitamin D released from fat?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T02:44:47.707" Score="1" ViewCount="422" Body="&lt;p&gt;About a month and a half ago I caught flu... recovered fairly quickly (2 days), and then 1 week later I caught another one, again, recovered even faster (just 1 day, a good night sleep) and a week ago I caught another one, this time it took me 2 days to combat it off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read about it that there are only 2 strands of influenza, it is possible to get both strands, within relatively short time, but it is impossible to get the same strand within a limited time frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet here I was, catching flu again and again. What was going on? Did I catch flu of the same strand, only mutated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12149" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T19:20:22.990" Title="How is it possible for someone to suffer repeated bouts of flu?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T10:58:56.650" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have the nasty habit of snoring quite loudly while sleeping. At home, I have a special pillow that reduces my snoring by about 90%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am travelling abroad, and forgot my magic pillow. This is leading to serious sleep deprivation for both me and my partner - who is woken up by my snoring despite having earplugs at night. How can I avoid/reduce snoring ? I have &lt;strong&gt;already tried&lt;/strong&gt; the following :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple &quot;anti-snoring&quot; positions,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not drinking any alcohol hours before sleeping,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have a consistent sleep schedule,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My nasal passages are not blocked,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am not overweight.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am slowly starting to lose sanity because of sleep deprivation, so it is crucial that I find a way to avoid further snoring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9508" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T10:58:56.650" Title="How can I avoid snoring when not sleeping at home?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;snore-snoring&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T11:01:27.907" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the hours of sleep required for someone over 70.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Dads Dr (Internal Medicine) said at least 5 hours, yet Internet sites say 7 to 8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which Internet site is authoritative source for sleep requirements based on age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T11:01:27.907" Title="Authoritative Source on Sleep Requirement" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;aging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T11:22:16.027" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read about a chinese health system some time ago (see below)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.seqclinic.com/chinese_medicine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;External Link&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Historically, a Chinese Medicine&#xA;  doctor was paid a retainer to keep their patients healthy. If a&#xA;  patient became sick, the doctor would not be paid until the patient’s&#xA;  health returned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what the european name for this system would be, and how I can find any practitioners in England if there are any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12529" LastActivityDate="2018-01-09T11:22:16.027" Title="Name of Chinese health system - And any current practitioners in England" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T20:46:34.897" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for hair loss to resume after stopping finasteride?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-10T01:26:08.560" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T15:55:45.713" Title="How long after withdrawing Finasteride hair loss starts again?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14916" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-09T21:09:45.673" Score="1" ViewCount="963" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed that there is a substantial difference between the nutritional values of some uncooked and cooked food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, 100g of uncooked quinoa has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;368 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carbohydrates 64g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat 6g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein 14g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while 100g of cooked quinoa has:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;120 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carbohydrates 21g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat 2g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein 4g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I cook 100g of quinoa, the final weight will be maybe 300g because of the water absorption. But what about the nutrional values ? Will they decrease after the cooking ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, is the difference in nutrient content shown above due to a loss of nutrients or simply the weight change due to water absorption? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12531" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-01-10T01:15:51.797" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T16:56:07.430" Title="Is nutritional values difference between uncooked and cooked (in water) food only due to the additional water absorbed?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14920" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14928" CreationDate="2018-01-10T10:17:33.960" Score="0" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that your olecranon is the tip of your elbow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about the point that I've marked with the green &lt;code&gt;X&lt;/code&gt; on the below image?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were getting pain there, would it still be classed as olecranon pain? As to me it feels like my elbow, but it isn't quite the very tip of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oGPWb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oGPWb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12535" LastActivityDate="2019-09-23T04:30:19.613" Title="Location of olecranon" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;elbow&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11995" CreationDate="2018-01-10T11:44:38.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The presence of blood in the urine is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hematuria&lt;/a&gt;. It can be detected in the microscopic lab tests. Please contact a nephrologist doctor for quick treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5124" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T11:44:38.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-10T12:33:06.453" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to LeDoux’s model (1996) we have specialized pathways for processing emotional cues. Pourtois, Schettino and Vuilleumier (2013) offer a neural model of how emotional signals capture attention. In their model, amygdala is not only able to respond to relevant cues, it also have a role in &lt;em&gt;orienting attention&lt;/em&gt; towards &lt;strong&gt;emotional stimuli&lt;/strong&gt; (with the assistance of other brain areas).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, human beings don’t attend emotional stimuli in the same way they attend other objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any experimental data explaining how this preference for emotional stimuli develops from infancy to childhood?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22373657&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;My reference: Pourtois et al 2013 &quot;Brain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention: what is magic and what is not.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9706" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T12:33:06.453" Title="Longitudinal studies on: how attention to emotional stimuli develops from infancy to childhood?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14925" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15079" CreationDate="2018-01-10T14:09:49.913" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia: Half-life describes the time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to halve its steady-state. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, does this imply that the blood plasma concentration of a drug decrease exponentially? Secondly, what can be said about the change in activity/effectiveness of the drug by time? (I know SSRIs may work long after the drug is off the body)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T16:20:55.050" Title="Relationship between biological half-life and duration of action of a drug" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;half-life&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14916" CreationDate="2018-01-10T15:38:30.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see that 100 g of uncooked quinoa has about 3 times as much of everything (calories, carbs, fats and proteins) as 100 g of cooked quionoa, so you can assume that the difference is due to water absorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small amount of carbs, fats and proteins can be lost in the cooking water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A significant amount of vitamins can be destroyed by cooking and a lot of minerals can be lost in the cooking water (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/topics/processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T16:56:07.430" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T16:56:07.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="501" CreationDate="2018-01-10T15:44:46.693" Score="-3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Yes, smokers probably function with less oxygen, but is this really a bad thing?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My comments are strictly for the open minded!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a 50 year old chronic cigarette smoker and my readings are usually in the range of 97 - 100 when my hands are warm. I have had readings of 100+ on a few occasions which I assume to be a fault of the machine!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is highly plausible that smokers have less oxygen running around the blood stream and as JohnP points out CO has very pointy elbows&#xA;in a queue to get on the bus! But where I differ is that this is not neccessarily a bad thing! It could actually be theraputic for certain conditions where a there is less oxygen in the blood stream than is desirable. Take for example emphysema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/0/D17F9B5EDB4DFC26CA257225000495E0/$File/43660_8990.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study from the Australian Bureau of Statistics&lt;/a&gt;, where the study subjects were &lt;strong&gt;picked at random from the general population&lt;/strong&gt; and asked to self report on their health and smoking status.It showed that never smokers have a higher percentage of pretty much all diseases (including cancers and hypertension etc) with the exception of bronchitis and emphysema which is consistent with a causal hypothesis for smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For persons over the age of 45 the percentages are for bronchitis and emphysema:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smokers 7.8%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;former  smokers 7.6%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;never smokers 3.4%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So smokers have double the risk for bronchitis and emphysema compared to never smokers and although this risk is not as great as many figures that the anti-smoking industry alludes to , it is however a significantly larger risk. And as this study is &lt;strong&gt;randomised&lt;/strong&gt; it is likely to be a fair&#xA;reflection of reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See above figures in table below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3fuZA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3fuZA.png&quot; alt=&quot;Austrailian Bureau of Statistics: 1989-90 National Lifestyle and HealthAustrailia&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both smokers and former smokers have roughly double the rate of bronchitis and emphysema which is consistent with the hypothosis that&#xA;smoking caused these conditions through some unknown mechanism. But it could also be that smokers are choosing to smoke because they feel an immediate therapeutic effect from smoking. And stopping smoking did not significantly reduce the number of former smokers that got the disease (7.8% vs 7.6%) which suggests that smoking may not be causal and could be merely therapeutic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paracetamol has an immediate therapeutic effect for people but we don't just assume that it causes every disease known to human kind just because&#xA;people that use it have diseases. We know that it is an analgesic and people use it for pain relief. If tobacco were paracetamol, the anti-smoking industry could plausibly claim that it causes all known diseases but without supporting evidence it would be foolish to believe it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is true that healthy smokers go about their day to day business with significantly less oxygen than their never smoking friends then this is another way of saying &lt;strong&gt;smokers can function with less oxygen&lt;/strong&gt;. It is as if smokers are just permanently altitude training. When never smokers do their daily business at sea level smokers are doing the same but a few thousand feet further up. This is all quite rational I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there evidence that smoking has an immediate therapeutic effect for oxygen starved people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can find anecdotal evidence from mountain climbers here is a quote from a Mount Everest expedition in 1922. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/oct/17/sportandleisure.sport&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source the Guardian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cigarettes as an aid to climbing Report, November 21 1922&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Captain GJ Finch, who took part in the Mount Everest expedition, speaking at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, London, last evening on the equipment for high climbing, testified to the comfort of cigarette smoking at very high altitude. He said that he and two other members of the expedition camped at 25,000ft for over 26 hours and all that time they used no oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About half an hour after arrival he noticed in a very marked fashion that unless he kept his mind on the question of breathing, making it a voluntary process instead of an involuntary one, he suffered from lack of air. He had 30 cigarettes with him, and as a measure of desperation he lit one. After deeply inhaling the smoke he and his companions found &lt;strong&gt;they could take their mind off the question of breathing altogether&lt;/strong&gt; ... The effect of a cigarette lasted at least three hours, and when the supply of cigarettes was exhausted they had recourse to oxygen, which enabled them to have their first sleep at this great altitude.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take this study of coal miners &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523477&lt;/a&gt; it could be that smoking contributed towards their condition but it is also equally rational that many smokers just felt an immediate therapeutic effect as our mountaineering friends said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The important point here is not whether smoking helped them, our mountaineering friends, to cope with less oxygen, although it may well have done as they clearly thought it did, the point is that they felt it did, hence possibly explaining the roughly double risk for bronchitis and emphysema for smokers in the above study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12429" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-10T16:12:20.680" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14920" CreationDate="2018-01-10T15:55:48.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, the X in the image is just below the olecranon. Pain in X could arise from the olecranon bursa or muscle tendons, for example, and you could still call it &quot;olecranon pain&quot; - this is not a name of a specific condition; it just tells a symptom location. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The olecranon is not just a small spot where the black line in the image ends but the entire bony bump from the top of the bone down to X. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T08:13:01.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T08:13:01.897" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-10T18:34:35.427" Score="4" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a device was able to make water remove 99.99 % of bacteria on the incident surface (assuming that the water is germicidal by itself, whatever the reason – e.g. by means of an additive which would have no other consequence).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would it be beneficial or harmful to regularly shower with such water ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is specifically about the whole body, as opposed to mere hand-washing, for which I think the benefits in terms of infection reduction are not disputable and would overcome any potential harmful effects on the skin microbiota.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB : This is not a rhetorical question, some people actually claim their device is able to do so (I don't want to go into details in this particular question, but this cross-SE related question may help its understanding : &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/69413/how-much-does-sprayed-water-remove-bacteria&quot;&gt;how much does sprayed water remove bacteria ?&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12538" LastEditorUserId="12538" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T11:09:15.813" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T16:31:19.263" Title="Would showering with germicidal water be beneficial or harmful?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14953" CreationDate="2018-01-10T23:00:30.530" Score="1" ViewCount="1095" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a male and female who are equal height and weight, are ethnically identical, and who represent the center average/ median of their respective genders, are their rib cages the same size? If not, then how much different are they, and why are they different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12540" LastEditorUserId="12540" LastEditDate="2018-01-11T21:59:45.577" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T23:40:23.813" Title="Difference in Size of male and female ribcage" Tags="&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-11T06:42:43.737" Score="1" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;My doctor suggested I try deer antler velvet. But I am not sure about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does deer antler velvet have any side effects? Does it help growth? Are there any scientific studies about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12545" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2018-01-13T11:37:47.777" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T11:37:47.777" Title="Possible side effects of deer antler velvet" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-11T11:30:04.120" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;On my book there are 8 rows about operating principles of a ventilator in CPAP mode (not pressure support in spontaneous mode):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W2Oi1.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W2Oi1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does sensitivity level mean?&#xA;In figure there is inspiration sensitivity, but the pressure ignores this level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much for your time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11403" LastEditorUserId="11403" LastEditDate="2018-01-11T11:37:45.287" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T14:15:04.880" Title="Operating principles of a ventilator in CPAP mode" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-11T20:53:38.170" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Expanding on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3318/how-long-can-i-keep-cooked-food-in-a-tupperware-container-outside-of-the-fridge&quot;&gt;question here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the health implications and safety hazards when one leaves food outside the fridge for longer periods (12-24hours for example) and how likely are those to happen? In essence, what are the risks short term or long term and how likely are those to occur approximately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is included in the high-risk food category described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.safefood.eu/Food-Safety/Chill/Chilling.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here at bulletin 2&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume a mainly pasta/legumes/vegetables cooked in oil-based diet(Mediterranean diet) primarily, well cooked and well heated prior to consumption again, with food being left outside of sun radiation and room temperatures of 5-20 °C (winter-summer) for the aforementioned time period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9861" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:47:22.193" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:47:22.193" Title="Food safety and implications of cooked food left un-refridgerated" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;refrigerate-refrigeration&gt;&lt;raw-food&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-11T23:59:30.113" Score="1" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;A day before someone gets symptoms of flu, it can already been detected that the person will get the flu, as the person is already contagious. Would an antiviral like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oseltamivir&lt;/a&gt; (Tamiflu) then be able to prevent the flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T10:53:30.800" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T10:53:30.800" Title="How effective is oseltamivir when given before symptoms of flu appear?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-12T01:53:17.077" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am asking with respect to collagen ingested from your grocery store that comes in dried packets or containers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the collagen completely destroyed and denatured in the stomach with the acidic PH?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the collagen passes through the lining of the stomach into the blood stream or what percent of collagen moves into the small intestine?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From there what percentage of collagen moves across the small intestine lining into the blood stream (still intact/ not denatured)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What percentage then of gelatin/collagen crosses the cellular membrane (if any?). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of collagen within the cells is then used building blocks for supporting a collagen matrix in each part of the body. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of collagen matrix survives and receives long lasting ingrown vasculature to support the tissue for the long run?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12554" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:27:19.233" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:27:19.233" Title="What is the bioavailability of collagen?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14932" CreationDate="2018-01-12T11:07:48.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer : I am not a &lt;s&gt;lawyer&lt;/s&gt; biologist, please consider my interpretations with caution.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/69413/how-much-does-sprayed-water-remove-bacteria/69536#69536&quot;&gt;plain water by itself wash a large amount of bacteria&lt;/a&gt;, especially when coupled with rubbing — and a shower usually lasts much longer than 15 s.  There may be significant differences between the adhesion of bacteria tested in these studies and bacteria of the skin flora, though.  (Or it may imply that antibacterial soaps only have a small effect, hence the mitigate results reported below.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118025338&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Innate Immune System of Skin and Oral Mucosa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (Nava Dayan &amp;amp; Philip W. Wertz, 2011) provides interesting informations on the effects of antibacterial soaps.  I don't have access to the full book (and to its bibliography neither) but found the following extracts &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.fr/books?id=cjUWuvBkg2wC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on google books&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The section&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;5.3 PROTECTIVE ROLE OF RESIDENT MICROFLORA&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contains a cautious consideration :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This protective role of normal flora suggests that an excessive use of antimicrobial skin cleansers because of not exhibiting a selective mode of action may make the skin vulnerable to infection by more hostile Gram-negative bacteria rather than protecting it [43-45].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following section is of particular interest (I had only access to pages 96-97, though) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;5.6 EFFECTS OF SKIN-CLEANSING PRODUCTS ON SKIN MICROFLORA AND SKIN IMMUNITY&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About skin flora population :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A comparative study on the effects of antibacterial deodorant soap containing triclocarban versus a plain soap on the skin flora found no significant difference in total colony counts [192].  However, more &lt;em&gt;S. epidermidis&lt;/em&gt; was observed with plain soap, while washing with deodorant soap resulted in higher colonization of &lt;em&gt;Acinetobacter calcoaceticus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Micrococcus luteus&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A latter sentence about another soap using the same antibacterial seems to contradict the above observation (maybe because of different settings or concentrations ?), though :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both antibacterial soaps showed significant reductions in the skin flora&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About microbiota regeneration :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These observations may indicate that mere washing of skin with plain or antibacterial soap does not disturb or alter the bacterial population in any significant way.  Antimicrobials may cause reduction in the density of the skin flora for a short duration, and the skin flora tend to regrow to the previous level within 24-48 h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About invasion of pathogenic bacteria :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are also some misconceptions that regular use of antibacterial soap would lead to sterile condition and increase the risk of invasion by pathogenic organisms.  […] [As of 2011] no evidence exists that the use of antimicrobial products may alter the ecology of resident skin bacteria that would lead to the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria [185].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About resistance against antibiotics : [&lt;strong&gt;beware, likely outdated information, see DoctorWhom's comments&lt;/strong&gt; — I'll edit with more details when I find some time to dig this topic]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the regular use of antibacterial soap by general population could lead [sic] to the emergence of resistant pathogens ?  This issue has been widely debated in the scientific community [166-169].  [As of 2011] there has been no evidence of the development of cross-resistance to antibiotics due to the use of antibacterial wash products in the community [170-171].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Last but not least&lt;/strong&gt;, I guess details are on a page I don't have access to but the authors state that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the use of antimicrobials may induce irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in some users&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I guess this quote is a good summary of the state-of-art on the topic as of 2011 :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clearly, more work would be needed to clearly understand the effect of long-term usage of antimicrobial-containing skin cleansers on skin microbiota.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the question is not about antibacterial soaps, but about antibacterial &lt;em&gt;water&lt;/em&gt;.  During a shower, soap is generally applied only for a few seconds on the skin before being rinsed.  On the other hand, the skin is typically exposed to water during more or less 10 minutes, which is &lt;strong&gt;about 60 times longer&lt;/strong&gt;.  Assuming a similar antibacterial power, the effects of antibacterial water would be much larger than those of antibacterial soaps (all other things being equal, e.g. rubbing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would therefore probably be safer to avoid showering with such water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12538" LastEditorUserId="12538" LastEditDate="2018-01-17T16:31:19.263" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T16:31:19.263" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14932" CreationDate="2018-01-12T11:44:12.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Routinely killing your skin microbiota is indeed a bad idea. Using &amp;quot;germicidal water&amp;quot; as the usual shower water would do just that and very likely cause more problems than it should like to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, looking at the &amp;quot;device&amp;quot;, a seemingly simple shower head's description:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transforms tap water into energized &amp;amp; ionized water. Get unlimited ionized water from faucets .&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sanitizing* ability to help remove and separate harmful materials&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3rd Prize in 2010 Korean Invention Patent Conference with Korea &amp;amp; World Patent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easy to install on all faucets, No Maintenance Costs, Semi-permanent use&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Helps remove free radicals, rancid smell, dirt, pollutants, skin problems&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multi-Ionizer SH is an anion high pressure handheld shower head. The energized and ionized water effectively removes dirt, oil, dust, contaminants and oxidized materials. It helps to clean and energize your whole body and removes dead skin cells. It produces more than 200,000 negative ions per cc while Yosemite waterfall produces 100,000 anions per cc. You can enjoy highly refreshing shower. Ionized water from Multi-ionizer also has a sanitizing effect as it kills over 99.9%* of most non-tough, non aquatic harmful bacteria(E. coli , E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, VRE), which helps to remove rancid odors. *When used as directed. See Directions for Use. *Directions For Use 1. For Sanitizing: Spray fresh ionized water on nonporous hard surfaces for 10 seconds and then wipe the surface completely dry with a clean cloth to kill over 99.9% of most non-tough, non-aquatic harmful bacteria (E. coli , E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, VRE) . Use only freshest ionized water. . 2. For Cleaning: Use fresh ionized water on nonporous hard surfaces such as stainless steels, glasses, coppers, ceramics, marbles etc as a general purpose cleaner (chemical free). To clean porous soft surfaces such as plastics, clothes, rubber etc, use detergent by up to 20 % of normal usage for best cleaning results. To remove old or oily or stubborn dirt, a bit of detergent can be used with a soft brush and then spray ionized water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Quotes from two selling places on the net)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is quite unclear in how this supposed to work and even though there appears to be an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arirangion.com.hk/images/report/emsl_full_report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;analytical report&lt;/a&gt;, prizes and patents awarded, this does actually mean nothing. Nothing good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this &lt;em&gt;supposed&lt;/em&gt; to work? There is no energy source, no consumables to replace in this shower head.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The comparison with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Falls&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yosemite Falls&lt;/a&gt; is interesting. A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3687/2012/acp-12-3687-2012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;natural waterfall is claimed to provide half the effect&lt;/a&gt; of this product? What would be the result of comparing this product with an ordinary shower head? Is the water from the waterfall germicidal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, water is known to dilute bacteria and also removes quite some smells. And this effect is greatly enhanced if you do what you apparently always do when showering: &amp;quot;use detergent by up to 20 % of normal usage for best cleaning results.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be a shower head with a good internal design. Without a sound explanation of the functional principles or any proof provided by manufacturer or sellers that all these effects are really there to observe: one of many bogus&#xA;products on the market. Although ironically it is probably not so harmful to your skin, compared to normal water from other shower heads, since it just will not work as advertised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T11:50:16.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14944" CreationDate="2018-01-12T13:13:47.477" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As soon as a virus is replicating effective antiviral drugs can hamper or even prevent its progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This principle is used for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pre-exposure prophylaxis&lt;/a&gt;, and more like in this case in question in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Post-exposure prophylaxis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With something like Oseltamivir it &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; work similarly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acfp.ca/wp-content/uploads/tools-for-practice/1480629543_tfp176influenzapepfv2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical Question: How effective are oseltamivir and zanamivir at decreasing post-exposure transmission of influenza?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; (Tools for Practice, December 5, 2016)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Bottom Line: For institutionalized seniors, six weeks of oseltamivir or 14 days of zanamivir or will prevent one additional influenza case in every 25-27 treated. For every 7-8 households given post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), one household will avoid anyone developing influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resistant influenza A viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Lancet, 2004)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Oseltamivir-resistant mutants in children being treated for influenza with oseltamivir arise more frequently than previously reported. Furthermore, children can be a source of viral transmission, even after 5 days of treatment with oseltamivir.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Merkblaetter/Ratgeber_Influenza_saisonal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current position of the RKI&lt;/a&gt; still recommends the use of this substance 48 hours after the appearance of the first actual symptoms and goes on to recommend its usage if the progression is thought to be severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is a huge catch in general with this substance specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npojip.org/english/MedCheck/Med%20Check-TIP%2004-04-05.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cochrane team comments on the ECDC draft advice on oseltamivir:&#xA;  Criticising misinterpretation in the draft “Expert Opinion”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (MedCheck (April 2016, Vol. 2, No. 4))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As ECDC advice and expert opinion on neuraminidase inhibitor have many limitations including misunderstanding of the most important findings of our systematic review, meta-analysis and discussions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   We strongly recommend that our Cochrane review be re-read.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Findings from epidemiological studies should be taken into account.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Findings from basic sciences are also important to understand the mechanism of efficacy and harm from neuraminidase inhibitors:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Inhibition of host’s neuraminidase followed by impaired functions of various cell such as immune, metabolic, renal, cardiac and neuronal cells by neuraminidase inhibitors is closely related not only to the symptom relief but also many adverse effects on various organs.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   Central nervous system depressing and stimulating actions of oseltamivir but not zanamivir may be closely related to abnormal behaviours and sudden death from respiratory failure after oseltamivir use.  &lt;br&gt;&#xA;   &lt;strong&gt;Finally, we find it strange that a public body would dismiss the findings of our Cochrane review and align its conclusions with a pharmaceutically-sponsored meta-analysis for which neither protocol nor assessment of risk of bias seems to exist.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an effect observed for this drug but how reliable these findings are remains elusive: &quot;Prophylaxis trials showed that oseltamivir and zanamivir reduced the risk of symptomatic influenza in individuals and households. There was no evidence of an effect on asymptomatic influenza or on non-influenza, influenza-like illness, but &lt;strong&gt;trial conduct problems prevent any definitive conclusion.&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples for serious problems in the 'research' conducted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ebm.bmj.com/content/19/6/211#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oseltamivir and zanamivir have limited effect on symptoms and do not reduce hospitalisation or serious complications of influenza&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Evidence Based Medicine December 2014, 19, 6)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The authors identified 20 CTRs of oseltamivir with 9623 participants, and 26 CTRs of zanamivir with 14 628 participants; &lt;strong&gt;many of these studies were never published. The exhaustive review of regulatory documents uncovered some important and previously unknown threats to validity of these clinical trials.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, in 11 of 20 oseltamivir trials, the placebo and active drug capsules were not identical, while ascertainment and reporting of complications and hospitalisations was inconsistent or incomplete in many trials, and participants who did not complete the trials did not receive any of the $300 payment for participation, a failure which constitutes an ethical breach.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Regarding symptom duration, they found only a modest reduction in symptom duration&lt;/strong&gt; (0.6 days for zanamivir and 0.7 days for oseltamivir), less than that described in the published reports. &lt;strong&gt;Oseltamivir did not reduce the likelihood of hospitalisation&lt;/strong&gt; (risk difference (RD)=0.07%, 95% CI −0.78% to 0.44%), an outcome not reported in the zanamivir trials.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  No difference was found in the likelihood of serious complications with either drug. While a small reduction in the likelihood of pneumonia was seen in six studies with 2316 patients (RD=1.0%, 95% CI 0.2% to 1.49%), the diagnosis was not radiographically confirmed, was inconsist- ently defined and relied on self-report by the patient or physician, mediated by the trialists. Nausea (RD=3.7%, 95% CI 0.9% to 7.4%) and vomiting (RD=4.6%, 95% CI 2.4% to 7.6%) were more common in adults receiving oseltamivir. This was also seen in children with oseltamivir, but not with zanamivir. Both drugs were found to be effective for prophylaxis of influenza, with a number needed to treat of 33 for oseltamivir and 51 for zanamivir.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The publication bias displayed here alone should be grounds to seriously doubt the findings in relation to this drugs over all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in adults and children&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008965. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4.)&#xA;  Oseltamivir and zanamivir &lt;strong&gt;have small, non-specific effects on reducing the time to alleviation of influenza symptoms in adults, but not in asthmatic children.&lt;/strong&gt; Using either drug as prophylaxis reduces the risk of developing symptomatic influenza. Treatment trials with oseltamivir or zanamivir do not settle the question of whether the complications of influenza (such as pneumonia) are reduced, because of a lack of diagnostic definitions. The use of oseltamivir increases the risk of adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, psychiatric effects and renal events in adults and vomiting in children. The lower bioavailability may explain the lower toxicity of zanamivir compared to oseltamivir. The balance between benefits and harms should be considered when making decisions about use of both NIs for either the prophylaxis or treatment of influenza. &lt;strong&gt;The influenza virus-specific mechanism of action proposed by the producers does not fit the clinical evidence.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some known problems regarding the general efficacy of this drugs, which are the result of improper conduct in science and marketing on behalf of the manufacturer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://english.prescrire.org/en/81/168/51679/0/NewsDetails.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oseltamivir: over 15 years of data retention and systematic stonewalling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Prescrire International February 2016/Volume 25 n° 168 • Page 55)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In summary. Over a 15-year period, Roche, the company that markets Tamiflu°, has hampered independent analysis of the assessment data on oseltamivir in the treatment of influenza. Worse yet, drug regulators and international organisations have been complicit in this data retention.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  These 15 years of stonewalling represent a lost opportunity for patients and the medical community, while providing the company with an unfair advantage after successfully bringing oseltamivir to the market on the basis of unverified data. Yet, despite the widespread belief in the efficacy of oseltamivir, cleverly orchestrated by the company and other organisations, including some regulatory and health authorities, a number of independent teams were not convinced and instead went on a hunt for missing data. What they discovered was that the available trial results were neither complete nor clinically relevant and pro- vided only weak evidence. Furthermore, they revealed that the company had not provided the information theoretically required to obtain marketing authorisation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  From the company’s point of view, this deception was a success. Once health authorities and health professionals had been convinced that oseltamivir was effective on influenza, each new assessment that came to a dissenting or unfavourable conclusion could be countered by publication of a new company-funded analysis. This widely used strategy is called a “publication plan” (17).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above reasoning a working drug, an effective drug will prevent outbreaks of symptoms as described. But Oseltamivir seems to be not very efficacious in this regard. The small effect, &lt;em&gt;if any&lt;/em&gt;, this drug may present seems to be in relation to the side effects more in the not worth it drawer than anything else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T21:10:30.930" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T21:10:30.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-12T17:29:01.237" Score="2" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any treatments for &lt;a href=&quot;http://eyewiki.aao.org/Anisometropic_Amblyopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anisohypermetropic amblyopia&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For background information from the American Academy of Ophthalmology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anisometropic amblyopia is the second most common cause of amblyopia.&#xA;  Anisometropic amblyopia occurs when unequal focus between the two eyes&#xA;  causes chronic blur on one retina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12561" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-01-17T01:53:25.700" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T01:53:25.700" Title="Anisohypermetropic amblyopia" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14933" CreationDate="2018-01-12T18:31:47.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;are their rib cages the same size?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. The female ribcage, in addition to having a smaller volume than the male ribcage, has a proportionally narrower superior half and a proportionally wider inferior part. The shape of ribcages of women and children leans towards what older literature refers to as the thorax inspiratorius - that is, it resembles the shape assumed during inspiration (it's rounder and more convex), whereas the male and the geriatric ribcage is closer to the thorax exspiratorius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;how much different are they?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200208-876OC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One study with a small sample size estimated that the volume of adult female lungs as typically 10–12% lower than that of males. If you're interested in actual thoracic dimensions in centimeters, please refer to table 2 of this article.&lt;/a&gt; Keep in mind, however, that you're looking at a study with a small sample size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;why are they different?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study linked above speculates that the purpose of this particular example of sexual dimorphism is to accommodate large abdominal volume displacements as in pregnancy. Of course, there could be myriads of other coexisting reasons for it - in males, the extra volume could come in handy during oxygen-expensive activities such as hunting (incidentally, the average female RBC count is roughly 90% of the male RBC count). A robust ribcage also permits the attachment of stronger pectoral muscles. I would always suggest to consider sexual selection when looking for reasons for sexual dimorphism - the paradigm of &quot;men with wide upper body and narrow lower body good, women with narrow upper body and wide lower body good&quot; is as ubiquitous as &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.pinimg.com/736x/e3/e6/33/e3e6333cf57161fe00888835818a1066--restroom-signs-bathroom-signs.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;restroom signs &lt;/a&gt;and the shape differences referred to in the second sentence of the first paragraph seem to fit it perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adam Bochenek, Anatomia Człowieka I, p 291 (source in Polish)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12562" LastEditorUserId="12562" LastEditDate="2018-01-12T23:40:23.813" LastActivityDate="2018-01-12T23:40:23.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-12T18:35:16.757" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume that whenever the foods that we like to eat are close to room temperature, microbes are always growing in them. At some point in this continuum, the food looks, tastes or smells spoiled; and some point in the continuum, the food becomes unhealthful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it that these moments coincide? Why doesn't one milestone arrive first, producing good food that looks bad or bad food that looks good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12564" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T00:26:58.430" Title="Is the appearance of food (as fresh or spoiled) a good guide to its actual condition?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:26:38.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14956" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-13T02:56:06.663" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that Witch's Hazel is good as home remedy for hemorrhoid nodules and that it is sometimes a component of medicines. But Witch's Hazel creams are generally intended for the face. So what is the deal with that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1279" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-01-13T12:04:53.233" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T12:04:53.233" Title="Why do hemorrhoid medicines include moisturisers such as Witch's Hazel and Aloe Vera?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;home-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14936" CreationDate="2018-01-13T08:39:48.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several on-line resources to begin a survey of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_antler&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deer antler velvet&lt;/a&gt;. Most are adverts which appear to only offer a glowing picture of its properties, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.antlerfarms.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antler Farms&lt;/a&gt; claim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modern scientific research indicates that deer antler velvet may have beneficial effects related to:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improvement in general health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase in blood supply and circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduction of blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase in energy levels and endurance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase in muscular development and strength&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improvement in flexibility and joint mobility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase in muscle recovery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prevention and reduction of inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improvement in sexual health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;development of the skeletal system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stimulation of the immune system function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improvement in mental health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anti aging effects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and all for $199/month!.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antler Farms lists the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.antlerfarms.com/what-is-the-composition-of-deer-antler-velvet.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ingredients of DAV&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.antlerfarms.com/how-is-deer-antler-extract-processed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more commercialized version&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Our product contains the full growth factor matrix:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-A)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epidermal growth factor (EGF)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Erythropoietin (EPO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interleukins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vascular endothelial growth factor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.antlerfarms.com/what-is-the-dosage-for-deer-antler-velvet.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;possible side effects&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Symptoms of deer antler velvet overdose include bloody nose, dizziness, headache or red eyes. Some people report upset stomach. In these cases, reduce the dosage or discontinue use. Information regarding safety and efficacy during pregnancy and lactation is lacking, so please avoid use during these times. Xylitol, a natural sweetener contained in our deer antler velvet extract, is toxic to dogs. Do not give deer antler velvet extract to pets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For scientific studies, the product is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2001/velvet_antler.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not recognised by the US FDA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Deer Industry of New Zealand has &lt;a href=&quot;https://deernz.org/deerhub/deer-information/antlers/velvet/removal-0#.Wlm8aymFzLJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guidelines&lt;/a&gt; for the DAV production processes, and the New Zealand Medical Journal has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2012/vol-125-no-1367/article-gilbey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; which disputes some of the claimed properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-13T08:39:48.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14959" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-01-13T14:18:09.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Use this tag for questions relating to medical myths, i.e. so-called medical 'facts' that have no scientific foundations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typical myths include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People should drink at least eight glasses of water a day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We use only 10% of our brains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hair and fingernails continue to grow after death&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Resources&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/future/columns/medical-myths&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmj.com/content/335/7633/1288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2018-01-19T16:06:52.540" LastActivityDate="2018-01-19T16:06:52.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14960" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-01-13T14:18:09.233" Score="0" Body="Use this tag for questions relating to medical myths, i.e. so-called medical 'facts' that have no scientific foundations." OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2018-01-15T04:48:29.920" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T04:48:29.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-13T14:21:06.743" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sensitive to salt and am considering doing a salt-free diet. Is it ok if I remove salt and seasonings from my diet and cooking altogether? Will the sodium content of natural foods like oats, milk, fruits and chicken be enough to sustain long-term health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12571" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T05:15:40.957" Title="How low can you go on a low salt diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="14975" CreationDate="2018-01-13T22:41:56.310" Score="5" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: I am NOT asking for medical advice. Just wish to know effective way to communicate with Dr.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I accompany my Dad to his Dr's appointments. He's 70-something years young, and has difficulty expressing himself (English is 2nd language, plus he had head injury 20 years ago)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can visually explain things, better than verbal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Totally understand that Doctors are constrained on time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one hand, several Doctors are impressed by the visuals (one even showed his medical students on two occassions)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, I feel I am not communicating effectively because my Dad is still having medical issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do I improve these visuals so they are understandable at a glance and patient gets treated?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CJP2l.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CJP2l.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/S0Q0v.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/S0Q0v.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z42VE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z42VE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vSHjd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vSHjd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/78zQ6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/78zQ6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a7ftI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a7ftI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1456" LastEditorUserId="1456" LastEditDate="2018-01-14T12:55:12.480" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T12:40:21.973" Title="How to Simplify Patient Visual Info for Doctors" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-14T12:31:20.290" Score="5" ViewCount="343" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLocG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLocG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Photo of Eldoncard ABO Rhesus D blood test&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a question about blood types and seeming hereditary contradictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above image of an Eldoncard blood test, which shows quite clearly that the testee has AB- type blood. (see image!). The sample comes from a person that has a father with blood type A (known from military), and a mother that has blood type O- (known from being a blood donor). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: how can a person have AB- in this situation (Mother with O-)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of possible scenarios:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Eldoncard ABO Rhesus D-test could be wrong, and the testee could have another blood type.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mother could have a weak manifestation of the B subtype, something which would show her as being O- while in fact being bO-, thus having been misdiagnosed as O-&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The father could actually have AB blood type, and in some rare circumstances, there have been examples of inheritance of blood type coming from only one parent. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary question, though: If the mother has a weak manifestation of the B subtype, and this is how the testee got one B from her, wouldn't also they also have a weak manifestation of the B subtype - example Ab?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the purposes of the question, assume that both parents are in fact the genetic parents of the testee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12577" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-01-26T01:07:50.987" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T01:34:43.063" Title="ABO blood type mismatch" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14967" CreationDate="2018-01-14T14:04:16.923" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using these &quot;visuals&quot; is mostly a way for &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; to better understand and present the situation and condition of the patient. These preparations should help you to have everything ready and accessible when asked for by your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first problem with these pictures is indeed that they are a first draw and that they might get streamlined into a cleaner illustration. That means having printed text in a consistent design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anatomical aspects are only helpful to you, an analog watch seems unnecessary, so from an cognitive ergonomics perspective (your UX part) I'd separate  this onto the left side of a two facing pages design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on many different things how well this will go: first thing to consider is the practitioner you visit and her preferences. Some really do not like being buried in details while others delight in as much detail as is possible and really devour files and information presented &lt;em&gt;in that style&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prepare two identical brochures. One for you, one to present the doctor. She may then chose to use it or to ignore it and you can still refer to it in your answers to the anamnestic questions she will have on top of what you present to her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &lt;em&gt;style&lt;/em&gt; is the key part here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors are trained to make the best of their and your time to cut to the chase efficiently and effectively. Taking a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical history&lt;/a&gt; and proceeding to  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnosis&lt;/a&gt; to arrive at a possible treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor chooses to read through the stuff you have prepared not only based on her preferences, but also on the current situation and setting. But further, how well presented your info is. That means two different but interconnected things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Follow the guidelines other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.de/search?q=example%20medical%20history%20form&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doctors or institutions use&lt;/a&gt; in what to include, when to include and where to include it in the flow of information.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Choose a consistent layout with a clear hierarchy of information to present (headlines, paragraphs etc.; aim for minimalism).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history#Process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt; is in the Wikipedia article, since it is not really suited to this case, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/patient_information/docs/Pt_medi_history_form.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;others&lt;/a&gt; to orient your file design and content on.  Another might go as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;   Symptoms: especially pain and discomfort. &#xA;  When did it start, what hurts, where does it hurt, how did it proceed, how long, how intense did it hurt etc. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt; Allergies: known, confirmed or suspected&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; Medications: This includes really everything he takes or took: prescribed meds as well as self-chosen over the counter meds, supplements, unusual dietary habits or ingredients. These need to be clearly listed in one place, possibly ordered in tables if they are many. Every medication, every supplement, herb, vitamin, mineral. (Everything that has an effect likely has side effects and maybe interactions.)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt; Patient's history: Prior illnesses and conditions, previous diagnosis or treatments. For example hypertension, diabetes, operations etc. &#xA;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L&lt;/strong&gt; Last…: meals, hospitalisation, episode of illness etc.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt; Event: What is new, what changed, what happened recently to arrive at the current situation&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R&lt;/strong&gt; Risks: known problems likely to occur but not listed above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The written information is absolutely king and if it is presented well, everybody (including you, when asked by the doctor for just one specific thing) should be able to skip those parts that may be currently irrelevant. Be consistent in how you compile these things. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="1456" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T12:40:21.973" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T12:40:21.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-14T19:35:49.990" Score="5" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I could find Escitalopram is superior in every way, except for the US price (which might no longer even be the case). So why is the former still widely used worldwide? Did I miss anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/efficacy-comparison-of-escitalopram-and-citalopram-in-the-treatment-of-major-depressive-disorder-pooled-analysis-of-placebo-controlled-trials/A00A739473736AA8CBFCE3ACE5BD0C6E&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy Comparison of Escitalopram and Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Pooled Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413963/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder compared with conventional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine XR: a meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/308/2/474.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Escitalopram, Citalopram, and R-Citalopram in Maternally Separated Mouse Pups&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-2007-984398&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Improvement of Quality of Life in Panic Disorder with Escitalopram, Citalopram, or Placebo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12581" LastActivityDate="2020-08-08T19:50:05.913" Title="Why does anybody still prescribe Citalopram with Escitalopram available (apart from price)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15007" CreationDate="2018-01-15T00:47:25.987" Score="0" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that if the levels of T3 and T4 are lower than normal, that this could directly lead to fatigue since these hormones directly regulate metabolism inside every cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there an explanation for fatigue when T3 and T4 are normal, but TSH elevated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12615" OwnerDisplayName="Yuri Borges" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T19:47:12.873" Title="Can an elevated TSH and normal T3 and T4 biologically cause fatigue?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14795" CreationDate="2018-01-15T12:12:05.540" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest systematic review in this issue found:&#xA;there is only weak, very low quality and unreliable evidence avalaible&#xA;for floss the magnitude of the effect was small, for woodsticks and oral irrigators was weak and for interdental brushes was large&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main conclusions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is weak evidence that flossing plus toothbrushing compared to&#xA;toothbrushing alone has a small but significant effect on gingivitis.&#xA;However, there is a lack of evidence for a concomitant reduction in&#xA;plaque scores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The evidence for woodsticks and toothbrushing as&#xA;compared to toothbrushing alone was weak and showed that there is a&#xA;benefit of unclear magnitude with respect to bleeding scores but&#xA;lacking evidence for a concomitant reduction of plaque.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moderate evidence was available for the efficacy of interdental brushes  in addition to toothbrushing as compared with toothbrushing alone. This&#xA;corresponded to a 34% reduction in gingivitis and a 32% reduction in&#xA;plaque scores, when standardizing the results retrieved from the use&#xA;of different indices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is weak evidence that the oral irrigator&#xA;plus toothbrushing compared to regular oral hygiene has an effect on&#xA;gingivitis. The magnitude remained unclear and it also lacked evidence&#xA;on a concomitant reduction of plaque scores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all there is consistent evidence that suggests that inter-dental brushes are the most effective devices to remove inter-dental plaque. In addition, they are appreciated best by the patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, you have to keep in mind that there there was insufficient evidence to determine whether interdental brushing reduced or increased levels of plaque when compared to flossing (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE Feb 2018: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29481764&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Higher frequency of interdental cleaning was correlated with increased periodontal health&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Apr;42 Suppl 16:S92-105. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12363.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:16.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-15T14:42:43.883" Score="2" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/urology/bellclap.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bell clapper deformity&lt;/a&gt; is a condition where a testicle is not anchored in the scrotum, but is able to move freely (Much like the clapper in a bell, hence the name).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person suffers from this deformity, is it more likely that they will develop testicular torsion, and if so, what is the increased chances that this will occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7939" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-01-16T15:53:21.947" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T15:53:25.783" Title="How much does Bell Clapper's deformity increase the chance of testicular torsion?" Tags="&lt;testicles&gt;&lt;cotton-balls&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12317" CreationDate="2018-01-15T14:49:53.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commonly prescribed dose of aspirin for certain types of arthritis can be as high as 4 g/day (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/dosage/aspirin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For angina pectoris and heart attack prevention, even low doses (75-325 mg/day) can result in gastrointestinal bleeding (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17257477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10643705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mini-dose aspirin...(75 mg/day), caused significant changes in renal&#xA;  function and uric acid handling within 1 week in a group of elderly&#xA;  inpatients...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surely, side effects depend on the dose and treatment duration but also on an individual's susceptibility. So, I think it would be irresponsible to mention any specific aspirin dose as &quot;safe dose&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendations about &quot;Safe Daily Use of Aspirin&quot; by the US Food and Drug Administration &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/SafeDailyUseofAspirin/ucm291434.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt; do not mention any aspirin dose at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-01-15T15:21:01.673" LastActivityDate="2018-01-15T15:21:01.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12317" CreationDate="2018-01-15T19:52:45.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aspirin is a platelet inhibitor.  As such it has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/daily-aspirin-therapy/art-20046797?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;number of bleeding risks&lt;/a&gt; - including GI bleeding as described above. Risks also include increased bleeding risk from injury including cuts, bruising, or hitting your head and having a brain bleed. And actually, even without head trauma, an &lt;strong&gt;intracranial hemorrhage risk increases with the dose of aspirin.&lt;/strong&gt; The same dose of aspirin is not safe for everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does NOT mean that aspirin is too risky to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/weighing-the-risks-and-benefits-of-aspirin-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;take for primary or secondary prevention of heart disease, ischemic stroke, etc&lt;/a&gt; - it means you need to have a discussion with your doctor on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/8/1801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;risks and benefits of whether daily (or even as-needed) aspirin is &lt;strong&gt;right for your personal situation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and if so, what dose.  And you/your doctor need to know what other medications you take daily and what others you might take when you need it - because some interact with aspirin.  Again you need a doctor to advise you on what daily dose is right for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arthritis pain has many possible treatments. Your doctor can help develop a specialized treatment plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-01-16T01:00:47.837" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T01:00:47.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-15T20:10:01.973" Score="1" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, vitamin B information has been removed from yogurt labels.  I am not sure if it is (any longer) considered a reasonable source for B vitamins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B vitamins thiamine (B1) riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pantothenic acid (B5) B6 biotin (B7) B12 and folic acid (folate) are all found in varying degrees in yogurt.  Or were.  B vitamins are no longer found on yogurt labels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of them are water soluble, so any processes involving draining water (done with some Greek yogurts) will remove some B vitamins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heat can also destroy thiamine, pantothenic acid, and folate.  I am not sure how much heat commercial yogurt is exposed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is contrasted with milk, which seems to retain most of its B vitamins.  The presence or absence of B vitamins in yogurt impacts on the utility of yogurt as a food product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beyondveg.com/tu-j-l/raw-cooked/raw-cooked-2e.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.beyondveg.com/tu-j-l/raw-cooked/raw-cooked-2e.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12588" LastEditorUserId="12588" LastEditDate="2018-01-16T20:33:24.293" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T20:33:24.293" Title="Does yogurt contain any B vitamins?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vitamin-b&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12317" CreationDate="2018-01-16T01:43:57.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aspirin, just like all NDSAIDs, affects enzymes associated with pain transmission; they are COX-1 and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-1 and 2). COX-1 helps protect the stomach and intestinal lining from the acids the stomach produces &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Since NSAIDs inhibit the production of these enzymes, they also leave your stomach and intestinal lining somewhat unprotected from acids. This is what can cause damage from long-term use of NSAIDs. It's not so much that they burn a hole in your stomach, but that they reduce the protection offered by the COX-1 enzyme. Of course, the higher the dose, the greater the effect on these enzymes, and the longer NSAIDs are taken, the greater the gastrointestinal risk. Except for low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs should not be taken longer than necessary.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;__________&lt;br&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rxlist.com/cox-2_inhibitors/drugs-condition.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T19:31:04.973" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T19:31:04.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-16T18:11:15.243" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that dark chocolate, which is used in cooking, is good for health. I just want to know if is this right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8466" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-02-24T20:54:50.103" LastActivityDate="2019-02-26T08:30:39.400" Title="Is dark chocolate, which is used in cooking, good for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="14989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14987" CreationDate="2018-01-16T21:14:12.147" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_chocolate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the answer is no:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although considerable research has been conducted to evaluate the potential health benefits of consuming chocolate, there are insufficient studies to confirm any effect and no medical or regulatory authority has approved any health claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While dark chocolate (i.e. chocolate rich in cocoa) is generally considered to be healthier than other forms of chocolate, it does not have any provable benefits over eating a varied, well-balanced diet (of which dark chocolate may be a part).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7205" LastActivityDate="2018-01-16T21:14:12.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="14999" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-01-17T13:12:33.143" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-01-17T13:12:33.143" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T13:12:33.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15000" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-01-17T13:12:33.143" Score="0" Body="For questions about how viruses influence your health. General questions about viruses are off-topic but might be asked on Biology Stack Exchange; for questions about computer viruses, try Super User or Security Stack Exchange." OwnerUserId="7205" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T22:52:01.180" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T22:52:01.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14954" CreationDate="2018-01-17T14:30:44.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why? Evolution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not just that spoiled food starts to show symptoms, we were naturally selected for aeons to detect these symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Telling the difference between food and poison is one of the most important survival skills for any higher organism. Any hairless monkeys which couldn't tell the difference and ate spoiled food died and didn't pass on their genes. Those who were able to tell the difference survived and passed on their genes to us.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how humans have evolved the ability to smell if food is good or bad. When microbes do their work, they produce poisonous chemicals. Human olfactory senses evolved to detect these chemicals and respond to them with a strong aversion. This is why bad food &quot;stinks&quot;. Similarly we evolved an instinct to notice certain colors or textures which hint at spoilage and find them distasteful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if it looks spoiled, smells spoiled or tastes spoiled, follow your instincts and don't eat it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But remember that your natural senses to detect spoiled food are not perfect. In an early phase of spoilage, the signs might not be there yet, but the food is already bad. There are certain kinds of spoilage you can not detect instinctively at all. You can only protect yourself from them &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/34670/how-do-i-know-if-food-left-at-room-temperature-is-still-safe-to-eat/34671#34671&quot;&gt;by following common food safety rules&lt;/a&gt;. There are also some kinds of foods which appear spoiled but are actually safe to eat (like blue cheese. Throw it away when you see mold on it which is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; blue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="156" LastEditorUserId="156" LastEditDate="2018-01-17T14:38:16.570" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T14:38:16.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-17T14:56:54.560" Score="4" ViewCount="2619" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a veterinary medicine student and I am trying to understand why x-rays are read in a laterally inverted fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Since this is a DV projection and the head is at the top of the image, it would lead one to believe the left side of the image is infact the left. Not the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: A lot of the answers provided talk about relative directions and taking a picture, this would make sense if it was a VD Projection. But how does this apply to DV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you click a picture of a person from behind, their sides are represented accurately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmfbJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fmfbJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;example&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12602" LastEditorUserId="12602" LastEditDate="2018-01-19T12:05:09.553" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T00:21:36.600" Title="Why are X-rays laterally inverted?" Tags="&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="14" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15005" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3557" CreationDate="2018-01-17T15:25:33.097" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The evidence for a specific timeframe beyond six months is inconclusive. Therefore: When to wean is a personal choice that has to look at the health of both: mother and child. &quot;Individual infants must still be managed individually.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/2/635S.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: what is the evidence to support current recommendations?&lt;/a&gt;  DOI:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.635S&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T22:57:38.827" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T22:57:38.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14977" CreationDate="2018-01-17T19:47:12.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These hormones and their interconnectedness are quite complicated in al their details. TSH is not only connected to the regulation of T3 and T4. TSH receptors are found elsewhere, not least in the brain itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then TSH is released pulsatively, with circadian changes as well as seasonal, and generally increases with age, is affected by illness or other stress. That is a huge range for confounders on the measured numbers and correlated effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Put simply, TSH will likely not be the direct cause for fatigue or tiredness, but is in many cases an indicator of thyroid problems, signalling that only with elevated TSH the T3/T4 levels are kept in the desired range, for now. Since this is about a tight feedback loop the initial reasoning in the question seems to be incomplete in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the limited information available from the question, the most likely answer seems to lie in this explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pituitary TSH-producing cells are inhibited by T4, which is taken up by the cell and deiodinated intracellularly to T3. Under normal conditions, the inhibitory effect is primarily exerted by the circulating T4. This is illustrated by the fact that in primary hypothyroidism, the TSH concentration increases early and is inversely related to the falling T4 concentration.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The T3 concentration is affected to a lesser degree (often not at all) in early stages of primary hypothyroidism. Normal T3 concentrations are maintained in such situations by an increased conversion of T4 to T3 instead of reverse T3 (rT3). Low T3 concentrations are therefore only seen in more pronounced hypothyroidism. Analogous to this, a slight increase in T4 can result in reduced TSH release in spite of normal T3.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The high analytical specificity attained by the modern TSH methods (based on monoclonal antibodies) can cause problems. Circulating TSH is heterogeneous. Different TSH methods can therefore determine various immunoreactive parts of the TSH populations in patient samples, which results in different reference ranges for healthy people, depending on the TSH method used. In addition, the immunological methods can be affected by interference. The most significant interference for TSH determination is caused by heterophilic antibodies. Animal antibodies, such as human antimouse antibodies (HAMA), in patient samples can create the bridge that is normally formed by the analyte (TSH) in the analytic reaction, thereby giving a false increase in the TSH value. Heterophilic antibodies occur in low concentrations in about 50% of the population, but the effect of these are eliminated in routine diagnostics by addition of immunoglobulins from nonimmunized animals or humans. In cases where it is diffcult to interpret the results (unexpectedly high/low TSH values) the laboratory should be consulted.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783642132612&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ernst Nyström et al.: &amp;quot;Thyroid Disease in Adults&amp;quot;, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011&lt;/a&gt;, p 18.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That leads to the following conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While screening patients for thyroid disease, physicians often find increased thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in patients whose free thyroxine (T4) levels are not below normal. This state, termed “subclinical hypothyroidism,” is most commonly an early stage of hypothyroidism.[…]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The likelihood that this will happen increases with greater TSH elevations and detectable antithyroid antibodies. Because patients with subclinical hypothyroidism sometimes have subtle hypothyroid symptoms and may have mild abnormalities of serum lipoproteins and cardiac function, patients with definite and persistent TSH elevation should be considered for thyroid treatment.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0215/p776.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Deciding When to Treat&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(Victor Adlin, M.D., Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,&#xA;American Family Physician. 1998 Feb 15;57(4):776-780.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-17T19:47:12.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15025" CreationDate="2018-01-17T19:57:22.220" Score="0" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;As every &quot;evolution guy&quot; says,  &quot;Our tailbone is a remnant of our evolution&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But a site says, &quot;It helps you about sitting&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does our tailbone really help us sit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-01-18T15:30:30.740" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T16:23:46.620" Title="What is the tailbone for?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;evolution&gt;&lt;tailbone-coccyx&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-17T22:39:11.067" Score="-1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've googled through internet but couldn't find straight answers. Are some recreational drugs known to cause hair loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T09:15:00.857" Title="Drug abuse and hair loss" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10619" CreationDate="2018-01-18T12:54:48.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general: No. Having &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ulcers&lt;/a&gt; does not protect you from catching the flu. But that &amp;quot;no&amp;quot; is an oversimplification. The devil is indeed in the details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;innate immune system&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adaptive immune system&lt;/a&gt; have to be considered. The reasoning given in the question is in principle largely only applicable to the innate system.&#xA;The adaptive immune system is highly specific. When there is a response to one virus then a different virus will be new to this system. That will result in that system having to start from scratch fighting it. To make matters more complicated, both systems interact and the above explanation is almost a grossly reduced picture of what &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; be going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on what an infection is, where it occurs, what is doing the infection etc. Some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccines&lt;/a&gt; are just a perfect fit for the description in question. But to &amp;quot;improve resistance to coming infective disease&amp;quot; would then have to be modified into &amp;quot;improve resistance to coming infective disease &lt;em&gt;of the same or very similar kind&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples against &amp;quot;one infection protects against a second&amp;quot; are quite numerous:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinfection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In microbiology, coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. An example is the coinfection of liver cells with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superinfection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A superinfection is a second infection superimposed on an earlier one, especially by a different microbial agent of exogenous or endogenous origin, that is resistant to the treatment being used against the first infection. Examples of this in bacteriology are the overgrowth of endogenous Clostridium difficile which occurs following treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and pneumonia or septicemia from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in some immuno-compromised patients.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_superinfection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV superinfection (also called HIV reinfection) is a condition in which a person with an established human immunodeficiency virus infection acquires a second strain of HIV, often of a different subtype. The HIV superinfection strain (a recombinant strain) appears when a person becomes simultaneously infected by two different strains, allowing the two viruses to exchange genetic material, resulting in a new unique strain that can possess the resistances of both previous strains. This new strain co-exists with the two prior strains and may cause more rapid disease progression or carry multiple resistances to certain HIV medications.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you define &lt;em&gt;infection&lt;/em&gt; as &amp;quot;like, having bacteria&amp;quot; then being infected by several of them does (or at least might) protect you. That is of course a philosophical stretch in definitions for most aspects of medicine. But there is some evidence of varying degrees for bacteria, fungi, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different&lt;/a&gt; forms of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biotechniques.com/news/Viruses-Join-the-FightAgainst-Cancer/biotechniques-365925.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;viruses&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/11724/11231&quot;&gt;parasites&lt;/a&gt; infecting – or less stretchy: colonising – a host and having more beneficial than detrimental effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That does not only involve pure infighting between those species. (Like beneficial microbiome species outcrowding the bad ones, or producing chemicals that are toxic to the unwanted invaders, or just good ones eating the bad ones.) There is also some spillover along the lines of reasoning in the question, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cell.com/immunity/abstract/S1074-7613(17)30274-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An Ocular Commensal Protects against Corneal Infection by Driving an Interleukin-17 Response from Mucosal γδ T Cells&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Mucosal sites such as the intestine, oral cavity, nasopharynx, and vagina all have associated commensal flora. The surface of the eye is also a mucosal site, but proof of a living, resident ocular microbiome remains elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of ocular surface disease to reveal that commensals were present in the ocular mucosa and had functional immunological consequences. We isolated one such candidate commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis, and showed that this organism elicited a commensal-specific interleukin-17 response from γδ T cells in the ocular mucosa that was central to local immunity. The commensal-specific response drove neutrophil recruitment and the release of antimicrobials into the tears and protected the eye from pathogenic Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Our findings provide direct evidence that a resident commensal microbiome exists on the ocular surface and identify the cellular mechanisms underlying its effects on ocular immune homeostasis and host defense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T12:54:48.303" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12010" CreationDate="2018-01-18T14:23:20.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A PhD is a research degree, so you should get a PhD if you want research-focused training. MD and DVM are clinical degrees - they do not specifically train you how to do research. I think one great reason to choose MD is if you would prefer to treat human patients; likewise, if you'd prefer to treat animal patients, you should get a DVM. If you just want to do medically-relevant research, your question should be, Do I want to focus on human medicine or animal medicine? There are a TON of MD/PhDs, MDs, and PhDs who work with animal models doing human-relevant research. (And, obviously, DVM/PhDs and DVMs who work with animal models doing human-relevant or animal-relevant research.) I would suggest that if your primary goal is to understand human disease, you should get an MD PhD. If your primary goal is to work with animal models to understand animal disease, you should get a DVM PhD. I'm an MD PhD student, so for more info about what the process of getting an MD PhD is like, you can visit my blog: &lt;a href=&quot;https://raymdphd.blogspot.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://raymdphd.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2018-01-18T14:23:20.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15017" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15027" CreationDate="2018-01-18T16:46:38.783" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am getting over the flu that is prevalent in California right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last two nights, I have awakened with my t-shirt quite wet. It seems as if I'm sweating rather profusely from my chest to my stomach. This did not happen the worst days of my illness, just these last two when I am close to being recovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption (I am no expert in medical things, by any means, though) is that this is from toxins which are being eliminated from my system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my assumption correct? If so, exactly which organs are the ones doing the toxin eviction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I have noticed this in the past during bouts of illness, too, but this time I am moved to ask about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7026" LastActivityDate="2018-01-19T23:59:20.400" Title="Are toxins being released when one sweats during sickness?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;perspiration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-18T20:38:42.270" Score="1" ViewCount="1540" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;strong text&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Can a person be allergic to Vicryl sutures used internally as part of surgery?  I had carpal tunnel surgery and the surgeon used Vicryl sutures inside my hand. After the surgeon removed the exterior sutures, I was still having problems with the wound healing. After another week or so, I noticed something on my palm at the incision site. I picked at the spots and something poked out of the tissue that looked black. I used a pair of tweezers to remove the black thing, which turned out to actually be a purple string. Then I pulled out 3 or 4 more purple threads from the wound area. At this point in time, the area of the incision did not appear to be healing. It looked like the end of a sausage casing that had been over-stuffed with sausage. After removal of the purple threads, the wound continued to heal normally. Was this an allergic reaction? How can I avoid this happening in future surgeries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12616" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T07:31:38.007" Title="Allergy to Vicryl Sutures" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-18T22:24:18.930" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to properly clean a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthguard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mouthguard&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; (e.g., a nightguard)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://mouthguardsforteethgrinding.com/how-to-clean-your-mouth-guard-effectively/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mouthguardsforteethgrinding.com/how-to-clean-your-mouth-guard-effectively/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180118222436/https://mouthguardsforteethgrinding.com/how-to-clean-your-mouth-guard-effectively/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) mentions 7 general methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toothbrush and toothpaste&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth Rinse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soap and Water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth guard cleaning tablets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dental sanitizing devices&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Natural cleaning methods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the equally efficient? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I have read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://riverrundentalspa.com/instructions-for-cleaning-your-night-guard/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://riverrundentalspa.com/instructions-for-cleaning-your-night-guard/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180118222645/https://riverrundentalspa.com/instructions-for-cleaning-your-night-guard/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) that the use of toothpaste is deleterious to the mouthguard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You don’t need to apply toothpaste to the brush. Since toothpaste can be abrasive, it may scratch your night guard and cause it to wear out more quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T13:58:45.107" Title="How to properly clean a mouthguard (e.g., a nightguard)?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;mouth-guard&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15019" CreationDate="2018-01-19T00:08:19.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, it could be an allergy to vicryl, but if it wasn't itchy, it probably wasn't. You probably saw some granulation tissue, normal in healing, expecially visible if you're poking around in an incompletely healed incision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know if you're allergic to Vicryl, simply ask your doctor to place one stitch somewhere on your body where your skin is soft and relatively thin, like the inside of your forearm or the small of your back. If you start to itch and the area swells up, you're allergic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/dermatitis/Citation/2014/11000/A_Technique_for_Identifying_Vicryl_Suture.8.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Technique for Identifying Vicryl Suture Hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2018-01-19T00:08:19.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15008" CreationDate="2018-01-19T23:41:38.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to an online article [See Reference], “The tailbone derived its name because some people believe it is a ‘leftover’ part from human evolution, though the notion that the tailbone serves no purpose is wrong,...”&#xA;A look at an anatomy reference book will reveal that many muscles, tendons and ligaments attach to the tailbone (a.k.a. coccyx); these appendages serve to stabilize us when we sit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An online visual can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/coccyx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if there is still any lingering doubt about the tailbone helping us sit, sitting is certainly cumbersome when the tailbone is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/coccydynia/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;unhealthy (coccydynia).&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wnd.com/2013/02/human-tailbone-evidence-of-evolution/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Tailbone: Evidence of Evolution?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastEditorUserId="12625" LastEditDate="2018-01-25T16:23:46.620" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T16:23:46.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15004" CreationDate="2018-01-19T23:58:17.397" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When reading radiographs in human health, the x-rays are read as though facing the patient.  So, when you have a PA chest x-ray ( or dorsoventral view for a dog ) the x-rays enter the posterior surface, exit the anterior surface to hit the imaging surface.  This used to be x-ray film. So, the right side of the chest appears on the right of the film, and the left side on the left.  But the sides are switched so you actually read the films as though looking from the anterior side of the patient i.e. facing the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When taking an AP film, the patient is positioned so that the posterior surface is now closest to the film, and the patient's left is on the left of the film. And that's the way the film is read, from the front.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've noticed some DV images of animals are not switched so that the R is on the left but apparently most are.  But I'm guessing that vets also read DV and VD images of the thorax as though facing the ventral surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, when taking horizontal or transverse CT slices through the human thorax, the view shown is that from caudal to cranial, i.e. looking upwards to the head.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_quality/chest_xray_quality_projection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_quality/chest_xray_quality_projection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bcftechnology.com/veterinary-learning/small-animal-learning/head/skull-dorsoventral-canine-x-ray-positioning-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example of a canine head using the DorsoVentral positioning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lJ4uS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lJ4uS.png&quot; alt=&quot;doggie head positioning&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7SlwG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7SlwG.png&quot; alt=&quot;DV canine head&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and you can see that the image is not reversed which I presume is because this is the normal way to read these type of images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR - it's a convention used to reduce cognitive loading on radiologists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-02-03T04:27:38.753" LastActivityDate="2018-02-03T04:27:38.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15017" CreationDate="2018-01-19T23:59:20.400" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually flu's are accompanied by fevers, when your internal thermostat is effectively 'reset' by the virus and your body temperature increases. When you're recovering, your internal thermostat is now resetting to its correct temperature so your body cools down. The way you cool down is by sweating. &#xA;As for your question regarding detoxification, the kidney and liver are the main powerhouses for removing toxins. According to Donald Smith, a professor of environmental toxicology,(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-edmonds/does-sweating-release-tox_b_8372452.html&lt;/a&gt;), &quot;Less than 1 percent [of toxins] are lost through sweat&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-19T23:59:20.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-20T03:37:01.397" Score="1" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a common saying that alcohol and benzodiazepines shouldn't be consumed together. Is it because alcohol and benzo have a synergistic effect? Or is it simply because alcohol and benzo are similar, and taking alcohol and benzo together is like taking a large quantity of benzo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12628" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T11:17:50.733" Title="Is the interaction between alcohol and benzodiazepines additive or multiplicative?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;benzodiazepines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-20T12:44:00.070" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;em&gt;nervous eczema&lt;/em&gt; a cause from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;stress? &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=zQzLBAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA81&amp;amp;lpg=PA81&amp;amp;dq=%22nervous+eczema%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=m3Am_HS-rm&amp;amp;sig=rAzJOLzogANaGENrjZF_3Q6bgfc&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjo8IzUxebYAhWDUZQKHSMhCJIQ6AEINTAF#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22nervous%20eczema%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bronchial Asthma: A Genetic, Population and Psychiatric Study - Denis Leigh, Edward Marley - Google Books&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the nerves? &lt;a href=&quot;https://illnessee.com/nervous-eczema-pictures/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nervous Eczema Pictures – 64 Photos &amp;amp; Images / illnessee.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T15:58:32.323" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T12:09:00.390" Title="What is &quot;nervous eczema&quot;?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15035" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15037" CreationDate="2018-01-20T19:11:48.600" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the results of an electromyography comes: polyneuropathy with axonal features&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;axonal features&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T21:48:24.177" Title="What does &quot;axonal features&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-20T20:37:40.437" Score="1" ViewCount="5169" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to properly clean silicone earplugs? Either sleep silicone earplugs, which are 100% made of silicone, or custom-fitted flat-response attenuators, which contains a removable, partly metallic filter (the rest is silicone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read many advice without medical evidence, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fill a bowl with warm water and soap + &#xA;Insert your ear plugs into the soapy water + &#xA;Wipe or scrub the ear plugs + &#xA;Rinse and dry the ear plugs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Earplugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Earplugs&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disinfect dry ear plugs, if desired. Fill a clean spray bottle with a small amount of isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. Mist dry ear plugs lightly with the alcohol. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Earplugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wikihow.com/Clean-Earplugs&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I would like the two earplugs on the left to be cleaned to look like the two earplugs on the right:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sjbdH.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sjbdH.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-01-20T20:47:37.313" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T22:01:22.057" Title="How to properly clean a silicone earplug?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15035" CreationDate="2018-01-20T21:48:24.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Axonal features means that there is evidence to suggest damage to the axon as opposed to the myelin sheath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially axonal damage leads to a reduction of amplitude with preservation of nerve conduction velocity whereas demyelination results in a reduction of conduction velocity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Peripheral-Neuropathy-Fact-Sheet#3208_5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Peripheral-Neuropathy-Fact-Sheet#3208_5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/ahmadshahir18/nerves-conduction-study-axonal-loss-vs-demyelination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.slideshare.net/ahmadshahir18/nerves-conduction-study-axonal-loss-vs-demyelination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T21:48:24.177" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15036" CreationDate="2018-01-20T22:01:22.057" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not remedied with alcohol. It is a form of discoloration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make them look clean again, use bleach. Silicone can withstand quite a bit of that, but use very warm, not hot/boiling water. This combination also disinfects your gear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After years of exposure to water and humidity, clear silicone can begin to yellow and blacken. This discoloration is caused by exposure to rust and the formation of mold. Removing the yellow from clear silicone can be accomplished at home without the need for expensive cleaning products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Step 1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dip a plastic scrub brush into soapy water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scrub the silicone with the soapy water. Dry the area with a soft towel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cover any areas around the clear silicone, such as flooring or a bathtub, with paper towel. This will help protect these areas from the&#xA;cleaners used to remove the yellow stains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fill a plastic spray bottle with bleach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spray the clear silicone with the bleach. Allow the bleach to sit for 15-20 minutes. This will cause a whitening of the yellowed&#xA;silicone and will kill any mold or mildew that may have formed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wearing rubber gloves, scrub the clear silicone with a plastic scrub brush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rinse the bleached area well with cool water. Wipe the area with a soft towel to help remove any residue that may have formed from the&#xA;cleaning products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hunker.com/12002155/how-to-remove-the-yellow-color-from-clear-silicone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Remove the Yellow Color From Clear Silicone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12636" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-01-20T22:01:22.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15040" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15043" CreationDate="2018-01-21T04:25:14.710" Score="4" ViewCount="327" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the &lt;strong&gt;American Association of Orthodontists&lt;/strong&gt;, and the &lt;strong&gt;American Board of Orthodontics&lt;/strong&gt; from the perspective of a patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I am evaluating two orthodontists, one of whom is a member of the AAO, and one of whom is a member of the ABO, what do those affiliations tell me about the two orthodontists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5304" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T13:58:14.210" Title="What is the difference between the AAO and the ABO?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15105" CreationDate="2018-01-21T05:45:03.840" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had some recent trouble with my vision and while trying to figure out what was going on one of the possible factors was a blue light reflective coating on my lenses.  While that has been mostly ruled out at this point I am still curious about how likely this is to be an issue at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how does this blue light coating work?  Is it possible that this filtering could have an impact on your vision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12557" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T02:23:30.370" Title="How do blue light filtering lenses work? Is it possible that they could they negatively impact your vision?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15040" CreationDate="2018-01-21T11:02:37.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the American system of Dentistry, there are three levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dentist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Orthodontist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Board Certified Orthodontist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is visually demonstrated by the ABO &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americanboardortho.com/general-public/what-is-a-board-certified-orthodontist/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dentists have passed sufficient tests to qualify for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/en&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADA&lt;/a&gt; membership. This is about 160,000 members in the USA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orthodontists have passed sufficient tests to qualify for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaoinfo.org/1/about&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAO&lt;/a&gt; membership, which includes about 19,000 members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have passed these tests, you can voluntarily study and take exams offered by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americanboardortho.com&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ABO&lt;/a&gt;, which need renewing every 10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ABO is recognized by both the ADA and AAO (in fact it is their &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; recognized orthodontic board). About 150 members became Board Certified, or renewed, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americanboardortho.com/media/5190/abo-announces-newly-certified-or-recertified-orthodontists-september-2017-examination.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;September 2017&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just for reference, they have a Facebook page:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/pg/American-Board-of-Orthodontics-409192062500370/about/?ref=page_internal&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Facebook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and provide a list of questions to ask your potential orthodontist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americanboardortho.com/general-public/how-to-choose-an-orthodontist/what-to-ask-before-you-choose/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Questions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T11:02:37.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15033" CreationDate="2018-01-21T12:09:00.390" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eczema is caused by nerves that are over sensitive to the surrounding environment or over reactive immune system. &#xA;It is also triggered by stress as the body responds by increasing production of stress hormones like cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that increases the blood sugar which is essential when facing a fight-or-flight situation. However, it also can hinder the immune system. When this happens, the skin will be more vulnerable to inflammations and wounds as the healing of skin may also get delayed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct me if I am wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12639" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T12:09:00.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15045" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-21T16:43:39.777" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading up on recent developments in the treatments for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hidradenitis suppurativa&lt;/a&gt; I came across a brand new option. Τhat option, if true, would by absolutely sensational on several fronts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The so called &lt;a href=&quot;https://lenicura.com/de/laight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lAight&lt;/a&gt; therapy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://lenicura.com/laight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;English version of page&lt;/a&gt;). &quot;Using a combination of intense light and radio wave pulses&quot;. (Apparently no UV, no laser and not for hair removal?) After initial skepticism about this seemingly commercial quackery it was revealed that it was developed at or with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.unimedizin-mainz.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/aktuellemitteilungen/newsdetail/article/neue-bestrahlungstherapie-gegen-akne-inversa.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mainz University&lt;/a&gt; and apparently approved – officially as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical device&lt;/a&gt; under EU law – but it is not yet widespread. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On their marketing page they say that the treatment has the following effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antibacterial effect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduction of sebum production&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulation of blood circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stimulation of tissue regeneration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduction of hair follicle blockage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anti inflammatory&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the hideous state of sufferers and the medical knowledge of this disease as well I was looking for studies on this technique. Claims and praise for its effectiveness seem a bit over the top, indicating a very wide range of application, among them classical acne vulgaris and scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies seem to be non existent? Where is the NICE-study? (NonInvasive Combination therapy in acnE inversa, 2014-2016) [note that the names for this condition AE and HS seem interchangeable or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/29255/Acne-inversa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a cultural matter]&lt;/a&gt;(g). How could this method be approved, be on the market since 2017, if the studies supporting it are apparently &quot;one&quot; and still not &quot;in print&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is: I want to know how that is supposed to work. I presume in that study they explain some of that in theory and in their observed outcome. But I can not locate that study or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156664/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other studies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; going into the same direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: Apart from those studies list at the bottom of the product page. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A little background on the development and approval is published in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.freitag.de/autoren/alux/das-unbekannte-leiden&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Das unbekannte Leiden&lt;/a&gt;. Gist: two medical outsiders had an idea, presented their case to the university for conducting a proper trial and after still encouraging immediately founded a company to promote their product. Currently it seems that their is an astro turfing campaign or real general interest in the subject.&lt;br&gt; Non-medical articles in German are numerous. Suspiciously so. By far not all of them quack. The procedure appears to gain traction with respectable dermatologists.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-01-21T18:38:12.660" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T18:38:12.660" Title="Electromagnetic Light and Radio Pulses in Combination against Skin Conditions" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15056" CreationDate="2018-01-21T18:30:29.320" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I begin I'd like to say that I've already seen an ophthalmologist who has since referred me to a ophthalmic neurologist. I'm asking because this is freaking me out and I was hoping for some explanation. Preferably one I can take to my doctor and ask ``is this it?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the problem is that certain patterns will cause shimmering and flashing out of the corner of my left eye. It isn't an issue with my right eye. For what it's worth, I'm more near-sighted in my left eye, but I wear corrective lenses for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It kind of looks like this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/QZYpEMp87Xo?t=21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/QZYpEMp87Xo?t=21&lt;/a&gt;, but not exactly. As for what patterns trigger it, strait lines. Like you may find on jeans, on some coats (the lapel of my London Fog), other peoples striped dress shirts. Even words on a page can cause this to a lesser extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the nausea...it's nausea. It's not so bad that I'll vomit, but it's very unpleasant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't happen unless triggered by the way, and the ophthalmologist said my eye is structurally sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I'm not asking for advice. That's why I've seen one doctor already and he, in turn, has sent me to someone who specializes specifically in neurological conditions involving the eye/sight. I'm really just looking for some piece of mind as I wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9341" LastEditorUserId="9341" LastEditDate="2018-01-24T02:29:29.820" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T02:29:29.820" Title="Flickering/flashing in corner of eye and nausea when exposed to certain patterns" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-01-23T16:53:47.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15047" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15031" CreationDate="2018-01-21T18:33:34.483" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common saying that alcohol (ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages) and benzodiazepines shouldn't be consumed together is well-recommended considering that both compounds fall under the Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressant category. So they both augment (additive) the effect of depressing the CNS, which can lead to unconsciousness or even a coma. Also, both substances can be abused, which can lead to increasing (again, additive effect) damages in health (liver,kidney,mental state) and relationships. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to your question of the synergistic/multiplicative effect, there have been pharmacological studies (See References for more information) studying the interactions between alcohol and psychiatric drugs (including benzodiazepines). Interestingly, the effect has some dependence on whether or not an individual is a chronic alcohol consumer. &#xA;From the paper: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xDOlP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xDOlP.png&quot; alt=&quot;Drug Interactions&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So acute ethanol intake is correlated with decreased clearance of the benzodiazepine, which means it multiplies the effect by helping the benzodiazepine inhabit the body longer. The reverse effect can be seen for a chronic alcohol consumer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hint of the more detailed biochemical explanation: &quot;Highly bound drugs with low intrinsic hepatic clearance are among those most commonly reported to have their kinetics altered by ethanol (e.g. benzodiazepines, phenytoin, tolbutamide and warfarin).&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, great question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiplicative: Yes (depends) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additive: Yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxicology Paper on Drug Interactions: &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00459.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00459.x/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quick Explanation of how Alcohol Effects Body:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_alcool.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_m/i_03_m_par/i_03_m_par_alcool.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quick Overview on CNS Depressants:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/central-nervous-system-depressants/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction/central-nervous-system-depressants/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In-depth Explanation on how Benzodiazepines Effect the Body:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-21T18:33:34.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-21T20:02:02.267" Score="3" ViewCount="864" Body="&lt;p&gt;A posting is making the rounds telling parents not to use ibuprofen (advil, motrin, etc) if a child has chicken pox. Unlike aspirin, which is associated with Reyes syndrome, the claim is that ibuprofen specifically can result in secondary infections of the pox. I see this even on reputable websites, as well as on more incendiary ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3530325/Horrific-pictures-NEVER-child-chickenpox-ibuprofen-Boy-left-fighting-life-developing-blood-poisoning.html#ixzz54qocfa35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;This type of medicine is an anti inflammatory, it reacts with chicken pox making them go deeper into the skin tissue.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (Gross pictures of child with infected pox.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001592.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Do NOT give aspirin or ibuprofen to someone who may have chickenpox. Use of aspirin has been associated with a serious condition called Reyes syndrome. Ibuprofen has been associated with more severe secondary infections. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be used.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; Sensible government website&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/PUarticles/necf.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Use ibuprofen with caution in varicella, particularly with secondary infection&quot;&lt;/a&gt; - an actual study from New Zealand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear how common secondary infection is in chickenpox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, should parents avoid ibuprofen if a child has chickenpox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-01-22T02:03:42.137" LastActivityDate="2018-01-22T21:36:30.010" Title="Is ibuprofen contra-indicated for a child with chicken pox?" Tags="&lt;chickenpox&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15048" CreationDate="2018-01-21T22:47:30.743" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;An earlier warning regarding medications in children with chicken pox came to the following conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12723748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The safety of ibuprofen suspension in children. (2003)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;   The risk of invasive Group A streptococcal infection was associated with demographic and environmental factors and persistent high fever. There was no association with the use of ibuprofen or paracetamol alone, but the use of both agents was significantly associated with streptococcal infection. These studies demonstrate that children with fever tolerate treatment with ibuprofen as well as treatment with paracetamol. Neither agent is associated with an increased risk of necrotising soft tissue infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But while this paper was deemed of high quality, things have changed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26297238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NSAIDs in paediatrics: caution with varicella! (2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And these larger data sets now resulted in the following recommendations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26297238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nursing management of childhood chickenpox infection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (Boyd G, Heaton PA, Wilkinson R et al (2017) )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There has been much controversy in the media about the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication, such as ibuprofen, to manage fever in children with chickenpox. NICE (2016) recommends that NSAIDs should not be used in children with chickenpox due to its link to potentially life- and limb-threatening necrotising bacterial super-infection associated with group A streptococcus. A case-control study (n=140,111), undertaken in primary care in the UK, provides evidence to support this guidance (Mikaeloff et al 2008).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;In summary, NSAIDs and aspirin should be avoided in patients with chickenpox, and pain and pyrexia should be controlled with reasonable alternatives, such as paracetamol (Durand et al 2015).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are still very vocal practitioners, concluding from their professional experience and the evidence from literature, that especially in severe cases of fever iboprofen is still not strictly &lt;em&gt;contra-indicated&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://swiss-paediatrics.org/sites/default/files/57.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ibuprofen bei Varizellen nicht kontraindiziert&lt;/a&gt;. Although they too place paracetamol at first place for the medication of choice, they also emphasise a generally very cautious approach to previously too light heartedly prescribed medications in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own conclusion from this would be to try to avoid ibuprofen, aspirin &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; paracetamol. If a medication of this profile – reducing pain and fever – would still and indeed be needed, than currently paracetamol – used alone – seems to win out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-01-22T21:36:30.010" LastActivityDate="2018-01-22T21:36:30.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15046" CreationDate="2018-01-22T06:44:27.223" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone feels unwell or headachy after looking at particular patterns, it's likely to be migraine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We investigated stripe-induced visual discomfort and its relation to migraine. Some people find viewing striped patterns aversive. Prior work has suggested that migraineurs, in particular, are bothered by stripes. Subjects were selected by opportunity sampling. They were shown striped patterns and asked questions about their general health and their headache history, if any. Of the 102 subjects, 38 were diagnosed as having migraine headaches, 22 had nonmigraine headaches, and 42 were considered to be nonheadache subjects; 82% of those with migraines were stripe sensitive while only 6.2% without migraines were stripe sensitive. We conclude that stripe aversiveness is related to migraine headaches and can assist differentiation of migraine and nonmigraine headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803073&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-22T06:44:27.223" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-22T09:28:27.647" Score="3" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;Guns, Germs, and Steel&lt;/em&gt; by Jared Diamond it says our resistance to the flu and common cold is only &quot;temporary&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I was under the impression that if we get a flu/cold we stay immune forever, but we can easily get a &lt;em&gt;different&lt;/em&gt; flu/cold later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one is correct?  Does our resistance go away, or is it a matter of getting a new flu/cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12646" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T13:58:41.607" Title="Do we lose resistance to the common cold over time, or are we infected by a different cold each time?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-22T14:10:09.807" Score="2" ViewCount="1105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have already asked the question on Quora in the past, yet I have not received satisfactory answers. See the link &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/How-much-iodine-does-a-kombu-dashi-Japanese-broth-have&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to consume miso soup often, however, the dashi for the soup (Japanese broth, the basis of many Japanese soups and sauces) is made from boiled kombu seaweed, which is very high in iodine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that if one pre-soaks kombu in water it removes a lot of iodine, yet does not comprise the taste much, however &lt;strong&gt;I was not able to locate the daily recommended dose of dashi made from kombu, nor any other recommendations&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. use kombu 2x10 cm long, boil  for 20 seconds - this will be approximately 60% of your iodine daily intake).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Japanese often eat tofu and other foods that contain several chemicals that suppress the high iodine intake, though, again, no real numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any real studies/numbers on this?&lt;/strong&gt; Of course, the iodine concentration in such broth strongly depends on the kombu used, the length of boiling etc., yet I believe there must be some average values one can take into consideration in order to maintain thyroid health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12563" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T03:16:30.930" Title="How much Japanase dashi kombu seaweed broth can be consumed daily while not overdosing with iodine and keeping thyroid healthy?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;hyperthyroid&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;&lt;iodine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15061" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15065" CreationDate="2018-01-23T00:16:20.930" Score="24" ViewCount="11045" Body="&lt;p&gt;Influenza vaccines do not have satisfactory effective rates of preventing flu. Flu vaccination reduces the risk of flu illness by between 40% and 60% among the overall population during seasons when most circulating flu viruses are well-matched to the flu vaccine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to the CDC&lt;/a&gt;. This is not considered highly effective for a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, there is the risk of mercury that is harmful to the body, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.naturalnews.com/2017-09-16-proof-flu-shuts-are-the-greatest-medical-fraud-in-the-history-of-the-world.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to &lt;em&gt;Natural News&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it make sense for a healthy male in his early 40s to take the influenza vaccine, particularly when flu is an irritant but nowhere near deadly? Flu jabs come with mercury danger and does not sound effective. I am a lay man, so I may have miss out something important. Please correct me if I am wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T21:27:03.190" LastActivityDate="2018-01-27T14:47:02.737" Title="Is it advisable for a healthy male in his early 40s to take the influenza vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-23T01:43:15.037" Score="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Influenza deaths are not specifically tracked in those over the age of 18 but they can be estimated from death certificates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CDC estimates that from 2010-2011 to 2013-2014, influenza-associated deaths in the United States ranged from a low of 12,000 (during 2011-2012) to a high of 56,000 (during 2012-2013). Death certificate data and weekly influenza virus surveillance information was used to estimate how many flu-related deaths occurred among people whose underlying cause of death on their death certificate included respiratory or circulatory causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So deaths from influenza are often from a secondary bacterial pneumonia or excessive immune response (cytokine storm) to the flu infection.  Some young people can die &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/here-s-how-flu-virus-kills-some-people-so-quickly-n839936&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;within hours&lt;/a&gt; of the flu infection from the latter reason.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if we just look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359836/table/Tab3/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hospitalization rates&lt;/a&gt; we can see that for the age range 18-49, the rate of 41/100,000 is under half that of the average but twice higher than age range 5-17 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And 50 million deaths from the 1918 pandemic makes your statement that &quot;flu is an irritant&quot; completely erroneous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpub/PIIS2468-2667(17)30004-X.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;new paradigm&lt;/a&gt; for managing seasonal flu has been suggested.  The issue is that the people who most need the vaccination (elderly, sick, very young) are those that benefit the least from vaccination due to an impaired immune response to the vaccine, and it may be more effective to vaccinate the older young who respond well to vaccination:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Furthermore, influenza&#xA;  epidemiology is unfortunately characterised by&#xA;  dissociation between populations most likely to&#xA;  have severe disease (infants and elderly people), and&#xA;  populations most likely to benefit from vaccination&#xA;  (older children and adolescents—ie, those aged&#xA;  2–16 years).3&#xA;   Older children and adolescents seem to&#xA;  be important for the early propagation of influenza&#xA;  in populations, and the efficacy of influenza vaccines&#xA;  is greater in these populations than in elderly people,&#xA;  but they are generally not prioritised for immunisation&#xA;  because of their lower risk of morbidity and mortality&#xA;  from this infection.3&#xA;   This paradoxical state of affairs&#xA;  has led some researchers to suggest that the best way&#xA;  to minimise the burden of seasonal influenza would&#xA;  be to focus immunisation programmes on children,&#xA;  adolescents, and young adults, with benefit accrued by&#xA;  elderly people and infants as a result of herd immunity.3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;analysis highlights&#xA;  the importance of herd effects for decision makers:&#xA;  a rapidly implemented LAIV programme focused on&#xA;  children aged 2–16 years is actually more effective&#xA;  at preventing disease in elderly people than a more&#xA;  slowly implemented programme that includes both&#xA;  LAIV and direct immunisation of elderly people&#xA;  themselves. This finding is because a rapid, early focus&#xA;  on young individuals, in whom the vaccine is more&#xA;  effective, stops the influenza epidemic in its tracks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T18:38:20.973" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T18:38:20.973" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-23T05:36:17.193" Score="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, the benefit of flu shots is to the general population. Taking the cited value of 40%-60% from the CDC, we can say that it might be a coin toss for you &lt;em&gt;personally&lt;/em&gt; to be protected from influenza by the shot. However, if many thousands of people take the flu shot, even if it only works on 40% of them, it helps protect the remaining population from the spread of the virus (AKA herd immunity). This is especially important to those within the population who cannot access the shot or cannot receive it due to a preexisting medical condition. As Graham Chiu's answer points out, influenza is no joke, especially for vulnerable members of the population (such as the elderly or people with certain medical conditions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to mercury in the flu shot, the specific additive is called &quot;Thimerosal&quot;. Firstly: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/thimerosal.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;not all flu shots contain Thimerosal&lt;/a&gt;. If you feel strongly about it, ask your pharmacist for a vaccine that doesn't contain Thimerosal. The additive is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;preservative&lt;/a&gt; to prevent bacteria or fungi from growing in multi-dose vials containing the influenza vaccine. For explanations as to why you don't need to worry about Thimerosal, see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/15070/12655&quot;&gt;other&lt;/a&gt; great &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/15074/12655&quot;&gt;answers&lt;/a&gt; below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some further information to put your mind at ease. In their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/straight-talk-about-vaccination/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; in Scientific American, Matthew F. Daly and Jason M. Glanz (a pediatrician and epidemiologist respectively at Kaiser Permanente's Institute for Health Research in Denver) have this to say about the safety of vaccines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because vaccines are given to huge numbers of people, including healthy infants, they are held to a much higher safety standard than medications used for people who are already sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The key facts [you] need to know, though, are that vaccines prevent potentially fatal diseases, that vaccines have a high degree of safety, and that their safety is constantly evaluated and reevaluated in a system operating independently from the pharmaceutical companies that make vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a final note: in that article shared by the OP there are several scientifically unsound arguments and factual errors. I'm not going through the effort of refuting them all here. It is however worth pointing out that the presence of Thimerosal in vaccines is not a secret, and is well known among the scientific and medical community. In a &lt;strong&gt;brief&lt;/strong&gt; search of medical literature in the medical science database &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (free to the public, by the way) with the search terms &quot;influenza vaccine safety&quot; I could find no results making any claims about adverse side effects due to Thimerosal. In a database containing literally millions of independent, peer-reviewed medical scientific publications, you will be hard pressed to find any supporting the claims made in the aforementioned article shared by the OP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, this &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1423153&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;review article&lt;/a&gt; (where researchers summarize the results of 190 other sources on vaccine safety) had this to say on the topic of vaccine safety [paraphrased by me]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Influenza causes substantial death, suffering and socioeconomic impact worldwide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vaccination is the best defense against influenza.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Influenza vaccines are &quot;very safe&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The only known side effects of influenza vaccines are temporary nasal congestion (runny nose) and sometimes allergic reactions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Allergic reactions appear in less than 1 out of every 1,000,000 doses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Children with asthma under the age of 2 are particularly susceptible to the side effects of the influenza vaccine and more study is required to ensure it's safety for this particular high-risk group.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, infants who have problems breathing might be more significantly affected by allergic reactions or congestion. That's all they have to say about flu vaccine side effects (regardless of whether they contain Thimerosal). Finally, a direct quote from the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vaccines have to meet higher safety standards, since they are administered to healthy people, mainly healthy children. The monitoring of annual influenza vaccine safety, which is particular [sic] important on account of the annual changes in the viral antigen composition of the vaccine, constitutes a critical component of the influenza vaccination program. Indeed, not only does this strategy ensure the safety of vaccines, it can also maintain public trust in the national vaccination program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12655" LastEditorUserId="12655" LastEditDate="2018-01-24T19:58:14.273" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T19:58:14.273" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15009" CreationDate="2018-01-23T08:56:48.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2805578/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amphetamines can cause hair loss&lt;/a&gt;. The mechanism how this happens does not appear to be known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also some anabolic steroids (AAS) can cause it, presumably through &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4174066/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conversion to DHT&lt;/a&gt;. The situation with AAS is more complicated, as they can also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16827963&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cause the opposite (hirsutism)&lt;/a&gt;. The effect of AAS depends on the area, i.e. whether the hair is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;androgenic&lt;/a&gt; or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T09:14:15.923" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T09:14:15.923" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15068" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-23T09:39:02.280" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title asks, what is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dynamic range&lt;/a&gt; on a film-based x-ray? And what are the implications of this for digitally stored x-ray images?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T09:39:02.280" Title="What is the dynamic range on a film-based x-ray?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-23T12:32:30.773" Score="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tackling your points in turn, in inverted order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;flu is an irritant but nowhere near deadly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are probably confusing the flu (influenza) with the common cold, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is colloquially often called “the flu”&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastroenteritis&lt;/a&gt; (colloquially called “stomach flu”). Unfortunately these are actually very different diseases. The common cold is indeed largely harmless. By contrast, influenza (and potentially also gastroenteritis) is a serious, and potentially deadly, disease. Its symptoms vary but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/flu/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;it usually leads to high fever, strong pain, diarrhoea and difficulty sleeping&lt;/a&gt;. In a word, you’ll feel rotten for the better part of a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, the mortality may not &lt;em&gt;seem&lt;/em&gt; very high but (even ignoring that it caused the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;deadliest epidemic&lt;/a&gt; in human history) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/flu.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;each year thousands of people die from it in the US alone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. In fact, the numbers vary greatly with each season, from about 3,000 to almost 50,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a healthy 40-year-old you are less likely to &lt;em&gt;die&lt;/em&gt; from the flu but you could still get very seriously ill. Furthermore, by getting vaccinated, you contribute to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;herd immunity&lt;/a&gt;. This prevents the flu’s spread and protects other, less healthy people, from dying from the flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[40%–60% risk reduction] is not considered highly effective for a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even a 40% risk reduction is very effective. It’s maybe not considered “highly effective” &lt;em&gt;compared to other vaccines&lt;/em&gt; because vaccines, in general, are extremely effective. But compared to other remedies, vaccines are one of the most effective treatment methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rather than thinking of 40%–60% as a coin toss, think of it this way: amongst the vaccinated population, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_%28epidemiology%29&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;incidence&lt;/a&gt; is more than halved (due to the compounding effect of reduced risk of infection in the population). This is impressive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[The flu vaccine contains] mercury that is harmful to the body, according to Natural News.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is intentionally deceptive: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu vaccines do not contain elementary mercury&lt;/a&gt; (and never have)! &lt;em&gt;Some&lt;/em&gt; flu vaccines contain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;thiomersal&lt;/a&gt; (or “thimerosal”), which in turn contains &lt;em&gt;ethylmercury&lt;/em&gt;. Despite its name, this is a different compound, and does not have the same chemical properties as elementary mercury.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Contrary to what &lt;em&gt;Natural News&lt;/em&gt; claims, thiomersal in vaccines is safe: it has never been found to produce a negative effect in humans.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beware of your news sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_News&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Natural News&lt;/em&gt; is a scam website&lt;/a&gt; that lies to sell ineffective, unregulated, and potentially harmful supplements. When researching health topics, always cross-reference your information with respectable sources such as the WHO, the NHS or the CDC. You don’t need to &lt;em&gt;exclusively&lt;/em&gt; rely on them but they accurately portray the scientific consensus and, unlike sites like &lt;em&gt;Natural News&lt;/em&gt;, they have no financial interest in lying to the public, since they do not make profit off it. Furthermore, they are funded independently by different governments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; This is a very important point, so it bears explaining: Consider table salt. Table salt is the chemical compound sodium chloride. Both sodium and chloride, in isolation, are highly toxic. But when combined chemically, as in table salt, they form a harmless compound that is safe for normal consumption. The same is true for the relationship between mercury and ethylmercury.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; As everywhere, &lt;em&gt;the dose makes the poison&lt;/em&gt;. Thiomersal in high concentrations is toxic, just like table salt. Toxicity is often measured in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Salt has an LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;http://whs.rocklinusd.org/documents/Science/Lethal_Dose_Table.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;12357 mg/kg&lt;/a&gt; in humans, which means that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.traditionaloven.com/culinary-arts/cooking/table-salt/convert-kilogram-kg-to-table-spoon-tbsp.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;approx. 58 tablespoons&lt;/a&gt; are problematic for an 80 kg man. Thiomersal has an LD&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;75 mg/kg&lt;/a&gt; (in rats), which means that you’d need to vaccinate that 80 kg man &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/rr6602a1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;over 100,000 times&lt;/a&gt;, at once, for a similar effect!&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastEditorUserId="3120" LastEditDate="2018-01-26T14:12:16.863" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T14:12:16.863" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-23T13:35:20.050" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other answers have explained why being vaccinated is generally a good idea, and I fully support the ones that do. That said, the article you've linked to does indeed present some very scary points, and I fully understand why reading something like that would give you some doubts about your own safety, so I'd like to directly tackle the key point raised by it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no medical qualifications whatsoever, so just like you I'm reading the information that's available as a lay person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mercury is toxic at any dose when injected into the body, even in micrograms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Injecting a syringe full of mercury into your body is definitely a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740532/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bad idea&lt;/a&gt;. The article is mostly worried about Thimerosal, which is used as a preservative. The US National Toxicology Department has tested this ingredient in response to fears, and you can see the results &lt;a href=&quot;https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/thimerosal_508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It tells us the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this study, the LD50 of thimerosal in rats was 98 mg/kg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The LD50 being 98mg/kg means that, to have a 50% chance of killing a rat that weighs one kilogram, you'll need to inject 98mg of Thimerosal. Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;http://web.jhu.edu/animalcare/procedures/rat.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, 400g for a rat's weight seems like a reasonable estimate, so it'll take about 40mg of Thimerosal to have a 50% chance of killing a pet rat. Heading back to your article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As you can see from this snapshot, the package insert readily admits that each vaccine dose “contains 50 mcg thimerosal (&amp;lt;25 mcg mercury).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yep, it absolutely does. Converting the units, 50mcg=0.05mg. If we want to kill that rat from Thimerosal poisoning, we'd need to inject it with 800 of these flu shots. I'm going to re-state this in big text just in case you're only skimming:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To stand a decent chance of killing a pet rat from mercury poisoning, you'd need to inject it with 800 of the flu vaccines discussed in that article, all at the same time&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're probably a lot bigger than your average lab rat, so we're talking tens of thousands of flu shots before the mercury inside it starts getting dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article also discusses formaldehyde, and if you're interested you can do your own research into the toxicity of that and see how many flu shots you'd need to be in danger of death from formaldahyde poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a real shame that the articles trying to tell you vaccines are dangerous are so exciting to read, whilst articles describing actual scientific research are so dry and boring. You can see why ideas like this gain so much traction - it's terribly exciting to read! Unfortunately, it just doesn't stand up to any serious scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12670" LastEditorUserId="12670" LastEditDate="2018-01-24T12:01:04.280" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T12:01:04.280" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15060" CreationDate="2018-01-23T13:48:58.263" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no studies looking at iodine concentrations of that specific soup broth that I could find. But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4696276/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, published in Nutrition Journal 2 years ago, looks at iodine intake in various Japanese dietary groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one type of diet, participants consumed more than 1 bowl of miso soup and 2 servings of seaweed a day, and their daily iodine intake was about 650 micrograms, right in the middle of the recommended range of 150-1100 micrograms a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you should be just fine eating plenty of miso soup and/or seaweed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T13:48:58.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15057" CreationDate="2018-01-23T13:58:41.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is usually a different strain of the flu or cold virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, viruses like the flu are able to combine and recombine their genes almost endlessly, meaning that they end up with different proteins on their outer coat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those proteins are the way that our body recognizes the virus as a foreign invader, and so a different type of protein means that our body doesn't recognize the virus. The flu vaccine each year essentially tries to expose your body to proteins from many of the emerging strains of flu, in order to reduce the chances of you getting infected. Because there are so many strains of the flu, though, the vaccine is only effective at preventing about 60% of cases (still a huge accomplishment!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it's also important to note that immunity to many diseases is not forever. Some diseases, or vaccines against diseases (for complicated reasons) cause a shorter period of immunity. In other words, the body &quot;forgets&quot; the exposure sooner. That's why you should get regular tetanus booster vaccines, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it's possible to lose immunity, most colds or cases of the flu come from mutations in the virus that our body can't recognize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T13:58:41.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14940" CreationDate="2018-01-23T14:12:18.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sensitivity refers to the level at which the ventilator will trigger a breath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPAP provides, as the name implies, continuous pressure. This is known as PEEP. PEEP is the background pressure that the ventilator always tries to maintain, whether a patient is breathing in or out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a patient tries to breathe, they suck in air, lowering the pressure to below the level of PEEP. This alerts the ventilator that the patient is trying to breathe, and so the ventilator starts supplying more gas to maintain the PEEP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If PEEP is set at 8mm/Hg, the sensitivity threshold for a breath might be 5, 6, 7, or some other number below 8. If the patient is weak and can't take big breaths, you might have a high sensitivity, because they might not be able to take powerful breaths on their own. If they are young and healthy, the sensitivity might be lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T14:12:18.760" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14925" CreationDate="2018-01-23T14:24:37.863" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concentration of drugs declines based on a property of the specific drug called pharmacokinetics. Here's a broad-brush strokes overview &lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/site/pharmacologyinonesemester/2-drug-distribution-metabolism-and-elimination/2-5-blood-levels/2-5-3-first-and-zero-order-kinetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(more info here)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A drug with zero order kinetics declines linearly. This is often the case if a drug is metabolized by an organ such as the liver. Alcohol has 0-order kinetics. If your blood alcohol level is 0.8 at midnight, it might be 0.6 at 1AM, 0.4 at 2AM, 0.2 at 3AM, and 0.0 at 4AM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A drug with first order kinetics declines exponentially. This is common in drugs that are excreted from the kidney. Say you have a drug level of 0.8 at midnight. At 1AM it might be 0.4, then 0.2 at 2AM, then 0.1 at 3AM, then 0.05 at 4AM. It will continue to decline exponentially until there is an undetectable amount of drug in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to your second point &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0801/p449.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(more info here)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most drugs work based on plasma concentration. Take an antibiotic: if the plasma concentration is too low, it isn't able to have an effect (killing bacteria), simple as that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some drugs, however, cause longer-term changes in the body. This is especially common with psychoactive drugs such as SSRIs. The effect of these drugs is to cause the body to produce more receptors to the neurotransmitter serotonin. This takes several weeks to occur, and also takes several weeks (or months) to reverse. In this way, the effect of the drug can be seen long after the drug is stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T16:20:55.050" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T16:20:55.050" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14916" CreationDate="2018-01-23T14:31:00.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is entirely due to the fact that when you cook quinoa, it absorbs lots of water and weighs more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you start with 100g of uncooked quinoa, and cook it, that same amount will now weigh about 300g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it takes 300g of cooked quinoa to have the same nutrients as 100g of uncooked quinoa. On paper, this looks like it has 1/3 the nutrients, but in reality it's the same number of grains of quinoa, they're just much plumper now that they've absorbed water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T14:31:00.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-23T20:41:28.273" Score="14" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Influenza vaccines do not have satisfactory effective rates of preventing flu. Flu vaccination reduces the risk of flu illness by between 40% and 60%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines aren't meant to stop diseases by making 100% invulnerable individuals. Of course we want the highest possible efficacy, but the primary benefit is the large impact they have on a collective level, by limiting the spread of a disease, so that it snuffs itself off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's all about reducing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;basic reproduction number (&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;, the number of cases of the disease that are caused by infection from one case of the desease. There are 3 ranges this number can fall into&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 &amp;lt; &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; Each person, on average, infects more than 1 person before recovering. Disease spreads as more people get infected than people are recovering.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; = 1 Each person, on average, infects exactly 1 other person before recovering. The disease spread plateaus (i.e. the number of infected remains the same.), as the number of people getting infected exactly matches the number of people recovering.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;0 ≤ &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; 1 Each person, on average, infects less than 1 person before recovering. The disease gets snuffed out over time, as people recover faster than people are getting infected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exponential math that models disease spread applies in many areas, such as in nuclear chain reactions, where the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction#Effective_neutron_multiplication_factor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;effective neutron multiplication factor&lt;/a&gt; is the average number of neutrons from one fission that cause another fission. Just as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_rod&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;control rods&lt;/a&gt; are used in nuclear reactors to maintain the &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt; around 1 (a stable, non-growning, non-dying rate of reaction), vaccines can be used to bring &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; below 1, so that deceases snuff themselves out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herd immunity is a proportional to the product of vaccine efficacy, and the vaccination rate. Here's a simplified visualization of herd immunity, which I think presumes 100% vaccine efficacy. We can compensate for lower vaccine efficacy by increasing the vaccination rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/J7LANQ4.gif&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/J7LANQ4.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Herd immunity simulation&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not using a vaccine because it's &quot;only&quot; 40% - 60% effective is counterproductive: that's &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; when we need a high vaccination rate, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the most!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12697" LastEditorUserId="12697" LastEditDate="2018-01-23T22:51:56.860" LastActivityDate="2018-01-23T22:51:56.860" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-23T21:27:10.600" Score="1" ViewCount="1165" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is more effective - magnesium gel or magnesium oil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some context - I'm applying it over almost the entire body to help with psychogenic muscle constrictions that are likely caused by my OCD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Bowen-technique therapist recommended that I go for oil rather than gel. Is there evidence that it is really superior?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12700" LastActivityDate="2018-06-04T16:17:31.623" Title="Magnesium gel vs magnesium oil" Tags="&lt;magnesium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-24T03:10:54.437" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm translating a Russian text that gives a description of necropsy results. It mentions &quot;productive vasculitis&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Сосуды вокруг участка гранулематозного воспаления с признаками &lt;strong&gt;продуктивного васкулита&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Vessels surrounding the granulomatous inflammation site have signs of &lt;strong&gt;productive vasculitis&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Judging by the paucity of Google results for &quot;productive vasculitis&quot; (a mere 100 links), the phrase is a calque from Russian. I wonder how this type of vasculitis would be described in English. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wikiexclusive.com/medicine-and-drugs/vasculitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;description of classification&lt;/a&gt; I found online, written in English by a Russian specialist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vasculitis (angiitis) is an inflammation of blood vessels (aortitis, arteritis, arterioles, capillaritis, phlebitis, lymphangitis). Vasculitis can be destructive (necrotic), &lt;strong&gt;productive&lt;/strong&gt; and granulomatous.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T03:10:54.437" Title="English-language term for &quot;productive vasculitis&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5656" CreationDate="2018-01-24T05:59:30.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If post gastric bypass patients can eat solid food they can eat &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bariatric-surgery/in-depth/gastric-bypass-diet/art-20048472&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soft fruit&lt;/a&gt;. And before that they can puree food with fruit juices.  As for supplements, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616370/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin tablets are recommended&lt;/a&gt; for most patients after surgery.  Most vitamin tablets contain about 60 mg of Vitamin C with the RDA being 90 mg for men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if they don't consume nutritious food after surgery, and take their supplements, then the outcome can be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320124/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;devastating case of scurvy&lt;/a&gt; which can nevertheless be treated by enteral vitamin C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T05:59:30.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15100" CreationDate="2018-01-24T07:26:46.107" Score="-1" ViewCount="611" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to kill staph. aureus in tonsils with antibiotics? Because i ve heard that it just disappear for few days or weeks. But on the other hand i heard some people heal it with citricidal. Truth is that citricidal makes my tonsils and tongue clearer but i dont know how long i need to drink it (i am using it for 5 days). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12648" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T18:26:10.693" Title="It is possible to kill staph. aureus in tonsils with antibiotics or citricidal?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;staph-infections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-02-08T03:01:18.813" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8688" CreationDate="2018-01-24T07:43:22.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adverse Effects: A study [See Reference] analyzed the literature and did interviews with medical staff and found that the most common risk for laser hair removal is burns and changes in pigmentation. Lesser common complications include increased sweating, rash, post-op pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benefits: From what I've read [See Reference], the main benefit is cosmetic satisfaction. Although the paper does mention the therapeutic effects against hirsutism/hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To address some of the other points you were mentioning: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Removing hair does assist in odor control since hair is porous (readily absorbs odors). So less hair = less odor. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Removing hair does not reduce sweating &quot;because the practice doesn't affect the glands that produce perspiration.&quot; Mayo Clinic explains &quot;These glands will continue to produce perspiration even when the hair is shaved down to skin level.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For pubic hair removal, a study [See References] was done using a self-administered questionnaire (sample size 369 women) and the researchers found that &quot;The majority (60%) had experienced at least 1 health complication because of the removal, of which the most common were epidermal abrasion and ingrown hairs.&quot; Your mention of infection is certainly accounted for in the paper: &quot;This practice [pubic hair removal] may result in adverse health consequences, including genital burns from waxing, severe skin irritation leading to post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, vulvar and vaginal irritation and infection, and the spread or transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI).&quot; From what I've seen, the research on adverse effects of pubic hair removal for men is less studied, but I did find a paper [See Reference] that mentions a positive correlation with STI's, but this conclusion is assuming that men are cutting themselves while shaving. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence-based review of hair removal using lasers and light&#xA;sources:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/22e9/49a68c2731590e3e92afffa40e756e0bafee.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/22e9/49a68c2731590e3e92afffa40e756e0bafee.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adverse Effects of Laser Hair Removal: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bea/730adb6241154ec8dd08b901c18e61ecb90e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bea/730adb6241154ec8dd08b901c18e61ecb90e.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sweating and Body Odor: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/underarm-care/tips/does-shaving-armpits-reduce-sweating.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/underarm-care/tips/does-shaving-armpits-reduce-sweating.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pubic Hair Removal Complications in Women Study: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486227&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486227&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pubic Hair Removal in Males, Trends:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675231/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675231/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T07:43:22.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5656" CreationDate="2018-01-24T08:15:57.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certain cooked foods, for example, sweet potatoes, will still have some vitamin C (1 cup potatoes, 328 g = 42 mg vit C) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2668/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin-enriched cereals are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin capsules and enteric-coated tablets should not irritate the esophagus and stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T08:15:57.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8688" CreationDate="2018-01-24T12:07:41.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the questions — especially about the benefits — are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_removal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;answered exhaustively on the Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;. For medical reasons, in particular, the article states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In extreme situations people may need to remove all body hair to prevent or combat infestation by lice, fleas and other parasites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the main &lt;em&gt;purpose&lt;/em&gt; of hair removal is definitely aesthetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting, cultural pubic hair removal has had an unexpected positive side-effect: it has probably contributed substantially to the near-eradication of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_louse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pubic lice&lt;/a&gt; (“crabs”), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as reported&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T12:07:41.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15095" CreationDate="2018-01-24T16:17:25.037" Score="4" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a prescription such as this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;omeprazole 20 mg BID&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know BID means two times per day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, does this mean to take half the dose of 20 mg (10 mg) in the morning plus 10 mg in the evening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does it mean to take the full dose (20 mg) in the morning plus 20 mg in the evening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-27T00:35:37.170" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T00:35:37.170" Title="How does the abbreviation BID apply to medication dosing?" Tags="&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15094" CreationDate="2018-01-24T16:40:23.287" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you've stated BID = bis in die = twice a day. &#xA;According to a standard dosage sheet from the University of Florida, BID = every 12 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I was reading a forum for nurses [See References] and there seems to be variations on BID (roughly 8-12 hours apart) depending on the hospital. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If possible, contact your nurse/physician for the clearest clarification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;University of Florida Standards:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://professionals.ufhealth.org/files/2011/11/1007-drugs-therapy-bulletin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://professionals.ufhealth.org/files/2011/11/1007-drugs-therapy-bulletin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forum: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://allnurses.com/first-year-after/bid-strictly-every-795661.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://allnurses.com/first-year-after/bid-strictly-every-795661.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T16:40:23.287" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14411" CreationDate="2018-01-24T17:48:12.793" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the blood pregnancy test is one option, urine pregnancy tests are still possible in an unconscious patient via a Foley catheter, which is a tube inserted up the urethra into the bladder. These catheters are commonly placed in trauma patients (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several things that can be done during emergency management of a patient that can potentially cause harm to a fetus. One of these is imaging involving radiation, such as X-rays or CT scans. However, after 16 weeks of pregnancy imaging is unlikely to cause harm to a fetus (1). There are a number of drugs that can cause harm to a fetus (teratogenic drugs), however many safe alternatives exist, and emergency medical personnel are trained to treat you as though you are pregnant until proven otherwise (3,4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/prenatalphysician.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of Radiation on Fetus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889669/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indications for a Foley Catheter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Teratogenic Medications in Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26334607/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Management of a Potentially Pregnant Trauma Patient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T17:48:12.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15089" CreationDate="2018-01-24T18:26:10.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is vague and could use clarification. Are you having symptoms of a tonsil infection? If so, what? Have you seen a doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, &lt;strong&gt;Staph aureus is a normal skin and mouth bacteria&lt;/strong&gt;. In the study below, about 40% of patients had S. aureus in their throat on admission (not acquired in the hospital) (1). Since S. aureus is a normal part of our microbiome, &lt;strong&gt;you do not need to take antibiotics to kill it unless you have symptoms of infection&lt;/strong&gt;, namely trouble swallowing, sore throat, fever, and pus coming from the tonsils (4). Even if you have tonsillitis, it's unlikely to be caused by staph-- the majority of cases are caused by a virus (4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes you concerned about S. aureus in particular? If you do have symptoms of infection in your tonsils, you should see a doctor. If they think the infection is likely due to staph, they will probably prescribe Bactrim, clindamycin, doxycycline, or cephalexin, though there are many good options (3). There is some evidence that citricidal may have antibacterial properties, but &lt;strong&gt;citricidal has not yet been tested in human subjects so there is no way of knowing how well it works compared to antibiotics&lt;/strong&gt;(2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, many people have staph aureus on their skin and in their mouths-- this is not the same as an infection. You do not need treatment unless you have symptoms. If you are concerned, see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594670/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rate of Colonization of Staph Aureus in the Throat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417904001743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Possible Bacteriocidal Properties of Citricidal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540518/all/Staphylococcus_aureus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibiotics Used for Soft Tissue Staph Infections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tonsillitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378479&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Causes and Symptoms of Tonsillitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T18:26:10.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-24T19:17:33.020" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shall i be interested in hygiene of toothbrush, and if so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to keep toothbrush clean for long period (1-2 months)&#xA;if you use toothbrush to clean your teeth without any toothpaste&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for solution, for cleaning the toothbrush, in these priorities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Contains no herbal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Contains herbal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anything else&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Put Activated Charcoal in cup, and store there head of toothbrush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.Put green tea, cinnamon powder, ginger powder and coconut oil in cup, and store there head of toothbrush.&#xA; Change mixture in the cup, in 2-3 days. Will this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is follow up to many articles, explaining how badly is to drink directly from water bottle/container for week or so without cleaning it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12025" LastEditorUserId="12025" LastEditDate="2018-01-24T19:31:49.733" LastActivityDate="2018-01-24T19:31:49.733" Title="How to maintain hygiene of toothbrush" Tags="&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-24T21:49:31.067" Score="4" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a big fasting boom on the internet, but it is hard to sift through the claims of fitness and health bloggers and the real evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have spent hours reading studies on fasting - it is obvious many have concluded that various forms of fasting actually do induce several health benefits such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased human growth hormone production&lt;/a&gt;, augmented &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metabolic regulation of Sirtuins&lt;/a&gt; (that may play a role in decreased carcinogenesis and slower ageing), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3106288/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased neural autophagy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11220789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased neural cell growth&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/geronj/article-abstract/38/1/36/570019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increased lifespan&lt;/a&gt; and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this sounds amazing and more human studies are needed, &lt;strong&gt;I wonder if anybody knows if we can already infer from the evidence we have an optimal feeding pattern for humans?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel (I am not sure exactly) that the 16:8 intermittent fasting pattern (16 hours fasting and 8 hours of feeing time daily) has had some research done on it, but yet again, mostly non-scientists propagate the idea. I am looking less for other/new evidence of fasting's health benefits, but rather for science-backed conclusions. I believe we should be able to gather the evidence and implement it correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder about this because who wouldn't want to know how to eat in a way that would prolong our lifespan and have other health benefits? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12563" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-30T10:03:29.157" LastActivityDate="2021-04-30T10:03:29.157" Title="Is there evidence that humans should fast intermittently daily for 16 hours because it is healthy in general?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;autophagy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-04-30T15:18:33.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15041" CreationDate="2018-01-25T02:23:30.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different ways (proprietary methods) that these blue light coating are manufactured, but one general principle is called anti-reflection coatings. *I say &quot;one general method&quot; because hybrid methods can exist depending on the manufacturing company. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anti-reflection coating:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coating creates two reflections (on each side of the coating) that destructively interfere (cancel each other out), thus reducing the amount of blue (high energy) light reaching the eyes. This is the reason why the coating is promoted to help alleviate eye strain from computer light. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ObqHr.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ObqHr.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Hyperphysics&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physics behind the image: &#xA;Index refraction of coating is somewhere between air (~1) and glass (~1.5); the coating's thickness is around 1/4*light's wavelength (number varies, but should be around blue/green area of light spectrum). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell, there doesn't seem to be any negative impact on vision/eye health by reducing the amount of blue light that reaches your eye. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These blue light coatings remind me of the 'orange sunglasses/blue blocking glasses' and research is still being done to study how reducing blue light yields health benefits such as eye protection, improving cortisol level and better sleep.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.readingglassesetc.com/pages/blue-block/blublock-ar-coatings.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Different types of blue light coating&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/antiref.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physics behind Anti-Reflection Coatings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/blue-light.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neat Information on Blue Light, the Good and the Bad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wellnessmama.com/15730/blue-light-blocking-glasses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research on benefits of blocking out blue light&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T02:23:30.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="223" CreationDate="2018-01-25T04:26:55.863" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dust shouldn't be too big an issue as they're not inhaling a mist, they're inhaling the evaporated fumes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as health goes, it would depend much more on the quality of ingredients they're getting. I'm not talking about microbiologic or viral issues either, I'm talking like the ppm of heavy metals contained in the syrup. Lab cleanliness certainly is important, but not as important as the purity of the starting ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all e-juice on the market is USP grade. If you were worried about contaminants, just by using reagent grade or higher and a cheap DIY glove box with basic sterilizing equipment, you've already exceeded the cleanliness of every commercial e-juice on the market that I've seen. After that it's just a matter of following proper ISO protocols in regard to laboratory cleanliness and how much money you want to spend. Cheapest option for a sterile e-juice would be to build a large positive pressure glove box and use only sterile pre packaged tools and sterilization and depyrogenation of beakers/etc. all of which are far, far beyond necessary for making a liquid you're are then going to deliver by dumping into an open-air vial and then super heating to the point of vaporization + inhaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than necessary, but not, in anyway, unobtainable for a home laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer is &quot;It depends&quot;. Are all DIYers going to be cleaner than all manufacturers? No. Are all manufacturers going to be cleaner than all DIYers? Also no. Is your friend's DIY juice 'good enough' to use? I would ask to watch him while he makes it, take note of his lab practices and chemical purity levels, and then make my decision based on how much his lab resembles the cleanliness standards of your average meth lab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really though, if he's at least following basic food safety protocols, and not using some below-food-grade chemicals to make his e-juice you're probably not going to die if you take a hit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8198" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T04:26:55.863" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12096" CreationDate="2018-01-25T09:37:37.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question as to why some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568353&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;35% of people&lt;/a&gt; may experience the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007510&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;photic sneeze reflex&lt;/a&gt; requires knowledge of how the photic reflex occurs and its function, and both are currently unknown.  It may be a neutral trait, or it may even have some evolutionary advantage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's known now that simulating a sneeze by passing fast moving air over nasal cilia &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22516297&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases the ciliary beat frequency&lt;/a&gt; and it has been hypothesized that this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/120731103035.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;resets the nasal airways&lt;/a&gt; by clearing out debris and other particles. One could theorise that this might temporarily improve the sense of smell which might be advantageous in a hunter gatherer society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T09:37:37.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15110" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15111" CreationDate="2018-01-25T13:16:59.130" Score="4" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently dropped 30 lbs through diet adjustments. Nothing trendy, just cutting back on prepared and processed foods and most importantly: portion sizes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5 weeks ago I started a strength training program. Progressive overloading using compound barbell exercises: back squat, press/bench press, and deadlifts. I've never felt stronger!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing that's confusing me is that the scale is no longer changing. I feel like I'm eating pretty well, lots of fibre, fruits, and proteins. A &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; less carbs than I used to eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this adage of &quot;muscle weighs more than fat&quot; actually true? And is it keeping my body weight around the same mark because of it? I'm lifting some seriously heavy weights at 5 weeks for a novice -- I'm 5'9&quot; 202lbs and yesterday I squatted 195, benched 175, and deadlifted 215. Today is a rest day and tomorrow I'll be adding 5lbs to each (hence the progressive overloading).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't tell if I'm still eating too much since my target weight is definitely under 200 at my height and body type. But I've never done strength training so I don't know how much muscle mass will change my expectation of a target weight because my previous experience was as a lean, aerobically fit twenty-something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12736" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T14:49:06.520" Title="Does muscle really weigh more than fat?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15110" CreationDate="2018-01-25T14:49:06.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes: muscle tissue is denser than adipose tissue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skeletal tissue has a density of ~1.06 g/ml&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue#Physical_properties&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;; with references to the scientific literature.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that, per volume, skeletal muscles weigh more than fat. However, skeletal muscle (which you gain by exercising) only contributes a fraction to the overall lean body mass. Another substantial contributor is water, and the amount of water in the body varies drastically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote &lt;a href=&quot;https://inbodyusa.com/blogs/inbodyblog/45434945-lean-body-mass-and-muscle-mass-whats-the-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“InBody”&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lean Mass gains, when they do occur, are largely increases in body water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It’s difficult to say with any certainty how much any Lean Body Mass increase is due to Skeletal Muscle Mass without using sophisticated tools&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they have bad news for you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Do] not try to use a scale to measure changes in Lean Body Mass or Skeletal Muscle Mass.&lt;/strong&gt; It’s impossible […]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should therefore track your exercise progress differently. As for tracking the progress of your diet, it may seem tempting to measure body fat percentage. Unfortunately this &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; requires sophisticated tools: those home-use scales that give you  body fat estimates &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.consumerreports.org/body-fat-scales/body-fat-scale-review/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are unreliable&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3120" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T14:49:06.520" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15103" CreationDate="2018-01-25T16:45:28.317" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quality of Evidence&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;First off, I'd be careful with the sources you are citing-- one of them is an opinion letter in a journal, and two are studies in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at studies, the best evidence is that with patient-centered outcomes (5). Increased dentate gyrus neurogenesis or HGH production are interesting results, but it's unclear that those translate into meaningful benefits for you. The papers that are worth changing your daily habits for are the ones that look at endpoints that are meaningful to you: weight loss, increased survival, improved memory, etc. While you can theorize a link between neurogenesis or HGH and a meaningful outcome, science is full of theoretical connections that turned out not to exist in real life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence for Intermittent Fasting In Humans&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;There is not yet great evidence on the topic, as you mentioned, but there is a decent review published in 2014 comparing calorie restriction (CR) diets with intermittent fasting or alternate day fasting (IF/ADF) diets. It concludes (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results reveal &lt;strong&gt;superior decreases in body weight by CR&lt;/strong&gt; vs IF/ADF&#xA;  regimens, yet &lt;strong&gt;comparable reductions in visceral fat mass&lt;/strong&gt;, fasting&#xA;  insulin, and insulin resistance. None of the interventions produced&#xA;  clinically meaningful reductions in glucose concentrations. Taken&#xA;  together, these &lt;strong&gt;preliminary findings show promise for the use of IF&#xA;  and ADF as alternatives to CR for weight loss and type 2 diabetes risk&#xA;  reduction&lt;/strong&gt; in overweight and obese populations, but &lt;strong&gt;more research is&#xA;  required&lt;/strong&gt; before solid conclusions can be reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while intermittent fasting may not cause as much weight loss as a typical diet, it seems to be similarly good at eliminating fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several studies out there that look at intermittent fasting and weight loss, but they all have small sample sizes (n&amp;lt;110) and most of them involve women only, so it's hard to extrapolate much from them. However most of them say that the two dietary approaches seem to be similar in terms of weight loss (2-4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it looks like intermittent fasting has comparable effects on weight and blood sugar as traditional calorie-restrictive diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S193152441400200X&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review of Intermittent Fasting Effects on Diabetes and Weight Loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934394903026&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Year Long Weight Loss In Overweight Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-11-98&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intermittent Fasting and Weight Loss In Obese Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo2010171&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intermittent vs. Calorie Restriction Diets in Young Overweight Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1207437&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient-Centered Outcomes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-25T16:45:28.317" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-25T20:03:26.593" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in finding possible causes of elevated levels of beta-HCG and Alpha-1-Fetoprotein &lt;strong&gt;in males&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as much as I see, the only answer I find relates to cancer, and my curiosity is about the possible &lt;strong&gt;exogenous&lt;/strong&gt; causes (for instance drugs), or in case there are none, other non-oncology related conditions that may cause these two levels to be out of range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that some pregnancy-related drugs can alter values, but in males how could this happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12747" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:45:59.110" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:45:59.110" Title="Causes for elevated beta-HCG and AFP" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-25T23:16:35.193" Score="3" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a rather peculiar and random question about heat loss during cold weather.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The head, the hands and the feet all emanate a great quantity of heat and are important regulators in mantaing optimal body temperaure. In cold weather, vasoconstriction occurs in the extremities in order to save heat; also,  sometimes there appears the cold induced vasodilatation (CVID) effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if the legs recieve more bloodflow than the hands when walking, shouldn't the toes also have a slightly higher temperature than the fingers from the hand? Or is the adrenal vasoconstriction preventing this from happening? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: I couldn't find any study that measured this absurd effect.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2641" LastActivityDate="2018-03-01T19:14:59.650" Title="Heat loss from extremities" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;feet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14971" CreationDate="2018-01-26T01:29:13.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that the person inherits their A version of their ABO gene from their father.  This means that they inherited their B version of their ABO gene from their mother.  Now mother apparently tests O, which means that she can only donate an O gene to her offspring, unless she has a non-functional H gene.  People with non-functional H genes will test as O blood type even if they're actually A or B type.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The child then gets a functional H gene from the other parent and this then exposes the A or B gene from the mother.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What actually happens is that the A or B gene code for proteins that turn the H protein into A or B, and if the H gene is defective, the A or B proteins can't be made and so the blood type appears as O. &lt;a href=&quot;http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask413&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possiblity is a mutation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ceqq7.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ceqq7.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you're much more likely to mutate from O to A rather than to B as the former pair only has one base difference between them.  The O type is likely a nonsense mutation from A. &lt;a href=&quot;http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask181&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask181&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T01:29:13.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="178" CreationDate="2018-01-26T03:20:15.290" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one exception that has not been mentioned. There is a condition called Cholinergic Urticaria, which is hives due to excess heat and sweat. It is in the category of physical allergies, and more information can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049978-overview?pa=g61D7%2BA62wCW%2FjnI7GiLspM9NWt99zm7nLfIhufvNaPVs%2Fv900arF62zFPcN7%2Fy5%2FFT7vVL%2FlyCPnaUOM57xWkj41%2F3Xq%2FwkYYScwkptsbo%3D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape Cholinergic Urticaria&lt;/a&gt;. One of the triggers is spicy food. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049978-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; explains that dietary changes that remove foods that elevate the body temperature help tame the symptoms. Removing capsaicin foods eliminates a trigger for these reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3378" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T03:20:15.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15119" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-26T11:29:28.023" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Programs like f.lux (Desktop Application) and features like Night Mode (iOS) claim to reduce the blue light being emitted from a digital screen to improve sleep. Is this true, and if so, how effective is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12762" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T11:29:28.023" Title="How effective are digital blue-light filters for secretion of melatonin &amp; getting to sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4953" CreationDate="2018-01-26T15:50:12.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Occasional severe pain in the throat and chest after swallowing that radiates into the arms and feels like a heart attack (as mentioned in the question and one comment) fits the description of &lt;strong&gt;esophageal spasm&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/esophageal-spasm-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pain may last only for few seconds or minutes to hours (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hon.ch/OESO/books/Vol_4_Prim_Motility/Articles/ART208.HTML&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OESO Knowledge&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causes and risk factors are not well understood; they can include acid reflux, unusal anatomy, problems with intrinsic esophageal innervation, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174975-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;). The pain can be triggered by hot or cold beverages or stress, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible explanation: Swallowing air results in a different onset of the esophageal peristaltic wave than usually. In combination with an underlying muscle/nerve abnormality, this can trigger a muscle spasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnostic procedures include an X-ray with barrium swallow, esophageal manometry, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various endoscopic or surgical procedures can help...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related terms: diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker or jackhammer esophageus, odynophagia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-01-26T17:44:11.503" LastActivityDate="2018-01-26T17:44:11.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15124" CreationDate="2018-01-26T20:33:02.010" Score="7" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the body produces fever in order to kill bacteria, wouldn't decreasing the fever by taking anti fever medication decrease the body's ability to fight the bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming you have non life threatening fever wouldn't it be better to let it run its course instead of immediately decreasing it with medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T13:10:04.033" Title="Does stopping fever hinder the process of killing bacteria via fever?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15123" CreationDate="2018-01-26T23:21:31.883" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a great question, an area of active debate, and a personal interest of mine. I actually just did a presentation on this, so this answer will probably have more information in it than you need, but I'll add it for completeness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fever as an Adaptive Response&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first important thing to know about fever is that it is something your body initiates when you get certain types of infections. It is not a direct consequence of the bacteria or viruses themselves. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944485/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Instead, white blood cells release a chemical messenger called prostaglandin E2. This travels to the brain, where it causes the body to start ramping up its set point for temperature&lt;/a&gt;-- essentially turning up the thermostat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is important because it seems to indicate an evolved response-- perhaps there is an evolutionary advantage to a fever in the setting of infection. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944485/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many bacteria are very temperature sensitive&lt;/a&gt;, so this idea makes sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many papers have been published on the effect of fever on infection-- here are just a few:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673697022551&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patients who don't take acetaminophen/ paracetamol clear the malaria parasite faster than those who control their fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1517&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heat-stressed rats are more resistant to a common bacterial toxin than rats with a normal body temperature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In critically ill patients (my area of interest), there have been several interesting studies. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16433601&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this randomized controlled trial&lt;/a&gt; (RCT) from 2005, they compared mortality in ICU patients where fevers were controlled with acetaminophen/ paracetamol and where fevers were not controlled. They actually had to stop the trial early because death rates in the group getting acetaminophen/ paracetamol were much higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22373120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This prospective study&lt;/a&gt; (not randomized) from 2012 looked at over 1400 critically ill patients, and found that treating fever doubled the mortality rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0031168/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;, which included 11 studies, found a &quot;trend towards higher mortality for aggressive treatment&quot; of fever, though their p-value (how likely it is their findings are due to chance) was 0.09, which is higher than the 0.05 that is traditionally used as the cutoff for statistical significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28221185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The most high-powered meta-analysis done to date&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which included 16 studies and a total of about 20,000 critically ill patients, found less dramatic results-- essentially concluding that it makes no difference if you treat a fever or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important considerations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the studies done here are in critically ill patients, with mortality as the final endpoint. You can make a case that in those patients, you may be better off not treating fever, since you want to keep them alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944485/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The vast majority of fevers are due to respiratory viral illnesses&lt;/a&gt;. These have low mortality rates, and so rather than trying to lower mortality, &lt;strong&gt;you're trying to minimize the symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;. And it sucks to have a fever. So for most people who do not need to get admitted to the hospital, treating a fever is a tradeoff between potentially getting better faster (an UNPROVEN benefit, as far as I could find), and not having a fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person is willing to sweat it out with the hope that the disease will run its course faster, that's perfectly reasonable. And if they are ok with the disease taking a little longer to clear from the body as long as they aren't sweating, shaking, and burning up, that makes a lot of sense too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also note that there are times when a fever IS extremely dangerous-- if it's over about 106 it can lead to brain damage. All of the studies in humans treated fever if it went above about 104 degrees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt; You are onto something! There is a lot of data out there that supports the hypothesis that treating fever is bad for you (or at least not any different from doing nothing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2018-01-29T13:10:04.033" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T13:10:04.033" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-27T10:15:06.720" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember a long time ago (perhaps 20 years ago) that an elementary school textbook on health said &quot;mixing alcohol beverages exacerbates the strength of the alcohol in the drink, thereby potentially being fatal to those who drink mixed beverages.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this actually true? To my knowledge, basic chemistry dictates that you cannot have more concentration of an element than there was before you mixed the two beverages; for instance, if you mix 100ml of beer(4.5%) and 10ml of spirits(20%), you will only have a 110ml of mixed beverage with 6.5ml of alcohol(4.5%*100+20%*10). In other words, you will have a 110ml(5.9%) drink. Which can't be that much more dangerous than drinking 100ml of beer(4.5%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe I am remembering the textbook wrongly -- maybe it said that mixing drinks leads you to drink more alcohol? Or is it true that there is a third effect going on -- maybe mixing two different drinks leads to a new, more stronger substance that is greater than the mix of the two drinks? Perhaps because different drinks have different kinds of ethanol mixed into them such that when you combine the two there is a sort of alchemy that makes two seemingly harmless drinks into a sip of poison?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12774" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T07:29:04.003" Title="How harmful is it to drink a mix of beverages?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15061" CreationDate="2018-01-27T14:47:02.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few more points, in addition to the good answers you already have and just addressing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does it make sense for a healthy male in his early 40s to take the influenza vaccine [...]?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: healthy 40-year-old male already excludes a number of high risk/priority groups, but not all of them (e.g. if you help taking care of 90- year-old grandma, maybe you don't want to risk &lt;em&gt;her&lt;/em&gt; health). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;long answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several answers above have already discussed the topic of herd immunity. The difficulty here with the flu is that it changes so rapidly that we cannot really get there (which is also the reason for the low efficacy of the flu shot and the need to develop and distribute new shots every flu season).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In general, whether it makes sense to try approaching herd immunity, i.e. to recommend vaccination for everyone also depends on circumstances. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E.g. in Germany we have no yellow fever, so vaccination is only recommended for people travelling to regions that have. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now for the flu, at least with current vaccine development technology, we cannot reach true herd immunity (it changes too fast). However, if we can reduce the number of infections by half, and slow down the spread of the infection, that can make a vital difference for the health system: there are only so many patients that can be taken care of at a given time. If you can keep the number of patients below what the capabilities are, that's much better for everyone compared to situations where patients can only be put to beds in the hallway of the hospital and half of the staff is ill as well.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;From a macroscopic perspective, you can then ask what strategy is better: e.g. vaccination campaign or building more hospitals. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There's also an intermediate concept between full herd immunity and no vaccination: vaccinate only certain   groups of people. These will typically be &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persons more susceptible to the disesase (likely to contract and/or higher risk of (severe) complications)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persons that may be in the position to infect many other and/or many susceptible people (for the flu: public office, teachers, health care workers)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;health care workers: you need them particularly when there's an outbreak of disease  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the &lt;strong&gt;flu&lt;/strong&gt;, these &lt;strong&gt;high risk/priority groups&lt;/strong&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kids 6 months - 4 years (CDC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People over 50 (CDC) or 60 (RKI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People with certain chronic diseases (CDC and RKI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Residents of retirement or nursing homes in general (CDC and RKI) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pregnant women (CDC and RKI) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caretakers and household contacts for high risk persons  (CDC and RKI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Persons with increased professional risk (health care workers, CDC and RKI), workers in public offices, teachers etc. (RKI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Persons working with birds (this is in order to avoid double infection with human and avian influenza, RKI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Indians/Alaska Natives (CDC)&#xA;(Lists from the documents linked below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/whoshouldvax.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC decided that it is worth trying to get as many people vaccinated against flu as possible&lt;/a&gt;,   whereas the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rki.de/EN/Content/infections/Vaccination/recommandations/34_2017_engl.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RKI [German equivalent of CDC] has a certain groups policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Note that this does not necessary mean a controversy between experts, but this may be caused by regional differences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Just to be complete: there are also counter-indications, but &quot;healthy&quot; pretty much excludes them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2018-01-27T14:47:02.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15345" CreationDate="2018-01-27T19:42:41.797" Score="1" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;In {1}, a physician mentions that testosterone injections increase the risk of tendon rupture. The controlled study {2}, based on  medical histories from 142 experienced male bodybuilders age 35–55, concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AAS (Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid) abusers, as compared to otherwise similar bodybuilders, showed a markedly increased risk of tendon ruptures, particularly upper body tendon rupture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the discussion section, {2} hypothesized that  testosterone injection increase the risk of tendon rupture because &amp;quot;causes massive hypertrophy of muscles without causing any corresponding strengthening of the associated tendons&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causes of AAS-associated tendon rupture are still incompletely understood. Two alternative (and not mutually exclusive) hypotheses should be considered. One possibility is that AAS use has little or no deleterious effect on tendons themselves, but merely causes massive hypertrophy of muscles without causing any corresponding strengthening of the associated tendons. Thus, the muscle may simply become too strong for its tendon, increasing the possibility of rupture in response to a sudden stress. Alternatively, it is possible that high doses of AAS, perhaps in conjunction with intense muscular exercise, may damage the structure of the tendons themselves, making them more vulnerable to rupture even in the absence of excessive stress. Evidence favoring the latter hypothesis comes from various animal studies, which have typically found that AAS exposure, usually in conjunction with exercise, led to collagen dysplasia, causing tendons to become stiffer and less flexible, with an increased crimp angle and earlier liability to failure.14, 21, 30–32, 34–39, 52 However, one human study using electron microscopy found no evidence of collagen fibril ultrastructural abnormalities in the ruptured tendons of two AAS users as compared to two non-AAS-using controls.9 Another recent study found no significant difference in maximal strain and toe limit strain in the patellar tendons of 8 long-term AAS users as compared to 8 experienced weightlifters reporting no AAS use, also arguing against the hypothesis of changes in collagen crimp pattern associated with AAS use.47 Thus the evidence for a direct toxic effect of AAS on human tendons remains somewhat inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although our study provides no direct evidence on the above issues, it is notable that we found a markedly increased risk of upper body tendon ruptures in AAS users versus non-using weightlifters, whereas the risk of lower body tendon ruptures was only modestly and non-significantly increased among AAS users. If indeed AAS use causes damage to human tendon architecture, one might predict that our AAS users, with histories of very extensive exposure to very high doses of AAS, would show a uniformly elevated prevalence of all types of tendon rupture throughout the body, rather than primarily an elevated risk of upper-body tendon ruptures. Therefore, our findings might be taken to weigh to at least some degree against a hypothesis of direct tendon damage, and might weigh more in favor of the simple theory that hypertrophied muscles can more easily break their tendons. In favor of the latter possibility, it is notable that AAS users are particularly prone to increase upper body musculature, leading to massively hypertrophied pectoralis, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii muscles, while often showing less of an effect on lower body musculature.43 Thus, it is conceivable that muscle hypertrophy alone might account for our findings without postulating an additional mechanism of AAS-induced tendon damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this study has been published, has there been any progress on the understanding of AAS-associated tendon ruptures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/qELlhoe9Nb8?t=4m10s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/qELlhoe9Nb8?t=4m10s&lt;/a&gt; ; VICE - Juiced Up - The Consequences of Steroids: SWOLE Ep. 3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Kanayama, Gen, James DeLuca, William P. Meehan III, James I. Hudson, Stephanie Isaacs, Aaron Baggish, Rory Weiner, Lyle Micheli, and Harrison G. Pope Jr. &amp;quot;Ruptured tendons in anabolic-androgenic steroid users: a cross-sectional cohort study.&amp;quot; The American journal of sports medicine 43, no. 11 (2015): 2638-2644. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206906/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206906/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:12:50.307" Title="Why do testosterone / anabolic steroid injection increase the risk of tendon rupture?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-28T01:44:39.597" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in studying medicine in the future and this question is really bothering me. So most sources would say that Cardiac Arrest occurs when the heart 'stops functioning normally' and hence cannot pump blood effectively to our organs, including the brain which causes us to lose consciousness and breathing. We also know that a defibrillator cannot be used to restart a heart that has no rhythm, only to reset a chaotic one. So why then, is an AED useful if cardiac arrest causes the heart to stop? (assuming that that's what happens during cardiac arrest...) Does the rapid CPR cause it to start having some sort of rhythm again? Or is it that cardiac arrest actually doesn't STOP the heart completely, but the slightest ventricular fibrillation could cause oxygen deficiency in the brain and cause us to lose consciousness? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12782" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T06:24:35.940" Title="What really happens to the heart during cardiac arrest and why is an AED useful?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15130" CreationDate="2018-01-28T06:17:34.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) What happens to the heart in cardiac arrest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During a cardiac arrest, the electrical and mechanical activity is compromised (either one or both) such that the heart does not pump blood sufficiently to sustain life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be either due to an abnormal electrical rhythm, such as ventricular fibrillation, or a condition such as hypovolemic shock where the preload of the heart (the volume of blood in the chambers prior to the start of a contraction) is insufficient to have a useful amount of normal blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Why is an AED useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An automated external defibrillator is useful for two abnormal heart rhythms: pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The shock from an AED essentially resets the electrical system of the heart in hope that it will resume normal activity afterwards. In many cases, this may work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason that an AED is not the cure-all for cardiac arrest is that there are many reasons for someone to go into an abnormal rhythm and only rarely are abnormal rhythms an isolated problem by themselves. Typically, someone goes into ventricular fibrillation because they are having a heart attack. Only by opening up the artery that has been blocked in a cardiac catheterization suite can the inciting event be treated. Shocking the patient may get them back to a normal rhythm for some time but until the blockage is fixed or the tissue beyond the blockage is completely dead and therefore electrically inert they will go back into the abnormal rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember one patient whom I had flown to the cath lab who was shocked 13 times, the last time being in the hallway prior to the doors of the cath lab. Once the blocked artery was opened he stopped going into abnormal rhythms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Does CPR do something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases, the heart can mechanically be defibrillated. The old &quot;precordial thump&quot;, which was taught to those of us with grey hair back when advanced cardiovascular life support was a 3 full day class, can (every once in a while) shock the heart enough for return of spontaneous circulation. There is a reason it is no longer taught, along with &quot;cough CPR&quot; not being mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CPR, at best, produces maybe one third of normal cardiac output. It can support oxygenation of vital organs and prevent clinical death (pulselessness and apnea) from becoming biologic death (dead beyond any hope of resuscitation). A hypoxic heart is not likely to have enough oxygen for normal electrical function. It doesn't make sense to try to zap someone into oblivion without at least giving them a fighting chance with CPR. This is the reason for the old &quot;shock first&quot; with witnessed arrest and &quot;shock fast&quot; with unwitnessed arrest strategies that I believe were put into the ACLS protocols maybe around the year 2000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Pacemakers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Defibrillation and cardioversion are distinctly different from internal or external pacemakers. Think of defibrillation and cardioversion as a sledgehammer and a temporary transvenous pacemaker as a jeweler's hammer. Ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia require a big whack. Really big. Sometimes two distinct defibrillator units at the same time big (&quot;dual simultaneous defibrillation&quot; - google scholar it, it's neat stuff). However, getting the heart to beat in an organized manner requires a much more gentle touch. We are talking 200 Joules of a big whack versus 0.2 mA of pacing current the last time I had floated a wire in someone's heart. Pacing is a firm but gentle zap. It gets the electrical system to beat but orders of magnitude less than what is required to reset the system from V-fib.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, there is no &quot;slight&quot; ventricular fibrillation. That's an all or nothing rhythm. The reason that &quot;cough CPR&quot; is still useful to those of us board-certified in emergency medicine is that we have toys the majority of the population does not know how to use. Consciousness can be maintained many seconds beyond cardiac arrest. If I have you on a cardiac monitor and you go into asystole in front of me, I can likely keep you conscious for a minute or longer if you actually obey my instructions for cough CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastEditorUserId="12770" LastEditDate="2018-01-28T06:24:35.940" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T06:24:35.940" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15125" CreationDate="2018-01-28T06:33:32.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cumulative dose of ethanol is the actual issue, from the medical standpoint. However, if you start with beer or mixed drinks by the time they take effect someone has suggested drinking straight vodka and your ability to make decisions has been compromised such that you just go along with it even though sober you would not consider it. In the end, you are in my emergency department vomiting and barely responsive with an ethanol level of 400 mg/ dL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beer is a very weak alcoholic beverage relative to distilled spirits, but it takes very little alcohol in the system to impair judgment enough to move onto more dangerous solutions, hence the downward spiral of college fraternity parties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T06:33:32.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15019" CreationDate="2018-01-28T07:31:38.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vicryl takes many weeks to hydrolyze and absorb (56-70 days per Ethicon data), and in the process it can generate a foreign body reaction from the body. The body does one of two things for foreign bodies: 1) pushes them out or 2) walls them off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation and foreign body reaction are not allergic responses. Please go back to your surgeon and ask for a professional opinion. After all, your surgeon's fee for the procedure covers routine follow-up visits and wound healing issues are definitely in that category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T07:31:38.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12961" CreationDate="2018-01-28T08:28:01.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) The elderly are the most likely group to be on agents to regulate blood pressure as the incidence of hypertension increases with age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) The elderly are the most likely group to have altered large vessel vascular compliance due to atherosclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since your question relates to ATLS directly and shock indirectly, let's start from the beginning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the first stage of shock, the textbook answer is that the blood pressure is not lowered and the heart rate is not elevated. Urine output is normal. The body compensates by altered vascular tone. With disease or medication, this may be changed. The patient may be on vasodilatory agents for blood pressure that prevent physiologic vasoconstriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second stage of shock, the textbook answer is that the blood pressure is maintained but the heart rate is elevated, urine output starts to decrease. What if your patient is on a rate-limiting calcium-channel blocker or beta-blocker and cannot mount a tachycardic response? What if they are on diuretics and a decrease in renal blood flow still results in a normal appearing urine output?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the third stage of shock, the textbook answer is that heart rate is elevated but now blood pressure is low with the urine output compromised. Physiologically (regarding tissue perfusion), a patient on antihypertensives may go from normal right to here. They cannot vasoconstrict or mount a tachycardic response due to multiple antihypertensive agents. One good insult and they are hypoperfused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the fourth stage of shock, the textbook answer is that heart rate is significantly elevated, blood pressure is low, and urine output is almost zero. Aside from the elevated heart rate, this could be your end-stage renal disease patient after hemodialysis on a good day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Numbers are neat when trending over time in one patient, but you are seeing a 90 pound 95 year-old in the trauma bay with a heart rate of 120 and a blood pressure of 84/40 after a motor vehicle collision. You never met her before. She is confused. Is she in shock or is she demented? Is she hypovolemic or is she just anxious and her blood pressure is normal for her? Big picture is you need more data and you need to trend the data you have over time, even if that is a brief amount of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more important thing to remember is that, in general, pediatric trauma patients have much better physiologic reserves than geriatric trauma patients. Older patients crash sooner but you may have more time to intervene. Younger patients seem fine until they aren't, and then at that point they are near death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T08:28:01.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-28T14:30:43.170" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beta-blockers act by decreasing the heart rate of the patient. Why is this response decreased in the elderly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12779" LastActivityDate="2018-01-28T14:30:43.170" Title="Heart Rate response to beta-blockers in elderly vs adults" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;beta-blockers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-02-09T11:30:36.837" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15141" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15146" CreationDate="2018-01-29T04:15:22.437" Score="6" ViewCount="3054" Body="&lt;p&gt;In NY State, in the USA, If an otherwise healthy person has a do not resuscitate order and has a heart attack and the ambulance comes, will they just let him die like that? Or is do not resuscitate only applicable to terminally ill people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2018-02-02T12:43:38.200" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T20:31:22.843" Title="Can a otherwise healthy person request a &quot;do not resuscitate&quot; order?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15141" CreationDate="2018-01-29T09:04:30.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the person has a valid out of hospital DNR order, then that person should not be resuscitated if they experience a cardio respiratory arrest. In that case the person clearly is not healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The DNR order has to be reviewed every 90 days by the person's doctor. And in the event of an arrest can be overridden by a relative or physician where the person is unable to object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/99-10.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/99-10.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T09:04:30.173" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15145" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15148" CreationDate="2018-01-29T11:24:02.847" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious as to what sorts of viral, bacterial, or otherwise physiological sources could cause stomach discomfort in a vegetarian and in the presence of all of the following (in other words, having utilized): elimination diets, a low carb diet, intermittent fasting and grain elimination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12801" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:39:49.670" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:39:49.670" Title="What can cause stomach issues in a vegetarian?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15146" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15141" CreationDate="2018-01-29T13:39:40.777" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/policy/10-05.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment) form&lt;/a&gt; is an update to the non-hospital DNR, which as you saw in a previous answer has very stringent (and frankly unrealistic) requirements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MOLST is printed on bright pink paper, and EMS providers are trained to look for it upon entering a house. In addition, patients are able to wear a metal bracelet stating &quot;DNR&quot; if they have a valid MOLST or non-hospital DNR form that states the patient is DNR, and EMS services are trained to treat this bracelet the same as the form itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MOLST does need to be signed by a physician, but any signed MOLST is considered valid unless there is a more recent form or there is other evidence to suggest that the wishes of the patient have changed. This eliminates the 90-day renewal requirement of the non-hospital DNR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one limitation I could find is that a MOLST is not valid for psychiatric patients or patients with developmental disabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many healthy people have DNR forms. In fact, whether or not you want a DNR is a part of an advance directive &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.caringinfo.org/files/public/ad/New_York.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(here's the form for New York)&lt;/a&gt;, which every person is encouraged to have, regardless of health status. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2011/11/30/how-doctors-die/ideas/nexus/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is an interesting essay&lt;/a&gt; that provides anecdotal evidence about doctors with no health problems of their own choosing to have a DNR order in place. A doctor is likely to ask you questions about your advance directive in order to make sure that you are not depressed or suicidal (which would invalidate the MOLST), but there are many good reasons for not wanting aggressive care. A good doctor will respect your decisions about the medical care you want to receive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2018-01-29T18:18:36.227" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T18:18:36.227" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15147" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="223" CreationDate="2018-01-29T13:45:11.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:  I have no affiliation to any companies mentioned below and I am not advocating one company over another for any particular product.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links to products on sale are for examples only&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many places including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.totallywicked-eliquid.co.uk/nico-ice-mixing-kit.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Totally Wicked&lt;/a&gt;, where you can buy kits to make your own e-liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as you &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use flavourings which are made for e-liquids &lt;strong&gt;not food flavourings&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use &lt;strong&gt;pharmaceutical grade&lt;/strong&gt; ingredients such as those provided in Totally Wicked's kit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; use ingredients containing &lt;a href=&quot;https://thecleanvape.com/blogs/the-clean-vape/diacetyl-acetyl-propionyl-acetoin-and-vaping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacetyl, Acetoin or Acetyl Propionyl&lt;/a&gt;, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;correctly mix the liquids in the correct ratios - maybe with the help of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vampirevape.co.uk/advanced-mixing-calculator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mixing calculators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;you are then doing everything you can to be as safe as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/heart-and-lungs/flavouring-found-in-e-cigarettes-linked-to-popcorn-lung/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacetyl was banned in eliquids in the UK in 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; under the EU Tobacco Products Directive as it was &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vaping.com/blog/comment/diacetyl-now-officially-banned-eliquids-uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attributed to the cause&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;popcorn lung (also known as Bronchiolitis obliterans)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  The thing is, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylpropionyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetyl Propionyl&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetoin&lt;/a&gt; are chemically similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacetyl&lt;/a&gt; and therefore it is considered wise to avoid them too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T13:45:11.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15145" CreationDate="2018-01-29T14:17:18.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In vegans who have abdominal bloating/distension and excessive gas but otherwise feel healthy, the cause can be the ingestion of too much:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soluble fiber&lt;/strong&gt; from legumes, oats, barley, rye, figs, prunes, artichokes, sweet potatoes, passion fruit, avocadoes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/dietary-fiber-soluble-insoluble.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more foods&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(They are other vegan sources of protein, apart from legumes, such as bread, amaranth, cornmeal, kamut, quinoa, nuts, seeds (especially hemp) and hummus, that have less soluble fiber, so they should cause less gas.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foods with high fructose/glucose ratio:&lt;/strong&gt; apples, pears, mangoes, agave, watermelons, honey and foods and beverages sweetened by high fructose corn syrup (in case of fructose malabsorption) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uwhealth.org/healthfacts/nutrition/376.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UWHealth&lt;/a&gt;, more foods with high F/G ratio)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be certain foods that may irritate you from no apparent reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegans are often not aware of iron deficiency, but this tends to be common and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To check for celiac disease, one could start a complete gluten-free diet after which the symptoms can improve in few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If nothing of the above helps, the next step can be to check for eventual food allergies (blood and skin tests), intestinal parasites (stool test), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-01-30T11:33:06.047" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T11:33:06.047" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14945" CreationDate="2018-01-29T14:23:59.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gelatin.co.za/gltn1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gelatin is made up of proteins derived from collagen&lt;/a&gt;, a protein that is heavily used in our bones and joints, among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25410396&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, which was done in rats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The relative and absolute bioavailability of gelatin were 74.12% and&#xA;  85.97%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It goes on to say that about 42% of gelatin was absorbed from the intestine as peptides (chains of amino acids that are smaller than proteins). Because these peptides &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gelatin.co.za/gltn1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are susceptible to proteases&lt;/a&gt; (the proteins in our body that break down peptide bonds), it is likely that these peptides are broken down into amino acids, which are then used to make different proteins, rather than that re-used to make more collagen (though I could not find data on this specifically).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar studies have not been done in humans, so it is not known if these numbers are generalizable, but Canada has approved a nutritional label &lt;a href=&quot;http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/atReq.do?atid=hydrolized.collagen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stating that gelatin can be a nutritional source of protein&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T14:23:59.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-29T16:06:27.387" Score="1" ViewCount="6143" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does eating pink ginger with sushi and after pomegranate seeds transform the poo into red or a physician should be consulted if the red color is see again in the stool ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8795" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T17:32:47.107" Title="Red colors food and impact on stool colors" Tags="&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;stools&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15151" CreationDate="2018-01-29T17:32:47.107" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/stool-color/expert-answers/faq-20058080&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to the Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, the following can turn your stool red: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Red food coloring, beets, cranberries, tomato juice or soup, red&#xA;  gelatin or drink mixes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick google search for &quot;pomegranate red stool&quot; shows several anecdotal results, but nothing that looks like a reputable source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who is concerned about blood in their stool should see a doctor. However, if the red color consistently appears to be linked to dietary intake (stool is only red after eating pomegranates, for example), then the chances of having a bleed are low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/hemoccult&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The test to see if there is blood in the stool&lt;/a&gt; is very quick and easy and can be done by a primary care doctor or in the emergency room, or even at home. It involves a rectal exam, followed by using a small amount of reagent to test the stool.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-01-29T17:32:47.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15297" CreationDate="2018-01-29T18:07:41.543" Score="5" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently read a few papers (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)01698-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and  &lt;a href=&quot;https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-015-0076-x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) that concluded that children exposed to peanuts before 1 year of age were less likely to develop peanut allergies later in life than children who were not exposed to peanuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this backed up by further evidence? If so, is there evidence that exposing children to other potential allergens (eggs, dogs, etc) can reduce the chance of them developing allergies to those things in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:49:30.883" Title="Does early exposure protect against developing allergies later on in life?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-30T01:15:03.087" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;yes this is a very weird question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i have noticed that when my girlfriend orgasms, and if im using my fingers and they happen to have a cut(we are both tested and clean), the cut heals super fast when covered in her orgasm fluid (im talking about hours, so its really fast).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why does this happen? What is the substance responsible for the healing? Can this property be used in the medical field somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12805" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T01:15:03.087" Title="Vaginal fluid to heal cuts" Tags="&lt;vagina&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3196" CreationDate="2018-01-30T03:30:16.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question is thirdhand smoking (THS):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the American Nonsmoker's Right Foundation (ANRF), &quot;Thirdhand smoke consists of the tobacco residue from cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products that is left behind after smoking and builds up on surfaces and furnishings.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the chemicals from smoking do stick to a person and persist in the area.&#xA;In regards to whether they pose a threat, research is still continually being done to assess the harm/adverse effects on health. So far, researchers have found that the leftover nicotine from smoking can react with nitrous acid (in indoor air) to form carcinogenic compounds. A different paper reported the reduction in body mass when mice were exposed to THS, explaining the potential for harm in humans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, there hasn't been any strong claims on the threat as seen in secondhand smoke. But it might be wise to consider &quot;There is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke.&quot;, a view that is supported in the final two papers of my references.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.no-smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation (ANRF) Page on Thirdhand Smoke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic's Quick Intro. to Thirdhand Smoke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/04/0912820107?sid=a9fa8602-2b11-433d-a6cd-173e01d3e409&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5291208/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Early exposure to thirdhand cigarette smoke affects body mass and the development of immunity in mice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/1/e74?sso=1&amp;amp;sso_redirect_count=1&amp;amp;nfstatus=401&amp;amp;nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&amp;amp;nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beliefs About the Health Effects of “Thirdhand” Smoke and Home Smoking Bans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/low-intensity-smoking-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;No Safe Level of Smoking: Even low-intensity smokers are at increased risk of earlier death&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T03:30:16.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15349" CreationDate="2018-01-30T06:40:12.530" Score="2" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to commit suicide is a mental disorder if it's due to depression and alike. But- Is there a medical disorder where one wishes to be dead, without ever taking action (i.e. doing harm to oneself). Is that still classified as depression? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6666" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:46:31.520" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:55:23.493" Title="Wishing to be dead without committing suicide" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-27T07:50:08.493" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;What, if any, health issues would a person missing all four limbs to some degree have to worry about? What if they're a woman and want to have kids, what do they need to look out for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12780" OwnerDisplayName="Preg-Fan" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-04-30T15:01:41.877" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T15:01:41.877" Title="What Health Concerns Would a Quadruple Amputee Have?" Tags="&lt;amputation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-30T14:09:50.323" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the closing eyelids helps wet the eyeballs and relieve eye strain at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a difference between us having closed eyes in complete darkness vs. there's light around us? Does having closed eyes in a illuminated space strain the eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12806" LastEditorUserId="12806" LastEditDate="2018-01-31T07:34:12.473" LastActivityDate="2018-01-31T07:34:12.473" Title="Closed eyes in darkness vs. light" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-30T18:07:15.997" Score="4" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the 2011 Tsunami in Japan, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant was heavily damaged and it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; that heavy nuclear waste leaked into the Pacific Ocean. Is it possible that the nuclear waste could affect the coastal regions of North America? Does that leak pose any health risks to Americans living on the west side of US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6666" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T19:29:42.827" Title="Does the 2011 Tsunami in Japan poses any health risks to Americans?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;nuclear-radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15116" CreationDate="2018-01-30T18:50:36.440" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The arteries and veins act as a counter current heat exchange system so the veins extract heat from the arteries as blood flow returns to the heart. The further the distance from the heart the blood has to travel the more the heat is lost to the venous system running parallel to the arteries. This is why the feet are colder than the hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.biology-pages.info/H/HeatTransport.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.biology-pages.info/H/HeatTransport.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-01-30T18:59:12.783" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T18:59:12.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15170" CreationDate="2018-01-30T23:19:22.953" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend, lets call her Jane. Jane is not allowed to give blood, this is because she has a medical condition whereby she is prone to having polyps in her digestive system. As I understand this means she has a higher risk of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this sort of cancer be passed through blood and if not why is this restriction in place? I.e what is this a precaution against? The situation may be more complicated than I realise, but this is my basic understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's relevant Jane lives in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12812" LastActivityDate="2018-01-31T07:46:36.490" Title="Why can't Jane give blood?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15166" CreationDate="2018-01-31T07:46:36.490" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I presume she is at risk for developing bowel malignancy at some time in the future.  So, unless she is screened very regularly, then if she is accepted as a blood donor, she might be donating blood while she is in a cancerous state.  Now, is there evidence of the ability to transfer cancer from one person to another via blood transfusion?  This has been looked at historically and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite the many millions of units transfused&#xA;  since the advent of allogeneic blood transfusion,&#xA;  there is no evidence to support the theoretical&#xA;  concern that cancer could be transmitted via blood.&#xA;  Apart from the United States and Australia, though,&#xA;  most blood services still practice a precautionary&#xA;  exclusion of donors with a history of cancer based&#xA;  on experience in organ transplantation and, to a&#xA;  lesser extent, HSCT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2010.03.005&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can Blood Tranfusion Transmit Cancer? A Literature Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the UK blood transfusion service is adopting the same precautionary approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is evidence that as yet unknown carcinogenic agents are transmitted by blood transfusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a large cohort of UK women, transfusions in the 21st century were associated with long-term increased risks of liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Some of these malignancies may have been caused by carcinogenic agents that are not currently screened for in transfused blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5391695/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer risk among 21st century blood transfusion recipients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A large study from Denmark and Sweden reported relative risks 5–9 years after blood transfusion in 1992–2002 of 1.86 for liver cancer and 1.20 for non-Hodgkin lymphoma &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18073377/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer incidence in blood transfusion recipients.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The likely candidates are Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis G both of which are not screened for in blood donors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-01-31T07:46:36.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-01-27T18:24:29.630" Score="4" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Texas, USA. There is plenty of wildlife around here, and thus considerable records of rabies incidents transmitted by them. We have a cat less than a year old, and had 1st rabies vaccination. He goes out almost daily and sometimes even spends the night out. He has an independent nature, and trying to restrict him indoors is likely to cause him abandon us. I have 3 kids ages ranging from 3 to 10. They all love to play with him. He is very playful. But he sometimes bites either as part of playing or to express displeasure, e.g., if my 3 year old held him against his will. It does not cause bleeding but it is likely to penetrate the skin. There are also rare incidences of scratching that cause bleeding. Should I have my kids have pre-exposure rabies vaccination as a preventive measure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on what I am reading, even if the cat is exposed, rabies would not make its way to his saliva because he is vaccinated. But then, there is the chance of his rabies vaccination did not work. Even if it did work, I assume it could be possible to carry and transmit externally, e.g., nails and teeth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, if there is 1% chance over the course of say 10 years, I would take it as a considerable chance because it is a life and death matter and we may not notice our kids exposed before it is too late. In that case, would the cost and side-effects of vaccination for kids worth it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12828" OwnerDisplayName="mehmet" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T05:15:39.333" Title="Should I get my kids have pre-exposure rabies vaccination due to our cat" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15174" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15173" CreationDate="2018-01-27T18:46:13.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on data of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt;, the number of annual human fatalities due to rabies is less than 5 in the entire US. Thus, that put the chances to much less than 1% for a family of 5 over 10 years. So, I conclude it does not seem to be worth having the pre-exposure vaccination in abundance of caution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12828" OwnerDisplayName="mehmet" LastActivityDate="2018-01-27T18:46:13.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15173" CreationDate="2018-01-30T23:12:43.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked a couple of medical doctors about this and they said a rabies vaccine was not necessary. The rabies vaccine is indicated for people at high risk of exposure to the rabies virus such as researchers working with rabies, veterinarians, and animal control personnel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They do however recommend staying current with tetanus vaccines as an outdoor cat could possibly pick up some of the bacteria that causes tetanus in their claws and possibly transmit it to a person if they scratch them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Beo" LastActivityDate="2018-01-30T23:12:43.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15176" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15186" CreationDate="2018-01-31T19:06:15.653" Score="2" ViewCount="241" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently told by a Doctor that you cannot experience withdrawal from stimulants like amphetamines. She said that if anyone says they are having withdrawal it is not true. Can someone experience withdrawal if they stop taking amphetamines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2282" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-02-01T19:53:29.417" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T20:01:36.420" Title="Can you experience withdrawal from amphetamines?" Tags="&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;amphetamine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15178" CreationDate="2018-01-31T23:08:18.350" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am completely unable to swallow whole pills. Never been able to overcome the gag reflex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am in a lot of pain and the doctor prescribed over the counter pain medication such as Advil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have ibuprofen and Advil pills. I know I remember a nurse at emerge telling me I could chew &quot;Advil&quot; or some other big name over the counter pain medication that she brought me (it was not a chewable pill, and it's name started with &quot;A&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is. Is there any adult over the counter medication that you can confirm is safe to chew? I would highly prefer the answer to include normal medical and not some super expensive chewable drug meant for my sort of case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9684" LastEditorUserId="9684" LastEditDate="2018-01-31T23:39:25.207" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T04:17:19.093" Title="Chewing Over the Counter Pain Medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15177" CreationDate="2018-02-01T04:17:19.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try soluble aspirin, or Diclofenac suppositories per rectum.  Cancer patients have other modalities of pain relief available to them, many of which are open to abuse and addiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the best thing is for you to overcome your gag reflex which in most cases is learned and can be unlearned (otherwise you wouldn't be able to eat food).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ericjacksondds.com/treating-dental-patients-with-severe-gag-reflex.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;method&lt;/a&gt; involves using a toothbrush to progressively desensitize yourself by touching more and more of the region that provokes your gag reflex.  It takes a month to abolish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T04:17:19.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13386" CreationDate="2018-02-01T05:32:05.197" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Honestly, the only way we can see if Ayurveda works is through rigorous peer-reviewed research that involves statistical methodology (randomized control trials) and double-blind studies. The reason this is important to mention is because a lot of studies of alternative medicine are unable to be replicated by other researchers, which implies flaws in the study design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12820" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T05:32:05.197" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-01T14:58:51.190" Score="7" ViewCount="123" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people have difficulty swallowing pills or even find themselves unable to do so. While some medications are available in other forms, many are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to learn how to swallow pills? Are there tricks with using water, head position, etc that make it easier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2018-02-03T13:16:05.107" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T20:35:55.683" Title="How can I learn to swallow pills without gagging?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15184" CreationDate="2018-02-01T15:08:40.817" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are able to swallow pills but find it difficult, the following tips will help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take a sip of water before putting the pill in your mouth, and drink more water after putting the pill in as well&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;do not lift your chin up as you try to swallow - this actually makes it harder. If anything, push your chin down into your chest a little while swallowing (called the &quot;lean forward method&quot; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/two-tricks-make-easier-swallow-pills-201411137515&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, which has other tips as well.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if you are cutting the pill to swallow two small halves, try not doing that - the rough edges of a cut pill add to the difficulty substantially. You may not believe the larger whole pill will be easier to swallow, but it often is&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ask your pharmacist if you can dissolve the pill in water or mix it in with applesauce or pudding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you cannot swallow pills at all, you can learn to do so. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896843&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This literature review&lt;/a&gt; found 5 studies that all showed children can be taught to swallow pills.) Here is what worked for me. Start by buying some candy that mimics pill shape. Skittles, M&amp;amp;Ms, or the like are good choices - they have a slightly hard and slippery coating that makes it easier. M &amp;amp; M's have a &quot;mini&quot; that is very small and a good one to start with. Choose a candy you like to eat. If you're trying to swallow it and failing, you can always just chew it. (For a small child, I had great success with putting out 5 candies and saying &quot;once you swallow one whole, the rest are yours to chew.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every day, try to swallow one of these candies using the tips above. When you can consistently swallow one mini at will, try moving up to the regular size M &amp;amp; M or Skittles. If you can do this then you can take the majority of pills, though ones without a smooth coating will be more difficult. Painkillers like Advil and Tylenol all come in a coated version that is easier to swallow. Many prescription pills are smaller than an M&amp;amp;M or a Skittle, so you will have won most of the battle at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have a large pill that you need to take, you can work your way up to it by practicing with vitamins, which come in a variety of sizes and are safe to take every day. Once you have learned to take a large pill, the skill will stay with you and be useful for decades to come.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-02-01T18:35:14.220" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T18:35:14.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15176" CreationDate="2018-02-01T19:51:39.597" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amphetamines can definitely cause withdrawal symptoms. Like other drugs, the severity of symptoms depends on the usage pattern and the particular amphetamine. For methamphetamine, the strongest withdrawal symptoms are from 1 day to 1 week after last use but can continue for weeks afterward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like other drugs of abuse such as cocaine and opiates, withdrawal symptoms are thought to be a major (if not the major) contributor to relapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal include depression, dysphoria, anxiety, agitation, irritation, anhedonia, fatigue, sleepiness following by sleep disturbance, increased appetite, concentration problems, and others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure why a doctor (I presume a physician?) would suggest that amphetamines do not cause withdrawal symptoms. It's possible this statement was meant to apply to prescriptions for amphetamines, for example for ADHD, but those drugs can also cause withdrawal symptoms. Giving her the benefit of the doubt, it's possible she was referring to a low dose of an amphetamine that would not be likely to cause withdrawal side effects, and describing them this way was a professional simplification meant to reassure a patient about a particular option rather than make a blanket statement. I don't agree with that approach but I can appreciate the reasons for it, if that was the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Otherwise, the idea that these symptoms are somehow &quot;not true&quot; because they are mental symptoms and therefore somehow invalid seems to be a very old and discredited approach to addition, akin to telling a depressed patient there is nothing wrong with them because it's &quot;all in their head.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Jittiwutikarn, J., Laobhripatr, S., Wongtan, T., &amp;amp; White, J. M. (2005). The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction, 100(9), 1320-1329.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watson, R., HARTMANN, E., &amp;amp; SCHILDKRAUT, J. J. (1972). Amphetamine withdrawal: affective state, sleep patterns, and MHPG excretion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129(3), 263-269.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gossop, M. R., Bradley, B. P., &amp;amp; Brewis, R. K. (1982). Amphetamine withdrawal and sleep disturbance. Drug &amp;amp; Alcohol Dependence, 10(2), 177-183.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-02-01T20:01:36.420" LastActivityDate="2018-02-01T20:01:36.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-02T09:20:40.840" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years ago, the National Institutes of Health released a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/bwp/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;weight loss calculator&lt;/a&gt; based on a number of studies, supposedly allowing one to plug in a number of body and lifestyle factors, such as height, weight, age, body fat percentage, caloric intake, percentage of intake from carbohydrates, and so on, and predict weight loss rates given specified changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was playing around with this calculator, and found a really interesting result: decreasing the sodium intake from the default (4000mg/day) greatly increases the caloric deficit needed to achieve the same level of weight loss in the same time. Conversely, increasing the sodium intake decreases the necessary caloric intake, in theory allowing for quicker weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the result implied by this NIH weight loss calculator, that higher sodium intake increases weight loss per caloric deficit, supported by scientific evidence, and is this also true for other electrolytes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T22:52:19.987" Title="What is the impact of electrolyte intake on weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15193" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15162" CreationDate="2018-02-02T16:29:03.807" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO put out &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-nuclear-cancer/higher-cancer-risk-after-fukushima-nuclear-disaster-who-idUSBRE91R0D420130228&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a statement&lt;/a&gt; in February 2013 addressing the health risks. Certain groups of people got fairly high doses of radiation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apart from emergency workers, the most affected people were those who&#xA;  remained in some highly contaminated towns and villages to the&#xA;  northwest of the power station for up to four months before&#xA;  evacuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These people will experience health risks, including increased risks of thyroid cancer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The WHO estimated that there was a 70 percent higher risk of females&#xA;  exposed as infants developing thyroid cancer over their lifetime...&#xA;  The radiation exposure means about 1.25 out of every 100 girls in the&#xA;  area could develop thyroid cancer over their lifetime, instead of the&#xA;  natural rate of about 0.75 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And other cancers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the most contaminated area there was a 7 percent higher risk of&#xA;  leukemia in males exposed as infants, and a 6 percent higher risk of&#xA;  breast cancer in females exposed as infants. Overall, girls had a 4&#xA;  percent increased risk of developing solid cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;strong&gt;outside of those high-risk groups of people, risk is minimal:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was no discernible increase in health risks expected outside&#xA;  Japan, the WHO said in a 200-page report which was based on an&#xA;  assessment by international experts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“In the rest of Fukushima prefecture and in particular neighboring&#xA;  countries and the rest of the world, the estimated increased cancer&#xA;  risk is negligible. It’s within the variation of normal background&#xA;  rates,” said Angelika Tritscher, acting director of WHO’s department&#xA;  of food safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2018-02-02T19:29:42.827" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T19:29:42.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15194" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15195" CreationDate="2018-02-02T16:34:28.883" Score="2" ViewCount="250" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know rabies was once considered 100% fatal, but now has some survivors due to the Milwaukee protocol. Are there any infectious diseases that have a 100% mortality rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T20:25:50.360" Title="Are any infectious diseases 100% fatal?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15194" CreationDate="2018-02-02T18:31:13.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is considered 100 percent fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease-Fact-Sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CJD is classified as a contagious disease because it can be transmitted through contact with contaminated tissue during medical procedures. But it's not spread through the air or by casual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prion.ucl.ac.uk/clinic-services/information/acquired-prion-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; describes how CJD was transmitted during medical procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/16/347727459/which-contagious-diseases-are-the-deadliest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/16/347727459/which-contagious-diseases-are-the-deadliest&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, rabies does have survivors though they are mostly impaired. Survival requires intensive medical care. There are about 15 cases in India as of a couple of years ago, and several well publicised American cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004975&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004975&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-02-02T20:25:50.360" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T20:25:50.360" CommentCount="18" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15194" CreationDate="2018-02-02T19:05:47.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First a clarification: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27730539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Milwaukee Protocol is now considered a failure&lt;/a&gt;. As a treatment option it not considered valid option any more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are vaccines for rabies and port exposure prophylaxis treatment is available but it still has a a very bad prognosis and if left untreated or with treatment started too late is fatal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23602163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar picture presents &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human African trypanosomiasis:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease that affects populations in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by infection with the gambiense and rhodesiense subspecies of the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, and is transmitted to humans by bites of infected tsetse flies. The disease evolves in two stages, the hemolymphatic and meningoencephalitic stages, the latter being defined by central nervous system infection after trypanosomal traversal of the blood-brain barrier. &lt;strong&gt;African trypanosomiasis, which leads to severe neuroinflammation, is fatal without treatment, but the available drugs are toxic and complicated to administer.&lt;/strong&gt; […] No vaccine being available, control of human African trypanosomiasis relies on diagnosis and treatment of infected patients, assisted by vector control. Better diagnostic tools and safer, easy to use drugs are needed to facilitate elimination of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Then there is the old classic, the plague in two of its sub-forms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643450&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yersinia pestis and plague - an update:&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  The plague of man is a severe, systemic bacterial infectious disease. Without antibacterial therapy, the disease is associated with a high case fatality rate, ranging from 40% (bubonic plague) to &lt;strong&gt;nearly 100% (septicemic and pneumonic plague).&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Another contender is the rare but also almost deadly parasite &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naegleria fowleri causing primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) — amebic encephalitis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What is the fatality rate for an infected person who begins to show signs and symptoms?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ––The fatality rate is over 97%. Only 4 people out of 143 known infected individuals in the United States from 1962 to 2016 have survived.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Is there effective treatment for infection with Naegleria fowleri?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ––It is not clear. Several drugs are effective against Naegleria fowleri in the laboratory. However, their effectiveness is unclear since almost all infections have been fatal, even when people were treated with similar drug combinations. Recently, two people with Naegleria infection survived after being treated with a new drug called miltefosine that was given along with other drugs and aggressive management of brain swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-02T20:17:12.827" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T20:17:12.827" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15191" CreationDate="2018-02-02T22:52:19.987" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You asked for any evidence, and we have this paper, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jci.org/articles/view/88530&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake&lt;/a&gt; which is interpreted in this newspaper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thespec.com/living-story/7314784-wanna-lose-weight-eat-more-salt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, a higher salt intake does not induce a corresponding increase in free water intake. But renal excretion of water still continues at a rate higher than that imbibed.  Which meant that the missing water excreted had to come from metabolic breakdown of fat and muscle using increased glucocorticoid production.  This leads to weight loss. But increased endogenous release of glucocorticoids also has adverse health implications eg. osteoporosis, and sarcopaenia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-02T22:52:19.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-03T00:37:27.717" Score="2" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;What increases histamine in the human body, and are there oral forms of intake to stimulate this increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12837" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:45:16.423" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:45:16.423" Title="What increases Histamine in the body?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15203" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15204" CreationDate="2018-02-03T17:42:20.783" Score="1" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the &quot;AGE&quot; in AGE-associated autoantibodies? Please describe it if you can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was mentioned in the book &quot;The End of Alzheimer's: The First Programme to Prevent and Reverse the Cognitive Decline of Dementia&quot; by Dr Dale Bredesen (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=O5EODgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT228&amp;amp;lpg=PT228&amp;amp;dq=%22For%20example,%20instead%20of%20a%20twentieth-century%20diagnosis%20of%20subjective%20cognitive%20impairment,%20the%20twenty-first-century%20diagnosis%20may%20be%20subjective%20cognitive%20impairment%20of%20types%201.5%20(70%20percent)%20and%203%20(30%20percent),%20due%20to%20grade%203%20central%20insulin%20resistance,%20AGE-associated%20autoantibodyies,%20and%20innate%20immune%20system%20activation%20due%20to%20_Aspergillus_%20and%20HLA-DR/DQ%2012-3-52B%20interaction,%20with%20associated%20gliotoxin%20production.%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=_06I_0BrXl&amp;amp;sig=cdPo2UmjQBq4LN6seWsnTb616p0&amp;amp;hl=de&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiem5CFjZbZAhXBAewKHcHIB3MQ6AEIMDAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22For%20example%2C%20instead%20of%20a%20twentieth-century%20diagnosis%20of%20subjective%20cognitive%20impairment%2C%20the%20twenty-first-century%20diagnosis%20may%20be%20subjective%20cognitive%20impairment%20of%20types%201.5%20(70%20percent)%20and%203%20(30%20percent)%2C%20due%20to%20grade%203%20central%20insulin%20resistance%2C%20AGE-associated%20autoantibodyies%2C%20and%20innate%20immune%20system%20activation%20due%20to%20_Aspergillus_%20and%20HLA-DR%2FDQ%2012-3-52B%20interaction%2C%20with%20associated%20gliotoxin%20production.%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; to the relevant page on google.books, screenshot below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the full sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, instead of a twentieth-century diagnosis of subjective cognitive impairment, the twenty-first-century diagnosis may be subjective cognitive impairment of types 1.5 (70 percent) and 3 (30 percent), due to grade 3 central insulin resistance, AGE-associated autoantibodies, and innate immune system activation due to &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/em&gt;  and HLA-DR/DQ 12-3-52B interaction, with associated gliotoxin production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bmc2v.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bmc2v.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastEditorUserId="2159" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:28:32.880" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:28:32.880" Title="&quot;AGE&quot; meaning in the term AGE-associated autoantibodies?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15203" CreationDate="2018-02-03T17:59:08.850" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Advanced Glycation End-products&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are basically proteins and lipids that are glycated in a high glucose environment, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;  in untreated diabetic patients. Wikipedia has an article about the details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you need more details than Wikipedia provides: you can find numerous peer reviewed articles via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Glycation%20End%20Products,%20Advanced%22[nm]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; for example was suggested by user &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613/lucky&quot;&gt;Lucky&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastEditorUserId="2159" LastEditDate="2018-02-03T22:56:12.770" LastActivityDate="2018-02-03T22:56:12.770" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15004" CreationDate="2018-02-05T00:21:36.600" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Think about it as a mirror.   If I a-ray all the teeth for example.  That means I mirror the mouth to the sheet.   Now when I read the paper I need to invert the paper and look at it.  The right side was ascribed on the right side and the left on the left of the paper.   Once inverted the sides take a flip.  I am gonna see the right side on the left and the left on the right.   The key is to think about it as mirroring the picture and then you gotta switch it to view the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12856" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T00:21:36.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-05T01:01:36.517" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various symptoms of high caffeine intake. Among them, gastrointestinal symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hyperactive bowel sounds etc. My question is: do these symptoms appear only in case of oral ingestion or in case of IV route too? You could describe generically i.e. other cases where gastrointestinal symptoms - which occur via oral route - may or may not occur via IV route. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;caffeine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12855" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T01:01:36.517" Title="If pure caffeine is taken intravenously, will high dose cause nausea like it does when taken orally?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-05T01:30:12.547" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-strabismus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAO&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAPOS&lt;/a&gt; don't associate strabismus with squinting. So why was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.etymonline.com/word/strabismus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a word etymologically meaning 'squinting'&lt;/a&gt; adopted to describe  this muscle condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;a squinting,&quot; 1680s, medical Latin,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  from Greek strabismos,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  from strabizein &quot;to squint,&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  from strabos &quot;squinting, squint-eyed,&quot; related to strobos &quot;a whirling round,&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  from PIE root &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.etymonline.com/word/*streb(h)-?ref=etymonline_crossreference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;*streb(h)-&lt;/a&gt; &quot;to wind, turn.&quot; Earlier in Englished form strabism (1650s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T18:55:50.187" Title="Why was 'strabismus' chosen to mean 'any misalignment of the eyes'?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15216" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15220" CreationDate="2018-02-05T12:33:06.830" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ankylosing spondylitis&lt;/a&gt; (AS) is a type of arthritis in which there is long term inflammation of the joints of the spine. Typically the joints where the spine joins the pelvis are also affected. Occasionally other joints such as the shoulders or hips are involved. Eye and bowel problems may also occur. Back pain is a characteristic symptom of AS, and it often comes and goes. Stiffness of the affected joints generally worsens over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis are often gaining weight. Lowered physical activity means they are often excluded from countering that with exercise (more sports) since the pain prevents them from doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better option than relying on (pain inducing) exercise to maintain or loose weight when someone has AS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12860" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-05T21:18:44.370" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T21:18:44.370" Title="How can people suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis manage their weight" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11268" CreationDate="2018-02-05T14:54:57.057" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Triangular blades were created for pretty much one reason, and one reason only. The triangular cross section made a stronger blade, ensuring more damage was done in a charge/stab versus a flat blade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The triangular blade was introduced in the early 1700's, mostly due to strength reasons. A triangular blade is less likely to bend/break when stabbing in a charge, especially if you hit a piece of armor, another weapon or bone. The cross section is much stronger in a triangle versus a flat blade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is anecdotal evidence galore about the wound, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wiki states&lt;/a&gt; that it is harder to heal, as the scar tissue filling in the wound tends to pull apart the rest of the wound as it heals. I can find several anecdotal references, but nothing concrete to confirm this. There is also anecdotal evidence that the Geneva Convention bans triangular blades, however the language only states &quot;weapons that cause unneeded suffering&quot; (paraphrased). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pretty much the only reason for them was strength, and as other weapons became better, the bayonet went back to a single/double blade, as they are much more useful in that shape in non combat situations (Cutting ropes, food, straps, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T14:54:57.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15216" CreationDate="2018-02-05T18:25:42.377" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, &lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;. You can focus on boosting your metabolism since you can't freely do sport. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the person that downvoted my answer, we can see that boosting one's metabolism is a commonly used concept in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/783/quality-of-references/784#784&quot;&gt;approved Health SE sources&lt;/a&gt;. E.g. based on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/boosting-your-metabolism-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on WebMD: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can you change your metabolism? Yes. Whether you're born with a fast,&#xA;  average, or slow metabolism, there are things you can do to speed&#xA;  yours up or slow it down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source&lt;/strong&gt;: Boosting Your Metabolism - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/boosting-your-metabolism-topic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/boosting-your-metabolism-topic-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some suggestions which I've put in application in my own life. Hope it helps somebody out there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intermittent fasting&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is to extend as much as possible the fasting period around your sleep. E.g. to give myself as an example, I eat two times per day, once at noon and once at 6PM, fulfilling complete meals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some research shows that intermittent fasting works. In one study,&#xA;  overweight adults who cut calories by 20% every other day dropped 8%&#xA;  of their body weight within 8 weeks. They also had less inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/a-z/intermittent-fasting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/a-z/intermittent-fasting&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Drink green tea/coffee throughout the day&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a small study, green tea appeared to raise metabolic rates and&#xA;  speed up fat oxidation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/news/19991128/green-tea-boosts-metabolism-protects-against-diseases#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/news/19991128/green-tea-boosts-metabolism-protects-against-diseases#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Improve the look of your abs with the vacuum exercise rather than crunches&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_exercise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_exercise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Helps strengthen the core and definitely improves the aesthetics of the abs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some other readings&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-boost-your-metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-boost-your-metabolism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6835" LastEditorUserId="6835" LastEditDate="2018-02-05T20:42:41.533" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T20:42:41.533" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15215" CreationDate="2018-02-05T18:42:54.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The word &quot;squint&quot; has &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dictionary.com/browse/squint?s=t&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple meanings&lt;/a&gt;-- the ophthalmic definition being: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A condition of the eye consisting in noncoincidence of&#xA;  the optic axes; strabismus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Strabismus&quot; does mean &quot;squint&quot;, but squint doesn't necessarily mean &quot;to look at something with your eyes partially closed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dictionary.com/browse/asquint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one of the historical examples on dictionary.com&lt;/a&gt;, the related word &quot;asquint&quot; is used in the following sentence from the 17th century:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But I know that Providence looketh not asquint, but looketh straight&#xA;  out, and through all men's darkness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This usage seems to imply that strabismus (or at least not looking &quot;straight out&quot;) has a long association with the word squint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T18:42:54.250" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15225" CreationDate="2018-02-05T20:08:22.467" Score="4" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, it is the broader question &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/11268/dealing-with-triangle-puncture-wounds&quot;&gt;for this problem&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stitching is, simply put, just joining body tissues together after an injury or surgery. As any wound has wound margin, isn't it possible to join any two tissue edges together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T21:35:57.450" Title="Can any wound be sutured?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10457" CreationDate="2018-02-05T20:20:26.480" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this topic is old but there have been discoveries that using honey in a neti pot(1 tsp for 1 batch..don't use salt or baking soda) will break up a sinus infection. Most sinus infections are &quot;biofilms&quot; which are a conglomeration of bacteria, viruses, etc. that together raise the antibiotic resistance by 1000 fold but semi-recent studies have shown that honey is effective at breaking up biofilms, and some more studies have shown it works on sinus infections too. I'd normally turn my nose up at such claims but I had a sinus infection that wouldn't go away for almost a year and was so painful that when I'd sneeze I 100% considered suicide. Two flushes with a honey/water neti pot and it was gone in under a week. A friend who tests the scientific efficacy of natural remedies and lectures on it to medical students at the local university actually backed this up as a legit remedy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All that said, do some research and verify what I've asserted. You'll actually be surprised. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Found info for supporting this medically: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/diabetes/a-staph-infection-that-wont-heal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/diabetes/a-staph-infection-that-wont-heal/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12867" LastEditorUserId="14424" LastEditDate="2018-08-26T18:04:41.490" LastActivityDate="2018-08-26T18:04:41.490" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15222" CreationDate="2018-02-05T21:35:57.450" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not necessarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1836438-overview?pa=HiQh5%2FEf9UfE%2FN54Y3TCs0Z6PTqz0I3hWUnwiLVCL06qCBUyPbH5dZwNG0PX6d%2FiNFsYxDuz%2Fz2hge3aAwEFsw%3D%3D&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some examples&lt;/a&gt; that aren't good candidates for closing with sutures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A wound that is much wider than it is deep-- a bad road rash abrasion, for example. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A wound with extremely fragile or messy margins (I treated a patient a few weeks ago whose food processor turned on while her hand was in there scooping food out).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A wound that has lots of dead tissue (such as when there is a flap of skin with poor blood supply)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A very dirty or contaminated wound (for example a cat bite, which is deep and filled with bacteria).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These wounds are not amenable to suturing, aka &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1836438-overview?pa=HiQh5%2FEf9UfE%2FN54Y3TCs0Z6PTqz0I3hWUnwiLVCL06qCBUyPbH5dZwNG0PX6d%2FiNFsYxDuz%2Fz2hge3aAwEFsw%3D%3D&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;closing via primary intention.&lt;/a&gt; Instead, they are allowed to close via secondary intention, which essentially means heal on its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For wounds that should be sutured, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doctors.net.uk/_datastore/ecme/mod1226/Suture%20Evidence%20Based%20Review_for%20proofreading_revised.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;many techniques&lt;/a&gt; that allow you to closely appose irregular wound margins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T21:35:57.450" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1076" CreationDate="2018-02-05T23:00:22.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These patients were all female, and the tumors are described as exceedingly rare.  Were you looking for males?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668717&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668717&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  A retrospective chart review from January 1946 through November 2002 identified 11 female patients with pure androgen-secreting adrenal tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  The mean age was 23.4 years (range, 1-52). The most common presenting symptoms were hirsutism, acne, and clitoral enlargement. Elevated 17-ketosteroids were found in seven of nine tested patients. Computed tomogram, ultrasound, or both localized tumors in six of seven patients. All tumors were surgically resected, one laparoscopically, all without complications. Five of the 11 tumors were malignant. Mean weight and mean maximal diameter for benign and malignant tumors were 44 g and 4.2 cm and 232 g and 9.8 cm, respectively. Mean hospital stay was 8.5 days, with excess androgen production resolved in all patients. Recurrence and disease-related death occurred in only one patient who had pulmonary metastases at diagnosis. The remaining patients had no recurrence of tumor at mean follow-up of 11.7 years (range, 0.5-32 years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-05T23:00:22.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15237" CreationDate="2018-02-06T01:32:15.927" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat for the utility, not pleasure, as my career requires me to be as mentally sharp as possible at all times. Currently, I eat a keto-like diet which includes fish and veggies. I don't eat nuts as I am allergic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a huge fan of the sugar content of vegetables, especially in that they knock me out of ketosis. I currently fast daily for ~19 hours (5 hour eating windows), which means that I typically intake a significant amount of sugar during a short period of time; through broccolli, cauliflower, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious as to whether or not it may be advisable to swap the veggies out for organ meat—as organ meat (chicken hearts, etc) has a strong nutritional profile. It would be nice to cut sugar out of my diet completely. However, I'm worried that there may be unintended consequences or other things I am overlooking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking forward to your kind advice. Thank you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12868" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T11:05:03.220" Title="Can you achieve nutritional requirements by consuming only organ meat?" Tags="&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-06T01:37:04.750" Score="3" ViewCount="1322" Body="&lt;p&gt;Logically, I would assume that it could, as the relatively thick semen should push the stones out with much stronger force than plain urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there literature that discusses this? Have such symptoms been documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11731" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T05:38:51.267" Title="Can Kidney stones cause painful ejaculation?" Tags="&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15229" CreationDate="2018-02-06T05:38:51.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you saw the size of Foley catheters that get inserted, and how easily they slip out again, you could guess how easily the urethra passes small stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was this small study which claims that frequent intercourse increases the clearance of distal renal stones, but at least in the abstract they don't mention pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142575&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142575&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T05:38:51.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15228" CreationDate="2018-02-06T05:50:00.570" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your diet would be exceptionally devoid of vitamin C which exposes you to the risk of scurvy which can occur in 1~3 months, and used to be universally fatal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Death occurs from intracranial hemorrhage, and seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've only seen that in long distance lorry drivers on a diet of meat pies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition the proposed diet is devoid of fibre which predisposes you to diverticulitis, and possibly autoimmune disease due to a disordered gut biome, but that is more speculative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T05:50:00.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-06T09:42:14.797" Score="2" ViewCount="338" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is:  As I get older, should I expect that the volume of my semen will decrease?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12875" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-02-07T05:12:26.497" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T05:12:26.497" Title="Does a man's ejaculation of semen decrease in volume, with age?" Tags="&lt;ejaculation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15228" CreationDate="2018-02-06T11:05:03.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, no-one can give you a definitive answer here. As mentioned, there have been cases of diverticulitis in low or no-fibre diets, but it is not known if the lack of fibre was the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a growing movement led by Dr. Shawn Baker of people following a 'carnivore' / all meat diet, many claiming to have exceptional results. But then, of course, many vegans experience exceptional results on a polar-opposite regime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, it be wise and probably safe to include vegetables in your diet. If you really want to reduce sugar content, swap your current cruciferous vegetables for leafy greens instead. Some of the longest living populations in the world (i.e. Okinawans) make up 60 - 70% of calories through root vegetables!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12801" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T11:05:03.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-06T16:40:01.737" Score="6" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are obvious costmetic reasons to treat Acne.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, are there &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;medical&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; reasons for acne to be treated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;disadvantages&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of treatment include harshness of chemicals, side effects of antibiotic use, side effects of Retin A, etc - depending on treatment regimen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be medical &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;advantages&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;?  Such as avoiding risk for infections, or other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12857" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-02-06T22:20:14.253" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T23:26:52.007" Title="Aesthetics aside, is there a medical reason that acne should be treated?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15242" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15244" CreationDate="2018-02-06T18:49:57.997" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am preparing a paper on an unrelated topic, but a point I am arguing is contingent upon knowing what the clinical indications are for alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I am going to preempt the confusion by simply restating my question: &lt;strong&gt;suppose a patient presents to hospital, under what circumstances would the administration of alcohol be clinically indicated?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I have the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methanol poisoning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other indications?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the FDA approved drugs page, it would seem that all alcohol-based preparations are now discontinued. Am I to take it that &lt;em&gt;fomepizole&lt;/em&gt; has rendered alcohol as a pharmacotherapy obsolete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T19:06:24.967" Title="What are the indications for ethanol?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15235" CreationDate="2018-02-06T18:57:44.170" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, not sure if this question is serious or not, but here goes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/18/2/447/639258&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; (n=97, age 22-80):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After adjusting for covariates, semen volume decreased by 0.03 ml per&#xA;  year of age&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no idea how much volume is in a handful of semen, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The median semen volume was 2.7 ml&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average age in the population was 46.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, we can expect that on average, if the average volume of ejaculate in a 46 year old is 2.7 mL, the average volume of a 20 year old would be 3.46 mL, and the average volume of an 85 year old would be 1.53 mL. &lt;strong&gt;This gives a net ejaculation volume loss between ages 20 and 85 of 1.93 mL, or 55%.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HUGE caveat(s):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This was a relatively small study using a convenience sample&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;None of the participants were as young as 20 or as old as 85&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no data to say whether the decline is an absolute or relative, ie does everyone lose 0.03 a year, or is it a fixed percentage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Peter North is a clear outlier and so it's impossible to say how this data applies to him&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Handful&quot; is not an accepted unit of measurement for semen volume&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The study did not address the question of elderly ejaculate feeling like sand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2018-02-07T04:42:44.683" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T04:42:44.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15242" CreationDate="2018-02-06T19:06:24.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fomepizole is indeed the preferred treatment for &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1174890-medication#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methanol&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/814701-medication#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ethylene glycol&lt;/a&gt; poisoning, but ethanol can be used if fomepizole is not available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12100836&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some doctors/ hospitals will treat alcohol withdrawal with alcohol&lt;/a&gt; (or at least did fairly recently), but everywhere I've worked uses benzodiazepines or similar medications to treat it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any other indications for treating patients with ethanol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T19:06:24.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14906" CreationDate="2018-02-06T19:20:22.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple things going on here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, there are many, many strands of the flu. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12100836&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to the CDC&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on&#xA;  the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase&#xA;  (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different&#xA;  neuraminidase subtypes. (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11&#xA;  respectively.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Influenza A viruses can be further broken down into different strains.&#xA;  Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people are influenza&#xA;  A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses. In the spring of 2009, a new&#xA;  influenza A (H1N1) virus (CDC 2009 H1N1 Flu website) emerged to cause&#xA;  illness in people. This virus was very different from the human&#xA;  influenza A (H1N1) viruses circulating at that time. The new virus&#xA;  caused the first influenza pandemic in more than 40 years. That virus&#xA;  (often called “2009 H1N1”) has now replaced the H1N1 virus that was&#xA;  previously circulating in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be further&#xA;  broken down into lineages and strains. Currently circulating influenza&#xA;  B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while there are only a few strains of Type A flu, there are many strains of Type B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/takingcare.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More importantly, &lt;strong&gt;the flu is very different from a cold&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Typically it takes at least a week to recover from the flu, with symptoms including fever, muscle aches, and URI symptoms. It's pretty unusual for someone to recover from the flu in just 2 days-- if you got better that quickly, you probably just had a cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T19:20:22.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15199" CreationDate="2018-02-06T19:25:10.567" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep. Try spoiled fish. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Histamine Poisoning (Scombroid Fish Poisoning): An Allergy-Like Intoxication&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Histamine poisoning results from the consumption of foods, typically&#xA;  certain types of fish and cheeses, that contain unusually high levels&#xA;  of histamine. Spoiled fish of the families, Scombridae and&#xA;  Scomberesocidae (e.g. tuna, mackerel, bonito), are commonly implicated&#xA;  in incidents of histamine poisoning, which leads to the common usage&#xA;  of the term, “scombroid fish poisoning”, to describe this illness.&#xA;  However, certain non-scombroid fish, most notably mahi-mahi, bluefish,&#xA;  and sardines, when spoiled are also commonly implicated in histamine&#xA;  poisoning. Also, on rare occasions, cheeses especially Swiss cheese,&#xA;  can be implicated in histamine poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The symptoms of histamine poisoning generally resemble the symptoms&#xA;  encountered with IgE-mediated food allergies. The symptoms include&#xA;  nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an oral burning sensation or peppery&#xA;  taste, hives, itching, red rash, and hypotension.&lt;/strong&gt; The onset of the&#xA;  symptoms usually occurs within a few minutes after ingestion of the&#xA;  implicated food, and the duration of symptoms ranges from a few hours&#xA;  to 24 h. Antihistamines can be used effectively to treat this&#xA;  intoxication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Histamine is formed in foods by certain bacteria that are able to&#xA;  decarboxylate the amino acid, histidine. However, foods containing&#xA;  unusually high levels of histamine may not appear to be outwardly&#xA;  spoiled. Foods with histamine concentrations exceeding 50 mg per 100 g&#xA;  of food are generally considered to be hazardous. Histamine formation&#xA;  in fish can be prevented by proper handling and refrigerated storage&#xA;  while the control of histamine formation in cheese seems dependent on&#xA;  insuring that histamine-producing bacteria are not present in&#xA;  significant numbers in the raw milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lehane, L. &amp;amp; Olley, J. (2000). Histamine fish poisoning revisited. &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Food Microbiology&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;58&lt;/em&gt;, 1-37.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T19:25:10.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15141" CreationDate="2018-02-06T20:25:08.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an otherwise healthy person has a do not resuscitate order and has a heart attack and the ambulance comes, will they just let him die like that? Or is do not resuscitate only applicable to terminally ill people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a very interesting question. And as a non-American, I am quite shocked by the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To begin with, what you are essentially asking is does an express refusal override implied consent? Morally, yes: the whole point about autonomy is that people have the right to make bad decisions about their life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The matter is complicated because such a directive has to be explicitly known by the person. So let's simplify things: suppose you have a &quot;Do Not Resuscitate&quot; tattoo on your chest. This is unambiguously stating your express refusal to be resuscitated, like so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cp9VS.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cp9VS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following case study from Miami, FL was reported in NEJM just a few months ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1713344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1713344&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An Unconscious Patient with a DNR Tattoo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We present the case of a person whose presumed code-status preference&#xA;  led him to tattoo “Do Not Resuscitate” on his chest. Paramedics&#xA;  brought an unconscious 70-year-old man with a history of chronic&#xA;  obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and atrial&#xA;  fibrillation to the emergency department&lt;/strong&gt;, where he was found to have&#xA;  an elevated blood alcohol level. The staff of the medical intensive&#xA;  care unit evaluated him several hours later when hypotension and an&#xA;  anion-gap metabolic acidosis with a pH of 6.81 developed. His anterior&#xA;  chest had a tattoo that read “Do Not Resuscitate,” accompanied by his&#xA;  presumed signature (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good case how to make your express refusal known, right? Nope, not quite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We initially decided not to honor the tattoo, invoking the principle&#xA;  of not choosing an irreversible path when faced with uncertainty.&lt;/strong&gt; This&#xA;  decision left us conflicted owing to the patient’s extraordinary&#xA;  effort to make his presumed advance directive known; therefore, an&#xA;  ethics consultation was requested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your question about New York state, can such a directive still be ignored? Yes, it would seem so.  Though granted, there is a recent update to the matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cuomo on Nov. 29 signed the legislation that will add “attending nurse&#xA;  practitioner” to the list of health care providers that patients and&#xA;  families can tap to create various directives related to end-of-life&#xA;  decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://libn.com/2017/11/30/state-lets-nps-sign-off-on-do-not-resuscitate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://libn.com/2017/11/30/state-lets-nps-sign-off-on-do-not-resuscitate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-02-06T20:31:22.843" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T20:31:22.843" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15241" CreationDate="2018-02-06T23:26:52.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What would be medical advantages? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several problems with what you're asking. It has to do with how you're framing the issue. But rather than get into a more convoluted point, I'll just answer your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduced psychosocial well-being&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Longer term scarring &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe that matters to you, maybe it doesn't. For some people it can impact their life in a significant way, leading to depression, etc. Then again, the retinoid treatments for acne can also lead to depression or worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Remaining a virgin at age 40&quot; may not have an ICD-10 code, but it doesn't mean it's not a risk factor of acne worthy of attenuating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Such as avoiding risk for infections, or other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, quite the opposite is possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/398804&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/398804&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antibiotic Treatment of Acne May Be Associated With Upper Respiratory&#xA;  Tract Infections&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;  To determine if the long-term use of antibiotics for the treatment of acne results in an increase in either of 2 common&#xA;  infectious illnesses: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or&#xA;  urinary tract infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Design&lt;/strong&gt;  Retrospective cohort study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting&lt;/strong&gt;  General Practice Research Database of the United Kingdom, London, England, from 1987 to 2002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patients&lt;/strong&gt;  Patients with a diagnosis of acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Main Outcome Measure&lt;/strong&gt;  The onset of either a URTI or a urinary tract infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;  Of 118 496 individuals with acne (age range, 15-35 years) who were identified in the General Practice Research Database, 84 977&#xA;  (71.7%) received a topical or oral antibiotic (tetracyclines,&#xA;  erythromycin, or clindamycin) for treatment of their acne and 33 519&#xA;  (28.3%) did not. Within the first year of observation, 18 281 (15.4%)&#xA;  of the patients with acne had at least 1 URTI, and within that year,&#xA;  the odds of a URTI developing among those receiving antibiotic&#xA;  treatment were 2.15 (95% confidence interval, 2.05-2.23; P&amp;lt;.001) times&#xA;  greater than among those who were not receiving antibiotic treatment.&#xA;  Multiple additional analyses, which were conducted to show that this&#xA;  effect was not an artifact of increased health care–seeking behavior&#xA;  among our cohorts, included comparing the cohorts of patients with&#xA;  acne with a cohort of patients with hypertension and the likelihood of&#xA;  developing a urinary tract infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;  Patients with acne who were receiving antibiotic treatment for acne were more likely to develop a URTI than those with&#xA;  acne who were not receiving such treatment. The true clinical&#xA;  importance of our findings will require further investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-02-06T23:26:52.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15249" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15254" CreationDate="2018-02-07T05:49:34.290" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Omega-3 is generally found in foods like walnuts, fish, etc. It is generally believed that omega-3 promote cognitive health, memory, and brain function. However, I am quite shocked to read a recent article which consisted of a study that was cited in it. This study claims that omega-3 does NOT improve cognitive abilities, memory, or brain function as commonly believed by several health experts. The study was published on well-known news service called &quot;CBS News&quot;. The link to this study can be found here:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/omega-3-fatty-acids-wont-help-your-memory-study-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/omega-3-fatty-acids-wont-help-your-memory-study-finds/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study which was also published at the CBS News also found that consuming Omega-3 supplements provided no mental or cognitive benefit:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taking-omega-3-supplements-may-provide-no-mental-or-cognitive-benefit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taking-omega-3-supplements-may-provide-no-mental-or-cognitive-benefit/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THE STUDY CONTRADICTION&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These studies contradict other studies that claim that omega-3 might provide benefits when it comes to cognitive abilities or memory. Some of these studies are here:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/10/29/new-study-shows-that-omega-3-supplements-can-boost-memory-in-young-adults/#618d53dc91ab&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/10/29/new-study-shows-that-omega-3-supplements-can-boost-memory-in-young-adults/#618d53dc91ab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/memory/omega-3-dha-supplement-proven-to-boost-brain-power/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/memory/omega-3-dha-supplement-proven-to-boost-brain-power/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252198.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/252198.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See consumption of walnut and improvement of brain memory:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/22/walnuts-boost-memory-study_n_6525316.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/22/walnuts-boost-memory-study_n_6525316.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: These studies contradict other studies that claim that consumption of omega-3 can lead to improvement in cognitive functionality and memory, and one may argue that the difference between these two studies is that one study was conducted on older adults, while the other one was conducted on young adults and we may conclude that omega-3 works in younger adults but not in older adults. However, this does not explain why the age factor would influence the effectiveness of omega-3 on memory or cognitive health. Could someone provide some insight? Thanks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12352" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T11:00:31.370" Title="Omega-3 does NOT improve cognitive abilities, memory, and brain function?" Tags="&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3194" CreationDate="2018-02-07T09:12:00.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What if I am getting all my nutrition from fluids that includes vegetable and fruit juices, milk etc. Will it effect my body, metabolism, or digestive system in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is something that I did for a several years. I went to all these dieticians because I wanted to make sure I was not killing myself slowly and none of them could give me an adequate reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will note two things that you may wish to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The GI tract may require some coarse material from time to time so that the cells lining it can be sloughed off. This was suggested to me by a professor of anatomy and it's by far the best suggestion. Things like nuts might act as abrasive material to help facilitate this process.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you decide to revert back to solids, you might want to consider doing so very slowly. I base this on having lived off a liquid diet for several years, only to lose a good 10 kg of muscle while traveling overseas and being forced onto solids. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a matter of use it or lose it: if there is no need for enzymes to be excreted, then production will be downregulated. Likewise the histology of the cells lining the epithelium of the GI tract will be modified. If you switch to solids overnight, it will take time for your body to adapt, and in the interim, you may have issues will malabsorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following reference is quite old but a good overview of adaptive response to changes in diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some excerpts from &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rnd.edpsciences.org/articles/rnd/pdf/1980/07/RND_0181-1916_1980_20_4B_ART0013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The adaptation of digestive enzymes to the diet: its physiological significance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietary changes instantiate robust adjustment to digestive enzyme secretion and/or production:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the above analysis, it is clear that any alteration in the amount&#xA;  of protein, carbohydrate or lipid intake causes an adjustment in the&#xA;  enzymes hydrolyzing those substances. For example, increasing starch&#xA;  intake causes pancreatic amylase activity to augment, which in turn&#xA;  induces an increase in the quantity of disaccharides releas- ed. It&#xA;  was seen that the latter increase stimulates disaccharidase enzyme&#xA;  activity ; this is also true for protein and lipid digestion. The&#xA;  enzymes adapt to the diet within 2 to 3 days and this adaptation is&#xA;  stabilized after 5 to 7 days (Ben Abdeljlil and Des- nuelle, 1964 ;&#xA;  Corring and Saucier, 1972 ; Corring, 1975). However, recent studies&#xA;  have shown that quantitatively changing a substrate has a very rapid&#xA;  effect on the corresponding enzyme activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the following may be of relevance to chronic utilisation of liquid diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To explain why it takes a relatively long time for enzymatic&#xA;  adaptation to be established, Corring (1977) suggested that it&#xA;  depends on the adjustment of other digestive processes such as gastric emptying or intestinal motility. The&#xA;  presence of a stable amount of substrate in the intestinal lumen,&#xA;  leading to a new enzyme activity, would thus necessitate the previous&#xA;  adaptation of digestive motor processes.&lt;/strong&gt; The stimulus of changing the&#xA;  diet composition would cause a very short-term digestive response&#xA;  which must be repeated (intake of several meals of the new diet) in&#xA;  order to establish a new enzyme activity. In studies on digestive&#xA;  enzyme adaptation to the diet, the values of enzyme activities are&#xA;  usually the daily means which do not show the immediate effects of&#xA;  intake. Moreover, the adaptation time may vary with the synthesis&#xA;  site, depending on the enzyme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adaptiveness is an attempt to accommodate temporary deficiencies, and modifications to diet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first part of this paper showed that the organism has a complete&#xA;  digestive equipment which can adapt to any alteration in the amount of&#xA;  substrate intake. In the second part of the paper, it was seen that&#xA;  this increase seemed to have no apparent advantage in the development&#xA;  of the normal, well fed animal. On the contrary, it would be useful&#xA;  when all the nutritional requirements are not covered by the diet.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Dietary deficiency, particularly protein deficiency, if it is not too&#xA;  severe, is compen- sated for by digestive secretion supply ; this&#xA;  compensation is only possible because of the adaptive capacity of the&#xA;  enzymes. In man, in which malnutrition or undernourish- ment are well&#xA;  known, it would seem that such cases would be rapidly and inevitably&#xA;  fatal, if there was no process of enzyme adaptation. Dietary&#xA;  deficiency could also be the result of a lack of substrate due to&#xA;  enzymatic deficiency ; in some cases, enzyme adaptation limits its&#xA;  effects owing to digestive compensation.&lt;/strong&gt; Although it cannot be&#xA;  considered as an endogenous digestive secretion, the intestinal&#xA;  microflora plays a crucial role which it is necessary to define, if&#xA;  the microflora is to be used as a digestive enzyme source in humans&#xA;  suffering from enzyme insufficiency or deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-02-19T08:20:28.170" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T08:20:28.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15249" CreationDate="2018-02-07T10:45:47.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Individual studies often contradict each other. Systematic reviews of studies can at least filter out low-quality studies, so they may show more realistic picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil supplements) may have a slight beneficial effect on cognition in those who are omega-3 deficient but not in those with normal omega-3 levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The available trials showed no benefit of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function in cognitively healthy older&#xA;  people.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is &lt;strong&gt;marginal evidence&lt;/strong&gt; that n-3 PUFA supplementation [fish oil&#xA;  containing EPA and DHA] &lt;strong&gt;effects cognition in those who are n-3 PUFA&#xA;  deficient.&lt;/strong&gt; However, there is &lt;strong&gt;no evidence of an effect in the&#xA;  general population&lt;/strong&gt; or those with neurodevelopmental disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD009002/DEMENTIA_omega-3-fatty-acids-treatment-dementia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;...we found no evidence for either benefit or harm from omega-3 PUFA supplements in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29240924&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current evidence indicates that n-3 LC-PUFAs administered during&#xA;  pregnancy or breastfeeding have &lt;strong&gt;no effect on the skills or cognitive&#xA;  development of children in later stages of development.&lt;/strong&gt; Evidence&#xA;  regarding the improvement of cognitive function during childhood and&#xA;  youth or in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;inconclusive.&lt;/strong&gt; Moreover, it is still &lt;strong&gt;unclear&lt;/strong&gt; if n-3 LC-PUFAs can improve cognitive development or prevent cognitive decline in&#xA;  young or older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-02-07T11:36:38.267" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T11:36:38.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15274" CreationDate="2018-02-07T20:28:59.527" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this &quot;declaration of nutritients&quot; on my soda can (excerpt):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;     amount     |  100 ml |  330 ml |   *&#xA;----------------+---------+---------+--------&#xA; carbs          |  10.6 g |   35 g  |  13%&#xA;----------------+---------+---------+--------&#xA;  thereof sugar |  10.6 g |   35 g  |  39%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* Reference value for medium adult (2000kcal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strike&gt;I noticed that the bottom percentage is exactly 3 times the top one, why is that?&lt;/strike&gt; It's because the total amount of recommended carb intake is 340 grams, while the one of sugar is 110 g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These values seem to correspond to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guideline_Daily_Amount&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guideline Daily Amounts&lt;/a&gt; recommended by the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDE&lt;/a&gt;, which used data from EURODIET, both organisations seem to be financially connected to the European Commission. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12886" LastEditorUserId="12886" LastEditDate="2018-02-08T20:14:12.960" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T20:14:12.960" Title="Why are the percentages next to carbohydrates and sugar not identical, while their amount in grams is?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;rda-recommend-daily-allow&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15184" CreationDate="2018-02-07T20:35:55.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a Registered nurse for 44 years, I have &quot;taught&quot; many people how to get pills down without gagging. The key to success is the type of &quot;pill&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A capsule is medication a gelatinous shell. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Capsules float&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Put the capsule in your mouth, take drink of water, lean forward and swallow. The capsule will float to the back of the mouth and slide down without any difficulty. Have additional water available in a cup/glass with a straw. If necessary take additional drinks of water through the straw while you are still leaning forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pill can be any shape- including a capsule shape- but these are medications that are compressed into the shape you see. Some of them might have a coating to affect the rate of absorption or where the medication in released in the gastrointestinal tract. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pills sink.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  Place the pill in your mouth, take a drink of water, then tilt your head backwards and swallow. Have additional water available in a cup/glass with a straw. If necessary take additional drinks of water through the straw while your head is tilted back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NEVER cut a medication without your pharmacist or physicians' approval  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9535" LastActivityDate="2018-02-07T20:35:55.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-07T22:08:28.950" Score="4" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clindamycinum is an antibiotic used to treat skin and vaginal infections. Can people use Clindamycinum for more than 60 days or will the bacteria become resistant to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12889" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:21:25.273" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:21:25.273" Title="Can acne bacteria become resistant to Clindamycin?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15262" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-08T03:10:14.693" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of the various effects of alcohol and tobacco, but are there any effects which are only present during the consumption of both? A hypothetical example would be: alcohol causes vasodilation, increasing absorption of nicotine from tobacco.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12892" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T03:10:14.693" Title="Are there physiological effects unique to the simultaneous consumption of alcohol and tobacco?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15260" CreationDate="2018-02-08T03:24:11.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you disbelieve the instructions? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, with erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracyclines, the rate of resistance is associated with point mutations in rRNA (Ross et al., 2001). Mutations in the 23SrRNA component of an E. coli equivalent nucleotide bases give varying degrees of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, given prolonged use Propionibacterium acnes in Acne Vulgaris will become resistant to clindamycin. There will be a selection pressure for bacteria that develop the mutation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/460620_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/460620_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T03:24:11.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15266" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15272" CreationDate="2018-02-08T04:50:35.003" Score="3" ViewCount="263" Body="&lt;p&gt;Female would scream(or high pitched male) would scream at me my testicles would contract and hurt.  After gaining a lot of weight my testosterone levels have dropped and I no longer have this issue(I'm only guessing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is medical term/disorder for this or I have a genetic condition but I figured I should ask.  Does this have a medical term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This issue could be alleviated by me putting an ear plug in my left ear(I'm not joking).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6786" LastEditDate="2018-09-07T18:13:56.007" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T18:13:56.007" Title="High pitch voices(female screams) hurt testicles" Tags="&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;testicles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15270" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15278" CreationDate="2018-02-08T16:42:17.470" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I came up with the following hypothesis whilst pondering stuff after coming back from the gym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;If I build more muscle, my body will have more places to store glucose.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this hypothesis correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is to say, could building more muscle help to reduce blood sugar levels overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7588" LastEditorUserId="7588" LastEditDate="2018-02-09T13:49:21.613" LastActivityDate="2018-02-09T13:49:21.613" Title="Building new muscle and effects on blood glucose absorption" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;body-building&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15275" CreationDate="2018-02-08T19:04:34.860" Score="5" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Countless times I've been to the doctor and forgot mentioning specific details about my various health conditions. So, I decided to take detailed notes of symptoms (pain, dizziness, etc) long before visiting the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical apps are out of the question due to their lackluster security (sending data over http, storing unencrypted data in 3rd party servers, etc.)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419898/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll be storing data in a LibreOffice Spreadsheet using something similar to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPQRST&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OPQRST&lt;/a&gt; mnemonic and note the pain based on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;self-reporting adult pain scale&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WNFa0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WNFa0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The small images were created using &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.inkscape.org/wiki/index.php/Installing_Inkscape&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inkscape&lt;/a&gt; (I move the semi-transparent circles on the relevant &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:X-ray_of_normal_right_foot_by_lateral_projection.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;body-part&lt;/a&gt;, resize them and use &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;print screen&lt;/kbd&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Questions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there anything else a doctor should know?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bonus question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Is there a better way to describe symptoms?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Obvious drawbacks which I'd love suggestions for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I can't note symptoms on the run as I would with an app. It takes time to note them accurately enough. Any way to make the process faster?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2205" LastEditorUserId="2205" LastEditDate="2021-04-23T16:11:33.093" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T16:11:33.093" Title="How to note symptoms before visiting a doctor" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15266" CreationDate="2018-02-08T19:20:55.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like testicular pain like that could be due to contraction of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/cremaster-muscle#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cremaster muscle&lt;/a&gt;, which essentially controls testicle height. Its main role is to help regulate temperature in the scrotum by controlling how close the testicles are to the body. This is important because a very precise temperature is needed to make sperm (just a little colder than core body temperature).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find anything to suggest that high-pitched sounds cause the cremaster to contract. However, there is some evidence to suggest that activation of the sympathetic nervous system (the &quot;fight or flight&quot; response) can cause the cremaster to contract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cremaster-muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; the authors state that there is a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;reduction of myogenic responsiveness secondary to the elimination of&#xA;  sympathetic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words once the &quot;fight or flight&quot; response was disabled in these rats, the cremaster had less of a response. This indicates that the cremaster responds at least in part to the sympathetic nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My suspicion is that testicular pain in a situation like you described is due to contraction of the cremaster muscle. This was most likely caused by a sympathetic &quot;fight or flight&quot; response caused by the screaming/ confrontation. I don't know of any mechanism directly linking high-pitched sounds to the testicles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T19:20:55.463" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12981" CreationDate="2018-02-08T19:28:56.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some vendors publish the pH values for the products they sell (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/13623/11231&quot;&gt;examples in this answer&lt;/a&gt;). But that seems to be only the case if their product really stands out to the competition with high pH levels. Simple carbonated water (de-ionised) can have quite a low pH but other factors come into play for the acidity of the finished item. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This brand's website has a section on this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lacroixwater.com/nutritional-faqs/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the PH balance of LaCroix waters?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;The pH level of LaCroix varies by flavor and is less acidic than traditional soft drinks, 100% juice and juice drinks, and other typical beverages without the calories! If there are any concerns about your acidity consumption, please consult your physician.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Dr. Matthew Messina, a dentist and spokesperson for the American Dental Association, told MUNCHIES, a website and digital video channel, that “the health risks of sugarless, naturally carbonated waters like La Croix and Perrier are nowhere near those of sugary sodas, despite their textural similarities. There is no scientific evidence that sparkling waters are any more dangerous or damaging to the teeth than regular water.”&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real answer: &quot;What the hell, we won't tell!&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, the real pH depends not only on the other salts in the water but on what exactly is used for flavouring it. If it is citric acid for example, and all too often it is, then chances for a drink low in acidity dwindle fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eatthis.com/la-croix-healthy/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This Is Why You Should Stop Drinking LaCroix&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-flavored-water-effects-on-teeth20170427-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Flavored waters — yes, including La Croix — are eroding your teeth&lt;/strong&gt; (2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is really a pity and disgrace that &quot;sparkling water&quot; often refers to acidified flavoured sparkling water. Regarding dental health these are quite different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.leesimondds.com/dental-news-and-updates/why-flavored-waters-are-bad-for-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;**Why flavored waters are bad for your teeth ** (2017)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Carbonating that (which is adding carbonic acid) lowers its pH to about 5. (Happily, that is well in the tooth-safe zone, so you can go ahead and drink your plain sparkling water without worry.) The trouble starts when flavors are added, and the citric acid commonly used in bottled flavored waters is considered especially insidious because besides lowering pH it also may remove calcium from the teeth. A 2016 report published in the Journal of the American Dental Association found that un-carbonated flavored waters such as grape, lemon or strawberry Dasani had a pH of 3, only somewhat better than RC Cola and Coca-Cola, which were among the most acidic tested, at 2.32 and 2.37 respectively (and which are close to the pH 2.25 of pure lemon juice). On its website, the brand Hint says the pH of its waters range from 3.5 to 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only single expert opinions support this view. Some studies that support the &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11556958&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Investigation of mineral waters and soft drinks in relation to dental erosion.&lt;/strong&gt; (2001)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00784.x/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The erosive potential of flavoured sparkling water drinks&lt;/strong&gt; (2007)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;  Flavoured sparkling waters should be considered as potentially erosive, and preventive advice on their consumption should recognize them as potentially acidic drinks rather than water with flavouring.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4NVL.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4NVL.png&quot; alt=&quot;Apaptite dissolution capacity&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Mean hydroxyapatite dissolution and standard deviation, expressed as the theoretical mass of phosphate (μg) present in 1.5 mL of test solution, both after the immediate opening of the test liquid and after 30 min of exposure of the carbonated water to air. Each value is based on the average of 10 replicate samples.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That has to be put into perspective. Even citric acid is not the devil. The pH is not everything. Amount of drink you consume and exposure time to your teeth are much more meaningful and harder to measure but better controllable than this easy to measure but harder to control number that is pH. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)60548-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The effects of beverages on plaque acidogenicity after a sugary challenge&lt;/strong&gt; (2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Companies adding needlessly such superfluous ingredients like citric or other acids to &quot;sparkling water&quot; should be held responsible for diluting the meaning of that term and sued if they continue to sell this with a misleading claim like &quot;healthy&quot;, since all around these flavoured waters are apparently not tooth friendly.  Not drinking them might be one sane option. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insisting to ingest might warrant the following precautionary measures: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Copied from the Chicago Tribune article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't use it as your primary hydration  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Minimize time exposure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Drink it with a meal or snack&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don't be a swisher&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The company does not release pH levels for its products. Given the question's interest in lime, lemon it is quite reasonable to assume a significant amount of citric acid used or the &quot;flavour&quot;. This will bring down the pH-level to significantly lower than real, unflavoured water.  If it does not contain citric acid or similar compounds under the label of so-called &quot;flavour&quot; then another indicator is the fact that it does not contain any sodium. The less minerals such a water contains, the more pronounced the resulting pH from the added carbonic acid. Let me be bold and cast an educated guess: the pH level will be well below 4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison some of these &quot;water&quot; drinks were classified as such:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(15)01050-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The pH of beverages in the United States&lt;/strong&gt; (2015):&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  This comprehensive pH assessment of commercially available beverages in the United States found that most are potentially erosive to the dentition.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Erosive ___________________________________ pH&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Activ Water Power Strawberry Kiwi _____________ 3.38&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Clear American (flavored water) Kiwi Strawberry __ 3.70&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Skinny Water Acai Grape Blueberry ____________ 3.81&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Sobe Life Water Acai Fruit Punch ______________ 3.22&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Vitamin Water Connect Black Cherry-Lime _______ 2.96&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the company decides to keep silent about the ingredients and the FDA continues to allow them this practice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/2016/12/heres-lacroix-addictive/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;What's actually in this stuff? And why is it so incredibly addicting?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Part of the problem is that there's actually no way to know for sure what gives this very subtly flavored drink its ambiguous &quot;essence.&quot; Look at a LaCroix can and you'll see it has no artificial sweeteners, no calories, no sodium, no nothing. The only two ingredients are carbonated water and natural flavor, which means almost nothing. Carbonated water is water with CO2 in it. Sure, it creates a little carbonic acid in the drink, which some folks have said could harm your teeth, but so long as you're healthy your saliva easily neutralizes those acids. It's the second ingredient—natural flavor—that holds the key to LaCroix's allure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the FDA, natural flavor can be anything that adds flavor to a product so long as it comes directly from a plant or animal source. That's a pretty wide range, but it's further muddled by the fact that natural flavors can be made up of more than one ingredient—including artificial ingredients that help preserve the flavor or help it mix well with the other ingredients. &quot;You see 'natural flavor' on a label and it's really a black box of secrecy in terms of what's being added to that product,&quot; says David Andrews, a chemist from the Environmental Working Group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just like their artificial counterparts, natural flavors are complex chemical formulas invented by food companies and a small handful of flavor houses around the world. The FDA lets companies call these formulas natural even if they have synthetic solvents or preservatives because it classifies those filler ingredients as &quot;incidental additives,&quot; which usually come in trace amounts and get a pass from ingredient disclosure laws.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before you start panic-counting the gallons of LaCroix you've consumed in the last two days alone, know that National Beverage, the obscure Florida-based company that owns LaCroix, claims that it doesn't add anything artificial to its flavors. Instead, they use &quot;natural essence oils ... extracted from the named fruit used in each of our LaCroix flavors,&quot; a company spokeswoman said in an email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/2016/03/the-skinny-on-sparkling-water-does-it-erode-teeth.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The skinny on sparkling water: Does it erode teeth?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-and-nutrition-quackery/carbonated-water-bad-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is Carbonated Water Bad for Your Teeth?&lt;/a&gt; (Has some further measurements on pH levels.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-08T22:00:06.323" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T22:00:06.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15274" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15258" CreationDate="2018-02-08T20:05:40.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is due to the fact that the recommended amount of sugar and the recommended amount of total carbs is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll give an example using total fat and saturated fat (because in the US, where I'm from, there is no recommended amount of sugar, but that's a whole other story).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentages you're confused by are based on the recommended amount of that type of macronutrient. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/fat.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Food and Drug Administration&lt;/a&gt; recommends that Americans eat no more than 65g of total fat in a day. They also say that you should eat no more than 20g of saturated fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, if you ate a food with 10g of saturated fat (and no other fat) the label would look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total fat: 10g................15%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saturated fat: 10 g........50%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the amount is the same, the percentage is different, because your recommended daily amounts of total fat and saturated fat are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T20:05:40.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15271" CreationDate="2018-02-08T20:37:39.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;It‘s all about algorithms&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you have done with the OPQPRST is a great start, but to save yourself even more trouble, there is one more algorithm which can help you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPLE_history&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SAMPLER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Standing for &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;ymptoms [include OPQPRST in this] &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;llergies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;edication you are currently taking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;ast illnesses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L&lt;/strong&gt;ast oral intake (+ last menstruation for women)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;vents that lead to the symptoms &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;R&lt;/strong&gt;isk factors (i.e. smoking, alcoholism, addictions etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an algorithm that‘s used by professionals for patient assessement after the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#CABC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cABCDE&lt;/a&gt; check (which only applies in traumatology and you don’t really need to use with general practitioners)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pain Assesement&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scale you are using is great, but I recommend to give a reference point: &lt;em&gt;If 10 is my pain during labour, this broken arm is around 3&lt;/em&gt; gives doctors more information that just saying &lt;em&gt;three&lt;/em&gt; because pain is highly subjective and for someone who had a lot of pain before, the scale might really be different compared to someone who got lucky in life &#xA;so far or didn’t birth children (yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Medication&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Write down a list of the medicine you are taking before a visit. That way you can convey more information than &lt;em&gt;two small white pills in the morning and a large blue one after supper&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-02-08T20:45:45.053" LastActivityDate="2018-02-08T20:45:45.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15279" CreationDate="2018-02-08T23:18:05.873" Score="9" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, fluoride helps in hardening the enamel of our teeth by replacing the calcium element in hydroxyapatite to convert it in the stronger fluorapatite, like explained &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/19032/how-is-the-fluoride-in-toothpaste-absorbed&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Wether that's worth other potential risks of using fluor is debatable, but let's keep that aside. I'm curious if it is still beneficial to keep using fluorised toothpaste if you already did so for like 10 years. I suppose all hydroxyapatite is long converted into fluorapatite already after so much brushing. Why would it still be recommendable to keep using it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12902" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:21.053" Title="Is it beneficial to keep using fluorised toothpaste after prolonged use?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15270" CreationDate="2018-02-09T09:17:39.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have more muscles, you will have more place to store glucose in them (in the form of glycogen), but what seems to be more important is the rate of glucose uptake by muscles, which increases with &lt;strong&gt;endurance training (running, swimming...)&lt;/strong&gt; rather than with resistance training (body building).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248697/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Role of Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Breakdown for Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Exercise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The glycogen content is higher in endurance trained subjects compared&#xA;  to untrained subjects and glycogen content increases in muscles after&#xA;  endurance training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reduction of skeletal muscle glycogen after exercise allows a&#xA;  healthy storage of carbohydrates after meals and prevents development&#xA;  of type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise increases the glucose uptake by muscles by increasing insulin sensitivity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acutely, exercise improves insulin sensitivity in both healthy&#xA;  subjects and insulin resistant people. The improved insulin&#xA;  sensitivity after a single bout of exercise is short-lived but&#xA;  repeated bouts of endurance training improve insulin sensitivity&#xA;  beyond the acute effect of the last training session.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-02-09T10:54:53.120" LastActivityDate="2018-02-09T10:54:53.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15277" CreationDate="2018-02-09T11:18:56.967" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fluoride can be absorbed into the teeth and form fluoroapatite only in children up to 6-8 years of age (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/fluoride-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later, fluoride from toothpaste may still be helpful, because it stimulates the incorporation of calcium and phosphorus into the enamel that has been demineralized (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543617/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central, 2006&lt;/a&gt;). So, fluoride stimulates remineralization and thus &lt;em&gt;slows down&lt;/em&gt; the development of caries; it doesn't mean that it &lt;em&gt;cures&lt;/em&gt; caries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4606595/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recent advancements in fluoride: A systematic review (PubMed Central, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A summary of RCTs on fluoride concentration in toothpastes showed a&#xA;  positive dose response: Pastes with 1000–1500 ppm F showed 23% caries&#xA;  reduction compared to fluoride-free placebo; this value increased to&#xA;  36% for pastes with around 2500 ppm F. For pastes having below 1000&#xA;  ppm F, no significant difference was found with placebo, probably due&#xA;  to the small number of studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;^^ The above means, there was less caries after fluoridated paste use, and not that the established caries was cured. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-03-06T10:06:18.417" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T10:06:18.417" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15285" CreationDate="2018-02-09T16:43:18.003" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, a possible therapy for rheumatism and arthritis can be &quot;radon therapy&quot;. My understanding is that this means bathing in a tub with water that contains radon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, if this is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a helpful therapy and&#xA;if &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the occurring radiation is harmful. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the statements 1. and 2. true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238282629_Radon_als_Heilmittel_Therapeutische_Wirksamkeit_biologischer_Wirkungsmechanismus_und_vergleichende_Risikobewertung_Radon_therapy_Therapeutic_effects_biological_mechanism_and_relative_risk_assessment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is an article published by scientists affiliated with a therapy center. I couldn't find an English full text version, but there should be one somewhere from 2015.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12906" LastEditorUserId="12906" LastEditDate="2018-02-09T17:00:52.073" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:19:08.143" Title="What are the health benefits and risks of &quot;radon therapy&quot;?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-09T17:40:30.557" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious about things like the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which runs all the way down, under the aortic arch, then back up to the vocal cords. In early vertebrates, bodies were configured differently, and so the nerve took a direct route. Over millions of years as anatomy changed and necks elongated, the course of the nerve remained the same. Now it has a very inefficient course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other examples in humans like this? Anatomical curiosities that made sense at one point, but are now &quot;outdated&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2021-05-03T21:28:37.270" Title="What are some &quot;evolutionary mishaps&quot; in humans?" Tags="&lt;evolution&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15286" CreationDate="2018-02-09T18:28:28.553" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a discussion in the Netherlands about expensive medicine for rare illnesses. One solution mentioned in the discussion is to allow the pharmacy to replicate the drug in question.  I do not expect an in-dept explanation as my knowledge of chemistry and medicine is very basic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Drug in question is called &quot;Orkambi&quot; and costs about €170k a year for each patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know more how you could replicate the drug. I'm familiar with electronics reverse engineering, do the same principals work for chemistry?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;How hard is it to replicate a drug like Orkambi?&lt;/strong&gt; If it is not hard or expensive to replicate, what makes the drug expensive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background article: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/11/22/kamer-bekijk-of-apotheek-medicijn-zelf-kan-namaken-14155346-a1582124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/11/22/kamer-bekijk-of-apotheek-medicijn-zelf-kan-namaken-14155346-a1582124&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please use a online translation service as the article is in Dutch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12909" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T00:07:01.700" Title="Replicated medicine by pharmacists" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15285" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15280" CreationDate="2018-02-09T19:37:41.217" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Terminology note: I am going on the assumption that by 'rheumatism' you are referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;, a chronic destructive inflammatory condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;There is not good or sufficient evidence to suggest that 'Radon bathing' confers symptomatic benefit for rheumatoid arthritis (and possibly some other diseases)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Is radon therapy a 'helpful therapy'?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a tricky-ish one to answer definitively. The best I can say is that I remain (healthily) skeptical of the evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_1/A30.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012 study in mice&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/71/Suppl_1/A30.2.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;) concluded &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Radon therapy ameliorates the inflammatory processes responsible for the arthritogenic activity of human TNF in mice.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;; however, (1) that was in mice, not humans; and (2) the numbers involved were quite small (17 vs 18) and I cannot see any analysis to suggest their results are statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The journal &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/home/dos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dose-Response&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; seems to have published a number of papers on the subject:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2477672/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon Treatment Controversy&lt;/a&gt; (2006)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2477705/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Therapeutic use of Radon: A Biomedical Treatment in Europe; An “Alternative” Remedy in the United States&lt;/a&gt; (2007)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526331/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potential Treatment of Inflammatory and Proliferative Diseases by Ultra-Low Doses of Ionizing Radiations&lt;/a&gt; (2012)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How might radon be helpful? From the first article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact mechanism of radon's effect on human body is not completely understood. However, the most favored hypothesis is that radon's action is mediated by the neuroendocrine system, stimulation of the suprarenal glands by the hypophysis, rather than by direct action on the T cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last one is a general discussion of the use low-dose ionising radiation (ie not limited to radon) to treat disease. Specifically to rheumatoid arthritis, it references a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00296-003-0419-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005 review and meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; which conclude there is benefit, but should be treated with some skepticism as the author is affiliated with &lt;em&gt;Gasteiner Heilstollen Hospital&lt;/em&gt;, which offers radon spa therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that there may be a potential benefit for low-dose ionising radiation via neuroendocrine induction; but the evidence is (at worst) anecdotal and not extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study from 2015 &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000518.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indicates that benefit of radon spa treatment may be 'due to chance'&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;adding radon to carbon dioxide baths did not improve pain intensity at three months but may improve overall well-being and pain at six months compared with carbon dioxide baths without radon, but this may have happened by chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: That study includes an excellent 'plain language' summary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I am aware, radon therapy is not available via the NHS in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, there is no high-quality level one data to support the use of radon therapy for rheumatoid arthritis*.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Radon exposure (due to gas build-up in homes) definitely &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; harmful&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the National Cancer Institute&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radon is a radioactive gas released from the normal decay of the elements uranium, thorium, and radium in rocks and soil. It is an invisible, odorless, tasteless gas that seeps up through the ground and diffuses into the air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radon decays quickly, giving off tiny radioactive particles. When inhaled, these radioactive particles can damage the cells that line the lung. Long-term exposure to radon can lead to lung cancer, the only cancer proven to be associated with inhaling radon. There has been a suggestion of increased risk of leukemia associated with radon exposure in adults and children; however, the evidence is not conclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long term exposure to radon causes lung cancer, and is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807540/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apparently the second-leading cause&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673501/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lung cancer after smoking&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/cancer/radon-gas-warning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is important to be aware of the risks of indoor radon exposure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;So is spa radon harmful?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the smaller doses involved, it is hard to answer given the paucity of evidence; but I didn't find any bold, obvious warnings or studies to suggest that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000518.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 article on balneotherapy referrer to earlier&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we do not have precise information about side effects and complications of balneotherapy. This is particularly true for rare side effects. Side effects may include skin rash, infection and accidents, for example, slipping on wet surfaces near the bath area. The only study that reported side effects stated that they did not find any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I would not go so far as to label it 'safe'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*: Credit to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/15280/what-are-the-health-benefits-and-risks-of-radon-therapy/15285#comment23858_15285&quot;&gt;Graham Chiu for suggesting this qualifier&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/71/Suppl_1/A30.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon therapy ameliorates disease progression and prolongs survival in TNF α tg mice&lt;/a&gt; + &lt;a href=&quot;http://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/71/Suppl_1/A30.2.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/home/dos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dose-Response&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2477672/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon Treatment Controversy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2477705/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Therapeutic use of Radon: A Biomedical Treatment in Europe; An “Alternative” Remedy in the United States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526331/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526331/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00296-003-0419-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon therapy for the treatment of rheumatic diseases—review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon and Cancer -  National Cancer Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807540/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indoor radon exposure and lung cancer: a review of ecological studies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673501/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon, Smoking, and Lung Cancer: The Need to Refocus Radon Control Policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/cancer/radon-gas-warning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radon gas warning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000518.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Balneotherapy (or spa therapy) for rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:19:08.143" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15283" CreationDate="2018-02-10T00:07:01.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is a copyright issue for the synthesis of ivacaftor. It's an organic compound, not a biologic, so within reach of any decent pharmaceutical company. A new efficient method is described here &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.2931/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhet.2931/full&lt;/a&gt; but that's not going to help if it breaks laws. And we're talking big money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to improving healthcare for people with cystic fibrosis, provided $150 million of the funding for the development for ivacaftor in exchange for royalty rights in the event that the drug was successfully developed and commercialized. In 2014, the Foundation sold these royalty rights for $3.3 billion. The Foundation has stated that it intends to spend these funds in support of further research&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivacaftor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivacaftor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T00:07:01.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-10T08:27:52.830" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had prostatitis for several years. Since almost all antibiotics were not helpful to me due to drug resistance, I am trying to find some natural treatment of chronic prostatitis, so I Googled one diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill. How does it cure prostatitis? any successful cases? What are the side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12912" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:35:00.863" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:35:00.863" Title="Natural treatment of chronic prostatitis - Does herbal medicines have side affects?‏" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15287" CreationDate="2018-02-10T11:14:07.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Herbal medicines do have side effects&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to any &lt;em&gt;&quot;does this have side-effects?&quot;&lt;/em&gt; question is  invariably &lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some drugs/medications/herbal remedies will have fewer side effects, some will have more. Additionally (or alternatively), the side effects may vary by strength, or by how common they are, or any a number of other ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find any listing of ingredients or side effects for the example herbal medicine you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;What about this diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked for your &quot;one diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill&quot;, and found just that: a bunch of results about something literally named &lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.netdoctor.co.uk/discussion/104945/natural-herbal-prostatitis-treatment-diuretic-and-anti-inflammatory-pill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It claims to have at least three different effects&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;; frankly, it is hard to know what, if anything, it does without knowing what the ingredients are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Prostatitis/comments/6h0yw8/diuretic_and_antiinflammatory_pill/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a small Reddit discussion of the pill&lt;/a&gt;, which may be of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why might not antibiotics 'cure' prostatitis?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acute prostatitis is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;often caused by E. coli&lt;/a&gt;, but chronic prostatitis is a bit different. Chronic prostatitis &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8886062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can follow acute prostatitis&lt;/a&gt;, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-prostatitis#types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;often it is abacterial&lt;/a&gt;- as such, antibotics won't be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(That would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10422990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Category III&lt;/strong&gt; prostatitis, in NIH categorisation&lt;/a&gt;, which overlaps with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS)).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;References&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute prostatitis - Summary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8886062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic prostatitis: results of an Internet survey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-prostatitis#types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic prostatitis - Healthline&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://forums.netdoctor.co.uk/discussion/104945/natural-herbal-prostatitis-treatment-diuretic-and-anti-inflammatory-pill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Natural Herbal Prostatitis Treatment: Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill&lt;/a&gt; (No endorsement implied by linking to this)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Prostatitis/comments/6h0yw8/diuretic_and_antiinflammatory_pill/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill?? (Reddit)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10422990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;: You can read the claims yourself, I don't wish to lend them any implied credence by reproducing them here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="8653" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T11:41:42.583" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T11:41:42.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15154" CreationDate="2018-02-10T15:07:40.993" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Evidence for early exposure to peanuts is good; other evidence is mixed&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Evidence for beneficial introduction of peanuts in early life&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second paper you mention is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-015-0076-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LEAP trial&lt;/a&gt;. This went beyond the previous advice which said that children were less likely to develop allergies if exposed to peanuts early; they had enough evidence to make a positive recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Existing guidelines pertaining to the early introduction of complementary foods have indicated that the introduction of highly allergenic foods, such as peanut, need not be delayed past 4 or 6 months of life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is now scientific evidence (Level 1 evidence from a randomized controlled trial) that healthcare providers should recommend introducing peanut-containing products into the diets of “high-risk” infants early on in life (between 4 and 11 months of age) in countries where peanut allergy is prevalent because delaying the introduction of peanut can be associated with an increased risk of peanut allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in 2017 this was codified &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/guidelines-clinicians-and-patients-food-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;into a recommendation by the National Institutes of Health&lt;/a&gt;. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/default/files/peanut-allergy-prevention-guidelines-parent-summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;addendum for parents&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guideline 1 recommends that if your infant has severe eczema, egg allergy, or both (conditions that increase the risk of peanut allergy), &lt;strong&gt;he or she should have peanut-containing foods introduced into the diet as early as 4 to 6 months of age&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guideline 2 suggests that if your infant has mild to moderate eczema, he or she &lt;strong&gt;may have peanut-containing foods introduced into the diet around 6 months of age to reduce the risk of developing peanut allergy&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guideline 3 suggests that if your infant has no eczema or any food allergy, &lt;strong&gt;you can freely introduce peanut-containing foods into his or her diet&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though it is suggested to &amp;quot;[c]heck with your infant’s healthcare provider before feeding your infant peanut-containing foods.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These recommendations were contemporaneously reported &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/05/babies-peanut-allergies-health-guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in mainstream press&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Evidence for exposure to other allergens early in life&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is tricker to answer as there hasn't been a single focused study with evidence comparable to LEAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Asthma&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study looked at 514 children between birth and 24 months, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/4/353#ref-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concluded that those who are exposed to &amp;quot;spores and pollen in the first 3 months of life are at increased risk of early wheezing&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, there may be some correlation between early sensitivity to house dust mite (HDM) &amp;amp; grass pollen and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6640888&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;month of birth due to seasonal variations&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1514665&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asthma itself seems to vary by month of birth&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is important to note that these relations don't necessarily imply that early exposure causes the sensitisation- as ever, &lt;em&gt;correlation does not equate to causation&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sensitisations or Tolerance&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://users.unimi.it/minucci/Molecular%20Immunology%20Module2017-18/Allergic%20diseases/Early%20life%20factors%20that%20affect%20allergy%20development%20(allergy%20review)%20(1).pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2017 review on the subject of allergy development&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;PDF&lt;/strong&gt;) is more equivocal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is becoming increasingly clear that antigen exposures during the first few years of life are unique in their capacity to either elicit allergic sensitization or result in tolerogenic responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been proposed that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24560412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cutaneous exposure (through the skin) is more likely to result in &lt;em&gt;sensitisation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; whereas oral exposure is more associated with a  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/mi20124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;development of tolerance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, it would seem that cutaneous exposure to peanuts -- for example  peanut dust entering via break in skin -- can drive intestinal sensitivity and perhaps &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15969667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevent oral tolerance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Prenatal exposure&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While not technically in the scope of your question, there is interest in what&#xA;effect &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753947/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prenatal exposure&lt;/a&gt; -- positive and negative -- can have on allergy development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Pets&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence here is inconclusive as well. Some studies show a benefit to early exposure, while others link it with the development of an allergy. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783630/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 review discusses the evidence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the past decades, numerous studies have investigated the role of pet exposures in relation to atopy, but the published findings have been inconsistent and sometimes conflicting. Although there is growing evidence that exposure to pets may protect against development of atopic outcomes, the protective effects have not been replicated in all studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then, there has been further evidence on both sides, for example a &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2467334&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;large Swedish study which showed that animal exposure could be protective against asthma development&lt;/a&gt; (reported in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34697408&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mainstream press&lt;/a&gt;); wile another study from Finland concluded that pet exposure was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735463&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;associated with a higher incidence of pet allergy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T17:59:53.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-10T16:31:56.133" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/documentazione/p6_2_8_3_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&amp;amp;id=19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these data&lt;/a&gt; concerning influenza vaccination coverage in Italy.&#xA;I don't understand how the total is calculated. It is not a simple media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for the season 2016-2017 the data are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rdtqd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rdtqd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I sum up the values of the first line (in red) and average it, I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.5+0.6+0.7+0.8+0.8+1.6+6.4+48.2=59.6/8=7.45 that is different from 14.6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If instead I sum up the values of the column (in blue) I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0.5+0.5+0.6+0.7+2+1.2+0.3+0.9+1.3+5.2+0.3+0.9+0.5+0.6+0.8+2.4+4+0.2+0.6+1.3+1.1=25.9/21=1.23 that is different from 1.5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what kind of calculations were made to get the Total values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12916" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:47:49.493" Title="How is the total calculated for influenza vaccination coverage calculated?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15154" CreationDate="2018-02-10T16:45:18.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Peanuts and Peanut Allergies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was advised that Peanuts were not to be eaten during pregnancy due to possible allergy issues, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/foods-to-avoid-pregnant/#peanuts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;but it is no longer the case&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can eat peanuts or food containing peanuts, such as peanut butter, during pregnancy, unless you're allergic to them or a health professional advises you not to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may have heard peanuts should be avoided during pregnancy. This is because the government previously advised women to avoid eating peanuts if there was a history of allergy – such as asthma, eczema, hay fever and food allergy – in their child's immediate family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This advice has now changed because the latest research has shown no clear evidence that eating peanuts during pregnancy affects the chances of your baby developing a peanut allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For peanut allergies, there is a therapy called Probiotic and Peanut Oral ImmunoTherapy (PPOIT) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(17)30041-X/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study published in The Lancet Child &amp;amp; Adolescent Health&lt;/a&gt; suggests that it can help for upto 4 years (Hsiao et al., 2017)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;48 (86%) of 56 eligible participants were enrolled in the follow-up study. Mean time since stopping treatment was 4·2 years in both PPOIT (SD 0·6) and placebo (SD 0·7) participants. Participants from the PPOIT group were significantly more likely than those from the placebo group to have continued eating peanut (16 [67%] of 24 vs one [4%] of 24; absolute difference 63% [95% CI 42–83], p=0·001; number needed to treat 1·6 [95% CI 1·2–2·4]). Four PPOIT-treated participants and six placebo participants reported allergic reactions to peanut after intentional or accidental intake since stopping treatment, but none had anaphylaxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other Allergies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As stated in my comment a while ago, there was an article I saw about allergies in general, which stated that there seems to be a rise in the numbers of people suffering from allergies and there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypothesis that this is due to the sterility of the environment compared to the past&lt;/a&gt;.  I cannot find the article I was thinking of, but the linked Wikipedia page provides information on this with citations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis is a hypothesis that states a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms (such as the gut flora or probiotics), and parasites increases susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing the natural development of the immune system. In particular, the lack of exposure is thought to lead to defects in the establishment of immune tolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The hygiene hypothesis has also been called the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biome&lt;/a&gt; depletion theory&quot; and the &quot;lost friends theory&quot; &lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the idea that exposure to certain infections may decrease the risk of allergy is not new, Strachan was one of the first to formally propose it, in an article published in the British Medical Journal in 1989. &lt;sup&gt;[21]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[1] William Parker (2010-10-13). &lt;a href=&quot;http://evmedreview.com/?p=457/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. The Evolution &amp;amp; Medicine Review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[21] Strachan, D. P. (1989). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Hay fever, hygiene, and household size&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. BMJ. 299 (6710): 1259–60. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259&lt;/a&gt;. PMC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1838109&lt;/a&gt; Freely accessible. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2513902&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing with these hypotheses, as indicated in the Wikipedia page, is that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[with reducing modern practices of cleanliness and hygiene, there is] a significant amount of evidence that it would increase the risks of infectious diseases. &lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[8] Stanwell-Smith R, Bloomfield SF, Rook GA. (2012). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/best-practice-review/hygiene-hypothesis-and-its-implications-home-hygiene-lifestyle-and-public-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;The hygiene hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Biological Basis&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Allergic conditions are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to harmless antigens driven by a T&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;2-mediated immune response, T&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;2 cells produce interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 6, interleukin 13 and predominantly immunoglobulin E. Many bacteria and viruses elicit a T&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;1-mediated immune response, which down-regulates T&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;2 responses.&lt;br&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis#Biological_basis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Epidemiological evidence&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis#Epidemiological_evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epidemiological data supports the hygiene hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies have shown that various immunological and autoimmune diseases are much less common in the developing world than the industrialized world and that immigrants to the industrialized world from the developing world increasingly develop immunological disorders in relation to the length of time since arrival in the industrialized world.&lt;sup&gt;[11]&lt;/sup&gt; This is true for asthma&lt;sup&gt;[40]&lt;/sup&gt; and other chronic inflammatory disorders.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In developed countries where childhood diseases were eliminated, the asthma rate for youth is approximately 10%. In the 19th century, hay-fever, an easily recognisable allergy, was a very rare condition.&lt;sup&gt;[42]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[5] Rook, G. A. W.; Lowry, C. A.; Raison, C. L. (2013). &quot;Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience&quot;. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. 2013: 46–64. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eot004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1093/emph/eot004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[11] Okada, H.; Kuhn, C.; Feillet, H.; Bach, J. -F. (2010). &quot;The 'hygiene hypothesis' for autoimmune and allergic diseases: An update&quot;. Clinical &amp;amp; Experimental Immunology. 160: 1–9. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[40] Gibson, Peter G.; Henry, Richard L.; Shah, Smita; Powell, Heather; Wang, He (2003). &quot;Migration to a western country increases asthma symptoms but not eosinophilic airway inflammation&quot;. Pediatric Pulmonology. 36 (3): 209–15. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.10323&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/ppul.10323&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12910582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;12910582&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[42] Blackley CH (1873) Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Catarrhus Aestivus (Hay-fever and Hay-asthma) (Baillière Tindall and Cox, London).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Treatments&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with Peanut Allergies, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Allergen Immunotherapy, also known as &lt;strong&gt;desensitisation&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;hypo-sensitisation&lt;/strong&gt;, is a medical treatment for some types of allergies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen in an attempt to change the immune system's response.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Meta-analyses have found that injections of allergens under the skin are effective in the treatment in allergic rhinitis in children&lt;sup&gt;[3][4]&lt;/sup&gt; and in asthma.&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; The benefits may last for years after treatment is stopped.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; It is generally safe and effective for allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic forms of asthma, and stinging insects.&lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt; The evidence also supports the use of sublingual immunotherapy against rhinitis and asthma, but it is less strong.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; In this form the allergen is given under the tongue and people often prefer it to injections.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt; Immunotherapy is not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for asthma.&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20160909195614/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicDiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Allergen Immunotherapy&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. April 22, 2015. Archived from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/allergen-immunotherapy.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the original&lt;/a&gt; on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[2] Abramson, MJ; Puy, RM; Weiner, JM (4 August 2010). &quot;Injection allergen immunotherapy for asthma&quot;. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD001186. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001186.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD001186.pub2&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20687065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20687065&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[3] Penagos, M; Compalati, E; Tarantini, F; Baena-Cagnani, R; Huerta, J; Passalacqua, G; Canonica, GW (August 2006). &quot;Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients 3 to 18 years of age: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials&quot;. Annals of Allergy, Asthma &amp;amp; Immunology. 97 (2): 141–8. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1081-1206%2810%2960004-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60004-X&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16937742&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;16937742&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[4] Calderon, MA; Alves, B; Jacobson, M; Hurwitz, B; Sheikh, A; Durham, S (24 January 2007). &quot;Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis&quot;. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD001936. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001936.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD001936.pub2&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;17253469&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[5] Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Casale T, Lockey RF, Baena-Cagnani CE, Pawankar R, Potter PC, Bousquet PJ, Cox LS, Durham SR, Nelson HS, Passalacqua G, Ryan DP, Brozek JL, Compalati E, Dahl R, Delgado L, van Wijk RG, Gower RG, Ledford DK, Filho NR, Valovirta EJ, Yusuf OM, Zuberbier T, Akhanda W, Almarales RC, Ansotegui I, Bonifazi F, Ceuppens J, Chivato T, Dimova D, Dumitrascu D, Fontana L, Katelaris CH, Kaulsay R, Kuna P, Larenas-Linnemann D, Manoussakis M, Nekam K, Nunes C, O'Hehir R, Olaguibel JM, Onder NB, Park JW, Priftanji A, Puy R, Sarmiento L, Scadding G, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Seberova E, Sepiashvili R, Solé D, Togias A, Tomino C, Toskala E, Van Beever H, Vieths S (December 2009). &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20111112132041/http://www.worldallergy.org/publications/slit-wao-pp_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Sub-lingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization Position Paper 2009&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (PDF). Allergy. 64 Suppl 91: 1–59. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1398-9995.2009.02309.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02309.x&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20041860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20041860&lt;/a&gt;. Archived from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldallergy.org/publications/slit-wao-pp_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the original&lt;/a&gt; (PDF) on 2011-11-12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[6] Rank, MA; Li, JT (September 2007). &quot;Allergen immunotherapy&quot;. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 82 (9): 1119–23. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.4065%2F82.9.1119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.4065/82.9.1119&lt;/a&gt;. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803880&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;17803880&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hsiao, K. et al. (2017) &lt;em&gt;Long-term clinical and immunological effects of probiotic and peanut oral immunotherapy after treatment cessation: 4-year follow-up of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial&lt;/em&gt;. The Lancet Child &amp;amp; Adolescent Health, 1(2): pp. 97—105&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30041-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30041-X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:49:30.883" LastActivityDate="2018-02-10T23:49:30.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15294" CreationDate="2018-02-10T18:22:07.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;h1&gt;These appear to be weighted totals&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have the methodology used to to derive these figures, but I would expect that the totals are weighted by age group size (for the last column) and by region population (for the final row).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used the values for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/statistics/270473/age-distribution-in-italy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Italian age distribution&lt;/a&gt; (NB only goes to 2016, not 2017), and got values closer to the expected values, eg &lt;code&gt;9.6&lt;/code&gt; for Provincia Bolzano once weighting for age was taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="8653" LastEditDate="2018-02-11T11:47:49.493" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:47:49.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-10T19:28:55.993" Score="1" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an app that can cure myopia, or provide therapy to exercise the eye to focus on objects that &quot;seem&quot; like a certain distance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12919" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-10T23:50:04.447" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:40:43.973" Title="What VR app that cure myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-02-22T17:07:10.953" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11204" CreationDate="2018-02-11T07:19:06.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/medicinedocs/index/assoc/s14236e/s14236e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 WHO Expert Committee&lt;/a&gt; meeting regarding the addition of sumitriptan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Committee noted that the application was generally of poor quality and &#xA;  provided only a limited review of the evidence.&lt;/strong&gt; Although medicines for man-&#xA;  aging migraine are on the Model List, the information provided did not estab-&#xA;  lish the public health need for an additional medicine. As noted by the expert reviewers, there is high-quality clinical evidence from a Cochrane review &#xA;  (57) that supports the superiority of sumatriptan for the acute management of &#xA;  migraine, compared with placebo. However, there have been few trials com-&#xA;  paring sumatriptan with standard management (aspirin and metoclopramide, &#xA;  or caffeine and ergotamine). In these studies, sumatriptan was found to be &#xA;  superior in effectiveness to caffeine and ergotamine although it caused more &#xA;  adverse events. When compared with aspirin and metoclopramide, sumat-&#xA;  riptan was superior for only one outcome (pain relief at 2 hours) and also &#xA;  caused more adverse events. The Committee noted that it would be helpful to &#xA;  have updated Cochrane reviews to conﬁrm these ﬁndings. Some studies have &#xA;  found that the 50 mg dose of sumatriptan is as effective as the 100 mg dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Despite the availability of some generic preparations, the current cost of &#xA;  sumatriptan is substantially higher than that of aspirin and metoclopramide. &#xA;  No valid cost-effectiveness evidence was provided.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall the evidence provided in the application did not support the public &#xA;  health need or comparative effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of &#xA;  sumatriptan. The Committee therefore recommended that sumatriptan not &#xA;  be added to the Model List and will seek high-quality national treatment &#xA;  guidelines to guide a full review of Section 7, Antimigraine Medicines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem nobody bothered to take the time to write a good application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-02-11T10:49:53.643" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T10:49:53.643" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15299" CreationDate="2018-02-11T11:40:43.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;There isn't an app that 'cures' myopia&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is at least one 'eye training' VR app for things like amblyopia (which I make no claim about the benefits or drawbacks of); and &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/489048/an-entrepreneur-is-using-virtual-reality-headsets-to-try-to-cure-vision-disorders/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reports from 2015&lt;/a&gt; of a company set up to do something similar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But the company is about a third of the way through an extensive nine-month trial involving 50 to 60 participants at the University of California San Francisco to study the effects of See Vividly’s software, Vivid Vision. [...] Earlier this year, a small trial in Slovakia saw improvement in nine of 15 participants with amblyopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there doesn't seem to be an app for myopia specifically. The closes thing is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rectifeye.com/files/rectifeye_abstract.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proposed solution to adjust a VR headset's projection so that someone with myopia can see the images projected clearly&lt;/a&gt; (PDF).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastActivityDate="2018-02-11T11:40:43.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15303" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15306" CreationDate="2018-02-11T20:07:48.307" Score="3" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colectomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;colectomy&lt;/a&gt; and subsequent &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileostomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ileostomy&lt;/a&gt; are surgeries that involve removing the large bowel (colon) and creating an opening in the abdomen for food waste to go through the small intestine and out of the body through this opening, into a stoma bag, &lt;strong&gt;bypassing the rectum and anus&lt;/strong&gt; as methods of food excretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient may have the option of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostomy_reversal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stoma reversal&lt;/a&gt;, which would &lt;strong&gt;attach the small intestine to the rectum&lt;/strong&gt;, giving rise to the reestablishment of the gastrointestinal tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: Given that the patient can go a long time before getting a reversal, i.e. a long time without making use of their rectum/anus, both of which involve muscles that will not have &quot;exercised&quot; for a long time, &lt;strong&gt;is it possible that the muscles involved in the rectum's or anus' function can atrophy in that time&lt;/strong&gt;? And what kind of consequences would that entail for a patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12929" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T22:29:12.773" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T22:29:12.773" Title="Can your rectum atrophy after a long time of inactivity?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;muscular-atrophy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15304" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15967" CreationDate="2018-02-11T22:58:39.820" Score="6" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, caffeine increases the resting heart rate. If the resting heart rate of a person with tachycardia is 110 bpm, it may increase to 125 bpm after consuming 200 mg caffeine. My questions: Is having a constantly high resting heart rate (because of caffeine) dangerous? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T16:09:25.337" Title="Should people with tachycardia avoid caffeine?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15303" CreationDate="2018-02-12T02:35:09.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The premise is incorrect. The internal anal sphincter is in a state of chronic contraction and is not under voluntary control. When defecation occurs the sphincter relaxes allowing the passage of the rectal contents. Even when there is a colostomy there is still mucus produced which needs to be expelled on a regular basis. There is no disuse occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/anal-canal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/anal-canal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-11T07:52:10.250" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T07:52:10.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-12T04:15:28.077" Score="5" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen news stories (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://leaderpost.com/news/local-news/this-years-flu-vaccine-poor-match-for-h2n&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;) claiming that the 2017-2018 flu vaccine is not a &quot;good match&quot; to circulating influenza viruses. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm#S1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the CDC states&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two hundred sixty-two influenza A(H3N2) viruses were antigenically characterized, and &lt;strong&gt;257 (98.1%) A(H3N2) viruses tested were well-inhibited&lt;/strong&gt; (reacting at titers that were within fourfold of the homologous virus titer) &lt;strong&gt;by ferret antisera raised against A/Michigan/15/2014&lt;/strong&gt; (3C.2a), a cell propagated A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like reference virus &lt;strong&gt;representing the A(H3N2) component of 2017–18 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the news stories wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11686" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T18:07:28.397" Title="Is the 2017-2018 flu vaccine a &quot;good match&quot; for circulating influenza viruses?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-12T09:59:14.173" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;One group is given a newly developed medication X, and the other group placebo. If X has noticeable side effects, like extra sleepiness, change in appetite, tremors, etc, wouldn't the participates in group 1 realize that they're given the real medication? How would it affect the study? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T09:59:14.173" Title="Do side effects spoil blind studies?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-12T10:09:48.597" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have any background in medicine, but I'm interested. How are participants in a clinical study of a new medication selected and monitored? Do they make an announcement calling for volunteers? Do they pay the volunteers, or volunteers are desperate people who would try any new medication? After selecting the participants, how are they monitored, so that they wouldn't take other medications, recreational drugs, or get involved in stress inducing activities? Are they isolated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T10:09:48.597" Title="How are participants in a clinical study of a new medication selected and monitored?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13668" CreationDate="2018-02-12T11:40:27.107" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any book or website about ALL diseases were officially registered ever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best you're going to get is the International Classification of Disease (ICD) which is developed by the World Health Organisation. It's currently at version 10. The draft version of ICD-11 can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you're unable to find it, just note that it does not list &lt;em&gt;drapetomania&lt;/em&gt;, or the mental illness that compels black slaves to flee their masters. That went out of vogue mid-1800s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the ICD falls short for your requirements: it only lists all &lt;em&gt;currently&lt;/em&gt; recognised diseases, not &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In order not to read all books I just want to know is there any main source in internet which most doctors use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, what you're asking for is entirely different than a list of all registered diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard reference is something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;, but it's a paid subscription. Another common one is &lt;a href=&quot;http://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Best Practice&lt;/a&gt;. That one has a free trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I need this for filtering and finding disease according its symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, if diagnosis were as simple as that, then a computer would do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T11:40:27.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15323" CreationDate="2018-02-12T15:35:54.860" Score="0" ViewCount="9999" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a 10 years pornography addict what are the symptoms of withdrawal at the first 2 months ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6641" LastActivityDate="2021-02-09T16:41:30.443" Title="Withdrawal symptoms of pornography addiction" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;dopamine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15321" CreationDate="2018-02-12T21:09:56.757" Score="-1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Going through the third week of a ketogenic diet, i've developed tickling feeling on whole my body, a local rash on my hand ankle has also emerged. What might be the underlying cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9694" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T23:49:01.140" Title="Rash development during ketogenic diet?" Tags="&lt;rash&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-02-16T05:47:57.380" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15320" CreationDate="2018-02-12T21:39:35.103" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preface&lt;/strong&gt;: This is not a comment on your rash as that would be getting into the realms of medical advice; instead, I'll treat it as a general question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Can there be a rash associated with a ketotic state?&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It seems so&lt;/strong&gt;. There is a skin condition called &lt;em&gt;prurigo pigemntosa&lt;/em&gt; (aka Nagashima disease), which has an unclear cause – friction, or contact dermatitis to one or more substances – but has an association with ketotic states. From DermNetNZ:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prurigo pigmentosa is a rare inflammatory skin condition of unknown cause. It is characterized by a recurrent itchy rash with netlike hyperpigmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been associated in some patients with &lt;strong&gt;ketotic states&lt;/strong&gt; associated with diabetes, fasting and post-bariatric surgery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/prurigo-pigmentosa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prurigo pigmentosa&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; on DermNetNZ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rash has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rv324m4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported to clear with resolution of ketosis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another notable association frequently reported in the literature is with ketosis resulting from diabetes, diet, eating disorders, or pregnancy. Although several authors have reported improvement of the eruption upon resolution of ketosis, there is no noted association with blood glucose levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rv324m4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prurigo pigmentosa: Report of two cases in the United States and review of the literature&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-12T23:49:01.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15271" CreationDate="2018-02-13T00:53:41.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is your issue that your forget to mention your [stomach pain, rash, sleeplessness] or that you forget where it was, how much it hurt, etc? The sorts of things you have in your question would appear relevant only to the latter. For the former, a little notebook in which you write literally one or two words should be enough for you to remember to mention it, with the actual details being supplied from memory, no?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a dedicated notebook that is only for doctor appointments and I write things in it as they happen or occur to me. It might say &quot;thyroid refill&quot; if I'm getting low on them. Or it might say &quot;back pain&quot; or whatever. Often I write things the doctor says in the same book in case I need to check them later. It's simple, almost free, secure, and private.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2018-02-13T00:53:41.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15316" CreationDate="2018-02-13T01:01:42.607" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, porn addiction withdrawal is also equivalent to dopamine withdrawal.  The chemicals that your brain creates when you use porn – Dopamine and Delta Fos-B – are the exact same ones it creates when you use cocaine or meth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/dopamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dopamine&lt;/a&gt; is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the first to seventh (1-7) day of porn withdrawal, your brain's still in shock. During this period, such symptoms persist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grumpiness - Every little thing will irritate you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mood swings - This is mainly due to the fact that the brain is still trying to rebalance itself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Headaches &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anxiety - Some men have legitimate panic attacks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pornographic thoughts - Obviously, during the first few weeks of porn withdrawal, you keep having lustful thoughts, causing you to remember your last pornographic experience.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between the fourth to eighth (4th-8th) week, majority of men begin to feel the withdrawal symptoms wear out, if you aren't, there's no problem, just keep enduring. During this period, the following symptoms persist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Random Temptation - You might have made it so far, only to have a bad day that sends you back into relapse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Insomnia - This occurs mainly to those who are heavily addicted to porn. It's almost impossible to treat, as over-the-counter sleep aids might be of much help.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depression - Not all mean suffer depression, as this mainly occurs during the early stages of porn withdrawal. It's uncommon for it last several weeks, but it always eventually goes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more info, visit &lt;a href=&quot;http://husbandhelphaven.com/porn-addiction-withdrawal-walkthrough/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; site and &lt;a href=&quot;http://husbandhelphaven.com/porn-addiction-symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for info on how porn morphs the brain. I hope I was able to answer your question correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2018-02-13T01:01:42.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13305" CreationDate="2018-02-13T04:32:26.223" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. This is an interesting question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of two examples, one which I think is closer to what you're thinking about, and another being related conceptually. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Prodromal phase of schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;then surely it should reason that there are people who experience delusions that are the opposite of distress i.e pleasure &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're describing, if it does occur, generally happens during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia, which is a period of one or two years prior to the first episode of florid psychosis. This is thought to be related to the &lt;em&gt;hyperdopaminergic&lt;/em&gt; state that characterises the positive symptoms of schizophrenia e.g. hallucinations, delusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the lay view of dopamine's role is one relating to pleasure, it's generally thought to be related to &lt;em&gt;incentive salience&lt;/em&gt;. The prodrome may describe the whole world as &quot;lighting up&quot; or &quot;finally making sense&quot;. Oftentimes there can be metaphysical undertones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/34/2/381/1923247&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Phenomenological Critique and Self-disturbance: Implications for Ultra-High Risk (“Prodrome”) Research&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A common finding in studies of the prodromal period has been of a&#xA;  developing preoccupation with philosophical, supernatural, and&#xA;  metaphysical themes. The rupture in “normal” self-experience&#xA;  motivates such a preoccupation; in cognitive terms, the patient is&#xA;  attempting to accommodate his anomalous experience to existing&#xA;  schemas. Feelings of centrality or solipsism may come to the fore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2003.50017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phenomenology of anomalous self-experience in early schizophrenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/89qNd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/89qNd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A classic is &lt;em&gt;Knots (1970)&lt;/em&gt; by R.D. Laing who was both a psychiatrist and someone who experienced psychosis. I recommend getting a hold of it. It's very short and will make no sense. But it also will, and that's the entire point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/okxa5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/okxa5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Mystical experience&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychosis and mystical experience are two antipodal human experiences but they both have something in common: they are both departures from our everyday experience of reality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is from William James' &lt;em&gt;The Varieties Of Religious Experience (1901)&lt;/em&gt; which is considered a classic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Open any one of these, and you will find abundant cases in which&#xA;  ‘mystical ideas’ are cited as characteristic symptoms of enfeebled or&#xA;  deluded states of mind. &lt;strong&gt;In delusional insanity, paranoia, as they&#xA;  sometimes call it, we may have a diabolical mysticism, a sort of&#xA;  religious mysticism turned upside down.&lt;/strong&gt; The same sense of ineffable&#xA;  importance in the smallest events, the same texts and words coming&#xA;  with new meanings, the same voices and visions and leadings and&#xA;  missions, the same controlling by extraneous powers; only this time&#xA;  the emotion is pessimistic: instead of consolations we have&#xA;  desolations; the meanings are dreadful; and the powers are enemies to&#xA;  life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point I am making here is that the &quot;pleasurable form of psychosis&quot; you are asking about is not called &lt;em&gt;psychosis&lt;/em&gt;. It's called &lt;em&gt;mystical experience&lt;/em&gt;. Claiming you have insight into the nature of reality will not be called psychosis if one displays minimal or no impairment, and if you can convince others that what you're experiencing is a reality of a &lt;em&gt;type&lt;/em&gt; they are willing to entertain as existing. Even still, the presence of unpleasantness/impairment need to necessarily translate into a label of pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-13101-001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Dark nights of the soul&quot;: Phenomenology and neurocognition of spiritual suffering in mysticism and psychosis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DGp9g.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DGp9g.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The similarity between psychosis and mysticism is an elephant in the room for religion and psychiatry. It's as though when they carved up their dominion over aspects of reality, psychiatry had to make some concessions. From DSM-V:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cu1A7.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cu1A7.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of the experience itself, this is a description from Dostoevsky's &lt;em&gt;The Idiot (1868)&lt;/em&gt;, detailing what we would characterise as a mystical experience associated with epilepsy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For several instants I experience a happiness that is impossible in an&#xA;  ordinary state, and of which other people have no conception. I feel&#xA;  full harmony in myself and in the whole world, and the feeling is so&#xA;  strong and sweet that for a few seconds of such bliss one could give&#xA;  up ten years of life, perhaps all of life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I felt that heaven descended to earth and swallowed me.  I really&#xA;  attained god and was imbued with him.  All of you healthy people don't&#xA;  even suspect  what happiness is, that happiness that we epileptics&#xA;  experience for a second before an attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-02-14T10:10:38.980" LastActivityDate="2018-02-14T10:10:38.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-13T05:34:54.470" Score="2" ViewCount="427" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the differential diagnosis for a facial lesion such as the one shown?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Appearance: consists of multiple small blister-like lesions in clusters under the eye and on upper cheek. Base edematous and slightly erythematous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;History sketchy. Young adult male. May have had some exposure to chemicals (bleach, facial cleansers.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Signs and symptoms: Very painful. Some swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Palliative: Solarcaine, possibly cold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kJO8V.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kJO8V.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My doctor said it was SHINGLES (Herpes Zoster), A recurrence of chicken pox due to stress, she said it was possible I had some cold sores too. Thanks for the suggestions here. I got it checked immediately because it worsened and the pain was unbearable since it was in the cranial nerve. Do not self diagnose. A Primary care physician should be consulted immediately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12937" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-07-01T13:34:50.950" LastActivityDate="2018-07-01T13:34:50.950" Title="Differential diagnosis for a facial lesion?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;blister&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-13T09:13:31.290" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on this question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/14738/what-happens-to-a-woman-if-she-takes-testosterone&quot;&gt;What happens to a woman if she takes testosterone?&lt;/a&gt; i have another question and would like to know more - that's because i've stumbled over this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DAO activity in tissues of female guinea pigs was determined after the&#xA;  administration of estradiol or progesterone. Estradiol pretreatment&#xA;  elicited significant fall in DAO activity in the liver and specific&#xA;  increase in the uterus. The effect of progesterone was much less&#xA;  pronounced.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3088928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3088928&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the test person is Alice, 20 years old, low DAO activity + histamine intolerance and estrogen dominance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the special question is: If estradiol is involved in an significant fall in DAO activity then what would happen if alice would consume estrogen blockers and something like nebido. I know masculinization and things that are mentioned in the other question, but what exactly could happen to the DAO activity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does testosterone have an impact on the dao activity or just the estrogen blockers? And what is with progesterone - how is that involved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12379" LastActivityDate="2018-02-13T09:13:31.290" Title="What are the changes of diamine oxidase (DAO)-activity with different sex hormones?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-14T14:43:40.580" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific studies bringing answers to question if repeated exposure to bee venom ca induce some allergy or worsen actual ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about health of long time beekeepers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11907" LastActivityDate="2018-02-14T14:43:40.580" Title="Can repeated exposure to bee venom induce some allergy or worsen actual ones?" Tags="&lt;venom&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-14T18:33:52.447" Score="0" ViewCount="2837" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had a Fitbit heart tracker for several months. Typically, it reports my resting heart rate around 60 bpm, with a standard deviation of 1-2 bpm. A month ago, I got some kind of strange flu/cold hybrid, and starting about the same time I noticed symptoms (maybe a day before), my resting heart rate rose to 67, again with a standard deviation of 1-2 bpm. My primary symptoms lasted for 3-5 days, but I had minor symptoms that lasted for two weeks afterward. After the secondary symptoms went away, my resting heart rate dropped back to 61–62.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;My Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for a cold or flu to noticeably elevate a person’s resting heart rate, and if so, why/how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8526" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T23:20:25.223" Title="Does a cold or flu typically affect resting heart rate?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15336" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-14T20:03:05.147" Score="5" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know how can one sterilize their intestine (both small/large) and what are the consequences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9768" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-02-15T05:19:48.733" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T00:50:23.397" Title="How to sterilize the human intestine using a safe method?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;flora&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15336" CreationDate="2018-02-14T21:20:05.253" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: the following answer has been completely rewritten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a large number of microbes in the intestines, their presence is essential for being able to digest food properly. The lining of the intestines   contains living cells, so any method that completely sterilizes the gut will also do severe damage to the gut. Sterilizing the skin, in contrast, is a different matter, in that case &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a17047003/uv-light-could-zap-flu-pandemics-before-they-start/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;far UV-C&lt;/a&gt; light can kill microbes without doing damage because far UV-C light doesn't penetrate the skin deep enough to affect living cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the only safe way to do this (involving aggressive chemicals, radiation or whatever other means) is to make sure the patient will survive with damaged intestines, and that requires putting the patient on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;total parenteral nutrition&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2018-02-17T00:50:23.397" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T00:50:23.397" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13305" CreationDate="2018-02-15T01:57:45.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question you need to break the psychology terms up into their components.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all let's look at Psychosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychosis certainly isn't&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a loss of contact from impaired thoughts and emotions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychosis is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the presence of delusions, hallucinations without insight, or both. (Arciniegas, 2015)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or more simply put...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychosis is a &lt;strong&gt;symptom&lt;/strong&gt; of certain mental &lt;strong&gt;disorders&lt;/strong&gt; and not a disorder in itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;disorder&lt;/strong&gt; is defined in psychology (emphasis mine) as a:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; impairment of personal functioning. (Bolton, 2008).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; in Bolton's definition you could assume that happiness/pleasure can be experienced whilst in a psychotic state, and there was a study on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When Pawel D. Mankiewicz et al. (2013) looked at happiness in severe mental illness, he found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Psychosis did not appear to prevent individuals from experiencing happiness, although when associated with depression, life satisfaction was lowered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arciniegas, D. B. (2015). Psychosis. &lt;em&gt;Continuum (Minneap Minn)&lt;/em&gt; 21(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry): 715–736.&lt;br&gt;PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455840&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4455840&lt;/a&gt; DOI:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bolton, D. (2008). &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ohzt1HBilXcC&amp;amp;pg=PA6&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is Mental Disorder?: An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. Oxford: Oxford University Press p. 6. ISBN 9780198565925.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mankiewicz P. D. et al. (2013) Happiness in severe mental illness: exploring subjective wellbeing of individuals with psychosis and encouraging socially inclusive multidisciplinary practice. &lt;em&gt;Mental Health and Social Inclusion&lt;/em&gt;, 17(1): pp.27-34&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1108/20428301311305287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1108/20428301311305287&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T01:57:45.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-15T09:26:48.763" Score="1" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who has chronic tonsillitis. She has been offered to undergo tonsil washing (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;промывание лакун миндалин&lt;/a&gt; - Russian Wikipedia), a procedure apparently widely used in my country (Russia). The verbatim translation is &quot;washing of the tonsillar lacunae&quot; (is it &quot;tonsillar crypts&quot; in English?).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are generally two approaches to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using a syringe with a special curved needle adapter and a blunt needle: the doctor puts the needle inside tonsillar lumina and pumps in the solution, which forces all the accumulated matter out. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The accumulated detritus is sucked out under local anesthesia using vacuum suction. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure is called to clear the bunged-up tonsillar lumina. However, my friend is unsure whether the benefits will outweigh the side effects. The doctor said it may leave minute scars on her tonsils.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried googling for &quot;tonsil washing&quot; in English and found only a couple of articles translated from Russian (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/595477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;) and a mention of a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.otopront.de/en/products/diagnosis-and-treatment/tonsil-washing-device.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tonsil washing device&lt;/a&gt;&quot; on a German website. I also found a mention of a &quot;Roeder method&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273168/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in a 2014 review&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In his book “The Natural Tonsil Treatment” of 1918, Roeder describes a method that is used more often today than earlier in many ENT practices. The detritus-filled tonsils are suctioned with a glass suction cup, thereby removing the debris and massaging the tonsils at the same time, which (according to the current viewpoint) promotes lymphatic drainage [140]. Then the tonsils are brushed or sprayed with disinfectant solutions. However, this method is more difficult to apply in children because the suction procedure is quite painful.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &quot;tonsil washing&quot; used at all in the West? Is it supported by any clinical studies?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I've made a search in my local (Yekaterinburg, Russia) web forums, and found out that it's a quite common procedure here. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.e1.ru/talk/forum/go_to_message.php?f=36&amp;amp;t=548039&amp;amp;i=548039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Numerous people write&lt;/a&gt; that they underwent it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-02-15T14:48:19.053" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T14:48:19.053" Title="Is there evidence of benefit from the syringe- or vacuum-based tonsil washing procedure in chronic tonsillitis?" Tags="&lt;tonsillitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15339" CreationDate="2018-02-15T12:09:52.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Never heard of it and doubt that irrigation of infected tissue would help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also not a listed treatment on the USA ent site &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.entnet.org/content/tonsillitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.entnet.org/content/tonsillitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T12:09:52.150" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15335" CreationDate="2018-02-15T23:15:07.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Yes.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most inflammatory processes (including viral infections) can cause elevation of heart rate via cytokines and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. (That's an oversimplification of a &lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;complex process&lt;/a&gt;.)   Temperature regulation involves the hypothalamus as well, and fever (which is mediated by some of the same cytokine mechanisms) is often correlated with an increased HR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A marginal increase of resting HR is not usually clinically significant.  Resting HR of an individual can change with level of fitness, as well.  However an increase of resting rate by 20, or resting HR over 100 would be more indicative of a systemic inflammatory response; however, whether that's a concerning finding or just an expected effect of your body fighting infection depends on other factors including individual risk factors, medicines, medical/surgical history etc.  Someone who is concerned should review it with their doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: I'm having difficulty finding references to cite outside of paywalls of textbooks, UTD, journals.  Suggestions welcomed!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02321.x/full#js-feedback&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-02-15T23:20:25.223" LastActivityDate="2018-02-15T23:20:25.223" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15351" CreationDate="2018-02-16T01:41:53.203" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994203&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994203&lt;/a&gt; states that there was no effectiveness of the precordial thump in their study, if I read it correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the medical consensus on this technique? What do other papers say? Does there exist a survey paper on advanced cardiac life support that perhaps has looked more into this particular technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do medical schools in general teach this technique, in modern times? Do doctors tend to use this technique, in reality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12417" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T03:22:21.607" Title="What is the effectiveness of the precordial thump?" Tags="&lt;cardiac-arrest&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15336" CreationDate="2018-02-16T01:42:43.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It isn't possible to completely sterilize the gut of a living person. Repeat: not possible under any circumstance in a living person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can dramatically decrease the number of organisms by using high-dose antibiotics and flushing out the gut copiously, and by copiously, I mean your intake plus an osmotic agent is so high that you have explosive diarrhea that looks like pure water. (It's not.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with all this, swabbing will reveal plenty of CFU's (colony forming units) from what appears to be a perfectly pristine gut. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking several gallons of household bleach would give you even less desirable results, not to mention it would kill you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not to say there aren't any animals with perfectly microbe-free intestines. There are germ-free mice, rats, and possibly a few other animals by now. Obtaining them is difficult: they must be harvested by sacrificing a pregnant female, and under the most stringent sterile conditions, removing fetuses from the uterus, and growing the offspring in a sterile environment, feeding them sterile food (obviously processed), etc. Allow these animals to reproduce, and the result is- eventually- germ-free colonies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cost is phenomenal. If it were possible to sterilize mice guts more easily, it would have been done. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v19i4/germ-free-mice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Germ Free Mice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T01:42:43.840" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15129" CreationDate="2018-02-16T21:12:50.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a 2017 article pointing specifically to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-rare-case-of-bilateral-patellar-tendon-rupture-associated-with-anabolicandrogenic-steroids-use-2161-0533-1000238.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a case of AAS usage associated with a Bilateral Patellar Tendon Rupture&lt;/a&gt;, which mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we suppose that &lt;strong&gt;combined AAS and exercise&#xA;can  increase  tendon  stiffness,  predisposing  to  the  rupture&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, one of this paper's sources &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crior/2016/6912968/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;references a 2016 study&lt;/a&gt; in which they point out that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bilateral patellar tendon ruptures are rare. The majority of case&#xA;reports describing bilateral patellar tendon ruptures have occurred in&#xA;patients with predisposing factors to tendinopathy...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...careful history&#xA;taking and physical examination is integral in ensuring a diagnosis is&#xA;achieved for early primary repair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that &lt;strong&gt;there is still not enough information and research done to fully determine why, but this is the theory developing as scientists examine more cases&lt;/strong&gt;. A caveat is that both of the studies were case-studies of single individual men (ages 44 and 45 respectively), so there may be other factors that were not analyzed, considered, or observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:12:50.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17616" CreationDate="2018-02-16T21:23:26.763" Score="5" ViewCount="725" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) an effective treatment and does it involve medication? I've heard that people use it for panic attacks and depression. What evidences are there for the effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T08:58:28.770" Title="Is cognitive behavioral therapy actually effective?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15347" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15346" CreationDate="2018-02-16T21:28:09.330" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;YES&lt;/strong&gt;, according to:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072481/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the United States&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/how-it-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Heath Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a clinically approved method to treat depression, &lt;strong&gt;without the usage of medication.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common and well-studied form of psychotherapy, combining cognitive and behavioral therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal is to reveal and change false and distressing beliefs, because it is often not only the things and situations themselves that cause problems, but the importance that we attach to them too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a dangerous thought pattern might be when somebody immediately draws negative conclusions from an occurrence, generalizes them and applies them to similar situations. In psychology, this generalized way of thinking is called “over-generalizing.” Another distressing error in reasoning is “catastrophizing”: If something disturbing happens, people immediately draw exaggerated conclusions about the scope of the supposed disaster ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such thought patterns can sometimes develop into self-fulfilling prophecies and make life difficult for the people affected. Cognitive therapy helps people learn to replace these thought patterns with more realistic and less harmful thoughts. It also helps people to think more clearly and to control their own thoughts better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does behavioral therapy work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Behavioral therapy assumes that human behavior is learned and can therefore be unlearned or relearned and aims to find out whether certain behavioral patterns make your life difficult or intensify your problems. In the second step you work on changing these behavioral habits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, people who have developed depressive thoughts often tend to withdraw and give up their hobbies. As a result, they feel even more unhappy and isolated. Cognitive therapy helps to identify this mechanism and find ways to become more active again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on current problems and finding solutions for them. It is much more concerned with dealing with current problems. The most important thing is helping people to help themselves: They should be able to cope with their lives again without therapy as soon as possible. This does not mean that cognitive behavioral therapy completely ignores the influence of past events. But it mainly deals with identifying and changing current distressing thought and behavioral patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, in anxiety disorders, behavioral therapy often includes learning methods to help you calm down. For example, you can learn to reduce anxiety by consciously breathing in and out deeply so that your body and breathing can relax. When doing this you concentrate on your breathing instead of what is bringing on your anxiety. These kinds of techniques can help you to calm down instead of getting all worked up with anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When is cognitive behavioral therapy an option?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy is used to treat conditions such as depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders, and addictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy requires the patient's commitment and own initiative. Therapy can only be successful if the patient actively takes part in the treatment and also works on their problems between sessions. This can be a considerable challenge, especially with severe conditions such as depression or anxiety disorders. That is why medication is sometimes used at first to quickly relieve the worst symptoms so that psychotherapy can be started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choosing a certain kind of psychotherapy also depends on the goals. If you feel the need for deep insight into the causes of your problems, cognitive behavioral therapy is probably not the right choice. It is particularly useful if you are mainly interested in tackling specific problems and are only secondarily concerned with the “why.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How long does it take?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important that you and your psychotherapist have a close and trusting working relationship. It can sometimes take a while to find the right therapist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first session, you will briefly explain your current problems and outline your expectations. That forms the basis for discussing the goals of therapy and the therapy plan. The plan can be adjusted if your personal goals change over the course of therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therapy often includes recording your own thoughts in a journal over a certain period of time. The therapist will then check the following things with you: Do I perceive things appropriately and realistically? What happens if I behave differently than I normally do in a certain situation? You will regularly discuss any problems you may have and progress that you have made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavioral therapy also uses relaxation exercises, stress and pain relief methods, and certain problem-solving strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people already feel much better after a few sessions, while others need treatment for several months. This depends on the kind and severity of the problems, among other things. An individual session lasts about an hour. Sessions usually take place once a week. Cognitive behavioral therapy is offered in psychotherapy practices, hospitals and rehabilitation clinics- sometimes also offered as group therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can cognitive behavioral therapy also have side effects?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side effects resulting from psychotherapy cannot be ruled out. Being directly confronted with your problems or anxieties may be very stressful at first, and relationships might also suffer as a result. It is crucial to speak openly with your psychotherapist if any difficulties come up during therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;'We saw that a third of people had a difficult memory resurface, had&#xA;  more anxiety, or felt stressed. It was also not uncommon to have a&#xA;  poor relationship with the therapist or low-quality treatment.'&#xA;  - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170207092804.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Daily study of internet-based CBT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1045149&amp;amp;dswid=6171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;same study&lt;/a&gt; from Science Daily mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The general finding of the present thesis is that negative effects do&#xA;  occur in ICBT[Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy] and that they are characterized by deterioration,&#xA;  non-response, and adverse and unwanted events, similar to&#xA;  psychological treatments delivered face-to-face.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, there are several studies of CBT's long term effects which point out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Psychological therapy services need to recognise that anxiety&#xA;  disorders tend to follow a chronic course and that good outcomes with&#xA;  CBT over the short term are no guarantee of good outcomes over the&#xA;  longer term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379970&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-term outcome of cognitive behaviour therapy clinical trials in central Scotland.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it actually effective??? Yes, current medical studies seem to indicate so.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However,&#xA;  additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for&#xA;  randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and&#xA;  elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been&#xA;  reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low&#xA;  income samples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When is CBT NOT suitable?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediate crises in which an individual is at-risk of hurting themselves or others are commonly addressed with rapid-acting medication, since CBT might not be fast enough, relative to the situation. Sometimes, the side-effects and other risks of taking medications will out-weigh the risk of that person taking dangerous actions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297171/pdf/jrsocmed00009-0012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article reviewing the suitability of CBT&lt;/a&gt; notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clients with unfocused, multiple, or very chronic problems, including&#xA;  those with a diagnostic label of severe personality disorder, are&#xA;  unlikely to benefit from short-term CBTs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All in all, it's worth considering.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is efficacious in the acute treatment&#xA;  of depression and may provide a viable alternative to antidepressant&#xA;  medications (ADM) for even more severely depressed unipolar patients&#xA;  when implemented in a competent fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933381/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CBT does appear to have an enduring effect that protects against&#xA;  subsequent relapse and recurrence following the end of active&#xA;  treatment, something that cannot be said for medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933381/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Mood Disorders: Efficacy, Moderators and Mediators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CBI was found to be superior to [Behavioral Intervention] in the reduction of panic symptoms,&#xA;  behavioral avoidance, safety behaviors, and cognitions. A large&#xA;  percentage of the CBI group patients met the criteria for clinically&#xA;  significant change with a large magnitude of change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755166/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-17T23:23:32.417" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T23:23:32.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15348" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15350" CreationDate="2018-02-16T21:47:32.507" Score="0" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is said that BACE1 causes mental illness such as alzheimers. What foods or drugs will inhibit the production of BACE1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12963" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T01:08:04.653" Title="Foods that inhibit BACE1 protein" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;nootropic-smart-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15157" CreationDate="2018-02-16T21:55:23.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Self-harm is not a mental illness, but a behavior that indicates a&#xA;  lack of coping skills. Several illnesses are associated with it,&#xA;  including borderline personality disorder, depression, eating&#xA;  disorders, anxiety or posttraumatic distress disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-conditions/related-conditions/self-harm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Alliance on Mental Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes when people self-harm, they feel on some level that they&#xA;  intend to die. Over half of people who die by suicide have a history&#xA;  of self-harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the intention is more often to punish themselves, express&#xA;  their distress or relieve unbearable tension. Sometimes the reason is&#xA;  a mixture of both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Self-harm can also be a cry for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/self-harm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the thought of wishing oneself dead &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be construed as a symptom of depression, but &lt;strong&gt;cannot be classified as depression until a professional takes a closer look at the individual's life, behavior, and thought patterns&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because the thought of self-harm might be, in a way, self-harming already, which may be a way to feel control, release, or some particular stimulus, or it could be the initial stages of depression, or so on. The ambiguity can also be witnessed in all the comments going back in forth in the OP's question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it's a complicated area, extremely broad, but with a general consensus in one area: best to consult a professional or someone trusted to gain more information and insight into the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-16T21:55:23.493" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15348" CreationDate="2018-02-17T01:08:04.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An extension trial &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02972658&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Study of Lanabecestat (LY3314814) in Early Alzheimer's Disease Dementia&lt;/a&gt; is currently in progress but is not expected to complete until 9/2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other investigational drugs have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-secretase_1#BACE_inhibitors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ceased development&lt;/a&gt;. A paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.052&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; suggests chitosan polysaccharides have in vitro activity as inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T01:08:04.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15342" CreationDate="2018-02-17T03:22:21.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well I have successfully used a precordial thump to cardiorevert someone but that was long before we had things such as guidelines. And a crash cart was close by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is thought that it should only be used when witnessing the onset of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia but it also has the unfortunate possibility of converting that rhythm to a more lethal rhythm such as asystole. But one study showed it worked the best in asystole. Presumably because it can't get worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The energy delivered by a thump in the correct location is about 5 Joules compared with e.g. 300 Joules from a defibrillator. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number needed to treat is 13-50, but the numbers needed to make the rhythm worse is 2-10. So the patient will be better off statistically if you don't employ this technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://canadiem.org/the-precordial-thump-good-bad-or-ugly/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://canadiem.org/the-precordial-thump-good-bad-or-ugly/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T03:22:21.607" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15325" CreationDate="2018-02-17T05:24:52.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Facial lesions are very common and the differential is broad. I will attempt to narrow down the possibilities based on size, appearance and presence or absence of pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pain is a significant symptom, and clustering of the lesions is important as well.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benign facial growths (such as warts, seborrheic keratoses, moles, basal cell carcinomas, cherry angiomas, dermatofibromas, etc., are not fluid-filled, nor painful, so need not be discussed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pre-malignant or malignant skin lesions are also solid, not fluid filled or usually painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacterial skin infections (acne, abscesses, etc.) are inflammatory, and present as painful, tender areas of swelling and commonly redness, but do not present as clear fluid-filled lesions. Pus may be present with a bacterial skin infection, but pus is white or off white, sometimes blood tinged, not clear. The exception is discussed below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves blister-like lesions of the face. What are possible causes of blisters on the face? Emphasis will be &lt;em&gt;on the face&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;small blisters or grouped vesicles&lt;/em&gt;. There is a difference between a &lt;em&gt;blister&lt;/em&gt; (usually larger than .5 cm) and a &lt;em&gt;vesicle&lt;/em&gt; (.1-.4 cm). Also, vesicles can occur singly or in clusters in the same lesion. A cluster of vesicles in the same area may appear to be a blister. They are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Varicella Zoster Virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before vaccinations became available, the most common cause of blisters on the face was chicken pox. Almost 100% of an unvaccinated population contracts this virus (Varicella Zoster Virus or VZV) at some point in life. While chicken pox is still quite common in many parts of the world, the incidence has fallen considerably in countries routinely vaccinating their young.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lesions of chicken pox are probably familiar to most adults: multiple small (less than .5 cm) scattered red papules (small bumps on the skin), clear vesicles on a red base, or small crusted lesions on a red base (initially just the papules, followed by lesions in each stage) &lt;em&gt;scattered  all over the body&lt;/em&gt;. These lesions are very itchy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since VZV infects spinal nerves and lies dormant in the body after chicken pox infection, reactivation (called shingles or &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/media/news-releases/dermatologists-share-tips-for-treating-shingles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;herpes zoster&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) is possible. Like chicken pox, the lesions are clear fluid filled small blisters (called vesicles) on a red base. Unlike chicken pox, reactivation most commonly occurs only in one nerve root at a time, on one side of the body, in the skin which that nerve serves, called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatome_(anatomy)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dermatome&lt;/a&gt;. Also, the lesions tend to be painful (sometimes very much so), and the skin can be exquisitely sensitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trunk of the body is the most common area to be affected, but the face is commonly affected as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clear fluid from a ruptured vesicle contains live viruses, therefore attention should be directed to avoid infecting others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contact or Allergic Dermatitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contact with certain chemicals can cause blistering of the skin. Industrial strength cleaners, harsh alkaline substances, etc. can cause painful blistering and redness that looks like a second degree burn of the skin. The source of such chemical burns is usually obvious, as the substance irritates the skin on or very closely after contact. The lesions are usually painful and feel like burns. Treatment is similar to that of burns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common allergen causing blistering is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urushiol&lt;/a&gt;, the active organic compound that in  poison ivy that causes a form of contact dermatitis. With sufficient contact, an itchy, red, vesicular rash will appear after several days &lt;em&gt;where contact has occurred&lt;/em&gt;, accompanied by itching. The lesions caused by poison ivy often tend to be linear (caused by rubbing along the edge of the leaf) or diffuse (on the hands) if one has been handling poison ivy. If handling the plant, and accidentally touching the face or other body part, urushiol can be transferred to the face as well. The diagnosis is made by the appearance, the distribution of the rash, the characteristic itchiness without pain, and the history of outdoor potential exposure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0315/p859.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Impetigo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Impetigo is a skin infection most commonly involving young children, but  it is highly infectious, adult close contacts may be affected. There are two types. &lt;em&gt;Nonbullous impetigo&lt;/em&gt; starts as as painless or possibly itchy single papule that progresses to a vesicle. The vesicle ruptures, and the lesion secretes clear fluid that forms the typical honey-colored crust. As the fluid is infectious, the lesion grows in diameter, and new lesions appear near to the initial one. It is commonly found near the nose or mouth, but can occur anywhere on the face/exposed areas of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bullous impetigo forms small to large, soft blisters which break easily. It is not particularly painful although it can resemble a superficial second-degree burn. Bullous impetigo is not common on the face, rather it seems to occur more commonly in moist areas, such as the diaper area (in infants), the underarms, and neck folds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs400/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Herpes Simplex Virus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once infected with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), the virus, like VZV, lives in sensory nerve ganglia. There are two types of HSV, Types 1 and 2. HSV-1 is the common cause of cold sores or &quot;fever blisters&quot;, but in fact can infect and recur on any part of the body. HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes. Both viruses are spread by direct contact, so any skin/mucosal membranes directly exposed to either HSV-1 or HSV-2 can become infected, with recurrences common. HSV-1 infection, though it is with the same virus, can have different names depending on the area infected: Herpes labialis (lips), sacral herpes (on back near buttocks), herpetic whitlow (fingers), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/athletic_skin_infections/herpes.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herpes gladiatorum&lt;/a&gt; (aka 'mat herpes', initially diagnosed in wrestlers with close skin-to-skin contact), etc. Herpes Simplex Virus infections can occur anywhere on the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HSV, since it infects sensory nerves, is characterized by &lt;strong&gt;a period of pain or tingling preceding and accompanying the outbreak of clustered small vesicles - often more than one cluster - on a swollen, sometimes red base&lt;/strong&gt;. The first outbreak is usually the most dramatic, but it may be minor and overlooked. The pain can often seem disproportionate to the size of the lesion(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caution should be taken not to spread infectious fluid from ruptured vesicles to the eyes (especially, as it can lead to blindness), to other parts of the body, or to other individuals.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1336702-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fixed Drug Eruption&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term fixed drug eruption describes the development of one or more annular or oval erythematous [red] patches as a result of systemic exposure to a drug; these reactions normally resolve with hyperpigmentation [skin darkening] and may recur at the same site with re-exposure to the drug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fixed drug eruptions can occur anywhere (including eyes, mouth, tongue, genitals, etc.), and can take many forms. One form may be a blister. This is called a &lt;em&gt;Bullous fixed drug eruption&lt;/em&gt;. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and/or pain. There usually isn't pain preceding the eruption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Initially, a single lesion or a few lesions develop, but, with re-exposure, additional lesions occur. &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1336702-clinical#b2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The vast majority of patients present with 1-30 lesions&lt;/a&gt;, ranging in size of 0.5-5 cm, but reports of lesions greater than 10 cm have been published. Lesions may be generalized. The most common reported site is the lips, and these may be seen in up to half of all cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial lesion can be a vesicle or small blister. The characteristic recurrence after one particular drug or class of drugs, hyperpigmentation  (more common in dark-skinned individuals), and lack of pain or tingling preceding eruption helps differentiate this from other causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-18T14:47:14.547" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T14:47:14.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15356" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-17T10:21:38.007" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that the sleep cycle is driven by melatonin, and that there is a &#xA;natural 24h &quot;sine-wave&quot; of melatonin, where during the day, melatonin is at low levels, while during the night, it is at high levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'm wondering, if one adopts a biphasic sleep cycle, where one e.g. sleeps 4 hours during the night and 4 hours during the afternoon, or 6 hours during the night and 2 hours during the afternoon, &lt;strong&gt;will that turn the circadian rythm/melatonin-sine-wave into a &quot;double-frequency sine wave&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;? i.e. will there be a bumb in melatonin during your afternoon nap?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T05:01:34.837" Title="What happens to melatonin and the circadian rythm when one adopts biphasic sleep cycle?" Tags="&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-17T11:29:36.717" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently physical activity can significantly raise blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is prolonged strenuous physical activity (8hrs+) a risk factor for the effects of high blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12969" LastEditorUserId="12969" LastEditDate="2018-02-17T13:39:13.963" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T13:39:13.963" Title="Physical activity and blood pressure" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sports&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15360" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11729" CreationDate="2018-02-17T13:23:37.803" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorgasmia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anorgasmia&lt;/a&gt; can be either a primary effect caused by depression itself, along with decreased libido. But then it may also be a side-effect of the medication itself, adding to the underlying problem and quite likely decreasing not only libido, erectile function or ability to orgasm but also having a negative effect on compliance with the whole treatment regime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is therefor prudent to talk about these aspects, pro-actively. Maintaining or improving &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy#Academic_contexts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;self-efficacy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_of_control#Applications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;locus of control&lt;/a&gt; are to be appreciated on their own. Although this is tricky as focusing on this side-effct might also increase a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocebo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nocebo&lt;/a&gt;-like effect. That last effect is also a big chance in that psychotherapy or even sex-therapy may also be used to improve outcomes to a limited degree. After all, if it is &quot;just&quot; reduced response to stimuli, then the intensity of stimuli might be increased to compensate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A still valid matrix of average effects and resulting course of action is outlined below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0815/p782.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Robert L. Phillips &amp;amp; James R. Slaughter: &quot;Depression and Sexual Desire&quot; (2000)&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt; Medication                Libido Effect    Other Sexual Effects&#xA;   SSRIs&#xA;Fluoxetine (Prozac),     Decrease         Anorgasmia, delayed ejaculation, &#xA;paroxetine (Paxil),                       erectile dysfunction&#xA;fluvoxamine (Luvox), &#xA;citalopram (Celexa), &#xA;sertraline (Zoloft)&#xA;#&#xA;Imipramine (Tofranil),   Decrease         Erectile dysfunction&#xA;phenelzine (Nardil)&#xA;#&#xA;Bupropion (Wellbutrin)   Increase         None&#xA;#&#xA;Trazodone (Desyrel)      Increase         Priapism (rare)&#xA;#&#xA;Nefazodone (Serzone)     No change        None&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YjDxd.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YjDxd.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are different medications available with differing profiles and they can be differentiated by amount of side-effects, scope of side-effects and individual tolerability. Tolerance for this case in terms of sexual function needs to be addressed, so that you may recommend a lower dose,  different medications or a compensating additional treatment.Different medication does not necessarily mean immediately switching the whole class of drugs. It might also yield improvement to switch&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glen L. Stimmel &amp;amp; Mary A. Gutierrez: &quot;Sexual Dysfunction and Psychotropic Medications&quot; (2006)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Psychotropic drugs are often associated with sexual dysfunction. The frequency of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction is greatly underestimated in clinical trials that rely on patient self-report of these adverse events. Direct inquiry reveals that delayed orgasm/ejaculation occurs in &gt;50% and anorgasmia in at least one third of patients given selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction can be successfully managed. A different antidepressant without significant sexual effects, such as bupropion or mirtazapine, can often be substituted. Other strategies involve drug holidays or adjunctive therapy with drugs such as sildenafil. Dopamine antagonist antipsychotic drugs are most commonly associated with decreased libido. […] Because sexual dysfunction can be related to many factors, care must be taken to establish the patient's baseline sexual functioning before the initiation of psychotropic drug therapy and to rule out other etiologies before drugs are implicated as causative.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (Caution: Clear Conflicts of Interest)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, this field is still under researched and all the options above are only trying to solve a poorly understood problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12385082?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanisms and treatments of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction affects 30% to 50% or more of individuals who take these drugs for depression. Biochemical mechanisms suggested as causative include increased serotonin, particularly affecting 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors; decreased dopamine; blockade of cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors; inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase; and elevation of prolactin levels. Five approaches to treatment include conservative approaches such as wait and see, decrease dosage, and drug holidays. More aggressive strategy for treating SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction are changing antidepressants and augmentation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One possible mechanism in rats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5-HT(1A) receptor antagonism reverses and prevents fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in rats.&#xA;  Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant treatment continues to be a major compliance issue for antidepressant therapies. 5-HT(1A) antagonists have been suggested as beneficial adjunctive treatment in respect of antidepressant efficacy; however, the effects of 5-HT(1A) antagonism on antidepressant-induced side-effects has not been fully examined. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of acute or chronic treatment with 5-HT(1A) antagonists to alter chronic fluoxetine-induced impairments in sexual function. Chronic 14-d treatment with fluoxetine resulted in a marked reduction in the number of non-contact penile erections in sexually experienced male rats, relative to vehicle-treated controls. Acute administration of the 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY-101405 resulted in a complete reversal of chronic fluoxetine-induced deficits on non-contact penile erections at doses that did not significantly alter baselines. Chronic co-administration of the 5-HT(1A) antagonists WAY-100635 or WAY-101405 with fluoxetine prevented fluoxetine-induced deficits in non-contact penile erections in sexually experienced male rats. Moreover, withdrawal of WAY-100635 from co-treatment with chonic fluoxetine, resulted in a time-dependent reinstatement of chronic fluoxetine-induced deficits in non-contact penile erections. Additionally, chronic administration of SSA-426, a molecule with dual activity as both a SSRI and 5-HT(1A) antagonist, did not produce deficits in non-contact penile erections at doses demonstrated to have antidepressant-like activity in the olfactory bulbectomy model. Taken together, these data suggest that 5-HT(1A) antagonist treatment may have utility for the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But notice the possibly contradictory explanation when relating this proposed mechanism with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibanserin#Mechanism_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flibanserin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1573953/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flibanserin, a potential antidepressant drug, lowers 5-HT and raises dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat prefrontal cortex dialysate: role of 5-HT1A receptors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly &quot;unconventional&quot; options are apparently not completely off in this regard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Mayo Clinic Proceedings &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27594188&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antidepressant-Induced Female Sexual Dysfunction&lt;/a&gt; (2016) considers the Peruvian herb/tuber Maca (Lepidium meyenii) an option because of this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25954318?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion this leaves not really much from the category &quot;definitively&quot; on the table right now: talk and try.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27514298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sexual Dysfunction Due to Psychotropic Medications. (2016)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Effective strategies to manage medication-induced sexual dysfunction are initial choice of a drug unlikely to cause SD, switching to a different medication, and adding an antidote to reverse SD. Appropriate interventions should be determined on a clinical case-by-case basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-17T13:41:46.763" LastActivityDate="2018-02-17T13:41:46.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13935" CreationDate="2018-02-18T02:14:45.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please clarify : did the doctor touch the nerve or not? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If he did he probably placed calcium hydroxide inside the nerve space and removed the nerve. you will need a future appointment to complete the root canal therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If he did not, he has placed a sedative dressing (temporary filling) made of &lt;strong&gt;clove oil extract and zinc oxide&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;Zonalin&lt;/strong&gt; is the name of this product) which is antibacterial and sedative for the pulp (the nerve). The doctor will eventually do a permanent filling or a root canal, depending on how your tooth reacts. A stronger and longer lasting version of this product exists, Under the brand name IRM. This formulation contains more resin, which give the product additional strength, but makes it harder to manipulate. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want more info on the product, read about it on Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide_eugenol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide_eugenol&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Or in Dentistry textbooks such as &lt;em&gt;Materials in Dentistry: Principles and Applications&lt;/em&gt;, 2001, 2d Edition, Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2018-05-19T19:52:21.150" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T19:52:21.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14784" CreationDate="2018-02-18T02:52:49.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long story short : &lt;strong&gt;The current setup in North America and elsewhere is due to historical reasons, and continues to this day due to difference in the training of Dentists and all other MDs&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dentistry used to be considered as a completely separate, non-medical profession. This is still apparent in the way dental and medical insurance are considered separately. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the years, the implication of oral health on general health, but especially of the general health on teeth and surrounding tissues have become more apparent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason the programs won't merge completely for the foreseeable future with médecin is that training for the clinical aspect of Dentistry starts in second year of the degree, while MDs (including surgeons) start clinical training in their chosen field after completing their 4th year and choosing their specialty. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a non-scientific article that adresses your question partially (not sure your question is strictly medical) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/03/why-dentistry-is-separated-from-medicine/518979/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/03/why-dentistry-is-separated-from-medicine/518979/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2018-02-18T02:58:14.047" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T02:58:14.047" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4911" CreationDate="2018-02-18T04:34:49.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777265/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to this case report&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Testing should be considered if the patient is not meeting goals of&#xA;  rehabilitation, because &lt;strong&gt;altered taste perception may lead to&#xA;  depression, weight loss, and malnutrition&lt;/strong&gt;, all of which may act to&#xA;  confound rehabilitation efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could not find research about directly re-stimulating the taste buds, but at the very least, supporting the person emotionally and helping them reach nutritional goals should contribute to the rehabilitation efforts by their own body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that recovery is slow, but possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... by 9 months post stroke [she] had identified several foods that she could&#xA;  taste and enjoy. She found that tomato sauce with pasta or beef dishes&#xA;  were the most palatable, and she replaced coffee with tea. &lt;strong&gt;She noted&#xA;  that sweet foods and sugar tasted as expected, and she was able to&#xA;  enjoy chocolate.&lt;/strong&gt; One year following the stroke, she continued to&#xA;  perceive the taste of chicken and potatoes as “sawdust.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Best wishes to anyone recovering from a stroke and their families.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777265/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Altered Taste and Stroke: A Case Report and Literature Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T04:34:49.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4797" CreationDate="2018-02-18T04:53:06.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes, unfortunately, Ritalin produces a tolerance in individuals who take it.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the conclusion of this double blind trial, the author notes, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute tolerance to methylphenidate appears to exist.&lt;/strong&gt; This should be&#xA;  considered in the design of an optimal dosing regimen for the&#xA;  treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511066&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addendum:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be a useful reference for ADHD in general:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T04:53:06.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15356" CreationDate="2018-02-18T05:01:34.837" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, something quite similar to what you hypothesize in fact!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this study (unfortunately, behind a paywall): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic.&lt;/a&gt; (Literally the title of the research paper.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When normal individuals were transferred from a conventional 16-h&#xA;  photoperiod to an experimental 10-h photo-period, their sleep episodes&#xA;  expanded and usually divided into two symmetrical bouts, several hours&#xA;  in duration, with a 1-3 h waking interval between them. The durations&#xA;  of nocturnal melatonin secretion and of the nocturnal phase of rising&#xA;  sleepiness (measured in a constant routine protocol) also expanded,&#xA;  indicating that the timing of internal processes that control sleep&#xA;  and melatonin, such as circadian rhythms, had been modified by the&#xA;  change in photoperiod.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WEHR, T. A. (1992), In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic. Journal of Sleep Research, 1: 103–107. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00019.x&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T05:01:34.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1283" CreationDate="2018-02-18T05:19:43.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's first clarify that &quot;&lt;strong&gt;vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) otherwise known as non-allergic rhinitis&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; is the non-allergic reaction (NAR), which can be similar in symptoms to the allergic reaction (AR), but not the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vasomotor rhinitis is a poorly understood disorder which mimics many&#xA;  of the symptoms of nasal allergy, but has a completely different&#xA;  basis. Failure to recognize these differences has led to a great deal&#xA;  of misunderstanding about this disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This symptom might be more common in allergic rhinitis (AR), though we can't really be sure, since we don't know how commonly it occurs in everyone else. (It breaks down into a statistics problem which we can only approximate with certain assumptions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, based on this study:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650992/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nonallergic Rhinitis, With a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis Clinical Importance, Differential Diagnosis, and Effective Treatment Recommendations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[One survey of US medical practices] suggest that &lt;strong&gt;at least 57% of rhinitis&#xA;  patients have some&#xA;  contribution from NAR [Nonallergic rhinitis] causing their rhinitis symptoms.&lt;/strong&gt; Similar&#xA;  European studies have found that &lt;strong&gt;approximately 1 in 4 patients&#xA;  complaining of nasal symptoms has pure NAR&lt;/strong&gt; [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that people often mix up Allergic Rhinitis (AR) and NAR so much, that even many cases of &quot;AR&quot; are actually still just NAR. So maybe people with AR have AR occurances &lt;em&gt;instead&lt;/em&gt; of NAR, and NAR to NR ratio is about 1-to-1. However, if we assume that all people have relatively the same number of NAR symptoms, then it seems likely that people with AR have at least slightly higher occurances of this symptom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2018-02-18T20:23:53.577" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T20:23:53.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3521" CreationDate="2018-02-18T05:32:50.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question of augmentation-or-prothesis first is difficult to answer, and may even be based on the personal physiology of an individual. As such, health.se can't address that question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the second question, &quot;can chin-augmentation affect the individual's bite...&quot;, there's a study done with porous hydroxyapatite (not sure if chin-augmentation techniques vary) that indicates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cephalometrically, the procedure was found to provide very stable&#xA;  results, with little change in the position of the implants and no&#xA;  appreciable resorption of the implants and bone&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10172030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chin augmentation with porous hydroxyapatite blocks.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T05:32:50.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4571" CreationDate="2018-02-18T14:14:22.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is true, in principle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit slower is usually at least a bit better. The same principle that differentiates olive oil grades can be applied to juices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A proper (albeit quite small) study on this seems to confirm this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=KHGSBC_2014_v29n3_145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quality Changes of Fresh Vegetable and Fruit Juice by Various Juicers&lt;/a&gt; KSBB Journal,  Volume 29, Issue 3,  2014, pp.145-154, Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Concerning the juicers used in this study, slow juicer could be recommended to prepare the fresh juice in terms of the juice quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The slower juicers as well as the slower settings for multi speed devices increased the yield of the product compared with higher speeds. The assayed activity of the extracted enzymes, polyphenols etc was uniformly higher as well. But aside the small study design these differences were not earth shattering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UtACp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UtACp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Fig. 4. Nitrate (NO) radical scavenging activity of grape juice by high- and low-speed juicer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Disclaimer: parts of my interpretation relys on very limited knowledge of Korean and the aid of machine translation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily, the same team also published in English:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10068-017-0120-4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antioxidant activities of fresh grape juices prepared using various household processing methods (Food Sci Biotechnol (2017) 26(4):861–869)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The grape juices were prepared using a low-speed masticating (LSM) juicer, a high-speed centrifugal (HSC) juicer, and a blender (BLD). The total polyphenol, total flavonoid, total monomeric anthocyanin, and vitamin C contents were highest in the LSM grape juice, and decreased in the order: LSM &gt; BLD &gt; HSC &gt; GF. The antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity were significantly higher in the LSM juice than in other juices and grape flesh. The antioxidant activities and the quality of grape juices were significantly affected by the household juicing method used, and an LSM juicer is strongly recommended for making healthy grape juice, rich in antioxidants.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZrRM9.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZrRM9.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;The antioxidant contents of grape juices and grape flesh. (A) Total polyphenol, (B) total flavonoid, (C) total monomeric anthocyanin, and (D) vitamin C. Grape juices were prepared using a low-speed masticating juicer (LSM), a high-speed masticating juicer (HSC), and a blender (BLD). Grape flesh (GF) was prepared by removing seeds and skins from whole grapes. TAE tannic acid equivalents; QE quercetin equivalents; and CE cyanidine-3-glucoside equivalents. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different superscripts signify significant differences (p \ 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test. ND not detected &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our research demonstrated that the antioxidant activities, and the quality of grape juices, were significantly affected by the household juicing method used. Antioxidant activities and nutritional properties of LSM grape juice were the highest, compared to those of other grape juices. Also, the consumption of whole grape juice is more beneficial to health than that of grape flesh because we can take more antioxidants from grape skins and seeds in whole grape juice. Therefore, an LSM juicer is strongly recommended for making healthy grape juice rich in antioxidants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same team, same methods, same limitations and problems. Since an undisclosed conflict of interest might be involved in endorsing so clearly commercial products (even as whole classes): These findings should be taken with a grain of salt regarding the health benefits.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Interpreting the results from these diagrams also has to account for different yields from the same source materials. While the concentration might be higher in a given glass, the efficiency of extraction and the total amount of deemed beneficial constituents from the sources is not to be equated with &quot;juicers are better than the fruits and vegs themselves.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, another, more subjective criterion would be permitted to judge the quality, just trust your nose and tongue. The taste of slower and more carefully prepared juices is usually more enjoyable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-18T14:32:50.710" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T14:32:50.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12740" CreationDate="2018-02-18T17:13:40.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit speculative as this seems to be, given current attitudes in most societies towards nudity, this would be a somewhat promising scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All human infesting lice species are parasites that depend not only on skin contact for nutrition but on certain types of fibres to dwell, to hide, to travel  and to procreate. Eradicating this natural habitat on a large scale is very likely too destructive and radical for the lice to adapt quickly enough to such a new situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is also a problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apes, lice and prehistory&lt;/strong&gt; (2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Head and body lice used to be designated Pediculus capitis and P. corporis but they are now known to belong to the same species, P. humanus x. Fifty years ago Levene and Dobzhansky showed that head lice could be trained or adapted to become the rather larger body lice by attaching them to the body in small pill boxes.&#xA;More extensive phylogenetic analyses [16,17] indicate that body lice evolved from head lice several times within the worldwide clade A, as they are found in many branches of the cladisitic tree. Multiple derivations of body lice from head lice had already been considered by Zinsser &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, and it makes good sense if one considers that clothing was not a single invention. Wearing animal pelts fur-side next to the skin would have provided a suitable place for lice to breed before fabrics were developed with the inventions of spinning and weaving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 17th and 18th century Europe, most of the aristocracy and gentry shaved their hair and wore wigs. Had this custom arisen to protect them from lice as Zinsser  suggests? Not according to Samuel Pepys' diary, as he complained more than once about his wig being infested: &amp;quot;Thence to my barbers, to have my periwig cleared of its nits.&amp;quot; I wonder if they were head or body lice – is a wig hair or clothing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lice and nudity&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Why naked apes are naked and when we 'lost' our hair has long been disputed, as discussed by Desmond Morris in The Naked Ape. Rantala suggested that nakedness could have had a selective advantage to rid the body of lice and other ectoparasites, a view also championed by Pagel and Bodmer, who added that being seen to be free of lice would be a fitness indicator and a good mating strategy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These little parasites are highly adaptable and while not that robust in general, the amount of fibre, fabric or hair they need to breed is really minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558503/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shaving can be safer head lice treatment than insecticides&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2005)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Sladden and Johnson reviewed common skin infections in children.1 The life cycle of head lice (Pediculosis capitis) was well described and is similar to that of pubic lice. I worked in chronic emergencies in Somalia in 1993 and Sudan 1996-7 among internally displaced populations and in the nomadic Karimajong of Uganda in 1998-9, whose poor hygiene would have been a good breeding ground for head lice. However, head lice were never a clinical problem because these populations know how to interrupt its lifecycle: they shave off their hair, the only place where the eggs (nits) are anchored and glued close to the skin. Lice outside the hair are not transmissible and do not cause infestation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is therefore likely that we might be able to not only reduce the lice problem, but to eradicate them completely. But only by going naked and &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;hairless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825336?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pubic lice: an endangered species?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2014)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The incidence of pubic lice infestations is estimated to be between 1.3% and 4.6%, with an average incidence of 2% worldwide. It is also estimated that 70% to 80% of adults now remove pubic hair in part or entirety, using a variety of methods. It is hypothesized that the destruction of this pubic hair habitat may account for the falling incidence of pubic lice and may possibly lead to its eradication or atypical presentation.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Aim:&lt;/strong&gt;  To report the changing incidence of pubic lice infestation from our unit over the last 10 years and assess its association, if any, with pubic hair removal of any kind.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Assessment of medical records and questionnaires were used to identify the incidence of hair removal and pubic lice infestation over a 10-year period. Data were anonymized and analyzed to identify any correlation.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; A significant and strong correlation between the falling incidence of pubic lice infections and increase in pubic hair removal was observed, with a Pearson correlation r value of 0.9686 (95% confidence intervals, 0.88-0.992). The P value is less than 0.0001.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt;   The increased incidence of hair removal may lead to atypical patterns of pubic lice infestations or its complete eradication as the natural habitat of this parasite is destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems to be the future. Well, a possible one. Prudes then need to find something else to get their pulses up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T17:13:40.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10316" CreationDate="2018-02-18T17:52:46.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know this was never under experimental laboratory conditions in humans. But there are some observational, correlational and theoretical studies and considerations to explain the phenomenon. There are two main factors to consider here: sex and gender.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gender part is that female members in our societies are hold to a different physical attractiveness standard, are judged differently, get a different form of attention; and draw a different kind of attention onto their own physical appearance; as evidenced by the original question where it mentions &quot;lipstick&quot;. Men with wrinkles tend to be called &quot;looking interesting&quot; while female are often called to &quot;look old&quot;. These are psychological and sociological factors that cannot be discarded, but there is a biological reason to which these gender aspects are only amplifying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smoking has either very subtle differences regarding the over-all effects in male or female smokers or even the self-selection process in becoming a smoker presents a more fundamental confounding factor for observed differences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90544-C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hormonal and subjective effects of smoking the first five cigarettes of the day: A comparison in males and females&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1991)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the difference becomes readily apparent after the age of forty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.85.1.78&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1995)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  With age, average sun exposure, and body mass index controlled, the estimated relative risk of moderate/severe wrinkling for current smokers compared to never smokers was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.2) among men and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.6, 5.9) among women. Pack-years was positively associated with facial wrinkle score in women aged 40 through 69 years and in men aged 40 through 59 years. In both groups, the increased risk of wrinkling was equivalent to about 1.4 years of aging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken together with the difference in collagen metabolism, already mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/12862/11231&quot;&gt;Chris answer&lt;/a&gt;, where males and females differ from the start the difference in reaction is again amplified due to smoking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/29/6/467/210050&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perioral Wrinkles: Histologic Differences Between Men and Women&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2009)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Women tend to develop more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region than men. Although much is known about the complex mechanisms involved in skin aging, previous studies have described histologic differences between men and women with respect to skin aging only incidentally and have not investigated the perioral region.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The female replicas showed more and deeper wrinkles than the male replicas (P &amp;lt; .01). Histologic analysis revealed that the perioral skin of men displayed a significantly higher number of sebaceous glands (P = .000; 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.6–53.2), sweat glands (P = .002; 95% CI 2.1–8.1), and a higher ratio between vessel area and connective tissue area in the dermis (P = .009; 95% CI 0.003–0.021). The amount of hair follicles did not significantly differ between men and women, although the average number of sebaceous glands per hair follicle was greater in men (P = .002; 95% CI 0.33–1.28).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Women exhibit more and deeper wrinkles in the perioral region and their skin contains a significantly smaller number of appendages than men, which could be a feasible explanation for why women are more susceptible to development of perioral wrinkles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T17:52:46.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-18T21:02:34.173" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Feeling lonely seems like a natural phenomena, but are there negative health consequences of specifically feeling lonely? What exactly happens in the brain to make a person feel lonely? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if it has negative conseuqences, what actions should one take to amend these negative effects? I assume one would be to interact with people more, but given limited time, energy, and commitment abilities, I wonder if other techniques exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-18T21:02:34.173" Title="Negative health effects of loneliness?" Tags="&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;environmental-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11388" CreationDate="2018-02-19T04:32:52.377" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jaundice isn't caused directly by viruses.  It's caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.  Clasped in the hemoglobin molecules in your blood cells is a pigment called porphyrin, which is not water soluble and can be toxic.  The liver assists in breaking down those pigments into dozens of more water soluble parts that make up bilirubin so they can be flushed out in the urine.  These parts are yellowish, which is why people with jaundice look yellow, and why pee is yellow, etc.  Jaundice happens when the liver isn't keeping up, which can be a result of hepatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viruses in general are very fragile and cannot survive long in the presence of oxygen or acidic things like soda, or even in direct sunlight due to ultraviolet radiation.  Even most airborne viruses require aerosol droplets like in a sneeze to live long outside of a body.  Viruses generally cant survive high levels of oxidative stress themselves, (even though once they have infected a cell, many viruses reproduce better when the cell itself is under oxidative stress.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria could possibly live in these conditions though.  There are bacteria that can survive really harsh conditions.  Some heartburn is said to be caused by bacteria called H. Pylori that can live in the crazy acidic conditions of the stomach.  Some rod shape bacterial are hard to kill because they have tough little clones of themselves in their bodies called endospores that have been known to survive boiling water for long periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the short version, viruses have almost zero chance of surviving in soda, but it might possible for bacteria to do it if it got really contaminated somehow. Also, if a well gets really contaminated with feces, there is a possibility of getting Hepatitis A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12986" LastEditorUserId="12986" LastEditDate="2018-02-19T04:40:58.683" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T04:40:58.683" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-17T17:05:02.177" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are times when my respiratory rate increases more than my heart rate.  If running or cycling at a stead state (flat terrain, constant speed), heart rate and respiratory reach some steady state.   Then I start up a hill or run/cycle a sprint (say over several minutes), my breathing greatly increases but my heart doesn't change all that much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At other times when climbing a long hill at a steady state over a period of time (say 30 - 60 minutes), my heart rate can get fairly high but I'm not breathing that hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without commenting on my personal situation, what I'm trying to understand what is the normal relationship between heart rate vs respiratory rate in the human body during exercise?  I'm guessing that what I'm noticing is just anaerobic exercise?  What is the physiology of this relationship? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13022" OwnerDisplayName="jddobbs" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-02-19T18:55:36.660" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T18:55:36.660" Title="Heart Rate Versus Respiratory Rate" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-19T16:34:59.760" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am finding two completely contradicting posts while googling regarding health risks to the heart for excess consumption of eggs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/are-eggs-risky-for-heart-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/are-eggs-risky-for-heart-health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/health-benefits-of-eggs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://draxe.com/health-benefits-of-eggs/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are eggs good for heart health or bad? Now-a-days I am taking two eggs in my meal everyday. Had been curious to know, how safe is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12994" LastEditorUserId="12994" LastEditDate="2018-02-20T18:12:29.673" LastActivityDate="2018-02-20T18:12:29.673" Title="Are eggs good for heart health or bad?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ClosedDate="2018-02-20T03:24:45.860" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-19T17:29:32.507" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/psychiatry/schizophrenia/news/online/%7Ba0cac402-bec8-41f5-a680-1633e753ceb3%7D/childhood-infection-linked-to-lower-iq-higher-risk-for-psychosis-in-swedish-men&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a news report&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using population-based, longitudinal cohort study data from Sweden, researchers examined the relationship of infection during childhood with IQ and adult nonaffective psychosis. They also assessed whether &lt;strong&gt;shared familial confounding&lt;/strong&gt; explains the infection-nonaffective psychosis and IQ-nonaffective psychosis relationships, and whether IQ alters the childhood infection-psychosis link. They included 647,515 Swedish men born between 1973 and 1992 in the analysis who were hospitalized with any infection from birth to age 13 years. They measured hospitalization for diagnosed nonaffective psychosis until the end of 2011, and IQ at age 18 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &lt;strong&gt;shared familial confounding&lt;/strong&gt; in this text? I'm trying to understand it &quot;from the context&quot; and can't. I'm now googling for &quot;familial confounding&quot; and trying to understand what that means, but thus far I found no clear definition, only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622274/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; that use this term, and it's a bit hard to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I cross-posted &lt;a href=&quot;https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/329491/meaning-of-shared-familial-confounding-in-a-study&quot;&gt;the question on Stats SE&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-02-19T19:09:43.827" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T19:46:00.283" Title="Meaning of &quot;shared familial confounding&quot; in a study" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15384" CreationDate="2018-02-19T19:38:27.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If A and B occur together more than would be expected, most people assume that A causes B or B causes A. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Confounding&lt;/a&gt; refers to the case where something else affects both of them, making them appear more directly related than they truly are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say I do a study and discover that most Olympic athletes come from wealthy families, at a rate far more than everyone else. I find a &lt;strong&gt;correlation&lt;/strong&gt; between wealth and Olympic success. Some people might say &quot;that makes sense, they get put into expensive sports when they're young, their families can buy equipment and pay coaches, and they can concentrate on their sport instead of having to work at a job in their teens and twenties.&quot; But someone else might point out that tall people are generally richer than short people -- more successful, get more promotions, etc, and for most sports, taller people do better. Or is it that rich people, who eat better and have less stress, grow up taller than poor people? Anyway, maybe their tallness is causing their sports excellence and is correlated with their wealth. Height becomes a confounding factor. Does it explain all the wealth/Olympic correlation? Or most of it? Or just a little bit of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shared familial confounding refers to things like &quot;if your parents are tall, you'll probably also be tall and so will your siblings.&quot; It could also refer to &quot;if your parents had a lot of success in sports, they will encourage you to do it too&quot; -- and whatever factors led them to their success in sports may or may not still exist for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try to separate the confounding in the athlete study by looking at sports in which being taller isn't an advantage, or sports that don't require years of expensive training, equipment, memberships, vacation trips to ski resorts etc. You can also look at adopted children, who don't share genes with their parents, to try to reduce some of the &quot;tall child from a tall parent&quot; aspect. It's hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your study, you can imagine the question is &quot;does getting a lot of childhood infections mean you're more likely to be psychotic?&quot; and they I suppose I have to deal with &quot;does being psychotic mean your children, who inherit your tendency to psychosis in their genes or by the way you raise them, are more likely to get a lot of infections?&quot; as well as &quot;is there something that runs in families that might make you psychotic &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; more likely to get a lot of childhood infections?&quot; - either by having a weak immune system or by being exposed to some other agent or by being raised a certain way or having certain genes. Those are shared familial confounding,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T19:38:27.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15384" CreationDate="2018-02-19T19:40:18.157" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Confounding&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In statistics, a confounder (also confounding variable or confounding factor) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is: you see a correlation between two variables and try to understand the causality that &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; connect the two variables you look at. If there is a causal factor, but an indirect/external one concerning your two variables of interest then you only have confirmed the correlation, but are not much the wiser for the probable causal link connecting them. This is very often a problem if we like to hunt for monocausal explanations and in reality there are more factors than one influencing the outcome of any observation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If variables A and B are correlated, that's interesting. If A causes B it's fantastic to know. But If C causes A and B, and you do not know about C, it's still a dark box. You want to get to know C and how much iz is causing anything on A and/or B. Sometimes it is not easy to manipulate C, then you must at least identify C and better yet try to control C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study mentioned in the news report is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2671412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Association of Childhood Infection With IQ and Adult Nonaffective Psychosis in Swedish Men. A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort and Co-relative Study&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Second, is the association between childhood infection and adult psychotic disorders likely to be causal, or could this be explained by shared familial confounding? A 2015 study used co-relative control analyses to show that shared familial confounding is an unlikely explanation for the association between lower premorbid IQ and adult psychotic disorders. The IQ-psychosis association was similar in the general population and in cousin, half-sibling, and full-sibling pairs with differing IQs. If there were confounding by shared familial risk factors, the association would be expected to become progressively weaker in groups sharing increasing levels of genes and environment compared with the general population; this was not the case. These findings also suggest that unique (nonshared) environmental risk factors may contribute to lower premorbid IQ in individuals with schizophrenia. Childhood infection may be such an environmental factor not shared within families. To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of shared familial confounding on the association between childhood infection and adult psychosis. We are not aware of any independent replication of the co-relative analyses of premorbid IQ and adult psychosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is perhaps easier to understand if already explained in a headline:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01974.x/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Familial (shared environmental and genetic) factors and the foetal origins of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes: a review of the literature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that article you have the following visual explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kS4K5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kS4K5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Familial (socio-economic and genetic) confounding of the association between birth weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in your case, the study tries to determine whether childhood infections  are the most important causal factor for explaining the observed correlation for adult psychotic disorders, or whether there are shared influences that might attribute their bit to an explanation. Among those familial variables in this study were: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Winter birth (December to May), migration status (either parent born outside Sweden), parental history of NAP (from NPR), household crowding (ie, when the number of livable rooms minus 1 is greater than the number of people living in the house), and parental highest socioeconomic status when the participant was aged 8 to 12 years were included as potential confounders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That made them feel confident enough to reach the following conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We present evidence that early childhood is a sensitive period for the effects of infection on IQ and risk of NAP. The associations of adult NAP with early-childhood infection and adolescent IQ are not fully explained by shared familial factors and may be causal. Lower premorbid IQ in NAP arises from unique environmental factors, such as early-childhood infection or other factors intimately related to this. Childhood infection may increase risk of adult NAP by affecting neurodevelopment and by exaggerating the effects of cognitive vulnerability to psychosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-19T19:46:00.283" LastActivityDate="2018-02-19T19:46:00.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15389" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-20T09:37:12.147" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I tried holding my breath for as long as I could. I managed to hold it for almost 2 minutes, but after a bit more than 1 minute, I already felt a strong need to exhale some of the air. At the same time, I did not feel like I had to inhale again though. I ended up with two possible explanations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; At the beginning, I took a deep breath of air which was about 20 °C in temperature. After this one minute in my lungs, the air warmed up (I assumed it warmed up to 35 °C). For the sake of simplicity, I calculated with the ideal gas law&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;pV = nRT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that the pressure in the lung would increase by about 5%. Ok, this is why I had to release some air. But wait...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; From what I learned about physiology, I know that our body has certain chemoreceptors to determine the oxygen saturation in our blood. And there are such chemoreceptors for carbon dioxide as well. The concentration of CO2 in my blood reached a certain threshold and I experienced this strong need to exhale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody of you confirm one of these theories? Or are both of them wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7304" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T22:40:19.717" Title="Need to exhale while holding breath" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;apnea-holding-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-20T16:22:58.747" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies or commonly understood consensus on how the amount of light and type (different types of artificial vs. sunlight) of light that an individual is daily exposed to affects their eyesight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies would be better in this case, as I would like to see to what degree a young relative's (she is a teenager) deteriorating eyesight could be improved by her getting more sunlight or better natural light. In this case my intention is to use the studies to encourage a behavior that could help her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13001" LastActivityDate="2018-02-20T16:22:58.747" Title="Amount of sunlight and its effect on the eye sight" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-02-22T17:07:30.497" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15405" CreationDate="2018-02-20T18:00:14.357" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hammertoes form when one or both joints of the small toes bend from&#xA;  weakness in your foot muscle. Diabetic nerve damage may cause the&#xA;  weakness.&#xA;  - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025297/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard from fellow runners that wearing shoes too tight contributes to developing hammertoe over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may get sores on the bottoms of your feet and on the tops of your&#xA;  toes that can become infected. The shape of your feet may change. You&#xA;  can have problems walking and finding shoes that fit well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link mentions that you may need surgery to correct a hammer toe, but that an orthotic could work too. Shouldn't there be toe-exercises or something instead, if it's a muscle issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T04:07:13.810" Title="Why does an orthotic work instead of an exercise for hammertoe?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;toe&gt;&lt;orthotics&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-20T22:20:59.487" Score="1" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both cigarettes and cigars are unhealthy, that's an indisputable fact.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a lot of people seem to think that cigars are less unhealthy than cigarettes.  There are pro-smoking websites that say cigars are better because you smoke fewer of them, they're all natural, and it's less harmful because you don't inhale.  But some people do inhale.  It seems to be a difficult comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are cigars less harmful than cigarettes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13004" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-02-21T04:00:55.267" LastActivityDate="2018-02-21T04:00:55.267" Title="Are cigars less harmful than cigarettes?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15395" CreationDate="2018-02-21T03:50:19.440" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a common misconception - they're both terrible.  Harm from smoke is mostly dose-dependent, meaning the more you smoke the worse harm you are causing your body.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if we measure &lt;strong&gt;equivalent quantities of smoke inhaled&lt;/strong&gt;, cigars are usually even worse. They often don't have a filter, there's higher nicotine content, more tar... cigarettes do have more added harmful ingredients, the list is a mile long, but they're both death sticks.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People incorrectly assume cigars aren't as bad because they smoke fewer of them, but they are bigger and pack more in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People incorrectly assume cigars aren't as bad because &quot;it's all natural!&quot; - but so are snake venom, poison ivy, and cyanide.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even those who don't inhale cigars still have risks of cancer and all the other fun stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when asking &quot;which of these two cancerous, pro-inflammatory, stroke-and-heart-attack-provoking items is worse for you?&quot; the answer is: both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reputable references abound with a quick google:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CDC: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/cigars/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/cigars/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cancer.gov (NIH): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cigars-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cigars-fact-sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cleveland Clinic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2017/03/health-risks-of-vaping-compared-to-tobacco-smoking/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2017/03/health-risks-of-vaping-compared-to-tobacco-smoking/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mayo Clinic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking/expert-answers/cigar-smoking/faq-20057787&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking/expert-answers/cigar-smoking/faq-20057787&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medscape: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/891732&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/891732&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-02-21T03:50:19.440" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15398" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15495" CreationDate="2018-02-21T03:50:40.937" Score="1" ViewCount="694" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.livestrong.com/article/41079-whole-wheat-vs.-wheat-bran&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LiveStrong&lt;/a&gt; says that bran flakes are nutritionally comparable in health to shredded wheat.  However, bran flakes contain sugar, while shredded wheat does not.  I don't work in the area of life sciences, and googling for health information yields all manner of rationale of why each of two options is good.  Can those with an understanding of diet and physiology provide some pro/con considerations for each option?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13007" LastEditorUserId="13007" LastEditDate="2018-02-23T03:48:35.023" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T23:52:05.757" Title="In comparing the healthiness of shredded wheat and bran flakes, what are some pro/con considerations for each?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-21T07:53:05.233" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain in simple but very concrete terms why medical services cost so much in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By cost, I am referring here to the medical fees being charged prior to any adjustments or reimbursements by the insurance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand it takes many years of hard work to become a doctor and they deserve to be remunerated for that hard work. I really do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do get that medical students come out of school with massive debts as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do understand there are significant costs in operating medical facilities, purchasing high-end medical equipment, running a medical staff, and being insured against law suits perhaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a stretch of my imagination, I may see how all this adds up so that a visit to the doctor is charged for $100-$200 even though the actual interaction with the doctor + nurse is usually on the order of 10 minutes per patient.  10 minutes for a few hundred $ = one hour for a couple of thousands $ to cover the salary of the medical staff, the rent, and amortizing the cost of medical equipment. That seems very high to my intuition but I can at least make some sense of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then on top of the visit cost, there are often &quot;extra&quot; costs that seem completely disproportionate with what is being done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From random personal experience:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- a hospital charging ~$20 for one pill of ibuprofen&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- a dermatologist charging an extra ~$150 for ~10 second procedures such as spraying nitrogen on a foot wart&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- a few hundred bucks for spending less than a minute taking a skin sample for a biopsy (charge for the biopsy itself separate)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;- a visit to the ER for a very minor injury resulting in one stitch point on a finger and a medical bill &gt;$1,500  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning behind these charges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone perhaps break down in simple concrete numbers the operating expenses of, say, a medical office, and a hospital and help me understand how this explains why an ibuprofen pill costs $20 in a hospital or why spraying nitrogen for 5 seconds costs ~$150 extra?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13008" LastActivityDate="2018-02-21T10:59:34.763" Title="Why is the cost of health care so high?" Tags="&lt;medical-billing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-02-22T17:05:19.233" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4847" CreationDate="2018-02-21T16:15:16.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Head sweating and flushing after eating or just smelling or thinking about a certain food is called &lt;strong&gt;gustatory sweating.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gustatory sweating: Sweating on the forehead, face, scalp, and neck&#xA;  occurring soon after ingesting food. Some gustatory sweating is normal&#xA;  after eating hot, spicy foods. Otherwise, gustatory sweating is most&#xA;  commonly a result of damage to a nerve that goes to the parotid gland,&#xA;  the large salivary gland in the cheek. In this setting, referred to as&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Frey syndrome,&lt;/strong&gt; the sweating is usually &lt;em&gt;on one side&lt;/em&gt; of the head.&#xA;  Gustatory sweating is also a rare complication of diabetes mellitus.&#xA;  In this case sweating may occur on both sides of the head, with mild&#xA;  or substantial severity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320734.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt; has an easy to read article about Frey syndrome and other types of gustatory sweating. The main point is that the nerve that supplies the parotid gland is affected in some way: congenitally, by trauma, surgery, tumor, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several reports about such sweating triggered by sour foods, orange juice, tomatoes, onions, candies, various snacks...(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9532317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;) and there are several articles about Frey syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor can make a diagnosis of Frey syndrome by performing a simple iodine-starch test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment is by removal of an underlying cause, but often no cause can be identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Food allergy&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;intolerance to histamine&lt;/strong&gt; can cause head sweating, usually associated with itching around the mouth and in the throat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/food-allergy-and-intolerance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Better Health Channel&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-02-22T08:54:41.633" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T08:54:41.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15404" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-21T23:14:57.233" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to take a few vitamin supplements but don't have time for a meal, would 50 calories or so of food be good enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum amount of food intake that would be necessary for good absorption of the vitamins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Why can't I take vitamins with meals? I have an unpredictable work schedule and do not carry my bottles of vitamin with me, and it's just more convenient for me this way.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2018-02-23T17:46:48.100" LastActivityDate="2018-02-23T17:46:48.100" Title="How much food when taking vitamin supplements?" Tags="&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;multi-vitamin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15393" CreationDate="2018-02-22T04:07:13.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on whether the hammer toes are due to functional problems or are fixed.  If the proximal interphalangeal joint can be passively extended, then an orthotic can help. If the passive issue is neurological then exercises won't help as they won't be able to maintain the joint in the correct position when you're not doing the exercise, and you're not correcting the underlying problem.  A tendon transfer operation can be used for passive problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if it's due to a contracture of the joint when you can no longer extend the joint then you'll need surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.joint-pain-expert.net/hammer-toe.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.joint-pain-expert.net/hammer-toe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T04:07:13.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-22T09:44:59.113" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/psychiatry/schizophrenia/news/online/%7Ba0cac402-bec8-41f5-a680-1633e753ceb3%7D/childhood-infection-linked-to-lower-iq-higher-risk-for-psychosis-in-swedish-men&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“&lt;strong&gt;Prospective birth cohort studies&lt;/strong&gt; suggest that childhood infections are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood and with abnormal neurodevelopment in childhood/adolescence as measured by school grade or neurological soft signs; however, studies using IQ tests in a general population sample are rare,” Golam M. Khandaker, PhD, department of psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and colleagues wrote. “It is unclear whether lower IQ mediates or moderates the association between childhood infection and adult psychosis.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a &quot;prospective birth cohort study&quot;? Is it a study planned in advance, before the data collection process begins? Is it &lt;strong&gt;always&lt;/strong&gt; a study that begins before the persons to be studied have been born? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or can it be a study conducted post-factum, with some information taken from records that existed prior to the beginning of the study? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I translated this term into Russian word-for-word, but was told by a fellow translator that I should explicitly point out in my Russian translation, as an explanation for the reader, that these studies are &quot;begun &lt;strong&gt;prior to the birth of the test subjects&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;. I started googling for clear authoritative definitions and have found none thus far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-02-22T10:03:35.237" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T11:06:28.213" Title="Definition of &quot;prospective birth cohort study&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15406" CreationDate="2018-02-22T11:06:28.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes that is what is meant.  Prospective means the study subjects are recruited at the beginning.  Since it's a birth cohort they have to be enrolled at or before birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider this a non-authoritative answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-22T11:06:28.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-22T21:24:17.033" Score="6" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many articles about extra virgin olive oil being healthy - for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/extra-virgin-olive-oil#section2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. This implies, at least, that replacing other fats in the diet (such as butter or other vegetable oils) with olive oil is beneficial. But is olive oil also beneficial to health when consumed in larger amounts? Assuming it is not contributing too many calories and leading to an unhealthy weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really love the taste of olive oil, and enjoy snacks like bread with olive oil, or just using it as a dressing on lots of things. Is this healthy (because olive oil is healthy) or unhealthy (because, even though it is a &quot;good&quot; oil, having a larger fat intake is still bad)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13021" LastActivityDate="2020-03-08T06:01:20.167" Title="Olive oil - healthy as a substitute, or in its own right?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14904" CreationDate="2018-02-23T01:06:51.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is already released in winter, and may help prevent very low levels that might otherwise be obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitamin D Stored in Fat Tissue During a 5-Year Intervention Affects Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels the Following Year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martinaityte I1,2, Kamycheva E1,2, Didriksen A1, Jakobsen J3, Jorde R1,2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Author information&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONTEXT&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are stored in adipose tissue, but the clinical relevance is uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OBJECTIVE&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To evaluate changes in serum 25(OH)D and adipose tissue vitamin D levels after stopping vitamin Dsupplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DESIGN&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A prospective, double-blind cohort follow-up study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SETTING&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical Research Unit at University Hospital of North Norway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PATIENTS&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seventy-six subjects were included after participation in a 3- to 5-year prevention of type 2 diabetes study and were administered 20,000 IU of vitamin D or placebo per week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;INTERVENTION&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the 12-month follow-up period, blood samples were drawn at the beginning and after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Fat biopsies were taken at the start and end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changes in 25(OH)D level in serum and 25(OH)D and vitamin D levels in adipose tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forty-one of 42 subjects who were given vitamin D and 33 of 34 subjects who were given placebo completed the study. At the inclusion, mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 122 and 71 nmol/L in the vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly higher in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group throughout and were 84.5 and 73.1 nmol/L, respectively, after 12 months. In the vitamin D group, adipose tissue vitamin D levels decreased by 52% over 12 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin D and 25(OH)D stored in adipose tissue after 3 to 5 years of vitamin D supplementation may have a clinically relevant effect on serum 25(OH)D level the following year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-21T07:15:26.400" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T07:15:26.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15060" CreationDate="2018-02-23T01:26:40.307" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study from Australia &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/193/7/iodine-toxicity-soy-milk-and-seaweed-ingestion-associated-serious-thyroid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/193/7/iodine-toxicity-soy-milk-and-seaweed-ingestion-associated-serious-thyroid&lt;/a&gt; indicates that iodine toxicity has been documented in people consuming soy milk made with kombu and illustrates the dangers of importing a foreign diet or manufactured food substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We report a series of cases of thyroid dysfunction in adults associated with ingestion of a brand of soy milk manufactured with kombu (seaweed), and a case of hypothyroidism in a neonate whose mother had been drinking this milk. We also report two cases of neonatal hypothyroidism linked to maternal ingestion of seaweed made into soup. These products were found to contain high levels of iodine. Despite increasing awareness of iodine deficiency, the potential for iodine toxicity, particularly from sources such as seaweed, is less well recognised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-23T01:26:40.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15413" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-23T04:08:04.000" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a short post-surgery inspection report in Russian:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Осмотр после операции. Рубец спокойный.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Verbatim translation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Post-surgery examination. The scar is &lt;strong&gt;calm&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;strong&gt;calm&lt;/strong&gt; denotes that the scar is not inflamed and is healing in a &quot;calm&quot;, normal fashion. I wonder what would an English-speaking doctor write there. &quot;Scar uncomplicated&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The examination was performed 2 months post-surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-02-23T04:47:46.140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-23T04:47:46.140" Title="What would a surgeon write about a non-complicated scar in a post-surgery inspection report?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-24T05:49:52.560" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;For tanning efficiency purposes (i.e. getting as tanned as possible with as little skin damage as possible) is it better to tan for 10 minutes without sunscreen or the equivalent x amount of minutes while wearing sunscreen? Or is there no difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2363" LastActivityDate="2018-02-24T05:49:52.560" Title="Is it better to tan for 10 minutes without sun protection or the equivalent x amount of minutes with sunscreen?" Tags="&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;sun-burn&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15423" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-24T17:58:27.323" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to add an omega-3 supplement in my diet using encapsulated fish oil pills.&#xA;I want to know how can I improve its absorption, and also understand why.&#xA;That is the boundary conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;when&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, empty stomach or after the meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how, paired with &quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;friends&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; foods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g.: I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://3omega3.it/si-assumono-gli-omega-3-migliorarne-lassorbimento/#Quando_assumere_gli_Omega_3_per_migliorare_il_loro_assorbimento_perche_e_importante&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;(source in Italian)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that you can maximize the absorption if you eat pills paired with milk or not-fermented cheese, like mozzarella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; introduction of omega-3 is by encapsulated fish oil pills&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT2:&lt;/strong&gt; as @cloudnyn3 pointed out, I want to know the best conditions which let the pills to be best absorbed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2018-03-11T15:04:06.047" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T17:24:37.923" Title="How to improve omega-3 fatty acid absorption?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-03-12T14:19:12.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4016" CreationDate="2018-02-25T08:52:35.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reflexes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to physical &lt;em&gt;reflexes&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.interactive-biology.com/1698/how-reflexes-work-knee-jerk-and-eye-blink-episode-23/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they are for the most part fixed.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The link provided involves exploring a knee-reaction due to hitting the patellar tendon...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Okay, so I hit, and what happens is... her leg kicks forward. There’s a muscle contraction happening...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This reflex is due to a sensory neuron connected to a motor neruon, but doesn't involve mental processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learned Responses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain other behaviors that were learned over time, and have become &quot;automatic&quot;, might be difficult to change, but might be able to. Sometimes, they can be over-ridden by &quot;learning&quot; a different reaction (using similar scenarios). So for example, one might have an involuntary gag-reflex when they consume certain vegetables, but over time, lose sensitivity to those things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Thoughts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you asked about actions, there may be evidence that we can over time change both &quot;automatic&quot; actions and thoughts. &quot;Automatic&quot; is in quotes here because typically these are behaviors/thoughts that our brains have been trained to perform over a long period of time, and practiced so much that we basically due them by default, and one might argue involuntarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603687/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research indicates&lt;/a&gt; that many people have subconscious racism, but &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;habit-breaking intervention allowed individuals to overcome implicit&#xA;  racial bias&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since our brains control actions through the motor-cortex, theoretically, there are some actions too which, if the associated neurons pass through your motor-cortex, then by constantly practicing and training your body through mimicking the situation, you may be able to consciously override the default reaction (more easily over time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T08:52:35.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-25T09:23:20.537" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postprandial_somnolence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;food coma&lt;/a&gt; is usually when a person eats too much and they get very tired due to a high influx of insulin in their blood that tries to balance out the massive rush of glucose from food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9284488&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There was some research looking at nap latency&lt;/a&gt;, but I was more interested in long-term effects like development of chronic diseases or effect on the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-02-25T11:37:35.267" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T11:37:35.267" Title="Long-term health consequences of consistently repeated food comas?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-25T21:56:01.217" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might seem like a silly question but I've been searching on google and pubmed but not really gotten a clear answer to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the long term effects of alcohol in causing alcoholic steatohepatitis. However while looking for the causes of acute liver failure, I only came across paracetamol poisoning and viral hepatitis as potential causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the harmful effects of alcohol on the liver limited to chronic abuse? Or can a person who has never indulged, potentially risk liver failure after just a single episode of excessive consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13046" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T23:35:42.073" Title="Can acute liver failure be caused by an alcohol binge?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;hepatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15429" CreationDate="2018-02-25T23:02:05.007" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can acute liver failure be caused by an alcohol binge?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are the harmful effects of alcohol on the liver limited to chronic abuse?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The harmful effects of alcohol on the liver are in general certainly &lt;em&gt;not limited&lt;/em&gt; to chronic abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The immediate dangers of alcohol are often as much overstated as the long time dangers from it. &quot;Often overstated&quot; means portrayed as such from moral crusaders that want to condemn the substance as such. That is unfounded. The liver is usually quite resilient and capable of taking quite a lot of abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But consumption of alcohol is not without dangers. Also not for a single incident. Of course it depends. The question does not indicate &quot;how much&quot; alcohol would be involved in that hypothetical incidence. &quot;One/Once too many&quot; can easily kill a human. That does not necessarily include involvement of acute hepatoxicity, although it mainly is common knowledge for acute overdose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on individual genetics, nutritional status, fitness level, other health parameters, a single sufficiently large dose of alcohol can really damage a liver. Adding some drugs – like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014937/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paracetamol&lt;/a&gt; – into the mix and the liver gets even more vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some overview might be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124876/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-02-25T23:35:42.073" LastActivityDate="2018-02-25T23:35:42.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-26T01:42:28.333" Score="-1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to take in more Vitamin C lately, and I buy a quart of cold orange juice in the morning to start my day.  It's usually sealed up - I'm guessing to keep it protected from oxygen.  But once I remove the seal and start drinking from it, I have about a half bottle left of the juice, which I then carry around with me during the day -- and I don't keep it in a refrigerator.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the orange juice still nutritious, after being opened and sitting around for an entire day without being kept chilled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13049" LastActivityDate="2018-02-26T11:01:58.563" Title="Is orange juice still healthy for me, if it's been opened and hasn't been refrigerated for an entire day?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15432" CreationDate="2018-02-26T11:01:58.563" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At a recent, local science expo some high school kids did research on effects of oxidisation reducing Vit. C content over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their results (and OK, not 100% authoritative) were that the Vit. C concentration actually increased even beyond the point that fruit went bad and were inedible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I myself would drink it with the confidence it still has health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, recently I increased my Vit. C intake to 2000 mg per day, on the first hand advice of someone who took at that level to reduce cholesterol.  He said he saw reduction in this after seven days, using a commercial cholesterol tester.  2000 mg is a lot of oranges, about 20.  Need to go to vitamin pills to get that high level.  But don't forego the whole orange (or full fibre orange juice) if doing that, there is other good nutrition in the whole fruit too&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13030" LastActivityDate="2018-02-26T11:01:58.563" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15444" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T00:45:43.687" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;What should NOT be taken with Iodine? I've heard that it's a strong oxidant, so taking it with Vitamin C (and I assume other antioxidants) is a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1294" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-02-27T00:55:59.570" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T20:55:13.157" Title="Supplementing Iodine separately from antioxidants? (and separately from what else?)" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;&lt;iodine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T02:02:58.410" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a scenario, but before I begin, I would like to clarify that this is not Sleep Paralysis, nor Lucid Dreaming, nor what I understand a Trance to be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that someone decided they needed to take a nap, because they were exhausted and sleep-deprived. However, instead of sleeping normally, they sort-of transitioned into a strange state of consciousness which I will try to describe below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The muscles felt tight, but not unpleasantly so. They could feel where the muscles had been tight up to two hours after the experience, but it was not sore.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They were conscious and thinking, but emotions and opinions didn't seem to move as fast, and didn't feel like they had as much weight. They felt really relaxed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They &lt;strong&gt;could&lt;/strong&gt; move. They could prove this by experimenting with shifting their feet and hands. Small movements like these did not break this state, but larger movements would temporarily make them feel fully awake again, until they became still and eventually settled back into this altered state.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They remember the experience vividly, unlike when they have a dream or even a lucid dream.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nothing super weird happened, and the experience was the same each time they drifted into this state.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unlike during Sleep Paralysis, the limbs did not feel like dead weight. They felt tight, and like some sort of atmospheric pressure (again, not an uncomfortable level) was being exerted all over the body, but the feeling was significantly different from the cold, dead feeling of Sleep Paralysis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They were aware that they were breathing, though it felt shallow even though they knew it wasn't.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They felt more rested after that experience than they normally do after a full sleep cycle.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My question is, what exactly &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; this be, and where do I go to find-out more about it?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13065" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-02-27T16:37:42.530" Title="Is it possible to &quot;sleep&quot; while aware and cognizant?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T15:34:48.700" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the goal is consistent test results and controlling for distance is a given, then would a backlight in a dark/darkened room guarantee the most consistent results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other way to control for consistent light conditions when moving eye-test equipment from room to room?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a screen produce consistent results as well, as long as letter size was controlled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal, obviously, is measuring visual acuity accurately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" LastActivityDate="2018-02-27T15:34:48.700" Title="Eye Chart Lighting for Consistency?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;eye-exam&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T17:18:26.307" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question referring to the external auditory canal. Is the convex bending of the auditory canal usually strong enough, that any object (like a water jet or something) can not directly hit the eardrum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13075" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T07:24:28.747" Title="Meatus acusticus externus" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;eardrum&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T17:22:00.110" Score="3" ViewCount="185" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that this is a borderline question for this site, but I think it could be useful to a broad audience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My goal is to find a diet(meaning a list of exact raw materials, not preparation instructions) that meets all nutritional needs(for a highly active lifestyle), and can be acquired for less than $10 a day in the U.S. (bulk pricing can be used).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I would have access to is a stove and a pan. No refrigeration.&#xA;I googled looking for this, but I didn't find anything that looked reliable, and my limited knowledge of human nutrition prevents me from finding a good answer myself. Ideally any answers should be community wiki posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13074" LastEditorUserId="13074" LastEditDate="2018-02-27T17:31:03.097" LastActivityDate="2018-03-01T16:17:19.247" Title="Construction of an extremely cheap and healthful diet" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-27T20:59:42.087" Score="1" ViewCount="1410" Body="&lt;p&gt;I accidentally left my depression/anxiety medication in the car overnight. The coldest it got was -6 with a wind chill of -12 (Celsius). The medication in question are tablets, not liquid or gel capsules. There is no condensation on the bottle, or anything as such amiss that I can see inside the bottle or on the pills themselves. Everything look normal. Would they still be okay to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13076" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T08:22:17.763" Title="Pills in cold car overnight - still okay?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15453" CreationDate="2018-02-27T21:20:39.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are not going to find what you seek, because any list small enough to be a decent answer here would be an overly restrictive diet - you need variety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, if you buy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rice (white or brown - you'll be getting plenty of fibre so white is ok)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lentils (not the expensive du puy ones, any other kind)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dried beans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vegetables that keep without refrigeration (carrots, onions, potatoes, cabbage etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;canned tomatoes, tomato sauce etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pasta&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;greens (eg kale) when you can - buy them and use them the same day, then don't have greens until you shop again&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;canned tuna and salmon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;oatmeal (not the instant kind) for breakfast, and some dried fruit to throw into it&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some spices as your budget allows&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;olive or canola oil (keeps without refrigeration) for frying the veg to start a flavourful soup, stew, or sauce&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use these to create daily meals like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breakfast: oatmeal and dried fruit&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;lunch: soup with rice or noodles, lentils, and a lot of vegetables&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dinner: stew with similar ingredients to the lunch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can vary this by making a salad of greens, carrot, cabbage, and the canned fish, by buying a loaf of bread and making sandwiches of peanut butter or tuna or salmon salad (this will require some mayonnaise) and so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will be able to eat for WELL under your budget. These foods will provide protein, vitamin C, vitamin A, and fibre. You might be a little low on calcium, so drinking milk or eating cheese can take care of that, though they require refrigeration. You could go out, buy a litre of milk for a few dollars and a small (half pound?) package of cheese and make macaroni and cheese from that (drinking the excess milk) and be in a good place. (Or take a calcium supplement, or buy a milk-based drink when you go out each day.)  If you can grow your own food, then you can have greens every day and do even better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for some references about what makes a healthy diet? Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/multimedia/mediterranean-diet/sls-20077104&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Mayo Clinic on the Mediterranean Diet&lt;/a&gt;. Here's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bluezones.com/recipes/food-guidelines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blue Zones guidelines on eating&lt;/a&gt;. You can find a lot of advice like this online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;$10 a day is actually a high budget if you are only buying food with it (no toilet paper, soap, shampoo etc) and you are not buying meat or processed foods such as canned soup or frozen dinners. For example Amazon will sell me 2 kg of rice for $5 Cdn, which is probably $4 US and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cooksinfo.com/rice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt; suggests 50g per serving. Even if you double that you would get 20 servings for your $4, or 20 cents a serving. Beans? Dried beans on Amazon look like $4 Cdn a pound, and again you won't eat anywhere near a pound of dried beans per serving. And of course your local Asian supermarket is going to be cheaper than Amazon prices. So feeding just one person on $10 a day is not challenging. Eating essentially the same food day after day, having to cook for 30-60 minutes each day, having to remember to soak the beans the night before -- these things become challenging and this is why your local store sells so much frozen pizza. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-02-28T23:54:21.777" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T23:54:21.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14048" CreationDate="2018-02-27T21:56:21.363" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take a look at the IHE Radiology Scheduled Workflow integration profile in &lt;a href=&quot;http://ihe.net/uploadedFiles/Documents/Radiology/IHE_RAD_TF_Vol1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IHE Radiology (RAD) Technical Framework&lt;/a&gt;. This explains a common workflow model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13077" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2019-01-01T12:47:50.477" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T12:47:50.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15459" CreationDate="2018-02-28T00:54:40.133" Score="5" ViewCount="365" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an old relative in her 70s who took some vaccination jabs 2 years ago. She has no idea what jab it was due to her aging mind. I intend to bring her to take pneumococcal vaccine to protect against pneumonia but I do not know if she took the same vaccine 2 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it dangerous for an old lady to take pneumococcal vaccine twice within 2 years? Any over-dosage hazard to be mindful of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T05:55:10.210" Title="Is it dangerous for an old person to take pneumococcal vaccine (for pneumonia) twice within 2 years?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15454" CreationDate="2018-02-28T01:00:52.717" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drug shelf life is usually measured at 25 deg C but accelerated testing for stability is done at higher temperatures as this adds energy to the system degrading the drugs faster.  So, storing drugs at lower temperatures increases shelf life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/kinetics/arrh.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/kinetics/arrh.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Arrhenius Equation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new drug product is being formulated, it is desirable to determine the stability of the drug entity in the drug product so that a shelf life or expiration date may be assigned to the product. The shelf-life is the length of time required for the product potency to be reduced to some percentage of its original value. For most products, this is the T90 or time at which the product retains 90% of its original potency. Although the drug's stability at room temperature is of primary interest, a stability study at room temperature would take too long to be useful as a screening procedure for new formulations. Therefore, such screening studies are conducted at elevated temperatures in accordance with the Arrhenius equation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/6Q2N7T0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/6Q2N7T0.png&quot; alt=&quot;arrhenius equation&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T01:00:52.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15457" CreationDate="2018-02-28T01:14:05.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can't give personal advice but the CDC does give generic advice, and talks about people over the age of 65 with uncertain immunization status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/downloads/pneumo-vaccine-timing.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/downloads/pneumo-vaccine-timing.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H2W8b.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H2W8b.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in general, the elderly and others with impaired immune systems often require more frequent dosing of vaccines to ensure immunity is maintained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T01:14:05.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15460" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15457" CreationDate="2018-02-28T03:36:48.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is likely to be benign.  The OP does not say how long the interval between the injections was, but let us presume it was at least several weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we do catch up immunizations for infants, they often get spaced at roughly monthly intervals without ill effect.  And the mechanistic idea of vaccines seems to suggest that a second dose would have few ill effects.  (There would be very little difference between a second dose of vaccine and an encounter with wild type virus.  The whole idea of the vaccine is that encountering the virus again will &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; make you sick.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13080" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T03:36:48.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10217" CreationDate="2018-02-28T06:45:24.140" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;HIV will not transmit via sharing things. Except for occasions, such as sharing syringe needles, sharing unmaintained medical equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV doesn't always survive in dry blood. (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aidsmap.com/Survival-outside-the-body/page/1321278/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this AIDS Map article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/c/faq.htm#1b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatitis does&lt;/a&gt; (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this also&lt;/a&gt;). So avoid any blood possible. Hepatitis can survive outside human body for up to 7 days. They are tough bugs. They transmit via blood and body fluids&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herpes does transmit via object, but it will not transmit if you touch it by hand. However they will transmit &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs400/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;via mouth and genital parts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13081" LastEditorUserId="13081" LastEditDate="2018-03-11T08:20:41.483" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T08:20:41.483" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12744" CreationDate="2018-02-28T07:00:03.593" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;you got some rare type there. I got HPV 6 and 11, which causes oral and gential warts, but they can sometime cause cancer, but the chance is slim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for 70% cancer caused by HPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;there are about 5% of people who has HPV will have cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type you got is classed as high risk, however, chance are you might never see cancer. As chance too small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can do is have a healthy lifestyle, no smoking, drinking, fuking... Eat lots of vegetable and whole food. Avoid overly processed food like mcdonald.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;have vitamin intake daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;excerise three times a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;don't be streeful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it's all about having an easy life, your HPV won't have a chance to break out. Good that you don't have the warts, they are troublesome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13081" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T07:00:03.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15452" CreationDate="2018-02-28T07:24:28.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, at least not reliably.  Each person is different and some tympanic membranes are situated in a pretty direct angle.  Even in canals with a steep angle, a strong enough jet just ricocheting off the wall can still generate enough force to be harmful.  Don't use any water jet type of thing that was not designed for ears.  Some of the dangers are discussed in this article on cerumen removal: &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413546-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413546-overview&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T07:24:28.747" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15470" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-02-28T20:54:22.353" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of my family members seem to be using Lysol surface disinfectant spray to mask bad odor in the bathroom. I keep trying to explain to them that it's not meant to be used in such a way. They seem to be a firm believer that because it says &quot;removes odor&quot; on it it means it &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt; mask odors in the air the same way as actuall air freshener. Every time they spray ALOT. Enough to make me start coughing in a vented room. Anyone have any negative medical health hazard facts I should tell them to make them stop? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13086" LastActivityDate="2018-02-28T20:54:22.353" Title="Quick question on disenfectants sprays and how some family members are using it" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15453" CreationDate="2018-02-28T22:10:22.560" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition guidelines&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total fat = 65 g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sat fat = 20 g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Cholesteral = 300 mg&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Sodium = 2,400 mg&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Carbohydrate = 300 g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Protein = 50 g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Calories 2000  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets look at a single day example   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;                   fat  chol    Na   Carb  protein   cal     cost&#xA;                    65   300  2400    300       50  2000    &#xA;&#xA;1 cup dried beans    0     0    60     88       28   240    $0.20&#xA;1 egg                6   185    70      0        6    70    $0.25&#xA;banana             0.4     0     1     27      1.3   105    $0.25&#xA;1 cup  yogurt      8.5    32   113     12        9  1 49    $0.80&#xA;2 cup red lettuce  0.2     0    14    1.2      0.8    28    $0.20&#xA;1 tblspn olive oil  14     0     0      0        0   119    $0.40&#xA;2 slice ww bread     2     0   224     24      7.2   140    $0.40&#xA;1 red pepper       0.4     0     5      7      1.2    37    $1.00&#xA;&#xA;                 31.5    217   487  159.2      53.5  888    $3.50  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say two meals like this.  You get all essentials (a little short on cal) for $7.00.  And you even splurge on a red pepper.  If anything heavy on protein so have rice for the other meal. Don't have an egg on the other meal because of chol.  You could eat pretty good for $7.00 a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You only need calcium a couple days a week.  Eat the yogurt or milk the day you shop.  Red pepper is kind of pricey but rich in vitamins. Substitute other vitamin rich vegetables.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you have basic nutrients can add in cheap white potatoes for calories.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For green you can go with red lettuce, broccoli, asparagus etc. Stay away from iceberg lettuce as low in calories and nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2018-03-01T16:17:19.247" LastActivityDate="2018-03-01T16:17:19.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-01T02:40:50.560" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question can be seen silly, but I wondered about this question for several years. I learned that diabetes make our blood so sticky that it can block blood flows of capillary vessels. Then, what happens if a hemobohilia patient with diabetes accidently cut his (because there are few female hemophilia patients) toe's skin with a cutter,  paper or glass fragment? Does the sticky blood caused by diabetes help stopping bleeding the area?  Yeah, I know that blood coagulation factors like pibrin are the primary factors for stopping bleeding, but I want to know the effects of sticky blood caused by diabetes on cut area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Sorry for poor English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13088" LastActivityDate="2018-03-01T02:40:50.560" Title="Can diabetes relieve symptoms of hemophilia?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15477" CreationDate="2018-03-02T05:01:34.640" Score="8" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to have diabetes (type 1 or 2) for about 9 months without knowing it ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13092" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-03-02T05:11:14.500" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T11:47:55.723" Title="Is it possible to have diabetes for about 9 months without knowing it?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15475" CreationDate="2018-03-02T11:17:38.617" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000313.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People with &lt;strong&gt;type 2&lt;/strong&gt; diabetes often have no symptoms at first. They may not have symptoms for many years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.si/books?id=sZODtZoWvlEC&amp;amp;pg=PA413&amp;amp;lpg=PA413&amp;amp;dq=%22type%201%22%20%22asymptomatic%20hyperglycemia%22%20months&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=m5eziNcqgX&amp;amp;sig=-Vc1_dQ_lvsbLtSZJ9SFNw0IlFY&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22type%201%22%20%22asymptomatic%20hyperglycemia%22%20months&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Books: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 413...Recent Trends In Screening and Prevention of &lt;strong&gt;Type 1&lt;/strong&gt; Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mild asymptomatic hyperglycemia precedes by months or years overt insulin dependence among persons with islet auto-antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In diabetes type 1, symptoms usually develop much quicker, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In type 1 diabetes, the signs and symptoms can develop very quickly,&#xA;  and can develop significantly over the course of weeks or even days -&#xA;  particularly in children or adolescents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2018-03-03T18:10:09.517" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T18:10:09.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15481" CreationDate="2018-03-02T20:06:15.057" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the legally required accuracy of nutrition information (ie. mass of vitamins and minerals) on food and tablet packaging in the UK?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13097" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T07:37:31.160" Title="How accurate is nutrition information on supplement tablets in the the UK?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15480" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15482" CreationDate="2018-03-02T22:51:17.917" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/red-wine/art-20048281?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/red-wine/art-20048281?pg=2&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180302222050/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/red-wine/art-20048281?pg=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) claims without providing scientific references that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;your body can't absorb most of the resveratrol in the supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the absorption rate of resveratrol supplements? I'm also curious how it compares against resveratrol absorption when drinking red wine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T01:10:13.383" Title="What is the absorption rate of resveratrol supplements?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15479" CreationDate="2018-03-03T00:26:36.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is recognised that it is not always possible for foods to contain the exact amount of nutrients labelled, owing to natural variations and variations arising from production and length of storage. However, it is important that the actual nutrient content of foods should not deviate substantially from labelled amounts, as the consumer could otherwise be misled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a result, the European Commission has drawn up, in collaboration with EU Member States, guidance on the setting of tolerances for nutrient values. The document sets tolerances for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;the nutrition declaration under EU FIC;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;compliance with the levels of nutrients and other substances specified in Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;controlling the levels of vitamins and minerals specified under Regulation (EC) No. 1925/2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;vitamins and minerals in food supplements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Source: Technical guidance on nutrition labelling - UK Department of Health, Page 20: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/595961/Nutrition_Technical_Guidance.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Free PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following tables are from the EU&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR COMPETENT AUTHORITIES FOR THE CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH EU LEGISLATION ON:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Commission Directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Council Directive 90/496/EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling of foodstuffs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;with regard to the setting of tolerances for nutrient values declared on a label&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/labelling_nutrition-vitamins_minerals-guidance_tolerances_1212_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nROoS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nROoS.png&quot; alt=&quot;Table 1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KxoYu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KxoYu.png&quot; alt=&quot;Table 2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How this will be affected with Brexit when the UK leaves the EU is anyone's guess, although to start with, EU laws will be integrated into UK law to start with until the decisions are made by parliament on which laws to remove. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/604516/Great_repeal_bill_white_paper_accessible.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-03-03T07:37:31.160" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T07:37:31.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15480" CreationDate="2018-03-03T01:10:13.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Following oral administration in humans, 75% of resveratrol from suppliments is absorbed, possibly by transepithelial diffusion. However, oral bioavailability is low (&amp;lt;1%) due to rapid and extensive metabolism in the intestine and liver (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200800177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Almeida, et al., 2009&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cottart et al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the absorption rate when drinking red wine,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A total number of 25 subjects have been involved in the experiments and it was clearly demonstrated that resveratrol absorption after wine consumption is highly variable. The compound was found in the serum of roughly half of the subjects participating to the experiments, in free or in glucuronidated form and in very different concentrations. A further evidence emerging from the data is that the bioavailability of trans-resveratrol absorption associated to wine consumption is generally influenced neither by the meal nor by the kind and/or the quantity of lipids contained in the meal consumed. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitaglione, et al. 2005&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almeida, L., Vaz-da-Silva, M., Falcão, A., Soares, E., Costa, R., Loureiro, A. I., Fernandes-Lopes, C., Rocha, J.-F., Nunes, T., Wright, L. and Soares-da-Silva, P. (2009) Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. &lt;em&gt;Molecular Nutrition &amp;amp; Food Research&lt;/em&gt;, 53(1), S7—S15.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200800177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/mnfr.200800177&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194969/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19194969&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cottart, C.-H., Nivet-Antoine, V., Laguillier-Morizot, C. and Beaudeux, J.-L. (2010). Resveratrol bioavailability and toxicity in humans. &lt;em&gt;Molecular Nutrition &amp;amp; Food Research&lt;/em&gt;, 54(1), 7—16.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/mnfr.200900437&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20013887&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20013887&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitaglione, P., Sforza, S., Galaverna, G., Ghidini, C., Caporaso, N., Vescovi, P. P., Fogliano, V. and Marchelli, R. (2005), Bioavailability of trans-resveratrol from red wine in humans. &lt;em&gt;Molecular Nutrition &amp;amp; Food Research&lt;/em&gt;, 49(1) 495—504.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200500002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/mnfr.200500002&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15830336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;15830336&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T01:10:13.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15486" CreationDate="2018-03-03T06:24:52.807" Score="0" ViewCount="10846" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took two tablets about an hour ago and now would like to drink an energy drink to give me a boost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been told this is potentially unsafe.&#xA;Is there any dangers to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13100" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-07-02T05:12:01.313" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T05:12:01.313" Title="Is it safe to drink Monster Energy (or any energy drink) after paracetamol?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;energy-drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-04T19:15:15.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15483" CreationDate="2018-03-03T19:44:23.663" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question appears to be motivated by headlines similar to this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mixing large doses of both acetaminophen painkiller and caffeine may increase risk of liver damage&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where it states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WASHINGTON, Sept. 26 2007 — Consuming large amounts of caffeine while taking acetaminophen, one of the most widely used painkillers in the United States, could potentially cause liver damage, according to a preliminary laboratory study reported in the Oct. 15 print issue of ACS’ Chemical Research in Toxicology, a monthly journal. The toxic interaction could occur not only from drinking caffeinated beverages while taking the painkiller but also from using large amounts of medications that intentionally combine caffeine and acetaminophen for the treatment of migraine headaches, menstrual discomfort and other conditions, the researchers say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a very preliminary study using genetically modified bacteria&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chemist Sid Nelson, Ph.D., and colleagues, of the University of Washington in Seattle, tested the effects of acetaminophen and caffeine on E. coli bacteria genetically engineered to express a key human enzyme in the liver that detoxifies many prescription and nonprescription drugs. The researchers found that caffeine triples the amount of a toxic byproduct, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), that the enzyme produces while breaking down acetaminophen. This same toxin is responsible for liver damage and failure in toxic alcohol-acetaminophen interactions, they say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In previous studies, the same researchers showed that high doses of caffeine can increase the severity of liver damage in rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage, thus supporting the current finding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But crucially the bacteria were exposed to megadoses of both acetaminophen and caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, caffeine is regularly provided in combination with acetaminophen in some analgesic compounds despite this ancient warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest data from 2017 I can find suggests that the interaction in humans is somewhat less dramatic, and caffeine may even help reduce acetaminophen toxicity!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the impact of CAF on APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity was here investigated in humans by simultaneously considering drug effects of CAF on APAP at both the PK and the PD level. It was shown that CAF has a significant effect on APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity due to a co‐administration of both drugs. Key results demonstrate, on the one hand, that CAF might favor a reduction of APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity in humans at the PK and the PD levels by reducing the concentrations of NAPQI, which is supposed to be the reactive metabolite of APAP,2 as well as by positively regulating genes playing an essential role in the development of toxicity, respectively. On the other hand, CAF might also potentiate APAP‐induced toxicity by affecting crucial genes, such as FOS, that may support the activation of cell death pathways. Although key outcomes of the study demonstrated inhibitory and stimulatory effects of CAF on APAP, the question if CAF potentiates or diminishes the hepatotoxicity caused by extensive exposure of APAP partly remains open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer the question, the risk of harm from an energy drink after ingestion of 1G of acetaminophen is close to nil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the maximum dose of acetaminophen, in adults this is 1G q4 - q6 hourly to a maximum of 4G and not 2G as mentioned in the other answer.  The makers of Tylenol have suggested that this be reduced to 3G since people often combine analgesics without realizing that the other product might also contain acetaminophen, but this doesn't change the fact that the safe dose from all sources remains 4G daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2007/september/news-release-mixing-large-doses-of-both-acetaminophen-painkiller-and-caffeine-may-increase-risk-of-liver-damage.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2007/september/news-release-mixing-large-doses-of-both-acetaminophen-painkiller-and-caffeine-may-increase-risk-of-liver-damage.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321810/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321810/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/acetaminophen-safety-be-cautious-but-not-afraid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/acetaminophen-safety-be-cautious-but-not-afraid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-03T19:44:23.663" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15488" CreationDate="2018-03-04T00:34:58.037" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by enzymes...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/2011/02/the-physiology-of-stress-cortisol-and-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis/#.Wps9IYJG2jQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dartmouth University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found some sites that mentioned that higher cholestrol resulted from people who were more stressed, but I believe there might be a confounding factor whereby people eat more unhealthy foods to compensate for stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that reducing cholestrol would lead to a direct, causational decrease in cortisol production? I wonder, is there a precise biological mechanism whereby we can reduce stress by reducing cholestrol intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="140" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T02:33:32.413" Title="Is it possible to reduce stress by directly reducing cholestrol intake?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15487" CreationDate="2018-03-04T02:33:32.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. It is not possible &quot;that reducing cholestrol would lead to a direct, causational decrease in cortisol production?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a little and a bigger flaw in this thought. Cholesterol &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/12368/is-eating-too-much-cholesterol-bad/13943#13943&quot;&gt;is not &quot;bad&quot;&lt;/a&gt; and it is not an essential nutrient. That means, &lt;em&gt;reduced &lt;strong&gt;intake&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of this substance results usually just in &lt;em&gt;increased &lt;strong&gt;synthesis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of that substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid molecule, and &lt;strong&gt;is biosynthesized by all animal cells, because it is an essential structural component of all animal cell membranes and is essential to maintain both membrane structural integrity and fluidity.&lt;/strong&gt; Cholesterol allows animal cells to function without a cell wall (which in other species protects membrane integrity and cell viability); this allows animal cells to change shape rapidly. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, it is not true that high cholesterol &gt; leads to/causes &gt; high cortisol &gt;  leads to/causes &gt; high stress.  It is more the other way around. Reduce stress and you reduce cortisol production and bad levels/ratios of lipoproteins (&quot;high cholesterol&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The second major physiological stress, the HPA axis regulates the release of cortisol, which influences many bodily functions such as metabolic, psychological and immunological functions. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;compare&lt;/a&gt; with.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Completely blocking cholesterol intake &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; synthesis would be quite deadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T02:33:32.413" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15490" CreationDate="2018-03-04T07:48:59.447" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient has been diagnosed with a condition by a specialist, unknown to the GP. The specialist prescribes a medication. A month later the patient visits his GP, but three days prior to his appointment he discontinues the medication prescribed by the specialist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should the GP do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He should advise the patient to resume the medication.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He should advise the patient not to resume the medication until the GP has seen the report from the specialist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He should not advise anything until seeing the specialist's report.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13091" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T07:58:23.647" Title="What should a GP do if a patient unilaterally discontinues the prescription of a specialist?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-03-06T12:16:08.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15489" CreationDate="2018-03-04T08:37:03.247" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If the patient quit without sophisticated reason, a GP usually would advise the patient to resume the medication.&lt;/strong&gt;  They would also, of course, review the specialist's report when available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sophisticated reasons include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;quitting due to side effects.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;quitting due to intake provides difficulty (fear of injections, fear of pills etc.).   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other medical conditions the specialist wasn‘t aware of.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;new medication prescribed from another therapist&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and many more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such cases, the GP would do whatever is appropriate, but these edge cases are very much reliant on every single case, and as such unfitting for the Q&amp;amp;A format of SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-03-06T07:58:23.647" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T07:58:23.647" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15494" CreationDate="2018-03-04T17:18:31.430" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do Fiber Powders such as Konsyl, Benefiber, etc list Fiber (usually 5 g per serving), followed by Soluble Fiber (usually 3 to 5 g per serving)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/dietary-fiber-the-natural-solution-for-constipation#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMd&lt;/a&gt; insoluble fibers are better for constipation than soluble fibers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/18528-foods-prevent-constipation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong&lt;/a&gt; lists foods to prevent constipation, all of them are insoluble fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would think that Fiber Powders (to relieve constipation) emphasize insoluble fiber content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone clarify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13103" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T19:08:28.430" Title="Why do Fiber Powders (to relieve Constipation) Emphasize Soluble Fiber rather than Insoluble Fiber" Tags="&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15492" CreationDate="2018-03-04T19:08:28.430" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you use insoluble fibers you're just adding to the bulk of your meal.  Soluble fibers mean that they can be dissolved ( soluble ) which can then be taken as a drink.  And as they pass through the colon they absorb more water increasing the stool bulk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And of course we advise people to increase their insoluble fiber intake, but that's usually in the form of food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/insoluble-soluble-fiber&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/insoluble-soluble-fiber&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T19:08:28.430" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15398" CreationDate="2018-03-04T23:11:35.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The European Union has only accepted two health benefits from the consumption of wheat bran&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increase in faecal bulk&#xA;  The claimed effect is ‘intestinal health: faecal bulking’. The target population is assumed to be the general population. The panel considers that an increase in faecal bulk might be a beneficial physiological effect. In weighing the evidence, the panel took into account that the majority of the human intervention studies showed a consistent effect of wheat bran fibre on faecal bulk and that no threshold dose for the effect can be established. A linear dose dependent relationship was demonstrated in several studies.&#xA;  The claimed effects are ‘gut health’ and ‘intestinal transit time, intestinal health’. The target population is assumed to be the general population. In the context of the clarifications provided by Member States, the panel assumes that the claimed effect refers to a reduction in intestinal transit time. The panel considers that a reduction in intestinal transit time within the normal range might be a beneficial physiological effect. In weighing the evidence, the panel took into account that the studies provided consistently indicated that wheat bran fibre consumed at an amount of at least 10 g/day decreased intestinal transit time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim for nutrients provided by wheat bran would likely have been rejected on account of the anti-nutrient phytic acid which is tightly bound to minerals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most of the minerals in wheat kernels are present as complexes with phytic acid. Mature wheat grain has high phytase activity, hydrolysing phytates and making the minerals nutritionally available (Brinch-Pedersen et al. 2002). However, the presence of phytate has been considered as an anti-nutrient in humans because of its effect on the bioavailability of iron, magnesium, zinc and calcium. While the mechanism is not entirely understood, it is suggested that phytic acid binds strongly with these mineral cations to form phytate–mineral complexes, changing their solubility, functionality absorption and digestibility (Rickard and Thompson 1997). Consequently, the complex cannot be absorbed or easily hydrolysed by the human body and so there is an adverse effect on bioavailability of minerals (Harland and Harland 1980).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so the status of nutrient access from wheat bran remains unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those issues don't apply so much to shredded wheat which is the whole grain being cooked and shredded as the amount of phytic acid is much less.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507301/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507301/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-04T23:52:05.757" LastActivityDate="2018-03-04T23:52:05.757" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-05T01:28:55.777" Score="5" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some forms of tinnitus are caused by damage to the microscopic hairs in the inner ear, that, once damaged, can send electrical signals that cause the ringing sound. So wouldn't that mean that just eliminating the hairs entirely would cure the tinnitus? Deafness would be caused but some people would likely find living with no sound at all more preferable to constant ringing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13108" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T21:59:46.967" Title="Can induced deafness cure tinnitus" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-05T01:40:09.987" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am confused about whether the heart stops beating during cardiac arrest or not. The answer in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/15130/what-really-happens-to-the-heart-during-cardiac-arrest-and-why-is-an-aed-useful&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; question states, &quot;the heart does not pump blood sufficiently to sustain life.&quot; Isn't that the definition of heart failure?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gizmodo.com/why-shocking-a-flat-lined-heart-cant-get-it-going-ag-1376053985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; article states that a flat-lined heart can not be revived. However, in the case of cardiac arrest, the patient's heart can be revived. If this article is correct, then the heart does not stop beating aka flat lines when it is in cardiac arrest. However, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/sudden-cardiac-arrest&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article,  it is clearly stated that the heart stops beating during an ongoing cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, which is correct? Does the heart stop beating during a cardiac arrest, or no? If it does stop beating, how is that not the definition of death? Does a person have any consciousness in this time? Do they have an neurons firing in the brain? Since the brain doesn't die a few minutes after death, is the person able to hear, feel pain, think or feel any stimulus while they are in cardiac arrest? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6666" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T20:23:57.890" Title="What happens to the heart during cardiac arrest?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;cardiac-arrest&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15497" CreationDate="2018-03-05T06:36:30.737" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, a heart does not necessarily stop beating during cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest occurs any tine the heart cannot pump blood to the brain at a rate/volume sufficient for the patient to remain conscious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From your second link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand SCA [sudden cardiac arrest], it helps to understand how the heart works. The heart has an electrical system that controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. Problems with the heart's electrical system can cause irregular heartbeats called arrhythmias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many types of arrhythmias. During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. &lt;strong&gt;Some arrhythmias can cause the heart to stop pumping blood to the body—these arrhythmias cause SCA.&lt;/strong&gt; [emphasis mine]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient can be in ventricular tachycardia (VT or Vtach) and still be awake. If they are, they are in Vtach, and treated as such. If their Vtach is in fact enough to cause compromised flow to the brain and the patient passed out, it's a cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congestive heart failure is a different animal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heart has cells which are supposed to fire synchronously. This is what allows the heart to pump effectively. Tachycardia means too fast, and if it's too fast, the ventricles can't fill enough to pump effective amounts to the brain. Fibrillation (&amp;quot;VFib&amp;quot;) is when the cardiac cells which have some &amp;quot;pacemaker&amp;quot; activity are firing asynchronously, which means blood isn't getting pumped. The heart may not be beating in an organized fashion, but it's not at a standstill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Administering a shock causes all of the units to fire at once (which causes a temporary asystole), in the hopes that when electrical activity resumes (after giving a shock, we wait and look at the monitor to see if there is a regular heart beat, we do not start CPR unless there is not), it will do so in an orderly, synchronous manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In asystole (flat line), there is no longer any effective electrical activity of the heart. There is basically no disorganized electrical activity to try to reset with a shock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why it makes no sense to shock someone in asystole. On television, people in flatline are shocked into a stable sinus rhythm. That just doesn't happen in real life. Neither does a deep breath and fluttering open of eyelids, as often shown on television when someone arrests and resuscitation is successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/757257-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asystole&lt;/a&gt; @ Medscape.com&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/757257-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of Asystole&lt;/a&gt; @ Medscape.com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T20:23:57.890" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-05T16:21:23.987" Score="0" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm told that paramedics, when transporting an unconscious person, ask family/friends if they have any mental illnesses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does gender dysphoria qualify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13110" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-12T10:03:15.550" LastActivityDate="2021-01-12T10:03:15.550" Title="Does gender dysphoria qualify as a mental illness when talking to paramedics?" Tags="&lt;unconsciousness&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;&lt;united-kingdom&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-05T23:16:49.400" Score="1" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;My eyes have the problem of keratoconus and the last 10 years I live using rigid gas contact lenses. The last years piggy-backs. But I am not so satisfied with the precision and accuracy. To be more specific, I am not feeling that in our times this field is up to date. It is still in Machine Age. Nothing in harmony with the Information Age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am wondering, I am kind of crazy to miss a contact lens with cpu and ram or something like that, being able to see other galaxies? On the other hand, these rigid gas ones are relatively cheap (100 - 200 Euro), and you can use them for 1-2 years but I can afford even 5000 euros every 6 months to have something better. But capitalism does not give me this opportunity. Hard and Scleral ones are on the same level, nothing completely serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions: Does this field really have problem of not being up to date? Why it happens? Or I have not understood something well? It is expected a new generation of contact lenses soon, and how it will be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you all for your answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13113" LastActivityDate="2018-09-11T16:02:04.290" Title="The next generation of contact lenses" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;&lt;keratoconus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15505" CreationDate="2018-03-06T10:21:29.030" Score="3" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any idea why there is such a strict age limit for this vaccine? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/rotavirus/public/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13115" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T11:46:59.047" Title="Why is the Rotavirus vaccine can be given only until the age of 8 months and 0 days?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15503" CreationDate="2018-03-06T11:46:59.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2012/april/rvagerestriction_WHO_Mar28.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization: Age restrictions for rotavirus vaccination: evidence-based analysis of rotavirus mortality reduction versus risk of fatal intussusception by mortality stratum,2012, page 5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHO currently recommends that rotavirus vaccines should not be&#xA;  initiated for infants aged 15 weeks or older, with all doses being&#xA;  completed by 32 weeks.  &lt;strong&gt;These age restrictions are driven by&#xA;  concerns about intussusception risk.&lt;/strong&gt; Natural intussusception rarely&#xA;  occurs before 3 months of age and the incidence increases 10-fold&#xA;  between 3 and 6 months of age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Intussusception is a type of bowel blockage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-03-06T11:46:59.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T03:58:30.737" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that is most characterised by a progressive destructive joint disease that is traditionally managed with disease modifying drugs.  If these fail to control the disease, then patients are either switched to monoclonal drugs that target the TNF receptor - either soluble or membrane bound, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives to anti-TNF drugs include Rituximab which is an monoclonal directed against CD20 lymphocytes, and Tocilizumab which is an IL-6 inhibitor.  And there are others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What biological factors influence the choice of either an TNF-i or the alternatives after DMARD failure (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T03:58:30.737" Title="What's next after DMARD failure in rheumatoid arthritis?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15536" CreationDate="2018-03-07T04:06:57.113" Score="6" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pneumocystis jiroveci, the cause of  Pneumocystis pneumonia, was mainly a disease that was associated with HIV.  However, immunosuppression as a result of the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as giant cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and polymyositis also places patients at risk of PCP (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia).  And there is the additional complication that these patients may be on Methotrexate which is a folate antagonist as is cotrimoxazole exposing patients to significant risk of agranulocytosis when prescribed concurrently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the recommendations for PCP prophylaxis in these conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T00:33:58.900" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T00:33:58.900" Title="When is PCP prophylaxis necessary in non-HIV patients?" Tags="&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;&lt;pcp&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T06:20:58.790" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781719_7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;twin cycle hypothesis&lt;/a&gt; states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accumulation of fat in liver and secondarily in the pancreas will lead to self-reinforcing cycles that interact to bring about type 2 diabetes. Fatty liver leads to impaired fasting glucose metabolism and increases export of VLDL triacylglycerol,[85] which increases fat delivery to all tissues, including the islets. The liver and pancreas cycles drive onward after diagnosis with steadily decreasing β-cell function. However, of note, observations of the reversal of type 2 diabetes confirm that if the primary influence of positive calorie balance is removed, then the processes are reversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the current application of that data to the management of type 2 diabetes in the community?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T06:20:58.790" Title="What's the latest application of data on the twin cycle hypothesis?" Tags="&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15514" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15518" CreationDate="2018-03-07T06:24:18.953" Score="4" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the title says, what are contraindications of providing a patient oxygen &lt;em&gt;in the emergency system outside of hospitals&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T16:53:47.910" Title="Contraindications for administrating oxygen" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1264" CreationDate="2018-03-07T06:25:41.727" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only known non-surgical method of gaining height at this age is to go into space.  Without the pull of earth's ground level gravity astronauts have been shown to gain height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Astronauts in space can grow up to 3 percent taller during the time spent living in microgravity, NASA scientists say. That means that a 6-foot-tall (1.8 meters) person could gain as many as 2 inches (5 centimeters) while in orbit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this height is lost once earth's full gravity is restored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.space.com/19116-astronauts-taller-space-spines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.space.com/19116-astronauts-taller-space-spines.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T06:25:41.727" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15514" CreationDate="2018-03-07T06:36:18.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clearly if there's a risk of fire, then giving oxygen outside the hospital risks fire.  And in neonates, high flow oxygen can cause oxygen toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no such risk, then the main objection is that by removing the hypoxic respiratory drive in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure the patient then stops breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risks of oxygen therapy are oxygen toxicity and carbon dioxide narcosis. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity rarely occurs when a fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired gas (FiO2) lower than 0.6 is used; therefore, an attempt to lower the inspired oxygen concentration to this level should be made in critically ill patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbon dioxide narcosis occasionally occurs when some patients with hypercapnia are given oxygen to breathe. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) increases sharply and progressively with severe respiratory acidosis, somnolence, and coma. The mechanism is primarily the reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction and the increase in dead space ventilation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167981-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167981-treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With particular reference to those prone to respiratory failure, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/63/Suppl_6/vi1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTS 2008 guidelines&lt;/a&gt; state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some patients with COPD and other conditions are&#xA;vulnerable to repeated episodes of hypercapnic respiratory&#xA;failure. In these cases it is recommended that treatment&#xA;should be based on the results of previous blood gas&#xA;estimations during acute exacerbations because hypercapnic&#xA;respiratory failure can occur even if the saturation is&#xA;below 88%. For patients with prior hypercapnic failure&#xA;(requiring non-invasive ventilation or intermittent positive&#xA;pressure ventilation) who do not have an alert card, it is&#xA;recommended that treatment should be commenced using&#xA;a 28% Venturi mask at 4 l/min in prehospital care or a 24%&#xA;Venturi mask at 2–4 l/min in hospital settings with an&#xA;initial target saturation of 88–92% pending urgent blood&#xA;gas results. These patients should be treated as a high&#xA;priority by emergency services and the oxygen dose should&#xA;be reduced if the saturation exceeds 92%. [Grade D]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T17:17:07.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T07:10:13.250" Score="7" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most commonly prescribed treatment for osteoporosis is bisphosphonate therapy eg. Alendronate and Zolendronic Acid (by infusion).  It's a common practice to stop therapy after 5 years, and then monitor bone markers to see if the osteoporosis is continuing.  This seems to have arisen as a result of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480549/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;atypical femoral fractures&lt;/a&gt; that occurred on bisphosphonate therapy possibly on the basis of accumulated microcracks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But some patients need to continue steroids which leads to continuing bone loss off therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the risk of an atypical fracture with continued treatment vs a fracture from ceasing anti-osteoporosis treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T18:15:25.253" LastActivityDate="2020-11-11T02:56:49.793" Title="Is a drug holiday off bisphosphonate therapy a valid strategy in the management of osteoporosis?" Tags="&lt;osteoporosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15522" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T08:32:01.227" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a book by Thomas Seyfried, a professor of biology, that claims cancer is a metabolic disease and that it can be treated with diet, specifically a ketogenic diet as aberrant mitchondria are said to be underlie cancer, and you can starve them by using ketone bodies instead of glucose to fuel the body without fueling the cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He presents some poor data from the treatment of glioblastomas and from this makes this claim&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet can replace chemotherapy and radiation for even the deadliest of cancers, said Dr. Thomas Seyfried, a leading cancer researcher and professor at Boston College.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any high quality evidence at all for the role of ketogenic diets in the management of a malignancy that is exhibiting the Warburg effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T13:17:09.487" Title="Does the Warburg effect have any relevance to the effective treatment of cancer with diet?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T08:44:18.660" Score="6" ViewCount="408" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sarcopenia is an almost inevitable accompaniment of aging, and we know that reduced physical strength leads to increased morbidity.  For example failing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/26/sitting-rising-test-life-expectancy-fitness/24076407/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sitting rising test&lt;/a&gt; can predict increased mortality of 500% over 5 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there good evidence to show that sarcopenia can be slowed by exercise and diet, or even by anabolic steroids?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-06-12T20:48:58.850" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T20:48:58.850" Title="How does one manage sarcopenia as one ages?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15523" CreationDate="2018-03-07T16:35:01.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Morley (2016)&lt;/a&gt; states &lt;strong&gt;(with more references than I am copying across here)&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At a basic level, protein synthesis and/or degradation are controlled by activation of the insulin or IGF-&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; receptor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HT7g7.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HT7g7.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The primary treatment of sarcopenia is resistance exercise. As was shown by the LIFE study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266388/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pahor,&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.&amp;nbsp;2014&lt;/a&gt;), aerobic exercise can also decrease functional decline in lower limb muscles. Exercise has also been shown to be an important therapeutic approach to reversing frailty. There is evidence to support that excess protein [1–1.2 g (kj day)] may also enhance muscle mass and, to a lesser extent, function (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bauer,&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.&amp;nbsp;2013&lt;/a&gt;). This is particularly true for leucine enriched essential amino acids (whey protein). Essential amino acid supplementation prevents muscle mass loss due to bed rest. A recent multicenter study has shown that whey protein together with vitamin D increased both muscle mass and stair climb. There is some evidence for synergistic effects of exercise and protein to enhance muscle function. Vitamin D supplementation increases muscle strength without increasing muscle mass or power. Vitamin D is more effective in older persons and those with low vitamin D levels. It also decreases falls in persons who are vitamin D deficient. At present, no drugs have been shown to be clinically more therapeutically effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For exercise and diet there is the following from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Waters,&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.&amp;nbsp;(2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With exception of ACEI as a pharmaceutical intervention, the most compelling evidence to combat sarcopenia is resistance training either alone or in combination with nutritional supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For anabolic steroids/SARMs, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Morley (2016)&lt;/a&gt;, states that with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nandrolone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;there is no evidence that it increased strength&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MK&lt;sub&gt;0773&lt;/sub&gt; (TFM-&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;AS-&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;a &lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-aza steroidal drug that has androgen gene selectivity. In females, it increased IGF-&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; as well as stair climbing power and gait speed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Papanicolaou,&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.&amp;nbsp;2013&lt;/a&gt;). This study was terminated because of an increased signal for cardiac failure. In women with sarcopenia, it increased muscle mass, bilateral leg press, and stair climbing power but not gait speed (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clinicaltrials.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/a&gt;). The study in males was reported at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewcollection/14753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90th Endocrine Society in 2008&lt;/a&gt;. It showed anabolic effects of MK&lt;sub&gt;0773&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Enobosarm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;In a 12-week study, increased total lean mass and stair climb (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177038/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dalton,&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.&amp;nbsp;2011&lt;/a&gt;). In female patients with cancer, enobosarm increased lean mass compared to baseline, but not significantly compared to placebo&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Overall, these studies of SARMs have shown no advantage over testosterone.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Growth Hormone/Insulin Growth Factor-&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Increased nitrogen retention and increased muscle mass&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ghrelin antagonists&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Overall, while ghrelin agonists will increase food intake and muscle mass, it is unlikely that they will produce a significant effect on function in persons with sarcopenia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myostatin antibodies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Increased lean body mass and handgrip&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Activin &lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;R antagonists&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Increased thigh muscle volume, muscle mass, and 6-min walk distance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (perindopril)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Increased distance walked and decreased hip fracture&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Espindolol (B&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;/B&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/B&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; adrenergic receptor antagonist)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Maintains muscle mass and increased hand grip strength&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fast skeletal muscle troponin activators (Tirasemtiv)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Improves muscle function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., ... &amp;amp; Visvanathan, R. (2013). Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. Journal of the american Medical Directors association, 14(8), 542-559.&lt;br&gt;PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867520&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;23867520&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dalton, J. T., Barnette, K. G., Bohl, C. E., Hancock, M. L., Rodriguez, D., Dodson, S. T., ... &amp;amp; Steiner, M. S. (2011). The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx‐024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase II trial. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2(3), 153-161.&lt;br&gt;PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22031847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;22031847&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177038/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC3177038&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0034-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13539-011-0034-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Morley, J. E. (2016). Pharmacologic options for the treatment of sarcopenia. Calcified tissue international, 98(4), 319-333.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pahor, M., Guralnik, J. M., Ambrosius, W. T., Blair, S., Bonds, D. E., Church, T. S., ... &amp;amp; King, A. C. (2014). Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. Jama, 311(23), 2387-2396.&lt;br&gt;PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866862&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;24866862&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266388/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4266388&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5616&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1001/jama.2014.5616&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Papanicolaou, D. A., Ather, S. N., Zhu, H., Zhou, Y., Lutkiewicz, J., Scott, B. B., &amp;amp; Chandler, J. (2013). A phase IIA randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to study the efficacy and safety of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), MK-0773 in female participants with sarcopenia. The journal of nutrition, health &amp;amp; aging, 17(6), 533-543.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23732550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;23732550&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-013-0335-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s12603-013-0335-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waters, D. L., Baumgartner, R. N., Garry, P. J., &amp;amp; Vellas, B. (2010). Advantages of dietary, exercise-related, and therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat sarcopenia in adult patients: an update. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Interventions in aging&lt;/em&gt;, 5(1), 259—270.&lt;br&gt;PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2938033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2938033&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-03-07T17:41:32.793" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T17:41:32.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-07T19:53:39.573" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;An idea that has been passed around lately as a way of hitting two major birds with one stone — carbon dioxide pollution from industrial activities and food shortages — is diverting carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and factories to greenhouses and algae farms to improve growth rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While certainly an intriguing idea to reduce pollution while simultaneously increasing crop yields, do toxic gases in industrial emissions pose a threat to public health by potentially making crops grown using this technology toxic, or is there some element of how plants process these gases that eliminates or at least greatly reduces such risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Seeing as this question lives in the intersect of biology and health, I've cross-posted it &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/71163&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2018-03-07T19:57:37.383" LastActivityDate="2018-03-07T19:57:37.383" Title="Would using industrial carbon dioxide emissions to grow plants or algae pose a threat to public health?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2018-03-11T06:27:15.403" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15509" CreationDate="2018-03-07T20:01:21.557" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the breadth of knowledge and clinical experience required to answer this question in full (and given that it is not typically something I deal with in my specialty), I will rely heavily on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-pneumocystis-pneumonia-in-hiv-uninfected-patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this UpToDate article&lt;/a&gt;.  To summarize:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research involving &lt;em&gt;non-HIV&lt;/em&gt; immunosuppressed patients mostly involve &lt;strong&gt;patients with cancer&lt;/strong&gt; (especially receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants [HCT] ) and &lt;strong&gt;solid organ transplant recipients&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;no published guidelines&lt;/strong&gt; for PCP prophylaxis among patients with rheumatologic diseases receiving immunosuppressive drugs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25269391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; performed in 2014 including 13 trials and involving 1,412 patients suggests that &lt;strong&gt;PCP prophylaxis using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), commonly referred to as Bactrim, is recommended in &lt;em&gt;non-HIV&lt;/em&gt; immunosuppressed patients when the risk of PCP exceeds approximately 6%&lt;/strong&gt;. The number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to prevent PCP was reported as 19 patients (95% CI 17 to 42).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patient populations considered at great enough risk to necessitate PCP prophylaxis include patients:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;receiving a glucocorticoid dose equivalent greater than or equal to 20mg daily for one month or longer &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; another concomitant cause of immunocompromise;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;receiving temozolomide and radiotherapy, until recovery of lymphopenia;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL);&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;receiving allogeneic HCT for as long as immunosuppressive therapy is given;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;certain autologous HCT recipients;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;solid organ transplant recipients, usually for 6-12 months following transplantation;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;with certain primary immunodeficiencies (severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID], CD4 T-lymphocytopenia, hyper-IgM syndrome, etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;those receiving a purine analog in combination with cyclophosphamide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above bullet points are sourced from multiple studies; I have obviously not taken the time to perform a full literature review and suggest you dig further into those resources if you need more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In regards to the safety of using methotrexate with cotrimoxazole; this appears to be a very real but rare risk. I am not aware of any studies that bear out the extent of this risk or the incidence of co-toxicity, but the authors of the UpToDate article do suggest that &lt;strong&gt;low prophylactic doses of TMP-SMX should be safe in patients receiving MTX.&lt;/strong&gt; Some published authors would disagree. I have personally discussed this risk with a rheumatologist in my hospital who agrees with the above statement. Obviously, this is only one doctor's experience and opinion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a patient can not take TMP-SMX or you would prefer to use a different agent due to the risk of myelosuppression, alternatives include &lt;em&gt;dapsone&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;atovaquone&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The typical PCP prophylactic dose is usually &lt;strong&gt;1 Bactrim double-strength tablet daily&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;three times per week&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12870" LastEditorUserId="12870" LastEditDate="2018-03-08T00:14:53.797" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T00:14:53.797" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10783" CreationDate="2018-03-08T02:03:37.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pneumococcal pneumonia was the most prevalent form of bacterial pneumonia in the community at over 70% of cases but that number has drastically fallen presumably due to the use of pneumococcal vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment in S pneumoniae infections. Until the 1970s, essentially all pneumococcal isolates were sensitive to easily achievable levels of most commonly used antibiotics, including penicillins, macrolides, clindamycin, cephalosporins, rifampin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Beginning in the 1990s, many pneumococcal isolates in the United States showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly used antibiotics. Continued increases in these isolates have led to the need for re-establishment of susceptibility standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 2007, isolates of drug-resistant S pneumoniae have become increasingly common worldwide. The CDC, as well as many state health departments, maintain a population-based surveillance system (the ABC system) that investigates the epidemiology and susceptibility patterns of invasive pneumococcal infections in the United States. In 2010, only 10.6% of all isolates obtained showed intermediate or resistant susceptibility patterns to penicillin (down from 24.8% in 2008; 25.6% in 2007). [6] The prevalence of resistance varies greatly among countries, states, counties, and within populations in particular cities and may be as high as 30%-40% in some locations. [85, 86] Resistance rates are generally higher in most European countries, as well as in Hong Kong and Thailand. [87, 88]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With such high resistance rates, Penicillin is not recommended as drug of first choice to treat pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225811-medication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225811-medication&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/diagnosis-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/diagnosis-treatment.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T02:03:37.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15540" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15541" CreationDate="2018-03-08T02:40:20.120" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180308023625/http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/98465-elysium-basis-trial-published-repeat-dose-nr-pterostilbene-increases-nad-levels-in-humans/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20180308023625/http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/98465-elysium-basis-trial-published-repeat-dose-nr-pterostilbene-increases-nad-levels-in-humans/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As you may recall in the Personal Experiences thread here on LC a number of people (tentatively) attributed their tendonitis to taking NR [nicotinamide riboside].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does ingesting nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplements have a deleterious effect on tendons? I'm looking for scientific studies or sound reasoning  (less preferable but still could be interesting).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T03:54:26.430" Title="Does ingesting nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplements have a deleterious effect on tendons?" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;nicotinamide-riboside&gt;&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15540" CreationDate="2018-03-08T03:54:26.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no data to suggest that is the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The placebo controlled safety study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-017-0016-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-017-0016-9&lt;/a&gt; found no differences in musculoskeletal adverse side effects between active and control groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T03:54:26.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-08T10:28:01.823" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can some eye conditions be explained by a problem in a given spine vertebra? We know that the spine is connected to the nervous system, I already saw some charts connecting each vertebra to an organ and the C-2 was defined for eyes and optic nerves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12815" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T07:33:30.597" Title="Can spine misalignment be responsible for eye conditions?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15544" CreationDate="2018-03-08T16:43:00.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not that I'm aware.  You might see this referred to in Chiropractic charts but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chiropractic&lt;/a&gt; is an alternative non-science based system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine. Proponents claim that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system. These claims are not backed by any evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Sources cited by the wikipedia article:&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;- Ernst E (May 2008). &amp;quot;Chiropractic: a critical evaluation&amp;quot;. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 35 (5): 544–62. doi:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2007.07.004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;- &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chiropractic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chiropractic&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. NHS Choices. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-08T17:02:25.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15496" CreationDate="2018-03-08T19:59:00.320" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes (and yes, deafening has been used as a treatment for some patients).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tinnitus has multiple causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the mechanisms of tinnitus are not completely understood, many forms of sustained tinnitus are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; caused by activity in hair cells. Rather, the causes involve auditory brain regions beyond the inner ear, likely due to those circuits no longer receiving the input they used to receive after damage to the cochlea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hearing damage in certain frequencies both kills the hair cells (causing deafness) and also induces tinnitus. Therefore, deafness as a cure for tinnitus seems not only undesirable but quite counterproductive in those cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, cochlear implants have in some cases reduced tinnitus, and this is effectively the opposite solution: restoring some version of lost hearing, rather than removing what remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Deafening can be a cure for peripheral (originating in the ear) tinnitus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some forms of tinnitus seem to have a peripheral origin. For example, tinnitus may occur when there is a selective loss of outer but not inner hair cells in a region of the cochlea. In this context, lesioning those inner hair cells could possibly solve the problem, while also deafening the patient at those frequencies. I am unaware, however, of a surgical procedure that can successfully produce such a selective lesion (please comment if anyone knows differently).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Curing tinnitus by lesioning the auditory nerve (thereby deafening the patient) &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; cure tinnitus in some patients. However, deafening a patient is a rather severe course of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, tinnitus refers to a spectrum of conditions, and depending on the causes in a particular patient, completely different courses of action may be appropriate. Deafening can cure tinnitus in some intractable cases, but is completely inappropriate in others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Arts, R. A., George, E. L., Stokroos, R. J., &amp;amp; Vermeire, K. (2012). cochlear implants as a treatment of tinnitus in single-sided deafness. Current opinion in otolaryngology &amp;amp; head and neck surgery, 20(5), 398-403.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Baguley, D. M. (2002). Mechanisms of tinnitus. British medical bulletin, 63(1), 195-212.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Baguley, D. M., &amp;amp; Atlas, M. D. (2007). Cochlear implants and tinnitus. Progress in brain research, 166, 347-355.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hesse, G. (2016). Evidence and Lack of Evidence in the Treatment of Tinnitus. Laryngo-rhino-otologie, 95, S155-91.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Jackson, P. (1985). A comparison of the effects of eighth nerve section with lidocaine on tinnitus. The Journal of Laryngology &amp;amp; Otology, 99(7), 663-666.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pulec, J. L. (1995). Cochlear nerve section for intractable tinnitus. Ear, nose, &amp;amp; throat journal, 74(7), 468-470.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T21:59:46.967" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T21:59:46.967" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-08T22:30:35.723" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;For reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-scientists-explain-mechanism-that-makes-their-mouthwash-so-effective-against-tooth-decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-scientists-explain-mechanism-that-makes-their-mouthwash-so-effective-against-tooth-decay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antimicrobial peptides as mouthwash were first invented in 2011 at UCLA according to this article. There was a brief burst of news/media attention around them in 2015 and then nothing. What happened to them? Are these mouthwashes available anywhere (including outside the U.S. or in experiments/clinical trials) and where can I get them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several searches for where to buy them turned up nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extra credit question: could this approach be used as a substitute for antibiotics in certain applications or deployed against bacteria that are dangerously resistant to regular antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T03:28:38.697" Title="Is targeted antimicrobial peptide mouthwash currently available anywhere (including experimentally)?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-08T22:56:18.557" Score="4" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intuitively the standard practice of using only 1 antibiotic for a standard (non-resistant) infection poses the highest risk of developing resistance (because the bacterial population only has to beat the antibiotic it faces).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if every antibiotic prescription had to be a mix of 2 or more antibiotics with different modes of action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming all the bacteria in a given population have to &quot;develop&quot; (mutate) antibiotic resistance on their own (could be as a plasmid or part of the bacterial genome, no cheating allowed via plasmid or gene transfer from bacteria outside the population), then resistance mutations would occur randomly with a low but significant chance per replication. If the bacterial population has to face 2 fundamentally different antibiotics at the same time, then bacteria that want to survive have to develop resistance to both (at the same time) which would be another order of difficulty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mathematically, if the chance per replication of developing resistance to each of the 2 antibiotics can be written as 1/A and 1/B respectively (where A and B are large numbers), then the chance of a bacterial cell replicating a mutant that survives the 2-antibiotic mix is (1/A) * (1/B). For a 3-antibiotic mix the chance becomes (1/A) * (1/B) * (1/C). As more are added to the mix, the survival chances quickly get astronomically stacked against the bacteria, with none of them surviving or getting a chance to spread resistance. &lt;strong&gt;Importantly, this formula assumes that all antibiotics in the mix use different enough modes of action that resistance to 1 of them doesn't significantly confer resistance to any other in the mix.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T22:28:01.410" Title="Should mixtures of antibiotics become standard practice to curb antibiotic resistance?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15552" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15549" CreationDate="2018-03-09T03:28:38.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That trial was from Colgate Palmolive and it doesn't appear to have lead to a commercial product yet.  The approach seems flawed anyway as you'll just create a selection pressure to develop resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More promising alternatives are available in the form of probiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5688201/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5688201/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T03:28:38.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3598" CreationDate="2018-03-09T03:35:23.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of the sheer number of scams and misinformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few quick searches will turn up tons of &quot;natural&quot; or &quot;alternative&quot; medicine that doesn't work (in fact, a lot of these scam sites manipulate search rankings to show up on the first few pages). In the context of cancer, these are dangerous for 2 reasons: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Natural treatments&quot;, &quot;alternatives&quot;, and &quot;supplements&quot; are largely exempt from common-sense safety standards and in some cases contain undisclosed allergens or ineffective/poisonous fraudulent substitutions (for a quick example see&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/herbal-supplements-are-often-not-what-they-seem.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/herbal-supplements-are-often-not-what-they-seem.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People may see these supplements or advice as a &quot;miracle treatment&quot; and stop taking their meds. Or the &quot;natural alternative&quot; could have dangerous biochemical interactions when taken with normal meds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asking questions on open forums (&quot;polling the audience&quot;) can quickly get you a lot of misinformed, false, or bad advice just because many people don't know any better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T03:35:23.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14421" CreationDate="2018-03-09T04:21:43.597" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Major Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; Corrected extremely incorrect stats&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vagina, being &quot;designed&quot; (evolutionary speaking) for intercourse, has a lining which is reasonably good at fending off pathogens, particularly viruses like HIV. If there are no breaks in this lining (such as from rough sex), the risk of contracting HIV from a single sexual encounter with someone with a high viral load (ie. Lots of virus in their blood, and thus lots to pass on in their other bodily fluids) isn't as high as one might expect. That clearly isn't low enough to condone risky behaviour, but it's enough to affect the spread of the disease, especially because, like many STDs, HIV is more often spread through one-time sexual encounters (mainly casual sex and prostitution) than within a committed relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the rectum (the anus is just the opening; the rectum is the actual part of the gut inside) is not &quot;designed&quot; for intercourse, and has very poor defenses against pathogens. The risk of the receptive partner in anal sex contracting HIV from a penetrating partner with a high viral load is an order of magnitude higher than from vaginally intercourse&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, because of the lack of natural lubrication in the rectum and anal orifice, anal sex is much more likely to result in (minor) damage to the penetrating partner's penis, which increases the risk of the penetrating partner contracting HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rectum &lt;strong&gt;does not contain substantially more HIV particles than the vagina&lt;/strong&gt;; but&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rectum is &lt;strong&gt;more vulnerable to infection&lt;/strong&gt; by the HI virus, and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anal sex is more likely to be &quot;rough&quot; on the penetrating partner's penis, making the penis &lt;strong&gt;more vulnerable to infection by the virus&lt;/strong&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, anal sex (regardless of the sex/gender of the participants) has a &lt;strong&gt;much higher risk of HIV transmission to the receptive partner&lt;/strong&gt;, and a less elevated but still &lt;strong&gt;increased risk of transmission to the penetrating partner&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be part of the reason that HIV was once much more common in the homosexual population. The main reason, though, is that homosexuals and heterosexuals (by definition) don't often have sexual contact with each other, and bisexuality was quite rare in the era when HIV first emerged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most likely, a gay man happened to contract the virus relatively early in its spread (ie. Before it was widespread), purely by chance, and it just took a while for it to &quot;cross the gap&quot; into the heterosexual population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patel, P., Borkowf, C., Brooks, J., Lasry, A., Lansky, A. and Mermin, J. (2014). Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk. AIDS, 28(10), pp.1509-1519.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13137" LastEditorUserId="13137" LastEditDate="2018-03-09T06:11:55.923" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T06:11:55.923" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15544" CreationDate="2018-03-09T07:33:30.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not entirely certain what you mean by &quot;spine misalignment&quot;, but there are certainly traumatic injuries to the cervical neck that can indirectly result in full or partial blindness. This would usually occur due to neurovascular compromise. Cervical artery dissections with subsequent cerebral infarction and homonymous hemianopia are a classic cause of visual loss after trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further reading on post-traumatic visual loss, I would refer you to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998754/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12870" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T07:33:30.597" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15557" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15561" CreationDate="2018-03-09T09:15:02.310" Score="3" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;When antibiotics become necessary I assume that the body can not kill the bacteria on its own and there are no useful anti bodies being built.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in a case where the child is treated with antibiotics and the parents are sick too, isn't it necessary to treat the parents with antibiotics exactly at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the body can't cope with the illness without help, it won't develop immunity and could get infected by the same thing at any time after treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if only the child is treated, but not the parents chances are the parents are going to infect the child again after antibiotics treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the whole family needs to be treated exactly at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T19:58:12.567" Title="Do infected family members need to be treated with antibiotics at the same time?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;parenting&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-09T10:54:16.027" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the role of CT imaging in the diagnosis of small bowel mucosal diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12940" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:42.830" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:43:42.830" Title="Can a CT scan of the abdomen help find unhealthy mucosal lining in the small intestine?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;small-intenstines&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15559" CreationDate="2018-03-09T14:24:26.680" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, an abdominal CT scan can reveal abnormal mucous lining in the small intestine, for example, in Crohn's disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5144110/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;), lymphoma, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional investigations, such as capsule endoscopy and biopsy with histological examination, are usually needed to establish the exact diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T14:24:26.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15557" CreationDate="2018-03-09T16:17:50.387" Score="3" Body="&lt;h1&gt;In some cases, antibiotics are given to close contacts&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacterial &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meningitis&lt;/a&gt; is an example of an infection which antibitics would be given to close contacts of someone suffering from a confirmed case, whether the contacts displayed signs and symptoms of meningitis themselves- a &lt;em&gt;prophylactic&lt;/em&gt; antibiotic supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of official recommendations on this (for the UK at least):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NICE have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cks.nice.org.uk/meningitis-bacterial-meningitis-and-meningococcal-disease#!scenario:2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'managing close contacts' scenario&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prophylaxis against meningococcal disease should be considered for the following close contacts, regardless of meningococcal vaccination status:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who have had prolonged close contact with the case in a household-type setting during the 7 days before onset of illness (for example, people who are living or sleeping in the same household, pupils in the same dormitory, boy/girlfriends, or university students sharing a kitchen in a hall of residence).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotic prophylaxis should be given as soon as possible (ideally within 24 hours) after the diagnosis of the index case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322008/Guidance_for_management_of_meningococcal_disease_pdf.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK government guidance (dating from 2012) on choice of antibiotic&lt;/a&gt; [PDF warning], which recommends ciprofloxacin over rifampicin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T16:17:50.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15559" CreationDate="2018-03-09T16:26:57.277" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.263055162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.263055162&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Computed tomographic (CT) enterography combines the improved spatial and temporal resolution of multi–detector row CT with large volumes of ingested neutral enteric contrast material to permit visualization of the small bowel wall and lumen. Adequate luminal distention can usually be achieved with oral hyperhydration, thereby obviating nasoenteric intubation and making CT enterography a useful, well-tolerated study for the evaluation of diseases affecting the mucosa and bowel wall. Unlike routine CT, which has been used to detect the extraenteric complications of Crohn disease such as fistula and abscess, CT enterography clearly depicts the small bowel inflammation associated with Crohn disease by displaying mural hyperenhancement, stratification, and thickening; engorged vasa recta; and perienteric inflammatory changes. As a result, CT enterography is becoming the first-line modality for the evaluation of suspected inflammatory bowel disease. CT enterography has also become an important alternative to traditional fluoroscopy in the assessment of other small bowel disorders such as celiac sprue and small bowel neoplasms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T16:26:57.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15514" CreationDate="2018-03-09T16:53:47.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to circumstances where an oxygen source would itself be a hazard for external reasons, and in those with chronic type 2 respiratory failure as pointed out &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/15518/8653&quot;&gt;in Graham Chie's answer&lt;/a&gt;; there is a move away from providing supplementary O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in those with myocardial infarction (in line with &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01272713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AVOID&lt;/a&gt;, which assessed both pre- and in-hospital supplementation, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1706222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DETO2X-AMI&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an update to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/oxygen/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BTS Guideline for Oxygen Use in Adults in Healthcare and Emergency Settings&lt;/a&gt; (July 2017), this is stated as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myocardial infarction and acute coronary&#xA;  syndromes  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients with acute coronary artery syndromes are not hypoxaemic and the benefits/harms of oxygen therapy are unknown in such cases. &lt;strong&gt;Unnecessary use of high concentration oxygen may increase infarct size&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-- Table 3, &lt;em&gt;Conditions for which patients should be monitored closely but oxygen therapy is not required unless the patient is hypoxaemic&lt;/em&gt;; emphasis mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other conditions listed in this table include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;stroke&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;Most patients with stroke are not hypoxaemic. Oxygen therapy may be harmful for non-hypoxaemic patients with mild–moderate strokes&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperventilation or dysfunctional breathing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most poisonings and drug overdoses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poisoning with paraquat or bleomycin&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;Patients with paraquat poisoning or bleomycin lung injury may be harmed by supplemental oxygen.&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Metabolic and renal disorders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute and subacute neurological and muscular&#xA;conditions producing muscle weakness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pregnancy and obstetric emergencies&lt;/strong&gt; (&quot;Oxygen therapy may be harmful to the fetus if the mother is not hypoxaemic&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;I have included rationale where potential harm could be considered a contraindication&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, not all of these are necessarily going to be offered supplementary oxygen &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; of a hospital setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This guideline does apply to paramedics and other out-of-hospital users:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.2 Intended users of the guideline and target patient&#xA;  populations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This guideline is mainly intended for use by all healthcare professionals&#xA;  who may be involved in emergency oxygen use. This will include ambulance staff, first responders, paramedics, doctors, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, pharmacists and all other healthcare professionals who may deal with ill or breathless patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8653" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T16:53:47.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-09T17:15:42.200" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Secondary erythrocytosis occurs in Eisenmenger syndrome as opposed to polycythaemia. Haemoglobin levels can be quite high and levels such as 22 g/L are common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phlebotomy is commonly used to treat polycythemia, and to treat the hyperviscosity.  So, is there a role for this in the secondary erythrocytosis of Eisenmenger syndrome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T17:15:42.200" Title="When to phlebotomize in Eisenmenger syndrome?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15557" CreationDate="2018-03-09T19:58:12.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each person needs to be treated on their own merits except in the situation as described in bertieb's answer where you have a highly virulent and potentially lethal infection.  And then there's the question of tuberculosis where infected contacts also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/laboratory/contact-investigation/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;need to be treated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if the parents or other contacts have the same infection, and are not able to clear this themselves, then yes they need to be treated on their own merits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T19:58:12.567" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15550" CreationDate="2018-03-09T20:16:32.360" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is that antibiotics are not without side effects and the use of most antibiotics carry a risk for developing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jwatch.org/na31482/2013/06/24/antibiotic-classes-and-risk-clostridium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clostridium Difficile&lt;/a&gt;.  If you take more than one class of antibiotic, your risk increases based on the risk associated with the second antibiotic if not more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, there's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831151/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deleterious effect&lt;/a&gt; on the human biome when using antibiotic therapy in the first place:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mounting evidence shows that antibiotics influence the function of the immune system, our ability to resist infection, and our capacity for processing food. Therefore, it is now more important than ever to revisit how we use antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, certain bacterial infections are known to develop resistance during the course of treatment, and that's why current antituberculosis therapy uses 4 drugs concurrently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given the complications observed in treatment with streptomycin and the efficacy observed for both streptomycin and PAS individually, the MRC decided to extend their first RCT to include the first combination antimicrobial regimen using both of these agents. In this new trial, the MRC found that, in contrast to streptomycin monotherapy, which yielded streptomycin resistance in 70% of cases after 120 days, combination therapy yielded streptomycin resistance in at most 9% of cases and in 0% of cases in regimens with intermittent streptomycin administration every 3 days &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mbio.asm.org/content/8/2/e01586-16.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mbio.asm.org/content/8/2/e01586-16.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-09T20:16:32.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-10T04:43:44.760" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are some possible conditions that can cause the following symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dull muscular pain between shoulder blades in the center of the back, in the T3-T7 region.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain is often triggered or made acute by rolling the thoracic spine foreword.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Area around T3-T7 is sensitive to light pressure. Pain appears to be immediately under the skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain is accompanied by a sensation of needing to cough, pressure in the sternum, and on occasion slight nausea.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Twisting the thoracic spine and shoulders left and right or side to side does not have an effect on the pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On rare occasions there is a tingling or burning sensation under the left shoulder blade.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms persist for more than 3 months, off and on.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, those are my symptoms, and I have head chest x-rays and am having an MRI done next week. The x-rays are unremarkable and 2 doctors I went to are stomped with no ideas or opinions on what it could be. I know that personal diagnosis is impossible, but I would appreciate at least a list of possible conditions to research and eliminate through further testing. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13064" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T04:43:44.760" Title="Upper Thoracic Pain with Coughing Sensation and Slight Nausea" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;dorsal-upper-back-side&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2018-03-11T06:28:56.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-10T08:36:09.753" Score="-1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find my symptoms such as frequent urination will become worse in cold days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13050" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T13:51:45.300" Title="Is it true that cold climate will make the conditions of prostatitis worse?" Tags="&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-12T14:19:29.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15572" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14585" CreationDate="2018-03-10T12:20:24.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a continence and pelvic pain physiotherapist pelvic floor muscle tightness is actually an assessment of increased tone or muscle overactivity. Palpation is digital and sides are compared as are each individual muscle within the pelvic floor. Tightness/increased tone/overactivity will often manifest as trigger points or areas of pain or discomfort.&#xA;Another objective measure is by using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineometer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;perineometer&lt;/a&gt; which actually gives a reading in cmH2O or mmHg and has norms to compare against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13141" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-10T20:10:02.497" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T20:10:02.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15571" CreationDate="2018-03-10T15:41:29.470" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is quite simple. Prostatitis or not, you will naturally urinate more in lower temperature. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/why-do-we-urinate-more-when-were-cold.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/why-do-we-urinate-more-when-were-cold.html&lt;/a&gt; Frequent urination would probably makes you suffer more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13142" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T15:41:29.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15578" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15579" CreationDate="2018-03-10T20:16:41.893" Score="-1" ViewCount="511" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does a typical electromyography result report look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not asking for usual values: I simply wonder what kind of graphs or tables I should expect that summarizes the results observed during the electromyography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it depends on the muscles being tested, I am most interested in the upper limb muscle group, and especially the biceps, triceps, deltoid, brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, FDI, and APB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking the question as I'm going through the electronic medical record of a patient who got a nerve conduction study + electromyography, and I cannot see any data (tables/graphs/…) pertaining to the electromyography. The only information regarding the electromyography is a pithy 2-line text going through the results. I wonder whether the electronic medical record  is missing the electromyography results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for a nerve conduction study, a typical result reports would contain, for each location, the latency, the amplitude, the distance and the velocity in both table and graph form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OG2yk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OG2yk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T20:31:13.950" Title="How does a typical electromyography result report look like?" Tags="&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15578" CreationDate="2018-03-10T20:31:13.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a sample format for NCS/EMG &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aanem.org/getmedia/ac9a1ad8-238a-4fc8-b3e1-86049bab33bd/Newsletter_Report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The report template below&#xA;  is based on the AANEM’s educational paper Reporting the&#xA;  Results of Needle EMG and Nerve Conduction Studies. A report&#xA;  template helps the EDX physician adhere to and document required&#xA;  procedures —by checking them off a list. This process will help the&#xA;  EDX physician complete a thorough analysis of the patient’s history,&#xA;  physical, and EDX data that will improve diagnostic accuracy and&#xA;  result in quality patient care. The template also will help laboratories&#xA;  applying for the laboratory accreditation program meet the criteria&#xA;  used to evaluate EDX reports. The template was developed listing&#xA;  the key elements for a EDX standard report excluding F-wave,&#xA;  H-reflex, and repetitive stimulation studies. Physicians are strongly&#xA;  urged to utilize this template to improve their reports. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T20:31:13.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7611" CreationDate="2018-03-10T20:59:06.153" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although phytic acid has some anti-nutrient properties, the issue in the western world is not undernutrition but over nutrition!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there is some suggestive evidence that phytates may have a role to play in anti-cancer activity in the large bowel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The authors have found that phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of iron-mediated generation of the hazardous oxidant, hydroxyl radical. Herein, the authors propose that inhibition of intracolonic hydroxyl radical generation, via the chelation of reactive iron by phytic acid, may help explain the suppression of colonic carcinogenesis and other inflammatory bowel diseases by diets rich in phytic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2990653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2990653&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T20:59:06.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="744" CreationDate="2018-03-10T21:14:55.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the person is a HFE homozygote, or a compound heterozygote, then they need to be monitored yearly for signs of iron overload.  Iron overload occurs more quickly if there is concurrent alcohol use and iron consumption eg. using iron cooking pots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the asymptomatic patient with genetic hemochromatosis, then phlebotomy should commence when the ferritin exceeds 500 mcg/L and/or fasting transferrin saturation exceeds 50% ( though this value may vary depending where you are located ).  The reason that we monitor iron levels is that it is now apparent not all patients who test homozygous for a HFE mutation go on to develop iron overload.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The authors of several large population-based studies have performed hemochromatosis genetic testing on participants many years into the study and used stored blood samples to measure SF over time in participants found to have C282Y homozygosity.10⇓⇓⇓⇓–15 These studies demonstrate that not all C282Y homozygotes, including those with an increased SF level, are destined to have progressive iron overload.16,17&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/116/3/317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/116/3/317&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T21:14:55.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13666" CreationDate="2018-03-10T22:39:39.077" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an old technique called desensitization, or, if you want to be fancy, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-treatment/immunotherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;allergen immunotherapy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among other techniques, is this one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allergy injections start with a very low dose. A small needle is used which may be uncomfortable, but not very painful. The dose is gradually increased on a regular (usually weekly) basis, until an effective (maintenance) dose is reached. This usually takes three to six months. This dose may vary between patients, depending on the degree of sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the maintenance dose is reached, injections are administered less often, usually monthly, although still on a regular basis. Immunotherapy injections should always be administered in a medical facility under medical supervision. You should stay at the medical facility for the time recommended by the clinical immunology/allergy specialist (30-45 minutes) after the immunotherapy injection has been given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/17/peanut-allergy-cured-in-majority-of-children-in-immunotherapy-trial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral trial&lt;/a&gt; in children with peanut allergy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forty-eight children were enrolled in the PPOIT trial and were randomly given either a combination of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus with peanut protein in increasing amounts, or a placebo, once daily for 18 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the original trial in 2013, 82% of children who received the immunotherapy treatment were deemed tolerant to peanuts compared with just 4% in the placebo group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the issue with doing this at home as you're asking is that you risk anaphylaxis and death if your allergy is severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-10T23:26:22.850" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13682" CreationDate="2018-03-11T05:46:14.047" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fat is a lay non medical term. Obesity is defined as a BMI &gt; 30 in adults&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are overweight and obesity?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adults&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and&#xA;obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Health Risks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are related to the degree of being obese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes you more likely to have conditions including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart disease and stroke. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood pressure. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some cancers. Increased rate of relapse from eg. breast cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gallbladder disease and gallstones. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Osteoarthritis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gout.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breathing problems, such as sleep apnea (when a person stops breathing for short episodes during sleep) and asthma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psoriasis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poor response to drugs for arthritis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/obesity-health-risks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/diet/obesity/obesity-health-risks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T05:46:14.047" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9800" CreationDate="2018-03-11T06:06:09.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approximately 100,000 patients annually receive ECT in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, ECT is most commonly performed 3 times per week regardless of electrode placement. [1] More frequent regimens are not justified. [1] Treatments 2 times per week may result in less memory impairment than treatments 3 times per week. [1, 9] Compared with treatments administered 3 times per week, twice-weekly treatments result in the same degree of final clinical improvement, although possibly at a slower rate of response. [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1525957-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1525957-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electrocution requires a voltage of over &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.emedicinehealth.com/electric_shock/article_em.htm#what_causes_electric_shock&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;500 V&lt;/a&gt;, and ECT is kept below this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECT used to defined by the voltage used but now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dose is measured in millicoulombs of charge delivered&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mechanism of action&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action of ECT is not fully known. ECT affects multiple central nervous system components, including hormones, neuropeptides, neurotrophic factors, and neurotransmitters. [13]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The induction of a bilateral generalized seizure is required for both the beneficial and adverse effects of ECT. [9] An increase in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission and receptor antagonism has been observed, which raises the seizure threshold during ECT. [14] ECT may also lead to an increase of endogenous opioids, which may also have anticonvulsant properties. [12]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T06:06:09.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4765" CreationDate="2018-03-11T06:25:01.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one really knows.  A high fibre diet tends, however, to be lower in the foods associated with increased cancer risk.  Fibre also reduces the colon transit time so that waste carcinogens have less time to contact the bowel mucosa.  High fibre diets also might reduce breast cancer by binding to estrogens, and there's now a suggestion that phytates bind to iron which is helpful since iron is thought to increase the risk for bowel cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beans, a high fibre vegetable, also have been studied for their anticancer activity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dry beans contain a wide range of nutrients and nonnutrient bioactive constituents that may be protective against cancer (43,50). The nondigestible carbohydrates are all fermented by colonic microflora into butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, with demonstrated antineoplastic (51) and anti-inflammatory actions (52,53). Furthermore, dry beans have a low glycemic index (GI), defined as the incremental area under the blood glucose curve induced by a specific carbohydrate-containing food (54), which reduces the rate of the absorption of carbohydrates and lowers the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses. A number of epidemiologic studies showed that a low-GI diet is associated with a reduced risk of CRC (55-57). Other bioactive constituents of dry beans that have anticarcinogenic properties and could potentially account for a protective effect include saponins, protease inhibitors, inositol hexaphosphate, γ-tocopherol, and phytosterols (49). It is also possible that the combination of several different constituents of dry beans is most effective in reducing cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pcrm.org/health/cancer-resources/diet-cancer/nutrition/how-fiber-helps-protect-against-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pcrm.org/health/cancer-resources/diet-cancer/nutrition/how-fiber-helps-protect-against-cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713264/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713264/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T06:25:01.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9115" CreationDate="2018-03-11T06:42:55.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been some concern that iron supplementation early in pregnancy might increase the risk for infections, and hypertension.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the current Cochrane review of iron and folic acid supplementation does not find this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We included 61 randomised trials in the review with 44 trials involving 43,274 pregnant women contributing to the analyses. The use of iron or iron and folic acid supplements was associated with a reduced risk of anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy. There was some indication that maternal iron supplements during pregnancy could improve outcomes for babies (birthweight and preterm birth) but the evidence for this was not of high quality.There is no evidence that iron supplementation increases placental malaria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if we look at the method of supplementation with intermittent vs daily iron supplementation concludes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, for women receiving any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) compared with a daily regimen &lt;strong&gt;there was no clear evidence of differences between groups for any infant primary outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;: low birthweight (average risk ratio (RR) 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 1.22; participants = 1898; studies = eight; low quality evidence), infant birthweight (mean difference (MD) 5.13 g; 95% CI -29.46 to 39.72; participants = 1939; studies = nine; low quality evidence), premature birth (average RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.39; participants = 1177; studies = five; low quality evidence), or neonatal death (average RR 0.49; 95% CI 0.04 to 5.42; participants = 795; studies = one; very low quality). None of the studies reported congenital anomalies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For maternal outcomes, there was no clear evidence of differences between groups for anaemia&lt;/strong&gt; at term (average RR 1.22; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.80; participants = 676; studies = four; I² = 10%; very low quality). Women receiving intermittent supplementation had fewer side effects (average RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.84; participants = 1777; studies = 11; I² = 87%; very low quality) and were at lower risk of having high haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations (greater than 130 g/L) during the second or third trimester of pregnancy (average RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.74; participants = 2616; studies = 15; I² = 52%; (this was not a primary outcome)) compared with women receiving daily supplements. There were no significant differences in iron-deficiency anaemia at term between women receiving intermittent or daily iron + folic acid supplementation (average RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.08 to 6.63; participants = 156; studies = one). There were no maternal deaths (six studies) or women with severe anaemia in pregnancy (six studies). None of the studies reported on iron deficiency at term or infections during pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T06:42:55.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-11T07:10:34.250" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parkinson's disease, dementia and Alzheimer are known to degrade Brain's functionality. But are there always negative side effects to disease? Or are there any good side effect that enhances the Brain functioning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13148" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T07:20:33.027" Title="Can any disease enhance Brain functioning instead of reducing it?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15588" CreationDate="2018-03-11T07:20:33.027" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Savant Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; is the only syndrome where there is an enhancement of one particular brain function but at a heavy cost to other cognitive functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Savant syndrome is a condition in which someone with significant mental disabilities demonstrates certain abilities far in excess of average.[1][2] The skills at which savants excel are generally related to memory.[1] This may include rapid calculation, artistic ability, map making, or musical ability.[1] Usually just one special skill is present.[1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treffert, D. A. (2009). &quot;The savant syndrome: An extraordinary condition A synopsis: Past, present, future&quot;. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1351–7. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326. PMC 2677584 Freely accessible. PMID 19528017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Miller, LK (1999). &quot;The savant syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill&quot;. Psychological Bulletin. 125 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.31. PMID 9990844.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-11T07:20:33.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15571" CreationDate="2018-03-12T05:55:43.747" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With temperature dropping, the sympathetic nerve become more exciting. The prostate gland shrinks while crypt and blood vessel expands. This results in chronic congestion, which increases the internal pressure within the urethra and the risk of a backward flow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change of the urethra intensifies the blockage of prostate fluid and it triggers prostatitis with symptoms of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;frequent and urgent urination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;painful urination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;abdominal pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pain in testicles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13119" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2018-03-12T13:51:45.300" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T13:51:45.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9800" CreationDate="2018-03-12T18:44:56.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Also provided at &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1525957-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Medscape webpage linked by @GrahamChiu&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been demonstrated by the American Psychiatric Association to be an effective and safe treatment for many psychiatric disorders. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jaffe, 2001&lt;/a&gt;) The use of ECT still generates significant controversy, however. One review concluded that ECT is only marginally more effective than placebo (ie, sham ECT). (&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16856307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ross, 2006&lt;/a&gt;) ECT has been viewed as harmful by the general public, (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lauber, et al., 2005a&lt;/a&gt;) psychiatric patients, (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arshad, et al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;) and mental health professionals. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0953-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lauber, et al., 2005b&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ECT has also been perceived as a form of violence against women. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206286404&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burstow, 2006&lt;/a&gt;) It has been negatively portrayed in movies such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, House on Haunted Hill, and Requiem for a Dream. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/ectjournal/Fulltext/2001/12000/The_Portrayal_of_ECT_in_American_Movies.6.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;McDonald &amp;amp; Walter, 2001&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite such debate, ECT is used in the United States and endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/About-APA/Organization-Documents-Policies/Policies/Position-2015-Electroconvulsive-Therapy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APA, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APA (2015). Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Position Statement.&lt;br&gt;Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/About-APA/Organization-Documents-Policies/Policies/Position-2015-Electroconvulsive-Therapy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/About-APA/Organization-Documents-Policies/Policies/Position-2015-Electroconvulsive-Therapy.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arshad, M., Arham, A. Z., Arif, M., Bano, M., Bashir, A., Bokutz, M., ... &amp;amp; Khan, M. M. (2007). Awareness and perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy among psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional survey from teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC psychiatry, 7(1), 27.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1186/1471-244X-7-27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burstow, B. (2006). Electroshock as a form of violence against women. Violence against women, 12(4), 372-392.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206286404&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1177/1077801206286404&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jaffe, R. (2001). The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and Privileging. A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: American Journal of Psychiatry.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.331&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., &amp;amp; Rössler, W. (2005a). Can a seizure help? The public's attitude toward electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry research, 134(2), 205-209.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.psychres.2004.07.010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lauber, C., Nordt, C., &amp;amp; Rössler, W. (2005b). Recommendations of mental health professionals and the general population on how to treat mental disorders. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 40(10), 835-843.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0953-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00127-005-0953-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McDonald, A., &amp;amp; Walter, G. (2001). The portrayal of ECT in American movies. The journal of ECT, 17(4), 264-274.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Available from:&#xA; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/ectjournal/Fulltext/2001/12000/The_Portrayal_of_ECT_in_American_Movies.6.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.lww.com/ectjournal/Fulltext/2001/12000/The_Portrayal_of_ECT_in_American_Movies.6.aspx&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ross, C. A. (2006). The sham ECT literature: implications for consent to ECT. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8(1), 17.&lt;br&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16856307&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T18:44:56.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15601" CreationDate="2018-03-12T20:42:07.880" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many packaged foods are in containers or bags which result in a significant amount of the food being left behind in their packaging (soup at the bottom of the can, melted cheese left on the pan from pizza, etc). Are food packagers aware of this waste and if so, are they taking it into account for the nutritional facts on their packages. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if a frozen pizza manufacturer studied consumers preparing and eating the pizza, and determined that 100 calories get left behind on the pan, on average, are they subtracting that from the nutritional facts, or does the consumer have to do this mental math to properly estimate caloric intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13170" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T21:15:18.287" Title="Do nutrition fact labels include the nutritional content of wasted (unreachable) food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-03-28T14:38:49.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15600" CreationDate="2018-03-12T21:15:18.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No, they do not take waste and left-overs into account.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrition information is by serving or package content:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first place to start when you look at the Nutrition Facts label is the serving size and the number of servings in the package. &lt;strong&gt;Serving sizes are standardized to make it easier to compare similar foods&lt;/strong&gt;; they are provided in familiar units, such as cups or pieces, followed by the metric amount, e.g., the number of grams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The size of the serving on the food package influences the number of calories and all the nutrient amounts listed on the top part of the label. &lt;strong&gt;Pay attention to the serving size, especially how many servings there are in the food package. Then ask yourself, &amp;quot;How many servings am I consuming&amp;quot;?&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g., 1/2 serving, 1 serving, or more) In the sample label, one serving of macaroni and cheese equals one cup. If you ate the whole package, you would eat two cups. That doubles the calories and other nutrient numbers, including the %Daily Values as shown in the sample label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ucm274593.htm#serving_size&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Emphasis Mine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-12T21:15:18.287" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-13T03:14:13.070" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say a 15-year old girl on average falls asleep around 3am and wakes up around 7am, over a very long period of time. What short-term and future mental/physical effects can be expected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13174" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T03:14:13.070" Title="What effects can be expected for a 15-year old girl getting 4-5 hours of sleep per night?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;adolescents-teenagers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-03-13T18:34:42.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-13T06:45:49.957" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have learned from the internet that chronic prostatitis can last for a long time without cure, can this disease arise prostate cancer to patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13177" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2020-06-14T19:30:24.967" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T19:30:24.967" Title="Can chronic prostatitis be a risk factor of prostate cancer for patients?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15606" CreationDate="2018-03-13T07:18:12.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since inflammation has been shown to be linked to cancer this had been investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RESULTS: The relative odds of prostate cancer were elevated in men with history of any type of prostatitis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-2.6) or acute prostatitis (2.5; 1.3-4.7). The mean time from most recent episode of acute prostatitis to the diagnosis of prostate cancer was 12.2 years. After exclusion of men with acute prostatitis 2 years before the index date, the relationship was somewhat reduced (1.9; 0.9-3.8). Chronic bacterial prostatitis was more weakly associated with prostate cancer (1.6; 0.8-3.1), whereas chronic pelvic pain syndrome was not associated at all (0.9; 0.4-1.8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: Infection in the form of acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis may be associated with prostate cancer. However, our data do not provide compelling evidence to support this. As a result of the limitations of current methods of assessing chronic prostatitis, biochemical or tissue markers of infection or inflammation of the prostate may help clarify their role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/14712152/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/14712152/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The known associations are linked &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;here&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T07:18:12.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-13T08:07:51.697" Score="3" ViewCount="211" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acute bacterial prostatitis can be cured with antibiotics while chronic prostatitis cannot be cured by antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13177" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-13T08:16:36.027" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T09:29:55.503" Title="Why can chronic prostatitis not be cured simply with antibiotics?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15609" CreationDate="2018-03-13T15:30:14.757" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are multiple types of prostatitis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BfRgT.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BfRgT.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source&lt;/em&gt;: Krieger JN, Nyberg, Jr L, Nickel JC. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1030245?redirect=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NIH Consensus Definition and Classification of Prostatitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. JAMA. 1999;282(3):236–237. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-282-3-jac90006&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Also&lt;/em&gt;: J. Curtis Nickel (1999). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=YiZz_xDk7rkC&amp;amp;pg=PA27&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&amp;amp;hl=de#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Textbook of prostatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Taylor &amp;amp; Francis. pp. 28. ISBN 978-1-901865-04-2.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prostatitis Type III and IV are non-bacterial, and as antibiotics are successful at killing bacteria, usage of it has been debated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pathogenic organisms can be cultured only in acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. These conditions should be treated with antibiotics, usually fluoroquinolones, for an adequate period of time. 90% of patients with prostatitis syndrome, however, suffer not from bacterial prostatitis but from chronic (abacterial) prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). &lt;strong&gt;It remains unclear whether CP/CPPS is of infectious origin, and therefore the utility of a trial of antimicrobial treatment is debatable.&lt;/strong&gt; Treatment with alpha receptor blockers is recommended if functional subvesical obstruction is documented or suspected. Symptomatic therapy for pelvic pain should be given as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[...]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recommended therapies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   - Alpha-receptor blocker therapy for newly diagnosed patients not previously treated with alpha-blockers&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   - Antimicrobial therapy for newly diagnosed patients not previously&#xA;  treated with antibiotics&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   - Multimodal symptomatic therapy       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not recommended therapies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   - Alpha-receptor blockers for patients with prior&#xA;  multiple therapies&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    - Anti-inflammatory monotherapy&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    - Antimicrobial therapy for patients with prior multiple therapies&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    - 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor&#xA;  monotherapy&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    - Minimally invasive therapies, such as TUNA, laser&#xA;  therapies, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;    - Invasive surgical therapies, such as TURP and radical&#xA;  prostatectomy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source&lt;/em&gt;: Florian ME Wagenlehner et al., Dtsch Arztebl Int. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695374/#s4title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostatitis and Male Pelvic Pain Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 2009 Mar; 106(11): 175–183 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies are less critical:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our review suggests that &lt;strong&gt;α-blockers, antibiotics, or combinations of both are most appropriate for therapy of CP/CPPS&lt;/strong&gt;, particularly for patients with voiding symptoms. However, the magnitude of apparent benefit with α-blockers may be distorted by publication bias. Anti-inflammatory medications remain an option for patients presenting with pain. While finasteride and phytotherapy may provide benefit to some patients, these therapies require more evaluation, perhaps in selected subgroups of CP/CPPS patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source&lt;/em&gt;: Anothaisintawee, T; Attia, J; Nickel, JC; Thammakraisorn, S; Numthavaj, P; McEvoy, M; Thakkinstian, A (Jan 5, 2011). &quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/644491&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 305 (1): 78–86. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1913. PMID 21205969.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-03-13T18:08:14.650" LastActivityDate="2018-03-13T18:08:14.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8842" CreationDate="2018-03-14T00:03:58.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A mathematical model has been created to examine the relationship between diet and exercise with respect to weight loss; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880593/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NIH has provided a web based tool based on this work to help you plan a diet to lose weight, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/body-weight-planner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;body weight planner&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that 60-80% of calories consumed is used by the basal metabolic rate, digestion 10% and exercise only accounts for about 10% - 30% which explains why it is so hard to lose weight through exercise.  Furthermore, people compensate for exercise by eating more, or relaxing after the exercise which reduces any weight loss benefit from the added exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2018/1/3/16845438/exercise-weight-loss-myth-burn-calories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vox.com/2018/1/3/16845438/exercise-weight-loss-myth-burn-calories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T00:03:58.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15277" CreationDate="2018-03-14T03:10:29.217" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main protective effect of fluoride is outside the tooth, not inside. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Small amounts of fluoride in solution around the tooth inhibit&#xA;  demineralization more effectively than incorporated fluoride and have&#xA;  a much greater caries-protective potential than a large proportion of&#xA;  fluorapatite in enamel mineral. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 122:&#xA;  1030–1036 (2012)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, even an incredible amount of fluoride has limited protective effect. In a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2839893&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classic study&lt;/a&gt;, Ogaard compared the resistance of fluoroapatite (shark enamel) and hydroxyapatite (human enamel) against a high caries challenge in a human in vivo model. Two samples of shark enamel and human enamel were each placed in removable appliances in six children and carried for 1 month and a plaque retentive device was placed over each enamel sample. The results showed that the mean total mineral loss (delta Z) was 1680 vol% micron in human enamel and 965 vol% micron in shark enamel. The corresponding mean values for lesion depth were 90 micron and 36 micron, respectively. It was concluded that &lt;strong&gt;even shark enamel containing 30,000 ppm F has a limited resistance against caries attacks&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a later &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11908400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt;, the same author concludes that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The fluoride concentration in the apatitic structure of enamel does&#xA;  not have as significant an effect on reducing caries as a continuous&#xA;  presence of fluoride in the plaque liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, to receive the protective effect of the fluoride, we require to keep it near the tooth surface all time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T14:11:21.053" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:11:21.053" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10152" CreationDate="2018-03-14T06:52:01.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;there's a discussion of this point &lt;a href=&quot;http://amastyleinsider.com/2011/11/21/condition-disease-disorder/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Condition is perhaps the least specific, often denoting states of health considered normal or healthy but nevertheless posing implications for the provision of health care (eg, pregnancy). The term might also be used to indicate grades of health (eg, a patient might be described as in stable, serious, or critical condition). While this term is often used in medical discussions to specifically indicate the presence of pathology or illness, Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary provides no definition of the term used in this sense. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, however, defines condition as “a usu. defective state of health,”2(p258) and the Oxford English Dictionary similarly opines that it denotes “[a] state of health, esp. one which is poor or abnormal; a malady or sickness.”1(p309)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where disease refers to a condition where usually there is a well established pathological process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T06:52:01.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9720" CreationDate="2018-03-14T07:01:29.073" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some experimental evidence that suggests that those who front load ( have their main meals earlier in the day ) are more likely to lose weight than those who eat later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;There is emerging literature demonstrating a relationship between the timing of feeding and weight regulation in animals. However, whether the timing of food intake influences the success of a weight-loss diet in humans is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OBJECTIVE&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;To evaluate the role of food timing in weight-loss effectiveness in a sample of 420 individuals who followed a 20-week weight-loss treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODS&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Participants (49.5% female subjects; age (mean ± s.d.): 42 ± 11 years; BMI: 31.4 ± 5.4 kg m(-2)) were grouped in early eaters and late eaters, according to the timing of the main meal (lunch in this Mediterranean population). 51% of the subjects were early eaters and 49% were late eaters (lunch time before and after 1500 hours, respectively), energy intake and expenditure, appetite hormones, CLOCK genotype, sleep duration and chronotype were studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Late lunch eaters lost less weight and displayed a slower weight-loss rate during the 20 weeks of treatment than early eaters (P=0.002). Surprisingly, energy intake, dietary composition, estimated energy expenditure, appetite hormones and sleep duration was similar between both groups. Nevertheless, late eaters were more evening types, had less energetic breakfasts and skipped breakfast more frequently that early eaters (all; P&amp;lt;0.05). CLOCK rs4580704 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with the timing of the main meal (P=0.015) with a higher frequency of minor allele (C) carriers among the late eaters (P=0.041). Neither sleep duration, nor CLOCK SNPs or morning/evening chronotype was independently associated with weight loss (all; P&gt;0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Eating late may influence the success of weight-loss therapy. Novel therapeutic strategies should incorporate not only the caloric intake and macronutrient distribution - as is classically done - but also the timing of food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357955&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357955&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another paper suggests that there are metabolic sequelae if you have your main calories late in the day&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Few studies examined the association between time-of-day of nutrient intake and the metabolic syndrome. Our goal was to compare a weight loss diet with high caloric intake during breakfast to an isocaloric diet with high caloric intake at dinner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Design and Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Overweight and obese women (BMI 32.4 ± 1.8 kg/m2) with metabolic syndrome were randomized into two isocaloric (∼1400 kcal) weight loss groups, a breakfast (BF) (700 kcal breakfast, 500 kcal lunch, 200 kcal dinner) or a dinner (D) group (200 kcal breakfast, 500 kcal lunch, 700 kcal dinner) for 12 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The BF group showed greater weight loss and waist circumference reduction. Although fasting glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were reduced in both groups, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR decreased significantly to a greater extent in the BF group. Mean triglyceride levels decreased by 33.6% in the BF group, but increased by 14.6% in the D group. Oral glucose tolerance test led to a greater decrease of glucose and insulin in the BF group. In response to meal challenges, the overall daily glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and mean hunger scores were significantly lower, whereas mean satiety scores were significantly higher in the BF group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;High-calorie breakfast with reduced intake at dinner is beneficial and might be a useful alternative for the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20460/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20460/abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T07:01:29.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7392" CreationDate="2018-03-14T07:05:10.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3502130/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3502130/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The findings from this study support the view that the mechanism for the JM is a reduction in presynaptic inhibition of alpha motoneurons as it is influenced by physical and not mental activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T07:05:10.470" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11488" CreationDate="2018-03-14T07:09:27.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ash weight and composition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cremated remains are mostly dry calcium phosphates with some minor minerals, such as salts of sodium and potassium. Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during the process, although a relatively small amount of carbon may remain as carbonate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And all metals implants, fillings etc are removed before the ashes are presented to the relatives.  Joint prosthetics are sold for scrap metal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there's nothing there harmful to the living.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T07:09:27.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-14T08:35:06.643" Score="0" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;As prostatitis is a disease in male's prostate gland, does it mean this is a sexually transmitted disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13177" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T08:37:51.440" Title="Is prostatitis a STD or Contagious disease?" Tags="&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-05-26T15:37:57.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-14T13:26:34.437" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing a bit of research on motor neuron diseases. Looking for one specific bit of information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen diseases affecting cranial nerves, such as the palsies that affect the muscles in the facial region. I've also seen diseases affecting various parts of the CNS, such as ALS. However does a disease exist whereby the entire body is affected, essentially rendering the patient completely paralysed while still retaining consciousness and awareness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13195" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T19:05:27.167" Title="Motor neuron diseases" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15632" CreationDate="2018-03-14T15:29:11.127" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.surgeons.org/media/19372/VTE_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;general guideline&lt;/a&gt; is that venous thromboembolic disease should be treated with prophylaxis prior to major surgery.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the guideline when there is concurrent peripheral arterial disease.  I have heard conflicting opinions from both cardiologists and vascular surgeons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13191" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-15T21:28:32.283" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T21:32:30.023" Title="Peripheral arterial disease and prophylaxis against venous thrombosis" Tags="&lt;coronary-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15628" CreationDate="2018-03-14T18:24:39.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paralytic polio&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 1 percent of polio cases can develop into paralytic polio. Paralytic polio leads to paralysis in the spinal cord (spinal polio),brainstem (bulbar polio), or both (bulbospinal polio).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/poliomyelitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/poliomyelitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those infected that developed diaphragmatic paralysis were put into iron lungs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UsWrS.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UsWrS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;iron lung&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-14T19:05:27.167" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15629" CreationDate="2018-03-14T18:33:17.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The national guideline center says to seek expert opinion before using stockings for venous thromboembolic prophylaxis when peripheral arterial disease is present since there is insufficient data in this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK116514/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK116514/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the decision is made not to use stockings or other devices, or medications, then the patient should be closely observed for the development of venous thrombosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-15T21:32:30.023" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T21:32:30.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13" CreationDate="2018-03-15T09:01:52.897" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Circumcision is a form of sexual mutilation performed on male infants usually for religious reasons unrelated to putative health benefits. The claim of reduced risk for HIV infection is supported by this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD003362/HIV_male-circumcision-for-prevention-of-heterosexual-acquisition-of-hiv-in-men&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; but applies to Africa. Another review looked at urinary tract infections and found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD009129/NEONATAL_newborn-circumcision-for-the-prevention-of-urinary-tract-infections-in-infancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insufficient data&lt;/a&gt; to draw conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Circumcision has traditionally been conducted without analgesia and there are some data to suggest &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stress related manifestations&lt;/a&gt; develop in these children compared with the uncircumcised.  Furthermore, there have been well publicised &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/herpes-babies-jewish-circumcision-ritual-link-rabbis-infants-a7620446.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deaths&lt;/a&gt; resulting from the traditional Jewish practice of sucking on the foreskin to prevent bleeding causing herpes. In any other jurisdiction, this could be considered paedophilia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly Iceland is looking to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/feb/18/iceland-ban-male-circumcision-first-european-country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ban&lt;/a&gt; neonatal circumcision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-15T23:15:39.403" LastActivityDate="2018-03-15T23:15:39.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-15T11:54:52.477" Score="2" ViewCount="312" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people say that most illegal drugs are dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others say that meth is more dangerous than heroin and cocaine and alcohol and nicotine is about as dangerous as those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And others say that heroin and cocaine are the most dangerous and the rest aren't as dangerous. For example, some people write how safe ecstasy (XTC), ganja (i.e. cannabis), kratom, LSD, and DMT are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like a table that lists:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drug&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Death per user&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Addiction level. How many that have used it, used it in last 1 week, for example, and how often&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other adverse effects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harm to society&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there some tables for that somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw some graphs like that. But it's very unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Sharen Eayrs" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-03-15T20:01:42.340" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T16:16:31.517" Title="Are there tables that compare deadly effects of various psychoactive drugs?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15636" CreationDate="2018-03-15T14:17:29.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;These tables you wish for are not quite exactly in the format you would seem to like them and as far as I know not available for a &quot;global every substance we know&quot; analysis. It is also quite difficult to compare all of them in one metric alone since these drugs are sometimes quite incomparable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;General harmful results involving a certain drug&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the following tables and graphics are attempting to aggregate and integrate &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; aspects of &quot;harm&quot; &lt;em&gt;involving&lt;/em&gt; a drug can cause. &lt;em&gt;&quot;Involving&quot;&lt;/em&gt; a drug here includes any harm resulting from societal or legal troubles and other consequences. That is largely due to the legal or illegal status of a drug. In the case of clean cannabis (i.e. unadulterated, uncontaminated etc.) the direct physical harm from the drug itself, while not completely without possible dangers, is close to zero for the very vast majority of adult people without pre-existing conditions that would increase their vulnerability.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this data is based on the official statistics from countries waging the war on drugs, sometimes these statistics are a bit skewed. For example, if an autopsy reveals any casualty had consumed cannabis this is recorded as cannabis being involved in the death (and then sometimes sloppily even reported as &quot;causing&quot;) even if the drug itself cannot and did not cause the death. These cases are for example resulting from accidents in traffic even if it entirely the fault of an entirely sober driver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When interpreting the data, these intentional skewing by the authorities has to be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But some very thorough studies on general harm were done, like these one for the UK:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2807%2960471-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychoactive drugs of misuse: rationalising the irrational (The Lancet Volume 369, No. 9566, p972, 24 March 2007)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis (The Lancet Volume 376, No. 9752, p1558–1565, 6 November 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  These findings lend support to previous work assessing drug harms, and show how the improved scoring and weighting approach of MCDA increases the differentiation between the most and least harmful drugs. However, the findings correlate poorly with present UK drug classification, which is not based simply on considerations of harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These findings are somewhat better described and more accessible in &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2010/11/drugs_cause_most_harm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs that cause most harm &lt;strong&gt;Scoring drugs&lt;/strong&gt; (Economist Nov 2nd 2010, The Economist online)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HIZsX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HIZsX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prohibition policy that is associated with the War on Drugs is not in any way based on reality, rationality, common sense or risk/benefit analysis but ideology based on moral panics and a crime against humanity in itself. Still that list is not to be read that the above table is giving any substance a free pass on the basis that if it is deemed less dangerous than alcohol and alcohol is legal∞ so…&lt;br&gt;&#xA;These numbers are composite aggregates and as such have a weakness of too much information reduction necessary to convince uneducated voters and politicians to readjust their decision making on perhaps &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; basis of rationality and a more balanced view of the available evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting this into an again more complicated to read table, with numbers and legal status again for the UK:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heroin&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class A drug. Originally used as a painkiller and derived from the opium poppy. There were 897 deaths recorded from heroin and morphine use in 2008 in England and Wales, according to the Office of National Statistics (ONS). There were around 13,000 seizures, amounting to 1.6m tonnes of heroin.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cocaine&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class A. Stimulant produced from the South American coca leaf. Accounted for 235 deaths – a sharp rise on the previous year's fatalities. Nearly 25,000 seizures were made, amounting to 2.9 tonnes of the drug.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Barbituates&lt;/strong&gt;  ––  Class B. Synthetic sedatives used for anaesthetic purposes. Blamed for 13 deaths.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Street methadone&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class A. A synthetic opioid, commonly used as a substitute for treating heroin patients. Accounted for 378 deaths and there were more than 1,000 seizures of the drug.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alcohol&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Subject to increasing concern from the medical profession about its damage to health. According to the ONS, there were 8,724 alcohol deaths in the UK in 2007. Other sources claim the true figure is far higher.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ketamine&lt;/strong&gt; –– Class C. A hallucinogenic dance drug for clubbers. There were 23 ketamine-related deaths in the UK between 1993 and 2006. Last year there were 1,266 seizures.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benzodiazepines&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class C. A hypnotic relaxant used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Includes drugs such as diazepam, temazepam and nitrazepam. Caused 230 deaths and 1.8m doses were confiscated in more than 4,000 seizure operations.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amphetamine&lt;/strong&gt;  ––  Class B. A psychostimulant that combats fatigue and suppresses hunger. Associated with 99 deaths, although this tally includes some ecstasy deaths. Nearly 8,000 seizures, adding up to almost three tonnes.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tobacco&lt;/strong&gt;  ––   A stimulant that is highly addictive due to its nicotine content. More than 100,000 people a year die from smoking and tobacco-related diseases, including cancer, respiratory diseases and heart disease.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Buprenorphine&lt;/strong&gt;    ––  An opiate used for pain control, and sometimes as a substitute to wean addicts off heroin. Said to have caused 43 deaths in the UK between 1980 and 2002.    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cannabis&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class B. A psychoactive drug recently appearing in stronger forms such as &quot;skunk&quot;. The subject of intense controversy over its long-term effects and capacity for inducing schizophrenia. Caused 19 deaths and there were 186,000 seizures, netting 65 tonnes of the drug and 640,000 cannabis plants.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Solvents&lt;/strong&gt;  ––  Fumes inhaled to produce a sense of intoxication. Usually abused by teenagers. Derived from commonly available products such as glue and aerosol sprays. Causes around 50 deaths a year.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4-MTA&lt;/strong&gt;  –– Class A. Originally designed for laboratory research. Releases serotonin in the body. Only four deaths reported in the UK between 1997 and 2004.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LSD&lt;/strong&gt; ––  Class A. Hallucinogenic drug originally synthesised by a German chemist in 1938. Very few deaths recorded.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methylphenidate&lt;/strong&gt; ––   Class B drug. Brand name of Ritalin. A psychostimulant sometimes used in the treatment of attention deficit disorders.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anabolic steroids&lt;/strong&gt;   –– Class C. Used to develop muscles, notably in competitive sports. Also alleged to induce aggression. Have been blamed for causing deaths among bodybuilders. More than 800 seizures.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GHB&lt;/strong&gt;   –– Class C drug. A clear liquid dance drug said to induce euphoria, also described as a date rape drug. Can trigger comas and suppress breathing. Caused 20 deaths and 47 seizures were recorded.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ecstasy&lt;/strong&gt;  ––   Class A. Psychoactive dance drug. Caused 44 deaths, with around 5,000 seizures made.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alykl nitrites&lt;/strong&gt; ––  Known as &quot;poppers&quot;. Inhaled for their role as a muscle relaxant and supposed sexual stimulant. Reduce blood pressure, which can cause fainting and in some cases death.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Khat&lt;/strong&gt;   –– A psychoactive plant, the leaves of which are chewed in east Africa and Yemen. Also known as qat. Produces mild psychological dependence. Its derivatives, cathinone and cathine, are Class C drugs in the UK.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this is not a guideline for anything but an attempt to rationalise. Solvents are one of the stupidest ways imaginable to get intoxicated, rather than inebriated, causing quite a lot of individual damage in a very short amount of time. But since they cause comparatively few deaths and not much crime, they get a good spot on the list.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Cannabis is listed as causing 19 deaths. Which is again difficult to put into perspective, as the substance  may have been &quot;involved&quot; in the deaths recorded in that statistic, but certainly did not directly cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/drug_data_sheets/Marijuana.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;any death in itself&lt;/a&gt; from an overdose. &#xA;Chewing just Khat is also listed above. While the leaves have to be chewed for a long time to produce any effect at all, and no deaths are recorded from the leves, the purified substance can be quite nasty and if this chemical is then again adulterated or mixed the results are anyones guess again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These findings are found refined visually in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_harmfulness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug harmfulness&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dU5Ym.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dU5Ym.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kfvaK.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kfvaK.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Aj2QV.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Aj2QV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bringing all these substances into one comparison has its advantages – but it is very difficult comparison in a very complicated matter. One thing to keep in mind besides the overall harm a substance might cause is the directly deadly effect any one given substance might cause. This is a problem for many drugs, as the quality classic illegal drugs from the 1960s like Cannabis and LSD, simply are just not deadly at all, despite causing the moral panic that deludes the public mind until today. Using organically grown coca-leaves as a tea or chew will not kill anyone, using the isolated active substance cocaine migt very well cause a fatal overdose. This is amplified danger if a first purified substance is then again diluted with an unknowable mixture of substances to sell it illegally &quot;on the street&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The greatest harm and the most deaths from any of these substances can be read as caused primarily by the societal and political attitudes and laws around them, not by any pure substance as such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Deaths directly caused by certain drugs&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If – still – only the concrete death rate related to the most troubling substances, and the statistic reduced to the substances alone, recorded in nation-wide statistics are the primary concern, then for the US, the NIH gives the following figures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overdose Death Rates – (Revised September 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KNRH8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KNRH8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, just concerning deaths, this time defined as drug poisoning deaths:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22617462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980-2008.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If illegal or psychotropic psychoactive drugs were consequently treated like prescription drugs in the terms describing their effects, then one thing becomes apparent: prescription drugs, like chemically concentrated or purified natural drugs tend to have a very narrow &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/therapeutic%20window&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;therapeutic window&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;therapeutic index&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Opium&lt;/a&gt; has a wider therapeutic window since it's a mixture of opioids that are both synergistically and antagonistically. Opium is also comparatively weak compared to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;morphine&lt;/a&gt; that has a smaller window since it is the most depressing and analgesic substance isolated from opium, heroin is then an artificial  derivate with increased potency and purely synthetic opioids, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fentanyl&lt;/a&gt;, show so much receptor affinity and a that effect and overdose have to be again much more precisely calculated. Pharmacokinetics and route of administration differ as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many deaths a drug causes also depends on the base rate of users of this drug. This ratio may be calculated with some confidence for users of tobacco and alcohol, but from illegal drugs this is a very convoluted story. Acute overdose poisoning from alcohol and even death is not uncommon, also even from acute withdrawal of that drug. All these effects are very rare from tobacco.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers you are looking for would have to come from controlled lab experiments with pure substances and then extrapolated. Thanks to the current prohibition and uncontrolled market situation, this is largely an exercise in futility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-03-16T16:16:31.517" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T16:16:31.517" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-16T01:13:29.050" Score="3" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common treatment of syphilis - from the first outbreaks in the 19th century to the early years of the 20th century was mercury given in various forms - pills, ointments, steam baths or even enemas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mercury was the remedy of choice for syphilis in Protestant Europe. Paracelsus (1493-1541) formulated mercury as an ointment because he recognised the toxicity and risk of poisoning when administrating mercury as an elixir. Mercury was already being used in Western Europe to treat skin diseases [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mercury, or ‘blue mass’, pills shown in the print were popular from the 17th to 19th century and used mercury in its elemental form or compound form, usually mercurous chloride (also known as calomel). The first effective treatment for syphilis, Salvarsan, was only found in 1910 — five years after the causative bacterium was identified by Fritz Schaudinn (a zoologist) and Erich Hoffmann (a dermatologist).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/blogs/syphilis-and-the-use-of-mercury/20201679.blog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mercury is of course &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highly toxic&lt;/a&gt;, so the &amp;quot;cure&amp;quot; was quite often worse that the disease itself. But was the mercury completely inefficient and the whole therapy akin to drinking holy water or having sex with virgin, or was there a shade of chance, that it would actually work and cure the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13206" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T06:14:25.023" Title="Efficiency of mercury in syphilis treatment" Tags="&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;syphilis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15640" CreationDate="2018-03-16T01:48:20.987" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't have any controlled trials but the physicians of the time greatly doubted the efficacy of mercury salves and inhalation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;LW Harrison, a medical officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I, described the effectiveness of Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan on soldiers who contracted syphilis during the war. [18]  Arsenic however, while being able to cure syphilis whereas mercury wasn’t, had many drawbacks – administration of treatment was complex requiring many injections over a long period of time, and it also produced toxic side effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jmvh.org/article/syphilis-its-early-history-and-treatment-until-penicillin-and-the-debate-on-its-origins/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jmvh.org/article/syphilis-its-early-history-and-treatment-until-penicillin-and-the-debate-on-its-origins/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there is a lack of biological plausibility to the treatment. There's no substance in modern medicine that can be applied topically to treat a systemic spirochaete infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T01:48:20.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10153" CreationDate="2018-03-16T04:40:18.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer the first part of the question, we see claustrophobia due to the use of MRI and CT scanners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over 80 million MR procedures are now performed each year worldwide. For an MR scan, patients typically have to be placed in a long, narrow tube [2]. Thus, claustrophobia preventing MR imaging is a common problem. &lt;strong&gt;Between 1% and 15% of all patients scheduled for MR imaging suffer from claustrophobia&lt;/strong&gt; and cannot be imaged, or they require sedation to complete the scan (mean: 2.3%; 95% confidence interval: 2.0% to 2.5%) [3]. Thus it can be estimated that worldwide approximately 2,000,000 MR procedures cannot be performed or are prematurely terminated due to claustrophobia. At an average cost of € 500 per MR imaging, this is equal to a loss of productivity of € 1 billion, which is an important financial loss for the health care system. Therefore, claustrophobia is not only a common problem that prevents many patients from benefiting from the findings obtained with MR imaging but also represents an important socioeconomic issue for the health care system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if MRI patients are representative of the general population, that means 1-5%.  But this group is already selected by having agreed to the procedure so the prevalence rate is likely higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045881/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045881/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a theory that claustrophobia is related to personal space projection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We all move around in a protective bubble of &quot;near space,&quot; more commonly known as &quot;personal space.&quot; But not everyone's bubble is the same size. People who project their personal space too far beyond their bodies, or the norm of arm's reach, are more likely to experience claustrophobic fear, a new study finds. The study is one of the first to focus on the perceptual mechanisms of claustrophobic fear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110412065809.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110412065809.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but in mice, a claustrophobia phenotype has been described to a single gene defect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Claustrophobia, the well-known fear of being trapped in narrow/closed spaces, is often considered a conditioned response to traumatic experience. Surprisingly, we found that mutations affecting a single gene, encoding a stress-regulated neuronal protein, can cause claustrophobia. Gpm6a-deficient mice develop normally and lack obvious behavioral abnormalities. However, when mildly stressed by single-housing, these mice develop a striking claustrophobia-like phenotype, which is not inducible in wild-type controls, even by severe stress. The human GPM6A gene is located on chromosome 4q32-q34, a region linked to panic disorder. Sequence analysis of 115 claustrophobic and non-claustrophobic subjects identified nine variants in the noncoding region of the gene that are more frequent in affected individuals (P=0.028). One variant in the 3′untranslated region was linked to claustrophobia in two small pedigrees. This mutant mRNA is functional but cannot be silenced by neuronal miR124 derived itself from a stress-regulated transcript. We suggest that loosing dynamic regulation of neuronal GPM6A expression poses a genetic risk for claustrophobia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;suggesting a biological underpinning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201328&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be any data linking height to claustrophobia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T04:40:18.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15649" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15651" CreationDate="2018-03-16T14:41:30.583" Score="-1" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is out of curiosity. I have a new colleague. I haven't seen him going out for lunch or eating anything else but chocolate. He eats only chocolate bars whole day, about 3 big bars every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't ask him why, since it seems personal. But I am curious about how eating only chocolate affects our nutrition system, regarding to protein and stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11675" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T18:18:49.990" Title="Can we live only on chocolate?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15649" CreationDate="2018-03-16T15:47:31.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 oz (28g) of dark has 155 calories. If you scale these 155 calories to 2000 (13 oz) then it looks like this:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUIpS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUIpS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source&lt;/em&gt;: United States Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6451?man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=50&amp;amp;qlookup=19902&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;format=Abridged&amp;amp;reportfmt=other&amp;amp;rptfrm=&amp;amp;ndbno=&amp;amp;nutrient1=&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;subset=&amp;amp;totCount=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;Q12135=13&amp;amp;Q12136=1&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;Q12135=1&amp;amp;Q12136=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basic Report:  19902, Chocolate, dark, 45- 59% cacao solids&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a table with the daily value:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;% Daily Value*      &#xA;Total Fat 9 g          13.00%   167.74%&#xA;Saturated fat 5 g      25.00%   322.58% &#xA;Cholesterol 2 mg        0.00%     0.00%&#xA;Sodium 7 mg             0.00%     0.00%&#xA;Potassium 158 mg        4.00%    51.61%&#xA;Total Carbohydrate 17 g 5.00%    64.52%&#xA;Dietary fiber 2 g       8.00%   103.23%&#xA;Sugar 14 g      &#xA;Protein 1.4 g           2.00%    25.81%  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally it is high on fat. About the only guidelines chocolate meets are cholesterol and fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chocolate is also low on essential vitamins.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly over the long term it will negatively impact health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3 each 10 oz bars is even more.  It is 4,650 calories.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-17T18:18:49.990" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T18:18:49.990" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5092" CreationDate="2018-03-16T21:14:12.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of indices used to assess bleeding risk &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bleeding risk scores to quantify hemorrhage risk include HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/alcohol concomitantly), RIETE (Computerized Registry of Patients With Venous Thromboembolism), HEMORR2HAGES (Hepatic or Renal Disease, Ethanol Abuse, Malignancy, Older Age, Reduced Platelet Count or Function, Rebleeding, Hypertension, Anemia, Genetic Factors, Excessive Fall Risk and Stroke), and ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) (206-208). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but at present ( 2014 ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although these scores may be helpful in defining patients at elevated bleeding risk, &lt;strong&gt;their clinical utility is insufficient for use as evidence for the recommendations in this guideline&lt;/strong&gt;. [2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676081/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676081/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are some guidelines for oncology patients though they are old (2007)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SHrZ9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SHrZ9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Oncology guideliness&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, your only recourse is to seek local expert opinion in non-oncology patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-16T22:40:12.617" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T22:40:12.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9493" CreationDate="2018-03-16T21:42:27.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are very few research data available on the efficacy&#xA;  of hypnosis in the treatment of sleep disorders. Most of the&#xA;  literature is limited to case reports or studies with such a&#xA;  small sample that at times it is very difficult to interpret the&#xA;  results. There is a major placebo effect, so uncontrolled&#xA;  trials are of limited value. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo8Aug2008/V37N8p683.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo8Aug2008/V37N8p683.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-16T21:42:27.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15624" CreationDate="2018-03-17T02:18:31.687" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatitis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostatitis&lt;/a&gt; isn't an STD, or a contagious disease, or even a disease at all.  The term &quot;prostatitis&quot; simply refers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammation&lt;/a&gt; of the prostate gland.  The underlying condition causing the inflammation could be any of a number of things, which, yes, include contagious and sexually-transmitted diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T02:18:31.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-17T02:48:36.280" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading about the US requirements for food labeling &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ucm274593.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label&lt;/a&gt;) about essential nutrients it became obvious that that label is far from complete.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently it is just required to list a small subset of vitamins, minerals etc., for example: Water, Energy, Protein, Fat, Cholesterol, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Sugars, Minerals, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin C, Vitamin A… &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is clearly a very rough, an incomplete list and compiled for almost entirely different reasons, I can only guess at. One guess would be trying to help to prevent, in the name of public health, those types of malnutrition that are most commonly seen over all in Americans, not those that would have the fastest onset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asking the world's favourite search engine for example &quot;first micro-nutrient to cause deficiency&quot; yields mainly  results applicable for plant growth, where people seem to have pondered this question more frequently in the past compared to human nutrition. Similiar search terms were equally unsatisfactory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I keep wondering, phrased  in a very naive way on purpose: what is the most &quot;important&quot; essential (the most limiting nutritional factor?) nutrient to be consumed regularly enough to avoid any type of deficiency (serious &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;malnutrition&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the essential micro-nutrients  are all important at least in the mid- and long term, hence their name. But which are really needed most frequently almost or really daily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One isolated example is vitamin C and scurvy caused by a serious lack of vitamin C in a diet. Wikipedia for example claims that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Typically, scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. &lt;em&gt;It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems quite a long time for relative malnutrition that will not cause concrete and visible or clinically relevant symptoms. But I seem to be unable to find such a list and I am even hampered in compiling a list of essential nutrients and the possible problems when 'time until the symptoms of malnutrition/deficiency  develop' is a central criterion to be involved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For B12 it seems to take a very long time until symptoms develop, for fat-soluble vitamins it is similarly prolonged interval but my guess is that water soluble vitamins and some minerals would be less suitable to skip on while remaining healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As evidenced by our human past, general energy deficiency causing starvation is not really part of this inquiry, since it presents a larger problem in itself. So it is not about water, energy, fats, protein or carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That situation in question would entail: all micro-nutrients (and macro) kept at recommended levels or above, only one single of the essential micro-nutrients deprived. Which micro-nutrient deprivation causes the first signs of malnutrition the fastest. This would be applicable for an otherwise and previously healthy and well fed adult, not necessarily for children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-03-17T03:50:01.237" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T06:42:54.167" Title="Which essential nutrient is the first that will cause debilitating illness if supply is insufficient" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15657" CreationDate="2018-03-17T03:38:01.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since you have listed water as one of the nutrients, then clearly insufficient water will rapidly lead to renal failure and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't want to include water, then one of the water soluble vitamins since these are not stored in the body in significant amounts as opposed to fat soluble vitamins.  And you've already answered with Vitamin C which is correct and can occur in &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1-3 months&lt;/a&gt;.  In studies conducted on prison &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/35/3/556/735661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;volunteers&quot;&lt;/a&gt; signs of deficiency appeared at 4 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thiamine is another crucial water soluble vitamin.  Liver thiamine stores are depleted in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659035/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;18 days&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A deficiency in thiamine leads to decreased activity of thiamine-dependent enzymes that triggers a sequence of metabolic events leading to energy compromise. Neuronal death often occurs in certain neuronal populations that have high metabolic requirements and high thiamine turnover.15 Areas commonly affected by thiamine deficiency are the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, mammillary bodies, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the floor of the fourth ventricle, which includes the ocular motor, vestibular nuclei, and the cerebellar vermis.16 Lesions also may involve the fornices, the hippocampus, the area round the third ventricle, the quadrigeminal bodies, and the cortex.17 The predilection to affect memory circuits is responsible for the most important sequela of Wernicke’s encephalopathy— Korsakoff’s psychosis.18&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thiamine deficiency should be suspected in alcoholics presenting with confusion since they have poor diets, but also since alcohol inhibits thiamine absorption.  It should also be considered in some forms of heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detecting which nutrient causes symptoms first would be difficult without controlled trials and in the modern era, the historical experiments conducted on prisoners and conscientious objectors would now be considered unethical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-17T06:42:54.167" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T06:42:54.167" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12709" CreationDate="2018-03-17T08:17:36.803" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The majority of people who are overweight have difficulty losing weight.  If they didn't there wouldn't be an obesity crisis in the western world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;OBESITY CRISIS: TWO BILLION PEOPLE NOW OVERWEIGHT AND U.S. IS ONE OF THE FATTEST NATIONS ON EARTH &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newsweek.com/obesity-crisis-us-childhood-overweight-two-billion-people-fattest-nations-624323&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing blood tests on 2 billion people who can't lose weight is almost a complete waste of money and resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As regards to a claim of a &lt;em&gt;proper diet&lt;/em&gt; most people will tell you that they're on a good diet.  And almost always that is incorrect because their knowledge of nutrition is misinformed.  Again, if their knowledge were correct they would be less likely to be in this position. To support this at least one study has shown that nutritional knowledge is inversely correlated with healthy eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Students with greater nutritional knowledge consumed less unhealthy fats and cholesterol. This finding magnifies the role of nutrition education as a potential tool in health campaigns to promote healthy eating patterns among college students. Results of this pilot study can inform the design of future nutrition education intervention studies to assess the efficacy of nutrition knowledge on pattern of fat consumption among college students. [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our results also demonstrate that black race and lower education within a low-income sample were independently related to misidentification of low nutrition and high caloric content foods. Misidentification was generally in the direction of believing that food items were healthier than they actually are. These findings are consistent with USDA survey results that found that black participants were less able than white participants to correctly identify foods with higher fat content [40]. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the physician considers that there might be an underlying issue, then &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.com/health/article/0,,20429749,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thyroid function&lt;/a&gt; might be the only reasonable test to perform if there are sufficient grounds on clinical suspicion.  Otherwise, consider the drugs and mental status of the person as eating is a common go-to activity for the depressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050673/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717981/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-behavioral-therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-22T19:19:54.833" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T19:19:54.833" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15663" CreationDate="2018-03-17T11:25:46.483" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I drink green tea it happens that after 1-1.5h I feel very tired. I noticed that this does not happen if I consume cheese / meat while drinking green tea. If I eat vegetables or grains during the consumption of green tea the effect is nearly the same, as if I don't eat anything, i.e. starting to feel tired after 1-1.5h. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use only one bag of tea for 800-1000ml and consume about 2000-3000ml of green tea a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also read that when eating diary products while drinking green tea it helps to preserve the integrity and antioxidant activity of polyphenols during digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is now, what are other interactions between cheese / meat and green tea which could explain this phenomena, i.e. not feeling tired vs. feeling tired after consuming green tea depending on the food consumed concomitantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25154916&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8980" LastEditorUserId="8980" LastEditDate="2018-03-17T15:45:42.803" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T15:45:42.803" Title="Combined consumption of green tea and cheese / meat" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;productivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15661" CreationDate="2018-03-17T12:56:24.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cheese and meat are both high in fat, which slows down the emptying of the stomach content (including tea) into the small intestine more than carbohydrate foods (vegetables and grains). So, taking tea with fatty foods will slow down the absorption of caffeine and other tea components and result in lower peak blood caffeine levels than taking tea on an empty stomach or with carbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2738691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of meal energy content on gastric emptying.&#xA;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increasing the energy content of the meal of fixed composition&#xA;  progressively delayed gastric emptying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cheese and meat usually have more energy than the same amount of carbohydrate foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-03-17T14:47:03.677" LastActivityDate="2018-03-17T14:47:03.677" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14135" CreationDate="2018-03-17T19:36:39.497" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The modern theory on the causation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is known as the twin cycle hypothesis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nG9k6.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nG9k6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Twin cycle hypothesis&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The twin cycle hypothesis of the etiology of type 2 diabetes. During long-term intake of more calories than are expended each day, any excess carbohydrate must undergo de novo lipogenesis, which particularly promotes fat accumulation in the liver. Because insulin stimulates de novo lipogenesis, individuals with a degree of insulin resistance (determined by family or lifestyle factors) will accumulate liver fat more readily than others because of higher plasma insulin levels. In turn, the increased liver fat will cause relative resistance to insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production. Over many years, a modest increase in fasting plasma glucose level will stimulate increased basal insulin secretion rates to maintain euglycemia. The consequent hyperinsulinemia will further increase the conversion of excess calories to liver fat. A cycle of hyperinsulinemia and blunted suppression of hepatic glucose production becomes established. Fatty liver leads to increased export of VLDL triacylglycerol,85 which will increase fat delivery to all tissues, including the islets. This process is further stimulated by elevated plasma glucose levels.85 Excess fatty acid availability in the pancreatic islet would be expected to impair the acute insulin secretion in response to ingested food, and at a certain level of fatty acid exposure, postprandial hyperglycemia will supervene. The hyperglycemia will further increase insulin secretion rates, with consequent enhancement of hepatic lipogenesis, spinning the liver cycle faster and driving the pancreas cycle. Eventually, the fatty acid and glucose inhibitory effects on the islets reach a trigger level that leads to a relatively sudden onset of clinical diabetes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The observation that bariatric surgery often reversed T2DM was the genesis of this theory, and extreme low calorie diets have confirmed the reversal of T2DM simulating the period of starvation that occurs following bariatric surgery.  Interestingly, even though insulin sensitivity is restored in the liver by calorie loss, it is still present in the peripheral muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another recent observation is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/105/3/723/4569701&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diets high in saturated fat&lt;/a&gt; predispose to peripheral insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusions: In a Mediterranean trial focused on dietary fat interventions, baseline intake of saturated and animal fat was not associated with T2D incidence, but the yearly updated intake of saturated and animal fat was associated with a higher risk of T2D. Cheese and butter intake was associated with a higher risk of T2D, whereas whole-fat yogurt intake was associated with a lower risk of T2D. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So excess calories, particularly of saturated fat, would appear to be the cause of T2DM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781719_7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781719_7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 105, Issue 3, 1 March 2017, Pages 723–735, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.142034&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.142034&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-18T18:35:51.173" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T18:35:51.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15667" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15668" CreationDate="2018-03-18T00:29:59.637" Score="4" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anaesthesia awareness or intraoperative awareness is a situation in which the patient is partially awake during a surgery. How common are such incidences and what are potential problems associated?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T00:29:59.637" Title="How common is Anaesthesia Awareness?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15667" CreationDate="2018-03-18T00:29:59.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Previous&lt;/strong&gt; estimates were at 1 in a 1000 patients (1‰) suffer from intraoperative awareness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical literature suggests that in- traoperative awareness with recall while under general anesthesia may occur to some degree at a frequency of approximately 1 – 2 in 1,000 anesthetics. Most patients experiencing intraoperative awareness do not feel any pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: American Association of Nurse Anaesthetists, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/pr-aana-com-web-documents-(all)/patients/awareness_brochure0110.pdf?sfvrsn=801d49b1_4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient Awareness Brochure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) conducted a study on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in 2014 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140915114534.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;with the largest test group so far&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;found that incidents were as low as 1 in 19.000 cases&lt;/strong&gt;. This huge project has been compiled into a book (with the chapters available as PDF here), below are just some extracts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3SFVr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3SFVr.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source:&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;em&gt;5th National Audit Project of The Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP5report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Accidental Awareness during General Anaesthesia in the United Kingdom and Ireland.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Report and findings of the 5th National Audit Project&lt;/strong&gt;, Chapter 6, p. 40. 2014&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, not all incidents were accompanied with pain or distress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proportion of patients judged to have experienced distress at the time of the AAGA increased with Michigan score (Figure 7.5): distress was most common when pain and paralysis were experienced together, with 17 of 22 patients reporting distress (77%).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Q7Jhj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Q7Jhj.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source:&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;em&gt;5th National Audit Project of The Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP5report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Accidental Awareness during General Anaesthesia in the United Kingdom and Ireland.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Report and findings of the 5th National Audit Project&lt;/strong&gt;, Chapter 7, p. 51. 2014&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that of the on-average 0.0051% cases of AAGA, only 77% reported distress, and of those 77%, 80% experienced pain and paralysis, the sort of locked-in-experience that is presented in most newspapers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual chance of such a locked-in-experience is thus 0.0031%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a comparison, below is a table of risks of lifetime-death by cause.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1pRKy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1pRKy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Values taken from: &lt;strong&gt;National Safety Council&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nsc.org/learn/safety-knowledge/Pages/injury-facts-chart.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Are the Odds of Dying From...&lt;/a&gt;, 2017. nsc.org.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T00:29:59.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-18T16:03:00.360" Score="3" ViewCount="2163" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cinj.org/research-cancer-institute-new-jersey-cigarette-relighting-tied-tough-economy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Institute of New Jersey&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to Michael Steinberg, MD, MPH, FACP, a member of The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and director of the Tobacco Dependence Program, who is the senior author of the research:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“In fact, smokers who relight cigarettes may be at higher risk of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis.  That is something of which policy makers need to be aware,” he notes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/9/5/621/1048038?redirectedFrom=PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxford Academic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given that previous research has indicated that relighting cigarettes leads to increased harm, the public health implications of this smoking practice are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Sadly, I do not have permission to access the Oxford article.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Does-stubbing-a-cigarette-and-relighting-have-worse-health-effects-than-smoking-a-normal-cigarette&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seemingly unofficial source on Quora&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you relight a cigarette, you're breathing coal. Read about breathing coal &amp;amp; black lungs. If you're going to relight a cigarette it is desirable to sever the burnt end of the cigarette to remove the burnt coal. The relighting of the burnt coal causes marginally higher incidence of lung cancer compared with people who use a &quot;cigarette snipper&quot; (or just small scissors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Is-smoking-2-3-puffs-of-a-cigarette-just-as-bad-as-smoking-the-whole-cigarette&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another Quora post&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are some simple physical truths here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The last few drags of a cigarette contain far more tar, as the tar from the first half has partially condensed and saturated the butt.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;There are also a lot of other toxic chemicals that do the same thing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Also, most of the horrible stuff in cigs is worse once it becomes oxidized (burnt.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although most online sources suggest, &quot;&lt;em&gt;Yes, relighting cigarettes is worse for your health&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, the official sources don't explain &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The unofficial sources do conjure some possibilities, I would prefer documentation that's a bit more official.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the set of health concerns to consider when relighting a cigarette, compared to smoking a full never-been-lit-before cigarette? I'd assume the set would contain all the concerns of smoking in general, but what deviations exist? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13229" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-03-18T17:16:05.780" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T17:16:05.780" Title="Does relighting a cigarette have a harsher effect on your health?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15673" CreationDate="2018-03-18T16:38:18.090" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This appears to be from a very old study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rate of chronic bronchitis among relighters (39·7%) was higher than the rate (32·9%) among the remaining cigarette smokers. The difference was of high statistical significance (P&amp;lt;0·001), and the same pattern was maintained when age and consumption were standardized. After allowing for a trend towards lower social class and a preference for plain as opposed to filter cigarettes the rate of chronic bronchitis among relighters was about 15% greater than that of the remaining cigarette smokers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1610789/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1610789/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there doesn't appear to be any subsequent study that replicates the findings rendering the findings preliminary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-18T16:38:18.090" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15678" CreationDate="2018-03-18T23:06:40.023" Score="5" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is meant by &quot;adequate exposure of the surgical field&quot; is this sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;During cardiac surgery, it is necessary to aspirate blood from the cardiac chambers to provide &lt;strong&gt;adequate exposure of the surgical field&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13231" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T05:13:57.127" Title="adequate exposure of the surgical field" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15677" CreationDate="2018-03-18T23:21:55.183" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It simply means visually exposing the tissues the surgeon needs to operate on. For example, if the surgeon needs to cut or suture inside one of the chambers and it's full of blood, they would be unable to see the tissue they're working on; therefore, they &lt;em&gt;expose the surgical field&lt;/em&gt; by aspirating (suctioning out) the blood blocking their view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/surgical+field&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/surgical+field&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-03-19T05:13:57.127" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T05:13:57.127" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="906" CreationDate="2018-03-19T00:21:28.050" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Other than the post and the website you mentioned, here are a few more natural testosterone boosters, some of them being substances, and others being lifestyle changes or things-to-do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275716515_Pomegranate_juice_intake_enhances_salivary_testosterone_levels_and_improves_mood_and_well_being_in_healthy_men_and_women&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, pomegranates were found to increase salivary testosterone levels by an average of 24% (though this was averaged over both men and women, in just men, the increase was ~22%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, the Ashwagandha group, in conjunction with resistance training, was able to increase their testosterone by 96.2 ng/dl, compared to the placebo group, that was only able to increase their testosterone levels by 18 ng/dl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.49&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, significant correlations were observed between dietary intake and testosterone levels. My interpretation from the correlations in this study was that, in general, higher protein intake and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA's) result in lower testosterone levels, while more carbohydrates, higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA's) and saturated fatty acids (SFA's) result in higher testosterone levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Coming to the more controversial one, in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/chemistryofattraction/download/Oberzaucher_Poster.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, whiffing the pheromone copulin, which is secreted by ovulating females, increased salivary testosterone levels by an average of about 30%, as seen in the graph). Copulins are available on amazon; however, I have been unable to find the exact concentration of copulins used in this study and the time of exposure of the subjects to them, so proceed with your own risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) The safer alternative to the above option, which depending on your circumstances, may or may not be available to you, is sexual intercourse. In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-010-9711-3/fulltext.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, participants in a visit to the sex club experienced a 72% increase in testosterone levels. Even the observers experienced an 11% increase as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pituitary-testicular+axis+in+obese+men+during+short-term+fasting.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, a 56 hours fast was observed to increase testosterone levels by 180% in normal non-obese men but not by any percentage in obese men, sadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) In this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ehbonline.org/article/S1090-5138(13)00065-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, men who chopped trees for one hour experienced a 48.6% rise in testosterone levels. I quote from the study: &quot;A comparison of these results to the relative change in testosterone during a competitive soccer tournament in the same population reveals larger relative changes in testosterone following resource production (tree chopping), compared to competition (soccer).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, ingestion of 3000 mg of Royal Jelly caused an increase in testosterone levels (log testosterone levels in the RJ group was +0.12 ± 0.04 log ng/mL vs. -0.02 ± 0.05 log ng/mL in the placebo group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13232" LastEditorUserId="13232" LastEditDate="2019-07-25T11:27:31.680" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T11:27:31.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14954" CreationDate="2018-03-19T00:26:58.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's clear from episodes of food poisoning everywhere that the appearance of food is not a good indication as to how healthy it is to eat.  And that's why we have fairly clear rules on how many times to defrost something, or reheat something, before we eat them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If food which has been properly cooked is left to rot, then we are mainly talking about penicillin like molds growing on them. Are they actually harmful to us?  Perhaps not unless you're allergic to penicillin.  But mycotoxins which can cause serious injury don't usually reach a dangerous level until the food is quite rotten at which case you're not likely to want to eat it anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, well cooked food is likely to be okay to eat until it is rotten.  But it may well taste increasingly nasty and nastier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-moldy-food-dangerous#section6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-moldy-food-dangerous#section6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T00:26:58.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15683" CreationDate="2018-03-19T01:33:59.993" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the technical term for a condition that is diagnosed by ruling everything else out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7454" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T02:56:42.930" Title="Diagnosing by ruling things out" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15682" CreationDate="2018-03-19T02:56:42.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis of exclusion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A diagnosis of exclusion (per exclusionem) is a diagnosis of a medical condition reached by a process of elimination, which may be necessary if presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history, examination or testing. Such elimination of other reasonable possibilities is a major component in performing a differential diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-19T02:56:42.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-19T18:17:22.397" Score="0" ViewCount="643" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was almost ready to prepare elderberry jam, using the elderberry with its seed, but then I found some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;information about seed's toxicity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you know if the seed of ripe elderberries are toxic when preparing a jam?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T07:59:42.977" Title="Elderberry seeds toxicity" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15692" CreationDate="2018-03-19T23:02:43.350" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/better/pop-culture/here-s-how-often-you-should-replace-everything-your-bedroom-ncna844686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4890444/throw-underwear-and-knickers-away-after-a-year-to-be-more-hygienic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sites&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodhousekeeping.co.uk/institute/household-advice/cleaning-tips/this-is-how-often-you-should-wash-your-essentials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;claim&lt;/a&gt; that bedding and underwear should be &lt;strong&gt;thrown away&lt;/strong&gt; for sanitary reasons every few years (the exact recommendation varies between sites and clothing/bedding type). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, regardless of the laundry routine they endure. So for example, even if you wash your underwear at 60°C with bleach every day, they should allegedly be &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/health/health-advice/how-often-do-you-need-new-undies/news-story/8d8f1f64148cd18df733d7327f8cea34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thrown in the garbage every year&lt;/a&gt; for sanitary reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this make sense? Why does the item's age matter? Isn't a 5-year old item (pillow/underwear/duvet/etc) as good as new, hygienically speaking, after being washed with a detergent at 60°C? Do you mean to tell me things get &quot;too contaminated&quot; over time, to the point where they are a &quot;sanitary lost cause&quot; and must be thrown away and replaced? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I'm only talking about the hygienic perspective. For the sake of this discussion let's ignore things like loss of functionality, comfort, aesthetics, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1902" LastActivityDate="2018-03-20T00:03:08.280" Title="Replacing bedding and underwear for hygienic reasons" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15691" CreationDate="2018-03-19T23:19:44.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with the comments in that article.  It's rubbish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the NHS toss their bedding every few years??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get rid of dust mites&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wash bedding weekly. Wash all sheets, blankets, pillowcases and bedcovers in hot water that is at least 130 F (54.4 C) to kill dust mites and remove allergens. If bedding can't be washed hot, put the items in the dryer for at least 15 minutes at a temperature above 130 F (54.4 C) to kill the mites. Then wash and dry the bedding to remove allergens. Freezing nonwashable items for 24 hours also can kill dust mites, but this won't remove the allergens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dust-mites/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dust-mites/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352178&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sun newspaper is not a reliable source of health information.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-20T00:03:08.280" LastActivityDate="2018-03-20T00:03:08.280" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15689" CreationDate="2018-03-20T00:01:46.153" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your own link&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the ripe, cooked berries (pulp and skin) of most species of Sambucus are edible,[6][9][10] uncooked berries and other parts of plants from this genus are poisonous.[11] The leaves, twigs, branches, seeds, and roots of Sambucus plants can contain a cyanidin glycoside. Ingesting a sufficient quantity of cyanidin glycosides may produce illnesses.[6][11]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cooking destroys the small amount of cyanogenic glycosides found in the fruit that is poisonous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When making jam you can &lt;a href=&quot;http://mother-natures-backyard.blogspot.co.nz/2012/08/picking-cleaning-and-processing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sieve out all the seeds&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-20T00:15:27.437" LastActivityDate="2018-03-20T00:15:27.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15698" CreationDate="2018-03-20T10:47:04.530" Score="3" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Primary Hyperparathyroidism, often caused by a parathyroid gland having an adenoma on it, increases the release of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body.  This causes the excess release of calcium from bones into the blood, and the weakening of said bones.  A low Vitamin D level often accompanies hyperparathyroidism (or perhaps is a result of?) and while most calcium is excreted then through urine, some of it forms into kidney stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0004563214564400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some studies show&lt;/a&gt;, and consequently some doctors now recommend, a course of vitamin-D to re-absorb the calcium that had been released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a patient with low vitamin D, a calcium level of 2.9 mmol/L and PTH level of 12.9 mg/dl, what would be the expected impact of a course of Vitamin D at 50,000 IU/week ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the effects of hyperparathyroidism be fully mitigated while on the course, or if not, to what degree would they be?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13241" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-21T13:29:48.490" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T13:29:48.490" Title="To what degree does a Vitamin D course mitigate the effects of Primary Hyperparathyroidism?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15697" CreationDate="2018-03-20T10:54:55.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you see a low vitamin D level in conjunction with a raised PTH level, then I think you need to think secondary hyperparathyroidism (HiPTH).  But since vast numbers of most western populations  have lowish vitamin D levels seen even in my own clinic [3] where sun shine levels are high then it may be just co-incidental.  HiPTH disease should not lower the D3 levels.  And in secondary HiPTH disease the calcium and phosphate should be subnormal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person is from the Indian subcontinent, then the matter changes somewhat.  These people often have defective vitamin D handling so that they develop autonomous hyperparathyroidism if not actually tertiary hyperparathyroidism.  Calcium is then high. [1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the actual question of vitamin D supplementation in the case of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), then there's good reason to make sure the person is at least replete with vitamin D so that you don't get secondary HPTH disease in addition to the primary HPTH disease. This is likely the scenario you have posted.  As for treating vitamin D deficiency to reach supranormal levels in the presence of primary HPTH disease, I don't believe that there is role for that as found in the following study which looked at Vitamin D in PHPT disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, our findings demonstrate that low vitamin D, using a threshold of &amp;lt;20 but not &amp;lt;30 ng/mL, is associated with more biochemically severe PHPT, as manifested by higher PTH levels. Although vitamin D insufficiency was associated with modest cortical effects upon the skeleton, low vitamin D levels using the current thresholds were not associated with evidence of more severe disease as reflected by symptoms or meeting criteria for parathyroidectomy. As secular trends in vitamin D supplementation extend into PHPT populations, cohorts such as this one, with less vitamin D deficiency, are likely to become more common. We conclude that in this PHPT cohort with few profoundly vitamin D-deficient patients, vitamin D status did not appear to significantly impact clinical presentation or aBMD. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vitamin D metabolism is altered in Asian Indians in the southern United States: a clinical research center study.&lt;/em&gt; J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(1):169.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vitamin D in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Effects on Clinical, Biochemical, and Densitometric Presentation&lt;/em&gt; 2105 &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/100/9/3443/2830141&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/100/9/3443/2830141&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Vitamin D deficiency among patients attending a central New Zealand rheumatology outpatient clinic.&lt;/em&gt; Chiu, G N Z Med J. 2005 Nov 11;118(1225):U1727.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-20T18:26:50.940" LastActivityDate="2018-03-20T18:26:50.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10389" CreationDate="2018-03-20T23:38:14.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 5 years. However, vaccine efficacy can vary from person to person.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6003a3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6003a3.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Referring to the meningococcal vaccine, the CDC's ACIP wrote:&#xA;&quot;After licensure, additional data on bactericidal antibody persistence, trends in meningococcal disease epidemiology in the United States, and VE have indicated many adolescents might not be protected for more than 5 years.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13246" LastEditorUserId="13246" LastEditDate="2018-03-22T05:05:21.893" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T05:05:21.893" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3972" CreationDate="2018-03-21T00:10:04.970" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Autism has multiple causes. One major cause (covering ~75% of patients) is a person making folate receptor alpha antibodies (FRAA). They can suffer from cerebral folate deficiency(CFD) and autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A milk-free diet is known to help in this case by reducing FRAA antibody levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578948/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578948/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A milk-free diet downregulates folate receptor autoimmunity in cerebral folate deficiency syndrome&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715943/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715943/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another treatment is the use of folinic acid (not to be confused with folic acid) to restore folate levels in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2016168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2016168&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13246" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-03-22T09:35:54.710" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T09:35:54.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-21T19:09:33.250" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recently discussed trend in news and medicine is the association between eating greater levels of red meat and incidence of certain types of cancer. Seeing as meat is typically seared, and the relationship between consuming compounds found in burned food and developing cancer is already well-established, is current research consistent with the possibility that the relationship between eating red meat and cancer is simply due to the burning of the outer layer of the meat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T23:46:31.227" Title="Is the association between red meat and cancer caused by typically searing red meat?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;meat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15710" CreationDate="2018-03-21T23:46:31.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The IARC classified processed meat as a “definite” cause of cancer, or a Group 1 carcinogen – the same group that includes smoking and alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The agency made no specific dietary recommendations and said it did not have enough data to define how much processed meat is too dangerous. But it said the risk rises with the amount consumed — each 50-gram portion of processed meat eaten daily increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experts have long warned of the dangers of certain chemicals used to cure meat, such as nitrites and nitrates, which the body converts into cancer-causing compounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Processed meats are not typically seared as far as I know.  Sure, searing does cause problems in that they cause the formation of heterocyclic amines, and the risk seems to be there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and how are they formed in cooked meats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals formed when muscle meat, including beef, pork, fish, or poultry, is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as pan frying or grilling directly over an open flame (1). In laboratory experiments, HCAs and PAHs have been found to be mutagenic—that is, they cause changes in DNA that may increase the risk of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HCAs are formed when amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), sugars, and creatine (a substance found in muscle) react at high temperatures. PAHs are formed when fat and juices from meat grilled directly over an open fire drip onto the fire, causing flames. These flames contain PAHs that then adhere to the surface of the meat. PAHs can also be formed during other food preparation processes, such as smoking of meats (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HCAs are not found in significant amounts in foods other than meat cooked at high temperatures. PAHs can be found in other charred foods, as well as in cigarette smoke and car exhaust fumes. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it has been hard to quantify&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Population studies have not established a definitive link between HCA and PAH exposure from cooked meats and cancer in humans. One difficulty with conducting such studies is that it can be difficult to determine the exact level of HCA and/or PAH exposure a person gets from cooked meats. Although dietary questionnaires can provide good estimates, they may not capture all the detail about cooking techniques that is necessary to determine HCA and PAH exposure levels. In addition, individual variation in the activity of enzymes that metabolize HCAs and PAHs may result in exposure differences, even among people who ingest (take in) the same amount of these compounds. Also, people may have been exposed to PAHs from other environmental sources, such as pollution and tobacco smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, numerous epidemiologic studies have used detailed questionnaires to examine participants’ meat consumption and meat cooking methods to estimate HCA and PAH exposures. Researchers found that high consumption of well-done, fried, or barbecued meats was associated with increased risks of colorectal (14), pancreatic (15, 16), and prostate (17, 18) cancer. [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/link-red-meat-cancer-need-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/link-red-meat-cancer-need-know/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet#q1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet#q1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-21T23:46:31.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-22T01:33:55.490" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probiotics are good for people with stomach aches. Is there a medical risk that regular consumption of probiotics without exceeding daily dosage will cause bad effects like addiction or harm to health over the long-term? Probiotics are actually bacteria and bacteria sounds harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="8973" LastEditDate="2018-03-22T03:45:05.840" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T03:58:03.793" Title="Will regular consumption of Probiotics cause side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15712" CreationDate="2018-03-22T03:58:03.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we consider that the numbers of bacteria far exceed that of human cells then you will realise that bacteria are not necessarily harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addictions require some type of immediate positive reinforcement eg. through opioid receptors or cannabinoid receptors and since probiotic organisms are usually mixed in with food, this seems highly unlikely to cause an addiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, probiotics have been taken in one form or another for millennia; their use is not new, and they often have beneficial effect on human health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It became clear that intestinal microflora had metabolic functions, such as fermenting indigestible dietary residues and endogenous mucus, saving of energy, production of vitamin K, and absorption of ions (O’Sullivan et al., 1992). Probiotics have roles in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, and the development and the homeostasis of the immune system (Cammarota et al., 2009). Probiotics are not an invention but existed in our traditional foods such as beverages, salty fishes, yogurt, different types of cheeses and so on since olden times (Amara, 2012). Such food structures contain different types of useful bacteria. It might be that the first real use of food containing Probiotics was fermented milk (Hosono, 1992). Humans learned that fermented milk has a good taste. Later they learned how to convert it into cheese, yogurt and so on (Metchnikoff and Mitchell, 1910; Metchnikoff, 2004; Amara, 2012). Before the discovery of the microscope, humans knew how to prepare different types of milk products with different tastes and structures (Amara, 2012). This is a result of the action of different microbial reactions induced by different microbes (Bourdichon et al., 2012). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016413000819&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016413000819&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T03:58:03.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10389" CreationDate="2018-03-22T05:56:14.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the vaccine is to protect children against the peak incidence of infection which is at ages 16-21.  The at risk groups are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Certain groups are at increased risk for meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y but not serogroup B. These risk factors include HIV infection, travel to places where meningococcal disease is common (such as certain countries in Africa and in Saudi Arabia), and college students living in a dormitory. Other risk factors for serogroups A, C, W. and Y include having a previous viral infection, living in a crowded household, having an underlying chronic illness, and being exposed to cigarette smoke (either directly or second-hand).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the vaccination schedule for otherwise healthy children is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All adolescents should receive a dose of MenACWY at 11 or 12 years of age. A second (booster) dose is recommended at 16 years of age. Adolescents who receive their first dose at age 13 through 15 years should receive a booster dose at age 16 through 18 years. The minimum interval between MenACWY doses is 8 weeks. Adolescents who receive a first dose after their 16th birthday do not need a booster dose unless they become at increased risk for meningococcal disease. Colleges may not consider a second dose given even a few days before age 16 years as valid, so keep that in mind when scheduling patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aim is to ensure that bactericidal level of antibody present.  Although a single vaccination creates antibodies, the disease progresses so rapidly that that body is unable to respond fast enough using memory cells to create a bactericidal response. Therefore the schedule calls for the booster shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Meningococcal vaccines: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/wer/2011/wer8647.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO position paper&lt;/a&gt;, November 2011&lt;/em&gt; says regarding effectiveness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent estimates of the effectiveness of the first licensed quadrivalent vaccine suggest that within 3 to 4 years after vaccination, effectiveness is 80% to 85%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_meningococcal_acwy.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_meningococcal_acwy.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T05:56:14.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5818" CreationDate="2018-03-22T17:13:59.787" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A nutritionist may practice alternative medicine, but being a nutritionist does not inherently mean that you practice holistic medicine or are an alternative medicine practitioner. It totally depends on your certifications/education, and the kind of services you choose to provide as a nutrition professional! If you provide alternative therapies as a nutritionist, then you may consider yourself an alternative medicine practitioner.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the kind of certification/degrees you choose to get as a nutrition professional really depend on the kind of practice you are looking to build for yourself. I work with thousands of nutritionists, dietitians, health coaches, alternative medicine practitioners, as well as other health and fitness professionals who hold various degrees and certifications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13204" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-22T17:44:46.713" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T17:44:46.713" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="357" CreationDate="2018-03-22T20:03:08.333" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the question should be asked, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;can vaccines prevent autism?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One fact of note is that postnatal infections with the vaccine-targeted infectious agents, including measles, mumps, and rubella, are not known to cause autism, although autistic features have been reported in children with congenital rubella syndrome (Chess, 1971); one study reported the use of mathematical modeling and epidemiological data to conclude that MMR immunization had been associated with prevention of substantial numbers of cases of congenital rubella syndrome and associated autism in the period 2001–2010 in the United States (Berger et al., 2011). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190017/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190017/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-22T20:03:08.333" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15732" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15735" CreationDate="2018-03-23T08:27:45.837" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will a salad made with cut spinach, grated beetroot and carrot, mixed with curd/yogurt, kept in refrigerator retain it's nutrients 1 hour after the preparation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only thing I know that upon cutting iron in the vegetables starts oxidising and vegetables look dark in colour, but I can't make out the difference in colour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2982" LastEditorUserId="17617" LastEditDate="2020-03-05T09:14:23.810" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T09:14:23.810" Title="Impact of time between salad preparation and consumption" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-03-23T14:31:02.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15732" CreationDate="2018-03-23T13:44:36.690" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cutting and storing vegetables for an hour in the refrigerator would likely have only a negligible effect on their nutrient content. There could be a considerable change in the look and taste, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf060303y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quality Changes and Nutrient Retention in Fresh-Cut versus Whole Fruits during Storage, 2006 (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fresh-cut pineapples, mangoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, strawberries,&#xA;  and kiwifruits and whole fruits were stored &lt;strong&gt;for up to 9 days&lt;/strong&gt; in&#xA;  air at 5 °C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contrary to expectations, it was clear that &lt;strong&gt;minimal processing had&#xA;  almost no effect on the main antioxidant [vitamins A, C and E, and&#xA;  polyphenols] constituents.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-03-23T13:50:05.260" LastActivityDate="2018-03-23T13:50:05.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15737" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15764" CreationDate="2018-03-23T15:54:31.063" Score="1" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, itchiness can cause sleep deprivation to human as shown in many clinical cases. But I want to know if a sleep deprivation can cause itchiness or at least confuse our brain of spotting itchy area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Predecessor search&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked my biology teacher which part of our brain takes change of itchiness. She supposed that the cerebral cortex will do it because it processes tactile sensations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13088" LastEditorUserId="13088" LastEditDate="2018-03-24T16:16:48.273" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T00:04:19.597" Title="Relationship between sleep deprivation and itchiness" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;itching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15739" CreationDate="2018-03-23T17:58:24.253" Score="6" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;What databases are available to visually identify oral medication found without packaging?  Are there different databases for US, European, Far East, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13257" LastActivityDate="2018-03-23T18:52:16.800" Title="What resources are available to identify oral medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15738" CreationDate="2018-03-23T18:05:58.540" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several &amp;quot;pill identifiers&amp;quot; available online:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/pill-identification-tool/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/pill-identification/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pill_identification.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; (international database from 185 countries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You enter the shape and color of a pill and any imprints and you get the pictures with drug names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are apps for mobile phones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.idmypill.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ID My Pill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You take a photo of a pill and you get the info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you go to a search engine and type &amp;quot;recognize my pill&amp;quot; in or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.resourcepharm.com/pharmacist/identification-of-foreign-medicines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResourcePharm.com&lt;/a&gt; has a page: &amp;quot;Identify Foreign Medicines&amp;quot; with links to lists of drugs in various countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-03-23T18:52:16.800" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-23T21:25:05.973" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, some acronym definitions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RICE&lt;/a&gt;: Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MEAT: movement, exercise, analgesia, treatment &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does MEAT compare with RICE treatment to treat a tendinopathy (specifically, a tendinosis)? I.e., which one leads to a better recovery? (I'm aware that better include several component such as how fast one recovers, how well, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20130730131428/http://www.caringmedical.com:80/meat-vs-rice-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MEAT vs. RICE Treatment&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180323212120/http://stevenlow.org/overcoming-tendonitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Steven Low's overcoming tendonitis&lt;/a&gt;: they both advocate for MEAT without giving any scientific evidence MEAT is actually better than RICE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-03-24T15:48:35.187" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T15:48:35.187" Title="How does MEAT compare with RICE treatment to treat a tendinopathy (in terms of treatment efficiency)?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15741" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15742" CreationDate="2018-03-24T05:40:50.687" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on resveratrol supplements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0czqB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0czqB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;standardized to x%&quot; mean in resveratrol supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T07:12:09.847" Title="What does &quot;standardized to x%&quot; mean in resveratrol supplements?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15741" CreationDate="2018-03-24T07:12:09.847" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It means that whatever the amount of Polygonum cuspidatum Root Extract they used, it contains 50% trans-resveratrol.  But that doesn't help you much since they haven't told you how much Polygonum cuspidatum Root Extract is in the blend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare that to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NzjPx.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NzjPx.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;res&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which says the first capsule it is 99% pure, and the total amount of trans-resveratol is 248 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://megaresveratrol.net/resveratrol-health-benefits/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://megaresveratrol.net/resveratrol-health-benefits/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T07:12:09.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15746" CreationDate="2018-03-24T15:01:00.233" Score="3" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is &lt;em&gt;Pramolan&lt;/em&gt;? Is Pramolan an &lt;em&gt;Opioid&lt;/em&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13275" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-24T16:25:55.477" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T16:37:13.070" Title="What is Pramolan, is it an Opioid?" Tags="&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15744" CreationDate="2018-03-24T16:25:15.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Opipramol (the molecule that is being sold under multiple names including Pramolan) &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9417#section=ATC-Code&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is a nonselective monoamine reputake inhibitor with ATC code N06AA05&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opioids have the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leading ATC number N02A...&lt;/a&gt;, hence Opipramol is not an opioid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-24T16:37:13.070" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T16:37:13.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15747" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15748" CreationDate="2018-03-24T19:24:18.123" Score="4" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does caffeine raise your blood pressure when it puts your kidneys into overdrive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T20:01:47.673" Title="Why does caffeine raise your blood pressure when it's a diuretic?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15747" CreationDate="2018-03-24T20:29:00.207" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine increased plasma renin activity by 57 per cent, plasma norepinephrine by 75 per cent and plasma epinephrine by 207 per cent. Urinary normetanephrine and metanephrine were increased 52 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. Mean blood pressure rose 14/10 mm Hg one hour after caffeine ingestion. There was a slight fall and then a rise in heart rate. Plasma caffeine levels were usually maximal one hour after ingestion but there was considerable individual variation. A 20 per cent increase in respiratory rate correlated well with plasma caffeine levels. &lt;strong&gt;Under the conditions of study caffeine was a potent stimulator of plasma renin activity and adrenomedullary secretion.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197801262980403&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197801262980403&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mild diuretic effect does not compensate for the hypertensive effect which occurs early after ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-24T21:00:42.713" LastActivityDate="2018-03-24T21:00:42.713" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13921" CreationDate="2018-03-25T06:21:33.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are exercising outside make sure to bring a flash light and other saftey precautions. From what I have read there are many benefits to exercing at night. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/night-owls-rejoice-a-late-workout-shouldnt-hinder-your-sleep-it-could-even-help/2017/06/06/276f1098-462d-11e7-bcde-624ad94170ab_story.html?utm_term=.b5f43f86b25f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an article from the Washington Post. And then &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/what-is-the-best-time-of-day-to-exercise-its-not-when-you-think/2017/06/16/2020c3ba-51cf-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html?utm_term=.ae06e1d37332&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is another one which talks about research on this very subject (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825770a7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chtourou &amp;amp; Souissi, 2012&lt;/a&gt;). Other research in the article includes &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0054-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schoenfeld, et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gillen, et al. (2013)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I find it ironic that they said &quot;What is the best time of day to exercise? It’s not when you think.&quot; since it is exactly what I thought.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chtourou, H., &amp;amp; Souissi, N. (2012). The effect of training at a specific time of day: a review. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of Strength &amp;amp; Conditioning Research&lt;/em&gt;, 26(7), 1984-2005.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825770a7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825770a7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Ludzki, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., &amp;amp; Gibala, M. (2013). Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women. Obesity, 21(11), 2249-2255.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/oby.20379&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A. A., Wilborn, C. D., Krieger, J. W., &amp;amp; Sonmez, G. T. (2014). Body composition changes associated with fasted versus non-fasted aerobic exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 54.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0054-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1186/s12970-014-0054-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13279" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T12:29:35.027" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T12:29:35.027" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="309" CreationDate="2018-03-25T06:47:47.200" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently read a fantastic article in the first issue of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Geographic&lt;/a&gt; Science. To sum it up for you, coffee is actually great for you. 3 cups a day can decrease mortality by 12%. Right now I do not have the magazine on me but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/science/coffee-is-good-for-you.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a shorter version. My only concern is caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13279" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T06:47:47.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-25T10:19:42.613" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read about cancer treatment where the patient would be given radiation to kill cancer cells. How do they make sure that it affects mostly the cancer cells?&#xA;Moreover how do they manage it so that it kills cancer cells but does not causes more cancer by radiation poisoning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4972" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T21:35:38.350" Title="How does cancer radiotherapy target only cancer cells?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15762" CreationDate="2018-03-25T15:36:49.757" Score="-1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does body possibly have mechanisms for blocking drugs at higher doses and making them less effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2018-03-28T18:42:23.817" Title="Higher doses of a drug being less effective?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15756" CreationDate="2018-03-25T19:22:46.610" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/radiation-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/radiation-fact-sheet&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The quick answer is the healthy cells do get radiations (you may read more info on the above link), but they came up with a clever idea on how to minimalize the radiation absorbed by healthy cells but at the same time give a lot of radiation to the cancer cells. Look at this video from 1:44. &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/_moypMx05Fw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/_moypMx05Fw&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Simply enough, they used computer to analyze 3D picture of your body, then &quot;shoots&quot; the cancer cells from different angles so that the healthy cells get minimum damage. This doesn't relate to the question but maybe you want to know that cancer cells are weaker than normal cells because they are too busy growing and less organized that normal cells which makes them harder to recover from the radiation. That makes things a lot easier. This is link to the proof. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/radiation/how_works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/radiation/how_works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13142" LastEditorUserId="13142" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T02:39:28.927" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T02:39:28.927" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15757" CreationDate="2018-03-25T20:53:33.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drugs may have different actions at different concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Buprenorphine is 25 to 100 times more potent than morphine.18 Buprenorphine exhibits partial agonist behavior at the mu-receptor and exhibits antagonist behavior at the kappa-receptor. Buprenorphine has a strong affinity for the mu-receptor causing tight binding and therefore competition at the receptor, displacing other opioids, such as methadone and morphine. Also, there is incomplete dissociation from the mu-receptor, causing prolonged activity at the receptor.18 Affinity is quantified using Ki values, and the smaller the Ki value, the stronger the binding affinity to the receptor. The mu binding affinity of buprenorphine compared with other opioids can be found in Table 5. Of note, buprenorphine has a higher binding affinity compared with naloxone and therefore at higher doses where buprenorphine is most likely to be abused, not readily reversed by naloxone. It is only at lower doses where there is some competitive binding, and only then should we reasonably expect some reversal by high doses of continuous infusion naloxone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/jeffrey-fudin/2018/01/opioid-agonists-partial-agonists-antagonists-oh-my&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/jeffrey-fudin/2018/01/opioid-agonists-partial-agonists-antagonists-oh-my&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-25T20:53:33.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15737" CreationDate="2018-03-25T23:59:11.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Experimental sleep deprivation has been shown to cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uni-bonn.de/Press-releases/sleep-deprivation-leads-to-symptoms-of-schizophrenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;psychotic symptomatology&lt;/a&gt;.  Although not explicitly mentioned, one might suppose that itching might develop as a psychotic symptom but other than supposition it is hard to  imagine any other mechanism as to why sleep deprivation might cause pain, of which itching is one form of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recognised causes of nocturnal pruritus include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dermatological&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Atopic dermatitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psoriasis &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chronic idiopathic urticaria &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infestations (scabies, bedbugs, pediculosis, pinworms) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lichen planus &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lichen simplex chronicus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prurigo nodularis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-Dermatological&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Liver disease &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chronic kidney disease &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hematopoietic disorders&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neurological (e.g., brachioradial pruritus)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Psychological (delusional ideations, depression, schizophrenia, stress) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Substance abuse&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Advanced age (senile) pruritus &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Restless legs syndrome&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4813276/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4813276/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-26T00:04:19.597" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T00:04:19.597" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4040" CreationDate="2018-03-26T04:30:52.200" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the main hazards associated with raw veganism would be more around food hygiene. Without a kill-step (i.e. cooking to over 75 degrees Celsius) and hygienic food preparation practices there is the potential to be exposed to harmful bacteria, in particular salmonella is associated with bean sprouts and melons.&#xA;Wash your veggies, and if you're concerned about nutrition, it's best to talk to your local GP or a nutritionist/dietician. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://foodsafety.asn.au/fruit-and-vegetables/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://foodsafety.asn.au/fruit-and-vegetables/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13283" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T04:30:52.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15771" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-26T21:51:29.683" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy help treat a tendinopathy (specifically, tendinosis) in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {1} (RCT on 56 rats done in 2012):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyperbaric oxygen therapy creates a positive histological and biomechanical effect on tendon healing after Achilles tendon repair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {2} (RCT on 13 rabbits done in 2004):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results validate the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of tendinopathy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may increase collagen synthesis and collagen cross-link formation during the early healing process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if any study (preferably RCT) has been done on humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kuran, Fehmi Doruk, Mahmut Pekedis, H. Yıldız, F. Aydın, and N. Eliyatkın. &quot;Effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on tendon healing after Achilles tendon repair: an experimental study on rats.&quot; Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica 46, no. 4 (2012): 293-300. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17124311876271806646&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17124311876271806646&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt; ;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951751&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Hsu, Robert Wen-Wei, Wei-Hsiu Hsu, Ching-Lung Tai, and Kam-Fai Lee. &quot;Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on patellar tendinopathy in a rabbit model.&quot; Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 57, no. 5 (2004): 1060-1064. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10319769524500905367&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10319769524500905367&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15580033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15580033&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-03-26T21:51:29.683" Title="Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy help treat a tendinopathy in humans?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-26T23:10:29.870" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the name of the condition where your foot is much larger when standing than when sitting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13290" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:58:22.043" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:58:22.043" Title="What is the name of the condition where your foot is much larger when standing than when sitting?" Tags="&lt;footwear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15772" CreationDate="2018-03-27T01:33:47.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where the tissues swell when you do a lot of standing but don't when you're recumbent, or less obvious when you're sitting - is called dependent edema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the causes for dependent edema?&#xA;  Although dependent edema is the most common cause for leg swelling, there is no easy explanation to why it happens. All that is known that it happens in certain conditions Here are several causes that are known to be causes of leg swelling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hot weather – Hot weather causes the veins to dilate. Dilated veins&#xA;will result in fluid leaving them. This is a very common cause of&#xA;ankle swelling. This is why more people complain of swollen legs&#xA;during summer. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flight – The pressure in the passanger cabin during&#xA;flight is less than it is on the ground. That reduced pressure may&#xA;cause the ankles to swell. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diet rich in salt – Salt is well known to&#xA;attract fluid. A diet rich in salt may result in dependent edema (&lt;em&gt;editor: Hmm.  that needs a reference&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Standing for a long time – Gravity results in pooling of fluid in the&#xA;ankles after long periods of standing. This is why people who are on&#xA;their feet a lot without really moving get swollen legs. Examples of&#xA;such people are cashiers. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lack of movement – The body uses movement&#xA;to pump fluid out of the legs and back into the body. People who do&#xA;not move much will develop edema. This may happen even in young,&#xA;healthy, people, who have a desk job and sit by their computer for&#xA;prolonged periods of time. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Medication – Such as amlodipine. (vasodilators)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.angiologist.com/uniquely-vascular-medicine/dependent-edema/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.angiologist.com/uniquely-vascular-medicine/dependent-edema/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T01:33:47.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15779" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15795" CreationDate="2018-03-27T15:11:31.427" Score="2" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for the clotting effects to wear off. Assuming one dose of around 600mg of aspirin and exactly how much effect does it have on clotting of minor bleeds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13295" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-27T21:49:34.330" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T03:52:31.270" Title="How much does aspirin affect blood clotting?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1259" CreationDate="2018-03-27T15:40:11.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For all those people that are suffering for the same cause as me, I would like to recommend them to start practicing yoga, it has been so beneficial for me. I didn't think it was going to help me but it did, I was so desperate about getting a solution that I gave it a try even though some friends were laughing at me for practicing it. It takes about 3 weeks of every day doing it. If you are doing it, make sure you are doing the postures that you need to do for anxiety, stress, insomnia, etc. I was doing other kind of postures and then it didn't help me, but a yoga teacher taught me the right ones and I have been feeling so much better. It has helped me even more than acupuncture and massages, since they are only temporary fixes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can do whatever you want to do to improve your life but this is what worked for me and I was suffering from this for at least 5 years, and now finally I'm seeing an exit from this everlasting problem, I just felt I had to share this because it feels terrible and I don't wish this to anybody. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="650" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T15:40:11.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-27T23:37:41.700" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790843/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recent research&lt;/a&gt; indicates that UV exposure may be responsible for around 80% of facial skin aging symptoms. The more unprotected exposure from the sun, the more the skin ages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the evidence show that chronically bearded men, who have part of their face protected from sun exposure for years or decades, show less facial skin aging symptoms in these areas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-03-27T23:37:41.700" Title="Do bearded faces age slower?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15794" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15797" CreationDate="2018-03-28T22:59:57.647" Score="1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23062-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A study published on March 27th in Nature&lt;/a&gt; by researchers from the New York Univeristy‘s School Of Medicine postulates an entirely new organ, the &lt;em&gt;interstitium&lt;/em&gt;, basically a fluid/tissue system that is supposedly larger than the skin itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this &lt;em&gt;discovery&lt;/em&gt; as great as it sounds? Based on how I understand the article, the type of tissue was already known. The article only shows article mere scale of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How feasible is it that this organ was undetected by now? How feasible is it that the tissue does in fact qualify as a fluid system and organ and isn’t just a type of tissue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-29T22:37:28.370" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T22:37:28.370" Title="How feasible is the discovery of the organ „interstitium“ (opposed to it just being interstitial space)?" Tags="&lt;history&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15779" CreationDate="2018-03-29T03:52:31.270" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Tulane's pharmwiki, the half-life of aspirin for a dose of 300-650 mg is 3.1-3.2 hours. The half life of a drug is the amount of time needed for the concentration of drug to be reduced in half (after reaching peak concentration). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, after 5 half-lives, or roughly 16 hours, the amount of drug remaining in the body is (1/2)^5 = 0.03125 -&gt; 3%, which is mostly eliminated from the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I only use 5 half-lives because it was a rule of thumb for drug elimintion mentioned in the Youtube video in my references. A more conservative answer could be 6 half-lives (1.5625% drug remaining in blood) or rougly 19 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Half-Life: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6vhPl.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6vhPl.png&quot; alt=&quot;In this image, 1 hour is the half life.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin functions as a blood thinner by irreversibly inactivating a protein called the COX enzyme in platelets, which disrupts the clotting process. This is why a possible serious side effect of taking aspirin is bleeding a lot from a minor cut. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, in those 16 hours in which the aspirin is in action, the platelets (life span: 8-9 days) that are affected will be unable to clump together to clot which can pose a risk for minor bleeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/aspirin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacological Information on Aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQRILGiF7os&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quick Youtube Video with half-life example problems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/diagnosis-treatment/treatments/btpills/btpills.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; Educational Resource on Safe Usage of Aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/new-guidelines-refine-aspirin-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemical Action of Aspirin and Cost-Benefit Analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://slideplayer.com/slide/2432691/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T03:52:31.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15800" CreationDate="2018-03-29T08:33:02.073" Score="3" ViewCount="430" Body="&lt;p&gt;So you have these 'fizzing' tablets, that are to the best of my knowledge referred to as effervescent tablets. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effervescent_tablet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki page&lt;/a&gt; provides some details, including that they are tablets which are designed to dissolve in water, and release carbon dioxide. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I haven't been able to find out what the benefit is of a normal orally taken tablet dispersed in water, versus an effervescent tablet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, take &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcysteine#Dosage_forms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acetylcycteine&lt;/a&gt; against thick mucus - it comes in various forms, including regular tablets and effervescent tablets as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it just to add some carbonic acid to the water to make it sparkling to make it taste better? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it a method to dissolve materials quicker by the generation of bubbles?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it to make the water more acidic by generating carbonic acid?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there a more pharmacological reason for the use of effervescent tablets?   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nuEMk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nuEMk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;effervescent tablet&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Effervescent tablet. source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effervescent_tablet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastEditorUserId="209" LastEditDate="2018-03-29T18:35:21.243" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T19:44:21.873" Title="What is the benefit of effervescent tablets?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dissolve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15794" CreationDate="2018-03-29T13:27:09.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The authors explicitly mention to have found a component of tissues, not an organ.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The authors make no mention of an 'organ'. Here's an excerpt from the Discussion section of the linked paper: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In sum, while typical descriptions of the interstitium suggest spaces between cells, we describe macroscopically visible spaces within tissues – dynamically compressible and distensible sinuses through which interstitial fuid fows around the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's all about semantics: they say 'macroscopically visible spaces within tissues'. So they speak on a sub-tissue scale. Now the following figure shows the layers of organzation in an organism, which has significance to your question. It shows that organs are made our of tissues. In turn, the authors of the article are explicitly talking about interstitial spaces &lt;em&gt;within tissues&lt;/em&gt;, and they do &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; claim to have found an organ anywhere in the paper. Instead, the authors claim to have stumbled upon  interstitial found &lt;em&gt;within&lt;/em&gt; tissues, so indeed at a sub-tissue level. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6MDTy.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6MDTy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;organization&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Fig. 1. Layers of organization. source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Human_Body_&amp;amp;_Physiology.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia Lubopitko&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastEditorUserId="209" LastEditDate="2018-03-29T17:51:11.107" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T17:51:11.107" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-29T19:16:56.450" Score="3" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;For conditions such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_orthostatic_tachycardia_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;POTS (Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome)&lt;/a&gt; which are unable to regulate appropriate blood pressure / HR on postural changes, they are treated with volume expansion - like an effective chronic hypovolemia - even though technically they are euvolemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various treatments for these conditions include salt tablets and water intake, or regular home IV saline infusions.  These have to be done regularly, however, or healthy kidneys will eliminate the excess fluid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wouldn't a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_expander#Colloids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;colloidal volume expander&lt;/a&gt; like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelofusine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gelofusine&lt;/a&gt; or Albumin last longer, by maintaining the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncotic_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oncotic pressure&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recognize that unfortunately, it seems to be hard to get, as wikipedia explains in the article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin#Medical_uses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;albumin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For patients with low blood volume, there is no evidence that albumin reduces mortality when compared with cheaper alternatives such as normal saline, or that albumin reduces mortality in patients with burns and low albumin levels. Therefore, the Cochrane Collaboration recommends that it not be used, except in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this research all seems to be about treating acute hypovolemia, such as in cases of blood loss or severe dehydration. In those cases, saline works just as well while being less expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for EDS patients, the problem isn't low blood volume, but inability to regulate that volume. Saline boosts the quantity of fluid while decreasing oncotic pressure, which is ultimately self-defeating. Maintaining oncotic pressure would, in theory, be ideal.  Perhaps we could find a colloid that the kidneys will not eliminate rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can blood volume be chronically increased effectively with colloid volume expanders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13313" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-03-29T20:20:31.633" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T12:32:08.500" Title="Can a colloid intravascular volume expander be used in chronic orthostatic hypotension?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15796" CreationDate="2018-03-29T19:44:21.873" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main reason why you'd want to prescribe effervescent tablets is when the person can't swallow tablets, or, the tablet is unpleasantly large such as some calcium tablets.  Then one can use dispersible calcium tablets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the reasons one manufacturer lists are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral dosage forms are the most popular way of taking medication, despite having some disadvantages compared with other methods. One such disadvantage is the risk of slow absorption of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which can be overcome by administering the drug in liquid form and, therefore, possibly allowing the use of a lower dosage. However, because many APIs only show a limited level of stability in liquid form, effervescent tablets, which are dissolved in water before administration, have been formulated as an alternative dosage form&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also allows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an opportunity for formulators to improve the taste; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a more gentle action on a patient's stomach; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;marketing aspects (fizzy tablets may have more consumer appeal than traditional dosage forms).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it requires a more complex manufacturing process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fundamentals of effervescents Effervescents consist of a soluble organic acid and an alkali metal carbonate salt, one of which is often the API. Carbon dioxide is formed if this mixture comes into contact with water. Typical examples of the acids and alkalis used include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;citric acid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tartaric acid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malic acid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fumaric acid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;adipic acid &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium bicarbonate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium carbonate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium sesquicarbonate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;potassium bicarbonate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;potassium carbonate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmtech.com/effervescent-dosage-manufacturing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pharmtech.com/effervescent-dosage-manufacturing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T19:44:21.873" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15799" CreationDate="2018-03-29T20:11:59.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Albumin is expensive and potentially dangerous, colloids have never been shown to be better than crystalloids, and there is no good evidence for their effective use in orthostatic hypotension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Albumin&lt;/strong&gt;, due to its cost and the traceability requirements inherent to all blood-derived products, is rarely prescribed as first-line treatment &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Synthetic colloids&lt;/strong&gt; provide a plasma expansion property of close to 100% (80%–120% depending on the product; Table 2) but with a risk of anaphylaxis, renal failure and clotting disorders. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The plasma expansion property of a solution theoretically has direct metabolic effects. A product with a high expansion property corrects blood volume more effectively, limiting the risks of tissue hypoperfusion responsible for lactic acidosis. The expected benefit of a colloid should therefore be logically greater than that of a crystalloid, but this &lt;strong&gt;superiority has never been demonstrated&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension&lt;/strong&gt;, postprandial hypotension and exercise-induced hypotension are common features of cardiovascular autonomic failure. Despite the serious impact on patient’s quality of life, evidence-based guidelines for non-pharmacological and pharmacological management are lacking at present. Here, we provide a systematic review of the literature on therapeutic options for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and related symptoms with evidence-based recommendations according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Patient’s education and non-pharmacological measures remain essential, with strong recommendation for use of abdominal binders. Based on quality of evidence and safety issues, midodrine and droxidopa reach a strong recommendation level for pharmacological treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. In selected cases, a range of alternative agents can be considered (fludrocortisone, pyridostigmine, yohimbine, atomoxetine, fluoxetine, ergot alkaloids, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, octreotide, indomethacin, ibuprofen, caffeine, methylphenidate and desmopressin), though recommendation strength is weak and quality of evidence is low (atomoxetine, octreotide) or very low (fludrocortisone, pyridostigmine, yohimbine, fluoxetine, ergot alkaloids, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, caffeine, methylphenidate and desmopressin). &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/730821_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/730821_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686257/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686257/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T20:11:59.260" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-29T21:11:23.457" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nail biting&lt;/a&gt; is very common, being the most common of the typical &quot;nervous habits.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/863395&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape article&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nail biting (onychophagia) is an oral parafunctional habit—the use of the mouth for a purpose other than speaking, eating, or drinking, a category that includes bruxism (grinding teeth), digit sucking, pencil chewing, and mouth breathing. Nail biting begins during childhood, increases substantially during adolescence, and declines with age, although the habit may continue into adulthood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless nail biting is severe, it is considered to be mostly a cosmetic problem, complicated by the risk of infection (paronychia, herpetic whitlow, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any proven methods to cure one of the habit of nail biting? Once nail biting stops, how long does it take before the fingertip to regain a normal appearance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13315" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2018-03-30T16:35:19.253" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T18:56:40.993" Title="Management of nail biting" Tags="&lt;fingers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14828" CreationDate="2018-03-30T19:40:22.440" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question should be migrated to Physics SE. since this is mainly about thermodynamics and has nothing to do with health. This is fairly simple, it depends on your metabolism. We call it Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Before your question was edited by Carey, you said that your palms are mostly sweaty and having a hard time sweating while working out. Muscle mass play a key role to your metabolism no doubt. You will also feel &quot;warmer&quot; when your blood vessels near the surface of the skin. In addition, during cold climate your blood vessels will constrict to conserve heat and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13142" LastActivityDate="2018-03-30T19:40:22.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11144" CreationDate="2018-03-30T20:08:16.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want to test for any alcohol that could theoretically make someone feel the same effects as drinking ethanol-containing drinks, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC165791/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; indicates that you may need to test for alcohols of many chain lengths between 1 (methanol) and 12 (dodecanol). (It doesn't explicitly say whether or not isopropyl or even straight-chain propyl alcohol causes the effect that is being studied as possibly the main effect of liquor.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quote I'm looking at is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With respect to GABA_A receptors, a number of alcohols with different carbon numbers in their backbone (indicated in parenthesis), including methanol (3), butanol (4), hexanol (6), octanol (8), decanol (10) and dodecanol (12), potentiate GABA-gated current. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear whether they got the names or the numbers wrong for methanol: methanol has only 1 carbon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7150" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-03-31T08:44:03.053" LastActivityDate="2018-03-31T08:44:03.053" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-01T08:34:08.263" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;once i come to urologist, he wanted to use cystoscope, and it was very thick, nearly 1 cm in diameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it was a tube, multifunctional, allowing to pass different instruments via it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is there thin cystoscope, used in medicine widely, thin to make less harm, used only for watching?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11265" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T12:39:12.567" Title="is there thin cystoscope, thin to make less harm, used only for watching?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14828" CreationDate="2018-04-01T20:36:59.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a constant basal metabolic rate, then those with relatively smaller body surface areas will feel warmer than those with high body surface area.  This is because with a higher BSA the body has to shut down more of the surface blood flow to conserve heat and thereby ensure a constant core body temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, larger animals usually have a smaller surface area relative to their body mass and, therefore, are comparatively inefficient at radiating their body heat off into the surrounding environment.  The relationship between surface area and volume of objects was described in the 1630's by Galileo. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on top of this men have more muscle mass which generates more heat and this needs to be lost by increasing blood flow to the skin.  So, this explains why women are so cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 1998 study found that women's average hand temperature hovers around 87.2 °F, while men's averages 90 °F &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/adapt/adapt_2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/adapt/adapt_2.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2978875-9/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2978875-9/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-01T20:36:59.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-01T23:03:41.210" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a cashier and handle heaps of receipts every weekday. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this study: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927604/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927604/&lt;/a&gt;, demonstrating significantly higher levels of urinary free and bound BPA in cashiers than non-cashiers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I lack the relevant technical expertise to determine if such levels present in cashiers are a cause for concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Free and total BPA were detected in all samples. The median urinary total BPA concentration was 3.54 µg/L (2.89 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 8.92 µg/L (6.76 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. For the free BPA, the median urinary concentration was 0.20 µg/L (0.21 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 0.28 µg/L (0.22 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study noted that these findings were 'interesting' for risk assessment but made no prescriptive comment (unfortunately).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please tell me if this is to worry about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13332" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-02T03:49:13.413" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T03:49:13.413" Title="BPA in reciepts (cashier)" Tags="&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15821" CreationDate="2018-04-01T23:45:16.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, no one knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By now tests have found the chemical in more than 90% of Americans. But the risks of BPA contamination are still in dispute. One reason: Studies have produced conflicting or inconclusive results, in part because alterations in the endocrine system can be subtle and hard to pin down. Another is a deep rift between academic scientists and regulators about which kinds of studies are best for shaping government oversight of chemicals. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The increased exposure as a teller is likely from handling thermal receipt paper, and there's a suggestion that sweating might increase clearance from the body. &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/bpa-safety-war-battle-over-evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/bpa-safety-war-battle-over-evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2012/185731/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2012/185731/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-04-02T00:54:55.570" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T00:54:55.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-02T03:21:14.593" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understood that there are a few muscles in the body that get tensed up when we are under psychological stress. I am curious and confused why would certain muscles tense up. Why does my body react to stress by making them tense? What advantage does the body assume in doing that, even if the threat is purely psychological and not physical?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, is there anyway to convince ourselves to relax our muscles when we are just psychologically stressed and there's no physical threat at all? Can this brain wiring be altered, or I would say, become more refined or accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13334" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T05:15:30.650" Title="Why does the temporalis muscle tighten when we are under prolonged stress?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15823" CreationDate="2018-04-02T05:15:30.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is part of the flight or fight response which is largely involuntary. Various muscles contract involuntarily including anal sphincters ( you don't want your bowels opening in a fight or flight ), and the muscles around your eyes and neck activate within a couple of seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you change an involuntary response? With difficulty, and a lot of training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mobile.nytimes.com/1986/09/28/magazine/relieving-stress-mind-over-muscle.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mobile.nytimes.com/1986/09/28/magazine/relieving-stress-mind-over-muscle.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/8809032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/8809032&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T05:15:30.650" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-02T16:55:12.810" Score="-1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today we had an interesting question, to disinfect the fruits and vegetables we usually need to submerge them on hazardous substances like chlorine or colloidal silver (if used on increased concentrations), so maybe its a good idea to wash them again in clear wather&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However wash them again will add new bacteria in to the system, beginning the process again, so is it a good idea to wash them or leave them in the disinfection liquid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know nothing can be 100% bacteria free, i just thought it was an interesting paradox&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13340" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T17:27:52.487" Title="Should I wash the vegetables after disinfection?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-04-07T10:27:00.420" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15829" CreationDate="2018-04-02T17:27:52.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are unsure of the quality of the water supply, it is advised to not rewash the produce, as this risks re-contaminating the produce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With chemical disinfectants, the important bit is to get the balance of chemical to water - the dilution - correct. At a certain point, the chemical becomes harmless for human consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://inspectapedia.com/water/Produce_Disinfection.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inspectapedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Watch out: If you have one of these products, read the label for the required amount of chemical to add and the wait time to use before consuming the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Once produce has been disinfected, do not wash it again in tap water. Doing-so removes the disinfectant and in communities where tap water itself may not be sanitary you risk re-infecting the produce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T17:27:52.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-02T18:28:54.893" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nodular acne is a condition where sebum plugs usually cause bumps on, and inflammation of, the skin, before the sebum emerges or can be extracted with a comedo extractor. Occasioanlly, this happens without inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Treatment&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per a dermatologist I spoke with, topical retinoids open pores to help expel the trapped sebum, but only oral treinoin (E.g. accutane) can dwindle sebum production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the body not decrease sebum production on its own?  Assuming the body's ability to detect the inflammation and acne nodes, why wouldn't it adjust sebum production?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T22:13:07.803" Title="Why doesn't the human body lower sebum production in patients with chronic acne?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15831" CreationDate="2018-04-02T20:11:56.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your assumption is incorrect; the body doesn't have that kind of feedback mechanism for sebaceous glands.  Feedback mechanisms exist in the body for many processes, but this is not one of them. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Excessive oil secretion&lt;/a&gt; is common, and it is not clear why some people have it and others do not. Sometimes acne results, but not always.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoea/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-04-02T20:11:56.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-03T12:09:09.480" Score="3" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some muscles, especially the biceps femoris to the back of the upper leg and the biceps brachii opposite the elbow side of the upper arm, can be made to cramp by hard flexion, bending the leg at the knee or the arm at the elbow very hard for a second or two until a cramp is induced. In the case of the leg, the effect can be increased by pointing the toes. The cramp can then be completely or nearly completely alleviated by stretching the respective muscle to full extension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What physiological effect explains this flexion-induced cramping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-04-03T12:09:09.480" Title="What is the cause of flexion-induced muscle cramping?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;cramps&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-04T06:55:06.690" Score="1" ViewCount="8749" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across mentions of ultrasound gel being essentially the same as lubricating gel, and I'm wondering if they can really be used interchangeably.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming this would be true for anything used for transvaginal ultrasonography, but I couldn't confirm whether these gels are the same as ones used externally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see terms such as &quot;bacteriostatic&quot;, &quot;non-sensitizing&quot; and &quot;non-irritating&quot; on specific products (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anawiz.com/acatalog/Ultrasound_Gel_250ml.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.anawiz.com/acatalog/Ultrasound_Gel_250ml.html&lt;/a&gt;), and even &quot;not a spermicide&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.parkerlabs.com/aquasonic-100.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.parkerlabs.com/aquasonic-100.asp&lt;/a&gt;), which seem to argue in favor, but most manufacturers will (understandably) not make any specific statements about that (although, the Aquasonic instructions leaflet does say it's suitable for natural orifices and mucous membranes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anybody is knowledgeable and can clarify this, please do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13355" LastActivityDate="2018-04-08T00:02:27.240" Title="Can ultrasound gel be used as an internal lube?" Tags="&lt;ultrasounds&gt;&lt;lubrication&gt;&lt;transvaginal-ultrasound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15854" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-04T21:26:34.460" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between mental health and mental illness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are prime examples of each category and why is a disorder such as bipolar both classified under both mental health and mental illness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13366" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T03:58:29.977" Title="Mental health vs mental illness" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-04-09T07:18:44.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15854" CreationDate="2018-04-05T01:50:35.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mental health is the term used for the field that includes mental illnesses.  They aren't exclusive or opposing terms, they're used differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T01:50:35.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-05T02:15:27.680" Score="4" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Australia, they recommend sun protection when the UV index is above 3. Why is this? Surely whenever it's above 0 there are still UV rays hitting your skin? Would 10 minutes in the sun with a UV index of 6 be the same as 20 minutes in the sun with a UV index of 3? If so, surely 10 minutes in a UV 6 index would be bad, and therefore 20 minutes in UV index 3 would also be bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13371" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T20:38:56.293" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T20:38:56.293" Title="Why do you not need sun protection whe the UV index is 3?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15865" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15875" CreationDate="2018-04-05T05:08:49.693" Score="9" ViewCount="5252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many articles on the internet claim that living near highways can be harmful to one's health. Here is an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/01/05/living-close-to-high-traffic-roads-raises-dementia-risk-study.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/01/05/living-close-to-high-traffic-roads-raises-dementia-risk-study.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All told, cursory internet research suggests that several studies have been done on the subject, and they have found that living near highways can increase the risk of the following health problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dementia (as described in the above article)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cardiovascular disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Impaired lung function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Asthma (particularly in children)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The studies all suggest that these health problems are caused by air pollution, usually in the form of ultrafine airborne particulate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that, what is a reasonable safe distance to live away from a highway in order to reduce or eliminate the above health risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13373" LastActivityDate="2019-10-10T23:57:54.847" Title="How far away from a highway should I live to avoid negative health effects?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15869" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-05T16:12:12.563" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the main factors that have been reasonably established to affect myopia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; which shows that children who spend a lot of time outside have far better eyesight than those who do not:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: The prevalence of myopia in 6- and 7-year-old children of&#xA;  Chinese ethnicity was significantly lower in Sydney (3.3%) than in&#xA;  Singapore (29.1%) (P &amp;lt; .001). Children in Sydney spent more time on&#xA;  outdoor activities (13.75 vs 3.05 hours per week; P &amp;lt; .001), which was&#xA;  the most significant factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" LastActivityDate="2018-04-05T16:12:12.563" Title="Factors Scientifically Shown to Affect Myopia" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15849" CreationDate="2018-04-05T20:44:40.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not recommended to reuse opened gel bottles for internal use due to the risks of infection. Ultrasound gels for internal use should be sterile unopened gel packets. And there was a series of cases who developed infections from one manufacturers gel. &lt;Sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can of course make your own ultrasound gel which from the ingredients looks very safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mix 2 teaspoons of guar gum with 1-2 teaspoons of salt. (The amount of salt isn't vitally important since it is just added to keep the guar gum from clumping. Using slightly less than a teaspoon of salt per 2 cups makes a gel with which is isotonic, which would be ideal for use near eyes or other mucus membranes or on open wounds).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boil two cups of water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Slowly sprinkle the guar gum/salt mixture into the boiling water while stirring vigorously with a fork or whisk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Boil for about 1-2 minutes until thick and well mixed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cool before using. Save lives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.com/2013/02/how-to-make-your-own-ultrasound-gel.html?m=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.com/2013/02/how-to-make-your-own-ultrasound-gel.html?m=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.itnonline.com/content/fda-bacteria-found-generic-ultrasound-gel-poses-infection-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.itnonline.com/content/fda-bacteria-found-generic-ultrasound-gel-poses-infection-risk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2018-04-08T00:02:27.240" LastActivityDate="2018-04-08T00:02:27.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-06T03:27:35.800" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any online/open access MRI image collections? I am looking for 3D geometry for an ACL to mesh and model for a Finite Element Modeling course, and I'm having trouble locating source files. We have a CT scan, but the resolution is too low for the application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is much appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13381" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T03:27:35.800" Title="Looking for MRI file repository for Finite Element Modeling of ACL" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;acl-ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-02T22:00:25.933" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a arterial bleed be stopped by putting your finger/s in it? Like the one in your leg or a place where pressure can't be placed normally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" OwnerDisplayName="Muze" LastEditorUserId="2408" LastEditDate="2018-04-07T16:39:57.310" LastActivityDate="2018-04-07T16:39:57.310" Title="Put a finger in it? When is it appropriate to stop a bleed with your finger?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15865" CreationDate="2018-04-06T05:28:00.863" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is tough question to answer because it depends so much on the exact location, the type of highway, how busy it is, and the surrounding vegetation, structures, wind, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pollution is mainly measured not only by the types of chemical and compounds in the air, but also by their size... as in Particulate Matter PM2.5, and P10 which denotes how large the particles they are. &#xA;In most countries there does occur air-quality monitoring in some locations. &#xA;However, when it comes to particulate matter, there is a the dose-response which indicated that there is no level where health effects do not occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, it's not just cars that this pollution comes form, as they can occur naturally or in industrial areas. For example, I live in a mining town, and we measure air quality on a regular basis due to the coal dust which blows over from the mines and settles over the town. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact answer to 'how far away' cannot be answered for definite. You should live a location where the air-quality is well within the national standards for your country (if you have any).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the very least, the further away the better, at least 1km would take you out of the higher risk zones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1].&lt;a href=&quot;http://npi.gov.au/resource/particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://npi.gov.au/resource/particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[2].&lt;a href=&quot;https://sandiego.urbdezine.com/2015/05/28/what-is-a-safe-distance-to-live-or-work-near-high-auto-emission-roads/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sandiego.urbdezine.com/2015/05/28/what-is-a-safe-distance-to-live-or-work-near-high-auto-emission-roads/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13283" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T05:28:00.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15865" CreationDate="2018-04-06T07:30:49.660" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question you would need to find the source of the information.  I found the study mentioned in the article in the Toronto Star (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chen, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;); and while studying risks of dementia, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, with emphasis mine, they said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this population-based cohort study, we assembled two population-based cohorts including all adults aged 20–50 years (about 4·4 million; multiple sclerosis cohort) and all adults aged 55–85 years (about 2·2 million; dementia or Parkinson's disease cohort) who resided in Ontario, Canada on April 1, 2001. &lt;strong&gt;Eligible patients were free of these neurological diseases, Ontario residents for 5 years or longer, and Canadian-born.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between 2001, and 2012, they identified &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;243,611 incident cases of dementia,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;31,577 cases of Parkinson's disease, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;9,247 cases of multiple sclerosis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They provided adjusted hazard ratios in the study - a comparison of the effect of different variables on survival or other outcomes that develop over time (Dawson, 2008). See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hazard-ratio&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hazard-ratio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adjusted hazard ratio of incident dementia was&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1·07 for people living less than 50 m from a major traffic road (95% CI 1·06–1·08),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1·04 (1·02–1·05) for 50–100 m,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1·02 (1·01–1·03) for 101–200 m, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1·00 (0·99–1·01) for 201–300 m&#xA;versus further than 300 m (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; for trend=0·0349).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No association was found with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the averages used in the study, statistically speaking you will need to be living at least 200 metres (just over 218.5 yards) away from any major road to be relatively free of risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chen, H., Kwong, J. C., Copes, R., Tu, K., Villeneuve, P. J., Van Donkelaar, A., ... &amp;amp; Wilton, A. S. (2017). Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study. &lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;/em&gt;, 389(10070), 718-726.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dawson, G. F. (2008). Measures of Effect. In: &lt;em&gt;Easy Interpretation of Biostatistics: The Vital Link to Applying Evidence in Medical Decisions&lt;/em&gt;. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-3142-0.50027-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/B978-1-4160-3142-0.50027-4&lt;/a&gt; (Free Preview)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-07T00:12:59.933" LastActivityDate="2018-04-07T00:12:59.933" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15873" CreationDate="2018-04-06T08:08:47.707" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Putting your fingers &lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt; a wound is going to inflict severe pain on the casualty.  There are ways you can apply direct pressure on an arterial wound, even if it is on the upper thigh.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to apply pressure to any sort of &lt;strong&gt;external&lt;/strong&gt; bleeding, and sticking your finger inside an arterial wound is not really going to help. The casualty might survive the bleeding but then die because of blood poisoning/severe infections later on which can be introduced by inserting objects such as a finger. You should never do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is known that a tourniquet can be used to stem the flow of blood but this too can cause more harm than not. If left on too long it can kill the limb and lead to the need for amputation due to lack of blood supply to the extremities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If there's an object in the wound&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there’s an object in there, don’t pull it out, because it may be acting as a plug reducing the bleeding. Instead, leave it in and apply pressure either side of it with a pad (such as a clean cloth) or fingers, until a sterile dressing is available.  In which case, again apply the sterile dressing around the object. Don't apply pressure to the object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If there's no object in the wound&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow the steps below for treating severe bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Press it: apply direct pressure to the wound&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call 999/112 for emergency help (call 911 in the US)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Firmly secure dressing with a bandage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Treat for shock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Raise and Support the injured part&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/bleeding/severe-bleeding.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;St. John Ambulance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org.uk/first-aid/learn-first-aid/bleeding-heavily&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Red Cross&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-06T08:32:18.337" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T08:32:18.337" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-06T18:27:21.537" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there an exam that clearly diagnoses a child myopia level without the need of this child's feedback (as he is not going to give it, given his age (2))?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like, is there a laser exam or something like that which can give a precise measurement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can get him to an ophthalmologist, and I will, but I just want to be well informed before hand to avoid not giving him an adequate diagnoses and hinder the treatment we might use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caio&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13392" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T22:39:13.190" Title="How to diagnose myopia in a 2-year old?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;toddler&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15879" CreationDate="2018-04-06T22:39:13.190" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Refractive errors can be detected by using an ophthalmoscope. To get an accurate measurement you can do streak retinoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020274&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020274&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-06T22:39:13.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-07T18:15:43.163" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we are to believe this study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23328940.2017.1288688?scroll=top&amp;amp;needAccess=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23328940.2017.1288688?scroll=top&amp;amp;needAccess=true&lt;/a&gt;) taking a hot bath increases the amount of calories you burn per hour by about 60 kcal (compared to rest). This would be very beneficial to the health of many people. But is there any believable explanation for why your body burns more calories in a hot bath?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thermodynamically I would expect the opposite, cold might slightly increase calorie burn as the body expends energy in order to maintain its temperature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course for an engine the lack of a cold reservoir would make it less efficient (or not operate at all). Which might mean more energy needs to be expended to achieve the same effect. As far as I know however, there is no important 'heat to work' engine in the human metabolism (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/59316/human-as-a-heat-engine&quot;&gt;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/59316/human-as-a-heat-engine&lt;/a&gt;  for instance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want a hot debate and I will agree with whatever the powers that be on this StackExchange decide (I am grateful that people spend time moderating here), but I think I should at least say that clearly the issue of burning extra calories is a health issue. The majority of westerners would greatly increase their health and life expectancy if they could manage to burn more calories a day. The next issue might be that I'm not asking about a treatment but about why a treatment might work. Well if you are not allowed to ask why a treatment works because you believe these are biology questions then there is not much point to asking about the treatment itself either. Without asking asking why you can't judge the credibility of a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think the question is on topic. Indeed the on topic page seems to agree with me (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic&quot;&gt;https://health.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic&lt;/a&gt;) (although that is a matter of interpretation): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Environmental or nutritional factors that affect health&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are on topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13404" LastEditorUserId="13404" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T14:48:04.983" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T14:48:04.983" Title="Burning calories in bath" Tags="&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-04-09T14:30:39.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-08T05:21:30.710" Score="4" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shift work is known to be harmful to our health. Are the health effects actually avoidable? Some companies need shift work which means some people have to do shift work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have people successfully achieved high quality sleep and high levels of health while working nights and sleeping during the day? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-08T06:02:59.363" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T09:45:51.270" Title="When working graveyard shifts, is it possible to sleep well and stay healthy?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-08T07:13:13.843" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that this question has been asked before, but I've been unable to find the correct wording to give useful search results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutritional information assumes the following energy values: 4kcal/g carbohydrates), 9kcal/g fat etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much variation is there between individuals in the energy that is absorbed from food. I'm looking for quantitative data (e.g. with st. dev and error bars), such as good PubMed studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13412" LastActivityDate="2018-04-08T07:13:13.843" Title="Individual variation in food energy bio-availability" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15906" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15908" CreationDate="2018-04-09T06:18:44.083" Score="2" ViewCount="1447" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading Mahmoud's article (2012) I started wondering...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does daily intake of hibiscus juice increase the risk of impotence in a human male? If so, what levels of hibiscus is beneficial and what levels would cause impotence? Please help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mahmoud, Y. I. (2012). Effect of extract of Hibiscus on the ultrastructure of the testis in adult mice. &lt;em&gt;Acta histochemica&lt;/em&gt;, 114(4), 342-348.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.07.002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.acthis.2011.07.002&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798576&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;21798576&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11042" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-09T07:31:52.490" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T13:45:16.113" Title="Does daily intake of hibiscus juice increases the risk of impotence in a male?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-09T07:49:04.370" Score="1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having a hard time finding statistics related to self-harm in France (number of persons, sex, percentage related to other mental health issues, age,...). I only found a few old press articles with not a lot of sources and numbers. &#xA;Does anyone know if such studies were conducted in the last 10 years for the french population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also be very grateful if someone could provide me with stats or studies for other contries, even though I'd rather focus on France.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13422" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-09T08:12:05.647" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T08:12:05.647" Title="Is there statistics on self-harm in France?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15906" CreationDate="2018-04-09T08:00:50.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The tea preparation used in the study was described:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cold Hibiscus extract was prepared by soaking 15 g of Hibiscus calyces in 500 ml of cold distilled water at 4&amp;deg;C for a whole day. The boiled extract was prepared by macerating 15 g of H. sabdariffa calyces with 500 ml boiling distilled water for 15 min and allowed to cool to room temperature. Both extracts were filtered through Whatman’s # 1 filter paper. Each mouse was given orally 0.2 ml of the prepared extract, which contains 6 mg of Hibiscus calyces. This represents a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and is equivalent to 2 cups consumed by an average person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the results of the study, cold&#xA;and boiled H. &lt;em&gt;sabdariffa&lt;/em&gt; extract treated mice had 43.5% and 52.5% abnormal spermatozoa, respectively.  How it would play out in humans is difficult to say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper was concluded with the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results also suggest that the apparent safety of this herb should be re-evaluated and precautions taken against heavy over-consumption as a beverage, although the sensitivity&#xA;  toward this herb may be different for man in relation to rodents and care must be taken in extrapolating animal experimental studies with humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-09T08:06:59.193" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T08:06:59.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15906" CreationDate="2018-04-09T13:45:16.113" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a very bold distinction in terminology to observe between impotence – or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;erectile dysfunction&lt;/a&gt; –, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fertility&lt;/a&gt; or changes to the testis and spermatozoa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128111001164?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study in question&lt;/a&gt; does not say anything about impotence but reported a &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results clearly demonstrate that aqueous extracts from dried calyx of H. sabdariffa, either cold or boiled, alter normal sperm morphology and testicular ultrastructure and adversely influence the male reproductive &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;fertility&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in albino mice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This cautionary tale is an interesting result and has to be followed up, just like the authors conclude, not in the least, because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results also suggest that the apparent safety of this herb should be re-evaluated and precautions taken against heavy over-consumption as a beverage, although the sensitivity toward this herb may be different for man in relation to rodents and care must be taken in extrapolating animal experimental studies with humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These results are not only new but solitary. Not only is this herb apparently used abundantly and already for a very long time, the traditional folk wisdom for this herb has no adverse effects recorded. While that may not count as much, it is a weak indicator not to be dismissed entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrasting to Mahmoud's findings, a recent review found &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Additionally, deleterious effects on the testis and spermatozoa and an adverse influence in the male reproductive fertility of albino mice were also reported after a cHs WE was administered daily for 4 weeks in a dose of 200 mg/kg (Y. I. Mahmoud, 2012). In contrast to these studies, long term administration of Hs WE for 10 weeks and hibiscus anthocyanins (50–200 mg/kg b.w.) for 5 days did not affect the male reproductive system in rats (Ali et al., 2012).[…]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Based on the data presented above, dosages up to 200 mg/kg should be safe and not show signs of toxicity, but further studies, most importantly with chemically well characterised extracts, are warranted.[…]&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Taken together, the data available today from preclinical and clinical studies does not provide substantiated evidence of any therapeutically relevant interaction potential of commonplace teas or beverages containing hibiscus and its preparations. This complements the evidence based on the complete absence of drug interaction case reports involving hibiscus in the scientific literature.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030881461400692X?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inês Da-Costa-Rocha et al.: &quot;Hibiscus sabdariffa L. – A phytochemical and pharmacological review&quot;, Food Chemistry 165 (2014) 424–443&lt;/a&gt;, DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the available data indicates a large range of overall safety for this herb. Even the systematic review above bases its evaluation on the Mahmoud paper in concluding that 200mg/kg body weight per day should be of no concern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the Mahmoud paper has several &lt;em&gt;grave&lt;/em&gt; weaknesses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the whole shebang of scientific procedures is based on a single batch of herbs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this batch was procured on a local market&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the batch was not tested for pesticides or similar adulterations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the batch was chemically not very well defined at all, but just used as is, phytochemicals in natural products vary in sometimes astounding amounts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no hint of a possible mechanism of action was given&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies on Hibiscus species come to almost diametrically opposed conclusions regarding infertility for sabdariffa:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27847454&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Idris: Protective role of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract against streptozotocin induced sperm damage in diabetic rats. 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or regarding impotence, as one herb traditionally used against impotence in male was reported as Hibiscus mutabilis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874117313375?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ethnomedicobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used for the treatment of reproductive problems in Nalbari district, Assam, India, 2018&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Summary&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence presented for &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; hibiscus species (sabdariffa) as a cause for impotence. A single study came to the conclusion that Hibiscus sabdariffa extract might interfere with rodent fertility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if rodents displayed detrimental effects, which are nowhere sure to be translatable into human effects, in this unreplicated, not followed-up, single study with its severe limitations, even rodents might rest assured until:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the effects are replicated  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in human cells at least&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the chemical makeup of samples is ascertained&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;possible adulterations are ruled out&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(a mechanism of action is proposed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking too large doses of anything is not recommended anyway. For this herb it seems as if two cups a day will not do much harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-04-09T13:45:16.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-10T12:03:52.577" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supposing a patient has Tinea Capitis (Ringworm of the scalp)  what will you see under a magnifying glass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13431" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T16:35:37.583" Title="Tinea Capitis ( Ringworm of the scalp) under a magnifying glass" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15915" CreationDate="2018-04-10T20:20:42.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably nothing diagnostic would be seen using a handheld magnifying lens.  Preferably one would use a microscope but that also has limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Microscopic examination of the infected hairs may provide immediate confirmation of the diagnosis of ringworm and establishes whether the fungus is small-spore or large-spore ectothrix or endothrix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091351-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091351-workup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-10T20:20:42.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10427" CreationDate="2018-04-11T09:29:55.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/37/5/37_b13-00967/_html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J-Stage&lt;/a&gt;, you have extensive lists of foods (by food groups) high in purines (mg/100 g).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such lists can be &lt;em&gt;misleading,&lt;/em&gt; because it is not only the amount of purines in the food but also a type of food that can be associated with gout risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/gout-diet/art-20048524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Studies have shown that &lt;strong&gt;vegetables high in purines do not increase the risk of gout or recurring gout attacks.&lt;/strong&gt; A healthy diet based on&#xA;  lots of fruits and vegetables can include high-purine vegetables, such&#xA;  as asparagus, spinach, peas, cauliflower or mushrooms. You can also&#xA;  eat beans or lentils, which are moderately high in purines but are&#xA;  also a good source of protein.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avoid meats&lt;/strong&gt; such as liver, kidney and sweetbreads, which have high purine levels and contribute to high blood levels of uric acid. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avoid the following types of seafood,&lt;/strong&gt; which are higher in purines than others: anchovies, herring, sardines, mussels, scallops,&#xA;  trout, haddock, mackerel and tuna.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sources with similar claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gout: a review of non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251556/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What can I do on my own to prevent gout attacks? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0073051/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other possible dietary risk factors for gout: high consumption of alcohol, sugary drinks and foods high in fructose. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251556/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-11T12:26:13.710" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T12:26:13.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4765" CreationDate="2018-04-11T11:02:55.463" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: There is &lt;strong&gt;insufficient or conflicting evidence&lt;/strong&gt; about the cancer-protecting effect of a high-fiber diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggested mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colorectal cancer: increased stool bulk and dilution of carcinogens in the colonic lumen, reduced transit time, and bacterial fermentation of fibre to short chain fatty acids [which are supposedly protective for colonic mucosa]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breast cancer: Dietary fibre reduce the risk of breast cancer may likely by decreasing the level of estrogen in the blood circulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several systematic reviews suggest that high intake of dietary fiber may protect against various types of cancer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of &lt;strong&gt;colorectal cancer:&lt;/strong&gt; systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3213242/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central, 2011&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A high intake of dietary fibre, in particular cereal fibre and whole&#xA;  grains, was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; Dietary fibre intake and risk of &lt;strong&gt;breast cancer:&lt;/strong&gt; A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5348370/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...every 10 g/d increment in dietary fibre intake was associated with&#xA;  a 4% reduction in breast cancer risk...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; Dietary fiber and &lt;strong&gt;breast cancer&lt;/strong&gt; risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22234738&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...there was an inverse association between dietary fiber intake and&#xA;  breast cancer risk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt; Dietary fiber and the risk of precancerous lesions and &lt;strong&gt;cancer of the esophagus:&lt;/strong&gt; a systematic review and meta-analysis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23815145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dietary fiber is associated with protective effects against esophageal&#xA;  carcinogenesis, most notably esophageal adenocarcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BUT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/fiber&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...more recent findings from large prospective cohort studies and four clinical intervention trials &lt;strong&gt;do not support an association&#xA;  between fiber intake and the risk of colorectal cancer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Observational studies on dietary fiber intake and &lt;strong&gt;breast cancer&lt;/strong&gt; incidence have reported &lt;strong&gt;inconsistent findings.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD003430/COLOCA_does-dietary-fibre-prevent-recurrence-colorectal-adenomas-and-carcinomas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This review found that increasing fibre in a Western diet for two to&#xA;  eight years &lt;strong&gt;did not lower the risk of bowel cancer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-11T12:49:26.460" LastActivityDate="2018-04-11T12:49:26.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15803" CreationDate="2018-04-11T20:33:02.673" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've actually asked two question: methods of cessation and length of nail recovery.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;There are several sources on the web that describe nail biting (NB) cessations methods, but many of them seem rather incomplete, unreliable, of from questionable sources (e.g. Prevention, Shape). I believe &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556753/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article on NIH describes the many factors that contribute to the habit. The conlusion:&lt;br&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;It seems that one possible reason for the lack of success in management of NB by approaches such as wearing nails, coating them with unpleasant substances, and repeated prompting of the children to stop NB is the lack of consideration of NB as a symptom of a more complicated condition. Nail biting is not an isolated symptom. It can be one symptom from a cluster of symptoms, all of which as well as the motivation behind NB should be evaluated, assessed and managed. Randomized controlled clinical trials are required to make evidence-based pharmacologic protocols for the treatment of NB behavior available.&lt;/blockquote&gt; seems to be a decent summation of the problem.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;As to your second question, &quot;...how long does it take before the fingertip to regain a normal appearance?&quot; I really can't find any reliable sources, so I'll have to provide my own experience. (I realize this is not sufficient for many readers. I'm sorry.) If you've bitten your nails beyond the fingertip, the remaining skin will regrow into the space once occupied by the nails, thus filling in what was once the nailbed. If this has happened and you cease the habit, &lt;i&gt;the outside edges of&lt;/i&gt; your nails will grow into that skin, becoming ingrown, &lt;i&gt;and the main, central portion of the nail will press down on that skin, thus causing some discomfort/pain&lt;/I&gt;. Also, since you will no longer have a nailbed, there will be nothing for the new nail growth to attach to.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;sub&gt;FWIW, these conclusions seem so obvious as to not really require reference.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In my case, I have to trim my nails short. When they start to grow into the skin, they become quite painful, and since they're not attached to a nailbed, they easily snag on just about anything. Saying I wish I had never bitten my nails seems like a pretty obvious statement.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Edit: please note edit above in italics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2018-04-12T18:56:40.993" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T18:56:40.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15915" CreationDate="2018-04-12T16:35:37.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You will see hyphae (which produce spores that appear as crusted plaque-likelesions on the scalp)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hairlossrevolution.com/fungal-infections/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HairlossRevolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13431" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T16:35:37.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1036" CreationDate="2018-04-12T22:01:15.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When ingesting sugar water, the body attempts to regulate movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of small intestine) to a rate of about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9838860&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2.1 kcal per minute&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your drink that contains 24 grams of sugar will provide 96 kcal, and will likely be absorbed over a period of about 45 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A normal healthy person will have around 80-110 mg/dl of glucose circulating in their blood plasma. An average person has about 50 dl of blood circulating in their veins, or about 5 grams of glucose total. If all 24 grams of sugar entered the blood stream instantly, that would cause the blood sugar level to rise by around 480 mg/dL, which would be well above the level defined as acute hyperglycemia and high enough to put a person into the emergency room or even cause death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastActivityDate="2018-04-12T22:01:15.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-13T05:04:41.897" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any reliable reviews which quantify the risk associated with third hand smoke exposure? (For example in terms of second hand smoke exposure risk) The scientific literature I've read so far is ambiguous. Some epidemiologists say it's just a minor risk but on the other hand animal models suggest organ and DNA damage with exposure to third hand smoke. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirdhand smoke is residual nicotine and other chemicals left on indoor surfaces by tobacco smoke. People are exposed to these chemicals by touching contaminated surfaces or breathing in the off-gassing from these surfaces. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is thirdhand smoke, and why is it a concern? - Mayoclinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8980" LastEditorUserId="8980" LastEditDate="2018-05-17T07:26:21.730" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T07:26:21.730" Title="Quantify third-hand smoke exposure risk" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15941" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-13T15:38:14.327" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most web articles related to negative health effects of radiation and radiation exposures from various sources (diagnostic scans, natural background radiation etc.) compare risk levels in terms of the total dose received rather than dose rate. Does it mean that someone is exposed to a slightly higher than average levels of natural background radiation for say 5 years have the same risk of developing radiation-induced chronic illness as compared to someone who underwent a medical X-ray scan (significantly higher dose rate than background radiation, but short-term exposure) once during 5 years but whose total radiation exposure during that period was the same as the first person? Does only the net dose and not the dose rate matter as long the the dose rate is below some threshold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13462" LastActivityDate="2018-04-13T15:38:14.327" Title="Does only the cumulative dose and not the dose rate matter for health effects of low-level radiation?" Tags="&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-14T06:16:17.700" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays soft drinks become fashion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a good fashion or bad for our health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is bad for health than how it can affect our health and which organ is mostly affected by this activity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13464" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-14T17:03:48.753" LastActivityDate="2018-04-15T09:43:46.543" Title="Are Soft Drinks dangerous for health?" Tags="&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-14T09:01:21.377" Score="3" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was given a single dose of (I think) amoxicillin before teeth surgery to prevent infection. Appartently this is a common and accepted practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doesn't this promote the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was taught that patients terminating their antibiotics treatment prematurely is the leading cause for development of resistant strains. And treatments don't get much shorter than single dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I also vaguely remember reading that current medical opinion is shifting away from this theory. Is this disproved now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13465" LastEditorUserId="13465" LastEditDate="2018-04-14T16:27:54.993" LastActivityDate="2018-04-14T16:27:54.993" Title="Single antibiotic dose for infection prevention in teeth surgery: Bad idea?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-04-18T15:58:47.180" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15947" CreationDate="2018-04-14T13:01:13.040" Score="2" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;When shingles is treated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famciclovir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;famciclovir&lt;/a&gt; for a few weeks and the rash disappears but the pain persists, can another course of treatment with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famciclovir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;famciclovir&lt;/a&gt; reduce pain? If not, what other medications could help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13467" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T14:52:43.580" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T14:52:43.580" Title="Continuing effectiveness of anti-viral drugs after shingles outbreak" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;shingles&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15946" CreationDate="2018-04-14T13:58:46.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In, shingles, pain commonly persists after rash disappearance and usually disappears on its own. If the pain lasts for more than 30-90 days after rash disappearance, it is called postherpetic neuralgia (PHP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antivirals, such as acyclovir, famciclovir and valcyclovir, do not help in postherpetic neuralgia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1403062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Postherpetic neuralgia, NEJM&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antiviral drugs are not effective in relieving postherpetic neuralgia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557467&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acyclovir for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: efficacy and pharmacokinetics. (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We concluded that &lt;strong&gt;56 days of intravenous and oral acyclovir&#xA;  therapy&lt;/strong&gt; were well tolerated but &lt;strong&gt;had little or no effect on the&#xA;  clinical course of postherpetic neuralgia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other drugs, such as anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin), opioids, tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline), capsaicin cream, topical anesthetics (lidocaine) or steroid injections (in chronic cases), may reduce pain. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/shingles-beyond-the-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;) These drugs are usually only mildly to moderately effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T10:18:47.297" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T10:18:47.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15948" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15949" CreationDate="2018-04-14T17:40:05.117" Score="6" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I own a Geratherm thermometer. And the instructions say to hold it under the armpit for 4 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i follow the instructions, then my body temperature is 36,7 (not sick). I figured that holding the thermometer for 10 minutes should give even a more accurate reading. But then my body temperature is 37,0 (sick).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's wrong? Is holding the thermometer for longer results in a more accurate or less reliable reading? I am confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12521" LastActivityDate="2018-04-14T18:22:30.243" Title="How to mesure body temperature correctly?" Tags="&lt;fever&gt;&lt;thermometer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15948" CreationDate="2018-04-14T18:22:30.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Altogether, digital thermometers are known to be very inaccurate.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. If you want the most accurate reading, a fever should be measured rectally, not axillary (in the armpit)&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So therefore, different limits apply to axillary temperature measurements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In patients older than 1 month, the mean difference (SD) between the&#xA;rectal and axillary temperatures was 1.04°C (0.45°C); thus, &lt;strong&gt;the&#xA;axillary temperature was adjusted by adding 1°C, and no adjusted&#xA;axillary temperature differed from the rectal temperature by more than&#xA;1°C.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/517797?redirect=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of Rectal, Axillary, and Forehead Temperatures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basal body temperature varies from 36.5 up to 37.5 degrees celsius according to &lt;em&gt;Elsevier, 2017&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Studies from 2008 allow values of &amp;lt;= 38.3 degrees.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;.In your case, your first reading was 37.7 basal temperature (not really sick), and the second 38.0 (maybe slightly sick).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both values aren't accurate for medical differential diagnosis (axillary measurements, and varying quite a lot), but body temperature really doesn't tell you a lot anyway. If you feel sick, consider yourself sick. I personally probably have above 37 degrees axillary in the morning after a cozy sleep, and unless I feel sick, I wouldn't consider myself sick if my temperature is 0.3 above guidelines and I lack other symptoms of any sickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1: S. T. ZengeyaI. Blumenthal, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02532519&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Modern electronic and chemical thermometers used in the axilla are inaccurate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, European Journal of Pediatrics&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nursingtimes.net/an-investigation-into-the-accuracy-of-different-types-of-thermometers/197691.article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An investigation into the accuracy of different types of thermometers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Nursing Times&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3: Luxem, Jürgen; Runggaldier, Klaus: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.elsevier.de/rettungsdienst-rsrh-9783437480430.html#panel1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rettungsdienst RS/RH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Elsevier. 2017. &lt;em&gt;German book for the paramedic education&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4: Laupland, B. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19535958&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fever in the critically ill medical patient.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 2008.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/temperature-measurement-for-patients-with-fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Temperature Measurement for Patients with Fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, US Pharmacists, 2008.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-14T18:22:30.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-14T19:08:24.633" Score="3" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Should different muscles be stretched with different amounts of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following exercise mat seems to advise so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iieDK.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iieDK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is the scientific consensus on the stretching time for each main muscle group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-04-14T19:08:24.633" Title="Should different muscles be stretched with different amounts of time?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;stretching&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15944" CreationDate="2018-04-15T08:23:11.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Short and sweet (pun intended)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soft drinks generally contain a lot of sugar.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/faq/how-much-sugar-is-in-coca-cola&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;As a general rule, there’s 10.6g of sugar per 100ml of Coca-Cola Classic&lt;/a&gt;. So the health effects of drinking soft drinks are the same as eating sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Not so short and sweet&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/faq/how-much-sugar-is-in-coca-cola&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;As a general rule, there’s 10.6g of sugar per 100ml of Coca-Cola Classic&lt;/a&gt;. There are 4g of sugar per teaspoon so this equates to just over 2.5 teaspoons of sugar for every 100ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage_can&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Standard can sizes are different around the world&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here in the UK the standard can size is 330ml and that equates to 35g of sugar equalling just over 8.5 teaspoons of sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the US the standard can size is 12 US fl oz or 355ml.  This equates to 37.6g of sugar equalling just short of 9.5 teaspoons of sugar.  This can contains 150 calories which is practically all from sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BbLQe.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BbLQe.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Coca Cola nutrition facts&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Sources include: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the health effects of drinking soft drinks are the same as eating sugar. Those which are of the 'diet' variety often contain aspartame which is covered by the question on here &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/46/7951&quot;&gt;Are artificial sweeteners safe?&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-04-15T09:43:46.543" LastActivityDate="2018-04-15T09:43:46.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10419" CreationDate="2018-04-15T10:03:44.193" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was at a GP CPD meeting on pain 2 weeks ago and the pain specialist reported tht PCM has weak analgesic effects but is good for stiffness. Many patients have reported better sleep with 2 paracetamol over the years so it may be they are experiencing less micro-wakening when changing position during the night and thus wakening more refreshed. I am concerned about long-term micro damage to liver and use many herbs such including hops and valerian as part of a sleep programm with good results.&#xA;Dr Dilis Clare&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13472" LastActivityDate="2018-04-15T10:03:44.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14891" CreationDate="2018-04-16T01:00:31.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have someone take photos of the back of your head periodically. Date the photos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Carey's &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/14891/how-to-accurately-monitor-hair-loss#comment23007_14891&quot;&gt;comment&lt;/a&gt; seemed good enough to make it an answer.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T01:00:31.313" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14287" CreationDate="2018-04-16T06:21:01.803" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A gram of fat is 9 calories so with a straight up calculation is 111 grams.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/gram-protein-carbohydrates-contains-many-kilocalories-5978.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calories in fat&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wiki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Body fat is not pure fat and is about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/calories-in-a-pound-of-fat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3500 calories per pound.&lt;/a&gt;  Or about 7.7 calories per grams.  So 1000 calories is about 130 grams of body fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T19:43:39.440" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T19:43:39.440" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10219" CreationDate="2018-04-16T06:52:54.703" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, taking too much painkiller can be harmful. Two common painkillers are acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol) and ibuprofen (brand name Advil). They each have different risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Paracetamol / Acetaminophen&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/acetaminophen-overdose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;maximum daily dose&lt;/a&gt; is 3,000 mg. With the 650 mg extended release pills, the daily limit is just 4 pills. Never consume more than 4,000 mg in a 24 hour period. Passing either of these limits may result in liver damage and/or death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Between 2001 and 2010, more than 1,500 people in the U.S. died from accidental acetaminophen overdoses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/tylenol-overdose_n_3976991&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The amounts specified are for a fully-grown adult; the maximum dose for children is lower. Consult with a pediatrician for advice on giving painkillers to children.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Ibuprofen&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maximum daily dose of Ibuprofen is 2,400 mg. Most pills are 200 mg each, so the daily limit is 12 pills. Exceeding this limit is likely to cause the development of stomach ulcers (a break in the mucous membrane that fails to heal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The amounts specified are for a fully-grown adult; the maximum dose for children is lower. Consult with a pediatrician for advice on giving painkillers to children.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T01:01:06.117" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T01:01:06.117" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-16T07:07:51.373" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I always wondered how the human organism manages tooth decay if left untreated.  After a tooth decays and breaks off, all that remains are the roots, and sometimes a cyst is formed.  Assuming lack of dentistry, over the course of years, what will the gum do to the roots?  Does it treat it as a foreign body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried to find any information regarding this question. There are many resources that have plenty information, but I was unable to find information how the body deals with the subject. Or at least I was unable to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13460" LastEditorUserId="13460" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T07:14:02.810" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T07:14:02.810" Title="Decayed tooth: what is the natural history if left untreated?" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15304" CreationDate="2018-04-16T11:01:24.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;regular caffeine consumer&lt;/strong&gt; will likely develop a partial or complete &lt;strong&gt;tolerance&lt;/strong&gt; to many caffeine effects and side effects, including increased heart rate. Tolerance develops within few days of regular caffeine consumption and disappears within few days of caffeine discontinuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370671/pdf/jcinvest00468-0195.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tolerance to the Humoral and Hemodynamic Effects of Caffeine in Man (PubMed Central, 1981)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acute caffeine in subjects who do not normally ingest methylxanthines&#xA;  leads to increases in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma epinephrine,&#xA;  plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and urinary&#xA;  catecholamines. Using a double-blind design, the effects of chronic&#xA;  caffeine administration on these same variables were assessed. &lt;strong&gt;Near&#xA;  complete tolerance,&lt;/strong&gt; in terms of both humoral and hemodynamic&#xA;  variables, &lt;strong&gt;developed over the first 1-4 days of caffeine. No&#xA;  longterm effects of caffeine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma&#xA;  renin activity, plasma catecholamines, or urinary catecholamines could&#xA;  be demonstrated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;single caffeine dose&lt;/strong&gt; may increase blood pressure but not necessary heart rate in individuals with supraventricular tachicardia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jce.12504&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A prospective placebo controlled randomized study of caffeine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia undergoing electrophysiologic testing (Wiley Online Library, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine, at moderate intake (5 mg/kg), was associated with&#xA;  significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, but&#xA;  had no evidence of a significant effect on cardiac conduction and&#xA;  refractoriness. Furthermore, no effect of caffeine on SVT induction or&#xA;  more rapid rates of induced tachycardias was found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the resting heart rate was not significantly different between both&#xA;  groups&lt;/strong&gt; [caffeine vs placebo].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cafeesaude.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Arritmias-D-J-Pelchovitz-et-al-Am-J-Med-Vol-124-2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine and Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Review of the Evidence (The American Journal of Medicine, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, the data suggest that in most patients, even those with known&#xA;  or suspected arrhythmia, &lt;strong&gt;caffeine in moderate doses is well&#xA;  tolerated and there is therefore no reason to restrict ingestion of&#xA;  caffeine.&lt;/strong&gt; Care should be taken to avoid caffeine in situations in&#xA;  which catecholamines are thought to drive the arrhythmia, as well as&#xA;  in patients who note sensitivity to caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;Now, I personally cannot claim if caffeine consumption is or is not dangerous for individuals with tachycardia, but most doctors, for example, from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/AboutArrhythmia/Tachycardia-Fast-Heart-Rate_UCM_302018_Article.jsp#.WtSAgy5uZpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt;) still advise them to cut it down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T16:09:25.337" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T16:09:25.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-16T17:30:35.260" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Instant oatmeal&quot; is a popular product; it typically is fully cooked in 1-3 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend was telling me that it's not nearly as healthy as cooking regular oatmeal (which typically takes at least 30 minutes to cook), because instant oatmeal is somehow &quot;processed&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ignoring any sugar that is added to instant oatmeal for flavor&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, is there any health benefit to regular oatmeal as compared to instant oatmeal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T19:24:35.207" Title="Is &quot;instant oatmeal&quot; as healthy as regular oatmeal?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15974" CreationDate="2018-04-16T18:11:36.727" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are apricot seeds safe to consume as food? I've heard thay containe a substrance that may convert into cyanide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/09/11/melbourne-man-has-cyanide-poisoning-after-self-medicating-with-apricot-kernels_a_23203662/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/09/11/melbourne-man-has-cyanide-poisoning-after-self-medicating-with-apricot-kernels_a_23203662/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1437" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T20:23:13.163" Title="Are apricot seeds safe to consume as food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15969" CreationDate="2018-04-16T18:28:26.463" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whole oats are generally processed into three different product categories, listed here from least refined to most refined. All oat products have the inedible husk and chaff removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steel-cut oats are minimally processed. The tough bran is still intact, and the oats have not been heated or pressed. Cooking time is typically 15-30 minutes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rolled oats often have the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_oats&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tough bran removed&lt;/a&gt; which makes them easier to cook and eat, but does remove some of the nutritional quality. They are pressed into a flat shape which increases the surface area, allowing them to absorb water faster and thus cook faster. They are pressed with a large roller, hence the name rolled oats.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instant oats (or quick oats) are mostly the same as rolled oats, but they are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-difference-between-steel-cut-rolled-and-instant-oats-138355&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;often precooked&lt;/a&gt; and pressed even flatter for faster cooking.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the USDA Nutrient Database, both steel-cut and rolled oats have identical nutrient contents from a chemical perspective. I have heard that steel-cut oats should have more fibre and trace minerals due to inclusion of the bran, but I had trouble finding source for this and it may vary across different product lines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a human digestion perspective, steel cut oats will have the lowest glycemic index because their smaller surface area means digestion happens more slowly. Steel cut oats may be preferable for people who are trying to improve regulation of their blood sugar level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;But really, the healthiest oatmeal is the oatmeal you actually eat. If instant oats makes it much easier for you to eat oats regularly, and if switching to steel-cut oats means you would eat oats less often, then you're better off sticking with what works for you.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T19:24:35.207" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T19:24:35.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-16T20:23:05.113" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's common to put a small amount of oil in the pan when frying, such as with a stir fry. But different oils have different qualities, so what would be the best choice for pan frying? I assume that applying high heat to an oil will affect the oil in some way that makes a material difference for health. A good answer would account for the following criteria quantitatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each oil has a unique smoke point that may also be affected by refining&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Saturated fats may be more (or less) heat-stable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume that price is not a concern. If other fats not considered oils are superior, please provide an answer for both an oil and non-oil solution. If all oils are equal from a health perspective, even under heat, then that can be the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-04-16T20:42:19.723" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T18:11:00.157" Title="Which oil is healthiest for frying?" Tags="&lt;oil&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15971" CreationDate="2018-04-16T20:23:13.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It depends on the amount consumed. The main culprit is amygdalin, which is present in the seeds of many different fruits/vegetables, as shown on some of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/83873/2/Bolarinwa.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;charts in this comparison&lt;/a&gt;. Amygdalin breaks down to cyanide when the seed is chewed and digested. (The chewing and breaking of the outer shell is necessary to release the amygdalin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, one or two seeds is probably not going do too much, as the amount released is minute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case that you cite, the person had been self medicating with apricot seed tablets in an attempt to cure cancer (promoted in the 1950's, since debunked), as well as grinding up the pits to consume as a tea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as with many things, young/old/health compromised individuals may be more susceptible. As this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brief medical review&lt;/a&gt; shows, over a 4 year period at a single university hospital, 13 children were admitted with cyanide poisoning from eating apricot seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2018-04-16T20:23:13.163" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-17T09:45:21.203" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll admit this curiosity is based on a personal experience I'll document here, but I do believe it's an interesting and useful academic question to study and explore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a while, I've noticed that caffeine doesn't give me the same buzz it used to. Fair enough, that's just tolerance, and according to the oh-so-accurate internet (many sources, none of them journal articles, so I'll leave them out unless you really want them), it should take about a week or two without caffeine to revert to pre-tolerance caffeine sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I went a week without caffeine, and then had a single energy drink, and for about 30 minutes, I felt buzzed and awake, and now about an hour later, I feel tired and sluggish again. Considering 30 minutes is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nowhere near&lt;/a&gt; the biological half-life of caffeine, it can't be that the caffeine was already broken down, it must be something else: acute tolerance, some mechanism by which tolerance forms after a single exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In caffeine, what is the mechanism of this acute tolerance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacology of Caffeine - Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T09:45:21.203" Title="What is the mechanism of acute caffeine tolerance?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14287" CreationDate="2018-04-17T10:03:51.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[I]s weight gain a one variable function of calorie intake minus calorie consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. It stands to reason because why else is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1126.aspx?categoryid=51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommended daily calorie intake&lt;/a&gt; always talked about in nutritional information labels?  Note, however, that as stipulated in the NHS link,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These values can vary depending on age, metabolism and levels of physical activity, among other things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories not 'burnt' by the body's metabolism is stored as fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[H]ow many grams one would gain for excessive 1000 calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no definitive answers to this question as again, it seems to work out differently from person to person due to the components of &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/95/4/989/4576902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;intake and expenditure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/calories-in-a-pound-of-fat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A link provided by @paparazzo&lt;/a&gt; states that with fat working out to be about 3500 calories per pound,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some of the studies state that body fat tissue contains only 72% fat. Different types of body fat may also contain varying amounts of fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BOTTOM LINE:A pound of body fat may contain anywhere between 3,436 and 3,752 calories, roughly estimated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The bottom line on this question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories not 'burnt' by the body's metabolism is stored as fat. If you are overweight you need to reduce your calorie intake &lt;strong&gt;and/or&lt;/strong&gt; increase your exercise levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are underweight it is not straight forward as you need to have your weight gain managed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2302.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There are many possible medical reasons for being underweight&lt;/a&gt;. Speak to your doctor because before trying to put on weight, you need to know that it is safe to do so. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T10:03:51.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-17T13:35:51.023" Score="3" ViewCount="2340" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know some people bruise very easily, Example I poked a person on the side very lightly and the next day it looks like someone punched them in the side.&#xA;For me yesterday I was balancing on a log, I slipped and fell on my hip, it really does hurt and it looks like a big bruise should be there, but there is no bruise there. It is not even red. I have other times where I should have bruised but didn't.(I am not trying to bruise myself so I can get a bruise, I am just curious. ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why am I not bruising? As in is it Genetic or because my body is used to falling down? (since I am kind of clumsy)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13494" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T15:26:53.863" Title="Why don't some people get bruises?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15982" CreationDate="2018-04-17T14:10:28.363" Score="3" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;I posted this &lt;a href=&quot;https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/19102/is-it-actually-useful-to-ration-food/19105&quot;&gt;question&lt;/a&gt; on the Outdoors SE site. There were some good points regarding morale and such, but I'm curious about this question from a purely biological/nutritive perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Copying from other question:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between eating a little bit of food at an interval and eating enough to be full at once?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm getting the same amount of calories/nutrition** regardless of when I consume it, so who cares? Why not just eat whenever you're hungry to the point of satiety?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that an overly-simplistic view?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** I suppose there could be a difference in the percentage of nutrients absorbed. If I get too much of a nutrient, perhaps my body will excrete it, so, in that case, it's better to consume it periodically when your body needs it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario is being stranded somewhere not knowing when rescue will come - so generally no activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** is the only counter argument I can think of, but then again, if you're hungry, that tells you that your body needs the nutrients, so maybe it's better to just eat now rather than wait.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. before my question on OutdoorsSE was edited, I was also asking about hydration, so comments on that would be nice too, though maybe that warrants a separate question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6943" LastEditorUserId="6943" LastEditDate="2018-04-18T14:36:27.850" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T08:05:44.943" Title="Is it actually advantageous to ration food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;starvation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15980" CreationDate="2018-04-17T17:15:20.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer was initially written to describe different effects of few/frequent meals in everyday life. The part about rationing foods in a &quot;being stranded&quot; scenario is at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Eating vs working time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating until full means you will probably have only few meals per day, so you will be in the &quot;digestion mode&quot; only for some time around the meals. During digestion, the blood flow partially redirects from the muscles toward the intestine (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/physiology/docs/regulation_splanchnicBF.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Surgical Research&lt;/a&gt;), so you will have less energy for work around the meals, but more energy between the meals. On the other hand, frequently munching something will constantly keep you in the digestion mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Blood glucose spikes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having large meals will likely result in high blood glucose spikes, which may not be optimal, at least not for diabetics (&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/16/1/4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Diabetes Association&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/expert-answers/reactive-hypoglycemia/faq-20057778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reactive (postprandial) hypoglycemia&lt;/a&gt; frequently experience profound fatigue and sleepiness (&quot;crash&quot;) after large meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Nutrients absorption&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy person, the difference in a meal size should &lt;em&gt;not importantly&lt;/em&gt; affect the absorption of nutrients. (There may be several interactions between iron, calcium, zinc, phytates, tannins, etc. that can affect the absorption of a particular nutrient, but this is more the question of the meal composition than size).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Hydration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you drink a large amount of water at once (let's say &gt;0.5 L), the water will enter the blood and expand its volume quickly, which will signal the kidneys to excrete some water. This way your drinking will be less efficient and you will need to urinate more frequently. If you drink smaller amounts, water has more time to get from the blood into the cells, before being excreted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; in the scenario when being stranded somewhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the efficacy of the nutrient absorption and their utilization, I don't see any significant difference between eating small portions or eating until full &lt;em&gt;if the amount of nutrients/calories is the same in both cases.&lt;/em&gt; The exception is water, as described above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rationing food when stranded could make sense, if you eat smaller amount of food per day (low-calorie diet). Then your body will start to burn its own tissues (mostly fat but also muscles), you will lose weight and consequently your daily calorie needs will decrease. This is just to theoretically answer, when rationing food intake can actually work.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T08:05:44.943" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T08:05:44.943" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-17T20:50:03.987" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difference between lung recoil pressure (Pel) vs Intrapleural pressure (Ppl).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3627" LastEditorUserId="3627" LastEditDate="2018-04-17T20:56:09.183" LastActivityDate="2018-04-17T20:56:09.183" Title="What is the difference between these two respiratory terms?" Tags="&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9367" CreationDate="2018-04-18T07:41:44.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who are deficient in Omega-3, Omega-6 and/or Omega-9 would benefit from a 3/6/9 supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However it is difficult to envisage a scenario in which omega-6/9 intake would be lacking, since both are so abundant, and Omega-9 can also by synthesized in the human body. A &quot;zero fat&quot; diet or a survival situation perhaps. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omega-3 on the other hand, is less abundant. More importantly, Omega-3 is &lt;em&gt;group&lt;/em&gt; of 3 fatty acids: ALA, EPA and DHA. ALA is an essential fatty acid, whereas EPA and DHA are synthesized from ALA within the body. However, the conversion rates are low and variable, and there is evidence that excess Omega-6 can inhibit the conversion of ALA into EPA and DHA.  Therefore it is desirable to maintain a low ratio of Omega-3 : Omega-6 in the diet. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442909&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Studies&lt;/a&gt; suggest a ratio of between 1 and 3 to 1. Western diets typically have a ratio of 1:20 or even higher. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2017190&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Berger et al (2017)&lt;/a&gt; found that high ratios were associated with increased risk of mood disorders&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EPA and DHA are synthesized by algae, which are then eaten by krill which are in turn eaten by fish. This is why fish oil is a great source of Omega-3. For those who do not eat fish or consume fish products, an algal-oil-based supplement would be needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Berger, M. E., et al. &quot;Omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and subsequent mood disorders in young people with at-risk mental states: a 7-year longitudinal study.&quot; Translational psychiatry 7.8 (2017): e1220.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine &amp;amp; pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365-379.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T07:41:44.480" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="15999" CreationDate="2018-04-18T08:43:23.550" Score="2" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today in many Asian countries but especially in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh there is an excessive use of paan by men and women alike. Some people eat more then five paans a day. Despite the fact that all know that it is dangerous for health – since it causes cancer to the throat and mouth – it is still excessively used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the active substance in paan that makes people addicted, despite the health risks?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13481" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-04-19T20:01:58.040" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T20:01:58.040" Title="What ingredient or substance makes paan addictive?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15973" CreationDate="2018-04-18T08:53:33.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 2 main issues: smoke point and content&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For frying, it is obviously better to avoid oils with a low smoke point. Heating oils beyond their smoke point causes them to break down and oxidise. However this is complicated by the way in which the oils are processed. Highly refined oils will have a higher smoke point than unrefined or less refined oils. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ratio of Omega-3 to Omega-6 is also important since most western diets have far too much Omega-6. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, choose an oil which has a high smoke point &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; a low Omega-6 content, and avoid oils with low smoke point and/or a high Omega-6 content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some contenders, bearing in mind the comment about processing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For high temperature frying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avocado oil (271°C, high in Omega-9).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extra light olive oil (242°C, high in Omega-9).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For medium temperature cooking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Macadamia nut oil (199°C, high in Omega 9, low in Omega 6)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For low temperature frying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coconut oil (177°C, no Omega's)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extra virgin olive oil (160°C, high in Omega-9)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hemp seed oil (160°C, high in Omega-3)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jonbarron.org/diet-and-nutrition/healthiest-cooking-oil-chart-smoke-points&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jonbarron.org/diet-and-nutrition/healthiest-cooking-oil-chart-smoke-points&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thespruceeats.com/smoking-points-of-fats-and-oils-1328753&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thespruceeats.com/smoking-points-of-fats-and-oils-1328753&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastEditorUserId="13499" LastEditDate="2018-04-18T18:11:00.157" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T18:11:00.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9367" CreationDate="2018-04-18T09:45:38.283" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In alpha-linolenic (omega-3) and linoleic (omega-6) deficiency, the production of &lt;strong&gt;mead acid (omega-9)&lt;/strong&gt; in the body &lt;em&gt;increases&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187936&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). Judging from this fact alone, supplementation with omega-9 sounds counterintuitive. I have also found no evidence of &quot;omega-9 deficiency&quot; or &quot;omega-9 supplementation benefits.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplementation with &lt;strong&gt;linoleic acid (omega-6)&lt;/strong&gt; makes sense in essential fatty acid deficiency (usually due to parenteral nutrition or severe fat malabsorption) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/406855&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). Apart from that, there is &lt;em&gt;insufficient evidence&lt;/em&gt; of omega-6 supplements benefits (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/496.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt; mentions several study reviews that question the benefits of &lt;strong&gt;fish oil supplements (omega-3).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Higher consumption of seafood, such as fatty fish, appears to provide&#xA;  protection from many adverse CVD outcomes. However, many studies have&#xA;  shown that taking omega-3 dietary supplements, such as fish oil&#xA;  supplements, might not provide the same protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; I have found no evidence about omega-3,6,9 supplements being more beneficial than omega-3 supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-18T15:52:36.127" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T15:52:36.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-18T11:06:59.450" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's commonly said that it's important that we get enough total sleep time. I however wonder how important the time in Deep Sleep and REM happens to be. What are the effects when a person has a regular amount of Deep Sleep and REM but a lot less Light Sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T11:06:59.450" Title="What are the effects is a person has a regular amount of Deep Sleep and REM sleep but a lot less Light Sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13909" CreationDate="2018-04-18T13:36:04.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is much easier to measure than to calculate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After urinating and before going to bed, weigh yourself. After getting up, urinating and having a bowel movement (bm is mostly water) weigh yourself in the same clothes. The difference in weight is mainly due to water loss (urine loss, sweating and insensible perspiration); this will be likely ~0.5 kg or more, mostly depending on how much you sweat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of water lost by breathing is about the same as the amount of metabolic water produced in your body in the same time (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NAP.edu&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-18T16:14:56.787" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T16:14:56.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="15995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14723" CreationDate="2018-04-18T15:03:48.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing much new.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775162/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water (PubMed Central, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although, there is some evidence from epidemiological studies for a&#xA;  protective effect of magnesium or hardness on cardiovascular&#xA;  mortality, &lt;strong&gt;the evidence is being debated and does not prove causality.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  In spite of this, drinking-water may be a source of calcium and&#xA;  magnesium in the diet and could be important for those who are&#xA;  marginal for calcium and magnesium intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/hardness.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The World Health Organization (2011)&lt;/a&gt; mentions several studies, none of which found &lt;strong&gt;any causal relationship between water magnesium or calcium content or total hardness and cardiovascular health.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28151437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiovascular diseases and hard drinking waters: implications from a systematic review with meta-analysis of case-control studies (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hard water consumption seems to be protective against CVD. However,&#xA;  the &lt;strong&gt;high heterogeneity and the existence of publication bias limits&#xA;  the robustness and generalizability of these findings.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, hard water may not contribute that much to your calcium and magnesium intake. 2 liters of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.water-research.net/index.php/water-treatment/tools/hard-water-hardness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hard water&lt;/a&gt; (an average daily requirement) will likely contain only about 100 mg of calcium (&lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/calcium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Daily Allowance is 1,000 mg/day&lt;/a&gt;) and 50 mg of magnesium (&lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/magnesium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RDA = 400 mg/day&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-18T15:36:07.730" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T15:36:07.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-18T18:29:52.850" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got an Apple Watch and am using the HeartWatch app. I'm concerned because my sedentary heart rate is pretty high - it's about 85 bpm with frequent spikes to 100, but my waking heart rate is much lower at 65 bpm. I exercise about 5 days per week and am pretty healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a resource of statistics on averages among the population for waking vs resting vs sleeping heart rates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13505" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-19T01:46:46.440" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T01:46:46.440" Title="Big difference between waking and resting heart rate" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15998" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9309" CreationDate="2018-04-18T18:46:15.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of melatonin, a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in mammals and helps to regulate the circadian rhythm and therefore sleep. Thus a B12 deficiency could result in sleep disturbance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ErqA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ErqA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Source: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peuhkuri, Katri, Nora Sihvola, and Riitta Korpela. &quot;Dietary factors and fluctuating levels of melatonin.&quot; Food &amp;amp; nutrition research 56.1 (2012): 17252.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3402070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3402070&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of sleep disorders with B12, however the evidence base for the efficacy of such treatment is very small, consisting mainly of low-quality epidemiological studies (case reports). The only well-designed study I could find was by Okawa el at (1997) which did not find any treatment effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okawa M, Takahashi K, Egashira K, et al. Vitamin B12 treatment for delayed sleep phase syndrome: a multi-center double-blind study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;51:275–9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4582061&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T18:46:15.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="15999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15986" CreationDate="2018-04-18T18:54:03.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The traditional mixture of paan is a combination of products or substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paan&lt;/a&gt; is most often prepared by using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;betel nut&lt;/a&gt; (or Arcea nut), from the plant &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_catechu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Areca catechu&lt;/a&gt;, chopped up and rolled into a portion using the leaves of the plant &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Piper betele&lt;/a&gt;, a plant from the pepper family. This can be further &quot;enhanced&quot; by adding tobacco, lime or any number of flavour or extraction amplifiers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main psychoactive ingredient of this preparation – of only betel nut and betel pepper leaf – then comes from the alkaloids found in the betel nut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strongest effects are found in the alkaloid &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;arecoline&lt;/a&gt;. Its structure is similar to nicotine and it also acts similarly on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acetylcholine&lt;/a&gt; receptors, which are found throughout the whole body. But arecoline is different in its actions compared to nicotine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Arecoline is the primary active ingredient responsible for the central nervous system effects of the areca nut. Arecoline has been compared to nicotine; however, nicotine acts primarily on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Arecoline is known to be a partial agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine M1, M2, M3 receptors and M4, which is believed to be the primary cause of its parasympathetic effects (such as pupillary constriction, bronchial constriction, etc.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means when used as a stimulant this combination is lends its spectrum of effects less to tobacco smoke but a bit more to the fly agaric side, while ebing substance wise very similar to nicotine in its addictiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using this stimulant habitually is indeed not advised. Not even advocates of &quot;natural remedies&quot; find much use for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Betel nut has been suggested as a treatment for many conditions. However, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of betel nut for any medical condition. Although betel nut is chewed recreationally, chewing or ingesting betel nut may cause many serious adverse effects, including cancer, effects on the heart and death. Betel nut should be avoided in pregnant or breast-feeding women and in children. Consult a health care professional immediately if you have any side effects.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.is/Yoz2B&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intellihealth, (Natural Standard and Harvard Medical School: Betel Nut (Areca catechu)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The leaf of the betel pepper has some effects on its own:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The medicinal components are primarily associated with the nut and betel quid. The nuts contain at least 9 structurally related pyridine alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, arecaine, arecolidine, guvacine, isoguvacine, guvacoline, and coniine. However, the most common is the parasympathetic stimulant alkaloid arecoline. The total alkaloid content can reach 0.45%.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The methyl esters of arecoline and guvacoline are hydrolyzed in the presence of alkali to the respective acids, arecaidine and guvacine. The hydrolysis is catalyzed by lime, which is added to the quid. Arecoline most likely is present in the nut as a salt of tannic acid, and the lime facilitates the release of the base from the salt.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Components of the betel quid, most likely from P. betel and not betel nuts, contain about 1% of a volatile oil, chalbetol, chavicol, cadinene, allylpyrocatechol, and safrole. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CNS Effects&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Clinical data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Studies evaluating the effects of betel nut chewing suggest that a variety of the chemical compounds found in areca may exert activity. Arecoline demonstrates parasympathomimetic action on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; arecaidine and guvacine act as gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors, while phenolic compounds in the leaf stimulate the release of catecholamines.  Electroencephalograph changes have been observed, with alpha and beta wave activity increased and theta decreased. Increases in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline have been observed among betel nut chewers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 65 patients with schizophrenia, a decrease in positive symptoms as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was observed among men who were high-consumption betel nut chewers (more than 7.5 whole betel nuts/day). No significant relationships existed between betel chewing and positive or negative symptoms among women.  The muscarinic cholinomimetic action of the alkaloids may be responsible for this effect, but a mechanism of action has not been determined. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cardiovascular effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Animal data&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Betel nuts contain a tannin with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro. The activity of this tannin was shown to be comparable with captopril in an older experiment in rats. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical data&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  An acute cardiovascular response (hypertension and increased cardiac rate) to betel nut occurs in new chewers, but abates with chronic use. A review of this data and further study suggests this effect has a genetic dependency. A clinical application for this effect is unlikely considering the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with areca nut consumption.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/npp/betel-nut.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs.com: Betel Nut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also compare to:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11900630&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NS Chu: &quot;Neurological aspects of areca and betel chewing&quot;, Addict Biol. 2002 Jan; Vol 7, No 1, p 111–4.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding to the purely biological aspects of paan chewing are some others factors that are affecting the addictiveness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medicinal Properties, Sign of Beauty, Availability at ceremonies, Cultural identifier, Peer pressure, Social acceptance&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675366/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kelle L Murphy &amp;amp;Thaddeus A Herzog: &quot;Sociocultural Factors that Affect Chewing Behaviors among Betel Nut Chewers and Ex-Chewers on Guam&quot;, Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2015 Dec; 74(12): 406–411.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-04-18T19:33:45.300" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T19:33:45.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-18T19:10:14.830" Score="2" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;Potassium supplements are limited to 100mg, however the RDA is 4.7g. From the foods I do eat (and will continue to do so), I get around 1.5g of potassium per day, which is way too little. However, is there something about potassium supplementation that is unsafe, or why are the supplements limited to 100mg exactly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1294" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T13:00:46.897" Title="Supplementing potassium to get my 4.7g RDA - is it safe?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="21" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-18T21:44:09.680" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;An HVAC installer is recommending cold plasma to fix HVAC systems with &lt;a href=&quot;https://asm-air.com/airconditioning/dirty-sock-syndrome-what-is-it-dangerous/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dirty Sock Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But are the ions generated by &lt;a href=&quot;http://topproductinnovations.com/main.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cold plasma generating systems&lt;/a&gt; safe themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I recall correctly, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.airpurifierguide.org/faq/what-happened-to-ionic-breeze&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sharper Image was sued over their air purifiers&lt;/a&gt; that generated ions due to health effects.  Those weren't cold plasma generators, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T21:44:09.680" Title="Is cold plasma safe?" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-18T22:34:28.983" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Example: In college, my records are essentially made such that I have to turn all past records in before applying to a new school.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been 5+ years since I have met with a medical professional and not being a doctor I really don't remember what cholesterol and other health problems I had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to go back and retrieve all past records.  I gather after 10 years or so they may no longer have them, but I have yet to have determined a way to get all past records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastActivityDate="2018-04-18T22:34:28.983" Title="Medical Record History" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-19T03:32:37.420" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;On an empty stomach, insulin levels should be lower. According to the following study, cells absorb more magnesium when there's insulin.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8861135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8861135&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, most of our magnesium is stored in our cells that RBC magnesium levels are more reliable than serum levels in terms of magnesium status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean it's better to take magnesium with carbohydrates (unrefined of course) which increases insulin than on an empty stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T07:42:47.857" Title="If we take magnesium supplements on an empty stomach, are we wasting it?" Tags="&lt;insulin&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-19T04:38:42.727" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Working out, I noticed my fast-twitch-dominant muscles tend to get very sore and stay that way for hours to days, while my slow-twitch-dominant muscles tend to get sore briefly and recover quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a difference between the repair processes of slow twitch muscle vs. fast twitch muscle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T04:38:42.727" Title="Is there a difference in the repair processes of slow twitch vs. fast twitch muscle?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16003" CreationDate="2018-04-19T07:24:54.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you've linked mentions impaired magnesium uptake &lt;em&gt;in diabetes mellitus type 2,&lt;/em&gt; not in healthy individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In cases when meals significantly affect bioavailability of a supplement, there will be likely an instruction on the information leaflet about the optimal time to take it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T07:24:54.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-19T07:43:58.853" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any current official statement about soya based protein related health risks, or is it like with climate change, some parties can prove it, some can disprove.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T07:43:58.853" Title="Are there any official statements about soya based protein or are there just opinions and contradictory findings?" Tags="&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16064" CreationDate="2018-04-19T09:09:56.577" Score="1" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been living in Australia for a while and over there I bought supplements from Nature's Own. Their &lt;a href=&quot;https://naturesown.com.au/product/odourless-fish-oil-2000mg/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fish oil information&lt;/a&gt; reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Omega 3 is important for the maintenance of general health and wellbeing, as well as for heart, brain and &lt;strong&gt;joint health&lt;/strong&gt;. For joint health: Take 5 capsules daily with food &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemistwarehouse.com.au/buy/63404/Nature-s-Own-Odourless-Fish-Oil-2000mg-200-Capsules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each capsule contains&lt;/a&gt;:  2000mg (2g) Equiv. Omega-3 Marine Triglycerides 600mg Equiv. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 360mg Equiv. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 240mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes 10 grams of fish oil daily, eq 1800 mg EPA, 1200 DHA. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm back in Europe and I cannot find any brand claiming joint benefits, in the stores nor on the internet. What's more - the 10 g fish oil recommendations seems to be over the top that may lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/omega3/introduction.htm#hed6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bleedings&lt;/a&gt;. For instance, the recommended dose EPA+DHA  seems to be up to &lt;a href=&quot;http://EPA%20plus%20DHA%20consumption%20has%20been%20set%20at%202%20gm/day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 g max&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: &lt;strong&gt;Does fish oil support &lt;em&gt;normal&lt;/em&gt; joint health (not restricted to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis) and if yes, in what dose?&lt;/strong&gt; *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;* I am aware that fish oil may reduce the symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. However, I'm relating to regular joint health, for example to support joints during periods (months) of intense physical exercise&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastEditorUserId="209" LastEditDate="2018-04-19T11:19:12.010" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T15:28:20.203" Title="Fish oil for normal joint health: fact or fiction?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;dha-docosahexaenoic-acid&gt;&lt;epa-eicosapentaenoic-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-19T10:20:06.973" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is sleeping every day from 4 am to 10 am is equivalent to sleeping from 12 to 6 am at night? Also, what is the best time to go to sleep at night? And how many hours of sleep is necessary for good health? Also is sleeping at daytime like at afternoon is good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13502" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T10:23:51.183" Title="When should we sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16012" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16014" CreationDate="2018-04-19T14:41:22.380" Score="4" ViewCount="177" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the medical term for the natural paralysis that occurs while a person is in REM sleep? I look it up online, but I only find sleep paralysis which is a misnomer as that actually happens when people are awake in hypnagogic or hypnapompic states. I'm looking for the name of the physiological state of paralysis that happens during actual sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13510" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T10:02:38.183" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T10:02:38.183" Title="What is the medical term for paralysis while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16012" CreationDate="2018-04-19T19:30:32.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;The medical term for the natural paralysis that occurs while a person is in REM sleep – most often cited as 'official' in English – seems to be: &lt;em&gt;REM atonia&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical condition associated with hypnagogic sleep paralysis is coded in ICD10 with G47: sleep disorders /  G47.4: (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlafparalyse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;) – or &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/G47.8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;G47.8&lt;/a&gt; Other sleep disorders, G83.8 &quot;Other specified paralytic syndromes&quot; (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;English Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly the German Wikipedia states that &lt;em&gt;Schlafparalyse&lt;/em&gt; (=sleep paralysis) is the proper term in German to use with muscle relaxation during real sleep. –– Conscious feelings of paralysis are more often described as &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.onmeda.de/magazin/schlaflaehmung.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypgnagoge Schlaflähmung&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (= hypnagogic sleep paralyss; but using only true German word components for the compound word)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlafparalyse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;de.Wikpedia: Schlafparalyse&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Im Englischen wird sleep paralysis ausschließlich für die Störung verwendet, während die natürliche Lähmung während des normalen Schlafes REM atonia genannt wird.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (In English sleep paralysis is used exclusively for the disorder, while natural paralysis during normal sleep is called REM atonia.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;REM-atonia&lt;/strong&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rapid eye movement sleep&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Organisms in REM sleep suspend central homeostasis, allowing large fluctuations in respiration, thermoregulation, and circulation which do not occur in any other modes of sleeping or waking. &lt;strong&gt;The body abruptly loses muscle tone, a state known as REM atonia.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it doesn't get much better:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9811&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet –– Medical Definition of Atonia, REM sleep:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Atonia, REM sleep: See: Sleep paralysis&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  --&gt; Sleep paralysis: Medically, sleep paralysis is sometimes called waking paralysis, predormital (before-sleep) paralysis, postdormital (after-sleep) paralysis, and REM sleep atonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2579970/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Unraveling the Mechanisms of REM Sleep Atonia&quot;&lt;/a&gt; the phenomenon is called:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We agree with the commentators that determining mechanisms of &lt;strong&gt;rapid eye movement (REM) sleep motor atonia&lt;/strong&gt; is of major scientific importance and clinical relevance. The concept that REM atonia is under the control of one physiological mechanism and one neurotransmitter pathway has seduced many of us.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, it seems that &quot;sleep paralysis&quot; is actually not that far off a choice to use for REM atonia judging by real world word usage. But in any case a further qualification like &quot;during real sleep&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This excerpt seems to set a very straght record:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neural mechanisms prevent us from acting out our dreams during REM sleep. This normal “paralysis” during REM known as REM atonia is altered in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep paralysis is the intrusion of the normal atonia of REM sleep into wakefulness. The patient experiences inability to move with preserved aware- ness of surroundings. Sleep paralysis typically occurs during sleep–wake transitions or arousals.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Lourdes M. DelRosso and Romy Hoque: &quot;Central Nervous System Hypersomnias&quot;, in Raman K. Malhotra (ed): &quot;Sleepy or Sleepless. Clinical Approach to the Sleep Patient&quot;, Springer: Cham, Heidelberg, 2015,  p 54.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-04-20T08:56:21.970" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T08:56:21.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-19T20:01:39.277" Score="-2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;While studying I have noticed that some diets contribute to wide swings of alertness and tiredness while other diets result in a steady slight brain fog for an extended period. Given the desire to maximize the alert output of my brain, what diet should I pursue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good answer to this question will assess the following dimensions: long term diet, specific meals, macro diet components, and the nature of personal nutrition requirements that can not be discovered by means of general advice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13513" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T01:36:59.913" Title="What diet should I eat to perform optimally, maximizing my alertness?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-04-23T07:09:39.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16009" CreationDate="2018-04-19T23:44:28.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's best to choose the time period for sleeping such that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/tc/shift-work-sleep-disorder-topic-overview#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it doesn't need to be changed often&lt;/a&gt;, as this leads to better sleep quality. If this means that you need to sleep during daytime, then you need to make sure your bedroom is very dark and soundproof (or you need to use earplugs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that the official time is based on arbitrary decisions, e.g. in China they only have one time zone even though the Sun will rise 5 hours later in the far West of the country compared to the Eastern part. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-04-19T23:44:28.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-20T08:15:19.960" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question seems to be weird at first glance but I think this is the appropriate place to ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm studying Prostate data by Stamey et. al., (1989), data to examine the correlation between the level of prostate-specific antigen and a number of clinical measures in men who were about to receive a radical prostatectomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The variables:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;lcavol: log cancer volume&#xA;&#xA;lweight: log prostate weight&#xA;&#xA;age: in years&#xA;&#xA;lbph: log of the amount of benign prostatic hyperplasia&#xA;&#xA;svi: seminal vesicle invasion&#xA;&#xA;lcp: log of capsular penetration&#xA;&#xA;gleason: a numeric vector&#xA;&#xA;pgg45: percent of Gleason score 4 or 5&#xA;&#xA;lpsa: response&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there is a &lt;strong&gt;numerical medical information&lt;/strong&gt; about these variables. For example, “Is there a numerical relationship between &lt;code&gt;log cancer volume&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;log prostate weight&lt;/code&gt;?”, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OR, for instance, Can someone say something like “We expect that &lt;code&gt;seminal vesicle invasion&lt;/code&gt; is double amount of &lt;code&gt;log prostate weight&lt;/code&gt;”?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For additional information about publications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2468795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. II. Radical prostatectomy treated patients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/lasso/lasso.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13515" LastEditorUserId="13515" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T12:19:58.417" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T12:19:58.417" Title="Numerical information about variables in prostate cancer data" Tags="&lt;data&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-17T07:55:50.913" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nearsightedness is prevalent in demographic groups that look at screens for most of their time, such as office workers or students. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11818374&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Saw et al., 2002)&lt;/a&gt; Glasses correct the defocusing of the lens in the eye. The ciliary muscle then doesn't need to try hard to change the shape of the lens, and therefore is less strained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me as if wearing glasses and looking at a close object for extended periods of time will only worsen the condition of the lens: the ciliary muscle needs to actively correct the lens to focus light coming from a short distance. Without glasses the eye is able to focus on the near object anyway without a problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely, it sounds logical to assume that working on a computer without glasses will not change anything, but instead might &quot;train&quot; the ciliary muscle to shape the lens properly again over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this correct, i.e. is there research which deals with the question of whether one becomes more nearsighted when wearing correcting glasses and focusing on a close object? Does wearing glasses while on the computer accelerate the development of myopia or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15293" OwnerDisplayName="ahemmetter" LastEditorUserId="15293" LastEditDate="2018-12-12T11:34:24.587" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T11:34:24.587" Title="Does wearing glasses while on the computer increase myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16022" CreationDate="2018-04-20T12:18:00.407" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that carbohydrates need an alkakine environment to be digested while protein and fats need an acidic one, so how can the human stomach handle both at the same time ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13516" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T15:51:40.047" Title="How can we digest protein, fats and carbs at the same time?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16021" CreationDate="2018-04-20T12:38:27.883" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acidic environment &lt;em&gt;in the stomach&lt;/em&gt; (ph ~2) is necessary for the activity of the enzyme pepsin, which partly digests proteins to peptides (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22600/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Alkaline environment,&quot; which is not really alkaline but rather less acidic or nearly neutral with pH 6-7.4, (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10421978&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;) is &lt;em&gt;in the small intestine,&lt;/em&gt; where carbohydrates, fats and peptides are digested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-20T15:51:40.047" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T15:51:40.047" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16023" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16026" CreationDate="2018-04-20T19:59:46.430" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know that HCL is strong acid. It is very dangerous and corrosive to skin and can damage the skin tissues very badly and if it is drunk by someone then his health is strongly affected and he may died. But when HCL produced  by our stomach it does not harms the wall of our stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13481" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T21:31:45.173" Title="Why HCL does not damage the walls of our stomach?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16023" CreationDate="2018-04-20T20:41:56.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The stomach is protected by two enzymes, COX 1 and COX 2 (Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2). These are prostaglandin enzymes. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article on NIH: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...both COX-1 and COX-2 either alone or in concert contribute to gastric mucosal defence&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why long term use of COX non-specific NSAIDs can cause severe stomach problems, since they inhibit the production or function of these enzymes. There may be other processes that further protect the stomach from the effects of hydrochloric acid, but I believe these enzymes play the most important roles, especially when one considers the effect caused by inhibiting their function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T20:41:56.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-20T22:57:26.213" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please notify me of any more recent studies than &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7784640&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this from 1995&lt;/a&gt;, whose abstract states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Topical benzoyl peroxide has been used in the treatment of acne for over 30 years, with no reports of adverse effects that could be related to skin carcinogenesis. Two case-control epidemiological studies have found a lack of association between the specific use of benzoyl peroxide and skin cancer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appears to be somewhat carcinogenic in mice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While benzoyl peroxide is not a complete carcinogen in animals and has weak or no mutagenic potential, it has been found to be a tumor promoter in mouse skin using experimental two-stage models of carcinogenesis. Consistently positive results have been obtained in tumor promotion studies in which SENCAR mice were exposed to initiating doses of potent experimental carcinogens followed by promotion with benzoyl peroxide in acetone. Negative results have been obtained in similar studies with commercial formulations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these results on mice allegedly are irrelevant for humans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the results of promotion studies with benzoyl peroxide do not carry significant weight for human safety assessment as evidenced by (i) the absence of demonstrated carcinogenicity in humans of a number of rodent tumor promoters despite long-term human exposure; (ii) the observation that tumor promotion in mouse skin occurs only under specific experimental conditions and predominantly in highly sensitive strains; (iii) clinical use scenarios markedly different from the conditions resulting in tumor promotion in mouse skin; and (iv) the significant physiological differences between mouse and human skin. Thus, to date, available scientific evidence does not allow the results of these rodent promotion studies to be meaningfully applied to human safety assessment. As such, significant scientific progress must be made before human safety estimations can be derived from rodent promotion data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2018-04-20T22:57:26.213" Title="As of Apr. 2018, is topical benzyl peroxide considered to be carcinogenic?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16015" CreationDate="2018-04-21T01:36:59.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not knowing what diets you have used, or what your current diet restrictions are, its impossible to suggest a specific food. It also sounds like you are interested in self observation of results. Knowing this, you might find an excel chart I'm working on to be helpful (&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/open?id=1dAlsYtik43Ua-ur56zjHAidiTrSN8H6v&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StapleFoodsNutrition.xlsx&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a work in progress, but the goal is to find a basic grouping of staple foods that check off all micro-nutritional DV's. This is useful for me so I can keep track of the foods I incorporate to my diet, check off the nutritional values I have met, observe any changes, and finally move to the next value of interest. Basically, I add a food to the list, test it the next week, adjust my serving size, observe and repeat. Sadly, you'll have to do the work to understand the file, and incorporate new foods, but its a starting point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I've learned a decent amount about each vitamin and mineral on a much broader scale, and the difficulties of incorporating each without the use of supplements. My end goal is to ease a skin condition of mine. So far results wise, I have found that I wake up consistently at an earlier time without alarms, and my extremities feel warmer (Raynaud's-like symptoms). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13524" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T01:36:59.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16030" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16087" CreationDate="2018-04-21T01:59:10.383" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dementia is very taxing on care-giver children. Many parents would rather die than burden their children and rob them of living their own life. I am one of the parents who hold this view strongly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is dementia determined by genes or are there some healthy lifestyle practices and diet that middle-aged people (above 40s) can adopt to prevent dementia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="8973" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T12:24:36.447" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T06:08:36.413" Title="Is Alzheimer's disease determined by genes or lifestyle and diet?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;dementia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-21T04:13:56.793" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two examples are Dr. Mercola and George Newman.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/11/26/fasting-powerful-metabolic-therapy.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/11/26/fasting-powerful-metabolic-therapy.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Mercola was taking 1 g of magnesium per day and yet his RBC magnesium was only 3.5 which was below average. His fasting insulin level was 2. Improved insulin sensitivity is supposed to help our cells store magnesium. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/11/30/how-to-lower-blood-pressure.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/11/30/how-to-lower-blood-pressure.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Newman was able to treat his heart rhythm problems for at least two years by avoiding excessive exercise and taking magnesium. He took 5.5 g per day. Now he's taking 1.5 g per day. The shocking thing was that once he stopped taking it, within 48 hours, his AFib recurred, implying that he's excreting large amounts of magnesium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem like even if they ate foods grown in magnesium rich soil which seems like what Dr. Mercola was doing, they would still need to supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T04:13:56.793" Title="Why can't some people store magnesium very well even though they seem to live healthy?" Tags="&lt;magnesium&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16008" CreationDate="2018-04-21T04:56:02.157" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most studies have mostly looked at fish or fish oil consumption and the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis whereas you appear to be asking about a chondroprotective effect of fish oil for the development of osteoarthritis.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is the evidence for a role for diet and nutrition in osteoarthritis?&lt;/a&gt; published April 2018 has reviewed the literature as it is and has concluded&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since diet may potentially affect OA, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between nutrition and OA risk or progression, aiming to provide guidance for clinicians. For overweight/obese patients, weight reduction, ideally incorporating exercise, is paramount. The association between metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and OA risk or progression may partly explain the apparent benefit of dietary-lipid modification resulting from increased consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty-acids from oily fish/fish oil supplements. A strong association between OA and raised serum cholesterol together with clinical effects in statin users suggests a potential benefit of reduction of cholesterol by dietary means. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you might prevent osteoarthritis by keeping your cholesterol (and weight) low, and the pain might be less noticeable should you develop osteoarthritis if you have a diet high in long-chain n-3 fatty-acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-21T04:56:02.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-21T08:05:42.930" Score="2" ViewCount="253" Body="&lt;p&gt;A number of common viral disease agents have vaccines produced for them: Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Influenza (flu), Varicella (chicken pox), Poliovirus (polio), and many more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But many very serious or very common viruses have no vaccine for them, even though economically the prevalence and seriousness would warrant them, for example HIV, or even rhinovirus (the common cold), responsible for many a lost work day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it hard to make vaccines for some viruses but not others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-21T22:27:30.460" LastActivityDate="2018-04-22T12:36:38.277" Title="Why are some viruses harder to make vaccines for?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16033" CreationDate="2018-04-22T12:36:38.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a very broad question. Addressing all aspects may result in an answer that is too long. Therefore only some examples can be looked at.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the premise starts with chicken pox vaccine as an example for a successful vaccine this answer starts with an even more successful vaccine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Smallpox was the most dreaded of infections, especially in the 18th century when it seemed to be particularly virulent. The smallpox virus is very large and complex as viruses go and there are numerous related viruses which infect animals and are more or less analogous to the smallpox, the symptoms of which are characterised by the eruption of pimples, blisters and pustules. The smallpox virus itself can be classified into two distinct types, one of normal virulence (Variola major) and the other an attenuated form (Variola minor). This last point is important because it explains, at least partly, the apparent confusion over the years between the smallpox virus and the vaccine (vaccinia or cowpox virus), at a time when the distinction was made solely on the basis of clinical symptoms observed in patients or on attempts to transmit it between species; for example, between man and cow for the smallpox virus. At that time, the &quot;germ&quot; of smallpox was considered to be innate among humans, or almost so, and manifested itself in a so-called crisis by its &quot;evacuation&quot; from the human organism.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;From Hervé Bazin: &quot;The Eradication of Smallpox: Edward Jenner and the First and Only Eradication of a Human Infectious Disease&quot;, Academic Press: Cambridge, 1999, p4. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This passage about the history of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;smallpox&lt;/a&gt; vaccine illustrates some points necessary for a vaccine to be developed. We need to understand the viral agent, the human immune response, and we need to find a &quot;form of the viral agent&quot; that elicits a reliable but comparatively mild immune response that leads to immunity later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different methods to arrive at such a vaccine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Live attenuated (smallpox) – killed whole organisms (cholera) – Purified proteins of organisms or polysaccharides (tetanus) – reassortants (influenza, live and killed) – Genetically engineered (hepatitis B recombinant).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Cf. Stanley A. Plotkin: &quot;History of Vaccine Development&quot;, Springer: New York, Dordrecht, 2011, p3. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all of these methods are suitable for all viruses. Some viruses are difficult to attenuate, some difficult to grow in cultivation, some are changing so fast that a successful immune response &lt;em&gt;does lead to immunity&lt;/em&gt; but only to the agent used and not for the agents encountered later on, almost nullifying the results obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smallpox is not only large but also quite stable over time and between hosts so that a human immune system can acquire immunity, even if the very similar and easy to obtain cowpox is used as the source to get the required antigens – all four variants of orthopoxviruses confer cross-immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the &quot;unsuccessful&quot; side of the table, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rhinoviruses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;are currently around 160 recognized types of human rhinoviruses that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes). They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. […]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  There are no vaccines against these viruses as there is little-to-no cross-protection between serotypes. At least 99 serotypes of Human rhinoviruses affecting humans have been sequenced…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning that if an immunity develops to one type, at least theoretically 160 more infections are left for a single human on the menu. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With HIV the story is similar but different in that the virus can almost be called 'unstable':&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The environment of HIV in vivo is not static, but dynamic and reactive, so topographical imagery is dubious. Also unlike clas- sical genetics, we must distinguish two contributions to viral fitness: one relating to the ability of HIV to grow in its target cells, independent of any immune response, and another reflecting immune pressure.[…]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Perhaps the most striking fact about HIV in vivo is its extraordinary repli- cation rate. Unlike some viruses (such as chickenpox or herpes), HIV never enters a dormant or “latent” stage, but reproduces continuously in the body over the whole time-course of infection. The number of PITs in the chronic phase is in the range 10–100 million, and the turnover time is 2–4 days. HIV’s mutation rate is also remarkable: it is at least five orders-of-magnitude higher than for DNA-bearing, eukaryotic organisms. The rate was measured in the early 1990s in the test tube, with HIV propagating in immortalized T-cell lines (again, biologists prefer the Latin, and refer to the observation as “in vitro”, literally in glass) and yielded the average figure: about 0.3 changes per genome per replication cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;W. David Wick &amp;amp; Otto O. Yang: &quot;War in the Body: The Evolutionary Race Between HIV and the Human Immune System and the Implications for Vaccines&quot;, Springer: New York: Heidelberg, 2013.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a very fast moving target! But he outlook is not as grim as these above numbers might suggest: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We believe that every major disease will eventually have its vaccine. However, if we consider major infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Malaria, despite many years of effort, billions of dollars spent and countless animal lives sacrificed, no vaccine is available to protect against these infections. What prevents us from being victorious?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The genetic diversity of the target pathogen. (In RNA viruses such as HIV and HCV, the error prone RNA dependent polymerase generates quasispecies. In addition, influenza vaccines need to be reformulated annually, due to antigenic drift)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The discrepancy between immunogenicity and protection (many HIV vaccine candidates induce strong T and B cell responses in pre-clinical and Phase-I trials, these responses have thus far failed to correlate with protection in larger scale trials.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vector or Immunogen, which one matters? (While an effective vaccine may need to be multivalent, comprising multiple alleles for a given polymorphic antigen, and/or the antigen derived from conserved regions, the delivery vectors are at least as important as the immunogen itself. The vectors modulate innate and adaptive immunity, hopefully enabling the vaccine antigen to elicit the right response.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The discrepancy between local and systemic responses. (…of the vectors used in HIV vaccine design, viral vectors with mucosal tropism, e.g., adenoviruses and influenza viruses, are particularly interesting, given that genitorectal mucosa is the first site of contact in HIV transmission. Most systemic vaccines do not elicit mucosal responses, and it is uncertain if mucosal delivery of antigen can induce systemic immunity.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Infant vaccination, how much do we know? (The innate immune system does not reach full capacity until the teenage years, and as adaptive immunity in newborns is intrinsically skewed to a Th2-type, the neonatal and infant immune responses to many vaccines are suboptimal.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Immune subversion and immunosuppression. (Malaria-infected red blood cells have an amazing capacity to induce FOXP3+ expression, a marker of highly suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg), on co-cultured autologous T cells, suggesting that widespread induction in vivo would not require direct contact with the parasite.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Shuo Li, Magdalena Plebanski et al.: &quot;Why vaccines to HIV, HCV and Malaria have so far failed - challenges to developing vaccines against immunoregulating pathogens&quot;, Frontiers in Microbiolog and Frontiers in Immunology, 2016, DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01318&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-04-22T12:36:38.277" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-22T18:08:56.657" Score="4" ViewCount="480" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does &quot;sodium&quot; content on nutrition labels refer to the ion Na+ or to the full molecule NaCl?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for example, a 20 fluid ounce bottle of Coke currently says that it has 75mg of &quot;Sodium&quot; in it. Does that mean 75mg of sodium ions Na+ or 75mg of the dissolved salt molecule NaCl?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T19:25:07.903" Title="Does &quot;sodium&quot; content on nutrition labels refer to the ion Na+ or to the full molecule NaCl?" Tags="&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16043" CreationDate="2018-04-22T20:58:45.760" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The American label&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; says &quot;sodium&quot;, it does not say &quot;salt&quot;. Surprising accuracy, but it really is just that one half of the salt molecule that counts and that is counted! It's really just the sodium. Only Na and not NaCl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sodium:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  What It Is&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The words “salt” and “sodium” are often used interchangeably, but they do not mean the same thing. Sodium is a mineral and one of the chemical elements found in salt. Salt (also known by its chemical name, sodium chloride) is a crystal-like compound that is abundant in nature and is used to  flavor and preserve food.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/factsheets/Sodium.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA: factsheets: Sodium.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Salts&quot; are also different from NaCl alone (e.g. KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; for meats)  and very common  sources from the industry include Sodium nitrate, Sodium citrate, Monosodium glutamate [MSG], Sodium benzoate, Baking powder, Baking soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quickly estimate the salt equivalent of label-Na:  1g Na ~&gt; 2.5g NaCl   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should result for the example, &quot;a 20 fluid ounce bottle of Coke currently says that it has 75mg of 'Sodium' in it.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This means 75mg of sodium ions Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and this equals roughly 187,5mg of the dissolved table salt molecule NaCl.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Although a cola typically contains no salt at all according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/drinks/coca-cola/coca-cola&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official Coca Cola website UK: Salt=0g&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4mg/100g according to the USDA&lt;/a&gt; and usually very few sodium from other sources (example &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opensoda.org/?p=130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OpenCola, v2009&lt;/a&gt;: Sodium Citrate, Sodium Benzoate).&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.worldactiononsalt.com/less/how/labels/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reading Labels (worldactiononsalt)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Foods high in salt have more than 1.5g salt / 100g (or 0.6g sodium / 100g)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Foods low in salt have less than 0.3g salt /100g (or 0.1g sodium / 100g)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Calculating the salt content of food&#xA;  Some food labels may only state the sodium content.&#xA;  To convert sodium to salt, you need to multiply the amount by 2.5.&#xA;  For example, 1g of sodium per 100g = 2.5 grams of salt per 100g&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You then need to know the weight of the serving portion in grams e.g. 30g&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Then divide the concentration of salt per 100g by 100 and multiply by the serving size.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  e.g. Kellogg’s Rice Krispies contain 0.65g of sodium per 100g and 1 bowl (serving) is 30g;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;0.65g sodium per 100g x 2.5 = 1.6g salt per 100g&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  1.6 ÷ 100 = 0.01 salt per 1g of Rice Krispies&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  0.1 x 30 = 0.3g salt per 30g serving   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The maximum recommended intake for the day for a child aged 3 is 2g. Therefore, 1 bowl of the breakfast cereal contains around one-sixth (15%) of the recommended intake for the whole day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further information can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thekitchn.com/a-guide-to-sodium-labeling-sodium-savvy-205267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Sodium Labels Mean: A Guide to Decoding Sodium Labels&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many people think of salt and sodium as being the same thing, but they aren’t. Sodium is a mineral that occurs throughout nature in more than 80 forms. It is the sixth most abundant naturally occurring element on the planet, and it is essential to many of life’s functions. In the human body, in particular, sodium is crucial in maintaining the intricate balance of fluids in and around the body’s cells, and we can’t live without it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Ninety percent of the sodium we eat comes in the form of salt.&lt;/strong&gt; Salt is a naturally occurring compound that consists of 40 percent sodium and 60 percent chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/Recipes/American-Heart-Association-Eat-Less-Salt-Sample-Recipes_UCM_452096_Article.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Heart Association: &quot;Eat Less Salt&quot;, Clarkson Potter: New York, 2013.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1: Alas, the EU seems to go backward on this and proscribes now again on labels to use &quot;salt&quot; instead of &quot;sodium&quot;. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lebensmittelklarheit.de/forum/natrium-kennzeichnung&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Natrium-Kennzeichnung&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T19:25:07.903" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T19:25:07.903" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-23T05:33:22.473" Score="0" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want an idea about time spent for taking 1 bag blood. I have a blood donor he will donate 1 bag blood. After taking his blood it will be transferred to a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would anyone provide an idea how much time this process may take to complete&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13542" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T06:40:17.583" Title="How much time will take for receiving 1 bag blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-23T05:36:47.293" Score="-1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm no doctor nor expert in human bodies but I have a theory that if human body can be transformed / reinforced by long term physical exercises because of its nature in responding to the environment / survival requirements, can the legs be lengthened by instruments that implement a 30 minutes adjustable force to stretch the legs every day? For a year or two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the bone actually be responsive thus growing itself accordingly? Even adults? Is there anyone here with the science or medical career of orthopedics to please give any insights on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would really want to make something like this if it's scientifically 50% possible. Growing taller is the lifetime dream of A LOT of people. They can give anything for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there already a product like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's possible, what could be some unwanted side consequences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any potential problems or risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13541" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T12:24:12.010" Title="Instrument facilitated leg lengthening?" Tags="&lt;height&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-04-30T14:07:13.893" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3891" CreationDate="2018-04-23T09:55:54.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The worst case scenario is death from complications due to bacterial food poisoning. The specific species' will vary by location. Here in the UK, food poisoning from meat and dairy products are most commonly due to Enterobacteriaceae (esp E coli),&#xA;Campylobacter and Salmonella. Common symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach cramps, elevated temperature, which if left untreated may lead to death due to organ failure from dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that eating spoiled food has the potential to cause illness, but may not do so. There is no way to know in advance. Also note that the species of bacteria that cause illness are often not the ones which cause products to be noticeably spoiled. Thus it it is possible to consume (visibly/smellably spoiled) food such as dairy (spoiled due to lactic acid produced by Lactobaccilus) but it is unikely that lactic acid or its by-products will make you sick (Lactobaccilus is included in many &quot;probiotics&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&#xA;Borch, Elisabeth, Marie-Louise Kant-Muermans, and Ylva Blixt. &quot;Bacterial spoilage of meat and cured meat products.&quot; International journal of food microbiology 33.1 (1996): 103-120&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8913812&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8913812&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastEditorUserId="13499" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T10:20:22.980" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T10:20:22.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2018-04-23T09:58:51.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I use this one, mainly because of it's extensive micro-nutrient details including minerals, vitamins and fatty acids, and protein/amino acid analysis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nutritiondata.self.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l31EG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l31EG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/liCUM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/liCUM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastEditorUserId="13499" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T10:10:58.187" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T10:10:58.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-20T14:50:04.463" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;The National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/#h2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt; that the recommended daily amount of Vitamin C for an adult male is 90 mg. The highest recommended dose is 120 mg for breastfeeding women. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/#h8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;upper limit&lt;/a&gt; does of Vitamin C for adults is 2,000 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The book &quot;Prescription for Natural Healing&quot; (5th ed.), however, recommends an optimum daily intake of 1,000 to 3,000 mg of &quot;Vitamin C with mineral ascorbates (Ester-C)&quot;. I don't have much experience with the book and I'm trying to gauge how helpful it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right to see a conflict here? Or are they talking about different things? Is this really as simple as the book making a wildly bad recommendation, or is there reason to think a higher dose is good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13553" OwnerDisplayName="Tom Hamming" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T14:11:58.953" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T08:08:29.930" Title="Optimum / limit daily dose of Vitamin C?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16058" CreationDate="2018-04-23T11:29:36.333" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does eating simple carbohydrates affects the skin quality ? Will it make skin dark, old, dull, dry, wrinkled, saggy, or cause fine lines or age spots?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7422" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T11:50:44.120" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T12:51:55.023" Title="Do simple carbohydrates affect skin quality?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-23T12:09:13.787" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I moved to a new apartment. Away from a quiet side street next to a 4 lane street which constant cars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The apartment has acoustic blocking windows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I measure 70 - 85 decibels next to the street, and inside the apartment a constant 40-52 decibels, with 46 average during the whole day.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask myself: Should I get &quot;used&quot; to it or rather move away from the place? Many people say you get used to the constant noise, however I wonder if this is a healthy choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I realize as well: I am working in a co-working space which has a huge white noise machine. I find it very calming but measure 52 decibels from this machine. If this noise comes from the street I think it's annoying and damaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is the noise at work worse then the one at home? Is it unhealthy to be under constant noise like that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13549" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-04-23T14:02:32.570" LastActivityDate="2018-05-13T03:43:20.020" Title="Is constant street noise damaging health?" Tags="&lt;white-noise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16056" CreationDate="2018-04-23T12:51:55.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, long-term eating of a large amount of simple carbohydrates may affect skin quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620757&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation (PubMed, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effect of sugars on &lt;strong&gt;aging skin&lt;/strong&gt; is governed by the simple act of&#xA;  covalently cross-linking two collagen fibers, which renders both of&#xA;  them incapable of easy repair. Glucose and fructose link the amino&#xA;  acids present in the collagen and elastin that support the dermis,&#xA;  producing advanced glycation end products or &quot;AGEs.&quot; This process is&#xA;  accelerated in all body tissues when sugar is elevated and is further&#xA;  stimulated by ultraviolet light in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106357/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet and Dermatology (PubMed Central, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rhytides, sagging of skin, and loss of elasticity&lt;/strong&gt; are all related to changes in the collagen and elastic fibers of the skin, which are&#xA;  themselves impacted by diet. Ingestion of sugar, in particular, can&#xA;  accelerate these signs of aging...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foods with a high glycemic index, such as sugar,&lt;/strong&gt; white bread, and white rice, are rapidly absorbed, leading to higher serum glucose&#xA;  levels and corresponding elevated levels of insulin. Insulin and IGF-1&#xA;  have been shown to augment sebum production, stimulate adrenal&#xA;  androgen synthesis, and increase androgen bioavailability, all of&#xA;  which play a role in the pathogenesis of &lt;strong&gt;acne.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T12:51:55.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7209" CreationDate="2018-04-23T13:47:20.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One way to find reliable nutrition info is to first &lt;strong&gt;limit your search to an exact question,&lt;/strong&gt; for example, can high intake of potassium from foods or supplements decrease the risk of heart disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, put some of the keywords from the question into a search engine and add &quot;systematic review.&quot; You can often find at least 3-5 reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of websites with systematic reviews:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt; (A library of articles from various peer-reviewd medical journals)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/what-is-cochrane-evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane&lt;/a&gt; (Strict reviews)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt; (One-page-one nutrient reviews of the effects of nutrients, mainly vitamins and minerals, about their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of different diseases).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt; (Similar as Linus Pauling Institute)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is then good to check few reviews, because their conclusion often differ markedly from each other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T13:47:20.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16043" CreationDate="2018-04-23T14:54:13.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It refers to exactly what is says - Na.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be Na not the ion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Na is not just from NaCl.  It is in baking soda.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look up nutrition on table salt&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calorieking.com/foods/calories-in-herbs-spices-table-salt_f-ZmlkPTY0NTAw.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NaCl nutrition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;100 mg NaCl has 38.758 mg of Na&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Which is consistent with molecular weight of 11 and 17.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T14:54:13.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16008" CreationDate="2018-04-23T15:28:20.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intense athletic training could be the risk for physical damage (&quot;wear and tear&quot;) of the joint cartilage. The closest condition to this I can think of is osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fish oil does not seem to prevent or treat osteoarthritis.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295086/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Marine Oil Supplements for Arthritis Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials (PubMed Central, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A significant effect was found in patients with rheumatoid&#xA;  arthritis...but not in osteoarthritis patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653978/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Managing osteoarthritis (PubMed, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fish oil has not been found to reduce the structural progression of&#xA;  knee arthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About the fish oil dosage and safety:&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/#en30&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High doses of DHA and/or EPA (900 mg/day of EPA plus 600 mg/day DHA or&#xA;  more for several weeks) might reduce immune function due to&#xA;  suppression of inflammatory responses. Doses of 2–15 g/day EPA and/or&#xA;  DHA might also increase bleeding time by reducing platelet aggregation&#xA;  [5]. However, according to the European Food Safety Authority,&#xA;  long-term consumption of EPA and DHA supplements at combined doses of&#xA;  up to about 5 g/day appears to be safe [167]. It noted that these&#xA;  doses have not been shown to cause bleeding problems or affect immune&#xA;  function, glucose homeostasis, or lipid peroxidation. The FDA&#xA;  recommends not exceeding 3 g/day EPA and DHA combined, with up to 2&#xA;  g/day from dietary supplements. Some doses used in clinical trials&#xA;  exceed these levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T15:28:20.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11994" CreationDate="2018-04-23T15:40:38.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding flame and fire retardends to clothing garments is possible, but it is not standard in the clothing industry. Those chemicals are usually reserved for specialty application, like race driving suits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_suit#Design_and_usage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Racing suits&lt;/a&gt;, design and usage Other suits consist of cotton treated with Proban, a chemical manufactured by Rhodia, or other substances. These suits can lose their fire-resistant properties over time, particularly after washing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much more common are additions that provide a more direct &quot;benefit&quot;; to manufactures, shippers or merchants. Especially long distance shipping in containers seems to prompt the ample usage of fungcides to combat moulds during sea voyages from Asia. Fabric softeners, colour fastener, easy-iron applications also come to mind. And of course toxic residues of pesticides during plant growth or other chemicals during manufacturing can never be excluded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of American Airlines uniforms: these have been tested by now, and the PR-storm the company unraveled to dismiss the claims and accusations is less impressive than the long list of really nasty stuff found in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;benefits&quot; for manufacturers are classified a bit differently from a health perspective: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Irritants – chemicals that cause irritation to the skin, eyes, or respiratory tract that is local to the part of the body that is exposed to the chemical in question; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;2-Bromo-4,6-dinitro-benzeneamine: women’s parka with fur&#xA;  2-Butoxy ethanol: women’s crew scarf&#xA;  2-(phenylmethylene)-octanol: women’s pilot pants and blouse&#xA;  9,10-Anthracenedione: men’s “car coat”&#xA;  9, 10-Dimethylanthracene: black men’s tie&#xA;  9-0ctadecenoic acid: men’s/women’s pilot blazers&#xA;  Benzaldehyde: women’s pilot blazer&#xA;  Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)lauramide: men’s crew blazer&#xA;  Butylated hydroxytoluene: men’s coat, women’s parka with fur&#xA;  Caprolactam: women’s crew blazer, men’s copilot jacket, women’s crew jacket&#xA;  Docosane: women’s pilot blouse and neckwear, men’s car coat, shirt (undefined)&#xA;  Isopropyl palmitate (1-methylethyl ester hexadecanoic acid): women’s jacket&#xA;  Methyl palmitate (methyl ester hexadecanoic acid): women‘s blue-checkered blouse, dress, women’s jacket, men’s blue tie&#xA;  N-ethyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonamide: women’s pilot blouse&#xA;  Octadecane: women’s pilot neckwear, men’s/women’s pilot blazers, men’s long-sleeved white shirt, men’s long-sleeved pilot shirt, women’s short-sleeved blue blouse&#xA;  Oleic acid: pants (undefined)&#xA;  Tridecanol: women’s pilot blouse&#xA;  Undecanol: women’s pilot blouse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sensitizers – chemicals that cause an immune-mediated response which is generally more serious than the “local” type of irritant reaction and may be systemic, rather than localized;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Benzyl benzoate: men’s pilot tie, long-sleeved men’s “rip stop” shirt&#xA;  Disperse orange dye 30: men’s pilot tie&#xA;  2-(phenylmethylene)-octanol: women’s pilot pants and blouse&#xA;  Benzaldehyde: women’s pilot blazer&#xA;  9,10-Anthracenedione: men’s “car coat”&#xA;  9, 10-Dimethylanthracene: men’s black tie Antimony;&#xA;  Arsenic salts;&#xA;  Benzophenone (CAS number 119-61-9);&#xA;  Benzyl benzoate (CAS number 120-51-4) – also potentially irritating;&#xA;  4-Biphenyl ester benzoic acid (CAS number 2170-13-0);&#xA;  C.I. Disperse Red 60 (CAS number 17418-58-5) – also potentially irritating;&#xA;  C.I. Disperse Orange 30 (CAS number 12223-23-3/5261-314)&#xA;  Cobalt and cobalt compounds;&#xA;  9,10-Dimethylanthracene (CAS number 781-43-1);&#xA;  4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (CAS number 101-68-8) – also potentially irritating;&#xA;  Ethylbenzaldehyde (CAS number 4748-78-1);&#xA;  Formaldehyde (CAS number 50-00-0) – also potentially irritating;&#xA;  Mercaptobenzothiazole (CAS number 149-30-4);&#xA;  2-(Methylthio)-benzothiazole (CAS number 615-22-5) – also potentially irritating; and Soluble chromium.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Endocrine disruptors – chemicals that are structurally similar to human hormones, such that they can disrupt hormonal cycles; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Carcinogens – chemicals that either can (confirmed ) or may (probable/possible) cause uncontained cell growth/tumor formation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.afacwa.org/uniforms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Your uniform, your health&lt;/a&gt; (The Association of Flight Attendants-CWA (AFA-CWA) 2018).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol where the only substances that really exceeded any limits (Oeko-Tex 100) recently, the amount and mixture of all the other substances make for an interesting experiment, some of the results from this experiment are pictred online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information on the &quot;the common&quot; part of the question may be found in &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC36150/6150%20-%20HCHO_survey_final_report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European survey on the release of formaldehyde from textiles&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T15:40:38.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16067" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16088" CreationDate="2018-04-23T17:00:19.593" Score="2" ViewCount="454" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drink fruit punch Gatorade pretty often - once to three times a week, I'd say.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tonight, my bottle has a new warning label on it, written in boldface:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Partially produced with genetic engineering.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean?  Is there now a documented food safety risk for Gatorade, and that perhaps I should avoid drinking it?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if the warning label means that Gatorade can cause cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not asking for medical advice - just want to understand whether genetically engineered foods are a health risk at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13188" LastEditorUserId="13188" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T04:39:38.147" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T13:37:23.557" Title="My fruit punch Gatorade has a new warning label saying that it is genetically engineered" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16069" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16075" CreationDate="2018-04-23T18:17:09.647" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard that health, exercise and meditation have a connection. How do these three factors interact towards having a better or more relaxing life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13555" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T18:32:22.467" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T18:32:22.467" Title="What is the connection between health, exercise, and meditation?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-04-26T10:53:02.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16072" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-23T18:44:25.003" Score="0" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question actually says it all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a vaccine can make you immune to a disease/infection X, shouldn't we just get all the available ones?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a risk with getting lots of vaccines as an adult?&#xA;If no, shouldn't we be getting as many as possible?&#xA;If yes, what those risks would be and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11537" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T04:58:31.550" Title="Wouldn't it be optimal for a human to get all the vaccinations that exist?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-23T19:03:50.843" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;One to shorten the lense for near focus, one to lengthen it for far focus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there a single &quot;ciliary&quot; muscle that is either engaged or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T01:33:31.960" Title="Is there an antagonistic pair of muscles in the eye?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-05-01T20:38:17.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16072" CreationDate="2018-04-23T20:36:11.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should typically only receive vaccinations for which the risk of the disease is higher than the risk of the vaccine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All vaccines carry some risk - albeit small. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for the flu vaccine, there is a small incidence of patients who can get &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/guillainbarre.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guillain-Barre syndrome&lt;/a&gt; which causes an ascending paralysis. As a result, if you lived in an area that never got influenza - this likely not be of benefit. Fortunately, or unfortunately, the risk of flu and the side effects of flu are much higher than the risk of the vaccine - thus the cost benefit suggests it is worth it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some vaccines, like the Smallpox vaccine, have been retired because the disease has been eradicated. Some older people you might know (including this author) still have the scars on their arms from childhood from the multiple pinpricks necessary to administer the vaccine. This vaccine is one example of a likely unnecessary vaccine to take. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/24/bill-gates-humanity-will-see-its-last-case-of-polio-this-year.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Polio is almost eradicated as well&lt;/a&gt; - so it may be just a few years before that vaccine will be unnecessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, most vaccines have been created for diseases for which the risk of exposure exists - and taking those vaccines for anything to which you face a risk of exposure can easily outweigh any risks of the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T04:58:31.550" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T04:58:31.550" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16069" CreationDate="2018-04-23T20:40:45.913" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the mental benefits of meditation, there is some evidence for organic/physical benefits as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dean Ornish, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ornish&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the well known cardiologist who helped former U.S. President Clinton with his diet&lt;/a&gt; - and the creator of the only FDA approved prescribed and reimbursed diet for cardiac disease, also has done studies on meditation and health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24051140&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;telomeres, the ends of chromosomes that slowly get eroded away with aging, actually regrow with meditation&lt;/a&gt;. He reported these findings at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exponential Medicine Conference in San Diego&lt;/a&gt; in 2014. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tasciences.com/what-is-a-telomere/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Telomere shortening is believed to be one of the foundational causes of aging.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unclear whether his work has been duplicated elsewhere, but it is a striking and considered highly significant physical finding with implications for health and longevity. It is one of the few actual cellular changes that have been found related to meditation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastEditorUserId="3504" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T05:03:14.230" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T05:03:14.230" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16076" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16057" CreationDate="2018-04-23T21:09:59.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic noise exposure of &gt;58db has been associated with the development of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601606&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes in mice&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can review the latest studies in the medical literature on chronic noise exposure through a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=chronic%20noise%20exposure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search here with these keywords&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic exposure to traffic noise itself is considered a stressor that has been associated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29350061&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple medical conditions including hypertension, heart attacks, and strokes.&lt;/a&gt; One thought of the cause is that the variety in sounds triggers a low-level alarm, like a &quot;fight or flight&quot; response which increases the level of adrenaline circulating and contraction of the blood vessels. It is unclear if there are studies showing that white noise would stop this risk. Additionally, it is unclear how much these studies corrected for the risk of air quality itself. (In one epidemiological study of children growing up near expressways, they found that their average height was lower. The study suggests that children breathing the small &amp;lt;25 PPM particles that penetrate homes and go deep into the lung actually impacted their growth and development. This has implications for the health of adults as well.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NIH states that ear damage &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;occurs with sounds above 85db.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The takeaway from this is that traffic noise has a definite risk, as does high levels of noise. White noise currently appears to be an unquantified risk - and may possibly be safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3504" LastActivityDate="2018-04-23T21:09:59.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16078" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-24T05:29:55.090" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if your immune system will recover from chemotherapy, say, after x years, or will your immune system forever be weakened/compromised from chemotherapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13563" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:42:41.637" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:42:41.637" Title="Immune system recovery from chemotherapy" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5959" CreationDate="2018-04-24T06:12:53.493" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;both hot and cold water comes from the same distilled water can fitted on a water dispenser .Normally a water dispense has both the options.It is true that both the taps give extreme temperatures, one is very cold and and the second is really hot (may be for making tea). Hot water doesn't boil in the dispenser.  Since both are coming from distilled water can, mixing them should not be a issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is always preferable to drink warm water after a meal. It can easily dissolve fats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good luck. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13565" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T06:12:53.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16046" CreationDate="2018-04-24T06:40:17.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally whole blood is not used for transfusion purposes.  Instead it is separated into components which are then transfused after first being aggregated.  If someone needs a blood transfusion, then normally they are given packed red cells without platelets and without plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The transfusion times are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The infusion rate for blood products depends on the clinical context, age and cardiac status of the patient. In stable, non-bleeding adult patients typical administrations details are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red cells:                      1-3 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Platelets:                       15-30 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fresh frozen plasma:      30 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cryoprecipitate:              30-60 minutes per standard adult dose&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://transfusion.com.au/transfusion_practice/administration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://transfusion.com.au/transfusion_practice/administration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T06:40:17.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16078" CreationDate="2018-04-24T07:06:34.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This must depend on the type of chemotherapy, and duration of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; looked at lymphocyte populations after chemotherapy for breast cancer and found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;  Levels of B, T and NK cells were significantly reduced 2 weeks after chemotherapy (p &amp;lt; 0.001). B cells demonstrated particularly dramatic depletion, falling to 5.4 % of pre-chemotherapy levels. Levels of all cells recovered to some extent, although B and CD4(+) T cells remained significantly depleted even 9 months post-chemotherapy (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Phenotypes of repopulating B and CD4(+) T cells were significantly different from, and showed no sign of returning to pre-chemotherapy profiles. Repopulating B cells were highly depleted in memory cells, with proportions of memory cells falling from 38 % to 10 % (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conversely, repopulating CD4(+) T cells were enriched in memory cells, which increased from 63 % to 75 % (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Differences in chemotherapy regimen and patient smoking were associated with significant differences in depletion extent or repopulation dynamics. Titres of anti-pneumococcal and anti-tetanus antibodies were both significantly reduced post-chemotherapy and did not recover during the study (p &amp;lt; 0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and concluded that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;  Breast cancer chemotherapy is associated with long-term changes in immune parameters that should be considered during clinical management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the significance of these findings is still unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lymphocyte depletion and repopulation after chemotherapy for primary breast cancer 2016 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727393/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full text&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2016/01/chemotherapy-immune-system.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Discussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T07:06:34.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16073" CreationDate="2018-04-24T07:13:00.813" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Iris has dilator and constrictor pupillae&#xA;While cilliary musckes act by contraction and relaxation not antagonism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12733" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T07:13:00.813" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16053" CreationDate="2018-04-24T08:08:29.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are few aspects of high-dose vitamin C supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The upper limit(UL)&lt;/strong&gt; 2,000 mg for vitamin C is not some sort of recommendation, but a dose, which, if exceeded, can cause nausea and diarrhea, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does it make sense to take vitamin C supplements?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C supplements can correct vitamin C deficiency and improve the absorption of iron from plant foods. But there is no convincing evidence that vitamin C would help to prevent or treat common cold, cancer, heart disease, stroke or age-related macular degeneration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are higher doses more effective?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approximately 70%–90% of vitamin C is absorbed at moderate intakes of 30–180 mg/day. However, &lt;strong&gt;at doses above 1 g/day, absorption falls to less than 50%&lt;/strong&gt; and absorbed, unmetabolized ascorbic acid is excreted in the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no convincing evidence that high-dose (oral) vitamin C would prevent or treat cancer or other diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can high-dose vitamin C be dangerous?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High-dose vitamin C might increase the risk of oxalate kidney stones in some individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T08:08:29.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13644" CreationDate="2018-04-24T08:13:01.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is a quite broad since you don't state whether you mean a ketogenic diet, levels of protein and fats, or what you mean by &quot;athletic and mental performance&quot; so I will answer quite generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some anecdotal limited evidence that shows unhindered athletic performance on a Low Carb diet, such as observations made on Innuit people prior to dramatic changes in their diets. However the bulk of the literature shows impaired athletic performance, particularly in anaerobic events (eg sprints, lifting, field athletics), and no change in endurance events. Most studies also reported a 1-2 week diet adaptation time, during which most performance indicators suffered: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burke, Louise M. &quot;Re-examining high-fat diets for sports performance: did we call the ‘nail in the coffin’too soon?.&quot; Sports Medicine 45.1 (2015): 33-49.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hawley, John A., and Jill J. Leckey. &quot;Carbohydrate dependence during prolonged, intense endurance exercise.&quot; Sports Medicine 45.1 (2015): 5-12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for brain function, a recent review article by Koppel (2017) looked at over 50 studies and found that people suffering from neurological conditions such as epilepsy, and more recently, Alzheimer’s benefited from Low Carb, high fat diets (in particular improved cognition). Care should be taken if  extrapolating these results to otherwise healthy individuals and/or athletes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Koppel, Scott J., and Russell H. Swerdlow. &quot;Neuroketotherapeutics: A modern review of a century-old therapy.&quot; Neurochemistry international (2017).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13499" LastEditorUserId="13499" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T08:08:30.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T08:08:30.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16030" CreationDate="2018-04-24T12:35:48.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alzheimer's disease (AD), in most cases, is not hereditary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can decrease the risk of having AD by maintaining healthy weight and regular physical activity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is insufficient evidence about the effectiveness of different nutrients, foods, diets or supplements in the prevention of AD.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://alzheimer.ca/en/Home/About-dementia/Alzheimer-s-disease/Risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alzheimer's Society Canada&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;modifiable risk factors&lt;/strong&gt; for AD include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, depression, cognitive&#xA;  inactivity or low education, and physical inactivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other risk factors&lt;/strong&gt; can include: excessive alcohol drinking, high blood cholesterol levels, stroke and repeated head injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alzheimer disease and &lt;strong&gt;genetics:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most Alzheimer’s disease does not run in families and is described as&#xA;  “sporadic”. Rare cases of Alzheimer’s disease are inherited or&#xA;  “familial’.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diet.&lt;/strong&gt; Various systematic reviews, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, mention the association (but not necessary the cause-effect relationship) between Mediterranean diet and lower risk of AD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dementia.cochrane.org/our-reviews&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane&lt;/a&gt; has a long list of study reviews about the preventative effect of &lt;strong&gt;supplements, herbs and alternative treatments&lt;/strong&gt; on AD; in most cases, there is no evidence of their effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T06:08:36.413" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T06:08:36.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16067" CreationDate="2018-04-24T13:37:23.557" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/geplants/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA guidelines for GenMod Foods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FDA regulates the safety of food for humans and animals, including foods produced from genetically engineered (GE) plants. Foods from GE plants must meet the same food safety requirements as foods derived from traditionally bred plants. Read more at Consumer Info About Food From Genetically Engineered Plants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA at least, the FDA regulates the general health risks of all foods as they are &lt;em&gt;currently&lt;/em&gt; understood before allowing a company to sell those foods. If you are looking for an official source to tell you that GenMod'd food is as safe to consume as the unmodified version, this would be one. On the other hand, research concerning GenMod is still being conducted, and the FDA is not always up to date, so YMMV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11101" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T13:37:23.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-24T14:37:23.900" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some thoughts that are contradicting each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gym &amp;lt;=&gt; Good for health and longevity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eat less calories &amp;lt;=&gt; Good for health and longevity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gym or eating less calories - what is better for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13570" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T16:11:58.423" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T19:22:44.297" Title="Gym and Eat less calories" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-04-25T12:55:28.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16090" CreationDate="2018-04-24T16:09:59.483" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be picky, it does not need to be &quot;gym&quot; (gym or fitness classes, jogging...); it is &lt;strong&gt;regular physical activity&lt;/strong&gt; of lower intensity (walking, cycling to work...) that can already be healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28708630&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...marked health benefits are observed with relatively minor volumes&#xA;  of physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can &lt;strong&gt;eat less calories&lt;/strong&gt; than you burn if you want to lose weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both physical activity and weight loss (if overweight) can be healthy; there is no need to overthink which is better. Do one or another or both, according to what you think is realistic for you to maintain long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-24T16:17:15.370" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T16:17:15.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16092" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16090" CreationDate="2018-04-24T19:22:44.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You mention &quot;health and longevity&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless you're suffering from obesity-related health issues, eating less calories will not help you with &quot;health and longevity&quot;. Eating balanced and nutritious meals is more important than calories if your concern is &quot;health and longevity&quot; (and not weight gain/loss).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Health and longevity&quot; is very subjective, and largely depends on other life factors.. for example, if Bob goes to the gym every day, and eats very healthily, but also is a heroin addict, then eating healthily and exercising likely won't really matter. That's an extreme example, but I hope it does prove a point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're talking strictly about weight gain/loss, it's all about calories in &amp;lt;--&gt; calories out. Simply put, if you eat less calories then you burn, you will lose weight. Exercising allows you to eat more (because you're burning more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="830" LastActivityDate="2018-04-24T19:22:44.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16073" CreationDate="2018-04-25T01:04:45.673" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The eye is formed by three layers. From the outside to the inside, you have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fibrous layer: formed by the cornea and the sclera.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vascular layer: formed (from posterior to anterior) by the choroid, ciliar body and iris.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The neural layer: formed by the retina.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another important &quot;element&quot; is the lens, which changes the focal distance of the eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Focusing on the second layer, the ciliar body is &quot;attatched&quot; to the lens by small extentions called ciliary processes. These have ciliary muscules that upon stimulation, they contract and create a respective response on the lens.&#xA;Basically there is an adjustment of the lens in order to create a clear image of what you see from a close distance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/eye&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's some additional information if you'd like to read more about the eye in general.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: After reading DoctorWhom's comment, I'd like to add two links that might help.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/accommodation-reflex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oculomotor Nerve -  Accommodation reflex&lt;/a&gt; (Jean-Pierre Barral, Alain Croibier 2009) &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/accom.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Complementary information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13571" LastEditorUserId="13571" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T01:33:31.960" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T01:33:31.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16098" CreationDate="2018-04-25T07:43:30.520" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm going to work in a pasta manufacturing company/factory. Egyptian law states that I must not catch any contagious diseases to be able to work there. I was asked to do a chest x-ray test.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report of the test says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clear both lung fields and both C/P angles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal cardio-thoracic ratio.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder how can doctors diagnose any diseases from this test?! It's just a test on bones of the rib cage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also asked to do a stool test and I found this test is reasonable. For me, the only reason for the chest test is that the government wants to collect money from people by doing these tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T09:49:05.107" Title="What contagious diseases can be diagnosed by x-ray test on chest?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;ribs-ribcage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16096" CreationDate="2018-04-25T09:04:53.863" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;A chest X-ray can detect changes in the lungs that occur in certain infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, tularemia, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, plague, etc (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.13.11463&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Rentgenology&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most cases, additional tests, such as sputum and blood tests, are needed to confirm an exact diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/chest/chest_pathology/chest_pathology_page3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p50d95b0ab4b90/chest-x-ray-lung-disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; you can see which other lung abnormalities (lung cancer, edema, COPD..) a chest X-ray can detect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T09:49:05.107" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T09:49:05.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16242" CreationDate="2018-04-25T12:39:31.490" Score="0" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum recommended daily amount of full fat milk for a 12 year old boy, assuming an average weight for 12 year olds at 40kg (88lb). Is 1.5 english pints per day too much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13573" LastEditorUserId="13573" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T09:22:19.943" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T09:22:19.943" Title="Maximum recommended daily intake of full fat milk for 12 year old?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;milk&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-25T14:01:06.687" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard people say that if you get a puncture wound, you won't get tetanus if you can make it bleed. Example: see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amoils.com/health-blog/myths-legends-surrounding-the-tetanus-shot/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, the third point under &quot;But is a tetanus shot really necessary?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tetanus can only be contracted if the open wound comes in contact with animal feces and if it doesn’t bleed.  As long as your wound bleeds freely and is oxygenated (that is cleaned with Hydrogen Peroxide solution), there is no risk of tetanus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This quote is an extreme version of the claim, of course. And it's not hard to find claims that this is a myth (&lt;a href=&quot;http://vaccine.fyi/antivax-myth-tetanus-isnt-a-risk-if-the-wound-bleeds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://vaxopedia.org/2017/04/12/5-myths-about-tetanus-and-tetanus-shots/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; says to control the bleeding, not encourage it. Given a choice, I'd bet on it being a myth. But I haven't found an authoritative reference for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone provide an authoritative reference for whether and how the amount of bleeding from a wound affects the risk of tetanus? Does flowing blood have any flushing effect at all? Is it possible to meaningfully decrease the risk of tetanus infection in an unvaccinated person by encouraging a wound to bleed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: as noted in the comments, I don't expect an answer to link to a study looking specifically at bleeding and tetanus risk. Just something more authoritative and relevant than what I have so far. It could be something about how good or bad bleeding is at flushing foreign material / antigens (tetanus spores or otherwise) out of a wound. I'm expecting there to be evidence that you can't rely on bleeding to prevent infection, but I'm not entirely sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13553" LastEditorUserId="13553" LastEditDate="2018-04-25T22:55:21.890" LastActivityDate="2018-04-25T22:55:21.890" Title="Does the amount of bleeding from a wound have any effect on the risk of Tetanus?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;tetanus-shot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-26T06:57:37.940" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my friend was diagnosed with a cyst in the spleen, and doctors said need to operate and need to take away the stomach and spleen. If this both was taken away, what will happen with the food intake, where will these go?  Where would there be side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13581" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T16:31:25.170" Title="Where would the food go if the the stomach and spleen are both taken away?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16140" CreationDate="2018-04-26T07:31:51.737" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wifi signal course for health effect. According to researches, it is effect for men's sperm to lost the strength of it. I want to know about that issue in deep? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.menshealth.com.sg/health/can-wi-fi-kill-your-sperm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can Wi-Fi Kill Your Sperm?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13555" LastEditorUserId="13555" LastEditDate="2018-04-26T11:34:53.443" LastActivityDate="2018-04-29T12:07:23.057" Title="What is effect of wifi signal for the health?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16107" CreationDate="2018-04-26T07:39:42.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The food normally goes from the gullet (esophagus) through the stomach (gaster) into the bowel (intestine). After the stomach removal (gastrectomy), the surgeon connects the gullet and the bowel, so the food will then go directly from the gullet into the bowel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spleen is not a part of the gut (gastrointestinal tract) and is not involved in the digestion of food, so its removal should not affect the digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the stomach removal, one could experience tiredness, sleepiness or diarrhea after large meals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17377-post-gastrectomy-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dumping syndrome&lt;/a&gt;), but less likely after small meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-26T10:11:00.200" LastActivityDate="2018-04-26T10:11:00.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-26T14:50:59.450" Score="4" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now that I'm 37 weeks pregnant, I seem to have a large number of acquaintances suggesting herbal medicines to me the speed up labor or thin the cervix. The two most common have been raspberry leaf tea and evening primrose oil. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some research on google scholar about these ones and found a couple of studies indicating that these herbal medicines were ineffective or actually increased the length of labor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/download/42275334/Raspberry_leaf-should_it_be_recommended_20160207-4681-fjiur.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Raspberry leaf – Should it be recommended to pregnant women?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jill_Johnson12/publication/24191575_Effect_of_Maternal_Raspberry_Leaf_Consumption_in_Rats_on_Pregnancy_Outcome_and_the_Fertility_of_the_Female_Offspring/links/570524c008ae13eb88b93efc/Effect-of-Maternal-Raspberry-Leaf-Consumption-in-Rats-on-Pregnancy-Outcome-and-the-Fertility-of-the-Female-Offspring.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Maternal Raspberry Leaf Consumption in Rats on&#xA;Pregnancy Outcome and the Fertility of the Female Offspring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Judy_Slome_Cohain/project/Bad-Obstetric-Protocols/attachment/5a2376c1b53d2f0bba4134aa/AS:567330758901760@1512273601642/download/Evening+Primrose+Oil+slows+down+labor%2C+increases+PROM.pdf?context=ProjectUpdatesLog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral evening primrose oil&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have a medical background (and I don't have access to a lot of the literature out there), so my ability to interpret these results is somewhat limited, but it seems pretty clear that these herbal medicines are not proven to be effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found a study examining a whole bunch of different herbal remedies for labor, but it doesn't really go into detail regarding the results (it just surveys a bunch of women)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3dd6/9e83f77b14ebb6223c98008daa49b5f56ad2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herbal and Other Complementary Medicine Use by Texas Midwives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It made me wonder, since there are also broad studies that look at multiple different commonly-recommended herbal medicines (or at least papers that aggregate other studies), are there any more broad papers that indicate a commonly-recommended herbal medicine is actually more effective than the others and that has actually been established to be effective at speeding up labor? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be nice to know if I should be ignoring my acquaintances advice entirely, or if their recommendations do have some merit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12041" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:43:14.713" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:43:14.713" Title="Are there any herbal medicines that have been established to actually speed up or ease labor?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;&lt;induce&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16117" CreationDate="2018-04-26T17:55:17.587" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, is a general practitioner (GP) a doctor who has finished a medical school and has a medical licence, but does not have any further specialization? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T01:53:18.450" Title="What exactly does &quot;general practitioner&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16113" CreationDate="2018-04-27T00:15:50.353" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Note: I can give you a breakdown of the CURRENT medical system in the US.  Naming and training used to be different some decades ago, when the term GP was more broadly applied, but I am less familiar with its history.  Also note that Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants are also often Primary Care &lt;em&gt;Providers&lt;/em&gt;.  Their training, licensing, and ability to practice medicine independently differ; I am not including a description of that here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;General Practitioner&lt;/strong&gt; (GP) is a type of physician.  The term means slightly different things in different countries.  The term is used frequently in Europe and other regions to refer to a physician who practices in &quot;primary care&quot; medicine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of medical training and licensing also differs between countries, so it is not really easy to make a direct comparison.  But &lt;strong&gt;the closest term in the USA to what a GP is in Europe would be a Primary Care Physician.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The comparison is complicated because &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner#United_States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the USA, the term GP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; generally refers to a physician that has completed medical school and 1+ years of residency to obtain a medical license - but has not completed a residency or board certification in a specialty.  These GPs usually practice in primary care - but it is important to note that in the USA, most primary care physicians are actually board certified in a specialty like Family Medicine or Internal Medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the USA, medical training generally goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bachelor's&lt;/strong&gt; Degree (4 yrs) including science courses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MD or DO&lt;/strong&gt; Degree (4 yrs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Residency&lt;/strong&gt; (3+ yrs) which is Post-Graduate training in a &lt;strong&gt;specialty&lt;/strong&gt; after which you take an exam to be &quot;Board Certified&quot; in that specialty&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some go on to do a &lt;strong&gt;Fellowship in a SUB-specialty&lt;/strong&gt;, like Cardiology or Rheumatology (1+ yrs).  These also have individual Board Certifications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specialties&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.acgme.org/Specialties&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;include&lt;/a&gt; Family Medicine (all ages), Internal Medicine (adults), Pediatrics (kids), Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology, Neurology, Radiology, General Surgery, Neurosurgery, etc - there are many.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sub-specialties&lt;/strong&gt; (fellowships) include Cardiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Primary Care specialties&lt;/strong&gt; by government funding definition include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Family Medicine (all ages, sometimes including prenatal/delivery) (most common)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Internal Medicine (adults only) (although most either go on to fellowships or work in inpatient hospital medicine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pediatrics (kids only) (same as IM, many either go on to fellowships or work in inpatient hospital medicine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;OB GYN &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychiatry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that since the scope of practice of OBGYN and Psychiatry are more narrowed in on certain aspects, they are not usually colloquially referred to as Primary Care, even if US govt funding qualifies them as such.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first year of all residencies are termed &quot;Intern Year.&quot;  For some specialties, you are required to complete a generic intern year of residency in a &quot;Transitional Year&quot; or &quot;Prelim Year&quot; program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fsmb.org/step-3/state-specific/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In all US states&lt;/a&gt;, you are required to complete &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;/em&gt; 1 year of Post-Graduate training (PGY1) and pass the final level of your USMLE/COMLEX exams to get a Medical License.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It IS possible to either (1) just do that TY/prelim year or (2) quit residency after intern year (which is obviously frowned upon), pass the final &quot;step&quot; exam, obtain your medical license in a state that allows it, and go into practice.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many countries, this is the level of training of a GP.  However, most of their training is geared towards that being the norm to practice as a GP, so it is not &quot;interrupted&quot; or &quot;incomplete.&quot; However, in the USA the norm is completing a residency, so this might be viewed as somewhat &quot;incomplete&quot; training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, at least in the US, most clinical practices prefer to hire board certified physicians - OR GPs with at least 5-10 years of solid clinical experience.  Board certified physicians have 2+ more years of training and have proven themselves capable of passing a specialty-specific board certification.  But 5-10 years of experience also carries a lot of weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, the vast majority of Primary Care physicians in the USA have at least 3 years of Post-Graduate training in either Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, or Pediatrics.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are plenty of primary care physicians with different training paths than the above who have been practicing for many years.  But for those who have graduated in the last couple decades, this is the typical situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-05-17T01:53:18.450" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T01:53:18.450" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16619" CreationDate="2018-04-27T16:37:23.733" Score="5" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking up the effects of stress on skin on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/beauty/the-effects-of-stress-on-your-skin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;. It only talked about treatment and gave an very basic overview of one potential explanation, but not for the hives in particular. I just want to know, what’s the biological mechanism for stress hives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13597" LastActivityDate="2018-06-18T10:58:13.820" Title="What Causes Stress Hives" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16134" CreationDate="2018-04-27T23:31:41.083" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person is dehydrated by something that cannot be gotten rid of, and drinking a lot of water solves some parts of dehydration but not others, due to losing the water by freqent urination, what might be some potential treatments to look into or ask the doctor about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7150" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-04-28T16:19:14.807" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T16:52:33.030" Title="How to deal with dehydrating medicine" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-04-28T15:22:55.720" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;4 year old has dermatomyositis ( rare , 1 in a million for juvenile males); an immune disorder. He has been getting meds  and can walk again. However a side affect of meds is that he has 8 cavities. The dentist says at least one needs a crown. I expect he will need more before long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T23:13:02.937" Title="Is it reasonable to put a crown on a baby tooth?" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-04-30T14:08:46.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16126" CreationDate="2018-04-28T16:52:33.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excessive urination (more than 3 liters of urine per day) is medically called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/polyuria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polyuria&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Causes include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive drinking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking diuretic pills&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes mellitus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes insipidus due to various brain or kidney disorders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor will want to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is an estimated amount of urine per day?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any other symptoms, such as hunger, fatigue, etc.?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When did the problem start?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor will then likely order various blood and urine tests to check for diabetes mellitus and other disorders. The doctor needs to make a diagnosis first, so at this point there is not much to discuss. The doctor can tell how much to drink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T16:52:33.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12670" CreationDate="2018-04-28T22:59:05.790" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fasting, at least in Islam, means no water intake during the fast.  The Islamic purpose of not allowing even water is to &lt;a href=&quot;http://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/no-water-fasting/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;remind one&lt;/a&gt; that one should not take for granted the gifts of life. So, the purpose of the injunction is to remind you, and not to imperil your health.  In the same way that the pillars of Islam have modifiers ( like not going to Mecca if your health is not strong enough ), then it seems clear that one should not fast when one is ill.  And in the specific case of diarrhoea, then fluid loss can lead to hypovolaemia and renal failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380138&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380138&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T22:59:05.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16132" CreationDate="2018-04-28T23:13:02.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason that dentists might want to crown a baby tooth instead of removing it is to prevent crowding of the jaw from premature tooth loss, and to prevent the decay spreading to adjacent teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org/events/stainless_steel_crown_indications_and_technique_for_placement/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aapd.org/events/stainless_steel_crown_indications_and_technique_for_placement/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-04-28T23:13:02.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16138" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16144" CreationDate="2018-04-29T03:24:41.847" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the best healthy lifestyle habits one should cultivate from very early age and throughout one's life in order to reach old age (e.g. 70s/80s) with optimal health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13151" LastEditorUserId="13151" LastEditDate="2018-04-29T20:04:02.157" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T05:22:22.227" Title="Best healthy lifestyle habits to reach old age with optimal health?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-04-30T14:07:44.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16108" CreationDate="2018-04-29T12:00:06.863" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are studies which support the idea that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/wi-fi/80211-channels-number-frequencies-bandwidth.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WiFi frequencies&lt;/a&gt; (and others) affect sperm and fertility, and there are studies which say the opposite.&lt;h2&gt;Studies in support of the theory&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;The Singaporean Men's Health Website linked to in your question talked about a study published in &lt;em&gt;Fertility and Sterility&lt;/em&gt; found that electromagnetic frequencies – such as those from Wi-fi – can kill sperm. This study was conducted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Agarwal et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt;.  Even more horrifying are studies by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/9a8a0172-3850-4059-b852-72c330769c1b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;De Iuliis et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2011.538130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blank &amp;amp; Goodman (2011)&lt;/a&gt; which can be reported to have found that radio frequencies create EMF interactions with DNA as DNA has properties consistent with acting as an antenna.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wide frequency range of interaction with EMF is the functional characteristic of a fractal antenna, and DNA appears to possess the two structural characteristics of fractal antennas, electronic conduction and self symmetry. These properties contribute to greater reactivity of DNA with EMF in the environment, and the DNA damage could account for increases in cancer epidemiology, as well as variations in the rate of chemical evolution in early geologic history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When taken in context, the report states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EMF interactions with DNA are similar over a range of non-ionising frequencies, i.e., extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) ranges. There are similar effects in the ionising range, but the reactions are more complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is not just radio frequencies which can affect DNA.  Frequencies much lower can also affect it, and therefore, the risks from radio frequencies are also mitigated by frequencies outside of radio and WiFi etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Semantic Scholar has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0d0c/da0f64abd57588d0a285251b5fe180ff583b.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF List of References Reporting Fertility and/or Reproduction Effects from EMF or RF (with abstracts)&lt;/a&gt; and it mentions both of these articles&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Studies which say the opposite&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is only one study which I personally found which states the opposite and that is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/22831/Martin_Joseph_HonorsThesis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doctoral dissertation by Joseph Martin (2011)&lt;/a&gt; stating that:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[T]he data results strongly suggest that there is no statistically significant difference between post ejaculatory sperm cells exposed to radio frequency radiation in the 2,400MHz range and those that are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However Agarwal et al. balanced their report by stating that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to methodologic variations, interpretations of studies regarding DNA damage are complicated. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aitken et al. (2005)&lt;/a&gt; demonstrated that exposure of mice to RF-EMW, 900 MHz, 12 h/day for 7 days led to damage to the mitochondrial genome and nuclear beta-globin locus of epididymal spermatozoa. In contrast,&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/09553000600739173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stronati et al. (2006)&lt;/a&gt; demonstrated no significant DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to RF-EMW at SAR of 1 and 2 W/kg for 24 h. Results of other studies are equally conflicting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then referenced the 9 other studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agarwal, A., Desai, N. R., Makker, K., Varghese, A., Mouradi, R., Sabanegh, E., &amp;amp; Sharma, R. (2009). Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. &lt;em&gt;Fertility and sterility&lt;/em&gt;, 92(4), 1318-1325.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804757&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;18804757&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aitken, R. J., Bennetts, L. E., Sawyer, D., Wiklendt, A. M., &amp;amp; King, B. V. (2005). Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. &lt;em&gt;International journal of andrology&lt;/em&gt;, 28(3), 171-179.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00531.x&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15910543&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;15910543&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blank, M., &amp;amp; Goodman, R. (2011). DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields. &lt;em&gt;International Journal of radiation biology&lt;/em&gt;, 87(4), 409-415.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2011.538130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3109/09553002.2011.538130&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21457072&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;21457072&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;De Iuliis, G. N., Newey, R. J., King, B. V., &amp;amp; Aitken, R. J. (2009). Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. &lt;em&gt;PloS one&lt;/em&gt;, 4(7), e6446.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/9a8a0172-3850-4059-b852-72c330769c1b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1371/annotation/9a8a0172-3850-4059-b852-72c330769c1b&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714176&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2714176&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19649291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martin, J. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Short-term Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation Appears to Have Little Effect on Sperm Cell Function (Doctoral dissertation)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retrievable from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/22831/Martin_Joseph_HonorsThesis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/22831/Martin_Joseph_HonorsThesis.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stronati, L., Testa, A., Moquet, J., Edwards, A., Cordelli, E., Villani, P., ... &amp;amp; Lloyd, D. (2006). 935 MHz cellular phone radiation. An in vitro study of genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. &lt;em&gt;International journal of radiation biology&lt;/em&gt;, 82(5), 339-346.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/09553000600739173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1080/09553000600739173&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;16782651&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9715" LastEditorUserId="9715" LastEditDate="2018-04-29T12:07:23.057" LastActivityDate="2018-04-29T12:07:23.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16138" CreationDate="2018-04-30T05:22:22.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, this is a big question to tackle considering there are so many different strategies that people take. I'll address the question of maintaining 'optimal health to old age' according to the biopsychosocial model of health.&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;1. Biology - One of the best habits to develop from an early age is to have a &lt;b&gt;healthy diet and exercise regularly&lt;/b&gt;. A healthy diet includes eating more vegetables, cutting back on the sugary beverages and fried food (trans fat). For exercise, the American Heart Association suggests &quot;at least 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise [~20 min./day] or 75 minutes per week of vigorous exercise (or a combination of moderate and vigorous activity).&quot; This habit is important for maintaining a healthy BMI and reducing the risk for many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &#xA;2. Psychology - A critical skill to develop is &lt;b&gt;mindfulness&lt;/b&gt; - being able to anchor one's attention to the present experience. This skill includes learning to handle stress, process one's emotional state, overcoming self-destructive thoughts, understanding who you are, etc. All are important to maintaining good mental health. Mindfulness can be developed in many ways: writing, meditating, paying more attention to the world around you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &#xA;3. Sociology - The main habit to cultivate here is to &lt;b&gt;build healthy relationships&lt;/b&gt; - with family, friends, workers, etc. It's important to have a support network during times of trouble. Not to mention the amount of stress (and resulting illnesses) that can be avoided by giving more care to the social part of life. Personally, I've found the best ways to learn about building healthy relationships is through: listening, reading, empathy.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My answer is of course not exhaustive - I merely gave a good faith effort at pinning some of the more general habits that have long term health effects. For example, another simple habit under the biology category is to avoid tobacco use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, I do want to point out that a habit that contains all of these best lifestyle habits is: &lt;b&gt;take an interest in your health&lt;/b&gt; (a.k.a. learning!). &#xA;Don't stop at just reading this answer. Keep an eye out for the news on the latest health research, public health promotions, articles on the net (do check the validity),  etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471136/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthy Diet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp#.WuanxogvxPY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise Recommendation by American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11795/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44249/#A1181&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3679190/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Importance of Mindfulness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12625" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T05:22:22.227" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16148" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16047" CreationDate="2018-04-30T12:24:12.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though adults can't grow anymore, as was explained by previous answers, cosmetic bone lengthening does exist.&#xA;Simply explained, the surgeon breaks the bones and slowly extends the gap between the bone fragments as they heal. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4182395/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is little scientific evidence about the risks of this procedure, as it rarely done in the western world. But beside the regular surgical risks of wound infections, there is the risk of infection of the materials and non-union of the bones. Nerves could be damaged by distention and the range-of-motion of the lengthened limb could be limited by complications. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13365" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T12:24:12.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-03-28T22:31:04.207" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do humans meet the brain’s glucose demand of 420kcal (105g sugar) per day on a healthy diet? Wouldn't the protein demand in case of gluconeogenesis be tremendous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="NeoGenAalem" LastActivityDate="2018-04-30T12:54:40.230" Title="How do humans meet the brain’s glucose demand of 420kcal (105g sugar) per day on a healthy diet?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16149" CreationDate="2018-03-29T14:59:24.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of your diet is carbohydrates, which are or can be directly converted into sugars, Vegetables, fruits, and grains are all primarily carbohydrates. Unless you are eating a exclusively animal based diet getting glucose for the brain is not difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrary to what fad diets claim a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/carbohydrates/art-20045705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthy diet contains a lot of carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt;. What is unhealthy is when your diet contains only refined pure carbohydrates and not the vitamins fiber and other nutrients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21950" OwnerDisplayName="John" LastActivityDate="2018-03-29T15:05:35.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16158" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-01T17:02:23.193" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Need to know the density of spinal cord tissue to evaluate the shear modulus from ultrasound elastography (shear wave velocity) measurements, but need the density of the tissue to compute this.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a physicist by trade so unaware of whether white and gray matter have homogenous properties in the CNS as a whole or whether they are different in the brain and spinal cord. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could do with density (g cm^-3 or equivalent) of white matter, gray matter or of the cord as a whole. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if there are any sources so i can cite this this would be most useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13625" LastActivityDate="2018-05-01T17:02:23.193" Title="Any known values of density $(kgm^-3)$ of white and gray matter in the spinal cord (humans or pigs)?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;central-nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-05-02T13:19:06.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 3.0" />
  <row Id="16163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16167" CreationDate="2018-05-02T02:04:08.203" Score="3" ViewCount="660" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hear the terms terminal and chronic illness everywhere, and I have a vague idea of what they mean. How long are they expected to last? Can they be cured? Do they result in death? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13630" LastActivityDate="2018-05-02T16:32:14.483" Title="What is a terminal or chronic illness? What is the difference between the two?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-02T11:16:22.420" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most sleep medications have recommendations for short-term use, yet sometimes they are prescribed over months to years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/risks-taking-sleeping-pills/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You can have problems when you use them longer than 7 to 10 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there evidence for permanent alteration or damage to the brain with long-term use?  For example, can it cause narcolepsy or extreme chronic insomnia?  I could see the Z or benzos maybe cause permanent brain damage after an overdose.  But what about chronic use at standard dosing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T09:42:42.313" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T09:42:42.313" Title="Is there evidence of sleep medication permanently damaging your ability to sleep?" Tags="&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16163" CreationDate="2018-05-02T16:32:14.483" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Erm, the term chronic illness in itself isn't unambiguous, in the scientific literature it is used in different ways:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The academic literature is not immune to the same kind of terminology&#xA;  variation. Differences in how “chronic disease” is used are largely&#xA;  dependent on the data used for the research and the discipline of the&#xA;  lead authors (i.e., public health and sociology). &lt;em&gt;[...]&lt;/em&gt; The&#xA;  implication of a non-uniform use of the term is that a detailed read&#xA;  of each study is necessary to avoid erroneous conclusions regarding&#xA;  interventions necessary to reduce chronic disease burden for the&#xA;  individual and society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Popular Internet sources used by the general public to gather medical&#xA;  information use the terms “chronic disease” or “chronic condition” to&#xA;  mean slightly different things. For example, MedicineNet describes a&#xA;  chronic disease as,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;one lasting 3 months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National&#xA;  Center for Health Statistics. Chronic diseases generally cannot be&#xA;  prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just&#xA;  disappear.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia a chronic condition is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise&#xA;  long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The&#xA;  term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for&#xA;  more than three months. Common chronic diseases include arthritis,&#xA;  asthma, cancer, COPD, diabetes and viral diseases such as hepatitis C&#xA;  and HIV/AIDS&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Finally, the World Health Organization states that chronic diseases,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and&#xA;  generally slow progression. The four main types … are cardiovascular&#xA;  diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory&#xA;  diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma) and&#xA;  diabetes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The CDC’s Chronic Disease Overview omits chronic respiratory&#xA;  conditions, such as COPD and asthma, and makes no mention of duration&#xA;  of the disease or symptoms. MedicineNet’s definition does not list&#xA;  specific diseases, but does include the phrase “cannot be cured by&#xA;  medication.” Similar to MedicineNet, Wikipedia uses the 3-month time&#xA;  span as a marker, but does list specific diseases, including HIV. The&#xA;  WHO’s definition would eliminate HIV as a chronic disease as the virus&#xA;  is “passed from person to person.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The variation in meaning is amplified when viewed in an international&#xA;  context. For example, the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare&#xA;  includes the following as common features of chronic disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex causality, with multiple factors leading to their onset&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;a long&#xA;  development period, for which there may be no symptoms&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;a prolonged&#xA;  course of illness, perhaps leading to other health complications&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;associated functional impairment or disability.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt; Bernell, Stefany and Howard, Steven. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969287/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use Your Words Carefully: What Is a Chronic Disease?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;em&gt;frontiers in Public Health, 2016,4,159. doi:  10.3389/fpubh.2016.00159&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summarising, an illness is usually considered to be chronic when it is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;long-lasting (3 months is used often) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not simple to be cured &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a complex causality&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A terminal illness on the other hand is an illness that can not be cured and is expecting to lead to the imminent death of the patient (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/Planners/end-of-life-care/Pages/coping-with-a-terminal-illness.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS.uk&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases exist that are both chronic and terminal, multiple sclerosis as an example. Chronic diseases can turn into terminal diseases if the progress to a state where they will inadvertently lead to death. HIV is one common example of a chronic disease that can become terminal.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-05-02T16:32:14.483" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-03T06:26:19.483" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Up to 80% of autistic people have sleep problems. Are many of them at risk of health problems related to poor sleep?&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismspeaks.org/family-services/health-and-wellness/sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.autismspeaks.org/family-services/health-and-wellness/sleep&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, there's not that many, if any credible sources of information about the issue other than daytime functioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to those typically developing, they tend to have trouble staying asleep, sleep less, spend more time awake in bed, take longer to fall asleep, and get less REM sleep.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111973/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111973/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm autistic too and seem to average less than 6 hours a night even with white noise, black out curtains, magnesium supplementation, avoiding caffeine sources (even morning intake may affect my sleep), regular exercise (from cycling to work, active job), sunrise simulator. My family members seem to sleep better even without the sleep hacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The health risks of poor sleep include:&#xA;Diabetes, obesity, heart problems from insulin resistance.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371664&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HGH deficiency possibly affecting height (while growing), body composition, and muscle and bone health.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297368/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC297368/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low testosterone possibly affecting exercise recovery, body composition, muscle strength and mass, etc.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445839/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445839/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin health (premature skin aging, breakouts, dark circles under eyes etc).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://home.bt.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/what-missing-out-on-your-beauty-sleep-really-does-to-your-skin-11363981593584&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://home.bt.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/what-missing-out-on-your-beauty-sleep-really-does-to-your-skin-11363981593584&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased beta amyloid.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180413155301.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180413155301.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accumulation of sleep debt. Sleep restriction of six hours a night for two weeks is similar to pulling two all nighters in a row!&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12683469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12683469&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accidents from a lack of alertness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased injury risk from slower recovery from exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T06:26:19.483" Title="Are autistic people more likely to have health problems related to poor sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16176" CreationDate="2018-05-03T15:16:58.407" Score="7" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;In most cases, the surgeon wears a white apron, but during a surgery he  is wearing a blue apron, why blue? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12418" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-05-03T15:46:08.723" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T17:47:35.860" Title="Why do surgeons wear blue aprons during surgeries?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16175" CreationDate="2018-05-03T17:47:35.860" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Initially surgeons did wear white in the operating theater, but there were two large problems with this. Firstly, under the bright lights, the white reflects too much light making an inordinate amount of glare making it difficult to see. Secondly, the white cloth highlighted the red blood which many people found objectionable. As a result, most operating theaters have switched to either a blue or green colored cloth. This reduces the glare and when the red blood gets on it, the cloth appears black.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some hospitals do identify specialties/departments by different colored scrubs, but this is outside of the operating theater. Inside the theater, most specialties/departments within the same hospital wear the same color. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13650" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T17:47:35.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9006" CreationDate="2018-05-03T18:12:51.377" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in a previous answer asparagus has a particular amino acid, asparagine, that not all people can smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some medical conditions where particular people can't smell anything. For example, people with Kallmann syndrome often have complete anosmia (inability to smell) because the olfactory receptors do not migrate to the proper location during development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13650" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:12:51.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4008" CreationDate="2018-05-03T18:31:58.297" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The steroid given to help mature a baby's lungs is either dexamethasone or bethamethasone. These are given by injection and readily cross the placenta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The steroids to treat asthma are usually things like beclomethasone which are usually given via inhalation or orally, are taken at different doses, and are metabolized by the placenta differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, they have different physiologic effects on the developing fetus and of the mother carrying the fetus. There are risks both to the mother and the developing fetus of taking the medications, but also of not taking the medications. The specifics depend on the particular setting, so for a more detailed/nuanced discussion, you should speak to your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13650" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:31:58.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12275" CreationDate="2018-05-03T18:42:55.397" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insomnia is not a known complication/side effect of PCOS. PCOS is a syndrome of complex hormonal interactions, so it is possible that it could have an effect on sleep quality, but in PCOS typically the estrogen level is elevated, not lowered, due to its causing anovulatory cycles. Also, it usually it is a decreased estrogen level that would cause difficulty sleeping, as can be seen in menopausal women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change in estrogen due to breastfeeding is due to the elevated prolactin levels in lactating women, and while can be high enough to inhibit/delay ovulation, not likely to be severe enough to cause insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely explanation to your wife's insomnia is the act of getting up and feeding multiple times per night, combined with the &quot;postpartum insomnia&quot; which is usually related more to the anxiety/excitement of having a newborn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13650" LastActivityDate="2018-05-03T18:42:55.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-04T02:08:55.993" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a feeling that the glycol and glycerine in Ecigs mostly become glucose and water upon combustion, so that glucose is the main element in vape smoke and residue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What chemicals are most prevalent in Ecig/vape residues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7384" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T11:18:06.877" Title="What residues do Ecigarettes create?" Tags="&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7146" CreationDate="2018-05-04T07:09:40.583" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the human body, there are 21 amino acids (AA) that can form proteins (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/amino-acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannica&lt;/a&gt;). Only 9 of them are essential, meaning you have to obtain them from food; the other 12 can be synthesized in your body (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most food proteins contain most essential and nonessential AA, so to get 17.5 g of essential AA from proteins, you need to consume more than 17.5 g of them. Anyway, 65 g of protein (RDA) will probably provide more than 17.5 g of essential AA, because RDA does not include only the essential amount of protein but a bigger amount with a wide safe margin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T11:50:19.467" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T11:50:19.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16183" CreationDate="2018-05-04T09:32:26.520" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A bit of extra work today has yielded this concerning propylene glycol and glycerine: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HNyth.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HNyth.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chemistry of PG and GLY has a studied history. The preparation of GLY in 1779 by Scheele, and his determination that it was susceptible to thermal decomposition during simple distillation, predated even Wöhler’s urea synthesis by half a century. By the mid-19th century, acrolein and acetic acid21 had been identified as products of GLY decomposition. Wurtz synthesized PG in 1859, and determined that it could be oxidized to lactic acid in air in the presence of catalysts. In 1904, Nef provided the foundation for the current understanding of GLY and PG chemistry. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307352/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307352/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7384" LastEditorUserId="7384" LastEditDate="2018-05-04T11:18:06.877" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T11:18:06.877" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15083" CreationDate="2018-05-04T12:20:50.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Magnesium oil (in the form of spray, gel, lotion or bath flakes) contains magnesium chloride (&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B001AD0HL8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amazon&lt;/a&gt;). There seems to be no evidence that magnesium chloride is even absorbed through the skin in significant amounts (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579607/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myth or Reality - Transdermal Magnesium, PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also no evidence that magnesium in any form (including oral) would prevent muscle cramps (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-998/magnesium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database/WebMD&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taking magnesium supplements does not seem to decrease the frequency&#xA;  or intensity of muscle cramps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-04T16:17:31.623" LastActivityDate="2018-06-04T16:17:31.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-04T15:00:45.873" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27849130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;standard procedure when dealing with sporting injuries&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the &quot;inventor&quot; of said principle recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20140629055909/http://drmirkin.com/fitness/why-ice-delays-recovery.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discouraged longer cryotherapy.&lt;/a&gt; However, the literature regarding this is fairly in-concise. I am aware that RICE still is a recommended first aid strategy. How severe (if at all) is the contraindication of using cryotherapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T15:00:45.873" Title="Is cryotherapy contraindicated in sporting injuries or not?" Tags="&lt;cryotherapy&gt;&lt;rice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16195" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16198" CreationDate="2018-05-04T19:42:04.367" Score="2" ViewCount="460" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard a questionable advice about open pneumothorax first aid from a school nurse and would like to ask if it is legit. I do see the reasoning behind it but it seems like attempting such thing could go horribly wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When i googled about pneumothorax first aid it just says that you should cover the hole (wound) with something that would not allow air to go through while the injured person has his/her chest compressed (breath out). So that when he/she tries to take a breath in the lung will be open by decreased pressure in the chest instead of sucking air through the hole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the advice i've heard was to go a step further and create an improvised valve that would let air out but not inside. This is achieved by placing some material that does not let air go through over the hole but only fixing the top side of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when the pressure inside injured person's chest is lowered this bandage would be pressed onto the hole by the air outside and close it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when the air/fluid wants to escape through the hole it would go freely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in case of absolute emergency and lack of better options she said we can use a credit card for it (as a flap).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;could it theoretically work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if it could work at least theoretically, how much better would it be than ordinary airtight bandage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;should a person without medical education attempt it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;would a person with medical education attempt it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what could go wrong and what are the chances?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13660" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T01:27:58.490" Title="Pneumothorax first aid" Tags="&lt;pneumothorax&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16195" CreationDate="2018-05-04T21:03:55.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pneumothorax in an otherwise healthy patient is not life threatening. &#xA;In both open and closed form, the air gets in and out, so pressure does Not built up. Call 911 and perform standard procedures without thinking about the pneumothorax per we, but including checking breathing et cetera. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tension pneumothorax is life-threatening. In this version, the pressure does built up because the wound acts as a valve, not leaving air out. This can lead to a collapse of a lung wing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard medical procedure of treating a tension pneumothorax is &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/14104/8212&quot;&gt;needle chest compression&lt;/a&gt;. Basically, you want to create another hole to let the air in and out and solving the valve issue (in fact, you are degrading the tension pneumothorax to a pneumothorax and a hole in the torso). This is a professional procedure and should not be performed by non-professionals. You have to get to the right intercostal space (otherwise you might end up puncturing the heart), you need sterile equipment and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Good Samaritan Law&lt;/a&gt; but I highly doubt it would cover punching holes into people and risking infections, sever injuries etc. I doubt that professionals without equipment would use credit cards or else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-05-04T21:03:55.487" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16195" CreationDate="2018-05-05T01:27:58.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Narusan pointed out, a simple pneumothorax isn't generally life threatening, and there's nothing a layman can do about a closed pneumothorax other than summon EMS and comfort the patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When EMS arrives, if they're trained at the basic EMT level and therefore don't have chest decompression skills, they will treat an open pneumothorax in a way similar to what you described in your question. (Paramedics generally have the ability to do chest decompressions, at least in the US.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they'll create a one-way &quot;flap valve&quot; using vaseline gauze or materials at hand. The procedure is to place the gauze or a piece of plastic wrap over the wound. The gauze or wrap is then taped down on three sides, leaving one side unsecured. This allows air to be expelled but prevents air from being sucked in, exactly as you proposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as my link notes, open tension pneumothoraces are rarely tidy. When holes get punched in the chest there's likely to be blood, dirt, a combative patient, and the wound may be too large for such a simple solution. It would be an incredibly rare circumstance where a layman might actually apply such first aid successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/medical-equipment/airway-management/articles/957467-Tension-Pneumothorax-Identification-and-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/medical-equipment/airway-management/articles/957467-Tension-Pneumothorax-Identification-and-treatment/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T01:27:58.490" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16199" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16203" CreationDate="2018-05-05T05:26:01.347" Score="1" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;For me personally it is very hard to watch scenes from movies/documentaries where the surgeon cuts patient's skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't get any discomfort from seeing blood or wounds but it's almost unbearable to watch as the doctor slowly cuts patient's skin with a scalpel (much less so if it's a quick motion). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Punctures (injections) are not that bad but still uncomfortable (weirdly, i did not feel any discomfort from watching the doctor take vein blood sample from my own arm).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose there might be people who despite having similar discomfort might want to overcome it and become doctors. Do they have some training in medical school that helps them get used to these things? Or such people are simply seen an unfit for being a surgeon like if they for example had tremor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13660" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T07:32:26.420" Title="How do doctors deal with fear of blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16199" CreationDate="2018-05-05T07:32:26.420" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having a psychological reaction to exposure to blood, injections, incisions, dissection, or similar stimuli is common - even among those training in medical fields.  Symptoms from nausea to dizziness up to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vasovagal-syncope&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vasovagal syncope&lt;/a&gt; or panic attacks happen to some people, but it is rarely a hard barrier to progressing in the medical field - unless it is not addressed responsibly. Even those fairly severe responses almost always can diminish or extinguish over time through simple repetition (&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/habituation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;habituation&lt;/a&gt;&quot;) and/or psychotherapy.  The important thing is to be aware of your triggers and responses, be in tune with your symptoms, and ask to step away or for help the moment you realize there may be an issue.  The culture of medicine is not always kind, and there still exist some who might tease someone for stepping aside.  But far worse would be faceplanting into the surgical field, or the OR floor and acquiring a TBI, just because you were too embarrassed to excuse yourself when you felt symptomatic.  I've heard such stories, and have seen surgeons tell students to let someone know immediately if they start to feel woozy so they can hand over their role.  It's not just you, it's the team and the patient at risk if you aren't responsible enough to ask for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-05-05T07:32:26.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-05T10:20:19.307" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bottle#Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research is ongoing as to whether plastic water bottles can leach hazardous chemicals into the water, especially when heated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And I know it's now fashionable for vendors to tout how their bottles are &quot;Bespinol-A free (BPA-free)&quot;. But the manufacturing of plastics involves all sorts of toxic compounds and elements, regardless of BPA. So, I was wondering - what other compounds might leech from plastic bottles, and what can I do to avoid that or mitigate it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, a possible answer is &quot;don't use plastic bottles&quot;, but let's assume that I am, and I want to either do something with my existing one or get a safer/more resilient one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I already know I should avoid increasing the risk by heating the bottle or keeping it in the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T21:11:48.963" Title="How can I mitigate the risk of toxic compounds leeching from a water bottle?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-07T00:06:24.140" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all sleep in different ways. Some on side,some on back,some on their front sides. But which sleeping form would be the most efficient, providing maximum rest to the body and brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is loads of pseudoscience gibberish on net,and nothing scientific,so I thought I'd ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7810" LastActivityDate="2018-05-07T00:06:24.140" Title="What's the best sleeping posture for humans?" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16218" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16223" CreationDate="2018-05-07T02:37:33.437" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#endnote_reference_name_II&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; about rice, I was suprised (I'm quite ignorant) that difference between brown and white rice is process-based. White rice is brown rice without &lt;em&gt;bran&lt;/em&gt;, and both of them are chaffless rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What seems strange to me is that white rice is so popular, being that wikipedia article about rice shows a Brown vs White rice table and brown rice seems a healthier food, respect to nutrition values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As white rice is so popular I wonder, and ask you, are there any health benefits to avoid brown rice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-05-07T10:41:33.757" LastActivityDate="2018-05-07T15:21:03.810" Title="Brown vs White rice" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-05-08T07:29:56.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16218" CreationDate="2018-05-07T11:25:34.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main reasons why brown rice is less popular than white are not likely related to health concerns but to the facts that it is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More expensive, at most places&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relatively less available in the stores&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More rough to eat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less appropriate to make certain meals with it, especially the ones with sugar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less durable: it has much shorter shelf life (brown rice: 6-8 months; white rice: 4-5 years) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eatbydate.com/grains/rice-shelf-life-expiration-date/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EatByDate&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is like why whole-grain bread is less popular than white.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brown rice may contain 80% more arsenic than white rice. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5735331/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One 2017 study&lt;/a&gt; found an association between rice (and hence arsenic) consumption and increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in some Asian countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people could be allergic to certain substances in brown rice, but I have found no evidence this would be especially common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-07T15:21:03.810" LastActivityDate="2018-05-07T15:21:03.810" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16226" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-07T19:46:29.847" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that melatonin supplementation contributes to, or reduces, depression?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have asked two experts about this, and got two different answers.  One said that melatonin supplementation can contribute to depression, and the other said he had never heard of melatonin contributing to depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T16:12:24.653" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T16:12:24.653" Title="Does melatonin supplementation affect depression?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-08T06:04:30.530" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know about benefits of peanut butter, boiled peanut and toasted peanut,&#xA;I have read an article, some people say peanut has cholesterol and some people say it is good for cholesterol, can anyone say what are benefits and negative points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13695" OwnerDisplayName="Lasantha" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T13:42:13.180" Title="What are the benefits of peanut butter, boiled peanut and toasted peanut?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16233" CreationDate="2018-05-08T10:46:27.703" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Plant foods, including peanuts and peanut butter, do not contain any cholesterol or very little of it (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537859/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10584045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this small study&lt;/a&gt;, diets high in peanuts or peanut butter decreased total cholesterol, LDL (&quot;bad&quot;) cholesterol and triglycerides by 10-14%, presumably because of high content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The results were comparable with diets high in olive oil and were better than after &quot;American Heart Association/National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696988/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review (PubMed Central,2009)&lt;/a&gt;, frequent nut and peanut butter consumption was inversely associated with total cardiovascular risk in women with diabetes 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T13:42:13.180" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T13:42:13.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-08T11:35:17.230" Score="6" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was always taught by my mom (who studied nursing and midwifery 30 years ago) that a vaginal birth is vastly preferable over a c-section in low-risk pregnancies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a medical professional, but my understanding from what she's said is that the baby benefits by moving through the birth canal and the recovery time for the mother is much lower than a c-section. I have done some googling on the subject and have found this to be the case. For example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/45681-vaginal-birth-vs-c-section.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaginal Birth vs. C-Section: Pros &amp;amp; Cons&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, I have been very surprised at the prevalence of elective c-sections amongst my friends and in my community. I know &lt;em&gt;no one&lt;/em&gt; my age in my acquaintance who has had a vaginal birth. Everyone I have spoken to about this has chosen to voluntarily have a c-section for reasons of convenience (&quot;my husband had work&quot;) or fear (&quot;I'm squeamish and scared of labour&quot;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked my obgyn about this and he seemed relatively nonchalant, that the recovery time wasn't that bad compared to an episiotomy and that no matter what there are risks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is very clear that the mindset now has shifted significantly compared to what it was 30 years ago when my mom did her studies. Due to the conflicting information available, I'm really not sure which is preferable anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I understand c-sections are more convenient, but are they considered medically preferable, or even on-par with a vaginal birth?&lt;/strong&gt; Perhaps my understanding of the medical side of things (or what my mom taught me) is out of date or old fashioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm only referring to low-risk pregnancies where the mother chooses an elective c-section beforehand even though she could give birth vaginally. Of course, emergency c-sections or scheduled c-sections (due to medical issues during pregnancy/birth) are a completely different case here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user12041" LastEditorDisplayName="user12041" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T18:04:26.163" LastActivityDate="2019-11-12T06:34:47.797" Title="Is a vaginal birth still medically preferable over a c-section?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;birth&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16236" CreationDate="2018-05-08T17:47:47.473" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Society is pulling us in directions that degenerates us on so many levels. That something is becoming popular and normal is not any indication whatsoever that it's a better choice, or even a comparable choice. It simply means this is the &quot;new normal&quot;. Just look at all the health problems directly correlated to modern western society which is not found in more primitive populations. Normal has nothing to do with what is best, or what is healthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are risks to performing a C-section : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jennifermargulis.net/everyone-i-know-had-a-c-section-whats-the-big-deal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jennifermargulis.net/everyone-i-know-had-a-c-section-whats-the-big-deal/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it getting more normal to do a C-section? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;doctors might make a few hundred dollars more for a C-section compared to a vaginal delivery, and a hospital might make a few thousand dollars more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/08/30/216479305/money-may-be-motivating-doctors-to-do-more-c-sections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/08/30/216479305/money-may-be-motivating-doctors-to-do-more-c-sections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However..&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The most important factor for making this choice may be the impact on your baby's health. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need to research how a c-section impacts the microbiome, strength of immune system, digestive system and correlation with chronic diseases. There has been a lot of focus on this over the last decade. It's not popular topics that you get stuffed in your face, but there are a lot of litterature and studies if you just google these search terms. The gut/immune/brain connection is where the true breakthrough in medical science is happening today. We need to pay attention to and educate ourselves in this field if we want to stay healthy and get healthy children. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencenordic.com/c-section-infants-don%E2%80%99t-get-enough-good-microbes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;C-section infants don’t get enough good microbes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rainbowlight.com/blog/vaginal-versusbys-microbiome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaginal vs. Cesarean Birth: Effects on Baby's Microbiome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding some reliable references backing up the points mentioned. Most links above also have further links to medical journals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.7 times higher risk of maternal mortality with cesarean vs vaginal delivery: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Obstetric_Care_Consensus_Series/Safe_Prevention_of_the-Primary-Cesarean-Delivery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Obstetric_Care_Consensus_Series/Safe_Prevention_of_the-Primary-Cesarean-Delivery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;finds an increase in the C-section rate in the Medicare population after C-sections became more highly reimbursed&#xA;relative to vaginal deliveries. Specifically, they found a 0.7 ppt increase for a $100 increase in the fee differential.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2295856&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2295856&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Meta-analyses of cohort and case-control studies find a positive association [of caesarean delivery] with type 1 diabetes (based on 20 studies),2 asthma (23 studies),3 and obesity (nine studies).4 We did not find any meta-analyses that reported no association with these outcomes.&quot; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h2410&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h2410&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;planned c-section is associated with early breastfeeding cessation.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847344/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847344/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Cesarean delivery associated with childhood diseases&quot; (allergy, asthma, celiac disease, diabetes, gastroenteritis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110651/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110651/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;primary gut flora in infants born by cesarean delivery may be disturbed for up to 6 months after the birth&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890463/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890463/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The mode of delivery was associated with differences in intestinal microbes 7 years after delivery.&quot;&#xA;&quot;There is accumulating evidence that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the postnatal development of the immune system. 30 Thus, if the intestinal flora develops differently depending on the mode of delivery, the postnatal development of the immune system might also be different.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110651/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110651/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Vaginal birth after cesarean was related to a 31% (95% CI: 17%, 47%) lower risk of offspring obesity compared to repeat cesarean section. In within-family analysis, individuals born by cesarean had a 64% (8%, 148%) higher odds of obesity than their siblings born vaginally.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854473/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854473/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2193" LastEditorUserId="2193" LastEditDate="2018-05-08T20:09:16.067" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T20:09:16.067" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16236" CreationDate="2018-05-08T20:37:44.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we are assuming that there is no valid reason&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; for a c-section, a c-section is obsolete per definition. Any operation has risks and strains the body: The anesthesia, the cutting of the body to name the two obvious points. If an operation is not indicated, it shouldn’t be performed. So, if c-section are not medically indicated, they shouldn’t be performed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there was a valid reason for the c-section, the answer is obvious: Do get a c-section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the available data, and using internationally accepted methods to assess the evidence with the most appropriate analytical techniques, WHO concludes: Caesarean sections are effective in saving maternal and infant lives, but &lt;em&gt;only when they are required for medically indicated reasons&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Emphasis Mine, Taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/161442/WHO_RHR_15.02_eng.pdf;jsessionid=56C82847E77844D5EA214D5D5369B9D4?sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more elaborate source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Experts who believe c-sections should only be performed for medical reasons point to the risks.&lt;/strong&gt; These include infection, dangerous bleeding, blood transfusions, and blood clots. Babies born by c-section have more breathing problems right after birth. Women who have c-sections stay at the hospital for longer than women who have vaginal births. Plus, recovery from this surgery takes longer and is often more painful than that after a vaginal birth. C-sections also increase the risk of problems in future pregnancies. Women who have had c-sections have a higher risk of uterine rupture. If the uterus ruptures, the life of the baby and mother is in danger. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and American College of Obstetricians (ACOG) &lt;strong&gt;agree that a doctor's decision to perform a c-section at the request of a patient should be made on a case-by-case basis and be consistent with ethical principles.&lt;/strong&gt; ACOG states that &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;if the physician believes that (cesarean) delivery promotes the overall health and welfare of the woman and her fetus more than vaginal birth, he or she is ethically justified in performing&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; a c-section. Both organizations also say that c-section should never be scheduled before a pregnancy is 39 weeks, or the lungs are mature, unless there is medical need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are even more interested, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Obstetric_Care_Consensus_Series/Safe_Prevention_of_the-Primary-Cesarean-Delivery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this is a great source as well&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: These include psychological factors. If a to-be mother is as an example afraid of natural delivery, this can be considered a valid reason after evaluation. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-08T21:24:17.820" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-09T10:33:36.937" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard on several occasions anecdotally (e.g. [1]) that hands-only CPR can replace the air in the lungs with new air (with more oxygen) due to the mechanical compression of the rib cage.  This makes sense to me, but I have been unable to find any mentions of studies, which somewhat surprises me, as I would expect it to be relatively easy to at least some basic level of tests, for example by filling a CPR doll's &quot;lungs&quot; with a different gas and something to measure oxygen.  Is anyone aware of studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/How-can-hands-only-CPR-work-if-you-arent-introducing-new-oxygen-into-the-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/How-can-hands-only-CPR-work-if-you-arent-introducing-new-oxygen-into-the-system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9465" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:53:38.470" Title="Evidence for oxygen renewal during hands-only CPR" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16099" CreationDate="2018-05-09T12:22:08.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found no credible source that would mention &quot;maximum recommended daily amount of full fat milk.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001973.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The US Department of Agriculture recommends the following daily&#xA;  amounts of dairy for children and teens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Two through 3 years old: 2 cups (480 milliliters)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Four through 8 years old: 2½ cups (600 milliliters)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nine through 18 years old: 3 cups (720 milliliters)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 12 year old boy drinking 1.5 US pints (710 milliliters) of milk fits in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the concern that milk can make blood acidic: The acidogenic effect of foods can be estimated by &quot;renal acid load&quot; (the amount of acids secreted through the kidneys). According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490517/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article (Table 2)&lt;/a&gt;, renal acid load after one serving (240 mL) of full fat milk is 3.6, and after low-fat milk 3.9, which means it is not fat in the milk that contributes to the acidity. Renal acid loads of certain other foods are much higher: one serving of cheese (17-57), meat (14-21), fish (10-32), nuts (16-36).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504608/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 systematic review&lt;/a&gt;, milk consumption does not seem to contribute to kidney stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an ongoing debate if milk is healthy or unhealthy and there are opinions that milk is only for children (or even only for small children). Most of research shows that milk consumption as such is not bad for health (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5143456/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;). On the other hand, plant-based diets may be healthy enough, even for children (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912628/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-09T15:38:41.923" LastActivityDate="2018-05-09T15:38:41.923" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16000" CreationDate="2018-05-10T11:53:51.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; Multivitamin-mineral supplements in the US do not contain more than&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;99 mg&lt;/strong&gt; of potassium per serving to avoid overdose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/potassium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral doses greater than &lt;strong&gt;18 grams&lt;/strong&gt; taken at one time in individuals&#xA;  not accustomed to high intakes may lead to &lt;strong&gt;severe hyperkalemia,&lt;/strong&gt; even&#xA;  in those with normal kidney function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In individuals with somewhat impaired kidney function (without them knowing it), the toxic dose can be considerably lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/minerals/potassium-kalium.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Foods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that contain &lt;strong&gt;more than 500 mg potassium per serving:&lt;/strong&gt; avocado, jackfruit, pomegranate, dates, kiwi, banana, potatoes, beet greens, tamarind, white beans, red salmon. Foods with 300-500 mg potassium: various fruits, legumes, fish and meats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3)&lt;/strong&gt; Strictly speaking, &lt;strong&gt;4.7 g&lt;/strong&gt; potassium/day is not Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), but Adequate Intake (AI), which is believed to cover the needs of &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; healthy adults (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56068/table/summarytables.t3/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Institute of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;). The needs for nutrients in general increase with calorie needs. This means that AI 4.7 g potassium/day is what people with the highest needs (athletes, heavy physical workers) who spend more than 4 K Calories/day may need and not necessary what average adults who spend 2-2.5 K Calories/day need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4)&lt;/strong&gt; Additionally, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/7#230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Academic Press&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given the interrelatedness of sodium and potassium, &lt;strong&gt;the requirement&#xA;  for potassium may well depend on the level of dietary sodium&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you decrease your sodium intake, your potassium needs will be likely lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5)&lt;/strong&gt; If studies show that high intake of &lt;em&gt;foods&lt;/em&gt; high in potassium is associated with health benefits, this does not automatically mean that potassium &lt;em&gt;supplements&lt;/em&gt; are beneficial. This is because it is not actually known, is it potassium or are other nutrients (calcium, magnesium) in foods high in potassium, or their combination, which is actually beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central, 2013&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High quality evidence shows that increased potassium intake reduces&#xA;  blood pressure in people with hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central, 2006&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This systematic review found no statistically significant effect of&#xA;  potassium supplementation on blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-10T13:00:46.897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-10T13:00:46.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14499" CreationDate="2018-05-10T15:19:47.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose, amino acids (from proteins) and fatty acids into the cells (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2011: &quot;Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue&quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/adjusting-insulin-doses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carbohydrates tend to be the largest factor accounting for changes in&#xA;  blood sugar. It’s worth noting that proteins can also affect sugar&#xA;  levels as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fats are not specifically mentioned in this or other similar articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most insulin adjustment guidelines, like this one from &lt;a href=&quot;https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/treatment-of-type-2-diabetes/medications-and-therapies/type-2-insulin-rx/calculating-insulin-dose/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of California, SF&lt;/a&gt;, mention only carbohydrates, so I'm not sure if you will find more reliable recommendation from random online users. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, according to this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2013.792772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tandofline, 2016: &quot;Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation&quot;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Longer term intake of high protein diets in human has been shown to&#xA;  result in whole-body insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-14T06:25:21.467" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T06:25:21.467" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16268" CreationDate="2018-05-13T13:23:42.350" Score="5" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I try to drink a decent amount of water. But I can't drink anywhere near 2 litres a day (which apparently is the recommended daily intake).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do drink quite a few cups of coffee. And I'm aware that, contrary to belief, cups of coffee do actually count as water intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But drinking 2 litres is just too much. Which leads me to wonder if the vast majority of people are not getting enough water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really think most people don't drink even half a litre of water a day, never mind 2 litres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13737" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-05-13T15:05:34.960" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T23:51:56.590" Title="Do most People Actually Manage To Drink 2 Litres Of Water A Day?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16258" CreationDate="2018-05-13T13:35:23.523" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think most people do not &lt;em&gt;drink&lt;/em&gt; a such quantity of water.&#xA;Think: 2 litres are more or less equal to 8 glasses, but on average we have: 2 for breakfast, 2 for lunch, 2 for dinner &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/plain-water-the-healthier-choice.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[ 1 ]&lt;/a&gt;, that's just above 1 litre of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think your thought is true: &lt;strong&gt;it's hard to drink 2L of water&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway I think (but I don't have any refs...) people &lt;em&gt;intake&lt;/em&gt; (drink+eating) more than 2L of water. If we take in account eating vegetables and fruits (90% w/w of water if raw, less if cooked) as well meat and fish (70% w/w cooked), we reach the goal of 2L of water per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2018-05-14T17:58:03.033" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T17:58:03.033" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-13T13:57:59.960" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enilconazole&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Imazalil&lt;/a&gt; is a fungicide, dangerous for our health. Widely used in agriculture, e.g. you can find Imazalil on lemons.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But it's no clear at all to me if risks are associated with eating, breathing, touching of this compound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use lemon and peel of it in my drinks everyday. In few words, I put Imazalil in my glass of water, coke and tea: how much is it dangerous for my health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-05-13T13:57:59.960" Title="Imazalil on citrus fruits" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-13T16:56:39.813" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the current US vaccine schedule is compared to the vaccine schedule of other large developed countries, what are the most significant differences in the US schedule vs their schedules?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastActivityDate="2018-05-13T16:56:39.813" Title="What are the differences of the US vaccine schedule compared to other countries?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-13T22:06:15.663" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ingesting nitric oxide capsules supposedly increases blood flow. For example, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00CCHBA8U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nitric Oxide Supplement&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170429235507/https://www.amazon.com/SHEER-N-O-Nitric-Oxide-Supplement/dp/B00CCHBA8U/ref=zg_bs_6973697011_1?_encoding=UTF8&amp;amp;psc=1&amp;amp;refRID=K9DVB76KDVWBEA52ANBS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4hRG5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4hRG5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does ingesting nitric oxide capsules help treating a tendinopathy? (since increasing the blood flow around the tendons may help heal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/5752/43&quot;&gt;What are the long-term side effects of glyceryl trinitrate patches used to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-05-13T22:06:15.663" Title="Does ingesting nitric oxide capsules help treating a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-14T00:05:59.720" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;http://fortitudesportstherapy.com/percussive-therapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://fortitudesportstherapy.com/percussive-therapy/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170430163543/http://fortitudesportstherapy.com/percussive-therapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is Percussive Massage?&lt;BR/&gt;&#xA;  Percussive massage is a breakthrough treatment for soft tissue pain.  Percussive massage accelerates the growth and repair of tissues by providing concentrated, rapid, short-duration pulses deep into the tissues of the body.  This heavily increases blood flow to the area causing pain relief and an increasing range of motion and function.  Percussive massage also provides a gentle stretch to the muscles and connective tissues improving responsiveness and performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the Benefits of Percussive Massage?&lt;BR/&gt;&#xA;  Percussive massage and muscle stimulation are beneficial in a variety of medical and cosmetic applications, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Relaxing of thickened connective tissue and fascia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Breaking down of adhesions and internal scar tissue, present after injuries or surgery.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Increased venous and lymphatic circulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Elongating muscle fiber, especially when spasms, stiffness and restrictions are present.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Increase range of movement by relieving stiff joints.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do I Know if Percussive Therapy is Right for Me?&lt;BR/&gt;&#xA;  Percussive therapy is for anyone interested in injury correction, injury prevention, and sports performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Common Injuries &amp;amp; Conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Muscle Soreness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Shin Splints&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Muscle Spasms &amp;amp; Cramps&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;TMJ Syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Bursitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tendonitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Herniated or Bulging Discs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Carpal Tunnel Syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sciatica&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fibromyalgia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chuckpechin.com/percussion-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.chuckpechin.com/percussion-therapy&lt;/a&gt; echoes these claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific evidence supporting or confirming the usefulness of percussive massages to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-05-15T01:16:58.640" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T01:16:58.640" Title="Do percussive massages help treating a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;massage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16267" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16269" CreationDate="2018-05-14T07:48:03.330" Score="1" ViewCount="406" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I caught a cold in presumably an amazingly short period of time (~6h). From prior infections I had the experience to have 24 to 48 hours &quot;left&quot; being a bit ill, before being forced to stay in bed. Observing my disease I asked myself what went different this time. In general I don't get ill too easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Morning: got to work as usual feeling reasonably well&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;12pm: ate some sushi bought from a supermarket&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;~3 pm: ate a bowl of strawberries - unwashed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6pm: already felt a scratchy throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;9pm: having a Skype call planning some event, starting to have a headache &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;11pm: falling to bed really exhausted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I did not have contact with&#xA;visibly ill people during that day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My theory now is, that the unwashed strawberries carried the pathogen. Here are some thoughts that might support this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since I got hit so fast I'm assuming being exposed to a high number of bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The pathogens where possibly passed by an ill harvester.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Strawberries being sweet, moist and un-chilled seem to be the perfect fertile ground for reproduction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The incubation period of colds is usually a lot longer (2-5 days). Does a higher number of bacteria result in a shorter incubation period?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Washing the strawberries would have helped. The bacteria was just on the surface area, since the vessels of the strawberries of course where not alive anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right with my assumptions or did I miss something? I'd like you to confirm or debunk my theory of getting ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13742" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T08:54:44.130" Title="Did I catch a cold from eating unwashed fruit?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16258" CreationDate="2018-05-14T08:34:35.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In short: It may not be possible to recommend any fixed amount of water to anyone, because the water needs differ from person to person, and for a given person, from day to day, which mainly depends on the extent of sweating.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#80&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary References for Water, National Academic Press (p. 80, Table 4-2)&lt;/a&gt;, an estimated minimal loss of water (when not sweating) in a healthy adult is &lt;strong&gt;~1 liter per day,&lt;/strong&gt; so this is the minimal amount of water one should consume (from foods and beverages combined).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a559016.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dehydration and Rehydration, Defense Technical Information Center&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The daily water needs of &lt;em&gt;sedentary men&lt;/em&gt; are &lt;strong&gt;~1.2 L or ~2.5 L&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  increase to &lt;strong&gt;~3.2 L&lt;/strong&gt; if performing &lt;em&gt;modest physical activity.&lt;/em&gt; Compared&#xA;  with sedentary adults, &lt;em&gt;active adults who live in a warm environment&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  are reported to have daily water needs of &lt;strong&gt;~6 L.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, you can know you are well hydrated when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You are not thirsty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your urine is clear or straw yellow.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You maintain your usual body weight from day to day (for example, 2 liters water loss results in 2 kilograms or 4.4 pounds of body weight loss).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The skin at the back of your hand recoils instantly when you pinch and release it (skin turgor test, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/17223.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-14T11:22:04.373" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T11:22:04.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16267" CreationDate="2018-05-14T08:54:44.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Unlikely.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different viruses responsible for the symptoms grouped together as &quot;common cold&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.....................................   &#xA;:     Virus     : Incubation period :   &#xA;:...............:...................:   &#xA;: Adenovirus    : 4-8 days          :   &#xA;: Coronaviruses : 2-5 days          :    &#xA;: Rhinovirus    : 2-4 days          :    &#xA;:...............:...................:    &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Lessler, J., Reich, N. G., Brookmeyer, R., Perl, T. M.,&#xA;  Nelson, K. E., &amp;amp; Cummings, D. A. T. (2009). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4327893/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Incubation periods of&#xA;  acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; The Lancet.&#xA;  Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 291–300.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70069-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70069-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They all have been found to have an incubation period ranging from 2 up to 8 days. This includes &quot;normal&quot; infection, and I strongly doubt the strawberries will carry a lot more viruses than standard infections (see below). Only 5% of cases will have an incubation period shorter than 20 hours. Because they are distributed normally, it is very unlikely to have an incubation period of 3-6 hours, which is what you described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is important to wash all fruit and vegetables before you eat them to ensure they are clean and safe to eat.&#xA;  Most people are aware of the importance of handling meat safely, but many consider the risk of food poisoning from vegetables to be low.&#xA;  &quot;It's a myth that a little bit of dirt doesn't do you any harm,&quot; says Dr Andrew Wadge, chief scientist of the Food Standards Agency (FSA).&#xA;  &quot;Soil can sometimes carry harmful bacteria and, although food producers have good systems in place to clean vegetables, the risk can never be entirely eliminated.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/homehygiene/Pages/How-to-wash-fruit-and-vegetables.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: NHS.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the EU, imported fruits have a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.envirobase.info/PDF/60506EU_REGULATIONS_GUIDE_2006.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regulations&lt;/a&gt; to match, and that they travel from the supplier to the consumer without being cleaned once is highly unlikely (still does happen sometimes, but highly unlikely). Because the gems can be quite devastating and infectious, on should always clean vegetables to prevent those to spread, but it doesn't seem too dangerous missing one out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, think about exponential growth. If the amount of viruses in your body were doubled every 2 hours (I don't have any numbers for that, but anything above seems unlikely), and your incubation time was 30 hours earlier than expected, you would have to have taken in 2&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; more viruses than the normally infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most important:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since the virus is sensitive to pH and temperature, it replicates best below core body temperature and does not survive the acids found in the stomach, which means the virus does not infect the lower respiratory or gastrointestinal tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://morgridge.org/wp-content/uploads/Common-Cold-fact-sheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Morgridge Institute for Research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes it even more unlikely, because the virus only has time to reach the nasal area until you've swallowed it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: Think about yesterday or the day before. With whom did you shake hands and touched your face afterwards without washing your hands? Who did you stand next to that had a running nose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T08:54:44.130" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-14T15:17:12.357" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the effect of short-duration application of cold therapeutic modalities on metabolic rate? Does it increase or decrease the metabolic rate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13746" LastEditorUserId="13746" LastEditDate="2018-05-14T15:37:04.343" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T15:37:04.343" Title="Short duration of Cryotherapy" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16258" CreationDate="2018-05-14T23:51:56.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We can find the answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db242.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among U.S. adults, men consumed an average of 3.46 liters (117 ounces) of water per day, and women consumed 2.75 liters (93 ounces) per day.&#xA;  Men aged 60 and over consumed less water (2.92 liters) than men aged 20–39 (3.61 liters) and 40–59 (3.63 liters). Similarly, women aged 60 and over consumed less water (2.51 liters) than women aged 20–39 (2.78 liters) and 40–59 (2.9 liters).&#xA;  Non-Hispanic white men and women consumed more water daily than non-Hispanic black and Hispanic men and women.&#xA;  Water intake increased with physical activity level for both men and women.&#xA;  Among men, 30% of total water consumed was plain water (with the remainder from other foods and liquids) compared with 34% for women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the intake of plain water is about 1 liter, but people also drink other liquids like e.g. soft drinks that are not counted as plain water (e.g. the average soda intake is about 0.5 liters per day). As the article points out, the adequate total water intake from all foods and liquids has been set at 3.7 liters by the Institute of medicine (IoM), so the average intake falls short of the adequate intake. So, most people would benefit from a higher plain water intake, they would get closer to the IoM recommended intake and it would likely come at the expense of unhealthy soda intake. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-05-14T23:51:56.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-15T07:45:06.520" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe information about a patient is key in medical practitioners. In most cases people seek medication where they find convenient to them. If one has to access medication in another health facility other that his/her own in different city, country or continent. Would sharing of patient data, like what have been done in most countries, improve medication, time, resources and saving Life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13750" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T13:32:47.317" Title="Would sharing patient data improve health Care?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-05-23T15:47:50.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-15T10:38:59.423" Score="4" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, thereby reducing the effect of adenaline. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems plausible to me, that blocking adenosine receptors should (perhaps ironically) &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; the rate of adenosine buildup. For example because the body directly responds to a lower measured adenosine level by increasing adenosine production. or alternatively because coffee causes people to be more active, and this heightened activity may cause increased adenosine buildup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is my hypothesis correct?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastEditorUserId="6492" LastEditDate="2018-05-15T17:04:06.617" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T16:41:46.320" Title="Does caffeine boost adenosine buildup?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-15T12:23:07.330" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have a theory why this change happens to teenagers? Everything I have read agrees it does happen, but nobody seems to suggest a reason why this has evolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Biology’s cruel joke goes something like this: As a teenage body goes&#xA;  through puberty, its circadian rhythm essentially shifts three hours&#xA;  backward. Suddenly, going to bed at nine or ten o’clock at night isn’t&#xA;  just a drag, but close to a biological impossibility. Studies of&#xA;  teenagers around the globe have found that adolescent brains do not&#xA;  start releasing melatonin until around eleven o’clock at night and&#xA;  keep pumping out the hormone well past sunrise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.brainpickings.org/2013/07/17/sleep-and-the-teenage-brain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.brainpickings.org/2013/07/17/sleep-and-the-teenage-brain/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13752" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T12:23:07.330" Title="Why do teenagers produce their melatonin later than everyone else" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16278" CreationDate="2018-05-15T13:32:47.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, if a doctor in France could type something into a computer and see all my records from Canada, that doctor would give me better care than if the only source of information was my memory. Heck, if a doctor in another province in Canada could do that, I would also get better care. All my previous diagnoses and prescriptions would be there, prior surgeries, and so on. I wouldn't have to spend time filling out forms and listing these sorts of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's not really the question. Such a system would have costs as well as benefits. Software development is difficult and expensive, and if you get it wrong, care could be actively worsened. (Say a patient tells the doctor something that isn't on the system and the doctor assumes the patient is misremembering, and the consequences cause harm to the patient.) A study on that was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2018/03/28/Electronic-medical-records-carry-some-risks-study-says/8981522261254/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published&lt;/a&gt; this year. In some countries, the information could be mis-used to discriminate against a patient or harass them. Imagine a doctor in Country A reporting someone to the police because of information recorded in Country B about their sexuality or recreational drug use. Or an insurance company in Country A refusing to cover a procedure because of information recorded in Country B. The Daily Mail isn't exactly a reliable source, never mind a scientific journal, but here's an &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2851254/NHS-carry-selling-patients-medical-data-insurance-firms-despite-history-blunders-illegal-use-information.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about the NHS selling medical data. Whether it is currently happening or not, it certainly could happen with any new system that was developed. And there's even an issue that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/doctors-reject-difficult-patients-deny-medical-care-2615006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doctors might reject difficult patients&lt;/a&gt; if notes in the record suggested they were a &quot;PITA&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's more, paper always works. There are not competing standards for it. Photocopying (or printing another copy) is simple enough, and faxes still exist, or things can be scanned and emailed. Some medical facilities might not be able to afford the systems to read records electronically, but could use and maintain paper records just fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the legal, privacy, and translation issues would have to be worked out and agreed to by a large number of countries. And someone would have to fund it and test it. It would not be a trivial undertaking. So the question isn't &quot;would there be an improvement in care for some patients&quot; but &quot;would the &#xA;improvement in care for some patients outweigh the worse care for other patients, the privacy and legal issues, and the financial cost of developing the system and connecting everyone to it?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T13:32:47.317" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16282" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16283" CreationDate="2018-05-15T15:37:24.910" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am attaching the pictures of the ingredients and nutritional information of a chicken wrap. I am very surprised by the value of the carbohydrates, since it is much higher (around 50) for other wraps of the same brand, same size etc, just different ingredients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think it is a typo? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TqS3E.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7GozS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13755" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-05-16T11:31:44.013" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T15:47:55.187" Title="Is this nutritional information wrong?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16283" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16282" CreationDate="2018-05-15T17:34:34.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is a typo. 100 g of this wrap has 161 Kcal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat contributes 9 Kcal x 4.3 g = 39 Kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein contributes 4 Kcal x 12.3 g = 49 Kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because there are 161 Kcal in total, the remaining 73 Kcal needs to come from &lt;strong&gt;18.25 g of carbohydrate&lt;/strong&gt; (4 Kcal/g).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Fat = 9 Kcal/g, protein and carbohydrate = 4 Kcal/g)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-16T15:47:55.187" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T15:47:55.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16284" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-15T18:04:09.103" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;As above, can radiotherapy cause &quot;chemo brain&quot;? For example, can radiation treatment for prostate cancer cause &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/finishing-treatment/cognitive-changes-after-cancer-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemo brain&lt;/a&gt;&quot; years later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13758" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-05-15T20:20:06.223" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T20:20:06.223" Title="Can radiotherapy cause &quot;chemo brain&quot;?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-15T19:48:49.333" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is a constipation remedy that doesn't give you a headache or raise your blood pressure the way senna, or various salts (magnesium oxide, potassium), or enemas (salts) do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1089" LastActivityDate="2018-05-15T19:48:49.333" Title="What is a constipation remedy that doesn't give you a headache or raise your blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11514" CreationDate="2018-05-16T00:35:09.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do US students take USMLE exams of the same content like IMG (foreign) doctors? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it true that American students take USMLE separated in subjects not a as a whole set of 300 questions on all topics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is false. It's the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USMLE Step 1 :  single-day, composed of seven 40-question sections with a maximum 280 multiple-choice questions (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usmle.org/step-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: usmle.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USMLE Step 2 CK: 9-hour single-day computer-based test composed of eight question sets with no more than 40 questions per set (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usmle.org/step-2-ck/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: usmle.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;USMLE Step 3: 2 days (9 hours and 8 hours) with the first day multiple choice questions, and second day multiple choice and computer-based (simulation-like) questions.  It's broken into hour chunks like Step 2 CK.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13760" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-05-16T03:07:51.067" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T03:07:51.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12924" CreationDate="2018-05-16T06:55:16.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to start by saying that 23andMe performs its genetic test in CLIA certified laboratory. Processes like DNA extraction, purification, measurement can only be done under laboratory conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, 23andMe provides you with ancestry and health information and also allows you to download your raw data. Your raw data information is txt or zip file that contains information on your polymorphism, chromosome position etc. There are third party tools who interpret this information for you to give you helpful lifestyle insights. There are around 650,000 gene markers in your 23andMe raw data file. So the information that can be dug out is enormous. For more information on such tools please refer to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.xcode.life/23andme-raw-data/23andme-raw-data-analysis-interpretation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13763" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T06:55:16.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16279" CreationDate="2018-05-16T16:41:46.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question demonstrates a key understanding of homeostatic mechanisms: in many cases, long-term pharmaceutical modulation leads to compensatory changes that blunt the effects of the modulation. This can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rebound effects&lt;/a&gt; and sometimes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;physical/physiological dependence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hypothesis is good, however, you have the mechanism wrong in this case. Blocking adenosine receptors tends to increase the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;expression of receptors&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, especially the adenosine A&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; receptor, rather than the production of the agonist adenosine. Interestingly, this seems to be regulated not by increased transcription (mRNA production) but instead by later mechanisms (Johansson et al. 1993).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Receptor expression changes rather than agonist production changes tends to be a general rule for similar circumstances, though there are certainly exceptions as well. Altering receptor levels is a more reliable homeostatic mechanism, because often a given agonist acts on many different receptors with different affinities. It is also the cells expressing the receptors that have the most direct way to assay the level of receptor activation. In order to change agonist production levels, you would need a communication mechanism where the receptor cells signal back to the agonist producing cells, whereas receptor expression can be controlled all within the receptor cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fredholm, B. B. (1982). Adenosine actions and adenosine receptors after 1 week treatment with caffeine. Acta Physiologica, 115(2), 283-286.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Johansson, B., Ahlberg, S., van der Ploeg, I., Brené, S., Lindefors, N., Persson, H., &amp;amp; Fredholm, B. B. (1993). Effect of long term caffeine treatment on A 1 and A 2 adenosine receptor binding and on mRNA levels in rat brain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 347(4), 407-414.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ramkumar, V., Bumgarner, J. R., Jacobson, K. A., &amp;amp; Stiles, G. L. (1988). Multiple components of the A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system are regulated in rat cerebral cortex by chronic caffeine ingestion. The Journal of clinical investigation, 82(1), 242-247.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Svenningsson, P., Nomikos, G. G., &amp;amp; Fredholm, B. B. (1999). The stimulatory action and the development of tolerance to caffeine is associated with alterations in gene expression in specific brain regions. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(10), 4011-4022.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T16:41:46.320" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-16T16:52:16.730" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are there some medicines that are put in the fridge?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13777" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T17:07:40.873" Title="Medicines in the fridge" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16301" CreationDate="2018-05-16T17:07:40.873" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chemical reactions are slowed down at lower temperatures; refrigeration can increase the shelf-life of medicines that would not last long enough at room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refrigeration could be important for the active ingredient or for the formulation as a whole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that refrigeration can also be a problem for some formulations, so it's important to follow storage instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effects of short-term failure to refrigerate drugs that are supposed to be refrigerated varies, see Cohen et al. 2007 for a compilation of manufacturer instructions for a variety of drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cohen, V., Jellinek, S. P., Teperikidis, L., Berkovits, E., &amp;amp; Goldman, W. M. (2007). Room-temperature storage of medications labeled for refrigeration. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 64(16), 1711-1715.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-05-16T17:07:40.873" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-16T23:34:18.810" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the causes of pain during and after root canal therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13782" LastEditorUserId="837" LastEditDate="2018-05-19T21:02:17.983" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T05:24:59.750" Title="Pain relating to Root Canal Treatment" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16307" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16380" CreationDate="2018-05-17T00:28:11.027" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a graduate student and I have to spend a lot of time on reading research papers everyday. My question is which of the following is the best choice for eye health? I can either read them directly on the computer which I download them with, read them on a tablet, or print them out and read them on paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I heard is that reading with paper is better than reading on a computer or a tablet. Is this scientifically proved? I also heard people claim that if one uses a tablet designed for reading such as Kindle, then it's nearly as good as paper. Is this also true? Please try to list your reference materials which support your claim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13783" LastEditorUserId="13783" LastEditDate="2018-05-23T16:27:23.483" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T17:41:41.563" Title="Which one is better? Reading on a computer, on a tablet, or on paper?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15935" CreationDate="2018-05-17T04:24:14.910" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following are studies which indicate cancer risks from third hand tobacco smoke which to me seems non-ambiguous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleiman, M., Logue, J. M., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F., Gundel, L. A., &amp;amp; Destaillats, H. (2014). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1021/es5036333&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inhalable constituents of thirdhand tobacco smoke: chemical characterization and health impact considerations&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Environmental science &amp;amp; technology&lt;/em&gt;, 48(22), 13093-13101. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1021/es5036333&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1021/es5036333&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tobacco smoke residues lingering in the indoor environment, also termed thirdhand smoke (THS), can be a source of long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. THS composition is affected by chemical transformations and by air–surface partitioning over time scales of minutes to months. This study identified and quantified airborne THS pollutants available for respiratory exposure, identified potential environmental tracers, and estimated health impacts to nonsmokers. In a ventilated 18m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; laboratory chamber, six cigarettes were machine-smoked, and levels of particulate matter (PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;) and 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during an aging period of 18h. Results were compared with field measurements taken in a smoker’s home 8h after the last cigarette had been smoked. Initial chamber levels of individual VOCs in freshly emitted secondhand smoke (SHS) were in the range of 1–300 μg m&lt;sup&gt;–3&lt;/sup&gt;. The commonly used SHS tracers 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine were no longer present in the gas phase after 2 h, likely due mostly to sorption to surfaces. By contrast, other VOCs persisted in the gas phase for at least 18 h, particularly furans, carbonyls, and nitriles. The concentration ratio of acetonitrile to 3-EP increased substantially with aging. This ratio may provide a useful metric for differentiating freshly emitted (SHS) from aged smoke (THS). Among the 29 VOCs detected in the smoker’s home at moderate to high concentrations, 18 compounds were also detected in simultaneously sampled outdoor air, but acetonitrile, 2-methyl furan, and 2,5-dimethyl furan appeared to be specific to cigarette smoke. The levels of acrolein, methacrolein, and acrylonitrile exceeded concentrations considered harmful by the State of California. An initial exposure and impact assessment was conducted for a subset of pollutants by computing disability-adjusted life years lost, using available toxicological and epidemiological information. Exposure to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; contributed to more than 90% of the predicted harm. Acrolein, furan, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were considered to be the most harmful VOCs. Depending on which criteria are used to establish the separation between SHS and THS, 5–60% of the predicted health damage could be attributed to THS exposure. Benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ramírez, N., Özel, M. Z., Lewis, A. C., Marcé, R. M., Borrull, F., &amp;amp; Hamilton, J. F. (2014). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in non-smokers&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Environment international&lt;/em&gt;, 71, 139-147. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this study, we estimate for the first time the potential cancer risk by age group through non-dietary ingestion and dermal exposure to carcinogen N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) measured in house dust samples. Using a highly sensitive and selective analytical approach we have determined the presence of nicotine, eight N-nitrosamines and five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in forty-six settled dust samples from homes occupied by both smokers and non-smokers. Using observations of house dust composition, we have estimated the cancer risk by applying the most recent official toxicological information. Calculated cancer risks through exposure to the observed levels of TSNAs at an early life stage (1 to 6 years old) exceeded the upper-bound risk recommended by the USEPA in 77% of smokers' and 64% of non-smokers' homes. The maximum risk from exposure to all nitrosamines measured in a smoker occupied home was one excess cancer case per one thousand population exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T04:24:14.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16316" CreationDate="2018-05-17T06:39:00.250" Score="7" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/16279/6492&quot;&gt;In this post&lt;/a&gt; I asked whether Coffee use could cause an increase in adenosine levels as a result of the body’s adjustment to lower adenosine receptor activation. An answer stated that coffee use increases adenosine receptors in the long term. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This got me thinking: If someone has sleep probems, whether due to &lt;em&gt;insomnia&lt;/em&gt; or due to &lt;em&gt;stress&lt;/em&gt;, could this problem be solved by drinking coffee &lt;em&gt;in the morning&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would cause adenosine receptor activation to go down in the day, causing reduced drowsiness during the day, and cause a long term increase in receptors, so that when the coffee wears off in the evening, there should be an increase in drowsiness at night. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This combination of increased night-time drowsiness and decreased day-time drowsiness seems to be precisely what people with sleep problems need, and yet sleep professionals always seem to advice against using coffee for people with sleep problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is my hypothesis correct? How does this square with sleep professionals advice against coffee?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Obviously this would certainly not work if you drink coffee in the evening).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T16:37:34.757" Title="Coffee for solving sleep problems?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16311" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16312" CreationDate="2018-05-17T14:01:48.657" Score="4" ViewCount="605" Body="&lt;p&gt;In _Robbins Basic Pathology 9&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed., edema is defined as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[E]dema is an accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues. Extravascular fluid can also &#xA;  collect in body cavities such as the pleural cavity (hydrothorax), the pericardial cavity (hydropericardium), or the peritoneal cavity (hydroperitoneum, or ascites).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though hydrothorax is mentioned here in relation to edema, it is not mentioned explicitly whether it is actually a subtype of edema or not. I also looked into multiple sources for edema definition; “accumulation of fluid in the interstitum”; interstitium refers to the tiny spaces between cells which is not the case for hydrothorax since pleural cavity is not interstitium (right?). So is hydrothorax considered as a subtype of edema?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13785" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:14:13.647" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:14:13.647" Title="Is hydrothorax considered as edema?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;edema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16311" CreationDate="2018-05-17T14:07:37.380" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to various &lt;strong&gt;dictionaries,&lt;/strong&gt; edema includes the accumulation of the fluid in the cells, between the cells (interstitial space) and in the body cavities, so, yes, hydrothorax could be considered a subtype of edema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/edema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TheFreeDictionary&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;edema the accumulation of excess fluid in a fluid compartment.&#xA;  Formerly called dropsy and hydrops. This accumulation can occur in the&#xA;  cells (cellular edema), in the intercellular spaces within tissues&#xA;  (interstitial edema), or in potential spaces within the body. Edema&#xA;  may also be classified by location, such as pulmonary edema or brain&#xA;  edema; types found in certain locations have specific names, such as&#xA;  ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), or&#xA;  hydropericardium (pericardial sac).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/edema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merriam-Webster:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Edema - an abnormal infiltration and excess accumulation of serous&#xA;  fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, in a real world, a doctor will not likely &lt;strong&gt;use&lt;/strong&gt; the term edema for fluid in a body cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;em&gt;lung edema&lt;/em&gt; is exclusively used for the fluid in the lung tissue (parenchyma) and the term &lt;em&gt;hydrtothorax&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;pleural effusion&lt;/em&gt; for the fluid in the pleural space. In this case, calling hydrothorax edema would be totally confusing, even if it may be formally correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-18T09:24:36.607" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T09:24:36.607" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16123" CreationDate="2018-05-17T14:53:43.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I spoke with a doctor the other day and they said that the body releases histamines when under stress. The histamines are there to attack foreign bodies, however there are none from stress. They then &quot;attack&quot; the skin and cause it to become inflamed and produce hives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13597" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T14:53:43.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-17T15:38:13.387" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got a heart rate tracker and I've noticed that when I sleep my heart rate consistently spikes fairly high.  It has reached 165 bpm before, but most times it's under 150. That seems a bit counter intuitive to me, especially since I'm a physically active male in my twenties and when I took a light jog the other day my heart rate only got up to 110. That got me thinking, what's a normal heart rate range for someone while they are asleep? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13597" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T15:38:13.387" Title="Normal Sleeping Heart Rate Range" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16310" CreationDate="2018-05-17T16:37:34.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It is very difficult to prove a negative.&lt;/strong&gt; This is true both because there always exists the possibility of a small effect that a given study is underpowered to find, and because of the chronic issue with reporting negative results in biomedical literature and science in general (that is, experiments with a negative result are less likely to be published).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is &lt;strong&gt;no recommendation for or substantial scientific evidence for sleep benefits of morning caffeine consumption&lt;/strong&gt; and acute avoidance of caffeine, regardless of time of day, has been observed to have a modest improvement on sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the ubiquity of caffeine in society, the multitude of studies concerning caffeine, and the existence of studies that show that caffeine avoidance is better for sleep, I think there is a pretty solid body evidence that suggests any sleep-beneficial role of caffeine is either non-existent extremely minimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several authors have noted that peoples' &lt;em&gt;perceptions&lt;/em&gt; of the impact of caffeine on sleep and wake are substantially exaggerated. Caffeine in regular users has little impact on sleep, and the immediate cognitive benefits of caffeine are mostly explainable by a reduction in baseline abilities under caffeine withdrawal. Similarly, sleep can improve in long-term users of caffeine when caffeine is withdrawn, but the effect is both small and short-lived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it is important to recognize that &lt;em&gt;adenosine is not&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the only&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; signal contributing to sleep pressure, and so it is problematic to treat the system like it is. Habitual caffeine users adapt to the caffeine intake by increasing adenosine receptor expression, but they may also adapt to the increased adenosine receptor expression with modification of other contributors to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the individuals of most concern: those with chronic insomnia or other sleep problems, their issues seem to persist despite the inherent increases in sleep pressure that people who lack sleep will accumulate, so there is unlikely to be a &quot;quick fix.&quot; The standard practice is an overall emphasis on &quot;sleep hygiene&quot; including setting a regular sleep-wake cycle, avoiding sleep-influencing substances including caffeine and alcohol, keep a standard and comfortable sleep environment, and exercise regularly: however, each of these strategies individually have only a modest impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also the issue of individual differences: if someone sleeps better in the evening when they wake up with caffeine, then there is little reason to change. There just isn't any scientific evidence that suggests prescribing morning caffeine as a sleep aid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;James, J. E. (1998). Acute and chronic effects of caffeine on performance, mood, headache, and sleep. Neuropsychobiology, 38(1), 32-41.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nehlig, A. (2010). Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(s1), S85-S94.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sin, C. W., Ho, J. S., &amp;amp; Chung, J. W. (2009). Systematic review on the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence on the quality of sleep. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(1), 13-21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stepanski, E. J., &amp;amp; Wyatt, J. K. (2003). Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep medicine reviews, 7(3), 215-225.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T16:37:34.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16356" CreationDate="2018-05-17T16:38:44.637" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been told that sodium can cause hypertension, and that I should eat about twice as much potassium as sodium to lower my blood pressure (along with a calorie restricted diet and regular exercise). I am doing all this, and my blood pressure still is higher than I'd like it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there is anything besides sodium that I should avoid, or is sodium the ONLY thing that causes high blood pressure? Searching online for this answer is particularly difficult because there is so much out there saying sodium should be avoided, yet this seems to be the ONLY thing to avoid with respect to hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13786" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T18:32:44.390" Title="Is there anything besides sodium to avoid to lower blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-05-30T20:00:55.013" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-17T18:19:41.690" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to adapt to biphasic sleep. I would ideally do something like 00:00 - 06:30 and a nap from 15:30 to 17:00 (Or the sleep amount that I require to &lt;em&gt;fulfill&lt;/em&gt; my sleep needs). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been trying to find information about whether this is good for health or not, finding little or no conclusive data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13787" LastEditorUserId="13787" LastEditDate="2018-05-17T20:29:38.340" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T20:29:38.340" Title="Is it good for health to regularly do a nap and divide sleep into two?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-17T18:47:07.063" Score="4" ViewCount="566" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quoting from _Robbins Basic Pathology 9&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thrombi are focally attached to the &#xA;  underlying vascular surface and tend to propagate toward&#xA;  the heart; thus, arterial thrombi grow in a retrograde direction from the point of attachment, while venous thrombi &#xA;  extend in the direction of blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What’s the underlying mechanism of this retrograde propagation? Shouldn’t the blood flow cause the thrombus to propagate away from the heart in case of arteries? If not, then what explains the difference in propagation direction between arteries and veins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13785" LastActivityDate="2018-05-17T18:47:07.063" Title="Mechanism of retrograde propagation of arterial thrombi" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-17T20:19:05.157" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it common or realistic in the optometry industry to suggest to someone that it may take 6 weeks to adjust to new glasses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13788" LastEditorUserId="13788" LastEditDate="2018-05-18T04:18:52.307" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T04:18:52.307" Title="Is it normal for it to take more than 3 weeks to get used to astigmatism correcting glasses?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;astigmatism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16322" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16331" CreationDate="2018-05-17T21:00:07.373" Score="5" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;In conversations regarding the increasing number of people that are obese (in an American or European context), often times claims regarding thyroid function being a significant contributor to these developments come up. I've tried finding sources written by medical experts addressing a lay audience to clarify these issues, but I can't find anything that makes the issue clear enough for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question(s): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a known causal relationship that goes &quot;abnormal thyroid function -&gt; higher weight&quot;? I don't know whether thyroid issues develop later in life or are congenital, or how much of an impact they have, so this question might be ill-phrased.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If abnormal thyroid function is known to have effects on weight gain, can we quantify how many people are affected by this, and how much weight gain per person is caused by this?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there thyroid conditions that make it extremely difficult not to put on weight (say, you continue to put on weight despite eating less than 1000 calories a day), and if so, do we know how many people are affected by those conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11561" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T08:21:58.513" Title="Abnormal thyroid function and obesity - known links?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-18T01:19:39.503" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;When cleaning a bowl with washing up liquid, I notice that even after rinsing, bubbles still form on the surface. A trace of washing up liquid remains on the plate or cutlery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We must ingest trace amounts of washing up liquid every day. We are literally eating detergent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I'm sure these products have all been tested etc. But what kind of health effects would the detergent cause to our insides?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be, for example, that 1 out of a million deaths are actually caused by our ingestion of washing up liquid? Have there been any studies on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Also note that a lot of people don't adequately rinse as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/jul/26/washing-up-liquid-health-hazard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastEditorUserId="13791" LastEditDate="2018-05-18T02:01:20.287" LastActivityDate="2018-05-18T02:01:20.287" Title="How much washing up liquid do we ingest per year and how harmful is it?" Tags="&lt;detergent&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-19T03:39:16.907" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that blue light entering the eyes is the channel through which light influences the sleep cycle. &#xA;(I am not sure if this is correct, please do tell me if it is or if its a myth or an exageration).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So are there specific lamps that have been proven not to have a negative effect on your sleep cycle if you use them before bed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, if there are no such perfect lamps, which lamps are scientifically shown to be optimal for evening use for promoting healthy sleep, and how bad are they compared to using no lights at all in the evening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I know that some lamps are marketed as such, but I don't know the science behind it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6492" LastEditorUserId="6492" LastEditDate="2018-05-21T05:06:53.057" LastActivityDate="2018-05-21T20:05:13.167" Title="Evening lighting that doesn't work against sleep cycle" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16330" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16335" CreationDate="2018-05-19T04:47:26.147" Score="6" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious if there is a standard regimen that a dentist uses for cleaning teeth, how standardized it is, and what is the rationale for that process over say some other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process my dentist seems to use is to ask me to swig with peroxyl swish it around for 30 seconds and then spit it out. What's going on with that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then he/she tends to scrape up and down &lt;em&gt;between&lt;/em&gt; the teeth as an inspection of how much tartar has been built up. Then with a water rinse he scrapes specific areas and uses a cavitron machine/water pick like thing, but I think there two he/she is mostly working in between the surfaces. This tool also has access to the back of the teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then finally does he apply toothpaste, and again he applies to the the back of the teeth as well as front. The time spent on this phase seems pretty small in contrast to the time with scraping the teeth either with a dental tool or the cavitron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this standard? Any thoughts on why this process or another one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes regarding the accepted answer:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the accepted answer is informative and detailed, it focuses on the &quot;periodontal&quot; aspects, which doesn't cover the part at the beginning where the dentists asks me to rinse my mouth, sometimes with water or with some bluish stuff that when I asked was called peroxyl. Nor the part where he/she applies toothpaste. I believe most dentists as part of their routine do something with the swish at the beginning, and toothpaste. Also, dentists periodically take xrays to look for cavities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is also a little light on the benefit of each of the steps, or why things are done in that order if it matters. One can kind of read between the lines to infer why each step might be useful and why a particular step might be done before another. Part of understanding and improving such process requires a little understanding and introspection of what needs to be done, how each step achieves that, and what are the alternative ways to achieve the various goals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be a bit of fuzziness (if not a lack of critical thought) when it comes to dental processes and explanations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13799" LastEditorUserId="13799" LastEditDate="2018-07-17T22:15:38.893" LastActivityDate="2018-07-17T22:15:38.893" Title="What procedures do dentists use for cleaning teeth, is there variation, and what is the rationale?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16322" CreationDate="2018-05-19T12:24:18.513" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The relationship between thyroid function and body weight is bidirectional and complex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is known for decades, if not centuries, that cretinism (only in the end of the 19th century to be associated to hypothyroidism) may be accompanied by weight gain and that thyrotoxicosis may result in weight loss. As early as in 1835 Robert J. Graves described that ladies affected by goitre and palpitations (probably due to hyperthyroidism resulting from the disease which is now named after him) were remarkably thin [2]. Five years later the German physician Karl von Basedow described the same condition, where a lady suffering from goitre, Exophthalmos and palpitations had severely emaciated [3]. In 1883 the swiss surgeon Theodor Kocher described weight gain after total thyroidectomy [4]. Ten years later, in 1893 William Ord described rapid weight loss, after myxoedematous patients were set on treatment with thyroid extreact [5].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today it is known that over one third of hypothyroid infants have a birth weight greater than the ninetieth percentile [6, 7]. However, an “atypical” form of hypothyroidism may be associated to low birth weight [8]. Of course, weight gain in hypothyroidism isn’t restricted to infants, but common in adults, too. Hypothyroidism is assumed to contribute 2.5 to 5 kg (5 to 10 pounds) to body weight [9]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, changes in body weight may also result in changes of thyroid function. A number of studies, as recently extensively reviewed [10, 11], described elevated TSH levels and increased total step-up deiodinase activity in patients with weight gain. These changes were reversible after weight loss [12]. On the other hand, low T3 syndrome is a well-known consequence of anorexia and starvation [13, 14].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably, these changes represent adaptive responses of pituitary-thyroid axis to type 1 or type 2 allostasis, respectively [15]. The observed mechanisms may contribute to some kind of autoregulation of weight in conditions of changing supply with energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oTLCo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oTLCo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Autoregulation of weight in obesity [Chatzitomaris et al. 2017, CC BY license]&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To use thyroid hormones as an adjunct treatment in obesity is strongly discouraged, since cardiovascular side effects may be significant [16].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: Graves RT. Lecture XII. in: Clinical Lectures. 1835 25-43.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: von Basedow K. Exophthalmos durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhöhle. Wochenschrift für die gesammte Heilkunde. 1840 13:197-228.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4: Kocher T. Ueber Kropfexstirpation und ihre Folgen. Archiv für klinische Chirurgie. 1883 29:254-335.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5: Ord WM, White E. Clinical Remarks on Certain Changes observed in the Urine in &#xA;Myxoedema after the Administration of Glycerine Extract of Thyroid Gland. Br Med &#xA;J. 1893 Jul 29;2(1700):217. PMID: 20754379; PMCID:&#xA;PMC2422016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20754379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20754379&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2422016/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2422016/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6: LaFranchi SH. Hypothyroidism. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1979 Feb;26(1):33-51.&#xA;PMID: 460987. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/460987&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/460987&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7: Rastogi MV, LaFranchi SH. Congenital hypothyroidism. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010&#xA;Jun 10;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-17. PMID: 20537182; &#xA;PMCID: PMC2903524. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20537182/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20537182/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-5-17&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-5-17&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8: Mandel SJ, Hermos RJ, Larson CA, Prigozhin AB, Rojas DA, Mitchell ML. Atypical&#xA;hypothyroidism and the very low birthweight infant. Thyroid. 2000&#xA;Aug;10(8):693-5. PMID: 11014314. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11014314&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11014314&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9: American Thyroid Association: Thyroid &amp;amp; Weight. 2016. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Thyroid_and_Weight.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Thyroid_and_Weight.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10: Pacifico L, Anania C, Ferraro F, Andreoli GM, Chiesa C. Thyroid function in&#xA;childhood obesity and metabolic comorbidity. Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Feb&#xA;18;413(3-4):396-405. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.013. &#xA;PMID: 22130312. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22130312&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22130312&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.013&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;11: Fontenelle LC, Feitosa MM, Severo JS, Freitas TE, Morais JB, Torres-Leal FL,&#xA;Henriques GS, do Nascimento Marreiro D. Thyroid Function in Human Obesity:&#xA;Underlying Mechanisms. Horm Metab Res. 2016 Dec;48(12):787-794. &#xA;PMID: 27923249. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923249&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923249&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12: Reinehr T. Obesity and thyroid function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Mar&#xA;25;316(2):165-71. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.06.005. &#xA;PMID: 19540303. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540303&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540303&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.06.005&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.06.005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;13: Rothenbuchner G, Loos U, Kiessling WR, Birk J, Pfeiffer EF. The influence of&#xA;total starvation on the pituitary-thyroid-axis in obese individuals. Acta&#xA;Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1973;173:144. PMID: 4542076. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4542076&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4542076&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;14: Portnay GI, O'Brian JT, Bush J, Vagenakis AG, Azizi F, Arky RA, Ingbar SH,&#xA;Braverman LE. The effect of starvation on the concentration and binding of&#xA;thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum and on the response to TRH. J Clin&#xA;Endocrinol Metab. 1974 Jul;39(1):191-4. PMID: 4835133. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4835133&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4835133&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;15: Chatzitomaris A, Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Hering S, Urban A, Dietrich B, Abood &#xA;A, Klein HH, Dietrich JW. Thyroid Allostasis-Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic&#xA;Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. &#xA;Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Jul 20;8:163. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00163.&#xA;PMID: 28775711; PMCID:&#xA;PMC5517413. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775711&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775711&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;16: Krotkiewski M. Thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. &#xA;Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Apr 12;440(2-3):85-98. PMID: 12007527. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12007527&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12007527&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastEditorUserId="2721" LastEditDate="2018-05-20T08:21:58.513" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T08:21:58.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-19T19:51:25.987" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, what is the reason some vaccines provide a lifelong immunity against a disease while others require periodical shots to keep one immunised against a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13805" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T19:51:25.987" Title="Why do some vaccines require periodical shot updates while others don't?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16330" CreationDate="2018-05-19T20:55:08.473" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your question seems to be about the &quot;cleaning&quot; or periodontal maintenance portion of your appointment.&lt;/strong&gt; (Periodontistry is a field in dentistry which is concerned with the gums or soft tissues around teeth)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As part of an initial exam or routine checkup, many dentists and their hygienists will perform all or some of the following steps&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Assess if there were changes in your health (medical history).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perform a dental exam, including taking the necessary radiographs. &lt;strong&gt;It is here that the dentist uses a periodontal probe, an instrument that looks like a ruler to mesure the depth of the crevice around teeth&lt;/strong&gt; (the space between the gums and the tooth) to assess changes in your periodontal &quot;gum&quot; health.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Df0pm.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Df0pm.png&quot; alt=&quot;Periodontal Probe that is also my profile picture, most likely the UNC-15&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;During the second half of the appointment or at another date, the dentist and hygienist will proceed as follows:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Performe anesthesia (&quot;Freezing&quot;), if going far bellow the gums, which allows the scalling and root planing (S&amp;amp;RP - Deep cleaning) of the roots with minimum discomfort to the patient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some clinics have a mouth rinsing protocol to reduce the amount of bacterias preoperatively, to avoid having the bacterias in the aerosols produced by the cleaning. &lt;strong&gt;I don't have literature that supports the assumed purpose of this intervention. The fastest way would be to simply ask your dentist.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use a water-cooled ultrasonic scaler (for instance Cavitron®) to break up most of the calculus. This shortens the appointment times considerably, but produces aerosols which may contain bacteria.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uxch7.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uxch7.png&quot; alt=&quot;Cavitron® universal tip&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Use manual hand-instruments such as curettes to remove any remaining calculus on and in-between the teeth&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fuYh9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fuYh9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Gracey® Curettes, of various calibres and angulations&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use an abrasive past to perform prophylactic (preventive) smoothing and polishing of the teeth surfaces. This step is necessary to discourage plaque from latching onto the freshly scaled surfaces, which can be rough at the microscopic level. This makes your home care more efficient too and can help decrease the frequency of appointments. If the previous 2 steps were done, this should take a minimal amount of time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If severe gum disease is already present or for whatever reason the attempts at nonsurgical therapy are unsuccessful, a Surgical therapy can be planned and initiated, but this goes beyond the scope of your original question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more in-depth look at basic and non-surgical periodontal care, one can look at the following article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155183&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155183&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;N.B.: This is a general explanation of what is done in dentistry, and should not be taken as a treatment plan specifically for you or anybody else, as per Health.SE rules.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="837" LastActivityDate="2018-05-19T20:55:08.473" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-20T15:58:45.740" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading a paper where I encountered the following sentence: &quot;the difference between patients suffering from x disease vs controls was ... &quot;. What does controls mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13810" LastActivityDate="2018-05-20T15:58:45.740" Title="Patient suffering from X disease vs controls" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16350" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16329" CreationDate="2018-05-21T20:05:13.167" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems rather self-evident that humans after adolescence are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; nocturnal. When it gets dark people get tired. When it gets brighter we tend to wake up or stay awake. People can start having trouble getting to sleep or sleeping just because of lighting conditions, unrelated to other causes like medical conditions, taking drugs affecting sleep (like stimulants), or stress, or noise, or… Light is not the only &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeber&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;zeitgeber&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but the latest scientific consensus says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;23.2 Light therapy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Our modern inventions have granted us control over our lighting environment (Fig. 23.2). We can choose to stay awake and surf the Internet by peering into our blue backlit screens all night if we want, or to retreat into dark, cool shelters of Abercrombie shops or watch the game at a local bar during the day. The temporal restructuring of light can lead to a state of circadian disruption, exposing us to new health risks and disease. Light is the most potent environmental cue able to predictably phase shift the timing of behavior (Khalsa et al., 2003). It is detected by the photopigment melanopsin localized in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Melanopsin is most sensitive to blue wavelengths of light and its activation leads to the release of glutamate onto the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract (Schmidt et al., 2011; Lucas et al., 2012). The glutamate signaling causes immediate molecular and cellular changes in the SCN, including increases in firing rate and the induction of c‐fos and Per1 transcription that eventually lead to a shift in the timing of the molecular clock within the SCN and throughout the body (Chapters 1 and 2).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In diurnal animals, exposure to even low intensities of blue light during the night can interfere with sleep by inhibiting sleep‐promoting neurons, acutely reducing melatonin levels, activating arousal‐promoting orexin neurons and stimulating the sympathetic axis (Duffy and Czeisler, 2009; Ruger and Scheer, 2009; Adidharma et al., 2012). In addition to poor sleep quality, light at night reduces daytime alertness the following day. Over a long period of time, these aberrant light cycles can increase the risk for serious diseases. Therefore, methods or behaviors that help reinforce the timing of natural, environmental light and maintain the normal variance of light intensities between night and day would reinstate a more robust and stable circadian system. Strengthening of the circadian network and enhancing circadian control of tissue function and physiology, will likely restore restorative sleep as well as daytime alertness helping to improve daily life and reducing the risk for disease.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In practice, light therapy has been demonstrated to ameliorate circadian symptoms in some conditions, including advanced/delayed sleep phase syndrome, jet lag, shift work, seasonal affective disorder and depression (Burgess et al., 2002; Barion and Zee, 2007). The scheduled light exposure helped reestablish the daily sleep–wake cycle and improve mood (Magnusson and Boivin, 2003; Wirz‐Justice et al., 2004). The positive outcome is encouraging the use of light therapy for other conditions that present with circadian symptoms, including aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In these groups, light therapy improved daytime alertness and sleep (Lieverse et al., 2011; Friedman et al., 2012; Royer et al., 2012; Rutten et al., 2012) and enhanced motor and cognitive abilities (Yamadera et al., 2000; Ancoli‐Israel et al., 2003; Riemersma‐van der Lek et al., 2008; Willis et al., 2012). Individuals suffering from major depression show improvements in mood when light therapy is included in the treatment regimen (Benedetti, 2012; Chapter 17).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  However, other studies show no or small changes in objective and subjective measures of sleep (Ancoli‐Israel et al., 2002; Friedman et al., 2009). These discrepancies point out that a better understanding is needed of critical parameters such as light wavelength, intensity, and duration, as well as the timing of treatment, relative to the endogenous circadian rhythm. But it is worth re‐emphasizing that even young, healthy individuals can be influenced by improved light exposure (Viola et al., 2008). A study found that camping in the beautiful mountains of Colorado and exposure to natural lighting for several days was effective in advancing the phase of melatonin rhythms in young adults by two hours (Wright et al., 2013). Thus lighting conditions provide one of our most powerful tools to influence the circadian system.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Circadian+Medicine-p-9781118467787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christopher S. Colwell: &quot;Circadian Medicine&quot;, Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, 2015&lt;/a&gt;, p 339–340.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, less light overall is good for sleep. But then only &quot;overall&quot; if temporally related to wanting to sleep soon. Conversely, more light during the day also helps maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm. This rhythm of wake and sleep seems to be almost more important to keep relatively steady than getting enough natural daylight and sleeping in the dark.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/17/6/535/2749524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Charmane I. Eastman et al.: &quot;Dark Goggles and Bright Light Improve Circadian Rhythm Adaptation to Night-Shift Work&quot;, Sleep, Volume 17, Issue 6, 1 September 1994, Pages 535–543&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.6.535&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/17.6.535&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guessing it does not count as science-related: electronic devices are so bad for your healthy sleep that even Apple offers now a redshifting feature in newer machines. But that is partially because: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1232.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover, the observation that the endogenous circadian melatonin&#xA;  phase was 1.5 h later when reading an LE-eBook compared with reading&#xA;  from a printed book suggests that using a light-emitting device in&#xA;  the hours before bedtime is likely to increase the risk of delayed&#xA;  sleep-phase disorder and sleep onset insomnia, especially among&#xA;  individuals living in society who self-select their bedtimes and wake&#xA;  times. Induction of such misalignment of circadian phase is likely to&#xA;  lead to chronic sleep deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it also was quite a small sample: any light at night is not so good, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00239-003-0038-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blue light&lt;/a&gt; is the worst. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Medical Association's Council on Science and Public Health: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph4-lightpollution-summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;recognizes that exposure to excessive light at night, including extended use of various electronic media, can disrupt sleep or exacerbate sleep disorders, especially in children and adolescents. This effect can be minimized by using dim red lighting in the nighttime bedroom environment.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047226/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exposure to Room Light before Bedtime Suppresses Melatonin Onset and Shortens Melatonin Duration in Humans&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Joshua J. Gooley, Kyle Chamberlain, Kurt A. Smith, Sat Bir S. Khalsa, Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam, Eliza Van Reen, Jamie M. Zeitzer, Charles A. Czeisler, Steven W. Lockley J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 March; 96(3): E463–E472. Published online 2010 December 30. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-2098&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270041/pdf/tjp0526-0695.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Jamie M Zeitzer, Derk-Jan Dijk, Richard E Kronauer, Emery N Brown, Charles A Czeisler&#xA;J Physiol. 2000 August 1; 526(Pt 3): 695–702. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x PMCID:  PMC2270041&#xA;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;ideal lamp&quot; shortly before bedtime is easily any lamp that is powered off. The evidence is growing that a lamp that simulates dawn shortly before bedtime is on second place. Dawn is meant here as: decreasing intensity &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; a reduction in the available spectrum: less blue light or a shift towards the &quot;red&quot; end of the spectrum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an environmental standpoint sadly the incandescent lightbulbs of old, coupled with an automatic dimmer-timer would be close to ideal. With modern LEDs things get complicated again since they typically emit rather specific wavelengths of light. Switching to red and yellow LEDs towards night seems necessary, choosing an LED-bulb advertised  with &quot;warm&quot; light characteristics would come next. Standard LEDs and &quot;bright&quot;, &quot;cold&quot; lights are not really advisable towards bedtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-05-21T20:05:13.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1376" CreationDate="2018-05-21T20:07:28.213" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent question and, sadly, it is one that doesn't seem to get much attention, even by dental professionals. But it should.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: The material given below is based on my own observations and study. It is not established dogma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll give my personal answer to this question, but I think this focuses on the wrong aspect: toothbrush brushing. Perhaps the question you are driving at is: what's an effective dental practice that can be used to reduce cavities and periodontal disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A toothbrush serves two purposes: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;cleaning&quot; teeth in the same way that you would use a broom to dislodge and sweep aside dirt &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;applying toothpaste as a polish or wax&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommendation that you not try to do both things at the same time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think of these two things like painting a wall, or waxing a surface like your floor or car: you scrape the surface to remove the old debris, &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; you apply the paint or wax to a clean(er) surface so it lasts longer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is true here: break up the microfilm and sweep away plaque (and tartar) as a separate step. This is done &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; toothpaste. After that, apply toothpaste to a clean surface as you would paint a surface. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice this is also the process that professional uses to clean your teeth. The step with toothpaste comes at the very end, and perhaps does not need to be done so frequently (as evidenced by the fact that it's not done every dental visit if there are several in succession.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many ways to clean the surface. A wet or dry toothbrush is just one mechanism, but I think it clumsy since most toothbrushes cover more than one tooth, can't get easily at the back or in between of the teeth as other things do. As one alternative, there is Christmas tree-like brush called a proxabrush. There are also toothpicks, dental floss, and you can buy a scraper like the dentist uses (but not as fancy) has sometimes right next to stores that sell toothbrushes and other oral supplies. But if you do use a metal scraper, I'd go very gently; (Dental enamel &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencefocus.com/article/human-body/how-hard-tooth-enamel-compared-to-other-materials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is harder than steel but it is more brittle&lt;/a&gt;); also stay away from the gums. There is something commonly found, and that is less hard than enamel, and kind of obvious that can be used. I suspect many people may find it gross: your fingernail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here's a case for the fingernail. Consider this example of a mouth with advanced tartar: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VYtnR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VYtnR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between a toothbrush and your fingernail, which do you think would be able to do better at removing the tartar in affected areas? I'd submit that even compared to a toothpick, a fingernail can be better for certain areas. You can feel the flaring of the tooth and make sure to get in that area, for example. Concerned about germs? Disinfect your finger and fingernail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok. So now that we've separated the cleaning and toothpaste part. Let's get to the toothpaste since that's what everyone seems to focus on. Again think of it like painting. Brush in one direction, at an angle with little force engaging just the tip. A toothbrush is after all just a brush like a broom or a paint brush. All of the ways you can damage a paintbrush quickly by using too much paint on it, smashing it perpendicularly into the surface and moving in random haphazard directions apply to a toothbrush as well. It is the same physical forces. In the painting community, a lot has been written about how to prolong the life of brushes and the proper way to use a brush. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhOzqI0mWmA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; shows what happens when you push with a brush rather pull with it. &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00220345800590120401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; has pictures of worn out tooth brushes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But rather than tell you how not to damage a toothbrush, the usual dental recommendation is to just throw the toothbrush out and buy another one (which you can also then damage quickly). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But here's another alternative that I don't think has gotten much attention: why not also use your finger? Here this is for spreading it around, not for abrasive use. After that you can swish the toothpaste around in your mouth to cover in between the teeth, then then spit the stuff out. You'll find that you do this faster and more efficiently, use less toothpaste while covering more surface area this way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay having written all of the above, I'll just say that the toothbrush and toothpaste (especially in areas with fluoridated water) is as not important as cleaning the surface which is done more effectively by means other than via a toothbrush.  This I largely haven't described. That's not to say that a toothbrush is useless, just not every effective given that there are other very simple alternatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's a topic for a different question, and one which I also think has not been covered very much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this verbiage isn't enough I've written about this also in &lt;a href=&quot;https://rockyramblings.quora.com/Demystifying-Dental-Care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://rockyramblings.quora.com/Demystifying-Dental-Care&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13799" LastEditorUserId="13799" LastEditDate="2018-05-23T04:29:47.977" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T04:29:47.977" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16352" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-21T21:33:23.373" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does “denaturing” nutrients in milk by boiling it make them less useful, or actually more useful, as they undergo “denaturation” anyway during digestion? I've read online that boiling milk &quot;denatures&quot; nutrients such as protein, calcium and others contained in milk, rendering the milk less nutritious. At the same time, I've also read that because the nutrients in milk (and other foods) undergo &quot;denaturation&quot; in our body during digestion anyway, boiling it will not make milk less nutritionally valuable, and will actually help the body to more readily absord the nutrients in it into the bloodstream right after ingestion. What is the truth in this matter? Thanks for any knowledgeable answers!  I put the word &quot;denature&quot; in quotes because it's a technical term and I'm not really sure in which ways it can correctly be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13817" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T15:36:39.623" Title="Does boiling milk really make the nutrients in it less useful to the body when ingesting it?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-22T04:37:59.710" Score="3" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I myself have gotten heat exhaustion once but that was while sitting still in a sauna. I knew to get out when I was dizzy. I gently collapsed onto the floor, still conscious. I noticed something odd happened. Well first off I repeatedly blinked slowly which I expected. But also, at first, even lifting my head an inch would make me dizzy. But as time passed, I could lift myself up further until an hour after collapse, I was back to normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I was wondering, if someone is running to exercise and it is hot outside, how hot does it have to be before heat exhaustion sets in and they need to stop running? For me in the sauna, it took a temperature over 120 degrees Fahrenheit to make me dizzy and even then, the amount of time it took was 45 minutes between getting in the sauna and getting dizzy. But I know that exercise would lower the temperature and time needed. I think it would be closer to 100 degrees ambient temperature before it sets in and here is my hypothesis as to why:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypothesis&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, assuming the person in question does not have a condition that prevents him/her from sweating and is hydrated and has snacks or has eaten a meal not all that long before he/she started running so that dehydration and hunger aren't a factor here, the sweating and temperature play a role. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sweating helps initially because it cools the body. But while you are running, you emit heat from your muscles working. Running involves most of the muscles of the body so that is a lot of heat. This heat goes into the cooler air, up to a point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point the ambient temperature right around you will be in equilibrium to the amount of heat from the muscles. This is when the heat will start building up. At this point, sweating isn't sufficient to cool down much, if at all. Once sweating becomes insufficient, it is only time before that person gets dizzy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that person gets dizzy and collapses in consciousness, that person has heat exhaustion. Becomes unconscious and body temperature rises, heatstroke. In either case, cooling down and more importantly getting out of the heat is a priority but heat exhaustion is less urgent than heatstroke is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So am I right about how someone would get heat exhaustion while running and also, am I right that near 100 degrees Fahrenheit would be the air temperature at which this will start happening?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T11:01:05.230" Title="How hot before someone gets heat exhaustion while running?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;heat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16353" CreationDate="2018-05-22T07:48:27.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Getting dizzy and collapse in the sauna or during running is not enough to say that this is from heat exhaustion. Such symptoms can also occur in &lt;strong&gt;vasovagal syncope&lt;/strong&gt; due to heat and the associated stress resulting in a drop in the blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vasovagal syncope&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heat exhaustion&lt;/a&gt; can be very similar (dizziness, pale and clammy skin), but in heat exhaustion your body temperature will rise to 38-40 °C (100.4-104 °F), while in syncope it won't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following study shows that &lt;strong&gt;heat exhaustion&lt;/strong&gt; can occur during running at ambient temperature as low as &lt;strong&gt;22 °C [71.6 °F]:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151836/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Environmental Conditions and the Occurrence of Exertional Heat Illnesses and Exertional Heat Stroke at the Falmouth Road Race (PubMed Central, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study reveals the incidence of heat illness (heat exhaustion and heat stroke) and the ambient temperature and humidity from 18 races, 11.3-km [7-mile] each.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in the 2003 race, at the ambient temperature 27.7 °C [81.9 °F], the incidence of heat illness was 7.6 per 1,000 runners (Table 1 and 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warning signs of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-heat-exhaustion/basics/art-20056651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heat exhaustion&lt;/a&gt; that could make someone stop running before collapsing could be nausea, fatigue, headache and dizziness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a study from Japan &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2013_03/199_205.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heat Stroke and the Thermal Environment, 2013&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients developed heat stroke when the maximum [ambiental] temperature reached&#xA;  approximately 28°C, and the incidence increased rapidly when the&#xA;  temperature exceeded 31°C. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-22T17:10:37.540" LastActivityDate="2018-05-22T17:10:37.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16317" CreationDate="2018-05-22T07:53:48.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The aging process itself can cause a stiffening of the blood vessels; also our genes, etc. In general, for people with hypertension, more potassium is better. One might use a salt substitute, like &quot;Morton's Salt Substitute&quot;, which is potassium chloride. Or drink low sodium v-8 juice, which is high in K. One might also take Magnesium citrate, or Mg-taurate supplements; according to label. One might also take a garlic supplement like Garlicin HC (TM) according to label instructions, or another good garlic supplement (e.g. Kwai).  If one likes celery, this makes a good snack!  And the general advice still applies:  report all supplements you take to your doctor when you visit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. If a person has pre-existing kidney disease, they should consult a doctor before beginning to supplement  potassium and/or magnesium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies etc. K &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21403995/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21403995/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mg: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22051430/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22051430/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Celery:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25352064/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25352064/&lt;/a&gt;  Also:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/health.clevelandclinic.org/celery-may-help-bring-your-high-blood-pressure-down/amp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/health.clevelandclinic.org/celery-may-help-bring-your-high-blood-pressure-down/amp/&lt;/a&gt; There is a lot more interesting stuff on the web about celery and other than just this. This study addresses the kidneys, high bp  is not good for the kidneys over time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Garlic:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-300/garlic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-300/garlic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is plenty of quality material on the net regarding K, mg, celery and garlic to aid control of hypertension. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB:  Of course, those with hypertension, even mild hypertension, should be under the care of a doctor and as I said above, the doctor should be informed of the supplements one takes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2018-05-23T18:32:44.390" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T18:32:44.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16359" CreationDate="2018-05-22T14:22:38.850" Score="7" ViewCount="832" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO entry &lt;/a&gt; I read that free sugars must be limited in our diet. The limit is around 5% of the carbohydrates intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, I'm quite confused with the difference between &lt;em&gt;free&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;non free&lt;/em&gt; sugars. I would guess it is related to mono and polysaccharides. More I supposed glucose would be a great nutrient as we need lot of carbohydrates, and it is ready for glucolysis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/xyQY8a-ng6g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Also the brain needs about 20% of carbohydrates intake&lt;/a&gt; - again I can't see why not glucose. In short: I cant understand what's the problem with free sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On this context I wonder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference of &lt;em&gt;free&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;non free&lt;/em&gt; sugars?  And &lt;strong&gt;why not to eat directly glucose&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastEditorDisplayName="user11906" LastEditDate="2018-05-28T02:55:08.170" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T12:12:40.040" Title="What is the difference between free sugars and non-free sugars, both chemically and medically?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16358" CreationDate="2018-05-22T14:41:23.810" Score="9" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free sugars are all instances were sugar can be avoided and is not essential. It is encouraged to cut down the free sugars intake because sugar has many negative health effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sugar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increases the risk of obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is linked to diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is linked to fatal cardiovascular disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encourages caries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is linked to the Alzheimer’s disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;is linked to ADHD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a wealth of evidence from many different types of investigation, including human studies, animal experiments and experimental studies in vivo and in vitro to show the role of dietary sugars in the etiology of dental caries (21). Collectively, data from these studies provide an overall picture of the cariogenic potential of carbohydrates. Sugars are undoubtedly the most important dietary factor in the development of dental caries. Here, the term ‘‘sugars’’ refers to all monosaccharides and disaccharides, while the term ‘‘sugar’’ refers only to sucrose. &lt;strong&gt;The term ‘‘free sugars’’ refers to all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, fruit juices and syrups.&lt;/strong&gt; The term ‘‘fermentable carbohydrate’’ refers to free sugars, glucose polymers, oligosaccharides and highly refined starches; it excludes non-starch polysaccharides and raw starches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, 2003&lt;/em&gt;, &quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42665/WHO_TRS_916.pdf;jsessionid=F07A1857FEE48931A02F354C88EB2AF3?sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO Technical Report Series 916 Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;, Geneva. 2003, p.109, Emphasis Mine&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Semantically, the main difference is that &lt;em&gt;free sugars&lt;/em&gt; are refined, and non-free sugars are unrefined. This is not really a chemical difference in the molecule (refined glucose is still glucose), but rather in the process of manufacturing products and foods.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/health-effects-of-sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The medical effects of free sugar are the same as of non-free sugar&lt;/a&gt; - glucose is glucose no matter what fancy name you give it and where you put it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But free sugar is mostly a food additive and not essential: Carbohydrates and starches are unavoidable, but adding household sugar or honey to foods as additives is unnecessary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Free sugars* contribute to the overall energy density of diets and higher intakes of free sugars threaten the nutrient quality of the diet by providing significant energy without specific nutrients, leading to unhealthy weight gain and increased risk of obesity and various NCDs, particularly dental caries which is the most prevalent NCD globally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: WHO.gov. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/elena/titles/free-sugars-adults-ncds/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reducing free sugars intake in adults to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other negative health effects of free sugar are summarised here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Free sugars contribute to the overall energy density of diets, and may&#xA;  promote a positive energy balance (5-7). Sustaining energy balance is&#xA;  critical to maintaining healthy body weight and ensuring optimal&#xA;  nutrient intake (8). &lt;strong&gt;There is increasing concern that intake of free&#xA;  sugars – particularly in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages –&#xA;  increases overall energy intake and may reduce the intake of foods&#xA;  containing more nutritionally adequate calories, leading to an&#xA;  unhealthy diet, weight gain and increased risk of NCDs&lt;/strong&gt; (9-13). Another&#xA;  concern is the &lt;strong&gt;association between intake of free sugars and dental&#xA;  caries&lt;/strong&gt; (3, 4, 14-16). Dental diseases are the most prevalent NCDs&#xA;  globally (17, 18) and, although great improvements in prevention and&#xA;  treatment of dental diseases have occurred in the past decades,&#xA;  problems still persist, causing pain, anxiety, functional limitation&#xA;  (including poor school attendance and performance in children) and&#xA;  social handicap through tooth loss. The treatment of dental diseases&#xA;  is expensive, consuming 5–10% of health-care budgets in industrialized&#xA;  countries, and would exceed the entire financial resources available&#xA;  for the health care of children in most lower income countries (17,&#xA;  19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: WHO. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf?sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sugars intake for adults and children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. p.1, Emphasis Mine&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/eating-too-much-added-sugar-increases-the-risk-of-dying-with-heart-disease-201402067021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eating too much added sugar increases the risk of dying with heart disease (Harvard Health Blog)&lt;/a&gt; and is correlated to ADHD development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the past decade, we have become increasingly aware of strong associations between overweight/obesity and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Davis, Caroline: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11920-010-0133-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Associations with Overeating and Obesity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. 2010&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least, &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-12-114&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;links between sugar intake and the Alzheimer’s Disease have been found.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only good news is that the current consensus regarding sugar addiction is that sugar is not addictive for humans:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We find little evidence to support sugar addiction in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5174153/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sugar addiction: the state of the science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-05-28T08:22:07.447" LastActivityDate="2018-05-28T08:22:07.447" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-22T15:18:39.147" Score="4" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;The terminology &lt;em&gt;free sugars&lt;/em&gt; is possibly related to mono and dissacharides. It is not clear to me if it means precisely just refined sugars or both, refined and not refined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There is a WHO study&lt;/a&gt; recommending &lt;em&gt;eat free sugars in low amounts&lt;/em&gt;. Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/16358/11906&quot;&gt;related post&lt;/a&gt; with an in some-respects illuminating answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, glucose is an energy source for the metabolism. Limiting that  sounds counterintuitive. It has been suggested that it is cariogenic, but it doesn't seem enough of a reason for limitation, as we could ingest it without much contact to the teeth, so that is would be dissolved only in the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what are the unhealthy facts related to free sugars that imply reducing the intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user11906" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-05-23T19:32:23.287" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T19:32:23.287" Title="Is there any reason why free sugar consumption should be limited to low amounts?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="116" CreationDate="2018-05-22T20:59:47.237" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;To directly answer your question: it is not.  &amp;quot;Natural&amp;quot; sugar is no healthier than &amp;quot;refined&amp;quot; sugar, and sugar in fruits is no healthier than sugar in juice.  Sugar molecules are sugar molecules, regardless of whether they are &amp;quot;natural&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;refined.&amp;quot;  There is no difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I believe the real question here is why the WHO is recommending one type of food over another, so I'll attempt to address this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sugar is the same, but (1) the rest of the food that you eat with the sugar is different, so (2) your overall diet is different, (3) which leads to different health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) When you eat refined sugar you are typically not consuming nutrient-dense foods.  A simple example is oranges vs. orange juice.  Have you ever tried to eat three oranges?  It's not easy.  You have to chew a lot of pulp, which fills you up, and later on you may have bowel issues due to the large amount of fiber.  These are natural mechanisms that help to prevent you from over-consuming oranges.  However, if you instead squeeze these oranges, you get a glass of orange juice, which is easy to drink, and due to the lack of pulp it is easy to digest and does not fill you up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) A healthy diet has carbs, protein, fats, fiber, water, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, and if you eat a balanced mix of fruits, vegetables, meats, grains, nuts, and/or other &amp;quot;natural&amp;quot; foods, you can get a pretty good mix of these.  If you consume a large quantity of refined foods, you'll get a lot of sugar, salt, and fat, but not much else, so you get a lot of calories but don't make much progress in your overall nutrient needs.  This has the dual effects of excess calories and nutrient deficiency.  You're starving (for nutrients) and over-consuming (sugar, salt, and fat) at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) This unbalanced diet (heavy in sugar) leads to some health effects such as (a) excess weight gain, and (b) decreased insulin sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3a) Fructose is generally processed by the liver, and it does not trigger the &amp;quot;fullness&amp;quot; feeling like glucose and other foods, leading to excess calorie consumption and weight gain.  This extra body fat is associated with negative health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3b) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar, but it can lose effectiveness, especially when blood sugar quickly and repeatedly rises to high levels.  This is not just due to sugar, but starch and high glycemic index foods that easily break down into glucose.  The amount matters, too.  It's not just how fast the food gets converted to glucose but how much of it there is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table sugar (sucrose) and corn syrup (including high fructose corn syrup) have both glucose and fructose, so you'll probably see both effects if you include enough refined foods in your diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, bottom line: refined foods have the same sugar chemicals, but the overall composition of the foods is skewed away from nutrients and toward sugar, which means the overall diet is out of balance, leading to over-consumption of calories, weight gain, and insulin resistance, which are associated with a number of health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;BR&gt;&#xA;[1] Maria Gadoy, &amp;quot;What's More Nutritious, Orange Juice Or An Orange? It's Complicated&amp;quot;, January 22, 2015, NPR, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/01/22/378920980/for-more-nutrients-drink-oj-or-eat-an-orange-it-s-not-so-clear-cut&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/01/22/378920980/for-more-nutrients-drink-oj-or-eat-an-orange-it-s-not-so-clear-cut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting discussion about pros and cons of oranges vs. juice.  Bottom line: cooking (pasteurizing) can release some nutrients better than fresh oranges, but juice has no fiber and does not fill you up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] DiNicolantonio JJ, Berger A. Added sugars drive nutrient and energy deficit in obesity: a new paradigm.  Open Heart 2016;3:e000469. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000469&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975866/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975866/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Not only do added sugars displace nutritionally superior foods in the diet, but they may also deplete nutrients from other foods that have been consumed, as well as from body stores, in order to enable their proper oxidation and liberate their calories as energy.&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Although edible, added sugars cannot be considered a ‘food’, nor can their consumption be equated to eating foods that contain natural amounts of sugar, but which also provide fibre, vitamins, minerals and other phytonutrients that combat oxidative stress produced by the small amounts of fructose present.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] George A Bray; How bad is fructose?, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 86, Issue 4, 1 October 2007, Pages 895–896, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.4.895&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.4.895&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;When ingested by itself, fructose is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and it is almost entirely cleared by the liver&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Glucose stimulates insulin release from the isolated pancreas, but fructose does not.&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Fructose is metabolized, primarily in the liver, by phosphorylation on the 1-position, a process that bypasses the rate-limiting phosphofructokinase step (4). Hepatic metabolism of fructose thus favors lipogenesis, and it is not surprising that several studies have found changes in circulating lipids when subjects eat high-fructose diets&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[4] Peter J. Havel; Dietary Fructose: Implications for Dysregulation of Energy Homeostasis and Lipid/Carbohydrate Metabolism, Nutrition Reviews, Volume 63, Issue 5, 1 May 2005, Pages 133–157, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00132.x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00132.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Compared with glucose, the hepatic metabolism of fructose favors lipogenesis, which may contribute to hyperlipidemia and obesity. Fructose does not increase insulin and leptin or suppress ghrelin, which suggests an endocrine mechanism by which it induces a positive energy balance.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[5] Boyd Swinburn, Gary Sacks, Eric Ravussin; Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 90, Issue 6, 1 December 2009, Pages 1453–1456, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28595&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28595&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Increased energy intake appears to be more than sufficient to explain weight gain in the US population.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[6] Sam Z. Sun, Mark W. Empie; Fructose metabolism in humans – what isotopic tracer studies tell us, Nutrition &amp;amp; Metabolism 2012 9:89, October 2012.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-89&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-89&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detailed account of fructose metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[7] Prediabetes &amp;amp; Insulin Resistance, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Although the exact causes of insulin resistance are not completely understood, scientists think the major contributors to insulin resistance are excess weight and physical inactivity.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13831" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T15:43:54.323" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16365" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16655" CreationDate="2018-05-23T06:36:37.943" Score="2" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble understanding the visual and structural differences between these vascular lesions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that purpura is elevated and that spider angiomas (easly recognizable) refill from the center to the periphery when pressure is applied. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the telengiectasias from Rendu Osler disease I am unsure if these lesions cannot be considered petechiae too because they are less than 3mm in diameter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2641" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:21:25.687" Title="Petechiae vs purpura vs teleangiectasia" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16370" CreationDate="2018-05-23T06:59:19.973" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rice does NOT trigger symptoms in gluten-related disorders and is commonly called gluten-free. In its broadest definition covering several species of cereal grains, gluten is composed of two families of storage proteins, prolamins and glutelins, which are ALSO present in rice. So what makes rice gluten-free? Is there a defining sequence-related or structural aspect of gluten missing from rice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T11:34:01.360" Title="What makes rice gluten-free?" Tags="&lt;gluten&gt;&lt;rice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16353" CreationDate="2018-05-23T11:01:05.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What matters is the so-called &lt;a href=&quot;http://Wet-bulb%20temperature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wet-bulb temperature &lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the wet-bulb temperature exceeds 35 C, then that's going to be fatal on the long run, as the human body can then no longer dump all the heat it produces into the environment. At rest we produce about 100 Watts of heat, we need a wet-bulb temperatures of just about 2 C lower than the body temperature to get rid of that heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A well trained athlete will produce a power of 250 Watt or more, with a typical efficiency of 25%, this means a total energy production of about 1 KW. That's ten times more than at rest and that would roughly require a ten times larger difference between the body temperature and the wet-bulb temperature. So, the maximum wet-bulb temperature for someone running quite fast would be about 19 C (note that body temperature typically rises when running, typically about 39 C), at 50% humidity &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kwangu.com/work/psychrometric.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this corresponds to a temperature of about 26 C&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean that running at 26 C and 50% humidity will cause people to drop dead, but running performance will be affected at such conditions, and you can expect that some people may pass out while running under these conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T11:01:05.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16367" CreationDate="2018-05-23T11:34:01.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;h3&gt;tl;dr:  The terminology used to compare plant proteins is used on a level of abstraction too high to give meaningful medical results. Prolamins are too broad of a chemical category to assay their biology and qualities in disease.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gluten-related disorders&lt;/a&gt; is a less than ideal term for a wide variety of disorders involving grains. While &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coeliac disease&lt;/a&gt; is triggered by wheat gluten, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wheat allergy&lt;/a&gt; is less well placed into this analytical category. For the consumer's sake of simplicity the equation of gluten=wheat like grains makes some sense, as a gluten-free product usually is also free of wheat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But all storage proteins in grasses are classified into four groups, called Osborne fractions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Albumin&lt;/a&gt;: water soluble, sometimes called leukosin in wheat (most likely allergen)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globulin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Globulin&lt;/a&gt;: soluble in salt-water, called edestin in wheat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolamin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prolamin&lt;/a&gt;: soluble in strong ethanol, called gliadine in wheat and oryzin in rice (not to be confused with the enzyme, but because of the name double often called just prolamin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutelin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glutelin&lt;/a&gt;: alkali/acid-soluble to non-soluble, called glutenin in wheat and oryzenin in rice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a very broad classification system for a mixture of several proteins in one group (or &amp;quot;family&amp;quot;) based on very basic properties. The actual contents, configurations and other chemical, biological or medical qualities of the various proteins are not really covered with this scheme. But it is already apparent that although the proteins from rice and wheat may be classified similarly but are different enough to get their different names early on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For StackExchange-simplicity's sake let's concentrate on the example of coeliac disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Celiac disease (CD) is more than just an “allergy” or “sensitivity” to wheat and gluten. It is a lifelong, &lt;strong&gt;permanent intolerance to the gliadin fraction of wheat protein and its related alcohol-soluble proteins (prolamins) found in rye and barley.&lt;/strong&gt; In patients with the genetic susceptibility to CD, ingesting these proteins leads to an autoimmune enteropathy that will self-perpetuate as long as these foods remain in the diet. The good news is that, unlike most autoimmune conditions, removal of the environmental trigger (gluten) from the diet of a biopsy-proven celiac results in complete symptomatic and histologic resolution of the disease in the majority of patients.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Differentiating CD from wheat allergy, gluten sensitivity, and other autoimmune gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (such as Crohn’s disease) can be challenging.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;From: Michelle Maria Pietzak: &amp;quot;Dietary Supplements in Celiac Disease&amp;quot;, in: S. Devi Rampertab &amp;amp; Gerard E. Mullin (Eds.): &amp;quot;Celiac Disease&amp;quot;, Humana Press: New York, Heidelberg, 2014, p137.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If is only the gliadin fraction and the closely related proteins in rye and barley that trigger this disease, then how does gliadin compare to oryzin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A singular feature of rice is that prolamin, which represents the major endosperm storage protein in other cereals except, oats (Shewry and Halford, 2002), is a minor protein in all rice grain milling fractions, whereas glutelin is the dominant protein in brown and milled rice. The proportion of albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin has been reported to be 5–10, 7–17, 75–81 and 3–6%, respectively, in brown rice, 4–6, 6–13, 79–83 and 2–7%, respectively, in milled rice, and 24–43, 13–36, 22–45 and 1– 5%, respectively, in rice bran (Adebiyi et al., 2009; Agboola et al., 2005; Cao et al., 2009; Ju et al., 2001; Juliano, 1985; Zhao et al., 2012).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rice prolamin has been reported to be composed of three polypeptide groups having MW of 10, 13 and 16 kDa, with the 13 kDa prolamin being predominant, as determined by SDS-PAGE (Hibino et al., 1989; Ogawa et al., 1987). In the current study, prolamin showed one major band with MW of about 10 kDa. Also, two minor subunits of about 18 kDa and 31–32 kDa were present, most likely due to cross-contamination with glutelin. The method used to extract the rice protein fractions from RF coupled with their solubilisation in the strong reducing buffer prior to SDS-PAGE analysis, provided good resolution of the proteins characterising the different fractions, which allowed the identification of the protein subunits of the intact rice protein ingredients.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157516302423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Luca Amagliania et al.: &amp;quot;Composition and protein profile analysis of rice protein ingredients&amp;quot;, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis&#xA;Volume 59, June 2017, Pages 18-26&lt;/a&gt;, [DOI].(&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.12.026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.12.026&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;exact&lt;/em&gt; structure of all the components making up a fraction of these proteins is not known yet. But it is clear that rice oryzin/prolamin does not trigger the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietary gluten storage proteins from wheat, rye, and barley contain protein sequences that elicit a diverse array of immunological response. Oats do not typi- cally elicit an immunological response unless there is sufficient cross-contamination from milling and handling of gluten-rich grains (i.e., wheat). Alpha-2 gliadin (α2-gliadin) contains a 33 amino acid sequence that is resistant to digestion by human gut and pancreatic enzymes and is a classic CD antigen.&#xA;In order to mount an immunological response to gluten proteins, a number of events need to take place. The antigen must breach the protective barrier of the small intestine to be presented to the B and T cells of the mucosal immune system by major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCs) present on antigen- presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells. Gluten proteins appear to traverse the cells and leak between cells due to defective regulation of tight junction proteins such as zonulin-1, providing a target for therapy &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;. A number of agents can initiate a breach in barrier function (i.e., infections, nonsteroidal medications, bacterial overgrowth); thus, defective permeability may be an antecedent to disease develop- ment as proposed by Fasano. The resultant processing of indigestible gluten anti- gens by the mucosal immune system leads to active small intestine inflammation whose inflammatory cytokines can further loosen the tight junctions and promote further entry of more gluten peptides to perpetuate the vicious cycle.&#xA;The enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TTG) removes the amide group from glutamine of gluten peptides such α2-gliadin, leaving it in a highly negatively charged state, which increases its affinity and binding to MHC HLA-DQ2.5 or DQ8. The aforementioned antibodies against TTG and deamidated gliadin become an important screening tool for CD.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Gerard E. Mullin 2014 (above), chap. Pathobiology, p2. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T11:34:01.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15409" CreationDate="2018-05-23T12:21:11.923" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good Question! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here we all know, the excess of everything is bad. If your &lt;code&gt;larger quantity&lt;/code&gt; means the use of 1-2 TBSP of olive oil in the breakfast time and then in the dinner time is completely fine. The effect of oil on your body totally depends on your way of intake- this also includes the quantity. You also need to take care of your other intakes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, If you are taking olive oil in warm milk before going to bed then the effect would be different on your body. If you are just pouring some oil onto the food then the effect would be different. What else are you taking which includes fats, and similar nutrients? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many benefits of olive oil that we cannot even count. But it also depends on how pure is your Olive OIL is. if it is not pure then it is very harmful to you to take in high amount. if it is pure and you are sure, you still wanna use good amount then you should be doing some exercise in order to consume it properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13840" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T12:21:11.923" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10818" CreationDate="2018-05-23T12:33:23.553" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best cookware is made up of clay. It is very healthy and good for you body. &#xA;Clay pots prove good for slow cooking as their porous nature allows both moisture and heat to circulate easily through them. ...&#xA;Clay being alkaline in nature helps in neutralising the pH balance of the food by interacting with the acid present in the food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wood is also very beneficial for your health.. while Plastic is really dangerous from all perspectives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13840" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T12:33:23.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16376" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16307" CreationDate="2018-05-23T12:40:53.397" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading on paper is way better from all perspectives. When you read on paper you are able to focus more and you are not putting pressure on your eyes and your brain passes the signals which help you stay relaxed. While on the other hand, when you read on any electronic device you are much more likely to damage your eyesight as well as weaken your brain. Doctors say a person must have 10 minutes break in 1 hour of continues using laptop or Tab. This is very important otherwise he/she may harm his/her mental as well as physical health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13840" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T12:40:53.397" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16307" CreationDate="2018-05-23T17:41:41.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To first establish a baseline: Reading is great for your brain, your mind, your intellect. But it can be bad for everything else. You sit, you concentrate, you stress your eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is such a common causal connection that the NHS simplifies the analysis of causes for myopia down to genes and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Short-sightedness (myopia) usually occurs when the eyes grow slightly too long, which means they're unable to produce a clear image of objects in the distance.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  It's not clear exactly why this happens, but it's thought to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors that disrupt the normal development of the eye.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Too little time outdoors&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Research has found that spending time playing outside as a child may reduce your chances of becoming short-sighted, and existing short-sightedness may progress less quickly.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  This may be related to light levels outdoors being much brighter than indoors. Both sport and relaxation outdoors appear to be beneficial in reducing the risk of short-sightedness.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Excessive close work&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Spending a lot of time focusing your eyes on nearby objects, such as reading, writing and possibly using hand-held devices (phones and tablets) and computers can also increase your risk of developing short-sightedness.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  An &quot;everything in moderation&quot; approach is therefore generally recommended. Although children should be encouraged to read, they should also spend some time away from reading and computer games each day doing outdoor activities.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/short-sightedness/causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS: Short-sightedness (myopia), Causes&lt;/a&gt; (2015)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Too little time outdoors&quot; is a shortcut for expressing giving the muscles and lenses of your eyes a workout with natural variation. Outdoors you usually have to focus objects that vary quite a bit in terms of distance etc. The evidence is slowly coming in for interventions regarding these stresses to improve things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A stronger effect was found at a school in southern Taiwan, where teachers were asked to send children outside for all 80 minutes of their daily break time instead of giving them the choice to stay inside. After one year, doctors had diagnosed myopia in 8% of the children, compared with 18% at a nearby school&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Elie Dolgin: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.17120!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/519276a.pdf?origin=ppub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;The Myopia Boom. Short-Sightedness is Reaching Epidemic Proportions. Some Scientists Think they have Found a Reason Why.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; Nature, Vol. 519, 19 March 2015, 276–278. Also, compare with &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb00760.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David L. Ehrlich: &quot;Near Vision Stress: Vergence Adaptation and Accommodative Fatigue&quot;, OPO, Volume 7, Issue 4 1987.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading on screens is so much worse that its effects got their own term: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Computer vision syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some decades back, before the advent of computers, the office work involved a range of activities, including typing, filing, reading and writing etc. All these activities are different from each other and needed different types of posture and vision, causing a natural break from each activity. With the computer all these activities were combined and needed no change of posture or vision of the user from his desktop. It certainly improved the quality of the work and efficiency but caused ocular problems, such as dry eye, redness, irritation, eye strain, tired eyes, temporary blurred vision, light sensitivity and muscular problems that stem from using a computer. All these symptoms collectively referred to as computer vision syndrome, which comprised of ocular surface abnormalities or accommodative spasms and/or extra-ocular (ergonomic) aetiologies due to improper posture such as neck and upper back pain and headache.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The major contributors to CVS is thought to be the dry eye, the visual effects of video display terminals (VDT) such as lighting, glare, display quality, refresh rates and radiation and positioning of computer monitors.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gmj.sljol.info/article/10.4038/gmj.v11i1.1115/galley/1023/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Saman Wimalasundera: &quot;Computer vision syndrome&quot;, Galle Medical Journal, Vol 11: No. 1, September 2006.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since now we have &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/millions-at-risk-of-computer-vision-syndrome/52515980?redirect=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Millions at risk of computer vision syndrome&lt;/a&gt; it seems quite easy to refer to this simplified risk hierarchy: no reading, paper reading, screen reading. But it should be clear that this problem is indeed one that can be mitigated with adhering to proper ergonomic principles. Apart from the behaviour a user/reader might adapt, such as variation in distance, breaks, body posture, the different sources – or better surfaces – of reading material should be watched out for. A high gloss magazine read on a sunny beach might be quite stressful for the eyes whereas an ergonomic, non-glare, high resolution display might fare quite a bit better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Significant eye symptoms relate to VDU use often occur and should not be underestimated. The increasing use of electronic devices with flat-panel display should prompt users to take appropriate measures to prevent or to relieve the eye symptoms arising from their use.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4916147/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Esteban Porcar et al.: &quot;Visual and ocular effects from the use of flat-panel displays&quot;, Int J Ophthalmol. 2016; 9(6): 881–885.&lt;/a&gt; doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.06.16&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While these ergonomics were theoretically known for a long time and the progressivists promised a brighter future (pun intended):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most people now have some contact with computers either at work or at home. With survey evidence suggesting that perhaps 50% or more of these individ- uals complain of some form of eye problems associ- ated with using computers, eye-care professionals, ergonomists and engineers are faced with a major chal- lenge. Improvements in display technologies continue apace and the next generation of displays will produce images of equivalent quality to typeset hardcopy. Speech recognition and synthesis are already available and this and other technologies are likely to reduce the visual demands of interacting with a computer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  In the meantime, solving the problems of individual users requires a holistic approach, taking account of workstation design, workpractices and psychological factors as well as optometric data.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0275540897000677&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;W.DavidThomson: &quot;Eye problems and visual display terminals—the facts and the fallacies&quot;, Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Volume 18, Issue 2, March 1998, Pages 111-119&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it seems that neither consumers nor some vendors and producers seem to really care. One of the largest manufacturers of displays, in phones, tablets, desktops and laptops has indeed not a single non-glare display on offer. If this is an oversight from the manufacturer, you still should not buy such a rotten fruit if you value your eyesight and have to read from displays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T17:41:41.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16383" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16387" CreationDate="2018-05-23T20:17:30.120" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a 29 year old pop lover... I have 3-4 cans (12 fl oz) per day of Mtn Dew or Pepsi.  I know I need to cut back on all the sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What types of drinks can serve as a tasty replacement that can appease my desire for these super sugary drinks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm certain someone out there has been in my shoes, needing to find an alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13843" LastEditorUserId="13843" LastEditDate="2018-06-04T18:04:40.463" LastActivityDate="2018-06-04T18:04:40.463" Title="Soda / Pop alternatives to appease desire for super sugary drinks" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-05-26T22:51:01.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-23T20:52:47.587" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am seeking a particular paper on pain perception in undergraduate males. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the late 1980s, my father told me about the experiment in the paper. My recollection is that he had read it long before, perhaps when he was a medical student, in the late 1950s or early 1960s. So the paper itself is very unlikely to be as late as 1975, and is likely to pre-1965. And my recollection of somebody else’s recollection of the experiment, recounted below, has had 5½ to 6 decades of imperfect memory in two different people: errors are possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The experiment is about the perception of pain in undergraduates. There are buckets of iced water, at various temperatures. One at a time, undergraduates, all male (it was a  while ago), plunge a hand into a bucket. The professor asks how painful it is, on a given scale, and he records the answer in his notebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the other part of the experiment, there are buckets of iced water, at various temperatures. One at a time, undergraduates, all male (ditto), plunge a hand into a bucket. The professor’s very attractive assistant asks how painful it is, on a given scale, and she records the answer in her notebook.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you might expect, the variable that best explained recorded pain levels was not the temperature of the water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am seeking the original paper. Google has not been my friend, which might or might not be my fault. Please, are there readers expert in this field who could point me to the paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13844" LastActivityDate="2018-05-23T20:52:47.587" Title="Mid-20C paper on pain perception in undergraduate males" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16383" CreationDate="2018-05-24T12:55:28.960" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have a job that requires concentration. The caffeine and sugar in the soda provide quick concentrated &quot;brain food&quot;. I am not passing judgement on sugar and caffeine. I eat both of these things myself, but in moderation. So you are asking for alternatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't you schedule an appointment with your doctor?  Discuss your situation and family history with your doctor. Also ask the doctor about some longer lasting food/beverage alternatives. The doctor may refer you to a registered dietician for a consultation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have to move away from &quot;tasty&quot;, because I doubt you are really seeking good taste (super-concentrated taste) in the beverage; what you are probably really seeking is the quick concentration and energy that sugar-caffeine provide.  I have mentioned green tea sweetened with stevia.   You might also discuss with the doctor the bottled water &quot;Gerolsteiner&quot;. Yes, a form of bottled water!  Remember water?  No, it will not taste as good as soda. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if what I have said constitutes medical advice or not according to the rules of this site.  I am sure the mods will alert or remove if my answer crosses the line. I want to follow the rules here, so if the mods feel that this answer should be removed, then they should feel free to remove it. What you are ideally seeking is hydration and slower burning, but substantial,  foods overall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Regarding other preventive measures, see:  &quot;Our recent human studies indicate that consuming roughly one half of a teaspoon of cinnamon per day or less leads to dramatic improvements in blood sugar, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.&quot;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/docs/cinnamon-health-benefits/research/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/docs/cinnamon-health-benefits/research/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;However, not all studies have shown positive effects of cinnamon, and type and amount of cinnamon, as well as the type of subjects and drugs subjects are taking, are likely to affect the response to cinnamon. In summary, components of cinnamon may be important in the alleviation and prevention of the signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and related diseases.&quot; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901047/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901047/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:  cinnamon, not cinnamon-sugar!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type of cinnamon: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.peoplespharmacy.com/posts/which-cinnamon-is-better-for-blood-sugar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.peoplespharmacy.com/posts/which-cinnamon-is-better-for-blood-sugar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So getting some cinnamon in the diet could also be something to discuss with your doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2018-05-25T00:44:45.600" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T00:44:45.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-24T21:06:22.207" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the conventionally accepted time period in which modern medicine began and are there any discoveries that are considered to be particularly relevant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13851" LastActivityDate="2018-05-24T21:06:22.207" Title="When did modern medicine begin?" Tags="&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-24T22:36:54.497" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been seeing a therapist for over a year, and while I feel some behaviors have changed for the better, and she is the first therapist I actually enjoyed talking to, I don't feel like the therapist is hitting on things I want to address (which I have expressed to her). She hits on the interpersonal aspect, and I am really looking for a more intrapersonal take. She had to take a break due to family personal issues. During this downtime, it has left me wondering if continuing with her and really a therapist is actually what I need or if it is a psychologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand one of the major differences between the 2 is that a psychologist can write prescriptions and is a doctor while a therapist cannot. I have tried to google this too but not sure if my expectations are fantasy or realistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect that when I go to a psychologist, I can find ways to change behavior, or ways to handle negative traits better so I can still achieve desired life aspects. I understand it won't happen overnight but I also had this same expectation going to a therapist only to be disappointed it was mostly focused on relationships with others. While I certainly can use help in that department, I really want to address my own mental issues first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are my expectations of a Psychologist realistic, or will they virtually do the same thing as a therapist only they can write prescriptions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9865" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T07:24:20.713" Title="Therapist vs Psychologist" Tags="&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16394" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16398" CreationDate="2018-05-25T03:58:08.497" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard body builders take a lot of proteins so that they can build their muscles.  Since taking too much certain nutrition can generally cause health problem (e.g. carbo-hydrates, salts, etc...), I thought the same goes for proteins too.  So here comes my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can eating a lot of proteins cause damage to your health?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does this mean body builders who take a lot of proteins risk their health to build their muscles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or, does the threshold of amount of eaten proteins which can be a risk for health depends on how much they are consumed to build muscles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7061" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T10:58:26.937" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T10:58:26.937" Title="Is it unhealthy to eat too much proteins?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16395" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16410" CreationDate="2018-05-25T05:05:25.867" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, take the drug &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/diphenhydramine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diphenhydramine&lt;/a&gt;. The website says that &quot;Diphenhydramine is used to treat sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, hives, skin rash, itching, and other cold or allergy symptoms.&quot; It also says that &quot;Diphenhydramine may cause dizziness or drowsiness.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: why is it that diphenhydramine &quot;may&quot; cause dizziness or drowsiness? Are our bodies so different that it can cause dizziness/drowsiness in one person but not in another? And if it's indeed the case that our bodies are different, can it also be the case that diphenhydramine &quot;may&quot; treat sneezing, runny nose etc in some people but not in others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-05-26T00:12:16.170" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T11:38:34.813" Title="Why is it that some medicines &quot;may&quot; cause a side effect?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16396" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16392" CreationDate="2018-05-25T07:24:20.713" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From PsyD to PhD to MSW to MFT and others, psychotherapists have a wide variety of backgrounds, education, exposures, experiences, philosophies, and approaches to treatment.  Much more so than most other treatments, there is a lot of diversity in how they treat patients.  I have asked a similar question to our psychology faculty, as patients sometimes complain that they didn't get what they were seeking from one therapist, then give up.  Especially cognitive behavioral therapy - not all therapists offer it, but it is highly effective for certain conditions. Their answer was to have them try another provider until they find someone who does, or ask one of them to refer you to someone who specializes in something specific.  I think the best bet to land on someone most diverse in techniques would be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/careers-in-psych/201603/choosing-between-phd-and-psyd-some-factors-consider&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PsyD,&lt;/a&gt; because their education process is more extensive than MFT/MSW, and is more likely to be clinical-focused than PhD which is sometimes research focused.  But there are excellent therapists of all education backgrounds, so avoid assuming the degree defines skill.  Really, it comes down to trial and error to find what you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the above write prescriptions. Psychiatrists are MD or DO who go through medical school and specialize in medical treatment of psychological conditions; however, although some are, not many are trained in psychotherapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T07:24:20.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-25T13:17:44.057" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is the best place for the question, but it seemed like the appropriate board to ask on..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm not asking if Higher IQ= Smoking more weed or anything like that. &#xA;I was just wondering, from my understanding, a higher IQ basically means more connections in the brain. So does a Higher IQ influence how people react to cannabis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean you get high faster? Slower? Or does a higher IQ change the 'high' completely? Has any research been done on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S- I tried to google the topic, but all i found were studies on the correlation of IQ and cannabis use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13852" LastActivityDate="2018-05-25T21:49:58.270" Title="Does a higher IQ influence the 'high' of weed?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16394" CreationDate="2018-05-25T15:28:23.793" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Humans need between 6 to 10 percent of calories to come from protein. Six percent is almost enough for anyone. Ten is for pregnant women and hardcore athletes. To answer this question, it is important to state that animal and plant protein effect humans in different ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes. Consuming over 10% of calories from strictly animal protein has been proven to promote cancer growth. For the latest evidence-based information and a detailed report on this, read Chapter 3 of the book The China Study Revised and Expanded Edition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes. Too much animal protein can cause kidney hyperfiltration while plant-based protein doesn't. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-not-to-die-from-kidney-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Humans need between 6 to 10 percent of calories from protein. Getting more than 10% of calories whether from animal or plant protein is not necessary. Consuming more than 10% of calories from protein is not only unnecessary, but it robs us of the space and opportunity to get calories from other nutrients that we need.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastEditorUserId="13398" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T13:50:20.457" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T13:50:20.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16358" CreationDate="2018-05-25T15:56:26.217" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine that your arteries are hallways and that your muscle cells are apartments with doors withing those hallways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When glucose enters your bloodstream, the body says, &quot;Hey pancreas! There is energy in the hallways, I need insulin!&quot; Imagine insulin like agents who come and unlock the doors. The energy then gets into your muscle cells and you are full of energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what happens when everything works well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ofUuI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ofUuI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Arteries the Hallways and Doors the Muscle Cell Doors&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when too much glucose enters your bloodstream too quickly? The body says, &quot;Hey Pancreas! I need insulin immediately!&quot;. Pancreas says, &quot;How much boss?&quot; The body demands, &quot;Millions within minutes!&quot; Pancreas replies, &quot;What?! I can't do that!&quot; So it tries to create as many insulin agents as possible, but it's not enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here aren't enough insulin agents to unlock the doors so too much energy ends up in the bloodstream. And we can't have any of that. So the body goes to plan B. It releases some of it through urine and converts some of it to fat. That's Diabetes type 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another scenario. Energy enters the bloodstream. Pancreas is working great. There are enough insulin agents, but they can't get to the doors. The doors are blocked by garbage so that the agents can't even reach the handle. What is this garbage? It's fat. It piles up on the apartment doors and prevents insulin agents can't get to it. That's Diabetes type 2. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/what-causes-insulin-resistance/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does too much glucose enter the bloodstream too quickly? When we consume foods that contain carbohydrates which are deprived of all or almost all fiber. You see, fiber are like traffic controllers who control how fast energy is absorbed into the bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the sugar is bound to fiber, then the traffic controllers do its work. If not, then it's like opening the borders and letting everyone run through without any order. This causes chaos in the bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Free sugars are sugars which are not bound to fiber the traffic controllers. Non free sugars are sugars bound to fiber and this is sugar which is consumed when you eat whole fruits and vegetables. No juicing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastEditorUserId="13398" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T12:12:40.040" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T12:12:40.040" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-25T16:05:59.900" Score="4" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;The silver side of a rescue blanket reflects light and infrared-light, thus preventing heat to escape from the wrapped patient. The golden sight absorbs light and heats up a bit. This should help the patients with hypothermia. &lt;a href=&quot;https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/q/373&quot;&gt;Which way to put it and how it works has been discussed here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as the rescue blanket is also used as a first aid item, I can imagine that in the heat of the entire situation, someone might confuse the sides and wrap the patient the wrong way round (Most blankets come with a user manual, but most people don’t even read the manual of theirs oven...). In the linked post, some users claim that this will prevent hyperthermia, basically the opposite of the desired effect. On the other hand, I have heard people claim that a rescue blanket the other way round will still preserve most heat, just not as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a rescue blanket was applied the wrong way round, what is it’s degree of effectivity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T13:07:45.797" Title="How effective is a „wrong-way“ rescue blanket?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="893" CreationDate="2018-05-25T17:31:31.097" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only has it been proven that a whole food plant-based diet can reverse diabetes type 2 in many cases, but that it can completely reverse diabetes type 2 in two weeks in some people who've been injecting themselves with insulin for 20 years on a daily basis. Studies where this has been achieved can be found at the following link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-not-to-die-from-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionFacts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastEditorUserId="13398" LastEditDate="2018-05-26T08:25:46.280" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T08:25:46.280" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1164" CreationDate="2018-05-25T17:40:09.153" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2013, as an already healthy athlete, I decided to stop eating meat, eggs, and dairy products and switch to a plant-based diet. Very soon thereafter, I noticed significant positive changes, realized what it truly meant to be a human being, and never looked back again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Once you access any of the sources below, to see the supporting peer-reviewed articles, click on the sources cited tab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More energy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/plant-based-diets-for-improved-mood-and-productivity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), better athletic performance (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/whole-beets-vs-juice-for-improving-athletic-performance/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;), faster muscle recovery (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/enhanced-athletic-recovery-without-undermining-adaptation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;), less inflammation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/reducing-muscle-fatigue-with-citrus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/reducing-muscle-soreness-with-berries/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;), better and more frequent bowel movement (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/bowel-movement-frequency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/bowels-of-the-earth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-many-bowel-movements-should-you-have-every-day/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;), better blood sugar (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-not-to-die-from-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;), less cholesterol (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/switching-from-beef-to-chicken-fish-may-not-lower-cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;), lower risk of cancer or better said cancerlet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/how-not-to-die-from-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;) (12 Latest-evidence based information on cancer can be found in chapter 3 of the book The China Study Revised and Expanded Edition) and much, much more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A vegetarian diet includes eggs and dairy products which, whether organic or not, still contain the same main components that meat does - cholesterol, high amounts of saturated fat, no fiber, and almost no antioxidants (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/antioxidant-power-of-plant-foods-versus-animal-foods/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;). So I only speak in the name of a whole food plant-based diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a picture comparing 500 calories of animal foods vs 500 calories of plant foods. Note the animal foods' cholesterol, high amounts of saturated fat, and no fiber. Data sources for the data in the picture:&#xA;• USDA Nutrient Database. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;• Holden JM, Eldridge AL, Beecher GR, et al. “Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database.” J. Food Comp. Anal. 12 (1999): 169–196.&#xA;• Campbell, T. Colin (2016) Chart 11.2 The China Study. Benbella Books. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oeLjd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oeLjd.png&quot; alt=&quot;500 calories of plant foods vs 500 calories of animal foods&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a picture that shows the food categories that I strive to consume on a daily basis. Each category, every day. And of course, remember to exercise and manage stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZjrKH.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZjrKH.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;proper plant-based diet&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastEditorUserId="13398" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T15:05:11.250" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T15:05:11.250" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16408" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16426" CreationDate="2018-05-26T08:42:26.553" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that heart attack is when some of cells are dead. That's why heart beats abnormally and needs AED to stop it and restart. After that it beats again normally and my question is - how come since cells are dead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13858" LastActivityDate="2018-05-27T17:42:31.210" Title="Why heart beats normal after AED?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-26T08:52:21.890" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was investigating finasteride as a treatment to male hair loss, when I came across the following study showing a 1.4% chance of getting erectile dysfunction (ED)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346286/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346286/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the average length that males suffered ED was around 3 years after discontinuing the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the current available research is it reasonable to assume that taking finasteride comes with a 1% risk of suffering from ED for a median average of 3 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13859" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T20:33:37.517" Title="Has finasteride been shown to cause erectile dysfunction?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16395" CreationDate="2018-05-26T11:24:41.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A medication may have different effects and side effects in different individuals and even in the same individual at different times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference in the effects can be due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A different dose or form of a medication&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking a medication at different times of the day or with/without food, in the standing/lying position...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Body weight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Personal [genetic] susceptibility, age, sex and general state of health&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interaction with other drugs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Expectation/information about the effects (placebo effect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of diphenhydramine may greatly depend on the type and severity of allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having or not having dizziness after taking diphenhydramine may depend on eventual co-factors, such as lack of sleep, tiredness, psychological state (depression, anxiety...), dehydration and alcohol drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bit of this is described on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196135.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-26T11:38:34.813" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T11:38:34.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-26T14:32:55.203" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Can increased fibrin production from joint damage &lt;strong&gt;promote&lt;/strong&gt; vascular disease such as arterial blockages, particularly where obesity or markedly increased weight causes knee, hip, ankle, and spine damage?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After realizing that fibrin can play a major role in vascular blockage construction or buildup, it also became evident that anything promoting increased fibrin production (such as your body's efforts to heal joints) may play a major role in contributing to traditional heart disease.  It would also go a long way in explaining why obesity itself is so problematic in arterial blockages to the heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, it would help to explain why cholesterol, by itself, does not so completely mark heart disease. For example, I would imagine that many of us, like me, know folks that have remarkably high cholesterol levels (even very high LDL), but never actually experience heart blockages. I have realized that many of these same people with longterm dangerously high LDL levels also are not (overly) obese, and particularly important to note, &lt;em&gt;did not experience serious joint troubles&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, conversely, I've witnessed person after person who has had problems with their knees, hips, back and such who consistently require stents or even open heart surgery to resolve blockages. I've also seen folks who've had minor joint problems require only a stent or two, and then suddenly when they required hip or knee replacement their blockage situation exploded and they required multiple bypasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is all anecdotal and seemingly clear via life examples, I'd be interested to see if any research has been done in this area yet to corroborate such data as I've not found anything that directly correlates this so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T14:32:55.203" Title="Fibrin production from joint damage promotes arterial blockages?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;coronary-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-26T15:06:26.057" Score="0" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good evening, dear friends, I am a 'new' male pornstar. I wanna know that is there any natural way, without any pills/capsules/surgery kind of stuff, to hold my erection for more than a hour? It's very necessary friends because it's the real part of my job! Secondly, how do I maintain my erection after ejaculating once? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13862" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T16:02:51.353" Title="Is there a natural way by which I can hold my erection for more than a hour? How do I maintain my erection after ejaculation?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;erection&gt;&lt;sexual-penetration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-05-27T18:33:00.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16412" CreationDate="2018-05-26T16:02:51.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Problems with erections can be caused by a physical condition, and they can be caused by psychological factors.  Treating any physical or psychological underlying condition should help. Your GP can suggest possible treatment options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treating erection problems caused by psychological factors can be more challenging. However, most men who persevere with treatment find the problem resolves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are concerned that things are not going as they should, you should seek advice from a doctor or licensed mental health professional who can see you in person and learn the important parts of your history (medical, social, and psychological).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can learn to delay climax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are a number of self-help techniques you can try before seeking medical help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;masturbating an hour or two before having sex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;using a thick condom to help decrease sensation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;taking a deep breath to briefly shut down the ejaculatory reflex (an automatic reflex of the body, during which ejaculation occurs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;having sex with your partner on top (to allow them to pull away when you are close to ejaculating)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;taking breaks during sex and distracting yourself by thinking about something completely different (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3055.aspx?categoryid=118&amp;amp;subcategoryid=120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but you cannot naturally maintain erection after ejaculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/sexual-health/a12026/the-penis-and-how-it-works/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NetDoctor&lt;/a&gt; points out:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At orgasm, the signalling from the brain changes dramatically. There is a sudden increase in noradrenaline production from nerves in the genitalia. This seems to both trigger orgasm and contract the muscle fibres in the corpora cavernosa and their supplying arteries. As a result of this the blood flow into the penis reduces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T16:02:51.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16415" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16408" CreationDate="2018-05-26T17:10:34.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An AED stops the heart from beating entirely (beneficial in some situations), and has nothing to do with the death of cells during a heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rhythm of the heart is regulated by electrical signals which are controlled by the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node. An adequate simulation of this can be seen in this gif:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z94wk.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z94wk.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source for animation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://m.imgur.com/gallery/a3gkASD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Battlinbill07 on imgur.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This cycle is fairly stable and beats throughout your whole life (although some beats are skipped and some people have heart arrhythmias from birth onwards).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, the cycle messes up and heart arrhythmia ensues. Some types  prevent proper blood circulation and result in the death of a patient. Some are also problematic because CPR is not efficient in those scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The AED sends a strong electric signal through the heart. &lt;a href=&quot;https://acls.com/free-resources/knowledge-base/vf-pvt/shockable-rhythms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;For some shockable rhythms&lt;/a&gt;, this is recommended and will result in an asystole (a flatline). In some TV dramas, this causes the patient to wake up, but in fact a de-fibrillator only stops the heart activity entirely, thus also eliminating fibrillations. Sometimes, this will synchronise the nodes and the heart starts to beat again normally, and sometimes even the synchronisation doesn’t help and an asystole is the result. This is why defibrillating a flatline is totally useless, despite being often done in TV shows. After the AED created an asystole, CPR is most effective and will result in better survival chances than CPR with fibrillation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A heart attack is the result of a blocked artery and leads to the slow death of the heart muscle due to low oxygen supply. The heart stops beating long before the entire muscle died, and some of the process is reversible. Usually, a heart attack leads to an asystole when the heart stops beating, which is not a shockable rhythm and an AED will not recommend a shock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A cardiac arrest (wrongly used interchangeably for heart attack) is the general failure of the heart to beat and has many causes (including a heart attack), some of them arrhythmias where a shock may improve survival chances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-05-26T22:22:49.537" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T22:22:49.537" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-26T20:27:54.203" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nautilus.com/catalog/productdetail.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760486&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nautilus.com/catalog/productdetail.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760486&lt;/a&gt; claims that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Internally rotated arm position reduces shoulder impingement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in this type of pec fly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AC06c.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AC06c.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Videos of people using this pec fly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joOwIJuL0NE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joOwIJuL0NE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shYrmYkHsD4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shYrmYkHsD4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(exercise)#Chest_fly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chest fly&lt;/a&gt; (= pectoral fly = butterfly) machines are otherwise designed with one of the following two types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bodybuildingplaza.blogspot.com/2012/07/pec-deck-machine-for-chest.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 1&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AC06c.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AC06c.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O9ZtD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O9ZtD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jet.com/product/detail/37093113329d4d658d16db64e6e7ef3b?jcmp=pla:ggl:gen_sporting_goods_a1:exercise_fitness_weight_lifting_a1_other:na:PLA_345660300_23686986540_pla-161706659820:na:na:na:2&amp;amp;code=PLA15&amp;amp;ds_c=gen_sporting_goods_a1&amp;amp;ds_cid=&amp;amp;ds_ag=exercise_fitness_weight_lifting_a1_other&amp;amp;product_id=37093113329d4d658d16db64e6e7ef3b&amp;amp;product_partition_id=161706659820&amp;amp;gclid=CjwKEAjw1qHABRDU9qaXs4rtiS0SJADNzJisFJec-sQkbBYIXspDN9MG0gQpHWlncloL-mxtLuNy4BoC0Vvw_wcB&amp;amp;gclsrc=aw.ds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 2&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V0n2X.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V0n2X.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sg7gZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Sg7gZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-05-26T20:27:54.203" Title="Does this kind of pec fly reduce shoulder impingement?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-27T11:47:48.540" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a coffee fan, but  I would like to know what are the health benefits of the coffee ?&#xA;Some people say good for body fitness etc, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like to get an idea about coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13695" LastActivityDate="2018-05-27T11:47:48.540" Title="What are the health benefits of coffee?" Tags="&lt;benefits&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16408" CreationDate="2018-05-27T17:42:31.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's right Adrian, it restarts because the damage wasn't sufficient to turn it incapable of functioning. But it may develop cardiac insufficiency as the time passes by.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8951" LastActivityDate="2018-05-27T17:42:31.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-27T17:53:23.017" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;One may use a Lacrosse balls to loosen calf muscles (i.e., gastronemius and the soleus), e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nw4Bq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nw4Bq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qygxP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qygxP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Couldn't one use one's own knee to loosen in calf muscles instead, just as efficiently as the Lacrosse ball?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-05-27T17:53:23.017" Title="Lacrosse balls versus using one's own knee to loosen in calf muscles" Tags="&lt;stretching&gt;&lt;massage&gt;&lt;calf-muscles-calves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16432" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16433" CreationDate="2018-05-28T12:18:35.297" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read on many sites that spot reduction is a myth.&#xA;But why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shouldn't a muscle use the source of energy nearest to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry but I don't know much bout energy usage and stuff in human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to understand why exactly does spot reduction doesn't work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7810" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T08:03:30.720" Title="Why does spot fat reduction doesn't work?" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16432" CreationDate="2018-05-28T17:49:00.670" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you do not get enough nutrients from food, your blood glucose levels tend to fall, which triggers the release of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine is transported via the blood to the &lt;strong&gt;fat stores anywhere in the body,&lt;/strong&gt; where it triggers the breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids. Fatty acids leave the fat stores, enter the blood and are transported to any &quot;hungry&quot; muscle, where they are broken down to energy. &lt;em&gt;(The Science Behind Fat Metabolism: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ketoschool.com/the-science-behind-fat-metabolism-60f7a3f678d0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ketoschool&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the muscles don't just eat the nearby fat but the fat that is delivered to them via the blood from any part of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetics affects where a person loses weight first,&lt;/strong&gt; and it also depends on where they gain it first. &lt;em&gt;(Dr. Janet Brill &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicaldaily.com/weight-loss-whole-body-thing-and-spot-reducing-fat-doesnt-work-317930&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Daily&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Effects of Sit up Exercise Training on Adipose Cell Size and Adiposity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02701367.1984.10609359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tandofline&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The effect of abdominal exercise on abdominal fat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-05-30T08:03:30.720" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T08:03:30.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12064" CreationDate="2018-05-28T18:24:52.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2154152&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; study, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that no statistically significant overall association can be detected between milk and dairy product intake and symptoms of mucus production in healthy adults, either asymptomatic or symptomatic, with rhinovirus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that you're already aware of this given your comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I've also read elsewhere that dairy doesn't impact thickness of mucus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a saying, &quot;the plural of anecdote isn't data&quot;, which applies here. Unless you find strong evidence on the opposing side, or you see glaring problems with the study, it's best then to assume that dairy products don't increase mucus production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not to say that your experiences are unimportant. If you feel otherwise (and that's not due to a nocebo effect), then do as you please and decrease your dairy consumption. However, I'll leave you with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthyeating.org/Milk-Dairy/Milk-Myth-Busters/Article-Viewer/Article/29/Milk-Myth-Drinking-Milk-Causes-Mucus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article, which states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some doctors say that milk thickens saliva, which may coat the throat and give the perception of more mucus, but it does not cause the body to produce more mucus or phlegm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6943" LastActivityDate="2018-05-28T18:24:52.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10691" CreationDate="2018-05-29T03:06:13.837" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Licorice root which is also called Mulethi in Hindi is excellent for reducing hair fall. One of the main reasons of hair fall is inadequate diet and infections on the scalp skin. Licorice as an anti-bacterial agent which cures the infections on scalp like eczema. Dandelion root is also known for reducing hair fall. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have personally not used Licorice or Dandelion but I have used Bringraj Juice and a few other &lt;a href=&quot;https://honeyfurforher.com/natural-hair-treatment-for-reversing-premature-grey-hair-alopecia-hair-loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medicines&lt;/a&gt;, and a self-prepared ayurvedic shampoo to reduce hair fall. If you are interested below is the recipe that I use which has miraculously reduced my hairfall to a great extent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purchase shikakai, reetha and amla powders and mix them in equal quantities (100gm). Add 50gm of Methi seeds powder to the mixture. Store it in a container. It wont go bad. Now take a tablespoon of this mixture and add a very small amount of water in it to make a thick paste. Leave it for at least 3 - 4 hours before bath. Use this as a hair mask and wash it off after 10 minutes. Avoid getting this in your eyes while bathing because shikakai powder can really irritate the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13881" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T03:06:13.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16440" CreationDate="2018-05-29T08:14:43.747" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it that clothes might turn white after sweating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13884" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-05-29T14:09:58.503" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T14:30:18.137" Title="White color on clothes after sweating?" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16439" CreationDate="2018-05-29T10:36:19.997" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sweat contains a concentration of salt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration#Composition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Composition:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Sweat is mostly water. A microfluidic model of the eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of minerals, lactic acid, and urea. Although the mineral content varies, some measured concentrations are: sodium (0.9 gram/liter), potassium (0.2 g/l), calcium (0.015 g/l), and magnesium (0.0013 g/l).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na+ ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within eccrine glands sweat has a high concentration of Na+ ions. In the sweat ducts, the Na+ ions are re-absorbed into tissue by epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells that form the duct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many other trace elements are also excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold) zinc (0.4 milligrams/liter), copper (0.3–0.8 mg/l), iron (1 mg/l), chromium (0.1 mg/l), nickel (0.05 mg/l), and lead (0.05 mg/l). Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous &quot;maple syrup&quot; scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus Lactarius. In humans, sweat is hypoosmotic relative to plasma (i.e. less concentrated). Sweat is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just as the salt from antiperspirants can stain dark clothing, excessive sweating can leave a ring of white salt on dark clothes. Often you'll notice dark colored shirts with white rings around the collar after profuse sweating. Usually this salt will wash out during a normal wash cycle, but you may wish to soak the material is cold water to dissolve the salt if the stains are tough to remove.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2280" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-05-29T14:30:18.137" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T14:30:18.137" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-29T12:45:36.847" Score="3" ViewCount="166" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a vessel located on the left middle side of my forehead which keeps pumping for few times noticeably every few minutes, my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are vessels flowing on the left-mid side of the forehead that can be felt pulsating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12394" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-05-29T19:57:05.690" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T20:06:17.897" Title="Which vessel could a pumping vessel in the left middle side of forehead be?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;forehead&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16444" CreationDate="2018-05-29T15:48:49.057" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of studies which claim that synthetic vitamins (the one that are in nearly all vitamin pills) are harmful for your health and can lead to an early death and heart problems etc, are these studies scientificly accurate? my question is:&#xA;Are synthetic vitamins (Vitamin A-Z) harmful or healthy for your body, if so why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;greetings&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13886" LastEditorUserId="13886" LastEditDate="2018-05-29T15:54:09.970" LastActivityDate="2019-06-24T06:57:19.420" Title="Are synthetic vitamins harmful?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:38:35.963" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16443" CreationDate="2018-05-29T16:05:23.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, for healthy non-pregnant individuals, synthetic vitamins are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unnecessary, until you have a balanced mixed diet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less efficient than vitamins naturally present in foods, because they do not come with all additional beneficial nutrients found in foods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DS_WhatYouNeedToKnow.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: Some, but not all, studies have found associations between long-term vitamin supplements intake and harmful effects, but the cause-effect relationships have been not clearly established. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169010/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2011 study&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;vitamin E&lt;/em&gt; supplements significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another 2011 study&lt;/a&gt;: In older women, several commonly used dietary vitamin and mineral supplements may be associated with increased total mortality risk; this association is strongest with supplemental &lt;em&gt;iron.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219377&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 2013 systematic review&lt;/a&gt;: Supplementation with multivitamins does not appear to increase all-cause mortality or cancer or cardiovascular incidence or mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5241405/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 2016 review&lt;/a&gt;: Taking supplements of &lt;em&gt;vitamin E, A, C, D, and folic acid&lt;/em&gt; for prevention of disease or cancer is not always effective, and can even be harmful to the health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chemically, the synthetic and natural vitamins are the same. Some synthetic vitamins can come in the form of salts, such as thiamin mononitrate or sodium ascorbate; I have no information about side effects of such vitamin formulations.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-24T06:57:19.420" LastActivityDate="2019-06-24T06:57:19.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-29T16:07:44.660" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been into body building for the last 25 years, and my joints are in poor shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are things made for sore joints like &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00UW3E2HW&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucosamine Sulfate&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01DBTFO98&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Turmeric Curcumin&lt;/a&gt; that get great reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I want to know if these supplements are simply masking the pain or if they are doing anything to repair the damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin, for example, would be temporary and just mask the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did send this question to the manufacturers, but they said they did not have any data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13888" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T16:07:44.660" Title="Are supplements like Glucosamine permanent or temporary?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-29T17:25:44.663" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does it feel so good (not dull pain), to encircle or press on a healing wound with a finger at a proximity that is very close to the border of the wound?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a healing bruise feels so good when pressed against and a flesh wound when encircled with a finger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13458" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T14:33:23.963" Title="Good pain from a healing wound" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16441" CreationDate="2018-05-29T20:06:17.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rA9uQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rA9uQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Map of the superficial arteries (the arteries close beneath the skin), taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicalgate.com/head-and-neck-overview-and-surface-anatomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ClinicalGate&lt;/a&gt;, which I believe they have taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books/about/Gray_s_Anatomy_for_Students.html?id=SJBqAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gray's Anatomy for Students&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rLtIA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rLtIA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Map of the deeper arteries, &lt;em&gt;ibid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm unsure which you consider the left-mid side of your forehead, but you probably felt one of the larger arteries like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;superficial temporal artery&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_artery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;facial artery&lt;/a&gt;, but please check for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-05-29T20:06:17.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16449" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-30T00:43:33.903" Score="6" ViewCount="207" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a pretty annoying dry cough a while ago following a cold. In the list of incredients for a cough syrup that I used, it said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each 5 mL or 1 teaspoonful (tsp.) contains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DM | Cough Suppressant: Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (15 mg): Controls dry cough.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;E | Expectorant: Guaifenesin (200 mg): Relieves chest congestion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Analgesic: Menthol (15 mg): Relieves sore throat pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, seems straightforward enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I came across this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/skeptic/comments/1wbjxw/there_is_no_evidence_that_cough_medicine_works/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reddit thread&lt;/a&gt; talking about an article titled &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2014/01/todays-health-tip-cough-medicines-dont-work/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;There is no evidence that cough medicine works&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; (posted in 2014).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that part of the article says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to understand that these studies have not proven that cough medicines don’t work. Rather, they’ve just found no proof that they do. It’s always possible that further studies could show that they help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The comments in the reddit thread didn't seem to have any clear consensus about the validity of the article's claims, so I thought I'd ask here. I was wondering specifically about the Dextromethorphan. Is there any evidence that DM suppresses coughing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11958" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T08:42:47.317" Title="Does Dextromethorphan actually suppress coughing?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16443" CreationDate="2018-05-30T01:31:54.133" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without providing links to any of these claims, it's not really possible to say anything about them. If these &quot;synthetic vitamins&quot; are different than normal vitamins, sure, they could potentially have detrimental effects on your body. But even naturally-occurring vitamins can have detrimental effects in excess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, assuming the vitamins are themselves pure, there's no chemical difference between vitamins derived from something in nature versus being synthesized in a lab. Vitamin C from an orange has the same chemical structure as Vitamin C that was chemically synthesized, and there's no way for your body to tell the difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, it's always good to get plenty of vitamins in your diet, not because of any effect from the vitamins themselves, but just because the food that provides vitamins tends to be healthier for you anyway. A multivitamin or vitamin supplements can ensure that you're getting adequate levels of those vitamins even if there's a deficiency in your diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, you can see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm118079.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA's webpage about vitamins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13892" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T01:31:54.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-30T07:25:35.647" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is an allergy a negative response to a molecule that the majority of the population doesn't have?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that people can be allergic to lactose, which the majority of people aren't, while people aren't considered &quot;allergic&quot; to poisons like bleach, which affect everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the point of an allergy that it's unusual for people in that population to have that reaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13893" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T08:11:29.603" Title="What is an allergy?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16451" CreationDate="2018-05-30T08:03:58.750" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From Medicinenet.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A misguided reaction to foreign substances by the immune system, the body system of defense against foreign invaders, particularly pathogens (the agents of infection). The allergic reaction is misguided in that these foreign substances are usually harmless. The substances that trigger allergy are called allergen. Examples include pollens, dust mite, molds, danders, and certain foods. People prone to allergies are said to be allergic or atopic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poisons are not &quot;usually harmless&quot;, therefore one can't be allergic to it, but dairy products are usually harmless and the immune system wrongly considers it a pathogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;It's important to note that a lactose intolerance is not a lactose allergy, these are different things. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/lactose-intolerance-or-dairy-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An allergic reaction towards milk products is called a dairy allergy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-05-30T15:32:57.007" LastActivityDate="2018-05-30T15:32:57.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16449" CreationDate="2018-05-30T14:21:30.720" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bulk of the evidence says dextromethorphan (DM) is no better than placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2013) Do Cough Remedies Work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies involving use of dextromethorphan in children have reported no&#xA;  clinically significant difference in symptoms of cough compared with&#xA;  placebo.[1] This lack of effect is not affected by dose, because&#xA;  studies of higher doses of dextromethorphan have also reported no&#xA;  difference in symptoms.[2] In adult patients with upper respiratory&#xA;  infection, there is no added benefit of using dextromethorphan or&#xA;  codeine.[3,4]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;1. (2006) Child assessment of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and placebo for nocturnal cough due to upper respiratory infection. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16928841&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16928841&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2. (2004) Dose-response relationship with increasing doses of dextromethorphan for children with cough. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15531013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15531013&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3. (2000) Antitussive efficacy of dextromethorphan in cough associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11045895&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11045895&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/6852361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; that found DM to be more effective than codeine, but it was very small (16 patients) and quite old (1983). It is not compelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T01:27:08.583" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T01:27:08.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16460" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16727" CreationDate="2018-05-30T19:12:34.117" Score="7" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;What medical tests should a man living in a relatively developed area take regularly to check for most common diseases? I'm interested in &lt;strong&gt;monthly&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;yearly&lt;/strong&gt; basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13900" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T16:11:22.430" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T16:11:22.430" Title="What medical tests a man should take regularly to check for common health issues?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16449" CreationDate="2018-05-31T01:51:43.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you've read seems to be the case, as this systematic review shows &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cochrane.org/CD001831/ARI_over-the-counter-otc-medications-for-acute-cough-in-children-and-adults-in-community-settings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Cochrane review&quot;&gt;Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt;; there is no evidence for its use.&#xA;There isn't evidence against its use either (I guess it hasn't shown security problems) but it doesn't seem sensible to spend your money or the health system's on medication with no evidence of efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8951" LastEditorUserId="11958" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T08:42:47.317" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T08:42:47.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-31T11:16:58.070" Score="8" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;p&gt;In school we learned that all ingested &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion#Protein_digestion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proteins are digested&lt;/a&gt; via denaturation and breaking up the larger macro-structure into peptides and amino-acids so small that they can be absorbed and which are then re-used by the body for what ever it needs these basic building blocks. This is supposedly the fate of all larger protein blocks and necessary as only small peptides and amino-acids can enter the blood stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this may be the normal case for normal protein digestion, this model may turn out to be too generalised. For example, if we look at certain prion-diseases it seems possible that the causative agent for these diseases are &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;infectious proteins&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If these proteins that cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_(disease)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kuru&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Creuzfeldt-Jakob&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BSE&lt;/a&gt; can be spread via ingestion of infected material then they seem to 'survive' the digestion process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scrapie modes of transmission have been debated for many years. Although experimental transmission can take several forms, the natural transmission of scrapie horizontally between individuals occurs through direct contact between animals and through contact with environmental contamination (reviewed in Schneider et al., 2008). Scrapie is predominantly acquired through the oral route, and the placenta and amniotic fluid are the most common sources of oral infection, although fetal parts, feces, and milk have all shown infectivity (see Schneider et al., 2008).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28109329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;K.S. MacLea: &quot;What Makes a Prion: Infectious Proteins From Animals to Yeast&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, Volume 329, 2017, p227-276. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That large proteins are active via the oral route seems to contradict the basic principles of protein digestion. Questions that arise here: &#xA;Do some proteins survive human digestion?&#xA;Which proteins survive?&#xA;How or why do they survive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To boil that down: is the general model of protein digestion &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; absorption incomplete with regard to larger protein structures? &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion#Structure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia simply states&lt;/a&gt; that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PrP found in infectious material has a different structure and is resistant to proteases, the enzymes in the body that can normally break down proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T15:49:31.330" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T00:07:40.483" Title="Digestion and absorption of large scale protein structures" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15040" CreationDate="2018-05-31T13:22:07.480" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;AAO: is just an association that almost all ortho's belong to by default. ABO: is a board certification status that indicates that the doctor has gone through the optional process to become a diplomate of the ABO. Most ABO certified doc's are going to be very good. Doc's that are not ABO certified are by no means inferior, they have just not gone through the process yet. You cannot really use AAO/ABO as an accurate way to decide if a doctor is better than another doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13904" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T13:58:14.210" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T13:58:14.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15020" CreationDate="2018-05-31T13:29:55.767" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Make a habit of deep cleansing your night guard as least once weekly. This may be done several ways. The first is by using an over-the-counter pipes cleaner. Simply put your night guard in a bowl or glass with water and allow the cleaner to dissolve entirely into the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second way to deep clean your night guard is by using a mixture of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. Soak the night guard in white vinegar for a minimum of 30 minutes. After soaking, rinse the night guard and the bowl with water. Then soak the night guard in hydrogen peroxide for at least 30 more minutes. Once completed, rinse with water and permit the nighttime guard to dry completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last way that you can deep clean your night guard would be to use a combination of mouthwash and water. Pour a capful of toothpaste right to a bowl or glass and then dilute with water until the night guard is submerged in the solution. Let your night guard soak for approximately 30 minutes and then rinse the nighttime guard and permit it to dry completely on a clean flat surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pro Suggestion: Do not ever leave your nighttime protector soaking in anything for more than one hour. Lengthy time in liquid may harm the material your nighttime guard is made out of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13904" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-01T13:58:45.107" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T13:58:45.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16468" CreationDate="2018-05-31T15:16:24.840" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;official&lt;/strong&gt; distance that we need to keep from a 20 dBm wireless router that has 2x2 MiMo 3 dBi antennas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The given router is this: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ubnt.com/unifi/unifi-ap-ac-lite/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ubnt.com/unifi/unifi-ap-ac-lite/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex.: can we be 1 m far to this wireless router, 24h a day (most of the time) for the rest of our life? Or can it cause ANY reproduction/cancer issues? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I googled for several hours.. but still cannot decide that is it a good idea or not, to put the wireless router 1 m far for 24h a day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13906" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T23:06:29.787" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T23:06:29.787" Title="Having a 2.4/5 Ghz wireless router next to us is healthy?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16472" CreationDate="2018-05-31T16:11:28.917" Score="3" ViewCount="1121" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine got a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) shot yesterday, and the doctor said he mustn't drink alcohol for 3 days after getting the shot. Unfortunately, my friend forgot about that for a while and drank a bottle of beer today. Now he's worried about complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it known what complications could arise from drinking alcohol shortly after TBE vaccination, if any?  Could the vaccine be ineffective because of that? Could he get encephalitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13907" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T22:26:51.867" Title="Drinking alcohol after tick-borne encephalitis vaccine" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16466" CreationDate="2018-05-31T16:44:18.947" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fcc.gov/engineering-technology/electromagnetic-compatibility-division/radio-frequency-safety/faq/rf-safety#Q9&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FCC&lt;/a&gt; depending on the frequency, a few Watts per kg absorbed RF radiation is an appropriate safety limit. Since 20 dBm corresponds to a total emitted power of 0.1 Watt, there is nothing to worry about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T16:44:18.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-31T17:05:32.163" Score="2" ViewCount="700" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are NBA players 7 feet (2.15m) tall who appear relatively slim and yet weigh 300 pounds (136kg) and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a &quot;rule of thumb&quot; for estimating how much a man of greater height would weigh? I'm sure there isn't much empirical evidence about someone 8' tall, and even less of people taller yet, but what would be a &quot;good guess&quot; regarding the weight of a man 9'6&quot; (3m) tall? That is, someone who was not skinny as the proverbial rail nor as corpulent as a Sumo wrestler (IOW, a &quot;good average&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure it's not just a certain amount of weight per inch, because the taller a person is, the wider they would also tend to be, so any rule of thumb would probably be a graduated scale (the taller the person, the greater the weight gain per inch).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing a 9'6&quot; man would be at the very least 500 pounds (227kg), quite possibly 600 (273kg) or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7026" OwnerDisplayName="B. Clay Shannon" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T12:18:55.410" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T14:12:29.300" Title="How much would a man 9'6&quot; (3m) tall likely weigh?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;height&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14604" CreationDate="2018-05-31T17:47:46.850" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The question,&lt;/strong&gt; as I understand it: Should the current recommendations about a low-FODMAP diet, which is also low-prebiotic and thus potentially harmful, be changed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt; There is &lt;em&gt;some evidence&lt;/em&gt; that a low-FODMAP diet can reduce symptoms in individuals with fructose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome but &lt;em&gt;no clear evidence&lt;/em&gt; about its harms. So, I don't think the diet should be changed, but some aspects could be reconsidered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A low-FODMAP diet needs to be only as strict as necessary to prevent symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individuals with IBS should try to treat their problems by solving their psychological issues and not only by a low-FODMAP diet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(FODMAPs - Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols include: nondigestible oligosaccharides, lactose, fructose and sugar alcohols - sorbitol, xylitol, etc. From this list, only certain oligosaccharides are considered prebiotics (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/3/830S/4664774&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, or directly, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/view-large/111067401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;table 4&lt;/a&gt;). Prebiotics are nutrients that promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microbes.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In certain gastrointestinal conditions, mainly fructose malabsorption, FODMAPs are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, so they reach the large intestine, where they feed normal intestinal bacteria, which produce excessive gas, and also cause osmotic diarrhea. The aim of a low-FODMAP diet is to reduce the feeding of the intestinal bacteria and thus reduce the symptoms.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EVIDENCE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. A low-FODMAP diet can reduce symptoms in fructose malabsorption and IBS.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most study reviews, including the ones from 2016-2017 linked here, provide some evidence that a low-FODMAP diet decreases symptoms in individuals with fructose malabsorption (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28233394&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934501/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5760846/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027396/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5555627/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918736/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. A low-FODMAP diet can reduce symptoms in Crohn's disease, but does not likely prevent the disease itself.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A low-FODMAP diet can be used as a temporary measure to reduce symptoms in Crohn's disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843040/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15948806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/a&gt;, there is no convincing evidence that this diet decreases the risk of developing Crohn's disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Is a low-FODMAP diet potentially harmful?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390324/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372955/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; review from 2017 raise concern that a low-FODMAP diet may lead to nutrient deficiency and suboptimal intestinal flora and that...more research is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if there is a lot of evidence that high-fiber diet, which is often also high-prebiotic, can be beneficial for health (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23609775&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), there seems to be no clear evidence that a low-FODMAP diet, which is also low-prebiotic, is harmful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Every therapeutic approach, including a low-FODMAP diet, is justifiable until the health benefits outweigh the possible harms. For example, in fructose malabsorption, a commonly documented significant reduction in symptoms seems to outweigh theoretically possible but non-documented harms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T17:06:49.147" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T17:06:49.147" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-05-31T19:23:38.880" Score="4" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;When waking up with a sore throat, stuffed nose and propensity to feel colder than normal, you can be unsure exactly what infectious vector caused it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people's normal modus operandi would be to turn on the heater, wear more blankets available and can still feel pretty cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, after piling them all on you can feel pretty warm even despite the illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is that I know from first hand experience that this degree of heating would have me bursting out of the room, away from blankets and heater, desperate for fresh air and the temperature relief of a colder environment if my internal thermostat wasn't malfunctioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering whether the feeling of coldness is primarily due to the body being less effective at producing heat, or if the coldness is entirely mental, because if it's the latter, can you suffer hyperthermia or dehydration in your sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13908" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-03T09:10:35.450" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T15:10:38.210" Title="Should you warm up even to potentially dangerous levels with a flu or cold?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16467" CreationDate="2018-05-31T22:26:51.867" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you can't get encephalitis from the vaccine. According to a company that provides one brand of the vaccine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://centrumcestovnimediciny.cz/en/prices-of-vaccines/encepur-for-adults/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://centrumcestovnimediciny.cz/en/prices-of-vaccines/encepur-for-adults/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the day of application it is recommended to avoid any strains,&#xA;  sauna or excessive alcohol drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One beer doesn't constitute excessive drinking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The manufacturer of another brand of the vaccine doesn't even mention avoiding alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/uk/ticovac-0-5-ml-suspension-for-injection-in-a-prefilled-syringe-leaflet.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/uk/ticovac-0-5-ml-suspension-for-injection-in-a-prefilled-syringe-leaflet.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-05-31T22:26:51.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16469" CreationDate="2018-05-31T23:00:25.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.calculator.net/ideal-weight-calculator.html?ctype=standard&amp;amp;cage=25&amp;amp;csex=m&amp;amp;cheightfeet=9&amp;amp;cheightinch=6&amp;amp;cheightmeter=180&amp;amp;printit=0&amp;amp;x=72&amp;amp;y=25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ideal weight calculator&lt;/a&gt; for example. For a 25 yo male with a height of 9'6'' (289 cm), the optimal weight should be around 342 - 462 pounds (155kg - 210kg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, the tallest man ever was only 8'11'' (272cm) tall (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_people&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might want to read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="1723" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T14:12:29.300" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T14:12:29.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-01T09:09:41.333" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading many things about sleep. But I am very curious about knowing why do we sleep. Is it only for trashing out toxic materials or is it anything else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2198" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-07-13T11:33:20.460" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T11:33:20.460" Title="Why do we sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-06-07T06:10:11.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1106" CreationDate="2018-06-01T12:42:14.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All essential amino acids originate from plants (and microbes), and all plant proteins have all essential amino acids. Eating a whole food plant-based diet also known as a proper vegan diet or a proper plant-based diet, one can obtain absolutely all essential amino acids. Furthermore, our body has an amino acid reservoir from which it daily sends about 90 grams of amino acids to combine with amino acids from a meal and synthesize complete protein. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-protein-combining-myth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) Even a banana has all essential amino acids. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://tools.myfooddata.com/protein-calculator.php?food1=9040&amp;amp;serv1=100g&amp;amp;food2=0&amp;amp;serv2=0&amp;amp;food3=0&amp;amp;serv3=0&amp;amp;food4=0&amp;amp;serv4=0&amp;amp;food5=0&amp;amp;serv5=0&amp;amp;food6=0&amp;amp;serv6=0&amp;amp;food7=0&amp;amp;serv7=0&amp;amp;food8=0&amp;amp;serv8=0&amp;amp;food9=undefined&amp;amp;serv9=undefined&amp;amp;food10=0&amp;amp;serv10=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being deficient of essential amino acids on a proper plant-based diet where one daily consumes foods from each category such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, nuts, and green leafy vegetables is unheard of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who are deficient in essential amino acids are also deficient in other nutrients and people who are deficient are likely either starving or in war zones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastActivityDate="2018-06-01T12:42:14.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16484" CreationDate="2018-06-02T04:07:55.073" Score="5" ViewCount="663" Body="&lt;p&gt;If HIV is an STI, then why is HIV often listed separately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avert.org/learn-share/hiv-fact-sheets/sexually-transmitted-infections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV &amp;amp; Sexually Transmitted Infections Fact sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/hiv/stdfact-std-hiv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STDs and HIV – CDC Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/consumers/hiv_basics/stds_hiv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What You Need To Know About the Links Between HIV and STDs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12472" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T16:32:17.860" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T10:12:15.210" Title="Why is HIV singled out from other STIs?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16483" CreationDate="2018-06-02T11:05:37.957" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a good question, and although as you correctly state that HIV is an STI (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/16502&quot;&gt;STI vs STD vs Sexually Transmitted Virus?&lt;/a&gt;) there is a difference with HIV which is one reason why it may be separated from others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be thought that HIV is separated from STIs in factsheet titles etc. because HIV is a virus when others are not, but there are other STI viruses.  For example, there is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2611.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)&lt;/a&gt;, which is the name for a group of viruses that affect your skin and the moist membranes lining your body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herpes&lt;/a&gt;, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also be thought that HIV is separated from STIs in factsheet titles etc. because HIV can be fatal, but there are other STIs which can lead to death. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Syphilis&lt;/a&gt; can affect multiple organ systems, including the brain, nerves, eyes, liver, heart, and blood vessels.  The effects on the heart can lead to death.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gonorrhea&lt;/a&gt; can also spread to the blood and cause disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). DGI is usually characterized by arthritis, tenosynovitis, and/or dermatitis. This condition can be life threatening.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HPV (Human Papillomavirus)&lt;/a&gt; can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (called oropharyngeal cancer).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Possible reasons for separating HIV from other STIs in factsheets&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The key thing with HIV is that &lt;strong&gt;apart from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which is also viral, all other STIs are generally only transmittable only through sexual contact. HIV can be transmitted through infected blood transfusions, use of infected needles, or through contact between &lt;strong&gt;broken skin&lt;/strong&gt; of 2 or more people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note: Skin to skin contact with unbroken skin is safe&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;STIs are infections and STDs are the diseases as a result of the infection.  Some STDs don't share the same name as the STI which caused it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(This applies to your question) The linked factsheets etc. you provided are talking about the links between HIV and other STIs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How reason 3 applies here&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/hiv/stdfact-std-hiv-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detailed version of the CDC factsheet on HIV and STDs&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[P]eople who get syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes often also have HIV or are &lt;strong&gt;more likely to get HIV&lt;/strong&gt; in the future. One reason is the behaviors that put someone at risk for one infection (not using condoms, multiple partners, anonymous partners) often put them at risk for other infections.  Also, because STD and HIV tend to be linked, when someone gets an STD it suggests they got it from someone who may be at risk for other STD and HIV.  Finally, a sore or inflammation from an STD may allow infection with HIV that would have been stopped by intact skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another interesting fact is that studies that have lowered the risk of STD in communities have not necessarily lowered the risk of HIV.  Risk of HIV was lowered in one community trial (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91380-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grosskurth, et al. 1995&lt;/a&gt;), but not in 3 others (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06439-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wawer, et al., 1999&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12598-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kamali, et al., 2003&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gregson, et al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, treating individuals for STDs has not necessarily lowered their risk of acquiring HIV (&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/07270/Effect_of_interventions_to_control_sexually.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ghys, et al., 2001&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2555&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kaul, et al., 2004&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2611.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is HPV?&lt;/a&gt; — NHS&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt; — CDC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatatis Factsheets&lt;/a&gt; - CDC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genital Herpes Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt; - CDC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ghys, P. D., Diallo, M. O., Ettiegne-Traore, V., Satten, G. A., Anoma, C. K., Maurice, C., ... &amp;amp; Laga, M. (2001). Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers. &lt;em&gt;Aids&lt;/em&gt;, 15(11), 1421-1431.&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/07270/Effect_of_interventions_to_control_sexually.12.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/07270/Effect_of_interventions_to_control_sexually.12.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grosskurth, H., Todd, J., Mwijarubi, E., Mayaud, P., Nicoll, A., Newell, J., ... &amp;amp; Changalucha, J. (1995). Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. &lt;em&gt;The lancet&lt;/em&gt;, 346(8974), 530-536.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91380-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91380-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gregson, S., Adamson, S., Papaya, S., Mundondo, J., Nyamukapa, C. A., Mason, P. R., ... &amp;amp; Anderson, R. M. (2007). Impact and process evaluation of integrated community and clinic-based HIV-1 control: a cluster-randomised trial in eastern Zimbabwe. &lt;em&gt;PLoS medicine&lt;/em&gt;, 4(3), e102.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1371/journal.pmed.0040102&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kamali, A., Quigley, M., Nakiyingi, J., Kinsman, J., Kengeya-Kayondo, J., Gopal, R., ... &amp;amp; Whitworth, J. (2003). Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behaviour change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: a community randomised trial. &lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;/em&gt;, 361(9358), 645-652.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12598-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12598-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kaul, R., Kimani, J., Nagelkerke, N. J., Fonck, K., Ngugi, E. N., Keli, F., ... &amp;amp; Ronald, A. R. (2004). Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: a randomized controlled trial. &lt;em&gt;Jama&lt;/em&gt;, 291(21), 2555-2562.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2555&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1001/jama.291.21.2555&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wawer, M. J., Sewankambo, N. K., Serwadda, D., Quinn, T. C., Kiwanuka, N., Li, C., ... &amp;amp; Ahmed, S. (1999). Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. &lt;em&gt;The lancet&lt;/em&gt;, 353(9152), 525-535.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06439-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06439-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T06:43:15.340" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T06:43:15.340" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4172" CreationDate="2018-06-02T12:49:37.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;During birth, the pelvic floor is stretched significantly, and the stretch is probable to never get back to the way it was exactly before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/vagina-changes-after-childbirth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The NHS states it&lt;/a&gt; takes a few days for &lt;em&gt;the swelling and openness [...] to reduce [...] after your baby is born&lt;/em&gt;. An interview on the independent says that it should at most take 6 weeks for the vagina to get roughly back to before:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vagina is an extremely forgiving part of the body, it can be very swollen and can look quite distressing to some people but after six weeks when the healing has happened it can go back to looking quite normal. If you have had a normal delivery it is common, for some degree, to have bruising on the vagina but this and the swelling &lt;strong&gt;should all go within six weeks&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;em&gt;Source&lt;/em&gt;: The Independent: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/womens-body-childbirth-impact-changes-obstetrician-reveals-pelvic-floor-bruising-bleeding-a7595031.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Happens to the Vagina after Childbirth? Obstetrician reveals it all&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, 2017.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is strongly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/recovery-vaginal-delivery#3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommended to visit a doctor 6 weeks after the birth&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/postpartum-care/art-20047233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other sources say prior to 12 weeks&lt;/a&gt;) so they'll check the vagina, cervix, and uterus. If one feels pain, if the vagina is bleeding more than usual, one should schedule an appointment before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;For further reading, this is a good study regarding postpartum care:&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279173/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Journal of Prenatal Medicine. &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T12:49:37.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16486" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-06-02T13:06:16.757" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-06-02T13:06:16.757" LastActivityDate="2018-06-02T13:06:16.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16487" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-06-02T13:06:16.757" Score="0" Body="Questions related to the health effects of the electromagnetic field and its many forms, from radio waves to microwaves and x-ray. " OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:23.703" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:23.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12831" CreationDate="2018-06-02T13:09:48.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are referring to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/t/thumb-hypoplasia-aplasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thumb hypoplasia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Or more specifically thumb hypoplasia Type II. It restricts the movement of the thumb. It is a congenital disorder. The cause is still unknown, maybe some genetic deformalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type II is characterized by a tight web space between the thumb and index finger which restricts movement, poor thenar muscles and an unstable middle joint of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. This unstable thumb is best treated with reconstruction of the mentioned structures. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_hypoplasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From: Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further reading:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693184/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thumb Hypoplasia,&#xA;Lohrasb Sayadi, BS, Mustafa Chopan, BS, and Donald Laub, MD&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445261/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thumb hypoplasia: current concepts,&#xA;Michael Tonkin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193638/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surgical reconstruction of congenital thumb hypoplasia,&#xA;Michael Tonkin&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9526160/#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnosis and treatment of congenital thumb hypoplasia.&#xA;Plancher KD, et al. Hand Clin. 1998.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8593" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-10T10:51:20.150" LastActivityDate="2018-06-10T10:51:20.150" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-02T14:48:49.580" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;How likely is it that CRISPR/CAS9 will be available as treatment to replace APOE4 with APOE3/2 in humans in vivo in the near future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13917" LastEditorUserId="13917" LastEditDate="2019-01-06T10:46:29.987" LastActivityDate="2019-01-06T10:46:29.987" Title="Will CRISPR/CAS9 be used to replace EPOA4 with EPOA3/2 in humans in vivo in the near future?" Tags="&lt;crispr-cas-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-06-26T13:16:21.800" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-03T23:35:10.537" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;In one source, it is claimed that, during the Global Malaria Eradication Program (GMEP) of 1955-1968 &quot;malaria had been eliminated in 35 countries&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another source, it is claimed that, during this period &quot;15 countries and one territory eliminated malaria&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;=== SOURCE 1: ===&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MOOC &quot;&lt;strong&gt;HarvardX: MalariaX: Defeating Malaria from the Genes to the Globe&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;, namely in the video of the MOOC's &quot;Module 1, Chapter 1: The Past: A Historical Overview&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the subtitles &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=406&amp;amp;v=AEPZkCaRREs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(at timecode 6:46) of that video&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PEDRO L. ALONSO: First one, just to recognize as wasn't good, wasn't&#xA;  bad -- by 1948 when the call for eradication 55, 148 countries -- or&#xA;  what are now countries, at that time they weren't -- were considered&#xA;  malarious. &lt;strong&gt;By the end of the first attempt, malaria had been&#xA;  eliminated in 35 countries.&lt;/strong&gt; So is that success or failure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the accompanying presentation of that video (cf. in video), the particular timespan that is talked about, is clarified. From the title of the presentation slide at the mentioned timecode:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Global Malaria Eradication Program (1955-1968)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And underneath the title:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;By 1967&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of 148 countries with malaria in &lt;strong&gt;1948&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eradication in 35&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;=== SOURCE 2: ===&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/205565/WHO_HTM_GMP_2016.3_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eliminating Malaria&lt;/a&gt;, WHO:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In 1955&lt;/strong&gt;, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the &lt;strong&gt;Global Malaria Eradication Programme (GMEP)&lt;/strong&gt;, an ambitious plan to eradicate malaria worldwide. The Programme relied heavily on two tools: the drug chloroquine for prevention and treatment of malaria and the chemical DDT for mosquito control. Over the course of the GMEP era, &lt;strong&gt;15 countries and one territory eliminated malaria&lt;/strong&gt; (Table 1). A number of other countries succeeded in greatly reducing their malaria burden. But no major success occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and, in many settings, a failure to sustain the Programme resulted in resurgences of malaria. &lt;strong&gt;In 1969, GMEP was discontinued&lt;/strong&gt;, but the longer-term objective remained unchanged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;=== DISCUSSION / QUESTION: ===&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first source, there is mention of the year 1948. The second source only mentions 1955 as the beginning of the GMEP-period. My question is (35 minus 16 = 19), which 19 countries and/or territories became malaria-free during the period 1948-1955, or (what I hypothesize) which one of these sources is wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7890" LastActivityDate="2018-06-03T23:35:10.537" Title="During the GMEP of 1955-1968: &quot;malaria had been eliminated in 35 countries&quot; versus &quot;15 countries and one territory eliminated malaria&quot;" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;malaria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16483" CreationDate="2018-06-04T08:11:59.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Question:&lt;/em&gt; If HIV is an STI, then why is HIV often listed separately, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avert.org/learn-share/hiv-fact-sheets/sexually-transmitted-infections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV &amp;amp; Sexually Transmitted Infections Fact sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/hiv/stdfact-std-hiv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STDs and HIV – CDC Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/consumers/hiv_basics/stds_hiv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What You Need To Know About the Links Between HIV and STDs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reason 1.&lt;/em&gt; The articles linked above have &quot;HIV and STI&quot; or &quot;HIV or STDs&quot; in the titles because they describe how a person with a certain sexually transmitted disease (STD), for example, genital herpes is at increased risk to catch HIV virus. So, there is not really any &quot;listed separately&quot; situation here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reason 2.&lt;/em&gt; In some older articles, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://sti.bmj.com/content/sextrans/70/6/418.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; from 1994, &quot;STDs and AIDS,&quot; are separated to make an emphasis on AIDS and compare the known STDs with AIDS, which was relatively new at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the fact, that AIDS is the most severe/deadly STD, there is no biological reason to list them separately: HIV is a virus but so is Herpes; AIDS is a systemic disease and if left untreated it is often deadly, but the same is true for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/syphilis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;syphilis&lt;/a&gt;. It's more about how the authors decide to title their articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Explanation of the terms used to prevent confusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HIV&lt;/strong&gt; refers to either the human immunodeficiency &lt;em&gt;virus&lt;/em&gt; or, when this enters the body, to &lt;em&gt;HIV infection,&lt;/em&gt; which is a sexually transmitted &lt;em&gt;infection&lt;/em&gt; (STI). HIV infection becomes a sexually transmitted &lt;em&gt;disease&lt;/em&gt; (STD), namely &lt;strong&gt;AIDS,&lt;/strong&gt; only when it causes damage to the body and, usually, symptoms. So an STI is not already an STD, but in practice, both acronyms are often used as synonyms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T10:12:15.210" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T10:12:15.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-04T09:59:00.750" Score="3" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've repeatedly heard it said by sleep experts that one cannot &quot;catch up&quot; on missed sleep.&lt;sup&gt;[citation needed]&lt;/sup&gt; The best explanation of that statement I've heard so far is that a lack of sleep has physical effects on one's health, and those accumulate and cannot be reversed. Paraphrased and simplified, each missed hour of sleep shaves off an hour of your life, or something to that effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[citation needed]: Most recently in some interview with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sleepdiplomat.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Matthew Walker&lt;/a&gt;, but I've heard other people state similar things.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently it doesn't work to sleep 6 hours during the week and 13 hours during the weekend; that won't equal an average of 8 hours per night for your body and will have negative longterm effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly though, it must be possible to &quot;catch up&quot; on sleep in &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; sense. If I don't sleep one night I will feel like crap the next day; but clearly after sleeping well for a few nights after that I will feel fine again, so my body must have returned to some normal equilibrium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what exactly is meant by the statement that one can't catch up on sleep? Taken as an absolute statement it would mean you'd accumulate a lot of missing sleep time over the course of your life, and I don't really feel like I've missed several weeks or months worth of sleep right now; so this statement must require some qualification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13925" LastActivityDate="2018-06-04T09:59:00.750" Title="Why can't one &quot;catch up on&quot; sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-04T12:46:12.670" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I founded alot of sites talk about this news a research team from Hong Kong university invents universal antibody drug for hiv-1 and they tested that in mice &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-team-universal-antibody-drug-hiv-.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they propose &lt;em&gt;an engineered tandem bispecific broadly neutralizing antibody (bs-bnAb) as an innovative product for HIV-1 prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How promising is this recent research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13927" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-04T13:54:09.827" Title="How promising is the engineered bs-bnAb as an HIV-1 therapeutic intervention?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16500" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16502" CreationDate="2018-06-05T11:12:31.617" Score="10" ViewCount="276" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am very confused as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/16484&quot;&gt;my answer&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/16483&quot;&gt;Why is HIV singled out from other STIs?&lt;/a&gt; I agreed with the OP that HIV is an STI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been led to believe the following definitions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;STI&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stands for Sexually Transmitted Infection — &lt;strong&gt;an infection&lt;/strong&gt; caused by bacteria or virus which has been transmitted through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;STD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stands for Sexually Transmitted Disease — &lt;strong&gt;a disease&lt;/strong&gt; caused by the infection of a bacteria or virus transmitted through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;With regard to HIV&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These definitions class HIV as an infection.  This is a fact to me because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(bold emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off [other] infections and disease. These opportunistic infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system and signal that the person has AIDS, the last stage of &lt;strong&gt;HIV infection&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV.gov, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;*&amp;nbsp;Website managed by the U.S. Department of Health &amp;amp; Human Services and supported by the&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/smaif/overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Secretary’s Minority AIDS Initiative Fund (SMAIF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV is a retrovirus, which is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a family of viruses that are grouped together based on how they are structured and how they replicate within a host. Besides human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, there a two other retroviruses that can cause human illness. One is called human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and the other is called human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/retrovirus/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minnesota Department of Health, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25075475&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paiva &amp;amp; Casseb, 2014&lt;/a&gt;) making HTLV-1 an STI in definitions I have been led to believe, and AIDS is an STD due to the fact that it is caused by HIV infection which &lt;strong&gt;in many circumstances&lt;/strong&gt; is transmitted through sexual contact, although HIV can be transmitted through other means (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/16484&quot;&gt;see my answer&lt;/a&gt;).  It cannot be an STI as AIDS is not transmitted.  It is a disease as a result of HIV infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What creates a confusion?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the comments to my answer, @Jan stated that HIV is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; an STI, but just a virus.  To make matters worse, when trying to confirm or deny his responses I have been trying to look up a definitive definition and found that in the key points of &lt;a href=&quot;https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/26/98/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases--stds-&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this factsheet&lt;/a&gt;, it states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HIV is an STD. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and syphilis are examples of other STDs. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/26/98/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases--stds-&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;So the question is: What is the difference between STIs, STD and &quot;just a virus transmitted through sexual contact&quot;?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV.gov (2017) &lt;em&gt;What Are HIV and AIDS?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retrievable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minnesota Department of Health, (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;Other Retroviruses That May Cause Human Illness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retrievable from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/retrovirus/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/retrovirus/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Inststutes of Health (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retreivable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/26/98/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases--stds-&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/26/98/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases--stds-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paiva, A., &amp;amp; Casseb, J. (2014). Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. &lt;em&gt;Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical&lt;/em&gt;, 47(3), 265-274.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0232-2013&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1590/0037-8682-0232-2013&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25075475&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;25075475&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T11:33:16.910" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T07:56:07.180" Title="STI vs STD vs Sexually Transmitted Virus" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;std&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16500" CreationDate="2018-06-05T11:28:26.050" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;STI = sexually transmitted infection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STD = sexually transmitted disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking, not all STIs are STDs. Infection merely means the presence of the microbes in the body and if it does not cause any symptoms, it is called asymptomatic infection, not a disease. Only when a HIV infection causes damage to the body, which usually comes with symptoms, it becomes a disease (STD), namely AIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. When someone catches HIV, he/she only catches a virus, which may or may not cause AIDS. The same way as you can catch some rhinoviruses and as a result you may or may not develop common cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316019.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicalNewsToday: HIV vs. AIDS: What is the difference?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HIV infection and AIDS are not the same condition, and they are not&#xA;  the same diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HIV is a virus that attacks a type of white blood cell called a CD4&#xA;  cell in the body's immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AIDS is a syndrome, or range of symptoms, that may develop in time in&#xA;  a person with HIV who does not receive treatment. &lt;strong&gt;A person can have&#xA;  HIV without developing AIDS, but it is not possible to have AIDS&#xA;  without first having HIV.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: HIV = an STI (infection), which may or may not become an STD (disease), called AIDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T07:56:07.180" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T07:56:07.180" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16500" CreationDate="2018-06-05T12:28:31.290" Score="8" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Short Answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV is a virus and when the HIV virus has invaded the body it becomes an infection (specifically an STI &lt;strong&gt;only if and when&lt;/strong&gt; transmitted through sexual contact).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst the terms STI and STD are often used interchangeably, really and truthfully, they are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A sexually transmitted virus is an STI when inside the body, and an STI is &lt;em&gt;not necessarily&lt;/em&gt; an STD&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Longer Answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example of the confusion which can occur, there are articles that labeled herpes as a “sexually transmitted disease” (STD), while others favoured the term “sexually transmitted infection” (STI) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthcentral.com/article/std-vs-sti-is-there-a-difference&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Depasse, 2017&lt;/a&gt;). Even government health agencies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) use the terms interchangeably (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stds/conditioninfo/types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH, 2017&lt;/a&gt;), often without explanation for doing so. With such ambiguity, it’s hard to discern fact from fiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Key Terms&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathogen&lt;/strong&gt;: A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause disease. There are five major types of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Infection&lt;/strong&gt;: An infection resulting from when a pathogen invades and begins growing within a host (e.g., a human) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH, 2007&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/infection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disease&lt;/strong&gt;: A disease results &lt;strong&gt;only if and when&lt;/strong&gt;, as a consequence of the invasion and growth of a pathogen, tissue function is impaired (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH, 2007&lt;/a&gt;)  it is when the body’s ability to perform normal functions is interrupted or changed, usually presenting with certain signs and symptoms. &lt;a href=&quot;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus, n.d.(a)&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these terms, the definitions of STI and STD in my question stands:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;STI&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stands for Sexually Transmitted Infection — &lt;strong&gt;an infection&lt;/strong&gt; caused by bacteria or virus which has been transmitted through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;STD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stands for Sexually Transmitted Disease — &lt;strong&gt;a disease&lt;/strong&gt; caused by the infection of a bacteria or virus transmitted through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, both Jan and I are correct with regard to HIV.  HIV is a virus (a pathogen), and when the HIV virus has invaded the body it becomes an infection (specifically an STI &lt;strong&gt;only if and when&lt;/strong&gt; transmitted through sexual contact).  HIV by itself is not a disease (STD) but causes AIDS which is the STD (the symptom of advanced HIV infection). HIV is still present as an STI with AIDS being an STD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst the terms STI and STD are often used interchangeably, really and truthfully, they are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depasse, E. (2017). &lt;em&gt;STD vs. STI: Is There a Difference? And Why Does It Matter? - HealthCentral&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retreivable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthcentral.com/article/std-vs-sti-is-there-a-difference&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthcentral.com/article/std-vs-sti-is-there-a-difference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MedlinePlus. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Infection - Medical Dictionary&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retreivable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/infection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MedlinePlus. (n.d.(a)) &lt;em&gt;Disease - Medical Dictionary&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retrievable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://c.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NIH. (2007). Understanding emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Biological sciences curriculum study. &lt;em&gt;NIH Curriculum Supplement Series. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;NIH Bookshelf ID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NBK20370&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NIH. (2017). &lt;em&gt;What are some types of and treatments for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Retreivable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stds/conditioninfo/types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stds/conditioninfo/types&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-05T13:25:43.883" LastActivityDate="2018-06-05T13:25:43.883" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16483" CreationDate="2018-06-05T14:49:43.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a rigorous scientific viewpoint, it at first makes indeed not much sense to list STIs and HIV separately. HIV is a virus that once it is in your body and you have antibodies developed will have caused an STI, which once it progresses to the symptoms of AIDS, becomes an STD that nobody wants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is mainly a historically formed cultural response to single out HIV. And a result of attention marketing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV spread very rapidly in the West from the late 70s onwards, it was seen as an incurable deadly disease – that was new, and initially not even widely recognised as an STD, but sometimes as God's revenge, a form of cancer etc. –that just takes long enough to kill everyone infected to enable all those promiscuous sinners to infect a large number of people.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-origins-of-aids/2BDB50F42C4E17103286A3043647AA4D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jaques Pepin: &quot;The Origins of AIDS&quot;, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, 2011,&lt;/a&gt; ch 13 Globalisation.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of identification the public mind just had a lot of sex from the sexual revolution and saw other STDs as a souvenir from being very active, to be worn in pride since antibiotics could cure the most prominent bacterial infections with unprecedented effectiveness. This carefree and wrong attitude towards many STDs is still somewhat prevalent.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The advent of the gay liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s led to the creation of a more self-confident ‘out’ gay community with a number of activist and campaigning groups. Sexual liberation became an important component of gay life; many sexually active gay men came to regard attendance at STD clinics as a regular, if inconvenient, aspect of sexual life.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  By the mid-1960s, the number of attendances at STD clinics was increasing dramatically. The ‘sexual revolution’ of the ‘permissive society’, the advent of the oral contraceptive pill and the declining popularity of the condom all contributed to an increase of STDs, particularly viral infections. The increased incidence of STDs was seen in official circles as ‘primarily a reflection of sexual promiscuity in the population’; rather than prostitutes, however, the main social groups now seen to be responsible were teenagers, immigrants, asymptomatic promiscuous women and homosexuals.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Roger Davidson and Lesley A. Hall (Eds.)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Sex, Sin and Suffering.&#xA;  Venereal disease and European society since 1870&quot;, Routledge: London, New York, 2001, p 246–247.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of HIV/AIDS these social background factors of scientific medicine still linger on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scientific discoveries such as the discovery of a new disease exert a fascination not only on the scientific community and the lay public, but also on social scientists. For the first, discovery is the main drive and the ultimate goal. For the lay public, it is often accompanied by the promise of curing illnesses and improving people’s lives. For social scientists, scientific discoveries are the domain where the role, influence, and limitations of social factors – such as interests, resources, and relationships – can be perhaps best examined.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  That such factors play a role in discovery making has not been contested; the question is whether scientific discoveries are evaluated, acknowledged, and accepted by the scientific community according to universal standards of rationality or according to the resources, influence, and social relationships of the scientists themselves. The positivist tradition has solved this problem by distinguishing between the context of discovery and the context of justification. Whereas the former is messy (involving serendipity, accident, resources, interests, and the like), the latter is determined by rigorous criteria of universal applicability.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  This distinction has been contested by sociologists and historians of science alike who argue that, in practice, the two contexts are indistinguishable: justification takes place in the process of discovery itself (e.g., Nickles 1992, p. 89; Hacking 1996, p. 51). Consequently, justification is not exclusively determined by logical criteria; factors such as interests, resources, and networks of relationships play a considerable role (Stump 1996, p. 445). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cambridge.org/core_title/gb/245053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alex Preda: &quot;AIDS, Rhetoric, and Medical Knowledge&quot;, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, 2005&lt;/a&gt;, p47.  &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Getting AIDS&quot; is still seen by the larger public as the most dangerous of all STDs, with most others either classified as manageable or less important in their consequences. Whether true or not is irrelevant in the public's mind, and even these attitudes seem in decline and attention is unhealthily highly put on AIDS/HIV treatment advances, &quot;normal lives&quot;, and now even the possibilities of vaccinations getting closer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this reason for keeping HIV singled out when talking about STI/STDs is historical, why keep it separate?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, there is this connection between other STDs and HIV/AIDS, mentioned in other answers: having one increases to chance of catching the other.  But it is also theorised that from a public health standpoint awareness and acceptance of preventive measures, testing and treatments might be improved simultaneously – not to mention the all important funding of research, prevention programs – the hypothesis of &quot;epidemiological synergy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1595015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wasserheit 1992&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448335&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fleming and Wasserheit 1999&lt;/a&gt;).&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Charles Klein &amp;amp; Delia Easton: &quot;Structural Barriers and Facilitators in HIV Prevention: A Review of International Research&quot;; Sevgi O. Aral &amp;amp; Thomas A. Peterman: &quot;STD Diagnosis and Treatment as an HIV Prevention Strategy&quot;; in: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306467318&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ann O’Leary (Ed.): &quot;Beyond Condoms. Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention&quot;, Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, Boston, 2002&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  STD control for HIV prevention is a controversial interface between well-financed HIV prevention programs and less wealthy STD prevention programs. STD experts are frustrated at the lack of HIV and other resources committed to this HIV prevention strategy. Some HIV experts are skeptical of the motivations of the proponents of this strategy, and think the potential for HIV prevention by STD control has been exaggerated. Between these two camps lies a huge mass of data accumulated by hundreds of studies conducted over the past 15 years. Synthesizing this data is particularly important for HIV prevention world wide, because the developing countries where STD control programs have been weak are often the countries where the AIDS epidemic has been most devastating.&#xA;  While epidemiological and microbiological evidence support the existence of a two-way relationship between STDs and HIV infection, the relationship between early and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of STDs and prevention of spread of HIV needs to be further elaborated. The parameters that need to be specified in such elaboration include 1) factors related to the STI: the specific STI; whether the STI is symptomatic or asymptomatic; whether the STI is incident (new) infection or prevalent (chronic or long standing) infection; and perhaps the stage of the sexually transmitted infection; 2) factors related to the population, which may also function as multipliers of the STI effect: age-gender composition; patterns of sexual mixing and concurrency; prevalence of male circumcision; 3) factors related to the phases of the STD and HIV epidemics: for example, whether the HIV and STD epidemics are nascent or generalized epidemics; 4) factors related to the goals of the HIV prevention program: objectives related topreventing the acquisition of infection among the uninfected; objectives related to preventing the transmission of infection by the infected; objectives related to provision of services to protect the personal health of individual members of the population; objectives related to protecting public health, i.e., limiting the spread of HIV infections: objectives related to targeting primary prevention of HIV through behavior change versus primary prevention of HIV through control of co-factors. The appropriate approach to the implementation of STD control for HIV prevention in a specific setting depends on the values of all of the above factors. In addition, many of the above factors are interdependent, and it is important to consider their reciprocal influences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems quite useful from an epidemiological view to just not neglect one of the two closely interconnected halves of this problem realm. And previously, after the advent of penicillin, the public mind and imaginations (including those of politicians) did start to neglect other STDs as long as the discussion went for funding, morals and opinions were always cheap. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From this perspective, rhetorical practices are not an obstacle but rather a necessary ingredient of expert democracy. Bridging the gap between science and the general public has become crucial to the public sphere and democracy. This means we must acknowledge that rhetorical practices do matter and act accordingly.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Preda (2005): &quot;How Rhetorical Practices Matter for AIDS Prevention&quot;, p229ff.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To sum this position up: HIV/AIDS was seen as something different from what was known as STI/STDs even by medical professionals, it is still seen as &quot;different&quot; in the public eye. Apart from being &quot;on of the most &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enjoyliving.at/lieben-und-leben-magazin/lust-und-liebe/sexualitaet/haeufige-geschlechtskrankheiten-ein-ueberblick.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;popular&quot; STIs&lt;/a&gt; it is also seen as the deadliest. Apart from the historical reasons that lead to it being listed separately, this separation is continued for science communication reasons. It is thought to help with awareness, prevention, testing and treatment. In really short terms: sticklers, like me,  point out quite rightly that HIV/AIDS is an STI/STD. But the usual presentation now is both historically grown &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; useful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T15:13:32.387" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T15:13:32.387" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16504" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-05T15:16:08.077" Score="5" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can one prevent heat strokes in the summer due to high temperatures, and how can they be treated in first aid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T15:38:57.350" Title="Dealing with heat strokes" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16513" CreationDate="2018-06-05T16:29:43.013" Score="7" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/need-know-cortisol-health-effects/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this statement on Selfhacked&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have high cortisol, you will do worse with a high salt diet and you will be potassium deficient in the long term (few people as it is get the RDA). But taking potassium supplements is not simple, because the deficiency is in your cells, not your blood.  Also, &lt;strong&gt;potassium raises cortisol&lt;/strong&gt;, which isn’t good if you already have high levels. Cortisol is anti-inflammatory, but it can also cause arthritis by inhibiting collagen formation and also by lowering cell potassium. Cell potassium is always low in rheumatoid arthritis (R). The answer is to reduce stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried searching for any proof of this, but haven't been able to find. Is this true? Does potassium really raise cortisol? Are there any published research articles confirming this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it follow from this (if true) that a constant overdose of potassium-rich foods may cause a Cushing-like state? This sounds doubtful to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T08:46:25.563" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T13:13:33.273" Title="Does elevated potassium lead to elevated cortisol?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16509" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16511" CreationDate="2018-06-06T09:16:15.117" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I know calorie rounding is a thing. Although I don't know how it really works. Something like if it's under 5 calories you can put it as zero, correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless why is it, in the per 100 grams section, it says it contains 2 calories but 20 grams of carbs/sugar? How does that work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zed8D.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zed8D.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12289" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T19:58:51.127" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T19:58:51.127" Title="I am confused about this hot sauce nutrition label" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16510" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16519" CreationDate="2018-06-06T09:40:18.807" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a lot of more or less effective home remedies for relieving the painful pressure buildup in your sinuses when suffering from cold-related sinusitis. They include things like massaging various points on your face, pressing your tongue at the roof of your mouth, using a neti pot to rinse your nasal passage, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one thing I haven't been able to find any information on, and which for me seems to be a simple solution (if it works) is to simply cover your nostrils and try to breath in, thereby creating a negative pressure which could potentially suck some mucus out of your sinuses, equalize the pressure and relieve the painful pressure-related symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this work, and would it be safe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13936" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T16:22:38.593" Title="Can you relieve the symptoms of sinusitis by creating a negative pressure using your lungs?" Tags="&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;sinus-congestion&gt;&lt;sinus-headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16509" CreationDate="2018-06-06T10:00:55.180" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per 100 gram:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugars = 20 g x 4 kcal = 80 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fiber = 2 g x 2 kcal = 4 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein = 1 g x 4 kcal = 4 kcal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In total: 88 Kcal (368 kJ) and not 10kJ as stated.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carbohydrate total is also wrong. It should be 22 g (not 20 g): 20 g of sugar and 2 g of fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T11:50:33.460" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T11:50:33.460" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16505" CreationDate="2018-06-06T13:01:54.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;National Institutes of Health - Health Professionals Fact Sheet on Potassium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary potassium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In healthy people with normal kidney function, high dietary potassium intakes do not pose a health risk because the kidneys eliminate excess amounts in the urine. In addition, there is no evidence that high intakes of dietary potassium have adverse effects. Therefore, the Food and Nutrition Board did not set a UL for potassium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: National Institutes of Health - &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/#h8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health Professionals Fact Sheet on Potassium, Health Risks from Excessive Potassium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, the article speaks of dietary potassium, what we would consume in the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of sites on the internet make the (dubious?) assumption that all persons are under the care of a doctor, and hence they would know if they had inadequate kidney function. But of course, for various reasons, not everyone is under the care of a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, I hope the above information is helpful. I would suggest that people may want to read the entire article on potassium that I linked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T13:13:33.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16400" CreationDate="2018-06-06T13:07:45.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, the difference is not very severe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Die Regel: Kälteschutz: Silberseite nach innen, Sonnenschutz: Silberseite nach außen wird auch von Herstellern angegeben. Jedoch ist der Unterschied in der IR-Reflexion laut Untersuchungen vernachlässigbar und soll nur einen Unterschied von 1°C bewirken können, wobei die silber-farbene Seite zu 99% und die gold-farbene Seite zu 97% IR-Wärmestrahlung reflektieren soll.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the silver side should be turned outwards as cold protection and the golden side as heat protection. Nevertheless, the difference in IR-reflections are - according to studies - irrelevant and only lead to a difference of 1°C, whereas the silver side reflects 99% of heat radiation and golden side 97% respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicounter.de/rettungsdecke-160-x-220-cm-gold-silber.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Product Description at MediCounter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More or less the same text can be found at the German wikipedia entry, where a pamphlet from the Hans-Hepp Company is sourced, but I haven't yet found the pamphlet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other producers claim that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doccheckshop.de/oxid-oxid-8/oxid-oxid-12/oxid-oxid/DocCheck-Rettungsdecke.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only 85% of body heat are reflected&lt;/a&gt;. I have contacted both shops and both state that the production team gave them the numbers and that they have no knowledge of studies/tests performed to back this up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T13:07:45.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16510" CreationDate="2018-06-06T16:16:18.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In sinusitis, there may already be a negative pressure in the sinuses (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem is that in sinusitis the openings that connect the nasal cavity and sinuses are usually clogged, so the attempt to create a pressure difference might be quite hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any published experiments on this topic, but as suggested in one comment: the one who tries it and it works for him/her will know better than anyone. Either a negative or positive pressure (Valsalva) might work. Trying to thin the mucus by using a neti pot or inhaling hot water vapor beforehand might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No medical advice here. Warning: exaggerated experimenting with creating different pressure in the nasal cavity may be potentially dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-06T16:22:38.593" LastActivityDate="2018-06-06T16:22:38.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16520" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-06T20:31:21.267" Score="1" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/downloads/parent-ver-sch-0-6yrs.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC Vaccine Schedule&lt;/a&gt; for children, and it says that many of the things kids are vaccinated for may show no symptoms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do any of those diseases –– mainly &lt;em&gt;haemophilus influenzae&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Hepatitis A&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Polio&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Pneumococcal&lt;/em&gt; –– stay in a persons system with no symptoms for a long time?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Does getting a vaccine later in life, but after they've been contracted, without exhibiting symptoms, cure the diseases?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And is it known how kids can be carriers for these diseases (i.e. would every sneeze be riddled with these germs)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13943" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T02:30:17.090" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T02:30:17.090" Title="Is it known how often unvaccinated children are contagious with symptom free diseases?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9962" CreationDate="2018-06-07T04:32:00.320" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's start with your assumptions.  You say that &quot;We all know that pornography can be highly addictive.&quot;  But in fact, porn addiction is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; a recognized diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.  In addition, in November 2016, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) issued a position statement on sex / porn addiction which states that AASECT &quot;does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder.&quot; (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aasect.org/position-sex-addiction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aasect.org/position-sex-addiction&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no, the medical community does not agree that porn addiction is a real thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's consider the effect of porn viewing on ED.  A number of studies have shown a correlation between porn viewing and ED.  But correlation does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; prove causation.  It may be that men with ED simply watch more porn.  (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://edtreatment.info/does-porn-cause-ed-erectile-dysfunction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://edtreatment.info/does-porn-cause-ed-erectile-dysfunction/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the moment, I would say that this is an open question.  There is no clear evidence that watching porn causes ED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T22:35:30.250" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T22:35:30.250" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16520" CreationDate="2018-06-07T05:59:24.663" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unvaccinated members of a population contribute to the susceptibility of the rest of the population to disease, especially vulnerable people who cannot be vaccinated.&lt;/strong&gt; This fact is true whether or not infectious individuals are asymptomatic for a long time or a short time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many (if not most) infectious diseases are contagious before symptoms clearly manifest - including all 4 of the ones you listed.  Infectious diseases &lt;em&gt;rarely&lt;/em&gt; fully announce themselves before they are contagious, actually, and often viral shedding is highest at or before onset of symptoms. For example herpes simplex: it actually sheds the most &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; the stereotypical blister forms. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclinical_infection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The duration of the asymptomatic period of diseases varies widely&lt;/a&gt; - some are carried and spread for years without ever knowing it.  Yes, you can catch AND transmit many diseases before you even know you have it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each infectious disease has a specific mode of transmission, and survive different lengths of time outside the body - ranging from minutes to years.  Some respiratory viruses hang in the air in tiny particles for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;minutes to potentially hours&lt;/a&gt; - and not just by coughing or sneezing, many are transmitted just by breathing out.   Without consistent and correct hand hygiene, fecal-oral transmission diseases can spread rapidly whether the person is symptomatic or not.  (Especially kids - what kid is 100% perfect with hand hygiene?)  Some infectious diseases shed in unpredictable cycles, others shed constantly.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The epidemiology of infectious disease transmission and the impact of vaccination are both crystal clear.  Creating herd immunity - minimizing the prevalence of a disease in a population to drastically drop transmission rates (especially for those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons) - requires everyone's participation. Vaccination is therefore an issue of both public health and community responsibility.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In no uncertain terms: an unvaccinated person poses a health risk to both themselves and to their community.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is an entire &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/catchup.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;catch-up schedule&lt;/a&gt; for a reason - doing it now, even if it's a late start, is far better than never doing it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a child already has a disease, unless they are acutely ill, it is generally not harmful to give the vaccine for it.  Sometimes it's okay even when they're acutely ill.  (But one should always talk with a doctor for advising on one's individual case.)  With a &lt;em&gt;few&lt;/em&gt; diseases, giving the vaccine can actually help the body prevent the disease from fully developing - if given early enough.  But do note this is &lt;em&gt;NOT&lt;/em&gt; a reliable treatment, it is a there's-a-chance-it-could-help-so-it's-better-than-nothing type strategy, and only with certain diseases.  The ideal situation is to be protected &lt;em&gt;before ever being exposed&lt;/em&gt; to a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Again in no uncertain terms: although there are estimates of disease prevalence, including asymptomatic cases, it is impossible to be certain that an asymptomatic unvaccinated child doesn't have an infectious disease - unless you test them for it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T20:00:47.280" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T20:00:47.280" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16525" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16681" CreationDate="2018-06-07T10:16:49.123" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've been reading, a (food) calorie is defined to be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1 °C, equal to one thousand small calories and often used to measure the energy value of foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As purely a curiosity, does this mean that if I drank 1kg of water I would need to burn 1 calorie?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7588" LastActivityDate="2018-06-23T05:36:21.903" Title="Definition of a (food) calorie and burning food calories" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-07T15:55:54.573" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tearing the Radial Collateral Ligament in the thumb seems to be way less common than tearing the Ulnar Collateral Ligament in the thumb and so I'm having trouble finding relevant information on Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found the following journals suggesting that the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Tendon can be used for RCL reconstruction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Iba, Kousuke: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jhandsurg.org/article/S0363-5023%2813%2900821-6/abstract?code=yjhsu-site&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reconstruction of Chronic Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Radial Collateral Ligament Injuries With a Half-Slip of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Tendon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;; Journal of Hand Surgery&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Horche: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16462331/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radial collateral ligament repair of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint using the abductor pollicis brevis tendon.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Plastic Reconstruction Surgery.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another options seems to be using the Palmaris Longus for the reconstruction. I haven't been able to find any literature on how this compares to using the APB in terms of success rate, expected recovery time etc. I found a procedure called Camitz Transfer but I gather this is for carpal tunnel rather than ligament injuries of the thumb.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are both procedures established reconstructions of the RCL? Which is preferable in what cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13954" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T16:51:57.270" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T16:51:57.270" Title="Thumb RCL reconstruction - Abductor Pollicis Brevis vs Palmaris Longus" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;&lt;thumb&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16527" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16530" CreationDate="2018-06-07T17:44:51.940" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;We hear about salt being bad for us (sodium chloride). But there are many other salts which may be consumed in large quantities on a daily basis, e.g. pharmaceuticals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it specifically sodium chloride that's the culprit or any chemical salt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13955" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T18:11:31.637" Title="Are all salts equally bad for you?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-07T04:32:52.313" Score="5" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;ECT is shock treatment. It is used to treat psychological disorders. How much of it causes how much of retrograde amnesia, is there any quantification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="pkjjgt" LastEditorUserId="209" LastEditDate="2018-06-07T21:06:12.353" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T21:17:34.893" Title="ECT and retrograde amnesia" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16527" CreationDate="2018-06-07T18:56:16.403" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Terminology in Context&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to distinguish between technical or scientific usage of terminology and popular usage of terminology in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'lay'&lt;/a&gt; literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When physicians, news articles, etc, refer to &quot;salt&quot; in dietary contexts, they are almost always referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;common salt&lt;/em&gt; also known as &lt;em&gt;table salt&lt;/em&gt; and consisting of sodium chloride, NaCl,&lt;/a&gt; rather than referring to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chemical term &quot;salt&quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most contexts, they are also intending to refer primarily to the &lt;em&gt;sodium content&lt;/em&gt; of table salt, rather than the entire species NaCl, simply because NaCl is the primary dietary source of sodium ions for a typical human. They are also likely referring to the average &lt;em&gt;overintake of sodium&lt;/em&gt; in a common diet: high sodium carries risks, but taking zero sodium would also be deadly: sodium is a very necessary ion in human biology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other Salts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Salts&quot; in general are an incredibly broad class of chemicals, and some of them can be quite toxic. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_cyanide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potassium cyanide&lt;/a&gt;, for example, is a salt - it is quite lethal for you to ingest once it turns to hydrogen cyanide in the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a dietary context, a salt like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potassium chloride&lt;/a&gt; could be seen as less harmful than sodium chloride, because it is not going to have the same impact on blood pressure and because potassium is more often too low in typical diets - but it won't taste exactly like sodium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The meaning of 'bad for you' is context-dependent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, on a toxicity/poison level, potassium chloride (LD50=2.5 g/kg) is slightly more deadly than sodium chloride (LD50=3.75 g/kg) administered orally, and much more deadly intravenously. Potassium chloride is the final drug administered in some lethal injection protocols: high blood potassium concentrations, higher than you would obtain through normal consumption of potassium in food, stops muscle and nervous activity, including that of the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, if you are going to ingest a whole lot of something right this moment, or especially if you are injecting something into an IV, you would be safer with sodium chloride than potassium chloride. On the other hand, it is likely that a lifetime diet that is somewhat higher than recommended in sodium chloride is going to be far more dangerous than a lifetime diet that is somewhat higher than recommended in potassium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Back to sodium...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the harm of sodium itself, it doesn't matter much what ions you ingest sodium with: sodium chloride versus sodium bicarbonate contributes an equivalent amount of sodium to your diet if you adjust for the difference in molecular weight (that is, the mass of the bicarbonate ion is bigger than the mass of the chloride ion, so it takes more sodium bicarbonate to get the same amount of sodium).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most pharmaceutical applications, though, the sodium content is simply not meaningful in a dietary context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T18:11:31.637" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T18:11:31.637" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16528" CreationDate="2018-06-07T19:35:04.273" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Permanent loss of memory seems only occur in the memory of the treatment and events leading up to the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results indicated that ECT can initially disrupt recall of events that occurred many years previously, but recovery of these memories was virtually complete by seven months after treatment. It was also clear that persisting memory loss for information acquired only a few days before treatment can occur. For information acquired one to two years prior to treatment, recovery was substantial, but the results suggested that some memory problems might persist for events that occurred during this time period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Squire LR, Slater PC, Miller PL. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7458573?report=abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retrograde amnesia and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Long-term follow-up.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study comes to the same conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our results are consistent with the possibility that ECT as currently practiced does not cause significant lasting retrograde amnesia, but that amnesia is mostly temporary and related to the period of impairment immediately following ECT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Martijn Meeter, Jaap M.J. Murre, Steve M.J. Janssen, Tom Birkenhager, W.W. van den Broek,&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032711000802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retrograde amnesia after electroconvulsive therapy: A temporary effect?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;Journal of Affective Disorders,&#xA;Volume 132, Issues 1–2,&#xA;2011&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following extract from &lt;em&gt;The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging&lt;/em&gt; suggests that almost all patients in fact do experience retrograde amnesia, but the severity differs and can be assessed with a Mental State Exam which should be conducted prior:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Following ECT, patients also display retrograde amnesia.&lt;/strong&gt; Deficits in the recall of both personal (autobiographical) and public information are usually evident, and the deficits are typically greatest for events that occurred temporally closest to the treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a link to the full text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ect.org/resources/apa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy:&#xA;Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging&#xA;Second Edition (Completely Revised)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Section 5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T21:17:34.893" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3142" CreationDate="2018-06-07T20:07:15.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, I find this study to be credible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To understand why, let's start with some background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following prostate removal, or radiation treatment for prostate cancer, many men experience severe ED due to damage to nerves and blood vessels.  Some men recover the ability to have an erection over time, as tissues heal.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, because the men are not having regular erections, there isn't enough blood flow into the penis to maintain healthy tissues.  For this reason, many urologists will prescribe a daily dose of Cialis (tadalafil) to maintain the health of the penis, and promote healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an &quot;off label&quot; use of Cialis.  The urologists are prescribing it for something other than its intended and approved purpose.  And the manufacturers cannot claim that it is effective for this purpose, because the FDA has not approved it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the idea that Cialis might encourage healing and regeneration of erectile tissues by maintaining healthy blood flow is well known, despite lack of FDA approvals, or manufacturer claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it would be premature to jump to conclusions based on a single study; it's important to understand how clinical studies work, and especially how they relate to FDA approval for specific uses (in the United States).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126086/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Erectile preservation following radical prostatectomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485415/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tadalafil therapy for erectile dysfunction following prostatectomy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T14:03:02.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T14:03:02.897" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16409" CreationDate="2018-06-07T20:33:37.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a couple of studies, including the one you cite, that link finasteride with persistent erectile dysfunction.  (Bear in mind that the rates of PED reported in these studies are actually quite low, and it is possible that they are due to other factors.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a meta-data analysis of the clinical trials for finasteride claiming that none of the trial reports provided adequate information about the severity, frequency or reversibility of sexual adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the currently available research, there is (in my opinion) cause for concern, but I would not conclude that there is an established causative link between finasteride and persistent erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Citations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346286/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Persistent erectile dysfunction in men exposed to the 5α-reductase inhibitors, finasteride, or dutasteride&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27644029&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Persistent Sexual Dysfunction with Finasteride 1 mg Taken for Hair Loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2015/04/belknap-baldness-safety/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sexual Dysfunction Inadequately Reported In Hair Loss Drug Trials For Men&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastActivityDate="2018-06-07T20:33:37.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16653" CreationDate="2018-06-08T01:54:12.287" Score="7" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just took a CPR course and was instructed to perform 5 cycles of compressions after an AED shock (after which you wait for the AED to do another analysis). My question is: if the shock was successful and the heart started beating again, wouldn't compressions mess with the heart starting up its rhythm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13962" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T05:02:59.037" LastActivityDate="2020-05-20T10:14:26.913" Title="Why do we continue compressions after the first AED shock?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-08T08:56:25.677" Score="4" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have some original data on prescription frequencies of certain common drugs and I have calculated the gender ratio of patients for each. The list below contains Top 15 of the most commonly prescribed drugs in a major Western country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vero8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Vero8.png&quot; alt=&quot;drug table&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am more of a data analyst than a medic, so the reasons for this are not obvious to me. I have used Google/Wikipedia to find the main reason for the prescription of each drug, but my list is by no means exhaustive and I understand it some cases it can be quite nuanced. Could someone with a medical background shed some more light?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My broad generalisations are that men appear to be more often prescribed blood pressure and cholesterol lowering drugs (with a couple of exceptions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An asthma treatment and an antidepressant are more often prescribed to women. And obviously a thyroid hormone supplement, which is used during pregnancy, is also prescribed much more to women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the two commonest over-the-counter drugs, why is aspirin is prescribed more often to men and paracetamol to women?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13965" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T11:49:27.883" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T11:49:27.883" Title="Why are certain drugs prescribed more often to either males or females?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10747" CreationDate="2018-06-08T09:16:12.760" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Excessive Acetylcholine (Ach) release seems to be related Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) inducing Ach leakage. CGRP is part of a general inflammatory response, in turn part of the pain response associated with trigger points.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Physiologically spoken, acetylcholine (Ach) is released in the neuromuscular junction by the motorneuron to activate muscle fibers to contract through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285362/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jafri (2010)&lt;/a&gt; outlines a hypothesis why Ach responses are increased, leading to the development of trigger points*, based on the work of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759755&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Simons (2004)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;hypothetical&lt;/em&gt; basis for trigger points, according to Jafri is as follows: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abnormal Ach release that triggers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased muscle fiber tension (trigger point) that constricts blood flow causing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Local hypoxia, which disrupts mitochondrial function and low ATP, causing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tissue stress and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Release of sensitizing substances that cause pain by activation of nociceptors and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;autonomic modulation that potentiates step 1 causing more Ach release.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ischemia/hypoxia leads to acidification and muscle injury, in turn releasing of potassium, bradykinins, cytokines, ATP, and substance P which might stimulate nociceptors in the muscle, in turn leading to the tenderness and pain observed with trigger points. Pain is mediated by depolarization of nociceptive neurons that in turn also release of &lt;strong&gt;calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)&lt;/strong&gt;. CGRP inhibits acetylcholine esterase and upregulates the amount of acetylcholine receptors and release of acetylcholine, known as acetylcholine leakage. The result is increased acetylcholine in the nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, and increased motor endplate potentials resulting in more contraction &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285362/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Jafri, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is CGRP released? From what I know, the function of CGRP is largely unknown &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187032/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Russell &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2014)&lt;/a&gt;. Its role in migraine has attracted attention, but in trigger point therapy world, it's not really elucidated as far as I can see. Moreover, Trigger Points are an established phenomenon in treatment world (physiotherapy, massage, &lt;em&gt;etc&lt;/em&gt;), but scientifically their pathophysiology is based on speculations and hypotheses (educated guesses). However, tapping into CGRPs expected role in pain responses in general, I think it's safe to say that CGRP is a part of a common &lt;strong&gt;inflammatory response&lt;/strong&gt; and neuroprotective agent, and quoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187032/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Russel &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt; (2014)&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The regulation of CGRP synthesis is still poorly understood. CGRP synthesis is known to be upregulated in models of nerve damage, such as peripheral axotomy, and it is thought that synthesis of the peptide is enhanced in tissues that are undergoing an inflammatory response []. This may be linked to local release of nerve growth factor (NGF) from cells such as macrophages and keratinocytes. NGF is vitally important for the growth of sensory nerves and for the maintenance of function of mature nerves &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we all know, inflammatory responses are necessary to fight back pathogens, but inflammatory responses are at the same time painful, and even outright damaging to the body &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285362/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jafri, &lt;em&gt;Int Sch Res Notices&lt;/em&gt; (2014); 523924&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187032/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Russell &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., &lt;em&gt;Physiol Rev&lt;/em&gt; (2014); &lt;strong&gt;94&lt;/strong&gt;(4): 1099–142&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759755&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Simons, &lt;em&gt;J Electromyogr Kinesiol&lt;/em&gt; (2004); &lt;strong&gt;14&lt;/strong&gt;(1): 95-107&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T10:48:10.903" LastActivityDate="2018-06-08T10:48:10.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-08T11:24:18.320" Score="4" ViewCount="184" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a condition which describes an abnormal shrinkage of the eyeball? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, a counterpart to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buphthalmos&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;buphthalmos&lt;/a&gt; (an abnormal enlargement of the eyeball).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13967" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T23:52:27.220" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T23:52:27.220" Title="Abnormal shrinkage of the eyeball" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16541" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16542" CreationDate="2018-06-08T12:54:05.047" Score="2" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is always said that with a balanced diet, all important vitamins and trace elements are supplied. It is also said that the body only uses the vitamins inside the fruit when its needed. But what would happen if vitamin supplements were added to a fully balanced diet where all vitamins and trace elements are already fully supplied?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would the body only use the vitamins from the supplements?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would the body use both and overdose?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would the timing of the supplement intake play a role? (On an empty stomach in the morning or in the evening after dinner)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13886" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-08T17:05:43.150" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T12:40:02.690" Title="Vitamin supplements with a balanced diet" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16541" CreationDate="2018-06-08T13:24:09.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamins and minerals from foods an supplements taken simultaneously &lt;strong&gt;can be absorbed normally,&lt;/strong&gt; because their absorption is usually not regulated by the amounts you take. However, the absorption of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198508/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; depends on your body iron stores: the more stores, the less efficient absorption. Still, both acute and chronic &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318903.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron poisoning&lt;/a&gt; is possible with large amounts of iron supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The absorption of &lt;strong&gt;selenium&lt;/strong&gt; is not regulated like iron, so overdose is possible, but not with balanced diet and supplements within recommended limits. Note, that selenium toxicity can occur if you eat too many Brazil nuts (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27553772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ODS&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know, if it is better to take a supplement &lt;strong&gt;on an empty stomach or with food,&lt;/strong&gt; read the instructions on the information leaflet provided. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are better absorbed if taken with fatty food (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441954&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/food-and-nutrition/eating-well/vitamins-and-minerals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS Inform&lt;/a&gt; about &lt;strong&gt;taking higher than normal amount of supplements:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get too much water soluble vitamins (B complex and C) and minerals, the excessive amount will be usually excreted by the urine within hours. Overdose can occur when you exceed the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/4_%20UL%20Values_Vitamins%20and%20Elements.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tolerable Upper Intake Level&lt;/a&gt; for these vitamins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get too much fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), they will be stored in the liver and other body fat stores and used later at any time if needed. Taking these supplements within recommended doses even in addition to balanced diet and fortified foods, does not result in an overdose (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27553772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Good to know:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309636/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Do We Really Need Them? (PubMed Central, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of large-scale randomized trials show that, for the&#xA;  majority of the population, there is no overall benefit from taking&#xA;  Multivitamin supplements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-15T08:54:48.547" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T08:54:48.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-08T16:35:11.850" Score="7" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there something special about exactly 0 calories vs 1 calorie?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When researching Intermittent Fasting, the &quot;magic&quot; seems to come from the body's response to insulin dropping and its response to secrete glucagon, causing glyconeolysis, catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis - the latter three becomes dominant once the liver runs out of glycogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that's mentioned several times by online articles and books (such as The Obesity Code) is that &quot;reduced calorie&quot; diets do &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; cause the same effects. However, they rarely go into what effects specifically they're talking about, or how reduced is &quot;reduced.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are fasting at 0 calories, does the addition of one calorie somehow cause the glycogen to stop causing the lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and catabolism? What about 100 calories? 500 calories?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens in the transitional region between 0 calories (&quot;fasting&quot;) and 1500 calories (&quot;reduced calories&quot;)? If you're fasting for 16 hours, eat 100 calories, then fast 16 more, how significantly different is that from fasting 32 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6624" LastEditorUserId="6624" LastEditDate="2018-06-09T15:16:52.953" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T15:55:29.177" Title="Intermittent Fasting: Why is exactly *zero* calories special?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16652" CreationDate="2018-06-08T19:29:10.497" Score="4" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know ICD 10 codes are used to describe Granular Level diagnosis on a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do SNOMED codes do the same?  If Yes, why two set of terminologies to describe diagnosis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because SNOMed Codes are more Provider Friendly while ICD 10 codes are more billing friendly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13969" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T23:36:39.843" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T20:27:33.957" Title="Snomed codes vs ICD Codes" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-09T04:57:44.657" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that duodenal ulcer (diagnosed with an endoscopy) could trigger gallbladder dyskinesia (diagnosed with a HIDA scan). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13973" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-09T08:46:35.253" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T09:52:28.140" Title="Gallbladder/Ulcer Pain" Tags="&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16545" CreationDate="2018-06-09T09:21:18.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both a duodenal ulcer and gallbladder dyskinesia can result from stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613748/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Duodenal ulcer and stress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21919240&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biliary dyskinesia and stress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Duodenal ulcer can, rarely, affect the opening of the common bile duct (sphincter of Oddi) into the duodenum and cause &quot;sphincter of Oddi dysfunction&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2074063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), which is one type of &quot;biliary dyskinesia.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;NOTE: It is important to obtain a written medical diagnosis to know which exact type of gallbladder or biliary dyskinesia one has, because different types have different causes and treatments.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the treatment for duodenal ulcer is better known and, in general, more succesful than for dyskinesia, it seems logical that one should try to treat the ulcer first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-09T09:52:28.140" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T09:52:28.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11887" CreationDate="2018-06-09T11:52:07.960" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bartleby.com/107/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gray's Anatomy&lt;/a&gt; - an old but complete online book with detailed text and pictures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.getbodysmart.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Get Body Smart&lt;/a&gt; - by organic systems, at a glance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.innerbody.com/image/musfov.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inner Body&lt;/a&gt; - on hover interactive images, with text&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kenhub%20anatomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;KenHub&lt;/a&gt; - 50 videos&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anatomyzone.com/tutorials-page/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AnatomyZone&lt;/a&gt; - ~200 videos, including basic terminology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-09T15:45:32.183" LastActivityDate="2018-06-09T15:45:32.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16555" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16540" CreationDate="2018-06-10T10:38:45.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Atrophia bulbi&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;em&gt;with shrinkage&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It occurs &lt;em&gt;with shrinkage&lt;/em&gt; and also &lt;em&gt;without shrinkage&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;without shrinkage&lt;/em&gt;, generally the eye is of normal size, but the globe can be enlarged due to glaucoma. In &lt;em&gt;with shrinkage&lt;/em&gt;, the globe becomes soft,small and partially collapsed. Atrophy is present in the intraocular tissues but the relationship between the tissues are relatively intact.The horizontal and verical rectal muscles are pulled off which gives the globe a cuboid-like appearance rather than a spherical one. The intraocular pressure (IOP) is decreased. The anterior chamber collapses and the cornea becomes edematous and opacified. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Phthisis bulbi&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also called as &lt;em&gt;atrophia bulbi with disorganization&lt;/em&gt;. The globe becomes small, mostly under an average diameter of 16-19 mm(noraml is 24-26 mm). The sclera becomes thickened and the cornea is opacified. Intraocular ossification(bone-formation) may also occur. The bowman layer, lens and retina are calcified. Proliferation and metaplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leads to drusen formation of the eye.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WR52c.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WR52c.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;[Source &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g8U0AwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=The+massachusetts+eye&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiyv_ubtsvbAhVBpZQKHUF-DPMQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=The%20massachusetts%20eye&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/bcscsnippetdetail.aspx?id=8ede24ac-d9bc-4ea8-8e19-38e73830cea6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m-AMO4gkTtMC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=Essentials+of+ophthalmology&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiupa_rtMvbAhXEKY8KHamzCnQQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Essentials%20of%20ophthalmology&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Essentials of Ophthalmology&#xA;By Neil J. Friedman, Peter K. Kaiser&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V9lV7iSrJvEC&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=Ocular+pathology&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjvv7LFtcvbAhWMRY8KHd2aDEEQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Ocular%20pathology&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ocular Pathology&#xA;By Myron Yanoff, Joseph William Sassani&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g8U0AwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=The+massachusetts+eye&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiyv_ubtsvbAhVBpZQKHUF-DPMQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=The%20massachusetts%20eye&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Illustrated Manual of Ophthalmology &#xA;    ...By Neil J.      Friedman, Peter K. Kaiser, Roberto Pineda II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5: &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yI_TBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;amp;dq=Pathology+of+the+eye&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjWl5fxtsvbAhXGQo8KHUGaBAsQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Pathology%20of%20the%20eye&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathology of the Eye&#xA;By G.O.H. Naumann, D.J. Apple&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8593" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T13:02:10.127" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T13:02:10.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-10T15:29:30.830" Score="3" ViewCount="307" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that stool tests can diagnose tapeworms/pinworms/other worms. Are there other methods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13985" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-10T15:52:09.617" LastActivityDate="2018-06-10T16:38:52.010" Title="What methods are there to diagnose helminths?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;hookworm&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16556" CreationDate="2018-06-10T16:38:52.010" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are other methods, but they are dependant on the type of helminth. Common tests for helminths are the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;serological tests &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;molecular tests&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;microscopic tests&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To have the most significant diagnostic impact, new techniques and assays should be simple and yield rapid results. Such characteristics could be achieved by reducing the number of steps to be performed in a procedure and making result interpretation obvious enough to avoid significant operator-dependent biases. An optimal diagnosis method would possess these favorable features while still maintaining a high level of sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, many of the tests that are used today cannot differentiate between current and past infections. Assays that are capable of making this distinction are necessary to properly determine disease prevalence, choose the appropriate treatment, and assess the effect of treatment. Currently, diagnostic and reference laboratories use several techniques, including &lt;strong&gt;microscopy, molecular assays, and serological assays&lt;/strong&gt;. Each method has its advantages as well as disadvantages. Furthermore, many research laboratories are focusing on the development of new diagnostic methods as well as the improvement of old ones. There has especially been a focus on the development of molecular diagnostic techniques. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures for the detection of various parasites are continuously being optimized. Recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has attracted much attention and seems to be the molecular tool of the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These tests are recommended by the CDC per type of helminth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARgIF.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ARgIF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Ndao, Momar: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2009/278246/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases: Old and New Approaches&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases&#xA;Volume 2009, Article ID 278246, 15 pages&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An outline of each test &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2009/278246/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be found in the same study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-06-10T16:38:52.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-10T17:49:53.250" Score="3" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;For severe acne, wouldn't it be most effective to contact and subject the affected areas to Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) for as long as possible? If yes, then ought it not be applied as a cream?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a body wash, it'd be washed off the skin after 2 minutes. How can 2 minutes suffice for definitively killing bacteria? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-13T17:19:58.527" LastActivityDate="2018-06-13T17:19:58.527" Title="Is benzoyl peroxide as body wash less effective than creams?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16675" CreationDate="2018-06-10T21:37:52.303" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone#Insomnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many clinicians use low-dose trazodone as an alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia. Two recent reviews found that trazodone is the second most prescribed agent for insomnia [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific explanation of the mechanism in action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3248" LastEditorUserId="8593" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T12:21:32.783" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T18:36:40.500" Title="Why is Tradozone prescribed to aid with insomnia?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16571" CreationDate="2018-06-11T12:45:21.657" Score="12" ViewCount="3308" Body="&lt;p&gt;When buying pain killers in the pharmacy (no doctor prescription), sometimes I'm told to take the pain killers only after eating something, sometimes they say it doesn't matter, and most of the times they say nothing at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a global recommendation about this? Should we eat before taking pain killers, or not? And more importantly, why should we consume painkillers on an empty stomach or vice versa? Many times when in pain, there's also no appetite so it's not trivial task to eat before taking them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-12T15:44:17.180" LastActivityDate="2018-06-12T16:04:42.033" Title="Should we always eat something before taking pain killers?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16564" CreationDate="2018-06-11T15:27:39.427" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is the information leaflet, which usually comes with all drugs, that should tell you to take them with or without food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;one/few time use,&lt;/em&gt; it can be better to take them &lt;strong&gt;on an empty stomach or with water&lt;/strong&gt; because they will pass through it quicker and will be absorbed quicker, so they will likely act quicker and stronger (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574824/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paracetamol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://theconversation.com/do-you-need-to-take-some-painkillers-with-food-to-protect-your-stomach-47156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) when taken for up to 3 days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;em&gt;the long-term use,&lt;/em&gt; it is better to take them &lt;strong&gt;with food&lt;/strong&gt; to reduce the risk of stomach inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://theconversation.com/do-you-need-to-take-some-painkillers-with-food-to-protect-your-stomach-47156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NSAIDs, when taken for &gt;3 days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-12T16:04:42.033" LastActivityDate="2018-06-12T16:04:42.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16569" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-06-11T16:49:10.997" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T16:49:10.997" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T16:49:10.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16570" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-06-11T16:49:10.997" Score="0" Body="For questions concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye." OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T20:08:11.717" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T20:08:11.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16564" CreationDate="2018-06-11T17:25:07.440" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen and Aspirin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=M01AE&amp;amp;showdescription=no&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)&lt;/a&gt;. These NSAIDs can be differentiated into selective NSAIDs and non-selective NSAIDs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Non-selective NSAIDs such as Ibuprofen and Aspirin are both COX-1 [&lt;em&gt;Cyclooxygenase-1, also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS-1)&lt;/em&gt;] and COX-2 inhibitors [&lt;em&gt;Cyclooxygenase-2 respectively&lt;/em&gt;]. (For the sake of completion: Selective NSAIDs only inhibit COX-2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both PTGS inhibitors prevent prostaglandin synthesis, which is a hormone amongst many other functions responsible for transmitting pain to the brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, because &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18549814&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study from 2008&lt;/a&gt; notes that COX-1 promotes the production of the natural mucus lining that protects the inner stomach and contributes to reduced acid secretion and reduced pepsin content, (and hence an inhibitor such as all non-selective NSAIDs will decrease said mucus), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/the-vascular-effects-of-cox-2-selective-inhibitors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PTGS-1 inhibitors increase the &lt;em&gt;risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (and other stomach-upsetting symptoms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence it is recommended to consume such non-selective NSAIDs with food, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/866.aspx?CategoryID=73&amp;amp;SubCategoryID=103&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;because this will allegedly lessen the symptoms&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It used to be &quot;mandatory&quot; to eat food before taking such medicine, but in 2015, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmadispatch.com/news/chnages-for-ibuprofen&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Australian Medicines Handbook has stepped back from this standpoint and now only encourages taking it with water and eating only if it does in fact upset one's stomach.&lt;/a&gt; A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18335848&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study published in 2007&lt;/a&gt; has already found that the negative side-effects are dosage and time-dependent. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23163547&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Furthermore, a more recent study from 2015 found that the effect of food might not be as positive as expected.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this seems to be a pretty mixed bag. I find the solution of the Australian Medicines Handbook reasonable however: Don't take them with food unless you have gastrointestinal problems. If those problems should be severe, as always consult a physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other common painkillers such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02BE01&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;paracetamol&lt;/a&gt; that are not NSAIDs and thus not PTGS-1 inhibitors &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.familydoctor.co.nz/categories/medication/paracetamol-a-patients-guide/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;can be taken without food&lt;/a&gt;, as they are not stomach-upsetting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-11T17:48:11.887" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T17:48:11.887" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16564" CreationDate="2018-06-11T22:12:06.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is indeed important to differentiate the drug in question and the individual and the intention for using the drug and the way it is taken, temporally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Painkillers – or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;analgesics&lt;/a&gt; – come in a wide variety, be that in the form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opioids&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cannabinoids&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NSAIDs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_modulator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ion-channel_modulators&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myorelaxant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;myorelaxants&lt;/a&gt; or uncategorised drugs like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ketamine&lt;/a&gt;. Not all are usually administered orally or even effective that way, by far not all are even available prescription free. As should become clear by now, &quot;a general guideline&quot; is almost impossible to formulate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have to inquire about one specific drug in question. And even then it will be complicated and our picture about every single one of all those drugs is still evolving and however detailed it may seem, incomplete. Follow the advice given on the leaflet, by your pharmacist and doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the example of cannabinoids, it is common knowledge that a full stomach will delay the effects of the active ingredients, but the simultaneous ingestion of a little bit of fat will increase the absorption of them. The more interesting molecules are all lipophilic and quite waste to digest in isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be also a quite different story if we are talking about a one-time paracetamol administration or a long term course of aspirin, to name just one example pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The possible side-effects and interactions are different for each drug in question and each individual will fall on a different place of the scale of possible consequences. That does still not take into account the different foods that might interact with the drugs and the stomachs content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some important problems to keep an eye on when reading the accompanying leaflet are for example time the drug is in the stomach (gastric emptying) or the pH with the drug and with or with food (buffering).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00004.2008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and Gastric Mucosal Protection: Why Doesn’t the Stomach Digest Itself?&lt;/a&gt; (Physiol Rev 88: 1547–1565, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00004.2008.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since both other answers are basically correct on their own, I will only add some details that wouldn't fit into comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concernig absorption rates: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02235637&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Absorption of acetylsalicylic acid from unbuffered and buffered gastric contents&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600530203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastrointestinal Factors in Aspirin Absorption: A Quantitative Study&lt;/a&gt; but that is in contrast to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(60)90053-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Absorption of aspirin from the stomach in man&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600720727&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influence of food on aspirin absorption from tablets and buffered solutions&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600730917&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kinetics of aspirin absorption following oral administration of six aqueous solutions with different buffer capacities&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common side-effect of taking drugs orally is probably an upset stomach, but one of the more important effects might be actual bleeding, even with low dose aspirin: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2000570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the already mentioned COX inhibition is a problem in itself, many natural substances occurring naturally in food are also known to exhibit this action, very probably increasing the risk if even ever so slightly. Substances that might act in this way: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Therefore, caution should be exercised if combining aspirin with any &quot;natural&quot; supplements with COX-2-inhibiting properties, such as garlic extracts, curcumin, bilberry, pine bark, ginkgo, fish oil, resveratrol, genistein, quercetin, resorcinol, and others.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin#Adverse_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Aspirin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a personal anecdote I might also add saffron to the list of side-effects enhancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But look how aspirin and paracetamol differ in their pharmocokinetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These factors would modulate the kinetics in the inflammatory focus, thereby prolonging the therapeutic action of the drug beyond that expected based on analysis of plasma pharmacokinetics. However, ion trapping also results in acidic compounds achieving high concentrations in the stomach wall and kidney, in which blockade of prostanoid synthesis causes the typical organ toxicity elicited by these compounds. Due to their lack of acidic structure, other COX inhibitors, such as dipyrone and paracetamol, are distributed homogenously throughout the body at therapeutic doses and induce analgesia, but induce no or very slight anti-inflammatory effects. This is partly due to their low concentration in inflamed tissues. (p14)     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All NSAIDs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration carry the same boxed warning for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risk. These state “NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk” and “NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events,” respectively. (p37/8)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319338873&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angel Lanas (Ed): &quot;NSAIDs and Aspirin. Recent Advances and Implications for Clinical Management&quot;, Springer, 2016&lt;/a&gt;. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33889-7&#xA;  &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-06-11T22:12:06.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2018-06-12T00:23:53.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are really two different questions posed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;How to stop or even reverse cavities?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is currently only partially possible in the sense of slowing down the further spread and development of caries.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Eliminate acids and sugars from your diet, that includes starches and other cariogenic carbohydrates. Practice impeccable oral hygiene with lots of fluoride toothpaste, interdental cleanig with mouth washes, tooth picks and floss. Drink lots of green tea and milk. All of this – and more, if believe what's floating around the net popularly and mostly falsely – has very limited effects and cannot fully replace a visit to the dentist under any normal circumstances.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cavities cannot be &quot;reversed&quot;, that is rebuilt and filled up to a fully working intact tooth. Not with miracle supplements, exotic foods and not even by a dentist, except that a dentist might have suitable substances to fill the cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That answers hypothetically a question with unrealistic goals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the real question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What do you in case of a cavity and don't want to go dentist because you fear the side effects of drilling?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;First thing is of course something of the past in this case: try to prevent the cavity from forming in the first place. this is called prophylaxis and includes the usual: limit carbohydrate contact with teeth, practice oral hygiene and visit a dentist, not to let her drill anything, but to remove calculus and get protective lacquer layers. But as this is apparently too late in a case with developed cavities:&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone with a cavity who does not want to go to a dentist because of the fear of drilling &lt;em&gt;has&lt;/em&gt; to go to the dentist and let her drill and fill. The biggest problem in the scenario presented is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; the procedure itself but the anxious anticipation that prevents a necessary and very, very probably best option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secret of success is mentioning the anxiety involved and then requesting at least one of the following or even two drugs at once. Most of the time the request will be preempted by an offer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a large dose of local anaesthetic – for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lidocaine&lt;/a&gt; – that will prevent any pain from being registered in the brain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an adequate dose of a one-time anxiety reliever or even a sedative that will make your brain not only dull to the pain but utterly uninterested in the effects for a while that is long enough until the procedure is over&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics, sedatives, and any other drugs used in patient management.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#Dental_treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Dentistry#Dental treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005095/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current methods of sedation in dental patients - a systematic review of the literature&lt;/a&gt; Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016 Sep; 21(5): e579–e586.&#xA;Published online 2016 Jul 31. doi:10.4317/medoral.20981&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/sedation-dentistry-can-you-really-relax-in-the-dentists-chair#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sedation Dentistry: Can You Really Relax in the Dentist's Chair?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/a/anesthesia-and-sedation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MouthHealthy, ADA, Anesthesia and Sedation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Education%20and%20Careers/Files/anesthesia_use_guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADA Guidelines for the Use of Sedation and General Anesthesia by Dentists 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sedationdentistry4u.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SedationDentstry4U&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Inform yourself before requesting any of that and do not fixate on a specific combination, but discuss this with your dentist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-06-12T00:23:53.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-12T03:09:19.257" Score="10" ViewCount="393" Body="&lt;p&gt;While reading about sexually transmitted disease, I always wonder how much body fluid is actually required to transmit some diseases, specially in the case of other kinds of sex (masturbation, hand job, fingering and genital contact).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this website list chances of getting STDs: &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartsexresource.com/about-stis/know-your-chances-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Know your chances - Smart Sex Resource&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Specially the &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartsexresource.com/sites/default/files/Other-Sex-Table-v3.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;table about other kinds of sex&lt;/a&gt; mentions that you can get gonorrhea and chlamydia from genital to genital contact, with sharing of body fluids. But exactly how much? Is there any literature on that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking in a scenario like: person A is fingering person B. Person B is infected with chlamydia/gonorrhea (easy to transmit). Person A has person's B fluid on his fingers/hands. Person A uses a towel to dry their hands a bit before engaging in &quot;self&quot; masturbation. What's the risk of person A getting infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because anal/vaginal/oral sex without condom poses a clear risk, but sex isn't mechanical. People will kiss, finger and masturbate each other during sex and a tiny bit of fluid may be swapped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14001" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T03:52:02.263" Title="How much body fluid required to actually transmit a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;std&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16576" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16580" CreationDate="2018-06-12T07:50:25.223" Score="6" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it advisable to wear UV-protected swimsuit that covers arms and legs for skin protection to ward off skin cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Or is it too paranoid, given that most men and women wear swimming trunks / bikinis / swimsuits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sun provides benefits such as vitamin D. Is swimming in trunks alone actually healthier for the men's body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T19:21:00.360" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T19:21:00.360" Title="Is it advisable to wear UV protected swimsuit that covers arms and legs for skin protection to an outdoor swimming pool?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16577" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-12T07:54:54.767" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancer might be the most studied medical condition of all (I don't know if it's actually true, but it sure sounds like it), as it is such a complex and diverse disease. Scientists all over the world are studying different aspects of cancer for years and years, papers are published daily, and new treatments for all types of cancers are constantly being developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering all this, &lt;strong&gt;how close are we to actually be able to control and treat cancer (in general) in such a way that it would be considered a treatable disease&lt;/strong&gt; (like bacterial infections for example)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess we can measure our progress in fighting cancer by how well do we understand its mechanisms and how efficient are our drugs and treatments. Is there any official and general statement about these things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2018-06-12T07:54:54.767" Title="What is the current status of cancer-related research?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-06-16T10:24:08.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-12T10:05:30.107" Score="3" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Nurse Assistant the same across trusts? Is it different from an HCA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11063" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T13:15:42.717" Title="In the UK, what's the difference between Nurse Assistants and Healthcare Assistants?" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16576" CreationDate="2018-06-12T12:23:18.303" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/16576/is-it-advisable-to-wear-uv-protected-swimsuit-that-covers-arms-and-legs-for-skin/16580#comment26950_16580&quot;&gt;critiqued in comments&lt;/a&gt;, this answer possibly misrepresents the vitamin D situation, which is better described &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288313/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.  Proceed with suspicion!&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the associated cancer risk, protecting your skin from sunlight is a good idea, also when swimming, and especially by wearing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UV-absorptive clothing&lt;/a&gt;.  Sunscreen makes a huge difference too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get enough vitamin D from even a few minutes of sunlight, and also otherwise from cheap nutritional supplements.  Exposing your skin to solar UV is pretty much only a negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether something is &amp;quot;too paranoid&amp;quot; is for each to judge for themselves, based on the facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The facts&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO page &lt;em&gt;Are there beneficial effects of UV radiation?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; advises this as to benefits of UV radiation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no doubt that a little sunlight is good for you! But &lt;strong&gt;5 to 15 minutes of casual sun exposure of hands, face and arms two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels high&lt;/strong&gt;. Closer to the equator, where UV levels are higher, even shorter periods of exposure suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, for most people, vitamin D deficiency is unlikely. Possible exceptions are those who have very limited sun exposure such as the housebound elderly, or those with heavily pigmented skin who live in high-latitude countries where UV levels are relatively low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also advise on the negatives on the page &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are the effects of UV on the skin?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no such thing as a healthy tan!&lt;/strong&gt; The skin produces a dark-coloured pigment, melanin, as a shield against further damage from UV radiation. The darkening provides some protection against sunburn: a dark tan on a white skin offers a sun protection factor of between 2 and 4. However, it is no defence against long-term UV damage such as skin cancer. A suntan may be cosmetically desirable, but in fact it is nothing but a sign that your skin has been damaged and has attempted to protect itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/skin-cancer#heading-Zero&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Research UK's facts page on skin cancer&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 in 54 people will be diagnosed with malignant melanoma during their lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the same page, your chances of surviving after diagnosis for 1 year are 97%, for 5 years 90%, and for 10 years 90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts#nonmelanoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skin Cancer Foundation's facts page&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The vast majority of melanomas are caused by the sun.&lt;/strong&gt; In fact, one UK study found that about 86 percent of melanomas can be attributed to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;In conclusion&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swimwear is healthier the more it protects your skin from sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are always some obstacles to always doing the healthiest thing though.  For instance—&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More clothing means more weight and heat, which may make going swimming less convenient for you, especially if you like to swim competitively and in warm water.  Since exercise is itself healthy, it would be unwise to discourage it by making it feel like a chore!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cultural resistance: pool maintainers in some places (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-swimming-pools-eg-in-France-insist-on-everyone-wearing-tight-Lycra-swimming-suits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g. France&lt;/a&gt;) have been known to refuse guests with swimwear that doesn't look like swimwear, out of hygiene concerns.  It might be wise to get staff permission or bring an alternative set to avoid disappointment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps you to decide!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7054" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-13T07:55:19.833" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16585" CreationDate="2018-06-12T23:53:27.453" Score="6" ViewCount="254" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Vegan friend tells me that dairy products and cow milk are actually unhealthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He says that drinking milk increases the risk of getting cancer and that it actually impedes the bone's intake of calcium due to it being acidic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is consuming dairy products (in normal doses) unhealthy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The information I found online seemed conflicting. I also had trouble finding &quot;neutral&quot; sources of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14011" LastEditorUserId="14011" LastEditDate="2018-06-13T11:58:49.437" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T09:45:07.760" Title="Is Cow Milk unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16584" CreationDate="2018-06-13T03:13:58.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several issues regarding dairy that have to be taken into consideration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is the link between casein and cancers.  I have heard a presentation from the author of some of the prominent studies on the subject, and have reduced my own family's intake of dairy based on findings.  An example of another author's findings is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166373/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;, which concludes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The milk protein, casein, promotes the proliferation of prostate&#xA;  cancer cells such as PC3 and LNCaP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly is the fact that many adults lose the ability to digest lactose, which happens by slow loss of the enzyme on the intestinal brush border.  Many don't realize it because of the slow onset.  Symptoms of gas and diarrhea/constipation and abdominal pain are common, because the bacteria in the late gut DO digest it and produce quite a bit of gas, and it serves as an osmotic laxative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Third, there are conflicting studies on the health impact of fat in milk.  Generally, saturated fats from animal sources are advised to be avoided due to increasing cardiovascular risk via cholesterol levels. However, some studies have suggested full fat milk is actually better than skim in terms of health impact.  Verdict is still out on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-06-13T04:54:36.300" LastActivityDate="2018-06-13T04:54:36.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16588" CreationDate="2018-06-13T08:44:51.057" Score="6" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/q/16576&quot;&gt;Is it advisable to wear UV protected swimsuit that covers arms and legs for skin protection to an outdoor swimming pool?&lt;/a&gt; by @Anko, it was stated that you can get enough vitamin D from a few minutes sunlight and this is supported by Cancer Research UK (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph32/documents/expert-paper-3-vitamin-d2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet in a British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288313&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spiro &amp;amp; Buttriss, 2014&lt;/a&gt;), it is pointed out that there are reports of inadequate vitamin D status in Europe and this may be a problem elsewhere because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the northern hemisphere at latitudes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_parallel_north&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;greater than around 40°N&lt;/a&gt; (north of Madrid, see Table 1), sunlight is not strong enough to trigger synthesis of vitamin D in the skin from October to March.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could say that this can be reflected in the southern hemisphere at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_parallel_south&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;latitudes South of 40°S&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;strong&gt;possibly&lt;/strong&gt; the April to September months, due to the seasonal differences North and South of the equator.  The thing with that is that in the Southern hemisphere, it wouldn't affect a great deal of people in  comparison, as 40°S is between the islands of New Zealand and cuts off a small tip of South America.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am wondering is, that if Cancer Research UK has adequately proved that you can get enough vitamin D from a few minutes sunlight, has there been definitive evidence to suggest why there is an inadequate vitamin D status in Europe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer Research UK. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Vitamin D expert review&lt;/em&gt;. Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11871/49665/49665.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11871/49665/49665.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spiro, A., &amp;amp; Buttriss, J. L. (2014). Vitamin D: an overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. &lt;em&gt;Nutrition bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 39(4), 322-350.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/nbu.12108&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288313&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4288313&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635171&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;25635171&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;Free PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288313/pdf/nbu0039-0322.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288313/pdf/nbu0039-0322.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-13T08:51:42.877" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T10:54:29.390" Title="General Population Low Vitamin D Levels" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;&lt;spf-sun-protection-factor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16586" CreationDate="2018-06-13T15:23:29.147" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few mechanisms at work that influence the vitamin D status for Europeans. Vitamin D is either eaten in the food, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/61/3/638S.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;created with the help of sunlight&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jwatch.org/jd201006040000002/2010/06/04/how-much-sunlight-equivalent-vitamin-d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supplemented&lt;/a&gt;. Many appear to net have enough it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Humans get vitamin D from exposure to sunlight, from their diet, and from dietary supplements. A diet high in oily fish prevents vitamin D deficiency. Solar ultraviolet B radiation (wavelength, 290 to 315 nm) penetrates the skin and converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D3. Because any excess previtamin D3 or vitamin D3 is destroyed by sunlight, excessive exposure to sunlight does not cause vitamin D3 intoxication.&#xA;  Few foods naturally contain or are fortified with vitamin D. The “D” represents D2 or D3. Vitamin D2 is manufactured through the ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol from yeast, and vitamin D3 through the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol from lanolin. Both are used in over-the-counter vitamin D supplements, but the form available by prescription in the United States is vitamin D2.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Vitamin-D-deficiency.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D deficiency, MF Holick - New England Journal of Medicine, 2007 - Mass Medical Soc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you are primarily interested in D-sunlight: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17237325?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pigmentation of the skin&lt;/a&gt;: the amount of &quot;black&quot; people now living in Europe is rising. While that number is not significant for most cases often discussed, &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; of them (the more melanin the worse) have difficulty getting enough vitamin D from sunlight alone north of the 37th parallel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J31cb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J31cb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/time-for-more-vitamin-d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From Harvard Women's Health Watch: Time for more vitamin D, 2008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why the 35th, 37th or 40th parallel? Because the angle of the sun enables the atmosphere to filter out much of the UV rays needed to synthesise vitamin D. That angle is also varying during the day!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reference &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11871/49665/49665.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Research UK. (2010). Vitamin D expert review&lt;/a&gt; already states clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The amount of UVB in sunlight changes substantially with season, latitude and time of day. These factors greatly affect vitamin D production, which is greatest around two hours either side of solar noon, and during summer months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun? Many Europeans are around noon: in school, at work, in nursing homes -&gt; indoors. Some cannot get out, others are not allowed to for different reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those that do get out at the right time, in summer, around noon, are now scared into wearing hats and sunscreens for &quot;reasons&quot; (skin cancer, photoaging etc). The sun's rays have to reach the skin and penetrate it. For the right amount of time and with the right amount of intensity. The equation UVB equals bad leads to inadequate sun exposure and that to inadequate vitamin D synthesis. We have to choose our poison here and are currently opting for weaker bones (excuse the exaggeration).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some individuals in lower latitudes get enough sun for sure, and yet their vitamin D status is low:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/92/6/2130/2597445/Low-Vitamin-D-Status-despite-Abundant-Sun-Exposure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Low Vitamin D Status despite Abundant Sun Exposure&quot; N. Binkley et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp;amp; Metabolism, Volume 92, Issue 6, 1 June 2007, Pages 2130–2135&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2250&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  A probable explanation for the “low” 25(OH)D status of some individuals is found in their failure to obtain high circulating D3 concentrations. Possible explanations for this include inadequate cutaneous production of D3, enhanced cutaneous destruction of previtamin D3 or vitamin D3, down-regulation of cutaneous synthesis by sun-induced melanin production, or abnormalities of transport from the skin to the circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;From Wolfgang Herrmann and Rima Obeid (Eds): &quot;Vitamins in the prevention of human diseases&quot;, 2011, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York:&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Cutaneously synthesized or orally ingested vitamin D is transported in the circulation bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP). In the blood, only a small fraction is present as free, unbound vitamin D metabolites. The 25-hydroxylation of both vitamin D2 or vitamin D3, is the initial step in vitamin D activation. This takes place primarily in the liver. […] Nevertheless, extra-hepatic sources of 25-hydroxylation have been described in humans as well. They include macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and arterial endothelial cells (Gascon-Barre, 2005). (p. 365)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there comes another factor into play: a trend to low animal derived nutrition or even veganism. You may eat a lot of liver and obtain all the vitamin D you need, and more, from that. Eating offal is on the decline and plant based nutrition is usually very low in vitamin D. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And low in cholesterol as well!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are no reports of vitamin D intoxication in healthy adults after intensive sunlight exposure. Vitamin D in the skin reaches a plateau after only 15–30 min of UVB exposure. Then, vitamin D-inactive substances such as lumisterol and tachysterol are produced, which do not reach the systemic circulation. (p. 367)&#xA;  That means that only a small amount is available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Its precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol&lt;/strong&gt; in the plasma membranes of both epidermal basal and suprabasal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts is converted to previtamin D3. Cutaneously synthesized vitamin D3 is released from the plasma membrane and enters the systemic circulation bound to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) […] Factors influencing vitamin D levels Nutrient deficiencies are usually the result of dietary inadequacy, impaired absorption and use, increased requirement, or increased excretion. Vitamin D deficiency can occur when usual intake is lower than recommended levels over time, exposure to sunlight is limited, the kidneys cannot convert 25(OH)D to its active form, or absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract is inadequate. Vitamin D-deficient diets are associated with milk allergy, lactose intolerance, ovo-vegetarianism, and veganism. Regarding the amount of vitamin D production in human skin, it depends on several variables including environmental factors such as geographic latitude, season, time of day, weather conditions (cloudiness), amount of air pollution and surface reflection which can all interfere with the amount of UVB radiation reaching the skin […] The skin is unique in being not only the source of vitamin D for the body but also in being capable of responding to the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D. Both 1,25(OH)2D and its receptor (VDR) play essential roles in the skin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;From: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209012321400023X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D and the skin: Focus on a complex relationship: A review&lt;/a&gt; 2015.&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While cholesterol is easily synthesised by humans, its presence in the blood is equally equated with bad! Low cholesterol and low synthesis of vitamin D are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.translationalres.com/article/S1931-5244(08)00272-7/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plain&lt;/a&gt; to see and taking drugs &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360668971X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interfering&lt;/a&gt; with cholesterol metabolism – or eating cholesterol lowering food (more fibre  please!) – might influence vitamin D synthesis. These relations are &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10557-009-6182-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;currently&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b8a5/61c971a32362d02914f5bed50f0070207306.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contested&lt;/a&gt; in heated debates with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(02)00504-8/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;differing&lt;/a&gt; views.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a citizen is obese, and those are said to increase in number and weight:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.404&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andjela T. Drincic: &quot;Volumetric Dilution, Rather Than Sequestration Best Explains the Low Vitamin D Status of Obesity&quot;&lt;/a&gt; 2012 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.404&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.404&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As one review summarised it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The definition of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, as well as assay methodology for 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D, vary between studies. However, serum 25(OH)D levels below 75 nmol/L are prevalent in every region studied whilst levels below 25 nmol/L are most common in regions such as South Asia and the Middle East. Older age, female sex, higher latitude, winter season, darker skin pigmentation, less sunlight exposure, dietary habits, and absence of vitamin D fortification are the main factors that are significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D levels.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A. Mithal et al.: &quot;Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D&quot;, Osteoporosis International, November 2009, Volume 20, Issue 11, pp 1807–1820.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Closer to the poles people need to have relatively: paler skin, more D in their food, adequate cholesterol levels, and more time in the sun at the right time with enough skin area exposed to meet the estimated demands for vitamin D. During winter it is almost impossible to meet the demand with UVB rays alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-14T10:54:29.390" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T10:54:29.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16584" CreationDate="2018-06-13T17:57:17.433" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short: According to several recent systematic reviews of studies, milk consumption is not associated with significant side effects, increased mortality, cancer, osteoporosis, heart disease or stroke.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122229/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Milk and dairy products: &lt;strong&gt;good or bad for human health?&lt;/strong&gt; An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence (PubMed, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;very few adverse effects have been reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;milk and dairy intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer,&#xA;  bladder cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer, and not associated&#xA;  with risk of pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or lung cancer, while&#xA;  the evidence for prostate cancer risk was inconsistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was no consistent association between milk or dairy intake and&#xA;  cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease or stroke&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966685/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Sources of &lt;strong&gt;Saturated Fat&lt;/strong&gt; and the Association With Mortality: A Meta-Analysis (PubMed, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...high intakes of milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter were not associated with a&#xA;  significantly increased risk of mortality compared with low intakes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081694&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Milk and &lt;strong&gt;acid-base balance:&lt;/strong&gt; proposed hypothesis versus scientific evidence (PubMed, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recently the lay press has claimed a hypothetical association among&#xA;  dairy product consumption, generation of dietary acid, and harm to&#xA;  human health. This theoretical association is based on the idea that&#xA;  the protein and phosphate in milk and dairy products make them&#xA;  acid-producing foods, which cause our bodies to become acidified,&#xA;  promoting diseases of modern civilization. Some authors have suggested&#xA;  that dairy products are not helpful and perhaps detrimental to bone&#xA;  health because higher osteoporotic fracture incidence is observed in&#xA;  countries with higher dairy product consumption. However, scientific&#xA;  evidence does not support any of these claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778815/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dairy product consumption and risk of &lt;strong&gt;hip fracture:&lt;/strong&gt; a systematic review and meta-analysis (PubMed, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumption of total dairy products and cream was not significantly&#xA;  associated with the risk of hip fracture. There was insufficient&#xA;  evidence to deduce the association between milk consumption and risk&#xA;  of hip fracture. A lower threshold of 200 g/day milk intake may have&#xA;  beneficial effects, whereas the effects of a higher threshold of milk&#xA;  intake are unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: My conclusion is not that milk is healthy and I am not trying to encourage anyone to drink it. I just haven't found convincing evidence that it is unhealthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-14T09:45:07.760" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T09:45:07.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16578" CreationDate="2018-06-14T06:29:49.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the NHS website (Health Careers) The job titles, &lt;em&gt;Nursing Assistants&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Health Care Assistants&lt;/em&gt; seem to be interchangeable with each other and other job titles such as &lt;em&gt;Nursing Auxiliaries&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Auxiliary Nurses&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthcare assistants (HCAs) work in hospital or community settings, such as GP surgeries, under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, usually a nurse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes staff working in HCA roles are known as nursing assistants, nursing auxiliaries or auxiliary nurses. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/wider-healthcare-team/roles-wider-healthcare-team/clinical-support-staff/healthcare-assistant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS Health Careers&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no set entry requirements to become a Healthcare Assistant, although employers expect good literacy and numeracy and may ask for GCSEs (or equivalent) in English and maths. They may even ask for a healthcare qualification, such as BTEC or NVQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comparison, academic entry requirements for adult nursing degrees are set by the individual universities but typically you will usually need a minimum of five GCSEs at grade C or above plus two A-levels or equivalent qualifications at level 3. Some universities may ask for three A-levels or equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be a General Practice Nurse, you must be a qualified and registered adult, child, mental health or learning disability nurse to work in general practice. You’ll also either need to undertake further training and education or be willing to after being appointed. Some employers may ask for knowledge or experience in specific areas e.g. health promotion or working with patients with long-term conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can compare NHS job roles and qualification requirements by going to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/compare-roles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/compare-roles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point of note from comments is that according to @NeMo, there seems to be a lack of consistency between trusts as some trusts have both Nursing Assistants &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt; Healthcare Assistants&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-14T13:15:42.717" LastActivityDate="2018-06-14T13:15:42.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-14T08:33:47.643" Score="3" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calculus is a mix of minerals (calcium and phosphate) and organic material. This organic material consists of bacteria which cause caries, due to their acid waste products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that in calculus these bacteria can be fossilated by adoption/exchange of minerals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is the case could this calculus form a layer around the teeth so that it prevents the bacteria in the dental plaque from causing caries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2882" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-14T10:40:25.920" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T19:59:52.690" Title="Does calculus also prevent caries?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16592" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16638" CreationDate="2018-06-14T11:37:38.183" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.insightvisioncenter.com/dark-side-wearing-contact-lenses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; explains a lot of side effect of wearing contact lens. The type of contact lens Iam talking about is silicon hydrogel lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Till how many hours can lens be worn continuously?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) How many minutes of break should be given to the eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Will washing the eyes with water or inducing crying will help to reduce corneal scarring, etc as it helps in lubrication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Can looking at the computer while wearing the lens have any potential side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14028" LastEditorUserId="14028" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T02:07:38.033" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T04:10:33.110" Title="How to reduce the side effects of wearing contact lens?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:37:38.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16593" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16591" CreationDate="2018-06-14T19:05:13.020" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the presence of calculus prevent the demineralization of the surface of the tooth. This is a common finding during routine scaling or calculus removal, where usually the underlying enamel is intact. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is a paper about this issue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00227.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evidence for putting the calculus: caries inverse relationship to work&lt;/a&gt; who found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;caries prevalence is highly significantly lower in calculus-prone than in calculus-free subjects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can found the detailed explanation on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Dental+Caries%3A+The+Disease+and+its+Clinical+Management%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781118935828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fejerskov's Textbook of Dental Caries&lt;/a&gt;, and the principal ideal is: &lt;strong&gt;if you have calculus means that the intraoral enviroment is saturated with minerals &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; with pH levels above 5.0, hence demineralization of enamel is very difficult if not not feasible at all.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7617" LastEditorUserId="7617" LastEditDate="2018-07-13T19:59:52.690" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T19:59:52.690" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-15T09:45:52.503" Score="0" ViewCount="345" Body="&lt;p&gt;From somewhere, I might have been heard that If you gain weight even in your adulthood when your growth has been finished, Facial bones can grow because obesity causes hormone balance problems(such as Growth hormone) or metabolic abnormalities &#xA;and although you lose my weight, grown facial bone don't change to its previous size so you have wider facial bones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many Celebrities who became obese and returned to normal weight when they're in adulthood seem like their facial bone has been bigger and wider. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I want to know is it possible that facial bones grows bigger and wider in width (espescially temporal bones besides eyes, zygomatic bones) because of hormonal or metabolic imbalance caused by obesity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13622" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-15T15:58:45.173" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T17:27:15.357" Title="Can Cheek bone grow bigger and wider in adulthood when you gain weight?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-06-16T09:18:44.663" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16598" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16600" CreationDate="2018-06-15T10:28:20.960" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you provide me some examples of healthy gluten and lactose-free diet for a teenager? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11903" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-15T17:49:08.923" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T09:57:35.717" Title="A healthy gluten- and lactose-free diets for a teenager" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;adolescents-teenagers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:37:01.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16598" CreationDate="2018-06-15T11:58:15.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No exact diets here, but just some reasoning why to eat or avoid something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;strong&gt;gluten-free diet,&lt;/strong&gt; you need to avoid wheat and its varieties, rye, barley, triticale, malt, beer, brewer's yeast, breaded meats and commercial foods with added gluten. Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://celiac.org/live-gluten-free/glutenfreediet/sources-of-gluten/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a detailed list of foods to avoid.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you can eat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cereals: rice, corn, oats, buckwheat and others that are not on the avoid list&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meat and fish, non-breaded (some packaged products may contain gluten)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eggs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dairy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are lactose intolerant, your diet usually does not need to be 100% &quot;lactose-free&quot; but just &lt;strong&gt;&quot;low-lactose,&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; with avoiding milk, ice cream and yogurts; hard cheeses and butter should be OK (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance/eating-diet-nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDDK.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;). Here's an extensive &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/cg/lactose-free-diet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of foods to avoid,&lt;/a&gt; but this is only for someone with severe lactose intolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, many health experts recommend to &lt;strong&gt;limit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods with added sugars: most carbonated drinks, ice-tea, energy drinks (but also fruit juices), sweets and desserts (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133084/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), becuse they may stimulate food craving and thus unhealthy weight gain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Salt intake (&lt;a href=&quot;https://sodiumbreakup.heart.org/how_much_sodium_should_i_eat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heart.org&lt;/a&gt;), because excessive sodium can contribute to high blood pressure and artery damage &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Red meat and processed meat, such as in fast food (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28446499&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), which are possibly associated with some chronic diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods with trans fats, which have &quot;partially-hydrogenated oil&quot; on the label, for example, certain cakes, biscuits, crackers, French-fries and frozen foods (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/avoid-these-10-foods-full-of-trans-fats/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;), which can raise blood cholesterol levels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also recommend to &lt;strong&gt;include enough fiber&lt;/strong&gt; from foods, such as whole-grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and legumes, because it can help maintain intestinal health (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For the end:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Listen to your gut (literally).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eat what you find out is good for you, for your study, work and sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Maintain a health body weight.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone with bowel problems can get a lot of insight if get checked for common conditions, such as celiac disease, lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption and food allergies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-16T09:57:35.717" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T09:57:35.717" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-15T13:19:50.687" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lie down flat on the floor with a pillow under my head, to narrate long scripts for e-learning. Will this position have an adverse effect on my vocal chords if I keep doing it for the long term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find that when I'm lying flat on the floor, I can speak longer sentences in a single breath in comparison to standing /sitting and talking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14036" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T18:48:04.293" Title="Sleeping and talking and it's effect on vocal chords" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16602" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16597" CreationDate="2018-06-15T15:43:43.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Excessive calorie intake results in an increase of the body fat tissue but not muscle or bone tissue. Obesity does not make your bones thicker or longer. I don't have any source to back up this, but fat accumulates in fat cells and there are no or very few fat cells in the bone walls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In adults with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20351222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acromegaly&lt;/a&gt;, which is a hormonal disorder caused by increased production of the growth hormone (usually by a pituitary tumor), cheek bones, some other facial bones and bones in the hands and feet become bigger. Here are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=929&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;sa=1&amp;amp;ei=mNwjW4DuK8G96ATH24-wBQ&amp;amp;q=acromegaly&amp;amp;oq=acromegaly&amp;amp;gs_l=img.3..0i67k1j0l9.228034.229042.0.229450.12.7.0.0.0.0.104.583.6j1.7.0....0...1c.1.64.img..10.1.103....0.ef095ws4Zp8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pictures&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-15T17:27:15.357" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T17:27:15.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-15T17:19:46.767" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seem to be two different approaches taken by doctors, and I am wondering if there are any formal guidelines or &quot;best practices?&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the approach I have experienced, the doctor shows the patient how&#xA;to perform the injection.  The patient then injects a small dose in&#xA;the office, and waits to determine the effect.  The doctor then&#xA;sends the patient home with instructions to gradually increase the&#xA;dosage, in small amounts, until he is able to achieve a satisfactory&#xA;erection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The other approach is for the patient to make a series of&#xA;appointments.  At each appointment, the patient injects a&#xA;pre-determined amount, under the doctor's supervision, until the&#xA;right dosage is determined.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T17:19:46.767" Title="Should patients vary their own dosage when using injections for erectile dysfunction?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10544" CreationDate="2018-06-15T17:26:27.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tadalafil is the generic form of Cialis, and it is exactly the same in its effects.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, the Lily company holds a patent that prevents the generic form being sold until September 27, 2018.  However, the generic form is already available legally in most parts fo the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend great caution when buying tadalafil.  While tadalafil is safe and effective, ED medications are among the most commonly faked.  Be sure you buy from an established, reputable pharmacy, and avoid buying online.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T17:26:27.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-15T18:36:26.453" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do the risks and potential complications change when multiple procedures are performed at the same time? For example both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/wisdom-tooth-extraction/about/pac-20395268&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wisdom tooth extraction&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lasik-eye-surgery/about/pac-20384774&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LASIK eye surgery&lt;/a&gt; have relatively minor risks associated with them. There are some factors that increase the risks associated with LASIK surgery, but nothing that seems directly related to wisdom tooth extraction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are clinics that do both procedures (different surgeons). Is there a reason to advise a patient against having both procedures done on the same day? Are there benefits of having both procedures done on the same visit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-16T07:11:30.997" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T07:11:30.997" Title="Complications and risks for combining multiple procedures" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;complications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:32:51.833" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16601" CreationDate="2018-06-15T18:48:04.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589942600&amp;amp;section=Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Voice Disorders&lt;/a&gt; are caused by many factors include &lt;em&gt;vocal fatigue&lt;/em&gt; which can result from overuse or increases in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_effort&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vocal effort&lt;/a&gt;. Vocal effort is a messy thing to define, but it generally depends on subglottal pressure and vocal fold tension (as well as other factors). A change in posture can affect vocal effort and it is possible that it could lead to the onset of vocal fatigue faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastActivityDate="2018-06-15T18:48:04.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-15T22:51:36.100" Score="6" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm trying to find out more about some symptoms that could be signs of child sexual abuse - or could be naturally occuring. The case that brings the questions up &lt;strong&gt;has been reported to all proper authorities&lt;/strong&gt; (including the police and the states child protective service). I'm not asking what to do in a case of child abuse. I just want more information on the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The question is what are the naturally occurring prevalence rates of these symptoms?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The physical symptoms are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequent masturbation (with full erection)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Masturbation to the point of pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bloody penis (foreskin prematurely pulled back)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rectal prolapse&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why I'm asking the question:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All authorities involved (police, child protective services, court appointed child attorney - aka guardian ad litem, and a judge) have determined that the symptoms are not indicative of abuse. This seems crazy to me - but I realize these symptoms (eg. a 4 year old masturbating) may not be as rare as I thought, so I'd like to understand for myself where they're coming from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Here's what little I've found and estimated:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frequent masturbation in 4 years old seems to occur less than 5% of male population. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coachella.com/forum/showthread.php?57915-BOYS-ONLY-how-early-did-you-start-masturbating&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7664137&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A549468&amp;amp;dswid=-2656&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;full-text&lt;/a&gt;). I have no idea how many of that 5% are also related to abuse vs. naturally occurring.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive/Painful masturbation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7664137&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Less than 1%&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prematurely forcing back foreskin: no idea.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rectal prolapse: Not sure at his age, but this is supposedly most common in 0-2 years or 65+. Otherwise it appears to be about 2.5/100,000 based on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16259169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Joint probability&lt;/strong&gt; Experiencing symptoms (1) and (3) at some point would be 5/100 * 2.5/100,000 = 12.5/10,000,000 - it is likely that fewer than 1 in 1 million children would experience both of these symptoms at some point. Factor in the probability of them happening simultaneously and the odds sky rocket from there. Am I missing something here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd particularly like links to reference-able studies if available. I've had trouble finding reliable sources myself, so the above estimates are based off some surveys and online information I could find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; I've completely reformatted the question to try and keep discussion on topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT 2:&lt;/strong&gt; Added some sources. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T19:42:42.640" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T05:13:35.793" Title="Could rectal prolapse and bloody masturbation in 4 year-old happen absent abuse?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;physical-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16610" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16611" CreationDate="2018-06-16T11:52:17.323" Score="0" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking about building racing rig from aluminium profiles. Something like this: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Px1zk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Px1zkm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Original image here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.simracingmachines.com/images/builds/rig2014/IMG_1686s.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.simracingmachines.com/images/builds/rig2014/IMG_1686s.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to have this construction in my bedroom, where I am sleeping. &#xA;So, I am interested in, if those aluminium profiles should affect my health. I tried to use google, but all posts I have found were about aluminium and food, foil, kettles…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many drivers are using AL profile. Is it possible to release aluminium particles into the air… or whether it's a good idea to have this rig in a room used for sleeping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14042" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-16T13:23:16.047" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T13:23:16.047" Title="Are aluminum profiles dangerous?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16611" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16610" CreationDate="2018-06-16T12:41:00.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;General rule of thumb: Reduce the amount of dirt and dust in the air you breathe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question does currently not specify if those profiles are just handled and assembled in a bedroom. That should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, implicitly one can read that as asking for: if those profiles get drilled and sawed and machine polished, then a certain amount of dust and particles will be produced, getting into the air and inhaled into the lungs. Not a good idea in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conversely, exposure to aluminium dust may possibly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia of the Alzheimer's type.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24142983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Susan Peters et al.: &quot;Long-term effects of aluminium dust inhalation&quot;, Occup Environ Med.2013 Dec;70(12):864-8&lt;/a&gt;. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101487. &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is covered with recommendations for occupational risks by several state level organisations, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HAZARD SUMMARY   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Aluminum can affect you when breathed in.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Contact can irritate the skin and eyes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Exposure to Aluminum can cause “metal fume fever.”&#xA;  This is a flu-like illness with symptoms of metallic taste in the mouth, headache, fever and chills, aches, chest tightness and cough. The symptoms may be delayed for several hours after exposure and usually last for a day or two.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Exposure to fine dust can cause scarring of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis) with symptoms of cough and shortness of breath.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Aluminum powder is a FLAMMABLE SOLID and a DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0054.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ALUMINUM - State of New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One should also keep in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The hazards posed by metal dusts are real. Recent incidents have shown that improper handling of metal dusts can cost lives. Apart from this, inappropriate metal-dust handling poses health risks, property dam- age possibilities, and housekeeping/maintenance costs. The key to reducing metal-dust hazards is to first minimize dust generation whenever possible. For the dust that is generated, safe and proper containment and capture follows. The proper design of powder storage and handling systems is quintessential in this regard. For the dust that still manages to find egress from the main process and accumulate, effective housekeeping and maintenance becomes the next line of protection. Also, it is important to perform site assessments for dust-hazard potentials and implement strategies to minimize the risks.&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jenike.com/files/2013/09/IJPM_Article_11.13.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding and Preventing Metal Dust Hazards - Jenike &amp;amp; Johanson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these findings and resulting recommendations are for occupational hazards and risks. Meaning that relatively large amounts of dust would be inhaled over quite a long time. A one-off project with limited dust producing capacity is far below the quantities discussed in these papers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it still is a risk and a messy procedure on top. A bedroom is for sleeping and should be kept clean. The cleaner the air the better. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aluminium profiles are safe. Producing dust from them in a bedroom is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-06-16T12:41:00.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-17T04:08:24.020" Score="11" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand bacteria can mutate and develop resistance against antibiotics, but I do not understand how finishing an antibiotics treatment prevents this.&#xA;In my simple thought process, when an individual bacterium has a mutation with antibiotics resistance, the antibiotics do not work on it. So whether I take 1 antibiotics pill or finish the whole treatment would not kill this bacterium, leaving it able to multiply later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am guessing the actual situation is either one of these things: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The immune system itself, relieved of pressure by most bacteria being dead, kills the bacteria that developed resistance. Important note here would be that if the immune system is completely shut down, perhaps finishing an antibiotics treatment would actually INCREASE resistance as only the bacteria with resistance would survive. So I suppose this theory is wrong.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even individual bacteria only developed resistance which is not the same as immunity and bombarding it with antibiotics for multiple days still (usually) means that the bacterium dies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that make sense or is there a thing I'm overlooking here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2363" LastEditorUserId="2363" LastEditDate="2018-06-17T08:52:46.030" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T10:39:38.220" Title="Why should we finish antibiotic treatments in order to prevent antibiotics resistance?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1253" CreationDate="2018-06-17T09:06:15.150" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kudos for finding that study on mice! I also googled a bit for references..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &amp;quot;Physiology Secrets&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.ru/books?id=a1RchCrwKWsC&amp;amp;lpg=PA315&amp;amp;ots=R_v5D-uOUE&amp;amp;dq=aspirin%20decreases%20normal%20body%20temperature&amp;amp;hl=ru&amp;amp;pg=PA315#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=aspirin%20decreases%20normal%20body%20temperature&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;page 315&lt;/a&gt;) by Hershel Raff, published in 2003:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4EqsB.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4EqsB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, in one other source the author says that aspirin can even induce hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) (&amp;quot;Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist&amp;quot; by Elena Bablenis Haveles, 2015, &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.ru/books?id=gfYoDgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;lpg=PA606&amp;amp;ots=hvghGZG_-f&amp;amp;dq=aspirin%20decreases%20normal%20body%20temperature&amp;amp;hl=ru&amp;amp;pg=PA606#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;page 606&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0VFyq.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0VFyq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A research article, detailing research performed on healthy subjects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(11)00157-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effects of High- and Low-Dose Aspirin on Thermoregulation During and After Acute Cold Exposure&lt;/a&gt; (Murray et al., 2011, Wilderness and Environmental Medicine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions. — These data demonstrate that aspirin had no significant effect on the thermal and metabolic responses during acute cold exposure and rewarming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Figure from the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7zfgU.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7zfgU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(High-dose aspirin: 650 mg/day for one week; low-dose aspirin: 81 mg/day for one week)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-17T09:57:48.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16613" CreationDate="2018-06-18T08:30:10.820" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; on the example of tuberculosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stopping treatment too soon or skipping doses can allow the bacteria&#xA;  that are still alive to become resistant to those drugs, leading to tuberculosis&#xA;  that is much more dangerous and difficult to treat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the logic behind completing the course is to kill as much bacteria as possible to prevent the surviving ones to mutate and become resistant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE: This question seems to be quite complicated, actually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The BMJ (2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the idea that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages&#xA;  antibiotic resistance is not supported by evidence, while taking&#xA;  antibiotics for longer than necessary increases the risk of&#xA;  resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The official policies of prescribing antibiotics have not changed because of such discussions, but the BMJ authors recommend that the information material for the public should contain &quot;take antibiotics exactly as prescribed&quot; and not &quot;finishing the course.&quot; So, it's a doctor and not a patient who should decide the treatment period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-19T10:39:38.220" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T10:39:38.220" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16123" CreationDate="2018-06-18T10:58:13.820" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of stress hives (urticaria):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://acaai.org/allergies/types/skin-allergies/hives-urticaria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;emotional stress&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15909063&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insomnia&lt;/a&gt; triggers the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mast cells&lt;/a&gt; in the skin to release histamine. Histamine dilates the small arteries in the skin and makes them &quot;porous,&quot; which allows some fluid from the blood to escape into the space between the cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-06-18T10:58:13.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-19T00:39:44.947" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;What kind of diseases one can get from a skin-to-skin interaction such as getting full body massages (without touching intimate parts) assuming a person had mild skin damages that occur after shaving or pimple removal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12146" LastEditorUserId="12146" LastEditDate="2018-06-19T03:02:26.037" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T03:02:26.037" Title="What diseases could be transmitted skin to skin (massage)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16625" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16650" CreationDate="2018-06-19T03:31:13.677" Score="3" ViewCount="217" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many drugs that will kill you in high quantities are used recreationally in low doses. (e.g. alcohol or heroine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if you diluted a military grade nerve agent in a lot of water. Would the resultant drink be pleasant? Sort of like alcohol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously this is a hypothetical question. But hypothetically could you create a drink with a tiny amount of nerve agent in it and say a mixer to make a pleasant after dinner drink? What would be the effects do you imagine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T17:43:01.877" Title="Could a nerve agent be used recreationally?" Tags="&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-18T06:57:59.080" Score="0" ViewCount="688" Body="&lt;p&gt;Face pulling is a technique some people use to try and move their maxillas/cheekbones/etc. more forward. It's basically biting on some object and slowly and steadily pulling with tension forward and upwards for long periods of time. Basically the teeth are like an anchor and are obviously part of the maxilla bone, which is connected to zygoma/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, is there any reason to believe this can work (non-surgically)? That the bones will remodel or something and will actually give the desired results these people seek? I mean they have these reverse pull headgear devices and other stuff for children (dentistry, orthodontics, etc.). Is it theoretically possible this can work in adults too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in other words, can constant, steady, mechanical tension/force make bones adapt/remodel to pressure and give desired results (i.e., more tautness in face/bone projection in, say, people with bone recession or not so ideal bone structure in their faces for various other reasons)? This is related to bone biology. It would be amazing if this could be elaborated on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people suffer from recession/bad facial bone structure and orthodontics are out of a handful of people's budgets. These techniques -- if proven useful -- can dramatically change a person's appearance and confidence + life quality..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Bronson Wall" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T11:23:37.720" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T11:23:37.720" Title="Can &quot;face pulling&quot; or &quot;bone pulling&quot; really move/remodel bones in adults?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12316" CreationDate="2018-06-19T11:08:11.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;: &#xA;The odds of her being pregnant are non-zero but negligible given that the sex was non-penetrative. The vagina is an acidic environment that's quite hostile to sperm so even if some swam inside they would likely die well before reaching the cervix. It's quite a journey for the sperm even in the best of times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long answer&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a doctor but I have been practising fertility awareness methods for over 4 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, drop the calendar. It's not 'the day of the month' that determines whether or not you are fertile but rather how close to ovulation you are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The day before ovulation is the best time to try to get pregnant: &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/14/7/1835/2913179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/14/7/1835/2913179&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two days before also has a good chance to become pregnant. There are generally 6 fertile days per cycle: 5 days before and 1 day after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A woman can ovulate on different days per cycle. In my own charts, I've seen ovulation occur anywhere from CD12 to CD18. Luckily, the female body begins to excrete cervical mucus around 6-9 days before ovulation in this pattern: dry, sticky, creamy, egg white.  Egg white mucus comes directly before ovulation (4+ days) and dries up after. You can further pinpoint ovulation using an OPK kit, cervical position monitoring, basal body temperature. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you cannot know the probability of getting pregnant on a given day without knowing the day you ovulated. Once the egg has dissolved you cannot get pregnant from that moment until the next menstrual cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about fertility awareness here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_awareness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_awareness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NFP can be very effective if done properly and there are no side effects!&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070221065200.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070221065200.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Please don't start using it unless you have taken classes with a practitioner first.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really don't recommend that a woman should take oral contraceptives. I am a woman by the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ORAL+CONTRACEPTIVES+AND+MOOD%2FSEXUAL+DISORDERS+IN+WOMEN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ORAL+CONTRACEPTIVES+AND+MOOD%2FSEXUAL+DISORDERS+IN+WOMEN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014598&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased risk of depression, sexual dysfunction, breast cancer, nutritional deficiencies!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T11:08:11.220" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16637" CreationDate="2018-06-19T13:07:47.050" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on quite a bit of research into this area it seems that 'fertility awareness methods' can be very effective if not on par with many other popular contraceptive methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314078&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371516&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371516&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264938&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264938&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly, this method is best used within a long-term monogamous relationship as it does not protect against STIs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other reasons why it is not widely-known and promoted by physicians given the fact that there are no side effects for both partners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T00:05:20.317" Title="Are there reasons why fertility awareness methods of family planning are not widely promoted?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:37:11.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16625" CreationDate="2018-06-19T13:09:37.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Recreational drugs&quot; have &quot;psychotropic effects,&quot; which means they affect the mood and perception of stimuli in the brain. Both alcohol and heroin are psychotropic drugs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-2-the-abcs-of-intoxication/content-alcohol-interacts-with-receptors-in-the-brain-to-produce-its-effects/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol&lt;/a&gt; acts mainly on the GABA and glutamate receptors in the brain resulting in disinhibited behavior. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heroin&lt;/a&gt; acts on the opioid receptors in the brain, which results in euphoria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Military nerve gases&lt;/a&gt;, even if they have some effects on mood, they mainly have unpleasant physical effects by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nerves and between the nerves and muscles, which results in vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, stopping breathing and heart beating and eventually death. So, by decreasing the dose of a nerve gas you would still likely have more unpleasant toxic effects than pleasant psychotropic effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nerve gases may actually have some psychotropic effects in the brain as a &quot;side effect&quot; (as apposed to their &quot;main effects&quot; in the peripheral nerves and muscles). But, by decreasing the dose to a non-lethal dose, they would still likely have more unpleasant main effects than pleasant psychotropic effects, so there would be no point to use them. You can think of organophosphate pesticides as a much weaker (&quot;diluted&quot;) form of organophosphate nerve gases. You can further dilute pesticides, but it is not likely you'll get an acceptable ratio of pleasant/unpleasant effects from them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-26T17:43:01.877" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T17:43:01.877" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14106" CreationDate="2018-06-19T14:55:57.830" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N.b. My institution does not have access to this journal and the upload you made has since been deleted&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of ways of scoring the severity of ulcerative colitis on endoscopy; there are at least 8 in clinical use.  They all take into account visible features such as vascular patterning, presence of ulcerations, the friability of the mucosal tissue and the presence of mucopurelent exudate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A nice review of available activity scores in UC is available here:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/gastro/article/2/3/161/2910194&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elizabeth R. Paine&quot;Colonoscopic evaluation in ulcerative colitis&quot;, Gastroenterology Report, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1 August 2014&lt;/a&gt;, Pages 161–168, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gou028&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gou028&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, without access to the methods section of this paper it isn't possible for me to say which score and at what threshold they defined &quot;active&quot; and &quot;inactive&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aim of UC treatment is to induce a remission state, usually through the use of high-dose steroids, then maintain this state with other drugs such as mesalazine.  However, the hallmark of UC is &quot;flaring&quot; of the disease where symptoms worsen markedly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find much on the frequency of flares but his paper suggests that ~50% patients self-report a flare once a month or more frequently:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/action/showCitFormats?pii=S0149-2918%2810%2900061-5&amp;amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2010.02.010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Susan C. Bolge et al.: &quot;Self-reported frequency and severity of disease flares, disease perception, and flare treatments in patients with ulcerative colitis: Results of a national internet-based survey&quot;, Clinical Therapeutics, Volume 32, Issue 2, 238-245&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.02.010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.02.010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, the relationship between disease activity on an endoscopic level and symptom burden for the patient do not necessarily correlate well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-19T19:03:00.067" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T19:03:00.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13960" CreationDate="2018-06-19T15:21:00.167" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A quick look through the medical literature leads me to the conclusion that there is no evidence that CBD promotes healing of tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anti-arthritic effect in your referenced paper is based on an immune-mediated inflammatory response which is different to the mechanism of inflammation in traumatic tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; deals with a mechanical trauma and suggests that injury-related MRI signal and histological changes are reduced with injection of CBD in a mouse model.  This was the most relevant paper I could find on your particular question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary our study revealed anti-degenerative effects of intradiscal microinjection of CBD 120 nmol. CBD represents one of the most promising candidates present in the Cannabis sativa plant for clinical use due to its remarkable lack of cognitive or psychotomimetic actions. It has been already approved in several countries for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Although further research is necessary to clarify the mechanisms involved in CBD effects, the present results suggest the possibility of its use for disc degeneration treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Silveira, J. W., Issy, A. C., Castania, V. A. et al. (2014). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protective Effects of Cannabidiol on Lesion-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; PLoS ONE, 9(12).&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: there is no good evidence for wound healing and CBD in humans currently.  &lt;em&gt;In vivo&lt;/em&gt; and mouse models show an anti-inflammatory effect, but this is not the same as &amp;quot;promoting healing&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T15:16:08.840" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16633" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16636" CreationDate="2018-06-19T15:37:00.207" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I have this glasses prescription:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OD  -2.00 SPH           +2.00 add   0.5 p.d. BD&#xA;OS  -1.00 -0.50 x 180   +2.00 add   0.5 p.d. BU&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this prescription (values are fake):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;OD  -1.70 SPH           +2.00 add   0.5 p.d. BD&#xA;OS  -1.00 -0.50 x 180   +2.00 add   0.5 p.d. BU&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the len power in the first prescription is a bit too strong and the len power in the second prescription is a bit too weak, could a third description be deduced just based on metrics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14055" LastEditorUserId="14055" LastEditDate="2018-06-19T16:55:35.707" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T17:56:45.767" Title="Based on the metrics of two glasses prescriptions, can I deduce values of an intermediary prescription" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16633" CreationDate="2018-06-19T15:44:43.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a magic number X. Take a guess what it could be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it 15?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, 15 is too high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it 12?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, 12 is too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves you with the mathematical average of 13.5, but that doesn’t help you because you don’t know wo how much too high and how much too low your other guesses were. What if we allow real numbers, and not only natural numbers? Then there would be an infinite number of a possible magic number (although you could get quite close with a few iterations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same principle applies to your prescription as well. You don’t know how much too strong and how much too low they were. And furthermore, eyes change. Maybe you’re cylinder has changed completely, or you got astigmatism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: The answer is no, you can’t get a meaningful result, but you can try to average-out everything. You might get closer and you might be off worse than with either prescription. Visit an eye-doctor answer let them measure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T15:44:43.627" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13384" CreationDate="2018-06-19T17:37:52.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Venous leakage refers to the inability to trap blood in the penis.  Remember that arteries pump blood into the penis, and veins allow blood to flow out.  If the veins don't properly constrict, the blood will flow out, and the man will lose his erection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does venous leak develop?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of causes for venous leakage.  It can be linked to general vascular health, diabetes, Peyronie's Disease, and even injuries.  It generally develops over time, as the underlying cause becomes more severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is done to diagnose someone with venous leak?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first diagnostic tool is simple observation...  if you are able to achieve an erection, but lose it quickly, that is an indicator of venous leakage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To confirm the diagnosis, a doctor might use a duplex ultrasound to observe the flow of blood in the penis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there effective treatments, such as surgery?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the leakage is mild, you can compensate for it using typical ED treatments such as Cialis or Viagra.  Some men have good results with a constriction band, or &quot;cock ring,&quot; which helps trap the blood in the penis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some cases surgery may be advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At what stage surgery is needed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vascular reconstruction surgery can, in some cases, repair venous leakage.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is generally advised only when the ultrasound shows a clearly correctable condition, and particular if the patient is young and in good health.  In these circumstance, the surgery may results in a complete cure of the condition.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastActivityDate="2018-06-19T17:37:52.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16633" CreationDate="2018-06-19T21:43:44.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not try to self diagnose an eye prescription. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, I'm going to partly disagree with the previous answer based on some technicalities. First, the process you describe is actually close to what real eye doctors use. They use a &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoropter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phoropter&lt;/a&gt; (machine with all the lenses) to test one prescription then test another. They keep going until they find a point where one is too strong, and the other too blurry. Then they narrow the increments and check in between. This is an iterative process to get down to the exact prescription - so you definitely need more than 2 data points unless you happen to start with the right 2 points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, phoropter's typically measure in 0.25 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diopter&lt;/a&gt; increments - so glasses prescriptions would be better represented by a finite subset of natural numbers than the real numbers - they go up and down in finitely sized increments, and there are a finite number of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if your two test prescriptions happen to be only 2 increments apart, and you are sure that one is too strong and one is too week, then yes, if you average the two you should get the correct prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; There are some additional considerations, such as astigmatism, that may need to be accounted for - so you can't even use two pairs of glasses that are close to what you need IF they don't have the correct astigmatism factor or eye spacing. So again, you should always get a proper prescription from an eye-doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By analogy consider US shoe sizes - if I give you a size 9 and it's slightly to small, and then I give you a size 10, and it's slightly to big, then you could gnerally conclude you are a size 9.5 (the average of the two) because shoe sizes go in .5 increments. There is no 9.3, or 9.8, etc. to worry about. However, that wouldn't work if you had abnormally wide feet (such as 9.5EE), or if I gave you too test pairs such as 7 and 10, because you could be anywhere between the two - not necessarily exactly the average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T19:09:11.197" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T19:09:11.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16629" CreationDate="2018-06-19T23:06:26.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fertility awareness methods are slightly different from the others in that they require you to have self control and not have sex when you might otherwise want. Many people don't like to do this. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314078&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; &quot;9.2 per 100 women dropped out because of dissatisfaction with the method&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Failure rates very widely depending the method of education, and the group receiving the education. For example, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10224543&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, failure rate was around 21%! But in the aforementioned study, failure rates were only around 1-2%. My guess is this is because the effectiveness of this method is &lt;em&gt;highly&lt;/em&gt; dependent on both how it is taught and implemented. Which leads me to my last point: &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Public policy changes on something like this are likely going to be strongly affected by recommendations of medical organizations. However, medical professionals are likely to be more skeptical of something like family planning, because Doctors tend not to trust patients with treatments that depend too much on on the patient. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10224543&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The silent world of doctor and patient&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the time of Hippocrates, physicians have been told how to behave toward their patients in order to maximize the beneficial effects of their ministrations and to educe the risk of harm, especially the harm that comes from patients' needless worries or, &lt;strong&gt;worse, from their mistaken choices&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.28.2.77&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; arguing that Doctors should trust their patients - and why they don't. For example &quot;Lack of trust in a patient's competence to understand medical issues may lead to withholding information.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T00:05:20.317" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T00:05:20.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16592" CreationDate="2018-06-19T23:37:01.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Questions 1-2&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the answer to these depend on the exact brand and line of contacts used. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alensa.co.uk/dictionary/oxygen-permeability.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a long list of silicon hydrogel lenses, and how long they last. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soft_contact_lens_materials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is another list of materials used to make contact lenses (including many of the silicon hydrogel type). Some of those are dailies, but some can be worn day and night , such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alensa.co.uk/dictionary/extended-wear.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extended wear&lt;/a&gt; contacts listed here. You can usually look up your particular contact lenses online and find the maximum recommended time.  However, I'd recommend (as would most eye doctors) that you generally wear them less than the maximum, just to be safe. For example, I use Biofinity lenses, which are approved to be worn for up to 7 days, but I usually wear them for no more than 2-3 days at a time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concerns here are how much oxygen gets to the eye, and how much material builds up on the contact lens. Some brands of contacts have much higher oxygen permeability, so you can wear them longer without damaging your eye. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protein buildup is one factor in how uncomfortable contacts get, and it &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.contactlenses.org/rgpvsoft.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;also depends&lt;/a&gt; on the material of the contact lens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly bacteria (and other microorganisms) buildup on your eye and contact lens depends on the material - and that will affect how long the contacts last and how long each day (or week) you can wear them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question 3&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No idea about the tears, but you &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/contactlenses/water-and-contact-lenses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shouldn't allow water to touch contacts&lt;/a&gt;. (Thanks Narusan for the comment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question 4&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not aside from the same side effects that would be present for someone without contact lenses looking at a computer. Wearing contact lenses to fix vision is much closer to the natural optical system than glasses - so from and optical perspective, wearing contact lenses is almost exactly the same as having eyes that don't need correction at all. This is not true of glasses, which cause your muscles to move and your eyes to focus in different ways than they would if you didn't need glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T04:10:33.110" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T04:10:33.110" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-19T23:38:48.127" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I still hear about people dying from adverse effects of anesthesia, prescription drugs, and clinical trials, we obviously don't have a perfect ex vivo test for adverse reactions to arbitrary drugs. But what DO we have, how effective are they, and are there any up-and-coming techniques in research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T21:18:17.703" Title="How well can we test for deadly reactions to a drug, like anesthetics for an operation?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;complications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:36:26.660" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5243" CreationDate="2018-06-20T11:21:20.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ORAL+CONTRACEPTIVES+AND+MOOD%2FSEXUAL+DISORDERS+IN+WOMEN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=ORAL+CONTRACEPTIVES+AND+MOOD%2FSEXUAL+DISORDERS+IN+WOMEN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014598&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145752&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased risk of depression, sexual dysfunction, breast cancer, nutritional deficiencies, stroke, blood clots among other issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies have also shown that the hormones going into the water supply effect male fertility as well as fish fertility:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/birth-control-in-water-supply/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/birth-control-in-water-supply/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092230.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092230.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hormonal contraceptives are not recommended during breastfeeding because it can decrease the milk supply and the hormones will pass into the breastmilk and the baby will drink the hormones. Can you imagine a baby boy drinking estrogen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physicians’ desk reference 2005. 59th ed. Montvale, N.J.:Thompson PDR, 2005.&#xA;The Physicians’ Desk Reference advises that a nursing mother should not use oral contraceptives but should use other forms of contraception until she has completely weaned her infant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for becoming pregnant on the pill... more research is needed:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703703/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703703/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/744667&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/744667&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5576004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5576004&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4400183/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4400183/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:22:35.977" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:22:35.977" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16642" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16657" CreationDate="2018-06-20T12:13:34.783" Score="4" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been listening to a poscast at Naked Scientists (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/short/regenerating-tooth-enamel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Haylor, 2018&lt;/a&gt;) where the host was talking to researcher, Alvaro Mata, about the possibility of regerating tooth enamel by painting a substance onto decayed teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of Mata's research paper and if so, what are the details?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haylor, K. (2018). Regenerating tooth enamel, &lt;em&gt;The Naked Scientists Podcasts &amp;amp; Science Radio Shows.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/short/regenerating-tooth-enamel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/short/regenerating-tooth-enamel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="96" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T16:44:05.800" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T16:44:05.800" Title="Tooth enamel regeneration" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16591" CreationDate="2018-06-20T12:46:18.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950958/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Keyes and Rams (2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results: Dental calculus was observed on 1,140 (95%) of the extracted human teeth, and no dental carious lesions were found underlying dental calculus-covered surfaces on 1,139 of these teeth. However, dental calculus arrest of dental caries was found on one (0.54%) of 187 evaluated teeth that presented with unrestored proximal enamel caries. On the distal surface of a maxillary premolar tooth, dental calculus mineralization filled the outer surface cavitation of an incipient dental caries lesion. The dental calculus-covered carious lesion extended only slightly into enamel, and exhibited a brown pigmentation characteristic of inactive or arrested dental caries. In contrast, the tooth's mesial surface, without a superficial layer of dental calculus, had a large carious lesion going through enamel and deep into dentin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keyes, P. H., &amp;amp; Rams, T. E. (2016). Dental calculus arrest of dental caries. &lt;em&gt;Journal of oral biology (Northborough, Mass.)&lt;/em&gt;, 3(1). PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950958/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4950958&lt;/a&gt; PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950958/pdf/nihms761315.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950958/pdf/nihms761315.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14061" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T13:01:04.553" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T13:01:04.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16650" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16625" CreationDate="2018-06-20T13:27:12.850" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Okay, this is the closest you're going to get to a &quot;military grade&quot; nerve agent that elevates your mood: using &lt;strong&gt;botox as an antidepressant&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Botulinum toxin A (botox) is a nerve agent. In fact, it's the most potent toxin known, and could potentially be used as a bioweapon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028942/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Botulinum toxin: Bioweapon &amp;amp; magic drug (Dhaked, et al. 2010)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Botulinum neurotoxins, causative agents of botulism in humans, are produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic spore-former Gram positive bacillus. &lt;strong&gt;Botulinum neurotoxin poses a major bioweapon threat because of its extreme potency and lethality; its ease of production, transport, and misuse; and the need for prolonged intensive care among affected persons. A single gram of crystalline toxin, evenly dispersed and inhaled, can kill more than one million people.&lt;/strong&gt; The basis of the phenomenal potency of botulinum toxin is enzymatic; the toxin is a zinc proteinase that cleaves neuronal vesicle associated proteins responsible for acetylcholine release into the neuromuscular junction. &lt;strong&gt;As a military or terrorist weapon, botulinum toxin could be disseminated via aerosol or by contamination of water or food supplies, causing widespread casualties.&lt;/strong&gt; A fascinating aspect of botulinum toxin research in recent years has been development of the most potent toxin into a molecule of significant therapeutic utility. It is the first biological toxin which is licensed for treatment of human diseases. In the late 1980s, Canada approved use of the toxin to treat strabismus, in 2001 in the removal of facial wrinkles and in 2002, the FDA in the United States followed suit. The present review focuses on both warfare potential and medical uses of botulinum neurotoxin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you injected, say, 40 units of botox into your procerus and corrugator supercilii frown muscles, you would get a drug with a robust antidepressant effect. The effect size is quite impressive and the antidepressant effect may be greater than what is typically seen from conventional antidepressants:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treating Depression with Botulinum Toxin: A Pooled &#xA;  Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Magid, et al. 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection into the glabellar region is currently being studied as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we explore efficacy data of this novel approach in a pooled analysis.A literature search revealed 3 RCTs on this topic. Individual patient data and clinical end points shared by these 3 trials were pooled and analyzed as one study (n=134) using multiple regression models with random effects.In the pooled sample, the BTA (n=59) and the placebo group (n=75) did not differ in the baseline variables. Efficacy outcomes revealed BTA superiority over placebo: Improvement in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale 6 weeks after baseline was 45.7% for BTA vs. 14.6% for placebo (p&amp;lt;0.0001), corresponding to a BTA response rate of 54.2% (vs. 10.7%) and a BTA remission rate of 30.5% (vs. 6.7%). Equalling the status of a meta-analysis, this study increases evidence that a single treatment of BTA into the glabellar region can reduce symptoms of MDD. Further studies are needed to better understand how BTA exerts its mood-lifting effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposed mechanism of action is quite interesting. It's thought that afferents in the face can influence your mood by sending feedback to the amygdala. In short, botox works by paralysing the frown muscles in your face. And if you can't frown, then perhaps you can't feel so down:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.botoxfordepression.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Finzi-and-Rosenthal-Journal-of-Psychiatric-Research-80-2016-93-96-2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emotional proprioception: Treatment of depression with afferent facial feedback&lt;br&gt;(Finzi &amp;amp; Rosenthal, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We develop the concept of emotional proprioception, whereby the muscles of facial expression play a central role in encoding and transmitting information to the brain’s emotional circuitry, and describe its underlying neuroanatomy. We explore the role of facial expression in both reﬂecting and inﬂuencing depressed mood. The circuitry involved in this latter effect is a logical target for treatment with botulinum toxin, and we review the evidence in support of this strategy. Clinical trial data suggest that botulinum toxin is effective in treating depression. We discuss the clinical and theoretical implications of these data. This novel treatment approach is just one example of the potential importance of the cranial nerves in the treatment of depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dhaked, R. K., Singh, M. K., Singh, P., &amp;amp; Gupta, P. (2010). Botulinum toxin: bioweapon &amp;amp; magic drug. &lt;em&gt;The Indian journal of medical research&lt;/em&gt;, 132(5), 489. PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028942/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC3028942&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finzi, E., &amp;amp; Rosenthal, N. E. (2016). Emotional proprioception: treatment of depression with afferent facial feedback. &lt;em&gt;Journal of psychiatric research&lt;/em&gt;, 80, 93-96. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magid, M., Finzi, E., Kruger, T. H. C., Robertson, H. T., Keeling, B. H., Jung, S., ... &amp;amp; Wollmer, M. A. (2015). Treating depression with botulinum toxin: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. &lt;em&gt;Pharmacopsychiatry&lt;/em&gt;, 25(06), 205-210. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1055/s-0035-1559621&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-20T14:08:18.870" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:08:18.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16544" CreationDate="2018-06-20T13:53:46.080" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;ICD-10 is a classification system which can be used to record certain disease states of a patient, e.g. &lt;code&gt;I50&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;Heart failure&quot; or &lt;code&gt;I50.1&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;Left ventricular failure&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SNOMED CT provides multiple advantages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SNOMED CT covers all clinical terms, not just disease states.  For example we can say &lt;code&gt;85232009&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;left heart failure&quot; but we could also say &lt;code&gt;163053002&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;raised JVP&quot;, &lt;code&gt;162965007&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;lung crackles heard&quot;, &lt;code&gt;421346005&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;3+ pitting oedema&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, we could say &lt;code&gt;315261000000101&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;patient advised to attend emergency department&quot;, &lt;code&gt;239471000000109&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;emergency ambulance call&quot; and &lt;code&gt;1079771000000108&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;transported by ambulance&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SNOMED CT has a grammar, allowing the creation of &quot;expressions&quot;.  For example, we can say:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;236721000000106&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;Implantation of intravenous dual chamber cardiac pacemaker system (procedure)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;236721000000106:363704007=91470000&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;Implantation of intravenous dual chamber cardiac pacemaker system (procedure) into the axilla&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;236721000000106:363704007=91470000, 272741003 = 7771000&lt;/code&gt; meaning &quot;Implantation of intravenous dual chamber cardiac pacemaker system (procedure) into the axilla, left side&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SNOMED CT is far more granular than ICD-10.  There are many more specific codes.  Furthermore, SNOMED CT expressions as above allow almost any clinical concept to be described in detail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would strongly recommend this guide for learning more about SNOMED CT (&lt;a href=&quot;https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/display/DOCSTART/SNOMED+CT+Starter+Guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://confluence.ihtsdotools.org/display/DOCSTART/SNOMED+CT+Starter+Guide&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T13:53:46.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16653" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16534" CreationDate="2018-06-20T14:02:31.417" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only thing that keeps a patient in cardiac arrest alive is constant, high-quality chest compression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cardioversion (&quot;shocking&quot;) of a patient aims to return the heart to normal (sinus) rhythm in the case that a cardiac arrest is due to a dysrhythmia.  If it works, great - return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) will be achieved and there will be signs of this; coughing, spluttering, pulse etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We assume that it will not be successful and immediately resume compressions because even a couple of seconds delay in chest compressions dramatically reduces organ perfusion and worsens outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of chest compressions in a patient who has been successfully cardioverted will not do any particular harm and the downsides of waiting to see if it has worked are huge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:02:31.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16365" CreationDate="2018-06-20T14:21:25.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Purpura and petechiae are both the results of extravasated blood under the skin - essentially bleeding causing a small pool of blood.  The distinction between purpura and petechiae is arbitrary at &amp;lt;3mm = petechiae and &gt;3mm = purpura.  Large (&gt;10 mm) bleeding is called an ecchymosis.  A bruise is simply an ecchymosis resulting from trauma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purpura is not necessarily palpable or elevated.  When it is this is a different clinical entity with a different list of causes, predominantly vasculitic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Telangiectasia is a different pathology.  These are malformed, typically widened, capillaries and small venules which are visually prominent due to their proximity to the skin surface and relative engorgement with blood.  They are neither petechiae, purpura or ecchymoses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:21:25.687" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9136" CreationDate="2018-06-20T14:38:02.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The key, I think, is the relationship between energy transferred and the ability of the receiving tissue to tolerate it.  For example, although the overall kinetic energy of a knife is relatively low the tip/blade pressure is extremely high, more than high enough to part tissues and, critically, cut through arterial walls causing fatal bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drowning is more complex.  The pathophysiology that leads to tissue damage and thus death is hypoxia so I would class this as a chemical injury.  However, this is a bit of a cop-out.  Arguably, what kills in the case of the knife wound is not the wound itself but the resulting tissue hypoxia from bleeding so should we not count that as &quot;chemical&quot; as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, this is probably best used as a guide to &quot;injury&quot; in the sense of &quot;external factor causing direct tissue damage&quot;.  It is definitely not all encompassing.  Finally, I think there could be a good argument made for &quot;hypoxic&quot; as a 6th category of injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T14:38:02.053" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16642" CreationDate="2018-06-20T15:45:07.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mata is onto that issue for quite some time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080705&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zhan Huang  Timothy D Sargeant  James F Hulvat  Alvaro Mata  Pablo Bringas Jr  Chung‐Yan Koh Samuel I Stupp  Malcolm L Snead: &amp;quot;Bioactive Nanofibers Instruct Cells to Proliferate and Differentiate During Enamel Regeneration&amp;quot;, JBMR, Volume23, Issue12, December 2008, Pages 1995-2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His latest publication has a less obvious on-topic title:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04319-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sherif Elsharkawy, Maisoon Al-Jawad, Maria F. Pantano, Esther Tejeda-Montes, Khushbu Mehta, Hasan Jamal, Shweta Agarwal, Kseniya Shuturminska, Alistair Rice, Nadezda V. Tarakina, Rory M. Wilson, Andy J. Bushby, Matilde Alonso, Jose C. Rodriguez-Cabello, Ettore Barbieri, Armando del Río Hernández, Molly M. Stevens, Nicola M. Pugno, Paul Anderson &amp;amp; Alvaro Mata: &amp;quot;Protein disorder–order interplay to guide the growth of hierarchical mineralized structures&amp;quot;, Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 2145 (2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A major goal in materials science is to develop bioinspired functional materials based on the precise control of molecular building blocks across length scales. Here we report a protein-mediated mineralization process that takes advantage of disorder–order interplay using elastin-like recombinamers to program organic–inorganic interactions into hierarchically ordered mineralized structures. The materials comprise elongated apatite nanocrystals that are aligned and organized into microscopic prisms, which grow together into spherulite-like structures hundreds of micrometers in diameter that come together to fill macroscopic areas. The structures can be grown over large uneven surfaces and native tissues as acid-resistant membranes or coatings with tuneable hierarchy, stiffness, and hardness. Our study represents a potential strategy for complex materials design that may open opportunities for hard tissue repair and provide insights into the role of molecular disorder in human physiology and pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more accessible press release is found at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/2018/se/scientists-develop-material-that-could-regenerate-dental-enamel-.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientists develop material that could regenerate dental enamel&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Researchers at Queen Mary University of London have developed a new way to grow mineralised materials which could regenerate hard tissues such as dental enamel and bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While incredibly promising we might want to hold out horse for a little bit longer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The research team is now looking into developing applications for this material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The technology could benefit many people and [commercialization] is the ultimate goal of our work,” says Alvaro Mata, who led the research group.[…]&#xA;“It is certainly a possibility,” Mata elaborates. “The kinds of regenerative challenges that we are talking about will require collaboration between disciplines and integration of different technologies. We are very keen to collaborate with different people to make things happen.”[…]&#xA;The UK seems to be a hotspot for research into tooth regeneration. At King’s College London, researchers performed experiments in mice that showed that an Alzheimer’s drug stimulated natural repair processes in stem cells found inside teeth to fill cavities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the industrial side of things, the Swiss company Credentis is developing protein molecules that help apatite crystals form new enamel and using its technology in a range of oral care products, from toothpaste and mouthwash to chewing gum. The British company BioMin Technologies uses glass-ceramic biomaterials that release phosphate molecules in response to acidic conditions in order to repair dental enamel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the combined efforts in biotech and academia, it’s exciting to think we may one day be able to regenerate our enamel and coax our teeth into filling their own cavities. Who knows, these research efforts may help us avoid another uncomfortable visit to the dentist.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://labiotech.eu/dental-enamel-biopolymers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Researchers Regenerate Tooth Enamel With Biopolymers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T16:22:08.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16642" CreationDate="2018-06-20T16:03:13.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was going to post a possible answer when @LangLangC posted some interesting articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly there is another atricle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00368&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shuturminska, K., Tarakina, N. V., Azevedo, H. S., Bushby, A. J., Mata, A., Anderson, P., &amp;amp; Al-Jawad, M. (2017). Elastin-Like Protein, with Statherin Derived Peptide, Controls Fluorapatite Formation and Morphology. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in physiology&lt;/em&gt;, 8, 368.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The process of enamel biomineralization is multi-step, complex and mediated by organic molecules. The lack of cells in mature enamel leaves it unable to regenerate and hence novel ways of growing enamel-like structures are currently being investigated. Recently, elastin-like protein (ELP) with the analog &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-terminal sequence of statherin (STNA&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;-ELP) has been used to regenerate mineralized tissue. Here, the STNA&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;-ELP has been mineralized in constrained and unconstrained conditions in a fluoridated solution. We demonstrate that the control of STNA&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;-ELP delivery to the mineralizing solution can form layered ordered fluorapatite mineral, via a brushite precursor. We propose that the use of a constrained STNA&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;-ELP system can lead to the development of novel, bioinspired enamel therapeutics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T16:03:13.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-20T16:28:22.997" Score="5" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;Forgetfulness whether one has taken the medication already or not is not an uncommon problem. However, especially while taking different medication simultaneously, adherence to the prescription is essential for the efficiency of the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some useful methods, strategies or techniques that are available to an individual to prevent them from forgetting to take their medication and help them recall if they have already taken it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="96" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T05:28:11.950" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T16:21:50.653" Title="What methods are there for individuals to help them remember if they have taken their medicine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4540" CreationDate="2018-06-20T18:06:25.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Petteri_Sjoegren/publication/273034823_Stability_and_Side_Effects_of_Orthodontic_Retainers_-A_Systematic_Review/links/54f58af10cf2eed5d737fefc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review&lt;/a&gt; of the side effects of retainers said nothing about sleep related side effects, so they probably are not a significant problem. There are a few related studies that look at an assortment of othodontic treatments and how they affect sleep. I've included them below. An orthodontist would be able to give a more concrete answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, note that some types of retainers are actually used to treat sleep apnea and related sleep issues (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://sacramentodentistry.com/dental-events/invisalign-and-sleep-apnea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR;&lt;/strong&gt; Orthodontic treatments such as braces and and retainers can, in general, affect sleep and sleep quality (for good and bad). However, there seems to be little direct research into what specific sleep related side affects retainers cause. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Dry Mouth&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554561&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554561&lt;/a&gt; (I think this one was looking at braces)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The subjective parameters taste,&#xA;  dry mouth and breath odor did not show statistical&#xA;  differences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Quality of sleep:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18984392&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impact of orthodontic appliances on sleep quality&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/strong&gt; In young orthodontic patients, there appears to be no difference in sleep quality with or without the overnight use of these appliances after they have been worn for a minimum of 3 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, contradicting that study is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sbdmj.lsmuni.lt/124/124-04.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Impaired sleep the most rarely&#xA;  occurred for patients treated with removable appliances&#xA;  (40.6%) and braces (51.1%) and the most&#xA;  frequently for patients treated with functional appliances&#xA;  (85.7%) and braces, and head gears (88.9%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Sleep Apnea&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no evidence that I'm aware of that retainers (or other orthodontic retainers) cause sleep apnea. Similar devices are sometimes used to treat it, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, people who need braces, retainers, etc. may be at higher risk for it. From the intro of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6939331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ape study&lt;/a&gt; apparently conducted because of similar complaints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral respiration associated with obstruction of the nasal airway is a common finding among patients seeking orthodontic treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T15:41:56.320" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T15:41:56.320" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16661" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16659" CreationDate="2018-06-20T18:52:37.297" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/article/taking-your-medicine.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt; on drugs.com: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Practice Makes Perfect! Learn About Your Medicines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Pill Boxes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Electronic Applications and Pill Reminders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Calendar Alerts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Tie Your Medication Doses with a Daily Activity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Get Help from Family Members or Friends&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Keep an Up-to-Date List of Your Medication Names, Strengths, Dose, and Number of Remaining Refills&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ask Your Doctor and Pharmacist to Help Simplify Your Medication Regimen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The summaries seem pretty self-explanatory, but you can check out the website for details.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;For item 4 I use MS Outlook reminders for my daily gabapentin doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastActivityDate="2018-06-20T18:52:37.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9538" CreationDate="2018-06-20T20:22:35.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brief description:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qualsight.com/lasek-laser-eye-surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LASEK and LASIK&lt;/a&gt; - cut a flap in the eye, use a laser to remove material underneath to reshape the lens and correct vision. LASIK has been around for a while, so there have been a lot of improvements and modifications, and there are a lot of variations of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lasik.com/articles/lasik-prk-difference/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PRK&lt;/a&gt; - similar to LASIK, but no flap is cut. Instead a surface layer of cells is removed so the laser can go to work underneat. Longer recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.golasik.net/2017/11/lasik-vs-rle-one-better/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RLE and PRELEX&lt;/a&gt; - remove the natural lens and replace it with a corrected one. Think of it as glasses implanted in your eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.keywhitman.com/Blog/2015/May/All-about-limbal-relaxing-incisions.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LRI&lt;/a&gt; - a slit at the edge of your cornea to correct astigmatism. Not a general corrective procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/orthok.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ortho-K&lt;/a&gt; - a molding 'contact lens' is worn overnight, which molds your lens into the correct shape so you can see the next day or two after you take it out. This is the only reversible, 'non-invasive' procedure I'm aware of that can make you see correctly without external aids (like contacts or glasses).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the laser based methods (LASIK, PRK, etc.) basically reshape your lens by removing material. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all of these methods (except for Ortho-K) the lens on your eye is basically being cut up, removed and/or sculpted by removing material. It should be obvious why'd there'd be serious potential side effects. This is also why they can sometimes only be performed once - there's only so much material to be removed. However, they have a pretty good track record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These techniques are all 'state of the art'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one is right for you is a long and complicated discussion depending on the details of your eye prescription and your eye health, as well as your evaluation of which risks you'd prefer to live with. You'd do best to consult with a couple of eye correction centers offering different treatments (many of them offer free consultations). The doctors will help you understand what procedures you are eligible for, and what the potential risks and benefits will be for you personally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T15:44:51.097" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T15:44:51.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16659" CreationDate="2018-06-21T01:48:03.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What empirical evidence is there to with regards to methods, techniques and strategies to improve treatment noncompliance among individuals whose noncompliance is characterised by a tendency to have difficulty recalling if they have correctly adhered with their physician's dosing instructions?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The literature is scant. However, one strategy to improve treatment adherence that is both simple, inexpensive and supported by peer-reviewed empirical evidence is the use of a pillbox.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following relates to the use of pillboxes with respect to compliance with HART medications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/521250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pillbox Organizers are Associated with Improved Adherence to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression: a Marginal Structural Model Analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background. Pillbox organizers are inexpensive and easily used; however, their effect on adherence to antiretroviral medications is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methods. Data were obtained from an observational cohort of 245 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected subjects who were observed from 1996 through 2000 in San Francisco, California. Adherence was the primary outcome and was measured using unannounced monthly pill counts. Plasma HIV RNA level was considered as a secondary outcome. Marginal structural models were used to estimate the effect of pillbox organizer use on adherence and viral suppression, adjusting for confounding by CD4+ T cell count, viral load, prior adherence, recreational drug use, demographic characteristics, and current and past treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results. Pillbox organizer use was estimated to improve adherence by 4.1%–4.5% and was associated with a decrease in viral load of 0.34–0.37 log10 copies/mL and a 14.2%–15.7% higher probability of achieving a viral load ⩽400 copies/mL (odds ratio, 1.8–1.9). All effect estimates were statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion. Pillbox organizers appear to significantly improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and to improve virologic suppression. We estimate that pillbox organizers may be associated with a cost of ∼$19,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Pillbox organizers should be a standard intervention to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, caution should be exercised before inferring that there might be benefit to the use of pillboxes in relation to other pharmacotherapies e.g. antihypertensives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to polypharmacy involving three or more agents e.g. chronic or more complicated conditions, the following meta-analysis seems to suggest that there is no benefit of reminder devices on medication adherence relative to the use of pillboxes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2605527&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Reminder Devices on Medication Adherence: the REMIND Randomized Clinical Trial Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Objective: To compare the effect of 3 low-cost reminder devices on medication adherence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Design, Setting, and Participants: This 4-arm, block-randomized clinical trial involved 53 480 enrollees of CVS Caremark, a pharmacy benefit manager, across the United States. Eligible participants were aged 18 to 64 years and taking 1 to 3 oral medications for long-term use. Participants had to be suboptimally adherent to all of their prescribed therapies (with a medication possession ratio of 30% to 80%) in the 12 months before randomization. Participants were stratified on the basis of the medications they were using at randomization: medications for cardiovascular or other nondepression chronic conditions (the chronic disease stratum) and antidepressants (the antidepressant stratum). In each stratum, randomization occurred within blocks defined by whether all of the patient's targeted medications were dosed once daily. Patients were randomized to receive in the mail a pill bottle strip with toggles, digital timer cap, or standard pillbox. The control group received neither notification nor a device. Data were collected from February 12, 2013, through March 21, 2015, and data analyses were on the intention-to-treat population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was optimal adherence (medication possession ratio ≥80%) to all eligible medications among patients in the chronic disease stratum during 12 months of follow-up, ascertained using pharmacy claims data. Secondary outcomes included optimal adherence to cardiovascular medications among patients in the chronic disease stratum as well as optimal adherence to antidepressants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results: Of the 53 480 participants, mean (SD) age was 45 (12) years and 56% were female. In the primary analysis, 15.5% of patients in the chronic disease stratum assigned to the standard pillbox, 15.1% assigned to the digital timer cap, 16.3% assigned to the pill bottle strip with toggles, and 15.1% assigned to the control arm were optimally adherent to their prescribed treatments during follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in the odds of optimal adherence between the control and any of the devices (standard pillbox: odds ratio [OR], 1.03 [95% CI, 0.95-1.13]; digital timer cap: OR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.92-1.09]; and pill bottle strip with toggles: OR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.85-1.04]). &lt;strong&gt;In direct comparisons, the odds of optimal adherence were higher with a standard pillbox than with the pill bottle strip (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.00-1.21]). Secondary analyses yielded similar results.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions and Relevance: &lt;strong&gt;Low-cost reminder devices did not improve adherence among nonadherent patients who were taking up to 3 medications to treat common chronic conditions.&lt;/strong&gt; The devices may have been more effective if coupled with interventions to ensure consistent use or if targeted to individuals with an even higher risk of nonadherence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importance: Forgetfulness is a major contributor to nonadherence to chronic disease medications and could be addressed with medication reminder devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above analysis, we do note that use of a standard pillbox does seem to improve adherence when compared with a pill bottle strip (OR = 1.10).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as meta-analyses are susceptible to regression to the mean, caution must also be exercised as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's prudent to note that no peer reviewed evidence will be able to demonstrate that pillboxes or any other method, technique or strategy does or does not not work for any one individual for any variant of pharmacotherapy for any period of time in their life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short: individual differences, bro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T05:33:40.837" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5746" CreationDate="2018-06-21T06:29:58.407" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PT-141 (bremelanotide)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, PT-141 is the only substance that has shown any promise in increasing libido, and that's only in the case of women with depressed sexual response. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is only partially correct. One question is how to you would go about operationalising libido in males? For example, one could argue that an intervention that gives a male an erection in the absence of any visual sexual stimuli is for all intents and purposes, an aphrodisiac. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PT-141 (bremelanotide) does seem to have these properties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/3901200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra®&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PT-141, a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin analog, was evaluated following subcutaneous administration to healthy male subjects and to patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) who report an inadequate response to Viagra®. An inadequate response was defined for this study by patient report indicating that achievement of an erection suitable for vaginal penetration occurred ≤50% of the time while taking 100 mg Viagra®. &lt;strong&gt;Erectile responses were assessed by RigiScan™ in healthy subjects in the absence of visual sexual stimulation (VSS) and in ED patients in the presence of VSS. Doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg were administered to healthy male subjects, resulting in a statistically significant erectile response at doses greater than 1.0 mg.&lt;/strong&gt; ED patients were treated with placebo, 4 or 6 mg PT-141 in a crossover design in the presence of VSS. The erectile response induced by PT-141 was statistically significant at both doses. PT-141 was safe and well tolerated in both studies. The erectogenic potential of PT-141, its tolerability profile and its ability to cause significant erections in patients who do not have an adequate response to a PDE5 inhibitor suggest that PT-141 may provide an alternative treatment for ED with a potentially broad patient base.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If some pheromone were effective in increasing libido in men then I would've expected to see a huge market for it and perhaps big pharma creating products that combine PDE5 inhibitors like &quot;Viagra&quot; with pheromones. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're correct here. In fact, perhaps the closest currently available to this is concomitant administration of PT-141 with PDE-5 inhibitors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.10.060&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives&lt;/em&gt; To evaluate the safety and pharmacodynamic effect of co-administration of subtherapeutic doses of PT-141, a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin analogue, and sildenafil to patients with erectile dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods&lt;/em&gt; Nineteen patients with erectile dysfunction who were responders to either Viagra or Levitra by self-report were given 25 mg sildenafil and 7.5 mg intranasal PT-141, 25 mg sildenafil and an intranasal placebo spray, and a placebo tablet and an intranasal placebo spray in a randomized cross-over design. Erectile activity in response to two 30-minute episodes of visual sexual stimulation was assessed by RigiScan during a 6-hour postdose period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The erectile response induced by co-administration of PT-141 and sildenafil was significantly greater than the response elicited by administration of sildenafil alone. Co-administration of PT-141 and sildenafil was safe and well-tolerated and did not result in new adverse events or adverse events that were increased in frequency or severity compared with monotherapy&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Co-administration of intranasal PT-141 and a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor may constitute a treatment alternative for patients in whom higher doses of a single therapy are not effective or well tolerated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As correctly pointed out to me, in the above, I have mischaracterised the presence of an erection with male libido. One should not confuse raging passions for getting a &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/lcHy8xEt2QI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;raging clue&lt;/a&gt;. This is not a trivial point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02319.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Subjective Sexual Arousal Scale for Men (SSASM): Preliminary Development and Psychometric Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Subjective Male Sexual Arousal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Male sexual arousal has been historically&#xA;  described as a central physiological state, with&#xA;  penile erection in a sexual context as its most valid&#xA;  objective measure [21]&lt;/strong&gt;. Bancroft deﬁnes sexual&#xA;  arousal as a state that is motivated toward experi-&#xA;  encing sexual pleasure and possibly orgasm, which&#xA;  involves the processing of relevant stimuli, general&#xA;  arousal, incentive motivation, and genital response&#xA;  [22]. A multifaceted process of male sexual arousal&#xA;  is supported by functional magnetic resonance&#xA;  imaging data indicating different patterns of brain&#xA;  stimulation during sexual arousal, penile tumes-&#xA;  cence, and penile erection in healthy male volun-&#xA;  teers [23]. &lt;strong&gt;Furthermore, studies in men without&#xA;  sexual dysfunction have demonstrated that penile&#xA;  erection is not always highly associated with sub-&#xA;  jective mental aspects of sexual arousal [24,25].&#xA;  Based on these ﬁndings, a lack of subjective sexual&#xA;  arousal may explain why some men with ED fail to&#xA;  respond to treatment with PDE5 inhibitors&#xA;  despite having the physiological ability to achieve&#xA;  and maintain an erection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my reference to the role of exogenous testosterone may more accurately reflect what is meant by &quot;libido&quot; or sexual desire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exogenous testosterone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, you might have some measure of sexual interest in males, in which case administration of exogenous testosterone displays efficacy in this regard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.75.6.1464655&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effects of exogenous testosterone on sexuality and mood of normal men&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effects of supraphysiological levels of testosterone, used for male contraception, on sexual behavior and mood were studied in a single-blind, placebo-controlled manner in a group of 31 normal men. After 4 weeks of baseline observations, the men were randomized into two groups: one group received 200 mg testosterone enanthate (TE) weekly by im injection for 8 weeks (Testosterone Only group), the other received placebo injections once weekly for the first 4 weeks followed by TE 200 mg weekly for the following 4 weeks (Placebo/Testosterone group). The testosterone administration increased trough plasma testosterone levels by 80%, compatible with peak testosterone levels 400-500% above baseline. Various aspects of sexuality were assessed using sexuality experience scales (SES) questionnaires at the end of each 4-week period while sexual activity and mood states were recorded by daily dairies and self-rating scales. &lt;strong&gt;In both groups there was a significant increase in scores in the Psychosexual Stimulation Scale of the SES (i.e. SES 2) following testosterone administration, but not with placebo.&lt;/strong&gt; There were no changes in SES 3, which measures aspects of sexual interaction with the partner. In both groups there were no changes in frequency of sexual intercourse, masturbation, or penile erection on waking nor in any of the moods reported. &lt;strong&gt;The Placebo/Testosterone group showed an increase in self-reported interest in sex during testosterone treatment but not with placebo. The SES 2 results suggest that sexual awareness and arousability can be increased by supraphysiological levels of testosterone.&lt;/strong&gt; However, these changes are not reflected in modifications of overt sexual behavior, which in eugonadal men may be more determined by sexual relationship factors. This contrasts with hypogonadal men, in whom testosterone replacement clearly stimulates sexual behavior. There was no evidence to suggest an alteration in any of the mood states studied, in particular those associated with increased aggression. We conclude that supraphysiological levels of testosterone maintained for up to 2 months can promote some aspects of sexual arousability without stimulating sexual activity in eugonadal men within stable heterosexual relationships. Raising testosterone does not increase self-reported ratings of aggressive feelings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we consider both testosterone and PT-141 in tandem, &lt;em&gt;sexual awareness&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;sexual arousal&lt;/em&gt; can be dissociated from one another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dopaminergic stimulants e.g. meth/amphetamine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence from animal studies to suggest that amphetamine increases libido, as operationalised by frequency of sex. Again, I could suffer from the same folly as above where I confuse libido for some other construct, but this is also supported by subjective reports among meth users who like to have sex with other dudes. However, I will need to dig up some references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Former Nobel laureates and other researchers at Harvard awarded the 2007 Ig Nobel Peace Prize to the creators of the &quot;gay bomb&quot; -- a non-lethal military weapon under development intended to induce demoralizing homosexual behavior with aphrodisiacs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above regarding amphetamines is correct, it would be hilarious to see what effect acute administration of methamphetamine among a male prison population would be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marketability of aphrodisiacs in general&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem is that the current milieu within which drugs are evaluated by the FDA is that a drug will only be approved for sale if it can treat a disease. Any use of the term &quot;aphrodisiac&quot; is effectively a no-no. What I imagine would happen is that eventually the diagnostic criteria for erectile dysfunction would be relaxed considerably, or some equivalent of &lt;em&gt;sexual arousal disorder&lt;/em&gt; for males would enter into the vernacular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a little surprised that recreational use of some combination of testosterone/methamphetamine/PT-141/PDE-5 inhibitors as some sort of sex aid isn't &quot;a thing&quot;. Well, I'm sure it is somewhere in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T13:52:49.280" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T13:52:49.280" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16668" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-21T06:47:36.027" Score="1" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to compute Time to Peak, Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) and Mean Transit Time (MTT) maps in brain CT imaging. I tried to find the definitions or some articles but I am not from the medical background. Any links or explanation about these terms? I need to get pixel-by-pixel values for each slice for the above three parameters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to know the step by step procedure for computing the map images of CBF and Time to Peak or (Cerebral Blood Volume)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gopi&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14070" LastEditorUserId="14070" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T06:55:06.107" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T06:55:06.107" Title="What are the definitions of Time to Peak, Cerebral Blood Flow and Mean Transit Time?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16669" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16671" CreationDate="2018-06-21T07:18:37.953" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18471513/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link to paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this paper they explain in their results that they were unable to show a significant link between terlipressin and mortality, however, they were able to show a significant link between terlipressin and HRS reversal...But they also showed a significant link between HRS reversal and 180 day survival?&#xA;How can increased 180 day survival not mean less mortality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1597" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T07:57:59.927" Title="How can a significant increase in survival not be interpreted as a significant decrease in mortality?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16669" CreationDate="2018-06-21T07:50:57.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the paper it says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Survival&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall survival at day 180, as shown in Figure 3, was 42.9% (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 24/56) vs 37.5% (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 21/56) for terlipressin and placebo, respectively (P = .839).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a small 5% (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 3/56) difference in survival rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Transplant-free survival up to day 180 also was similar in both groups. For patients who did not undergo liver transplantation, 7 patients (13%) in the terlipressin group and 5 patients (9%) in the placebo group survived to day 180.&lt;/strong&gt; The causes of death for the 32 terlipressin patients and 35 placebo patients who died up to day 180 were hepatic failure/cirrhosis (15 terlipressin vs 15 placebo), HRS/renal failure (3 terlipressin vs 10 placebo), respiratory disorder (5 terlipressin vs 4 placebo), multiorgan failure (6 terlipressin vs 2 placebo), infections/systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (7 terlipressin vs 2 placebo), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (0 terlipressin vs 3 placebo), cardiac event (0 terlipressin vs 2 placebo), and unspecified (1 in each group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key point which is also in the discussion section is that terlipressin does not affect the underlying liver disease and therefore transplant is still required for survival.  Terlipressin extends life for a while for a small proportion of people but doesn't completely stop mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall survival in both treatment groups was higher than in previously reported studies, primarily because of the fact that more than 30% of patients underwent liver transplantation. There were no significant differences in survival between those receiving terlipressin or placebo. As noted by previous investigators, terlipressin does not affect the underlying severe liver disease and therefore was not expected to have a major effect on survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T07:57:59.927" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T07:57:59.927" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9673" CreationDate="2018-06-21T14:50:53.323" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll limit this to alcoholic mouthwash and capsaicin, the chief spiciness compound in chilis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Alcoholic mouthwash&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am too much of a wuss to do spicy foods. However, when I read the &quot;burning off tastebuds&quot; in title of your question, what came to mind was the &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; reason why I use alcoholic mouthwash -- for &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; sensation that comes around after 30 seconds of swishing it around in your mouth. I wouldn't quite call it &lt;em&gt;burning off your tastebuds&lt;/em&gt;, but it does feel like I've burned something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In which case the use of alcoholic mouthwash is a risk factor for oral cancer. This interesting paper looked a genetic polymorphisms involved in alcohol metabolism as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.03.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oral health, dental care and mouthwash associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk in Europe: The ARCAGE study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objective&lt;/em&gt; We aimed to assess the association of oral health (OH), dental care (DC) and mouthwash with upper-aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risk, and to examine the extent that enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol modify the effect of mouthwash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/em&gt; The study included 1963 patients with incident cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx or esophagus and 1993 controls. Subjects were interviewed about their oral health and dental care behaviors (which were converted to scores of OH and DC respectively), as well as smoking, alcohol drinking, diet, occupations, medical conditions and socio-economic status. Blood samples were taken for genetic analyses. Mouthwash use was analyzed in relation to the presence of polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing genes known to be associated with UADT. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95%-confidence intervals [CI] were estimated with multiple logistic regression models adjusting for multiple confounders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results&lt;/em&gt; Fully adjusted ORs of low versus high scores of DC and OH were 2.36[CI = 1.51–3.67] and 2.22[CI = 1.45–3.41], respectively, for all UADT sites combined. &lt;strong&gt;The OR for frequent use of mouthwash use (3 or more times/day) was 3.23[CI = 1.68–6.19].&lt;/strong&gt; The OR for the rare variant ADH7 (coding for fast ethanol metabolism) was lower in mouthwash-users (OR = 0.53[CI = 0.35–0.81]) as compared to never-users (OR = 0.97[CI = 0.73–1.29]) indicating effect modification (pheterogeneity = 0.065) while no relevant differences were observed between users and non-users for the variant alleles of ADH1B, ADH1C or ALDH2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions&lt;/em&gt; Poor OH and DC seem to be independent risk factors for UADT because corresponding risk estimates remain substantially elevated after detailed adjustment for multiple confounders. Whether mouthwash use may entail some risk through the alcohol content in most formulations on the market remains to be fully clarified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Capsaicin&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's quite a bit of research regarding anti-tumour properties with respect to other forms of cancer e.g. pancreatic cancer, but very little regarding possible risk in oral cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an excerpt from &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;A screening model for oral cancer using risk scores: development and validation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that does state the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;People who rated the spiciness of their diet as&#xA;  six or more had higher odds (OR = 2.15) for devel-&#xA;  oping oral cancer than those rating the spiciness as&#xA;  ﬁve or less.&lt;/strong&gt; This is a subjective measure, but it is an&#xA;  easier method to collect information on the spici-&#xA;  ness of food at a population level and in a hospital&#xA;  setting. In India and other South Asian countries,&#xA;  red chilli powder or red/green chillies are added&#xA;  to increase the spiciness of food. These ﬁndings&#xA;  support the results of other studies conducted in&#xA;  India that showed red chillies in diet increases the&#xA;  risk by two-three times for UADT cancers includ-&#xA;  ing oral cancer (31). Similarly, a higher risk has&#xA;  been observed for gall bladder (32), liver and gas-&#xA;  tric cancers (33, 34) in other countries. Although&#xA;  the association of spicy food with oral cancer could&#xA;  be due to the carcinogenicity of capsaicin found in&#xA;  chillies (35), it could be a marker for some underly-&#xA;  ing dietary aspect in this population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, caution should be exercised when using some score on a questionnaire and attempting to correlate it with health outcomes. There is one study cited above that reports the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/01635588709513945&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Role of diet in upper aerodigestive tract cancers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A case‐control interview study for assessing the role of dietary factors in selected cancers was undertaken in a hospital. Male patients from one community, with cancers of the oral cavity (n = 278), pharynx (n = 225), esophagus (n = 236), and larynx (n = 80) formed the case group. Patients diagnosedas not having cancer (n = 215) formed one control group, and a comparable sample of individuals from the general population (n = 177) formed another control group. All risks were adjusted for subjects’ ages and habits of chewing and/or smoking tobacco, which are the two most important risk factors for cancers at these sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A protective effect was observed with the intake of vegetables (twofold risk in nondaily vs. daily consumers) and fish (two‐ to threefold risk in those who did not eat at least once a week vs. those who did), and to a certain extent with pulses and buttermilk, in comparison with either one or both control groups. Intake of vegetables and fish were also observed to be risk modifiers for those who chewed and/or smoked tobacco. Lower levels of fat consumption was associated with elevated risk levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The use of red chili powder emerged as a risk factor for all sites (two‐ to threefold risk with a dose‐response relationship) compared with population controls.&lt;/strong&gt; Tea drinking was also observed to be a risk factor for esophageal cancers, and to a lesser extent, for pharyngeal cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, it was published in 1986 and there doesn't seem to be any more literature on the topic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we might presume, sure, it's biologically plausible and there is some evidence that capsaicin increases the risk of oral cancer, while possibly reducing the risk of other cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T14:50:53.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16559" CreationDate="2018-06-21T18:36:40.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pharmacology:&lt;/strong&gt; Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, causes adrenoreceptor subsensitivity, acts as a 5HT2a receptor antagonist and induces significant changes in 5-HT presynaptic receptor adrenoreceptors. &lt;strong&gt;Trazodone also significantly blocks histamine (H1) and alpha1-adrenergic receptors.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insomnia (off-label use):&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Oral: Immediate release: Usual dose: 50 mg to 100 mg at bedtime (Kaynak 2004; Roth 2011; Walsh 1998).&lt;/strong&gt; Doses up to 600 mg have been evaluated in patients with insomnia associated with depression (typical ranges of 50 to 300 mg); however, the quality of the evidence precludes definitive conclusions of efficacy (Mendelson 2005; Sateia 2017). Additional data may be necessary to further define the role of trazodone in this condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Simple Summary: Mechanism of Action--&gt; Trazodone blocks H1 receptors. By blocking those receptors the effect is (usually) drowsiness.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kaynak H, Kaynak D, Gözükirmizi E, Guilleminault C. The effects of trazodone on sleep in patients treated with stimulant antidepressants. Sleep Med. 2004;5(1):15-20.[PubMed 14725822]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roth AJ, Mc Call WV, Liguori A. Cognitive, psychomotor and polysomnographic effects of trazodone in primary insomniacs. J Sleep Res. 2011;20(4):552-558.[PubMed 21623982]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII-R primary insomnia. Human Psychopharmacology. 1998:13;191-198.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mendelson WH. A review of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of trazodone in insomnia. J Clin Psych. 2005;66(4):469-476.[PubMed 15816789]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14076" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T18:36:40.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16639" CreationDate="2018-06-21T20:43:06.043" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only way to know if a drug is going to kill you, or have a serious side affect is to take it and see what happens. However, there are usually many ways to predict risk of such reactions. Researchers do their best to figure this out in the drug development and testing stage, so each drug that get's approved will come with a list of contraindications (conditions that have been determined to put you at greater risk of the side effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no such thing as a general drug safety test - nor could there ever be, since each potentially deadly reaction happens in it's own way. Researchers do attempt to identify the mechanism behind serious drug reactions. Once that mechanism is identified, then they are sometimes able to develop tests for susceptibility to that particular mechanism, but this is typically on a case by case basis. In some cases, a particular mechanism might apply to a whole class of drugs so one test can help predict a potential negative affect to any drug in the class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Anesthesia&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7483110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;various risks&lt;/a&gt; associated with anesthesia - all of which are very rare. They include interactions with other drugs and conditions, as well as human error (overdose, etc.). One significant cause of death directly due to a reaction to anesthesia itself is due to something called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;malignant hyperthermia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The first manifestation of this is typically in the operating room, so it's difficult to predict. It seems the only approved test involves a muscle biopsy (they have to take a cell sample from a muscle), so this is only done if you have a family history of the condition. Research on less invasive tests is ongoing and promising, including a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956637&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genetic test&lt;/a&gt; and an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047971&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;injection test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Drug allergies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many drug reactions (including some deadly ones) fall under the category of what you know as an 'allergy'. Often times these reactions can be tested with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-allergy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371839&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;skin or blood&lt;/a&gt; test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other types of reactions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This list can go on and on, so I'll just refer the interested reader to a paper that does a much better job than I could: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/1101/p1781.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adverse Drug Reactions: Types and Treatment Options&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastEditorUserId="14040" LastEditDate="2018-06-21T21:18:17.703" LastActivityDate="2018-06-21T21:18:17.703" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16705" CreationDate="2018-06-22T05:13:25.473" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before a time I asked myself a question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of the epidermis cells are dead right, so aren't the fishes (see link below) in a spa dangerous to skin by eating a part of epidermis that basically protects derma from viruses and infections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm just curious so please tell me where I am wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/F-sseTa5MFM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/F-sseTa5MFM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14082" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-22T07:22:53.700" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T11:47:47.260" Title="Epidermis destruction after fish eating skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;risks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16679" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8866" CreationDate="2018-06-22T18:01:00.593" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You state that you are looking for non-psychological health related information, but rather physical health. I understand the distinction you are trying to make to a degree, but am interpreting it as meaning you are not interested in information on how to overcome any sort of psychological abnormality such as mental illness. My below response is based off of this understanding; let me know if I am on the right track!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For general interest in learning in the things you are describing, a good place to start is the psychology or neuroscience section of either your local library or a book store. In these settings you are able to search specific keywords which you are most interested in (ex: wellbeing, neuropsychology, etc) and find books which discuss these topics in a more palatable format than research articles might offer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples of the type of books I am referring to (just examples, the options are limitless!): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The happiness of pursuit: What neuroscience can teach us about the good life&quot; by Shimon Edelman&#xA;Described as: &quot;An informative, accessible, and witty tour of the mind, The Happiness of Pursuit offers insights to a thorough understanding of what minds are, how they relate to each other and to the world, and how we can make the best of it all.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Mind wide open: Your brain and the neuroscience of everyday life&quot;&#xA;By Steven Johnson&#xA;Subjects: Neuroscience, neuropsychology, self perception&#xA;Summary excerpt: &quot;...Johnson explores how we &quot;read&quot; other people, how the brain processes frightening events (and how we might rid ourselves of the scars those memories leave), what the neurochemistry is behind love and sex, what it means that our brains are teeming with powerful chemicals closely related to recreational drugs, why music moves us to tears, and where our breakthrough ideas come from.&quot; &#xA;This one sounds like it might cover many of the interests that you mentioned, might be a good book to start with!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an interesting one that connects physical health and behavior and the possible effects on the brain:&#xA;Your brain on food: How chemicals control your thoughts and feelings&quot;&#xA;By Gary Lee Wenk&#xA;Subject Terms: psychopharmacology, neuropsychology, neurochemistry&#xA;Summary: In Your Brain on Food, Dr. Gary Wenk expands his discussion of the effects of specific foods on the brain in a completely updated second edition. From investigations into the benefits and risks of supplements, to the action of gluten in the brain and marijuana's potential for pain relief, Dr. Wenk draws on the latest science to answer a range of fascinating questions such as:&#xA;-Is your aluminum cookware hurting you?&#xA;-Can tryptophan supplements improve your mood?&#xA;-How do fruits and vegetables protect us from aging?&#xA;-Why does eating chocolate make you feel so angry?&#xA;-Does our brain want us to be obese?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a huge range of areas to explore regarding the brain, mind, and body. This is by no means a comprehensive list of the type of books you could explore. I would recommend sampling a number of books and related topics and seeing which ones you are more drawn to. Some of the books you may find are written in a less interesting way and you may decide relatively early that you don't want to finish that book; don't worry, there are tons more out there!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that an understanding of psychology, basic brain functioning and neurotransmitters, and physiology will greatly help in your exploration. That being said, books (or even internet searches) of those areas will also help you understand what you are reading and make connections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12239" LastActivityDate="2018-06-22T18:01:00.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16525" CreationDate="2018-06-23T01:38:31.127" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xfzaj/eli5how_do_calories_work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This thread&lt;/a&gt; explains the concept of calories well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calories are energy. When you digest food, you are breaking down the bonds between each particle, releasing energy that is taken by the body to do work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a mathematical standpoint, 1 Calorie = 1 Kilo calorie (scientific energy) = 1000 calories (notice the lowercase) = 4184 joules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Food Energy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/2017-2018/april2018/weighing-in-on-calories.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACS: Weighing in on Calories&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water doesn't have any chemical bonds for your body to break down, so you're correct in that water doesn't have any calories. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/14412?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=14412&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA: Water has 0 calories&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your body does burn calories to bring any cold things you consume up to body temperature. For example, if you eat an ice cube, your body &lt;a href=&quot;https://qntm.org/icecubes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;burns energy to melt it&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one considers that the human body must provide the heat necessary to melt them (around 6 kJ/mol, or 0.079 kcal/g if one substitutes for the molar weight of water) and to bring this (now liquid) water to the average temperature of the body (around 310 K or 37 degrees Celsius), at the average energetic cost of about 0.0755 kJ/mol/K or 0.001 kcal/g/K (constant pressure specific heat of water, source: NIST Chemistry Webbook), and if one supposes the average weight of an ice cube to be 10 grams, the energy supplied by ice cubes amounts to the respectable value of -1.17 (MINUS 1.17) kilocalories per ice cube, and this supposing that they are ingested at their melting temperature (0 Celsius). This means, for example, that the calories contained in the standard Coca-Cola (not Diet Coke!) can (330 mL) are completely eliminated just by adding 148 ice cubes to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(...In case the levity wasn't obvious, don't actually eat 148 ice cubes. That's probably a bad idea.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is supported by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/the-ice-diet/371614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, in which Dr. Weiner discusses how eating ice burns calories. A note of caution: Although he concludes that &amp;quot;the ingestion of one liter of ice per day appears to be generally safe&amp;quot; (because Slurpees), he lists the following advisories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't consume more than one litre of ice per day &amp;quot;to avoid hypothermia or unusual cooling of the body&amp;quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For similar reasons, be extra careful when eating ice during cold weather.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't chew ice, because it could crack your teeth, damage your gums or enamel, or injure your temporomandibular joint.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For children, the amount of ice ingested should be monitored and related to their body weight and ability to report any problems. Do not put ice into the mouths of children who can't tell you if their brain has frozen.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11958" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-23T05:36:21.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16682" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16691" CreationDate="2018-06-23T02:16:00.177" Score="5" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend recognizes value in vaccinating in general - against major diseases - but with a caveat that they are opposed to the flu vaccine specifically.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They claim that vaccines weaken the immune system, and reasoned that (in conjunction with the fact that flu vaccines may only offer ~40% (random example) efficacy against some strains, some given flu season) this weakening of the immune system actually &lt;strong&gt;increases&lt;/strong&gt; occurrence and/or chance of illness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it true that vaccines &quot;weaken the immune system&quot; ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Whether flu vaccines specifically, or vaccines in general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried Googling this, but most results pertain to vaccination for those who are already immunocompromised ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One source writes : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that vaccines do cause illness and immune&#xA;  system dysfunction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One answer came in a careful study of illness patterns observed in&#xA;  babies before and after vaccination, published in Clinical Pediatrics&#xA;  in 1988. If vaccines cause a weakened immune system, then we would&#xA;  expect to see a higher incidence of illness following vaccination. In&#xA;  that study conducted in Israel, the incidence of acute illnesses in&#xA;  the 30 day period following DTP vaccine was compared to the incidence&#xA;  in the same children for the 30 day period prior to vaccine. The&#xA;  three-day period immediately following vaccine was excluded because&#xA;  children frequently develop fever as a direct response to vaccine&#xA;  toxins. A total of 82 healthy infants received DTP, and their symptoms&#xA;  were reported by parents and observed by a pediatrician at weekly&#xA;  intervals. Those babies experienced a dramatic increase in fever,&#xA;  diarrhea, and cough in the month following DTP vaccine compared to&#xA;  their health before the shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/Do_Vaccines_Disable_the_Immune_System/539/1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/Do_Vaccines_Disable_the_Immune_System/539/1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that article's subsequent anti-vaccine extremism makes me disregard that claim, without significant research towards proper debunking of its source, if it exists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any legitimate studies that support / oppose the notion that vaccination weakens the immune system in otherwise healthy people ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9466" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T09:12:45.127" Title="Does vaccination weaken the immune system ? Studies?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16683" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-23T02:19:08.870" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading some medical records and saw this prescription for physical therapy given by an orthopedics physician:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oDRZo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oDRZo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at other part of the record, what they call &quot;tendinitis&quot; is a tendinosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do hydrocollator packs help treat a tendinosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T04:35:39.847" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T04:35:39.847" Title="Do hydrocollator packs help treat a tendinosis?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16690" CreationDate="2018-06-23T17:36:15.533" Score="-2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Asia which means I am surrounded by a lot of myths and superstitions. I have heard in here that if a man eats food that women eat while they have cravings during pregnancy (Sour/Acidic Food), the man can get himself something that is called ED or Erectile Dysfunction. Is it true by any means? is it even near to the truth? I like to eat sour food such as Tamarind, Pani Puri etc, so it would be very helpful for a person like me to get the answer to this questions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14088" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T08:33:07.907" Title="Can Sour/Acidic Food reduce libido in men?" Tags="&lt;sexual-arousal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-06-25T14:23:05.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16686" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-23T22:16:53.847" Score="3" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;Vythilingam, Meena et al. &quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hippocampal Volume, Memory, and Cortisol Status in Major Depressive Disorder: Effects of Treatment.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; Biological Psychiatry 56, no. 2 (2004)&lt;/em&gt;, the relationship between cortisol and major depressive disorder (MDD) is hinted at: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the relationships between depression, hippocampal structure and function, and cortisol levels are unclear and the effects of antidepressant treatment on the measures are not well studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current consensus regarding cortisol and MDD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-06-23T22:16:53.847" Title="What is the relationship between cortisol and depression?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16687" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16686" CreationDate="2018-06-23T22:16:53.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There isn't really a scientific consensus. There appears to be a connection between cortisol and depression, but cortisol anomalies appear neither necessary nor sufficient for depression&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scientific community believed that there is a strong connection between the &amp;quot;happiness hormone&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;serotonin (5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine)&lt;/em&gt;. This so-called &lt;em&gt;serotonin hypothesis of depression&lt;/em&gt; is very simple, in that it claims that a low level of serotonin causes the major depressive disorder. The fact that some antidepressants are &lt;em&gt;selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)&lt;/em&gt; seems to further support this theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, recent findings have shown that impairing serotonin function can cause clinical depression in some circumstances, but is neither necessary nor sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;This was a brief summary of: &lt;em&gt;Cowen, Philip J., and Michael Browning. &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471964/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What Has Serotonin to Do with Depression?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; World Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (2015): 158-60. doi:10.1002/wps.20229.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a follow up, it has been suggested that elevated levels of the &amp;quot;stress hormone&amp;quot; cortisol lead to decreased 5-HT levels, which in turn leads to depression. This is supported by the reported abnormality of cortisol secretion in MDD patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;See &lt;em&gt;Dinan, T. G.: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A psychobiological model.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; British Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (1994) , 365-371.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a study performed in 2002 contradicted this theory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cortisol concentrations were not increased in the depressed or vulnerable.&lt;/strong&gt; Morning salivary and serum cortisol were reduced in depression. Evening cortisol was increased after recent life events. Life events and depression were associated with increased prolactin responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Strickland, P. L., Deakin, J. F. W., Percival, C., et al. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823330/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The bio-social origins of depression in the community. Interactions between social adversity, cortisol and serotonin neurotransmission.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; British Journal of Psychiatry, 180 (2002),168-173.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a study in 2001 found that MDD is correlated with no response of the serotonin uptake to chronically elevated cortisol levels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A significant increase in serotonin uptake (+37%+14, M + SD) was observed in the control group, whereas neither the generalized anxiety disorder nor the major depression group exhibited changes in serotonin uptake upon incubation with cortisol. It is likely that under chronic stress or depression, &lt;strong&gt;the capacity for increase in serotonin transporter has reached its limit due to the chronically elevated blood cortisol level.&lt;/strong&gt; The physiological and diagnostic implications of this observation are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Tafet, G. E., V. P. Idoyaga-Vargas, D. P. Abulafia, J. M. Calandria, S. S. Roffman, A. Chiovetta, and M. Shinitzky. &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FCABN.1.4.388.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Correlation between Cortisol Level and Serotonin Uptake in Patients with Chronic Stress and Depression.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; Cognitive, Affective, &amp;amp; Behavioral Neuroscience 1, no. 4 (2001): 388-93. doi:10.3758/cabn.1.4.388.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An editorial about the former study concludes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;some patients with depression (for example, those reporting recent severe life events) do hypersecrete cortisol. However, elevated cortisol levels after life events are not necessarily associated with the development of depressive disorder. Furthermore, the majority of patients with moderate depression in the community probably do not hypersecrete cortisol. It seems more likely that people with depression in the community exhibit abnormal brain 5-HT function, although the cause of this abnormality requires further study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Cowen, P. J. &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/766A58A46F537EA85FB5CB9AEDF33552/S0007125000270785a.pdf/cortisol_serotonin_and_depression_all_stressed_out.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cortisol, Serotonin and Depression: All Stressed Out?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 02 (2002): 99-100. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.2.99.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a connection between cortisol and depression keeps creeping up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High cortisol levels lead to arteriosclerosis and thus to coronary artery diseases (CAD), which in turn drastically reduce cortisol levels. Because cortisol is an anti-inflammant, the risk of myocardial infarction and other acute heart diseases increases. Patients with depression and CADs have been found to have the lowest cortisol levels and therefore a very high risks of myocardial infarction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Waller et al., &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/67/9/1124.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blunted Cortisol Stress Response and Depression-induced Hypocortisolism is related to Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, JACC Vol 67 No. 9, Mar 2016&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-06-23T22:16:53.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-24T05:38:41.117" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;So my wife and I just had a baffling experience with my 3yo. He just went to the toilet, and his stool came out green. Bright green, like the leaves of a healthy tree, or the Libyan flag. I can't stress enough how green it was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyhow, we are racking our brains as to how this could have happened, then remembered he had a biscuit yesterday that had blue icing. That is the only food he has ingested in the past 24 hours with colouring. It seems pretty obvious that that would be the culprit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would / how could the human digestion system turn blue food colouring green?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Some small parts of the icing were black, which I suspect may be the cause, but there was very little black icing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14090" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T11:10:17.227" Title="Why would blue food colouring turn green after &quot;intestinal assistance&quot;?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;stools&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16688" CreationDate="2018-06-24T08:13:33.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Normally I would vote this sort of question as seeking &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.meta.stackexchange.com/a/748&quot;&gt;medical advice which we cannot provide&lt;/a&gt;, but I see that it is just a curiosity and not strictly looking for a medical diagnosis.  Having said that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;This answer must not be seen as medical advice.  If you feel there could be a medical reason for it, I suggest you seek the advice of a doctor&lt;br&gt;(See Below)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;Green stool (faeces or poo) is a common stool color change. It may be due to bile pigment in the stool because diarrhea moves food too quickly thorough the intestine so the intestinal chemicals and bacteria can't break down the bile pigment to its normal brown color, or the green color may be due to certain foods like green, leafy vegetables or green food coloring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changes in stool color are often harmless and reflect dietary influences. The normal brown color of stool occurs due to the presence of bilirubin. Bilirubin is formed as a breakdown product of hemoglobin (from red blood cells) in the liver and is secreted into the bile, which enters the intestines. If the intestinal contents travel at a normal speed, chemical changes in bilirubin produce a stool that is light to dark brown. The stool may appear green if the intestinal contents pass through the bowel more rapid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If stool passes through the intestine too quickly, there might not be enough time for bile to be digested and broken down to provide the normal brownish stool color. It takes time for the bile to be fully changed in the intestine and become brown again, and if the transit time is short, for example, when a person has diarrhea, the stool remains green colored. Green stools may be a normal variant. They also can be caused by a diet rich in green vegetables, especially spinach. Iron supplements also may be a cause, though iron often turns stool black.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changes in the color of stool are common and are generally not significant if the changes are noted from one stool to the next and are not persistent. &lt;strong&gt;However, changes in the color of stool can also be caused by a number of minor to serious medical conditions and can occur with certain medications. Changes in stool color that are persistent and do not occur in only one stool may signal the presence of a medical condition and should be evaluated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This, and more can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/stool_color_changes/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T11:10:17.227" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T11:10:17.227" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16684" CreationDate="2018-06-24T08:33:07.907" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by a wide variety of things &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/7503&quot;&gt;covered in this answer&lt;/a&gt;, but it cannot be caused by eating the kind of foods you are talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T08:33:07.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16682" CreationDate="2018-06-24T09:05:42.033" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found a couple of papers which debunk this myth.  The links here go directly to free PDF copies and there are DOI links in the references in case the PDF links die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent paper I can find at the moment is by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/download/43189354/Combined_vaccines_are_like_a_sudden_ons20160229-3560-1cbx2wu.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hilton, et al. (2006)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The recent controversy surrounding the safety of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) has heightened parents’ concerns about the safety of vaccines, and led some to believe that giving vaccines in a combined form may ‘overload’ children's immune systems. However, to date no studies have been published examining how British parents conceptualise the notion of ‘immune-overload’ or how they relate this concept to their own children. Eighteen focus groups were conducted with parents between November 2002 and March 2003. &lt;strong&gt;[....]&lt;/strong&gt; We conclude that although there is no scientific evidence that supports parents’ fears about combined vaccines causing ‘immune-overload’, policy makers need to recognise these concerns if they are to successfully persuade parents that combined vaccines are safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full-text.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Offit, et al. (2002)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent surveys found that an increasing number of parents are concerned that infants receive too many vaccines. Implicit in this concern is that the infant’s immune system is inadequately developed to handle vaccines safely or that multiple vaccines may overwhelm the immune system. In this review, we will examine the following: 1) the ontogeny of the active immune response and the ability of neonates and young infants to respond to vaccines; 2) the theoretic capacity of an infant’s immune system; 3) data that demonstrate that mild or moderate illness does not interfere with an infant’s ability to generate protective immune responses to vaccines; 4) how infants respond to vaccines given in combination compared with the same vaccines given separately; 5) data showing that vaccinated children are not more likely to develop infections with other pathogens than unvaccinated children; and 6) the fact that infants actually encounter fewer antigens in vaccines today than they did 40 or 100 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, they said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current studies do not support the hypothesis that multiple vaccines overwhelm, weaken, or “use up” the immune system. On the contrary, young infants have an enormous capacity to respond to multiple vaccines, as well as to the many other challenges present in the environment. By providing protection against a number of bacterial and viral pathogens, vaccines &lt;strong&gt;prevent&lt;/strong&gt; the “weakening” of the immune system and consequent secondary bacterial infections occasionally caused by natural infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hilton, S., Petticrew, M., &amp;amp; Hunt, K. (2006). Combined vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body's immune system’: parental concerns about vaccine ‘overload’ and ‘immune-vulnerability’. &lt;em&gt;Vaccine&lt;/em&gt;, 24(20), 4321-4327.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/download/43189354/Combined_vaccines_are_like_a_sudden_ons20160229-3560-1cbx2wu.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.academia.edu/download/43189354/Combined_vaccines_are_like_a_sudden_ons20160229-3560-1cbx2wu.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Offit, P. A., Quarles, J., Gerber, M. A., Hackett, C. J., Marcuse, E. K., Kollman, T. R., ... &amp;amp; Landry, S. (2002). Addressing parents’ concerns: do multiple vaccines overwhelm or weaken the infant’s immune system?. Pediatrics, 109(1), 124-129.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.1.124&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1542/peds.109.1.124&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full-text.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/124.full-text.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T09:12:45.127" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T09:12:45.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16693" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16694" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" LastActivityDate="2018-06-24T11:28:17.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-24T14:45:39.073" Score="3" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what sort of stitch &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Thomas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vivien Thomas&lt;/a&gt; used that prompted the remark from Blalock, &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_the_Lord_Made&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this looks like something the Lord made&lt;/a&gt;?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How closely does the modern atrial septectomy resemble Vivien Thomas's work in that respect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1287" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:44:04.687" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:44:04.687" Title="That famous Vivien Thomas suture - what was it?" Tags="&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;stitches&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16625" CreationDate="2018-06-25T22:12:33.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contra to Jan's answer, &quot;so they do not have psychotropic effects&quot;... actually they do. First, acetylcholine is a CNS neurotransmitter as well. Second, nerve agents &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/6/6/230/287821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aren't that selective&lt;/a&gt; (like many psychiatric drugs actually):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nerve agents cause excessive stimulation of the cholinergic system, with stimulation of muscarinic receptors at autonomic effector organs, stimulation then depression of skeletal muscle and autonomic ganglia, and stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the CNS [...]. They also bind to nicotinic, cardiac muscarinic and glutamate NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors directly and antagonize GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CNS effects of nerve agents [are] (same source): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Headache, anxiety, irritability, ataxia, fatigue, amnesia, hypothermia, lethargy, unconsciousness, central respiratory depression, convulsions, coma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally you get all the non-CNS effects (they're specified for each type of receptor in the source, but I've compressed them below):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Miosis, eye pain, glandular hypersecretion (salivary, bronchial and lachrymal), sweating, bradycardia (QT prolongation or atrioventricular block), bronchoconstriction, vomiting, diarrhoea, urination, Tachycardia, hypertension (adrenal medulla), Fasciculations, weakness, muscular paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, depressed ventilation &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably most of these and some of the CNS effects would be (very) undesirable for a recreational drug. There's also the fact that possessing a nerve agent would be seen possibly as terrorism threat and so forth... So, why bother when you get most of those (listed) CNS results with alcohol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2018-06-25T22:19:04.633" LastActivityDate="2018-06-25T22:19:04.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16703" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16706" CreationDate="2018-06-26T09:09:23.237" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find when I have a bad cold and talking to other people it isn't just me, that thinking feels like really hard work and the simplest job becomes really tricky.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13752" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:42:10.133" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:42:10.133" Title="why does having a bad cold make thinking harder" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;mental-exhaustion&gt;&lt;brain-fog&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16723" CreationDate="2018-06-26T09:34:51.930" Score="1" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been prescribed chlorhexidine gel to topically apply using floss to my peri-implantitis. My prosthodontist warned that chlorhexidine can cause discolouration in teeth, especially if used excessively or for a period of more than two weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this discolouration occur? Is it a chemical process, or a biological reaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14090" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:41:08.750" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:41:08.750" Title="How does chlorhexidine cause discolouration in teeth?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;&lt;stain-removal-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16677" CreationDate="2018-06-26T11:47:47.260" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, is comprised of both living and dead, keratinised tissue.  Here is a link to Leeds University histology department describing the structure of epidermis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/epidermis_layers.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/epidermis_layers.php&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are right to say that keratinised epidermis (&quot;dead cells&quot;) are a vital part of the protective mechanism of the skin.  However, many people find that excessive keratinised skin is not desirable for comfort, aesthetic or practical reasons.  Callous (callus) formation at sites of pressure and friction is probably the most common example and many people will use a pumice stone, file or blade to remove excess skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Removing callous and keratinised skin will not necessarily render one vulnerable to infection provided there remains enough of a covering to maintain a protective barrier.  With regard to &quot;fish pedicures&quot; by the &quot;Doctor fish&quot; &lt;em&gt;Garra rufa&lt;/em&gt; there are isolated case reports of infections or risk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677579&lt;/a&gt; - mycobacterium infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771416&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771416&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;em&gt;S. aureus&lt;/em&gt; infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460407&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460407&lt;/a&gt; - MRSA infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608013&lt;/a&gt; - presence of zoonoses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is no epidemiological data to provide an estimate of risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Health Protection Agency (HPA) of the United Kingdom has published recommendations on fish pedicures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111108140133/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317131045549&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111108140133/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317131045549&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which concludes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;On the basis of the evidence identified and the consensus view of experts, the risk of infection as a result of a fish pedicure is likely to be very low, but cannot be completely excluded.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does suggest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Certain groups of clients such as those who are immunocompromised or have underlying medical conditions including diabetes and psoriasis... ...are likely to be at increased risk of infection and fish pedicures are not recommended for such individuals.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, overall we can probably say that there is little risk associated with fish pedicures and it is likely comparable to other forms of keratinised skin removal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T11:47:47.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16703" CreationDate="2018-06-26T12:03:56.243" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;well once I woke up that was easy to find&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These short-term declines stem from temporary changes in the brain&#xA;  rather than cold or flu symptoms themselves, he said. Seasonal viruses&#xA;  reduce mental alertness by interfering with neurotransmitters such as&#xA;  noradrenaline, associated with reaction times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/why-brain-fog-from-the-common-cold-isnt-all-in-your-head/article36812938/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/why-brain-fog-from-the-common-cold-isnt-all-in-your-head/article36812938/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13752" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T12:03:56.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16489" CreationDate="2018-06-26T12:30:11.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;CRISPR/Cas9 is the great white hope of genetic medicine with huge potential.  However, this is a field in which progress has been famously slow because of high difficulties in translating promising pre-clinical therapeutic strategies to effective treatments in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In broad strokes, the answer is going to be &quot;when CRISPR based therapies are ready for other conditions&quot;.  The biggest barriers to getting CRISPR based therapeutics into the clinic will be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Safety - can we be sure that the changes we intend are made cleanly and without off-target effects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Delivery - how do we get the CRISPR construct into the cells it needs to be in to work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Efficacy - can we effect a change in sufficient cells to produce a clinical response?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out in the comments, there are still significant safety concerns about off-target effects. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0050-6&lt;/a&gt; reports significant toxicity with efficient recombination. &#xA; Furthermore, there is an emerging body of evidence that there are pre-existing CRISPR/Cas9 immune responses which may cause clinical &#xA; side-effects and/or limit efficiency of recombination (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/01/05/243345.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/01/05/243345.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Delivery of the construct may well be the most difficult aspect of therapy.  There are diseases which can be treated with exogenous cells, for example T cells cells modified with CRISPR techniques and re-infused as in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02793856?term=crispr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02793856?term=crispr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, what if the target is present in somatic tissues such as APOE4 (which is what I assume you mean instead of APOA4) such as the liver?  How do we effectively get the CRISPR/Cas9 construct into these cells in a non-toxic, efficient and targeted manner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779917303049?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779917303049?via%3Dihub&lt;/a&gt; provides a nice review of current delivery methods but concludes that one of the current outstanding questions is &quot;Are any of the currently available delivery methods reliable enough for therapeutic use of Cas9 genome editing in humans?&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, efficacy.  For some diseases, such as sickle cell anaemia, it is thought that as little as a 10% conversion from the disease form of HbS to wild-type HbA would be sufficient for clinical improvement.  For APOE4 however there is still a significant (~4x) risk for developing Alzheimer's disease over baseline in heterozygotes compared to a ~12x risk over baseline for homozygotes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-8-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-8-9&lt;/a&gt;).  To achieve a reduction in risk to baseline would therefore likely require significantly more than 50% recombination rate.  Furthermore, for an effect to be longstanding and, ideally, lifelong the stem cells which give rise to e.g. liver parenchyma would have to be altered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 is a technology which has revolutionised biomedical science in the laboratory already.  It seems certain that some form of CRISPR/Cas9 based therapies will be used clinically within the next ten years, however there are huge technical, safety and ethical barriers before it is a widely available treatment for a range of conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14054" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T12:30:11.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16718" CreationDate="2018-06-26T16:18:41.507" Score="7" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, the recommended daily protein intake is 0.8g per kilogram of body weight. So, let's say that I take more than required on a given day and less than required on an another day -- is that okay? I'm not asking about eating all the protein you need one day and nothing at all for the rest of week, but what about tiny fluctuations? What if you meet 50% of your daily recommendation one day but compensate for it the next couple of days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does that work for other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals? Does our body somehow 'store' these nutrients when you take in more than what is necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8434" LastActivityDate="2018-06-28T09:29:25.077" Title="Should I meet nutritional recommendations (for e.g., RDAs) daily?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16205" CreationDate="2018-06-26T20:59:50.130" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the best practice is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Limit contact time of water (or any other liquid) and bottle: since the total amount of any, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;bad&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; or not, compound move from bottle to water is directly proportional to time contact, if we reduce the amount of time the water is inside the bottle, we can lower down the amount of toxic compound we drink.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(if not only water) Avoid fatty or acid liquid because they are able to corrode the bottle, thus increase the rate at which other compounds go into the liquid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB: also metal bottles have an inner plastic coating. I don't know if all have it...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-06-26T21:11:48.963" LastActivityDate="2018-06-26T21:11:48.963" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11182" CreationDate="2018-06-26T21:08:02.690" Score="-1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What would be the &quot;healthiest&quot; way to have a bottle of water near you, with minimal implications like bad smell, bacteria growth, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bad smells come from bacteria and/or algae &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.trojanuv.com/resources/trojanuv/casestudies/Taste_and_Odor_Fact_Sheet_RevSep05.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;. As living being they need water to live. Because the goal is to get rid of them, we can act:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;limiting the &lt;strong&gt;time&lt;/strong&gt; in which spores are in touch with water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;limiting the &lt;strong&gt;number&lt;/strong&gt; of spores given by amount of water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For your case-study, if you need water when you sleep, you can use a glass or two of water, instead of an entire water bottle, if it meets you needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this way, you accomplish both points 1. and 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I refilled it each day or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following point 1., you should refill your bottle everyday and maybe most important, empty and wash it as you wake up, so during the day it will dry &lt;em&gt;(put the bottle upside-down so drops of water fall down naturally)&lt;/em&gt; by itself; refill it just before you go sleep.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that plastic encourages bacteria growth (and in general not too healthy to use)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard it anywhere, so I can't say anything about bacteria in plastic bottle. Instead, I use a &lt;strong&gt;metal&lt;/strong&gt; bottle &quot;just&quot; because it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bottle#Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;a.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Proved by my personal experience:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; I use a metal bottle everyday for work and free time activities and if I don't empty and wash (just with water) for some day, I get bad smells too!&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;b.&lt;/em&gt; Last but not least, your bottle now could be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;damaged&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: algae could have fitted in narrow spots, like the mouth and you can't reach it with simple water and/or soap. Using &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B06XYCVDB9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific products&lt;/a&gt; could help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2018-07-01T09:06:59.183" LastActivityDate="2018-07-01T09:06:59.183" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-26T23:53:33.143" Score="6" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there reason to be concerned about living in a home/apartment that is directly facing a power line?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A google search (general and google scholar) seems to suggest that there is minimal risk but I have also come across some information indicating &quot;mixed evidence&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) brief summary: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/electromagnetic-fields-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/electromagnetic-fields-fact-sheet&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) example: 4th response at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mamapedia.com/article/power-lines-wooden-poles-in-the-back-of-house&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mamapedia.com/article/power-lines-wooden-poles-in-the-back-of-house&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, some have argued that power lines very close to the living space have the potential to have a greater impact on the &quot;ambient field&quot; than larger towers that are usually located further away from homes. Is there any scientific merit to this argument?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In sum, is it a bad idea to get an apartment unit that directly overlooks a power line (like an arm's length away from the window), strictly from a health-related point of view? If so, who are at greatest risk for what types of health problems? (childhood leukemia, birth defects, etc) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;There is a clear lack of research looking at dose-response relationship between EMF exposure and a range of health outcomes. My question has more to do with how much ELF magnetic field exposure one might get living in so close proximity to a wooden pole. Surely, this will likely vary across circumstances. It's hard to find this type of information on the web, esp given such limited research that tends to focus narrowly on specific set of outcomes.  There are paid services advertise to measure EMF in private homes but I have to wonder if such service is worth the cost and indeed reliable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/extremely-low-frequency-radiation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/extremely-low-frequency-radiation.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14104" LastEditorUserId="14104" LastEditDate="2018-06-27T16:25:12.030" LastActivityDate="2018-06-27T16:25:12.030" Title="Health risk associated with living close to a power line: Cancer risk &amp; exposure to electromagnetic field" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16713" CreationDate="2018-06-27T05:35:36.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This has been on peoples' minds for decades and the answer is still not clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR at the bottom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research done in the past has not always been of the best quality and so conclusions that might have been made which suggest harm, are probably wrong. For example: a UK study in 2005 suggested increased rates of cancer in association with distance from power-lines (closer = worse) BUT the association continued even further than the distance the power lines could have any effect. That means that the suspicion that it could be the electromagnetics of the power line can't be related, because even after it dropped off there was still something apparently going on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Title: Do power line - generated electromagnetic fields have any&#xA;  association with certain disorders? Source: JAMA: Journal of the&#xA;  American Medical Association [0098-7484] Ross, Randy yr:1988 vol:259&#xA;  iss:8 pg:1131 SINCE THE MID-1960s, scientists have debated whether&#xA;  low-level electromagnetic fields generated by power lines represent a&#xA;  health hazard. Recent studies suggesting possible links between&#xA;  electromagnetic exposure and cancer have drawn renewed attention to&#xA;  this controversy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For years, researchers have hypothesized links between electromagnetic&#xA;  fields and a variety of disorders ranging from malignant melanoma to&#xA;  mental illness. British investigators have suggested a link between&#xA;  electromagnetic exposure and suicide, while a Russian study indicated&#xA;  cardiovascular changes in electrical workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At least one literature review, by a London utility company scientist,&#xA;  discounted these and other associations (JR Soc Med 1982;75:933-941).&#xA;  But epidemiologic and other studies have continued.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study looking at some particularly rapidly developing cells taken from mice in China in 2015 suggested that the cells might not live as long, but no signs of cancer. This was in MICE, not humans, and in cells taken from the body and therefore not around their normal external defence and healing mechanisms. What that means is that this study is of uncertain value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Title: Effects of Long-Term 50Hz Power-Line Frequency Electromagnetic&#xA;  Field on Cell Behavior in Balb/c 3T3 Cells Source: PLoS ONE&#xA;  [1932-6203] An, Guang-Zhou yr:2015 vol:10 iss:2 pg:e0117672 -e0117672&#xA;  Abstract Power-line frequency electromagnetic field (PF-EMF) was&#xA;  reported as a human carcinogen by some epidemiological research, but&#xA;  the conclusion is lack of robust experiment evidence. To identify the&#xA;  effects of long-term PF-EMF exposure on cell behavior, Balb/c 3T3&#xA;  cells in exponential growth phase were exposed or sham-exposed to 50&#xA;  Hertz (Hz) PF-EMF at 2.3 mT for 2 hours (h) one day, 5 days every&#xA;  week. After 11 weeks exposure, cells were collected instantly. Cell&#xA;  morphology was observed under invert microscope and Giemsa staining,&#xA;  cell viability was detected by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,&#xA;  5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell cycle and apoptosis&#xA;  was examined by flow cytometry, the protein level of Proliferating&#xA;  Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and CyclinD1 was detected by western blot,&#xA;  cell transformation was examined by soft agar clone assay and plate&#xA;  clone forming test, and cell migration ability was observed by scratch&#xA;  adhesion test. It was found that after PF-EMF exposure, cell&#xA;  morphology, apoptosis, cell migration ability and cell transformation&#xA;  didn’t change. However, compared with sham group, cell viability&#xA;  obviously decreased and cell cycle distribution also changed after 11&#xA;  weeks PF-EMF exposure. Meanwhile, the protein level of PCNA and&#xA;  CyclinD1 significantly decreased after PF-EMF exposure. These data&#xA;  suggested that although long-term 50Hz PF-EMF exposure under this&#xA;  experimental condition had no effects on apoptosis, cell migration&#xA;  ability and cell transformation, it could affect cell proliferation&#xA;  and cell cycle by down-regulation the expression of PCNA and CyclinD1&#xA;  protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent study (2014) in Denmark looking at actual humans (specifically whether kids developed leukaemia closer to power lines) found no association between distance from power lines and rates of developing cancer - and this was from much stronger power lines than the street-based ones you're talking about.&#xA;This one is a significant paper for 3 reasons: 1) it looked at actual people. 2) children are in theory MORE susceptible to radiation-based tumours (ie EM radiation) and 3) leukaemia is a typical type of cancer seen in response to radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Title: Distance from residence to power line and risk of childhood&#xA;  leukemia: a population-based case–control study in Denmark Source:&#xA;  Cancer causes and control : An International Journal of Studies of&#xA;  Cancer in Human Populations [0957-5243] Pedersen yr:2014 vol:25 iss:2&#xA;  pg:171 -177 &#xA;  Abstract &#xA;  Purpose Epidemiological studies have found an&#xA;  association between exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic&#xA;  fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia. In 2005, a large British study&#xA;  showed an association between proximity of residence to high-voltage&#xA;  power lines and the risk of childhood leukemia. The association&#xA;  extended beyond distances at which the ‘power line’-induced magnetic&#xA;  fields exceed background levels, suggesting that the association was&#xA;  not explained by the magnetic field, but might be due to chance, bias,&#xA;  or other risk factors associated with proximity to power lines. Our&#xA;  aim was to conduct a comparable study in an independent setting&#xA;  (Denmark).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methods We included 1,698 cases aged &amp;lt;15, diagnosed with leukemia&#xA;  during 1968–2006, from the Danish Cancer Registry and 3,396 controls&#xA;  randomly selected from the Danish childhood population and&#xA;  individually matched by gender and year of birth. We used geographical&#xA;  information systems to determine the distance between residence at&#xA;  birth and the nearest 132–400 kV overhead power line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results Odds ratios (ORs) were 0.76 [95 % confidence interval (CI)&#xA;  0.40–1.45] for children who lived 0–199 m from the nearest power line and 0.92 (95 % CI 0.67–1.25) for those who lived 200–599 m away when&#xA;  compared with children who lived ≥600 m away. When restricting the&#xA;  analysis to 220 and 400 kV overhead power lines, the OR for children&#xA;  who lived 200–599 m from a power line was 1.76 (95 % CI 0.82–3.77)&#xA;  compared to children who lived ≥600 m away. However, chance is a&#xA;  likely explanation for this finding as the result was not significant,&#xA;  numbers were small, and there were no indications of an higher risk&#xA;  closer to the lines since no cases were observed within 200 m of&#xA;  these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusions We found no higher risk of leukemia for children living&#xA;  0–199 m or for children living 200–599 m of a 132–400 kV overhead&#xA;  power line. A slightly elevated OR for children living between 200 and&#xA;  599 m of a 220–400 kV overhead power line is likely to be a chance&#xA;  finding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So... what does that mean when it comes to living close to power lines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prior thought has been that it's bad, but this has been with shonky research.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chinese mice cells taken from the body don't show signs of cancer, but maybe don't last as long&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;actual humans (children in Denmark) don't seem to show any signs of developing leukaemia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;public opinion is still divided, even though the research seems to be pretty sound.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR&#xA;My suggestion?&#xA;Getting the apartment isn't any risk (cancer-wise) to yourself. You might find it harder to get rid of if anyone else feels the same trepidation you do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1633" LastActivityDate="2018-06-27T05:35:36.563" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-27T06:56:44.313" Score="2" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any theory or evidence of saturated fat being bad for us prior to 1961 before Ancel Keys publish in Time Magazine &quot;The 7 Country Study&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just curious if there is anything out there that I have not already read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14108" LastActivityDate="2018-06-27T06:56:44.313" Title="Ancel Keys and the 7 country study theories and/or evidence prior to 1961" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16708" CreationDate="2018-06-27T15:33:07.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: For most nutrients, you do not need to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) each day. You could get, for example, 7 RDAs amounts of certain nutrients randomly distributed through 7 days without having any deficiency symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;average&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; daily level of intake&#xA;  sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%)&#xA;  healthy people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Compensatory mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt; that can provide the sufficient amount of nutrients on the days you don't get them by food:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The release of nutrients from your &lt;strong&gt;body stores&lt;/strong&gt; (glucose from glycogen in the liver, fat from body fat, proteins from &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/630proteinmet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;liver and blood proteins&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; vitamins from the liver, calcium and phosphorus from bone, etc.)   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/intimate-relationship-between-protein-fat-5844.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into each other&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in your body&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Retaining minerals,&lt;/strong&gt; such as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455213/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potassium&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; by the kidneys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) For how long can you skip the intake of a certain nutrient without having any deficiency symptoms?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrate&lt;/strong&gt; stores (in the form of glycogen) last for 1-2 days after you stop consuming them. After that, carbohydrates can be produced in your body from fats and proteins. Theoretically, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/8#275&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you do not need to get any carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; from food for any period of time because they can be all produced in your body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Proteins&lt;/strong&gt; in the liver and blood represent an &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/630proteinmet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amino acid pool&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; which can be used to create new proteins, as needed, for at least few days after stopping consuming proteins. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For how long you can go without &lt;strong&gt;fats,&lt;/strong&gt; mainly depends on your body fat stores as mentioned in this &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495396/pdf/postmedj00315-0056.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;382 days fasting study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The stores of &lt;strong&gt;water-soluble vitamins (B complex, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567249/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;C&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt; should be enough for 1-2 months, in most cases, but &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/thiamine_in_emergencies_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin B1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; stores could last for only 2-3 weeks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The stores of &lt;strong&gt;vitamins &lt;a href=&quot;http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/fat-soluble-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-9-315/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002403.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;B12&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768118/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; could be enough for 2 years or more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You could probably go without most &lt;strong&gt;minerals&lt;/strong&gt; for at least 1 month according to the abovementioned fasting study.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-28T09:29:25.077" LastActivityDate="2018-06-28T09:29:25.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-27T21:15:50.350" Score="-3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;What prevents from adding any nutrient to a certain food? And I saw in Wikipedia and other places that food fortification is considred as a very possitive measure helping to reduce population deffiniencies so with the main risk is to have a surplus of a nutrient why not add any nutrient to create a &quot;super food&quot;?  And why when fortifying food with certain nutrient companies sometimes keep the predecesor product? Recently a dairy company introduced a yogurt fortified with 10 g proteins,and they kept the original yogurt. Why? Is there some danger in fortification that some people afraid of and refrain from buying? Because other than exceeding the advised quantity of a nutrient I didn't read in Wikipedia anything. So why keep both lines when one is simply better? And how ecactly a food fortification is done? Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14111" LastActivityDate="2018-06-28T14:06:51.263" Title="Is fortifying nutrients in food dangerous?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:35:25.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16719" CreationDate="2018-06-28T11:47:53.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to make health-related conclusions from how the marketers behave or what they say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They give you the choice to buy either a fortified or non-fortified food, so they can earn from you in each case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortified foods are for those who believe they can benefit from an extra amount of a certain nutrient. People who believe that &quot;natural is the best&quot; might more likely chose non-fortified foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/a&gt;, for example, that iodized salt can decrease the incidence of goiter in areas with little iodine in the soil. Also, according to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344781&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 study from Bangladesh&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;mandatory mass iodination of table salt consumption in a hyper-endemic&#xA;  iodine deficient area is safe and does not cause any side effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To know if fortified foods have any side effects, you would need to search from nutrient to nutrient, consider different amounts and forms, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-28T14:06:51.263" LastActivityDate="2018-06-28T14:06:51.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16704" CreationDate="2018-06-28T12:01:00.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several possible mechanisms, probably all acting together. The brownish deposits on teeth and tongue are mostly caused by the fact that bacterial proteins are denatured when the bacterial cell membranes are destroyed by high concentrations of chlorhexidine and disulphide functions are reduced to thiol functions, which form dark-coloured complexes with the iron(III) ions of saliva.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Other discolourations could occur because monosaccharides dissolved in saliva, such as glucose and fructose, react with the amine functions of bacterial proteins, the so called Maillard reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is great individual variation in the degree of staining from person to person, this makes explanation more difficult as it may be caused by intrinsic factors, differences in extrinsic factors or both. No longer accepted theories of stain formation with chlorhexidine include breakdown of chlorhexidine in the oral cavity to form parachloraniline and also that chlorhexidine may reduce bacterial activity such that partly metabolised sugars were broken down and then degraded over time to produce brown-coloured compounds. Most recent debate has centred around three possible mechanisms.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-enzymatic browning reactions: Berk suggested that the protein and carbohydrate in the acquired pellicle could undergo a series of condensation and polymerisation reactions leading to discolouration of the acquired pellicle. Chlorhexidine may accelerate formation of the acquired pellicle and also catalyze steps in the Maillard reaction. Observation of furfurals, intermediate products in Maillard reactions, in brown-discoloured pellicle has leant support to the theory, but the evidence is inconclusive. Moreover, these authors did not consider at all the same staining phenomenon observed with the numerous other antiseptics.       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The formation of the pigmented sulphides of iron and tin: this theory suggests that chlorhexidine denatures the acquired pellicle to expose sulphur radicals. The exposed radicals would then be able to react with the metal ions to form the metal sulphide. Warner and coworkers have shown increased levels of iron in chlorhexidine treated individuals compared with water controls, no evidence was shown for tin. They then went on to conclude that the chromophore was not a sulphide, but a sulphur containing organic compound and metal ion complex and that chlorhexidine promoted the deposition of sulphate proteins. However, somewhat anomalously although the amount of stain and iron levels were increased, the levels of sulphide were reduced. Studies in vitro have contradicted aspects of the metal sulphide/denaturation theory. For instance, dietary staining of chlorhexidine treated tooth substance and acrylic occurred in the absence of salivary pellicle. More importantly pellicle coated surfaces exposed to protein denaturants or chlorhexidine did not stain when subsequently exposed to salts of iron and tin. Staining of saliva-coated tooth and acrylic occurred only when the chlorhexidine treatment was followed by a dietary chromogen such as tea. This has to some extent been replicated in vivo, where reciprocal rinsing with chlorhexidine and iron sulphate produced no staining in volunteers who abstained from food and beverages. However, chlorhexidine or iron sulphate followed by tea rinse produced immediately the characteristic brown and black discolouration of the teeth and tongue reported for chlorhexidine and iron respectively.           &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Precipitation of dietary chromogens by chlorhexidine: Plaque inhibition is dependent upon adsorption of chlorhexidine onto the tooth surface. Davies et al. suggested that locally adsorped chlorhexidine complexed with ions from the oral environment and showed this in vitro with the colour produced between chlorhexidine and food dyes. Following this observation, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that chlorhexidine and other antiseptics known to cause staining in vivo could bind dietary chromogens to surfaces to produce staining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One objection to the dietary chromogen theory was that there is no known correlation between chromogenic staining and dietary consumption of beverages. However, tea and coffee and red wine are not the only drinks to contain chromogenic polyphenols capable of interacting with chlorhexidine or polyvalent metal ions. Thus, the fact that staining can be produced in rabbits and dogs, which do not usually imbibe human beverages, can be explained by the presence of other polyphenols within the diet which are able to interact with chlorhexidine. Nevertheless, it was of interest to note that Leonard et al. demonstrated that staining was exaggerated in beagle dogs when tea and coffee was provided in conjunction with chlorhexidine rinses.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most evidence indicates that the likely cause of staining is the precipitation of anionic dietary chromogens onto adsorped cations. Thus, polyphenols found in dietary substances, being anionic, are able to react with cations adsorped to surfaces such as the cationic antiseptics or polyvalent metal ions to produce staining. The difference in the potential of various cationic antiseptics to produce staining in vivo can be explained by their differing substantivity, which is consistent with the dietary aetiology. The apparent individual variation in staining noted in particular with chlorhexidine is of interest. It is worthy of note that from the diet controlled studies this variation can not be explained solely as a difference in the quantities of chromogenic agents in any one individual's diet even though abstinence from tea, coffee or red wine virtually eliminates staining from everyone. Clearly differences do exist in the propensity of individuals to produce stain and it is worthy of further investigation as it would be relevant to the need to use cosmetic tooth whitening products. There is no evidence to show that chlorhexidine is any less effective in people with a low susceptibility to staining.         &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/4800959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Watts &amp;amp; M Addy: &quot;Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature&quot;, British Dental Journal volume 190, pages 309–316 (24 March 2001)&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tooth-discolouration-and-staining-a-review-of-the-literature.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;L. G. Hjeljord, G. Rølla, P. Bonesvoll: Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. In: J Periodont Res. 8 (Suppl 12), 1973, S. 11–16. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4269593?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMID 4269593&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470123096.ch2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H. F. Gilbert: Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Thiol-Disulfide Exchange. In: Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. 63, 1990, S. 69–172.&lt;/a&gt; doi:10.1002/9780470123096.ch2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;S. K. Grandhee, V. M. Monnier: Mechanism of formation of the Maillard protein cross-link pentosidine. In: J Biol Chem. 266(18), 1991, S. 11649–11653. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4269593?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMID 4269593&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These unwelcome effects might be reduced a bit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00083.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bernardi F, Pincelli MR, Carloni S, Gatto MR, Montebugnoli L (August 2004). &quot;Chlorhexidine with an Anti Discoloration System. A comparative study&quot;. Int J Dent Hyg. 2 (3): 122–26&lt;/a&gt;. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00083.x. PMID &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451475&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;16451475&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-06-29T00:21:59.753" LastActivityDate="2018-06-29T00:21:59.753" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-28T14:11:37.970" Score="3" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;During male orgasm, the smooth muscle of the penis must contract with sufficient force to ejaculate semen from the penis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the mean velocity of ejaculation known? I do not find scientific sources.&#xA;I only found 17 km/h in the media without further elaboration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, in some species, males must compete with other males for egg fertilisation. Presumably, evolutionary forces would favour those who had a greater ejaculation velocity. Is there a relationship between the velocity of male ejaculation and fertility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2449" LastEditorUserId="12881" LastEditDate="2018-07-07T18:23:25.877" LastActivityDate="2018-07-07T18:23:25.877" Title="What is the velocity of ejaculated semen and does it influence likelihood of fertilisation?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-06-28T17:31:48.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-28T18:29:16.783" Score="3" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;I keep hearing about the benefits of walking barefoot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One benefit I hear is that walking barefoot &quot;[allows] us to synchronize with the earth’s natural electric charge&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-9099/the-surprising-health-benefits-of-going-barefoot.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). This sounds like BS to me, but I wouldn't know any better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other benefit has to do with improving posture. I think the argument is that a lot of people's shoes are not tailored to their feet, and this can lead to posture problems down the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there scientific evidence backing this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6943" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:41:50.357" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:41:50.357" Title="Is there science backing the claim that walking barefoot is healthier than walking with shoes?" Tags="&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;walking&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;&lt;barefoot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16460" CreationDate="2018-06-29T10:53:32.997" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One cannot undergo medical tests to &lt;strong&gt;prevent&lt;/strong&gt; common diseases. Instead, the &lt;strong&gt;purpose&lt;/strong&gt; of those tests is to know the &quot;Current&quot; health &lt;em&gt;status&lt;/em&gt; of a person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once it's known, then one can take &lt;strong&gt;precautionary measures to prevent common diseases&lt;/strong&gt;!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different sets of medical tests for different age groups, e.g. Men over 50 years of age are requested to undergo a &quot;PSA test&quot; every year to prevent the risk of prostate cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the medical tests depend on a lot of factors such as, man's age, his body type, eating habits, his job, geographical area and many more! Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/early-detection/acs-recommendations.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Age for Prostate exam&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for the update! @DoctorWhom&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7643" LastEditorUserId="7643" LastEditDate="2018-07-13T05:44:03.710" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T05:44:03.710" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16460" CreationDate="2018-06-29T11:47:05.943" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tests that one may want to do &lt;strong&gt;annually:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/KnowYourNumbers/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp#.WzYb9NUzZpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood pressure&lt;/a&gt;; increased BP is a risk factor for heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer/prevention-and-early-detection/skin-exams.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Checking your skin for moles&lt;/a&gt;, which can develop into cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oregon.providence.org/our-services/l/lipid-profile-cholesterol-and-triglycerides/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood cholesterol and triglycerides (lipid profile)&lt;/a&gt;; increased levels are risk factors for coronary heart disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/blood-sugar/art-20046628&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood glucose&lt;/a&gt; to check for diabetes mellitus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dental check for caries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eye examination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/psa-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PSA test&lt;/a&gt; for prostate cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fecal blood test, colonoscopy and other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests-used.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tests for colorectal cancer&lt;/a&gt; ( for those with a family history of colorectal cancer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computed tomography or other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/screening.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tests for lung cancer&lt;/a&gt; (for smokers)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any recommendation for &lt;strong&gt;monthly&lt;/strong&gt; tests for healthy men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-06-29T12:19:40.380" LastActivityDate="2018-06-29T12:19:40.380" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11182" CreationDate="2018-07-01T14:30:35.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Compare the symptoms of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cork-taint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cork Taint&lt;/a&gt; with your observations.  If they match then it would be sensible to remove the cork from practice.  Cork is porous material and can harbor bacteria / mold etc.   In contrast, glass / plastic does not provide a foot hold for bacteria (though water does).   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emptying the vessel every morning, rinsing  and allowing it to dry should flush bacteria away and prevent odors.  If there is an existing odor, it may require several cycles in the dishwasher   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2018-07-01T14:30:35.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-02T05:07:41.817" Score="3" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;As stated in the title, why are dogs only vaccinated pre-exposure for rabies, while humans need follow-up treatment after being bitten, even with a pre-exposure vaccination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is causing the difference in approach? Does the dog vaccine work in a fundamentally different way, making them perfectly immune after the vaccine, or is this simply a matter of risk/reward? Would it be wise to give a dog a follow-up treatment if the odds of having been bitten by an animal with rabies were high? Similarly, would a human require a follow-up treatment after being bitten by a vaccinated dog that may have been bitten by an animal with rabies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2363" LastActivityDate="2018-07-02T05:07:41.817" Title="Why are dogs only vaccinated once for rabies, while humans need follow-up treatment after being bitten, even with a previous vaccination?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-02T07:38:20.310" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where is the majority of bacteria located in food that leads to food poisoning?&#xA;I.E in most cases is it on the surface, or deep within the food (i.e in the case of &quot;cooked&quot; meat, or balanced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14136" LastActivityDate="2018-07-02T23:02:29.037" Title="Bacteria location in food poisoning?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-02T12:50:54.973" Score="1" ViewCount="311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I eat fruit juice blended by blender every night. I use a blender to blend Watermelon, Lychee, Melon etc. Is the sugar from the fruit a risk for diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14140" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-07-02T15:22:56.363" LastActivityDate="2018-07-08T15:04:22.747" Title="Drinking fruit juice by blender is a risk for diabetes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16744" CreationDate="2018-07-02T17:00:51.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a complex question and I can't cover it all.  Different countries may sell meat and other food products processed  in different ways. In the case of meat, it can be deep within the food in the case of ground meat. Use caution with ground meats, you should probably cook well done.  Even cured  meat can harbor listeria and other germs  (follow the storage instructions on the package). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about salads?  Many counties include vinegar in the dressing, and this can help. The mayonnaise dressings can present more of a problem, keep refrigerated until ready to eat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meat cooking temperature, follow label directions. What about rare roasted (intact) meat? :)  This is relatively less dangerous than ground meat. Follow instructions in a recent cookbook and/or information provided by your government for cooking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With our complex grower, processing, and distribution networks today, there are simply no guarantees.  Keep up with the news regarding recalls. Wash your vegetables and fruits well.  Don't use a cutting board/ knife for both meat and vegetable preparation. Follow good kitchen sanitation. Practice frequent handwashing using plenty of soap and water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some information from the   Univ. Mich. State. Primarily about salads but it has some good general information at the beginning. &lt;a href=&quot;http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/it_must_have_been_the_potato_salad&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/it_must_have_been_the_potato_salad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;U.S. Govt. Meat, final internal temps.  (Meat thermometer) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html&lt;/a&gt; Using Fahrenheit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This answer is not intended to be comprehensive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2018-07-02T23:02:29.037" LastActivityDate="2018-07-02T23:02:29.037" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2018-07-02T17:00:51.950" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-02T17:02:47.590" Score="6" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase#Lowered_levels&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This Wikipdia-article&lt;/a&gt; lists several conditions or diseases that may lead to reduced levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among them are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;postmenopausal women receiving estrogen therapy because of aging&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;taking oral contraceptives (the linked study investigated combined OCP)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume, in both cases the hormones themselves (estrogen, maybe also progestogen) somehow influence the AP-levels. &#xA;If it is correct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the reaction cascade known, that leads from the hormone(s) to the reduced AP levels?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I could only find studies that confirmed there &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a link between estrogen and AP levels, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1016/S0736-0266%2801%2900092-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/youton1964/22/3/22_3_163/_article/-char/en&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. However, I am interested in the details here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:42:56.840" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T21:42:56.840" Title="What is the link between elevated estrogen and lowered alkaline phosphatase?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-02T18:54:01.510" Score="1" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet meme below has been circulating on Facebook recently. Is the content of it true? Where I am (not in the US) insulin is a quite cheap medicin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sOM4v.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sOM4v.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9597" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T23:45:31.050" Title="Is this internet meme about the price of insulin true?" Tags="&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-07-05T17:52:19.163" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16703" CreationDate="2018-07-03T10:49:51.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It may be caused by excessive energy used to defeat the viruses or adverse bacteria-the triggers of cold and flu. Your body lacks enough energy to operate the physical activity, which affects the oxygen transmitting to your brain, so you could feel tired or fatigue to think or finish a simple motion. Also, cold medicines commonly have certain side effects such as drowsiness, which can intensify the feeling of fatigue. &#xA;Sleeping and doing exercise help to produce more energy, which can shorten the time of treatment and enhance the immunity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14145" LastActivityDate="2018-07-03T10:49:51.860" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16746" CreationDate="2018-07-03T18:53:52.783" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[WIP]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fruit fibres help regulate sugar blood level &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/type-2-diabetes/diet/control-high-blood-sugar-with-fiber/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thank to this, if you do not just extract juice from your blender but you drink/eat to whole processed fruit, I think that will not be an issue for diabetes, or better, it has the same &lt;em&gt;value&lt;/em&gt; of eating the same &lt;em&gt;entire&lt;/em&gt; fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does mastication play a role in this game?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;does blender break fibres? if yes, how them compare to the whole ones?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; linked answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1099/is-it-better-to-eat-fruit-as-they-are-than-to-have-them-in-liquid-form&quot;&gt;Is it better to eat fruit as they are, than to have them in liquid form?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2018-07-08T15:04:22.747" LastActivityDate="2018-07-08T15:04:22.747" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-03T20:01:58.657" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been found to have a large amount of Arsenic in my blood. Is there a way to check my food and water for Arsenic? Are there testing kits available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14150" LastActivityDate="2018-07-03T20:01:58.657" Title="Are there any ways to check my water for Arsenic?" Tags="&lt;arsenic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-04T15:51:44.470" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been diagnosed with per-diabetes.It has scared me a lot. I want to know whether it is reversible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2586" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T10:11:28.243" Title="How reversible is prediabetes?" Tags="&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-07-14T15:00:49.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16746" CreationDate="2018-07-04T16:38:16.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is about whole fruits vs blended fruits (smoothies), but I haven't found any studies about smoothies, so I included those about fruit juices. Both the smoothies and the fruit juices are liquid, so they pass the stomach faster than whole fruits, which can result in higher blood glucose spikes (a possible risk factor for diabetes). The other aspect is that smoothies probably contain about the same amount of fiber than whole fruits, while fruit juices contain much less fiber. Fiber likely decreases blood glucose spikes after meals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding from &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/55/2/436/4715317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;academic.oup.com&lt;/a&gt;, blending fruits probably does not affect the fiber in the nutritional sense:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The quantitative measurement of dietary fiber does not recognize its&#xA;  diverse actions on nutrient absorption...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to 2 systematic reviews of studies, intake of 100% fruit juice (no sugar added) is not associated with diabetes type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (PubMed, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly&#xA;  associated with risk of type 2 diabetes, while intake of 100% fruit&#xA;  juice was not associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736636/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;100 % Fruit juice and measures of glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, findings from this meta-analysis of RCT suggest a neutral&#xA;  effect of 100 % fruit juice on glycaemic control. These findings are&#xA;  consistent with findings from some observational studies suggesting&#xA;  that consumption of 100 % fruit juice is not associated with increased&#xA;  risk of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 2015 systematic review&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;both artificially sweetened beverages and fruit juice were unlikely to&#xA;  be healthy alternatives to sugar sweetened beverages for the&#xA;  prevention of type 2 diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, according to one study, which followed nurses for 18 years: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453647/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intake of Fruit, Vegetables, and Fruit Juices and Risk of Diabetes in Women (PubMed, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumption of green leafy vegetables and fruit was associated with a&#xA;  lower hazard of diabetes, whereas consumption of fruit juices may be&#xA;  associated with an increased hazard among women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-06T10:56:31.607" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T10:56:31.607" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16764" CreationDate="2018-07-04T17:54:48.230" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the American Diabetes Association:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Prediabetes” is the term used for individuals with IFG and/or IGT and/or A1C 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol). Prediabetes should not be viewed as a clinical entity in its own right but rather as an increased risk for diabetes (Table 2.3) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prediabetes is associated with obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: American Diabetes Association: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1/S11&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Diabetes Care 2017 Jan;40(Supplement 1) S11-S24.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prediabetes means that you have higher risk of developing diabetes and is not a disease in itself. Symptoms are having impaired fasting glucose (IFT) or impaired glucose tolerance, and high glucose levels (the A1C test monitors that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although some treatment with medication is a short term option (do discuss with your general physician), but lifestyle changes and especially weight-loss has been found the best way to lower glucose levels and prevent diabetes mellitus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Our results have shown that a reduction in diabetes cumulative incidence by either lifestyle intervention or metformin therapy persists for at least 10 years.&lt;/strong&gt; Further follow-up will provide crucial data for long-term clinical outcomes, including mortality. In the next phase of the DPPOS, the primary objective is to assess intervention effects on a composite microvascular-neuropathic outcome for diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, or reduced light touch sensation in the feet. Secondary outcomes include the individual components of the composite primary outcome, cardiovascular disease, further development of diabetes, measures of glycaemia, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular disease risk factors, physical activity, nutrition, body-weight, health-related quality of life, and economic assessments. These data are needed because speculation about the long-term benefits on the basis of extrapolation of the DPP and other data by different authors have led to very different conclusions. &lt;strong&gt;The long-term reductions in bodyweight and diabetes are encouraging, but further quantification of long-term outcomes is crucial to establish the benefits of diabetes prevention&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135022/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Lance. (Emphasis Mine)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-04T17:54:48.230" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16770" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-05T00:10:03.767" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the reasons behind the need to have urine at morning just after waked up or at least three hours after latest urination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.auxologico.it/prestazione/esame-urine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Italian source]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T00:10:03.767" Title="Why does urine analysis require &quot;fresh&quot; urine?" Tags="&lt;urine&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-05T11:38:44.677" Score="0" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depressed persons typically stop performing basic tasks such as eating regularly, taking showers, going out and other similar mundane and boring tasks that requires self some discipline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions is: can someone who is very disciplined and goes up 7 o'clock every morning, have breakfast, take a shower, brush her teeth, go out to meet people and perform errands like everyone else (assume this person is on sick leave for depression and doesn't need to do all these chores but could instead sleep all day and watch TV all night) etc - still suffer from, and be diagnosed with, depression?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14157" LastEditorUserId="14157" LastEditDate="2018-07-09T18:48:48.630" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T21:12:11.447" Title="Can one combine depression and self discipline?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="14" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-07-16T23:23:43.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12269" CreationDate="2018-07-05T14:57:48.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think its time to update this question: now there are available a couple of options that do not require the calibrations of the CGM through the fingerstick. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dexcom.com/news/fda-authorizes-dexcom-g6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dexcom G6&lt;/a&gt;, which it could be seen as the first &quot;real&quot; CGM &#xA;that does not require calibrations. Dexcom states: &#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a factory-calibrated, real-time CGM system with exceptional&#xA;  accuracy, the Dexcom G6® will be transformative for people with&#xA;  diabetes, who will no longer be required to prick their fingers for&#xA;  diabetes management&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm577890.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Freestyle Libre&lt;/a&gt;, which since late 2017 has been officially approved by FDA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T14:57:48.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16750" CreationDate="2018-07-05T15:25:43.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The insulin price &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/insulin-prices-increased-in-2017-2017-5?IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has grown significantly&lt;/a&gt; over the years, mostly from 2000-ish to 2014 for almost every major producer. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;The percentage of people that have to pay (and/or copay) more than 1000$ has for the first time since 1999 the 50% mark, and for a lifesaver medicine like insulin, this is a major problem that affects the 1.5 million people living in the US with type 1 diabetes. (plus the type 2 diabetic people)&#xA;There are several factors that impact the cost structure of this industry and vary from the drug makers itself to an indefinite number of intermediaries (pharmacy benefit managers, companies) and the R&amp;amp;D for developing new types of insulin, like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetesdaily.com/blog/new-ultra-fast-acting-insulin-fiasp-is-us-fda-approved-489794/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fiasp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;On the other hand, there are countries like Italy (where I live) where you (mostly) don't have to pay for insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Response to Marzipanherz:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Yes, here in Italy the price of insulin have been less affected by the rise compared to the US. A package of 5 vials of Novorapid, cost just a little bit over 50€ to the Italian Sanitary System, and years ago was just under that price. The situation is a little bit more complicated, due to the fact each region can, in a broad way, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lastampa.it/2016/04/05/cronaca/cambia-linsulina-il-costo-dimezzato-ULZc3itjH0A57AJz0QJ5hO/pagina.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publish public notices&lt;/a&gt; allowing each drug-maker to make an offer in order to enhance the competition between them and getting the lower price for the market. &lt;br&gt; Of course, if a patient has a need of getting a specific type of insulin, he will get it but the general rule is to administer the insulin brand that won the public notice.&#xA;There is a quite &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ibdo.it/pdf/policy-brief/08-DIABETE,-MA-QUANTO-CI-COSTI-Il-diabete-presenta-un-conto-salato,-ma-curarsi-in-Italia-costa-13-rispetto-agli-USA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relevant paper&lt;/a&gt; (written entirely in Italian) where it states that the average expenditure for a type 1 Diabetic person in Italy is about 4777€ of which 1399€ are on medicine and materials. In the US the direct costs (paid directly or indirectly) for the Diabetic person is about 7888$. Those data should be interpreted with more context but they give a general idea of the differences between the 2 countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastEditorUserId="7307" LastEditDate="2018-07-06T23:45:31.050" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T23:45:31.050" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-05T19:14:08.390" Score="3" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know whether emergency contraceptive (such as postinor2) can make you skip a period completely in the menstural cycle it was taken in? Especially after a pregnancy test (taken 3 days after the contraceptive was taken) returned to be negative.&#xA;I would also like to know whether emergency contraceptives can potentially cause periods to permanently stop? And if so why? &#xA;There is not much data or reading materials available on this apart from the one that the contraceptive pill companies have published themselves, so I would appreciate some other inputs and explanations. &#xA;Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14165" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T20:04:37.173" Title="Menstruation and emergency contraceptives" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;contraceptive&gt;&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16782" CreationDate="2018-07-05T20:04:37.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about medications are usually best answered by the manufacturer, or by a site such as drugs.com or rxlist.com. In this case, the manufacturer has &lt;a href=&quot;https://postinorpill.com/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You have to know that POSTINOR may disrupt the regularity of your&#xA;  period that month. Your period may come earlier than usual or later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know why you think these drugs would cause periods to stop permanently. That would be such a major undesirable side effect that the drug would never have been approved, or it would at least carry a black box warning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend that you read the FAQ at the link I provided above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-07-05T20:04:37.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-05T21:03:30.700" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I think I read some-where that there is a surgical procedure to server the heart's ability to communicate with the brain, for reasons. A negative consequence of this was not being able to, for example, know if you're having a heart attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Know what I mean?&#xA;Edit: I'm asking for the name of the procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14166" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-07-19T16:56:46.797" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T16:56:46.797" Title="Medical procedure to sever the brain's ability to communicate with the heart?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16784" CreationDate="2018-07-06T00:22:03.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the term you're looking for is &lt;em&gt;cardiac sympathetic denervation&lt;/em&gt; (CSD). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/news/20111220/Cutting-cardiac-sympathetic-nerve-may-help-control-heart-rhythms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is a fairly non-technical explanation of the procedure. It can be left side only (LCSD), right side only (RCSD), or bilateral (BCSD). In short, it's a procedure of last resort to control ventricular arrhythmias when drugs and endocardial ablation procedures have failed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T00:22:03.493" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-06-25T20:06:20.363" Score="6" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;Particularly, it is often stated that exercise is good for battling heart disease and controlling blood pressure. Does anyone have any insight on how/why exercise does this? Thanks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="CognisMantis" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-07-07T13:44:03.203" LastActivityDate="2018-07-07T13:44:03.203" Title="How does exercise improve health?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16786" CreationDate="2018-06-25T21:33:04.730" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exercise does seem to have beneficial effects in treating and preventing many chronic diseases. As far as mechanism is concerned, we should probably narrow the scope:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the mechanism for the beneficial effects of exercise in people who have high blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to be multifactorial, and independent of any impact on weight loss. Regular exercises (with or without associated weight loss) causes a number of physiologic adaptations in metabolic, vascular, and cardiac health, all of which seem to contribute to the beneficial effects for people with high blood pressure (lower blood pressure, better long term disease outcomes). There are, of course, many types of exercise and many causes of high blood pressure, but these seem to apply generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Changes in sympathetic/parasympathetic tone: regular exercise causes decreased catecholamine production and (associated) decreased sympathetic mediated vasoconstriction. This leads directly to lower blood pressure because of the decrease in systemic vascular resistance&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased perfusion and development of muscular capillary beds. Increased perfusion of muscular beds may be the primary mechanism for the acute decrease in blood pressure. With regular exercise, angiogenesis causes further development of muscular capillary beds as well. The opening of arterioles to perfuse these (now more developed) capillary beds also decreases systemic vascular resistance (and along with it, blood pressure).  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improved insulin sensitivity: insulin sensitivity is compromised in many people with high blood pressure, whether or not they have frank diabetes. The reduction in circulating insulin improves clearance of lipids and glucose from the blood, and theoretically reduces the downstream negative effects of high circulating lipids and glucose, including atherosclerosis. This has a direct effect on hypertension as well as the downstream negative effects of hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Decreased inflammation: regular exercise reduces circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, improving endothelial function (and decreasing atherosclerosis). This also has a direct effect on hypertension as well as its sequelae. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improved cardiac function: regular exercise improves diastolic filling (directly, through beneficial adaptations in cardiac muscle, and, probably, indirectly, through the above effects on systemic vascular resistance, atherosclerosis, and endothelial function). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An excellent broad ranging review of the health benefits of physical activity discusses these benefits. You can find it for free &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent review by the same first author is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28708630&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but it is behind a paywall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" OwnerDisplayName="Dan Hall" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-07-06T23:05:29.353" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T23:05:29.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12164" CreationDate="2018-07-06T10:12:47.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 819) a &lt;em&gt;delusion&lt;/em&gt; is a &quot;false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. ... When a false belief involves a value judgement it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, Østergaard, et al. (2012), citing Maj, et al. (2007), state: &quot;To avoid false-positive diagnoses of PD [psychotic depression], only beliefs that have ‘delusional proportions’, i.e. &lt;em&gt;defy credibility&lt;/em&gt;, and are held with ‘delusional intensity’, i.e. &lt;em&gt;not changed by rational counterarguments&lt;/em&gt;, are classified as delusions.&quot; &lt;em&gt;(emphasis added)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An intriguing possibility exists that a specific, measurable cognitive bias,  the Jumping to Conclusions (JTC) bias, might serve as a marker for delusions (McLean, Mattiske, &amp;amp; Balzan, 2017). The JTC bias is characterized by making interpretations or judgments early (quickly) and basing such interpretations or judgments on inadequate evidence. Regarding measurement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;JTC is most frequently measured by the beads task. Applying this task&#xA;  with people with schizophrenia, Huq et al showed participants 2 jars&#xA;  of colored beads. Each jar contained pink and green beads in an 85:15&#xA;  ratio, with one jar containing mostly pink beads and the other mostly&#xA;  green beads. The jars were hidden from view and beads were drawn from&#xA;  one of the jars in a purportedly random but in fact pre-determined&#xA;  sequence. With each draw, participants were invited to indicate&#xA;  whether they had decided which jar (mostly pink or mostly green) beads&#xA;  were being drawn from. Huq et al9 found that participants with current&#xA;  delusions required fewer draws-to-decision (DTD) than those without&#xA;  current delusions, demonstrating a JTC bias. (McLean, Mattiske, &amp;amp; Balzan, 2017, p. 345)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further research is needed before we will know if measuring JTC improves diagnostic accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stephens &amp;amp; Graham (20014) describe four criteria that define beliefs generally:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) beliefs have a representational content; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) the person holding the believe has a high degree of confidence that the content of his or her belief, e.g., &quot;I am a horrible person&quot;, is an accurately represents reality; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) beliefs form the basis for both reasoning and action, such that individuals draw conclusions based on the belief (&quot;because I am a horrible person I am doomed to Hell&quot;) and might take actions based on the belief (a Catholic person visits a priest asking, &quot;How do I prepare for an eternity in Hell?&quot;); and finally &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4) beliefs are associated with an emotional response, e.g., a belief that one is a horrible person may engender or exacerbate feelings of sadness, shame, guilt, despair, or hopelessness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This four-component model of beliefs can serve as a heuristic to probe the &quot;delusional proportionality&quot; and &quot;delusional intensity&quot; of a patient's beliefs, e.g., by asking questions designed to assess the patients degree of confidence in the belief; the extent to which the patient has drawn conclusions and taken actions based on the belief; and emotions experienced when discussing the belief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like many symptoms of mental disorders, if a clinician can observe and interact with a patient over time, and if the doctor can interview family members or friends who know the patient well, then determining if a belief qualifies as a delusional becomes somewhat easier.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Psychiatric Association, 2013. &lt;em&gt;Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders&lt;/em&gt; (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. (ISBN 9780890425558).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maj, M., Pirozzi, R., Magliano, L., Fiorillo, A. and Bartoli, L., 2007. Phenomenology and prognostic significance of delusions in major depressive disorder: a 10-year prospective follow-up study. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 68&lt;/em&gt;(9), pp.1411-1417.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McLean, B.F., Mattiske, J.K. and Balzan, R.P., 2017. Association of the jumping to conclusions and evidence integration biases with delusions in psychosis: a detailed meta-analysis. &lt;em&gt;Schizophrenia bulletin, 43&lt;/em&gt;(2), pp.344-354.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Østergaard, S.D., Rothschild, A.J., Uggerby, P., Munk-Jørgensen, P., Bech, P. and Mors, O., 2012. Considerations on the ICD-11 classification of psychotic depression. &lt;em&gt;Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 81&lt;/em&gt;(3), pp.135-144.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stephens, G.L. and Graham, G., 2004. Reconceiving delusion. &lt;em&gt;International Review of Psychiatry, 16&lt;/em&gt;(3), pp.236-241.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9632" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T10:12:47.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-06T21:23:49.270" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given is spherical optical power, cylindrical optical power in diopters and cylindrical angle in degrees. Also given is the base curve in millimeters, and the contact lens diameter in millimeters. Also given &#xA;is the refractive index of the lens (and the outside medium). How do I figure out the shape of the lens from this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best guess so far, is that the base curve is the radius of curvature of the inner surface of the lens, shaped like a sphere. My other guess is that the outer surface of the lens is taken from a torus, that has been tilted according to the angle (like holding a donut in front of you and changing its roll).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure how to relate the optical powers to geometry. I think they might be deltas between the diopters of the two surfaces? Or maybe they are not in units of diopters, but &quot;keratometer readings&quot;(?)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am nearsighted so am mostly interested in that case. Would be interesting to understand my prescription in full detail :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14170" LastActivityDate="2018-07-06T21:23:49.270" Title="How are the parameters of an astigmatic lens prescription related to the geometry?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-07T17:10:17.233" Score="2" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;If alcohol is an NMDA receptor antagonist, why doesn't it produce dissociative effects? As far as I am aware, all other drugs that antagonize NMDA receptors function as dissociatives, such as ketamine, PCP, nitrous oxide, DXM, and memantine. Why doesn't alcohol? Is it that its effects on NMDA receptors are too weak? Does it just affect different specific receptors? Or does its effect of GABA somehow counteract NMDA antagonism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14180" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:30:48.367" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:30:48.367" Title="Alcohol NMDAR antagonism" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;pcp&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16799" CreationDate="2018-07-08T06:38:08.947" Score="6" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last couple of day I have been having 3 whole eggs scrambled with around 2 tea spoon soybean oil in breakfast. Some friends of mine told me having 3 whole eggs is harmful for my health. I understand that it may increase my cholesterol. But in my opinion, eggs are fulled with protein and other important nutrients ( and easy to cook :P ). Do eggs raise cholesterol levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14182" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-09T08:58:23.803" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T22:40:24.383" Title="Is having 3 whole eggs at breakfast harmful?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16798" CreationDate="2018-07-08T07:05:36.540" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association no longer condemns eggs in its guidelines. But it does recommend that people limit themselves to 300 milligrams of cholesterol daily (a single egg has about 200 milligrams of cholesterol, as well as a mix of saturated and unsaturated fats, including the  monounsaturated kind found in olive oil). The federal government, in its Dietary Guidelines for Americans, notes that eating an egg yolk per day “does not result in increased blood cholesterol levels, nor does it increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy people.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/ask-well-how-many-eggs-can-i-eat/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But – if your friends eat sugary cereal, bagels etc., their diet is worse than a bit too much cholesterol. Furthermore, if you eat scrambled eggs with bacon, it is probably wiser to cut down the bacon than the eggs…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Hu said that eggs are a particularly good replacement for less healthful fare, like processed meats and refined carbohydrates. In fact, studies suggest that for most people, starting your day with a breakfast of scrambled eggs will have a better impact on your overall cholesterol profile than a bagel or a bowl of sugary cereal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;ibid.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;strong&gt;@Jan&lt;/strong&gt; pointed out in the comments: There are hyperresponders to cholesterol, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/4/1036/4688287&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;which report cholesterol spikes in the blood after consumption of cholesterol&lt;/a&gt;. For most humans, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/ss/slideshow-cholesterol-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fats play a bigger role in cholesterol levels than cholesterol consumption.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T17:33:59.223" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16800" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-08T08:41:16.660" Score="4" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who play wind instruments often practice for hours every day. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647731&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some studies&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49755064_Intraocular_pressure_fluctuations_in_professional_brass_and_woodwind_musicians_during_common_playing_conditions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one as well&lt;/a&gt;) mentioned that intra-ocular pressure (IOP) raises during play. Some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958606&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other studies&lt;/a&gt; measured a raise too but that was not that meaningful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Increased intra-ocular pressure in conditions like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610974&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glaucoma can cause vision changes&lt;/a&gt;, even permanent vision damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the increased IOP experienced during frequent playing of a wind instrument lead to eye damage, such as permanent vision changes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14183" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:27:13.527" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:27:13.527" Title="Is the increased intraocular pressure from playing wind instruments damaging to the eye?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;&lt;intraocular-pressure-iop&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-08T14:28:03.273" Score="4" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to other treatment options, breathing techniques are commonly recommended for management of anxiety and panic.  I am able to find good information on techniques, but I have difficulty interpreting information on the mechanisms for how it works, and whether it is truly effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How could &lt;em&gt;breathing&lt;/em&gt; lessen symptoms of anxiety, or reduce severity of episodes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14185" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-07-08T19:13:12.133" LastActivityDate="2018-07-11T14:12:37.033" Title="How can breathing techniques lessen anxiety?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16802" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8746" CreationDate="2018-07-08T15:01:35.730" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is hard to give a proper answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a big (but not complete) answer is already here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/564/how-much-pesticide-remains-on-a-harvested-organic-fruit&quot;&gt;How much pesticide remains on a harvested organic fruit?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, (thanks to) my approach as engineer I can produce another kind, a different answer: a schematic list of statement that you can use to infer an answer by your own:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Legal) chemicals used in agriculture are safe&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; to human.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Organic fruit will certainly have less chemicals than normal fruit&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, so if you worry about chemicals, you should prefer organic fruit and vegetables.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are different chemicals and each one interact differently with the fruit.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There will be hydrophile („liking water“) molecules and washing your fruit, they will go away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There will be lipophile („liking fat“) molecules and washing your fruit, they will remain on the fruit, on the peel; an interesting solution is here&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Part of chemicals stay on the peel, part of chemical are adsorbed inside the fruit, in the flesh&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;: if you remove physically the peel you will physically remove chemicals in it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you see issue is really complex!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; If chemicals used are legal, they have been tested on human.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://consumersunion.org/news/cu-research-team-shows-organic-foods-really-do-have-less-pesticides/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://consumersunion.org/news/cu-research-team-shows-organic-foods-really-do-have-less-pesticides/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/well/eat/do-pesticides-get-into-the-flesh-of-fruits-and-vegetables.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/well/eat/do-pesticides-get-into-the-flesh-of-fruits-and-vegetables.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.popsci.com/how-to-actually-remove-pesticides-from-your-fruit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.popsci.com/how-to-actually-remove-pesticides-from-your-fruit&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-08T15:14:06.973" LastActivityDate="2018-07-08T15:14:06.973" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16801" CreationDate="2018-07-08T19:01:19.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Neuroscience is complex; this is a simplification.  To summarize: yes, breathing techniques and other meditation and biofeedback methods have been shown to be effective for reducing anxiety and panic, as has been cognitive behavioral therapy.  Psychotherapy is a critical part of treatment of anxiety disorders.  Some people benefit from medications like SSRIs as well. BUT because anxiety might be a symptom of a medical condition, it's important to see a doctor to be formally diagnosed, and receive individualized treatment recommendations.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generalized anxiety disorder is, at its root, over-activity of the sympathetic nervous system.  It is when the normal human &quot;fight or flight&quot; response is extended and/or exaggerated.  Panic attacks occur when that gets stuck in a positive feedback loop.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical symptoms of anxiety or panic are due to this sympathetic hyper-activation: increased heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, alertness, sensory awareness (including pain), sweating, speed of reaction, gastrointestinal upset, etc.  It helps to understand that anxiety and panic disorders develop more frequently in people who have experienced severe traumatic stressors, especially during childhood, during which their neurological system becomes conditioned to overreact.  During &quot;fight or flight&quot; much of our mental processing gets caught up in the limbic system (center of emotion) rather than engaging the frontal cortex (center of logical reasoning), which is why anxiety can impair clarity of thought, decision-making, and memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deep breathing, mediation, and certain biofeedback techniques can activate the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby decreasing sympathetic tone.  With practice it can interrupt even the positive feedback loop of panic.  This not only reduces the physical symptoms, it allows our frontal cortex to engage in processing input and thoughts more logically.  The long term impact of these techniques can be profound.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resources below are as a supplement for professional evaluation and treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/relaxation-techniques-breath-control-helps-quell-errant-stress-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard patient education on relaxation techniques for anxiety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-relief-breathing-techniques#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD information on deep breathing exercises&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5455070/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example of many studies on effects of diaphragmatic breathing on mood and attention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in-practice/201607/breathing-techniques-anxiety&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PsychologyToday on breathing techniques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632230101157X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One of many papers&lt;/a&gt; looking at adverse childhood events as risk factors for anxiety, depression, PTSD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individual therapy (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nbcc.org/Search/CounselorFind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search for therapist in the USA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Free app &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.traumaresourceinstitute.com/ichill-app/ichill-app-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iChill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; developed by the Trauma Resrouce Institute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.seattlechildrens.org/clinics-programs/biofeedback/resources/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Seattle Children's Hospital resources for breathing techniques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Book &lt;strong&gt;Transforming Anxiety&lt;/strong&gt; by Childre (HeartMath Institute)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-07-11T14:12:37.033" LastActivityDate="2018-07-11T14:12:37.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16808" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-09T01:27:23.337" Score="4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_glass&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on lead crystal&lt;/a&gt; it says that crystal glasses have become &quot;rare&quot; due to the &quot;health risks&quot; of lead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems kind of crazy to me. Isn't the lead oxide in the glass bound within the crystal structure. The idea that the lead oxide could leach out of the glass into a drink and be a health risk seems unlikely. Is there any real evidence for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorDisplayName="user283" LastEditDate="2019-01-29T14:36:57.387" LastActivityDate="2019-01-29T14:36:57.387" Title="Health risk of lead crystal?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-09T10:55:32.397" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have two raw eggs every morning with / for breakfast. I have chickens and only eat raw eggs from our chickens, never store-bought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been told that raw eggs can be dangerous, including the risk of salmonella.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are raw eggs dangerous? What are the risks / benefits?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14189" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T10:55:32.397" Title="Are raw eggs dangerous?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16813" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16808" CreationDate="2018-07-09T17:09:15.773" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I did some additional research on this question and what I found out is that the health risk is only significant to workers making the glass. Drinking vessels made from lead glass are not dangerous as long as they are soaked before use. Lead can leach out, but only from the surface, so if the vessel is soaked in an acid after it is made, all the exposed lead oxide will be removed and the glass will be perfectly safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T17:09:15.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16820" CreationDate="2018-07-09T20:05:59.390" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome in the Modern Era&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by L.K. Nieman, 2018:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A urine free cortisol (UFC) result may incorrectly exclude hypercortisolism in patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min but &lt;strong&gt;might falsely diagnose hypercortisolism in individuals drinking more than 5 L of fluid daily&lt;/strong&gt;. In the former situation, UFC should not be chosen as a screening test.&quot;  In the latter group of individuals, urinary cortisone and cortisol both increase, so that the effect may be more accentuated in immunoassays in which cortisone cross-reacts with the antibody. Thus, 2 ways of addressing this are to use tandem mass spectroscopy assays (or immunoassays with minimal cross-reactivity) and to ask patients to restrict fluids to 2 L/d.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is that so? Is it because the body would naturally need to produce more cortisol in order to expel all this water? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:26:02.347" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:26:02.347" Title="Why might excessive drinking produce a false hypercortisolism reading in a urinary free cortisol (UFC) test?" Tags="&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16777" CreationDate="2018-07-09T20:54:37.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Depressed persons typically stop performing basic tasks such as eating regularly, taking showers, going out and other similar mundane and boring tasks that requires self some discipline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[citation needed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What I am looking for is documentation or case studies on people that have been diagnosed with depression, yet still manage to perform normal ADL (Activities of daily living) such as grocery shopping, errands, social activities. How prevalent is the stereotypical lay in bed type of depression versus functional depression, and where can I find more resources on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/depression/features/cope-depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There are cases of depression with ADL, and they are at least as common as the major depressive disorder&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depression is a highly individual disease and comes in many sizes, shapes and forms. A form of depression is &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20100106064958/http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Dysthymia.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dysthymia&lt;/a&gt;, or persistent depressive disorder (PDD) a long-lasting (&gt;2 years) depression during which the individual may be functioning, and may also suffer from episodes of major depressive disorders (known as double-depression). This does not mean that PDD is less severe than other types of depression like MDD (major depressive disorder) or post-natal depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The major depressive disorder (MDD) as such is defined as &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://http:&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; This means that there is a form of depression which is defined by being „disabling“ in a way. This does not mean that all types (or even more than one specific type of depression) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-09T21:12:11.447" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T21:12:11.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-09T22:31:00.273" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I witnessed a &lt;a href=&quot;https://missionlocal.org/2018/07/car-strikes-pedestrian-at-16th-and-mission/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pedestrian-vehicle collision&lt;/a&gt;. As I approached, nobody was rendering aid, so I took it upon myself to do so. The man wasn't breathing, so I applied basic first aid by tilting his chin to clear his airway (following &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A-B-C&lt;/a&gt;, deciding breathing was more important that possible neck injury). When I did so, he immediately coughed up massive red &quot;globules&quot; or &quot;chunks,&quot; along with tremendous amounts of blood. Then, he began labored breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until EMS arrive, he continued to dribble blood, while occasionally thrashing and then coughing another &quot;big globule&quot; or &quot;chunk,&quot; red and covered with blood, and slightly slimy looking. I didn't touch these so I have no idea their consistency beyond appearance. These chunks were about golf-ball sized, and roughly spherical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have much information on his injuries as I don't have much training. He did have a big dent in his head but he had a pulse and was breathing, so I'm assuming the chunks weren't, like, his brains or something. What might I have been looking at? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14197" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T22:31:00.273" Title="After traumatic injury, what are the red &quot;chunks&quot; a victim coughs up?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-07-11T14:16:56.637" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16816" CreationDate="2018-07-09T22:37:53.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the cortisol entering the kidney is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule; only a small amount escapes and is eventually excreted in the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When large amounts of fluid is taken, the re-absorption is less efficient, and more cortisol ends up in the urine. See following quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;increased UFF excretion (when fluid intake is high) is mainly due to the escape of F from reabsorption/metabolism in the proximal tubule&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Fenske, 2006; here UFF/F is referring to urinary free cortisol and cortisol, respectively; words in parentheses are mine added for context)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Separately, this loss doesn't cause much of a change in systemic cortisol since passage through the urine is only a minor contributor to overall cortisol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Fenske paper referenced below talks more about this issue, and is cited by the paper referred to in the OP. Overall, I think it's important to mark carefully the author's specific words: they indicate that one &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; falsely diagnose hypercortisolism with heavy fluid intake, but they only caution against use of UFC if the glomerular filtration rate is very low (i.e., in patients with kidney problems). It seems that they simply mean to caution about the potential of abnormally high UFC in the case of an individual with high fluid intake, without an actual systemic increase in cortisol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fenske, M. (2006). Urinary free cortisol and cortisone excretion in healthy individuals: influence of water loading. Steroids, 71(11-12), 1014-1018.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-07-09T22:37:53.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17471" CreationDate="2018-07-10T06:07:23.330" Score="8" ViewCount="232" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: scroll down towards the bottom towards the bottom for my answer. Its thoracic outlet syndrome. If I do certain stretches it goes away. Its an issue related to my bad posture and nerves getting pinched (from sitting in front of a computer the whole day)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;OLD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have mild Raynauds, which means the tips of my fingers are usually the same temperature as the atmosphere of the room/outside. (unrelated: I don't have any autoimmune disease, but I think this is from typing my whole life)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I started to notice that when I chew this gum called &quot;NeuroGum&quot; found on Amazon, my fingers warm up. I'm very curious, what ingredient(s) could be causing my hands (finger tips) to warm up. Here is the list of core ingredients, (copy+pasted from amazon)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ingredients&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Sorbitol, gum base, L-theanine, Natural Flavors (Vanilla and Mint), Natural caffeine, Calcium Stearate, Steviol Glycosides, Acesulfame K, Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxine), Vitamin B12 (as Cyanocobalamin)&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;note:its &quot;Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin)&quot; on my gum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only other thing that has similar effects is alcohol. I've tried buying the (same form of) b12 and b6 and l-theanin supplements and trying those separately/individually. This has not shown any success, (although I'll keep trying)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;one more ingredient that i've noticed ALWAYS makes my hands warm is melatonin, (sleeping aid). Specifically this brand of mouth dis-solvable ones.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&quot;NATROL® MELATONIN ADVANCED SLEEP MAXIMUM STRENGTH 10 MG.&quot;&#xA;I've  also tried chewing caffeinated gum without any success&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="13963" LastEditDate="2018-10-06T00:57:08.477" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T00:57:08.477" Title="What ingredients in this list are causing my hands to get warm? (improve circulation to my fingers)" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-10-08T14:13:39.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16826" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-10T03:20:03.673" Score="5" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a sub-cutaneous injection is to be given, where is the least painful site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Injection into the thigh muscle is suggested for some unknown reason, and the instructions advise simply to avoid muscle and veins. Concerning since I have no medical training!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thigh seems like it would be painful, so I've been doing my shoulder/upper arm area since I used to lift a lot, I thought they'd be a good target, but all but one so far have been a bit more painful than I'd have expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what &quot;sub-cutaneous&quot; injection sites would be least painful? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="764" OwnerDisplayName="Jodes" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:45:22.207" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T03:03:35.513" Title="Where are less painful self-injection sites for sub-cutaneous injections?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;thigh&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2019-08-21T03:59:05.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-11T13:46:44.807" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often feel itchy, very quickly after I take off my shirt. So it made me think about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can Imagine that cloth absorbs our sweat and thus prevents it from accumulating on skin which I don't think is a good thing also I think wearing clothes makes our skin dry out less so That must be good too. But I'm not sure. specially because our ancestors used to be naked often so I guess our bodies are probably more fit to be naked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is the harms and benefits of having our skin exposed to air directly when we are in the house. So I'm not about benefits of getting more direct sun, although there is some indirect light in the house of course. But I'm interested on the effect of having our skin exposed to direct air most of the time and not having cloth being rubbed against it all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone knows about why I get itchy after taking off my shirt I would appreciate that too of course but that is not the main focus of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14209" LastActivityDate="2018-07-11T13:46:44.807" Title="Is it bad for skin to be naked so often?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;&lt;dry-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-11T13:57:05.123" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often take cold showers and I also usually go under the cold water suddenly because I think it makes me stronger and makes me have more control over my nerves. I can imagine it could be bad for people with heart conditions but I'm talking about healthy mid-age people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if it is good or bad for healthy mid-age people to suddenly go under a shower with water temperature of around minimum 20 degree Celsius from room temperature of max 40 Celsius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14107" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:23:29.107" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:23:29.107" Title="Is cold temprature shock harmful for healthy people?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;&lt;middle-aged-adults&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-11T15:04:40.250" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;My spouse is about to start a keto diet. Functionally this means that most, but not all, of the meals I eat will be keto.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't fully commit to the diet (i.e. I don't cut out carbs and sugars), are there any adverse effects? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm fine with my current weight (or rather, weight loss isn't a goal). My concern is that eating a mostly keto diet but never getting into ketosis could cause an increase in weight or other health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14210" LastActivityDate="2020-07-03T23:49:32.463" Title="How bad is it to eat a mostly keto diet, but still eat carbs and sugars?" Tags="&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-04T00:37:38.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16822" CreationDate="2018-07-11T17:18:31.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The ingredients one by one&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sorbitol&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;An alcohol sugar, and a sugar substitute. However, xylitol has become more widely used because a few type of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) can process sorbitol and as such it is more anticariogenic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, sorbitol has one-third fewer calories and 60 % the sweetening activity of sucrose and is used as a sugar replacement in diabetes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5780#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L-theanine&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The use of theanine is widely debated:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, an agency of their Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, objects to the addition of L-theanine to beverages. The European Food Safety Authority EFSA advised negatively on health claims related to L-theanine and cognitive function, alleviation of psychological stress, maintenance of normal sleep, and reduction of menstrual discomfort. Therefore, health claims for L-theanine are prohibited in the European Union.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439378#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubchem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its mechanism of action is pretty complicated, it appears to be mostly are neuro-agent (although literature is contradictive there as well), but I'll research more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caffeine&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Caffeine is a vasoconstrictor. As such, it constricts the arteries and - in this case more importantly - the arterioles. The skin turns paler because less blood reaches it surface. This way, heat radiation from the skin is limited in the extremities. This also happens when you feel cold, and it explains why feet and hands start to get cold first. This is however the opposite of what you describe (but similar to the way Raynauds affects your body temperature)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calcium Stearate&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Nothing more than a flow agent and surface conditioner, also used in other candies such as Smarties&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Steviol Glycoside&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Artificial sweetener, more commonly known as Stevia.            &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acesulfame K (potassium)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Another artificial sweetener &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamins and Flavour Agents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They won't have anything to do with it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speculations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is the caffeine.&#xA;This is kind of contradicting what I wrote above, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-study-suggests-caffeine-intake-may-worsen-menopausal-hot-flashes-night-sweats/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some studies&lt;/a&gt; associate the caffeine with hot flashes in the female menopause. The underlying mechanism is not yet understood (and in fact, other studies claim that caffeine decreases the risk), but that might be.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's a placebo effect. Maybe you once felt warmer due to other reasons after consuming it, and now it's just a placebo. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-07-11T17:18:31.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-12T08:25:27.387" Score="0" ViewCount="1415" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one takes zinc and vitamin D then the T levels increase. &#xA;So oestrogen must decrease and thus gynecomastia goes away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gynecomastia.org/smf/index.php?topic=23533.0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; says that the breast tissues can never be dissolved even if the hormones are balanced. Is it true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13947" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:22:10.010" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T17:44:01.570" Title="Can gynecomastia breast tissues be dissolved?" Tags="&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:02:35.447" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used spoon of my friend who had h pylori infection. Can it infect me. I shared her ice cream with the spoon that she was using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14215" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:21:06.637" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:21:06.637" Title="Transmission of helicobacter pylori" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;&lt;helicobacter-pylori&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16840" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:16:04.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/gynaecomastia&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;gynaecomastia&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;gynaecomastia&lt;/a&gt; is the tag to be used for questions relating to &lt;strong&gt;enlargement of the gland tissue&lt;/strong&gt; of the male breast, or otherwise &lt;strong&gt;true glandular breast development&lt;/strong&gt; in a male.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gynaecomastia&lt;/a&gt; must be distinguished from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pseudogynaecomastia or lipomastia&lt;/a&gt;, which refers to the presence of fat deposits in the breast area of obese men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If talking about &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/pseudogynaecomastia&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;pseudogynaecomastia&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;pseudogynaecomastia&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;/questions/tagged/lipomastia&quot; class=&quot;post-tag&quot; title=&quot;show questions tagged &amp;#39;lipomastia&amp;#39;&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;lipomastia&lt;/a&gt;, which refers to the presence of fat deposits in the breast area of obese men, the relavant tag needs to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-12T16:54:29.840" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T16:54:29.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16841" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:16:04.270" Score="0" Body="Gynecomastia is enlargement of the gland tissue of the male breast, or otherwise true glandular breast development in a male.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gynecomastia must be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia or lipomastia, which refers to the presence of fat deposits in the breast area of obese men.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If talking about pseudogynaecomastia or lipomastia, the relavant tag needs to be used." OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-12T16:54:20.303" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T16:54:20.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16842" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:24:46.417" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lipomastia&lt;/a&gt;, also known as &lt;strong&gt;Psuedogynecomastia&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Adipomastia&lt;/strong&gt;, is a condition defined as an excess of skin and adipose tissue in the breasts without true breast glandular tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-12T16:54:16.423" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T16:54:16.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16843" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:24:46.417" Score="0" Body="Lipomastia, also known colloquially as fatty breasts, is a condition defined as an excess of skin and adipose tissue in the breasts without true breast glandular tissue." OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-12T16:54:23.137" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T16:54:23.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-12T13:38:46.123" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching oil pulling, i.e. practice of swishing oil in mouth for several minutes to remove dental bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ancient medicine says it reduces tooth sensitivity, pain, prevents gingivitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find actual clinical studies touting the benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is what I find so far .... any guidance will be most helpful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/oil-pulling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/features/oil-pulling&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/oil-pulling-coconut-oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/oil-pulling-coconut-oil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13103" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T13:38:46.123" Title="Clinical Papers Proving Benefits of Oil Pulling" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;ancient-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16839" CreationDate="2018-07-12T17:28:32.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, you could possibly become infected through sharing utensils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;H. pylori is commonly transmitted person-to-person by saliva.&lt;/strong&gt; The&#xA;  bacteria can also be spread by fecal contamination of food or water.&#xA;  In developing countries, a combination of untreated water, crowded&#xA;  conditions, and poor hygiene contributes to higher H. pylori&#xA;  prevalence. Most people become infected as children, and parents and&#xA;  siblings seem to play a primary role in transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, h. pylori is a common infection and there's about a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11218379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;50% chance&lt;/a&gt; you were already infected before you shared the spoon. It causes no symptoms in most people, so this event wasn't something you need to run to a doctor about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-07-12T17:28:32.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16849" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16853" CreationDate="2018-07-12T22:34:13.500" Score="4" ViewCount="630" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://content.dollarshaveclub.com/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-hold-in-a-fart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; link that farts can come out of your mouth. But I don't know how much I can trust the internet, and I am no expert in medicine or human health whatsoever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? And if so, can someone explain it a bit better? How can the gas go all the way up to the mouth again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14221" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T11:38:06.333" Title="Farts coming out of the mouth?" Tags="&lt;flatulence-gas-fart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="774" CreationDate="2018-07-13T00:02:00.213" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fructose does not stimulate production of incretin, which results in sweeteners with a high fructose content being metabolized differently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People taking GLP-1 agonists should avoid high levels of fructose, including the obvious - high fructose corn syrup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ref:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2012&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Burmeister, et al., Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-induced anorexia requires glucose&#xA;metabolism-mediated suppression of AMPK and is impaired by central fructose]  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 304: E677–E685, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00446.2012 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14222" LastEditorUserId="14222" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T04:13:58.360" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T04:13:58.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-13T05:17:05.537" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;tow day ago I kissed the lips of my gf and licked her throat. she had no sore on her face or throat.also I touched her pussy for a sex with my finger because it was very wet i pull it back.if she has syphilis is it possible that I might be infected?I am so worried please help me&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14224" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T15:35:35.623" Title="Can syphilis be transmitted by kissing the lips, licking the throat, touching vagina with finger?" Tags="&lt;syphilis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-07-13T18:16:29.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16849" CreationDate="2018-07-13T10:29:43.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The linked &lt;a href=&quot;https://content.dollarshaveclub.com/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-hold-in-a-fart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article's&lt;/a&gt; title and subtitle are in contradiction with the article's content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The title and subtitle say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR BODY WHEN YOU HOLD IN A FART...If you&#xA;  keep one inside too long, it can bubble up to your mouth instead...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the text says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...gas literally bubbling up from your intestines and coming out as a&#xA;  burp...That’s because, at this point in the digestive process, the gas&#xA;  is still much closer to your mouth than your anus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gas discussed above is the gas in the first part of the small intestine (just after the stomach). When this gas comes out from the mouth it is called a burp and when it comes out from the anus, it's called a fart or flatulence. So, it's not even theoretically possible that a fart comes out of your mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The subtitle of the article claims that holding a fart can result in gas coming out of your mouth. This is not likely. You can voluntary hold in a fart only at the level of the anus, and once gas reaches the anus it will not travel all the way back to the mouth. The same way, if you hold in the stool, it won't come out of your mouth. Gases and other bowel contents can probably flow backward only from the stomach and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). For example, the bile from the duodenum can &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321083.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;appear in the vomit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you hold a fart, some gas will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK417/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;absorbed&lt;/a&gt; in the large intestine and some will be eventually released. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gas that comes out of your mouth during burping (belching) can be swallowed air or it can originate from fermentation of nutrients by microbes in the stomach or small intestine. The gas that comes out of the anus (flatulence) originates from fermentation in the large intestine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frequent burping can occur due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Swallowing air during eating or smoking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drinking carbonated beverages&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chewing gum or eating foods high in sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol or xylitol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acid reflux&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;H. pylori infection of the stomach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934501/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fructose malabsorption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactose intolerance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infestation with intestinal parasites, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.giassoc.org/giardiasis.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Giardia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/gastroparesis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impaired stomach emptying (gastroparesis)&lt;/a&gt;, for example, as a complication of diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gas-and-gas-pains/in-depth/gas-and-gas-pains/art-20044739&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/what-can-i-do-about-excessive-belching-and-feeling-full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T11:38:06.333" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T11:38:06.333" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16855" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16873" CreationDate="2018-07-13T12:31:37.820" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that a prion is a misfolded protein. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a discussion with someone who said that the addition of certain atoms to a protein could cause it to become misfolded. I don't doubt that that is true. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding, however, was that a protein with other atoms added to it would be not be called a prion, even if it was folded differently. &#xA;That is, my understanding was that the term &quot;prion&quot; is used for a protein that is different from a normal protein only by virtue of its folding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone here clarify which view of the term &quot;prion&quot; is correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14228" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-13T12:47:17.847" LastActivityDate="2018-07-15T09:28:33.423" Title="Are prions only misfolded, or mutated as well?" Tags="&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16851" CreationDate="2018-07-13T15:35:35.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Syphilis is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. Chancres can occur on or around the external genitals, in the vagina, around the anus , or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. Transmission of syphilis can occur during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See more here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13888" LastActivityDate="2018-07-13T15:35:35.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16861" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17727" CreationDate="2018-07-13T21:29:33.617" Score="9" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a dog bites a person, why is it necessary to take about 5 injections or needles? Why not just one big injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they all have the same medicine? Or does each one have its own medicine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the time between them important? I see on the internet different periods such as (the first one should be taken immediately, the second one is after 3 days, then once per week) and you can find other different sequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The immediate vaccine is &lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/health/travel-vaccinations-leaflet/rabies-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;human rabies-specific immunoglobulin (HRIG)&lt;/a&gt; and this explains the first shot. Vaccination is also for Rabies, Tetanus, and maybe some other bacteria. For me, this means one or two more injections. One for Rabies and Tetanus and One for the other bacteria or whatever the combination is. This is a total of 3 injections including the immediate one. So why the 5 injections? I mean what could be the other diseases/bacteria? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is it possible to take all the vaccines through one big shot?&lt;/em&gt; I know it depends on the amount/size of each vaccine. Or maybe it is required to wait for a few days to reduce the side effects or whatever the reason is, right? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Why-is-a-rabies-vaccine-a-single-shot-for-dogs-but-a-multi-course-ordeal-for-people-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This source compares dog vaccine to human vaccine so it's not that related and I can't find useful sources.&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;I'm not talking about inventing new techniques like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090918181532.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;. I just wonder why don't we combine/mix the 5 or 6 injections together.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thehealthorange.com/stay-happy/holistic-living/rabies-vaccination-happens-miss-injection/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The number of injections vary from one case to another&lt;/a&gt;. That's why I think that only the first injection has a different solution but the other successive injections have the same solution/medicine, right? At the same time, some sources say these successive injections are different because they are for different medicines like Tetanus...etc. So I got confused.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I knew the answer to the third question. Yes, the time is important and a delay of 1 to 2 days is considered acceptable as your antibody levels will still be high enough to fight off an infection. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-01-17T22:43:52.493" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T22:43:52.493" Title="After a dog bite, why are vaccines given in multiple injections rather than a single injection containing multiple vaccines?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;&lt;tetanus-shot&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16863" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16871" CreationDate="2018-07-13T23:48:34.087" Score="5" ViewCount="252" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any current cure for diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9637" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-04-06T04:32:52.997" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T04:52:15.653" Title="Is there any cure for type 2 diabetes?" Tags="&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-14T00:01:12.010" Score="5" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;For individuals with heavy flow, menstruation can be extremely taxing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there ways of managing duration and heaviness of the menstruation? &#xA;I know that ibuprofen is prescribed, but how about other medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's a finite amount of tissue to shed within the uterus, then it would seem that speeding up the sloughing or shedding process would reduce the menstruation period.  But I am not sure how hormones play a role in this and if they purely dictate the process or if perhaps the hormones respond to the uterine waste that needs to be removed.  (Chicken and egg scenario.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the menstrual cycle be managed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T21:20:18.663" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T21:06:39.440" Title="Is menstruation manageable?" Tags="&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-14T02:28:57.970" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question edited as per advice. When prescribing eyeglasses, is there an aspect of balance between magnification and astigmatism correction? should the magnification strength be reduced when increasing the astigmatism correction or are these two issue unrelated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14234" LastEditorUserId="14234" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T10:21:48.647" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T10:21:48.647" Title="Eyeglass prescription" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15475" CreationDate="2018-07-14T11:00:48.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking for type 1 diabetes, and supposing that a patient has exited his/her &quot;Honeymoon&quot; phase, the timespan before accusing severe symptoms (hypo/hyperglycemia) is very short and highly depending on &lt;strong&gt;what it is being eaten&lt;/strong&gt; and on the &lt;strong&gt;physical activity&lt;/strong&gt; done.&lt;br&gt; There are several indicators that could raise red flags, like: &lt;strong&gt;drinking a high amount of water&lt;/strong&gt; (5-6 to 9-10 litres per day) with the consequent high frequency of urinating (a symptom of hyperglycemia), the &lt;strong&gt;need of eating voraciously&lt;/strong&gt; and with more quantities (a symptom of hypoglycemia), and so on. &lt;br&gt; &#xA;The fastest way to detect whether or not these symptoms are related to diabetes is with a simple finger stick blood sugar test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Symptoms&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/blood-glucose/honeymoon-phase.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Honeymoon period&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastEditorUserId="7307" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T11:47:55.723" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T11:47:55.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16863" CreationDate="2018-07-14T13:45:01.453" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes and no. &lt;br&gt;Type 2 Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which a person’s body still produces insulin but is unable to use it effectively. Reversing Type 2 Diabetes is more &lt;strong&gt;a factor of improving the insulin resistance levels in the long term&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;It depends on several factors whether or not is feasible to reverse the pathology, one among them is the duration of the T2D. Besides that, you can accomplish the reversal by improving your eating habits, your level of physical activity and your general lifestyle habits. There is no medicine that will reverse this pathology. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with metformin, which is a treatment and not a cure.  &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Reaching an &lt;strong&gt;HbA1c below 6%&lt;/strong&gt; without hypoglycemic drugs could be considered as a reversal of the pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/reversing-diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reverse Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jdrf.ca/news-and-media/fact-sheets/about-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248697/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24959782&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet in Type 2 Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T13:45:01.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-14T15:13:49.397" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify, by a low carb diet, I do not mean ketosis, which is a very low carb diet (&amp;lt;20g per day). During ketosis, you don't need glucose as your primary source of fuel; it is rather the ketones that fuel you. Ketones, especially, BHB are muscle-preserving. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now on to the actual question: Since low carb diets don't activate ketone production, the body most likely burns off the small glycogen storage that you have on when you do heavy resistance training or high intensity workouts.&#xA;Thus the next alternative for providing fuel is gluconeogensis, the formation of glucose from proteins. Now assuming that you are eating adequate amounts of protein based on your activity level, will your body breakdown the protein that you consume first, or will your body break down your own muscle tissue first in order to initiate gluconeogenesis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8169" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T15:13:49.397" Title="Does your body break down dietary protein before muscle tissue on low-carb diets?" Tags="&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16873" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16855" CreationDate="2018-07-14T15:38:43.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a little unclear what you mean by &amp;quot;protein with other atoms added to it&amp;quot;   -- are you referring to a prion protein that's become mutated by a genetic polymorphism, or a non-prion protein that has been become misfolded and whether this misfolding now makes it a prion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, I believe that the answer is the same. My understanding is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Prions can have a normal or abnormal conformation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A prion is a 30­kD cytoplasmic protein of a specific type that's normally present in neurons. The term &lt;em&gt;prion&lt;/em&gt; can either be used to refer to the normal protein, or one with the misfold. The nuances are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prion proteins (PrP) normally exist in an α­-helix­-containing isoform (PrP^c).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The PrP can undergo a conformational change to an abnormal β­-pleated sheet isoform (PrP^sc, for scrapie).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This conformational change makes it resistant to digestion with proteases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prion disease will manifest as the PrP^Sc accumulates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when people refer to prions, they usually mean the misfolded PrP^Sc conformation, which causes prion disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Mutations increase the likelihood of a conformational changes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a good section in &lt;em&gt;Robbins and Cotran&lt;/em&gt; relating to how mutations in the prion can trigger spontaneous conformational changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The  &lt;strong&gt;conformational change resulting in PrPsc may occur&#xA;spontaneously at an extremely low rate (resulting in&#xA;sporadic cases) or at a higher rate if various mutations&#xA;are present in PrPc&lt;/strong&gt;, such as occurs in familial forms of&#xA;Creutzfeldt­Jakob disease (CJD) and in Gerstmann­&#xA;Sträussler­Scheinker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial&#xA;insomnia (FFI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These conformational changes will in turn cause more conformational changes in a self-propagating manner:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PrPsc, independent of the means by which&#xA;it originates, then facilitates, in a cooperative fashion, the&#xA;conversion of other PrPc molecules to PrPsc molecules. &lt;strong&gt;It is&#xA;this propagation of PrPsc that accounts for the transmissible&#xA;nature of prion diseases.&lt;/strong&gt; This capacity for a protein in an&#xA;abnormal conformation to induce similar structural change&#xA;in other molecules as a self=­propagating process has recently&#xA;been demonstrated for many of the aggregating proteins&#xA;associated with traditional neurodegenerative diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3Je6i.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3Je6i.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding mutations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gene encoding PrP, termed PRNP, shows a high degree of conservation across species. A variety of muta­tions in PRNP have been found to underlie familial forms of prion diseases. &lt;strong&gt;In addition, a polymorphism at codon 129 that encodes either methionine (Met) or valine (Val) influences development of the disease: individuals who are homozygous for either Met or Val are overrepresented among cases of CJD compared with the general popula­tion, implying that heterozygosity at codon 129 is protec­tive against development of the disease.&lt;/strong&gt; The same protective effect of heterozygosity at codon 129 is observed for iatrogenic CJD (mostly cases that followed exposure to naturally derived pituitary hormone replacement).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to be clear, any mutations that are relevant to the matter of prions are those that make a prion in a normal conformation switch to an abnormal one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;So in answer to the question...&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prion protein refers to a specific type of protein that can exist in a normal or abnormal conformation. If a random protein had atoms added to it and it became misfolded, it wouldn't become a prion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, polymorphisms and mutations in the prion protein can make it more susceptible to switching. So if the addition of atoms that you speak of happened to a prion and this resulted in such a switch, it would instantiate prion disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, my understanding was that the term &amp;quot;prion&amp;quot; is used for a protein&#xA;that is different from a normal protein only by virtue of its folding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're referring to can more accurately be parsed as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;strong&gt;prion disease&lt;/strong&gt; is used to refer to a a &lt;strong&gt;abnormal prion&lt;/strong&gt; that is different from a &lt;strong&gt;normal prion&lt;/strong&gt; by &lt;strong&gt;virtue of its folding&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-15T09:28:33.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16874" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16838" CreationDate="2018-07-14T17:51:44.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, it's not true that the breast tissue caused by gynecomastia can never go away. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most cases of gynecomastia regress over time without treatment.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  However, if gynecomastia is caused by an underlying condition, such as&#xA;  hypogonadism, malnutrition or cirrhosis, that condition may need&#xA;  treatment. If you're taking medications that can cause gynecomastia,&#xA;  your doctor may recommend stopping them or substituting another&#xA;  medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the first step in dealing with gynecomastia is to identify and treat the factor causing it. That may mean treating an underlying condition or it may mean stopping or changing medications. Once that's been addressed all that's needed is time, and the time needed can be measured in months or even years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the breast tissue doesn't go away despite appropriate treatment and the sufferer finds the tissue intolerable, two options remain: medication and surgery. Again, according to Mayo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Medications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medications used to treat breast cancer and other conditions, such as&#xA;  tamoxifen (Soltamox), raloxifene (Evista) and aromatase inhibitors&#xA;  (Arimidex), may be helpful for some men with gynecomastia. Although&#xA;  these medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration,&#xA;  they have not been approved specifically for this use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Surgery to remove excess breast tissue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you still have significant&#xA;  bothersome breast enlargement despite initial treatment or&#xA;  observation, your doctor may advise surgery. Two gynecomastia surgery&#xA;  options are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Liposuction&lt;/strong&gt;. This surgery removes breast fat, but not the breast gland&#xA;  tissue itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mastectomy&lt;/strong&gt;. This type of surgery removes the breast&#xA;  gland tissue. The surgery is often done endoscopically, meaning only&#xA;  small incisions are used. This less invasive type of surgery involves&#xA;  less recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-07-15T03:46:22.753" LastActivityDate="2018-07-15T03:46:22.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="797" CreationDate="2018-07-14T17:57:34.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is, at least, overly simplified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average amount of water in adipose tissue is 13%. In addition to that, it also contains approx. 3% protein. The remainder is fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lard, which should have a similar calorific value as human fat, provides ~8980 calories per kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To simplify this calculation we assume that 1 kg of protein provides 4000 calories and 1 kg of fat 9000 calories (in other words ratios of 1:4 and 1:9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average kilo of adipose tissue (fat tissue) contains 840g fat and 30g protein. Which amounts to a calorific value of 7680 calories per kilo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Translated into pounds that is 3484 calories per pound, which is pretty close to the number in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that this is based on average values that have wide ranges attached to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The water content of fat tissue can vary between ~4 and ~40% and the protein content between ~2 and ~3.5%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means the calorific value can vary &lt;strong&gt;between 5540 and 8540 calories per kilo (or 2510 and 3870 per pound)&lt;/strong&gt; of fat tissue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly, it also seems that the water content is lower for those above standard weight. So whoever needs to lose a couple of pounds because of health reasons should rather apply 3900 per pound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers are based on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/expphysiol.1962.sp001589&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;. It is a bit old but as the numbers are based on actual tissue samples, I doubt they are too far away from the truth. What might have changed is the average. At least in some countries, as obesity rates are much higher than 50 years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the water content of body fat, try a watermelon test. Replace an intake of 1000 calories with watermelon worth 500 calories. Drink as much water as you usually do. The extra water intake will most likely lead to an increase body weight on the next day, even though your calorific intake was lower. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;The above-mentioned study refers to: &quot;THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE OF MAN AND MICE.&quot; LORETTE W. THOMAS, Department of Physiology, Edinburgh University. (1962)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T19:44:03.067" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T19:44:03.067" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3765" CreationDate="2018-07-14T21:37:59.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A contact lenses fitting is more expensive than a standard vision examination for glasses.  There are several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor (Optometrist or Ophthalmologist) must measure more perimeters of the eye than for glasses.  And, they need to determine a material that performs well for the patient.  Both soft contacts and hard contacts come in wide variety of materials, not just different brand names.  Different patients do better with different materials for a variety of reasons.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor's office must supply training on the proper care of the contact lenses prescribed.  Different contact lenses materials require different solutions and disinfection techniques.  And, different patients will receive different wearing schedules.  Some may be scheduled daily wear, others extended wear.  And still others may be scheduled for continuous wear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor includes a follow-up visit(s) until the fit is a success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor's office guarantees satisfaction with the contact lenses, and may need to switch the contact lenses material, or supply a refund for the extra cost if the patient is not successfully fit.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these extra fitting costs are figured into the &quot;contact lens fitting&quot; fee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastEditorUserId="8914" LastEditDate="2018-07-14T21:43:31.600" LastActivityDate="2018-07-14T21:43:31.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16901" CreationDate="2018-07-15T19:06:33.213" Score="4" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard people say that Tylenol is safe but many of us think that its safe maybe because its easily available but, what are the risks associated with Tylenol (acetaminophen/paracetamol)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14239" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-07-15T23:15:27.287" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T02:29:22.653" Title="Why isn't Tylenol safe?" Tags="&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14378" CreationDate="2018-07-15T19:32:29.383" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I point out two websites (&lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/vitamins-for-hair-growth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-vitamins-hair-growth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) which contain a plethora of references about relationship between vitamins and hair loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/vitamins-for-hair-growth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://draxe.com/vitamins-for-hair-growth/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-vitamins-hair-growth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-vitamins-hair-growth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-07-15T19:32:29.383" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-15T23:09:16.540" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which should we prefer to feel less bloated: kale, cabbage, spinach, brussels sprout, celery, or avocado? &#xA;Is there a bloating scale for them ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T10:25:53.060" Title="Which of these vegetables are less bloating?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;vegetarianism&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;bloated-bloating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16888" CreationDate="2018-07-16T08:28:06.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common cause of bloating is consumption of high amount of &lt;strong&gt;soluble fiber,&lt;/strong&gt; which is fermentable by normal intestinal bacteria, which produce gas. From your list, Brussels's sprouts and avocado have more soluble fiber than kale, spinach and cabbage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other examples of foods high in soluble fiber (potentially bloating):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Legumes: beans, peas, lentils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruits: figs, eggplant, apples, pears&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cereals: barley, oats, rye&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Artichokes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sweet potatoes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/dietary-fiber-soluble-insoluble.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrientsreview.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with fructose malabsorption (which is relatively common) can experience bloating after eating foods that contain more &lt;strong&gt;fructose&lt;/strong&gt; that glucose (apples, pears, honey, beverages sweetened by HFCS, commercial foods with added &quot;fructo-oligosccarrcharids (FOS),&quot; inulin or sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uwhealth.org/healthfacts/nutrition/376.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Uwhealth.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T10:25:53.060" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T10:25:53.060" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16822" CreationDate="2018-07-16T11:45:51.550" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your experience that alcohol warms your fingers and the fact that the drug &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2076403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nifedipine&lt;/a&gt; is used in Raynaud's symptoms relief suggest that the mechanism involved in warming fingers is &lt;em&gt;vasodilation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the list of ingredients in your product, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819553&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L-theanine&lt;/strong&gt; can cause arterial vasodilation&lt;/a&gt; and could therefore be theoretically responsible for symptoms relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caffeine&lt;/strong&gt; can have a vasoconstricting effect, but, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-treatment-of-the-raynaud-phenomenon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;its xanthine-related properties may result in systemic vasodilation,&quot; which may result in fingers warming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not found any credible medical source that would suggest either L-theanine or caffeine for treatment of Raynaud's, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Melatonin&lt;/strong&gt; can also have a vasodilating effect (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044053/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When ingested as a supplement in humans, melatonin enhances the&#xA;  cutaneous vasodilating response during heating and blunts the&#xA;  cutaneous vasoconstrictor response during cooling. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-19T09:39:26.440" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T09:39:26.440" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-16T13:29:25.677" Score="4" ViewCount="300" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a couple of things claiming that allowing your pasta to cool and then reheating it significantly changes its glycemic index resulting in a much lower blood sugar spike after eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds too good to be true to me, I enjoy eating pasta and would choose to eat it on a more regular basis if it was less likely to result in that 'post-lunch tiredness' due to no sugar crash. Also, considering my day job is sitting at a desk all day, would this likely aid weight loss (or rather, reduce weight gain)? Is this a big deal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/heating-your-pasta-makes-it-significantly-better-for-you&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/heating-your-pasta-makes-it-significantly-better-for-you&lt;/a&gt; - also I've been reading the book 'The clever guts diet' by the same author.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13236" LastEditorUserId="13236" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T13:36:45.507" LastActivityDate="2018-10-14T18:00:38.120" Title="Reheated pasta GI difference" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16897" CreationDate="2018-07-16T14:30:10.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens during cooling and reaheating pasta (or other starchy foods, such as potatoes or rice) is that some starch is converted into &lt;strong&gt;resistant starch.&lt;/strong&gt; &quot;Resistant&quot; means resistant to digestion, like fiber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12244&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Resistant starch&lt;/a&gt; is less  digestible, so it results in lower glucose spikes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Replacing digestible starch with resistant starch induces a lower&#xA;  blood glucose rise after a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because it's less digestible, it also contains less calories (~2 Cal/g).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resistant starch is known for few decades, but I don't think it has became a popular way of controlling blood glucose levels or weight, at least not on medical diabetes sites...The preparation sounds complicated and there may be an issue with the taste...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One type of resistant starch is in cooled and reheated pasta; &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/4/6/587/4595564&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other types&lt;/a&gt; are in whole grain products, legumes, green bananas and in foods with added &quot;modified starch.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-16T15:42:05.040" LastActivityDate="2018-07-16T15:42:05.040" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-16T17:24:44.583" Score="4" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, people &quot;waking up&quot; from anesthesia appear to be drunk/uninhibited and also have no memory of these events. I understand that this is usually because of drugs like Midazolam or Propofol which cause amnesia among other side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously memories will not form when a patient is unconscious but when they are recovering and awake, are there any drugs that do not have an amnesiac effect? I'm also curious if there are any drugs that don't cause lowered inhibitions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14252" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:16:27.637" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:16:27.637" Title="Anesthesia without amnesia?" Tags="&lt;memory&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;benzodiazepines&gt;&lt;short-term-memory-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-08-05T14:54:58.617" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16884" CreationDate="2018-07-16T20:47:39.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main risk of Tylenol (aka acetaminophen/paracetamol) is liver damage, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm168830.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from the FDA advises: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This drug is generally considered safe when used according to the directions on its labeling. But taking more than the recommended amount can cause liver damage, ranging from abnormalities in liver function blood tests, to acute liver failure, and even death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liver damage may take awhile to develop:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;You may not notice the signs and symptoms of liver damage right away because they take time to appear. Or, you may mistake early symptoms of liver damage (for example, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting) for something else, like the flu. Liver damage can develop into liver failure or death over several days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_acetaminophen_tylenol/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt; recommends the maximum dosage as 3250 mg (3.250 grams) per day, which is pretty much in line with everything else I've read.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;As I said in comments, nearly all drugs have some sort of side effects. That said, acetaminophen appears to be safe when taken as directed. While taking acetaminophen, you need to pay close attention to any other medications you may be taking that may include acetaminophen, such as cough and cold remedies. You also need to be careful that you're not taxing your liver with other things like alcohol.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Edit:&lt;/b&gt; In response to comments:&lt;br&gt;The aforementioned link to RxList also advises that up to 4 grams per day may be taken&lt;b&gt; under the care of a healthcare professional&lt;/b&gt;, who will, presumably, monitor your hepatic function. Do not take this dose unless you are under the care of said professional! This statement in no way endorses this dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2018-07-30T22:55:51.330" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T22:55:51.330" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16906" CreationDate="2018-07-17T03:45:35.260" Score="3" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's ridiculous: on some websites I see info that it is low fructose and on the other it is high fructose (not even moderate).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wch.sa.gov.au/services/az/other/nutrition/documents/Low_fructose_factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; for example it goes as high in fructose.&#xA;And &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;q=low%20fructose%20fruits&amp;amp;meta=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; it goes as low.&#xA;Are there known reliable source ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T10:23:06.327" Title="Is Kiwi low or high fructose?" Tags="&lt;data&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16903" CreationDate="2018-07-17T08:42:38.987" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1934/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt; (data from US Department of Agriculture - USDA.gov), 100 g of kiwi fruit contains &lt;strong&gt;4.4 g fructose&lt;/strong&gt; and 4.1 g glucose. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wch.sa.gov.au/services/az/other/nutrition/documents/Low_fructose_factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wch.sa.gov.au&lt;/a&gt; site in the question lists kiwi as high in fructose based on their criteria (2.5-5% of fructose = high). But they also say it has a favorable fructose/glucose ratio, so it will be &quot;better tolerated&quot; by individuals with fructose malabsorption (FM).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with FM are advised to avoid fructose, but it is not really the absolute amount of fructose, but a high fructose/glucose (F/G) ratio that is problematic. F/G ratio for kiwi fruit is 1.07, which is similar to sucrose (F/G = 1), which &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471321/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;should cause no problems&lt;/a&gt;, because &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wch.sa.gov.au/services/az/other/nutrition/documents/Low_fructose_factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;every molecule of glucose helps to absorb one molecule of fructose&lt;/a&gt;. For comparison, &lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apples&lt;/a&gt;, which are known to trigger bloating and diarrhea in individuals with FM, have 5.9 g of fructose/100 g, and a high F/G ratio: 2.45.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The actual F/G ratio in a certain kiwi fruit may vary due to the kiwi variety, season, ripeness, etc. On the end, you need to rely on your own experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-18T10:23:06.327" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T10:23:06.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-17T14:23:59.760" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard people say that pregnancy is somehow dangerous for a woman.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that you can get high blood pressure, and gestational diabetes but that's usually among obese women. The conditions are also temporary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know that during childbirth there can be complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly is being pregnant bad for your health? It's a natural and normal biological process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's focus on recent stats and healthy women between ages 20-35 who are not obese and don't have any pre-existing medical conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastEditorUserId="13588" LastEditDate="2018-07-18T08:52:59.790" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T08:52:59.790" Title="Is there any truth to the claim that pregnancy is somehow a health risk to women?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16909" CreationDate="2018-07-17T18:45:42.397" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;14 in every 100 000 pregnancies are fatal for the mother&lt;/a&gt;. While this may not seem much, consider the following graphic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4rvQO.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4rvQO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;In picture B and D the blue bars indicate deaths due to pregnancies. While those numbers have decreased since 1990, in 2010 they still accounted for a large proportion of deaths of women in that age group.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A selection of problems that can occur during a pregnancy (not ranked in any way)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infections (due to open wounds during labor and birth)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thrombosis (due to immovability)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anemia (low count of red blood cells)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart failures (due to the strain put on the heart)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During a pregnancy, the woman's body supplies both the foetus and the mother with oxygen, blood and food. This puts a lot of strain on the organism. While humans are built so that they can handle it, it does increase the risks of the above and many more problems, so that pregnancy indeed is a risk factor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-07-17T18:45:42.397" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-18T07:58:29.647" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://newgrip.com/blogs/wrist-support/newgrip-wrist-support-for-fcu-tendinitis-relief-from-chronic-wrist-pain-and-strain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://newgrip.com/blogs/wrist-support/newgrip-wrist-support-for-fcu-tendinitis-relief-from-chronic-wrist-pain-and-strain&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170702154245/https://newgrip.com/blogs/wrist-support/newgrip-wrist-support-for-fcu-tendinitis-relief-from-chronic-wrist-pain-and-strain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NewGrip Wrist Support Wraps help eliminate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;FCU Tendinitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chronic Wrist Swelling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Onset carpal tunnel issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Wrist Hyper-extension&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iSj4z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iSj4z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do wrist supports promote healing for flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-07-18T07:58:29.647" Title="Do wrist supports promote healing for flexor carpi ulnaris tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20477" CreationDate="2018-07-18T18:32:34.860" Score="3" ViewCount="144" Body="&lt;h3&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there is any difference in the types of receptors that exist for muscles vs connective tissue. I ask because I compete in sports where I definitely strain/injure muscle, and I also occasionally strain/injure tendons, and the pain feels completely different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscle pain is sharp, immediate and activates when I move the injured muscle, and makes the area sore to the touch (e.g. I try to massage it). As soon as I stop moving or touching the muscle the pain is gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tendon pain is radiating, burning &quot;toothache-like&quot; throbbing pain that sets in and becomes inflammed about 2 or 3 minutes after I move the area that is injured and sustains for several minutes thereafter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm an armwrestler (&lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt; its a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.walunderground.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;real thing&lt;/a&gt; :-) ). Before that I played racquetball very competitively, and before that I was a gym rat/wannabe powerlifter, and in high school I was an alpine ski racer. I've also played soccer, baseball, football and for a short while wrestled in junior high. I've been in the gym pretty much my whole life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can say that no sport inflicts as much &lt;em&gt;unique&lt;/em&gt; pain on the body as armwrestling. With armwrestling, after a single practice, your arms are throbbing; we call it the &quot;&lt;strong&gt;toothache pain&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; because it feels just like the stabbing, throbbing pain you get from a bad toothache. Except instead of just a single, localized area (like a single tooth), its a deep, burning throbbing that starts in your shoulders and goes all the way down to your wrists. On both arms. For about 2 hours. Then it takes about 7 - 10 days to heal and not flare up again, and then you can go back to practice again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a much different type of pain than the typical muscle soreness you get from gym lifting or even intense powerlifting. With gym lifts, even if you go extremely hard (1 rep maxes or just a few reps at very heavy weight) you'll get DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) about 48 hours later, and you'll be very sore, but no throbbing burning aching pain. It's very different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking to understand &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After talking to some more educated armwrestlers in the community, the predominant &lt;em&gt;theory&lt;/em&gt; is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gym lifting, even lifting heavy, is still a &lt;em&gt;positive&lt;/em&gt; exercise for your muscles. They contract, you lift the weight (quickly if its easy, slowly if its difficult), but your muscles are working and doing all the heavy lifting/work the entire time, throughout the entire range of motion for the exercise&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Armwrestling, on the other hand, is mostly either a &lt;em&gt;static&lt;/em&gt; or a &lt;em&gt;negative&lt;/em&gt; exercise. If you're armwrestling someone who's near your level or capability, it may take up to a minute or longer to ping them. That means your arm and wrist aren't really moving all that much: they're static/isometric and holding on for dear life, all the while your muscles are under 100% maximum strain. Watch an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lypnvG3wafw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;armwrestling video like this one&lt;/a&gt; and you'll understand why! Or, if you're going up against someone who's better than you, its a &quot;negative&quot; movement: your arm and wrist will fail against them as they pull your arm towards the pad, despite your muscles again working at 100% maximum effort.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In all cases, with armwrestling, your muscles are at 100%. They can't do any more work. They cannot contract, they're simply either holding in a locked position (static) or they are slowly failing as you begin to lose (negative).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The theory is that this is when your connective tissue (primarily tendons) takes over. Tendons hold muscle to bone. If a force is being exerted on the bone and the muscle is already at 100%, the force will start being applied moreso to the tendons that are no desperately trying to hold that muscle onto the bone and to not detach. This places enormous stress on the tendons, causing them to stretch and tear, just like muscles do when you lift weights at the gym like a normal human being.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As such the theory is that armwrestling aggravates both muscle and tendons. Since no other sport is really like this, none of us walk into the sport with tendons that are well-conditioned for it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tendons take longer to health then muscles, which is why most armwrestlers can take up to 2 weeks to fully recover from a single practice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So first, before I get onto the real core of my questions, I ask for either clarification or confirmation that my assumptions/theories are either correct, greatly misled, or somewhere in between!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But assuming I'm more or less correct so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;My Question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I'm looking to understand the fundamental difference in the &lt;em&gt;type of pain&lt;/em&gt; between armwrestling and normal gym lifting. When you exercise in a gym, your muscles get sore for a few days, heal and then you're good to go. While they're sore, it hurts to move them or exert them a lot, they can be sore or tender to the touch, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With armwrestling, its literally a burning, radiating, throbbing toothache pain up and down your whole arm for several hours after practice. And then, for the next 7 - 10 days, if you try to exert your arms by any real amount (you have to shovel snow, mow your lawn, go swimming, etc.) the throbbing comes right back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My theory is that there might be different types of pain receptors (&quot;&lt;em&gt;nociceptor&lt;/em&gt;&quot;?) in the tendons and ligaments in your arms that are activated when injuries to your connective tissue occurs, and that perhaps the brain is just trained to interpret these receptors firing as a throbbing pain. Whatever pain you feel when you get a bad toothache might also be activated by similar receptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical credence to this theory? If so, can someone explain it more in depth or point me to some decent reading? And if my theories are total junk, can you offer anything to replace it with? Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14269" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:15:21.193" LastActivityDate="2019-11-22T19:01:48.687" Title="Different types of nociceptors in muscle vs connective tissue?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;nociceptor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16918" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-18T22:52:23.430" Score="10" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard many times that drinking cold water when you are warm is not an effective way to cool down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common supposed reason that I have heard is that the body needs to spend a considerable amount of energy to warm up the water because the cold water initially cools down your body very locally. The net effect should therefore be that your body gets cooler from room temperature water than cold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true or just bogus? Is cold or warm water best when you are hot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14272" LastEditorUserId="14272" LastEditDate="2018-08-10T12:29:45.947" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T19:00:05.690" Title="Is it ineffective to drink cold water to cool down when you are warm?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-19T02:03:27.620" Score="7" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time that I look up breastfeeding benefits for the mom I get these main 3 along with others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased chance of breast cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased chance of ovarian cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decreased chance of osteoporosis(put another way, increased bone density)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems counter intuitive though, not the cancer protection but the osteoporosis protection. Your body takes calcium from your bones when calcium is in increased demand. Typically a mom won't eat enough calcium to prevent this bone breakdown. In pregnant women this is significant because you have an unborn baby inside you whose bones are being ossified. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it would seem to me that breastfeeding would also increase the bodily demand for calcium because an ounce of breastmilk contains 10 mg of calcium and a breastfeeding woman can produce up to a liter of breastmilk a day. That is 33.814 ounces or 338 mg of calcium for enough breastmilk to feed the mom's baby/babies. That is a lot of calcium just for breastfeeding. Not to mention that the needed intake for anyone between 18-50 is 1000 mg of calcium. This means with the calcium needed for breastmilk production, you get a net intake of around 750 mg of calcium. That is a net deficiency so you get bone breakdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it would make sense then that the ideal calcium intake for a breastfeeding woman would be 1350 mg of calcium due to the amount of calcium in breastmilk and the fact that a woman can produce up to a liter of breastmilk in 1 day. That way you don't end up with bone breakdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if up to 338 mg of calcium goes into making breastmilk, why do breastfeeding women with an intake of 1000 mg of calcium which is what is needed for the average 18-50 year old human, not get osteoporosis but instead increased bone density? Do oxytocin and prolactin somehow divert more calcium towards bone(like do they increase active vitamin D levels) to offset the fact that about a third of the calcium that is needed is diverted to the breasts for milk production?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because I don't see how you could possibly end up with an increase in bone density when 1/3 of your required calcium is diverted into breastmilk for the baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1500" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:14:04.843" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T23:07:57.593" Title="How does breastfeeding protect the mother's bones?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4297" CreationDate="2018-07-19T05:43:05.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Safety of Loperamide&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Loperamide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/loperamide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anti-diarrhoea medication such as Dioraleze or Imodium&lt;/a&gt;) is often the go-to treatment for diarrhoea.  As the medication only acts on the digestive tract, there appears to be little risk associated with long-term or frequent use of Loperamide, and the medication is considered to be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-safe-is-imodium-1945154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relatively safe, well-tolerated option for dealing with diarrhoea.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are precautions to be followed however, if you take them long term &lt;strong&gt;and/or suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A prescription is required for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a child under 12 years old&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a child aged 12 to 17 years old with IBS or long lasting diarrhoea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an adult aged 18 years and older with long lasting diarrhoea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Precautions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/loperamide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amongst other precautions&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do not take any more Loperamide and drink plenty of water if you become &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/constipation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;constipated&lt;/a&gt;.  If you are told to take Loperamide long-term, wait for the constipation to go before taking more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do not take more than the recommended amount. Too much loperamide can cause serious heart problems (including a fast or irregular heartbeat).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You must never take Loperamide for more than 48 hours &lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/loperamide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;without seeking advice from your doctor or gastroenterologist.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Seek medical advice if you have blood in your poo and/or a temperature (more than 38&amp;deg;C).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;People who suffer from IBD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://patients.gi.org/topics/inflammatory-bowel-disease/#tabs2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is different to IBS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should not take Loperamide without permission from your doctor. The use of anti-diarrhea medications such as Imodium places IBD patients at risk for the development of &lt;a href=&quot;http://aia5.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;gid=000248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toxic megacolon&lt;/a&gt;, a potentially life-threatening disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Sources&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aia5.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;gid=000248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A.D.A.M.: &quot;Toxic Megacolon.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://patients.gi.org/topics/inflammatory-bowel-disease/#tabs2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American College of Gastroenterology : &quot;IBD.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/loperamide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS : &quot;Imodium (Loperamide)&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-safe-is-imodium-1945154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VeryWell Health: &quot;Imodium (Loperamide)&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-26T08:03:04.570" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T08:03:04.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16921" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16928" CreationDate="2018-07-19T06:21:27.360" Score="3" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the following image from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacy2u.co.uk/loperamide-2mg-tablets-p10959.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacy2u&lt;/a&gt;, this box of Loperamide Tablets is POM (See the POM in a rectangle on the left).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M9bh0.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M9bh0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://goo.gl/images/8yWgB2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image from Pharmacy2u&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you consider that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this box of 2mg Loperamide Tablets costs private prescription holders 10p&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;patients in the UK have to pay the pharmacy the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/Healthcosts/Pages/Prescriptioncosts.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;standard NHS prescription charge&lt;/a&gt; if the prescription is an NHS prescription (£8.80 per pack)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it costs about £2.50 here in the UK for Imodium capsules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;both have 2mg Loperamide and no other active ingredients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you can split tablets for 1mg doses for better dosage control but you cannot split capsules&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why would the tablets be POM medication when Imodium capsules are considered safe as OTC medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Definitions within this question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;POM:&lt;/strong&gt; Prescription Only Medication&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;OTC:&lt;/strong&gt; Over The Counter Medication sold without need of prescription&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T13:01:05.060" Title="Loperamide POM Medication" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-19T09:21:27.897" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I seem to have my blood vessels closer to skin than most people. They are clearly visible on my legs, arms, etc, and I get bruises extremelly easily. I must have inherited that from my mom, who now has problems with varicose veins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also sensitive to cold: get cold faster than most people despite being from the north. And extreme heat has been causing me problems as well: get headaches from sauna/hot tubs or from doing physical exercise in the sun. Recently I don't seem to be able to hike a mountain without a headache afterwards even on a moderatelly warm day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, could my sensitivity to cold/warm temperatures be related to my blood vessels being so close to the skin? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11341" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T09:21:27.897" Title="Does having blood vessels close to skin increase sensitivity to heat/cold?" Tags="&lt;heat&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-19T11:18:35.477" Score="1" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bar exercises such as pull-ups, toes-to-bar etc. usually cause skin calluses on one's hand, just below the place where the fingers are connected to the hand, e.g.:&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xdXujm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xdXujm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;picture&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the skin in these areas hardens, but if you let it rest for a few days, these calluses disappear and the skin returns (more or less) to its original softness and flexibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've noticed that if the tough skin is torn in such a way that it becomes sort of &quot;skin flap&quot; (i.e. attached to the palm only on one side of the callus), then it remains hard and does not revert to its original softness, until it falls off. &lt;strong&gt;Why is that? What makes a flap of skin to toughen irreversibly?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T11:18:35.477" Title="Why do skin calluses not heal sometimes and remain tough until they fall off?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;calluses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16995" CreationDate="2018-07-19T17:05:42.847" Score="6" ViewCount="708" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Zimnitsky Urine Test (Проба по Зимницкому) is a test used in Russia to assess the kidneys' capacity for concentration of urine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://okeydoctors.com/en/advices/302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's&lt;/a&gt; one English-language description (choose &quot;select all&quot; because some of the text is the same color with the background). Here's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.minclinic.ru/lab/lab_eng/ren-functional_eng.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another&lt;/a&gt; English-language description. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient's urine is collected over a period of 24 hours in 8 different containers (one container for each 3-hour period), and then the samples from each of the containers are passed to the testing facility, along with the info on the amount of urine passed during each of these 3-hour periods, and the amount of liquid consumed over the day. As I understand, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific gravity&lt;/a&gt; is calculated for each period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it used at all in the West? In Wikipedia, only the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Russian-language article&lt;/a&gt; exists for this kind of test. Why is that so?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recall that it was quite a chore to collect urine in these 8 jars when I was in a hospital with diabetes. Maybe some other test(s) are used instead of it in the West?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. It is still used in Russia. I don't think it's used for blood sugar assessment, I think it's more for the assessment of kidney function. I don't know much about kidney function or its assessment, and a doctor recently advised me to take this test because my urine had an extremely low specific gravity, so I started reading up. I wanted to read up on this in English, because there's usually more in-depth info on tests and their interpretation in English, but to my amazement I only found information in Russian, so I asked this question here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-07-20T12:27:37.820" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T15:49:05.843" Title="Is the Zimnitsky Urine Test used in the West at all? What tests are used instead?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16926" CreationDate="2018-07-19T19:46:15.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For diabetes, it is important to control glucose levels. This can easily be done (to a varying degree of accuracy) by checking the urine for glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urine tests were once the main type of testing used to measure glucose levels in people who potentially had diabetes. However, they are less common now that blood tests have become more accurate and easier to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine#purpose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, blood sugar is simply determined by a blood test (and a lab isn't even needed, glucose meters can measure on the spot), and so the extensive urine test is no longer required. Speaking from my limited experience, blood tests were performed every 3 hours (which is incidentally the same period you described for the Zimnitsky Test).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, urine tests are also performed if kidney failures/diseases are suspected, but I have to double-check how often. I doubt that it was on a daily basis, let alone a 3-hour basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T19:46:15.850" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16921" CreationDate="2018-07-19T20:43:04.043" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Don_S mentioned in comments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Probably the overall mass of Loperamide in the package. The POM has 60 mg total of Loperamide, while the OTC has 36 mg at most (18 capsules being the largest package size I saw for Imodium). I don't know what is the mass threshold between POM and OTC medications in the UK, but it's probably between those two numbers (perhaps even closer to 36 mg total weight). Sometimes the decision between POM and OTC is the toxicological potential if someone accidentally (or not) swallows the entire package at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one possible explanation for the general case. But for example in my jurisdiction 200mg pack of acetylcysteine powder is POM and 600mg tablet is OTC, giving a massively larger dose for the OTC variant. There are certainly some idiosyncrasies to observe. In this case: there is something else at work here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, Imodium is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/international/loperamide.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brand name&lt;/a&gt; and those are usually quite a bit more expensive when compared to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;generics&lt;/a&gt; like the one you linked to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there we get closer to the nature of this beast:     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS is great service provider and quite tough negotiating with pharmaceutical companies over the prices for drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2018-02/March%202018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AMENDMENTS TO THE DRUG TARIFF – March 2018 – For the UK, March 2018&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;  Basic prices of drugs lists loperamide in  &quot;Part VIIIA&quot; on page 204&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You already mentioned the price. That's the reason. If needed for prescriptions, you&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; get the NHS negotiated rebate for the drug in its cheap generic form. Without that prescription the manufacturer of the brand name drug is free to charge what he thinks he can get away with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to turn that around, you need a prescription to get the cheaper drug which is subsidised. It's  not about the ingredients or the dangers. It's poltics of price and availability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a culture of secrecy and shame concerning primary care rebate schemes but there are really no good reasons why they should not be adopted in the NHS.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  A robustly administered rebate scheme will not have any impact on clinical decision making in the local NHS and can only support the legal requirement for PCTs to make arrangements which are “necessary and expedient” to supply medicines to patients, according to the NHS Act 2006 and the NHS (Pharmaceutical Services) Regulations 2012. As Paul Jerram, head of medicines management at the former Isle of Wight PCT, put it: “As I help GPs manage a budget which is public money I believe that I am ethically obliged to source at the best price. Therefore … I have to support rebates.”&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  However, in practical terms, NHS bodies are not always willing to consider pharmaceutical industry rebate schemes. Some are concerned that participation in a rebate scheme may undermine their credibility as a healthcare body. Others will not enter rebate schemes because of the generic prescribing agenda in the NHS in general.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  For example, some rebate schemes will not be recommended by prescribing optimisation service PrescQIPP because they might advocate branded prescribing, even in cases where branded prescribing is clinically appropriate. Some will claim that rebates are at odds with local formulary and guidance recommendations.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/comment/primary-care-rebate-schemes-win-win-partnerships-for-industry-and-the-nhs/11121787.article?firstPass=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stephen Goundrey-Smith: &quot;Primary care rebate schemes: win-win partnerships for industry and the NHS&quot;, The Pharmaceutical Journal 29 MAY 2013&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or:   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Appendix 1: DH view on Rebate schemes: an extract from an email sent to colleagues on the UK Pharmaceutical Advisors Group November 2012&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;The Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS)&lt;/strong&gt; is the UK-wide voluntary scheme agreed between Government and the Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry to control the prices of branded medicines supplied to the NHS. Under the terms of the 2009 PPRS agreement (see paragraph 3.4 of the agreement), it states that the Department of Health does not support additional or alternative initiatives by health authorities in respect of the pricing of branded medicines in primary care.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The pricing arrangements under the 2009 PPRS aim to secure value for money for the NHS whilst providing companies with the right incentives to invest in new and effective medicines for the future. The Department's concern is that local rebate schemes potentially undermine the PPRS pricing arrangements but also, it is possible that companies will seek to make good lost revenues from rebate schemes elsewhere, for example by increasing the wholesale price on other medicines or not offering as much discount to community pharmacies. Both of these scenarios could have implications for the community pharmacy contractual framework funding arrangements or lead to higher growth in the NHS drugs bill.&#xA;  In view of this, Primary Care Organisations (PCO) should look critically at the wider ramifications of any potential rebate schemes on NHS budgets and future NHS service provision before entering into local agreements.&#xA;  The PPRS does not extend to non-branded medicines or other items which may be prescribed on the NHS; this includes POM medicines. Depending upon the detail of the rebate scheme, it will be important to consider other relevant issues. If a company is offering an arrangement that is of added value to a PCO, for example, it supports implementation of one of the PCO’s prescribing policies, or optimises patient’s use of their medicines, there may be a benefit.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://test.bathandnortheastsomersetccg.nhs.uk/assets/uploads/2015/10/3.2-Pharmaceutical-Rebates-Scheme-Board-5-Nov-2015-141015vr1-JH.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmaceutical Rebate Schemes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &quot;You&quot; in this context means someone looking at the database of prices, this is not necessarily the patient in general. It is the cost incurring for the system, that is here: the NHS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-07-26T13:01:05.060" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T13:01:05.060" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16929" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-19T20:58:09.360" Score="1" ViewCount="271" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inspired by this tale - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JUST+ONE+CUP+OF+WATER+COULD+KILL+LITTLE+HEIDI%3B+Girl%27s+deadly+allergy...-a061152595&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JUST+ONE+CUP+OF+WATER+COULD+KILL+LITTLE+HEIDI%3B+Girl%27s+deadly+allergy...-a061152595&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say someone is so allergic to H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O that a sip of water will send them into anaphylactic shock, (requiring a shot of adrenaline every time they take a sip of water) and if they get IV'd with a drip, they react to the water being injected into their body (such as is the case with the link I posted above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not talking about a mere skin irritation that isn't actually an allergy (Aquagenic Urticaria - which doesn't affect drinking as it's a skin condition only), I'm talking a full on potentially life threatening allergy to the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O molecule when it is ingested as well like in the story above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, every time the mast cell immunoglobulins (located outside of the cell, along its surface) saw H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O molecules, it'd cause the mast cells to degranulate and release histamine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it plausible that a person would live so long as to get a news article made about them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14278" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-19T22:00:32.283" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T22:37:46.300" Title="How long would someone be able to live if they suddenly became allergic to water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16929" CreationDate="2018-07-19T22:37:46.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the rarity of the condition, pathogenesis is poorly understood. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.237&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aung, Montelibano, &amp;amp; Zin (2017)&lt;/a&gt;, water may act as a solvent in aquagenic urticaria, solubilizing an antigen that permeates the skin and activates dermal mast cells. It is also possible that water may interact with sebum to form a substance capable of acting as a direct mast cell degranulator. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it plausible that a person would live so long as to get a news article made about them?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a recent paper I found (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/allergolint/67/2/67_295/_pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fukumoto, et al. 2018&lt;/a&gt;) which might shed some light on the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper discussed an 8-year-old girl who suffered a history of shortness of breath, syncope and urticaria induced by cold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Treatment of AU remains a discussion. Although AU has been reportedly mediated in both a histamine-dependent and independent manner, antihistamines have been recommended as the first-line treatment. Barrier creams, ultraviolet radiation monotherapy, and ultraviolet therapy in combination with anti-histamines are also reported treatments for AU. The patient's condition has been successfully controlled with loratadine. This result supports the hypothesis that histamine is involved in AU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aung, T., Montelibano, L., &amp;amp; Zin, K. (2017). P184 Aquagenic urticaria. &lt;em&gt;Annals of Allergy, Asthma &amp;amp; Immunology&lt;/em&gt;, 119(5), S49.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.237&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.237&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fukumoto, T., Ogura, K., Fukunaga, A., &amp;amp; Nishigori, C. (2018). Aquagenic urticaria: Severe extra-cutaneous symptoms following cold water exposure. &lt;em&gt;Allergology International&lt;/em&gt;, 67(2), 295-297.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2017.10.007&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.alit.2017.10.007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;Free PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/allergolint/67/2/67_295/_pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/allergolint/67/2/67_295/_pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-07-19T22:37:46.300" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16931" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16939" CreationDate="2018-07-19T23:11:56.360" Score="4" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on conventional medicine, what advice should a physician give a patient who experiences breathing difficulty during sleep that is not determined to require a CPAP machine and for which the root cause of such difficulty is determined to be the narrowing or closing of their airway during sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11501" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:13:00.873" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:13:00.873" Title="What are clinically advised methods to improve nocturnal respiration other than CPAP?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-20T00:34:39.337" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I arrived at the obgyn office, disrobed and then was told to wait 3 months before doing my next pap smear (done last October). Basically, I was rejected from my pap smear appointment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From my last pap, I discovered I have high-risk HPV.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why not do one today, and also do one in October? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11112" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:12:04.843" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:12:04.843" Title="Rejected from my pap smear appointment, 3 months early from annual checkup for HPV" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;obgyn&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16933" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16937" CreationDate="2018-07-20T04:24:49.723" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took iron supplements of 100mg ferrous ascorbate for 4 days but since day 3 I experienced black stools and strange pain during bowel movement plus got hemorrhoids so I stopped it immediately after day 4. My hemorrhoids subsided after stopping the pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was about a month ago but now when I google I read some linkage between iron supplement and cancer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321515.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321515.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I get colon cancer after taking supplements for just 4 days? I read symptoms of colon cancer and one of them is constipation I experience constipation once in a while but no blood in stools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screening for cancer is very expensive. From your experience do you think cancer could likely have happened during those 4 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14280" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T09:47:50.857" Title="Is it possible to get cancer after taking iron supplement of 100mg for 4 days" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;&lt;colon&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-07-20T22:34:45.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16931" CreationDate="2018-07-20T05:46:16.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reducing risk factors like overweight, alcohol, sedatives  and smoking is important and it can sometimes be minimized by sleeping on the side rather than supine.&#xA;But obstructive sleep apnea causes major health problems due to increased blood pressure (especially cardiovascular events like stroke or heart attacks) so CPAP should definitely be considered. Otherwise a good blood preassure control with medication (and with the lifestyle changes mentioned above) are essential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read about it in this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4549693/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and its management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a section &lt;strong&gt;Alternatives to PAP&lt;/strong&gt; which might be the most relevant for your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14261" LastEditorDisplayName="user14261" LastEditDate="2018-07-20T12:47:23.093" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T12:47:23.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-19T12:03:24.240" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the two sentences in bold contradictory? (Specially caused health conditions should include chronic and acute conditions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approximately 10 % –15 % of U.S.&#xA;(between 10 and 20 million) children are estimated&#xA;to have an ongoing physical health condition&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;(Bramlett &amp;amp; Blumberg, 2008)*. Although most of&#xA;these conditions are relatively mild and interfere little&#xA;with a child’s usual activities, at least 10 % of children&#xA;with physical illness have symptoms severe enough&#xA;to have an impact on their daily lives (Bethell, Read,&#xA;Blumberg, &amp;amp; Newacheck, 2008)**. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More than one quarter&#xA;of all U.S. children have a chronic health&#xA;condition&lt;/strong&gt;, a significant increase over the rate seen in&#xA;earlier decades, and a statistic that looms large for the&#xA;nation’s efforts to subdue rising health care costs&#xA;(Bramlett &amp;amp; Blumberg, 2008).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Friedman, H. S. (Ed.). (2011). The Oxford handbook of health psychology. Oxford University Press.‏&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Bramlett  ,    M.D.    ,  &amp;amp;      Blumberg  ,    S.J    .      (  2008  ).    Prevalence  of  children with special health care needs in metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the United States  .       Journal of Maternal &amp;amp; Child Health, 12   ,    488  .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** Bethell  ,    C.D.    ,      Read  ,    D.  ,      Blumberg  ,    S.J.    ,  &amp;amp;      Newacheck  ,    P.W    .     (  2008  ).      What is the prevalence of children with special health care needs?  Toward an understanding of variations in fi ndings and methods across three national surveys  .       Journal of Maternal &amp;amp; Child Health, 12   ,    1  .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14284" OwnerDisplayName="user52346" LastEditorUserId="14284" LastEditDate="2018-08-06T10:24:08.287" LastActivityDate="2018-08-06T10:24:08.287" Title="health condition and chronic health conditions" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16933" CreationDate="2018-07-20T09:47:50.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/iron-supplement-oral-route-parenteral-route/side-effects/drg-20070148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Side effects of iron supplements&lt;/a&gt; can include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Black stools&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constipation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abdominal pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, these are common side effects that have nothing to do with cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the study described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321515.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/a&gt;, they did not confirmed the  cause-effect relationship between iron supplements and cancer, because they only found a substance (a marker) that could be associated with cancer, and it was a laboratory study and not a study on humans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T09:47:50.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16931" CreationDate="2018-07-20T15:41:33.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Breathing difficulties during sleep determined to be caused by the narrowing or closing of their airway&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breathing difficulties during sleep indicates suffering of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA).  Support is available in the UK from the charity called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleep-apnoea-trust.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Sleep Apnoea Trust Association (SATA)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two types of breathing interruption characteristic of OSA (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS, 2016&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;apnoea&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;where the muscles and soft tissues in the throat relax and collapse sufficiently to cause a total blockage of the airway; it's called an apnoea when the airflow is blocked for 10 seconds or more&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hypopnoea&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;a partial blockage of the airway that results in an airflow reduction of greater than 50% for 10 seconds or more&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Treatment Methods&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 3 main forms of treatment available (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea/#treating-osa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS, 2016&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleep-apnoea-trust.org/sleep-apnoea-information-patients/treatment-sleep-apnoea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SATA, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;lifestyle changes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;such as losing excess weight, cutting down on alcohol and sleeping on your side&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;wearing a mandibular advancement device (MAD) - also known as mandibular splints&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;this gum shield-like device fits around your teeth, holding your jaw and tongue forward to increase the space at the back of your throat while you sleep&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;There are 2 forms of mandibular splints available&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One bought in the high street&lt;br&gt;(Cost is cheap in comparison to other methods but by personal experience, they only last a month or so at best before having to by another one.)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;These are moulded to the shape of your jawline by warming up in hot water and clenching your teeth together with the splint in place with your bottom jaw forward whilst the mould cools and sets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One bought through your dentist&lt;br&gt;(More expensive than through the high street, but said to last a few years)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;These are created and provided through your dentist in order to be custom made to fit your jaw perfectly.  There are different types which you can discuss with your dentist in order to select the right one for you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device&lt;br&gt;(These are generally for more severe/chronic OSA and some models can be more expensive than others)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;these devices prevent your airway closing while you sleep by delivering a continuous supply of compressed air through a mask&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS (2016). &lt;em&gt;Obstructive sleep apnoea&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SATA (n.d.). Treatment of Sleep Apnoea &lt;em&gt;The Sleep Apnoea Trust Association&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sleep-apnoea-trust.org/sleep-apnoea-information-patients/treatment-sleep-apnoea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sleep-apnoea-trust.org/sleep-apnoea-information-patients/treatment-sleep-apnoea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-07-20T15:41:33.560" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16944" CreationDate="2018-07-21T00:35:32.713" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may be a impossibility but here goes, is it possible to be allergic to cold temperatures? If it’s possible then it’s UBER rare granted, but still it might be possible non the less. If it helps I read about it in a book once , I forgot which one though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9637" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2018-07-21T00:46:44.157" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T11:16:06.880" Title="Cold allergy is it possible?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16942" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="16948" CreationDate="2018-07-21T09:03:00.160" Score="5" ViewCount="240" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suspect that I might be lactose-intolerant, but I don't know how to tell.  Can I just see a doctor and get tested, or do I have to live with the assumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are any standardized tests, how is the procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11957" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-21T10:30:07.290" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T12:38:45.460" Title="How would I know whether I am lactose-intolerant? Are there any tests?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;lactose-intolerant&gt;&lt;lactase&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16941" CreationDate="2018-07-21T10:33:19.967" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allergy, which is an exaggerated immune sensitivity to certain environmental compounds, usually plants, or less commonly microorganisms, metals and other materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;McConnell, Thomas H. (2007). &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.de/books?id=chs_lilPFLwC&amp;amp;pg=PA159&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions&lt;/a&gt;. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7817-5317-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cold temperature is not an environmental compound and thus can't trigger an allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T10:33:19.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16944" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16941" CreationDate="2018-07-21T11:16:06.880" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no true allergy to cold, but there is a condition called &lt;strong&gt;cold urticaria,&lt;/strong&gt; which is a subtype of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_urticaria&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;physical urtiaria&lt;/a&gt;. Other subtypes of physical urticaria include increased sensitivity to physical pressure, water, heat, sun exposure, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371046&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic: Cold Urticaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cold urticaria is a skin reaction to cold that appears within minutes&#xA;  after cold exposure. Affected skin develops reddish, itchy welts&#xA;  (hives).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The condition most commonly occurs in young adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T11:16:06.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-21T12:20:27.310" Score="1" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ebtrantil (Urapidil) is commonly used as an antihypertensive in Europe, &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003495-199856050-00016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;also due to its additive interaction with other antihypertensives, and less likely to alter the heart rate compared to similar alternatives&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urapidil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;English Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; points out that it is not FDA approved in the U.S. What are the FDA's concerns?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:10:52.770" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:10:52.770" Title="Why is Ebrantil (Urapidil) not FDA approved?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16946" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-07-21T12:32:00.020" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-21T12:32:00.020" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T12:32:00.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16947" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-07-21T12:32:00.020" Score="0" Body="The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) promotes public health and is in control and supervision of drugs, medication, prescriptions and more. As a result of this, all medication and food additives need to be approved by the FDA." OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:02:06.440" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:02:06.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16942" CreationDate="2018-07-21T12:38:45.460" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page from the NIH&lt;/a&gt; has a lot of relevant information about lactose intolerance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several standard diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance, but your physician might ask you to try eliminating dairy from your diet before you receive any of those tests. If avoiding lactose alleviates your symptoms, you've potentially treated your primary lactose intolerance successfully. If you feel somewhat better but still experience classic GI problems (bloating, diarrhea), you might be lactose intolerant secondary to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=09647058-201512-201512310024-201512310024-s9-s13&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;different illness&lt;/a&gt; like Crohn's disease or celiac disease. Keep in mind, lactose intolerance is caused by the lack of an enzyme (lactase) in your body, so lactose can't be digested – a milk allergy is your body generating an immune response to certain milk proteins, but doesn't suggest any enzymatic deficit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, your physician will perform a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175689/#Sec3title&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrogen breath test&lt;/a&gt; to confirm a lactose intolerance diagnosis. When you're missing the lactase enzyme, you can't digest lactose (which means you can't absorb lactose, since it's &quot;too big&quot; pre-digestion – this and energy release are the goals of catabolism). This results in lactose sitting around post-consumption (there are no enzymes available to cleave it for transport), where it starts to ferment in your gut microbiota. Bacterial digestion like this makes degradation products like methane, carbon dioxide, and &lt;em&gt;hydrogen&lt;/em&gt; (this is where the name &quot;hydrogen breath test&quot; comes from), and we can measure these gases as they rise to escape from your GI tract. A basic schematic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/y1OIx.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/y1OIx.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hydrogen breath test&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people &lt;a href=&quot;http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1752-7155/7/2/024001/meta&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;don't exhibit conventional responses&lt;/a&gt; to the hydrogen breath test, so a methane breath test or combination test might be more reliable. Alternatively, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00365529409091742&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fecal pH tests&lt;/a&gt; can be used to show GI irregularities like lactose intolerance (malabsorption makes your stool acidic). More invasive techniques like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1173735&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood glucose monitoring&lt;/a&gt; or even &lt;a href=&quot;http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.short&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;intestinal biopsy for disaccharidase quantitation&lt;/a&gt; can be employed, although the general patient population is well-suited for noninvasive tests like those that require only spent breath or stool and pH paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2018-07-21T12:38:45.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16954" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-22T17:28:12.993" Score="4" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;The literature on the relative risks of mortality (all cause and cardiovascular) of different levels (volumes) of alcohol use or consumption (operationalised here in terms of Quantity-Frequency measure (e.g. grams per day)) is numerous.[1-2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to my knowledge, there does not seem to be much literature on the relative risks of onset of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) by level of alcohol use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tuithof describes the proportions (12month prevalence) of those with 'High average alcohol consumption' who have AUD[3], in a cross sectional study. This unfortunately does not quite address the requirement of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Rehm has modelled the percentages of the US population who have AUD by the level of alcohol use[4]. As it does model '0'/zero volume drinking, and its the percentage with AUD at that level is reported in the figure as zero %., one can see that the proportions with AUD increase at any level of consumption after that. I was wondering whether there might be any other literature that also reports this. Especially if they are based on cohort study data (as opposed to the cross sectional survey data underlying Rehm's model).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, I would be grateful if there might be leads to any literature that can inform of the level of alcohol use at which the risk of the onset of AUD exceeds that of a comparator population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;notes:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[1] Stockwell, T., et al (2016). Do “Moderate” Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(2), 185–198. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[2] Jayasekara, H., et al (2014). Alcohol consumption over time and risk of death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu028&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu028&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[3] Tuithof, M., et al (2014). The Relationship Between Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Use Disorders According to DSM-IV and DSM-5. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(1), 249–256. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12248&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;[4] Rehm, J. T., Room, R., &amp;amp; Taylor, B. (2008). Method for moderation: Measuring lifetime risk of alcohol-attributable mortality as a basis for drinking guidelines. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17(3), 141–151. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.259&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7606" LastEditorUserId="7606" LastEditDate="2018-07-23T11:53:32.463" LastActivityDate="2018-07-23T11:53:32.463" Title="Enquiry on literature on level of alcohol consumption associated with onset of Alcohol Use Disorder" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16958" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-07-23T09:51:25.667" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ayurveda&lt;/a&gt; is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurveda traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-23T21:37:39.963" LastActivityDate="2018-07-23T21:37:39.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16959" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-07-23T09:51:25.667" Score="0" Body="Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurveda traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine." OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-23T21:37:48.247" LastActivityDate="2018-07-23T21:37:48.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-23T13:39:41.170" Score="4" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assuming that infection, bleeding are taken care of, and/or for the purposes of this question can be ignored:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to gain an understanding of an aspect of wound care I don't yet really understand fully. This is roughly what I know that is relevant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a moderately serious wound, say to a limb or extremity, where some tissue was lost below skin level, the current advice is that moist healing will be faster and better quality than dry healing. The damaged tissue regenerates, and part of this process is the growth and vascularisation of granular tissue. Granular tissue can overgrow and lie proud above skin level, and may in some cases need to be cauterised or reduced if it does, so that epithelial healing and new surface skin can grow appropriately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What puzzles me is, there is clearly a balance in wound management, as the tissue begins to regrow. On one hand, it must be allowed to heal in a moist environment, for quality and speed; on the other hand a moist environment promotes granular tissue which may then overgrow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably therefore as the regrowing tissue approaches or reaches natural &quot;skin level&quot;, the wound environment must be modified slightly, so it's still moist enough to heal nicely, but no longer promotes any further granular development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point, however, the healing wound may still be open flesh and vulnerable to dryness, UV, infection, dressing adhesion, and damage, and may even still be weeping/exuding in some cases. Despite this, the dressing and treatment must start to ensure isn't unconditionally moist. Rather, it must remain moist enough to heal nicely, &lt;em&gt;but ensure that the wound environment is no longer favourable to further granularisation, and instead begins to develop an epithelial layer&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how is this change achieved? What is required in wound care, and what must be modified in the wound dressings/environment, from that point onward, to encourage this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8483" LastActivityDate="2018-07-23T13:39:41.170" Title="How is moistness balanced with avoiding overgranulisation, in wound care?" Tags="&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16965" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-23T19:45:29.330" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just started to read about blood count, I am wondering how accuratelly can be determimed the number of red blood cells in case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouleaux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rouleaux formation&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_cell_agglutination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;agglutination of red cells&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14303" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-07-25T08:22:40.607" LastActivityDate="2018-07-25T08:22:40.607" Title="How accurate are blood count tests?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14413" CreationDate="2018-07-24T06:38:25.873" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One egg contains about 186 mg of cholesterol, which is found mostly in the yolk. As with most foods, eggs should be eaten in moderation. Eggs can be a healthy food choice when you limit other foods with saturated and trans fat. A healthy person without high blood cholesterol can eat an average of one whole egg per day. This does not increase your risk for cardiovascular disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14307" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T06:38:25.873" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-24T06:59:00.087" Score="0" ViewCount="924" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember a poster campaign advising against sharing razors and shavers because of infection risk with a disease (I think it was a variant of Hepatitis). I no longer find the campaign and don't remember the details, i.e. whether it was advising against ever sharing these items or only against spontaneous non-disinfected sharing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to share my shaver, but evaluate whether it makes sense to buy a second hand one and how to disinfect it (and take other measures to avoid disease transmission). I think that the same logic of precautions applies to this plan. Of course, I'm interested in all aspects or disease transmission, not only Hepatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information about different variants of Hepatitis is very detailed and after superficial reading the most relevant information seems to be that it can be transmitted through needlestick injury, but I can't estimate how that influences the solution I'm seeking. Available Instructions on cleaning shavers seem to cover the maintenance aspect only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a product to use for the desinfection of the second-hand razor or an argument why it's a bad idea to buy one. I want to avoid buying new blades if possible because they often almost cost as much as the difference between the new and second-hand price - which reduces the buy to a sustainable act with higher risk of loosing money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14308" LastEditorUserId="14308" LastEditDate="2018-07-26T07:23:35.373" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T07:23:35.373" Title="How to clean a second-hand electrical shaver to avoid infections?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16968" CreationDate="2018-07-24T21:02:11.133" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That might need a disclaimer first: a &lt;a href=&quot;https://steptohealth.com/15-personal-items-never-share/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shaver&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.womenshealthmag.com/relationships/a19917390/personal-hygiene-tips/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;personal&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.onlymyhealth.com/7-personal-items-you-shouldnt-share-with-anyone-1406882590&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hygiene&lt;/a&gt; product. Those should just never be shared or bought &quot;used&quot;. First in my opinion just for the yuck factor and then only secondary because this sanitary concerns thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would not want to buy toothbrushes second hand and when surgical equipment is re-used the steps to ensure complete sterility are quite rigorous. So this needs to be put into perspective and a cost-benefit analysis has to be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then in the case of an electric shaver, those blades on a cutting head will not last forever and eventually loose their edge. Some newer models seem to embrace planned obsolesence quite rigorously with a their one-blade design. That means that any cost or environmental benefit from a used razor is smaller than often imagined from the start. For shaving this is especially true: a sharp knife leads to less cutting. But blade egdes dull with use!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even electric razors are neither fool proof nor the top solution for avoiding skin problems compared to regular, mechanical  wet shave blades.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472675&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevalence of acne keloidalis nuchae in Nigerians, 2007&lt;/a&gt;: The common etiologic factor was secondary to trauma from an electric razor whilst having a haircut, followed by spread of keloid from the beard area.)&#xA;Those machines often grab and tear hair out instead of cutting it. They can also get hold of skin and rip very uncomfortable wounds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone choosing an electric shaver has to try them out to see if their skin and hair agree with them. But that cannot answer how well these questions were answered for the previous owner of that particular model. The previous owner sold it for a reason and if that includes lacerations than any such device should be considered a biohazard and treated as such. If you are concerned about a possible virus infection: do not buy used. (Just for completeness: you might consider applying steam, dry heat above 160°C, ethylene oxide, sporicidals, glass plasma or &lt;a href=&quot;https://lso-inc.com/sterilization-validation-services/medical-device-sterilization.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gamma rays&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore it seems to be a bad idea to use electric shavers at all? Not really and necessarily for all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do not buy used personal hygiene products.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you do buy a used electric shaver, try to exchange the screen and blades of the cutting head, effectively just reusing the motor and battery and plastic wrapping for the device.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clean the device thoroughly in any case. These cases include &quot;you bought it first hand and keep using it&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you clean that device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, that depends a bit on the device and how it is constructed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Manual tear-down, brushing and regular soap-water cleaning are a great start. But using the regular disinfectants like boiling water, rubbing alcohol, hydrogenperoxide or appropriately diluted bleach followed by thorough rinse and quick drying are even better. Alternatively you might also soak the screens and blades in commercially available dedicated disinfectants. These likely cost more but are not that much more effective to justify the cost. None of the methods mentioned so far are perfect though, anyway. Just try out what you already know is working as a sanitiser, then test that on your device. That is largely for material science. Usually those things are plastic and metal and quite resistant to those primitive chemicals you are about to use. If the device is one of the newer just wash it with water designs it will take quite some abuse in this direction without harm. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first step reduces grime, builtup and that keeps the shaver in good operational conditions as well as diluting the bacterial load that might cause problems.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The second step really kills of the bugs. The quick dry is necessary to reduce the chance of rust counteracting all your eforts and investment. Depending on construction and methods used it might also be a good idea to keep an eye on the lubrication of the mechanical parts. Washing away all the machine's oils will shorten its lifetime and your pleasure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things to consider: &lt;a href=&quot;http://The%20male%20beard%20hair%20and%20facial%20skin%20-%20challenges%20for%20shaving.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The male beard hair and facial skin - challenges for shaving. 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advice to try out: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shavers.com/Electric-shaver-maintenance-s/1865.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electric Shaver Maintenance 101&lt;/a&gt; or &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/16334-sterilize-electric-razor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Sanitize an Electric Razor&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://oureverydaylife.com/proper-sanitizing-electric-razors-42685.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proper Sanitizing of Electric Razors&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acne.org/messageboard/topic/159127-how-to-sterilize-an-electric-razor-head/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;how to sterilize an electric razor head&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-07-24T21:02:11.133" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-24T21:19:50.310" Score="5" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a story, in which the detective will recognize a prescription for the victim is for relief of some genetic condition.  He then claims that another character was the murderer because she was in fact his daughter (shocking everyone).  He proves it by revealing some physical trait she had hidden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some genetic condition that both mother and father could have that would express itself differently in the child.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've done a lot of research, but search engines weren't made for this sort of question, and deadlines approach.  I've discovered codominant genetic expressions, which seem to fit the bill, but the only examples I can find (in humans) are AB blood type and Sickle Cell Anemia, neither of which will work in the narrative.  Perhaps I'm barking up the wrong tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;strong&gt;Is there a genetic condition that a father could be receiving treatment for, that would express itself very differently in his daughter?&lt;/strong&gt;  I bring codominance into it because I want it to be 100%, and if both parents were carriers, that ought to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:  Successful answers should present physical symptoms that can be hidden and then revealed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any suggestions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14306" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T03:11:14.693" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T03:11:14.693" Title="Revealing a murderer based on a genetic condition" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;&lt;carrier-genetic&gt;&lt;recessive-gene&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16973" CreationDate="2018-07-25T13:47:33.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm writing a story, in which the detective will recognize a prescription for the victim is for relief of some genetic condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You wanted to be realistic: In the autopsy report (after any murder, they usually cut the corpse open and search for clues - and for causes of death), the genetic condition would have usually shown.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, diseases/conditions do not have an identifiable prescription. As an example, Crohn's Disease (a genetic condition) is treated with antibiotics and prednisone, a combination that could also be applied for COPD, laryngitis, thyroiditis etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some genetic condition that both mother and father could have that would express itself differently in the child. I've done a lot of research, but search engines weren't made for this sort of question, and deadlines approach. I've discovered codominant genetic expressions, which seem to fit the bill, but the only examples I can find (in humans) are AB blood type and Sickle Cell Anemia, neither of which will work in the narrative. Perhaps I'm barking up the wrong tree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither of which are expressed differently though. In the case of SCA, both carriers are either unaffected or show the same symptoms. I have yet to encounter a disease that can manifest itself entirely differently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1DxYA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1DxYA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, two people having the same genetic disease does not inevitably make them closely related. It'd have to be a really rare one for the detective to conclude that (to everybody's surprise, so no other likeliness etc.). Today, DNA tests are performed routinely for suspects, and any unknown relationship between father and suspect (daughter) would have presented itself there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-07-25T13:47:33.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16977" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-25T19:41:01.973" Score="5" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there is roughly 21% oxygen in the air. When taking a &quot;normal&quot; breath you saturate your blood with oxygen and exhale air with roughly 16% oxygen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, I am curious if changing your breathing patterns would actually have an effect on the amount of time before suffocation when trapped in an air pocket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14323" LastActivityDate="2019-11-09T07:02:45.483" Title="When trapped in an air pocket does breathing slowly prolong the amount of time you have?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-11-09T15:59:04.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-26T04:17:51.437" Score="3" ViewCount="204" Body="&lt;p&gt;My BMI is 30.4  and it says I am obese. But I dont look obese. One doctor was surprised at my high BMI value. She said maybe I have high bone density or something. So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does a high BMI always indicate bad health?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it bad to have higher bone density( or high &quot;flesh&quot; density)?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14328" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-07-26T05:14:05.910" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T10:51:44.803" Title="Is bmi a good indicator of health" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16981" CreationDate="2018-07-26T07:16:32.617" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMI&lt;/a&gt; is absolutely &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; a good indicator of health. At least not on its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is made up of two measurements only: height and weight. Height is a stable property, and a person cannot do anything about it (nothing physiological and permanent, at any rate). Body weight, however, is comprised of different types of tissues in the body, most notably fat and muscle tissues (and let us not forget that &lt;a href=&quot;https://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;~60% of our body weight is water&lt;/a&gt;...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Growth of either type of tissue adds mass to the body, which means that your weight increases &lt;strong&gt;by the same amount&lt;/strong&gt; whether you develop muscles or build fat tissues through overeating (mass is mass for both types of tissues, volume is not). Therefore, it is entirely possible for two people of the same height to have the same weight and therefore the same BMI value, even though one is fat and the other is well-muscled. &lt;strong&gt;Your body weight does not tell you if you have more fat than muscle or vice versa&lt;/strong&gt;. (see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index#Does_not_differentiate_between_muscle_mass_and_fat_mass&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this section&lt;/a&gt; in the Wikipedia entry).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, being overweight may lead to adverse health issues, and being fit and physically active is considered protective against such issues (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO page&lt;/a&gt; about obesity and overweight). The point is that BMI score does not tell you if you are the former or the latter, it only gives you some estimation of the ratio between your height and weight and therefore should not be used alone for estimation (just like you say your doctor did).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do we STILL use BMI in a health-related context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason is probably that it very convenient and straightforward. Only two easily-measured values, which a person usually knows at any time. Thus, it is very available. This also makes it very popular, in the sense that people can talk about it outside of the medical context (i.e. not only when talking to a healthcare professional). Obviously historical reasons play a small part also.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some variations and alternatives to make better use of BMI, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index#Alternatives&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/bmi-stop-measuring-weight-height-health-measure-fitness-fat-a7894951.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;nice article&lt;/a&gt; from The Independet about the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T07:16:32.617" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16984" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-07-26T11:22:21.727" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-07-26T11:22:21.727" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T11:22:21.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16985" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-07-26T11:22:21.727" Score="0" Body="For questions related to the human semen in general. For questions related to the ejaculation process please use the ejaculation tag only." OwnerUserId="45" LastEditorUserId="45" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T04:42:32.317" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T04:42:32.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16981" CreationDate="2018-07-26T11:40:21.340" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: You can have a high BMI (weight in kg/height in m squared) due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Large muscle mass developed by training&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Large frame size,&quot; which is genetic, and includes thick bones, relatively lot of muscle mass ad large internal organs. With this large frame, you can have a high BMI without excessive fat, but for BMI as high as 30.4, you would very likely have some excessive fat. However, if the fat is evenly distributed, it may not make you look very fat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's considered normal body weight, depends on the &lt;strong&gt;body frame size.&lt;/strong&gt; According to this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthchecksystems.com/heightweightchart.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;height/weight chart&lt;/a&gt;, for a 6'0&quot; high man with a small frame, 149 pounds can be normal and for one with a large frame 188 pounds can be normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/17182.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Body frame size&lt;/a&gt; is genetically determined and is associated with the bone &lt;em&gt;thickness&lt;/em&gt; (not bone &lt;em&gt;density&lt;/em&gt;). Body frame size can be evaluated from your height and wrist circumference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BMI 30.4 is not in a normal range for any frame, so the excessive weight must come from excessive fat (unless you have developed a lot of muscles by training). There are different types of obesity - if fat is evenly distributed through the body, you, again, won't look that obese as if fat is mainly in your belly (abdominal obesity, apple type) or around the buttocks and thighs (pear type).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obesity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/effects/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;, people who have obesity, compared to those with a normal or healthy weight, are at increased risk for many serious diseases and health conditions...including high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, diabetes type 2, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to various &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935926/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study reviews&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;abdominal obesity&lt;/strong&gt; is associated with significantly higher risk of various diseases than other types of obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-27T10:51:44.803" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T10:51:44.803" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16987" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14131" CreationDate="2018-07-26T14:44:22.717" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's more biotin in the whole egg than can be bound by the avidin, according to the following outline:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avidin&lt;/a&gt;: 180 μg per egg; molecular weight is 66–69 kDa, let's say 66 kDa. One molecule can bind 4 biotin molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biotin&lt;/a&gt;: Up to 25 μg per large egg, let's say 10 μg to be conservative; molecular weight is 244.31 Da.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fraction of biotin that can be bound by avidin is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4 * 180 / 66000) / (10 / 244.31) = 27%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the majority of biotin remains freely available and that the whole raw egg is a good net source of biotin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14331" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T14:44:22.717" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-26T18:49:37.770" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please note this is NOT a personal medical consultation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have reason to think that someone I know has an immune system that is exceptionally good (they are very rarely sick, almost never get infections etc., rarely enough to think this is above average),  can they somehow test this, as it might be useful for immune system/genetic research (I have reason to believe this is genetic)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I find someone that studies the immune system and will be interested in studying this person's immune system to see if it really is exceptional and if it can somehow help research in that field? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2018-07-26T18:49:37.770" Title="If I'm suspecting someone I know has an exceptionally good immune system - can this be tested somehow?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16994" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-27T15:03:39.493" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I only noticed this for quite a while now but never considered it much of a problem but I noted that when I'm forced awake (i.e. someone wakes me up) I feel significantly drowsier versus when I wake up of my own volition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if someone were to forcefully wake me up around 10 AM, I would feel pretty groggy and cranky yet when I wake up by myself at around 4 or 6 AM I actually feel 'awake'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14341" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:07:02.657" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:07:02.657" Title="Why is it harder to get up when forced to wake up?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;time-of-day&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;&lt;drowsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16926" CreationDate="2018-07-27T15:19:08.013" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far, I could not find evidence that the Zimnitsky test is applied in exactly the same way in western countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urine specific gravity&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;is a parameter that is assessed during urine analysis.&#xA;This can be measured from a single urine sample as well as from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/urology/24-hour_urine_collection_92,P08955&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;24-hour urine collection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understood your sources regarding the Zimnitsky test correctly, it basically also tests urine for its specific gravity over a time period of 24 hours.&#xA;However, the difference is that during Zimnitsky test eight (to twelve) individual samples are tested, not a collection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2159" LastEditorUserId="2159" LastEditDate="2018-07-27T15:49:05.843" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T15:49:05.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16996" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13548" CreationDate="2018-07-27T17:41:53.863" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you take coffee daily, you no longer get a boost from it after about a week, but rather, you're just staving off the harsh withdrawal symptoms, not to mention over time it will physically change your brain &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3392208?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to have more adenosine receptors&lt;/a&gt; i.e., &quot;sleepiness receptors&quot;. (Ramkumar V et al, J Clin Invest 82:242-247) in a process known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;upregulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacker.com/5585217/what-caffeine-actually-does-to-your-brain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1995 study suggests&lt;/a&gt; that humans become tolerant to their daily dose of caffeine—whether a single soda or a serious espresso habit—somewhere between a week and 12 days. And that tolerance is pretty strong. One test of regular caffeine pill use had some participants getting an astronomical 900 milligrams  (9 cups of coffee) per day, others placebos—found that the two groups were nearly identical in mood, energy, and alertness after 18 days. The folks taking the equivalent of nine stiff coffee pours every day weren't really feeling it anymore. They would feel it, though, when they stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;You start to feel caffeine withdrawal anywhere from 12 to 24 hours after your last use. That's a big part of why that first cup or can in the morning is so important—it's staving off the early effects of withdrawal.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine, the natural pesticide of bright red coffee berries, creates an emergency response in your body to fight it off (pooping, peeing, and adrenaline). It inherently doesn't give you energy or focus, but the adrenal side effect does. Studies show that people who have coffee 7 days in a row no longer receive any energy or focus benefits. At that point their brain has been sufficiently altered with new adenosine receptors that they are just at their baseline behavior. They found this was true with any caffeine amount, from 1 to 10 cups of coffee. The exception is after 10 cups is it just starts frying your brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;You might think all of this probably takes a while, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/02/22/coffee/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it takes about seven&lt;/a&gt; days to become addicted to caffeine. Once addicted, you need more and more coffee to get buzzed as your brain gets covered in receptor sites. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Watch It&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_mvTTLz3U4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_mvTTLz3U4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAMIQn78iAA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAMIQn78iAA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Sources&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Life Sciences Volume 36, Issue 24, 17 June 1985, Pages 2347-2358&#xA;Caffeine tolerance: Behavioral, electrophysiological and neurochemical evidence&#xA; Dorothy T.Chou Sukur Khan Jesse Forde Kenneth R. Hirsh&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002432058590325X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002432058590325X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1981;67(4):1111-1117.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370671/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370671/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Multiple components of the A1 Adenosine Receptor-Adenylate Cyclase System are Regulated in Rat Cerebral Cortex by Chronic Caffeine Ingestion.&quot; (Ramkumar V et al, J Clin Invest 82:242-247.) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3392208?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3392208?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacker.com/5585217/what-caffeine-actually-does-to-your-brain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lifehacker.com/5585217/what-caffeine-actually-does-to-your-brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/02/22/coffee/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/02/22/coffee/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Effects of chronic caffeine on brain adenosine receptors: Regional and ontogenetic studies&quot; (Paul J.Marangos, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Jitendra Patel)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320584902078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320584902078&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="809" LastEditorUserId="809" LastEditDate="2018-07-27T19:12:22.373" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T19:12:22.373" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="16997" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17003" CreationDate="2018-07-27T18:03:47.653" Score="2" ViewCount="1428" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does Solar/Lunar eclipse affect human body when one is directly exposed to it (by getting outdoors while an eclipse is in progress)? E.g. it is generally not advised to look towards a Solar eclipse in progress with naked eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a related note, what are the day to day activities one should refrain from doing during eclipse while being either indoor or outdoor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user13924" LastEditorDisplayName="user13924" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T19:34:55.797" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T19:36:44.147" Title="Effects of exposure to Solar/Lunar eclipse on Human body" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12759" CreationDate="2018-07-27T18:30:30.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370671/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; correlated blood pressure and caffeine, and it showed that the body regulated after 4 days of consumption, therefore if you goal is to measure blood pressure, keep in mind &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/16996/809&quot;&gt;tolerance&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acute caffeine in subjects who do not normally ingest methylxanthines&#xA;  leads to increases in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma epinephrine,&#xA;  plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and urinary&#xA;  catecholamines. Using a double-blind design, the effects of chronic&#xA;  caffeine administration on these same variables were assessed. Near&#xA;  complete tolerance, in terms of both humoral and hemodynamic&#xA;  variables, developed over the first 1-4 d of caffeine. No long-term&#xA;  effects of caffeine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin&#xA;  activity, plasma catecholamines, or urinary catecholamines could be&#xA;  demonstrated. Discontinuation of caffeine ingestion after 7 d of&#xA;  administration did not result in a detectable withdrawal phenomenon&#xA;  relating to any of the variables assessed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="809" LastEditorUserId="809" LastEditDate="2018-07-27T18:41:04.260" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T18:41:04.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12900" CreationDate="2018-07-27T18:39:45.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is 1-4 days for blood pressure tolerance, and 7-12 days for neurological tolerance (focus, energy)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/16996/809&quot;&gt;Scientific citations in the Duplicate question here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="809" LastActivityDate="2018-07-27T18:39:45.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16997" CreationDate="2018-07-27T21:49:26.173" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;NASA has &lt;a href=&quot;https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/do-lunar-and-solar-eclipses-have-any-noticeable-effect-humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; to say about the effects of eclipses on humans:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that eclipses have any physical effect on humans. However, eclipses have always been capable of producing profound psychological effects. For millennia, solar eclipses have been interpreted as portents of doom by virtually every known civilization. These have stimulated responses that run the gamut from human sacrifices to feelings of awe and bewilderment. Although there are no direct physical effects involving known forces, the consequences of the induced human psychological states have indeed led to physical effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;In other words, any effects are psychosomatic, they exist only because one believes they exist. There cannot be any possible physical effect caused by eclipses, both lunar or solar, as there are absolutely no physical effects (gravitational, magnetic, or otherwise) caused by the particular alignment that produces eclipses. (Tidal effects to not apply to objects as small as a human body, because the difference in gravity produced by the earth, sun, or moon between the top of your body and the bottom is nil.)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;It is commonly believed that one should not look at the sun during a solar eclipse, and this is true if the eclipse is partial, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/annular-eclipse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;annular&lt;/a&gt;, and before and after a total eclipse. NASA's &lt;a href=&quot;https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/eclipse-misconceptions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2017 Eclipse site&lt;/a&gt; says this about viewing the total eclipse: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During a total solar eclipse when the disk of the moon fully covers the sun, the brilliant corona emits only electromagnetic radiation, though sometimes with a greenish hue. Scientists have studied this radiation for centuries. Being a million times fainter than the light from the sun itself, there is nothing in the coronal light that could cross 150 million kilometers of space, penetrate our dense atmosphere, and cause blindness. However, if you watched the sun before totality, you will catch a glimpse of the brilliant solar surface and this can cause retinal damage, though the typical human instinctual response is to quickly look away before any severe damage has actually occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aforementioned site also covers some of the other myths about solar eclipses such as pregnancies, food poisoning, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T19:36:44.147" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T19:36:44.147" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17005" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17006" CreationDate="2018-07-28T00:41:04.180" Score="5" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a minor car collision (front airbags deployed), an ambulance arrived to see if I had sustained any injuries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the questions they asked was 'What day is it?' as in Monday, Tuesday etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is this testing for? Possible concussion? Shock?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14345" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-07-29T15:23:59.970" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T15:23:59.970" Title="What is asking patients whether they know the current day for?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17005" CreationDate="2018-07-28T05:00:45.097" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was an assessment of your &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.emsworld.com/article/10319034/assessing-mental-status&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mental status&lt;/a&gt;. It's usually among the first questions an EMT will ask. The purpose is to determine if your are mentally alert and oriented. The reasons for this assessment are to look for possible brain injury (concussion or worse) and also other causes such as intoxication with alcohol or drugs, low blood sugar, and other conditions that can cause mental confusion. It also has legal ramifications. If they judge you to be mentally incompetent, your right to make medical decisions for yourself is extinguished, including the right to refuse care (I'm assuming US law here, but most developed countries are similar).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assessment has significant impact on the actions they take next. If you fail the test, they'll be wondering if your confusion is a result of injury from the crash or something else. Intoxication is always high on the list of possibilities, and so is low blood sugar. You would likely be asked if you are diabetic at that point, and they would probably do a finger stick to check blood sugar levels no matter what your answer. If your blood sugar is normal then they'll have to assume you've suffered head injury from the crash and expedite you accordingly. The smell of alcohol on your breath or signs of intoxication wouldn't change this course of events because drunks suffer head injuries too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T21:59:43.530" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T21:59:43.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-28T05:50:34.703" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to understand how this would occur - why would someone's face be fat (either in general or compared to body) when the rest of their body is toned/lean/skinny. Ive observed this personally for years and in others -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that excess sugar can cause excess collagen in face, thus causing the &quot;bloating&quot; look. What else might be the cause of a disproportionately fat face/neck when the person appears skinny everywhere else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they consume a high amount of one food (for example nuts)- could this be a permanent state of allergic reaction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would one narrow the factors to determine what is causing the &quot;face fat&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6631" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:05:57.660" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:05:57.660" Title="What would cause a fat face but skinny body? Collagen?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;swelling&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-09-27T13:30:53.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10397" CreationDate="2018-07-28T07:17:55.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.remploy.co.uk/employers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Remploy&lt;/a&gt; provide support and guidance to employers through services such as training, workshops, events and other resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We will work with your organisation to create the conditions for success that will allow your people to flourish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For diversity issues involving the LGBTQIA community, on top of involving &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stonewall.org.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stonewall&lt;/a&gt;, there is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pinktherapy.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pink Therapy&lt;/a&gt; who also have a regular newsletter available through email.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a personal observation, some organisations &lt;em&gt;”talk the talk but don’t walk the walk”&lt;/em&gt;.  It is all well and good to put on websites and flyers etc. that you support diversity and support those with mental health problems, but it doesn’t help your employees if you are not visibly supportive.  I suggest a notice board in a discrete area for reading in order for notices to be put up showing a company mental health policy detailing anyone in the workplace they can speak to in confidence, along with other organisations they can go to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as the organisations I have mentioned above, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://thesurvivorstrust.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Survivors Trust&lt;/a&gt; also provides a &lt;a href=&quot;http://thesurvivorstrust.org/find-support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of contacts&lt;/a&gt; for Rape and Sexual Abuse Crisis Centres, who you can contact for leaflets, posters etc. which you can put up and make available to all employees to show commitment to support without prejudice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T07:17:55.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17015" CreationDate="2018-07-28T11:21:54.253" Score="3" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a recent bike trip I slipped on a gravel road and got abrasion around the knee. The wound was dirty with gravel dust and I instinctively cleaned it with water from my drinking bottle. Then I went to a pharmacy and got it disinfected (Octenisept, wound disinfectant) and then covered with a sterile patch. A few days later I want to my physician and she did the same thing again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of affordable first aid kits available in outdoor shops and I want to get one for the next trip. All of them contain various bandages and compresses. Disinfectant spray seems to be missing, though. My experience now is that the essentials for abrasions are spray and some bandage to keep out the dirt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While trying to research this, I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drk.de/hilfe-in-deutschland/erste-hilfe/erste-hilfe-online/wunden/verbote-bei-wunden/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;help page of the German Red Cross&lt;/a&gt; stating that it is &lt;em&gt;forbidden&lt;/em&gt; to (a) touch, (b) clean, (c) apply powder, creams, sprays, disinfectants and (d) remove foreign matter. Exceptions are just thermal and acid burns as well as rabis bite wounds. Any wound &lt;em&gt;must&lt;/em&gt; be treated by a doctor as soon as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I apply that to my case, I would have taken a bandage from my (to be purchased) first aid kit and wrap it around the wound with all the dust still in it. Then I would have to go to the ER of the next hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the manufacturer of the spray &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.octenisept.de/octenisept/produkte/octenisept-wund-desinfektion/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt; that it intended for small wounds like cuts and abrasions that happen during sports. And it gives instructions for usage, so this implies that a layperson should apply it to wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it is also a legal issue? The Red Cross addresses the general public which tries to help but sometimes overdoes it. So they just state that one should be very conservative when helping. Say one applies the wrong kind of disinfectant spray and it makes it just worse. In Germany you are not liable if you just try to help (to some extent). Perhaps this waiver stops right where you apply things and not just a sterile bandage? So even though in this particular situation it would be the right thing, a layperson would not know and therefore the general advice is conservative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please excuse my medical naivity, but isn't applying water and then desinfectant spray better than just wrapping up the dirt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13217" LastEditorUserId="13217" LastEditDate="2018-07-28T11:59:18.220" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T19:35:22.003" Title="Disinfectant spray in first aid kit for cycling and hiking?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16994" CreationDate="2018-07-28T14:03:24.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you are forced to wake up, you've interrupted your body's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/Factsheet_CircadianRhythms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;circadian rhythm&lt;/a&gt;. If your body is used to waking up at particular time and you're woken before that time, you'll still feel very tired. Because to your body, you're still meant to be sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T14:03:24.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17010" CreationDate="2018-07-28T16:56:12.940" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Germany, first-aiders may not apply medication:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medication in general mustn't be applied by first-aiders. This also encompasses cases in which a customer in a pharmacy suffers from an asthma attack. One may only hand the patient their asthma spray, but they need to apply it themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Medikamente verabreichen dürfen Ersthelfer prinzipiell nicht. Das gilt auch für Fälle, in denen etwa ein Kunde in der Apotheke einen Asthma- oder Angina-pecoris-Anfall erleidet. Dem Betroffenen darf lediglich sein Asthma- beziehungsweise Nitro-Spray gereicht werden, anwenden muss es der Patient selbst.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/index.php?id=59355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmazeutische Zeitung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is why the DRK page explicitly states that it is forbidden to (a) touch, (b) clean, (c) apply powder, creams, sprays, disinfectants and (d) remove foreign matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my first aid training (which isn't as fresh as it should be), it was pointed out that giving patients one's own medication is an even bigger no-go, and disinfectants were explicitly included in that ruling. The workaround solution is to forget the octenisept® next to them and let them have it this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in the DRK Sanitätsdienst (basically volunteers with a broader first-aid training that will help the emergency services in large festivals), a protocol needs to be filled out when disinfecting wounds (formally, not many do).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is all about giving medicine to strangers, no one can prevent you from doing all that to yourself. The DRK page is a guide for first-aiders, hence it &amp;quot;forbids&amp;quot; applying medication to others...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For wounds, applying water might not be the best idea. Usually the wound cleans itself through bleeding if dirt gets deep into the wound (and if it's only on top, it doesn't matter), but the water will delay the clotting process. For cleaning a rash, get a sterile compression, apply disinfectant and put it on top of the rash, while applying a &lt;em&gt;little&lt;/em&gt; pressure. This way, the dirt will stick in the compression and the wound cleaned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-07-28T19:35:22.003" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17016" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-28T20:50:48.167" Score="4" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't attended a birth yet, and I heard or saw on some TV show that babies are turn upside down by the doctor and / or slapped in the butt to force them to cry, with the intention of make them start breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a legit medical procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9605" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:05:13.657" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:05:13.657" Title="Are babies turned upside down after birth?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;position&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;buttocks&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1263" CreationDate="2018-07-29T16:11:14.253" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the currently accepted answer is incorrect on a number of points. The official &lt;a href=&quot;https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;California Proposition 65 (aka OEHHA) site FAQ&lt;/a&gt;, has more accurate information. There is also another &lt;a href=&quot;https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/faqs-view-all&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAQ from the Attorney General&lt;/a&gt;, which answers the question as well. The OEHHA site says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The purpose of Proposition 65 is to notify consumers that they are being exposed to chemicals that are known to cause cancer and/or reproductive toxicity. Consumers can decide on their own if they want to purchase or use the product. A Proposition 65 warning does not necessarily mean a product is in violation of any product-safety standards or requirements. For additional information about the warning, contact the product manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The currently accepted answer claims that &quot;Proposition 65 requires warnings if somebody may be exposed to a substance that has a 1 in 100,000 chance&quot;, which is not true. Simply being exposed to a chemical that has a certain risk does not make the company required to post a warning. The chemical &lt;strong&gt;also&lt;/strong&gt; has to be on &lt;a href=&quot;https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the list&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. There could be substances which have risk, but are not on the list, and thus they are not required to post a warning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a quote directly from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;OEHHA site&lt;/a&gt;, which shows the substance not only has to be on the list, but also has to be in a high enough concentration to create an unsafe exposure: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Proposition 65 applies only to exposures to listed chemicals. It does not ban or restrict the use of any given chemical. The concentration of a chemical in a product is only one part of the process to determine whether consumers must be warned about an exposure to a listed chemical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The currently accepted answer is also incorrect in that it claims &quot;However, there is nothing preventing warnings even if there is no risk whatsoever.&quot; This is blatantly false, because the law allows a business to prove that their use falls below the acceptable use threshold. Here is a quote directly from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/faqs-view-all#3GP&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;California Attorney General's site&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exposures that pose no significant risk of cancer&lt;/strong&gt;: A warning about listed chemicals known to cause cancer (&quot;carcinogens&quot;) is not required if the business can demonstrate that the exposure occurs at a level that poses &quot;no significant risk.&quot; This means the exposure is calculated to result in not more than one excess case of cancer in 100,000 individuals exposed over a 70-year lifetime. The Proposition 65 regulations identify &quot;no significant risk&quot; levels for certain carcinogens. The most recent list of no significant risk levels can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/getNSRLs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/getNSRLs.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, businesses have the possibility to show their product is safe, and not post a warning even if it contains a chemical from the list. Small companies of &lt;a href=&quot;https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;less than 10 employees&lt;/a&gt; are exempted having to post a warning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a large company thinks it's cheaper for them to place warnings on all of their products, than it would be for them to do testing to see if their product is safe for consumers, that seems a bit of a red flag to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a particular product I purchased came with a warning, but when I looked on the company website though they acknowledged the warning, they wouldn't let their consumers know which offending chemicals were. This law is about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/faqs-view-all#5GP&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;consumers &quot;right to know&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. If the business posts a warning, but won't let you know what the chemicals are that are the cause for that warning, it seems a bit of a red flag to me as well. If consumer safety is not an important enough issue for a company to do the testing, it seems safer to me to just avoid those products where possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One more useful tidbit of information is that, according to the Attorney General, Proposition 65 has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://oag.ca.gov/prop65/faqs-view-all#8GP&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;successful in motivating businesses to eliminate or reduce toxic chemicals in numerous consumer products&lt;/a&gt;. This law is not only about helping consumers make informed decisions, it's about motivating companies to be more responsible for the safety of their consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14354" LastEditorUserId="14354" LastEditDate="2018-07-29T16:27:46.550" LastActivityDate="2018-07-29T16:27:46.550" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17022" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17044" CreationDate="2018-07-29T17:07:48.483" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just started to explore nutrition. &#xA;I assume that: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;a1) A human body needs some minerals and vitamins, which can be delivered either in food or as supplements &lt;br&gt;&#xA;a2) There's recommended daily amount of each mineral for an average-case healthy human. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;What I'd like to know now, without digging deep into each topic: &lt;br&gt;&#xA;1) Can a blood test show whether an amount of minerals and vitamins in my body is good for me? Do I need additional tests (bones? etc)? &lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) Say, a blood test can show nutrition balance only for today. And I want to know if my nutrition-rich food is digested well. Can a blood test show me if my yesterday's diet was good? Or are that results weaker or not-actual?  &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I am interested in any opinion with proof-links. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks in advance.          &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14357" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T14:36:49.737" Title="Checking nutrition balance" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-29T23:30:29.313" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that resistant cancer subpopulations can survive cancer therapies and be responsible for a relapse, but I can't find hard numbers on how often this happens to patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How likely is it for leukemia to relapse in the general population, and is it more likely for relapsed leukemia to be resistant to treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:03:00.333" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:03:00.333" Title="How likely is it that when leukemia relapses it is resistant to treatment?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17027" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17031" CreationDate="2018-07-30T03:34:10.693" Score="5" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the correct term to use to cover polyps, benign and malignant growths? Covering both Hyperplasia and Dysplasia I guess...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14361" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:01:15.490" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:01:15.490" Title="Term to cover polyps, benign and malignant growths" Tags="&lt;hyperplasia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17027" CreationDate="2018-07-30T09:06:57.213" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The all-inclusive term for &lt;strong&gt;abnormal growths&lt;/strong&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/NEOHTML/NEOPL102.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;neoplasm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or, in Latin, neoplsia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neoplasia is new, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under&#xA;  physiologic control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abnormal growths can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benign:&lt;/strong&gt; growing but not spreading or destroying nearby tissues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Malignant:&lt;/strong&gt; invading nearby tissues or spreading to distant organs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5863&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tumor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; refers to any abnormal localized mass of tissue, either benign or malignant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;polyp&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; covers all tumors that grow from the mucous membranes and project into the lumen of an organ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-30T10:13:35.240" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T10:13:35.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17027" CreationDate="2018-07-30T10:23:18.177" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dysplasia describes abnormal cell morphology or differentiation without the proliferation rate being affected. Dysplasias can result in an increased number of one type of cell as a result of another type of cell being reduced in number (e.g. because the first type is failing to differentiate into the second, but not because any cell is proliferating more than usual).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperplasia describes increased cell proliferation which results from an adequate response to a growth signal. This includes for example red blood cell hyperplasia as a result of hypoxic environment or erythropoietin treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neoplasia covers all forms of abnormal cell proliferation. Unlike a hyperplasia, neoplastic cells proliferate regardless of growth signal presence or absence. If the neoplastic cells are adhesive, they may stay together as a lump and form a tumour. If they invade other tissues, they are malignant and also called cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polyps are abnormal &quot;growths&quot;, i.e. appendages grown from a tissue that do not normally occur. Usually, the tissue that has grown itself is not abnormal; rather, there are abnormal amounts of a signal instructing the tissue to grow. In this case, the polyp is usually hyperplastic (increased cell number), and sometimes also hypertrophic (increased cell size). Polyps can progress to neoplasms, usually first benign, and at late stages malignant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only term describing both hyper- and neoplasias is &quot;hyperproliferation&quot;, which is not a medical term. This still doesn't include dysplasia, and I can't think of a term that would. Maybe &quot;non-nascent cell behaviours&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia&lt;/a&gt; has a quick overview of -plasias and -trophies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12506" LastEditorUserId="12506" LastEditDate="2018-07-30T10:39:16.383" LastActivityDate="2018-07-30T10:39:16.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17037" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-30T16:22:35.483" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often stated serious metal illness if not treated can harm the brain development.  What basis is there for this?  Are there verifiable tests for such?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example for this: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Usually, when we think “brain changes” we think it means something bad, like damage or stunting. But it’s important to remember that untreated mental illness can also harm brain development. Early medication can help prevent the illness from getting worse or becoming neurally entrenched.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/should-kids-take-psychiatric-medication/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientific America: Should Kids Take Psychiatric Medication?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be stated often antipsychotics(common treatment for bipolar) result in brain damage if you measure gray matter in animal and human subjects between those that take them and those that don't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:59:45.547" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:59:45.547" Title="What evidence is there that not taking bipolar medications can damage your brain?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;antipsychotic&gt;&lt;bipolar-disorder&gt;&lt;development-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17049" CreationDate="2018-07-30T16:25:38.160" Score="2" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;When dieticians speak of carbohydrates, do they include dietary fibre?  Also, what &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; carbohydrates?  Saccharides and polysaccharides?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="473" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T10:02:45.427" Title="Dietary fibre and carbohydrates" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17039" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17059" CreationDate="2018-07-30T18:32:07.093" Score="3" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realised that replacing one meal a day (namely lunch) with a bag of mixed nuts (~200g) would be great for me for several reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;no cooking required&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reasonably cheap&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can eat while on-the-go&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nuts keep you full for a long time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low in sugar, high in fiber and protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that nuts are also high in fat, however it isn't saturated fat. Is this high amount of fat bad in the long term? Is there another reason why having 200 g nuts as a single food at one meal is a bad idea? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14369" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T08:29:30.017" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T11:31:18.280" Title="Is replacing one meal a day with nuts bad for health in long term?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2018-08-03T20:33:14.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17038" CreationDate="2018-07-31T08:39:39.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt; can be categorized according to how well they are digested or absorbed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) WELL-DIGESTIBLE (4 Cal/g):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugars:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oligosaccharides (fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polysaccharides:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Starch&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glycogen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) POORLY DIGESTIBLE/ABSORBABLE (2 Cal/g):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sugar alcohols or polyls (maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) NON-DIGESTIBLE (2 Cal/g):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dietary fiber (various oligo- and polysaccharides, such as oligofructans and cellulose)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dtc.ucsf.edu/living-with-diabetes/diet-and-nutrition/understanding-carbohydrates/counting-carbohydrates/learning-to-read-labels/understanding-fiber/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetics&lt;/a&gt; who want to calculte how carbohydrates will affect their blood sugar levels need to subtract the amount of fiber from total carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/1602938/tables/3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calories in specific carbohydrates (Nature.com)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T10:02:45.427" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T10:02:45.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17022" CreationDate="2018-07-31T08:47:57.310" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Blood tests alone can, in most cases, reveal if your &lt;a href=&quot;https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.63.11_Suppl.28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nutritional status&lt;/a&gt; is normal or not. If the results are normal and you have no symptoms of disease, there are usually no other tests needed. Only when you are deficient in certain nutrients, other tests may be needed: blood hemoglobin in iron deficiency, bone scanning in calcium deficiency, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Blood tests can still show normal vitamin/mineral status after a week or two of complete fasting (drinking only water) or, in case of vitamin A, B12, D or E, even after months or years of insufficient intake, because these nutrients can be obtained from your &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/16708/should-i-meet-nutritional-recommendations-for-e-g-rdas-daily/16718#16718&quot;&gt;body stores&lt;/a&gt;.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-07-31T14:36:49.737" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T14:36:49.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17046" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17072" CreationDate="2018-07-31T10:50:10.437" Score="-1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once heard that to gain weight, one has to eat a lot of carbohydrates. What I mean by a lot is, by eating carbs in the morning, afternoon and evening plus as an additional midnight snack. So, I wondered, for someone who is trying to gain weight and build muscles, would it affect the body taking carbs like garri, in particular, every morning, afternoon and evening, with, of course, protein ( but not as much as carbs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note - Garri has 80g of carbs and 330 calories.&#xA;Source - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/generic-garri-dry-213421331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/generic-garri-dry-213421331&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastEditorUserId="6972" LastEditDate="2018-07-31T10:56:04.270" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T16:12:45.877" Title="What happens when you eat carbs everyday?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="18" ClosedDate="2018-08-11T09:02:23.823" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-31T15:40:33.187" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a woman stops taking birth control medication, she might suffer from various side effects. Can secondary amenorrhea (i.e. missing periods for more than 3 months) be induced by the removal of a contraceptive implant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11458" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T15:40:33.187" Title="Can removing a contraceptive implant cause secondary amenorrhea?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17038" CreationDate="2018-07-31T16:09:10.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is from Uviv. Cal. San Francisco, &quot;Understanding Fiber&quot;, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To summarize – you need to take the total amount of carbohydrate in a serving MINUS the carbohydrate in the fiber.&lt;br&gt;(Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dtc.ucsf.edu/living-with-diabetes/diet-and-nutrition/understanding-carbohydrates/counting-carbohydrates/learning-to-read-labels/understanding-fiber&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Teaching Center at the University of California, San Francisco&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="9715" LastEditDate="2018-08-01T17:33:29.250" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T17:33:29.250" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-07-31T16:44:58.067" Score="0" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that beard is more dirtier than toilet? Does someone has any specific answer? I read it in a website (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.speakingtrees.in/your-beard-is-dirtier-than-a-toilet-health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.speakingtrees.in/your-beard-is-dirtier-than-a-toilet-health/&lt;/a&gt;), but I am not satisfied with what they say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14377" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:56:21.933" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:56:21.933" Title="How is a beard dirtier than a toilet?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;facial-hair&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17050" CreationDate="2018-07-31T17:53:46.150" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lots of bacteria can be found in one's beard. Microbiologists found that men's facial hair can contain as much bacteria as your average toilet seat and even contained bacteria you'd find in a toilet. To be cautious, make sure you wash your hands regularly and avoid playing with and twirling the hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14376" LastActivityDate="2018-07-31T17:53:46.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17050" CreationDate="2018-07-31T18:11:33.153" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A better comparison than &quot;beard vs toilet&quot; may be &quot;face with beard vs face without beard.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is actually a reasonable concern in the context of healthcare, where healthcare staff can be a vector for disease and where vulnerable people are numerous. If facial hair is a reservoir for disease, it might be reasonable to recommend that healthcare staff remain clean-shaven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wakeam, et al. found that clean-shaven men versus those with facial hair had different compositions of facial bacteria. Men with facial hair actually had &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; of some bacteria such as &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;. The authors suggest that small cuts from shaving might actually promote colonization in some cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, though, they conclude that there isn't really any increased risk from the facial bacterial milieu of those with facial hair (there are separate studies looking at issues with surgical masks, etc, but I feel it's a bit of a stretch to go into that here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lab techs with facial hair had numerically a few more bacterial species present than those without, but the differences aren't substantial and don't really represent any risk (Lindeholm and Arpi 2016) - importantly, coagulase-negative staphylococci were more common in the clean-shaven techs, which are normal skin bacteria but are also a risk for infection of open wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary and answer to the question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beards might have more bacteria than a typical toilet, but an unbearded face probably does, too. People, and animals more generally, are great hosts for a variety of microbial species.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wakeam, E., Hernandez, R. A., Morales, D. R., Finlayson, S. R. G., Klompas, M., &amp;amp; Zinner, M. J. (2014). Bacterial ecology of hospital workers' facial hair: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(1), 63-67.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lindeholm, Y. N., &amp;amp; Arpi, M. (2016). Facial hair–what about clinical microbiology technicians?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 93(3), 313-314.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-08-01T16:10:27.780" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T16:10:27.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2018-07-31T21:24:23.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the current consensus among dentists and scientists is that cavities which have reached the dentin layer are too big to heal using any existing technology, but that carious legions (areas of the tooth that have begun to erode through demineralization) can be remineralized with a lot of methods. Your own saliva contains calcium which regularly remineralizes teeth when conditions are right (mostly that pH is high enough). Almost all toothpastes help remineralize by containing some combination of calcium, phosphorous and/or fluoride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As has been mentioned by other responses, there is some promising research on repairing teeth with substances like AD drug tidesglusib. None of these treatments, to my knowledge, are ready for non-experimental use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason this problem is so tough is that tooth enamel is not a living structure like much of your bone is. It does not contain any living cells. The pulp in your teeth is alive, and can manufacture a small amount of protective dentin (the intermediate layer) to repair damage from the inside, but hasn't been shown to repair the enamel. Once bacteria have reached the dentin by wearing a cavity all the way through your enamel, there is no easy way to kill that bacteria so it is assumed that it will continue to thrive in the cavity until it reaches the pulp and ultimately destroys the tooth. Fillings are created by removing all the weakened and infected enamel and replacing it with an artificial material to protect the rest of the tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia provides references for most of this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_decay&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is the information about tidesglusib, which is expected to begin human trials in 2019:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://epatientfinder.com/human-trials-regrowing-teeth-expected-start-2019/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://epatientfinder.com/human-trials-regrowing-teeth-expected-start-2019/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In answer to your second question, the best thing to do to start out is to get a dental x-ray. This will show you how deep the cavity has penetrated and you may well be able to stop its progress by stepping up your dental care and nutrition, making a filling unnecessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14380" LastEditorUserId="14380" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T14:11:23.177" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T14:11:23.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-01T09:12:50.573" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the level on which it doesn't cause or cause less harm to the eyes or doesn't lead to eye dryness or eye vision problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My uncle was suggesting me to keep the brightness to a certain high level so that it will not give any effects on sight but I think it will create an itchiness in the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12067" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:55:41.653" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:55:41.653" Title="What brightness level of mobile/desktop/laptop we should keep for better eye care?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;light-sensitivity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17056" CreationDate="2018-08-01T10:03:11.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can't give accurate values to the exact level of brightness needed for optimal reading. There are several factors that affect such things such as type of display, ambient light, type of work, program you are working with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the brightness is reduced to a minimum, it forces the eyes to exert more strain which would damage the eye as excessive eye strain could cause permanent eye damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best thing to do is to apply the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321536.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20-20-20&lt;/a&gt; rule which says that every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T10:03:11.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17046" CreationDate="2018-08-01T11:05:59.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/protein-carbs-fat.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bodybuilding scene&lt;/a&gt;, the logic that you need to consume carbohydrates to build muscles is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Protein calories will be used as an energy source when the body is&#xA;  lacking fat or carbohydrate calories for fuel. When the body receives&#xA;  sufficient quantities of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, protein&#xA;  will carry out its specific functions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that the article never says you need to consume &quot;a lot&quot; of carbohydrates or have them with every meal; they don't even need to be carbohydrates - fats will do the same: provide calories for energy, so the proteins won't get burned and could be incorporated into the muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Garri, which is made from &lt;a href=&quot;https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/rchnut/v40n2/art12.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cassava&lt;/a&gt;, contains a lot of soluble fiber, which can cause a lot of gas if consumed in great amounts. There are other high-carb foods with much less soluble fiber, for example, bread, pasta, potatoes and rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having &gt;60% carbs in your diet is a risk factor for increased blood triglycerides, which might be further associated with increased risk of diabetes or heart disease, though (&lt;a href=&quot;http://Having%20%3E60%25%20carbs%20in%20your%20diet%20is%20a%20risk%20factor%20for%20increased%20blood%20triglycerides,%20which%20might%20be%20further%20associated%20with%20increased%20risk%20of%20diabetes%20or%20heart%20disease,%20though.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2000&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the following study, carbohydrate intake as such does not help to increase muscle mass: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850644/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is carbohydrate needed to further stimulate muscle protein synthesis/hypertrophy following resistance exercise? (PubMed, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, whilst it cannot be excluded that carbohydrate addition&#xA;  may provide benefits for recovering athletes, on the basis of&#xA;  available data, &lt;em&gt;no further beneficial actions of carbohydrates,&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  irrespective of GI, are evident concerning muscle hypertrophy when a&#xA;  protein supplement that maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis&#xA;  is ingested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study (PubMed, 2004)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that ingestion of carbohydrates improved net leg protein&#xA;  balance after resistance exercise. However, the effect was minor and&#xA;  delayed compared with the previously reported effect of ingestion of&#xA;  amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T08:25:19.407" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T08:25:19.407" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17039" CreationDate="2018-08-01T12:19:54.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are reasons why eating 200 g of nuts as the sole food at one meal could be questionable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3176/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;200 g of dry roasted mixed nuts&lt;/a&gt; contains 1188 Calories. This is about half of daily calories coming from a single food, which sounds like a lack of food diversity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nuts have very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio: 55:1, which might be pro-inflammatory. Regarding omega-6 PUFA, there is controversy whether their effects are pro- or anti-inflammatory. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26745681&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The idea to spare some time by eating the food on the go sounds attractive, but it is also stressful; I believe one should sit down and eat in peace for optimal digestion.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nuts are high in fats, so they &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/emptying.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stay a long time in the stomach&lt;/a&gt;, which can give a prolonged heavy feeling after eating.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T11:31:18.280" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T11:31:18.280" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-01T13:53:24.240" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;While my diagnosis is not yet finished and I'll have my final examination at the end of the month, Crohn's Disease looks like the most likely explanation to my condition at the moment, so I decided that it might not hurt to try the diet even before the examination. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Job's Tears mash for a breakfast is a very common recommendation from Chinese medicine for a big variety of issues, I was wondering if anyone has any experience with it, or if someone could explain how it could be helpful/harmful in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14383" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T13:53:24.240" Title="Do Job's tears help with Crohn Disease?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17062" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-01T17:31:17.437" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in paying a doctor to chat with me online to help explain my blood test results. Does such a thing exist? And do you know of any affordable good options?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T22:26:23.107" Title="Online doctor consultation?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-08-05T15:56:22.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-01T20:32:14.927" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most MRI machines use NMR imaging instead of EPR imaging even if EPR could provide a better image with more information. What could be the reason of this preference of technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u3Irt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u3Irt.png&quot; alt=&quot;image showing the resolution of EPR is better than NMR&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14386" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T20:32:14.927" Title="If EPR has better resolving power than NMR, why don't most MRI machines use EPR instead of NMR?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;bone-scan&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17062" CreationDate="2018-08-01T22:26:23.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.teladoc.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Teladoc&lt;/a&gt; is one that is offered as a benefit from the company that I work for, when enrolling in their health insurance. I don't know what the price would be if you're not on a health insurance plan that covers them, but I can tell you that, for me, the copay for Teladoc is about 1/4 the copay of seeing a doctor in person, for the particular health insurance plan that I'm currently enrolled in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no affiliation with the company, other than that they're offered as a benefit from the company I work for. I don't know if they offer service without a membership or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found there are other similar services, such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doctorondemand.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.doctorondemand.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdlive.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mdlive.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pharmacy Walgreens also lists the service, but they seem to use one of the previously mentioned services (MDLive):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/virtualdoctor.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/virtualdoctor.jsp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope that helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14354" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T22:26:23.107" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17056" CreationDate="2018-08-01T22:36:40.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it depends on the brightness of other light in the room. To reduce eye strain you should try to keep your screen at a similar light intensity compared to the rest of the light in the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/vision/can-watching-tv-in-the-dark-hurt-your-eyes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study showed that eye strain was increased&lt;/a&gt; when watching a bright screen in a dark room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The result of all this testing and observation was that there was less eyestrain, discomfort and visual fatigue when the volunteers watched the movie against a lighted wall. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For my self, I try to use more ambient lights that point at the ceiling, or by pointing a desk lamp at the wall behind my monitor, so it smooths out the light and doesn't make one spot so bright. You can also find LED lights that stick on the back of a computer, which point at the wall, to increase the amount of ambient light in a room. Try to keep the screen not too much brighter than the other things in the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14354" LastActivityDate="2018-08-01T22:36:40.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="924" CreationDate="2018-08-01T22:46:19.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There were two questions here, but I'm only going to respond to the one in the headline &quot;How to stop or even reverse cavities?&quot; with one possibly helpful ingredient of the puzzle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the regular brushing advice that dentists have been giving for decades, a more recent discovery is the benefits of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;xylitol&lt;/a&gt; on oral health. Studies have shown that oral products with xylitol in them have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232036/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;observed to be effective in preventing caries&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (cavities). These oral products include xylitol chewing gum, xylitol gummy bear snacks, xylitol mouth rinse, and xylitol toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a medical article published in 2014, on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232036/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232036/&lt;/a&gt; it says regarding xylitol:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The predominant modality for xylitol delivery has been chewing gum. Chewing gum accelerates the processes of rinsing away acid and uptake of beneficial calcium phosphate molecules to remineralize tooth enamel.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;A study among Montreal children showed that children who chewed xylitol gum had significantly lower caries progression after 24 months than those who did not use gum. These children exhibited a significantly higher number of reversals of carious lesions than the control group, suggesting that remineralization has occurred.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also talks about xylitol syrup:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Twice-daily administration of xylitol oral syrup at a total daily dose of 8 g was observed to be effective in preventing caries.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding xylitol toothpaste, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Toothpaste with xylitol led to a decrease in S. mutans colonies in saliva, the amount of secreted saliva, and the increase of pH value. It has a positive effect on the quality of the oral environment and it would be useful introducing it into prophylactic programmes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study concludes that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;...more research is needed on the mechanisms of action of xylitol...&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;While these issues of xylitol still need to be expanded, the benefits it offers are literally worth salivating over.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232036/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full article&lt;/a&gt; for all the details. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An additional medical article from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14700079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14700079&lt;/a&gt; notes that they did a study where samples were soaked in xylitol solution, and says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;These results indicate that xylitol can induce remineralization of deeper layers of demineralized enamel by facilitating Ca2+ movement and accessibility.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xylitol is a sugar substitute, with 40% less calories and 75% less carbohydrates (&lt;a href=&quot;https://xylitol.org/xylitol-uses/nutritional-benefits-of-xylitol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;than sugar&lt;/a&gt;), that &lt;a href=&quot;https://xylitol.org/xylitol-artificial-natural/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;naturally occurs in fruits and vegetables&lt;/a&gt;, which  doesn't have the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartame#Headaches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;negative side effects reported from many artificial sweeteners&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xylitol chewing gum, mints, mouth rinse can be found at many stores but are especially prevalent in many health food stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This answer wasn't meant to replace any recommendations from a dentist, and was only intended to point out some newer things to possibly supplement your usual oral care. You should probably consult a dentist, if you think you have a cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14354" LastEditorUserId="14354" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T00:35:57.063" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T00:35:57.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17070" CreationDate="2018-08-01T23:20:02.437" Score="4" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a concern about reducing cholesterol too much?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When asked, my doctor told me that &lt;strong&gt;&quot;there is no such thing as too low&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; when it comes to either LDL or total cholesterol.  While I believe this about the former, &lt;strong&gt;I am skeptical&lt;/strong&gt; of the latter claim as I have read some sources online that disagree with this.  Google searches result in many articles stating that low cholesterol is thought to possibly cause problems, especially to the brain in the form of memory loss and depression.  These sources don't have a lot of numbers, though, so I don't know how low is &quot;too low&quot; in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, I am interested in whether one can over-compensate using statin medication and lifestyle changes to a point where they swing the numbers too far in the other direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;I'd like to know if there is something like &quot;too low cholesterol&quot; and if that might be a potential danger to consider.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14387" OwnerDisplayName="Southpaw Hare" LastEditorUserId="14387" LastEditDate="2018-08-02T12:24:49.600" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T00:09:17.383" Title="Can cholesterol be lowered too much?" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17068" CreationDate="2018-08-02T07:55:48.707" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your liver will create all the cholesterol needed for your body, unless you have some birth malformations or genetic disseases you will be fine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your doctor is right, there's no such too thing a too low cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listen to your doctor and don't risk your life because of skme internet articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14388" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T07:55:48.707" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17068" CreationDate="2018-08-02T09:14:49.720" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some doctors think there is not enough evidence that low cholesterol levels are harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/is-my-ldl-cholesterol-too-low&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ask the doctor: Is my LDL cholesterol too low? (Harvard.edu, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There really isn't evidence of harm from driving your LDL too low. In&#xA;  the past, some scientists worried that extremely low LDL levels could&#xA;  result in blood vessel ruptures and perhaps increase the risk of&#xA;  getting certain types of cancer. Those concerns have faded after&#xA;  neither occurred in large clinical trials that involved reducing&#xA;  people's LDL to very low levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Still, taking larger doses of atorvastatin...increases the risk of&#xA;  statin side effects, which include muscle and liver damage. For that&#xA;  reason, moving to a lower dose is a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/cholesterol-level/faq-20057952&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can your total cholesterol level be too low? (Mayo Clinic)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the risks are rare, very low levels of LDL cholesterol may be&#xA;  associated with an increased risk of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hemorrhagic stroke&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Depression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Anxiety&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Preterm birth and low birth weight if your cholesterol is low while you're pregnant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The potential risk of lowering LDL cholesterol to very low levels has&#xA;  not been confirmed, and its association with certain health risks is&#xA;  still under debate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, according to some studies, there might be some risks of too low cholesterol levels (usually caused by taking statins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3247776/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low Cholesterol is Associated with Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Dynamic Cohort Study in Korean Adults (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Groups with the lowest group having TC &amp;lt; 160 mg/dL as well as the&#xA;  highest group having &gt;= 240 mg/dL were associated with higher&#xA;  cardiovascular disease mortality...Based on the results of this study,&#xA;  caution should be taken in prescribing statins for primary prevention&#xA;  among people at low cardiovascular risk in Korean adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299064/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low cholesterol as a risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: A case–control study (PubMed, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study confirms an increased risk of primary intracerebral&#xA;  hemorrhage associated with low cholesterol both in men and women,&#xA;  especially in older individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One who has very low cholesterol levels can discuss with a doctor about adjusting the dose or statins or even stopping them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T09:14:49.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17046" CreationDate="2018-08-02T16:12:45.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a much simpler reason why bulking up on carbs is good in general, also for bodybuilding. Your body needs energy, and hole grain carbs are a healthy source of energy, as its loaded with vitamins, minerals and fiber. The alternative would be to eat fat for energy but this has two drawbacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first drawback is that fat is pretty much an empty calorie source, it contains no vitamins, no minerals, and no fibers. While we do need small amounts of fats to absorb fat soluble vitamins and to get our essential Omega-3 and Omega-6 faty acids, we don't need it for energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second drawback is that burning carbs requires less oxygen than burning fat, because carbs contain more oxygen atoms than fat molecules. This is particularity important when doing cardio exercise. A body builder might not be too much concerned with that, but most body builders do build in quite some cardio training in their routine to maintain a good weight and fitness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as general health is concerned, there is quite strong evidence that limiting fat intake to 15% of total calories is good for health. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1225/712708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned here&lt;/a&gt;, in Uganda in the 1950s the rate of coronary heart disease in the African population was almost zero, while in the Asian population it was similar to what it is in the Western World. The explanation according to the article, for this difference is the fat in the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent finding is that the Tsimané people have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/tsimane-of-the-bolivian-amazon-have-worlds-healthiest-hearts-says-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extremely low levels of heart disease&lt;/a&gt;, much lower than lowest observed results in modern societies like the Japanese people in Okinawa or people sticking to the Mediterranean diet. The Tsimané people's diet contains roughly the same amount of fat as that of the Africans in Uganda in the 1950, its roughly 15% of the calorie intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-08-02T16:12:45.877" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17079" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17303" CreationDate="2018-08-03T13:10:51.823" Score="-1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I suppose this question can be addressed to both males and females, but it would be interesting to know if it varies between the two genders (hormones, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know if shaving body hair (chest, legs, armpit, etc...) or even facial hair (beard) has an impact on the hair in your scalp? Will it deplete the body of nutrients like keratin and vitamins that are needed in keeping a strong, healthy head of  hair? Will it &lt;strong&gt;accelerate&lt;/strong&gt; existing hair loss resulting from androgenic alopecia (Male pattern baldness)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is my hypothesis: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Human hair needs nutrients from the blood to keep the follicle&#xA;  healthy. If you shave body hair it will obviously  grow back, but this requires&#xA;  nutrients. The same nutrients could have been used to go towards the&#xA;  scalp hair and keeping it healthy and strong. But instead, more of the&#xA;  body's resources are going towards other hairs and as a result will&#xA;  deplete the scalp from nutrients and cause weak limp hair. And if you&#xA;  are already predisposed to hair loss (via genetics), then this will&#xA;  result in an accelerated rate of hair fall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious to see if anyone has done any research or if there are any studies on this. Obviously there are many &lt;em&gt;swimmers&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;cyclists&lt;/em&gt; who shave their entire bodies and still have luscious strong hair which can only attributed to 'good' genetics and healthy active lifestyles. If anyone has done any research that either supports or disproves my hypothesis, do not hesitate to leave a response!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14397" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T08:34:11.157" Title="Link between shaving body hair and weaker scalp hair" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;hair&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17082" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17314" CreationDate="2018-08-03T22:28:09.253" Score="-1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any source that clearly tells me how quickly a diagnosis for finding out wether someone carries borreliosis or not can be conducted (I hope it is clear what I mean, I have little medical experience so I this the best way I found to put it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is in particular relevant to me because I suspect I carry borreliosis since 1,5 or 2 months[*] and I am now considering seeing a doctor in an hospital for this right tomorrow but only if a diagnosis can be done&#xA;quickly within hours with a simple blood test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it takes however a more elaborate analysis of my body fluids in order to find it out and if the analysis takes several days in order to have a diagnosis, then I leave it be and see my usual physician at Monday in order to drain some blood for sending it in. On the weekend, hospitals are severly understaffed here in Austria so I do not wanna annoy the staff there with a request that they cannot really conclude.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[*]If anyone is interested in why I suspect I carry it: First, the bite mark of the tick is still visible and sometimes itching (though the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease#Signs_and_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;usual red rashes&lt;/a&gt; did never appear on my skin) and second, I have outbursts of sweat   without doing any physical exertion beforehand, suggesting that my immune system is under stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14401" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T15:01:58.230" Title="How much time takes it to get a diagnosis of borreliosis/lyme disease?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;lyme-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-04T01:01:39.277" Score="3" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read it that a high percentage of mammals, including humans, carry parasites that cause Toxoplasmosis. Through my reading, it appears that it isn't really a &quot;serious&quot; disease. Nevertheless, considering that it is caused by parasite, and it may alter human behavior and cause mental disorders, I want to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get rid of it completely? As in purge the body of the parasite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why it is being viewed in such a nonchalant manner, in most cases? Why isn't it tackled like some other infections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13983" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:52:12.120" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:52:12.120" Title="Why not getting rid of Toxoplasmosis pathogens completely?" Tags="&lt;cure&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;toxoplasmosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17084" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17649" CreationDate="2018-08-04T02:19:54.057" Score="13" ViewCount="239" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/36/9/1355/2453883&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;poor sleep causes circles under one's eyes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I've read that they are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/dark-circle-under-eyes#causes&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;caused by dehydration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to assume that the way poor sleep causes the circles is by causing dehydration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how does it happen: why does poor sleep cause dehydration, and why does dehydration cause circles under one's eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, then how does poor sleep cause circles under one's eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2018-08-09T00:07:18.813" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T17:34:50.653" Title="How does poor sleep cause circles under one's eyes?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17096" CreationDate="2018-08-05T00:37:47.030" Score="3" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a male with O positive blood type. My girlfriend  has AB positive blood type. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are we medically compatible? Do we have good odds of having healthy offspring? Is there anything we should be aware of during pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6816" LastEditorUserId="7130" LastEditDate="2018-08-13T15:54:53.933" LastActivityDate="2018-08-13T15:54:53.933" Title="Is O positive male compatible (fertility wise) with AB positive female?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-05T03:08:08.697" Score="1" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/16558/is-benzoyl-peroxide-as-body-wash-less-effective-than-creams#comment26997_16558&quot;&gt;This comment&lt;/a&gt; references November 2008, Volume 1, Number 4, of the Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. p. 3 states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Has use of a benzoyl peroxide&#xA;  cleanser/wash been shown to be&#xA;  effective in the treatment of acne&#xA;  vulgaris?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;  Data from studies evaluating the&#xA;  efficacy of BPO cleanser/wash formulations are limited, including&#xA;  products available by prescription&#xA;  or OTC.6,7 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbert P. Goodheart, MD &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/herbert-p-goodheart-md-0a6a7214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1971 (Hahnemann Medical College)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471746983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne For Dummies&lt;/em&gt; (2006)&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p. 83&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acne soaps: Antibacterial foaming washes, scrubs, and soap&#xA;  bars are available in many shapes and sizes. Some contain&#xA;  benzoyl peroxide, others have salicylic acid and some have&#xA;  triclosan, an antibacterial chemical cleanser that removes&#xA;  excess sebaceous secretions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;None of them hang around on your skin long enough to do&#xA;  much to help your acne. To make them more effective, leave&#xA;  them on for at least 5 to 10 minutes before rinsing them off&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is there anything better, as the evidence looks hazy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2018-08-05T03:08:08.697" Title="Are there more recent studies on the efficacy of Benzyl Peroxide Cleansers/Wash?:" Tags="&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-05T03:27:50.057" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was distraught to learn today that &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.ncsu.edu/2014/08/face-mites-2014/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;mites are living on everyone&quot;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Demodex folliculorum&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Demodex brevis&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What can I do, and not do, to prevent them from entering my body? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct that any contact between anyone's skin and your orifices can facilitate these mites to enter your body? So no eating with bare hands, or touching anyone?  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbert P. Goodheart, MD &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/herbert-p-goodheart-md-0a6a7214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1971 (Hahnemann Medical College)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471746983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne For Dummies&lt;/em&gt; (2006)&lt;/a&gt;.  p. 217.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mites: A mite called &lt;em&gt;Demodex folliculorum&lt;/em&gt;, which lives in hair&#xA;  follicles, is thought by some scientists to be the cause of&#xA;  rosacea. The belief is that the mites clog oil glands, which&#xA;  leads to the inflammation seen in rosacea. These mites reside&#xA;  in almost everyone’s skin and, like &lt;em&gt;P. acnes&lt;/em&gt;, may just be innocent bystanders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-09-08T13:14:22.557" LastActivityDate="2018-09-08T13:14:22.557" Title="How can we prevent inhaling or ingesting mites that live on everyone?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;demodex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-05T03:36:30.370" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was distraught to learn today that &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.ncsu.edu/2014/08/face-mites-2014/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;mites are living on everyone&quot;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Demodex folliculorum&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Demodex brevis&lt;/em&gt;. What happens if they enter your body, or you ingest them unwittingly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herbert P. Goodheart, MD &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/herbert-p-goodheart-md-0a6a7214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1971 (Hahnemann Medical College)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471746983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne For Dummies&lt;/em&gt; (2006)&lt;/a&gt;.  p. 217.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mites: A mite called &lt;em&gt;Demodex folliculorum&lt;/em&gt;, which lives in hair&#xA;  follicles, is thought by some scientists to be the cause of&#xA;  rosacea. The belief is that the mites clog oil glands, which&#xA;  leads to the inflammation seen in rosacea. These mites reside&#xA;  in almost everyone’s skin and, like &lt;em&gt;P. acnes&lt;/em&gt;, may just be innocent bystanders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-09-08T13:13:30.430" LastActivityDate="2018-09-08T13:13:30.430" Title="What are the health consequences, when mites that live on everyone enter your body?" Tags="&lt;insect-bites&gt;&lt;demodex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-05T03:51:15.007" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Herbert P. Goodheart, MD &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/herbert-p-goodheart-md-0a6a7214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1971 (Hahnemann Medical College)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0471746983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Acne For Dummies&lt;/em&gt; (2006)&lt;/a&gt;.  p. 234.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Benzoyl peroxide is the most commonly used over-the-counter&#xA;  acne medication, and is also the most effective medication for&#xA;  treating PFB. It comes in varying strengths ranging from 2.5 to 10&#xA;  percent. &lt;em&gt;There’s no proof that anything higher than 2.5 percent&#xA;  works any better than the higher concentration&lt;/em&gt;, and the lower concentrations are cheaper and may be less irritating to your skin.&#xA;  Clear By Design, Clearasil, Fostex, Neutrogena, and Noxzema are&#xA;  just a few of the benzoyl peroxide brand names available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The statement beneath from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2948929&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this abstract&lt;/a&gt; feels paradoxical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The 2.5% benzoyl peroxide formulation was more effective than its vehicle and equivalent to the 5% and 10% concentrations in reducing the number of inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T21:40:50.253" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:40:50.253" Title="How can 5% and 10% concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, be less effective than the 2.5%?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;benzoyl-peroxide&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17087" CreationDate="2018-08-05T12:38:13.570" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is something to be confirmed by your doctor and I'm not sure why you're worried, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta. However, in an O-type mother, IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you being O and her being AB is not an issue in terms of conceiving or carrying a baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are both &quot;positive&quot; on Rh factor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The hemolytic condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and the fetus. There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is Rh negative and the father is positive. When any incompatibility is detected, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies toward the fetus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't have a combination known to cause trouble, and if you did, there are treatments during pregnancy to prevent the trouble.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are you worried you might not be &quot;medically compatible&quot;? There doesn't seem to be any evidence that you are not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2018-08-05T12:38:13.570" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-06T08:14:33.980" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that epidurals can slow down labour and even stall it. I've also heard that it can cause complications and increases the risk of c-section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:10.653" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:08:10.653" Title="How can an epidural affect the labour and childbirth process?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;&lt;epidural&gt;&lt;obstetrician&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-06T13:54:57.310" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a person who doesn't need much energy (maybe even 1500 calories is too much), this means that every calorie I consume is very precious.I've noticed that it's incredibly difficult to meet 100% of RDI without consuming too many calories (2000+).Every article I read about nutrient X rich foods, I find something weird like &quot;this food is very rich in that nutrient&quot; (but it actually contains only 3-15% of RDI per 100g), am I supposed to eat a kilogram of certain food just to get enough of 1 nutrient?For example, most articles on the internet say how broccoli are rich in calcium but 100g meets only 3-5% of RDI (why is there so much misinformation regarding nutrition?).When all of this is considered, does one even need to meet 100% of RDI every day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14412" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T18:01:17.827" Title="Can one meet 100% of recommended daily intake without consuming too many calories?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17100" CreationDate="2018-08-06T17:46:03.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think non-fat plain yogurt has 45% of the RDA for calcium, or you could get 100% from three glasses of milk. I have found magnesium to be a challenge so I supplement magnesium. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you start the day with a fortified American breakfast cereal, you can pick up a lot of vitamins and some minerals in the morning depending on the brand, and the calcium in the milk;  though in my opinion some of the cereals are a little too rich in iron (100%), which depending on what else you eat that day that has iron one can end up with a potentially excessive iron load over time (for men and postmenopausal women). &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Choline can be a bit of a challenge, three eggs will give you around 440mg (147 to 115 per egg). The adequate intake for men is 550mg in the U.S.  There is no RDA for choline yet, just a recommendation for an adequate intake.  I tend to forget about choline and I have to remind myself to think about it, but choline is one of those nutrients that I recommend people talk to their doctor before they take a supplement (see potential issue with TMAO). Cleveland Heart Lab. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clevelandheartlab.com/blog-category/tmao/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.clevelandheartlab.com/blog-category/tmao/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sure I don't get the required nutrients every single day, but at least I try to give it some serious attention, and then I don't worry about it excessively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I think people can benefit from researching vitamin D and A on their own. Some people pick up Vitamin D well from the sun, and some don't. . I think there is a role for preformed &quot;real&quot; vitamin A in the diet (occasional calf liver, etc.). As far as preformed vitamin A supplements, it is wise to discuss it with a doctor before supplementing. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of potential interest to diabetics, &quot;pre-diabetics&quot; and their physicians. Vitamin A. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4623591/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4623591/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page here contains a lot of information in one place. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2018-08-06T20:34:02.127" LastActivityDate="2018-08-06T20:34:02.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-06T18:11:43.490" Score="-1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4718576/No-dye-Cancer-patients-gray-hair-darkened-immune-drugs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news article&lt;/a&gt; (here is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2642914&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; about it in a medical journal) and began to wonder if the cure for gray hair is on the way. Those immunotherapy drugs can restore hair color only in people with cancer?, And what about the safety? It is dangerous to healthy people more than to cancer patients?.&#xA;The scientists now need to investigate the process behind the repigmentation of white hairs in those cases and develop a whole new drug for this?, or simply look for a way to make the existing drugs safer for treatments for white hairs?.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14392" LastEditorUserId="14392" LastEditDate="2018-08-06T19:23:49.980" LastActivityDate="2018-08-17T00:57:36.110" Title="a cure for gray hair is on the way?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-08-28T14:25:17.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-07T05:18:40.157" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a correlation between arthritis and diastolic blood pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e if diastolic is high you get arthritic symptoms or vice versa. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14394" LastActivityDate="2018-08-07T05:18:40.157" Title="Is there a correlation between arthritis and diastolic blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;osteoarthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17106" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19114" CreationDate="2018-08-07T09:52:57.167" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;serum&quot; mean in &quot;Intravenous serum therapy&quot;? Does it refer to the substance that is injected through the veins? If not, what do we call the liquid in such an injection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14416" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T13:49:31.520" Title="What does “serum” precisely mean?" Tags="&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17482" CreationDate="2018-08-07T18:10:49.880" Score="9" ViewCount="278" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume there is some misunderstanding on my part about the vaccine-creation-process and which factors play a role in it.&#xA;Below is my current understanding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About toxoplasmosis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmosis is a disease that can infect both humans and cats. It doesn't have a lot of symptoms, i.e. if you have it, you might not even notice. After you have had it, you are immune to further infection because your body has toxoplasmosis-antibodies now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmosis is dangerous in one situation: if a pregnant woman gets it, it may cause disabilities in the baby (even at later ages when he/she grows up) or even abortion. This can only happen if the woman has not had the disease earlier in life, because then she would be immune.&#xA;(It's also dangerous for people with a weakened immune system, such as hiv-patients, but you can't vaccinate them anyway so let's disregard them for this question.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About vaccines:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines are weakened or dead virusses/microbes that cause a certain disease. The body recognises them as a threat, makes the appropriate antibodies and remembers these antibodies in case it encounters this disease again. When the non-weakened disease shows up, the body doesn't need the time to invent/create the antibodies anymore, so it can start to destroy the disease before it becomes too strong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This only works for diseases for which your body can invent antibodies (given enough time), for which it will remember the antibodies and for which the pathogens don't evolve fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is there no toxoplasmosis-vaccine available? It seems toxoplasmosis is an ideal vaccine-candidate: the body can create antibodies and will remember them. The pathogen doesn't even need to be dead or weakened, since the symptoms for the disease are so low. It seems to me that this vaccine would be &quot;just&quot; inserting the toxoplasmosis-germs into the patients blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about a vaccine for women who are not pregnant. Obviously inserting toxoplasmosis into pregnant women is a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possibilities that I thought of:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite, which may be too big of a difference with virusses/mirobes to create a vaccine out of? But why would that be harder?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmosis may have annoying pathogens, that don't want to survive and reproduce in a lab, so you'd have to hunt the parasites down in &quot;the wild&quot; for every vaccine, which doesn't seem to be feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Something causes such a vaccine to be too expensive for the hasstle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nobody wants to fund research to create such a vaccine, because other diseases are more dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/16033/why-are-some-viruses-harder-to-make-vaccines-for&quot;&gt;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/16033/why-are-some-viruses-harder-to-make-vaccines-for&lt;/a&gt; but this question asks for all possible reasons why a vaccine can not be created. I'm interested specifically in toxoplasmosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14403" LastEditorUserId="14403" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T19:58:53.233" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T19:58:53.233" Title="Why is there no toxoplasmosis vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;&lt;toxoplasmosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-08T18:55:20.787" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always assumed baby monitors and all wireless technology to be completely safe and have been informed by a 'friend' that I have been endangering my children by using them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We used an RF detector to measure exposure and it amounted to a constant level of 10mw/m2 in the crib, whereas, for comparison, my cell phone at 30 cm distance measured occasional peaks of 1mw/m2. More advanced wifi monitors measure up to 100mw/m2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She mentioned the following links as evidence of her fears:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.electricsense.com/897/radiation-from-baby-monitors-would-you-blow-smoke-in-your-babies-face/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.electricsense.com/897/radiation-from-baby-monitors-would-you-blow-smoke-in-your-babies-face/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, guess what? Your kid may not be doing so great. The baby monitor next to their slumbering form is emitting radiation similar to the kind that is given off by a cordless phone and bombarding their not-yet-fully-formed skull with electromagnetic frequency radiation. These emissions are a known cause of childhood brain cancer...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why introduce a known carcinogen into your home? Would you have a cigarette in your baby’s room and then blow the smoke in their face? I don’t think so…….&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.home-biology.com/electromagnetic-radiation/high-frequency-electromagnetic-fields/monitors-radiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.home-biology.com/electromagnetic-radiation/high-frequency-electromagnetic-fields/monitors-radiation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This site claims&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been a 60-fold increase in ASD in recent years, which cannot be accounted for by improvements in diagnostic methods and can only be explained by changes in the environment. This increase corresponds in time to the proliferation of mobile telecommunications, Wi-Fi, and microwave ovens as well as extremely low frequency fields from household wiring and domestic appliances. We can now explain at least some of this in terms of electromagnetically-induced membrane leakage leading to brain hyperactivity and abnormal brain development. Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy, former lecturer Imperial College London [1] Andrew Goldsworthy, The Biological Effects of Weak Electromagnetic Fields, MCSA NEWS, VOLUME seven, ISSUE 7, JULY 2012&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wireless radiation emitted by baby monitors, mobile and cordless phones, wireless modems (Wi-Fi) etc.:inhibit the formation of abnormal electromagnetic activity of the brain, which is stabilized at around age 12, which explains the increasing incidence of hyperactivity and epilepsy in children ages according to Dr. Gerard Hyland, biophysicist at Warwick University and 2 times nominated for the Nobel Prize of Medicine [3] cause the creation of many random and useless neural connections, which explains the usually larger skull of autistic children, according to Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy, former assistant of Imperial College London [4] Detunes the initial calibration of the brain networks and the mirror-neuron system in newborns, leading to autistic behavior patterns (Thornton [5]) and are a possible cause of the contemporary increase in cases of autism (Kane [6]) &quot;The adverse effects of electrosmog may take decades to be appreciated, although some, like carcinogenicity, are already starting to surface. This gigantic experiment on our children and grandchildren could result in massive damage to mind and body with the potential to produce a disaster of unprecedented proportions, unless proper precautions are immediately implemented.&quot; Paul Rosch, professor of medicine at New York Medical School [7]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mainly rely on evidence as reviewed in the Bioititiative Report, which I know is widely critisized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, have I been endangering my children or is my friend just nuts? I fail to see how such miniscule emissions could have a measurable effect on anyone, thermal or otherwise. Is there any robust evidence that radiowaves have any negative impacts on the development of young children?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14430" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:48:38.840" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:48:38.840" Title="Safety of radiation from baby monitor" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17112" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-09T12:40:43.180" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a lot of books/movies you see this scene, the latest example that I found was in &quot;when we were orphans&quot; book:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A perfectly normal, healthy woman is kidnapped. After 20 years of&#xA;  abuse, physical and psychological (sort of a slave) she is found by&#xA;  some carers and admitted to a retirement home. Her son finally finds&#xA;  her, but although she can speak normally, answer questions, she fails&#xA;  to recognise him and doesn't react in any way at the news that she's&#xA;  her son. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what does it mean from a clinical point of view when a person &quot;loses his mind&quot; like this and if it actually can happen or is just a myth. I'm not talking here about dementia or other diseases like that, but about diseases that get triggered by abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14435" LastActivityDate="2018-08-09T12:40:43.180" Title="What does it mean when a person loses her mind" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-08-14T23:43:58.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-10T07:08:17.353" Score="4" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it seems logical that reducing any fluid in a body would reduce the pressure does the body regulate it's own pressure after donating blood or is it lowered? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:47:33.797" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:47:33.797" Title="Does giving blood lower blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-10T14:10:38.623" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this study(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6031562/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) about a patient who received a drug called secukinumab and experienced hair re-pigmentation from white to black and hair re-growth and as you can see the results are pretty amazing. It was noted in the study that the results had nothing to do with the patient's psoriasis and said that it happened cause the drug inhibits the Interleukin 17 cytokine which affects hair graying.&#xA;So what does this study actually means? that secukinumab(with or without combination with other drugs) can be a potential cure for gray hair and hair loss?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14392" LastEditorUserId="14392" LastEditDate="2018-08-10T17:58:28.977" LastActivityDate="2018-08-10T17:58:28.977" Title="hair repigmentation and growth from secukinumab" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-11T00:46:41.637" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;About a week ago I was bitten by some insect during my sleep and it left two &quot;bubbles&quot; as shown in the image. Any idea what this is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ibb.co/i9rvvp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bitten hand Picture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14449" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T23:08:23.037" Title="Bitten by some insect" Tags="&lt;insect-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-08-13T19:21:38.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-11T17:51:59.687" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading an &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/13975/6615&quot;&gt;old HE topic&lt;/a&gt; about diabetes, I point out the words &lt;em&gt;&quot;pancreatic exhaustion&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean the organ pancreas has a &lt;strong&gt;lifetime&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, pancreas is able to produce insulin just for a certain amount of time and when it reaches its end-of-life, the Type 2 diabetes disease appears?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-08-11T17:51:59.687" Title="pancreas lifetime and diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17129" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17133" CreationDate="2018-08-11T19:37:53.987" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was pouring concrete 2 weeks ago when I start holding the concrete by my hand so I can close hole in an unreachable place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day, I start feeling pain in my fingers and even in the bones of my fingers.&#xA;What I did was wrong cause I did not use gloves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What may be the most likely cause for this pain experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14143" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-08-12T09:49:25.497" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T15:59:16.737" Title="Touching Concrete while pouring by hands" Tags="&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-08-13T15:57:09.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17129" CreationDate="2018-08-12T10:03:17.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most likely explanation for trouble with the hands coming into contact with fresh concrete is found in the ingredients of concrete or cement and the chemical reactions they possibly cause.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;These effects can be a little bit delayed in time, like a few hours or the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is concrete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. Concrete is basically a mixture of aggregates and paste. The aggregates are sand and gravel or crushed stone; the paste is water and portland cement. Concrete gets stronger as it gets older. Portland cement is not a brand name, but the generic term for the type of cement used in virtually all concrete, just as stainless is a type of steel and sterling a type of silver. Cement comprises from 10 to 15 percent of the concrete mix, by volume. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden and bind the aggregates into a rocklike mass. This hardening process continues for years meaning that concrete gets stronger as it gets older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the key ingredients in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cement&lt;/a&gt; is lime, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calcium oxide&lt;/a&gt; which may react to Calcium hydroxide, both substances or alkaline and caustic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Occupational safety precaution say this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.virginiadot.org/business/resources/Materials/MCS_Study_Guides/bu-mat-AppendDAP.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Appendix D Lime Safety Precautions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), like most materials or chemicals in common use, is not dangerous to work with providing a few simple precautions are exercised. Quicklime (calcium oxide), also called “hot” lime, is considerably more dangerous to use than hydrated lime. While both types of lime are strongly alkaline, quicklime is much more caustic and can produce severe burns quickly when in contact with moist skin. It is also desirable to prevent as much hydrate as possible from coming into contact with workers’ skin. Usually danger from severe burns is remote, but prolonged contact of hydrated lime with a perspiring workers’ skin where the skin is also chafed by tight clothing has produced bad burns. Other persons with particularly sensitive skin have developed forms of skin irritation (dermatitis) through prolonged contact. There is no urgency in removing hydrated lime from skin, but it should be flushed off with water as soon as convenient. However, quicklime should be washed off or at least brushed off immediately after contact with skin, since it is caustic. Hot, humid weather conditions tend to heighten the caustic effect of hydrated lime on a worker’s skin.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;After Work&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Bathe or shower after a workday to cleanse the body entirely of lime and protective cream.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;First Aid&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  1. Skin burns--Wash thoroughly with soap and warm water to remove all lime. Apply a standard burn ointment used for heat or caustic burns, and cover with sterile bandages. Keep bandaged during healing to prevent infection.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  2. Lime in the Eyes--Hold worker’s eye open and flush out with water immediately. Too much water cannot be used.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  3. Report all burns from lime or cases of lime in eyes immediately so that medical attention can be provided without delay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But these are not all the possible causes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Construction Safety Association of Ontario: &lt;a href=&quot;http://elcosh.org/document/1563/d000513/cement-hazards-and-controls-health-risks-and-precautions-in-using-portland-cement.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cement Hazards and Controls Health Risks and Precautions in Using Portland Cement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Health effects&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Cement can cause ill health by skin contact, eye contact, or inhalation. Risk of injury depends on duration and level of exposure and individual sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hazardous materials in wet concrete and mortar include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;alkaline compounds such as lime (calcium oxide) that are corrosive to human tissue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;trace amounts of crystalline silica which is abrasive to the skin and can damage lungs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;trace amounts of chromium that can cause allergic reactions.&#xA;  Skin contact&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The hazards of wet cement are due to its caustic, abrasive, and drying properties.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wet concrete contacting the skin for a short period and then thoroughly washed off causes little irritation. But continuous contact between skin and wet concrete allows alkaline compounds to penetrate and burn the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When wet concrete or mortar is trapped against the skin—for instance, by falling inside a worker’s boots or gloves or by soaking through protective clothing—the result may be first, second, or third degree burns or skin ulcers. These injuries can take several months to heal and may involve hospitalization and skin grafts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Personal protection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  To protect skin from cement and cement mixtures, workers should wear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;alkali-resistant gloves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;coveralls with long sleeves and full-length trousers (pull sleeves down - over gloves and tuck pants inside boots and duct-tape at the top to keep mortar and concrete out)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;waterproof boots high enough to prevent concrete from flowing in when  workers must stand in fresh concrete&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;suitable respiratory protective equipment such as a P, N or R 95  respirator when cement dust can’t be avoided&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;suitable eye protection where mixing, pouring, or other activities may endanger eyes (minimum—safety glasses with sideshields or goggles, under extremely dusty conditions, tight-fitting unvented or indirectly vented goggles. Don’t wear contact lenses when handling cement or cement products).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Work practices&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  When laying concrete block, have different sizes on hand to avoid cutting or hammering to make them fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Work in ways that minimize the amount of cement dust released.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Where possible, wet-cut rather than dry-cut masonry products.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mix dry cement in well-ventilated areas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Make sure to work upwind from dust sources.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Where possible, use ready-mixed concrete instead of mixing on site.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;When kneeling on fresh concrete, use a dry board or waterproof kneepads to protect knees from water that can soak through fabric.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Remove jewelry such as rings and watches because wet cement can collect under them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hygiene&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Clothing contaminated by wet cement should be quickly removed. Skin in contact with wet cement should be washed immediately with &#xA;  large amounts of cool clean water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Don’t wash your hands with water from buckets used for cleaning tools.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Provide adequate hygiene facilities on site for workers to wash hands and face at the end of a job and before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the toilet. Facilities for cleaning boots and changing clothes should also be available.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First aid&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Skin contaminated with wet or dry cement should be washed with cold running water as soon as possible. Open sores or cuts should be thoroughly flushed and covered with suitable dressings. Get medical attention if discomfort persists. Contaminated eyes should be washed with cold tap water for at least 15 minutes before the affected person is taken to hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is what makes nearly every form of cement problematic. A less generalised source of a multitude of problems is the variable nature of other ingredients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Besides portland cement, concrete may contain other cementitious materials including fly ash, a waste byproduct from coal burning electric power plants; ground slag, a byproduct of iron and steel manufacturing; and silica fume, a waste byproduct from the manufacture of silicon or ferro-silicon metal. Some of these cementitious materials are similar to the volcanic ashes the Romans mixed with lime to obtain their cement binder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although these other ingredients should be chosen carefully by the manufacturer, the list of possible substances is quite long. Things like toxicity or allergenic potential are impossible to predict for that from general considerations. Some cement mixtures contain quite a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hexavalent chromium&lt;/a&gt; for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely cause remains the alkaline nature of cement. Symptoms for the occupational safety hazard might look like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Wg0r.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6Wg0rs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ItgyW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ItgyWs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ohsonline.com/articles/2007/03/these-problems-arent-set-in-stone.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These Problems Aren't Set in Stone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Concrete burns are a serious, sometimes disabling problem for exposed workers. Medical tests cannot predict who will get skin problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are even cases of &lt;a href=&quot;http://elcosh.org/document/60/d000458/a-safety-%26-health-practitioners-guide-to-skin-protection.html#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;second hand cement exposure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From all of this it should be clear to practice good occupational safety, to use protective gear and consult a medical practitioner as soon as any suspicious symptoms appear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a recent review of potentially problematic ingredients, see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5968176/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rawaz Kurda &amp;amp; José D. Silvestre &amp;amp; Jorge de Brito: &quot;Toxicity and environmental and economic performance of fly ash and recycled concrete aggregates use in concrete: A review&quot;, Heliyon, 4(4) 2018&lt;/a&gt;, DOI:&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2018.e00611&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00611&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  A study on the potential metal leaching and toxicity of FA, when used as binder in soil stabilization, showed significant differences in leaching characteristics with respect to heavy metals. […] &#xA;  Numerous toxic elements show high enrichment in the fine particles of coal FA [66]. In fact, the concentration of volatile elements, such as, Cd, Pb and Zn, increases with the decrease of FA particle size from coarse to fine [67, 68]. Moreover, the particles of FA have a large surface area in comparison to mass [69]. The smaller particles have higher surface areas and contain significant surface concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements [70]. According to Roy et al. [71], the leachability of elements (P, Fe, Al, B, K, and Ca) decreases for longer ages. The authors also sorted the relative concentrations of leached elements in 3 pH levels: (I) Alkaline: Se &gt; B &gt; Cr &gt; Ni&gt; Cu &gt; Ba &gt; As &gt; Zn &gt; Al; (II) Neutral: B &gt; Cd &gt; As &gt; Se &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Mn &gt; Cu &gt;Ba; and (III) Acidic: B ≫ Zn &gt; Ca, F &gt; Na &gt; Mg, Co &gt; Ni, Sr &gt; Be &gt; Cu, Pb, Al ≫ Si, Fe, K.&#xA;  Based on a study by Theis and Gardner, the aqueous solubility of FA ranges is about 0.5–3% of total original mass. In spite of the insignificant total amount of leachate, the content needs to be precisely investigated and compared to the corresponding regulations.[…]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It has been argued that FA concrete showed considerable leaching of heavy metals and must be regarded as hazardous materials while other studies show that heavy metal's concentrations in leachates from concrete containing FA are significantly lower and very close to the EPA drinking water standard limit;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Long-term leaching from well-cured concrete produced with OPC and neither RCA nor NA release detectable concentrations of toxic metals;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The leaching metals of FA decrease when they are incorporated in concrete. This reduction of the heavy metals' leaching between the FA powder and FA concrete may be related to the cement's ability to solubilize/stabilize the concentration of heavy metals due to chemical retention processes that allow the incorporation of the elements in the cement matrix, and physical retention by encapsulation. However, this study still suggests avoiding the use of FA concrete for drinking water tank and architectural concrete applications.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that concrete may contain quite a bit of problematic substances. Which substances anyone working with these cannot be predicted by just talking about &quot;concrete&quot;. The actual mixture in use has to be analysed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-08-12T15:59:16.737" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T15:59:16.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17120" CreationDate="2018-08-12T18:22:24.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure is not significantly affected in the short term. The body has all sorts of homeostatic mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, such as increasing heart rate and constricting blood vessels. However, if these mechanisms are not functioning well (or if someone already has low blood pressure), then it might well reduce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, your haemoglobin (the red oxygen-carrying pigment) level does not reduce immediately, as it is a measure of the concentration. The body replaces the lost fluid more quickly than the haemoglobin, so the level does not reduce until the blood is diluted over the following days (a process called haemodilution). This can have an impact on aerobic exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, blood pressure is not significantly affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/28083954/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; seems to suggest that repeated blood donation can lower blood pressure, but they conclude that it is just &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;regression toward the mean&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; rather than a real physiological effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION: Among individuals who are hypertensive at initial donation, reductions in blood pressure at subsequent donations appear to result from regression to the mean as opposed to a salutary physiologic process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T18:22:24.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17136" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17137" CreationDate="2018-08-12T20:52:40.963" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I drank about 200ml of Lagavulin (whiskey) today and about three hours later headaches started. Usually a hangover takes some time to develop and after that amount of alcohol I do not have a hangover at all. I also drank a lot of water today.&#xA;Recently I think I had this several times that the headaches started pretty soon after moderate consumption of alcohol. I drink once in a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it plausible that his is actually a hangover? Is this not too soon? Could the headaches be caused by something else related to the consumption of alcohol like for example blood pressure? What would be the most plausible cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14460" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T22:41:52.410" Title="Hangover starting too soon?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;headache&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-08-23T13:49:39.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17136" CreationDate="2018-08-12T22:25:22.050" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably not a hangover, as it is too soon for what most people refer to as a hangover. It is more likely due to the direct effects of alcohol itself, or perhaps something else in the drink. As is often the way with the human body, there can be several factors interacting together (these include the drink, hydration, liver function, environmental conditions, food etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://headaches.org/2007/10/25/alcohol-and-headaches/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;information&lt;/a&gt; is taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://headaches.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Headache Foundation&lt;/a&gt; in the US:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol, which is consumed in beverages such as liquor, wine and beer, is a chemical called ethanol. Ethanol may cause headaches by several means. First, it is a direct vasodilator; in some individuals vasodilation may cause a headache. Second, ethanol is a natural diuretic; this leads to excretion of salt, vitamins and minerals from the body through the kidneys. Excess consumption of ethanol may produce dehydration and chemical imbalances in the body. Except in “moonshine,” we consume ethanol in beverages that contain other chemicals. These chemicals are called congeners. Congeners impart the specific tastes and flavors that make each beverage unique. These congeners also have a variety of effects that can cause headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the three ways alcohol can cause a headache are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Direct vasodilation effect (dilates blood vessels)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diuretic effect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The effect of other components on the drink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your whisky was about 40% alcohol, 200ml would be about 8 units of ethanol, which is definitely enough to have an effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-12T22:41:52.410" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T22:41:52.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17126" CreationDate="2018-08-12T23:08:23.037" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had similar experience many times. But sometimes it might be just allergy not insect bite. Usually, if it is insect bite it is itchy which is body's response to the proteins left by the insect in case of the mosquito. Some times some other pests or spiders. It may take more than a week or just a few days. But if you're concerned or it is painful, please contact your GP or Aesthetic specialist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14462" LastActivityDate="2018-08-12T23:08:23.037" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-13T08:22:50.357" Score="4" ViewCount="7688" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Pentasa an immunosuppresive drug? I want to know because my brother has been diagnosed with Crohn's Disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14468" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-14T22:30:15.143" LastActivityDate="2018-08-15T06:05:06.770" Title="Is Pentasa an immunosuppressive drug?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-13T12:44:49.557" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading the book &lt;em&gt;Mindfulness and Psychotherapy&lt;/em&gt;, and at first I thought &lt;em&gt;clinician&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;therapist&lt;/em&gt; are used interchangeably, but it seems not. So is there any difference between the two? If yes, is this difference only limited in psychotherapy, or does this happen on other fields as well (e.g. physiotherapy)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The integration of mindfulness into cognitive-behavioral therapy has led to new mindfulness exercises and multicomponent treatment protocols. These mindfulness-based psychotherapies involve teaching patients specific mindfulness skills, such as breath awareness, mindful eating, and other ways of regulating attention. The proliferation of treatment protocols is encouraging &lt;strong&gt;clinicians&lt;/strong&gt; to experiment with mindfulness techniques, even if &lt;strong&gt;therapists&lt;/strong&gt; do not implement the entire protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinician&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinician - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2018-08-13T12:44:49.557" Title="What is the difference between &quot;clinician&quot; and &quot;therapist&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-13T14:32:59.283" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I may or may not have a viral infection in the past and then I took vaccination for it. Would it possible for me to get tested for past viral infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example HPV virus using IGG test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14471" LastEditorUserId="14471" LastEditDate="2018-08-13T21:53:22.757" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T04:00:24.387" Title="Would it possible for me to get tested for past viral infection after vaccination?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17143" CreationDate="2018-08-13T22:48:28.287" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pentasa is one brand name for a drug called mesalazine (or mesalamine). While immunosuppressant drugs are often used on the management of Crohn’s disease, this is not one of them. It is in a group of drugs called aminosalicylates (somewhat similar to aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but the mechanism of action is a little different).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It works through an anti-inflammatory effect on the walls of the bowel by inhibiting inflammatory compounds called prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes. It can be administered orally or rectally, depending on the affected part of the bowel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/health/inflammatory-bowel-disease/crohns-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; to a useful advice leaflet about Crohn’s disease and its treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/#Search?q=Pentasa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British National Formulary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-15T06:05:06.770" LastActivityDate="2018-08-15T06:05:06.770" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-14T05:53:09.937" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an old show called &quot;I didn't know I was pregnant&quot; where girls sometimes gain little to no weight and don't look pregnant, then suddenly give birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this unhealthy or dangerous for them or the baby? How important is it to have a large belly when you give birth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14475" LastActivityDate="2018-09-17T11:04:20.990" Title="Is Pregnancy without Weight Gain or Distended Belly a Health Risk?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-14T06:57:32.267" Score="1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was cleaning out my fridge and came across a milk carton (2%) that was bulging. I opened the cap and it released gas, and a horrible smell. I poured it down the drain and ventilated my apartment. How likely is it that I could have contracted a pathogen just by breathing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14476" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-09-07T19:35:57.507" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T19:35:57.507" Title="I poured out a bulging milk carton - am I in danger?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17152" CreationDate="2018-08-14T08:15:18.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Extremely unlikely. This is simply unpleasant but not dangerous. The gas is mostly carbon dioxide released by bacteria in the milk fermenting the lactose sugar. Other products of the fermentation cause the foul smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking the milk is another matter, as there will usually be bacterial overgrowth and a build up of lactic acid which will cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea. In rare cases a person could become more seriously unwell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/3/pdfs/11-1370.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nonpasteurized Dairy Products,&#xA;Disease Outbreaks, and State&#xA;Laws—United States, 1993–2006&lt;/a&gt; by authors affiliated to the US Centre for Disease Control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization#Milk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article on milk pasteurisation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-15T05:59:07.527" LastActivityDate="2018-08-15T05:59:07.527" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17175" CreationDate="2018-08-14T09:40:11.403" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I sit down cross-legged on the floor for any more than about ten minutes I start to get pins and needles, and this seems to be common among other adults I have spoken to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My 3 year old daughter on the other hand can sit down in this way seemingly for as long as she likes without being affected by pins and needles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13885" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-14T15:02:54.153" LastActivityDate="2018-08-16T22:00:14.047" Title="Why aren't children affected by pins and needles as much as adults?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-14T11:13:01.357" Score="2" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering whether taking escitalopram (5 mg/day) might spoil the results of a 24-hour urinary metanephrine/normetanephrine analysis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled and found this mention of escitalopram in &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1586/17446651.2014.887985?needAccess=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pheochromocytoma: pitfalls&#xA;in the biochemical evaluation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (Dobri et al., 2014): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although tricyclic antidepressants are known to increase NE/NMN levels, newer classes of antidepressants which inhibit NE neuronal reuptake are potentially associated with falsepositive results. Clinicians need to inquire about the use of&#xA;  serotonin NE reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, &lt;strong&gt;escitalopram&lt;/strong&gt;) and NE DA reuptake inhibitors (bupropion). Neary et al. reported a patient with plasma NMN &gt; fourfolds ULN while on venlafaxine, which returned to normal 2 weeks after discontinuation of the drug [64].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this article cites only one case report, and that is not for escitalopram but for venlafaxine, which is not an SSRI but SNRI. Are there reports of escitalopram drastically affecting urinary metanephrine/normetanephrine levels?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-08-14T12:16:57.873" LastActivityDate="2018-08-14T12:16:57.873" Title="Can taking escitalopram produce a false-positive result in a urinary metanephrine/normetanephrine test?" Tags="&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-15T08:32:41.637" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this would be a hospital policy thing or a medical thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to get an epidural at 9cm or does it have to be administered earlier on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13588" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:44:02.640" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:44:02.640" Title="Are there time limits on when epidurals can be administered?" Tags="&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;epidural&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17160" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-15T08:41:43.690" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you might have seen theres a new facebook post going around about a 22 year old women who was drugged in a mall. Supposedly a group of men had 'blown a substance in her ear' and she nearly passed out. She managed to make it to security before she passed out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the post the drug used is Scopolamine, which according to my research, can indeed cause dizziness, blurred speech and loss of muscle control. When taken in very high amounts it can cause someone to fall asleep for hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have never heard of drugs like this working when being put in someones ear? Can your ear even get these drugs into your bloodstream?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5268" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T01:14:02.777" Title="Can scopolamine really be given through the ear?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-15T10:10:22.127" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Googling suggests that men suffering from benign prostate enlargement are advised not to drink alcohol or caffeine containing beverages, but I have also found research articles suggesting that alcohol has no effect on benign prostate enlargement. Is there an accepted view on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would guess one possible confusion is whether we are talking about long term or immediate effects. For example a long term effect would be whether alcohol consumption makes the benign prostate enlargement gradually worse over time. A short term effect would be be whether drinking alcohol causes temporary difficulty urinating, and this eases as the alcohol is metabolised. Likewise caffeine consumption. It would be useful if anyone answering could treat long and short term effects separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="474" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T03:50:01.703" Title="Does alcohol worsen the symptoms of benign prostate enlargement?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17163" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17164" CreationDate="2018-08-15T15:37:03.703" Score="6" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the term for the tendency to read an article, selectively identify with certain symptoms, and then conclude &quot;I must have that&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ex: Bipolar Disorder, ADD, allergy to gluten, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7454" LastActivityDate="2018-08-15T16:02:23.360" Title="Read an article, aquire a disorder" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17163" CreationDate="2018-08-15T16:02:23.360" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similar situations are referred to by their common origin in the health sciences: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_students%27_disease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical students' disease, second year syndrome, etc.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More generally, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypochondria&lt;/a&gt; refers to excessively worrying about having a serious illness to the point of having a psychiatric problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberchondria&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cyberchondria&lt;/a&gt;&quot; has been coined to refer to the common modern situation where people may develop symptoms of hypochondria from reading medical advice on the internet, which is often skewed towards more serious illness in particular for symptoms that also have benign causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-08-15T16:02:23.360" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-16T12:05:43.730" Score="3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/480114&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hottenrott 2017&lt;/a&gt; (a teaching sport medicine professor), interval fasting is a good for health and losing weight, side effect people feel well and clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are risks though, and is it ok to do this for long time.. years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastActivityDate="2018-08-16T12:05:43.730" Title="Interval fasting - is it healthy?" Tags="&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-16T13:33:35.683" Score="5" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia lists &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%27s_sign&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frank's sign&lt;/a&gt; as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Frank's sign is a diagonal crease in the ear lobe extending from the tragus across the lobule to the rear edge of the auricle. The sign is named after Sanders T. Frank. […] It has been hypothesised that Frank's sign is indicative of cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes. Some studies have described Frank's sign as a marker of cardiovascular disease but not linked to the severity of the condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But going after the references provided there leads into inconclusive areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3827155&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frank's sign and coronary disease&lt;/a&gt; for example concludes just statistically&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Frank's sign is therefore considered as a marker of the coronary disease, independent of risk factors but frequently associated with them. If its absence does not permit in any way to exclude the diagnosis of coronary disease, its presence corresponds in three quarters of the cases to an established coronary disease within a symptomatic population&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly unsatisfactory are the results dug up from reference material (&lt;a href=&quot;https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/blog/archive/2015/what-is-the-name-of-this-sign.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stanford Medicine: Frank's Sign - Diagonal earlobe crease (DELC)&lt;/a&gt;) as well as trying to follow this nice agglomeration of thematic papers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://joe-cannon.com/earlobe-crease-heart-disease-review/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joe Cannon: &quot;Earlobe Crease And Heart Disease: Is It Real? Review Of Evidence&quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I would be more interested in the most likely explanation for its existence and relevance: Is it therefore even correct to consider this phenomenon as a purely correlative marker sign or is it as a whole so spurious as to be better left ignored? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T05:00:26.537" Title="Beyond correlation, why is Frank's sign significant or not?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17172" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17173" CreationDate="2018-08-16T17:35:49.030" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never heard about pcos until someone mentioned it to me last week. I am 28 years old and I had irregular periods (long cycles) in the last years and when I went to the doctor she did a hormonal test and found a high LH (but the other things were normal, including testerone). She told me to take mini pills then I told her I am trying to conceive, then she gave me duphaston ( I drink it during the second half of the cycle and since then my cycle become normal, 28 days)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14491" LastEditorUserId="14491" LastEditDate="2018-08-16T19:01:17.493" LastActivityDate="2018-08-16T19:43:16.143" Title="Does high LH means I have PCOS?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;ovulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2018-08-21T15:59:48.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17172" CreationDate="2018-08-16T19:43:16.143" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Leutenising hormone (LH) can be elevated in a number of conditions, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How PCOS develops is not fully understood, but there are three main processes going on that give rise to the possible &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptoms&lt;/a&gt; of irregular periods and ovulation, excessive hair growth but with thinning scalp hair, weight gain and oily skin or acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These three processes are below, adapted from this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/551015_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An alteration in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gonadotropin-releasing hormone&lt;/a&gt; secretion results in increased luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. This is what can affect the normal &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;menstrual cycle&lt;/a&gt; and ovulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An alteration in insulin secretion and insulin action results in hyperinsulinemia and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin-resistance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insulin resistance&lt;/a&gt;. This is associated with weight gain and a higher risk of diabetes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A defect in androgen synthesis that results in increased ovarian androgen production. This refers to testosterone, which is what causes symptoms of excess hair growth and oily skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While a high LH can be associated with PCOS, one might expect testosterone levels to be raised (though there are different ways to measure this and it can need some interpretation). Not all women experience all of the symptoms, and there is great variation in severity. The next step would usually be an ultrasound scan of the ovaries to look for multiple cysts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/18950759/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnostic criteria&lt;/a&gt; from the AE-PCOS Society (2009), which I have simplified a little here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Elevated testosterone &lt;em&gt;plus either&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fewer than 6-9 periods per year (oligomenorrhoea) &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 12 cysts in ovaries on ultrasound scan&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, welcome to the Health Stack Exchange. Personal medical questions are off-topic and no answers or comments on the site should be considered as medical advice. I have provided an answer discussing LH and PCOS in general terms. Be sure to keep in touch with your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-08-16T19:43:16.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17154" CreationDate="2018-08-16T21:36:58.697" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pins and needles (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresthesia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paraesthesia&lt;/a&gt; in the medical jargon) is caused by compression of nerves and is nothing to do with blood flow or circulation (other than the very small blood vessels supplying the nerves themselves).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children’s tissues are more flexible and supple, and this means that the nerves are less likely to be impinged due to positioning. As we get older we get more solid and also more stiff and less flexible, meaning that relatively sensitive nerves are more easily annoyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some useful information &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pins-and-needles/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-08-16T22:00:14.047" LastActivityDate="2018-08-16T22:00:14.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17176" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-17T00:35:19.837" Score="5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aside from the obvious (electrolyte loss), why could standard demineralized water be harmful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you buy the usual demineralized water at the hardware store (for car batteries, steam irons, …) sometimes there's a warning from the manufacturer like “Not recommended for drinking” … but why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just a generic warning to remove liability, if the manufacturer accidentally does something wrong (contamination of the source water, lack of hygiene) or are there some harmful byproducts &lt;em&gt;inherently&lt;/em&gt; generated by the usual industrial process of demineralization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11471" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T07:29:23.227" Title="Why could standard demineralized water be harmful?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17103" CreationDate="2018-08-17T00:57:36.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't read the article, only the abstract, but what it's saying is that, for people with grey or white hair, darkening of hair color is an indication that anti–PD-1/anti–PD-L1 treatment for lung cancer is working.  This is almost entirely unrelated to reversing age-related hair depigmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As a side note, I consider the Daily Mail to be comparable to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Onion&lt;/a&gt; when it comes to accuracy in medical reporting.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2018-08-17T00:57:36.110" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17176" CreationDate="2018-08-17T02:05:49.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is the obvious electrolyte loss , especially if you mean distilled water.It may not be a problem with a diet containing enough electrolytes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2018-08-17T02:05:49.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17184" CreationDate="2018-08-17T02:17:49.340" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there some deep flaw in this assumption?  Does the removal of the testicles result in a longer life expectancy fairly consistently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T13:41:36.907" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T13:41:36.907" Title="How does removal of the testicles affect life expectancy?" Tags="&lt;removal&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;testicles&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17179" CreationDate="2018-08-17T23:14:35.610" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer this question properly is going to need a prospect double blinded controlled trial.  That is not going to happen in a normal world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can try looking at historical data, like the one referred to in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/24/castration-life-expectancy-eunuchs-men_n_1910455.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Huff Post&lt;/a&gt; article but that type of restrospective data is highly flawed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;their average non-eunuch contemporaries, who tended to live between 50.9 and 55.6 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the intact men were living short lives, much shorter than contemporary men suggesting that there was something in that ancient era that affected their health then.  But what's the relevance to modern society?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-08-17T23:14:35.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9879" CreationDate="2018-08-18T00:36:58.073" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am answering this almost two years after it was asked, but I hope an answer can still be useful!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hashimoto’s Disease&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120937-overview#a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hashimoto’s disease&lt;/a&gt; (also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in those aged over six. In younger children hypothyroidism is most often congenital. So yes, you almost certainly have hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto’s disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/autoimmune-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;autoimmune disease&lt;/a&gt;. This means that &lt;em&gt;something&lt;/em&gt; triggers the immune system to produce antibodies that cross-react with normal parts of the body. People with Hashimoto’s disease can have antibodies in the blood to various components of the thyroid gland. The most common are &lt;em&gt;anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies&lt;/em&gt;. You may have had a blood test for this and you could certainly ask your family doctor or endocrinologist. Either way, the treatment is similar to other causes; namely replacement of thyroid hormones with &lt;em&gt;levothyroxine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autoimmune disease in general&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The origins of autoimmune disease seem to be a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors and possibly pathogens. Much autoimmune disease is due to various forms of immune &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;. Specifically, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an example of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 4 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt; (along with coeliac disease and multiple sclerosis), while &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 1&lt;/a&gt; causes most allergies and anaphylaxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good example is autoimmune disease after infection by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Group A streptococcus&lt;/a&gt; bacteria (a common cause of throat infections, skin infections, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scarlet fever&lt;/a&gt; etc). In some people, the antibodies that the body makes against streptococcus will cross-react with other body tissues and damage them, causing a number of conditions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rheumatic fever&lt;/a&gt; and rheumatic heart disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 2 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glomerulonephritis&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 3 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/types/guttate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guttate psoriasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANDAS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333434/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; for more information about autoimmunity after streptococcal infection. This is an example of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 3 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other Points&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various autoimmune diseases are associated with one another. Having one can make another more likely. For example, there is a link between &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 1 diabetes&lt;/a&gt; and autoimmune hypothyroidism. You mention that you may have lupus, which is also autoimmune. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also mention fibromyalgia. Currently, fibromyalgia is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; thought to be an autoimmune condition. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/15082086/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proposals&lt;/a&gt; of an autoimmune cause have not yielded evidence of this in research. It is likely to result from a complex interplay of internal and external factors with neurochemisty and neurophysiological processes. There is some overlap in symptoms, but this is not surprising as pain, stiffness, fatigue and low energy are some of the most common symptoms there are and can have many causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see from &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/9660/why-do-some-general-practioners-not-consider-fibromyalgia-as-a-genuine-real-aut&quot;&gt;another question&lt;/a&gt; of yours that you had a bad experience with a general practitioner taking the very outdated view that fibromyalgia is not a real condition! It most certainly is real, even if not well understood yet, and can cause a lot of suffering. Whatever the underlying cause turns out to be (there may be several), it does not have to have an autoimmune origin to be real! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-09-07T18:16:41.847" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T18:16:41.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12225" CreationDate="2018-08-18T01:22:42.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The differential diagnosis of pain in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen or groin is quite extensive, which is why questions on history-taking and a clinical examination are so important. I see some investigations (MRI) have been completed, which should narrow it down a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatomy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUsOd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rUsOd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The abdomen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This diagram shows the position in question: the left lower quadrant (or left &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac_fossa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iliac fossa&lt;/a&gt;) and the left groin region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UeulL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UeulL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Anatomy&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;http://gushmag.net/surgical-anatomy-of-inguinal-hernia/surgical-anatomy-of-inguinal-hernia-hernia-anatomy-california-hernia-specialists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anatomical image&lt;/a&gt; shows the various deep structures in this area (though the image focuses more on hernia repair).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/doctor/left-iliac-fossa-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is a very useful summary of the potential causes and has useful links itself. Using this as a guide, I will go through the possibilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Differential Diagnoses&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, the pain is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;chronic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; rather than &lt;em&gt;acute&lt;/em&gt; because it has gone on for a year now. This helps us exclude short term causes like urinary infections, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diverticulitis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastroenteritis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gastrointestinal causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Constipation: Chrinic constipation is often due to diet and the pain is usually left sided or central lower abdomen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome: This can cause a variety of symptoms, including cramps, bloating, nausea, constipation and loose stools. This is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnosis of exclusion&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that it is important to exclude other causes before diagnosing this, as there are no confirmatory tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer of the rectum or descending colon: This would usually cause a change in bowel habit, weight loss and bleeding. The MRI scan would probably have excluded this, though &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;colonoscopy&lt;/a&gt; would be useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: These are types of inflammatory bowel disease. They would usually cause a change in bowel habit as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gynaecological causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person is female, possible causes include pelvic or ovarian tumours and endometriosis. The MRI may have excluded the former, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;laparoscopy&lt;/a&gt; is often needed to diagnose endometriosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Musculoskeletal causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Left hip pathology: This could be arthritis or other mechanical problems with the soft tissues around the hip and upper leg. The fact that the pain changes with position might suggest one of these causes. MRI scans might miss muscular causes, but would detect arthritis. Sometimes nerves can be entrapped which will give the pain a different character.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6yt41.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6yt41.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;An x-ray of hips and pelvis&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image of pelvis and hips from &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/cases/normal-pelvis-and-both-hips-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiopaedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hernia: Some groin and femoral hernias might be missed on MRI scanning if they are small or reducible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsanddisorders/medicallyunexplainedsymptoms.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medically unexplained symptoms&lt;/a&gt;: Sometimes a purely physical diagnosis is not forthcoming. Sometimes this reflects the limits of diagnostic and imaging technology and sometimes it results from the fact that the human body is amazing and the interaction of mind, nervous system and body is complex. Sometimes this complexity gives rise to symptoms that doctors can’t explain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The positional nature of the pain and (presumed) lack of bowel or urinary symptoms would probably make a musculoskeletal cause for the pain most likely, or possibly a hernia. Given that it has been there for a year and there have been some normal investigations, it is unlikely to be a serious or progressive problem. However, other investigations may be needed to find the cause more definitively. Please note that this answer is not providing medical advice. It is important to see a doctor or healthcare professional if you are suffering from these symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T01:22:42.253" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17169" CreationDate="2018-08-18T03:39:14.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pathophysiology of how DELC (diagonal ear lobe creases) and CAD (coronary artery disease) could be related has not been proven, but most likely has to do with the fact that both the earlobe and the muscles of the heart are supplied by end arteries with few collateral arteries - so atherosclerosis could theoretically affect the phenotypes of both your ear and your heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frank's sign is neither sensitive (lots of false negatives) nor specific (lots of false positives), so it's clinical utility is low. That being said, there have been a mix of studies that found a statistically significant relationship between Diagonal Ear Lobe Creases (DELC) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) so, in my opinion, the relationship is worth investigating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14499" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T03:39:14.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17147" CreationDate="2018-08-18T04:00:24.387" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently no recommended screening test for HPV in men. The HPV vaccine is preventative for high risk strains of HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33 usually, but does not cure a present infection. Most HPV infections are naturally cleared from the body in 1-2 years, but can remain dormant for much longer. Infections are generally asymptomatic in males but can lead to cervical cancer in females.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to answer your question, if you had HPV before the vaccine you could still have it because the vaccine doesn't cure (just prevents), though it is a moot point because there are no common screening tests for men and, even if there was, your body could have cleared it by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14499" LastActivityDate="2018-08-18T04:00:24.387" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-18T15:23:04.373" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be very little research on long-term health or spine drawbacks to sleeping in a hammock (anything besides individuals informal blog-type posts).&#xA;Just one study about sleeping in a hammock would be valuable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some claim the spine decompresses in a hammock. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some claim that a hammock does not provide the body support it needs. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VlIeh.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VlIeh.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Living in a van&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11258" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T13:04:45.173" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T13:04:45.173" Title="Is there a long-term risk to sleeping in a hammock regularly?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-19T15:01:07.140" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this product(&lt;a href=&quot;http://lucasmeyercosmetics.com/en/products/product.php?id=127&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) for restoring color to gray hair and the news articles about it(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.happi.com/contents/view_live-from-shows/2018-04-13/reverse-the-gray-iff-lucas-meyer-has-found-a-way&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) that claim it stimulates melanin synthesis and hair pigmentation, But I am a bit skeptical about it so I searched about the active ingredient of this product palmitoyl tetrapeptide-20 and found that there was recent research about it for treating gray hair(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(17)32112-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(18)31627-0/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another link&lt;/a&gt;) and most of the scientists behind this research are indeed from the company behind this product. &#xA;So this is real? its actually restore hair color to gray hair?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14392" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:40:41.127" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:40:41.127" Title="Is this a working treatment for gray hair?" Tags="&lt;cosmetics&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;hair-color&gt;&lt;pigment&gt;&lt;melanocytes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-20T18:31:54.893" Score="4" ViewCount="925" Body="&lt;p&gt;Burning food seems not be accurate for estimating calories in fiber or alochol, but I'm wondering how well it works for other carbs/proteins/fats. Any pointers to literature are appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastActivityDate="2018-08-21T16:38:51.803" Title="How accurate is bomb calorimeter for measuring nutritional calories of food?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17159" CreationDate="2018-08-20T22:03:14.433" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a medical related question, not hospitally related and depends on how the birth is planned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because epidural is just an anesthesia where the drugs are injected directly into the epidural space. The time lenght of the anesthesia is determined by the type of drug used, which have different half life and so different time of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072751/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072751/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2018-08-20T22:03:14.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-21T01:11:05.287" Score="7" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;With all the information on health how can I know who is accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthline ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/saturated-fat-good-or-bad#section5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt; ) claims that saturated fat is not bad for you while Harvard ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-truth-about-fats-bad-and-good&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt; ) claims it is a bad fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14524" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T21:33:41.280" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T21:33:41.280" Title="How to deal with conflicting health advice?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17211" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17507" CreationDate="2018-08-21T04:11:08.670" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;My uncle once told me &quot;the real reason myopia happens because you look at a PC monitor non stop for hours. When you look to the same object for hours, the eye muscles gets used to the focusing close objects and since they bend the eyes exactly the same for long periods the eye itself changes its shape so look to the distant mountains regularly and blink your eyes so your eyeballs will be wet&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds somewhat illogical but the myopia illustrations on the web shows eyes with faulty lenses And oval shaped eyeballs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, is he true? Does long periods of gaming etc cause myopia? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:35:45.313" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T03:11:36.457" Title="Does staring at a screen for long periods of time cause myopia?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;&lt;screen-time-limits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17210" CreationDate="2018-08-21T15:19:33.197" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best method to verify the autenticity of a scientific news, is to search authorized papers about the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find all the published papers on this website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, and especially on &quot;PubMed&quot; and &quot;PubMed Central (PMC)&quot; (both within ncbi.gov) you can search for a topic and a lot of papers will be shown. Then look for the most recent one, since sometimes newer reviews discover something important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In your case, this can be a good starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastEditorUserId="8643" LastEditDate="2018-08-21T15:46:17.937" LastActivityDate="2018-08-21T15:46:17.937" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17215" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17226" CreationDate="2018-08-21T14:18:44.200" Score="9" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm quite experienced blood donor, even if I feel anxious during the blood extraction I've never felt dizzy nor tired after donation. Today I've been donating and the nurse told me to avoid weight lifting and any kind of exercise for the next 24h.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot remember anyone telling me this guidelines in previous donations, even sometimes I've went to skating after donations without feeling anything wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The medical staff surely knows better than me what to do and what to avoid, but I wonder why they say this even if the donor Isn't feeling bad after donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Some data.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The amount of blood extracted each donation is 450ml.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The max donation frequency allowed is once every 3 months or at most 4 times by year (3 for women).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9085" OwnerDisplayName="Paula_plus_plus" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T05:48:28.463" Title="Why I should avoid to exercise after blood donation?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17216" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17208" CreationDate="2018-08-21T16:26:44.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems deceptively simple to just assume a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter#Bomb_calorimeters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bomb calorimeter&lt;/a&gt;  is still used. Manufacturers of these things &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ddscalorimeters.com/nutritionfood-analysis-applications/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seem convinced&lt;/a&gt; of their utility, naturally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The original method used to determine the number of kcals in a given food directly measured the energy it produced.The food was placed in a sealed container surrounded by water--an apparatus known as a bomb calorimeter. The food was completely burned and the resulting rise in water temperature was measured. This method is not frequently used today.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  According to the National Data Lab (NDL), most of the calorie values in the USDA and industry food tables are based on an indirect calorie estimation made using the so-called Atwater system. In this system, calories are not determined directly by burning the foods. Instead, the total caloric value is calculated by adding up the calories provided by the energy-containing nutrients: protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol. Because carbohydrates contain some fiber that is not digested and utilized by the body, the fiber component is usually subtracted from the total carbohydrate before calculating the calories.&#xA;  The Atwater system uses the average values of 4 Kcal/g for protein, 4 Kcal/g for carbohydrate, and 9 Kcal/g for fat. Alcohol is calculated at 7 Kcal/g. (These numbers were originally determined by burning and then averaging.) Thus the label on an energy bar that contains 10 g of protein, 20 g of carbohydrate and 9 g of fat would read 201 kcals or Calories. A complete discussion of this subject and the calories contained in more than 6,000 foods may be found on the National Data Lab web site at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/&lt;/a&gt;. At this site you can also download the food database to a handheld computer. Another online tool that allows the user to total the calorie content of several foods is the Nutrition Analysis Tool at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nat.uiuc.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nat.uiuc.edu&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-food-manufacturers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How Do Food Manufacturers Calculate the Calorie Count of Packaged Foods?, Scientific American,  2003.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is not prudent to again &lt;em&gt;assume&lt;/em&gt; this it. It varies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.esha.com/calorie-calculation-country/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calorie Calculation by Country&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calorie Calculations in the United States&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the U.S., there are six accepted methods. The two most frequently used are the 4-4-9 formula and the Atwater method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;4-4-9. In the U.S., most manufacturers use the 4-4-9 method, which assumes that each gram of protein contributes 4 Calories to the caloric total, each gram of carbohydrates contributes 4 Calories, and each gram of fat contributes 9 Calories.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Atwater. The USDA SR database, in contrast, commonly uses the Atwater method. The Atwater method uses more precise figures based on food type when assigning Calories values per gram to protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Find the Atwater table here.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  4-4-9 adjusted for non-digestible carbohydrates and sugar alcohols.  (Total carbohydrates less non-digestible carbs and sugar alcohols.) For soluble non-digestible carbohydrates, a factor of 2 Calories per gram (rather than 4) is used, and sugar alcohols use specific factors listed in No. 6 below.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Specific food factors approved by the FDA.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Bomb calorimetry. This process involves burning a food item to see how much heat it releases, which is directly convertible to Calories since, as we know, one Calorie equals the amount of energy required to heat one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. Note the adjustment for Calories from protein in the CFR.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  General factors for caloric value of sugar alcohols: Isomalt = 2.0 Calories per gram, lactitol = 2.0 Calories per gram, xylitol = 2.4 Calories per gram, maltitol = 2.1 Calories per gram, sorbitol = 2.6 Calories per gram, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates = 3.0 Calories per gram, mannitol = 1.6 Calories per gram, and erythritol = 0 Calories per gram.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For more information, see the U.S. food labeling regulations &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=a94277d83556d01a86b5728b2f66fb7b&amp;amp;mc=true&amp;amp;node=se21.2.101_19&amp;amp;rgn=div8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calorie Calculations in the European Union&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The declared values in the nutrition table are average values and must be based on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Total value. A calculation from the known or actual average values of the ingredients used.&#xA;  Known data. A calculation from generally established and accepted data.&#xA;  Estimates. (The same concept as 4-4-9 and 4-4-9-7) The energy value to be declared shall be calculated using the following conversion factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;carbohydrate (except polyols): 17 kJ/g (4 Cal/g)&#xA;polyols: 10 kJ/g (2,4 Cal/g)&#xA;protein: 17 kJ/g (4 Cal/g)&#xA;fat: 37 kJ/g (9 Cal/g)&#xA;salatrims: 25 kJ/g (6 Cal/g)&#xA;alcohol (ethanol), 29 kJ/g (7 Cal/g)&#xA;organic acid: 13 kJ/g (3 Cal/g)&#xA;fibre: 8 kJ/g (2 Cal/g)&#xA;erythritol: 0 kJ/g (0 Cal/g)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For more information, see the EU food labeling regulations &lt;a href=&quot;http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall accuracies of such measruemnts with a bomb calorimeter  is actually a frequent question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The  calorific content is measured with a device known as the bomb calorimeter. A sample of food is placed in an airtight chamber - the 'bomb' - which is filled with pure oxygen and then placed in a tank of water. The food is ignited by an electric spark so it completely burns up. The temperature increase in the water is measured and the actual energy content of the food can then be calculated, either in old-fashioned calories or more modern joules. &lt;strong&gt;This method is not completely accurate, as it is rather crude when compared to the way the human body uses food.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, proteins are completely burned up in the bomb calorimeter, whereas in the human body some of them would be used not for energy but for the production of things like skin, hair, mucus and muscle tissue. Incidentally, the subject is well covered in most biology textbooks for A-level and above, as well as in the occasional Open University programme on television.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The four sources of food energy - protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol - yield 4, 9, 3.75 and 7 calories per gram respectively. The calorie value of a food is usually estimated by multiplying the protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol content by the appropriate factors. Many food manufacturers do not carry out chemical analyses but instead estimate the calorie content using values for ingredients derived from tables published by HMSO. &lt;strong&gt;Such calculations are normally within 10 per cent of the actual value.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1061,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How do food companies work out the number of calories in their products?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detail can be found in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/FAO_2003_Food_Energy_02.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors&lt;/a&gt;, FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER, 77, Report of a technical workshop Rome, 3–6 December 2002.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, bomb calorimetry gives very precise values for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caloric&lt;/a&gt; content. But we need for nutritional analysis &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=y2vTBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;lpg=PA65&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;calorific&lt;/em&gt; content&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-08-21T16:38:51.803" LastActivityDate="2018-08-21T16:38:51.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-21T17:18:26.263" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this experiment(&lt;a href=&quot;https://file.scirp.org/pdf/JCDSA_2013012815274133.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) about Treatment of gray hair in vitiligo patients by direct melanocytes transplant and it looks like they actually managed to transplant melanocytes into gray hairs and restore the color to them. and in another article(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.odermatol.com/odermatology/20162/11.Follicular-SharquieK.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;) by the doctors behind this experiment they said that &quot;In cases of gray hairs, the grafted melanocytes will move from regimented epidermis into the outer root sheath then move down to reach the hair matrix thus inducing pigmented hair&quot;. so basically melanocyte transplantation inside the hair follicles is possible today via melanocyte transplant in the surrounding skin around the hair?. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14392" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T10:02:28.377" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T10:02:28.377" Title="a successful melanocyte transplantation into the hair follicle?" Tags="&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;&lt;hair-color&gt;&lt;hair-transplant&gt;&lt;melanocytes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17215" CreationDate="2018-08-22T09:48:21.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most blood donors are a bit weakened from giving blood, despite feeling often great. The amount of blood removed from circulation reduces your possible performance level and you might tire more easily as the reduced volume of blood also means a reduction in oxygene availability. This small  measurable level of performance reduction can reach up to three weeks.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&amp;amp;issue=11000&amp;amp;article=00014&amp;amp;type=abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Judd, TB., Cornish, S.M., Barss, T.S., Oroz, I., Chilibeck, P.D. (2011). Time course for recovery of peak aerobic power after blood donation. Journal of Strength &amp;amp; Conditioning Research, 25(11)&lt;/a&gt;. .&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from these slightly negative impact factors the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-facts-and-statistics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Red Cross&lt;/a&gt; simply issues the recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After you give blood:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take the following precautions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drink an extra four glasses (eight ounces each) of non-alcoholic liquids.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Keep your bandage on and dry for the next five hours, and do not do heavy exercising or lifting.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Because you could experience dizziness or loss of strength, use caution if you plan to do anything that could put you or others at risk of harm.    For any hazardous occupation or hobby, follow applicable safety recommendations regarding your return to these activities following a blood donation.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Eat healthy meals and consider adding iron-rich foods to your regular diet, or discuss taking an iron supplement with your health care provider, to replace the iron lost with blood donation.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;If you get dizzy or lightheaded:  Stop what you are doing, lie down, and raise your feet until the feeling passes and you feel well enough to safely resume activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main reason being the possible risk of dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood banks encourage the donation of whole blood by donors 50 weighing kg or who have a greater hemoglobin level of 125 g/L or greater. Following the donation of a 450-mL unit of whole blood, plasma volume, which is acutely reduced by 7% to 13%, recovers within 24 to 48 hours. This results in a decrease of the hemoglobin level of 10 to 20&#xA;g/L. Recovery of the hemoglobin level to normal requires time and an adequate iron supply. Full recovery of the hemoglobin to baseline takes 3 to 4 weeks.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It is theoretically possible that peak athletic performance may be affected during the 3 weeks it takes for hemoglobin recovery. Although there are compensatory mechanisms in anemia to improve oxygen delivery to tissues, it is not clear that they occur acutely or with such minor decreases in hemoglobin concentration.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Athletes should wait 12 to 24 hours to resume strenuous exercise after blood donation and should be sure to stay well hydrated the day after a blood donation.&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ritchard G. Cable: &amp;quot;Execise and Blood Donation&amp;quot;, JAMA. 1993 Jun 23-30;269(24):3167.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information and a nice selection of links at&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.nasm.org/fitness/donating-blood-and-exercise-what-athletes-should-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jena Walther: &amp;quot;Donating Blood and Exercise: What Athletes Should Know&amp;quot; (National Academy of Sports Medicine) February 6, 2016.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-08-22T09:56:59.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17227" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17229" CreationDate="2018-08-22T11:19:08.213" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;To gain weight, I have to take lots of carbs which I'm currently doing. My mum says eating too much carbs could cause diabetes. While her mum was diagnosed with diabetes, she said the doctor told her to refrain from excess carbs as that could alleviate her blood glucose level. As a medical student, it made me wonder, since carbs are converted to glucose, does that mean taking excess carbs would lead to a glucose rise in the blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note - I once read that why its not good to take sugar in adults is because, as opposed to children, adults do not burn the excess calories from their body, but I exercise and I was told that in other to gain weight, I have to eat more calories than my body burns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T20:46:23.213" Title="Should I take plenty carbs?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-08-23T14:01:39.690" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17227" CreationDate="2018-08-22T20:24:43.473" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eating large amounts of carbs is not good if you already have diabetes or are prediabetic. But otherwise, whole grain carbs are very healthy. Type-2 diabetes is not caused by eating carbs, but by eating fat. This is explained in detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionfacts.org/2016/11/17/fat-is-the-cause-of-type-2-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. As pointed out in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLqINF26LSA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this lecture&lt;/a&gt;, countries like Japan where people used to eat large amounts of carbs used to have low rates of diabetes, and that changed when they started to eat less carbs and more fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fat consumption at levels considered to be normal in the West is not only implicated in diabetes, it also causes cardiovascular disease. This was first &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(59)91777-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rigorously established&lt;/a&gt; in the late 1950s, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1225/712708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;see also here&lt;/a&gt; for an article on this subject by the first author written more than 50 years later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent research result&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the Tsimane, a forager-horticulturalist population of the Bolivian Amazon with few coronary artery disease risk factors, have the lowest reported levels of coronary artery disease of any population recorded to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And note how similar the diets of the Tsimane and the Africans in Uganda are, e.g. they both get less than 20% of their calories from fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, it's not good to argue on the basis of X is bad because it will cause adverse health effects to people suffering from disease Y. Take e.g. X to be strenuous exercise and Y to be heart disease. Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease, but once you got heart disease, the exercise intensity may need to be limited. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2018-08-23T20:46:23.213" LastActivityDate="2018-08-23T20:46:23.213" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17238" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-24T02:14:16.697" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does low or high blood serotonine levels tell us. Is there any data on the link between certain conditions and serum serotonine concentration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13146" LastActivityDate="2018-08-24T07:50:53.437" Title="Is there any data about the significance of a blood serotonine level test and links to depression or other psychiatric diseases, or simply mood?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-24T09:05:31.987" Score="-1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do you end up high on the Bristol stool scale when you are hungover? What is it with alcohol that interrupts the normal processes in the bowel? Even if you drink plenty of alcohol, the amount of pure alcohol never exceeds 1-2 dl or so, which is quite minuscule compared to everything else you eat and drink every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14157" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T12:21:00.107" Title="Why do you end up high on the Bristol stool scale when you are hungover?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;hangover-hungover&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-24T13:38:39.627" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand there is data for 5/10 year survival rates for different cancers. Is there any data on survival rates for survivors? IE what is the patient's 5 year survival rate, given no recurrence in 8 years? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14560" LastActivityDate="2018-08-24T13:38:39.627" Title="Cancer Life Expectancy" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17246" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17255" CreationDate="2018-08-24T19:58:33.943" Score="7" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6U728AZnV0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this ted talk&lt;/a&gt;, cardiologist &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Keefe_(cardiologist)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;James O'Keefe&lt;/a&gt; argues that intensive running is bad for your heart. This conclusion is pretty alarming to me, and counter to what I have always thought. Is there a consensus among the medical community that too much running can be detrimental to your health?  If so, under what circumstances? I can understand that extreme distance runners could be doing too much, but what about short distance runners? Do I need to be concerned about high intensity, short distance (say 2-8 miles) runs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14561" LastEditorUserId="14561" LastEditDate="2018-08-27T08:57:00.427" LastActivityDate="2018-08-27T08:57:00.427" Title="When is too much running bad for your health?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17293" CreationDate="2018-08-24T23:19:16.573" Score="4" ViewCount="342" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to have metamyelocytes present on a blood test result? Basically, does it adhere to the standard morphology of the WBC &amp;amp; platelet or is it indicative of something abnormal? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-08-25T02:36:26.913" LastActivityDate="2018-08-30T20:33:15.900" Title="Are metamyelocytes typically present on blood tests?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;&lt;morphology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-25T04:14:08.337" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is: how much mg of caffeine (as found for example in Nescafe) consumed per day is still considered safe for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When taken in excessive amounts what can be the harmful effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any harmful effects of sleep deprivation which is a likely result when caffeine is taken in large doses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any chance of developing any tolerance so that as days of use increase more caffeine is required to get the desired effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11087" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-08-25T12:17:23.463" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T20:10:40.370" Title="How much caffeine intake a day is still safe for health?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17251" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17252" CreationDate="2018-08-25T06:37:57.667" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am now living in Korea and have seen regularly these circular red shapes on the back of Korean people. Here is a picture. Sorry for the low quality, it is difficult for me to take a picture of someone in a spa, so I had to resort to take a photo from a public Instagram account): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aGu92.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aGu92.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are these red marks?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I saw them on both men and women, young and old people. They all look healthy at the time of the picture. I could not inspect the marks closely, but they seemed perfectly circular. They were always restricted to the back of the person, and there were always several of them, more or less regualarly organized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My best guess is a vaccination mark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: as I don't really have any idea of what it is, I have difficulties to find relevant tags. Any help is welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="484" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T01:27:30.317" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T01:27:30.317" Title="What are these perfectly circular red shapes on the back of that person?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;alternative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17251" CreationDate="2018-08-25T09:00:07.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: we cannot give individual medical advice or diagnoses. This is a general discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is most consistent with bruising left by the process of cupping.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/news/cupping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cupping is a common treatment&lt;/a&gt; involving suction. It is used in integrative medicine practices, and is very common in some Asian regions.  It has been used for ages, and some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%28cupping%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20AND%20%28%22therapy%22%5BSubheading%5D%20OR%20%22therapy%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20OR%20%22therapeutics%22%5BMeSH%20Terms%5D%20OR%20%22therapeutics%22%5BAll%20Fields%5D%29%29%20AND%20%28%22humans%22[MeSH%20Terms]%20AND%20%28Meta-Analysis[ptyp]%20OR%20Review[ptyp]%29%20OR%20systematic[sb]%20AND%20English[lang]%20AND%20%222013/08/25%22[PDAT]%20%3A%20%222018/08/25%22[PDAT]%29&amp;amp;cmd=DetailsSearch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; have even shown some statistically significant positive effects. There are several proposed mechanisms of action, including increasing localized circulation and drawing tension from muscle/fascia.  It has commonly been misinterpreted as illness or abuse by those unfamiliar with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T09:00:07.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-25T16:24:08.887" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which diseases would be likely to cause a fairly rapid decline in hemoglobin count?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this particular case, hemoglobin count went from 7.6 to 6.4 in 48 hours, despite 2 units of hemoglobin being administered (1 per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be well beyond a mere failure to produce hemoglobin, as hemoglobin decays slower than that.  It seems more like a disease that is actively destroying hemoglobin cells.  Which diseases would do that? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Healthy 50 year old male patient, no medical issues prior to this except overweight (29BMI).  Came in for shortness of breath, hemoglobin count 8.0 at admission.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T19:21:21.873" Title="What diseases cause a rapid fall in hemoglobin count?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-09-07T14:30:49.373" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17246" CreationDate="2018-08-25T17:32:58.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The consensus view is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/sports-and-the-heart/athlete%E2%80%99s-heart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;given here&lt;/a&gt;. So, the views of James O'Keefe are not widely accepted in the medical community. Suppose, however, that the adverse effects of strenuous long endurance exercise he argues for, will be rigorously established. Even then, there is still an issue with the diet as a confounding variable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to O'Keefe, the U-shaped curve is supposed to go up again somewhere around 40 minutes of running at 12 km/h, But at that level of exercise, you need to eat significantly more than people who just run for a few miles at a slower pace, as he is suggesting is much healthier. A rule of thumb is that an hour of running at a pace of 12 km/h burns 1000 Kcal, but this will also depend on the weight of the person, whether you run of flat terrain etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burning 1000 Kcal means that you must be eating 1000 Kcal more, which raises two issues. The first is whether you are going to eat that extra 1000 Kcal in the form of unhealthy high energy density foods. We can address this first issue by investigating the diets. Based on the results we can then correct for e.g. an average drift toward unhealthier diets by people who burn more calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there exists another problem with the diet that is then not corrected for. Suppose that the diet of most people, regardless of exercise intensity, is actually a cause of cardiovascular disease. This is a real possibility, given e.g. the results of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30752-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this recent study&lt;/a&gt;. One can find a similar conclusion also in &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1221/712631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this much older study&lt;/a&gt; (note that the linked article is to a recent reprint, the original author &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/5/1225/712708&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comments here about this old research&lt;/a&gt;). Then it's entirely natural to find a U-shaped curve if exercise by itself is beneficial well above the limits  O'Keefe is arguing for, because you'll obviously get some level of diminished returns from exercise more and more, while the adverse effects of the diet will increase with the increased calorie intake, without flattening off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T17:32:58.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17254" CreationDate="2018-08-25T19:21:21.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There could be different reasons which can explain this situation. They are all well presented in this page of the Mayo Clinic (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-hemoglobin/basics/causes/sym-20050760&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-hemoglobin/basics/causes/sym-20050760&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, those are the most common main causes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your body produces fewer red blood cells than usual&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your body destroys red blood cells faster than they can be produced&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You experience blood loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think that here we can do differential diagnosis (also because we don't have the whole clinical history of the patient). In any case, in acute, it could be good to evaluate the third cause. It doesn't have to be an important hemorrhage, but also a bowel disease which leads to slow blood loss (but this won't answer to the important drop of hemoglobine). Or esophageal varices&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8643" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T19:21:21.873" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17250" CreationDate="2018-08-25T20:10:40.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found an article published in November 2017 that states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;em&gt;Evidence supported consumption of ≤400 mg/day in adults is not associated with overt, adverse effects.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to the article: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517301709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691517301709&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the meaning of 400 mg of caffeine at this webpage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foodinsight.org/caffeine-safe-amount-daily-efsa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.foodinsight.org/caffeine-safe-amount-daily-efsa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What makes 400 mg of caffeine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 shots (2-oz) of espresso&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4.7 cups (8-oz) of drip coffee&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 cans (250 ml) of energy drinks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14570" LastActivityDate="2018-08-25T20:10:40.370" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17278" CreationDate="2018-08-26T03:51:10.107" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many health professionals advocate washing hand before dinner. But is it necessary if we do not use our hands to directly touch the food we are going to ingest? Can bacteria move from our hands along the utensils or along nearby air towards our mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14571" LastEditorUserId="12144" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T19:40:43.060" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T19:40:43.060" Title="Why people wash their hands before dinner even if they eat with utensils and not hands?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17259" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17861" CreationDate="2018-08-26T08:28:37.817" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question comes after having read this  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foxnews.com/health/2010/11/09/professor-loses-pounds-junk-food-diet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Let's take a Person A and suppose the needed amount of calories for A is 2500 Kcal.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Now suppose A wants to limit the amount of daily calories to 2000 Kcal.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Given 2 diets (just as an example) of 2000 Kcal divided as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% from proteins, 30% from carbohydrates and 20% from fats&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% from fats, 30% from carbohydrates, and 20% from proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will the outcome be the same (I.e., weight loss in the same way) as stated in the article? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignoring the bad health effects of a diet with a wrong equilibrium how the composition does not matter if only considering weight loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14572" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-08-26T08:35:07.823" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T11:43:33.070" Title="Calories composition and weight loss" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-26T12:11:31.693" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to ask, between cold, warm and hot water, which one is better to drink for relieving constipation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources and references please.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14573" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:44:51.923" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:44:51.923" Title="Drink Cold, Warm, or Hot water. Which one is better for constipation?" Tags="&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-28T10:09:56.477" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to find out my blood type and Rhesus factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is no medical necessity for this - it's just to know myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(as such, I'm aware that medical insurance would likely not cover the costs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the realistic (and hopefully cost effective) approaches I can take to find out this info?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g., should I just request such a test to be done at my General Practicioner? (and if so how much would the tests likely cost as far as order of magnitude)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I ask at some fertility clinic since they often care about Rh factor? Would they agree to test a random walk-in male, who isn't a registered sperm donor or patient with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I just go to Quest or Labcorp office?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My three main parameters to evaluate the proposed solutions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convenience for an New York City, USA resident. The answer shouldn't propose showing up at some free clinic in California :)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reliability of results. The answer shouldn't be &quot;Do this, but chances are they will refuse to help you because you don't fit their criteria&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Out of pocket costs. I'm willing to shell out a reasonable ($100?) amount for this, but not $300.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14587" LastActivityDate="2018-08-28T15:41:00.277" Title="What approaches can I take to find out my blood type and Rhesus factor?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17241" CreationDate="2018-08-28T11:17:52.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The stool at the top of the image of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_stool_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bristol stool scale&lt;/a&gt; looks as &lt;strong&gt;separate hard lumps&lt;/strong&gt; (Type 1), which means there's a lack of water in it, which can be due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drinking insufficient amount of water while drinking alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eating foods low in fiber (meat, dairy products, chips, white bread, cookies, chocolate, fast food...), which is common during drinking sessions &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's fiber, mainly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/dietary-fiber-the-natural-solution-for-constipation#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insoluble fiber&lt;/a&gt;, that absorbs water and makes the stool bulky (&quot;normal&quot;). Examples of foods high in insoluble fiber are whole grain bread, green leafy vegetables, legumes and fruits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, excessive alcohol drinking more likely results in &lt;strong&gt;loose stools&lt;/strong&gt; (Type 6 or 7 in Bristol stool scale), which is a known &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/7-steps-to-cure-your-hangover-and-ginkgo-biloba-whats-the-verdict&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptom of a hangover&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be alcohol itself or something other in the drink that can irritate the bowel. Or it can be a mixture of drinks and foods that you are not used to or do not really go together...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-08-29T12:21:00.107" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T12:21:00.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17268" CreationDate="2018-08-28T15:41:00.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Donate blood.&lt;/strong&gt; Blood donation is free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are a healthy individual who is eligible to donate blood, for example to the American Red Cross, they will need to test your blood for basic type (ABO and Rh), various antibodies, etc. You will not get this information immediately when you donate, but you can access it later on request, or you may be mailed a card that contains this information to expedite future donation (and they may push you a bit harder to donate if you have a particularly in-demand blood type).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some information from the Red Cross:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcrossblood.org/biomedical-services/blood-diagnostic-testing/blood-testing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood testing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcrossblood.org/blood-donor-app.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood donor app&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not in an area where the Red Cross is a common collector of donated blood, you can look up local providers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-08-28T15:41:00.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17273" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17309" CreationDate="2018-08-28T16:40:40.277" Score="-3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a drug being developed for palpitations without arrhythmia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14590" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-08-30T18:08:53.110" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T03:45:08.837" Title="Is there a drug being developed for heart palpitations without arrhythmia?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-09-13T21:07:37.330" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17258" CreationDate="2018-08-29T16:45:28.390" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because its a good habit as your hands might end up touching your mouth or food when you are eating food using spoon or something. Plus eating with dirty hands no matter whether they will touch food or not doesn't just feels right. That's one of the most important reason that people usually wants to feel comfortable while eating and they want their hands to be clean even if they will use a spoon or chopstick. Its also a good idea to just be safe than sorry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14594" LastActivityDate="2018-08-29T16:45:28.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11045" CreationDate="2018-08-30T20:07:51.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In optometry, &quot;Continuous Wear&quot; of contact lenses is a term used to refer to FDA approval of a contact lenses for wear continuously up to 30 days, then removing them for at least a full night of rest.  &quot;Extended Wear&quot; lenses are approved for wear by the FDA for up to two weeks.  And &quot;Daily Wear&quot; are not approved for wear while sleeping.  Lenses that are approved for continuous wear or extended wear have high silicon content for increased oxygen transmission to the eye.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an increased risk of eye infections, corneal hypoxia and other conditions when the lenses are not removed for a night of rest, which can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness.  Also, different people have different risks for infection and hypoxia.  Your eye doctor can determine if you've been experiencing corneal hypoxia with your lenses wear by the growth of blood vessels within the eye.  If that growth goes out of control, it could lead to blindness.  Paradoxically, one of the reasons for giving a lenses wearer directions for &quot;extended wear&quot; is because they have poor hygiene.  This could be because of lack of motivation, disability, or the environment, for example an occupation that makes taking the lenses out and handling them a hazard.  An eye doctor will weigh the risks of wearing lenses, and also the risks of daily wear vs extended wear and continuous wear.  I've worn continuous wear with good results, by the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contact lenses are also marketed as being disposable, Single Day Lenses, Two Week Lenses, 30 Day Lenses.  The lenses that are to be disposed of frequently are made of a delicate material.  Sometimes, for instance with Silicone Hydrogel 30 day lenses, the material is durable, but prone to deposit buildup that cannot be removed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although Silicon transmits oxygen well, it attracts protein deposits that reduce comfort and vision, and can potentially incubate dangerous pathogens. When pathogens build up a colony on a lens, they become more resilient to disinfecting solutions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although you may be able to wear a lens longer than directed, it may be increasing the hazards of lens wear exponentially as time goes by without disposing of them.  It's less common to have a lens prescribed today, without directions to dispose of them after a set time.  However, Rigid Gas Permeable lenses (Hard Contacts) are frequently used a year or two before disposal.  However, RGP lenses are more durable, and they are hydrophobic and do not absorb solutions that might be tainted with pathogens.  RGP lenses are the safest contact lenses and offer unsurpassed vision correction, especially for those with irregular corneas or irregular astigmatism, and they are offered as Daily, Extended and Continuous Wear.  However, they are not normally prescribed to patients except in cases where a &quot;soft&quot; contact does not provide adequate vision correction, or if a patient specifically request to be fitted in RGP lenses.   That is because they require a 2 month break in period before lens awareness disappears and the cornea and eyelids adapt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've worn several varieties of Soft, including Daily, Extended Wear and Continuous wear.  And I've worn a couple for different material RGP lenses, which I currently wear as Daily Wear.  They offer me superior vision correction.  And with lenses staying crystal clean, I also find them more comfortable that the prior Soft lenses, but that was only after 2 months of adjusting to them.  And, they are more affordable in the long run because the lenses should last at least a year, with good care.  The downside was the adjustment period, and that take them out each night to clean and &quot;condition&quot; them in &quot;wetting&quot; solution.  I would recommended you give them a try if you find that soft contacts do not correct your vision adequately, or if you are extra concerned with eye infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastActivityDate="2018-08-30T20:07:51.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17290" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-30T20:13:56.007" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;is a prescription for +1.00 diopter lens to treat far sightedness the same optical correction as an over-the-counter +1.00 magnifying glasses?  Or do the &quot;magnifying&quot; glasses actually magnify like a magnifier lenses does? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastActivityDate="2018-08-30T20:13:56.007" Title="is a prescription +1.00 diopter lens the same as over-the-counter lens in +1.00 magnifying glasses?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17247" CreationDate="2018-08-30T20:33:15.900" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cells of the blood are produced in the bone marrow by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple steps of differentiation&lt;/a&gt;, yielding intermediate precursor cells like metamyelocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their presence in peripheral blood is abnormal. This is called myelocytosis or myelemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Myelocytosis is very concerning if there is presence of morphologically abnormal cells (like blast), especially if &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other lineages are lowered&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, an isolated report of up to 2% circulating metamyelocytes is not as concerning. As they are the last step before the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;normal circulating neutrophils&lt;/a&gt;, the presence of metamyelocyte in the blood is indicative of high activity in the granulocytic lineage caused by :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compensating for a previously diminished number of neutrophils (for example, after chemotherapy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Active infection or inflammation, with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophilia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;elevated neutrophils&lt;/a&gt; (&gt;7 giga/L)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Use of granulocyte stimulating factor (G-CSF, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filgrastim&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;filgrastim&lt;/a&gt;) for stem cell donation or recovery from agranulocytosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this finding persists across multiple blood draw, more severe causes may need to be considered :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-myeloid-leukaemia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic Myeloid Leukemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myelodysplasia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cancer invading the bone marrow&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14603" LastActivityDate="2018-08-30T20:33:15.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-30T21:05:37.460" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dystonic reactions seem to be a common reaction on a lot of the antipsychotic drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also kidney failure.  Are these issues related in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:40:38.390" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:40:38.390" Title="Dystonic Reaction and acute kidney failure" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;&lt;antipsychotic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10745" CreationDate="2018-08-31T08:31:12.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;While the measured quantities are the same across border, both names and units can vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difference is often the unit used for the concentration of each analyte : either mass per volume or mole per volume (eg: glucose 1g/L = 5.5 mmol/L), sometime variation on the unit prefix (eg: haemoglobin 120 g/L = 12 g/dL). It is of course possible to convert a value in another representation: here is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.royalcollege.ca/portal/page/portal/rc/common/documents/exams/normal_values_e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of normal values (PDF)&lt;/a&gt; in different units.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is mostly a result of differing medical traditions/habits (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/view/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.001.0001/med-9780195176339-div1-192#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AMA style guide regarding units&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#Units&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia on units and reference ranges&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14603" LastEditorUserId="14603" LastEditDate="2018-09-01T03:20:09.520" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T03:20:09.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-31T09:39:53.853" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Booster vaccines are typically booked exactly 4 weeks after the prime dose, is it known how important this specific time window is? How is vaccine efficacy changed if boosters are given later than schedule? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccines I am particularly interested in are DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB, MenB (Bexsero) and PCV (for diphteria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenza type B, hepatitis B, meningococcal group B, pneumococcal infection), which are usually administrated from 8 weeks of age onward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14606" LastEditorUserId="14606" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T16:28:17.410" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T16:28:17.410" Title="Vaccination boosters - is their precise timing important?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-31T10:39:21.870" Score="7" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not obese myself as I've always been interested in sports since childhood, and put effort into living a healthy and active lifestyle. However, obesity is clearly a growing issue worldwide (no pun intended) and in a lot of countries it seems to be fast becoming the norm socially to be overweight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I see articles or listen to people on TV or radio trying to explain away obesity through unspecified medical conditions, genetics, food additives etc. As a sceptical person, I find these reasons hard to believe when, to my knowledge, the only way for a human body to gain weight is by consuming more calories than is burned off on a regular basis (a calorie surplus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain if it's possible for someone to be overweight or obese and it have a genuine medical explanation, and not simply a consequence of poor diet and/or lifestyle choices. I understand that conditions such as diabetes make it harder for someone to manage their diet, but I wouldn't class this as a reason for being obese in itself (clearly not every diabetic is obese).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13134" LastEditorUserId="13134" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T17:35:25.310" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T02:59:40.123" Title="Is it possible for obesity to occur as a result of medical conditions and not just over-eating?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-31T12:55:34.083" Score="3" ViewCount="287" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC has a somewhat confusing [for me] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page on alcohol&lt;/a&gt;. First, they classify binge drinking as excessive drinking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excessive drinking includes binge drinking, heavy drinking, and any drinking by pregnant women or people younger than age 21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Binge drinking, the most common form of excessive drinking, is defined as consuming&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For women, 4 or more drinks during a single occasion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For men, 5 or more drinks during a single occasion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Followed by definition of heavy drinking (as a 2nd form of excessive drinking)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heavy drinking is defined as consuming&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For women, 8 or more drinks per week.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For men, 15 or more drinks per week.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is in terms of peaks and other one in terms of average consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then they talk of long-term health risks for the combined category of excessive drinking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems including: High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems.&#xA;Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon.&#xA;Learning and memory problems, including dementia and poor school performance.&#xA;Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety.&#xA;Social problems, including lost productivity, family problems, and unemployment.&#xA;Alcohol dependence, or alcoholism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But looking at their references only three seem to be about binge-drinking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7966895&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wechsler (1994)&lt;/a&gt; about binge drinking in college&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200273&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Miller (2007)&lt;/a&gt;  about binge drinking in high-school&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naimi (2003)&lt;/a&gt; about unintended pregnancies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These three seem to talking about short-term problems like injuries or unwanted pregnancy. Ok, these could have more indirect long-term consequences, but seem in a different class than cancer, dementia, liver disease etc. Are any of the latter associated with binge drinking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of a review of animal studies &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/dec/29/binge-drinking-brain-damage-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highlighted in the Guardian&lt;/a&gt; some 10 years ago &amp;quot;Regular binge drinking can cause long-term brain damage&amp;quot;. Has any of this (brain damage, liver damage etc.) been actually confirmed in human studies on binge drinking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T21:39:10.327" Title="What are the long-term consequences of binge drinking?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;substance-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17079" CreationDate="2018-08-31T14:00:51.320" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hair structure of an adult is divided into three parts: shaft\fiber, root and bulb. Hair root is located inside hair follicles in epidermis, which itselff is growing a shaft. The shaft (what we usually call hair) consists basically of solid keratin and absent of DNA so it cannot be called &quot;alive&quot; in a rigorous sense (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;details&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hair lifecycle consists of three stages: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anagen (1000 days), growth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Catagen (10 days),  transition&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Telogen (100 days), new hair start to grow from the same folicule; old one goes out &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in fact ~90% of hair is growing at at any given time and it does not depends on hair length until follicule is damaged (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_hair_growth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;details&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However hair grows affected by external factors like nutrition and ambient temperature, lower temperature more intensively hair grow. So the imaginary situation can happen when a extremely hairy person shaves her/his body hair, the thermoisolation worsens, then he\she experience intensified hair growth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words all above explanations and examples are of speculations as human body is an extremely complex system and effects of second and third order and their interactions may influence, feedback and amplify each other. In the end to regourosly answer your question there should be controlled experemint to be carried out on twins to exclude genetetic variations. I did not find such or similar experiment in literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14608" LastEditorUserId="14608" LastEditDate="2018-09-01T08:34:11.157" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T08:34:11.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-08-31T14:14:25.187" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question about the optics needed to correct a hypothetical situation that everyone with Myopia will eventually encounter as they advance into older age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that a person has Myopia and requires -2.00 diopters of vision correction, when that person advances to the age when Presbyopia is expected, and one would be unable to focus &quot;Up Close&quot;, then when the person with -2.00 Myopia takes off their glasses to read something &quot;Up Close&quot;, would their vision be comparable to another person, about the same age, with 20/20 distance vision, putting on a pair of +2.00 readers or &quot;magnifying glasses&quot;?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, would the person with -2.00 myopia have a built in advantage to be able to read things up close, as if their eyes had a &quot;built-in&quot; focus of +2.00?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastEditorUserId="8914" LastEditDate="2018-08-31T14:19:35.657" LastActivityDate="2018-08-31T14:19:35.657" Title="Myopia advancing into Presbyopia and the Optics needed to correct them" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17305" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17300" CreationDate="2018-08-31T15:30:29.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as medical conditions, it could be a thyroid problem, or the need to encourage serotonin, and I am sure many other things a doctor would know about so ask a doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another article: magnesium &amp;amp; obesity &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=46295&amp;amp;content=PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=46295&amp;amp;content=PDF&lt;/a&gt;  People should be aware it is calcium, Vitamin D ratio with magnesium!  Vitamin D can overwork magnesium to metabolize vitamin D and we have people taking some high doses of vitamin D. Most Americans get too much calcium in ratio to magnesium. Etc.  Bottom line, most people need more magnesium through diet preferably, and probably supplements too. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180226122548.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180226122548.htm&lt;/a&gt;. People with kidney disease should ask a doctor before taking a magnesium supplement. Always tell your doctor about the supplements you are taking at each visit, if any; very important. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2018-09-01T02:59:40.123" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T02:59:40.123" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17273" CreationDate="2018-09-01T05:05:14.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A definitive answer is unlikely because drug companies don't normally make it publicly known what drugs they're developing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arrhythmias-and-conduction-disorders/drugs-for-arrhythmias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antiarrhythmic drugs&lt;/a&gt; already available that could possibly treat palpitations, and there are also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cardiac-ablation/about/pac-20384993&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ablation procedures&lt;/a&gt;. Treatments exist now for arrhythmias. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-09-03T03:45:08.837" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T03:45:08.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-01T13:08:22.160" Score="1" ViewCount="531" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1zn8Z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1zn8Z.png&quot; alt=&quot;what I see&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what are those things I see? It happens when I look at a light source (Such as a light bulb) and the circles are supposed to be smaller on the picture. (I recreated what I see)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14615" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T13:08:22.160" Title="What are those circles and lines I see when I squint at light?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17082" CreationDate="2018-09-01T15:01:58.230" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistesting/labtest/twostep/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Two-step Laboratory Testing Process&lt;/a&gt; is recommended for Lyme decease detection. It takes several days depends on the laboratory to  make the test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in accordance to your post you were bitten by tick more than 30 days ago and you did not develop &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;later signs &amp;amp;symptoms&lt;/a&gt;. So it gives evidences that the probability of the development of Lyme decease is quite low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14608" LastActivityDate="2018-09-01T15:01:58.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-01T18:11:31.907" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've just eaten a meal off a melamine plate without knowing it. The food started frozen, so the plate went in the microwave several times in 30-second intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see plenty of sources saying &quot;don't do that,&quot; but not a single one telling me if I'm going to get sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14619" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T18:25:59.170" Title="How dangerous is it to microwave melamine?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-09-09T07:49:56.720" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17329" CreationDate="2018-09-01T21:30:31.523" Score="5" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do common injuries, such as scrapes and bruises, heal up slower on your shins? It seems as though there would be less blood flow through shins than, say, the upper arm (which is more &quot;meaty&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6760" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:37:58.677" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:37:58.677" Title="Do shin injuries heal slower than similar injuries on other parts of the body?" Tags="&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;&lt;bruising-bruise&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17330" CreationDate="2018-09-03T00:25:01.270" Score="5" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many mental disorders major depressive disorder, bipolar and/or schizophrenia borderline require and or recommend the use of medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is tourettes considered less severe such that you may go through periods of not needing or needing medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2018-09-03T23:19:49.567" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T23:19:49.567" Title="Is Tourrettes considered a condition requiring medication?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tourette-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3183" CreationDate="2018-09-03T13:51:45.260" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please see the possible treatments for alopecia areata:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;First-line therapies &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intralesional corticosteroids &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical corticosteroids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minoxidil Anthralin &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical immunotherapy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prostaglandin analogs &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical retinoids &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bexarotene Capsaicin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Second-line therapies (if first-line ones are not effective)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sulfasalazine &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Photochemotherapy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excimer laser&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fractional photothermolysis laser &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Third-line therapies (if second-line ones are not effective)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Systemic corticosteroids &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methotrexate &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cyclosporine &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Azathioprine &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biologics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The detailed information you can get in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149478/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Alopecia areata: a new treatment plan&quot; by Adel Alsantali in &lt;em&gt;Clinical, Cosmetic &amp;amp; Investigative Dermatology&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14608" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T13:51:45.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17316" CreationDate="2018-09-03T18:25:59.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;FDA data &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm199525.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm199525.htm&lt;/a&gt; suggests there is increased migration of melamine into food at temps above 160'F but seems to take time to accumulate.  The level that leads to toxicity is estimated through risk assessment.  It seems toxicity is rare but can be severe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Products with melamine contamination above the levels noted in FDA’s&#xA;  risk assessment may put people at risk of conditions such as kidney&#xA;  stones and kidney failure, and of death. Signs of melamine poisoning&#xA;  may include irritability, blood in urine, little or no urine, signs of&#xA;  kidney infection, and / or high blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one here can tell you if you're going to get sick.  If you are worried or see concerning signs/symptoms, see a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T18:25:59.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17317" CreationDate="2018-09-03T18:46:44.883" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is commonly known by plastic surgeons etc that the close association of skin and bone in the shin area leads to poor healing.  Anatomical studies suggest that this is caused by the comparative lack of deep perforating vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jprasurg.com/article/0007-1226(81)90061-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jprasurg.com/article/0007-1226(81)90061-8/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T18:46:44.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17324" CreationDate="2018-09-03T21:08:20.157" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The severity of Tourette's varies from person to person and can range from mild, requiring no treatment, to severe, requiring medication and/or behavioral therapy. The tics that are the hallmark of Tourette's also change over time in frequency, type, and severity, so it is possible that someone with Tourette's might need medication at some times and not others. In fact, changes in the tics is a required component of a Tourette's diagnosis. For severe tics, there is also deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves implanting a device in the brain to deliver targeted electrical stimulation to movement centers. However, DBS is still in early experimental stages so its safety and effectiveness aren't known at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tourette-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350470&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tourette-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350470&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-09-03T21:08:20.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17352" CreationDate="2018-09-03T22:49:13.513" Score="6" ViewCount="821" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for a person to be allergic to one subspecies and not another of the same parent species? For instance, can a person be allergic to sweet corn but not popcorn (both subspecies of Zea mays)? Are subspecies different enough from one another that the body might reject one but accept another? Does it vary by the species?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8950" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-09-07T19:35:49.913" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T20:37:43.373" Title="Is it possible to be allergic to corn but not popcorn?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17336" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-04T17:32:59.147" Score="4" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the UK National Health Service offers free prescriptions to certain groups of society, How is the medicine payed for ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is do the various drug companies have a 'deal' with the NHS to offer lower priced drugs for NHS use, and what is that deal exactly ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12354" LastEditorUserId="12354" LastEditDate="2018-09-05T10:36:30.853" LastActivityDate="2018-09-05T10:36:30.853" Title="NHS free prescriptions" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-09-07T14:29:33.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-04T18:14:48.653" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;My aunt is 62 and was diagnosed last november with stage IV metastatic melanoma. She had an operation to get a tumor removed and is undergoing an  immunotherapy treatment that I believe is experimental. So far it's caused some severe complications (typhlitis) and doesn't seem like it is going to work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is not so much medical but about doctors and medical departments. I'm not sure how to proceed, and un particular if it makes sense to search for opinions in other places besides the oncology department in the hospital in my city (Valencia) in Spain where she is being treated. Basically I don't know how and if doctors share and have access to ongoing clinical studies and new treatments. I don't know if looking for others opinions migh mean stumbling some promising possibility that doctors treating her right now might not be aware of. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14640" LastActivityDate="2018-09-04T20:08:42.460" Title="Possibilities after stage IV melanoma diagnosis" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-09-09T07:48:19.903" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17337" CreationDate="2018-09-04T20:08:42.460" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're searching for treatments that are not currently main stream, you need to look on &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=melanoma+and+spain&amp;amp;Search=Search&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=melanoma+and+spain&amp;amp;Search=Search&lt;/a&gt; to see if there's a trial in your city or any other local to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most oncologists will be aware of these trials.  If you're prepared to travel, and can afford treatment in the USA or other countries, then you can look worldwide for experimental treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-09-04T20:08:42.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17340" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17344" CreationDate="2018-09-04T23:22:28.240" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Histamines are found in cherries among other natural foods.  By restricting such treatment can actually prevent issues in the patient.  I was hopeful to find information like this for muscarine.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take a drug that blocks m1 for long periods of time and attempt to stop like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benadryl&lt;/a&gt; or many &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitriptyline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antidepressants&lt;/a&gt;, insomnia is a likely side effect.  Are there any natural remedies for muscarine and limiting acetylcholine muscarinic receptors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What foods to avoid or supplements to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YYCT9.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YYCT9.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6786" LastEditDate="2018-09-05T19:49:49.423" LastActivityDate="2018-09-05T19:49:49.423" Title="Natural Remedies For Lower Muscarine?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17342" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-05T06:49:52.537" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently a youtuber died of a thrombotic stroke a week after a lung transplant operation. Skimming over abstracts on Pubmed, it appears that strokes and more generally thrombosis is a frequent complication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these articles, which spans a little over a couple decades, stuck to estimating the frequency of these complications and didn't explore potential causes. The closest was one that found statistically significant risk factors like old age and cardiovascular disease (duh), but that isn't really a detailed mechanism and didn't seem relevant to the youtuber in question (she was 21 years old).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an explanation for lung transplants causing strokes so well-known that it's not worth mentioning in research, or is this really unknown?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:35:46.060" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:35:46.060" Title="What could cause a stroke soon after a lung transplant? Is it even known?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;&lt;complications&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17340" CreationDate="2018-09-05T09:20:47.733" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Background&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00368.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eglen, 2006&lt;/a&gt;) and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parasympathetic nervous system&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ligands targeting the mAChR that are currently approved for clinical use include non-selective antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, atropine (to dilate the pupil for medical examinations), scopolamine (used to prevent motion sickness), and ipratropium (used in the treatment of COPD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regard to antipsychotics mentioned in the question's image source (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18533766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Correll, 2008&lt;/a&gt;), Olanzapine and clozapine produce robust increases in hippocampal acetylcholine release during acetylcholinesterase inhibition, while other antipsychotics, including thioridazine, have only small effects (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johnson, et al. 2005&lt;/a&gt;). Since thioridazine binds with similar high affinities to muscarinic receptors as olanzapine and clozapine, muscarinic autoreceptor blockade was ruled out as a primary mechanism (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00400-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shirazi-Southall, et al. 2002&lt;/a&gt;). This study compared in vitro binding affinities and functional activities of olanzapine, clozapine, thioridazine, ziprasidone, risperidone, chlorpromazine and scopolamine at muscarinic M2 receptors with their in vivo potencies to increase acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;To your question (how do you prevent insomnia with natural remedies when stopping these medications)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Stopping Antipsychotics&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main thing to consider, especially when talking about stopping antipsychotic medications, is that insomnia can be the least of the problems.  As indicated in the image you posted, stopping them can have withdrawal symptoms which include psychotic episodes, anxiety, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)&lt;/a&gt;.  Stopping these medications should only be done under the guidance of your doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Stopping other medications&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the medication is you are stopping, if you suffer from insomnia as a withdrawal symptom, you should speak to your doctor who can advise on the best course of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correll, C. U. (2008). Assessing and maximizing the safety and tolerability of antipsychotics used in the treatment of children and adolescents. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69, 26-36. pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18533766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;18533766&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eglen, R. M. (2006). Muscarinic receptor subtypes in neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic function. &lt;em&gt;Autonomic &amp;amp; Autacoid Pharmacology&lt;/em&gt;. 26(3), 219-33. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00368.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00368.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Johnson, D. E., Nedza, F. M., Spracklin, D. K., Ward, K. M., Schmidt, A. W., Iredale, P. A., ... &amp;amp; Rollema, H. (2005). The role of muscarinic receptor antagonism in antipsychotic-induced hippocampal acetylcholine release. &lt;em&gt;European journal of pharmacology&lt;/em&gt;, 506(3), 209-219. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shirazi-Southall, S., Rodriguez, D. E., &amp;amp; Nomikos, G. G. (2002). Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics and receptor selective compounds on acetylcholine efflux in the hippocampus of the rat. &lt;em&gt;Neuropsychopharmacology&lt;/em&gt;, 26(5), 583-594. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00400-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00400-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-05T09:28:49.477" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-06T03:03:10.230" Score="6" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;If even forceful brushing which may cause a little bleeding can lead to gum recession, then why not dental scaling, which can often make the whole mouth bloody?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If scaling is done every 6 months (as dentists advise, if I understand correctly), then wouldn't that lead or contribute, to some extent, to gum recession?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="182" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T20:28:55.617" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T20:28:55.617" Title="Can dental scaling cause gum recession?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;gums&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-07-17T03:46:00.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17332" CreationDate="2018-09-06T23:26:54.873" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially this depends on which specific protein a person is allergic too. There will be a lot of crossover in plants so closely related as to be different subspecies of the same species, but some proteins may be unique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following your example of corn, this is taken from an interesting 2012 paper on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228328388_Molecular_Features_of_Maize_Allergens_and_their_Implications_in_Human_Health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular Features of Maize Allergens and their Implications in Human Health&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Detailed biochemical knowledge of maize allergy is lacking. There are several unanswered questions including the symptoms and mechanisms involved in maize allergenic reactions, its prevalence in adults and children, the implicated allergen molecules and the clinical cross-sensitization. Therefore, diagnostic tests and maize allergy management constitute a field of great interest. Currently, maize allergen proteins are classified into 20 different families, displaying diverse structures and functions. They are responsible for many IgE cross-reactions between unrelated pollen and plant food allergen sources. The most relevant maize allergen molecules belong to the Expansin and the Ole e 1 superfamilies, the panallergen Profilin, and the Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs), i.e. Zea m 14, the major maize allergen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is clearly a complex area, with ongoing research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention sweet corn vs popping corn, which are different subspecies of &lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt;. Interestingly, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_corn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sweet corn&lt;/a&gt; is sweet because of a recessive mutation that reduces the conversion of sugar to starch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heating a food can &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;denature&lt;/a&gt; proteins, reducing their bio activity. It is possible that the act of popping corn might reduce allergenicity somewhat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691515000848&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review of Food Processing and Allergenicity&lt;/a&gt;, peanuts, tree nuts, cows' milk, hens' eggs, soy, wheat and mustard were reviewed. It was found that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Processing may influence, but does not abolish, the allergenic potential of proteins.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduction of allergenicity by fermentation and hydrolysis are the best characterised.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-dictionary/cross-reactivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cross-reactivity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also cross-reactivity, in which allergy to one protein results in an allergy to another similar protein in a completely different species (e.g. apples and birch pollen). This results in types of allergy like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral allergy syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All allergies are mediated by an immune system dysfunction known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 1 hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;. Other types of hypersensitivity are responsible for other reactions and autoimmune conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2018-09-07T13:52:43.607" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T13:52:43.607" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-07T06:01:53.640" Score="4" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can getting enough high quality sleep cancel out the harmful effects of overtime work or not getting enough vacation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, articles said that taking less than 3 weeks of vacation increases the risk of death by 37%! The study even found that a healthy diet and exercise doesn't even help but didn't seem to talk about whether sleep would cancel out the harmful effects. Subjects could report how much sleep they got and the study could take it into account.&#xA;Here's one in the UK's &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6103121/Taking-3-weeks-vacation-office-year-extend-life-expectancy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/a&gt; which reported a study in Helsinki by &lt;a href=&quot;http://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.jxutcm.edu.cn/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12603-018-1099-0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Strandberg, et al. (2018)&lt;/a&gt; and according to the report, taking 3 weeks of vacation per year extends your life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If high quality sleep can really cancel out the harmful effects, someone could work around 14 hours five days a week without harmful effects. I left 10 hours because sleep efficiency can only go so high, and we need time for breaks, exercise, healthy eating, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If sleep is the main factor, then those with insomnia need to find ways to sleep well if they want to benefit from the vacations. For those who need to catch up on sleep, it could mean half day vacations so that it's effectively a sleep vacation. Someone might start work in the afternoon so that it's possible to sleep in for a few extra days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Correction&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;The study actually said that the subjects slept less when taking shorter vacations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strandberg, T. E., Räikkönen, K., Salomaa, V., Strandberg, A., Kautiainen, H., Kivimäki, M., ... &amp;amp; Huttunen, J. (2018). Increased Mortality Despite Successful Multifactorial Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Healthy Men: 40-Year Follow-Up of the Helsinki Businessmen Study Intervention Trial. &lt;em&gt;The journal of nutrition, health &amp;amp; aging&lt;/em&gt;, 1-7. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1099-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s12603-018-1099-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T04:04:09.387" Title="Can getting enough high quality sleep cancel out the harmful effects of overtime work or not getting enough vacation?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17356" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5761" CreationDate="2018-09-07T11:02:43.173" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The body loves rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may find that you are able to obtain some regularity in your bowel movements if you maintain a strict regularity in your other essential daily actions - i.e sleeping, eating - and patterns of activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By maintaining a standard you give your bowels the opportunity to fall into line.  You can also expect periodic variation as transit times can change with stress, diet and season.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own bowel movements were like clockwork until a certain BBQ messed things up. &#xA; I must say that obtaining regularity has been a challenge for me ever since!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest avoiding barbecues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="238" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T11:02:43.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-07T19:51:08.220" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know if there are any softwares that by installing on a notebook can allow me to do initial diagnosis of a patient at ordinary locations. Does anybody know what softwares are there or maybe even some portable or mountable hardware for quick blood test? thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14656" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T02:10:56.440" Title="What software are there to use on laptop for blood analysis and diagnosis?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17358" CreationDate="2018-09-07T21:56:55.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No there isn’t. Your computer is lacking the hardware diagnostic tools, so a software won’t be able to help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An actual blood test is a compilation of multiple tests done by experts in a lab, and even the simplest and faster forms (an ABG, as an example takes &amp;lt;5 minutes) use machines which cost &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.labx.com/blood-gas-analyzers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more than 300 dollars for sure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where would you inject a blood sample into the computer to start with...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-07T21:56:55.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-08T13:15:13.527" Score="5" ViewCount="325" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Demodex folliculorum is a microscopic mite that can only survive on the skin of people. Most people have D. folliculorum on their skin. Usually, the mites do not cause any harm, and are therefore considered an example of commensalism rather than parasitism. If D. folliculorum does cause disease, this is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodicosis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;demodicosis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203895-medication#2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;treatment options listed on Medscape&lt;/a&gt; include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Medication Summary&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Various treatments have been used to control Demodex mites. Most treatments involve spreading an ointment at the base of the eyelashes at night to trap mites as they emerge from their burrow and/or move from one follicle to another. A tea tree oil product (Cliradex) can be used. Terpinen-4-ol is the most active component of tea tree oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And crucially:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antibiotics    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Empiric antimicrobial therapy must be comprehensive and should cover all likely pathogens in the context of this clinical setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Erythromycin ophthalmic (Ilotycin)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Belongs to the macrolide group of antibiotics. Basic and readily forms a salt when combined with an acid. Inhibits protein synthesis without affecting nucleic acid synthesis.&#xA;  Used for the treatment of ocular infections involving the lids, conjunctiva, and/or cornea caused by organisms susceptible to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all fine. But &quot;Used for the treatment … caused by organisms susceptible to it&quot; seems strange. Demodex mites are not bacteria. How are they susceptible to antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to be used for prevention or treatment of secondary/bacterial infections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Next, apply an antibiotic/steroid ointment to help keep the mites from moving and possibly suffocate them.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/optometry/cornea-external-disease/news/print/primary-care-optometry-news/%7B586c29a0-2bf5-4548-9670-14e88fae9b98%7D/demodex-infestation-requires-immediate-aggressive-treatment-by-doctor-patient&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Demodex infestation requires immediate, aggressive treatment by doctor, patient, Healio, Primary Care Optometry News, 2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-11-07T23:01:45.320" Title="Demodex control with antibiotics: why and how?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;demodex&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11678" CreationDate="2018-09-08T20:37:13.587" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will discuss azathioprine here, as there are many different immunosuppressant drugs that work in different ways. The immune system is a complex thing and most will inhibit only one particular aspect of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Azathioprine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug. It has been around for a long time but is still widely used. Unlike certain modern drugs that inhibit various &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Inflammation+mediators&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammatory mediators&lt;/a&gt; (like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TNF inhibitors&lt;/a&gt;), azathioprine works at the level of DNA to prevent DNA replication (by blocking the construction of DNA from purine building blocks and purine creation) and thus inhibit the proliferation and function of white blood cells (lymphocytes in particular).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adapted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC152947/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Azathioprine is among the oldest pharmacologic immunosuppressive&#xA;  agents in use today. Over the past 50 years, azathioprine has been&#xA;  used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, rheumatologic&#xA;  diseases, solid organ transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The drug is a purine analog, and the accepted mechanism of action is&#xA;  at the level of DNA. Ultimately, azathioprine can then become&#xA;  incorporated into replicating DNA and can also block the pathway of&#xA;  purine synthesis. It is this action that is thought to contribute to&#xA;  its relative specificity to lymphocytes due to their lack of a salvage&#xA;  pathway. However, the effects on the blockade of DNA replication have&#xA;  never fully explained all of the laboratory and clinical findings of&#xA;  azathioprine-induced immunosuppression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This effect on DNA replication also accounts for some of the potential side effects, such as increased risk of certain cancers, as well as the increased susceptibility to infection shared by all immunosuppressants. That is why infections must be identified and treated quickly in people on drugs like this. Vaccinations for influenza and pneumococcus are also recommended (&lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/doctor/influenza-vaccination#nav-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/azathioprine.html#drugAction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Azathioprine in the British National Formulary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Azathioprine on Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For anyone who is interested, here are two images showing the chemical structure of azathioprine on the left and purine (which it inhibits through &lt;a href=&quot;https://adc.bmj.com/content/79/5/448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;molecular mimicry&lt;/a&gt;) on the right. The similarity is evident, though azathioprine is metabolised to 6-mercaptopurine before it has effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oj8Up.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oj8Up.png&quot; alt=&quot;Azathioprine molecule&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XmCoF.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XmCoF.png&quot; alt=&quot;Purine chemical structure&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, &lt;a href=&quot;https://adc.bmj.com/content/79/5/448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;molecular mimicry&lt;/a&gt; is often a factor in development of autoimmune disease (for which azathioprine is generally used) and also a way of treating them, as is the case with azathioprine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have posted another &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/a/17185/14056&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; on autoimmune disease which may be of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-09-08T20:37:13.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-08T21:24:43.590" Score="6" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;With no recurrence five years after treatment, does a person have average risk of a future cancer ( considered in context of the persons demographics )? Would the risk be affected by the type of treatment of the original cancer ( chemo, radiation, surgery, etc.) ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T18:55:30.843" Title="Does a cancer survivor have a higher than average risk of future cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17366" CreationDate="2018-09-08T22:25:29.347" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Demodex mite is part of normal skin flora but is often implicated in conditions like rosacea, folliculitis and blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Erythromycin is an effective treatment. Its &lt;a href=&quot;http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/654antibiotic.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mechanism of action&lt;/a&gt; is to bind to the 50s subunit of the ribosome (involved in manufacturing proteins in cells) and so inhibits the synthesis of proteins. While humans do not have this 50s ribosomal subunit, other species do, including many bacteria and parasites, so erythromycin can be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This goes for other antibiotics too. For example, &lt;em&gt;metronidazole&lt;/em&gt; is used to treat the parasitic bowel infestation &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;giardiasis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, macrolide antibiotics (of which erythromycin is one example), have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and also have a pro-kinetic effect on the stomach; increasing its contractions and speed of emptying. It is sometimes used for this effect alone in conditions like gastric stasis and diabetic &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroparesis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastroparesis&lt;/a&gt;, where the stomach is slow to empty. &lt;a href=&quot;https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/33/3/397.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; has some more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics are drugs, and like many drugs can have multiple effects beside their most common use of combating bacterial infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they still don’t work on viruses like cold and flu! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EQhpf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EQhpf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Antibiotics don’t work for a cold or flu&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/erythromycin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British National Formulary - Erythromycin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/spotlight-on-demodex-eliminating-the-mitey-menace&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review of Optometry - Demodex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microbiologynutsandbolts.co.uk/the-bug-blog/mighty-mini-mites&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Microbiology Nuts and Bolts - Mighty Mini Mites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Erythromycin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-09-08T22:25:29.347" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17375" CreationDate="2018-09-08T23:01:50.770" Score="5" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 3 year old daughter got her pinky finger closed in the door last night. It broke the skin. We took her to urgent care and they did an x-ray. While waiting for the results, the tech said that if there was a fracture they would put her on antibiotics. The way I understood it, they would skip the antibiotics if there was no fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She ended up having a hairline fracture and is now on Keflex. Why would they only prescribe the antibiotics if the bone was broken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1615" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T12:49:04.650" Title="Antibiotics only if fractured?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17372" CreationDate="2018-09-09T12:49:04.650" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is known as antibiotic prophylaxis. It is to prevent infection in the bone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteomyelitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;osteomyelitis&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bone surface is intact, pathogens like bacteria cannot penetrate it easily, but in the presence of an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_fracture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;open fracture&lt;/a&gt; (when the bony injury is exposed to the environment due to skin and subcutaneous tissue damage) antibiotics are used to prevent infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some countries, an open fracture may be known as a compound fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/aenjournal/Abstract/2015/01000/Antibiotic_Prophylaxis_for_Open_Fractures_in_the.4.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Open Fractures in the Emergency Department&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T12:49:04.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17377" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17369" CreationDate="2018-09-09T15:09:42.230" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first part of your question is very difficult to answer for the reasons mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212/narusan&quot;&gt;Narusan&lt;/a&gt;'s comment: Specifically, comparing cancer incidence rates between many different groups of cancer survivors and people from matched demographics who have never had cancer is going to be very difficult, especially since these sets of data would be sourced from varied studies without the same controls. However, the second part of your question—whether the original type of treatment plays a role in new cancer formation (secondary malignancies)—has been investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301605005882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;The calculated risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy.&amp;quot; Kry &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics.&lt;/em&gt; 2005.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results: Depending on treatment energy, the IMRT treatments required 3.5–4.9 times as many monitor units to deliver as did the conventional treatment. The conservative maximum risk of fatal second malignancy was 1.7% for conventional radiation, 2.1% for IMRT using 10-MV X-rays, and 5.1% for IMRT using 18-MV X-rays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: The risk of fatal secondary malignancy differed substantially between IMRT [intensity-modulated radiation therapy] and conventional radiation therapy for prostate cancer, as well as between different IMRT approaches. Perhaps this risk should be considered when choosing the optimal treatment technique and delivery system for patients who will undergo prostate radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, IMRT was shown to deliver a higher &amp;quot;out-of-field&amp;quot; dose (raditation  to untargeted parts of the body) and had a greater associated risk of secondary malignancies than conventional radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301608008158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;Risk of Developing Second Cancer From Neutron Dose in Proton Therapy as Function of Field Characteristics, Organ, and Patient Age.&amp;quot; Jarlskog &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2008.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results: The main contributors (&amp;gt;80%) to the neutron-induced risk are neutrons generated in the treatment head. Treatment volume can influence the risk by up to a factor of ∼2. Young patients are subject to significantly greater risks than are adult patients because of the geometric differences and age dependency of the risk models. Breast cancer should be the main concern for females. For males, the risks of lung cancer, leukemia, and thyroid cancer were significant for pediatric patients. In contrast, leukemia was the leading risk for an adult. Most lifetime risks were &amp;lt;1% (70-Gy treatment). The only exceptions were breast, thyroid, and lung cancer for females. For female thyroid cancer, treatment risk can exceed baseline risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: The risk of developing a second malignancy from neutrons from proton beam therapy of a brain lesion is small (i.e., presumably outweighed by the therapeutic benefit) but not negligible (i.e., potentially greater than the baseline risk). The patient's age at treatment plays a major role.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like the IMRT, neutron bombardment from proton therapy was shown to have off-target effects and contribute to new cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hopefully, these papers serve as decent representations of different secondary malignancy potentials with respect to primary cancer therapies. In the article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nccn.org/patients/resources/life_after_cancer/understanding.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Understanding Your Risk of Developing Secondary Cancers,&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; the National Comprehensive Cancer Network reminds readers to prioritize their care without regard to comparatively low-probability secondary malignancies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...patients should not cause themselves undue worry about this possibility. &amp;quot;The biggest risk to patients with cancer is the cancer that they are battling. They should follow the treatment plan designed by their oncologist and not worry about other factors. The vast majority of patients are not going to develop a secondary malignancy because of cancer treatment for the original cancer.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, some medical imaging techniques are similar to those cancer therapies that are more likely to cause secondary malignancies. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.philrutherford.com/Radiation_Risk/BEIR/BEIR_VII.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BEIR VII report &amp;quot;Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; includes risk estimates for different imaging and radiology techinques (although &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1120179717302338&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some academic debate exists&lt;/a&gt; on whether it's an appropriate estimation tool for this, the table below uses data from BEIR VII). Keep in mind that any amount of ionizing radiation is not good for your dividing cells!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3MWRk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3MWRk.png&quot; alt=&quot;BEIR VII Estimated Doses&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(XR: x-ray; NM: nuclear medicine; CT: computerized tomography; IR: interventional radiology)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T15:09:42.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17369" CreationDate="2018-09-09T18:55:30.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a big topic and there is a huge amount of medical literature and research on the effectiveness of treatments and survival rates, so I will try to give a general overview and take a different slant to the other answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many factors affect recurrence rates, including the type of cancer, treatment, family history and the passage of time. Cancer is not just one disease but a very wide range of conditions, so it is hard to generalise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be considered from two aspects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cancer that returns after treatment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;New cancers that develop separately from a previous one&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cancer that returns after treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having one type of cancer does make you more likely to have a second cancer of that type in future, as it may suggest an underlying genetic or environmental susceptibility. For example, some people carry mutations of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BRCA&lt;/a&gt; genes that are linked with breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. If these gene mutations are present, there is an increased risk of several types of cancer (and probably a significant family history). Fundamentally, all cancers arise from damage or mutations to DNA. BRCA is normally involved in repair of DNA damage, so mutations that prevent this increase the likelihood of DNA damage causing a cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most times that cancer “comes back” are because it never went away fully in the first place. Even a single malignant cell escaping treatment can cause a recurrence some time later. This varies greatly on the type of cancer, grade (how aggressive the cancer is, tested by histology and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immunohistochemisty&lt;/a&gt; for example) and stage (how far the cancer has spread, measured by imaging such as MRI). Here is a link to further explanations of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/operations-tests-and-procedures/what-do-cancer-stages-and-grades-mean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grading and staging cancer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/why-some-cancers-come-back&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Research UK - Why some cancers come back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do not have technology that can detect just a few malignant cells that might remain after treatment, which is why people are monitored for years post-treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is where the term &lt;em&gt;cancer survivor&lt;/em&gt; is a little misleading. There is actually an &lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/931/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;XKCD cartoon&lt;/a&gt; that has a good visual representation of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;New cancers that develop separately&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, certain genetic susceptibilities may mean someone with one type of cancer is more prone to another separate one at baseline. For example, someone who has breast cancer and a BRCA mutation is at increased risk of ovarian cancer as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was going to talk about the carcinogenic effects of treatments like radiotherapy and chemotherapy and the risk of cancer arising solely due to these treatments, but this has been covered excellently in the answer by Bruce. If that was the intended focus of the question you should definitely accept that answer :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/living-as-a-breast-cancer-survivor/second-cancers-after-breast-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Second cancers after breast cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2018-09-09T18:55:30.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17381" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17383" CreationDate="2018-09-10T08:59:47.220" Score="1" ViewCount="3786" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning to buy 1L electric kettle to make green tea as I live in a hostel. &#xA;I live in India.  Most of the products, in my budget, are made out of plastic and many comments under these product's says it's better to stay away from plastic-made products which are used for cooking/boiling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How far these statements are correct? &#xA;• My only need is to boil water to make green tea.  No other intentions.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14009" LastActivityDate="2018-09-10T17:02:20.560" Title="Is it not healthy way to boil water in plastic electric kettle?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-10T15:09:44.090" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it true that by drinking soft drinks alone, you increase your chances of developing cancer because from what I know, many soft drinks boast 0 calorie drinks and do not contain any known carcinogens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11311" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:29:15.333" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T21:29:15.333" Title="Do soft drinks cause cancer?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17381" CreationDate="2018-09-10T17:02:20.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends, unfortunately. And it does depend a bit on budget as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Electric kettles used for boiling water can leach certain substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For plastic the main concern currently is BPA leaching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bestelectrickettles.net/what-is-bpa-and-why-your-electric-kettle-should-be-plastic-free/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is BPA and Why Should Your Electric Kettle be Plastic Free?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electriccordlesswaterkettle.com/do-the-plastic-in-kettles-leach-the-toxin-bpa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Do the plastic in kettles leach the toxin BPA?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://inthekitchen.org/electric-kettle-plastic-free/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why Electric Kettles Should Be Plastic Free&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Ideally, a good electrical kettle should not contain any plastic because it is loaded with BPA chemical which quickly leaks out when the temperature rises and may cause healthy concerns. BPA is found in polycarbonate, one of the raw material for manufacturing plastics. When consumed, BPA can cause some problems such as disrupting the development of the unborn child or may lead to obesity. Countries such as Japan and Canada, have banned baby bottles and sip cans which containing BPA because of the adverse effects it causes to the users.  Also, taking water or tea that tastes plastics is thought to be harmful and could cause serious health problems such as breast cancer, learning disability, and impaired learning.  BPA may also cause asthma, prostate cancer, and cardiovascular issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But going all metal &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be bad as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/feb/07/science.research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electric kettles may damage your health, scientists warn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The government is to launch research into whether using boiled water from old-style electric kettles is worsening skin allergies through nickel leaching off exposed elements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who filter their water first might be exposing themselves to the greatest risk. The resulting liquid seems to be more acidic, resulting in greater concentrations of nickel dissolving into the water, although further work is being commissioned on this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand you have to insist on guarantees from the manufacturer that those problematic substances are not in the product from the beginning. (&amp;quot;BPA-free&amp;quot; or something like that).&#xA;But in short: you cannot trust any industry that wants to sell something, as usual in a capitalist society. You have to find a trustworthy independent reviewer that checks for a multitude of possibly dangerous substances in those products in your market. Results can get surprising. Then choose that which best fits the paradigm of least toxic and most affordable to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-10T17:02:20.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-10T18:17:36.960" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, Aphasia is always caused by trauma, either a head injury, stroke, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there linguistic disorders related to the brain selecting the wrong word etc. that are physiological or psychological that are not caused by physical issues in the brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11826" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-11T19:07:19.917" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T00:34:15.773" Title="Can aphasia like symptoms be caused by something other than physical trauma to the brain?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-11T14:22:10.640" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is not about sleep, but really about the antioxidant benefits of melatonin down to the mitochondrial level. e.g.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2011/326320/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2011/326320/&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/3/530/htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/3/530/htm&lt;/a&gt;  Specifically how might melatonin help the diabetic?  It seems like a good agent. Crosses the blood brain barrier. Inexpensive. But it may raise blood sugar. Here is an article that touches on the potential risks: &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.humanos.me/research-reveals-an-odd-connection-between-melatonin-and-type-2-diabetes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blog.humanos.me/research-reveals-an-odd-connection-between-melatonin-and-type-2-diabetes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone is aware of any (further) studies etc. on this subject I would appreciate knowing about them:  use of melatonin in diabetes, risks and benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:54:19.713" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:54:19.713" Title="Therapeutic dose as safe antioxidant, melatonin and diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15501" CreationDate="2018-09-11T16:02:04.290" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that SCL (soft contact lens) industries are developing soft lenses for keratoconus.  My guess is that they would have a potential advantage in comfort, especially in the initial month or two of wear.  But, I can't imagine them having any vision advantages.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm an experienced 30 year contact lens wearer and a technically studied person.  I've worn first generation soft lens, and the new silicone hydrogel Continuous wear lens (one month).  And I've worn corneal gas permeable lenses, both first generation (silicon acrylate) and current generation (fluorosilicone acrylates with low silicon content), which are far better than the originals for myself.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as &quot;high-tech&quot; or &quot;sci-fi&quot; type lenses, there are &quot;zoom&quot; contact lenses under development, for instance with 2x magnification.  They work in conjunction with a pair of glasses which magnify the image, and may be handy for those with very high myopia or low vision, since the stronger the diopter power the smaller the focused image is on the retina.  Also, there are new improvements being made with toric lenses in the SCL market, which gas permeable lenses have had an advantage in.  On the issue of eye health, gas permeable lenses are remain the safest, reducing the chance of infection to a third of that of soft contact lenses.  This is probably because soft contact lenses absorb liquids and bacteria, while gas permeable lenses do not.  So imagine a kitchen with a sink sponge that collects bacteria and never gets replaced.  That's comparable to a soft contact lens that rarely gets replaced.  Also imagine a dinner plate in the kitchen sink.  It gets washed off very well, over and over and over, and remains clean.  This is like a gas permeable lens.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, gas permeable lens are likely to remain the top lenses of choice when SCL fail to correct the vision adequately.  This is because they are perfectly shaped, and rest on the cornea (corneal lenses) and thereby the cornea is optically replaced by the perfect shape of those hard lenses, even molding it to the lens shape over time (orthokeratology is a field that corrects myopia by temporarily molding the cornea to correct the vision instead of surgery, and it's benefits, and side effects, are temporary) .  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, soft contact lenses conform to the shape of the cornea, and either add diopter power to it, subtract from it.  Any irregularity or higher order aberration in the cornea will remain after the soft contact lens conforms to the irregularity. For myself, I currently use Rigid Gas Permeable lenses (RGP) because they correct my vision better, and even though I have myopia, I couldn't read well with soft lenses.  After a couple of months of adaptation, I found them to been more comfortable than soft lenses (except during pollen season).  I think this is mainly due to their cleanliness.  They remain crystal clean every day, where as soft lens collect more and more deposits day by day until disposal. So for me, each day is like a fresh pair of lens.  However, I never did try the daily disposable soft contact lenses, which may solve the comfort problem I had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8914" LastActivityDate="2018-09-11T16:02:04.290" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-11T18:51:26.073" Score="5" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any real study on this. I only found couple of blogs like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/columns/paging-dr-gupta/what-do-i-need-to-know-about-my-diet-and-cholesterol/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;​&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;“It turns out the liver does a really good job of regulating the balance between the cholesterol the body makes and the cholesterol we eat,” says Brown. “If we eat more cholesterol, the liver will produce less cholesterol, and vice versa.”&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if this is true or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14684" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T12:01:43.500" Title="Does the liver produce less cholesterol if a person eats a lot of cholesterol?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17384" CreationDate="2018-09-11T20:49:58.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. An Aphasia is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of language caused by dysfunction in specific brain regions. It results from a breakdown of the two-way translation that establishes a correspondence between thoughts and language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Damasio, A.R. (February 1992). &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199202203260806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aphasia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. N Engl J Med. 326 (8): 531–9.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia cites that article saying that there needs to be „damage to specific reasons of brain“. Because of this very definition, there is no psychological aphasia, as it then wouldn’t be called aphasia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most psychological diseases (dementia as a prime example) have also pathophysiological causes within then brain, so aphasia due to dementia would also be due to brain injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-11T20:49:58.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-12T04:33:33.543" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen that soft drinks are harmful to the body due to the very differing level of pH.&#xA;I have also seen that our aged body become acid through time.&#xA;And alkaline when young.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/L-t6TsyNW8o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Physiological Power of Water Dr Lair Ribeiro Md FACC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He says it at 19:20&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking water should be around 7 ? Or alkaline ? Above it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6803" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:28:13.830" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T10:04:36.033" Title="What is the best pH of drinking water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;ph-levels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2021-04-15T15:07:11.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17396" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17397" CreationDate="2018-09-12T11:33:22.823" Score="6" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adrenaline usually is a &quot;panicking response&quot; and should, as far as I understand it, supresses any feelings of tiredness. However, someone I know has agoraphobia, which when triggered releases a lot of adrenaline, yet that person still feels tired and needs to consume caffeine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine 2 possible explanations; either caffeine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;simply adds a placebo effect or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;works somewhat different to adrenaline&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research so far has shown no studies or articles regarding the relationship between caffeine and adrenaline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14689" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2018-09-12T19:19:49.520" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T11:42:55.807" Title="Does caffeine have any distinct biological effects to adrenaline?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;adrenaline&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17396" CreationDate="2018-09-12T13:05:25.570" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a case report about a 24-year old woman (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361850/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;), in &lt;strong&gt;agoraphobia,&lt;/strong&gt; during a panic attack, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which results in adrenaline release, which causes symptoms, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...pounding heart, shortness of breath nervousness, dizziness, losing&#xA;  control on himself &lt;strong&gt;for few minutes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, from symptoms lasting few minutes, you can conclude that adrenaline is acting for few minutes and not all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1464218/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005 study&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;caffeine&lt;/strong&gt; stimulates adrenaline release, but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;adrenaline alone does not account for the effects of caffeine&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  additional mechanisms must be involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above, one might think that caffeine could help you stay alert despite already being stimulated by adrenaline from anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, according to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462044/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 review article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;moderate-to-high consumers develop tolerance to caffeine and &lt;strong&gt;only low&#xA;  or nonconsumers can eventually benefit from an acute administration.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; one who drinks a lot of coffee on a daily basis, will probably develop tolerance to caffeine, in which case the wakening effect would be a placebo effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-09-13T11:42:55.807" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T11:42:55.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-12T13:56:06.163" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I bought a box of supplement strips (Natberry plus) that consists 100 tablets. I feel it's inconvenient to store the tablets strip in my bag as it tablet comes out by accident sometimes. So i thought i can store all the tablets in a container.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safe to store these tablets in an air tight container? Is it safe to take medicine/supplement out from the strip and store it in a container in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14691" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T05:42:24.320" Title="Is it safe to store medicine/supplements in containers" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-12T14:41:33.873" Score="2" ViewCount="247" Body="&lt;p&gt;We often hear two related facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That using a lightbox can help maintain one's circadian rhythm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That using a computer late a night can make it harder to sleep at night due to the blue light emitted by the screen (monitor).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That got me wondering: Can using a computer early in the morning help maintain one's &lt;a href=&quot;https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;circadian rhythm&lt;/a&gt;, much like a lightbox?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2018-11-25T07:44:57.307" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T07:44:57.307" Title="Does a computer screen work as a lightbox?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;light&gt;&lt;screen-time-limits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-12T18:58:38.500" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The background of this research isn't important, so I won't waste time on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a portion of my research, I need to assess the capabilities of certain substances as renal contrast agents [basically how well different chemicals work as renal contrast agents] for CAT scans. However, a &lt;strong&gt;major&lt;/strong&gt; problem I am facing is that I do not have access to a CT scanning machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way I could assess how well these contrast media work without having the actual CT machine at my disposal?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I understand this question may seem useless, but I really do need an alternative method of testing this. I can allocate up to $1000 dollars for this stage of research&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14693" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T18:58:38.500" Title="Alternative Imaging Method for Renal Contrast Media" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;renal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17393" CreationDate="2018-09-12T23:35:08.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO says between 6.5 and 9.5, but mostly due to the pH's effect on operational water-quality parameters. Between 4 and 10.5, apart from possible irritation the effect on humans may not be severe: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EFFECTS ON HUMANS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to extreme pH values results in irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Eye irritation and exacerbation of skin disorders have been associated with pH values greater than 11. In addition, solutions of pH 10–12.5 have been reported to cause hair fibres to swell. In sensitive individuals, gastrointestinal irritation may also occur. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to low pH values can also result in similar effects. Below pH 4, redness and irritation of the eyes have been reported, the severity of which increases with decreasing pH. Below pH 2.5, damage to the epithelium is irreversible and extensive. In addition, because pH can affect the degree of corrosion of metals as well as disinfection efficiency, it may have an indirect effect on health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although pH usually has no direct impact on water consumers, it is one of the most important operational water-quality parameters. Careful attention to pH control is necessary at all stages of water treatment to ensure satisfactory water clarification and disinfection. For effective disinfection with chlorine, the pH should preferably be less than 8. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pH of the water entering the distribution system must be controlled to minimize the corrosion of water mains and pipes in household water systems. Failure to do so can result in the contamination of drinking-water and in adverse effects on its taste, odour, and appearance.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;The optimum pH will vary in different supplies according to the composition of the water and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system, but is often in the range 6.5–9.5&lt;/strong&gt;. Extreme pH values can result from accidental spills, treatment breakdowns, and insufficiently cured cement mortar pipe linings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;WHO: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/ph.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pH in Drinking-water:&#xA;  Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. WHO/SDE/WHO/03.04/12.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-09-12T23:35:08.243" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17384" CreationDate="2018-09-13T00:34:15.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aphasia can be a manifestation of epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this case report &lt;a href=&quot;http://n.neurology.org/content/56/1/134&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://n.neurology.org/content/56/1/134&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where it was thought the aphasia was post-ictal but examination by EEG showed on going ictal activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T00:34:15.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17406" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17398" CreationDate="2018-09-13T00:39:32.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If they're stored in blister packs it may be that this is to control the humidity for the tablets which may be particularly hydroscopic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PRODUCT INTEGRITY&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This same protection improves product integrity and extends its shelf life. Consider that most consumers store their drugs in bathrooms where temperatures and humidity can be harmful to unprotected drugs. Unlike with the use of bottles, which are opened and closed by consumers multiple times, exposure to compromising elements occurs in blisters only when the protective barrier is broken and a single tablet or capsule is dispensed and administered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can of course cut the strips into tablet sized and store them in the bottle still blister wrapped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ropack.com/2012/05/28/the-four-reasons-for-the-rise-in-blister-packaging/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ropack.com/2012/05/28/the-four-reasons-for-the-rise-in-blister-packaging/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T05:42:24.320" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17407" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17410" CreationDate="2018-09-13T01:34:45.767" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 4 year old has viral induced wheezing. I brought him to A&amp;amp;E and they asked him to inhale some 30 puffs of Salbutamol (Salamol CFC-Free) within 60 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He puked up two times and has now gone to sleep. He still has a slight wheeze (2 hours and 30 mins later).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, what's considered an overdose of this inhaler? The packet says 1 to 2 puffs every 4 hours. A&amp;amp;E administered well above that within 1 hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14696" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-09-14T01:08:09.190" LastActivityDate="2018-09-14T01:08:09.190" Title="How many puffs of Salbutamol can be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-13T04:32:34.917" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a article about the metabolism in Chinese. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It said that metabolism = 65% basal metabolic rate + 10% thermic effect of food + 25% daily activities, so I can write the math formula, X=65% X+10% X+25%, X as the metabolism above. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also said that if you saw a guy who can't become fat even he usually ate a lot, it may be because his metabolism is high, and a guy who becomes fat even if he didn't usually ate much food, it maybe because that his metabolism is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I think the metabolism can help us become fatter or thinner, because as we know, the higher basal metabolic rate, the faster we become thinner, and we have 65% basal metabolic rate in our metabolism. And if daily activities we did every day are almost the same, we can say it is a constant, that is, the element that causes us to become thinner or fatter is basal metabolic rate and thermic effect of food. If our metabolism becomes higher, I think we can consider our basal metabolic rate becomes higher too, because the percentage of basal metabolic rate is higher than the thermic effect of food. So,the basal Metabolic Rate and metabolism should be proportional to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in some articles it said that basal if the metabolic rate raises, so does the metabolism raise. But basal metabolism raise, it doesn't mean that metabolism raise too. I am confused about this thinking. So metabolism raising can't let us become thinner. However, some articles say yes, metabolism raising &quot;can&quot; let us become thinner. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I want to ask here: Can raising metabolism help us become thinner ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14698" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-09-15T10:41:39.117" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T10:41:39.117" Title="Can metabolism raising help us become thinner?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17407" CreationDate="2018-09-13T07:02:39.650" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a sudden asthma attack you can take more salbutamol, up to 10 puffs, but you should wait 30 seconds and always shake the inhaler between doses. You can repeat this dose 10 minutes later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/salbutamol-inhaler/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS.org.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would warrant even up to 40 puffs in an hour. &lt;a href=&quot;https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/hsri/emergencycare/prehospitalcare/jrcalcstakeholderwebsite/guidelines/salbutamol_ventolin_slb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The dose of salbutamol administered in severe emergencies can be up to 5mg&lt;/a&gt;, and even more as long as the patient doesn't develop tachycardia (too quick of a heart rate). You can check with the inhaler, but usually a puff is 100 microgram, which would warrant 50 puffs and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom Line: An emergency situation differs from the daily recommendations on the package.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T07:02:39.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-13T13:07:44.443" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the new version of the Snomed dictionary and the concept &lt;code&gt;707993000&lt;/code&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Clostridium difficile toxin A + B (substance)&lt;/strong&gt; is deactivated (and outdated) since version &lt;code&gt;20170731&lt;/code&gt;. Can anybody explain me, why this happened? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have used this concept for coding of results of laboratory examinations in our software system. Is there an alternative Snomed concept usable for the purpose of coding of evidence of the Clostridium difficile toxin A + B ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14702" LastActivityDate="2018-09-13T13:07:44.443" Title="Why is Clostridium difficile toxin A + B outdated in snomed?" Tags="&lt;data&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;clostridium-difficile&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-13T20:29:34.730" Score="8" ViewCount="214" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if one could get HIV from basically touching a surface which has had viral DNA extract, serum, or blood on it; and then touching their (bleeding) pimple or acne, or any other open area of the skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I've seen, the answer is “no” due to the fact that the virus is not able to live (or “stay infective”) for that long outside the human body.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2002-08/how-long-do-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses-live-surfaces-home-normal-room-tem&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Popular science: How long do microbes like bacteria and viruses live on surfaces in the home at normal room temperatures?&lt;/a&gt; If I am not getting it wrong, the first paragraph states this fact clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The answer is probably not what you want to hear: Microbes can live on household surfaces for hundreds of years. The good news, however, is that most don't. Some well-known viruses, like HIV, live only a few seconds.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the information is right, what I still don't understand is: why is it not possible for it to be infective since there will still be RNA present on the surface (even after the virus is dead or no virus left), getting in contact with skin, and eventually with the blood through an open area on the skin? Because the whole strain would still be there and would have gotten into the body. (Maybe even along with the ingredients in the dried fluids?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14705" LastEditorUserId="15670" LastEditDate="2019-03-01T21:49:43.380" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T21:49:43.380" Title="Why is it not possible to get HIV by touching a contaminated surface?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17415" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17425" CreationDate="2018-09-14T01:03:45.173" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to half the administered dosage of an oil-based time-release intramuscular injection, does that also require halving the time between dosing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the initial dosing was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1ml = 5mg weekly&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the quantity is divided in half to &lt;code&gt;0.5 ml,&lt;/code&gt; would that require the new frequency to be&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.5ml = 2.5mg twice weekly&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.5ml = 5mg twice weekly&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;.5ml = 2.5mg weekly&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14706" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-09-15T18:39:37.563" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T10:55:57.680" Title="Does halving the quantity of an oil-based time-release intramuscular injection medicine also require halving the time between dosing?" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2018-09-16T10:51:06.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-14T07:16:27.707" Score="4" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the cardiovascular risk of light smoking? Does a light smoker only incur a proportionally small fraction of the risk of a heavy smoker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've found so far is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.j5855&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; meta-analysis, the risk of cigarettes smoked by day (CPD) isn't linearly correlated to cardiovascular risk, instead it follows a much steeper curve for low CPD and then flattens out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Smokers who cut down the number of cigarettes they use can benefit from large reductions in the risk of cancer and some benefits on cardiovascular disease. However, smoking only one to five cigarettes per day is associated with a risk of coronary heart disease and stroke that is substantially higher than many health professionals or smokers recognise (as much as half the risk of smoking 20 per day). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That it is &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; nonlinear is a quite surprising result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, the problem is… there's also the famous INTERHEART study. And by this one, we find at least for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) a linear risk-CPD-dependency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BUhQW.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BUhQW.png&quot; alt=&quot;INTERHEART study&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So &lt;em&gt;what&lt;/em&gt; is it?&lt;/strong&gt; Can those very different results be explained/harmonized? Has a firm consensus been reached regarding the correlation (cardiovascular disease) – CPD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11471" LastEditorUserId="11471" LastEditDate="2018-09-14T07:22:32.697" LastActivityDate="2018-09-14T07:22:32.697" Title="Cardiovascular risk of light smoking" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-14T18:14:26.273" Score="0" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;Questions about calorie deficit needed for weight loss have been discussed many times here and there plenty of sources pointing out that body fat contains about 7700 Kcal/kg. The standard answer is therefore that a deficit of 7700 Kcal is needed to lose 1 kg of body weight in the form of body fat. But this 7700 Kcal only takes into account fat tissue, which is 86% fat and 14% water, while the rest of the body contains 60% water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the 7700 Kcal equals 9000 Kcal/kg *0.86, but it seems to me that since the body will  keep its water percentage fixed at 60%, one should calculate the calorie deficit needed for weight loss per kg as 9000 kcal/kg * 0.4 = 3600 Kcal/kg, much lower than the usual figure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some sources do point out that weight loss may be more than expected due water loss, this is usually mentioned as a transient effect when people start to lose weight, not as continuous process that accompanies the loss of body fat in a steady way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T14:19:12.853" Title="7700 Kcal deficit per per kg weight loss, or just 3600 Kcal deficit per kg weight loss?" Tags="&lt;weight-loss&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17422" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-15T06:07:28.617" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;The principles of sleep hygiene in treating insomnia &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/sep/14/finally-a-cure-for-insomnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(one example)&lt;/a&gt; include addressing the cognitive links between the bedroom and wakefulness - advising that one leave the bed/bedroom if one can't sleep, use the bed/bedroom for sleeping/sex only, and some even recommend changing clothes in other rooms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But many people live in studios or bedsits - accommodations where there aren't other rooms, and in some extreme cases even where the end of the bed doubles as a chair to work at a desk, and they often don't have a &quot;bed area&quot; distinct from any &quot;working area&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep hygiene recommendations generally seem to presume access to a range of available and distinct spaces/rooms in ones' accommodation, which is often not the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can the links between bed/bedroom and wakefulness be addressed, and what can a chronic insomniac do, in such accommodation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(A related problem can be when a bedroom is shared - the advice to get out of bed and leave if unable to sleep, and try again a while later, can be impractical due to the impact on a partners' sleep, unless a second bed/bedroom is available.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8483" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-09-15T06:42:44.843" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T06:42:44.843" Title="Sleep hygiene in a single-room living space" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;environmental-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17409" CreationDate="2018-09-15T07:13:02.337" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/basal-metabolic-rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basal metabolic rate&lt;/a&gt; is essentially energy expenditure at rest, whereas metabolism is a general term for net anabolism and catabolism - however, often metabolism is used to refer to basal metabolism + activity energy expenditure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ProtectYourself/HealthFraud/ucm326842.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;unsubstantiated product claims (i.e. scams)&lt;/a&gt; for weight loss. I have not found evidence for herbal teas raising metabolic rate either reliably or safely.  There is no medication that can be prescribed &lt;em&gt;safely&lt;/em&gt; to raise metabolism either, unless there is an underlying deficit in certain hormones that need to be corrected, which would be determined via testing if symptoms suggest that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best known way to raise resting metabolic rate is to increase lean body mass.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.262&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; discusses the association between low BMR and low muscle mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-09-15T07:13:02.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17415" CreationDate="2018-09-15T12:02:38.473" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The intramuscular injection has rather erratic pathways of a drug absorprtion. Moreover the drug absorptions rate depends on a drug type and a target organ. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However for a purpose of illustration of the point raised by OP a simple &#xA; pharmacokinetic model (y-axis - concetration, x-axis - time in hours) could be considered:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WeASF.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WeASF.png&quot; alt=&quot;pharma&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see that the amount of drug injected takes roughly the same time to absorb for different concentration values.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an answer of the OP's question, halving the administrated drug dose will not halve the inter-administration periods. For further details please consult &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14608" LastEditorUserId="14608" LastEditDate="2018-09-16T10:55:57.680" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T10:55:57.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17399" CreationDate="2018-09-15T23:42:21.080" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if there is research on this, but if not, this might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Natural daylight contains a wide range of light frequencies - hence the rainbow, when it's split up. At different times of day, the light has to travel through a different distance in the atmosphere, which tends to absorb some frequencies, and scatter others. This is why the sky generally looks blue (blue and higher frequencies are scattered), but looks redder when the sun is rising or setting at the start or end of the day (absorption of blue and other higher frequency components).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Life on earth has adapted to this, so there are biological changes triggered by the regular cycle of more, then less, of the higher (&quot; blue&quot;) frequencies. In simple terms, these changes include triggering of changes within the brain that hint to come awake, or feel drowsy, by working on the parts of the brain that control general arousal. The body has its own internal clock for these, but it also &quot;syncs&quot; to natural daylight, which helps to keep it on track. The triggering is apparently specific on frequencies at the blue end of the spectrum (not on red or other frequencies, or their relative proportions), as far as I have seen it discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is the clinical basis behind the advice to avoid blueish light at, or towards, bedtime. Computer screens are also closely connected to mental activity and stimulation, which is a second reason why they aren't too good when heading for a sleepy state of mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, computer screens are not lit like natural daylight. They don't have a full spectrum - that's an optical illusion. Instead they usually have LEDs in three colours - red, green and blue - and they make all other colours by lighting these to different extents. Apparently the blue frequencies used to make various colours (including white) are close enough to the blue that's triggery in daylight, to have a similar effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this point I have to start making intelligent guesses. What this means in theory is that yes, a computer or smartphone screen could act as a good lightbox in the way you're thinking, simply because it's capable of producing and avoiding blue light of the kind the body's clock is sensitive to. In fact there are a number of apps on smartphones which modify the displayed colours on the screen, to reduce the blue LED component. They make the screen look warmer and redder, or less brilliant white, but in fact they're doing it by selectively reducing the levels of all  blue pixels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you could in principle create an app that (say) lit your screen a dim red at 6am, and gradually raised the general brightness and brought in the green and blue pixels over the space of say 15 - 30 minutes to reach full brightness. If the blue frequencies are close enough to those recognised by the body clock, it should work pretty much like a lightbox does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether you want that, or want to leave a computer on overnight, or can figure a way to auto-switch on and auto-log in and run the app a while before waking, is a personal choice, though. Also the type of monitor might matter - some monitors have very low visibility off-axis (when not pointing directly at you), which means you are counting largely on &lt;em&gt;reflected&lt;/em&gt; light, that may have a considerable filtering/muting effect. (&quot;TN&quot; displays are often like this, and &quot;IPS&quot; displays often have very wide viewing angles within which colours are faithfully seen). A monitor can also have poor colour range, or very low brightness. So it depends on the monitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also bear in mind the noise itself might wake you up too:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8483" LastEditorUserId="8483" LastEditDate="2018-09-16T08:51:26.073" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T08:51:26.073" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17419" CreationDate="2018-09-16T14:12:33.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Weight loss induced by calorie restriction is rather complex phenomenon which depends on plethora of factors like metabolic pathways, energy conservation, nutrient composition, BMI, age etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1745691617690878&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reducing Calorie Intake May Not Help You Lose Body Weight, D. Benton et al, Perspectives on Psychological Science, June 28, 2017 &lt;/a&gt;). However as a general guideline it can be taken that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reduced energy intake (by about 500 kcal/d) will promote gradual&#xA;  weight loss over time at the expected rate of 1–2 kg per month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/suppl/2007/09/04/176.8.S1.DC1/obesity-lau-onlineNEW.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children&quot;, CMAJ, April 10, 2007, Vol. 176, No. 8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After simple arithmetic transformation, ~10 000 kcal calorie restriction leads to the loss of 1 kg body mass. If we take &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fat_percentage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an average of 25% of mass of human body&lt;/a&gt; is attributed to the fat tissue so roughly 40 000 kcal restriction is required to loose 1 kg of body fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For additional information you can consult:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/managing-overweight-obesity-in-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Systematic Evidence Review&#xA;from the Obesity Expert Panel&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1319349/[2]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet in the management of weight loss, I. Strycher, CMAJ. 2006 Jan 3; 174(1): 56–63&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14608" LastEditorUserId="14608" LastEditDate="2018-09-16T14:19:12.853" LastActivityDate="2018-09-16T14:19:12.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17433" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17453" CreationDate="2018-09-16T16:26:01.570" Score="6" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/non-selective_cox_1_2_inhibitors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Both ASA and Ibuprofen are COX-1 inhibitors&lt;/a&gt;. However, ASA inhibits the formation of the enzyme Thromboxan A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; through inhibition of COX-1 at SER 529, which is responsible for thrombocytes. That in turn results in the coagulation inhibition of ASA. &#xA;Basically, it disturbs the following process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;COX-1 -&gt; Thromboxan A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; -&gt; Thrombocytes -&gt; Coagulation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen does not have anticoagulant properties. Where does Ibuprofen inhibit COX-1, and what is Ibuprofen‘s Mode of Action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-26T13:05:19.613" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T13:05:19.613" Title="Where does Ibuprofen inhibit COX-1, and what is its MoA?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-16T17:17:37.140" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will Naegleria fowleri be present in the steam molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people inhale steam from hot water to get relief from sinus infections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC242840/pdf/aem00217-0156.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that Naegleria fowleri gets killed over 70 C. So will steam also kill it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14718" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T21:25:31.180" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T21:25:31.180" Title="Can one be infected with Naegleria fowleri from Steam?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;steam&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13678" CreationDate="2018-09-18T01:25:50.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I have done plenty of research and have found people only talking about E-Cigarettes, leaving me in confusion about if vapes without any nicotine contain harmful substances for your lungs. (I am not talking about E-Cigarettes, which I believe is a vape with nicotine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colloquially “vapes” = “vaporizers”. Most vaporizers are e-cigarettes, but some are not. An e-cigarette is like a miniature fog machine: wicking material draws e-liquid onto a heating coil. Dry herb vaporizers (like for cannabis) work differently (e.g. with a heated plate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E-cigarettes do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; necessarily contain nicotine. It depends on if the e-liquid contains nicotine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not seen any evidence that the presence of nicotine changes the chemical composition of the e-cigarette vapor (aerosol) besides for the presence of nicotine&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; (obviously) and small amounts of impurities and degradation products (see &lt;em&gt;“Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes”&lt;/em&gt; by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/24952/chapter/8#193&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page 193&lt;/a&gt;). Most importantly, no relevant amounts of tobacco-specific nitrosamines have been found in e-cigarette vapor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion. If you decide to use a vape, without any nicotine, the question still lingers as to if it is still harmful to your lungs. Is it still causing damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, at this point, we do not have any evidence if e-cigarettes &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; nicotine&lt;/strong&gt; cause respiratory disease or not (also one of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=24952&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NASEM's conclusion&lt;/a&gt;). So how should we make a comparison? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of known harmful (including pulmonary toxic) substances emitted by e-cigarettes doesn't depend on the nicotine but very much on other factors, like the characteristics of the device&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be that nicotine exerts a synergistic effect that increases any harm to the lungs by e-cigarette vapor. You'll certainly find studies which claim that nicotine opens pathways for other substances to harm the lungs (though the context is usually conventional cigarettes in that case), but I don't see something like a scientific consensus or estimations by how much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I'd be surprised if the presence or absence of nicotine turns out to be an important factor compared to device design, usage (e.g. wattage) and flavouring. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I had to choose, I'd use an e-cigarette without nicotine, though, but just because it lacks the addictive effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; nicotine is typically extracted from tobacco and then purified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; It's by thermal degradation, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; combustion, how toxic carbonyls like acrolein are formed in e-cigarettes. But contrary to combustion in conventional cigarettes, thermal degradation is an &lt;em&gt;unwanted&lt;/em&gt; side effect, and e-cigarette manufacturers can eliminate a lot of it without negatively impacting aerosol generation. &lt;br&gt; Similarly, manufacturers are able (as the study  &lt;a href=&quot;https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp2175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Metal Concentrations in e-Cigarette Liquid and Aerosol Samples: The Contribution of Metallic Coils.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2018) by Olmedo et al. showed) to reduce emissions of metals down to even environmental standards (this would be an overly strict requirement since environmental standards are about &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;constant&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; inhalation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11471" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T01:25:50.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17713" CreationDate="2018-09-18T07:44:42.507" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking about supplementing in Creatine Monohydrate because of its various benefits on weight lifting and it also being really affordable. In different studies I read about Creatine intake leading to hair loss, because it raises the testosterone to dihydrotestosterone ratio. However, as the studies show, this only affects males that are already affected by some sort of male pattern baldness (eg. inherited).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to diagnose male pattern baldness? It is suggested to look at your relatives (especially on your fathers side of the family, because apperently this ins inherited on the y-chromosome) and search for baldness. For me thats not an option, I've never met my father or other relatives from that side of the &quot;family&quot;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Van der Merwe, J., Brooks, N. E., &amp;amp; Myburgh, K. H. (2009). Three weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementation affects dihydrotestosterone to testosterone ratio in college-aged rugby players. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, 19(5), 399-404. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8b52f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8b52f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also available from NCBI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741313&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14727" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-19T13:27:24.393" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T13:45:53.710" Title="Is there a way to diagnose Male Pattern Baldness?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13593" CreationDate="2018-09-18T08:02:08.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well it really doesnt matter. Mostly it depends on the workout and the objective of your workout and more importantly what you are eating after workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You seriously dont want to eat a burger or any fast food item after any kind f workout. A protein shake will do fine though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are building muscle and doing workout to  grow your body then you must have a meal within 45 minutes of the workout. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you are reducing your body fat or muscle the body needs carbohydrates in order to retain the energy lost during the workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it is never bad or effects of your health or stomach it really depends on what you are feeding your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14728" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T08:02:08.870" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17446" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17456" CreationDate="2018-09-18T12:30:01.783" Score="5" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is believed by many that Nicotine causes cancer, and passively vaping &lt;strong&gt;may also&lt;/strong&gt; cause cancer due to the nicotine content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research into the idea whilst looking at questions such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/13678/does-vaping-affect-your-lungs&quot;&gt;Does &amp;#39;vaping&amp;#39; affect your lungs?&lt;/a&gt; has uncovered that Nicotine is also found in various fruit and vegetables (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(91)90109-K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Davis, et al. 1991&lt;/a&gt;; Castro &amp;amp; Monji, 1986; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09328.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sheen, 1988&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199308053290619&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Domino, et al. 1993&lt;/a&gt;).  It is also mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/10993/how-much-nicotine-is-in-tea-and-vegetables&quot;&gt;How much nicotine is in tea and vegetables&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Further to the answers given so far by @Narusan and @wolf-revo-cats along with further research I have conducted&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel there is more that can be gleaned regarding cancer risks of Nicotine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer/e-cigarettes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Research UK says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[E]-cigarettes don’t contain cancer causing tobacco. They do contain nicotine, which is addictive, but isn’t what causes the damage from smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nicotine showed cocarcinogenic effect with DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) in the hamster cheek pouches model (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2110268&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chen &amp;amp; Squier, 1990&lt;/a&gt;), but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To our knowledge, there are no relevant study in humans on carcinogenic effects from pure nicotine including products, such as NRT and e-cigarettes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sanner &amp;amp; Grimsrud, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at passive smoking and cancer, Domino et al. (1993) points out that 10g of eggplant contains the equivalent nicotine of passively smoking for 3 hours in a room with a &quot;minimum amount&quot; of tobacco smoke. 10g is not a lot of eggplant and passive smoking causes cancer (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hori, et al. 2016&lt;/a&gt;). If Nicotine causes cancer, and as eggplant, potato and tomatoes contain nicotine as well according to the studies above, would these plants cause cancer as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don’t get me wrong, as an ex-smoker myself, I know how stopping boosts health.  My question is whether Nicotine does cause cancer, or is it Nicotine-derived &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-Nitrosamines (&lt;a href=&quot;http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/45/3/935.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hoffmann &amp;amp; Hecht, 1985&lt;/a&gt;), or is it actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco-specific_nitrosamines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)&lt;/a&gt; formed from tobacco alkaloids during the curing and processing of tobacco (&lt;a href=&quot;http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-CA081301-05&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hecht, 1999&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Castro, A., &amp;amp; Monji, N. (1986). Dietary nicotine and its significance in studies on tobacco smoking. &lt;em&gt;Biochemical Archives&lt;/em&gt;, 2(2), 91-97.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chen, Y. P., &amp;amp; Squier, C. A. (1990). Effect of nicotine on 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch. JNCI: &lt;em&gt;Journal of the National Cancer Institute&lt;/em&gt;, 82(10), 861-864. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.10.861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1093/jnci/82.10.861&lt;/a&gt; pubmed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2110268&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2110268&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Davis, R. A., Stiles, M. F., &amp;amp; Reynolds, J. H. (1991). Dietary nicotine: a source of urinary cotinine. &lt;em&gt;Food and Chemical Toxicology&lt;/em&gt;, 29(12), 821-827. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(91)90109-K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/0278-6915(91)90109-K&lt;/a&gt; pubmed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1765327&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1765327&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Domino, E. F., Hornbach, E., &amp;amp; Demana, T. (1993). The nicotine content of common vegetables. &lt;em&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, 329(6), 437-437. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199308053290619&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1056/NEJM199308053290619&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hecht, S. S. (1999). Metabolism of Carcinogenic Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines. &lt;em&gt;NIH Grant Application R01-CA081301-05&lt;/em&gt; Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-CA081301-05&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-CA081301-05&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoffmann, D., &amp;amp; Hecht, S. S. (1985). Nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines and tobacco-related cancer: current status and future directions. &lt;em&gt;Cancer research&lt;/em&gt;, 45(3), 935-944. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/45/3/935.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/45/3/935.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hori, M., Tanaka, H., Wakai, K., Sasazuki, S., &amp;amp; Katanoda, K. (2016). Secondhand smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Japanese journal of clinical oncology, 46(10), 942-951. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyw091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1093/jjco/hyw091&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sanner, T., &amp;amp; Grimsrud, T. K. (2015). Nicotine: carcinogenicity and effects on response to cancer treatment–a review. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in oncology&lt;/em&gt;, 5, 196. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3389/fonc.2015.00196&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sheen, S. J. (1988). Detection of nicotine in foods and plant materials. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Food Science&lt;/em&gt;, 53(5), 1572-1573. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09328.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09328.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-19T23:11:16.220" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T23:11:16.220" Title="Does Nicotine cause Cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13678" CreationDate="2018-09-18T12:38:14.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are asking about possible lung problems due to reports of &lt;strong&gt;popcorn lung&lt;/strong&gt; being caused by vaping, then this is covered in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/15147&quot;&gt;my answer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; to the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/223/e-cigarette-making-liquid-vs-buying-liquid&quot;&gt;E-cigarette. Making liquid vs. buying liquid&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/heart-and-lungs/flavouring-found-in-e-cigarettes-linked-to-popcorn-lung/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacetyl was banned in eliquids in the UK in 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; under the EU Tobacco Products Directive as it was &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vaping.com/blog/comment/diacetyl-now-officially-banned-eliquids-uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attributed to the cause&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;popcorn lung (also known as Bronchiolitis obliterans)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.  The thing is, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylpropionyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetyl Propionyl&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetoin&lt;/a&gt; are chemically similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetyl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diacetyl&lt;/a&gt; and therefore it is considered wise to avoid them too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T12:38:14.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17446" CreationDate="2018-09-18T14:01:53.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is not enough evidence either in support or in rebuttal...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;EFFECTS OF CHRONIC OR REPEATED EXPOSURE:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Nicotine is a teratogen (capable of causing birth defects). Other developmental toxicity or reproductive toxicity risks are unknown. The information about nicotine as a carcinogen is inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750028.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdc.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, the findings of animal studies do not support the hypothesis that nicotine is a complete carcinogen. It is a tumor promoter in some experimental models, although not for tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Studies examining other classes of tobacco smoke carcinogens (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) would need to be performed to better define the potential cancer risk inferred from animal studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[...]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is insufficient data to conclude that nicotine causes or contributes to cancer in humans, but there is evidence showing possible oral, esophageal, or pancreatic cancer risks. Additionally, there is substantial experimental evidence indicating that nicotine is bioactive for a number of carcinogenic mechanisms in experimental systems. Although in vitro data are suggestive of relevant biological activity, this is not supported overall by the most recent experimental animal studies. In humans, there has been limited research and only one relatively short–term follow-up study on nicotine and cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Surgeongeneral.gov, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/sgr50-chap-5.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chapter 5 Nicotine&lt;/a&gt; (PDF)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-09-18T19:19:17.957" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T19:19:17.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-18T14:48:37.733" Score="3" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that histamine is used by the body as part of the immune response, widening blood vessels, etc., to aid the white blood cells in their attack. Often this ends up helping them attack perfectly innocuous foods, leading to allergy attacks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also understand that histamine is also used by the body in regulating the sleep/wake cycle; this is why first-generation non-discriminatory antihistamines cause people to feel sleepy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these different histamines correlated with one another? Would intentionally causing an allergy attack, for instance, promote “wake” histamine, causing a person to feel more alert? (I imagine that’s a stupid idea, but in theory, would it work? I mean that it would cause a person to feel more alert because of increased histamine, regardless of any increased epinephrine levels that potentially might go along with it.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along similar lines, while I imagine you can’t directly measure the “wake” histamine due to blood-brain barrier issues, could you diagnose a sleep disorder by measuring “allergy” histamine and use that to indirectly determine how much “wake” histamine one has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8950" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T02:52:25.233" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T02:52:25.233" Title="Does increasing “allergy” histamine affect “wake” histamine? Do both respond to the same triggers?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;triggers&gt;&lt;alertness-level&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;&lt;blood-brain-barrier&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13593" CreationDate="2018-09-18T20:34:11.093" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There really aren't any known harmful effects for an otherwise healthy person to eat directly after an exercise session. You may not have as much appetite, as the body will somewhat shut down the digestive system and redirect blood and other resources to more needed places in the body, but it is not actively harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In actuality, there are quite a few studies now showing that an immediate feeding after exercise can both help lessen some of the effects of the exercise and promote greater muscle growth and adaptation. It used to be known as the &quot;golden hour&quot;. Endurance athletes benefit from a drink that is 3:1 ration of carbs to protein, while power/strength athletes do better with an immediate ingestion of protein, and then more protein spaced every 3-4 hours throughout the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are a few supporting positions and studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Society of Sports Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; - Position paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897%4010.1002/%28ISSN%291469-445X%28CAT%29VirtualIssues%28VI%29VirtualIssue2016&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiological Society&lt;/a&gt; - Immediate ingestion of protein stimulates protein synthesis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv1973/45/4/45_4_401/_article/-char/ja/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal Nutritional Science/Vitaminology&lt;/a&gt; - Immediate feeding promotes greater muscle mass and lower fat tissue in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2018-09-18T20:34:11.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17453" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17433" CreationDate="2018-09-19T00:24:44.733" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not clear why you're asking this as this information is readily available unless I missed something in your question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for anticoagulant activity, my recollection is that if anything Ibuprofen is one of the worse NSAIDs in terms of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422108/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiovascular side effects&lt;/a&gt; being prothrombotic, though not as bad as Diclofenac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7SDv0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7SDv0.png&quot; alt=&quot;ibuprofen mode of action&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main mechanism of action of ibuprofen is the non-selective, reversible inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2 (coded for by PTGS1 and PTGS2, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ibuprofen exerts its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects through inhibition of both COX isoforms. In addition, ibuprofen scavenges HO . radical, . NO and ONOO - and can potentiate or inhibit nitric oxide formation through its effects on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. Ibuprofen may activate anti-nociceptive axis through binding to the cannabinoid receptors and through inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that metabolizes endocannabinoid anandamide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The supplementary question is, &lt;strong&gt;why is that NSAIDs also don't have anti-coagulant effect?&lt;/strong&gt;.  And the answer is that they do but it is short lived and reversible as the drug concentration falls, where aspirin's effect is irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All conventional, non-COX selective NSAIDs, also block platelets by inhibiting thromboxane synthesis but in contrast to aspirin, this effect is reversible. This is why an NSAID is not a satisfactory substitute for low-dose aspirin as a prophylactic therapy for cardiovascular events. As the blood concentration of the NSAID declines, the effect on the platelets also declines and is lost. This loss of platelet inhibitory effect is more pronounced for NSAIDs with shorter half-lives in the body such as ibuprofen, where for significant parts of the 24 hour day, platelets will not be inhibited. This problem is compounded if compliance with the NSAID is not perfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one other important complication. This effect of aspirin is blocked by concomitant therapy with all non-selective, conventional NSAIDs, except for diclofenac. (2) Also, we now know that the non-selective, conventional NSAIDs also increase the risk of cardiovascular events occurring. Diclofenac happens to be the most risky of the non-selective NSAIDs, and approximately equivalent to available COX-II selective NSAIDs such as celecoxib. (3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA166121942&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA166121942&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3195/rr/656306&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3195/rr/656306&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Vascular and upper&#xA;gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2013; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T20:15:10.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17446" CreationDate="2018-09-19T06:46:18.237" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd want to add to Narusan's answer the following: While nicotine by itself doesn't seem to be a carcinogen, to some degree it &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783463/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may be converted&lt;/a&gt; to carcinogenic N-nitrosonornicotine (a tobacco-specific nitrosamine) in the body, for example by bacterial activity. How much depends, among other things, on the route of administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If Nicotine causes cancer, then as Potato or Tomatoes contain Nicotine according to the studies above, they would surely cause cancer as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if that &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; (!) true, so what? In the probabilistic model of epidemiology “cause” is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; like the ‘everyday’ conception of cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the classification is by the strength of evidence, not the degree of risk. That's why we hear something &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/oct/26/bacon-ham-sausages-processed-meats-cancer-risk-smoking-says-who&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bacon, ham and sausages rank alongside cigarettes as a major cause of cancer, the World Health Organisation has said, placing cured and processed meats in the same category as asbestos, alcohol, arsenic and tobacco.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I don't see a &lt;em&gt;reductio ad absurdum&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a more serious note, even with eggplants you'd have to eat 10 kg to get to the level of a single cigarette.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's not even why your reasoning is fallacious. It's wrong, like with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-lawsuit-coffee/cancer-warnings-to-be-served-up-with-coffee-in-california-idUSKBN1I930H&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coffee cancer warnings&lt;/a&gt; in California, to not consider the &lt;em&gt;whole&lt;/em&gt; product (vegetable/fruit/…). &lt;strong&gt;You have to balance the carcinogens vs. the antioxidants and anticancer agents.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11471" LastEditorUserId="11471" LastEditDate="2018-09-19T07:08:22.773" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T07:08:22.773" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17483" CreationDate="2018-09-19T15:41:42.083" Score="2" ViewCount="1571" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if my question is too silly or is in the wrong place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How soon will a person die if they are hung upside down?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14733" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T22:16:26.873" Title="How soon will a person die if they are hung upside down?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17446" CreationDate="2018-09-19T16:00:58.567" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a common way to demonise substances in saying that they &quot;cause cancer&quot;. In the case of recreational or habitual tobacco smoking there is no longer much debate over whether that is true or not. &quot;Smoking causes cancer&quot; is a commonly accepted fact now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what exactly causes cancer within this model? Smoke from a cigarette is a mixture of evaporated plant material, pyrolised material, burnt paper etc. Quite a lot of substances in differing mixtures. An exact explanation of cause and effect for each &quot;ingredient&quot; of smoke is much more difficult than a relatively simple epidemiological correlation and conclusion or even a lab experiment with copious amounts of smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For nicotine ioslated and on itself it has recently been said that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In small doses, nicotine speeds up cell growth. In larger doses, it’s poisonous to cells.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nicotine kick-starts a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is one of the important steps in the path toward malignant cell growth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nicotine decreases the tumor suppressor CHK2. This may allow nicotine to overcome one of the body’s natural defenses against cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nicotine can abnormally speed up the growth of new cells. This has been shown in tumor cells in the breast, colon, and lung.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nicotine can lower the effectiveness of cancer treatment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/does-nicotine-cause-cancer#nicotine-and-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can be criticised on numerous grounds. Whether a substance interferes with cancer treatments is wholly irrelevant to the question whether the substances causes it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Assertions like these without the numbers, for example dose-response, effect sizes etc. I tend to either follow up to their sources or just ignore them altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case the source is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553893/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tore Sanner &amp;amp; Tom K. Grimsrud: &quot;Nicotine: Carcinogenicity and Effects on Response to Cancer Treatment – A Review&quot;, Frontiers in Oncology. 2015; 5: 196&lt;/a&gt;. PMID 26380225 DOI 10.3389/fonc.2015.00196&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In there all of the points above quoted by healthline are present. Any yet they have to hide a caveat in the middle of the conclusion part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At present, it is not possible to draw a conclusion whether nicotine itself may act as a complete carcinogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The demonisation of just nicotine seems to be mostly twofold, if we substract all the annoyances from smoking tobacco: habit or even addiction forming and limited amount of joy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we look just at the substance alone, and exclude smoking or vaping or liquid-preparation inhalation, what is left?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A practical outlook would be to examine nicotine replacement therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-016-1856-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Peter N. Lee &amp;amp; Marc W. Fariss: &quot;A systematic review of possible serious adverse health effects of nicotine replacement therapy&quot;, Archives of Toxicology (2017) 91:1565–1594&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conducted a systematic literature review to identify and critically evaluate studies of serious adverse health effects (SAHEs) in humans using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. Serious adverse health effects refer to adverse events, leading to substantial dis- ruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions. Strength of evidence evaluations and conclusions were also determined for the identified SAHEs. We evaluated 34 epidemiological studies and clinical trials, relating NRT use to cancer, reproduction/development, CVD, stroke and/or other SAHEs in patients, and four meta-analyses on effects in healthy populations. The overall evidence suffers from many limitations, the most significant being the short-term exposure (≤12 weeks) and follow-up to NRT product use in most of the studies, the common failure to account for changes in smoking behaviour following NRT use, and the sparse information on SAHEs by type of NRT product used. The only SAHE from NRT exposure we identified was an increase in respiratory congenital abnormalities reported in one study. Limited evidence indicated a lack of effect between NRT exposure and SAHEs for CVD and various reproduction/developmental endpoints. &lt;strong&gt;For cancer, stroke and other SAHEs, the evidence was inadequate to demonstrate any association with NRT use&lt;/strong&gt;. Our conclusions agree with recent statements from authoritative bodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although we cannot categorically exclude the possibility that nicotine alone is a cancer causing or a cancer promoting agent with 100% certainty, we might conclude that the low level of serious adverse health effects from psychotropically effective doses in nicotine replacement therapy are a good indicator for the general safety of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/10993/how-much-nicotine-is-in-tea-and-vegetables&quot;&gt;miniscule levels of nicotine&lt;/a&gt; found in tomatoes, potatoes and even the egregious eggplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conflicts of interest:&#xA;This answer does not promote or advertise or justify the use of nicotine in any way. It does call for a sober evaluation of its properties. It also does promote and advertise the ingestion of vegetables disregarding the amount of nicotine in them completely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-09-19T16:00:58.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17457" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17710" CreationDate="2018-09-19T18:03:49.863" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am probably searching for some math equation which takes BPM and some specific blood vessel index to calculate blood outcome.(maybe including hearth entropy)&#xA;If for example we took right subclavian artery and cut it in half while the heart is still beating, how can we calculate the blood that will leave the body thought this hemorrhage(in liters per minute)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14082" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2018-10-19T16:12:13.437" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T16:12:13.437" Title="Calculate blood coming out from cut blood vessel per minute" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17458" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-19T19:55:23.690" Score="2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long story short:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is there a maximum number of teeth brushing per day without having fluoride poisoning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Full story:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is certain that a high fluoride intake leads to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride#Ingestion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;health problems&lt;/a&gt;.  This is related to ingestion only (that is swallowing toothpaste, drinking high-fluoride water, eating rich-fluoride food) of this element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While, when we talk about fluoride in toothpastes, we have a completely different assumption and absorption &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/19032/how-is-the-fluoride-in-toothpaste-absorbed&quot;&gt;mechanism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thus, &lt;em&gt;I assume&lt;/em&gt;, there will be different &lt;strong&gt;AI&lt;/strong&gt; (adequate intake) and &lt;strong&gt;UL&lt;/strong&gt; (upper intake level) than for fluoride food assumption&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride#Dietary_recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[a]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;my assumption&lt;/em&gt; is sustained by the fact that most commercial toothpastes&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320714&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[b]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_therapy#Toothpaste&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[c]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalhealth.ie/dentalhealth/teeth/fluoridetoothpastes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[d]&lt;/a&gt; have less than 1500 ppm of F&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; in them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, does exist a daily upper safety level for fluorine absorbed from the toothpaste?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastEditorUserId="6615" LastEditDate="2018-09-20T19:36:11.787" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T11:05:32.867" Title="Fluoride poisoning by toothpaste" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-20T06:35:31.563" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that iPS cells can be used to make some human organs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp/en/20130701-takebe-vascularized-and-functional-human-liver-from-an-ipsc-derived-organ-bud-transplant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Takebe, et al. 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we make young organs using regenerative medical techniques and replace aging organs with them, can we live forever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Takebe, T., Sekine, K., Enomura, M., Koike, H., Kimura, M., Ogaeri, T., ... &amp;amp; Aoyama, S. (2013). Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;, 499(7459), 481. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12271&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1038/nature12271&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14737" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:33:50.890" Title="Is it technically possible to replace aging body part and live forever?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-09-26T20:54:12.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17466" CreationDate="2018-09-20T08:51:00.647" Score="3" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to create a genetically modified virus to carry a custom genetic payload, that could express protiens that the host is unable to make themselves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, could a virus be created to carry the genetic code to express the insulin protein for diabetics, or Serotonin for Parkinson's or even Telomerase, so we can all live longer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that there would be risks, in not being able to control and sustain the amount of protien expressed, or even the virus mutating or spreading, but in theory, is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14740" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T15:22:01.013" Title="Could genetically modified viruses cure genetic diseases?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;&lt;parkinson&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17464" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-20T09:06:47.677" Score="-1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there &quot;good kinds&quot; of pain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain is usually bad, but are some kinds of pain &quot;good&quot; compared to others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got this idea from a House episode -- season 2's &quot;Euphoria&quot;. Foreman's father visits Foreman and asks if he is in pain. Foreman responds, &quot;it's the good kind&quot;. I have been wondering what &quot;good kind&quot; means. I can only assume that it means there is a somewhat pleasant feeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &quot;the good kind of pain&quot; a medical term? What does it mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14739" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T11:04:14.320" Title="Are there &quot;good kinds&quot; of pain?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17465" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17464" CreationDate="2018-09-20T11:04:14.320" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Good kind of pain&quot; is not a precisely defined medical term, but the concept is certainly a familiar one on several levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pain&lt;/a&gt; is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/02/the-neuroscience-of-pain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;incredibly complex&lt;/a&gt; phenomenon that indeeds needs dissection for analysis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on definitions there are a few kinds of &quot;good pain&quot; indeed. If you eat &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;capsaicin&lt;/a&gt; your pain receptors get stimulated and after getting used to it you even start to enjoy the right dose of pain (even if it is in reality only your appreciation for your bodies response to those fake pains).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A similar response can be observed in cutting as a symptom of mental disorder or conscious body modification, or in certain techniques found in BDSM aficionados.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In all those cases one might argue that pain perception at the neurological level as such is really irrelevant and the psychological interpretation dominates the experience, which is then obviously found &quot;good&quot; by the participant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from philosophical considerations of what is &quot;good&quot; or &quot;bad&quot; you might also look at it from a biological, evolutionary or physiological functions perspective. What is useful is &quot;good&quot;. How can pain be useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It keeps people from doing dangerous things. Alas, not from doing stupid things. But in sports there is for example the adage &quot;no pain, no gain&quot;. This is often executed in a detrimental manner but hints at a connection to observe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pthealth.ca/blog/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-good-and-bad-pain/#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Tell the Difference Between Good and Bad Pain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;What is good pain?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  One of the most common forms of “good pain” is what doctors and physiotherapists may refer to as delayed onset muscle soreness,” or DOMS. It happens when you’ve challenged a muscle with something it’s not used to (new, returning or increased exercise). Within one to two days, you’ll start to feel soreness in the area and it may be tender to touch. But, it goes away quickly after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pain comes from micro trauma in the muscle caused by rigorous exercise. But that’s not a bad thing. A muscle gets stronger, building denser tissue, when it has a reason to remodel itself. When it senses the tiny trauma, the muscle repairs tissue to allow for more endurance. The key here is the “micro” part of “trauma.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(You need to compare that with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/orthopaedic-surgery/about-us/ask-the-experts/pain.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;'Good Pain' Versus 'Bad Pain' for Athletes&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And most importantly, our conscious minds are often quite bad of arriving at the right conclusion through reason alone. The more basic snsation of 'pain' can be quite a good signal telling us what to do: nothing. Keep at rest when you are ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/27/opinion/sunday/surgery-germany-vicodin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The anesthesiologist explained&lt;/a&gt; that during surgery and recovery I would be given strong painkillers, but once I got home the pain would not require narcotics. To paraphrase him, he said: “Pain is a part of life. We cannot eliminate it nor do we want to. The pain will guide you. You will know when to rest more; you will know when you are healing. If I give you Vicodin, you will no longer feel the pain, yes, but you will no longer know what your body is telling you. You might overexert yourself because you are no longer feeling the pain signals. All you need is rest. And please be careful with ibuprofen. It’s not good for your kidneys. Only take it if you must. Your body will heal itself with rest.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The episode of that series might therefore refer to pain associated with diagnosed illness, associated with healing, not that strong and about to end soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T11:04:14.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17463" CreationDate="2018-09-20T15:22:01.013" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gene therapy&lt;/strong&gt; is an active area of research; most gene therapy approaches that are studied use some sort of viral vector, those that don't are more the exception and it is unclear how several of those methods would be applied clinically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have already been clinical trials of gene therapy with viral vectors, with mixed success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edelstein, M. L., Abedi, M. R., &amp;amp; Wixon, J. (2007). Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2007—an update. The Journal of Gene Medicine: A cross‐disciplinary journal for research on the science of gene transfer and its clinical applications, 9(10), 833-842.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ginn, S. L., Alexander, I. E., Edelstein, M. L., Abedi, M. R., &amp;amp; Wixon, J. (2013). Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2012–an update. The journal of gene medicine, 15(2), 65-77.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Greenberg, B., Butler, J., Felker, G. M., Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Desai, A. S., ... &amp;amp; Pogoda, J. M. (2016). Calcium upregulation by percutaneous administration of gene therapy in patients with cardiac disease (CUPID 2): a randomised, multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. The Lancet, 387(10024), 1178-1186.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kay, M. A., Glorioso, J. C., &amp;amp; Naldini, L. (2001). Viral vectors for gene therapy: the art of turning infectious agents into vehicles of therapeutics. Nature medicine, 7(1), 33.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mulligan, R. C. (1993). The basic science of gene therapy. Science, 260(5110), 926-932.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naldini, L. (2015). Gene therapy returns to centre stage. Nature, 526(7573), 351.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Niidome, T., &amp;amp; Huang, L. (2002). Gene therapy progress and prospects: nonviral vectors. Gene therapy, 9(24), 1647.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thomas, C. E., Ehrhardt, A., &amp;amp; Kay, M. A. (2003). Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Nature Reviews Genetics, 4(5), 346.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-09-20T15:22:01.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-20T16:40:12.723" Score="1" ViewCount="746" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18783299&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Topical heparins are widely used in Europe for the prevention and treatment of local symptoms associated with peripheral vascular disorders.&lt;/a&gt;  Why is this not used in the USA?  Why is it not sold?  What if a patient is interested in using this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14743" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:32:24.360" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:32:24.360" Title="Why is heparin gel not used or sold in the united states?" Tags="&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;different-national-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16822" CreationDate="2018-09-21T06:08:25.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Its thoracic outlet syndrome. If I do certain stretches it goes away&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Old:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I looked into it, and I found those ingredients are actually good for &quot;carpel tunnel&quot; which has been found to be related to raynauds in some cases... this is essentially a pinched nerve due to bad posture (common in computer scientists). I don't think I have this in my hands, but probably in my shoulders or back (from hunching over a computer all day over years). So I started looking into youtube videos relating to this and got some suggestions for things to try. Luckily I have found that when I straighten my &lt;strong&gt;neck back&lt;/strong&gt; (and decompress the right bone/nerve), I can feel the problem going away immediately. Its weird, I can't really explain it but I also notice an almost immediate difference in the way my hands feel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I'm going to a good chiropractor to investigate and hopefully correct this problem, I will update this thread later with any updates. We will see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also important to note I've never had it in my toes or anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13963" LastEditorUserId="13963" LastEditDate="2018-10-06T00:56:00.547" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T00:56:00.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17473" CreationDate="2018-09-21T08:55:20.770" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sparked by a Dengue infection on two of my off-site colleagues in India, I read up a little on this virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever#Signs_and_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; on Dengue fever, I saw that 80% of the infected people are asymptomatic but also that the incubation period varies from 3 to 14 days and that person-to-person transmission is very unusual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also when reading a &lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/700-new-dengue-cases-in-two-weeks-in-telangana/articleshow/65836061.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news article&lt;/a&gt; on a peak increase of Dengue reports in Telangana, India, I saw that 80% have mild or no symptoms, but are carrier. And that the 'infection season' there will probably hold until October or November, which is interesting for me as I am planning a visit before the end of this year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is what being a carrier in this context means. Am I correct in thinking that 80% of the infected is just lucky and that being a carrier is just temporary and bears no significant meaning? (As long as they are not infected by a different serotype of the virus later on, which could increase their risk on a more severe decease.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14751" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:42:30.507" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:42:30.507" Title="Dengue fever carrier" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;travel&gt;&lt;tropical-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17472" CreationDate="2018-09-21T13:28:19.840" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The virus transmits not person-to-person, but person-to-mosquito-to-person. The carriers may be bitten by mosquitos who up until that point weren't infecting people, and afterwards can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/denguecontrol/human/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Heath Organization&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once infected, humans become the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. The virus circulates in the blood of an infected person for 2-7 days, at approximately the same time that the person develops a fever. Patients who are already infected with the dengue virus can transmit the infection via Aedes mosquitoes after the first symptoms appear (during 4-5 days; maximum 12).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In humans recovery from infection by one dengue virus provides lifelong immunity against that particular virus serotype. However, this immunity confers only partial and transient protection against subsequent infection by the other three serotypes of the virus. Evidence points to the fact that sequential infection increases the risk of developing severe dengue. The time interval between infections and the particular viral sequence of infections may also be of importance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your information that 80% of those infected are just carriers for a few weeks means that even if you are bitten by a mosquito carrying the disease, you may not end up feeling ill. If doesn't give you any information about your chances of being bitten by a mosquito carrying the disease, and your best efforts to prevent being bitten by mosquitos are still &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/faqfacts/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the only way&lt;/a&gt; to prevent getting the disease if you travel somewhere it is circulating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-21T13:28:19.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17479" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17502" CreationDate="2018-09-21T22:46:48.987" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why can't a prescription for glasses be used for contacts also? Isn't the eyesight still the same?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first, I cynically thought it was just another way for my optometrist to make money -- so he had to charge me for another test. But then I thought about it... and I understand that the contacts need to fit to your eyes and such, so they need to know how bulgy or small your eyes are, etc -- &lt;em&gt;but does the overall eyesight prescription stay the same?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is the reason, as I have theorized for the second prescription for contacts, they are testing the size of your eyes and getting measurements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-21T23:56:53.620" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T16:13:28.287" Title="Why are there different perscriptions for glasses and contacts? Help me see eye to eye on this" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;contact-lenses&gt;&lt;eye-exam&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-22T00:15:16.273" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a computer engineering student that would like to address this issue on my next project using prototype and maybe a web-based software or app. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But before that, I had to understand why patients need to take their doses as prescribed (on time, proper medication, and proper quantity). I hope you could help me understand this from your medical point of view. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could also cite some papers or sources that could either support your answer or further my understanding, I would be very grateful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also as medical personnel, how do you make sure that patients take their medication properly/as prescribed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14756" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-22T00:26:40.100" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T00:26:40.100" Title="What are the dangers of missing a dose and overdose?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;missed-dose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-09-22T16:21:32.887" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17108" CreationDate="2018-09-22T10:45:01.720" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer, loaded with opinion: Inherent difficulties present but mainly not enough resources allocated to this problem until now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Longer version, based on other expert opinions and research results –– or really: challenges: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning in the question is indeed plausible and puzzling. It should be easy, on the face of it. Only that this pathogen is widespread and comparatively mild, making other venues seemingly more pressing. But there were attempts, illustrating some problems along the way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Toxoplasmosis, caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is widespread throughout the world. The disease is of major medical and veterinary importance, being a cause of congenital disease and abortion in humans and domestic animals. In addition, recently it has gained importance owing to toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients. In the last few years, there has been considerable progress towards the development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis, and a vaccine based on the live-attenuated S48 strain was developed for veterinary uses. However, this vaccine is expensive, causes side effects and has a short shelf life. Furthermore, &lt;strong&gt;this vaccine may revert to a pathogenic strain and, therefore, is not suitable for human use.&lt;/strong&gt; Various experimental studies have shown that it may be possible to develop a vaccine against human toxoplasmosis. Recent progress in knowledge of the protective immune response generated by T. gondii and the current status of development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis are highlighted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19485758&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kur J, Holec-Gasior L, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E.: &quot;Current status of toxoplasmosis vaccine development.&quot;, Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009 Jun;8(6):791-808&lt;/a&gt;. doi: 10.1586/erv.09.27.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if relatively mild, introducing pathogenic elements is unethical. And may not sell that well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the reasons for the difficulties encountered were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lack of efficacious protective antigen candidates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lack of detailed understanding of pathogenic, immune and host cell invasion mechanisms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Insufficient advanced research techniques and theories of immunology or vaccinology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Can DNA vaccines fulfill their promise?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Biosafety of DNA vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Immune tolerance and allergy problems of DNA vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The efficacy of DNA vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579912/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Qi Liu, Lachhman Das Singla, and Huaiyu Zhou: &quot;Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: Status, challenges and future directions&quot;, Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012 Sep 1; 8(9): 1305–1308.&lt;/a&gt; doi:  10.4161/hv.21006&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research is not standing still on this front. Especially DNS vaccines seem to have made some progress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals including humans and causes toxoplasmosis. An effective vaccine could be an ideal choice for preventing and controlling toxoplasmosis. T. gondii Superoxide dismutase (TgSOD) might participate in affecting the intracellular growth of both bradyzoite and tachyzoite forms. In the present study, the TgSOD gene was used to construct a DNA vaccine (pEGFP-SOD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The present study revealed that the DNA vaccine triggered strong humoral and cellular immune responses, and aroused partial protective immunity against acute T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice. The collective data suggests the SOD may be a potential vaccine candidate for further development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5463464/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yuan Liu et al.: &quot;Immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii Superoxide dismutase (TgSOD) induces partial immune protection against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice&quot;, BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17: 403.&#xA;  Published online 2017 Jun 7.&lt;/a&gt; doi:  10.1186/s12879-017-2507-5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are promising but still quite preliminary. Whether looking at live or live-attenuated vaccines, protein vaccines, DNS vaccines, epitope vaccines, carbohydrate vaccines, exosome vaccines, RNA vaccines or possible adjuvants, a big bunch of ideas is considered, developed and tested for. Only that they really lack a base of attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the latest reviews in the field summarises it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite continuous research efforts, there are still very few effective strategies against toxoplasmosis. In the past few years, numerous vaccination experiments have been performed to control T. gondii infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this review, the authors summarize the development of T. gondii vaccines with proper adjuvants, ranging from live or live-attenuated vaccines to protein vaccines, DNA vaccines, epitope vaccines and novel vaccines. They also highlight the challenges involved in the development of T. gondii vaccines, including specific impediments and shortcomings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Expert opinion: Moving towards the development of effective vaccines against T. gondii is not only a tedious mission but also a difficult challenge. Future studies should consider new approaches and strategies for vaccine development, particularly novel vaccines and genetic adjuvants, as well as optimizing immunization protocols and evaluation criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14712598.2018.1413086&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yawen Li &amp;amp; Huaiyu Zhou: &quot;Moving towards improved vaccines for Toxoplasma gondii&quot;, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy,  Volume 18, 2018 - Issue 3,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1413086&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1413086&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The unsound base from which most of this research is fishing in the dark is that neither the life cycle nor the actual most of invasion/infection are fully understood. Not in the least because there are quite a few strains in the wild, some much more pathogenic than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last cited review opinion closes with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In our view, directions for future research should focus on the development of an effective cat vaccine. Such a vaccine would prevent oocyst shedding by cats and reduce oocyst contamination of the environment and risk to animals and humans. The priority is to develop a live-attenuated vaccine using non-reverting mutants. With the wide use of CRISPR technology, generating gene deletion mutants as live vaccines has become feasible and provides a novel approach for the control of toxoplasmosis. Therefore, it is expected that several years will be required before an effective vaccine against T. gondii is ready and available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T10:45:01.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17455" CreationDate="2018-09-22T17:11:43.917" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting research question from both pathophysiological and historical perspectives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pathologyjournal.rcpa.edu.au/article/S0031-3025(16)30692-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Upside-down death - the pathophysiology of inversion.&quot; Kirsty Andrews. &lt;em&gt;Pathology.&lt;/em&gt; 2014.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Historically, deaths occurring in a head-down position were generally associated with inverted suspension inflicted upon the victim as a form of torture. In the current day, deaths occurring due to an inverted body position are rare and are usually the result of freak accidents which often attract media attention due to the unusual nature of the death. Occasionally an element of inverted suspension is present in deaths occurring in motor vehicle incidents when the vehicle rolls, coming to rest on its roof with the unconscious victim left suspended upside-down by the seat belt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early research indicated that inversion-related death would take &quot;some hours&quot; in healthy individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8307521&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Death in a head-down position.&quot; Burkhard Madea. &lt;em&gt;Forensic Science International.&lt;/em&gt; 1993.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dying &#xA;  in &#xA;  a  head-down &#xA;  position &#xA;  is &#xA;  rare &#xA;  and &#xA;  autopsy &#xA;  may &#xA;  reveal &#xA;  no &#xA;  morphological &#xA;  findings &#xA;  which &#xA;  explain &#xA;  the &#xA;  cause &#xA;  of &#xA;  death &#xA;  sufficiently. &#xA;  Functional &#xA;  changes, &#xA;  mainly &#xA;  postural &#xA;  changes &#xA;  of &#xA;  circulation &#xA;  must &#xA;  be &#xA;  considered &#xA;  to &#xA;  explain &#xA;  the &#xA;  cause &#xA;  of &#xA;  death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Case &#xA;  histories &#xA;  on &#xA;  deaths &#xA;  in &#xA;  a &#xA;  head-down &#xA;  position &#xA;  are &#xA;  rare, &#xA;  but &#xA;  the &#xA;  problem &#xA;  may &#xA;  be &#xA;  of &#xA;  increasing &#xA;  interest &#xA;  again &#xA;  in &#xA;  connection &#xA;  with &#xA;  torture &#xA;  and &#xA;  the &#xA;  forensic &#xA;  pathologist &#xA;  may &#xA;  be &#xA;  asked &#xA;  how &#xA;  long &#xA;  will &#xA;  it &#xA;  take &#xA;  to &#xA;  die &#xA;  in &#xA;  this &#xA;  position. &#xA;  From &#xA;  the &#xA;  limited &#xA;  experience &#xA;  of &#xA;  some &#xA;  recent &#xA;  case &#xA;  histories &#xA;  and &#xA;  the &#xA;  experimental &#xA;  investigations &#xA;  of &#xA;  Wilkins &#xA;  et &#xA;  al., &#xA;  it  can &#xA;  only &#xA;  be &#xA;  said &#xA;  that &#xA;  in &#xA;  healthy &#xA;  persons &#xA;  it &#xA;  may &#xA;  take &#xA;  some &#xA;  hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In unhealthy individuals (even adolescents), inversion-related death can be hastened by obesity and cardiovascular or pulmonary disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82589868.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Positional asphyxia in rollover vehicular incidents.&quot; Angela Martin &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Injury Extra.&lt;/em&gt; 2010.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 16-year-old driver with a body mass index (BMI) of 60.8 died&#xA;  after a motor vehicle collision when the vehicle went off the road and flipped over... prior to extrication&#xA;  by emergency medicine personnel he became less and less&#xA;  conscious and eventually became unresponsive. He was suspended&#xA;  in an inverted position for approximately 15 min total. He was&#xA;  pronounced dead at the scene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Examination of the body at autopsy showed that the&#xA;  approximately 400 pound adolescent had rare petechiae of the&#xA;  conjunctivae bilaterally. The ears, nose, and lips were congested&#xA;  with florid facial petechiae. Internally, the lungs were markedly&#xA;  congested and air-filled... The cause of death was deemed to be positional asphyxia due to&#xA;  the prolonged suspension of the decedent in an inverted position,&#xA;  with a contributing factor of morbid obesity. The manner of death&#xA;  was accident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, an entire chapter of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-59259-910-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Forensic Pathology Reviews Volume 3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; is devoted to this topic (&lt;strong&gt;emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-910-3_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Death in a Head-Down Position.&quot; Achim Th. Schäfer. &lt;em&gt;Forensic Pathology Reviews.&lt;/em&gt; 2005.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on these cases, it is observed that elderly people, and in particular elderly with preexisting cardiovascular diseases, seem to be more prone to death in a head-down position than others. This suggests that &lt;strong&gt;final heart failure is the cause of death rather than cerebral or pulmonary dysfunction&lt;/strong&gt;. Results from human and animal experiments and observations under true and simulated microgravitational conditions confirm this assumption, suggesting that a &lt;strong&gt;prolonged, markedly elevated burden of work for the heart because of increased volume load in an inverted body position eventually leads to death by heart failure&lt;/strong&gt;. Other mechanisms, such as suffocation (“positional asphyxia”), reduced blood reflux to the heart attributable to vanishing of blood in the venous system, decreased oxygen supply to the brain after reduced arteriovenous pressure difference, and carotid sinus or baroreceptor reflexes, as well as other factors, seem to play only a minor role, if any, in deaths in head-down position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="14251" LastEditDate="2018-09-22T22:16:26.873" LastActivityDate="2018-09-22T22:16:26.873" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17484" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17488" CreationDate="2018-09-23T04:05:15.363" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/caffeine-disrupts-sleep-f/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sci. Am. article&lt;/a&gt; mentioned that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people's bodies clear caffeine within a few hours, but lunchtime coffee may still be in the system of other people even late at night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although they have some links in there, it looks like none talk of this topic specifically... So is there some data on how wide of a range of clearance of caffeine has been encountered, or other distributional parameters related to this? Is caffeine clearance speed for instance genetically determined in some known way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2018-09-23T18:43:59.210" Title="Caffeine clearance range/distribution and what determines it" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-23T15:54:25.170" Score="0" ViewCount="581" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading an article about Vitamin-A:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin A&#xA;Fact Sheet for Health Professionals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following acronym &lt;code&gt;RAE&lt;/code&gt; in:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RDAs for vitamin A are given as mcg of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) to account for the different bioactivities of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids (see Table 1). Because the body converts all dietary sources of vitamin A into retinol, 1 mcg of physiologically available retinol is equivalent to the following amounts from dietary sources: 1 mcg of retinol, 12 mcg of beta-carotene, and 24 mcg of alpha-carotene or beta-cryptoxanthin. From dietary supplements, the body converts 2 mcg of beta-carotene to 1 mcg of retinol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, vitamin A is listed on food and supplement labels in international units (IUs) even though nutrition scientists rarely use this measure. Conversion rates between mcg RAE and IU are as follows [7]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 IU retinol = 0.3 mcg RAE&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;1 IU beta-carotene from dietary supplements = 0.15 mcg RAE&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;1 IU beta-carotene from food = 0.05 mcg RAE&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;1 IU alpha-carotene or beta-cryptoxanthin = 0.025 mcg RAE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please explain a bit the diffence between those measurements? :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13006" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-23T18:38:53.547" Title="RAE vs IU in Vitamin descriptions" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17488" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17484" CreationDate="2018-09-23T16:21:17.967" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; parameters to consider. The caffeine clearance is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, age, drug interactions, pregnancy, illnesses, day &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; time of day, habituation, what species you look at,  etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do not have a complete picture in terms of perfect predictability. But we have quite a few individual lines of cause and effect cleared up to a certain degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine is absorbed in the intestine quite rapidly and almost completely. Then generally 97% are metabolised into 'something' and only 3% excreted as is, on average. Caffeine concentration is characterised in half life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking grapefruit for example before drinking coffee increases that half life, as the fruit contains quite significant levels of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringenin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;naringenin&lt;/a&gt;, bergamottin and hydroxybergamottin. These substances have in common that they inhibit cytochrome &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;p450&lt;/a&gt; in the liver (effecting quite a few drugs by the way). This effect was only found out in 1989 by chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Calculating all the variables will not be possible in this answer. Let's focus on genetics of caffeine pharmacokinetcis in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YdRwY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YdRwYs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hh79D.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hh79Ds.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jakob Strube: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5FBE-E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Studie zu erblichen Einflüssen auf die Pharmakokinetik von Midazolam und Koffein&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;(Study for the evaluation of heritability of midazolam and caffeine pharmacokinetics)&amp;quot;, Dissertation, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 2015. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5FBE-E/Dissertation%20Jakob%20Strube_final_eDiss.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This small study found an unexpectedly marked hereditary component in caffeine clearance and also gave a range from own measurements and compared those with previous literature:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Clearance/F* [ml/min]              40 - 431    own measurement&#xA;Clearance/F·KG-1* [ml/min·kg- 1]   0,35 – 5,08 own measurement&#xA;&#xA;                                   1,12±0,3    Newton et al. 1981&#xA;                                   2,20±1,02   Lelo et al 1986 a&#xA;                                   2,07±0,96   Lelo et al 1986 b&#xA;                                   2,2±1,67    Kamimori et al. 2002&#xA;                                   1,58±0,54   Perera et al 2011&#xA;t1/2 [Minuten]                     97,6 - 735  own measurement&#xA;&#xA;                             meist 246 - 342; bis zu 600 Lindopharm GmbH 2004&#xA;                                   &#xA;                                   162 - 744   Newton et al. 1981&#xA;                                   246±78      Lelo et al. 1986 b&#xA;                                   240 - 300   Kot und Daniel 2008&#xA;                                   330±114     Perera et al. 2011&#xA;Cmax [μg/l]                        668 - 1984  eigene Messung&#xA;                                   1170±980    Kamimori et al. 2002&#xA;                                   750±250     (normiert auf 50 mg-Dosis) Perera et al. 2011&#xA;Tmax [Minuten]                     26 - 200    eigene Messung&#xA;                                   30 - 40     Lindopharm GmbH 2004&#xA;                                   30 - 90     Newton et al. 1981&#xA;                                   60          Perera et al. 2011&#xA;                                   85,2±54     Kamimori et al. 2002&#xA;&#xA;V/F [l]                            22,9 - 68,7 eigene Messung&#xA;V/F·KG [l/kg]                      0,38 - 0,81 eigene Messung&#xA;                                   0,52 - 1,06 Lindopharm GmbH 2004&#xA;                                   0,5 - 0,75 Kot und Daniel 2008&#xA;                                   0,781±0,208 Kamimori et al. 2002&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-23T18:43:59.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16826" CreationDate="2018-09-23T18:29:54.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an injection seems especially painful or if blood or clear fluid is seen after withdrawing the needle, the patient should apply pressure for 5–8 s without rubbing. Blood glucose monitoring should be done more frequently on a day when this occurs. If the patient suspects that a significant portion of the insulin dose was not administered, blood glucose should be checked within a few hours of the injection. If bruising, soreness, welts, redness, or pain occur at the injection site, the patient’s injection technique should be reviewed by a physician or diabetes educator. Painful injections may be minimized by the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Injecting insulin at room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making sure no air bubbles remain in the syringe before injection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Waiting until topical alcohol (if used) has evaporated completely before injection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keeping muscles in the injection area relaxed, not tense, when injecting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Penetrating the skin quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not changing direction of the needle during insertion or withdrawal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not reusing needles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Insulin may be injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the upper arm and the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh, buttocks, and abdomen (with the exception of a circle with a 2-inch radius around the navel). Intramuscular injection is not recommended for routine injections. &lt;strong&gt;Rotation of the injection site is important to prevent lipohypertrophy or lipoatrophy. Rotating within one area is recommended (e.g., rotating injections systematically within the abdomen) rather than rotating to a different area with each injection. This practice may decrease variability in absorption from day to day.&lt;/strong&gt; Site selection should take into consideration the variable absorption between sites. The abdomen has the fastest rate of absorption, followed by the arms, thighs, and buttocks. Exercise increases the rate of absorption from injection sites, probably by increasing blood flow to the skin and perhaps also by local actions. Areas of lipohypertrophy usually show slower absorption. The rate of absorption also differs between subcutaneous and intramuscular sites. The latter is faster and, although not recommended for routine use, can be given under other circumstances (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis or dehydration).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;American Diabetes Association&#xA;  Diabetes Care. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/suppl_1/s112.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin Administration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. 2002 Jan; 25(suppl 1): s112-s115.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from this, I can only tell you that I've been predominantly taught to do subcutaneous injections with either insulin or heparin in the abdomen, though with no particular reasoning. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-09-23T18:29:54.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17493" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-24T02:07:24.003" Score="-3" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;A person without HIV can get infected with HIV by, blood already infected with the virus entering into their body (for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can HIV patients get further infected by the for example ingestion of their own blood or even by inserting their own blood again into their own bodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14765" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-26T11:48:46.327" LastActivityDate="2018-09-26T11:48:46.327" Title="Can HIV patients get further infected by their own blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17493" CreationDate="2018-09-24T08:31:51.773" Score="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;No.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is either infected or one isn't. There is no middle ground. Infection is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/infection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, as in an infectious disease.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, biologically speaking, there aren't even viruses added because they remove them from their organism first (draw blood) and then re-insert them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T08:31:51.773" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-24T10:52:33.670" Score="7" ViewCount="1550" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question below highlights recent studies that conclude coffee does not necessarily dehydrate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/4879/is-decaffeinated-coffee-a-diuretic&quot;&gt;Is decaffeinated coffee a diuretic?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why has it always been assumed otherwise? Perhaps the evidence was based on tests of pure caffeine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="764" LastEditorUserId="764" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T15:32:38.760" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T15:32:38.760" Title="Did science backtrack regarding coffee causing dehydration?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17497" CreationDate="2018-09-24T12:59:03.613" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why it has been long assumed that caffeine or coffee is dehydrating?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Because caffeine is a mild diuretic&lt;/strong&gt; - it stimulates water excretion through the kidneys. But the amount of water you consume with caffeinated drinks is usually greater than the amount of water you lose in urine due to caffeine diuretic effect, so there is no net water loss and hence no dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, regular (daily) coffee drinkers will usually quickly (within few days) develop tolerance to caffeine effects including the diuretic effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source 1 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19774754&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2003&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Caffeine and related methylxanthine compounds are recognized as having&#xA;  a diuretic action...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The available literature suggests that acute ingestion of caffeine in&#xA;  large doses (at least 250-300 mg, equivalent to the amount found in&#xA;  2-3 cups of coffee or 5-8 cups of tea) results in a short-term&#xA;  stimulation of urine output in individuals who have been deprived of&#xA;  caffeine for a period of days or weeks. A profound tolerance to the&#xA;  diuretic and other effects of caffeine develops, however, and the&#xA;  actions are much diminished in individuals who regularly consume tea&#xA;  or coffee. Doses of caffeine equivalent to the amount normally found&#xA;  in standard servings of tea, coffee and carbonated soft drinks appear&#xA;  to have no diuretic action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source 2 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3886980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2014&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is often suggested that coffee causes dehydration and its&#xA;  consumption should be avoided or significantly reduced to maintain&#xA;  fluid balance...Our data show that there were no significant&#xA;  differences across a wide range of haematological and urinary markers&#xA;  of hydration status between trials. These data suggest that coffee,&#xA;  when consumed in moderation by caffeine habituated males provides&#xA;  similar hydrating qualities to water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; the old suggestion that caffeine is dehydrating was due to misinterpretation that increased diuresis automatically results in dehydration. They also overestimated the actual diuretic effect of caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-09-24T17:36:06.883" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T17:36:06.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-24T14:21:08.037" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at different sites online, I am having difficulty finding a clear, consistent information on the use of petroleum jelly to promote healing and minimize scarring.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What criteria should be used to decide when to use petroleum jelly on an abrasion rather than antibiotic ointment, or no ointment at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When using it, what is the optimal timing to apply it - straight away, after the scab has fully formed, or after the scab has fallen off?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14772" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T01:24:39.970" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T01:24:39.970" Title="What is the optimum application of petroleum jelly on a wound to help minimize scarring?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;abrasion-cut-laceration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3567" CreationDate="2018-09-24T14:44:46.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hemp oil is made from the seeds of the cannabis plants. These typically contain almost no cannabinoids, like THC or CBD. CBD-oil is any oil, not only hemp oil, enriched with CBD. The industry seems to prefer hemp-oil for that apparently. Ordinary, non-treated hemp seed oil is very low in CBD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cannabinoids are found in the stem, leaves and in greatest concentration in the flowering parts of the plant. To repeat: the seeds from which the oil is made do contain CBD, but only in trace amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means ordinary hemp seed oil does not contain CBD in meaningful quantities. Since hemp seed oil is a valuable source of fatty acids in a very nice relation to one another, it is often considered &quot;healthy&quot; on its own. But to get hemp seed oil with CBD, you need to bring the CBD from an external source into the oil. That is possible and seems like a natural choice since CBD is fat soluble and needs a carrier for the consumer to ingest it in meaningful dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Feature                      Hemp Seed Oil                      Cannabidiol Oil&#xA;Plant species of origin      Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)  Industrial hemp &#xA;                             strains with high CBD content      strains with low CBD content    (Cannabis sativa) &#xA;Parts used to produce oil    Hemp seeds                         Hemp flowers, leaves&#xA;Method of production         Cold pressing                      CO2 (non-toxic) solvent extraction&#xA;Purified                     Filtered                           Yes&#xA;Independent laboratory       Not on THC content,                Yes on CBD and THC &#xA;analysis and certification   but on fatty acid profile          content&#xA;Cannabinoid content Low CBD Rich CBD, Low THC&#xA;Food supplement uses         Healthy source of monounsaturated  To support general well-being, &#xA;                             and essential fatty acids          relaxing&#xA;Does it produce a 'high'?    No (THC not present in the seeds)  No (Guaranteed low levels of THC)&#xA;Is it a legal food supplement?  Yes                             Yes&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for table: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthspan.co.uk/advice/whats-the-difference-between-hemp-seed-oil-and-cannabidiol-oil-cbd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What’s the difference between hemp seed oil and cannabidiol oil (CBD)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The legal advice in that table was quoted as is. It might be different where you live. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/ss/slideshow-cbd-oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD: All About CBD Oil&lt;/a&gt; CBD might still be illegal in Idaho, Dakota and Nebraska. Worldwide there might be similarly crazy places.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T14:44:46.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17479" CreationDate="2018-09-24T14:52:11.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Partly the additional sizing information required for contacts (Diameter and curvature of the cornea are needed for contact lenses but not for glasses) and the power also changes because the physical distance between the eye and the lens is different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/faq/cls-vs-glasses-rx.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a page explaining the differences between the two prescription types with explanation as to what the different values mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="11188" LastEditDate="2018-09-24T16:13:28.287" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T16:13:28.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17503" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-24T15:55:33.070" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;After getting ill due to bad sanitation of ingredients I decided to know a little better of the process of food hygienization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It first occurred to me that a good first step would be to use lots of strong antibacterial products. Later on after reading I realised that most elements 'that-are-not-the-food-itself' (dirt &amp;amp; etc) are either water soluble or fat soluble, that means if you apply water combined with soap most of the stuff will go away (suppose you had sugar coating the food and olive oil, they would be rinsed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you went one step further and used an antibacterial product chances are you would probably get rid of anything that could do harm to your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) are there any other big group of components that aren't neither water nor fat soluble and could be hazardous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) talking about general food sanitation which is usually more effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the chemical act of removing through soap and water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;killing bacteria and other harmful organisms using antibacterial products&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any other general thoughts about sanitation is appreciated since this is a very important question of notorious public concern and I couldn't find expert opinions on the subject&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14773" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T19:37:15.907" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T19:37:15.907" Title="Food sanitation" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5925" CreationDate="2018-09-24T22:57:41.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/3414/graham-chiu&quot;&gt;Graham Chiu&lt;/a&gt; put it very well: &lt;code&gt;&quot;Where would you get a ligament from that isn't going to make you worse off?&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We rely on our ligaments for the structural stability of our skeleton. This supersedes the integrity of our muscular attachments, although there are a few exceptions. Since they're attached to muscles, tendons are going to be more superficial (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5124375/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;easier to access&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666537/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more abundant&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some circumstances can necessitate the transfer (not a complete removal as in tendon harvest, but the redirection of one end) of a ligament. This happens when one skeletal structure's stability is secondary to the stability of a neighboring bony union, so a ligament is appropriately reprioritized:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drmillett.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/acromioclavicular-joint-reconstruction-coracoacromial-ligament-transfer-docking-technique.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Acromioclavicular joint reconstruction with coracoacromial &#xA;  ligament transfer using the docking technique.&quot; Millett &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.&lt;/em&gt; 2009.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Symptomatic Acromioclavicular (AC) dislocations have historically been surgically&#xA;  treated with Coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction with transfer of the Coracoacromial (CA) ligament. The distal clavicle was resected and stabilized with CC ligament reconstruction using the CA ligament. The CA ligament was passed into the medullary canal and tensioned, using a modified 'docking' technique. The docking procedure  allows  for  tensioning  of  the  transferred  CA  ligament and healing of the ligament in an intramedullary bone tunnel. Excellent clinical results were achieved,&#xA;  decreasing the risk of recurrent distal clavicle instability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUXfE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tUXfE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;CClig-CAlig&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2018-09-24T22:57:41.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17211" CreationDate="2018-09-25T02:57:14.930" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gaming for long times cause myopia? It happens when you mantain your eyes focused in a small part without natural light and to stress them. Stress causes damage and lack of natural light cause blindness and sickness of the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gaming monitor causes unnatural light which stress your eyes and cause you to do habits and actions which are not natural such as postures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not say its the gaming per se but the habits that go along with gaming the ones which cause myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I gonna say your uncle is right however and to do eye exercises regularly can help maintain good vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14782" LastEditorUserId="14782" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T03:11:36.457" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T03:11:36.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-25T07:48:58.120" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing a research about wrist wearables in order to understand how they work. They can be used to measure stress levels, just like pupillometry, skin conductance and other related measures can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand how they measure heart rate, movement or SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, but I can not understand how they count breaths. When it comes to smart T-shirts they are using stretch sensors but on wrist wearable this is not applicable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an algorithm that can convert HR and SpO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements to an approximate BPM rate? Sorry for the question but I don't have any medical knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is not such an algorithm, I think I am missing a sensor that can do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14784" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T09:05:20.440" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T09:05:20.440" Title="How wrist wearables count breaths?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-25T09:38:44.490" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a concept about dry/multiple male orgasm. Most common idea is what by practicing clenching of ones pubococcygeus (PC) muscle just before a point when the process of ejacuation begins, a male can achieve orgasm without ejacuating or rest/refactory period.&#xA;Question is: out of these options (or other which are not listed here) which is the true one?&#xA;1. Clenching PC muscle cancels the process of ejacuation and  the inflow of rest/refactory chemicals, but not the orgasm.&#xA;2. The ejacuation still continues to the next available &quot;outlet&quot;, i.e. the bludder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14786" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-25T18:29:30.423" LastActivityDate="2018-09-25T18:29:30.423" Title="Does the usage of PC muscle to achieve multiple orgasm in males cancels or transfers the ejacuation to the bludder?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-27T01:07:44.003" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen 2 women suffering from a fibromyalgic syndrome who tried to drastically suppress all sugar in their diet. The pain went from 7/10 to 3/10. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After some reviews on forums I found other cases of success of such diets. I also found cases where it was not a success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any insights that could explain this ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14796" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:18:29.097" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:18:29.097" Title="Is there a link between fibromyalgia and sugar intake?" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-27T01:39:37.590" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking the question for someone who is both diagnosed Babesiosis and Fibromyalgia by different practicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the Babesiosis diagnosis seems weak because only based on a positive IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and a fibromyalgic syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14796" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:17:40.267" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:17:40.267" Title="Can Babesiosis be confused with Fibromyalgia?" Tags="&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17524" CreationDate="2018-09-27T02:07:13.350" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know Babesiosis is very similar to Paludism. The main parasite in the US, Babesiosis Microti, is supposed to be less agressive than Paludism agents. This is however quite insure with Babesia Divergent. The main parasite in Europe. There are way less reported cases in Europe and these are way more severe. However this could be because mild cases are ignored since the disease is rare in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms vary from nothing to repetitive severe flu like syndrome that can last a few weeks. The most severe - life threatening - cases are observed with asplenic and immunodepressed patients. The parasite attacks red blood cells and can, if in great numbers, cause anemia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This type of flu like symptoms are more likely to be confused with a chronic fatigue syndrome than a Fibromyalgia. The main reason is that fatigue is generally more important than pain. The other is that it is not constant but relapsing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However some Lyme doctors do not think the same way. But I did not find any evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14796" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T07:10:31.230" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T07:10:31.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-27T06:49:40.517" Score="4" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I yesterday watched the documentary &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8232232&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamania&lt;/a&gt; by Dr Derek Muller, which is about the production, benefits and risks of vitamin supplements. In the film, he briefly talked about people being blood tested in order to get some insights if they are vitamin and/or mineral deficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering: When we as humans have to pretty much constantly get the vitamins our body needs to function right, can a blood test really give meaningful insights of a vitamin deficiency?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if the day (or even week) before the blood test I eat less water-dissolvable vitamins like vitamin C than usual and than needed. Would that show a deficiency in the blood test thus leading to false results? Or would a deficiency only appear after a month, two, three? Or even half a year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I already tried to search for something relatable on google. Only found some forum posts or non-scientific articles of random people claiming things like &quot;Vitamin B gets flushed out like every day or so&quot;, which is not really specific or backed up by any literature/study. I don't really have access to any physical literature or something similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14727" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T07:15:48.783" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T07:15:48.783" Title="Does Blood Testing give meaningful insights in Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17524" CreationDate="2018-09-27T07:52:01.323" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a brief description of tests for babesiosis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2003&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A CBC [Complete Blood Count] is a useful screening test since anemia and thrombocytopenia are&#xA;  commonly observed and parasites may be visualized on blood smear.&#xA;  Conclusive diagnosis of this disease generally depends upon&#xA;  microscopic examination of thin blood smears. Babesia frequently are&#xA;  overlooked, however, because parasitemia tends to be sparse, often&#xA;  infecting fewer than 1% of erythrocytes early in the course of the&#xA;  illness. Identification of amplifiable babesial DNA by polymerase&#xA;  chain reaction (PCR) has comparable sensitivity and specificity to&#xA;  microscopic analysis of thin blood smear for detection of babesia in&#xA;  blood. Serologic testing provides useful supplementary evidence of&#xA;  infection because a robust antibody response characterizes human&#xA;  babesial infection, even at the time that parasitemia first becomes&#xA;  detectable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many other conditions with musculoskeletal pain and fatigue that can be confused with fibromyalgia (various types of arthritis, myositis, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no laboratory test for fibromyalgia, so a diagnosis is by exclusion of other conditions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/fibromyalgia#tab-diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;niams.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T08:49:59.297" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T08:49:59.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17523" CreationDate="2018-09-27T08:02:07.177" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following is what I have found, which shows promise on your hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-010-1618-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yanmaz, at al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; found&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an increased prevalence rate of [Fibromyalgia Syndrome] in patients with [diabetes mellitus] type 2 and [rheumatoid arthritis]. There was no correlation between the prevalence rate of [Fibromyalgia Syndrome] and good [diabetes mellitus] disease control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pilot study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214937&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mengshoel, et al. (1995)&lt;/a&gt; followed a 10-week multi-disciplinary approach which involved exercise and cognitive approaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the cognitive approach, they looked at patient knowledge of fibromyalgia and instructed on diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the food records, the dietician informed about good food habits and suggested dietary improvements such as: intake of four regular meals a day, increased intake of fruits and vegetables, increased intake of fluid and reduced intake of sweets and sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All patients (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;=16)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;showed improvements for all variables after ten weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also said that &lt;strong&gt;controlled studies are needed&lt;/strong&gt; in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mengshoel, A. M., Forseth, K. Ø., Haugen, M., Walle-Hansen, R., &amp;amp; Førre, Ø. (1995). Multidisciplinary approach to fibromyalgia A pilot study. &lt;em&gt;Clinical rheumatology&lt;/em&gt;, 14(2), 165-170. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214937&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/BF02214937&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yanmaz, M. N., Mert, M., &amp;amp; Korkmaz, M. (2012). The prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in a group of patients with diabetes mellitus. &lt;em&gt;Rheumatology international&lt;/em&gt;, 32(4), 871-874. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-010-1618-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s00296-010-1618-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T08:07:12.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-27T10:29:16.630" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;The eponychium (Cuticle) serves as a protective barrier between the epidermis and the nail. If this were to be removed, what are the effects and possible remedies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14799" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:12:38.313" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:12:38.313" Title="What are the effects of a totally removed eponychium?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;nails&gt;&lt;epidermis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14046" CreationDate="2018-09-27T12:40:01.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only weight loss method I've heard that increases the risk of &lt;em&gt;kidney stones&lt;/em&gt; is bariatric surgery (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382441/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a recommendation to prevent &lt;em&gt;gallstones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/-/media/Files/Weight-Management/DietingandGallstones2002.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDDK.gov, pdf&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Depending on your starting weight, experts recommend losing about&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;1/2 to 2 pounds per week.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-09-27T16:06:43.587" LastActivityDate="2018-09-27T16:06:43.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12251" CreationDate="2018-09-28T15:15:40.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While official government recommendations seem to indicate a very low risk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225636/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals. (National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals.&#xA;  Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;TOXICOKINETICS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Absorption:&#xA;  Dermal&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  No information was found on the dermal absorption of Mg(OH)2 in humans or experimental animals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HAZARD IDENTIFICATION&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The toxicology database on Mg(OH)2 is sparse. Therefore, the subcommittee decided that this review should also include toxicity data on magnesium salts that are expected to dissociate in stomach acid to Mg2+ cations. These include MgCl2, magnesium lactate, and magnesium citrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dermal Exposure:&#xA;  No studies were found on the toxic effects of Mg(OH)2 following dermal exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this is for the use case flame retardant. Consulting a cosmetics database it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/720445/MAGNESIUM_HYDROXIDE/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Health Concerns of the Ingredient: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Overall Hazard low to moderate   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;moderate use restrictions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;enhances skin absorption&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Concern&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Violation of industry recommendations    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Restricted in cosmetics; use, concentration, or manufacturing restrictions &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Avoid or minimize skin exposure: recommendation from industry safety panel (Cosmetic Ingredient Review, CIR) (only for products for use on skin)  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Determined safe for use in cosmetics, subject to concentration or use limitations - Safe for use in cosmetics with some qualifications &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems to indicate that if that ingredient is found in a commercial formulation the overall risk this substance alone represents seems to be very low. Potential interplay with other ingredients needs to accounted for. Using this in homemade ointments needs some precautions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Using this in the long term and at higher concentrations is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; recommended. While beneficial in the sense that as an absorbent it reduces excess moisture to a degree, this substance is also alkaline (pH 10.5), human skin is slightly acidic, and it needs to be. MgOH raises the pH. That is not good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-09-28T15:15:40.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14619" CreationDate="2018-09-28T19:55:01.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without ultrasound you’d discover by palpation - feeling the abdomen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each baby has two poles - the head and the bottom. If you can feel three clearly separate poles there must be at least two babies in there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s difficult to feel 5 poles which would be needed to confirm triplets. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, sometimes you can clearly identify poles which are heads - in which case the number of heads you can feel puts a lower bound on the number of babies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn’t a particularly reliable approach - it’s easy to underestimate the number of babies. So multiple babies are often still a surprise if there is no access to imaging. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12501" LastActivityDate="2018-09-28T19:55:01.383" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-28T22:50:32.360" Score="5" ViewCount="1499" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had my 17th surgery yesterday so it's fair to say I've been around the &quot;hospital&quot; block quite a few times and know what to expect on the patient side of things. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everything went as expected up until I was on the operating table and they were administering the general anesthesia to put me to sleep, and they put a breathing mask full of oxygen covering my mouth and face.  (This was as expected too as I recall this happening prior to all my other surgeries). But this time, as soon as they put the oxygen over my nose and mouth, I felt like I couldn't breathe. I had a hard time breathing, and wanted to rip the mask off because I started panicking that I actually was not breathing (even though I logically knew there was an oxygen mask over me). But the mask made me hyperventilate instead, and my lungs started to hurt. Thankfully, this experience was only 30-40 seconds of panic before I drifted off to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3zvKd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3zvKd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why a mask of oxygen over mouth &amp;amp; nose while general anesthesia is administered to knock one out for surgery?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Common to feel like you can't breathe when it's placed over the mouth and nose?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it because some patients may have trouble breathing during the first few moments of the induction of anesthesia? (Like the sensation of not feeling able to breathe was not the oxygen mask, but the general anesthesia entering the body, impacting breathing system). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Or do the oxygen masks contain so much oxygen that the body has a hard time breathing it. (Like the amount/% of oxygen being pumped in a LOT of oxygen in the lungs all at once, and the lungs start to hurt?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Or... simply that mini panic attacks can ensue as instinct doesn't appreciate something over the nose and mouth and wants to throw the mask off. And this causes one to get anxious and hyperventilate?   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basically, why the need for the breathing mask at first? And is it common to find it harder to breathe?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-09-29T07:42:35.640" LastActivityDate="2019-11-16T06:35:15.907" Title="Common to panic/have trouble breathing when an oxygen mask is placed over nose and mouth prior to surgery with anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T06:49:29.637" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told by a nurse that it is common for patients to complain of itching after administration of IV opioids, which tends to resolve soon thereafter.  Those who experience this often do not experience it when taking the same medication orally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What about narcotics being administered IV causes pruritus? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is this a type of allergic reaction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is chemically happening that causes the pruritus?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't this happen with the oral form?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T17:10:21.873" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:10:21.873" Title="Why do opioids administered via IV cause pruritus?" Tags="&lt;itching&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T10:58:13.590" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found some studies that investigated the IOP's relation to wind instrument playing:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12362583_Effect_of_Wind_Instrument_Playing_on_Intraocular_Pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jovr.org/article.asp?issn=2008-322X;year=2018;volume=13;issue=3;spage=224;epage=230;aulast=Lin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(99)00015-9/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious because I thought wind instrument playing (as over time it takes endurance to control air with the obturator muscle) will acutally lower IOP, as endurance exercises usually do. &#xA;The authors claim that the valsalva maneuver increases IOP and practicing many hours a day may cause glaucomatous damage over time. &#xA;Do you think there is some truth to this? Does wind instrument playing damage the eyes? and if so, what were the symptoms? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14811" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T16:57:42.980" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T16:57:42.980" Title="Does playing wind instruments cause damage to the eyes overtime?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;&lt;intraocular-pressure-iop&gt;&lt;valsalva-maneuver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T16:14:28.130" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can band-aids prevent or reduce acne scar formation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's known that keeping wounds covered is actually better for healing. Here are the reasons:&#xA;It keeps our skin cells from drying out so that scabs don't form.&#xA;Scabs can impede healing and increase scarring.&#xA;It protects the wound from re-injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/health/01real.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/health/01real.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/is-it-better-to-cover-a-wound-or-leave-it-exposed-to-air.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/is-it-better-to-cover-a-wound-or-leave-it-exposed-to-air.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would the same apply if someone picks on their acne till there's bleeding, and use band-aids after washing their facial wounds properly? Can it actually minimize acne scars formation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard of dermatologists recommending band-aids for acne scar prevention yet. It can be quite difficult not to pick our skin with acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T16:55:48.443" LastActivityDate="2021-03-23T16:01:45.147" Title="Can band-aids prevent or reduce acne scar formation?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;bandaid-plaster-bandage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T18:53:21.937" Score="9" ViewCount="373" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly: I am aware of the other question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/585/is-moderate-alcohol-consumption-beneficial-for-maximizing-life-expectancy&quot;&gt;Is moderate alcohol consumption beneficial for maximizing life expectancy?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, this question dates to 2015, and the recent campaign of medical authorities against alcohol consumption in any quantities is a, well, recent thing. This I believe mandates a newer question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shame on me for not being able to find the source; but I DO recall seing an article about the J-shaped curve - the (purpoted?) correlation that moderate alcohol use increases the life expectation relative to teetotallers. I must've read this article a year ago or so, and the article itself is likely even older. The article claimed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Attempts were made to invalidate the J-shaped curve by pointing out that teetotallers' life expectancy is reduced by the presence of former alcohol addicts in this group;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The studies were repeated, explicitly removing former alcohol addicts from the group of teetotallers, and the J-shaped curve persisted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, as we can see, nowadays we have multiple claims from medical authorities that alcohol is harmful in any quantities, that even moderate or light drinking does one no good and that to minimize risk, a consumption of 0g of ethanol should be recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has the J-shaped curve been finally conclusively disproven then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: A late addition, but I've FINALLY found the source of my claim that studies that removed former alcohol addicts from the group of teetotallers still shew the J-shaped curve: &lt;a href=&quot;http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2017200,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2017200,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastEditorUserId="6604" LastEditDate="2019-03-29T16:40:37.697" LastActivityDate="2019-03-29T16:40:37.697" Title="Has the (in)famous J-shaped curve with regard to alcohol consumption and life expectancy been finally disproven?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;life-expectancy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T19:37:55.347" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to identify daily recommended/suggested values based on research. I understand the values differ for each person and therefore no absolutes can be drawn but I am trying to identify suggestions based on research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found wonderful articles for sugar;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Heart Association: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sugar/sugar-101#.WIzyC1MrJaQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sugar 101&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;American Heart Association: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sugar/added-sugars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Added Sugar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting discussion on stack exchange&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/9935/can-one-candy-bar-per-day-be-part-of-a-healthy-diet/10978#10978&quot;&gt;Can one candy bar per day be part of a healthy diet?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me point out that these articles do not have references to scientific journals but I trust the recommended values because I tried a 2 week challenge and I saw a huge difference physically, emotionally and socially. It has been 2 months now and I have not stopped my 36g sugar limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, just like sugar, too much of starch is not good for you but I am yet to find a recommendation for starch limits. I have noticed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/factsheets/Total_Carbohydrate.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;300g of carbohydrate for a 2,000 calorie diet per day recommendation by FDA&lt;/a&gt; but I would like to know just the starch recommendataion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14814" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-09-30T16:54:39.137" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:15:40.093" Title="Starch recommendation based on research" Tags="&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17546" CreationDate="2018-09-29T21:32:50.527" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To date, there has been no randomized clinical trial of low‐volume alcohol consumption that has assessed any mortality outcome. Therefore, the literature about the mortality effects of alcohol consumption consists entirely of observational studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Naimi, Timothy S. et al. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.13451&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Volume 112, Issue 2, February 2017, p. 207-214&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is important to note. All studies, including the ones cited by me and LangLangC, are observational meta-analyses. They take census data and data from other studies and do some statistical calculations with that. Those are accurate, but it is tricky to avoid selection biases, and without a clinical trial, one can only show correlation and not causation. Even with double-blind randomly controlled trials (RCTs), one can run into biases and common factors that fake causation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example for this case: Maybe most 'moderate' drinkers are wealthy (they can afford a bit of alcohol and upper-class drinking, but are well-educated enough not to become addicts) and thus have more access to health services, hence decreasing their morbidity in comparison to other groups. This doesn't mean that drinking moderately is healthy, but that being wealthy is healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that being said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Yes, it has been disproven&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent article published in The Lancet which is the largest meta analysis to date has a very comprehensive overview of risks associated with moderate to high-level drinking. The J-curve only exists for very few hand-picked risks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nnihB.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nnihB.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While small amounts of alcohol might decrease the risk of ischaemic heart diseases and diabetes, the cumulative risk is increasing for every quantity of alcohol consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a sense, it doesn't help you if you are at half the risk of dying from a heart attack when the risk of having a seizure is tripled (greatly simplified).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GevRJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GevRJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study itself is quite comprehensive and not that difficult to understand, so I highly recommend a read-through. It has been covered by most newspapers as well, but not all news coverage was accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Griswold, Max G, et al. “&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2818%2931310-2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol Use and Burden for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;” The Lancet, vol. 392, no. 10152, 2018, pp. 1015–1035.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is even more convincing as there seems to be a selection bias favouring 'moderate' drinkers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reviewing the possible sources of selection bias in observational studies about the relationship between low‐volume alcohol consumption and mortality, &lt;strong&gt;selection bias is another reason to suggest that existing research may overestimate protective effects systematically from ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption.&lt;/strong&gt; There are a number of sources of selection bias inherent in comparing established low‐volume drinkers with non‐drinkers. Low‐volume drinkers who are enrolled into studies constitute a particular group of drinkers who chose to begin drinking, tolerated or enjoyed its effects, did not die prior to study enrollment, did not become heavy drinkers, did not stop drinking and were of sufficient physical and mental capacity to be enrolled into studies several decades after drinking initiation. &lt;strong&gt;Overall, most sources of selection bias favour low‐volume drinkers in relation to non‐drinkers.&lt;/strong&gt; Studies that attempt to address these types of bias generally find attenuated or non‐significant relationships between low‐volume alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease, which is the major source of possible protective effects on mortality. &lt;strong&gt;Furthermore, observed mortality effects among established low‐volume drinkers are of limited relevance to health‐related decisions about whether to begin drinking or whether to continue drinking purposefully into old age.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Naimi, Timothy S. et al. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.13451&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between ‘moderate’ alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Volume 112, Issue 2, February 2017, p. 207-214&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Discussion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prompted by LangLangC's excellent answer, I wanted to expand my answer a bit. The study I cited mainly proves that the relative risk is monotonic increasing: At no level of alcohol consumption, the overall relative risk is smaller than at any previous level. The J-shaped curve does exist for a few risks (mainly associated with cardiovascular diseases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What conclusions should one draw from this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shifting from 1 standard drink to 0 standard drinks does not seem all too sensible, one does not gain a significant decrease of relative risk but does loose some quality of life&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shifting from 0 standard drinks to 1 standard drink also doesn't seem sensible, as one does not gain a significant increase of relative risk either&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second implication needs to be true in order for the J-curve claim to be valid, and hence I consider it disproven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T15:29:19.587" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-29T21:42:44.010" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take blood tests quite frequently, and most the time the technicians (Phlebotomists) spend a lot of time searching both my arms for a good vein. I pump my fists, and they smack my arms (and of course there's the typical tourniquet up on the arm), but still not much luck. This has led to inserting the needle in wrong places (ouchy!) and ultimately they end up using butterfly (smaller/for kids) needles. I've constantly been told that my veins are difficult. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there's been a few times when the technicians (even the same ones -- so it's not a matter of skill level) are able to insert the needle right away as my veins are prevalent and easy to find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the factors that make veins easy for a blood tests one day, and difficult another day?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;em&gt;How can I make it so my veins are easy for the technicians?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Also, are there some people who just have hard/difficult veins for blood tests/Iv's regardless of factors?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T09:55:16.803" Title="What are the factors that make veins easy for a blood test one day, and difficult the next?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;needles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-30T11:01:03.320" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;At my place of work as a student trainee, my attention was called to a patient who has suffered badly from secondary diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He has a Body Mass Index of 42, obese.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He also suffers from Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin dependent)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;His blood vessel walls have become narrow, causing an increase in blood pressure (Hypertension)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;He has Chronic Kidney diseases: bowman capsules are not able to filter his blood properly because of the pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this Patient be helped by a diet? We would have to place him on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;little carbohydrates because of his obese stature and diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low salt because he is hypertensive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low protein because of his Kidney disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet what's left to eat if valid nutrients are not to be put up for consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12918" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T13:12:58.373" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T13:12:58.373" Title="What diet can be appropriate for a person with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-10-17T23:30:15.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-09-30T16:49:54.113" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my previous 16 surgeries in the United States, I eventually woke up from general anesthesia on my own -- it took a few hours after surgery for me to wake, but I woke up naturally in &quot;Recovery.&quot; However, my only surgery done in Canada was a different case. Within minutes of the completion of my surgery, I woke up immediately and seemingly full of energy -- and I was still in the Operating Room as everyone was still cleaning up. And when I woke up, they were basically expecting me to as they started asking me questions. It is my conclusion that they injected something into my IV to wake me up from my general anesthesia so as to speed up the the process and make more room in the hospital for other patients. Oh Canada. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of my experience and whether or not my conclusion is accurate, &lt;strong&gt;I do know that something can be injected into a patient's IV to wake them up immediately from general anesthesia. What is this &quot;something&quot;?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;How does it work?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BONUS: Is it used more frequently in Canada than in the US?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5405" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T22:03:20.010" Title="What is injected into the IV to wake a patient up from general anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;different-national-health&gt;&lt;waking-up&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17547" CreationDate="2018-09-30T17:15:40.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a wide variety of starch sources, from refined flours with a high &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-eating/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycemic index&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. white crackers or bread) to whole grains and nuts with lower glycemic index, high fiber, and many other nutrients.  The body processes them differently even if they have ultimately the same # of calories or starches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore in the field of medicine, one of the predominant evidence-based approaches to carbohydrate intake is in terms of (1) quality and (2) proportion, rather than just an RDA of grams or # calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Harvard's SPH released an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate-vs-usda-myplate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence-based update&lt;/a&gt; to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choosemyplate.gov/MyPlate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original USDA MyPlate&lt;/a&gt; where whole grains are shown in the proportion recommended.  Note that proportion and qualities are what are highlighted rather than exact grams, calories, or measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hAhOY.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hAhOY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Healthy Eating Plate&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T17:15:40.093" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17556" CreationDate="2018-09-30T22:03:20.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do know that something can be injected into a patient's IV to wake them up immediately from general anaesthesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not how it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many anaesthetics only work for minutes at best. A normal dosage of propofol would have to be renewed every 5-10 minutes. To &amp;quot;wake&amp;quot; you from general anaesthesia, they just stop administering anaesthetic agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The duration of action of intravenous induction agents is generally 5 to 10 minutes, after which spontaneous recovery of consciousness will occur. In order to prolong unconsciousness for the required duration (usually the duration of surgery), anaesthesia must be maintained. This is achieved by allowing the patient to breathe a carefully controlled mixture of oxygen, sometimes nitrous oxide, and a volatile anaesthetic agent, or by administering medication (usually propofol) through an intravenous catheter. Inhaled agents are frequently supplemented by intravenous anaesthetics, such as opioids (usually fentanyl or a fentanyl derivative) and sedatives (usually propofol or midazolam). With propofol-based anaesthetics, however, supplementation by inhalation agents is not required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of surgery, administration of anaesthetic agents is discontinued. Recovery of consciousness occurs when the concentration of anaesthetic in the brain drops below a certain level (usually within 1 to 30 minutes, depending on the duration of surgery).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anaesthesia#Maintenance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It mostly depends on the skill of your anaesthetist how deep the general anaesthesia was, and when they stopped administering anaesthetics. This is mostly a timing issue, and has little to nothing to do with different nations. Regarding the &amp;quot;they were expecting me to wake up&amp;quot;, there are certain hints: Patients start to move more, the gagging reflex kicks in, heart rate slowly rises, they react to pain and so on. With a bit of experience, the nurses can tell when you're about to wake up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to my knowledge, there is no medication that can reverse general anaesthesia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.mit.edu/2011/ritalin-reverse-anesthesia-0922&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;but they experiment with Ritalin&lt;/a&gt; in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the duration of action for anaesthetics:&#xA;For barbiturates (midazolam, lorazepam, diazepam) it is 5-10 minutes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the short-acting agents have a rapid distribution, and thus a &lt;strong&gt;short duration of action of 5–10 minutes following a single bolus dose&lt;/strong&gt;. If a more prolonged sedative effect is needed, a continuous infusion of these agents is required to maintain plasma concentrations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227310/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227310/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For N2O. the duration of action is likewise low:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N2O has a rapid onset of action, is relatively easy to use and is inexpensive. It provides amnesia, sedation and analgesia. &lt;strong&gt;Its effects dissipate rapidly when administration is discontinued&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: ibid&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Propofol has a half life of 1-3 minutes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with other rapidly acting intravenous anesthetic agents, the half-time of the blood-brain equilibration &lt;strong&gt;is approximately 1 minute to 3 minutes&lt;/strong&gt;, accounting for the rate of induction of anesthesia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/propofol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fentanyl and remifentanil also have a half life of around 9 minutes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that is rapidly metabolized in the plasma and tissue by nonspecific esterases to an inactive metabolite. It has a very brief elimination half-life with a context-sensitive half-life of only 9 minutes, independent of the duration of infusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: McEwan, Angus: A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children (Fourth Edition). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416031345500196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 15 - Anesthesia for Children Undergoing Heart Surgery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. 2009&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-09-30T22:03:20.010" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-01T03:57:54.213" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find an answer to this question anywhere, but I'm sure that there's some kind of procedure for this situation. Assuming attempts at resuscitation fail, what is the next step for a patient who needs immediate surgery? Does general anesthesia pose additional risks to an already unconscious patient? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14824" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T03:57:54.213" Title="If a patient arrives at the ER unconscious and needs immediate surgery, will they be put under general anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-01T05:05:17.540" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously, if magnesium from foods or other forms of magnesium supplements can't enter our brains, our brains must be low in it before the invention of magnesium threonate. With low brain magnesium, plasticity is reduced and spacial memory is impaired.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But according to at least one study, magnesium threonate is the only form known to increase cerebrospinal fluid levels of magnesium. Other forms don't cross our blood brain barriers.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627309010447&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627309010447&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;During one of studies, the forms of magnesium weren't taken with meals which may affect the absorption&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;some forms of magnesium needs higher doses to reach our brains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the samplings were taken too early &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;magnesium threonate is naturally found in foods or it's formed during digestion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Losses from CSF samplings weren't taken into account&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Results from rats may not always predict its effects on humans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some forms of magnesium have laxative effects, depending on how they were taken, which may reduce absorption?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we can get magnesium from foods into our brains, how does it work and what forms allow it to enter our brains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If other forms of magnesium can't reach our brains, how did they improve sleep and reduce stress, both of which comes from our brains, in customers taking them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those issues were improved, can we be confident that our brain is taking in the magnesium from our supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some stories of Mg helping with those issues.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201106/magnesium-and-the-brain-the-original-chill-pill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201106/magnesium-and-the-brain-the-original-chill-pill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="12471" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T05:11:47.603" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T11:26:55.300" Title="How does our brain get its Mg when we don't take Mg threonate which is the only form known to increase its levels?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;short-term-memory-loss&gt;&lt;blood-brain-barrier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17563" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17580" CreationDate="2018-10-01T09:16:20.973" Score="3" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;The photo shows some kind of sheath, that's used in a hospital context in the UK, to reshape scar tissue and other outcomes of traumatic injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The product is made of two layers - an elasticated exterior material with a (fairly substantial/thick)  silicone internal layer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find the generic name, and if possible specific UK brand names for this product. Help much appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nYlea.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nYlea.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8483" LastActivityDate="2018-10-03T08:49:34.010" Title="What is the name of this medical item?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11984" CreationDate="2018-10-01T10:17:31.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, the definitions: A common cold (or &quot;head cold&quot;) is a viral infection of the nose and throat. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Tracheitis and bronchitis can be refered as a &quot;chest cold&quot; but not common cold (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/cold-becomes-bronchitis#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neither a common nor chest cold are necessary steps in developing pneumonia. You can get pneumonia without having a cold. Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000073.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus article about viral pneumonia&lt;/a&gt; that does not even mention runny nose or sneezing, which are typical common cold symptoms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or you can get pneumonia at the same time as common cold, or days or weeks before or after it. This is because you do not need to go through a typical scenario of catching cold from someone and then developing pneumonia. You can have viruses, for example, influenza virus, in your nose, mouth or throat as part of &quot;normal flora&quot; without having any symptoms. At the time when your immunity weakens from some reason, the viruses can multiply and cause symptoms, either in your nose/throat (a common cold) or, if you inhale them, in the trachea/bronchi (tracheitis/bronchitis) or in your lungs (pneumonia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that you may not be able to make a diagnosis from timing but from symptoms, as Carey Gregory mentioned in the comment. In a common or chest cold, you usually have no fever and in pneumonia you usually have it (but not always).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T12:42:35.883" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T12:42:35.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17562" CreationDate="2018-10-01T11:05:47.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507259/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Magnesium transport across the blood-brain barriers (2011)&lt;/a&gt; from NIH.gov books says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Magnesium is able to cross the BBB [blood-brain barrier]&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not the ScienceDirect article you linked in the question, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222162011.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/a&gt; article that mentions that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;magnesium-L-threonate...effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article mentions magnesium-L-threonate as one of the magnesium formulations that can effectively cross the BBB. This does not mean that no other magnesium formulations can cross it, but that some of them may not (efficiently) cross it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-01T11:26:55.300" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T11:26:55.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17571" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-01T20:23:27.763" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been taking Spironolactone for my acne for many years (I'm a woman in my late 20's now). I have been taking it for this intended purpose. The other day,  a doctor was looking over my meds and for what purpose I take them for, and said, &quot;I assume you're taking Spironolactone for your PCOS, yeah?&quot; I told him it was for my adult acne, but I do in fact have PCOS. He was surprised I wasn't taking it for PCOS. I've never heard of Spironolactone being used for PCOS... and now I'm curious: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does the med, Spironolactone, help with PCOS?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would the Spironolactone I'm taking for acne also be helping my PCOS, and I just never knew about it?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Or do you need a much higher dosage when using it for PCOS instead of acne?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastActivityDate="2018-10-01T20:23:27.763" Title="How does the med, Spironolactone, help with PCOS?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-02T03:56:07.403" Score="0" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;When using a Philips Sonicare toothbrush with pressure sensor, is it possible to cause gum damage when pushing too hard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of their toothbrushes have a pressure sensor. When you push too hard, it buzzes to warn you, and reduce its power to protect your gums. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say the toothbrush is angled poorly so that the pressure wasn't evenly distributed. Is it possible to cause gum recession? Does the pressure sensor take into account the possibility of aiming it poorly? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that inflammation was taken into account because when the swelling reduces, the gum line is lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I noticed that my gums were a little raw when I didn't angle it properly for my upper molars on the buccal side. Is that a sign of gum damage? Since my gum line was uneven from recession, it was difficult to find the gum line of my teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;After almost a year of using the toothbrush, my dental hygienist noted about 0.5mm of gum recession on some areas. We're supposed glide the toothbrush, letting it do the brushing rather than using our muscles to do the brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="12471" LastEditDate="2019-05-21T05:04:58.247" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T05:04:58.247" Title="When using a Philips Sonicare toothbrush with pressure sensor, is it possible to cause gum damage when pushing too hard?" Tags="&lt;gums&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-10-23T23:47:57.480" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-02T06:12:14.873" Score="2" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found out that NCBI's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genetic Testing Registry&lt;/a&gt; database holds quite a large collection of genetic/genomic tests available. However, it is a database where producers/researchers submit their product voluntarily, so it misses many of the current tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any other resource, an online repository for current genetic tests (NGS-related preferentially) other than GTR? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14829" LastEditorUserId="14829" LastEditDate="2018-10-06T13:14:59.763" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T13:14:59.763" Title="Online Genetic Test Repositories" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-02T10:25:21.153" Score="5" ViewCount="234" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm used to regularly giving my blood and other blood components (plasma and platelets), but I was surprised the other day to see that one should not proceed to the donation if they consumed anti-inflammatory pills less than 8 days before. I understand how some painkillers may act as a blood thinning (e.g. the aspirin), but if I recall correctly, anti-inflammatory pills do not necessarily have that impact on blood. Then why is blood donation compromised if the donor recently consumed that kind of pills?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11458" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T18:04:00.460" Title="Why can't we give blood within 8 days after taking an anti-inflammatory?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;&lt;plasma&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17579" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-03T06:29:03.723" Score="6" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can isometric exercises preserve independence in seniors with hip fractures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a senior person has a hip fracture, there's less than 50% chance of recovery to a pre-fracture level of function. You've probably heard that the survivors quite often end up in nursing homes. Even being active prior to the fracture doesn't offer very much protection.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160908120207.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160908120207.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies show that muscles weaken and atrophy rapidly when immobilized. We're talking about losses in hours or days rather than weeks, months, or even years like in those who became sedentary or former athletes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study showed that ICU acquired weaknesses, which may be incurable and lead to a loss of independence, are associated with a loss of satellite cells. Maybe hip fracture patients had a loss of satellite cells as well&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160408132444.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160408132444.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isometric exercises involve contracting muscles without moving your joints or muscles. That means immobilized muscles can still be exercised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would they be enough to prevent a permanent loss of independence like in seniors who fractured their hips?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that we don't aggressively and promptly push the exercise program because we're ignorant of the possibility of preventing a loss of independence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible challenges&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients may not know how to activate all of their muscles. At certain positions, some muscles may be easier to activate than others. For example, you may find it easier to flex your gastrocnemius muscles with your legs straight than with your knees bent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients may need to be trained how to activate all of their target muscle groups at the right intensity. Even very sedentary individuals may have full recruitment at least for a brief time multiple times a day, possibly protecting against a loss of muscle mass.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The therapist may not be able to tell whether the right muscle groups were activated or if there was 100% muscle recruitment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's possible that the protection is limited to activated muscle fibres. That means if the exertion was at less than 85% of one rep max, the largest motor units could lose their satellite cells while those of the smaller motor units may be spared. This can decrease maximum strength since there's effectively fewer muscle fibres, and decrease endurance since larger motor units are recruited later in exhaustive exercises.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patients have to consciously activate their muscles. For example, our foot muscles, and muscles that moves our legs and feet sideways subconsciously get used when walking but leg curls and extensions may not properly activate them. If those postural muscles are permanently weakened, it can increase the susceptibility to injuries through poor form, and cause balance issues.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Study that suggests that isometric exercises can help.&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;Electrical stimulation at 20 Hz in mice for 3h can suppress satellite cell apoptosis when immobilized. This seems like isometric than concentric or eccentric exercise but much longer.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257250/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257250/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other possible applications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bed rest &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microgravity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rehab&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ICU &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other illnesses&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other injuries&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastEditorUserId="12471" LastEditDate="2018-10-08T18:41:55.923" LastActivityDate="2018-10-08T18:41:55.923" Title="Can isometric exercises preserve independence in seniors with hip fractures?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17563" CreationDate="2018-10-03T08:49:34.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that you are describing gel tube toe/finger bandage which can be cut to size.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003IDPXDK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medipaq&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B071GH5M2R&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dykook&lt;/a&gt; are 2 brands I know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-10-03T08:49:34.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-03T15:34:51.847" Score="-2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if hernia repair with a mesh prevents the hernia from growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm imagining a sort of plaster being placed over the hernia but the hole still being there and growing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is the mesh somehow preventing the weak spot from growing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14842" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T09:31:55.233" Title="Hernia repair with a mesh" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;hernia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-03T18:26:24.473" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the title is a little ambiguous. I'm not sure how best to summarize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find some kind of algorithm or process to determine how quickly one would acquire frostbite or freeze to death in extreme conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm less looking for a quick answer, instead looking for a way to calculate or understand the variables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in temperatures around -10&amp;deg;C/14&amp;deg;F and winds around 120 to 160 mph (or higher), how quickly would that freeze skin or kill a human?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14843" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-04T08:16:52.513" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T11:03:12.557" Title="How to calculate survivability of extremely harsh cold conditions?" Tags="&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;frozen-freeze&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2018-10-17T23:25:58.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17584" CreationDate="2018-10-03T19:13:08.897" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Search on windchill frostbite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/how-long-does-it-take-to-get-frostbite-or-hypothermia-2014-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NWS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 30 minutes to frostbite in windchill of -20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You would likely die of hypothermia before you would die from frost bite.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencing.com/calculate-wind-chill-factor-5981683.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Calculate windchill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Calculate the wind chill using the National Weather Service's new&#xA;  formula. Multiply the temperature by 0.6215 and then add 35.74.&#xA;  Subtract 35.75 multiplied by the wind speed calculated to the 0.16&#xA;  power. Finally, add 0.4275 multiplied by temperature, multiplied by&#xA;  wind speed calculated to the 0.16 power. Your result is defined as&#xA;  T(wc), which equals the current local wind chill factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastEditorUserId="6848" LastEditDate="2018-10-04T11:03:12.557" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T11:03:12.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-03T19:51:33.390" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually sleep at around 69&amp;deg;F(20.6°C). If the temperature is anything above 71&amp;deg;F(21.7°C), I find it very difficult to fall asleep with my body burning up and all. However, when I am suffering from cold with a strep throat, runny nose, mild headache and general chills, I can easily fall asleep around 74&amp;deg;F(23.3°C). What is the explanation behind my body not burning up at those temperatures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14845" LastEditorUserId="2159" LastEditDate="2018-10-04T13:24:55.787" LastActivityDate="2018-10-04T13:24:55.787" Title="Sleeping temperature when suffering from cold" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-05T06:26:28.550" Score="2" ViewCount="568" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can voluntarily hyperventilating by raising one's resting respiratory rate to 30 breaths/min cause cerebral hypoxia, and therefore brain cell death (brain damage)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14854" LastEditorUserId="9715" LastEditDate="2018-10-05T10:25:21.587" LastActivityDate="2019-09-07T10:12:45.100" Title="Can voluntarily hyperventilating cause cerebral hypoxia, and therefore brain cell death (brain damage)?" Tags="&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17596" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17595" CreationDate="2018-10-05T12:12:45.537" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Essentially, yes you could hyperventilate to cause a subtle cerebral hypoxia (as also happens briefly during a faint), but once unconscious you would return to automatic breathing and the effects of the hyperventilation would reverse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some interesting information in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hyperventilation.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;. Although it relates to hyperventilation as relevant to anaesthetics (e.g. induced hyperventilation is often used in neurosurgical procedures to reduce intracranial pressure) it provides a good overview as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation exerts... many effects upon the body relevant to anesthesia and the functioning of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperventilation (increasing the rate of breathing) causes increased ventilation of the lungs and increased excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2). This leads to reduced CO2 pressure in the blood, and a change in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_imbalance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acid-base balance&lt;/a&gt; (towards more alkalinity) and biochemisty. The end result can have significant physiological changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The effects of hyperventilation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mental effects of hyperventilation are very mixed. People with hyperventilation commonly describe symptoms such as disturbed mentation, impaired concentration, poor memory, and hallucinations. Feelings of depersonalization are also common, where hyperventilating persons describe sensations of unreality, or feeling everything is confused and dream-like. Visual experiences such as blurred vision, tunnel vision, flashing lights, and seeing double also occur (Evans 2005, Lum 1987, Perkin 1986). Extreme hyperventilation causes loss of consciousness in 31% of people with hyperventilation disorder (Perkin 1986), is occasionally observed during experimental hyperventilation (Kety 1946), and in some pregnant women hyperventilating due to labor pains (Burden 1994). But this is not all. Hyperventilation can sometimes even cause brain death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article includes some detail of the biochemistry of these changes, if you are interested. Essentially cerebral blood flow reduces, and this can cause unconsiousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while you could hyperventilate yourself into unconsciousness, the voluntary hyperventilation will of course then stop, with a return to normal tidal breathing which will eventually reverse the changes. In an otherwise healthy person, this is unlikely to do damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situations in the article where hyperventilation causes cerebral hypoxia or damage were in anaesthetised people being mechanically hyperventilated, which is a very different situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-09-07T10:12:45.100" LastActivityDate="2019-09-07T10:12:45.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17573" CreationDate="2018-10-05T12:32:38.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q:&lt;/strong&gt; When using a Philips Sonicare toothbrush with pressure sensor, is it possible to cause gum damage when pushing too hard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, absolutely. That &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; the reason for the pressure sensor. It warns the user but the user may override this warning and continue. But see hte last quote on how influential pressure force is across the board.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.philips.ca/c-p/HX6829_81/sonicare-protectiveclean-5000-sonic-electric-toothbrush&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lets you know&lt;/a&gt; when you're pressing too hard You may not notice if you’re brushing too hard, but your toothbrush will. &lt;strong&gt;If you start taking it out on your gums, the toothbrush will make a pulsing sound as a reminder to ease off on the pressure.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most products from this manufacturer seem to provide a special &quot;sensitive&quot; for, well sensitive teeth and gums. But they seem to not include the matching brush head?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.electricteeth.co.uk/best-electric-toothbrush-receding-gums-sensitive-teeth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sensitive and Gum Care cleaning modes are provided, but no Sensitive brush head, this is an optional extra.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The producer itself says this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usa.philips.com/c-f/XC000001952/my-gums-are-tender-after-using-my-sonicare-toothbrush&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Troubleshooting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;My gums are tender after using my Sonicare toothbrush?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sometimes your gums feel tender after brushing with an electric Philips Sonicare toothbrush. Find out what could be the cause and how to prevent it.&#xA;  Common causes and solutions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have a gum disease, if you haven't been using an electric toothbrush before or haven't maintained regular gum care, some tenderness may occur. Apply only light pressure on the Sonicare when brushing your teeth and gums. &lt;strong&gt;Your gums should become less tender within a few days of use. If you still have concerns, consult your dental professional.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the company wants you to stay calm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.philips.ca/c-f/XC000002008/can-the-speed-of-the-sonicare-toothbrush-harm-my-gums&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can the speed of the Sonicare toothbrush harm my gums?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Philips Sonicare electric toothbrush behaves differently than a manual one. Be sure it cannot do any harm.&#xA;  Philips Sonicare toothbrushes will not harm your gums&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sonicare toothbrushes have even been shown in studies to be gentler on dentin than a manual or an oscillating toothbrush.&#xA;  While gentle, Sonicare technology cleans effectively by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gently whipping toothpaste and saliva into an oxygen-rich foamy liquid&#xA;  Directing the liquid between and behind teeth, and along the gum line where plaque bacteria flourish&#xA;  Gently massaging the gums, stimulating blood circulation and helping to dislodge plaque&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Philips Sonicare DiamondClean, FlexCare+ and FlexCare toothbrushes come with special Gum Care and massage modes to assure even more comfort for sensitive gums. Gum Care mode provides two minutes of complete whole mouth cleaning, with one additional minute of gentle cleaning for problem areas and along the gum line. Massage mode uses our patented technology to drive fluids to stimulate gums, resulting in healthier gums.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I searched for pressure at the manufacturers site and was presented with an overly specific search result talking about the speed!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The marketing phrases should not be taken at face value anyway. But on the other hand, following the 'advice' given out by that sensor is a great tool:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contrary to some research that indicates the superiority of power toothbrushes to manual toothbrushes, a recently published analysis of selected studies by Heanue et al. found that only one type of power toothbrush was more effective at removing plaque and decreasing gum disease than manual brushes. The study, whose ®ndings were published in early 2003 in the Cochrane Library, was conducted by a British-based non-profit health research group called the Cochrane Collaboration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heanue et al. concluded that the only category of power toothbrushes that cleaned better than manual toothbrushes were those that worked with rotation±oscillation action, with brush heads&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gingival abrasion and safety&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The safety of power toothbrushes has been clearly established, and research indicates that daily use of a power toothbrush is at least as safe as a manual toothbrush (15). It is widely believed that use of a powered toothbrush, which employs a mechanical action instead of a manual action, reduces brushing force and the incidence of gingival bleeding because of gum damage. In a study by Danser et al., it was observed that brushing force was not influenced by the speed of the brush head and had no correlation with the incidence of gingival abrasion. In another study by Boyd et al., it was determined that power toothbrushes were used with about one-third the force of a manual toothbrush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a Swiss study evaluating the clinical effects and gingival abrasion aspects of two power toothbrushes and one manual toothbrush, it was determined that in a group of dental students trained in manual brushing technique, where efficacy was similar with the three toothbrushes tested, there was no evidence of greater gingival abrasion with either powered toothbrush when compared with a manual brush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The concerns of gingival abrasion associated with tooth brushing are influenced by the filament end-rounding of the brush on either manual or power toothbrushes. The results of the Danser et al. study concluded that end rounding has no effect on plaque removal, but does affect the incidence of gingival abrasion. They showed that gingival abrasion is not influenced by brushing force, but is affected by filament end rounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Catherine Penick: &quot;Power toothbrushes: a critical review&quot;, Int J Dent Hygiene P, 2004; 40–44&lt;/a&gt;. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00048.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00048.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to negatively influence gums by using powerbrushes. But the pressure with which they are used is usually already smaller than manual brushing with most people. Pressure is also a much smaller factor to consider, usually, than too bristles that are not well rounded. Still, gently does it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-10-05T12:32:38.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-05T17:31:17.967" Score="5" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin C is a fragile micronutrient &lt;strong&gt;[1,2]&lt;/strong&gt;. Any manipulation of the fruit which contains it, can destroy it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Let's talk for orange juice, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virtually, staring with harvesting of the orange, vitamin C degrades.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And this trend continues due to mechanical (squeezing), thermal (pasteurisation) and chemical (adding preservatives) treatments when the orange juice is made.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Furthermore one should take into account orange juice that has been placed into a bottle, stays on the supermarket shelf for weeks, after it has been transported from the made factory to the supermarket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;And the question born of your own accord:&lt;/em&gt; how much of the vitamin C listed in the nutritional label is actually in the orange juice I drink?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long story short:&lt;/strong&gt; how much vitamin C is actually present in a glass of orange juice, taking into account could have been passed months since harvesting-squeezing-bottling to drinking?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is the &lt;em&gt;nutritional label&lt;/em&gt; correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[1]:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.026&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.026&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;[2]:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aaf2/a74bc38ed53ded06d673ac23baf75c2a949f.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aaf2/a74bc38ed53ded06d673ac23baf75c2a949f.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This question worth for other vitamins and other&lt;/em&gt; susceptible &lt;em&gt;micronutrients in other foods, as well.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T09:58:10.320" Title="How much vitamin C last in orange juice?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-c&gt;&lt;juice&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17599" CreationDate="2018-10-06T09:12:49.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Question: How much vitamin C is actually present in a glass of orange juice, taking into account could have been passed months since &lt;strong&gt;harvesting-squeezing-bottling&lt;/strong&gt; to drinking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutrition label of the bottled juice should tell what is in the bottled juice &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; harvesting-squeezing-bottling. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?SYNCHRONIZER_TOKEN=0b300c79-bd31-4c63-8492-05f884a56e71&amp;amp;SYNCHRONIZER_URI=%2Fndb%2Fsearch%2Flist&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qlookup=orange%20juice&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;manu=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov has evaluated the amount of vitamin C in many &lt;strong&gt;brands&lt;/strong&gt; of orange juices&lt;/a&gt;, which can make you believe they evaluated the actual bottled orange juices from the shelves in stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;After&lt;/strong&gt; putting the orange juice on a shelf (According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/088915759190050G&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDirect&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, degradation of vitamin C is a function of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vup.sk/en/download.php?start&amp;amp;language=en&amp;amp;bulID=9..&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In this study&lt;/a&gt; they concluded it is &lt;strong&gt;time, room temperature, exposure to light and the addition of sugar&lt;/strong&gt; that can affect the amount of vitamin C in fruit juices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...were stored for 28 days at 37 °C. After 14 days of storage,&#xA;  ascorbic acid was completely degraded...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...retention of L-ascorbic acid is greatly affected by the storage&#xA;  temperature (4–50 °C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, here's a chart from &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/topics/processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt; that tells how freezing, drying, cooking and reheating affect the amount of vitamin C in a food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15738222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study about vitamin C degradation in milk&lt;/a&gt;, just to show that you really need a lot of data to make final conclusions: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of a 3-layered opaque bottle was associated with complete&#xA;  oxidation of vitamin C after 1 month of storage, whereas in the&#xA;  6-layered opaque bottle, which has an oxygen barrier, the vitamin C&#xA;  content slowly decreased to reach 25% of the initial concentration&#xA;  after 4 months of storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-06T09:58:10.320" LastActivityDate="2018-10-06T09:58:10.320" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-07T22:18:30.763" Score="3" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for the answer to what I think is a very basic question that people must have looked at: empirically, to what degree does food intake actually correlate with exercise, (especially in the United States)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am only secondarily interested in removing confounding variables here - what I am looking for is just a raw correlation, e.g., something like a chart with exercise by hours per day or by calories burned per day on the x axis, and calories consumed per day on the y-axis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have tried looking for some studies online, but do not have access to some of the journals (e.g., PubMed) that I think may give good information on this subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of some good answers to this question, and/or some studies that answer it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14870" LastActivityDate="2018-10-07T22:18:30.763" Title="Empirically, do people who exercise less/more actually eat less/more, (and if so, to what degree)?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;calories&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17611" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-10-08T08:05:18.637" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-10-08T08:05:18.637" LastActivityDate="2018-10-08T08:05:18.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17612" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-10-08T08:05:18.637" Score="0" Body="This is a special tag that is designed to be used only by the system for questions that have had all of their other tags removed. Do not add this tag to existing questions, it is reserved for use by the system to identify posts with no valid tags." OwnerUserId="7205" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T21:37:50.020" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T21:37:50.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-08T13:58:59.560" Score="6" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;QUESTION AT THE BOTTOM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am from Hong Kong and for injured patients who are treated by paramedics and need transport to hospital for treatment they have a trauma diversion guide. This is for patients with major trauma, designed to go direct to a trauma centre, instead of the nearest hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trauma diversion guide is as follows:&#xA;If the patient is in cardiac arrest OR cannot maintain airway or breathing they are to go to the CLOSEST hospital regardless if it is a trauma centre or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If patient is not in cardiac arrest and can maintain airway or breathing, physiological and anatomical criteria will be applied to decide if they need to go to a trauma centre. If they fit ANY of the criteria below, they will be transported to a trauma centre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physiological Criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;GCS &amp;lt; 14&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;systolic BP &amp;lt; 90&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Respiratory rate &amp;lt; 10 or &gt; 29 per minute&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anatomical Criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Flail chest&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 or more long bone fractures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;amputation proximal to wrist or ankle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;penetrating trauma to head, neck or torso&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;limb paralysis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pelvic fracture&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;combined trauma/burn (equal to or greater than 2nd degree or equal to or greater than 20%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, if the patient is in cardiac arrest why does the Hong Kong trauma diversion guide state that they need to go to the closest hospital? Wouldn't it be better for them to travel to a hospital in which a resuscitative thoracotomy can be performed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11610" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-08T15:23:46.823" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T01:30:01.407" Title="patient in traumatic cardiac arrest - trauma centre diversion" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15346" CreationDate="2018-10-08T15:14:19.817" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/1977/7604&quot;&gt;a similar question in Psychology.SE&lt;/a&gt; whilst researching CBT for a course I was studying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The short answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I will cover in the long answer, there has been a lot of articles stating that CBT is very effective, and there are articles which have stated that it is not as effective as has been claimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CBT is not a single model of therapy, applicable to all clients in all situations.  This has been one of the criticisms levelled at CBT, that its 'one size fits all' approach to the complex nature of human problems will, inevitably, fail to meet the needs of many, or (at best), simply focus on symptom reduction. (Reeves, 2013)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a fair few factors which can prevent CBT from becoming effective, and a trained and certified CBT practitioner will be able to assess the suitability of CBT.  If they operate ethically, they will not go ahead with providing CBT to someone who it would not benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest factors which doesn't allow CBT to work is that if the client is not willing &lt;strong&gt;or able&lt;/strong&gt; to challenge their thoughts and behaviours, then CBT will not be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long answer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the long answer, which will help to explain &lt;strong&gt;some&lt;/strong&gt; of the reasons why CBT may not work with some people, I will be using a lot of the work I put into an essay I had to write for my psychotherapy course which covered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/integrative-therapy.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;integrative approaches to therapy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CBT is an integrative model of approach and we had to look at how an integrative approach may be used to support the client within a case study provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Case study provided&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hassan has been referred to you for work-related stress and anxiety.  He has a management position and is finding it difficult to cope.  At present the information you have is that he is a 42 years old Muslim man, married with 2 children.  He has lived in the UK since the age of 5 when his parents travelled here.  His father died two years later and Hassan, as the eldest son, has felt responsible for the wellbeing of his mother and sisters as well as his own family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your referral is through an employee assistance scheme.  Hassan’s assessment shows high level of anxiety without depression.  He is otherwise fit and healthy.  You may offer him six sessions with a further six sessions if appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An article (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dhami &amp;amp; Sheikh, 2000&lt;/a&gt;) adapted from a chapter in &lt;em&gt;Caring for Muslim Patients&lt;/em&gt;, published by Radcliffe Medical Press, Oxford, England; provides key insights needed to allow Muslim clients' concerns to be adequately heard.  The vignettes section of the article gives a few sayings of Muhammad regarding relationships with parents and one of them points out that you should “strive to serve them”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the client has had the opportunity to fully integrate with the western culture they are living in, they may be more open to challenging their thoughts and beliefs, however we need to be mindful that as therapists, just like we are not here to judge, for an example, on sexuality (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pinktherapyblog.com/2016/02/17/why-i-am-resigning-from-the-british-association-for-counselling-and-psychotherapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pink Therapy, 2016&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Memorandum-of-understanding-on-conversion-therapy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UKCP, 2015&lt;/a&gt;), we are not in a position to judge whether a cultural or religious belief is right or wrong, especially when we are not priests, vicars, rabbis, imams or the like.  Not only that, if the client is devout in their religious beliefs, then we are not going to change those beliefs very easily, if at all. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://churchandstate.org.uk/2015/10/the-problem-with-faith-11-ways-religion-is-destroying-humanity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Babilonia, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only time when we can intervene in any religious or cultural beliefs is when it is believed that laws may be broken such as the FGM Act (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mandatory-reporting-of-female-genital-mutilation-procedural-information&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Home Office, 2016&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/female_genital_mutilation/#a02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crown Prosecution Service, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;), in which case, we would refer the legal case to the necessary authorities and it would be down to the legal profession and not the therapist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Strengths and Limitations of integrative approaches to counselling&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strengths&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Integrative counselling and psychotherapy can be seen as one of the most effective approaches within counselling. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counsellor-articles/integrative-psychotherapy-is-the-best-approach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Counselling Directory, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)  The idea behind the integrative approach is that no single approach suits every client and therefore you use different approaches and models of therapy to suit the situation and client.  The article within The Counselling Directory cited also states that integrative therapy has four different categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;common factors&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;Looking at the common tools available in each approach that can be useful in the therapy.  Therapist/Client rapport, therapist qualities – &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_positive_regard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;positive regard&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers#Incongruence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;congruence&lt;/a&gt; etc. – emotional release, and clarification etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;technical eclecticism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;The therapist looks at and selects the best interventions by relying on experience and knowledge of what has worked in the past for others, through theories and research literature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;theoretical integration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;The combination of two approaches with a common philosophy.  The combined ideas are theoretically the same as each other.  For example, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is part of the theoretical integration category, as it is a combination of behaviourism and behaviour therapy, and cognitive theories and their application in therapeutic settings (Reeves, 2013), plus, cognitive analytical therapy is also a theoretical integration of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;assimilative integration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;The therapist primarily sticks to one therapeutic approach, for example Humanistic or psychodynamic, but the therapist will use strategies and models from other therapeutic approaches as well.  The combination of ideas will assimilate the pure form of the primary therapeutic approach.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Limitations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limitations of any integrative therapy depend on the category of integration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Theoretical integration&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem identified in theoretical integration is that it is difficult to integrate some theories; for example, it is difficult to integrate psychodynamic theory and behavioural theory.  The psychodynamic approach suggests that our early experiences from birth onwards and their impacts lead to our psychological problems, where behaviour theory sees problems as much more agreeable to change (Reeves, 2013).  These differences result in incompatibilities between these theories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assimilative integration&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this kind of integration, there is no balance compared to the other forms of integration.  Where the therapist is primarily psychodynamic or humanistic, for example, they will pick and choose ideas from other approaches which may not be put forward by their primary approach, but can work very effectively and contribute to the treatment or treatment plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Technical eclecticism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This shares similarities and differences with assimilative integration, but it has no theoretical underpinning to the approach. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counsellor-articles/integrative-psychotherapy-is-the-best-approach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Counselling Directory, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As CBT is a theoretical integrative model, and it is difficult to integrate some theories, CBT cannot and does not incorporate any psychodynamic theories.  However, if you are going to work in a fully integrative manner, you need to bear in mind the theories within the psychodynamic approach too.  If therapy seems to need some psychodynamic interventions, then you may need to drop CBT sessions sometimes and concentrate on the psychodynamic interventions, maybe through Cognitive Analytical Therapy instead, before continuing with CBT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The basic concept of CBT&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) was developed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aaron Temkin Beck&lt;/a&gt;, and as mentioned before, CBT is a combination of behaviourism and behaviour therapy, and cognitive theories and their application in therapeutic settings (Reeves, 2013).  CBT helps to change how you think, hence the word &lt;em&gt;Cognitive&lt;/em&gt;, and what you do, hence the word &lt;em&gt;Behaviour&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A difficult life situation, relationship or practical problem can lead to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Altered thinking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Altered emotions and feelings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Altered behaviour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Altered physical feelings or symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things can happen the other way too.  Any of the above alterations can lead to a difficult life situation, relationship or practical problem (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/treatmentswellbeing/cbt/5areas.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Royal College of Psychiatrists, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CBT works by trying to get the client to think about a situation in a more helpful way in order to move forward using more helpful behaviours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The basic concept of REBT&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) has generally been put under the same umbrella as CBT, however although it has similarities, REBT is different.  Where CBT was developed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aaron Beck&lt;/a&gt;, REBT was developed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ellis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Albert Ellis&lt;/a&gt; when he started to lose faith in the type of psychoanalysis he was using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REBT is a practical and action-led model of therapy and personal growth.  It doesn’t just focus on the client’s behaviours, but also allows the client to understand the behaviours of others and provide techniques that will help to solve future problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although REBT looks primarily at our current beliefs and behaviours, it also looks at the cause and effect of past experiences and beliefs which create our present beliefs and behaviours.  It does this whilst aiming to change irrational beliefs into rational ones quickly rather than slowly, however, one key point to note is that the therapist does not impose rational beliefs on the client, but accepts there are non-rational beliefs that may help people achieve happiness.  That way, the therapist is accepting the client’s value system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REBT, uses an A-B-C-D-E formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;ctivating Experience&lt;br&gt;Also referred to by some as the Initial Sensitising Event (ISE), this is the root cause of our unhappiness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B&lt;/strong&gt;eliefs&lt;br&gt;Irrational self-defeating beliefs that are the source of our unhappiness, or come about as a result of the ISE&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;onsequences&lt;br&gt;The neurotic symptoms and negative feelings and emotions that result from the ISE and/or Beliefs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;ispute&lt;br&gt;We must dispute and challenge these irrational beliefs in order for the client to enjoy a balanced outlook in life&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;ffects&lt;br&gt;The client must learn to enjoy the effects of the new rational beliefs and get used to the changes, letting them become the new norm.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The shortfalls of CBT&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned before, One of the ideas put forward about CBT is that it is a suitable form of therapy for all human problems.  This idea can be damaging in some respects, as CBT is not suitable for all psychological conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, whilst researching the overall efficacy of CBT, I came across a few items of note.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carl Rogers emphasised the quality of the therapeutic relationship as a necessary and sufficient condition for successful therapy (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shoreline.edu/dchris/psych236/Documents/Rogers.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rogers, 1957&lt;/a&gt;) whereas CBT therapists tend to see the alliance as more instrumental in ensuring the patient’s adherence to the treatment protocol (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dunn, et al., 2006&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500032X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Goldsmith, et al., 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Countess of Mar in the House of Lords suggested the results of a trial into the effectiveness of CBT and GET (graded exercise therapy) had been artificially inflated (BACP, 2013)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An international team of researchers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cuijpers, et al., 2016&lt;/a&gt;) concludes that&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;…CBT is ‘probably effective’ with major depression, general anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, but not as effective as has been claimed, due to publication bias, poor quality of studies, and the use of waiting list control groups as a comparator. (BACP, 2016)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CBT is as much based on the development of a therapeutic alliance as it is in a psychodynamic and humanistic approach.  The success of therapy will be, at least partly, informed by the nature of the therapeutic process, and not simply the application of particular theoretical ideas, as some suggest (Reeves, 2013)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recent literature provides fairly strong evidence that CBT in addition to antipsychotic medication is effective in the management of acute as well as chronic schizophrenia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rathod &amp;amp; Turkington, 2005&lt;/a&gt;).  However, I would stress that CBT was not used alone in any of these studies from what I have seen.  It was used carefully in conjunction with psychiatric help and antipsychotic medication.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative to CBT called Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) has been touted to be better than CBT. But it was developed by Manchester University (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-therapy-effective-cognitive-behavioral-depression.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Addelman, 2020&lt;/a&gt;) and studied by Manchester University (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wells, 2019&lt;/a&gt;) so more independent studies are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either way, if the client is not able or willing to challenge their thoughts and behaviours, then CBT will not be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addelman, M. (2020). &lt;em&gt;New therapy more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy for depression.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-therapy-effective-cognitive-behavioral-depression.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-therapy-effective-cognitive-behavioral-depression.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Babilonia, S. (2015). &lt;em&gt;Challenging religious privilege in public life&lt;/em&gt;.&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://churchandstate.org.uk/2015/10/the-problem-with-faith-11-ways-religion-is-destroying-humanity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://churchandstate.org.uk/2015/10/the-problem-with-faith-11-ways-religion-is-destroying-humanity/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BACP. (2013). Policy. &lt;em&gt;Therapy Today, 24&lt;/em&gt;(2), p. 52.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BACP. (2016). News. &lt;em&gt;Therapy Today, 27&lt;/em&gt;(8), p. 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crown Prosecution Service. (n.d). &lt;em&gt;Female Genital Mutilation Legal Guidance.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/female_genital_mutilation/#a02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/female_genital_mutilation/#a02&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cuijpers, P. et al. (2016). How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. &lt;em&gt;World Psychiatry, 15&lt;/em&gt;(3), pp. 245-258. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dhami, S. &amp;amp; Sheikh, A. (2000). The Muslim family: predciament and promise. &lt;em&gt;The Western Journal of Medicine, 173&lt;/em&gt;(5), pp. 352-356. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071164&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1071164&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dunn, H., Morrison, A. P. &amp;amp; Bentall, R. P.  (2006). The relationship between patient suitability, therapeutic alliance, homework compliance and outcome in cognitive therapy for psychosis. Clinical &lt;em&gt;Psychology &amp;amp; Psychotherapy, 13&lt;/em&gt;(3), pp. 145-152. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.481&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goldsmith, L. P., Lewis, S. W., Dunn, G. &amp;amp; Bentall, R. P. (2015). Psychological treatments for early psychosis can be beneficial or harmful, depending on the therapeutic alliance: an instrumental variable analysis. &lt;em&gt;Psychological Medicine, 45&lt;/em&gt;(11), pp. 2365-2373. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500032X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500032X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Home Office. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Mandatory reporting of female genital mutilation: procedural information.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mandatory-reporting-of-female-genital-mutilation-procedural-information&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mandatory-reporting-of-female-genital-mutilation-procedural-information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pink Therapy. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Why I am resigning from the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy.&lt;/em&gt; Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pinktherapyblog.com/2016/02/17/why-i-am-resigning-from-the-british-association-for-counselling-and-psychotherapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pinktherapyblog.com/2016/02/17/why-i-am-resigning-from-the-british-association-for-counselling-and-psychotherapy/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rathod, S. &amp;amp; Turkington, D. (2005). Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: a review. &lt;em&gt;Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18&lt;/em&gt;(2), pp. 159-163. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reeves, A. (2013). &lt;em&gt;An Introduction to Counselling and Psychotherapy: From Theory to Practice&lt;/em&gt;. London: SAGE Publications Ltd..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rogers, C. (1957). &lt;em&gt;The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shoreline.edu/dchris/psych236/Documents/Rogers.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.shoreline.edu/dchris/psych236/Documents/Rogers.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Royal College of Psychiatrists. (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;5 Areas Assessment.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/treatmentswellbeing/cbt/5areas.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/treatmentswellbeing/cbt/5areas.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Counselling Directory. (2013). &lt;em&gt;Integrative Psychotherapy as an Effective Form of Counselling.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counsellor-articles/integrative-psychotherapy-is-the-best-approach&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/counsellor-articles/integrative-psychotherapy-is-the-best-approach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UKCP. (2015). &lt;em&gt;Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Conversion Therapy in the UK.&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Memorandum-of-understanding-on-conversion-therapy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Memorandum-of-understanding-on-conversion-therapy.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wells A (2019) Breaking the Cybernetic Code: Understanding and Treating the Human Metacognitive Control System to Enhance Mental Health. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Psychology, 10&lt;/em&gt;(2621). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-05-14T08:58:28.770" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T08:58:28.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-08T17:04:30.957" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878666&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; correctly it indicates nicotine triggers a relaxation response in rabbits. Do we know whether a similar response is triggered in humans? Is this relaxation response the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWQfe__fNbs&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relaxation response Lissa Rankin states&lt;/a&gt; explains much of the placebo effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt;  The YouTube video is set to start at the relevant segment and is only about 3 minutes long&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you'd prefer a link to literature rather than a video clip, Rankin refers to Herbert Benson. A relevant paper is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00332747.1974.11023785?journalCode=upsy20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and a book is &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0380006766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My layman summation of Lissa Rankin's point: When a relaxation response is activated, mental stress in the body is reduced and chemicals like oxytocin, dopamine, and endorphins are released. Certain natural healing mechanisms flourish in this state. Placebo effects basically result from an activation of this relaxation response, but you can also do things like meditate or get a massage to tap into that relaxation response to some extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14877" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T16:08:25.850" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T16:08:25.850" Title="Does Nicotine Trigger a Relaxation Response?" Tags="&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;relax-relaxation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17615" CreationDate="2018-10-08T20:42:07.343" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reasons can be found in the training of Hong Kong paramedics. Their training is roughly comparable to the EMT-Intermediate level in the US. According to the Hong Kong Fire Service, which provides emergency medical services (EMS) in the city, their capabilities are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/safety/paramedic_amb.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/safety/paramedic_amb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Defibrillator &#xA;  To salvage patients in non-traumatic cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nitroglycerin (NTG) &#xA;  To reduce angina pain. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ventolin &amp;amp; Atrovent To ease shortness of breath in patients having asthma / emphysema / chronic bronchitis. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Intravenous infusion of Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W) &#xA;  To correct the decreased level of consciousness in patients suffering&#xA;  from hypoglycemia. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glucagon &#xA;  To correct the decreased level of consciousness in patients suffering from hypoglycemia. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Intravenous infusion of Normal Saline &#xA;  To replenish body fluid in patients suffering from severe blood loss in accidents or other medical emergencies. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Entonox &#xA;  To reduce pain through patient-controlled inhalation. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Naloxone &#xA;  To revive patients suffering from narcotic overdose. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, some ambulances are equipped with more&#xA;  sophisticated drugs and equipment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adrenaline &#xA;  To treat anaphylaxis through correcting shock and breathing difficulty. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Valium To treat convulsion in epileptic children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Laryngeal-Mask Airway and Combitube To provide better airway management and artificial ventilation for patients in cardiac arrest.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll notice that what's missing from the list are intubation and cricothyroidotomy, so they're not well prepared to handle a trauma arrest. The logic behind diverting to the nearest hospital is that without definitive airway control the patient is unlikely to survive a trip any longer than absolutely necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jems.com/articles/print/volume-42/issue-4/features/an-evidence-based-review-of-prehospital-traumatic-cardiac-arrest.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interesting review&lt;/a&gt; of traumatic arrest literature that draws this conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should you transport the patient in cardiac arrest if the nearest&#xA;  trauma center is 5 minutes away? Yes. Transport in this case may&#xA;  provide benefit to the patient as they may be a candidate for&#xA;  thoracotomy or other advanced surgical procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What about 20 minutes away? Likely no. The patient is unlikely to be a&#xA;  candidate for thoractomy and aggressive resuscitation should be done&#xA;  on scene with transport only with ROSC due to the risk to providers&#xA;  and predicted worse outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth noting that even though American paramedics are trained to perform endotracheal intubation and cricothyroidotomy, trauma arrests are often not transported at all. Where I live, an adult arrest due to blunt or penetrating injury will generally receive three rounds of ACLS on scene. If no pulse is restored, they are not transported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T01:30:01.407" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T01:30:01.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17627" CreationDate="2018-10-08T23:28:52.917" Score="4" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;If only part of the placenta is delivered after the baby is born and the rest is still attached to the womb, the mother can lose a large amount of blood via &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;postpartum haemorrhage&lt;/a&gt;.  There is no haemorrhage from the blood vessels in the womb if the placenta has detached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly whilst searching for answers, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placental-abruption/symptoms-causes/syc-20376458&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placental abruption&lt;/a&gt; occurs when the placenta partially &lt;strong&gt;or completely&lt;/strong&gt; separates from the inner wall of the uterus &lt;strong&gt;before delivery&lt;/strong&gt;. This can decrease or block the baby's supply of oxygen and nutrients and cause heavy bleeding in the mother.  What is the difference after childbirth?  Maybe it is hormonal but I cannot confirm it and anyhow, I cannot see how hormones can help the blood clotting when the flow is so high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At term, maternal blood flow to the placenta is approximately 600–700 ml/minute (Wang, 2010) so what I am wondering is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the mechanism involved to close off the blood vessels after placenta detachment after childbirth?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, Y. (2010). Vascular biology of the placenta. In &lt;em&gt;Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function&lt;/em&gt; (Vol. 2, No. 1). Morgan &amp;amp; Claypool Life Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T15:17:14.707" Title="Postpartum haemorrhages due to partial placenta detachment or tear" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17634" CreationDate="2018-10-09T00:29:51.023" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had always assumed pediatric drugs are well safer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading which drugs as an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778027/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example antipsychotics&lt;/a&gt;, I am beginning to think my assumption is flawed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How are drugs distinguished between approval for pediatric use and not?&#xA;Is there some overarching side effects that decide if they are safe or not?  If you must you can use antipsychotics as an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T22:41:04.510" Title="How are drugs distinguished between approval for pediatric use and not?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;antipsychotic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17625" CreationDate="2018-10-09T07:19:12.790" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain the medical terms in this report of ultrasound investigation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examination: sonographic evaluation of abdomen and pelvis &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinical complaint of right hypochondriac region menorrhagia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abdominal and pelvic sonography is done using Philips HD - 15 using C5-2 trans - abdominal and L12-3 linear probes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opinion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is mild (17.1 cm) hepatomegaly with mild grade fatty infiltration noted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The right kidney shows 'extra - renal ' type pelvis with mild (3.2 X 1.9 cm ) pyelectasis,&#xA;Without any caliectasis , favour PUJ obstruction &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no abnormality detected in gall bladder, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, retroperitoneum and abdominal cavity &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no mass or free fluid in abdomen and pelvis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is bulky anteverted uterus, showing a large, sub- serous fibroid at the fundo- anterior uterine wall&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suggest - digital X ray of kub region to visualise any calculus at the right P-U junction &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14881" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T09:28:31.073" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T12:23:41.850" Title="Examination: sonographic evaluation of abdomen and pelvis - report" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;pelvis-pelvic-bone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-09T09:22:44.087" Score="5" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical steroids are a mainstay treatment for eczema, and severe episodes are sometimes treated with oral steroids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile stress is a known trigger for exacerbating eczema. During physiological stress, large amounts of endogenous steroid cortisol are released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would exogenous steroids and endogenous steroids have opposite effects on eczema? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14883" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T21:29:17.520" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T10:00:33.473" Title="Eczema and steroids: why do endogenous cortisol and exogenous cortisone/prednisone differ?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17625" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17623" CreationDate="2018-10-09T09:35:24.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Menorrhagia&quot; = excessive menstrual bleeding, possibly associated with uterine fibroids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Hepatomegaly&quot; = liver enlargement (mild in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Fatty infiltration&quot; probably refers to &quot;fatty liver.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Uterine fibroid&quot; = a benign (non-cancerous) tumor in the uterus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;PUJ obstruction&quot; (sometimes called &quot;UPJ obstruction&quot;) refers to a congenital abnormality that causes blockage of the urine flow in the kidney at the level of pelvico-ureteric junction (between the kidney and ureter). In this case it is in the right kidney. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the end of the report there is a suggestion to have an X-ray of the right kidney to check for eventual stones or other problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get much more info if you read something about &quot;PUJ obstruction&quot; (or &quot;UPJ obstruction&quot;) and &quot;uterine fibroids.&quot; It is then a doctor who can tell how serious these conditions are and what can be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-09T12:23:41.850" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T12:23:41.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17620" CreationDate="2018-10-09T12:43:54.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To find the answer to this I had to find out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding#Prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevention measures and management&lt;/a&gt; of Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxytocin&lt;/a&gt; is typically used right after the delivery of the baby to prevent PPH (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.13098&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Weeks, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Misoprostol&lt;/a&gt; may be used in areas where oxytocin is not available.  Nipple stimulation and breastfeeding triggers the release of natural oxytocin in the body, therefore it is thought that encouraging the baby to suckle soon after birth may reduce the risk of PPH for the mother (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2/epdf/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Abedi, et al. 2016&lt;/a&gt;). The review by Abedi et al. (2016) looking into this did not find enough good research to say whether or not nipple stimulation did reduce PPH. More research is needed to answer this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with this in mind, it seems that Oxytocin is a big clue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin#Physiological&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;physiological effects of Oxytocin&lt;/a&gt; include uterine contraction. This is important for cervical dilation before birth, and oxytocin causes contractions during the second and third stages of labour. This also serves to assist the uterus in clotting the placental attachment point postpartum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to my question is that &lt;strong&gt;contraction of the uterine muscles during labour compresses the blood vessels and reduces flow, thereby increasing the likelihood of coagulation and preventing haemorrhage&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04318-2.50022-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carroll, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At parturition, only 0.5 L [just over 1 US Pint or 0.88 UK Pints] of maternal blood is lost, with the remaining excess volume lost gradually (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04318-2.50022-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carroll, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the placenta (or part of it) is still attached or detached but still in the womb, there is no way the uterus can contract enough to compress the blood vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lack of uterine muscle contraction or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_atony&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;uterine atony&lt;/a&gt; (a loss of tone in the uterine musculature), however, can also lead to an acute haemorrhage, as the uterine blood vessels are not sufficiently compressed.  This is where the management of PPH comes in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uterine massage is a simple first line treatment as it helps the uterus to contract to reduce bleeding (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006431.pub3/epdf/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hofmeyr, et al. 2008&lt;/a&gt;). Although the evidence around the effectiveness of uterine massage is inconclusive, it is common practice after the delivery of the placenta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO recommendations (&lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75411/9789241548502_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO, 2012&lt;/a&gt;) include intravenous oxytocin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergotamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ergotamine&lt;/a&gt; may also be used (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1471-0528.13098&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Weeks, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abedi, P., Jahanfar, S., Namvar, F., &amp;amp; Lee, J. (2016). Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. &lt;em&gt;Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews&lt;/em&gt;, (1). doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2.&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816300&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;26816300&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carroll, R. G. (2007). &lt;em&gt;Elsevier's Integrated Physiology&lt;/em&gt; Chapter 16 - Life Span, Philadelphia, pp 197-208. PA: Mosby doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-04318-2.50022-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/B978-0-323-04318-2.50022-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hofmeyr, G. J., Abdel‐Aleem, H., &amp;amp; Abdel‐Aleem, M. A. (2008). Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. &lt;em&gt;Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews&lt;/em&gt;, (3). doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006431.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD006431.pub2&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;18646154&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weeks, A. (2015). The prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: what do we know, and where do we go to next?. &lt;em&gt;BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynaecology&lt;/em&gt;, 122(2), 202-210. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13098&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/1471-0528.13098&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO (2012). &lt;em&gt;WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage&lt;/em&gt;. Geneva: World Health Organization.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Available in 5 languages&lt;/strong&gt; via &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548502/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548502/en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T13:04:26.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-09T16:18:41.637" Score="8" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;The practice of completely cutting out the gallbladder to &quot;cure&quot; gallstones goes back to 1878 when it was first successfully performed, and which is nearly prehistoric times in medical history and technology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Indian Journal of Surgery, Vol. 66, No. 2, Mar-Apr, 2004, pp. 97-100&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Surgical history&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evolution of cholecystectomy: A tribute to Carl August Langenbuch&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bioline.org.br/request?is04023&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.bioline.org.br/request?is04023&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the rise of modern minimally invasive abdominal surgical procedures and use of robots like the Davinci for heart surgery, why hasn't this surgical practice been applied to remove gallstones and simply suture/glue the gallbladder closed again, so that the body can still use the organ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gallbladder is far simpler in function by comparison to the heart, yet the primary surgical choice is still the barbaric 1878 excise procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Complete removal of the gallbladder leaves a person with a seriously dysfunctional digestive system that can no longer digest fats effectively. Too much fat (ingested as part of a normal meal for someone with a functioning gallbladder) will instead result in diarrhea as the undigested oils race through the gut, and potentially resulting in uncontrolled and embarrassing anal leakage, loose stools, and fecal odor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally for some patients, even after complete removal, abdominal pain never goes away but continues after the procedure for the rest of the life of the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there really still no better surgical option available, to remove gallstones and leave the repaired, emptied gallbladder in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7949" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T14:54:30.090" Title="Why after 140 years, is the primary surgical treatment for gallstones to still just chop out the gallbladder?" Tags="&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;gallstone&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17630" CreationDate="2018-10-09T17:34:24.640" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I share your feelings about gallbladder removal being barbaric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is some reasoning why most gallbladder conditions are treated by gallbladder removal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alternative treatments, such as &lt;strong&gt;gallstone dissolution&lt;/strong&gt; with ursodeoxycholic acid is effective only for &lt;strong&gt;small gallstones (&amp;lt;0.5 cm);&lt;/strong&gt; also, after discontinuation of treatment, the stones often reappear (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-treatment#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Making a cut in the gallbladder and removing gallstones is a major risk for a serious abdominal infection (peritonitis), which can occur even after gallbladder removal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464996/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). This is especially critical in &lt;strong&gt;acute gallbladder inflammation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chronic gallbladder inflammation&lt;/strong&gt; can cause pain and gallbladder removal is pretty much the only known treatment (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000217.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To effectively treat &lt;strong&gt;gallbladder cancer,&lt;/strong&gt; you typically need to remove some tissue around it (safe margin) and this is most reliably done by removing the gallbladder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that about 1/3 of people, after gallbladder removal, will have long-term problems with diarrhea, but this is due to irritation by large amounts of bile that constantly flows from the liver to the intestine and not due to fat maldigestion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cholecystectomy/expert-answers/gallbladder-removal/faq-20058481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;). Many people will have no symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the origin of pain is in the gallbladder, the pain should disappear after gallbladder removal. The pain that persists after the removal usually arises from the &lt;em&gt;bile ducts&lt;/em&gt; that stay in the body, for example, due to stones in the bile ducts or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In elderly or severely ill individuals, who are not fit enough to undergo gallbladder removal, drainage of the gallbladder can be performed as a palliative measure with a temporary effect (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0058062/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Health&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-10T09:39:52.077" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T09:39:52.077" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17633" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17643" CreationDate="2018-10-09T19:01:03.817" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://thelivingproofinstitute.com/time-day-supplements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://thelivingproofinstitute.com/time-day-supplements&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181009190415/https://thelivingproofinstitute.com/time-day-supplements/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is &lt;strong&gt;best to take antioxidants such as turmeric, resveratrol, glutathione, etc… at bedtime.&lt;/strong&gt; The reason in the literature is still not very clear but they seem to be more effective when taken at night. If twice a day dosing is called for – take then in the morning and at bedtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has it been shown in scientific studies that antioxidants such as turmeric, resveratrol, glutathione, etc… should be taken at bedtime, and if so, what explains it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T15:45:49.517" Title="Should antioxidants such as turmeric, resveratrol, glutathione, etc. be taken at bedtime, and if so, what explains it?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;antioxidant&gt;&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17621" CreationDate="2018-10-09T22:41:04.510" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For US FDA approval, for example, drugs approved for pediatric use are drugs that have been studied and to some degree shown safe and effective in children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, many trials and often use of drugs and devices in children is not approved, yet drugs are still used. It is up to physicians to weigh the risks and benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, randomized controlled trials are not performed at high enough power to contrast between safety and efficacy of different drugs unless they are truly extremely different. Therefore, you cannot conclude that a pediatric-approved drug is safer than an unapproved drug merely because it is approved, you can only conclude that no one has paid for a sufficiently large study in a pediatric population to support adding the indication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Murthy, S., Mandl, K. D., &amp;amp; Bourgeois, F. (2013). Analysis of pediatric clinical drug trials for neuropsychiatric conditions. Pediatrics, peds-2012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neville, K. A., Frattarelli, D. A., Galinkin, J. L., Green, T. P., Johnson, T. D., Paul, I. M., &amp;amp; Van Den Anker, J. N. (2014). Off-label use of drugs in children. Pediatrics, 133(3), 563-567.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-10-09T22:41:04.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17638" CreationDate="2018-10-10T05:57:47.027" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehealthhq.com/airfloss-vs-waterpik/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lifehealthhq.com/airfloss-vs-waterpik/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/save/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435320&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435320&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study published in 2012 in the Journal of Clinical Dentistry&lt;/a&gt;, clinicians found that that the WaterPik water flosser reduced significantly more plaque from tooth surfaces than the AirFloss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study was conducted over a four week period, comparing two groups who used either a Sonicare AirFloss or a WaterPik, in addition to regular brushing. The study found that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The water flosser was 80% more effective for gingivitis reduction than air floss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The water flosser was 70% more effective for plaque reduction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The water flosser was 2X as effective for plaque removal from lingual surfaces and 3X as effective at the gingival margin than air floss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The amount of plaque reduction was compared in several areas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NgOQY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NgOQY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The studies we have &lt;strong&gt;at the moment indicate that the WaterPik is the better option&lt;/strong&gt;, but that’s just the short answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study was published six years ago (in 2012): are air flossers still less efficient than water flossers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T07:36:07.537" Title="Air flossers vs. water flossers: which cleans teeth better?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17636" CreationDate="2018-10-10T07:36:07.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the studies, using a water flosser in combination with a manual toothbrush is more effective than using string floss (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fd8/4bd02e3ceb21d6faae988109a74a95c054a0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Goyal, et al. 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems however, that there have been no studies on comparisons between water flossers and air flossers since &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naresh_Sharma18/publication/221902011_Comparison_of_two_power_interdental_cleaning_devices_on_plaque_removal/links/541d09d00cf241a65a15ce3b/Comparison-of-two-power-interdental-cleaning-devices-on-plaque-removal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sarma, et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; which you posted in your question, which states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of the Waterpik Water Flosser removes significantly more plaque from tooth surfaces (whole mouth, marginal, approximal, facial, and lingual) than the Sonicare Air Floss when used with a manual toothbrush.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, the ADA Council On Scientific Affairs awarded the ADA Seal of Acceptance to five Waterpik Water Flosser product lines based on its finding that they are safe and have shown efficacy for removing plaque along the gumline and between teeth and for helping to prevent and reduce gingivitis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2017-archive/february/waterpik-water-flosser-first-in-its-class-to-earn-ada-seal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADA, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“This product was shown to reduce plaque and gingivitis in areas between the teeth, often the most difficult areas for patients to effectively clean,” said Dr. John Dmytryk, chair of the ADA Council on Scientific Affairs’ Seal Subcommittee. “By granting the ADA Seal of Acceptance to the Waterpik Water Flosser, consumers for whom these devices are appropriate can be confident that they can be a safe and effective component of their daily oral care when used as directed.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ADA (2017). &lt;em&gt;ADA News: Waterpik Water Flosser first in its class to earn ADA Seal&lt;/em&gt; Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2017-archive/february/waterpik-water-flosser-first-in-its-class-to-earn-ada-seal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2017-archive/february/waterpik-water-flosser-first-in-its-class-to-earn-ada-seal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goyal, C. R., Lyle, D. M., Qaqish, J. G., &amp;amp; Schuller, R. (2013). Evaluation of the plaque removal efficacy of a water flosser compared to string floss in adults after a single use. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of Clinical Dentistry&lt;/em&gt;, 24 (2), 37-42. PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282867&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;24282867&lt;/a&gt; Free PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fd8/4bd02e3ceb21d6faae988109a74a95c054a0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fd8/4bd02e3ceb21d6faae988109a74a95c054a0.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sharma, N. C., Lyle, D. M., Qaqish, J. G., &amp;amp; Schuller, R. (2012). Comparison of two power interdental cleaning devices on plaque removal. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of Clinical Dentistry&lt;/em&gt;, 23(1), 17. PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22435320&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;22435320&lt;/a&gt; Free PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naresh_Sharma18/publication/221902011_Comparison_of_two_power_interdental_cleaning_devices_on_plaque_removal/links/541d09d00cf241a65a15ce3b/Comparison-of-two-power-interdental-cleaning-devices-on-plaque-removal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naresh_Sharma18/publication/221902011_Comparison_of_two_power_interdental_cleaning_devices_on_plaque_removal/links/541d09d00cf241a65a15ce3b/Comparison-of-two-power-interdental-cleaning-devices-on-plaque-removal.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T07:36:07.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17639" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17646" CreationDate="2018-10-10T08:59:17.820" Score="1" ViewCount="2002" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend with the following undiagnosed condition. If she sees certain textures e.g.: honeycomb, skin with boils, (in a recent film) skin with dozens of teeth stuck into it, she just doesn't hate it, it throws her into a prolonged state of mental distress. You can see in her face that she suddenly cuts off from the outside world and is deeply upset but can't communicate. She then recovers slowly over days but has flashbacks during this period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a known phenomenon with a name one can look up?   I don't know if it counts as a phobia exactly but maybe it does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14895" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T13:18:10.533" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T13:18:10.533" Title="Is there a name for a phobia of certain textures?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;phobia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17643" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17633" CreationDate="2018-10-10T14:57:08.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has an implicit claim in it: that taking antioxidants is effective in the first place. As that is very much in doubt now from the start, it explains very well why there is no consensus over when to take them. Especially if all these substances  are all lumped into that one basket called &quot;antioxidants&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our Cochrane review from 2008 demonstrated that antioxidant supplements seem to increase mortality. This review is now updated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention. Beta-carotene and vitamin E seem to increase mortality, and so may higher doses of vitamin A. Antioxidant supplements need to be considered as medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD007176/LIVER_antioxidant-supplements-for-prevention-of-mortality-in-healthy-participants-and-patients-with-various-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C:  &quot;Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases&quot;, 4 March 2012&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes the question unanswerable for all substances simply labeled &quot;antioxidants&quot;, or leads to the conclusion that for this effect they are named for it doesn't matter. But it is questionable whether that being an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/antioxidants/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antioxidant&lt;/a&gt; is a good thing or how much one would benefit from it. In my view that category represents mainly an outdated attempt of making sense of things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We therefore would have to look at each of these substances and evaluate their effectiveness or mechanisms of action etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, let's look at turmeric, a very promising agent for a variety of ailments, that I love, personally:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Turmeric, a plant related to ginger, is grown throughout India, other parts of Asia, and Central America. Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiz) is a different plant and not discussed in this fact sheet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Historically, turmeric has been used in Ayurvedic medicine, primarily in South Asia, for many conditions, including breathing problems, rheumatism, serious pain, and fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Today, turmeric is used as a dietary supplement for inflammation; arthritis; stomach, skin, liver, and gallbladder problems; cancer; and other conditions.&#xA;  Turmeric is a common spice and a major ingredient in curry powder. Its primary active ingredients, curcuminoids, are yellow and used to color foods and cosmetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Turmeric’s underground stems (rhizomes) are dried and made into capsules, tablets, teas, or extracts. Turmeric powder is also made into a paste for skin conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How Much Do We Know?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have a lot of research, including studies done in people, on turmeric for a variety of health conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Have We Learned?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Claims that curcuminoids found in turmeric help to reduce inflammation aren’t supported by strong studies.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Preliminary&lt;/em&gt; studies found that curcuminoids may&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reduce the number of heart attacks bypass patients had after surgery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Control knee pain from osteoarthritis as well as ibuprofen did&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reduce the skin irritation that often occurs after radiation treatments for breast cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Other preliminary studies in people have looked at curcumin, a type of curcuminoid, for different cancers, colitis, diabetes, surgical pain, and as an ingredient in mouthwash for reducing plaque.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) has studied curcumin for Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and prostate and colon cancer.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Do We Know About Safety?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Turmeric in amounts tested for health purposes is generally considered safe when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.&#xA;  High doses or long-term use of turmeric may cause gastrointestinal problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric/ataglance.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or to put more bluntly, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;There is little reliable evidence to support the use of turmeric for any health condition because few clinical trials have been conducted.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Preliminary&lt;/em&gt; findings from animal and other laboratory studies &lt;em&gt;suggest&lt;/em&gt; that a chemical found in turmeric — called curcumin — may have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, but these findings have not been confirmed in people. (As quoted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/turmeric-tasty-in-curry-questionable-as-medicine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Turmeric: Tasty in Curry, Questionable as Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, 2014)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is not meant to wholly dismiss curcuma, or the question, but a reminder to see it as &lt;a href=&quot;https://edzardernst.com/2016/06/turmeric-lots-of-potential-but-beware-of-the-hype/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Turmeric: lots of potential, but beware of the hype&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the question is quite broad and about a lot of those substances or preparations, let me close with: digestion, metabolism etc. at night time are different. That probably effects bioavailability and pharmacodynamics a lot. I suspect that it is the effect or the same effect size for all the substances mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although that is speculation, it is also the current line of inquiry for researchers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Further randomized, double blinded clinical trials with a greater sample size, homogenous test and tasks of cognitive or memory function, as well as longer duration of treatment and follow-up are compulsory to achieve more conclusive results. In addition, it is suggested to conduct future clinical trials by evaluation of resveratrol products with improved bioavailability by the use of novel methods such as nanoformulations or in combination with metabolism inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661817308125?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mohammad Hosein Farzaei &amp;amp;  Roja Rahimi &amp;amp; Shekoufeh Nikfar &amp;amp; Mohammad Abdollahi: &quot;Effect of resveratrol on cognitive and memory performance and mood: A meta-analysis of 225 patients&quot;, Pharmacological Research&#xA;  Volume 128, February 2018&lt;/a&gt;, Pages 338-344. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-10T15:45:49.517" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T15:45:49.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17644" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17647" CreationDate="2018-10-10T16:01:25.117" Score="8" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;How would a doctor distinguish between viral and bacterial tonsillitis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell they have the same symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tender throat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;swollen tonsils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;painful swallowing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fever &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how exactly do they differ, and what would be the diagnostic process a doctor would employ to confirm which form of tonsillitis a patient has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11612" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T21:31:11.243" Title="How do the symptoms of viral tonsillitis differ from bacterial tonsillitis" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;throat&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17646" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17639" CreationDate="2018-10-10T19:39:32.370" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It actually does have a name. The term is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypophobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trypophobia&lt;/a&gt;. However, it's not an officially recognized phobia. This is a summary of trypophobia from a rather extensive paper on the subject:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811467/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811467/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This condition has not yet been recognised by diagnostic taxonomies&#xA;  such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.&#xA;  Trypophobia usually involves an intense and disproportionate fear&#xA;  towards holes, repetitive patterns, protrusions, etc., and, in&#xA;  general, images that present high-contrast energy at low and midrange&#xA;  spatial frequencies. It is commonly accompanied by neurovegetative&#xA;  symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first documented case of trypophobia was published by Rufo in 1998.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rufo M. [The little girl who was afraid of holes]. Soins Pediatr&#xA;  Pueric (1998) 18:3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article is in French. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-10T19:42:13.293" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T19:42:13.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17644" CreationDate="2018-10-10T21:31:11.243" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a great deal of both overlap and variability in the symptoms associated with pharyngitis. Many causes can include visible swelling of the tonsils and tonsillar exudate, and so can be classified as tonsillitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual clinical question here is &quot;should I treat this sore throat with antibiotics,&quot; which depends on symptoms, signs, history, and epidemiology. In an otherwise healthy individual, the treatment decision is more about preventing later complications associated with infection than treating the (self-limited) infection itself. In most practices the key question, then, is not just &quot;is this bacterial or viral&quot;, it is, &quot;is this Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or not&quot;.  There is a good discussion of this issue and the evidence in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965026&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical practice guidelines&lt;/a&gt; from the infectious diseases society of America.  Of note, there is some argument (see Cecil medicine Ch. 437, in addition to the discussion in the IDSA guidelines) for making the question &quot;is this Fusobacterium necrophorum, GAS, or something else&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, with that preamble, we can get to the question in your title:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How do the symptoms of viral tonsillitis differ from bacterial tonsillitis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an otherwise healthy pediatric or young adult patient in the US who is up to date on vaccinations, there are some useful symptom-based rules of thumb (see both the earlier linked guidelines, and the chapter in Cecil).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the guidelines, signs and symptoms that strongly suggest viral etiology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Conjunctivitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Coryza&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cough&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Diarrhea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Hoarseness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Discrete ulcerative stomatitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Viral exanthema&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cecil's describes a useful evidence based risk score for deciding whether or not to treat with antibiotics (which is essentially a question re: what is the likelihood that this is group A strep). Each of the following gives 1 point: temperature &gt; 38 C, &lt;em&gt;absence&lt;/em&gt; of cough, swollen, tender anterior cervical nodes, tonsillar swelling or exudate, and age 3-14 yrs.  Age 15-44 years gives 0 points, age &gt;44 subtracts a point. If the score is 4 or more, you treat with antibiotics. If the score is 2 or 3, you culture the throat and treat if positive. if the score is 0 or 1, you observe. You can examine the evidence for this score &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069046&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the risk score algorithm indicates, one of the possible diagnostic next steps is a throat culture for GAS. There are also tests that detect the presence of antigen. It's important to note (as is discussed in the linked sources), that many patients are pharyngeal carriers of GAS, so detecting GAS may not provide any information about the cause of a particular bout of pharyngitis in general or tonsillitis in particular. There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554121&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a very good meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; that relates to this point. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-10T21:31:11.243" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17084" CreationDate="2018-10-11T03:56:33.297" Score="6" Body="&lt;h3&gt;These dark circles can likely be attributed to vascular network prominence caused by hollowing of the contents of the orbital rim, pigmentary changes in the periorbital area caused by extravasated hemoglobin and its breakdown products (bilirubin and biliverdin), or to visibly accumulating fluid in the lower eyelid due to local processes such as atopy or systemic fluid retention.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dark circles under the eyes are very literally representative of infraorbital (or periorbital/periocular) hyperpigmentation. I was able to find literature pretty quickly on this subject dating all the way back to the '60s:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000992286600501106?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Dark Circles Under the Eyes in Children.&quot; Meyer B. Marks. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Pediatrics&lt;/em&gt;. 1966.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dark&#xA;  discolorations &#xA;  or &#xA;  shadows &#xA;  under&#xA;  the &#xA;  eyes &#xA;  as &#xA;  seen &#xA;  in &#xA;  some &#xA;  children &#xA;  are &#xA;  often&#xA;  ascribed &#xA;  to &#xA;  fatigue &#xA;  or &#xA;  sleeplessness. &#xA;  With &#xA;  older&#xA;  children &#xA;  and &#xA;  even &#xA;  in &#xA;  adults &#xA;  a &#xA;  popular &#xA;  notion&#xA;  is &#xA;  to &#xA;  attribute &#xA;  these &#xA;  to &#xA;  chronic &#xA;  eyestrain. &#xA;  With&#xA;  an &#xA;  adolescent &#xA;  girl &#xA;  at &#xA;  menarche &#xA;  the &#xA;  mother&#xA;  may &#xA;  associate &#xA;  them &#xA;  with &#xA;  menstruation.&#xA;  Many &#xA;  of &#xA;  the &#xA;  bluish-black &#xA;  discolorations &#xA;  in&#xA;  the &#xA;  lower &#xA;  orbitopalpebral &#xA;  grooves &#xA;  of &#xA;  children&#xA;  – termed &quot;allergic &#xA;  shiners&quot; – result &#xA;  from &#xA;  long-&#xA;  standing &#xA;  perennial &#xA;  nasal &#xA;  allergy.&#xA;  They &#xA;  are &#xA;  rarely &#xA;  seen &#xA;  in &#xA;  the &#xA;  first &#xA;  year &#xA;  of &#xA;  life&#xA;  unless &#xA;  the &#xA;  infant &#xA;  had &#xA;  nasal &#xA;  obstruction &#xA;  with&#xA;  accompanying &#xA;  mouth-breathing &#xA;  from &#xA;  birth.&#xA;  Children &#xA;  with &#xA;  uncomplicated &#xA;  seasonal &#xA;  allergic&#xA;  rhinitis &#xA;  do &#xA;  not &#xA;  have &#xA;  allergic &#xA;  shiners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This early paper (which mentions allergies as the cause of these dark circles) alludes to sleeplessness or fatigue as being another cause of infraorbital hyperpigmentation. Skipping several decades of research and progress, there are a number of useful, modern review papers on this subject (&lt;strong&gt;emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00324.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;What causes dark circles under the eyes?&quot; Fernanda Magagnin Freitag,&#xA;  Tania Ferreira Cestari. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.&lt;/em&gt; 2007.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dark rings under the eyes are defined as bilateral, round,&#xA;  homogeneous pigment macules on the infraorbital regions.&#xA;  There  is  no  doubt  that  they  are  worsened  by  general&#xA;  fatigue, especially lack of  sleep. This idea is corroborated&#xA;  by the daily fluctuation of  the lesions intensity, according&#xA;  to the patient status. For this reason, they have been&#xA;  regarded  as  a  mere  physiologic  phenomenon.&#xA;    Dark circles are more pronounced in certain ethnic groups and&#xA;  are also frequently seen in multiple members of  the same&#xA;  family.  These  hereditary  observations  raise  a  question:&#xA;  are  there  any  anatomic  or  histological  characteristics&#xA;  in  these  populations  that  could  give  us  a  reasonable&#xA;  etiologic explanation?&#xA;  Histological characteristics of  infraorbital darkening&#xA;  suggest that they are caused by &lt;strong&gt;multiple etiologic factors&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  that include &lt;strong&gt;dermal melanin deposition, postinflammatory&#xA;  hyperpigmentation secondary to atopic or allergic contact&#xA;  dermatitis,  periorbital  edema,  superficial  location  of&#xA;  vasculature, and shadowing due to skin laxity&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite its prevalence and cosmetic importance, there are&#xA;  few  published  studies  in  the  scientific  literature  about&#xA;  dark  circles.  Even  a  good  definition  of   this  condition  is&#xA;  lacking. We think the term &#xA;  infraorbital ring-shaped melanosis&#xA;  proposed  by  Watanabe  et  al.  does  not  encompass  its&#xA;  etiology in a global manner.&#xA;  As  there  is  neither  a  general  understanding  about&#xA;  dark  circles  pathogenesis  nor  a  consensus  about  the&#xA;  major  responsible  features,  treatments  are  chosen  in  a&#xA;  simplified  way,  rendering  suboptimal  results  most  of&#xA;  the time. It is important to identify the specific anatomic&#xA;  problem  of   each  patient  in  order  to  individualize  treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gets closer to a direct answer and offers several possible etiologies (&lt;strong&gt;bolded&lt;/strong&gt;) for infraorbital hyperpigmentation. These are further clarified in the context of sleep by publications from this year:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pigmentinternational.com/article.asp?issn=2349-5847;year=2018;volume=5;issue=1;spage=34;epage=42;aulast=Chatterjee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;A study of epidemiological, etiological, and clinicopathological factors in periocular hyperpigmentation.&quot;  M Chatterjee, B Suwal, A Malik, B V. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.&lt;/em&gt; 2018.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Periocular darkening was predominantly not due to pigment, but rather due to cutaneous laxity and vascular visibility through&#xA;  thin skin. Most of them with pigment had it in the dermis. Clinical dermal pigmentation correlated well with histology, unlike epidermal&#xA;  pigmentation. Iron and amyloid were not significant as etiological factors in our patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pigmentinternational.com/temp/PigmentInt511-8315215_230552.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Periorbital hyperpigmentation − An overview of the enigmatous condition.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Manju Daroach, Muthu S Kumaran. &lt;em&gt;Pigment International.&lt;/em&gt; 2018.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Periocular dark circles may appear because of various&#xA;  anatomic factors such as architecture of facial ligaments,&#xA;  the bony facial structure, midface soft tissue including the &#xA;  prominence of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Because of ageing,&#xA;  there is a loss of facial fat leading to inflexible ligaments&#xA;  causing hollowing effect on orbital rim. There is worsening of&#xA;  shadowing duetohollowness,which is mainly seen in the tear&#xA;  trough area in inferomedial orbit. The thin eyelid skin&#xA;  contributes to the prominence of the underlying soft tissue&#xA;  and subcutaneous vascular network and the orbicularis oculi&#xA;  muscle, due to which the overlying skin appears dark. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Visible pigmentary changes in periorbital area may be due to&#xA;  extravasated hemoglobin and its breakdown products&#xA;  bilirubin and biliverdin. A variety of pathologic and&#xA;  age-related processes result in the increased permeability&#xA;  of the local vasculature resulting in these pigmentary&#xA;  changes. The lower eyelid tissues may have an increased&#xA;  tendency to accumulate fluid due to local processes such as&#xA;  atopy as well as systemic fluid retention and can be limited&#xA;  inferiorly by the orbital rim because of the cutaneous&#xA;  ligaments. This fluid often takes on a purplish color due&#xA;  to the prominent role of the orbicularis muscle in the lower&#xA;  eyelid. Medical disorders including disorders of liver,&#xA;  heart, thyroid or kidney, hereditary blood disorders,&#xA;  vitamin  K  deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a more complete analysis of the different contributing factors to infraorbital dark circles, check out this review from 2016:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924417/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Infraorbital Dark Circles: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment.&quot; Ivan Vrcek, Omar Ozgur, and Tanuj Nakra. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery.&lt;/em&gt; 2016.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Infraorbital dark circles are caused by a variety of anatomic features, with contributions from the skin, subcutaneous tissues, orbicularis muscle, vasculature and ligamentous architecture of the lower eyelid and cheek. A detailed understanding of the regional anatomy is crucial to the management of dark circles, which encompasses a wide variety of modalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;This might not be a totally satisfying answer, but it's not as simple as a single source of pigmentation resulting in dark circles under the eyes. Even though there are many contributing factors, we still use general periorbital hyperpigmentation as an &lt;a href=&quot;https://content.iospress.com/articles/integrated-computer-aided-engineering/ica00476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;identifier of fatigue&lt;/a&gt;, since the various factors (usually) cumulatively represent sleeplessness.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="14251" LastEditDate="2018-11-24T17:34:50.653" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T17:34:50.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-11T10:21:43.357" Score="2" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can rabies virus remain infectious on environment i.e on soil, grasses, leaves and water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am just paranoid I may come into contact with rabid animal's saliva without knowing it. So wanted to know if the virus can infect like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14906" LastActivityDate="2018-10-13T00:36:05.840" Title="Is rabies virus infectious outside host?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17704" CreationDate="2018-10-11T14:16:33.930" Score="1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the following in an article from a Facebook page for a clinic in the Lebanon region, and I am trying to know if this choice is good or not?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Extracorporeal ShockWave Therapy, or ESWT, is a relatively new treatment for erectile dysfunction that is non-drug, non-surgical and without adverse side effects. It is the same therapy as used in orthopedics, urology and cardiology and which at higher energies is used to break up kidney stones, known as Lithotripsy. The indication for erectile dysfunction has been approved for use in Europe, most countries in the Middle East and South America as well as in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is That Correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is ShockWave Useful for ED or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14908" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-12T08:39:42.590" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T12:13:42.970" Title="Is ShockWave Therapy Useful For ED or not?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-11T16:20:56.963" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was just reading about fevers and the work of Julius Wagner-Jauregg, which was instrumental in establishing the usefulness of fevers in fighting off infections (as opposed to just an unpleasant symptom). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious if any more modern research has been done with deliberately causing fevers? I'm sure we could do so in a much more controlled fashion now (i.e. using drugs rather than malaria). And there are still plenty of diseases we have no cure for other than the body's natural immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine, for example, taking a drug to deliberately elevate a fever on the first day of a cold, in order to fight it off in a few days instead of weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any more research been done on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14040" LastActivityDate="2018-10-11T16:20:56.963" Title="Has any recent research been done on using fevers as a cure?" Tags="&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17650" CreationDate="2018-10-11T17:03:47.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can rabies virus remain infectious on environment i.e on soil, grasses, leaves and water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, an exposure requires a bite from an infected animal, or saliva or neural tissue to be introduced to an open wound or mucous membrane.  The CDC has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/materials.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;succinct description here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are rare instances of infection from other exposures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Human to human transmission &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can occur&lt;/a&gt; via tissue and organ transplantation from a person who died of rabies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were two cases (in 1956 and 1958) where transmission to humans was  attributed to aerosol exposure in a particular cave in Texas inhabited by millions of bats.  This may have involved direct contact with saliva or neural tissue. There is a fascinating &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13880956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1962 study&lt;/a&gt;, in response to these reports, that suggests transmission to animals without direct contact with the bats. A more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/8/1144/816583&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; also demonstrated aerosol transmission between animals. This type of transmission seems to require a very particular environment and a large dose of virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In summary&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally you need &lt;strong&gt;direct exposure to an animal&lt;/strong&gt; for it to be considered an infectious exposure. There are very rare reports of two other types of exposure described above. If, somehow, you have a large, still wet sample of saliva or CSF from a rabid animal laying on soil, grass, or leaves, though, there may be viable virus. Rabies is not particularly hardy, and difficult to maintain in culture. There are no reports of transmission from fomites (contaminated objects in the environment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-13T00:36:05.840" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-14T21:31:23.317" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;(1) presented some interesting results regarding the effectiveness of diacutaneous fibrolysis to treat subacromial impingement syndromes. How effective is diacutaneous fibrolysis to treat an epicondylopathy (i.e., tennis elbow or golfer elbow)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02343809&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;registered trial&lt;/a&gt; plans to look at lateral epicondylopathies but I wonder whether there have been other studies, since the trial registered two years and a half ago, and many clinical trials are never completed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) López, Martín Eusebio Barra, Carlos López de Celis, Gabriela Fernández Jentsch, Laura Raya de Cárdenas, María Orosia Lucha López, and José Miguel Tricás Moreno. &quot;Effectiveness of diacutaneous fibrolysis for the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.&quot; Manual therapy 18, no. 5 (2013): 418-424. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X13000350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X13000350&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.math.2013.02.006#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.math.2013.02.006#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPzkY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPzkY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-15T20:55:04.403" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T20:55:04.403" Title="How effective is diacutaneous fibrolysis to treat an epicondylopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4095" CreationDate="2018-10-15T01:29:55.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;i agree with Ramyar, since CTS is the result of nerves in the wrist area (on the palmar side) being stuck and under pressure due to direct and prolonged pressure (while using mouse, keyboard, etc.-but most cases are idiopathic) and narrowing of the tunnel through which the nerve passes(due to thickening of the sheaths, tendons etc. as a result of constant pressure on the spot) and finally damage to the nerves; any activity helping to widen the canal and to lift the pressure off the nerves in a suffice proper interval, to stretch tendons and also at the same time, to strengthen the muscles supporting wrist- both flexors and extensors- will most probably help counteract the pathophysiology of CTS.(exercises with tools like powerballs which provide pressure outwards so they help stretch your wrist while also strengthening it and the muscles (flexors) that support it by squeezing the ball ,and etc.- but should keep in mind that you also need to strengthen your extensors too, and to avoid direct and high pressure to the base of your palm and the wrist) BUT!!! you should always be careful about any exercise you are going to do with delicate parts like your wrist, and if you are suffering or are concerned about your wrist, you'd better pay a visit to your doctor for proper evaluation and counseling. if you hurt your wrist or your median nerve passing through carpal tunnel, it will take quite a while to fully recover if any recovery.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668198/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668198/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820891/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820891/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;there are also findings that disprove any of such discussions&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072780/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072780/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14928" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T01:29:55.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-15T09:38:48.330" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;One famous person was the inventor Charles Martin Hall who appeared to be in his 20s while almost 50 -- interestingly, he died at only 51 so his appearance may have not been indicative of overall health. I can't find any information about this fairly trivial aspect of his life online although I vaguely a recall a biography mentioning his appearance; not sure if it also mentioned any reason for it. I would guess that some hormonal or developmental disorders could indeed cause someone to appear child-like throughout their lives although such lives would not tend to be long. But is there any condition wherein a person develops normally but simply looks much, much younger than their chronological age in later adulthood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I recall that a semi-serious article about the character Tin Tin who (like many comic characters) remained youthful forever written by a doctor suggested that Tin Tin's appearance might have been due to a head injury. If so, not sure why that would affect ageing except I guess a serious injury could affect the pituitary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-15T20:52:18.223" LastActivityDate="2019-03-30T17:52:59.107" Title="Medical conditions that cause extremely youthful appearance into middle age and beyond?" Tags="&lt;age&gt;&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-15T13:42:44.027" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like I have some kind of allergy to tablets/pills. It doesn't matter which type I take (I used to take mainly vitamins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I take some, the result is vary from bearable sickness (for 2 days) to immediate anaphylaxia (happened twice altogether).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went to an allergist, but &lt;strong&gt;I was told that it is difficult to measure which component of the tablet/pill I am allergic to bcs most of the components are secret.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;I have the assumption that it must be some basic ingredients, since it does not matter which brand or type of tablet I am taking. There were some exceptions when I didn't get ill, but the reaction happens in 80% of the cases. &#xA;The syndromes are present since  childhood, just during the time they became more strong and frequent.&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was told by the doctor to simply not take any tablets. But I would like to know which ingredient(s) I am allergic to. Maybe it is present in other products I may take accidently.  I don't even know if this type of allergy is a well-known one...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question: is there a method to indicate which component of basic tablet/pill ingredients can cause allergic reactions?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14934" LastEditorUserId="14934" LastEditDate="2018-10-15T19:58:08.133" LastActivityDate="2018-10-15T19:58:08.133" Title="Is there a way to measure allergy to tablet/pill ingredients?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-16T09:07:29.947" Score="3" ViewCount="521" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read it has anti-hydrotic properties and can be used for preventing and treating excessive sweating, but I cannot find if any research has been conducted that confirms the efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14570" LastEditorUserId="6563" LastEditDate="2018-10-16T21:16:54.433" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T15:42:27.177" Title="Does 'Sage Salvia officinalis' help reducing excessive hand sweating (palmar hyperidrosis)?" Tags="&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17681" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17685" CreationDate="2018-10-16T14:25:43.620" Score="2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of both prescription and generic drugs that are not approved at all for any reason in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of this I have gathered is do to funding and historical reasons they were not approved and not necessarily because they are unsafe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Doctors in the United States prescribe these drugs because they are in a grey area or are they off limits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example drug that I might be referring to is Solian.  Australia has it approved and parts of Europe yet not the US or Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6786" LastEditDate="2018-10-16T23:54:50.150" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T03:37:36.537" Title="Are drugs not approved by the FDA allowed to be prescribed?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17674" CreationDate="2018-10-16T15:13:00.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not been able to find anything to back the hypothesis that there can be a development disorder which will slow body development, but retain mental development rates.  However I have seen a slightly different disorder in journals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Slow body development also with slow mental development&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This was reported by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61749-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andy Coghlan (2009)&lt;/a&gt; which covered the issue with 16 year-old &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Greenberg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brooke Greenberg&lt;/a&gt; who had a physical development of approx. 5 years old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Scientists hope that by comparing the genome of a 16-year-old girl locked physically and mentally in a baby-sized body, that they may find the genes for holding onto youth&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;see also:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2009.02.003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Walker, et al. 2009&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aging-us.com/article/100744/text#fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Walker, et al. 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We previously reported the unusual case of a teenage girl stricken with multifocal developmental dysfunctions whose physical development was dramatically delayed resulting in her appearing to be a toddler or at best a preschooler, even unto the occasion of her death at the age of 20 years. Her life-long physician felt that the disorder was unique in the world and that future treatments for age-related diseases might emerge from its study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aging-us.com/article/100744/text#fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Walker, et al. 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brooke died aged 20 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchomalacia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bronchomalacia&lt;/a&gt; in her home town of Baltimore, MD. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10428714/Brooke-Greenberg-obituary.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Telegraph, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coghlan, A. (2009). Teen baby narrows search for “Dorian Gray” gene. &lt;em&gt;New Scientist&lt;/em&gt;, 203(2715), 12-12 doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61749-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0262-4079(09)61749-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Telegraph (2013). Brooke Greenberg - obituary, &lt;em&gt;The Telegraph&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10428714/Brooke-Greenberg-obituary.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10428714/Brooke-Greenberg-obituary.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walker, R. F., Pakula, L. C., Sutcliffe, M. J., Kruk, P. A., Graakjaer, J., &amp;amp; Shay, J. W. (2009). A case study of “disorganized development” and its possible relevance to genetic determinants of aging. &lt;em&gt;Mechanisms of ageing and development&lt;/em&gt;, 130(5), 350-356. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2009.02.003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.mad.2009.02.003&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19428454&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19428454&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;FREE PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.3771&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.565.3771&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Walker, R. F., Liu, J. S., Peters, B. A., Ritz, B. R., Wu, T., Ophoff, R. A., &amp;amp; Horvath, S. (2015). Epigenetic age analysis of children who seem to evade aging. &lt;em&gt;Aging (Albany NY)&lt;/em&gt;, 7(5), 334–339. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100744&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.18632/aging.100744&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4468314&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;Full Accessible Text: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aging-us.com/article/100744/text#fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aging-us.com/article/100744/text#fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;FREE PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/paperchase-aging/pdf/XHhjqD7fdWZMyww4C.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/paperchase-aging/pdf/XHhjqD7fdWZMyww4C.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-10-16T15:13:00.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17684" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17696" CreationDate="2018-10-16T21:47:26.013" Score="0" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are auditory hallucinations a side effect of Oxycodone (when used for a short period following a surgery)?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give this question context, the following situation has been provided (not to be interpreted for diagnostic reasons specific to the individual): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A person in their 30's had and was prescribed some medicine to manage pain. Oxycodone was taken several times the day of and after surgery. On the fourth day of recovery, while alone in residence, a deep man's voice is clearly and directly heard, saying, &quot;Get Out!&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically... &lt;strong&gt;Could Oxycodone taken 2 days prior cause an auditory hallucination?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Again, not asking for a diagnosis -- just wondering, in general, about how long Oxycodone could be in a person's system to cause auditory hallucinations?)&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6563" LastEditorUserId="5405" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T23:29:00.237" LastActivityDate="2018-10-18T01:23:36.450" Title="Are auditory hallucinations a side effect of Oxycodone? How long does Oxycodone stay in the body?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;&lt;audiology&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17681" CreationDate="2018-10-16T22:48:52.580" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA regulates manufacturers of drugs, not physicians, with respect to the drug approval process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;US law does not prevent physicians from prescribing unapproved substances (presuming they aren't illegal for some other reason), as long as it is not done for unapproved research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, physicians may be restricted by local laws, professional organizations, their employers, and exposures to liability. It also isn't legal for a manufacturer to market an unapproved drug in the US, so simply obtaining an unapproved drug may be difficult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For Solian, for example, it is marketed and approved in Europe, but the manufacturer isn't going to ship any to the US (doing so would likely run afoul of the FDA), no pharmacy is going to stock it, etc, so having a prescription won't do much good, and anyone who &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; be willing to ship it probably would not care whether or not you have a prescription in the first place. Therefore, a physician wouldn't have much purpose in writing a prescription for it rather than one of several similar drugs available in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T00:50:27.707" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T00:50:27.707" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12737" CreationDate="2018-10-17T01:15:38.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the (almost nonexistent) research I could find related to the presence of underwear and concomitant testicular torsion, I think that loose underwear or complete nudity would actually &lt;strong&gt;increase&lt;/strong&gt; your risk of testicular torsion, as the testicles are more mobile without restriction by a form-fitting garment. The only resource I can find supporting your original claim is an answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Can-tight-underwear-cause-testicular-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;, which I would not necessarily trust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1522840109000135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Diagnosis and Management of Testicular Torsion, Torsion of the Appendix Testis, and Epididymitis.&amp;quot; Shan Yin, Jennifer L. Trainor. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine.&lt;/em&gt; 2009.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, scrotal support with a pediatric athletic supporter or tight-fitting brief-style underwear can minimize mobility of the testicle and hence pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this doesn't specifically mention loose-fitting underwear as a potential risk factor for testicular torsion, I don't think it's an unreasonable inference to draw, especially given corroborating research in adolescent athletes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534705672655&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Testicular Health Awareness in Pubertal Males.&amp;quot; Phillip Nasrallah, Giju Nair, Joseph Congeni, Cynthia L. Bennett, Daniel McMahon. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of Urology.&lt;/em&gt; 2000.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...5% of athletes reported tight underwear or compression&#xA;shorts as their only type of protection [against testicular torsion].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T02:10:53.637" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17687" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17695" CreationDate="2018-10-17T01:38:20.487" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Suppose X is a person whose mother Y died of cancer (breast) after undergoing treatment for 13 years.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The doctors had said that Y could have lived 15 years but unfortunately she had died in 13 years.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  X is 35 years old and his mother was 65–70 years between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know the answer of the following two questions which the Internet failed to give a nice answer to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is the possibility of X to also be attacked by cancer in his later stages of life?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If suppose Z marries X will Z also develop any type of cancer because of sexual interaction with X?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14940" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T10:02:29.727" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T22:47:34.487" Title="How is hereditary cancer risk estimated?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;heredity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17681" CreationDate="2018-10-17T03:37:36.537" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;@BryanKrause's answer is correct. To add a little more, rules and regulations for physicians are primarily set by the state medical board and state legislature. States are different in the particulars, but you can make some general statements. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fsmb.org/globalassets/advocacy/publications/us-medical-regulatory-trends-actions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Generally&lt;/a&gt;, if the treatment is intended to benefit the individual patient, there is informed consent (the unapproved status of the drug is discussed with the patient), and the physician can point to a sound scientific basis for choosing that particular drug, and everything is appropriately documented, there shouldn't be a license issue. There may be a liability risk, though. Personally, I'd be uncomfortable doing it without a compelling reason. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific drug will make a difference. If it is illegal or has been pulled from the US market or denied approval due to safety concerns, I don't think a conscientious and professional US physician would recommend it.  Regarding solian, an atypical antipsychotic, with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164462/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;good evidence&lt;/a&gt; of safety and efficacy, I'm not a psychiatrist, but I could see a possible case where a patient is stable on solian. Here, the psychiatrist &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; recommend &lt;em&gt;continuing&lt;/em&gt; solian, IF the patient has access and is able to purchase the drug from a reliable source with good quality controls. These are major challenges, though. I don't think being able to purchase it on the internet would necessarily satisfy them. Given so many approved atypical antipsychotics, though, I would have a hard time imagining a case where a US psychiatrist would start a patient on solian. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T03:37:36.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12737" CreationDate="2018-10-17T14:24:10.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord to a testicle twists, cutting off the blood supply (a condition called ischemia). The most common symptom is the rapid onset of acute testicular pain and prolonged testicular torsion will result in the death of the testicle and surrounding tissues (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ogunyemi, et al. 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, testicular torsion requires emergency surgery. If treated within a few hours, the testicle can usually be saved. However, waiting longer for treatment can cause permanent damage and may affect the ability to father children. When blood flow has been cut off for too long, a testicle may become so badly damaged it has to be removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wearing underpants will not necessarily prevent testicular torsion. Males who get testicular torsion have an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate freely inside the scrotum. This inherited condition often affects both testicles (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In men and boys who are at risk of testicular torsion, the condition often occurs with no apparent trigger. Testicular torsion often occurs several hours after vigorous activity, after a minor injury to the testicles or while sleeping. Cold temperature or rapid growth of the testicle during puberty also might play a role.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk factors are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Age&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Testicular torsion is most common in males between 10 and 25 years old. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Previous testicular torsion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A person that had testicular torsion that went away without treatment is likely to have it again in either testicle unless surgery is performed to correct the underlying problem. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Climate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Torsions are sometimes called &quot;winter syndrome&quot;. This is because they often happen in winter, when it is cold outside. The scrotum of a man who has been lying in a warm bed is relaxed. When he arises, his scrotum is exposed to the colder room air. If the spermatic cord is twisted while the scrotum is loose, the sudden contraction that results from the abrupt temperature change can trap the testicle in that position. The result is a testicular torsion. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bell clapper deformity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In this deformity the testicle is only attached to the spermatic cord, like a bell clapper. A bell clapper deformity is a predisposing factor for testicular torsion in non-neonates. Currently there is no recommended clinical examination for a bell clapper deformity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having testicles that can rotate or move back and forth freely in the scrotum is an inherited trait. Some males have this attribute and others do not. The only way to prevent testicular torsion for a man with this trait is through surgery to attach both testicles to the inside of the scrotum so that they cannot rotate freely. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190514.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brunner, 2010&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these facts in mind, with exception of a slight plausability created through the climate issue, neither being clothed or practicing nudism/naturism (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whichever you wish to call it&lt;/a&gt;) can prevent testicular torsion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other aspects aside from testicular torsion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to protection from urine, semen and faeces, with good personal hygiene, these won’t pose a problem.&#xA;The combination of heat, sweat, and friction in your nether regions is not only uncomfortable, it can be unhealthy. Tight and non-breathable clothing traps heat and moisture, which can encourage the growth of candida, and lead to an unbearable yeast infection. That's not the only thing you have to worry about. When bacteria travel from back to front, it increases your risk for contracting an uncomfortable urinary tract infection (UTI) as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For men, the temperature of the testes is at issue: In order for testes to produce sufficient quality and quantity of sperm, the temperature of testes must be lower than the core body temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;That is why [testes] are located outside of the body,&quot; explains Celia E. Dominguez, reproductive endocrinologist, Centre for Reproductive Medicine at the Emory University School of Medicine. &quot;Testes were made to be out in the breeze.&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/boxers-vs-briefs-increasing-sperm-count&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Davis, 2004&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testes can overheat when a man wears brief underwear. If the testes are too hot — several degrees above where they should be — they are not able to produce sufficient sperm, resulting in low sperm count.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brunner, S. (2010). What Is Testicular Torsion? What Causes Testicular Torsion? &lt;em&gt;Medical News Today&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190514.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/190514.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Davis, J. L. (2004). Boxers vs. Briefs: Increasing Sperm Count. &lt;em&gt;WebMD&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/boxers-vs-briefs-increasing-sperm-count&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/features/boxers-vs-briefs-increasing-sperm-count&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mayo Clinic. (2018). Testicular Torsion, &lt;em&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-torsion/symptoms-causes/syc-20378270&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ogunyemi, O. I., Weiker, M., &amp;amp; Abel, E. J. (2018). Testicular Torsion, &lt;em&gt;Medscape&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2036003-overview#showall&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="9715" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T14:44:10.787" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T14:44:10.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17714" CreationDate="2018-10-17T14:50:21.847" Score="4" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is it that, for some patients, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/ace-inhibitors/art-20047480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACE-Inhibitors&lt;/a&gt; can have no measurable effect on the blood pressure (BP), but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/calcium-channel-blockers/art-20047605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CCBs&lt;/a&gt; work? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What has me stumped is how this is theoretically possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14946" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-10-18T16:58:45.480" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T08:25:50.450" Title="How do the MOAs differ that ACE-Inhibitors might not work, but Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) do work" Tags="&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17679" CreationDate="2018-10-17T15:18:24.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Salvia is a herbal treatment with a long tradition for this indication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;sage leaves&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Herbal_Medicinal_Products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HMPC&lt;/a&gt; has classified sage leaves as a traditional herbal medicinal product.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Scientific_Cooperative_on_Phytotherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ESCOP&lt;/a&gt;: internally for increased secretion of sweat; externally for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, gum inflammation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Commission E&lt;/a&gt;: internally for dyspeptic complaints and increased secretion of sweat; externally for inflammations of the mouth and throat mucosa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arzneipflanzenlexikon.info/salbei.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arzneipflanzenlexikon: Salbei&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means three different bodies, the Herbal Medicinal Product Committee (HMPC), the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP), and the older and defunct Kommission E, came to the conclusion that indeed sage does &lt;em&gt;&quot;help&quot;&lt;/em&gt; with excessive sweating. What they didn't address was &lt;em&gt;how much&lt;/em&gt; sage helped.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scientific report from Kommission E was published in &lt;a href=&quot;https://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Kommission-E-Monographien/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Salviae folium / Salbeiblätter&quot;, Bundesanzeiger No 90, 15.05.1985&lt;/a&gt;. But it seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bundesanzeiger.de/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not online anywhere.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going by personal experience with sage leaf tea I'd say: it helps quite a lot in a hot summer in people probably &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; diagnosed or suffering the condition in question. But a German medical newspaper cites:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Professor Karin Kraft: In hyperhidrosis, preparations from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) are mainly used as a herbal option. The antihidrotic mode of action is not known exactly, the tannins contained may be involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the case of focal hyperhidrosis, patting with Salbeitinktur (50 vol.% ethanol) is recommended in folk medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For generalised sweating, tea infusions with sage leaves are helpful: pour 150 ml boiling water over a teaspoon of cut leaves (2g) or a filter bag, allow to infuse for 10 minutes, strain, drink a cup of cooled tea three times a day for two to four weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, there is a finished drug with aqueous sage leaf dry extract. For day sweat, for example during the menopause, 1 - 2 dragées are recommended 3 times daily after meals, for nervous night sweat 2 - 4 dragées are recommended before going to bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The European Medicines Agency (EMA) assigns sage leaf preparations, among other things, the traditional use to relieve excessive sweating; persons up to 18 years of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers should be excluded due to lack of examination data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The available clinical studies are always open, most of which were already carried out in the 1930s in patients with TB, for example, or in healthy volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They all support the long-standing assumption that aqueous sage leaf extracts inhibit perspiration in hyperhidrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In an open, uncontrolled study, 40 patients with idiopathic hyperhidrosis received an aqueous dry extract (440mg, corresponding to 2.6g sage leaves) and a further 40 patients received sage tea (4.5g leaves per day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sweat secretion dropped to less than 50 percent in both groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A therapy trial with sage leaf extract is therefore justified in patients with idiopathic focal or generalized hyperhidrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aerztezeitung.de/medizin/fachbereiche/sonstige_fachbereiche/phytotherapie/article/866623/phyto-forum-salbei-hyperhidrose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Mit Salbei gegen Hyperhidrose&quot;, Ärzte Zeitung, 2014&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that professor is obviously a fan of herbals and mostly quotes very old studies. Newer studies with updated protocols and standards are like: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21630133&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;First time proof of sage's tolerability and efficacy in menopausal women with hot flushes, 2011&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5193180/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Palmar hyperhidrosis: clinical, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects&lt;/a&gt; we find that  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0301/p1117.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Palmoplantar Hyperhidrosis: A Therapeutic Challenge&lt;/a&gt;. As the International Hyperhidrosis Society remarks on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sweathelp.org/where-do-you-sweat/sweaty-hands.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sweaty Hands&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While most people find that antiperspirants, iontophoresis, Botox injections, &lt;em&gt;or a custom combination of these&lt;/em&gt; are enough to manage excessive hand sweating, there are those who seek a more definitive course of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeking to add Salvia into a treatment course seems to offer a weak but viable opportunity. Relying on sage alone may be not enough in most of the more severe cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-17T15:42:27.177" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T15:42:27.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17687" CreationDate="2018-10-17T22:13:40.863" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are really two distinct questions here, but they are common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is cancer heritable?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is cancer (or cancer risk) contagious?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;tl;dr&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most cancer cases are not heritable. Some are. Heritable cases have particular characteristics (early onset, more than one close relative, often with cancer at multiple sites).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cancer is not contagious. Some cancer risk factors are contagious.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is cancer heritable?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Knudson, who developed the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC389051/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;two-hit hypothesis&lt;/a&gt;, liked to say  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12124744&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer is a genetic disease of somatic cells&lt;/a&gt;. This is related, but different in important ways from a genetic disease of individuals. Tumor cells are genetically distinct from non tumor cells in an individual with cancer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12175530&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Though there are hereditary forms of most cancers, the great majority of cancer cases are not hereditary&lt;/a&gt;). That is to say, in most cases, the mutations that lead to the formation of the cancer are not inherited from a person's parents.  A family history of cancer becomes significant to a clinician when there is an early age at onset in two or more close relatives (See Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Ch. 7).  Often, these hereditary cancers involve multiple tumors (see the second Knudson reference above, as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9616740&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). Relevant to the hypothetical case here, breast cancer in a woman in her 60s would not suggest a hereditary form a cancer that would be associated with a higher risk of cancer in the son. Breast cancer in a woman 45 or younger would make a hereditary form of cancer more likely, which would be associated with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809938/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;higher risk of cancer in her son&lt;/a&gt;. There are other risk factors to be considered, though (e.g., multiple close relatives with breast or ovarian cancer, being of Ashkenazi Jewishish heritage, among others). Guidelines for testing for the involved genes are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5480128/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in flux&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, in this hypothetical case, it is unlikely that the son is at higher risk of any cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Is cancer or cancer risk contagious?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general question here is complex. The specific question here can be answered relatively easily, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, the specific question seems to be: in a hypothetical scenario, given a mother with breast cancer, is there a risk of sexual transmission from the mother's son to his wife. The answer here is quite clearly no. As discussed above, the potential risk for the son here is that of a hereditary cancer syndrome. That risk is minimal, but if it wasn't, hereditary cancer syndromes are not transmitted horizontally through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The more complicated question has two parts itself:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a. is cancer contagious&#xA;b. is cancer risk contagious&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is cancer contagious?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transmission of tumor cells from one individual to another happens, but is quite rare. Though tumor cells do metastasize in an individual, when this occurs, tumor seeds must be able to evade the immune system and find an environment suitable for adhesion and replication. Tumor associated cells (non cancerous cells that regulate the microenvironment to make it favorable for growth and replication) are discussed in this 2011 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376230&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hanahan and Weinberg paper&lt;/a&gt;.  There are similarities to infectious processes, but cancer is not measles. Tumor cells don't shed in comparable numbers, aren't adapted for immune escape in a separate host, and don't express appropriate adhesion proteins for portals of entry on a new host or readily induce tumor associated niches in a new host. The cases where person-to-person transmission of cancer via tumor cell inoculation does occur seem to demonstrate more how cancer cells are not infectious agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177614&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Donor-related tumors in transplant patients&lt;/a&gt; occur in immunosuppressed patients, but are still rare. The low frequency of transmission seems to be due, in part, to screening. The fact that we see this at all demonstrates the significance of transmission route and immune escape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946918/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Maternal-fetal, and in utero twin-twin&lt;/a&gt; seem to be exceedingly rare, but have occurred, again, demonstrating the existence, but poor efficiency of transmission&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://science.sciencemag.org/content/125/3239/158.long&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inoculation of volunteers with tumor cells&lt;/a&gt; in a problematic series of experiments at Sloan Kettering in the 50s, transplantation of tumor cells into patients with other cancers, resulted in growth, recurrence after excision, and death in some cases. Transplantation into healthy volunteers (yes, they did this) resulted in nodules that spontaneously regressed. This experiment has since been interpreted as evidence for immune system control of transplanted tumor system in healthy individuals, as compared to growth and progression in a receptive niche in a cancer patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So person-to-person transmission of cancer cells is rare, seemingly because, unlike an infectious microbe, there is not a suitable receptor for adhesion at an exposed or accessible site, a suitable environment for replication, and adaptations for immune escape by tumor cells in the original host are not effective in a new host.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, there are contagious cancers in other species, but this doesn't seem to be particularly relevant to a question about whether cancer (or cancer risk) can be transmitted between two humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is cancer risk contagious&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;17% of cancer cases worldwide are attributable to infectious agents (see Cecil Medicine, Ch. 183), these include viruses (e.g., HPV, hepatitis B and C, HIV, Epstein-Barr, and human herpesvirus-8) and bacteria (e.g., &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt;).  These are all contagious. At least somewhat related to the question, many of them are transmitted through sexual contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-17T22:47:34.487" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17684" CreationDate="2018-10-18T01:17:40.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some rare anecdotal reports of auditory hallucinations related to oxycodone. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ajgponline.org/article/S1064-7481(12)61307-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.centersite.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&amp;amp;id=36686&amp;amp;cn=14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the half-life of oxycodone is a mere &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/oxycodone.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3-4 hours&lt;/a&gt;, so after two days there should have been virtually no oxycodone present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, according to the same link above, oxycodone and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidneys, so if the patient in question had impaired kidney function, it's possible that oxycodone remained present that long. And that brings into focus why questions about particular patients are a poor fit for this site. There are just too many variables to answer individual experiences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-10-18T01:23:36.450" LastActivityDate="2018-10-18T01:23:36.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17653" CreationDate="2018-10-19T08:13:52.967" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of our studies, which also included a double-blind randomized control trial, confirm that LI-ESWT generates a significant clinical improvement of erectile function and a significant improvement in penile hemodynamics without any adverse effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Gruenwald, I., Appel, B., Kitrey, N. D., &amp;amp; Vardi, Y. (2013). Shockwave treatment of erectile dysfunction. &lt;em&gt;Therapeutic Advances in Urology&lt;/em&gt;, 5(2), 95–99. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287212470696&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1177/1756287212470696&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also available from NCBI &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607492/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. personal advice: don't trust Facebook articles unless they are linked to reliable sources (e.g. .org, .gov, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-02-28T12:13:42.970" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T12:13:42.970" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17583" CreationDate="2018-10-19T08:22:28.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hernia has a chance of recurring. That's why they use mesh to strengthen the wall and prevent recurrence of hernia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The incidence of recurrent hernia after primary repair of a groin hernia varies from 1% in specialized centers to 30% in general surveys. During the premesh era, it was estimated that primary inguinal hernia repairs had a 10%–30% recurrence rate and that the rate was 35% for recurrent hernia repairs&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recurrence after groin hernia repair-revisited&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sri VengadeshGopal AchuthanWarrier &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919113000873&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743919113000873&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2018-10-20T09:31:55.233" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T09:31:55.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17575" CreationDate="2018-10-19T08:31:17.973" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Platelets has an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Taking meds like aspirin which is an anti-platelet forms a non-competitive bond with platelets rendering them useless to the rest of their lifespan. Hence, by the 8th of last dose of aspirin, you would have formed new healthy platelets good for donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T08:31:17.973" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17630" CreationDate="2018-10-19T08:40:08.347" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple answer. &quot;Once a stone former, always a stone former&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Gallstones recur in about 50% of patients, and that the risk of recurrence is confined mainly to the first 5 years after dissolution.&quot; Hence, we remove them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Management of recurrent gallstones.&#xA;Review article&#xA;Lanzini A, et al. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1992&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/1486214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/1486214/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2018-10-19T14:54:30.090" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T14:54:30.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17624" CreationDate="2018-10-19T09:24:48.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exogenous topical steroids are mainly used for maintenance. They are very effective for long term use and does not have significant systemic side effect. Meanwhile oral steroids were used to treat severe acute flares with the risk of its side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress has several pathways to trigger eczema/dermatitis and not only cortisol (endogenous steroid, stress hormone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;upregulation of neuropeptide mediators in the brain, endocrine organs, and peripheral nervous system directly affect immune and resident cells in the skin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased mast cells and mast cell-nerve fiber contacts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;sensory nerves release neuromediators that regulate inflammatory and immune responses, as well as barrier function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, several underlying mechanisms results to the effects of stress towards eczema and cortisol is released by the body to help and combat some of eczema's inflammatory response. We treat eczema with steroids to help our endogenous steroid reduce inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &#xA;Psychoneuroimmunology of Psychological Stress and Atopic Dermatitis: Pathophysiologic and Therapeutic Updates&#xA;Andrea L. SUÁREZ, Jamison D. FERAMISCO, [...], and Martin STEINHOFF&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704139/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3704139/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.s. Eczema is a poorly understood disease with no definite treatment, all we have for now is symptomatic relief&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T09:24:48.870" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17549" CreationDate="2018-10-19T09:55:16.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A vein that has undergone venipuncture woud be more dificult to extract blood because it is already traumatized/injured. Some veins would be thicker when healed and some would be friable. That's why they alternate arms for phlebotomy to allow your veins to heal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Experience wise, there's nothing much we can do about it. But i find it easier to extract blood from arms that has less fat in it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of people like that, but experienced phlebotomists seem to not mind at all.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T09:55:16.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17457" CreationDate="2018-10-19T10:40:40.490" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use the formula for blood vessel flowrate by accounting heart rate and radius using flow rate formula: Q=ΔP/R&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wherein; flow rate (volume/time); ΔP = pressure difference (mm Hg); and R = resistance to flow (mm Hg x time/volume).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;This equation may be applied not only to a single vessel, but can also be used to describe flow through a network of vessels (i.e., the vascular bed of an organ or the even your entire systemic circulatory system). It is known that the resistance to flow through a cylindrical tube or vessel depends on several factors (described by Poiseuille) including: 1) radius, 2) length, 3) viscosity of the fluid (blood), and 4) inherent resistance to flow&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practicality, these parameters will be difficult to measure.&#xA;We also have to take into account that over time the heart rate will increase and blood vessel diameter will decrease as a compensatory mechanism against blood loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;University of minnesota; atlas of human cardiac anatomy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/physiology-tutorial/blood-flow.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/physiology-tutorial/blood-flow.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T10:40:40.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17414" CreationDate="2018-10-19T11:28:10.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a similar question from biology section(&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/15712/how-do-viruses-or-bacteria-survive-outside-the-body-long-enough-to-spread&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/15712/how-do-viruses-or-bacteria-survive-outside-the-body-long-enough-to-spread&lt;/a&gt;) but your question focuses more on the pathophysiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There will be several factors affecting it's ability to 'infect'. One is the virus' ability to survive outside a host cell, viruses aren't technically alive hence they can't be killed, only inactivated. If your skin is exposed to a viral protein of an inactivated virus, it will no longer be capable of injecting the said proteins inside the cell. Inactivated virus is also a method of vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor would be the amount of pathogen required to cause an active infection. Some viruses would need 1 and some hundreds to cause a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;One Virus Particle Is Enough To Cause Infectious Disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090313150254.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090313150254.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral inactivation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_processing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2018-10-19T14:38:18.627" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T14:38:18.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17390" CreationDate="2018-10-19T12:01:43.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;The net daily synthesis of cholesterol is equal to the amount of cholesterol lost in the feces minus the dietary cholesterol&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The body synthesizes an amount approximately equal to the amount it absorbs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;Balancing Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract&#xA;David E. Cohen, M.D., Ph.D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T12:01:43.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17442" CreationDate="2018-10-19T13:45:53.710" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found the following articles which may be of help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/431425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hillmer, et al. (2005)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or male-pattern baldness, is the most common form of hair loss. Its pathogenesis is androgen dependent, and genetic predisposition is the major requirement for the phenotype. We demonstrate that genetic variability in the androgen receptor gene (&lt;em&gt;AR&lt;/em&gt;) is the cardinal prerequisite for the development of early-onset AGA, with an etiological fraction of 0.46. The investigation of a large number of genetic variants covering the &lt;em&gt;AR&lt;/em&gt; locus suggests that a polyglycine-encoding GGN repeat in exon 1 is a plausible candidate for conferring the functional effect. The X-chromosomal location of &lt;em&gt;AR&lt;/em&gt; stresses the importance of the maternal line in the inheritance of AGA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article was cited in an article by &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ceruti, et al. (2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Beyond sexual functions, androgens exert their action in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Skin cells are able to synthesize most active androgens from gonadal or adrenal precursors and the enzymes involved in skin steroidogenesis are implicated both in normal or pathological processes. Even when the role of androgens and androgen receptor (AR) in skin pathologies has been studied for decades, their molecular mechanisms in skin disorders remain largely unknown. Here, we analyze recent studies of androgens and AR roles in several skin-related disorders, focusing in the current understanding of their molecular mechanisms in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). We review the molecular pathophysiology of type 2 5α-reductase, AR coactivators, the paracrine factors deregulated in dermal papillae (such as TGF-β, IGF 1, WNTs and DKK-1) and the crosstalk between AR and Wnt signaling in order to shed some light on new promising treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adil &amp;amp; Godwin (2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern hair loss, is a hair loss disorder mediated by dihydrotestosterone, the potent form of testosterone. Currently, minoxidil and finasteride are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved, and HairMax LaserComb, which is FDA-cleared, are the only treatments recognized by the FDA as treatments of androgenetic alopecia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of nonsurgical treatments of androgenetic alopecia in comparison to placebo for improving hair density, thickness, growth (defined by an increased anagen:telogen ratio), or subjective global assessments done by patients and investigators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adil, A., &amp;amp; Godwin, M. (2017). The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. &lt;em&gt;Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology&lt;/em&gt;, 77(1), 136-141. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.054&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ceruti, J. M., Leirós, G. J., &amp;amp; Balañá, M. E. (2018). Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles. &lt;em&gt;Molecular and cellular endocrinology&lt;/em&gt;, 465, 122-133. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hillmer, A. M., Hanneken, S., Ritzmann, S., Becker, T., Freudenberg, J., Brockschmidt, F. F., ... &amp;amp; Heyn, U. (2005). Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenetic alopecia. &lt;em&gt;The American Journal of Human Genetics&lt;/em&gt;, 77(1), 140-148. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/431425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1086/431425&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T13:45:53.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17693" CreationDate="2018-10-19T14:35:30.073" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;ACEI work on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ukrocharity.org/kidney-disease/the-renin-angiotensin-system-and-blood-pressure-control/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;RAAS&lt;/a&gt;) whereas Ca++ blockers primarily work on cardiac contractility, HR, and vessel constriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the ACE-Inhibitor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I. An enzyme known as ACE or angiotensin-converting enzyme found in the lungs metabolizes angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: ibid&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ACE-Inhibitor inhibits the functioning of the ACE Enzyme, so less angiotensin II is produced and hence blood-vessels widen, which results in a lower blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For CCB:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CCBs reduce blood pressure by limiting the amount of calcium or the rate at which calcium flows into the heart muscle and arterial cell walls. Calcium stimulates the heart to contract more forcefully. When calcium flow is limited, your heart’s contractions aren’t as strong with each beat, and your blood vessels are able to relax. This leads to lower blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/calcium-channel-blockers#how-they-work&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-treatment-in-adults-beyond-the-basics&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is a good article&lt;/a&gt; for patient education on HTN treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is seen clinically all the time that someone responds better to one class of medication than another.  We see patients whose BP drops dangerously low with a tiny dose of an ACEI, and others whose BP is barely touched by high doses. High blood pressure is multifactoral and individuals may have different responses to medications for several reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pharmacokinetics: Liver enzymes process (activate OR break down)&#xA;medications at different rates AND/OR kidneys excrete at different&#xA;rates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of blood pressure dysregulation: may differ, e.g. more related to vessel stiffness vs RAA dysregulation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T08:25:50.450" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17715" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-19T14:38:43.410" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is TMS a legitimate treatment for major depressive disorder? What research has demonstrated this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see some evidence for its effectiveness, but I also see people flagging it as suspect or pseudoscience. Which is true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14959" LastEditorUserId="14959" LastEditDate="2018-10-19T22:37:10.073" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T22:37:10.073" Title="Is transcranial magnetic stimulation a medically proven treatment for major depressive disorder?" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-19T15:16:01.697" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research into fine motor disabilities, and I'm having trouble finding comprehensive sources. In essence, I'm looking for statistics on disorders or conditions which impede the use of fine motor skills in the hands and fingers. My focus would primarily be on teens or adults, but inclusive sources would work too. Searching for &quot;fine motor disability&quot; doesn't yield much of use and neither does searching on google scholar or Statistia. Of course, I don't need information on every conceivable disorder, but I'd like to be able to gather enough data such that I can report that &quot;approximately xx% of people in the U.S suffer from a fine motor disability which affects the use of their hands.&quot; Does anyone know where I should look for information like this? Any clarifying questions are welcome, and if this is the wrong place for this, let me know and I'll move it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14960" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T15:16:01.697" Title="What is the best source for statistics on disability?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16575" CreationDate="2018-10-19T18:55:48.670" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;To get even close to how much bacteria there are in vaginal discharge and penile discharge, we look at how are they diagnosed/detected laboratory wise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gonorrhea&lt;/strong&gt; is caused by &lt;em&gt;Neisseria gonorrhea a gram-negative diplococcus&lt;/em&gt; that is found in the discharge with pus seen in microscopy after gram staining. There are other microorganisms that are gram-negative diplococci;  Examples of gram-negative diplococci are &lt;em&gt;Neisseria spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, and Acinetobacter spp&lt;/em&gt;. Isolation of Neisseria is required by culturing it in a Thayer martin medium or by detecting its proteins by PCR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, we can't exactly count how much bacteria there are in a droplet or an mL of vaginal/penile discharge since all other bacteria in there look the same under the microscope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor would be bacterial virulence and how competent an individual's immune system is. We cannot exactly determine at what rate the bacteria are reproducing and the competence of the immune system since both of these factors vary so much. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't seem to find any experimental study on deliberately exposing test subjects to Neisseria and which dose can cause an infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;Jawetz, melnick, adelberg; medical microbiology 26th ed.&#xA;page 73, 289&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae&#xA;Lai-King Ng, PhD and Irene E Martin, BSc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095009/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095009/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2019-01-17T17:15:59.737" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T17:15:59.737" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-19T20:45:05.607" Score="0" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been Googling for the effects of long-term usage of trientine as a treatment for Wilson's disease and could find none. My mom's had Wilson's disease for over 40 years now (she was diagnosed way too late, she had a clinical death before they could figure out what was wrong), and she's been using trientine dihydrochloride since she's severely allergic to penicillamine. Over the course of the last 5 years she has had a rather rapid onset with severe joint pain (especially in knees and hips), and her cartilage in those areas is determined to be nearly non-existent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've spent a lot of time researching the various effects of Wilson's disease so I doubt it's directly related to it, but rather the side-effects of medications she's been using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could provide links to studies of side-effects of Trientine it'd really be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14964" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-10-20T00:17:39.363" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T08:18:24.667" Title="Arthropathic effects of trientine dihydrochloride treatment?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;wilsons-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17693" CreationDate="2018-10-19T21:45:29.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @DoctorWhom says, there is a great deal of variability in the effectiveness of single agents for blood pressure control. There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7755948&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29133354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subgroups&lt;/a&gt; of patients who are more likely to respond or not respond to certain drugs, though. In the U.S., Black Americans tend to be less likely to respond to ACE inhibitors (and more likely to respond to thiazide diuretics, though that wasn't a drug in the question), and this difference is incorporated into the guidelines for choosing initial monotherapy (a single drug). There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7755948&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some evidence&lt;/a&gt; that older patients are also less likely to respond to ACE inhibitors, but this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386598/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isn't quite as clear cut&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10737282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regional differences&lt;/a&gt; may be more important than racial differences, suggesting the effect is mediated by environment and lifestyle, rather than genetics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a while, European guidelines recommended exactly the pattern described in the OP for older or non-white patients (avoid ACE-inhibitors, use calcium channel blockers), because these patients were often observed to have low renin hypertension (see @DoctorWhom's answer, ACE-inhibitors work by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, or RAA, axis, so a low renin hypertension wouldn't be improved with this therapy). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107724&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Updated European guidelines&lt;/a&gt; no longer make that recommendation. Regardless (outside of disease related reasons for choosing or avoiding a specific drug class) the best approach is to find and stick with a drug or combination that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29133354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brings blood pressure to the desired target&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, for anyone who might be reading this and wondering why a particular combination of antihypertensive drugs were chosen in their case, these drugs are generally given to reduce the risk of vascular and heart disease (e.g., heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and others). They target a disease determinant, blood pressure. There are goals related to that determinant, but the primary goal is downstream of the elevated blood pressure. Because of this, there are sometimes reasons to choose a drug that is more effective at preventing the end point of concern for a particular individual. These reasons might not be explained to a patient. I wish we were better at this. Some medications provide nice immediate positive feedback when taken and some don't. I've often seen patients who were put on a beta-blocker after a heart attack stop taking it, and I have to explain that their cardiologist didn't put them on the beta blocker to help them feel better, but to keep them from dying. You can read about this in a very dry, slightly impenetrable format in the most recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29133354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US guidelines&lt;/a&gt;, and in, I think, a more readable format in Cecil Medicine Ch 67. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-19T21:45:29.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17722" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17725" CreationDate="2018-10-20T09:01:52.213" Score="0" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to find out if the break-the-glass method is really needed where an emergency physician would use it to access a patient's electronic health record in the event of an emergency. Since an emergency physician would be treating patients that are not theirs, this would result in the emergency physician using the break-the-glass method the majority of the time unless the patient being treated has been treated by the physician in a non-emergency situation such as a GP visit. On the other hand, the break-the-glass method should not be over used, but it seems that it would be overused in an emergency situation and so this is why I am asking if it is really necessary in an emergency situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14968" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T20:26:07.337" Title="Necessity of break-the-glass for accessing patient electronic health records in emergency" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-10-26T07:50:21.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14096" CreationDate="2018-10-20T09:07:58.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It will most likely depend on the location of the injury if there's tension (joint areas) and not the depth, size or type of injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;There is evidence suggesting that increased mechanical tension can initiate hypertrophic scars formation.Based on this hypothesis, it makes sense to minimize mechanical forces after surgery. Surgical excision scars should be positioned along, rather than across, relaxed skin tension lines whenever possible&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also &quot;Inflammation is also known to contribute to hypertrophic scarring, and every attempt to minimize the inflammatory response should be made by ascertaining clean surgery and good wound care to prevent infection thereafter. Using inert suture materials is also important in this context&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:(lifted from)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update on hypertrophic scar treatment&#xA;Felipe Bettini Rabello, Cleyton Dias Souza, and Jayme Adriano Farina Júnior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129552/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129552/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="14957" LastEditDate="2018-10-20T15:34:27.590" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T15:34:27.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17722" CreationDate="2018-10-20T20:12:31.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think there is a misunderstanding of the circumstances to which &quot;break the glass&quot; applies, or perhaps the rules by which physicians nurses and other patient care professionals are granted access to patient records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding accessing the chart in general, annual training is given to physicians and hospital staff on the laws and regulations (for example under &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/consumers/privacy-security-electronic-records.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIPAA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act&lt;/a&gt;) that no one is allowed to even open a patient chart without specific reasons for doing so - such as direct patient care or billing.  These rules are a professionalism expectation, and any EMR (electronic medical record) keeps a record of access that can be traced.  Additionally, EMR can restrict who can view what.  For example, in one of the most prevalent EMRs called EPIC, the interface differs between users' job roles such that access to some areas in the chart is not even available for some users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the US medical system EMRs, &quot;Break the Glass&quot; is a mechanism within the EMR chart where it requires a two-step process (justification and signature) to view certain data in a chart, or other circumstances such as open a chart of a patient who has died.  For most physician access, it is most commonly used when accessing any psychology or psychiatry notes; in that case one justification selection is &quot;for direct patient care.&quot; However, note that psychiatric meds will still appear in the medications list, and psychiatric diagnoses will appear in the problems list.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is assumed that a physician or nurse will only open a chart for whom they are participating in care, &lt;strong&gt;thus an ER physician will have full access to the EMR chart for a patient they are taking care of, and would only need to do the &quot;break the glass&quot; procedure to gain access to psych notes - and would only do so if it is pertinent to the visit.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a patient registers to be seen at an ER, some of this is explained in the terms of treatment paperwork that they have to sign.  An unconscious patient situation has unique laws and regulations that apply, including assumed consent for chart access for reasons of health and life preservation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't assume, however, that EMR between institutions communicate with each other.  The technology to do so, although it's been possible since the 1980s, has not been implemented between most healthcare organizations.  Even within the same city, they still don't often interface.  If you go to a new hospital, they likely have access to zero medical information on you.  This can be a significant barrier to continuity of care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some information on HIPAA and its application to EMR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicine.yale.edu/ymadmin/news/summer2012/epic_hipaa.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicine.yale.edu/ymadmin/news/summer2012/epic_hipaa.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/consumers/privacy-security-electronic-records.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/consumers/privacy-security-electronic-records.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-10-20T20:26:07.337" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T20:26:07.337" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16864" CreationDate="2018-10-20T21:06:39.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heave menstruation can be a pathology, which is called menorrhagia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a multitude of medication available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), help reduce menstrual blood loss. NSAIDs have the added benefit of relieving painful menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tranexamic acid (Lysteda) only needs to be taken during the menstrual phase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oral contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles apart from being birth control.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The hormone progesterone can help correct hormone imbalance and thus reduce menorrhagia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intrauterine devices can release a type of progestin called levonorgestrel, which makes the uterine lining thin and decreases menstrual blood flow and cramping.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352834&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: MayoClinic.org&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/255540-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedScpae.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is something to consult a gynaecologist with. Menorrhagia can also lead to anaemia (a decrease of red blood cells in the blood), if the body can't keep up with the heavy bleeding. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-10-20T21:06:39.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16861" CreationDate="2018-10-21T14:27:54.763" Score="8" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Brief background&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 2 major types of vaccines, passive and active vaccines. Passive vaccines are simply &amp;quot;antibodies&amp;quot; to fight off disease and active vaccines are &amp;quot;dead/weakened/components(e.g. proteins)&amp;quot; of the offending agent to allow your body to produce your own antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same is true for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/tetanus/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;anti tetanus&lt;/a&gt;, (which may come in different mixtures) tetanus toxoid is an active vaccine which is given to adults if it has been 10 years from your previous booster or unrecalled date of the last dose.  Tetanus immune globulin(igtet) is the passive form. For anti-rabies, we use ARV(anti-rabies vaccine/active) and ERIG/HRIG(passive vaccine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-HARRISON'S principles of Internal Medicine 18th ed Tetanus pg. 1199&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, you may take at least 2-4 injections depending on your previous vaccinations and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;what category your animal bite injury is.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mixing vaccines in one syringe&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;No vaccines should ever be mixed in the same syringe unless the&#xA;combination has been specifically approved by the FDA.&amp;quot;&#xA;-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/administering-vaccines.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;immunize.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is prudent to give in separate limbs (if possible), so there is no&#xA;confusion about which vaccine caused an allergic reaction.&#xA;-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/administering-vaccines.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;immunize.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Diluting or mixing a biological product with other components or&#xA;repackaging a biological product by removing it from its approved&#xA;container-closure system and transferring it to another&#xA;container-closure system is highly likely to affect the safety or&#xA;effectiveness of the biological product&amp;quot; -FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm434176.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjVm6T82ZfeAhUIoVMKHcvIDcAQFjAMegQIBhAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3JhXSylUhGgpxA-lWJ5Zxn&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;link to FDA protocol,&#xA;PDF&#xA;file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Giving vaccines on a schedule &lt;sub&gt;(lifted from OP's provided link)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;The rabies vaccine is made up of the dead rabies virus. When it is&#xA;injected into your body, your immune system it immediately starts to&#xA;produce antibodies to fight off the perceived infection. Multiple&#xA;shots ensure that the levels of antibodies remain elevated so that&#xA;even if the live virus is already in your system, the antibodies will&#xA;neutralize it.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-HARRISON'S principles of Internal Medicine 18th ed Rabies pg. 1615&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cdc.gov, immunize.org, who.int, fda.gov&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;P.S.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anti-tetanus vaccine schedule is in the provided link and I lifted the answer from OP to give a short preview of the answer. A total of 3-5 injections if we include antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T18:43:45.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-21T15:18:43.713" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of people are concious about taking medicines by seeing the mg level of medicines as they think that high mg of medicine can effect their body so they limit the use of medicine of high mg instead of that they ask their physicians to give them low mg medicines. So is there any effect of mg level on body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14916" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T04:12:08.633" Title="How does total mg of medicines effect human body?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14204" CreationDate="2018-10-21T16:34:38.230" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=errjs0bN0_U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=errjs0bN0_U&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the answer to this question. I felt it necessary after so long to post something that explained this for everyone. Please watch, this video is great for med students and is more informative than any text anyone on here can provide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2675" LastActivityDate="2018-10-21T16:34:38.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17731" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17728" CreationDate="2018-10-21T17:38:00.450" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is fundamentally flawed as it is based on a common misunderstanding about dosage. Every medication has a different &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;potency&lt;/a&gt;, which could be thought of as the # of mg required to have a clinically noticeable effect. This ranges from a tiny fraction of 1 mg to thousands of mg.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxicity&lt;/a&gt; level similarly varies: drug A that is clinically effective at 0.075 mg daily might reach toxic levels with just 0.5 mg daily, whereas drug B that is clinically effective at 2,000 mg daily might not reach toxic levels until exceeding 4,000 mg daily.  There is not a standard ratio of potency to toxicity either; it depends on multiple factors and can be looked up for each medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore the # of mg can NOT be compared between different medications. You cannot compare whether a drug is better or worse for you based on the absolute # of mg you need to take of it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to say it is that just because you only have to take 0.075 mg of Drug A doesn't mean it is better for you than 2,000 mg of Drug B.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-10-21T18:50:23.727" LastActivityDate="2018-10-21T18:50:23.727" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-21T18:22:10.787" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for a place to find the original (initial) brand name of every psychotropic medication when it was first introduced (internationally, not necessarily in the US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in branded generics but I keep stumbling upon them everywhere I look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14976" LastActivityDate="2018-10-21T18:22:10.787" Title="Where can I find the original brand names of every psychotropic medication?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14096" CreationDate="2018-10-21T19:46:52.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Another factor that comes into play is related to the individual, and not just the location, type, and severity of the injury.  For example, some connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (particularly classical type), can make you higher risk for hypertrophic, atrophic, and keloid scarring.  Depending on the severity of skin involvement, even relatively minor injuries can result in such types of scarring.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14979" LastActivityDate="2018-10-21T19:46:52.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-22T06:50:23.217" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can strenuous or exhaustive exercises in old age damage motor neurons like in post-polio syndrome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those with post-polio syndrome are advised to do moderate but not strenuous or exhaustive exercises. The concern is that it can damage the nerves. The theory is that when motor neurons enlarge too much, they can be overstressed and even killed.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.polioplace.org/living-with-polio/how-exercise-if-you-are-living-post-polio-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.polioplace.org/living-with-polio/how-exercise-if-you-are-living-post-polio-syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since aging leads to a loss of motor neurons and the enlargement of the surviving ones to reinnervate the orphaned muscle fibres, wouldn't improper exercises damage the neurons and increase weaknesses like in post-polio syndrome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12471" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T06:50:23.217" Title="Can strenuous or exhaustive exercises in old age weaken muscles like in post-polio syndrome?" Tags="&lt;polio&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5816" CreationDate="2018-10-22T09:16:23.067" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, we will look at the physiological process of Starvation, conversion of food as energy and how the human body uses that energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conversion of food/Digestion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Digestion of food starts in the mouth where our enzymes in our saliva start breaking down starch. Food is mainly digested by acid and other enzymes in the stomach to further break down food to a more absorbable form and finally absorbed in the intestines. This is with an exemption to fat which can be only absorbed with the presence of bile for fat emulsification in the duodenum (the part where bile ducts enter the 1st part of small intestine). Nutrients absorbed from food can be classified into Fat, Glucose/Sugar, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, and Electrolytes. In this context, we will focus on Fat, Sugar, and Proteins which makes up food calories we eat that are used as energy. -excerpt from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622968/?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Physiology of Digestion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physiology of Starvation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our bodies maintain a particular level of glucose in the blood to maintain normal biological processes. That level varies from an individual but there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes_care/blood-sugar-level-ranges.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;normal range&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blood-glucose level is kept at or above 80 mg/dl by three major factors: (1) the mobilization of glycogen and the release of glucose by the liver, (2) the release of fatty acids by adipose tissue, and (3) the shift in the fuel used from glucose to fatty acids by muscle and the liver. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemistry, 5th edition: Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Energy metabolism during Starvation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each Organ Has a Unique Metabolic Profile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brain. Glucose is virtually the sole fuel for the human brain, except during prolonged starvation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fatty acids do not serve as fuel for the brain, because they are bound to albumin in plasma and so do not traverse the blood-brain barrier. In starvation, ketone bodies generated by the liver partly replace glucose as fuel for the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prolonged starvation can cause increased amounts of ketones in the body to maintain normal brain functioning. There has been a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219306/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study that giving ketones have improved brain functioning in patients with traumatic brain injuries.&lt;/a&gt; Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874681/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study claims&#xA;that ketone bodies play a neuroprotective role during starvation.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;P.S.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked into the description of the book you've read (&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Unbroken is a testament to the resilience of the human mind, body, and spirit.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;). The answer seems to be &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;will&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;spirit&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;. Or it could just be ketones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common misnomer with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ketosis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://wikem.org/wiki/Starvation_ketoacidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;starvation ketoacidosis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetic ketoacidosis&lt;/a&gt; which have very different outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T09:16:23.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17719" CreationDate="2018-10-22T10:20:14.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Arthralgia is one of trientine dihydrochloride adverse effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Mild adverse effects:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;rash (unspecified) / Early / Incidence not known&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;arthralgia / Delayed / Incidence not known&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;pyrosis (heartburn) / Early / Incidence not known&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;abdominal pain / Early / Incidence not known&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;diarrhea / Early / Incidence not known&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.e-lactancia.org/media/papers/trientine-DS-PDR2016.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prescriber's digital reference/ PDR.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Unlike penicillamine, trientine hydrochloride is not recommended in cystinuria or rheumatoid arthritis.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;In 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, trientine hydrochloride was reported not to be effective in improving any clinical or biochemical parameter after 12 weeks of treatment.&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=89970c97-2535-4856-b155-62d195b5147c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dailymed.nlm.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02426905&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ongoing study on this&lt;/a&gt; with regards to use of trientine hydrochloride vs penicillamine but unfortunately, the website is not updated with the result of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Please consult your doctor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Additional reads: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Triethylenetetramine_dihydrochloride#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pubchem.ncbi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T10:20:14.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7050" CreationDate="2018-10-22T17:28:27.213" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gauge sizes do affect the red blood cells (RBCs). However, this mostly applies in the high range with 23 gauge needles (and higher) predisposing the sample to hemolysis (the destruction of RBCs) which causes problems for some blood tests (namely the CBC). Large needles come with problems of their own like an increased risk of creating a tear in the blood vessel with associated pain etc. and failure to acquire the blood sample. These large needles are currently only recommended for blood donation, both to prevent hemolysis but also to speed up the donation process since they allow more blood flow than smaller needles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short, large needles are not without their own problems so needles that are smaller should be used for most blood sampling. However, this may create problems if the needle is very small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44294/9789241599221_eng.pdf;jsessionid=2CACD0158916EFB2547F59A71224EC01?sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;WHO phlebotomy guidelines&quot;&gt;WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices is Phlebotomy, 2010.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastActivityDate="2018-10-22T17:28:27.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17747" PostTypeId="6" CreationDate="2018-10-23T00:22:59.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been a moderator pro tempore on The Site Formerly Known As Health for over 3 years, and I would love to continue serving the members of this site's community. Although I am not a medical professional, I believe that my curiosity and passion for learning give me the ability to moderate Medical Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have one of the highest reputations on this site, and although I have not been contributing as much content to the site recently, I have been consistently checking the moderator flag and review queues since I joined this site when it was first created. I try to be fair and friendly in my moderation and believe that I have done well at this during my time as a moderator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am excited for the new direction in which this site is heading, as the time on this site so far has been hectic at points with both legal and community problems causing issues on the site. I hope that with this new election we can make this site a great source of knowledge for everyone on the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="26" LastEditorUserId="26" LastEditDate="2018-10-23T00:22:59.877" LastActivityDate="2018-10-23T00:22:59.877" CommentCount="5" CommunityOwnedDate="2018-10-23T00:22:59.877" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-23T13:55:36.267" Score="1" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two  or three membrane sweeps are offered to overdue mothers in weeks 40 and 41 to start labour. Is it advisable to skip the first membrane sweep at week 40 and simply wait for a week, or does this decrease the probability of “spontaneous labour”, therefore leading to a higher chance of other means of induction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the literature I found looks at the efficacy of sweeps (vs. no sweep at all). They find that yes, sweeps are useful for bringing on labour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00870.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dutch study utilising repeated membrane sweeps&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000451.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I did find an &lt;a href=&quot;https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09348.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RCT&lt;/a&gt; that indicated that 40-week sweeps increased the effectiveness of 41-week sweeps: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;one week later (at 39 weeks). However, nulliparous women had previously seemed to benefit most from sweeping of the membrane.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  We think that weekly sweeping puts women in a pre-labour situation where irregular contractions have a cervical ripening effect. This may explain why our women assigned to sweeping of the membranes had a higher Bishop score on admission and a lower induction rate. &lt;em&gt;Multiple sweeping may therefore be more effective that single sweeping.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  This latter finding is in line with a recent randomised trial where women allocated to sweeping underwent a single sweep at 38 to 40 weeks of gestation and where no significant difference was found in the proportions of women who started labour spontaneously within seven days or before 41 weeks. &lt;em&gt;However, a single sweep performed post-term was effective in promoting spontaneous labour.&lt;/em&gt; The timing of sweeping of the membranes may therefore be important. Future trials should aim at elucidating the optimum gestational age at which sweeping of the membranes should start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think according to this study single sweeps before 41+0 are less effective than single sweeps after, but these authors seem to think that the pre-41 week sweeps may improve efficacy of the post-41 sweep. I'm curious if others draw the same conclusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14991" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-26T21:44:25.853" LastActivityDate="2018-10-26T21:44:25.853" Title="Does the likelihood of spontaneous labour increase with every membrane sweep?" Tags="&lt;birth&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17749" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17752" CreationDate="2018-10-23T17:35:07.477" Score="7" ViewCount="676" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm translating a Russian text and one of the sentences goes like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Среди сывороток были образцы с гемолизом и &lt;strong&gt;липемией&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The serum samples contained samples with hemolysis and &lt;strong&gt;lipaemia&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that it might be good to translate the word as &lt;strong&gt;hyperlipidemia&lt;/strong&gt;, because sometimes Russian authors use dated terminology in their texts, and &quot;hyperlipidemia&quot; is more widely used in English. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there might be some difference between the two terms of which I could be unaware. Is there any difference, and what might it be? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2018-10-23T20:00:39.960" Title="Is lipaemia the same as hyperlipidemia?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17749" CreationDate="2018-10-23T19:28:17.137" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the context refers to a serum sample, and it sounds like a low quality one, you should use lipemia (or, the british variant lipaemia), not hyperlipidemia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4071188/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for an example of the context where this is used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia (HIL) in patient specimens may interfere with the accurate measurement of various analytes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-23T19:28:17.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17749" CreationDate="2018-10-23T19:28:42.370" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are not really synonymous. Despite &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Lipaemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some sites claiming them to be&lt;/a&gt;. Compare &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hyperlipidemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the usage on this site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipaemia is describing lab artifacts, that is roughly too much fat in the blood sample &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b5530&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;that interferes&lt;/a&gt; with other tests and measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperlipidemia is what is wanted to get measured in a blood sample, that is lipo-proteins or roughly: cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clin Chim Acta. 2013 Mar 15;418:30-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.029. Epub 2013 Jan 8.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23313055&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lipaemia: causes, consequences and solutions.&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Walker PL, Crook MA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The detection of lipaemia in a patient blood sample can be a clinical conundrum as well as an analytical nuisance. With a reported prevalence of 0.7% in all blood samples received for lipid studies its finding has been suggested to be an underappreciated problem &lt;a href=&quot;https://vascular.org/patient-resources/vascular-conditions/hyperlipidemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;. Its presence can have a significant impact on the validity of a number of routine blood tests. The intention of this report is to outline the causes of lipaemia, the clinical and analytical consequences of its presence and some of the tools the laboratory employ to reduce its effects. Both laboratory professionals and clinicians should have an appreciation of the analytical and clinical impact lipaemia may confer on routine biochemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vascular.org/patient-resources/vascular-conditions/hyperlipidemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hyperlipidemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ALSO CALLED     Hypercholesterolemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, elevated cholesterol, elevated cholesterol levels&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By Gregory L. Moneta&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Hyperlipidemia is an umbrella term that refers to any of several acquired or genetic disorders that result in a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides) circulating in the blood. These lipids can enter the walls of arteries and increase your risk of developing atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), which can lead to stroke, heart attack and the need to amputate. The risk of atherosclerosis is higher if you smoke, or if you have or develop diabetes, high blood pressure and kidney failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-10-23T20:00:39.960" LastActivityDate="2018-10-23T20:00:39.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17719" CreationDate="2018-10-24T08:18:24.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a review of this treatment by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.engage.england.nhs.uk/consultation/trientine-for-wilson-disease/user_uploads/evidence-review-trientine-dihydrochloride-wilsons-disease.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NICE&lt;/a&gt; and although they mention arthralgia, they don't mention arthritis.  However, joint degeneration is rarely seen in Wilson disease, and there is also an osseomuscular presentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the data we have it's unlikely that it's related to treatment, and speculating on the cause is off topic here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-017-0818-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-017-0818-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T08:18:24.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17756" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17757" CreationDate="2018-10-24T11:17:38.697" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we have a series of assessment of lesion for some patient, how is it called in English? Looks like the study term is used for every single assessment(visit). How the whole series is called?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14998" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T12:07:08.930" Title="What is the name of term for series of studies for the same patient?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17756" CreationDate="2018-10-24T12:07:08.930" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/work-up&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Collins Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Workup&lt;/strong&gt; is a complete medical study of a patient, including a thorough examination, laboratory tests, a survey of the patient's case&#xA;  history, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-workup#showall&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;eMedicine&lt;/a&gt; you can see an example of a workup for gallstones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T12:07:08.930" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17758" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17762" CreationDate="2018-10-24T14:25:41.967" Score="-2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Breathing in mercury is extremely bad and can have consequences for your whole remaining life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's the property of mercury to evaporate at room temperature, which is why it can get harmful so easily. Evaporated mercury gets breathed in, which then gets into the blood which then gets into the brain and can result in sleep dissorders, paralysis and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But when it gets injected directly into the body - it gets directly into the blood and into the brain - what can be the causes of that? Or how harmful can it be when mercury gets injected (even in very small dosis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15001" LastActivityDate="2018-10-25T12:51:59.977" Title="breathing in versus injecting mercury (the gas)" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17759" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17760" CreationDate="2018-10-24T18:40:27.240" Score="5" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;The circulatory system can be divided into two cycles, a pulmonary circulation and a systemic circulation. As the right ventricle only needs to supply the lungs with deoxygenated blood, the muscle is much weaker. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, because 10% of the blood serum gets absorbed into the lymphatic system in the capillaries and is only reabsorbed at the venous angle, the right ventricle effectively only needs to pump 90% of the blood through it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ICgAq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ICgAq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The volumetric flow rate is proportional to the blood pressure, hence I would expect the blood pressure in the right ventricle to be lower than in the left ventricle (where it is standardly 120mmHg). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how high is the blood pressure in the right ventricle effectively? Is it at 90% and thus 108mmHg? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T20:01:49.593" Title="What is the blood pressure within the right ventricle?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17759" CreationDate="2018-10-24T19:36:39.467" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like the left ventricle, the right ventricle goes through a contractile cycle: at diastole, the pressure is near zero (and must be &amp;lt;0 relative to the right atrium, or it wouldn't fill with blood); at systole the pressure is maximal and drops quickly upon the end of contraction and closure of the pulmonary valve. &lt;strong&gt;Healthy right ventricular systolic pressure is typically less than 40 mmHg&lt;/strong&gt; - far less than healthy peak left ventricular pressure which is normally stated as around 120 mmHg (like the right ventricle, the left ventricle is only briefly at such a high pressure; it decreases after the aortic valve closes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is this so different from the left ventricle?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar to electricity, where &lt;em&gt;voltage&lt;/em&gt; is a function of &lt;em&gt;current&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;resistance&lt;/em&gt; (V=I*R), in a fluid system &lt;em&gt;pressure&lt;/em&gt; is a function of &lt;em&gt;flow&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;resistance&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peak systolic pressure in the right ventricle is most related to &lt;em&gt;resistance in the lungs&lt;/em&gt;; peak systolic pressure in the left ventricle is most related to &lt;em&gt;resistance in the rest of the body&lt;/em&gt;. Typically, resistance in the lungs is much much lower than resistance in the rest of the body, but medical conditions that cause increased resistance in the lungs can cause pulmonary hypertension (which will also mean hypertension in the right ventricle).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resistance in a vascular system is a function of both the total cross-sectional diameter of the vessels, and the length of the vessels. The path to the lungs from the heart is fairly short, and there is a very dense capillary bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But what about the lymphatic system and differences in flow?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lymphatic system doesn't factor in much at all, the volume of blood pumped by the right and left ventricles (and therefore flow) is almost exactly the same: the only exception would be any amount of fluid lost in the lungs (your diagram shows this with fluid entering the lymph system in the pulmonary circulation), which would actually mean &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; fluid pumped by the left versus the right. The presence of the lymphatic system only reduces the amount of flow through the distal veins: as your diagram shows the fluid is returned to the bloodstream prior to arriving in the right ventricle. There is no place for &quot;extra&quot; fluid to enter only the left-side circulation without first passing through the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currie, P. J., Seward, J. B., Chan, K. L., Fyfe, D. A., Hagler, D. J., Mair, D. D., ... &amp;amp; Tajik, A. J. (1985). Continuous wave Doppler determination of right ventricular pressure: a simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study in 127 patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 6(4), 750-756.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McLaughlin, V. V., Archer, S. L., Badesch, D. B., Barst, R. J., Farber, H. W., Lindner, J. R., ... &amp;amp; Rubin, L. J. (2009). ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on expert consensus documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53(17), 1573-1619.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rudski, L. G., Lai, W. W., Afilalo, J., Hua, L., Handschumacher, M. D., Chandrasekaran, K., ... &amp;amp; Schiller, N. B. (2010). Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography: endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 23(7), 685-713.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-10-24T20:01:49.593" LastActivityDate="2018-10-24T20:01:49.593" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17758" CreationDate="2018-10-25T12:06:26.833" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem here is the over-simplified (and inaccurate) idea that Thiomersal = mercury, it's &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt;, rather it is a compound (chemical formula: C&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;HgNaO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S) that has mercury atoms in it's molecules, the mercury vapors (Hg) are a different thing, chemically speaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that mercury and Thiomersal will behave very differently in chemical terms, Thiomersal is metabolised by the body into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylmercury&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ethylmercury&lt;/a&gt; (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;Hg+) which is eliminated from both the body and the brain &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280342/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;relatively quickly&lt;/a&gt; and does not bioaccumulate. Unlikle &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmercury&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;methylmercury&lt;/a&gt; (CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Hg+) which is the organic mecury formed from inorganic mercury sources such as the aforementioned mercury vapors or ingesting liquid mercury) which stays in the body up to five times longer (offering significant opportunity for bioaccumulation in the food chain - most human exposure to methylmercury comes from eating fish such as swordfish, big-eye tuna and king mackerel).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While Thiomersal itself can be quite toxic itself (which of course is exactly why it works so well as a preservative) as the old axiom states &quot;the dose maketh the poison&quot; and you need &lt;em&gt;much&lt;/em&gt; higher doses that what is contained in vaccines to create adverse health effects in humans. And with the fact that it is eliminated completely from the body and doesn't bioaccumulate it's not a case that you need to worry about any cumulative effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The removal of Thiomersal from childhood vaccines (it's still in single-vial forms of some flu vaccines) in the US/Europe (some other countries still use the variant of MMR that contains Thiomersal) was prompted (at least in part) by a mistaken presumption that ethylmercury would behave in the body in the same way that methylmercury does. Which we now know not to be the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to inject &lt;em&gt;elemental&lt;/em&gt; mercury, then you'd be in the same situation as breathing in the vapors - even small doses can be dangerous because it metabolizes in to methylmercury and bioaccumulates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NB:&lt;/strong&gt; On a related note the distinction between ethyl- and methylmercury is what makes the chelation therapy some quacks/scam artists prescribe for autism to be doubly ineffective (not to mention it's potentially lethal effects!) because not only is autism not caused by mercury-poisoning but the mercury they are trying to chelate out is no longer even in the body in the first place!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-10-25T12:51:59.977" LastActivityDate="2018-10-25T12:51:59.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-25T17:18:02.170" Score="4" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before the seasonal flu vaccine was recommended for all healthy adults, people in developed countries might get vaccinated against on the order of 10 different pathogens and develop immunity for some more via natural exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the same person is expected to take a seasonal flu vaccine for a new strain every year - won't this put them in an uncharted territory as far as effects on the immune systems are concerned within a couple of decades?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15006" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-10-25T21:35:00.877" LastActivityDate="2018-10-26T22:56:35.230" Title="What are the limits on the amount of pathogens that a body can be immune to at any given time?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17764" CreationDate="2018-10-25T18:44:23.323" Score="9" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Won't this (having a flu vaccine every year) put them in an uncharted territory as far as effects on the immune systems are concerned within a couple of decades?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are exposed to and develop a memory response to many, many more pathogens than vaccines. Your collective immune memory from natural exposure to a pathogen is much, much larger than from vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effective vaccines reproduce the immune response of exposure to a pathogen (see the CDC pink book, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/prinvac.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chapter 1&lt;/a&gt;). Some use specific subgroups of antigens important for protective immunity, some use killed viruses that don't replicate in the host, and others use live attenuated viruses that replicate, but don't cause disease. The number of vaccines you get is much smaller than the number of different antigens you are exposed to. Considering the common cold alone, the incidence in the US is 6 per person year for children, 2 per person year for adults without exposure to children (see Cecil Medicine Ch. 369). Each of these exposures involves many different antigens. Vaccine related immune memory is  a drop in the bucket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond this, the basic premise (that you have a small amount of immune memory storage relative to the number of vaccines you receive) is wrong. There are over 3 billion B-cells in your body at any given time, with about 100 million different B cell receptors. This repertoire of antigen receptors is enough to match every single (or nearly every single, depending on who you ask) possible macromolecular antigen. For a protein, or protein conjugated antigen, the product of that match can produce long lived high affinity memory B cells, and long lived high affinity plasma cells. Your immune system has the memory capacity to deal with a great deal more antigens than the number of vaccines.  You can read about these basic immunology details in Sompayrac's How the Immune System Works (Chapter 1 gives the numbers I've discussed here, and discusses how the repertoire of antigen receptors matches up with the number of possible antigens). Other basic immunology texts (e.g., Abbas, Janeway) cover the same, but can be a little more dense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-10-26T22:56:35.230" LastActivityDate="2018-10-26T22:56:35.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17766" PostTypeId="6" CreationDate="2018-10-25T18:50:45.587" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been active here since shortly after the exchange was created in 2015. &#xA;I was an EMT for 15 years, CEO of an ambulance service for eight years, and although I'm not a physician I have a lifelong abiding interest in medicine. I study and learn continually because medicine is continuously evolving. I am well known on several other medical forums outside of StackExchange. I'm an associate editor for &lt;em&gt;The Afib Report&lt;/em&gt; and a patient advocate for a large cardiology center.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the second highest reputation on MedSci. My stats look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;~361k people reached&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;117 posts edited&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;174 helpful flags&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;2,044 votes cast&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only one of my flags was ever declined, and that post was eventually deleted anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My philosophy of moderation will be the less I do, the better. Most moderation should be by the community, not moderators. I will strongly enforce the &lt;em&gt;Be Nice&lt;/em&gt; policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be more tolerant of comments than some moderators. I agree that answers shouldn't be in comments, but my response to that will be to suggest turning the comment into an answer rather than just deleting it. I've seen many good answers come about that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-10-25T18:50:45.587" LastActivityDate="2018-10-25T18:50:45.587" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2018-10-25T18:50:45.587" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-27T14:26:06.040" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically advice seems (for the non-medical professional) to state recommended dietary fibre in absolute mass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if it is more accurate to state recommended dietary fibre in terms of the quantity of food being eaten? Perhaps as a percentage of the mass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning behind this is simply that dietary fibre seems less to do with obtaining nutrients, but more to do with the physical consistency of food / bolus / chyme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15012" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T17:23:30.157" Title="Should ideal dietary fibre quantities relate to the amount of food one consumes?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;colon&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-27T21:48:34.723" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;What mechanisms can create fever and severe headaches lasting for a week and NOT be accompanied by any indication of inflammation in blood tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What diagnostic tests would be used to make a diagnosis, apart from a CT of the head and lumbar puncture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15013" LastEditorUserId="15013" LastEditDate="2018-10-31T12:30:04.317" LastActivityDate="2018-10-31T12:30:04.317" Title="Fever and severe headache without inflammation markers" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2018-10-29T15:54:29.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-27T23:07:58.777" Score="2" ViewCount="219" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a detailed table of normal values for NCS (nerve conduction studies) for the various arm nerves - ulnar, median, radial; including both motor and sensory component of each nerve; latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity; and various points of measurement on each nerve (above elbow, below elbow, wrist, etc....)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11915" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T17:48:53.133" Title="What are normal values for EMG/nerve conduction studies?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17776" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-28T13:18:49.410" Score="-1" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long story short, is the energy value listed on the foods nutritional label a fixed value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food labels indicate macro-nutrients (carbs, proteins and fats). These values, in combination with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_system#Modified_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4-4-9 system&lt;/a&gt; energy calculation, provides the total energy that 100g of that food can provide.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This submit the &lt;em&gt;assumption&lt;/em&gt; that all of those macro-nutrients will be burnt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking about proteins: this kind of nutrients can be used as &lt;strong&gt;energy&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;building block&lt;/strong&gt; for our bodies.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean energy value listed on the nutritional food label is &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;strong&gt;maximum&lt;/strong&gt; energy intake? that is, energy calculation &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; undergo taking into account proteins burning.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it is &lt;strong&gt;inconsequential&lt;/strong&gt;? that is, whatever proteins destiny, our body extracts exactly that amount of energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T14:53:29.867" Title="Energy value from food: is it the maximum avail?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17782" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17773" CreationDate="2018-10-29T12:06:34.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Examples of conditions with fever and severe headache in which &lt;em&gt;inflammation is not involved or is not the main process:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caffeine overdose (&lt;a href=&quot;http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2018/bcr-2018-224185.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Thyroid storm&quot; - acute hyperthyropidism (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387892/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperparathyroidism, for example, due to adenoma of parathyroid glands (&lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/693417/primary-hyperparathyroidism-presenting-fever-unknown-origin-unremitting-headache&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cancers and tumors, such as lymphoma, brain tumors, pituitary adenoma (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/side-effects/headaches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer.net&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;em&gt;inflammatory&lt;/em&gt; conditions with fever and severe headache:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Temporal arteritis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/polymyalgia-rheumatica-temporal-arteritis#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE (&lt;a href=&quot;https://resources.lupus.org/entry/nervous-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infectious mononucleosis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/symptoms-of-mononucleosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from a CT and lumbar puncture, diagnostic tests can include blood tests for thyroxine and parathyroid hormone levels, blood and other tests for the mentioned cancers and blood tests for vasculitis (arteritis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T17:27:09.183" LastActivityDate="2018-10-29T17:27:09.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17776" CreationDate="2018-10-29T15:31:36.000" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The definition of a Calorie (Note the big C, a food calorie is actually a kilocalorie, or 1000 small calories) is simply the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To get this, originally foods were burned in a bomb calorimeter, and the calories determined by the rise in heat of the water. Now (At least in the United States), they are determined more indirectly using the Atwater system. (This was done to comply with federal labeling laws, that require it to be estimated from food components, so elements such as fiber were taken out). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia entry is decent&lt;/a&gt;, and has links to pages pointing out the flaws in the system, and there is a short &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-food-manufacturers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-food-manufacturers/&lt;/a&gt; as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as a summation, it is an estimation of the amount of food calories that are potentially in a food. As with anything, different people process in various efficiencies, so there is no true way to know how much actual energy you personally are getting out of a food item.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T15:53:47.203" LastActivityDate="2018-10-29T15:53:47.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17776" CreationDate="2018-10-29T16:57:32.047" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simplified from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF FOODS - ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS (FAO.org)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food energy can be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combustible&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;ingested energy&lt;/strong&gt; = theoretical maximum energy content of a food measured using bomb calorimetry (the energy you ingest)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Metabolizable energy (ME)&lt;/strong&gt; = ingested energy minus energy lost in feces by indigestible nutrients (the energy listed on nutrition labels)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Net metabolizable energy (NME)&lt;/strong&gt; = metabolizable energy minus energy converted into heat due to dietary-induced thermogenesis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparison of ME (from food labels) and NME (potentially fattening energy) in different macronutrients (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5022E/y5022e04.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAO.org, table 3.3.&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protein&lt;/strong&gt; (Calories/gram): ME = 4, NME = 3.2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fat:&lt;/strong&gt; ME = 9, NME = 9&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrates:&lt;/strong&gt; ME = 4, NME = 4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary fiber:&lt;/strong&gt; ME = 2 (but wrongly counted as 4 on food labels), NME = 1.4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alcohol:&lt;/strong&gt; ME = 7, NME = 6.3&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On food labels, &lt;em&gt;dietary fiber&lt;/em&gt; is listed under carbohydrates as having 4 Cal/g, but its ME is only 2 Cal/g and NME only 1.4 Cal/g. So, a certain carbohydrate food that has a lot of fiber can have significantly less energy than stated on the food label.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The metabolic energy (ME) of &lt;em&gt;individual amino acids in proteins&lt;/em&gt; can vary from 2 to 6 Cal/g (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20915822_Energy_content_of_diets_of_variable_amino_acid_composition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;). Most proteins contain most amino acids, but in different proportions. I haven't found, so far, if this results in significantly different caloric value of various proteins, such as in beef and egg white protein, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; net metabolic energy (NME), which is potentially fattening energy, tends to be lower than metabolic energy (ME) stated on the food labels, at least for proteins, dietary fiber and alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NME of certain nutrients can further differ due to personal factors, such as age, state of health, etc. and nutrient combinations (e.g., fiber can slightly inhibit the absorption of fat) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/1602938&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Journal of Clinical Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;). So, Calories stated on the food labels are not fixed values, but, so far, I haven't found any evidence how could be this practically important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-10-30T14:53:29.867" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T14:53:29.867" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17790" CreationDate="2018-10-29T18:31:48.100" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;What type of flour is most effective at controlling blood sugar levels in diabetics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15018" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T23:44:34.380" LastActivityDate="2018-10-29T23:44:34.380" Title="What flour is best for diabetic person?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-29T19:07:38.333" Score="2" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past I have read a couple of times that one should not consume milk-based-products when taking certain medication for a certain amount of time before and after taking the product. To be a little bit more concrete, for certain types of Antibiotica this seems to be the case (Doxycyclin, etc.). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm of course completely fine with obeying that rule but as we're all humans and sometimes forget things, I wonder what I'm supposed to do if I accidentally drink a glass of milk and should take, let's say the Antibiotica, in the next hour. Should I run to my doctor? Or am I supposed to wait two/three hours and then take the medicine? Or should I just take it normally and hope that it works out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to look up the answer but besides some forum-posts there doesn't seem to be any kind of &quot;official&quot; statement (from a pharma company or something equivalent) about how to handle such a situation (or at least I wasn't able to find it). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone maybe explain what the right reaction in such a case would be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15019" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T20:02:43.763" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T21:10:38.030" Title="What to do if someone mistakenly ingests food contraindicated by medication requirements?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17787" CreationDate="2018-10-29T19:17:55.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dietary restrictions on medication are for a variety of reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Interactions that prevent absorption/action&lt;/em&gt; - this could include foods that somehow bind with the active ingredient of the drug and therefore limit it's action. The result could be similar to forgetting to take the medication at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Interactions that prevent enzymatic breakdown&lt;/em&gt; - these are common with certain liver enzymes that are involved in metabolism of drugs but can also be inhibited by foods. They could cause levels of the drug to build up to higher than expected levels because the active ingredient is not metabolized by the next dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Foods that cause similar effects to the drug&lt;/em&gt; - for example, drugs that cause drowsiness should typically not be taken with alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Because of the variety of reasons and uncertain level of severity for different drugs and different foods, all you should do is ask your doctor.&lt;/strong&gt; You could also ask your pharmacist: it is also their job to know about interactions with drugs and they may be able to advise you. Your healthcare provider may also have something like a nurse's hotline that you can call in to, and they can either help you directly or guide you to other resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2018-10-29T19:17:55.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17790" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17786" CreationDate="2018-10-29T22:29:18.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thediabetescouncil.com/20-healthy-flours/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20 Healthy Flours from Lowest to Highest Carbohydrates&lt;/a&gt;, whole grain or &quot;flour from nut and plant sources that are low in carbohydrates&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole grain helps to lower the glycemic index (GI), meaning that sugars are released more slowly.  Whereas the non grain flours have are  lower in carbohydrate, meaning less will be converted to sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Top 5 listed are &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Walnut Flour    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Almond Flour    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ground Flaxseed &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Soy Flour   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spelt Flour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11807" LastEditorUserId="11807" LastEditDate="2018-10-29T23:13:26.517" LastActivityDate="2018-10-29T23:13:26.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17787" CreationDate="2018-10-30T00:22:28.177" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doxycycline is a chelating agent.  As such it will form a metallo-tetracycline complex in the gut which is basically not absorbed.  So, you don't get the benefit of the tetracycline.  So, you should take them 3 hours before or after meals.  And if you have taken it with a glass of milk, the sensible thing to do is take it again after a few hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tetracyclines have a high affinity to form chelates with polyvalent metallic cations such as Fe+++, Fe++, Al+++, Mg++ and Ca++. Many of these tetracycline-metal complexes are either insoluble or otherwise poorly absorbable from the gastro-intestinal tract. Milk and other dairy products, antacids containing polyvalent cations, as well as various iron salts ingested simultaneously with tetracycline derivatives, might interfere with their absorption by 50 to 90% or even more. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946598&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946598&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T00:22:28.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17793" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17799" CreationDate="2018-10-30T13:54:08.183" Score="0" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many times I have seen that a persons mouth is forced shut due to the locking of the jaw muscles. You need to apply a lot of force in order to open the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cause is a disease that is very dangerous. So I like to know more about this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15018" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2018-11-02T08:02:37.170" LastActivityDate="2018-11-02T08:02:37.170" Title="If a person has lockjaw, what disease is he or she suffering from?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-11-02T20:53:30.073" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17798" CreationDate="2018-10-30T16:20:51.320" Score="2" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand diabetes can cause kidney problems. Are there any treatments or other preventative measures that can reduce or prevent kidney problems? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15018" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-10-30T16:44:21.630" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T08:00:08.080" Title="how do diabetics keep their kidney healthy?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17795" CreationDate="2018-10-30T16:45:43.420" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diabetes does cause kidney problems, and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease in industrialized world (see Cecil Medicine, Chapter 126, Diabetes and The Kidney).  Though neither fully prevents the development of kidney problems entirely, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9742976&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tight glucose control&lt;/a&gt; together with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054288&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood pressure control with an ACE-inhibitor or ARB&lt;/a&gt; slow the progression of kidney disease and reduce all cause mortality in diabetics. Early on, this is the mainstay of prevention and treatment (tight glucose control plus RAAS inhibition), but reduction of other risk factors plays an important role as well. Stopping smoking, exercising, and losing weight (while maintaining tight glucose control) are important steps (see Cecil Medicine, Ch 126, again).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T16:45:43.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17795" CreationDate="2018-10-30T20:49:11.723" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following are the recommendations from the Joslin Center for preserving renal function in diabetes mellitus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tight control of blood glucose levels (A1C less than 7 percent)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tight control of blood pressure: aim for lower than 130/80&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Control of lipids: LDL (“bad”) cholesterol should be less than 100 mg/dl, HDL (“good”) cholesterol should be above 50 mg/dl and triglycerides should be less than 150 mg/dl&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No cigarette smoking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood pressure-lowering drugs, such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are effective in protecting the kidney from damage if you have signs of diabetic kidney disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.joslin.org/info/how-to-prevent-kidney-disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.joslin.org/info/how-to-prevent-kidney-disease.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-10-30T20:49:11.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17793" CreationDate="2018-10-31T08:07:12.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is unclear. But I (and with me some others) think you are referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/tetanus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetanus&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, bacteria found in street dirt and animal dung (for example horse dung). The bacteria enters the wound through a dirty wound (for example a bike accident). It can be cured by a Tetanus vaccination that must be appllied in a few days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccination last for 10 to 15 years but is sometimes renewed within 7 years. If the victim is not vaccinated the disease can be deadly. One of the symptoms is muscle stiffness often started with the jaw muscles hence the name lock jaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2018-10-31T08:07:12.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17814" CreationDate="2018-10-31T18:01:27.757" Score="4" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there service online that provides the latest news based on a given ICD 10?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if a doctor is treating a patient with E10.9 he could view/search for the latest news on diabetes (drug news, treatments, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9360" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T05:31:09.327" Title="News by ICD 10 code?" Tags="&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-31T19:06:33.900" Score="8" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do medical laboratories determine accuracies for their blood tests that have numerical results (as opposed to specificities and sensitivities for tests with binary results)?  If so, where can I find these accuracies?  If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15035" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T00:19:48.097" Title="Do medical laboratories determine accuracies for their blood tests?" Tags="&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-10-31T20:40:57.773" Score="8" ViewCount="248" Body="&lt;p&gt;During PFTs (Pulmonary Function Testing), we take FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) and the divide it by FVC (Forced Vital Capacity). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is so special about FEV in one second, as opposed to a different quantity of time? Why don’t we measure FEV0.5 or FEV1.5?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15036" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-01T06:11:47.180" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T06:11:47.180" Title="What is the significance of 1 second in calculations of PFTs" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16463" CreationDate="2018-11-01T00:07:40.483" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do some proteins survive human digestion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Prions are misfolded proteins with abnormal tertiary or quaternary structures. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338008&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;That grants them resistance (to some extent, at least) to proteases (1)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, researchers believe that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199609193351218&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;prions are able to replicate (2)&lt;/a&gt;, by changing the structure of other proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3060169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;It has been shown that small quantities of intact proteins do cross the gastrointestinal tract in animals and adult humans (3)&lt;/a&gt;, and that this is a physiologically normal process required for antigen sampling by sub-epithelial immune tissue in the gut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, the resistance to the proteases and the ability to replicate in certain conditions might explain the odds of a prion crossing the gastrointestinal tract and infecting an individual.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338008&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24338008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199609193351218&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199609193351218&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3060169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3060169&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15037" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T00:07:40.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-01T04:41:24.870" Score="8" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the subclavian is guarded by the clavicle, you can't compress it with the transducer, and to see the vessel walls come together it is common practice to tell the patient to &quot;sniff&quot; or inhale quickly. This rapid inhalation obviously reduces intrathoracic pressure. But why would reducing intrathoracic pressure cause the subclavian vein to collapse? Shouldn't it dilate when this happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15038" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-01T06:22:12.930" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T02:15:54.727" Title="Ultrasound sniff test: why does lowering intrathoracic pressure collapse the subclavian vein?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17808" CreationDate="2018-11-01T05:31:09.327" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not by ICD10 code that I am aware of.  But there are for diagnoses, which is obviously what ICD10 codes for.  There are a variety of sites that bring together references by topic.  Most require a $subscription.  Some examples used in the USA include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;UpToDate (usually incorporates recent research into consensus report, but may lag behind new studies)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medscape (similarly may lag, look carefully at article date)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epocrates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dynamed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Societies like AAFP, AAP etc have by-topic research and guidelines &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pubmed (the ultimate hub for search by topic, results are scientific journals published)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some resources that are integrated into the EMR, depending on the EMR build, which might use ICD10 coding to query their database. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone finds something, definitely share it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T05:31:09.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17810" CreationDate="2018-11-01T05:46:54.447" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the case of spirometry, after taking the deepest possible breath, there are two values used most often:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FVC (forced vital capacity) is the total volume of air that the person can exhale.  There will still be some air in the lungs even after exhaling to the max possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FEV1 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/spirometry&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second&lt;/a&gt;) is how much air a person can exhale in 1 second when trying to exhale as fast as they can.  As you can see below, since the normal ratio of FEV1/FVC is 0.8, the majority of air can be expelled within one second normally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obstructive lung pathology, for example what happens in asthma and COPD, reduces the ability to rapidly expel air due to &quot;air trapping&quot; and therefore the FEV1 drops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restrictive patterns like fibrosis do not have that kind of air trapping, so the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or even higher than normal - but FEV1 is lower because the overall lung volume is lower due to the restrictive pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Of course this is a simplification; there are mixed patterns and fine details that are out of scope of this question.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your actual question about why exactly 1 second as opposed to 0.5 or 1.5 is most likely not answerable beyond the above.  Often during research on topics, values are chosen because they are simple to use, and then stick.  There are a number of odd values in physiology that were chosen by someone who researched it and now we all memorize it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dHOS8.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dHOS8.png&quot; alt=&quot;Spirometry patterns&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-01T05:52:22.287" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T05:52:22.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-01T07:12:31.720" Score="-3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;DHT may also has some roles in our bodies. If we keep its level as low as possible, I think it must begin to affect negatively. I'm specifically worrying about the negative effect regarding mind and mentality, since I'm a graduate student in science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the method of lowering DHT level, I think it may affect the testosterone concentration too, and it will certainly cause problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15039" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T18:14:54.263" Title="Is it okay to reduce DHT in my body?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-11-09T10:39:48.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-01T10:34:33.663" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have recently been a lot of TV documentaries, dramas, etc. covering the transgender community.  For example, there has recently been a short drama here in the UK called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7703440/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Butterfly&lt;/a&gt; and there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4523638/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I am Jazz&lt;/a&gt; which has so far followed &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Jennings&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jazz Jennings&lt;/a&gt;' journey for 13 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you look at the process that Jazz Jennings has had to go through (and still is going through) one part of the process was that she was provided &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty_blocker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;puberty blockers&lt;/a&gt; at an early age to prevent the growth of facial hair along with other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/stages-of-puberty-what-happens-to-boys-and-girls/#first-signs-of-puberty-in-boys&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;effects of male puberty&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_youth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transgender youth&lt;/a&gt; of both &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_binary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;binary sexes&lt;/a&gt; apply to the medical establishment to gain puberty blockers. The MedicalSciences.SE question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/9997&quot;&gt;What happens during puberty that causes the deepening &amp;amp; squeaking/cracking (dysphonia) of a male&amp;#39;s voice?&lt;/a&gt; talks about an increase in androgen during puberty and the Wikipedia page on puberty blockers I linked to discusses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gonadotropin-releasing hormone&lt;/a&gt; (GnRH) agonists (e.g., leuprorelin, histrelin) being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GnRH activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty or adolescence. Are different blockers used for each binary sex or is the same blocker used for both sex?  How long are these blockers used for? Is it lifetime?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T11:50:33.533" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T11:50:33.533" Title="Puberty Blockers for Transgender Youth" Tags="&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;&lt;puberty&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17816" CreationDate="2018-11-01T13:58:24.040" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem is that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) does much more than contribute to hair loss. It also plays a crucial role in male sexual development and mood regulation. When DHT levels are reduced, either intentionally or unintentionally, it can impact these functions in unwanted ways and cause: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Impotence,&#xA;Lower sex drive,&#xA;Difficulty achieving orgasm,&#xA;Abnormal ejaculation,&#xA;Gynecomastia (male breast development),&#xA;Depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these side effects only appear in a small minority of men. As with any medication, you should discuss with your hair loss physician whether DHT blockers or other pharmaceutical treatments offer a viable and effective option for addressing your hair loss issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481923/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481923/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064044/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064044/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5023004/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5023004/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339524/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339524/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15041" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-11-01T18:14:54.263" LastActivityDate="2018-11-01T18:14:54.263" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17809" CreationDate="2018-11-02T04:32:22.053" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE: I cannot give you any references in english, since the documentation I have to backup these claims is in Portuguese.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do medical laboratories determine accuracies for their blood tests that have numerical results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for a lab to be certified (in my country at least, but I reckon this is probably true for other countries), periodic calibrations and validations of the lab equipment and methodology are required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different types of tests require different methods of validation but they usually fall into two (very) broad categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Validation against a known substance/quantity;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: To check if the chlorine reader is working properly, you test the machine against a sealed vial containing a known concentration of chlorine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blind checks against the results of another certified labs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: Blood cell count (automatic or manual (by a human, on a microscope)). A blood sample is divided evenly into two vials and one is sent to another certified lab. Usually several measures of the same sub sample are performed, in order to reduce sampling error.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a lab to reach the maximum certification level, both types of tests are performed several times for each lab test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If so, where can I find these accuracies? If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the &quot;accuracy&quot;, it depends on many factors (method of collecting samples, method of transportation of sample, the time bewteen collection and test run, etc...). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for automatic tests, but the most important is the &quot;machine&quot; used to test it. The machine's manual usually gives you the &lt;strong&gt;value of the error&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;the confidence interval&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in order to get a pretty good estimate of the &quot;accuracy&quot; of the lab test, you only need to know the &quot;machine&quot; used and you can google search for the manual or brochure to find that out. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bio-rad.com/webroot/web/pdf/lsr/literature/Bulletin_6814.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;. Or, failing that, call the manufacturer and ask for that value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your country or state has a certification level, a quicker way might be through the certification level of the lab. Each level has a &quot;tolerance&quot; value, that is, the maximum acceptable deviation from the expected value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, for tests that rely heavily on humans, the &quot;tolerance&quot; value is the only way you can estimate the &quot;accuracy&quot; of the test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dgs.pt/departamento-da-qualidade-na-saude/ficheiros-anexos/manual-de-standards-para-laboratorios-clinicos_print_-v31.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Manual for Clinical Lab standards (in portuguese)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15037" LastEditorUserId="15037" LastEditDate="2018-11-04T00:19:48.097" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T00:19:48.097" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17824" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17830" CreationDate="2018-11-02T10:37:30.530" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I looked at my personal health file and saw that I was diagnosed with GERD some 6 years ago. This seemed strange to me since I did not remember any occasion in which I was positively diagnosed with this disease (I did not even know what it is until I looked at Google). I asked my personal doctor (who is new) and he also did not know. This might be a mistake in the computer files. So my question is: what physical examination can be used to decide whether a patient has GERD or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T05:43:47.240" Title="What check is done to diagnose GERD?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17824" CreationDate="2018-11-02T20:51:42.280" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;GERD is usually diagnosed based on history and signs and symptoms. If you complained of frequent heartburn or told your doctor you often take antacids, it's possible he based it on that. Confirming GERD can involve the following tests:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Upper endoscopy.&lt;/strong&gt; Your doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera (endoscope) down your throat, to examine the inside of your esophagus and stomach. Test results can often be normal when reflux is present, but an endoscopy may detect inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or other complications. An endoscopy can also be used to collect a sample of tissue (biopsy) to be tested for complications such as Barrett's esophagus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test.&lt;/strong&gt; A monitor is placed in your esophagus to identify when, and for how long, stomach acid regurgitates there. The monitor connects to a small computer that you wear around your waist or with a strap over your shoulder. The monitor might be a thin, flexible tube (catheter) that's threaded through your nose into your esophagus, or a clip that's placed in your esophagus during an endoscopy and that gets passed into your stool after about two days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Esophageal manometry.&lt;/strong&gt; This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in your esophagus when you swallow. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force exerted by the muscles of your esophagus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;X-ray of your upper digestive system.&lt;/strong&gt; X-rays are taken after you drink a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of your digestive tract. The coating allows your doctor to see a silhouette of your esophagus, stomach and upper intestine. You may also be asked to swallow a barium pill that can help diagnose a narrowing of the esophagus that may interfere with swallowing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-04T05:43:47.240" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T05:43:47.240" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17813" CreationDate="2018-11-03T19:38:31.783" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your thought process is correct; in the absence of all other factors, physics dictates that the reduction of pressure surrounding a flexible fluid-filled vessel would result in expansion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is an even stronger force: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvphysiology.com/Cardiac%20Function/CF016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;venous return&lt;/a&gt;, which is the flow back to the heart from peripheral circulation.  (Resource linked is from the author of the cardiology physiology text used in many med schools.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inhalation = diaphragm contracts, decreasing intrathoracic pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This causes the R atrium to expand, reducing pressure in the R atrium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This increases venous return to the R atrium by pulling from the SVC and IVC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If this occurs rapidly, then much like sucking liquid rapidly through a flexible tube, the tube (vein) can collapse.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVYKlsoEEMU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt; is a good illustration of venous return and its impact on the IVC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I couldn't find a diagram of exactly what I wanted so I altered a graphic to illustrate.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bHHCP.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bHHCP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Co33w.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Co33w.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-04T02:15:54.727" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T02:15:54.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17836" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17838" CreationDate="2018-11-04T11:23:09.423" Score="4" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know that diabetic patient does not eat sugar(white sugar) because the blood sugar level is not controlled.So,can a diabetic patient use brown sugar in replacement of white sugar? can brown sugar not effect the blood sugar level of diabetic patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15018" LastActivityDate="2018-12-13T12:04:21.550" Title="Is brown sugar better than white for diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17836" CreationDate="2018-11-04T16:06:20.913" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients can eat sugar under specific conditions. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;White and brown sugar are pretty much identical (from a &quot;diabetic&quot; viewpoint) and they respectively have a &lt;strong&gt;Glycemic Index of &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/34/3/362/4692881&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(+-10)&lt;/a&gt; 68 and 64&lt;/strong&gt; according to the Linus Pauling Institute.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So as a summary, no. Brown sugar &lt;strong&gt;affects&lt;/strong&gt; the Blood Sugar level of a Diabetic patient similarly to white sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2018-11-04T16:06:20.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-04T16:52:56.010" Score="6" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why can't surgeons operate on nerves? We see when operating, surgeons always try to protect the major nerves. Doctors handle bones, muscles, tissues but not nerves. Why? Can they see the nerves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15056" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-03-01T21:50:17.190" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T21:50:17.190" Title="Why can't surgeons operate on nerves?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17840" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17844" CreationDate="2018-11-04T16:57:58.103" Score="4" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is Clinical Decision Support (CDS)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the official reasoning behind making CDS mandatory for Electronic Health Record (EHR) applications? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15057" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-05T05:11:24.970" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T18:27:05.780" Title="What is Clinical Decision Support (CDS)?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2018-11-12T15:00:41.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-04T20:12:20.237" Score="4" ViewCount="985" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can one choose the proper pressure setting on a water flosser (e.g.,  Waterpik)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is what I have read and heard:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/9u18am/serious_dentists_of_reddit_whats_the_biggest/e90zult/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/9u18am/serious_dentists_of_reddit_whats_the_biggest/e90zult/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181104201244/https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/9u18am/serious_dentists_of_reddit_whats_the_biggest/e90zult/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Old folks who blast their perio pockets with a water pick on the highest settings, then wonder why their pockets are getting deeper. Please use a low setting on your water pick and don't sit with it in the same spot for a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/how-to-floss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/how-to-floss/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181104201959/https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/how-to-floss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Start with the lowest pressure setting, lean over the sink, place tip in your mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A dentist I visited some time ago was recommending using the highest settings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Dentistry/comments/9u6qob/how_can_one_choose_the_proper_pressure_setting_on/e9214l3/?context=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Dentistry/comments/9u6qob/how_can_one_choose_the_proper_pressure_setting_on/e9214l3/?context=3&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181104212407/https://www.reddit.com/r/Dentistry/comments/9u6qob/how_can_one_choose_the_proper_pressure_setting_on/e9214l3/?context=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) (note: waterpik has 10 levels, where 10 is the highest pressure):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our waterpik rep stated that it is most effective at a power level of 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/pdfs/WP-100-instruction-manual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/pdfs/WP-100-instruction-manual&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181111223301/https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/pdfs/WP-100-instruction-manual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Turn the pressure control&#xA;  dial on the base of the&#xA;  unit to the lowest setting&#xA;  (pressure setting No.1) for&#xA;  first-time use. Gradually&#xA;  increase pressure over&#xA;  time to the setting you prefer – or as instructed by&#xA;  your dental professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/TUhCsL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qr.ae/TUhCsL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/9u6qob&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/9u6qob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-11-11T22:33:11.057" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T15:51:09.917" Title="How can one choose the proper pressure setting on a water flosser (e.g., Waterpik)?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-05T09:47:29.900" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does consuming xylitol-containing products help prevent dental caries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the systematic review {1}, the effect is quite inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found some low quality evidence to suggest that fluoride toothpaste containing xylitol may be more effective than fluoride-only toothpaste for preventing caries in the permanent teeth of children, and that there are no associated adverse-effects from such toothpastes. The effect estimate should be interpreted with caution due to high risk of bias and the fact that it results from two studies that were carried out by the same authors in the same population. The remaining evidence we found is of low to very low quality and is insufficient to determine whether any other xylitol-containing products can prevent caries in infants, older children, or adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have more recent studies shared a clearer light on to what extent, if any, consuming xylitol-containing products help prevent dental caries? (or have any other positive effect on one's dental health)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Riley, Philip, Deborah Moore, Farooq Ahmed, Mohammad O. Sharif, and Helen V. Worthington. &quot;Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults.&quot; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (2015). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809586&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T09:47:29.900" Title="Does consuming xylitol-containing products help prevent dental caries?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17840" CreationDate="2018-11-05T18:27:05.780" Score="3" Body="&lt;h3&gt;What is Clinical Decision Support?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This ends up getting a little bogged down in compliance mumbo jumbo, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/MedicaidEHStage3_Obj3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Decision Support&lt;/a&gt; is defined by the US centers for medicare and medicaid services as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health information technology functionality that builds upon the foundation of an electronic health record to provide persons involved in care processes with general and person-specific information, intelligently filtered and organized, at appropriate times, to enhance health and health care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've spelled out the abbreviated terms in this definition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can understand CDS as a general concept (electronic tools to support clinical decision making), but generally, it's used to refer to US requirements for &amp;quot;meaningful use&amp;quot; of an electronic health record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Meaningful Use&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In US healthcare, the phrase &amp;quot;meaningful use&amp;quot; is almost a synonym for electronic health record (on wikipedia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_health_record#Meaningful_use&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meaningful use redirects to the EHR article&lt;/a&gt;), but the phrase comes from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ5/html/PLAW-111publ5.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HITECH act&lt;/a&gt;, a 2009 law that gave incentive payments for transitioning to electronic health records (and using those electronic records in a meaningful way).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Is it really required?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking, you can practice medicine in the US without using an electronic health record or clinical decision support, but, if you do, you won't have access to funds the federal government has set aside for modernizing health care, and in some cases, you will also be paid less for services. EHR rules are typically described as &amp;quot;required&amp;quot; when they mean &amp;quot;required in order to qualify as meaningful use&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;What is the official reasoning behind making it required?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main goals of the HITECH act (see link above) was development of a health information technology infrastructure that improved health care quality and reduced errors. Decision support tools directly support these goals. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthit.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HealthIT.gov&lt;/a&gt;, the website for the office set up by the HITECH act, has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthit.gov/topic/safety/clinical-decision-support&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a page that spells out the official reasons&lt;/a&gt;. Some highlights:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CDS has a number of important benefits, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased quality of care and enhanced health outcomes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoidance of errors and adverse events&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Improved efficiency, cost-benefit, and provider and patient satisfaction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health information technologies designed to improve clinical decision making are particularly attractive for their ability to address the growing information overload clinicians face, and to provide a platform for integrating evidence-based knowledge into care delivery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of note, though one of the official reasons for requiring CDS for meaningful use is &amp;quot;growing information overload&amp;quot;, in order to qualify, you only need &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Downloads/MedicaidEHStage3_Obj3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5 clinical decision support interventions, a drug-drug and drug-allergy check&lt;/a&gt;. I believe these are useful things to do, but targeting 5 quality measures seems fairly limited if the goal is to help with &amp;quot;information overload&amp;quot;. If it's truly &amp;quot;general and person specific information, intelligently filtered and organized, at appropriate times&amp;quot;, I hope we can move beyond pop up alerts for a few quality measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T18:27:05.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-05T22:05:50.360" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last week, I went to my pain control doctor, I came up positive for an opiate I do not take. The gal who works for me, asks Me all the time if sheshe can put her pills in my pill bottle. We do manual labor, it’s impossible to carry a purse with you.  Is it possible, that my pills could’ve got tainted with hers? The doctor said it was a very very small dosage, I never thought about it, is it possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15063" LastActivityDate="2018-11-05T22:05:50.360" Title="Can two different medications in the same bottle contaminate one another." Tags="&lt;urine&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-05T23:11:38.123" Score="1" ViewCount="3279" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which lab value skeleton diagrams are used for discrete, cbc/cbcdiff, chem, and coag results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/690ic.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/690ic.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15064" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-07T00:51:35.013" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T06:38:25.790" Title="Which lab value skeleton diagrams are used to display results for CBC, Chemistry, coagulation panel, etc?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17848" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17847" CreationDate="2018-11-06T01:53:14.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These skeleton diagrams are used as short hand to avoid having to write units and test names for lab values - you can just look at a diagram of numbers and know what they apply to.  Sodium is always in the same place, as is K, Cl, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The skeletons are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Na K Cl HCO3 BUN Cr Glu = Chemistry 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if you add AST ALT Alk Phos TBili Prot Ca = Chemistry 14 (which are usually in vertical form).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your diagram has just the LFTs, which can be represented as in your diagram, or in others (it varies).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;PT PTT INR = coagulation panel&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pH PaCO2 PaO2 HCO3 SaO2 BE = ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;WBC Hgb Hct Plt = key components of CBC (Complete Blood Count) without diff. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this example of writing the CBC diff, but have never actually seen it written out like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gc5TF.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gc5TF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per request, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/introduction-to-lab-values-and-normal-ranges&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this is a Khan academy video&lt;/a&gt; on lab values.  I couldn't find any formal resources on fishbone diagrams, they're kind of passed on in medical education...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-09T06:38:25.790" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T06:38:25.790" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17854" CreationDate="2018-11-06T05:35:06.963" Score="0" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking for my sister who feels burdened by how her dermatologist is too risk-averse. Her measurements are at the bottom. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Her severe nodular acne, all over forehead, face, and back, has been worsening since commencing 6 months ago. Her GP prescribed antibiotics and topical tretinoins that didn't help, and referred to a dermatologist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Sep. 24, 2018, after a spotless blood test and no side effects, dermatologist started her on 30 days of 20 mg Epuris.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Oct. 24, after another spotless blood test and no side effects, he increased the dose to 30 days of 40 mg Epuris. She asked to increase to 60 mg, but he refused. She didn't challenge him. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She has seen no improvement. Thus since Nov. 1, she decided herself to take 80 mg Epuris (2 capsules x 40 mg/capsule). Preventing more permanent skin scarring from acne, is more crucial to her than following this dermatologist's sluggish increases of 20 mg/month. Taking 80 mg means that she'll exhaust her supply this week, but she has changed her appointment to this week. I'll accompany her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we communicate her decision to try 80 mg, without offending him?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Age: 25&#xA;Sex: F&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Height: 6'0&quot; = 183 cm&#xA;Weight: 140 lbs = 63.5&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Any existing relevant medical issues (if any): None save acne.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Current medications (if any): None save Epuris.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2018-11-06T05:58:13.167" LastActivityDate="2018-11-06T13:38:21.797" Title="How do I tell my dermatologist that I took more Epuris than he prescribed, without offending him?" Tags="&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-11-06T15:37:14.577" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17850" CreationDate="2018-11-06T13:38:21.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Quick Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;She asked to increase to 60 mg, but he refused. She didn't challenge him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let’s just analyse what has happened:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your sister is suffering from acne&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the dosage of medication doesn’t alleviate the acne as much as she hoped they would &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she asks that the dosage is increased furthermore&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the dermatologist refuses &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;she increases the dosage herself&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems like there is a lot of miscommunication going on here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the dermatologist hasn’t understood how severe the problem is to her and didn't communicate clearly what the treatment and prognosis are&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;your sister didn’t understand why the dermatologist didn’t want to increase the dosage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Some Theory&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) categorises patient's perception of an illness into 5 categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Identity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cause&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Timeline    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Consequences    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cure-Control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Horne, R., Cameron, L.D., &amp;amp; Buick, D. (2002). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uib.no/ipq/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Psychology and Health. 17, 1-16.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a doctor's job to be aware of the patient's illness perception, but it is also good as a patient to be clear about one's perception. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've just gone ahead and did that for your sister (from what I got of your description). &lt;em&gt;I'm not saying that her perception of the illness is correct and that this is how the illness de-facto is, but that this is how your sister probably views her acne.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b5nK0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b5nK0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understood from your post, your sister's perception clashes with her dermatologist's perception in three categories: Timeline, Consequences and Cure-Control. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A potential fix&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dermatologist needs to communicate more clearly &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;why the dosage was not increased, and why an increased dosage is not an all-fix. &lt;em&gt;(Cure-Control)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the consequences (Is it really permanent skin-scarring? How to prevent it? What damage control can be done?) &lt;em&gt;(Consequences)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the timeline/prognosis: How long will the acne affect her? When will the symptoms get better? &lt;em&gt;(Timeline)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your sister can achieve this by &lt;strong&gt;telling the dermatologist her illness perception and asking the above questions&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your sister should not blame the dermatologist for the miscommunication&lt;/strong&gt;, the fault might be on both sides. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your sister should also not leave before she understands why the dermatologist doesn't want her to take a higher dosage&lt;/strong&gt;, and if she continues to go against the dermatologist's recommendations, should ask herself why she does it and if a change of dermatologists would be in order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What you should ('nt) do&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do&lt;/strong&gt; accompany her to the appointment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do&lt;/strong&gt; talk with her about what she wants to achieve with this appointment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't&lt;/strong&gt; go with her into the patient's room, just wait outside. &lt;em&gt;This is not a fight between your sister and an evil dermatologist&lt;/em&gt;, this is just your sister needing to understand why the dermatologist doesn't want her to take more medication and the dermatologist needing to understand why your sister wants to take more medication. Your presence will hamper the communication between them, and you will not be able to do anything as you are neither patient nor doctor. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-11-06T13:38:21.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-06T20:36:32.670" Score="6" ViewCount="193" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although it has been called the &quot;Fight or Flight Hormone&quot; adrenaline&#xA;  can be better described as 'Do it &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;NOW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;!!! hormones.&quot; First things&#xA;  first, notice the 's.' Adrenaline isn't just one thing, but a cocktail&#xA;  of chemicals and hormones. For a more technical (but still a layman's)&#xA;  explanation look at what &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; has to say about adrenaline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://nononsenseselfdefense.com/adrenal.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;quote source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hmm. Usually to my layman's eye the author seems to know what he's speaking about BUT this time I'm surprised. I always thought adrenaline was a name for a single specific hormone rather than &quot;a coctail of chemicals and hormones&quot;. Even the Wikipedia page the author himself links to doesn't seem to treat adrenaline as a collective term for many hormones; on the contrary it gives adrenaline one particular chemical formula, C&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;13&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there more than 1 substance that can legitimately be called adrenaline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2018-11-06T21:45:08.067" Title="Is adrenaline a coctail of hormones, rather than one hormone?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17856" CreationDate="2018-11-06T21:45:08.067" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adrenaline = epinephrine.  Different name, same chemical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/epinephrine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adrenergic receptors&lt;/a&gt;&quot; is perhaps where things get more confusing.  That is a family of hormone receptors (α1 α2 β1 β2...) that respond to endogenous hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine, and medications that are adrenergic agonists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Colloquially, people might say &quot;adrenaline&quot; to encompass all stress hormones, which is suggested by the phrase &quot;Do it NOW!!! hormones.&quot;  Stress hormones are not limited to adrenaline (epinephrine) but include multiple families of hormones that are released in response to stress.  I like the way this is phrased in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079864/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;journal of endocrinology&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In response to stress, the level of various hormones changes.&#xA;  Reactions to stress are associated with enhanced secretion of a number&#xA;  of hormones including glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone&#xA;  and prolactin, the effect of which is to increase mobilization of&#xA;  energy sources and adapt the individual to its new circumstance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a simplified diagram of adrenergic receptors and activity.  I say simplified because there are multiple other steps involved, and it includes many different actions of the chemicals.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E= epinephrine, NE= norepinephrine, DA = dopamine, etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wbhVj.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wbhVj.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Adrenergic receptors&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-11-06T21:45:08.067" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17859" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-07T09:19:44.853" Score="1" ViewCount="194" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some distributed computing project on the Internet that tries to find cure for diseases, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/discover.action#what-if&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Community Grid&lt;/a&gt;. Could anyone say why there are such things and how useful those are? I mean, I believe that if you are serious researcher, I think you are able to use university's networks or supercomputers to do modelling. So what is the idea about spread the modelling to regular computers? Does the medicine modelling require so much computer power that computers in universities have not enough computing power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15070" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-11-07T09:35:15.363" LastActivityDate="2018-11-07T11:35:02.467" Title="Why medicine modelling is distributed on regular person's computers?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-11-07T20:53:30.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17859" CreationDate="2018-11-07T11:22:05.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know how readily available supercomputers are to researchers and universities but I would imagine that a big part of the answer to your question would be down to cost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Supercomputers vs Distributed Computing Projects&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computer performance is measured in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second)&lt;/a&gt;, and in June 2018, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.top500.org/lists/2018/06&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Summit&lt;/a&gt;, an IBM-built supercomputer now running at the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot for the fastest computer performance at &lt;strong&gt;122.3 petaFLOPS&lt;/strong&gt; on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LINPACK benchmark&lt;/a&gt; where peta is 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;.  When compared to the home PCs, the fastest possible home PC processor at a cost of $2,000 provides &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.popsci.com/intel-teraflop-chip&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;approx. 1 teraFLOPS&lt;/a&gt; where tera is 10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For distributed computing projects, let's look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folding@home&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems. Its main purpose is to determine the mechanisms of protein folding, which is the process by which proteins reach their final three-dimensional structure, and to examine the causes of protein misfolding. This is of significant academic interest with major implications for medical research into Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and many forms of cancer, among other diseases. To a lesser extent, Folding@home also tries to predict a protein's final structureand determine how other molecules may interact with it, which has applications in drug design. Folding@home is developed and operated by the Pande Laboratory at Stanford University&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[...]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since its launch on October 1, 2000, the Pande Lab has produced 200 scientific research papers as a direct result of Folding@home [see &lt;a href=&quot;https://foldingathome.org/papers-results]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://foldingathome.org/papers-results]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stats provided by Folding@home at &lt;a href=&quot;https://stats.foldingathome.org/os&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://stats.foldingathome.org/os&lt;/a&gt; state that their project provides a total performance of 47,344 Native teraFLOPS or 98,747 x86 teraFLOPS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V6sKm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V6sKm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Folding@home stats by OS&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that these teraFLOPS values are from the software cores, not the peak values from CPU/GPU specs and these figures only just beat the performance of China's Sunway TaihuLight in 2016 which was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;now the 2nd fastest supercomputer&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cost&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IBMs Summit Supercomputer &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/1301510/the-us-has-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputer-again-the-200-petaflop-summit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cost $200 million to build&lt;/a&gt; and according to Wikipedia, the Sunway TaihuLight cost $273 million.  When you consider the computing performance provided by Folding@home is provided by volunteers (so the system is free), it is a no brainer that the computing power on offer should not be turned away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-11-07T11:35:02.467" LastActivityDate="2018-11-07T11:35:02.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17259" CreationDate="2018-11-07T13:51:32.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Macronutrient (carbs, proteins, fats) composition of a diet does not have a significant direct effect on weight loss.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735822/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (PubMed, 2009, a randomized clinical trial involving 811 overweight adults)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss&#xA;  regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, certain macronutrient compositions and forms &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be associated with &lt;strong&gt;increased satiety&lt;/strong&gt; (and hence lower food intake):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Solid, compared to liquid carbs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10878689&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2011&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods high in fiber, such as whole-grain pasta, compared to refined-grain pasta (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27496788&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foods high in viscous soluble fiber, such as whole-grain oats (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724486&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Low-carb, high fat diets (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873405/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-07T14:14:30.103" LastActivityDate="2018-11-07T14:14:30.103" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-08T04:59:56.130" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does eating manuka honey help prevent acne?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far is unsubstantiated or in vitro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Internet is filled with patient testimonials that Manuka honey works marvelously for acne and eczema patients. At this time there are no clinical trials to support these claims, but this doesn’t bother me at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Manuka honey is&#xA;  renowned for its prolific ameliorative effects on sore throat,&#xA;  burns, infections, gum problem, acne, indigestion; and gastrooesophageal&#xA;  reflux. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Manuka honey has been proven to be an effective agent in&#xA;  healing diabetic wounds, venous ulcers, burns, acne, eczema,&#xA;  psoriasis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However they don't provide any reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{3}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Quinine honey (Cinchona succirubra) from in plantations of quinine (Cinchona succirubra) and it’s in vitro antimicrobial activity against to some acne vulgaris bacteria was evaluated using the CLSI M07-A9 standar method. Quinine honey (Cinchona succirubra) was active against all the species tested, namely Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus using broth microdilution method. The MIC’s being 32 μg/mL, 128 μg/mL and 128 μg/mL, while MBC for all test bacteria was &gt; 512 μg / mL, respectively. The susceptibility of four honey quinine samples as acne vulgaris compared with commercial anti acne vulgaris erythromycin stearate, tetracycline HCl and two “Manuka” honey which contain the active compound 400+ and 550+ methylglyoxal (MGO) as antimicrobial. &lt;strong&gt;The results strongly suggest that quinine honey can be developed as a natural anti acne vulgaris agent&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However they focused on quinine honey and the study is in vitro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/manuka-honey-benefits-uses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://draxe.com/manuka-honey-benefits-uses/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Patel, Seema, and Simon Cichello. &quot;Manuka honey: an emerging natural food with medicinal use.&quot; Natural products and bioprospecting 3, no. 4 (2013): 121-128. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10499495261949890046&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10499495261949890046&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13659-013-0018-7.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13659-013-0018-7.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Dewi, Mira Andam, Rahmana Emran Kartasasmita, and Marlia Singgih Wibowo. &quot;IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF QUININE HONEY (Cinchona succirubra) AS ANTI ACNE VULGARIS.&quot; 2nd ISEJ 2017 Abstract and Full Paper Submission System 1, no. 1 (2017): 160-160.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=IN+VITRO+ANTIMICROBIAL+ACTIVITY+OF+QUININE+HONEY+%28Cinchona+succirubra%29+AS+ANTI+ACNE+VULGARIS&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=IN+VITRO+ANTIMICROBIAL+ACTIVITY+OF+QUININE+HONEY+%28Cinchona+succirubra%29+AS+ANTI+ACNE+VULGARIS&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dashboardffup.info/ojs/index.php/ojs_isej2017/article/view/156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dashboardffup.info/ojs/index.php/ojs_isej2017/article/view/156&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T04:59:56.130" Title="Does eating manuka honey help prevent acne?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17865" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17772" CreationDate="2018-11-08T10:50:48.653" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recommendations for dietary fiber intake are usually based on &lt;strong&gt;age/calorie intake:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 (p.97)&lt;/a&gt; recommendation for men age 19-30 (2,400 - 3,000 Cal range) is 33.6 g and for girls age 4-8 (1,200 Cal) is 16.8 g of fiber per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/factsheets/Dietary_Fiber.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food and Drug Administration&lt;/a&gt;, the &quot;daily value&quot; for dietary fiber in a 2,000 Cal diet is 25 g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be more important to think about the soluble/insoluble fiber ratio: Most metabolic health effects suggested so far are associated with soluble fiber and bowel regularity with insoluble fiber. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-08T17:23:30.157" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T17:23:30.157" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17839" CreationDate="2018-11-08T12:15:43.550" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, you can do do various surgical procedures on nerves. You can suture a macroscopic nerve (i.e. a nerve that you can see) that has been injured. However, there are various problems that come with suturing an injured nerve. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main problems is that nerves are pretty unique histologically. Nerves comprise of the longest cells in the body with many of them spanning the distance from the spinal cord out to the fingers or toes. Although these cells are long they are extremely thin. These thin and long cells come together to form a nerve. Each cell is connected to their respective muscle fibers and control their contraction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a nerve is injured or ruptured these cells break, and these connections break too. You don't have a lot of time to connect them back together and if you do it is impossible to connect the nerves absolutely correctly together. So although some function of the nerve might be retained it might, at least at first, be severely impaired. This might be somewhat improved with rehabilitation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an analogy you could imagine a doorbell with the wires joined into one big cable and then branching out to a bunch of different apartments. If you cut on the big common cable and join it randomly together most of the doorbells might work but would ring in the wrong apartment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference&lt;/strong&gt;: Trehan, S. K., Model, Z., &amp;amp; Lee, S. K. (2016). Nerve repair and nerve grafting. &lt;em&gt;Hand clinics&lt;/em&gt;, 32(2), 119-125. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2015.12.002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.hcl.2015.12.002&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094885&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;27094885&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: With regard to why surgeons try to avoid injuring nerves that also has to do with avoiding injury to important structures, not just nerves, but also blood vessels, ureters etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastEditorUserId="8027" LastEditDate="2018-11-10T15:22:59.677" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T15:22:59.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5843" CreationDate="2018-11-08T12:42:38.600" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the etiology is unknown, we have a bit of an idea of its pathophysiology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Etiology of RA is unknown. Although the impact of genetic factors is obvious, the genetic basis is not sufficient to explain the triggering of the immune insult. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15098367&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pubmed - ncbi&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you have mentioned, the circadian rhythm of cytokines has something to do with the classical pattern of &quot;morning stiffness&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...inflammatory cytokines, which reach peak secretion early in the morning are major players causing the morning stiffness - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034483/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC - ncbi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim of pain relief with joint movement/activity is yet to be explained but there is a study wherein exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is beneficial in terms of muscle strength improvement. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042669/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Benefits of Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis -ncbi)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T12:42:38.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3902" CreationDate="2018-11-08T13:01:31.997" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The specific cause of astigmatism is unknown. It can be hereditary and is usually present from birth. It can decrease or increase over time. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/astigmatism&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Optometric Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might've had it since birth but without noticeable defect and has progressed rapidly enough to produce a defect in your vision during your early 20's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other factors that would affect the development and progression of astigmatism would be ethnicity, the presence of myopia, axis, and subtype of astigmatism. &#xA;- &lt;a href=&quot;https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2124328&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Journals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T13:01:31.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16352" CreationDate="2018-11-08T13:22:04.213" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short: Cooking milk has probably only a minor effect on its nutritional value.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MICRONUTRIENTS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/retn/retn06.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors (p. 5)&lt;/a&gt;, in milk heated for 10 minutes, the vitamin loses are: vitamin B1, B6 and choline: 10% ; vitamin C and folate: 15% ; vitamin B12: 20%. Other vitamins and minerals are not affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the mentioned vitamins, &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/dairy-and-egg-products/69/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; milk is high only in vitamin B12&lt;/a&gt;, so it seems that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;destruction of 20% of vitamin B12&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is the only meaningful negative effect of cooking milk on micronutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Milk cooking appears to have no significant effect on the bioavailability (absorption and utilization) of calcium (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095671351200535X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDirect, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MACRONUTRIENTS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/568denaturation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Proteins&lt;/strong&gt; are denaturated by cooking and stomach acid (Elmhurst.edu)&lt;/a&gt;. Denaturation affects only &quot;the shape&quot; of the protein molecule but not its composition or nutritional value. Proteins are digested (broken down) into amino acids before absorption and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cooking makes them more digestible&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (concluding from &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/128/10/1716/4723080&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cooked/raw egg protein digestibility study&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lactose,&lt;/strong&gt; the major carbohydrate in milk, is not affected by cooking and decomposes to glucose and galactose only at 203.5 °C (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/440995#section=Odor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem, section 5.3&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fats&lt;/strong&gt; should also not be affected by milk cooking (concluding from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;smoke point&lt;/a&gt; - the temperature at which fatty acids start to break down - of most oils, which are all well above 100 °C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-08T15:36:39.623" LastActivityDate="2018-11-08T15:36:39.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-08T20:58:54.840" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched without much luck about this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the epidemiological data about intra-atrial thrombosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I’ve found are epidemiological data about benign and malign tumors, but I am looking for blood clot, unrelated to cancerous causes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12747" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T17:06:56.903" Title="Intra-atrial thrombosis epidemiology" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17774" CreationDate="2018-11-09T08:20:34.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aanem.org/getmedia/c58afeb5-4164-47f2-b7a4-519ff08a26e6/Chen_et_al-2016-Muscle_-_Nerve.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; might be of interest to you (1)&#xA;They have attempted to summarize together a table of the values for the common upper and lower limb nerves including both sensory and motor.&#xA;It is quite detailed in the location of the electrodes, and includes latency, amplitude and conduction velocity which you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paper:&#xA;(1) Chen, S.; Andary, M.; Buschbacher, R.; Del Toro, D.; et al. Electrodiagnostic reference values for upper and lower limb nerve conduction studies in adult populations. &lt;em&gt;Muscle &amp;amp; Nerve.&lt;/em&gt; 2016 Sept;54(3):371-7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9797" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-09T17:48:53.133" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T17:48:53.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13118" CreationDate="2018-11-09T11:15:05.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can neutralize bile by &lt;strong&gt;bile acid sequestrants,&lt;/strong&gt; such as cholestyramine or colestipol. However, these and other medications, such as H2 blockers and metoclopramide, &lt;em&gt;may not be very effective&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mcd/bile-reflux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-refractory-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6372664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following &lt;em&gt;may prevent&lt;/em&gt; bile reflux symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lifestyle modifications:&lt;/strong&gt; avoiding large meals, lying down after meals, eating before sleep and smoking; maintaining health weight &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Baclofen,&lt;/strong&gt; which prevents excessive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and thus entering bile from the stomach into the esophagus (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3745208/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ursodeoxycholic acid,&lt;/strong&gt; which promotes the bile flow (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mcd/bile-reflux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-11-09T11:15:05.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14850" CreationDate="2018-11-09T13:28:19.507" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Essential nutrient&lt;/strong&gt; means any substance normally consumed as a constituent of food which is &lt;em&gt;needed for growth and development and/or the maintenance of life&lt;/em&gt; and which cannot be synthesized in adequate amounts by the body (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/jp/?lnk=1&amp;amp;url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCAC%2BGL%2B9-1987%252FCXG_009e_2015.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fao.org&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary fiber&lt;/strong&gt; does not meet the criteria of being needed for life/growth, so, strictly speaking, it is not an essential nutrient. Anyway, according to some authors &quot;dietary fiber is essential for a healthy diet&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/fiber/art-20043983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;), for example, insoluble fiber may help maintain bowel regularity and soluble fiber may contribute to intestinal health and lower cholesterol levels. Fiber may also slow down digestion and thus help to control blood sugar levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5883628/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inuits&lt;/strong&gt; do not eat only meat but also plant foods, such as berries, tubers, roots, seaweed...(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_cuisine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Inuit Cuisine&lt;/a&gt;) and, according to the documentary The Last Ice Hunters, some commercial food delivered from Denmark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbc.org/content/87/3/651.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a 1930 experiment&lt;/a&gt;, in which 2 men were eating exclusively meat (no plant food and hence no fiber) for a year:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the end of the year, the subjects were mentally alert, physically&#xA;  active, and showed no specific physical changes in any system of the&#xA;  body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The control of the bowels was not disturbed...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the clinical observations and laboratory studies gave no evidence&#xA;  that any ill effects had occurred...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this very small experiment it is not possible to reliably predict long-term effects of lack of fiber in humans, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; While not essential for life, fiber can be good for health, &lt;em&gt;especially for bowel regularity.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-03T10:19:59.780" LastActivityDate="2019-04-03T10:19:59.780" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16863" CreationDate="2018-11-09T14:49:18.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no cure yet, however, there are some studies which are showing promising results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, one study from 2011 demonstrated the benefits of taking &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (NMN) in dealing with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes type 2&lt;/a&gt; (T2D). This a long-term metabolic disorder, is directly associated with over-use of body fat and calories. Mouse studies demonstrated that NMN enhances glucose tolerance by restoring NAD+ levels (HFD-induced T2D mice ameliorating glucose intolerance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study from 2016, demonstrated the benefits of taking nicotinamide riboside (NR) by improving glucose tolerance, reduced weight gain, liver damage and while protecting against diabetic neuropathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both studies suggests that increased NAD+ metabolism might address glycemic control and be neuroprotective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;2011: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become epidemic in our modern lifestyle, likely due to calorie-rich diets overwhelming our adaptive metabolic pathways. One such pathway is mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian NAD(+) biosynthesis, and the NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1. Here, we show that NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis is severely compromised in metabolic organs by high-fat diet (HFD). Strikingly, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a product of the NAMPT reaction and a key NAD(+) intermediate, ameliorates glucose intolerance by restoring NAD(+) levels in HFD-induced T2D mice. NMN also enhances hepatic insulin sensitivity and restores gene expression related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and circadian rhythm, partly through SIRT1 activation. Furthermore, NAD(+) and NAMPT levels show significant decreases in multiple organs during aging, and NMN improves glucose intolerance and lipid profiles in age-induced T2D mice. These findings provide critical insights into a potential nutriceutical intervention against diet- and age-induced T2D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;2016: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep26933&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotinamide Riboside Opposes Type 2 Diabetes and Neuropathy in Mice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Male C57BL/6J mice raised on high fat diet (HFD) become prediabetic and develop insulin resistance and sensory neuropathy. The same mice given low doses of streptozotocin are a model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), developing hyperglycemia, severe insulin resistance and diabetic peripheral neuropathy involving sensory and motor neurons. Because of suggestions that increased NAD+ metabolism might address glycemic control and be neuroprotective, we treated prediabetic and T2D mice with nicotinamide riboside (NR) added to HFD. NR improved glucose tolerance, reduced weight gain, liver damage and the development of hepatic steatosis in prediabetic mice while protecting against sensory neuropathy. In T2D mice, NR greatly reduced non-fasting and fasting blood glucose, weight gain and hepatic steatosis while protecting against diabetic neuropathy. The neuroprotective effect of NR could not be explained by glycemic control alone. Corneal confocal microscopy was the most sensitive measure of neurodegeneration. This assay allowed detection of the protective effect of NR on small nerve structures in living mice. Quantitative metabolomics established that hepatic NADP+ and NADPH levels were significantly degraded in prediabetes and T2D but were largely protected when mice were supplemented with NR. The data justify testing of NR in human models of obesity, T2D and associated neuropathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Article: &lt;a href=&quot;http://herbnutritionals.com/nutraceuticals/nicotinamide-mononucleotide-nmn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is nicotinamide mononucleotide?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forum: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/97853-new-study-on-nr-vs-diabetic-neuropathy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Study on NR vs. Diabetic Neuropathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="114" LastEditorUserId="114" LastEditDate="2018-11-10T20:51:09.527" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T20:51:09.527" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-09T19:56:24.693" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it preferable to brush one's teeth before or 30-60 minutes after breakfast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found plenty of blog posts / testimonials but no actual scientific studies. I'm looking for the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Waiting at least ~30 minutes before toothbrushing has been shown to be useful in a few studies, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684979&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is concluded that for protection of dentin surfaces at least 30 min should elapse before toothbrushing after an erosive attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of some dentist advising to toothbrush before breakfast:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/45745-is-it-better-to-brush-teeth-before-or-after-breakfast-in-the-morning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthshare.com.au/questions/45745-is-it-better-to-brush-teeth-before-or-after-breakfast-in-the-morning/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Brush and floss your teeth after you eat. This is the most logical answer .You do not want bacteria eating the left-overs in your mouth from breakfast . Remember to floss . Take responsibility for the food that can not be brushed or removed between your teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/5597/43&quot;&gt;Brushing teeth before or after breakfast&lt;/a&gt; look very similar but the options they considered were before vs. what after breakfast. They didn't consider comparing before vs. 30 minutes after breakfast. As a result, it isn't a duplicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Should-you-brush-your-teeth-before-or-after-breakfast?share=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/Should-you-brush-your-teeth-before-or-after-breakfast?share=1&lt;/a&gt; contains some arguments in favor of before and after:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;arguments for brushing before:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacteria  begin to metabolize sugars into acids almost instantly. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Salivary calcium levels are lowest in the morning putting your teeth are at a much higher risk of acidic damage from bacteria and dietary acids in the morning than at any other time&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Better to brush with fluoride toothpaste before so you have some fluoride left in your mouth when eating. That fluoride will immediately protect your teeth from the acidous attack of consumed carbohydrates and acidic foodstuff. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;arguments for brushing after (waiting &gt;~30 minutes):&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gentle brushing can help neutralize the pH in the mouth after a meal. Obviously, if you eat something acidic which will temporarily demineralize your teeth, don't start scrubbing away.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-11-11T22:21:47.277" LastActivityDate="2018-11-11T22:21:47.277" Title="Is it preferable to brush one's teeth before or 30-60 minutes after breakfast?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2018-11-10T02:07:13.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17890" CreationDate="2018-11-10T16:54:04.143" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person suspects that he has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndromes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ehlers-Danlos syndromes&lt;/a&gt;, what kind of an expert doctor should he go to in order to check this possibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-10T20:22:31.137" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T20:22:31.137" Title="What specialty can diagnose Ehlers-Danlos syndromes?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17889" CreationDate="2018-11-10T17:09:42.983" Score="4" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transabdominal ultrasound is usually the first investigation to check for gallbladder disease. When the results are not clear, the next test is often a HIDA scan and, if necessary, a MRCP or ERCP, depending on the suspected problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5768998/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endoscopic ultrasound&lt;/a&gt; is more sensitive than transabdominal ultrasound in showing stones, sludge, polyps and cancer in both the gallbladder and bile ducts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research about gallbladder tests and I want to get some general idea, preferably from a primary doctor's viewpoint, about how commonly is endoscopic ultrasound actually used (as a second investigation after transabdominal ultrasound) to check for gallbladder disease, for example, in the US or UK. I don't need any statistical data, just some estimation - is it widely used today or not really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-12T08:45:14.357" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T08:45:14.357" Title="How often is endoscopic ultrasound done to check for gallbladder disease?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17888" CreationDate="2018-11-10T19:38:50.373" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;UpToDate has a couple &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/endoscopic-ultrasound-in-patients-with-suspected-choledocholithiasis?search=eus&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=4~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=4#H3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/choledocholithiasis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management?sectionName=Diagnostic%20approach&amp;amp;topicRef=2660&amp;amp;anchor=H17164458&amp;amp;source=see_link#H972627978&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; pretty good articles discussing current research and recs on the use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).  As it is behind a paywall (which some hospitals pay for, so you might be able to access it at a local institution), Medscape has a couple good articles as well &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717345_4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407974&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot accurately speak for national or international standards of practice, but your question asks for an individual's viewpoint from primary care in the US or UK, and is specific to gallbladder disease.  From my experience in the US, the standard of practice for outpatient primary care management of non-emergent suspected gallbladder disease remains to start with transabdominal ultrasonography with liver function tests.  I have very rarely seen EUS be ordered in the primary setting, and never yet as the initial test.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is likely because although EUS is more sensitive and specific than transabdominal ultrasound, it is more invasive, costly, difficult, time-consuming, requires sedation, and risks are - although fairly low - still higher than transabdominal US.  Thus transabdominal US is a more reasonable first step, with the knowledge that it is not 100% sensitive and thus additional testing is required for high suspicion.  In that case, depending on the suspected pathology, additional testing is ordered and sometimes referral made to a gastroenterologist or general surgeon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A gastroenterologist's practice may be different, however.  And of course ER/inpatient management is different due to patient acuity, but in most cases, transabdominal is still the initial test.  Again due to lower sensitivity it is not sufficient to &lt;em&gt;rule out&lt;/em&gt; if suspicion is high enough; however, if it does find something, it provides a quick answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a comprehensive discussion on its use, but it addresses your primary question.   I would be interested in hearing from practitioners in different locations if EUS is more broadly used in primary settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/endoscopic-ultrasound-in-patients-with-suspected-choledocholithiasis?search=eus&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=4~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=4#H3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/endoscopic-ultrasound-in-patients-with-suspected-choledocholithiasis?search=eus&amp;amp;source=search_result&amp;amp;selectedTitle=4~150&amp;amp;usage_type=default&amp;amp;display_rank=4#H3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/choledocholithiasis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management?sectionName=Diagnostic%20approach&amp;amp;topicRef=2660&amp;amp;anchor=H17164458&amp;amp;source=see_link#H972627978&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/choledocholithiasis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management?sectionName=Diagnostic%20approach&amp;amp;topicRef=2660&amp;amp;anchor=H17164458&amp;amp;source=see_link#H972627978&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717345_4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717345_4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407974&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/407974&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-10T19:46:01.013" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T19:46:01.013" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17887" CreationDate="2018-11-10T20:16:19.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/what-is-eds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ehlers-Danlos&lt;/a&gt; encorporates a spectrum of related connective tissue disorders, which are genetic, but it is not uncommon for some subtypes to be missed until the complications manifest more dramatically clinically - and that may not be until adulthood.  This may be by early arthritis, recurrent joint dislocation, vaginal prolapse, aortic root dilation or valve dysfunction, etc.  It is estimated the prevalence of EDS spectrum may be as high as 1 in 5000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rheumatology is generally the specialty most familiar with EDS, but there are certainly providers in other specialties who have specialized in EDS as well.  Also, it is not always necessary for a primary doctor to refer for diagnosis, as some types are diagnosed by clinical criteria.  If a provider is familiar with when genetic testing is indicated, and which genetic testing to order, it is not necessary for a specialist to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the criteria for hypermobility type EDS (hEDS) is clinical and can be done by a primary care doctor.  However, not all primary care doctors are as familiar with the criteria, and may need to pull up an algorithm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Ehlers Danlos Society&lt;/a&gt; has an amazing wealth of information, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/heds-diagnostic-checklist/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this handout of recommended clinical criteria for hEDS&lt;/a&gt; that you can print out and bring with you to your doctor to help facilitate the discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the potential complications of EDS including hEDS, there are a number of preventive measures that are recommended for individuals with EDS based upon the subtype - such as an echo to rule out asymptomatic aortic root dilation or valvular dysfunction (which may be as prevalent as 6%), physical therapy and exercise counseling, counseling on injury prevention, anesthesia considerations, pregnancy risks, genetic reproductive counseling (as some types are autosomal dominant!), etc etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The EDS Society publishes a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/medical-professionals-directory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;directory of medical professionals who have registered as being experts in EDS&lt;/a&gt;.  It is obviously not exhaustive, and I cannot vouch for its accuracy, but if you happen to be near one, this directory may be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/heds-diagnostic-checklist/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/heds-diagnostic-checklist/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/pdf/2017-FINAL-AJMG-PDFs/Castori_et_al-2017-American_Journal_of_Medical_Genetics_Part_C-_Seminars_in_Medical_Genetics.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/pdf/2017-FINAL-AJMG-PDFs/Castori_et_al-2017-American_Journal_of_Medical_Genetics_Part_C-_Seminars_in_Medical_Genetics.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/ehlers-danlos-syndrome/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-10T20:21:51.200" LastActivityDate="2018-11-10T20:21:51.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17892" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17895" CreationDate="2018-11-10T20:44:55.837" Score="4" ViewCount="784" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;M. pronator teres&lt;/em&gt; originates at the &lt;em&gt;Caput commune mediale (Epicondylus medalis humeri)&lt;/em&gt; and inserts below the &lt;em&gt;Tuberositas radii&lt;/em&gt;. Because it originates at the humerus and inserts at the radius, apart from its quite intuitive pronation, it can also flexate the &lt;em&gt;Art. cubiti&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;M. supinator&lt;/em&gt; is the equivalent of the &lt;em&gt;M. pronator teres&lt;/em&gt;, it originates at the &lt;em&gt;Caput commune laterale (Epicondylus lateralis humeri)&lt;/em&gt; and also inserts below the &lt;em&gt;Tuberositas radii&lt;/em&gt;, but above the &lt;em&gt;M. pronator teres.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/af1jU.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/af1jU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Image Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/782/2/_61ca43ac_15a33600949__8000_00000370.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EasyNoteCards.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intuitively, I would expect the latter to also have an affect on the &lt;em&gt;Art. cubiti&lt;/em&gt;, as it should extend it. If I attach a string as a substitute for the muscle to the skeleton and pull, the &lt;em&gt;Art. cubiti&lt;/em&gt; does get extended a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, multiple textbooks&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt; list the M. supinator as only a supinator, and not an extensor of the elbow. How is the M. supinator different to the M. pronator teres, that it is not an extensor of the Art. cubiti?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;em&gt;Schünke, Michael, et al. &lt;strong&gt;PROMETHEUS Allgemeine Anatomie Und Bewegungssystem&lt;/strong&gt;. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2018.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: &lt;em&gt;Aumüller, Gerhard, et al. &lt;strong&gt;Duale Reihe Anatomie&lt;/strong&gt;. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2010. p. 443&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-11T18:47:06.170" Title="Why is the M. supinator not an extensor of the Art. cubiti?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17892" CreationDate="2018-11-11T18:47:06.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Point of attachment and direction of force development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is like trying to move a door near the handle or at the hinges. Lever forces are weak in one case and almost absent in the other case. It is a difference between small and negligible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;M pronator teres&lt;/em&gt; is already very weak for flexing the elbow, as it is attached at a quite suboptimal position to exert much force in that regard. The &lt;em&gt;M supinator&lt;/em&gt; is attached at the elbow but even lower and the direction of force development would also be just about minimally conducive for that.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/U9oaD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/U9oaD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k77Eb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k77Ebs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JPQeM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JPQeMs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (click to enlarge)&#xA;  First picture from WP, 2nd &amp;amp; 3rd from Nigel Palastanga &amp;amp; Roger Soames: &quot;Anatomy &amp;amp; Human Movement&quot;, Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, London, &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;2011. (German edition, pp69.)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CjnQ8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CjnQ8s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KEMDi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KEMDis.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (English edition, pp74.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To quote Palastanga &amp;amp; Soames:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Supinator&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Deep in the upper part of the forearm, supinator lies concealed by the superficial muscles as it surrounds the upper end of the radius. Its two heads arise in a continuous manner from the &lt;em&gt;inferior aspect&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;lateral epicondyle&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;humerus&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;radial collateral ligament&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;annular ligament&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;supinator crest&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;fossa&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;ulna&lt;/em&gt;. It is often convenient, however, to think of supinator as arising by two heads, humeral and ulnar, between which passes the posterior interosseous nerve to gain access to the extensor compartment of the forearm. From this extensive origin, the muscle fibres pass downwards and laterally to wrap around the upper third of the radius. They insert into the &lt;em&gt;posterior, lateral&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;anterior aspects&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;radius&lt;/em&gt;, as far forwards as the anterior margin between the neck and the attachment of pronator teres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As its name suggests, supinator supinates the forearm, in which there is an anterolateral movement of the distal end of the radius around the ulna causing the two bones to lie parallel to each other. Unless a particularly powerful supinatory action is required, supinator is probably the prime mover. However, if a powerful movement is required, biceps brachii is also recruited. It must be remembered, however, that biceps brachii cannot function as a supinator with the elbow fully extended, and consequently powerful supinatory movements are performed with the elbow flexed to about 120 .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pronator teres&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Forming the medial border of the cubital fossa at the elbow, pronator teres is the most lateral of the superficial muscles in the flexor compartment of the forearm. It arises by two heads – the humeral head and the ulnar head. The humeral head arises from the lower part of the &lt;em&gt;medial supracondylar ridge&lt;/em&gt; and adjacent &lt;em&gt;intermuscular septum&lt;/em&gt;, as well as from the common flexor origin on the &lt;em&gt;medial epicondyle&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;humerus&lt;/em&gt; and the covering fascia. The ulnar head arises from the &lt;em&gt;pronator ridge&lt;/em&gt; on the &lt;em&gt;ulna,&lt;/em&gt; which runs downwards from the medial part of the &lt;em&gt;coronoid process,&lt;/em&gt; joining the humeral head on its deep surface. Between these two heads passes the median nerve. The muscle fibres pass downwards and laterally to attach via a flattened tendon into a &lt;em&gt;roughened oval area&lt;/em&gt; on the middle of the &lt;em&gt;lateral surface&lt;/em&gt; of the &lt;em&gt;radius&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pronator teres pronates the forearm by producing an anteromedial movement of the lower end of the radius across the ulna, carrying the hand with it. Pronator teres is also a weak flexor of the elbow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-11-11T18:47:06.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-11T22:23:37.403" Score="4" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18391559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sexual dysfunction&lt;/a&gt; such as anorgasmia, decreased libido, and erectile dysfunction are frequently reported in mental health conditions such as depression; furthermore, they are also reported as somewhat common side effects of a number of medications, including psychiatric medications such as SSRIs and lithium.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For psychiatric medications, in particular lithium, is this sexual dysfunction reversible (i.e. it will improve with time or revert to baseline upon discontinuation of therapy) or is the process by which it occurs irreversible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5008" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-12T02:00:04.300" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T02:00:04.300" Title="Is the sexual dysfunction from psychiatric medications such as SSRIs and lithium permanent or reversible?" Tags="&lt;irreversible-damage&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;lithium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17898" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17905" CreationDate="2018-11-11T22:28:21.567" Score="1" ViewCount="2455" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read in a few places that one has to use warm water with water flossers (e.g., Waterpik). Why wouldn't cold water be ok too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g., from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/blog/waterpik-mouthwash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/blog/waterpik-mouthwash/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181111222737/https://www.waterpik.com/oral-health/blog/waterpik-mouthwash/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;all you need in your Water Flosser for clinically proven effectiveness is warm water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/TUhgFe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qr.ae/TUhgFe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/9w86i3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/9w86i3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T16:20:36.820" Title="Why does one have to use warm water with water flossers (e.g., Waterpik)?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;floss-flossing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17897" CreationDate="2018-11-11T23:17:42.440" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Psychology is an important component of the human sexual response.  Mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety spectrum disorders can significantly change an individual's sexual response.  Sexual dysfunction such as anorgasmia (difficulty achieving orgasm), decreased libido (lower sex drive), lower arousal state, and erectile dysfunction (difficulty achieving or maintaining full erection) are a common symptom reported in individuals with depression and other mental health conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, many medications (especially those that alter neurophysiology) also have the potential to interfere with the sexual response.  Not all that take these medications have the same sexual side effects, but there are medications with higher rates of sexual side effects than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most individuals who experience SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction see improvement either through switching to a different medication, or via psychotherapy (focused on sexual response) and &quot;retraining the response.&quot;  There are infrequent but existing cases of persistent SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, such as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173768&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study by Csoka et al&lt;/a&gt;, where they cite &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;mechanistic hypotheses including persistent endocrine and epigenetic&#xA;  gene expression alterations.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is less clear in lithium, as there are far fewer studies.  A paper in 2015 titled &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25619161&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Lithium and sexual dysfunction: an under-researched area&quot;&lt;/a&gt; explored the literature and found it lacking in robust studies on the topic.  They emphasize that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Sexual dysfunction during lithium treatment appears significantly&#xA;  associated with a lower level of overall functioning and may reduce&#xA;  compliance&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is why this topic is certainly an important issue to address, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://ebmh.bmj.com/content/ebmental/18/1/1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;maintenance therapy is a critical component of supporting mental health stability&lt;/a&gt; - especially for those struggling with disorders that involve mania and/or psychoses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of lithium and other medication-induced sexual dysfunction can certainly be successful, but may require effort and different modes of therapy - for which both medications and sexual psychotherapy exist.  I hesitate to get into the specifics, as it would be of greatest benefit for an individual struggling with this to discuss his/her specific situation with the prescribing physician, and also possibly a psychologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This is what my initial review has yielded. I will continue to update this with additional information that I find.  Please feel free to recommend additional resources.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0701/p127.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0701/p127.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173768&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173768&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25619161&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25619161&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ebmh.bmj.com/content/ebmental/18/1/1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ebmh.bmj.com/content/ebmental/18/1/1.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-11-11T23:17:42.440" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-12T00:12:04.410" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are parents and doctors that agree to spread out their kids' shots. Supposedly it's easier on the baby (some babies experience fever or other ill reactions to vaccination). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I had a thought that maybe the fever after a certain shot might be the same regardless if it's taken together with another shot or not. Or maybe the ill effect even increases as the break between shots gets reduced and there is less time for body to recover for the next shots?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that taking shots one by one reduces the ill effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11942" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-11-13T11:57:53.107" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T11:57:53.107" Title="Is there scientific evidence that spacing out vaccines have any positive effects?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17898" CreationDate="2018-11-12T16:20:36.820" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Comfort factor only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chat session started at 9:16:01&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for contacting Waterpik. One of our customer service representatives will be with you in just a moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are now chatting with Aleecia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aleecia :Thank you for contacting Water Pik, my name is Aleecia. How can I help you today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ted:Why is it recommended to use warm water in the flosser?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ted:&amp;quot;all you need in your Water Flosser for clinically proven effectiveness is warm water&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ted:Where is the study proving the clinical effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aleecia :I would be glad to help answer. We recommend warm water as to not cause unnecessary irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ted:How is warm water more clinically effective than other temperatures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ted:Or is the clinical effectiveness independent of the temperature, and warm water is only recommended for the comfort factor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aleecia :The only reason why we recommend using warm water is because it may cause less irritation. Purely a comfort factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-12T16:20:36.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17902" CreationDate="2018-11-13T02:50:24.400" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is evidence that delaying or refusing immunization puts children at risk of disease &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/19482753/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20048244/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24843064&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/a&gt; that delaying or spreading out MMR or MMRV in particular puts children at greater risk of reactions (febrile seizures), rather then reducing the risk. I'm not aware of any study demonstrating the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T02:50:24.400" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17909" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-11-13T03:45:26.970" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-11-13T03:45:26.970" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T03:45:26.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17910" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-11-13T03:45:26.970" Score="0" Body="Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation." OwnerUserId="1819" LastEditorUserId="1819" LastEditDate="2018-11-17T23:59:08.507" LastActivityDate="2018-11-17T23:59:08.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16659" CreationDate="2018-11-13T12:23:16.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can try out Tablet Reminder Mobile application which helps you to remind.&#xA;Here is some of the medication reminder apps&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.medisafe.android.client&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medisafe&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.smartpatient.mytherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MyTherapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.appzweb.tabloo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tabloo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15098" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T12:23:16.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17913" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16659" CreationDate="2018-11-13T16:21:50.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I took a number of meds during chemo ; I had a simple paper chart for each day with the meds listed. I would mark each one with the time(s) I took it. This may be too simple for some , but it worked well for an old person with memory impaired by chemo. Other factors like temperature may easily be added. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2018-11-13T16:21:50.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17918" CreationDate="2018-11-14T07:46:28.903" Score="3" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do the two abbreviations in &quot;Diagnosis: urti, ge&quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;URTI is presumably Upper Respiratory Tract Infaction, but what does GE stand for? Could it be related to Diarrhea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8265" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T09:49:14.137" Title="Abbreviations URTI and GE in a doctor's diagnosis" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17916" CreationDate="2018-11-14T09:07:40.437" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;URTI&lt;/strong&gt; is a common abbreviation for upper respiratoty tract infection and&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;GE&lt;/strong&gt; for gastroenteritis, which refers to infection of the stomach and intestine, which is usually associated with diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of the usage of URTI and GE in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26603247&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed article&lt;/a&gt;. This source should not be used to make any conclusions about the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-14T09:49:14.137" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T09:49:14.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-14T13:07:07.433" Score="4" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several sources that list the uterine rupture rate during attempted vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) as &amp;lt;=1%.  But what happens after that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stated another way, in the case of a uterine rupture during labour, what are the expected outcomes for the 1. mother and 2. baby?  The answer does not need to be VBAC specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15107" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-11-14T14:45:18.183" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T17:27:46.073" Title="Outcomes after uterine rupture" Tags="&lt;birth&gt;&lt;uterus&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-14T14:24:12.020" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;When discussing a possible vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), healthcare professionals often cite the risk of uterine rupture during VBAC as a motivation for repeat Cesarean.  This is however only one of multiple risks associated with either procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking all risks into account, what is the combined risk of death or serious injury for a repeat cesarean (for completeness sake, only second cs) as compared to a VBAC (VBA1C), for an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy (e.g. no pre-eclampsia, diabetes, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15108" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2018-11-14T14:45:57.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T16:28:17.830" Title="Risks for VBAC vs repeat Cesarean" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;c-section&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17921" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17920" CreationDate="2018-11-14T16:28:17.830" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is difficult to answer because risk discussions are individualized.  Instead of answering, I will point you to reliable resources to guide your discussion with your OB.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One great source of pooled evidence is UpToDate. I would also recommend reading articles from ACOG and AAFP, professional organizations that are going to be impartial as opposed to agenda-driven topical websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT the ultimate risks/benefits discussion and ultimate decision MUST be held between you and your provider. We cannot provide that for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would recommend reading up through reputable websites like these, then taking the information and your questions to your OB GYN and tell them you are having trouble understanding.  If they are unable to explain something like that to you, perhaps it is best for you to find a different OB GYN who can connect better with you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-birth-after-cesarean-delivery-vbac-beyond-the-basics#H3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate VBAC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/Womens-Health/Vaginal-Birth-After-Cesarean-VBAC?IsMobileSet=false&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACOG VBAC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0201/p197.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP VBAC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T16:28:17.830" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17919" CreationDate="2018-11-14T17:19:52.453" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the outcomes of uterine rupture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of uterine rupture is surgical. Goals are stopping the hemorrhage, delivering the baby, and repairing the uterus if possible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The range of risks is similar to the range of risks of a cesarean delivery (infection, blood loss, thromboembolism, hysterectomy, organ injury, adhesions, extended hospital stay, extended recovery time, risks associated with anesthesia, maternal mortality, fetal injury, fetal respiratory problems, fetal neurological problems, and perinatal death, see Williams Obstetrics). Single center reports vary, due in part to the characteristics of their patient population, so it is difficult to pin down a useful rate for comparison, but generally the risks would seem to be higher. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216316/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;population level study  in Canada&lt;/a&gt; looking at all maternal morbidity from 1991 - 2001, reported 4 total cases of maternal death after uterine rupture in those 10 years, from which we can calculate a risk of 2 per 1,000 uterine ruptures. This is much higher than with cesarean (varies, but, Williams puts it at 2.2 per 100,000, and with a comparable population the risk of maternal mortality after vaginal delivery is 0.2 per 100,000), but the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502301&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010 NIH consensus statement on VBAC&lt;/a&gt; states there have been no reported maternal deaths due to uterine rupture, presumably using US data alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than maternal mortality, the primary risks of uterine rupture are hysterectomy (14-33 percent) and perinatal death (6 percent) (see the NIH consensus statement).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would note, also, the risk of uterine rupture is reported and probably presented when discussing VBAC, as less than 1%, but the specific risk is highly dependent on specific maternal and uterine characteristics. A classic (vertical) cesarean incision (which is generally not done anymore), for example, carries a higher risk than a low transverse incision, and a poor closure (single-layer) also carries a higher risk. Much of what drives the reported risk of uterine rupture during TOLAC is based on surgical techniques from many decades ago. You can read more about this in the NIH consensus statement I linked to above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-11-14T17:27:46.073" LastActivityDate="2018-11-14T17:27:46.073" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10201" CreationDate="2018-11-15T17:12:47.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are effects of microdosing alcohol on the liver's ability to &lt;em&gt;metabolize toxins?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol can induce the enzyme system CYP2E1 in the liver, which can speed up the metabolism of toxins thus making some more and others less toxic. But according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa72/aa72.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;niaaa.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...CYP2E1 only is active after a person has consumed &lt;em&gt;large&lt;/em&gt; amounts of alcohol...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are effects of microdosing alcohol on the &lt;em&gt;liver performance?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be no studies about the effects (beneficial or harmful) of microdosing alcohol (1-2 g alco/day) on liver function, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9726266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;light drinking&lt;/a&gt; (up to 17 g alco/day) can show signs of impaired liver function, such as increased blood levels of the liver enzymes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716536/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the relation between microdosing alcohol and &lt;em&gt;mortality?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a systematic review of 87 studies including 3,998,626 individuals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26997174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;), no significant reduction in mortality risk was observed for low-volume drinkers (1.3-24.9 g ethanol/day) and occasional drinkers (&amp;lt;1.3 g ethanol/day):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...low-volume alcohol consumption has no net mortality benefit compared&#xA;  with lifetime abstention or occasional drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another analysis of several surveys including 333,247 individuals (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/8/913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JACC, 2017&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Light and moderate alcohol intake [up to 2 drinks or 28 g ethanol/day]&#xA;  might have a protective effect on all-cause and cardiovascular&#xA;  disease-specific mortality in U.S. adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to both reviews, microdosing (consuming 1 g or similarly small amount of alcohol per day) is not associated with significantly lower mortality than abstention &lt;em&gt;(see the graph with a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/8/913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J-curve&lt;/a&gt; in the 2nd review).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can microdosing alcohol &lt;em&gt;improve your immunity&lt;/em&gt; like antivenom can protect you against venom?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, not likely. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism#In_practice&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mithridatism - practice of protecting oneself against a poison by gradually self-administering non-lethal amounts (Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...immunity generally is only possible with biologically complex types&#xA;  [usually proteins] which the immune system can respond to... In some&#xA;  cases, it is possible to build up tolerance against specific&#xA;  non-biological poisons. For some poisons, this involves conditioning&#xA;  the liver to produce more of the particular enzymes that deal with&#xA;  these poisons (for example alcohol).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol29_2.1_8.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rcpe.ac.uk, p. 140&lt;/a&gt;, this increased liver alcohol clearance (alcohol tolerance) develops only after&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;prolonged use of alcohol in &lt;em&gt;substantial&lt;/em&gt; doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concluding from studies that included larger amounts of alcohol, microdosing alcohol does not seem to have any significant beneficial or harmful effects on the liver, but there is a lack of direct evidence.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-16T16:46:39.557" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T16:46:39.557" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-16T16:30:41.287" Score="0" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lithium is naturally found in takable form in nature and was put in water(some bathes/springs naturally) and sodas for years prior to having it approved by the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly historically could Lithium be originally be considered to be a alternative/integrative medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today it is obviously regulated partly for being toxic at high dosages but not originally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="6786" LastEditDate="2018-11-16T22:51:32.793" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T22:51:32.793" Title="Could lithium be considered alternative medicine historically?" Tags="&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;integrative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17935" CreationDate="2018-11-16T19:39:29.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alternative medicine is medicine that is outside the standard of care and typically has no strong evidence for effectiveness beyond placebo effects. If there is sufficient scientific evidence that a treatment is effective, it becomes part of the standard of care and is no longer alternative medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternative medicine does not mean &quot;using 'natural' ingredients&quot; or anything like that, because &quot;natural&quot; doesn't have any relationship to what is safe or effective: naturally occurring compounds can be poisons just as effectively as synthetic ones can be, chemistry doesn't care about the history of the atoms included in a molecule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lithium used as a medicine has always been based on experiments that showed effectiveness (even if mechanisms are/were poorly understood). Therefore, no, it is not an alternative medicine when used to treat anything for which there is evidence of effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lithium has also been used as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;patent medicine&lt;/a&gt; - in that context it could be thought of as &quot;alternative&quot; in that marketing claims were made that were not based on scientific evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lithium was not originally regulated, nor was anything. Regulation of anything is a relatively recent phenomenon, with the US FDA for example only founded in the early 1900s. Not everything is regulated immediately, new regulations are continually added as evidence for harm is discovered. Pharmaceuticals are a bit of a special case in that they must be &quot;approved&quot; rather than simply absent from a &quot;harmful&quot; list, but their regulation is related to marketing them as medical drugs, not based on their production or consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marmol, F. (2008). Lithium: bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(8), 1761-1771.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shorter, E. (2009). The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar disorders, 11, 4-9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-11-16T22:30:05.867" LastActivityDate="2018-11-16T22:30:05.867" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9640" CreationDate="2018-11-16T22:06:31.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a reason you get tired after eating - It's due to a portion of your blood in your body moving to your gut and bowel, leaving less for the rest of your body (brain, muscles etc) and slowing you down, making you sleepy(1)! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether is is healthy or not, it's neither here nor there. It can mess with your natural sleeping cycle, but it is also not good to deprive yourself of sleep. I feel the best advice I can offer is just to listen to your body and what feels right for you. We are all built slightly differently, so forcing yourself to adhere to other peoples norms certainly isn't good for you! There have been studies done showing it has very little impact on how well you learn (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My apologies for the shoddy response and references, I've put 2 basic sources in, if you have any further questions I will do my best to answer them and improve my referencing. A lot of my information comes from my degree and background (Medical Physics). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) - &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/10/04/why-do-we-feel-sleepy-after-eating-a-meal.html?src=mostviewed&amp;amp;pg=/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/10/04/why-do-we-feel-sleepy-after-eating-a-meal.html?src=mostviewed&amp;amp;pg=/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) - A nap is as good as a night, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1078#references&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1078#references&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15124" LastEditorUserId="15124" LastEditDate="2018-11-18T15:15:16.853" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T15:15:16.853" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17941" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-17T10:44:56.140" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a pulmonary function test (PFT) two important parameters are forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one sec (FEV1). These are useful for diagnosing obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Then what is the use of tidal volume (VT) in diagnosing lung conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15036" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-17T15:27:30.383" LastActivityDate="2018-11-17T15:27:30.383" Title="Does tidal volume have any significance in a pulmonary function test?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17942" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10656" CreationDate="2018-11-17T11:08:05.147" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Long-term ketogenic diet can have various side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702868&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Safety and tolerability of the ketogenic diet used for the treatment of refractory childhood epilepsy: a systematic review of published prospective studies (PubMed, 2017):&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most common adverse effects included &lt;strong&gt;gastrointestinal disturbances&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  (40.6%), &lt;strong&gt;hyperlipidemia&lt;/strong&gt; (12.8%), &lt;strong&gt;hyperuricemia&lt;/strong&gt; (4.4%), &lt;strong&gt;lethargy&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  (4.1%), &lt;strong&gt;infectious diseases&lt;/strong&gt; (3.8%) and &lt;strong&gt;hypoproteinemia&lt;/strong&gt; (3.8%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://biomedj.cgu.edu.tw/pdfs/2013/36/1/images/BiomedJ_2013_36_1_2_107152.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Therapies For Epilepsy (BioMed Journal, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Side effects include &lt;strong&gt;constipation, dyslipidemia, growth slowing,&#xA;  acidosis,&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;kidney stones.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15507148/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ketogenic diets and physical performance (PubMed, 2004)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Impaired physical performance&lt;/strong&gt; is a common but not obligate result of a&#xA;  low carbohydrate diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664869/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ketogenic diet in endocrine disorders: Current perspectives (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The moderate adverse effects comprised of...&lt;strong&gt;mineral&#xA;  deficiencies&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ketovale.com/side-effects-of-keto-diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ketovale&lt;/a&gt; mentions many side effects from a mixture of anecdotal and study reports: the side effects mentioned above plus &lt;strong&gt;keto flu (headache, weakness, brain fog, increased hunger and fatigue), acetone-like breath, muscle cramps, insomnia, reduced bone mineral density, keto rash&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989112/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2 cohort studies following 3,966 adults for 20-26 years: (PubMed, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A low-carbohydrate diet based on animal sources was associated with&#xA;  higher all-cause mortality in both men and women, whereas a&#xA;  vegetable-based low-carbohydrate diet was associated with lower&#xA;  all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-21T16:19:56.850" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T16:19:56.850" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-17T13:59:31.837" Score="3" ViewCount="546" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing a search on how the number of conditions can cause disease burden. I came across the terms &lt;em&gt;comorbidity&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;multimorbidty&lt;/em&gt; in my search and I wanted to know the difference between the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some definitions I found, and I was hoping someone might clear them up for me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;comorbidity – describes medical conditions that exist at the time of diagnosis of the index disease or later, but that are not a consequence of the index disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;multimorbidity – coexistence of several chronic diseases; can be described as existence of two or more chronic diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Hannah Diaz" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T18:11:39.910" Title="What is the difference between “comorbidity” and “multimorbidity”?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17949" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17943" CreationDate="2018-11-18T18:11:39.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Comorbidity&lt;/em&gt; describes the presence of one or more conditions beside another condition of interest. It can also refer to each of these accompanying conditions. For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Comorbidity (or comorbidities) of x usually include(s) y and z.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a study of patients with type 2 diabetes (the main in the study), common comorbidities may include obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, among others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Multimorbidity&lt;/em&gt;, refers merely to coexistence of multiple (&gt;=2) conditions, without specifying a main condition of interest. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A patient with multi-morbidity has the conditions x, y, and z at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A patient with coronary artery disease, obesity and hypertension is a patient with multimorbidity. S/he is likely to be on polypharmacy (taking multiple medications for those coexisting conditions).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="741" LastActivityDate="2018-11-18T18:11:39.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17957" CreationDate="2018-11-18T22:52:56.240" Score="0" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/dental+care/spit+out+toothpaste+but+dont+rinse+campaign&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Government of South Australia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-keep-your-teeth-clean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt; recommend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After brushing, spit out any excess toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't rinse your mouth immediately after brushing, as it'll wash away the concentrated fluoride in the remaining toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This dilutes it and reduces its preventative effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even after spitting, wouldn't some toothpaste linger in the mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After brushing, it's obviously impractical to keep returning to a sink to spit every time you have saliva. So wouldn't you swallow the residual toothpaste?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If 2 is true, isn't swallowing any amount of toothpaste unhealthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-20T05:43:35.803" Title="Is swallowing a tiny amount of toothpaste unhealthy? If so, isn't spitting but not rinsing wrong advice?" Tags="&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17958" CreationDate="2018-11-19T02:06:09.510" Score="5" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well known that smoking increases both the severity and frequency of flares in people with Crohn's disease.&#xA;What is not clear is whether that is due to the nicotine or the thousands of other toxins in cigarette smoke.&#xA;A cursory search only returns studies which show that smoking cigarettes makes Crohn's worse. I can't find any studies on the topic of whether alternative nicotine delivery methods (such as e-cigarettes) makes Crohn's worse, but if anyone can find some then that would form part of an ideal answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, we know that nicotine tends to actually improve symptoms in Ulcerative Colitis, the other form of inflammatory bowel disease. We know in this disease that this is due to the nicotine and not the other toxins in cigarette smoke, because there are plenty of studies (for UC only) that can be easily found linking the use of nicotine patches to an improvement in symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmj.bmj.com/content/76/895/273&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: implications for therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014383/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine treatment for ulcerative colitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Even though I have already accepted an answer for this question, new studies are done all the time and I would be highly interested in and upvote any other answers that are added which contain more studies on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastEditorUserId="15135" LastEditDate="2019-01-27T14:45:17.957" LastActivityDate="2019-01-27T14:45:17.957" Title="It is well known that cigarette smoking makes Crohn's disease worse. Is it the nicotine or the toxins, or both?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;ulcerative-colitis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17950" CreationDate="2018-11-19T10:16:46.080" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flouridated toothpastes are &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002745.htm?_ga=2.224735898.1438682251.1542620444-36979733.1542620444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;poisonous&lt;/a&gt; but as with anything our good friend Paracelsus comes into play here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All things are poison, and nothing is without poison, the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By spitting the &lt;em&gt;excess&lt;/em&gt; toothpaste out you are simply avoiding ingesting it in sufficient quantities to cause adverse effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advice not to rinse is to allow the fluoride that remains in the mouth to do what it's there for - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fluoride/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;helping prevent tooth decay&lt;/a&gt;, yes you will end up ingesting small amounts of the toothpaste that remains but it's much, much, smaller than the quantity you would have ingested by swallowing the toothpaste rather than spitting it out. As per &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262107115_Changes_in_referral_rates_for_acute_toothpaste_ingestions_reported_to_the_NPIS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crawford et al&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; the lowest dosage of fluoride seen producing symptoms was 1.6 mg/kg (the mean amount in asymptomatic patients was much higher at 3.89 mg/kg) - the classic &quot;pea-sized&quot; lump of toothpaste is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283281&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;~ 0.25g&lt;/a&gt; so taking me as an example..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I weigh 59kg, meaning that using the lower 1.6mg/kg figure I'd have to be ingesting 0.0944g of fluoride before symptoms were even a possibility - looking at a relatively typical &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.colgate.com/en-gb/products/toothpaste/ct-daily-repair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluoridated toothpaste&lt;/a&gt; it has 1450ppm of Sodium Fluoride which means our initial 0.25g of toothpaste contains about 0.0003625g of sodium fluoride. Which is 0.145% of that initial 0.25g! So even if &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; of the initial 0.25g were ingested it doesn't even come close to the levels needed to cause symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not sounding as though that small an amount stands much chance of causing a problem. If we look at the other end of the scale the mean dosage of those who &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; symptomatic is 4.78 mg/kg so at my weight that would mean ingesting 0.28202g of sodium fluoride, which at 1450 mg/kg would mean eating a frankly insane amount of toothpaste! So I won't lose any sleep over the negligible amounts I may ingest from not rinsing, if I do rinse however I'm going to be removing the opportunity for the fluoride to do it's work on the teeth and removing a known benefit for avoiding an essentially negligible risk isn't a sensible trade-off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So coming back to your three questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even after spitting, wouldn't some toothpaste linger in the mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, that's the point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After brushing, it's obviously impractical to keep returning to a sink to spit every time you have saliva. So wouldn't you swallow the residual toothpaste?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A tiny bit yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If 2 is true, isn't swallowing any amount of toothpaste unhealthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope. The dose makes the poison and the dose is insufficient to cause health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2018-11-20T05:43:35.803" LastActivityDate="2018-11-20T05:43:35.803" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17951" CreationDate="2018-11-19T14:33:06.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As suggested by one small human study and one study in mice, nicotine might improve Crohn's disease in the colon but aggravate Crohn's disease in the small intestine.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2008/237185/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nicotine Enemas for Active Crohn's Colitis: An Open Pilot Study (Hindawi, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirteen patients with active rectosigmoid Crohn's diseae...were given 6 mg&#xA;  nicotine enemas, each day for 4 weeks... Mean Crohn's disease activity&#xA;  index (CDAI) decreased from 202 to 153—the score was reduced in 6&#xA;  patients, unchanged in 3, and increased in one. Frequency of bowel&#xA;  movements decreased in 8 patients and the sigmoidoscopy grade was&#xA;  reduced in 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study in mice (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12072594/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2002&lt;/a&gt;) with chemically induced inflammatory bowel disease, nicotine (added into the drinking water) treatment improved inflammation of the colon but aggravated inflammation of the jejunum (a part of small intestine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This evidence if far too weak to make any conclusions/recommendations but suggests that differences in the nicotine effect might be due to disease location (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146835/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of smoking on inflammatory bowel disease: Is it disease or organ specific? - PubMed, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-19T15:18:37.207" LastActivityDate="2018-11-19T15:18:37.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-19T18:32:27.190" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has having allergy induced asthma which can also be aggravated by intense exercise been shown to get worse after having tonsils removed in adult males?  A common treatment for repeatedly getting Angina Tonsillitis in a short space of time is to have the tonsils removed.  Has this been shown to increase the risk of catching Bronchitis in adult asthmatics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angina Tonsillitis severely affects an asthmatics ability to breath easily causing airways to remain aggravated restricted often resulting in the patient having to take increased medication for extended periods of time to regain normal quality of breathing.  Has Bronchitis which is often prevented by normal functioning tonsils been shown to be worse for asthmatics than tonsillitis and are they more susceptible to catching it after having their tonsils removed than before and more so than non-asthmatics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medindia.net/news/tonsil-and-adenoid-removal-may-up-asthma-risk-180084-1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The following source&lt;/a&gt; deals with and indicates there is an increased risk of COPD following tonsil and or adenoid removal but does not deal at all with the case which I am interested in, which is if the the risk increase of incidence in asthmatics is increased after a tonsillectomy as compared to subjects who already frequently get Angina Tonsillitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more detailed review of the study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180607135151.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;described here&lt;/a&gt; breaks down the results further.  Again this does not address my question as the dataset does not sufficiently cover adult males who already suffer from asthma and are prone to getting Tonsillitis already.  I want to know if the risk of getting a COPD disease is increased after a Tonsillectomy for subjects who are already more prone than normal to getting Tonsillitis and if the increased risk of a COPD disease has been shown to have a greater negative impact on subjects measured quality of life than chronic Tonsillitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even better will be any concrete results on the measure of how asthma is affected after having both diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15141" LastEditorUserId="15141" LastEditDate="2018-11-21T04:25:08.827" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T04:25:08.827" Title="Does tonsillectomy increase the incidence of bronchitis in asthmatics as compared to sufferers of chronic Tonsillitis" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;tonsillitis&gt;&lt;tonsil-tonsillectomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17969" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17994" CreationDate="2018-11-20T15:11:20.767" Score="4" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious to know what the difference is between having a fast heart rate during exercise and having a fast heart rate say at rest or during an anxiety attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's known that exercise is good for you because your heart is a muscle and benefits from the increased heart rate that you get from exercise such as cardio. So what if someone is having an anxiety attack, and has an increased heart rate similar to if they were running on a treadmill? Do they get the same cardiovascular benefit as if they were exercising? What makes the fast heart rate during the anxiety attack so detrimental, and the fast heart rate during exercise healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14196" LastEditorUserId="14196" LastEditDate="2018-11-20T17:12:42.807" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T12:29:11.310" Title="What's the difference between a fast heart rate during exercise, and a fast heart rate during an anxiety attack?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-20T17:53:02.907" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone describe what causes a human the urge to urinate? I understand that it's highly correlated with bladder volume, but it is not causal as bladder spasm can occur even when very little urine is in the bladder. Furthermore, there are apparently foods that can irritate the bladder such that a spasm can occur at low volumes. Thus it appears there may be a mechanical (volume) as well as chemical trigger (irritants). How do both of these triggers occur in the body and how are they related? What causes the detrusor muscle to contract? How does the bladder know when it is full? etc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3595" LastEditorUserId="3595" LastEditDate="2018-11-20T19:34:35.727" LastActivityDate="2018-11-20T19:34:35.727" Title="What causes the urge to urinate at a physiological level?" Tags="&lt;urination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17973" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-21T03:41:03.943" Score="1" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;So first I feel I should clarify this isn't to support some vampire fetish. No this is actually to bring some scientific fact to my fictional work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many pints in a one month period could an average man lose before it is completely impossible for him to have an erection? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there drugs that can extend that range? If so what? And to what new maximum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15146" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-21T05:20:31.933" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T05:25:00.377" Title="At what point would blood loss impede the ability to achieve an erection?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17973" CreationDate="2018-11-21T05:15:10.253" Score="4" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Erections aren't binary, they have a gradient of turgidity; but going by your statement &quot;completely impossible,&quot; then I will assume that for your novel you want to understand what would prevent any noticeable degree of erection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As it is a part of the body, the penis will continue to be perfused by the circulatory system as long as the heart is pumping.*  The blood trapping that occurs during erection is a mechanical obstruction of the outflow of blood in response to arousal. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There IS redistribution that occurs when the body experiences significant blood loss, and there is certainly a point prior to death at which there would be decreased penile perfusion, but there is no clear way to pinpoint a specific point at which no amount of arousal would result in ANY erection whatsoever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the psychology of whatever traumatic injury is causing the blood loss, coupled with the intense physiologic sympathetic stress of the compensatory mechanisms, may impact the ability for the individual to experience arousal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The cardiovascular physiology of blood loss is actually really complicated. As you imagine, the body wants to do absolutely anything it can to keep functioning, so there are a lot of mechanisms that kick in the more blood volume that is lost.  The physiologic response also differs between acute blood loss and chronic blood loss.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there is an amount of blood that would result in immediate death, which in a normal healthy person would likely be at least 40% blood volume or greater.  But the points leading up to that are where things are more complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP031&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; will help illuminate the complexity.  A few key passages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When blood loss is 15 to 40%, mean arterial and pulse pressures fall,&#xA;  and heart rate increases, with the magnitude of these changes being&#xA;  related to how much blood is lost. If the hemorrhage is stopped, the&#xA;  arterial pressure slowly recovers and heart rate declines as long-term&#xA;  compensatory mechanisms are activated to restore normal arterial&#xA;  pressure... A greater than 40% blood loss is life threatening, and&#xA;  resuscitation is generally essential for survival because prolonged,&#xA;  severe hypotension leads to organ failure and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compensatory mechanisms. The reduction in blood volume during acute&#xA;  blood loss causes a fall in central venous pressure and cardiac&#xA;  filling. This leads to reduced cardiac output and arterial pressure.&#xA;  The body has a number of compensatory mechanisms that become activated&#xA;  in an attempt to restore arterial pressure and blood volume back to&#xA;  normal. These mechanisms include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Baroreceptor reflexes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chemoreceptor reflexes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Circulating vasoconstrictors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Renal reabsorption of sodium and water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Activation of thirst mechanisms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Reabsorption of tissue fluids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also exceptional cases where people have survived massive blood loss, or died from lower amount of blood loss - so it's not always the exact same case.  But this at least gives some direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for drugs, with hypovolemic shock, we try to rapidly expand intravascular volume crystalloid fluids (like normal saline or lactated ringer's) and blood when available, and sometimes use vasopressors like norepinephrine to maintain an adequate mean arterial pressure.  The medication is a short-lived solution until the blood can be replaced, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-21T05:25:00.377" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T05:25:00.377" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-21T06:17:31.470" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, could the spray (liquid moisture) suspended in the air cause irritation and inflammation of the lungs similar to what is observed in secondary drowning, where inhaled water irritates the airways and causes a condition that is identical to pneumonia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/children/features/secondary-drowning-dry-drowning#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/children/features/secondary-drowning-dry-drowning#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, in secondary drowning, there is no infection, but the irritation of the water inside the lungs causes symptoms identical to pneumonia and sets of an inflammatory response in the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15090" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T11:13:54.103" Title="Is it possible for someone to develop Aspiration Pneumonia from standing in very heavy rain?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-21T12:04:17.563" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that use of azathioprine and other thiopurines is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in the risk of developing lymphoma, as shown in [1] and several other easily findable studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know by what mechanism(s)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of my speculations that may aid an answer are listed below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thiopurines are cytotoxic. They directly cause damage to cells and or DNA which then leads to lymphoma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thiopurines suppress the immune system, which makes one more susceptible to viruses, the viruses then cause damage to cells, which leads to lymphoma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The types of people given thiopurines, such as those with inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk of developing lymphoma anyway, even without drugs, due to their disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some other reason not given here.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some combination of the above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ideal answer would reference studies and highlight which of these factors we have most evidence for, and / or which are the most significant factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, Anti-TNF agents such as Infliximab and adalimumab have also been shown to be associated with higher risk of lymphoma. As far as I know, these drugs are antibodies and are not cytotoxic. Which would seem to imply that 2. is a stronger factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Association Between Use of Thiopurines or Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists Alone or in Combination and Risk of Lymphoma in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T12:04:17.563" Title="What is the mechanism behind the association between azathioprine use and a higher risk of developing lymphoma?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;myelopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10656" CreationDate="2018-11-21T20:21:03.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You might be interested in this study: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, for 83 obese study participants on a ketogenic (&amp;lt;30g carb/day) diet for 24 weeks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The weight and body mass index of the patients decreased significantly (P&amp;lt;0.0001). The level of total cholesterol decreased from week 1 to week 24. HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased, whereas LDL cholesterol levels significantly decreased after treatment. The level of triglycerides decreased significantly following 24 weeks of treatment. The level of blood glucose significantly decreased. The changes in the level of urea and creatinine were not statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these changes (weight and BMI decreased, total cholesterol decreased, LDL decreased, triglycerides decreased, HDL increased, blood glucose decreased) are normally considered to be indications of improved health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15150" LastActivityDate="2018-11-21T20:21:03.883" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-22T00:23:32.960" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does &quot;stagnation in the prostate&quot; as described as a clinical symptom in serious evidence-based medicine mean? Or is this just a &quot;pop-culture and mass-media&quot; &lt;em&gt;buzzword&lt;/em&gt;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8236" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-22T06:10:33.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-22T13:51:25.210" Title="What is &quot;stagnation in the prostate&quot;?" Tags="&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17981" CreationDate="2018-11-22T09:57:25.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can search using operators &quot;site:gov&quot; or &quot;site:edu&quot; and find texts, such as this one from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5040619/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sexual behaviors represent potential modifiable risk factors and may&#xA;  influence prostate cancer development through a variety of specific&#xA;  mechanisms. One biological mechanism involves prostatic accumulation&#xA;  of potentially carcinogenic secretions, which may create more&#xA;  opportunity for prostate cancer development, sometimes referred to as&#xA;  the &lt;strong&gt;prostate stagnation hypothesis&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;strong&gt;&quot;blood stagnation&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; is not related to prostate stagnation hypothesis and is mentioned as a problem after prostate cancer surgery, for example in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acufinder.com/Acupuncture+Information/Detail/Acupuncture+Treatment+of+Incontinence+following+Prostate+Cancer+Surgery+&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article about acupuncture treatment after prostate surgery&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-22T13:51:25.210" LastActivityDate="2018-11-22T13:51:25.210" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17985" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17986" CreationDate="2018-11-22T13:16:35.470" Score="7" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently a resident in an emergency department in a small community hospital. I have just been informed that a patient of mine, whom I discharged from the ED three days ago has just been diagnosed with a subarachnoidal hemorrhage and has been admitted to the ICU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am deeply affected by this news and I want to present my deepest apologies to the family members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the best way of communicating the medical error? How does one apologise? I was planning on explaining how and why the medical error occurred. Is there anything else I should pay special attention to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(We learn a lot about medical errors during medical school but not a lot about how to communicate with family members when those medical errors have occurred. I hope this question is suitable for this site. Thanks in advance.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15155" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-11-22T15:08:16.240" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T00:33:01.573" Title="How to communicate and apologise for a medical error" Tags="&lt;communication&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17985" CreationDate="2018-11-22T18:34:37.217" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right to feel empathy about the situation, and it is good to express empathy to our patients.  I applaud you for not letting that get beaten out of you by the difficult training our system puts us through.  Keeping the human element in medicine is important not only to our patients but to ourselves and the culture of medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And you are right to seek guidance.  GME offices usually prep residents in orientation for how to approach this; it is unfortunate that yours did not.  It is important to remember that what you say really does matter, both psychologically and legally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Talk with your faculty about how they recommend you approach it, and I would specifically seek out the attending with whom you precepted the patient&lt;/strong&gt;.  Remember, it was their patient too. If you do not feel comfortable talking with that attending because of their personality or attitude, turn to your residency director or faculty advisor - that's what they are there for.  There is also going to be a legal consultant for the hospital, and you can ask them advice as well.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But one important distinction is whether &lt;em&gt;you&lt;/em&gt; truly made an &lt;em&gt;error&lt;/em&gt;, or whether you are experiencing empathy about an unfortunate case of an atypical presentation falling through the cracks of standards of practice.  Both are &lt;em&gt;types&lt;/em&gt; of errors, but they are distinct, and have very different implications.  I'm assuming you feel like you missed diagnosing the SAH when they were under your care, but I also assume that you practiced medicine using usual standards of practice while they were in the ED - e.g. following standard algorithms for when to order head CT after a fall, etc.   The sensitivity of those tools are not 100%, but they are often the best tool we have when weighing the risks associated with blasting someone's brain with CT radiation against the likelihood that this particular headache is actually a brain bleed.   At a population level, think of the brain cancers from unnecessary CTs these algorithms are preventing by not scanning every headache or bumped head.  The decision for an individual case is not easy, which is why these algorithms exist.  Consider what really happened, not just with the knowledge of the ultimate result.  Hindsight is always 20/20.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And again, don't do this on your own.  Plus you can recommend to your residency director to hold a didactics session on communicating medical errors; he/she could invite the legal team to discuss it with the residents.  It is an important professionalism topic that should be part of your training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some websites with good reading on how to approach discussing errors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/760546&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/760546&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://acpinternist.org/archives/2014/06/errors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://acpinternist.org/archives/2014/06/errors.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662285/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662285/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-11-24T00:33:01.573" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T00:33:01.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-23T01:59:01.660" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a project in which I have to measure inter ocular pressure (IOP) of the eye. Currently, the gold standard to measure IOP is using goldmann applanation tonometer, in which anesthesia is being used as there is corneal contact with the sensing probe.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am working on to measure the IOP with the closed eyelid. Using probe for sensing. I am not getting consistent value of the IOP. The design I am working on consist of applying small pressure to the eyelid and eye and then measuring the reaction from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does eyelid of all people are consistent or there is variation in it. I have considering average eyelid thickness of 2 mm[Schutte, van den Bedem, van Keulen et al. (2006);Ljubimova (2009)]. &#xA;Is this assumption good enough to do the analysis.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15036" LastActivityDate="2018-11-23T01:59:01.660" Title="Eyelid thickness variation" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;eyelids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17992" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="17993" CreationDate="2018-11-23T13:20:42.253" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chikungunya can cause joint pain. Is it true that there is no treatment for Chikungunya joint pain? How do patients normally cope with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4984" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-11-23T13:53:53.787" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T19:48:09.200" Title="Chikungunya joint pain" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;joints&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17992" CreationDate="2018-11-23T13:53:32.167" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that there is no treatment for the Chikungunya virus and infection. That is not the same as there being no treatment for the pain. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; recommends acetaminophen but not aspirin or NSAIDs for the fever and pain.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months. The risk of death is around 1 in 1,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People either cope with the pain for a week or more, or take Tylenol for it until it goes away. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2018-11-23T13:53:32.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17969" CreationDate="2018-11-23T14:57:36.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not a fast heart rate but the underlying mechanisms that can affect health. The mechanisms involved in exercise can be beneficial and those in anxiety harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EXERCISE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/chap3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiological responses and long-term adaptations to exercise (CDC.gov)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the &lt;strong&gt;cardiovascular response to exercise&lt;/strong&gt; is directly proportional to&#xA;  the &lt;strong&gt;skeletal muscle oxygen demands&lt;/strong&gt; for any given rate of work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table 3.2 from the same source shows cardiovascular changes after 6 months of endurance training, for example, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;increased heart volume, increased stroke volume at rest, lower systolic blood pressure at rest and increased blood volume.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term exercise and the associated increased oxygen demand also results in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;more dense capillary network in the heart and skeletal muscles,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and therefore their better oxygen and nutrients supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular exercise can have other benefits, such as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;easier maintenance of healthy body weight, increased muscle mass, lung volume and insulin sensitivity, and lower LDL cholesterol&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/chap3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mortality&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574458/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ANXIETY&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In anxiety, there is no increase in skeletal muscle oxygen demand, so there should be no cardiovascular benefits (concluding from the quoted part from the CDC.gov above). In contrary, mechanisms involved in long-term anxiety my be harmful for the heart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150179/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anxiety and cardiovascular risk...(PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...anxiety appears to predict &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;more cardiovascular symptoms...and&#xA;  cardiovascular events.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149447/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The relationships between anxiety disorders and&#xA;  cardiac outcomes likely are mediated by both &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;behavioral and&#xA;  physiologic mechanisms, including autonomic dysfunction, inflammation,&#xA;  and platelet aggregation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-24T12:29:11.310" LastActivityDate="2018-11-24T12:29:11.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="17995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-23T15:18:24.450" Score="5" ViewCount="209" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;N. fibularis communis&lt;/em&gt; splits at the &lt;em&gt;Caput fibulae&lt;/em&gt; into two separate branches. While the &lt;em&gt;N. fibularis superficialis&lt;/em&gt; innervates the muscles in the &lt;em&gt;Compartimentum cruris fibularis&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;N. fibularis profundus&lt;/em&gt; innervates the &lt;em&gt;Compartimentum curries anterius&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;M. tibialis anterior, M. extensor digitorum longs and M. extensor hallucis longus&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HcHDSm.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HcHDSm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extensors are responsible for an extension of the upper ankle joint; the fibularis-group are the only pronators of the lower ankle joint. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I would expect a lesion of the N. fibularis superficialis to result in a club-foot defect (a constant supination of the foot). However, Schulte et al. note that an isolated lesion of the N. fibularis superficialis only affects the sensitive branch of N. superficialis, and there are no motory defects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, an isolated lesion of the N. profundus is affecting both motory and sensory parts and will result in a foot drop and the associated &lt;a href=&quot;https://library.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/gait_abnormal.html#03&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;steppage gait&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that the motory parts of the N. superficialis probably depart from the nerve very proximal right below the Caput fibulae, and that this results in the different clinical presentations. Am I correct? What is the reason for the motory parts of the N. profundus not departing such proximally? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cited: Schünke, Michael, et al. PROMETHEUS Allgemeine Anatomie Und Bewegungssystem. p.546 Georg Thieme Verlag, 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T22:00:50.150" Title="Lesion of the Nn. fibulares" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-25T02:04:12.003" Score="4" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pnas.org/content/106/9/3243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this report&lt;/a&gt;, absolute humidity affects transmission and survival of the influenza virus with 90% accuracy. Lower humidity at winter promotes both the influenza virus transmission and its survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that increasing humidity levels positively affects the prognosis of someone who's already been infected with the virus (i.e, either shortens the duration or diminishes the severity of the illness, not including obvious symptoms such as easing congestion etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason to believe this might be true is that higher humidity levels might also increase moisture in the nasal cavity thus weakening the virus but this is just a theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have concrete data on this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15149" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-26T10:38:56.540" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T12:00:47.440" Title="Do humidifiers help cure the flu?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;humidifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18003" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18028" CreationDate="2018-11-25T07:57:48.340" Score="5" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;After reading about the American missionary killed on North Sentinel Island, I realized I'm not sure how to answer the following question. One of the reasons anthropologists advise avoiding the remote island is to spare the Sentinelese tribe from our germs because they don't have immunity. The same thing happened to native South American tribes when the Portuguese and Spanish arrived (over 90% of the population was decimated from disease). My question then is why is that the native tribes were more susceptible to European diseases and not the other way around? Why weren't the Spanish and Portuguese decimated by native diseases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T04:22:56.660" Title="Immunity of indigenous tribe" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18004" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18017" CreationDate="2018-11-25T08:36:40.183" Score="5" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the news reports after the murderer of John Allen Chau on the Andaman Islands, I have several times read that common cold could kill this tribe, for example in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/us-missionarys-body-could-be-lost-battle-preserve-isolated-tribe-doc-1b203b1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; AFP-report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fears that 21st century diseases as mild as the common cold could kill off the tribe&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this really true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding of common cold is that there is basically an infinite number of different diseases (that is, different versions of bacterias or viruses) that is called common cold and after each cold you have you become immune to that specific pathogen but remain non-immune to all others that you haven't contracted. Obviously, most occurrences of common cold is not deadly although, if my understanding is correct, you are as non-immune to them as this tribe. So, is this claim that common cold could kill these people really true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Yes, the news reports also mentions &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46286215&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;measles&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;flu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but for these diseases there are vaccins you could offer this tribe)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14157" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T09:12:21.573" Title="Can common cold really be lethal?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17992" CreationDate="2018-11-25T19:48:09.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/400/kate-gregory&quot;&gt;Kate Gregory&lt;/a&gt;'s answer is perfect, but I wanted to expound a little bit on the &amp;quot;is it true that there is no treatment for Chikungunya joint pain&amp;quot; part of your question. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vumc.org/vvc/person/james-crowe-md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;James Crowe&lt;/a&gt; is a very interesting physician-scientist who focuses on what he calls &amp;quot;generalized medicine,&amp;quot; a sort-of opposite to personalized medicine – instead of sequencing millions of individual genomes to find some shared target, his lab finds rare antibodies in single individuals who have survived or shown uncommon resistance to diseases with no known cures. In 2015, his group isolated several candidate antibodies from an individual who recovered from their Chikungunya infection. (&lt;strong&gt;Emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/pdfExtended/S1931-3128(15)00257-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isolation and Characterization of Broad and Ultrapotent Human Monoclonal Antibodies with Therapeutic Activity against Chikungunya Virus. Smith &lt;em&gt;et al. Cell Host &amp;amp; Microbe.&lt;/em&gt; 2015.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that causes acute febrile infection associated with polyarthralgia in humans. Mechanisms of protective immunity against CHIKV are poorly understood, and no effective therapeutics or vaccines are available. We isolated and characterized human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that&#xA;neutralize CHIKV infectivity. &lt;strong&gt;Among the 30 mAbs isolated, 13 had broad and ultrapotent neutralizing activity&lt;/strong&gt; (IC50 &amp;lt; 10 ng/ml), and all of these mapped to domain A of the E2 envelope protein. Potent inhibitory mAbs blocked post-attachment steps required for CHIKV membrane fusion, and &lt;strong&gt;several were protective in a lethal challenge model in immunocompromised mice, even when administered at late&#xA;time points after infection&lt;/strong&gt;. These highly protective mAbs could be considered for prevention or treatment of CHIKV infection, and their epitope location&#xA;in domain A of E2 could be targeted for rational structure-based vaccine development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2017, an animal trial showed that their &amp;quot;engineered SVIR001, a recombinant fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb)...eliminated viremia, reduced viral load at the site of infection, and diminished spread to distant target tissues in rhesus macaques when administered after infection,&amp;quot; so there might be an imminent antibody therapy for Chikungunya, although these are often &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodrx.com/monoclonal-antibodies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;very expensive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005637&amp;amp;type=printable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Therapeutic administration of a recombinant human monoclonal antibody reduces the severity of chikungunya virus disease in rhesus macaques. Broeckel &lt;em&gt;et al. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.&lt;/em&gt; 2017.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes a febrile syndrome in humans associated with acute and chronic debilitating joint and muscle pain. Currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics are available to prevent or treat CHIKV infections. We recently isolated a panel of potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), one (4N12) of which exhibited prophylactic and post-exposure therapeutic activity against CHIKV in immunocompromised mice. Here, we describe the development of an engineered CHIKV mAb, designated SVIR001, that has similar antigen binding and neutralization profiles to its parent, 4N12. &lt;strong&gt;Because therapeutic administration of SVIR001 in immunocompetent mice significantly reduced viral load in joint tissues, we evaluated its efficacy in a rhesus macaque model of CHIKV infection&lt;/strong&gt;. Rhesus macaques that were treated after infection with SVIR001 showed rapid elimination of viremia and less severe joint infiltration and disease compared to animals treated with SVIR002, an isotype control mAb. &lt;strong&gt;SVIR001 reduced viral burden at the site of infection and at distant sites and also diminished the numbers of activated innate immune cells and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SVIR001 therapy; however, did not substantively reduce the induction of CHIKV-specific B or T cell responses&lt;/strong&gt;. Collectively, these results show promising therapeutic activity of a human anti-CHIKV mAb in rhesus macaques and provide proof-of-principle for its possible use in humans to treat active CHIKV infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T19:48:09.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17995" CreationDate="2018-11-25T20:56:46.020" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/nerves/superficial-fibular-nerve/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This anatomy site&lt;/a&gt; doesn't provide reputable citations, but I don't see any obvious inaccuracies and it has a reasonable section on potential clinical presentations of superficial fibular nerve injuries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two relatively common pathologies involving the damage to the superficial fibular nerve; entrapment and direct damage (e.g from a comminuted fracture).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Superficial Fibular Nerve Entrapment&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Superficial peroneal nerve entrapment (also known as nerve compression) can cause pain and paraesthesia over the lower leg and dorsum of the foot. Entrapment frequently results from ankle sprains or twisting of the ankle, as this causes the nerve to stretch in the lower leg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another cause of nerve entrapment occurs at the point where the nerve exits the deep fascia of the leg, the nerve becoming compressed by this fascia. Surgical decompression of the nerve therefore is used to provide relief from the symptoms and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Direct Damage to the Superficial Fibular Nerve&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The superficial fibular nerve may be damaged by fracture of the fibula, or by a perforating wound to the lateral side of the leg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the muscles that the superficial fibular nerve innervates are evertors, injury to the nerve may result in a loss of eversion. A loss of sensation over the majority of the dorsum of the foot and the anterolateral aspect of the lower leg could also result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ScienceDirect provides summary pages with excerpts from relevant publications on many topics, including the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/fibularis-muscles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fibularis muscles&lt;/a&gt;, which largely verifies the claims from the anatomy teaching site. I'll include two especially useful excerpts here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416024439500350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chapter 32 - Leg Injuries. Zetaruk &amp;amp; Hyman. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Sports Medicine&lt;/em&gt;. 2007.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Presentation&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Athletes with compression of this nerve present with pain, numbness or paraesthesias in the distribution of the superficial peroneal nerve (i.e. anterolateral lower leg and dorsum of foot, including second to fourth toes) during exercise and occasionally at rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/46TYb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/46TYb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Superficial fibular nerve distribution&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Examination&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical examination reveals decreased sensation most consistently over the dorsum of the foot after exercise. Tinel's sign over the site of the compression or pain with passive ankle flexion/supination may be elicited. Pressure over the site of entrapment while the patient actively plantarflexes and inverts the ankle may reproduce symptoms. A fascial defect may be detected on palpation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Treatment&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial conservative treatment may include modification of aggravating activities and prevention of recurrent ankle inversions using bracing. Surgical decompression is the definitive treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444529022000199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chapter 19 - Compression and entrapment neuropathies. Bouche. &lt;em&gt;Handbook of Clinical Neurology&lt;/em&gt;. 2013.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Superficial Fibular Neuropathy&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Superficial fibular nerve compression or entrapment is unusual. Peroneal compartment syndrome is an uncommon disorder in which the muscle swelling and necrosis are limited to the fibular muscles. It can be due to excessive exercise, blunt trauma, or rupture of the peroneus longus. Fracture of the fibula may damage only the superficial fibular nerve...Causes were varied: muscle herniation, varicose veins, anterior and/or lateral compartment syndrome, anterior fasciotomy, or contusion. There was decreased sensation and pain over the dorsum of the foot at rest or during exercise. Reduced nerve conduction velocity of the superficial fibular nerve below 44 m/s was considered abnormal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll notice that these articles make little mention of motor defects, including your hypothesized &amp;quot;constant supination of the foot,&amp;quot; like those motor deficiencies that occur with comparable &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brachial plexus injuries&lt;/a&gt;. This is because the eversion action of the muscles supplied by the superficial fibular nerve is supplemented by muscles innervated by the deep (profundus) fibular nerve (whereas brachial plexus injuries &amp;quot;knock out&amp;quot; entire muscle groups that work in opposition to a still-active group).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With superficial fibular nerve pathologies, the supinating action of the muscles supplied by n. fibularis profundus isn't so strongly unopposed that a remarkable club foot presentation appears, but long-term superficial peroneal nerve dysfunction still limits function in the lower leg and can be treated non-invasively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684217/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evaluation and treatment of peroneal neuropathy. Baima &amp;amp; Krivickas. &lt;em&gt;Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med&lt;/em&gt;. 2008.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient has isolated superficial peroneal nerve palsy, he may benefit from a shoe insert with a lateral wedge to prevent supination of the foot from weakness of the evertors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T20:56:46.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-25T21:09:23.613" Score="3" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flatulence in public can be embarrassing, especially if you are locked in, say, in a concert hall. I don't find it difficult to plug the release for a while. The pressure usually drops after a few minutes. However I wonder what happens to the obnoxious gases. Are they released at a rate below the detection level of most human noses or are they adsorbed in solid waste? I did some internet searches, but the research papers usually deal with methane, which is irrelevant because it has no odor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15168" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-26T05:20:13.323" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T18:42:01.407" Title="What happens to flatulence gasses when you resist?" Tags="&lt;intestine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18013" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-25T22:00:47.803" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a UV AB meter that can measure UV A and B light intensity in microWatts/(centimeters squared). In direct afternoon sunlight, I measure UV AB at about 3000 microWatts/cm^2. In the shade of the same afternoon, I measure UV AB at about 600 microwatts/cm^2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been told by dermatologists to avoid being in direct sunlight in the afternoon. So is there a specific limit in  UV intensity (watts/area) where dermatologists would recommend not being exposed to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15169" LastActivityDate="2018-11-25T22:00:47.803" Title="What UV intensity (watts per area) should be the maximum a light-skinned person should be exposed to?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18011" CreationDate="2018-11-26T09:39:32.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are mainly certain &lt;strong&gt;sulfur&lt;/strong&gt; compounds that cause smelly gas &lt;a href=&quot;https://gut.bmj.com/content/43/1/100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Gut, BMJ Journals)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...organic sulphides of bacterial origin, primarily methanethiol,&#xA;  dimethyl disulphide, and dimethyl trisulphide, were the primary&#xA;  malodorous compounds elaborated by faeces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cells of the large intestinal lining can break down hydrogen disulfide into dimethyl disulphide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC408582/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), &quot;which...probably plays little part in flatus malodour&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://gut.bmj.com/content/43/1/100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Gut, BMJ Journals)&lt;/a&gt;. This means that holding gas would give hydrogen dioxide more time to break down and thus reduce its smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoiding foods high in sulfur (meat, fish, almonds, dates, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, cabbage) can decrease the smell of the gas  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gicare.com/gi-health-resources/colon-gas-flatus-prevention/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gicare&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ammonia&lt;/strong&gt; can also give odor to the gas (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC523176/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). Apparently, a large percent of ammonia can be absorbed in the colon. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0029665184000148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Camridge.org, 1984)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, theoretically, holding back gas could reduce the smell of the flatulence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-26T18:42:01.407" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T18:42:01.407" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18004" CreationDate="2018-11-26T10:30:03.110" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is extremely unlikely that common cold as such would kill you, but the complications could.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definition of a common cold is a &lt;em&gt;viral&lt;/em&gt; infection of the &lt;em&gt;nose and throat&lt;/em&gt; as reflected from its Latin names &lt;a href=&quot;https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasopharyngitis or rhinopharyngitis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is usually pneumonia as a complication of common cold (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/consumer/symptoms.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/measles/downloads/measlesdataandstatsslideset.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;measles&lt;/a&gt;...) that can be deadly. A young student recently died in the US from pneumonia as a complication of common cold caused by &lt;em&gt;Adenovirus&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sdailynews.com/2018/11/22/university-freshman-becomes-latest-casualty-of-adenovirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;S Daily News&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk factors for common cold complications can include impaired immunity (hereditary or acquired), anatomical abnormalities of the respiratory system, co-existent lung or other disease and old age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer &quot;I have several times &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/us-missionarys-body-could-be-lost-battle-preserve-isolated-tribe-doc-1b203b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that common cold could kill this tribe&quot;: The article does not claim that common cold can kill them, but they &lt;em&gt;believe&lt;/em&gt; it could kill them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fears&lt;/em&gt; that 21st century diseases as mild as the common cold could kill off the tribe, or that experiencing electricity and the internet&#xA;  would devastate their lifestyle, has left them in a guarded bubble...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-27T09:12:21.573" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T09:12:21.573" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18002" CreationDate="2018-11-26T12:00:47.440" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a mixed, but largely unconvincing evidence that increased moisture within the nose would help to prevent or cure flu or common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279542/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common colds: Relief for a stuffy nose, cough and sore throat (Informed Health Online)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many people find it pleasant to breathe in (inhale) steam ...But this&#xA;  kind of inhalation doesn't have a clear effect on cold symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration can make your nasal mucosa dry, but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drinking a lot of fluids is also often recommended if you have a cold.&#xA;  There's no scientific proof that this will help, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209140/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 2008 study in 401 children 6-10 years old&lt;/a&gt;, nasal irrigation with saline solution decreased and shortened symptoms in some children with common cold or flu. But in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451967/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several similar studies&lt;/a&gt;, nasal irrigation had no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important to know: Even antiviral drugs can effectively shorten the duration of flu when taken within 24-48 hour after the onset of symptoms (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;). This also likely applies for any nasal moisturizer, because viruses act within the cells, where can't be reached by drugs or moisture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T12:00:47.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18025" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2018-11-26T22:40:32.657" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2018-11-26T22:40:32.657" LastActivityDate="2018-11-26T22:40:32.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18026" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2018-11-26T22:40:32.657" Score="0" Body="SNOMED CT is a computer-processable collection of medical terms and concepts that contributes to data interoperability in health informatics." OwnerUserId="12270" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2018-12-04T23:59:40.457" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T23:59:40.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18004" CreationDate="2018-11-27T05:40:45.703" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to Jan's answer, I found this, which was just published today. Emphasis is mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-american-killed-by-asian-islanders-hoped-to-save-their-souls/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-american-killed-by-asian-islanders-hoped-to-save-their-souls/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Last to succumb were the Jarawa, who live in dense forests on the&#xA;  western edge of South and Middle Andaman Islands and, until 1998, were&#xA;  defending their territory with their lives. They killed settlers who&#xA;  ventured into their territory to fish or hunt game, and got killed in&#xA;  return. That year however, they succumbed to decades of pacification&#xA;  efforts originally developed by Maurice V. Portman, a colonial&#xA;  administrator. Boatloads of Indian officials and anthropologists would&#xA;  land on Jarawa beaches, leave gifts of bananas, red cloth and other&#xA;  goodies from civilization, and retreat. The Jarawa were eventually&#xA;  seduced into laying down their arms and interacting with settlers in&#xA;  peace. &lt;strong&gt;Almost instantly, they were beset by epidemics of pneumonia,&#xA;  mumps, measles and other diseases; &lt;em&gt;even the common cold seemed to be&#xA;  lethal to them&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; No one knows how many died.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there seems to be evidence that contact with long-isolated tribes can be lethal to them via the common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T05:40:45.703" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18003" CreationDate="2018-11-27T07:45:02.953" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are apparently several reasons. I found an article (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/03/native-americans-didnt-wipe-europeans-diseases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/03/native-americans-didnt-wipe-europeans-diseases/&lt;/a&gt;) that basically calls out three specific reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Europeans had lived with and near domesticated animals for quite a while, and this helped boost their immune systems. Native Americans, for the most part, were hunter-gatherers who did not keep livestock.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Europeans lived close together, and the interaction (and exchange of germs) that this caused helped to boost their immune systems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Europeans traveled a lot and interacted with citizens of other areas to a larger degree, and this helped boost their immune systems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recurring theme? Several factors combined to help boost the immune systems of Europeans as compared to Native American tribes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you read the article (recommended) you will find that it was a two-way street, at least to a degree. For example, one of the best-known diseases acquired in the New World and brought back to Europe was syphillis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15177" LastEditorUserId="15177" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T04:22:56.660" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T04:22:56.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14256" CreationDate="2018-11-27T12:48:56.793" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regrettably, there has been no diagnostics code or preliminary research done for a connection between misophonia and autism. &lt;strong&gt;Instead, there are some commonalities between the two.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autism or autism spectrum disorder&lt;/strong&gt; is a complex neural damage caused in the brain wiring of a person with remarkable signs of learning disabilities and repetitive behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Misophonia&lt;/strong&gt;, like autism, is in reference to the psychiatric or mental health of a person. It is a condition likely to show a number of influences without much of the evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with autism often become overwhelmed by &lt;strong&gt;sensory processing disorder&lt;/strong&gt;. Loud noises can irritate and even lead to a lack of functioning near the sounds resulting injurious for an autistic person. This certainly is a similar case to misophonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://misophoniainstitute.org/how-children-develop-misophonia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://misophoniainstitute.org/how-children-develop-misophonia/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.misophoniainternational.com/misophonia-autism-connection/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.misophoniainternational.com/misophonia-autism-connection/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15176" LastEditorUserId="15176" LastEditDate="2018-11-28T04:53:31.910" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T04:53:31.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-27T13:52:55.833" Score="4" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common advice for people who have been diagnosed with heart problems like hypertension is &quot;eat more fish, especially salmon.&quot; I've done a great deal of Googling and what I can't seem to figure out is whether fish is &lt;strong&gt;actually&lt;/strong&gt; good for hypertension, or if it's just better than eating an equivalent portion of red meat or pork.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15182" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T13:12:55.407" Title="Does eating fish help high blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-27T14:16:01.533" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person sustained a minor burn on their hand from touching a hot object (2-3 hours after the burn there is only some red skin and little pain), and is meant to do blood and fecal tests in the couple of days after the event, could the tests be affected by the event (the burn)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly concerned regarding tests which test for inflammation (mainly blood C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin tests) as I was concerned perhaps the body's response to the burn could elevate these, but beyond that I am interested in the following, quite common, tests (all of which are in blood, so the main fecal test of interest is fecal calprotectin mentioned before): complete blood count, blood biochemistry panel, vitamin tests, metals (e.g. lead, iron, chromium), thyroid function tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15181" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-11-28T01:43:26.663" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T01:43:26.663" Title="Can a minor burn influence blood/fecal test results?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;burns&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18039" CreationDate="2018-11-27T16:07:31.320" Score="7" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NSAIDs work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and/or COX-2). In cells, these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of key biological mediators, namely prostaglandins which are involved in inflammation, and thromboxanes which are involved in blood clotting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand what ibuprofen / aspirin / etc actually do. I know nothing about biology, so I don't really know what &quot;pain&quot; really is. With that said, do NSAIDs just reduce inflammation, thereby reducing pain as a &quot;side-effect&quot;. Or do they reduce inflammation and have another, primary, effect of reducing pain somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, let's say I burn my arm. Will ibuprofen reduce pain, or does it only reduce pain when an injury is aggrevated by inflammation, e.g. inflammed cartilage rubbing together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8087" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T07:44:56.207" Title="Do NSAIDs &quot;Relieve Pain&quot; or is it a Byproduct?" Tags="&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2018-11-27T16:27:06.033" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Injury or infection triggers the release of prostaglandins, which can cause pain, fever and inflammation (all of which are direct effects of prostaglandins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nsb0403-233&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Painkillers and Prostaglandins (Nature)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prostaglandins are powerful signaling agents in the human body. The&#xA;  two-dozen or so members of this family of small lipid messengers&#xA;  underpin many profound physiological events — including vasodilation,&#xA;  vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, platelet activation,&#xA;  inflammation, uterine contractions, pain perception and fever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/87/1/3/304226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of inflammatory pain (Academic.oup.com)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;prostaglandins contribute to pain by directly activating nociceptors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that NSAIDs can relieve pain even if there is no inflammation, for example, in tension headache (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444224/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-28T09:32:14.080" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T09:32:14.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-27T16:36:39.857" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a scientific researcher working on lung cancer. I am trying to develop a machine learning method able to &lt;strong&gt;process just few early detection features&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;then predict if a patient with lung cancer will develop metastasis&lt;/strong&gt; (or not).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my current statistical model, I am using the values of the following features as input:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T (tumor size)&lt;/strong&gt; feature of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/stages-types-grades/tnm-staging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TNM staging system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N (presence of cancer in the lymph nodes)&lt;/strong&gt; feature of the TNM staging system&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;age&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the values of these features related to a patient, my machine learning method should predict if he/she will have metastasis or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before proceeding with this project, I need to know if my hypothesis is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;strong&gt;Can the T (tumor size) feature and the N (presence of cancer in the lymph node) feature be detected by doctors and their biomedical machines on the first visit?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) My method would be useful in case the tumor size, presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, and age of a patient were available, when metastasis has not been detected (yet). &lt;strong&gt;Is this scenario realistic?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6902" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T17:43:23.250" Title="Can tumor size (T) and presence of cancer in the lymph nodes (N) in patients with lung cancer be identified on the first visit?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18040" CreationDate="2018-11-27T17:06:54.637" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not likely that at the first visit, a doctor will even know if there is a cancer or not. One likely scenario is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the first visit, a doctor (a primary doctor or lung specialist) usually only asks about symptoms (chest pain, cough, coughing blood...) and checks for abnormal lung sounds, among other. At this visit, a doctor can order an X-ray, CT or MRI to check for eventual Tumor, its size and Nodes involvement, but this usually happens at another visit at a radiologist. At the third visit, the original doctor explains the results to the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If lung cancer is suspected, a bronchoscopy with biopsy of the lesion is ordered, if applicable; this would be done at the 4th visit. The obtained sample needs to be checked by a pathologist, who sends the results to the original doctor, who explains them to the patient at the 5th visit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the tumor size, type and location within the lungs, and node involvement that allows prognosis. Age by itself is not necessary a prognostic factor, but eventual comorbidities can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is an experienced lung specialist or oncologist who can tell how realistic your scenario is. In any case, you would need to include more data than just T, N and age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300719/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prediction of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis-associated microRNAs using bioinformatics (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09650-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The risk factors of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer (Nature)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(15)31627-0/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Clinical Prediction Rule to Estimate the Probability of Mediastinal Metastasis in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (Journal of Thoracic Oncology)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;newwindow=1&amp;amp;biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=919&amp;amp;ei=aH_9W4fTEIL5wALq-4ioCQ&amp;amp;q=lung%20cancer%20metastasis%20prediction&amp;amp;oq=lung%20cancer%20metastasis%20prediction&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i22i29i30l6.21446.29229..29362...0.0..0.116.3396.33j6......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j0i13j0i8i7i30j0i13i5i30j33i10.LVZaKdU6rQw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google search: &quot;lung cancer metastasis prediction&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-27T17:43:23.250" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T17:43:23.250" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2018-11-27T22:27:34.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way in that this question is framed looks like a false dichotomy.&#xA;The very first sentence of a recent book starts with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs are one of the most widely prescribed drugs around the world to treat pain and inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In treatment we often do want the inflammation to go down if it's overshooting.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In treatment we often do want the pain to go down if it's overshooting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advances on this area have proved that COX-1 and COX-2 products are involved not only in pain and inflammation but in cancer development as well. In fact, most outstanding advances in the field where discovered when these drugs were tested to prevent gastrointestinal cancer. These advances and knowledge cannot be separated today from the effects of aspirin on the cardiovascular system and on cancer prevention and treatment. In addition aspirin is still being used for the short-term treatment of cold, fever, and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angel Lanas: &amp;quot;NSAIDs and Aspirin. Recent Advances and Implications for Clinical Management&amp;quot;, Springer: Switzerland, 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no pain-receptor to be treated with anti-pain in this class of drugs. These substances were not designed to be anything, they were discovered, and discovered to have an array of effects. They interact with a wide range of receptors, signalling pathways, and have a range of metabolic consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &amp;quot;Chemistry&amp;quot; chapter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This arachidonic acid cascade is of great importance in inflammation, pain, and fever. Prostanoid synthesis is significantly elevated in inflamed tissues, where PGE2 and prostacyclin (PGI2) contribute to this response by increasing local blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. These prostanoids also cause peripheral sensitization by reducing the threshold of peripheral nociceptors, while PGE2 and other prostaglandins induce central nociceptive sensitization at the spinal dorsal horn neurons. Finally, PGE2 acts at the hypothalamus to increase body temperature by increasing heat production and reducing heat loss. Likewise, inhibition of prostanoid synthesis by NSAIDs is responsible for undesired side effects such as gastrointestinal and renal toxicities, since prostanoids are physiological regulators of gastrointestinal mucosal defense and renal homeostasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conceptually, reducing inflammation only reduces pain if the inflammation caused the pain. If there is pain that is reduced by anti-inflammatory drugs without inflammation present, then the anti-inflammatory effect observed to be &lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt; feature of these drugs will have little explanatory value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case, these drugs can do both, separately or at the same time. There is no &amp;quot;by-product&amp;quot;, but a range of effects to expect. If we need just one effect, good, if we need both effects at once, even better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-11-27T22:27:34.673" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-28T03:25:47.470" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the quick info on this search link: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=does+H1N1+flu+always+start+in+pigs&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&amp;amp;client=firefox-b-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=does+H1N1+flu+always+start+in+pigs&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&amp;amp;client=firefox-b-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H1N1 (swine) flu started with pig, bird, and human flu viruses mixing DNA into a 2009 pandemic strain. Since then, H1N1 has been a fixture of annual flu reporting, and according to the link above, it's now considered a seasonal flu right next to  H3N2 influenza A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional references: spread and mutation patterns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-where-in-the-world-flu-comes-from-2015-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/map-of-where-in-the-world-flu-comes-from-2015-6&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2015/6/8/8745145/flu-migration-research-video&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vox.com/2015/6/8/8745145/flu-migration-research-video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the study in the link above, H3N2 flu strains are constantly being transmitted and mutated around in east and southeast Asia, quickly spreading to other nations (usually through plane travel) in their respective flu seasons. Each strain of H3N2 typically causes a wave of infections outside the east/southeast Asia region and then dies out (source: the Vox link above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H1N1 behaves more like an influenza B strain in mutation and infection patterns (source: the Business Insider news link above). It doesn't mutate as quickly and tends to remain local, although it can persist for years in the same geographic neighborhood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The metrics:&#xA;Define the number of flu infections for a year in a country as the sum of the total number of times a person caught the flu in that country. For example, if you got the flu (different strains) 3 times in your home country over a season, you add 3 to this metric for your country. This number of points gets counted over every person in each country. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overseas infection rule: If you are visiting another country and are infected with a flu virus, this counts against the country you are visiting for purposes of the above metric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;International travel rule: Flu infections received on a plane, international mass commercial transit, or a port used for such transit count against the country where the source originated. For example, if a visitor from Country 1 with an active flu infection travels via plane to Country 2 and infects a number of people there at an airport terminal, all of the people infected at the terminal are counted against Country 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Define the total number of global infections in a year as the above metric summed up across all countries for the given year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question:&#xA;Does the existence of H1N1 as a seasonal strain significantly increase the total number of global flu infections each year according to the above metric? In particular, does H1N1 throw in additional misery (in terms of total number of global flu infections) each year, or would the slack have been made up through extra spread and dominance of traditional flu strains if H1N1 never existed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T03:25:47.470" Title="Did the emergence of H1N1 flu in 2009 significantly increase overall spread of influenza in humans for future years?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18033" CreationDate="2018-11-28T13:04:20.643" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question: Does eating (fatty) fish help to lower high blood pressure or does it help only when eaten instead of red meat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Answer: Merely increasing fish, including oily fish, consumption without other dietary changes (especially losing excessive weight) may not help to reduce blood pressure.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FISH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/8/6/793/4772207&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Groups and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (Academic.oup, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In our study, fish consumption was associated with a &lt;em&gt;slight increase&#xA;  in hypertension risk.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FATTY FISH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/108/3/576/5095501#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food groups and intermediate disease markers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials (Academic.oup.com, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consumption of fatty fish resulted in significant improvements in&#xA;  triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, whereas &lt;em&gt;no effects were observed&#xA;  for...systolic and diastolic blood pressure.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RED MEAT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one systematic review (&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/an017178.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAp0wggKZBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKKMIIChgIBADCCAn8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMM8GwYaHQHY42pfzLAgEQgIICUC8fFC1hv8wybTm7yYHKADn_yKbw_1ukT6hNkIdsK-Z1WKl6OvXYLEPbXNgnn37w-EF4nvI7yREVUB5iOwy19QV6P7HoDIhvP9PQWHg6Xa6Auw9uI7hs_7n4Cm9xzapWEjjV68X1QWnHzB3oamtGJDVhOS1ZczCCcB_BvP3O8dNAdIL7JRKNJOIUf0yukILNMiY5EwD9y9Z4jCZbH63iQBsJPjF5b6G82NLDSJG1DFHnvcgKyUrsN8BD5O-XyUhA6WflXyHS9xyLuCPOYkCVw0gwUqYPRx2nWvMOKt4js8vZOqD79kI66-kZrQ3-aYj1ZPdi9elEiuExoaUmAwIu0F_qG-60diwXwk-P-RkfUrzDKQrXMh1B05p5j2qu_N6acxFBwJL0nAIKbDyCYqMh-VXUpKfFtWIHfImUc_Oyhd9bz6nkKhRhc2KAQrmCFb7UegyOP05mu9ps9cqbFkbskzcsrHW8DqbRIOMCWPjhgRjg3lptzlTe7RZTfjqExcNh_H_Vl2WM5GXWkbuMTL8hJdMY1UFKw8M2VchNUdp9qckC6054Qgs9vsqLfZk2A5tnv47gNMW_0eN-m93YR8llieQ4p1j0OcaPUBL-LP4pi7c9_EAdAvMwpOp2eXuHhlIu5Jw-5pwiZ57iReAzJUPvvLxQZ6MUMJFjiwpNxLFzd6yJsbYvbI4P9QeLLCs-YoIlxXUxci54I8uuA4mvNxye0w3sFfYRrY1JQNp6cOeXoi4gk4DrfYOg6L5iO0EklGR30HFENumknFUY126XidWCSq8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Society of Nutrition, 2017&lt;/a&gt;), consumption of red meat is associated with high blood pressure, but in some other studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264390710_Processed_and_unprocessed_red_meat_consumption_and_hypertension_in_women&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate, 2014&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-017-0252-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Journal, 2017&lt;/a&gt;) no such association have been found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;THE DIET AS A WHOLE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/usda_nutrition_evidence_flbrary/DietaryPatternsReport-FullFinal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Series of Systematic Reviews on the Relationship Between Dietary Patterns and &#xA;Health Outcomes (USDA.gov, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is strong and consistent evidence that &lt;em&gt;consumption of a DASH&#xA;  [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] diet results in reduced&#xA;  blood pressure in adults with above optimal blood pressure...&lt;/em&gt; A&#xA;  dietary pattern consistent with the DASH diet is rich in fruits,&#xA;  vegetables, low-fat dairy, fish, whole grains, fiber, potassium, and&#xA;  other minerals at recommended levels, and low in red and processed&#xA;  meat, sugar-sweetened foods and drinks, saturated fat, cholesterol,&#xA;  and sodium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-03T13:12:55.407" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T13:12:55.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-26T13:05:19.187" Score="4" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hard to find the appropriate board for this, but I'm after an answer from a neuro-perspective.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://naprapater.se/en/naprapathy/about-naprapathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naprapath&lt;/a&gt; once tested the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tone&lt;/a&gt; of different muscles concluding that I was, quoting, (globally) &amp;quot;hypertonic&amp;quot;. My question(s) specifically regards this test/assessment of tonicity that roughly went as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Procedure:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asking the patient to &lt;strong&gt;resist the practitioners force&lt;/strong&gt; with some muscle, e.g. trying to force the patient's arm downwards while the patient is pushing it upwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stimulating&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; another muscle or part of the body (nociceptors/&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_nerve_ending&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;free nerve endings&lt;/a&gt; in the skin above/around some muscle or other part of the body) by &lt;strong&gt;gentle touch&lt;/strong&gt; such as scratching; palming; flicking; and even snapping ones fingers above the skin (to &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;create sonic waves affecting nociceptors over a larger area&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;);&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Repeating step 1&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 1&lt;/strong&gt;: Asking the patient to force the head forward (backward) into the practitioners hand, which pushes back to even out the force. Then gently flicking the patients nose upwards (downwards) and repeating the same task again. Possibly, the second time, the muscles would have a significantly (noticeable by this test) higher tone.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Asking the patient to lie on her back, resist the practitioners force which pushes the right or left leg inwards (by pushing outwards); Then asking the patient to hold one hand (gently) on her chin, and then repeating the resisting of the same force. (If there had been some trauma to the chin, this had apparently shown in the muscle tone in a significant way.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The purpose&lt;/strong&gt; is to see if the muscles can be made less tonic or relaxed (weaker) this way, by stimulation of nociceptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Loose explanation from the practitioner&lt;/strong&gt;: &amp;quot;Stiffness of muscles are almost always caused by some trauma or damage to the body; I am trying to find the surface of your body where this damage is located (by gently touching it while asking you to resist my force to see if the tone of the muscle changes)&amp;quot;. By 'tone' here, they seem to loosely mean that a high tone would imply that I can quickly &amp;quot;lock&amp;quot; my muscles and thus resist quickly, and my resisting is perceived as strong, while low would be the opposite. And in this part of the assessment it doesn't seem to matter what muscle they're testing the tone of, it would supposedly affect most muscles if I touched the right place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question(s)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any &lt;strong&gt;neurological basis&lt;/strong&gt; for a procedure like the one described above? i.e. How could such gentle touch of the skin affect muscle tone somewhere else in the body? (Perhaps if there's prior, healed, damage to the place of touch.) Would you refer to some explanations, and/or studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt; No massaging or pressure point therapy is involved, the stimulations are mild (e.g. gently scraping a toothpick over the skin, or resting ones hand on the skin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT2 (Additional information)&lt;/strong&gt;: The methods of which this assessment/test is part of is apparently called &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdtr-global.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P-DTR&lt;/a&gt;, and was founded by &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdtr-global.com/about-pdtr/jose-palomar-md/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jose Palomar Lever&lt;/a&gt; from Mexico. Not much seems to be publicly known about them however, and I cannot find anything published about these methods. I will post a separate question about this on a different forum and post links here. So, I want to stress, the &lt;strong&gt;main question here regards the neurological basis for such an assessment of muscle tone&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15190" OwnerDisplayName="Christopher.L" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T10:16:41.213" Title="To what degree does tactile stimulation affect muscle tone?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;nociceptor&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18054" CreationDate="2018-11-28T14:15:15.517" Score="-2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does Möller’s omega-3 fish oil help to improve brain possibility and reduce hight hert rate? &#xA;Is this product from Moller only abuse of well developed brands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15192" LastEditorUserId="15192" LastEditDate="2018-11-30T11:39:00.663" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T11:39:00.663" Title="Does Möller’s omega-3 fish oil help to improve brain possibility and reduce hight hertbeate?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2018-11-28T15:12:59.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18053" CreationDate="2018-11-28T15:04:23.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mollersomega3.nl/mollers_en/fish-oil/omega-3?___store=mollers_en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The omega-3 supplement provider&lt;/a&gt; claims that omega-3 fatty acid supplements are important for proper functioning of the heart and brain, among other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483717/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reduction of heart rate by omega-3 fatty acids and the potential underlying mechanisms (PubMed, 2012)&lt;/a&gt; concludes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent human and animal studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids&#xA;  can reduce heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one small 2006 study in men with myocardial infarct&lt;/a&gt;, omega-3 fatty acids decreased heart rate at rest from 73 +/- 13 to 68 +/- 13 beats/min. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this alone are just some dry statistical facts. For anyone with a high heart rate of an unknown origin, I strongly suggest to get a diagnosis from a heart specialist before starting any treatment, including omega-3 supplements. The treatment choice largely depends on the cause. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-28T15:49:57.947" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T15:49:57.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18052" CreationDate="2018-11-28T15:39:17.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the procedure described is called either &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physio-pedia.com/Muscle_Energy_Technique&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;muscle energy technique (MET)&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3588663/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNT)&lt;/a&gt;. More details are on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.leonchaitow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Naturopathic-Physical-Medicine.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Advantageceus.com (p. 229)&lt;/a&gt;. Skin stimuli, like scratching or flicking, may be part of the mentioned techniques.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1746-0689(10)00030-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine&lt;/a&gt; says that &quot;MET application may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and desensitize peripheral nociceptors.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.dut.ac.za/bitstream/10321/272/1/Wilson_2002.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PhD dissertation published by Durban University of Technology&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Both superficial and deep somatic mechanoreceptos, proprioceptors and nociceptors are stimulated by [chiropractic] manipulation, which sends strong afferent segmental impulses to the spinal cord resulting in central pain transmission inhibition.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265026184_Effect_of_Proprioceptive_Neuromuscular_Facilitation_Stretch_Techniques_on_Trained_and_Untrained_Older_Adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretch Techniques on Trained and Untrained Older Adults (ResearchGate, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;PNF stretch techniques can be used to produce increases in knee-joint extension ROM in older adults.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443846103800151?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of muscle energy technique on hamstring extensibility: the mechanism of altered flexibility (ScienceDirect, 2003)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Muscle energy technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325722511_The_Proprioceptive_Neuromuscular_Facilitation_Reduces_Isometric_Strength_in_Apparently_Health_Women_Short_Communication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Reduces Isometric Strength in Apparently Health Women Short Communication (ResearchGate, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;30 seconds of stretching by PNF method is already enough to occasion sensibility decrease in muscular proprioceptors, tendinous and articular, as well as in nociceptors...&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009852.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Muscle energy technique for non‐specific low‐back pain (Cochrane, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;low‐quality evidence that MET is not effective for patients with lower back pain.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Christopher L (the OP) believes the procedure is called &lt;strong&gt;Proprioceptive Deep Tendon Reflex (P-DTR)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inventor of the technique explains it in detail &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4c1f/543dab3cb4926c6a4f7d8ff6689c7e084ba2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Two other doctors describe it in &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdtr-global.com/upload/pdf/PDTR_Smolensk_280417.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this document&lt;/a&gt; found on the inventor's home page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The descriptions alone, even if they make sense, are not already an evidence. Scientific evidence about the effectiveness of treatment methods in neurology/orthopedy can come from placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials, but I haven't found even one. The search &quot;&quot;proprioceptive deep tendon reflex,&quot; using operators .gov or .edu, and the search in Google Scholar give no results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-10T10:16:41.213" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T10:16:41.213" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15307" CreationDate="2018-11-28T18:07:28.397" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The research into last year's flu season puts the blame on egg-based vaccine production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/2/1/16960758/flu-vaccine-effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/2/1/16960758/flu-vaccine-effectiveness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researchers guess at the dominant flu strains well before flu season starts, then grow the strains in chicken eggs - an outdated process that takes weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, H3N2 (influenza A and the dominant strain last year) is infamous for rapid mutation. Often, the dominant strain can mutate after the previously mentioned researchers' guess has been finalized and the vaccine is queued for mass production. Also reported in the Vox article: 33% combined vaccine effectiveness in H3N2 seasons, vs. slightly over 50% when influenza B dominated and 67% in H1N1 (swine flu) seasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another problem the article mentions with growing flu vaccines in chicken eggs: H3N2 viruses mutate to get better at infecting the eggs, which means that even if you guess at the correct strain and grow it in eggs, the output vaccine isn't guaranteed to have the same structure (and therefore won't be as effective as expected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the industry still using eggs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 reasons, again mentioned in the Vox article: The industry is already optimized and built around the egg-based workflow (economy of scale) - and more modern approaches (cell-based and recombinant) are far more expensive. Additionally, more research is needed to determining if the cell-based and recombinant approaches produce a more reliable vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a summary answer to your question, it would appear to be &quot;no&quot;, due to the egg-based mutation mentioned above. The Vox article also mentions abysmal protection rates in that season's vaccine against the dominant H3N2 strain, as low as 17% reported in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T18:07:28.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-28T18:39:09.357" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrocardiography and Photoplethysmography are two techniques/devices that are commonly used to measure heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;clinically speaking&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, what are the standards these devices must have in terms of how fast it must output heart rate and how accurate it must get?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Constraint your answer for ANSI,AAMI, and ISO standards. Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:Pointing any source would be nice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="864" LastActivityDate="2018-11-28T18:39:09.357" Title="Standards for Electrocardiography and Photoplethysmography" Tags="&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-30T08:48:45.397" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't afraid of low power radiosignals, but I need strong evidences to change minde of some people.&#xA;Not so long ago such devices has become popular and wide-spreaded. &#xA;Is there any research about bluetooth-signals impacted in long-term period on healts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15192" LastEditorUserId="15192" LastEditDate="2018-11-30T09:30:56.460" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T09:30:56.460" Title="Can radiosignals from Bluetooth-wristband have any impact on people health?" Tags="&lt;radioactivity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18082" CreationDate="2018-11-30T10:55:27.503" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia's article on hypocalcemia&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypocalcaemia&amp;amp;oldid=870906209&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;version dated 27 Nov 2018&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Causes: &#xA;  ...&#xA;  Excessive dietary zinc, as with supplementation (causes rapid hypocalcemia)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled but found no studies corroborating this statement. Is there any evidence in support of this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2018-11-30T14:22:58.230" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T14:22:58.230" Title="Can zinc (over)supplementation cause hypocalcemia?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18078" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18106" CreationDate="2018-11-30T11:31:45.210" Score="3" ViewCount="3311" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know you don't get a tan through a glass window. But I don't know whether tanning and vitamin D are produced using identical wavelengths.&#xA;So my questions are :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Do you synthesise vitamin D through a window&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Does indirect sunlight reflected from the walls and furniture of a sun lit room trigger vitamin D production ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5290" LastActivityDate="2018-12-03T18:29:09.637" Title="Does vitamin D synthesis occur in indirect sunlight?" Tags="&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18077" CreationDate="2018-11-30T14:04:33.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There seems to be no evidence that zinc supplements would cause hypocalcemia in humans.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3584729&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of zinc supplements on the intestinal absorption of calcium (PubMed, 1987)&lt;/a&gt;, calcium and zinc may inhibit each other's absorption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the high zinc intake decreased the intestinal absorption of calcium&#xA;  during a low calcium intake but not during a normal calcium intake&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements by NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt; does not mention hypocalcemia as a possible side effect of zinc supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/zinc-sulfate,zinc.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; does not mention any interaction between zinc and calcium supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the mentioned claim from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; lacks any reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;rats,&lt;/em&gt; zinc supplements can cause acute hypocalcemia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7334451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1981&lt;/a&gt;), but I'm not aware of any association of this study with humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-11-30T14:20:53.373" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T14:20:53.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18085" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18033" CreationDate="2018-11-30T16:02:33.233" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt; should have fish high in omega 3 fatty acid twice a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association recommends eating fish (particularly&#xA;  fatty fish) at least two times (two servings) a week. Each serving is&#xA;  3.5 ounce cooked, or about ¾ cup of flaked fish. Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, herring, lake trout, sardines and albacore tuna are&#xA;  high in omega-3 fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increasing omega-3 fatty acid consumption through foods is preferable.&#xA;  However, those with coronary artery disease, may not get enough&#xA;  omega-3 by diet alone. These people may want to talk to their doctor&#xA;  about supplements. And for those with high triglycerides, even larger&#xA;  doses could help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease triglyceride levels, slow growth&#xA;  rate of atherosclerotic plaque, and lower blood pressure (slightly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6848" LastActivityDate="2018-11-30T16:02:33.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-11-30T21:26:52.827" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine told me some time ago that it actually can be dangerous to take pills (the process of taking it), which to me seemed like a pretty bold statement -- swallowing a pill doesn't seem to be that hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea was that if you are not careful enough and for example start coughing while taking the pill and then try to swallow it again, the pill could end up in your lungs and cause all kinds of nasty things. I don't really know a lot about medicine and therefore I was a bit surprised at first (this didn't seem to be that far fetched at all). Upon thinking a bit about it and googling I really couldn't find anything useful. A lot of articles talk about swallowing things you shouldn't (battery, etc.) and what to do then, but I really didn't find anything understandable about inhaling a pill. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can this happen? Would you know that it happend? And is there an upper limit of how big the pill can be (I imagine that inhaling a pill of 2mm x 2mm x 2mm is a lot easier, if possible, than a 1cm x 5mm x 5mm or something the like). If it can happen, what are you supposed to do if it happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. Let's, for the sake of argument, assume that you are not a child or a extremely old person (or any other kind of group of people that could have problems with swallowing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A related article that discusses the issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912679/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A foreign body of a different kind: Pill aspiration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15216" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-02T00:15:04.137" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T09:02:38.020" Title="Inhaling pills possible?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18089" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-01T00:16:06.283" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m not 100% sure if this is the right stack, but I’d like an expert opinion for a novel. The antagonist is a serial killer who uses magic circles to remove all hemoglobin from his victims, while leaving everything else intact. Obviously, this would lead to anoxia/shock and death. Would an autopsy reveal anything noteworthy, aside from colorless blood*, visible to the naked eye?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Google tells me that iron gives blood its red color, and that hemoglobin-less blood (as seen in some fish) is clear.&#xA;Research I’ve done so far: reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tasanet.com/Knowledge-Center/Articles/ArtMID/477/ArticleID/338920/Forensic-Analysis-of-Injury-and-Death-by-Asphyxiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a medical journal article on asphyxiation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gustrength.com/health:anemia-causes-symptoms-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this webpage on anemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15218" LastEditorUserId="15218" LastEditDate="2018-12-06T23:36:42.057" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T07:31:28.120" Title="Signs of Anoxia?" Tags="&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;forensic-pathology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18087" CreationDate="2018-12-01T09:28:14.250" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible to aspirate (inhale into the respiratory system) a pill and it is more common than you might think (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912679/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is estimated that roughly 7% of all foreign bodies aspirated in the airways are&#xA;  medicinal pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The length of the vocal cords (the bottleneck of the upper respiratory system) in adults is about 20 mm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4439709/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), so this is probably the largest size of the aspirated object.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upper respiratory tract infection (sinusitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis), dry mouth or a strong gag reflex may increase the risk of pill aspiration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aspirated pill usually get stuck in some bronchus and can cause localized inflammation, or, sometimes, aspiration pneumonia, any of which can be quite serious. The pill can be found and removed by bronchoscopy; rarely, a surgery is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An aspirated iron pill, for example, can cause a quite severe injury followed by chronic problems (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501451/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first aid for aspiration of foreign bodies includes several strong blows on the back, which may or may not help to expel the pill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-04T09:02:38.020" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T09:02:38.020" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-01T16:47:02.643" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, what are the reasons for and against choosing a primary care physician who has hospital admitting privileges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if my primary care physician does not have hospital admitting privileges, and I need to check into a hospital as in inpatient, will my PCP be able to participate in my care while I'm in the hospital?  If not, will a doctor who works in/for the hospital will be 100% responsible for coordinating and/or administering my care?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the time, expense, and rules involved in obtaining and maintaining admitting privileges, could it be that a PCP might tend to admit a patient to a hospital unnecessarily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15221" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-12-02T13:37:54.380" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T13:37:54.380" Title="What are the benefits or drawbacks of my primary care physician having hospital admitting privileges?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-02T08:00:27.410" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;In ultrasonography, why isn't the Doppler angle correction supposed to be 60 degrees for veins just like it is for arteries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15038" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T16:05:20.743" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T16:05:20.743" Title="Why is the Doppler angle setting supposed to be 60 degrees for arteries but 0 degrees for veins?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-09-02T04:52:35.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18078" CreationDate="2018-12-02T15:43:04.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To produce Vitamin D you need to get radiated by light with wavelengths below 300 nm.&#xA;So let's look at the reflectance and transmittance of the materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A window made of glass has a transmittance of nearly 0 % for UV-Radiation.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74638/transmittance-of-glass&quot;&gt;https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/74638/transmittance-of-glass&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reflection depends on the surrounding. Asphalt for example has a reflectance below 5 % whereas the value for snow is close to 100 %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general I would assume that reflected light on the northern hemisphere under daily circumstances is not enough for sufficient production of Vitamin D. If you live on a high mountain this might vary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user15226" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T15:43:04.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-02T15:44:27.817" Score="3" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm sure that most of us had, at some point in their life, swollen lymph nodes (be it because of a flu or some other kind of not-too-serious illness) and there is generally no reason to panic if one finds a swollen lymph node on their body. Now, even if the swelling is often associated with something harmless in certain cases it can be dangerous and needs further checking by doctors. If you  google when you should see your doctor, one often finds lists like these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;if your swollen lymph nodes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Have appeared for no apparent reason &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Continue to enlarge or have been present for two to four weeks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Feel hard or rubbery, or don't move when you push on them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Are accompanied by persistent fever, night sweats or unexplained    weight loss&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first and last point seem quite intuitive to me, or at least, I as a non-medic can check that. But the two middle points are somewhat confusing to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;em&gt;have been present for two to four weeks&lt;/em&gt;, so does this mean, that if it isn't something serious, they should disappear in two to four weeks, and if it is something serious than they wouldn't disappear at all? Or would it take them longer than that to disappear and therefore the doctor couldn't determine what the problem is? The third point is something that seems completely indefinable for a non-medic. I'm mean, what exactly is hard/rubbery (any reference, like f.e. a rock, or more like a eraser). The same goes for the comment &lt;em&gt;don't move when you push on them&lt;/em&gt;. What exactly should I expect when I push them? How far should I be able to push them? Does pushing inwards, not to the side, also count? What to do if they don't really hurt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, all of these questions are simply answered by calling your doctor and going, if something like this arises. But nevertheless it would be nice if someone could maybe clarify a bit what the two middle points in the quote from above exactly mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15227" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T14:32:16.580" Title="Lymph node swelling" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;lymph-nodes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18098" CreationDate="2018-12-02T17:13:36.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I get swollen lymph nodes all the time when I have a cold. If I push them, they kind of move back, and it hurts a little. When the cold clears up, they go back to normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, when the melanoma nobody knew I had metastasized to under my chin, the lump was entirely different from my swollen lymph nodes. Various medical people said &quot;it might just be a swollen node&quot; but I knew it was not. It was larger, didn't move when I pressed it, and for the first few months it didn't hurt, either. It took a long time to establish what it was, and during that time I was well aware that this was not your typical &quot;swollen nodes&quot; situation. If you can't feel any difference between a lump under your chin that you have now and one you had 6 months ago when you had a cold, that's because there probably is no difference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can learn more about this at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/lymph-nodes-and-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer.org&lt;/a&gt; but that doesn't really cover &quot;how can I tell if my swollen nodes are ok or not?&quot; because basically, swollen nodes are almost always ok. That's really what point 1 and 2 are about. If they've appeared when you know you have an infection, they are caused by the infection. If they go away within a week or so of the infection clearing up, they were caused by the infection. Nothing to worry about at all. Point 3 speaks to the physical differences, which to be fair you probably won't recognize until you've met a tumour, so isn't super useful in a consumer-focused list, and point 4 speaks to other cancer symptoms (nobody told me sweating was a symptom, I wish I had known that.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I were giving medical advice around this it would be: ignore them until you feel you can't ignore them any longer. That's basically what I did. I think it's what most of us did. Don't be poking at your neck or armpits regularly to evaluate your lymph nodes. Most places no longer recommend monthly lump checks for breast cancer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/breast-cancer-screening-guide-says-skip-exams-1.985763&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; mentions recommendations from Canadian sources, and I think much of that applies to trying to learn things from your own lymph nodes too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2018-12-02T17:20:00.177" LastActivityDate="2018-12-02T17:20:00.177" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18098" CreationDate="2018-12-03T12:46:22.837" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quick answers:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The duration of node swelling &gt;4 weeks is not already a sign of cancer or other dangerous disease. But, the duration of the node swelling tends to increase with the severity of the underlying disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On palpation, hard nodes feel like a stone or hard rubber and soft ones like a balloon.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;You can move &quot;movable&quot; nodes 1-2 cm &quot;left to right,&quot; and you cannot move &quot;fixed&quot; nodes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In localized diseases, the swelling is typically limited to the nearby nodes (e.g. throat infection &gt; the neck; leg infection &gt; the groin).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In localized disease, the node enlargement will be more likely unilateral, and in generalized ones bilateral. The node swelling being uni- or bilateral is not already a sign of severity of the disease. For example, in both common old or lymphoma, the swelling can be uni- or bilateral.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DURATION of lymph node swelling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swollen lymph nodes that last from &lt;em&gt;few days to about 4 weeks&lt;/em&gt; are usually caused by acute infections or insect/snake bites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swollen lymph nodes that persist for &lt;em&gt;more than a month&lt;/em&gt; can be due to chronic infections, such as tuberculosis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c63.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/a&gt;), HIV/AIDS, atypical mycobacteria (&quot;walking pneumonia&quot;), cat-scratch disease, toxoplasmosis, and chronic inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis,  Kikuchi's lymphadenitis, sarcoidosis and Kawasaki's syndrome, medications (phenytoin, antibiotics) (AAFP &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p2103.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/1015/p1313.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5047021/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;), cancers, such as lymphoma (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/hodgkin-lymphoma-children&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS Inform&lt;/a&gt;), or metastases of other cancers (e.g. gastric or breast cancer) into the lymph nodes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ispub.com/IJS/35/1/53197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISPUB&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In chronic infections/inflammations, the lymph node swelling can persist for many years and have a waxing and waning course. In cancers, the swelling usually persists (and slowly increases) until the cancer is cured.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TENDERNESS and CONSISTENCY&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically (but with exceptions):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In acute infections, lymph nodes tend to be painful/tender, soft and movable under the skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In chronic infections/inflammations, nodes tend to be painless/non-tender and movable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In cancers, nodes tend to be painless/non-tender, hard and &quot;fixed&quot; (not movable at all).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LOCATION&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of localized (usually unilateral) node swelling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Front of the neck: common cold, metastasis of gastric cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One armpit: a spread of the infection from the hand/arm, breast cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Groin: an infection in the leg or genitalia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of generalized (usually bilateral) node swelling:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neck and armpits (and sometimes groin): infectious mononucleosis, HIV/AIDS, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, leukemia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even a doctor is often not able to make a final diagnosis just from the characteristics of enlarged lymph nodes. More details about specific conditions and swollen lymph node locations: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/1015/p1313.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation (American Family Physician)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-04T14:32:16.580" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T14:32:16.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18078" CreationDate="2018-12-03T18:29:09.637" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sunlight through the window does not stimulate vitamin D synthesis in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897598/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sunlight and Vitamin D (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since glass absorbs all UVB radiation, exposure of the skin to&#xA;  sunlight that passes through glass, plexiglass, and plastic will not&#xA;  result in any production of vitamin D3 in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sunlight reflected from the surfaces, especially snow, can contribute to vitamin D synthesis in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897581/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D status and sun exposure in India (PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The geophysical parameters like...surface albedo (the fraction of&#xA;  light reflected from earth’s surface)...affect vitamin D3 production&#xA;  in the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a09a/e99dcfa345e232ab2adb27d5961081832edc.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Who, what, where and when—influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis (Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This process becomes significant if surface albedo is high, e.g. if&#xA;  covered with fresh snow (albedo ~90%)...With the exception of snow,&#xA;  most natural surfaces have a low albedo in the UV, of the order 5% for&#xA;  vegetation, 10% for soils and rocks, and up to 20% for dry sand, the&#xA;  same as some concretes and cement...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285056396_Vitamin_D_The_truth_about_Vitamin_D_and_sun_exposure_demystified_Finding_the_balance_for_personal_health&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research Gate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;3-5% for water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-12-03T18:29:09.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18108" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18111" CreationDate="2018-12-04T05:02:17.757" Score="5" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now a days, doctors suggest to do brisk walk atleast 30 minutes daily, but I have seen few older people who undergone knee surgeries which I think is because of walking more than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is not because of walking, how a person who did not walk daily will get the knee damage ( no strain on knees means no damage to knees right), so I think that is because of walking daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If knee damage is because of heavy weight, walking causes them to lose weight, which will again will not cause knee damage (as they reduced weight).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may be other reasons for knee damage, but I am talking in perspective of walking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you please clarify does walking cause knee damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="433" LastEditorUserId="14443" LastEditDate="2019-12-13T07:30:26.970" LastActivityDate="2019-12-13T11:48:34.047" Title="Does walking daily cause knee joint damage?" Tags="&lt;walking&gt;&lt;strength-training&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18038" CreationDate="2018-12-04T07:38:07.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simply, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produce their therapeutic activities (Pain and Inflammation relief) through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme that makes prostaglandins (PGs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15233" LastEditorUserId="15233" LastEditDate="2018-12-04T07:44:56.207" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T07:44:56.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18108" CreationDate="2018-12-04T14:29:13.897" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;knee damage&quot; can encompass many different conditions and injuries so let's just examine at some of the more common ones you might be looking at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Osteoarthritis&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIlYTf4KiG3wIVDrftCh3NCg62EAAYASAAEgKiQPD_BwE&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Osteoarthritis of the knee&lt;/a&gt; is when the cartilage in the joint has become thin or worn and the body is unable to &quot;keep up&quot; with repairs. Walking generally isn't going to cause this unless you are severely overweight or you're walking in unsuitable footwear etc. Quite the reverse - after a period of rest to allow for some recuperation from a flare up walking is recommended as it is a low impact way of building strength in the knee and is good for losing weight etc. &lt;em&gt;Running&lt;/em&gt; on the other hand is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11086751&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;significantly higher impact&lt;/a&gt; (walking means you experience ground reaction forces of ~ 1.2xBody weight, for running it's ~2.5xBody weight) and can aggravate the damage and you're also much more likely to experience various types of musculoskeletal injuries. Although offsetting that increased risk of injury is the potential for increased cardiovascular fitness from running vs walking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is much more common in older people as the body's ability to repair itself decreases with age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Tendonitis&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://physioworks.com.au/injuries-conditions-1/patella-tendonitis-tendinopathy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patellla tendonitis&lt;/a&gt; is an overuse injury where the patella tendon (which connects to the bottom of the knee cap) becomes inflamed or otherwise damaged such as a loss of collagen in the tendon. Similarly to osteoarthritis walking is rarely a cause of this - typically it requires much higher levels of impact than walking alone can produce unless severely overweight or excessive amounts of stair climbing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can also happen in older people where it is the result of repetitive small amounts of damage over an extended period of time - and just like in osteoarthritis as the body's ability to heal falls away the rate of injury can exceed the rate of repair leading to chronic problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoiding activities that cause pain and keeping up with low impact exercises to improve strength is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically if you take a sensible approach - walking on reasonably flat surfaces, keep weight low, use appropriate footwear, and apply a modicum of moderation walking generally doesn't do damage to knees unless something has compromised the body's ability to &quot;repair&quot; itself to a significant extent. The benefits however are many and can actually help &lt;em&gt;prevent&lt;/em&gt; damage by improving both the strength of the joint and overall health and fitness. So that 30 mins brisk walking a day is doing you far more good than harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2018-12-04T14:29:13.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18116" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18117" CreationDate="2018-12-04T23:33:55.023" Score="4" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard the argument that race is not a real scientific entity several times. Despite what on the surface look like very different traits, humans share significantly more DNA with each other than there are differences between them. Furthermore, the genetic variation within the continent of Africa is greater than what the variation between a typical Nigerian or Norwegian could be. However, I recently heard of a campaign in Israel to find a bone marrow donor for a woman suffering from Cancer. The campaign asked for anyone of Yemeni descent to provide a saliva sample in order to find a match. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is if race does not exist then why are people of Yemeni descent more likely to be better bone marrow matches? What do you call the fact that they are more likely to be a better match if not race?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastActivityDate="2018-12-05T18:03:54.147" Title="Race and bone marrow donor search" Tags="&lt;dna&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;race&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18116" CreationDate="2018-12-05T00:11:20.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What was once defined as '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scientific racism&lt;/a&gt;' is incompatible with what we know to be science or anthropology. Inter-group differences, supposed to be large in broad terms and used to qualify people, turned out to be much smaller than intra-group differences. And the classifications into 'better' or 'worse' turned out to be completely bogus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that does not mean that genetics do not exist or that systematic genetic differences do not exist. For societal classifications these turned out to be meaningless as well.&#xA;For medical reasons there were some important variables identified that pertain for example to bone marrow transplants. Certain features of the immune system are more often grouped in similar ethnic groups than between dissimilar ethnic groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bethematch.org/transplant-basics/matching-patients-with-donors/how-does-a-patients-ethnic-background-affect-matching/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Marrow Donor Program summarises it as&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a patient's ethnic background affect matching?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A patient’s likelihood of finding a matching bone marrow donor or cord blood unit on the Be The Match Registry ranges from 23% to 77% depending on ethnic background. Patients are more likely to match an adult donor of their own ethnic background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare that to blood types. Yes, they exist. As do different colours of skin. But that doesn't mean that A is 'better' than B. They are just differently arranged molecules on blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the large number of registered potential donors, the NMDP and unrelated HSC registries worldwide continue to face difficulties in identifying matched donors for some patients, in particular racial/ethnic minorities. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578960/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PUBMED&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiple dimensions of self-identification, including race/ethnicity and geographic ancestry were compared to classifications based on ancestry informative markers (AIMs), and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, which are required for transplant matching. Nearly 20% of responses were inconsistent between reporting race/ethnicity versus geographic ancestry. Despite strong concordance between AIMs and HLA, no measure of self-identification shows complete correspondence with genetic ancestry. In certain cases geographic ancestry reporting matches genetic ancestry not reflected in race/ethnicity identification, but in other cases geographic ancestries show little correspondence to genetic measures, with important differences by gender. However, when respondents assign ancestry to grandparents, we observe sub-groups of individuals with well- defined genetic ancestries, including important differences in HLA frequencies, with implications for transplant matching. While we advocate for tailored questioning to improve accuracy of ancestry ascertainment, collection of donor grandparents’ information will improve the chances of finding matches for many patients, particularly for mixed-ancestry individuals.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4545604/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hollenbach et al.: &amp;quot;Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry in Unrelated Transplant Matching for the National Marrow Donor Program: A Comparison of Multiple Forms of Self-Identification with Genetics&amp;quot;, PLoS One. 2015; 10(8): e0135960.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are not incompatible, as racism would describe it. The request with its specifics is just betting on the increased likelihood of finding a donor from a pool of a minority that has an increased likelihood of containing a match but a decreased likelihood of donors from that pool already registered. They might as well find a match from someone grouped into another ethnicity. It is a game of probabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Directly about the situation in Israel:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HLA haplotype frequencies in a volunteer bone marrow donor registry should reflect the frequencies of potential transplant recipients served by that registry, a challenge in a country with diverse subethnicities of immigrants from Eastern and Western cultures, such as Israel. We evaluated the likelihood of finding suitable donors for hypothetical patients drawn from defined subethnicities in the Ezer Mizion Bone Marrow Donor Registry (EM BMDR) from donors both within and outside the registry now and during the coming decade. On average, bioinformatics modeling predicts that, given current donor recruitment trends, 6/6 high-resolution HLA match rates for Israelis, which currently stand at 40% to 55% for most subethnicities, will rise by up to 1% per year over the next decade. Subethnicities with historically lower rates of interethnic admixture are less likely to find matches outside of their designated group but will benefit from expansion of the registry, whereas ethnically directed drives will enhance matching rates for currently underrepresented subethnicities. Donor searches for the same cohort using a large extramural registry was of only slight benefit for most of the 19 EM BMDR subethnicities evaluated, confirming that local donor registries that reflect the ethnic diversity of the community being served are best equipped to serve the needs of their respective communities. Contemporary trends of an increasingly multiethnic admixture in Israel may impact the effect of ethnic profiling in assessing future match rates for EM BMDR.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083879117303932&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Halagan et al.: &amp;quot;East Meets West—Impact of Ethnicity on Donor Match Rates in the Ezer Mizion Bone Marrow Donor Registry&amp;quot;, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Volume 23, Issue 8, August 2017, Pages 1381-1386&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.04.005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-05T18:03:54.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18125" CreationDate="2018-12-05T00:32:11.097" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard of a case where someone suffered &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.044792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;severe migraines after a lumbar puncture&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two possible explanations. Firstly, the low CSF [cerebrospinal fluid] volume depletes the cushion of fluid supporting the brain and its sensitive meningeal vascular coverings, resulting in gravitational traction on the pain‐sensitive intracranial structures causing classical headache, which worsens when the patient is upright and is relieved on lying down [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7577782&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hatfalvi, B. I. (1995)&lt;/a&gt;]. Secondly, the decrease in CSF volume may activate adenosine receptors directly, causing cerebral vasodilatation and stretching of pain‐sensitive cerebral structures, resulting in headache after lumbar puncture [Fearon, W. (1993)].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This made me wonder if it would be plausible that spinal problems such as spinal compression could cause migraines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fearon, W. (1993). Post-lumbar puncture headache. &lt;em&gt;P&amp;amp;S Medical Review, 1&lt;/em&gt;, 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hatfalvi, B. I. (1995). Postulated mechanisms for postdural puncture headache and review of laboratory models: clinical experience. &lt;em&gt;Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 20&lt;/em&gt;(4), 329-336. PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7577782&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7577782&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Linked article:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ahmed, S. V., Jayawarna, C., &amp;amp; Jude, E. (2006). Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. &lt;em&gt;Postgraduate medical journal&lt;/em&gt;, 82(973), 713-716. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.044792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1136/pgmj.2006.044792&lt;/a&gt; PubMed Central Free Article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660496&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2660496&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-05T13:28:03.570" Title="Can lumbar/sacral/thoracic spinal injury cause migraines?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;spinal-cord-compression&gt;&lt;csf-cerebrospinal-fluid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18121" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18126" CreationDate="2018-12-05T03:50:02.653" Score="7" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;How closely is Asperger‘s syndrome related to autism? I’m curious as I’ve got both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9637" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-05T11:39:51.797" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T13:23:49.900" Title="What is Asperger‘s syndrome in relation to autism?" Tags="&lt;autism&gt;&lt;aspergers-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18122" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18133" CreationDate="2018-12-05T04:41:30.813" Score="4" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the skin is completely abraised or otherwise removed, will the renewed skin have the same fingerprint?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 8 years back, I was running an obstacle course and one of the obstacles was to climb up a vertical rope, reach the top and come back down. I climbed up no problem but I didn't know how to come down, so I slid down the rope at the expense of friction to break the velocity. The rope was made of jute. This resulted in the skin from my finger tips and parts of my palms to completely tear away. The tears were deep enough to reveal muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It took about a month or two for the skin to completely come back. My question is, when such an injury occurs, is it plausible to assume that my fingerprints now are the same as they were before the injury? If yes, what mechanism goes into ensuring this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15240" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-12-05T09:04:02.480" LastActivityDate="2018-12-06T11:32:28.237" Title="Consistency of fingerprint after an injury" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;fingerprint&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-05T06:43:29.850" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Edit:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might not have worded my question well enough. A shorter and more direct version would be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can nearsightedness be just a result of eyes getting accustomed to working at very close distances most of the time?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, can it be possible to revert that adjustment by wearing &lt;em&gt;anti-corrective&lt;/em&gt; glasses to make those short distances seem longer?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can wearing &lt;em&gt;anti-corrective&lt;/em&gt; glasses potentially cause any long lasting eyesight damage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Original question:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had pretty much perfect eyesight till about 13 years, at which point I started using computers &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt;. Since then my eyesight seems to have been degrading slowly, which is probably related. By the age of 18 I had about 1.0 nearsightedness. However, after the following 7 years of university and a very computer-bound job, I think it hasn't even reached 1.5, even though I was using computers much more than before. It's like it degrades just enough to accommodate for regularly staring at a screen, not even half a meter away at times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That made me wonder. Sitting further away from monitors just isn't practical most of the time, even though I can see everything fine from at least twice the usual distance, but what if I started wearing farsighted glasses in front of computer instead? The screen would look like it's further away, so logically my eyes should not have to get used to looking at such close objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it even make sense? Am I missing something? Can trying that hurt my eyesight somehow? It seems like it should work, but I could not find any related info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15241" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T13:06:56.320" Title="Using farsighted glasses to counter nearsightedness?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18123" CreationDate="2018-12-05T09:18:02.980" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Note&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This answer is not a substitute for medical advice and medical advice questions are off-topic here.  If you have concerns about your eyesight you must speak to your optometrist (or ophthalmologist if you are under their treatment).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Question 1 - Can nearsightedness be just a result of eyes getting accustomed to working at very close distances most of the time?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In people with short-sightedness, the eye has usually grown slightly too long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that when you look at distant objects, the light isn't focused directly on to your retina, but a short distance in front of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FT9ti.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FT9ti.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;myopic eye shape below normal eye shape&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD - What Is Myopia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS website has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/short-sightedness/causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;good set of pages about myopia (short-sightedness)&lt;/a&gt; where it is found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Spending a lot of time focusing your eyes on nearby objects, such as reading, writing and possibly using hand-held devices (phones and tablets) and computers can increase your risk of developing short-sightedness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;However, myopia cannot be halted permanently.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Short-sightedness usually stops getting worse at around the age of 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There's currently no single treatment available that appears to stop this progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But it may be slowed by treatments involving eye drops of a medication called atropine, or special contact lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Research has shown that atropine eye drops can slow the progression of short-sightedness, but it can cause side effects at high strengths (such as difficulty reading and sensitivity to bright light). (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/short-sightedness/treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS - Myopia Treatment&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Questions 2 and 3 regarding &lt;em&gt;anti-corrective&lt;/em&gt; glasses to make those short distances seem longer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As &lt;a href=&quot;https://mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/la-crosse/services-and-treatments/ophthalmology/myths-and-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highlighted by the Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, it is a myth that wearing eyeglasses that have the wrong prescription will damage the eyes, but it may make your vision worse and cause other problems such as headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eyeglasses change the light rays that the eye receives. They do not change any part of the eye itself. Wearing glasses that are too strong or otherwise wrong for the eyes cannot harm an adult's, although it might result in a temporary headache. At worse, the glasses will fail to correct vision and make the wearer uncomfortable because of blurriness, but no damage to any part of the eye will result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of so called &lt;em&gt;anti-corrective&lt;/em&gt; lenses is a topic of discussion in many blogs but I would heed caution on taking advice from blogs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been scientific studies on &quot;undercorrection&quot; of myopia in children (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00258-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chung, et al. 2002&lt;/a&gt;) which found that it enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How to slow down, and &lt;em&gt;maybe&lt;/em&gt; halt progression of myopia&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you use computer screens over a long period each day, especially if you do so as part of your job, wearing the correct prescribed eyewear would be the best thing to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Employers must provide and pay for eyesight tests and any resulting prescription where requested by the employer in law under the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/2792/schedule/made&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992&lt;/a&gt; here in the UK, and in the European Union under &lt;a href=&quot;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1990/270/oj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Council Directive 90/270/EEC of 29 May 1990&lt;/a&gt;.  Employers must also ensure that employees take regular and adequate breaks from looking at their screens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This applies whether you work at home, hotdesk at different locations or workstations, or work at a fixed workstation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hse.gov.uk/msd/dse/eyetests.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heath and Safety Executive website&lt;/a&gt; points out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The law says employers must arrange an eye test for display screen equipment (DSE) users if they ask for one, and provide glasses if an employee needs them only for DSE use.&#xA;  DSE work does not cause permanent damage to eyes. But long spells of DSE work can lead to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;tired eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;discomfort &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;temporary short-sightedness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;headaches&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;DSE work is visually demanding, so it can make someone aware of eyesight problems they have not noticed before (including changes in eyesight that happen with age).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Employees can help their eyes by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;checking the screen is well positioned and properly adjusted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;making sure lighting conditions are suitable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;taking regular breaks from screen work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More can be read on this via the main page at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hse.gov.uk/msd/dse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.hse.gov.uk/msd/dse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chung, K., Mohidin, N., &amp;amp; O’Leary, D. J. (2002). Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression. &lt;em&gt;Vision research, 42&lt;/em&gt;(22), 2555-2559. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00258-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00258-4&lt;/a&gt; PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445849&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;12445849&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-07T13:06:56.320" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T13:06:56.320" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18125" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18118" CreationDate="2018-12-05T09:36:26.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The headache after &lt;strong&gt;lumbar puncture&lt;/strong&gt; is common (~30%) and is not migraine headache. The mechanism is not entirely clear but likely involves a drop of cerebrospinal fluid volume and/or pressure &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660496/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(PubMed)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are two possible explanations. Firstly, the low CSF&#xA;  [cerebrospinal fluid] volume depletes the cushion of fluid supporting&#xA;  the brain and its sensitive meningeal vascular coverings, resulting in&#xA;  gravitational traction on the pain‐sensitive intracranial structures&#xA;  causing classical headache, which worsens when the patient is upright&#xA;  and is relieved on lying down. Secondly, the decrease in CSF volume&#xA;  may activate adenosine receptors directly, causing cerebral&#xA;  vasodilatation and stretching of pain‐sensitive cerebral structures,&#xA;  resulting in headache after lumbar puncture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the Headache Classification Committee of the&#xA;  International Headache Society, headache after lumbar puncture is&#xA;  defined as “bilateral headaches that develop within 7 days after an&#xA;  lumbar puncture and disappears within 14 days. The headache worsens&#xA;  within 15 min of resuming the upright position, disappears or improves&#xA;  within 30 min of resuming the recumbent position”. &lt;em&gt;This definition&#xA;  helps to avoid confusion with migraine or simple headache&lt;/em&gt; after lumbar&#xA;  puncture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A herniated disc that puts pressure on the spinal nerves or spinal cord in the neck&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cervical spinal stenosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) can cause &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5265896/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cervicogenic headache&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; This headache is also not migraine headache and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is characterized by unilateral headache symptoms arising from the neck&#xA;  that radiate to the frontal-temporal and possibly to the supraorbital&#xA;  region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mechanism (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507862/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StatPearls&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A cervicogenic headache is thought to be referred pain arising from&#xA;  irritation caused by cervical structures innervated by spinal nerves&#xA;  C1, C2, and C3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A herniated disc or spinal stenosis in &lt;strong&gt;the thoracic, lumbar or sacral region&lt;/strong&gt; as such does not likely cause headache, but it rarely can, if the disc cuts the dura mater and causes CFS leakage leading to spontaneous intracranial hypotension (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817515/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I maybe jumped too much on the term &quot;migraine,&quot; but I wanted to be accurate. The exact definitions of various types of headache are here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ichd-3.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/The-International-Classification-of-Headache-Disorders-3rd-Edition-2018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (2018)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-05T13:28:03.570" LastActivityDate="2018-12-05T13:28:03.570" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18121" CreationDate="2018-12-05T11:33:08.357" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mental health conditions are diagnosed through criteria set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) produced by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).  The current version is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DSM-5&lt;/a&gt; and the previous version was the DSM-IV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you pointed out in the comments, Asperger's Disorder is a variant of Autism with a separate set of diagnostic criteria.  Because of this, Autism and Asperger's Disorder was a separate diagnosis under DSM-IV even though Asperger's Disorder is on the lower end of the autistic spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DSM-5 redefined the autism spectrum disorders expanding the &lt;strong&gt;umbrella term&lt;/strong&gt; to encompass the previous diagnoses of autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and childhood disintegrative disorder (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20131006210933/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;APA, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using DSM-IV, patients could be diagnosed with four separate disorders: autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, or the catch-all diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Researchers found that these separate diagnoses were not consistently applied across different clinics and treatment centers. Anyone diagnosed with one of the four pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) from DSM-IV should still meet the criteria for ASD in DSM-5 or another, more accurate DSM-5 diagnosis. While DSM does not outline recommended treatment and services for mental disorders, determining an accurate diagnosis is a first step for a clinician in defining a treatment plan for a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Neurodevelopmental Work Group, led by Susan Swedo, MD (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449639&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Swedo, et al. 2012&lt;/a&gt;), senior investigator at the National Institute of Mental Health, recommended the DSM-5 criteria for ASD to be a better reflection of the state of knowledge about autism. The Work Group believes a single umbrella disorder will improve the diagnosis of ASD without limiting the sensitivity of the criteria, or substantially changing the number of children being diagnosed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APA (2013) &lt;em&gt;Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet&lt;/em&gt;. [PDF Online]&lt;br&gt;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20131006210933/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131006210933/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., Happé, F. G., Harris, J. C., Kaufmann, W. E., ... &amp;amp; Spence, S. J. (2012). Commentary from the DSM-5 workgroup on neurodevelopmental disorders. &lt;em&gt;Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp;amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, 51&lt;/em&gt;(4), 347-349. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.013&lt;/a&gt; PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449639&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;22449639&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-12-05T11:33:08.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18122" CreationDate="2018-12-06T10:31:43.753" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/kids/skin/the-layers-of-your-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The skin has 2 layers&lt;/a&gt;: epidermis (the outer) and dermis (the inner). Sliding down the rope may cause an &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;abrasion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in which only the epidermis is damaged. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CoreV2/Dermatology/page_08.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scars&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; develop only when the dermis is damaged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/topic/fingerprint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fingerprints&lt;/strong&gt; (Britannica)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Each ridge of the epidermis (outer skin) is dotted with sweat pores&#xA;  for its entire length and is anchored to the dermis (inner skin) by a&#xA;  double row of peglike protuberances, or papillae. &lt;strong&gt;Injuries such as&#xA;  superficial burns, abrasions, or cuts do not affect the ridge&#xA;  structure or alter the dermal papillae, and the original pattern is&#xA;  duplicated in any new skin that grows.&lt;/strong&gt; An injury that destroys the&#xA;  dermal papillae, however, will permanently obliterate the ridges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So, the fingerprints after an injury that has left no scars will be likely the same as before, because the dermis has not been damaged.&lt;/strong&gt; To prove this, one can ask &quot;the officials&quot; to take his/her fingerprints again...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;strong&gt;chemotherapeutics&lt;/strong&gt; can cause &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/ce-courses/prevention-and-management-of-hand-foot-syndromes/article/174390/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hand-foot syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&quot; with peeling of the epidermal layer of the skin and loss of fingerprints (&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2546175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jama Oncology&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Within 8 weeks of treatment, severe quality loss of fingerprints was&#xA;  noticed in 9 patients treated with capecitabine and in 1 patient&#xA;  treated with the TKI sunitinib.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Severe fingerprint quality loss recovered completely within 2 to 4&#xA;  weeks after treatment discontinuation in all 3 patients who were able&#xA;  to provide posttreatment fingerprints&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article does not specifically say if the restored fingerprints were the same as before, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-06T11:32:28.237" LastActivityDate="2018-12-06T11:32:28.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18134" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18144" CreationDate="2018-12-06T10:43:27.103" Score="1" ViewCount="313" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pharmacist gave me this cream for treating dry/dead skin on fingertips, and she also added that I can use it as a soap as well! The manufacturer also confirms this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, you don’t apply soap on hands and leave it on to moisturize your hands, and similarly you don’t wash your hands with a hand cream to clean them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’d like to understand how one substance can function both as a leave-on moisturizer and a rinse-off cleanser. I see it has alcohol but given it’s a moisturizer, the alcohol percentage is probably low. I couldn’t find any further information on this online. Any idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wiabk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wiabk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;silcocks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PVkdb.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PVkdb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8921" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T06:04:20.527" Title="How can one product work both as a skin moisturizer and a soap?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;dry-skin&gt;&lt;moisturize&gt;&lt;soap&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18140" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-07T02:09:18.257" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient had an elective coronary angioplasty which showed 80% blocked LAD. A stent was placed. She was stable and sent home. The next day she felt unwell and collapsed with LOC for a few seconds. She was taken back to hospital and was admitted to CCU for observation. She had sinus bradycardia around 40. That night she was bradycardic and went into bradycardia-induced VT leading to VF and full arrest. Fortunately, she was resuscitated and a temporary pacemaker (TPM) was inserted. They planned to insert a permanent pacemaker (PPM) within the next few days; however, her WBC count was 20 000, predominantly neutrophils. CRP was 19. Her baseline before angioplasty was within normal range. It's been 3 weeks since then, multiple blood and urine cultures have been negative, no fever, she seems to be improving physically. She has been on a multitude of antibiotics including piptaz + amoxicillin and now vancomycin. Each antibiotic initially reduced WBC count to a few figures but back up the next day. At the moment its hovering at 16K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial TPM was removed and replaced with another a week ago in hope that it was likely TPM lead infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would she have a raised WBC count with no other suggestion of infection? Do post arrest patients have a high WBC count due to reperfusion injury? Or could it be a reaction to foreign body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15254" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-07T02:36:20.150" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T02:36:20.150" Title="Consistently high WBC, normal CRP in a post-cardiac arrest patient" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18134" CreationDate="2018-12-07T13:46:40.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ingredients listed on the product from the photo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;White soft paraffin&lt;/strong&gt; (known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_jelly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;petroleum jelly&lt;/a&gt;) and &lt;strong&gt;cetostearyl alcohol&lt;/strong&gt; are occlusive agents that decrease water loss through the skin, so they act as moisturizers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885180/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 4,  PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_laureth_sulfate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sodium lauryl sulfate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is a detergent (a surfactant), so it acts as a soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Water and soap do not remove paraffin, so the product can work as a moisturizer and soap at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very detailed, easy to read article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4885180/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moisturizers: A Slippery Road (PubMed, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2018-12-07T13:46:40.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-07T17:09:22.697" Score="3" ViewCount="2449" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the context of allergies, I keep reading the term &amp;quot;histamine liberators&amp;quot; with claims that certain foods release histamine. A random example from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/histamine/guide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;everydayhealth.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some foods, while low in histamines themselves, are known as histamine liberators, meaning that they help to release histamine from other foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods with histamine-releasing properties include citrus, peanuts, fish, shellfish, and egg whites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in understanding the mechanism behind histamine liberators, i.e., where is the histamine stored, which processes lead to the release, and does a &amp;quot;liberation&amp;quot; lead to lower histamine levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have no expertise in medical science, and my attempt to search for scientific publications on that topic wasn't successful. This makes me wonder where the notion of histamine liberators is coming from. Is it nonsense or simply not yet researched well enough? If there is preliminary evidence: Where is the list of food coming from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T09:44:30.207" Title="Is there such a thing as &quot;histamine liberators&quot; and how do they work?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18147" CreationDate="2018-12-07T17:53:58.693" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Histamine liberators&quot; are foods that can trigger the release of histamine from the basophils and mast cells, which belong to white blood cells, and are found in the blood and connective tissues. They &lt;em&gt;increase&lt;/em&gt; the histamine levels and can therefore worsen symptoms in people with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5839887/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;allergies (PubMed, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199434/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;atopic dermatitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23859448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;histamine intolerance&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28862769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;histamine-induced headache (PubMed, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;strong&gt;foods high in histamine:&lt;/strong&gt; tuna, mackerel, Pacific saury (mackerel pike), pork, chicken, spinach, fermented foods such as fermented cabbage or radish, soy bean paste, red pepper paste, mayonnaise, yogurt, cheese, ketchup, wine and beer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;strong&gt;foods that can trigger histamine release (histamine liberators):&lt;/strong&gt; instant foods, grapes, bananas, strawberries, citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, tangerines), pineapples, tomatoes, nuts, wine, green tea and chocolate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lists of &quot;food liberators&quot; mostly base on surveys that asked people with &quot;histamine intolerance&quot; which foods trigger symptoms in them, but these lists may be unreliable because they rely on people's experience and not always on the actual measurements of histamine levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346110/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German guideline for the management of adverse reactions to ingested histamine (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...numerous low-histamine diets prohibit foods that do not contain&#xA;  histamine (e. g., yeast), or encourage the avoidance of so-called&#xA;  “histamine liberators” (pharmacologically active substances that have&#xA;  a histamine-releasing effect), despite there being no reliable&#xA;  evidence of their existence in foods or of their clinical relevance in&#xA;  the onset of adverse food reactions...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-08T09:44:30.207" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T09:44:30.207" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18153" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18155" CreationDate="2018-12-08T10:23:04.450" Score="2" ViewCount="349" Body="&lt;p&gt;For elderly, whose sceletal strength weakens, can Vitamin D supplements slow down the degeneration of bones? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/which-type-of-vitamin-d-supplement-is-the-safest-and-most-effective/#.XAulsBbTWEc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; discussing which supplement works best, but it never established if Vitamin D supplements actually help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2018-12-08T11:07:47.093" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T17:11:11.313" Title="Do Elderly benefit from Vitamin D supplements?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;bone-density&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18154" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18167" CreationDate="2018-12-08T11:13:52.730" Score="2" ViewCount="1967" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are those lamps like e.g. &quot;ReptiGlow&quot; for pet reptilians, to keep them healthy, the output being graded e.g. by habitat: jungle (trees somewhat reduce the UV that hits the animals), or desert (full sun exposure).&#xA;Alas, I have found nothing about the exact wavelengths those kind of lamps produce, and the exact wavelengths human skin needs to produce vitamin-D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example used, &quot;ReptiGlow&quot;, claims to mimic the UV mix of the sun, with the same kind of UV-A, UV-B mix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can such reptilian lamps actually be used to effectively produce vitamin-D in humans, e.g. countering European Winter, without harmful side effects?&#xA;If generally so - how would one determine the needed exposure (lamp output, distance to skin, exposure time)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5096" LastActivityDate="2018-12-27T13:47:27.937" Title="Do UV-B emitting lamps for reptile pets produce vitamin-D in human skin?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18153" CreationDate="2018-12-08T12:08:25.463" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to some studies, adequate vitamin D intake from foods and supplements may prevent bone weakness (osteporosis) in elderly, but according to others it may not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21432375&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Efficacy of optimization of vitamin D in preventing osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures: A systematic review  (PubMed, 2006)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...vitamin D intake of 10-17.5 μg/day (400-700 IU/day) or more is&#xA;  effective in preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women and an&#xA;  intake of 17.5-20 μg/day (700-800 IU/day) or more together with a&#xA;  calcium supplement reduces the risk of osteoporotic fractures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D (Linus Pauling Institute, updated 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of a meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials with&#xA;  more than 4,000 participants (mean age, 59 years) showed little&#xA;  evidence for an effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral&#xA;  density at any of the five skeletal sites examined...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A prospective cohort study that followed more than 72,000&#xA;  postmenopausal women in the US for 18 years found that those who&#xA;  consumed at least 600 IU/day of vitamin D from diet and supplements&#xA;  had a 37% lower risk of osteoporotic hip fracture than women who&#xA;  consumed less than 140 IU/day of vitamin D (73). However, daily&#xA;  supplementation with 400 IU of vitamin D3, in combination with 1,000&#xA;  mg calcium, did not significantly reduce risk of hip fracture compared&#xA;  to a placebo in 36,282 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health&#xA;  Initiative trial...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351968&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Uncontrollable risk factors for osteoporosis include age over fifty, female sex, Asian heritage, small body frame and osteoporosis in family members.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Controllable risk factors include insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D, excessive intake of protein, sodium, caffeine or alcohol, physical inactivity, smoking and chronic diseases (hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Logically, vitamin D supplements could help to prevent osteoporosis in people with insufficient vitamin D intake or sun exposure, but since this can be corrected by adequate vitamin D intake from foods and by sun exposure, the supplements may not be necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In people without vitamin D deficiency but with other risk factors for osteoporosis, vitamin D supplements would be much less likely effective, as suggested by the above studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-10T17:11:11.313" LastActivityDate="2018-12-10T17:11:11.313" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18154" CreationDate="2018-12-08T12:38:43.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don’t know if they can be used, but they shouldn’t. Recently, sun exposure is considered more and more harmful to the skin. This is why for recommended Vitamin D levels, no sun exposure whatsoever is usually assumed, and only intake via diet considered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because ultraviolet rays from the sun and tanning beds can cause skin cancer, the American Academy of Dermatology does not recommend getting vitamin D from sun exposure or indoor tanning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care/vitamin-d-and-uv-exposure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Academy of Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T12:38:43.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18157" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-08T19:53:04.620" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the past week I have been hunting for the answer to the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the speed at which you lose weight have any relationship with loose skin? And the real question, why or why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've reached out to every doctor friend I have, and requested they in turn reach out to dermatologists and plastic surgeons. I've sifted through a plethora of online resources, watched videos, used other question submission sites, and every time I either get a &quot;Yes speed matters&quot; or &quot;No, speed doesn't matter&quot;, but &lt;strong&gt;nobody&lt;/strong&gt; has even bothered to so much as guess why their stance is right while the opposite is wrong. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have yet to find a single piece of non-anecdotal evidence for yes or no. If losing weight slowly allows ones epidermis to adjust to the weight loss than why would that function cease if the weight loss was quick? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the epidermis can &quot;shrink&quot; then, to me, it stands to reason the only variable is time. But the reality that we have invasive, expensive surgical procedures to remove loose skin flies in the face of this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone can give me a &quot;Yes, the speed of weight loss matters &lt;strong&gt;because&lt;/strong&gt;...&quot; or a &quot;No, the speed of weight loss is irrelevant &lt;strong&gt;because&lt;/strong&gt;...&quot; I'd very much appreciate it. I'm starting to get the impression that every medical professional with an opinion on this is just regurgitating someone else's uneducated guess. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15267" LastActivityDate="2018-12-08T19:53:04.620" Title="The relation of weight loss speed and loose skin" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;epidermis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18159" CreationDate="2018-12-09T06:34:44.740" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I took this extract from here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The oral bioavailability of methyltestosterone is about &lt;strong&gt;70%&lt;/strong&gt;, and&#xA;  it is well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.[6]&#xA;  Methyltestosterone can also be taken buccally or sublingually.[1][6]&#xA;  Although effective orally, methyltestosterone is more effective by&#xA;  these parenteral routes, which are said to approximately &lt;strong&gt;double&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  its bioavailability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15268" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-09T16:36:12.007" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T16:36:12.007" Title="What is the meaning of doubling of bioavailability?" Tags="&lt;concentration&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18158" CreationDate="2018-12-09T11:04:39.200" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Measure blood concentration over time through IV administration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First you need to administer a drug in a manner that has 100% bioavailability, or completely enters the systemic circulation. This is achieved through intravenous (IV) administration of the drug. One then measures the plasma concentration of the drug over time to derive what's called Area Under the Curve (AUC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Measure blood concentration over time through different route of administration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, you administer the drug, but through a different route of administration e.g. orally, sublingually, rectally, intramuscular... whatever. Like before, you measure the plasma concentration of the drug over time to derive another AUC. You then compare the AUC for this route of administration and the AUC for when it has 100% bioavailability. The ratio of the AUC relative to the AUC with 100% bioavailability will allow you to calculate the bioavailability of the route in question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although effective orally, methyltestosterone is more effective by these parenteral routes, which are said to approximately double its bioavailability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are the AUCs for 10 mg sublingual (Left) versus 25 mg oral (Right) methyltestosterone:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z3q8S.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z3q8S.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, it's stating that for the same dose, sublingual administration will result in roughly twice the AUC of oral administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: Alkalay et al.(1973). Sublingual and Oral Administration of Methyltestosterone. A Comparison of Drug Bioavailability. &lt;em&gt;Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology And New Drugs&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;13&lt;/em&gt;, 142-151. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1973.tb00075.x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1973.tb00075.x&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T11:04:39.200" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="522" CreationDate="2018-12-09T13:33:44.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Keep them throughout your life and bequeath them to your children.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This answer is not as extreme as it sounds, since it's a cost/benefit analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The cost side&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you get blood test results - if it's in writing, scan them (these days you can even do this with your phone and apps like camScanner) and save them as a file per page. If you get them online - save the results. At this point, the cost of keeping them is quite negligible - a few megabytes over your entire lifetime. There's extra cost in &lt;em&gt;consolidating&lt;/em&gt; them, i.e. putting everything into a nice table of result by specific test and date of test, but you can avoid that unless/until you actually need to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The benefit side&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I expect any doctor interested in blood test results would just order a new test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe so, maybe no. If a doctor is considering whether to administer some treatment, they could well use older blood tests - because those could indicate situations you &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; get into, or conditions you might be prone to. Plus, old blood test results are available immediately (assuming you kept them available), while new blood tests require some time. In my personal experience (with the Maccabi HMO in Israel), some blood tests are only guaranteed to return results after 6 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any real chance they would want to look at old results, too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sure there is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To examine changes over time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To relate your result ranges when you're healthy to results while you're experiencing some ailment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To relate your results to those of your siblings, children or other family members.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For statistical research involving many people (if you agree to participate in it).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;Caveat&lt;/em&gt;: I'm not a Doctor. Or rather, not a Medical Doctor.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T21:01:16.987" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T21:01:16.987" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-09T21:01:14.123" Score="-1" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the Heimlich procedure I should do if my kid ( 4 years ) is choking, but I want to know if is a good idea to put her upside down while doing it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would not gravity + my contstant pushing dislodge whatever is blocking her air conducts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15272" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T17:53:34.987" Title="Put kid upside down while doing Heimlich on her/him" Tags="&lt;heimlich-maneuver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9906" CreationDate="2018-12-09T23:49:55.423" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When was congenital-analgesia (aka congenital insensitivity to pain), the inability to feel pain, clinically documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was first reported in 1932 in this paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dearborn, G. V. N. (1932). A case of congenital general pure analgesia. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;75&lt;/em&gt;, 612-615. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-193206000-00002&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-193206000-00002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I tried reading it, the print is very faded and near-impossible to read. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How rare is it really?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 in 125 million&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &#xA;Daneshjou, K. et al. (2012). Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhydrosis (CIPA) syndrome; a report of 4 cases. &lt;em&gt;Iranian Journal of Pediatrics&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;22&lt;/em&gt;, 412–416.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in this paper on the epidemiology in Japan, it's estimated at 1 in 600,000–950,000&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From: &#xA;Haga, N., Kubota, M., &amp;amp; Miwa, Z. (2013). Epidemiology of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV and V in Japan. &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;161&lt;/em&gt;, 871-874.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it hereditary? Or just a sporadic fluke mutation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hereditary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kim, W., Guinot, A., Marleix, S., Chapuis, M., Fraisse, B., &amp;amp; Violas, P. (2013). Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV and orthopaedic complications. &lt;em&gt;Orthopaedics &amp;amp; Traumatology: Surgery &amp;amp; Research&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;99&lt;/em&gt;, 881-885.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So what is the life expectancy of someone with congenital-analgesia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's age distribution of the population in Japan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EeCat.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EeCat.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't say life expectancy, but it seems that it won't be past 40 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12881" LastActivityDate="2018-12-09T23:49:55.423" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18154" CreationDate="2018-12-10T15:43:47.807" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: UV bulbs for reptiles and tanning beds emit mainly UV-A, which &lt;em&gt;does not promote vitamin D synthesis but can promote skin cancer.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UV light and vitamin D synthesis&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/healthy-lifestyle/vitamin-d/make-vitamin-d-not-uv-a-priority&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skin Cancer Foundation&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our bodies manufacture vitamin D when the sun's ultraviolet B (UVB)&#xA;  rays interact with 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) present in the skin.&#xA;  However, we can produce only a limited amount of vitamin D from UVB.&#xA;  A few minutes at midday are sufficient for many Caucasians...After&#xA;  reaching the production limit, further exposure actually destroys the&#xA;  vitamin, decreasing vitamin D levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wavelengths of various &lt;strong&gt;ReptiGlo bulbs&lt;/strong&gt; range from 300-640 nm (only UV-A or both UV-A and UV-B), depending on the model; the bulbs have up to 40 Watts (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.exo-terra.com/en/products/linear_fluorescent_bulbs.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exo-terra.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Modern &lt;strong&gt;tanning devices&lt;/strong&gt; provide mostly UV-A (315-400 nm); the power is 100-200 Watts (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_tanning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ucm186687.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt; claims that both UV-A and UV-B rays causes DNA damage, which can lead to skin cancer and that &lt;strong&gt;all use of tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer,&lt;/strong&gt; from which one can conclude that the &lt;strong&gt;UV reptile bulbs could do the same.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indoor Tanning (American Academy of Dermatology)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exposure to UV radiation from indoor tanning devices is associated&#xA;with an increased risk of &lt;strong&gt;melanoma&lt;/strong&gt; and nonmelanoma skin cancer,&#xA;including &lt;strong&gt;squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using indoor tanning beds before age 35 can increase your risk of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, by 59 percent.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-27T13:47:27.937" LastActivityDate="2018-12-27T13:47:27.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18162" CreationDate="2018-12-10T20:27:21.463" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, don't hold your 4 year old child upside down when performing abdominal thrusts for choking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what you (and any bystander) should do for a choking child (Note that intervention for a choking child is appropriate for any individual to perform, though one should obtain consent from a parent if they are there. You do not need to be a healthcare provider to do this)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current guidelines on pediatric basic life support can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3741664/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For any individual experiencing foreign body airway obstruction, if they are able to cough or make a sound, &lt;strong&gt;do not attempt abdominal thrusts or back blows&lt;/strong&gt;. For a child or infant this is particularly important because these interventions can convert a partial airway obstruction to a full airway obstruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IF AND ONLY IF THEY ARE UNABLE TO MAKE A SOUND&lt;/strong&gt; you have a full airway obstruction. This is where you intervene. Children over 1 (e.g., the 4 year old in the OP) should receive abdominal thrusts, aka the Heimlich maneuver. Current recommendations (current today, 12/10/2018) do not include alternating abdominal thrusts with back blows. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Correct technique for abdominal thrusts for a child are described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/Health___Safety_Services/Training/Pediatric_ready_reference.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this red cross pamphlet&lt;/a&gt;. Note that the algorithm in this pamphlet is outdated (it recommends alternating back blows and abdominal thrusts), but the photos demonstrating the abdominal thrust technique are useful (and correct). Don't hold your child upside down or hold them up in the air. Do get down on your knee (see the picture below) if you need to in order to put your hands in the correct position (just above the child's abdomen) and perform the thrust without lifting them off the ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ABDOMINAL THRUSTS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Place a fist with the thumb side against the middle of the child's abdomen, just above the navel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cover your fist with your other hand&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Give quick, upward abdominal thrusts&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uIp4w.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uIp4w.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QHlDg.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QHlDg.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a case where care of a foreign body airway obstruction involves holding a child at a downward angle. This is ONLY for infants (0-1 year old). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infants (0-1 year) should receive back blows alternating with chest compressions. The reason you provide chest compressions for airway obstruction in infants is because airway obstruction and respiratory failure of an infant quickly leads to cardiac arrest.  The technique is described well (with pictures) in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org/content/dam/redcross/atg/PDF_s/Health___Safety_Services/Training/Pediatric_ready_reference.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;red cross pamphlet&lt;/a&gt;. Note again that this particular pamphlet has outdated recommendations for older children (recommending alternating back flows and abdominal thrusts), but the infant technique is current:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h3&gt;CONSCIOUS CHOKING--INFANT&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cannot Cough, Cry or Breathe&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;GIVE 5 BACK BLOWS:&#xA;  Give firm back blows with the heel of one hand between the infant's shoulder blades&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BHJnG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BHJnG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;GIVE 5 CHEST THRUSTS:&#xA;  Place two or three fingers in the center of the infant's chest just below the nipple line and compress the breastbone about 1 1/2 inches. TIP: Support the head and neck securely when giving back blows and chest thrusts. keep the head lower than the chest.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HeIVV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HeIVV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CONTINUE CARE: &#xA;  Continue sets of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts until the: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Object is forced out&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Infant can cough forcefully, cry or breathe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Infant becomes unconscious&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WHAT TO DO NEXT&lt;/strong&gt;: If infant becomes unconscious--CALL 9 -1 -1, if not already done. Carefully lower the infant onto a firm, flat surface, and give CARE for an unconscious choking infant, beginning with looking for an object (PANEL 6, Step 3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-12-11T17:53:34.987" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T17:53:34.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18169" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18170" CreationDate="2018-12-11T01:46:30.257" Score="-1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like, if I had a bottle of milk with a screw top. Does that really need to go in the fridge? Because it has a top so the flies can't get in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about a raw chicken in a sealed bag? I mean you're going to cook it anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is a fridge really necessary?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2018-12-11T05:41:09.763" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T12:57:38.647" Title="Do fridges really keep things fresh?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;refrigerate-refrigeration&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2018-12-13T00:52:52.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18169" CreationDate="2018-12-11T03:18:32.797" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your milk and chicken both have bacteria in them. If you leave them at room temperature, those bacteria will grow rapidly. Some may produce toxins that will not be inactivated by cooking. The greater the dosage of these bacteria, the more likely they are to make you sick. Keeping stored food cold (below 40&amp;deg;F / 5&amp;deg;C) is an important part of basic food safety for reducing the risk of foodborne illness. Now, this doesn't mean that you will always get sick if you eat or drink milk or chicken that has been at room temperature for too long, but it does mean you will be more likely to get sick. Beyond health and safety, you will immediately notice the difference if you put a closed container of milk on the counter for 24 hours, and put another one in a cold refrigerator for 24 hours. You can run this experiment on your own (just don't drink the milk you left out).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about the importance of refrigeration at various public health websites. Here, for example, is some good information from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/Refrigeration_and_Food_Safety.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;US department of agriculture&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-11T10:22:08.780" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T10:22:08.780" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-11T11:55:42.320" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1} that one may want to avoid consuming durians when consuming alcohol, as durians were shown to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in their in vitro study. Has this hypothesis been confirmed or rejected when tested in vivo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpt from {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study provides evidence that some component(s) of durian fruit inhibit(s) yALDH in vitro.&#xA;  Inhibitory action of the non-polar sulfury constituents of the fruit like diethyl disulfide on yALDH, with further&#xA;  investigation, offers a novel rationale to the etiology of the durian-alcohol anecdote. As such, work on this&#xA;  theme is currently undertaken to confirm the bioactive component(s) in the durian fruit, and validate the&#xA;  consistency of the findings hereby reported in mammalian models in vivo. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Maninang, John &amp;amp; Lizada, Connie &amp;amp; Gemma, Hiroshi &amp;amp; 弦間, 洋. (2009). Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme by Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) fruit extract. Food Chemistry. 117. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.106. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Maninang%2C+John+%26+Lizada%2C+Connie+%26+Gemma%2C+Hiroshi+%26+%E5%BC%A6%E9%96%93%2C+%E6%B4%8B.+%282009%29.+Inhibition+of+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+enzyme+by+Durian+%28Durio+zibethinus+Murray%29+fruit+extract.+Food+Chemistry.+117.+10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2009.03.106.+&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Maninang%2C+John+%26+Lizada%2C+Connie+%26+Gemma%2C+Hiroshi+%26+%E5%BC%A6%E9%96%93%2C+%E6%B4%8B.+%282009%29.+Inhibition+of+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+enzyme+by+Durian+%28Durio+zibethinus+Murray%29+fruit+extract.+Food+Chemistry.+117.+10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2009.03.106.+&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2018-12-11T12:10:53.960" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T15:13:34.737" Title="Should one avoid consuming durians when drinking alcohol?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-11T13:45:37.253" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_autoimmune_diabetes_in_adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults&lt;/a&gt; (LADA) may be more prevalent than previously believed. A common marker for the most common form is glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD-65).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there low cost and sensitive tests for GAD-65 autoantibodies which might detect LADA earlier in life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14742" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-03-21T09:05:42.757" LastActivityDate="2019-03-21T09:05:42.757" Title="What advanced detection schemes can provide low cost screening for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18174" CreationDate="2018-12-11T15:13:34.737" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is very probably yes, these findings were confirmed and one &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; avoid consuming durian fruit and alcohol. But interestingly, anyone tempted to try &lt;em&gt;probably will&lt;/em&gt; avoid it anyway. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fruit contains &quot;components&quot; that interfere with alcholo metabolism, leading to increased toxicity and a quick learning experience. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A combination of consuming durian fruit and alcohol drinks is reported to lead adverse effects in humans (Maninang, Lizada, &amp;amp; Gemma, 2009). Earlier, Croft (1981) reported on patients consuming durian and drinking alcohol simultaneously, which included deaths as well as cardiac arrest episodes. The symptoms included clinical manifestations such as: palpitation, vomiting, facial flushing, nausea, and drowsiness. In addition, physiological effects of drinking alcohol might also have major contribution on health effects. According to Kitson and Weiner (1996), component derived from ethanol is oxidised in liver by the action of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme. Disulfiram can retard ALDH activity resulting in the accumulation of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. According to some researchers (Brien &amp;amp; Loomis, 1985), acetaldehyde contributes to the adverse reactions known as the disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER). The inhibitory activities of sulphur-containing compounds obtained from natural resources on ALDH are well known (Kitson &amp;amp; Weiner, 1996). Several studies have shown durian to be abundant in sulphur compounds (Baldry et al., 1972; Moser et al., 1980; Voon et al., 2007b; Weenen et al., 1996; Wong &amp;amp; Tie, 1995).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sub-chronic and acute toxicity examinations (through oral feeding) in rats and mice fed diets containing polysaccharide gel isolated from durian rind showed no toxic effects (Pongsamart, Sukrong, &amp;amp; Tawatsin, 2001; Pongsamart, Tawatsin, &amp;amp; Sukrong, 2002). Maninang et al. (2009) evaluated the effects of durian fruit extract on the inhibition of ALDH. The enzymatic assay demonstrated that yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase (yALDH) significantly lost enzymatic activity in the presence of durian fruit extract at all the tested concentrations (0.03, 0.07, 0.16, 0.33, 0.65, and 1.63 ppm). The intensity of inhibition increased with increase in the fruit extract concentration and was up to a maximum of 70% at 0.33 ppm extract. However, the inhibitory effect was observed to be low at the highest concentration (1.63 ppm) of the tested fruit extract. The non-polar organic constituents of the durian fruit extract gave positive results in the sulphur-test elicited significant inhibitory effects on yALDH. In addition, several studies reported that the diethyl disulphide to be the most abundant sulphur com- pound which contains a disulphide bridge in durian (Laohakunjit, Kerdchoechuen, Matta, Silva, &amp;amp; Holmes, 2007; Voon et al., 2007a). As the sulphur content of durian is reported to have inhibitory characteristic on ALDH activity and can be mortal in person who consume durian and drink alcohol simultaneously, further in vivo studies are warranted to provide more scientific evidence for better understanding to the consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lee-Hoon Ho &amp;amp; Rajeev Bhat: &quot;Exploring the potential nutraceutical values of durian (Durio zibethinus L.) – An exotic tropical fruit&quot;, Food Chemistry 168 (2015) 80–89. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The learning in vivo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We hereby present empirical proof that concurrent administra- tion of ethanol and durian elicits DER-like interactions in vivo. Although work is currently undertaken to identify the bioactive component(s) in durian causing the ill interaction with ethanol, the clinical manifestations appear to be similar to those observed in rats given cabbage, a known source of the ALDH-inhibiting PEI- TC. Consistently, blood acetaldehyde levels were elevated in rats that exhibited CTA and hypothermia, which further supports the role of acetaldehyde, rather than ethanol, in the severity of the DER.&#xA;  Ethanol is the most available psychoactive drug in many parts of the world. With advocacies on increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and moderate alcohol drinking, the likelihood of unsafe food-alcohol interactions observed in the present study is not remote. These findings provide a basis for a caveat on the choice of food items that precede ethanol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;John S. Maninang et al.: &quot;The influence of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray cv. Monthong) on conditioned taste aversion to ethanol&quot;, Food Chemistry&#xA;  Volume 131, Issue 2, 15 March 2012, Pages 705-712. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2018-12-11T15:13:34.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-12T02:58:31.763" Score="2" ViewCount="305" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was taking doxycycline for an infection of streptococcus spp. causing epididymitis. I was healing under this antibiotic, then the doctor added ciprofloxacin to my treatment, so I am taking 100 mg of doxycycline and 500 mg of ciprofloxacin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, do the two antibiotics have antagonistic effects? If so, is it a one-way antagonism and which way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15288" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2018-12-12T05:50:33.877" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T09:24:22.843" Title="Do doxycycline and ciprofloxacin decrease each others effectiveness?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18188" CreationDate="2018-12-12T07:41:39.760" Score="0" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;My age is 28 . I am male and i am un married&#xA;I do not watch any content that may arouse feelings  but still i face the problem of nocturnal emission (without any dream) approximately twice a week&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should i do to get rid of this problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15290" LastEditorUserId="15290" LastEditDate="2018-12-12T07:46:55.837" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T10:39:17.737" Title="how to stop frequent nocturnal emission" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2018-12-12T15:38:11.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18186" CreationDate="2018-12-12T10:39:17.737" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I pointed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/11676&quot;&gt;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/11676&lt;/a&gt;, since sperm are short-lived, they must constantly be replenished, so &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100318-men-sperm-1500-stem-cells-second-male-birth-control/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the testes produce 1,500 sperm per second&lt;/a&gt;. Plus sperm is produced during the whole of the male life. If the dead sperm is not released through sex or masturbation, it will automatically be released by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some males find that they are more prone to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/nocturnal-orgasms-and-emissions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nocturnal emissions&lt;/a&gt; during times of less frequent sexual activity because they are not ejaculating as frequently from masturbation or sex with a partner, and in fact — as studies have confirmed — high ejaculation frequency was related to decreased risk of total prostate cancer &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Leitzmann, et al., 2004)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leitzmann, M.F.; Platz, E.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C. and Giovannucci, E. (2004). &lt;em&gt;Ejaculation Frequency and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer&lt;/em&gt; JAMA 291(13): pp 1578-1586; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1001/jama.291.13.1578&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T10:39:17.737" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18184" CreationDate="2018-12-12T15:57:41.770" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I searched for an answer on several different levels and here's what I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FDA's presrcibing information for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/Label/2016/019537s086lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CIPRO(R)&lt;/a&gt; and for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/050795s005lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DORYX(R)&lt;/a&gt;. Neither document mentions an interaction between these two drugs, nor for their classes. &lt;br&gt;These sources should be considered first as they are medicolegally binding and should include clinically relevant information.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interactions checkers such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/drug-interaction-checker.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rxlist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/interax/multi_search#results&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DrugBank&lt;/a&gt;. Rxlist's interaction checker returned nothing, and DrugBank's checker says that: &quot;Doxycycline may decrease the excretion rate of Ciprofloxacin which could result in a higher serum level.&quot; This means that taking them together MAY increase ciprofloxacin effect through higher serum levels, but it doesn't say there how much higher and if it is clinically relevant.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;I am not sure how reliable those databases are, because good interactions checkers are usually not publicly and freely available, since much time and energy are put into them, making them a commercial product that requires subscription or some other form of paid use.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/29/3/medmicro-29-3-221.pdf?expires=1544629634&amp;amp;id=id&amp;amp;accname=guest&amp;amp;checksum=68A328932EF35400A97F3620F3E435AE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; titled &quot;Interactions of the 4-quinolones with other&#xA;antibacterials&quot;. Doxycycline was not used in this study, but tetracycline (which belongs to the same class) was, and according to the results, tetracycline at sub-inhibitory concentrations did antagonize the activity of ciprofloxacin (p. 223). &lt;br&gt;Note, however, that this was an &lt;strong&gt;in-vitro study&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking all this information into account, I would conclude that no CLINICAL antagonistic interaction exists, i.e. it is possible to take them together if the treating doctor believes the combination has a therapeutic advantage. There might be some antagonism still, but again, this evidence is from an in-vitro study, and it is unknown if it is clinically relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2018-12-12T15:57:41.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18190" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18196" CreationDate="2018-12-12T18:54:49.513" Score="5" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asthmatics are encouraged to keep a peak flow dairy, which records the scores of their peak expiratory flow measured twice daily; once in the morning and once in the evening.  T&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peak-flow-test/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hey are instructed to take the measurement three times and record &lt;strong&gt;the highest&lt;/strong&gt; reading.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it preferential to keep the highest reading instead of an an arithmetic mean (which I would find more accurate in this use case)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15141" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T04:49:28.500" Title="Why is it recommended to record the highest peak flow result and not an arithmetic mean average?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18190" CreationDate="2018-12-13T15:33:34.747" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, PEF (peak expiratory flow) varies thorough the day and it's at its lowest in the morning (which is when patients are usually instructed to take it x3, before their meds), so taking the highest value balances that out a little. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, we &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; measuring PEF i.e. &lt;em&gt;maximum&lt;/em&gt; speed of expiration, not &lt;em&gt;average&lt;/em&gt; speed of expiration ;) And a patient's personal best (the highest PEF reading they've recorded for a span of 2-3 weeks) is useful for determining asthma zones (green for when a patient's PEF measures 80%-100% of their best value, yellow for 50%-80% &amp;amp; red for &amp;lt;50%), which in turn are needed to make an asthma action plan so that the patient knows when they can treat their symptoms without going to the hospital and when they should. Using the highest reading also gives a little leeway in such cases as ≤80% PEF is not as bad as it could be!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personal best PEF is also used to determine if a patient's meds need to be changed or the dose increased/reduced, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thorax.bmj.com/content/59/11/922&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddel HK, Marks GB, Jenkins CR. When can personal best peak flow be determined for asthma action plans? Thorax 2004; 59: 922-4.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/living-with-asthma/managing-asthma/create-an-asthma-action-plan.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Asthma action plan. American Lung Association.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ultra-medica.net/Uptodate21.6/contents/UTD.htm?0/53/854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bailey W, Gerald L. Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring in asthma.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15303" LastEditorUserId="15303" LastEditDate="2018-12-14T04:49:28.500" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T04:49:28.500" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-13T22:51:16.350" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of conflicting information regarding this question and people have different agendas. I'm not a doctor, but from what I've read marijuana has been shown to inhibit healthy brain development in adolescents and lead to lower IQ scores. And although it's not nearly as addictive as opiates, like all other psychoactive drugs that work on the dopamine system there is the potential for psychological dependence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, my question relates to adults that use it responsibly. If one is over 25 (brain stops developing), active, and only uses marijuana occasionally without smoking is it unhealthy? Does it cause cognitive decline in that population? I think smoking all day, every day is a horrible way to live. Those people have long forgotten what it means to &quot;feel their emotions.&quot; However, I'm still not sure whether it is considered unhealthy when used sensibly like the occasional glass of wine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastEditorUserId="14892" LastEditDate="2018-12-14T02:02:43.900" LastActivityDate="2018-12-14T02:02:43.900" Title="Does marijuana inhibit cognitive functioning?" Tags="&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-01-23T20:06:44.647" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18202" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18209" CreationDate="2018-12-14T08:44:08.387" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a student nor professional in medicine or physiology. I understand that newborns get their gut bacteria during childbirth from the contact with the mother (I am going to assume this happens from both ends of the digestive trait, but correct me if I'm wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this process continue as adults, given the right circumstances? Can scarcely hygienic situations (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; a shared toilet room) affect one individual's gut microbiome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15310" LastEditorUserId="15310" LastEditDate="2018-12-15T09:15:09.297" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T12:31:01.027" Title="Can adults get new gut bacteria from external exposure?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-14T15:15:53.083" Score="3" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a (reasonably) reliable guide on supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this here not sure if it's any good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/coolguides/comments/8h5bw7/do_health_supplements_really_work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/coolguides/comments/8h5bw7/do_health_supplements_really_work/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14930" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T15:49:17.010" Title="Where can I find a (reasonably) reliable guide on supplements?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-01-18T05:22:38.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-15T11:32:10.140" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have started listening to binaural sounds (left side wave of 89.75hz, right side wave of 85.25hz) for meditation every day for 10 to 15 mins in morning. I feel calm, relaxed and focused after that. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know, are there any side effects of listening to this ? Like can I get health problems or brain problems or tumor or cancer or anything damaging to body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would be thankful if anyone shares any knowledge on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15317" LastEditorUserId="15317" LastEditDate="2018-12-15T11:37:12.430" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T08:49:21.117" Title="Are there side effects of listening to binaural sounds?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;&lt;soundwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-26T14:05:37.437" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18202" CreationDate="2018-12-15T13:37:30.187" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;In principle: yes, the gut microbiome can be altered by external exposures. It is the large but and a large range of buts that follow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The newborns indeed get their initial &amp;quot;seeding&amp;quot; by birth, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20566857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaginally preferred&lt;/a&gt; and from the surface of the mother's body, and everyone and everything else in the surroundings. This is facilitated by two main factors: 1. in the womb the little person is sterile 2. when born the immune system isn't fully developed. Both factors making it way more easy for bacteria – any bacteria – to take a hold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under physiological conditions, the fetus is protected from exposure to viable microorganisms. With rupture of membranes and passage through the birth canal, the neonate becomes exposed to bacteria that colonize maternal body surfaces and the environment. These bacteria start to establish the enteric microbiota initially characterized by low bacterial diversity and high interindividual variation. This makes the neonatal and early infant microbiota particularly vulnerable to exogenous interference. On the other hand, the low colonization resistance allows the interventional modification of the early microbiota by oral administration of beneficial bacteria. With time, additional bacterial species colonize the intestine and increase the diversity of the microbiota composition. In combination with the influence of genetic determinants and environmental factors, this ultimately leads to the generation of a mature and highly diverse enteric microbiota that remains relatively stable throughout life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means in later life the immune system improves its effectiveness and the ecosystem that initially develops within the gut claims all the niches that are there and defend their own existence against newly arriving species (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90545-7_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hornef, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We observe three very different things that make an exception to this &amp;quot;stability in adult life&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Commensal and symbiotic bacteria (&amp;quot;beneficial&amp;quot;) , as well as unwanted and detrimental ones (&amp;quot;pathogens&amp;quot;), do not exist in a vacuum but under specific, individual conditions. They feed off of your food. Altering the food composition or introducing antibiotics, natural or pharmacologically chosen, alters these conditions and can select in different directions. Antibiotics can even almost erase the ecosystem to point that makes it relatively easy for nasty bugs to spread. (For example until 1978 we called it just &amp;quot;antibiotic associated colitis&amp;quot;, but then identified an infection/dominance with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clostridium&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;difficile&lt;/a&gt; as the source for that condition.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In school we were told that stomach acids destroys bacteria and that therefore bacteria will not enter the body via food. For most of the bacteria this is the case.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Obviously, we have to keep certain standards of hygiene when eating or preparing food, as E.coli or salmonella for example can make you sick, not only via their toxins, but by multiplying in your gut and replacing the previous owners of that place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This leads to factor 3: one or two very resilient pathogens might not cause trouble, but if they arrive in large enough numbers that chances for trouble increases. Conversely, the exact same principle is true for 'wanted' bacteria, like Mutaflor &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ni%C3%9Fle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nissle&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_boulardii&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;S. boulardii&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_acidophilus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lactobacilli&lt;/a&gt; etc. from fermented foods, sour milk/yoghurt drinks or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_microbiota_transplant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fecal microbiota transplants&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New bacteria arrive all the time in your gut from all sides and sources and they all try very hard to survive. Many of them do not succeed. They have to arrive in sufficiently large numbers, reach the right place and 'fit in' to the existing neighbours and other conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extent to which these interactions and alterations occur are hardly predictable. In terms of 'healthy diversity' of the ecosystem in a human gut it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be more beneficial to not wash hands (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.research.va.gov/currents/winter2015/winter2015-11.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;even directly ingesting feces&lt;/a&gt;) in otherwise unsanitary conditions compared to constantly bombarding the intestines with one single industrialised strain from 'pro-biotic yoghurt drinks'. But in most cases this is decidedly &lt;em&gt;not a good idea&lt;/em&gt;. As you can get a really big range of really nasty infections via that 'nowash' way alone as well, it is currently advisable to look really closely at a large range of 'donor' characteristics, if this is indeed to be done as some kind of intervention. Obviously, this cannot apply to the bathroom scenario at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a microbiological point of view, the human GIT can be regarded as the best investigated ecological niche of the human body, although some difficulties exist in obtaining representative samples from various parts of the GIT. Moreover, the human GIT probably represents one of the best investigated microbial ecosystems on earth. This fact can be explained due to the great importance of the GIT microbiota in maintaining and driving human health, disease and well-being: on a quantitative basis, humans can be regarded as a super-organism, consisting of 90% microbial cells and even 99% microbial genes, and the vast majority of the microbial diversity is located in the human GIT (Wilson, 2008).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(Riedel, 2014)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the above, we still do not know nearly enough. 7 billion people, all with unique microbiomes consisting of myriads of species and strains are just too many conditions to analyse. Some of the patterns we think are emerging might be spurious. Just the very general wisdom seems to be certain by now: these mircobiomes are to be viewed as ecosystems that benefit themselves from diversity to gain stability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hornef, M. (2018). &amp;quot;Microbiome and Early Life&amp;quot; In: &lt;em&gt;The Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease&lt;/em&gt; (pp. 31-47). Springer, Cham. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90545-7_3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/978-3-319-90545-7_3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rosamond Rhodes &amp;amp; Nada Gligorov &amp;amp; Abraham Paul Schwab: &amp;quot;The Human Microbiome. Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns&amp;quot;, Oxford University Press: Oxford, New York, 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Christian U. Riedel et al.: &amp;quot;The Stomach and Small and Large Intestinal Microbiomes&amp;quot;, in: Julian R. Marchesi: &amp;quot;The Human Microbiota and Microbiome&amp;quot;, Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology, CABI: Wallingford, Boston, 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T12:31:01.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18210" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-15T16:22:17.693" Score="0" ViewCount="171" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems its well known that low vitamin D can cause sleeping issues, one link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/nutrition/can-supplemental-vitamind-improve-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/nutrition/can-supplemental-vitamind-improve-sleep/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I became curious and was wondering about the reverse. If someone had, say, by supplementation (since it seems its nearly impossible to do its via the sun) too much vitamin D. Can that affects someones sleep pattern?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My theory is that vitamin D is correlated with being in the sun. So if your body has too much vitamin D it would think its in the sun to much and stay awake or not have normal sleep patterns. Though I am just guessing. I'd love to see better thought out reasonings and ideally any real scientific evidence pointing to what the relation of &lt;strong&gt;excess&lt;/strong&gt; vitamin D with sleep is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By excess vitamin D3 I mean more than 2,000 IU units daily or more than 50,000 IU weekly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8098" LastEditorUserId="8098" LastEditDate="2018-12-15T17:09:20.770" LastActivityDate="2018-12-15T17:09:20.770" Title="Can excessive Vitamin D cause insomnia or damage sleep patterns?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-15T18:21:37.637" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am about start a project on computational modelling of basal ganglia in the context of Parkinson's disease. My background is mostly on computational side (and some neuroscience too) and I know relatively little about medicine. So I would like to extend my knowledge of the Parkinson-related medical science, so that I see not only separate puzzle pieces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could somebody suggest a recent book on Parkinsons's disease from medical perspective (and the more fundamental systems neuroscience it contains, the better)? I am more interested in motor symptoms and cognitive problems (as well as their treatment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPD: as was requested in the comments I have done a preliminary search. I don't know what is the best way of looking for such books, so I just looked at Amazon. Restricting my search to the books that have appeared within last 4 years (is it a reasonable window?), I found the following options:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01LLTTA8G&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Parkinson's Disease and other Movement Disorders (Oxford Specialist&#xA;Handbooks in Neurology) 2nd Edition&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/3319978969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therapy of Movement&#xA;Disorders: A Case-Based Approach (Current Clinical Neurology) 1st&#xA;ed. 2019 Edition&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Comprehensive-Guide-Parkinsons-Disease/dp/1906421056/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1545070076&amp;amp;sr=8-7&amp;amp;keywords=The%20A%20to%20Z%20of%20Parkinson%27s%20Disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Comprehensive Guide to Parkinson's&#xA;Disease&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B07DMQTQ2V&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement&#xA;Disorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/3659578150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oscillatory Activity in Basal Ganglia of Parkinson Disease &amp;amp;&#xA;Dystonia: Exploring the therapeutic mechanisms of deep brain&#xA;stimulation treatments for movement disorders&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0190259604&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deep Brain&#xA;Stimulation Programming: Mechanisms, Principles and Practice 2nd&#xA;Edition&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/3038425389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deep Brain Stimulation (Dbs) Applications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to choose one of them based on the context I gave? I guess I am asking more about choosing between one book within first 4 items and one book within second 3 items, since they are more specific. Or maybe the information in the last 3 form a subset of the information in the first four, I don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15319" LastEditorUserId="15319" LastEditDate="2018-12-17T19:29:21.817" LastActivityDate="2018-12-17T19:29:21.817" Title="Reference request: Parkinson's disease book" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;parkinson&gt;&lt;neurodegenerative-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17160" CreationDate="2018-12-16T01:14:02.777" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scopolamine products to prevent motion sickness are to be placed behind the ear to. One brand name for this product is Transderm-Scop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will write below why it is placed behind the ear, but in terms of the Facebook post, it's probably not accurate. In fact, Snopes.com did a 'Fact-Check' &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/burundangascopolamine-warning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on a similar subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scopolamine is an antimuscarinic medication with strong anticholinergic effects. Anticholinergics are used for a variety of purposes, from motion sickness to pupil dilation (if you ever had your doctor dilate your pupils, it most likely was from an anticholinergic drug such as atropine or tropicamide).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many drugs have 'anticholinergic' side effects as well. These side effects include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sedation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dry mouth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Urinary retention&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dry eyes (blurred vision)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benadryl, perhaps the most commonly used over the counter antihistamine, has relatively strong anticholinergic effects, which is why it makes you tired. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacistanswers.com/questions/diphenhydramine-and-dimenhydrinate-what-is-the-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dramamine&lt;/a&gt; also has strong anticholinergic effects, which is why it is marketed specifically for motion sickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anticholinergic effects of drugs are dose dependent, meaning high doses yield greater effects. Very high doses can cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperthermia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Confusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cardiac abnormalities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loss of muscle control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oral anticholinergic drugs are notorious for their sometimes severe side effects and overdose, either accidental or deliberate, can be extremely serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going back to scopolamine...the anticholinergic effects of the drug are quite effective for preventing motion sickness. The patches go behind the ear not because it is close in proximity to the vestibular system of the inner ear (important for our sense of balance), but because it is one of the more permeable, and consistent trans-dermal absorption areas on our body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very small amounts of scopolamine are in the Transderm-Scop patch. It is designed to deliver a &lt;strong&gt;total&lt;/strong&gt; of 1mg &lt;strong&gt;over&lt;/strong&gt; a 72 hours period at a constant rate. With such a small dose, it is important to not have significant deviations in drug absorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, the patch was designed to a provide predictable delivery of scopolamine, resulting in in precise plasma concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of skin permeability, the postauricular area (behind the ear) is the most &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/702282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;permeable&lt;/a&gt; of any site on the body. This allows very small doses to be used, and reduces the risk of adverse reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the area behind the ear generally provides more predictable drug delivery, there is still significant variation among individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to this, the patches have a rate-limiting membrane. This membrane produces a permeation rate that is slower than the skin can absorb (this is based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; of different human skin types). So the system (and not individual variability of the skin), controls systemic scopolamine delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize, the patches are put behind the ear because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small doses of scopolamine can be used&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The skin behind the ear is the most permeable for trans-dermal absorption and provides the most consistent blood levels of the drug.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15321" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T01:14:02.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1449" CreationDate="2018-12-16T02:00:38.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seroquel (quetiapine) is quite well known to cause perhaps the &lt;strong&gt;most&lt;/strong&gt; sedation among all the drugs in the 'atypical antipsychotic' class of medication due to its strong histamine and alpha receptor antagonism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, although there is much controversy surrounding this, Seroquel is being &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prescribed&lt;/a&gt; more often as an 'off-label' treatment for insomnia due to the strong sedative effects of the drug. This is somewhat controversial due to the wide ranging effects of the drug and a possible &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacistanswers.com/questions/does-seroquel-quetiapine-affect-rem-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alteration&lt;/a&gt; to REM sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It certainly stands to reason that higher doses of a drug causes more side effects. This is generally termed 'dose-related' or 'dose-dependent' side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Published information for quetiapine does reveal that somnolence is most likely dose-related, but it's not all that significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a clinical trial for the drug for the treatment of schizophrenia in children aged 13-17, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020639s064lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prescribing information&lt;/a&gt; for Seroquel states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adverse events that were potentially &lt;strong&gt;dose-related&lt;/strong&gt; with higher frequency in the 600 mg group compared to the 400 mg&#xA;  group included &lt;strong&gt;somnolence&lt;/strong&gt; (50% vs. 57%), nausea (6% vs. 10%) and tachycardia (6% vs. 9%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the prescribing information for Seroquel XR has the following chart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MIHVR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MIHVR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it certainly does seem that higher doses of Seroquel do cause a higher incidence of somnolence, but it doesn't appear to be a huge difference between doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15321" LastActivityDate="2018-12-16T02:00:38.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18217" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18218" CreationDate="2018-12-17T00:49:36.840" Score="3" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;With solutions like salt water that are innocuous, if swishing with it for 30 seconds is beneficial, it seems that using it longer would be even more beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for prescribed oral solutions like Paroex (chlorhexidine gluconate), where the instructions states to swish for 60 seconds, is there any harm or benefit in swishing it for longer than 60 seconds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13007" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-12-17T02:35:51.883" LastActivityDate="2018-12-17T02:40:34.470" Title="Is there a limit to the duration of swishing with chlorhexidine oral rinse?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18217" CreationDate="2018-12-17T02:30:09.970" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The age-old adage &quot;the dose makes the poison&quot; applies here.  With ingested medications, dosage is more simple to conceptualize: how much did you swallow.  With topical creams: how much did you apply.  But with swish-and-spit oral solutions where a copious amount is applied topically then disposed of, it's the DURATION of application that determines dosage more than anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This certainly applies to chlorhexidine gluconate.  Do not use it in larger quantities, for longer time per application, or more frequently than instructed.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of many resources that state this is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/d01231a1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the U of M&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Do not use this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from chemical irritation and other problems, chlorhexidine can stain teeth in long-term use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2018-12-17T02:40:34.470" LastActivityDate="2018-12-17T02:40:34.470" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-17T10:15:53.940" Score="-1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to be as certain as possible that sex with a new partner will not do any harm to my health. I know the common notion about &quot;safe sex&quot;, but it seems oversimplified and generally primitive tools for the &quot;most cases&quot; protection, which isn't enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do i ensure that sex with new partner will be safe? is there some kind of quick medical checkup or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EU/Poland&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15327" LastActivityDate="2018-12-18T00:13:31.380" Title="How to ensure that sex with a new partner will be safe for health?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18223" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-17T22:23:20.617" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was a kid I was told something that keeps bothering me until now, mainly because how weird it seems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Namely, I was told that before antibiotics were discovered, people with tuberculosis were being treated with… obesity. I don't remember the exact explanation, but from what I recall fatty lungs were supposed to be better able to resist tuberculosis bacteria. IIRC it was fatty tissue that was supposed to be helpful here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IIRC people with active TB were first being fattened quite severely, to combat the disease, then they could loose some of the most excess weight but still had to remain obese in order to prevent relapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again - now this seems weird to me. However: • The person telling this to me (grandma) was not used to pranking kids by telling them false info; • She said she personally knew one specific case of a person with TB treated that way; • She was not opposed to contemporary medicine and acknowledged antibiotics to be a superior way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any truth to this? Or did my grandma fall victim to an urban legend?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2018-12-17T22:23:20.617" Title="Can tuberculosis be treated with obesity?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18219" CreationDate="2018-12-18T00:13:31.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there some kind of quick medical checkup or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on what you mean by &quot;quick&quot; and how you wish to proceed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wish to have the most speediest possible test, you can go private and pay for you and your partner to have a complete set of STD tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not in such a hurry, although it is still quite quick, you can get tested here in the UK for free under the National Health Service by going to a sexual health clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about Poland but, in some countries, I believe you have to be referred by your primary care doctor.  If you are unsure of the route to go you can speak to your primary care doctor who will be happy to put you in the correct direction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-12-18T00:13:31.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15865" CreationDate="2018-12-18T17:49:59.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many factors to consider. The pollution level (and risk) depends on at least the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;typical wind direction during rush hour&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;density of trees between you and the road&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;elevation difference between you and the road&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;presence of a noise wall between you and the road&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;level and type of traffic on the road&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This page aggregated a large number of studies to try to answer this and settled on  greater than 300 meters. Based on the studies cited in it and everything I've seen, that seems reasonable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.cityprojections.com/2018/12/how-far-should-you-live-from-road-to.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://blog.cityprojections.com/2018/12/how-far-should-you-live-from-road-to.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15337" LastActivityDate="2018-12-18T17:49:59.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-18T17:31:15.943" Score="4" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find any discussion on the difference between medial v.s. lateral PFPS.  I have seen a lot of information about strengthening external hip rotators and hip abductors being a successful treatment, but this seems like it's targeting lateral PFPS. Instead medial PFPS should be targeted by training internal hip rotators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My reasoning is that stronger internal rotators would align the patellofemoral with a more inwards rotation during knee flexion.  This way, the rectus femorous will pull in a direction which takes pressure off the medial side of the grove.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning behind targeting the external structures rather than the medial/internal structures in medial PFPS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Shane P Kelly" LastEditorUserId="527" LastEditDate="2018-12-18T18:37:46.740" LastActivityDate="2018-12-18T18:37:46.740" Title="Is the difference between Medial v.s. Lateral Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) documented?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18230" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18242" CreationDate="2018-12-18T18:37:59.903" Score="0" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always wondered how this come about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At work we hade a conference about this and some people say that some people get over weight because it´s genetics, even if they eat the same amount of calories as any other, they grow bigger right, that is if the intake is the same as others their fet cells would miraculously grow larger!! Most people leaned to the genetics explanation and I felt it was out of respect more than trough Empirical evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the same amount of calories have different result on people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15339" LastEditorUserId="15339" LastEditDate="2018-12-18T19:20:12.077" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T20:23:09.567" Title="Does the same amount of calories have different result on people" Tags="&lt;calories&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2018-12-19T22:27:37.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-18T19:55:31.310" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Evidence of inferior/posterior infarction or hibernation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Preserved LVEF Basal posterior segment is akinetic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Basal and mid inferior segments are hypokinetic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Preserved systolic function&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No pericardial effusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15341" LastActivityDate="2018-12-18T19:55:31.310" Title="What do these various descriptions mean in a dobutamine stress echocardiogam report?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;myocardial-infarction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1401" CreationDate="2018-12-19T11:22:00.387" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The previous answer does not refer to clinical studies so I thought I would have a look.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR; the clinical studies I've seen suggest not to rinse with water after brushing.&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41894-018-0025-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doméjean, et al. (2018)&lt;/a&gt;, you should not rinse after brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For maximizing the topical effect of the fluoride toothpaste, patients should be encouraged to spit out excess toothpaste and not rinse with water after brushing (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41894-018-0025-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doméjean, et al. 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000016540&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ashley, et al. (1999)&lt;/a&gt; looked at the DMFT (Decayed, Missing or Filled Teeth) levels for rinsing with water and no rinsing, and the DMFT levels were lower amongst those who rinsed by other methods or did not rinse after brushing. However, those who claimed not to rinse had a lower mean DMFT than the other subjects, which was &lt;em&gt;&quot;on the borderline of significance&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mean DMFT of the 1,137 subjects who rinsed with a cup or beaker of water after brushing was significantly higher (mean 3.97, SD 3.74) than those who rinsed by other methods or did not rinse (mean 3.61, SD 3.79, p= 0.012, table 1). This represents a 9% difference in DMFT when compared with those who did not use a beaker. The 69 (2%) who claimed not to rinse had a lower mean DMFT (2.91, SD 3.24) than the other subjects, which was on the borderline of significance (p= 0.063) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000016540&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ashley, et al. 1999&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Should we rinse with water after brushing our teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the DMFT levels after rinsing with water compared to not, and looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41894-018-0025-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doméjean, et al. (2018)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;the clinical studies suggest not to rinse with water after brushing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ashley, P. F., Attrill, D. C., Ellwood, R. P., Worthington, H. V., &amp;amp; Davies, R. M. (1999). Toothbrushing habits and caries experience. &lt;em&gt;Caries research, 33&lt;/em&gt;(5), 401-402. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000016540&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1159/000016540&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doméjean, S., Muller-Bolla, M., &amp;amp; Featherstone, J. D. (2018). Caries preventive therapy. &lt;em&gt;Clinical Dentistry Reviewed, 2&lt;/em&gt;(1), 14. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s41894-018-0025-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s41894-018-0025-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T11:22:00.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-19T11:28:55.067" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anaerobic exercise causes muscle breakdown, forcing the body to engage in protein synthesis. Wound repair consists mostly of protein synthesis. It would seem that these two processes would compete with each other for resources, resulting in slower muscle repair, slower wound healing or less complete wound healing (scarring), or some combination of the above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does evidence support this idea? Does heavy anaerobic exercise impair wound healing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T11:28:55.067" Title="Does anaerobic exercise impair wound healing?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;self-healing-repairing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18236" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18230" CreationDate="2018-12-19T11:40:33.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of calories someone consumes is just one side of the coin - you have to consider how many of those calories they are actually expending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most visible element of that is the amount of activity the person is doing - exercise for example. Imagine two otherwise identical people (Alex and Bob) who have both consumed say 2000 calories. Alex spends the rest of the day after eating sitting on the couch enjoying old episodes of &lt;em&gt;Rick and Morty&lt;/em&gt; on Netflix (Keep Summer safe!) whereas Bob went out and ran a marathon, helped their elderly neighbor move their living room furniture around (Bob's a good guy or &quot;sucker&quot; depending on your perspective!) and then cycled 5km to the shop for cat food. Now who's going to have more calories available for storing in body fat - Alex or Bob?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They've both consumed the same amount of calories but Bob has burned more of those off then Alex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you're no doubt thinking to yourself &quot;well that's obvious - but I've seen Charlie and Derek who &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; spent the afternoon watching Netflix but Charlie is obese and Derek is a stick insect, what gives?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well that's because the majority (~ 70%) of our calorie burning is actually done by the basic processes of keeping the body running. This is called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basal Metabolic Rate&lt;/a&gt; (BMR) and this varies between different individuals and while some of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;factors&lt;/a&gt; dictating this difference have been identified and understood we don't have a complete understanding of it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally not only are we humans not all the same - not all calories are either. Different foods might have the same numeric calorie values but depending on how they are made up (fats, sugars, carbohydrates etc) the body will digest and process them differently and this can effect body fat levels. A person eating a diet high in saturated fats will gain fat faster than someone eating the same amount of calories from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157060&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low-GI sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just looking at the amount of calories people consume is insufficient to fully answer the question of why some people are obese and some aren't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T11:40:33.030" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18238" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18255" CreationDate="2018-12-19T12:33:45.203" Score="3" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;What could be the reason that someone during cycling on colder days (under 15°C or 60°F) needs to invest effort in breathing out as to push the air against something. On the other hand breathing in is easy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The feeling is similar to blowing up a balloon and it's only in the mouth and cheeks. It's exactly like meeting higher pressure outside my mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In my habitual breathing in rest the I:E is close to 1 and my breathing rate is very low, sometimes as low as 2 per minute. In intense dynamic exercise my breathing rate is still quite low - it could go up 12 as opposed to 30 in many fit people around me. In this case my breathing out is much longer and much more noticeable.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13877" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-22T10:35:08.657" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T15:39:30.607" Title="Why does one breaths out heavily in cold days but breathe in very easily?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18241" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-19T17:52:51.763" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is lots of information online about the circulatory system, but it never seems to answer the question of &quot;targeting&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When there is a change in the relative demand for blood, how does the circulatory system direct scarce resources to the right place? Is it mediated by the nervous system or some other mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15351" LastActivityDate="2018-12-21T15:06:05.233" Title="How does the circulatory system know where to distribute oxygen and nutrients?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18230" CreationDate="2018-12-19T20:23:09.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various processes that influence weight gain based on calorie intake. It is in general clear that a severe reduction in calories (well below your body's basal needs) reduces weight in the longer term. I'm not sure any other scenario has consequences that are the same for all people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important factor is actual intake. Based on your genetics, diseases and your gut biome, you may not take up calories from the same foods as efficiently as someone else. Extremer examples are people with celiac's, crohn's or ulcerative colitis. Though many milder afflictions will also influence weight gain. Note that people with the above diseases can still be obese due to other factors. You can effectively be in a state of malnutrition and obese (sugar is one of the easiest things to take up, essential vitamins are less easy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another important factor is hormones and steroids. Imbalances in hormones and steroids can easily distort how you process sugar and fat, leading to a different reaction. Common example is too little or too many thyroid hormone. Too little causes weight gain (both due to fat and due to water swelling) and lethargy (exercising just got harder).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of that, you would also need to look at what is actually gained in weight. You could gain fat, water or muscle. All of these are influenced to some extent by the factors above. And also by what you eat exactly and what you do otherwise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that most of these factors are influenced by both genetics and environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15354" LastActivityDate="2018-12-19T20:23:09.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-19T21:18:48.597" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in mechanisms that can harm a recovered alcoholic.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Question was born from a common saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A former alcohol-addicted will never drink a drop of alcohol anymore, without fall again in that abyss&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the mechanisms behind this behaviour?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Talking about foods, and maybe bring this as a starting point: foods cooked with alcohol(1) e.g. scallops with white wine until reduced or foods with alcohol aroma e.g. rum-flavoured pudding(2), can they have some effects/fallout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6615" LastActivityDate="2018-12-20T15:22:32.073" Title="Food, recovered alcoholic and fallout" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18243" CreationDate="2018-12-20T04:46:41.263" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unaware of any medical study that indicates a drop of alcohol is sufficient to trigger a relapse on its own. Relapse is a complex phenomenon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The quote you provide sounds like it comes from a &quot;12-step&quot; program or similar that considers alcohol as something that is incredibly powerful over addicts and must be completely avoided. This approach works for some but may not be necessary for everyone, and a proportion of people with an alcohol use disorder are able to eventually modify their behavior to drink moderately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/659/cooking-away-alcohol&quot;&gt;Cooking with alcoholic beverages does not actually remove all ethanol&lt;/a&gt;. That said, the amount consumed is unlikely to be sufficient to be detected if someone is unaware their food contains alcohol. Rather, any impact would be psychological. Someone sober who unknowingly ingests some food containing alcohol has not violated their sobriety in any meaningful way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most often described triggers for alcohol relapse (after initial withdrawal) involve situational or emotional triggers. Addictions to alcohol or other substances involve changes in brain circuitry that associate reward with those substances; these are similar to the networks involved in seeking food or other sorts of pleasure but are driven very strongly by drugs of abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Situational triggers can include being in locations or with people that are associated with drinking: being in a bar, for example. Tasting a small quantity of alcohol could be indeed be a trigger for some people, but there is no reason to consider those small amounts to be any stronger as a cue than other situational cues. It is unlikely that any one event will trigger relapse on its own, rather, relapse is thought to involve combinations of factors that ultimately overwhelm coping strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urges to tempt or test sobriety are often associated with relapse, so if someone is tempted to 'cheat' their sobriety through seeking foods that contain alcohol or alcohol-related flavors they may be closer to relapse than someone who simply would prefer not to monitor whether food could contain some small non-intoxicating amount of ethanol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Daley, D. C. (1987). Relapse prevention with substance abusers: Clinical issues and myths. Social Work, 32(2), 138-142.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grüsser, S. M., Wrase, J., Klein, S., Hermann, D., Smolka, M. N., Ruf, M., ... &amp;amp; Heinz, A. (2004). Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology, 175(3), 296-302.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., &amp;amp; Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention an overview of Marlatt's cognitive-behavioral model. Alcohol Research &amp;amp; Health, 23(2), 151-151.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Taxonomy of high‐risk situations for alcohol relapse: evolution and development of a cognitive-behavioral model. Addiction, 91(12s1), 37-50.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Witkiewitz, K., Roos, C. R., Pearson, M. R., Hallgren, K. A., Maisto, S. A., Kirouac, M., ... &amp;amp; Tonigan, J. S. (2016). How much is too much? Patterns of drinking during alcohol treatment and associations with post-treatment outcomes across three alcohol clinical trials. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 78(1), 59-69.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2018-12-20T15:22:32.073" LastActivityDate="2018-12-20T15:22:32.073" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18121" CreationDate="2018-12-20T05:38:16.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asperger’s syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; is a condition that doctors refer to as high-functioning ASD autism spectrum disorder which impacts on the individual’s ability to read and communicate socially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms of this condition are less severe and no such signs for language delays are observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work as a sped teacher at ACCEL, and one of the major differences between children with Asperger’s syndrome and autism is that the symptoms are mildly affected and have good language.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another distinction between Asperger’s syndrome and autism concerns cognitive ability.&#xA;Early diagnosis and treatment are important for individuals with Asperger’s syndrome to eventually live independently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals are quite reluctant towards social communication with others and show interest in specific topics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Communication training and behavioral therapy can help people with the syndrome learn to socialize more successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;References:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-asperger-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-asperger-syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.autism-society.org/what-is/aspergers-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.autism-society.org/what-is/aspergers-syndrome/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/aspergers/how-aspergers-different-than-autism/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.everydayhealth.com/aspergers/how-aspergers-different-than-autism/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15176" LastActivityDate="2018-12-20T05:38:16.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14572" CreationDate="2018-12-20T17:40:39.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stockholm Syndrome certainly does exist.  It is a manifestation of capture-bonding, an evolutionary psychology[1] term for the evolved psychological mechanism[2] behind Stockholm syndrome. John Tooby (then a graduate student at Harvard University) originated the concept and its ramifications in the early 1980s, though he did not publish.[3] The term is fairly widely used on the Web and has begun to show up in books. [4]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the view of evolutionary psychology, &quot;the mind is a set of information-processing machines that were designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors.&quot; [5]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the &quot;adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors,&quot; particularly our female ancestors, was being abducted by another band. Life in the human &quot;environment of evolutionary adaptiveness&quot; (EEA) is thought by researchers such as Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter-gatherer societies. &quot;Deadly violence is also regularly activated in competition over women. . . . Abduction of women, rape, . . . are widespread direct causes of reproductive conflict . . .&quot; [6] I.e., being captured [7] and having their dependent children killed might have been fairly common. [8] Women who resisted capture in such situations risked being killed. [9]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Azar Gat argues that war and abductions (capture) were typical of human prehistory. [10] When selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits (such as capture-bonding) become universal to the population or species.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Capture-bonding as an evolutionary psychology mechanism can be used to understand historical events from the Rape of the Sabine Women to the hundreds of accounts of Europeans (mostly women) who were captured and assimilated into Native American tribes. Cynthia Ann Parker (1836 capture) is both an example of the mechanism working and it failing to work when she was captured again much later in life. Evolutionary psychology reasoning would lead you to expect that capture-bonding would be more effective at a younger age when there was more reproductive potential at risk. She did very well evolutionary terms because her son Quanah Parker had 25 children. Mary Jemison (1750 capture) was a very famous case. The last one (1851 capture) may have been Olive Oatman.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Partial activation of the capture-bonding psychological trait may lie behind Battered-wife syndrome, military basic training, fraternity hazing, and sex practices such as sadism/masochism or bondage/discipline. [11]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;My contention, simply put, is that the evolutionary approach is the only approach in the social and behavioral sciences that deals with why, in an ultimate sense, people behave as they do. As such, it often unmasks the universal hypocrisies of our species, peering behind self-serving notions about our moral and social values to reveal the darker side of human nature. (Silverman 2003) Confessions of a Closet Sociobiologist: Darwinian Movement in Psychology &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep0119.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep0119.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider the mysterious behavior of Elizabeth Smart in Salt Lake City in 2003 or that of Patty Hearst when she was abducted in 1974. In both cases, the victims bonded to their captors and resisted leaving them. The evolutionary origin of this psychological trait, known as the Stockholm syndrome (or more descriptively as capture-bonding) almost certainly comes from millions of years of evolutionary selection where our ancestors-usually our female ancestors-were being violently captured from one tribe by another. Those who had the psychological traits (ultimately gene-based mechanisms) that led them to socially reorient after a few days (i.e., bond) to their captors often survived to pass on the trait. Those who continued to resist, because they didn't have this trait, often became breakfast. Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War, Mankind Quarterly, Volume XLVI Number 4, Summer 2006.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;source: Leda Cosmides&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;From Princess to Prisoner By Linda C. Mcjunckins &lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=f8lS3RMhv7oC&amp;amp;pg=PA211&amp;amp;dq=capture+bonding&amp;amp;sig=XT21yLbFDdm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?id=f8lS3RMhv7oC&amp;amp;pg=PA211&amp;amp;dq=capture+bonding&amp;amp;sig=XT21yLbFDdm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer - Leda Cosmides &amp;amp; John Tooby&#xA;Published in Anthropological Quarterly, 73.2 (2000), 74-88. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;THE HUMAN MOTIVATIONAL COMPLEX: EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND THE CAUSES OF HUNTER-GATHERER FIGHTING Azar Gat Part II: Proximate, Subordinate, and Derivative Causes&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The percentage of females in the lowland villages who have been abducted is significantly higher: 17% compared to 11.7% in the highland villages.&quot; (Napoleon Chagnon quoted at Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Elena Valero, a Brazilian woman, was kidnapped by Yanomamo warriors when she was eleven years old . . . . But none were so horrifying as the second [raid]: ‘They killed so many.’ . . . The man then took the baby by his feet and bashed him against the rocks . . . .&quot; (Hrdy quoted in Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The Shaur and Achuar Jivaros, once deadly enemies . . . . A significant goal of these wars was geared toward the annihilation of the enemy tribe, including women and children. . . . . There were, however, many instances where the women and children were taken as prisoners . . . . A woman who fights, or a woman who refuses to accompany the victorious war-party to their homes and serve a new master, exposes herself to the risk of suffering the same fate as her men-folk.&quot; (Up de Graff also in Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Published in Anthropological Quarterly, 73.2 (2000), 74-88. THE HUMAN MOTIVATIONAL COMPLEX: EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND THE CAUSES OF HUNTER-GATHERER FIGHTING Azar Gat Part II: Proximate, Subordinate, and Derivative Causes&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Being captured by neighboring tribes was a relatively common event for women in human history if anything like the recent history of the few remaining primitive tribes. In some of those tribes (Yanomamo, for instance) practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations. Perhaps as high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them. Once you understand the evolutionary origin of this trait and its critical nature in genetic survival and reproduction in the ancestral human environment, related mysterious human psychological traits fall into place. Battered-wife syndrome is an example of activating the capture-bonding psychological mechanism, as are military basic training, fraternity bonding by hazing, and sex practices such as sadism/masochism or bondage/discipline. Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War, H. Keith Henson, Mankind Quarterly, Volume XLVI Number 4, Summer 2006.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15336" LastActivityDate="2018-12-20T17:40:39.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18241" CreationDate="2018-12-21T03:31:09.680" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The easiest explanation is that there is no &quot;knowledge&quot; involved, just physiology/molecular biology. In an area of low O2 and high CO2 (therefore a demand exists for O2), the oxygen dissociation curve will favor O2 release into the blood, which will then oxygenate the tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, concentration of CO2 affects localizes extravascular pH. If there is a high amount of CO2 - which occurs with muscle use, among other things - the change in pH caused dilation of arterioles, allowing more blood to flow to those tissues that need it, releasing oxygen via the O2 dissociation behavior. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a simplified but essentially correct of the control of oxygen release to tissues that need it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But the greatest subsequent vasodilation [in skeletal muscle] is due to local chemical factors. These are changes that occur during exercise in the extracellular fluid surrounding skeletal muscle cells. Such changes occur naturally as the cells consume more energy; in other words, the effect occurs automatically as a muscle exercises and only in the specific muscles working. The brain does not need to get involved in trying to adjust blood flow to the correct muscles. It happens automatically through this local mechanism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be obtained by reading the article linked to below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://courses.washington.edu/conj/heart/arterioles2011.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Control of Arterioles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2018-12-21T15:06:05.233" LastActivityDate="2018-12-21T15:06:05.233" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18252" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18238" CreationDate="2018-12-21T03:35:52.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Breathing in is a an active action requiring muscle. Expiration is passive, so occurs more slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breathing in - inhalation - takes less time than exhalation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Normal I:E [Inspiration:Experation] ratio at rest and while asleep is 1:2 or less. On exertion the I:E ratio is 1:1. Inspiration is normally an active process (requiring work). Expiration is passive, and usually longer than the time required for exhalation, resulting an a no-flow period. When breathing spontaneously, the work of breathing is minimised by keeping inspiratory times short and tidal volumes low - just enough to get rid of the produced CO2. To minimise collapse, sighs are taken from time to time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inhalation involves (unconscious) respiratory muscle use, most commonly the diaphragm, but also the chest wall muscles and even neck muscles. As I said, it's all done unconsciously, and it's done about 28,000 times a day. these muscles are doing this constantly and are well toned to do it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The work of breathing is done by the diaphragm, the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles), the muscles in the neck, and the abdominal muscles. ... The process of breathing out (called exhalation or expiration) is usually passive when a person is not exercising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exhalation under normal conditions is passive. It requires no effort from muscles; in fact, it's the opposite: the muscles relax, and you exhale as they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The process of breathing out (called exhalation or expiration) is usually passive when a person is not exercising. The elasticity of the lungs and chest wall, which are actively stretched during inhalation, causes them to return to their resting shape and to expel air out of the lungs when inspiratory muscles are relaxed. Therefore, when a person is at rest, no effort is needed to breathe out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When exercising, in order to speed O2 delivery to muscles that need it, you must actively assist exhalation. When you need to decrease the expiratory phase duration, you need to actively use muscles not normally used to exhale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During vigorous exercise, however, a number of muscles participate in exhalation. The abdominal muscles are the most important of these. Abdominal muscles contract, raise abdominal pressure, and push a relaxed diaphragm against the lungs, causing air to be pushed out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not &quot;normal&quot; in relaxed exhalation, therefore the use of these muscles to exhale more actively is noticable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anaesthesia.med.usyd.edu.au/resources/lectures/ventilation_clt/ventilation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VENTILATION, VENTILATORS and HUMIDFICATION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/biology-of-the-lungs-and-airways/control-of-breathing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Control of Breathing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2018-12-21T16:08:52.900" LastActivityDate="2018-12-21T16:08:52.900" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18238" CreationDate="2018-12-21T19:01:07.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exhaling through tightly pressed lips is called &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursed_lip_breathing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pursed lip breathing&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; in which the effort of exhaling is felt only in the lips and cheeks. This way you increase the pressure in the small airways, which expand and thus allow easier elimination of the carbon dioxide from the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heavy exercise can be associated with excessive inhalation and therefore lung hyperinflation, in which carbon dioxide accumulates in your lungs. Additionally, forced expiration during exercise often collapses the bronchial wall (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/23/2016/05/MED-3017.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Virginia Department of Health&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such physiological (non-pathological) situations, pursed lip breathing, which widens small airways, can help eliminate excessive air from your lungs. It can also help in stress-related hyperventilation syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;https://breathe.ersjournals.com/content/12/2/120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breathe&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uses of pursed lip breathing in &lt;strong&gt;pathological conditions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Exercice-induced bronchoconstriction,&lt;/strong&gt; which may or may not be a part of chronic asthma;... Stimuli for asthma attack may include: cold air, stress, physical effort...Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction appears to be common in endurance athletes, who have allergic rhinitis, are female, or who exercise in cold [and dry] weather (&lt;a href=&quot;https://breathe.ersjournals.com/content/12/2/120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breathe&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Emphysema,&lt;/strong&gt; which is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with partially collapsed airways (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiotherapyjournal.com/article/S0031-9406(17)30086-X/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiotherapy Journal, 2018&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24691248&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, pursed lip breathing can be the reaction to normal physiological hyperinflation of the lungs during heavy exercise or due to an obstructive pulmonary disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T15:39:30.607" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T15:39:30.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18257" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18335" CreationDate="2018-12-22T12:26:06.930" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across the term &quot;cryptic bacteria&quot; a few times in the context of biochemistry (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&amp;amp;hs=cKO&amp;amp;channel=fs&amp;amp;ei=HygeXPXjMsvfwQKqvb7IBA&amp;amp;q=%22cryptic+bacteria%22&amp;amp;oq=%22cryptic+bacteria%22&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3...0.0..511062...0.0..0.0.0.......0......gws-wiz.x8lN8Xi6uQ0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google search&lt;/a&gt;), but I couldn't find a definition. What does &quot;cryptic&quot; mean in that context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T11:01:20.597" Title="What are &quot;cryptic bacteria&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2018-12-23T01:22:19.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the major things about &lt;a href=&quot;https://addictionblog.org/infographics/heroin-metabolism-in-the-body-how-heroin-affects-the-brain-infographic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heroin is that it is metabolized by the body as morphine&lt;/a&gt; and, if this person in the throes of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.addictions.com/heroin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heroin withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; were given medication like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methadone&lt;/a&gt;, it couldn't be done without medical supervision as these are both really powerful drugs.  Did the article say anything about the patient's daily ANYTHING?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the assistance of doctors and others they're not obligated to divulge - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/security/laws-regulations/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIPPA, the Health Information and Patient Protection Act&lt;/a&gt; would prevent the magazine from posting without express permission from the subject written about, and by 'subject', I mean the patient, not the point of the article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, everyone has a different constitution regarding narcotics and other drugs.  For some, the first exposure is deadly (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/chloroform&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chloroform&lt;/a&gt;, for example), others can handle much bigger exposure to multiple drugs because their constitution has been 'amped up', let's say, by usage of &lt;em&gt;other drugs&lt;/em&gt; that we know nothing about, especially since no one can force a patient to be completely honest about their drug intake for any reason, nor is it a good idea to take someone else's word at the drop of a hat because people can simply write down their lies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's entirely possible that the businessman experiences withdrawal symptoms that are very well hidden by other drug use, or sedatives like the aforementioned methadone, especially if the patient is as heavy a user as you state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="645" LastEditorUserId="645" LastEditDate="2018-12-23T14:20:48.193" LastActivityDate="2018-12-23T14:20:48.193" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-23T04:41:00.600" Score="3" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose it's raining (abundantly) and/or the victim is very lightly dressed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothermia usually occurs at very low temperatures, but it also depend on many other parameters than temperature, and as we know, heat is lost 25 times more rapidly when in contact with water than with air, and I heard that when a person is immerged in a 0° cold water, death occurs within only 15 minutes ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I wanted to know if there is a risk for a person to suffer from a severe and eventually fatal hypothermia in such conditions (10 °C ambient, rainy, very lightly dressed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15366" LastEditorUserId="15366" LastEditDate="2018-12-23T11:55:37.973" LastActivityDate="2018-12-23T11:55:37.973" Title="Can (severe) hypothermia happen at ambient temperatures of about 10 °C?" Tags="&lt;air-temperature&gt;&lt;hypothermia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-24T03:58:24.673" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for quantitative data regarding the relationship between free T4 levels and TSH levels in normal thyroid function and treated hypothyroid. The feedback loop means that if all is functioning properly, homeostasis will keep both within normal levels, but how are the two related?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to be able to understand what might be going on (in a case of treated hypothyroid) if (say) free T4 is normal, but TSH is significantly higher than normal (8-10 miu/dL), or if TRH is out of normal bounds in some fashion. I want to be able to analyze the covariates in the data to answer questions such as: Is this within usual bounds of the feedback loop, or is this not expected? Where in the system is the most likely failure of the control system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15374" LastEditorUserId="15374" LastEditDate="2018-12-25T14:21:05.947" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T08:28:06.547" Title="What is the quantitative relationship between free T4 and TSH?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;hypothyroid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9956" CreationDate="2018-12-24T10:23:48.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most drugs have wanted (main) and unwanted (side) effects, but neither of them are guaranteed. For example, aspirin may or may not relieve your headache and may or may not upset your stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lists of drug side effects base on decades of studies and consumers' reports, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/howtoreport/ucm053074.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA (US)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YellowCard (UK)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.adrreports.eu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adreports (EU)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/side.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medsafe (NZ)&lt;/a&gt;, but if, let's say, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/ibuprofen-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt; has 100+ reported side effects, you as a single user will likely experience only few, if any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The differences in side effects can depend on:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Drug factors:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chemical&lt;/strong&gt; form: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/minerals/iron.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Supplemental&lt;/a&gt; carbonyl iron can have less side effects that iron sulfate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physical&lt;/strong&gt; form: Capsules may upset your gut less than tablets.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Administration:&lt;/strong&gt; Iron by mouth can cause severe stomach irritation, while intravenous iron usually does not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/drug_nutrient/maoi1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taking certain foods&lt;/strong&gt; (aged cheeses, sauerkraut...) along with the antidepressants called MAO inhibitors&lt;/a&gt; can severely increase your blood pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not taking enough water and dietary fiber&lt;/strong&gt; can cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/health/Drugs-that-Cause-Constipation.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;severe constipation when taking certain drugs, such as calcium, opiates, antihistamines or antidepressants...&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872714/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toxicity&lt;/strong&gt; of statins&lt;/a&gt; can make you gradually intolerant to them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322119&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adulteration&lt;/strong&gt; of heroin or cocaine with fentanyl&lt;/a&gt; can have life-threatening effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Personal factors:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetics&lt;/strong&gt; (body size, high threshold for side effects) can greatly affect your susceptibility for side effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Developed tolerance&lt;/strong&gt; (metabolic or behavioral) to alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine or marijuana can greatly decrease their adverse effects (&lt;a href=&quot;https://drugabuse.com/library/tolerance-dependence-addiction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Abuse&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Empty stomach&lt;/strong&gt; is often more prone for irritation by a drug.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The social atmosphere&lt;/strong&gt; in which the drug, such as alcohol or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/illicit/mdma.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ecstasy&lt;/a&gt;, is taken can significantly influence side effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Initial psychological state&lt;/strong&gt; in which one takes a drug: if worried, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/alcohol/intoxication-symptoms-signs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alcohol&lt;/a&gt; may make you more worried; if relaxed, it will likely make you more relaxed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allergy&lt;/strong&gt; to a drug&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Liver or kidney disease&lt;/strong&gt; can slow down the breakdown of a drug and increase its side/effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Drug-disease reactions:&lt;/strong&gt; Aspirin given to children with a viral infection, such as chickenpox or flu, can cause a fatal damage of the liver and brain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Reyes-Syndrome-Information-Page&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reye's syndrome&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line: A side effect is not necessary an inherent property of a drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus: Side effects, interactions and contraindications of medications, supplements and herbs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/browse-drug-classes.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DailyMed&lt;/a&gt;)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-28T15:39:24.690" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T15:39:24.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-25T09:46:53.520" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used an &lt;a href=&quot;https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mreprogramming.ultimateemfdetector&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electric-Magnetic Field detector app&lt;/a&gt; on my phone and measured the EMF output on my wired headphones. It measured around 10,000 milligauss (1mT) on one part of both ear cups. Since wearing these headphones on my head for long periods of time, will this cause injury to my head or immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2416" LastEditorUserId="2416" LastEditDate="2018-12-25T19:40:12.117" LastActivityDate="2018-12-25T19:40:12.117" Title="Are headphones with EMF measurement of 10,000 milligauss harmful to me?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;radioactivity&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18274" CreationDate="2018-12-25T12:09:12.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, they aren’t.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the area of biological effects and medical applications of non-ionizing radiation approximately 25,000 articles have been published over the past 30 years. Despite the feeling of some people that more research needs to be done, scientific knowledge in this area is now more extensive than for most chemicals. Based on a recent in-depth review of the scientific literature, the WHO concluded that current evidence does not confirm the existence of any health consequences from exposure to low level electromagnetic fields. However, some gaps in knowledge about biological effects exist and need further research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2018-12-25T12:09:12.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-25T12:33:57.383" Score="2" ViewCount="205" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can I confirm that someone is dead &lt;strong&gt;with 100% certainty?&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;I have read many articles about this issue but all of them have only what I consider superficial information. All of them focus about some essential points to confirm death:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To listen for lung sounds for 1 min.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To listen for heart sounds for 1 min.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To check the carotid pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To assess the pupil reaction to light.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To assess the response to a painful stimuli.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My argument is that for points 1 and 2 above, the person might be simply obese or having a pneumothorax/pleural effusion or pericardial effusion for example and thus the heart/lung sounds can be very low and difficult to hear. For point 3, the person might have simply a hypotension, and even the carotid artery pulse can't be palpated. For point 4, the person might have an old CVA or blind for other reasons and the pupil reaction to light is absent. For point 5, if the person is in a coma, he might not respond to a painful stimuli. Other signs of death like cold extremities can't be relied on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other related question is when to start CPR. Of course in a hospital if the person has a cardiac arrest (recognized as absent pulse + unresponsive + difficult/absent breathing), we start CPR right away, but in the ED department or in a clinic (where we might not have an ECG machine), how can I tell whether the person is dead and there is no need for CPR or he/she is not and I should start CPR?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user14945" LastActivityDate="2018-12-25T14:45:56.287" Title="How do I confirm death and the need for CPR?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18276" CreationDate="2018-12-25T14:45:56.287" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DO perform CPR as soon as one stops breathing normally and is irresponsive, and don't stop. PERIOD. To be on the safe side, even perform CPR on people you presume to be dead for a longer period of time. There are certain definitive signs of death that doctors will use to pronounce a patient dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;There is a difference between dead and dead&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a rule of thumb, for every minute without oxygen, the chances of survival decrease by roughly 10% because of irreversible brain damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Holmberg M. et al, (2000), &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957200001994&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot;, Resuscitation, 47:59-70&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The picture below is completely unscientific and has been drawn by me, with no data whatsoever, because I couldn't find any free-to-access statistics to prove my point. (The full version of the linked article. and quite a few other studies performed on this issue have data supporting this general trend).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DjscC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DjscC.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: completely unscientific trend lines mingled together by me.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At some point, time has advanced so far that the patient has zero chances of survival left because the brain damage was too severe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient is clinically dead as soon as they enter cardiac arrest (i.e. no oxygen circulation), but this status is reversible. However, due to ongoing brain damage due to lack of oxygen, the patients chances of survival decrease until they reach 0%, at which point &lt;strong&gt;a doctor&lt;/strong&gt; will pronounce them (actually) dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;So when do I perform CPR?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simple, the European Resuscitation Council has published guidelines, the latest version (2015, as of now) says the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eUywO.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eUywO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Perkins, Gavin D. et al. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cprguidelines.eu/sites/573c777f5e61585a053d7ba5/content_entry573c77e35e61585a053d7baf/573c781e5e61585a053d7bd1/files/S0300-9572_15_00327-5_main.pdf?&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Official Guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, latest edition: 2015. Section 2, p.85&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, the guidelines are free to access, and definitely worth a read!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as soon as the patient is unresponsive and not breathing normally, you should call the emergency services and start CPR. Even if you don't know how long they have been in this state of cardiac arrest, there are chances of survival. Once a doctor arrives, they will continue with CPR and/or pronounce the patient dead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What about really dead people?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there is no gain in trying to reanimate a corpse that has been dead for a few days, and in this case it comes in handy to know if the patient was actually dead for a longer period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;You will know.&lt;/em&gt; Don't judge by the coldness (cold actually improves the chances of survival), but there are so-called certain signs of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lethal injuries:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;This is actually quite obvious: If the patient is decapitated or otherwise so severely injured that it is simply impossible to survive, they are dead with a very high certainty. CAVE: Be careful about your own safety!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pallor mortis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;This is a paleness due to no circulation in the capillaries of the body. Gravity pulls the blood lower.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Algor mortis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The reduction in body temperature. CAVE: Depend highly on environmental factors, drowning patients will be quite cold and still have chances of survival&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rigor mortis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;A stiffness in the body. For muscles to relax, ATP needs to be present, and because in a corpse, no ATP is produced/circulated, the muscles become stiff.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Livor mortis:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The blood has been pulled down by gravity so that it forms a red decolorisation of the skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Decomposition:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The proteins get broken down, the muscles relax because the binding proteins also get degenerated. This is accompanied with a strong odor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-25T14:45:56.287" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18311" CreationDate="2018-12-25T21:16:50.227" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can we prove that certain parts of the brain are involved with certain functions? Is it through showing subjects images and then using neuroimaging to see what parts of the brain light up? I am specifically interested in emotions and memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14717" LastEditorUserId="14717" LastEditDate="2019-01-02T00:56:44.077" LastActivityDate="2019-01-02T00:56:44.077" Title="Parts of the Brain" Tags="&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18280" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18316" CreationDate="2018-12-26T08:52:25.683" Score="4" ViewCount="176" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read an article that most of the fat lost during weight loss is removed through exhalation over time. However, I also thought that you don't gain or lose fat cells, but that they simply expand or contract with fluctuations in weight. What happens to fat cells during weight gain or loss? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2018-12-31T20:53:05.977" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T16:55:04.557" Title="Where does fat go when you lose it?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-26T12:03:33.780" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;My 2 yo son gets sick fairly often, as expected for his age. Since his immune system has yet to build antibodies against all the usual infections. I wonder if medicating minor infections is doing more harm than good, since it essentially robs his body of the opportunity to learn and remember this particular infection by building antibodies. From what I understand the body needs quite some time with an infection, until it develops immunity against it. Could cutting the infection short hinder this process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2018-12-26T12:03:33.780" Title="Will treating minor infections with medication slow down or prevent anti body generation?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-26T12:11:59.133" Score="4" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically you only use a Tourniquet on a hemmorhage/bleeding that you can't stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, on medium sized bleedings, you need to use a bandage and apply a lot of preassure (for example you do the knot on top of the wound). Wouldn't it make sense to put a cat tourniquet over that spot, and tighten it only a bit (but not all the way), to add some extra pressure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally you would first put down a layer of gauze-bandage, before covering the wound up with a cover-bandage.&#xA;Wouldn't it make sense to do this with a SWAT-T (Tourniquet) instead? To add some extra pressure, when covering it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7435" LastEditorUserId="7435" LastEditDate="2018-12-28T16:40:02.270" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T20:36:30.450" Title="Are tourniquets only used to stop bloodflow?" Tags="&lt;bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18285" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-26T14:44:03.680" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prior knowledge I have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Body heats up when there is higher than   normal metabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;During a fever the body increases metabolism and there by the body temp to fight&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Certain food items increase body temperature, like eggs/protein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Doubt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the body is trying to increase the heat why not assist it through&#xA;use of such food (garlic/eggs etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it good for the body when we induce extra metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any resources/links/books/PDF is appreciated.&#xA;Please point out any mistakes in the prior knowledge and add points to the prior knowledge that are required for the logical deduction&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15381" LastActivityDate="2018-12-26T14:44:03.680" Title="Is it good/advisable to increase metabolism and subsequently the temperature of the body through the consumption of selected food items during fever" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18290" CreationDate="2018-12-27T02:18:20.793" Score="5" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;After watching shows like &lt;em&gt;Stranger Things&lt;/em&gt;, I just assumed the term mouth breather was a joke (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opUP0Nag9pQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opUP0Nag9pQ&lt;/a&gt;). However, after doing a little research, it seems to be a legitimate medical problem that can negatively affect facial bone development (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295456&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basheer, et al. 2014&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it ever too late to develop proper tongue positioning habits later in life? Can the adult skeleton still morph and change over time or is this only possible during childhood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basheer, B., Hegde, K. S., Bhat, S. S., Umar, D., &amp;amp; Baroudi, K. (2014). Influence of mouth breathing on the dentofacial growth of children: a cephalometric study. &lt;em&gt;Journal of international oral health: JIOH, 6&lt;/em&gt;(6), 50.  PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295456&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4295456&lt;/a&gt; PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25628484&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;25628484&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-27T18:18:33.907" Title="I always thought mouth breathing was a joke" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18287" CreationDate="2018-12-27T10:35:30.677" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not only in adults, even in children, if treated too late, the bone changes can be irreversible - they may not re-morph naturally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article linked from your question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295456/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influence of Mouth Breathing on the Dentofacial Growth of Children: A Cephalometric Study (PubMed, 2014)&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because upper airway obstruction is an obstacle to normal dentofacial&#xA;  development, mouth breathing children deserve prompt attention before&#xA;  growth has proceeded irreversibly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-27T18:18:33.907" LastActivityDate="2018-12-27T18:18:33.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18205" CreationDate="2018-12-27T18:32:35.373" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I consider a guide about dietary supplements reasonably reliable if it is based on recent systematic reviews of studies that agree with each other and does not push supplements to healthy people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The following sources can be beneficial for you if you know what do you want to know:&lt;/strong&gt; Do potassium supplements lower blood pressure, do calcium supplements cause kidney stones...?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you only have vague questions, like, do I need any supplements or which brands are the best, this will not likely help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quick info:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/topics/vitamins.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colorado State University: Vitamins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/condition/dietary-supplement.html?sort=drug&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;page_number=1&amp;amp;page_size=25&amp;amp;category_id=&amp;amp;include_rx=1&amp;amp;include_otc=1&amp;amp;show_off_label=1&amp;amp;only_generics=0&amp;amp;submitted=1&amp;amp;hide_off_label=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com: Supplements:&lt;/a&gt; generic/brand names; OTC/prescribed; pregnancy safety; consumer reviews&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence-based, easy-to-read:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/herb_All.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus: Herbs and Supplements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic: Drugs and Supplements&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements by NIH.gov: Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Herbs at a Glance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Safety:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications/supplements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Supplements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vegetarian:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://veganhealth.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vegan Health - Evidence-Based Nutrient Recommendations&lt;/a&gt;, including great details about &lt;a href=&quot;https://veganhealth.org/vitamin-b12/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vitamin B12&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://veganhealth.org/iron/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reviews of studies:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/articles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute: Micronutrient Information Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutrition.cochrane.org/evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Nutrition&lt;/a&gt; (or type any nutrient in a search engine and add &quot;Cochrane&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11537/dietary-reference-intakes-the-essential-guide-to-nutrient-requirements&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006)&lt;/a&gt;: comprehensive, educational guide for all nutrients, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/catalog/dri/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here presented in even more detial&lt;/a&gt; (a great source for research health writers)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This search: &lt;em&gt;site:gov &quot;a nutrient&quot; &quot;xyz&quot; &quot;systematic review&quot;&lt;/em&gt; will give you PubMed and other .gov website reviews (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?num=100&amp;amp;newwindow=1&amp;amp;ei=6g8lXIqfF8e50PEP4sKYmA4&amp;amp;q=site%3Agov%20&amp;quot;vitamin%20d&amp;quot;%20osteoporosis%20&amp;quot;systematic%20review&amp;quot;&amp;amp;oq=site%3Agov%20&amp;quot;vitamin%20d&amp;quot;%20osteoporosis%20&amp;quot;systematic%20review&amp;quot;&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3...329843.355601..356280...0.0..0.83.3371.54......0....1..gws-wiz.......0j0i71j0i131j0i67j0i10.Ypoxz5zTQ2s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Databases:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/5Summary%20TableTables%2014.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Institute of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;: Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins, minerals, carbs, fiber, proteins, fat and water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Department of Agriculture (USDA.gov)&lt;/a&gt; enables searching 1) by foods - to show their detailed nutrient composition, 2) by nutrients - to show which foods have most of a certain nutrient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T15:49:17.010" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T15:49:17.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-27T19:00:21.657" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;A significant factor that determines if a crystal will develop into a kidney stone is the saturation of the urine with stone-forming salts. From my understanding, supersaturation leads to precipitates which result in stones. Undersaturation does not lead to stones. So my question is what determines super/undersaturation from a dietary perspective? Does increased water intake help dilute the concentration of the crystals (eg. calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate), thus preventing the formation of stones? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8169" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-27T23:47:21.687" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T16:59:35.997" Title="Supersaturation vs Undersaturation of the Urine | Kidney Stones" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18294" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18296" CreationDate="2018-12-28T11:09:48.407" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious to know what science has to say about the biochemical processes of tap water iontophoresis. I was trying to find some insights from the mechanism of action to answer things like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why does it block sweat glands?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does it affect other types of glands/cells in the (epi-) dermis, i.e., what are the side effects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the processes that trigger reddening of the skin and tingling/pain in the first place? For instance, is this the result of direct stimulation of e.g. TRPV1 or rather the result of destroyed cells triggering an immune response.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for a good resource of the science behind iontophoresis on Google/PubMed seems to be difficult because information is commonly targeted for iontophoresis end-users and publications often focus on the drug administration aspect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Side-note: personal iontophoresis fun fact&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was using iontophoresis on my hands with room-temperature water on one hand, and fridge-temperature water on the other hand. After 4 weeks of daily application, I noticed a significant difference between the two hands: In my case, cold-water iontophoresis seems to be much more efficient in blocking sweat glands. I couldn't find this effect in literature, but I'm wondering if it could be explained from the underlying biochemical processes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-28T13:15:15.193" LastActivityDate="2018-12-30T17:13:15.893" Title="Biochemistry of (tap water) iontophoresis?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;iontophoresis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18294" CreationDate="2018-12-28T14:00:41.773" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tap‐water iontophoresis (TWI) using direct current (DC) is considered by some to be the most effective therapy in palmoplantar hyperhidrosis, although it is debated that botulinum toxin injections may be better (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17044&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wade, et al. 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How does TWI block sweat glands, and what are the side effects?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action is unknown. It is hypothesised that an interrupted stimulus‐secretion‐coupling leads to a functional disturbance of sweat secretion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sweathelp.org/pdf/Reinauer%201993%20-%20Iontophoresis%20with%20alternating%20current%20and%20direct%20current%20offset.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reinauer, et al. 1993&lt;/a&gt;), which is most likely a transient functional disturbance of the secretory mechanism of eccrine glands (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_95-2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hölzle, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side‐effects of this method are discomfort, with burning and tingling, and skin irritation, including erythema and vesicles. Incorrect use may induce iontophoretic burns at sites of minor skin injury. Elaborate safety measures are required to prevent electric shock (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sweathelp.org/pdf/Reinauer%201993%20-%20Iontophoresis%20with%20alternating%20current%20and%20direct%20current%20offset.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reinauer, et al. 1993&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hölzle E. (2018) Iontophoresis. In: John S., Johansen J., Rustemeyer T., Elsner P., Maibach H. (eds) &lt;em&gt;Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology&lt;/em&gt;, 1-14. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_95-2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_95-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reinauer, S., Neusser, A., Schauf, G., &amp;amp; Hölzle, E. (1993). Iontophoresis with alternating current and direct current offset (AC/DC iontophoresis): a new approach for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. &lt;em&gt;British Journal of Dermatology, 129&lt;/em&gt;(2), 166-169. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03521.x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03521.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wade, R., Llewellyn, A., Jones‐Diette, J., Wright, K., Rice, S., Layton, A. M., ... &amp;amp; Woolacott, N. (2018). Management of hyperhidrosis in secondary care. &lt;em&gt;British Journal of Dermatology, 179&lt;/em&gt;(3), e138-e138. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17044&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/bjd.17044&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T14:00:41.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-28T18:25:53.303" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to cure Morton's toe without any surgery?  Does any exercise/footwear useful in treating Morton's toe? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="749" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2018-12-28T23:58:04.330" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T23:58:04.330" Title="Is Morton's toe curable without surgery?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;&lt;podiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-28T21:27:00.543" Score="4" ViewCount="156" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sorry if this question seems offensive in any way: I am asking truthfully because I do not know the difference in diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is by which criteria social anxiety disorder is diagnosed as opposed to just being a generally (very) social anxious person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15397" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T23:52:02.660" Title="Difference between having severe social anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18269" CreationDate="2018-12-28T21:59:29.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The relation between TSH and free T4 is bidirectional and complex [1–4]. TSH stimulates the secretion of T4 from the thyroid gland. Immediately after being released into the bloodstream the vast majority of T4 is bound to plasma proteins including albumin, thyroxin binding globulin (TBG) and transthyretin (TTR, formerly called thyroxine-binding prealbumin or TBPA). Free and bound hormones are in an equilibrium, which is controlled by fast feedback loops. What is effective, however, is the small free portion of T4. It is converted to T3 via different deiodinases in the tissues, and it has some direct effects at integrin receptors on the cell membrane. T3 and especially 3,5-T2 are the more active thyroid hormones that express mainly genomic effects. This also applies to their central actions, which result in a suppression of TSH (and also TRH [5]) release. Additional control motifs include ultrashort feedback of TSH release [6], dual feedback via T4 and T3 [7], and a TSH-T3-shunt, where TSH directly stimulates T3 formation within the thyroid [reviewed in 2]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a02E2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a02E2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Overview of thyroid homeostasis [Hoermann et al. 2015]&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is little empirical information available that is suitable for analysis (to refer to your comment from Dec 25). Data from normal subjects representing a closed loop situation are hardly applicable for quantitative analysis. You might be interested in a free data table available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899439/bin/table_1.doc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899439/bin/table_1.doc&lt;/a&gt;, which includes some original values from subjects with different conditions of thyroid homeostasis, where some of them correspond to an open-loop situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/evLc2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/evLc2.png&quot; alt=&quot;Distribution of hormone concentrations in certain primary and secondary thyroid conditions compared to normal percentiles of SPINA-GT [from https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00057]&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two closely related cybernetic models are described in [6] and [8]. They have some omissions and desiderata, but they at least integrate a good empirical basis with mathematical modelling. A more thorough description of the corresponding equations is available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://sourceforge.net/projects/simthyr/files/Documentation/Technical%20Reference%20E.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://sourceforge.net/projects/simthyr/files/Documentation/Technical%20Reference%20E.pdf&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1415331&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1415331&lt;/a&gt;, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shahid MA, Sharma S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. 2018 Oct 27. StatPearls&#xA;[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available&#xA;from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/&lt;/a&gt; PMID 29763182. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763182&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763182&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Homeostatic Control of the&#xA;Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment. Front&#xA;Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Nov 20;6:177. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00177. PMID 26635726. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key&#xA;Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi:&#xA;10.1155/2012/351864. PMID 23365787. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/351864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/351864&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abdalla SM, Bianco AC. Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority. Clin&#xA;Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Nov;81(5):633-41. doi: 10.1111/cen.12538. PMID 25040645. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12538&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12538&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Charli JL. Advances in TRH signaling. Rev Endocr&#xA;Metab Disord. 2016 Dec;17(4):545-558. doi: 10.1007/s11154-016-9375-y. PMID 27515033. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9375-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9375-y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;J. W. Dietrich, A. Tesche, C. R. Pickardt &amp;amp; U. Mitzdorf (2004) Thyrotropic Feedback Control: Evidence for an Additional Ultrashort Feedback Loop from Fractal Analysis, Cybernetics and Systems, 35:4, 315-331, DOI: 10.1080/01969720490443354 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720490443354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/01969720490443354&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hoermann R, Midgley JEM, Dietrich JW, Larisch R. Dual control of pituitary&#xA;thyroid stimulating hormone secretion by thyroxine and triiodothyronine in&#xA;athyreotic patients. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jun;8(6):83-95. doi:&#xA;10.1177/2042018817716401. PMID 28794850. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018817716401&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018817716401&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Berberich J, Dietrich JW, Hoermann R, Müller MA. Mathematical Modeling of the &#xA;Pituitary-Thyroid Feedback Loop: Role of a TSH-T(3)-Shunt and Sensitivity&#xA;Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Mar 21;9:91. doi:&#xA;10.3389/fendo.2018.00091. PMID 29619006. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00091&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastEditorUserId="2721" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T08:28:06.547" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T08:28:06.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18299" CreationDate="2018-12-28T23:52:02.660" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), also known as the DSM, is the guide for any psychological disorders, and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.appi.org/products/dsm-manual-of-mental-disorders&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DSM-5&lt;/a&gt; which is the current version (APA, 2013) describes Social Anxiety Disorder as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A.&lt;/strong&gt; A persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be embarrassing and humiliating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B.&lt;/strong&gt;  Exposure to the feared situation almost invariably provokes anxiety, which may take the form of a situationally bound or situationally pre-disposed Panic Attack.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C.&lt;/strong&gt;  The person recognizes that this fear is unreasonable or excessive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D.&lt;/strong&gt;  The feared situations are avoided or else are endured with intense anxiety and distress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E.&lt;/strong&gt;  The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress in the feared social or performance situation(s) interferes significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational (academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships, or there is marked distress about having the phobia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A key point the DSM also points out is that in Social Anxiety Disorder, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persistent&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;typically lasting 6 or more months&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not due to direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., drugs, medications)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not due to a general medical condition not better accounted for by another mental disorder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APA (2013). &lt;em&gt;Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)&lt;/em&gt;. American Psychiatric Publishing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2018-12-28T23:52:02.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18294" CreationDate="2018-12-29T10:47:35.330" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some more research it looks like the answers to these questions are indeed still unknown. A recent 2018 article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1486783&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Proposed mechanism of action of tap water iontophoresis for treatment of hyperhidrosis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; summarizes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tap water iontophoresis is commonly used to treat hyperhidrosis, yet the mechanism of action for this treatment remains unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several hypothesized mechanisms of action have been proposed for this treatment, including the reversible disruption of ion channels (Collin &amp;amp; Whatling, 2000), dermal injury resulting in abnormal keratinization and plugging of the sweat duct (Gordon &amp;amp; Maibach, 1969; Shelley &amp;amp; Horvath, 1950), blockage of neuroglandular transmission (Holze &amp;amp; Ruzicka, 1986), or inhibition of the secretory mechanism at the cellular level. However, studies to date have failed to reveal changes in the eccrine sweat glands or blockages of sweat ducts following iontophoresis (Hill, Baker, &amp;amp; Jansen, 1981; Holze &amp;amp; Ruzicka, 1986), and thus fail to support these hypothesized mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proposed mechanism of action in this article is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I propose that iontophoresis works via the production of a colloid formed between the products of dark (mucin) and clear (aqueous solution) cells, and the jamming of nanomineral particles inside the lumen and/or the duct of the sweat gland, creating a blockage that temporarily prevents further sweat production or secretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Older references on the mechanism of action:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reinauer S, Schauf G, Hubert M, Hölzle E (1992): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296945185_Mechanism_of_action_of_tap_water_iontophoresis_Functional_disturbance_of_the_secretory_epithelium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of action of tap water iontophoresis: Functional disturbance of the secretory epithelium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hill AC, Baker GF, Jansen GT (1981): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7261675&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of action of iontophoresis in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of side effects e.g. effects on skin barrier function, there is some related work on saline iontophoresis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Singh J, Gross M, Sage B, Davis HT, Maibach HI (2000): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908819&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of saline iontophoresis on skin barrier function and cutaneous irritation in four ethnic groups.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2018-12-30T17:13:15.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18293" CreationDate="2018-12-29T12:25:07.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have kidney stones or you are at increased risk of developing them, ask a doctor if your urine is super- or under-saturated with any substance, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine or citrate; this is a crucial info that can tell if any diet can help. Explanation at-a-glance: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eating, Diet, &amp;amp; Nutrition for Kidney Stones by NIDDK&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence about dietary measures that may help prevent CALCIUM OXALATE stones:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. High water intake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to several studies, drinking  3-4 liters of water per day (to produce at least 2 liters of urine/day) can decrease the risk of stones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9873212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1999&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831051/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other fluids, such as tea, coffee, wine and beer &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; also help, but milk, soda and fruit juices &lt;em&gt;might not,&lt;/em&gt; according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504608/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 2015 systematic review of studies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not clear if hard water (high in Ca and/or Mg) is a risk factor for kidney stones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5934277/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12100915&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. High citrus/citrates intake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Potassium citrate supplements and possibly (?) citrus juices (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5428529/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26311217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016&lt;/a&gt;), which alkalize the urine, can decrease the risk of stones, but this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26439475&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; does not strongly support this evidence. Additionally, potassium citrate supplements may have a lot of side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. High dietary calcium intake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surprisingly, high intake of calcium &lt;em&gt;from foods&lt;/em&gt; was associated with lower risk of kidney stones in several big observational studies. On the other hand, calcium &lt;em&gt;supplements&lt;/em&gt; may increase the risk. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/calcium#kidney-stones-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt;, calcium may inhibit the absorption of oxalate in the intestine and thus its accumulation in the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. Low sodium (salt) intake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low sodium intake (&amp;lt; 3.8 g salt/day) decreases calcium excretion in the kidneys and thus the risk of stones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Low oxalate intake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upmc.com/-/media/upmc/patients-visitors/education/unique-pdfs/low-oxalate-diet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet low in oxalates&lt;/a&gt; can reduce the risk of stones if your urine has too much oxalate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114711/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For URATE stones,&lt;/strong&gt; apart from above measures, &lt;strong&gt;diet low in animal proteins&lt;/strong&gt; can help (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2004&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2018-12-29T16:59:35.997" LastActivityDate="2018-12-29T16:59:35.997" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-30T01:32:08.847" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a long time I've noticed that if I take my blood pressure a second time, the readings vary especially for the systolic reading. If I don't like the reading, I just take it again (recording both).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if these expected variances are known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, this morning I made the following three readings, one after the other, without readjusting the cuff on my left arm on a Medline brand of home blood pressure monitor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xA;SYS 119 DIA 79 Pulse 83&#xA;SYS 105 DIA 76 Pulse 79&#xA;SYS 109 DIA 75 Pulse 79&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have expected the readings to differ no more than plus or minus 2, but perhaps what I am getting are normal variances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is from the comments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I think the key point here is that BP is used as a trend, and a rough idea. If your BP is always &amp;lt;120 and &gt;100, the exact range doesn’t matter because as Carey said, BP itself changes rapidly, and the measurement methods (even manually) have limited accuracy. If you‘d want to be as accurate as possible, it’s probably best to measure twice, once left and once right. This not only gives you an estimation of the error bar, but if your BP constantly varies between l&amp;amp;r (i.e. right is always +20mmHg), it is also a sign that something is wrong &lt;em&gt;(Thanks to @Narusan)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15399" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2019-01-02T11:54:01.127" LastActivityDate="2019-01-02T11:54:01.127" Title="What are the expected variances of blood pressure readings on home monitors?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18317" CreationDate="2018-12-30T15:11:48.963" Score="3" ViewCount="1393" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my relatives has bad breath. Common causes, including dry oral cavity, poor dental health, dirty tongue coating, tonsil stones, are ruled out. We now suspect that H. pylori is the culprit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He experiences stomachache sometimes, and is going to have a H. pylori breath test. Also, saliva samples taken nearer to oesophagus have a stronger smell, suggesting certain relation to stomach/lungs problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, even the test result is positive, H. pylori might not be the actual cause. It is well known that (in our city) nearly one third of the population is infected by this bacteria, but often no symptoms can be observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I want to make a primary test before seeking advice from professionals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How does H. pylori-caused halitosis smell like? (please be descriptive and use simile)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some Google results suggest that the breath smells like volatile sulphur compound. However this is strongly disagreed by some articles. A few articles suggested a smell of urine, but did not give any evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastEditorUserId="15404" LastEditDate="2018-12-31T07:04:39.197" LastActivityDate="2020-09-19T02:07:39.713" Title="H. pylori-caused Bad Breath: how does it smell like?" Tags="&lt;halitosis-bad-breath&gt;&lt;helicobacter-pylori&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-30T15:51:42.107" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having surprising difficulty finding a complete scientific description of the hormonal changes that occur in a premenopausal woman in the days before her period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a good resource for this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14895" LastActivityDate="2019-01-02T15:12:38.597" Title="What Is the full list of hormonal changes pre period?" Tags="&lt;menstrual-cycle&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18278" CreationDate="2018-12-30T18:20:00.307" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most rudimentary way to know which areas of the human brain are involved with which functions are through animal experiments (what happens if a certain part of the brain is destroyed or, more mercifully, stimulated?) and through observation of stroke or brain cancer patients (patients who lose function in part of their brain due to lack of blood/destruction of part of their brain.) It's easy to tell with a CT scan or an MRI where a brain lesion occurs. Over many, many decades of study (more than a century if you include autopsy results before CT scans were available) the loss of a particular function had been associated with a particular region of the brain. Probably the most famous of the early studies was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca#Broca&amp;#39;s_area&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paul Broca's discovery in 1861&lt;/a&gt; of where in the brain one aspect of speech/language exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With advances in brain surgery (particularly awake craniotomies), it's possible to &quot;fine tune&quot; such study. Add PET and fMRI studies, and you have your answer. Note, though, that not every person's brain is exactly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607601512&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://people.com/health/teen-sings-during-brain-surgery-save-musical-abilities/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Teen Sings During Brain Surgery to Save Her Musical Abilities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2018-12-30T18:20:00.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18312" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18313" CreationDate="2018-12-30T22:57:15.820" Score="5" ViewCount="3327" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking through my prescription history, the first time I was prescribed a particular drug the label said &quot;20 Mg Tab Auro&quot;. The second and third times it said &quot;20 Mg Tab Nort&quot;. What's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to &quot;Tab Auro&quot; and &quot;Tab Nort&quot;, my prescription history also includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tab Sand&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tab West&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tab Sunp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cap Shir&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tab Sun&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tab Solc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What others are there, and what are they abbreviations for? It seems obvious that &quot;Tab&quot; means &quot;Tablet&quot; and &quot;Cap&quot; means &quot;Capsule&quot;, but I have no idea for the other part and none of the abbreviations lists I've managed to find include these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I live in California in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15408" LastEditorUserId="15408" LastEditDate="2018-12-30T23:09:11.383" LastActivityDate="2019-01-07T02:51:10.127" Title="What abbreviations for pill types are there, and what do they mean?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18312" CreationDate="2018-12-31T00:06:00.843" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since I am assuming that you are obtaining generic drugs, the word after tab or cap is the brand that made the drug.  Auro is Aurobindo, Shir is Shire, Sand is Sandoz, and Solc is Solco. Sunp/Sun is likely Sun and Sunovion, and Nort is likely Northwest biopharmaceuticals.  As you stated earlier, cap is capsule and tab is tablet.  There are also orally disintegrating tabs (ODT tabs or wafers), liquid (syrup), inhalers (puffs), nasal spray, eye drops...  Honestly, there are so many methods of administration, that I would be here all day to go through all: rectal suppositories, ointments, gels, creams, extended release capsules, extended release tablets, all of which seem to be beyond the scope of the question you asked. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the brands in the US can be found here: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pharmaceutical_companies_of_the_United_States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pharmaceutical_companies_of_the_United_States&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15359" LastEditorUserId="15359" LastEditDate="2019-01-07T02:51:10.127" LastActivityDate="2019-01-07T02:51:10.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-31T01:55:56.640" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are non-flat  counterforce braces supposed to work, when used for a  lateral or medial epicondylopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard the following reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they increase the blood circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they provide active release&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they decrease the pressure that is put on the damaged part of the tendon, when flexor/extensor muscles are used&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one(s)  are correct,and is there any more reason why they would work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By non-flat, I mean it has a bump, as illustrated below (image taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B00QY0EFJM/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://smile.amazon.com/dp/B00QY0EFJM/&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jYaTM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jYaTM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T01:55:56.640" Title="Why are non-flat counterforce braces supposed to work?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18316" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18280" CreationDate="2018-12-31T06:25:14.410" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fat cells make up adipose tissues. Most fat in our body is stored in adipose tissue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is true that &lt;strong&gt;we do not lose fat cells&lt;/strong&gt;. Fat cells would only shrink in size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do respiration all the time, and we need glucose to do it. The sources of glucose include: direct intake, conversion from other sugars, conversion from lipids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we intake small amount of sugars and do vigorous exercise, our body will run out of glucose, and thus start extracting lipids from fat cells, and convert them to glucose for respiration. Therefore, fat cells have less content and would shrink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole process is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;lipid from fat cells -&gt; glucose -&gt; undergoes respiration -&gt; carbon dioxide and water -&gt; exhaled&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454136&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15404" LastEditorUserId="15404" LastEditDate="2019-01-06T23:30:53.833" LastActivityDate="2019-01-06T23:30:53.833" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18309" CreationDate="2018-12-31T12:48:40.653" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SUMMARY:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with H. pylori infection of the stomach can have increased amounts of the following &lt;strong&gt;substances&lt;/strong&gt; in the breath:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sulfides: hydrogen sulfide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/hydrogen_sulfide_fact.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rotten eggs smell&lt;/a&gt;), dimethyl sulfide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cabbage-like smell&lt;/a&gt;), methyl mercaptane (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg139.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rotten cabbage smell&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Isobutane (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/isobutane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;petroleum-like odor&lt;/a&gt;), 2-butanone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Butanone#section=Computed-Properties&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pungent sweet odor&lt;/a&gt;) and ethyl acetate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ethyl_acetate#section=Top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fruity odor&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hydrogen nitrate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/nitric_acid#section=Color&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;choking odor&lt;/a&gt;) and nitric oxide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts175.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sharp sweet-smelling&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hydrogen cyanide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/basics/facts.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bitter almonds smell&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;variety&lt;/strong&gt; of the substances comes from different &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;strains&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of H. pylori in different individuals and, I assume, from different foods consumed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this 2005 review (Table 3)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;hydrogen nitrate&lt;/strong&gt; with choking odor seems to be most specific, but not likely diagnostic, for H. pylori. Isobutane, 2-butanone and ethyl acetate smell like ketones in a low-carb diet or uncontrolled diabetes. Sulfide and cyanide smell can appear in various other infections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mentioned breath odors are &lt;strong&gt;not anatomic-specific&lt;/strong&gt; and may arise not only from the stomach (H. pylori) but also from the mouth (parodontosis), throat (tonsil stones), or lungs (atelectasis).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms, like &lt;strong&gt;upper abdominal bloating and excessive belching after meals,&lt;/strong&gt; can help in diagnosis of H. pylori.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EVIDENCE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12090454/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastrointestinal diseases and halitosis: association of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection (PUbMed, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The levels of &lt;strong&gt;hydrogen sulphide&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;dimethyl sulphide&lt;/strong&gt; in mouth&#xA;  air were also significantly higher in the [H pylori] positive&#xA;  patients...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Determination of volatile organic compounds in human breath for Helicobacter pylori detection by SPME-GC/MS (PubMed, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;isobutane, 2-butanone&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;ethyl acetate&lt;/strong&gt; were detected in the breath of persons with H. pylori in the stomach...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181348/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H. pylori infection increases levels of exhaled nitrate (PubMed, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...in H. pylori-infected patients, levels of exhaled &lt;strong&gt;hydrogen&#xA;  nitrate&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;hydrogen cyanide&lt;/strong&gt; are found to be significantly&#xA;  elevated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3719490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Application of Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for Detecting Infectious Diseases (PUbMed, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review again mentions &lt;strong&gt;isobutane, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, HCN&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;hydrogen nitrate&lt;/strong&gt; in the breath of H pylori infected patients, but HCN is also detectable in exhaled-breath samples of P. aeruginosa-infected individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1721727X1301100129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOES HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION INCREASE THE LEVELS OF EXHALED NITRIC OXIDE?&#xA;(SagePub, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It seems that H. pylori-associated gastritis is accompanied by an&#xA;  increased level of exhaled &lt;strong&gt;nitric oxide&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721224&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;, H. pylori was shown to produce hydrogen sulfide and &lt;strong&gt;methyl mercaptan&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-05T15:41:10.330" LastActivityDate="2019-01-05T15:41:10.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2018-12-31T14:24:00.673" Score="5" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I googled some online tests that should test color vision problems. But then it got to me that any picture is rendered through the same 3 color pixels. Thus it seems - if one perceives the red pixel differently than the green pixel, that person will be able to tell apart the different combinations of those two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it correct that the color-vision tests that are shown on computer screen will only be able to diagnose dichromacy (in the best case scenario) but not anomalous trichromacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11942" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T21:12:56.350" Title="Is it possible to test for anomalous color vision on common screens?" Tags="&lt;color-blindness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18318" CreationDate="2018-12-31T18:08:20.530" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, is is possible to test for it, but with some very severe limitations for most classical tests, like Ishihara plates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go to the Wikipedia page for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishihara_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ishihara test&lt;/a&gt; you may see a demonstration of effects that will or will not apply to your personal type of vision. This gets all the more striking if you show those pictures (preferably all the plates of this test) to a person with known one type of known &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daltonism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is exactly limited by what your initial thoughts indicate.&#xA;Go for example to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opticien-lentilles.com/daltonien_beta/new_test_daltonien.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Color vision test&lt;/a&gt;, do the test with your standard screen, repeat the test with a known &quot;bad screen&quot;. The test has a nice design but even people with some quite severe deficiencies can &quot;beat it&quot;, all the more easier with bad screens, it they change the viewing angle (look from the side, tilt the screen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.color-blindness.com/2010/03/23/color-blindness-tests/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The future of color vision testing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  Today in our digital world one might think, why don’t we have some simple computer based color blindness test. Unfortunately this is not as simple as it looks like. There are two main problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Computers displays just make use of three main colors red, green and blue (RGB). Every other color gets mixed from those three colors. The anomaloscope and lantern tests use different light sources which can’t be simulated by a display.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Every computer display has a different color range it covers, little differences in light sources, different brightness and more. This causes different test results. Only calibrated computers can be used to perform such computer based tests.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The City University in London developed a computer based color vision test which is also based on the same principal as pseudoisochromatic plates and arrangement tests. The main difference is that the colors are constantly changing which gives some really good results. Just recently they used their &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.color-blindness.com/2010/02/21/new-color-blindness-tests-sets-minimal-requirements-for-professional-flight-crew/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;test to check color vision in pilot candidates&lt;/a&gt; and it looks like as the Color Assessment &amp;amp; Diagnosis Test (CAD Test) could become a standard screening instrument for color vision testing. At least for certain professions, where color vision is critical but people with a mild form of color vision still perform perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.city.ac.uk/health/research/centre-for-applied-vision-research/a-new-web-based-colour-vision-test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;City University of London: A new web-based colour vision test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The web version of this test will run on a variety of monitors balanced for different phases of daylight. The movie was however prepared and will run best on a monitor balanced for ~9000K. This is usually the default factory setting for most colour monitors. The spectral characteristics of the pattern will be affected by ambient illumination and therefore this should be kept to a minimum (i.e., use the monitor in a dark room).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that even though the above test was developed specifically &quot;for the web&quot; only gives you a rough indication of &quot;problems&quot; with colour vision.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Aside from the problems mentioned in the quotes above, &lt;em&gt;accurate&lt;/em&gt; colour is something very hard to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eizo.com/library/basics/lcd_monitor_color_gamut/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;buy&lt;/a&gt; hardware for. If they are even capable of displaying more than a compartively small subset of the full spectrum, most modern screens are tuned for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.displaymate.com/Color_Accuracy_ShootOut_1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'pop' and not realistic colour reproduction&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you walk into a Walmart, Best Buy, or any major TV retailer, all of the TVs are showing identical videos, but their colors will be noticeably (to obnoxiously) different on every TV on the wall – even in Best Buy’s high-end Magnolia showrooms. Why is that? One reason is that the TV picture controls have been played with – but this would still be true even with factory fresh TVs right out of the box. It’s also true with Smartphones and Tablets that as a rule don’t provide any color controls, which is probably better because visual tweaking generally makes matters worse. And that is exactly the root cause of the problem that originates right at the factory – the displays are not individually fully adjusted and calibrated with instruments, and instead depend on visually tweaking at some point during manufacturing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2018-12-31T21:12:56.350" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T21:12:56.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16918" CreationDate="2018-12-31T19:00:05.690" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting question and I will take the bait. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the definition from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wordnik.com/words/calorie&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and considering 2000 grams (2l) of water at about 0 degrees Celsius which the body must heat to about 37 degrees Celsius the lost heat effort is not that big: 37 deg * 2000 g = 74Kcal (out of about &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/food-nutrition/facts/question457.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2000K&lt;/a&gt; calorie per day)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/fitness/a-hot-drink-cools-you-faster-than-a-cold-one-myth-or-reality/article4474567/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; dives into the results of a study that deals with this exact question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sure enough, unlike previous studies, the new study found that&#xA;  drinking hot water triggered a sweat response that more than&#xA;  compensated for the heat of the drink. &lt;strong&gt;Cold drinks produced the&#xA;  opposite response, with a reduction in sweat cancelling out the&#xA;  cooling power of the drink.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, sweat cancelling might be greater than the cooling effect of the drink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this happens only if sweat evaporated completely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The caveat is that your sweat must fully evaporate in order to produce&#xA;  the desired cooling effect. If you're exercising hard, or wearing too&#xA;  many clothes, or in a very humid environment, you may produce sweat&#xA;  more quickly than it can evaporate, in which case it's no longer&#xA;  desirable to ramp up your sweat rate further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This tackles the thermodynamic aspect of drinking cold water. However, efficiency might measured through hydration. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/533835-which-is-better-drinking-ice-water-or-warm-water/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; suggests that drinking cold water is more efficient than drinking warm water:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(..) &lt;strong&gt;cold water is absorbed more quickly into your body than warm&#xA;  water,&lt;/strong&gt; helping you rehydrate more quickly&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a conclusion, taken into the account both thermodynamics and hydration, I would say drinking cold water is more effective. Of course, if you do not have some throat issues that might get worse when drinking cold liquids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastActivityDate="2018-12-31T19:00:05.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18325" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18326" CreationDate="2019-01-01T13:45:09.363" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;What factors have been identified to account for the projected increase in Alzheimer's reported by the Alzheimer's Association? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they note&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An estimated 5.7 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer's dementia in 2018. This number includes an estimated 5.5 million people age 65 and older and approximately 200,000 individuals under age 65 who have younger-onset Alzheimer's.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am most interested in factors outside of age or genetics which I can't do much about. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I don't know how to research a question such as this outside of an internet search. Hopefully the references in any answers will give me a hint on how I can research questions such as this better myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15399" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T17:10:06.763" Title="What factors besides age and genetics influence the prevalence of Alzheimer's?" Tags="&lt;data&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18325" CreationDate="2019-01-01T17:10:06.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;How about &lt;a href=&quot;https://alzheimer.ca/en/Home/About-dementia/Alzheimer-s-disease/Risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this list&lt;/a&gt; from the Alzheimer Society of Canada? It differentiates between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and goes on to explain how and why which risk factors are risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Modifiable risk-factors:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Risk factors for both Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Smoking&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - High Blood Pressure&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Diabetes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - High Cholesterol&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Obesity &amp;amp; Low Physical Activity &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other risk factors&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Alcohol&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Low levels of education&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Depression&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Head Injuries   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-modifiable risk factors:&#xA;  - Age&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Family History and Genetics&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  - Gender   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Alzheimer Society of Canada. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://alzheimer.ca/en/Home/About-dementia/Alzheimer-s-disease/Risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Risk factors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Accessed 01/01/2019&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2019-01-01T17:10:06.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18310" CreationDate="2019-01-02T11:17:16.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a “LH-Surge” (LH - Lutheinizing Hormone) (which occurs around day 12 of cycle due to inverting the effect of estradiol on the secretion of LH from the adenohypohysis) the ovulation occurs and the second phase of menstrual cycle, the luteal phase, begins. The remaining parts of the dominant follicle are transformed into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and oestrogen (these are probably what you’re looking for). Because progesterone sends negative feedback to hypothalamus, levels of FSH (Follicle-stimulating Hormone; important in the first phase of the cycle) and LH fall. As a result, corpus luteum atrophies and menstruation begins. In case of fertilisation of the egg however, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is produced (by blastocyst, later syncytiotrophoblast) which preserves corpus luteum and therefore maintains levels of progesterone and oestrogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. If you take a look at the follicular phase, you'll also find a couple of additional regulatory hormones, such as inhibins, activins or local secretion of prostaglangines etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Rassow, J. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Biochemie.&lt;/em&gt; Stuttgart : Thieme.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Pape, H.-C.; Kurtz, A.; Silbernagl, S. (2018). &lt;em&gt;Physiologie.&lt;/em&gt; Stuttgart; New York : Georg Thieme Verlag.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(both books in German and below is a brief Wikipedia article)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="15382" LastEditDate="2019-01-02T15:12:38.597" LastActivityDate="2019-01-02T15:12:38.597" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-02T18:27:55.887" Score="10" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the time I see content online that says moderate alcohol consumption is good for you. Some even say it is better than no alcohol consumption. Other times there is conflicting information that says no alcohol consumption is better. I'm assuming there just isn't a consensus on it but, as a person who doesn't drink alcohol, I'm curious how drinking moderately could improve my health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="BoddTaxter" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T15:03:58.147" Title="Why is some alcohol consumption healthier than no alcohol consumption?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18329" CreationDate="2019-01-03T05:15:03.893" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;While there is some evidence for what we call a &lt;em&gt;J-shaped curve&lt;/em&gt; in the relationship between alcohol consumption and certain health outcomes, at best this evidence only suggests people who already drink modestly have better health outcomes than people who don't drink at all. There is &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; strong evidence that starting to drink a glass a day, if you do not drink already&lt;/em&gt;, would improve your health outcomes. There is an important point here about study design. Evidence for the J-shaped curve is generally observational, often retrospective, and can only tell you about an association between some variable and a disease outcome. It may be an important association, e.g., a valuable marker for risk of disease, but it doesn't tell you what happens if you change the variable. To know what happens when you change the variable, you typically want a randomized controlled trial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstaining from alcohol (vs. moderate consumption) is likely what we call a confounding variable. It is associated with the variable of interest (some health outcome, e.g., mortality), but it is not on the causal pathway. That is to say, people who don't drink at all may be more likely to be ill (or become ill), but they didn't get that way because they don't drink. This is well explored in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803651/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this meta analysis&lt;/a&gt;. A key part here is that former drinkers who currently don't drink any alcohol appear to be the major driver of the higher risk of mortality for individuals who don't drink at all. This suggests earlier heavy drinking or illness that causes someone to stop drinking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-04T05:45:29.407" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T05:45:29.407" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17546" CreationDate="2019-01-03T13:55:00.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. &quot;The J-curve&quot; was not recently disproven, but the evidence for it slightly&#xA;modified. The correlational observation is still that no and low amounts of drinking do not have seriously negative health outcomes associated with them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What has changed is what conclusions campaigners for &quot;zero alcohol&quot; draw from that evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do not have any evidence that any intervention on that level has positive consequences: either recommendations of moving from zero to one or from two to zero seems to not be founded on firm evidence. Only going lower from high is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to depend on the way the observational, epidemiological and correlational data is used. That is: how the data is gathered, analysed and interpreted. And how puritan the belief systems of the researchers are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking large amounts of alcohol is bad. Doing that daily is bad.&#xA;A relative recent study amassed a huge dataset and concluded that the only safe amount of alcohol is zero. This got even published in The Lancet as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016&quot;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key findings are communicated in the extreme, globally, and badly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Analysing data from 15 to 95-year-olds, the researchers compared people who did not drink at all with those who had one alcoholic drink a day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  They found that out of 100,000 non-drinkers, 914 would develop an alcohol-related health problem such as cancer or suffer an injury.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  But an extra four people would be affected if they drank one alcoholic drink a day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  For people who had two alcoholic drinks a day, 63 more developed a condition within a year and for those who consumed five drinks every day, there was an increase of 338 people, who developed a health problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is from a baseline of 914 problems in 100000 people an increase to 918 people in 100000 for one drink a day. As one can see, problems usually related to alcohol develop in 914 non-drinkers already or as well and one drink a day means trouble for an additional 4 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is much or not? If that is difficult to picture mentally, The Lancet provides you the service of a picture that gets overlooked in the sensationalist press:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PGMyk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PGMyk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relative risk increase – in a study that claims zero is the only safe level – for one drink per day is effectively zero as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study aims at scare mongering and has to admit that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study still does not challenge &quot;moderate alcohol consumption may be preventive for some conditions such as ischaemic heart disease and diabetes&quot; but looks at the effects associated with each individual health outcome together with level of alcohol consumption. When those inferences are then combined into an aggregate according to the author's model we arrive at the picture above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Specifically, comparing no drinks with one drink a day the risk of developing one of the 23 alcohol-related health problems was 0.5% higher — meaning 914 in 100,000 15–95 year olds would develop a condition in one year if they did not drink, but 918 people in 100,000 who drank one alcoholic drink a day would develop an alcohol-related health problem in a year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This increased to 7% in people who drank two drinks a day (for one year, 977 people in 100,000 who drank two alcoholic drinks a day would develop an alcohol-related health problem) and 37% in people who drank five drinks every day (for one year, 1252 people in 100,000 who drank five alcoholic drinks a day would develop an alcohol-related health problem).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do experts judge this data? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-systematic-analysis-of-the-health-impacts-of-alcohol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Spiegelhalter, Winton Professor for the Public Understanding of Risk at the University of Cambridge, said&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“According to data provided by the authors but not published in the paper, to suffer one extra alcohol-related health problem, around 1,600 people would need to drink two drinks totalling 20g (2.5 units) of alcohol a day for a year.  This is equivalent to around 32 standard 70cl bottles of gin over a year, so a total of 50,000 bottles of gin among these 1,600 people is associated with one extra health problem. &lt;strong&gt;This indicates a very low level of harm in moderate drinkers, and suggests UK guidelines of an average of 16g a day (2 units) are very low-risk indeed.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Given the pleasure presumably associated with moderate drinking, claiming there is no ‘safe’ level does not seem an argument for abstention. There is no safe level of driving, but government do not recommend that people avoid driving.  Come to think of it, there is no safe level of living, but nobody would recommend abstention.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This same year another Lancet paper tried to tackle the problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angela M Wood et al.: &quot;Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies&quot;, Volume 391, Issue 10129, p1513-1523, April 14, 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Low-risk limits recommended for alcohol consumption vary substantially across different national guidelines. To define thresholds associated with lowest risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease, we studied individual-participant data from 599 912 current drinkers without previous cardiovascular disease.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;In current drinkers of alcohol in high-income countries, the threshold for lowest risk of all-cause mortality was about 100 g/week.&lt;/strong&gt; For cardiovascular disease subtypes other than myocardial infarction, there were no clear risk thresholds below which lower alcohol consumption stopped being associated with lower disease risk. These data support limits for alcohol consumption that are lower than those recommended in most current guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, a call &quot;to lower guidelines&quot;. Despite the result that for some outcomes the lowest risk was &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; &quot;zero drinks&quot; but that the relative risk increases, clearly, if you go below 100g of pure alcohol a week! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/cms/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X/attachment/5b9e9977-5741-4caf-9ab1-ab873eef63fc/mmc1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supplementary material&lt;/a&gt;: (click to enlarge)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Qc0U2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Qc0U2s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H4bV0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H4bV0s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UUzrf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UUzrfs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wZ6T8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wZ6T8s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do these numbers really suggest that not drinking alcohol – either never or even worse to quit drining – is to be seen as a potential risk factor?  The huge difference between never-drinkers and ex-drinkers might spoil that party a bit. An equally plausible explanation for that is that dislike for alcohol might be a sign for already frail or future health problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of findings show that moderate drinking (definitions of that may vary as much as does individual tolerance) is associated with a low risk and that there is an ultimately unexplained correlation between drinking a bit and slightly longer life expectancy. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;French Paradox&lt;/a&gt; keeps on giving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-01-03T17:39:07.473" LastActivityDate="2019-01-03T17:39:07.473" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-04T09:41:13.933" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read many papers that address the genetic factor of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). But all the papers I have been through focus on classic PCOS with hyperparathyroidism and insulin resistance. I am curious whether these genetics play a role in women without an insulin problem or elevated androgen levels, but have PCO and problems with ovulation (because of the ratio LH/FSH or something else), who are, according to the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria, affected with PCOS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15387" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-01-04T22:33:29.163" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T22:33:29.163" Title="Is lean non-hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome genetic?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;pcos&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18257" CreationDate="2019-01-04T11:01:20.597" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There appears to be a reasonable definition of cryptic bacteria &lt;a href=&quot;http://coolinginflammation.blogspot.com/2009/07/chronic-disease-cryptic-infections.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cryptic Bacteria in our Tissues&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The role of bacteria in numerous diseases, including cancers, has been proposed since the early isolation of bacteria from human tissues. Many of these bacteria are difficult to culture and have variable forms viewed by microscope. Because these bacteria are difficult for microbiologists to handle with conventional approaches, their existence and significance has always been questioned. Use of antibiotics to treat chronic, inflammatory conditions has seemed inconsistent with the unproven existence of a bacterial cause. Thus, there is surprise when the inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to a cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-01-04T11:01:20.597" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-04T13:25:10.203" Score="4" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am now holding the original, Polish edition book called &quot;The Hidden Therapies - What your doctor won't tell you&quot; authored by Jerzy Zięba, who is widely considered to be a quack by medical authorities in my country. Nevertheless, the sheer amount of facts (or &quot;facts&quot;?) and research papers cited by Mr. Zięba warrants some closer skeptical attention. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among many other claims Mr. Zięba says that cholesterol levels between 200 mg/dl and 240 mg/dl are healthy. In particular, he cites Gary Taubes, who in an article titled “The soft science of dietary fat”, published in March 2001 in Science, supposedly proved that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No increased risk of mortality in women nor men was associated with cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dl to 240 mg/dl;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cholesterol level of 240 mg/dl was associated with a reduced risk of mortality among women from heart diseases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did Gary Taubes publish an article claiming these things?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this article indeed prove what Mr. Zięba claims it to prove?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aforementioned claims come from: Ukryte Terapie - Czego lekarz ci nie powie by Jerzy Zięba, vol. 2, pages 107-112.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2019-05-12T20:59:19.977" Title="Did Gary Taubes prove that cholesterol levels between 200 mg/dl and 240 mg/dl are normal and healthy?" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;alternative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18340" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18338" CreationDate="2019-01-04T18:36:38.710" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Taubes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gary Taubes&lt;/a&gt;, the journalist and advocate,  did publish such an article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gary Taubes: &amp;quot;The Soft Science of Dietary Fat&amp;quot;, Science, New Series, Vol. 291, No. 5513 (Mar. 30, 2001), pp. 2536-2541+2543-2545 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/stable/3082809&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jstor&lt;/a&gt;) (available &lt;a href=&quot;http://garytaubes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Science-The-soft-science-of-dietary-fat.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at the author's page&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that article, which is solidly written but not a study, more of an opinion piece, the author argues mainly against dietary advice given out despite being far less clear-cut than it ought to be for that kind of intervention. He does not prove anything in that paper, but merely discusses the pros and cons of the issue. That is by far more nuanced what the claimant in question seems to read into and out of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the claim Jerzy Zięba makes, one might have to look a bit closer at what Taubes writes, or draws:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iujcW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iujcW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data were consistent: When investigators tracked all deaths, instead of just heart disease deaths, the cholesterol curves were U-shaped for men and flat for women. In other words, men with cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl tended to die prematurely from heart disease. But below 160 mg/dl, the men tended to die prematurely from cancer, respiratory and digestive and trauma. As for women, if diseases, anything, the higher their cholesterol, the longer they lived (see graph on p. 2540).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mortality data can be interpreted in two ways. One, preferred by low-fat advocates, is that they cannot be meaningful. Rifkind, for instance, told Science that the excess deaths at low cholesterol levels must be due to preexisting conditions. In other words, chronic illness leads to low cholesterol levels, not vice versa. He pointed to the 1990 conference report as the definitive document on the issue and as support for his argument, although the report states unequivocally that this interpretation is not supported by the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other interpretation is that what a low-fat diet does to serum cholesterol levels, and what that in turn does to arteries, may be only one component of the diet's effect on health. In other words, while low-fat diets might help prevent heart disease, they might also raise susceptibility to other conditions. This is what always worried Ahrens. It's also one reason why the American College of Physicians, for instance, now suggests that cholesterol reduction is certainly worth while for those at high, short-term risk of dying of coronary heart disease but of &amp;quot;much smaller or ...&#xA;uncertain benefit for everyone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a very general assessment of Taubes' work, we might look at his concepts of obesity, how it develops and what to do about that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; of the conclusions that the author reaches are not consistent with current concepts about obesity.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00476.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Good Calories, Bad Calories by Gary Taubes; New York: AA Knopf –– Review by GA BRay&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00476.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And with regards to cholesterol levels, the information from Taubes is quoted really unfortunate. As I read it he still doesn't say that very high blood cholesterol is &amp;quot;healthy&amp;quot;, and the author merely argues that the possible dangers associated with it were overestimated in the past. This then is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/06/12/high-cholesterol-does-not-cause-heart-disease-new-research-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;by far&lt;/a&gt; not the current consensus, but not really a fringy quack position either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/insight/the-cholesterol-and-calorie-hypotheses-are-both-dead-it-is-time-to-focus-on-the-real-culprit-insulin-resistance/20203046.article?firstPass=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Maryanne Demasi &amp;amp; Robert H Lustig &amp;amp; Aseem Malhotra: &amp;quot;The cholesterol and calorie hypotheses are both dead — it is time to focus on the real culprit: insulin resistance&amp;quot;, Clinical Pharmacist, 14 JUL 2017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Uffe Ravnskov et al.: &amp;quot;LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of the current literature&amp;quot;, Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, Volume 11, 2018 - Issue 10 11 Oct 2018&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-12T20:59:19.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18345" CreationDate="2019-01-04T23:54:11.587" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm searching for a topic of interest in the domain of machine learning and computer vision. More specifically, researching can computer vision be applied to classify medical image scans and/or predict the future state of a scan. I'm not a health care professional so in order to frame the problem into something that is attainable I'm aiming to research the topic of image scanning some more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to know is : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current state of the art of image scanning technology ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are it's weaknesses ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have many unknown unknowns and I'm unsure where to start to attain a basic knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Book recommendations are welcome, for example this book seems like a good place to start : &#xA;For example the book &quot;Medical Imaging for the Health Care Provider: Practical Radiograph Interpretation &quot; : &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B01HUNOJPG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.amazon.com/Medical-Imaging-Health-Care-Provider-ebook/dp/B01HUNOJPG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dataset I'm intending to use for this research is 'DeepLesion' &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-center-releases-dataset-32000-ct-images&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-center-releases-dataset-32000-ct-images&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update : this seems like a good place to start : &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/3709/medical-imaging-image-quality?rq=1&quot;&gt;Medical imaging - image quality?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aiming to utilize image and annotated data from DeepLesion to develop an AI to diagnose future and/or present state of a scan. 'future state of a scan' refers to predicting the future state of scan attributes . The attributes are what is contained in the DeepLesion annoted dataset which includes lesion diameter, patient gender and patient age. So I will attempt to predict 1 or a combination of these attributes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this stage I'm not aiming for the AI model to perform a diagnosisis or prognosis but provide a prediction of attributes that aids the healthcare practitioner in performing the diagnosis or prognosis. Due to DeepLesion containing CT image scans the healthcare practitioner in this case is a radiographer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other type of more high level predictions/classifications I may consider are detecting liver, lung, kidney lesions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type of predictions are dependant on the type of data available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another research question I have is what type of predictions are of most value to the practitioner. This will help focus my research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15428" LastEditorUserId="15428" LastEditDate="2019-01-05T15:53:28.643" LastActivityDate="2019-03-02T20:53:07.480" Title="Machine learning for medical image scanning" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18342" CreationDate="2019-01-05T17:36:28.733" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Commonly used diagnostic imaging methods&lt;/strong&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ultrasonography&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X-ray&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computed tomography (CT)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scintigraphy or radionuclide scan (injecting a radioactive tracer into a vein, waiting until it collects in a certain organ, for example, the thyroid gland, and taking a picture of the tracer distribution with a scanner)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the mentioned techniques have several variants, for example Doppler ultrasound, an MRI with contrast, etc. The Wikipedia's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Imaging&lt;/a&gt; has a more detailed &quot;index&quot; of techiques with links to individual articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Biology SE, there's a list of websites that provide &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/38774/open-database-of-medical-images/79533#79533&quot;&gt;open-access images&lt;/a&gt;, some of which come with the descriptions of cases. Before buying any book, I strongly recommend you to get a clear idea about which types of books can serve your purpose. A book that can be excellent for a doctor or medical student can be useless for you. I also recommend that, for a start, you chose ONE imaging technique and research it a bit, rather than go with all imaging at once; the problems in ultrasonography are significantly different than in CT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;strong&gt;weaknesses&lt;/strong&gt; of imaging techniques: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A CT and MRI, at least, are expensive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An X-ray can show only lesions that are significantly more or less radiopaque than the surrounding tissues (for example, it can show only gallstones rich in calcium but not others).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An MRI of the gallbladder cannot reliably distinguish between the noncancerous polyps and cancers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.352140095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radio Graphics&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The most common problem is probably, that despite high sensitivity (ability to detect a lesion), specificity (ability to reveal/predict an exact type of the lesion) of CT and MRI scans can still be low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A common question for a health practitioner&lt;/strong&gt; that often remains unresolved after imaging is: Is the lesion cancerous or not or how likely will it develop into a cancer. For example, gallbladder polyps greater than 10 mm are significantly more likely cancerous than the smaller ones, but it is not clear if the risk increases after 5 mm or after 15 mm, for example. Also, sometimes imaging fails to show if cancer has spread to nearby organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To predict a lesion on a CT image, you need to know how a normal CT image looks and how a lesion looks. The knowledge about what is a lesion came from comparisons of many CT images and the actual physical situations discovered during surgery. Now, to extend this knowledge beyond what you can see with your own eyes on a CT image, you would again need to compare many CT images (using a computer program) with surgery results. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine, this would require a project in which several experienced radiologists, surgeons and computer experts would be involved. &lt;em&gt;One project would need to focus on a single question,&lt;/em&gt; for example: What are predictors of gallbladder cancer in abnormal gallbladder growths detected on a CT image? Thousands of CT images and surgery results would then need to be compared to find eventual associations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T08:54:29.637" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T08:54:29.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18347" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21170" CreationDate="2019-01-05T20:03:46.263" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have taken &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CPR&lt;/a&gt; training and I have a question about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes one reads in the newspaper about a person injured in a car crash or anything tried CPR in vain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking when a person is seriously injured, what's the point of CPR?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would you try CPR when the blood is flowing away anyway?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15432" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-28T11:05:52.170" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T11:05:52.170" Title="When a person is seriously injured, what's the point of CPR?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18352" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18357" CreationDate="2019-01-07T11:34:30.057" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;For instance half life of a 150ml drug injected to you is 50 days (so you have 75ml left in your system). At 100 days you'll have 37.5ml left in your system. But does that mean the drug is most effective as well on the first 50 days? And only becomes half as effective between 50 days to 100 days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15443" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T00:37:31.403" Title="Is the drug's effectiveness directly proportional to the half life formula?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;half-life&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18353" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18355" CreationDate="2019-01-07T16:46:03.150" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounsfield_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hounsfield units&lt;/a&gt; are frequently used as intensity for CT images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is used for MR images? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15444" LastActivityDate="2019-01-07T17:37:42.223" Title="What does the intensity in an MR image represent?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18354" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-07T17:02:05.790" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read, that the use of antibiotics could be part of the reason for the increase in allergies, we see today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In alternative medicine circles, it is a common theme to reduce the use of antibiotics as much as possible and only use them, when it is absolutely necessary. This is done for a variety of reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with traditional medicine, antibiotics, especially for children are prescribed more liberally, with the intention to err on the safe side. GPs generally follow well-established practices and don't consider arguments for or against something, unless they are widely accepted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wonder what is the case with the claim, that antibiotics cause allergies: Is there solid data behind it, which is too new to reach the GPs or is it a claim with not sufficient data backing it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T17:22:04.600" Title="Is there solid evidence, that antibiotics cause allergies?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18353" CreationDate="2019-01-07T17:37:42.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no units for MRI intensity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-347/p036.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Comparison of Five Methods for Signal Intensity Standardization in MRI (CEUR-WS.org)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A major problem in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the lack of a&#xA;  pulse sequence dependent standardized intensity scale like the&#xA;  Hounsfield units in computed tomography.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mri-sequences-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRI sequences (Radiopedia)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When describing most MRI sequences we refer to the shade of grey of&#xA;  tissues or fluid with the word intensity, leading to the following&#xA;  absolute terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;high signal intensity = white&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;intermediate signal intensity = grey&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;low signal intensity = black &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Often we refer to the appearance by relative terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hyperintense = brighter than the thing we are comparing it to&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;isointense = same brightness as the thing we are comparing it to&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hypointense = darker than the thing we are comparing it to&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Annoyingly these relative terms are used without reference to the tissue being used as the comparison.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=db1&amp;amp;dbs=Signal%20Intensity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Signal intensity (MR-tip.com)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-01-07T17:37:42.223" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18352" CreationDate="2019-01-08T00:31:47.253" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two key serum concentrations to know about in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pharmacodynamics&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacodynamics&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ausmed.com/articles/pharmacokinetics-and-pharmacodynamics/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt; are the &lt;strong&gt;Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;Toxicity Concentration (TC&lt;/strong&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medications have stronger effects the higher the concentration, and other medications have the same effects regardless of the concentration as long as it is above the MEC.  Note that the ceiling is either the Toxicity Concentration, or the concentration at which adverse effects often arise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That brings us to the concept of &quot;therapeutic window&quot; which are concentrations between MEC and TC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The EFFECT of the medication entirely depends on which medication you're discussing.  But generally, the interval and dosing of most medications are designed specifically to keep it inside the therapeutic window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qlCBJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qlCBJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your answer &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T00:37:31.403" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T00:37:31.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18612" CreationDate="2019-01-08T02:56:03.597" Score="1" ViewCount="488" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Important: I've already consulted my doctor and am not seeking medical advice. I'm just curious here.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been prescribed and have taken Dextroamphetamine for some time (round orange pill). Recently my pharmacy has substituted  a dextroamphetamine salt combo (elliptical blue pill) manufactured by a different company. These two pills seem to have dramatically different effects. It's my understanding the two medications must be chemically identical to be substituted. If this is in fact true, what are possible/common reasons for different effects? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13105" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T05:37:50.957" Title="Dextroamphetamine vs Dextroamphetamine Salt Combo" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18362" CreationDate="2019-01-08T06:05:23.383" Score="2" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say a doctor invites a patient to test a new drug, because there is currently no effective drug to cure the illness. The patient says &quot;I trust that what you are doing is best for my benefit. I'll take it.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to avoid placebo/psychological effect, are they allowed to not fully disclose all side effects that the drug has, even when they know it? For example, they know ahead that the drug will make the patient nausea and body burning, but they just say that it will make them mildly dizzy. Is that ethical? The patient should have been informed all these effects before accepting the experiment – failing to do that breaks the trust they put on the doctor. But if telling their expectations to the side effects can distort the actual results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the case of no treatment is available, but without a treatment the patients only continue to suffer the illness, not die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Related: &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/21303/12937&quot;&gt;Is it ethical to deliberately provide incorrect information to participants in a psychological study?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T14:05:22.183" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T15:04:51.153" Title="Can side effects on test drug be not fully disclosed and still ethical?" Tags="&lt;scientific-method&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;experiment&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="16" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-08T12:14:56.510" Score="0" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it correct to say that heart and brain both are center of intellect ?  Has there been any scientific study done to prove that like Brain, Heart also has intelligence and there are heart-signals just like we have brain-signals ?  What is the current state of our understanding in this regard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a biology student so finding it difficult to find a relevant reference. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your answers and comments.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fVwufEZi2Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fVwufEZi2Y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14501" LastEditorUserId="14501" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T13:05:59.627" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T13:05:59.627" Title="Is there any intelligence in heart?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;iq-intelligence&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2019-01-08T17:22:17.447" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18361" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18360" CreationDate="2019-01-08T12:34:54.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heart&lt;/a&gt; is not a center of intellect, it's a multi-chambered pump made primarily out of muscle. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; however &quot;heart signals&quot;, at least in a sense. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sinoatrial Node&lt;/a&gt; is a specialized group of cells in the heart that produces regular action potentials across the cell membranes in the heart (causing the contractions that pump the blood) but this isn't an intellect or anything like that, just a regular cycle that provides the heart's sinus rhythm (essentially the &quot;default&quot; heart rate), the bodies autonomic nervous system (via the release of different chemicals) can influence the rate of these action potentials to raise or lower heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T12:34:54.300" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18359" CreationDate="2019-01-08T12:43:00.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 2 questions here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is not disclosing potential side effects during a clinical trial ethical?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What does the &quot;informed consent&quot; of a clinical trial say about disclosing side effects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/understanding-informed-consent.aspx/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Understanding Informed Consent&#xA; by CenterWatch&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you have given consent to participate in a clinical trial...you are&#xA;  entitled to the following rights:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;To be told about all the risks, side effects, or discomforts that might be reasonably expected...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you want to know details, such as any documented side effects of a&#xA;  particular drug observed in earlier clinical trials, &lt;em&gt;you must ask&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  for that information...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...which suggests that they might not tell you the exact side effects if you don't specifically ask them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you read a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/InformedConsent-clinicalstudies3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggestion about informed consent by World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;, they say that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Potential participants &lt;em&gt;should be told&lt;/em&gt; if there are any known or&#xA;  anticipated side effects...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it depends whom you ask and what someone believes about what is good and what not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think if in previous trials no deaths or other side effects with permanent consequences or other severe side effects have occurred, it may be acceptable to not disclose them - if the participants are informed that they may occur, they agree with this, they believe it's good that they participate in the trial and they are in peace with this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, as said here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601699/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Informed consent in clinical research: Revisiting few concepts and areas (PubMed, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How much or up to what extent the information should be provided on various aspects of research, such as risks and benefits associated&#xA;  with study intervention, is not clear and is rather a subjective&#xA;  approach depending on the investigator.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, recounting or&#xA;  repetition of possible adverse effects of a study treatment may make&#xA;  that treatment ill-advised when the treatment is not that risky. On&#xA;  the contrary, if a lately appearing adverse effect is not disclosed to&#xA;  the patient, it raises question on the validity of the consent as the&#xA;  information was not provided adequately. Therefore, researchers are&#xA;  recommended to provide the study-related information adequately,&#xA;  judiciously, and truly maintaining &lt;strong&gt;an ethical balance between&#xA;  expected risks and benefits&lt;/strong&gt; of the intervention under investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T12:57:29.197" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T12:57:29.197" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18359" CreationDate="2019-01-08T15:04:51.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least for psychological study, it seem ethical to deliberately lying to the subjects, as long as the research is review through a committee about ethical issues. &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/21303/12937&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In medical study, I think instead of saying affirmatively &quot;we guarantee that there will be no side effect&quot;, they can say &quot;this is a new drug so we don't know much about its side effect, but generally we think there is none&quot;. Plus I think they should say that it should be dizzy, so the subjects expect them to feel bad. The point is to let them expect that uneasy things will come, but not to let them expect the specific problem. This would still help them prepared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T15:04:51.153" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18280" CreationDate="2019-01-08T16:43:00.790" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does not really answer your question regarding where fat cells go when you lose weight as it has been already discussed previously by the previous posts, but I had to share the link to the video on &quot;Where does fat go when you lose it?&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The biochemistry behind it is:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fat + Oxygen -&gt; Carbon Dioxide + Water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;55&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;104&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; + 78O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; -&gt; 55CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 52H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please refer to this video for a very detailed explanation from a Tedx talk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuIlsN32WaE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mathematics of Weight loss&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please refer to this for the article (same author and topic as as the video): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516540/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;When somebody loses weight, where does the fat go?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15443" LastEditorUserId="15443" LastEditDate="2019-01-08T16:55:04.557" LastActivityDate="2019-01-08T16:55:04.557" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18366" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18367" CreationDate="2019-01-09T00:45:08.050" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told this earlier today and a quick search produced the following Reuters report from 2014:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-heart-daylightsaving/daylight-saving-time-linked-to-heart-attacks-study-idUSBREA2S0D420140329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-heart-daylightsaving/daylight-saving-time-linked-to-heart-attacks-study-idUSBREA2S0D420140329&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the first paragraph of the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Switching over to daylight saving time, and losing one hour of sleep, raised the risk of having a heart attack the following Monday by 25 percent, compared to other Mondays during the year, according to a new U.S. study released on Saturday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study was led by &quot;Dr. Amneet Sandhu, a cardiology fellow at the University of Colorado in Denver who led the study.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know how to research something like this and so my question is twofold:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the study credible?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How would I find the original study?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15399" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T01:41:17.457" Title="Is daylight savings linked to heart attacks?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18366" CreationDate="2019-01-09T01:41:17.457" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This connection has been reported by several groups, in credible journals (I left a few references below). The study and news article you are referring to is confirming earlier findings, it is not the first to report this. In the examples I've seen, the studies rely on large datasets, for example, incidences in an entire country, in order to show a significant effect. Despite being significant, the effects are modest; that is, we are talking about fractional increases that would account for a tiny minority of acute MI over an entire year period, but is significantly greater given a current week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of the marginal significance of the effects, they could be overstated due to biases in publishing significant results, but I don't see much reason to be specifically skeptical of these findings versus others. The fact that it is true for both MI and stroke in one dataset is further support it is a real effect, but since the effect is only seen on certain days of the week and those days differ between studies it could still be spurious or smaller than reported. These studies also tend to show the opposite effect on daylight savings time transitions in the other direction, so they don't necessarily support elimination of daylight savings time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find the best resource for finding individual studies reported in the news media is Google Scholar, scholar.google.com - if you search for the author's name, a few key words, and a year if you have it, you can likely find the original work. Some studies may be more difficult to access in full text if you don't have access to a university library, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Janszky, I., &amp;amp; Ljung, R. (2008). Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(18), 1966-1968.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sandhu, A., Seth, M., &amp;amp; Gurm, H. S. (2014). Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction. Open heart, 1(1), e000019.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sipilä, J. O., Rautava, P., &amp;amp; Kytö, V. (2016). Association of daylight saving time transitions with incidence and in-hospital mortality of myocardial infarction in Finland. Annals of medicine, 48(1-2), 10-16.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sipilä, J. O., Ruuskanen, J. O., Rautava, P., &amp;amp; Kytö, V. (2016). Changes in ischemic stroke occurrence following daylight saving time transitions. Sleep medicine, 27, 20-24.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T01:41:17.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-09T05:45:05.027" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are human hormones defined in the body and how are they measured? I understand that blood tests can be used to measure the amount of a hormone in the body, but how do we know which hormone controls what body function. For instance, how can we prove that testosterone controls growth hormones and muscle building.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14717" LastActivityDate="2019-01-10T12:00:42.573" Title="Hormone Definitions and Measurements" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-01-20T09:37:33.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-09T12:44:12.200" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently read this piece:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321125.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is sleeping with socks on good for you?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from &quot;MedicalNewsToday&quot;, and supposedly reviewed by a &quot;PhD, RN&quot;. Having moved into a poorly-insulated apartment, and being generally sensitive to cold in my feet I'm considering this possibility. Now that I've heard a pro-socks spiel - I'd like to ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether any research has been done on the effect of socks on quality of sleep, particularly in colder ambient temperature and/or with people who report feeling cold feet in bed. (If it's anecdotal / local small sample study - please mention that.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can an opposite case be made - against sleeping with socks - based on established medical fact, even if the conclusion is more speculative (like in the link I gave)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS - For the sake of discussion let's ignore the fact there are many kinds of socks one could use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-09T12:48:11.840" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T14:42:17.473" Title="Is going to sleeping with socks beneficial or detrimental?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;feet&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18369" CreationDate="2019-01-09T13:22:56.277" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, some anecdotal evidence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I slept in cold environments (cold room, camping), the feet were usually the first that got cold to the point I was not able to sleep. An obvious solution was wearing socks, which usually helped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opposite is also true. When wearing socks makes me too warm, I may not be able to sleep, so I remove them and it helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm convinced, many people have the exact same experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article linked from the question links to 2 studies about socks and sleep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17070562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: changes with age and insomnia (PubMed, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abstract of this study just says that wearing socks accelerated the sleep onset in adults. They don't even mention any temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/43366&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep (Nature, 1999)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study does not specifically mention socks but claims that vasodilation in the feet (which can be stimulated by wearing socks, btw) accelerates sleep onset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here we show that the degree of dilation of blood vessels in the skin&#xA;  of the hands and feet, which increases heat loss at these extremities,&#xA;  is the best physiological predictor for the rapid onset of sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More studies about how warm feet can help you fall asleep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5921564/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of feet warming using bed socks on sleep quality and thermoregulatory responses in a cool environment (PubMed, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TM-2016-219282.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles (NASA, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-09T14:42:17.473" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T14:42:17.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18329" CreationDate="2019-01-09T15:03:58.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason you &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; want to be a moderate drinker is they're found to have lesser rates of death from heart disease and diabetes, which are dominant causes of death in a developed society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one study I'll be referring to, as it got a lot of press last summer,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31310-2/fulltext#fig5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below, if you’re above 1, that means you have greater risk of heart disease. Below 1, lesser risk. Drinkers have less risk, until they get to 6 (!) drinks per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bRrAW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bRrAW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;heart disease drinkers&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heart disease deaths, up to a point, go &lt;em&gt;down&lt;/em&gt; as people drink more. (Specific chart is for females but same trend happens for males; bottom ticks each represent one standard drink per day.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, you need to live long enough for heart disease or diabetes to potentially kill you in order to get this benefit. If you're in a low income country, alcohol only increases your risk of death:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7AWt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7AWt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;low socioeconomic country alcohol deaths&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5RcBk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5RcBk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;alcohol types of deaths&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're in a rich country though, you get &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt; of benefit from drinking alcohol, practically completely offsetting that initial negative we saw:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YX2cp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YX2cp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;alcohol rich country deaths&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you examine the causes of death above more closely, you'll see ones like violence, cirrhosis, self-harm, etc. One could make an argument these don't apply to our moderate drinker, to where you could get rid of some of those deaths. That is, you're getting less negative and more positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cancer&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heart disease connection is fairly well known. Cancer is not as appreciated. Yes, alcohol can increase the risk of cancer, but it can also decrease the risk!&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SmjoL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SmjoL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cancer alcohol deaths&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/101/5/296/913713#F1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moderate Alcohol Intake and Cancer Incidence in Women&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Pinning down to specific people&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The natural next question is some variety of &quot;why?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People pretty much always go digging for biochemical answers, but as a personal trainer who has talked to many different personalities about alcohol through the years, a (I believe) very under appreciated element of alcohol is the kind of personality who swears it off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, on one extreme, you have the person who is an alcoholic. Any alcohol turns into way too much. Obviously not healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You also have the person who is trying to be too strict about everything in their lives. Where they're inherently neurotic. Not a recipe for longterm health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is research showing drinkers weigh &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; than non-drinkers. Personally, I've found with my clients some of them, if they have a drink after a rough day, that's the end of it. While others, if they don't drink, might eat a tub of ice cream. I've also seen other trainers / nutritionists tell their clients they can't drink at all anymore, only for the clients to be miserable. &quot;Going to my weekly date night with my spouse isn't as enjoyable.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol can mean &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt; to a lot of people's social lives. If swearing it off ends up making you more lonely or isolated, that's not good for the heart. (Seriously. There is literature out there talking about the dangers of loneliness.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With virtually any health question or topic, you're going to be hard pressed to acceptably paint a brush to how people should behave. (No smoking is probably the only one.) If you have a family history of breast cancer maybe you shouldn't drink; if you have one of thyroid, maybe you should?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15453" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T15:03:58.147" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18354" CreationDate="2019-01-09T15:57:13.123" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The possible link between antibiotics and increased allergy and asthma incidence was mentioned at the 2004 annual meeting of American Society for Microbiology &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn5047-antibiotics-linked-to-huge-rise-in-allergies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(New Scientist, 2004)&lt;/a&gt;. They said that increased antibiotic use may change normal intestinal flora; more exactly, it may stimulate yeast overgrowth, which may then alter the immunity, but they didn't say how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782060&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a 2013 systematic review of observational studies&lt;/a&gt;, there was a significant dose-response association, suggesting a 7% increase in the risk of eczema for each additional antibiotic course received during the first year of life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-016-0148-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a 2016 case-control study by South Carolina University&lt;/a&gt;, using data from 2007 to 2009, the use of systemic antibiotics in 1504 infants was associated by increased risk (ratio: 1.21-1.64) of food allergies later in life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2676167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a cohort study published in JAMA Pediatrics in 2018&lt;/a&gt;, the use of antibiotics in 131708 children in their first 6 months of life was associated with an increase (ratio: 1.14-2.09) in allergies (asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, allergic conjunctivitis) later in life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mentioned studies were not randomized controlled clinical trials, so the question how solid this evidence is still remains unanswered. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-12T17:22:04.600" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T17:22:04.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-09T20:26:31.640" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once upon a time I had an great idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead of checking if my bones were broken or not for a price. I would make it totally free by putting my arms in a scanner used in a building and show the photos to an doctor friend thus make the X ray check free.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I have heard medical ones are lot more accurate and ones used in the airports aren't high resolution enough for an medical examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's been years since my teenage self thought about it and I am here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some simple research. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/pdf/safety-xray.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZzaKEx-LfAhVRqIsKHevlAkgQFjABegQIAxAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw36nnO48ctxKBYgivfCNxeh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An X-Ray ay scan for arm and fingers take 0.001 mSv&lt;/a&gt; while &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2003-0206-3067.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an luggage scanner gives 0.04 mSv&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have much information whetever the scanners used in the airports are different from the ones used in a hospital thus that's all the information I know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastEditorUserId="11912" LastEditDate="2019-01-10T06:20:43.067" LastActivityDate="2019-01-10T22:12:36.243" Title="What makes an airport luggage scanner different from an X-ray scanner used in a hospital" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="16" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18374" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18283" CreationDate="2019-01-09T20:36:30.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, tourniquets are used to creating pressure like you said. But stopping bleedings is not only function of tourniquets. Medical professionals use it also to finding a vessel for taking some blood; because when it is tied to your arm, it will squeeze your vessels in that area. So, the pressure in vessels which front of the tourniquet will be increased; and than that pressure will cause that dilatation of those vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this way, those vessels will be getting more visible from your arm surface. Then medical professionals find easily a vessel in order to taking some blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15456" LastActivityDate="2019-01-09T20:36:30.450" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-10T10:32:40.863" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many sources that indicate that people are healthier and live longer than people 100 years ago. I have also seen studies that show IQs are higher by something like a standard deviation than those of our recent ancestors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter is called the Flynn Effect and I think a major cause is supposed to be improved nutrition which sounds plausible to me. Air pollution being significantly less (elimination of leaded gasoline) has also been mentioned. But what I wonder is, how reasonable is it to attribute the differences to the prevalence of fireplaces and gas flames being used by people prior to modern heating and lighting? Is it possible that literally millions of people had chronic, low-level carbon monoxide poisoning, not to mention the effects of particulate matter that they were inhaling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: And in the present, in the developing world, people might also be affected by the same thing. A reason to try to get the benefits of reliable electricity to more of our fellow humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="14932" LastEditDate="2019-01-12T01:24:13.450" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T01:24:13.450" Title="The effects of heating and lighting using open flames on brain health?" Tags="&lt;brain-damage&gt;&lt;carbon-monoxide-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18379" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18384" CreationDate="2019-01-10T11:48:54.793" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin tags, formally known as acrochordons, are small pieces of flesh that protrude from your skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’ll know it’s different from a wart or mole because of its pedestal base. Warts are flat on top and go deeper into the skin, but a little ball of skin dangling from the surface is a skin tag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prevalence of skin tags seems to increase with age (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000249169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Banik &amp;amp; Lubach, 1987&lt;/a&gt;) and it has been reported that they are markers for colonic polyps (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-928&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leavitt, et al. 1983&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the causes of skin tags, how are they formed and can you prevent them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banik, R., &amp;amp; Lubach, D. (1987). Skin tags: localization and frequencies according to sex and age. &lt;em&gt;Dermatology, 174&lt;/em&gt;(4), 180-183. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000249169&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1159/000249169&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3582706&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;3582706&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Leavitt, J., Klein, I., Kendricks, F., Gavaler, J., &amp;amp; VanThiel, D. H. (1983). Skin tags: a cutaneous marker for colonic polyps. &lt;em&gt;Annals of internal medicine, 98&lt;/em&gt;(6), 928-930. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-928&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-928&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6859706&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;6859706&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T08:23:05.800" Title="Can you prevent skin tags?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18379" CreationDate="2019-01-10T16:54:35.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CAUSES and RISK FACTORS&lt;/strong&gt; of skin tags&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, the exact cause and therefore prevention of skin tags is not known (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;). In some cases, skin tags could be associated with the following conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin aging and skin irritation due to obesity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes type 2, especially if accompanied with metabolic syndrome (obesity, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991940/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2014&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Human papillomavirus infection - a sexually transmitted disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crohn's disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783618/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acromegaly or gigantism - increased growth due to increased levels of the growth hormone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16828406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2006&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genetic predisposition, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Nonne-Milroy-Meiges syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477464/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SKIN TAGS AS MARKERS OF COLONIC POLYPS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies and reviews that have found &lt;em&gt;no association&lt;/em&gt; between skin tags and colonic polyps: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8410406&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1993&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754216&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1989&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783618/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some small studies have found &lt;em&gt;some association&lt;/em&gt; between skin tags and colonic polyps: &lt;a href=&quot;http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/696614/skin-tags-cutaneous-marker-colonic-polyps?doi=10.7326%2F0003-4819-98-6-928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine, 1983&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3722480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1986&lt;/a&gt;. The association may be coincidental, since the prevalence of skin tags can be as high as 46% (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PREVENTION&lt;/strong&gt; of skin tags can include losing weight (if necessary), avoiding skin irritation, avoiding sexually transmitted diseases and treating eventual underlying disorders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin tags do not likely develop into skin cancers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448169/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stat Pearls&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A dermatologist can &lt;strong&gt;REMOVE&lt;/strong&gt; skin tags if necessary; the growths usually do not recur (&lt;a href=&quot;https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/13999/ProceduresSkinTagRemoval.pdf?sequence=1&amp;amp;isAllowed=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Missouri&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/skin-tag/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pictures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-12T08:23:05.800" LastActivityDate="2019-01-12T08:23:05.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18379" CreationDate="2019-01-11T00:50:05.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding to @Jan's answer, to answer the part of the question regarding how skin tags are formed, I have found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aocd.org/page/SkinTags&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to the American Orthopaedic College of Dermatology (AOCD)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;the actual cause of acrochordons is unknown, as it is not actually known how they are formed&lt;/strong&gt;. There are &lt;strong&gt;several theories&lt;/strong&gt; however:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritation or friction to the skin, caused by skin rubbing on skin may play a role in their formation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes causing skin tags is thought to be through insulin resistance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was present in a high percentage of growths in a study of 49 patients with skin tags, suggesting the virus plays a role in development.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is also possible that skin tags are genetic or simply due to normal aging and loss of skin elasticity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly the AOCD also mentions that a rare genetic disorder called Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) Syndrome is characterised by numerous skin tags along with other symptoms, however looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/birt-hogg-dube-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the National Organisation for Rare Disorders (NORD) webpage for BHD syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, these &quot;skin tags&quot; are known as &lt;em&gt;fibrofolliculomas&lt;/em&gt; and appear to be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The skin papules known as fibrofolliculomas that are associated with BHD syndrome commonly occur on the scalp, face and neck, but can also be found on the ear lobes and in the oral mucosa. They are generally 2-3mm in size, dome shaped, flesh-colored and are not associated with any pain or discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going by the theories mentioned by the AOCD, if skin tags are caused by skin friction, or aging and loss of skin elasticity, maintaining a healthy weight can reduce the numbers as there will be less skin folds to cause skin rubbing, but otherwise, there may be nothing really that can be done to prevent skin tags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-01-11T01:07:19.147" LastActivityDate="2019-01-11T01:07:19.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-11T15:26:56.657" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I remember, when I caught a fever in my childhood, my dad and mom often put a frozen towel in front of my forehead when I was sleeping, in addition to regular treats like hot water and proper medicine. This doesn't seem to be an isolated case, but a rather prevalent method instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I learned correctly, fever is a body temperature that's higher than normal (&amp;gt; 37.5°C). The body raises its temperature as a defensive method against invading micro-creatures like bacteria and fungi. I doubt a bit whether cooling forcefully in this way really helps because it doesn't appear that logical, even if intuitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12466" LastActivityDate="2019-01-11T15:26:56.657" Title="How does cooling physically on the forehead help ease fever?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18392" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18401" CreationDate="2019-01-11T16:37:56.613" Score="2" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Meniere's disease and Meniere's syndrome? Is there any difference between the symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15467" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:32:09.203" Title="What is the difference between Meniere's disease and Meniere's syndrome?" Tags="&lt;menieres-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-12T09:49:38.223" Score="8" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people with food allergies are allergic to one or few foods, but allergies to more than three foods are relatively rare (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071637/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2010&lt;/a&gt;). In some people who are allergic to several foods, an underlying condition is discovered, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Atopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: Are there other known &lt;em&gt;conditions&lt;/em&gt; that are associated with food allergies and are there any known &lt;em&gt;triggers&lt;/em&gt; that trigger their onset?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put the questions in the context: Does it make sense for someone with (multiple) food allergies to undergo investigations to find an eventual underlying disorder or trigger? Because, sometimes, treatment with desensitization  may be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The focus of the question is not on &quot;multiple,&quot; but I was thinking it is more likely that multiple allergies have known underlying causes. So, I'm looking for a list of &quot;underlying conditions,&quot; &quot;related conditions,&quot; &quot;risk factors&quot; and &quot;triggers&quot; of food allergies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-17T18:41:26.253" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T07:41:22.230" Title="Which conditions are associated with (multiple) food allergies?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18397" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18398" CreationDate="2019-01-12T10:37:20.267" Score="2" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to talk a friend out of starting on a new cleanse / diet fad, which consists of some products with &quot;concentrated amino acids&quot; and some sugars and fats, and very little else. Apparently, the idea is that the body can produce whatever it needs from just amino acids and sugars/fats, and thus avoid &quot;toxins&quot;. I convinced her to at least take vitamin and fiber supplements, but beyond that, she swears that this diet has all her body needs. Does it? If no, what consequences can this fad have for her health and why, so I can talk her out of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9159" LastActivityDate="2019-01-14T07:52:10.237" Title="What nutritional flaws are there in an amino-diet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18397" CreationDate="2019-01-12T11:13:00.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The appropriate diet must contain at least all &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient#Essential_nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;essential nutrients&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;9 amino acids: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine, valine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2 fatty acids (alpha linolenic and linoleic acid)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, folic acid, biotin, B12, choline, C, D, E and K&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minerals: calcium, chromium, chloride, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, zinc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/5Summary%20TableTables%2014.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nationalacademies.org&lt;/a&gt; has tables of estimated average requirements for most nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The absence of essential nutrients, especially vitamin B1 and C, iron, potassium and zinc, can lead to nutrient deficiencies within a few months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdedge.com/ccjm/article/114635/dermatology/skin-findings-associated-nutritional-deficiencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MDEdge&lt;/a&gt;). Symptoms may include fatigue, mental changes, brittle nails, dermatitis, gum bleeding, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiber is not an essential nutrient, but can greatly contribute to bowel regularity and can have other health benefits, such as lower blood glucose peaks after meals and better intestinal health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of conventional dietary guides, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015&lt;/a&gt;, will tell you it is better to eat natural foods than supplements and extracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., it is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that dis/approves foods on the basis of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/chemicalcontaminantsmetalsnaturaltoxinspesticides/ucm077969.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toxin content&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people believe that, apart from proven toxins, certain substances or foods are not good for them, based on how they feel after eating that food, for example. This may be an appropriate position, which can be judged by the presence or absence of peace in a given person, and may not be dis/proven by studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who claims that certain foods contain toxins needs to provide some reliable evidence about their harmful effects to be convincing. But then, it's all about what and whom someone believes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-14T07:52:10.237" LastActivityDate="2019-01-14T07:52:10.237" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18392" CreationDate="2019-01-12T21:51:30.650" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Meniere's disease and Meniere's&#xA;syndrome? Is there any difference between the symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Merriam-Webster defines &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disease&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 : a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its&#xA;parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by&#xA;distinguishing signs and symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it defines &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Syndrome&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 : a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize&#xA;a particular abnormality or condition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 : a set of concurrent things (such as emotions or actions) that&#xA;usually form an identifiable pattern&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To expand upon the basic framework supplied by the dictionary, &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1159069-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medscape.com&lt;/a&gt; clarifies matters:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ménière disease is endolymphatic hydrops of unknown etiology (ie,&#xA;idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops). [&lt;strong&gt;Making it the primary condition.&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ménière syndrome is endolymphatic hydrops caused by a specific&#xA;condition. [&lt;strong&gt;ie. by any of a number of known primary causes, making the syndrome secondary as such.&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...both of which are both believed [&lt;strong&gt;sic&lt;/strong&gt;] to result from increased pressure&#xA;within the endolymphatic system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Ménière disease is idiopathic by definition, whereas Ménière&#xA;syndrome can occur secondary to various processes interfering with&#xA;normal production or resorption of endolymph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[&lt;em&gt;Words in bold - mine.&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the focus of close attention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the growing understanding of the pathophysiology and disease&#xA;processes involved with Ménière disease a re-evaluation and possible&#xA;redefinition of this condition are well underway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited: By suggestion of Jan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-14T19:08:51.070" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18402" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18467" CreationDate="2019-01-12T22:24:17.497" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;What percentage of people are naturally immune to the chicken pox virus? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-01-29T14:37:10.197" LastActivityDate="2019-01-29T14:37:10.197" Title="How many people are naturally immune to the chicken pox virus?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-13T15:41:57.857" Score="2" ViewCount="2266" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2007/2007-05/2007-05-6473&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacy Times&lt;/a&gt; doesn't distinguish them. &lt;a href=&quot;https://familydoctor.org/antiemetic-medicines-otc-relief-for-nausea-and-vomiting/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;familydoctor.org&lt;/a&gt; (sponsored by American Academy of Family Physicians) states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bismuth subsalicylate&lt;/strong&gt; (2 brand names: Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol). It may help treat some types of nausea and vomiting, such as from gastroenteritis (stomach flu). It’s also used for upset stomach and as an antidiarrheal (medicine to treat diarrhea).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://familydoctor.org/antihistamines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antihistamines&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Certain types may help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness. These include dimenhydrinate (brand name: Dramamine) and meclizine hydrochloride (brand name: Dramamine Less Drowsy).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The quote overhead includes more symptoms for Bismuth subsalicylate (which I've colored in grey)  than Antihistamines. So does Bismuth subsalicylate help with more symptoms than Antihistamines?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does Bismuth subsalicylate cover broader types of nausea and vomiting? For antihistamines, the quote overhead appears to qualify &quot;nausea and vomiting&quot;  to &quot;nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How else do these two differ? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2019-01-13T15:48:04.523" LastActivityDate="2019-01-19T09:16:02.067" Title="Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) vs. Dimenhydrate (Gravol)" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18414" CreationDate="2019-01-13T19:16:18.900" Score="3" ViewCount="143" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am searching for a quality self diagnostics expert system similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.easydiagnosis.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.easydiagnosis.com&lt;/a&gt; (seams quite good) .  Are there other avaliable for free ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15479" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T09:10:55.173" Title="Self diagnosis expert system similar to easydiagnosis.com" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;self-help&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18407" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-13T21:13:23.120" Score="4" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw an article on the web comparing the effectiveness of PAs and MDs with regard to minor ailments, with the result that for minor ailments, MDs were no better than PAs. I've tried finding this article again, but have not been able to do so. Can anyone else provide a link to a similar study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15480" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-06-16T15:08:39.847" LastActivityDate="2019-06-16T15:08:39.847" Title="What reference compares effectiveness of treatment by PA (Physician's Assistant) vs MD (Doctor of Medicine) providers for minor ailments?" Tags="&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-13T22:38:32.327" Score="0" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects or reduced efficiency  of  long term use of st Johns wort?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;For over counter antidepressants is it better to switch every few months or so? and if so to what?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mostly went with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrYc0-NSZZg&amp;amp;t=169s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6 Supplements that might actually help you (SciShow on YouTube)&lt;/a&gt;  googled some stuff &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/natural-remedies-for-depression/faq-20058026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/natural-remedies-for-depression/faq-20058026&lt;/a&gt; is this reliable?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14930" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-01-18T10:40:48.837" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T13:24:47.343" Title="Long term use of St Johns wort" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18409" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-13T23:49:30.517" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine someone wants to go to sleep at midnight and wake up at 7.30 am, so that they get an ideal five sleep cycles (7 1/2 hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First scenario: they go to bed at 11.30 and fall asleep within 15 mins, so they get 7 hours 45 minutes of sleep. Their alarm will probably wake them up at the beginning of a new sleep cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second scenario: they go to bed at 11.30 but can't sleep, and toss and turn for 45 mins, so they get about 7 hours and 15 minutes of sleep. Their alarm probably went off towards the end of their last sleep cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is: which scenario could be more detrimental to one's health in the long term? Would it impact your sleep health more to wake up at the beginning of a new sleep cycle, or towards the end of the last one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15481" LastEditorUserId="15481" LastEditDate="2019-01-14T09:12:06.827" LastActivityDate="2019-01-21T06:31:33.830" Title="Which impacts one's sleep more - waking up towards the beginning of a sleep cycle, or the end?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18413" CreationDate="2019-01-14T04:44:15.280" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your family doctor obviously learned how to diagnose various illnesses, such as the flu, skin conditions (rashes, burns, etc.), etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering what textbooks they studied in medical school to learn this? In other words, is there specific textbook(s) that teach you how to diagnose illnesses? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the textbook &lt;em&gt;Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment&lt;/em&gt;, 2018 is the type of thing I'm looking for. It lists various illnesses and has brief descriptions. Is there something more suited for my interests, or is this as good as it gets? I would like something with more detail (detailed symptoms, etc.), including images, if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15483" LastEditorUserId="15483" LastEditDate="2019-01-14T05:38:25.740" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:57:19.103" Title="What textbooks do medical students read to learn how to diagnose illnesses?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-14T07:00:55.387" Score="0" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason lean meats are easier to digest besides them having low fat? For example are the fibers that make up the tissues easier to break down in any way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastActivityDate="2019-01-16T08:47:19.183" Title="Is there any reason lean meats are easier to digest besides them having low fat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-01-23T20:06:33.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18411" CreationDate="2019-01-14T07:20:31.687" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no specific book that will &lt;em&gt;teach&lt;/em&gt; you how to diagnose illnesses. First of all, medicine is an extremely large and complex science, consisting of different specialties, and every one of them has its own large spectrum of knowledge to study (eg. your question - skin conditions are subject of dermatology, flu - infectious diseases etc.). Doctors go through the basics in all fields during their ~6 years studies, and later become specialists only in a particular branch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, just knowing the symptoms of a disease won't qualify you for diagnosing. It's a complex process, that involves a set of special skills, such as knowing how to examine a patient, understanding imaging/lab, and so on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here comes an important note: most of what I described is not only &lt;em&gt;taught&lt;/em&gt; on a basis of medical literature, but also &lt;em&gt;by&lt;/em&gt; a mentor who not only is a good specialist themselves, but also knows how to make other people capable of using all this knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least, the comment regarding background knowledge is also completely true and is to be taken into account.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said all that, I assume that your goal is to get a peek inside how diagnosis works, in this case i'd recommend some &quot;Introduction to...&quot; textbooks for different medical specialties, they might be a bit challenging to understand without required theoretical background (eg. histology, physiology etc.) but will give a nice overview of what do those specialties work with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="15382" LastEditDate="2019-01-14T10:48:35.143" LastActivityDate="2019-01-14T10:48:35.143" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18406" CreationDate="2019-01-14T13:39:58.243" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few free symptom checkers available online, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.symptify.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Symptify&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://symptoms.webmd.com/#/info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptom-checker/select-symptom/itt-20009075&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/symptom-checker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient.info&lt;/a&gt; (based on Isabel symptom checker)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can type in symptoms or choose them from the lists of 50-90 symptoms or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tools can be useful if your symptom combinations are typical for a certain disease. They can greatly narrow down the possible causes and, on the other hand, remind you of the causes you didn't think of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pretty much only benefit of these tools is that they may help you judge if you have a serious disease that may need to be treated by a doctor or you can let it heal on its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downsides include, for example, inability to guess the exact type of infection and getting misleading results when your symptom combinations are not typical, like, say, in pneumonia without fever. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-15T09:10:55.173" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T09:10:55.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-14T14:40:29.450" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FLUENTAL® moderator/shifter appears often in the literature surrounding BNCT therapy. Google offers no search results with useful information on how it was made and whom by. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15485" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T10:25:24.190" Title="Information on the FLUENTAL ® moderator/ shifter. How and who made it?" Tags="&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;nuclear-radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18415" CreationDate="2019-01-15T00:34:15.623" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/international/fluental.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fluental&lt;/a&gt; is a drug sold in Italy. It's a combination of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/international/sobrerol.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sobrelol&lt;/a&gt;, which is a mucolytic. Basically, it's a cold remedy. It is manufactured by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sanofi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sanofi&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T00:34:15.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18415" CreationDate="2019-01-15T10:25:24.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;After looking (without result!) at loads of pages returned from a Bing search for BNCT, I hit upon searching for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bing.com/search?q=%20FLUENTAL%20moderator&amp;amp;qs=n&amp;amp;form=QBRE&amp;amp;sp=-1&amp;amp;pq=fluental%20moderator&amp;amp;sc=0-18&amp;amp;sk=&amp;amp;cvid=AE6A53394FB447BBB8053908D0688FEC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FLUENTAL moderator&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first reference I looked at was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/20061026_nuc_green_1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use of TEPCs for characterising BNCT Beams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but there is no reference to the manufacturer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the opening chapter of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2014/T156.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chemical aspects on the final disposal of irradiated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;reads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at VTT utilized the FiR 1 TRIGA reactor as a source for the neutron beam. The fast fission neutrons from the reactor needed to be slowed down to the epithermal energy range (0.5 eV–10 keV) prior to reaching the patient. The epithermal neutrons were produced in a block of FLUENTAL™ set between the the reactor and the patient. &lt;strong&gt;FLUENTAL™ is a patented material that has been developed and produced by VTT (Auterinen &amp;amp; Salmenhaara 2008, Savolainen et al. 2013)&lt;/strong&gt;. The composition of FLUENTAL™ is AlF3 (69 w-%), metallic aluminium (30 w-%) and LiF (1 w-%). The manufacturing process is based on a hot isostatic pressing technique, which results in a FLUENTAL™ product consisting of solid blocks with a density of 3 000 kg/m3. The decommissioning of the FiR 1 reactor leaves VTT with two options; to sell it abroad or to dispose of it together with the other decommissioning waste. At present, both options are considered and the final decision will be made at a later stage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T10:25:24.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18412" CreationDate="2019-01-15T14:15:20.223" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lean meats have less fat than fatty meats, so, yes, they are easier to digest; I'm not aware of any other thing that would make lean meat easier to digest. But this alone does not tell anything about health benefits of lean meat. For example, foods high in complex carbohydrates, which also contain dietary fiber (undigestible carbohydrates) are harder to digest than simple carbohydrates, like sugar, but are considered more beneficial for health (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kumc.edu/Documents/cray/Glycemic%20Index.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kumc.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Fiber&quot; in meat is different than fiber in plant foods and refers to connective tissue, which is made mainly of collagen, which is a protein, which is harder to digest than the protein from muscle (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073484/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). But it is not collagen fiber that makes meat lean; collagen fiber can be present in both lean and fatty meats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-16T08:47:19.183" LastActivityDate="2019-01-16T08:47:19.183" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18407" CreationDate="2019-01-15T17:06:36.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hprac.org/en/projects/resources/LiteratureReview_PhysicianAssistants.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physician Assistants:&lt;/strong&gt; A Literature Review (Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council - HPRAC, 2011&#xA;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review mentions several studies about the effectiveness of physician assistants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903046/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF &lt;strong&gt;PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS&lt;/strong&gt; IN PRIMARY CARE SYSTEMS (PubMed, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contemporary studies suggest that PAs can contribute to the successful&#xA;  attainment of primary care functions, particularly the provision of&#xA;  comprehensive care, accessibility, and accountability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/320/7241/1038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nurse&lt;/strong&gt; management of patients with minor illnesses in general practice: multicentre, randomised controlled trial (BMJ, 2000)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients were very satisfied with both nurses and doctors, but they&#xA;  were significantly more satisfied with their consultations with nurses&#xA;  (mean (SD) score of satisfaction 78.6 (16.0) of 100 points for nurses&#xA;  v 76.4 (17.8) for doctors...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.&lt;/strong&gt; Another one from BMJ, 1995: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2549167/pdf/bmj00585-0032.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Establishing a minor illness &lt;strong&gt;nurse&lt;/strong&gt; in a busy general practice&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The nurse managed 86% of patients without contact with the doctor; half required a prescription signing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Half of patients required only advice on self care, and 79% did not reconsult&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Practice nurses could successfully manage many patients requesting same day appointments with their general practitioner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Of 696 consultations in six months, 602 (86%) required no doctor contact. 549 (79%) patients did not reconsult about the episode of&#xA;  illness, and 343 (50%) patients were given advice on self care only.&#xA;  Trained nurses could diagnose and treat a large proportion of patients&#xA;  currently consulting general practitioners about minor illness&#xA;  provided that the nurse has immediate access to a doctor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-15T18:05:06.233" LastActivityDate="2019-01-15T18:05:06.233" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18502" CreationDate="2019-01-15T18:58:39.197" Score="6" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folinic_acid&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folinic acid&lt;/a&gt; is used to counteract methotrexate toxicity in cancer patients. But why exactly doesn't it counteract methotrexate's therapeutic effects? Why doesn't this &quot;leucovorin rescue&quot; make tumors grow? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.d.umn.edu/~jfitzake/Lectures/DMED/FolateB12/FolateB12Transport.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;explanation&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;because the cancer cells have decreased function of the Reduced folate carrier, LEUCOVORIN can be used to rescue the normal cells following administration of the extremely high doses of methotrexate needed to kill the resistant cancer/bacterial cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, folinic acid gets more into healthy cells, which have RFC on them, while it does not get as much into cancerous cells, which have less RFC on them, according to this webpage. Subsequently, cancerous cells die off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not manage to find a corroboration of this explanation in Google Books or in scientific reviews though. Is this explanation correct and up-to-date? If so, I would be grateful for references. If not, I would be interested to know the current state of understanding of this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I was reading about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_folate_deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cerebral folate deficiency&lt;/a&gt; and decided to investigate the mechanisms of folate metabolism and treatment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-01-16T09:21:52.143" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T16:33:15.670" Title="How does the &quot;leucovorin rescue&quot; work exactly? Why doesn't it make cancerous tumours grow?" Tags="&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18428" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18396" CreationDate="2019-01-16T14:35:22.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;/strong&gt; Some individuals with pollen allergy experience mouth itching and swelling after eating certain &lt;em&gt;raw&lt;/em&gt; fruits, vegetables and tree nuts. The condition is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://acaai.org/allergies/types/food-allergies/types-food-allergy/oral-allergy-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;oral allergy syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;pollen-food syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. A certain food allergy as such&lt;/strong&gt; may increase intestinal permeability &lt;strong&gt;(leaky gut syndrome)&lt;/strong&gt; and allow additional allergens to enter the blood, which can result in multiple food allergies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880015/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2006&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5288588/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;/strong&gt; The use of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/18354/is-there-solid-evidence-that-antibiotics-cause-allergies&quot;&gt;antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; in infancy can increase the risk of food allergies later in life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751572/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orofacial granulomatosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (which may or may not be associated with Crohn's disease) increases the risk for food allergies. A cinnamon- and benzoate-free diet can help (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775496/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2006&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5.&lt;/strong&gt; Children with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4696370/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; are at increased risk for food allergies. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230978/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; has found an association between inflammatory bowel disease and food allergies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292078/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Infections&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;stress&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; may increase intestinal permeability and thus induce food allergies in susceptible individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7.&lt;/strong&gt; Due to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482820/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cross-reactivity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, certain non-food allergens can trigger food allergies: &lt;em&gt;Alternaria&lt;/em&gt; (a common mold)-spinach syndrome, dust mite-shrimp syndrome, cat-pork syndrome and bird-egg syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidswithfoodallergies.org/page/food-protein-induced-enterocolitis-syndrome-fpies.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)&lt;/a&gt; can develop in infants after introducing solid foods and can present with multiple food allergies, which, unlike traditional IgE-mediated allergies, do not cause itching, hives, swelling, coughing or wheezing, but &quot;only&quot; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-18T07:41:22.230" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T07:41:22.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18396" CreationDate="2019-01-17T03:59:37.770" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Experts believe having eczema increases the risk a child may develop food allergies and other allergic conditions later in life.&#xA;About one-third of children with moderate to severe eczema have diagnosed food allergies. Likewise, about 30 to 40 percent of all people with eczema also have one or more food allergies.&#xA;According to a recent study, young children with food allergies are more than twice as likely to develop asthma or rhinitis before age 5, compared to those without food allergies. The risk for respiratory allergies is higher in children who are allergic to milk, egg or peanut. This is also true for children with multiple food allergies (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaaai.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aaaai.org/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic respiratory symptoms are not thought to be caused by food allergies. When respiratory symptoms occur during allergic reactions to foods, they occur suddenly and usually are not the only symptom. Instead, they appear alongside other symptoms affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract and other parts of the body (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaaai.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aaaai.org/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with both asthma and food allergies are at higher risk of experiencing life-threatening anaphylaxis during a food allergy reaction. Research has similarly shown that having a food allergy is linked to having worse asthma symptoms and more hospitalizations from asthma.&#xA;Igg is the immune response to pathogens like bacteria, viruses,  and fungi. It is not the type of response typical to allergens.&#xA;In an Allergic March the typical sequence is patients develop allergic diseases; starting first with eczema, then followed by food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaaai.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aka hay fever&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;I believe it is worthy to both look for an underlying cause and attempt desensitization. There may be an underlying condition that is linked to the food allergies.  Yet,  desensitization may also work and alleviate some of the person's suffering. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15491" LastEditorUserId="15491" LastEditDate="2019-01-17T04:04:47.810" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:04:47.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18407" CreationDate="2019-01-17T04:20:59.900" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physician assistantsundergo intensive medical training and provide many of the same services as doctors. ... “Like physicians, the exact duties of the PA depend on the type of medical setting in which they work and their level of experience, specialty and the state laws where they practice.&#xA;That being said...&#xA;Physician assistants undergo intensive medical training and provide many of the same services as doctors (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/slideshows/10-reasons-to-see-a-physician-assistant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/slideshows/10-reasons-to-see-a-physician-assistant&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;If you need a scholarly link Google scholar narrows down your search more efficiently and accurately,  than most scholarly data bases. Then again Cochrane provides meta-analysis, the highest level of research.  Be prepared no matter what data base you utilize to search through the articles provided before finding anything remotely related to the key words you used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15491" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:20:59.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18392" CreationDate="2019-01-17T04:32:09.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically the disease is the ailment  Currently, the etiology (cause or underlying pathophysiology) of that ailment is still being researched and defined.  But the disease is not a symptom of another disease process. &#xA;The syndrome is exactly that.  A person has a disease with symptoms that are the same as the disease or highly similar,  but the cause of those symptoms are actually another disease process. &#xA;I wasn't trying to be condescending.  I just feel like I tried to explain in the simplest terms which made it a long and convoluted explanation. &#xA;Do you understand?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15491" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:32:09.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18411" CreationDate="2019-01-17T04:42:06.573" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had to study pathophysiology.  My textbook was called something like advanced pathophysiology. However,  I learned a lot about neuropsychiatric conditions by studying a book titled something like pharmacological approaches for the treatment of neuropsychological diseases.  I think! Very close if not right on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What it is in layman's terms and probably in medical school texts,  is psych pharm. Or psychiatric pharmacology.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pathophysiology of disease is great for all types of knowledge and psych pharm is very in depth.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many physicians,  ARNPs, and PAs, learn by internship or clinical practice while in school.  This cemented book knowledge together with real life presentations with expert guidance. &#xA;Hope that helped. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me add the site that provided my online text for my psych pharm class.  This text has pathopsysiological texts,  pharmacology texts as well as prescribing information. It had some interactive case studies.  It is wonderful.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://stahlonline.cambridge.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://stahlonline.cambridge.org/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Perhaps Cambridge University has similar texts that are strictly medical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15491" LastEditorUserId="15491" LastEditDate="2019-01-17T04:57:19.103" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T04:57:19.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18435" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4593" CreationDate="2019-01-17T16:57:11.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There would be a lot of factors involved in this question; The rate of digestion, the rate absorption of GI tract, the rate of transfer from splanchnic circulation to the liver and other organs and the rate of metabolism of an individual in including different rates of different enzymes. But since OP is asking for &quot;calorie to fat&quot; we will limit it from glucose(since calorie is already a unit of energy)to fatty acids and Triglycerides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During well-fed state or post-absorptive state, the body starts to&#xA;  either convert glucose into ATP/energy via glycolysis and citric acid&#xA;  cycle, into glycogen in liver or muscle or into fatty acids in the liver,&#xA;  kidney, adipose tissue etc.-excerpt from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(NCBI)Food Intake and Starvation Induce Metabolic Changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Let's start with the steps of conversion from glucose to fatty acids&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/442fo.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/442fo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;metabolism&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first step is &lt;strong&gt;Glycolysis&lt;/strong&gt; - red circle. The second step is the &lt;strong&gt;Citric acid cycle&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;Kreb's cycle&lt;/strong&gt; - green circle. The third step is &lt;strong&gt;Lipogenesis&lt;/strong&gt; - blue circle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cell cytosol&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22593/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Pyruvate is converted to several substrates including citrate which is essential in lipogenesis in the cell mitochondria&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22427/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglycerides, lipogenesis encompasses both the process of fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride synthesis, where fatty acids are esterified to glycerol&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Rates of conversion&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...ratios and rates varies widely depending on the nutritional status...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206300/?page=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-Citrate and the conversion of carbohydrate into fat. A comparison of citrate and acetate incorporation into fatty acids&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...high fat diet abolishes lipogenesis...&#xA;  The rate of lipogenesis from available carbohydrates seems to be regulated not only by the carbohydrate content of the diet; glucose utilization increases as the carbohydrate&#xA;  content increases or the fat content decreases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbc.org/content/214/1/483.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-DIETARY EFFECTS ON LIPOGENESIS IN ADIPOSE TISSUE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the glycogen stores are saturated, massive intakes of carbohydrate are disposed of by high carbohydrate-oxidation rates and substantial &lt;strong&gt;de novo lipid synthesis (150 g lipid/day using approximately 475 g carbs/day)&lt;/strong&gt; without postabsorptive hyperglycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Glycogen storage capacity in man is approximately 15 g/kg body weight and can accommodate a gain of approximately 500 g before net lipid synthesis contributes to increasing body fat mass. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/48/2/240/4694971&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on several variables, nutrition, rate of metabolism of an individual, lifestyle and activity etc, but mainly the &lt;em&gt;short term storage' glycogen stores' saturation&lt;/em&gt;. So as long as the glycogen stores are saturated, the body will start lipogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;150 grams of fat per day from 475 grams of glucose/carbs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;or 3.17 grams of glucose/carbs to produce 1 gram of fat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*when glycogen stores are saturated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;more details on &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/48/2/240/4694971&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.S.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Some biochemistry textbooks say that 1 molecule of glucose yields between 36-38 ATPs. However, the amount of energy as ATP revolves around these numbers. According to Guyton, 1 ATP has ~12,000 calories (12 kcals). Thus 38 ATPs would have 456,000 calories or 456 kcals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*de novo synthesis, meaning &quot;new&quot;, from glucose to fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T16:57:11.077" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18437" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1629" CreationDate="2019-01-17T18:29:46.263" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;What is anodized aluminum?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the&#xA;  thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.&#xA;  - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's a layer of aluminum oxide. But since pure aluminum is soft, your watch would most likely be made of an alloy. Some of the most common metal added to aluminum alloys are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Si, Fe, Cu,  Mn, Mg, Cr, Zn, V,  Ti, Bi, Ga, Pb, and Zr&lt;/a&gt;. But since the concentrations of these metals are minuscule, we won't account for their presence in the alloy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Absorbability?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aluminum oral intake from dietary sources is usually greater than aluminum absorbed in the skin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...about 2.5% of the aluminum typically absorbed by the gut from food over the same time period.&#xA;  - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11267710&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A preliminary study of the dermal absorption of aluminum from antiperspirants using aluminium-26.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Topical Toxicity?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ALUMINIUM OXIDE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Used as a component of paints and varnishes and in the manufacture of&#xA;alloys, ceramics, glass, electrical insulators and resistors.&#xA;&#xA;**Toxicity**&#xA;&#xA;Significant toxicity has been reported only following **chronic occupational inhalation**.&#xA;&#xA;Topical - Aluminium contact sensitivity has been described but is extremely rare&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inchem.org/documents/ukpids/ukpids/ukpid33.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;InChem - Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Inhalational and Oral Toxicity?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aluminium bioavailability from occupational inhalation exposure is ~&#xA;  2% whereas oral aluminium bioavailability from water has been reported&#xA;  to be 0.1 to 0.4%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased oral aluminium absorption has been suggested in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Down’s subjects. Oral aluminium bioavailability from the diet has been estimated to be ~ 0.1 to 0.3%, based on daily aluminium intake and urinary elimination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;-&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kmyom.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kmyom.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;table of aluminum toxicity&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;-&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Answer?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your anodized aluminum watch is safe to wear. Not unless you have a rare allergy to aluminum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;P.S.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE&lt;/a&gt;. It's all there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastActivityDate="2019-01-17T18:29:46.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18403" CreationDate="2019-01-18T11:51:34.470" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bismuth subsalicylate and antihistamines have different mechanisms of actions, so one drug is appropriate for some and another for other &lt;em&gt;conditions&lt;/em&gt; with nausea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01294&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bismuth subsalicylate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can &quot;soothe&quot; the gut by being a mild anti-inflammatory, antacid, antibiotic and anti-diarrheal, so it can reduce nausea and diarrhea in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601646/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastrointestinal conditions&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; for example, acid reflux, food poisoning, infections (stomach flu, H. pylori infection, etc.), irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory diseases (see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bismuth-subsalicylate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_bismuth_subsalicylate_kaopectate/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antihistamines,&lt;/strong&gt; such as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dimenhydrinate&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; inhibit the stimulation of the labyrinth in the inner ear, so they are mainly used for motion sickness and other &lt;strong&gt;conditions of the inner ear&lt;/strong&gt; (viral labyrinthitis, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/18392/what-is-the-difference-between-menieres-disease-and-menieres-syndrome&quot;&gt;Meniere's disease&lt;/a&gt;, etc.). Antihistamines are also used for nausea in (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0701/p76.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;migraine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/120E-CPG-October2002.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;morning sickness in pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(16)32895-X/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;after surgery&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2216421/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;during chemotherapy&lt;/a&gt;), but I'm not sure how effective they are in those cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, bismuth subsalicylate may help in nausea, diarrhea, upset stomach and heartburn caused by gastrointestinal conditions and antihistamines may help in inner ear conditions, including motion sickness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that bismuth subsalicylate acts in the gut and antihistamines in the inner ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-01-19T09:16:02.067" LastActivityDate="2019-01-19T09:16:02.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18408" CreationDate="2019-01-18T12:04:49.077" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main use of St John's Wort is for depression but there are supposedly other uses (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-329/st-johns-wort&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;) which may or may not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only study I can find on the effectiveness of St John's Wort against mild to moderate depression is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brattström (2009)&lt;/a&gt; which you linked to in the comments. The study looked at safety (adverse event frequency) and influence on depression (HAM-D, CGI). One key point I would like to make is that the report states that symptoms of depression did subside;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mean HAM-D scores decreased steadily from 20.58 at baseline to 12.07 at week 26 and to 11.18 at week 52. Mean CGI scores decreased from 3.99 to 2.20 at week 26 and 2.19 at week 52&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;however;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two hundred and seventeen (49%) patients reported 504 adverse events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;General Safety of St John's Wort&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adverse events reported by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brattström (2009)&lt;/a&gt; could have been for a number of reasons and Brattström only attributed 30 (6%) to the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many drugs which St John's Wort interacts badly with including antidepressants and birth control pills (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-329/st-johns-wort&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/interaction/st-johns-wort-2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British National Formulary, 2019&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of this, France has banned the use of St. John's wort in products. In other countries St. John's wort is only available with a prescription.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, St John's Wort is available in tablets over the counter here in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS here in the UK points out that,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that St. John’s wort is an unlicensed herbal medication, so would not be prescribed by a general practitioner (as the newspapers suggest). St. John’s wort can have serious interactions with a large number of commonly used medications (e.g. warfarin), by affecting enzymes in the body involved with the metabolic processing of drugs; therefore a discussion with a doctor is important. Additionally, St. John’s wort must not be started while another antidepressant is being taken (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/st-johns-wort-for-depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS, 2008&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD also states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;St. John's wort is &lt;strong&gt;POSSIBLY UNSAFE&lt;/strong&gt; when taken by mouth in large doses. When taken by mouth in large doses, it might cause severe skin reactions to sun exposure. Women may be at risk of severe skin reactions even at usual doses of St. John's wort. Wear sun block outside, especially if you are light-skinned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;St John's Wort and Major Depression&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS covers this too;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The findings [of a systematic review and meta-analysis] – that it is more effective than placebo and the same as standard antidepressants (albeit safer) - apply mainly to people with mild to moderate depression. The authors say that for severe major depression, the evidence is ‘still insufficient to draw conclusions’.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Long Term Use&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any side effects or reduced efficiency of long term use of st Johns wort?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;depends on what you call long term for one thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brattström (2009)&lt;/a&gt; conducted the study over a 1 year period calling it long term.  If you are talking about longer than this, as St John's Wort only helps with mild to moderate depression, I would wonder about the efficacy of St John's Wort in your case.  Therefore, I would suggest seeking advice of your doctor again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As long as you check with your doctor before taking it&lt;/strong&gt;, plus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you are not taking other medications which interact badly with St John's Wort, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;you are not suffering any side effects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then it is generally considered safe (WebMD, 2017) but must be used with caution, in the same dosages prescribed by the doctor or indicated on the packaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brattström, A. (2009). Long-term effects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) treatment: A 1-year safety study in mild to moderate depression. &lt;em&gt;Phytomedicine, 16&lt;/em&gt;(4), 277-283. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.023&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19299116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19299116&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;British National Formulary (2019) &lt;em&gt;St John's Wort Interactions&lt;/em&gt; [Online] Retreived from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/interaction/st-johns-wort-2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/interaction/st-johns-wort-2.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS (2008) &lt;em&gt;St John's wort for depression&lt;/em&gt; [Online] Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/st-johns-wort-for-depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/st-johns-wort-for-depression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;St John's Wort&lt;/em&gt; [Online] Retreived from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-329/st-johns-wort&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-329/st-johns-wort&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD (2017) &lt;em&gt;St. John's wort - ART-20362212&lt;/em&gt; [Online] Retreived from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-st-johns-wort/art-20362212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-st-johns-wort/art-20362212&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-18T13:24:47.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13526" CreationDate="2019-01-19T02:17:47.620" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All Anti-Depressants poop out equally for TR patients.  Having just now signed up on this site, it seems a prerequisite to post is that you ought to have at least minimally researched the question, since the site compels ME not to ask for clarification. Either your or Kramer's interpretation (or both) of the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis, especially related to MAOIs is misfounded.  Here is the quotation from your source [&lt;em&gt;emphasis mine&lt;/em&gt;]: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ADT tachyphylaxis (“poop-out”) was initially recognized in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) before the advent of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the early 1980s.(1,4,5,7) Patients who lost their initial response to a MAOI responded poorly to subsequent treatment and revealed greater depressive severity after relapse than before the new treatment was initiated.(7,8) &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;SSRIs were introduced in the United States in 1988 and ADT tachyphylaxis was subsequently identified with these drugs as well&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.(3,9,10) Fava et al found that 26 of 77 depressed patients (33.7%) who had achieved full remission of symptoms on fluoxetine 20mg daily experienced a recurrence of symptoms (ADT tachyphylaxis) between 14 and 54 weeks despite maintenance treatment.(10) In another small study, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;15 patients who had lost their response to antidepressants failed multiple treatment strategies including augmentation with mood stabilizers and, in some cases, electroconvulsive therapy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.(11)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, ALL Anti-Depressants, as any above-his/her-weight-punching psychiatrist will tell you, will poop out, and often not just for 2-3 AD trials, but even 15 or more. This is called by any definition &quot;Treatment Resistant&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between (I assume you mean) MAOIs that covalently bond versus those that do not (Non-selective versus RIMAs) is an important one, and points out why RIMAs like Moclobemide are no better than SSRIs, and why irreversible, non-selective MAOIs raise Serotonin levels &gt; ~2000% over baseline, while SSRIs like Vortioxetine only raise it a few hundred percent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope a poster or referee will call me out on this, as I've got magazines of ammo on this. As the OP's thesis bears no relation to any of his references, I feel free for now, not to give any of my own.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cohen B, Baldessarini R. Tolerance to therapeutic effects of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:489–490. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, et al. Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:1093–1099. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Byrne SE, Rothschild AJ. Loss of antidepressant efficacy during maintenance therapy: possible mechanisms and treatments. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:279–288. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lieb J, Balter A. Antidepressant tachyphylaxis. Med Hypotheses. 1984;15:279–291. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lieb J. Antidepressant tachyphylaxis. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51:36. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE. Depressive breakthrough. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000;23(4):731–742. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mann JJ. Loss of antidepressant effect with long-term monoamine oxidase inhibitor treatment without loss of monoamine oxidase inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1983;3:363–366. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Donaldson S. Tolerance to phenelzine and subsequent refractory depression: three cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:33–35. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Solomon D, Leon AC, Mueller TI, et al. Tachyphylaxis in unipolar major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:283–290. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fava M, Rappe SM, Pava JA, et al. Relapse in patients on long-term fluoxetine treatment respond to increased fluoxetine dose. J. Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:52–55. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sharma V. Loss of response to antidepressants and subsequent refractoriness: diagnostic issues in a retrospective case series. J Affect Disord. 2001;64:99–106. [PubMed]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15506" LastActivityDate="2019-01-19T02:17:47.620" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18445" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18446" CreationDate="2019-01-19T07:16:11.780" Score="2" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was watching a Ted-Ed video about blood types. &#xA;It said that an O kid is only possible for O &amp;amp; O parents. I want to make sure of that fact, and to know whether it's related to only and specifically parents or not. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an O+ individual has an O+ mother what are the probabilities for the blood type of his biological father? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15508" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-01-19T16:20:56.500" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T18:43:35.293" Title="Are there any other probabilities for an O blood typed kid other than O &amp; O parents?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18445" CreationDate="2019-01-19T08:42:53.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a child has blood type O, it means both his alleles are recessive (since A and B are dominant over O); one of them he gets from their mother, and the other one from their father. That means that the father must have &lt;em&gt;at least one recessive allele&lt;/em&gt; that he transfers to the offspring; so the possibilities of the father's genotype are OO, AO or BO.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the Rh inheritance, it is pretty much the same: positive allele is dominant over negative. So in order for somebody's phenotype to be expressed as positive, the child only needs one positive allele. We only know that the mother is Rh+, so likewise her genotype is either Pos/Pos or Pos/Neg. Therefore she either donates her Pos allele to the offspring - in this case, it absolutely &lt;em&gt;does not matter&lt;/em&gt; what the child receives from his father; or she transfers her Neg - here, the child &lt;em&gt;has to get a Pos&lt;/em&gt; from his father, which leaves the father with possible genotypes Pos/Pos or Pos/Neg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some pretty accurate additional info at:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="15382" LastEditDate="2019-01-23T18:43:35.293" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T18:43:35.293" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-20T08:40:29.017" Score="5" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an outsider to the medical sciences, yet now in desperate need of knowledge to help a family member with lung cancer navigate the difficult medical system in our country.  I would like to develop the knowledge to be able to read up on, and have educated discussions on treatment options.  I have a great deal of time for reading and am confident of my ability to study the background material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a layperson, what study materials could help me gain a deeper understanding of lung cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15511" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-22T00:10:55.620" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T00:10:55.620" Title="What study materials can a layperson use to gain a deeper understanding of lung cancer?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18454" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18455" CreationDate="2019-01-20T17:49:45.980" Score="5" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;When our physician suspects we might have a problem with our thyroid he sends us to check the TSH level in our blood. If there is a lot of TSH in the blood it means that the thyroid can't work quickly enough to process all of the TSH meaning that we have a low level of thyroxine. Having a low TSH level means the thyroid produces too much thyroxine. Those are the usual physician's assumptions. But is it possible that the problem sometimes lies in the pituitary gland which produces TSH and not in the thyroid which receives it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" OwnerDisplayName="Hinko Pih Pih" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T19:17:29.013" Title="Could a high TSH level mean a problem with the pituitary gland?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18454" CreationDate="2019-01-20T19:17:29.013" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a physician is studying someone for a suspected disorder related to the thyroid hormones, he/she should not only study the thyroid, but evaluate the hypothalamus-pituitary-thiroid endocrine axis and a frequent initial assumption is that the problem could be at any of these 3 levels instead of assuming the problem is in the thyroid gland.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thyroid serum profiles include TSH, because as you said, the problem might be at a pituitary level and also this allows for further evaluation of the feedback system of the axis. Another important note is that a healthy thyroid gland will produce thyroxine proportionally to the serum levels of TSH, that is it WILL work quickly enough in response to these high levels of TSH and produce high levels of thyroxine, however a healthy axis would also lower the TSH levels after this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To properly understand this we need to review that for this axis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hypothalamus produces the Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in an inversely proportional manner to thyroxine blood levels. TRH estimulates the production of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The pituitary produces TSH in a directly proportional manner to TRH levels and also in an inversely proportional manner to thyroxin blood levels (it has a negative feedback control independent of the hypothalamus and a positive one dependent on the hypothalamus). TSH estimulates the production of thyroxin by the thyroid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The thyroid produces thyroxin and this hormone then acts in several tissues across body regulating metabolism. Thyroxin production goes down if TSH levels go down.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for some generic examples, if a patient has hypothiroidism signs and symptoms, and then we see a thiroid profile like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thyroxin levels: low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TSH levels: high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests the problem is in the thyroid gland since the pituitary is doing its job by increasing TSH to demand more thyroxin, but the thyroid is not responding at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thyroxin levels: low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TSH levels: low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem could be in the pituitary this time since even though thyroxin is low the pituitary isn't asking for more thyroxin by producing more TSH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand if we suspect hyperthyroidism and we see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thyroxin levels: high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TSH levels: low&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We suspect of a thyroid-level problem again because the pituitary is trying to slow down the production by lowering TSH, but the thyroid is independently producing more and more thyroxin (one of the first things we would suspect is a thyroid hormone producing tumor).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thyroxin levels: high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TSH levels: high&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could suspect that there is something wrong in the pituitary (again it could be a tumor) since TSH levels are high regardless of high thyroxin levels, the pituitary is not slowing down in a situation in which it normally would.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see the disorders are produced when the feedback systems begin to be lost and the different levels of the axis become unresponsive or self-controlled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other strange situations would include problems at hypothalamic level or production of thyroxin by tumors outside of the thyroid, but these are never suspected in first instance since they are very rare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A brief, but ok review of this axis can be read at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; or if you want a more robust review you can consult &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3516896/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Greenspan's endocrinology&lt;/a&gt; which is what I read back in the day (:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15515" LastActivityDate="2019-01-20T19:17:29.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-20T21:04:09.970" Score="2" ViewCount="756" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/zinc-overdose-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the following statement&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although some foods contain zinc well above the UL of 40 mg per day, no cases of zinc poisoning from naturally occurring zinc in food have been reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Zinc deficiency&lt;/a&gt; article in Wikipedia,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oysters, cooked, breaded and fried, 3 ounces (about 5 average sized oysters) - Zinc content - 74.0 mg&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is way above what a standard supplement dose (10 mg) contains, and a person can easily consume 300 grams of oysters a day, which will bring his zinc consumption to above 200 mg/day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the mechanisms that prevent a person from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;zinc toxicity&lt;/a&gt; in such cases? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="14637" LastEditDate="2019-01-21T22:17:54.750" LastActivityDate="2019-01-21T22:17:54.750" Title="Why can't one overdose on zinc by eating zinc-rich food such as oysters?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18409" CreationDate="2019-01-21T06:31:33.830" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, NREM phase 3 (N3) also known as deep sleep, is considered to be the sleep phase in which the body rests the most and people suddenly awakened during this phase may have unpleasant sensations and feel confused inmediately after waking up as noted by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/SleepWakeCycle.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Sleep Foundation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical sleep cycle may range between 70 to 100 minutes and N3 happens approximately about 30 minutes after the person falls asleep (after about 5 mins in phase N1 and 25 mins in phase N2). N3 itself only lasts for about 3 to 8% of the total time of all the sleep cycle. Another important note is that as the night progresses, the phases of sleep cycles shift a little bit in terms of the time they last: N3 progressively becomes shorter while N2 and REM phases become larger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the latter, the answer to your question would be neither. The most detrimental case in the long term would be if the person keeps being woken up while in N3, that is about 30 mins into one of the first sleep cycles of the night and a bit more than that in the last cycles of the night due to N2 increasing. From the two scenarios you propose, you could argue that one would probably make a &quot;smoother&quot; transition between sleep and alert if the person is woken up while in N1 (start of the sleep cycle) since that is the phase in which it takes the least effort to wake up someone compared to all the other phases including REM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep physiology chapter in Sleep disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15515" LastActivityDate="2019-01-21T06:31:33.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18450" CreationDate="2019-01-21T10:30:22.447" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancer can be one of the most complicated concepts in medicine, not only because of the pathophysiology of cancer, but the complicated statistics involved in the epidemiology of the diseases and interpreting the results of studies on treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your previous studies have been completely outside of the biological sciences, it will be very difficult to gain the degree of understanding that you seem to want.  Even if you have some biology background, at best, you should definitely not expect to gain the expertise to confidently second-guess actual medical providers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I applaud you for your desire to understand as much as possible, and you certainly may be able to learn enough to follow along in conversations about risks and benefits of different treatment options, and to have educated discussions about what is going on with your loved one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might FIRST START with patient education websites from the NIH or CDC on the basics of lung cancer, then fill in the gaps of details and background needed using textbooks on the underlying concepts.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that, these are some of the more popular texts used in medical school, if you are able to get your hands on them, which have good sections on lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Robbins and Cotran: Pathological Basis for Disease (or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/books/robbins-basic-pathology/kumar/978-0-323-35317-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Robbins Basic Pathology&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;West: Pulmonology &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books/about/West_s_Respiratory_Physiology.html?id=Wtj_oQEACAAJ&amp;amp;source=kp_cover&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiology&lt;/a&gt; and also &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1451107137&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Advancing your understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathoma (the sections on oncogenesis are fantastic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also do some reading on how to interpret the statistics pertinent to cancer, such as odds ratio, relative risk, number needed to treat, sensitivity/specificity, incidence, mortality rates, 5 year survival rates, etc.  Statistics are not taught well in most schools these days and additional knowledge is important to being able to understand how decisions are made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-01-21T10:30:22.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-22T19:05:06.780" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the bacteria that cause strep throat also mutates, just like the virus that cause flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same season, is it possible for a person to be infected multiple times (concurrently or not) by the group of bacteria that cause strep throat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering no antibiotics were administered, the fact that the infection in the throat has ended, does it mean the causing bacteria is gone if there no other visible signs of infection? If not, how a patient can rest assured that the bacteria is no longer in her/his system, since no antibiotics were used? Only via blood test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for any help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15525" LastActivityDate="2019-01-22T19:05:06.780" Title="Streptococcus pyogenes mutation and recurrence" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18463" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18464" CreationDate="2019-01-23T07:58:22.437" Score="5" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-018-1319-y?wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_source=ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_content=AA_en_06082018&amp;amp;ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst_20180723&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bevacizumab combined with platinum–taxane chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer: a prospective observational study of safety and efficacy in Japanese patients (JGOG3022 trial)&lt;/a&gt;&quot;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In Japan, it is estimated that 9804 new patients develop ovarian cancer every year and the estimated annual number of deaths from this cancer is 4758, with its outcome being the worst among female genital tract cancers. The underlying reasons are that about 90% of ovarian cancer is &lt;strong&gt;epithelial carcinoma,&lt;/strong&gt; with approximately 50% of epithelial ovarian cancers being Stage III or Stage IV&#xA;  advanced disease at diagnosis (2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a reduntand phrase, &quot;epithelial carcinoma&quot;, or am I missing something? I thought that the word &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;carcinoma&lt;/a&gt;&quot; meant &quot;&lt;em&gt;epithelial&lt;/em&gt; cancer&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T10:39:01.810" Title="Isn't &quot;epithelial carcinoma&quot; a tautological term? Are there non-epithelial carcinomas?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18463" CreationDate="2019-01-23T10:39:01.810" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are correct that carcinoma refers to types of cancer arising from epithelial tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20677&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Definition of carcinoma&lt;/a&gt;: Cancer that begins in the skin or in&#xA;  tissues that line or cover body organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This includes tissues that line both the inner and outer surfaces of the body and that arise from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis.&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also includes glandular tissue, even if this tissue is within an organ, as glands contain many ducts lined with secretory cells and this is also epithelium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the specific case of epithelial ovarian cancer, it refers to cancers arising on the surface of the ovary (the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;germinal epithelium&lt;/a&gt;), rather than the tissues within, as there is technically epithelial tissue inside as well. &#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/ovarian-cancer/types/epithelial&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer Research UK&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-01-23T10:39:01.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18467" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18402" CreationDate="2019-01-23T20:23:16.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a newborn baby’s mother has had chickenpox, some of her &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibodies&lt;/a&gt; to the varicella virus (which causes chickenpox) will pass to the baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this is only &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;passive immunity&lt;/a&gt;, as the baby is getting antibodies without having made its own. This only lasts a few weeks or months, after which time the infant will be vulnerable again. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/childrens-health/how-long-do-babies-carry-their-mothers-immunity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS site on chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example of this passive immunity is when we use varicella zoster immunoglobulin to prevent chickenpox in vulnerable people (e.g. immunosuppression or during pregnancy) if they have been exposed to chickenpox but are know to not be immune themselves (immunity can be determined from a blood test looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/61856&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;varicella IgG antibodies&lt;/a&gt;). In this situation, standard vaccination (which stimulates the immune system to produce its own antibodies (and, importantly, to &lt;em&gt;remember&lt;/em&gt; this longer term) would not act quickly enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any data about people who carry immunity from birth into adult life, and it is likely that this is not possible in general. Some people may have avoided significant exposure to chickenpox for their entire life, but it is more likely that they have been exposed and developed immunity but without any symptoms (known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclinical_infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subclinical infection&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/456562/Green_Book_Chapter_34_v3_0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS Green Book - Varicella&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/197/Supplement_2/S58/848608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella zoster virus: an overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-01-24T00:09:20.350" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T00:09:20.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13276" CreationDate="2019-01-24T00:07:11.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is true that infants receive &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibodies&lt;/a&gt; from the mother via the placenta in the final trimester of pregnancy and also in breastmilk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Passive immunity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;passive immunity&lt;/a&gt;, because the antibodies (usually IgA type) are passed on pre-formed. They can resist infection but do not form lasting immunity, which requires the body to encounter the infectious agent itself (specifically the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antigens&lt;/a&gt; on its surface). After several weeks or months, the infant will become vulnerable again. It is important to note that the mother must have had the infection in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antibodies in breast milk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/55458/how-do-the-antibodies-in-colostrum-survive-the-infant-s-digestive-system&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; on the Biology Stack Exchange asks about how antibodies in breastmilk survive digestion in the stomach of the infant. I refer to it’s answers. The structure of IgA antibodies and also the fact that the environment in the stomach of an infant is very different from that of an adult (specifically much less acidic so less &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;protease&lt;/a&gt; activity). Their intestine is also more permeable. Thus adults would not derive the same benefit from breastmilk as infants do!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chickenpox&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention that you have never had &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;. This is a highly transmissible disease and hard to miss. Many adults who have never had chickenpox will actually have had &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclinical_infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subclinical infection&lt;/a&gt; (infection with no symptoms) and will have developed immunity. &lt;em&gt;(Wallace et al.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallace MR, Chamberlin CJ,Zerbini L, et al. Reliability of a history of previous varicella infection in adults. JAMA 1997; 278:1520-1522.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/childrens-health/how-long-do-babies-carry-their-mothers-immunity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS - How long do babies carry their mother’s immunity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T00:07:11.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18470" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18471" CreationDate="2019-01-24T03:16:35.453" Score="7" ViewCount="598" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is something that I have been considering for quite a while based on a fictional story I had read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An unconscious individual must undergo emergency surgery in order to stabilise them and prevent the patent's death. This medical intervention is happening without the patent's explicit consent however since a reasonable person can be expected to consent to life saving surgery (absent a living will or some other indication) I don't think anyone would have any ethical concerns about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However while the surgery is occurring something that would not cause immediate harm but is highly likely to cause extreme disability in the long term is discovered (for example a tumour). Is it ethical to fix this newly discovered condition at the same time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-01-24T04:07:00.687" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T04:07:00.687" Title="The Ethics of extra treatment" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18471" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18470" CreationDate="2019-01-24T04:03:21.480" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're describing an unexpected intra-operative finding. The possibility of unexpected findings (and their treatment) is usually discussed during the consent for the original procedure. Of course, in this situation, there was no initial discussion. The way this sort of issue is usually framed in medical ethics uses a framework of four principles (see Beauchamp and Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics): autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Here, beneficence (the best interest of the patient), outweighs autonomy (the right of the patient to make his or her own choice) for the life saving surgery, and the same would need to occur for addressing the unexpected finding. One would have to (intraoperatively) consider the risks and benefits of removing the tumor, as well as the risks of a second operation were the surgeon to defer. In, e.g., a laparotomy, a readily visualized tumor would almost certainly be removed and sent to pathology. Other cases (e.g., neurosurgery, with a tumor involving eloquent cortex), are more complicated. This sort of thing is less common now, given the likelihood of seeing any tumor that would be obvious during surgery ahead of time with high resolution cross sectional imaging, but it does happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read a little about the decision making around unexpected intra-operative findings &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23177065&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, in the context of abdominal surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T04:03:21.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18475" CreationDate="2019-01-24T07:06:15.480" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-018-1319-y?wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_source=ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_content=AA_en_06082018&amp;amp;ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst_20180723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trial report&lt;/a&gt; (JGOG3022 trial):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients who were scheduled to receive bevacizumab concomitantly with platinum-based combination chemotherapy after PDS or IDS were included in the &lt;strong&gt;observation cohort&lt;/strong&gt; of this study before enrollment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;em&gt;observation cohort&lt;/em&gt; is not mentioned anywhere else in the document. What is its purpose? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Higher in the text, there's a mention of PDS/IDS in the inclusion criteria paragraph:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(3) patients in whom the period from primary debulking surgery (PDS) or interval debulking surgery (IDS) to the initiation of bevacizumab was at least 28 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that the &quot;observation cohort&quot; was meant for keeping patients under observation until the required perios of 28 days has elapsed, and then to decide whether they are fit to be enrolled in the trial and given additional bevacizumab with their chemo treatment? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T15:47:13.003" Title="What is the purpose of the &quot;observation cohort&quot; in a clinical trial?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18479" CreationDate="2019-01-24T09:12:13.777" Score="7" ViewCount="784" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Eisenmenger syndrome and ventricular septal defect? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are both related to a hole between the two ventricles, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15535" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T22:27:30.083" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T22:27:30.083" Title="What is the difference between Eisenmenger syndrome and ventricular septal defect?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18472" CreationDate="2019-01-24T15:41:55.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This entire study was observational; they refer to the entire group as the &quot;observation cohort&quot; but they selected a subset of cases who received a certain treatment to complete their further analyses. Since they don't talk further about the &quot;observational cohort&quot; you can mostly ignore it for interpreting their results, it is only important in the context of how they selected their subjects, which I think is fairly clear if you just ignore those two words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it's likely, though this is just a guess because I don't see clear description in the paper and I don't intend to dig further, that this 'study' they report is part of a larger observational study that will include other treatments, perhaps other cancers, etc. However, they are reporting on just one piece of it and treating it as a self-contained study. There's nothing really wrong with that as long as the 'sub-study' is planned in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Observational&quot;, in this context, means that the researchers made no treatment decisions: they assess the results of treatment only by how routine practice is applied and the resulting outcomes. This sort of study design is common for studying standards of care and establishing baselines, but it is less informative than a randomized controlled trial because subjects are selected for treatment on non-random criteria. For example, sicker patients might be more likely to receive a certain treatment, which might make that treatment look less effective or more dangerous than it really is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-01-24T15:47:13.003" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T15:47:13.003" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18477" CreationDate="2019-01-24T17:06:38.067" Score="3" ViewCount="1875" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quotes from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-018-1319-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trial report&lt;/a&gt; (JGOG3022 trial):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Follow-up was terminated in February 2017 and &lt;strong&gt;data were locked&lt;/strong&gt; in October 2017. Of the 346 patients enrolled, ineligible patients and patients who did not receive bevacizumab were excluded, and the remaining 333 patients were classified as treated patients. They were divided into the primary analysis cohort (n = 293) and the exploratory analysis cohort (n = 40) (Fig. 1). The reasons for discontinuation of bevacizumab at the time of &lt;strong&gt;data cut-off&lt;/strong&gt; were completion of the planned treatment schedule (34.8%), progression of the primary disease (26.6%), serious adverse events (14.0%), refusal by the patient because of adverse events (5.5%), and refusal by the patient for reasons other than adverse events (3.8%). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the authors mean the same by &quot;data were locked&quot; and &quot;data cut off&quot;, or are these distinct procedures? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T18:57:36.413" Title="Are &quot;data cut off&quot; and &quot;data lock&quot; the same thing in a clinical trial?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18476" CreationDate="2019-01-24T18:57:36.413" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think they are both specific terms that will apply consistently across all studies, you will have to use the surrounding context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Data lock&quot; typically means that the data themselves in some sort of database are no longer being edited and are ready to be analyzed: that is, they have been recorded, checked for accuracy, etc. to create a &quot;final&quot; version. A synonym is &quot;data freeze&quot;. It is usually referring more to the database itself, though, rather than data collection for the study. Indeed, in this passage, it seems like they finished collecting data in Feb 2017, but finalized the database in Oct 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of a data lock/data freeze is to prevent statistical &quot;fishing&quot; in the data, for example by re-analyzing data until some significance threshold is reached, or making decisions about exclusion criteria after preliminary statistical analyses have been completed. The proper procedure is to get your data in the best condition they can be in, and then begin analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only sensible interpretation of their meaning of &quot;data cut-off&quot; in this context is that it refers to the end of the follow-up period in Feb 2017: since follow-up stopped then, they wouldn't know reasons for discontinuation past then. The study is frozen in time at the time they stopped recording data. I am not aware of this phrase being used as a specific term (unlike data lock or data freeze), I think they are just using the general English meaning of those words to describe &quot;the time after which we didn't collect any more data.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T18:57:36.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-24T21:10:45.827" Score="6" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the question about &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/11697/why-is-white-flour-not-healthy/&quot;&gt;Why is White flour unhealthy&lt;/a&gt;. It seems like raw/bleached/white flour is just the endosperm component, but that whole-wheat flour contains the endosperm along with the fibrous portions (germ and bran). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;White flour gets knocked a lot for it being really close to sugar and being a super refined carbohydrate. But whole-wheat flour also has that endosperm component &quot;loose&quot; and readily digestible, there's just other fibrous stuff too. But those fibrous portions are mechanically separated from the endosperm, so the digestion and absorption should be nearly identical to white flour. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is added fiber really the only benefit of wheat bread?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="44" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-08T09:31:48.983" LastActivityDate="2019-04-09T07:11:02.457" Title="How exactly is whole-wheat flour healthier than white flour?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18473" CreationDate="2019-01-24T22:31:16.170" Score="8" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Ventricular septal defect&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892980-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventricular septal defect&lt;/a&gt; (VSD) is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/congenital&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;congenital&lt;/a&gt; defect of the central wall (septum) of the heart. This septum divides the right ventricle of the heart from the left ventricle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The right side of the heart receives blood from the head and body (via the vena cava) and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and returns it to the body (via the aorta). The left side is at a higher pressure than the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heart anatomy and ventricular septal defect&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUIW7.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUIW7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Heart and VSD&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the right side of the heart is on the left side of the image and vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A VSD results in oxygenated blood being pushed (or &lt;em&gt;shunted&lt;/em&gt;) from the higher pressure left ventricle through the defect to the right ventricle, where it will travel to the lungs again (unnecessarily).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Eisenmenger’s syndrome&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eisenmenger’s syndrome&lt;/a&gt; is a complication that can arise from many untreated heart defects (including VSD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathophysiology of Eisenmenger’s syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oRjxD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oRjxD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Pathophysiology of Eisenmenger’s syndrome&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The left-to-right shunt causes increased blood flow to the lungs, which damages the endothelium (inner lining) of the blood vessels. This results in gradually increasing vascular resistance in the lungs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eventually the resistance gets to a point where the pressure in the right ventricle rises above that of the left ventricle across the VSD. As a result, the shunting reverses, so that blood is now moving from right to left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JioXT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JioXT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Eisenmenger’s syndrome&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a problem because blood is now bypassing the lungs, resulting in reduced oxygen availability to the body (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoxia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can result in cyanosis (blue discolouration due to hypoxia), heart failure, breathlessness, chest pain, fatigue, haemoptysis (coughing blood), collapse and cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, a VSD is a congenital defect of the heart, and Eisenmenger’s syndrome is a potential long-term complication that can arise if it is left untreated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about the two conditions by following the links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Images courtesy of the American Medical Association and Mayo Clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T22:31:16.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18473" CreationDate="2019-01-24T22:34:15.783" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eisenmenger syndrome is a clinical syndrome. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an anatomic lesion. They are related in that Eisenmenger syndrome can be caused by a VSD (among other things).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;VSD&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventricular septal defect&lt;/a&gt; is a (typically) congenital opening between the right and left ventricle, caused by a failure of the ventricular septum, or wall between the two ventricles, to fully develop&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Eisenmenger syndrome&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eisenmenger syndrome is a clinical syndrome and disease process in which a (congenital) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_shunt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;left to right shunt&lt;/a&gt; (from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation) causes the development of pulmonary vascular disease, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;pulmonary hypertension&lt;/a&gt;, and eventually a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_shunt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;right to left shunt&lt;/a&gt;, leading to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cyanosis&lt;/a&gt; (a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by inadequate oxygenation of blood). The eventual right to left shunt means that blood returning from the systemic veins goes directly through to the systemic arteries without passing through the pulmonary circulation and the lungs. This prevents gas exchange. Ventricular septal defects are the most common cause of Eisenmenger syndrome, but other initial left to right shunts can cause the same syndrome. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Atrial septal defects&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;patent ductus arteriosus&lt;/a&gt; are also relatively common causes of Eisenmenger syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've added links to competent Wikipedia articles about some of the terms here, and you can read about Eisenmenger Syndrome, VSDs, and other congenital cardiac shunts in Lilly's Pathophysiology of Heart Disease, Chapter 16, on Congenital Heart Disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-01-24T22:34:15.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18483" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T06:48:47.750" Score="1" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do they differ? They're mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/5l1vx6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I prefer a smaller needle to lessen pain for blood tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2019-01-25T06:58:31.293" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T20:01:24.350" Title="Baby vs. Butterfly Needle" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T06:57:26.003" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;My grandpa's specialist has ordered quarterly blood tests for him.&#xA;Most of LifeLabs' phlebotomists (in Ontario, Canada) venipuncture very painfully. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though he didn't mention algophobia, he chanced on a kinder phlebotomist yesterday who was canny enough to sense his needle phobia and introduced him to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/5l1vx6/can_i_refuse_a_blood_test_as_a_minor_ca/dbsgaxj/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;baby needle&lt;/a&gt;, which every  phlebotomist in his life (to his memory) failed to do. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He already &lt;a href=&quot;http://jenniferfulwiler.com/2008/09/4-blood-test-tips-for-needle-phobes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drinks much water and gets blood pumping&lt;/a&gt;. Thus what else can a phlebotomist do?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T23:16:42.457" Title="How else can a phlebotomist lessen my pain, on top of using a baby needle?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-04T03:59:16.920" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18484" CreationDate="2019-01-25T16:33:54.870" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people do not know that you are an active participant in getting blood drawn or IVs started. The skill differences among those who are poking you include their skill in getting you to do the right thing. My tips:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;drink plenty of fluids and avoid caffeine the day of the draw&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keep your arm warm. I leave it in a sweater until the last minute. I also rub the inside of my elbow while waiting for them to get all their tubes ready etc. When I was getting IV treatments they would wrap my arm in a heating pad&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;relax, breathe slowly, try not to tense your mouth, in fact try opening your mouth a little. Make sure your entire arm is relaxed except for your hand if they've asked for a fist. This takes practice. Focus on it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;support your elbow with your other hand to keep it at a good angle and to stop yourself from jerking backwards as the needle goes in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;keep your eyes open. Closing my eyes slows blood flow (learned this from a chemo nurse and would not have believed it but several experiences have shown it is true for me) Don't look at the puncture site or watch the blood if it upsets you. Focus on something behind the poker -- wall art, a clock, their computer, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;tell them to use the smallest needle. If you have scar tissue from a lot of draws and tests, tell them so&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after they swab with alcohol, ask them to wait a moment until it evaporates. The burning sensation you sometimes feel as the needle goes in is alcohol. It's not necessary to endure that, just some pokers don't wait&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if there is a spot that hurts more or that often fails, tell them not to try that spot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;follow their instructions about making a fist etc&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pay attention every time, and when you have a &quot;good&quot; draw remember all the things you did, then do them next time whether the poker asks you to or not&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learned these tips from good phlebotomists and nurses. They have dramatically reduced the pain and bruising of both blood draws and IV starts. They also reduce the number of failed attempts. I have had a vein spasm shut once the needle is in, and been walked through a relaxation process that got it to open again. Opening both your eyes and mouth is key to this. Another time, when it spasmed shut with a different person, I convinced them to leave the needle and let me try getting it open. It worked and they said &quot;I did not know that was possible.&quot; Neither did I until I learned to do it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actively work on learning what you can do to make the pain and difficulty less. People will tell you that you have nothing to do with it, but they're wrong. It's your arm, your muscles, your heart rate and blood pressure. You can make it go better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[will add links if I find some]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-01-25T18:17:40.933" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T18:17:40.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T17:50:25.253" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-018-1319-y?wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_source=ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_content=AA_en_06082018&amp;amp;ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst_20180723&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trial report&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recurrence eventually affects 70–80% of patients with advanced epithelial ovar-ian cancer [2, 22], with platinum sensitivity and primary PFI &lt;strong&gt;being repowered&lt;/strong&gt; as prognostic factors for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer [22, 23].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &quot;being repowered&quot;? Does it mean &quot;these factors were considered important predictors in the past, but then the interest waned, and recently there has been renewed interest and research into the role of these factors as prognostic factors&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T17:50:25.253" Title="Meaning of &quot;platinum sensitivity and primary PFI being repowered as prognostic factors&quot;" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18489" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18483" CreationDate="2019-01-25T20:01:24.350" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no such thing as a baby needle. That's just a term somebody made up to describe a small needle. The diameter of needles is measured in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_gauge&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Birmingham gauge&lt;/a&gt;. The smallest needles commonly made are 34 gauge, which has an outside diameter of .1842 mm. Compare that to 18 gauge, the size typically used to draw blood samples. A 34 gauge needle is almost 7 times smaller than an 18 gauge, which is 1.270 mm in diameter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A butterfly needle is another name for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_infusion_set&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;winged infusion set&lt;/a&gt;, or a &quot;scalp vein&quot; needle. It's called that because it has tabs attached to it that look somewhat like butterfly wings. It has nothing to do with the size, although butterfly needles usually are a smaller gauge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T20:01:24.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T20:09:59.733" Score="7" ViewCount="113" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/awake-brain-surgery/about/pac-20384913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Certain surgeries&lt;/a&gt; require the patient to be awake and lucid to be performed safely. If the patient has clonus, epileptic seizures, tremors, or any of a number of other symptoms, staying still during the part of the surgery in which the patient is awake can be difficult. Clearly, this is dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a surgical patient who for reasons medical or otherwise cannot keep still is required to be awake during part of a surgery, how is this risk of unintentional harm dealt with?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="14741" LastEditDate="2019-03-13T01:49:59.433" LastActivityDate="2019-03-13T03:37:02.210" Title="How are surgical patients kept still while awake?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18491" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T21:03:33.753" Score="1" ViewCount="391" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find out what the difference is between Xhance and Flonase, generic (fluticasone propionate) nasal spray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who don't know: Xhance is fluticasone propionate with a different delivery system than the generic fluticasone propionate sold at a warehouse store.  As you can see in the diagram, the Xhance delivery system is inserted in the nose and sprayed, while while the user simultaneously blows into the dispenser to presumably distribute the medicine further into the nasal cavity; while the generic medication is delivered as a simple nasal spray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My wife's insurance won't cover her Xhance prescription, which is about $450 out of pocket a month.  While generic in the standard nasal spray bottle is about $40 for a 3 or four month supply.  So of course my question is, if we could get the same effect using the generic, if we were able to build a similar delivery mechanism; i.e. 3D printer, etc?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone have any thoughts on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tXCa2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tXCa2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h0pzu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/h0pzu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15550" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-01-25T22:44:33.327" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T05:44:58.140" Title="Is there a significant difference between Xhance vs generic (fluticasone propionate) nasal spray?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;otc-over-the-counter&gt;&lt;nasal-drops&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-25T21:04:14.680" Score="4" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;In several articles it is reported how isvhaemic (stroke) patients’ outcome Ian improved by oxygen therapy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How beneficial is the administration of oxygen? Are there any studies or guidelines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15547" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2019-01-25T21:54:41.280" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T23:22:08.247" Title="Does the administration of oxygen to ischaemic patients improve outcome?" Tags="&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;ischaemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18492" CreationDate="2019-01-25T23:22:08.247" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A large study of ~8000 patients suggests there is no real benefit to prophylactic oxygen supplementation after acute stroke (Roffe et al., 2017).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines (Powers et al., 2018) are for oxygen only for hypoxic patients, with limited evidence of benefit but no evidence of harm. Hyperbaric oxygen is only recommended in cases of air embolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These guidelines are supported by Roffe et al., 2017, but they are consistent with the guidelines prior to that study, so this is a case where a large study confirms the standard of care rather than suggesting a shift in paradigm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Powers, W. J., Rabinstein, A. A., Ackerson, T., Adeoye, O. M., Bambakidis, N. C., Becker, K., ... &amp;amp; Jauch, E. C. (2018). 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 49(3), e46-e99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roffe, C., Nevatte, T., Sim, J., Bishop, J., Ives, N., Ferdinand, P., &amp;amp; Gray, R. (2017). Effect of routine low-dose oxygen supplementation on death and disability in adults with acute stroke: the stroke oxygen study randomized clinical trial. Jama, 318(12), 1125-1135.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-01-25T23:22:08.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18710" CreationDate="2019-01-26T01:59:10.340" Score="6" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been shown in many studies that episodic use of infliximab (and other Anti-TNF agents) increases the incidence of antibody formation towards the drug, when compared with giving the drug on a regular schedule, such as once every 8 weeks [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this? What is the underlying mechanism for why maintenance administration results in lower incidence of antibodies than episodic administration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are antibodies formed towards some drugs, such as Infliximab but not others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Episodic use would mean to use the drug on an intermittent basis only when required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15224278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Incidence and importance of antibody responses to infliximab after maintenance or episodic treatment in Crohn's disease.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: Theodore M. Baless Stephen B. Hanauer. Advanced Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Volume II: IBD and Crohn's disease: 688&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excerpt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Interruption of scheduled maintenance anti-TNF therapy or episodic&#xA;  therapy has consistently been associated with higher rates of antibody&#xA;  formation. The rates have been noted to be as high as 60% when&#xA;  patients are treated with episodic therapy [3]. This is much higher&#xA;  compared to consistently lower rates, in the range of 8% to 12%,&#xA;  observed in patients treated with scheduled maintenance therapy [4,&#xA;  5]. [...] In general, we recommend avoiding episodic therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3: Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long term efficacy of inflixmimab in Crohn's disease. N Engl J med. 2003; 348(7):601-608&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4: Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9317):1541-1549.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5: Scheriber S, Khaliq-kareemi M, Lawrance IC, et al Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol for Crohn's disease. N engl J Med. 2007;357(3):239-250.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastEditorUserId="15135" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T22:01:35.883" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T13:38:53.533" Title="Why is episodic use of infliximab associated with a higher incidence of antibody formation towards the drug?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18496" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18473" CreationDate="2019-01-26T02:53:18.633" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from information on differences given in two excellent answers here, there is a major difference in treatment of these two conditions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) before development of Eisenmenger syndrome can be treated by surgery. Usually the defect is closed using a patch. Closure can sometimes be done without surgery using devices inserted through peripheral arteries or veins. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the VSD is very small, it may not need any treatment at all apart from preventive measures to be taken at time of other medical and dental procedures. These are required since there may be a risk of infection at the site of VSD from bacteria that may enter the bloodstream during these procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, once Eisenmenger syndrome (irreversible pulmonary hypertension with reversal of shunt) develops, surgery (or device closure) is no more an option and condition is generally managed by medicines only. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pregnancy also carries an increased risk in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome while risk is generally not increased in patients who have had VSD successfully closed earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this American Heart Association (AHA) page: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd&lt;/a&gt; for more information (search for 'pulmonary hypertension', since the term 'Eisenmenger syndrome' is not used there).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment/management options are best discussed with treating doctors since many factors have to be taken into account before deciding best course of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastEditorUserId="1477" LastEditDate="2019-01-26T03:43:10.387" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T03:43:10.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-26T06:09:01.080" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30013356&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quote&lt;/a&gt; from a Japanese clinical trial report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;METHOD: An observational study was conducted on patients who relapsed after primary systemic therapy with TZM using &lt;strong&gt;the central registration system&lt;/strong&gt;. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points consisted of the response rate, overall survival (OS), and safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some state-wide centralized system in Japan for registering all clinical trial participants? If not, what is the meaning of &quot;&lt;strong&gt;the&lt;/strong&gt; central registration system&quot;?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T06:09:01.080" Title="Meaning of &quot;central registration system&quot; in Japanese clinical trials" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18521" CreationDate="2019-01-26T14:13:13.093" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043925/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quote&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A total of 34 patients were registered between July 2009 and June 2012. The mean age was 53.5 years. The median follow-up time was 23.7 months (2-24 months). The age at the time of recurrence, state of menopause, T and N stage, &lt;strong&gt;histologically invasive diameter&lt;/strong&gt;, number of lymph node metastases at initial diagnosis, histological grade, HER2 status, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status (priority order was defined as status at recurrence → that at the time of surgery → that at the initial diagnosis), interval from the resection of the primary lesion until recurrence (&amp;lt;12, 12-24, and ≥24 months), and site of recurrence are shown in Table 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, &quot;histologically invasive diameter&quot; stands for &quot;maximal diameter of the area invaded by the primary tumour&quot;. But how is it measured in live patients? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my understanding, one can't get a whole slice of tissue (histology) out of a living person to determine where exactly the tumor ends - but it's hard to estimate from one-off biopsies. The shape of the tumour might be irregular, and one or two biopsies won't help establish it precisely. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe histology is somehow combined with imaging in order to establish the diameter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T14:17:29.950" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T14:25:17.580" Title="How is &quot;histologically invasive diameter&quot; assessed in live patients?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18424" CreationDate="2019-01-26T16:27:19.480" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will interpret your question in the more generalised form of &quot;why doesn't folic / folinic acid supplementation reduce the efficacy of methotrexate treatment?&quot; The question may be better in this more generalised form so a moderator may want to edit it more towards that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review in [1] strongly suggests that folic acid supplementation does not reduce the efficacy of methotrexate treatment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why that's the case, I don't think it's completely understood. But there are some pointers which I'll outline below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In [2] the authors state that &quot;Both folic acid (FA) and folinic acid (FLN) supplements have been shown to reduce the toxicity of MTX [...] and may prevent the formation of the less effective metabolite 7-hydroxy-MTX&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In [3] the authors state that &quot;Methotrexate is a competitive antagonist of folic acid. It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase with resultant interference of DNA synthesis leading to apoptosis.&quot; They also state &quot;inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase is not presumed to be the primary mediator [of efficacy] as supplementation with folic acid does not reduce the clinical efficacy&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, methotrexate inhibits cancer growth by other unknown mechanisms than just preventing DNA synthesis by competing for folic acid uptake. Folic acid supplementation only reduces the effect of the latter. In addition, the speed at which cancer cells divide when compared to normal cells may skew the folic acid vs methotrexate uptake antagonism in a way that makes folic acid supplementation more beneficial for healthy cells than cancer cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your other question in the title &quot;why doesn't folic acid supplementation make cancer tumours grow&quot;, I assume you mean why supplementation in it's own right doesn't make them grow. This is because the rate at which cancer grows is limited by a whole range of factors including many different nutrients like oxygen, water and many others. Increasing folic acid would be only one of the nutrients it needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8608361&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8608361&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044441&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044441&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] : T. Bayless, S. Hanauer: Advanced therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, vol II: IBD and Crohn's disease. Page 667.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastEditorUserId="15135" LastEditDate="2019-01-26T16:33:15.670" LastActivityDate="2019-01-26T16:33:15.670" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18504" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18567" CreationDate="2019-01-26T17:32:43.960" Score="4" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043925/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a clinical trial report&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/08lhU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/08lhU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that &lt;strong&gt;Ps&lt;/strong&gt; stands for &lt;strong&gt;parasternal (nodes)&lt;/strong&gt; but what could &lt;strong&gt;Sp&lt;/strong&gt; mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found a mention of &quot;Sp&quot; in the literature by googling for about 20 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Got some tentative googling results. Could it be &quot;&lt;strong&gt;superior phrenic nodes&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;? Or &quot;&lt;strong&gt;segmental pulmonary&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; area? (I conducted Google searches using &quot;Breast cancer&quot;+&quot;Ps&quot;, &quot;Chest wall&quot;+&quot;Sp&quot; etc. in different combinations and looked into research articles related to breast cancer and its metastases). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T06:45:25.617" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T10:26:14.423" Title="Meaning of &quot;Chest wall, Sp, Ps&quot; in a description of tumor recurrence locations" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18517" CreationDate="2019-01-26T18:03:47.950" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a c&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043925/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linical trial article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GGGCw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GGGCw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The table describes the locations in which breast cancer tumors recurred in patients. I think that &lt;strong&gt;Ax&lt;/strong&gt; means &quot;axillary&quot; or &quot;axilla&quot;, but I don't understand the whole phrase: &quot;Counter side Ax&quot;. Where might this be? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Might it mean, for instance, if the tumour was in the left breast, when &quot;Counter side Ax&quot; is merely the axilla on the right side of the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/18504/meaning-of-chest-wall-sp-ps-in-a-description-of-tumor-recurrence-locations?noredirect=1&amp;amp;lq=1&quot;&gt;Another questio&lt;/a&gt;n concerning the same excerpt)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T06:49:30.913" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T23:05:23.323" Title="Where might &quot;Counter side Ax&quot; be located? (Description of tumor location)" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18507" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-27T00:50:38.257" Score="4" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/questions-answers.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The US CDC says&lt;/a&gt; that an HPV vaccination is recommended up to the age of 26. If you are older than that and not infected yet, why shouldn't it make sense to get vaccinated then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15556" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-01-27T01:29:40.833" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T17:54:05.683" Title="Does an hpv vaccination still make sense after age 26?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18513" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-27T14:42:25.277" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical students, as future doctors, are in a rather unique position to support themselves in a part-time job in the medical field that provides a decent amount of on-call study time while also granting experience in many of the same skills that would be needed as a doctor. However, EMT and paramedic certification seem to require taking their own certification courses, while a medical student with a decent amount of studying should be able to pass any paramedic exam, and perform to a comparable standard to a trained paramedic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do opportunities for medical students to receive expedited paramedic certification while training to be doctors exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-01-27T14:42:25.277" Title="Can a medical student get an expedited certification as a paramedic?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;european-union&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-27T14:45:08.803" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;A white noise (eg. Normal Rain) has loudness around 65dB. Although for an adult, on a standard basis,  there are max 8 hours recommended exposure for 85dB &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.noisehelp.com/noise-dose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;See chart&lt;/a&gt;. Still, can a prolonged stretch (10-15 hours) of white noise exposure harm human ear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15510" LastEditorUserId="15510" LastEditDate="2019-01-27T18:05:21.683" LastActivityDate="2019-01-27T18:05:21.683" Title="Possible Threats from prolonged white noise exposure" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;white-noise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18515" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-27T15:56:22.703" Score="4" ViewCount="477" Body="&lt;p&gt;There’s a really interesting symptom I remember hearing about, wherein the patient will fail to understand certain sounds correctly, in a repeatable fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the patient could be watching a TV show, and hear “What kind o-z on the pizza?” Rewind 10 seconds, “So you want one large and one bottle of Sprite. What kind o-z on the pizza?” Rewind again, listen again. “So you want one large and one bottle of Sprite. What kind o-z on the pizza?” At this point, the patient has figured out that the sentence was “What kind of cheese on the pizza?” Yet even after rewinding again, the patient logically knows what he or she should be hearing, but still only understands “What kind o-z on the pizza?”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could be a TIA, but the effect can continue intermittently for days potentially, so it would seem to be something else. Anyway, what is this symptom called?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T23:19:29.600" Title="What is the name for the symptom of mishearing words?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18516" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18515" CreationDate="2019-01-28T04:38:24.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptive_aphasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Receptive aphasia&lt;/a&gt; is a type of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aphasia/symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aphasia&lt;/a&gt; in which patients have difficulty understanding (&quot;receiving&quot;) words as opposed to difficulty speaking them.  There are more than one possible etiology and it is not diagnostic for a specific pathology, but may suggest something wrong with the temporal lobe due to epilepsy, TIA/stroke, brain damage, medication, or psychiatric condition (NOT an exhaustive list).  Of note, anxiety can have various effects on the processes involving speech and memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T23:19:29.600" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T23:19:29.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18517" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18505" CreationDate="2019-01-28T05:01:09.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Contralateral (opposite site) is the opposite of ipsilateral (same side) in anatomical terminology.  In looking for references for this, I found &quot;counter side&quot; used in place of &quot;contralateral&quot; primarily in surgical literature, but it is not quite as common as contralateral, and ut isn't listed anywhere I could find with a clear definition. Nonetheless I think this is the most likely correct interpretation of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ax would most likely be &quot;axillary tail&quot; (the portion of the breast that extends into the axilla) in this setting, or possibly &quot;axilla&quot; as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aphasia/symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes&lt;/a&gt; are generally the first site of cancer spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T23:05:23.323" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T23:05:23.323" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18518" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18520" CreationDate="2019-01-28T05:01:56.087" Score="4" ViewCount="830" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm writing a paper and came across a very specific question about heart sounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is the crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the cardiac base? and why does it radiate to carotids?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently, this question has a definitive answer.&#xA;I've scoured google, but can't find a single paper that discusses the question (has answers). I'd appreciate any help or a reference that might help me find an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15560" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T06:02:14.500" Title="Why is the crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the cardiac base?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18519" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18491" CreationDate="2019-01-28T05:44:58.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do not recommend constructing your own device to administer fluticasone propionate. Although it is true that there are common mistakes in administration of fluticasone nasal spray, there are some other ways of improving administration and distribution other than using your mouth to blow it up into your sinuses - which raises hygiene/infection concerns.  If I were ever to consider using or prescribing Xhance,  I would certainly have to read about how it filters the exhaled air from the mouth.  There have been rare but serious brain infections from using tap water for nasal irrigation that contained pathogens that were considered safe for oral ingestion, which spread from the nasal passageways into the brain.  The venous/lymphatic drainage of some regions of sinuses &lt;a href=&quot;https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/organs/the-nose/nasal-cavity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drain to the dural sinuses&lt;/a&gt;, which is a potential portal for CNS infections.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways to improve administration of fluticasone nasal spray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Watch a video &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/mYQhIaoIKj0?t=91&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt; on how to properly spray it.  Many people are just coating their septum or lateral nasal passageways and not getting it into the sinuses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure you blow your nose well before using the spray.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fammed.wisc.edu/nasal-irrigation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasal irrigation&lt;/a&gt; prior to administering the fluticasone.  Talk to your doctor about it - it's not for everyone, but it works great for most people with normal anatomy, and some people don't end up needing medications if they do it regularly combined with allergen avoidance.  It needs to be done properly, so don't try it without educating yourself on it first.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look into what your particular allergic triggers are, and consider methods of allergen avoidance to address the underlying problem.  Triggers aren't always inhaled allergens; foods, soaps, perfumes, etc can also trigger nasal congestion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T05:44:58.140" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18518" CreationDate="2019-01-28T06:02:14.500" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not, unless you are using the term &quot;base&quot; to refer to the aortic root of the heart rather than the apex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A systolic &quot;crescendo-decrescendo murmur&quot; is the classic description for the murmur resulting from aortic stenosis.  The aortic valve is best auscultated at the right upper sternal border.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the below diagram, the actual valve locations inside the heart are indicated by the colored ovals, but the location that you best HEAR the valve-related murmurs are indicated by the A P T M in circles for Aortic, Pulmonic, Tricuspid, and Mitral.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EQn1x.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EQn1x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You hear a murmur at a different location than the valve itself because of fluid physics and acoustics.  A cardiac murmur is a vibratory process occurring due to fluid mechanics; pathological murmurs are due to blood flow along abnormalities in heart structures.  If you look at the course of the aorta, from the aortic valve to the carotids etc, you can see how vibration from narrowed aortic valve would easily radiate there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally, I've often heard it more clearly at the LUSB (left upper sternal border, which is generally the pulmonic region) than the right (RUSB), and I'm not sure why - but it was never the apex where I heard it most clearly.  There must be some confusion in your sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Med school website U Wisc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1001/p793.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP Murmur Evaluations in Peds&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=66487549&amp;amp;bookid=1130&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harrison's IM&lt;/a&gt; (great medical text but lots of detail)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK345/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another detailed medical text&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T06:02:14.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18501" CreationDate="2019-01-28T14:16:41.600" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;These patients were staged on surgery. Typically whole tumor is excised with clear margins confirmed intraoperatively. Note the measurement is diameter of the primary tumor. Nodes and mets are assessed separately. As personal commentary, I would say characterization of the primary tumor (including diameter) is something you can be much more certain of than identification of nodes (lymph node involvement) and mets (metastases). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read about this in Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, Chapter 10, in particular the subsection on Surgical Management of Primary Tumors. As discussed in that section, the goal of surgical management is excision of the tumor with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/margin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clear margins&lt;/a&gt;. Clear margins means the outermost tissue (the margins) are free of cancer (clear). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-01-28T14:25:17.580" LastActivityDate="2019-01-28T14:25:17.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18524" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-29T22:55:44.823" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pretty much what the text says. For the sake of simplicity let's imagine we have this scenario here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=ecg+guyton+and+hall&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiytbWE7Y7gAhVBf7wKHfhQBzwQ2-cCegQIABAC&amp;amp;oq=ecg+guyton+and+hall&amp;amp;gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.3...1709.2061..2424...0.0..0.357.1035.3-3......0....1.Pi1Hx7uL2JY&amp;amp;ei=VBtOXLK7O8H-8QX4oZ3gAw&amp;amp;client=tablet-android-asus-tpin&amp;amp;prmd=ivn#imgrc=CRPIwiuQdVOeEM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=ecg+guyton+and+hall&amp;amp;tbm=isch&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiytbWE7Y7gAhVBf7wKHfhQBzwQ2-cCegQIABAC&amp;amp;oq=ecg+guyton+and+hall&amp;amp;gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-img.3...1709.2061..2424...0.0..0.357.1035.3-3......0....1.Pi1Hx7uL2JY&amp;amp;ei=VBtOXLK7O8H-8QX4oZ3gAw&amp;amp;client=tablet-android-asus-tpin&amp;amp;prmd=ivn#imgrc=CRPIwiuQdVOeEM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is. Say we took the same myocardial fiber in a resting(polarized) state and gave it a STIMULUS but at a location past the HALF-WAY point and at the same time let's just imagine there was a BLOCK at the same level of the stimulus so that the depolarization wave couldn't go back towards the Negative electrode only towards the Positive electrode. Would it still give a positive deflection??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15568" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T13:03:50.787" Title="Does a wave of depolarization towards a positive electrode always result in positive deflection on ECG?" Tags="&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-03-01T15:11:12.780" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-30T01:50:12.817" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does exercise have a direct and positive impact on hormones such as glucocorticoids, catecholamines, growth hormone and prolactin? Moreover, if one keeps a regular weekly exercise routine, is it proven to reduce anxiety and irrational &quot;fight or flight responses&quot; in the short and long term? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14717" LastActivityDate="2019-01-30T01:50:12.817" Title="Exercise and Stress Hormones" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-30T15:17:38.800" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia article on fetal viability gives a table giving fetal viability at each week of gestation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BFhJw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BFhJw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So at 34 weeks the viability rate is &gt;98%. But I'm wondering what is the viability of a full-term baby, that is, at 39 to 40 weeks of gestation? The reason I ask this is because I assume that some full-term babies don't have a 100% viability. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, does anyone know what viability means exactly? In the article I checked it's defined as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus.&quot; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_viability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fetal&#xA;  viability (Wikipedia article)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure exactly what this means, because it seems to me vague. For example infant mortality rate is not vague, it specifically expresses the number of babies that die within the first year of their life, but the fetal viability measure doesn't mention a fixed time period. For example would a baby who manages to live for 6 months be considered to be viable or have been considered to be viable? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15569" LastActivityDate="2019-01-30T16:53:26.890" Title="What is the fetal viability of a full-term birth baby?" Tags="&lt;birth&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18529" CreationDate="2019-01-30T16:53:26.890" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The concept of fetal viability is really only relevant when discussing premature infants. You are correct that the wikipedia figures are difficult to interpret. They come from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spensershope.org/chances_for_survival.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt;, which is not itself a peer reviewed source, does not declare the source of these data, and do not define their terms. Unlike vital statistics like infant mortality, fetal viability does not have a standardized definition. One &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597069/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;excellent study&lt;/a&gt;, often used in clinical decision making, used survival (and neurodevelopmental outcome) at age 18-22 weeks (corrected for gestational age at birth). As an example of the difference in definition, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=8922450&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;another&lt;/a&gt; used survival at discharge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in vital statistics for term infants, though, searching for data on fetal viability will not be particularly helpful. US data were recently reported and analyzed in last July's JAMA Peds. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29799945%5Buid%5D&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;See this article&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a chart that might provide what you're looking for. Recognize that these are descriptive statistics only, and do not address underlying changes in practice and policy over the period described. To help you interpret this chart, stillbirth and neonatal death are standardized terms. A stillbirth is fetal death prior to birth (no signs of life on delivery), neonatal death is death after birth up to 27 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dez1Z.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dez1Z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-01-30T16:53:26.890" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18535" CreationDate="2019-01-30T22:39:03.727" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume these two uteruses we're talking about are healthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A uterus is about the size of a plum. After postpartum, would a uterus that carried a full-term infant return to it's original size or would it be slightly bigger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you tell the difference between two healthy uteruses - if one had carried at least one full-term baby and the other one was never pregnant? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15571" LastActivityDate="2019-01-31T06:58:33.697" Title="Do uteruses return to their original size after a full-term birth or are they slightly bigger than one that's never grown?" Tags="&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-30T23:06:38.427" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233810/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; which claims (for chicken) that blocking outdoors UV light made myopia worse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some kids require glasses from a young age, e.g. 6 years old. Most of these glasses do have UV filter on their lenses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; claims that the younger the patient is when the onset of myopia the worse their outcome is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question: is it possible that the lack of outdoors UV light at a young age causes the worsening of myopia? If so, would glasses &lt;strong&gt;with no UV blocker&lt;/strong&gt; be a better alternative for kids? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14811" LastActivityDate="2019-01-30T23:06:38.427" Title="Does wearing UV blocking glasses worsen myopia in children?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18532" CreationDate="2019-01-31T06:58:33.697" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the uterus return to its original (pre-pregnancy) size after a full term birth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good question. No. Uterine involution, the return of the uterus to the nonpregnant state postpartum, does involve a remarkable decrease in size, but it's not as small as it was before pregnancy. Nonpregnant uterine size increases with what we call parity, or the number of times a woman has carried a pregnancy to term. I can't seem to find the original data on this, but it would likely be an early 20th century (or possibly late 19th) pathology series. The phenomenon is referenced in the pathology literature, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC501242/?page=3&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the section on hysterectomy specimens in this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note that the parous uterus (premenopausal adult 75-100 g) is heavier than the nulliparous uterus (premenopausal adult 30-40 g), and weight increases with parity, so that after eight pregnancies a weight of 240 g is normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This finding (increased uterine size depends on parity) is confirmed in imaging studies, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664389&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-01-31T06:58:33.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-01-31T13:22:21.893" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;When an object is brought close to a person's eyes,  the pupils will naturally move inwards in response to a stimuli,  mimicking that of esotropia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However,  what could be a reason in which the pupils shows no response to such a stimulus while behaving normal otherwise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11311" LastActivityDate="2019-01-31T20:29:27.947" Title="What could be a reason for absence of near reflex in eyes" Tags="&lt;nerves&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18537" CreationDate="2019-01-31T20:23:37.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are mistaking accomodation (pupil movement) for convergence (eyeball movement).  Pupils can constrict and dilate by motion of ciliary muscles, but any other movement is movement of the entire eyeball.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is from Medscape on &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1189759-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Extraocular Muscle Actions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AyPdm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AyPdm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vergence includes convergence and divergence, and is the movement of both eyes together in response to proximity of objects desired to keep in focus.  Although it is part of the accomodation-convergence reflex, different muscles innervate it than the pupil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to give a complete differential diagnosis based on the information given, and we do not give personal medical advice so any added clinical correlate would likely cause this question to be closed.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lesion affecting Cranial Nerve III, which innervates the medial rectus, could cause paralysis of the medial rectus muscle; however, it also innervates &quot;skeletal muscle of the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles.(innervates all the extrinsic muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus.)&quot; (Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lesion of CNII would result in visual defects, but could also influence the perception of objects' distance and thereby impact convergence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-01-31T20:29:27.947" LastActivityDate="2019-01-31T20:29:27.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12195" CreationDate="2019-01-31T22:45:35.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, first you should go throw an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IVF process&lt;/a&gt; (egg retrieval process and a fertilization by sperm in a lab). Once the embryos are created, after 3 or 5 days they can be transferred to a gestational carrier who will carry the baby until the birth. This process is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mysurrogatemom.com/what-is-surrogacy-meaning/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gestational surrogacy&lt;/a&gt;. In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate is not genetically linked to the baby, as the embryos are created using the intended mother eggs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a second type of surrogacy, it's called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Traditional_surrogacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;traditional surrogacy&lt;/a&gt;. In this surrogacy form, the surrogate mother provides her eggs and fertilization is done through a &lt;a href=&quot;http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/intrauterine-insemination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intrauterine insemination (IUI) process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15580" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-01T07:45:20.477" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T07:45:20.477" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-01T11:20:51.077" Score="5" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read an article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/14/dairy-skin-effect_n_7787546.html?guccounter=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“There is a very strong correlation between consuming dairy products —&#xA;  such as milk — and acne, skin breakouts and aging.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reason? Hormones, Bella says. “Most of the cows used in farming&#xA;  are actually pregnant cows. The hormones such as progesterone and&#xA;  insulin growth factors make their way into the milk,” she explains.&#xA;  “When we consume the milk, it leads to increased levels of inflammation, skin breakdown, aging and acne in many people.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was interesting for me to ask: Can those hormones be alive(active) even when we eat pasteurized milk(boiled milk) and other dairies that I think are derived from the pasteurized milk? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean won't hormones destroyed after boiling milk?&#xA;I also like to know can cow hormones have any effects on humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15574" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-02-01T15:43:40.470" LastActivityDate="2019-02-02T17:04:30.963" Title="“There is a very strong correlation between consuming dairy products — such as milk — and acne, skin breakouts and aging.”" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;milk&gt;&lt;dairy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18545" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-01T13:46:51.263" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Garlic is said to be an inducer of CYP3A4, Tacrolimus is metabolized by CYP3A4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list of drugs (and some foods) interacting with Tacrolimus is long but nowhere I found a note on garlic. Grapefruit juice is always mentioned, but regarding the fact that it is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 at least there would be no graft rejection when exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is garlic in this context not mentioned because it has &lt;strong&gt;absolutely&lt;/strong&gt; no effect or because there are no studies available? Green tea for example is also not mentioned but according to current studies it may have an effect and the university of Munich for example advices transplant patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors to avoid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current situation with foods like garlic or ginger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15586" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T13:46:51.263" Title="Effects of Garlic on Tacrolimus via CYP3A4" Tags="&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;&lt;transplant-rejection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18544" CreationDate="2019-02-01T15:31:28.520" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are biologically plausible effects supported by moderate quality observational evidence. As a personal aside, I do not believe there is enough evidence for harm to recommend eliminating dairy products from a healthy person's diet. A full discussion of all the evidence for the impact of dairy in diet is beyond the scope of this answer, though, so lets move on to your specific question &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_steroid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sex steroids&lt;/a&gt; are lipid soluble fused ring structures derived from cholesterol, and conserved across many species. They are not inactivated by pasteurization. In addition to being identified in dairy products and in the people who consume them, consumption of dairy products appears to be associated with some expected biological effects in humans, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712661/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sperm quality&lt;/a&gt;. That linked study as well as the other points are succinctly reviewed in the introduction to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699997/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin like growth factor 1&lt;/a&gt; (IGF-1) is a peptide hormone, but has been demonstrated to be active after pasteurization. It is also conserved across species. There is evidence (well summarized in both the narrative review and meta-analysis in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5400803/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;) for an association between consumption of dairy products, increased levels of circulating IGF-1, and downstream effects of that increased level (e.g., prostate cancer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should note that it is not surprising that a hormone produced by another animal would be active in a human. See, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/banting/facts/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the 1923 Nobel Prize&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear:&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;This answer addresses the specific two questions posed in the OP: are hormones in milk and milk products active after pasteurization, and are cow hormones active in humans. This answer (and the evidence) does NOT provide support for the question, in balance is dairy good or bad for you, and does not address the claims in the linked article (a la a Skeptics.SE question)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-02-01T17:32:54.953" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T17:32:54.953" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18547" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18548" CreationDate="2019-02-01T18:32:25.770" Score="5" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been informed that &lt;em&gt;the prevalence&lt;/em&gt; of chickenpox and smallpox in the general population are 10% and 0.1%, respectively. On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; page it is written &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I read these numbers as 10 out of 100 people at any given time has chickenpox, knowingly or unknowingly? Similarly, 1 out of 1000 people in the general population has smallpox? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me these numbers sounds very high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15587" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T19:43:10.077" Title="Definition of Prevalence" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18547" CreationDate="2019-02-01T19:30:55.597" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two broad types of prevalence statistics: point prevalence and period prevalence. In both cases, more details need to be specified in order to fully describe the statistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Point prevalence is the proportion of people who have a disease at a given point in time. In other words, the total number of people in a given population who have a disease at a specific point in time divided by the number of people in that population. To be complete, it should include a case definition (how &quot;have a disease&quot; is defined), a population definition, and the particular point in time used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Period prevalence is the proportion of people who have or have at some point had a disease over a period of time. Here, instead of the total number with a disease at any one time, you include anyone who had the disease at any point during the period. Depending on the period you choose, the population may change, in which case, you would typically use the population at the midpoint of the period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A specific (and common) period to use for this statistic is &quot;lifetime&quot;, which changes things slightly. Lifetime prevalence is typically reported as the proportion of people (alive now) who have had the disease at any point in their lifetime. The period in this case is not an absolute time period, but the lifetime of each person in the population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can learn more about this in the CDC's online text &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice&lt;/a&gt;. Lesson 3 covers prevalence statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-02-01T19:43:10.077" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T19:43:10.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-01T20:52:23.200" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) and methylmercaptopurine (MeMP) are two important metabolites of thiopurine medications such as mercaptopurine (6MP) and azathioprine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The laboratory tests for these metabolites are quoted in units of pmol/8×10^8 RBCs. (Picomoles per 800,000,000 red blood cells). Such as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://fg.bmj.com/content/9/1/10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not quote the amount in units of 10^9 RBCs which would seem to be a more rounded number?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastActivityDate="2019-02-01T20:52:23.200" Title="Why are thiopurine metabolites measured in units of pmol/8×10^8 RBCs?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-02T14:02:50.143" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ever since I was a kid, I noticed that whenever my nose was stuffy, breathing through my handkerchief seemed to instantly make me breathe normal again.&#xA;It has happened each time without fail for years, so I know that it is not a random occurence that might throw me off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The kerchief needs to stay really close to my nose, touching it. I tried covering it only half, and it still does work to a limiting covering area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It usually requires a few folds to make that work. If I try it without any folds, it works only if I flare my nostrils. (Too many folds would lead to less air passing through)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Most importantly: the most optimal way, as I have found, is to keep an opening on the top (near the eyes) that let the air enter. If I tighten the kerchief, it doesn't work at all (that's why masks don't work for me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It also works with merely covering my nose with my hand and letting the air enter from the top&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;My best hypothesis: I think the covering acts as a wind breaker. Which somehow helps. But merely breathing slowly (which might have a similar effect) absolutely doesn't work.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This works for stuffy nose due to cold, but I don't know if it works for an allergy.&#xA;I don't leave it covered while sleeping because when I tried it as a kid, I always bled through my nose; but that just might be because of a complication that makes me bleed through my nose more often than other people)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, can someone comment if they have noticed something similar? I don't know if this is a particular case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15591" LastActivityDate="2019-02-02T14:02:50.143" Title="Is there an explanation to why my stuffy nose seemingly disappears when I cover my nose while breathing?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;sneeze-sneezing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-02-08T15:44:39.603" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18544" CreationDate="2019-02-02T14:07:43.443" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the main thrust of the question is indeed expressed in the title and tags of the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q&lt;/strong&gt; “There is a very strong correlation between consuming dairy products — such as milk — and acne, skin breakouts and aging.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the jury on that really isn't finished deciding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is acne related to the ingestion of dairy products? It is not a new idea. It goes back to the early days of the last century and beyond. The counter-claim, that there is no relationship between diet and acne, has reached mythic proportions. It has never been substantiated, but it is repeated as gospel in all major dermatology textbooks. Epstein, commenting on contributions on the subject by Waisman, Bickers, and Rosenberg, trod the middle road. Inexplicably asserting that &quot;Controlled studies indicate that foods have no effect on acne,&quot; he nonetheless allowed, &quot;the patient should receive any assistance that dietary control may impart.&quot; &lt;strong&gt;In a review of 274 clinical trials of acne, the massive 2001 Evidence Report on the Management of Acne found &lt;em&gt;one&lt;/em&gt; solitary paper that mentioned diet, but no trial reported specifically on patients’ diets.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dairy products have been implicated as a possible factor in the etiology of prostate cancer in several large epidemiological studies, but not in all. The possible influences of dairy hormone in breast cancer are likewise unclear and in need of further definition.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The next few years will be fascinating for those of us interested in hormones and &quot;the blight of youth.&quot; One wonders what the impact will be upon our patients, our practices, and the industries that make milk, hormones, and acne products. Time alone will tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(04)02500-9/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;F. William Danby: &quot;Acne and milk, the diet myth, and beyond&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J AM ACAD DERMATOL FEBRUARY 2005&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it seems very much up for debate to either substantiate whether indeed industrialised milk production schemes result in increased hormone presence in milk sold, whether there is a difference between production methods and 'ingredients' in milk sold, whether this is then true for all dairy products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case in point: water soluble pharmacologically active compounds will be greatly reduced in butter and ghee, molecules found in whey greatly reduced in most cheeses, and anything greatly processed is another game entirely. If yeasts, worms, insects bacteria ferment the milk-product, how much of the hormones is reduced by those organisms? –– or amplified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Milk as is not the main product consumed by most people and all dairy products are clearly not the same. Kefir is different from cheese, fresh or aged, with bacteria or fungi, from whey, from butter, from ghee, from protein-isolate and so on. Given the different profiles for all those products they either have to have something in common across the board or they have to be analysed separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is of course quite interesting to look for evidence that shows how much different modern milk and milk products are compared to just a few decades ago. Be it in nutritional or now even pharmacological profiles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to start a comparison with dairy, hypothesising about hormones, then linking that all up to skin disorders seems very premature and theoretical. At least if there are not clear epidemiological indicators of indeed a possible link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which suspects would there be to observe in the proposed link between acne and skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the most prominent are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prolactin, Somatostatin, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Thyreotropin-releasing hormone, Epidermal growth factor, Insulin-like growth factor 1, Insulin-like growth factor 2, Insulin, Vitamin D, Transferrin, Lactoferrin, Prostaglandins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now which of these are contained in fresh milk under which circumstances and therefore concentrations in the first place? How much of this is linked to milking pregnant cows?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acne and milk&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Milk and other dairy products contain more than 60 molecules including prolactin, somatostatin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating and thyreotropin-releasing hormones, insulin, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, IGF-1 and 2, transforming growth factors, vitamin D, transferrin, lactoferrin and prostaglandins (Koldovsky, 1995).  &lt;strong&gt;This makes it difficult to distinguish which of these factors could have an acneigenic effect, especially when this fact is combined with the broad range of dairy products&lt;/strong&gt; (Table 25.2, Figure 25.4).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   The most important factor of the ones mentioned above is the insulin-like growth factor.  The IGFs are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. &lt;strong&gt;Cow milk contains IGF-1 and -2, even after pasteurization and homogenization, and bovine and human IGF-1 share exactly the same amino acid sequence&lt;/strong&gt; (Melnik and Schmitz, 2009). High milk consumption increases IGF-1 levels 10%-20% in adults and 20%-30% in children (Hoppe et al., 2004 a, b) and milk and dairy products raise IGF-1 levels more than dietary proteins such as meat (Hoppe et al., 2005).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Milk also contains carbohydrates, including lactose, and therefore its consumption produces a glycemic response and an insulinemic response.  The insulinemic response to ingested milk is actually three to six times what would be predicted from the carbohydrate load in the milk serving (Ostman et al., 2001).  &lt;strong&gt;This happens for skimmed and full-fat milk, but not for cheese&lt;/strong&gt; (Holt et al., 1997; Hoyt et al., 2005).  &lt;strong&gt;The reasons are not yet understood, but they may&lt;/strong&gt; relate to the insulinotropic effects of some of the other multiple hormones that are present in milk (Koldovsky, 1995).&#xA;  A glass of milk added to a low glycemic index meal can boost the insulin response up to 300% of the level produced by a high glycemic index meal and cow milk-formula does this even better than human breast milk (Liljeberg and Bjorck, 2001; Lucas et al., 1980). &lt;strong&gt;Different studies suggest that insulin rises in response to the whey component&lt;/strong&gt; (20% of milk protein), &lt;strong&gt;whereas casein is responsible for the IGF-1 increase&lt;/strong&gt; (Hoppe et al., 2006). Because whey and casein are both involved in stimulating androgen production, there is little point in further differentiating them in dietary restriction, since both should be avoided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the result of the above is indeed true: &quot;whey and casein should both be avoided&quot; then this is still incomplete as to whether it is for example whey-protein itself (essentialist reading) or what's commonly in there (varying by methods of production) as well and surely  not encompassing 'all dairy', as butter for example is largely free of both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it remains a stretch to conclude that &quot;stimulating androgen production&quot; is just &quot;all bad/causes acne&quot; on the one side and on the other side there are other types of causes that are &quot;stimulating androgen production&quot;: hyperinsulinemia for example, which can also activate or upregulate IGF receptors. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is simply too simplistic to reduce the focus to just one or a few pathways and &quot;reason the rest&quot; from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But take note that this is not the sole point of that article. The very next item was about 'glycemic index'. To give more context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Key facts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Androgen excess, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and inflammation are the main pathogenetic mechanisms of acne.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nutrition seems to play an important role in skin biology and pathology, affecting the onset and clinical manifestation of several dermatologic disorders, including acne.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The typical Western diet consists of numerous dairy sources and foods with high glycemic indices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A study performed by Adebamowo et al. (2005) demonstrated the association between dairy products and acne.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A study provided by Smith et al. (2007) showed the link between high glycemic load intake of carbohydrates and acne.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;High glycemic carbohydrates and milk appear to raise serum insulin levels, free IGF-1 and insulin resistance, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of acne.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;IGF-1 seems to be the most important acneigenic factor contained in diet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At the genomic level, the effects of insulin and IGF-1 are mediated by the nuclear concentration of the transcription factor FoxO1.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At the promoter level, SREBP-1c expression is suppressed by nuclear FoxO1, which is an important co-repressor of the retinoid X receptor and liver X receptor.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dermatologists should be able to include dietary restriction in acne therapy management.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Summary points&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Skin reflects individual age, health and beauty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Nutritional customs affect several skin diseases including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Epidemiological studies with milk and dairy products support the association of milk consumption with acne&#xA;  onset and clinical course.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;High glycemic load diets are also considered to be involved in acne pathogenesis because of the consequent&#xA;  hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Dermatologists should include restrictive dietary management in acne therapy in their daily clinical practice. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A.I. Liakou, C.I. Liakou and C.C. Zouboulis: &quot;Acne and nutrition&quot;, Victor R. Preedy (Ed): &quot;Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin&quot;, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 2012.                                &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note especially that 'dairy' is not unique in containing these molecules, concentrationand consumption patterns have to be observed as well. Dosis facit venenum. But even if the same molecules are measured, the effect may not be same after all, as the milk vs meat example aboive illustrates. And how much of those are even present in milk 'now' compared to 'earlier times' is partly dependent on the alleged production methods of &quot;pregnant cows&quot;. How much &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/43363/is-the-majority-of-milk-in-industrialized-countries-obtained-from-pregnant-cows&quot;&gt;has that changed&lt;/a&gt;? We can hardly know. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the more prominent papers investigating a possible link comes sponsored from a food-giant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bodo C. Melnik: &quot;Evidence for Acne-Promoting Effects of Milk and Other Insulinotropic Dairy Products&quot;, Clemens RA, Hernell O, Michaelsen KF (eds): Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, vol 67, pp 131–145, Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel, © 2011. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that is quite a problem. The dairy side sponsoring research to show how &quot;good it is for you&quot;, and from animal-rights over vegan to frankenfood-companies financing the other side of ideology. All sides looking for evidence that they &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; right, from the start. This is more like gnosis that science and it is extremely difficult to weed out all the chaff thrown in to the pool of knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A meta-analysis can help inform the debate about the epidemiological evidence on dairy intake and development of acne. A systematic literature search of PubMed from inception to 11 December 2017 was performed to estimate the association of dairy intake and acne in children, adolescents, and young adults in observational studies. We estimated the pooled random effects odds ratio (OR) (95% CI), heterogeneity (I2-statistics, Q-statistics), and publication bias. We included 14 studies (n = 78,529; 23,046 acne-cases/55,483 controls) aged 7–30 years. ORs for acne were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.15–1.36; p = 6.13 × 10−8) for any dairy, 1.22 (1.08–1.38; p = 1.62 × 10−3) for full-fat dairy, 1.28 (1.13–1.44; p = 8.23 × 10−5) for any milk, 1.22 (1.06–1.41; p = 6.66 × 10−3) for whole milk, 1.32 (1.16–1.52; p = 4.33 × 10−5) for low-fat/skim milk, 1.22 (1.00–1.50; p = 5.21 × 10−2) for cheese, and 1.36 (1.05–1.77; p = 2.21 × 10−2) for yogurt compared to no intake. ORs per frequency of any milk intake were 1.24 (0.95–1.62) by 2–6 glasses per week, 1.41 (1.05–1.90) by 1 glass per day, and 1.43 (1.09–1.88) by ≥2 glasses per day compared to intake less than weekly. Adjusted results were attenuated and compared unadjusted. There was publication bias (p = 4.71 × 10−3), and heterogeneity in the meta-analyses were explained by dairy and study characteristics. In conclusion, any dairy, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, was associated with an increased OR for acne in individuals aged 7–30 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;However, results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity and bias across studies.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Christian R. Juhl et al: &quot;Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults&quot;, Nutrients 2018, 10(8), 1049, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081049&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it remains currently at this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/features/worst-foods-for-your-skin#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dairy and Acne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There's no definite link between dairy and acne, but there are theories about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-02-02T17:04:30.963" LastActivityDate="2019-02-02T17:04:30.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-02T14:56:18.503" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;A newly emerging category of medical study is the potential to replace a missing piece, in part or in its entirety. While currently in its infancy, the potential for this in human health is astounding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hearinglikeme.com/cure-for-hearing-loss-hearing-loss-regeneration-drug-ready-testing-2018/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; from MIT, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH), and Massachusetts Eye and Ear discusses a method for regrowing human ear hair cells, responsible for hearing, which is set to commence human trials in as little as a year. &lt;a href=&quot;https://newsroom.uw.edu/news/stem-cells-restore-function-primate-heart-failure-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article from University of Washington&lt;/a&gt; discusses research into regrowing partial primate hearts to obviate heart transplantation in humans. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104191823.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research&lt;/a&gt; from the Free University of Brussels suggests the same is possible for human lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simplifying for the purpose of the question and disregarding those components that fall outside of voluntary control, if a deaf person were given new functioning cochlear hair cells, or an amputee were given a regrown arm, could the brain be taught to recognize and use the new piece, specifically in (1) cases of congenital loss and (2) cases of acquired loss, respectively, and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-02-02T14:56:18.503" Title="Can the human brain be taught to recognize new body parts, and how?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18558" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-03T00:54:10.177" Score="5" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that electric toothbrushes these days typically come in one of two shapes, or a combination of the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first shape is a circular shape, where the bristles spin in a circle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second shape is the more traditional oblong shape that we recognize from manual toothbrushes.  Electric toothbrushes of this kind tend to vibrate up and down or front to back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The third shape is a circular shape in the front, with an additional oblong shape behind it.  The circular shape spins, and the oblong shape vibrates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical evidence that one of these shapes is better for cleaning the teeth?  What about for cleaning the gums?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2019-02-03T00:54:10.177" Title="Is there any medical evidence that one toothbrush shape is better than another?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-02-05T05:50:07.810" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18559" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18566" CreationDate="2019-02-03T03:55:14.483" Score="4" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;One theory about migraines is that it is triggered by dropping serotonin levels.&#xA;One medication, sumatriptan, acts by raising serotonin acting as a reuptake inhibitor.&#xA;Since tryptophan is converted into serotonin, can tryptophan supplements aid in fighting migraines. Is there any study in this regard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14516" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T17:58:19.133" Title="Migraines and tryptophan" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18561" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19389" CreationDate="2019-02-03T21:36:07.120" Score="7" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;In reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_color&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the wikipedia article on eye color&lt;/a&gt;, I noticed that the colors listed there  seemed a bit arbitrary. Tangentially, I know that even the words we use today to recognize colors are neither old nor preserved through cultures, languages, or time. As an example, Spanish speaking peoples often use the word black to describe eye color, but English speaking peoples would say dark brown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This left me wondering if the worldwide medical community (represented by the world health organisation or something else) has a distinct nomenclature for human eye colors. If they do, what are the various &quot;official&quot; eye colors? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3495" LastEditorUserId="45" LastEditDate="2019-02-04T14:57:12.147" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:28:58.600" Title="What are the official eye colors?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18559" CreationDate="2019-02-05T08:18:26.543" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sumatriptan activates &lt;em&gt;vascular&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1_receptor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5-HT&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; receptors&lt;/a&gt;.  This results in vasoconstriction, which is what is thought to help the migraines.  This is the same idea for giving caffeine, which is also a vasoconstrictor.  Taking tryptophan would likely be ineffective for a variety of reasons in terminating a migraine.  First, it would have to be ingested and absorbed, which takes time, and then it would have to be metabolized to 5-HT (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Serotonin&lt;/a&gt;).  Even if tryptophan was absorbed in the stomach, it would be ineffective at terminating the migraine in a timely fashion and thus not well tolerated by a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, there is little evidence that oral tryptophan supplementation increases serotonin levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.228478&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cynober et al., 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.228478&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cynober et al. (2016)&lt;/a&gt; states that the subjects urinated out the tryptophan in a &amp;quot;dose dependent fashion.&amp;quot;  Further, there was no significant change in their mood with tryptophan supplementation at any dose.  This suggests that the tryptophan is not being metabolized into 5-HT.  This makes sense, since tryptophan is in our diets, and it would be wild to think that our bodies didn't regulate 5-HT metabolism (that is to say that our bodies just automatically made 5-HT every time we ate something with tryptophan in it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If patients do have a serotonin imbalance, it is likely involved in metabolism issues, say some mutation or problem with co-factors or enzymes.  Therefore, tryptophan likely isn't a solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cynober, L., Bier, D. M., Kadowaki, M., Morris Jr, S. M., Elango, R., &amp;amp; Smriga, M. (2016). Proposals for Upper Limits of Safe Intake for Arginine and Tryptophan in Young Adults and an Upper Limit of Safe Intake for Leucine in the Elderly–3. &lt;em&gt;The Journal of nutrition, 146&lt;/em&gt;(12), 2652S-2654S. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.228478&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3945/jn.115.228478&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T07:43:36.817" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18504" CreationDate="2019-02-05T10:26:14.423" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mr. Hiroyasu Yamashiro wrote an anwer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thank you for your question about the paper. &#xA;  The meaning of the abbreviations you ask is as follows. &#xA;  Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sp&lt;/strong&gt; - Supraclavicular lymph nodes&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Ps&lt;/strong&gt; - Parasternal lymph nodes  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hiroyasu Yamashiro&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T10:26:14.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17787" CreationDate="2019-02-05T21:10:38.030" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bryan is correct.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for references as Chris Rogers requests, there are many, given the plethora of texts and papers on the subject.  One good text is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ritter, J., Flower, R. J., Henderson, G., Loke, Y. K., MacEwan, D. J., &amp;amp; Rang, H. P. (2019). Rang and Dale’s pharmacology. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To expand on the subject, a good food to avoid if taking prescriptions is grapefruit (although other citrus fruits are currently being studied).  Grapefruit irreversibly bind to CYP3A4 and can cause an increase in the drug the patient is taking, potentially elevating it to toxic levels.  There is extensive literature on this subject and a literature review would yield pages of references.  It is just one example of a food interacting with a drug, and since a large percentage of drugs use the CYP3A4 pathway, it is a big interaction which is highly studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP used doxycycline as an example, and as Graham pointed out, metals such as Ca++ bind to doxy and cause it to become insoluble and therefore less able to be absorbed.  However, doxycycline also commonly causes nausea; thus, often providers will advise patients they can eat something small with the doxycycline to help alleviate the nausea.  Therefore, if someone ate something with doxy -- once -- most providers wouldn't worry.  However, in the clinical setting of a patient who does not respond to doxycycline and reports taking the medication with breakfast and dinner, it could be prudent to consider that the doxycycline was not ineffective against the offending organism, but was taken inappropriately.  It is also worth noting that while doxycycline is typically given as 100mg BID, it can be taken as 200mg OD (this could enhance patient compliance, since it is hard to to follow the instructions twice a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is worth noting that while the three interactions that Bryan mentioned are the primary types of drug interactions, there is one interaction that does not fall into this category, which I discuss with my patients regularly.  Flagyl and drinking alcohol (EtOH) has long been thought to produce a disulfiram-like reaction; a disulfiram reaction is what is used by antabuse to &quot;treat&quot; alcoholism.  If EtOH is used while on Antabuse the patient vomits violently and has severe abdominal cramping.  It is questionable if Flagyl does indeed produce a disulfiram-like reaction or if there is something else going on (say something with serotonin).  Regardless, drinking alcohol while on Flagyl is not a good idea, and it doesn't fall into any of those three categories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that as a society we have become complacent with medications, and feel like they are all pretty safe.  We know that there are these serious drugs (like chemo) that are out there, but we forget that many commonly used drugs can have serious interactions and consequences.  As a recommendation, if you have any questions about drugs, call the pharmacist or your provider.  The pharmacists today are typically 4-year trained in a PharmD program and are highly knowledgeable about interactions (more so typically than providers) and they are a great resource for questions like this one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T21:10:38.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12292" CreationDate="2019-02-05T21:30:16.840" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are thousands of papers that study medication errors.  They fall into various groups.  There is the provider side, the pharmacist side, the technician side, the nursing side, and the system side (just for a start).  Papers tend to look at one area, say pharmacy, and not the provider.  Or they look at nursing, but not pharmacy or provider.  Some papers try and take a systems approach, but it is challenging.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best paper to get started in this area is &quot;To Err is Human&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/1999/To-Err-is-Human/To%20Err%20is%20Human%201999%20%20report%20brief.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/1999/To-Err-is-Human/To%20Err%20is%20Human%201999%20%20report%20brief.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It came out in 1999, made recommendations, and we still aren't there.  You can then follow the trail of research and issues from there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for Lamictal, there is a huge blackbox warning about Stevens-Johnson (SJS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://online.epocrates.com/drugs/84910/Lamictal/Monograph&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://online.epocrates.com/drugs/84910/Lamictal/Monograph&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dosage can vary from 100mg to 400mg a day (or even lower for renal dosing).  The article says there is a claim in the lawsuit that the dosage was incorrect, but we don't know if it was or not.  Since SJS is a risk with many medications, we all take that risk when we take medications.  This isn't a great example of a medication error, since we don't have all the information, and SJS can occur when the provider, pharmacist, tech, nurse, and the whole team did everything right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in this, I'd recommend you visit the IHI &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ihi.org/Topics/PatientSafety/Pages/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ihi.org/Topics/PatientSafety/Pages/default.aspx&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are the biggest and most reputable source for patient safety data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastActivityDate="2019-02-05T21:30:16.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-06T15:37:00.177" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prescriptions in the UK contain doxycycline as doxycycline hyclate. They are also listed as containing lactose. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the lactose helpful? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15606" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-02-07T10:52:03.620" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T10:52:03.620" Title="Why do doxycycline pills also contain lactose?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18574" CreationDate="2019-02-06T20:17:56.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lactose&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;disaccharide&lt;/a&gt; sugar found in milk. Many tablets contain lactose. It is not an active ingredient but simply a filler and is chosen because it has excellent compressibility properties and is biologically safe. It can also be used to form the powder in dry powder inhalers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While people who have a true allergy to lactose should not use tablets that contain it, there is not usually enough lactose to cause problems for people who have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/allergy/lactose-intolerance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactose intolerance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/inactive/lactose-157.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lactose (inactive ingredient) - drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-02-06T20:17:56.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18577" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18761" CreationDate="2019-02-06T20:32:46.740" Score="7" ViewCount="644" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactulose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lactulose&lt;/a&gt; is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/laxatives/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;osmotic laxative&lt;/a&gt; made from the milk sugar &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactose&lt;/a&gt;. It is non-absorbable in the gut, and so draws water into the gut by osmosis, with the aim of alleviating constipation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard a dentist advise that it should be used with caution in children as it can contribute to dental decay. The Wikipedia article (linked above) just states (without a reference) that it is less likely to cause tooth decay than sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know whether dental decay is actually likely with regular use of lactulose, or what the risk is compared to sucrose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-26T08:57:42.720" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T08:57:42.720" Title="Lactulose and dental decay" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;&lt;laxative&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18579" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18580" CreationDate="2019-02-07T01:40:55.327" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to make a circuit to implement a Galvanic skin response sensor to measure the skin resistance and then use it to find the skin conductance. Then, I wish to calibrate these readings with some standard data so that the actual body hydration level can be calculated.&#xA;In order to do so, I used one of the reference designs of Texas Instruments (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ti.com/tool/TIDM-BIOSIGNMONITOR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;). (The discussion related to this project is running on another TI forum with the link &lt;a href=&quot;https://e2e.ti.com/support/microcontrollers/msp430/f/166/p/760267/2846858#2846858&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HERE&lt;/a&gt;.) &#xA;The final circuit has been pasted below.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zV2Fq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zV2Fq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;The circuit has been implemented using hardware and I am getting voltage values from the op amp output terminal.&#xA;The problem arises when I cannot compare these values with some standard data that is used in the Clinical labs for measuring body hydration level. So, the voltage values that I get cannot help in finding whether the person's body hydration level is high/low/some xyz value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to calibrate these readings with some standard data so that the actual body hydration level can be calculated. &#xA;Where can I get the standard data that I use for the calibration? OR is there some alternative approach to calibrate my readings?&#xA;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15610" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T06:19:17.063" Title="Values of Body Hydration Values to calibrate the readings of Galvanic skin response sensor" Tags="&lt;hydration&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18579" CreationDate="2019-02-07T05:36:47.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Skin becomes a better conductor of electricity in response to physiologically arousing stimuli which can be external or internal. Increased sweat increases skin conductivity. This is known as the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) - also known as the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.media.mit.edu/galvactivator/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Massachusetts Institute of Technology faq page&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another name for GSR is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodermal_activity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrodermal Activity (EDA)&lt;/a&gt; and EDA measurement is one component of modern polygraph devices, which are often used as lie detectors (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biopac.com/curriculum/l09-eda-polygraph&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;BIOPAC Systems, Inc.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bearing this in mind, even though Microsoft submitted a patent application for such a device in 2015 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160374588&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;full technical details here&lt;/a&gt;), galvanic skin response sensors cannot be deemed reliable to determine body hydration levels.  &lt;strong&gt;There can be no standard voltage levels&lt;/strong&gt; because &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a19520755/what-determines-how-much-you-sweat&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;different people sweat at different rates&lt;/a&gt;.  Look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/excessive-sweating-hyperhidrosis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hyperhidrosis&lt;/a&gt; sufferers for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimations&lt;/strong&gt; of hydration levels can be made however, &lt;strong&gt;if other data is combined with galvanic skin response results&lt;/strong&gt; — body mass index, heart rate and skin temperature (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sc_Mukhopadhyay/publication/272519591_Towards_a_Smart_Non-Invasive_Fluid_Loss_Measurement_System/links/55a7474808ae51639c576f71.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Suryadevara et al., 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suryadevara, N. K., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., &amp;amp; Barrack, L. (2015). Towards a smart non-invasive fluid loss measurement system. &lt;em&gt;Journal of medical systems, 39&lt;/em&gt;(4), 38. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-015-0206-6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s10916-015-0206-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T06:19:17.063" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9856" CreationDate="2019-02-07T07:47:55.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are numerous papers on foods that appear to induce headaches.  One recent paper (part 1) is &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Martin &amp;amp; Vij (2016)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It goes into detail into the major players in foods that induce headaches.  Tyramine has a strange history with headaches, because originally, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Martin and Vij (2016)&lt;/a&gt; point out, people noticed that individuals on MAOI drugs who ate tyramine rich foods developed hypertensive headaches.  When thinking about migraines, it's strange to think that a vasoconstrictor would induce a migraine, since triptans and caffeine are used to &lt;em&gt;treat&lt;/em&gt; migraines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this paradox leads to the thought that while the treatment of migraines may be vascular, the disease itself may be one of metabolism, as I mentioned in another migraine post and referenced &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kokavec, A. (2016)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is a good one, and likely, as has been mentioned, tyramine may play a role in the answer.  To your point, though, tyramine is only one of the biogenic amines.  Histamine and phenylethylamine are also thought to play a role in headaches, which are also found in food we eat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kokavec, A. (2016). Migraine: A disorder of metabolism?. &lt;em&gt;Medical hypotheses, 97&lt;/em&gt;, 117-130. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Martin, V. T., &amp;amp; Vij, B. (2016). Diet and headache: part 1. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 56(9), 1543-1552. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12953&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1111/head.12953&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T08:16:33.130" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5016" CreationDate="2019-02-07T08:12:14.163" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Noroviruses (NoVs) and Rotaviruses (RVs) recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2014.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tan &amp;amp; Jiang, 2014&lt;/a&gt;).  HBGA are found on most epithelial cells, which line the gut.  It would make sense then, that certain strains of NoV or RV may have a higher affinity for certain HBGAs; or even not be able to bind to a certain HBGA.  This is not a novel idea and is found throughout virology.  Here is a paper that discusses NoVs and RVs in the context of HBGAs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tan, M., &amp;amp; Jiang, X. (2014). Histo-blood group antigens: A common niche for norovirus and rotavirus. &lt;em&gt;Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 16&lt;/em&gt;, E5. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2014.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1017/erm.2014.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-07T08:49:05.887" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T08:49:05.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16504" CreationDate="2019-02-07T15:09:59.927" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;For starters, make sure you or someone close by is calling for an ambulance, because you need that more advanced help started in your direction ASAP. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Get the person out of the heat, into air conditioning or at least out of the sun. If there are no air conditioned areas close by then shade is next best. Get them undressed if possible, soak them with cold water. If you're alone, you may not want to just place them in a cold bath, covering them with sheets soaked in cold water would be helpful. If they are still conscious and able to tolerate it, you may place them in a cool bath or shower. If they are still conscious and able to safely swallow, you may give them cold water to sip (not gulp, you don't want them vomiting). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's discuss what heat stroke is... Signs and symptoms of heatstroke as presented by the Mayo Clinic include a rectal temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, altered mental status, nausea, decreased sweating and rapid heart rate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a complete list of signs and symptoms, see this link from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For diagnosis and treatment information for heatstroke, visit this link from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353587&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you would like an in-depth read on the history of heatstroke, risk factors, causes, in-hospital treatment of it and a variety of additional information on it, see this link from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=593951&amp;amp;Journal_ID=230572&amp;amp;Issue_ID=593907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lippincott Nursing Center&lt;/a&gt;. The link goes to a continuing education article on heat stroke for nurses. In my personal opinion, this is the most informational article of the three I shared. However, it is wordy and a rather lengthy read. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2019-02-08T15:38:57.350" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T15:38:57.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18584" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18587" CreationDate="2019-02-07T15:41:49.480" Score="2" ViewCount="1644" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I have been watching khan academy videos on acyanotic and cyanotic diseases. I know that acyanotic means not blue and cyanotic blue. Because I still can not understand the difference between the two, what is it? Can you please explain in a clear way? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15535" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-02-07T21:16:49.300" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T22:06:19.583" Title="Difference between acyanotic and cyanotic" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18585" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-07T17:26:32.940" Score="3" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;In case of diabetes type 2, I have learned that it is recommended to find a low carb diet, possibly even low fat (to ease loss of weight) and to compensate instead with whole grain food, high amounts of proteins and fibers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Particularly for the last 2 elements, I have found that there exist protein bars that are quite rich in both fibers and protein, while having minimal carbs/sugar. But these tend to be processed food and contain alternative sweeteners such as, isomalto-oligosaccharide, stevlol glycosides, sucralose, to name a few. One such protein bar, denoted to be purely vegan, has the following nutrition table:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TobLk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TobLk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, this would not be a bad snack for someone with diabetes (high on fiber and low carb per bar &amp;lt; 5g), and it may actually also be quite filling (most of the calories stemming from the soy-protein ingredient). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But considering the point mentioned above about these bars, are they generally to be avoided for diabetics? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Please note, this table is merely an example, my main attempt with this question is to learn how to think about deciding adding such snacks to the diet in the case of diabetes type 2. Namely, is the low carb and high fiber aspects enough to assume them safe to consume, or are there more intricate complications to consider? I admit I have no medical background, I have simply been trying to learn about nutrition on my own.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15612" LastActivityDate="2019-02-15T17:35:48.633" Title="Assessing protein bars with artificial sweeteners for diabetics type 2" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-07T18:53:49.073" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a blood test recently and over the phone I was told by a doctorthat my oestrogen level is high. I'm a man and was told my level is &quot;190, but the average is 150&quot;. 190 what? I forgot to ask and now I am left wondering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have googled this but can't seem to find a relevant answer as Google says a healthy level for men is below 20-55 pg/mL, but this can't be using the same metric.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9438" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T18:53:49.073" Title="What metric is used to measure estrogen levels?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18584" CreationDate="2019-02-07T22:06:19.583" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cyanosis&lt;/a&gt; refers to a blue discolouration of the skin caused by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoxia&lt;/a&gt; (inadequate oxygenation of the arterial blood supply). It is the presence or absence of this hypoxia that is actually the distinction between these two types of heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, some heart anatomy. The right side of the heart receives blood from the head and body (via the vena cava) and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and returns it to the body (via the aorta). The left side is at a higher pressure than the right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T9PTD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/T9PTD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Heart anatomy&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various types of congenital heart defects. Put simply, any that cause reduced blood flow to the lungs will reduce oxygenation of the blood and cause hypoxia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of this is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1664090108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transposition of the great arteries&lt;/a&gt;, which tends to cause cyanosis within the first 24 hours of life. In this condition, the aorta and pulmonary arteries are swapped. This means the circulation to the lungs and the circulation to the body are separate, running in parallel, so insufficient oxygen reaches the body tissues. The infant will only survive if there is a means of the blood mixing, such as the embryological connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery (the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_arteriosus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ductus arteriosus&lt;/a&gt;) remaining open. In simple terms, the ductus serves to bypass the lungs before birth as they are not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5i9RG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5i9RG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Transposition of the great arteries&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other types of congenital heart disease do not necessarily cause hypoxia. For example, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventricular septal defect&lt;/a&gt; is a hole in the septum between the two ventricles. Because the pressure is greater on the left side, blood is &lt;em&gt;shunted&lt;/em&gt; over to the right side, increasing blood flow to the lungs. However, over time this can lead to the complication of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmenger%27s_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eisenmenger's syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, in which the shunting reverses due to lung damage and this results in hypoxia and cyanosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples of the types of congenital heart disease. Adapted from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=1282080790&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1643773948&amp;amp;linkID=43375&amp;amp;cook=yes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acyanotic congenital heart disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With a left to right shunt - acyanotic shunting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Atrial septal defects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ventricular septal defects&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patent ductus arteriosus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With no shunt - acyanotic obstructive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coarctation of the aorta&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pulmonary stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Congenital aortic stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bicuspid aortic valve&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dextrocardia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1731198972&amp;amp;linkID=43374&amp;amp;cook=yes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cyanotic congenital heart disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are due to a right to left shunt (where there is a communication between the ventricles of the heart) or reduced pulmonary (lung) circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fallot's tetralogy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pulmonary stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eisenmenger's syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Transposition of the great arteries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tricuspid atresia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pulmonary atresia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/18479/14056&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; of mine about Eisenmenger syndrome; a complication of several heart defects that results in hypoxia and cyanosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-02-07T22:06:19.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3376" CreationDate="2019-02-07T22:27:17.840" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can offer a UK perspective on this, using guidelines from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence&lt;/a&gt; (NICE): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification&lt;/a&gt;. There is also a useful summary &lt;a href=&quot;https://cks.nice.org.uk/lipid-modification-cvd-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention the case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Secondary_prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;secondary prevention&lt;/a&gt; in cardiovascular disease (CVD), when statins are used in people who have already got a diagnosis of vascular disease (e.g. heart attack or stroke). In the context of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare#Primary_prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary prevention&lt;/a&gt;, determining whether or not to use a statin comes down to assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several factors influence the risk of cardiovascular disease, including diabetes, smoking, family history, hypertension, dyslipidaemia (high cholesterol), obesity, age and sex, amongst others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can estimate the risk using an algorithm such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://qrisk.org/three/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;QRisk&lt;/a&gt; (the main one in use in the UK). This provides a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. You can experiment with values to see the effect different variables have (smoking is particularly significant). This algorithm is based on studies and meta-analyses referenced on the linked site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NICE guidelines recommend this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Offer lipid-modification therapy to people aged 84 years and younger&#xA;  if their estimated 10-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease&#xA;  (CVD) using the QRISK®2 assessment tool is 10% or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain disease, such as adults with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;type 1 diabetes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;familial hypercholesterolaemia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic kidney disease&lt;/a&gt; are recommended to be prescribed a statin regardless of calculated risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 10% 10-year CVD risk means that if we had 100 people exactly like the person in question in every way and followed them up over the next 10 years, we would expect 10 of them to have had a cardiovascular event (such as a heart attack or stroke).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before easily accessible algorithms embedded in web apps, charts such as the one below were used. They are quite useful for showing the factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mc2mC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mc2mC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Cardiovascular disease risk chart&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-05T12:37:21.880" LastActivityDate="2019-12-05T12:37:21.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18592" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2019-02-08T13:25:59.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. This usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some drugs (such as antacids and laxatives) do not bind to receptors to produce their corresponding therapeutic effect but simply interact with chemical or physical properties in the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In comparison, a mode of action describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions using this tag should relate to the pharmacological mechanism of action of a drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Mechanism of Action&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-02-12T05:16:26.410" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T05:16:26.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18593" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2019-02-08T13:25:59.150" Score="0" Body="Mechanism of action refers to the biochemical interaction by which a drug produces its pharmacological effect." OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-02-12T05:16:29.443" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T05:16:29.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16919" CreationDate="2019-02-08T23:07:57.593" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can understand your confusion, since the literature has confounding data.  However, I would suggest that you expand your reasoning beyond only thinking about calcium demand and consider hormonal changes as well.  Regardless, a newer paper that recently came out from &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3292-x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hwang et al. (2016)&lt;/a&gt; has some great information.  They cite the papers that have shown protective effects as well as the papers that show deleterious effects.  It is a complex issue, since the length of time of the breastfeeding matters as well as past and present medical history; it would be important to correct for differences in exercise, smoking, and diet; and age of breastfeeding as well as age of menarche are important as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hwang, I. R., Choi, Y. K., Lee, W. K., Kim, J. G., Lee, I. K., Kim, S. W., &amp;amp; Park, K. G. (2016). Association between prolonged breastfeeding and bone mineral density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: KNHANES 2010-2011. Osteoporosis International, 27(1), 257–265. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3292-x&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3292-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15601" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-08T23:07:57.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-09T22:36:18.267" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to optimize my indoor CO2 levels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bought a monitor, which seems to be fairly accurate: When I air my flat thoroughly, for 30min with fans running, I am able to achieve about 450 ppm CO2, which is about the level of the atmosphere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read, that even a slight increase in Co2 to about 1000 ppm (which can be found indoors quite often) can result in 15% reduced brain performance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder, what is the bottom level of CO2, below which the body starts to perform worse, instead of better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before the industrial revolution, the CO2 level was half of what it is now. Does this increase already have a detrimental health effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we could choose the optimal CO2 level for maximum brain performance, what would it be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware, that it would not be practical, to try to reduce the Co2 levels indoors below the outside level of 400 ppm. But I am trying to decide, if it makes sense, to try to achieve an avg. of 500, or if it would not make a big difference if it is say 800 on avg.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.1510037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.1510037&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2019-02-09T22:36:18.267" Title="What is the lower end of C02 exposure, where negative health effects of not enough C02 start?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-11T05:07:30.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-10T09:57:51.947" Score="4" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was asked in Psychology.SE with no answer so I thought I would try here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is well known that loud noises can lead to hearing problems such as temporary hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and even permanent hearing loss. But this is the first time scientists have been able to identify damages to nerve cells as a result of noise exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The research allows us to understand the pathway from exposure to loud noises to hearing loss. Dissecting the cellular mechanisms underlying this condition is likely to bring a very significant healthcare benefit to a wider population. The work will help prevention as well as progression into finding appropriate cures for hearing loss&quot;, said the lead researcher Dr. Martine Hamann, from the University of Leicester in the UK. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hear-it.org/loud-music-damages-nerves-brain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hear-it.org, 2014&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Listening to tailor-made notched sound or notched music reduces tinnitus loudness and &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/questions/9481/what-are-the-brain-regions-related-to-tinnitus-shown-in-this-figure&quot;&gt;tinnitus-related auditory cortex activity&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911268107&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Okamoto, et al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Maladaptive auditory cortex reorganization may contribute to the generation and maintenance of tinnitus. Because cortical organization can be modified by behavioral training, we attempted to reduce tinnitus loudness by exposing chronic tinnitus patients to self-chosen, enjoyable music, which was modified (“notched”) to contain no energy in the frequency range surrounding the individual tinnitus frequency. After 12 months of regular listening, the target patient group (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 8) showed significantly reduced subjective tinnitus loudness and concomitantly exhibited reduced evoked activity in auditory cortex areas corresponding to the tinnitus frequency compared to patients who had received an analogous placebo notched music treatment (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 8). These findings indicate that tinnitus loudness can be significantly diminished by an enjoyable, low-cost, custom-tailored notched music treatment, potentially via reversing maladaptive auditory cortex reorganization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bF6X7.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bF6X7.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;(Image Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.appbrain.com/app/tinnitus-therapy-tunes/eu.medical.android.ttt&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Notched Music Therapy App for Android&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hear-it.org website at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hear-it.org/loud-music-damages-nerves-brain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;paged linked above&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Loud music played on earphones causes hearing loss by having a similar effect on nerves as multiple sclerosis, research finds. The research shows that noise levels above 110 decibels strip insulation from nerve fibers carrying signals from the ear to the brain. Loss of the protective coating, called myelin, disrupts electrical nerve signals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for the source, it seems to be coming from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/loud-music-on-headphones-causes-deafness-by-having-a-similar-effect-on-nerves-as-ms-8091683.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;John Von Radowitz's article within The Independent newspaper (2012)&lt;/a&gt;, stating that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Loud music played on earphones causes deafness by having a similar effect on nerves as multiple sclerosis (MS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With both articles mentioning Dr. Martine Hamann from the University of Leicester, I found that she was involved with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/npb/people/dr-martine-hamann/publications&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;three studies in that year&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article which seems to be related is &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116981109&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pilati, et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt;, which states within the abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here we investigate mechanisms contributing to excitability changes in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) shortly after exposure to loud sound that produces hearing loss. We show that acoustic overexposure alters synaptic transmission originating from the auditory and the multisensory pathway within the DCN in different ways. A reduction in the number of myelinated auditory nerve fibers leads to a reduced maximal firing rate of DCN principal cells, which cannot be restored by increasing auditory nerve fiber recruitment. In contrast, a decreased membrane resistance of DCN granule cells (multisensory inputs) leads to a reduced maximal firing rate of DCN principal cells that is overcome when additional multisensory fibers are recruited. Furthermore, gain modulation by inhibitory synaptic transmission is disabled in both auditory and multisensory pathways. These cellular mechanisms that contribute to decreased cellular excitability in the central auditory pathway are likely to represent early neurobiological markers of hearing loss and may suggest interventions to delay or stop the development of hyperactivity that has been associated with tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is also in the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acoustic overexposure (AOE):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;induces hearing threshold elevations (shifts of hearing&#xA;thresholds of 20–30 dB sound pressure level were observed for frequencies above&#xA;the frequency used during the AOE protocol),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decreases fusiform cell excitability,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;down-regulates auditory nerve (AN) and multi-sensory (MS) synaptic transmission to fusiform cells (FCs)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduces FC maximal firing rate upon AN stimulations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decreases the number of myelinated AN fibres in the cochlea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduces FC maximal firing rate upon MS input stimulation and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decreases granule cell membrane resistance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;disables FC gain control by inhibitory synaptic transmission&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Auditory Nerve stimulations&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rJa1d.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rJa1d.png&quot; alt=&quot;article fig.1 B&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;AN stimulations (25 V, 0.3 Hz) trigger smaller Excitatory post-synaptic potentials after AOE (blue)). Membrane potential was −70 mV. Histogram summarizes excitatory post-synaptic potential amplitudes measured at similar stimulating voltages in unexposed (25 ± 4 V, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 4) and exposed conditions (28 ± 2 V, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 6). * &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.05,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tFBTH.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tFBTH.png&quot; alt=&quot;article fig.1 C&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In unexposed condition (black), AN stimulations (40 V, 0.3 Hz) trigger action potentials in a FC (membrane potential of −60 mV). After AOE (blue), AN stimulations (40–45 V, 0.3 Hz) fail to trigger action potentials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Multisensory stimulations&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XpKpZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XpKpZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;article fig.1 E&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MS stimulations (15 V, 0.3 Hz) trigger smaller excitatory post-synaptic potentials after AOE (blue). Membrane potential was −70 mV. Histogram summarizes excitatory post-synaptic potential amplitudes measured at&#xA;  similar stimulating voltages in unexposed (16 ± 1 V, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 8) and exposed conditions (19 ± 2 V, &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 6). ** &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01: unpaired t tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PrALf.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PrALf.png&quot; alt=&quot;article fig.1 F&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In unexposed condition (black), MS stimulations (20 V, 0.3 Hz) trigger action potentials in a FC (membrane potential of −60 mV). After AOE (blue), higher stimulation voltages (25 V, 0.3 Hz) are required to trigger an action potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not having a background in neurology, I am wondering if altered synaptic transmission originating from the auditory and the multisensory pathway within the DCN equates to brain damage or is the altered synaptic transmission caused by information received from the damaged cochlea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In other words, has it really been found that the cause of Tinnitus is brain damage which can be repaired through playing sounds or music with a &quot;notch&quot; in specific frequency spectrums?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hear-it.org (2014) &lt;em&gt;Loud music damages the nerves in the brain&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;Available from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hear-it.org/loud-music-damages-nerves-brain&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hear-it.org/loud-music-damages-nerves-brain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okamoto, H., Stracke, H., Stoll, W., &amp;amp; Pantev, C. (2010). Listening to tailor-made notched music reduces tinnitus loudness and tinnitus-related auditory cortex activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(3), 1207-1210.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911268107&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.0911268107&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pilati, N., Ison, M. J., Barker, M., Mulheran, M., Large, C. H., Forsythe, I. D., ... &amp;amp; Hamann, M. (2012). Mechanisms contributing to central excitability changes during hearing loss. &lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/em&gt;, 109(21), 8292-8297.&lt;br&gt;DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116981109&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1073/pnas.1116981109&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Radowitz J. V. (2012). &lt;em&gt;Loud music played on headphones causes deafness by having a similar effect on nerves as multiple sclerosis (MS) - The Independent&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;Available at: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/loud-music-on-headphones-causes-deafness-by-having-a-similar-effect-on-nerves-as-ms-8091683.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/loud-music-on-headphones-causes-deafness-by-having-a-similar-effect-on-nerves-as-ms-8091683.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-02-10T09:57:51.947" Title="Is tinnitus caused by brain damage?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-10T11:44:15.083" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always wondered what causes one's frame rate to drop in their eyes when tired. Could anyone explain this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am talking about the effect when your vision goes almost stuttery &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15622" LastEditorUserId="15622" LastEditDate="2019-02-20T07:38:46.793" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T07:38:46.793" Title="Eye frame rate dropping when tired" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-02-10T23:16:04.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-11T02:35:44.167" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;There exist a many products designed to increase the size of a weight bar diameter: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=Fat+Gripz&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=Fat+Gripz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l8Rl2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l8Rl2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does increasing the size of a weight bar diameter help prevent tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylopathies (medial or lateral, i.e., tennis elbows and golfer elbows)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-02-11T02:35:44.167" Title="Does increasing the size of a weight bar diameter help prevent tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;epicondylitis&gt;&lt;weightlifting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10806" CreationDate="2019-02-12T01:35:28.063" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For anatomy, there is foundational model of anatomy.&#xA;SNOMED CT is also a knowledge base. (but is it free only to member countries).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also see ontologies are on bioportal website &lt;a href=&quot;https://bioportal.bioontology.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bioportal.bioontology.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T01:35:28.063" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18608" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2019-02-12T01:36:49.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;topics for medical terminologies, clinical decision support, data warehousing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T17:28:14.107" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T17:28:14.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18609" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2019-02-12T01:36:49.403" Score="0" Body="topics for medical terminologies, clinical decision support, data warehousing" OwnerUserId="15631" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-03-27T05:42:23.260" LastActivityDate="2019-03-27T05:42:23.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18358" CreationDate="2019-02-12T03:05:22.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to substitute lawfully, the 2 drugs must be bioequivalent and in the same dosage form.  Therefore the 2 drugs not only must be chemically equivalent, but also therapeutically equivalent.  In your situation, dextroamphetamine and dextroamphetamine salts combo are 2 different drugs.  The former is a single ingredient product while the latter is a mixture of salts. &#xA;The basis of bioequivalence is determined by the kinetics of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination from the body.  In general, a drug and its salt form will have different dissolution rates and therefore will be absorbed at dfferent rates, distributed differently, metabolized differently and eliminated differently from the body.  So they have different effects on the body.  In most cases, the drug itself and its salt are similar enough that there is no major therapeutic difference and are considered bioequivalent.  However it’s not true in all cases.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A controlled release formulation (such as sustained release, extended release, delayed release, long-acting, etc.) releases the drug slower, get absorbed  slower and reaches the peak plasma level slower than the regular formulation.  Therefore the two formulations are not bioequivalent and are not substitutable.  The d-amphetamine salts combo prescription you have now may be an extended release formulation and so the effects are very different from the single ingredient d-amphetamine that you had before.  The prescriber might have changed it.&#xA;Another example is the drug hydroxyzine.  It is marketed as the hydrochloride salt under the trade name Atarax® and is also marketed as the pamoate ester under the trade name Vistaril®.  The salt form cannot cross the blood brain barrier, so it is used peripherally as an anti-histamine.  The ester can cross the blood brain barrier and acts centrally as a minor tranquilizer.  These 2 drugs are not bioequivalent.  In this case, the 2 drugs distribute dffferently and are not substitutable.&#xA;For more information on bioequivalence, check out The Orange Book published by the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15608" LastActivityDate="2019-02-12T03:05:22.363" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18634" CreationDate="2019-02-13T13:42:54.060" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read something similar to this on the radiologist's report for a chest/abdominal CT scan with contrast, in a section headed &quot;NARRATIVE&quot; and a sub-section headed &quot;HISTORY.&quot;  This is the only content in that sub-section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patient history with observations r/o exampletotis r/o madupitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A little web searching found me a handful of dictionaries that tell me the &quot;r/o&quot; abbreviation means &quot;rule out&quot; but none of them told me whether this is a conclusion or an instruction, or grammatically, whether the verb &quot;rule&quot; is being used in a declarative or imperative sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more explicit, in which of the two following ways should I interpret the report?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on the patient's history and what is seen in this scan, exampletotis and madupitis &lt;em&gt;have been ruled out.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on the patient's history and what is seen in this scan, patient and his physician should pursue additional means &lt;em&gt;in order to rule out&lt;/em&gt; exampletotis and madupitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further background:  The patient in question has a follow-up scheduled with the physician and will likely have an answer in a month or so anyway, but I'd like to clear up confusion in the interim and perhaps benefit others looking for the same information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3205" LastEditorUserId="3205" LastEditDate="2019-02-13T18:14:49.353" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T18:20:31.980" Title="Is the abbreviation&quot;r/o&quot; on a test report used in the declarative or imperative sense?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;med-symbol-abbreviations&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18629" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18630" CreationDate="2019-02-13T16:42:06.053" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many medical procedures (which are less or more necessary) like LASIK, joint replacement, tonsillectomy or gallbladder removal are described for patients as very safe (usually with a high number of successful previous procedures taken around the world).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there concrete standard for the safety of such procedures? Number of deaths, for example, is not enough. A scale of severity of side effects would be more the direction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hoped for something like the Injury Severity Score but it seems that there isn't. I understand the subjectivity of this question. But is there a way to classify medical procedures in a way so that a man that undergone a gallbladder removal will know that tonsillectomy is easier b/c the recovery is usually shorter + the probability of hematoma is lower etc? Or maybe the side effects vary so much that there is no way to compare procedures which are not very similar(e.g. one in dentistry and on in gastro). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13877" LastEditorUserId="13877" LastEditDate="2019-02-13T22:06:25.360" LastActivityDate="2020-11-10T20:35:24.163" Title="Is there a common standard to assess the safety of medical procedures?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18629" CreationDate="2019-02-13T17:47:23.757" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. There is not a set standard for the safety of medical procedures. The  risks of procedures varies and is balanced against the potential benefits of the procedure (which will also vary). Unlike medications or devices, procedures themselves are not subject to approval by a regulatory authority.  The professional ethical standard here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/informed-consent&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;informed consent&lt;/a&gt;, that is, the patient must be informed of the risks and potential benefits of a procedure. After understanding and considering these risks and benefits, the patient consents. Informed consent as a process should occur for any treatment, but clear documentation is required for surgical procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these issues are discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/should-surgery-have-fda/2004-10&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T17:47:23.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18633" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18636" CreationDate="2019-02-13T18:11:22.943" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got curious what really happens to the cut blood vessels after they were operated on at an arbitrary point... and how the blood circulation remains consistent(, especially if the blood vessel is a significant one, - of course not artery, but - I wouldn't think capillaries really matter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question came up since I can't imagine that a vein, which was connected to capillaries earlier, could do its duty and transport CO2-rich blood back to the heart after it's cut any more... I'd kinda expect that it becomes a dead end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a human organism solve this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15646" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T23:36:16.123" Title="Surgery of the hemorrhoid or other veins" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18628" CreationDate="2019-02-13T18:20:31.980" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A full radiology report typically contains several sections, similar to a progress note. The &quot;HISTORY&quot; section discusses the medical history and possibly indications for the imaging. Here, r/o means neither &quot;has been ruled out&quot; nor &quot;should be ruled out in the future&quot;.  It means the patient has such and such a history and this imaging test was done in order to rule out these things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find out what the radiologist concludes, look for an &quot;IMPRESSION&quot; section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: I'm answering based on my education and experience, but a search for &quot;parts of a radiology report&quot; returns &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/request/Report02.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; helpful learning module from the University of Virginia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T18:20:31.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18633" CreationDate="2019-02-13T23:36:16.123" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What happens when a blood vessel is cut during surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood vessels (not just veins, but arteries also) are transected (cut), ligated (tied off), and/or cauterized (burned closed) in just about every surgical procedure ever. When done appropriately, this does not cause a problem because there is more than one path from the heart to the tissue and more than one path from the tissue back to the heart. This is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_circulation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;collateral circulation&lt;/a&gt; and often involves &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomosis#Circulatory&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vascular anastomoses&lt;/a&gt;. In some cases collaterals are quite abundant, for example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_venous_plexus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;rectal plexus&lt;/a&gt;, the vascular supply relevant to the title to your question. Hemorrhoids are, in fact, the result of a very particular kind of venous branching, a porto-systemic communication. The rectal and anal circulation are drained through two parallel pathways, the portal circulation (through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_rectal_vein&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;superior rectal vein&lt;/a&gt;) and the systemic circulation (through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_rectal_veins&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;middle&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_rectal_veins&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inferior rectal veins&lt;/a&gt;). The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_system&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;portal circulation&lt;/a&gt; returns blood from the gastrointestinal system to the liver (and from there to the inferior vena cava and the heart), where the systemic circulation returns blood directly to the inferior vena cava (without passing through the portal system of the liver). When the pressure in the portal system increases (whether through pathological &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;portal hypertension&lt;/a&gt;, or other, temporary nonpathological conditions, e.g., pregnancy), blood is shunted from the portal arm through to the systemic arm, engorging the vessels in a few specific areas. The rectal plexus is one of them, and is a clear demonstration of the principle that there is more than one path back to the heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An important part of good surgical technique is identifying which blood vessels can be cut, tied, or burned, and which ones can't (or will result in complications if they are).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-13T23:36:16.123" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-14T01:44:13.913" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been incorporating green tea into my diet for a long time because of all its benefits, but I discovered that I am very sensitive to the diuretic effect of caffeine, even to the small amount of caffeine in green tea. Over time (months) I thought I would become more tolerant but I am still sensitive. A single cup of tea is enough to make me urinate up to 4 times per hour during the next 4 hours after drinking a cup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really like all the benefits that green tea (and caffeine) gives me (physical performance,  metabolism boost, antioxidants ...) but it is becoming an annoyance for me to have to go to the bathroom so many times because of drinking this tea (and also be cautious of not being dehydrated), so here is my question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to eliminate or counteract the diuretic effect of caffeine, or at least mitigate it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15406" LastEditorUserId="15399" LastEditDate="2019-02-14T02:15:22.373" LastActivityDate="2019-02-14T15:45:01.740" Title="How to avoid the diuretic effect of caffeine or green tea?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-02-14T16:55:51.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-14T09:36:41.353" Score="9" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the following diagram from the &lt;em&gt;Love and Bailey&lt;/em&gt; textbook I see that injury causes a decrease in hypertrophy due to a decrease in the expression of IGF-1. Here &lt;em&gt;Love and Bailey&lt;/em&gt; consider a skeletal muscle model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vSY29.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vSY29.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;From Love and Bailey&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in &lt;em&gt;Robbins and Cotran&lt;/em&gt; (diagram attached), mechanical stretch and growth factors like IGF-1 cause an increase in contractile protein synthesis. Here &lt;em&gt;Robbins and Cotran&lt;/em&gt; consider a heart muscle as model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dZDfM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dZDfM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;From Robbins and Cotran&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is whether injury causes hypertrophy or atrophy? I feel that if injury is beyond repair then atrophy should occur, but is this what &lt;em&gt;Love and Bailey&lt;/em&gt; wanted to say or is it different? Does it depend on whether the muscle is skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T22:19:51.300" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T05:03:10.273" Title="Does skeletal muscle injury cause hypertrophy or atrophy?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;muscular-atrophy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12081" CreationDate="2019-02-14T14:42:57.050" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right that any foreign biological material would normally be attacked by the immune system. That is why people have treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy to erradicate their own bone marrow stem cells and thus suppress their immune function before the transplant. This reduces the risk of the transplant being rejected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/bonemarrowtransplantation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before you have a transplant, you need to get high doses of&#xA;  chemotherapy and possibly radiation. This destroys the faulty stem&#xA;  cells in your bone marrow. It also suppresses your body's immune&#xA;  system so that it won't attack the new stem cells after the&#xA;  transplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the transplanted (or &lt;em&gt;graft&lt;/em&gt;) bone marrow is now the main source of immune cells in the body, it can in fact attack elements of the person's body. This is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/gvhd/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;graft versus host disease&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, the recipient’s blood cells will be replaced by those of the donor, meaning that the recipient will acquire the blood group of the donor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-02-17T11:10:00.617" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T11:10:00.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18637" CreationDate="2019-02-14T15:45:01.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine intake is associated with increased urination, but controlled studies (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16167356&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16167356&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) demonstrate fairly rapid adaptation and no chronic diuretic effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For most people, if you want to take caffeine without experiencing the diuretic effect, you simply drink your caffeinated beverage regularly and wait for your nephron to move through the equilibration phase. One would expect some variation here, which is why I say for most people. There are, of course, other reasons for excessive urination (beyond caffeine consumption), which are best not addressed in this stack for reasons discussed &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/747/how-long-can-this-site-be-popular-if-everybody-is-asked-to-see-a-doctor/748#748&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Since the OP states they have been drinking green tea for months and still experience a greater volume of urine output, I have both answered the general question about caffeine and voted to close the specific question (why am I urinating so much) as a personal medical question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-14T15:45:01.740" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-14T18:32:40.217" Score="3" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that the acid in citrus fruits can slowly eat away at your teeth, possibly causing premature loss of teeth.  I've heard that you should be sure to drink water while eating citrus fruit to &quot;wash off the acid&quot; or even generally avoid them altogether.  How true is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15651" LastActivityDate="2019-02-14T18:32:40.217" Title="Are citrus fruits bad for your teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-02-16T15:47:44.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18585" CreationDate="2019-02-15T11:19:40.863" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly energy/calories for this bar are itself high as is case with many energy bars. Now with this small bar if we do get enough energy but does it fill the stomach and urge to eat, no. Now anything except for fibres that we consume in excess even proteins can be used in gluconeogenesis. Also fat is also present in such bars and I see that's saturated too, now here saturated fats actually may effect the esterification too. PUFA help in &lt;strong&gt;decreasing&lt;/strong&gt; esterification of cholesterol. Although excess pufa too are not good a balance of pufa mufa is needed. So these things are complicated &amp;amp; multifactorial.Best is to consult doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PUFA stands for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Like linolenic,linoleic, arachidonic acid. We refer them as $\omega$ fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PUFA decrease cholesterol esterification &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/1789795/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;esterification of cholesterol decrease in presence of pufa&lt;/a&gt;and that's why they are associated with antiatherogenic property.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover PUFA also help in synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators like PGI2.&#xA;Even more PUFA come under essential fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to know more about cholesterol esterification &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biofiles/cholesterol-esterification.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further the use of artificial sweeteners complicate the matter, their safety may not have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198517/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;established&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="15648" LastEditDate="2019-02-15T17:35:48.633" LastActivityDate="2019-02-15T17:35:48.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-15T21:35:07.313" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any scientific evidence of &quot;Breastfeeding Elimination Diet &quot; and the similar forms of diets recommended in mass media to deal with baby's &quot;green poop&quot; problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All official recommendations does not contain any references to such diet: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/120296/E73182.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1jw7o0cmUBAhrIARN0zcW5acMo4SKT-d_57uEcegb6elSMr1PuLdOm5zw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/120296/E73182.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1jw7o0cmUBAhrIARN0zcW5acMo4SKT-d_57uEcegb6elSMr1PuLdOm5zw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or at least how could you explain what is an physiological idea behind? How the eaten &quot;egg&quot; could affect the mother's milk composition? It is absolutely not obvious.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8236" LastEditorUserId="8236" LastEditDate="2019-02-15T23:58:40.207" LastActivityDate="2019-02-16T01:19:08.277" Title="Any scientific evidence of &quot;Breastfeeding Elimination Diet &quot;?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;breastfeeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17653" CreationDate="2019-02-15T22:34:18.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The research on this topic is a little mixed, but a new study[1] published in January 2019 reviewed almost 40 previous studies, and concluded the shockwave therapy significantly improves erectile function in patients with vasculogenic ED.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem remains, however.  The is an external treatment, which in most countries means it does not need government approval; therefore, the government mandated trials have not been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those trials determine the safety and effectiveness of a treatment, but they also establish treatment protocols.  Without those studies, each doctor or clinic may determining their own protocols, and they may not be as effective as treatments administered in peer-reviewed studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My current recommendation would be, check it out, but use caution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Sokolakis, Ioannis; Hatzichristodoulou, Georgios. “Clinical studies on low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.” International Journal of Impotence Research. Jan 2019.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0117-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-019-0117-z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13942" LastActivityDate="2019-02-15T22:34:18.443" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18650" CreationDate="2019-02-16T01:12:26.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because food antigens both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12569973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cross the placenta&lt;/a&gt; and are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11277829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;excreted in breast milk&lt;/a&gt;, there was biological plausibility to the hypothesis that maternal avoidance of certain foods during both pregnancy and breastfeeding could impact the development of allergies in their children.  Initially the hypothesis was that avoidance would help prevent the development of allergies. &lt;strong&gt;The data do not support that hypothesis&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a good &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000133.pub3/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt; of the data, which concludes that there is no benefit, though they do note one trial with a non-significant trend toward decreased severity of eczema symptoms.  They reviewed trials of avoidance both during pregnancy and during lactation. Their conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high‐risk woman during pregnancy is unlikely to reduce substantially her child's risk of atopic diseases, and such a diet may adversely affect maternal or fetal nutrition, or both. Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high‐risk woman during lactation may reduce her child's risk of developing atopic eczema, but better trials are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I seem to recall an argument for the opposite intervention, but I can't seem to find the reference. As I recall, it was not very convincing either. Though initial exposure and sensitization are required for the development of allergic disease, the placenta and the breast are very particular immunologic environments. Personally, I would expect exposure at these sites would be more likely to induce tolerance than sensitization, but I don't believe the data support that either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-02-16T01:19:08.277" LastActivityDate="2019-02-16T01:19:08.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-16T08:19:44.397" Score="5" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;A leading theory behind the rising allergy and intolerance diagnosis rates is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/prevalence-of-allergies-and-asthma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;hygiene hypothesis.&quot;&lt;/a&gt; This theory suggests that living conditions in much of the world might be too clean and that kids aren't being exposed to germs that train their immune systems to tell the difference between harmless and harmful irritants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A counter-argument I heard recently on the radio here in the UK (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0002hnj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on this BBC Radio 2 programme - section starting from 42min 40secs &lt;/a&gt;) was that you can't say that when in some countries where cholera is high, you cannot safely allow children to play in the mud (from 46min 3secs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at the rise in food allergies, one area which I have been looking at is the constant changes in what should and shouldn't be eaten during pregnancy.  Expectant mothers are told not to eat nuts, shellfish, dairy products etc. in order to avoid allergy problems in the baby, yet when you look at the great long &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/foods-to-avoid-pregnant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of don't eats&lt;/a&gt; provided by the NHS, they even point out that there can be conflicting information given regarding peanuts, because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the government previously advised women to avoid eating peanuts if there was a history of allergy – such as asthma, eczema, hay fever and food allergy – in their child's immediate family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This advice has now changed because the latest research has shown no clear evidence that eating peanuts during pregnancy affects the chances of your baby developing a peanut allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also reports in places such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.parents.com/baby/health/allergy/food-allergy-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this parenting site&lt;/a&gt; where they say that it is fine to eat high allergy foods if you as an expectant mother are not allergic yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the state of play within medical science regarding this?  What &lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt; the cause of the rise in allergies and food intolerance?  Is it purely lack of exposure to potential allergens early in life (including during prenatal development)?  &lt;strong&gt;Should&lt;/strong&gt; expectant mothers avoid dairy, nuts, shellfish etc. which others are allergic to &quot;just in case&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-19T09:23:14.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T10:12:59.310" Title="Rising allergy and intolerance diagnosis rates" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-17T00:32:05.670" Score="4" ViewCount="576" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people who start practicing handstands or headstands report discomfort in their head, ranging from a mild sense of fullness to &quot;my head is going to explode.&quot; The standard response in online communities is something like this: &lt;em&gt;The sensation is caused by blood rushing to your head, it's harmless, and it will go away with practice&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://chrissalvato.com/2013/08/handstand-exploding-head-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This oft-cited blog post&lt;/a&gt; is a good example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They seem to be claiming that with exposure, the body becomes more effective at regulating changes in bloodflow that result from being inverted. If this is true, do we know what the regulatory mechanism is and how it improves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="236" LastEditorUserId="236" LastEditDate="2019-02-17T09:30:23.133" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T13:28:10.447" Title="&quot;Blood rushing to the head&quot; during handstands: How is it regulated?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18657" CreationDate="2019-02-17T10:15:54.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What happens &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2628633/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;during inversion&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;increase in blood pressure&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oxygen uptake increase&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heart rate decreased significantly&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The double product, the frequency of breaths, and tidal volume were not significantly changed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What happens &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3389990/?i=2&amp;amp;from=/2628633/related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post exercise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;nonsignificant changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and double product from the pre-inversion baseline standing position. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;What are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3190419/?i=4&amp;amp;from=/2628633/related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No physiologic adaptations occurred in any of the inverted positions as a result of inversion training. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mechanism for maintenance of Blood pressure?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is baroreceptor at aorta and carotid sinus.&#xA;These receptors have a baroreflex mechanism that helps maintain normal pressure on the brain and other vital organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As the acute adaptation and resetting are correlated using a graphic analysis, we hypothesize that the baroreceptors can recognize a new pressure level within minutes. The inherent ability incurs downward and upward adaptation as well as resetting at lower and higher holding pressure, respectively.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2376214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is important to note that baroreceptors adapt to sustained changes in arterial pressure. For example, if arterial pressure suddenly falls when a person stands, the baroreceptor firing rate will decrease; however, after a period of time, the firing returns to near normal levels as the receptors adapt to the lower pressure. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CV physiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Adaptation of carotid and aortic baroreceptors&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the longest measure time for an almost complete adaptation of mechanoreceptors is about 2 days, which is the adaptation time for many carotid and aortic baroreceptors; however some physiologist believes that these specialised baroreceptors never fully adapt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[excerpt from Guyton And Hall textbook of medical physiology]-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/irstW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/irstW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;excerpt from Guyton And Hall&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, as people practice this handstand posture, slowly the receptors &lt;strong&gt;may start to adapt&lt;/strong&gt; or they &lt;strong&gt;might never adapt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, in short, we can say that the body's mechanism either remained the same or adapted a little in long term, while the short term regulation of blood pressure remained the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cerebral blood flow&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the regulation of BP in mind, we can think further about the regulation of cerebral blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cerebral blood flow is autoregulated extremely well between the arterial pressure limits of 60 mm Hg and 140 mm Hg; further, the cerebral blood flow autoregulation occurs even when the mean arterial pressure Rises to as high as 160 - 180 mm as in case of hypertensive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Ref. Guyton and Hall Physiology]-&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H64xO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;7]&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="15648" LastEditDate="2019-02-17T13:28:10.447" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T13:28:10.447" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-17T11:08:21.580" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read wikipedia and did some web searches, but could not find that info.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) what is mass of single rhinovirus?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2) what is average quantity of rhinovirus during peak of common cold in adult human body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T11:08:21.580" Title="what is biological mass of rhinovirus in adult" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-17T16:39:51.433" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;The results of converting between rows of a snellen chart and diopters is indicated in the tables at these two links: &lt;a href=&quot;https://goldeneyeoptometry.com/2018/03/12/20-20-vision/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Convert Diopters to 20/20 Vision&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.happyeyesight.com/get-20-20-vision/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Conversion Table for Distance Vision&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But:  &lt;strong&gt;What is the derivation of the relationship between rows of a snellen chart and diopters?&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15661" LastActivityDate="2019-02-17T16:39:51.433" Title="Derivation of the relationship between snellen rows and diopters" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-18T00:19:24.147" Score="7" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each cell of a human body contains 46 chromosomes. If so then each cell of a kidney should have a pair of sex chromosomes. &lt;strong&gt;How is it possible that a kidney of a female donor will work on male kidney patient?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15663" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T05:42:53.283" Title="Does an organ of a male donor work on a female patient?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2019-02-18T03:16:13.900" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Chromosomes are not the main Factor in this. The immune system (and antibodies) is, this is a bit different. For example females have a higher HLA antigens and therefore rely on more immunsuppressive therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This Therapy is the thing that makes a transplantation possible, nearly all Organs are incompatible to the body, that means that you always have to give medication to stop the body from attacking the new organ. How much is needed is done via HLA matching (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.ucdavis.edu/transplant/learnabout/learn_hla_type_match.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;UC Davis (n.d.)&lt;/a&gt;), which is quite extensive as a topic, you can read the lkink if you want to dig deeper.&#xA;In short, depending on the HLA classification you might have a risk to not accept your new organ and therefore your medication will be tailored to the compatibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also difference between Male/Female in general is comparably small,there are some studies and you can read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4964018/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Puoti et al (2016)&lt;/a&gt; for some differences in survival rates etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Puoti, F., Ricci, A., Nanni-Costa, A., Ricciardi, W., Malorni, W., &amp;amp; Ortona, E. (2016). Organ transplantation and gender differences: a paradigmatic example of intertwining between biological and sociocultural determinants. &lt;em&gt;Biology of sex differences, 7&lt;/em&gt;(1), 35. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-016-0088-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1186/s13293-016-0088-4&lt;/a&gt; pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4964018/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4964018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UC Davis (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;HLA Typing/Matching&lt;/em&gt; [Online]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.ucdavis.edu/transplant/learnabout/learn_hla_type_match.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.ucdavis.edu/transplant/learnabout/learn_hla_type_match.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15665" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T05:42:53.283" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18678" CreationDate="2019-02-18T06:04:21.050" Score="4" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;(EDIT: Thanks for the comments - I'm working on improving references - apologies)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In patients &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500179/#!po=53.4483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;with Borderline personality disorder&lt;/a&gt; or treatment resistant depression have what must be among the highest rates of suicide in mental health, excluding comorbidities. I will focus on BPD to simplify the question. Up to 10% are expected to have killed themselves, the study shows. (Treatment is often ineffective compared to other diseases with suicidal ideation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some long term medications are used in Asperger's to quell the overwhelming sensory percepts and the irritability, impulses and distress that transpires, leading to dangerous behaviours. Ie, the ASD patient's stress rises disproportionately due to oversensitivities, and partially developed coping mechanisms heighten risk of suicide.  (References needed. Lots). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long acting benzodiazepines are used to treat acute symptoms especially involving anxiety (stress). But I don't know why I can't find information on why medications such as Pregabalin are not cited as a long term treatment for persistent suicidal ideation &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article/17/5/685/729643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;but for anxiety&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe Pregabalin is offered on top of mood stabilizers for BPD patients to take the edge off self-destructive behaviours. The risk is Pregabalin itself has a high risk of causing suicidality. But this would be ignored until it occurs since obviously it would have been assessed as a probably benefit. (References needed - this might answer my question!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But perhaps there are other meds with sedating action approved for long term use, used to treat suicidality? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="764" LastEditorUserId="764" LastEditDate="2019-02-20T06:34:58.430" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T00:42:04.947" Title="Are long term sedatives used to treat suicidality?" Tags="&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18669" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-18T12:08:26.200" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a Hungarian to English translation. In some Hungarian hospitals, there is a department called the &quot;Addictions Dept.&quot; (the doctors working there are addictionologists). Those treated there are generally suffering from alcohol or drug dependence. Treatment very often starts in rehab and continues with, for example, group therapy. What would the correct term for this department in a US hospital be? Substance Use Disorder Department? I have also read about &quot;Behavioral Health Departments&quot;, but what we're dealing with here is not strictly psychiatric care &quot;on its own&quot;. Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15668" LastActivityDate="2019-02-18T12:08:26.200" Title="Hospital department for patients with addictions?" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-18T16:06:43.797" Score="5" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common consensus is that most adults should get 8 hours of sleep a night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, sleep needs are highly variable, with some people needing more to function properly, and some gaining little benefit past just a few hours. I'm trying to learn more about the statistics here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd imagine sleep needs would fit a normal distribution, with a median of around 8 hours and a standard deviation of around an hour. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7_rule&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;empirical rule&lt;/a&gt; would then put 68% of adults in the 7-9 hour range, 95% in the 6-10 hour range, and 99.7% in the 5-11 hour range, but that's just a guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this distribution been studied, and where?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-07-27T17:59:37.407" Title="How much sleep do adults actually need?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18653" CreationDate="2019-02-18T16:39:55.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, it seems that there has to be a slight distinction made between a diet during pregnancy and a mother's diet during breast feeding. Overall the available evidence is judged as 'not there' or 'too weak' to make any recommendation to avoid specific antigens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidence is inadequate to advise women to avoid specific foods during pregnancy or breastfeeding to protect their children from allergic diseases like eczema and asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We included five trials, involving 952 participants. Trials of mothers' avoidance of milk, eggs, and other potentially 'antigenic' foods during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or both, provide inadequate evidence about whether such avoidance helps prevent atopic eczema or asthma in the child. Women who avoided eating these foods gained significantly less weight during pregnancy in the one trial reporting on this outcome, raising the possibility of adverse nutritional effects on the mother or fetus. Finally, one small trial reported an inconclusive response of breastfed infants with atopic eczema when their mothers avoided consumption of cow milk and egg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high-risk woman during pregnancy is unlikely to reduce substantially her child's risk of atopic diseases, and such a diet may adversely affect maternal or fetal nutrition, or both. Prescription of an antigen avoidance diet to a high-risk woman during lactation may reduce her child's risk of developing atopic eczema, but better trials are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dietary antigen avoidance by lactating mothers of infants with atopic eczema may reduce the severity of the eczema, but larger trials are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972039&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kramer MS, Kakuma R.: &amp;quot;Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD000133. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000133.pub3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the contrary, a few studies highlight a possiblly protective effect revealed by correlational outcomes in a prospective study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among mothers without P/TN (peanuts/tree nuts) allergy, &lt;strong&gt;higher&lt;/strong&gt; peripregnancy &lt;strong&gt;consumption&lt;/strong&gt; of P/TN was associated with &lt;strong&gt;lower risk&lt;/strong&gt; of P/TN allergy in their offspring. Our study supports the hypothesis that early allergen exposure increases tolerance and lowers risk of childhood food allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=24366539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frazier AL, Camargo CA Jr, Malspeis S, Willett WC, Young MC: &amp;quot;Prospective study of peripregnancy consumption of peanuts or tree nuts by mothers and the risk of peanut or tree nut allergy in their offspring.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(2):156.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that is not a universal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maternal CM avoidance was associated with lower levels of mucosal-specific IgA levels and the development of CMA in infants.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(CM = cow's milk; CMA = cow milk allergy)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=24164317&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Järvinen KM1, Westfall JE, Seppo MS, James AK, Tsuang AJ, Feustel PJ, Sampson HA, Berin C.: &amp;quot;Role of maternal elimination diets and human milk IgA in the development of cow's milk allergy in the infants.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Clin Exp Allergy. 2014 Jan;44(1):69-78. doi: 10.1111/cea.12228.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if you then compare&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High maternal consumption of milk products during pregnancy may protect children from developing CMA, especially in offspring of non-allergic mothers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=26757832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tuokkola J et al.: &amp;quot;Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and cow's milk allergy in offspring.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;,  Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 May;70(5):554-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.223. Epub 2016 Jan 13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I conclude that we do not know anything certain about this –– but any avoidance scheme seems quite unfounded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is most unfortunate, as mothers were apparently quite shaken by 'scientific' and 'pseudo-scientific' in recent years:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, all mothers in the present study restricted at least one type of food without scientific rationale while breastfeeding and more than a third of nursing mothers experienced difficulties with diet restriction. Nursing mothers should be educated on proper diet practices while being warned about unscientific approaches to diet restriction. In recent systematic review, education and emotional support by healthcare providers could enhance breastfeeding). We expect this study will give scientific basis for dietary recommendation to breastfeeding mothers and could promote a breastfeeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383635/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Goun Jeong et al.: &amp;quot;Maternal food restrictions during breastfeeding&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Korean J Pediatr. 2017 Mar; 60(3): 70–76.&#xA;Published online 2017 Mar 27. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.3.70&#xA;PMCID: PMC5383635&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-18T16:39:55.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18674" CreationDate="2019-02-18T22:43:14.173" Score="22" ViewCount="7536" Body="&lt;p&gt;My brother in law got chickenpox, yet somehow he didn't infect my two nephews, even though they are living together. According to wikipedia, varicella has an infection rate of 90%:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Varicella is highly communicable, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He got varicella over a week ago and the children are completely healthy, even though they have not had the disease yet nor are they vaccinated against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this possible? Is the infection rate actually lower, than 90%? Is an outcome like this usual or plausible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;edit: they did end up getting sick after all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastEditorUserId="6814" LastEditDate="2019-03-13T23:39:23.120" LastActivityDate="2019-03-13T23:39:23.120" Title="Father gets chickenpox, but doesn't infect his two children. How is this possible?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="17" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18672" CreationDate="2019-02-18T23:10:00.307" Score="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;If there was close contact, if the 90% rate is accurate, and if occurrence is independent in related individuals, then you would expect 0.10 * 0.10 = 1% of contacts with 2 potentially vulnerable people to result in neither person infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1% sounds rare, but &lt;em&gt;rare events happen all the time&lt;/em&gt;, and 1% isn't even particularly rare. If you know 100 families, you'd expect this outcome to happen on average in 1 of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's not very unusual and is clearly plausible just from the information you have at hand. As @DeNovo mentioned in a comment, it is also likely that the spread is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; independent, because the children share several characteristics: they are related, so they share: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any genetic component to vulnerability  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;any characteristics of the father's illness such as the level of virus replicating in the father's lungs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;perhaps the level of actual contact with the father and how well he may be effectively quarantined from the others&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those factors could make the joint probability across the two children closer towards the 10% rate for a single individual: once you know if the first child is infected or not infected, you can make a better guess about the second child based on all the possible shared characteristics of the children or the infected person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-02-19T15:47:07.680" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T15:47:07.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18674" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18672" CreationDate="2019-02-18T23:41:18.730" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;To add to @BryanKrause's answer re: rare events happen all the time, the children are not out of the woods yet. The mean incubation time for a primary VZV infection (the clinical syndrome known as chicken pox) is 14 days, but often lasts up to 21 days (see Murray Medical Microbiology, Ch. 53). The father is infectious while shedding virus, usually via the lungs. This correlates with the period of time a patient is febrile. I wouldn't say the father didn't infect his children until he has been afebrile for 21 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-02-27T21:58:31.793" LastActivityDate="2019-02-27T21:58:31.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18670" CreationDate="2019-02-19T02:00:17.130" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many well-done newer studies are supporting the theory that quality trumps quantity when it comes to sleep.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lifehack.org/643556/quality-or-quantity-why-dont-you-sleep-on-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This excellent article at lifehack.org&lt;/a&gt; lists 12 good sources, including “two studies (which) assessed how sleep quality and quantity affected college students’ health and well-being. The studies concluded that sleep quality was a better predictor for a healthy and happy life and improved well-being than sleep quantity.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who still want it boiled down to a number,  here are the numbers the National Sleep Foundation updated in 2015:&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lFdO0.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lFdO0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15670" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T02:00:17.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7556" CreationDate="2019-02-19T02:25:49.260" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every American patient has a legal right to access their own medical records.  The federal law is called “HIPAA”(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) which is United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://HIPAA%20(Health%20Insurance%20Portability%20and%20Accountability%20Act%20of%201996)%20is%20United%20States%20legislation%20that%20provides%20data%20privacy%20and%20security%20provisions%20for%20safeguarding%20medical%20information.&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to navigate HIPAA is described here in laymen’s terms.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/righttoaccessmemo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a PDF that you can print&lt;/a&gt; which summarizes what your rights are under HIPAA Law.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each medical entity (hospital, clinic, individual medical provider) that has treated you as a patient has a legal obligation under HIPAA Law to both preserve your medical records, and make them accessible to you as their patient.  You can contact them in writing to obtain a copy for yourself (usually for a fee,) or sign a “Consent to Release” form to have them sent from a prior provider to a new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since each medical provider uses a different record keeping method, there is no single clearinghouse that contains the totality of your medical records.  If that is what you need, you will need to contact each entity at which you were a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding how an ER obtains your medical information and records, this occurs through what medical professionals call “doc-to-doc” exchange: “the HIPAA Privacy Rule permits a health care provider to disclose protected health information about an individual, without the individual’s authorization, to another health care provider for that provider’s treatment of the individual.”  &lt;a href=&quot;http://The%20HIPAA%20Privacy%20Rule%20permits%20a%20health%20care%20provider%20to%20disclose%20protected%20health%20information%20about%20an%20individual,%20without%20the%20individual%E2%80%99s%20authorization,%20to%20another%20health%20care%20provider%20for%20that%20provider%E2%80%99s%20treatment%20of%20the%20individual.&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hhs.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no specific service I am aware of which can do the work of collecting your health records for you, other than perhaps your lawyer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15670" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T04:25:44.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18677" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18681" CreationDate="2019-02-19T07:21:03.770" Score="4" ViewCount="1012" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to understand what common ingredients in deodorants contribute to the inhibiting growth of odour creating bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm only looking for a handful of the most obvious chemicals, but I'd like answers with good referenced sources. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've searched through Google but just find a frustrating plethora of dubious information. Every man and his dog has an answer making money from adverts on their on &quot;DIY deodorant recipes&quot; , so hiding good material. I can't think what other references I might provide besides chemistry 101 and a beginner's guide to biology!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My only other approach would be to buy all modern deodorants and compile a list of chemicals and their likely functions. But even that varies from country to country. I hope someone can save me months of work! :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="764" LastEditorUserId="15399" LastEditDate="2019-02-19T14:51:32.053" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T14:51:32.053" Title="Bacterial growth inhibitors used in Deodorants" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18666" CreationDate="2019-02-19T07:34:35.737" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Effective treatment of suicidality involves treatment of any underlying disorder and multi-modal treatment to address the suicidality directly. For pharmacotherapy, there are few drugs that show clear reduction in suicides. An old &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1642127&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;population based retrospective study from Sweden&lt;/a&gt; suggests achieving an appropriate dose of SSRI may be effective, but it is, perhaps surprisingly, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3646&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;lithium&lt;/a&gt; that has the best data on reducing suicides. As far as anxiolytics are concerned, they aren't generally prescribed to reduce the risk of suicide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T07:34:35.737" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18677" CreationDate="2019-02-19T08:34:20.730" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just as aluminium compounds such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_chlorohydrate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aluminium chlorohydrate&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_zirconium_tetrachlorohydrex_gly&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex glycine&lt;/a&gt;, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aluminium hydroxybromid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;are the antiperspirant active ingredient in deodourants, antibacterials are the active aspect of odour reduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibacterial ingredients work to eliminate the bacteria that cause bad odours from areas where sweat is common. Many types of deodourants use alcohol ingredients that kill bacteria, while others use artificial chemicals such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;triclosan&lt;/a&gt; (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemservice.com/news/2014/08/which-chemicals-make-deodorants-and-antiperspirants-work/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ChemService&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Triclosan is used in a number of personal care products including toothpaste. Many people have been critical of this chemical in over-the-counter products. However, the FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm205999.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;explained that it is not known to cause harm&lt;/a&gt; to humans and has been proven to be beneficial in some circumstances, such as fighting gingivitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-02-19T08:34:20.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18653" CreationDate="2019-02-19T17:31:09.793" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer would be for the Hygiene Hypothesis part of the question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Epidemiology studies in favour of Hypothesis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The geographical distribution of allergic and autoimmune diseases is a mirror image of the geographical distribution of various infectious diseases, including HAV, gastrointestinal infections and parasitic infections. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;migration studies have shown that offspring of immigrants coming from a country with a low incidence acquire the same incidence as the host country, as rapidly as the first generation for T1D and MS.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg. :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is well illustrated by the increasing frequency of diabetes in families of immigrants from Pakistan to the United Kingdom or the increased risk of MS in Asian immigrants moving to the United States &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is also much higher in African Americans compared to West Africans&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In countries where good health standards do not exist, people are chronically infected by those various pathogens. In those countries, the prevalence of allergic diseases remains low. Interestingly, several countries that have eradicated those common infections see the emergence of allergic and autoimmune diseases.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Proof of principle of the casual relationship between the decline of&#xA;infectious diseases and an increase of immunological disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The answer to this question comes from animal models of autoimmune and allergic diseases and, to a lesser degree, from clinical intervention studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The incidence of spontaneous T1D is directly correlated with the sanitary conditions of the animal facilities, for both the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the bio-breeding diabetes-prone (BB-DP) rat : &lt;strong&gt;the lower the infectious burden, the higher the disease incidence&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Other examples -&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;infection of NOD mice with a wide variety of bacteria, virus and parasites protects completely (‘clean’ NOD mice) from diabetes &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;mycobacteria (e.g. complete Freund's adjuvant) prevent induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The decline is particularly clear for hepatitis A (HAV), childhood diarrhoea and perhaps even more spectacular for parasitic diseases such as filariasis, onchocercosis, schistosomiasis or other soil-transmitted helminthiasis. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epidemiological data of cross-sectional studies revealed that Schistosoma infections have a strong protective effect against atopy, as reviewed recently. Hookworms such as Necator americanus also seem to protect from asthma&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434398/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434398/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, it's been thought that, if parasitic infections if decline, then eosinophils which are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic reactions, may in fact have a role in increased allergy.&#xA;(Ref. Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has been shown that helminth eradication increases atopic skin&#xA;  sensitization in Venezuela.&#xA;   &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mechanism of Hygiene Hypothesis:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Th1 to Th2 deviation&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Th1 T cells produce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, interferon&#xA;(IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α that are operational in&#xA;cell-mediated immunity (including autoimmune diabetes).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, Th2 T cells that produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13&#xA;contribute to IgE production and allergic responses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IL - 5 most potent eosinophil activating cytokine known. Upon activation, eosinophils liberate proteolytic enzymes as well as two unique proteins called major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein which damage tissue.It is now believed that the late phase reaction is a major cause of symptoms in some type 1 hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic asthma.&#xA;(Ref. Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;IL-4 enhances Th2 differentiation; also promote class switching of B cell to IgE. &#xA;  IL-13 enhances IgE production and acts on epithelial cells to stimulate mucus secretion.&#xA;  (Ref. Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;IgE is involved in Type-1 Hypersensitivity, and hence it increases&#xA;will increase HST, like allergic asthma. (Ref. Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given the reciprocal down-regulation of Th1 and Th2 cells, some authors suggested initially that in developed countries the lack of microbial burden in early childhood, which normally favours a strong Th1-biased immunity, redirects the immune response towards a Th2 phenotype and therefore predisposes the host to allergic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.&lt;em&gt;Antigen Competition&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The development of strong immune responses against antigens from infectious agents could inhibit responses to ‘weak’ antigens such as autoantigens and allergens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Immunoregulation&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Regulatory T cells which can suppress immune responses distinct from responses against the antigen in question, here antigens expressed by infectious agents (a phenomenon called bystander suppression)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.&lt;em&gt;Non Antigenic Ligand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A number of experiments indicate that infectious agents can promote protection from allergic diseases through mechanisms independent of their constitutive antigens, leading to stimulation of non-antigen specific receptors. This concept is well illustrated by the example of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It has also been observed that TLR stimulation could prevent the onset of spontaneous autoimmune diseases such as T1D in NOD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another mechanism of TLR4 is studied,&#xA;where a virus (RSV) which is linked with childhood asthma flips the 'switch' of TLR4. Now LPS a bacterial endotoxin also flips the switch but in a different way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When this education is lacking or weak, the response to RSV by some critical cells in the immune system’s defence against infections—called “T-cells”—might inadvertently trigger asthma instead of protecting the infant and clearing the infection. How this happens is a mystery that we are trying to solve.&#xA;(Ref.- &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gene-Environment Interaction&#xA;Eg. NOD2 - cytoplasmic sensor of bacteria expressed in Paneth and other intestinal epithelial cells; May control resistance to gut commensal bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Correlation with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. (Ref. Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hygiene during early childhood/pre-natal&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Graham Rook and colleagues proposed a new explanation for the rise of immune disorders, which Rook called the “old friends” hypothesis. “We realized human beings coevolved with a whole host of organisms, and it was far more likely what was going on was that we were being deprived of organisms on which we are dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maternal microbes colonize the human gut while babies are in utero, and again as they pass through the birth canal and start breastfeeding. Young children continue amassing microbiota in every contact with family members, while playing outside in the dirt, getting licked by dogs, and sharing toys with friends. The developing immune system takes cues from all of these encounters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Recent Thoughts&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To the public, “hygiene” is interpreted as personal cleanliness: washing hands, keeping food clean and fresh, sanitizing the home.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, because the hypothesis has been largely uncoupled from infections, the idea that we need to be less hygienic is wrong.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Relaxing hygiene standards would not reverse the trend but only serve to increase the risks of infectious disease, says Bloomfield.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second major concern among researchers is a lack of evidence demonstrating how to reduce rates of allergic and autoimmune diseases. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Although hygiene hypothesis proposes germ exposure but still diseases like Diabetes and Asthma are multifactorial in origin and hygiene may be playing only a part.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/expert-answers/hygiene-hypothesis/faq-20058102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eg. Asthma &#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But preventing asthma isn't as simple as avoiding antibacterial soap, having a big family or spending time on the farm. For one thing, a number of microbes — such as a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) — may cause asthma rather than prevent it. In addition, infections that might help prevent asthma can cause a number of other health problems. The type of germ isn't the only factor that plays a role, either. The severity of infection and when the infection occurs during childhood also appear to matter.&#xA;  (Ref. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/expert-answers/hygiene-hypothesis/faq-20058102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/expert-answers/hygiene-hypothesis/faq-20058102&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More research is needed to understand exactly how childhood germ exposure might help prevent asthma. What we do know is that in children with asthma, exposure to germs is likely to do more harm than good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abbreviations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HAV - hepatitis A Virus&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;T1D - type 1 diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;MS- multiple sclerosis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;NOD - non-obese diabetic&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;HST - hypersensitivity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;TLR - toll-like receptors&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;LPS - lipopolysaccharide&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/expert-answers/hygiene-hypothesis/faq-20058102&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/expert-answers/hygiene-hypothesis/faq-20058102&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ResourcesforYou/Consumers/ucm167471.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841828/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Robbins and Cotran- Pathologic basis of diseases&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="15648" LastEditDate="2019-02-20T10:12:59.310" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T10:12:59.310" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18672" CreationDate="2019-02-20T08:15:58.173" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from not getting infected due to pure chance (as mentioned already) there is one highly probable explanation (&lt;em&gt;explanation&lt;/em&gt;, not overall chance).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People get, but don't show it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;asymptomatic infection&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asymptomatic infection is unusual, but some cases are so mild, they go unrecognised. The primary viraemic phase is followed by a secondary viraemia to the skin and the mucosal surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gponline.com/chickenpox-varicella-zoster-clinical-review/infections-and-infestations/viral-infections/article/1284872&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chickenpox (varicella zoster) - Clinical Review, GP-online, 2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T08:15:58.173" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-20T20:09:55.157" Score="4" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recall just a few years ago, there was a common &lt;strong&gt;misconception&lt;/strong&gt; that fluoride interferes with the antibacterial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) - in fact, I've often seen instructions on antibacterial CPC rinses specifying that you should thoroughly rinse the toothpaste (which they probably assume contains fluoride) out of your mouth before using them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the last few years, I've also seen a rise in alcohol-free fluoride rinses with some amount of CPC, marketed as anticavity with the &quot;ADA Accepted&quot; seal of approval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I found this article recently: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546200/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546200/&lt;/a&gt; - a study that tested a rinse containing both common OTC mouthwash-standard concentrations of sodium fluoride and CPC - compared against fluoride-only, CPC-only, and placebo mouthwashes. In short: the study found that CPC doesn't significantly interfere with fluoride's anticavity properties, and fluoride doesn't interfere with CPC's antibacterial activity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, fluoride and CPC both have different ways of making cariogenic bacteria miserable - for example, CPC breaks bacterial cell membranes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentistrytoday.com/articles-hygiene/7104-its-80-20-with-biofilm-update-on-oral-rinses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dentistrytoday.com/articles-hygiene/7104-its-80-20-with-biofilm-update-on-oral-rinses&lt;/a&gt;), while fluoride inhibits important bacterial enzymes and reduces acid tolerance in bacteria that would otherwise thrive in a low pH (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7497353&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7497353&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite all this information readily available in academic journal articles, I have yet to see a combined fluoride/CPC rinse labeled as both anticavity and antibacterial. For some unknown reason, the cetylpyridinium chloride is labeled as an &quot;inactive ingredient&quot;. 2 examples: ACT Alcohol-Free Anticavity rinse, cinnamon flavor (&lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f2952ca5-c1c3-42fc-82a4-08662286be44&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f2952ca5-c1c3-42fc-82a4-08662286be44&lt;/a&gt;) and a similar rinse by Crest (&lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=52232bad-90ce-4f59-8b26-ca4c674df836&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=52232bad-90ce-4f59-8b26-ca4c674df836&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several years ago I recall a Listerine fluoride anticavity rinse that also contained the regular antibacterial Listerine formulation (22% alcohol and antibacterial essential oils), yet the essential oils were listed as inactive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why the confusion and misinformation? If a product is both anticavity and antibacterial, it should be listed properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T20:45:18.933" Title="Why aren't fluoride mouthwashes with cetylpyridinium chloride labeled as both anticavity and antibacterial?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18689" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18663" CreationDate="2019-02-20T22:17:36.997" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;@NilsPawlik has addressed the issue of a donor/recipient gender mismatch (it's not the most important factor, but it is something to consider). I thought I'd clarify the point about  donor/recipient compatibility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What makes an organ compatible?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a number different things that make a donor organ work more or less well for a recipient, but each kind of organ has its own challenges. For example, where size matching is not an issue for liver transplants, it is important for heart transplants, and may be a little important for kidney transplants (Schwartz Principles of Surgery, Ch. 11)*.  For all solid organ transplants, though, the &lt;em&gt;major&lt;/em&gt; driver of organ and tissue compatibility is found in 6 genes on the short arm of chromosome 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Antigens distinguish self from non-self&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system and are able to tell the difference between invaders (non-self) and things that are a part of their own body (self). This system works by examining patterns in biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids). Those patterns are called antigens. When you transplant an organ from a donor to a recipient, the recipient's immune system will look at the antigens, or patterns, on the cells of the donor organ, and make a decision about whether those cells are part of their body or part of an invader.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Identifying and responding to antigens involves the entire immune system&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way the immune system examines and responds to those antigens involves a whole series of important and complicated interactions between many different soluble proteins, receptors, and cells, including antibodies, T-cell receptors, cytokines, macrophages, and more, but the key to predicting which organs will work well is looking at the antigens themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;HLAs determine whether a recipient will recognize a donor organ as self or non-self&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important antigens for figuring out whether a human donor organ will be compatible with a human recipient are called Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA), because they are molecular patterns (antigens) initially discovered on human white blood cells (leukocytes). These antigens are very important functional proteins that play a particular role in the way the immune system works, but for our purposes you can just think of them as being little markers on each cell saying either &lt;em&gt;&quot;I'm one of you!&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;&quot;I'm not one of you!&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These markers (human leukocyte antigens) are encoded in the genome. Their genes are found on the short arm of chromosome 6. These genes are part of a group of genes called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (or MHC), because they are a &lt;strong&gt;major&lt;/strong&gt; part of determining whether a donor &lt;strong&gt;tissue (histo)&lt;/strong&gt; will be &lt;strong&gt;compatible&lt;/strong&gt; with a recipient's immune system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What kind of a match do you need?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many many many different types of MHC alleles. Because HLAs strongly influence our ability to respond to infection, this variability is a good thing overall, but it makes transplant immunology complicated. Because there are so many different MHC alleles, finding a match can be difficult. Organs are in short supply, though, so rather than waiting for an exact match, the goal is often to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5141243/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;find a match that is good enough&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further Reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the linked articles and the surgical considerations discussed in Schwartz, much of the relevant immunology here is discussed in good detail in the Transplant Immunology subsection of Chapter 11. I also recommend Lauren Sompayrac's little book, How the Immune System Works for either an introduction or review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Note&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Even the mechanisms of immune rejection vary from organ type to organ type. Liver transplants, for example, are not as susceptible to the kind of rejection that is caused by pre-formed antibodies. They are more susceptible to the kind caused by T-cells (again, Schwartz Ch. 11, unless &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607901/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;you want to see how this is even more complicated&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-20T22:17:36.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11268" CreationDate="2019-02-21T02:12:46.760" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A triangular wound can possibly be sutured, depending on many considerations regarding the wound including its type, condition, location, size, shape, depth, cleanliness vs presence of debris, mechanism of injury, the force of the injury, the age of the wound, tension on the wound, the patient’s medical history, species if the wound is a bite, etc...  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In “stellate” wounds, tissue viability is a major consideration before proceeding. (Wound preparation is an extensive topic not covered here.) The triangular bits at the center of the wound are at risk of not being viable (or savable) tissue if there is inadequate circulation to that specific area.  If the triangular tips are pink and the subcutaneous tissue appears to be intact and adequately supportive, then a “purse-string” suture can be considered for bringing those points together, followed by placement of ordinary straight suturing of the “arms” of the stellate wound.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oot8l.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oot8l.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;stellate wound with purse string suture&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/cruzasma/woundcare&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(The above image is from this wound care slideshow at slideshare.net)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JOQje.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JOQje.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;my drawing of a purse-string closed wound with suturing completed&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(My drawing of a purse-string-closed wound with further suturing of the branches of the wound completed.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the triangular tips are pale, grey or purple, or have no obvious subcutaneous support, they would be deemed non-viable and would therefore be removed from the wound, thus requiring a larger excisional solution. One possibility would be to cut an elliptical excision around the entire wound, which would then be closed by pulling the edges together with simple interrupted sutures.  (This is similar to the excisional method used for biopsies or removal of cancerous cutaneal lesions.) &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wBajw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wBajw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;my drawing of an elliptical excision and suturing&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (My drawing of an elliptical excision and suturing.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course this entire explanation is a gross oversimplification of a process which actually requires extensive professional training. My reference for the above material is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slideshare.net/cruzasma/woundcare&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this excellent slide show summarizing the entire suturing process&lt;/a&gt;, paraphrased through the lens of my own experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15670" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2019-04-20T15:13:32.513" LastActivityDate="2019-04-20T15:13:32.513" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="91" CreationDate="2019-02-21T18:24:27.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The expert opinion of the study author Lippi appears now to be just the opposite from the possible conclusion drawn in the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hyperglycemia has been the leading diagnostic criterion for diagnosing diabetes since the development of blood glucose assays 100 years ago (25). The ADA has recently advocated using HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes and the identification of those at high-risk of developing diabetes. However, at present no other organizations or scientific societies, including the IFCC and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry (EFCC), have officially endorsed this recommendation. Although a clinical role might exist for screening (i.e., by using a HbA1c cut-off between 6.5% and 7.0%), it seems premature to conclude that HbA1c measurement, at least alone, might be sufficiently accurate to allow wide-spread implementation for the diagnosis of diabetes. At present, its diagnostic role should be limited to those patients with no comorbidities or patho-physiological conditions that might reduce the diagnostic efficiency of this test (Table 2). Whether the old dogma of HbA1c testing for monitoring overall glycemic exposure will translate into a valuable tool for the diagnosis of diabetes, only the future and analysis of its cost effectiveness will determine this role. The article from the GLAD Working Group published in this issue of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, which is aimed at promoting a coordinated plan for implementing the standardization of HbA1c measurement in Italy, represents a foremost contribution for further investigations on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Giuseppe Lippi &amp;amp; Giovanni Targher: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.2010.48.issue-5/cclm.2010.144/cclm.2010.144.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): old dogmas, a new perspective?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48(5):609–614. DOI:10.1515/CCLM.2010.144 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And very recently&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of our study, which is based on a larger sample size than previous investigations, show that the concentration of plasma glucose is significantly decreased from 3 to 24hours after endurance running. Unlike plasma glucose, &lt;strong&gt;HbA1c values were almost unchanged up to 24hours after a half-marathon run, thus suggesting that this parameter &lt;em&gt;may be more reliable&lt;/em&gt; than FPG or RPG for diagnosing diabetes in physically active subjects, regularly engaged in recreational or competitive endurance activity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Giuseppe Lippi et al.: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29884709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Challenges of diagnosing diabetes in endurance athletes&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, J Clin Pathol 2018;71:944–945. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205043&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T18:24:27.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18688" CreationDate="2019-02-21T20:45:18.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In business school (MBA) we were taught to consumer test all permutations of a possible &quot;pitch.&quot; We would come up with permutations of the same label with different words and phrases on each. Then we would set up tables in public places and get feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, these large public companies have huge marketing departments. They tested the heck out of various combinations of words. What you see on the shelf is the label that had the best response from consumers with regard to ultimately buying the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal thoughts would be that anti-bacterial is a second order function that the average consumer would not understand. You are assuming that &quot;bacteria causes cavities&quot; is common knowledge. It isn't. The consumer understands &quot;cavity.&quot; Cavities are talked about from when we are very young; even in cartoons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15688" LastActivityDate="2019-02-21T20:45:18.933" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18697" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18699" CreationDate="2019-02-22T04:00:12.237" Score="3" ViewCount="201" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that Hitler's physician, T. Morell, who was essentially a &quot;feel good&quot; like Max Jacobson (although maybe still acting within accepted practice in the days when powerful drugs were very liberally prescribed or even available otc) was giving Hitler a &quot;drug&quot; call Mutaflor that was essentially e. coli extracted from human feces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I think good results are sometimes achieved with fecal transplants and what I am wondering is if there is a relationship between the ideas of the 1930s and today? Was the drug known to modern researchers and maybe even is the reason fecal transplants were eventually undertaken? Or was the drug of the 1930s a misguided therapy, prescribed for invalid reasons and fecal transplants are really quite different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Link to Wikipedia article although even without Hitler and Morell, the drug itself existing is enough to justify the question I think: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Morell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Morell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="14932" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T05:35:00.180" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T15:02:19.193" Title="Hitler's physician Morrel prescribed a drug that contained e. coli -- was this unusual in those days?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18697" CreationDate="2019-02-22T09:16:14.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the First World War many German soldiers on the Western Front suffered from  dysentry. The physician &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nissle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alfred Nissle&lt;/a&gt; compared sick and healthy soldiers and figured that the intestinal bacteria were significantly different. Reasoning that perhaps the bacteria from the healthy soldiers might contribute to healing the sick, he isolated a strain called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_Nissle_1917&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Escherichia coli Nissle 1917&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27619890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U Sonnenborn: &quot;Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917-from bench to bedside and back: history of a special Escherichia coli strain with probiotic properties.&quot;, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016 Oct;363(19). pii: fnw212. Epub 2016 Sep 11.&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is exactly the same as with modern probiotics, like yoghurt drinks etc, and in fact the original strain is still on the market with its original marketing name: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mutaflor.com/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mutaflor&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20110904074935/http://www.ardeypharm.de/pdfs/en/mutaflor_historical_e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;historical summary (PDF)&lt;/a&gt; from the company website). I don't know whether this long history of cultivation might be responsible for its relative weakness now for that purpose (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eg &quot;Thus, E. coli Nissle 1917 does not have the capacity to compete effectively with MDREC in the bowel of elderly patients.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the war it proved effective and in case of this special treatment of a certain guy, it seems that &quot;the patient&quot; was satisfied and convinced enough to let Morrell go on to prescribe or just administer him the known full arsenal of polytoxicomania.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the beginning of the century quite a few researchers played with the idea of using bacteria for therapeutic effects, not in the least because &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metchnikoff&lt;/a&gt; published a book bout &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/prolongationofli00metciala/page/n6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The prolongation of life; optimistic studies&lt;/a&gt; in 1908. But I'd say that the doctors at the time were mostly entrenched in a line of thought from Semmelweis to Koch and Pasteur, namely that bacteria &quot;are evil&quot;, and therefore the very idea of using them as therapy as a form of heresy. The exact effects, and whether they are beneficial or what, are still under debate today. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(10)80018-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Example from 1992&lt;/a&gt;). So, while the product was on the market with good track record, its use wasn't as widespread as modern formulations are now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;It is quite difficult to judge the reasoning and motivation Morrell had at the time. The 'medication' was not entirely unusual, being produced not in a private backyard lab but a proper facility, but even most of his contemporaries considered him a quack. So it is entirely within probable possibilities that 'his reasons' were invalid (&quot;A new miracle cure, I swear!&quot;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T15:02:19.193" LastActivityDate="2019-02-22T15:02:19.193" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18701" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18756" CreationDate="2019-02-22T14:39:13.430" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of course, our brains are the most powerful, stabilized processors. And they don't go outside of their temperature thresholds under normal / even abnormal(&lt;em&gt;till some threshold&lt;/em&gt;) conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I felt like (&lt;em&gt;or just delusion-ed&lt;/em&gt;) that an area on my head(&lt;em&gt;top back&lt;/em&gt;) heats more than other areas when I work on complex computer programs (&lt;em&gt;algorithms, mathematics, three dimensional thinking etc., lots of -metaphorically- brain burner topic to think about&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I measured it like a caveman (Edit: &lt;em&gt;I'm just measuring the blood flow in the scalp as mentioned in the comment below, looks like useless data&lt;/em&gt;), with an infrared hand thermometer and: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Top Front was: &lt;strong&gt;29.1°C&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Top Back was: &lt;strong&gt;31.5°C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always think that a metaphor shouldn't be totally wrong. If people made this comparison and invented the metaphor, I think we can deduct that it can be partly correct.&#xA;So, does my parietal lobe heat more or it is just a delusion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;I'm a roboticist and totally unfamiliar with the field, asked this question because of curiosity. I've read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parietal lobe&lt;/a&gt; functions from wiki and deducted these, the wiki page had references for them there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;knowledge of numbers and their relations (reading arithmetic information from the code?, imagining object manipulations in the simulation?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;manipulation of objects, processing information relating to the sense of touch (Maybe related to controlling keyboard?) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;visuospatial processing (Thinking in 3D Space?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;has a function in hand and eye movements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mathematical cognition, probabilistic reasoning &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301007/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[paper]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15720" LastEditorUserId="15720" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T19:16:17.757" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T16:17:32.073" Title="Does a single brain lobe (e.g. parietal lobe) heat more than others during processing tasks that are related to it?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-22T16:07:18.630" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the scientific evidence of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There are various breathing training devices:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9YL5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9YL5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to their description, they enhance &quot;strength and endurance of the muscles used to breathe&quot;.&#xA;Not only they improve medical conditions, such as short breath, but also the stamina so that you are able to perform better in sports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific evidence to support those statements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11085" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-02-22T21:59:01.483" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T16:45:44.653" Title="Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Training" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18705" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20043" CreationDate="2019-02-22T21:34:42.643" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;While at Japanese restaurants, I've overheard at least three different customers  requesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi#Neta&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;aburi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; for normally raw &lt;em&gt;nigiri&lt;/em&gt; on the menu, &lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/630xhc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for medical reasons&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aburi&lt;/em&gt; style refers to &lt;em&gt;nigiri&lt;/em&gt; sushi where the fish is partially grilled (topside) and partially raw. Most nigiri sushi will have completely raw &lt;em&gt;neta&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the bye, I don't know Wikipedia correctly used &quot;grilled&quot;.  These restaurants just blow-torch the top of the &lt;em&gt;nigiri&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I still can't figure out what disorder would warrant this distinction between raw and partially cooked &lt;em&gt;nigiri&lt;/em&gt;? Wouldn't a doctor just advise all such patients vulnerable to foodborne illness to eat only wholly cooked food and to shun anything raw? Thanks! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2019-09-06T05:48:15.580" LastActivityDate="2019-09-06T14:57:27.140" Title="What disorder forbids eating raw, but still allow aburi (partially blow-torched or cooked), nigiri?" Tags="&lt;raw-food&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-22T21:45:44.850" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what unit of measurement to ask this question in, but I suppose that pints per second would be the right way to think of things. Currently writing a short story and i'd like to add some graphic medical accuracy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15725" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T11:12:00.853" Title="At what speed would an average adult human male bleed out, if their arm was amputated?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;amputation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18706" CreationDate="2019-02-22T23:40:26.817" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rate of blood loss through amputation of an arm will depend on a range of things including initial blood pressure and heart rate of the patient etc. Plus, blood pressure falls as the amount of fluid left in the blood vessels becomes insufficient (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/blood-disorders/anemia/anemia-due-to-excessive-bleeding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck MSD Manual, 2019&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How the arm is severed can be a factor too.  Some actions can seal the blood vessels at the ends through heat of the blade, cutting action etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, because heart rate is a factor and increased heart rate due to fear for example would cause faster blood loss, to give a idea, arm blood flow at rest and during arm exercise was measured by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ahlborg &amp;amp; Jensen-Urstad (1991)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eight subjects performed continuous 30-min arm exercises with an increase in intensity every 10 min (30, 60, and 90 W).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[...]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Total arm blood flow was calculated to be 0.21 +/- 0.04 l/min at rest and 2.43 +/- 0.14 l/min at 90 W.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To convert these figures to US Pints per minute, multiply the figures by 2.11 making the figures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;between 0.34 and 0.54 US Pints/min at rest, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;between 4.84 and 5.44 US Pints/min at 90 W.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ahlborg, G., &amp;amp; Jensen-Urstad, M. (1991). Arm blood flow at rest and during arm exercise. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Applied Physiology, 70&lt;/em&gt;(2), 928-933. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.928&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.928&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2022586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-23T11:12:00.853" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T11:12:00.853" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18495" CreationDate="2019-02-23T11:31:37.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on viewing angle: We might observe nothing more than an artefact of measuring antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume that not all patients form antibodies at the same incidence rate but all patients with the same probability and one and same patient at a constant rate then a quite simple effect of immunogenicity might be observed:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;in constant administration antibodies are just used up at a constant rate, being active and bound, but not free and measurable. In episodic treatment the rate of antibody production then leads to more free antibodies (not used up) to measure – and immediately available for action against the biologic, once that is re-introduced to the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus a simple rephrasing of the introductory quote from the question might read&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interruption of scheduled maintenance anti-TNF therapy or episodic therapy has consistently been associated with higher rates of antibody &lt;del&gt;formation&lt;/del&gt; detection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent paper summarises the situation as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment options include biologic therapies; however, a proportion of patients lose response to biologics, partly due to the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAbs). Concomitant immunosuppressive agents reduce the development of ADAbs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comprehensive literature search was conducted for articles published January 2009 to August 2015 reporting immunogenicity to adalimumab (ADM), certolizumab pegol (CZP), golimumab, infliximab (IFX), ustekinumab, and vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most of the included studies that evaluated efficacy, the presence of ADAbs was associated with a reduction in efficacy. Efficacy was assessed in a variety of ways, including Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) response/remission, Mayo response, endoscopic improvement and treatment discontinuation. In studies of IFX, the proportion of patients achieving and maintaining a response was generally lower for patients with detected ADAbs than those without detected ADAbs ( Supplementary Table 7). ADAbs to ADM were also associated with reduced efficacy and a loss of response, together with a high rate of secondary treatment failure; these associ-ations were shown to be statistically significant in some studies ( Supplementary Table 8). In one study,26 discontinuation of ADM treatment was reported to be very high (83.3%) in patients with ADAbs ( Supplementary Table 8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The timing of sampling (prior to or just after the next administration) greatly influences the detection rate. &lt;strong&gt;Most assays do not detect ADAbs in the presence of drug; since drug concentration is the lowest just before the next infusion, this is the optimal time to sample. This might be one explanation for the formation of ADAbs being reported to be lower in RCTs than in observational studies.&lt;/strong&gt; Often, a limited number of time points were studied, and insufficient time was allowed for drug levels to decrease prior to sampling. However, it is also likely that improved assay techniques used in observational studies, together with the selection of patients with loss of response, led to higher levels of detection of ADAbs than in RCTs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5784568/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Séverine Vermeire &amp;amp; Ann Gils &amp;amp; Paola Accossato &amp;amp; Sadiq Lula &amp;amp; Amy Marren: &amp;quot;Immunogenicity of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2018; 11: 1756283X17750355. Published online 2018 Jan 21. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1756283X17750355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1177/1756283X17750355&lt;/a&gt;, PMCID: PMC5784568, PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29383030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;29383030&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above is just hopefully informed speculation, though, based on the lack of information in the studied papers as to how antibodies were measured. That is whether all of these possible values were taken: antigen concentration, the antigen-antibody complex concentration, the free antibody and/or total antibody concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The antigen-antibody reaction is widely used in laboratory diagnostics, including immunohaematology. It is a reversible chemical reaction:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;antigen + antibody ⇄ antigen - antibody complex&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The forces joining the antigen-antibody complex are not strong covalent bonds but weaker bonds, appropriately named “weak interactions”.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581910/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Roberto Reverberi &amp;amp; Lorenzo Reverberi: &amp;quot;Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Blood Transfus. 2007 Oct; 5(4): 227–240. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.2450%2F2007.0047-07&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.2450/2007.0047-07&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: PMC2581910, PMID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19204779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;19204779&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Chasing a wild goose: Even more speculative might be the thought that in these processes an effect of continuous reinforcement versus intermittent reinforcement occurs.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point to observe: Infliximab is quite different to other anti-TNF agents, as they are quite different in their attributes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EiIY0m.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EiIY0m.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A pharmacokinetics simulation of serum concentrations of infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab at steady state in patients with RA treated with each drug at doses and schedules shown.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical consequences of immunogenicity of TNF antagonists include acquired drug resistance and infusion or injection site reactions. Anti-drug antibodies can form multivalent complexes with the target drug, leading to rapid clearance and inactivation of the drug. Strategies to deal with this include dose escalation or the addition of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy to reduce antibody formation. Studies of the immunogenicity of protein-based drugs have suggested that chimeric antibodies are generally more immunogenic than humanized or human antibodies. However, comparisons of the immunogenic potential of the anti-TNF agents are difficult, largely because of differences in the sensitivity of the assays designed to detect anti-drug antibodies, as well as the interference in the assays of the drug itself.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Jennifer L. Jones: &amp;quot;Are all anti-TNF agents the same?&amp;quot;, in: Peter M. Irving et al (Eds): &amp;quot;Clinical Dilemmas in Inflammatory Bowel Disease&amp;quot;, Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, Hobokem &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;2011.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T13:38:53.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7665" CreationDate="2019-02-23T17:04:06.430" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not directly about pesticides but I have years ago read that Parkinson's is post-Industrial Revolution disease -- that is, it started to be observed once coal started to be used in large quantities for powering industrial furnaces and engines. One could argue that the increase in life span that occurred at around the same time might be responsible for cases being observed then or simply that doctors only began to diagnose it around then but firstly, people have throughout history lived into old age and secondly, it is very plausible (to me, anyway) that anything that is neurotoxic, including particulates in coal smoke/mercury liberated by burning of coal, contributes to many neurological diseases including Parkinson's. Of course, many insecticides by design are neurotoxic to insects and were based on nerve gases developed for use on humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=97-P13-00033&amp;amp;segmentID=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=97-P13-00033&amp;amp;segmentID=1&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.poison.org/articles/2010-jun/pesticide-and-nerve-agent-commonality&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.poison.org/articles/2010-jun/pesticide-and-nerve-agent-commonality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="14932" LastEditDate="2019-02-23T19:09:36.657" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T19:09:36.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-23T18:14:37.427" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am researching measles vaccination rates.  Almost every source I have found focuses on immunization coverage among &lt;em&gt;children&lt;/em&gt; (of various ages).  However, I am curious what the overall &lt;em&gt;population&lt;/em&gt; immunization coverage rates are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone find a published estimate of the percent of the &lt;strong&gt;total&lt;/strong&gt; population of the United States (including children and adults, citizens and immigrants) that is vaccinated against measles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15731" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T18:14:37.427" Title="What percent of people in the United States are vaccinated against measles?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;measles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18714" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-23T23:42:27.783" Score="1" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some unsupported claims that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupping_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cupping therapy&lt;/a&gt; helps treat a tendinopathy, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tridoshawellness.com/quadriceps-tendonitis-treatment-with-cupping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.tridoshawellness.com/quadriceps-tendonitis-treatment-with-cupping&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/pSVva&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Quadriceps tendonitis or quadriceps tendon injury treatment using cupping. Helps remove congestion and blockages, improves circulation, stretches scar tissue, muscles and fascia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has cupping therapy been scientifically shown to be useful to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a survey on the effectiveness of cupping for the treatment of pain  {1} but their result  are inconclusive and the survey dates back from 2011:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More rigorous studies are required before the effectiveness of cupping for the treatment of pain can be determined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found another survey {2} that also hints at the need for more serious studies before being able to draw the useful of cupping therapy (that didn't focus on tendinopathies):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To know the research progress of cupping therapy all over the world, the authors analyze the research of cupping therapy in recent 5 years. It indicates that cupping therapy can be applied to extensive curable disease, but has poor clinical evidence. Some improvements in the mechanism research of cupping therapy have been made, but it needs further research. The adverse events of cupping therapy attract attention. The standardization of cupping therapy has emerged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kim, Jong-In, Myeong Soo Lee, Dong-Hyo Lee, Kate Boddy, and Edzard Ernst. &quot;Cupping for treating pain: a systematic review.&quot; Evidence Based Complementary and AlternativeMedicine 2011 (2009): 18. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136528/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136528/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Chen, B., Li, M.Y., Liu, P.D., Guo, Y. and Chen, Z.L., 2014. Alternative medicine: an update on cupping therapy. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 108(7), pp.523-525. &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/108/7/523/1567604&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/108/7/523/1567604&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-02-23T23:49:29.170" LastActivityDate="2019-02-23T23:49:29.170" Title="Is cupping therapy of any use to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-24T10:53:14.663" Score="5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many studies proved that concurrent administration of Ciprofloxacin and Sucralfate reduces the maximum concentration of Ciprofloxacin in plasma to approximately 1/10 level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Combined use of ciprofloxacin and sucralfate.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1877263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1877263&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Failure of Prostatitis Treatment Secondary to Probable Ciprofloxacin‐Sucralfate Drug Interaction &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14383813_Failure_of_Prostatitis_Treatment_Secondary_to_Probable_Ciprofloxacin-Sucralfate_Drug_Interaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14383813_Failure_of_Prostatitis_Treatment_Secondary_to_Probable_Ciprofloxacin-Sucralfate_Drug_Interaction&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like Rifaximin, the unabsorbed Ciprofloxacin is more effective to act directly inside the colon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or because of the chelate of Ciprofloxacin-Aluminum (of Sucralfate), the chelated Ciprofloxacin is no more effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried to find long time but no luck.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If somebody helps me with scientific evidences, it would be highly appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13697" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-03-04T14:54:36.227" LastActivityDate="2019-03-26T01:52:01.217" Title="Significantly reduced absorption of Ciprofloxacin with concurrently administered Sucralfate is utilized intentionally to treat Colitis?" Tags="&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-24T14:36:48.550" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where I am from it is a common belief that staying at home leads to shorter recovery times from common infections (such as cold). Is that a valid belief?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are other reasons why it may be advisable no to go out (contagiousness) or work (poorer performance) - but I would like to ask only about health benefits (or lack of them) for the ill individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internet search was surprisingly unhelpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15735" LastActivityDate="2019-02-25T17:05:44.890" Title="Does staying at home expedites recovery from infections?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-25T10:59:23.883" Score="2" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I boil broccoli, eggplants, courgette/zucchini and okra for an hour on high heat before eating them, because I prefer them totally soft so that I don't have to chew them (for personal reasons, irrelevant here). But does it kill the ingredients in them? If yes, then which ingredients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If necessary, I should pont out that I don't like to fry them, as I don't want to add any extra oil, and also it won't give me the mashed, soft texture I'm looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't drain the water used for boiling, then am I still getting all the nutrients from these vegetables? Here by nutrients, I meant all the vitamins and the minerals (e.g. calcium, iron etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1180" LastEditorUserId="1180" LastEditDate="2019-02-25T20:57:08.640" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T14:41:56.837" Title="Boiling vegetables for an hour and retention of their nutrients" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18718" CreationDate="2019-02-25T17:05:44.890" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quarantine (self or imposed) does help &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474622&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevent the spread of infectious diseases&lt;/a&gt;. This is sufficient to recommend convalescence at home, but there is no good evidence for a shorter recovery period for those who stay at home. The idea that resting at home helps conserve energy and recover from illness is pervasive and seems sensible, but has little data supporting it. Clinical recommendations here don't have a strong evidence base, but we can look at other related questions and make a judgment call. On one end of the spectrum, complete bed rest has been shown to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20046130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;harmful&lt;/a&gt; in critical care contexts, and though still widely prescribed in a few contexts is generally &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812466&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not effective&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26950232&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;those contexts&lt;/a&gt;.  On the other end of the spectrum, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4531403/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;poor sleep&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1108202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;psychosocial stress&lt;/a&gt; may increase susceptibility to infection or impair the immune response. With a self limited contagious disease, I usually recommend staying at home to prevent the spread of disease, specifically &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; staying in bed all day, but instead, getting a regular amount of sleep, with light exercise as tolerated (for otherwise active individuals) and other relaxing activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-02-25T17:05:44.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18725" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-26T04:48:57.077" Score="4" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently came across &quot;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja071896b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug encapsidation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, I have come to understand that it is a technique to insert drug particles/molecules in the protein shell of a virus, namely the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;capsid&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I cannot find a simplified explanation on how to perform it? On contrary, for  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;drug encapsulation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, there are many online materials and resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My questions are:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does one perform the encapsidation?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are the virus gene in the capsid removed and the drug encapsidated?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does a drug which is masked as a virus not get detected by the body's defense mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15741" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-02-27T08:05:00.647" LastActivityDate="2019-02-27T08:05:00.647" Title="How are drugs encapsidated?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14987" CreationDate="2019-02-26T08:30:39.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For all such questions, no matter what is the foodstuff in question, the answer cannot be yes or no, good or bad. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way towards the answer (which will probably never be definite) is more complex and requires integration of several factors: what does this food contain, how much do you eat of that food, what does your diet generally consist of (to understand what you are getting from your food and what might be missing), how does your body process what you eat, and probably other factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A frequently quoted adage in that context is &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the dose makes the poison&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, i.e. too much of ANYTHING can be bad for you, and the amount where it is not harmful and perhaps even beneficial should be sought and determined before a foodstuff can be considered &quot;good for health&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the factors I listed above you can determine (and control) directly and some others you cannot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does this food contain&lt;/strong&gt; - for dark chocolate, you can check it out &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/19904?n1=%7BQv%3D1%2C%20Q333969%3D1%2C%20Q333970%3D1%7D&amp;amp;fgcd=&amp;amp;man=&amp;amp;lfacet=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=&amp;amp;sort=&amp;amp;qlookup=&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;format=Full&amp;amp;new=&amp;amp;measureby=&amp;amp;Qv=1&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. The United States Department of Agriculture website hosts a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Nutrient Database&lt;/a&gt;, in which you can search for many types of foodstuffs and see what they contain for different mass/volume units.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How much do you eat of that food&lt;/strong&gt; - well, that entirely depends on you. We already know that the dose makes the poison. In most cases it should be safe to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=start%20low%20and%20go%20slow&amp;amp;rlz=1C1GCEA_enIL809IL809&amp;amp;oq=start%20low%20and%20go%20slow&amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.0l6.2991j0j7&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;start low and go slow&lt;/a&gt; (an approach borrowed from medicinal treatment for the elderly). Follow your body's reactions to try and understand if the amounts you eat are good for you.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What does your diet generally consist of&lt;/strong&gt; - this is also under your control, although many people do not eat as healthy as they would like. This is important when you want to know if you are regularly getting all the essential nutrients you need from your diet, and what you can add to your nutritional intake from the foodtuff in question (see item 1 above). &#xA;&lt;br&gt;For example, dark chocolate contains ample amounts (relatively, of course) of Potassium (715 mg/100 g of dark chocolate with 70-85% cacao solids) and Phosphorus (308 mg/100 g of dark chocolate with 70-85% cacao solids). This may be good for you if you are not getting these minerals from other sources.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, bear in mind that when you eat 100 grams of dark chocolate you get the &quot;full package&quot;, which also contains 23.99 gr total sugars and 42.63 gr total lipids. This should also be taken into account.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important note:&lt;/strong&gt; for adjusting your diet to your needs and health, it is best to speak to a professional dietitian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does your body process what you eat&lt;/strong&gt; - this is something you usually do not know until you actually try new foods, and you have no control over it. But of course, if you are allergic to some foods or if they have bad effects on you (indigestion, heartburn etc.) they would not be beneficial for you and you should probably avoid them.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe my answer demonstrates why there is no black and white, good or bad in this kind of questions. The best approach is to be aware of what the food you eat actually contains and consult with healthcare professionals as necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2019-02-26T08:30:39.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-26T12:37:19.640" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for studies apart from the ones in the third link in my question, that prove the efficacy of saw palmetto in 1) stop hair fall, and 2) growing back hair in the places of the scalp where the hair was lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware of the fact that theoretically saw palmetto blocks the enzyme that converts testoterone into DHT, and hence it should be effective. See for example- &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/saw-palmetto-hair-loss#saw-palmetto&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/saw-palmetto-hair-loss#saw-palmetto&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/07/30/saw-palmetto-for-alopecia.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/07/30/saw-palmetto-for-alopecia.aspx&lt;/a&gt;, and in fact, two such studies have been mentioned here- &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.nutrafol.com/2017/03/12/saw-palmetto-benefits-hair-growth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blog.nutrafol.com/2017/03/12/saw-palmetto-benefits-hair-growth/&lt;/a&gt; (read the description in the link please). But still, more studies in this regard would be crucial to prove its effectiveness. Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1180" LastEditorUserId="1180" LastEditDate="2019-02-28T18:51:50.097" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T18:51:50.097" Title="Are there any studies that prove the effectiveness of saw palmetto for restoring hair in the bald places and stop hair fall?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;herbs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-27T19:20:40.850" Score="5" ViewCount="916" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently &lt;a href=&quot;https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/02/27/whooping-cough-harvard-westlake/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a private school is experiencing an outbreak of whooping cough&lt;/a&gt;. However, the article said that only 18 of the students in the school (out of 1500 or so) were unvaccinated, yet already 30 have the disease. Presumably some of the infected students were vaccinated. How can this be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T07:38:47.800" Title="How can a school be getting an epidemic of whooping cough if most of the students are vaccinated?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18733" CreationDate="2019-02-27T20:06:05.360" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A: Pertussis vaccines are effective, but not perfect. They typically&#xA;  offer good levels of protection within the first 2 years after getting&#xA;  the vaccine, but then protection decreases over time. Public health&#xA;  experts call this ‘waning immunity.’ Similarly, natural infection may&#xA;  also only protect you for a few years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, DTaP vaccines are 80% to 90% effective. Among kids who get&#xA;  all 5 doses of DTaP on schedule, effectiveness is very high within the&#xA;  year following the 5th dose – at least 9 out of 10 kids are fully&#xA;  protected. There is a modest decrease in effectiveness in each&#xA;  following year. About 7 out of 10 kids are fully protected 5 years&#xA;  after getting their last dose of DTaP and the other 3 out of 10 kids&#xA;  are partially protected – protecting against serious disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CDC’s current estimate is that in the first year after getting&#xA;  vaccinated with Tdap, it protects about 7 out of 10 people who receive&#xA;  it. There is a decrease in effectiveness in each following year. About&#xA;  3 or 4 out of 10 people are fully protected 4 years after getting&#xA;  Tdap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Keeping up-to-date with recommended pertussis vaccines is the best way&#xA;  to protect you and your loved ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the size of the school and the effectiveness of the vaccine, it appears that ~30 infected kids is within what's expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15751" LastActivityDate="2019-02-27T20:06:05.360" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-02-28T16:15:30.840" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had vitamin D deficiency (17 ng/mL) and I am planning on sitting in sun at noons. I am aware of that how much UVB you get depends on a few factors such as your complexion, where you live and even the clothes you wear. I know sitting in sun in hot climates can cause sunburn and skin cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The season is winter where I live now. The temperature is around 10 degree celsius but the weather is sunny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I was wondering is that if I can beat the vitamin D deficiency in a week if I sit in sun regularly for a few hours for a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that deficiencies may take for months to return in normal levels such as iron deficiency and you should take a certain amount of it for everyday. However, as for Vitamin D, I read our bodies can accumulate vitamin D in summer times for winter times. Therefore, for my situation, how many days would it take to get to normal level if I sit for long hours regularly in sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15765" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T18:26:42.300" Title="How long does it take to beat vitamin D deficiency" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-02-28T18:49:34.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18741" CreationDate="2019-02-28T18:26:42.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ideally, people should get enough vitamin D from their food. However, that's difficult to do, Many folks don't get enough of the nutrient from dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified milk.&#xA;Ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://health-usnews-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/health.usnews.com/wellness/articles/2018-07-18/how-much-time-in-the-sun-do-you-need-for-vitamin-d?amp_js_v=a2&amp;amp;amp_gsa=1&amp;amp;context=amp&amp;amp;usqp=mq331AQCCAE%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp;amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fwellness%2Farticles%2F2018-07-18%2Fhow-much-time-in-the-sun-do-you-need-for-vitamin-d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not known exactly how much time is needed in the sun to make enough vitamin D to meet the body's requirements.Ref.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-get-vitamin-d-from-sunlight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because there are a number of factors that can affect how vitamin D is made, such as your &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;skin colour &#xA;People with dark skin, such as those of African, African-Caribbean or south Asian origin, will need to spend longer in the sun to produce the same amount of vitamin D as someone with lighter skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;how much skin you have exposed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;time of day.&#xA;(Ref.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-get-vitamin-d-from-sunlight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The American Cancer Society does not support sun exposure for increasing vitamin D. &quot;Because excessive ultraviolet radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer, we do not recommend obtaining vitamin D from the sun as a way to boost vitamin D levels in the blood,&quot; &#xA;Ref:&lt;a href=&quot;https://health-usnews-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/health.usnews.com/wellness/articles/2018-07-18/how-much-time-in-the-sun-do-you-need-for-vitamin-d?amp_js_v=a2&amp;amp;amp_gsa=1&amp;amp;context=amp&amp;amp;usqp=mq331AQCCAE%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp;amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fwellness%2Farticles%2F2018-07-18%2Fhow-much-time-in-the-sun-do-you-need-for-vitamin-d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;But you should be careful not to burn in the sun, so take care to cover up or protect your skin with sunscreen before your skin starts to turn red or burn.&#xA;Ref.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-get-vitamin-d-from-sunlight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balancing Solar risks and benefits:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no risk of your body making too much vitamin D from sun exposure, but always remember to cover up or protect your skin before the time it takes you to start turning red or burn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T18:26:42.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18728" CreationDate="2019-02-28T18:49:19.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are extracts and links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other proposed treatments include saw palmetto extract (Serenoa Repens); prostaglandin analogs like latanoprost and bimatoprost, which may be cost prohibitive&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430924/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430924/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Serenoa repens(commonly called Saw Palmetto) extracts promote hair regeneration and repair of hair loss mouse models by activating TGF-β and mitochondrial signaling pathway.&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29949176/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29949176/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the effectiveness of naturally occurring 5AR inhibitors against AGA for the first time, and justifies the expansion to larger trials.(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/12006122/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/12006122/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We can summarize our results by observing that Serenoa repens could lead to an improvement of androgenetic alopecia, while finasteride confirmed its efficacy. &#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23298508/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23298508/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-02-28T18:49:19.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18747" CreationDate="2019-03-01T09:21:17.167" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Curious to know what happens to the powder after an asthma inhaler is sprayed into the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume that the majority will be naturally breathed out of the lungs. Is there residue left behind after this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the long term effect of using inhalers (I have been using mine for over 40 years), can the smaller branches of the lung eventually become clogged with the powder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15770" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T11:08:15.503" Title="Where does the powder spray from an asthma inhaler go?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;asthma-inhalors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18747" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18746" CreationDate="2019-03-01T11:08:15.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends a little on whether the inhaler is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metered-dose inhaler&lt;/a&gt; (MDI - aerosol) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dry powder inhaler&lt;/a&gt; (DPI). DPI inhalers require adequate inspiratory flow rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Metered dose inhalers&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Propellants in MDIs typically make up more than 99% of the delivered dose and are usually hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA). These a gaseous and are usually exhaled. I cannot find any data on the extent to which (if at all) that HFAs may be absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Dry powder inhalers&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dry powder inhalers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/878/smpc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an example&lt;/a&gt;) mainly use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactose&lt;/a&gt; (a milk sugar, usually as alpha lactose monohydrate) to form the bulk of the powder because it is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1818087614000610&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;safe and easily available&lt;/a&gt;. This is usually absorbed by the mucosal lining of the lung and does not accumulate over time. It can also be deposited in the mouth and throat and ingested into the gastrointestinal tract. From here it can be absorbed to some extent (though lactose undergoes less active absorption in the gut than other sugars) or egested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Drug absorption by inhalation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, traditional aerosol devices can only deliver about 10 to 20% of their loaded doses into the lungs - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1513/pats.200409-049TA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;. A lot of this rest ends up in the gastrointestinal tract. Drug particles less than 5 µm have the greatest probability of deposition in the lung - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014454/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;. Thus drug particle size is of vital importance in inhaler production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Other sources:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(00)65718-4/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the delivery of pediatric bronchodilator therapy&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dfepharma.com/-/media/documents/technical-documents/technical-papers/lactose-some-basic-properties.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lactose information&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014454/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methods to identify drug deposition in the lungs following inhalation&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://The%20Lungs%20as%20a%20Portal%20of%20Entry%20for%20Systemic%20Drug%20Delivery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Lungs as a Portal of Entry for Systemic Drug Delivery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T11:08:15.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3901" CreationDate="2019-03-01T11:45:19.553" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, resolution varies with distance, but when expressed as angular resolution this takes distance into account; the minimum distance between two points that can be resolved will increase in proportion to distance for a given angle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2019624-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retina&lt;/a&gt; is the light sensitive part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eye&lt;/a&gt;. It is packed with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;photoreceptor cells&lt;/a&gt; known as rods (more sensitive and useful in low-light conditions but of lower resolution) and cones (less sensitive so need greater light intensity, but higher resolution). Only cones confer colour vision, whereas rods confer achromatic vision. This is why colour is difficult to perceive in low light intensities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2019624-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fovea&lt;/a&gt; is the highest resolution part of the retina. It is packed with cone cells, offering maximum resolution. Interestingly, their requirement for higher light intensity is why it is easier to see faint stars at night by looking slightly to the side of them, as the fovea is not sensitive enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/PenetrantTest/Introduction/visualacuity.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagram&lt;/a&gt; demonstrates the resolution of the fovea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/skXgi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/skXgi.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a normal eye can just resolve two points, the angle θ is 1/60th degree (or 1 arcminute). This corresponds to being able to read line 8 on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snellen Chart&lt;/a&gt;, which is also known as 6/6 vision, or 20/20 vision in the USA (this refers to 6 meters or 20 feet, which are equivalent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So angular resolution does not change with distance, but is best at the fovea and less at other parts of the retina. The maximum angular resolution of 1 arcminute corresponds to about 29cm at 1km distance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-03-01T11:45:19.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-02T10:17:14.887" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Staying up all night is harmful, but suppose you are in this situation what is the healthiest response. It is hard to find a scientific answer online on the healthiest response after staying awake all night. Most blog-answers suggest staying up all day and going to sleep at your normal sleeping time. But I am not sure if that is a good advice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep deprivation is dangerous&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both routes of (a)staying up all day and  (b)sleeping in, disrupt the sleep cycle for days, and I claim equally so. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate references on any related studies on the healthy responses to staying awake all night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15781" LastEditorUserId="15781" LastEditDate="2019-03-03T05:40:22.247" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T05:40:22.247" Title="All nighter: steady sleep schedule or sleepping in" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="473" CreationDate="2019-03-02T20:00:00.103" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this paper by Moss et al. (2016) &lt;a href=&quot;http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/35632/1/Moss%20et%20al%20-%20Peppermint%20and%20Chamomile%20teas%20OA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; peppermint tea has energizing properties. The molecular mechanism by which this effect is exerted is summarized in its discussion part:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Active compounds   identified   in   Peppermint   include menthol, menthone, 1,8 – cineole and rosmarinic acid, the latter two of which have been shown to possess   cholinergic   agonist   properties   via   the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity (Perryet al., 2003; Orhan et al., 2008). Such a mechanism could underpin the cognitive effects observed here and elsewhere as acetylcholine is the fundamental memory    neurotransmitter,    whilst   the dopaminergic influence of menthol and menthone might be independently reflected in the subjective ratings of alertness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another paper by Kennedy et al. (2011) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Scholey/publication/5502737_An_extract_of_Salvia_sage_with_anticholinesterase_properties_improves_memory_and_attention_in_healthy_older_volunteers/links/0fcfd50db9948809e5000000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; suggests the same for Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage. They state that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The current study combined an in vitro investigation of the cholinesterase inhibitory properties and phytochemical constituents of a S. lavandulaefolia essential oil, with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study assessing the effects of a single dose on cognitive performance and mood. In this latter investigation 36 healthy participants received capsules containing either 50mL of the essential oil or placebo on separate occasions, 7 days apart. Cognitive function was assessed using a selection of computerized memory and attention tasks and the Cognitive Demand Battery before the treatment and 1-h and 4-h post-dose. The essential oil was a potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and consisted almost exclusively of monoterpenoids. Oral consumption lead to improved performance of secondary memory and attention tasks, most notably at the 1-h post-dose testing session, and reduced mental fatigue and increased alertness which were more pronounced 4-h post-dose. These results extend previous observations of improved cognitive performance and mood following AChE inhibitory sage extracts and suggest that the ability of well-tolerated terpenoid-containing extracts to beneficially modulate cholinergic function and cognitive performance deserves further attention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8980" LastEditorUserId="8980" LastEditDate="2019-08-18T17:00:37.063" LastActivityDate="2019-08-18T17:00:37.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18342" CreationDate="2019-03-02T20:53:07.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to make a recommendation, as a researcher also working in medical imaging. You state that you are interested in predicting lesion diameter, patient gender, and patient age from the scans. However, when a radiologist reads a scan, they already know the patient gender and the patient age because that information is in the medical record. They also know the reason for the scan. For example, they will often see a display like &quot;Ms. Smith is a 55-year old woman with a history of lung cancer&quot; along with the scan itself. (And they can click on the patient's medical record and view everything in the medical record if they want.) So, I think you are better off not predicting things that are already known to the doctor. There are many other cool medical imaging tasks you can do with the DeepLesion data set, e.g. like predicting if there is a lesion in the scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some other resources that might help you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overview of basic &lt;a href=&quot;https://glassboxmedicine.com/2019/01/25/anatomy-for-radiology-chest/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chest anatomy for radiology&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://glassboxmedicine.com/2019/02/02/anatomy-for-radiology-abdomen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;abdomen anatomy for radiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://glassboxmedicine.com/2019/01/22/anatomy-for-radiology-terms-of-location/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiology terms of location&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://glassboxmedicine.com/2019/02/10/radiology-normal-chest-x-rays/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to read normal chest x-rays&lt;/a&gt;. Chest x-rays are not CTs, but if you are just learning about medical imaging it is easier to start with chest x-rays and then move on to CTs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eg3GeUmOeYE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interpretation of abdominal CTs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9862" LastActivityDate="2019-03-02T20:53:07.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18701" CreationDate="2019-03-03T16:17:32.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short Answer- Yes, brain activity does cause temperature fluctuations in specific area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;robust changes in brain temperature could occur in a temperature-stable environment following exposure to various salient somatosensory stimuli and during different types of motivated behaviors. &#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149793/#!po=22.6852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different points of view on why these fluctuations occur and what their underlying mechanisms are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Alterations in metabolic brain activity are the primary cause of intra-brain heat accumulation and a force behind more delayed changes in body temperature.&lt;/em&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149793/#!po=22.6852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Brain temperature fluctuations reported in these experiments&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149793/#!po=22.6852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(here)&lt;/a&gt; correlated with the biological significance of the environmental challenges, spontaneous and stimuli-induced changes in EEG and motor activity, and had some structural specificity with respect to the modality of sensory stimuli.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Let's think about numbers:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Although the brain represents ~2% of the human body’s mass, it accounts for ~20% of the organism’s total oxygen consumption at rest &#xA;Since all energy used for brain metabolism appears to be finally transformed into heat, intense heat production appears to be an essential feature of brain metabolic activity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From animal experiments&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;All stimuli induced rapid, unique, and relatively long lasting temperature elevations in both brain structures and arterial blood, greatly exceeding the duration of stimulation.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;amp;p=PMC3&amp;amp;id=3149793_nihms312586f2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rat experiment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;each brain structure had its own basal temperature &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;stimuli induced rapid, unique, and relatively long lasting temperature elevations in both brain structures and arterial blood&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;temperature changes in each brain structure occurred significantly faster and had stronger amplitude than those in arterial blood&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;temperature changes had structural specificity. Both striatal divisions showed quite similar changes, but temperature increases in cerebellum were more delayed and prolonged following each stimulus. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;temperature changes had structural specificity. Both striatal divisions showed quite similar changes, but temperature increases in cerebellum were more delayed and prolonged following each stimulus. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blood supply to the brain is cooler than the brain itself&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given that the blood supply to the brain is cooler than the brain itself, and that brain temperatures rise more quickly and to a larger extent than do arterial blood and head muscle temperatures in response to all challenges, intra-brain heat production appears to be the primary cause of functional brain hyperthermia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;While arterial blood temperature also gradually increases in response to all challenges, brain-arterial blood temperature differentials grow consistently during behavioral activation, showing an apparent increase in intra-brain heat production. Therefore, it seems that increased blood circulation that accompanies functional brain activation removes heat from the brain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;brain circulation is a significant factor in the re-distribution of locally released heat within brain tissue and in its removal from the brain, thus contributing to brain temperature fluctuations occurring under behavioral conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;By increasing blood flow above the brain’s current demand, more oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the areas of potential demand and more potentially dangerous metabolic heat is removed from intensively working brain tissue. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More dorsally located structures were consistently cooler&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I added this thing as I thought it was interesting here as it's opposite of what OP had in question, however, that was surface temperature)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tested at the same conditions, more dorsally located structures were consistently cooler (dorsal striatum, 36.6°C; hippocampus, 35.6°C) than more ventrally located structures (ventral tegmental area of midbrain, 37.3°C; medial preoptic area of hypothalamus, 37.3°C; nucleus accumbens or NAcc, 37.3°C). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Conclusion,&#xA;in contrast to general beliefs that brain temperature is a stable, tightly regulated homeostatic parameter, data presented in this review demonstrate a relatively wide range of fluctuations (~3°C) occurring in rats following exposure to salient somato-sensory stimuli and during various motivated behaviors. Although rats and humans have obvious differences in temperature regulation and human data are very limited, similarity between rats and monkeys in general patterns of brain temperature fluctuations may support the findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;1.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149793/#!po=22.6852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149793/#!po=22.6852&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T16:17:32.073" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18757" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18702" CreationDate="2019-03-03T16:45:44.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Powerbreathe is an inspiratory muscle trainer promoted as improving inspiratory muscle strength (and consequently exercise performance) in athletes and patients with respiratory disease. No published evidence supports its efficacy.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11421512/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An advantage to training was observed when outcome was assessed by maximal static inspiratory mouth pressure (mean advantage 14.5 cm H2O, 95% CI 2.2-26.9 cm H2O, P=0.025). However. no significant difference was observed between the groups in any other parameter.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11421512/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The continued sale and use of the Powerbreathe device is not justified by our data.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11421512/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-review-on-respiratory-muscle-training-devices-2161-105X-1000451.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjR1fOPtObgAhWTeysKHdtZCCgQFjAAegQIBBAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0KdKCjb23Ju0PVJAUAG6i1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another Article&lt;/a&gt; suggest-&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There were found 14 respiratory training devices available on the market and reported by published studies. However, three were not described in detail, due to lack of information. Amongst the 11 evaluated devices, all of them showed positive aspects and limitations that should be considered. Although some devices appear to be more advantageous than others, it is not possible to choose the best one, based only upon their technical information and clinical utility. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To select the most appropriate one, it is also necessary to consider the specific health condition, the nature of the impairments, and the purpose of the training. Furthermore, the professionals should also consider the purpose of the device, including whether it is for use within research or clinical contexts. Future studies with good methodological quality should investigate the efficacy of the other devices, which were not described in detail in the present review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Terms/Abbreviations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;maximal static inspiratory mouth pressure-&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Measurement of the maximum static inspiratory pressure that a subject can generate at the mouth (PImax) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0422763814000417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-03-03T16:45:44.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18760" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18762" CreationDate="2019-03-04T12:55:39.453" Score="5" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a difference between hypovolemic shock and heart arrest caused by hypovolemia ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15535" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T05:38:27.347" Title="Difference between hypovolemic shock and heart arrest caused by hypovolemia?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18577" CreationDate="2019-03-04T14:08:29.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This saccharide is of very minute risk, absolutely, and even more so if compared with glucose, fructose or saccharose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two reasons: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caries is the result of microbiota producing acids which dissolve the enamel, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;this effect is enhanced when this takes place under plaque when and where saliva cannot dilute the acids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reason 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most bacteria tested were able to metabolize lactulose with the exception of strains of Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lact. fermentum. Streptococcus mutans produced most acid overnight but the initial rate of acid production from lactulose by uninduced cultures was very low. Plaque pH was monitored in 12 volunteers following rinsing the mouth with lactulose, sucrose or sorbitol or Lactulose BP.&#xA;  These studies in vivo showed both lactulose and Lactulose BP to exhibit low acidogenic potential. Thus, although plaque bacteria are capable of fermenting lactulose, the results suggest that lactulose is likely to pose a small acidogenic challenge to teeth under normal conditions of use.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1472-765X.1998.00403.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P.J. Moynihan, S. Ferrier, S. Blomley, W.G. Wright and R.R.B. Russell: &quot;Acid production from lactulose by dental plaque bacteria&quot;, Letters in Applied Microbiology 1998, 27, 173–177.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.1998.00403.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has to be read in perspective, as S. mutans is &lt;em&gt;capable&lt;/em&gt; of using lactulose, but not very efficient in doing so and while overnight the acid production is &lt;em&gt;comparatively&lt;/em&gt; higher, it is quite low overall, compared to saccharose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reason 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different sugars present the bacteria with different challenges in metabolising them. Dental plaque is mainly hold together by dextranes (extracellullar polysaccharides), which are not easily synthesised and excreted by the microbes, if they are fed lactulose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Carbohydrate     pH    extracellullar polysaccharides&#xA;---                    (mcg/ml n = 2) &#xA;Glucose          4.55   110&#xA;Fructose         4.8     --&#xA;Invertzucker     4.2     --&#xA;Saccharose       4.7   1950&#xA;Raffinose        4.7    500&#xA;Stachyose        4.7    350&#xA;Leucrose         4.6   2600&#xA;Palatinose       5.1   2070&#xA;Lactulose        4.7     --&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Formation of extracellular polysaccharides in the presence of selected saccharides by Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt (incubation time 48h / 37°C)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Summary: In the light of recent literature, the authors outline the state of our knowledge of the bio-chemico-microbiological actiology of dental caries. From experimental studies it is evident that the ,,cariogenic&quot; streptococcal strain S. mutans Ingbritt synthetizes in vitro extracellular dextrans suited for plaque formation not only preferentially from saccharose but also from a series of glucose-containing fructosides. No such synthesis was observed with the non-cariogenic S. faecalis. Systematic experiments are indicative of the trend that in the cariogenic S. mutans Ingbritt the activity of the synthetizing dextran sucrase is greater by about one power of ten than in S. faecalis. It seems that the dextran sucrase activity is a contributory determinant of the character of cariogenic streptococci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/food.19700140503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Täufel &amp;amp; K Täufel: &quot;Zum mikrobiellen Verhalten von Gluco-Fructosiden gegenüber den Streptokokken der Mundflora&#xA;  im Hinblick auf die Zahnkaries&quot;, Die Nahrung, 14, 5 1970, p331-337.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19700140503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning that metabolic activity of cariogenic bacteria is relatively low and their ability to form a biofilm plaque is much reduced if we look at isolated load from lactulose. Since bacteria can adapt and the flora of a mouth change, it's probably still not a good idea to really bath the teeth in lactulose solutions, but given the application as gastrointestinal treatment that's just swallowed quite quickly, the concern seems really low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2019-03-04T14:08:29.573" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18760" CreationDate="2019-03-04T14:59:36.890" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypovolemic shock may be a &lt;strong&gt;reversible cause of cardiac arrest&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hs_and_Ts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acute cardiac ischemia and myocardial infarction: these are due to decreased oxygen supply to the heart itself (remember that shock itself represent global ischemia)(1)&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest#H1240264379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;pH changes, especially acidemia: when shock reaches to a irreversible state so much acidosis has developed(1) which itself can cause a cardiac arrest.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest#H1240264379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Electrolyte abnormalities, most notably hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypomagnesemia: ischemia (untreated) leads infarction leads necrosis leads loss of cell membrane leads ions and enzymes to leak and and produce toxic effects.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest#H1240264379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt; (3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heart Failure:The incidence of sudden cardiac death appears to be increased during periods of worsening HF symptoms.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/abstract/28&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;While Hypovolemic Shock itself does not involve cardiac arrest,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if uncompensated will ultimately cause tissue damage, release of destructive enzymes, acidosis, depletion of cellular ATP. (1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pathophysiology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As volume status continues to decrease, systolic blood pressure drops. As a result, oxygen delivery to vital organs is unable to meet oxygen demand. Cells switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactic acidosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As sympathetic drive increases, blood flow is diverted from other organs to preserve blood flow to the heart and brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This propagates tissue ischemia and worsens lactic acidosis. If not corrected, there will be worsening hemodynamic compromise and, eventually, death.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513297/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest#H1240264379&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest#H1240264379&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Diseases&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513297/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513297/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hs_and_Ts&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hs_and_Ts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T05:38:27.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18766" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18767" CreationDate="2019-03-05T01:59:45.040" Score="5" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article below, people who can do more than 40 push-ups have lower risk of heart attack. Is this a valid claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/what-new-science-says-about-men-who-can-do-over-40-push-ups&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/what-new-science-says-about-men-who-can-do-over-40-push-ups&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actual journal article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8973" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-03-05T02:41:44.997" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T15:48:38.267" Title="Is the number of push-ups a person can do a good risk estimate for heart attacks?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18766" CreationDate="2019-03-05T05:10:43.033" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, or at least, that's what this article in a reputable medical journal says and there is no reason to be more skeptical of it than the normal skepticism that any isolated article deserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 10 year IRR they find is 0.04 (95% CI 0.01-0.36), after adjusting for age and BMI, which is a pretty strong effect. The article is not claiming this is the best or most predictive way to estimate risk, they are just pointing out that this might be a simple, no-cost method of assessing physical health (and note that they only tested men, and all of the men are firefighters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the study does not claim nor should be interpreted as causal: that is, it is unlikely that training to do more push ups has a substantial cardiovascular benefit. Instead, people who can do a large number of push ups for their age are probably among the most physically fit in other ways, too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you can restate the claim to be &quot;physically fit men have lower risk of heart attack than non-physically fit men of the same age and weight, and # of push ups is a decent estimator of physical fitness&quot; and stated that way it doesn't sound all that controversial, and that's pretty much how the Science Alert article you linked to describes the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T05:10:43.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18766" CreationDate="2019-03-05T15:48:38.267" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Limitations of the study:&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;First, the study assessed the association between push-ups and CVD events. The results do not support push-up capacity as an independent predictor of CVD risk. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Second, because the study cohort consisted of middle-aged, occupationally active men, the study results may not be generalizable to women, older or nonactive persons, other occupational groups, or unemployed persons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Previous studies and research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cross-sectional studies have incorporated push-ups in the assessment of muscular fitness and its correlation with cardiometabolic risk markers.In those studies, the authors found that a higher level of muscular strength was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk independent of cardiorespiratory fitness in the cohorts observed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Muscular strength has been shown to have an independent protective effect for all-cause mortality and hypertension in healthy males and is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome incidence and prevalence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, most of those studies were either cross-sectional or conducted with adolescent participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hands down, this article and the research conducted is exceptional and one of it's kind. &#xA;But one may fail to recognise that &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Heart attack itself is multifactorial disease and that's mentioned in the research paper-&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results do not support push-up capacity as an &lt;strong&gt;independent predictor&lt;/strong&gt; of CVD risk.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although complex disorders often cluster in families, they do not have a clear-cut pattern of inheritance. This makes it difficult to determine a person’s risk of inheriting or passing on these disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Secondly the other risk factors, just a few mentioned;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hemoglobin A1c&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Blood Pressure&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Low‐Density Lipoprotein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are quite well established(traditional risk factors) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2016, the American Heart Association released a scientific statement concluding that “CRF should be measured in clinical practice… Indeed, decades of research have produced unequivocal evidence that CRF provides independent and additive morbidity and mortality data that when added to traditional risk factors significantly improves CVD risk prediction.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So alternatively &lt;em&gt;physical fitness will help to keep the traditional risk factors within the range or in control&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;let's see an example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In men, Cardiorespiratory fitness was indirectly associated with all CHD risk factors among men without CHD. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Triglycerides and HDL demonstrated significant higher-order associations with fitness&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Let's look at another example:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say there's an athlete  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884475/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(here)&lt;/a&gt;with&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/causes-of-high-cholesterol/familial-hypercholesterolemia-fh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; familial hypercholesterolemia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now think, won't the athlete be able to do 40 or may be far more than that.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let's say there's another non-athlete with no history of hypercholesterolemia of same age and sex; he is not able to do even 5 pushups. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;But now it's quite tricky to think who will have a higher risk, but here it's also important to realize that &lt;strong&gt;this shows how and why multifactorial disease are difficult to screen and treat.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The example above may be &lt;strong&gt;rare&lt;/strong&gt;, but they do form a part of medicine. In no way I want to prove that this article is far from truth, it's merely the part of a big big story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This research,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Paves a way for new ways of screening just as- self examination of breast in breast cancer is.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;May also be used in assessing risk in clinics provided keeping in mind the other risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The problem with typical CRF testing is that it’s typically expensive, time-consuming, and requires special personnel this research may help in this aspect. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lastly a greater data is needed and this has to compared to the well established risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: As a risk factor this has strong association but this may be true for one individual (or patient) and may be not for other, as case may be that even a healthy and fit, able to do 40 pushups easily have an heart attack &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/tonic.vice.com/amp/en_us/article/jpnea7/how-does-someone-as-fit-as-bob-harper-have-a-heart-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(here)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1:&lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/complexdisorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.102.14.1623&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3:&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2724778&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/causes-of-high-cholesterol/familial-hypercholesterolemia-fh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/causes-of-high-cholesterol/familial-hypercholesterolemia-fh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884475/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884475/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/tonic.vice.com/amp/en_us/article/jpnea7/how-does-someone-as-fit-as-bob-harper-have-a-heart-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/tonic.vice.com/amp/en_us/article/jpnea7/how-does-someone-as-fit-as-bob-harper-have-a-heart-attack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T15:48:38.267" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-05T18:45:35.020" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the information I have come across online is about preventing &lt;em&gt;further&lt;/em&gt; hair loss ('genetic alopecia') in people who are already balding or thinning. But I wondered whether there were any methods or treatments available for people who are at risk of hair loss (e.g., one or both parents show patterned hair-loss) but for which the process has not yet started. So 'prevention' in the true sense of the term in preventative medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the two main pharmacotherapies shown to be effective for slowing hereditary hair loss are minoxidil and finasteride (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(17)30306-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;). Is there any evidence that taking one or both of these, perhaps at a lower dose, in people at risk of, but not currently experiencing, hair-loss halts the process? Or perhaps there is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of products  designed to stimulate hair growth (e.g., minerals and oils) compared to some control. Of course, the results may differ between sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9282" LastEditorUserId="9282" LastEditDate="2019-03-06T09:05:54.757" LastActivityDate="2019-03-06T09:05:54.757" Title="Are there any ways of preventing hereditary hair loss in people who have NOT YET shown signs of loss?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-05T19:20:21.453" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how fatal is appendicitis if a surgery (or any other professional help) is not performed. There seem to be no statistics readily available. Common language sounds like &quot;if left untreated, appendix can rupture, which will cause peritonitis and can be fatal&quot;, but I am wondering about the likelihood of this scenario - at this point I have no idea whether its more like 100% or 1%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15795" LastActivityDate="2019-03-05T19:20:21.453" Title="How fatal is appendicitis?" Tags="&lt;appendicitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-03-23T11:56:27.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-05T19:50:48.043" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;After some research, I'm aware of two different types of sleep studies that are available to detect sleep apnea and determine its severity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In-home study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lab study&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which type of study gathers more useful data in determining if a patient has sleep apnea (obstructive or non-obstructive)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I've learned so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An in-home study allows the patient to sleep in their own bed, use their own pillow, and go to sleep &amp;amp; wake up on their regular schedule.  This allows the study to record close to how they actually sleep (being hooked up to a machine can influence sleep).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The data collection machines for in-home studies are usually simpler than that found in a sleep lab.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A lab study creates a totally new sleep environment for the patient.  Also, their sleep schedule is often not accommodated, thus forcing the patient to sleep outside of their normal schedule.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The data collection machines for lab studies may be more sophisticated than that used for in-home studies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I interviewed a neurologist and a respiratory therapist to try to answer this question.  The neurologist almost always uses lab studies because that's what he offers.  He might be biased because his lab studies likely generate significant income for his practice.  The respiratory therapist almost always uses in-home studies because that's what he offers.  He said he likes the fact that the patient sleeps in their own environment, on their own schedule.  He might be biased because that's all he offers, and he likely is generating  income from these studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2019-03-06T12:25:05.897" Title="Sleep apnea: Which is more reliable, a home sleep study or a lab sleep study?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18777" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-06T01:04:03.177" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is Arthritis in one knuckle and no where else, possible for an elderly person ( 75 years or older)?  Or maybe the question should be is it likely ?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2019-03-06T01:36:29.290" Title="Could an old person get arthritis in only one knuckle?" Tags="&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18777" CreationDate="2019-03-06T01:36:29.290" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0701/p83.html#afp20030701p83-t1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Monoarticular arthritis&lt;/a&gt;, or inflammation of a single joint, is a not uncommon complaint. Common causes in an older patient include gout, pseudogout, trauma, and infection. Gonococcal arthritis is a particularly common cause when monoarticular arthritis is seen in a younger patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-03-06T01:36:29.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18783" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18775" CreationDate="2019-03-06T12:25:05.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a sufferer of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)&lt;/a&gt; myself, I was diagnosed using an in home sleep study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; be the same using a lab sleep study but that may depend on the person undergoing the study.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085409-sleeping-away-from-home-half-your-brain-is-still-awake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some have problems relaxing enough when not in their own home&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In home sleep studies, of course, are cheaper to conduct as there are no additional costs such as lab bedding maintenance etc. and the key point to make when diagnosing sleep apnoea is to determine if you do stop breathing during sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can &lt;a href=&quot;http://sleepeducation.org/essentials-in-sleep/home-sleep-apnea-testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;just as easily be determined at home&lt;/a&gt; as it can in a lab, and depending on the testing kit used, it can also determine that you don't suffer from OSA,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;when the airflow is blocked for 10 seconds or more (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but suffer from hypopnoea which is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a partial blockage of the airway that results in an airflow reduction of greater than 50% for 10 seconds or more. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnoea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-03-06T12:25:05.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18976" CreationDate="2019-03-07T02:54:43.597" Score="5" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several medical providers have told an elderly relative that his T2D was probably not reversed through his (isocaloric) low-carb diet, rather that &lt;strong&gt;T2D generally goes away on its own in the elderly&lt;/strong&gt;. That last phrase is the point of my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much substance is there to this claim that diabetes can go away “on its own” in the elderly, not due to dietary changes (intentional or otherwise)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15549" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-03-08T01:32:53.443" LastActivityDate="2019-04-03T12:34:07.483" Title="Type II Diabetes (T2D) Remission with Age?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;&lt;loss-of-appetite&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18787" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-07T17:52:57.843" Score="4" ViewCount="268" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is 4-6oz of Jicama root safe to eat every day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the following website, Jicama root contains a fat-soluble organic toxin that is linked to the development of Parkinson's disease.  It then seems to contradict itself a little by saying peeled roots are safe for human consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think their point is that peeled roots contain much less of the toxin, but given that the toxin is &lt;strong&gt;fat-soluble&lt;/strong&gt;, it seems that build-up could occur if a person eats enough of it regularly.  The question is: &lt;em&gt;How much is too much?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Safety profile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jicama plant contains significant levels of fat-soluble organic toxin, rotenone. This toxin is concentrated especially in the leaf tops, stems and seed pods but at much lower concentrations in the roots. Several studies found that it linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. However, peeled roots are safe for human consumption, including in children. Rotenone works at cellular level inhibiting several metabolic enzymes like NADH dehydrogenase in the mitochondria. Outside, it used as environmentally safe broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide (to poison fish), and pesticide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/jicama.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/jicama.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T16:55:11.920" Title="Is Jicama root safe to eat every day?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18788" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-08T04:32:26.553" Score="3" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's said Viagra effects only last around 3-4 hours, and it stay in the body up to 8 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why is the recommendation to not take more than 100mg/daily comes from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T07:27:02.433" Title="Why you can't take viagra more than once a day?" Tags="&lt;erectile-dysfunction&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18789" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-08T05:25:55.030" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that isotretinoin's packaging is labelled with ideograms against pregnancy, as it can cause birth defects. I'm assuming that some teratogens aren't thus labelled, as paroxetine isn't,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i1sIA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i1sIA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=341&amp;amp;language=English&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Hospital for Sick Children&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=236&amp;amp;language=English&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)&lt;/a&gt;, which are used to treat depression, are capable of crossing the placenta and affecting the baby. Most of the effects in the baby are subtle, and include irritability, agitation, tremor, increased respiratory rate, &#xA;        &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=778&amp;amp;language=English&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/a&gt;, or &#xA;        &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=7&amp;amp;language=English&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diarrhea&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;However, the SSRI paroxetine is thought to cause birth defects in early pregnancy. [I bolded.]&lt;/strong&gt; It is important to note that depression itself may be more harmful than the drugs used to treat depression. The benefits of SSRIs in the treatment of depression need to be weighed against the risks to the unborn baby.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T11:34:25.097" Title="Why don't all teratogens warn against pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;birth-defect&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-08T11:17:10.233" Score="2" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;In anterior teeth, the distal side of the incisal edge is more curved than the mesial side. Furthermore, the incisal edge slopes distally, and the cingulum twists towards the distal side. Why does this occur? Is it because of mastication, is it another reason, or does it just happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15811" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T11:17:10.233" Title="Cause of distal convergence in anterior teeth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18789" CreationDate="2019-03-08T11:34:25.097" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a point to note with your 2 selections of medications, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/isotretinoin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Isotretinoin (e.g. Roaccutane) is used to treat acne&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ssri-antidepressants&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paroxetine is for treating depression, General Anxiety Disorder, panic disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder&lt;/a&gt;.  These are medical conditions with very different possible outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acne can be lived with without affecting daily life, but others (depression etc.) can severely affect daily life, which can include risks of suicide.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Paroxetine (a type of antidepressant called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ssri-antidepressants&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)&lt;/a&gt;) manufacturers advise that you avoid taking them during pregnancy unless the potential benefit outweighs the risk (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/paroxetine.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British National Formulary&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/isotretinoin-capsules&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can stop taking Roaccutane with no adverse effects&lt;/a&gt;, but you cannot just stop taking SSRIs. Stopping needs to be under the direction, advice and control of your doctor.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ssri-antidepressants/dosage&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stopping suddenly can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;stomach upsets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;flu-like symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;anxiety&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;dizziness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;sensations in the body that feel like electric shocks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;seizures (fits)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your GP or mental health specialist decides to stop your course of SSRIs, they'll reduce the dose gradually over a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about other countries, but here in the UK, SSRIs come packaged with a patient information leaflet which discusses side effects, contraindications, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-03-08T11:34:25.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18788" CreationDate="2019-03-09T05:25:17.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Viagra (sildenafil ) has a half-life of about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/pro/sildenafil-injection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4 hours&lt;/a&gt;. It takes five half-lives for a drug to completely leave your system, so the time it takes for Viagra to leave your system is more like 20 hours, not eight. That's probably the reason for the once daily recommendation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T05:25:17.803" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18788" CreationDate="2019-03-09T07:18:42.023" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is the recommendation to not take more than 100mg/daily?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because that is what the clinical data show. If you take more than 100mg/daily you are at a higher than acceptable risk of undesirable effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to where this information comes from...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where does the recommendation for (anything related to dose for any medication approved by a modern regulatory authority) come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial estimates for dosing are based on preclinical studies of pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies in animals. Final recommendations are based on a series of three general types of clinical trials in human subjects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase I clinical trials establish pharmacokinetic properties, safety and tolerability of a medication, using a range of doses. These data are used to estimate likely effective and safe doses in volunteers with the disease of interest. Sometimes this is described as Phase 0 and Phase I, or Phase Ia and Phase Ib, but traditionally, this is all considered Phase I. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase II clinical trials are primarily aimed at efficacy (whether the drug provides a benefit) in volunteers with the disease of interest. Though efficacy is the main concern here, these trials do continue to monitor safety and tolerability, and can collect additional pharmacokinetic data as well. Data from Phase II clinical trials is used to design Phase III clinical trials. The doses tested in Phase III may be adjusted from what was predicted by Phase I.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase III trials provide more information about both safety and efficacy, using a much larger number of subjects, typically in multicenter studies. Here again, the research subjects are volunteers with the disease of interest. Once Phase III trials are complete, an application is submitted to the regulatory authority. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The label information, including dose recommendations, is approved by the regulatory authority based on the aggregate data from these studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goodman &amp;amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics discusses this process in Chapter 1. You can also read about it on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, but this is not the best Wikipedia article I've read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2019-03-09T07:27:02.433" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T07:27:02.433" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-09T12:19:47.940" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking for a gold-standard measure of Total Body Fat as a &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; better predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in comparison to BMI (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821662&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ortega, et al. 2016&lt;/a&gt;) - see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/11331&quot;&gt;Considering obesity using BMI&lt;/a&gt; - are body composition analysers such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://tanita.eu/products/professional-body-composition-monitors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these from Tanita&lt;/a&gt; actually able to accurately measure Total Body Fat, Body Fat Percentage, Fat Free Mass, viceral fat levels etc. or are the readings they provide estimates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How else can accurate measurements of total body fat be achieved?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ortega, F. B., Sui, X., Lavie, C. J., &amp;amp; Blair, S. N. (2016). Body mass index, the most widely used but also widely criticized index: would a criterion standard measure of total body fat be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality?. In &lt;em&gt;Mayo Clinic Proceedings&lt;/em&gt; (Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 443-455). Elsevier. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.008&lt;/a&gt; pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821662&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4821662&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T08:27:46.260" Title="Do body composition analysers provide accurate readings or just estimates?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9376" CreationDate="2019-03-09T14:38:01.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Interesting question. I remember my &lt;a href=&quot;http://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=WoWVlHcAAAAJ&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;professor&lt;/a&gt; of pharmaceutical technology and pharmaceutics addressing this when we discussed the significance of dosage form design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The skin on one’s face is far &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/skin-anatomy-1068880&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thinner&lt;/a&gt; and more sensitive than the skin on one’s body. The facial epidermis is about 0.12mm thick whereas on the body it averages around 0.6mm (nearly six-fold). The difference renders itself to be pharmacologically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8EwLf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8EwLf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Epidermis Layers&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lmAIw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lmAIw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we can see above, there are several layers to one’s epidermis. Thickness matters if/when your product works through your skin (chemically rather than physically like a non-medicated moisturiser or sunscreen). Even if your body cream and face cream are both designed to target the same layer of your epidermis, the absorption varies due to each’s thickness. Attempting to target one’s basal layer on the back will need more penetrative “work” than when attempting to target the same layer on one’s face. This is why creams for soles of the feet are different than face creams.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it were simply a matter of sensitivity to the eyes, the label would just read “avoid application near the eyes”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to babies/children under 3 years of age, their skin is typically much more porous and absorbent so the difference becomes more pronounced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15817" LastEditorUserId="15817" LastEditDate="2019-03-09T14:57:15.980" LastActivityDate="2019-03-09T14:57:15.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-09T17:36:49.730" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always wondered if instead of the silicon-based implants for some parts of the body, particularly the chin, could be substituted with a solid piece of material, maybe plastic or even titanium or harder metals, to create sort of a bone extension. I've no actual example of this exact idea working, but there are quite similar cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean by Bone-extension, is that it would be used on people with functional bones but underdeveloped ones, such as missing-chin, weak bones and things like that, and would not serve the functionality of a prosthesis, as the prosthesis replaces the missing bones, while these &amp;quot;implants&amp;quot; would only add up to the bone preexisting structure.&#xA;That would be something 3D printed based on the needs of the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, this video: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrASOLP4Fg8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrASOLP4Fg8&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;in which surgeons created the &lt;em&gt;missing&lt;/em&gt; bone due to HMF, or &lt;code&gt;Hemifacial Microsomia&lt;/code&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemifacial_microsomia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemifacial_microsomia&lt;/a&gt;) which leads to an underdeveloped part of the mandible (If I understand correctly). And to solve that, a titanium prosthesis was created to fit exactly the needs of the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm talking about is quite similar to the one shown in the video, but the purpose as stated below is not to replace a bone, but to enhance a pre-existing one. The material could be titanium like in the video or a more elastic one that wouldn't create many problems in case of a fall, for example (in which case it would absorb part of the impact and not deliver it completely on the fragile bone above) or in the case the &amp;quot;prosthesis&amp;quot; is fixed during a time in which the patient can grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To better explain what I mean I created this drawing, sorry if it's a bit creepy and unprofessional but I do not have a graphics tablet to draw on, so I had to adapt :'). I hope it is clear what is the purpose. If it doesn't or it's too ugly, comment it and I'll try to make a better one.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V4oYZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V4oYZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;bad self-made image to better explain the concept.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the Red silhouette represents sort of a &amp;quot;weak chin&amp;quot;. (to be clear and honest, I don't exactly know if it is exactly the skull-level cause of the weak chin. And I'm not completely sure it's the right term for it.) and the Blue one should represent an underdeveloped mandible. I tried googling weak chin skull but found no representation so I tried guessing it by the exterior appearance. As you can see (or at least I hope) the black part represents the &amp;quot;prosthesis&amp;quot;, which would have the shape of the 3D labeled draw (sorry again for the ugliness), so quite like a denture? (sorta).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, I couldn't find much more from trustable and reliable sources, but it's to say that English isn't my main language, so maybe I'm not using the right word. I tried searching for &amp;quot;3D printed chin implant&amp;quot; as 3D printing is the technique I think would be the best to use. Or I also tried with &amp;quot;titanium chin implant&amp;quot; but I found not that big of an amount of articles or sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does anyone know if it's actually possible, and if it is, has it already been done or is it currently available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is something unclear in my explainings, feel free to comment and I'll edit the question to fix it! Thanks for reading!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15819" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-11T21:15:33.723" Title="Can a Solid Bone-Like bone &quot;extension&quot; be used?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-10T13:30:40.163" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many studies led to the conclusion that the internal body clock period (circadian rhythm) is actually closer to 25 hours; that is, the clock was thought to drift toward a 25-hour day unless it is set back an hour each day by exposure to morning light and to external clocks. This situation is blamed for a long list of sleep problems (&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cromie, 1999&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as Cromie (1999) points out, the most accurate measurements found that our internal clocks run on a daily cycle of 24 hours, 11 minutes ± 16 minutes (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ibo2013.org/webcontent/downloads/references/EES_DailyRhythm_Reference_Charles1999.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Czeisler, et al. 1999&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“It was both surprising and reassuring that the human clock runs with the same precision as that of other living things,” Czeisler comments. “But we did not expect to find that both young and old people have the same daily period.” (&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cromie, 1999&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Czeisler, who is also &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.discoverbrigham.org/sleep-medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;director of circadian and sleep disorders medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston&lt;/a&gt;, said that the reason these measurements were more accurate was because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other investigators used elaborate procedures to shield subjects from time cues and the outside world. They even coiled copper wire around the rooms in which people were isolated to counteract natural electromagnetic fields. However, these experimenters allowed their subjects to switch on lights when they were awake and turn them off when they wanted to sleep. They didn’t think this would have any effect, but switching on electric lights resets the biological clock. It’s the same as resetting your watch (&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cromie, 1999&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Have similar studies been conducted since 1999 with a larger test group and were the results the same?  What are the latest ideas to explain the earlier wake-up times of older people?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is especially when biological clock lore states that we drift to a later wake-up hour on weekends because we fail to reset the 25-hour cycle each morning as we go to work (&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cromie, 1999&lt;/a&gt;) and Czeisler also pointed out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We’re not drifting, we’re pushing ourselves to a later time with our exposure to electric lights from sunset to bedtime. That resets our biological clocks.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cromie, W. J. (1999). Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour. &lt;em&gt;Harvard Gazette&lt;/em&gt;. Retrievable from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/07/human-biological-clock-set-back-an-hour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Czeisler, C. A., Duffy, J. F., Shanahan, T. L., Brown, E. N., Mitchell, J. F., Rimmer, D. W., ... &amp;amp; Dijk, D. J. (1999). Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. &lt;em&gt;Science, 284&lt;/em&gt;(5423), 2177-2181. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1126/science.284.5423.2177&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T13:30:40.163" Title="Earlier wake-up times in older people" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;circadian-rythym&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-10T13:39:33.713" Score="3" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;What I found for the question is that due to -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oligohydramnios reduces the intrathoracic cavity size, thus disrupting fetal lung growth and leading to pulmonary hypoplasia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;decreased fetal breathing movements, and &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;decreased extrinsic stretch due to fluid&#xA;in alveoli leads to hypoplasia of lung.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875957216300626&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get the the decreased extrinsic stretch part but &lt;strong&gt;how come fetal breathing movements decrease with oligohydramnios?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it because friction increases or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, &lt;strong&gt;how oligohydramnios leads to decreased intrathoracic size?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it because less fluid is swallowed in or something else is in play?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T13:39:33.713" Title="Why oligohydramnios leads to hypoplasia of lung?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;congenital&gt;&lt;amniotic-cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1865" CreationDate="2019-03-10T17:15:14.197" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the OP is asking for definitions, maybe it is OK to be nitpicky. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathogenesis is the process by which harm has occurred.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathology is the study of harm, including the study of pathogenesis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Etiology is the investigation of causes. Doctors are most interested in the causes of harm, not in the causes of neutral or good outcomes, so most medical etiology is pathology. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathophysiology is the study of biological processes associated with harm. The etiology of ideopathic conditions is part of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology also includes the study of recovery mechanisms. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15829" LastActivityDate="2019-03-10T17:15:14.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18811" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-11T01:44:33.020" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that the scientific community agrees that the development of new neurons stops between adolescence and early adulthood. (&quot;Does the Adult Brain Really Grow New Neurons?&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-the-adult-brain-really-grow-new-neurons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-the-adult-brain-really-grow-new-neurons/&lt;/a&gt;) Although the exact age might still be disputed by experts in the matter a consensus  exists that they definitely stop developing new ones at some point. After this point in time the brain will an ever-decreasing number of neurons every day. At the time of a person's death they will have at least 1 neuron in their brains, which implies that there was at least one neuron with a lifespan of several decades, possibly the same amount of years as the person. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This brings the question, what makes some neurons die at a relatively &quot;young age&quot; while other neurons last &quot;forever&quot;? Is it related to the function (or &quot;type&quot;) of said neuron? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15833" LastActivityDate="2019-03-11T01:44:33.020" Title="Why do some neurons live longer than others?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18851" CreationDate="2019-03-11T20:23:05.030" Score="4" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it common for patients undergoing a procedure where conscious sedation is used to have no memory of the procedure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007409.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007409.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conscious sedation is a combination of&#xA;  medicines to help you relax (a sedative) and to block pain (an&#xA;  anesthetic) during a medical or dental procedure. You will probably&#xA;  stay awake but may not be able to speak...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it called conscious sedation if the patient is effectively unconscious (or at least unresponsive)? By &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/consciousness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the definition&lt;/a&gt;, consciousness refers to &lt;em&gt;the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;So why is this term used when it is in fact not what a layperson would expect based on the standard definition of consciousness vs unconsciousness?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15555" LastEditorUserId="15555" LastEditDate="2019-03-16T13:09:41.803" LastActivityDate="2019-03-16T15:58:12.500" Title="Why is it called Conscious Sedation?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-12T08:29:59.837" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears to be dreadfully not uncommon that seemingly healthy people suddenly die of &quot;cardiac events&quot; when doing physical exercises. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;amp;objectid=12211846&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is just another sad example: a healthy and regularly running man dies at the finish of his 5km run. Just several weeks before his health was assessed by a doctor who did not find any issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of modern medical examinations can be taken to assess/predict the risk of such bad luck for a 39-year old guy living a reasonably healthy lifestyle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15839" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T08:29:59.837" Title="How to assess the risk of &quot;cardiac event&quot; for a healthy runner?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;cardiac-arrest&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-03-23T11:54:33.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18818" CreationDate="2019-03-12T09:51:07.537" Score="5" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at &lt;em&gt;The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.1780330203&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wolfe, et al. 1990&lt;/a&gt;), they indicate that this was first indentified in the late 1970s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The seminal 1977 paper by Smythe and Moldofsky, “Two contributions to understanding of the ‘fibrositis’ syndrome”, revived interest in the long known but generally neglected syndrome of fibromyalgia (fibrositis). By proposing diagnostic criteria, the authors stimulated other investigators and began a cascade of interest that would lead to the publication of more than 60 research papers and to increasing clinical acceptance of the syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;they also point out that according to some investigators:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;fibromyalgia may be thought of as a psychological disorder or, perhaps, a local &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=3&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjvkbSXpfzgAhVeUxUIHdSeANQQFjACegQIBxAL&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fmyofascial-pain-syndrome%2Fsymptoms-causes%2Fsyc-20375444&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1rCN7Uu_v5WDCxglio8RLe&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;myofaseial pain syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wolfe et al. (1990) proposed a set of criteria for diagnosing fibromyalgia which was widespread pain &lt;strong&gt;in combination with&lt;/strong&gt; tenderness at 11 or more of 18 specific tender point sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Websites I have visited state that the cause(s) of fibromyalgia are unknown, but seeing as it was starting to be accepted as a real problem in 1977, this has had 42 years for study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is no known cause, I am wondering what the latest consensus is regarding &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wolfe, F., Smythe, H. A., Yunus, M. B., Bennett, R. M., Bombardier, C., Goldenberg, D. L., ... &amp;amp; Fam, A. G. (1990). The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. &lt;em&gt;Arthritis &amp;amp; Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 33&lt;/em&gt;(2), 160-172. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780330203&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/art.1780330203&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14741" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-03-12T10:24:27.293" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T17:38:13.883" Title="What are the cause(s) of fibromyalgia?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-12T17:29:56.943" Score="5" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27068282&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The basis for folinic acid treatment in neuro-psychiatric disorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; by Ramaekers et al., 2016, at the very end of the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because the presence of FRα antibodies can show significant serum titer fluctuations, we recommend collection of at least three serum samples at one-week intervals to rule out FRα autoimmune disorder. For the group of patients with major depression, our preliminary results suggest selecting patients with treatment-resistant major depression for FRα autoantibody testing which is estimated to occur at a prevalence of ~56%. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to detect the prevalence of FRα antibodies &lt;strong&gt;at baseline&lt;/strong&gt; among different patient groups suffering from schizophrenia or major depression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the meaning of this &quot;at baseline&quot;? My guess is that it means &quot;before the beginning of treatment&quot;. Is this so? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T17:29:56.943" Title="Meaning of &quot;at baseline&quot; in &quot;Detection of antibodies at baseline in schizophrenia or major depression&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18816" CreationDate="2019-03-12T17:38:13.883" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have had a pain management course a couple of years ago - this was my research topic. As you pointed out the reasons are still unknown, also the treatment is basically aimed at treating symptoms an managing life with pain. This might be interesting to read if you are interested in this procedure called multimodal pain therapy [1]&#xA;The tender points are still the way of diagnosing FM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best english Version I found is so far about FM is the NHS website [2] who have lined up all suspected contributing factors quite nicely (and was just recently updated):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abnormal pain messages&#xA;-For unknown reason the receptors react differently to pain and the threshold of identifying pain and &quot;just&quot; normal sensations is going down&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chemical imbalance&#xA;-Serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine are unusual low in fibromyalgia patients - please note, especially this is not something that can be assumed safely as a cause, it could very well also be a result from being constantly in pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sleep problems&#xA;-That originally was assumed as a result of Fibromyalgia, but today we also see it as a possible risk factor. As mentioned above a clear cause and effect connection is not easy to establish&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetics&#xA;-Some genetic prevalence is found, but since FM is very seldom, that also is not easy to prove. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trigger&#xA;- As you mentioned psychical stress is one of the things that is quoted, but also Injuries, infections, surgery and even giving birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I myself have seen around 10 FM patients, in my very limited personal experience most of them were post Injury/Surgery, some post viral infection and one was completely without any of the expected triggers and &quot;just&quot; had a depression&#xA;The studies often point also at other risk factors like smoking, unfortunately the same thing applies as before, due to small numbers and retrospective studies cause and effect are not clearly separable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americannursetoday.com/multimodal-multidisciplinary-therapy-pain-management/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.americannursetoday.com/multimodal-multidisciplinary-therapy-pain-management/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;[2]&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/causes/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibromyalgia/causes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15665" LastActivityDate="2019-03-12T17:38:13.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-13T02:48:33.723" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen things like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jpurol.com/article/S1477-5131(08)00121-6/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kim &amp;amp; Song (2008)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6406387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Laron, et al. (1983)&lt;/a&gt; but since I can't read all of it I need to ask here....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kim, K. S., &amp;amp; Song, G. G. (2008). Penile Growth After Puberty in Patients with a Constitutionally Small Penis. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Pediatric Urology, 4&lt;/em&gt;, S63. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.01.174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.01.174&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laron, Z., Mimouni, F., &amp;amp; Pertzelan, A. (1983). Effect of human growth hormone therapy on penile and testicular size in boys with isolated growth hormone deficiency: first year of treatment. &lt;em&gt;Israel journal of medical sciences, 19&lt;/em&gt;(4), 338-344. pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6406387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6406387&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T18:52:44.790" Title="Is there evidence you can increase penis length after puberty with hormones?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18490" CreationDate="2019-03-13T03:37:02.210" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an anesthetic nurse and have been present at different neurosurgical operations while patients were awake. Mainly brain tumors, but also some stimulation electrodes to fight tremor in Parkinson disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different techniques used to make sure the patient is well prepared and can deal with the situation - which is in my opinion already the most important part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a)Patient will be extensively talking with the exact anesthetist that is present during the surgery and the surgeon that is working on them and go through the parts they are awake to be prepared&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) it will be discussed with the patient if they want to be awake throughout the surgery or want to wake up for the part they are needed - opening the skull with a surgical saw is not really pleasing, so that needs to be clarified. Also there will be options to put you to sleep any time, since panic is not a good option while your head is tightly screwed to a table - the patient knows about what and how to communicate at any time during surgery. Also for seizures medication would be started beforehand to lower the threshold for a seizure. A tremor generally isn't a problem as they normally are not strong enough to do harm to a body that is fixated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) during surgery a constant contact will be established between surgeon, anesthetist and patient, it has been proven useful to use autosuggestion techniques and tasks patients like to keep them occupied or cope with the situation. Due to this also seizures will be identified early and can immediately be treated, this might include a short general anesthesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;d) During surgery you can make some stops if patient is feeling uncomfortable, for example sitting up. We had surgeons who stepped away and went to eat and drink for 15 minutes while the patient had some time to recover. Anxiety to a certain degree can be medically softened, but since an awake patient is needed you are careful with it. Short acting agents like Propofol (Sedation) or Remifentanyl (Painkiller and sedation) are often connected via syringe pump, a baseline can be established with a benzodiazepine like midazolam (Which also can be antagonized if necessary). Also the concentrated talking with a good anesthetist and using meditative/autosuggestion techniques calms down most patients remarkably good.&#xA;Obviously you would also check that local anesthesia is still working and the position is comfortable for the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e) If these things do not help for brain tumors you could try to go for navigation (which is common these days, it is a 3d model of the patient matched with the CT of the brains so you can identify the tumor[1]), stimulation or hope the surgeon has enough experience to exactly stop before entering healthy tissue. Also you would ask pathology to confirm you are not yet in healthy tissue by sending them a sample (This takes about half an hour in which you will just wait) - also the surgeon might decide to stop and to leave the rest inside, which is a complicated decision based on which outcome the incision in healthy tissue might have, if there are real chances to cure the patient even if surgery is perfectly done and so forth.&#xA;For stimulation electrodes a panicking patient is a no go, so if you do not manage to get them relaxed you will stop the surgery and not place the electrode. I have not seen it  because this is really rare due to the preparation and experienced people all around you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sorry for not providing more sources, but to find something as specific as that summed up in a good way is rather complicated. I have to the best of my knowledge described my experience from three different hospitals in Germany where I have witnessed the practice and information from a specialist who gave a talk on autosuggestion in awake surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYCiKOERYD8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYCiKOERYD8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15665" LastActivityDate="2019-03-13T03:37:02.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-13T15:06:21.733" Score="3" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about certain compounds that inhibit tumor development by means of interfering with GLUT1 transporters. (Eg: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caymanchem.com/pdfs/19900.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.caymanchem.com/pdfs/19900.pdf&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if there exists any medicine approved for human use that relies (entirely or in part) or a similar approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15844" LastActivityDate="2019-03-13T15:06:21.733" Title="Cancer Drugs that Interfere with Glucose Uptake" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18824" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18827" CreationDate="2019-03-13T23:31:08.883" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to wrap my head around the treatment of middle ear infections in children, since my toddler is having a lot of these, and there doesn't seem to be a clear cut solution. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So far I have learned the following:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There was a time when acute middle ear infection (the type you don't expect will heal on its own) was mostly treated surgically by an incision in the eardrum and optionally tubes in addition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In more modern times, antibiotics have gained popularity as a first-line treatment and surgery is reserved for cases, where antibiotics fail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The main worry about middle ear infections, is permanent damage to the ear and hearing loss. However, data seems to suggest, that antibiotics treatment does not appear to statistically reduce this type of complication (I am not sure if this is actually true).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The second most important urgency factor is temporary hearing loss, which may hinder speech development.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some data seems to suggest, that the &quot;tubes&quot; solution, doesn't appear to be very effective.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Antibiotics can be applied intranasally, via a cream or internally. Some doctors prescribe anti-viral nasal drops, while others don't. Some prescribe ear drops, others don't.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some people believe, that using a ultra-red lamp may help with this condition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Surgery is not a permanent solution, but only a solution to drain the ear. Future infections may require repeat surgical procedures.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I have visited a bunch of doctors, and have anecdotally observed the following patterns:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Old Scool doctors in economically underdeveloped neighborhoods seem to be quick on the surgery trigger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less old school, but in no way very forward thinking doctors seem to rely on internal antibiotics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Private doctors, or doctors, who are on the &quot;cutting edge&quot; are more likely to prescribe an antibiotic cream and or ear/nose drops over internal antibiotics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in conclusion, the therapy seems to have changed from routine surgery to heavy-handed use of antibiotics, to less heavy-handed use of antibiotics in combination with other remedies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I am not a doctor, I may be completely wrong, and of course, every tool has its purpose, but I am asking about the general trend here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most current understanding, about how such infections should be tackled by physicians? What is the most &quot;cutting edge&quot; idea at the moment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct in thinking, that over time, the approach has become more &quot;hands-off&quot;, than in the past?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please feel free to make suggestions on how to make this question better. I am trying to find out, what the most modern approach here is. Please also feel free to correct me on my list of assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastEditorUserId="6814" LastEditDate="2019-03-14T00:29:28.107" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T06:39:26.713" Title="What is the most modern strategy for treating middle ear infections in children?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18824" CreationDate="2019-03-14T06:39:26.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thank you for this most interesting question. Happy to have a fresh look on these things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main question is if you give or do not give medication, mainly antibiotics, steroids, antihistamines or painkillers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily there is a cochrane [1] review of studies, I think the best answer is already in just sharing the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Authors’ conclusions:&#xA;  This review reveals that antibiotics have no early effect on pain, a slight effect on pain in the days following and only a modest effecton the number of children with tympanic perforations, contralateral otitis episodes and abnormal tympanometry findings at two tofour weeks and at six to eight weeks compared with placebo in children with AOM. In high-income countries, most cases of AOMspontaneously remit without complications. The benefits of antibiotics must be weighed against the possible harms: for every 14 childrentreated with antibiotics one child experienced an adverse event (such as vomiting, diarrhoea or rash) that would not have occurred ifantibiotics were withheld. Therefore clinical management should emphasise advice about adequate analgesia and the limited role forantibiotics. Antibiotics are most useful in children under twoyears of age with bilateral AOM, or with both AOM and otorrhoea. Formost other children with mild disease in high-income countries,an expectant observational approach seems justified&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be honest, Antibiotics need to be strictly reserved to really serious cases, everything else is non evidence bad practice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also like to highlight a review more concentrated on otitis media with effusion (fluid behind the ear drum) [2] - have a look at table 6 on page 9). Please remember it is targeted at the otitis media with effusion, still there are some really nice findings in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also check on steroids and antihistamines, these are also out and are in no current guideline I know of mentioned at all.&#xA;Also antiviral medication, as mentioned by you, is just something that is highly questionable in all cases and have a very limited use - for sure they are straightforward useless in infections of the ear (No Data for that, but given the limited use in general I think that is a fair assumption).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Draining is done to relief pain by draining effusion and there are in the second study some guidelines when to do it (page 33)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In [3] there is mentioned that ear drops are not studied yet, so there is no way to tell if they are working.&#xA;Also they refer to nose sprays that they are having no effect on the length of the infection and outcome, but may make the feeling better if they have a blocked nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in general the summary is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Give painkillers&#xA;-Surgical could be done in more severe cases&#xA;-Give antibiotics only if really neccessary as the risks outweight the benefit&#xA;-Anything helping the patient to feel good is in general okay but does not change outcome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub4/epdf/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub4/epdf/full&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM.Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2015, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD000219.DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rcot.org/pdf/ClinicalPracticeGuideline-OtitisMediawithEffusion(Update)-27-06-59.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.rcot.org/pdf/ClinicalPracticeGuideline-OtitisMediawithEffusion(Update)-27-06-59.pdf&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Otolaryngology–&#xA;Head and Neck Surgery&#xA;2016, Vol. 154(1S) S1–S41&#xA;! American Academy of&#xA;Otolaryngology—Head and Neck&#xA;Surgery Foundation 2016&#xA;Reprints and permission:&#xA;sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav&#xA;DOI: 10.1177/0194599815623467&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279380/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279380/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15665" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T06:39:26.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18828" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-14T08:22:38.843" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I remember a case where someone apparently had great difficulty perceiving the distance of an object if it was (quickly) travelling towards them. Their depth perception was otherwise fine, but when, for instance, catching a ball, that person could not accurately gauge depth and seemed to rely on guesswork/other cues (size of the object? timing?) to decide when to attempt to catch it. Hand-eye coordination was not a problem, and for slow-moving objects (for instance, rolling a ball across the floor) there was no problem. What is the name of this condition, and what could be likely causes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14373" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T17:28:51.233" Title="What is the name of a condition where one cannot/can poorly perceive depth for objects moving towards them" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;depth-perception&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18831" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18828" CreationDate="2019-03-14T10:34:46.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you appear to be describing is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinetopsia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Akinetopsia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Greek: a for &quot;without&quot;, kine for &quot;to move&quot; and opsia for &quot;seeing&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a neuropsychological disorder in which a patient cannot perceive&#xA;  motion in their visual field, despite being able to see stationary&#xA;  objects without issue [...]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   There are varying degrees of akinetopsia: from seeing motion as a cinema reel to an inability to discriminate any motion. There is currently no effective treatment or cure for akinetopsia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Causes range from brain lesions to dementia, certain medications such as antidepressants (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nefazodone&lt;/a&gt;) and halucinogens such as LSD. It may be induced artificially by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21794388_Cerebral_Visual_Motion_Blindness_Transitory_Akinetopsia_Induced_by_Transcranial_Magnetic_Stimulation_of_Human_Area_V5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transcranial magnetic stimulation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15405" LastEditorUserId="15405" LastEditDate="2019-03-14T14:03:00.677" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T14:03:00.677" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18828" CreationDate="2019-03-14T17:22:59.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/dysmetria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dysmetria&lt;/a&gt; is a possibility. (Specifically Ocular Dysmetria)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a type of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/ataxia/article.htm#what_are_the_different_types_of_ataxia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ataxia&lt;/a&gt; characterised:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is a lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or&#xA;overshoot of intended position&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can occur in the major skeletal muscles and the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysmetria#Saccadic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ocular Dysmetria&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During eye movements hypometric and hypermetric saccades will occur [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saccades are the very quick, simultaneous movements made by the eye to&#xA;receive visual information and shift the line of vision from one&#xA;position to another. A person depends profoundly on the ability of&#xA;the accuracy of these movements. The information is received from&#xA;the retina, is translated into spatial information and is then&#xA;transferred to motor centers for motor response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you might imagine, when tracking a moving object, the person's spacial sense is likely to be recieving garbled input and will not function as well as when an object is stationary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Causes:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lesions in the cerebellum or in the proprioceptive nerves that lead to&#xA;the cerebellum that coordinate visual, spatial and other sensory&#xA;information with motor control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Damage to the proprioceptive nerves does not allow the cerebellum to&#xA;accurately judge where the hand, arm, leg, or eye should move.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Causes of the lesions are manfold&lt;/strong&gt;; stroke, tumour, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-als-basics#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ALS&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/default.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am unable to find treatments specific to the Ocular version, but treatment regimes with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clonazepam&lt;/a&gt; or a tailored form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiotherapy-treatment.com/frenkel-exercises.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frenkel exercises&lt;/a&gt; - both of which seem to be of benefit to general Dysmetria patients - may come into play.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15405" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T17:28:51.233" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15444" CreationDate="2019-03-14T20:55:13.157" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are taking a product that contains both iodi&lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;e and iodi&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;e like Lugol's or Iodoral, the only thing that happens when you add an antioxidant like Vit C is that the iodine gets converted to iodide. This is not a bad thing. But people like Dr. Flechas point to research showing that while the thyroid utilizes iodide, other organs, tissues, and glands utilize iodine, or a combination of both -dide and -dine. So it defeats the purpose of taking in &quot;dual form&quot; which the products mentioned above are in. Standard advice for taking iodine, if you don't want it converted to iodide, is to take it at least a 1/2 hour before Vit C or other antioxidants; one hour to be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15857" LastActivityDate="2019-03-14T20:55:13.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-15T00:04:33.377" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if there's a blood or vascular disease/disorder that fits, or could conceivably fit, all the following criteria, even if only in theory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Present from birth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Onset of symptoms, or a sudden severe increase of symptoms, in young adulthood (anywhere from age 20 to 40, let's say)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relatively high fatality rate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Incurable (though not necessarily untreatable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not restricted to developing societies; can affect upper-middle class Westerners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've landed on sickle-cell anemia as a promising candidate, although I don't know whether it can fulfill criterion #2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15859" LastActivityDate="2019-03-15T00:04:33.377" Title="Fatal adult-onset blood/vascular disorder" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-16T04:12:23.053" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Placenta is served out of a typical kitchen, i.e. it is chopped up&#xA;and used in a variety of dishes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The kitchen after the event is never cleaned to any degree that say a&#xA;surgical room would have been. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The kitchen continues to be used to cook meals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should there be any concerns about prions or any other blood born pathogens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prions can be found in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804341&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Placenta&lt;/a&gt; as can blood born pathogens(?). It is common practice for Surgical tools to be sterilized with autoclaves. Rooms where surgeries performed cannot obviously be put into autoclaves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be expected of normal cutlery that has been through the dishwasher a few times and kitchen counters which have been cleaned in a typical fashion? The oven has probably just been used for cooking subsequently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would this be resolved after a few years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found anything in any literature that touches on this subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oregon made it legal to take home and consume Placenta, but all of the articles I have found discuss having the placenta shipped off to a companies who do the actual job butchering it up and sending back for just the mother to consume as dry tablets. There is one article I have read from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6625a4.htm?s_cid=mm6625a4_e#contribAff&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; where they talk about one case involving the consumption of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nothing I found discusses the ramification of people doing this in their homes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15871" LastEditorUserId="15871" LastEditDate="2019-03-18T19:58:49.320" LastActivityDate="2019-03-19T04:12:48.087" Title="Ethics and concerns about feeding human placenta to humans?" Tags="&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-16T11:50:28.007" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073567570800332X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073567570800332X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Anaphylaxis and acute allergic reactions may sometimes be fatal. They occur within minutes in a sensitized individual. So quick diagnosis and management are necessary issues. In the literature, cases are widely reported against allergens found in drugs, foods and their additives, radiocontrast material, bee stings, and many other materials. Here, we present a 37-year-old woman who developed an anaphylactic reaction to normal saline infusion during evaluation for her acute abdominal pain. We found only one report about normal saline allergy in the literature (Litvin ME, Shemchuck AS, Lisetskii VA. Anaphylactic shock caused by intravenous injection of isotonic solution of sodium chloride. Klin Khir 1976;(7):59-61).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15090" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-03-16T12:42:49.640" LastActivityDate="2019-03-16T16:35:42.853" Title="Why would someone have an anaphylactic reaction to intravenous saline?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18814" CreationDate="2019-03-16T15:58:12.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The definitions of conscious sedation and procedural sedation certainly blend through one another, but typically &quot;conscious sedation&quot; means the patient &lt;em&gt;appears&lt;/em&gt; conscious to the provider or bystander, not necessarily the patient.  In procedural sedation, a patient may appear asleep or be completely dissociated (such as with ketamine).  There are many examples of this on YouTube as people recover from their sedation.  To all onlookers they appear conscious, but in many cases, patients don't remember any of their actions.  This is why you need a buddy to pick you up from the hospital after your procedure.  In neither case should a patient be sedated to the extent that they require airway control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Facilities (as well as CMS) draw a very definite line between the above terms and general anesthesia.  Many units have specific privileges related to the extent at which they can sedate and where.  General anesthesia &lt;em&gt;typically&lt;/em&gt; occurs in operating theater and &lt;em&gt;typically&lt;/em&gt; requires airway control, mechanical ventilation, advanced medications such as paralytics, anesthesia gas, and large volumes of analgesics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15875" LastActivityDate="2019-03-16T15:58:12.500" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18850" CreationDate="2019-03-16T16:35:42.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Abstracts should rarely be trusted in isolation.  Please see the full article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anaphylaxis is a severe multisystemic hypersensitivity reaction. It may include hypotension or airway compromise. Anaphylaxis is a&#xA;  potentially life-threatening cascade caused by the release of&#xA;  mediators. Hypersensitivity describes an inappropriate immune response&#xA;  to generally harmless antigens, whereas anaphylaxis represents the&#xA;  most dramatic and severe form of immediate hypersensitivity [1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 37-year-old woman, who was a nurse but not doing her job during that&#xA;  time, was admitted to emergency service with abdominal pain at night.&#xA;  She was experiencing pain for the last 5 hours. She revealed that she&#xA;  had been followed up for a left ovarian cyst 4 cm in diameter, and at&#xA;  the day of admission, she was controlled again by her gynecologist,&#xA;  and the size of the cyst increased to approximately 6.3 cm in&#xA;  diameter. Before the onset of abdominal pain, she felt nausea&#xA;  accompanied by vomiting. Pain was all over the abdomen. She did not&#xA;  complain about diarrhea, constipation, dysuria, and urgency. Her last&#xA;  menstrual period was started 7 days ago. She was in medication of an&#xA;  oral contraceptive for only 3 days when she was admitted for pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In her medical history, 2 ovarian cyst operations and a laparoscopic&#xA;  cholecystectomy were noted. She had an atopic background, and she had&#xA;  experienced allergic reactions after administration of atropine,&#xA;  radiocontrast drugs, and pheniramine. She had undergone in vitro&#xA;  fertilization 3 years ago. While she was being treated with hormonal&#xA;  preparations, she was also given corticosteroids because of atopy&#xA;  history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;She was orientated and cooperated during physical examination. The&#xA;  Glasgow Coma Score was 15. Her vital signs were as follows: blood&#xA;  pressure, 140/80 mm Hg; pulse rate, 100 beats per minute (regular);&#xA;  respirations, 16/min; and body temperature, 36.7°C. In physical&#xA;  examination, no pathologic finding was noted except diffuse tenderness&#xA;  in abdominal palpation all over the abdomen that was more prominent at&#xA;  the right lower quadrant. She had taken no painkiller at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During withdrawal of blood samples, an intravenous catheter was&#xA;  placed, and isotonic fluid containing metoclopramide was started.&#xA;  After a few minutes, she complained of vertigo and palpitations. Her&#xA;  fluid was stopped because pulse rate was 140/min and blood pressure&#xA;  dropped to 100/60 mm Hg. Auscultation revealed diffuse rhonchi. It was&#xA;  thought to originate from metoclopramide. To rule out ovarian cyst&#xA;  rupture, she was examined by the attendant gynecologist who did not&#xA;  think about an acute gynecologic problem. She underwent radiologic&#xA;  examinations including abdominal ultrasound and computerized&#xA;  tomography without radiocontrast to rule out acute appendicitis, and&#xA;  results were within normal limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After she returned to the emergency service, she was started on normal&#xA;  saline without any medication in it. Some minutes later, she&#xA;  complained again of palpitations and vertigo with chest distress. She&#xA;  felt like fainting. Her pulse rate increased to 150/min. She had&#xA;  erythema over the neck and thorax and rhonchi in the lungs. At that&#xA;  time, it was thought that these complaints were due to normal saline.&#xA;  As normal saline infusion was stopped, her complaints improved&#xA;  immediately. To confirm the diagnosis of normal saline allergy, fluid&#xA;  was started again. After some minutes, she had same complaints and&#xA;  findings. With 5% dextrose solution, she had no complaints. After the&#xA;  pain decreased, she was sent home with recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two months after discharge, she brought her child to the emergency&#xA;  service because of trauma, and she informed that she was operated for&#xA;  her ovarian cyst in another hospital. Her physicians underrated her&#xA;  warnings about saline allergy and administered normal saline again,&#xA;  and she experienced a similar clinical picture. Anaphylaxis is a&#xA;  severe immediate-type generalized hypersensitivity reaction affecting&#xA;  multiple organ systems and characterized, at its most severe, by&#xA;  bronchospasm, upper airway angioedema, and/or hypotension [2]. It has&#xA;  also been defined simply as “a serious allergic reaction that is rapid&#xA;  in onset and may cause death” [3]. Allergic reactions to medications&#xA;  represent a specific class of drug hypersensitivity reactions mediated&#xA;  by immunoglobulin E [4].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the literature, we found some case reports about allergic reactions&#xA;  to intravenous fluids containing maltose and corn-derived dextrose&#xA;  [5], [6], [7]. However, only one case report was found—anaphylactic&#xA;  shock against isotonic sodium chloride [8].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, every substance or medication, even normal saline, can&#xA;  cause allergic reactions. So we have to be alert while giving&#xA;  everything to our patients. Physicians should not neglect and&#xA;  underrate any adverse reactions that can be attributed to any drug,&#xA;  and they should be alert and observe their patients for a probable&#xA;  drug allergy especially during parenteral treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, although the author clearly infers that the patient's allergy was to normal saline as did she, I can think of TONS of confounders in this one case.  Site preparation for vascular access being the number one suspect.  It is also possible that she possesses a very rare allergy to one of the plastics in any of the materials used.  Also despite manufacturer statements, I've long suspected that there are preservatives and other elements within medications that are not reported as evidenced by patients having allergic reactions to the generic or Brand name versions of the same medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15875" LastActivityDate="2019-03-16T16:35:42.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1795" CreationDate="2019-03-17T07:06:16.273" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have written a few blog posts about this topic, to which I will share the links on the topic. In a short-as-possible answer, this is my thinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elevated blood glucose, hyperglycemia is extremely bad for a variety of organs, and the damage can accumulate over time. Free glucose in the blood can bind to positively charge amino acids on proteins. This includes proteins in your blood (like haemoglobin and albumin) protein in your kidneys, eyes, arteries etc. It is called glycation and it accumulates over time, contributing to what is called metabolic disease and all the risks and complications that are associated with being a type II diabetic. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@finmn/were-toast-ageing-ourselves-in-fast-forward-d94e7603c053?source=friends_link&amp;amp;sk=cb84633d6676b7e149a684c4691536fb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ageing ourselves in fast forward&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose also binds to the cholesterol particles in your blood, specifically to LDL, the so called &quot;bad cholesterol&quot; and changes their character to become extremely harmful to your arteries and increases the risk for heart attack by 7-fold. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@finmn/heart-disease-sugar-and-saturated-fat-the-great-confusion-120cdf8da540?source=friends_link&amp;amp;sk=138baf948cb2deed004c3bba670b0769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heart disease, sugar and saturated fat&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, hyperglycemia is without any doubt, one of the most dangerous untreated chronic situations for your body to be in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your father's blasé attitude towards hyperglycemia, it is very bad indeed. Type II diabetes is merely the accumulation of years of prolonged damage caused by untreated hyperglycemia. Diabetes is when your body can no longer cope with the sugar burden and by then, the catastrophic effects that sugar has on your body, will be accelerated multiple times. This how Diabetics end up with kidney disease, fatty liver disease, vision loss, foot amputations etc, heart attacks, strokes, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientific thinking around how our modern diet is causing type II diabetes, is changing really fast. Type II Diabetes is no longer thought of as a chronic and terminal illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15878" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-04-06T19:46:26.390" LastActivityDate="2019-04-06T19:46:26.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9129" CreationDate="2019-03-17T13:44:39.867" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information you provided &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Right lens&lt;/em&gt; Sph -0,50 Cyl -0,50 axis 10&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Left Lens&lt;/em&gt; Sph -0,50 Cyl -0,50 axis 170&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Type&lt;/em&gt; CR39 SN ARC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is a little bit clearer than you can sometimes see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you look at your prescription for eyeglasses, you can sometimes see numbers listed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/how-read-eye-glass-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;under the prefixes of OS and OD, or OU&lt;/a&gt;. They are Latin abbreviations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OS (oculus sinister)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;meaning the left eye&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perfect-eyeglasses-guide.com/eyeglass-prescription.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some prescriptions use LE for Left Eye&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;and&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OD (oculus dextrus)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;meaning the right eye&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perfect-eyeglasses-guide.com/eyeglass-prescription.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some prescriptions use RE for Right Eye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;OU (oculus uterque)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Occasionally this is used, meaning both eyes &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.termwiki.com/EN/oculus_uterque_(OU)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;or literally &quot;each eye&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have given 3 numbers (SPH, CYL and Axis) which I will explain below.  There are other numbers which may be provided, which I will also go into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The first number: Sphere (SPH)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The further away from zero the number on your prescription is, the worse your eyesight is and therefore the more vision correction (stronger prescription) you need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A “plus” (+)  sign in front of the number means you are farsighted (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/hyperopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hyperopia&lt;/a&gt;), and you find it difficult to see things close to you without correction with spectacles or contact lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A “minus” (-) sign means you are nearsighted (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/myopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;myopia&lt;/a&gt;), and you find it difficult to see things far away without correction with spectacles or contact lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/how-read-eye-glass-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;These numbers represent diopters&lt;/a&gt;, the unit used to measure the correction, or focusing power, of the lens your eye requires, and diopter is often abbreviated &quot;D.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The second number: Cylinder (CYL)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This refers to the &quot;cylinder&quot; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/understanding-astigmatism-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;astigmatism&lt;/a&gt;, and can be a negative or a positive number. It measures in diopters the degree of astigmatism that you have. The bigger this number, the more astigmatism you have. Astigmatism is caused by an irregularly shaped cornea, causing visual distortion.  The irregular cornea shape can be described as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/how-read-eye-glass-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more like an American football than a basketball&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The third number: Axis&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not enough to specify how much astigmatism there is; you have to know where the difference in curvature is taking place.  The Axis is a number anywhere between 0 and 180 degrees, which reveals the orientation of the astigmatism and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.specsavers.co.uk/eye-health/eye-test/your-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lets the lab know how to position your lenses&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A fourth number: Prism&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This usually means that your eyes do not work well as a pair.  Prism lenses help prevent double vision or headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A fifth number: Base&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This simply tells the lab where to put the prism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A sixth number: Reading Addition (ADD)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is for varifocal or bifocal lenses and relates to the additional correction in + needed to correct &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/presbyopia/symptoms-causes/syc-20363328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Presbyopia&lt;/a&gt; in order to focus at close distances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;A second number: Pupil Distance (PD)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perfect-eyeglasses-guide.com/eyeglass-prescription.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interpupillary Distance&lt;/a&gt; and if separate numbers are used, they refer to the distance between each pupil and the centre of the bridge of the nose.  If one number is given, it is the distance between each pupil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The information under &lt;em&gt;Type&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The first part: CR39, Poly, NXT...&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This refers to lens material suggested and dies not have any bearing on your prescription &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CR39 is a type of polymer lens, not to be confused with type &lt;em&gt;POLY&lt;/em&gt; which is polycarbonate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information on different lens materials used you can go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eyekit.co/information/lens-options-explained/lens-materials-explained.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this webpage from EyeKit&lt;/a&gt; who I am not affiliated to.  They are sellers of prescription glasses for sport, leisure and specialist uses, and I do not vouch for the quality of their products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The second and third parts: SN and ARC&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not yet been able to determine what these refer to, but again, these do not have any bearing on your prescription &lt;em&gt;per se&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Sources linked&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Eye Institute - Hyperopia&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/hyperopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/hyperopia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Eye Institute - Myopia&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/myopia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/myopia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specsavers - Your prescription explained&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.specsavers.co.uk/eye-health/eye-test/your-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.specsavers.co.uk/eye-health/eye-test/your-prescription&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TermWiki - oculus uterque (OU)&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.termwiki.com/EN/oculus_uterque_(OU)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://en.termwiki.com/EN/oculus_uterque_(OU)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD - Presbyopia&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/presbyopia/symptoms-causes/syc-20363328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/presbyopia/symptoms-causes/syc-20363328&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD - How to Read Your Eyeglass Prescription&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/how-read-eye-glass-prescription&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/how-read-eye-glass-prescription&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD - What Is Astigmatism?&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/astigmatism-eyes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/astigmatism-eyes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T13:44:39.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18862" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18900" CreationDate="2019-03-17T16:02:32.033" Score="3" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm taking vitamin C supplements and desloratadine for my allergies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard some people saying that it's better to take your medicines right after eating because your body absorbs them better then. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any studies on the internet which would prove them either wrong or right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm still wondering whether my medicines will have a better effect if I consume them with food. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will they really work better when taken with food? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-03-21T15:57:35.993" LastActivityDate="2019-03-21T18:12:06.897" Title="Are vitamin C and desloratadine better absorbed when taken shortly after eating?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18863" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-17T17:35:06.633" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;This could be offtopic because this might be just a case of sloppy phrasing and a case of &quot;asking to guess what the authors really meant&quot;. A quote from an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116226/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;abstract&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;em&gt;GTP-cyclohydrolase deficiency responsive to sapropterin and 5-HTP supplementation: relief of treatment-refractory depression and suicidal behaviour&lt;/em&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our hope is that other patients presenting with treatment-refractory, life-threatening depression will be evaluated for defects in this pathway. A brief summary of the scientific bases for selecting the replacement therapies is included. For future research, we propose that &lt;strong&gt;potential pharmacogenetic characterisation might also be evaluated&lt;/strong&gt; so that these ‘rare’ syndromes are treated, if possible, at an earlier age.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the fact that &quot;characterization&quot; cannot be &quot;evaluated&quot;, I can't understand how assessing the pharmacogenetics of sapropterin or some other drug (?) could help treat the syndrome at an earlier age. What exactly do the authors mean? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that they mean that &quot;some drug used on the patient could cause this syndrome in some yet unknown way&quot;. I base my guess on this passage from the text (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116226/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;free full text is available&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The metabolic profile reported here is unique to GTPCH deficiency or a defect in the GTP activator protein. While there is no known demonstrated defect in this protein, it would cause similar functional deficiency. Other enzymatic defects in the pterin synthetic pathway present with very different metabolic profiles. It should be noted that little is known about alterations or responses in this pathway with neuroactive metabolic agents. For example, there could be non-specific secondary changes mimicking deficiencies that are not clinically relevant. Alterations in the pathway could be related to a pathophysiologic process or &lt;strong&gt;even pharmacotherapy&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right? Or maybe we should read &quot;genetics&quot; instead of &quot;pharmacogenetics&quot; - this could make the phrase clear in the sense that &quot;we should get to the genetic roots of these syndromes&quot;? In this case, all seemingly becomes understandable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-03-17T17:47:52.080" LastActivityDate="2019-03-17T17:47:52.080" Title="Meaning of &quot;potential pharmacogenetic characterisation might also be evaluated so that these syndromes are treated at an earlier age.&quot;" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-18T00:32:49.620" Score="4" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen various sources (notably the government of Canada) saying it was &quot;unlikely&quot;, but how unlikely? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking because I wonder if prepping against flu pandemics would be a sufficient reason to get the seasonal flu shot (putting its other benefits aside)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ETA: I just read &quot;There is a chance that seasonal flu shots would confer some protection against the avian flu virus H5N1, which has raised fears of a deadly global outbreak. Researchers vaccinated mice against a common form of the flu and found that although the animals got sick they were less likely to die when infected with the related H5N1.&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-seasonal-flu-shots-help/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-seasonal-flu-shots-help/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find anything about it on the CDC and WHO websites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15884" LastEditorUserId="15884" LastEditDate="2019-03-22T23:21:15.887" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T00:39:20.557" Title="How likely is the seasonal flu shot to protect you from a flu pandemics?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18869" CreationDate="2019-03-18T08:22:10.120" Score="5" ViewCount="469" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116226/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;case report&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, the authors started 5-hydroxytryptophan titrated to &lt;strong&gt;400 mg orally twice daily&lt;/strong&gt; with concomittant carbidopa 37.5 mg orally four times a day, and he responded with remission of suicidal ideation and significant improvement in depression and function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does &quot;&lt;strong&gt;400 mg orally twice daily&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; translate into &lt;strong&gt;800 mg of the drug per day&lt;/strong&gt;, or does it mean &quot;a total of 400 mg/day was divided into two daily doses&quot;? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T10:13:37.980" Title="Does &quot;400 mg orally twice daily&quot; mean &quot;800 mg of drug per day&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18868" CreationDate="2019-03-18T10:13:37.980" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, and that the recommended interval for dosage is twice daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The convention for BID (twice daily) dosing is to write &quot;400 mg twice daily&quot; to indicate the dosage at each administration.  Therefore it would be 400 mg + 400 mg = 800 mg total daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With some medications, the dosage is listed as daily total, divided into BID or TID dosing.  For example, &quot;1200 mg daily divided into BID or TID dosing&quot; would be 600 mg twice daily, or 400 mg three times daily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/dosage/amoxicillin.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This entry for amoxicillin&lt;/a&gt; shows how it can be written both ways, though I have seen better wording in other references (like UpToDate or Epocrates but both require registration or paywall)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T10:13:37.980" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-18T12:32:59.300" Score="5" ViewCount="601" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we search the internet, we see plenty of articles &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Turmeric.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Turmeric.html&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/curcumin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/supplements/curcumin/&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Video) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZJTk9Re3Qc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZJTk9Re3Qc&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(Video testimonial) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNdPeR8tSj0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNdPeR8tSj0&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fixmanboobs.com.au/the-anti-gynecomastia-powers-of-turmeric/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fixmanboobs.com.au/the-anti-gynecomastia-powers-of-turmeric/&lt;/a&gt;) claiming that the ingredient curcumin in turmeric is an effective estrogen blocker, and hence can be used to reduce gynecomastia (male breasts).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There're also few studies that're more technical in nature and hard for a person who isn't a medical specialist to understand, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354546/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354546/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'd like to know by further existent studies, if turmeric is effective in decreasing estrogen level in male body, and hence reducing male breasts or gynecomastia? Thanks in advance!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1180" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-03-30T01:17:46.477" LastActivityDate="2019-12-28T08:49:04.040" Title="Effect of turmeric/curcumin to block estrogen and hence reduce gynecomastia" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-18T19:16:40.090" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the English term for a manufactured pharmaceutical drug of a specific strength and dosage form, i.e. a pill, an ointment etcetera?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15888" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T19:50:37.947" Title="Term for manufactured drug" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18877" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18876" CreationDate="2019-03-18T19:24:12.400" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most generally, you could call this a &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;dose&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of a drug. This refers to a specific amount of medication taken at one time. For example, Regular and Extra Strength versions of common painkillers will have different amounts of the active ingredient, so they differ in dose. Dose only refers to the amount of a particular active ingredient, as you can't really compare &quot;strength&quot; of different compounds like insulin and aspirin, for example. Generally, higher doses of a drug will have a greater effect (i.e. Extra Strength painkiller is just a higher dose of Regular Strength painkiller).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1050" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T19:24:12.400" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18876" CreationDate="2019-03-18T19:50:37.947" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Drug product&lt;/em&gt; seems to be the correct term, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://biorelevant.com/blog/drug-substance-vs-drug-product/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://biorelevant.com/blog/drug-substance-vs-drug-product/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15888" LastActivityDate="2019-03-18T19:50:37.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18883" CreationDate="2019-03-19T04:22:39.117" Score="4" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;What exactly would happen to the body if the immune system did not detect or respond to a the common cold virus like Rhinovirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13505" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-03-19T14:45:34.243" LastActivityDate="2019-03-19T20:49:02.377" Title="What would happen to the body if the immune system failed to respond to a rhinovirus?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18881" CreationDate="2019-03-19T14:43:48.420" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was answered very well by @anongoodnurse in Biology.SE question &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/58060&quot;&gt;What are the effects of the common cold in an immunodeficient person?&lt;/a&gt; plus there was a study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00007-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bowden (1997)&lt;/a&gt; which indicated that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;rhinovirus was responsible for 25% of community-acquired VRIs [viral respiratory infections] among bone marrow transplant recipients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one small study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.3.278&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Greenberg (2003)&lt;/a&gt;, rhinovirus in the immunocompromised led to significant mortality from lower respiratory infection:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among high-risk patients with cancer, rhinovirus infections are often fatal. In a study of 22 immunocompromised blood and marrow transplant recipients who were hospitalized with rhinovirus infections, 7 (32%) developed fatal pneumonia. The remaining patients had infections confined to the upper respiratory tract. In 6 of the 7 fatal cases, rhinovirus had been isolated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or an endotracheal aspirate before death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is in hospitalised patients; it says nothing of non-hospitalised patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This conclusion has been disputed according to @anongoodnurse, but it can be seen to corroborate Greenburg's 2003 study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a slightly larger study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19373660&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Murali et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt; among people with hematological cancers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Respiratory viral pathogens are a common cause of &lt;em&gt;morbidity&lt;/em&gt; in patients with hematologic malignancies. ...Both a rapid viral culture with direct fluorescence antibody (DFA) staining and a PCR-based assay (MultiCode-PLx Respiratory Virus Panel) were performed on patients with hematologic malignancies, who underwent collection of a nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage from October 2006 to April 2007. Eighty-two samples from 70 patients were obtained; &lt;strong&gt;all patients had upper respiratory tract symptoms.&lt;/strong&gt; Respiratory viruses were detected in 10 samples (12%) by conventional virological methods and in 31 samples (38%) by the MultiCode-PLx assay. ...40% of these patients had pneumonia in addition to the upper respiratory tract symptoms. [emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@anongoodnurse noted that there is no mention of mortality, but that does not mean a proportion didn't die from pneumonia, just like &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.3.278&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Greenberg (2003)&lt;/a&gt; may have found that those with pneumonia had upper respiratory tract infections.  He may have just not mentioned it in light of the fact that he wanted to highlight the mortality rate of pneumonia in his cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@anongoodnurse summarised by saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So long story short, they have stuffy, runny noses, sore throat, cough, etc. Clearly the virus itself causes damage to the mucosa; that is integral to viral replication. After entering a mucosal cell, the virus replicates, then the progeny virus is released by lysis of the cell. This damage itself causes inflammation (not the same as an immune reaction), pain, etc. The major difference seems to be a more severe and prolonged experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for which I would add that fatal pneumonia &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; develop from the prolonged infection of rhinovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rhinovirus infections, although usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, can extend beyond the oropharynx and may cause complications in the lower respiratory tract, including pneumonia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/313723&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Imakita, et al. 2000&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bowden, R. A. (1997). Respiratory virus infections after marrow transplant: the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center experience. &lt;em&gt;The American journal of medicine, 102&lt;/em&gt;(3), 27-30. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00007-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00007-7&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868139&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10868139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Greenberg, S. B. (2003). Respiratory consequences of rhinovirus infection. &lt;em&gt;Archives of internal medicine, 163&lt;/em&gt;(3), 278-284. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.3.278&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1001/archinte.163.3.278&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imakita, M., Shiraki, K., Yutani, C., &amp;amp; Ishibashi-Ueda, H. (2000). Pneumonia caused by rhinovirus. &lt;em&gt;Clinical infectious diseases, 30&lt;/em&gt;(3), 611-612. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/313723&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1086/313723&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Murali, S., Langston, A. A., Nolte, F. S., Banks, G., Martin, R., &amp;amp; Caliendo, A. M. (2009). Detection of respiratory viruses with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay (MultiCode-PLx Respiratory Virus Panel) in patients with hematologic malignancies. &lt;em&gt;Leukemia &amp;amp; lymphoma, 50&lt;/em&gt;(4), 619-624. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190902777665&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1080/10428190902777665&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19373660&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;19373660&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-19T14:43:48.420" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-19T20:09:54.013" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;If corrective lenses adjust the point at which the eyes focus and, for a strong correction, inhibit the ability to focus at the opposing distance, will corrective eye surgery affect vision in the same way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, will corrective eye surgery for someone with extreme nearsightedness reduce or inhibit their ability to focus on objects up close?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if such an extreme correction would require someone to trade their lenses for nearsightedness (pre-surgery) for farsighted lenses, as they would lose their ability to focus up close?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15893" LastEditorUserId="15893" LastEditDate="2019-03-19T22:31:15.143" LastActivityDate="2019-03-21T05:43:48.257" Title="Does corrective eye surgery for affect the ability to focus similar to corrective lenses?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;lasik&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18885" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18908" CreationDate="2019-03-19T23:45:33.887" Score="4" ViewCount="210" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For brevity, I'll use URTI to refer to both colds and flus. Is this medically correct? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;My sister hasn't gotten a URTI in the past five years previously. But since &#xA;starting Epuris in Sep. 2018, her GP has diagnosed her with a URTI monthly. Is there any evidence that isotretinoin indirectly causes these URTI? Some unsubstantiated commmenters&#xA;allege &quot;yes&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acne.org/forums/topic/174735-who-has-suffered-from-frequent-colds-while-on-accutane/?do=findComment&amp;amp;comment=2079580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Posted October 28, 2007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your body is under a lot of additional stress, which makes your body more prone to sickness. However, respiratory infections are something to take seriously when on Accutane, as they can be a side-effect. You should let your doctor know about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acne.org/forums/topic/246559-getting-colds-and-other-illnesses-while-on-accutane/?do=findComment&amp;amp;comment=2695769&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Posted August 26, 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yep, you got it accutane weakens the immune system....For some it persists after the course is over and for some it has gotten better of time after the course is over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acne.org/forums/topic/246559-getting-colds-and-other-illnesses-while-on-accutane/?do=findComment&amp;amp;comment=2696324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Posted August 27, 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oh my yes. I had bad colds throughout the course which is pretty unusual for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2019-03-20T01:24:22.367" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T00:00:21.883" Title="Does isotretinoin increase your chance of colds and flus?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-20T13:28:35.490" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a few months I will be conducting a study where we take participents ECGs and try to measure stress levels from that using machine learning. I am also involved in pre-processing the data, meaning anonymizing it, before we enter it into our databases. If possible I would like to run a basic scan over that data before we anonymize it, so if something irregular is detected I can send a recommendation to get that checked out by a professional. Are there any tools readily available for that that do that automatically? If so, which?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15894" LastActivityDate="2019-03-20T13:28:35.490" Title="Looking for an ECG anomaly detection tool" Tags="&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-20T18:05:04.457" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are differing opinions in my office about how to bill for flow cytometry testing.  To elucidate the difference, I need to give an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient has blood drawn in the morning.  The doctor orders two different flow panels to be tested.  Later that day, the doctor decides to draw blood again, and order a third flow panel.&#xA;The pathologist issues 3 separate reports: 1 for each panel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three interpretations of how to deal with the &quot;1st marker&quot; code (88184):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Only one instance of 88184 is allowed per patient per day: In this example, 88184 would be billed once.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One instance of 88184 is allowed per draw: In this example, 88184 would be billed twice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One instance of 88184 is allowed per issued report: In this example, 88184 would be billed thrice.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which interpretation is correct?&#xA;More importantly, can you provide a reliable reference supporting your answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15330" LastActivityDate="2019-03-20T18:05:04.457" Title="Defining CPT 88184 Flow cytometry 1st marker" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;medical-billing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18889" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18911" CreationDate="2019-03-20T19:37:09.820" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical students in the US usually participate in several clinical rotations before they graduate. What about someone who is not a student, but does have medical license (passed the USMLE tests), and is interested in doing a clinical rotation? I have noticed that hospitals list general information about rotations, but do not list them under their &quot;career&quot; open jobs. Any recommendations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14923" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T22:54:44.837" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T22:54:44.837" Title="What is the best method to get a non-student clinical rotation in the US?" Tags="&lt;medical-training&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18862" CreationDate="2019-03-21T18:12:06.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Desloratadin is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ethanol. While that would often indicate an at least slightly better if time-delayed absorption with food, this is apparently not the case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following oral administration of desloratadine 5 mg once daily for 10 days to normal healthy volunteers, the mean time to maximum plasma concentrations (Tmax) occurred at approximately 3 hours post dose and mean steady state peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 4 ng/mL and 56.9 ng·hr/mL were observed, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neither food nor grapefruit juice had an effect on the bioavailability (Cmax and AUC) of desloratadine.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R. Manivannan et al.: &amp;quot;Formulation Development and Evaluation of Desloratadine Tablets&amp;quot;, International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vol.2, No.3, pp 2101-2106, July-Sept 2010. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manivannan_Rangasamy2/publication/298649069_Formulation_development_and_evaluation_of_desloratadine_tablets/links/573bb8f508ae9f741b2d87ec/Formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-desloratadine-tablets.pdf?origin=publication_detail&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-21T18:12:06.897" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-22T14:36:21.960" Score="-2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just saw a news article about a woman with Aquagenic Urticaria which basically means she produces antibodies against H2O molecules which causes very bad symptoms if she touches or drinks water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're told you can't be allergic to oxygen, glucose, salt etc because they're too small and simple. So why is H2O an antigen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NCBI source - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276800/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276800/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15090" LastActivityDate="2019-03-22T15:23:28.980" Title="Why is the H2O molecule an antigen despite its tiny size and simplicity?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-03-22T17:52:35.050" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18904" CreationDate="2019-03-22T15:22:15.113" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pathogenesis behind Aquagenic Urticaria isn't definitively known - and the extreme rarity of the condition makes studying it difficult (only ~100 cases published!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does appear to be an allergic-type response - as shown in the linked article from your question the wheals are formed when histamine is released and AU appears to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276800/#__sec2title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respond to antihistamine treatment&lt;/a&gt; in most cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One theory (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(86)70215-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Czarnetzki &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ) is that the patient isn't having an allergic reaction to the water itself but rather a water-soluble antigen present at the epidermal layer - and that when the antigen is dissolved in the water it then diffuses through the epidermal layer causing the mast cells to release histamine and produce the wheals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However that is probably not the full story - since there have been reported cases where there was no signs of a histamine response and treating with antihistamines proved ineffective (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(10)63071-2/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Luong &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to summarize - no definitive mechanism as been determined, but it's probably &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a case of simply being allergic to H2O molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="11188" LastEditDate="2019-03-22T15:23:28.980" LastActivityDate="2019-03-22T15:23:28.980" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18907" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18910" CreationDate="2019-03-22T18:40:10.490" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;at the end of January 2019, I had an accident while skiing and was diagnosed shortly after with ACL (Anterior cruciate ligament rupture). The diagnosis was confirmed by 4 different doctors who all are very experienced with MRI scans. All of them told me right away, by looking at the scans, that it is completely ruptured. 6,5 weeks later I underwent surgery and the doctor found my cruciate ligaments to be intact. He did the Lachman-test which turned out to be negative. A small part of my cruciate ligament was, in fact, loose and he removed it (I saw that in real time on the screen). He told me this happens very rarely and I should be really happy which I am. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am wondering what is going on. As far as I know, the cruciate ligament cannot grow back together. My symptoms after the accident aligned perfectly though with the diagnosis of being left with the posterior cruciate ligament only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anybody provide some insightful input?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15910" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T00:52:47.933" Title="How reliable is MRI to diagnose ACL (anterior cruciate ligament rupture)?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;ligament&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18908" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18885" CreationDate="2019-03-23T00:00:21.883" Score="3" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, URTI includes common colds and flu but is not limited to them. It includes rhinitis (nose inflammation due to bacterial or viral infections), sinusitis (infection/inflammation of nasal sinuses), pharyngitis (sore throat) or laryngitis (mainly manifested as hoarse voice). Colds and flu may be presented as any of the upper manifestations. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/isotretinoin-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;, which is a reliable source, nasopharyngitis is a common (1% to 10%) side effect of Isotretinoin. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T00:00:21.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13318" CreationDate="2019-03-23T00:27:36.327" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually, protein supplements (e.g., whey protein) are used by athletes and body-builders.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Because isometric exercise like body-building increases the diastolic blood pressure in short-term &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00328.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00328.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, it is recommended to check for serum creatinine and Urea before supplementation (because it may accelerate renal function decline in people with mild renal insufficiency &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639078&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;), along with check-ups every 6 months (it is my personal comment as a physician).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is all because there are some researches stating that high amount of Urea due to the intake of protein supplement may promote kidney damage by chronically increasing the glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atiner.gr/presentations/Omar-Chebbo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atiner.gr/presentations/Omar-Chebbo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073493?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073493?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602135/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602135/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even recommended doses of creatine monohydrate supplementation may cause kidney damage; therefore, anybody using this supplement should be warned about this possible side effect, and their renal functions should be monitored regularly&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4421632/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4421632/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toxic hepatitis is another rare side effects of supplementation for body-builders, which warrants these check-ups &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809474&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809474&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it does not mean that high-protein intake necessarily damages the kidneys in all users &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262767/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262767/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, interactions with other drugs should be noticed if the users have underlying diseases or they use other medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastEditorUserId="15658" LastEditDate="2019-03-23T01:46:50.757" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T01:46:50.757" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18907" CreationDate="2019-03-23T00:52:47.933" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nothing is more helpful than a comprehensive physical examination by an expert and the clinical course of the disease, for ruling out the ACL rupture. Evidence supports that &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accuracy of the clinical examination and MRI evaluation was equal&#xA;  for diagnosing meniscal tears and ACL ruptures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15346110&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[reference]&lt;/a&gt;. Moreover, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the Lachman test has great efficacy in ruling out a diagnosis of ACL&#xA;  rupture because of the lowest negative likelihood ratios &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26854045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[reference]&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that, MRI is associated with higher false-positive rates, if performed suddenly after trauma or in patients with prior knee trauma. All mild soft injuries may show some signal contacting after trauma.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T00:52:47.933" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18911" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18889" CreationDate="2019-03-23T02:32:05.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think externships may be helpful for your situation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medclerkships.com/clinical-rotations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Externships&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  International Medical graduates looking to fulfill the “United States Clinical Experience” (USCE) requirements as necessitated by several residency programs.  Externships also provide doctors of international countries the opportunity for acclimatization with the US healthcare system. Doctors looking to familiarize themselves with Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Healthcare Record services, Medical Billing and Coding procedures, Insurance claims, and review of malpractice cases.  Externships are also a good way to have RECENT exposure to clinical patient care as many international applicants have been out of touch with patient care for many years prior. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T02:32:05.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18915" CreationDate="2019-03-23T16:57:34.237" Score="5" ViewCount="397" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a lot of talk on the internet that mercury amalgam fillings are toxic and should not be done. In the 20 years since my first cavity I've only received metals-free composite fillings. My current dentist informs me that composite fillings are qualitatively better, while disregarding the health concerns with amalgams. This has made me wonder, what percentage of fillings performed today are done with mercury amalgam? In other words, I have a suspicion that it is an increasingly irrelevant problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried the basic Google searching for an answer, but results on the topic are obfuscated by reports concerning the percentage of mercury in fillings, rather than percentage amalgam fillings administered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the American Dental Association (ADA), more than 100 million silver-amalgam fillings are placed in American mouths each year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a sign of the times, in 1999, around 86 million composite restorations were placed in the United States, as against 71 million amalgam restorations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813106/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is it the end of the road for dental amalgam? A critical review - Journal of Conservative Dentistry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like something more current though. Plus, I don't know if the sum of those figures represents the total.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data about the United states is preferred, but any data is accepted as useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3495" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T21:08:45.847" Title="What percentage of fillings performed today are done with mercury amalgam?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18914" CreationDate="2019-03-23T17:45:13.013" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some recent estimated numbers recently were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;45% of all dental restorations world wide&lt;/strong&gt; (Heintze 2012),&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;50% of all American fillings&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many developed nations have virtually eliminated dental amalgam. Dental amalgam use is banned in Sweden and Norway; only used in 3% of all dental restorations in Japan and Finland; 5% in Denmark; 10% in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany; and 20% in Singapore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoted from Chicago Declaration to End Dental Industry Mercury Use (&lt;a href=&quot;https://mercuryfreedentistry.files.wordpress.com/2018/04/chicago-declaration-to-end-dental-industry-mercury-use-4-14-17.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On amalgam use:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste/mercurypolpaper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO Policy Paper (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SD Heintze &amp;amp; V Rousson: &amp;quot;Clinical effectiveness of direct Class II restorations—a meta-analysis&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;  J Adhes Dent. 2012; 14(5):407-431.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SK Makhija et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21628683/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Practitioner, patient and carious lesion characteristics associated with type of restorative material: findings from The Dental Practice-Based Research Network&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142: 622-632.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simececk et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)64283-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;An evaluation of replacement rates for posterior resin-based composite and amalgam restorations in U.S. Navy and Marine recruits&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140 (2): 207. PMID: 19188417&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;United States Food and Drug Administration: &amp;quot;About dental fillings: potential risks.  Last updated 2 February 2017. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/dentalproducts/dentalamalgam/ucm171094.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA Web site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;World Health Organization: &amp;quot;Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration&amp;quot;  (2011), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/dental_material_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt; , p.21&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bio Intelligence Service/European Commission: &amp;quot;Review of the Community Strategy Concerning Mercury&amp;quot; (p.213-14), 4 October 2010, (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/mercury/pdf/review_mercury_strategy2010.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BIO Intelligence Service (2012): &amp;quot;Study on the potential for reducing mercury pollution from dental amalgam and batteries, Final report prepared for the European Commission-DG ENV&amp;quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/mercury/pdf/Final_report_11.07.12.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;, p.190–191.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;World Health Organization: &amp;quot;Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration&amp;quot; (2011), (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/dental_material_2011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;, p.21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Letter, Federal Office for the Environment to Francesca Romana Orlando (8 August 2011), (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.toxicteeth.org/SVIZZERA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commentary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dental mercury amalgam is also an environmental and social justice problem:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/todays-dental-news/item/2843-berlin-declaration-shows-amalgam-has-entered-its-twilight-era&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dentistry Today 2018: Berlin Declaration Shows Amalgam Has Entered Its Twilight Era&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T21:08:45.847" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18919" CreationDate="2019-03-23T18:05:08.553" Score="5" ViewCount="717" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is safe to use olive oil to clean the ear wax as &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/10184/13&quot;&gt;advised here&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/117542-ear-wax-removal-home-remedy/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This site said it's good&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although there are questions about the effectiveness of any specific&#xA;  ear drops, olive oil -- as long as it's the same or cooler than body&#xA;  temperature -- is not a harmful treatment. Start by placing room&#xA;  temperature olive oil into an ear dropper. Next, put a few drops of&#xA;  olive oil in the affected ear twice daily for 3 to 4 days, and lay on&#xA;  your side for several minutes to allow the oil to penetrate the wax&#xA;  more deeply. After your last planned treatment, and if necessary to&#xA;  get the wax out, use a bulb syringe to gently spray warm water into&#xA;  the ear to encourage the lubricated wax to fall from the ear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/a28043/olive-oil-in-ears-hearing-ear-wax/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this said it's bad&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's a remedy as old as time, but using olive oil for resolving&#xA;  hearing problems is not a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here's why: olive oil softens ear wax, of that there is no doubt, but&#xA;  the wax sludge that results still does not go anywhere in the average&#xA;  sized ear canal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T19:33:27.027" Title="Is it safe to use olive oil to clean the ear wax?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;earwax&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18917" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5483" CreationDate="2019-03-23T19:08:09.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is mainly due to the evidence indicating poor accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of conventional MRI. It means that false-positive or false-negative findings may be detected in MRI of elbow &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MR arthrography is more accurate than conventional MRI of the elbow at 3 T. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;[In 54 out of 79 patients, the diagnoses made on MRI and MR arthrogram examinations were the same.] &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In 16 [out of 79] cases, MR arthrography showed tendons and ligaments to be torn that appeared intact on conventional MRI. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In 9  [out of 79] cases, MR arthrography showed intact tendons and ligaments that appeared to be torn on conventional MRI. These nine cases are most likely the result of the tears healing, with fibrous tissue allowing the tendon and ligament tissues to coapt &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539278&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, due to these common misleading results of MRI, physicians weigh more on their own physical examination and clinical judgement.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not forget that high-quality evidence (e.g., systematic reviews or meta-analysis based on randomized clinical trials) for this subject has not yet collected or reported; which makes this debate controversial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-03-23T19:17:39.000" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T19:17:39.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18865" CreationDate="2019-03-23T19:22:41.260" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the most recent large-scale and high quality Cochrane review on more than 80,000 healthy adults from 52 clinical trials aged 16 to 65 years, including pregnant women, over a single influenza season in North America, South America, and Europe who received vaccination between 1969 and 2009 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thennt.com/nnt/vaccines-preventing-influenza-healthy-individuals/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;71 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing influenza, and 29 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing an influenza-like illness &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29388196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These statistics (i.e., 71 and 29) are called number needed to be vaccinated/treated (NNV or NNT) representing the clinical effectiveness of vaccines (NNV) or medications (NNT). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thennt.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.thennt.com/&lt;/a&gt; is a quite useful source to find out such measures of clinical effectiveness of diagnostic, preventive, or therapeutic medical interventions.      &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Considering the difference between pandemics and seasonal outbreaks:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Basically, the current flu vaccines are based on previously recognized sub-types (e.g., in previous epidemics/pandemics). If the virus of an upcoming epidemic/pandemic has been covered in the vaccine, these likelihoods may be true. However, it should be noticed that it is a bit unlikely for a previously  well-recognized and covered sub-type to form a pandemic (i.e. an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population [Wikipedia]), unless by mutating to a new pandemic strain. Also, note that studying vaccines' effectiveness against pandemics (the exact protection rate in populations) by current research equipment, methods and budgets is not feasible.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, we should not forget that human kind has only experienced 5 flu pandemics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastEditorUserId="15658" LastEditDate="2019-03-25T00:39:20.557" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T00:39:20.557" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18916" CreationDate="2019-03-23T19:33:27.027" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on this systematic review, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta14280/#/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The safety and effectiveness of different methods of ear wax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On measures of wax clearance Cerumol, sodium bicarbonate, &lt;strong&gt;olive oil&lt;/strong&gt; and water are all more effective than no treatment; &lt;strong&gt;triethanolamine polypeptide (TP) is better than olive oil&lt;/strong&gt;; wet irrigation is better than dry irrigation; sodium bicarbonate drops followed by irrigation by nurse is more effective than sodium bicarbonate drops followed by self-irrigation ....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it should be noticed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;limited good-quality evidence of the safety, benefits and costs of the different strategies, making it difficult to differentiate between the various methods for removing earwax and rendering the economic evaluation as speculative &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta14280/#/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15658" LastActivityDate="2019-03-23T19:33:27.027" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-23T21:19:43.283" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885128/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885128/&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;I am a cancer patient since 16, a medical student aiming for radiation oncology and subsidiary MSc&amp;amp;Phd in radiophysics. I am actually autistic but with no mental retardation. So I need the questions to help me explain myself, why some events seem paradoxical and exactly what information I need. I extensively and thoroughly read ncbi, pubmed and textbooks concerned with my question in hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15914" LastEditorUserId="15914" LastEditDate="2019-03-24T04:31:19.160" LastActivityDate="2019-03-24T04:31:19.160" Title="Why don't we actively strugle to provide the highest LET particle radiation therapy, maybe with manganese, fluorine, nitrogen, iron, or osmium?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-23T23:19:58.093" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm half expecting this to be closed as off-topic as seeking personal medical advice, but I'm going to try not to phrase it that way and see how it flies. For full disclosure, I was recently diagnosed with tardive dyskinesia (the doctor actually said it's almost purely tardive dystonia with no dyskinesia, but I read that tardive dystonia is considered a form of tardive dyskinesia) and have been taking austedo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware there was a study done on taking vitamin E (&lt;a href=&quot;https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:249760/UQ249760_OA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Soares‐Weiser, et al. 2011&lt;/a&gt;) and it seemed to be inconclusive. From what I understand, there was no improvement, but there did seem to be a slowing of the deterioration. Is there anything known on foods/vitamins/drugs to avoid, or not avoid, in a similar vein to this study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Soares‐Weiser, K., Maayan, N., &amp;amp; McGrath, J. (2011). Vitamin E for neuroleptic‐induced tardive dyskinesia. &lt;em&gt;Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews&lt;/em&gt;, (2). doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000209.pub2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD000209.pub2&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11687073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;11687073&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15915" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T09:49:53.293" Title="Foods/drugs/vitamins to avoid, or not avoid, for tardive dyskinesia" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-23T23:53:32.587" Score="0" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is cell biology much broader than just genetics or am I conjecturing nonsense? Who is the specialist in the molecular biology of cancer? I am a cancer patient since 16, a medical student aiming for radiation(not classical i.e pathologic) oncology and subsidiary MSc&amp;amp;Phd in radiophysics. I am actually autistic but with no mental retardation. So I need the questions to help me explain myself, why some events seem paradoxical and exactly what information I need. I extensively and thoroughly read ncbi, pubmed and textbooks concerned with my question in hand. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173079&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173079&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15914" LastEditorUserId="15914" LastEditDate="2019-03-24T05:56:20.147" LastActivityDate="2019-03-24T05:56:20.147" Title="What is the difference of a physician specializing in cytology and a physician specializing in medical genetics?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-24T07:04:40.273" Score="5" ViewCount="648" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://archives.who.int/eml/expcom/expcom15/applications/sections/Antitrypanosomal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO document&lt;/a&gt;, contains the statement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[Melarsoprol] injections must be performed using glass syringes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15916" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-04-04T08:36:05.220" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T08:36:05.220" Title="Why does Melarsoprol have to be injected in glass syringes?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18924" CreationDate="2019-03-24T07:19:56.387" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Melarsoprol is insoluble in water, dosage occurs via a 3.6% propylene glycol intravenous injection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As propylene glycol can dissolve plastic, the drug should preferably be administered using a glass syringe (only if sterilisation is reliable), otherwise inject immediately (but slowly) using a plastic syringe (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/viewport/EssDr/english/melarsoprol-injectable-16682915.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Melarsoprol is sometimes colloquially referred to as &quot;arsenic in antifreeze&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15917" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-03-24T20:19:36.490" LastActivityDate="2019-03-24T20:19:36.490" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18926" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18933" CreationDate="2019-03-24T14:14:02.353" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can Myocarditis spread from a person who has it?&#xA;Is touching a person who died of Myocarditis dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15918" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T09:42:25.400" Title="Is Myocarditis infectious?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18928" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-24T17:32:50.287" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/512946_4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Complications of cesarean deliveries&lt;/a&gt; risks of death by cesarean delivery are between 0.53 to 0.13 per 1,000 cesarean deliveries. I've seen and heard many times this claim that childbirth in teenagers has a higher risk of death, in internet and TV, but never studies or statistics are mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO webpage on Adolescent Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt; it says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pregnancy and childbirth complications are the leading cause of death among 15 to 19 year-old girls globally,&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adolescent pregnancy (i.e., in females 13 to 19 years of age) is associated with an increased risk of maternal complications during pregnancy and delivery (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0501/p1310.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I dont see why a cesarean delivery should be more complicated in teenagers than in adults, but I've seen and heard the claim than is more complicated in the delivery dozens of times, with no proof or evidence or study which sustains it. That's why I'm asking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any researchs or stats which shows these risks by cesarean delivery are higher in teenagers if this is really so? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-03-25T09:39:41.733" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T09:39:41.733" Title="Are death risks by cesarean deliveries higher in teenagers?" Tags="&lt;childbirth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-25T00:50:02.883" Score="1" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this excerpt from Robert Kane Pappas' 2014 interview with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_P._Guarente&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leonard Guarente&lt;/a&gt; (MIT professor, co-founder of  the dietary supplement company Elysium Health, which sells nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene (NRPT) pills), in which he discusses taking compounds which increase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and sirtuin activity, I heard &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Mpf923bUDyc?t=3m10s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/Mpf923bUDyc?t=3m10s&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They are the 2 types of NAD precursors that are  being used right now: one is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_riboside&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotinamide riboside (NR)&lt;/a&gt; and the other is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)&lt;/a&gt;. Both of them are very similar to each other and they both get converted into NAD inside of cells. &lt;strong&gt;Are these things (NR and NMN) used in combination? No&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any downside in combining the ingestion of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplements to increase one's level of  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide&amp;amp;oldid=830942901#Biosynthesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;metabolic pathways that synthesize and consume NAD+ in vertebrates&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LF4s0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LF4s0.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-03-25T04:31:44.317" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T04:31:44.317" Title="Is there any downside in combining the ingestion of NR and NMN supplements to increase one's level of NAD+?" Tags="&lt;anti-aging&gt;&lt;nicotinamide-riboside&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18926" CreationDate="2019-03-25T09:42:25.400" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352539&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myocarditis&lt;/a&gt; itself is not a virus nor is it contagious - the term refers an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/myocarditis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammation of the myocardium&lt;/a&gt; (a.k.a. the heart muscle). A viral infection is probably the most common cause of myocarditis but there's many different viruses that can have it as a complication including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adenovirus (the common cold)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hepatitis B/C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parvovirus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HIV&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rubella&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the list goes on. It can also result from a bacterial infection (staph, strep, diptheria etc) parasites, fungal infections, or as a reaction to an environmental factors such as a drugs, medication, carbon monoxide, radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So Myocarditis itself isn't transmissible but the some of the conditions that cause it might be - so any precautions required to prevent catching the contagion that caused the myocarditis apply. That said it's quite a rare complication and not always serious - and there's no saying that because one person developed it as a result of a given disease that anyone they infect will get it as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2019-03-25T09:42:25.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18716" CreationDate="2019-03-26T01:52:01.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Officially, I requested to Bayer who is innovator of Ciprofloxacin and received 1 in-vitro study article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author of the in-vitro study concluded that there's possibility as strategic option for intestinal sterilization but clinical study with patients must be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this is a in-vitro study but not human clinical study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you're interested with non-profit purpose, you can find the above-mentioned in-vitro study article at the bottom of below linked post or as attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mark this as an answer because this is not the direct clinical evidence I've been looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cafe.daum.net/greenmission/jUmJ/4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Fluoroquinolones with Their Sucralfate-complexes against Clinically-isolated Bacteria_Hitoshi et al_2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13697" LastActivityDate="2019-03-26T01:52:01.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18941" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-27T06:13:17.433" Score="4" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;To prevent destruction by stomach acid, Vitamin B12 must usually be bound by haptocorrin (R-factor, transcobalamin-1).&#xA;It would make sense for haptocorrin secretion to be in the ballpark of the maximum amount typically required for typical foods to make good use of the B12 contained therein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, supplements can contain over a hundred times more B12 than commonly found in food.&#xA;I find it hard to believe that the body would regularly secrete sufficient haptocorrin to bind these amounts.&#xA;On the product pages of the orally-taken high-dosage supplements that I have looked at, I haven’t seen any indication that the B12 had been pre-bound to haptocorrin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that most of the B12 in supplements will be destroyed right-away by stomach acid, for a mere lack of haptocorrin to protect it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am aware that the amount of intrinsic factor (IF) produced might be just as insufficient. This does not matter as much, since it only takes over past the stomach, within the small intestine,&#xA;where pH is less extreme, and since uptake of B12 not bound to IF is possible through passive diffusion, to some degree. – This, however, can only happen if the B12 has not been disintegrated beforehand.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15933" LastEditorUserId="15933" LastEditDate="2019-03-27T07:01:21.340" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T07:07:53.057" Title="Is vitamin B12 in supplements protected from stomach acid?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18944" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18945" CreationDate="2019-03-27T23:09:01.667" Score="1" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Autism Expert: Case Is &quot;Rare&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A pediatrician who serves on a childhood vaccine advisory committee&#xA;  for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services sees the case&#xA;  differently. &quot;To say mercury causes autism is a giant leap,&quot; says&#xA;  Jaime Deville, MD, a pediatrician at Mattel Children's Hospital at the&#xA;  University of California Los Angeles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Epidemiological studies do not support the hypothesis that mercury in&#xA;  vaccines causes autism in the general population,'' he tells WebMD.&#xA;  &quot;However, there might be individual sporadic, or rare cases in which&#xA;  patients have an adverse reaction after a dose of a vaccine that might&#xA;  exacerbate a pre-existing condition.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That was the contention in Hannah's case -- that Hannah developed a&#xA;  disorder of the mitochondria, the cells' &quot;power sources,&quot; before&#xA;  developing autism-like symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read the above and thought it makes a lot of sense, because there are a lot of anecdotal evidences coming from anti-vaxxers. So while I don't think vaccines cause autism, because wouldn't we all have autism if it were the case, I believe that some people may be predisposed to develop autism or autism-like symptoms from vaccination. So what are the possible conditions that may predispose someone from developing autism-like symptoms after vaccination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15938" LastActivityDate="2019-03-28T13:43:25.407" Title="In what situations can vaccination lead to autism-like symptoms?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18945" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18944" CreationDate="2019-03-28T11:39:19.573" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hannah Poling (as the quote in the question points out) doesn't have autism - she has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.umdf.org/what-is-mitochondrial-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mitochondrial Disease&lt;/a&gt;, a thankfully rare genetic disorder that relates to the bodies mitochondria and can result in (amongst other things) neurological damage occurring as a result of a fever (in Hannah's case &lt;em&gt;regressive encephalopathy&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's some overlap between the symptoms found when Dr Zimmerman examined Hannah and the symptoms used to diagnose autism but not enough for her to meet the criteria - &lt;a href=&quot;https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2008/03/01/vaccines-autism-and-the-concession/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only 3 line up with the DSM-IV criteria&lt;/a&gt; (which was current at the time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccinations Hannah recieved didn't cause her mito (as said above it's genetic) - it's possible however that she experienced a fever as a result of the vaccines (which is a known possible side-effect) and that it was this fever interacting with her mitochrondrial disease that caused the encephalopathy. Around the same time she was also suffering with recurrent bouts of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/middle-ear-infection-otitis-media&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;otitis media&lt;/a&gt; (or &quot;Ear infections&quot; in layman's terms), which would have been another potential cause. Since the vaccines -&gt; fever -&gt; encephalopathy route is plausible, understood and matches up with the timeline of Hannah's case however the Vaccine Court erred on the side of caution and (correctly IMO) chose to compensate Hannah and her family (encephalopathy is after all a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/vaccinecompensation/vaccineinjurytable.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;table injury&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially this whole thing is a fuss over nothing - basically antivaxxers like Kim Stagliano over at Age Of Autism (Sorry, I'm &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; linking to anything on that hateful site) decided to completely ignore Hannah's &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; diagnosis and instead picked on the words :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;features consistent with an autistic spectrum disorder&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in Dr Zimmerman's report and in a textbook example of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmation bias&lt;/a&gt; shouted to everyone that would listen that this was somehow proof that Hannah was autistic and that it was the vaccines wot done it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So should children with mito not be vaccinated? &lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt; because the regressive encephalopathy that can occur in mito cases like Hannah's is triggered by the &lt;em&gt;fever&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; the vaccine. Yes the vaccines &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; result in a fever, and that fever can in turn trigger the encephalopathy - but there's nothing special about the fever because it resulted from vaccination and the diseases that they aim to prevent are not only more likely to result in a fever but also it's more likely to be a more severe fever - which increases the probability of such regressive encephalopathy from occurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I believe that some people may be predisposed to develop autism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for this to be feasible, it first needs to be feasible for vaccines to cause autism. Study after study has shown no evidence that this is the case - even if it were rare for these &quot;susceptible&quot; people to exist we'd expect to see signals of it in the large scale epidemiological studies such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2727726/measles-mumps-rubella-vaccination-autism-nationwide-cohort-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; recently published in Denmark but as with other studies done before it.. nothing shows up. I mean never say never and all that but so far whenever anyone shakes that particular magic 8 ball it keeps on coming up &quot;Vaccines don't cause autism&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more detail on this particular case there's a great article over on &lt;a href=&quot;https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/on-the-rebranding-of-autism-as-a-mitochondrial-disorder-by-antivaccinationists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Based Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="11188" LastEditDate="2019-03-28T13:43:25.407" LastActivityDate="2019-03-28T13:43:25.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18946" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="18951" CreationDate="2019-03-28T14:35:08.750" Score="6" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0815/p260.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACC/AHA released updated guidelines for cholesterol management in 2014&lt;/a&gt;; in particular, rather than treating to specific target levels for LDL-C, it has more specific criteria based on a 10-year risk assessment model.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some physicians still prescribe statins based on LDL-C target levels, even for non-diabetic patients &amp;lt;40 years of age with only moderately elevated LDL-C (i.e. not above the 190 mg/dL level that recommends early statin therapy.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there professional differences of opinion over whether the new guidelines should be applied, or does this inconsistency reflect simple ignorance of the new guidelines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3013" LastEditorUserId="3013" LastEditDate="2019-03-29T18:00:41.800" LastActivityDate="2019-03-29T22:59:44.553" Title="Inconsistencies in statin prescribing practices?" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18947" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12871" CreationDate="2019-03-29T05:37:28.797" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Jack Morin, the author of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anal-Pleasure-Health-Guide-Couples/dp/0940208377&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anal Pleasure and Health: A Guide for Men, Women and Couples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilingus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anilingus&lt;/a&gt; can actually be beneficial (point 10 of '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/doc/86887/10-Rules-of-Anal-Sex-by-Jack-Morin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10 Rules of Anal Sex&lt;/a&gt;').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Anal sex can be perfectly safe, even beneficial.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The taboo against anal eroticism is perpetuated by the almost universal belief among physicians that anal sex is inevitably dangerous. No physical injury from anal stimulation results if both partners refuse to tolerate pain, never use force and&#xA;  avoid the use of drugs.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  . . .&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Thousands of men and women with chronic anal medical problems have&#xA;  restored their anal health by challenging their&#xA;  negative attitudes. This approach is indispensable for full erotic&#xA;  enjoyment of the anus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But most references claim (e.g. the Wikipedia link above) claim that it is very hazardous to your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An audio excerpt from this book is available from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/Anal-Pleasure-and-Health-Audiobook/B009152MHY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/Anal-Pleasure-and-Health-Audiobook/B009152MHY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in which the narrator describes only how to avoid 'anal hell', and does not mention any positive medical advantages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-03-29T09:05:27.947" LastActivityDate="2019-03-29T09:05:27.947" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18950" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-29T17:15:00.360" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done some reading and it seems to come down to these 2 choices :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Spring or Mineral water ( from earth )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reverse Osmosis with added ozone ( any water processed )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand with Reverse Osmosis they remove almost all the contaminants including the minerals in the water but the water does not contain any bacteria, viruses etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With mineral water all the minerals are still intact but might contain impurities because it did not undergo a strict filtration process. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are potential positive or negative health effects of the reverse osmosis water with added ozone when compared with spring/mineral water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15948" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-04T11:43:19.197" LastActivityDate="2019-04-05T11:11:17.843" Title="Best type of water to drink?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-04-07T17:52:43.633" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18951" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18946" CreationDate="2019-03-29T17:25:30.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question about why any individual physician chooses to practice a specific way is not answerable, but the underlying question about how physicians use evidence to make decisions is what I will address.  This is from a perspective in the USA, but I believe that much of this applies globally.  (But please feel free to add answers from other countries, as I'd love to hear how things work elsewhere!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guidelines (see also hierarchy of evidence &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://libguides.ohsu.edu/c.php?g=693307&amp;amp;p=4912291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981887/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;) are generally not rigid rules, they are consensus best-practice recommendations from a professional organization, based on evidence as it emerges.  Guidelines are excellent tools for decision-making because they provide a consensus of what many experts in the field have assessed that the current evidence from all available studies best supports.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Guidelines take a while to form and a while to revise or overturn, so they aren't necessarily reflecting cutting edge research.  Additionally, there are sometimes even conflicting guidelines from different organizations on a topic - for example frequency of mammogram (yearly vs every 2 years) is currently a hot debate between the major organizations that address women's health, with valid viewpoints on all sides (balancing frequency of rapidly progressing cases vs the harms of false positive rates and complications of unnecessary biopsies etc etc, which is a huge discussion on its own).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no single organization that issues guidelines for all physicians. There are professional organizations for each specialty and even subspecialty (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/patient-care/browse/type.tag-clinical-practice-guidelines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Deliveries-Before-39-Weeks/ACOG-Clinical-Guidelines?IsMobileSet=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACOG&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aap.org/en-us/professional-resources/quality-improvement/Pages/Guidelines-and-Policy-Development.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAP&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/745942/development-clinical-practice-guidelines-guidance-statements-american-college-physicians-summary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACP&lt;/a&gt; etc), professional organizations for major disease processes (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Cancer Society&lt;/a&gt;), national organizations that look at how guidelines apply at a population level (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USPSTF&lt;/a&gt;, NIH), and independent organizations that provide EBM (evidence based medicine) tools for a fee that try to unite all recommendations and provide a discussion of how to approach decision making (UpToDate, Dynamed, and to a degree Medscape or Epocrates, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a new guideline comes out that creates a paradigm shift, how does a doctor decide whether to follow it for an individual patient in his/her practice?  When guidelines contradict, which does he/she choose to use?  When a new study comes out that challenges current guidelines, does he/she change his/her practice based on the study, or wait until the professional organizations have digested it and weighed it against the current evidence, and issued new guidelines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no single answer to those questions.  Physicians are trained to interpret and evaluate the strength and applicability of evidence, from guidelines to individual journal articles.  If there is a standard of practice, and the physician chooses to deviate, there very well may be good justification for that.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an over-simplified example, if a physician who has been practicing a long time has had success in treating patients with the old paradigm, and the new paradigm is controversial, or the new paradigm was only non-inferior without clear mortality or morbidity benefit, they might choose to stick with what they have seen work.  Medicine is called an art for a reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an interesting article that might help expand understanding of physician decision-making: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/connect/why-arent-all-physicians-using-clinical-practice-guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.elsevier.com/connect/why-arent-all-physicians-using-clinical-practice-guidelines&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article shows how the AAFP processed and recommended approaching the new ACC/AHA guidelines, to give another view into the complexity: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0315/p372.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0315/p372.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what about LDL guidelines?  It's a little bit controversial.  I would say most newer physicians are going by the new guidelines, as that is what they learned while training.  But a discussion about how to decide whether or not to follow those new guideline is not a short, concise answer.  If I find a good article on it I will add it here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-03-29T22:59:44.553" LastActivityDate="2019-03-29T22:59:44.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18953" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-30T03:16:04.823" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is phototherapy (light therapy) of any use to treat a tendinopathy, and if so, what is the optimal phototherapy treatment (session length, type of light, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read some case studies and RCTs that seem to indicate phototherapy (light therapy) is useful to treat a tendinopathy, but the tested phototherapy treatments seem to vary between studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prevention.com/health/a20505854/light-therapy-for-chronic-pain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.prevention.com/health/a20505854/light-therapy-for-chronic-pain/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190330030229/https://www.prevention.com/health/a20505854/light-therapy-for-chronic-pain/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nora Miller was an avid, lifelong runner who had completed five marathons when she strained her Achilles tendon during the summer of 2014. Rather than abandon her regimen, Miller, a 42-year-old exercise physiology researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, pushed through the pain, hoping she could tough it out. But that only further inflamed the tendon, leaving her idle and frustrated with her inability to heal. &amp;quot;I was desperate to get back to running,&amp;quot; Miller says. (Try these 5 strategies to boost your spirits and heal faster when you've been sidelined by a fitness injury).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She mentioned her plight to Janis Eells, a colleague in UWM's College of Health Sciences. Eells, a professor of biomedical sciences, suggested that Miller try using a handheld device that would expose her tendon to red light for 90 seconds a day, 3 out of every 4 days. &amp;quot;I was scheduled to have a painful platelet-rich plasma injection in 12 hours, and I canceled it,&amp;quot; she says. &amp;quot;The way Janis described the research and how enthusiastic she was, I thought, Why not give it a try?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After 2 months of using the device and going to physical therapy, Miller began a walking program that incorporated some jogging. By October, she'd run her sixth marathon, eventually qualifying for the Boston Marathon. &amp;quot;I don't have pain,&amp;quot; she says, &amp;quot;and I'm just as active as I was before the injury.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LLLT of different intensities seems to promote neovascularization in damaged Achilles tendons of rats after partial rupture compared to controls.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was concluded that treatment with LIL in the parameters used and the times studied reduces migration of inflammatory cells and improves the quality of repair while reducing the functional limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{3}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, LLLT combined with eccentric exercises is superior to LLLT alone and eccentric exercises alone to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellar tendinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Salate, Ana CB, Gisele Barbosa, Patrícia Gaspar, Paulo U. Koeke, Nivaldo A. Parizotto, Benedito G. Benze, and Daiane Foschiani. &amp;quot;Effect of In-Ga-Al-P diode laser irradiation on angiogenesis in partial ruptures of Achilles tendon in rats.&amp;quot; Photomedicine and Laser Therapy 23, no. 5 (2005): 470-475. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Effect+of+In-Ga-Al-P+diode+laser+irradiation+on+angiogenesis+in+partial+ruptures+of+Achilles+tendon+in+rats&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Effect+of+In-Ga-Al-P+diode+laser+irradiation+on+angiogenesis+in+partial+ruptures+of+Achilles+tendon+in+rats&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Casalechi, Heliodora Leão, Anna Cristina de Farias Marques, Evela Aparecida Pereira da Silva, Flávio Aimbire, Rodrigo Labat Marcos, Rodrigo AB Lopes-Martins, Paulo de Tarso Camilo de Carvalho, and Regiane Albertini. &amp;quot;Analysis of the effect of phototherapy in model with traumatic Achilles tendon injury in rats.&amp;quot; Lasers in medical science 29, no. 3 (2014): 1075-1081. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186775&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186775&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Liu, Xiao-Guang, Lin Cheng, and Ji-Mei Song. &amp;quot;Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.&amp;quot; International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/785386/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/785386/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-03-30T03:16:04.823" Title="Is phototherapy (light therapy) of any use to treat a tendinopathy? If so, what is the optimal phototherapy treatment (session length, light type …)?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-30T09:28:59.013" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a couple fillings done today at the dentist. One on the top and one on the bottom. The top filling went fine with no issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the second filling, the first injection of local anesthesia didn't work at all. After I felt severe pain she did a second injection. This time I noticed some mild effect, but it still hurt severely. A third one didn't help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We persevered and the filling was (painfully) completed. But I'm curious how common this is? and what are the possible causes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd never experienced local anesthesia not working before, and I'd be lying if I said it hasn't made me more hesitant to go to the dentist in future due to the fear it wont work again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: This is not in anyway me seeking medical advice. I'm just genuinely curious why this might have happened.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15954" LastActivityDate="2019-03-31T21:08:13.493" Title="How common is it for local anesthesia to have no effect?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17674" CreationDate="2019-03-30T12:22:27.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When looking at another person, or indeed even animals, there are features that tell our brains that they exhibit signs of &quot;youth.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Larger, rounder head in proportion to rest of body&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Larger eyes in proportion to rest of head&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smaller nose in proportion to rest of face&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smaller mouth in proportion to rest of face &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rounder, softer cheeks and other body areas (&quot;baby fat&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain tooth crowding patterns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smooth skin with few wrinkles &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look at lists of these in guides for drawing younger faces, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/human-anatomy-fundamentals-drawing-different-ages--cms-21905&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When these features are retained into adulthood, it is termed &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny_in_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neoteny&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome#Genetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kallmann syndrome&lt;/a&gt; might fit what you're looking for, with pubertal delay, but it is not uniform in its manifestations. I cannot think of any other conditions that impart significantly youthful traits in individuals with otherwise average or above-average development.  Maybe some of the connective tissue disorders, like Ehlers-Danlos, which gives skin extra velvety softness and translucence, but that's only one of many features of &quot;youthfulness.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that some people simply have larger eyes, smoother skin, etc and appear younger.  It is commonly said that certain races tend to have more individuals retain youthful features for longer, and there are some floating theories on increased collagen density or fat deposition location, but I've never seen any studies, and that's another topic altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-03-30T17:52:59.107" LastActivityDate="2019-03-30T17:52:59.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18957" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18955" CreationDate="2019-03-30T12:39:22.157" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This depends on the type of anesthetic used, there are plenty:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic#Types&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Types of anesthetic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Esters (Benzocaine, Cyclomethycaine, Propoxycaine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amides (Bupivacaine, Mepivacaine, Trimecaine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Naturals (Saxitoxin, Tetrodotoxin, Spilanthol).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalfearcentral.org/media/overcome_failed_LA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to overcome failed local anaethesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is dental specific, and lists possible causes of local anesthetia failure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Operator (wrong anaesthetic, poor technique)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anatomical (inconsistent foramina, multiple nerve supply, cortial barrier)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathological (reduced jaw opening, inflammation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychological (fear, anxiety, stress).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any general statistics won't mean much as it depends very much on the patient's personal condition and the implementation and type of anesthetic used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-03-30T23:24:22.740" LastActivityDate="2019-03-30T23:24:22.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18955" CreationDate="2019-03-30T23:45:37.217" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to JonMark Perry's excellent answer it's also worth noting that many of us aren't wired the same as everyone one else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your dentist tries to numb a particular tooth, he or she is trying to numb the particular nerve, or group of nerves, that innervates that tooth. Those nerves may not be in the same location as the next patient. This &lt;a href=&quot;http://directionsindentistry.net/5-reasons-cant-get-numb-dentist-2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; by Nicholas Calcaterra DDS mentions this as the fourth of five reasons you may not be numbed. The most pertinent passage: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. You’re wired differently&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The human body is incredibly variable. People are double jointed. Remember the kid in grade school who could move his ears? Why is Usain Bolt faster then any other human? You get the picture.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Each person is different! Most people have what I might call “standard anatomy.” This means that the nerves going to your teeth are where you might expect them to be located. But just like Usain Bolt and the kid from fifth grade who could move his ears, some patients have extreme variability with the nerves going to their teeth. We see this most frequently with lower molars.&#xA;  Some people may have up to 4 nerves going to their lower molar teeth. This can mean 4 different injections to get them numb! This doesn’t mean your dentist is incompetent – it means you’re wired differently. So if that happens to you, just think about Usain Bolt and the kid from fifth grade who could move his ears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had the same thing happen to me a very long time ago and just grinned and bore it; it was temporary, after all, and it has never happened since. My dentist then said he just couldn't locate the nerve going to that particular tooth. And in the citation above, if the dentist doesn't get all four of those nerves going to the molar in question, you won't be completely numbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="2833" LastEditDate="2019-03-31T21:08:13.493" LastActivityDate="2019-03-31T21:08:13.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-31T23:11:27.457" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the following two terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mild degeneration of the muscular attachment of the left gluteus medius &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mild tendinosis of the left gluteus medius&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do these two terms refer to the same medical condition?  Assume these two terms refer to the same attachment (e.g., attachment to the lateral facet of the greater trochanter) and that they are used in radiologist reports of hip MRIs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-03-31T23:11:27.457" Title="What is the difference between &quot;mild degeneration of the muscular attachment of the gluteus medius&quot; and &quot;mild tendinosis of the left gluteus medius&quot;?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19033" CreationDate="2019-04-02T12:07:34.453" Score="3" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Japan. Here, it is common for an annual health checkup to include a barium meal stomach x-ray, especially for people over 35, but sometimes younger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A gastroenterologist told me that this is equivalent to about 20 normal x-rays, and is a completely unnecessary level of radiation exposure. He suggested an endoscopy was preferred if checking the inside of the stomach was required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no exposure warnings that come with these checkups, and I understand Japan has higher than average stomach cancer rates due to a high-sodium diet (for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.e-kenkou21.or.jp/guidance/guidance02/guidance02_set15/guidance02_57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt; says about 1 in 1000 tested are positive), but the same gastroenterologist also told me that Japan has abnormally high, but not well recorded, rates of cancer caused by diagnostic imaging itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is an annual stomach x-ray an acceptable level of radiation exposure for a resident of Japan, considering the risk of stomach cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15973" LastEditorUserId="15973" LastEditDate="2019-04-02T12:13:38.787" LastActivityDate="2019-04-10T17:44:54.800" Title="Is an annual stomach x-ray (barium meal) an acceptable radiation risk for a resident of Japan?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18924" CreationDate="2019-04-02T13:50:15.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason for it may not be the barrel of the syringe, but the rubber in the stopper which is of a different material. There was a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/6702838/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study done on paraldehyde&lt;/a&gt; and the affect it had on the plastic in syringes and needle hubs. The pertinent part (Note the time, there was no effect until after at least 3 hours immersion) is below (Emphasis mine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No measurable change in residue weight was noted in any syringes for up to three hours. Compared with the control, there was a significant increase in the average weight of residue in the Glaspak and in the Plastipak syringes at 6, 12, and 24 hours. There was no significant difference in the weight of residue between the Glaspak and Plastipak syringes at those times, however. The amount of residue for the plastic and metal needle hubs was not significantly different. &lt;strong&gt;The source of the extractive residue appeared to be the rubber plunger tip. Since the nature of the extractive material in the residue is not known, paraldehyde should be administered in all-glass syringes if possible; other syringe types can be used only if the drug is administered immediately.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, it's possibly erring on the side of caution as they don't know how soon it might start dissolving stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2019-04-02T13:50:15.023" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18974" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-02T18:11:03.637" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we known, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06902&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fat cell's number will not decrease for adults&lt;/a&gt;. Without other surgery, new fat cell will replace the dead fat cell and keep the total number constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A and B are two people with same height and weight. However A is a people with more fat cell number, B is a people with less fat cell number. Even though A and B shred to same body fat radio, A's fat cell will be more shrinked, i.e. A will be more possible to get fat than B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_removal_procedures#Cryolipolysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryolipolysis&lt;/a&gt; is a FDA-proved procedure to cause dearth of fat cell. Will Cryolipolysis finally reduce the fat cell's number for adult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15975" LastEditorUserId="15975" LastEditDate="2019-04-02T18:16:15.100" LastActivityDate="2019-04-02T18:16:15.100" Title="Will cryolipolysis reduce fat cell's total number in human?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;cosmetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-03T04:59:05.913" Score="5" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/produce-side-pesticides-what-nutritionist-wants-you-know-about-ewg-ncna864156&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NBC&lt;/a&gt; summarizes Winters's study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are theoretical concerns about pesticides, which, as a parent, worry me. Winter doesn't think we should and says “these concerns are based on values, not science.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His research, published in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135239/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Toxicology&lt;/a&gt;, found that consuming foods on the EWG’s Dirty Dozen list didn’t pose a real threat, and substituting the so-called worst ones for organic versions didn’t result in any appreciable reduction in risk. “The actual risk is tiny,” he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/comments/b8nbqq/cmv_i_ought_buy_organic_those_fruits_and/ejzr1d8/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Reddit user&lt;/a&gt; counters him:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not /u/2cant but FWIW, I think this is overstating the certainty dramatically. Winter's study looked at &amp;quot;estimated exposures&amp;quot; (so, nothing to do with actual humans at all) using fairly old (at this point) PDP data (so, washed and peeled items). It also doesn't seem to (although I may have missed this) [have] looked much at endocrine disruptors, which a fair amount of research (much of it that has come after this study) suggests can be dangerous even in incredibly low and traditionally considered &amp;quot;safe&amp;quot; doses. In fact, based on a quick Google search for the years in question, I'm not sure the EPA even had specific exposure standards for them as part of the EPA RfDs that were used for the study that's discussed in your link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who's correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-18T23:56:00.033" Title="Do the most commonly detected pesticides on the EWG's Dirty Dozen expose only negligible risks to consumers?" Tags="&lt;pesticides&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-18T05:31:18.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18976" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18784" CreationDate="2019-04-03T11:12:14.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be &lt;strong&gt;no scientific evidence&lt;/strong&gt; to support the claim that diabetes type 2 generally goes away on its own (without drugs, diet or weight loss) in the elderly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one analytical article in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.directclinicaltrial.org.uk/Pubfiles/Beating%20Diabetes%20McCombie%202017%20bmj.j4030.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2017&lt;/a&gt;, remission of diabetes type 2 is &quot;currently very rarely achieved or recorded.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In elderly, remission may be slightly more common. In a large cohort study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237974/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care, 2014&lt;/a&gt;), &quot;&lt;strong&gt;1.5%&lt;/strong&gt; of individuals with diabetes type 2 not treated with bariatric surgery or drugs (but treated with diet or weight loss) achieved at least partial remission over a 7-year period. Remission occured in &lt;strong&gt;2.2%&lt;/strong&gt; of individuals 65 years or older (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237974/table/T4/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;table 4&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one randomized clinical trial (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288372/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;), intensive lifestyle intervention, including exercise, diet and weight loss, resulted in at least partial remission in 11.5% of individuals with diabetes type 2 within the 1st year of the intervention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-03T12:34:07.483" LastActivityDate="2019-04-03T12:34:07.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18941" CreationDate="2019-04-03T12:26:12.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any source that would claim that a normal level of haptocorrin in saliva is a limiting factor for the absorption of vitamin B12 from supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, haptocorrin deficiency can limit the absorption of vitamin B12 even from food thus leading to vitamin B12 deficiency (&lt;a href=&quot;http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/49/8/1367?ijkey=d46bd3378be475dd8a5670900393b5e9f12ea2ed&amp;amp;keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Chemistry, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is the intrinsic factor that is a bottleneck for the absorption of large oral doses of vitamin B12 &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Office of Dietary Supplements)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Approximately 56% of a 1 mcg oral dose of vitamin B12 is absorbed.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Existing evidence does not suggest any differences among forms with&#xA;  respect to absorption or bioavailability. However the body’s ability&#xA;  to absorb vitamin B12 from dietary supplements is largely limited by&#xA;  the capacity of intrinsic factor. For example, &lt;strong&gt;only about 10 mcg of&#xA;  a 500 mcg oral supplement is actually absorbed in healthy people.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-04T07:07:53.057" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T07:07:53.057" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-04T07:53:57.477" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that after I put extreme, ridiculous pressure on my fingers one night, my fingers for the last week look really chunky, a lot rougher and thicker. I feel like it's the bones themselves, not retention. If, very hypothetically, you put as much pressure on them as you would in 1 year in a few days, would there be the same amount of change? I know I sound like a hypochondriac, but would it technically be possible? Would the bones go back to their original size after less use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15978" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T09:56:23.600" Title="Can your finger bones grow thicker after extreme pressure or use?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18982" CreationDate="2019-04-04T09:56:23.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bones and tendons take quite a long time to condition due to pressure. Generally the remodelling you do see see happens over a prolonged period of time. The sort you see most frequently is in athletes, power lifters and body builders. That would be remodelling that is not associated with trauma, but with conditioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you investigate the bones (in an anatomy lab) of individuals who did resistance training, you can see the effect on the bones, like on the clavicle for instance, where the pectoral muscle attaches. You will see that the bones remodelled over time to accommodate the increased stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This type of process of bone remodelling is subject to tendon and ligament conditioning and remodelling which takes 18 - 24 months to remodel. This is one of the reasons you see athletes get repeat injuries. Once an injury has been rehabilitated, such that the pain is gone and the muscle strength restored, the ligaments and tendons aren't fully healed after only 8 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for bone only, that happens a bit quicker than the connective tissue like tendons and ligaments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the question though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Think about this, can you fix your broken finger in a very short period of time, by waiting? No. It takes 4-6 weeks for the bone to reattach, and that is if it remains immobilised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose, theoretically, you could remodel the bones in a similar period of time, if the exposure to the stressor was also applied consistently over the same period of time (4-6 weeks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though probably not thickening of the bone. Thickening of bones is primarily in response to stronger muscles that consistently add longitudinal pressure on the bones over a long period of time by virtue of being trained over a long period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the short term, what you are experiencing is probably just inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15878" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T09:56:23.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18872" CreationDate="2019-04-04T10:41:06.957" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following comprehensive scientific sources &lt;strong&gt;do not even mention any relationship between turmeric/curcumin and gynecomastia:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Turmeric.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Turmeric, Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, komen.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric/ataglance.htm#hed3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Turmeric, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664031/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Curcumin: A Review of Its’ Effects on Human Health, PubMed, 2017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/supplements/curcumin/#interactions-with-hormones_estrogen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Curcumin, Examine.com, 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Google .gov: or .edu: search for &lt;em&gt;turmeric&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;curcumin&lt;/em&gt; + &lt;em&gt;gynecomastia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The youtube videos and fixmanboobs.com.au site mentioned in the question are not backed up by any references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354546/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed article&lt;/a&gt; from the question mentions that curcumin can inhibit estrogen receptors and thus decrease estrogen activity but it does not say if this has any health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; there seems to be no scientific evidence to support the claim that turmeric/curcumin helps to reduce gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-28T08:49:04.040" LastActivityDate="2019-12-28T08:49:04.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18872" CreationDate="2019-04-04T12:39:36.030" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt; clear and direct evidence for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But a few angles might be worth exploring:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations found curcumin to be a stable inhibitor of aromatase (Singh et al 2016).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prepubertal gynecomastia in males and breast hypertrophy in females are conditions of aromatase excess syndrome (Metwalley and Farghaly 2013).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aromatase inhibitors are used as therapy for breast cancer, endometriosis, leiomyoma (fibroid tumors), idiopathic short stature, gynecomastia, and male hypogonadism, as they prevent estrogen formation (Le Ray et al 2012; Pavone and Bulun 2012; Singh 2013; Hero 2016; Blakemore and Naftolin 2016; Miller et al 2016).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Singh S, Awasthi M, Pandey VP, Dwivedi UN (2016) Plant derived anti-cancerous secondary metabolites as multipronged inhibitor of COX, Topo and aromatase: Molecular modeling and dynamics simulation analyses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1–65. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1241720&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Metwalley KA, Farghaly HS (2013) Aromatase excess syndrome presenting with prepubertal gynecomastia in an Egyptian child with type 1 neurofibromatosis. Indian J Hum Genet 19:472–4. doi: 10.4103/0971-6866.124379&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Singh SK (2013) Aromatase inhibitors in male sex. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 17:S259-61. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.119594&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Blakemore J, Naftolin F (2016) Aromatase: Contributions to Physiology and Disease in Women and Men. Physiology (Bethesda) 31:258–69. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00054.2015&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seema Patel: &amp;quot;Disruption of aromatase homeostasis as the cause of a multiplicity of ailments: A comprehensive review&amp;quot;,The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 168, April 2017, Pages 19-25 (DOI &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.009&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.009&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076017300092&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076017300092&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is quite promising, but currently nothing more. Also in light of the multitude (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793&lt;/a&gt;) of possible (&lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia&lt;/a&gt;) causes for this one diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T12:39:36.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12479" CreationDate="2019-04-04T12:48:13.617" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Face blindness is typically associated with a loss of &quot;map memory&quot; as well, an inability to memorize the layout of some place and find your way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oliver Sacks describes this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/face-blind&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/face-blind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have both disabilities, apparently due to a case of polio at age 21 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oddly, the condition appears to affect &quot;formula memory&quot; in me, meaning I can't readily recall &quot;cookbook&quot; solutions to programming problems.  Happily, this forces me to invent new solutions, and I've invented several in my career which were at least modestly notable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15982" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T12:48:13.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-04T12:48:55.920" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prosopagnosia (&quot;face blindness&quot;) is a brain disorder which hinders facial recognition, the memory of people's names and other social details, and difficulty with &quot;map memory&quot; -- knowing how to get from one place to another, how to find Smith Street, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any brain disorders which leave these functions undamaged but which affect logic, word memory, etc, in a person who might otherwise be considered &quot;normal&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, I'm looking for disorders which, like classical prosopagnosia, are due to some specific damage or defect to a localized area of the brain, and which produce an observable problem of some sort, but still leave the person largely functional, as prosopagnosia does. As a kind of over-simplistic example, it's my understanding that damage to a localized area of the cerebellum may (depending on where the damage is) produce a localized paralysis.  But I'm thinking of syndromes which would be more likely to be due to something like encephalitis, or an inherited disorder, vs simple mechanical injury, and the injury would produce cognitive rather than motor symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, a specific brain defect that blocks the ability to do math, or one that prevents the correlation of cause and effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize this question is kind of vague, but I'm not a neuroscience pro and don't know what terminology to use.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15982" LastEditorUserId="15982" LastEditDate="2019-04-05T01:12:27.360" LastActivityDate="2019-04-11T16:31:50.143" Title="Is there something like prosopagnosia (face blindness) for things that are not faces?" Tags="&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18950" CreationDate="2019-04-04T15:59:27.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MICROBES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bottled spring waters&lt;/strong&gt; can contain microbes, which can, rarely, cause infections, for example, in the US, one outbreak in 1999/2000 has been reported (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wcponline.com/2005/09/15/microbial-quality-safety-bottled-water/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wcponline.com&lt;/a&gt;); some other small outbreaks are mentioned on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/drinking-surveillance-reports.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one 2010 study in Canada, bottled waters may contain more microbes than tap water (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/7763038/Bottled-water-contains-more-bacteria-than-tap-water.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Telegraph.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bottled carbonated mineral waters&lt;/strong&gt; have, in general, less bacteria than non-carbonated waters (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16457377&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bottled reverse osmosis waters&lt;/strong&gt; should contain very few microbes; they are also additionally treated by ozonation or UV lights (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/household_water_treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MINERALS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mineral waters&lt;/strong&gt; usually contain more calcium and magnesium than tap water, but it is not clear if this has any health benefits (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775162/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2013&lt;/a&gt;). We get most minerals from food, not water, anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reverse osmosis&lt;/strong&gt; waters contain very little of both nutritional minerals and chemical contaminants (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/household_water_treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, it is not possible to say which type of water is better for everyone. Mineral/spring water can have better taste, and reverse osmosis water can be appropriate for individuals with weak immunity, since it contains very little microbes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-05T11:11:17.843" LastActivityDate="2019-04-05T11:11:17.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18987" CreationDate="2019-04-04T18:59:26.630" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Agnosia&lt;/a&gt; refers to difficulty processing some type of sensory information. &lt;em&gt;Prosop&lt;/em&gt;agnosia is just the particular one related to faces, there are many other agnosias caused mainly by brain injury to some specific part of neocortex. There are also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aphasias&lt;/a&gt; which are difficulties specifically related to speech, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apraxia&lt;/a&gt; which is a specific deficit with regards to motor planning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these conditions can be fairly specific (i.e., other functions are spared/normal), although because they are associated with brain injury they can also come together with more general cognitive or sensory deficits, because very specific lesions are not that common in a real world setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that the term &quot;prosopagnosia&quot; is only related to the difficulty with faces; &quot;map memory&quot; difficulties are not related to prosopagnosia directly, but it is not unusual that someone has injury or damage to more than one brain region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-04-04T22:01:31.167" LastActivityDate="2019-04-04T22:01:31.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19064" CreationDate="2019-04-05T01:59:33.810" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a medicine person (and not a chemist), and the question is mostly theoretical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been thinking about how and why glucose and insulin are used and hwo they work, and I have several questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Would insulin and glucose react in a container? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I've found, they probably shouldn't, but googling is a bit difficult, as most results are about how they work together inside an organism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Can an injection containing both insulin and glucose be used for rapid energy regain in case of physical exhaustion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's what I found so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IV Glucose solution is used in china for energy regain, but actually has same effect as drinking sweet water (can be administered if drinking isn't posible though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's been some research of use glucose together with insulin for ketotic cows (looks promising, though there were only 12 cows in the experiment).&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436669&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436669&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IV Glucose solutions are usually 5 or 10 percent (at least what I found), and it's mostly used for drips, not injections (sorry if I messed with terms, but I hope you'll understand). As far as I understand that's because injecting too much glucose too fast would be bad (lead to hyperglycemia?). This leads to the next question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If glucose is administered together with insulin, could it be done as an injection and with a higher concentration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm sorry if those are newbie questions and anyone who's been to any kind of medical school knows the answer. I've tried googling in different ways, but couldn't find an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD:&lt;/strong&gt; I am totally NOT going to inject anyone with anything. I'm writing a book and need to know if this could work (after thorough calculations and tests and everything).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPD 2.&lt;/strong&gt; Some details of the story:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are people who can go berserk (and be stronger, faster, etc than usually). The effect is similar an adrenalin rush, but can last for a while and can be induced and cancelled at will (after some training). Physiologically these berserks are no different from regular people (or at least not in a way detectable by modern medicine). My guess for now is that they just somehow can control (at least partially) existing system of stress response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This berserk state drains energy a lot (yeah, the description would match worldbuilding.se better, that is why I didn't want to post it here) and it's crucial to restore energy as quickly as possible after. My idea is that you can inject 50% (or maybe even more) glucose solution, but I doubt you could drink it, so volume is much less, which is good. Also, if something didn't go exactly as expected, the berserk might pass out on exiting the berserk state, then drinkable treatment is definitely not an option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For sure, the treatment is complex and contains other things that need restoring. It might be not glucose+insulin, but I thought it might be an interesting solution, as it allows creating substitute treatment given access to any drug store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total misunderstanding of human physiology might also be the case. Then I'm sorry to have bothered you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15984" LastEditorUserId="15984" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T15:41:48.103" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T14:30:55.687" Title="Use of injection containing both insulin and glucose" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-05T05:42:58.283" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the lymphocytes counts limit which discriminates a recent infection from a CLL (Chronical Leukaemia Lymphocytosis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15986" LastActivityDate="2019-04-05T05:42:58.283" Title="High lyphocytes count in blood test" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-05T13:03:10.750" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been glancing through the article&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia (Neurotransmitter)&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;where in particular at the bottom &quot;diseases and disorders&quot; there is some minor information about an example, but I'm actually looking for a (big) table or list to see where in which regions of the CNS=brain + spinal cord which neurotransmitters are the most prevalent in density. Maybe even ordered with significance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seem to be snippets here and there for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/1300336.pdf?origin=ppub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature - Distribution of Dopamine D2-like Receptors in the Human Thalamus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I don't seem able to find proper literature which compactly summarizes this topic. I can not believe there is none... Can somebody help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15989" LastEditorUserId="15989" LastEditDate="2019-04-05T14:43:12.193" LastActivityDate="2019-04-05T14:43:12.193" Title="Neurotransmitter distribution in the central nervous system (CNS)" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;&lt;central-nervous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="18999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-05T23:58:46.610" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to approximate through medical imaging how old a tendinopathy is? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My unsuccessful search so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;tendinopathy age imaging&quot; on &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-04-05T23:58:46.610" Title="Is it possible to approximate through medical imaging how old a tendinopathy is?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16863" CreationDate="2019-04-06T06:17:37.607" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is a cure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It won't be 100% effective for all diabetics to completely forgo all of their medication, but around 80% of diabetics will be able to go off all of their medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one of many articles that address this particular topic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325029/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325029/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the cause of insulin resistance is chronic over consumption of high carbohydrate diets, and particularly high fructose diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be a little extreme a perspective for those with a more orthodox view of nutrition, but bare with me. &lt;em&gt;Carbohydrates in excess&lt;/em&gt; is toxic to the liver and other organs, in a similar way that alcohol is. Chronic over consumption of carbohydrate, above the body's ability to process it safely, leads to long term pathology of a number of organs, the kidneys, the liver, neurons, retina, which is why diabetics often present with, kideney disease, eye issues, foot numbness, and fatty livers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone got sick from over consuming alcohol (fatty liver disease) the best way to treat such a person is to reduce the alcohol consumption such that it removes the cause of the toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For diabetics, it is the same. Diabetics are no longer capable of processing any amount of sugar or carbohydrate safely on their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you remove the toxin, most diabetics respond extremely well, and many even reverse much of the long term damage from being insulin resistant all those years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liver toxicity mediated by fructose and excess carbohydrate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NAFLD &amp;amp; NASH mediated by glucose/fructose causing de novo lipogenesis. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893377/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893377/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372893/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372893/&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openheart.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000631&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://openheart.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000631&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The role of insulin resistance in NAFLD &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/12/4753/2656230&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/91/12/4753/2656230&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the orthodox perspective of treating insulin resistance and diabetes as chronic progressive diseases. I am not arguing about the accuracy of the orthodox contexts. I am merely suggesting that there is a host of research that suggests that diabetes is NOT a chronic and terminal illness as it is currently understood and managed, but that it is in fact, a condition that is caused by the over consumption of carbohydrate, sugar, and particularly high fructose diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has also been shown, that removal of in order of impact, fructose, sucrose, glucose and starchy carbohydrates, diabetic patients respond rapidly, by showing reduced fasting insulin, glucose and HbA1c, recuced LDL and triglycerides, increased HDL, reduced inflammatory markers like GGT CRP and base white cell counts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of those CVD markers improve with carbohydrate restriction by reducing the need for insulin in the first place. &lt;a href=&quot;https://peerj.com/articles/6273/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://peerj.com/articles/6273/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15878" LastEditorUserId="15878" LastEditDate="2019-04-08T04:52:15.653" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T04:52:15.653" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19001" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19015" CreationDate="2019-04-06T09:18:59.800" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;first question on medicine stackexchange so apologies if formatting isn't right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My specific questions are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If vaccinated &amp;lt;5 years old, is the vaccine still likely to be protective at childbearing age?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;With the vaccine not being mandatory in the UK (and hence the proportion vaccinated not hitting the herd immunity threshold), does vaccination risk putting the average age of infection up (i.e. predisposing to more serious infections as an adult)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the vaccine protect against shingles in the long term?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15996" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T08:53:34.247" Title="Varicella vaccine UK, benefits vs risk" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19001" CreationDate="2019-04-08T08:53:34.247" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The effective duration of the varicella vaccine isn't well known at this point, various studies however have suggested that immunity can last for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/hcp-effective-duration.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10-20 years post vaccination&lt;/a&gt;, particularly where &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14872179&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two doses&lt;/a&gt; are used. It's possible that it may well last longer than that (live-virus type vaccines often provide lengthy immunity) although it can be boosted using the single antigen vaccine if required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With the vaccine not being mandatory in the UK (and hence the proportion vaccinated not hitting the herd immunity threshold), does vaccination risk putting the average age of infection up (i.e. predisposing to more serious infections as an adult)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We'll know better when the vaccine has been in use longer - so it can be determined how long it remains effective. The indications so far are that it retains a fairly stable 80-85% effectiveness. If there is a significant drop off in effectiveness then I imagine there will be calls for boosters to be scheduled - chickenpox is often more serious in adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the vaccine protect against shingles in the long term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shingles occurs when the dormant varicella zoster virus from a prior infection (i.e. chicken pox) &quot;wakes up&quot; and you get shingles (and all the associated &quot;fun&quot;) - so if you're immunized against varicella and don't get it then you are protected from shingles. However the varicella vaccine is not 100% effective, and it's possible that a vaccinated person can still get the disease - although this is generally a much milder experience (in fact it's possible to contract the disease and not even know it), which is a double-edged sword since while it's reducing the chances of getting it and the severity if you do it leads to the possibility that a vaccinated person may believe that they have never had varicella and therefore believe that they aren't susceptible to shingles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For older people (50+) there is the option to get vaccinated for shingles specifically (Shingrix) and before giving this you should be tested for immunity to chickenpox and if not you should be directed to that vaccine instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T08:53:34.247" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19016" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18478" CreationDate="2019-04-08T09:42:58.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bran (fiber) from whole-wheat flour slows down the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine (gastric emptying), which results in slower glucose absorption. So, the glucose from whole-wheat flour (with fiber) is absorbed slower than the glucose from white flour (no fiber), which results in smaller blood glucose spikes after meals, which may be a preventative factor against diabetes type 2 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163785/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fiber from whole-wheat bread can help maintain bowel regularity better than white bread. Whole-wheat bread also contains more minerals, such as potassium and magnesium (&lt;a href=&quot;https://foodmetrics.org/compare-wheat-flour-white-bread-enriched-vs-bread-multi-grain-includes-whole-grain;f1=20083;f2=28397&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Foodmetrics.org&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-09T07:11:02.457" LastActivityDate="2019-04-09T07:11:02.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-08T13:04:03.110" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Resistance&quot; means refusal to accept or to comply.  &quot;Insulin resistance&quot; seems to be a loss of efficiency or efficacy of insulin in the body --- or perhaps an excess of glucose in the blood creating problems for the body to absorb sugar and turn it into energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, I don't know what is insulin resistance and I also can never relate the word resistance when I look up definitions for &quot;insulin resistance&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16007" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T15:29:22.380" Title="What is &quot;insulin resistance&quot; and why is the word &quot;resistance&quot; used?" Tags="&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-08T14:45:34.137" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked this question in the English language section but was advised to repost this question in this section instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if &quot;X is posterior to Y&quot; means &quot;X is behind Y&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, if the statement is &quot;X is related posteriorly to Y&quot;, does it mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;X is behind Y&quot; or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Y is behind X&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;Posteriorly, X is related to Y&quot;, does it mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;X is behind Y&quot; or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Y is behind X&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These sentences were written as such in several anatomy textbooks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg 1 &quot;The iliopsoas is related anteriorly to the fascia lata and the femoral artery, and posteriorly to the capsule of the hip joint.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg 2 &quot;Sigmoid and rectum are related anteriorly to the bladder.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg 3 &quot;Medially, this muscle is related to the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and vessels.&quot; (My interpretation: The muscle is on the outer/lateral side whereas the vertebrae/vessels are on the inner/medial side).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Eg 1, the usage of &quot;related anteriorly to&quot; in this sentence seems to imply that the iliopsoas is in between the fascia lata/femoral artery and the hip joint, whereas, in Eg 2, the sentence seems to mean that the bladder is in front of the sigmoid and rectum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if &quot;related anteriorly to&quot; means the same as &quot;anterior to&quot;/&quot;in front of&quot;, then these sentences would be wrong, wouldn't they? Eg 1 would instead mean the iliopsoas is in front of the fascia lata/femoral artery but behind the hip joint. Eg 2 would instead mean sigmoid/rectum are in front of the bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16009" LastActivityDate="2019-04-09T17:54:55.127" Title="X is related posteriorly to Y" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-04-10T01:59:07.410" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19019" CreationDate="2019-04-08T15:14:14.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The confusion arises from unnecessary use of Latin terms, especially their -ly forms, and the word order. All this can be simply made more clear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eg 1.&lt;/strong&gt; The iliopsoas is related anteriorly to the fascia lata and the femoral artery, and posteriorly to the capsule of the hip joint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the front of the iliopsoas, there are fascia lata and femoral artery, and behind it, the capsule of the hip joint.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eg 2.&lt;/strong&gt; &quot;Sigmoid and rectum are related anteriorly to the bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the front of the sigmoid and rectum lies the bladder.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eg 3.&lt;/strong&gt; &quot;Medially, this muscle is related to the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and vessels.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Medially to the muscle, there are bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and vessels.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-09T17:54:55.127" LastActivityDate="2019-04-09T17:54:55.127" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19018" CreationDate="2019-04-08T15:22:46.747" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance refers to decreased ability of insulin receptors in the cell membranes to respond to insulin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin resistance (Wikipedia)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance implies that the body's cells (primarily muscle)&#xA;  lose sensitivity to insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas to&#xA;  promote glucose utilization. At the molecular level, a cell senses&#xA;  insulin through insulin receptors...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-08T15:29:22.380" LastActivityDate="2019-04-08T15:29:22.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19029" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19030" CreationDate="2019-04-10T08:23:34.630" Score="4" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was sparked by &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/19019&quot;&gt;this discussion&lt;/a&gt; about the sigmoid and rectum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at the colorectal medical examination techniques, for want of a better term, there are the sopical examinations (those named with the suffix &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/-scopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-scopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - involving the use of in instrument for viewing).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, you have &lt;strong&gt;colonoscopy&lt;/strong&gt; (examination  of the entire colon with an endoscope) and &lt;strong&gt;sigmoidoscopy&lt;/strong&gt; (examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there such an examination as &lt;strong&gt;anusoscopy&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;rectumoscopy&lt;/strong&gt;?  What about &lt;strong&gt;colorectoscopy&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T19:18:12.613" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T19:18:12.613" Title="Colorectal examinations" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;colonoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19029" CreationDate="2019-04-10T08:39:01.243" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Various terms exist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proctoscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is a collective term for the examination of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon (one or all of them).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anoscopy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is the investigation of the anus (only) using an anoscope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rectoscopy&lt;/strong&gt; is the investigation of the rectum (only) using a rectoscope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sigmoidoscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is an examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using  a sigmoidoscope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/colonoscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colonoscopy&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; also called &lt;strong&gt;lower endoscopy,&lt;/strong&gt; is an examination of the rectum and colon, including the sigmoid colon, using a colonoscope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combined terms, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/gastroenterology/inflammatory-bowel-disease/news/online/%7B087f3b96-f1c7-41b3-a4cd-65cf2483dc19%7D/rectosigmoidoscopy-colonoscopy-show-strong-agreement-in-disease-activity-assessment-in-uc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;rectosigmoidoscopy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, are less commonly used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, when it comes to upper endoscopy, more known as gastroscopy, the combined term &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1851864-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;esophagogastroduodenoscopy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is commonly used in the medical documentation or literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asge.org/docs/default-source/new-content/practice-support/asge_primer_2017_pgs117-125-single-page.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for the investigations of lower gastrointestinal tract&lt;/a&gt; with exact definitions and descriptions. The terms used include anoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-10T11:32:29.997" LastActivityDate="2019-04-10T11:32:29.997" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18971" CreationDate="2019-04-10T16:50:12.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jjco/article/48/7/673/5034861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update version of the Japanese Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Screening&lt;/strong&gt; (Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Radiographic screening is recommended for population-based and&#xA;  opportunistic screenings as its benefits outweigh its harms&#xA;  (Recommendation Grade B). Endoscopic screening is also recommended for&#xA;  population-based and opportunistic screenings as its benefits outweigh&#xA;  its harms (Recommendation Grade B). &lt;strong&gt;Both screenings are recommended to&#xA;  individuals aged 50 years and older.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These guidelines do not mention how often should the checkup be done, but another source recommends annual screening by gastroscopy only to people 70 years or older. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-12-144&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The optimal screening interval for gastric cancer using esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy in Japan&lt;/strong&gt; (BMC Gastroenterology, 2012&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A screening for gastric cancer using esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy may&#xA;  be appropriate annually for healthy people over 70 years old, every&#xA;  two or three years for people 60–69 years old and every four years for&#xA;  people 50–59 years old. &lt;strong&gt;People younger than 50 years old may only need&#xA;  repeat screenings every five years or more.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BARIUM SWALLOW RADIATION EXPOSURE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of radiation doses during various radiological investigations (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)60369-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;See the table here: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2010&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Barium swallow: 1.5 mSv (which equals 6 months of radiation exposure from natural background)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Standard abdominal X-ray: 1.2 mSv&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CT of the abdomen and pelvis: 10 mSv&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, barium swallow results in only slightly greater radiation exposure than a standard abdominal X-ray. Most experts estimate the risk of the test like this (&lt;a href=&quot;https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q10592.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hps.org&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fluoroscopic studies such as esophagrams and swallow studies are very&#xA;  low-dose/low-risk procedures, where the little radiation exposure and&#xA;  resultant absorbed dose do not result in any risk when compared to the&#xA;  medical benefit of answering your physician's question concerning your&#xA;  health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GASTRIC CANCER RISK FACTORS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5808709/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review, PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;), main risk factors for gastric cancer include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Male sex, being East Asian, family history of gastric cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age (only 10% of all gastric cancers develops before 45 and most of them between 60-80 years of age)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High consumption of salty or smoked food&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infection with H. pylori of the stomach, or Human papilloma virus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The frequency of tests for gastric cancer can be adjusted to risk factors in a particular person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-10T17:44:54.800" LastActivityDate="2019-04-10T17:44:54.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19041" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19045" CreationDate="2019-04-11T21:48:56.150" Score="3" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, nasal congestion and fever are generally regarded as symptoms of many illnesses (e.g. flu), not as mechanisms that the body uses to fight an infection. Nonetheless, a lot of people still seem to abide by the rule that you should &quot;tough it out&quot; and not take medicine to reduce these symptoms. Some people seem to express the belief that they will actually get through there illness faster if they suffer through it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence to support that belief? It seems to me that such an argument would only be valid if one could show that the body is actually using the fever or nasal congestion to eradicate the infection. I could imagine that there might be instances like the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a certain type of microbe dies at a few degrees above body temperature, or the higher temperature significantly slows down reproduction&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;nasal congestion restricts the ability of the microbe to get to XYZ in the body, thereby limiting the effectiveness of the infection. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any examples where this might be the case? Or are there some common cases in which fever or congestion can be shown to actually help fight the infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16028" LastEditorUserId="16028" LastEditDate="2019-04-12T06:29:03.977" LastActivityDate="2019-04-13T11:12:02.667" Title="Nasal congestion or fever as a mechanism to combat infection" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19041" CreationDate="2019-04-12T17:15:12.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FEVER&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is still no final agreement among experts about the treatment of fever, but recently some of them lean toward not treating it unless it's life-threatening. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703655/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fever: suppress or let it ride? (PubMed, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are two basic fields of thought: (I) fever should be suppressed&#xA;  because its metabolic costs outweigh its potential physiologic benefit&#xA;  in an already stressed host; vs. (II) fever is a protective adaptive&#xA;  response that should be allowed to run its course under most&#xA;  circumstances. The latter approach, sometime referred to as the “let&#xA;  it ride” philosophy, has been supported by several recent randomized&#xA;  controlled trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The result of one of such trials&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436473&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection (PubMed, 2015)&lt;/a&gt; was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Early administration of acetaminophen to treat fever due to probable&#xA;  infection did not affect the number of ICU [Intensive Care Unit]-free&#xA;  days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion of another review &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145646/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fever management: Evidence vs current practice (PubMed, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The accumulated data now suggest that fever has a protective role in&#xA;  promoting host defence against infection, rather than being a passive&#xA;  by-product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NASAL CONGESTION&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does nasal congestion prevent the spread of microbes through the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In nasal infection, the microbes multiply in the nasal mucosa from where they can spread via airways to other parts of the respiratory system or via the blood to the entire body. At the time of infection, there are likely many more microbes in the nasal mucosa then in the outside air, so nasal congestion probably does not significantly protect from further infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-12T17:24:15.593" LastActivityDate="2019-04-12T17:24:15.593" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-13T00:11:13.000" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the movie &quot;Unplanned&quot;, it is depicted that after a medical abortion, the products of conception are meticulously re-assembled after the procedure to ensure that none have been left behind in the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Products_of_conception&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia page on products of conception&lt;/a&gt;, no mention is made of this, but rather it is stated that retained products of conception (RPOC) are detected by sonography, not by post-operative forensics. Furthermore, the Wikipedia article implies that RPOCs are not a serious cause for concern and that &quot;Remaining products of conception will be expelled during subsequent vaginal bleeding&quot;. This differs significantly from the events of &quot;Unplanned&quot; which imply that any RPOC are a serious cause for concern, require intervention and that post-operative re-assembly of the embryo or fetus is critical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is true, Unplanned or the Wikipedia? I think the central question here is whether re-assembly is done routinely or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2019-04-15T07:19:51.093" Title="Are products of conception routinely re-assembled after a medical abortion?" Tags="&lt;gynecology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-13T23:23:27.903" Score="6" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read two online articles on the use of probiotics to help maintain balance of gut bacteria when undergoing antibiotic treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-to-eat-antibiotics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-to-eat-antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.bulletproof.com/restore-gut-flora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blog.bulletproof.com/restore-gut-flora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking for &quot;weight of the evidence&quot; on whether eating probiotics (pills, yogurt, kimchi, kefir) actually maintains good gut bacteria when one goes on antibiotic treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The four cited articles that seemed focus on this are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157183&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570464&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309906704959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309906704959&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/324/7350/1361.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/324/7350/1361.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be weak evidence that it helps with diarrhea, and weaker evidence that it helps with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gut flora&lt;/a&gt; overall (notwithstanding the phrase &quot;reasonable evidence&quot; used in the Wikipedia article).  However, it doesn't hurt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a reasonable summary of the current knowledge?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt;  This differs from &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/4766/how-to-increase-my-gut-bacteria-are-there-any-drugs-available&quot;&gt;another article&lt;/a&gt; in that I'm asking not for suggestions or anecdotes, but an assessment of current information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13007" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T02:30:44.400" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T02:30:44.400" Title="No firm evidence for restoration of gut bacteria by probiotics?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;probiotics&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1060" CreationDate="2019-04-14T11:21:09.603" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drinking water during or after a meal actually aids digestion. Water and other liquids help break down food so that your body can absorb the nutrients. Water also softens stools, which helps prevent constipation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite the fact that it aids digestion, it also has its down-side such as the fact that it would slow the digestion process and reduce the body’s ability to produce enough digestive enzymes to digest foods properly. Without proper digestion, a build up of toxic waste can occur no matter what you are eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note that drinking water during a meal would be more beneficial than not drinking while eating if you are not properly hydrated before hand. Eating while dehydrated can cause the body to have a very tough time digesting food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the information presented, when thinking about how to approach eating meals yourself, there are several tips we can apply. It appears most beneficial to stay hydrated throughout the day and if you must drink while you eat, avoid drinking too much, as well as alcohol and acidic drinks. Drink warm water and drink it sparingly. A small glass will likely not interfere with digestion and by adding a dash of apple cider vinegar or lemon, you can aid in the digestive process further. If you can, you might want to try drinking 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after a meal with no drinking during, see how you feel. If it works for you, then stick with what works, if not, adjust accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/07/02/is-drinking-water-while-eating-good-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/07/02/is-drinking-water-while-eating-good-for-you/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6972" LastActivityDate="2019-04-14T11:21:09.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19049" CreationDate="2019-04-15T04:41:26.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Published: September 6, 2018 DOI:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047&lt;/a&gt;￼&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstract:&#xA;Probiotics are widely prescribed for prevention of antibiotics-associated dysbiosis and related adverse effects. However, probiotic impact on post-antibiotic reconstitution of the gut mucosal host-microbiome niche remains elusive. We invasively examined the effects of multi-strain probiotics or autologous fecal microbiome transplantation (aFMT) on post-antibiotic reconstitution of the murine and human mucosal microbiome niche. Contrary to homeostasis, antibiotic perturbation enhanced probiotics colonization in the human mucosa but only mildly improved colonization in mice. Compared to spontaneous post-antibiotic recovery, probiotics induced a markedly delayed and persistently incomplete indigenous stool/mucosal microbiome reconstitution and host transcriptome recovery toward homeostatic configuration, while aFMT induced a rapid and near-complete recovery within days of administration. In vitro,Lactobacillus-secreted soluble factors contributed to probiotics-induced microbiome inhibition. Collectively, potential post-antibiotic probiotic benefits may be offset by a compromised gut mucosal recovery, highlighting a need of developing aFMT or personalized probiotic approaches achieving mucosal protection without compromising microbiome recolonization in the antibiotics-perturbed host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My conclusions from reading this abstract: it includes human study. It is not directed specifically to C. diff. It discusses recolonization of the gut microbiome and that recolonization might be necessary for probiotics to be effective for ulcerative colitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16043" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-04-18T21:48:40.213" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T21:48:40.213" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19046" CreationDate="2019-04-15T07:12:16.320" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't answer the question specific to abortions, as I do not perform abortions (for &lt;a href=&quot;https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/11197/6509&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;this reason&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But certainly in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/normal-labor-and-delivery/management-of-normal-delivery#v1071683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaginal deliveries&lt;/a&gt; and C sections, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/normal-labor-and-delivery/management-of-normal-delivery#v9036725&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;placenta is always checked carefully&lt;/a&gt; by the physician to ensure that no part of the placenta was retained in the uterus. The reason is that retained fetal tissue is a risk for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2017/ACOG-Expands-Recommendations-to-Treat-Postpartum-Hemorrhage?IsMobileSet=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post-partum hemorrhage and infection&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The degree of risk likely depends on what specific body part is retained in the uterus - for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Obstetric-Care-Consensus-Series/Placenta-Accreta-Spectrum?IsMobileSet=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retained implanted placenta&lt;/a&gt; presents a higher risk of hemorrhage than a leg or lung, due to the maternal-fetal blood vessel network.  Also, retained placenta may be the first sign that there was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placenta-accreta/symptoms-causes/syc-20376431&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;accreta&lt;/a&gt;.  But beyond just which body part, the age of the fetus, the amount of the fetus retained in the uterus, and the mechanism of abortion all impact whether retention can be managed with expectant management or requires D&amp;amp;C etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Products_of_conception#After_medical_abortion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Wikipedia article you cited&lt;/a&gt; on retained fetal tissue mentions these risks: &quot;...or causes anemia, or if there is evidence of endometritis.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-04-15T07:19:51.093" LastActivityDate="2019-04-15T07:19:51.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19049" CreationDate="2019-04-15T10:14:34.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;PRESCRIBED&lt;/em&gt; PROBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There seems to be &lt;em&gt;moderate evidence&lt;/em&gt; that probiotic &lt;em&gt;supplements&lt;/em&gt; can reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The use of probiotics to prevent Clostridium difficile diarrhea associated with antibiotic use (Cochrane.org, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on this systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 randomized&#xA;  controlled trials including 8672 patients, &lt;em&gt;moderate certainty&#xA;  evidence&lt;/em&gt; suggests that probiotics are effective for preventing CDAD&#xA;  [C. difficile-associated diarrhea after antibiotic use].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29511547&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparative efficacy and tolerability of probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea: Systematic review with network meta-analysis (PubMed, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;LGG [Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ] is probably the best option to&#xA;  consider when AAD is indicated. L. casei appears to be the most&#xA;  efficacious choice when associated with severe C. difficile-related&#xA;  cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-018-0831-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A practical guide for probiotics applied to the case of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in The Netherlands (BMC Gastroenterology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After systematic review of available literature, they conclude that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...there is sufficient evidence to make a recommendation for the use&#xA;  of specific probiotic products for the prevention of antibiotic&#xA;  associated diarrhea. In particular, we provide a three-star&#xA;  recommendation for preparations with...the probiotic strain&#xA;  Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/6/4/21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Outpatients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (MDPI, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the overall quality of the included studies was moderate...The&#xA;  results suggests that probiotic use may be beneficial in the&#xA;  prevention of AAD among &lt;em&gt;outpatients.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)30136-1/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis (Gatroenterology, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...we found evidence that administration of probiotics closer to the&#xA;  first dose of antibiotic reduces the risk of CDI by &gt;50% in&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;hospitalized&lt;/em&gt; adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;COMMERCIAL&lt;/em&gt; PROBIOTICS AND OVERALL HEALTH&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There seems to be &lt;em&gt;insufficient evidence&lt;/em&gt; to claim that commercially available probiotic capsules or foods, such as yogurt, kefir, cheese, sauerkraut, kombucha and kimchi, help in overall health. Even if they &quot;help with the gut flora overall,&quot; this dos not already mean they are beneficial for health.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267517&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about probiotics as preventive interventions? (PubMed, 2107)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite the marketing and the benefits associated with probiotics,&#xA;  there is little scientific evidence supporting the use of probiotics.&#xA;  None of the reviews provided any high-quality evidence for prevention&#xA;  of illnesses through use of probiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/324/7350/1361.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis (theBMJ, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Commercially available strains are being marketed in capsules and&#xA;  yoghurt based drinks, but their potential benefit needs further&#xA;  investigation. It would be wrong to credit the proved benefits of one&#xA;  strain to an untested but closely related strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-15T13:14:38.893" LastActivityDate="2019-04-15T13:14:38.893" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19063" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-15T13:37:34.760" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to a car accident I have two holes from external fixation in my tibia. I'm 22 years old,. So I was wondering if these holes get fill in with new bone as any fracture or just stay with soft tissue forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-15T13:37:34.760" Title="Do the screw holes in bones get fill in after get removed?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-04-18T09:25:06.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18990" CreationDate="2019-04-15T17:10:07.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glucose and insulin &lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/112808/can-glucose-and-insulin-exist-in-the-same-container-without-reacting&quot;&gt;could co-exist in the same container without reacting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intravenous insulin has been used to treat hyperglycemia. There is a risk of severe hypoglycemia and even death after intravenous insulin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/4/255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Spectrum&lt;/a&gt;), which makes it inappropriate for use outside hospitals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What naturally happens during stressful physical work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stress triggers the adrenal glands to release the hormones &lt;strong&gt;adrenaline&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;cortisol,&lt;/strong&gt; which break down glycogen (in the liver and muscles) into glucose, and fats into fatty acids, which then appear in the blood. This triggers the pancreas to release the hormone &lt;strong&gt;insulin,&lt;/strong&gt; which stimulates the entrance of glucose and fatty acids into the muscles thus providing substrate that can be broken down into energy. &lt;strong&gt;Adrenaline&lt;/strong&gt; stimulates this breakdown. Adrenaline also dilates the bronchi in the lungs thus enabling more oxygen to enter the blood. It also dilates the arteries in the muscles thus increasing the blood flow and hence the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, insulin merely enables glucose to enter the cells, but they are adrenaline and cortisol that enable the release of energy (energy boost).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is exhaustion?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put, exhaustion after physical work is lack of energy, mainly due to depleted glycogen stores (the source of glucose) in the liver and muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without glycogen, one would be much less able to run fast and fight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to naturally replenish glycogen stores?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having several &lt;strong&gt;high-carbohydrate meals&lt;/strong&gt; provides glucose that appears in the blood. This triggers the release of insulin, which stimulates the entrance of glucose into the cells. Glucose that is not needed for the energy at the time is used to replenish glycogen stores - this process is also stimulated by insulin. This way, glycogen stores can be fully replenished in &lt;em&gt;about 24 hours&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6019055/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glycogen replenishment is optimal when one starts to consume carbohydrates &lt;em&gt;immediately after exercise.&lt;/em&gt; If the consumption is delayed for 2 hours, glycogen synthesis can be reduced by 50% (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/110413p18.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Today's Dietitian&lt;/a&gt;). This also very likely applies to glucose injection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The optimal amount of carbohydrates is 0.6 g per kg of body weight every 30 minutes, so, for a 70 kg person &lt;em&gt;about 40 g carbohydrates every 30 minutes for four hours (up to 700 g per day)&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6019055/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How could glycogen replenishment be artificially accelerated? (pure theory, not proven effective or safe)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/18340414_Liver_and_Muscle_Glycogen_in_Man_after_Glucose_and_Fructose_Infusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;intravenous glucose&lt;/strong&gt; stimulates glycogen synthesis, but there is no timing mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fructose&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;galactose&lt;/strong&gt; injection can result in twice as quick glycogen synthesis as a glucose injection (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/50/6/1263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding from the following article (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC329884/pdf/jcinvest00487-0172.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1991&lt;/a&gt;), insulin by injection might not stimulate glucose uptake by the liver and hence glycogen synthesis beyond the rate already achieved by naturally secreted insulin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Experiments carried out in man have suggested that insulin may play&#xA;  only a permissive role in the determination of splanchnic glucose&#xA;  uptake. In a study by DeFronzo et al. (5), in which the plasma glucose&#xA;  and insulin levels were raised via peripheral intravenous infusion to&#xA;  223 mg/dl and 55 μU/ml, respectively, net splanchnic glucose uptake&#xA;  was 1.0 mg/kg per min. &lt;strong&gt;The rate of glucose uptake did not change&#xA;  appreciably when the arterial insulin level was raised further to 191&#xA;  μU/ml.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you can see that, as a natural response, insulin levels can reach &lt;strong&gt;276 μU/ml&lt;/strong&gt; 1 hour after glucose administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SUMMARY&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, it seems that the optimal recovery (glycogen replenishment) after exhaustion could be achieved by injections of a mixture of glucose + fructose, at the rate 0.6 g per kg body weight, starting immediately after exercise and repeated every 30 minutes for 4 hours. Full glycogen replenishment in a 70 kg person might require 700 g of the mentioned carbohydrates per day. Some transient hyperglycemia could occur this way, but this would be likely without symptoms. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mydr.com.au/medicines/cmis/glucose-intravenous-infusion-bp-10-to-70&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;70% glucose (dextrose)&lt;/a&gt; solutions are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intravenous insulin might not stimulate glycogen synthesis significantly more than naturally secreted insulin. Intravenous insulin injections would also require constant measurements of blood glucose levels to avoid hypoglycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-18T14:30:55.687" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T14:30:55.687" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19065" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19087" CreationDate="2019-04-15T19:04:35.627" Score="4" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;From time to time an athlete dies from guzzling water right after a race. From what I understand the rapid influx of water overwhelms the cells and causes them to burst.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those of us who have guzzled after a race but did NOT die is it possible/likely that we have sustained significant cell damage but because it didn't kill us we don't realize it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if that is the case (which seems like it might be) then what systems would be the most likely to be affected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T10:06:26.083" Title="Might there be symptom-less cell damage from rapid hydration?" Tags="&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19066" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19067" CreationDate="2019-04-15T19:22:22.787" Score="5" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;In other words, if someone doesn't have hypertension and they become dehydrated does, or can dehydration (not radical dehydration, just poor hydration practices) in and of itself cause high blood pressure? IE: Where once you are hydrated, all is well again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that it is implicated in rapid pulse in many cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:19:02.433" Title="Is high blood pressure ever a symptom attributable solely to dehydration?" Tags="&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19067" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19066" CreationDate="2019-04-15T20:28:40.823" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2343381/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dehydration&lt;/a&gt; usually would result in hypotension (low blood pressure) and reflex tachycardia (rapid pulse) due to decreased circulating blood volume.  But depending on several factors, including the sympathetic reflex, transient elevated blood pressure might be seen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, hypertension is not diagnosed based on a single value, but repeated elevated values over time.  It is a different pathology than a temporary sympathetic reflex, and generally this is not fixed by rehydration.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good hydration is an important part of good dietary practices that are the foundation for treatment of hypertension. However, diuretics (which reduce fluids) are also often used to treat hypertension.  There is a complex fluid balance involved, and it depends on a lot of factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;For any individual's application of these topics, see a physician.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good resources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2343381/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nisha Charkoudian, John R Halliwill, Barbara J Morgan, John H Eisenach, and Michael J Joyner: &quot;Influences of hydration on post-exercise cardiovascular control in humans&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J Physiol. 2003 Oct 15; 552(Pt 2): 635–644. Published online 2003 Aug 8. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.048629 PMCID: PMC2343381, PMID: 14561843&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/low-blood-pressure-when-blood-pressure-is-too-low&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Heart Association: &quot;Low Blood Pressure - When Blood Pressure Is Too Low&quot;, 2009.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T00:19:02.433" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:19:02.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19068" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19069" CreationDate="2019-04-15T23:39:26.590" Score="2" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the test works by pinching the back of your own hand for two seconds, then letting go. If the pinch &quot;immediately&quot; returns flat you are not dehydrated but if it doesn't, you are dehydrated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long is &quot;immediately&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do I need to be sitting and relaxed or anything?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:24:30.840" Title="What is the correct way to use the pinch test for dehydration?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19068" CreationDate="2019-04-15T23:52:24.700" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-turgor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline&lt;/a&gt; the skin sould bounce back within a second or two. The pertinent passage is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you pinch the skin on your arm, for example, it should spring back into place with [sic] a second or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article also mentions that this should be done on your arm or abdomen. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003281.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt; says the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is called skin turgor. It is not considered reliable for those over sixty-five. It can take over twenty seconds for the skin of elderly individuals to return to normal, because we lose elasticity as we age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, this finding is not 100% reliable on its own, and when using this to determine volume status it should be to corroborate other findings, not as diagnostic on its own.  Correlate with history (decreased fluid intake, decreased urination), symptoms (dry mouth, oliguria, lightheadedness, palpitations), vital signs (tachycardia, hypotension), moistness of mucous membranes, labs (lactate, anion gap), etc depending on the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2833" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T00:24:30.840" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T00:24:30.840" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19070" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19074" CreationDate="2019-04-16T01:19:20.807" Score="3" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;My thought is that improper pH might might be a factor in bacterial growth and tooth decay. Supporting the idea is &lt;a href=&quot;https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878349&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this research summary&lt;/a&gt; that implicates low pH (high acidity) to Fluorosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since posting this I have become convinced that this is a thing so I have added some baking soda to my fluoride mouthwash to raise my oral pH (lower the acidity) and prevent fluorosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T18:58:37.173" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T07:24:53.487" Title="Has a guideline been set for the optimal pH level in the mouth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19070" CreationDate="2019-04-16T15:03:28.030" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The normal pH range of saliva is 6.2-7.6 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800408/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2013&lt;/a&gt;). The enamel starts to dissolve when the pH of the saliva or the fluid beneath the plaque falls under about 5.5, which is known as &quot;critical pH&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-69/issue-11/722.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Canadian Dental Association, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pH of saliva falls, for example, when you drink &lt;strong&gt;acidic beverages,&lt;/strong&gt; such as cola with pH 2.5-3.4 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997506/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pH of the fluid beneath a dental plaque falls when the bacteria normally present in mouth convert certain nutrients, mainly sugars &lt;strong&gt;sucrose, glucose&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;fructose&lt;/strong&gt; into acids (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jisppd.com/article.asp?issn=0970-4388;year=2010;volume=28;issue=4;spage=278;epage=281;aulast=Utreja&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jisppd.com&lt;/a&gt;). Major sources of these sugars are table sugar, sweets, soft drinks, fruit juices and honey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one small study, oral rinse with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) increased the pH of saliva, which could, theoretically, help to prevent tooth decay (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773983/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any human trials in which toothpaste would be used to increase salivary pH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874545/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salivary characteristics and dental caries: Evidence from general dental practices (PubMed, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our study findings show that salivary characteristics were associated&#xA;  weakly with recent dental caries experience, but we did not find&#xA;  consistent trends among the three age groups. Thus, one should&#xA;  interpret with caution an assessment of salivary consistency, salivary&#xA;  pH or salivary flow rate to determine the caries risk of all patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, one may not need to focus on salivary pH, but try to avoid known risk factors for caries, mainly sugary foods and bad teeth hygiene (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/symptoms-causes/syc-20352892&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T07:24:53.487" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T07:24:53.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19075" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19115" CreationDate="2019-04-16T15:40:48.060" Score="3" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;My &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/19070/has-a-guideline-been-set-for-the-optimal-ph-level-in-the-mouth&quot;&gt;initial research into the effect of oral pH&lt;/a&gt; on health &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2878349/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I came across an article&lt;/a&gt; that suggests that using fluoride products in an acidic environment has many negative effects on health and that 32% of American children suffer from fluorosis, mostly from naturally occurring fluoride in groundwater!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that information, what might be the best way to go about testing one's oral pH?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T19:27:02.753" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T15:49:41.527" Title="Is there an inexpensive test (IE: perhaps a form of litmus paper?) for keeping tabs on oral pH at home?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19076" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19077" CreationDate="2019-04-16T15:46:25.340" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was identified as a glaucoma suspect and told to get rechecked for glaucoma annually. Knowing that glaucoma can move more quickly than that I was spooked and wound up creating my own self test. If this doesn't already exist I'll share my approach as an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an existing self test for glaucoma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:28:16.463" Title="Is there a convenient self test for Glaucoma?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19077" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19076" CreationDate="2019-04-16T19:24:46.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no formal medical or vision science training. Please point out any factual errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My test is based on the idea that Glaucoma is indicated by pressure on optic nerve, which one may not even be aware of but slowly destroys the nerve (which is actually a bundle of nerves, similar to a huge communications cable) from the outside of the cable in. The effect of this is a gradual loss of vision from the periphery toward the center, forming tunnel vision and eventually total blindness. The mind compensates so the person doesn't even realize that their field of vision is being narrowed until it is too late. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors test for vision loss at the periphery by snapping fingers at the periphery and seeing if the patient can see it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With my test you simply look straight ahead and raise your arms into a circle around your head, similar to a ballet dancer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c71ad.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c71ad.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Starting position&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Slowly move the elbows forward while continuing to look ahead. If you have to move your elbow on either arm significantly forward (consult an eye doctor to &quot;calibrate&quot; your elbows) then you may have damage to the periphery of the optic nerve. If so, the further forward, the more the damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Damage to the optic nerve is, with current technology progressive and never regressive so acting quickly is of the utmost importance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-16T23:06:36.000" LastActivityDate="2019-04-16T23:06:36.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-16T21:01:34.690" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planning on studying Graduate Entry into Medicine (4 years instead of 6 for people that already have a degree) in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microscopes really irritate my eyes. I think in the UK we still have to look into the bright light, whereas in other countries they display it on a screen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering how often I would have to use one in medical school, as a junior doctor, and which specialities would use one less often? My intention is to avoid it as much as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16060" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T20:29:32.087" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T20:29:32.087" Title="How often is a microscope used" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-16T21:15:58.067" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that, for example, there are places where the surface soil was 5% lead (like on the sides of busy roads) so the amount of lead was significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why did children in particular not develop signs like blue lines in their gums? And why was leaded paint considered (I think) a greater danger than leaded gasoline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: One thought is, blue line in gums as I now understand it is not from systemic lead poisoning but from the action of bacteria on lead in the mouth. So eating lead paint or drinking from lead-glazed cups can cause this symptom; breathing fine particulate lead would not. (But eating contaminated soil might cause it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are other acute lead poisoning symptoms that could have been seen. I don't know, maybe they were and were attributed to paint when in fact they came from gasoline or a combination of the two. There was also lead in newsprint (colored and kids who used Silly Putty to capture funny pages images and subsequently chewed on the Putty could have gotten lead exposure that way) -- let's face it, there was a lot of lead around and the powerful fossil fuel industry as well as the equally powerful car manufacturing industry plus the makers of the gasoline additive definitely fought for tetra-ethyl lead and would have argued that acute lead poisoning cases came from other kinds of exposure than car exhaust.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What a frigging tragedy that billions of people were exposed to lead unnecessarily for so many decades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="14932" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T07:40:10.527" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T08:10:28.280" Title="When leaded gasoline was prevalent why did more people not show acute lead poisoning?" Tags="&lt;poison&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19080" CreationDate="2019-04-17T07:16:39.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lead paint was banned because it leads directly to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lead poisoning&lt;/a&gt; by contact rather than inhalation, which can arguably be considered slower and 'less' of a risk.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Exposure_routes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children often place toys in their mouths, which, especially if the toy is painted with lead paint, is obvious harmful. Wikipedia says the paint also flakes and forms dust which is then inhaled.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Paint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, although a bit of a sorry excuse, lead poisoning from gasoline wasn't considered particularly any more lethal than straight-up &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carbon monoxide poisoning&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference, the blue line is also known as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lead+1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lead line&lt;/a&gt;, and also as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%27s_line&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Burton's line&lt;/a&gt;, which from these references, is mainly caused by &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pica&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMicm1801693&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;added lead in opiates&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Burton’s line is a sign of chronic lead intoxication that develops when lead reacts with oral bacteria metabolites. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T08:10:28.280" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T08:10:28.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19087" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19065" CreationDate="2019-04-17T08:54:31.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In water intoxication, cells do not burst but swell. This can lead to swelling of the entire organs; the most dangerous is &lt;strong&gt;brain swelling,&lt;/strong&gt; which is the usual cause of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transitional cell or organ swelling is not already a damage. Brain swelling is different because the swollen brain presses hardly against the skull, which can cause damage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you drink excessive amounts of water and do not experience any symptoms within the next 24 hours, it is very unlikely that any permanent damage has occurred in your body. But if you experience symptoms, such as headache, vomiting, confusion, seizures or impaired consciousness, you might later have chronic symptoms related to the brain damage, for example, depression and loss of appetite (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778777/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking large amounts of water is dangerous only if it results in &lt;strong&gt;dilutional hyponatremia&lt;/strong&gt; - a drop of sodium in the blood, which results in the flux of water from the blood into the cells. This more likely happens if you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are &lt;em&gt;already well hydrated&lt;/em&gt; and drink excessive amount of water several hours in the row (so the kidneys have no time to excrete it)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;do not consume any sodium&lt;/em&gt; from foods or beverages (but common commercial sport drinks, such as Gatorade, may not contain enough sodium to prevent hyponatremia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;have low body weight&lt;/em&gt; (children and women are at higher risk)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;exercise,&lt;/em&gt; which, in some people, increases secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (which causes water retention)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;sweat only little&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above reasons, the amount of water that causes water intoxication is not a fixed number. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 22-year old man drinking 6 liters in 3 hours, was in coma, survived after treatment (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924712/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 40-year old woman drinking over 4 liters in less than 2 hours, died (&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7779079.stm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC News, 2008&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228550291_Current_US_Military_Fluid_Replacement_Guidelines/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current U.S. Military Fluid Replacement Guidelines (2003)&lt;/a&gt;, an adult person should &lt;strong&gt;not drink more than 1.5 liters of water per hour during exercise.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/2/1/151.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2015/11/NoakesArticle-September-08.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Water Intoxication—Considerations for Patients, Athletes and Physicians (Practical Gastroenterology, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-17T10:06:26.083" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T10:06:26.083" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19088" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-17T13:30:56.867" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no formal education in any medical field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190416093729.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jaw position has been demonstrated to be a modulating factor in sleep apnea&lt;/a&gt;. Has any investigation been conducted to consider the possible relationship between grinding one's teeth and sleep apnea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-29T14:44:01.920" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T08:00:54.230" Title="Has a correlation between sleep apnea and grinding of teeth been identified or ruled out?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;correlation-link-relate&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19090" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19091" CreationDate="2019-04-17T21:43:02.713" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a germophobe but it is my practice to fist bump rather than shake hands in any medical facility. I'm always taken aback when a medical provider on duty shakes hands. I always insist on fist bumps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked a doctor friend why there isn't a policy forbidding handshakes in the office and he said it was because they use a hand-sanitizer before they enter the room. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, given the environment, regardless of the application of hand sanitizer, wouldn't not shaking hands and instead doing fist bumps if a handshake is offered reduce infections in medical facilities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T22:06:46.543" Title="Does the evidence show that handshakes during an office visit are safe?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19090" CreationDate="2019-04-17T22:06:46.543" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are arguments made that handshakes in healthcare settings are not safe; for example see Sklansky et al 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the issues increasing the risk include noncompliance with hand-washing protocols (by both healthcare workers and patients) and pathogens that are less susceptible to hand sanitizers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fist bump with a glove coated in &lt;em&gt;E coli&lt;/em&gt; transferred only about 10% of the bacteria as a handshake (Mela &amp;amp; Whitworth, 2014). Fist bumping produced fewer bacterial colonies than handshakes in a hospital environment where someone with clean hands walked around either fist-bumping or hand-shaking and then wiped their hand on a culture plate (Ghareeb et al, 2013). However, both of these studies looked at potentially infectious bacteria present: neither addressed actual infections in actual patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problems with banning the handshake in favor of fist bumps may be reduced attention to hygiene (which would blunt the effect) and impacts on how patients view their physicians: they might see a fist bump as less professional and no physical social greeting might reduce trust (Reilly et al 2016).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as reviewed in Reilly et al, the evidence in favor of banning handshakes is a bit...shaky. Clearly handshakes are not perfectly safe, but neither is anything. I did not find any research nor is any cited in any of these papers that directly quantifies the risk to patients from handshakes (only that it is not zero), nor any that put it in context of all the other risks of pathogen spread in the environment, nor any that shows an impact on actual infections after a handshake-reducing intervention. You would have an (approximately?) 100% reduction in risk of shark attack if you didn't swim in the ocean, but by itself that is not a great argument to stay out of the water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ghareeb, P. A., Bourlai, T., Dutton, W., &amp;amp; McClellan, W. T. (2013). Reducing pathogen transmission in a hospital setting. Handshake verses fist bump: a pilot study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 85(4), 321-323.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mela, S., &amp;amp; Whitworth, D. E. (2014). The fist bump: A more hygienic alternative to the handshake. American Journal of Infection Control, 42(8), 916-917.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reilly, J., Currie, K., &amp;amp; Madeo, M. (2016). Are you serious? From fist bumping to hand hygiene: Considering culture, context and complexity in infection prevention intervention research. Journal of infection prevention, 17(1), 29-33.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sklansky, M., Nadkarni, N., &amp;amp; Ramirez-Avila, L. (2014). Banning the handshake from the health care setting. JAMA, 311(24), 2477-2478.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-04-17T22:06:46.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-17T22:40:20.840" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe that the filtering and oxygen production of green plants is well established. Do those plants NASA approves for air filtration &quot;emit&quot; anything other than clean oxygen and perhaps benign esters (?) that would be a concern in an operating theater or are they environmentally benign? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thought is that a well selected set of plants throughout the hospital might give the facility an edge in cleansing the environment that continues to elude hospitals using a more &quot;clean room&quot; approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naive? Do these plants help eliminate airborne disease or would they contribute more filth to the environment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-18T00:44:57.980" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T09:40:52.287" Title="Would an operating theater ringed with green plants increase infection risk or reduce it?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-17T23:06:41.463" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://aac.asm.org/content/60/4/2467&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study from 2005 of the viability of silver plated replacement anatomical devices&lt;/a&gt; there appeared to be great promise. Has this promise come true? Are they available now and are they the proverbial &quot;silver bullet&quot; for eliminating infection of replacement anatomical parts?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-18T01:09:35.163" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T01:09:35.163" Title="Have replacement anatomical parts with silver electroplating hit the market and do they eliminate infection concerns?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19096" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19140" CreationDate="2019-04-18T05:44:01.597" Score="1" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the specific fictional case, one that takes place in my novel, a baby is born &lt;strong&gt;medically unassisted at home&lt;/strong&gt;, with only the mother and father present (so no midwife, doula, no EMS, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The baby had a nuchal cord, wrapped tightly, twice around their neck. Unable to move the cord, the father clamped and cut the cord - assuming less than a minute before the rest of the baby's body was born. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immediately following the delivery, there is no cry. Baby is either taking shallow breaths or is reflexive breathing - otherwise needing assistance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume any rubbing/tapping/flicking/spanking do not successfully stimulate the newborn to breathe properly and cry so another method of intervention is needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With no ventilation equipment (such as a bulb syringe or nasal/throat aspirator available) at hand, the father gives the child one or two small &quot;rescue breaths&quot; by means of pushing the air already in his cheeks into the mouth and nose of the child struggling to breathe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume the breaths are effective and the baby begins to respond. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;MOST REALISTIC OR COMMON&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; reaction that the newborn would exhibit after receiving successful rescue breaths? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would two breaths suffice in most typical cases? How instantly would baby react - within seconds? Would the baby cough? Would a finger swipe in the mouth result in removing mucus/fluids? Would cries be initially faint/weak and crescendo or could it be strong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, I know not all babies would react the same, I understand this, but there must be a textbook or typical reaction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15571" LastActivityDate="2019-06-18T10:05:02.227" Title="How would a newborn infant reflexively breathing react to rescue breaths administered correctly after birth?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19092" CreationDate="2019-04-18T09:40:52.287" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a good idea for separate lobbies or waiting rooms, but definitely not for operating suites or patient care areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plants use CO2 and release O2, which is good. They also do filter &lt;a href=&quot;https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/volatile-organic-compounds-vocs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VOCs (volatile organic compounds)&lt;/a&gt; and other air toxins, primarily via the microorganisms living on their roots.  Also good.  There is a ton of research including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the NASA research&lt;/a&gt; you referenced on the benefits of plants for indoor air quality.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the toxins that a plant would filter from the air are actually not involved (or at most minimally involved) in hospital-acquired infections, which result from transmission of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.  So they wouldn't help further &quot;clean&quot; the hospital from clinically significant pathogens. If anything, the soil would foster growth of some pathogens, and stirring it up even just with air flow could contaminate patients.  As a comment mentioned, you would definitely NOT want that when someone is sick and immunocompromised, or intubated, or cut open on a table, or healing from wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-04-18T09:40:52.287" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19099" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19182" CreationDate="2019-04-18T11:43:18.523" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;When you are a hammer&quot;, the proverb goes, &quot;everything looks like a nail&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge current apnea testing involves a multitude of sensors that record the position of various parts of the body but do not evaluate the position and motions of the jaw and the number of apnea events indicates either a go/no-go decision about CPAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the location of the jaw can in some cases &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181106073233.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;be manipulated by a physical appliance&lt;/a&gt; resulting in a relatively simple, passive solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, armed with sufficient data it may be possible to identify currently unidentified jaw and dental problems that might be creating or contributing significantly to the apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition the collected data may lead to other insights such as a patient shown to be grinding their teeth, resting their jaw on their hand during sleep, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would imagine that all that would be involved is a sensor on the skull (already present) and one (or better yet, three, for each axis) on the jaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: At the heart of this is my suspicion that dental and jaw issues account for a significant part of apnea, confirmed by the efficacy of the new appliance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/19088/has-a-correlation-between-sleep-apnea-and-grinding-of-teeth-been-identified-or-r&quot;&gt;Has a correlation between sleep apnea and grinding of teeth been identified or ruled out?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T04:08:35.627" Title="Could sleep apena outcomes be improved by adding sensors to measure the location and movement of the jaw?" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;dental-braces&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-18T15:34:13.910" Score="3" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6G1ZQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6G1ZQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oqSzf.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oqSzf.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;For the first picture, it shows the Herniated discs and the second picture shows the cervical spondylitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16069" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T17:43:39.307" Title="What's the differences between the Herniated discs and Cervical spondylitis with cord/root compression?" Tags="&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19102" CreationDate="2019-04-18T15:45:38.687" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;herniated disc&lt;/strong&gt; means that a part of a disc has ruptured and squeezed out beyond its regular circumference. A herniated disc may or may not press upon the spinal cord or a root of a spinal nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spondylosis&lt;/strong&gt; refers to &lt;em&gt;age-related wear and tear&lt;/em&gt; of the spinal discs, which is the most common cause of a herniated disc. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cervical spondylosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; means that the neck (Latin: cervix) part of the spine is affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ankylosing-spondylitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spondylitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; refers to an &lt;em&gt;inflammatory disease&lt;/em&gt; of the spine. Like in spondylosis, the parts of damaged discs or vertebra can result in nerve root compression. The most common changes in spondylitis are bone spurs and fusion of the vertebra (ankylosis) but less likely herniated discs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The top picture shows a herniated disc, probably due to spondylosis. The bottom picture also shows a herniated disc, probably due to spondylitis (because the right arrow shows that some vertebral bone is affected).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-19T17:43:39.307" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T17:43:39.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19104" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-18T16:24:16.310" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commonly when we talk about Acquired metabolic diseases, we refer to endocrine diseases (like Diabetic ketoacidosis, HONK, etc), electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, etc), acid-base disorders (metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, etc), hyperammonemia (causing hepatic encephalopathy), hyperuricemia, nutritional deficiencies (vit def, etc), etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for inherited metabolic disease, we have Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand metabolic disease is any disease in which metabolic pathways inside a cell are affected. So I have questions as to whether some diseases are metabolic diseases or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does drug toxicity/overdose or even drug side effect due to action at cell surface receptor come under this category? (for instance in belladonna/atropine poisoning, the toxin/drug acts at muscarinic receptors in various organs). Logic tells that action at a cell receptor affects obviously chemical reactions inside a cell. And so drug/food poisoning are acquired metabolic diseases. But I need second opinion. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is Toxin disease due to infection (eg: clostridium difficile infection) a metabolic disease?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is hypoxia a metabolic disease? (as in shock)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is malignancy/cancer a metabolic disease? (because I know a lot of intracellular metabolic pathways are activated abnormally inside a cancer cell)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While logic tells me to include these disorders under metabolic disease, we don't commonly refer to them as metabolic diseases. Why is it so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it true that inflammatory disease can not cause metabolic disease but metabolic disease can cause inflammatory disease (eg: hemochromatosis causing hepatitis &amp;amp; steatosis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16070" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-04-20T15:19:59.927" LastActivityDate="2019-04-20T15:44:49.453" Title="Are Drug toxicity, Infectious toxic disease, Hypoxia &amp; Malignancy all Acquired Metabolic Diseases?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19104" CreationDate="2019-04-18T17:37:46.783" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you classify diseases by &lt;strong&gt;causes,&lt;/strong&gt; you put a disease in a certain group according to &lt;strong&gt;what happens first&lt;/strong&gt; in that disease. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/types/pheochromocytoma/patient/pheochromocytoma-treatment-pdq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pheochromocytoma&lt;/a&gt;, a tumor of the adrenal medulla, releases excessive amounts of the hormone adrenaline, which can result in hyperglycemia. So, is pheochromocytoma a malignant, endocrine or metabolic disease? It's a malignant disease, because a tumor develops first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, you can argue that pheochromocytoma is also an endocrine and metabolic disease at the same time. But an increased level of adrenaline and glucose in the blood are not diseases; they are just abnormalities that result from a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/news/online/%7Be282a7f3-47a1-43a5-96bf-71a6d545e4ee%7D/what-is-metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Metabolism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is the term for a set of chemical reactions that occur in the cells of living organisms to sustain life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/metabolic-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metabolic diseases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; are diseases that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;originate&lt;/em&gt; from errors in the molecules and enzymes involved in metabolism,&lt;/strong&gt; most of which are genetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drug toxicity, infections, hypoxia and malignancies can all affect metabolism as &lt;em&gt;a result,&lt;/em&gt; but the problem does not start on the level of molecules or enzymes, so these are not metabolic diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most cases, &quot;metabolic disease&quot; refers to &lt;strong&gt;&quot;inborn error of metabolism.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; But there seems to be no strict definition of metabolic disease, so you can find various very confusing lists of metabolic diseases, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68008659&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, which even includes dehydration...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we agree that metabolic disease is an inborn error of metabolism, then inflammatory disease cannot result in metabolic disease, but a metabolic disease (hemochromatosis) can result in inflammation (hepatitis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But you asked about &lt;strong&gt;acquired metabolic diseases.&lt;/strong&gt; From your list, hypoxia can result from a metabolic disease, or, sometimes, causes further metabolic problems, so it is sometimes mentioned as a metabolic disorder. More examples from &lt;a href=&quot;http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199929054.001.0001/med-9780199929054-chapter-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxfordmedicine.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...systemic acquired metabolic diseases that affect the central and/or&#xA;  peripheral nervous system: hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperthermia,&#xA;  disorders of serum electrolytes, vitamin deficiencies, and exogenous&#xA;  intoxications, particularly alcoholism and intoxications by drugs,&#xA;  methanol, and heavy metals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can think that the above conditions &lt;em&gt;result&lt;/em&gt; in metabolic disorders, but they themselves are not metabolic disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-20T15:44:49.453" LastActivityDate="2019-04-20T15:44:49.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19107" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-19T02:46:17.000" Score="7" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a translator, and I'm currently translating clinical trial reports, Russian to English. I wonder if there are depositories of freely available clinical trial reports, with all appendixes and all data. I want to read some reports to make sure that I'm using the correct terminology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ich-e3-structure-content-clinical-study-reports&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICH guideline documents&lt;/a&gt;, of course, but seeing real-life reports, especially the adverse events tables and other table-form data can be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-16T19:05:26.553" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T09:16:08.997" Title="Are there websites with clinical trial reports freely available for download?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19111" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19113" CreationDate="2019-04-19T11:00:48.487" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about liver health for years and came across many &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coffee-liver-cirrhosis/drinking-more-coffee-may-undo-liver-damage-from-booze-idUSKCN0VR2JN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;webpages&lt;/a&gt; (Here is only one) that coffee can protect your liver against liver cirrhosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding of cirrhosis is that it's when fibrosis overwhelms the liver so greatly that it starts forming dents, craters and holes where healthy tissue has died and shrunk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that some chemical in coffee can help the liver slowly retrieve and expel dead bits of liver (fibrosis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16078" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T12:18:05.687" Title="Does some ingredient in coffee actually help the liver break down fibrosis?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;&lt;fatty-liver-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19113" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19111" CreationDate="2019-04-19T11:47:51.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The conclusion of the mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review with meta‐analysis: coffee consumption and the risk of cirrhosis (Alimentary Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This meta‐analysis suggests that increasing coffee consumption may&#xA;  substantially &lt;em&gt;reduce the risk&lt;/em&gt; of cirrhosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say coffee may reduce the risk of cirrhosis, not that it can treat it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article mentions that caffeine, chlorogenic acid, melanoids and the pentacyclic diterpenes, kahweol and cafestol in coffee may be associated with health benefits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24102757&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another systematic review&lt;/a&gt;, regular &lt;strong&gt;coffee&lt;/strong&gt; consumption is associated with decreased risk of liver cirrhosis and according. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27824642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yet another systematic review&lt;/a&gt; concludes that coffee consumption is associated with decreased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350575&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another systematic review&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;caffeine&lt;/strong&gt; consumption was associated with lower risk of liver cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These reviews say there is an &lt;em&gt;association&lt;/em&gt; between coffee drinking and lower risk of cirrhosis. The actual &lt;em&gt;cause-effect relationship&lt;/em&gt; between coffee drinking and cirrhosis has not been established, so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cirrhosis may be reversible.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17476087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is cirrhosis of the liver reversible? (PubMed, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Accumulating evidence suggests that liver fibrosis is reversible and&#xA;  that recovery from cirrhosis may be possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017060/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cirrhosis and its complications: Evidence based treatment (PubMed, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the past cirrhosis was generally thought to be irreversible but&#xA;  recent studies have shown that treatments aimed at the underlying&#xA;  cause especially in earlier stages of the disease can improve or even&#xA;  reverse fibrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-19T12:18:05.687" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T12:18:05.687" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17106" CreationDate="2019-04-19T13:49:31.520" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can find, intravenous serum therapy is a less common synonym for intravenous &lt;em&gt;fluid&lt;/em&gt; therapy (Fahimi et al. 2011).  The difference, to my comprehension, is that the term &lt;em&gt;intravenous serum therapy&lt;/em&gt; refers to the fact that therapy is done to the &lt;em&gt;serum&lt;/em&gt; (the watery portion of animal / human blood), whereas &lt;em&gt;intravenous fluid therapy&lt;/em&gt; refers to the fact that the therapy is done with fluids. (Okada et al. 2003)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sources:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fahimi D, Tavakolizadeh R, Sadeghi M. 2011. Usefulness of Serum Electrolyte Determination in Patients with Dehydration. Pediatric Research 70: p. 762.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Okada Y, Shinohara M, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi T, Inoue Y, Tomomasa T, Gunma Kawasaki Disease Study Group. 2003. Effect of corticosteroids in addition to intravenous gamma globulin therapy on serum cytokine levels in the acute phase of kawasaki disease in children. J of Ped. 143(3): 363-367.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9459" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T13:49:31.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19075" CreationDate="2019-04-19T15:37:59.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00023.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this medical/scientific article that reviews 3 different saliva pH testing kits&lt;/a&gt; including a litmus paper test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Litmus paper strips are apparently ubiquitous and many such products available at Walmart, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-19T15:49:41.527" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T15:49:41.527" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18787" CreationDate="2019-04-19T16:34:35.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be no study that would mention an association between &lt;strong&gt;peeled jicama root&lt;/strong&gt; consumption and Parkinson's disease or any intoxication in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rotenone&lt;/strong&gt; can be found in &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/plant/jicama&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jicama seeds, stems and leaves&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and, according to some &lt;a href=&quot;https://naturallysavvy.com/eat/jicama-a-veggie-you-should-know-better-recipes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.emetabolic.com/locations/centers/Mandarin/blog/eat-well/never_thought_youd_be_eating_jicama_root/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sources&lt;/a&gt; in jicama &lt;strong&gt;root skin.&lt;/strong&gt; Severe intoxication can occur after eating jicama seeds (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16241030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2005&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any source that would claim there is any meaningful amount of rotenone in the &lt;strong&gt;peeled jicama root.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rotenone as a pesticide&lt;/strong&gt; (but not as part of any food) ingestion has been linked to Parkinson's disease in humans, though (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.1002839&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Environmental Health Perspective&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; there seems to be no evidence to recommend against daily consumption of peeled jicama roots in aim to avoid any disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-19T16:55:11.920" LastActivityDate="2019-04-19T16:55:11.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19118" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-20T01:34:20.690" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across the following sentence in a Russian text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Диссеминированный туберкулез легких в фазе инфильтрации, МБТ (-) IА&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I translated it as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis at the infiltration stage, Mtb(-), &lt;strong&gt;I-A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The matter is, the &lt;strong&gt;I-A&lt;/strong&gt; stands for Group 1 (confirmed active TB in this patient), subtype A (first occurrence of TB in this patient).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://web-local.rudn.ru/web-local/uem/autor/koshechkin/tub_rus/tub2005_ru/08_org/08_3_disp_groups.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classification system&lt;/a&gt; used in Russia for TB patients, who are required to register at a clinic in order to be tracked and cured. (&quot;&lt;em&gt;Диспансерные группы больных туберкулезом&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, &lt;strong&gt;1-Б&lt;/strong&gt; (Cyrillic for 1-B) would mean &quot;Confirmed active TB in this patient; reccurrent case&quot;, and 2-B would mean &quot;Chronically ill TB patient; uncurable case&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a similar code system for classification of TB patients in the West? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no, I'd probably have to write (Russian classification system) in parentheses after &lt;strong&gt;I-A&lt;/strong&gt; to make it clearer to the reader. I found that in one Russian-to-English translation &lt;a href=&quot;https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/management-of-the-hiv-positive-pregnant-patient-with-marked-immunodeficiency-and-multiple-comorbidities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they explain&lt;/a&gt; the thing as &quot;dispensary registry group&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lj5z6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Lj5z6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Dispensary&quot; is a crude direct translation of Russian &quot;Диспансер&quot; (Dispanser), a treatment center specializing on this or that disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-04-20T01:42:51.777" LastActivityDate="2019-04-20T01:42:51.777" Title="Is there a classification code system for TB patients (registered for follow-up) in the West?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-20T04:34:37.823" Score="4" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a writer and want to understand a concept so that I can portray elements of injury realistically.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are areas of the body (such as within the GI tract or urinary tract) where an internal hemorrhage would be able to exit the body (mouth, anus, urethra, etc).  This happens in bleeding ulcers, diverticular bleeding, bleeding from kidneys, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are other body areas (such as the chest cavity, abdominal cavity) where there is no natural &quot;outlet&quot; for a hemorrhage to exit.  Therefore, in the case of massive internal hemorrhages within those cavities, it seems an enormous amount of pressure would build up.  Is the pressure ever sufficient to erupt through the skin or another body orifice?  If not, what happens to the blood as it builds up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16081" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-04-20T04:57:24.097" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T08:50:30.880" Title="When internal hemorrhage occurs in an enclosed body cavity, is it possible to build up enough pressure to erupt through the skin?" Tags="&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19121" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19120" CreationDate="2019-04-20T09:15:14.413" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is very unlikely that the skin would rupture due to internal bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adults have about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21474&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5.5 liters of blood&lt;/a&gt; inside the circulatory system (arteries/veins/heart/pulmonary circulation) or &quot;intravascular space.&quot; When about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200784/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;40% of blood&lt;/a&gt; is lost from the intravascular space (so about 2 liters), the circulatory system collapses, and you die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065003/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Review: Hemorrhagic Shock (PubMed, 2004)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intrathoracic injuries, especially to the lung, heart, or the great&#xA;  vessels, can result in the loss of several liters of blood into the&#xA;  thorax without external evidence of hemorrhage. Intra-abdominal&#xA;  injuries to solid organs (spleen and liver) and great vessels&#xA;  (ruptured aneurysm, penetrating injury to intra-abdominal vessels) can&#xA;  cause rapid loss of the entire blood volume into the abdomen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From these examples you can see that internal bleeding does not break the skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During deep breathing, your chest volume can increase by 5 liters and nothing breaks. When gas builds in your intestine, the volume of your abdomen can increase by more than 5 liters, which results in obvious abdominal distension, and the skin does not break.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say that a systolic (upper) arterial blood pressure in a healthy adult is about 120 mm Hg. When an artery breaks and the blood escapes into the chest or abdominal cavity, it instantly loses most of the pressure. If the blood accumulates in a cavity and the pressure within it rises to 120 mm Hg, the blood will no longer escape from the arteries and the pressure in a cavity will no longer increase. But the pressure in the chest or abdominal cavity is very unlikely to increase so much just from few liters of blood, because these cavities are quite expandable, mostly due to the diaphragm muscle that can move up or down a lot. I don't know exact pressures in internal bleeding, but, in one case, removal of 4.5 liters of fluid in a patient with ascites, decreased intraabdominal pressure by only 15 mm Hg (from 45 to 30 mm Hg) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(04)00145-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ajemjournal.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another comparison: Average see-level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;compartment syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (due to bleeding or muscle swelling), the pressure in a limb can increase to as high as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/2/6194/818.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;240 mm Hg&lt;/a&gt;, but I have never read this would result in skin rupture. Google search for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&amp;amp;ei=Zda6XIy1N6fgkgXi85vADQ&amp;amp;q=%22compartment%20syndrome%22%20%22skin%20rupture%22&amp;amp;oq=%22compartment%20syndrome%22%20%22skin%20rupture%22&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3...3381.4305..4754...0.0..0.212.740.1j4j1......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71.Je6332i0rHc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;compartment syndrome&quot; &quot;skin rupture&quot;&lt;/a&gt; also does not give any meaningful results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat injured skin could break due to a hematoma buildup beneath it, but this is probably not what you are asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens with the blood in the chest or abdominal cavity? It is slowly decomposed and reabsorbed within weeks/months. Some internal scars (adhesions) may develop as a complication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-24T08:50:30.880" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T08:50:30.880" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19122" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-20T22:35:13.800" Score="0" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I have no formal medical or scientific education.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My thesis is that the calcium created by man-made processes is not the correct &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isotope&lt;/a&gt; to support the biological functions for which calcium is required and the granules of unprocessed calcium that appear in Granulomatosis are there because they are of the wrong isotope and end up destroying the ANCA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The analysis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this article &lt;a href=&quot;http://Calcium%20is%20the%20most%20abundant%20metal%20and%20the%20fifth-most%20abundant%20element%20in%20the%20human%20body.%20As%20electrolytes,%20calcium%20ions%20play%20a%20vital%20role%20in%20the%20physiological%20and%20biochemical%20processes%20of%20organisms%20and%20cells:%20in%20signal%20transduction%20pathways%20where%20they%20act%20as%20a%20second%20messenger;%20in%20neurotransmitter%20release%20from%20neurons;%20in%20contraction%20of%20all%20muscle%20cell%20types;%20as%20cofactors%20in%20many%20enzymes;%20and%20in%20fertilization.%20Calcium%20ions%20outside%20cells%20are%20important%20for%20maintaining%20the%20potential%20difference%20across%20excitable%20cell%20membranes%20as%20well%20as%20proper%20bone%20formation.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calcium &lt;strong&gt;isotopes&lt;/strong&gt; are what the body needs, not just the element, calcium&lt;/a&gt;. It must be the right isotope or the required reaction does not occur (emphases mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...Calcium is the most abundant &lt;strong&gt;metal&lt;/strong&gt; and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body. As electrolytes, &lt;strong&gt;calcium ions&lt;/strong&gt; play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells: in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger; in neurotransmitter release from neurons; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes; and in fertilization. &lt;strong&gt;Calcium ions&lt;/strong&gt; outside cells are &lt;strong&gt;important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes as well as proper bone formation&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many different isotopes of calcium are there? These are the main ones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3YnM2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3YnM2.png&quot; alt=&quot;Main isotopes of calcium&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I can't predict the actual odds of the industrial processes used to make this calcium resulting in the correct isotope by chance but it must be agreed that it is extremely unlikely. But even if they hit that particular lottery once, there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium#Occurrence_and_production&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple processes in use in different countries&lt;/a&gt; so it seems extremely unlikely that the suppliers are supplying the right isotope.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a family member with this disease. She is very health conscious and was taking calcium supplements when she received the diagnosis for Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. She has continued to take the supplements and despite the buildup of these granules of calcium crystals in her cells her bones are quickly losing calcium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ironically, our mother's disease was attributed to overuse of talcum powder, which is from dolomite:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ihiE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ihiE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Dolomite&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dolomite has been found in the granules of patients (sorry, can't find the link yet):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite#/media/File:Dolomite_Luzenac.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite#/media/File:Dolomite_Luzenac.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-21T01:10:24.627" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T01:10:24.627" Title="Might calcium supplements be behind Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's)?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-21T04:23:26.450" Score="8" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mmr-vaccine-dispelling-myths/measles-mumps-rubella-mmr-maintaining-uptake-of-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Public Health England&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With single vaccines, children would need 6 separate injections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;3 primary doses - 1 measles, 1 mumps, 1 rubella&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;3 pre-school boosters&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each injection can be uncomfortable and the act of immunisation is sometimes distressing for children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Single vaccines are less safe than MMR because they leave children vulnerable to dangerous diseases for longer. Giving 3 separate doses at spaced out intervals would mean that, after the first injection, the child still has no immunity to the other 2 diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the benefits of combining the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines into a single MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, why don't we see similar packaging more often? Why aren't other vaccines similarly combined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15916" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-01T20:00:44.220" Title="Why aren't other vaccines combined (like the MMR)?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-21T09:28:23.343" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is evidence of approximately 9*8 mm sized altered signal intensity lesion is noted in frontal horn of right lateral ventricle in subependymal region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lesion appears hypointense on T1W, hyperintense on T2W / FLAIR images and not showing restrictions of diffusion on DWI. Lesion does not show post contrast enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is MRI report, what does this mean ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14470" LastEditorUserId="14470" LastEditDate="2019-04-21T09:40:47.417" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T09:40:47.417" Title="Altered signal intensity lesion in frontal horn of right lateral ventricle in subependymal region without post contrast enhancement" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19126" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19131" CreationDate="2019-04-21T10:04:19.290" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was very impressed when shopping for hand soap to discover that they are all marked &quot;flammable&quot;! This of course is because of the alcohol it contains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If acetic acid were included in the soap in place of the alcohol would it perform as safely and effectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T16:01:54.257" Title="Does vinegar rival alcohol in terms of the safety and effectiveness of hand washing?" Tags="&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-21T14:13:28.553" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Environmental factors&quot; are sometimes implicated in mysterious diseases. I think that probably goes without saying but in case that is not to be presumed I point to &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.20534&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; as an example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that if a patient for a mysterious disease lives in a location where that disease is statistically prevalent might it be a plausible and warranted step in the diagnosis of the disease to move the patient from a geographic location where the disease is prevalent to one where it is unknown, even without understanding what are the relevant differences between the two environments? Would that not go a long way to &quot;ruling out&quot; environmental factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Environmental things &quot;we know that we don't know&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;air&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;radon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pollens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I think this approach would be more important for the things that &quot;we don't know that we don't know&quot;, which are always more elusive and abundant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-04-21T15:41:37.430" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T15:41:37.430" Title="Can/should environmental factors be assessed/exploited by geographic prevalence of disease for diagnosing/treating mysterious diseases?" Tags="&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19131" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19126" CreationDate="2019-04-21T16:01:54.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656352&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656352&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Alternative&quot;/&quot;natural&quot; cleaning products (vinegar and baking soda) were compared with regular disinfectants and tested against a variety of human pathogens including antibiotic-resistant bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion found that &quot;a variety of commercial [excluding the natural alternatives] household disinfectants were highly effective against potential bacterial pathogens.&quot; Additionally, the natural alternatives were found to have lower effectiveness against bacteria compared to the commercial disinfectants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your question appears to be a solid &quot;No.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T16:01:54.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-21T19:24:58.527" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’d like to know if there’s research about the use of ritalin for treating attention deficit in Major Depression Disorder. I couldn’t find anything about it, so, I can’t indicate my previous reading on that topic. I just want to know if there is something about methylphenidate being used for treating attention impairment in depressive patients. Could you help me, please? &#xA;Two link to my research. All articles are about ADHD and not about cognitive symptoms in depression and the use of ritalin combined with antidepressants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?q=ritalin+for+treating+attention+deficit+in+depression&amp;amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;as_sdt=0&amp;amp;as_vis=1&amp;amp;oi=scholart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?q=ritalin+for+treating+attention+deficit+in+depression&amp;amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;as_sdt=0&amp;amp;as_vis=1&amp;amp;oi=scholart&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?start=10&amp;amp;q=ritalin+for+improving+attention+in+depression&amp;amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;amp;as_vis=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?start=10&amp;amp;q=ritalin+for+improving+attention+in+depression&amp;amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;amp;as_vis=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16087" LastEditorUserId="16087" LastEditDate="2019-04-21T20:33:06.517" LastActivityDate="2019-04-21T20:33:06.517" Title="Ritalin for treating lack of focus in Major Depression Disorder" Tags="&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19134" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-22T02:45:49.720" Score="4" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Take the example of a trauma patient who has lost a lot of blood and slipping into unconsciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is giving him general anesthesia during surgery risky? or is it has no real impact on the outcome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the reason behind anesthesia only to avoid discomfort to the patient from operation even in critical cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4972" LastActivityDate="2019-04-22T02:45:49.720" Title="Is general anesthesia safe for critical patients?" Tags="&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-04-30T20:28:31.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-22T19:54:35.840" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before surgery that requires anesthesia the patient is told stuff like don't eat.&#xA;Some people cannot sleep well prior to surgery. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can having a full night or regular good sleep fair better for keeping a patient under or not slipping into a coma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if a patient is known to come out of anesthesia be kept awake the night prior to stay under better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other ways could too much or not enough sleep could affect surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-04-25T20:12:04.333" LastActivityDate="2019-04-25T20:12:04.333" Title="How does sleep affect anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-04-30T20:28:17.747" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-22T23:11:52.033" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I get that antioxidants are really important to combat free radicals, aging, stress, e.t.c. This information is quantified by the reduction potential. Would the value of the information be less than the costs incurred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040984/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040984/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover I appreciate that the fluidity(multiplicative inverse of viscocity) of fats is really important for the endocrinous system, the digestive system and primarilly for the circulatory. The greater the saturation degree, the state of it being trans and the size of the fat the more viscous the fat and it clogs the circulatory system. Viscocity quantifies fluidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be too expensive to comprehensively examine the aliments compared to the value of such information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15914" LastEditorUserId="15914" LastEditDate="2019-04-24T21:46:27.893" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T09:03:15.370" Title="Why does the USDA not examine aliments for weighted mean nutrient reduction potential and weighted mean fat viscocity and divulge such information?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19096" CreationDate="2019-04-23T16:47:12.353" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the cord is the only reason that prevents the baby to start breathing spontaneously and the baby is otherwise healthy then the situation could resolve as you assumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two breaths could suffice, because they are needed only to initiate natural breathing and not to overcome any underlying disorder. Various resuscitation guideliness recommend 2 or 5 breaths and 30 chest compressions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/health-wellness-and-safety-resources/helping-hands/cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-cpr-for-infants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nationwidechildrens.org&lt;/a&gt;), but in your scenario, compressions are not likely necessary. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The baby should start to breathe and cry within seconds thereafter (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.resus.org.uk/resuscitation-guidelines/resuscitation-and-support-of-transition-of-babies-at-birth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;resus.org.uk&lt;/a&gt;). Crying can be loud from the start, as usually.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mucus may not be a problem; some doctors advise against suctioning babies at birth, anyway (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139400/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2104&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The baby could cough, but not necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After starting breathing, the baby's color will change from blue/gray to pink within seconds, which can be very impressive (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nzrc.org.nz/assets/Guidelines/Neonatal-Resus/ANZCOR-Guideline-13.3-Jan16.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nzrc.org.nz&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This information is also from my observation of delayed onset of breathing after birth in a baby with a cleft palate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-03T06:37:32.803" LastActivityDate="2019-05-03T06:37:32.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-24T09:54:21.250" Score="4" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking at the side effects of Madopar, and all of them are listed as &quot;unknown frequency&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can frequency be unknown? Even if just one of a million patients got a certain side effect, that just means that frequency is 1 millionth, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reason I can think of, is that zero side effects occurred in the drug's clinical test, AND people contacted the company about their side effects AFTER the drug was already on the market. That seems unlikely, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol-2/c/smpc_guideline_rev2_en.pdf#page=18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; but it's a bit of a wall of text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16102" LastEditorUserId="16102" LastEditDate="2019-04-24T10:36:16.533" LastActivityDate="2019-10-07T17:00:25.073" Title="Frequency of drug side effect listed as &quot;unknown&quot;" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-24T11:35:51.103" Score="4" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/a&gt; of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) requires that 2 of these 3 be present: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chronic anovulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hyperandrogenism (clinical/biologic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;polycystic ovaries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the 3rd criteria, usually a transvaginal ultrasound is ordered due to high sensitivity and specificity for visualization of pelvic organs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for diagnosis in adolescents and adults prior to sexual debut, a transvaginal ultrasound is potentially excessively invasive.  Is there an alternate accepted modality to ultrasound via transvaginal probe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16104" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-04-25T16:48:04.970" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T19:26:38.973" Title="Is transvaginal ultrasound the only imaging modality option for diagnosis of PCOS?" Tags="&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;&lt;ovarian-cysts&gt;&lt;transvaginal-ultrasound&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-24T14:50:26.997" Score="6" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a medical student. As an exercise, we got an x-ray photograph of the left hand of a patient who reports to have fallen onto this hand, and has pain at the location of the scaphoid bone.&#xA;The question we have to answer is whether there might be a fracture and what to do next for the diagnosis. On the photograph, I don't see any fracture and I would simply say there is no fracture and tell the patient to wait and see. Is this too simple?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CSGHc.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CSGHc.png&quot; alt=&quot;left hand&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16105" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T16:24:10.007" Title="Is this a trick question about a fracture?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19148" CreationDate="2019-04-24T16:24:10.007" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also don't see any fracture in the scaphoid, but &quot;fractures of the scaphoid are not visible in about 16% of cases on initial radiographs&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293310/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical scaphoid fracture, PubMed, 2011&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When symptoms suggest scaphoid fracture, but no fracture is seen on a radiograph, the current approach is to consider it as a &quot;clinical scaphoid fracture,&quot; immobilize the wrist and take another radiograph after 14 days. The article linked above criticizes this approach and recommends performing an early CT, MRI or scintigraphy to rule out other causes, such as distal radius fracture and tendon strain (see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0901/p879.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;aafp.org, Table 1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-04-24T16:24:10.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19144" CreationDate="2019-04-25T07:32:10.850" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/health//sites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol-2/c/smpc_guideline_rev2_en.pdf#page=18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A GUIDELINE ON SUMMARY OF PRODUCT [pharmaceuticals] CHARACTERISTICS (EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In exceptional cases, if a frequency cannot be &lt;em&gt;estimated&lt;/em&gt; from the&#xA;  available data, an additional category frequency ‘not known’ may be&#xA;  used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, knowing the number of cases of a drug side effects in a certain group of users is not enough to estimate the frequency of side effects in the entire population. For example, if only one person spontaneously reports a side effect, the &lt;em&gt;reported frequency&lt;/em&gt; is known, but this may not be enough to estimate the &lt;em&gt;actual frequency,&lt;/em&gt; because the producer does not know how many others experienced side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the reported frequency is low, the producer can't automatically claim the actual frequency is &quot;low,&quot; so they may say it's unknown, but you can assume it is probably low, because...when the reported frequency is high, the producer can automatically estimate the actual frequency is also &quot;high.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-07T17:00:25.073" LastActivityDate="2019-10-07T17:00:25.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19136" CreationDate="2019-04-25T10:54:00.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, the question is if the knowledge about fat viscosity could help design diets to prevent or treat diseases and why is not more research about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an ongoing research; I don't know how much USDA is involved, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that the fatty acids with 4 or more unsaturated bonds (arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA) improve fluidity of the cell membranes, and that the diets high in these fatty acids could, theoretically, help to prevent against Alzheimer's disease &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040984/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(PubMed, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some short-term clinical trials also suggest that DHA from fish or supplements may help to prevent Alzheimer's disease and one of the proposed mechanisms is increased fluidity of the brain cell membranes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838628/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2010&lt;/a&gt;). On the other hand, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD005379/DEMENTIA_fish-oils-for-the-prevention-of-dementia-in-older-people&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a 2012 Cochrane reiew&lt;/a&gt; has not found any association between high intake of fish oil (high in DHA) and dementia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub3/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a 2018 Cochrane review&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;taking omega‐3 capsules does not reduce heart disease, stroke or death. There is little evidence of effects of eating fish.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with studies about nutrients effects on health is that they need to be long-term (&gt;10 years) and include a lot of participants to be convincing. Many studies about nutrients have been disappointing with no beneficial effects shown, which may discourage some researchers to start new studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can make another answer about antioxidants if you ask a separate question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The questions only USDA can answer can be asked here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usda.gov/ask-expert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usda.gov/ask-expert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-29T08:07:59.080" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T08:07:59.080" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4914" CreationDate="2019-04-25T19:17:10.880" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I asked my dentist about this and he said that you don't need to add anything to raise your pH because your saliva already produces calcium bicarbonate and it protects us from acid. We just need to consciously apply it with our tongue, or push it around, routinely, or, if you chew gum after you eat, even if it has sugar, it stimulates the saliva to clean and protect your teeth!!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-25T19:17:10.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19159" CreationDate="2019-04-26T08:00:33.413" Score="4" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know few people who take high doses of iodine everyday.&#xA;They take this medicine called Lugola: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cefarm24.pl/plyn-lugola-40-g-coel-roztwor-wodny-jodu-produkt-farmakopealny.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cefarm24.pl/plyn-lugola-40-g-coel-roztwor-wodny-jodu-produkt-farmakopealny.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 g of liquid contains:&#xA;active substances - iodine 10 mg, potassium iodide 20 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The total amount of idoine per ml in this solution is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10 mg + 20 mg * 0,78 (this ratio is taken from another source)  = 10 mg + 15,4 mg = 25,4 mg of iodine/ml&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an aqueous solution, so 1 ml is 20 drops, and one drop is 0.05 ml.&#xA;They take this every morning 2 to 5 drops from a very long time like 1 year.&#xA;The dose is 0.1 ml to 0.25 ml everyday, which translates into total doses of iodine ranging from 2,54 mg to 6,35 mg per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've observed changes in behaviour of these people from the time they have started taking this. They seems to be more aggressive now and are afraid of non real things. Can this be beacuse of the fact that they take these doses of iodine everyday?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no condition to be treated with iodide, they do this because they believe this will improve their overall health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16113" LastEditorUserId="16113" LastEditDate="2019-04-26T15:18:58.657" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T15:18:58.657" Title="Can taking high doses of iodine every day cause psychosis?" Tags="&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;antipsychotic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19157" CreationDate="2019-04-26T14:37:53.260" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mmx/lugol-s-solution.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; mentions that prolonged use of Lugol's solution (potassium iodide + iodine) can cause &lt;em&gt;confusion,&lt;/em&gt; caused by potassium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In long-term treatment of Grave's disease (overactive thyroid), 10–400 mg iodide per day has been used (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693970/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2107&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various drug websites do not mention psychosis, aggressiveness, illusions or irritability as a side effect of potassium iodide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grave's disease symptoms include irritability and anxiety, among others (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356240&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-26T15:05:11.733" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T15:05:11.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-26T14:59:47.950" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to professionally sourced dermascopes that tend to be expensive are several low end devices that connect wirelessly to a smartphone. What would be the minimum specifications of a device to produce a picture that could then be sent to a dermatologist for analysis? IE: magnification (IE: 1000x vs 200x, etc.?), lighting (number of LEDs?), megapixels (minimum?), what have you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, would &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B00GA9QJQY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the &quot;Basic&quot; low end version (currently $99 at Amazon)&lt;/a&gt; be &quot;a joke&quot;? Or would it be adequate for a yes/no analysis for melanoma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is inadequate, at what point do the specs become acceptable to a pro for analysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect to spend some time in a country largely dependent on telemedecine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T14:59:47.950" Title="What are the minimum specifications for a dermascope?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;melanoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19146" CreationDate="2019-04-26T19:26:38.973" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;If PCOS is unable to be diagnosed by the presence of the 2 other criteria out of the 3 you listed, then imaging is critical to diagnosis if PCOS is strongly suspected.  Diagnosis is important, as treatment can sometimes prevent complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of all imaging modalities, transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is the first choice because it gives the best visualization of pelvic organs, as it can get closer to them than transabdominal ultrasound, and the ultrasound technology allows characterization of cysts based on echogenicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J7aQx.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J7aQx.png&quot; alt=&quot;transvaginal ultrasonography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transvaginal ultrasound is done using a probe that is covered with a condom-like sheath, and covered in lubrication.  The probe looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ikEbL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ikEbL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;TVUS probe&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probe is usually approximately the width of 2 fingers. If a woman is able to tolerate manipulation of tampons, it is less likely to cause trauma to the hymen.  Although there is some discomfort with the exam, most women report it is not as traumatic as it seemed it would be. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there do exist &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218544/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;alternative recommendations&lt;/a&gt; for diagnostic imaging in adolescents prior to sexual debut, which can be applied to virgin adults as well: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;transabdominal ultrasound is preferred to the transvaginal approach in adolescent girls, but this approach may be technically limited in overweight and obese individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Technically limited&quot; means that abdominal fat reduces the ability of ultrasound from outside the abdomen to visualize the ovaries accurately, and therefore may yield inconclusive results.  In that case, a transvaginal ultrasound would be preferred.  It is possible to start with a transabdominal ultrasound and then get transvaginal if the first is inconclusive.  Alternatively, CT scan or MRI are options; however, CT radiation is generally preferred to be avoided unless necessary (it exposes your ovaries to 200+ times the radiation of 1 chest Xray), and MRI is a long and expensive test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An adolescent or adult with concerns about TVUS should talk with their provider to discuss the viability of alternative imaging options, if imaging is essential to the diagnosis, and perhaps look at an ultrasound probe to reduce concern with the use of the instrument.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-04-26T19:26:38.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19165" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19186" CreationDate="2019-04-27T01:41:09.330" Score="7" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-trinity-students-death-cause-20190423-6lemink76baghlbarvbjtfpwya-story.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;news item&lt;/a&gt; today that said this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The state medical examiner’s office ruled Tuesday that the death of a&#xA;  Trinity student in November was accidental and caused by a rare&#xA;  stomach disorder that was exacerbated by cocaine use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chief Medical Examiner James Gill said that Chase Hyde died of gastric&#xA;  ischemia that was complicated by recent cocaine use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, so the cocaine caused vascular constriction that exacerbated his undiagnosed preexisting condition and led to the ischemia. I get that, but that's not my question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He was an apparently healthy young man experiencing protracted nausea and vomiting and he assumed it was due to food poisoning, which isn't an unreasonable assumption. Any physician would likely have assumed the same (or a viral infection) and treated it symptomatically, which would not have saved him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how might he have been successfully diagnosed and treated if he had sought treatment immediately? Is there any scenario in which an astute physician would have identified the actual cause and treated it given the emergent nature and short time frame available? If so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T10:40:43.200" Title="Emergent gastric ischemia" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;ischaemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-27T11:58:43.033" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30916789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cerebral folate deficiency: Analytical tests and differential diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, I came across a tough phrase: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Neurological disease was first linked to folate deficiency by Pincus and co-workers in 1973 (Reynolds et al, 1973) and low CSF folate levels were first reported in 1981 (Botez and Bachevalier 1981). Cerebral folate deficiency was subsequently defined by Raemakers and Blau (2004) as ‘any neurological syndrome associated with a low CSF 5-MTHF, in the presence of normal folate metabolism outside the nervous system.’ However, it should be noted that cerebral folate deficiency is often used to describe conditions where CSF 5-MTHF is low, regardless of the peripheral folate status. A variety of causes of cerebral folate deficiency have been described, ranging from inborn errors of metabolism including metabolic recycling defects (DHFR and MTHFR deficiencies) and disorders of folate transport (e.g. FOLR1 and PCFT defects, and mitochondrial disorders leading to impaired folate transport) to possible &lt;strong&gt;over-utilisation/degradation defects such as L-dopa methylation and neurodegeneration&lt;/strong&gt;. The primary transport and metabolic defects typically present with extremely low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-MTHF below 10 nmol/L prior to treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they mean &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;excessive utilization of folate and folate-derived compounds, leading to hypermethylation of L-dopa, or &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;excessive degradation of folates, leading to neurodegeneration&quot; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do they mean &quot;L-dopa methylation and neurodegeneration&quot; to stand as a single phrase, a single condition in which excessive methylation of L-dopa is accompanied by neurodegeneration? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2019-04-27T12:07:30.820" LastActivityDate="2019-04-27T12:07:30.820" Title="Meaning of &quot;over-utilisation/degradation defects such as L-dopa methylation and neurodegeneration&quot;" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;deficiency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-27T21:21:59.100" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there are known risks for hearing or any other possible health issue in case of long usage of ultrasonic (parametric) speakers (see an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.soundlazer.com/product/sl-01-open-source-parametric-speaker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;) at low volume.&#xA;For long usage I mean about 8 hours every day for years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some medical articles, mostly dating a few years ago, some are optimistic some are on the &quot;it depends&quot; side. It is clear that high volume and very high frequencies can be harmful. I do not have the medical experience needed to understand if the concerns expressed on those articles can be applied to my scenario (low volume, 8 hours each day) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the most optimistic articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1934478&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4698603/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the less optimistic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Effects_of_Ultrasound&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikilectures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medical-practice/calls-for-research-into-health-effects-of-ultrasound-exposure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS.UK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_ultrasonic_waves_have_any_negative_impact_on_humans2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Researchgate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16015" LastEditorUserId="16015" LastEditDate="2019-04-30T07:26:49.000" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T07:26:49.000" Title="Risks of prolonged use of ultrasonic speakers" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;noise-induce-hearing-harm&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-29T03:23:12.553" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-625-x/2017001/article/14831-eng.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;survey&lt;/a&gt; there is an anomalty that only boys aged 4 to 8 use more nutritional supplements than girls of the same age in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain or interpret this oddity? It is never explained in the source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know about Canadian's behaviour nor do I know about nutrional supplements for kids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess boys aged 4 to 8 grow not as tall or big as girls at the same age, then the worried moms feed more supplments to their boys. Or perhaps there is some bias in data collection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pmNjc.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pmNjc.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Source: 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fCUeZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fCUeZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;Source: 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey - Nutrition.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-625-x/2017001/article/14831-eng.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-625-x/2017001/article/14831-eng.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16129" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T11:07:22.777" Title="Why do boys aged 4 to 8 use more nutritional supplements than girls in this Canada fact sheet?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19173" CreationDate="2019-04-29T11:01:29.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In age groups 4-8 and 9-13, supplements use is almost the same in boys and girls. At these ages, there are much fewer health conditions or concerns that would be related to a person's sex, than at older ages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Menstruating, lactating and pregnant women use more &lt;strong&gt;iron&lt;/strong&gt; supplements than men of same age (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ods.od.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Approximately 14% to 18% of Americans use a supplement containing&#xA;  iron. Rates of use of supplements containing iron vary by age and&#xA;  gender, ranging from 6% of children aged 12 to 19 years to &lt;em&gt;60% of&#xA;  women who are lactating and 72% of pregnant women.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many pregnant women also use &lt;strong&gt;&quot;prenatal vitamins&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380518/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2014&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;56% of black and 86% of white women reported pre- and/or&#xA;  post-conceptional PNV use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Postmenopausal women use more &lt;strong&gt;calcium&lt;/strong&gt; supplements to prevent or treat osteoporosis, which is much more common in women than in men (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ods.od.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24724775&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 2014 survey in the US&lt;/a&gt; also showed that more women use nutritional supplements than men. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-29T11:07:22.777" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T11:07:22.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19177" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-29T11:51:16.370" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which nerve inflammation can affect vision other than the optical nerve itself?&#xA;Can a nerve inflammation affect vision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16132" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T13:39:25.750" Title="Which nerve inflammation can affect vision other than the optical nerve itself?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;optic-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19178" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19099" CreationDate="2019-04-29T14:26:10.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/19088/has-a-correlation-between-sleep-apnea-and-grinding-of-teeth-been-identified-or-r#comment34332_19088&quot;&gt;As I pointed out in the comments&lt;/a&gt; under your other related question, mandibular advancement devices are not a new idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my experience as a diagnosed sufferer of chronic OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnoea), I underwent the home sleep study you described and it was not a &quot;go/no go&quot; test for CPAP, it was a yes/no test for sleep apnoea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was suggested in 2014 (before the paper you linked was written) that I use a mandibular advancement device to keep my lower jaw forward whilst sleeping.  The boil and bite ones worked for a limited time (usually for a month or, if your lucky, slightly longer) and then you have to throw it away and buy another as they wear out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could have opted for a custom made one from the dentist, or &lt;a href=&quot;https://britishsnoring.co.uk/shop/mandibular_advancement_devices/somnowell.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Somnowell for £1,500&lt;/a&gt; and I have been told they can last 10 years due to their construction and materials used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast to a CPAP I now use, they are half the price &lt;a href=&quot;https://mysleep.resmed.com/GB/en/CPAP-Machines/Home-CPAP-Machines/c/111&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at £600-£700&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; Much more cost effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst I am not dismissing your notion that mandibular advancement devices help, while custom made devices cost so much, CPAP will be my recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T14:26:10.357" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19179" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19180" CreationDate="2019-04-29T18:07:09.990" Score="2" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Person of Interest, Shaw inserts a line into a guy's arm that goes directly into her arm for a blood transfusion. See clip:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYQRa6IYf0A&amp;amp;t=83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYQRa6IYf0A&amp;amp;t=83&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What determines the direction the blood flows? How does she ensure it the blood flows to her rather than away? My guess is that because she's lost a lot of blood due to a gun shot, her blood pressure would be lower. Since his blood pressure would be higher, it pushes the blood to her accordingly. Once she receives a decent amount of blood, her pressure will increase until there's an equilibrium. Is that an accurate assumption or is there something else going on? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8399" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T19:16:05.350" Title="How does a blood transfusion directly from one person to another through a line work?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19179" CreationDate="2019-04-29T19:16:05.350" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Direct blood transfusion is both dangerous for the donor and inconvenient in a modern medical setting, so this does not really happen today outside of movies/TV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before blood banking and anticoagulation, direct blood transfusion was done between the artery of a donor and vein of a recipient; pressure is much higher in the arteries than the veins. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414381/pdf/annsurg00913-0002b.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crile, 1907&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crile, G. (1907). I. The Technique of Direct Transfusion of Blood. Annals of surgery, 46(3), 329.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-04-29T19:16:05.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19099" CreationDate="2019-04-30T04:08:35.627" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are specialists who do different degrees of positional assessments - specifically orthodontists, dentists, or maxillofacial surgeons (usually those who specialize in TMJ).  Also, some practicing D.O. physicians and massage therapists who specialize in cranial OMT may address positioning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OSA is not the only potential complication of poor mandibular &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&amp;amp;contentid=p00899&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alignment (or TMD); it can cause&lt;/a&gt; headaches, dizziness, tooth wear, sensitivity, clicking, jaw pain... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot cite the name of the device because I do not remember, but I pilot tested a nighttime monitoring device that monitored the amplitude of muscle contraction of the masseter (jaw clenching muscle) as well as body position, movements, pulse, O2 saturations, and noise (snoring).  The goal was to correlate hypoxia with positioning, HR, clenching, snoring etc.  The application of the results, however, are still in development.  The investigators were a physician (D.O.) and orthodontist who work together on individuals with TMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I anticipate more of these will be available in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T04:08:35.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19177" CreationDate="2019-04-30T07:10:54.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vision can be sharp when the light is focused exactly on the retina, not in front or behind it. This is enabled by the constant eye bulb length and the ability of the lens to accommodate to near or far objects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Three cranial nerves&lt;/strong&gt; that innervate the extraocular muscles and thus the shape of the eye bulb include the oculomotor nerve (n. III), trochlear nerve (n. IV) and abducens nerve (n. VI) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Additional nerves&lt;/strong&gt; innervate the ciliary muscles, which control the lens (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary_muscle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The optic nerve (n. V)&lt;/strong&gt; conveys visual stimuli from the retina to the brain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;Inflammation&lt;/strong&gt; of this nerve (optic neuritis) can affect vision (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;). Other mentioned nerves are not typically affected by inflammation, but more likely by other disorders of the nerves or brain, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msif.org/about-ms/symptoms-of-ms/vision-issues/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple sclerosis&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://strokefoundation.org.au/About-Stroke/Help-after-stroke/Stroke-resources-and-fact-sheets/Vision-loss-after-stroke-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stroke&lt;/a&gt;. Anyway, nerve function impairment, from whatever cause, is often called &lt;strong&gt;palsy,&lt;/strong&gt; for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve_palsy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oculomotor nerve palsy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By far most common causes of impaired vision are changes in the eye bulb length (nearsightedness) and age-related rigidity of the lens (farsightedness), which are usually not associated with the nerves. Then there are various disorders of the lens (e.g. cataracts), eye chambers (e.g. glaucoma), retina and circulation (e.g. diabetes). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; has a long list of causes of visual impairment. There's a simple to read description of neurological causes of visual impairment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/neurosciences/news/print/ocular-surgery-news/%7B83ee5159-fea0-4b30-beb8-8595bbf23efe%7D/neurologic-disorders-have-varied-ocular-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healio&lt;/a&gt; and there's one study about this on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4173229/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-30T13:39:25.750" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T13:39:25.750" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-30T08:29:32.623" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a transgender female who is looking for SRS options. I would like to know if there is any method of operation that allows the doctor to perform vaginoplasty with ADM material or other external material (artificial material, animal material, etc.). Are there any precedents? Will the operation be safe and tangible? What are the prognoses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16135" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T15:45:43.263" Title="Application of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and other external materials in transgender female's vaginoplasty" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19186" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19165" CreationDate="2019-04-30T10:21:06.263" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cocaine use is known to cause &lt;em&gt;gastric&lt;/em&gt; ischemia or even perforation (in a 19 year old female student with epigastric pain &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033545/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2010&lt;/a&gt;) and in another 5 relatively young people (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2007737/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1991&lt;/a&gt;), or &lt;em&gt;intestinal&lt;/em&gt; ischemia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1305435/pdf/westjmed00316-0049.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 1999&lt;/a&gt;). When there are no symptoms that would differ from those in food poisoning or infectious gastroenteritis, cocaine use alone should raise suspicion for gastric or intestinal ischemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms and signs associated with gastric ischemia can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension (as a cause of ischemia), abdominal pain (angina) and tenderness, chest pain (angina), vomiting blood and blood in stool (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jwatch.org/na33593/2014/02/20/it-gastric-ischemia&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal Watch, 2014&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360478/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2006&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can also help to know the history of underlying conditions in gastric ischemia that can occur in young people: hypotension (e.g. due to arrhythmia or anaphylaxis), vasculitis, pyloric stenosis (which can lead to stomach distension) and paraesophageal hernia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-017-4807-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Springer, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis is by upper endoscopy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medcraveonline.com/IJRRT/IJRRT-05-00125&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedCrave, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, symptoms and signs of gastric ischemia can be very unspecific, but you can &lt;em&gt;suspect&lt;/em&gt; it in a person with sustained epigastric pain and known cocaine use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-04-30T10:40:43.200" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T10:40:43.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19187" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-30T14:31:25.893" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the National Institute of Health, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more than 1 in 5 hospital patients has hypokalemia (low potassium)&lt;/a&gt; and often this is the result of a side effect of heart related medications (ibid.):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...Insufficient potassium intakes can increase blood pressure, kidney stone risk, bone turnover, urinary calcium excretion, and salt sensitivity (meaning that changes in sodium intakes affect blood pressure to a greater than normal extent) &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severe potassium deficiency can cause hypokalemia, (serum potassium level less than about 3.6 mmol/L) [3,7,8]. &lt;strong&gt;Hypokalemia affects up to 21% of hospitalized patients, usually because of the use of diuretics and other medications [30,31], but it is rare among healthy people with normal kidney function&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mild hypokalemia is characterized by constipation, fatigue, muscle weakness, and malaise [3]. Moderate to severe hypokalemia (serum potassium level less than about 2.5 mmol/L) can cause polyuria (large volume of dilute urine); encephalopathy in patients with kidney disease; glucose intolerance; muscular paralysis; poor respiration; and cardiac arrhythmias, especially in individuals with underlying heart disease [1,3,7]. Severe hypokalemia can be life threatening because of its effects on muscle contraction and, hence, cardiac function [5].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...Hypokalemia is rarely caused by low dietary potassium intake alone, but it can result from diarrhea due to potassium losses in the stool. It can also result from vomiting, which produces metabolic alkalosis, leading to potassium losses in the kidneys. Hypokalemia can also be caused by refeeding syndrome (the metabolic response to initial refeeding after a starvation period) because of potassium’s movement into cells; laxative abuse; diuretic use; eating clay (a type of pica); heavy sweating; or dialysis [3,5,7,32,33]...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magnesium depletion can contribute to hypokalemia by increasing urinary potassium losses [1,34,35]. It can also increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias by decreasing intracellular potassium concentrations. More than 50% of individuals with clinically significant hypokalemia might have magnesium deficiency [35]. In people with hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, both should be treated concurrently [7]...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand from the article, though, this measurement is somewhat limited in that most of the potassium is stored in the cells of the body, not in the blood (ibid.) and that measurement is rarely taken because of the difficulty. If so then:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;is this percentage really a meaningful indicator of hypokalemia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if so, is this addressed by doctors or hospital nutritionists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if so, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if not, why not? What should be done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T19:32:45.627" Title="What does the prevalence of low potassium (hypokalemia) in 21% of hospital patients really tell us and how is it being addressed?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19185" CreationDate="2019-04-30T15:45:43.263" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Acellular dermal matrix has been used experimentally [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12143&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] to successfully repair vaginal agenesis in cisgender female patients, so there's some evidence to support that ADM could be used in an SRS vaginoplasty. It's important to note that these authors are from institutions in China, which may mean that their surgical technique is region-specific (and perhaps not allowed by regulatory agencies in the United States). Generally speaking, any type of SRS procedure you might receive from a qualified plastic surgeon will likely produce satisfying and relatively uncomplicated results. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002684&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researchers in South Korea, another hotspot for plastic surgery, have published very favorable data on long-term results (in terms of anatomic and sexual function as well as patient satisfaction) on a minimally-invasive vaginoplasty that takes a laparoscopic rectosigmoid approach. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3109/2000656X.2011.613649&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] Naturally, this procedure can have complications, as it involves dissection of the rectum, creating potential for gut flora to migrate into the peritoneum and neovagina. However, long-term studies (10 and 25 years) have shown the rectosigmoid approach to be &quot;useful, safe, and well-accepted&quot; without requiring a graft. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000066169.78208.D4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2017.44.1.48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] Again, this procedure is largely region-specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, you might consider that the &quot;additional use of full-thickness skin graft does not influence neovaginal shrinkage, nor does it affect the patient- and physician-reported aesthetic or functional outcome&quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;], so you'll likely be able to avoid having a graft if you explain your wishes to your surgeon. I can find at least one surgeon in the United States from cursory Googling [&lt;a href=&quot;https://drlschechter.com/penile-inversion-vaginoplasty/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] who mentions the optional nature of the graft: &quot;Occasionally, skin grafts are required in order to achieve adequate vaginal depth. Your consultation will determine whether or not a skin graft is necessary.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2019-04-30T15:45:43.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19189" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-04-30T22:31:36.970" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we have a patient diagnosed with ADHD who has a BMI between 16.0 and 18.5 (underweight) who has an inconsistent eating pattern and a reoccurring lack of hunger, would they be likely to have an eating disorder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pt. has access to food (some of which they like). Purging not present; no negative outlooks on food or physique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of their eating behavior might be (first three days of the week):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breakfast, &lt;em&gt;skipped&lt;/em&gt;. Lunch, &lt;em&gt;skipped&lt;/em&gt;. Dinner, ~700 calories. Midnight snack, ~350 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breakfast, &lt;em&gt;skipped&lt;/em&gt;. Lunch, ~600 calories. Dinner, ~500 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breakfast, ~300 calories. Lunch, ~400 calories. Dinner, &lt;em&gt;skipped&lt;/em&gt;. Midnight snack, ~200 calories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Average daily caloric intake less than 2000; often less than 1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Research&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest match I found is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avoidant or Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)&lt;/a&gt;. This has a common condition: &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;lack of interest in consuming the food&lt;/strong&gt;, or tolerating it nearby&amp;quot;. Which, sort of goes inline with the Pt. not eating food very often. But, Pt. does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; have problems with avoiding foods based on texture, taste, smell, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15252" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-01T05:15:06.837" Title="Does irregular eating patterns and frequent lack of hunger constitute an eating disorder?" Tags="&lt;eating-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19190" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-03-31T22:30:38.180" Score="10" ViewCount="6043" Body="&lt;p&gt;AFAIK people that suffer from severe starvation (e.g., prisoners liberated from concentration camps in the end of WW2) can die if you allow them to eat &quot;at will&quot;. There is documented evidence that eating too much after prolonged starvation can make you physically ill immediately, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;as well as refeeding syndrome&lt;/a&gt; which occurs because the body doesn't have the materials necessary to sustain digestion (And can be fatal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don't have access to medical equipment, such as drips and some kind of nutrient solution, but just more common food of the type you have with you when camping or at home - how do you feed someone suffering from starvation in a safe way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9597" OwnerDisplayName="d-b" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2019-05-01T21:10:01.870" LastActivityDate="2020-08-02T18:01:29.957" Title="How do you feed a starving person in a way that won't kill them?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-01T19:08:34.947" Score="3" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CT Scan&lt;/a&gt; specific to an organ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean by that question is the following: if you google a bit you will often find list with radiation exposure due to the CT scan, see for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=safety-xray&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. In these lists the dose varies depending on what exactly gets scanned. But its not unusual to find lists that are divided by bodyparts, rather than organs (the examples for this would be in German, so I'm not sure if linking them is alright). What I now would like to know is if one scan of a body part can be used to evaluate different organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if your urologist sends you to a CT scan of your kidneys can the same CT scan be used to evaluate your gastrointestinal tract, or your colon, etc.? What are the limitations of this and does it make a difference if contrast material was used or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I am not interested in answers about the radiation dose due to CT scans!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15227" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-31T11:13:46.503" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T11:13:46.503" Title="Is a CT scan specific to an organ?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19195" CreationDate="2019-05-02T02:57:39.110" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the last 2 years, I have began armwrestling competitively in tournaments (&lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt; its a real thing!) across the northeastern US. In armwrestling, your tendons and ligaments take a lot more damage than your muscles, which a lot of people have a difficult time understanding. But armwrestling is largely a static exercise with your body straining at 100% maximal effort and very little movement occurring for 20 or 30 seconds, sometimes longer. And when you exert yourself like this the stress transfers from your muscles into the things holding those muscles onto your bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have began hearing a lot of rhetoric about the &quot;magic&quot; of CBD oil for healing damaged connective tissue and/or reducing inflammation around said damaged connective tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering whether there is any substantiated medical evidence to support these claims. Any white papers or bona fide research generally-accepted results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14269" LastActivityDate="2019-05-02T13:12:34.313" Title="Studies on the efficacy of CBD to fight connective tissue inflammation" Tags="&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19193" CreationDate="2019-05-02T05:52:13.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you’ve heard is rooted in fact. CBD has well-known and well-characterized anti-inflammatory effects. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sumner_Burstein/publication/272373349_Cannabidiol_CBD_and_its_analogs_A_review_of_their_effects_on_inflammation/links/5c7e88e2a6fdcc4715b0f73f/Cannabidiol-CBD-and-its-analogs-A-review-of-their-effects-on-inflammation.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00559&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also has demonstrable chondrogenic effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This review discusses the role of the cannabinoid system in cartilage tissue and endeavors to establish if targeting the cannabinoid system has potential in mesenchymal stem cell based tissue-engineered cartilage repair strategies. The review discusses the potential of cannabinoids to protect against the degradation of cartilage in inflamed arthritic joints and the influence of cannabinoids on the chondrocyte precursors, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We provide experimental evidence to show that activation of the cannabinoid system enhances the survival, migration and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, which are three major tenets behind the success of a cell-based tissue-engineered cartilage repair strategy. These findings highlight the potential for cannabinoids to provide a dual function by acting as anti-inflammatory agents as well as regulators of MSC biology in order to enhance tissue engineering strategies aimed at cartilage repair. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034107/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent research has also shown that CBD decreases MMP9 (an enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix proteins in the body) expression and activity, which would also contribute to a protective effect on your connective tissue. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01435.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="14251" LastEditDate="2019-05-02T13:12:34.313" LastActivityDate="2019-05-02T13:12:34.313" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-02T14:57:49.810" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing research on mosquito repellent as a part of my college project. I have found various sources of marigold being used as insect repellent such as the following link- &#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385578/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385578/&lt;/a&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not seen use of marigold in commercial mosquito repellent. &#xA;Can marigold extract be used in mosquito repellent ointment?&#xA;Any help would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16148" LastEditorUserId="16148" LastEditDate="2019-05-02T15:07:13.550" LastActivityDate="2019-05-02T15:07:13.550" Title="Can marigold extract be used in mosquito repellent ointment?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;mosquito&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19203" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-03T06:30:52.813" Score="4" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are antibiotic-resistant bacteria more dangerous besides their resistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of the way things were before the first antibiotics: people died from infections often and diseases like syphilis were protracted death sentences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is motivated by the following ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that antibiotic resistance also means that some bacteria will be harder for the immune system (without effective antibiotics) to combat? That in a general sense, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are &quot;stronger&quot; or more aggressive?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there is a genetic component to fighting off bacterial infections, do the generations since antibiotics have a higher percentage of members who are not going to be as good as people were on average 90 or so years ago at dealing with infections? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14932" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-05-17T21:15:53.540" LastActivityDate="2019-05-24T06:37:57.663" Title="Do antibiotic-resistant bacteria present greater danger than related strains prior to development of antibiotics?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19190" CreationDate="2019-05-03T11:26:38.470" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;DISCLAIMER: This answer is only about &quot;how to break fast&quot; and prevent refeeding syndrome in otherwise healthy adults, not in those who suffer from chronic alcoholism, eating disorders, cancer or other conditions.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Refeeding syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; can occur within few days of rapid feeding that follows prolonged starvation lasting for more than 5 days. Symptoms can include weakness, muscle cramps, tingling, seizures and, possibly, death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refeeding syndrome occurs due to &lt;strong&gt;glucose&lt;/strong&gt; that quickly enters the cells and drags phosphate, potassium, magnesium and vitamin B1 with it, resulting in hypophosphatemia and, less commonly, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and vitamin B1 deficiency. Sodium and water retention resulting in edema can also occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prevention of refeeding syndrome:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slow feeding in the first week:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after 5-10 day fasting: 20 Kcal/kg body weight/day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;after &gt;10 day fasting: 10 Kcal/kg body weight/day &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Taking multivitamin supplements, including vitamin B1, daily for at least 10 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eating usual foods, but taking care to get enough phosphates (meat, canned fish with bones, cheese, eggs) and potassium (potatoes, bananas)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding foods high in sugars and other quickly-absorbable carbohydrates (fruit juice, soda, sweets, white bread, pasta cookies or rice) to prevent quick blood glucose shifts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drinking only as much water as necessary to maintain &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003281.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;normal skin turgor&lt;/a&gt; and excretion of clear or straw-yellow urine, and avoiding excessive salt intake to prevent water retention (swollen ankles)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440847/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it (PubMed, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/_pdf/consult/refeeding_syndrome.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Importance of the Refeeding Syndrome (Hopkins Medicine, 2001)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Refeeding syndrome – awareness, prevention and management (PubMed, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(08)01735-5/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Refeeding Syndrome: Recognition Is the Key to Prevention and Management&#xA;(Journal of American Dietetic Association, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-03T15:59:24.437" LastActivityDate="2019-05-03T15:59:24.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19192" CreationDate="2019-05-03T13:35:56.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general, a CT scan of an organ is intended to check only that organ, not the entire body region, even if some other organs are seen on the image. A CT of one organ can accidentally reveal a disorder in some other organ, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is &lt;strong&gt;a CT image of the kidneys&lt;/strong&gt; that reveals tumors (red arrows) in both kidneys. The image also shows parts of some other abdominal organs that are on the same horizontal level. A single CT investigation of the kidneys will give more images on different levels, but it still won't show the entire abdominal cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Angiomyolipome_der_Niere_CT.jpg/577px-Angiomyolipome_der_Niere_CT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;A CT of the kidneys&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture 1. A CT of the kidneys (Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiomyolipome_der_Niere_CT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a doctor who is searching, for example, for a cause of abdominal pain, can order &lt;strong&gt;a CT scan of the &quot;abdomen and pelvis&quot;,&lt;/strong&gt; which will show all abdominal and pelvic organs. Such investigation usually gives more than just 3 images you can see below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CT_of_a_normal_abdomen_and_pelvis%2C_thumbnail.png/344px-CT_of_a_normal_abdomen_and_pelvis%2C_thumbnail.png&quot; alt=&quot;A CT of the abdomen&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture 2. A CT of the abdominal cavity (source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CT_of_a_normal_abdomen_and_pelvis,_thumbnail.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A contrast substance&lt;/strong&gt; used during a CT scan of a single organ can provide more details about that organ and possibly some nearby organs, but not of the entire body region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-03T16:17:32.027" LastActivityDate="2019-05-03T16:17:32.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-03T19:02:07.457" Score="4" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not asking if &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190502075830.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;snoring can lead to damage&lt;/a&gt; because that seems to be already known. What I'm asking is whether or not snoring should be treated as a disease in and of itself and if it warrants prescribing and treating much like Sleep Apnea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="1268" LastEditDate="2019-05-08T17:41:37.983" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T17:41:37.983" Title="Since snoring can damage the nasal mechanism does snoring warrant CPAP intervention?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;snore-snoring&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-03T19:30:50.427" Score="7" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For this specific question, I am ONLY referring to baths taken either in a facility or home that are for hygiene purposes &lt;em&gt;ONLY&lt;/em&gt;: For this question, please disregard information regarding chlorinated/public pools and heated/hot tubs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am also only referring to &lt;em&gt;VAGINAL&lt;/em&gt; births-not cesarian sections.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a lot of disagreement amongst the medical community, both OB/GYNs and Midwives alike, regarding whether or not postpartum baths are harmful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, my friend, who had an OBGYN and did NOT receive stitches was encouraged NOT to take baths for one/two weeks following the birth of her daughter; meanwhile, I had a hospital midwife and 56 vaginal stitches and was ENCOURAGED to take baths to help healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of women, due to soreness following vaginal deliveries do not initially wipe after urinating and instead use perineal irrigation or &quot;peri&quot; squirt bottles to clean themselves with plain water. I do not know whether or not this prevents postpartum infections or if this cleans the area sufficiently enough compared to a soak in a bathtub. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that there are outside things that would affect the answers, such as: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overall cleanliness of the bathtub &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Overall cleanliness of the bath water &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;perhaps even; city vs well water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The extent of vaginal trauma (Tears; with or without stitches)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Products added to the water &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For hygiene purposes: bubble bath, body wash, bar soap, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For spiritual purposes: flowers, herbs, leaves, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For homeopathic purposes: unscented Epsom salt, baking soda, essential oils, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a current recommendation or recent studies conducted(post-2010); if possible-that point to whether or not postpartum baths at home are more harmful or hurtful for recovery considering (either the varying factors above or including a specific group with controlled environments)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, there will always be medical professionals with varying opinions that are either based on stubbornness, textbook practice, years of anecdotes, etc.; however, I am looking for an overall answer stemming from recent medical journals that are as unbiased as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15571" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:02:29.557" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:02:29.557" Title="Are postpartum home (not chlorinated) baths more harmful or hurtful to vaginal childbirth recovery?" Tags="&lt;bath&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;&lt;postpartum-body&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19211" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-04T20:55:26.687" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which hormonal treatments have been shown to be useful to prevent or treat tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} surveyed the links between hormones and tendinopathies but their main conclusion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The influence of hormones on tendon structure and metabolism needs to be further investigated. If found to be significant, multidisciplinary preventive and therapeutic strategies should then be developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{2} is a good example of what kind of hormonal treatment recommendations there could be: they showed that oral contraceptives provide protection against anterior cruciate ligament tears based on a national database study of 165,748 female patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Oliva, Francesco, Eleonora Piccirilli, Anna C. Berardi, Antonio Frizziero, Umberto Tarantino, and Nicola Maffulli. &quot;Hormones and tendinopathies: the current evidence.&quot; British medical bulletin 117, no. 1 (2016): 39-58. ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Hormones+and+tendinopathies%3A+the+current+evidence+&amp;amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;amp;u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AA479fpViazoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Hormones+and+tendinopathies%3A+the+current+evidence+&amp;amp;btnG=#d=gs_cit&amp;amp;u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AA479fpViazoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldv054&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldv054&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} DeFroda, Steven F., Steven L. Bokshan, Samatha Worobey, Lauren Ready, Alan H. Daniels, and Brett D. Owens. &quot;Oral contraceptives provide protection against anterior cruciate ligament tears: a national database study of 165,748 female patients.&quot; The Physician and sportsmedicine just-accepted (2019). ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Oral+contraceptives+provide+protection+against+anterior+cruciate+ligament+tears%3A+a+national+database+study+of+165%2C748+female+patients&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Oral+contraceptives+provide+protection+against+anterior+cruciate+ligament+tears%3A+a+national+database+study+of+165%2C748+female+patients&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2019.1600334&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2019.1600334&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-05-04T20:55:26.687" Title="Which hormonal treatments have been shown to be useful to prevent or treat tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19218" CreationDate="2019-05-05T17:22:11.163" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a review on Cerebral Folate Deficiency:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A disorder initially reported as folinic acid responsive epilepsy was subsequently shown to be &lt;strong&gt;allelic with&lt;/strong&gt; PDE – both are caused by biallelic mutations in ALDH7A1 (Gallagher et al, 2009).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that the same exact mutation causes both diseases, and they are fully identical? I think it means that, but I'm not 100% sure, so I decided to ask here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since by allele we mean &quot;a variant form of a given gene&quot; this must be the term to indicate that two diseases previously considered different are in fact fully identical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-05-06T08:16:09.527" Title="&quot;Disease X is allelic with disease Y&quot; - what is the meaning of &quot;allelic&quot; here?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19214" CreationDate="2019-05-06T07:56:05.033" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article1120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Humpath.com&lt;/a&gt;, allelic diseases are &lt;strong&gt;two different diseases caused by mutations of the same gene.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two or more different errors at the same gene can result in two or more different diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The mentioned folinic acid-responsive epilepsy and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1486/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI Gene Reviews&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Noonan syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379170/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cowden Syndrome and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886463/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muckle-Wells syndrome, CINCA syndrome and familial cold urticaria (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=GB&amp;amp;Expert=47045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orphanet&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-06T08:16:09.527" LastActivityDate="2019-05-06T08:16:09.527" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-06T11:35:51.930" Score="1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Sugar&quot; here means commonly consumed sugars: glucose, fructose, sucrose and HFCS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is eating sugar always bad? Can it be eaten in moderation and present no risk to diabetes and other issues? Or should &lt;strong&gt;ideally&lt;/strong&gt; all food be completely without any sugar? Even in a healthy adult of average weight, with no health issues, an otherwise healthy diet and exercise regimen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that the human adult doesn't appear to require glucose consumption, since it can be synthesized within the body: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm also aware that the media might promote sugar as a bad thing to consume. However, this seems to be often correlated with people that have other health issues, such as obesity or lack of physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer this I'd like to see a survey paper which presents a summary of the available research on the topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've attempted to figure this out myself, is this paper any good? Does it represent the consensus in the field (if there even is a consensus!)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133084/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133084/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The available research appears to be weak in some areas. Consider e.g. regarding cognitive performance deterioration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Studies performed ranging in duration from 10 weeks to 24 weeks and employing average levels of consumption of fructose containing sugars have not found any evidence of cognitive change [123,124].&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This wouldn't say anything about changes that might happen over 10 or 20 years of added sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better survey paper, or perhaps a collection of papers that are interesting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12417" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-07T06:49:21.023" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T10:43:15.917" Title="What is the medical consensus regarding the effect sugar consumption has on health?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19219" CreationDate="2019-05-07T13:50:49.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the medical consensus regarding the effect sugar consumption has on health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is still no concensus about the effects of sugar intake on health, mainly due to lack of long-term randomized clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is eating sugar always bad? Can it be eaten in moderation and present no risk to diabetes and other issues?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to systematic reviews of studies, there is insufficient scientific evidence to claim that consuming sugar in &lt;em&gt;moderate&lt;/em&gt; amounts increases the risk of chronic health conditions, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436961/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5174149/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coronary heart disease&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29757229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inflammation&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer&lt;/a&gt;, except of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dental caries&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5133084/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The review article linked in the question&lt;/a&gt; also does not mention that sugar would be harmful. However, as stated in the &quot;Conflict of Interests,&quot; one of the authors and his research laboratory have received funds from several companies that produce foods high in sugar, which can be a potential funding bias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Should ideally all food be completely without any sugar?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some recent reviews (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1829363/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5174149/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016&lt;/a&gt;), sugar is not harmful as such, but mainly when it contributes to excessive body weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decreasing sugar intake can help &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; people to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduce blood glucose fluctuations, which can affect mood (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317401/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maintain healthy body weight (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e7492&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sleep better (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015038/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decrease the risk of depression (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515860/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Starch from foods with little fiber,&lt;/strong&gt; such as white bread, pasta, rice and potatoes, is quickly digested into glucose, which is quickly absorbed, so it is similar to sugars in this regard (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gisymbol.com/sugars-and-starches/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gisymbol.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-08T10:43:15.917" LastActivityDate="2019-05-08T10:43:15.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-07T21:10:16.807" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two ways (from my thought) to perceive the &quot;meaning&quot; of extended release as it pertains to medication (or supplements, whatever) and I cannot logically decipher which would be the case. I get that these dissolve over a certain period of time and I'm completely indifferent as to the process; I want to know whether a 10 mg ER tab, for instance, releases the full 10 mg consistently throughout the stated time-period OR releases a much smaller amount OF that 10 mg throughout the day. (In the second instance, I imagine the amount released at any given moment would be the number of hours relatively divided by the 10 mg resulting in a far lesser amount existing in the system at any given time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it is, the concept of &quot;extended release&quot; on its own without this added perspective is a bit ambiguous. (If it is relevant, I am asking more specifically about morphine ER.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16174" LastActivityDate="2019-05-07T21:48:15.990" Title="At what rate do extended-release tablets release the medication?" Tags="&lt;medication-directions&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19228" CreationDate="2019-05-07T21:48:15.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;10 mg is the entire quantity of drug present. It wouldn't really be possible to describe the rate at which the drug is released in just 1 number, and if so, it would have to be in units of &quot;mass per time&quot; rather than just &quot;mass.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time course of extended release depends on the formulation. Typically the release will be faster early on, however the result of extended release is to a) reduce the peak plasma concentration, b) increase the time to peak, and c) increase the length of time at effective doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For oral morphine, I quickly found the Collins et al 1998 paper, which might be a bit outdated, but it reviews many prior papers and compares peak plasma concentrations for various oral morphine formulations. In general, the total dose-corrected peak was ~50% for controlled vs immediate release, and the time of peak was around 3 hours rather than around 1.5 hours. There is a lot of variance between formulations, however, so these numbers may not apply to any particular formulation, just a general ballpark idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Collins, S., Faura, C., Moore, R. A., &amp;amp; McQuay, H. (1998). Peak plasma concentrations after oral morphine: a systematic review. Journal of pain and symptom management, 16(6), 388-402.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-05-07T21:48:15.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19239" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-09T20:54:37.283" Score="4" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been &lt;strong&gt;researching&lt;/strong&gt; fish oil supplementation, and one thing that concerns me is that fish oil may contain Vitamin A, which is fat soluble.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypervitamintosis A&lt;/a&gt; can occur if too much Vitamin A is ingested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/side-effects-many-fish-oil-supplements-10064.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; mentions this as a possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have performed multiple searches, using different terms, and have found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/can-combining-vitamin-a-supplements-with-fish-oil-lead-to-a-vitamin-a-overdose/vitamin_A/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only one web page that claims fish oil does not contain Vitamin A&lt;/a&gt;, but it has not a single reference, nor does it say how they reached their conclusion.  I learned long ago not to believe the first thing I read, especially when it is not substantiated by any data, even when it's the first result in a search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;On average, how much Vitamin A is contained in 1g of fish oil &lt;em&gt;(not cod liver oil)&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/strong&gt;  I have performed multiple searches, and asked two doctors, one nurse, and have not found the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, out of caution, I'll mention that certain oils, such as cod liver oil, can contain &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/fish-oil-dosage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high levels of Vitamin A, and are not advised during pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;.  But for this question, I am only asking about regular fish oil, which is manufactured from the body of the fish, as opposed to the liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2019-05-10T08:53:27.640" LastActivityDate="2019-05-10T10:48:29.807" Title="How much Vitamin A is in 1g of Fish Oil?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;fish&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19239" CreationDate="2019-05-10T05:15:56.433" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vitamin A is an important Vitamin in my opinion. See, importance for Children 6-59 months &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/elena/titles/vitamina_children/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/elena/titles/vitamina_children/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So age is a consideration. Here is the Pauling Institute article on Vitamin A, Oregon State Univ. &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A&lt;/a&gt; This article also discusses the osteoporosis risk. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How well people convert Beta carotene to Vitamin A is also an issue. Should the government continue to allow beta carotene to stand for Vitamin A in our foodstuffs?  Stay tuned. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not advise a heavy smoker to ingest too much beta carotene. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20155614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/20155614/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the fish oil supplements contained a significant amount of pre-formed Vitamin A, then believe me it would be listed on the bottle because there is a bit of hysteria about &quot;hypervitamintosis A&quot; at present. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Some young people in America get the idea that if a little preformed Vitamin A helps acne, then a lot of it could help even more, and they may take a lot of the vitamin, without medical supervision,  day after day, and this could potentially be a problem.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer regarding supplementation is &quot;it depends&quot;, on such things as age, medical condition, whether pregnant or not, medications taken and so on. Work with your doctor to find the right level of Vitamin A for you. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to fish oil Omega 3 type supplements, I never know whether the oil could be rancid, or whether it could contain an unhealthy level of heavy metals. They can offer health benefits for the right person, particularly if they become a member at a company like Consumer Labs,  and follow the information about the good and bad products in this category. Always inform your doctor of the supplements you are taking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NB Article: Vitamin A and the retina. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738993/#!po=0.454545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738993/#!po=0.454545&lt;/a&gt;   Type 2 Diabetes:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170613111649.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/06/170613111649.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2019-05-10T06:23:23.310" LastActivityDate="2019-05-10T06:23:23.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19239" CreationDate="2019-05-10T07:03:24.500" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to USDA Food Composition Database, 1 gram (or even 100 grams) of fish oil from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/04594?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=fish%20oil&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sardines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/04590?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=fish%20oil&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;herring&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/04593?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=fish%20oil&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salmon&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/04591?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=fish%20oil&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;menhaden&lt;/a&gt; contains &lt;strong&gt;0 (zero) μg&lt;/strong&gt; vitamin A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/6#125&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamin A (The National Academic Press, 2001)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acute toxicity&lt;/strong&gt; is characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, vertigo, blurred vision,&#xA;  muscular incoordination..., and bulging fontanel in infants. These are&#xA;  usually transient effects involving single or short-term large doses&#xA;  of greater than or equal to &lt;strong&gt;150,000 μg in adults&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  proportionately less in children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chronic toxicity&lt;/strong&gt; is usually associated with ingestion of large doses greater than or equal to &lt;strong&gt;30,000 μg/day&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;for months or years.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to other sources, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://food-nutrition.canada.ca/cnf-fce/serving-portion.do?id=458&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canada Nutrient File&lt;/a&gt; (you need to click &quot;generate nutrient profile&quot;) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fats-and-oils/629/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;, there is also no vitamin A in fish oil. Not sure how much these databases are different from the USDA one, but you can see there are also no other vitamins and minerals in fish oil; or according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/omega3/introduction.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;fish oil supplements are the nonvitamin/nonmineral natural products...&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More sources about vitamin A in fish oil:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/fish_oil.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; does not even mention vitamin A in fish oil.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugbank&lt;/a&gt; mentions that vitamin A and some other vitamins can be &lt;em&gt;added&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; fish oil supplements.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More about vitamin A toxicity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements by NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt; mentions some (unreliable) observational studies in which vitamin A in doses as low as 1,500 μg/day have been &quot;associated&quot; with side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A#toxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt;, long-term consumption of vitamin A in doses 8,000-10,000 μg/day vitamin A could be toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-10T10:48:29.807" LastActivityDate="2019-05-10T10:48:29.807" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-10T08:22:29.927" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to develop a belt (wearable device) from which I could measure belly stretch (exhalation, inhalation), heart pulse frequency and blood oxygen saturation data via optical EKG (reflective method). I have chosen this method since its cheaper than developing sensors for measuring the electrical pulse of a heart. And because I want to create a belt which a user could wear I need to know if it's even possible to get heart rate readings from the abdominal region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I'm aware there are only finger oximeters and some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320117416_Pulse_oximetry_in_the_neck_-_a_proof_of_concept&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proof of concept oximeters for neck/wrist devices&lt;/a&gt;, but I could not find any device that would get readings from the abdominal region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are some good places in the abdominal region that I could get valid and accurate readings for heart rate, SO2 and at the same time breathing status?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16190" LastActivityDate="2019-05-10T08:22:29.927" Title="Where are good abdominal places for measuring SO2 and heart rate via reflective pulse oximeter?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19252" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19254" CreationDate="2019-05-11T13:11:53.077" Score="2" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;A table from from &lt;em&gt;Cerebral folate deficiency: Analytical tests and differential diagnosis&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkfQB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkfQB.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first column contains patient numbers.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I thought that &lt;strong&gt;sib of ..&lt;/strong&gt; meant &quot;sibship of ..&quot; - that is, &quot;in the patient's family, there is a total of NUMBER sisters and brothers&quot;. But when I came across &quot;sib of 18&quot; and &quot;sib of 20&quot; I started having second thoughts. Are there really families with such huge numbers of children? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be an alternative meaning for the abbreviation &lt;strong&gt;sib&lt;/strong&gt; here?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-05-11T16:34:42.820" Title="Meaning of &quot;sib of 20&quot; in a by-patient case description table" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-11T15:15:56.373" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;On a recent visit to my primary care doctor the staff did the perfunctory BP reading. I had just sat down a few seconds prior. The reading was done only once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is such a reading at all meaningful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/04/060420232237.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; which seems to suggest that the common practice of measuring too quickly skews the numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Currently, most patients get called back for their appointment, sit on the table, and immediately get their blood pressure measured,” Turner said. “Our study reaffirmed the American Heart Association’s technique that patients should sit in a calm environment with feet flat on the floor, resting their back against the chair for at least five minutes before taking a blood pressure measurement on a bare arm at heart level. All too often, this doesn’t happen. ”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isn't this a form of malpractice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-12T18:08:14.830" LastActivityDate="2019-05-12T18:08:14.830" Title="Are blood pressure numbers recorded during an office visit really meaningful?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19252" CreationDate="2019-05-11T15:43:36.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;21 (sib of 20) means that the person No 21 is a sibling of the person No 20 (a row before him).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1744-313X.2006.00643.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These patients were members of 28 unrelated kindreds with subjects &lt;strong&gt;5&#xA;  and 27,&lt;/strong&gt; 9 and 13, 10 and 12, 11 and 15 and 19 and 21, being full&#xA;  siblings (Table 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the table 1, you can see that the person No 5 is a sib of the person No 27, and the person No 27 is a sib of a person No 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-11T16:34:42.820" LastActivityDate="2019-05-11T16:34:42.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9117" CreationDate="2019-05-13T06:49:09.137" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the blue light emitted by computer monitors deleterious for the human eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UV from the Sun (or other strong UV sources, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamp#Safety_concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;germicidal bulbs&lt;/a&gt;) is harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blue light from a computer monitor or cellphone contains insufficient ultraviolet light to &lt;strong&gt;harm&lt;/strong&gt; the eyes, the problem is that blue light causes the suppression of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin#Sleep_disorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;melatonin&lt;/a&gt; which affects the onset of sleep, and close up viewing and concentration on digital devices reduces the blink rate by half to one third.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Canadian Association of Ophthalmology is more cautious in their warnings than their American counterpart, but the difference in the recommendation is that most people over 20 years old should be able to tolerate some blue light that isn't towards the UV end of the spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Canadian Association of Ophthalmology - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opto.ca/health-library/blue-light-is-there-risk-of-harm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blue light - Is there a risk of harm?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UK Association of Opthalmologists - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aop.org.uk/advice-and-support/policy/position-statements/visible-blue-light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Our position on the clinical evidence and advice relating to visible blue light&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Academy of Ophthalmology - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/should-you-be-worried-about-blue-light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should You Be Worried About Blue Light?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Academy of Ophthalmology - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/should-you-use-night-mode-to-reduce-blue-light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should You Use Night Mode to Reduce Blue Light?&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Academy of Ophthalmology - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/computer-usage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain&lt;/a&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PubSci - &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535358&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (Jan 27 2015), by AM Chang, D Aeschbach, JF Duffy, and CA Czeisler.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;: Neither Stack Exchange nor the author offer medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some websites offer a stronger viewpoint, opposing blue light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PreventBlindness.org's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.preventblindness.org/prevent-blindness-board-directors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;About Page&lt;/a&gt; discloses that some of the Board of Directors work for eyewear companies, they offer this advice: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.preventblindness.org/blue-light-and-your-eyes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blue light and your eyes&lt;/a&gt;&quot; while the website BlueLightExposed.com has &lt;strong&gt;no About webpage&lt;/strong&gt; and offers this advice: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bluelightexposed.com/#blue-light-and-digital-eyestrain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blue light and macular degeneration&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia's webpage on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_visible_light&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;High Energy Visible Light&lt;/a&gt; is inconclusive for adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more unbiased &quot;no&quot; sources than &quot;yes&quot; sources. Blink and take breaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15969" LastActivityDate="2019-05-13T06:49:09.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19258" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-13T06:57:37.613" Score="2" ViewCount="368" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see people buy and consume powders that they claim consists of chlorophyll, calling it „lichtkraft“ in german, meaning „the power of light”. They are expecting health benefits from consuming it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did some research and you find a lot about the chemical properties of chlorophylls but not so much about how it’s metabolized in the human body and if there is any health benefit consuming it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any hints or even proof about how chlorophyll intake is metabolized and any resulting health benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13146" LastActivityDate="2019-05-14T07:28:23.243" Title="Chlorophyll supplements: metabolism of chlorophyll in the human body and proof for resulting health benefits?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19258" CreationDate="2019-05-13T08:01:31.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-712/chlorophyll&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; (evidence from Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database), there seems to be lack of convincing evidence to claim that chlorophyll supplements help to treat pain, cancer, infections or other health conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/chlorophyll-chlorophyllin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt; provides few details about chlorophyll metabolism. They mention some old studies, according to which chlorophyll may promote wound healing. Most other studies have been done in vitro or in animals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many other &quot;health articles&quot; you find after searching for &quot;chlorophyll health benefits&quot; present chlorophyll in a misleading way and without references to studies, so it's best to skip them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-14T07:28:23.243" LastActivityDate="2019-05-14T07:28:23.243" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19263" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-13T10:31:04.370" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a source about the gluten contents in foods and beverages. I'm not gluten-intolerant and I don't have any allergy of any kind. But I'm working on this diet and I am just wondering if there are sources that can show me how much gluten is in different foods. I've scoured the internet for sources, to no avail. I see friends of mine also struggling with this same question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="209" LastEditorUserId="209" LastEditDate="2019-05-13T11:07:01.937" LastActivityDate="2019-05-17T13:23:58.307" Title="Source for gluten content in foods" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;gluten&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3267" CreationDate="2019-05-14T16:08:23.247" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible for vegetarians who eat plenty of dairy food to have iron or protein deficiency?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everyone who consumes too little iron can develop iron-deficiency anemia, but this is not necessary more common in vegetarians than in omnivores. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An appropriately planned well-balanced vegetarian diet is compatible&#xA;  with an adequate iron status. Although the iron stores of vegetarians&#xA;  may be reduced, &lt;em&gt;the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia in vegetarians&#xA;  is not significantly different from that in omnivores&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172127&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed,&#xA;  1994&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a blood test that can reveal the presence and severity of anemia. It may be unreliable to estimate anemia from symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dairy is not a good source of iron; an egg contains 0.88 mg, 50 g of most cheeses less than 0.30 mg, and a cup of milk (237 mL) only 0.15 mg (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report?nutrient1=303&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;fg=1&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;subset=1&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;totCount=68&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;). Calcium and phosphate from milk can significantly reduce the absorption of iron (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/29/10/1142/4617100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN&lt;/a&gt;). There are plant foods that contain much more iron, up to 6 mg per serving (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/minerals/iron.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chart 2, NutrientsReview&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Protein deficiency in vegetarians who regularly eat protein-containing foods is very unlikely (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29786804&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is a widespread myth that we have to be careful about what we&#xA;  eat so that we do not cause protein deficiency. We know today that it&#xA;  is virtually impossible to design a calorie-sufficient diet, whether&#xA;  it is based on meat, fish, eggs, various vegetarian diets or even&#xA;  unprocessed whole natural plant foods, which is lacking in protein and&#xA;  any of the amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there demonstrable health benefits from eating small amounts of shellfish? Or is there evidence it can be bad for health in the way red meat can be?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain shellfish contain 2-8 mg of iron per serving (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=303&amp;amp;fg=15&amp;amp;subset=1&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;). They also contain quite some protein, vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/15159?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=mollusk&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;). It seems they contain less mercury than fish (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/metals/mercury-levels-commercial-fish-and-shellfish-1990-2012&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;). Rarely, shellfish poisoning can occur; this mainly depend on the location of their origin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/information-for-consumers/fact-sheets-and-infographics/products-and-risks/fish-and-seafood/toxins-in-shellfish/eng/1332275144981/1332275222849&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Food Inspection Agency&lt;/a&gt;). Shellfish are often considered a healthier food choice than red meat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015-2020_dietary_guidelines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015, p.24&lt;/a&gt;); no food is healthy as such, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it still the case that there is little or no evidence that taking dietary supplements is an effective way of remedying iron or vitamin deficiency?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplements &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; an effective way to treat iron or other mineral or vitamin deficiencies. In a diagnosed deficiency, prescribed rather than commercially available supplements may be needed. &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/iron&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linus Pauling Institute&lt;/a&gt; has a detailed article about iron, including iron supplements, anemia, foods high in iron, etc. &lt;em&gt;Individuals who are not at risk of iron deficiency should not take iron supplements without an appropriate medical evaluation to avoid iron overload.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthy people without nutrient deficiencies will unlikely benefit from dietary supplements (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309636/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-22T07:00:21.077" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T07:00:21.077" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19263" CreationDate="2019-05-15T16:59:11.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On an elementary level, only very few grains of grasses do contain the protein complexes of the gluten group: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.glnc.org.au/grains/allergies-intolerances/gluten-in-grains/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gliadin in Wheat, Hordein in Barley, Secalin in Rye, Avenin in Oats&lt;/a&gt;. On a 'processed' level gluten can be in a lot of products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If experiencing gluten intolerance symptoms, the products on this page should be avoided.  Instead, concentrate on gluten free, brain healthy foods.  Many are listed here. This is sure to help maintain or improve brain health and function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following grains and starches contain gluten:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Wheat, Wheat germ, Rye, Barley, Bulgur, Couscous, Farina, Graham flour, Kamut, Matzo, Semolina, Spelt, Triticale&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following foods often contain gluten:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  malt/malt flavoring, soups, commercial bullion and broths, cold cuts, French fries (often dusted with flour before freezing), processed cheese (e.g., Velveeta), mayonnaise, ketchup, malt vinegar, soy sauce and teriyaki sauces, salad dressings, imitation crab meat, bacon, etc, egg substitute, tabbouleh, sausage, non-dairy creamer, fried vegetables/tempura, gravy, marinades, canned baked beans, cereals, commercially prepared chocolate milk, breaded foods, fruit fillings and puddings, hot dogs, ice cream, root beer, energy bars, trail mix, syrups, seitan, wheatgrass, instant hot drinks, flavored coffees and teas blue cheeses, vodka, wine coolers, meatballs, meatloaf communion wafers, veggie burgers, roasted nuts, beer, oats (unless certified GF), oat bran (unless certified GF),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following are miscellaneous sources of gluten:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  shampoos, cosmetics, lipsticks, lip balm, Play-Doh, medications, non self-adhesive stamps and envelopes, vitamins and supplements (check label),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The following ingredients are often code for gluten:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Avena sativa Cyclodextrin, Dextrin, Fermented grain extract, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum vulgare, Hydrolysate, Hydrolyzed malt extract, Hydrolyzed vegetable protein, Maltodextrin, Phytosphingosine extract, Samino peptide complex, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, Triticum vulgare, Tocopherol/vitamin E, Yeast extract, Natural flavoring, Brown rice syrup, Modified food starch, Hydrolyzed soy protein, Caramel color (frequently made from barley)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drperlmutter.com/eat/foods-that-contain-gluten/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Perlmutter: &quot;Gluten Containing Products&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a long list to observe. And fortunately, that is only really necessary to observe strictly for celiac disease and allergies. For other reasons of observing gluten reduction we have to observe contradictory findings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, our results indicate that for GF foods no predominant health benefits are indicated; in fact, some critical nutrients must be considered when being on a GF diet. For individuals with celiac disease, the GF database provides a helpful tool to identify the food composition of their medical diet. For healthy consumers, replacing gluten-containing products with GF foods is aligned with substantial cost differences but GF foods do not provide additional health benefits from a nutritional perspective.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Benjamin Missbach et al.: &quot;Gluten-free food database: the nutritional quality and cost of packaged gluten-free foods&quot;, PeerJv.3; 2015, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4627916/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC4627916&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.1337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, practitioners seem to find – just like laypersons, trying it out – surprising improvements not by elimination of gluten, but by reducing gluten consumption. It's theorised that it's in this case &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; about the gluten, but accompanying substances called amylase-trypsin-inhibitors. These are quite understudied at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnostically, a differential between celiac (blood: anti-TG2, anti-DGP-antibodies), wheat allergy (blood: IgE-Ak), ATI-sensivity (no blood markers yet, but decline of chronic conditions), and FODMAP-intolerance has to be made.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Detlef Schuppan &amp;amp; Kristin Gisbert-Schuppan: &quot;Tägliches Brot: Krank durch Weizen, Gluten und ATI&quot;, Springer: Berlin, 2018. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56044-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the aim of this inquiry is this 'reduction' in typical diets, than it is not really necessary to avoid gluten entirely in the long term.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Nevertheless, the interest in these diets makes &lt;em&gt;exact&lt;/em&gt; sources less important for non-celiac, non-allergy applications.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;And more important: they can vary a lot.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Gluten in bread wheat is also much higher than in durum wheat for pasta.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Edurne Simón et al.: &quot;Nutritional and Analytical Approaches of Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease&quot;, SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition, Springer: Cham, 2017.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x536c.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x536c.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Dependence of specific bread volume on the content of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in flours from various wheat cultivars (modified from Thanhaeuser SM, Wieser H, Koehler P (2014) Correlation of quality parameters with the baking performance of wheat flours. Cereal Chem 91: 333–341) statistical test procedure: Pearson correlation&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  GMP = glutenin macropolymer, p = significance, r = correlation coefficient&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Katharina Anne Scherf &amp;amp; Peter Köhler: &quot;Wheat and gluten: Technological and health aspects&quot;,  Ernahrungs Umschau 63(08): 166–175, 2016. DOI: 10.4455/eu.2016.035. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ernaehrungs-umschau.de/fileadmin/Ernaehrungs-Umschau/pdfs/pdf_2016/08_16/EU08_2016_Special_Koehler_engl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a better overview of gluten problems and possible associated problems: &#xA;Hetty C van den Broeck et al.: &quot;Wheat and Gluten Intolerance. An overview of the latest scientific insights and possible solutions for the bakery sector&quot;, ICC, March 2016. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.um-eatwell.nl/wow/docs/Broeck,%20Gilissen,%20Brouns%202016%20Wheat%20and%20gluten%20Intolerance%20-%20science%20and%20slolutions%20for%20the%20bakery%20sector.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The want to get more precise numbers is understandable, but probably will be misleading for actual application on the individual level. Due to the level of variation, if not given on a label of a concrete product, it will be giving the illusion of precision in an area of probably low importance where jst rough guides would suffice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate this, actual measurements from beer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Malt type               Gluten (g kg^–1)a,c&#xA;Caraaroma (barley)       42.0 ± 0.2         &#xA;Melanoid (barley)        20.4 ± 0.2&#xA;Cararred (barley)        20.6 ± 0.2&#xA;Carafa (barley)          45.0 ± 0.2&#xA;Pilsner (barley)         18.8 ± 0.6 &#xA;Smoked (barley)          20.8 ± 1.0&#xA;Munich (barley)          20.2 ± 0.2&#xA;Wheat chocolate (Wheat)b 44.0 ± 1.6&#xA;Wheat pale (Wheat)b      68.0 ± 4.0&#xA;Spelt chocolate (Spelt)  21.2 ± 0.4&#xA;Rye chocolate (Rye)      41.6 ± 1.4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a Mean ± standard deviation (n=3). b Sample analysed by Gliadin ELISA kit. c All samples, except wheat, were analysed by RIDASCREENÕ Gliadin kit.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gluten balance during brewing process&#xA;Product          Gluten (mg/kg^-1)    (%)&#xA;Malt             18780                100&#xA;Sweet wort          49.4                1.75&#xA;Wort                48                  1.70&#xA;Beer                 6.0                0.21&#xA;Stabilised beer     &amp;lt;3.0               &amp;lt;0.11&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Gluten content in malt represents 100%. bAll samples were analysed by RIDASCREENÕ Gliadin kit.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C8Rur.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C8Rur.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zl6Ex.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zl6Ex.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;P. Dostálek , I. Hochel , E. Méndez , A. Hernando  &amp;amp; D. Gabrovská:  &quot;Immunochemical determination of gluten in malts and beers&quot;, Food Additives &amp;amp; Contaminants, Volume 23, 2006 - Issue 11, p1074-1078. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030600740637&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it may be the better approach for 'reducing gluten' to just choose &lt;a href=&quot;https://glutenproject.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;certified gluten-free&lt;/a&gt; for y number of foods in x situations, one my be serious about this and compare &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaccnet.org/initiatives/definitions/Pages/glutendatabase.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The gluten composition of more than 8,500 wheat varieties is provided in two new databases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-17T13:23:58.307" LastActivityDate="2019-05-17T13:23:58.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-15T18:34:30.327" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;With septal perforations &gt;2 cm that have clear borders what is the likelihood of establishing blood supply over the inserted cartilage after septal repair? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much of the existing mucosa can be grafted and are there alternative sources if nasal (likely turbinate) mucosa is insufficient to cover the repaired perforation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several studies outlining patient outcomes with a success rate of 90-97% but procedures and complications are not provided in detail. Tissue is harvested from the hairline and ear but this does not serve the same function as nasal mucosa. These studies appear to be inconsistent with surgical statistics and hospital records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative methods (provided by the Mayo Clinic) of replacing tissue by growing it from patient stem cells is costly, impractical, and not a commonly recognized approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16210" LastActivityDate="2019-05-15T18:34:30.327" Title="What is the likelihood of effective repair of septal perforations greater than 2 cm?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;septoplasty&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19288" CreationDate="2019-05-18T12:44:00.130" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to wikipedia CBD might be useful as an antidepresant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;CBD has been shown to act as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial&#xA;  agonist,[33] and this action may be involved in its&#xA;  antidepressant,[34][35] anxiolytic,[35][36] and neuroprotective&#xA;  effects.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabidiol, Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be harmful for a schizoaffective or a schizophrenic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it interact negatively at dopamine or other routes that can worsen such a condition?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16226" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-18T15:08:33.200" LastActivityDate="2019-05-18T15:33:00.523" Title="Is cannabidiol safe to treat depression of a patient with a schizoaffective disorder?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19285" CreationDate="2019-05-18T15:24:52.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, you have to be aware that most studies cited are on animals, not humans. Applicability of that data for humans is limited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, this molecule is interacting with all kinds of tissues thoughout the entire body. Its pharmacology is quite complicated, but it shows a lot of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/14/magazine/cbd-cannabis-cure.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potential&lt;/a&gt;.  In general. Its use for depression is not yet among the most promonent applications investigated.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Pisanti, S., et al., Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications, Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics (2017), &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of schizophrenia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These findings suggest that CBD has beneficial effects in patients with schizophrenia. As CBD’s effects do not appear to depend on dopamine receptor antagonism, this agent may represent a new class of treatment for the disorder.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;Philip McGuire: &quot;Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial&quot;, American Journal of Psychoiatry, Volume 175, Issue 3, March 01, 2018, Pages 225-231. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above should not read as &quot;it safe to experiment with this in schizophrenia&quot;. But it is a significant finding as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So far, much of the evidence regarding the antipsychotic effects of CBD has come from studies with animals or healthy participants.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  There have only been a handful of double-blind trials so far reported that have included patients with psychosis.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The others (Leweke et al. 2012, Boggs et al. 2018) featured smaller sample sizes (N=42 and N=36 respectively) and lower doses (800mg and 600mg per day respectively).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Leweke et al. compared CBD to Amisulpride, and found both had a similar effect on psychotic symptoms but CBD had fewer side-effects.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Boggs et al. also tested CBD against placebo as an adjunct to existing antipsychotic treatment, but found no statistically significant effect after 6 weeks.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Boggs D., Surti T., Gupta A., et al. (2018). The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 235, 1923-1932. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-018-4885-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bridgeman M, Abazia D. (2017) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312634/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medicinal cannabis: History, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting.&lt;/a&gt; Pharm. Ther., 42, 180–188.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fakhoury, M. (2016) Could cannabidiol be used as an alternative to antipsychotics? Journal of Psychiatric Research , Volume 80 , 14 – 21. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395616301042&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Abstract]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., &amp;amp; Zammit, S. (2016). &lt;a href=&quot;https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/54173362/Gage_accepteduncorrected.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (PDF)&lt;/a&gt;. Biological Psychiatry, 79(7), 549-556.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lim, K., See, Y.M., Lee, J. (2017) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A systematic review of the effectiveness of medical cannabis for psychiatric, movement and neurodegenerative disorders.&lt;/a&gt; Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.; 15:301–312.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, et al. (2018) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.&lt;/a&gt; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD012182.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nielsen S., Germanos R., Weier M. et al. (2018). The Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Treating Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review of Reviews. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 18: 8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29442178&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[PubMed abstract]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;O’Connell, B. K., Gloss, D. &amp;amp; Devinsky, O. (2017) Cannabinoids in treatment-resistant epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Behav. 70, 341–348. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188044&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[PubMed abstract]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rong C, Lee Y, Carmona NE, et al. Cannabidiol in medical marijuana: research vistas and potential opportunities. Pharmacol Res. 2017;121:213–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28501518&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[PubMed abstract]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/antipsychotics/cannabidiol-cbd-an-effective-antipsychotic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Luke Sheridan Rains: &quot;Is Cannabidiol (CBD) an effective antipsychotic?&quot;, 24 Aug 2018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-18T15:33:00.523" LastActivityDate="2019-05-18T15:33:00.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-19T15:32:13.853" Score="4" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the physical property which is measured in diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). I read that these methods estimate the apparent diffusion coefficient (in DWI) or the diffusion tensor (in DTI). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that &lt;em&gt;diffusion&lt;/em&gt; usually refers to the net movement of a solute (e.g. salt) dissolved in a solvent (e.g. water) from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that &lt;em&gt;osmosis&lt;/em&gt; usually refers to the net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to region of higher solute concentration. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that DWI and DTI measure the &quot;diffusion of water&quot;. For example, in the white matter tracts of the brain, &quot;water diffuses at a higher rate along the tract direction than perpendicular to the tract direction&quot;. What physical process is this referring to? Is this referring to a net flow of water along the white matter tracts (osmosis?), or the rate at which some solute dissolved in this water could diffuse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am struggling to phrase this question clearly, but the main thing I am trying to understand is the physical significance of the quantities measured by DWI and DTI -- the phrase &quot;diffusion of water&quot; does not mean much to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15614" LastEditorUserId="15614" LastEditDate="2019-05-19T15:47:40.770" LastActivityDate="2019-05-19T20:35:59.257" Title="Does diffusion MRI (DWI &amp; DTI) measure diffusion or osmosis?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19298" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19296" CreationDate="2019-05-19T20:35:59.257" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Diffusion of water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osmosis is movement of water &lt;em&gt;across a membrane&lt;/em&gt; due to solute changes. In the case of diffusion tensor MRI, the whole point is that there is more diffusion along the same axis as white matter axons are traveling (either within or outside, but not across, those membranes), compared to a perpendicular axis. There isn't any net flow, it's just that water is more mobile in one axis because of the barriers that the membranes provide. We call this &quot;anisotropy&quot; because the diffusion is not &quot;isotropic&quot; which would mean the same in all directions.  DWI is similar but we don't care about the direction, just the general ability of water to move freely in different parts of the brain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J. F., Poupon, C., Clark, C. A., Pappata, S., Molko, N., &amp;amp; Chabriat, H. (2001). Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 13(4), 534-546.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-05-19T20:35:59.257" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-19T22:56:12.517" Score="3" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} noted two different  morphologies for the  insertion of the gluteus minimus to the greater trochanter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two morphologies noted: The majority (11/14) were long, thin, and crescent shaped and ran medial to lateral and concave facing inferiorly, while a few (3/14) were bowtie in shape. [quote from Table 1 below from {1}]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the morphology of the insertion of the gluteus minimus to the greater trochanter impact the likelihood of the gluteus minimus being affected by a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jR6oh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jR6oh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Philippon, Marc J., Max P. Michalski, Kevin J. Campbell, Mary T. Goldsmith, Brian M. Devitt, Coen A. Wijdicks, and Robert F. LaPrade. &quot;Surgically relevant bony and soft tissue anatomy of the proximal femur.&quot; Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine 2, no. 6 (2014): 2325967114535188. &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Surgically+Relevant+Bony+and+Soft+Tissue+Anatomy+of+the+Proximal+Femur&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=Surgically+Relevant+Bony+and+Soft+Tissue+Anatomy+of+the+Proximal+Femur&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535335&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535335&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555602/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555602/&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967114535188&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967114535188&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-05-19T22:56:12.517" Title="Does the morphology of the insertion of the gluteus minimus to the greater trochanter impact the likelihood of being affected by a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19203" CreationDate="2019-05-20T15:41:54.273" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it possible that antibiotic-resistant bacteria become  stronger, that is harder for the immune system to combat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer: &lt;strong&gt;It depends&lt;/strong&gt; on the species of bacteria, immune status of an individual, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Complex Relationship between Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt; make a vague conclusion that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased virulence [the potential of certain bacteria to cause&#xA;  disease] &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; naturally evolve in response to or concurrently with&#xA;  increased antibiotic resistance...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one study in mice, antibiotic-resistant bacteria were &lt;strong&gt;less virulent&lt;/strong&gt; than the antibiotic-sensitive ones. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7799832&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of the virulence of methicillin-resistant [MRSA] and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA] (PubMed, 1994)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These results indicate that MRSA is less virulent than MSSA in&#xA;  normal hosts, but that they are equally virulent in immunocompromised&#xA;  hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not possible to make a general conclusion from a single animal study, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another aspect is that bacteria resistant to one antibiotic are prone to become resistant to other antibiotics. &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt; can become resistant to methicillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus or MRSA), vancomycin (VRSA) and several other antibiotics (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839888/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2009&lt;/a&gt;). Furthermore, plasmids (the DNA particles in the bacteria that induce antibiotic-resistance) can spread to other species of bacteria, for example, from staphylococci to enterococci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If there is a genetic component to fighting off bacterial infections, do the generations since antibiotics have a higher percentage of members who are not going to be as good as people were on average 90 or so years ago at dealing with infections?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics helped to survive many &quot;bacteria-sensitive&quot; people, and their offsprings may be more sensitive too, so it is &lt;em&gt;possible&lt;/em&gt; that today there are more individuals sensitive to bacteria than 90 years ago. However, according to one 2015 study in twins, &lt;a href=&quot;http://Variation%20in%20the%20Human%20Immune%20System%20Is%20Largely%20Driven%20by%20Non-Heritable%20Influences&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences (Cell.com)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-24T06:37:57.663" LastActivityDate="2019-05-24T06:37:57.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19301" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19303" CreationDate="2019-05-21T04:43:54.697" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm watching Chernobyl on HBO and just wondering why the contaminated workers continued to pose a danger after being taken hundreds of miles away from the explosion site. The initial meltdown sent high energy radioactive elements into the immediate area that damaged their cells. However, once the workers were taken away from the initial site, did those high energy particles continue to bounce off them onto people in their immediate area or through physical contact? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T15:15:48.187" Title="High dose radiation contamination — why is quarantine necessary?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;nuclear-radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19301" CreationDate="2019-05-21T07:52:15.367" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have three kinds of immediate radiation, alpha, beta and gamma radiation.&#xA;Their penetrating power differs as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the radioactive &lt;em&gt;particles&lt;/em&gt; from that disaster are sufficiently well handled with barriers, protective clothes, respirators. Most important here thar humans do not ingest them via air, food or fluids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But once they are inside the body, these elements continue to decay, sending out all three kinds of radiation. In effect the body is then the source of increased radiation. On a much smaller scale, those elements could also be excreted or shedded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As was noticed after Fukushima as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By March 16, media reports of contaminated airline passengers from Japan arriving in China prompted international concerns about harmful levels of radioactive materials being carried by travelers leaving the country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After the Chernobyl disaster, a 1986 British study of 45 air passengers from Eastern Europe used whole-body assessments and measurement of thyroid radioiodine and detected radiological contamination at 56 times the background level. Some American travelers returning from the Chernobyl site found their clothes and luggage were also contaminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The 2006 poisoning of a Russian ex-KGB officer in London led to detectable levels of radioactive polonium-210 in several locations visited by the victim and the suspected perpetrator. The British Health Protection Agency (HPA) notified US public health officials of 200 US residents who were at risk of contamination with polonium. State health departments contacted these travelers and advised them to contact a physician (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] internal e-mail communication, 2011). In addition, British Airways (BA) identified and published a list of 221 flights involving potentially polonium-contaminated aircraft. BA advised nearly 33 000 travelers to contact HPA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Todd Wilson et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/us-screening-of-international-travelers-for-radioactive-contamination-after-the-japanese-nuclear-plant-disaster-in-march-2011/5AA32D71456646D756DB0CF2DDC3944F&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;US Screening of International Travelers for Radioactive Contamination After the Japanese Nuclear Plant Disaster in March 2011&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness,  Volume 6, Issue 3 October 2012 , pp. 291-296. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.46&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-21T15:15:48.187" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T15:15:48.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19307" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-21T10:43:06.853" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that there around 300 types of common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possible to get infected by all of them and then achieve immunity for all of them, after having had the mother of all common colds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16239" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T10:43:06.853" Title="Becoming immune against the common cold" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-05-21T12:19:59.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19309" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-21T12:24:11.537" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;One thing that female athletes with low body fat can encounter is amenorrhea. While not a problem in the short term, extended instances of this can lead to bone loss (osteopenia/osteoporosis). Are there over the counter ways to combat this, or does this require professional intervention to counteract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16241" OwnerDisplayName="cacodaemonia" LastEditorUserId="16241" LastEditDate="2019-05-21T15:03:34.080" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T15:03:34.080" Title="Extended amenorrhea due to exercise - how to mitigate long-term damage?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;menstruation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19310" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19314" CreationDate="2019-05-21T17:26:34.817" Score="4" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;The medical field is vast and there is a great deal of literature, including textbooks.  Is there a clear progression of textbooks that one could go through in order to build knowledge in the medical sciences?  For example, in the topics of physiology and biochemistry, how does one determine where to start?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16242" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-05-22T03:01:27.783" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T09:38:18.587" Title="How does one determine which textbook to start with when wanting to build knowledge in medical sciences?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-06-12T03:06:49.987" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13037" CreationDate="2019-05-21T17:35:37.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you take 5 grams of salt without water, your kidneys will excrete the excessive sodium in order to maintain normal blood sodium levels. Since the kidneys can excrete sodium only together with water, you will also lose some water, which will probably lead into a slightly negative water balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take 5 grams of salt with 1 liter of water, your kidneys will excrete both the excessive sodium and water, but this will result in less negative water balance than taking salt alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you continue to take excessive amount of sodium for several days, your body will adjust in the way that it will start to retain more water than before to help maintain normal blood sodium levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-body-regulates-salt-levels&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, you do not need to overthink what will happen after intake of different combinations of sodium and water. It is good to know that &lt;em&gt;excessive sodium intake&lt;/em&gt; results in water retention, which, usually, does not have any health benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-05-21T17:35:37.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19310" CreationDate="2019-05-22T02:56:45.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medicine is challenging for many reasons.  One major reason is that it takes multiple tiers of knowledge as a foundation prior to being able to even start studying the fundamentals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how it works in the USA for most schools:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FIRST: College or University (after high school, before medical school)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Undergraduate level (usually 4 years):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Math: through advanced algebra and trigonometry, if not done in high school. Calculus may be required to enter med school, but its concepts are not really necessary for medicine unless you plan to do certain advanced research topics.  I'd also recommend at least one course in statistics, if not biostatistics as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physics: minimum 2 semesters. Trig-based should be enough, not necessary for calculus-based.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biology: as much as you can get, usually multiple semesters are required. Especially focus on cellular, molecular, genetic.  Consider taking mammalian physiology or an undergrad anatomy &amp;amp; physiology class for a solid foundation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chemistry: usually requires 2 semesters of inorganic, 2 of organic, and 1-2 of biochemistry.  Biochemistry is the most useful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SECOND: Med school (4 years):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first 2 years are basic sciences,&lt;/strong&gt; extremely dense, fast classes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anatomy and histology: goes in depth, including gross anatomy. Example textbooks: Grey's Anatomy, Moore's Clinical Anatomy, Netter's Atlas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Normal Physiology: including all systems (e.g. cardiology, pulmonology, endocrinology etc etc). Example textbooks: Boron and Boulpaep, West Pulmonology, Kablunde Cardiology, and other system-based textbooks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pathology: including histopathology and the abnormal of all physiology topics. Example textbook: Robbins &amp;amp; Cotran.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Public health: usually just an overview, with lots of epidemiology and biostatistics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The last 2 years of med school&lt;/strong&gt; are clinical rotations plus lectures, reading, and exams on the application of all of the above to clinical situations.  Examples of books used are Harrison's Internal Medicine, Case Files and Blueprints for each specialty rotation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;THIRD: Residency:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You'll do 3 to 7 years of residency in your specialty&lt;/strong&gt;, where you practice medicine under supervision with additional lectures, reading, and exams.  This is finally when things fully come together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's hard to say &amp;quot;read X to get started&amp;quot; without a clear idea of how far into the fundamentals one has gone.  There's a reason it takes so many years to study - it's like building a pyramid from the ground up.  You can't skip to the top block without building a solid foundation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T03:04:43.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19318" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19310" CreationDate="2019-05-22T09:38:18.587" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Examples of books from four basic &quot;pre-clinical&quot; subjects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatomy:&lt;/strong&gt; Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/SobottaAtlasOfHumanAnatomyVolume1_201611&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;entire book, page by page&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biology:&lt;/strong&gt; Goodman: Medical Cell Biology (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/books/medical-cell-biology/goodman/978-0-12-370458-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google preview&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biochemistry:&lt;/strong&gt; Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.macmillanlearning.com/catalog//samplechapters/1637_LehningerPreviewandCh5watermarked.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;book overview with a sample chapter about proteins&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physiology:&lt;/strong&gt; Berne &amp;amp; Levy Physiology (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/books/berne-and-levy-physiology/koeppen/978-0-323-39394-2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google preview&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These books are often a part of &quot;recommended literature&quot; for medical students at various universities. They are &quot;complete&quot; books. They should be easy to understand for everyone who has finished a high school with emphasis on natural sciences. I don't think it makes sense to read any short version of such books to &quot;get prepared.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a good idea to get familiar with basic &lt;strong&gt;medical terms.&lt;/strong&gt; Examples of online sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/basics/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Des Moines University&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aimseducation.edu/blog/all-essential-medical-terms/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aimseducation.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mb-guide.org/learn-basic-medical-terminology.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MB-Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/medterms-medical-dictionary/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medterms&lt;/a&gt; (a huge online medical dictionary)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T09:38:18.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19319" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-22T13:41:42.607" Score="3" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I've heard, you can only get an STI if it is transmitted to you by someone who is infected with one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the following questions arise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can anyone ever get an STI if it has to be transmitted in the first place? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does the originator of the STI become infected? It would have to be transmitted by someone with an STI. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand how you can become infected if that requires you to have sexual relations with someone who's already infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm stuck in a vicious loop on this one. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16247" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T23:04:44.417" Title="How does someone get an STI if it has to be transmitted in the first place?" Tags="&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19319" CreationDate="2019-05-22T17:53:24.790" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are STIs different from other pathogens?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;STIs are infections of pathogens that either live in the genital area and/or exist in body fluids &lt;em&gt;and also usually don't get transmitted in simpler ways such as airborne particles or contaminated surfaces.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sexual contact is simply one of the few ways that humans exchange those fluids or have skin contact between the genital areas of two individuals and the by far most common way for the disease to be transmitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt; bacteria live very happily in the genital regions and could certainly be transmitted sexually, but we don't think of &lt;em&gt;Staph&lt;/em&gt; as a sexually transmitted disease because it's found in/on other places too and is also transmitted easily without skin to skin contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Where do STIs originate from in the human population?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria and viruses that today are thought of as sexually transmitted are simply those that have specialized to infecting and spreading in the genital area. Given that there are relatives of those pathogens that have other patterns of infection, and given how evolution operates more broadly speaking, it is straightforward to say that sexually transmitted infections are caused by &lt;em&gt;pathogens that evolved from similar species with other patterns of infection/transmission or other host species&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV is a special case in that it's a relatively new STI for humans and its history has been closely studied (see Sharp &amp;amp; Hahn, 2011). Viruses similar to HIV seem to have been in monkeys for a long time, and at some point were transmitted to chimpanzees, probably due to blood contact between chimpanzees and monkeys they were eating, and most likely spread to humans from chimpanzees in the same fashion. Once a human was infected in this fashion, the primary way they spread the infection to other humans was sexually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Where do STIs originate from &lt;em&gt;in a given person&lt;/em&gt; or sexually active couple&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given two people who are not infected with STIs, they cannot spread STIs between them through sexual contact: STIs do not originate spontaneously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, someone who currently does not have an STI can in the future become someone who does have an STI and then spread infection to their partner, primarily &lt;em&gt;by sexual contact with some third party who is infected&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible for sexually transmitted pathogens to also be transmitted in other ways; for example, for several STIs transmission is possible during childbirth, herpes viruses can be transmitted by mouth contact, HIV is transmitted by blood contact such as contaminated blood supplies or reused needles in situations of poor medical practice or illicit drug use (or in the patient zero case described above for HIV, through blood contact of another host). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone infected in any of these ways can then spread the infection to a sexual partner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sharp, P. M., &amp;amp; Hahn, B. H. (2011)&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;. Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine&lt;/a&gt;, 1(1), a006841. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234451/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-05-22T23:04:44.417" LastActivityDate="2019-05-22T23:04:44.417" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7073" CreationDate="2019-05-23T12:11:32.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dietary sodium stimulates the excretion of potassium into the urine and potassium stimulates the excretion of sodium, but when consumed in usual amounts, this does not result in abnormal blood potassium or sodium levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/potassium_and_sodium_out_of_balance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bpac.org.nz/BT/2011/September/imbalance.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bpac NZ&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In salt-sensitive people, high sodium intake can result in high blood pressure. In these (and possibly other) people, high potassium and low sodium intake can contribute to a decrease in high blood pressure (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter8.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-05-23T12:11:32.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14961" CreationDate="2019-05-23T16:47:08.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SODIUM REQUIREMENTS DEPEND ON THE SWEATING RATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adequate intake for sodium for &lt;em&gt;moderately active adults&lt;/em&gt; can range from &lt;strong&gt;460 to 1,500 mg/day,&lt;/strong&gt; depending on whom you ask (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/national/frequently-asked-questions/salt-and-hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Australia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/449-464.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt;). You can meet these intakes without adding salt to foods, especially if you eat foods that are already salted, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/18076?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=bread%20whole&amp;amp;ds=SR&amp;amp;qt=standard&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;100 g of bread can contain more than 500 mg of sodium&lt;/a&gt;. Foods that are not pre-salted, usually contain less than 100 mg of sodium per serving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/449-464.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA, p.460&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the sodium AI [adequate intake] has been set at &lt;strong&gt;1.5 g/day.&lt;/strong&gt; Sodium&#xA;  intake at this level would be adequate to cover losses from sweating&#xA;  among those who are moderately active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the AI of 1.5 g/day does not apply to individuals who lose large&#xA;  volumes of sodium in sweat, such as competitive athletes and workers&#xA;  exposed to extreme heat stress....sweat losses during exercise in the&#xA;  heat may easily exceed 1 L/hour with a sodium concentration of greater&#xA;  than 0.8 to 1.15 g/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sweating a lot, you may need &lt;strong&gt;more than 5 grams&lt;/strong&gt; of sodium per day. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267797/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sweat rate and sodium loss during work in the heat (PubMed, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People working in moderately hot conditions for 10 hours on&#xA;  average will lose between 4.8 and 6 g of sodium (Na) equivalent to&#xA;  12–15 g of salt (NaCl) depending on acclimatisation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED SODIUM INTAKE TO PREVENT HEART DISEASE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sodium/how-much-sodium-should-i-eat-per-day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Heart Association&lt;/a&gt; recommends no more than 2,300 mg of sodium a day and moving toward an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EVIDENCE THAT LOW-SODIUM DIET MAY BE HARMFUL&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is good to be aware that not only high-sodium, but also low-sodium diet may be harmful for the heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30467-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies (Lancet, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, our results show &lt;strong&gt;an association between low sodium&#xA;  intake (vs moderate intake) and increased risk of clinical outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  in those individuals with and without hypertension, whereas high&#xA;  sodium intake (greater than 6 g/day) was associated with an increased&#xA;  risk in individuals with hypertension. Our findings suggest that&#xA;  sodium reduction should be confined to only those individuals with&#xA;  hypertension and high sodium intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One recent study has found a similar relationship between salt intake and chronic kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(18)30002-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U-shaped dietary sodium–associated incidence of chronic kidney disease cautions against salt overrestriction in hypertension (Kidney-international.org, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this population study salt intake is not associated with&#xA;  development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with normal&#xA;  blood pressure, whereas &lt;strong&gt;in hypertensive individuals both low and&#xA;  high salt intakes are associated with increased incidence of CKD,&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  similar to U-shaped associations between salt intake and mortality&#xA;  found in previous studies. The results contribute to the skepticism,&#xA;  which has questioned the present public health policy to reduce salt&#xA;  intake below 5.8 g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-25T10:40:22.240" LastActivityDate="2019-05-25T10:40:22.240" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-23T18:49:35.827" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;PCV13, like other vaccines which are suspensions, should be shaken vigorously to obtain a homogenous, white suspension in the vaccine container immediately prior to use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is not done and the vaccine is administered as a clear liquid, will it still evoke an adequate immune response in the patient?    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I am not questioning the necessity of 'shaking well before use' if it is explicitly mentioned on the label. What I want to know is whether the vaccine is rendered ineffective if this instruction is neglected. Would it necessitate re-immunization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask this because I recently witnessed a health professional fail to shake the PCV13 prefilled syringe before use. When I brought this to her attention, she said that she was not aware of this and hadn't been doing it for any of the suspension/adjuvant vaccines. I wonder if there might be other health professionals who are unaware of this requirement. If so, how protected are the recipients of this important vaccine? Should they be re-immunized?        &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16250" LastEditorUserId="16250" LastEditDate="2019-05-23T22:27:03.410" LastActivityDate="2019-05-23T22:27:03.410" Title="Is PCV13 effective if the suspension is not shaken prior to administration?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1154" CreationDate="2019-05-25T22:23:13.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR:&lt;/strong&gt; The pathogenesis of eczema is multifactorial, but broadly follows a process of genetic (or epigenetic, in the case of the early gut microbiome) dysregulation relating to barrier integrity proteins like filaggrin with corresponding changes in the skin microenvironment's ceramide content. Following these changes in protein structure and function and lipid quantity, the compromised barrier is predisposed to irritation and infection, which leads to an abnormal immunological response as Th2 cells work to resolve inflammatory processes in the skin (it's not clear how B cells participate in the pathogenesis of eczema at this time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment options for mild-moderate eczema are generally limited to topical corticosteroids and moisturizing ointments, as well as topical immunomodulators. For more severe disease, patients can pursue phototherapy, oral (and other systemic) immunosuppressants, or, recently, the mAb dupilumab, which targets the Th2-regulated cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Considering this mAb's efficacy, you might regard eczema as an autoimmune disease with non-immunological predisposing factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, all of the mechanisms you've described participate in the pathogenesis of eczema. As mentioned, atopic dermatitis (eczema) is not completely understood, but a number of factors have been identified as potential targets for clinical interventions. It remains unclear whether eczema is initiated at the skin barrier (&quot;outside-in&quot;) or by the immune system (&quot;inside-out&quot;), as quality evidence supports either hypothesis, but the actual etiology of eczema is likely a complex interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic physiological elements. Collectively, these factors culminate to produce chronic pruritic (itchy) skin inflammation, particularly on flexor surfaces (&quot;creases&quot; between joints).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the cause is a deficiency of ceramide, what causes this cause? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ceramide is an interesting subject in the context of eczema. There are 12 ceramide subspecies, the quantities of which are important for the organization of the epidermal barrier. We know that the epidermal barrier is compromised in eczema, and we know that relative ceramide concentrations are different on eczema patients' skin compared to healthy controls, so we say that there is an &lt;em&gt;association&lt;/em&gt; between altered ceramide production and eczema, although we're not certain that this 'deficiency' of ceramide is the actual cause of eczema &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cod.12073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules, so exactly which chemical is produced? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From [1]: &lt;code&gt;The lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum consist predominantly of three different lipids: ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. The ceramides are further divided into 12 subspecies (ceramides 1–12), and are thought to be critical in the organization of the lipid bilayer. The synthesis of the lipids takes place in the stratum granulosum, from where the lipids are delivered to the stratum corneum. The lipids surround the corneocytes, which are flat nucleus‐free cells built of keratin filaments and surrounded by cross‐linked proteins called the cornified envelope.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it because the skin produces another kind of ceramide which has lower quality, or it does not produce enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From [1]: &lt;code&gt;Comparisons of SC ceramides in healthy skin and atopic dermatitis skin were made by different groups in the 1990s, and showed lower levels of ceramides 1 and 3, as well as a lower ceramide/cholesterol ratio, for non‐lesional atopic skin.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If the cause is an abnormal or missing protein, what causes this cause?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;key players&quot; in skin barrier integrity are lipids (like ceramide) and proteins (which are regulated by gene expression). Because of this known relationship, it was long-hypothesized that there was some genetic dysregulation contributing to the compromised barrier integrity in eczema, which was supported by twin studies showing that eczema was highly heritable. In 2006, mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) were identified as a primary predisposing factor for eczema [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1767&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16815158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What protein it is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From [2]: &lt;code&gt;Filaggrin is a key protein that facilitates terminal differentiation of the epidermis and formation of the skin barrier.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it relates to ceramide, from [1]: &lt;code&gt;...one research group studied atopic dermatitis skin, excluding patients with filaggrin mutations to ensure that the discoveries made were independent of the mutations, and correlated the ceramide composition with the lamellar lipid organization. They found significantly lower levels of ceramide 3 in atopic dermatitis individuals than in healthy controls, as well as a correlation between a low ceramide 3 level and lamellar lipid disorganization, despite the presence of wild‐type filaggrin in both groups.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can see from these results that both proteins (filaggrin) and lipids (ceramide) are involved in the pathogenesis of eczema, but they don't appear to be significantly related to one another. &lt;strong&gt;It's possible that eczema/atopic dermatitis, as we currently understand it, can actually be broken up into many subphenotypes that have similar presentations (itchy, erythematous skin) but different etiologies, much like cancer and sepsis.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is that something related to T cells (recognizing antigens) or B cells (producing antibodies)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned above, skin cells (not T cells) are responsible for lipid production, and filaggrin &quot;facilitates terminal differentiation of the epidermis&quot; (not lymphocyte development). However, T lymphocytes &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; involved in eczema, as it is an inflammatory process (which are regulated by these immune cells) [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/154935&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]. To avoid going down too many rabbit holes, you might familiarize yourself with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;helper T cells and cytokines&lt;/a&gt; before continuing. From [4]: &lt;code&gt;...a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis has a filaggrin loss-of-function mutation. Recently, it was shown that filaggrin expression is reduced in atopic dermatitis even in the absence of any mutation. Keratinocytes differentiated in the presence of IL- 4 and IL-13 exhibited significantly reduced filaggrin gene expression and neutralization of IL-4 and IL-13 improves skin barrier integrity. This indicates that Th-2 lymphocytes directly contribute to the skin barrier defect in atopic dermatitis...Microscopic studies revealed a sparse perivascular T cell infiltrate in unaffected atopic dermatitis skin that is not seen in normal healthy skin.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of B cells, conflicting evidence exists regarding their participation in eczema's pathogenesis. Some patients have shown dramatic improvement in their symptoms when treated with rituximab, an anti-B cell mAb [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674907022531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;], while others have not responded to the medication [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ced.12691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;], marking the need for a formal RCT examining rituximab's efficacy in treating eczema and further studies elucidating the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it a skin problem or an immune system problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is really asking &quot;is eczema an outside-in or an inside-out problem?&quot; The answer, as I'm sure you've already realized, is: it's more complicated than that. The &quot;problem&quot; of eczema arises from disrupted skin permeability, which can be both caused and worsened by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923181106001733&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kG26y.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kG26y.png&quot; alt=&quot;Fig.6-Proksch2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Also, I heard from many sources that this is an immune system problem. And the source of this problem is the gut. They quote Hippocrates: &quot;All disease begins in the gut&quot;. Is that true? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's true that studies have shown an association between reduced gut microbial diversity in early life and eczema, but best evidence doesn't support that the gut microbiome plays a definitively causative part in the pathogenesis of the disease [&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bjd.14907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From [8]: &lt;code&gt;Culture-based studies have shown strong associations between cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and established atopic eczema during and outside of the context of disease flares. Using the same approach, there is also evidence for an inverse relationship between gut bacterial diversity in early life and the later development of atopic eczema, in keeping with the ‘biodiversity hypothesis’...both Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis proliferate whilst bacterial diversity drops at lesional sites when atopic eczema flares, but S. aureus elimination is not the main reason why atopic eczema gets better...studies have not found evidence that S. aureus colonisation triggers atopic eczema development...&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because eczema is an inflammatory disorder, the immune system is an inherent participant in its initiation and resolution. Recent research has identified Th2 cells as important players in the pathogenesis of eczema [&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/exd.13336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]. From [9]: &lt;code&gt;Early models of aetiology attributed symptoms of [eczema] to cutaneous inflammation at lesion sites, but recent studies have established that activated immune mediators in the circulation drive disease severity. Activation of T helper 2 (Th2) and Th22 cells in the circulation appears to be the principal initiator of acute [eczema] pathology, with the emergence of Th1 and Th17/interleukin (IL)‐23 pathway activation marking the transition to a chronic state.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Will just eating healthy food, adding more probiotics, and applying moisturizer help the skin effectively?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Healthy food&quot; &lt;em&gt;won't necessarily&lt;/em&gt; help, but avoiding food that contains allergens that trigger your eczema outbreaks &lt;em&gt;will&lt;/em&gt;. Besides, eating healthier will make you feel better in general. &quot;More probiotics&quot; almost certainly &lt;em&gt;won't&lt;/em&gt; help, as clarified by [8]: &lt;code&gt;...there is further evidence that a reduced diversity of the faecal microbiota precedes the development of atopic eczema, an association that appears lost in established disease.&lt;/code&gt; If &quot;established disease&quot; doesn't feature the same reduced diversity in the fecal microbiome as before the development of eczema, then the microbiome in established disease isn't really a therapeutic target. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Applying moisturizer&quot; &lt;em&gt;probably will&lt;/em&gt; help. From [7]: &lt;code&gt;Application of creams and ointments containing lipids and lipid-like substances, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, cholesterol esters and triglycerides stimulates barrier repair and increases stratum corneum hydration...As AD is often accompanied by reduced lipid composition, topical application of lipids and hydrocarbons may partially correct permeability barrier defects. It has been shown that topical treatment with hydrocortisone ointments may lead to rapid improvement in barrier function in atopic skin...several research groups and companies report that creams containing ceramides and a mixture of the three key lipids are not superior to ‘‘classical’’ cream or ointment preparations, such preparations have not yet been widely used. More research is necessary to determine the significance of ceramides and the treatment composition with the most therapeutic benefit.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pathogenesis of eczema is multifactorial, but broadly follows a process of genetic (or epigenetic, in the case of the early gut microbiome) dysregulation relating to barrier integrity proteins like filaggrin with corresponding changes in the skin microenvironment's ceramide content. Following these changes in protein structure and function and lipid quantity, the compromised barrier is predisposed to irritation and infection, which leads to an abnormal immunological response as Th2 cells work to resolve inflammatory processes in the skin (it's not clear how B cells participate in the pathogenesis of eczema at this time). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment options for mild-moderate eczema are generally limited to topical corticosteroids and moisturizing ointments, as well as topical immunomodulators. For more severe disease, patients can pursue phototherapy, oral (and other systemic) immunosuppressants, or, recently, the mAb dupilumab, which targets the Th2-regulated cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=27690741&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]. Considering this mAb's efficacy, you might regard eczema as an autoimmune disease with non-immunological predisposing factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Jungersted, J. M. and Agner, T. (2013), Eczema and ceramides: an update. &lt;em&gt;Contact Dermatitis,&lt;/em&gt; 69:65-71. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1111/cod.12073&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1111/cod.12073&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Palmer, C. N. A. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2006), Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. &lt;em&gt;Nature Genetics,&lt;/em&gt; 38:441–446. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1038/ng1767&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1038/ng1767&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] Weidinger, S. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2006), Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. &lt;em&gt;J Allergy Clin Immunol,&lt;/em&gt; 118(1):214-219. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[4] Werfel, T. and Wittmann, M. (2008), Regulatory Role of T Lymphocytes in Atopic Dermatitis. &lt;em&gt;Chem Immunol Allergy,&lt;/em&gt; 94:101-111. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1159/000154935&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1159/000154935&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[5] Simon, D. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2008), Anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment improves atopic eczema. &lt;em&gt;J Allergy Clin Immunol,&lt;/em&gt; 121(1):122-128. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[6] McDonald, B. S. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2015), Rituximab as a treatment for severe atopic eczema: failure to improve in three consecutive patients. &lt;em&gt;Clin Exp Dermatol,&lt;/em&gt; 41:45-47. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1111/ced.12691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1111/ced.12691&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[7] Proksch, E. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2006), Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. &lt;em&gt;J Derm Sci,&lt;/em&gt; 43(3):159-169. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.06.003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.06.003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[8] Marrs, T. and Flohr, C. (2016), The role of skin and gut microbiota in the development of atopic eczema. &lt;em&gt;Br J Dermatol,&lt;/em&gt; 175:13-18. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1111/bjd.14907&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[9] Guttman‐Yassky, E. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2017), Systemic immune mechanisms in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with implications for treatment. &lt;em&gt;Exp Dermatol,&lt;/em&gt; 27:409– 417. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1111/exd.13336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1111/exd.13336&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[10] Simpson, E. L. &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; (2016), Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis. &lt;em&gt;N Engl J Med,&lt;/em&gt; 375(24):2335-2348. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1610020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:    10.1056/NEJMoa1610020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="14251" LastEditDate="2019-05-26T17:30:19.993" LastActivityDate="2019-05-26T17:30:19.993" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19334" CreationDate="2019-05-25T23:35:51.350" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, clinicaltrials.gov has well over 100 open gene therapy clinical trials and many of these are for rare diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do gene therapies so often target rare disease? Economically it would seems to make more sense to first address common diseases. Do rare diseases tend to have some properties that make them more inclined to be treated via gene therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Ekins, Sean. &quot;Industrializing rare disease therapy discovery and development.&quot; Nature biotechnology 35, no. 2 (2017): 117. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5320585/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5320585/&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.3787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.3787&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T03:24:53.073" Title="Why do gene therapies so often target rare disease?" Tags="&lt;gene-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-26T03:08:29.720" Score="1" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for references to serious research articles on the subject, whether confirming or refuting. (Or articles referring to such, but &lt;em&gt;not articles without peer refereed references&lt;/em&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid any confusion, by &quot;serious&quot; I only mean reputable peer refereed journals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some examples of such articles, taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/C_S_T/comments/6t6wot/oil_pulling_and_why_the_skeptics_are_wrong/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/C_S_T/comments/6t6wot/oil_pulling_and_why_the_skeptics_are_wrong/&lt;/a&gt;, (some of which seem to confirm the positive effects of the oil pulling but do not seem to study the specific problem in the question):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27084861&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27084861&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890570&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853744/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853744/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838632&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838632&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2012.856?foxtrotcallback=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2012.856?foxtrotcallback=true&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/03/oil-pulling-benefits.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://fashionista.com/2014/03/oil-pulling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sources&lt;/a&gt; recommend to spend 15-20 minutes for oil pulling, however those numbers look randomly chosen with no justification provided. It is conceivable that 15-20 minutes have been chosen by popular practitioners for reasons of their personal comfort, while other sources have simply repeated the figure. It is also conceivable that longer pulling may increase the benefits, even if it feels less comfortable to some practitioners. Or, conversely, are there side effects of any prolonged oil pulling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, where is the science and where are people's personal convenience choices?&#xA;Has any research been conducted to study effects of the oil pulling over different periods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="857" LastEditorUserId="857" LastEditDate="2019-05-28T13:12:58.530" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T13:12:58.530" Title="Does longer oil pulling than recommended 20 minutes bring any benefits?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;tooth-decay&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19331" CreationDate="2019-05-26T05:12:15.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common diseases &lt;em&gt;tend&lt;/em&gt; to be polyfactorial, while rare genetic diseases &lt;em&gt;often&lt;/em&gt; involve a single gene. Many involve just a single mutation event (substitution, deletion, addition, inversion, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's easier to target a single-gene defect than multiple. Since gene therapies are at such an early stage of development, it's expected they would go for low-hanging fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go to &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/a&gt; and search for &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=gene+therapy+genetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gene therapy&lt;/a&gt;. Consider the genetic interventions (skip the drug trials). The majority on the first dozen pages specify a &lt;em&gt;single&lt;/em&gt; target gene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to find a list of non-infectious diseases ranked by prevalence. However, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ranker.com/list/list-of-common-diseases-most-common-illnesses/diseases-and-medications-info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;List of Common Diseases&lt;/a&gt; on Ranker. It is suitable for illustrative purposes. Scrolling through the index of a textbook would do as well. Skipping psychiatric, infectious, and situational conditions (such as traumatic brain injury), consider whether there is an obvious genetic target. There isn't one for conditions such as Dementia, Diabetes Mellitus, Cancer, Stroke, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC: Leading Causes of Death&lt;/a&gt;. They're largely non-genetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DM-II is highly heritable, so in that sense, it is genetic. But usually, people consider only single-gene conditions to be &quot;genetic&quot;. So what are some &quot;common&quot; genetic diseases? This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.labroots.com/trending/infographics/8833/10-common-genetic-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;infographic&lt;/a&gt; lists ten. Note that they're &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; that common compared with non-genetic diseases. Six of them &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt; have genetic therapy trials. The rest have drug trials, so they're not being ignored. These are the ones that don't have genetic therapy trials listed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Down Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;. Usually trisomy 21. Excising an entire extra chromosome is &lt;em&gt;likely&lt;/em&gt; beyond current gene therapy capabilities. Another cause is translocation. In that case, half a chromosome would have to be excised.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fragile-X Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;. Triplet repeat of variable length. Variability &lt;em&gt;likely&lt;/em&gt; complicates gene therapy. For instance, how to excise a repeat that is too long vs a repeat that is normal?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Huntington Disease&lt;/a&gt;. Triplet repeat of variable length. There is also a psychosocial issue where many with Huntington &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cge.13529&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;do not want to know their status&lt;/a&gt;. How do you treat a population that is in denial? There is a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.doyoureallywanttoknowfilm.com/the-film/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;documentary&lt;/a&gt; about it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angelman Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;. Caused by uniparental disomy. Two copies of chromosome 15 are inherited from the father. The extra copy would have to be replaced with a chromosome from the mother.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14759" LastEditorUserId="14759" LastEditDate="2019-05-27T03:24:53.073" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T03:24:53.073" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14961" CreationDate="2019-05-26T06:14:33.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming you are &lt;em&gt;healthy&lt;/em&gt;, you will likely naturally regulate your sodium intake to appropriate levels. (Sodium is highly regulated by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system&lt;/a&gt;.) Too low and too high are both possible, and I would &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; attempt to manipulate sodium intake without without measuring or calculating current intake first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are thirsty, you are either not getting enough water or eating too much salt. If you are craving salty foods, you're either drinking too much or not eating enough salt. Excessively high or low salt intake over long periods of time alters RAAS activity (otherwise serum sodium levels would be affected), so changes should be made gradually. &lt;strong&gt;Before making significant changes to your diet, you should consult your physician.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decreasing salt intake had been recommended to decrease blood pressure. In &quot;Why Should I Limit Sodium?&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/-/media/data-import/downloadables/pe-abh-why-should-i-limit-sodium-ucm_300625.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;), The American Heart Association states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Having less sodium in your diet may help you lower or avoid high blood pressure. People with high blood pressure are more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, note that blood pressure is a proxy indicator with many causes that may have nothing to do with your overall health or how long you live. It is also possible for blood pressure to be too low (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shock&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;strong&gt;No blood pressure = No life.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many studies have not collected data on extremely low-levels of sodium intake, so no conclusion can be drawn from those studies about the safety of low sodium intake. More recently, data has been collected showing that very low levels are associated with increased mortality. These outcomes are reasonable because &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Na/K-ATPase&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;requires&lt;/em&gt; sodium to function. Some well known poisons (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;digitalis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouabain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ouabain&lt;/a&gt;) work by disabling the sodium-potassium pump. &lt;strong&gt;No salt = No life.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a graph from BMJ: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joint association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with cardiovascular events and mortality: prospective cohort study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kjjOz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kjjOzm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;all-cause mortality&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a similar graph from NEJM: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k6993.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k6993m.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another graph&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of interest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;JAMA: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/899663&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fatal and Nonfatal Outcomes, Incidence of Hypertension, and Blood Pressure Changes in Relation to Urinary Sodium Excretion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NEJM: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BMJ: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l772&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joint association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with cardiovascular events and mortality: prospective cohort study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727609&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Conflicting Evidence on Health Effects Associated with Salt Reduction Calls for a Redesign of the Salt Dietary Guidelines.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinical Science: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clinsci.org/content/114/3/221&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Normal-sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure: is sodium an old enemy or a new friend?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;AJH: &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/27/9/1129/2730186&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Compared With Usual Sodium Intake, Low- and Excessive-Sodium Diets Are Associated With Increased Mortality: A Meta-Analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14759" LastEditorUserId="14759" LastEditDate="2019-05-27T05:15:40.957" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T05:15:40.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19333" CreationDate="2019-05-26T10:32:06.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study you linked in the comments (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amith et al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;) stated that there were 10 subjects and the subjects were to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swish approximately 8-10 minutes or till you feel a fullness in your mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last part of the instructions to the subjects suggests that the feeling of fullness in the mouth could happen before the 8 minute point.  Plus the study of 10 subjects is a very small study. Nevertheless, the study points out that there is a potential that oil pulling can help with oral hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point that the study makes is that 10 minutes is enough to obtain any benefit from oil pulling.  Whether or not you choose to pull for more time is up to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out in the comments, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.123dentist.com/truth-oil-pulling/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the dentistry website you linked&lt;/a&gt; indicates that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no official verdict regarding the benefits of oil pulling as there is unfortunately very little research on the topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once there are more (and larger) studies performed, there will be more of a consensus on the subject, therefore creating an official stance on the benefits of oil pulling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you feel that oil pulling helps, there is an indication that 8-10 minutes is enough.  If you wish to follow the 15-20 minute suggestion you have seen (or longer) then fine.  That is your choice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would suggest is to speak to your dentist/orthodontist and seek their advice.  Their advice will be tailored to your specific needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amith, H. V., Ankola, A. V., &amp;amp; Nagesh, L. (2007). Effect of oil pulling on plaque and gingivitis. &lt;em&gt;J Oral Health Community Dent, 1&lt;/em&gt;(1), 12-18. Retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-26T10:32:06.833" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-27T06:41:57.020" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brushing teeth appears to be commonly recommended, but the evidence appears to be anecdotal.  Have any randomized prospective trials been done to determine the efficacy of brushing to prevent conditions such as dental caries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in research that measures dental disease, not merely plaque removal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Google Scholar search for &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_vis=1&amp;amp;q=brush%20teeth&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=1,5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brush teeth&lt;/a&gt;&quot; returns articles that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compare toothbrushes (eg, traditional vs electronic)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Compare toothpastes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Test pre-brush mouth washes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Editorials/Opinions about brushing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Survey attitudes toward brushing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Test new vs old toothbrushes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Test brush strokes against each other&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Test different electric toothbrush heads&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the first 20 pages, no articles test the efficacy of brushing. Around page 16, results became less relevant to brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have looked through the list of ADA references that &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/19349/14759&quot;&gt;JonMark Perry refers to&lt;/a&gt;. They don't address brushing vs not or the prevention of dental conditions, such as caries. For instance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first article, and a few others, are about plaque or biofilm removal, which may or may not be related to dental caries. Since approximately 100% of the population has dental plaque, it's not a useful predictor of dental disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Second article is about fluoride levels, not dental caries, or other dental conditions. It also tests brushing duration, rather than brushing vs not brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several about brush design.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some about brush contamination and sanitation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some about gingival abrasion and recession.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14759" LastEditorUserId="14759" LastEditDate="2019-05-27T16:38:00.643" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T14:57:54.827" Title="Any randomized prospective trials to determine the efficacy of brushing (vs not) to prevent conditions such as dental caries?" Tags="&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19333" CreationDate="2019-05-27T11:42:53.973" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is oil pulling beneficial for oral health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may not be possible to make convincing conclusions from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.johcd.org/doi/pdf/10.5005/johcd-1-1-12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25838632&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;small&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; (linked in the question) about the benefits of oil pulling on oral health, especially when knowing this is an Ayurvedic dental technique and most authors involved in the studies are Indians, so they might be biased for positive results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A systematic review is usually considered a higher level evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of the following review from the University of Oxford/UK &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27261981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of oil pulling in promoting oro dental hygiene: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (PubMed, 2016)&lt;/a&gt; have concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The limited evidence to date from clinical trials suggests that oil&#xA;  pulling may have beneficial effects on oro dental hygiene as seen&#xA;  for the short period of time investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This systematic review included 26 randomized clinical trials, which were short term (10-45 days) and included only 160 participants in total, they &quot;varied in reporting quality,&quot; and in 5 studies no effect was observed, which, altogether, is not a very strong evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors (mainly from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia) of the following review &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654187/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oil pulling and importance of traditional medicine in oral health maintenance (PubMed, 2017)&lt;/a&gt; have concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For modern day practices, oil pulling can be suggested for adjunct&#xA;  use, with tooth brushing and flossing, to maintain the standard oral&#xA;  health care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/o/oil-pulling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Dental Association&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently, there are no reliable scientific studies to show that oil&#xA;  pulling reduces cavities, whitens teeth or improves oral health and&#xA;  well-being. Based on the lack of scientific evidence, the American&#xA;  Dental Association does not recommend oil pulling as a dental hygiene&#xA;  practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any benefits of oil pulling for more than 20 minutes?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found no studies that would test this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-28T07:41:42.550" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T07:41:42.550" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-27T14:57:10.420" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say you go to a doctor and they say -- more or less -- that you are &quot;healthy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean? Under what circumstances does one fall within these supposed confines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what would falling under these confines mean in a more deeper outlook? Like if I am &quot;healthy,&quot; does that mean I can't be healthier? If I am not healthy enough, could I get healthier then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people vaguely use the term healthiness to define a set of rules that must apply to someone, like if someone is disease free or not overweight or etc. But is this just vague?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor saying you are healthy doesn't mean you are of utmost health, because how would you know each individual's maximum healthiness potential, if it even exists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always strive to be as healthy as possible with being on the lookout for new supplements and solutions to any health signs of stresses and such. But what really makes me ponder is how we can confidently dish the term healthy around in an overall manner that isn't particularly individualized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No two different people are necessarily as equally healthy as one another in all possible respects if they're both meeting a particular set of observable standards or tests/procedures/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it makes me think that one can envision health as a perpetually tested standard one must always be working to achieve or progress towards. I don't think anyone can be perfectly healthy or the inverse, but how healthy one can become is the big question. Many people have demonstrated massive differences in their feelings/well being from supplementation, homeopathy, herbs, antioxidants and many other potential undertakings not necessarily relating to consumption. I realize you can feel healthy and not be sometimes, but usually feeling really good and strong is a symbol of good health more often than not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a sense, does the term &quot;healthy&quot; mean that much? Is there always theoretical improvement of our health regardless, because there is no one size fits all or perfect health analysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16265" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T10:43:47.403" Title="Is being &quot;healthy&quot; an actual, overall provable term? Or is &quot;healthy&quot; just a loose assumption?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19340" CreationDate="2019-05-27T16:02:55.757" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A list of references to research papers on the topic of the possible benefits of brushing teeth can be found at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;under 'References'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the first three are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Creeth JE, Gallagher A, Sowinski J, et al. The effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo. J Dent Hyg 2009;83(3):111-6.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Newby EE, Martinez-Mier EA, Zero DT, et al. A randomised clinical study to evaluate the effect of brushing duration on fluoride levels in dental biofilm fluid and saliva in children aged 4-5 years. Int Dent J 2013;63 Suppl 2:39-47.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Darby ML, Walsh MM. Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice. St. Louis: Saunders; 2010.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-05-27T16:40:35.550" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T16:40:35.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-27T23:59:21.780" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The healing potential of a torn or pathologic tendon varies depending on anatomic location (e.g., Achilles vs. rotator cuff) and local environment (e.g., intrasynovial vs. extrasynovial). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what extent does the anatomic location of a tendon injury impact the recovery time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Thomopoulos, Stavros, William C. Parks, Daniel B. Rifkin, and Kathleen A. Derwin. &quot;Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair.&quot; Journal of Orthopaedic Research 33, no. 6 (2015): 832-839. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418182/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418182/&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjor.22806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjor.22806&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-05-27T23:59:21.780" Title="To what extent does the anatomic location of a tendon injury impact the recovery time?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19348" CreationDate="2019-05-28T00:27:29.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's the definition of health according to WHO:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there are a lot of components to this term, of which some, like absence of disease, can be objectively assessed in a uniform manner, while others may have criteria that vary individually from person to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/constitution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/constitution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T00:27:29.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-28T04:49:41.147" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before I start, let me say I hope this question isn't marked as seeking personal medical advice because I'm not asking for medical advice, and even though I talk about my personal experiences, I just want to know if circumcision can lead to early childhood masturbation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was circumcised when I was about 3 or 4 and I can't remember at which age I started masturbating so my guess is that it started right after that (very early). For as long as I can remember, I've always had a sensetive penis and I think that led to early masturbation. I could always feel slight stimulation whenever I lied down towards the bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also I wonder if this has anything to do with being &quot;cut tight&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16268" LastEditorUserId="16268" LastEditDate="2019-05-28T11:16:50.613" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T11:16:50.613" Title="Can circumcision cause childhood masturbation?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;sexual-arousal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-05-28T05:06:13.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19348" CreationDate="2019-05-28T10:35:34.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Being healthy&lt;/em&gt; is a &lt;em&gt;term&lt;/em&gt; that usually describes the presence of desired states, such as stamina and well-being, and the absence of disease and unpleasant feelings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor will likely consider you healthy when you do not have any symptoms and signs of known health conditions and when your results of medical investigations are within the normal ranges. The normal or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference ranges&lt;/a&gt; of different values (normal blood sodium concentration, normal blood pressure, etc.) have been determined on the basis of the studies that have shown they are &lt;em&gt;least commonly associated with various diseases.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When everything appears normal by medical criteria, you can still have a room for improvement. You can be in better relationships, feel better, learn to work more efficiently, etc. On the other hand, if you run faster, does this make you healthier or happier? Health should not be viewed as a goal, but as a tool one can use to achieve personal goals in life. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-28T10:43:47.403" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T10:43:47.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19355" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19340" CreationDate="2019-05-28T14:49:43.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to 2 recent systematic reviews, &lt;strong&gt;tooth brushing frequency is associated with less dental caries.&lt;/strong&gt; The studies included were case-control, prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, experimental trials...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/6401196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tooth brushing frequency and risk of new carious lesions (Evidence Based Dentistry, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Individuals who state that they brush their teeth infrequently are at&#xA;  greater risk for the incidence or increment of new carious lesions&#xA;  than those brushing more frequently. The effect is more pronounced in&#xA;  the deciduous than in the permanent dentition. A few studies indicate&#xA;  that this effect is independent of the presence of fluoride in&#xA;  toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532338217300222?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Toothbrushing Frequency on Incidence and Increment of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The authors concluded that the self-reported infrequent brushers had a&#xA;  higher incidence and increment of dental caries than those individuals&#xA;  reported to be frequent brushers. The effect of infrequent brushing on&#xA;  the caries rates was higher for primary teeth than for permanent&#xA;  teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-28T14:57:54.827" LastActivityDate="2019-05-28T14:57:54.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19357" CreationDate="2019-05-28T16:49:00.727" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.  I am looking for a value the indicates on average how far apart those valves would be.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There are valves in most veins to prevent backflow. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched and not found a reference.  I am specifically interested in superficial veins of the arms, where vein access is generally acquired (&lt;em&gt;i.e. sticks for blood draw and/or IV therapy&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T09:23:00.023" Title="How many valves per distance are common in veins?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19356" CreationDate="2019-05-28T17:13:54.367" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The distribution of valves in the veins can vary greatly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FOREARM VEINS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijvm/2017/5157914/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relationship of Common Vascular Anatomy to Cannulated Catheters (Hindawi, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Veins of the antecubital fossa [anterior side of the elbow] were much less&#xA;  likely to have valves, whereas veins of the hand and forearm were&#xA;  nearly equal in the frequency of valves identified. In those vein&#xA;  segments of the hand with valves, there were often multiple valves&#xA;  identified within the 10 cm segment studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijvm/2017/5157914/tab2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt; says that in adults the average distance between the vein valves in the hand is &lt;strong&gt;6 cm,&lt;/strong&gt; in the forearm &lt;strong&gt;7 cm&lt;/strong&gt; and at the front of the elbow &lt;strong&gt;17 cm.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LEG VEINS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The great saphenous vein in the inner thigh&lt;/strong&gt; is commonly used as a graft to replace atherosclerotic coronary arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078588412004303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Relative Position of Paired Valves at Venous Junctions Suggests Their Role in Modulating Three-dimensional Flow Pattern in Veins (European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All studied valves were located &lt;strong&gt;between 3 and 5 cm apart.&lt;/strong&gt; The mean&#xA;  distance between the two valves in the GSV [great saphenous vein] was&#xA;  3.8 ± 0.4 cm...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036282/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lower Extremity Venous Anatomy (Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The number of &lt;strong&gt;deep venous valves&lt;/strong&gt; increases from cranial to caudal.&#xA;  Unlike the infrainguinal veins, the iliac veins rarely contain valves.&#xA;  Detailed anatomic dissections have shown valves to be present in only&#xA;  1.2% of common iliac veins, 27% of external iliac veins (39.6% on the right versus 14.6% on the left), and 10.1% of internal iliac veins.&#xA;  There are on average &lt;strong&gt;five deep venous valves between the inguinal&#xA;  ligament and popliteal fossa,&lt;/strong&gt; although the number varies from two to&#xA;  nine. Their arrangement is variable, but the external iliac and common&#xA;  femoral vein above the saphenofemoral junction usually have one valve&#xA;  at most; the femoral vein above the adductor canal has three or more&#xA;  valves; the distal superficial femoral and popliteal veins have one or&#xA;  two valves; and the &lt;strong&gt;tibial/peroneal veins have numerous valves&#xA;  spaced at ∼2-cm intervals.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The small saphenous vein at the back of the lower leg:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521409018291?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The anatomy of the small saphenous vein: Fascial and neural relations, saphenofemoral junction, and valves (Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A most proximal valve was present in only 94% at a mean distance of&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;1.2 cm to the small saphenous vein orifice&lt;/strong&gt; [popliteal vein behind the knee]. A consecutive distal valve was only present in 65% with a&#xA;  mean distance of &lt;strong&gt;5.1 cm.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T09:23:00.023" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T09:23:00.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-28T17:30:46.210" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is being constantly claimed, upheld and emphasized that being overweight or, even worse, obese, possesses many and severe health hazards. Overweight and obese people are being repeatedly urged to lose weight. That not losing excess weight is harmful for health seems certain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there seems to be one more factor, which, admittedly, comes from my experience in the form of the observation of people surrounding me. Namely, I'd put a hypothesis that working to lose weight causes considerable strain on the psyche. I know a person who had been calm and happy… before she started dieting frantically to lose weight. She managed to lose most of her excess weight and works very hard to keep it that way, nonetheless seeing her as nervous and tired and humorless as she is now and comparing to how I remember her before makes me question if her efforts are worth it. Another example comes from a newspaper article (which, again, I can't now find to link it) about a talk-show host. The article snidely remarked that with her excess weight the host lost all of her funniness she had been esteemed for. Finally: I also read a newspaper article (which I, again, can't find now...) that seemed to confirm my anecdotal and intuitive observations: namely, it claimed that both hunger itself and conscious attempts to suppress hunger and restraining the urge to eat cause considerable stress and lower one's mood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, in cases when both weight and stress are discussed together, it seems that it is usually in the context of excess weight causing stress because overweight people tend to have low self-esteem and they tend to be ostracized by their peers. I would, however, ask about this relationship from a different angle:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can working to lose weight, as opposed to neglecting this, cause considerable stress?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Since chronic stress is also widely recognized to be a health hazard, can the costs of being more stressed outweigh the costs of not losing weight? Assume absence of other egregious lifestyle-related risks – that is, our overweight person does not smoke, has some moderate physical activity, is not being bullied for being overweight, does not mostly eat junk food, etc etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T00:00:33.370" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T17:26:53.763" Title="Any studies on the tradeoff between losing weight and being less stressful?" Tags="&lt;lifestyle&gt;&lt;stress&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;&lt;overweight&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9516" CreationDate="2019-05-29T08:27:05.157" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fetal gender determination is suprisingly accurate, according to this study: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5024945/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Accuracy of sonographic fetal gender determination: predictions made by sonographers during routine obstetric ultrasound scans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results state the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results confirmed 100% accuracy in predictions made after 14 weeks&#xA;gestation. The overall success rate in the first trimester group&#xA;(11–14 weeks) was 75%. When excluding those scans where a prediction&#xA;could not be made, success rates increased to 91%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results were less accurate for fetuses younger than 12 weeks, with an overall success&#xA;rate of 54%. Male fetuses under 13 weeks were more likely to have&#xA;gender incorrectly or unable to be assigned. After 13 weeks, success&#xA;rates for correctly predicting males exceeded that of female fetuses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistical differences were noted in the success rates of individual&#xA;sonographers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided the scan is done after 14 weeks, accuracy is very good, but can vary between sonographers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/antenatal-appointment-schedule/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK antenatal care schedule&lt;/a&gt;, most women will have an initial scan at 8-14 weeks and then an anomaly scan at 18-20 weeks gestation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T10:54:50.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11356" CreationDate="2019-05-29T14:58:37.740" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quality can be monitored by clinical decision support (CDS) modules. Most CDS logic is implemented inside a software used by clinicians. Patient facing CDS is included in some personal heatlh record (PHR) platforms. (e.g., reminders to get vaccination).&#xA;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243350&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243350&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you might try to have a computer logic check your past health record and provide reminders and generated comments. (a machine-based second opinion) but not super comprehensive. But in  future, more patient facing CDS is coming.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For dental care, there is much fewer CDS modules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T14:47:17.927" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T14:47:17.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3616" CreationDate="2019-05-29T15:03:45.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pros are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;better treatment (e.g., IL-5 inhibitor will not help if you do not have a subtype of asthma that is eosinofilic) (by knowing your type the therapy will be more targeted at your subtype of disease)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cons are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more complex diagnostic workup to arrive at personalized care (e.g., must get sequencing results to recommend best action for Lynch syndrome)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T15:03:45.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-29T16:33:44.260" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a health professional and am a little bit puzzled by this. There appear to be two ranges of obesity prevalence estimates (I am particularly interested in the rate in adults in England):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) survey (&lt;a href=&quot;https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/quality-and-outcomes-framework-achievement-prevalence-and-exceptions-data/2017-18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;), which reports the prevalence of obesity among adults in England at 9.8%. This underpins the reports published by NHS Digital and Public Health England.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is another set of figures which are in a different league.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-obesity-and-the-food-environment/health-matters-obesity-and-the-food-environment--2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;government website&lt;/a&gt; reports the prevalence of obesity at 26.9% in men and 26.8% in women in 2015 in England.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is more in line with &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/28/2/295/4210290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; 2014 estimate of 19.2% (although this is for the whole of UK, not just England).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/170250/9789240694439_eng.pdf;jsessionid=E6655F3512EF4F3D93814D9DF787447E?sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 WHO report&lt;/a&gt; (p. 109) reports 26.9% and 29.2% in men and women, respectively.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theweek.co.uk/96429/ten-fattest-countries-in-europe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;newspaper article&lt;/a&gt; ranks the UK the third most obese country in Europe with the rate of obesity at 27.8%, citing another &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/379874/who-ehr-2018-02-eng.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO report&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Eurostat reports the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics#Obesity_by_age_group&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 data&lt;/a&gt; showing obesity rates in UK adults between 29.0% and 64.0%, depending on age-group; while &lt;a href=&quot;http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; Eurostat &lt;a href=&quot;http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tool&lt;/a&gt; shows the 2014 average for UK adults at 20.1%, which agrees with this &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&amp;amp;plugin=1&amp;amp;pcode=sdg_02_10&amp;amp;language=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;table&lt;/a&gt; showing a close 2017 estimate of 21.0%.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the estimates are so variable, are any of them reliable? Which would be the ultimate, most official and most reliable estimate? Particularly, the QOF estimates reported by NHS &amp;amp; PHE (1) appear to be less than half those reported elsewhere (2). Why would that be the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13965" LastEditorUserId="13965" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T14:01:49.750" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T14:01:49.750" Title="Why are the estimates of obesity prevalence in England wildly different?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19371" CreationDate="2019-05-29T19:02:55.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should not use QOF data for epidemiological measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Differences may occur because QOF registers do not necessarily equate to prevalence as&#xA;  may be defined by epidemiologists. For example, recorded prevalence figures based on&#xA;  QOF registers may differ from prevalence figures from other sources because of coding or&#xA;  definitional issues&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;via &lt;a href=&quot;https://files.digital.nhs.uk/66/854B8C/qof-1718-anx3-dq-faq.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;QOF Data quality statement and frequently asked questions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not super familiar with the QOF, but in reading through these FAQs I believe the issue is that they define obesity as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;patients need to be aged 18 or over, and have a body mass index greater than or equal to 30 recorded in the previous 12 months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so there may be patients in the 'denominator' who have not had a BMI recorded in the previous 12 months, therefore they are not classified as obese in the QOF even if their latest BMI was recorded &gt;=30 if that record was not in the previous 12 months. Those denominators come from the&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;latest Exeter National Health Application and Infrastructure Services&#xA;  (NHAIS) extract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that the total is ~44.7 million adults in England, this seems to be the entire (adult) population of England, and likely not all of them visited a physician during a 12 month period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you point out, the other measures vary but not by all that much, and there are likely smaller demographic sampling biases or definitions, different attitudes towards adjustment based on demographics, etc that explain those smaller differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-05-29T19:02:55.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19384" CreationDate="2019-05-29T19:30:31.443" Score="2" ViewCount="89" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most daily multivitamins have close to 100% of the RDA for each element in the vitamin, and I believe that the nutrients get into your blood in a short time frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this daily spike in vitamins have any known health consequences? It would seem more natural to have them split up into smaller doses and be taken with meals each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in Japan many vitamins are smaller and designed to be taken a few times over the course of a day. The one-a-day approach most Americans use seems arbitrary and makes me wonder, for example, why we don't take one bigger vitamin every three days (let me ignore the problem of forgetting the day on which we last took vitamins even though it is important here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are there any health consequences to taking a single multivitamin once a day? Or is a split approach more conducive to absorption and utilization? At what frequency will vitamin blood concentrations start to have unhealthy spikes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9517" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2019-05-29T20:42:44.440" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T10:15:44.807" Title="Vitamin Supplements Frequency" Tags="&lt;multi-vitamin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19375" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19383" CreationDate="2019-05-30T01:48:01.313" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have started to watch what we eat trying to follow a healthy balanced diet I enjoy tomatoes and have heard many times that they are classified as a fruit, but also a vegetable. Considering the recommended balance is 5 serves of veg and 2 serves of fruit, where does the tomato fit in that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Note, this question is specific about what category a tomato sits in from a dietary perspective. The answer given in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/1631/what-foods-count-towards-5-a-day&quot;&gt;What foods count towards 5 a day?&lt;/a&gt; is a very general of a link that does not even contain the word tomato.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16286" LastEditorUserId="16286" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T05:34:13.443" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T13:35:39.503" Title="Tomato - from a dietary perspective, is it a fruit or vegitable" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19383" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19375" CreationDate="2019-05-30T09:56:48.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recommended balance between 5 servings of vegetables and 2 servings of fruit is only one of different recommendations, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-3/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines for Americans by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture&lt;/a&gt; recommend 2.5 cups of vegetables and 1 cup of fruits per day in a 2,000 Calorie diet. On that same page, you can see they've put tomatoes into a &lt;strong&gt;vegetable&lt;/strong&gt; group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;em&gt;nutrition&lt;/em&gt; viewpoint, the main difference between vegetables and fruits is in their &lt;strong&gt;sugar&lt;/strong&gt; content. A 100 g &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/11529?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=tomato%20raw&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tomato&lt;/a&gt; contains only ~2.6 g of sugars, while an &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/09501?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=apple%20raw&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apple&lt;/a&gt; contains ~10 g. There seems to be no exact sugar amount determined that would put a certain plant into a fruit category, though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/glossary/essential-nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;essential nutrient&lt;/a&gt; that vegetables, as a group, would have and fruits wouldn't. A certain vegetable and a certain fruit can contain more similar amounts of a certain nutrient, for example, potassium than 2 fruits or 2 vegetables (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649719/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, Table 3&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All this suggests that one doesn't need to be too worried about what counts as a vegetable or a fruit and how many servings of each to eat but think which &lt;em&gt;foods&lt;/em&gt; to eat to get all the essential nutrients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T13:35:39.503" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T13:35:39.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19374" CreationDate="2019-05-30T12:15:55.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;RDA is the recommended dietary allowance. Vitamins and minerals should not cause side effects when you exceed 100% RDA, but they can cause them when you exceed &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/conferences/tolerable_upper_intake.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;the tolerable upper intake&quot; (UI)&lt;/a&gt;, which is usually considerably higher than RDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;, the RDA for vitamin C for adults is 90 mg/day and the UI is 2,000 mg/day. You can also see from the table 2 that a single serving of certain foods can exceed the RDA for vitamin C. Excessive amounts of vitamin C and other water soluble vitamins and minerals are excreted in the urine and the fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body fat. For a complete list of recommended and upper intakes of all nutrients, you can check these charts on &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/DRI-Tables-2019/6_DRIValues_Summary.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nationalacademies.org&lt;/a&gt;. They use Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) instead of RDA, but they are very similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding from the big difference between the RDA and UI for most supplements, I don't think you need to split a 100% RDA dose of a supplement into smaller doses to make it &quot;less harmful.&quot; Splitting the dose can increase the percent of a supplement that is absorbed, though. For example, RDA for &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calcium&lt;/a&gt; for adults is 1,300 mg, but the maximal absorption occurs when you take less than  500 mg at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Splitting the dose can be more important with prescribed supplements, which usually come in multiple RDA doses. The entire dose of iron can irritate the stomach, calcium can cause constipation, magnesium lose stools, etc. Again, this should not often happen with multivitamins in 100% RDA doses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, there is no convincing evidence that taking multivitamin supplements would be harmful; healthy people do not need supplements, anyway, and can get all the essential nutrients in appropriate amounts from food (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309636/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed, 2012&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-05-31T10:15:44.807" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T10:15:44.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16544" CreationDate="2019-05-30T15:06:19.023" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two sets of terminologies because their different purpose. It also sometimes useful to have a competition of two terminologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(btw - we also have 2 app stores that serve the same purpose. We really need just one. But we have two for some good reasons)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastEditorUserId="15631" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T20:27:33.957" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T20:27:33.957" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="8813" CreationDate="2019-05-30T15:11:04.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following are naming conventions that satisfy your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SNOMED-CT &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Foundational Model of Anatomy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ICD (current version 10, it has national modifications (such as USA's ICD-10CM)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:11:04.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19358" CreationDate="2019-05-30T15:14:58.347" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There a none and the reason may be that it would be a hard study to design in a way that would answer the trade-off dilemma. Some answers are so individual that designing a general population study is so difficult that it is not done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:14:58.347" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18561" CreationDate="2019-05-30T15:28:58.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no strong scientific consensus on eye colors.&#xA;But for example, per 2019 review article at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30639910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30639910&lt;/a&gt; the colors listed in that review are blue, brown and intermediate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So one approach is to bundle the non brown and non blue into a single category called 'intermediate'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The top of a long table is pasted here to demonstrate that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IVC2A.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IVC2A.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:28:58.600" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19374" CreationDate="2019-05-30T15:29:10.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/19384/8728&quot;&gt;Jan's answer&lt;/a&gt; it is important to recognize that the biological half-life of most vitamins is quite long, &lt;em&gt;on the order of several days&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that you do not really have a spike when you take a multivitamin: the amount of each vitamin already in your body is much higher than the daily intake amount. It is not actually necessary to take the daily recommended intake every day, that's just an amount that, if taken daily, will not result in any long-term deficiencies (assuming otherwise normal absorption/metabolism).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To give an example of one particular vitamin from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114313/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this book&lt;/a&gt;, the estimated body concentration of vitamin B6 is somewhere between 60-160 mg depending on sex and which model they use. Compare this to the recommended daily intake of 1.3 mg (hardly a spike relative to even 60 mg), and the tolerable intake of 100 mg/day (which would indeed be a 'spike', but amounts less than that can be cleared without negative effects in a normal individual).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T15:29:10.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19391" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-30T16:22:33.240" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pains along the sciatic nerve apparently have numerous possible causes (18 of them &lt;a href=&quot;https://veryhealthy.life/18-causes-sciatic-nerve-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to this article&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, given the following facts, what would be appropriate differential-diagnostic measures/procedures/tests to determine the exact cause (or combination of causes) of such pains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relevant qualifying facts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adult, but not elderly, male subject.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain manifests only on one side of the body (the left side).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain centered around the gluteal muscles (Piriformis?), occasionally shooting upwards or downwards.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain intensity varies with time and posture; usually low intensity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms persist for over a year (but do not worsen).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No relevant impact trauma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Regime of relevant physical exercise has little (and no lasting) effect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I've tried to follow the guidelines in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/84/are-differential-diagnosis-questions-on-topic&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; and keep this question on-topic; if you believe it isn't, please comment and help me edit it accordingly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you believe the cause(s) are obvious based merely on the facts above, an explanation why that is would be a valid answer of course.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2019-05-31T09:01:56.050" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T08:11:29.853" Title="How to differentially diagnose continuing sciatic pain given this existing information?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;&lt;sciatic-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-30T20:21:05.397" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have acid reflux, and I used to think that the problem is due to high acid levels. However, I saw a video by dr. Eric Berg and he suggests that it is due to low levels of acid. Is this true? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also like to know what would happen if your stomach acids are too high?&#xA;I would appreciate if you link to a study or research paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The video, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/HSNZlFlTMYw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/HSNZlFlTMYw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16291" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T09:16:09.827" Title="Is it true that acid reflux is caused by low acid levels in stomach?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10999" CreationDate="2019-05-30T20:21:55.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does not have to exhausted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way would be to point to coder's guideline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, I will use a data method to prove it.&#xA;To prove it via data, you can analyze data from Columbia Open Health Data (from Columbia U in NYC) and look for broad terms and you would see that they have counts that are greater than sum of the most granular terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COHD data comes as ICD and gets mapped to SNOMED CT terms. But the issue of parent vs. detailed child is preserved. (even after the mapping)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;data reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018273&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018273&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;data API: &lt;a href=&quot;http://smart-api.info/ui/9fbeaeabd19b334fa0f1932aa111bf35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://smart-api.info/ui/9fbeaeabd19b334fa0f1932aa111bf35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;API output for a single term. You must traverse SNOMED CT hiearchy for the related terms.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SUJUM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SUJUM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T20:21:55.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14394" CreationDate="2019-05-30T20:31:34.907" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many cases they do reflect the actual diagnosis. &#xA;It depends on the disease in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;eMerge network work on validation is for example here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715338&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715338&lt;/a&gt;. In that study, they used ICD-based definitions but also other available data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Similar work in diabetes mellitus diagnosis is also published (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416392/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416392/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Validation research tries to arrive at positive predictive value. E.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480162&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Japan, the PPV for AMI was 82.5%. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30477501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30477501&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15631" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-05-30T21:17:57.917" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T21:17:57.917" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19399" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19400" CreationDate="2019-05-30T23:22:33.983" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;The efficacy of contraception methods is typically given as two percentages: &lt;em&gt;typical use&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;perfect use&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For both of these, is the denominator of the percentage the number of &lt;strong&gt;couples&lt;/strong&gt; who used the contraception method, or the number of &lt;strong&gt;instances of sexual intercourse&lt;/strong&gt; during which it was used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if a contraceptive is 98% effective, does that mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2% of couples who used this method (&lt;strong&gt;any number of times&lt;/strong&gt;) got pregnant, or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of all the &lt;strong&gt;individual instances&lt;/strong&gt; of sexual intercourse during which this method was used, 2% of them resulted in pregnancy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16266" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T23:32:01.067" Title="Are contraception effectiveness percentages per-user or per-use?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19400" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19399" CreationDate="2019-05-30T23:32:01.067" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentages given are the percentage of couples using that method who will conceive &lt;strong&gt;over a year&lt;/strong&gt;. So if 100 people use that 98% method, 2 will get pregnant each year. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/how-effective-contraception/#&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a page from the National Health Service in the UK that explains this as well as providing some numbers for some methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2019-05-30T23:32:01.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-31T00:22:37.770" Score="2" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of contraception methods is typically reported as two percentages: &lt;em&gt;typical use&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;perfect use&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Typical use&lt;/strong&gt; is the measure of how the average couple is likely to use the method, and takes into account incorrect or inadequate application. For example: an inside-out condom, or a missed day of birth control pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Perfect use&lt;/strong&gt; assumes the couples being studies used the contraceptive method exactly as directed, without errors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How are participants partitioned into these two groups?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there typically one large study, and participants self-report if they did not meet perfect use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are two groups formed prior to the study's start, and given differing levels of instruction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16266" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T00:22:37.770" Title="In contraceptive effectiveness ratings, are “typical use,” and “perfect use” self-reported?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19392" CreationDate="2019-05-31T07:04:16.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's neither.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acid reflux&lt;/a&gt;, according to Wikipedia, is caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... poor closure of the lower esophageal sphincter ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(second paragraph)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This in turn causes stomach acid to rise into the esophagus, which is regardless of the levels of acid present in the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WP reference given is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/symptoms-causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDKK&lt;/a&gt;, who say that a weak sphincter is caused by:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;increased pressure on your abdomen from being overweight, obese, or pregnant&#xA;  certain medicines, including &#xA;  those that doctors use to treat asthma —a long-lasting disease in your lungs that makes you extra sensitive to things that you’re allergic to&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;calcium channel blockers—medicines that treat high blood pressure &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;antihistamines—medicines that treat allergy symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;painkillers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;sedatives—medicines that help put you to sleep&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;antidepressants —medicines that treat depression &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;smoking, or inhaling secondhand smoke&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and make no mention of the stomach contents as a cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-05-31T09:16:09.827" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T09:16:09.827" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19404" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19407" CreationDate="2019-05-31T09:14:29.050" Score="2" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a medical (/ medical research) professional, but I know my probability theory and a bit of statistics. When leafing through some meta-study texts (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3200172/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;), I'm encountering use of the terms &quot;powered sample&quot; and &quot;unpowered sample&quot;. What do these mean? Is it that the sample sizes are insufficient for reasonable levels of confidence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T16:08:11.593" Title="What are &quot;powered&quot; vs &quot;unpowered&quot; samples in medical studies?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19391" CreationDate="2019-05-31T09:59:07.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Differential diagnosis in an adult man with a unilateral pain in the gluteal area lasting for over a year and not worsening, without a history of trauma, infection or inflammatory arthritis or other conditions (an incomplete list):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Degenerative disc disease (DDD)&lt;/strong&gt; with bulging or herniating disc(s) pressing upon the spinal nerve root(s) in the lower back (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430837/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lumbosacral radiculopathy&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Often runs in families; can be caused by acute or repetitive injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain triggers: coughing, bending and certain other moves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain relievers: walking, lying down (not always)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other common symptoms: tingling, numbness, leg weakness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In most cases heals/improves on its own in weeks/months&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hip conditions&lt;/strong&gt; with pain radiating to the gluteal area&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://familydoctor.org/condition/piriformis-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Piriformis syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caused by repetitive running, climbing stairs, sitting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain is typically worse during sitting (&amp;quot;sitting intolerance&amp;quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/By_the_way_doctor_What_can_I_do_about_ischial_bursitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ischial bursitis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Caused by prolonged sitting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain worse during sitting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sacroiliitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350747&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sacroiliac joint dysfunction (sacroiliitis)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain in the hip and buttock&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Worse during prolonged standing or running&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10959387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spinal tumor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pain can persist during the night&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmaj.ca/content/182/11/E534&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Postherpetic neuralgia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - inflammation of the nerve (neuritis) due to Herpes zoster infection&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Typically (but not always) preceded by burning rash&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constant burning pain lasting for months/years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) History&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor will likely ask detailed questions about the pain location, its triggers and relievers (coughing, sitting, walking, lying down).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Physical examination (examples of tests)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5483767/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Straight leg raise (Lasegue) test&lt;/a&gt;: pain triggered by the leg raise speaks for a pinched nerve in the lower back (lumbosacral radiculopathy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718497/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Provocative tests for piriformis (deep gluteal) syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Investigations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood tests to exclude inflammatory conditions (specific antibodies in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;X-ray is often the first imaging investigation, which can detect broken vertebra, decreased space between vertebra (suggesting degenerative disc disease) and gross changes (spurs, deformities) due to inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CT or MRI of the lower spine or the hip is done when a problem with the discs or hip joint is suspected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no specific investigation for piriformis syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: This is not a complete differential diagnosis of sciatica-like pain; it is a list of causes adjusted to the &amp;quot;case.&amp;quot; The list of 18 causes linked from the question is grossly repetitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T08:11:29.853" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19404" CreationDate="2019-05-31T16:08:11.593" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, these are referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(statistics)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statistical power&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistical power is the probability of correctly rejecting a null hypothesis given a certain sample size and expected magnitude of effect (i.e., defining the alternative hypothesis). It should be calculated &lt;em&gt;prior&lt;/em&gt; to doing a study. Although it is technically possible to calculate post-hoc power (using an observed effect size), doing so is &lt;a href=&quot;https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1592/phco.21.5.405.34503&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;totally useless&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the paper you link, they seem to be using the term &quot;unpowered&quot; to mean the study was not designed with power in mind (that is, the sample size seems to have been chosen arbitrarily). One could also refer to studies being &quot;underpowered&quot; if they have too small a sample size to detect a given effect. In my experience &quot;underpowered&quot; is a much more typical term though I've seen the terms used interchangeably in some cases. It's like the difference between saying &quot;we ran out of milk&quot; versus &quot;we don't have milk&quot;: the first phrase tells you more about the process leading to the lack of milk, but both convey the same information about the current state: no milk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frustratingly, though, the paper you link has this sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study used a fairly large sample (n = 80) but was underpowered to detect any statistically significant effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sentence is unfortunately referring to the aforementioned (totally useless) post-hoc power analysis. The study they are referring to in fact &lt;em&gt;was&lt;/em&gt; powered to measure a particular effect, the only rationale for describing it as &quot;underpowered&quot; is because the effect measured was not significant. Calling it underpowered is effectively assuming that the null hypothesis should have been rejected; by that argument, every single study that does not show a significant result is &quot;underpowered&quot; - this is bad logic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will say, though, that in the context of meta analysis, one could plausibly mark studies as underpowered post-hoc by applying some universal expected effect rather than actual measured effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the phrase &quot;powered sample size&quot; - I have not encountered this phrase, I think it's a bit of a language quirk perhaps by translation from a more common phrase in another language. The authors here are clearly using it to mean &quot;they based their sample size on a (reasonable) power analysis,&quot; however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-05-31T16:08:11.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-05-31T21:32:13.747" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Telomers be tampered with using Nano particles or nano robots that can be artificially used to CAUSE cancer?&#xA;I happen to run into this website&#xA;Talking about nano technology based cancer research.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/mariakonovalenko.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/life-extension-through-nanotechnology/amp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/mariakonovalenko.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/life-extension-through-nanotechnology/amp/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is 9 years old though. &#xA;Just wondering this  can be used in an adverse way.&#xA; If we can artificially modify cellular level Telomers to induce cancer, then it becomes illegal. Using CRISPR Cas 9 to cut short Telomers for e.g...Has this been researched by Watchdog groups and the medical field?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16297" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-01T13:46:46.697" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T13:46:46.697" Title="Can Telomers be tampered with using Nano technology?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-05-31T23:18:53.620" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19412" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19413" CreationDate="2019-06-01T13:40:00.183" Score="3" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are basic anti-dandruff shampoos such as Head &amp;amp; Shoulders, and there are coal tar treatments such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/3292&quot;&gt;Alphosyl 2 in 1, Capasal&lt;/a&gt;, Polytar or T/Gel for itchy and flaky scalp problems, but if you are finding they are not as effective as you would like, what other forms of treatment are there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-06-16T10:08:12.357" Title="What treatments are available for dandruff/psoriasis" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;&lt;psoriasis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19413" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19412" CreationDate="2019-06-01T16:10:17.063" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It’s important to clarify that in a clinical setting, dandruff is associated with seborrheic dermatitis, which is not (and is not treated) the same as psoriasis. From UpToDate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seborrheic dermatitis in adolescents and adults. Denis Sasseville MD, 2018.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clinical Manifestations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scalp&lt;/strong&gt; — The mildest and most common form of scalp seborrheic dermatitis is dandruff, also known as pityriasis sicca, in which the scalp shows fine, white, diffuse scaliness without underlying erythema. Dandruff may be asymptomatic or accompanied by mild pruritus. More severe forms of scalp seborrheic dermatitis present with visible inflammation, consisting of patchy, orange to salmon-colored or grayish plaques covered with yellowish, greasy scales (pityriasis steatoides), mostly over the temporoparietal areas or with concretions of scale around hair shafts (pityriasis amiantacea). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Management&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp&lt;/strong&gt; — For patients with mild seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp who have diffuse, fine desquamation without inflammation (dandruff), we suggest treatment with an antifungal shampoo. Antifungal shampoos include ketoconazole 2% and ciclopirox 1%, available by prescription, and zinc pyrithione 1% and selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo, available over the counter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;      &#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Five to 10 mL of shampoo should be left on for three to five minutes before rinsing off...&#xA;      Patients sometimes complain that their shampoo is no longer effective. Given that some strains of Malassezia eventually become resistant to azole antifungals, it may be wise to effectuate, every few weeks to months, a rotation among shampoos based on different molecules.&#xA;      For patients with moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp who have scale, inflammation, and pruritus, we suggest treatment with an antifungal shampoo (eg, ketoconazole 2% shampoo) in combination with a high-potency topical corticosteroid in a formulation (lotion, spray aerosol, or foam) of patient choice. Topical corticosteroids can be used daily for two to four weeks.&#xA;      The addition of a salicylic acid shampoo to the above regimen may be helpful for patients with thick scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, coal tar is not a recommended treatment for traditional dandruff. It is, however, a therapeutic option for scalp psoriasis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment of psoriasis in adults. Steven R Feldman MD PhD, 2019.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Approach&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scalp psoriasis&lt;/strong&gt; — The presence of hair on the scalp can make topical treatment of psoriasis challenging because patients may find certain products messy or difficult to apply. Recognizing the patient's preference for a drug vehicle may help to improve adherence to therapy. For many patients, solution, shampoo, lotion, gel, foam, or spray vehicles are preferable to thicker creams or ointments for use on the scalp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;      &#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Topical corticosteroids are the primary topical agents used for psoriasis on the scalp. Support for the use of these agents is evident in a systematic review of randomized trials that found that very potent or potent topical corticosteroids are more effective treatments for scalp psoriasis than topical vitamin D analogs. Combining a corticosteroid and vitamin D analog may offer additional benefit; in the systematic review, combination treatment with a potent topical corticosteroid and a vitamin D analog appeared slightly more effective than potent topical corticosteroid monotherapy...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;      &#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Other topical therapies used for psoriasis (eg, tazarotene, coal tar shampoo, anthralin) and intralesional corticosteroid injections also may be beneficial for scalp involvement, though data on efficacy specifically in scalp disease are limited. Salicylic acid can be a helpful adjunctive treatment because of its keratolytic effect, but prescribing it alongside a separate topical corticosteroid makes the treatment regimen more complicated and, therefore, could adversely affect adherence to treatment. Phototherapy (eg, excimer laser) and systemic agents are additional treatment options for patients who cannot achieve sufficient improvement with topical agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T16:10:17.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13409" CreationDate="2019-06-01T17:13:42.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FOOD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A simple way to stimulate the bowel movement in the morning is to &lt;strong&gt;eat or drink&lt;/strong&gt; something - this is known as the &lt;strong&gt;gastrocolic reflex.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/22%3A_Digestive_System/22.02%3A_Nervous_System_of_the_Digestive_System/22.2B%3A_Gastrointestinal_Reflex_Pathways&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Libre Texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The gastrocolic reflex is the physiological reflex that controls the&#xA;  motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract. It involves&#xA;  an increase in motility of the colon in response to stretch in the&#xA;  stomach and the byproducts of digestion in the small intestine. Thus,&#xA;  this reflex is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;COFFEE and NICOTINE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coffee can stimulate the bowel movement but so can water. Nicotine does not - according to this study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16109656&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stimulation of defecation: effects of coffee use and nicotine on rectal tone and visceral sensitivity (Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rectal tone increased by 45% 30 min after coffee intake and by 30%&#xA;  after water intake, but the effects of coffee and water were not&#xA;  significantly different. Rectal tone did not change significantly&#xA;  after administration of nicotine (7%) or placebo (10%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-06-01T17:13:42.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-02T09:48:04.997" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently bought a new phone. I didn't like audio quality so I went to Equalizer and changed the settings to these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZEeSs.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZEeSs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know high frequencies are harmful. So, is this setting okay? Please note that this is a setting for listening WITHOUT headphones/earphones. With those, normal default equalizer settings are used by my phone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16300" LastActivityDate="2019-06-02T09:48:04.997" Title="Custom harmless equalizer settings" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-06-02T15:37:11.850" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-02T13:38:12.753" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m a newbie and utterly unfamiliar with biomedicine, but I’ve been reading a few scientific articles recently and a question has been nagging me ever since. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So apparently preserving donor organs long enough for transplant is a huge challenge. If cryopreservation or ex vivo perfusion can, at best, prolong organ survival by a few hours/days, why not just put them into host animals such as pigs? Xenotransplantation has become really successful in recent years, with graft survival for over 100 days, so why can’t we just put the human donor organs inside genetically-engineered immunodeficient pigs to preserve their function? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve read about this guy who did something similar: &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajt.13149&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajt.13149&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;But he was using fetal organs harvested from aborted fetuses, rather than adult donor organs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16302" LastActivityDate="2019-06-02T20:51:25.827" Title="Why can’t we just transplant donor organs into pigs to preserve them?" Tags="&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19419" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19423" CreationDate="2019-06-02T15:05:13.923" Score="5" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Among common causes of rhinitis are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;irritants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;weather changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;infection (e.g. common cold)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;allergy (e.g. hay fever)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to disentangle between infection and allergy in presence of rhinitis is by the presence/absence of fever. Indeed, allergies never triggers fever (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/82558/why-dont-allergies-cause-fever&quot;&gt;Why don't allergies cause fever?&lt;/a&gt;), while infections often do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can non-allergic, non-pathogenic rhinitis (e.g. irritant and weather change) also be associated with fever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-02T16:32:02.097" LastActivityDate="2019-06-03T09:42:19.547" Title="Are non-allergic, non-pathogenic rhinitis associated with fever?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;fever&gt;&lt;runny-nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19418" CreationDate="2019-06-02T20:51:25.827" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;What do you think the immune systems of the recipient animals are doing to the human donor tissue/organ? And if you immunosuppress those recipient animals, then you need to consider the effects of those drugs on the donor tissue/organ too. In short, putting an organ into the animal (and the animal using the organ, as with the kidneys in the paper you cited) is one thing, but taking the organ back out for use in a human would be a very different story. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animals aren’t a good model for this, but bioengineered systems (hydrogel cultures + mechanical ventilation / perfusion) might be. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://iscrm.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ScienceMay19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; as an example of what we might use in the future to achieve preservation. Stasis is another option (cryonics + others) but, for now, those aren’t practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2019-06-02T20:51:25.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-03T04:04:28.990" Score="2" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can an individual further aggravate a full tear of the gluteus minimus tendon  (trochanter insertion)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would tend to think that if the gluteus minimus tendon is fully torn, then no force can be exercised on the gluteus minimus muscle anymore, and as a result  an individual cannot further aggravate a full tear of the gluteus minimus tendon. Is my reasoning correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-06-03T04:11:20.670" LastActivityDate="2019-06-03T06:46:38.073" Title="Can an individual further aggravate a full tear of the gluteus minimus tendon (trochanter insertion)?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19421" CreationDate="2019-06-03T04:15:57.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A torn muscle will not stagnate: it will attempt to heal itself, although this process can result in poor outcomes if the native structure isn’t well-aligned during healing (e.g. when surgical repair is required). As this repair process occurs, the tissue is unstable, and “re-aggravation” refers to interrupting healing by exerting stresses on the injured tissue that it can’t compensate for in its compromised state. This applies to full or partial tears of the gluteus minimus or any muscle, or any tissue in the body for that matter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastEditorUserId="14251" LastEditDate="2019-06-03T06:46:38.073" LastActivityDate="2019-06-03T06:46:38.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19419" CreationDate="2019-06-03T09:13:35.240" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common cold,&lt;/strong&gt; which is an acute viral infection of the nose, is &lt;em&gt;rarely&lt;/em&gt; associated with fever in adults (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Medical Association Journal&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dphhs.mt.gov/Portals/85/dsd/documents/DDP/MedicalDirector/CommonCold101713.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DPHHS Montana&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Allergic rhinitis&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;does not usually cause fever;&lt;/em&gt; it's not mentioned as a symptoms on major clinical websites (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-clinical#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/allergic-diseases/minnesota/overview/specialty-groups/allergic-rhinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000813.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href=&quot;https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2014/10/cold-flu-or-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;News In Health&lt;/a&gt; says allergic rhinitis &quot;never&quot; causes fever, while &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(95)70211-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal Of Allergy and Clinical Immunology&lt;/a&gt; says that fever &quot;is rarely found in patients with allergic rhinitis.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-allergic rhinitis&lt;/strong&gt; (irritant, vasomotor, hormonal, medicamentous, gustatory, senile, etc.) is also not associated with fever according to various sources (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/874171-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonallergic-rhinitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650992/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Allergy Organization&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28474799&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Allergy&lt;/a&gt;). After some further research, there seems to be no evidence that non-allergic, non-infectious rhinitis would be associated with fever, but I can't exclude the possibility that sometimes could be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; the absence of fever does not help (much) in determining the type of rhinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-03T09:42:19.547" LastActivityDate="2019-06-03T09:42:19.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19424" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19510" CreationDate="2019-06-03T13:12:55.897" Score="6" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;A common thought is that  dietary restrictions are recommended for people susceptible to gout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These restrictions often focus on fructose, purines and alcohol: if a food or beverage is 'high' in these, they should be avoided, but that theory seems to not really translate into empirical evidence when looking at actual levels of substances to avoid in food and beverages and the effect of actual food on the observable incidences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different sources may recommend different things, just following their 'school of thought'? But in the following text all these discrepancies are combined into one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several facets of the diet are important to the reduction of the risks of a gouty episode: meat and seafood intake, alcohol use, and obesity. Although many physicians still advise patients to reduce their dietary intake of purines, purine-restricted diets only reduce mean serum urate levels by 0.6 mM/l, and such diets are relatively unpalatable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the moment, the best data related to diet comes from a recent study of 47,150 men over a 12-year period that shows meat and seafood increase the risk of gout. In contrast, dairy products, especially low-fat dairy products, are able to decrease the risk of gout in men. In addition to food, alcohol is another significant risk factor for gout. The relationship between gout and alcohol is more complex. Acute alcohol intoxication in individuals documents a higher plasma urate concentration when urate levels are measured after individuals have become sober. Such urate alterations may also occur as a result of not eating and the presence of ketosis. The latter state and its circulating ketones and lactate block urate excretion causing hyperuricemia. In normal individuals, elevated plasma levels of ethanol (&amp;gt; 200 mg/dl) cause a reduction in urinary urate levels [869, 870]. When moonshine whiskey was produced from lead-soldered stills, saturnine gout or lead-induced gout was a common occurrence in the southern part of the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, beer contains a purine (guanosine) that can be metabolized to uric acid. Recent studies of 14,809 individuals in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) examined the role of beer, wine, and hard liquor in relation to uric acid. In this study, beer and hard liquor intake were positively correlated with hyperuricemia. It has been proposed that &lt;strong&gt;a glass of wine as a replacement for beer or hard liquor might reduce the incidence of gout.&lt;/strong&gt; Both alcohol intake and obesity can cause an increase in urate production and a decrease in its elimination by the kidney.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although medications are usually the means by which recurrent gouty episodes are controlled, there are certain dietary restrictions that may be useful as well. It has been shown that meat and seafood intake are associated with an increased risk of gout. Meat including beef, lamb, and pork as well as bologna, sausage, salami, bacon, hot dogs, chicken, turkey, hamburger, chicken liver, and beef liver are the most well-characterized offenders as inducers of gouty episodes. Seafood associated with an increase risk of gout include tuna, dark fish, shrimp, lobster, clams, and scallops. &lt;strong&gt;There are also some purine-rich vegetables like peas, lentils, spinach, mushrooms, oatmeal, and cauliflower, but they &lt;em&gt;do not appear to increase the risk of gout.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol ingestion in excess and its association with gout has been known since antiquity. Beer has a special capacity to raise the serum uric acid levels and put patients at risk for gouty episodes since it contains guanosine, a purine that is easily converted enzymatically to uric acid. Finally, many patients will tell their physician that particular foods or alcoholic beverages will trigger an attack of gout. In these cases, physicians should heed the patient’s information and ask the patient to restrict their intake of the offending agent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How to properly explain the associations between diet and gout that is at the same time theory guided, simple and accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that 'purine-rich' is too simple, as purine-rich vegetables don't seem to count?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that 'alcohol' isn't a factor at all, as since antiquity beer is known to be bad, but wine with a much higher alcohol content is noted as not being bad?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The practical guideline is just that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, the three foods/beverages that place patients at risk for gout are red meat, beer, and fructose, a sugar commonly found in sugar- sweetened soft drinks. Finally, patients with gout should decrease their use of hard liquor and beer with a substitution of wine if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quotes from David S. Newcombe: &amp;quot;Gout. Basic Science and Clinical Practice&amp;quot;, Springer: London, Heidelberg, 2013. (9 Management of Hyperuricemia and Gout, 291–385, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4264-5_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically for alcohol, which is sometimes even thought to be preventative if taken as wine in low doses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, our results suggest that the effect of individual alcoholic beverages on serum uric acid levels varies substantially: beer confers a larger increase than liquor, whereas moderate wine drinking does not increase serum uric acid levels.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Hyon K. Choi  &amp;amp; Gary Curhan: &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.20821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Beer, liquor, and wine consumption and serum uric acid level: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Athritis Care and Research, Volume 51, Issue 6, 15 December 2004, Pages 1023-1029. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does one explain 'avoid purines in food' if purine-rich plant food isn't counting?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;How does one explain 'avoid alcohol' if alcoholic wine seems fine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the above interpreted correctly? Is the theory wrong, incomplete or in need of modification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-26T07:35:16.357" Title="How to explain the theory of the influence of purine and alcohol on the incidence of risk for gout in light of contradictory evidence?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;gout&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19428" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-03T21:49:47.260" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Must one take anticoagulants lifelong after stenting of deep veins with a non-thrombotic lesion, for example, aorto-venous conflict (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;May-Thurner syndrome&lt;/a&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it enough to take anticoagulants only in the first 6 months, until the stent grows into the vein?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00270-014-0875-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00270-014-0875-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Platelet aggregation is known to be important in high-flow, high-shear&#xA;  environment, such as in the coronary arteries, whereas coagulation may&#xA;  be more important in the fibrin-rich thrombi characteristic of the&#xA;  low-flow, low-shear venous circulation [42]. The relative importance&#xA;  of antiplatelet agents versus anticoagulants has never been evaluated&#xA;  in clinical trials and is largely based on extrapolation from the&#xA;  arterial system and an understanding of the venous system. Based on&#xA;  clinical data on stenting of chronic iliocaval occlusions, long-term&#xA;  warfarin is recommended in patients with long occlusions, underlying&#xA;  thrombophilia, suprarenal occlusions, and previous long-term&#xA;  anticoagulation and poor inflow on completion angiogram [43, 44]. With&#xA;  postthrombotic lesions being more prone to restenosis, the use of&#xA;  anticoagulants appears to be useful in this subgroup. Thus, although&#xA;  the use of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants has not been studied&#xA;  systematically, there seems to be a role for these drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16306" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-04T08:47:46.180" LastActivityDate="2019-06-17T15:57:04.313" Title="Must one take anticoagulants lifelong after stenting of deep veins with a non-thrombotic lesion?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;stents&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-03T23:15:40.820" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target#Drug_targets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I've read&lt;/a&gt; that more than 50% drugs target the g-protein coupled receptors: What is so special with them that they are the targets for such a wide range of diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16260" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-06-04T04:31:24.163" LastActivityDate="2019-06-04T04:31:24.163" Title="Why do most drugs target G-protein receptors?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-04T14:02:56.837" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help with a novel I'm writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My character is a highly-experienced surgeon, working on a UK Accident and Emergency ward, who also trains those coming up through the ranks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a USA ER, as I understand it, a trauma surgeon would have a team of residents and interns beneath them who they train. The interns being complete newbies and residents having completed their internship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the equivalent roles in a UK A&amp;amp;E?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably, the titles aren't the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16311" LastActivityDate="2019-06-04T14:02:56.837" Title="UK Accident and Emergency Roles" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-04T21:23:32.213" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm considering preserving (banking / cryopreserving) stem cells while young on in off-chance it becomes useful in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any organizations providing this service. Is it because they don't exist or I just missed them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally I would want to preserve them in Canada, but the United States or other countries might work as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/lsg-pdsv.nsf/eng/hn01749.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/lsg-pdsv.nsf/eng/hn01749.html&lt;/a&gt; and searched on Google with various key terms such as &quot;stem cell preservation provider&quot;. All I could find are companies that preserve baby's cord blood stem cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15884" LastActivityDate="2019-06-08T11:17:15.093" Title="How can I preserve my stem cells?" Tags="&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-05T18:10:01.997" Score="3" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some medications advise being taken with food, generally either to prevent stomach irritation as is the case with NSAIDs, or to &lt;em&gt;improve absorption&lt;/em&gt;, as is the case with numerous other medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much does what you eat with medication impact absorption however?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question was inspired by a search for a few of the most commonly prescribed medications in the US, namely lisinopril, amlodipine, metformin, and hydrochlorothiazide, which revealed wide ranges of bioavailability for each one, 6-60% in the case of lisinopril. Considering every doctor has said &quot;take with food&quot; at least once, but perhaps never &quot;take with &lt;em&gt;this&lt;/em&gt; food&quot;, it seems pertinent to ask what impact the choice of food has on bioavailability of common medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-06-05T18:10:01.997" Title="How much does what you eat impact medication absorption?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-06-07T19:38:18.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-06T05:53:25.567" Score="0" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sexual need between partners/couples often grows time to time. Sometimes it crosses the usual duration like it takes more than an hour to satisfy and it grows more as they continue. But that growing desire may hamper life activities and sometimes the relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there is any disorder or any behavioral problem in medical science to define this unusual sexual hunger?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1518" LastEditorUserId="1518" LastEditDate="2019-06-06T06:15:04.967" LastActivityDate="2019-06-06T16:46:45.887" Title="What term is used to define long duration sexual intercourse addiction/hunger?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-06-06T20:36:57.490" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11931" CreationDate="2019-06-06T10:29:58.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flatulence, which is likely associated with abdominal distention and thus some discomfort, can disturb sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Functional Abdominal Bloating with Distention (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3388350/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tips for a Quiet Tummy, Restful Sleep (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/indigestion-sleep#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-06T10:56:38.310" LastActivityDate="2019-06-06T10:56:38.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19440" CreationDate="2019-06-06T16:46:45.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you're describing delayed orgasm. I've condensed the relevant bits of the following paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)01957-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jenkins &amp;amp; Mulhall. Delayed orgasm and anorgasmia. &lt;em&gt;Fertility and Sterility,&lt;/em&gt; 2015; 104(5):1082-1088.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Delayed orgasm/anorgasmia defined as the persistent or recurrent difficulty, delay in, or absence of attaining orgasm after sufficient sexual stimulation, which causes personal distress. Delayed orgasm and anorgasmia are associated with significant sexual dissatisfaction. A focused medical history can shed light on the potential etiologies, which include medications, penile sensation loss, endocrinopathies, penile hyperstimulation, and psychological etiologies. Unfortunately, there are no excellent pharmacotherapies for delayed orgasm/anorgasmia, and treatment revolves largely around addressing potential causative factors and psychotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Definition&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Delayed orgasm is further classified as lifelong/acquired, generalized/situational, and mild/moderate/severe. An acquired dysfunction establishes that the patient previously had normal orgasm timing. Situational dysfunction implies the man has problems in a particular scenario or scenarios, yet functioning normally in others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;There is no set time threshold for what defines DO. Time threshold for distress is dependent on the partners involved. Some men will reach orgasm with one partner in 15 minutes and have no distress, but with another partner it may cause severe distress because the partner may complain of pain with prolonged intercourse. A population-based survey established that the median intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) was 5.4 minutes and 2 SD above was approximately 22 minutes. A provider with a patient complaining of IELT longer than 22 minutes will theoretically qualify him for the diagnosis of DO. One should differentiate between problems with of ejaculation and orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physiology of orgasm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Orgasm is a complex neurobiological process that comes as a result of sexual activity (physical sensation) and/or arousal (cognitive awareness). The physiology of ejaculation is discussed elsewhere. When ejaculation occurs, the brain processes the sensation of the pressure buildup within the posterior urethra (bladder neck and external urinary sphincter are closed contemporaneously) leading up to seminal fluid emission and the contraction of the periurethral musculature. This processing leads to the triggering of an orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pathophysiology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperstimulation&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Some men obtain greater pleasure from masturbation than they do with sexual intercourse and may continue deep-rooted habits such as frequent masturbation or using idiosyncratic masturbation techniques. Studies have shown a correlation between DO and men with idiosyncratic masturbation practices. Also, with increasing frequency of masturbation the sensitivity of the penis can decline and lead to a vicious cycle where the man increases masturbation force to counteract the declining sensitivity, therefore leading to worsening DO. Vaginal intercourse or orogenital stimulation may not be able to replicate the stimulation achieved through idiosyncratic masturbation and this may result in reduced penile stimulation leading to difficulty achieving an orgasm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penile Sensation Loss&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Penile sensation loss has been shown to increase with age. In a literature review by Rowland, he plotted penile sensory thresholds as a function of age as well as sexual functional status. He found that penile sensation loss was more commonly present in those men with increased age and those with sexual dysfunctions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychosexual Causes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;      &lt;p&gt;Delayed orgasm based on situational aspects (i.e., difficulties with a specific partner and not with another) is more likely to be due to a psychological etiology. One study looked at stress and anxiety related to timed intercourse demands for fertility treatments and found DO developed in 6% of patients related to elevated anxiety levels. A novel study by Kirby et al. used a rat model to show how stress can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which is important in healthy normal sexual function. They showed that acute and chronic immobilization stress led to an increase in adrenal glucocorticoids causing an increase in gonadotropin inhibitory hormone, which suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by inhibition of GnRH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Management strategies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;It is true that some men with DO/AO never have an etiology diagnosed that reflects our limited understanding of the physiology of orgasm and the pathophysiology of these conditions. Therapy is focused on defining and treating any overt underlying causes often in conjunction with psychotherapy. Various lifestyle changes include steps to improve intimacy, reduce masturbation frequency, change of masturbation style, and decreasing alcohol consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RLlfD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RLlfD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;DO figure&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other possibilities, if I'm misinterpreting your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexual_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypersexual disorder&lt;/a&gt; (HD; &quot;a pattern of behavior involving intense preoccupation with sexual fantasies, urges and activities, leading to adverse consequences and clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important functions&quot;) was considered for inclusion in the DSM-5, but was eventually rejected by the American Psychiatric Association:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11930-014-0031-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reid &amp;amp; Kafka. Controversies About Hypersexual Disorder and the DSM-5. &lt;em&gt;Current Sexual Health Reports,&lt;/em&gt; 2014; 6(4):259-264.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;The concept of mental disorders has also been condemned by some who suggest it is a value-laden socially constructed phenomena used to impose conformity to cultural norms. Not surprisingly, similar arguments have been launched against the HD proposal with allegations that HD pathologizes normal variants of healthy sexual behavior, and hence, it does not meet the requirements for “deviance.” Another frequent criticism is that HD could be an extension or manifestation of an existing mental disorder. This latter critique should not be quickly dismissed given high comorbidity rates of other mental illness commonly reported among treatment-seeking samples of hypersexual patients. Further, it is widely believed among clinicians working with hypersexual patients that sex is used to “cope” with challenging situations or as a way of “coping” in the wake of emotional distress. Such assertions might imply that hypersexuality is an attempt to compensate for maladaptive systems designed to regulate emotion. Subsequently, wouldn’t the more parsimonious conceptualization of hypersexuality be some type of an emotional dysfunction disorder or an adjustment disorder rather than an independent pathology? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;If one argues for HD as an independent disorder, they must also identify which internal functions are failing to operate and advance some theory implicating what mechanisms of action are purported to cause the dysfunction. Sadly, sex researchers investigating hypersexuality have often failed in this endeavor with a few notable exceptions. For example, neurobiological mechanisms linked to sexual excitation and sexual inhibition has been advanced as a plausible explanation for hypersexuality. A broader hypothesis about executive deficits in frontal lobe functioning reported mixed findings where hypersexual patients self-reported executive deficits but did not exhibit executive dysfunctions when tested. Many have suggested addiction, impulsivity, and compulsivity models, although it’s questionable whether these conceptualizations really constitute theoretical models given their lack of specificity, falsifiable testability, or explanatory power for the construct of hypersexuality. Moreover, proponents of these approaches have yet to clearly operationalize and delineate the respective distinct contributions of addiction, impulsivity, or compulsivity as they relate to hypersexual behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While HD wasn't accepted as an established diagnosis, compulsive sexual behavior is a common disorder with similar criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Derbyshire &amp;amp; Grant. Compulsive Sexual Behavior: A Review of the Literature. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Behavioral Addictions,&lt;/em&gt; 2015; 4(2):37-43.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Compulsive sexual behavior can generally be divided into two categories: Paraphilic and nonparaphilic. Paraphilias are typically considered to be behaviors that have been deemed socially unacceptable that involve non-human objects, suffering of one’s self or a partner, children or a non-consenting person (for example, fetishism, exhibitionism, and pedophilia). Nonparaphilic CSB, which is characterized by more typical sexual desires, include compulsive sexual acts with multiple partners, constant fixation on a partner that may be considered unobtainable, compulsive masturbation, compulsive use of pornography, and compulsive sex and sexual acts within a consensual relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2019-06-06T16:46:45.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4179" CreationDate="2019-06-08T11:10:01.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This all falls to a matter of degree - most importantly &lt;em&gt;mechanism of injury&lt;/em&gt;. I'll explain the physics in allegorical terms first and then explain as it relates to medicine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;mechanism&lt;/em&gt; refers to the amount of &lt;em&gt;force&lt;/em&gt; experienced in the injury process which allows us to predict injury patterns. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For example&lt;/strong&gt;: A motor vehicle collision at highway speed has a very high &lt;strong&gt;mechanism of injury&lt;/strong&gt; as there are a lot of forces involved (mainly &lt;em&gt;kinetic energy&lt;/em&gt;). Stubbing your toe has a very low mechanism as the force involved is exponentially less (although it still hurts and can still cause a fracture).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of kicking or punching specifically; I think we must consider the &lt;em&gt;physics&lt;/em&gt;. The forces involved are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; from an &lt;strong&gt;outside&lt;/strong&gt; source and occur as a result of your &lt;strong&gt;own&lt;/strong&gt; body mechanics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*Essentially**: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;em&gt;Your body is designed to withstand the forces of movement, even in extreme settings such as: fighting a predator or attempting to flee from one.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally when you punch something you do so by first &lt;em&gt;loading the hips&lt;/em&gt; with &lt;em&gt;potential energy&lt;/em&gt; and then converting it to &lt;em&gt;kinetic energy&lt;/em&gt; which is then &lt;strong&gt;transferred&lt;/strong&gt; into the object being hit. Some of it does get reflected back but most of that is absorbed and (with good biomechanics) transferred into the floor through the long bones - just like a bicycle spoke. Our flexible neck also allows our body to move independently of the head to absorb/redirect &lt;em&gt;kinetic energy&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;away&lt;/strong&gt; from our vital organs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of the &lt;strong&gt;football player&lt;/strong&gt;, however; things are &lt;strong&gt;different&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Outside&lt;/strong&gt; forces are at work which our bodies are not necessarily equipped for. A 260 lb football player in full equipment who is running head-on toward you, bracing right before the hit, and doing so with the &lt;strong&gt;intention of transferring that energy&lt;/strong&gt; to you is more than your body can effectively compensate. This is where &lt;strong&gt;injury&lt;/strong&gt; occurs and this &lt;strong&gt;will&lt;/strong&gt; have a negative effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Now to dive into the medical terminology a bit:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brain injury is caused by &lt;strong&gt;4 main mechanisms&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sudden Impact&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rapid Acceleration/Deceleration&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Penetration Blast Injury&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are also classed in &lt;strong&gt;3 different categories&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diffuse Axonal Injury&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Focal Contusions&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hematomas (bleeding, in or around the brain)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Milder impacts usually are limited to Diffuse Axonal injuries. The white matter is injured diffusely at the cellular level, damaging the axon terminals of many neurons throughout the brain. These occur primarily from sheering forces related to sudden acceleration/deceleration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though you may experience this in something like gymnastics, it is &lt;strong&gt;generally minor in nature&lt;/strong&gt; and does not cause enough damage to actually bruise the brain. If you fall while doing gymnastics and &lt;strong&gt;hit&lt;/strong&gt; your head on something &lt;strong&gt;directly&lt;/strong&gt; ( like being tackled helmet to helmet) it could &lt;strong&gt;bruise&lt;/strong&gt; the brain by causing a &lt;em&gt;coux and/or contre-coux injury.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our brains are insulated with a layer of fluid between it and the skull - but a &lt;strong&gt;strong&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;sudden impact&lt;/strong&gt; can cause the brain to hit the skull.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the head moves too quickly for the brains &lt;em&gt;resting inertia&lt;/em&gt; to smoothly go with it the brain hits the skull's interior wall. Much the same way you may hit your face on the dash of a car if someone slams the brakes and you aren't ready and wearing a seat-belt. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this there is also another impact of the brain against the &lt;strong&gt;opposite&lt;/strong&gt; side of the skull as the brain by itself cannot dissipate that recoiled energy from the first impact. The result is said to be a &lt;em&gt;coux-contrecoux impact/injury.&lt;/em&gt; This results in a bruising of the brain at the point of initial impact, as well as the point opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the mechanism is high enough it can even cause a &lt;em&gt;hematoma&lt;/em&gt;, which is basically a brain bleed and is a &lt;strong&gt;medical emergency&lt;/strong&gt;. If left unchecked these can often be &lt;strong&gt;fatal&lt;/strong&gt;. As pressure in the head increases due to blood accumulation in the closed &lt;em&gt;intracranial cavity&lt;/em&gt; the brain will eventually begin to &lt;em&gt;herniate&lt;/em&gt; through the base of the skull.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that answers your question. If you want more information about intracranial bleeds I suggest researching &quot;Cushing's Reflex/Triad&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's a link to a video explaining it further as well as a reference for more detailed information : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9x_s6c0EGQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9x_s6c0EGQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tbi.cemmlibrary.org/Mild-TBI-Concussion/Mechanisms-of-TBI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://tbi.cemmlibrary.org/Mild-TBI-Concussion/Mechanisms-of-TBI&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tbi.cemmlibrary.org/Mild-TBI-Concussion/Mechanisms-of-TBI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://tbi.cemmlibrary.org/Mild-TBI-Concussion/Mechanisms-of-TBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16325" LastEditorUserId="16325" LastEditDate="2019-06-11T06:17:09.930" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T06:17:09.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19437" CreationDate="2019-06-08T11:17:15.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Further research is necessary as this is only in it's early stages but this should answer all of your questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prescouter.com/2017/04/adult-stem-cell-storage/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.prescouter.com/2017/04/adult-stem-cell-storage/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16325" LastActivityDate="2019-06-08T11:17:15.093" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-09T16:02:51.443" Score="5" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;A telephone company is installing a cell tower (cellular base station-antenna) 40 meters from my house (right in front of my house). The first thing I am concerning about is its effect to our health. My neighbors are worried as well. So I'd like to know &lt;strong&gt;How much hazardous is cell tower to our health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not an expert in the field but I know enough to understand that magnetic field the antenna is going to generate will certainly expose some amount of hazard to our health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health#Health_hazards_of_base_stations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; that World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer classified electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and other sources as &quot;possibly carcinogenic to humans&quot;. Some national radiation advisory authorities, including those of Austria, France, Germany, and Sweden, have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Effects studied&quot; section of the Wikipedia page addresses several issues like  &lt;em&gt;Blood–brain barrier&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Cancer&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Male fertility&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Electromagnetic hypersensitivity&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Glucose metabolism&lt;/em&gt; which are really scary to read about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can anyone answer if installing cell tower too close to population settlement creates hazard to health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks for the answers in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16331" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-21T11:12:23.610" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T11:12:23.610" Title="How hazardous is a cellular base station-antenna to our health?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19452" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-09T20:12:46.177" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} found via experiments on rats that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dexamethasone given days 5–9 leads to an increased force at failure on mechanical testing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{2}, which commented on {1}, noted that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;It's well-known that corticosteroids inhibit healing, but we show that it can actually have a strong positive effect on the healing of tendons. The timing is crucial,&quot; says Per Aspenberg, professor emeritus in the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine at Linköping University, Sweden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the proper timing for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dexamethasone&lt;/a&gt; injections to improve the healing of damaged tendons in humans? (Never is a valid answer, in case dexamethasone injections only work on rats)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Parmis Blomgran, Malin Hammerman, Per Aspenberg. Systemic corticosteroids improve tendon healing when given after the early inflammatory phase. Scientific Reports, 2017; 7 (1) &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12657-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12657-0&lt;/a&gt; (open access)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Linköping University. &quot;Corticosteroids aid healing -- if the timing is right.&quot; ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 October 2017. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171017110114.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171017110114.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-06-09T20:12:46.177" Title="What is the proper timing for dexamethasone injections to improve the healing of damaged tendons in humans?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;tendinitis&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;dexamethasone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-09T21:51:38.010" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is essential to the plot of my story for My character (human) to be injured. I know her injuries which are, her leg and right arm bones are either fractured or broken in different places. Her right shoulder is dislocated. On her left arm, her fingers and hand are broken as well as her wrist and her elbow is dislocated. 3 ribs broke on her right side and there is one rib dislocation. Other than huge scrapes and a concussion and gash on the head. Her right side is the most beat up but her left still has significant injuries. These injuries are impact injuries. What I am having trouble is what caused it? It has to look almost suicidal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe hit by a train? At what speed, is my character in a vehicle? Did the force of the train push her out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did my character fall somewhere in the Grand Canyon ( they are in Arizona) Did my character just fall into the river or on the stone? was there anything blocking her fall, like foliage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did she fall from a building onto cement? was there a tree blocking her path? Did she hit a balcony or something first? At what height?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a bridge in Arizona? At what height? did she hit something underwater? Was she pulled downstream?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the most logical way to obtain her injuries? What other ways could she have been injured?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16333" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T06:18:38.420" Title="location of injury occurence and are these injuries logical?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-06-21T20:21:35.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19454" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-10T06:53:49.237" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do all eye drops for the dry eyes contain steroid?&#xA;How can you check if the eye drops include steroids in it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15030" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-10T07:37:53.430" LastActivityDate="2019-06-10T16:48:05.843" Title="Do all Eye drops for dry eyes contain steriods?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19453" CreationDate="2019-06-10T08:16:02.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Examples of accidents in which the described injuries can occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Falling from the height (&gt;4 m) on the hard surface, especially when trying to ease the impact with the hands (Here's one military report of &lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/49-1-17.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApYwggKSBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKDMIICfwIBADCCAngGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMcxTUvxUC8haftPItAgEQgIICSUGSHiIZOYHURR10rXFPubpCxJmWwdjkxIpZa6jR7aaFiJeC4rEAlLF254bzDxiu2ygfY67BwB-vXPXyFiAx4hgm3kf2oFEvjvstHttEWb-oAcdlyt-KXnHxZtNbY8IZ1MR9u_nMrd1Ts0wwMakbrLQNNemJJXF6XMTUZN6B97LbjWQdU3SMRKBduK5fPgpkGFExXPWK9ehm7CQSGlAIq1m-sRwSseLB-PcWSI46PQxpyD793-qdYEgYcdrr30J_h5YAflt5bj0q_IoLHmRck8DKlIjFL2j2badC8Gnke3KfQzOG8FJq-yKhZs_wM4LX6amIaUEdNL9oPNtQElu3U6BJbPDQCPtoi1pBruRYK-Q4ABd1tOIAcKp7_dTM96DIiWVu-JZCWt0tveyEk9zPyqkex0NY19SDfmQmoCiAWMM8kq5NiHullEkzIGRHs02DG9-OZF9ZqRdBpYRm0aPNrn_WaI_17Nofaf_lST9Lzxyb1xmBNUJaF2ilc-Mr-mnC569H6AbtO4kV073nO1HM1rhixeujzTZ1kOr9grA3o7h7kowWRknzidFYRgs1V5s7oWx51HIkO-PzB6kr1IyTBQQXKtldF-bGlOYSQ2HG8jSCFzvsSWDX7BbaD6QZHBvIaRjaEdl6Vmp6nuKGVsffWTzOcEYqLQ3elKf4L_PvREOzcKVw11yzBeREIivU-rGKG6gMT3v5U0tNBWajas_e-LGjsLq3AK_oQI-FjznAtWWXcDO4IVBn1hGefGgVr1IR2wo0kCwLGqmTZA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parachuting accidents&lt;/a&gt; with detailed list of injuries in Table 4)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Falling down a steep slope, such as in the mountains, and hitting rocks on the way down and at the bottom&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The car slipping from the road and rolling down the hill; the person does not use a security belt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256841/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A pedestrian being hit by a car&lt;/a&gt; (detailed injury description)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Driving a car without using a security belt and without having an air bag and being involved in a head-on collision with another car&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting hit by the train when crossing the railway by a car&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Falling in the river (from the boat, banks or bridge) and then being rolled over the rocks in the rapids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Falling from the bridge into a deep water as such may not necessary cause all those exact injuries, especially not in the hands and fingers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-11T06:18:38.420" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T06:18:38.420" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19454" CreationDate="2019-06-10T08:43:53.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Only some types of eye drops for dry eyes (artificial tears) contain steroids. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information leaflet that comes with eye drops that contain steroids may or may not mention the term &quot;steroids&quot; or &quot;corticosteroids&quot; - and if not - it should certainly mention the exact steroid, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluocinolone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;loteprednol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dexamethasone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fluorometholone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prednisolone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more examples check &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ophthalmic-steroids.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ophthalmic steroids&lt;/strong&gt; on drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-10T16:48:05.843" LastActivityDate="2019-06-10T16:48:05.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-10T16:52:14.743" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;My dentist said upper teeth extractions heal much faster than lower teeth extractions. Sure enough my upper wisdom sockets have completely healed and lower socket is still healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to learn the reasons for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16032" LastActivityDate="2020-06-11T07:17:53.333" Title="Why do lower tooth extractions heal slower?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19468" CreationDate="2019-06-11T09:25:57.477" Score="-2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the ending of Requiem For A Dream. The grandma gets ECT after using &quot;Rainbow Pills&quot; for weight loss. The most horrifiying part is. The whole procedure is done while She is awake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original novel is written in '78.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Was ECT done while being awake in 78? What about 2000 and what about now?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does ECT really hurt?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T10:16:04.420" Title="Why would ECT be done without anasthesia?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;electroconvulsive-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19475" CreationDate="2019-06-11T09:28:46.210" Score="4" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Requiem For A Dream (2000) which is based on a novel written in '78, The grandma uses rainbow pills for weight loss and after overdosing on them. She loses Her sanity and ends up getting ECT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://neurofantastic.com/brain/2017/1/13/the-rainbow-diet-pills-there-and-back-again&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to some internet resource I have read&lt;/a&gt;. &quot;As any first year pharmacist (or seasoned drug user) can tell you: mixing uppers with downers is a very, very bad idea. (Think pharmaceutical grade speedball.) &quot;So what exactly are uppers and downers? Why is it a bad idea to mix them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastEditorUserId="11912" LastEditDate="2019-06-11T16:23:18.760" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T17:00:39.307" Title="Why is it a bad idea to use uppers and downers simulatenously?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19466" CreationDate="2019-06-11T10:16:04.420" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Was ECT done while being awake in 78? What about 2000 and what about now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking no - the ECT done in &lt;em&gt;Requiem for a Dream&lt;/em&gt; is the older so-called &quot;unmodified&quot; form where anesthesia and muscle relaxants weren't used. This was largely phased out in the 1950s and 1960s and replaced by the modern form where &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;general anesthesia and muscle relaxants are given&lt;/a&gt; (both to avoid pain and the possible fractures to the long bones from the convulsions) so it would have been unlikely to have been in widespread use in 1978 (and even less so in 2000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think it's safe to say that Selby was taking a bit of dramatic license by using the &quot;unmodified&quot; form in his depiction (much like &lt;em&gt;One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest&lt;/em&gt; exaggerated the minor retrograde amnesia effect into total memory loss).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does ECT really hurt?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original &quot;unmodified&quot; form most likely does - from the potential for secondary injuries to convulsing limbs if nothing else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T10:16:04.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10513" CreationDate="2019-06-11T12:37:37.510" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;[TLDR:  The gradient coils.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a great question.  There are three parts to an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRI machine&lt;/a&gt;:  main magnetic field (1.5 Tesla, 3 Tesla etc), gradient coil system and radio-frequency coil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main magnetic field is static, meaning is doesn't change.  Once the technician has &quot;ramped up&quot; the scanner, it will not change. It doesn't get shut down at all.  So, this part of the system is quiet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The radio frequency (RF) coil is typically what is &lt;em&gt;placed&lt;/em&gt; on or around the person's head, shoulder, knee etc.  The RF coil both sends radio frequencies into the body and receives radio frequencies from the body. This is the way data is &quot;read&quot; from an MRI scanner.  The RF coil is quiet too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging#Gradients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gradient coils&lt;/a&gt; are a separate set of coils inside the scanner shrouding (so you don't see them) that are (typically) cylindrical in shape, so the MRI bed is basically sliding you inside them.  The magnetic field gradient coils have electrical impulses put through them at a very, very fast rate (millisecond range). So, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/science/why-mri-machines-make-that-loud-noise.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the electricity going through them at such a high rate produces mechanical torque&lt;/a&gt; (meaning the coils actual twist slightly) and that is what you are hearing.  NOW, with all that being said, they are manufactured with very strict safety constraints etc so the torquing is not something to be worried about.   :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most scans are acquired as &quot;lines&quot; of data and each line of data is typically one quick set of noises you hear.  [The line of &lt;a href=&quot;https://mriquestions.com/fourier-transform-ft.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;data is acquired in &quot;Fourier space&quot;&lt;/a&gt; which is the Fourier transform of image space.] Any movement even during the quiet periods can or will typically produce &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_artifact#Motion_artifacts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;artifacts in the images&lt;/a&gt;. So it is best to stay as still as comfortably possible during the scan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Update]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further good questions... So, a typical MRI scan (20-40 minute session) consists of, typically 3-5 scans.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging#Sequences&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Each scan&lt;/a&gt; has different parameters in order to create images with different contrast. Each manufacturer might have a slightly different procedure but here is typically how things work...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given one of the scans there are typically two parts to it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first part, which lasts 10s of seconds, or so, is a tuning part. And, &lt;strong&gt;this&lt;/strong&gt; consists of a few parts.  So, the first tuning part of the sequence determines how much radio frequency (RF) power needs to be used to get some pre-determined affect (usually a 90 degree pulse). This will sound like just a few clicks spaced apart by ~1s.  Once the RF power is determined, then it uses that information and runs a very short part of the MRI scan to make sure the data coming back is decent (in very general terms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once all this tuning stuff is done, then the &lt;strong&gt;actual&lt;/strong&gt; MRI scan runs. This is the part that will run for a few minutes to many minutes (typically).  The main part of the MRI scan typically has a very short RF pulse played out, then the gradient coil plays (to do spatial encoding) and then there is a delay.  This whole thing is repeated many times to acquire all the data.  The delay can be very short (milliseconds) or very long (~seconds).  The time from when the RF pulse is played out to the end of the delay is the TR time (repetition time). There is a decent description of the relationship of all these things &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Courses/e-MRI/MRI-signal-contrast/Signal-weighting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for the actual scan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;   RF pulse -- Gradients ---- delay &#xA;&#xA;   ^------------- TR -------------^  &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this block is repeated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To go even one more step further, one can add some RF and gradient stuff &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; each RF pulse (above) as a way of creating even different contrast than normal in the images.  That is a whole different topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a typical brain scan for multiple sclerosis might consist of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dual echo spin echo, this one will have a relatively long delay for each TR interval (~second or so).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;T1-weighted scan, this one will have a relatively short delay for each TR interval (~50-100 milliseconds or so).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oh, and one other thing. For the most part, MRI scans are not &quot;adapative&quot; in the sense that &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; they don't acquire a bit of data and then check to see if it is good, and then decide to keep it or not.  Most scans these days are done and then the MRI technician will check to see if the whole thing needs to be repeated. Some scans can kind of do adaptive scanning but I think that technology on a hospital scanner is still being develped and something to come in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are so many interesting things here, and so many more details. I have to admit, I really enjoy MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16345" LastEditorUserId="16345" LastEditDate="2019-06-11T19:50:08.887" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T19:50:08.887" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-11T16:11:43.980" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the longest kidney-exchange cycle yet? I.e. the longest cycle of simultaneous surgeries &quot;donor1-recipient2-donor2-recipient3 ... donorXX-recipient1&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am preparing a lecture on the Roth-Shapley algorithm and I would like to mention the greatest success so far&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8872" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T16:11:43.980" Title="What is the longest kidney-exchange cycle yet?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19474" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19484" CreationDate="2019-06-11T16:15:03.930" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see that in a 4 electrode ECG &lt;code&gt;(LA, RA, LL, RL)&lt;/code&gt; we can measure upto 6 Leads &lt;code&gt;(LeadI, LeadII, LeadIII, AvR, AvL, AvF)&lt;/code&gt;.&#xA;What increase in value does adding an additional chest electrode like &lt;code&gt;V2&lt;/code&gt; provide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of the heart activity is captured with a &lt;code&gt;4 electrode system&lt;/code&gt; vs a &lt;code&gt;5 electrode system&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16347" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T18:06:16.927" Title="4 Electrode vs 5 Electrode ECG" Tags="&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-06-21T20:21:57.067" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19467" CreationDate="2019-06-11T17:00:39.307" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Uppers&quot; and &quot;downers&quot; are colloquial terms for drugs with stimulant effects versus depressive effects, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary acute health concern with either (i.e., what tends to kill people in an overdose) is overstimulation or oversuppression of the cardiovascular/respiratory systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One recreational combination of upper/downer is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedball_(drug)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;speedball&quot; of cocaine and heroin/morphine&lt;/a&gt;. The combination can provide a substantial euphoria, and a reduced perception of impairment and other side effects because of counteracting stimulant/depressive effects. Therefore, a drug user may underestimate how intoxicated they are and is more able to use more of each at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these drugs do not have the same time course. When the immediate stimulant effects wear off, the respiratory depressive effects of the opioid persist, plus any rebound effect from withdrawal from the stimulant. The result is more respiratory depression than would be expected, leading to respiratory arrest and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been many deaths of famous people (and many more not-so-famous) attributable to these drug combinations, including people who were long-time drug users beforehand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ethanol (alcohol) can be even worse because of paradoxical drug reactions: alcohol is typically a depressant, but can also have dis-inhibitory effects as well. Simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use is also strongly associated with overdose death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More generally, combinations of stimulant and depressive drugs are likely to mask side effects that occur prior to the level at which the outcomes are dangerous, and individuals prescribed one category of drug likely have contraindications for the other. There is also increased potential for abuse due to larger combined euphoric effects and combined chronic effects depending on the specific drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coffin, P. O., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Leon, A. C., Vlahov, D., &amp;amp; Tardiff, K. (2003). Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–98. Addiction, 98(6), 739-747.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ellinwood, E. H., Eibergen, R. D., &amp;amp; Kilbey, M. M. (1976). Stimulants: interaction with clinically relevant drugs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 281(1), 393-408.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Farré, M. A. G. I., De la Torre, R., Llorente, M., Lamas, X., Ugena, B., Segura, J., &amp;amp; Camí, J. O. R. D. I. (1993). Alcohol and cocaine interactions in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 266(3), 1364-1373.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;O'Driscoll, P. T., McGough, J., Hagan, H., Thiede, H., Critchlow, C., &amp;amp; Alexander, E. R. (2001). Predictors of accidental fatal drug overdose among a cohort of injection drug users. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 984.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ochoa, K. C., Hahn, J. A., Seal, K. H., &amp;amp; Moss, A. R. (2001). Overdosing among young injection drug users in San Francisco. Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 453-460.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-06-11T17:00:39.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19476" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19480" CreationDate="2019-06-11T21:29:36.457" Score="3" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've done quite some research on this matter, but still cannot reach a confident conclusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea is a diet consisting of whole foods is generally a healthy one, and a diet high in sodium, sugar, and trans-fat is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some nutritionists argue that high consumption of fruits and veggies are healthy in spite of having high fructose, due to fiber. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's case, I know that fiber helps slow the absorption of sugar to prevent hyperglycemia and food coma after meals, and ultimately helps to reduce the odds of the formation of type 2 diabetes and obesity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The others argue that high consumption of fruits and veggies (particularly high in fructose) are unhealthy for you regardless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While fruits and veggies offer benefits and risks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benefits&lt;/strong&gt;: phyto-, macro-, micro- nutrients, protein, etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Risks&lt;/strong&gt;: sugar (mostly), sodium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;my understanding is that it's generally healthier to choose foods with a ratio of fiber higher than their sugar contents. So does that mean as long as the fruits you consume meet the safe ratio, it's safe to consume indefinitely without risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For all nutritionists and dietitians out there, I just want to hear your thought on this. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16349" LastEditorUserId="16349" LastEditDate="2019-06-11T23:21:28.923" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T16:03:32.740" Title="Is consuming fruits and veggies particularly high in fructose unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;vegetable&gt;&lt;fructose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-12T00:50:24.587" Score="1" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674146/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2674146/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some papers suggesting AMDR is not the optimum and it is too high on carbohydrates in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it generally safe to undergo a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;27.1% Protein 40% Fat and 32.9% Carbohydrate diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about neoglucogenesis from amino-acids?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which would be the side effects from Reduced Carbs and Increased Fats even if it doesn't reach ketosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be any systematic(systemic) damage(damage to the systems) Digestive(mainly thinking of the specific organs liver and pancreas), Endocrine(thinking of growth hormone and kids), Urinary. Circulatory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fats mainly from Fish(Cod and Pollock), Strawberries, Spinach, Almond Milk, Walnuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which people should be exluded from such a modified diet for safety reasons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15914" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T18:02:20.230" Title="Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-12T11:08:12.583" Score="4" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;I frequently come up with articles about the topic such as this one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/heart-and-lungs/study-says-theres-no-link-between-cholesterol-and-heart-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/news/heart-and-lungs/study-says-theres-no-link-between-cholesterol-and-heart-disease/&lt;/a&gt;. Now, if there is no link between atherosclerosis and cholesterol then what causes it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16352" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T09:39:27.413" Title="If high cholesterol does not cause as atherosclerosis? Then what does?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19476" CreationDate="2019-06-12T14:16:20.937" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fructose intake from any source, including fruits, does not seem to be unhealthy until consumed in usual amounts. Fructose intake &gt;100 g/day can increase LDL and triglyceride levels, which are risk factors for coronary heart disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18996880&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23825185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013&lt;/a&gt;). It is hard to get &gt;100 g of fructose/day just by eating fruits but easier by drinking certain beverages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=212&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fruits high in fructose&lt;/a&gt; (grams of fructose per serving of a fruit):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;agave = 28 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;grapes = 12 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dried figs = 11.5 g/50 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pineapple = 11 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;apple = 10 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pear = 10 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;watermelon = 10 g/250 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;raisins = 10 g/28 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;jackfruit = 9 g/100 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dates = 9 g/28 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;persimmon (kaki) = 8 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mango = 7 g/150 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dried peaches, apricots, plums = 6 g/50 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no common &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=212&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=1&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vegetables high in fructose&lt;/a&gt;: tomato and onion have ~2 g per 100 g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other foods high in fructose:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pear juice = 18 g/237 mL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;apple juice = 16 g/237 mL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cola-type soft drink sweetened by high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) = 15 g/237 mL&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;honey = 6-9 g/tbsp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are fruits high in fructose unhealthy?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fructose (from any source),&lt;/strong&gt; when not consumed in excess of calorie needs, &lt;em&gt;does not&lt;/em&gt; seem to cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;weight gain (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351714&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078442/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496653/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;atherosclerosis or diabetes type 2 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496653/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436961/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24569542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dental caries (fructose causes less caries than glucose or sucrose - (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jisppd.com/article.asp?issn=0970-4388;year=2010;volume=28;issue=4;spage=278;epage=281;aulast=Utreja&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010&lt;/a&gt;))&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fruits,&lt;/strong&gt; when not consumed in excess of calorie intake, &lt;em&gt;do not&lt;/em&gt; seem to cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dental caries (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased triglyceride levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26014266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144893&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2018&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;other conditions listed under &quot;fructose&quot; intake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fiber from fruits may slow down the absorption of fructose, but even fructose alone is slowly absorbed; it's glycemic index is only 19 (glucose GI = 100, sucrose GI = 65) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gisymbol.com/gi-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glycemic Index Foundation&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eating fruits/vegetables with high fiber and low sugar content may contribute to high fiber and low sugar diet, so it may be a reasonable choice. I wouldn't overthink this, though; it may be more important how much fiber and sugar you get per day rather than from a single fruit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why would one want to avoid fruits?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;People who try to lose weight.&lt;/em&gt; Fruits (and other sweet foods) &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; stimulate &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.usc.edu/135701/fructose-vs-glucose-type-of-sugar-fullness-or-cravings/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sugar craving&lt;/a&gt; leading to excessive calorie intake. You can eat vegetables instead: you can get all the fiber and essential nutrients and very little sugar/fructose this way.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3934501/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;fructose malabsorption&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Unabsorbed fructose causes bloating and loose stools.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-14T16:03:32.740" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T16:03:32.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19479" CreationDate="2019-06-12T15:20:28.857" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mentioned paper has been published in BMJ Open in 2015: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/6/6/e010401.draft-revisions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality in the Elderly. A systematic review&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/heart-and-lungs/study-says-theres-no-link-between-cholesterol-and-heart-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS article&lt;/a&gt; mentions the limitations of the review: only participants older than 60 years were included, only LDL (but not HDL) cholesterol was investigated, the effect of statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs) has been ignored and 9 of the authors are members of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics, so they may be biased in this regard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conclusion of the review that high LDL levels have nothing to do with atherosclerosis is not presented convincingly. Still, there is a need for more precise evaluation of the effect of LDL cholesterol on the atherosclerosis risk. Two things to consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;&lt;strong&gt;Small dense LDL particles&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; are more atherogenic than large LDL particles (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5441126/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3038964/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lipids in Health and Disease, 2011&lt;/a&gt;), which suggests that &quot;total&quot; LDL may not be an accurate marker of the atherosclerosis risk.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other factors,&lt;/strong&gt; such as genetic predisposition, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking may greatly increase the risk of atherosclerosis at a given LDL level (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/atherosclerosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-14T09:39:27.413" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T09:39:27.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19479" CreationDate="2019-06-12T15:24:18.297" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NHS page you linked to does quite a good job of explaining why the study that puts forward the claim that there &lt;em&gt;isn't&lt;/em&gt; a link doesn't actually quite say that with any degree of certainty. They are a bit wishy-washy about it and the British Heart Foundation takes a somewhat &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/behind-the-headlines/cholesterol-and-statins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tougher stance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), along with other types of cholesterol are widely upheld to be &lt;strong&gt;risk factors&lt;/strong&gt; for cardiovascular disease as opposed to being the &quot;one true cause&quot; and there is very good evidence to suggest that reducing LDL-C levels in the bloodstream reduces the cardiovascular risk of an individual:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gZznC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gZznC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Figure 3 from: Association Between Lowering LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Among Different Therapeutic Interventions A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289-1297.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mfprac.com/web2018/07literature/literature/Cardiology/StatinsHead_Silverman.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Figure 3 from: Association Between Lowering LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Among Different Therapeutic Interventions A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289-1297.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above graph shows a noticeable &lt;em&gt;decrease&lt;/em&gt; in the risk of a cardiovascular event when the LDL-C levels are reduced - now it's important to note that correlation is not the same thing as causation. So we can't say for sure that lowering the LDL-C was definitively responsible for the reduction in risk, but it does indicate that as the LDL-C level lowers so does the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988224/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study carried out in 2013&lt;/a&gt; also seems to indicate that as the level of reduction is increased the risk decreases further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;… similar proportional reductions in major vascular events per 1·0 mmol/L LDL cholesterol reduction were found in all types of patient studied …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study was mainly looking at statin use vs. control but as per the &lt;em&gt;Silverman et al&lt;/em&gt; paper shows the reduction in risk varies depending on the &lt;em&gt;mechanism&lt;/em&gt; for reducing the LDL-C used – which suggests that LDL-C level alone doesn't control cardiovascular event risk but that there is an indication of a link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crucially this correlation seems consistently to be in the opposite direction to what the &lt;em&gt;Rvanskov  et al&lt;/em&gt; study claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's generally accepted that there are of course &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-heart-disease/causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other risk factors&lt;/a&gt; besides LDL-C in determining the risk of a cardiac event – smoking, lack of exercise, diabetes, obesity, genetic predisposition etc. And of course it's quite feasible to have more than one of these factors working together to increase the risk levels to the point where a heart attack happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some reason the so-called &quot;cholesterol controversy&quot; seems to persist – and it's a particular hobby-horse of more than one of the authors of the paper in question. At least two of whom have written books about the theory (primary author &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffe_Ravnskov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Uffe Rvanskov&lt;/a&gt; and  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=The%20Great%20Cholesterol%20Con%3A%20The%20Truth%20About%20What%20Really%20Causes%20Heart%20Disease%20and%20How%20to%20Avoid%20It%20Malcolm%20Kendrick&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Malcolm Kendrick&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA; and 9 are members of a lobbyist organisation on the subject – &quot;The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics&quot; (&quot;THINCS&quot;) which is a strong indicator of bias, and that the authors might be looking for results that supported the conclusion they already had.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bias alone does not necessarily mean a study is inherently bad or wrong but there's other warning signs as well, the paper is is what is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/health-news-glossary/#narrativereview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Narrative review&lt;/a&gt; where the paper is structured as a narrative, in other words they are discussing and presenting a story rather than presenting a statistical analysis of the data (such as a meta-analysis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this case they are describing what they found when they did a certain search on PubMed (an on-line searchable database of medical publications) – and they describe which keywords they used and what exclusions they made. One such search criteria was &quot;NOT trial&quot; – so clinical trials would be excluded from their search.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is worrying when the later in the paper they say the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is worth considering that some of the participants with high LDL-C may have started statin treatment during the observation period. Such treatment may have increased the lifespan for the group with high LDL-C. However, any beneficial effects of statins on mortality would have been minimal because most statin trials have had little effect on CVD and all-cause mortality, with a maximum reduction of mortality of two percentage points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the authors make an assertion regarding the efficacy of statins in reducing mortality and cite that they have &quot;little effect&quot; and a &quot;maximum reduction of mortality of two percentage points&quot;, except they don't cite any such study, and they have &lt;strong&gt;explicitly&lt;/strong&gt; excluded statin trials from their search criteria. We are expected to believe this statement simply because the authors say it is so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest the Rvanskov paper comes to directly addressing this is near the end where they state:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our review provides the basis for more research about the cause of atherosclerosis and CVD and also for a re-evaluation of the guidelines for cardiovascular prevention, in particular because the benefits from statin treatment have been exaggerated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they list three citations for this statement - one is &lt;em&gt;another&lt;/em&gt; Rvanskov paper (self-cites don't carry a great deal of weight IMO), a bombastic paper written by another member of THINCS and the &lt;em&gt;Kristensen et al&lt;/em&gt; paper which analysed death postponement values during statin trials. The conclusion of that paper makes the fairly unequivocal statement that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Statins are usually inexpensive and safe, at least in a clinical trial setting, and the benefit in terms of mortality or non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes cannot reasonably be challenged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in summary this paper from &lt;em&gt;Rvanskov el al&lt;/em&gt; doesn't seem to offer much in the way of strong research and if anything shows strong indicators of bias and IMO it's hard to take it seriously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="11188" LastEditDate="2019-06-13T16:05:02.727" LastActivityDate="2019-06-13T16:05:02.727" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19358" CreationDate="2019-06-12T17:26:53.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can working to lose weight, as opposed to neglecting this, cause considerable stress?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not necessary, according to the following review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986493/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diet-Induced Weight Loss Has No Effect on Psychological Stress in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Nutrients, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled&#xA;  clinical trials showed that &lt;em&gt;weight loss&lt;/em&gt; induced by dietary&#xA;  restriction in adult overweight and obese men and women &lt;em&gt;does not&#xA;  have a beneficial or detrimental effect on self-reported psychological&#xA;  stress.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, an obese person who tries to lose weight from wrong reasons (to please someone or to reach some theoretical health goal) or in a wrong way (too fast or by some annoying method) can lose the peace of mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the association between obesity, weight loss and health, according to studies?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Categorization of increased weight based on the body mass index or BMI (weight in kg/height in m squared): overweight = 25-30, grade I obesity = 30-35, grade II obesity = 35-40, grade III obesity = &gt;40.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Obesity as a risk factor for chronic conditions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All-cause mortality&lt;/strong&gt; risk may not increase with BMI 25-30, but may increase &lt;strong&gt;by 30% with BMI &gt;35&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855514/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JAMA, 2013&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401682/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Translational Medicine, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypertension&lt;/strong&gt; risk may increase up to two-fold with BMI 25-30 and &lt;strong&gt;by four-fold with BMI &gt;30&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3743236/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circulation, 2012&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coronary heart disease&lt;/strong&gt; risk may increase by 20% with BMI 25-30 and &lt;strong&gt;by 60% with BMI &gt;30&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Lancet Diabetes &amp;amp; Endocrinology, 2015&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26025084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Heart, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More than 75% individuals with &lt;strong&gt;diabetes type 2&lt;/strong&gt; have &lt;strong&gt;BMI &gt;25&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23590534&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Diabetes Reviews, 2013&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890993/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The risk of some &lt;strong&gt;cancers&lt;/strong&gt; (endometrial, esophageal, gastric, liver) may increase by &lt;strong&gt;two-fold&lt;/strong&gt; with obesity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The risk of &lt;strong&gt;other conditions,&lt;/strong&gt; such as osteoarthritis, gallbladder disease, body pain and difficulty with physical functioning, sleep apnea, depression (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/effects/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015&lt;/a&gt;), fatty liver, pancreatitis and acid reflux (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/obesity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Reference Services, 2017&lt;/a&gt;) also increases with obesity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intentional weight loss and a decreased health risk:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All-cause mortality&lt;/strong&gt; may decrease &lt;strong&gt;by up to 33%&lt;/strong&gt; with 9-13 kg of weight loss (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c272/0153b4523c02a1bada4f5c224eba8b191c94.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care, 2000&lt;/a&gt;) or by ~15% with 5.5 kg weigh loss (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4368053/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One, 2015&lt;/a&gt;); see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29138133&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2017&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15883243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Archives of Internal Medicine, 2005&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The risk of &lt;strong&gt;heart disease&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;diabetes type 2&lt;/strong&gt; may decrease &lt;strong&gt;by 28%&lt;/strong&gt; with intentional weight loss &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c272/0153b4523c02a1bada4f5c224eba8b191c94.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Diabetes Care, 2000&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt; can decrease by &lt;strong&gt;1 mm Hg&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;strong&gt;1 kg&lt;/strong&gt; loss of body weight (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3070038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Human Hypertension, 1988&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975389/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypertension, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most studies about weight loss are observational, so it may be difficult to differ between intentional and unintentional weight loss - the later is typically associated with a disease. This is why in several studies weight loss is not associated with health improvement or is even associated with an increased risk of disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750037/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journals of Gerontology, 2007&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20212495b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Obesity, 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The risks of intentional &lt;em&gt;rapid&lt;/em&gt; weight loss:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gallstones;&lt;/strong&gt; in one study, 500 Kcal/day diet was associated with a three-fold greater risk of symptomatic gallstones than 1,200-1,500 Kcal/day diet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921672/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Obesity, 2014&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aggressive steatohepatitis&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935795/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Modern Pathology, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can the costs of being more stressed outweigh the costs of not losing weight?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that trying to lose weight to improve the quality of life can be more beneficial than just remaining obese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T17:26:53.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19474" CreationDate="2019-06-12T18:06:16.927" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wilson leads (normally V1-V6) are so called &lt;em&gt;unipolar leads&lt;/em&gt;: that means that 3 extremities' electrodes are put together over a high resistance to a so called &quot;indifferent&quot; electrode, against which you can record electrical activity to pretty much any point of the body. So, as you correctly stated, you need 3 extremities' leads RA, LA, LF (+ ground RF of course) for the imaginary 0 electrode, if you add a V2 you will get a lead with a main vector pointing from &lt;em&gt;approximately&lt;/em&gt; middle of the chest towards the 4th ICR left parasternal (position of V2 electrode). This won't give you much information though since you can't really compare this lead to any of vertical leads (Einthhoven and Goldberger), that is why you do 6 Wilson leads to display the whole horizontal vector projection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your question about the &quot;percentage of heart activity&quot;, it is a slightly wrong understanding of the idea of ECG. Technically you just need 2 electrodes to record the whole electrical activity, the question is what those 2 electrodes are and what does their recording show compared to other leads. For a complete, unspecific description of heart activity the standard is a 12-channel ECG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Decide if you wish to dig into the electrophysiological background of ECG, for a complete understanding of this examination technique you should do that, here's a good example of a book you can use (it's in German though), or take any other good physiology textbook&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Lehrbuch Physiologie; Hans-Christian Pape, Armin Kurtz, Stefan Silbernagl; 7. Auflage; Stuttgart; New York : Georg Thieme Verlag, [2014]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-06-12T18:06:16.927" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19485" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-12T18:55:58.383" Score="3" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recent studies and guidelines are suggesting iron supplements every other day is better for absorption:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In iron-depleted women, providing iron supplements daily as divided doses increases serum hepcidin and reduces iron absorption. Providing iron supplements on alternate days and in single doses optimises iron absorption and might be a preferable dosing regimen. These findings should be confirmed in iron-deficient anaemic patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(17)30182-5/fulltext?_ga=2.4503923.1914623440.1560364900-1544426462.1560364899&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(17)30182-5/fulltext?_ga=2.4503923.1914623440.1560364900-1544426462.1560364899&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this study has looked a the incorrect variable though.  It seems like time, rather than doses, should be studied if the goal is to increase iron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my view, the study should have compared the difference between taking iron every day for 28 days vs every other day for 28 days (not 14 days with 1 dose vs. 28 days with dose every other day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my line of thinking off?  Unless access to the number of pills is an issue, I am failing to see why taking every other day is being advised above taking daily.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16356" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-02-21T14:20:35.143" LastActivityDate="2020-02-21T14:20:35.143" Title="Supplementing Iron: every day or every other day?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;iron&gt;&lt;iron-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19492" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-14T12:37:52.747" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, a diet can be broadly described in term of macronutrient ratios—i.e., the proportions of energy received from carbohydrate, protein and fat sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that case, presumably the range of all possible diets can be plotted on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_plot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ternary graph&lt;/a&gt;, ranging from (33,33,33) (i.e., a completely balanced diet) to (100,0,0) / (0,100,0) / (0,0,100) (i.e., a diet in which all energy comes from a single type of source).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would such a map of the ‘dietspace’ look like? Where would the healthy and unhealthy regions be? What regions would come with unexpected side-effects, positive or negative (such as ketosis maybe helping to treat epilepsy)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've had a go at making a rough version, but as you can probably tell I am neither an artist nor a dietician (the dashed lines show overlap, which is difficult to get across in Paint):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dmTmk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dmTmk.png&quot; alt=&quot;A rough map of the ‘dietspace’&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16365" LastActivityDate="2019-06-14T12:37:52.747" Title="What would a map of all possible diets look like?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19496" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19497" CreationDate="2019-06-15T05:18:12.173" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume we have a type 1 closed fracture in the coronoid process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3ujYseSa18w/WHdEwHCUWOI/AAAAAAAACDQ/HdqU1XmrNeA7kn-BN4VH0IuXFG8jXLaIgCLcB/s1600/ec6e937cbb71729d24158d37a5f2c0b5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T4viQ5Bkw4M/WHdG4IFLUII/AAAAAAAACDc/E3Pyhq63XDwZ-L1joU03KqY-OphwQG-DQCLcB/s0/GW1128H503.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment is to immobilize that joint in plaster. However, the patient should also limit their movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder why is that, when by definition the joint is immobilized? As long as there is no pressure on the surrounding bones (e.g. carrying objects with that arm) I though movement of irrelevant bones (e.g. walking) will not affect the healing process. Yes, there are swinging if the arm is hung before chest, but it's the movement of the whole arm, and the joint is still fixed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any factor that affect the healing process, beside immobilizing the fractured location?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;A minor question: if arm swinging is the problem, then would eliminating that swing by attaching the whole arm to the body be fine?&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2019-06-15T09:38:03.347" LastActivityDate="2019-06-15T09:38:03.347" Title="Why does body movement still affect fractured bone when it is immobilized?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19496" CreationDate="2019-06-15T07:34:13.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By immobilization of the elbow you are just keeping the elbow joint in place, which means the forearm does not move in the relation to the upper arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there are other things that can move the coronoid process:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The movements in the shoulder joint, wrists and fingers in which the muscles attached to the humerus or ulna are involved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The movements of the body that shake the bones, such as running and jumping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carrying things in the hand and anything else what pulls the ulna down&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pushing objects or anything else what pushes the ulna up &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, by casting, you can't 100% immobilize the olecranon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-15T08:31:35.300" LastActivityDate="2019-06-15T08:31:35.300" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19498" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-15T10:05:09.973" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;When optometrists measure your prescription, they use a machine that switches between different diopters. Except, the lenses on this machine are essentially parallel to the walls and orthogonal to the ground. Whereas, my ears are lower than my eyes, so the 'arms' of my glasses tilt downwards from my eyes to my ears. This means the prescription is kind of bullcrap. Why don't optometrists account for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16370" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T19:01:25.240" Title="Why do optometrists &quot;measure&quot; your prescription with lenses orthogonal to the floor?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19498" CreationDate="2019-06-15T12:37:42.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the tops of your ears maybe below the centre(s) of your eye(s) - you can have one ear lower than the other too - everyone is different.  Some may find their ears are above the eye centres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When receiving your prescription made spectacles you should have them &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.felixandiris.com/how-to-adjust-glasses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fitted (adjusted)&lt;/a&gt; to fit your specific shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The link I provided shows adjustments and slight tweaks you can make yourself and some best done by the opticians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As well as adjusting the temples for pinching and being too wide &amp;mdash; although if given proper clear advice when choosing your frames, you should have been provided with frames which are the correct width for your face in the first place &amp;mdash; they can be adjusted to accommodate the different ear height by putting a slight bend at the temples either upward or downward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-06-15T12:37:42.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-16T01:12:57.263" Score="1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;You often hear that you should never, &lt;em&gt;ever&lt;/em&gt; hold your breath when the ambient pressure around you is decreasing at a significant rate (for instance, during egress from a submarine ten meters down, or in a pressurised aircraft experiencing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rapid or explosive decompression&lt;/a&gt;, lest the expansion of the air trapped in your lower respiratory tract cause your lungs to burst (generally a somewhat undesirable occurrence).&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;  An analogy often used is that of a sealed balloon in a vacuum pump; as the pressure external to the balloon decreases, the increasing pressure differential across the balloon membrane causes the balloon to be stretched wider and wider as the air inside it expands, until the balloon reaches its breaking point and ruptures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which would be perfect for explaining pulmonary breathhold barotrauma, were it not for the fact that the lungs, unlike most balloons, are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; free to expand to their alveoli’s content; they can only expand a relatively small amount before running up against the chest wall.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moreover, the exteriors of the lungs aren’t even &lt;em&gt;exposed&lt;/em&gt; to the rapid drop in ambient pressure; instead, they’re exposed to the pressure inside the pleural cavities, which, being sealed, cannot vent to ambient pressure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A better analogy would seem to be a sealed balloon in a safe in a vacuum pump; the balloon should not burst, no matter how low the ambient pressure, unless its enclosure is ruptured.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Granted, the chest wall, unlike most safes, does have &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; give to it, but, even with the chest wall deflected outwards to maximum chest size, and with the lungs expanded to fill the entirety of the available space, this &lt;em&gt;still&lt;/em&gt; shouldn’t be enough space to allow the lungs to burst,&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; barring a wholesale rupture of the chest cavity.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And, finally, in the event of a large pressure differential between the lungs and the ambient atmosphere (or lack thereof), it would seem that the air trapped in the lungs should be able to force open the epiglottis and escape via the pharynx, mouth, and nose before it would put the lungs in danger of bursting.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: In an explosive decompression of an aircraft, this is claimed to often occur even to persons &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; holding their breath, as the pressure in the aircraft’s cabin decreases faster than air can escape from the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: Otherwise, you would risk bursting your lungs any time you breathed in to your maximum lung capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;: In which case you don’t worry about your lungs bursting; you worry about them &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax#Tension_pneumothorax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;collapsing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;: This whole discussion assumes that the pressure drop is not great enough to cause dissolved gasses in the bloodstream to come out of solution; if it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt;, that’s a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whole different ballgame&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15675" LastActivityDate="2019-06-16T01:12:57.263" Title="Why and how is it possible for one’s lungs to burst from breath-holding against a moderate decompression?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;barotrauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19424" CreationDate="2019-06-17T13:00:47.497" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does one explain 'avoid purines in food' if purine-rich plant food isn't counting?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sustained increase in blood uric acid levels (hyperuricemia) is a risk factor for acute gouty arthritis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16375734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Pharmaceutical Design&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Purines can increase serum uric acid levels. Intake of &lt;em&gt;hypoxanthine,&lt;/em&gt; the main purine in organ meats, red meat and seafood, strongly increases uric acid and increases the risk of gout, while &lt;em&gt;guanine,&lt;/em&gt; the main purine in plant foods does not increase uric acid; this is why purine-rich plant foods are not associated with increased risk of gout (&lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.576.7655&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JN&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/37/5/37_b13-00967/_html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J-Stage&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjn.2019.260.263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Alert&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa035700?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NEJM&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies in which the intake of high-purine plants was not associated with increased risk of gout: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa035700?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NEJM&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104583/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CO-Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegetarians are at lowest risk of gout, followed by fish eaters, meat eaters and vegans, who are at the highest risk, supposedly due to lack of preventative effect of proteins from milk (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572016/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One&lt;/a&gt;).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does one explain 'avoid alcohol' if alcoholic wine seems fine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ethanol&lt;/strong&gt; increases serum uric acid levels by stimulation of the production of uric acid from purines (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.20821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthritis Care and Research&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15936302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinica Chimica Acta&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Beer&lt;/strong&gt; is high in purines (225–1,145 μmol/L), especially in &lt;em&gt;guanosine&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=hBO3N5qLTEIC&amp;amp;pg=PA286&amp;amp;lpg=PA286&amp;amp;dq=beer%20guanosine%20hypoxanthine&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=L7bTns_SZy&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U0O764PCgfR9rHCUsORA9PQTcuj7Q&amp;amp;hl=sl&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiv-8yd9OviAhVawsQBHWaOAVAQ6AEwAHoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=beer%20guanosine%20hypoxanthine&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beer in Health and Disease Prevention&lt;/a&gt;). Guanosine is the most readily absorbed dietary purine, which can explain why beer increases serum uric acid levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6743968&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;) and the risk of gout attacks (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104583/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CO-Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wine&lt;/strong&gt; is low in purines (28-108 μmol/L) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bmc.1197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biomedical Chromatography&lt;/a&gt;). According to some studies, moderate wine intake does not increase uric acid levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.20821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthritis Care and Research&lt;/a&gt;). However, according to one study, even moderate wine intake increases the risk of gout attacks &lt;em&gt;in the individuals with gout&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991555/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;), probably due to ethanol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spirits&lt;/strong&gt; are low in purines (0.7–26 μmol/L) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bmc.1197&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biomedical Chromatography&lt;/a&gt;); they increase uric acid levels less than beer (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.20821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthritis Care and Research&lt;/a&gt;). Spirit consumption is associated with an increased risk of gout attacks (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104583/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CO-Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;). Congeners (substances other than ethanol) in spirits can have different effects on uric acid (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24022993&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phytotherapy Research&lt;/a&gt;); in one study whisky stimulated uric acid excretion and thus lowered its serum levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198370&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Which dietary factors are associated with &lt;em&gt;decreased&lt;/em&gt; uric acid levels and risk of gout?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dairy intake, presumably due to protein-induced uric acid excretion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa035700?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NEJM&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21188562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Rheumatology Reports&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485934&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APJCN&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251556/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572016/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Protein from dairy and vegetable sources, because protein stimulates uric acid excretion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa035700?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NEJM&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vitamin C and folate intake (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104583/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CO-Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cherries, possibly by inhibiting uric acid production, anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant effect of anthocyanins (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510330/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthritis and Rheumatology&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What can one do to prevent gout?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet low in purines alone may not be very effective in prevention of gout attacks. Lowering beer and meat intake may reduce the risk of gout attacks, but more likely if done in combination with reduction of body weight and blood pressure (if necessary); uric acid-lowering drugs can also help (&lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2578528/management-acute-recurrent-gout-clinical-practice-guideline-from-american-college&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine, 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30213692&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autoimmunity Reviews, 2018&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512152/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Advanced Research, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-26T07:35:16.357" LastActivityDate="2019-06-26T07:35:16.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19511" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19512" CreationDate="2019-06-17T13:39:44.070" Score="0" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does a person share a cure for a disease? Through trial and error a normal Joe or Jane Smoe finds a cure to a disease that has no other cure what is the best way to get it validated? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if someone says that they found a treatment for diagnosed psoriatic rash on the legs and it cured it, but that treatment has not been previously known as a treatment for psoriasis, how can one validate it's a real treatment and not a chance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastEditorUserId="2408" LastEditDate="2019-06-17T18:54:40.333" LastActivityDate="2019-06-25T15:44:13.223" Title="How to share a cure?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19512" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19511" CreationDate="2019-06-17T14:08:39.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an average Joe and Jane Smoe think they discovered a treatment that works for them but it's not currently used by conventional medicine and they want to validate it for effectiveness and safety, they can ask an experienced doctor, in case of psoriasis a dermatologist, for an opinion. The doctor can then judge if the treatment deserves further investigations and find experts who would be willing to do them. In the US, it's the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)&lt;/a&gt; who makes the final validation and approval of a treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Drug companies seeking to sell a drug in the United States must first&#xA;  test it. The company then sends CDER the evidence from these tests to&#xA;  prove the drug is safe and effective for its intended use. A team of&#xA;  CDER physicians, statisticians, chemists, pharmacologists, and other&#xA;  scientists reviews the company's data and proposed labeling. If this&#xA;  independent and unbiased review establishes that a drug's health&#xA;  benefits outweigh its known risks, the drug is approved for sale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment is by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3505292/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;randomized double blind placebo controlled studies&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Randomized&lt;/em&gt; means that a group of participants is randomly divided into 2 groups: the main group receieves the studied treatment and the control group a placebo (the treatment with no effect).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Double-blinded&lt;/em&gt; means that during the study neither the researchers nor the participants know who receives the real treatment and who a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of individual studies can be further evaluated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024725/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic reviews and meta-analyses&lt;/a&gt;, which are considered the &lt;a href=&quot;https://libguides.winona.edu/c.php?g=11614&amp;amp;p=61584&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highest level of evidence&lt;/a&gt;.     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-19T07:44:09.050" LastActivityDate="2019-06-19T07:44:09.050" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9859" CreationDate="2019-06-18T02:21:06.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;BOTOX is a prescription medicine that is injected into muscles and used to prevent (not treat) headaches in adults with chronic migraine who have 15 or more days each month with headache lasting 4 or more hours each day. It can prevent the next attack from occurring, but it isn't approved for treating an attack that someone is going through acutely, right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Botox is different than &quot;Botox Cosmetic&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/77359/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/media/77359/download&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16380" LastActivityDate="2019-06-18T02:21:06.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-18T12:06:02.967" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very often, people need a surgery for lengthening, shortertening bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgeons can perform osteotomy and place bone fragments in corrent position, or can place a distractor for further steps.&#xA;Most resistance in bones located in outer cortex, sometimes surgeon can remove this cortex(corticotomy). Bone rigid because of hydroxyapatite crystals,demineralized bone matrix have diminished resistance for deformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have a chemical compouds such as EDTA,EGTA. It's chelating agents, that can destroy hydroxyapatite by chelating calcium. It's low mutagenic, low cytotoxic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why we can't perform &quot;chemical corticotomy&quot; by subperiosteally injecting  EDTA, or it can be by sustained-release drug delivery(hydrogels,polymers)?  Can we inject EDTA, wait for demineralization, and after place distractor on bone? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16382" LastActivityDate="2019-06-18T12:06:02.967" Title="Bone Demineralization in Situ" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-18T12:39:28.547" Score="-2" ViewCount="135" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moreover, chronic excessive alcohol use is the single most important cause of illness and death from liver disease (alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis) in the United States (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The three alcohol-induced liver conditions are fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I can find information about what is exactly a fatty liver or cirrhosis (liver scars), I can't find any information, what and how exactly things react inside of your body and what kind of damage alcohol does to your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From high school I still know, that alcohol is ethanol with the formula &#xA;C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O, so my question is, simply put - what kinds of molecules from your own body react in which way with C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean if I drink 1 litre water daily I certainly won't die any time soon, but if I do drink 1 litre alcohol daily I will die pretty soon. So what's the different reaction between H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O inside of your body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16383" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-18T13:43:47.630" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T13:37:36.417" Title="How does alcoholism technically (chemically) kill you?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;alcoholism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19520" CreationDate="2019-06-18T15:18:20.373" Score="3" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the picture below, nothing in the herniated disc seems to be able to correct itself over time. Yet, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354101&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; I took the picture from says that surgical treatment is used only if the pain is not resolved within a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: How exactly can this condition be resolved within a few weeks, with drugs only? What happens to the mechanical deformation - the root cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uIpNT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uIpNT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11860" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-06-18T18:14:00.153" LastActivityDate="2019-06-19T13:28:23.930" Title="How does a herniated spinal disk correct itself?" Tags="&lt;back&gt;&lt;sciatic-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19519" CreationDate="2019-06-18T16:05:56.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The herniated part of the disc can be resorbed by the inflammatory process, which means that inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, can remove the damaged tissue. The healing time can range from several weeks to months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conservatively treated massive prolapsed discs: a 7-year follow-up&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025225/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(The Royal College of Surgeons, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mechanism by which herniated discs are resorbed is not fully&#xA;  understood. It is generally thought that an immune response develops&#xA;  to the disc tissue and inflammation helps to remove the invading&#xA;  tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Massive disc herniations usually reduce in volume and by 6 months most&#xA;  are only a third of their original size. Several studies have shown&#xA;  that the largest discs appear to have the greatest tendency to resolve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Long-Term Course to Lumbar Disc Resorption Patients and Predictive Factors Associated with Disc Resorption&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2017/2147408/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of 505 participants, 19 did not show disc resorption, while 486 did. A&#xA;  total of 220 displayed resorption rates of ≥50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is insufficient evidence that any treatment, including analgesics, physical therapy, spinal manipulation, steroid injections and surgery result in greater symptom relief 1-2 years after the onset of symptoms than no specific treatment at all (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895638/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2007&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219647/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Spine Journal, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early surgery should be considered when symptoms are unbearable, are bilateral, involve the perineum (the area between the legs) or bladder or bowel dysfunction (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3082683/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cauda equina syndrome&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-19T13:28:23.930" LastActivityDate="2019-06-19T13:28:23.930" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19521" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19498" CreationDate="2019-06-18T17:05:59.177" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For measurements the best configuration to avoid errors introduced by slanted, oblique perspective, and misalignment of the axis of your eye lens and the trial lens is what they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Later the eyeglass technician has to adjust the angle of handles and the nose rest pads to maintain the correct line up of the lenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contact lenses usually don't have these kinds of issues, unless your eyes corneas have surface bumps or other geometrical issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8647" LastActivityDate="2019-06-18T17:05:59.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19524" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19525" CreationDate="2019-06-19T07:14:40.377" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read it in the book Peter Atkins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The endothermic dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water is the basis of the instant cold-packs that are included in some first-aid kits. They consist of a plastic envelope containing water dyed blue (for psychological reasons) and a small tube of ammonium nitrate, which is broken when the pack is to be used. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could not understand why die water blue would have any physiological effect on a body. What type of physiological effect is he refering to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16385" LastActivityDate="2019-06-19T07:46:07.877" Title="Why are the ice packs always blue" Tags="&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;environmental-psychology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19524" CreationDate="2019-06-19T07:46:07.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You wouldn't want it dyed blood red though!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But seriously, from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellmind.com/the-color-psychology-of-blue-2795815&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Very Well Mind&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blue is a color often found in nature such as the pale blue of a daytime sky or the rich dark blue of a deep pool of water. It is for this reason perhaps that people often describe the color blue as calm and serene. Yet as a cool color, blue can sometimes seem icy, distant, or even cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure, and orderly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blue is often seen as a sign of stability and reliability. Businesses that want to project an image of security often utilize blue in their advertising and marketing efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.colorpsychology.org/blue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Color Psychology&lt;/a&gt; agrees with this view of blue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-06-19T07:46:07.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19527" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-19T14:34:45.697" Score="4" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the Wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;coal tar&lt;/a&gt;. I started reading the article thinking that the principal use of it was in construction, such as in roofs and sealed roads. I found out that it was first described as a medical treatment, to be applied topically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It may be applied to the affected area to treat psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[10] Coal tar is available as a generic medication and over the counter.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coal tar is used in medicated shampoo, soap and ointment. It demonstrates antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, and antiparasitic properties.[8] It may be applied topically as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, and to kill and repel head lice.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar: Uses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the National Psoriasis Foundation, coal tar is a valuable, safe and inexpensive treatment option for millions of people with psoriasis and other scalp or skin conditions.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar#Uses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar: Safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I found out it's described as a carcinogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists coal tars as Group 1 carcinogens, meaning they directly cause cancer.[28][31][32] Both the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the state of California list coal tars as known human carcinogens.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar#Cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar: Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coal tar was one of the first chemical substances proven to cause cancer from occupational exposure, during research in 1775 on the cause of chimney sweeps' carcinoma.[29] Modern studies have shown that working with coal tar pitch, such as during the paving of roads or when working on roofs, increases the risk of cancer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar#Cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar: Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused, because I expected it to an occupational health hazard, yet much of the article explains that it's considered important and safe in medicinal use, even by applying it directly to the skin. Actually it says both, and I wanted to get some clarification as to these two seemingly incompatible descriptions. I'm guessing there might be a different in their effects when administered as medicine as opposed to being exposed to it generally, but it does sound strange to read this sentence about something that's considered a topical medicine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists coal tars as Group 1 carcinogens, meaning they directly cause cancer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar#Cancer&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coal tar: Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15569" LastActivityDate="2019-06-22T17:04:21.100" Title="Help me understand these descriptions of coal tar" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19477" CreationDate="2019-06-19T15:54:44.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: low-carbohydrate diets may be associated with less health benefits than the high-carbohydrate ones. A carefully designed low-carbohydrate diet high in whole fruits, grains and vegetables and low in added sugars and saturated and trans fats should not cause side effects within 1-2 years. Long-term effects of low-carb diets are not known due to lack of studies (&lt;a href=&quot;http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/12/4/396.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APJCN, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A low-carbohydrate non-ketogenic diet is the one in which carbohydrates represent 20-40% of energy intake (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595318/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Diabetes Reports&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/12/4/396.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APJCN&lt;/a&gt;). The current Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) are: carbohydrate: 45-65%, fat: 20-35%, protein: 10-35% (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/%7E/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRI-Tables/8_Macronutrient%20Summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Academics&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Low vs high carbohydrate diets&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diet quality as measured by Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was highest for the high&#xA;carbohydrate groups and lowest for the low carbohydrate groups. The&#xA;BMIs were significantly lower for men and women on the high&#xA;carbohydrate diet; the highest BMIs were noted for those on a low&#xA;carbohydrate diet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jandonline, 2001&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For macronutrients, more favorable Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) scores were associated with&#xA;higher intakes of protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and lower fat&#xA;intake...(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852690/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2018&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852690/table/nutrients-10-00114-t006/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 6&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low-carbohydrate diets were associated with a significantly higher&#xA;risk of all-cause mortality and they were not significantly associated&#xA;with a risk of CVD mortality and incidence (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3555979/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The available scientific literature shows that controlled diet studies&#xA;(several weeks to &amp;lt; 2 year) with low-carb high-fat in persons with obesity and&#xA;diabetes do induce favorable effects on weight loss, blood glucose and&#xA;insulin as well as some less desirable effects (increase LDL&#xA;cholesterol, decrease vascular reactivity) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5959976/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Journal of&#xA;Nutrition, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrate quality&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;em&gt;carbohydrate quality seems to have a more important role in&#xA;population health than carbohydrate amount.&lt;/em&gt; A strong case can be made&#xA;for consumption of high glycemic load grains, potato products, and added sugars&#xA;(especially in drinks) being causally related to obesity, diabetes,&#xA;cardiovascular disease, and some cancers; whereas non-starchy&#xA;vegetables, whole fruits, legumes, and whole kernel grains appear&#xA;protective (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5996878/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), including 203,457 adults, the intake of vegetables, whole fruit and whole grains was associated with lower and intake of red and processed meat with higher risk of &lt;em&gt;cardiovascular disease;&lt;/em&gt; the intake of green leafy vegetables (but not potatoes) and whole grains was associated with a lower and intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (soda, fruit juices) with higher risk of &lt;em&gt;diabetes&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/142/6/1009/4688968&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Nutrition, 2012&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/view-large/111471091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, there seems to be no evidence that a carefully designed low-carbohydrate non-ketogenic diet (33% energy from carbohydrates and enough polyunsaturated fats as suggested in the question) would cause any short-term (1-2 years) side effects on the gastrointestinal, urinary, circulatory, neurological or other system, but long-term effects are not known. When lowering carbohydrates, it may be a good idea to increase protein rather than fat intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-20T13:13:41.570" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19531" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19538" CreationDate="2019-06-19T22:23:27.507" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people talk about CBD oil for medical treatment.  I bought some at a dispensary and the label says ingredients: 100% cannabidiol.  But is it really an oil?  Since the word ends with &lt;code&gt;-ol&lt;/code&gt; and the chemical structure includes an OH group, this suggests it's an alcohol.  As far as I know, an alcohol cannot be an oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16388" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-20T09:59:19.863" LastActivityDate="2020-10-28T08:59:02.987" Title="Is cannabidiol (CBD) really an oil?" Tags="&lt;chemical&gt;&lt;cannabidiol&gt;&lt;cannabinoids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19546" CreationDate="2019-06-19T22:24:58.410" Score="2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a lay person who wants a broad technical understanding of cancer including a survey of types, their etiologies, epidemiology, treatment modalities, prognoses, and current state of the art research.  I have spent hours searching but to my surprise I cannot find a book or documentary or other resource that surveys these topics in spite of the ubiquitous impact of this family of disease.  The best I have found is &quot;The Emperor of All Maladies&quot; which is really an historical account, and a few TED talks.  Popular books on cancer tend to be aimed at sufferers and an endless litany of miracle cures involving vitamins and diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I must be overlooking something.  How did &lt;strong&gt;you&lt;/strong&gt; get up to speed on these diseases?  Surely I don't need to go to med school?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16387" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T15:57:42.023" Title="Understanding cancer" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19534" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19540" CreationDate="2019-06-20T04:57:51.060" Score="2" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Preciser phrasing of the question:&#xA;Do I need to consume the daily recommended dose of water-soluble vitamins every single day? Or is it sufficient if my consumption averages to the daily dose over a longer timeframe (and what timeframe would that be)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for a long time (months, possibly even years in some cases).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;water-soluble vitamins can (with the exception of B12) only be stored for a short time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have not found any clear answer to how short the &amp;quot;short time&amp;quot; for water-soluble vitamins is (a single day? A week? Not at all?).&#xA;Answers I found are usually vague or inconsistent with each other (and also not sourced):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;it is recommended that you replenish your stores of water-soluble&#xA;vitamins every few days&amp;quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharecare.com/health/vitamins-supplements/how-water-soluble-vitamins-absorbed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;you should try to get them regularly from your diet.&amp;quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/water-soluble-vitamins#b1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored by the body. Since they are eliminated in urine, we require a continuous daily supply in our diet.&amp;quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/water-soluble-vitamins-b-complex-and-vitamin-c-9-312/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Background: I am currently trying to eat healthier than I used to. One thing I want to track is my vitamin intake to ensure that I do not develop deficiencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I am not sure how granularly I have to keep up with &lt;em&gt;daily&lt;/em&gt; recommended doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: The German Nutrition Society recommends 110mg of Vitamin C daily for me [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/vitamin-c/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]. Does this mean that I actualy need 110mg every single day in order to not develop a deficiency long-term? Or is it sufficient if I track my intake, e.g., on a weekly basis (requiring 770mg per week)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that there are also differing opinions about the actual amount per day that is needed (e.g., 110mg in Germany, 90mg in the US [&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]) but this is out-of-scope of my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16390" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T09:27:30.197" Title="How often do I need to eat water-soluble vitamins?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-20T07:22:20.423" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long might someone live If they give up on eating? Eating only 100-200 calories a day and a few small glasses of fluids&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="390" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-06-20T11:49:01.103" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T07:21:54.553" Title="Starvation with food" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;starvation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19532" CreationDate="2019-06-20T07:46:21.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try the 'For Dummies' range:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dummies.com/store-search.html?query=cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dummies.com/store-search.html?query=cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which, incidentally, cover a whole range of health issues:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dummies.com/health/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dummies.com/health/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-06-20T07:46:21.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19537" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19535" CreationDate="2019-06-20T07:55:08.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The currently recognized world record in fasting - by drinking only water and taking multivitamin supplements - is &lt;em&gt;382 days&lt;/em&gt; by a 27 years old man who went from 207 to 82 kg in this time (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495396/pdf/postmedj00315-0056.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Postgradual Medical Journal, 1973&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Barbieri%27s_fast&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;). This was a medically supervised experiment and should be considered a gross exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a healthy adult with normal initial weight eating nothing or 100-200 calories worth of food per day, the realistic period to survive and remain healthy would be about &lt;em&gt;a month&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-can-a-person-survive-without-food/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientific American&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17095605&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't answer this for a cancer patient (one of the tags in the question is &quot;cancer&quot;). It is known that some people have attempted to cure cancer by fasting; this is a matter of a personal belief; scientifically it is not recognized as successful treatment. Fasting may reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, though (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815756/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aging, 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-21T07:21:54.553" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T07:21:54.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19531" CreationDate="2019-06-20T09:39:57.753" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oil is&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally &quot;water fearing&quot;) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally &quot;fat loving&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cannabidiol has high lipophilicity (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alchimiaweb.com/blogfr/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Current-Status-and-Prospects-for-Cannabidiol-Preparations.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fasinu et al., 2016&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200130206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ohlsson et al., 1986&lt;/a&gt;) and is extremely hydrophobic (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stinchcomb et al. 2004&lt;/a&gt;), therefore it is an oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The term &quot;water-soluble CBD&quot; has lately been extensively used throughout the medical cannabis industry. &quot;Water-soluble&quot; means able to homogeneously incorporate into water by separating into molecules or ions (dissolve like sugar, alcohol or salt). Oily substances, however, are repelled by water, which forces them to stay separate from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CBD, THC and many other oils can, however, be made water &lt;strong&gt;compatible&lt;/strong&gt; if they are formulated as &lt;strong&gt;micro-&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;nanoemulsions&lt;/strong&gt;, which are stable and visually homogeneous oil/water mixtures. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.sonomechanics.com/blog/water-soluble-cbd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362737/pdf/13205_2014_Article_214.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the NCBI on medical uses of nanoemulsions&lt;/a&gt; as an advanced mode of drug delivery system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0214-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jaiswal et al. 2015&lt;/a&gt;) and the Wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microemulsion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;microemulsions&lt;/a&gt; for more information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fasinu, P.S., et al. (2016) Current Status and Prospects for Cannabidiol Preparations as&#xA;New Therapeutic Agents. &lt;em&gt;Pharmacotherapy, 36&lt;/em&gt;(7): p. 781-96. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1780&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/phar.1780&lt;/a&gt; Free PDF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.alchimiaweb.com/blogfr/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Current-Status-and-Prospects-for-Cannabidiol-Preparations.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.alchimiaweb.com/blogfr/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Current-Status-and-Prospects-for-Cannabidiol-Preparations.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jaiswal, M., Dudhe, R., &amp;amp; Sharma, P. K. (2015). Nanoemulsion: an advanced mode of drug delivery system. 3 Biotech, 5(2), 123–127. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0214-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s13205-014-0214-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ohlsson, A., et al. (1986) Single-dose kinetics of deuterium-labelled cannabidiol in man&#xA;after smoking and intravenous administration. &lt;em&gt;Biological Mass Spectrometry,&#xA;13&lt;/em&gt;(2): p. 77-83. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200130206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1002/bms.1200130206&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stinchcomb, A. L., Valiveti, S., Hammell, D. C., &amp;amp; Ramsey, D. R. (2004). Human skin permeation of Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. &lt;em&gt;Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 56&lt;/em&gt;(3), 291-297. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1211/0022357022791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-20T09:57:07.867" LastActivityDate="2019-06-20T09:57:07.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-20T10:32:57.443" Score="3" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;CBD-infused shots, beers, and other alcoholic drinks have started to be produced and I have seen claims online that mixing CBD and alcohol can intensify each other’s effects, resulting in changes in mood and behaviour, yet it can help with alcohol addictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study of 10 people found that when participants took 200mg of CBD with alcohol, they had significantly lower blood alcohol levels than when they consumed alcohol with a placebo (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/120541&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consroe et al. 1979&lt;/a&gt;), however, combining alcohol with CBD caused significant impairments in motor performance and alterations in the perception of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to placebo, alcohol and alcohol plus CBD, but not CBD alone, produced significant impairments of motor and psychomotor performances, overestimations of time production and subjective responses indicating an accurate self-perception of their intoxication and deficits. The combination of alcohol plus CBD resulted in significantly lower blood alcohol levels compared to alcohol given alone, however, there were few differences observed between the pharmacological effects of the two alcohol conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The point I am making is that the study found that although CBD being added to alcohol lowers blood alcohol levels the pharmacological effects of the alcohol remain the same as without CBD.&lt;/strong&gt;  Although CBD does not have psychoactive effects on its own, it appears to me if I am interpreting the results correctly, that CBD speeds up the metabolization of alcohol, hense lower blood alcohol levels, yet the potency of lower blood alcohol levels is elevated too.  Which if you think about it could affect driver blood alcohol testing limits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last point I made about driver testing is beside the point (in a way), but what I am wondering is &lt;strong&gt;What is the scientific stance on addiction therapy with CBD?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consroe, P., Carlini, E. A., Zwicker, A. P., &amp;amp; Lacerda, L. A. (1979). Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans. &lt;em&gt;Psychopharmacology, 66&lt;/em&gt;(1), 45-50. pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/120541&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;120541&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T16:10:58.307" Title="What is the situation with CBD mixed with alcohol?" Tags="&lt;cannabidiol&gt;&lt;cannabinoids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19534" CreationDate="2019-06-20T12:00:06.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You do not need to get 100% of &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/DRI-Tables-2019/6_DRIValues_Summary.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)&lt;/a&gt; of every water-soluble vitamin every single day. It depends on the vitamin, but you can safely assume it is enough you get about 7 RDAs of each in a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is often said that water-soluble vitamins (B complex and C) are not stored in the body, but this is not exactly true. There is always a &quot;pool&quot; of vitamins in the liver or somewhere else from which they are available for few weeks at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no known vitamin deficiency that would develop in a healthy well-nourished adult within a week of abstinence from that vitamin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Time in which symptoms can develop after stopping or &lt;em&gt;greatly&lt;/em&gt; reducing vitamin intake: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B1 (thiamin):&lt;/strong&gt; within 12 weeks (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/thiamine_in_emergencies_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B2 (riboflavin):&lt;/strong&gt; several months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/nutritional-disease/Vitamin-K#ref848957&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannica&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B3 (niacin):&lt;/strong&gt; in 4 months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/en/pellagra_prevention_control.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin B9 (folate):&lt;/strong&gt; within a month ; &lt;strong&gt;vitamin B12 (cobalamin):&lt;/strong&gt; in 3-5 years (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204066-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin C:&lt;/strong&gt; within 1-2 months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH-ODS&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42716/9241546123.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It requires weeks to months of undernutrition for deficiencies of&#xA;  water-soluble vitamins (except vitamin B12) to develop, whereas&#xA;  deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins, and of vitamin B12, require more&#xA;  than a year to develop due to larger body stores (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/vitamin-deficiencies-in-seniors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Pharmacist&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-21T09:27:30.197" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T09:27:30.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-20T16:14:33.187" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are we supposed to calculate our metabolic age if we have results of a person that includes: &lt;code&gt;age&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;gender&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;weight&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;height&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;BMI&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;BMR&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have researched a lot but I am not able to find the formula for calculating metabolic age according to the variables I gave above. Can someone provide me with a source for the formula?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16393" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-06-21T04:29:29.307" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T04:29:29.307" Title="How to calculate Metabolic Age statistically by using formula(without using weighing machine or any online calculators)?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19539" CreationDate="2019-06-20T16:42:36.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you linked seems to be the best reference to answer your title question about mixing CBD and alcohol, and as pointed out by @CareyGregory in a comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I think you misstated the 1979 study's findings. They found impairment with alcohol, but no difference between impairment with and without CBD. That agrees with the modern understanding that CBD has no psychoactive effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll focus on your last sentence &quot;&lt;em&gt;What is the scientific stance on addiction therapy with CBD?&lt;/em&gt;&quot; with respect to alcohol use disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there has not been sufficient clinical study to say anything about treating alcohol addiction with CBD specifically (the only existing studies included THC or studied effects of marijuana decriminalization). I can not find a single published clinical trial with CBD in the context of alcohol use disorder or measuring alcohol use more generally. This is consistent with limited or lacking clinical study for other indications of CBD besides epilepsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent review (Nona et al 2019) discusses the lack of clinical research in this area, and summarizes existing preclinical research (all in rodents). The results overall are mixed but point to some potential anxiolytic effects that may contribute to reduced ethanol preference in CBD-treated rodents, as well as some results suggesting a reduction in ethanol toxicity. One recent mouse study (Viudez‐Martínez et al 2018) showed reduced ethanol self-administration and reduced relapse with CBD, but of course such models are only of limited predictive value for human outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nona, C. N., Hendershot, C. S., &amp;amp; Le Foll, B. (2019). Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viudez‐Martínez, A., García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Navarrón, C. M., Morales‐Calero, M. I., Navarrete, F., Torres‐Suárez, A. I., &amp;amp; Manzanares, J. (2018). Cannabidiol reduces ethanol consumption, motivation and relapse in mice. Addiction biology, 23(1), 154-164.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-06-20T16:42:36.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19546" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19532" CreationDate="2019-06-21T00:15:48.140" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've spent a few hours going through the Johns Hopkins short course entitled &quot;Introduction to the Biology of Cancer&quot; and which covers almost exactly what I was looking for: major types of cancer (lung, stomach, colon, liver, breast and prostate, but curiously not skin cancer), known causes (spoiler: don't smoke), genetic bases, metastatic process, treatment options, epidemiology, prognoses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The course uses terms without definition at times, so the student should have a basic understanding of biology (example terms used without definition: &quot;histology&quot; and &quot;allele&quot;).  But that's about it: no chemistry, cellular biology, pathology, statistics, or other background is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My one concern thus far: there seem to be a few misstatements I wouldn't expect from Johns Hopkins professors (and I'm a medical lay person so I could be wrong, but I think it's they who are wrong).  Example misstatements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A variation in nucleotides is called a &quot;polymorphism&quot; or a &quot;single-nucleotide polymorphism&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (while SNPs are overwhelmingly the most common polymorphisms, there are multiple-nucleotide polymorphisms as well)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No one else has an exact copy of your DNA&lt;/strong&gt; (tell this to an identical twin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A &quot;mutation&quot; is a detrimental genetic variation that increases the risk of developing a disease&lt;/strong&gt; (there are benign mutations (most in fact) as well as beneficial mutations; in fact, beneficial mutations drive the process of evolution)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I being too pedantic?  Perhaps.  Overall, I am deeply grateful I have access to this resource, from experts, for free.  The course is available to audit for free through Coursera (&lt;a href=&quot;https://coursera.org/learn/cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coursera.org/learn/cancer&lt;/a&gt;) or you can pay $49 USD if you want to take the exams and get course credit.  (I am in no way affiliated with Coursera.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16387" LastEditorUserId="16387" LastEditDate="2019-06-23T15:57:42.023" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T15:57:42.023" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19547" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19539" CreationDate="2019-06-21T08:23:19.020" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Jury still being out for an overall picture, it seems at least for a harm reduction perspective things are looking quite good. As an adjunct form of actual treatment it may have value as well. Specifically it seems as if neurologically and regarding the liver some of the worst outcomes of alcohol consumption are mitigated to a degree, but psychologically the state of drunkenness from a certain level of alcohol may not be lowered but motor impairments actually amy increase while the level of actual alcohol in the blood may slightly decrease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a modulator for addictive behaviour it may have a tremendous effect on the positive side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Experimental studies find that CBD reduces the overall level of alcohol drinking in animal models of AUD by reducing ethanol intake, motivation for ethanol, relapse, anxiety, and impulsivity. Moreover, CBD reduces alcohol-related steatosis and fibrosis in the liver by reducing lipid accumulation, stimulating autophagy, modulating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and by inducing death of activated hepatic stellate cells. Finally, CBD reduces alcohol-related brain damage, preventing neuronal loss by its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; CBD could directly reduce alcohol drinking in subjects with AUD. Any other applications warrant human trials in this population. By reducing alcohol-related steatosis processes in the liver, and alcohol-related brain damage, CBD could improve both hepatic and neurocognitive outcomes in subjects with AUD, regardless of the individual's drinking trajectory. This might pave the way for testing new harm reduction approaches in AUD, in order to protect the organs of subjects with an ongoing AUD.&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– De Ternay J et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31214036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabidiol for Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Damages on the Liver and the Brain.&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Front Pharmacol. 2019 May 31;10:627. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00627. eCollection 2019.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Substance use disorder is characterized by repeated use of a substance, leading to clinically significant distress, making it a serious public health concern. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in common neurobiological processes underlying substance use disorder, in particular by mediating the rewarding and motivational effects of substances and substance-related cues. In turn, a number of cannabinoid drugs (e.g., rimonabant, nabiximols) have been suggested for potential pharmacological treatment for substance dependence. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in the cannabis plant, has also been proposed as a potentially effective treatment for the management of substance use disorder. Animal and human studies suggest that these cannabinoids have the potential to reduce craving and relapse in abstinent substance users, by impairing reconsolidation of drug-reward memory, salience of drug cues, and inhibiting the reward-facilitating effect of drugs. Such functions likely arise through the targeting of the endocannabinoid and serotonergic systems, although the exact mechanism is yet to be elucidated. This article seeks to review the role of the endocannabinoid system in substance use disorder and the proposed pharmacological action supporting cannabinoid drugs' therapeutic potential in addictions, with a focus on CBD. Subsequently, this article will evaluate the underlying evidence for CBD as a potential treatment for substance use disorder, across a range of substances including nicotine, alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids, and cannabis. While early research supports CBD's promise, further investigation and validation of CBD's efficacy, across preclinical and clinical trials will be necessary.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– Chye Y et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30837904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;The Endocannabinoid System and Cannabidiol's Promise for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorder&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Front Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 19;10:63. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00063. &lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increased access to medicinal and recreational cannabis will be accompanied by greater exposure to its chemical constituents, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the primary nonpsychoactive compound. Increasing attention has focused on CBD, in part, due to its potential therapeutic properties. Relatively little is known about how CBD might interact with other commonly used drugs. While a number of studies have explored the influence of cannabis or Δ9-THC on alcohol consumption and treatment outcomes, few have examined the effects of CBD on alcohol-related outcomes. This article reviews preclinical and human studies examining the effects of CBD administration on alcohol responses. Preliminary preclinical results suggest that CBD can attenuate alcohol consumption and potentially protect against certain harmful effects of alcohol, such as liver and brain damage. Also reviewed herein are the few existing studies involving CBD and alcohol coadministration in humans. The paucity of such studies precludes any definitive conclusions relating to CBD-alcohol interactions. Effects of CBD on alcohol use and potential therapeutic implications for alcohol use disorder are discussed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– Nona CN et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31120285&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Effects of cannabidiol on alcohol-related outcomes: A review of preclinical and human research&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 May 23. doi: 10.1037/pha0000272.&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is substantial interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in plants of the genus Cannabis. The goal of the current systematic review was to characterize the existing literature on this topic and to evaluate the credibility of CBD as a candidate pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using a comprehensive search strategy, 303 unique potential articles were identified and 12 ultimately met criteria for inclusion (8 using rodent models, 3 using healthy adult volunteers, and 1 using cell culture). In both rodent and cell culture models, CBD was found to exert a neuroprotective effect against adverse alcohol consequences on the hippocampus. In rodent models, CBD was found to attenuate alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity, specifically, alcohol-induced steatosis. Finally, findings from preclinical rodent models also indicate that CBD attenuates cue-elicited and stress-elicited alcohol-seeking, alcohol self-administration, withdrawal-induced convulsions, and impulsive discounting of delayed rewards. In human studies, CBD was well tolerated and did not interact with the subjective effects of alcohol. Collectively, given its favorable effects on alcohol-related harms and addiction phenotypes in preclinical models, CBD appears to have promise as a candidate AUD pharmacotherapy. This is further bolstered by the absence of abuse liability and its general tolerability. A clear limitation to the literature is the paucity of human investigations. Human preclinical and clinical studies are needed to determine whether these positive effects in model systems substantively translate into clinically-relevant outcomes.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt; –– Turna J et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30698831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review&quot;,&lt;/a&gt; Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 Apr;43(4):550-563. doi: 10.1111/acer.13964.&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24012796&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transdermal delivery of cannabidiol attenuates binge alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in a rodent model of an alcohol use disorder.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444130/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cannabidiol as an Intervention for Addictive Behaviors: A Systematic Review of the Evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T08:23:19.020" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-21T12:58:17.867" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are we supposed to calculate individual's Skeletal Muscle Ratio in percentage(SMR %) if we have results of an individual that includes: &lt;code&gt;age&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;gender&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;weight&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;height&lt;/code&gt; &lt;code&gt;BMI&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;BMR&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have researched a lot but I am not able to find the formula for calculating SMR percentage according to the variables I gave above. Can someone provide me with a source for the formula?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16393" LastActivityDate="2019-06-21T12:58:17.867" Title="How to calculate Skeletal Muscle Ratio(%)(SMR%) statistically by using formula(without using weighing machine or any online calculators)?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;height&gt;&lt;body-mass-index-bmi&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19527" CreationDate="2019-06-21T15:30:31.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, there seems to be insufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of coal tar for dermatological use and some evidence that coal-tar pitch fumes may increase the risk of lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coal tar for dermatological use&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusive evidence for the carcinogenicity of tar used in&#xA;dermatologic practice is lacking (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7712091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dermatologic Surgery, 1995&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study [in 13,200 patients with psoriasis and eczema followed for 21 years] has sufficient power to show that coal tar treatment is not&#xA;associated with an increased risk of cancer. These results indicate&#xA;that coal tar can be maintained as a safe treatment in dermatological&#xA;practice (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15347710?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coal-tar pitch fumes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lung cancer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Except for lung cancer, evidence for increased cancer risks among&#xA;bitumen-exposed workers was judged to be of low certainty (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29111990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of&#xA;Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An increasing number of occupational studies demonstrate a  positive&#xA;exposure-response relationship with cumulative benzo[a]pyrene [a chemical in coal-tar fumes] exposure and lung cancer (&lt;a href=&quot;https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/toxreviews/0136tr.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin cancer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both coal tar and coal-tar pitch contain many chemical compounds,&#xA;including carcinogens such as benzene. Occupational exposure to coal tar or coal-tar pitch increases the risk of &lt;em&gt;skin cancer&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/coal-tar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute,&#xA;2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a 2004 review of occupational carcinogens in &lt;a href=&quot;http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.276.5235&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Environmental Health Perspectives&lt;/a&gt;, there is a strong evidence that the exposure to coal tar or coal-tar pitches increases the risk of &lt;em&gt;skin cancer&lt;/em&gt; (see Table 7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coal tars and coal-tar pitches are known to be human carcinogens&#xA;based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/coaltars.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human&#xA;Services, 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may take decades of exposure for a chemical to cause cancer. This and the fact that the chemical composition of coal tar has changed over time may partially explain the differences in estimations of carcinogenicity of coal tar among studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-22T17:04:21.100" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19553" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-22T21:22:27.517" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have tardive dyskinesia and my doctor said when he diagnosed me that it &quot;might&quot; not go away. I've heard that it's &quot;potentially permanent.&quot; Has there ever been a recorded case where the condition has completely disappeared? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15915" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T11:36:40.023" Title="Has tardive dyskinesia ever &quot;gotten better?&quot;" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-07-06T06:44:52.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-23T05:16:03.190" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;When medical imaging is performed, such as MRI, the results are usually relayed to the patient by the doctor who ordered it.  This is usually hours, days, or even weeks later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if something emergently wrong is found on the imaging?  Would the radiology technician (the guy actually doing the CT scan or the MRI) be qualified/certified to notice anything off in the scan and send the patient to the ER?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16275" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-06-23T12:02:32.650" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T12:08:52.330" Title="Can a radiology technician spot an emergency?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19556" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19553" CreationDate="2019-06-23T11:36:40.023" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tardive dyskinesia will, in many cases, get better after the offending drug is stopped. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In severe cases, it is less common to have complete remission (where the symptoms completely disappear). But it can happen [1]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Vesely, C., et al. &quot;Remission of severe tardive dyskinesia in a schizophrenic patient treated with the atypical antipsychotic substance quetiapine.&quot; International clinical psychopharmacology (2000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16403" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T11:36:40.023" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19555" CreationDate="2019-06-23T11:55:20.100" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to state yes or no for any specific circumstance, so I will answer generally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://explorehealthcareers.org/career/allied-health-professions/radiologic-technologist/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radiology Technicians&lt;/a&gt; have extensive training that is mostly specific to the testing they perform, and there are likely things they are trained to immediately identify as part of that training.  However, they are not trained to thoroughly analyze and interpret the imaging the way a radiologist (physician) is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imaging workflow typically is like this (at least in the USA):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;physician sees patient and orders imaging &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;technician does imaging tests &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the images are sent electronically to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acr.org/Practice-Management-Quality-Informatics/Practice-Toolkit/Patient-Resources/About-Radiology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;radiologist&lt;/a&gt; (specialty of physician), often one who specializes in the body region and modality (CT, MRI, ultrasound etc), who reviews the images and writes a report&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;that report is sent to the original ordering physician (e.g. an ER or primary care physician)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ordering physician reviews report (and often the actual images as well) and takes appropriate next steps, including informing the patient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The timing of the above is generally determined by the practice setting (ER, inpatient, outpatient) and whether the test is ordered as &quot;routine&quot; &quot;urgent&quot; or &quot;STAT&quot; by the ordering physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a medical emergency that occurs during the testing - for example the patient stops breathing, passes out, or has chest pain - there are emergency protocols (e.g. rapid responses, codes, etc) that the tech will follow.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the tech notices something urgently concerning on the imaging, there are other protocols.  Usually, it is to call the radiologist or ER physician to alert them to look at it immediately.  For example as a student, I was with a CT technician who saw an &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14480-intracranial-hemorrhage-cerebral-hemorrhage-and-hemorrhagic-stroke&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;intracranial hemorrhage&lt;/a&gt; on head CT with midline shift, and the technician called the ER physician to look at it immediately to confirm the stroke.  Then a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americannursetoday.com/urgent-care-stroke-patients-timing-everything/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;code stroke protocol&lt;/a&gt; was activated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the &lt;em&gt;radiologist&lt;/em&gt; notes something critical while reviewing the imaging, protocols are in place to contact the ordering physician (or a physician colleague on service at the time) by phone to alert them of the urgent findings.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-06-23T12:08:52.330" LastActivityDate="2019-06-23T12:08:52.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19565" CreationDate="2019-06-23T16:16:25.513" Score="4" ViewCount="366" Body="&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs are routinely prescribed to treat symptoms of a herniated disc (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/pe-hldisc.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayfield Clinic&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, naproxen (Alleve, Naprosyn), ibuprofen (Motrin, Nuprin, Advil), and celecoxib (Celebrex), are used to reduce inflammation and relieve pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the process of natural healing (resorption) of a herniated disc is thought to be facilitated by the immune system in response to inflammation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025225/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is generally thought that an immune response develops to the disc tissue and inflammation helps to remove the invading tissue. Evidence suggests macrophages and neovascularisation play central roles in the resorption of discs following prolapse. Macrophages which infiltrate the herniated disc express high levels of matrix metalloproteinases, and these have an important role in the natural resorption process. The new blood vessels have an important role as a passage into the degenerate matrix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs are known to suppress the immune system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693360/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, we report that a panel of widely used NSAIDs blunts antibody synthesis in human PBMCs and in purified B cells. Ibuprofen’s ability to reduce antibody production was concentration- and time-dependent and likely occurred via Cox-2 inhibition. Our results call for awareness regarding the consequences that NSAIDs can have on immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, do NSAIDs hamper the disc resorption process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11860" LastActivityDate="2019-06-24T15:54:52.147" Title="Do NSAIDs hamper herniated disc resorption?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;&lt;sciatic-nerve&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-24T06:38:21.480" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polydactyly&lt;/a&gt; and found that surgery is only necessary in certain cases.  It depends on way the extra digit on the hand or foot is attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, central polydactyly (a very rare situation, in which the extra digit is on the ring, middle or index finger) requires early osteotomy and ligament reconstructions to prevent deformities, such as angular growth deformities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am wondering about is the most common type which is ulnar polydactyly also called postaxial polydactyly (the extra digit is on the ulnar side of the hand, thus the side of the little finger).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can there be advantages to having the extra finger? I am thinking of dexterity advantages for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may sound a bit elementary, but with the fact that the extra fingers are generally removed in early years, I am wondering whether the person could be put at a disadvantage, or does having the extra finger cause problems with dexterity etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-06-24T08:24:16.980" LastActivityDate="2019-07-01T15:36:34.117" Title="Can there be advantages to polydactyly?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19562" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-24T08:43:13.923" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;my orthopedist told me I should begin the &quot;Mézières method&quot; for some back problems I have.I looked it up on the Internet to find out what is it but I could not find any research that found it works (i looked it up on google and on google scholar, but I don't know where else to look up).&#xA;My question is, is there any scientific foundation of this kind of physiotherapy or is it just some alternative medicine like homeopathy or acupuncture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16407" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T07:10:56.087" Title="Scientific foundation of Mézières method" Tags="&lt;physiotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19562" CreationDate="2019-06-24T10:08:55.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesn't seem to be a lot of scientific foundation for it at the moment but &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03738306&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there is a clinical trial&lt;/a&gt; on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is however, one pilot study paper on the effects of 2 physiotherapy programs on pain perception, muscular flexibility, and illness impact (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/B_Fradejas/publication/23719179_Effects_of_2_Physiotherapy_Programs_on_Pain_Perception_Muscular_Flexibility_and_Illness_Impact_in_Women_With_Fibromyalgia_A_Pilot_Study/links/56693b2e08ae9da364ba3f54/Effects-of-2-Physiotherapy-Programs-on-Pain-Perception-Muscular-Flexibility-and-Illness-Impact-in-Women-With-Fibromyalgia-A-Pilot-Study.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Valencia et al. 2009&lt;/a&gt;).  The comparison between kinesiotherapy and active muscular stretching with Global Myofascial Physiotherapy according to the Mézières method found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients had achieved a statistically significant reduction in the severity of the disease and improved their flexibility level by the end of the program, but had returned to initial values after follow-up. Significant differences were not observed between the 2 treatment groups in the initial values or in the results at the end of the program or after the follow-up, so neither program proved better than the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Valencia, M., Alonso, B., Alvarez, M. J., Barrientos, M. J., Ayán, C., &amp;amp; Sánchez, V. M. (2009). Effects of 2 physiotherapy programs on pain perception, muscular flexibility, and illness impact in women with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. &lt;em&gt;Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 32&lt;/em&gt;(1), 84-92. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.07.003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.07.003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-24T10:08:55.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19565" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19558" CreationDate="2019-06-24T15:10:26.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is about the effect of NSAIDs and steroids on the resorption of disc herniation and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seem to be no clinical trials in which NSAIDs or other drugs would slow down the resorption of disc herniation. Results of &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; studies suggest that steroids may be able to delay resorption, but NSAIDs less likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;STEROIDS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3003509/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influence of cytokine inhibitors on concentration and activity of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in disc herniation (Arthritis Research &amp;amp; Therapy, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;, the resorption of a disc herniation is enabled by the enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-3. In the study, a steroid dexamethasone and a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor infliximab reduced the activity of MMP-3, which suggests that...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...at least under certain circumstances, the clinical use of these drugs may affect the resorption of disc herniation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Such an effect was not reported after a foraminal injection of&#xA;  methylprednisolone [another steroid] in patients with sciatica, but&#xA;  was observed in a rabbit model using higher dosages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to another study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lumbar disc herniation regression after successful epidural steroid injection (Journal of Spinal Disorders &amp;amp; Techniques, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, epidural steroid injections do not alter ultimate&#xA;  herniated nucleus pulposus regression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16481946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 trial&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;intravenous&lt;/em&gt; steroids have a small and short effect on pain reduction. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1001/p835.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician, 2008&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;epidural&lt;/em&gt; steroid injections can provide better short-term pain relief. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NSAIDS&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's one &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/acta/download/2013-6/20-Yu%20et%20al.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 study&lt;/a&gt; about the effectiveness of physical therapy on the healing of the herniated discs. At the end of the article there is a recommendation that looks merely as an opinion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)&#xA;  should be limited, as they inhibit the function of phagocytes and&#xA;  inflammatory cells, which initiate resorption of the hernia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in a study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063458406003220?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In vitro effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cytokine, prostanoid and matrix metalloproteinase production by interface membranes from loose hip or knee endoprostheses (Science Direct, 2006)&lt;/a&gt;, NSAIDs did not have any clear effect on the MMP synthesis, which suggests they should not delay the resorption of disc herniation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, according to several systematic reviews, NSAIDs are not very effective in treatment of spinal pain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ard.bmj.com/content/76/7/1269.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Rheumatic Disease, 2016&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD012382/BACK_non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-low-back-pain-sciatica&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a larger perspective, medications, other conservative therapy and surgery do not provide better long-term (1-2 year) results than no treatment at all (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1895638/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-24T15:54:52.147" LastActivityDate="2019-06-24T15:54:52.147" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9490" CreationDate="2019-06-25T12:22:17.040" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is currently impossible to answer definitely. There is further a difference between 'could become a risk' and 'will likely be a risk'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only now are even the warnings about the long established connection between SSRI/SNRIs and several forms of sexual dysfunction, including persistent symptoms of discontinuation required to be included on the drug's info leaflet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(11 June 20191 EMA/PRAC/265221/2019 Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) New product information wording – Extracts from PRAC recommendations on signals Adopted at the 13-16 May 2019 PRAC (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/new-product-information-wording-extracts-prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most drastic case report, that very probably isn't suitable to be the basis for a generalised answer the question seeks is: 3 days of SSRI treatment and massive and persistence drop in libido.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;B.B., a 27-year-old female, presented with chronic insomnia, anxiety and moderate depression in December 1998 and was prescribed 20 mg q.d. fluoxetine. She immediately noticed an improvement in sleep and mood. Within the first 3 days of beginning therapy, she experienced a dramatic loss of libido and a marked reduction of genital and nipple sensitivity with concurrent anorgasmia. She decided to continue with the therapy for a limited time because of the improvement in mood. After 7 months of treatment she discontinued the fluoxetine. Most aspects of sexual dysfunction have never reversed. Orgasmic capacity did return upon discontinuation, but at a dramatically reduced intensity and with a refractory period of several days, and tactile sensitivity only partially returned. Libido loss is almost total, compared to a very high libido since puberty. In July 2000 and February 2005, serum testosterone and estradiol were found to be in the normal range.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– Antonei B. Csoka &amp;amp; Stuart Shipko: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Persistent Sexual Side Effects after SSRI Discontinuation&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Psychother Psychosom 2006;75:187–188 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000091777&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2019-06-25T12:22:17.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19561" CreationDate="2019-06-25T16:18:20.880" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;That is a bit speculatice and complicated as well. &amp;quot;Polydactyly&amp;quot; is a nice catch-all for &amp;quot;hands not normal&amp;quot; with regard to number of digits. But the actual manifestation of this overall rare condition can be of quite the variation in both forms and causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it's a genetic/epigenetic component a teratogenic influence on pregnancy or a comorbidity in a number of syndromes…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two papers to highlight the problems &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; polydactyly  or &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; polydactyly &lt;em&gt;'removed'&lt;/em&gt; show that what is most often seen as an aberration and at least cosmetic problem might not be as much a functional problem as a surgically 'corrected' extremity might be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three factors that determine the impairment of a hand with central polydactyly. First, hypoplastic joints and soft tissue changes in the polydactylous and adjacent digits predispose to joint contracture and angular deformities. Second, delta phalanges predispose to progressive angular deformities. Third, joint contracture and rotatory deformities occur after extensive separation of complex osseous syndactyly, which may be further complicated by a disturbance of differentiation of tendons between affected digits (Fig. 3). &lt;strong&gt;Our results show that the creation of a five-digit hand usually leads to poor functional results. Despite this, all parents were satisfied with the five-digit hand for cultural and religious reasons.&lt;/strong&gt; For the reconstruction of a functional hand, the most hypoplastic ray should be removed and a functional four-digit hand should be the object of the reconstruction surgery.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;–– Koichi Tada et al.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0363502382800403&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Central polydactyly – A review of 12 cases and their surgical treatment&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Vol 7, No.5 September 1982.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And an 'uncorrected' 24 digit owner from India being a wrestler in his youth:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Local examination showed extra digits in all 4 limits So total, he had 12 fingers in his upper limbs (6 in each ) and 12 toes in his lower limbs (6 in each). All the toes and digits were mobile except in extra toe where there was limitation of movements and were almost same calibre of the remaining fingers /toes. No other anomalies were observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 68 year sold male from Kumbalagud, Mysore road, Bangalore was found to have a total of 24 digits in both upper and lower limbs bilaterally. He had no other anomalies with any signs and symptoms. He was father of 4 children where second son had extra limb in his right upper limb who had got married to his own relative but exact relation is not known. An elderly person with well built and well nourished body was very tall nearly 6feet and 7 inches. He had no systemic diseases. He was a wrestler in his younger days. There was no cyanosis, clubbing jaundice and lymphadenopathy. All his systems were within normal limits.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;–– Arun Kumar S. Bilodi &amp;amp; M.R. Gangadhar: &amp;quot;Supernumary of Digits and Toes: A Case Report&amp;quot;, IJCRR, Vol 05 issue 06, 2013. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://ijcrr.com/uploads/1471_pdf.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the motto &amp;quot;if it works, don't fix it&amp;quot; seems to be void when cosmetics and cultural concepts enter the arena, we have to keep in mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ulnar polydactylies present with a wide variation in the size and appearance of the affected finger, ranging from small cutaneous appendages to fully formed additional fingers. Since ulnar polydactyly is rarely associated with functional disabilities, psychological and cosmetic reasons are the main rationale for surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to present the appearance, treatment regimen, and outcome of a series of children treated with ulnar polydactylies.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;–– G Singer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Ulnar polydactyly - an analysis of appearance and postoperative outcome&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J Pediatr Surg. 2014 Mar;49(3):474-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.06.029.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary I'd conclude that comparatively rare as 'polydactylies' are 'fully formed and fully functional polydactyly' (FFFFP) seems to much rarer still. Whether surgical alterations are indeed a functional improvement seems not always to be the case. But it seems rarest to encounter any FFFFP patient which had his/her extra-limbs tolerated and trained, for example for a complicated instrument like a piano, to get at any observation that would be worth generalising. But as long as the mechanics of the digits are indeed independently functional, I am quite convinced the brain would be adaptable to that situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-06-25T16:18:20.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19518" CreationDate="2019-06-26T10:24:58.673" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;strong&gt;chemical level,&lt;/strong&gt; the toxicity of ethanol is mainly mediated by its breakdown product acetaldehyde. Alcohol is metabolized like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ethanol &amp;rightarrow; acetaldehyde &amp;rightarrow; acetate &amp;rightarrow; acetylCoA &amp;rightarrow; CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When alcohol is drunk in small amounts, acetaldehyde is quickly metabolized to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and water, but when drunk in large amounts, the greater amounts of acetaldehyde can damage the cells, mainly in the liver, pancreas, brain and heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol breakdown also results in the creation of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, which together with acetaldehyde attack certain parts of the cells. The damaged cells attract neutrophils, which, in the attempt to clean the mess, can cause further damage (more details in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959903/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Hepatology&lt;/a&gt; and in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RudR2_VVoaw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this nice video&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol breakdown also results in an increase of NADH and depletion of NAD, which stimulates fatty acid synthesis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;strong&gt;tissue level,&lt;/strong&gt; the stages of alcoholic liver damage are fat accumulation (steatosis), inflammation (hepatitis), cell death (necrosis) and conversion to fibrous tissue (fibrosis and cirrhosis). Chronic alcohol consumption also increases the risk for cancer of the mouth, throat, esophageus, colon, liver and breast (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/alcohol/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC. gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;strong&gt;functional level,&lt;/strong&gt; alcohol can kill you due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532397/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brain impairment&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bleeding in the brain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Depression of the cardiorespiratory centers in the brainstem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to alcohol-related vitamin B1 deficiency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hepatic encephalopathy caused by excessive amount of ammonia in the blood in advanced liver cirrhosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heart failure:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3711541&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiomyopathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9949788&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Irregular heart rhythm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(15)00718-7/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Liver failure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65575/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute pancreatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How exactly alcohol is damaging?&lt;/strong&gt; (See Table 1 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952076/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethanol:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;triggers triglyceride accumulation in the liver cells, which can result in cirrhosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;causes DNA damage of the stem cells, which can result in cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acetaldehyde:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;triggers inflammation, which can contribute to liver fibrosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;damages DNA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;promotes oxidation of LDL cholesterol, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inactivates clotting factors, which increases the risk of bleeding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, alcohol does not kill you by causing a chemical reaction with a certain molecule in the body (for example, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3073059&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cyanide intoxication&lt;/a&gt;) but by promoting or inhibiting certain processes that can result in tissue damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-19T13:37:36.417" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T13:37:36.417" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="108" CreationDate="2019-06-26T11:18:52.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible health benefits&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera by mouth is possibly effective for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;relieving constipation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reducing blood sugar and HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;healing peptic ulcers (inconsistent evidence)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible side effects&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aloe vera latex by mouth may:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;trigger diarrhea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase the risk of cancer (insufficient evidence)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-607/aloe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-aloe/art-20362267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92765/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557234/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacognosy Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-27T14:07:45.690" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T14:07:45.690" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19562" CreationDate="2019-06-27T07:10:56.087" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There doesn't appear to be a lot of actual scientific research on the subject, but you can follow a paper trail for a while:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Daily Telegraph (an English newspaper) has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/4967492/Mezieres-Method-Perfection-isallin-the-body.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the subject, and references two people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.positivehealth.com/therapist/joel-carbonnel-alexander-and-mezieres-technique&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joel Carbonnel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2127204326_M_Jesel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Professor M Jesel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article also states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But in recent years, the University of Strasbourg has taken up the Mézières flag and is developing the therapy under the name Postural Reconstruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking up Postural Reconstruction doesn't get you far either, you arrive at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britanniabodyworks.com/services/physiotherapy-calgary/postural-reconstruction/https://&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannia Body Works&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reconstruction-posturale.com/documentation#articles-et-livres-scientifiques&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reconstruction Postural&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.orthomorphy.co.uk/mezieres/an-overview/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthomorphy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with the only remotely looking scientific article coming from Science Direct:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S1779012316303825/first-page-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S1779012316303825/first-page-pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-06-27T07:10:56.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19584" CreationDate="2019-06-27T11:52:15.840" Score="0" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen people throwing egg yolk while eating egg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bodybuilders who take large quantities of egg (50 per day) if they eat yolk is there a health complication compared to eating only egg white.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-28T14:08:15.750" LastActivityDate="2019-06-28T17:23:52.197" Title="Can consumption of large quantity of eggs (with yolks) be harmful for health?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2019-06-27T14:23:14.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19584" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19582" CreationDate="2019-06-27T14:23:54.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Egg yolks can make you fat only if they contribute to excessive calorie intake.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consumption of up to 1 whole egg/day does not increase the risk of heart disease, but may increase the risk of diabetes; the risk of both diseases increases with the egg quantity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Egg whites are not typically associated with increased risk of disease. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The idea behind throwing egg yolks away is to get the &quot;good&quot; (protein) from the egg white and to avoid the &quot;bad&quot; (fat, cholesterol and calories) from the yolk. But, egg yolk also contains protein, the fat in it is mostly unsaturated and the cholesterol from it does not raise blood cholesterol in most people. It is true that most of egg calories come from the yolk: the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/01123?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=egg%20raw&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;whole 50 g egg&lt;/a&gt; has 72 Calories and 55 Calories come from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/01125?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=egg%20raw&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;yolk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is estimated that in ~2/3 of population, high dietary cholesterol intake does not result in increased blood cholesterol levels, but it can in the other 1/3, who are &quot;cholesterol hyper-responders;&quot; this does not increase the LDL/HDL ratio (which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586539/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to 2 systematic reviews of studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683816/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN, 2013&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586539/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2015&lt;/a&gt;), consumption of up to 1 egg per day is not associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke but may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes type 2 - this association was manly reported from studies in &lt;em&gt;Americans,&lt;/em&gt; who tend to be more obese and consume more saturated fats and cholesterol than people in other countries (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Nutrition, 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2 recent systematic reviews (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31041448&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Advanced Nutrition, 2019&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500371&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Journal of Nutrition, 2014&lt;/a&gt;), high egg consumption (&gt;1 egg/meal) was associated with an increased risk of some gastrointestinal cancers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-06-28T17:23:52.197" LastActivityDate="2019-06-28T17:23:52.197" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19592" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-29T19:49:52.463" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I once came across a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clinicalgaitanalysis.com/history/Ralston_IZAP.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;claim&lt;/a&gt; that people naturally walk at a speed that results in the least energy expenditure per distance travelled. Walking too slow would result in burning more energy for basic body processes, but running too quickly would burn extra energy in skeletal muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this claim is correct, then it should follow that people with higher metabolism would walk faster. Is this true? Have there been any studies on this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12270" LastEditorUserId="12270" LastEditDate="2019-06-30T16:00:18.320" LastActivityDate="2019-06-30T16:00:18.320" Title="Do people with higher metabolism walk faster?" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;walking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-06-30T05:52:55.220" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2011 study {1} showed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our findings indicate that it is possible to significantly improve tendon healing by applying exogenous BMP-2 to the wound site, inferring that this protein could be developed as a potential therapeutic reagent for the treatment of damaged tendons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has any treatment based on applying exogenous BMP-2 to the wound site been shown to be useful to treat tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Li, Z., Shen, X., Cao, L. et al. Chin. Sci. Bull. &quot;Bone morphogenetic protein 2 improves patellar tendon healing by promoting migration and proliferation of tenocytes&quot;.(2011) 56: 1361. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-011-4438-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-011-4438-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-06-30T05:52:55.220" Title="Has any treatment based on applying exogenous BMP-2 to the wound site been shown to be useful to treat tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19599" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19603" CreationDate="2019-07-01T06:25:37.403" Score="0" ViewCount="1654" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ecdysterone supplementation has been shown to have a significant anabolic effect {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Significantly higher increases in muscle mass were observed in those participants that were dosed with ecdysterone. The same hypertrophic effects were also detected in vitro in C2C12 myotubes. Even more relevant with respect to sports performance, significantly more pronounced increases in one-repetition bench press performance were observed. No increase in biomarkers for liver or kidney toxicity was noticed. These data underline the effectivity of an ecdysterone supplementation with respect to sports performance. Our results strongly suggest the inclusion of ecdysterone in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sports in class S1.2 &quot;other anabolic agents&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does  ecdysterone supplementation have any deleterious side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1075/ecdysterone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1075/ecdysterone&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There isn't enough reliable information available about ecdysterone to know if it is safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/southfacts_ecdy.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/southfacts_ecdy.htm&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ecdysterone is safe and it improves nearly every bodily function...without side effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/ecdysterone/supplements.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rxlist.com/ecdysterone/supplements.htm&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There isn't enough reliable information available about ecdysterone to know if it is safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but those website might be outdated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Isenmann, Eduard, Gabriella Ambrosio, Jan Felix Joseph, Monica Mazzarino, Xavier de la Torre, Philipp Zimmer, Rymantas Kazlauskas et al. &quot;Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans.&quot; Archives of toxicology (2019): 1-10. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31123801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31123801&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T03:50:56.803" Title="Does ecdysterone supplementation have any deleterious side effects?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19599" CreationDate="2019-07-01T15:07:59.403" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The sensationalist press release for a &lt;em&gt;small&lt;/em&gt; study does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; warrant to conclude that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ecdysterone supplementation has been shown to have a significant anabolic effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some previous studies have indicated that there &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447764/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may&lt;/a&gt; be an effect in cells, tissues and animals, previous human studies measured the effect for &amp;quot;gaining muscle&amp;quot; at &lt;em&gt;zero!&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(Wilborn: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129166/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Effects of Methoxyisoflavone, Ecdysterone, and Sulfo-Polysaccharide Supplementation on Training Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Males&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study now circulated is not only &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; small and didn't account for actual bio-availability of the claimed to fame substance. Further, there are more than 400 substances in this class of ectosteroids identified so far. Which one or which combination of them was used in this particular study or all the others is difficult to ascertain and compare in an SE overview answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also did not explain how the alleged effect should be explained compared to control and placebo results. Unless replicated, the current study is &amp;quot;interesting&amp;quot;, and has no real-life value  – so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main author of this study gives a lengthy interview (in German) acknowledging quite a few of the limitations of this study and its results &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.damienzaid.de/2019/07/01/ecdysteron/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in a podcast&lt;/a&gt; (at 1:34:00 he can be quoted with &amp;quot;with &lt;em&gt;hard&lt;/em&gt; training  we saw a small effect&amp;quot; / &amp;quot;don't take supplements&amp;quot;). Coincidentally the manufacturer selling 6mg as 100mg seems to have pulled the product from the market. Whether the heightened awareness due to the study or the many negative testimonials for products claiming this as an ingredient  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=yI1oNneR6zkC&amp;amp;lpg=PT145&amp;amp;ots=-ml4XB3c0Y&amp;amp;dq=ecdysterone&amp;amp;pg=PT145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;) or plain quality issues remains an open speculative question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One big weakness is then that a very preliminary safety assessment was made looking at a few liver parameters. And &amp;quot;kidney&amp;quot; – via urine samples. That's laudable in itself, for such a study, but not enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As among the concerns of &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444661&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;promotes growth&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (what &amp;quot;growth&amp;quot;, cancer?) the substance is assumed to act on certain receptors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but it is rather exhibited by the activation of the estrogen receptor beta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And longer term kidney health was not monitored in the new study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, that might mean really bad news, everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minglei Lu: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29483-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Activation of mineralocorticoid receptor by ecdysone, an adaptogenic and anabolic ecdysteroid, promotes glomerular injury and proteinuria involving overactive GSK3β pathway signaling&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Scientific Reportsvolume 8, Article number: 12225 (2018)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems a rather prudent meaure of supplement vendors to not really rip off consumers by selling them 100mg ecdysterone caps that only contain 6mg (Isenmann). That's actually consumer protection! As now the alleged effects of the supplement should be obtainable with the equivalent of 250 mg of regular spinach. Or some insects, as they contain this steroid hormone, and need it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065383?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Most Internet claims for ‘spectacular’ effects of ecdysteroids on humans and other mammals are unsubstantiated or apocryphal.&lt;/a&gt; However, most reports in the scientific literature have demonstrated that the pharmacological effects of ecdysteroids in mammals are positive, and it is clear that ecdysteroids may influence/improve many physiological functions. Unfortunately, no extensive, systematic trials on any mammalian species have been published. Dietary intake of ecdysteroids is possible but limited for most humans, since the crop species which contain phytoecdysteroids are not extensively eaten. Thus, there may be a future for ecdysteroids as dietary supplements to contribute to human well-being (as ‘adaptogenic’ substances). &lt;strong&gt;However, more study is required to elucidate the metabolism of exogenous ecdysteroids in mammals and the biochemical modes of action of the parent ecdysteroids and their metabolites.&lt;/strong&gt; Such studies are also important to underpin the use of ecdysteroid-induced gene switches. These systems possess considerable potential for basic biological studies of gene function and in gene therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quite recent summary of the sparse overall evidence for human application is found in&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We briefly summarise the many attributed positive pharmaceutical effects of ecdysteroids in vertebrates (especially humans) and critically assess the reports associating ecdysteroids with cancer and embryotoxicity and the probable use of ecdysteroids as doping substances for athletes. We stress the need for much more extensive research into the metabolism and mode of action of ecdysteroids particularly in mammals. The presence of natural and, increasingly, man-made ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists may have considerable impact on the environ- ment. On the one hand, non-steroidal (ant)agonists offer considerable promise as environmentally friendlier, more selective pesticides, but, on the other hand, could become endocrine disruptors of non-target species, especially in aquatic ecosystems. We consider in some depth the development of strategies for the identification and environmental monitoring of potential endocrine disruptors affecting ecdysteroid hormonal systems in invertebrates and emphasise the overwhelming need for basic research into the endocrinology of aquatic invertebrates which would be suitable as signal species.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;possible harmful effects of ecdysteroids on vertebrates had to be deter- mined, and these molecules have shown very low, if any, toxicity when ingested by mammals: acute toxicity value of 20-hydroxyecdysone for mice after oral adminis- tration could not be determined (so the LD50 is &amp;gt;9 g/kg body weight), whereas that after intraperitoneal injections LD50 was as high as 6.4 g/kg (Ogawa et al., 1974b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tandard tests with pure molecules are needed to fully establish the lack of toxicity after daily administration over a long period (90-day test) (see also this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/regulatory/CompMed/PIL/IJEACCM/2/Ecdysterone.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;). Such experiments would allow the removal of ecdysone from the Carcinogenic Potency Database (&lt;a href=&quot;http://potency.berkeley.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://potency.berkeley.edu&lt;/a&gt;). Anyway, lack of toxicity does not mean lack of pharmacological effects (see above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reported effects of ecdysteroids on tumorous cell induction/proliferation are conflicting (Table 23.2). Experiments are difficult to compare, as they differ in the molecules used (ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone or other ecdysteroids), their concentrations, their purity, the assays used (in vitro/in vivo) and their duration. Thus, Burdette and Richards (1961) observed proliferation-inhibitory effects on sarcoma cells in vitro, but they used a semi-purified extract from silkworm pupae (ecdysone?). Later investigations with crystalline ecdysteroids obtained from plants showed no effects (Burdette, 1974b). Lagova and Valueva (1981) found that 20-hydroxyecdysone (0.1–300mg/kg daily subcutaneous injections for 5 days) was ineffective on the growth of several tumour types, whereas it stimulated that of mammary gland carcinomas. El-Mofty et al. (1987, 1994) reported that ecdysone was able to induce neoplastic lesions in toads and mice; surprisingly, these results were obtained with very low amounts of ecdysone (i.e. only 1μg/mouse (!) given orally twice a week for 22 months) and they are therefore difficult to reconcile with the data of other authors who used amounts several (2–4) orders of magnitude higher (albeit for shorter durations, e.g. 35 days) without observing any adverse effects (e.g. Ogawa et al., 1974b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These anabolic effects were first described in mice/rats and resulted in increased physical performance/endurance (Syrov, 2000). They have also been observed in humans, according to the few clinical experiments, the details of which are not readily available (Lafont and Dinan, 2003).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The availability of other purified ecdysteroids is, however, seriously limited, and the few which are available are very expensive. The recent availability of large amounts of 20E has been driven by the belief that ecdysteroids possess anabolic properties (which has not been conclusively demonstrated in clinical trials, although a growing body of cir- cumstantial evidence exists) and the wish by many to exploit this. As a consequence, 20E is now a component of a very large number of preparations available over the Web (see Ecdybase), targeted at body-builders, sportsmen, health fanatics and their pets. These formulations incorporate purified 20E, or semi-purified ecdysteroid-containing plant extracts, together with other components; only in one product is 20E the only ‘active’ ingredient. Recommended doses have increased over time from 5 mg/pill in 1995 up to 300 mg/soft gel at the present. It is not clear if this reflects a reassessment of the required dosage, or the greater availability of 20E. One must also question the claimed amount of ecdysteroid present in the preparations, since Jadhav et al. (2007) found much lower levels than those claimed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;–– René Lafont &amp;amp; Laurence Dinan: &amp;quot;Innovative and Future Applications for Ecdysteroids&amp;quot;, in: Guy Smagghe (Ed): &amp;quot;Ecdysone: Structures and Functions&amp;quot;, Springer, 2009.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-02T08:28:14.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-01T15:23:10.420" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mineral deodorant seems to be commonly made entirely of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_alum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;potassium alum&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ammonium alum&lt;/a&gt; (the latter may always contain 1% or so water). I've found these products extremely effective in preventing body odor. Are these sulfates related to aluminium in any way &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2016/feb/03/dangerous-deodorant-kill-armpit-bacteria-antiperspirants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;which is speculated to increase the risk of breast cancer and Alzheimer’s disease&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16444" LastActivityDate="2019-07-01T15:23:10.420" Title="Do potassium alum and ammonium alum have known negative effects on health?" Tags="&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;deodorant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-01T20:03:21.820" Score="0" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;new here. I am a software engineer and I want to make a thesis about medical practices with virtual mannequins using Virtual Reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I've seen so far is that they use tubes to put down trough the throat and touches the mannequin in certain areas for pain detection or for reanimation practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have 0 experience with medical procedures, standards, rules and tools. To start with I would like to know the name of the practice that doctors and students do with simulated or real patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PD. I really don't know which tags should I use, please help me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k6U3J.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/k6U3J.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;medical practice, photo by Fox News https://www.foxnews.com/health/michigan-nursing-school-uses-mannequins-for-medical-lessons&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Photo source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foxnews.com/health/michigan-nursing-school-uses-mannequins-for-medical-lessons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fox News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16419" LastActivityDate="2019-07-06T15:57:21.713" Title="What is the name of this medical practice?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2019-07-06T23:25:57.320" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19609" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19620" CreationDate="2019-07-01T21:06:07.397" Score="7" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read somewhere that Psoriasis can increase the amount of uric acid in the bloodstream by about 10%, increasing the chance of gout:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/psoriatic-arthritis/articles/psoriatic-arthritis-increases-gout-risk.php&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;psoriasis&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the only biochemical change in the bloodstream of people with psoriasis? &#xA;Does how severe or mild the psoriasis is have any bearing on the above biochemical changes? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16433" LastActivityDate="2019-07-03T10:18:02.270" Title="How does Psoriasis change the biochemistry of blood?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;psoriasis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19608" CreationDate="2019-07-02T05:42:58.267" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a site called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anatomystuff.co.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anatomy Stuff&lt;/a&gt; which specialize in providing replications of the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, they have a section called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anatomystuff.co.uk/anatomical-models.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anatomy Models&lt;/a&gt;, which has a range of human-esque models, but these are a bit obsolete these days!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anatomystuff.co.uk/clinical-skills-training-models.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clincal Skills Training&lt;/a&gt;, another of their sections, has life-like human &lt;em&gt;manikins&lt;/em&gt; that can be used to mimic real people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-07-03T07:59:06.920" LastActivityDate="2019-07-03T07:59:06.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19613" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19614" CreationDate="2019-07-02T15:02:37.457" Score="0" ViewCount="1187" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I as an healthy individual get my blood work done for preventative reasons (health checkup etc...) at mass testing labs (Labcorp) or smaller local internal medicine practices - what are the chances of  having HIV transmission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know they take due care, but there are two concerns that come to my mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At mass testing corporations (like Labcorp). they have solid process and quality assurance, but the enmasse nature increases the chances of accident.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At local internal medicine practices the situation is reverse. The statistics is low in number, which hopefully reduces the chance of accidents happening, but their process may really not be upto the mark.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are your thoughts on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16032" LastActivityDate="2019-07-02T15:41:29.570" Title="Risk of HIV transmission during blood test?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19613" CreationDate="2019-07-02T15:35:15.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.91.4.636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Porco et al&lt;/a&gt; studied a situation where a phlebotomist in California admitted to &lt;strong&gt;intentionally reusing needles.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They estimated likelihood of HIV transmission (as well as hepatitis B/C) based on population prevalence (the first person needs to be HIV+), transmission probability (enough virus needs to remain alive and get transferred to the second person to cause infection), and rate of needle reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For HIV, the risk ranged from 1.4 in 100 million in the best case scenario (low prevalence, low transmission rate, correct number of reuses reported) to 6.8 in 1 million (more people already HIV positive than expected, highest transmission rate, 100X more reuse than reported). &lt;strong&gt;Even the best case scenario described is a situation where every single needle was being reused 5-10 times.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even this best-case scenario is much worse than an event of accidental reuse, because this is all based on a scenario of &lt;em&gt;known, intentional reuse of every single needle&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the risk of HIV transmission from accidental reuse is effectively zero. There is no plausible way in the work flow for a used needle to be confused with an unused one. You are only at risk in a situation when needles are intentionally reused, and even then the risk is low unless you are in an area where HIV prevalence is very high. Intentional misuse has occurred even in places like the US (and perhaps Europe; I am aware of US cases but not European) but is more likely in places with stronger incentives to save costs, for example a recent event reported in Pakistan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@CareyGregory had a good suggestion in a comment that if you are at all concerned, you ask the staff to walk you through the procedure: if nothing else, this should reassure you of the process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Porco, T. C., Aragon, T. J., Fernyak, S. E., Cody, S. H., Vugia, D. J., Katz, M. H., &amp;amp; Bangsberg, D. R. (2001). Risk of infection from needle reuse at a phlebotomy center. American journal of public health, 91(4), 636.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-07-02T15:41:29.570" LastActivityDate="2019-07-02T15:41:29.570" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-02T21:24:57.750" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current gene therapy drugs are notorious for being expensive (&gt;500k USD). What's the production cost of a typical gene therapy drug, excluding the research and development costs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The question is neutral: this isn't meant to be a criticism against gene therapy drug prices, which I understand need to offset research and development costs, and should be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/bluebird-sets-18m-price-tag-for-blood-disease-gene-therapy/556923/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;compared&lt;/a&gt; against the price of non-gene-therapy treatments)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-02T21:24:57.750" Title="What's the production cost of a typical gene therapy drug?" Tags="&lt;gene-therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19617" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19630" CreationDate="2019-07-03T00:51:49.033" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think that this question is on topic for this site as it states human physiology and pathophysiology is allowed. If not then please let me know in the comments  and I shall delete this Question. Please let me know where this question would be better suited if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A google for an answer to this mainly comes up with answers to &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; we shiver, and not to how much we heat up and what the different factors that affect this are.  For instance does height, weight, and/or body fat percentage affect this?&#xA;How much energy do we use to shiver and does it burn fat? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking in relation to when we shiver randomly, quickly, not continuously, as well as when we are cold and when we our body goes under rapid change in temperature (i.e an emergency blood transfusion with cold blood).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16453" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T08:38:40.970" Title="How much do our bodies heat up when we shiver?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19609" CreationDate="2019-07-03T10:18:02.270" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no blood test that can definitively diagnose psoriasis&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/psoriasis-beyond-the-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article linked from the question (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/psoriatic-arthritis/articles/psoriatic-arthritis-increases-gout-risk.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthritis.org&lt;/a&gt;) mentions several studies; in one of them uric acid was elevated in only &lt;em&gt;20 percent&lt;/em&gt; of patients with psoriasis. In another study, it was &lt;em&gt;psoriatic arthritis&lt;/em&gt; that was most strongly associated with elevated uric acid. So, it may not be the severity of psoriasis, but rather the type of psoriasis and the presence of arthritis that affects the uric acid levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this 2015 article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610974/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biomarkers of An Autoimmune Skin Disease—Psoriasis&lt;/a&gt;, the following &lt;strong&gt;biomarkers&lt;/strong&gt; (which are not usually checked in a diagnostic process) can be elevated in psoriasis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nonspecific inflammation markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet P-selectin, haptoglobin, complement component 3 (C3), and C4&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-18&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Markers of abnormalities in blood fibrinolysis and coagulation: increased levels of fibrinopeptide A, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and C4, in addition to decreased levels of protein C, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and plasminogen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-07-03T10:18:02.270" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19628" CreationDate="2019-07-03T15:20:00.943" Score="6" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to understand the various effects of Type 2, but I cannot seem to find a direct statement about this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; the various symptoms/problems of Type 2 - neuropathy, heart health problems, etc. - caused specifically by the high blood sugar that results from Type 2, or are there some effects that are caused independent of sugar levels simply because you have this condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The base of what I'm trying to get as is whether or not a properly controlled sugar level will eliminate all problems from developing, or are there effects that occur over time that are caused simply by having Type 2, even if it is &quot;perfectly controlled&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15992" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T07:31:54.023" Title="Are all Type 2 diabetes effects caused by sugar levels?" Tags="&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-03T17:32:39.127" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/orthopedics/conditions/arthritis-lyme-disease#Symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and others I have read, Lyme disease can cause joint popping.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is actually going on to cause it?  Does the spirochete actually get into the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint?  Does something in this process release a gas that escapes when you use the joint?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16455" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T11:24:46.387" Title="Lyme disease and joint popping" Tags="&lt;lyme-disease&gt;&lt;popping-cracking-joints&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-03T20:18:51.480" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there can be used any external stents or something like this to solve aorto-venous conflict (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;May-Thurner syndrome&lt;/a&gt;) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutcracker syndrome&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a stent consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, which is placed on top of the vein so that it is not constricted. Performing an open abdominal surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because &lt;strong&gt;Internal stenting&lt;/strong&gt; (common angioplasty and stenting) is subject to risks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;of compression of the stent - because the stent cannot be very durable due to the limitations of wire thickness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;and migration of the stent, in which case it is necessary to take anticoagulants for life&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In opposite, &lt;strong&gt;External stent&lt;/strong&gt; doesn't require to take anticoagulants at all, and can be very durable (high radial stability).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any references to scientific papers are welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16306" LastEditorUserId="16306" LastEditDate="2019-07-04T21:48:28.793" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T21:48:28.793" Title="Can any external stents (or something like this) be used to solve aorto-venous conflict (May-Thurner syndrome)?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;stents&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19628" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19621" CreationDate="2019-07-04T07:31:54.023" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, blood sugar control is not 100% of the battle for complications from diabetes, but it IS the majority of it. Although a lot of the sequelae are related to elevated glucose levels, diabetes is a complex metabolic dysregulation that has many other factors involved.  The pathogenesis of diabetes differs between types, they are really quite different diseases, so I will focus primarily on type 2 diabetes (the most common and the most metabolically complex).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some things to consider that will help frame your understanding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look at the association between dysfunction in insulin resistance, blood pressure, cholesterol and fat metabolism, protein metabolism, and inflammation in the spectrum of &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165124-overview#a3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;endocrine dysfunction in &lt;strong&gt;metabolic syndrome.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  It is clear that it's not just sugar that's out of balance in the process of type 2 diabetes / insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238946-overview#a3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;complexity of the pathophysiology of renal dysfunction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in diabetes, and how much is involved beyond just glycosylation from elevated glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Consider insulin: the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes centers on insulin resistance, and often individuals have elevated fasting insulin and high spikes in insulin.  The &lt;strong&gt;insulin molecule has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525983/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fairly broad metabolic activities&lt;/a&gt; on its own&lt;/strong&gt; - from fat metabolism to inflammation to protein turnover to vasodilation... so persistently elevated or high spiking insulin levels have metabolic consequences that are independent from glucose levels.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But from what we know in studies, a healthier a1c (the indicator of average blood sugar) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1056872716303026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;correlates with better outcomes&lt;/a&gt;.  Maintaining normal levels of blood sugar (not just a1c which looks at the average BG but true normal including normal range postprandial levels etc) brings the risk of most macro and microvascular complications down to near what it would be if you didn't have diabetes.  Again, it appears that although much of that is due to the blood glucose levels, a good part is that the other metabolic dysregulations improve along with improving blood glucose levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T07:31:54.023" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19622" CreationDate="2019-07-04T11:18:18.237" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/orthopedics/conditions/arthritis-lyme-disease#Overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; linked from the question mentions &lt;em&gt;crepitus (joint popping)&lt;/em&gt; as one of the symptoms of arthritis in Lyme disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepitus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crepitus&lt;/a&gt; is quite a general term, which means &quot;grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; a crackling sensation due to the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In arthritis, crepitus occurs due to inflamed (and hence rough) surfaces (bone cartilages, synovial membranes) that slide one against another. For crepitus to occur, there doesn't need to be any gas or bacteria present in the joint; in Lyme arthritis, bacteria may or may not be present in the synovial fluid (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/330178-101066/what-is-the-role-of-synovial-fluid-analysis-in-the-workup-of-lyme-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crepitus in the joints can also occur in noninfectious arthritides, such as osteoarthritis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/osteoarthritis-symptoms-and-diagnosis-beyond-the-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-04T11:24:46.387" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T11:24:46.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19617" CreationDate="2019-07-04T11:55:04.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;During shivering, the heat production in your body can be up to 3 times as high as in rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison, during maximal exercise, the heat production can be up to 15-20 times as high as in rest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, practically speaking, shivering alone can prevent you from hypothermia only in relatively mild cold; to produce more heat you would need to do some voluntary muscular work, for example, by brisk walking or running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By shivering, you burn calories from &quot;brown fat&quot; (more details on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00652.2010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiology.org&lt;/a&gt;). Body fat, which is mostly &quot;white fat,&quot; is a good insulator, so people with more fat may &lt;em&gt;retain&lt;/em&gt; more heat produced by shivering than the skinny ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another type of &quot;cold-induced heat production&quot; in your body is &quot;nonshivering thermogenesis,&quot; which varies from 0 to 14% of resting metabolic rate in studies that last one to several days and up to 30% in short-term (hours) studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00652.2010&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiology.org&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The main source of this answer:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23328940.2017.1328999&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shivering thermogenesis in humans: Origin, contribution and metabolic requirement (Tandofline, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-10T08:38:40.970" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T08:38:40.970" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19631" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-04T13:17:43.223" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ok, so this might not be the most medically sound question, since I am a mathematician by training, but please bear with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question originates from an observation I made from being confronted with many advocates for different types of diets (vegan, vegetarian, carnivore, paleo, gluten-free, sugar-free etc) and what baffles me is that no matter what the special type of diet is, there seem to be individuals that have very good success with less depression, less overweight, more vitality, less pills to take and so forth. These individuals are often presented by the respective advocates as good rolemodels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This really struck me, since it indicates that it might not be the actual diet itself, but maybe something else. The only thing I could make out to be present across all individuals is the fact that these individuals got their life together at least with respect to their food intake. So could the correlation between a consequent and dedicated change of diet and the overall improvement of the individual be caused by psychological phenomena that stem from the new approach / mindest these successful individuals all share?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research on that? How could one even figure out something like this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16459" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T14:05:26.423" Title="Does the special kind of diet really matter, when making a radical change?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5983" CreationDate="2019-07-04T18:31:26.730" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many people think vegetable oils are healthy. The word vegetable might have something to do with it. Or maybe it’s the American Heart Association — a group that’s endorsed soybean oil, corn oil, and the rest of the vegetable oils as “heart healthy” for nearly half a century[*].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whatever the reason, what’s certain is that vegetable oils have made their way into more and more foods (especially processed foods) over the last 50 years, while fats like butter and coconut oil have been phased out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegetable oils have no place on a healthy ketogenic diet. The trouble is that vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid and other inflammatory and easily oxidized omega-6 fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegetable oils are bad for your metabolism, inflammation levels, oxidative stress, weight regulation, and cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article will cover the science behind vegetable oils, the top seven vegetable oils to avoid, and what to use instead of vegetable oils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the last half-century, the American Heart Association has maintained that saturated fat is a driving cause of heart disease and that for the sake of your heart, you should replace saturated fats like butter and coconut oil with “heart healthy” vegetable oils rich in omega-6 fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, more and more research is coming out that suggests the exact opposite. In the last decade, several large, independent reviews of the research have found thatdietary saturated fat is not associated with heart disease[&lt;em&gt;][&lt;/em&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data actually suggests the opposite. Saturated fat intake is inversely correlated with stroke incidence, and may protect against alcohol-related liver disease[&lt;em&gt;][&lt;/em&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And foods high in saturated fat — eggs, palm oil, and coconut oil — are rich in beneficial nutrients like choline, carotenoids, and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you store (or eat) fat, you store it in triglyceride form. When it’s time to use that fat for energy — on a ketogenic diet, for instance — the triglyceride is broken down into fatty acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fatty acids are the building blocks of fat. There are a few different types, each with unique effects on your health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the four major types of fatty acids:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saturated fatty acid (SFA)Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)Trans Fatty Acid (trans fat)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You already learned about SFA. SFAs are satiating, resists oxidation, and is stable at high heats, which makes it great for cooking. Contrary to popular wisdom, SFA is healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next come MUFAs. High MUFA intake correlates with lower blood pressure, lower blood glucose, and lower cardiovascular risk[*].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You won’t find many folks bashing monounsaturated fats. They’re the main type of fat in olive oil and avocado oil, and are prevalent in the Mediterranean Diet, which is one of the best-studied diets for longevity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there are PUFAs. PUFAs can be divided into anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids like the ones you find in fish, and pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids like the ones you find in vegetable oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, artificial trans fats — or hydrogenatedPUFAs. Artificial trans fats are by far the worst type of fat around. Luckily, researchers have shown how bad they are, and at this point, trans fats are illegal in most parts of the world[*].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omega-6 PUFAs aren’t as bad as trans fats, but they aren’t great for you either. Let’s talk about why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16460" LastActivityDate="2019-07-04T18:31:26.730" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19633" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19651" CreationDate="2019-07-04T18:33:15.577" Score="4" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today my mother told that a person who has heart disease is sound with an expensive homeopathic treatment. And I stopped explaining her that it's a placebo. I hear this claim a lot. In fact it worked for me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HslUzw35mc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kurzgesagt&lt;/a&gt; talks about homeopathy, and says it doesn't work properly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hri-research.org/resources/homeopathy-faqs/the-best-studies-have-shown-homeopathy-is-just-placebo/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HRI says&lt;/a&gt; that homeopathy works for animals, who don't know what's placebo!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I once asked my homeopathy doctor that if it does do any harm. He said that yes, something that can cure a disease does do a lot of damage if overdosed. He also said that just the effect isn't as rapid as allopathy! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's reveal the truth. Is homeopathy really worth it?. What's homeopathy? Why placebo works for so many people? Does homeopathy really work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16264" LastEditorUserId="16264" LastEditDate="2019-07-04T19:03:06.050" LastActivityDate="2019-07-08T01:00:47.480" Title="Are homeopathy treated patients really experiencing &quot;Placebo&quot;?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19635" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19639" CreationDate="2019-07-04T19:33:17.203" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many websites and videos, some of which from real doctors suggesting, that acid reflux can be caused by having too weak stomach acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about the mechanism, but that is the general, often repeated claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this arise several suggestions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid deluting your stomach acid by drinking water with your meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Supplement acid in the form of vinegar before you eat, in order to help your digestion and prevent acid reflux.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the very same doctors will also claim that acid reflux can be a part of erosive gastritis. The erosion is caused by acid, so the following advices arise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid acidy food like, tomatoes and oranges&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Keep your food bland or even supplement with alkaline foods in order to weaken your acid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;take ppi medications, which will directly weaken your stomach acid&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aren't those two lines of reasoning in direct contradiction to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T15:37:20.033" Title="Why is it suggested to avoid acid, but drink vinegar for acid reflux / GERD?" Tags="&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;gastritis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19637" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-05T04:49:43.657" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we know how to cause embryonic stem cells to differentiate into different tissue types, and we know how embryonic development turns those tissues into organs, why can’t we yet grow entire human organs from stem cells?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I’m asking here is specifically what gap in our knowledge currently accounts for this technology not yet being in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-07-05T10:13:57.383" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T10:13:57.383" Title="What’s keeping us from growing organs from stem cells?" Tags="&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19637" CreationDate="2019-07-05T10:07:43.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whilst the Science Museum of London points out that &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/7-human-organs-we-can-grow-in-the-lab/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;we seem to be close&lt;/a&gt; to developing complete human organs, there appears to be a few more years before we are able to grow the first complete usable organ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcell.keck.usc.edu/new-organs-not-yet-but-stem-cell-research-is-getting-closer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lytal (2018)&lt;/a&gt; points out that so far, scientists haven’t been able to create complete adult human kidneys because they’re too complex, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://mcmahonlab.usc.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andy McMahon’s lab&lt;/a&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcell.keck.usc.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USC Stem Cell&lt;/a&gt; (part of the Keck School of Medicine of USC) is coaxing stem cells to organize themselves into simplified, mini versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lytal has quoted McMahon saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regenerative medicine is still a relatively young field, and it’s still early days. When it comes to that final phase of translating stem cell discoveries into clinical therapies for patients, it won’t be individual universities working in isolation. It will be multi-institutional collaborations with our neighbors that will transform medicine over the course of the 21st century.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lytal also points out that while organ (re)generation research is underway, researchers in &lt;a href=&quot;http://livingsystemsengineering.usc.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Megan McCain’s lab&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://viterbischool.usc.edu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USC Viterbi School of Engineering&lt;/a&gt; are building human heart tissue and researchers in &lt;a href=&quot;http://sucovlab.usc.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Henry Sucov's Lab&lt;/a&gt;, at USC Stem Cell, are trying to harness the heart’s innate ability to heal. They’re studying a regenerative type of heart muscle cell called a mononuclear diploid cardiomyocyte (MNDCM) — see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736145/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patterson et al. (2018)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Newborns have large numbers of these cells, but adults have relatively few, so the adult body has trouble regenerating heart tissue after injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they looked for these cells in mice, they found that some mice had more of these cells than other mice did. They traced that variation to a gene called &lt;em&gt;Tnni3k&lt;/em&gt;. Their research suggests that blocking the gene might boost numbers of regenerative cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The work in Megan McCain's lab...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;poses problems that call for the mindset of an engineer. It turns out that heart muscle cells don’t fully mature in the typical laboratory environment for growing cells—a petri dish filled with warm, nutritious liquid. To develop properly, heart muscle cells need to get some exercise by contracting in the rhythm of a beating heart. To do this, they need structure and resistance, which the lab’s researchers provide in the form of a tiny scaffold called a chip. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcell.keck.usc.edu/new-organs-not-yet-but-stem-cell-research-is-getting-closer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lytal, 2018&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while we have been able to create certain tissues using stem cells, creating a complete and transplantable human organ is a lot more complex and requires further research, which is well underway with the work in labs of the University of Southern California.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lytal, C. (2018). &lt;em&gt;Growing hope: New organs? Not yet, but stem cell research is getting closer&lt;/em&gt; Retrieved from : &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcell.keck.usc.edu/new-organs-not-yet-but-stem-cell-research-is-getting-closer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://stemcell.keck.usc.edu/new-organs-not-yet-but-stem-cell-research-is-getting-closer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patterson, M., Barske, L., Van Handel, B., Rau, C. D., Gan, P., Sharma, A., ... &amp;amp; Shen, H. (2017). Frequency of mononuclear diploid cardiomyocytes underlies natural variation in heart regeneration. &lt;em&gt;Nature genetics, 49&lt;/em&gt;(9), 1346–1353 doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3929&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1038/ng.3929&lt;/a&gt; Pubmed Central: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736145/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC5736145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T10:07:43.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19635" CreationDate="2019-07-05T15:37:20.033" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This advice for drinking vinegar for acid reflux/GERD is not something I've been able to find any credible backing for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The OP's source for the claim being draxe.com suggests they are talking about &lt;a href=&quot;https://draxe.com/acid-reflux-symptoms/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; which, as the OP has correctly determined, is full of contradictory and confusing advice. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along what appears to be a pretty poor grasp of how digestion, biology and chemistry works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This perhaps unsurprising given that &quot;Dr&quot; Josh Axe is not really a doctor in the medical sense at all, but rather a nutritional supplement and essential-oil salesman and chiropractor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it's the first characteristic here that's important - &quot;Dr&quot; Axe's page isn't giving medical advice it's selling supplements, and this is why the apparent contradictions come about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First the page more-or-less accurately points out that acid-reflux is caused by stomach acid making it's way into the esophagus and that the basic first-line approach to treating acid-reflux symptoms is to use either over-the-counter antacids (to neutralize existing excess acid), and in more chronic cases H2 blockers and/or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) to reduce the acid production. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The claim is then that these don't provide lasting relief since any attempt to reduce the stomach acidity can only be temporary since the body will naturally produce more to restore normal pH levels in the stomach, while this is true in the case of antacids H2 blockers and PPI drugs don't work by neutralizing acid but by inhibiting it's production in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the further claim that they only treat the symptoms not the causes is actually not &lt;em&gt;enough&lt;/em&gt; stomach acid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hypochlorhydria, the clinical term for low stomach acid, is an under-researched and dangerous condition. Every time you take antacids, H2 blockers or PPIs, you are contributing more to this problem (which may be one reason you develop heartburn in the first place). Prolonged hypochlorhydria leads to chronic atrophic gastritis and is associated with side effects including vitamin B-12 deficiency, autoimmune conditions, asthma, diabetes, chronic fatigue and many other disorders. (24)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you read that right - the supposed reason why people experience acid-reflux is because they don't have &lt;em&gt;enough&lt;/em&gt; acid. As I said earlier I can't find a single solid scientific source to back this up - whereas there are &lt;a href=&quot;http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/19067071&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;studies&lt;/a&gt; to that the conventional view is accurate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achlorhydria&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypochlorhydria/achlorhydria&lt;/a&gt; is a real thing, where gastric hydrochloric acid levels drop below the levels required to properly digest and absorb food and it's possible to experience some indigestion-like symptoms but I can't find any solid evidence to back up the notion that this &lt;em&gt;causes&lt;/em&gt; acid-reflux/GERD. And it feels fairly counter intuitive to boot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over (either through long-term use or excessive dosage) or inappropriate use of antacids or PPI drugs &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; potentially result in hypochlorhydria but the treatment for that scenario is to discontinue PPI treatment. This isn't the only cause of it but it's perhaps the most common and easily treated since the body will resume normal gastric acid production once the treatment that suppresses it has been stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I'm supremely unconvinced by the hypothesis that the majority cause of acid-reflux/GERD is a lack of stomach acid. But let's stick with it for a moment because this is the basis for the &quot;drinking vinegar claim&quot;, specifically: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although no official studies have been conducted on the impact of apple cider vinegar on acid reflex and GERD, anecdotal evidence seems to support that it can be an incredible natural remedy for acid reflux.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and leads to the following recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raw apple cider vinegar is also a must-have for anyone trying to boost stomach acid levels. Because vinegar is naturally acidic, it will natuarally lower the pH in your stomach. Additionally, AVC helps control candida overgrowth, a known cause of low stomach acid. I recommend taking 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in one glass of water 3x daily to help cure low stomach acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The notion that you would &quot;treat&quot; that by drinking diluted vinegar as some kind of substitute or supplement for gastric acid (which is about ph 0.8 when secreted and is diluted to between pH 1 - 3 in the stomach) is at best moderately absurd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even the most acidic vinegars are essentially an already diluted form of acetic acid (a mild acid with a pH of ~ 2.4) and apple cider vinegar is ~ pH 5. (It's important to remember when comparing pH values that the [pH scale] is logarithmic, so stomach acid with a pH of 1.5 is actually &lt;strong&gt;ten times&lt;/strong&gt; more acidic than vinegar with a pH of 2.5.&#xA;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those pH numbers are only going to be rising (i.e. getting less acidic) when you dilute them as the &quot;Dr&quot; Axe site suggests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the gastric phase of &lt;a href=&quot;https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/phases-of-digestion/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;digestion&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. when you're putting food into your stomach) the distension of the stomach and presence of the amino acids from the food triggers the secretion of large amounts of gastric acid lowering the pH in the stomach to just above 2 so unless you are already completely achlorhydric it's actually going to &lt;em&gt;decrease&lt;/em&gt; the acidity in the stomach (although not as much as say tap water at pH ~6.5-8.5) and if you're completely achlorhydric some acid-reflux symptoms are going to be the least of your worries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if anyone's ever reporting any benefit from drinking apple cider vinegar with regards to their acid-reflux/GERD symptoms it's not because it made their stomach more acidic!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T15:37:20.033" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-05T17:35:18.023" Score="2" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;I take Methycobalamin (Vitamin B12) supplements.&#xA;I noticed the tablet packaging reads &quot;Each Sugar coated tablet contains Mecobalamin JP 500 mcg&quot;&#xA;What does JP mean here?&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12008" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T17:55:33.537" Title="What does JP mean after a medicine/compund name?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19640" CreationDate="2019-07-05T17:55:33.537" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It stands for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/rs-sb-std/standards-development/jp/0019.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Japanese Pharmacopoeia&lt;/a&gt;. In other places you may see USP for the US and EP for Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It indicates that the substance is prepared according to the standards of that pharmacopoeia, sort of a quality control level that a drug contains the actual chemical substance it claims to contain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't necessarily mean the drug or supplement &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; what a manufacturer claims, and the pharmacopoeia itself hasn't done any independent verification that the drug is what the manufacturer claims. You can consider &quot;JP&quot; to be shorthand for &quot;we are claiming that the contents of this product are tested according to the standards of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia&quot; and there could be potential legal consequences if it turns out the product does not meet those standards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-07-05T17:55:33.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19646" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19652" CreationDate="2019-07-06T09:17:35.543" Score="2" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know when it is encouraged to itch something, if ever. I kind of have a hard time understanding how the body could evolve to enjoy scratching itchy areas if it was bad for us, so it must be good for us some times, right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6945" LastActivityDate="2019-07-08T13:53:17.127" Title="Is it ever beneficial to scratch something that itches?" Tags="&lt;itching&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19647" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-06T11:06:23.433" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Our brain produces new CSF fluid every hour, so old CSF discharge from our body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is where is CSF discharge point? or how our brain discharges Old CSF from the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a complete guideline of how we eat, and how its discharge. How new blood cell create and how dead cells discharged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But i didn't ready anywhere, How our brain discharge CSF, where is its main point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16471" LastActivityDate="2019-07-06T16:07:24.463" Title="How our brain discharge old CSF?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;&lt;csf-cerebrospinal-fluid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-07-07T17:03:39.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19647" CreationDate="2019-07-06T16:07:24.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;After CSF flows through ventricular space into the subarachnoidal space it is absorbed into venous stream through &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoid_granulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arachnoid granulations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My first one-line answer =)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-07-06T16:07:24.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19633" CreationDate="2019-07-08T01:00:47.480" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Homeopathy isn't a scientific thing, and sometimes it is very easily refuted&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/31977-homeopathy.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/31977-homeopathy.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;homepathic &quot;remedies&quot; are compounds that are so diluted that there is a chance that the active molecule will appear only if the solution is as big as the solar system. There is no research that discovered how it works, so it is believed that it is a big fake and the only effect that it haves is the placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16477" LastActivityDate="2019-07-08T01:00:47.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19646" CreationDate="2019-07-08T09:05:43.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Itch is an unpleasant feeling and scratching often results in a temporary itch relief even if it does not promote healing. Isn't itch relief by scratching already beneficial? Or, say, painkillers: they usually do not treat anything, but they can relieve pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The feeling of itch and pain are conveyed by similar nerve fibers and they kinda compete with each other: pain induced by scratching can abolish itching sensation. This may also work the other way around: opioids that block pain sensations can induce itch. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature Reviews Nuroscience&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;logic&quot; behind the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_reflex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scratch reflex&lt;/a&gt; is to encourage you to remove the irritant. You can remove an insect and some dirt or fungi this way. On the other hand, if you scratch eczema, you may only make the itch worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;em&gt;body&lt;/em&gt; may not be the most intelligent when it encourage you to scratch, but you can &lt;em&gt;learn&lt;/em&gt; what to scratch and what not. If our bodies did not evolve well enough, our minds can evolve more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-08T13:53:17.127" LastActivityDate="2019-07-08T13:53:17.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19653" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19659" CreationDate="2019-07-08T17:31:58.627" Score="3" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/cooling-resistant-starch#section3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that if we prepare dried beans this way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;soak overnight.&#xA;boil.&#xA;put them in the refrigerator.&#xA;eat them cold.&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They would be digested in the intestines rather than in the stomach, acting as  resistant starch.&#xA;If is this indeed the case, in which way would this alter the nutritional profile of beans in terms of calories and nutrient absorption?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some additional scholarly articles related to this issue can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com.mx/scholar?q=cold%20beans%20resistant%20starch&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0&amp;amp;as_vis=1&amp;amp;oi=scholart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15011" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-07-09T00:16:46.363" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T11:24:30.657" Title="does eating beans cold modifies their nutritional profile?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-09T04:12:06.540" Score="4" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2005 randomized control trial {1} concluded that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This randomized, controlled comparative clinical trial demonstrated that rinsing twice daily with the experimental alcohol-free 0.07% CPC rinse provides antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy similar to that of the positive control EO rinse, a recognized antiplaque and antigingivitis mouthrinse that contains alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the authors have a conflict of interest since they work for Procter &amp;amp; Gamble, which owns Crest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2018 randomized control trial {2} came to the same conclusion but also  has some competing interest (authors working for Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson Consumer Inc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have independent studies confirmed that alcohol-free mouthrinses have the same efficacy in terms of antiplaque and antigingivitis effect as mouthrinses that contain alcohol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Witt JJ, Walters PA, Bsoul SA, Gibb RO, Dunavent JO, Putt M. Comparative clinical trial of two antigingivitis mouthrinses. Am J Dent. 2005;18. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16178131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16178131&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Lynch, Michael C., Sheila Cavalca Cortelli, James A. McGuire, Jane Zhang, Danette Ricci-Nittel, Carolyn J. Mordas, Davi Romeiro Aquino, and Jose Roberto Cortelli. &quot;The effects of essential oil mouthrinses with or without alcohol on plaque and gingivitis: a randomized controlled clinical study.&quot; BMC oral health 18, no. 1 (2018): 6. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5763666/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5763666/&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-017-0454-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-017-0454-6&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-07-09T08:32:39.977" LastActivityDate="2019-07-09T08:32:39.977" Title="Do alcohol-free mouthrinses have the same efficacy in terms of antiplaque and antigingivitis effect as mouthrinses that contain alcohol?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-09T06:10:46.867" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any atlas which have Human's fresh pathological gross specimen with their segmental cut-sections of different tissues? Why fresh! the reason is after embalming any tissues, organs changes into different color, consistency etc so it  becomes hard to compare with the gross normal organs. So that it would be more realistic study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16486" LastActivityDate="2019-07-09T06:10:46.867" Title="Atlas of pathology / morbid anatomy. Is there any?" Tags="&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19659" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19653" CreationDate="2019-07-09T09:44:09.160" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Heating and cooling starchy foods (potatoes, pasta, barley, rice, beans...) can convert a &lt;em&gt;small amount&lt;/em&gt; of starch into resistant starch, which cannot be digested in the small intestine but can be fermented by normal intestinal microbes in the large intestine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 4 types of resistant starch, the one produced during food cooking and cooling is type 3 (RS3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutritional characteristics of RS3:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RS3 is &lt;strong&gt;not digested into glucose,&lt;/strong&gt; so it does not raise blood glucose levels after meals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2015/11/16/ask-the-expert-legumes-and-resistant-starch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;RS3 is fermented into &lt;strong&gt;short-chain fatty acids&lt;/strong&gt; and some other nutrients, which are absorbed in the large intestine, have some nutritional value and may have some beneficial effects on the intestinal lining and the growth of intestinal flora (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00076.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Institute of Food Technologists&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fermentation of RS3 results in a lower calorie value of absorbable nutrients &lt;strong&gt;(~2 Cal/g)&lt;/strong&gt; than digestion of starch (~4 Cal/g) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/1602938/tables/3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EJCN&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fermentation of RS3 also yields &lt;strong&gt;gas&lt;/strong&gt; that may cause some bloating and flatulence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cooling the food after cooking converts only 1-2% of starch into RS3 ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2015/11/16/ask-the-expert-legumes-and-resistant-starch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf048652k#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACS.org&lt;/a&gt;). This means that the effects of resistant starch (lowering calorie value and glycemic index of the food) will be only small.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is insufficient evidence to say that high consumption of resistant starch is effective in weight loss, lowering glucose or cholesterol levels, improving intestinal flora or prevention of diabetes or colon cancer (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3823506/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Advances In Nutrition&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/82/3/559/4862973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-10T11:24:30.657" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T11:24:30.657" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-10T09:17:55.700" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;The normal serum creatinine range is [0.80-1.60] mg/dl. If a person's creatinine level is slightly less than 0.80 mg/dl, what does it indicate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13994" LastActivityDate="2019-07-10T09:17:55.700" Title="What does a low serum creatinine indicate?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;creatinine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-10T11:48:26.840" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Accidental exposure to high concentrations of inert gas results in annual deaths from asphyxiation due to accidental exposure. And, &quot;Hazards with inert gases and the risks of asphyxiation are well established. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says that one danger is that a person does not sense the lack of oxygen. Yet &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2919185/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; showed rats to be &quot;aversive&quot; to argon exposure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are some inert gases considered safer than others? Maybe some are more noticeable, giving more warning. I'm sure industry would at least have some figures like ratios between deaths and accidental exposure? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of carbon dioxide, argon, and nitrogen for inducing unconsciousness or euthanasia of rats.&lt;/a&gt; shows decreased heart rate for CO2 compared to the others, which surprisingly contradicts what I find about the hypocapnic alarm response being triggered &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;mostly by carbon dioxide levels rising&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="764" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-07-14T15:06:58.867" LastActivityDate="2019-07-14T15:06:58.867" Title="Studies on safety of different inert gases?" Tags="&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-10T15:47:59.310" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a new antibiotic in an iv formulation exists and has been approved&#xA;When you want to test the oral formulation and phase 3 comes you should test it against what? A placebo or the iv formulation of the same drug? And what comparison would be more useful in that case? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16495" LastEditorUserId="16495" LastEditDate="2019-07-12T19:10:03.060" LastActivityDate="2019-07-12T19:10:03.060" Title="A question about clinical trials for different formulations" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19668" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19669" CreationDate="2019-07-11T18:18:17.030" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the following in Simon Blackburn's &lt;em&gt;Think&lt;/em&gt; (1999), page 121:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The organic material of my body (except my brain) changes roughly every seven years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems strange that the brain is excluded. I wonder if that is true. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure where to look to find information that would verify or deny this claim. I checked &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;neuroplasticity&lt;/a&gt;&quot; in Wikipedia, but that seems to be more about reorganizing the organic material in the brain, not changing the organic material of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blackburn, S. (1999). Think: A compelling introduction to philosophy. Oxford University Press.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15399" LastActivityDate="2019-07-11T20:28:14.417" Title="How often does the organic material of the brain change?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19668" CreationDate="2019-07-11T20:07:29.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This claim probably derives from back-of-the-envelope calculations for &lt;em&gt;cellular&lt;/em&gt; turnover rather than &quot;organic material,&quot; and is quite inaccurate since some cells turn over very quickly and others last a very long time, making an average a poor summary statistic. I think this explanation for the root of the claim also makes sense given the exclusion of the brain, but likely should be narrowed further to neurons, since the brain is made up of many non-neuronal cells as well. Blackburn doesn't cite anything in making the claim, so to me from a scientific standpoint it is useless; as a philosophical argument it's as useful as the readers deem to trust it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neurons in the brain do not turn over; the extent of adult neurogenesis is a bit controversial in humans, but even the strongest evidence makes clear that adult neurogenesis is limited (&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/24020/are-brain-cells-replaced-over-time&quot;&gt;this Q&amp;amp;A at Biology.SE is relevant&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, proteins, DNA/RNA, glucose, etc, all turn over at some rate. Like individual cells, the rate of turnover for an individual molecule is incredibly variable. Whole DNA molecules do not turn over. Bases might be replaced due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DNA repair&lt;/a&gt; following damage, but most of the molecule remains intact for a lifetime. Proteins themselves have variable life span: some are degraded in hours, others last much longer. The brain certainly is not immune to these processes, but the basic structure is preserved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spalding, et al 2005 show that carbon-14 levels in the DNA of neurons in the human brain match atmospheric carbon levels from near their birth (this study is possible due to nuclear weapons testing); effectively, they show that the vast majority of brain DNA carbon does not turn over in the lifetime. By contrast, the 60-70% of the total brain carbon can be considered food-derived after just 58 days in rodents (Buchanan, 1961). Likely this is because much of the brain carbon is not in very long lasting molecules like DNA but rather in short lasting ones that are metabolized and excreted (for example as CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, it's not really a statement that can be analyzed scientifically without being made more specific.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buchanan, D. L. (1961). Total carbon turnover measured by feeding a uniformly labeled diet. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 94(3), 500-511.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spalding, K. L., Bhardwaj, R. D., Buchholz, B. A., Druid, H., &amp;amp; Frisén, J. (2005). Retrospective birth dating of cells in humans. Cell, 122(1), 133-143.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-07-11T20:28:14.417" LastActivityDate="2019-07-11T20:28:14.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13127" CreationDate="2019-07-12T16:46:30.283" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My condolences for the difficulties you have -- and will continue -- to face on this subject.  The unfortunate part of your ordeal is that there is no clear guidance -- whether regulatory or industry -- that is clearly observed and standardized throughout the entire industry.  With FSMA rolled out, I expect things are better than before, but it still is fairly difficult to get a bearing on things until you fully develop your own personal &amp;quot;supply chain&amp;quot; of sorts.  Even for myself, it took 12+ years of working experience in Food Safety to accumulate my knowledge on the subject, but I will try my best to share what I know that can help you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Know Your Agencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;USDA: FSIS (US Domestic)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Inspection Arena: Most processed meat (bovine, swine, and poultry) products; seafood of the Siluriformes family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FDA (US Domestic)&#xA;Inspection Arena: Egg/Dairies (excluding those that are introduced into a product containing meat as a sub-component); non-meat / seafood products; drugs, additives, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: trying to figure out who handles what is a challenge worthy of writing a book on its own.  The above is a generalization, but it never hurts to reach out to both and subscribe to their resources.  When it comes to general labeling policies, GRAS ingredient studies, etc., FDA typically is the go-to agency, whereas USDA FSIS is more focused on processing plant inspection policies, HACCP / GMP's (now + HARPC/cGMP's), etc.  It's important to note that a large majority of market withdrawals and recalls occur due to &lt;strong&gt;mislabeling of allergens&lt;/strong&gt;!  That's why you'll want to stay subscribed to recall alerts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start Making Friends&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every food manufacturer, processor, or co-packer that follows &lt;strong&gt;industry &amp;amp; retailer standards&lt;/strong&gt; have what's called a QA/QC team (Quality Assurance / Quality Control).  These  guys are the ones responsible -- like yours truly -- for making sure a vast multitude of varying programs are properly maintained, updated, audited, and enforced.  Unfortunately, they are very rarely company stakeholders and the &lt;strong&gt;culture&lt;/strong&gt; of the administrative / management environment can cause a lot of friction, stress, and constant cognitive dissonance.  These guys have a thankless job; if they've done things right, you'll likely never know they existed, whereas if someone's calling for them, it's hardly ever good news.  So make sure to always speak courteously to them, since you'll be asking them for favors!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly will you be asking?  Here's a list of questions I'd recommend the following (but not limited to):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Start off by informing them you are an end consumer, and you have a dietary sensitivity (soy protein allergy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask them if they are &lt;strong&gt;GFSI-certified&lt;/strong&gt;?  If not, are they &lt;strong&gt;3rd party audited&lt;/strong&gt; at all?  If not, do they have &lt;strong&gt;HACCP/HARPC/FSMA&lt;/strong&gt; implemented?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ask them if they have an allergen management SOP in place?  &lt;strong&gt;Supply chain control&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;program&lt;/strong&gt; (otherwise known as &lt;strong&gt;Supplier Approval Program&lt;/strong&gt;).  Do they conduct validation activities for it, e.g., SSOP allergen verification swabbing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For the product you're looking into specifically, when was the last time the label was verified for accuracy?  Are there any potential sources of soy derivatives that could have been missed (e.g., processing release agents, food-grade lubricants containing soy lecithin, soybean oil inappropriately exempted under reasoning of being highly refined, etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are they willing to provide a Product Specification Sheet and Allergen Chart (3-column format)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do they export to Canada / EU?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, here's an explanation of why each question is significant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This alerts them right away that you're not calling them to waste their time or submit a standard complaint.  They'll be more likely to provide their assistance, whether it be out of good will or fear of litigation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Despite their limited resources and best efforts, regulatory agencies don't set the bar when it comes to the measure of efficacy in processing plant practices and standards.  They do establish the legislative criteria, perform random inspections (and/or daily for USDA-inspected plants), and make examples of cases that get picked up by the media.  For day-to-day (or year-to-year) standards, it's actually retailer driven by means of 3rd party auditing; the GFSI standard is a global food safety benchmark, which defines and accredits auditing schemes and bodies; these schemes (SQF, BRC, ISO/FSSC 22000, GlobalGAP, etc) hold a much more stringent standard and perform an annual audit for registered facilities to recertify them.  Holding certification in relation to that would address most of your concerns, as they would need to have most of what is asked for in this list in order to pass.  If they don't, but still have HACCP &amp;amp; GMP audits done annually, this is basically meeting the bare minimum for a facility to survive in today's industry, and likely they aren't selling to major domestic retailers.  If they don't even have those in place, you don't need to bother continuing with the list of questions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;See above.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Be careful!  There is a tendency for older labels to go unupdated for a long time without notice.  There are also cases where the manufacturer does not use a &amp;quot;contains: &amp;quot; statement.  If they aren't doing their due diligence or some other factor weighs into the process, these can easily get missed or outdated.  Processing aids like release agents (chemicals used to help product not stick to conveyor belts), or other potential sources for cross contamination (food grade lubricants are used by maintenance on equipment), or insufficient management of supply chain (soybean oil is only allergen-free when highly refined; if today their regular soybean oil manufacturer was short, they need to verify their backup supplier's source is also exempt, etc).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Product specs should provide a more technical and detailed overview of the product, whereas allergen chart provides a list of allergens they handle, how they are stored in relation to other allergens, and if they are run on the same line.  Some are more and some are less detailed; this depends on the plant, but here's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://1drv.ms/x/s!Au6FcD8kvdA9kHypBVp-D3EdmeYx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt; of one I've created for use at work.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Our northern neighbors (Canada's CFIA &amp;amp; Health Canada) have more stringent allergen management and labeling requirements than us, as do the EU (hence, my sheet above shows so many different allergens and sensitizing agents).  If the company exports any products to either of them, then by default they &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; have address additional allergens and have more strict practices in place / better awareness in labeling practices.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Leave Nothing To Chance&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are swab test-kits available for purchase online that can indicate whether a food contact surface (maybe food directly, ask vendor for how to do so) has protein residue or not.  These are either 24-hour swabs or instant adenosine triphosphate tests (the latter may not be for allergen proteins, but you can ask if they have instant swabs for allergen proteins).  Take everything anyone tells you with a grain of salt -- especially if they aren't the QA Manager or QC technicians themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also other positions / titles, e.g., SQF Practitioner or SQFP, PCQI, etc.  If they have one of these guys on their team, chances are they're doing things right!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If It's Not Documented, It Never Happened&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep a written record of everything, ask a copy for everything, and hold them to the same expectation!  They should have a 3-5 year record retention policy in place, so not being able to find something is never an excuse (unless they're a real amateur or mom-and-pop's operation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's all I can think of at the moment off the top of my head!  I hope it helps you at least a little, and don't hesitate to reach out to me with any additional questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Oops!  Forgot to address your other questions related to this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What should I be aware of on the labels outside of direct warnings? I'm worried that a product may contain soy without warning of it, like: Manufactured on equipment that processes peanut, other tree nuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you see &amp;quot;May Contain&amp;quot; statements or statements like the one you referenced above, it's basically the manufacturer's way of saying &amp;quot;we can't guarantee it's not there, but you can't sue us either way since we're admitting it in print&amp;quot;.  While it is a bit frustrating, what you need to realize is that considering the practices of some plants out there, these guys are actually doing a decent thing by observing proper labeling procedures.  However, you'll want to note the processor's names and stay away from them since they don't manage the allergen of concern (but, they aren't required to indicate the exact facility that produces the product, and a company or brand holder may contract multiple facilities to pack any one product; this is where getting friendly with the QA's will help you out).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a product that possibly contains soy required to make this clear?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope!  But it's not necessarily a bad thing.  For example, highly refined soybean oil results in the product being rendered safe in terms of allergenic or sensitivity reactions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/78205/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;).  There are other examples, like this specific soy lecithin when used as a release agent with less than 2% residual in finished product (reference &lt;a href=&quot;http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20180126104010/https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm341846.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20180126104013/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/UCM344412.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;B&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/105398/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;C&lt;/a&gt;).  However, the expectation is that if it can cause an allergic reaction, you should be able to clearly see &amp;quot;soy&amp;quot; somewhere on the ingredient declaration (whether in-line, or more likely nowadays in a &amp;quot;contains&amp;quot; statement).  If they can't preclude its presence, then a &amp;quot;may contain&amp;quot; statement should be used, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT 2:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;As @KateGregory has pointed out and brought to my attention, I shouldn't have arbitrarily written this from a US domestic perspective (shame on me!).  Luckily, most of what I wrote above still applies, as I was speaking from the perspective of a facility that is audited to the GFSI benchmarking standard (international).  For regulatory guidance and standards though, please refer to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/requirements-and-guidance/labelling/eng/1299879892810/1299879939872&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CFIA / Health Canada&lt;/a&gt; for Canadian standards&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usda-eu.org/trade-with-the-eu/eu-import-rules/eu-labeling-requirements/allergen-labeling/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/labelling_legislation_qanda_application_reg1169-2011_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for EU guidance, though I'm fairly certain there is another more official guidance code somewhere I can't seem to locate at the moment.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For another 3rd party auditing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/pdf/uk-12024-BRC-FDF-Allergen-Labelling.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guidance&lt;/a&gt;, BRC is an excellent GFSI standard that originates from the EU as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I've missed any other English-speaking localities, please feel free to point that out to me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16504" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T08:27:30.357" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-13T01:28:41.840" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do I estimate the risk level of inhaling a certain level of formaldehyde in the air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked up the EPA's assessment, and they list &lt;a href=&quot;https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0419_summary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this summary report&lt;/a&gt; in their IRIS database.  (By risk, do they mean the risk of developing cancer, after a lifetime of exposure at that level?  Risk of death?  How would I tell?)  In Section II.C, it lists &quot;Inhalation Unit Risk — 1.3E-5 per (ug/cu.m)&quot; as the estimated cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OSHA limits workers' exposure to an average of 0.75 ppm.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to calculate the risk level that corresponds to, based on the model in the EPA report.  If I understand correctly, I first have to convert 0.75 ppm to ug/cu.m.  Wikipedia lists &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutant_concentrations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a formula for this conversion&lt;/a&gt;.  It appears the molecular mass of formaldehyde is about 30 g/mol, so at an ambient temperature of 72° F (22° C), 0.75 ppm apparently corresponds to 0.75 * 30 / (0.082 * 295) = 0.93 mg/m³, or equivalently, 930 ug/m³.  With the risk model listed above, this appears to correspond to a risk of 0.012.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if I understand everything correctly, it appears this model predicts a 1% risk of developing cancer over your lifetime, if exposed to formaldehyde at the OSHA's safe level continuously.  Did I do this calculation correctly?  Is that the correct interpretation?  This seems like a non-trivial risk level to accept, so I wonder if I'm interpreting everything correctly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5137" LastActivityDate="2019-07-13T01:28:41.840" Title="Risk level of formaldehyde inhalation" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19677" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-13T17:26:53.740" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that it does not, but I should explain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a very commonly prescribed solution for &quot;skinny fat&quot; people to maintain their weight and begin adding muscle. The idea is that one will have put on, say, 15 lbs. of muscle by maintaining a high nitrogen balance, but keep the same amount of fat. This would bring the overall bodyfat percentage down. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one has never lifted before, one would see major results in the arms and chest, muscles which can grow very large and thus sort of poke out through the fat, causing a much slimmer appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's say that one carries a majority of their fat on their stomach. The abdominals are not muscles which protrude outward (very few people have genetics that would cause something like this), meaning that they would never get so massive that they would penetrate through a major layer of fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if one says that body recomposition can be the solution to so-called &quot;skinny fat&quot; (which for men almost always means stomach fat), do they mean to say that the fat in the stomach will go elsewhere due to a lower bodyfat percentage, or are they suggesting something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that we are NOT losing fat. If we began at 10 lbs., we are ending at 10 lbs. The overall amount of fat is static, we are only adding muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13164" LastActivityDate="2019-07-15T10:38:03.447" Title="Does body recomposition cause the body to distribute fat differently?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-15T09:52:08.680" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the correlation between the convex acromion type and rotator cuff tears?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acromion&amp;amp;oldid=752100258&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acromion&amp;amp;oldid=752100258&lt;/a&gt; only indicates the correlation for the flat, curved and hooked acromion types:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XD8lL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XD8lL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the acromion type may also be convex:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V1Utn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V1Utn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-15T09:52:08.680" Title="What is the correlation between the convex acromion type and rotator cuff tears?" Tags="&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;rotator-cuff&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19677" CreationDate="2019-07-15T10:22:35.937" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For skinny fat people, losing &quot;all&quot; abdominal fat could require too much weight loss; this is the logic behind the suggestion to start building muscles even if you still have some abdominal fat. You can later &lt;em&gt;burn&lt;/em&gt; additional abdominal fat as part of muscle building, which requires energy, which can come from the abdominal fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you build abdominal muscles and lose no body fat, your muscle/fat ration increases, but the abdominal fat does not &lt;em&gt;move&lt;/em&gt; anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Body fat distribution is mainly genetically determined (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24632736&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetologia, 2014&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0334-2#article-info&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature Genetics, 2019&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you lose body fat, the fat does not necessary disappear from the trained part of the body, according to this study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regional fat changes induced by localized muscle endurance resistance training (Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the training program was effective in reducing fat&#xA;  mass, but this reduction was not achieved in the trained body segment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, according to another study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subcutaneous fat alterations resulting from an upper-body resistance training program (Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 2007)&lt;/a&gt;, the spot reduction of body fat is possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subcutaneous fat changes resulting from resistance training varied by&#xA;  gender and assessment technique. Skinfold findings indicate that spot&#xA;  reduction occurred in men but not in women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-15T10:38:03.447" LastActivityDate="2019-07-15T10:38:03.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-15T16:46:19.237" Score="4" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2019/juni/ingen-risk-for-hiv-via-samlag-om-behandlingen-ar-valinstalld/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2019/juni/ingen-risk-for-hiv-via-samlag-om-behandlingen-ar-valinstalld/&lt;/a&gt; (In Swedish but I assume there are similar recommendations from health care authorities all over the Western world. This report is probably based on some EU-co-operation.), people that are HIV positive but on a correctly adjusted treatment are not contagious when having unprotected sex. The reason for this is that the viral load is very low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can that be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the viral load is not zero because then they wouldn't be HIV positive and isn't it enough with just one virus particle being transmitted to infect someone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I (think I) understand the basic statistics behind this. Hypothetically, if someone that is HIV positive but not under treatment transfer 1000 virus particles during sex and that leads to a risk of 5 % to be infected, reducing the virus load with 98 % so that only 20 virus particles are transferred during sex the risk should be reduced a corresponding amount, that is the risk is 1 ‰. Still 1 ‰ is not 0. And in the case with 1 ‰, after 100 intercourses the risk is ≈ 10 % while it after 1000 intercourses is ≈ 73 %. None of these numbers are negligable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14549" LastEditorUserId="14549" LastEditDate="2019-07-15T17:49:12.077" LastActivityDate="2019-07-15T18:35:05.410" Title="How can someone that is HIV positive not be contagious?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19684" CreationDate="2019-07-15T18:10:48.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your back-of-the-envelope calculations seem to be off in estimating the extent of viral load reduction in a treated versus untreated person as well as the risk of transmission for unprotected, untreated sex (5% is much higher than any other number I have seen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Obviously the viral load is not zero because then they wouldn't be HIV positive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is not accurate. Current antiretroviral therapies are able to reduce serum HIV concentrations to be below detectable limits. That doesn't make them HIV-negative, because they still have HIV infections in their cells and their serum would test positive if they stopped antiretroviral use (i.e., they are not cured).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1238 couple-years, zero transmissions occurred with condomless sex (estimated 58,000 sexual interactions without a condom including both heterosexual couples and homosexual males) when the HIV-positive partner was on antiretroviral therapy &lt;em&gt;to the extent that they did not have detectable serum concentrations of virus&lt;/em&gt; (Rodger et al, 2016). This is a sufficient observation period to make the upper limit of a 95% confidence interval =0.30/100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct that this does not mean the risk is zero, but it is very low; several people involved in that study &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; become HIV-positive during the study but for all of them this was through sex with additional partners not part of the antiretroviral treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study and others like it should not necessarily be interpreted as meaning that safer sex practices are unnecessary when HIV is suppressed to undetectable levels, but they speak to the efficacy of those drugs for prevention. One limitation the authors note is that because anal sex with ejaculation is associated with higher transmission rates than other types of sex, and since their study was not limited to that particular act:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;despite an observed transmission rate of zero for this risk behavior, a clinically important rate of less than 2.2 per 100 couple-years of follow-up cannot be excluded. This translates into an upper limit estimate of 20% risk over 10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note this is still an upper limit estimate...further study may bring that upper limit downward; &lt;em&gt;edit: there is a further follow up from this study published June 2019, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673619304180&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rodger et al&lt;/a&gt;, focusing on condomless anal sex between men; they continued to not find any cases of partner to partner transmission with antiretroviral treatment allowing them to decrease the upper CI to 0.23 per 100 couple years&lt;/em&gt; for the sex act known to be of highest risk for transmission without treatment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Serodiscordant couples will need to interpret for themselves how to respond to these risks, and from a broader standpoint other issues like the consistent use of prescribed drugs are also relevant. Cohen et al, 2016 used an intention-to-treat design to study a similar question, and found several partner transmissions (fewer when treatment was started earlier), but none of these where in cases where the positive partner had undetectable serum levels, which was likely because the person chose not to take the drug for whatever reason (and still the infection rates between partners were very low than without antiretroviral treatment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A meta analysis by LeMessurier et al, 2018 found &quot;no transmissions with antiretroviral therapy and a viral load of less than 200 copies/mL.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2533066&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rodger, A. J., Cambiano, V., Bruun, T., Vernazza, P., Collins, S., Van Lunzen, J., ... &amp;amp; Asboe, D. (2016). Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Jama, 316(2), 171-181.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1600693&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ... &amp;amp; Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(9), 830-839.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cmaj.ca/content/190/46/E1350.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;LeMessurier, J., Traversy, G., Varsaneux, O., Weekes, M., Avey, M. T., Niragira, O., ... &amp;amp; Rodin, R. (2018). Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review. CMAJ, 190(46), E1350-E1360.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-07-15T18:35:05.410" LastActivityDate="2019-07-15T18:35:05.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19631" CreationDate="2019-07-16T15:06:45.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There is no convincing evidence to say that any specific diet is more beneficial than others for &lt;em&gt;all people.&lt;/em&gt; On the other hand, there is enough evidence to say that a certain diet change can be beneficial for a &lt;em&gt;particular person.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 1: Sugar-free diet and weight loss&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to two study reviews (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579615/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2001.113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiley, 2012&lt;/a&gt;), no &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; diet is better for weight loss than other diets, but every &lt;em&gt;hypocaloric&lt;/em&gt; diet is good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you, for example, consume a lot of sugar, you can gain excessive weight, not because of sugar, but because of excessive calorie intake (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e7492&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2013&lt;/a&gt;). Calories also come from fats, proteins and alcohol, but if you are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6234835/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;addicted to sugar&lt;/a&gt;, the main reason for your weight gain is probably sugar. In this case, it is quite likely you will lose weight much easier by a sugar-free diet than by other diets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 2: Gluten-free diet and placebo effect&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gluten-free diet is obviously beneficial for people with celiac disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Celiac Disease Foundation&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another condition called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6182669/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-celiac gluten sensitivity&lt;/a&gt;; the affected people report improvement of symptoms after starting gluten-free diet (&lt;a href=&quot;https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/non-celiac-wheat-gluten-sensitivity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Celiac Disease Foundation&lt;/a&gt;). There is no test to prove non-celiac gluten sensitivity, so it is not clear if it even exists; it could be a psychosomatic disorder similar to irritable bowel syndrome, and a gluten-free diet could just act as a placebo. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, a specific diet does not have an inherent ability to be beneficial for everyone, but it can be good for someone, because foods can have different effects on different people. Saying that, often, a perceived benefit of a special diet is just an illusion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T14:05:26.423" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T14:05:26.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19693" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19696" CreationDate="2019-07-17T05:27:21.370" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendinosis&amp;amp;oldid=778129911#Tendon_bioengineering&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendinosis&amp;amp;oldid=778129911#Tendon_bioengineering&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The future of non-surgical care for tendinosis is likely bioengineering. Ligament reconstruction is possible using mesenchymal stem cells and a silk scaffold.[37] These same stem cells were capable of seeding repair of damaged animal tendons.[38] Autologous tenocyte implantation is currently being tested for tendinosis. There is a large randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial being conducted in the Netherlands to test the safety and efficacy of tenocyte therapy. Results from the trial are expected by April 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which study are they talking about in the last sentence, and what was the outcome of the study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T16:03:29.240" Title="What is this study on the efficacy of tenocyte therapy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19694" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19695" CreationDate="2019-07-17T11:58:04.027" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;So this is just a random thought I had, while writing a story, but&#xA;I assume this is likely impossible currently, and likely in the far future aswell, but let's assume a scenario where the body that the sperm came from, was XX, instead of XY. Let's just assume through science, there were no other issues related to a different chromosome. (Maybe the organ was printed)&#xA;From what I understand, the sperm determines whether the resulting fetus is XX or XY, based on whether it carries X or Y from its creation in the original body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a sperm producing body that has no Y, only XX (So no XXY or XYY), then essentially be incapable of producing XY children, with a XX ovum producing body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would there be other potential issues for the mother or the fetus/child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine with organ printing not being a impossible feat(at this level, and not yet anyway), this could be a hypothetical scenario for a FtM transgender in the future aswell, but mostly I was just curious on the conception of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR: A XX sperm (whether possible or not), and a XX ovum, would only be able to create a XX fetus, and never a XY, yes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16524" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T13:47:22.407" Title="What effect would a sperm containing XX have on a ovum and fetus?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19694" CreationDate="2019-07-17T13:47:22.407" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, neglecting anything but the pure genetics' basics, yes, the XX mother will in any case transfer her X chromosome, just like the assumed &quot;XX father&quot;, so the only possible genotype for the child is XX.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T13:47:22.407" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19693" CreationDate="2019-07-17T15:02:01.570" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no way to be sure from such scant information, but it would quite possibly be this one: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01343836?cond=tenocyte&amp;amp;rank=1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autologous Tenocyte Implantation in Patients With Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy (ATI)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-07-17T16:03:29.240" LastActivityDate="2019-07-17T16:03:29.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-18T02:17:33.610" Score="2" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make a long story as short as possible for context, I was rushed to the ER while in cardiac arrest back in 2014. Heart stopped beating momentarily and lost oxygen to the part of my brain. None of the doctors were able to completely figure out the cause of what triggered the event, but I was ultimately diagnosed with two main illnesses which I want to focus on as they are the most significant to me in the calculation I want to get to, if that's possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was primarily diagnosed with Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. When I was discharged from the ICU, the ER doctor who treated me told me that when I was admitted, my mortality rate was over 80% (thank you so much to the amazing staff at my hospital, forever grateful!!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know he factored in the cardiac arrest and other issues I had when initially admitted, but I would like to know my likely/average/rough estimate/&lt;em&gt;I'm-not-sure-what-correct-term&lt;/em&gt; (if there is one) mortality rate was, factoring in &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; the sepsis and ARDs. I read on Wikipedia (not the best source, I know...) that the mortality rate for sepsis ranges from 30%-80%, and ARDs is anywhere from 35%-50%. Is there a way to calculate some form of mortality rate from these two ranges? Or would it not make sense? I was 18 at the time, smoked ~half a pack of cigarettes a day, tad bit underweight (I believe I was around 120ish at 5'9&quot;, curse you ADHD medication!), but otherwise was a healthy male for being 18yo and stupid, if that makes any difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you so much for your help, insight and expertise offered to a 23yo who is curious about what treatment, or combination of treatments, helped save my life 5 years ago!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. For those wondering why I want to know some sort of figure for this, I'm writing a post asking those who are healthy and able to donate plasma to consider doing so, as I received a substantial amount of PRP treatments, as well as a multiple bags of donated plasma while in ICU. I knew I received this treatment, but I just read this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5455304/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research article&lt;/a&gt; by the American Thoracic Society, which was published on June 24, 2014 - &lt;strong&gt;less than 3 months&lt;/strong&gt; before I got sick and was treated with this therapy. I wonder if my Pulmonologist who treated me in the ICU came across this article during his research, as he stayed up many nights during my stay reading case studies, and his first treatment he requested permission from my parents was therapeutic hypothermia, which I know is considered controversial/ineffective by certain medical professionals, so considering the fact he was trying everything he could to save me, I'm not sure if this PRP treatment for sepsis resulting in ARDs was also considered new (admittedly haven't read the entire paper!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16528" LastEditorUserId="16528" LastEditDate="2019-07-18T02:36:03.583" LastActivityDate="2019-07-19T12:04:34.930" Title="How to calculate my &quot;approximate&quot; mortality rate while in ICU?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;plasma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-18T02:32:02.563" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Preoperative ultrasound examination of the shoulder permits a reliable diagnosis of complete rotator cuff tears and calcium deposits (calcific tendinitis). &lt;strong&gt;The method is less sensitive but sufficiently reliable for the diagnosis of partial rotator cuff tears and pathology of the long biceps tendon. Examiner experience plays an important role in these special cases.&lt;/strong&gt; Permanent continuous training in the field of ultrasound diagnosis is a prerequisite for sufficient reliability of ultrasound diagnosis of shoulder disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any scientific study/survey that tried to quantify the importance of the  experience of the radiologist to diagnose a tendinopathy when reading an MRI?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kayser, R., S. Hampf, M. Pankow, E. Seeber, and C. E. Heyde. &quot;Validity of ultrasound examinations of disorders of the shoulder joint.&quot; Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany: 1980) 26, no. 4 (2005): 291-298. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123923&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123923&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170521212710/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123923&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-19T02:52:05.610" Title="How important is the experience of the radiologist to diagnose a tendinopathy when reading an MRI?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19701" CreationDate="2019-07-18T06:13:08.920" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have a look at this publication of Sein et al., '&lt;strong&gt;Reliability of MRI assessment of supraspinatus tendinopathy&lt;/strong&gt;.' (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2465433/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMID 17289860&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8qRLG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8qRLG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sein ML et al. &lt;em&gt;Reliability of MRI assessment of supraspinatus tendinopathy.&lt;/em&gt; Br J Sports Med. 2007 Aug;41(8):e9. Epub 2007 Feb 8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2006.034421&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.2006.034421&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16530" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-07-19T02:52:05.610" LastActivityDate="2019-07-19T02:52:05.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19706" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-18T23:10:58.650" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have experienced two separate episodes of HPV as warts in my body; the fist one was on my foot sole, the second in my genital area. I had the one in my foot for months until it got inflamed due to too much standing and I had it removed in ten days with vinegar. I did the same treatment with the genital one, same outcome. I do not know how effective is acid on the virus. Certainly acid deteriorates the whole epithelial environment facilitating wart detachment. It would be interesting to extend this discussion also to the effects of acid on the virus. But this in not what I want to know. My questions are: is the virus limited to the area where it overtly manifest itself (warts) or once you get infected the virus spreads everywhere in your body? Was I free from the virus once I removed the wart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HPV infection is limited to the basal cells of stratified epithelium, the only tissue in which they replicate.[95] The virus cannot bind to live tissue; instead, it infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions or other epithelial trauma that exposes segments of the basement membrane.[95]  (From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems the virus in limited to the skin.&#xA;It is rarely heard of HPV manifesting in different areas other than hands, feet and genitalia. Any particular reason? Does the immune system keep it limited to those areas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My next question would have been: is there a cure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is currently no specific treatment for HPV infection.[162][163][164] However, the viral infection, more often than not, clears to undetectable levels by itself.[165] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the body's immune system clears HPV naturally within two years for 90% of cases (see Clearance subsection in Virology for more detail).[162] However, experts do not agree on whether the virus is completely eliminated or reduced to undetectable levels, and it is difficult to know when it is contagious.[166] (From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess we have the answer... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quick excerpt about effects of disinfectants. No acids are mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The virus is unusually hardy, and is immune to most common disinfectants. It is the first virus ever shown to be resistant to inactivation by glutaraldehyde, which is among the most common strong disinfectants used in hospitals.[156] Diluted sodium hypochlorite bleach is effective,[156] (From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection#Hands&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What tests are used to detect HPV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6661" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-07-18T23:51:15.737" LastActivityDate="2019-07-18T23:51:15.737" Title="Some clarity about HPV" Tags="&lt;hpv&gt;&lt;warts&gt;&lt;genital-warts&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19700" CreationDate="2019-07-19T12:04:34.930" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;An individual person does not have a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mortality rate&lt;/a&gt;: it means the fraction of people out of a group who die over a specific time period. It may seem like your particular chance of dying is that same number, but it's not: the people who die with condition X may be sicker, have a worse case of it, have something else, be older, and so on. Although 80% of people with X may die, it doesn't mean you will die if you have X or that you have an 80% chance of dying with X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think you want to combine the mortality rates from your two conditions in some sort of mathematical formula to establish your own chance of dying in the past, in order to inspire people to donate to something you want to support. Two things: first, such a formula doesn't really exist, and second, such a number isn't really needed to inspire donations. Telling them how sick you were, how long you were in the ICU, and how great you are now are more likely to be inspirational.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, no formula and no random collection of Internet people unfamiliar with your case could produce a better number than your own doctor did back at the time. If that doctor told you there was an over 80% chance of you dying shortly after admission, you can just tell people that number. If you're unsure of its accuracy and want us to confirm it's ok to state &quot;I had an over 80% chance of dying&quot;, there's no need. Potential donors will be &lt;strong&gt;more&lt;/strong&gt; impressed by &quot;the very doctor who treated me told me I had an over 80% chance of dying&quot; than the undecorated fact. Just stop saying &quot;my mortality rate&quot; because, as I mentioned, mortality rate is not the same as risk of dying, and your personal mortality rate is still 0 what with you not having died yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2019-07-19T12:04:34.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19719" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19723" CreationDate="2019-07-21T02:27:14.663" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;In anticipation of going to a region with known prevalence of flesh eating bacteria, can an individual take antibiotics prior to going to prevent it from being contracted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/health/tennessee-man-flesh-eating-bacteria-trnd/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/health/tennessee-man-flesh-eating-bacteria-trnd/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2408" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-07-21T13:15:41.720" LastActivityDate="2019-07-21T13:20:02.870" Title="Is it possible to immunize against bacteria?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;swimming&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-21T06:27:14.607" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;The IUS is similar to the intrauterine device (IUD), but instead of releasing copper like the IUD, it releases the hormone progestogen into the womb (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/ius-intrauterine-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It thickens the cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to move through the cervix, and thins the lining of the womb so an egg is less likely to be able to implant itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some women, it can also prevent the release of an egg each month (ovulation), but most women continue to ovulate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at possible side effects of progestogen, WebMD states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The progesterone prescription products that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are &lt;strong&gt;LIKELY SAFE&lt;/strong&gt; for most people when used by mouth, applied to the skin, applied into vagina, or injected into the muscle with the advice and care of a healthcare professional. However, progesterone can cause many side effects including stomach upset, changes in appetite, weight gain, fluid retention and swelling (edema), fatigue, acne, drowsiness or insomnia, allergic skin rashes, hives, fever, headache, depression, breast discomfort or enlargement, premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-like symptoms, altered menstrual cycles, irregular bleeding, and other side effects (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-760/progesterone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But despite many websites indicating they are the same, Progestogen is not Progesterone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952548/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gillson, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a concern that some progestogens cause adverse metabolic effects, including alterations in lipoprotein fractions and carbohydrate intolerance. The choice of progestogen, the dose, and the number of days of administration appear to be important (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012369443-0/50067-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stanczyk, 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about bone metabolism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other risks involved in long term use of IUSs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gillson, G. (2007). Clarifying hormone terminology. &lt;em&gt;Canadian Family Physician, 53&lt;/em&gt;(1), 29-30. PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952548/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC1952548&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS (2018). &lt;em&gt;Intrauterine system (IUS) - Your contraception guide&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/ius-intrauterine-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/ius-intrauterine-system/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stanczyk, F. Z. (2007). Structure–function relationships, pharmacokinetics, and potency of orally and parenterally administered Progestogens. In &lt;em&gt;Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman&lt;/em&gt; (pp. 779-798). Academic Press. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012369443-0/50067-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/B978-012369443-0/50067-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD (2018). &lt;em&gt;Progesterone&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-760/progesterone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-760/progesterone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-21T16:46:10.273" Title="Are there risks to long term use of IUSs?" Tags="&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="694" CreationDate="2019-07-21T09:15:22.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study did not investigate the causes of, or possible treatments of, grey hair. However, the research focused on vitiligo, specifically looking at segmental vitiligo (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/no-evidence-of-cure-to-prevent-hair-going-grey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS went further by saying that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Though the blame for the poor reporting of the study can be put at the door of the press office of the FASEB, which issued a press release almost entirely focused on the grey hair angle. This is a textbook example of public relations officers ‘sexing up’ a dry but worthy piece of research in order to gain maximum media coverage. And – credit where credit is due – they did an excellent job of that. Unfortunately, in doing so they obscured the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whether peer-reviewed journals should be engaging in these types of disingenuous practises, which arguably damage the public understanding of science, is a matter of debate. However, FASEB are not alone in this, as recent research found that academics, journals and news reporters all share the blame for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medical-practice/half-of-medical-reporting-is-subject-to-spin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;spin found in around half of all medical reporting&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/no-evidence-of-cure-to-prevent-hair-going-grey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the NHS was reporting on was that there were a number of newspaper articles in 2013 talking about a 2013 study by one of the researchers in the 2009 study (Karin U. Schallreuter) - &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-226779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schallreuter et al. (2013)&lt;/a&gt;. Strangely enough, looking at the 2009 study, they also tested the theory on vitiligo patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By analogy, we turned to vitiligo, a depigmentation disorder, as this model could hold lessons for a better understanding of the graying process (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/447f/913d88c1786ed71cb45530a7e1a5c4fb96ae.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wood et al. 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In explaining the problem, the NHS points out that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitiligo can be divided into two forms: segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo. Nonsegmental vitiligo is the more common, in which the white patches that appear are symmetrical (the same places on both sides of the body, for example both hands could be affected). In nonsegmental vitiligo, two chemicals – hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite – accumulate in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nonsegmental vitiligo can be treated with a pseudocatalase, which is activated by narrow-band UVB light. This reduces the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, allowing the lost skin colour to return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the less common segmental form of vitiligo, the affected skin lies in a dermatome, which is a particular area of skin supplied by a single nerve, so it usually affects only one side of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Segmental and non-segmental vitiligo can also co-exist, giving rise to ‘mixed’ vitiligo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study aimed to see whether the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite which occurs in nonsegmental vitiligo also occurs in segmental vitiligo, and if so, if the light activated pseudocatalase could also be of use in segmental vitiligo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line is that, as far as I have seen, it has not been proven whether the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide is the cause of grey hair or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS (2013). &lt;em&gt;No evidence of cure to prevent hair going grey&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/no-evidence-of-cure-to-prevent-hair-going-grey/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/no-evidence-of-cure-to-prevent-hair-going-grey/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schallreuter, K. U., Salem, M. A., Holtz, S., &amp;amp; Panske, A. (2013). Basic evidence for epidermal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/ONOO&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;-mediated oxidation/nitration in segmental vitiligo is supported by repigmentation of skin and eyelashes after reduction of epidermal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with topical NB-UVB-activated pseudocatalase PC-KUS. &lt;em&gt;The FASEB Journal, 27&lt;/em&gt;(8), 3113-3122. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-226779&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1096/fj.12-226779&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wood, J. M., Decker, H., Hartmann, H., Chavan, B., Rokos, H., Spencer, J. D., ... &amp;amp; Schallreuter, K. U. (2009). Senile hair graying: H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. &lt;em&gt;The FASEB Journal, 23&lt;/em&gt;(7), 2065-2075. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-125435&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1096/fj.08-125435&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-07-22T12:33:29.467" LastActivityDate="2019-07-22T12:33:29.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19719" CreationDate="2019-07-21T13:11:14.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It is not generally recommended, but any individual person should speak to their doctor for individualized advice prior to traveling to areas with potential for concerning exposures.  There are many health factors that determine how risky a disease exposure is for an individual, and what he/she should do about it.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term you're looking for is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/antibiotic-prophylaxis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibiotic prophylaxis&lt;/a&gt;, and there are very few situations where this is done, such as some surgical procedures, or dental procedures for specific individuals, traveling to an area with endemic malaria (which is a parasite not bacteria), or for severely immunocompromised individuals like &lt;a href=&quot;https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/drugs/401/sulfamethoxazole---trimethoprim/0/patient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PCP prophylaxis with bactrim in AIDS when CD4 count is extremely low&lt;/a&gt;.  But it is not recommended for most situations - especially when an individual has a normal immune defense. &lt;em&gt;Again, for individual advice, speak with a doctor.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your linked &quot;flesh-eating bacteria&quot; article explains clearly that the individual was immunosuppressed due to cancer.  That is a common reason for bad outcomes from a bacteria that usually would be fought off by a healthy immune system, or at least kept out by intact skin (wound-free).  The other woman sustained an injury that broke her skin in the water that had the bacteria.  The article states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;people &quot;who are immunocompromised, e.g. chronic liver disease, kidney&#xA;  disease, or weakened immune system, should wear proper foot protection&#xA;  to prevent cuts and injury caused by rocks and shells on the beach.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-07-21T13:20:02.870" LastActivityDate="2019-07-21T13:20:02.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19727" CreationDate="2019-07-21T14:29:18.843" Score="-1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the ending of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFLvJirYjsg&amp;amp;t=2m30s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Menace II Society protagonist gets shot.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the comments were rather interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;man Caine's death is as accurate to reality without movies adding the&#xA;  movie death to it as possible. The struggle to breathe as your&#xA;  conscious is processing this is it, with sequence flashbacks of your&#xA;  life as you fade. Organs shutting down due to sever injury and the&#xA;  final moments trying to cling to life as his eyes role back and&#xA;  extremities lock(arms)as the nerve endings are firing so much the&#xA;  muscle just like f'it lock up...bruh for a fictional character this&#xA;  one and training day with Alonzo's death you'll never forget&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How realistic is this death? Is it really like the description in the comment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastActivityDate="2019-07-21T22:31:58.773" Title="How accurate is the death of Caine in Menace II Society?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19727" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19724" CreationDate="2019-07-21T22:31:58.773" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;With 5 or 6 through-and-through gunshot wounds to the chest, the death I would expect to see would be utter silence. Almost instant unconsciousness and cardiac arrest would be the most likely outcome from such massive damage. What people often don't realize about gunshot wounds is that as a bullet travels through flesh, it creates a wound channel much wider than the bullet itself due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jems.com/articles/print/volume-37/issue-4/patient-care/penetrating-trauma-wounds-challenge-ems.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cavitation&lt;/a&gt; (scroll down). And if the bullet is a hollow point, it also flattens out and becomes much wider, making an even larger wound channel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Cavitation&lt;/strong&gt;: When a high-energy projectile travels through the relatively liquid human body, it forms a cavity along the track of the&#xA;  bullet. In actuality, there is both a permanent and a temporary cavity&#xA;  formed. As a bullet moves through the tissues the energy of the bullet&#xA;  causes a temporary radial stretching, forming a cavity that soon&#xA;  closes as the energy is dissipated. However, within the central&#xA;  portion of the projectile path there will be enough tissue damage to&#xA;  cause a permanent cavity. For low-velocity weapons, such as knives,&#xA;  there’s little difference between the permanent and temporary cavity.&#xA;  As the energy of the projectile increases, however, the size of the&#xA;  temporary cavity increases accordingly. In essence, a considerable&#xA;  amount of damage is done by the formation of the temporary cavity.&#xA;  This is why high-velocity/high-energy weapons can cause so much more&#xA;  damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Shock wave&lt;/strong&gt;: This is a rapid change in pressure, temperature or density secondary to the projectile. In high-energy, high-velocity&#xA;  weapons, shock waves can sometimes approach 200 atmospheres of&#xA;  pressure. The shock wave generated by the bullet usually lasts only a&#xA;  few microseconds. However, the result can be extremely damaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several factors related to the bullet affect the subsequent injury.&#xA;  One of these is the bullet’s profile. The profile is the size and&#xA;  shape of the bullet as it contacts the human body. The larger the&#xA;  profile, the greater will be the rate of subsequent energy exchange.&#xA;  Most bullets will rotate or tumble somewhat on their axis during&#xA;  travel. Yaw often takes the bullet slightly off of its course. This&#xA;  can occur during travel through the air or as the bullet strikes the&#xA;  body. Short, high-velocity bullets tend to yaw and rotate more&#xA;  severely when they strike human tissue. Rifles contain grooves within&#xA;  the barrel (rifling) that imparts a spin on the projectile that serves&#xA;  to minimize yaw and tumble. Thus, the greater the yaw or tumble of a&#xA;  projectile, the more rapid the subsequent delivery of kinetic energy&#xA;  and resultant damage.  The shape of the bullet also affects the&#xA;  subsequent energy delivery. Some bullets are designed to expand when&#xA;  they strike an object, causing more injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of the above is that the finger-sized entrance wounds you see would become much larger internally, so the odds of all those bullets not hitting something immediately lethal is vanishingly small. With that much damage, I would expect almost instant unconsciousness from massive blood loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's remotely possible all those bullets miraculously missed his heart, aorta, and assorted other major vessels, leading to a slower, more dramatic death. For purposes of making a movie, that's certainly a more dramatic ending and the one they chose for that reason. After all, bodies lying face down on the pavement are pretty boring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the comment you asked about, that's mostly rubbish. What you see in the video that could be realistic is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_respiration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;agonal respirations&lt;/a&gt;, but the comment didn't even mention that. The bit about organs shutting down, flashbacks, and nerve endings firing is a bunch of stuff from the commenter's imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's actually going to happen is he will be bleeding massively in the chest. The physical damage and blood loss will lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiac tamponade&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemopneumothorax&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hemopneumothorax&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shock&lt;/a&gt;, unconsciousness, perhaps some agonal respirations, perhaps a brief seizure, and cardiac arrest. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The commenter's opinion that it's a highly realistic portrayal of death is unfounded. It is dramatized.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-07-21T22:31:58.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19728" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5985" CreationDate="2019-07-22T10:26:50.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Human growth hormone (HGH) shots, meals and glucose and insulin spikes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HGH shots increase blood glucose and therefore insulin, both of which can be further increased by having meals shortly before or after the shots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that glucose spikes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12166607&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2002&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16519037&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Therapeutics, 2005&lt;/a&gt;) and insulin spikes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3884502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypertension, 1985&lt;/a&gt;) after meals may be a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Theoretically, this could mean that having meals close to HGH shots could increase the risk of atherosclerosis, but there seems to be no direct evidence from the studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To prevent high blood glucose spikes after meals one can try to avoid foods with quickly absorbable carbohydrates, such as sugar (sweets and sweetened beverages) and plain starch (white bread, pasta and rice, potatoes, cornflakes, instant oats) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be a good idea to get tested for Hb1ac - increased values are a sign of chronically elevated blood glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Human Growth Hormone and Diabetes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment with human growth hormone can increase insulin resistance, but can increase the risk for diabetes type 2 &lt;em&gt;mainly in individuals with other predisposing factors,&lt;/em&gt; such as obesity and family history of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study 1) Human growth hormone (HGH) replacement therapy at a low-dose (9.6 μg/kg body weight/day) can increase insulin resistance after 1 week and 6 months of therapy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/88/4/1455/2845123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JCEM, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study 2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962308&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of 3 months of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy on insulin and glucose-mediated glucose disposal and insulin secretion in GH-deficient adults (JCEM, 1994)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that short term low dose rhGH treatment of GH-deficient&#xA;  adults induces a temporary state of mild glucose intolerance,&#xA;  hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and raised NEFA levels at 1&#xA;  week. By 3 months, these metabolic disturbances had returned to&#xA;  baseline for a persisting modest hyperinsulinemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study 3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/35/1/57&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus and Evolution of Glucose Parameters in Growth Hormone–Deficient Subjects During Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy (Diabetes Care, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diabetes incidence appears to be increased in GH-deficient patients&#xA;  receiving GHRT [growth hormone replacement therapy] &lt;em&gt;and exhibiting an adverse risk profile at baseline.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study 4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Incidence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents receiving growth-hormone treatment (Lancet, 2000)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We postulate that the higher than expected incidence of type 2&#xA;  diabetes mellitus with GH treatment may be an acceleration of the&#xA;  disorder &lt;em&gt;in predisposed individuals.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Even if meals near HGH shots increase blood glucose and insulin levels, there is no direct evidence from studies that they actually increase the incidence of diabetes or atherosclerosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-23T07:34:50.697" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T07:34:50.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-22T16:19:48.237" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the statistics on the density of our bodies? I.e. Mass/volume with full lungs.  Does it follow a normal distribution like height and what is the mean and standard deviation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, how rare is it to be denser than water? I didn't realize it was possible to be denser than water until I met someone who literally sinks all the way to the bottom on a full breath of air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11394" LastEditorUserId="11394" LastEditDate="2019-07-24T23:38:07.863" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T09:16:37.747" Title="Human body density statistics" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-22T18:33:34.777" Score="2" ViewCount="251" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm in the process of preparing a short lecture on hypoglycemia. In the process, I discovered that blood glucose levels can be expressed in the measurement of millimoles per liter or milligrams per deciliter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find one question here on Medical Sciences S.E. that was related to this. However, it doesn't completely answer the question I'm about to ask. I have tried to research this using Google but didn't come across any resources that were helpful in answering the following...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any countries that exclusively use mmol/l or mg/dl? If there are, what countries are these? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if this is a similar situation to the US vs most other countries. The US still uses the English units of measure - inches, pounds, Fahrenheit - while most other countries use the metric system. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The related question here on S.E. did answer my question about why this system is used at times. But I wasn't able to find anything there about what other countries do or don't use it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2019-07-22T18:33:34.777" Title="Difference between mmol/l and mg/dl for blood glucose measurement" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19739" CreationDate="2019-07-23T01:26:29.170" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;In movies or television, the doctor gets giant heavy clothing iron sized leads. Clashes them together and uses them on the patient that has a flat lined heart and after doing it 1 times per second  the patient wakes up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just another dramatic effect? Do doctors/EMT really do this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11912" LastEditorUserId="64" LastEditDate="2019-07-23T13:39:54.310" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T21:15:03.670" Title="Are defibrillator leads actually clashed against each other?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;&lt;aed-defibrillator&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19735" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-23T07:53:47.833" Score="3" ViewCount="295" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have one case with pain in the upper part of left ear and on left side of the neck, also a sense of muscle pain in left side of his body, after being in the front of fan for one night; the pain position is shown below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8pW8v.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8pW8v.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i guess it could be &lt;strong&gt;occipital neuralgia&lt;/strong&gt;, but the pain is not sharp and there is an edema an redness on the upper side of his ear. The Ear canal also has some edema; the patient also suffers from some stress. He has got &lt;strong&gt;Naproxen 500&lt;/strong&gt; for every 12 hr for two days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to know what cusses this pain? Could it be from stress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14830" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T13:32:09.410" Title="Patient with pain in upper ear area" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-09-14T16:39:18.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19736" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19737" CreationDate="2019-07-23T07:25:47.360" Score="4" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading from the Australian Medical Council, Anthology of Medical Conditions (2003). Under the key objectives for presenting anaemia and pallor it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;By considering the clinical context, determine if anaemia is present, since all three laboratory indices of anaemia are concentration measurements.&quot; (p.91)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a clinician, so to me this wording seems vague. In the first half it seems that clinicians may determine the presence of anaemia based on signs and symptoms elicited in the initial consultation, but in the second half it seems that &lt;em&gt;clinical context&lt;/em&gt; includes the interpretation of bloodwork. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone clarify what is meant? Or instead tell me how one approaches anaemia? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Professional &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;guidelines&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; or medical references preferred above journal articles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14321" OwnerDisplayName="Roby Vicary" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:18:29.523" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:18:29.523" Title="How is anaemia commonly diagnosed?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19737" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19736" CreationDate="2019-07-23T08:55:24.377" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the context of your question, the &lt;em&gt;clinical context&lt;/em&gt; is limited to a &lt;em&gt;patient's history&lt;/em&gt; (symptoms and relevant circumstances) and signs discovered during a &lt;em&gt;physical examination,&lt;/em&gt; which can include manual tests and tests using a stethoscope and other simple instruments. &lt;em&gt;Clinical context&lt;/em&gt; here does not include laboratory tests and other tests that involve &quot;machines&quot; (ultrasound, CT, EKG, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may help if you imagine that the term &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical&lt;/a&gt; originates from the Greek &lt;em&gt;kline,&lt;/em&gt; which means &lt;em&gt;bed,&lt;/em&gt; so &lt;em&gt;clinical&lt;/em&gt; refers to what a doctor can do &quot;beside bed.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Outside of the context of your question, the term clinical can be used very broadly, for example, for everything what includes hospitals (clinics) and for pretty much all interactions between doctors and patients.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of diagnosing anemia includes the evaluation of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Circumstances,&lt;/strong&gt; for example, a vegan who does not eat a lot (and hence probably consumes only little iron), or a history of anemia in family members (genetic types of anemia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Symptoms,&lt;/strong&gt; such as tiredness&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Signs,&lt;/strong&gt; revealed during a physical examination, such as pallor and fast heart rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Blood tests:&lt;/strong&gt; low hemoglobin and ferritin, small erythrocite volume, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0115/p98.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iron Deficiency Anemia: Evaluation and Management (American Family Physician, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arup.utah.edu/media/anemia/Anemia%20Lecture%20for%20the%20MLT%20students.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic approach to Anemia (University of Utah School of Medicine, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-25T11:15:52.533" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T11:15:52.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19733" CreationDate="2019-07-23T13:39:22.897" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it used to be done, in reality anymore it isn't done as it is possible to damage the equipment by rubbing, and the possibility exists of an accidental discharge between paddles which can be dangerous for everyone around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In older times, conductive gel was applied directly to the paddles, and doctors/EMT's would rub the paddles together to distribute the gel evenly on the paddles. Now, there are conductive pads that are placed on the patients skin, and the paddles are used against those. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A2MiJ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A2MiJ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, when you see a flatline on the heart monitor, either the leads have become detached or the patient is in a condition called asystole. Asystole is an absence of any electrical activity in the heart, which means that the defibrillator (Note the name) will not work. When the heart is in a wild jagged line, it is &quot;fibrillating&quot;, and the paddles work to disrupt that fatal rhythm and restore a normal sinus rhythm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2019-07-23T21:06:59.567" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T21:06:59.567" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19740" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19741" CreationDate="2019-07-23T14:46:25.373" Score="1" ViewCount="237" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years back the FDA said that you shouldn't eat raw flour (for example in color dough). Is that also true in the EU which has (AFAIK) better food standards?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16566" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T16:16:09.757" Title="Is it safe to eat raw flour in Europe?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;e-coli&gt;&lt;european-union&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19740" CreationDate="2019-07-23T16:16:09.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA's guidance on raw flour comes after an &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; outbreak was traced to raw flour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other outbreaks have been noticed since, in the US and Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42236702&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK has the same guidance&lt;/a&gt; to not eat raw flour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find evidence of a similar outbreak in Europe, but flour in Germany tested positive for Shiga-producing &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; as well. Given that these outbreaks are fairly sporadic and that low-level contamination of raw flour with &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; seems common, there is not sufficient evidence to suggest that any food standards differences caused the outbreaks to occur in the US and Canada rather than Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crowe, S. J., Bottichio, L., Shade, L. N., Whitney, B. M., Corral, N., Melius, B., … Neil, K. P. (2017). Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Infections Associated with Flour. The New England journal of medicine, 377(21), 2036–2043. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1615910&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mäde, D., Geuthner, A. C., Imming, R., &amp;amp; Wicke, A. (2017). Detection and isolation of Shiga-Toxin producing Escherichia coli in flour in Germany between 2014 and 2017. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 12(3), 245-253.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Morton, V., Cheng, J. M., Sharma, D., &amp;amp; Kearney, A. (2017). An outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O121 infections associated with flour-Canada, 2016-2017†. Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada, 43(7-8), 154–155.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T16:16:09.757" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19733" CreationDate="2019-07-23T21:15:03.670" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is additional information for John's otherwise good answer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although they're rarely used, it's still common to see paddles on the defibrillators used in EMS at the paramedic level. See those packs on the side of the unit in the photo below? In addition to cables, ECG pads, and defibrillator pads, there are paddles in there along with a tube of conductive gel. I can't ever recall seeing a 12-lead on a paramedic unit that didn't have paddles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1z3Mw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1z3Mw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're there because EMS doesn't have the luxury of a supply room down the hall. They typically carry extras of all the disposable items, but it's always possible to run out of something because of back-to-back calls, multiple patients, etc. It would be very difficult to explain to your medical director that your patient arrived dead because you ran out of defib pads, and even harder to explain to the family. There can also be situations where pads just can't be used. For example, severe burns to the chest. Pads would tear skin off when they're removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's even a scene showing them being used in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/YhuMgL2wJ5U?t=65&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;product video&lt;/a&gt; (loud volume). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's not true is the clashing them together part. They're just rubbed against each other to smear the gel evenly on both paddles. There's no clashing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-07-23T21:15:03.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19744" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14392" CreationDate="2019-07-24T05:52:00.627" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;we can only take guesses but one can assume: chemicals, hours involved, and the number of surgeons I believe he said was 100+ one of which being &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaoping_Ren&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ren Xiaoping&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;other operations as such after the fact i'm uncertain if a caretaker will be provided, but that would inquire them to know nearly as much as Zen or Canavero would about the effects of the surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;perhaps he is also imploring all previous works such as the transplants done on the lab rats that didn't survive very long.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmG83iOEvH4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on the contrary it has also been mentioned that the reduced rate would be |&lt;a href=&quot;https://answersdrive.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-get-a-brain-transplant-3370&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13Mil$&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ibtimes.com.au/head-transplant-procedure-cost-13-million-1437989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13Mil$&lt;/a&gt;| instead of 100Mil$. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;postscript&lt;/em&gt; a lot of people say that the surgery will be a minimum of 13mil$ but don't give a reason as to why, this is because Ren Xiaoping and Sergio Canavero have given little to no information on how this surgery actually works, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and until someone on the surgery team actually gives us a better idea of what goes on during a head transplant which they have not we can only make estimations on why it costs so much and can't actually pull proper figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16567" LastEditorUserId="16567" LastEditDate="2019-07-24T22:48:11.450" LastActivityDate="2019-07-24T22:48:11.450" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-24T21:58:56.017" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am talking about breath hold induced hypoxic state. Basically at what point during such an exercise would you expect the risk of fainting to be significant or can it happen at any saturation level?&#xA;Can I assume, that at 50% the danger of fainting is very high, like 90% and at 70% saturation it is extremely low?&#xA;Is it possible to train to be able to withstand lower saturation levels and not faint? For example would an experienced breath holder be able to not faint at 40% saturation? &#xA;And finally, if you regularly do breath holding exercises, would you expect your red blood cell count to rise, similar to altitude exposure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2019-07-24T21:58:56.017" Title="What oxygen saturation level causes fainting?" Tags="&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-24T22:18:49.120" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Four years ago, in 2015, Vox published this piece:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2015/7/22/9012075/yoga-health-benefits-exercise-science&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I read more than 50 scientific studies about yoga. Here's what I learned.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm assuming (correct me if I'm wrong) that it's a reasonable survey for lay people like myself. One of the bottom lines is that a lot of claims regarding the positive effects of yoga have not been established (nor refuted), and specifically regarding different schools of yoga or activities within yoga practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been significant findings over the past several years (2015-2019), which change the picture painted in that piece?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm particularly interested in studies of committed practice of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga&lt;/a&gt; (which the Vox piece does not focus on.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A related question, but more general and diffuse, question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/1316/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-yoga&quot;&gt;What are the health benefits of Yoga?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T11:18:32.917" Title="How has the research of the effects/benefits of yoga progressed since 2015?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;yoga&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19748" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-24T23:50:14.253" Score="5" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's known that a hormone called TSH (thyroid stimulate hormone) does exist  and it's secreted in the pituitary gland. But my question is about a hormone which secreted from the pituitary gland too but it stimulates the &lt;strong&gt;para&lt;/strong&gt;thyroid glands. &#xA;I am asking it because I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7420044&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and I'm not sure how the science refers to it currently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T15:28:23.013" Title="Does a hormone PTSH exist?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19747" CreationDate="2019-07-25T09:07:13.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/what-is-yoga&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yoga Journal&lt;/a&gt;, I've found one description of yoga:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Classical yoga, however, is &lt;em&gt;a holistic practice&lt;/em&gt; comprising eight&#xA;  limbs—the physical postures being just one element of &lt;em&gt;finding peace&#xA;  in oneself.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same author is aware that yoga can mean different things to different people:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yoga in Western society often misrepresents the &lt;em&gt;physical practice,&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  known as yogasana, as yoga itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not appear to me that yoga is meant as a form of treatment. Some doctors may suggest yoga as a relaxation method or exercise, though. Here are some recent systematic reviews of studies about yoga:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29697885&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yoga and anxiety (Depression and Anxiety, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was inconclusive evidence for effects of yoga in anxiety&#xA;  disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29050510&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of yoga on chronic neck pain (Clinical Rehabilitation, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yoga has short-term effects on chronic neck pain, its related&#xA;  disability, quality of life, and mood suggesting that yoga might be a&#xA;  good treatment option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id50274.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mind-body interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the results for mindfulness, yoga, and relaxation are promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/nonpharma-treatment-pain/research-2018&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is low evidence that yoga is associated with slight improvements of chronic low back pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010346.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yoga for asthma (Cochrane, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found moderate‐quality evidence that yoga probably leads to small&#xA;  improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009506.pub4/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (Cochrane, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of yoga for secondary prevention in CHD remains&#xA;  uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001524.pub3/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yoga for epilepsy (Cochrane, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...no reliable conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of yoga&#xA;  as a treatment for uncontrolled epilepsy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010971.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (Cochrane, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was no evidence for the effectiveness of yoga therapy or written&#xA;  self‐disclosure therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/collections/doi/10.1002/14651858.SC000025/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More recent Cochrane systematic reviews about yoga&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; yoga may help in relaxation and stretching, so it can relieve tension and thus reduce musculoskeletal pain in some cases. The evidence from studies does not suggest that yoga would have a direct healing effect on a tissue level, though. Some people who practice yoga experience less pain but yoga does not appear to treat the underlying disorders that cause pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-25T09:47:44.377" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T09:47:44.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17259" CreationDate="2019-07-25T11:43:33.070" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When it comes to losing weight, your eating habits and food choices matter a lot to achieve your fitness goals. You have to quit junk and unhealthy food and add healthy and nutrient-rich foods to your diet. No matter how many crunches or push-ups you can do in a day, if you will not fill your diet with healthy foods and break your unhealthy eating habits, then you are not going to maintain a healthy weight, quoting &lt;a href=&quot;https://explorediet.co.uk/best-foods-for-weightloss/?utm_source=FWL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Explore Diet&lt;/a&gt;, a UK based blog here, that &quot;By eating healthy, it can help you lose weight but in a meaningful way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16569" LastActivityDate="2019-07-25T11:43:33.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19730" CreationDate="2019-07-25T11:58:13.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hydrodensitometry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin Resistance, Body Weight, Obesity, Body Composition, and the Menopausal Transition (ScienceDirect, 2000)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because &lt;strong&gt;bone and muscle have greater density than water,&lt;/strong&gt; a person&#xA;  with a larger percentage of fat-free mass will weigh more in the&#xA;  water. Conversely, &lt;strong&gt;a larger amount of fat mass will make the body&#xA;  lighter in the water.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The density of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water (in the swimming pool) = 1.0 kg/L (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-density-specific-weight-d_595.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adipose tissue (body fat) = 0.92 kg/l (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00410.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Muscle = 1.06 kg/L (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6260391/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bone (cortical) = 1.85 kg/L (&lt;a href=&quot;https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos.pl?refer=ap&amp;amp;matno=120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things that are less dense than water will float and those that are denser will sink. So, who may sink in water even without breathing out air from the lungs: the one with little body fat, a lot of muscles and strong (thick) bones. To know &quot;how many people&quot; would sink, you would literally need to measure their body density (by underwater weighing or hydrodensitometry - see the first link), because it does not seem realistic to calculate this. Height/weight ratio and body fat percentage alone also do not help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-29T09:16:37.747" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T09:16:37.747" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19758" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-26T05:44:34.837" Score="0" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;since it is so hard to get the required daily 3,700 mg of potassium, I have been considering adding cloves to my diet.&#xA;I found it easy to swallow powdered cloves in the morning, however I'd like to know if eating them raw would affect the absorption of nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15011" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T07:41:46.077" Title="Cloves and potassium intake" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-07-27T15:14:35.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9521" CreationDate="2019-07-26T08:37:01.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its called &lt;strong&gt;Articular release&lt;/strong&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Articular release is a physiologic event that may or may not be audible. It is seen in patients with healthy joints as well as those with somatic dysfunction. After an articular release, there is a difference in joint spacing-with the release increasing the distance between articular surfaces. Not all noise that emanates from a joint signifies an articular release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11338336_Joint_cracking_and_popping_Understanding_noises_that_accompany_articular_release&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16547" LastActivityDate="2019-07-26T08:37:01.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19758" CreationDate="2019-07-26T08:48:17.537" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;revised&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Adequate Intake&lt;/strong&gt; values for potassium are &lt;strong&gt;2.6 g/day for adult women&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;3.4 g/day for men&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/resource/25353/030519DRISodiumPotassium.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Academic Press, 2019&lt;/a&gt;). The old value was 4.7 g/day for all adults (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium-Sodium-Chloride-and-Sulfate.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Academies, 2014&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I always believed they were exaggerating before and they are probably still exaggerating now. Note, that they themselves do not say these amounts are &quot;required&quot; but &quot;adequate.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake explained (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH.gov - Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of &lt;em&gt;nearly all (97%-98%) healthy people.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adequate Intake (AI): established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For potassium, they set only Adequate Intake and not Recommended Dietary Allowance, so they openly say they are not sure about the actual needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance is a value that meets &lt;em&gt;the needs of nearly all people in a certain age and sex group,&lt;/em&gt; including the ones with the greatest needs, such as athletes and heavy physical workers who lose potassium with sweat (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/Dietary-Reference-Intakes/webinar-slides.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Academies&lt;/a&gt;). If you are not very physically active and you do not sweat a lot, you do not need so much potassium as RDA suggests. I don't know what is a minimal or optimal requirement for you, but it probably does not need to be 3.4 g/day, if you are not very physically active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;US Department of Agriculture has &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=306&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;subset=1&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a list of nutrients high in potassium&lt;/a&gt; and cloves do not rank high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A large potato with skin, baked (300 g) = 1.6 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Breadfruit, raw (220 g) = 1.1 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grapefruit juice (6 fl oz; 207 g) = 1 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cowpeas, boiled (165 g) = 0.7 g&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cloves, ground (2 tsp) = 0.042 g, which is ~1% of adequate intake (3.4 g).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For someone on a low-carb diet, good sources of potassium include most nuts and seeds, cabbage, spinach, tomatoes, etc. (see the USDA source above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cloves may slow down blood clotting and may enhance the effect of anticoagulants, such as aspirin, heparin, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/clove/supplements.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find any information about the effect of cloves on absorption of nutrients. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/clove.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; has a list of 41 nutrients/drugs, absorption of which could be potentially affected by cloves, but it is not. Few teaspoons of cloves would quite likely cause upset stomach or diarrhea, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, cloves are a spice and not food and exaggerating with spices may not be good for your stomach. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/02011?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=cloves&amp;amp;ds=&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cloves&lt;/a&gt; are a very poor source of potassium&lt;/strong&gt; and other nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea that regularly consuming small amounts of cloves, pepper, turmeric, ginger and other spices would add to general amount of minerals in the diet does not work in the same sense like few drops of water does not add much to your hydration when you need at least a liter or more water per day. You constantly lose minerals from your body, so you need to constantly replace them in the appropriate amounts; it's not that minerals gradually build up in your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/herb_All.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt; has a comprehensive database of herbs and supplements. If any herb inhibits the absorption of any nutrient, it would be likely mentioned there under &quot;interactions.&quot; It would be also mentioned if there is any difference between a raw or cooked herb. I haven't found anything significant about cloves in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-30T07:41:46.077" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T07:41:46.077" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19764" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18670" CreationDate="2019-07-26T08:51:59.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are aged between &lt;strong&gt;26 to 64 year age&lt;/strong&gt;, you need minimum &lt;strong&gt;7-9 hours of sleep&lt;/strong&gt; (other factors like your physical work, stress plays extra role).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are doing more physical hard work, you might need 8-9hrs of sleep, while with desk job, you are with 7hrs of sleep as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can check the National Sleep Foundation data as below for age wise sleeping hours required.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vrq6W.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vrq6W.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/sleep-needs-get-the-sleep-you-need.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16547" LastEditorUserId="16547" LastEditDate="2019-07-27T17:59:37.407" LastActivityDate="2019-07-27T17:59:37.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19768" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19771" CreationDate="2019-07-26T17:07:51.933" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying and failing to understand the topic of good and bad cholesterol and how it relates to diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is still common wisdom, that LDL is to blame for artery calcification and resulting coronary vascular diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However in recent times, there have been opposing views to this concept, some of which lay the blame on carbs and insulin resistance, rather than LDL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a video I watched recently it is suggested, that insulin response to glucose is a very strong predictor of cardio vascular problems. It seems, with a stronger correlation than LDL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How strong is the evidence to support this hypothesis and is this incompatible with the common &quot;house doctor&quot; wisdom, that not carbs, but dietary fat is the problem and not insulin response, but LDL is the relevant marker?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZoQiDaWnuE&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=985&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZoQiDaWnuE&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=985&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T10:20:39.263" Title="How well established is the connection between insulin resistance and CVD?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;&lt;ldl&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19770" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19796" CreationDate="2019-07-27T11:08:20.603" Score="2" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/&lt;/a&gt; containing the list of many causes of obesity. I'm interested in the numerical distribution, i.e. out of 100 obese people how many eat too many calories, how many have a poor diet and how many don't do enough physical activity. Is data about this available publicly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, I'd like to get answers to these questions, based on scientific studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Out of 100 obese people how many eat more calories than the average healthy, non-obese person of their age and gender?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Out of 100 obese people how many have a poorer diet than the average healthy, non-obese person of their age and gender?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Out of 100 obese people how many do less physical activity than the average healthy, non-obese person of their age and gender?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By knowing these numbers governments would have a better idea how to fight obesity: e.g. should they promote food with fewer calories, or should they promote physical activity? (However, this is just an example, and in this question I'm interested in the numbers above rather than on the best ways for governments to fight obesity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that obesity is caused by a combination of factors, and for helping a person become less obese, all factors should be considered personally for them. Nevertheless, I'm still interested in the numbers above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that even these numbers don't paint the full picture, because we don't know e.g. how many of them eat more calories and do less physical activity (at the same time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also understand that it's possible to eat (a bit) more and not become obese, e.g. if also doing more physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are similar factor breakdown numbers available publicly, I'm interested in them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16580" LastEditorUserId="16580" LastEditDate="2019-07-29T18:02:15.740" LastActivityDate="2019-08-03T17:21:34.980" Title="Most probable causes of obesity" Tags="&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19768" CreationDate="2019-07-27T11:50:47.160" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In summary, there is a strong evidence to say that the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High LDL-cholesterol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Insulin resistance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High saturated/unsaturated fat intake ratio and high trans fat intake&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High intake of refined carbohydrates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High LDL-cholesterol and CVD&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343489/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis (Comprehensive Free Online Endocrinology Book, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Population studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of &lt;strong&gt;LDL&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) 100, the main structural&#xA;  protein of LDL, are directly associated with risk for atherosclerotic&#xA;  cardiovascular events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5837225/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel (European Heart Journal, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consistent evidence from numerous and multiple different types of&#xA;  clinical and genetic studies unequivocally establishes that &lt;strong&gt;LDL&lt;/strong&gt; causes&#xA;  atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insulin resistance and CVD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease (Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, insulin resistance contributes to generate CVD via two&#xA;  independent pathways: (1) atheroma plaque formation and (2)&#xA;  ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic abnormality. Both effects lead&#xA;  to heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance can also alter systemic lipid metabolism which then&#xA;  leads to the development of dyslipidemia and the well-known lipid&#xA;  triad: (1) high levels of plasma triglycerides, (2) low levels of&#xA;  high-density lipoprotein, and (3) the appearance of small dense&#xA;  low-density lipoproteins. This triad, along with endothelial&#xA;  dysfunction, which can also be induced by aberrant insulin signaling,&#xA;  contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary fat and CVD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A systematic review of the effect of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fat on heart disease (NMCD, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not total fat intake or saturated fat intake but &lt;strong&gt;high saturated/unsaturated fat intake ratio&lt;/strong&gt; that is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reducing saturated fat and replacing it with carbohydrate will not&#xA;  lower CHD events or CVD mortality although it will reduce total&#xA;  mortality. Replacing saturated fat with PUFA, MUFA or high-quality&#xA;  carbohydrate will lower CHD events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(CHD = coronary heart disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease, PUFA = polyunsaturated fattty acids, MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2006/10/30/trans-mozaffarian-testimony/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trans Fats and Cardiovascular Health: Dr. Mozaffarian’s Testimony (Harvard.edu, 2006)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In large studies involving over 140,000 participants, &lt;strong&gt;trans fat&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  consumption is consistently associated with increased risk of coronary&#xA;  heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dietary carbohydrates and CVD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793267/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fat, Sugar, Whole Grains and Heart Disease: 50 Years of Confusion (Nutrients, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not high-carbohydrate intake but &lt;strong&gt;high intake of refined carbohydrates&lt;/strong&gt; that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The evidence linking carbohydrate-rich foods with CHD has been&#xA;  steadily strengthening. Refined carbohydrates, especially&#xA;  sugar-sweetened beverages, increase the risk of CHD. Conversely, whole&#xA;  grains and cereal fiber are protective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The relatioship between insulin resistance, high LDL and cardiovascular disease (CVD):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Insulin resistance&lt;/strong&gt; can increase LDL, which is a risk factor for CVD, but not all individuals with insulin resistance have high LDL levels. On the other hand, high blood glucose alone, in the absence of high LDL can be harmful for arteries.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High LDL levels&lt;/strong&gt; can appear in the absence of insulin resistance, for example, due to high saturated/unsaturated fat intake ratio, high trans fat intake, obesity and genetic factors (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/risk_factors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it may not be necessary to think, which factor- insulin resistance or high LDL - is a better predictor of CVD - they are both important and may or may not be dependent from each other.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-29T10:20:39.263" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T10:20:39.263" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19773" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-28T01:30:07.707" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that delivery of BMP-12,-13,-14 (either in form of a gene or a protein) into an injured tendon improved healing, but I haven't been able yet to find an in-vivo study in humans confirming it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the 2007 {1} study showed that BMP-14 gene therapy increases tendon tensile strength in a rat model of Achilles tendon injury:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of this animal study suggest that gene therapy with BMPs may improve the capacity of injured musculoskeletal tissue to heal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2001 study {2} was tested on chickens:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that BMP-12 gene transfer is a promising procedure for improving the tendon repair process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 1999 study {3} was tested on rats:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rats were killed after 2 weeks and the tensile strength of the tendon regenerate was found to be increased by both proteins in a seemingly dose-dependent manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2019 study {5} was tested on rabbits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rotator cuff regeneration achieved by BMP-12-overexpressing BM-MSCs-loaded PLGA scaffolds may represent a novel approach for the management of rotator cuff defect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2017 study {4} was tested on humans but it  was in vitro:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BMP-12 activates tenogenic pathway in hASCs but also affects secretory activity and impairs immunomodulatory potential of this population that can influence the clinical outcome after cell transplantation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the delivery of BMP-12,-13,-14 (either in form of a gene or a protein) into an injured tendon help improve healing in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Bolt P, Clerk AN, Luu HH, Kang Q, Kummer JL, Deng ZL, Olson K, Primus F, Montag AG, He TC, et al. BMP-14 gene therapy increases tendon tensile strength in a rat model of Achilles tendon injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(6):1315–20. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17545436?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17545436?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Lou J, Tu Y, Burns M, Silva MJ, Manske P. BMP-12 gene transfer augmentation of lacerated tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(6):1199–202. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781024?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781024?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Aspenberg P, Forslund C. Enhanced tendon healing with GDF 5 and 6. Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;70(1):51–4. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10191749?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10191749?dopt=Abstract&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Enhanced%20tendon%20healing%20with%20GDF%205%20and%206&amp;amp;journal=Acta%20Orthop%20Scand&amp;amp;volume=70&amp;amp;issue=1&amp;amp;pages=51-4&amp;amp;publication_year=1999&amp;amp;author=Aspenberg%2CP&amp;amp;author=Forslund%2CC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Enhanced%20tendon%20healing%20with%20GDF%205%20and%206&amp;amp;journal=Acta%20Orthop%20Scand&amp;amp;volume=70&amp;amp;issue=1&amp;amp;pages=51-4&amp;amp;publication_year=1999&amp;amp;author=Aspenberg%2CP&amp;amp;author=Forslund%2CC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{4} Zarychta-Wiśniewska, Weronika, Anna Burdzinska, Agnieszka Kulesza, Kamila Gala, Beata Kaleta, Katarzyna Zielniok, Katarzyna Siennicka, Marek Sabat, and Leszek Paczek. &quot;Bmp-12 activates tenogenic pathway in human adipose stem cells and affects their immunomodulatory and secretory properties.&quot; BMC cell biology 18, no. 1 (2017): 13. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12860-017-0129-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12860-017-0129-9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{5} Chen, Peng, Lei Cui, Guofei Chen, Tian You, Wei Li, Jianwei Zuo, Chen Wang, Wentao Zhang, and Changqing Jiang. &quot;The application of BMP-12-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells loaded 3D-printed PLGA scaffolds in rabbit rotator cuff repair.&quot; International journal of biological macromolecules (2019). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31295489&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31295489&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-07-28T01:30:07.707" Title="Does the delivery of BMP-12,-13,-14 (either in form of a gene or a protein) into an injured tendon help improve healing in humans?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19775" CreationDate="2019-07-28T04:06:49.647" Score="2" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need to create easy to read universal list of medical specialties. This goal seems impossible if taking into account subspecialties - in most countries they are pretty different. Since there are no worldwide agreements on how to group specialties, I decided to group it by the medicine branch it belongs to. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I need help clarifying what specialties and subspecialties exist, and how they are related.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a basis I took a list of medical branches from wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;  Anesthesiology&#xA;  Cardiology&#xA;  Critical care medicine&#xA;  Dentistry&#xA;  Dermatology&#xA;  Emergency medicine&#xA;  Endocrinology&#xA;  Epidemiology&#xA;  First aid&#xA;  Gastroenterology&#xA;  General practice/Family medicine&#xA;  Geriatrics&#xA;  Gynaecology&#xA;  Hematology&#xA;  Hepatology&#xA;  Infectious disease&#xA;  Internal medicine&#xA;  Neurology&#xA;  Nephrology&#xA;  Obstetrics&#xA;  Oncology&#xA;  Ophthalmology&#xA;  Optometry&#xA;  Orthopaedics&#xA;  Otorhinolaryngology&#xA;  Pathology&#xA;  Pediatrics&#xA;  Preventive medicine&#xA;  Psychiatry&#xA;  Pulmonology&#xA;  Radiology&#xA;  Sports medicine&#xA;  Rheumatology&#xA;  Surgery&#xA;  Urology&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I google a list of medical specialties and try to put it all together.&#xA;This is the first link from google:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sgu.edu/blog/medical/ultimate-list-of-medical-specialties/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sgu.edu/blog/medical/ultimate-list-of-medical-specialties/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets take a look on how do they group &lt;strong&gt;Surgery&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Dy6v.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Dy6v.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They put &lt;strong&gt;Paediatric Surgery&lt;/strong&gt; into &lt;strong&gt;Surgery&lt;/strong&gt;. Fair enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oSrlp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oSrlp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets see &lt;strong&gt;Pediatrics&lt;/strong&gt; group:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cwu0E.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cwu0E.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all specialties constructed as two medical branches joined together: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pediatric Cardiology&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Pediatric Endocrinology&lt;/strong&gt;. Are there any unique specialties in Pediatrics? Why we don't put it into Endocrinology, Cardiology groups? What brach of medicine has more weight when grouping specialties? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, if you are Cardiologist, you can perform Pediatric Cardiology procedures also, and it should be your subspecialty. So for &lt;strong&gt;Surgery&lt;/strong&gt; they did right grouping, but for pediatrics, we should leave only those specialties that are unique for this branch of medicine only.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the biggest issue. There are such branches as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Internal medicine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;General practice/Family medicine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets take a look at Internal Medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zEL3p.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zEL3p.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost all specialties just repeat existing medicine branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aren't Internal Medicine doctors are more generic? Seems like &lt;code&gt;oncology&lt;/code&gt; requires Oncologist, which can have also different areas of expertise, but not Internal Medicine doctor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can I better conceptualize how specialties and subspecialties are divided up?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16582" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-07-28T05:58:48.503" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T12:35:56.957" Title="What would a nearly-universal list of medical specialties look like" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19774" CreationDate="2019-07-28T05:47:16.623" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best way to answer this would depend on your reason for making the list, which I do not know.  Also, I am not sure how to create an international list, as specialties within a country are defined by the training path and board exams, which do differ somewhat between countries.  But you do have some misunderstandings on some of the fundamentals of this, and I can at least advise you on those. I can speak from the perspective of the US system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The general order of training goes:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Undergraduate (Bachelor degree)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medical School (MD or DO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Residency (in a specialty) training by practicing in your field under supervision of &quot;attending physicians,&quot; after which you complete a boards exam and are &quot;board certified&quot; in that specialty.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After this step you can either apply to enter a FELLOWSHIP or you can go practice in your field independently.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Optional next step: Fellowship (in a subspecialty) where you similarly practice the subspecialty under attendings, and take a boards exam etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subspecialties&lt;/em&gt; such as Cardiology, Hematology-Oncology, Rheumatology, etc cannot be selected straight out of medical school.  You must first complete a residency in Internal Medicine; similarly for Pediatric Cardiology, a residency in Pediatrics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This list breaks down the specialties from which you can enter specific subspecialties:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.abms.org/member-boards/specialty-subspecialty-certificates/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.abms.org/member-boards/specialty-subspecialty-certificates/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sgu.edu/blog/medical/ultimate-list-of-medical-specialties/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sgu.edu/blog/medical/ultimate-list-of-medical-specialties/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are too long to copy here, but definitely check it out - it should help a lot to see how it breaks down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;The specialties referred to as &quot;generalists&quot; are NOT the same as GP (General Practice)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Pediatrics are specialties.   Those residencies are 3 or 4 years long and have a boards exam at the end.  An IM, FM, or Peds boarded physician is sometimes referred to as a &quot;generalist.&quot;   A generalist is NOT the same as a GP (General Practice) physician.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The term &quot;generalist&quot; comes from the fact that these specialties practice broadly, rather than focused on a specific narrow field.&lt;/strong&gt;  FM, IM, and Peds all do learn quite a bit of cardiology, rheumatology, heme-onc, etc and can practice almost everything non-surgical at least at a basic level.  But they will refer to a Cardiologist (a subspecialist who spent 3 additional years in a fellowship studying just cardiology AFTER doing 3 years of Internal Medicine) for extremely complex cases, procedures (stents, pacemakers, ablations), and other things not within their scope of practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Family Medicine is unique in that it includes adult medicine, pediatric medicine, and basic obstetrics (minus the extensive surgical training that the OB/GYN specialists obtain).  From FM you can go to subspecialties like sports med, geriatrics, palliative care, adolescent med... but not cardiology or rheumatology.  FM might be considered the broadest specialty of all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;General Practice&lt;/strong&gt; is a special case, and is not a residency (at least not in the USA).&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internationally, a General Practice physician (GP) functions similarly to a Primary Care Provider in the USA (a PCP, which is generally either IM FM or Peds in the USA), providing &quot;generalist&quot; type care of most concerns and chronic disease management, referring to specialists for complex cases etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many countries, it's its own residency.  In some, it's what you are after completing the one or two year &quot;Internship&quot; type training post-medical-school.  Perhaps someone outside the USA can help beef this section up :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the USA, a GP is usually a physician who did a single year of residency (or more, but did not sit for their specialty boards) and applied for a license. They are not boarded in any particular specialty.  Many of these have received extensive on-the-job training and are hired to practice in primary care or even in other specialty offices - but aren't boarded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;When considering medical management of children, they are not just smaller-sized adults.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why all subspecialties branch off of adult medicine (IM) or child medicine (Pediatrics).  Slightly different, pediatric surgery (and surgical subspecialties) is usually a subspecialty done AFTER a surgical residency like General Surgery or Orthopedic Surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;There are sometimes multiple ways to arrive at a subspecialty.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a Pediatric Emergency physician can either go from Emergency Medicine to Peds EM fellowship, or Pediatrics to and EM fellowship.  A Geriatrician could have come from either Internal Medicine or Family Medicine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Additions:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;If a doctor is boarded in a subspecialty, then almost certianly she/he is also boarded in a specialty.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since a Cardiologist has to go through Internal Medicine to get to Cardiology, the vast majority of them sit for the boards exams for Internal Medicine.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-07-29T03:48:54.423" LastActivityDate="2019-07-29T03:48:54.423" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19770" CreationDate="2019-07-28T07:31:52.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are seeking cannot in scientific terms exist.  The reason is that obesity is caused by a combination of the issues you are talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &amp;quot;poor diet&amp;quot; is a general term which can mean different things in different circumstances and in different contexts.  A diet high in sugars would be very poor for someone who is diabetic, for example, no matter what their weight is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the NHS page you cited points out in simple terms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A poor diet in the context of fighting obesity levels is a diet higher in calories than required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you consume more energy in the form of foods and drink, than you burn off through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The energy value of food is measured in units called calories (kcal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, the average &lt;strong&gt;physically active&lt;/strong&gt; man needs about 2,500 calories a day to maintain a healthy weight, and the average &lt;strong&gt;physically active&lt;/strong&gt; woman needs about 2,000 calories a day (See your NHS link).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are more sedentary than the average person, the amount of calories you consume will need to be lower to balance that out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of calories are burnt off keeping you alive. It's the amount of energy required to maintain basic bodily functions while at rest, such as regulating body temperature, keeping the heart beating, and breathing. This is called the &amp;quot;basal metabolic rate&amp;quot; or BMR and it accounts for about 2/3 of the total calories burned each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's true: just sitting on the couch staring into space requires that you burn some calories (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/burning-calories-without-exercise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BMR varies from person to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have higher BMRs than others (although this variability is not usually the reason someone is obese or lean). And BMR can vary over time; it may speed up when you're sick or if you've added muscle mass or it may slow down with age or when you're losing weight. In fact, a slowing metabolic rate is one reason dieters have such a hard time continuing to lose weight or tend to regain lost weight. Certain medical conditions (such as thyroid disease) and medications can affect BMR (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/burning-calories-without-exercise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remaining calories consumed which is not burnt off at the BMR is what you need to burn off with physical activity, whether it is exercise at a gym or swimming  pool, or walking around etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you burn more calories than you consume, you will lose the excess body fat put on when not exercising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Harvard Medical School (2018). &lt;em&gt;Burning calories without exercise&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/burning-calories-without-exercise&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/burning-calories-without-exercise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-07-28T07:31:52.063" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19778" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-28T19:52:01.753" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the raising awareness about gender identity and specifically the recognition of non-binary identities, new challenges are faced by medicine.&#xA;Specifically, there are individuals who don't feel comfortable with their own sexual characteristic but they don't desire a full transition to the opposite gender. &#xA;In this case, many patients seek a low dose hormone replacement therapy(or &quot;microdosing&quot;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testosterone replacement therapy is considered safe in transgender men, but there isn't any study about long term effect of a low dose on non-binary biologically female individuals(reaching serum testosterone levels above female range but not in the normal male range and without hormonal suppression of the ovary function with GnRH analogs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if anyone has experience with this. There are many questions that arise for example: will the ovary over time diminish permanently their estrogen production?&#xA;Can this low dose therapy increase the risk of osteoporosis? Can it cause metabolic complications? etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16585" LastActivityDate="2019-07-28T19:52:01.753" Title="Safety of low dose testosterone therapy on biologically female individuals?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19786" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-29T17:12:44.227" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any research on how much EM radiation applied to human skin will cause significant pain (I guess an appropriate unit of measurement for the amount of radiation would be Watt/cm^2, not sure how to measure pain)? It also depends on the wavelength, I am interested in the visible part of the spectrum. Pain sensations would also depend on exactly where the radiation is being applied, I am interested in the back (but e.g. index finger is probably much more sensitive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16590" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:55:42.350" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:55:42.350" Title="How much electromagnetic radiation applied to skin will cause pain?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19788" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19789" CreationDate="2019-07-30T00:09:13.347" Score="5" ViewCount="277" Body="&lt;p&gt;Considering clotrimazole is the active ingredient killing the fungus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16593" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T00:36:23.270" Title="Why is hydrocortisone mixed with clotrimazole in anti-fungal medication?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19788" CreationDate="2019-07-30T00:36:23.270" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hydrocortisone is a steroid anti-inflammatory used by itself to treat dermatitis and other inflammatory symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The combined treatment gives symptom relief at the same time as treating the underlying cause; hydrocortisone alone would be ineffective at treating the infection, and clotrimazole alone does not resolve symptoms as quickly. There may also be some synergistic effects on treating the actual infection:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The addition of a corticosteroid to an antifungal agent at the initiation of treatment can attenuate the inflammatory symptoms of the infection and is thought to increase patient compliance, reduce the risk of bacterial superinfection and enhance the efficacy of the antifungal agent&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Schaller et al 2016)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schaller, M., Friedrich, M., Papini, M., Pujol, R. M., &amp;amp; Veraldi, S. (2016). Topical antifungal‐corticosteroid combination therapy for the treatment of superficial mycoses: conclusions of an expert panel meeting. Mycoses, 59(6), 365-373.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shankland, G. S., &amp;amp; Richardson, M. D. (1990). Comparative in-vivo activity of clotrimazole and a clotrimazole/hydrocortisone combination in the treatment of experimental dennatophytosis in guinea pigs. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 25(5), 825-830.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T00:36:23.270" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19786" CreationDate="2019-07-30T07:17:40.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @Carey says in his comment, measuring pain is very subjective to the individual, and their reporting of pain levels. It doesn't have any way of scientific measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia has a list of '&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pain scales&lt;/a&gt;'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ElectroMagnetic Radiation&lt;/a&gt; has some thresholds at which things happen, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sufficiently strong electromagnetic radiation (EMR) can cause electric currents in conductive materials that is strong enough to create sparks (electrical arcs) when an induced voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage of the surrounding medium (e.g. air at 3.0 MV/m). &lt;strong&gt;These can deliver an electric shock to persons or animals.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Radio frequency (RF) energy at power density levels of 1-10 mW/cm^2 or higher can &lt;strong&gt;cause measurable heating of tissues.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And WHO are investigating further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health#Low-level_exposure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health#Low-level_exposure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index1.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-07-30T07:31:02.553" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T07:31:02.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19796" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19770" CreationDate="2019-07-30T10:44:00.913" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the title of the question: What are most probable causes of obesity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a single cause of obesity: greater amount of calories consumed then burned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the body of the question: Out of 100 obese people, how many eat more calories, how many are not physically active enough...:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not possible to answer because: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High calorie intake alone does not cause obesity. A known US swimmer said that during a certain period he was consuming 8-10,000 calories per day and, apparently, he did not become obese, because of regular training (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ftw.usatoday.com/2017/06/michael-phelps-diet-12000-calories-myth-but-still-ate-8000-to-10000-quote&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USA Today&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A bedridden person with nearly zero physical activity does not become obese if he/she consumes only the amount of calories he/she spends (for example, about 1,500/day).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The poorest/unhealthiest/most fatty/most sugary diet on the world does not make you obese if it is not hypercaloric, so &quot;poor diet&quot; by itself is not a cause but can be a risk factor for obesity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, become obese only if they consume excessive calories, so genetics alone is not a cause but can be a risk factor for obesity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some health organizations that are concerned about public health have made the estimations of the number of overweight/obese individuals by region, sex, etc. They know the risk factors (mentioned above) and they know the trends about how these factors change with time (see below). What they do not know is how many people eat too much and how many do not exercise enough. Such estimations are probably more meaningful on a personal than public level.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Statistics of increased weight at the world level&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization, 2016&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (39%), 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 650 million (13% of all) were obese.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;41 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2016.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Overweight: BMI = 25-30; obese = BMI &gt;30. BMI (body mass index) = person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is the closest from what I found about the relationship between calorie intake and the number of obese individuals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Share of adult men overweight or obese vs. daily supply of calories, 1975 to 2013&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Our World in Data&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adult-men-overweight-or-obese-vs-daily-supply-of-calories&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this graph&lt;/a&gt;: X axis is daily calorie supply (per capita); Y axis is the percent of overweight or obesity in a country/region. You can see that United States have more than 3,500 calorie supply per capita per day and that more than 70% of their adult males are overweight or obese.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;trends&lt;/strong&gt; of risk factors of obesity, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance&#xA;  between calories consumed and calories expended. Globally, there has&#xA;  been:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They obviously care only about the &lt;em&gt;trends&lt;/em&gt; and not the &lt;em&gt;number&lt;/em&gt; of people with increased calorie intake or physical inactivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-07-30T11:56:51.977" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T11:56:51.977" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19797" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19774" CreationDate="2019-07-30T12:35:56.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To elaborate from a UK perspective, especially regarding two of the comments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genera Practitioner is not a “basic level” kind of Doctor in the UK. It has a separate specialist training programme, run by the Royal College of General Practitioners. Broadly, this programme takes about 50% of UK trainees, and produces doctors with a breadth and depth of medical knowledge to manage the primary presentations (the first symptoms a patient seeks help for) of most conditions including medical, surgical and psychiatric pathology. Where they cannot be managed in the community, they refer to specialist (usually hospital based) services. In the UK they have a ‘gate keeper’ role (Google that for lots discussion about how that fits into the UK health system). They are definitely not ‘basic level’, it’s a specialty in its own right. Some General Practitioners also become ‘GPwSI’ (pronounced gypsy), meaning GP with special interest in another specialty e.g. musculoskeletal, cardiology, family planning. They often have an extended role or cross over into some hospital level service provision.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not all subspecialties are created equal! There are many ways to become a sleep specialist (in the UK it’s often via Respiratory as well as the route mentioned). ITU can come via anaesthetics and general medicine, breast surgery via general and plastics, hand surgery via Ortho and plastics, spinal surgery via Ortho and Neurosurgery. These ‘interface’ specialties group people with a shared regional interest but bring different skills e.g. the scope of practice for an orthopaedic hand surgeon and a plastic hand surgeons will overlap but not be exactly the same.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16599" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T12:35:56.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-30T13:27:13.433" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;A study has a placebo given to one group, GROUP P,  and a medication given to another group, GROUP M. This medication could be given to prevent colon cancer, anemia, or any other ailment that may cause death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A follow up in 5 years is performed.&#xA;99% of GROUP M have survived.&#xA;98% of GROUP P have survived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When does survival rates between groups become significant? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any other information regarding how framing statistics alter the perceived&#xA;significance also appreciated? In psychology, framing as a loss or a gain changes one perception.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16600" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T15:15:18.297" Title="Mortality and when a protocol becomes statistically significant" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-08-07T07:47:57.170" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19801" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19799" CreationDate="2019-07-30T15:15:18.297" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are basically asking for is a called a &quot;power analysis&quot; in statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all you have are proportion data (i.e., 99% vs 98% surviving), then for a two-sided test of the null hypothesis that Group M and Group P have the same survival rate, with an alpha of 0.05, and expected probabilities as you've stated them, you would need at least 2254 subjects &lt;em&gt;per group&lt;/em&gt; to have an 80% probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis (&quot;80% power,&quot; calculated using the package 'pwr' for R).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have additional information, like the date of death, you could instead do a survival analysis and possibly have a bit more power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect framing the number or ratio of deaths rather than the percentages of survival will be perceived as more convincing, but it does not matter for statistical significance in the slightest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-07-30T15:15:18.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19804" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-07-30T21:21:29.447" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119642/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a certain movie&lt;/a&gt; in which one the characters takes Prozac, Ritalin and Valium..together. When someone asks him what it is, he states the composition, adding &quot;Breakfast of Champions&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being totally clueless about such medicine, what would happen to someone if they took these together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16605" LastActivityDate="2019-08-30T21:02:15.260" Title="Prozac, Ritalin and Valium..together" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-08-31T04:10:58.280" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19805" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20391" CreationDate="2019-07-30T23:47:41.790" Score="1" ViewCount="360" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a different question than &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/21153/19214&quot;&gt;Are scintillating scotomas really caused by cortical spreading depression? If so, how is this known to be true?&lt;/a&gt; asked almost one year ago in Psychology and Neurology SE, but I have copied most of the supporting material here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; What things can trigger scintillating scotomas? Can they sometimes be classified as benign and not a reflection of some condition requiring further treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read about a visual effect called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillating_scotoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scintillating scotoma&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many variations occur, but scintillating scotoma usually begins as a spot of flickering light near or in the center of the visual field, which prevents vision within the scotoma area. The affected area flickers but is not dark. It then gradually expands outward from the initial spot. Vision remains normal beyond the borders of the expanding scotoma(s), with objects melting into the scotoma area background similarly to the physiological blind spot, which means that objects may be seen better by not looking directly at them in the early stages when the spot is in or near the center.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]The visual anomaly results from abnormal functioning of portions of the occipital cortex at the back of the brain, not in the eyes nor any component thereof, such as the retinas.&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3RMyT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; This is a different disease from retinal migraine, which is monocular (only one eye).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a phenomenon that is believed to occur in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scintillating scotomas are most commonly caused by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_spreading_depression&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cortical spreading depression&lt;/a&gt;, a pattern of changes in the behavior of nerves in the brain during a migraine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That article is short and includes an &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Santos_E_et_al_Neuroimage_2014_.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;impressive looking GIF&lt;/a&gt; of an optical image of the brain showing a wave-like pattern of blood volume which seems to come from the YouTube video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td1EQ0WQAng&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spreading Depolarization viewed using IOS. Santos et al. Neuroimage 2014&lt;/a&gt; which links to Santos, E. et al. &lt;em&gt;Radial, spiral and reverberating waves of spreading depolarization occur in the gyrencephalic brain&lt;/em&gt; NeuroImage, 99, 1 Oct. 2014, pp244-255.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillating_scotoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; also says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms typically appear gradually over 5 to 20 minutes and generally last fewer than 60 minutes, leading to the headache in classic migraine with aura, or resolving without consequence in acephalgic migraine. Many migraine sufferers change from scintillating scotoma as a prodrome to migraine to scintillating scotoma without migraine. Typically the scotoma resolves spontaneously within the stated time frame, leaving no subsequent symptoms, though some report fatigue, nausea, and dizziness as sequelae.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't completely understand the language there; I am not sure if it means that scintillating scotoma is always associated with some kind of migraine, or if they also occur as isolated events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZIMgK.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZIMgK.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scintillating_scotoma_interpretation.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TAO2b.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TAO2b.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scintillating_scotoma.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3RMyT.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3RMyT.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fiOem.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fiOem.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aura_ss.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScintillatingScotoma3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T11:50:03.970" Title="What things can trigger scintillating scotomas? Are they sometimes classified benign and not a reflection of a condition requiring further treatment?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19806" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23599" CreationDate="2019-07-31T01:39:29.840" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a Bluetooth-enabled health monitor watch. My concern is having such devices for infants who are less than 2 years old. Does it affect them health-wise??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8686" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-11T22:02:17.397" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T02:47:14.663" Title="Is it advisable to have Bluetooth-enabled devices for infants less than 2 years old?" Tags="&lt;technology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T09:21:30.923" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19969" CreationDate="2019-07-31T18:38:57.660" Score="4" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard and read from multiple sources that acne gets worse during the first two weeks of treatment with isotretinoin, but I haven't been able to find an explanation as to why this happens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/1015/p1835.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Academy of Family Physicians&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Your acne may get worse when you start using isotretinoin. This usually just lasts for a little while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16610" LastEditorUserId="16610" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T23:40:23.850" LastActivityDate="2019-08-23T07:41:48.897" Title="Why does acne get worse during the first two weeks of treatment with isotretinoin?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19815" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19818" CreationDate="2019-08-01T00:57:11.613" Score="4" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;So as I understand it, there are two main solutions for male pattern baldness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finasteride and Minoxidil. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finasteride works by reducing the production of some hormone that is damaging to the follicles, so already I am not a fan since it's a hormone treatment rather than an actual scalp treatment. On the other hand, Minoxidil is a pure scalp treatment. It actually is &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; your hair and helping it grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finasteride is also quite expensive. Minoxidil is far cheaper, since you can buy 3 flasks that will last you several months, while 1 package of Finasteride pills only last 30 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finasteride has many (serious) side-effects. There are sexual side-effects, possible risks of prostate cancer, and some men even get boobs. I know the last one is quite rare, but the sexual side-effects are worryingly common. I've read it happens to roughly 5 % of users ... that is &lt;strong&gt;a lot&lt;/strong&gt;, in my honest opinion. On the other hand, Minoxidil's worst side-effect is probably some rash or something. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with all this in mind, why in the world would anybody choose Finasteride over Minoxidil? At least one ought to try Minoxidil first, no, and then only go to Finasteride if Minoxidil don't work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16611" LastActivityDate="2020-11-22T00:26:59.320" Title="Why would anyone use finasteride (propecia) over minoxidil (Rogaine) for hair loss?" Tags="&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-01T07:57:12.010" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know why taking corticosteroids is a risk factor of a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection? Also, is it normal to find Klebsiella pneumoniae in the throat area or upper respiratory tract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd appreciate your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Please visit &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/klebsiella-pneumonia#risk-factors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What You Need to Know About a Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16246" LastActivityDate="2019-08-01T07:57:12.010" Title="Klebsiella pneumoniae and corticosteroids" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19815" CreationDate="2019-08-01T09:20:19.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's a nice question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, it is important to note that whenever a question of which drug to use arises, a number of factors should be taken into consideration, that is to say: prescribing a treatment is not simply a game of matching condition to drug (I am &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; saying that this is what the OP is saying or implying, this is just to illustrate that the process is complicated).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The physician should take into account the patient's main complaint (current condition), age, weight, sex (particularly important for hair loss...), sensitivities (if any are known), physical condition, underlying diseases (if any), other concurrent drugs, and more. These are all &quot;filters&quot; of a sort that help the physician narrow down the list of possible drugs that may be suitable for the patient's current predicament (this question deals with two therapeutic  options, but sometimes there are many more drugs to choose from, e.g. when starting treatment for hypertension).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, doctors also apply more subjective considerations to their decisions, such as their good judgement and experience, knowledge of drug prices (even if this is not a pure medical consideration, the doctor may apply it if he thinks that it's better for a patient to take a slightly less effective drug which is cheaper and the patient will be able to afford it, than if the patient will not be taking any treatment because the better option is more expensive/unavailable to the patient), and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, on the topic of this question:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Your comparison between minoxidil and finasteride is quite on-spot. You could also say that minoxidil is even more available on account that is is an over-the-counter drug, while finasteride requires a doctor's prescription.&#xA;In that case, minoxidil would surely be preferred by most clinicians. The cases when finasteride would be preferable to minoxidil are more limited and may include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypersensitivity to minoxidil (as with any drug, probably rare but should be borne in mind). Even susceptibility for non-dangerous side effects may cause a patient to avoid using minoxidil.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Minoxidil was tried and found to be ineffective - this is a common issue in drug therapy, and for that reason it is good to have first-line therapy, second-line therapy, third-line therapy and so on. &#xA;Also, according to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2017/0915/p371.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication of the AAFP&lt;/a&gt; (American Academy of Family Physicians): &lt;em&gt;&quot;Finasteride (Propecia), 1 mg per day orally, is approved to treat androgenetic alopecia in men &lt;strong&gt;for whom topical minoxidil has been ineffective&lt;/strong&gt;.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finasteride is available as a topical solution but also as a tablet. Minoxidil tablets are not used for treatment of hair loss, only for treatment of hypertension. Some patients may prefer to conveniently take a finasteride tablet than apply/rub a minoxidil solution/foam on their head, particularly if they are in a an environment where it would be less convenient to use the topical form.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the selection of a treatment is based on both the doctor's and patient's preferences. These may not always be the same, but the final selection should be some average of both, so even when one alternative seems to shine above all others, it may not always be that way for all patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2019-08-01T09:20:19.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9444" CreationDate="2019-08-01T11:49:55.010" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In whole fruits, sugar is &quot;embedded&quot; in the fruit, not necessary chemically, but physically. It takes some time for the digestive system to extract sugar from the fruit, which slows down its absorption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you eat a whole mango, all the sugar from it will be absorbed, let's say in 2 hours. If you make a thick juice from mango, both fiber and sugar will be present in it, but will be separated, so your digestive system will be able to extract free sugar from it faster than from a whole fruit, let's say in an hour and half. The presence of fiber will still slow down the absorption of sugar a bit, but not as effectively as in whole fruit. This also applies for the cola + fiber example. This means that blood glucose spikes will be likely higher after drinking fruit juice than after eating whole fruits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are 2 main reasons why free sugar can be more harmful for health than the sugar from whole fruits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is &lt;strong&gt;less filling&lt;/strong&gt;, so it's easier to consume it too much, which can result in an unwanted weight gain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It more likely results in &lt;strong&gt;higher blood glucose spikes&lt;/strong&gt; (higher glycemic index) than the sugar from whole foods, which may be a risk factor for diabetes type 2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://defeatdiabetes.org/resources/healthful-eating/healthy-beverages/fruit-juice/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fruit juice (Defeatdiabetes.org)&lt;/a&gt;: a simple explanation with references to studies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978819/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies (BMJ, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-01T11:49:55.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10572" CreationDate="2019-08-01T12:45:33.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jbGeAZbVttBGuG881EZjmsRjOwGjieIL/view?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; from Oxford University on use of Camphor, Eucalyptus, and other terpenic balms and compounds on children.  Please be aware of their safety if they are in the vicinity and make certain they are not exposed to them in excess, as they can absorb harmful amounts through their skin if not carefully moderated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for a &quot;home remedy&quot; type solution, here's a fairly simple yet effective &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeBYu8-QCxA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;method&lt;/a&gt; that I've successfully tried myself.  The quality of the video itself is lackluster, but the contents disclosed are solid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another good method would be mosquito fish.  I just posted this up on a different forum, so I'll just quote it directly here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...I would strongly encourage you to ask the county for what's colliquially known as &quot;mosquito fish&quot;.  I'm not sure about Riverside, but when there was a West Nile Outbreak in Fontana about a decade back, the city would distribute these fish for free; you can also find them at larger aquarium suppliers.  These fish are a genetic variant bred specifically with special traits that allow them to survive and breed under conditions such as standing water and lack of heating, and they feed on mosquitos and their larvae.  We had a 100 gallon outdoor tank that we kept out in the open but to the side of the house where there was the least amount of foot traffic, covered with chicken wire, and added some java ferns/moss to give the fish cover to work with.  Any mosquitos within the immediate vicinity of the property would naturally be attracted to the tank first, and then fish would then happily do their job.  This method may seem counter-intuitive, and there's the added element of risk when you're creating an attractant rather than a deterrent, but it is arguably &quot;green&quot; as a pest control method and I can vouch for it's effectiveness...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: For scientific references, please refer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)35008-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559822&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; article as cited in the Oxford paper (#2 &amp;amp; #6) and pointed out by @CareyGregory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16504" LastEditorUserId="16504" LastEditDate="2019-08-02T14:42:45.807" LastActivityDate="2019-08-02T14:42:45.807" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24232" CreationDate="2019-08-01T14:36:16.167" Score="1" ViewCount="585" Body="&lt;p&gt;I checked into what ear crystals are made of, and it is Calcium Carbonate.  I also checked the main ingredient of the antacid I frequently take for heartburn, and... it is Calcium Carbonate!  &lt;strong&gt;My question is: can taking antacids (that have Calcium Carbonate) cause ear crystals to form and grow?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember from my MRI results, I had some “harmless calcification” in my brain, but they told me it isn’t anything to worry about, it is fairly normal.  However, it does seem to lend further credibility to the idea (if it is happening in my brain, why not also my vestibular system).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt; To address the concerns in the comments and the answers, I am not seeking medical advice, just wondering if my possible connection of antacids to increased ear crystals is valid.  If it is a valid hypothesis, I could follow up with my doctors to see if that is what is happening.  This could also help the medical community if it turns out to be a new discovery.  I have gone to many doctors and specialists, including two ENT's, and psychologists and no one has been able to properly diagnose me.  I appreciate the answers, and will award the bounty to the one I feel is best near the end of the bounty period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article provides the background for what I am asking:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorders/types-vestibular-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorders/types-vestibular-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16614" LastEditorUserId="16614" LastEditDate="2019-08-13T22:18:14.037" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T14:10:59.823" Title="Can antacids cause ear crystals (which can cause dizzines)?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;dizziness&gt;&lt;vertigo&gt;&lt;antacid&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19823" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19863" CreationDate="2019-08-01T15:31:59.323" Score="2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dietary fat contains lots of calories, just like carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the metabolic response differs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for ingested fat, the body has a much lower insulin response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is all the fat you eat metabolised or stored, or does the body have a (protection?) mechanism to respond to large amounts of dietary fat by simply letting it pass straight through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9721" LastEditorUserId="9721" LastEditDate="2019-08-01T15:38:04.080" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T11:34:25.447" Title="Is any dietary fat excreted unmetabolised?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19924" CreationDate="2019-08-02T11:50:50.053" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciclovir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aciclovir&lt;/a&gt; works by decreasing the production of the virus's DNA, one might fear that it also damages DNA of healthy cells. I know that it is usually said that aciclovir doesn't affect healthy cells, but I heared recently rumors that there might be a longterm negative effects on the DNA of the patient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is the following: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there any scientific studies which evaluated the longterm effects on DNA of aciclovir and what are the results. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are the mechanisms which ensure that it indeed doesn't affect healthy cells?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16620" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T06:55:41.447" Title="Longterm effects on DNA of aciclovir" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19833" CreationDate="2019-08-02T18:29:35.810" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine made the claim that I should empty my water kettle and not reboil the water that was left over. He said it has negative health effects but could not explain why.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is he right, what would the reasoning be? What would these negative health effects be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16622" LastEditorUserId="9637" LastEditDate="2019-08-05T17:26:02.437" LastActivityDate="2019-08-05T17:26:02.437" Title="Is it safe to reboil tap water?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-08-06T21:55:36.517" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19833" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19832" CreationDate="2019-08-02T18:49:27.800" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/never-boil-water-twice/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Snopes has covered this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, there is no risk to boiling the same water more than once. Nothing about the water changes except the temperature. There could be theoretical risks if you increased the concentration of contaminants in the water (since some of the water is lost as steam, the concentration of anything dissolved increases), however simply reboiling previously safe water in the volume contained in a kettle once isn't going to do anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could also be issues if you were boiling water in something unsafe such that metals from the container are slowly dissolving in the water over time - in that case the issue is just that you are using the wrong container rather than any actual problem with reboiling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I live where tap water is high-calcium and high-iron; both can cause some moderate issues with taste of water or resulting coffee/tea and leave some deposits behind far before the water itself becomes dangerous. For that reason, I prefer to boil water just once and not fill a kettle with too much more than I plan to use. Not for health reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-08-02T18:49:27.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19770" CreationDate="2019-08-03T00:43:15.450" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From both biological plausibility and &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oby.22556&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;observational evidence&lt;/a&gt; one can conclude that  Western-style diets are prone to cause obesity due to having an unnaturally high energy density. A problem within the field of nutrition is that biologically unnaturally high energy density diets have become the norm in the civilized world. People who eat a natural diet with a biologically normal energy density can be found in indigenous populations who are isolated from modern civilization, the vast majority of the people in the civilized world don't eat that way. Almost all research on the relation between diet and health involves the diets the people in the civilized world eat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gap between these sort of high energy density diet most people in the civilized world eat and a biologically natural low energy density diet is so large that the data of people participating in studies who do eat the latter type of diet would be filtered out as &quot;implausible outliers&quot;. E.g. many studies use a limit of 1 kg of a single food item as an upper limit. But if you eat 1000 Kcal worth of potatoes you do need to eat 1.3 kg worth of potatoes. That may sound like an impossibly large amount of potatoes to eat, but I (a small guy weighing just 53 kg) regularly eat that amount of potatoes for dinner without problems. Eating large volumes of food is the only way you can get enough calories in the natural world where high energy density foods like cooking oils, butter, cheese etc. don't grow from the trees. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it seems plausible that only total caloric intake and energy expended due to exercise should be relevant for obesity, we can easily see that there is a problem with biological plausibility here. Consider a group of animals who have a stable body weight who due to some environmental perturbation suddenly need to expend more energy to get their food and the amount of food they get is also a bit less than they used to be getting. If body weight were to be a delicate fine-tuned balance between energy intake and energy expended as a result of exercise, they would starve to death. Even a small imbalance of just 100 Kcal a day less energy intake compared to what's expended would cause a weight loss of 40 kg in 5.5 years. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This calculus must thus be wrong, obviously the fault lies with ignoring feedbacks on the metabolism. As the animal loses weight, it will expend less energy in moving around, but there are also more direct feedback effects. As the fat cells become emptier, they produce different hormones compared to when they were full, and this impacts appetite and it modulates metabolism. A lot is still unknown about such feedbacks on the metabolism, but it's implausible that mammals who burn energy at a fast rate would not modulate their metabolism as a response to their energy reserves, especially at rest when it would affect physical performance the least. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such feedback mechanisms then keep the body weight stable under natural conditions, they don't only prevent the animal starving to death due to trivial reasons, it also works the other way and and prevent the animal from gaining weight due to eating a bit more on the long term. Weight gain and becoming physically unfit as a consequence is also very dangerous to animals living the wild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why we are prone to getting obese must then have something to do with our unnatural diet, rather than the energy balance between exercise and calorie intake, unless this energy balance is out of wack much more than what the natural feedback mechanisms can compensate for. The latter cases do occur, our very high energy density foods make it easy to stuff our stomachs with thousands of Kcal worth of food more than would normally fit in there. But most people who complain about gaining weight and try all sorts of diets to lose weight, don't fall into this category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The typical people who struggle with their weight are people who eat a normal amount of calories, say between 2000 and 2500 Kcal a day, they stop eating before they're full, they feel hungry during the day and try to tolerate that as best as they can not doing that would lead to them gaining weight. So, their problem is that their weight is by far not as stable as that of animals in the wild. The high energy density of the diet plays a direct role on a perception of fullness after a meal but this alone doesn't explain why they need to fine tune the calorie intake to prevent weight gain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another relevant property of high energy density foods is that they have a low nutrient density. While we make sure that we do get all the essential vitamins and minerals, we can't be sure whether we get enough to prevent problems that are not acute medical problems, such as the risk of getting obese. One very important component of the diet is fiber. A natural low energy density diet will contain 80 grams of more of fiber per 2500 Kcal. The RDA which takes a high energy density diet where you would get a substantial part of your calories from refined oils as the norm, is 40 grams a day. But most people get only half of that, about 20 grams a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could plausibly go wrong of we eat less than a quarter of the natural amount of fiber our body has evolved to eat? Fibers are food for the intestinal microbes, the lack of fiber &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_microbiota#Obesity_and_metabolic_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been linked to obesity&lt;/a&gt;. The mechanisms proposed in he literature are i.m.o. too simplistic as they appeal to arguments that would bring back the calorie intake finite tuning problem. I.m.o., getting the required amount of fiber allows the body to have a microbiome that it can more easily control to help keep the body weight stable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I explained above a stable body weight without having to count calories or count the number of steps you take per day, is essential for long term survival. Mechanisms that keep the body weight stable must thus have evolved. Evolution doesn't care about how exactly such mechanisms are implemented, whether it's purely internally regulated via hormones or via the microbiome with microbes eating more of your food if you eat more. What matters is whether all mechanisms together produce the desired result in a robust way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fundamental cause of obesity thus has nothing to do with calorie intake. In fact, putting the blame on calorie intake has led people to reduce portion size which causes people to stick to the extremely unhealthy high energy density diets that cause obesity. To get out of the obesity epidemic we need get the entire population to get gradually used to eating far larger volumes of healthy low energy density foods. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2019-08-03T17:21:34.980" LastActivityDate="2019-08-03T17:21:34.980" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19835" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19853" CreationDate="2019-08-03T06:18:46.510" Score="5" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;How is blood that flows out of vessels during internal bleeding cleared from the area (by the body, not medical professionals) once the bleeding stops? I am assuming via the lymphatic system; but I've found surprisingly little information about this on the internet, maybe I used wrong search terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16625" LastActivityDate="2020-10-27T17:45:24.550" Title="How is blood cleared from the body after internal bleeding" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19838" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19840" CreationDate="2019-08-03T19:33:08.107" Score="3" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes I forget the potatoes in the oven when there's enough going on. And there they are again - baked last evening, they sat through the oven's cool-down and then through the night. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should they be re-baked for safety? (That might just produce inedible potato-pucks.) Or is this a &quot;cut your losses&quot; situation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16629" LastActivityDate="2019-08-04T15:36:29.070" Title="Baked potato okay after sitting in the oven all night vs. Botulism or other risk?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-08-28T16:39:10.580" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19838" CreationDate="2019-08-03T22:37:00.430" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could probably leave a baked potato sitting at room temperature for days and it would still be safe to eat as long as it wasn't contained in a sealed container. But notice I said &quot;probably.&quot; That's not the stance of food safety experts, and I would never serve other people something I'd left sitting at room temperature for so long. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that if you wrap your potatoes in foil to bake them, it's a different matter altogether. Thirty people in El Paso, Texas discovered this the hard way in 1994:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9652437&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9652437&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In April 1994, the largest outbreak of botulism in the United States&#xA;  since 1978 occurred in El Paso, Texas. Thirty persons were affected; 4&#xA;  required mechanical ventilation. All ate food from a Greek restaurant.&#xA;  The attack rate among persons who ate a potato-based dip was 86%&#xA;  (19/22) compared with 6% (11/176) among persons who did not eat the&#xA;  dip (relative risk [RR] = 13.8; 95% confidence interval [CI],&#xA;  7.6-25.1). The attack rate among persons who ate an eggplant-based dip was 67% (6/9) compared with 13% (241189) among persons who did not (RR&#xA;  = 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-9.5). Botulism toxin type A was detected from patients and in both dips. &lt;strong&gt;Toxin formation resulted from holding&#xA;  aluminum foil-wrapped baked potatoes at room temperature, apparently&#xA;  for several days, before they were used in the dips. Consumers should&#xA;  be informed of the potential hazards caused by holding foil-wrapped&#xA;  potatoes at ambient temperatures after cooking.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you re-bake the potato to make it safe? The short answer is no, as explained by the accepted answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/32167/can-adequate-heating-transform-spoiled-food-into-safe-food&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;. Although the &lt;a href=&quot;https://ucanr.edu/sites/MFPOC/Food_Safety/Botulism/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;botulinum toxin is destroyed by heating to 85C/185F for 5 minutes&lt;/a&gt;, there are other more hardy bacterial toxins that can't be destroyed short of turning the potato into a cinder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US Department of Agriculture, which tends to be ultra-conservative with food safety, has this to say about your potato:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/18081&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/18081&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How long can cooked potatoes be left at room temperature? Bacteria&#xA;  grow rapidly at temperatures between 40 °F and 140 °F; cooked potatoes&#xA;  should be discarded if left out for more than 2 hours at room&#xA;  temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when you get up in the morning and discover a potato in the oven, the only safe thing to do is toss it. Considering that a potato costs about 15 cents (US) in most of the world, why would you risk otherwise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-08-04T15:36:29.070" LastActivityDate="2019-08-04T15:36:29.070" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-04T09:48:06.233" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work as an Industrial Training student in a government Hospital and every Tuesday, happens to be our Immunization clinic. Then a Health talk proceeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the Health talk which was conducted by my Mother. She is a Public Health Nurse. While giving a health talk to the mothers, she asked if they were ever diagnosed of Gestational Diabetes, and every single mother present(Nurses, Breastfeeding mothers and a few that came for ante-natal) all said they had been diagnosed of Gestational Diabetes. They signified by raising their hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It makes me ponder if Gestational Diabetes is heriditary or if its a common occurence for pregnant women. Do all Pregnant women experience it or only a few cases of probably 10% dont?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, could it be responsible for Childhood Diabetes, that is, Juvenile Diabetes(Type 1)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not being responsible, could it be a contributing factor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other complications could there be for the unborn child?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12918" LastActivityDate="2019-08-04T09:48:06.233" Title="Is Gestational diebetes common to all pregnant women? Can the unborn develop complications from mother with Gestational Diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2019-08-12T13:03:16.363" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19823" CreationDate="2019-08-04T18:06:55.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not all the fat we eat is absorbed, but if we eat more fat then &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180411131639.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the body will become more efficient at absorbing fats&lt;/a&gt;. This is because certain intestinal microbes in the small bowel that help us to absorb fats, will increase in numbers in response to an increase in the amount of fat available there. There must, of course, be a good reason why the feedback mechanism is positive instead of negative, as evolution can be assumed to have led to a well designed body. In Nature animals don't have an obesity problem, they need to survive on the sources of calories they can actually find. So, if there is a shift from carbs to fats in the diet, it makes sense that the animal will become better at absorbing fats rather than becoming worse at absorbing fats. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastActivityDate="2019-08-04T18:06:55.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-05T12:50:05.913" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder what causes the lower leg(fibula side) to pulse visibly for few minutes after exercising/walking etc. If the pulse is synchronised with the hearth rate, is it more likely to be a vein or an artery pulsating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16585" LastActivityDate="2019-08-05T12:50:05.913" Title="What causes external lower leg to visibly pulse?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-05T22:13:45.923" Score="-1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can tight glasses cut the circulation to the outer ear? Thus making the outer ear fresh oxygen blood starved and it then be more susceptible to basil cancer? i have currently been diagnosed with basil on the flap of my ear. I would bet that most of the people who are diagnosed with this kind of cancer wear glasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16640" LastActivityDate="2019-08-05T23:02:03.280" Title="basil cancer on outer ear-tight glasses maybe the cause?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-08-06T21:09:48.077" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19850" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19849" CreationDate="2019-08-05T23:02:03.280" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, it is basal cell cancer/ basal cell carcinoma (BCC) whose leading cause is generally thought to be from sun exposure/solar radiation (1).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, There has been absolutely no research into this hypothesis, nor could I find any research into circulation being cut off to ears and thus making them more susceptible to basal cell cancer. &#xA;Do you have any research that suggests/supports your thoughts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a really great &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Miguel_Cordova3/publication/325241322_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_Part_1/links/5bc0cafb299bf1004c5b023e/Basal-Cell-Carcinoma-Part-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary paper&lt;/a&gt; written for the Journal of American Academy of Dermatology outlining most of the history, presentation, typical costs and summary statistics (what we currently know) about basal cell carcinoma. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Bajdik CD, et al. Sunlight Exposure, Pigmentary Factors, and Risk of Nonmelanocytic Skin Cancer: I. Basal Cell Carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(2):157–163. doi:10.1001/archderm.1995.01690140041006&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16641" LastActivityDate="2019-08-05T23:02:03.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-06T03:33:51.450" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always been told to wash my hands so that I won't get food poisoning - there are bad bacteria in the feces (such as e coli), which lay spores, and if the spores get into the intestine, they start reproducing, causing food poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if these bacteria are in my feces, they'd be in my intestine! So what would be the harm for one to ingest a few more bacteria, when there are already hundreds where they came from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16642" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T08:01:43.417" Title="How do bacteria from feces cause food poisoning?" Tags="&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19835" CreationDate="2019-08-06T10:46:25.970" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;After internal bleeding, the blood serum from the blood can be reabsorbed back into the circulation (capillaries), and the blood cells can be phagocytosed by macrophages. The  blood serum from the abdominal cavity can be resorbed by the peritoneal blood vessels and from the pleural space by the pleural lymphatic vessels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some hematomas may not be reabsorbed and can form &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202869/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;encapsulated cysts&lt;/a&gt; (in the brain) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.endometriosis-uk.org/sites/default/files/files/Information/Understanding-endometriosis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adhesions&lt;/a&gt; (in the abdomen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.intechopen.com/books/muscle-injuries-in-sport-medicine/the-treatment-of-muscle-hematomas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Treatment of Muscle Hematomas (IntechOPen)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This source suggests that the serum from hematoma can be reabsorbed into the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The diathermy is based on application of electromagnetic waves; those&#xA;  oscillations induce a transfer of kinetic energy which is readily&#xA;  converted into heat. This effect of heat production in the tissues is&#xA;  called ”Joule effect”...The rational application of various forms of&#xA;  diathermy is based on accelerating the rate of &lt;strong&gt;absorption of the&#xA;  residual hematoma, due to increased blood circulation induced by the&#xA;  temperature.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/articles/imaging-reveals-signs-intracranial-hemorrhage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Imaging reveals signs of intracranial hemorrhage (Diagnostic imaging, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the brain hematoma, macrophages phagocytize the red cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Macrophages and astroglial cells phagocytize the hematoma&lt;/strong&gt; in the&#xA;  chronic stage. Extracellular methemoglobin is converted into&#xA;  hemosiderin and ferritin, which is stored within the macrophages.&#xA;  Intra-axial hematomas leave a cystic, fluid-filled, or collapsed brain&#xA;  defect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1308683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lymphatic versus nonlymphatic fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity as related to the peritoneal ultrafiltration capacity and sieving properties (Blood Purification)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding from this source, after abdominal bleeding the serum can be reabsorbed via peritoneum into the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Support for the contention that &lt;strong&gt;nonlymphatic fluid absorption&#xA;  directly into the capillaries is the major mode of fluid transport&#xA;  from the peritoneal cavity to the blood&lt;/strong&gt; is given by measurements of&#xA;  the peritoneal-to-blood clearance of tracer albumin (or other&#xA;  proteins).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-pleural-liquid-turnover-in-the-normal-state&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of pleural liquid turnover in the normal state (UpToDate)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding from this source, after pleural bleeding, the serum can be resorbed by the lymphatic vessels in the parietal pleura. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Available data indicate that pleural fluid is formed from the systemic&#xA;  vessels of the pleural membranes at an approximate rate of 0.6 mL/h&#xA;  and is &lt;strong&gt;absorbed at a similar rate by the parietal pleural lymphatic&#xA;  system.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-06T10:46:25.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19851" CreationDate="2019-08-06T11:56:17.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In your &lt;em&gt;large&lt;/em&gt; intestine, some pathogenic bacteria, like E. coli, can be present as part of &quot;normal intestinal flora&quot; without causing any problems, because other (mostly nonpathogenic) microbes limit its growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you do not wash your hands after having a bowel movement, some E. coli bacteria can be present in the stool on your hands, so you can transfer them to the food where they can freely multiplicate (in much larger numbers than in your large intestine) and produce &lt;em&gt;toxins.&lt;/em&gt; When you ingest the contaminated food, the toxins can affect your &lt;em&gt;small&lt;/em&gt; intestine and trigger diarrhea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-overview#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Poisoning (Emedicine)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-07T08:01:43.417" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T08:01:43.417" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-06T09:41:08.113" Score="3" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some health products (e.g. smart scales) boast that they measure the heart's Pulse Wave Velocity. Is there any benefit in monitoring this parameter and trying to &quot;improve&quot; it via training/eating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="George" LastActivityDate="2019-08-06T15:25:21.363" Title="What is Pulse Wave Velocity, any benefit in measuring it?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-07T00:32:36.377" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've edited this so it hopefully meets the guidelines of this forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if there are any studies that demonstrate an anticipatory effect similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classical conditioning&lt;/a&gt;, increasing glucose levels prior to exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, is there any evidence that fasting blood glucose can be modified by a habit of early morning exercise?  According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-and-exercise/art-20045697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; optimal fasting blood glucose should be &amp;lt; 100 mg/dl, but blood glucose should be &gt; 100 mg/dl before undertaking intense exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies that indicate your body &quot;learn&quot; to manipulate its glucose level in anticipation of exercise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16648" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T22:24:09.807" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T23:05:55.533" Title="Are there any studies that demonstrate an anticipatory effect similar to classical conditioning when increasing glucose levels prior to exercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19857" CreationDate="2019-08-07T07:33:35.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not found any studies carried out regarding a classical conditioning to increase blood glucose before exercise.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, if you do not have enough insulin available, due to diabetes for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.joslin.org/info/why_do_blood_glucose_levels_sometimes_go_up_after_physical_activity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood glucose levels sometimes actually go up &lt;strong&gt;during and after&lt;/strong&gt; physical activity&lt;/a&gt;, causing the levels to be too high (hyperglycemia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exercise can trigger the body to release stress hormones, like adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline can stimulate the liver and the adrenal glands to release glucose and cortisol which makes you more resistant to insulin. Strenuous activity, like competitive sports, can trigger even more stress hormones, in which case blood glucose usually increases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, stimulated by the demand from your exercising muscles, your body is pouring glucose into your bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the flip side, diabetic people also need to be wary of hypos. Low blood sugar, &lt;em&gt;hypoglycemia&lt;/em&gt;, can occur during or after exercise when the body has used a high level of its stored sugar (glycogen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People taking glucose lowering medications should be aware of the risk of hypoglycemia that sport can present. &#xA;  Sport can cause the body to be more sensitive to insulin for up to 48 hours after exercising and people on insulin may need to take this account, particularly when next going to sleep after exercise to avoid hypos during the night (source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-sport-and-blood-sugar.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes UK&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why diabetic people need to constantly monitor their blood glucose levels before, during and after exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's look at the hypothesis you put forward. Unless you eat a high sugar food before exercise, what would cause your levels to rise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Jan in the comments puts forward a good hypothesis that activating the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fight/flight response&lt;/a&gt; could increase your blood glucose levels in the same way exercise can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember that an increase in adrenaline can stimulate the liver and the adrenal glands to release glucose and cortisol.  If you activate your fight/flight response, you can therefore increase blood glucose levels. This is in order for the muscles to have enough energy for you to flee from danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This also highlights further problems for diabetic people to be wary of when under extended periods of stress and anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/q/1686&quot;&gt;this question and answer from Psychology &amp;amp; Neuroscience&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that watching a horror movie can activate your fight/flight response, so can remembering a scene from a horror movie, replaying it in your head.  You may need to be cautious using the fight/flight response regularly though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the years, researchers have learned not only how and why these reactions occur, but have also gained insight into the long-term effects chronic stress has on physical and psychological health. Over time, repeated activation of the stress response takes a toll on the body. Research suggests that chronic stress contributes to high blood pressure, promotes the formation of artery-clogging deposits, and causes brain changes that may contribute to anxiety, depression, and addiction (source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-08-07T08:10:22.283" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T08:10:22.283" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-07T11:13:02.167" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;h2&gt;&quot;Premenstral stress/tension&quot; (PMS/PMT) as commonly defined does exist&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't want to upset anyone by downplaying the real effects of PMT/PMS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reports such as those &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/news/mental-health/is-pmt-a-myth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed out by the NHS&lt;/a&gt; aside, I have witnessed how the problem affects many women (if not all women to a degree) every month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-menstrual-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another NHS page&lt;/a&gt; points out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's not fully understood why women experience PMS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But it may be because of changes in your hormone levels during the menstrual cycle&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, I know that &lt;a href=&quot;http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/the-female-reproductive-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;women have a finite number of eggs available in the ovaries&lt;/a&gt; and they are all there at the start of maturity. After they are gone, no more will become available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting in the loss of ovarian follicle development (Stotland &amp;amp; Stewart, 2008). Is the stress and tension specifically linked to menstruation or if it can continue into later life (after menopause)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.menopause.org/for-women/menopauseflashes/menopause-symptoms-and-treatments/how-do-i-know-i&amp;#39;m-in-menopause-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is still released post-menopause&lt;/a&gt;. Does premenstral stress/tension persist past menopause and if so, are any of the other relevant hormones still released in the same proportions after menopause at the time menstruation would have occurred?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stotland, N. L., &amp;amp; Stewart, D. E. (Eds.). (2008). &lt;em&gt;Psychological aspects of women's health care: The interface between psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology&lt;/em&gt;. London: American Psychiatric Press Inc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-08-15T06:39:23.867" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T06:39:23.867" Title="Does premenstrual tension/stress persist after menopause?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;dysmenorrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17975" CreationDate="2019-08-07T11:13:54.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inhaling sprayed water while staying in heavy rain does not likely cause aspiration pneumonia, at least not by water itself. I have found no relevant results after searching for combination of: rain, rainstorm, mist, fog, humidity and aspiration pneumonia or pneumonitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saying that, increased rainfall and humidity are associated with increased risk of &lt;strong&gt;legionellosis&lt;/strong&gt; - atypical pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16288369/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2005&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870637/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epidemiology and Infection, 2007&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628787/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The air humidity increases with water evaporating, not with rain falling. So, air humidity is not necessary the highest during raining, but rather after raining, especially at high temperatures (&lt;a href=&quot;https://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/dochelp/QA/Basic/humidity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library&lt;/a&gt;). You can probably inhale more water from fog than from rain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-07T11:13:54.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19823" CreationDate="2019-08-07T14:57:20.617" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After ingestion of even large amount of fat (like 200 g/day), most of it will be absorbed and then either used as an energy source or stored as body fat. In the context of weight gain, a healthy human body has no effective mechanism to &quot;ignore&quot; fat once it is ingested. Ingestion of abnormally large amounts of fat at once could trigger diarrhea, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do we know that most of fat is absorbed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a fecal fat test in which you are instructed to consume 100-150 g fat per day for few days and then the amount of fat in your stool is measured for few days. The normal amount of fat in the stool in healthy adults is up to 7 g/day (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&amp;amp;contentid=fecal_fat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rochester.edu&lt;/a&gt;). So, from 100-150 grams ingested only up to 7 g can normally escape absorption. Larger amounts of fat in stool (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541055/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;steatorrhea&lt;/a&gt;) occur in malabsorption conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do we know that fat, once absorbed, is not excreted as fat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When dietary fat is absorbed, it is either burned or stored as body fat. Where else could it go? A healthy human body can excrete unmetabolized nutrients via the stool, urine and skin. A minimal amount of fat is secreted via &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bile&lt;/a&gt; into the intestine, but most of it is reabsorbed. Fat is not excreted via &lt;a href=&quot;https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/25-1-physical-characteristics-of-urine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urine&lt;/a&gt; in any significant amounts, and when it is (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1440328&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lipiduria&lt;/a&gt;), it can be a sign of kidney disease. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7276619&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sebaceous glands&lt;/a&gt; excrete only few grams of fat per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-08T11:34:25.447" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T11:34:25.447" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-07T18:49:28.437" Score="6" ViewCount="331" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my childhood I remember &lt;em&gt;vehement&lt;/em&gt; opposition to fast food in general and in particular to McDonald's. While I believe the notion that McDonald's is extremely unhealthy is &lt;em&gt;obviously&lt;/em&gt; widespread, I will nonetheless provide an example to not seem empty-worded: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Size_Me&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Size_Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am uncertain why is that so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Superficially, this is what McDonald's food consists of: A sandwich filled with meat, cheese and vegetables.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I am certain such food can be claimed to be sub-optimal (white bread, too much meat, ...), it nonetheless does not seem to be &lt;em&gt;horrible&lt;/em&gt; in comparison with the typical alternatives (eating such self-prepared sandwiches at home, but with fewer ingredients). And yet McDonald's was attacked much more vehemently than the concept of sandwiches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are sandwiches themsevles considered the worst kinds of junk food?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or are sandwiches from McDonald's significantly worse than sandwiches in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-08-07T21:31:57.177" LastActivityDate="2019-08-10T11:31:34.370" Title="If and why is McDonald's food considered extremely unhealthy?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19864" CreationDate="2019-08-08T10:23:28.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If and why is McDonald's food considered extremely unhealthy?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Extremely unhealthy&quot; is what some people say for many foods, but to say that fast food is &quot;considered unhealthy,&quot; more evidence is needed. I have no evidence to say that McDonalds is better or worse than others in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the experiment about eating in McDonalds shown in the documentary Super Size Me and described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Size_Me&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt;, the guy claims he was consuming 5,000 Calories per day:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Spurlock ate at McDonald's restaurants three times per day, eating&#xA;  every item on the chain's menu at least once. Spurlock consumed an&#xA;  average of 20.9 megajoules or &lt;strong&gt;5,000 kcal (the equivalent of 9.26 Big&#xA;  Macs) per day&lt;/strong&gt; during the experiment. An intake of around 2,500 kcal&#xA;  within a healthy balanced diet is more generally recommended for a man&#xA;  to maintain his weight. As a result, the then-32-year-old Spurlock&#xA;  gained 11.1 kilograms (24 lb), a 13% body mass increase, increased his cholesterol to 230 mg/dL (6.0 mmol/L), and experienced mood&#xA;  swings, sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if he had a severely &lt;em&gt;hypercaloric diet&lt;/em&gt; for a month, this alone (and not where and which exact foods he was eating) could result in weight gain and consequently in increased cholesterol (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/risk_factors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;). Any double calorie diet at any other restaurant or at home could do the same. So, this experiment does not provide any convincing evidence to say that McD food is unhealthy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.al.com/entertainment/2015/08/meet_the_science_teacher_who_l.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another experiment&lt;/a&gt;, another guy was on a &lt;em&gt;hypocaloric diet&lt;/em&gt; by eating carefully at McDonalds for 180 days - he lost 13.6 kg (30 pounds) and his cholesterol levels dropped significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any other evidence to say that fast food is unhealthy?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A typical food pattern in fast food restaurants includes hamburgers and sandwiches (white bread, processed beef or bacon, cheese), chicken nuggets and French fries (with fried oils), salad with dressing (oils), apple pies, chocolate cookies, ice cream and sweetened beverages (sugar) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us/full-menu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;McD menu&lt;/a&gt;). Such food pattern &lt;em&gt;tends&lt;/em&gt; to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have little fiber, so it can be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544045/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;constipating&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be energy dense and can be, in association with lack of fiber, less satiating, which can make you eat more than you need and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/4/974&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gain excessive weight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have a lot of quickly absorbed carbohydrates (plain starch in white bread and fries, sugar), which is, along with excessive weight, a risk factor for &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836142/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes type 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have an excessive amount of trans fats (in French fries, chicken nuggets, pies, biscuits - &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=605&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;subset=1&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://foodwatch.com.au/blog/fats-and-oils/item/13-trans-fat-foods-to-remove-from-your-diet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Foodwatch&lt;/a&gt;), which can increase LDL cholesterol, which can be a risk factor for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268692&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;cardiovascular disease&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contain a lot of preservatives and other food additives, which &lt;strong&gt;spoil the taste&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be fair, in many fast food restaurants, including McDs, you can also buy an apple, a salad without dressing, a veggie burger and mineral water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are sandwiches themselves considered the worst kinds of junk food and are the those from McD significantly worse than sandwiches in general?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sandwiches typically contain processed meat. &lt;em&gt;High&lt;/em&gt; consumption of processed meat is associated with increased risk of &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.109.924977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiovascular disease and diabetes type 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. I don't have any evidence to say that sandwiches are the worst food and which brand is worse, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; there is evidence that &lt;em&gt;food patterns&lt;/em&gt; (not the food items themselves) promoted by fast food restaurants are associated with increased health risks. The risk increases with frequent eating energy dense, low-fiber foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-10T11:31:34.370" LastActivityDate="2019-08-10T11:31:34.370" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18722" CreationDate="2019-08-08T14:22:11.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Minerals are not destroyed by cooking, but a large amount of some minerals, especially potassium, can leak into the boiling water. This can be prevented by &lt;em&gt;steaming&lt;/em&gt; - cooking &lt;em&gt;above&lt;/em&gt; instead &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; the boiling water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than 50% of some vitamins can be destroyed by cooking; the percent increases with cooking time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/topics/processing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutritional Effects of Food Processing (NutritionData)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-08T14:41:56.837" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T14:41:56.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-08T15:27:36.497" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coronary angioplasty (PTCA or PCI with stenting) and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) are 2 main methods to treat severe symptomatic coronary artery disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Former is done through tiny catheters under X-ray fluoroscopy with patient in awake state while latter is a proper open chest surgical procedure with patient under anesthesia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is choice made between PTCA/PCI and CABG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1477" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T15:27:36.497" Title="How is choice made between coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;angioplasty&gt;&lt;cabg-coronary-art-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13763" CreationDate="2019-08-08T15:37:26.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consumption of 1-2 eggs per day is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the following systematic reviews of studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23676423&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (AJCN, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This meta-analysis suggests that egg consumption is not associated&#xA;  with the risk of CVD and cardiac mortality in the general population.&#xA;  However, egg consumption may be associated with an increased incidence&#xA;  of type 2 diabetes among the general population and CVD comorbidity&#xA;  among diabetic patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28359773&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Impact of Egg Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and at Risk for Developing Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Nutritional Intervention Studies (Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results from randomized controlled trials suggest that consumption of&#xA;  6 to 12 eggs per week, in the context of a diet that is consistent&#xA;  with guidelines on cardiovascular health promotion, has no adverse&#xA;  effect on major CVD [cardiovascular] risk factors in individuals at risk for developing&#xA;  diabetes or with type 2 diabetes. However, heterogeneities in study&#xA;  design, population included and interventions prevent firm conclusions&#xA;  from being drawn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586539/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Egg Consumption and Human Cardio-Metabolic Health in People with and without Diabetes (Nutrients, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A high egg diet in the context of a background diet that is low in&#xA;  saturated fats (a polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio &gt; 0.7), or a&#xA;  diet that replaces saturated fats with poly- and mono-unsaturated&#xA;  fats, is likely to result in positive or no adverse changes in LDL&#xA;  cholesterol, and could be safely advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also check &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/19584/3002&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; individuals, consumption of eggs, which are high in cholesterol, may increase LDL cholesterol levels and thus increase the risk of cardiovascular disease &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586539/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Nutrients, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;most&lt;/em&gt; individuals, high cholesterol intake is not associated with high blood cholesterol levels, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946211/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Lipids, and Heart Disease: Are Eggs Working for or Against You? (Nutrients, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overall, recent intervention studies with eggs demonstrate that the&#xA;  additional dietary cholesterol does not negatively affect serum&#xA;  lipids, and in some cases, appears to improve lipoprotein particle&#xA;  profiles and HDL functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-08T15:48:02.223" LastActivityDate="2019-08-08T15:48:02.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19875" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-10T07:40:50.413" Score="4" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} claims that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaxanthin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;astaxanthin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use&#xA;  of natural astaxanthin may suggest that daily use can help alleviate pain associated with Tennis&#xA;  Elbow, and increase mobility&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study doesn't seem to have been published in a serious peer-reviewed venue, and I couldn't find any independent study (independent = not sponsored by some astaxanthin seller). I found 2 sponsored studies {2,3} but {2} didn't focus on tendon injuries and I couldn't access {3}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does astaxanthin help prevent or heal a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Effect of daily use of natural astaxanthin on symptoms associated with Tennis Elbow (lateral humeral epicondylitis). Gene A. Spiller, PhD, CNS, Antonella Dewell, MS, RD, Sally Chaves, RN, Zaga Rakidzich, Health Research &amp;amp; Studies Center, Los Altos, CA. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cyanotech.com/pdfs/bioastin/batl65.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cyanotech.com/pdfs/bioastin/batl65.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/effectofdailyuseofnaturalastaxanthinonsymptomsassociatedwithtenniselbow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Capelli, Bob, Usha Jenkins, and Gerald R. Cysewski. &quot;Role of astaxanthin in sports nutrition.&quot; In Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance, pp. 465-471. Academic Press, 2013. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396454-0.00048-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396454-0.00048-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Capelli, B., and G. Cysewski. &quot;Natural Astaxanthin: The World’s Best Kept Health Secret.&quot; (2013). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325055058_NATURAL_ASTAXANTHIN_The_World&amp;#39;s_Best_Kept_Health_Secret&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325055058_NATURAL_ASTAXANTHIN_The_World's_Best_Kept_Health_Secret&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T21:17:44.590" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T21:21:11.387" Title="Does astaxanthin help prevent or heal a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-10T09:40:25.677" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is the current &quot;Recommended Daily Allowance of Magnesium&quot; table:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Age         Male    Female  Pregnancy&#xA;&#xA;≤6 mo       30 mg   30 mg   …&#xA;7-12 mo     75 mg   75 mg   …&#xA;1-3 y       80 mg   80 mg   …&#xA;4-8 y       130 mg  130 mg  …&#xA;9-13 y      240 mg  240 mg  …&#xA;14-18 y     410 mg  360 mg  400 mg&#xA;19-30 y     400 mg  310 mg  350 mg&#xA;31-50 y     420 mg  320 mg  360 mg&#xA;≥51 y       420 mg  320 mg  …&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that's something approved for the mass public with normal lifestyles and this table assumes no additional factors that drain magnesium (e.g. chronic stress).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that due to chronic stress and mental effort a person is symptomatic with magnesium deficiency symptoms like muscle weakness and fatigue and muscle twitches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in such case how much magnesium can a person &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; eat daily? Does this make any sense whatsoever to eat for example 600 mg of Mg citrate daily or the body doesn't need more than 420 mg daily regardless of the situation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15932" LastActivityDate="2019-08-10T10:24:18.093" Title="How much magnesium can a person really consume without side effects?" Tags="&lt;magnesium&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19877" CreationDate="2019-08-10T10:24:18.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Symptomatic magnesium deficiency due to &quot;chronic stress&quot; and &quot;mental effort&quot; in an otherwise healthy person on a regular diet is unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Symptomatic magnesium deficiency due to low dietary intake in&#xA;  otherwise-healthy people is uncommon because the kidneys limit urinary&#xA;  excretion of this mineral (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements,&#xA;  NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the same source, Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for supplemental magnesium is 350 mg/day for adults, which is even lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowance, which is 420 mg/day. This is because magnesium from supplements tends to have a &lt;strong&gt;laxative effect&lt;/strong&gt; in lower doses than the magnesium from food. The actual Mg dose that can trigger diarrhea can vary greatly from person to person, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-10T10:24:18.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19882" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19884" CreationDate="2019-08-11T11:57:14.197" Score="1" ViewCount="170" Body="&lt;p&gt;Granted this question may seem quite specific to me as I'm unsure if the general public have a similar effect to these foods as I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I consume basmati rice, 100g provides about 120 calories according to the back of the pack. However that 100g fills me up for a good few hours. But when I consume Avocados, I can eat 2 avocados which consist of 500 calories and still be hungry after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So doesn't this suggest that eating carbs is better for fat loss than dietary fat, as carbs are more filling and less calories dense. However, I see several diets cut out carbs in order to aid with fat loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen answers from propel suggesting carbs are non-filling whereas fat is, but I've not noticed this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone could please enlighten me on whether carbs are better to consume than fat for fat loss or if fat is better. Or even if neither matters as I just need to find the right balance for a caloric deficit each day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16674" LastActivityDate="2019-08-13T19:21:21.777" Title="Carbs Vs Fat - Which is better for weight loss" Tags="&lt;carbohydrates&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10632" CreationDate="2019-08-11T17:53:58.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is peer-reviewed scientific research &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221781015_Sex_hormones_appetite_and_eating_behaviour_in_women&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women&quot; by Angelica Lindén Hirschberg&#xA;from &lt;em&gt;Karolinska Institutet&lt;/em&gt;, which states already in abstract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sex hormones play essential roles in the regulation of appetite, eating behaviour and energy metabolism and have been implicated in several major clinical disorders in women. Estrogen inhibits food intake, whereas progesterone and testosterone may stimulate appetite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More detailed answer, including various small details are on pp.249-250 of article, part 2.4 &lt;em&gt;Sex hormones&lt;/em&gt;. Rest of article covers woman's various stages of life and deviations from norm, so whole paper worth reading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoting is limited to above due to apparent copyright limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16676" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T17:53:58.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2019-08-11T18:48:43.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One important factor is that you have to be certain that your weight caused not by sickness or disorder, i.e. doctor told you that weight gain caused only by improper food intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short and general answer is that weight control is not directly intuitive link between sugar and &quot;fat&quot; intake and outcomes in weight measurements. E.g. wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_index#Weight_control&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glycemic index&lt;/a&gt; gives next suggestion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dietary replacement of saturated fats by carbohydrates with a low glycemic index may be beneficial for &lt;strong&gt;weight control&lt;/strong&gt;, whereas substitution with refined, high glycemic index carbohydrates is not.[20] A Cochrane review found that adoption of low glycemic index (or load) diets by people who are overweight or obese leads to more weight loss (and better fat control) than use of diets involving higher glycemic index/load or other strategies.[21] Benefits were apparent even with low glycemic index/load diets that allow people to eat as much as they like.[21] The authors of the review concluded that &quot;Lowering the glycaemic load of the diet appears to be an effective method of promoting weight loss and improving lipid profiles and can be simply incorporated into a person's lifestyle.&quot;[21]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you may have found from same article, most of white rice (and basmati is one of them) is high GI food and hence is NOT good for your weight. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other factor is cholesterol intake and its impact on your weight. Very short answer is - avoid animal fat and red meat, and rely on plant (olive preferably) oils as source of needed components. Red meat better be substituted by fish and poultry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, ask for appointment to dietologist or nutritionist, as you get confused even on simplistic factors, while you might need professional advise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16676" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T18:48:43.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19875" CreationDate="2019-08-11T21:14:24.357" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Source 3 is a book sponsered by Cyanotech Corporation claiming beneficial effects for the human health using Astaxanthin. The author is employee of Cyanotech Corporation.&#xA;There is a small chapter regarding beneficial effects of Astaxanthin for the tennis elbow, but is is only referring to source 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not find anymore studies referring to the effects of using Astaxanthin in the treatment of tennis elbow. But there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.cyanotech.com/pdfs/bioastin/batl18.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjBpZz92fvjAhXBwsQBHSu5DM0QFjACegQIARAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw03Lg12cq8x4NKKAxHroM0y&amp;amp;cshid=1565556981743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;(1) (sponsered by Cyanotech Corporation) regarding carpal tunnel syndrome claiming a beneficial effect of Astaxanthin while there is another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280376/#__ffn_sectitle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;(2) stating that there is no significant effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The European Food Saftey Authorizy gave their scientific opinion regarding health claims &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;(3):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, two unpublished reports on the effects of astaxanthin in the relief of pain and the improvement of performance in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (Nir and Spiller, 2002a) and with tennis elbow (Spiller et al., 2006), and one intervention in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were &#xA;  presented to support the claimed effect (Nir and Spiller, 2002b). The Panel notes that the three studies above are pilot single-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled parallel studies conducted with a product containing high oleic safflower oil, Haematococcus extract, lutein, vitamin A, vitamin E, gelatine and rosemary oil in addition to astaxanthin, and therefore no conclusions can be drawn from these studies on the food that is the subject of the health claim, astaxanthin, in relation to the claimed &#xA;  effect. &#xA;  The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the &#xA;  consumption of astaxanthin and the maintenance of normal joints, tendons or connective tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no evidence available supporting the use of Astaxanthin for the treatment of tennis elbow &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BioAstin, a natural astaxanthin from microalge helps relieve pain and improves performance in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.cyanotech.com/pdfs/bioastin/batl18.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjBpZz92fvjAhXBwsQBHSu5DM0QFjACegQIARAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw03Lg12cq8x4NKKAxHroM0y&amp;amp;cshid=1565556981743&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.cyanotech.com/pdfs/bioastin/batl18.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjBpZz92fvjAhXBwsQBHSu5DM0QFjACegQIARAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw03Lg12cq8x4NKKAxHroM0y&amp;amp;cshid=1565556981743&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A blinded placebo-controlled randomized trial on the use of astaxanthin as an adjunct to splinting in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280376/#__ffn_sectitle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280376/#__ffn_sectitle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to &#xA;astaxanthin&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1253&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1253&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16296" LastEditorUserId="16296" LastEditDate="2019-08-11T21:21:11.387" LastActivityDate="2019-08-11T21:21:11.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19887" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2019-08-12T11:28:53.483" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Technically, the only thing needed for weight loss is &lt;strong&gt;a caloric deficit.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763382/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates (NEJM, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss&#xA;  regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other question is, which foods are most &lt;strong&gt;satiating.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359496/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diets with High or Low Protein Content and Glycemic Index for Weight-Loss Maintenance (NEJM, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this large European study, &lt;strong&gt;a modest increase in protein content&#xA;  and a modest reduction in the glycemic index&lt;/strong&gt; led to an improvement&#xA;  in study completion and maintenance of weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/glycemic-index-and-glycemic-load-for-100-foods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of foods with glycemic index values&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some reasoning why some macronutrients could be more satiating than others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Proteins and fats can be more satiating than carbs because they stay in the stomach for a longer time, so they are more filling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slowly absorbed carbohydrates (whole grains and legumes) may be more satiating than the quickly absorbed carbohydrates (plain starch from white bread, rice and cornflakes, and potatoes), again, because they are more filling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of studies about the effect of low-carb/high fat and low-fat/high carbs on the satiety and weight loss, which are, in summary, very confusing, so I won't discuss this further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These were some theories, what about practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Try to find a food pattern that will become your usual long-term diet, not just a temporary weight loss diet. Include foods you like.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoid/limit liquid calories (soda, fruit juice, alcohol) and other &quot;quick calories&quot; from sweets, like chocolate, and other energy-dense foods (fast food).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, listen your body and do what works for you and do not overthink the macronutrient ratios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-12T11:28:53.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19888" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19889" CreationDate="2019-08-12T13:07:01.690" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently asked &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/q/21249/13&quot;&gt;How to mark beverage cans in a cooler for a blind person?&lt;/a&gt; on a sister site.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of &lt;a href=&quot;https://lifehacks.stackexchange.com/a/21286/13&quot;&gt;the answers&lt;/a&gt; made this unreferenced claim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The last thing you want to do close to hypoglycaemic shock is to expend the calories for heating a drink to body temperature and have your stomach cramp up and not let it pass.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I googled some, but did not find any references or studies on how beverage temperature might impact glucose uptake during hypoglycemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the temperature of a sugar beverage have any impact on how quickly the the low blood sugar is corrected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI - Insulin dependent type 1 diabetic as the consumer.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15" LastEditorUserId="15" LastEditDate="2019-08-13T12:51:23.853" LastActivityDate="2019-08-13T12:51:23.853" Title="How does fluid temp impact glucose uptake in hypoglycemia?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;hypoglycemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19889" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19888" CreationDate="2019-08-12T13:59:17.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433604/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of meal temperature on gastric emptying of liquids in man (Gut, 1988)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The initial rate of gastric emptying of the cold drink was&#xA;  significantly slower than the control drink…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The slower the gastric emptying of a drink, the slower delivery of glucose to the small intestine, where it is absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, glucose from a cold drink will be absorbed slower than glucose from a room temperature drink, which may delay the treatment of hypoglycemia, but probably not more than for several minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose from a hot drink will be also absorbed slower, because the stomach needs to cool it down to body temperature before letting it through. So, theoretically, the ideal temperature of a glucose solution to drink to treat hypoglycemia is 37 °C (body temperature).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some say the beverage temperature does not signifficantly affect gastric emptying, though: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/73/suppl_2/57/1930269&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fate of ingested fluids: factors affecting gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of beverages in human (Nutrition Reviews, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Beverage temperature that differs markedly from normothermia has&#xA;  little effect on gastric emptying as intragastric temperatures rapidly&#xA;  equilibrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After checking several articles about treatment of hypoglycemia in diabetics, no one mentions the temperature of a drink, which suggets that this may not be that crucial. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-12T14:44:51.327" LastActivityDate="2019-08-12T14:44:51.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19822" CreationDate="2019-08-12T22:14:28.553" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all: This is not an answer related to your described medical condition. Therefore, I will not draw any conclusions regarding your condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, taking calcium carbonate containing antacids is very unlikley a cause for otoconia (&quot;ear crystals&quot;) to form and/or grow. Actually, the formation of otoconia requires more than just a calcium carbonate source (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710459&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The fundamental requirements for the production of vertebrate otoconia are availability of calcium and carbonate ions. &lt;strong&gt;However, the activity of these ions in the endolymphatic space is far too low for spontaneous nucleation&lt;/strong&gt;. Therefore, mechanisms for localized concentration of the reactants are required, a role typically played in other carbonate-based calcification systems by acidic glycoproteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the formation of otoconia is a nonrecurring event in the human development (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482761/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mammalian otoconia form at late embryonic stages [...].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1)&#xA;Development and maintenance of otoconia: biochemical considerations.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710459&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710459&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2)&#xA;Mechanisms of Otoconia and Otolith Development&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482761/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482761/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16296" LastActivityDate="2019-08-12T22:14:28.553" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19892" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19822" CreationDate="2019-08-13T08:11:53.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Calcium carbonate from antacids does not appear as calcium carbonate in the ear (or brain). When you take antacids, the gastric acid converts calcium carbonate to calcium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These effect is based on the chemical reaction CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 +&#xA;  H2O + CO2, in which hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate, the base&#xA;  component, form water, carbon dioxide and calcium chloride, therefore&#xA;  neutralizing the acid by consuming the H+ radicals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6174013/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JCED&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When absorbed, calcium chloride appears in the blood as calcium and chloride, the same way as sodium chloride appears as sodium and chloride. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/calcium-carbonate-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; does not mention any calcium carbonate side effects tat would be related to labyrinth or vertigo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The search for &quot;ear crystals&quot; + &quot;antacids&quot; does not give any meaningful results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If antacids were increasing the risk of ear crystals, this would be clearly mentioned in any serious article about ear crystals. It's not that crystals are formed because of too much calcium carbonate. Crystals are already there, they are part of normal anatomy, so everyone has them, but if they become &lt;em&gt;loose,&lt;/em&gt; they can cause dizziness (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/bppv-why-loose-ear-crystals-make-you-dizzy-and-how-to-fix-them/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Three factors make it more likely that ear crystals may loosen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Age over 65 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Head injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Viral inner ear infections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone who has vertigo that significantly affects his/her life can ask a primary doctor for advice. The doctor may recommend visiting an ENT specialist or neurologist. So, the first step is &lt;strong&gt;to get a proper diagnosis.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-13T08:42:27.367" LastActivityDate="2019-08-13T08:42:27.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19822" CreationDate="2019-08-13T10:26:05.813" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Octonium\Otoliths&lt;/a&gt; (also known as ear crystals\rocks) are a natural part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vestibular system&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo#Cause&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BPPV&lt;/a&gt; is caused by these otoliths coming loose, and so isn't directly related to calcium carbonate intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BPPV can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older. A specific cause is often not found. The underlying mechanism involves a small calcified otolith moving around loose in the inner ear.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  ...&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Within the labyrinth of the inner ear lie collections of calcium crystals known as otoconia or otoliths. In people with BPPV, the otoconia are dislodged from their usual position within the utricle, and migrate over time into one of the semicircular canals (the posterior canal is most commonly affected due to its anatomical position). When the head is reoriented relative to gravity, the gravity-dependent movement of the heavier otoconial debris (colloquially &quot;ear rocks&quot;) within the affected semicircular canal causes abnormal (pathological) endolymph fluid displacement and a resultant sensation of vertigo. This more common condition is known as canalithiasis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further research into &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_supplement#Side_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calcium supplements&lt;/a&gt; leads to a hypothesis that they cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk-alkali_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;milk-alkali syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, which has symptoms similar to BPPV:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most common symptoms (of milk-alkali syndrome) are poor appetite, dizziness, headache, confusion, psychosis, and dry mouth; laboratory tests may show that a person with milk-alkali syndrome has high blood calcium, kidney failure, and metabolic alkalosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the basic answer to your question: Can taking antacids (that have Calcium Carbonate) cause ear crystals to form and grow?, is no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-08-15T06:25:35.297" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T06:25:35.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19896" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19882" CreationDate="2019-08-13T19:15:57.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you eat 100 g of basmati rice and take on 120 calories you've had a &quot;meal/snack&quot; that's 1.2 calories/g (calories per gram) in energy density. An avocado might be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellfit.com/calories-in-an-avocado-3495640&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;136 grams in weight&lt;/a&gt; (without seed) and contain 227 calories. If you eat two avocados then you can calculate that (assuming these numbers are accurate) you've eaten 272 grams (136 g x 2) of avocados and taken on roughly 500 calories of energy. This ends up being an energy density of 1.8 calories/g. What this means is that you can eat 50% more rice (as opposed to avocados, by weight) for the same amount of energy intake. Or another way of thinking of it, if you're eating basmati rice you can eat 150% the weight of the avocados for the same energy intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference in fat intake will be 42 grams from the avocados and almost none from the rice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also hear often that fats and proteins are more filling than carbohydrates, but I can only say that that's something I've &quot;heard&quot;. I don't know if the research is decisive on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, remember that there are many many different factors to this issue. Just to mention one when it comes to dieting, there's something called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_dynamic_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;thermic effect of food&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (also known by a number of other names, including &quot;food-induced thermogenesis&quot;). Basically everything you eat requires energy from your body to metabolize that food. You probably would have heard the factoid that eating celery makes your body burn more calories than are contained in the celery, making it a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-calorie_food&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;negative-calorie food&lt;/a&gt;. Leaving aside whether this is true or not, this is based on that idea of the thermic effect of food. The thermic effect of eating carbohydrates and fats that is reported will depend on which study you read, and will likely vary on the type of person (what body composition they have, age etc.) and the type of fat you're talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said, there are many different factors, including psychological ones about what foods feel more filling to you, but one last one I'll mention is the fact that your two avocados will have about 18 grams of fiber as opposed to a maximum of 2 grams of fiber from the basmati rice. A generally accepted effect of dietary fiber, whether soluble or insoluble is that it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Increases food volume without increasing caloric content to the same extent as digestible carbohydrates, providing satiety which may reduce appetite. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber#Effects_of_fiber_intake&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary fiber - Effects of fiber intake (Wikipedia article)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Aids in achieving healthy weight. High-fiber foods tend to be more filling than low-fiber foods, so you're likely to eat less and stay satisfied longer.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/fiber/art-20043983&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mayoclinic.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;good site&lt;/a&gt; where you can compare nutrition data of different foods. Just be careful when reading information because cooked and uncooked cereals, such as pasta and rice, have a difference of &quot;about&quot; three times in their values (can be more or less, depending how you cook it).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15569" LastEditorUserId="15569" LastEditDate="2019-08-13T19:21:21.777" LastActivityDate="2019-08-13T19:21:21.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19900" CreationDate="2019-08-14T01:04:56.917" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Relating to the average patient's meal, which foods and how would the portion size be modified in order to meet &lt;a href=&quot;https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Guidelines&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: In other words, what to think about when designing vegan meals in hospitals?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1881" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-14T14:52:03.547" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T11:56:17.707" Title="Choice of foods and proportions for vegans" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;vegan&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19897" CreationDate="2019-08-14T14:49:17.023" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found &lt;a href=&quot;https://food-guide.canada.ca/static/assets/pdf/CDG-EN-2018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2019 Canada's Dietary Guidelines&lt;/a&gt; - full version for professionals (easy to read, references to scientific evidence).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables/reference-values-macronutrients-dietary-reference-intakes-tables-2005.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended intakes for &lt;strong&gt;macronutrients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in a 2,000 Calorie/day diet: &lt;em&gt;(RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance is the amount that should be sufficient for most adults ; AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (in % of total energy intake)&lt;/em&gt;; links to vegan foods included:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=205&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carbohydrate&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; RDA: 130 g/day ; AMDR: 45-65% of total energy&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=291&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fiber&lt;/a&gt;: 21-30 g/day&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.choosemyplate.gov/what-are-added-sugars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Free sugars&lt;/a&gt; (in fruit juices or added as in sweetened beverages): &amp;lt;10% of total energy (&amp;lt;50 g)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=203&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protein&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; RDA = 0.80 g/kg body weigh/day (56 g/70 kg man; 46 g/58 kg woman); AMDR = 10-35% of total energy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=204&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fat&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; AMDR = 20-35% of total energy&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=606&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Saturated fat&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;lt;10% total energy (&amp;lt;20 g/day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=605&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trans fat&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;lt;1% total energy (&amp;lt;2 g/day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommended intakes for &lt;strong&gt;micronutrients:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables/reference-values-elements-dietary-reference-intakes-tables-2005.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minerals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables/reference-values-vitamins-dietary-reference-intakes-tables-2005.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &quot;average meal&quot; in a hospital can refer to a healthy meal intended for an omnivore person with no special dietary needs. Vegan meals in hospitals, which do not contain meat, fish, eggs and milk, should contain enough iron and protein from plant sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=303&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plant foods rich in &lt;strong&gt;iron&lt;/strong&gt; (USDA.gov)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beans, peas, lentils&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cereals ready-to-eat (fortified)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sunflower and pumpkin seeds&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nuts: cashew, pine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lupins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spinach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grains: amaranth, barley, cornmeal, kamut, oats, quinoa, rye, semolina, shorghum, spelt&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beets&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dried figs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=203&amp;amp;nutrient2=204&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;fg=8&amp;amp;fg=20&amp;amp;fg=9&amp;amp;fg=16&amp;amp;fg=12&amp;amp;fg=11&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plant foods high in &lt;strong&gt;protein&lt;/strong&gt; (&gt;10 g/serving) and low in fat (&amp;lt;10 g/serving)(USDA.gov)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lupins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beans, lentils and peas (most types)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Grains: cornmeal, quinoa, spelt, triticale&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fermented soy: hummus, tempeh, tofu &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foods high in protein but also in fat include most nuts and seeds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe the most appropriate beverages are those that are low in sugar: plain or mineral water, vegetable juices, tea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vegan patients who stay in a hospital for several months may also benefit from vitamin D and B12 supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When designing vegan meals in hospitals, one can use the info from USDA Food Composition Database, linked above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-17T11:56:17.707" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T11:56:17.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-14T17:31:44.413" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;After a long day of sailing or a boat, or sitting in a car, or heavy sporting, et cetera, one might feel, while lying perfectly still in bed (or resting in another way), as if the body is still performing the motion of the waves (or car, or sport).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this effect called, and what causes it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16690" LastActivityDate="2019-08-14T17:31:44.413" Title="What is the effect of still feeling a movement after doing this movement during the day called and what causes it?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-15T00:56:33.330" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dicomlibrary.com/dicom/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DICOM&lt;/a&gt;s (&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;igital &lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt;mages and &lt;strong&gt;CO&lt;/strong&gt;mmunications in &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;edicine) from  several CT volumes where most volumes miss the &lt;code&gt;SliceThickness&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;SliceLocation&lt;/code&gt; attribute. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another attribute usually contained in a DICOM which tells me something about the length or height of the total scan?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The goal is to approximate the &lt;code&gt;SLiceThickness&lt;/code&gt; - any means are much appreciated! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16691" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-19T06:02:37.557" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T06:02:37.557" Title="DICOM SliceThickness proximity" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-15T01:45:42.683" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/smoking-bladder-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read online&lt;/a&gt; that smoking could cause bladder damage such as cancer, but I wasn't able to find if the problem is the nicotine or the other additives found in cigarette smoke that causes the damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could other sources of smoke (bonfire, paper fire, forest fire, etc) cause the same issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16692" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-19T06:06:36.327" LastActivityDate="2019-09-18T16:03:05.497" Title="What component of cigarette smoking is harmful to the bladder?" Tags="&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19905" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19922" CreationDate="2019-08-15T03:24:00.757" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;The odds of a pregnancy with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/baby/iugr-intrauterine-growth-restriction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intrauterine growth restriction&lt;/a&gt; (IUGR) appear to be ~5% in the general population, but, after some searching through Pubmed, I have not been able to find if that number is impacted by a previous IUGR. Is the probability changed for subsequent pregnancies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16693" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-08-15T05:46:29.457" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T23:22:27.537" Title="What is the probability of having a second pregnancy with IUGR?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19814" CreationDate="2019-08-15T10:20:09.547" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a concept not unique to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Isotretinoin&lt;/a&gt;, which is that of either:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desensitization_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug sensitivity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_intolerance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drug intolerance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drug sensitivity happens as the body reacts to an initial exposure to a drug, before it builds a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_tolerance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tolerance&lt;/a&gt; to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A drug allergy is different from an intolerance. A drug intolerance, which is often a milder, non-immune-mediated reaction, does not depend on prior exposure. [WP:Drug Allergy]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T10:20:09.547" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19910" CreationDate="2019-08-15T11:06:37.070" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Judith E. Brown's fifth edition of the &quot;Nutrition Through Life Cycle&quot; textbook, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Oxidative stress and lack of anitoxidant defences appear to play key roles in the development of Preeclampsia in pregnant women&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that, can antioxidants like Vitamin C(fruits or supplements) and Vitamin E be an effective cure to eliminate or manage Preeclampsia in the sense of reducing oxidative stress and reducing risk of preeclampsia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12918" LastEditorUserId="12918" LastEditDate="2019-08-15T15:45:07.103" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T20:44:19.510" Title="Can Vitamin C and E supplements cure or manage Preeclampsia resulting from oxidative stress?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;prenatal-vitamins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19910" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19908" CreationDate="2019-08-15T20:44:19.510" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No. There have been several trials testing this and they have not shown benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One example of the conclusion from such a trial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy does not reduce the risk&#xA;  of preeclampsia in nulliparous women, the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, or&#xA;  the risk of death or other serious outcomes in their infants. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rumbold, A. R., Crowther, C. A., Haslam, R. R., Dekker, G. A., &amp;amp; Robinson, J. S. (2006). Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(17), 1796-1806.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a summary of 15 trials from the WHO, with a strong &quot;not recommended&quot; guidance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Evidence related to the differential effects of&#xA;  antioxidants in the prevention of pre-eclampsia&#xA;  and its complications was extracted from a&#xA;  Cochrane systematic review of 15 RCTs involving&#xA;  a total of 22 359 women (14). Most of the trials&#xA;  had compared one or more vitamins, particularly&#xA;  combined vitamins C and E regimens, with&#xA;  placebo. When antioxidants were compared with&#xA;  placebo, there were no statistically significant&#xA;  differences in the critical (and proxy) maternal&#xA;  outcomes of pre-eclampsia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No statistical&#xA;  differences were observed for any of the infantrelated critical (and proxy) outcomes addressed&#xA;  in the trials&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Individual or combined vitamin C and vitamin&#xA;  E supplementation during pregnancy is not&#xA;  recommended to prevent the development of&#xA;  pre-eclampsia and its complications.&#xA;  •    (High-quality evidence.&#xA;  Strong recommendation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;World Health Organization. (2011). WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-08-15T20:44:19.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19915" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-16T14:00:21.573" Score="4" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;When cells replicate, there is the occasional transcription error. As a person ages, these transcription errors accumulate. The reason that a lot of the elderly develop cancer, is the DNA governing when to replicate, and when not to, becomes corrupted. Some cell continues replicating past when it would normally stop.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose that we compare a 60 year old man impregnating a younger woman to a 30 year old man impregnating her. In the case of the 60 year old father, the increase in risk of the child developing cancer is not nearly their father's. This is despite the fact that the DNA in the father’s cells is much more corrupted than the DNA in the 30 year old man’s cells. If sex cells degraded as readily as other cells, then the human race might go extinct after a few generations due to genetic defects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What protects sex cells (sperm) from experiencing the same degradation as other cells in the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16697" LastEditorUserId="16697" LastEditDate="2020-02-21T16:43:01.407" LastActivityDate="2020-02-21T16:43:01.407" Title="Why do age-related DNA transcription errors not manifest in children as readily as their parents?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19916" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19915" CreationDate="2019-08-16T18:09:25.313" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Older paternal (and maternal) age in fact &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; associated with some increase in disease, though at fairly low rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer is largely a disease of probability. One does not need to have mutations in all of their cells to develop cancer, just one. But a parent does not pass on all their mutations in all their cells, they pass on just one, which need not have any deleterious mutations at all, even if the parent has cancer themselves in some other part of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that one cell is defective in some way, it is less likely to be involved in creation of a successful pregnancy, and may lead to miscarriage. Therefore, the probabilistic process of reproduction tends to result in offspring from selection of healthier gametes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grabbed a reference from &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/77990/passing-on-the-dna-of-old-age/77993&quot;&gt;another StackExchange answer&lt;/a&gt;, Cochran and Harpending 2013, which estimates that fathers pass on about &lt;code&gt;25+2(age−20)&lt;/code&gt; novel mutations. Many of those mutations will have no effect at all; those that do will be more common with older fathers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cochran, G., &amp;amp; Harpending, H. (2013). Paternal age and genetic load. Human biology, 85(4), 515-529.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;de La Rochebrochard, E., &amp;amp; Thonneau, P. (2002). Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a multicentre European study. Human reproduction, 17(6), 1649-1656.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jones, K. L., Smith, D. W., Harvey, M. A. S., Hall, B. D., &amp;amp; Quan, L. (1975). Older paternal age and fresh gene mutation: data on additional disorders. The Journal of pediatrics, 86(1), 84-88.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sipos, A., Rasmussen, F., Harrison, G., Tynelius, P., Lewis, G., Leon, D. A., &amp;amp; Gunnell, D. (2004). Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study. Bmj, 329(7474), 1070.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T18:09:25.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5878" CreationDate="2019-08-16T20:58:49.167" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a well known disease process of oral bacteria getting into the blood and causing organ damage. I cite from the abstract of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25567334/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hirschfeld, J., &amp;amp; Kawai, T. (2015). Oral inflammation and bacteremia: implications for chronic and acute systemic diseases involving major organs. Cardiovascular &amp;amp; Haematological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Cardiovascular &amp;amp; Hematological Disorders), 15(1), 70-84.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;At the present time, plaque control by subjects and/or dental professionals is one of the most effective means to prevent the onset and progression of oral bacteremia-induced systemic diseases.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, in my microbiology textbook &quot;made ridiculously simple&quot; it says that the normal inhabitants of your mouth &quot;Streptococcus viridans&quot; tend to eat heart valves slowly if they are regularly getting into your blood stream. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether antibiotic prophylaxis at every dental procedure is useful is a matter of debate, I would need to review the literature to find up to date recommendations. Nevertheless I think it still holds true that having free entry into your blood stream for bacteria is not a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8080" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-08-16T21:59:44.550" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T21:59:44.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3130" CreationDate="2019-08-16T21:00:15.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a recent Time magazine article, they reference a 2015 study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition about recommended water drinking frequency, &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/103/3/717/4564598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index:&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sipping water (or any other beverage) a little bit at a time prevents the kidneys from being “overloaded,” and so helps the body retain more H2O, Nieman says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The take-home message isn’t that people should drink less water, nor that they should swap out water for other beverages. But for those hoping to stay optimally hydrated, a slow-and-steady approach to water consumption and coupling water with a little food is a more effective method than knocking back full glasses of H2O between meals. “Water is good for you, but you can drown in it too,” Nieman says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The entire article is worth a read and might drastically change the way the public views hydration: &lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5646632/how-much-water-to-drink/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Why Drinking Water All Day Long Is Not the Best Way to Stay Hydrated.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1568" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T15:31:52.350" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19922" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19905" CreationDate="2019-08-16T23:14:53.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Patterson et al (1986) may be a bit outdated, but showed that for first pregnancies 2.5-10th percentile (9.6% of their sample), second pregnancies were 14.2% in that same category plus 3.9% less than 2.5th percentile (overall relative risk 2.2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For first pregnancies &amp;lt;2.5th percentile (2.8% of their sample), second pregnancies were 18.8% in 2.5-10th plus 8% less than 2.5th percentile (overall relative risk 3.3). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers are for all pregnancies; if you look at the original paper they also break out cases where both pregnancies were considered uncomplicated (about half of the mothers) and found similar ratios. Their sample was Hispanic mothers in Texas 1972-1981 with gestational age &gt;=26 weeks. 9596 total mothers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Derks &amp;amp; Koenen 2018 is a more recent review but most of the studies mentioned are also a bit older (this isn't my area of expertise at all, so I don't know if any practices have shifted that would change expectations today), and they have varying definitions for low weight. For most of the studies, recurrence was in the 20-30% range, consistent with Patterson if you expect the population risk to be 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not dig further to find if any of these studies used a definition that attempted to measure &quot;true&quot; IUGR which, as discussed a bit in the comments above, might differ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Derks, J., &amp;amp; Koenen, S. (2018). Fetal Growth Restriction: Recurrence Risks. Placental-Fetal Growth Restriction, 263.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patterson, R. M., Gibbs, C. E., &amp;amp; Wood, R. C. (1986). Birth weight percentile and perinatal outcome: recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation. Obstetrics and gynecology, 68(4), 464-468.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-08-16T23:22:27.537" LastActivityDate="2019-08-16T23:22:27.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-17T03:22:31.320" Score="3" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Renal function (GFR or creatinine clearance) as estimated by serum creatinine and 24-hour urine collection should in theory closely correlate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have run into a case where they differ greatly.  The serum creatinine was measured twice at two separate labs and were in normal range at 0.89 and 1.0 mg/dL, yielding a calculated CrCl of 115 and approx 90. However, the 24-hour urine creatinine clearance results yielded 38 ml/min and 5 ml/min, which would be either acute kidney injury / acute renal failure, or chronic kidney disease / failure (CKD stage 3b and CKD stage 5 respectively).  The test was again repeated a third time and again resulted in 1.0mg/dl but this time a CrCl 70 mg/dl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a huge difference with large ramifications in terms of diagnosis and treatment.  The question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What could be the reason for this, and &lt;strong&gt;which measurement is the more reliable one?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read several studies that concluded that the serum creatinine alone was actually a better predictor of GFR than urine creatine clearance over 24, 4, and 2h. Every cohort study I found online shows an upper margin of error of around 30% where predicted values from serum creatinine fall and measured clearance levels.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various factors at play here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The GFR to serum creatinine is a hyperbolic relation which is a bad function for estimating values greater than 60 ml/min and even as low as 45 ml/min: &#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZmeBU.png&quot; alt=&quot;hyper]([![enter image description here&quot;&gt;]&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZmeBU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; As you can see the entire range of values for GFR is estimated over a small fraction of .5 mg/dl difference whereas values lower than 30 range over 20 mg/dl serum creatinine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffe_reaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jaffe&lt;/a&gt; assay which was used reacts creatinine with picric acid in alkaline solution and spectrophotometrically compared to a baseline creatinine sample with are both measured against a blank. This particular reaction is not as precise as the less common enzymatic assay which does not react with with nonspecific targets&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;The nonspecificity of Jaffe's reaction causes falsely elevated&#xA;  creatinine results in the presence of protein, glucose, acetoacetate,&#xA;  ascorbic acid, guanidine, acetone, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides&#xA;  (mainly streptomycin), ketone bodies, α-keto acids, and other organic&#xA;  compounds.&quot; -wiki&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-015-0012-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;standardization&lt;/a&gt; of measurements within labs and between labs was found to introduce about 5% error(and in 1 sample 25%) when 5 samples over the entire GFR range were sent to 26 different instruments: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CyvJO.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CyvJO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After reading many studies online it appears the estimated GFR calculated by formulas are rather inaccurate predictors of GFR, and the creatine clearance is a rather imprecise measurement as well. Here's one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083879109000603&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; showing standard errors that span 100% when comparing calculated vs measured gfr although it suffers from having only 100 subjects: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7ZdpG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7ZdpG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One large cohort study of 45000&lt;/a&gt; has good news for young healthy individuals with low creatinine clearance values: The lower the value the slower the decline with age so that even at the lowest 2.5% of 70Ml your average projection is not kidney failure 40 years later: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/amTgY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/amTgY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16707" LastEditorUserId="16707" LastEditDate="2019-08-20T09:58:14.340" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T08:01:00.387" Title="When would estimates of renal function based on serum and urine measurements differ as greatly as one being normal and the other suggesting CKD 3b?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19829" CreationDate="2019-08-17T06:55:41.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aciclovir is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prodrug&lt;/a&gt;, which means that it has to be converted to an active form before having its desired effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is converted to this active form (aciclovir triphosphate) by a&#xA;  process called phosphorylation. This process requires an enzyme called&#xA;  herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase, which competes for&#xA;  endogenous deoxyguanosine triphosphate and acts as a chain terminator&#xA;  in the synthesis of viral DNA.&#xA;  Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/aciclovir-triphosphate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Direct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This enzyme is not present in humans, so the conversion does not occur. In viruses, it interferes with DNA synthesis to reduce viral replication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Incidentally, viral resistance to the drug is due to a mutation in the thymidine kinase enzyme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been studies demonstrating the safety of aciclovir. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2895840/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is an example demonstrating safety over a five-year period in the suppression of genital herpes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T06:55:41.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19748" CreationDate="2019-08-17T07:48:43.110" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pituitary does not have a direct effect on the parathyroid glands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The parathyroid gland and adrenal medulla are not controlled by the&#xA;  pituitary but play important roles in calcium metabolism and the&#xA;  adrenergic (sympathetic nervous system) function respectively. Source:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263931914001598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Direct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although they are located close together, the thyroid and parathyroid glands work independently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The role of the parathyroid glands is to regulate blood calcium levels. They do this by secreting &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parathyroid hormone&lt;/a&gt; (PTH) when calcium levels fall, in a negative feedback system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PTH has the following effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increases release of calcium from bone (by increasing osteoclasts activity)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduces calcium losses in the kidneys&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increase calcium absorption in the gut&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, calcium levels in the blood will be corrected to normal levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hormone &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calcitonin&lt;/a&gt; has the opposite effect of PTH. It is actually secreted by the thyroid gland itself in response to high calcium levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a diagram summarising the role of PTH (&lt;a href=&quot;http://what-when-how.com/acp-medicine/diseases-of-calcium-metabolism-and-metabolic-bone-disease-part-1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mTKfx.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mTKfx.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Effects of parathyroid hormone&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a basic diagram showing interplaynof parathyroid hormone and calcitonin (&lt;a href=&quot;http://biology.reachingfordreams.com/biology/endocrine-system/13-thyroid-and-parathyroid-gland-hormons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CiiHY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CiiHY.png&quot; alt=&quot;Parathyroid and calcitonin&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study you mention relates to cattle and is almost 40 years old. There has been nothing that I can find in human research to suggest the presence of a clinically significant parathyroid-stimulating hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-08-17T07:55:45.923" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T07:55:45.923" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19748" CreationDate="2019-08-17T10:48:55.220" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: It seems, there is not enough evidence to say that parathyroid-stimulating hormone secreted from the pituitary gland exists in humans. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A) Parathyroid Stimulating Hormone (PTH)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some texts use the term &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid-stimulating hormone with the acronym PTH&lt;/strong&gt; or in a way that suggests they actually meant parathyroid hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/121/21/3581.full.pdf?with-ds=yes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Cell Science (2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...and parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor (PTH1R), whose&#xA;  stimulation by &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid stimulating hormone (PTH)&lt;/strong&gt; increases the&#xA;  intracellular levels of cAMP, IP3, DAG and Ca2+...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717323893?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Respiratory subtype of panic disorder: Can serum phosphate levels be a possible outcome to group cognitive-behavior therapy? (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All patients underwent 12 structured sessions of group&#xA;  cognitive-behavioral therapy for PD (Otto and Deveney, 2005) and had&#xA;  their blood collected at baseline to assess fasting glucose, complete&#xA;  blood count, thyroid stimulating hormone, &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid stimulating&#xA;  hormone&lt;/strong&gt;, ionized calcium, creatinine and phosphate levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091928-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Workup (Emedicine, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other endocrine screening tests that may be considered include&#xA;  follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin,&#xA;  testosterone, &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid-stimulating hormone&lt;/strong&gt;, calcium, phosphate,&#xA;  magnesium, and short synacthen test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://escholarship.org/content/qt4kq2z97b/qt4kq2z97b.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dermatology Online Journal (2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to current guidelines for high risk patients (i.e. those&#xA;  that are genetically confirmed to have MEN-1), annual laboratory&#xA;  studies to include calcium, &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid stimulating hormone&lt;/strong&gt;,&#xA;  prolactin, gastrin...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;^^From this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIDDK article&lt;/a&gt;, it is clear that parathyroid hormone is meant above.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;B) Parathyroid Stimulating Hormone (PSH)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found a single text that mentions &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid stimulating hormone with the acronym PSH&lt;/strong&gt;, in which they clearly suggest it is secreted from the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/intertragic-notch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cranial Endocrine Glands Represented at Intertragic Notch (ScienceDirect, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;103.e Parathyrotrophin Hormones (PSH, Parathyroid-Stimulating Hormone)    [IT 2] Location: Found on the most central part of wall of&#xA;  intertragic notch, below LM_9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Function: The parathyroid pituitary hormone PSH regulates parathormone&#xA;  release by the parathyroid gland. This point facilitates calcium&#xA;  metabolism and reduces muscle tetanus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C)&lt;/strong&gt; I haven't found any text in which &lt;strong&gt;parathyroid-stimulating hormone&lt;/strong&gt; in &lt;em&gt;humans&lt;/em&gt; would be mentioned with the acronym &lt;strong&gt;PTSH&lt;/strong&gt; (like in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7420044&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; linked from the question, which mentions PTSH in &lt;em&gt;cows&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-17T15:28:23.013" LastActivityDate="2019-08-17T15:28:23.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19941" CreationDate="2019-08-18T05:38:47.530" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;Olive oil is often said to be &quot;healthy&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886626&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt;, for example, states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For each 10 g/d increase in extra-virgin olive oil consumption,&#xA;  cardiovascular disease and mortality risk decreased by 10% and 7%,&#xA;  respectively. No significant associations were found for cancer and&#xA;  all-cause mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It's unclear if such claims are talking about olive oil as a replacement for other dietary fats, or as an addition&lt;/strong&gt;. Are such studies controlling other factors (like olive oil being chosen by wealthier health-conscious people)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, in the above study, why aren't they seeing an association with all-cause mortality? Should we assume that olive oil lowered cardiovascular mortality, but increased other mortality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T08:01:10.180" Title="Is olive oil healthy in general, or only as a replacement for saturated fats?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-18T11:45:09.957" Score="3" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a veterinarian in Europe and I am facing an unusual case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within the last month, I have seen two different young dogs (3 years and 4 years old) to whom I administered a tetravalent vaccine for Leptospirosis (commercialized since 2012). These are inactivated vaccines which are administered yearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One of the two dogs was previously using a similar vaccine from a different brand.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The other dog was administered the same vaccine last year.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both dogs had no signs of disease at the time of the vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After about 2 weeks from the date of the vaccination, both dogs developed jaundice and anorexia and signs of hepatic failure in lab tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In subsequent ultrasound and x-rays, we observed microhepaty in both dogs, the cause of which (congenital vascular defect or chronic) is at present unknown.  Given the age of the dogs, we believe that the microhepaty is congenital; in this case, it is possible that this condition is initially asymptomatic but appears as the animal ages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;could the signs of hepatic failure be seen as a side effect of the vaccine (compounded by the preexisting microhepaty)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;could the brand (or the batch) of the vaccine have a role?  Note the batch numbers for the two vaccines are different in one digit.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we and other colleagues have been administering the same vaccines regularly with no similar findings for years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a short search, I did not find specific links in the literature between hepatic symptoms and vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16711" LastActivityDate="2019-08-18T11:45:09.957" Title="Is it possible for a specific brand of a vaccine (for Leptospirosis in dogs) to cause hepatic side effects?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-19T03:12:07.783" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;We've all seen movies in which gangsters are treated by (paid or coerced) veterinarians in order to avoid law enforcement in hospitals. How bad are animal-grade pharmaceuticals for human health, in real life? I assume that they are held to decent standards of purity, and sterility. How do these compare to human-grade drugs? Are they OK, say, for emergency situations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16714" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T17:34:04.190" Title="How (un)suitable are veterinary products for human health?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19904" CreationDate="2019-08-19T08:52:51.740" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Naphthylamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2-Naphthylamine&lt;/a&gt; is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carcinogen&lt;/a&gt; responsible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thirty percent of bladder tumors probably result from occupational exposure in the workplace to carcinogens such as benzidine. &lt;strong&gt;2-Naphthylamine, which is found in cigarette smoke, has also been shown to increase bladder cancer risk&lt;/strong&gt;. Occupations at risk are bus drivers, rubber workers, painters, motor mechanics, leather (including shoe) workers, blacksmiths, machine setters, and mechanics.[14][15] Hairdressers are thought to be at risk as well because of their frequent exposure to permanent hair dyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is backed up here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0442.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0442.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T08:52:51.740" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-19T12:17:16.053" Score="2" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my work, not once i encounter old people with deterioration and i am having hard time deciding if does symptoms may be related to CVA or not and if a neurologist should be called. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will explain by a story from the ER:&#xA;take a 70 year old women who was ok in her functioning, namely need help and diapers but communicate properly and from today there is a deterioration and she is much less communicating. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In her background - recurrent UTIs (and of course UTI may explain the deterioration) but the daughter says her UTIs are not presenting that way. &#xA;also, she stopped her Xarelto because of Hematuria. Of course this is an alert that CVA is more likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But still - i ask for tips in identifying CVAs, not just in the usual weakness in one side of the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16715" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T02:01:20.187" Title="Tips on identifying CVA patients" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19937" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19904" CreationDate="2019-08-19T12:34:10.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that &lt;strong&gt;firefighters&lt;/strong&gt; are at increased risk of bladder cancer, but more likely of testicular and prostate cancer and non-Hodghkin lymphoma (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326822/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 98.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T12:34:10.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19923" CreationDate="2019-08-19T12:36:20.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_function&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;creatinine clearance calculations&lt;/a&gt; exist, and a lot depends on the patient (ethnic origin, sex, age, height, weight), so any discrepancies can be considered normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point of multiple calculations led me to the Wikipedia article on creatinine, and to the section on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Serum_creatinine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;serum creatinine&lt;/a&gt;, which admits that the two tests produce incompatible results, saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A rise in blood creatinine concentration is a late marker, observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. &lt;strong&gt;Therefore, this test is unsuitable for detecting early-stage kidney disease&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;going on to suggest a better test, eGFR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A better estimation of kidney function is given by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Urine_creatinine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urine creatinine&lt;/a&gt; tests are used in doping tests:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Creatinine concentration is checked during standard urine drug tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so perhaps your patient cheated the testing process somehow to avoid being discovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-08-21T07:13:13.280" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T07:13:13.280" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19936" CreationDate="2019-08-19T13:58:54.253" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from typical paralysis and numbness, symptoms of a &lt;em&gt;transient ischemic attack (TIA)&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;full blown stroke&lt;/em&gt; may include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Slurred speech or hard time understanding speech&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sudden severe headache: According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25095904&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Pain and Headache Reports, 2014&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Hemorrhagic strokes&lt;/strong&gt;, more frequently than ischemic strokes, present with distinct headaches, usually accompanied by focal neurological symptoms&quot; (also see &lt;a href=&quot;https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-sah.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayfield Clinic&lt;/a&gt;); According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medlink.com/article/headache_associated_with_ischemic_cerebrovascular_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedLink&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Headache often accompanies acute &lt;strong&gt;ischemic stroke.&lt;/strong&gt; Observational studies indicate that 15% to 40% of patients with acute ischemic stroke report headache in close temporal relation to the event.&quot;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Impaired vision&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20355679&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/stroke/symptoms-tia#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Stroke Association&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-20T10:00:32.950" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T10:00:32.950" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19904" CreationDate="2019-08-19T14:24:24.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The report you have linked to also states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The composition of cigarettes has also changed in the past few decades. While there have been reductions in tar and nicotine, the concentrations of other cancer-causing compounds have increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it does look like the increase in cases may be down to carcinogens other than nicotine and tar, but don't forget that nicotine and tar are still present so they can still have an effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet#r5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Cancer Institute points out&lt;/a&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the more than 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 250 are known to be harmful, including hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among the 250 known harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 69 can cause cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also cited a report of the Surgeon General (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014&lt;/a&gt;). Page 228 has a big list of carcinogens in cigarettes and from page 30 the document describes how the different forms of tobacco burning during smoking creates other carcinogens and harmful materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst it is suggested in another answer that 2-Naphthylamine is the cause, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;arsenic can cause bladder cancers&lt;/a&gt; which is also found in cigarette smoke (see page 41 of the Surgeon General's report) so you can't point to just 2-Naphthylamine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The link above also points out many other factors which can lead to bladder cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;US Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-08-19T15:06:36.157" LastActivityDate="2019-08-19T15:06:36.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19929" CreationDate="2019-08-19T17:26:32.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oliveoilsource.com/page/chemical-characteristics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Olive oil&lt;/a&gt; contains mainly &lt;em&gt;monounsaturated&lt;/em&gt; fat made of oleic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current evidence suggests that unsaturated fat may be beneficial as replacement for saturated fat, that is by increasing unsaturated/saturated fat ratio. Most of the evidence suggest that &lt;em&gt;polyunsaturated&lt;/em&gt; fat may be more benefical for the heart health than monounsaturated fat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/14-appendix-E2/e2-43.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health.gov 2015&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011737/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane 2015&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744652/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annual Reviews in Nutrition 2016&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NMCD 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some weak association between olive oil and reduced risk of heart disease, but the included studies could not isolate the effect from other foods consumed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PREDIMED Study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030221/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMC Medicine 2014&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A systematic review of 32 cohort studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lipids In Health and Disease 2014&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researchers in PREDIMED study have found &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/statistically_significant.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statistically significant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; association between olive oil consumption and cardiovascular mortality, but when checked for all-cause mortality, the association was no longer statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one meta-analyses, they concluded that olive oil may contribute to benefits of Mediterranean diet, but it's not possible to say if olive oil as such, or only as a source of unsaturated fat, is beneficial (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6379345/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frontiers in Nutrition 2019&lt;/a&gt;). Anyway, a recent systematic review did not bring a clear conclusion about benefits of Mediterranean diet for heart health (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD009825/VASC_mediterranean-style-diet-prevention-cardiovascular-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane 2019&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a recent systematic review, sunflower oil, was associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels than olive oil (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121943/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Lipid Research 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; currently there is no clear evidence to say that olive oil as such is beneficial for heart, but it could be beneficial as one of the sources of unsaturated fat when replaced for saturated fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-24T07:04:31.880" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T07:04:31.880" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-19T19:26:43.040" Score="6" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have come across an interview with a European gastroenterologist (apparently from 2006) where he argues that in cases where a reflux disease does not cause typical symptoms even the presence of a Barrett's esophagus (BO) does not indicate prescription of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), because they have (the reduction of stomach acid production caused by them has) not yet been shown to be effective in preventing esophageal carcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering whether this is a mainstream or a minority view among specialists and what literature the interviewee may have been referring to. (E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4199831/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; meta-analysis from 2014 apparently concludes with different recommendations.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8265" LastEditorUserId="8265" LastEditDate="2019-08-19T20:20:31.073" LastActivityDate="2019-09-19T18:02:00.603" Title="Barrett's esophagus (BO) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;esophagus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19950" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19944" CreationDate="2019-08-20T17:53:54.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are PPIs effective in prevention of esophageal carcinoma in individuals with Barrett's esophagus? &lt;strong&gt;The evidence is conflicting&lt;/strong&gt;; I listed it from yes to no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24221456&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acid-suppressive medications and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's oesophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Gut, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on meta-analysis of observational studies, the use of PPIs is&#xA;  associated with a decreased risk of OAC and/or BO-HGD in patients with&#xA;  BO. None of the studies showed an increased risk of OAC. PPI use&#xA;  should be considered in BO, and chemopreventive trials of PPIs in&#xA;  patients with BO are warranted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ihs.gov/sites/nptc/themes/responsive2017/display_objects/documents/guidance/NPTC-Formulary-Brief-GERD-&amp;amp;-PUD.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GERD and Peptic Ulcers (Indian Health Service, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...observational data suggest that PPIs are most effective for&#xA;  preventing progression of Barrett’s to cancer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31388-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Esomeprazole and aspirin in Barrett's oesophagus (AspECT): a randomised factorial trial (The Lancet, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our data indicate that high-dose PPI (40 mg twice-daily) is better&#xA;  than low-dose (20 mg once-daily) for patients with Barrett's&#xA;  oesophagus in terms of delaying death, cancer, and dysplasia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-018-0096-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chemoprevention of Barrett’s oesophagus: a step closer with PPIs and aspirin (Clinical Oncology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On the basis of the findings from AspECT and the evidence from&#xA;  observational studies, we believe that PPI use in clinical practice&#xA;  for chemoprevention in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus is&#xA;  justified...The finding that aspirin was beneficial moves us one step&#xA;  closer to broader recommendations for aspirin use in patient with&#xA;  Barrett’s oesophagus and for prevention of chronic diseases in&#xA;  general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aspirin Plus PPI Prevents Esophageal Cancer (Medscape, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Combined use of aspirin and a high-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI)&#xA;  protects against the development of esophageal cancer in people who&#xA;  are at elevated risk for the malignancy, according to the results of a&#xA;  major phase 3 chemoprevention trial from the United Kingdom, the&#xA;  Aspirin and Esomeprazole Chemoprevention in Barrett's Metaplasia&#xA;  (AspECT) trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(19)32511-9/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Will a Proton Pump Inhibitor and an Aspirin Keep the Doctor Away for Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus? (Gastroenterology, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most patients with known Barrett’s esophagus have symptomatic&#xA;  gastroesophageal reflux disease. The study would support using a PPI&#xA;  for acid suppression for such patients. Some patients lack&#xA;  gastroesophageal reflux disease by symptoms, endoscopic findings, or&#xA;  even pH testing; for these patients, the benefit is uncertain or&#xA;  unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28072858&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Proton Pump Inhibitors Do Not Reduce the Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PLosOne, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No dysplasia- or cancer-protective effects of PPIs usage in patients&#xA;  with BE were identified by our analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877782118300687?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Maintenance proton pump inhibition therapy and risk of oesophageal cancer (Cancer Epidemiology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the long term use of PPIs is associated with increased&#xA;  risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the absence of other risk&#xA;  factors. Long term use of PPIs should be addressed with caution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T17:53:54.693" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3610" CreationDate="2019-08-20T23:09:06.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Overdose of colloidal silver does happen and side effects do happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article about a 26 year old young woman who developed an ashen face, a typical symptom of argyria&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/2013/02/27/silver-no-solution-for-skin-ailments#HjvlJ8tst94BIzfb.99&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/2013/02/27/silver-no-solution-for-skin-ailments#HjvlJ8tst94BIzfb.99&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16700" LastActivityDate="2019-08-20T23:09:06.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14523" CreationDate="2019-08-21T12:22:20.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the results of usual blood tests, such as glucose, protein, cholesterol, minerals and vitamins, you can't see which foods the person was eating, because these substances are not specific for a particular food and some of them are produced in your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are specific IgG antibodies in the blood that form complexes with certain food particles (antigens), from which you could see which foods the person was eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004213/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Role of immunoglobulin G antibodies in diagnosis of food allergy (Advances in Dermatology and Allergology)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type III hypersensitivity reactions, associated with IgG&#xA;  antibody-mediated response, are a body's normal reactions to food&#xA;  antigens, which are usually absorbed into the bloodstream in small&#xA;  quantities. &lt;strong&gt;Healthy people produce and maintain high IgG antibody&#xA;  titres against food antigens.&lt;/strong&gt; After a meal, there are both&#xA;  antibodies and complexes of food antigens bound to specific IgGs&#xA;  circulating in the serum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From such tests, you could see which foods the person was eating, let's say within last few months, but you could not tell when exactly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T12:22:20.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-21T12:22:57.127" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that triglycerides levels are modulated / reduced by&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diet &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming diet is not changed, and a very high (400+ mg / DL) is reduced to 150. How long (order of magnitude: 3 hours, 3 days, 3 weeks, months?) does it take to reach a steady state of 150?  Assume crestor and fenofibrate are the cholesterol meds. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T12:22:57.127" Title="Transient duration for cholestorol medication" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;&lt;triglycerides&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-21T18:55:53.693" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for &lt;strong&gt;scientific publications&lt;/strong&gt; on the likelyhood to get infected with a specific disease by used needles which were thrown away by careless addicts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which viruses can be found statistically on needles in specific regions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a statement like &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;N percent of the collected needles in area X were contaminated with Y.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16733" LastEditorUserId="16733" LastEditDate="2019-08-21T19:27:20.007" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T19:27:20.007" Title="Publication on the contamination of used needels by addicts" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;needles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-21T20:48:36.643" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are known implants, body modification, gene therapy (especially for the fans of morphological freedom), brain-computer interfaces and so on. But is there branch of medicine (some professional association, some peer-reviewed journal) that systematically considers human enhancements with such morphological improvement. E.g. with the advent of Artificial General Intelligence and with the ever increasing workload on the human physical and mental skills (business competition is very harsh today) some people my opt for such morphological improvement, like injections in muscles, like some implants, like brain connectivity to the cloud computing and memory resources. So - is there branch of medicine and community that consider such questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know from my experience that the Stack community usually is very conservative and do not receive well futuristic questions that is why I need to mention the following: 1) there is professional society with it journal and annual conference for the human/superhuman level Artificial General Intelligence; 2) there is SENS research foundation and Methusaleh Venture fund for fighting the aging and there is journal &quot;Rejuvenation Research&quot;; 3) there is Transhumanist parties around the world that propose indefinite life extension, morphological freedom and superhuman evolution. So - all this is happening outside the medicine already. My question is - what about medical science?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16734" LastActivityDate="2019-08-21T20:48:36.643" Title="Branch of medicine that systematically considers human enhancement and morphological modification" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;implant&gt;&lt;morphology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-09-01T20:09:18.113" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19961" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-22T00:27:06.013" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many (work)places, where one could get pricked accidentally by a used needle which was thrown away by a careless drug addict. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which diseases are typically present on used needles is discussed in &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/19959/publication-on-the-contamination-of-used-needels-by-addicts&quot;&gt;Publication on the contamination of used needels by addicts&lt;/a&gt;&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this question I am looking for publications on the virulence of the diseases which are typically transferred, if a person gets pricked accidentally by a needle from an addict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16733" LastActivityDate="2019-08-22T00:27:06.013" Title="Publication on the virulence of diseases which are likely transfered by used needles from addicts" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19815" CreationDate="2019-08-22T05:58:14.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not the answer you would want to hear but have you considered combined therapy? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;combined treatment of male androgenetic alopecia with oral finasteride and topical minoxidil found that “the combined medication showed the best efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.keeps.com/learn/finasteride-vs-minoxidil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hair loss article commenting on a 2015 study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It really depends on how much hair loss you are getting. If you are getting a lot of hair loss, then probably finasteride is the better way to go. Apparently, minoxidil does not stop hair loss as effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forhims.com/blog/minoxidil-vs-finasteride-do-either-really-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forhims.com/blog/minoxidil-vs-finasteride-do-either-really-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16700" LastActivityDate="2019-08-22T05:58:14.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-22T07:25:22.957" Score="6" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UKPDS 50 study suggested that smokers experience &lt;em&gt;lower&lt;/em&gt; rates of diabetic retinopathy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat counter-intuitively, smoking status was inversely related to the development of new lesions and to the progression of established retinopathy. This finding is not likely to be chance alone because of the strength of the association. It, however, is at variance with much of the published epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There could be quite specific reasons for the effect of smoking that we describe here; perhaps the associ- ation of smoking with lower blood pressure [36] might have accounted for the univariate reduction. The presence of the effect in the multivariate model suggests that there could be an independent effect, perhaps the pharmacological effect of nicotine itself or of one of the many other active compounds found in tobacco smoke.&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt; * Referencing: Solberg Y, Rosner M, Belkin M  1998) The association between cigarette smoking and ocular diseases. Surv Ophthalmol May-Jun 42 6): 535–47.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;–– I. M. Stratton &amp;amp; E. M. Kohner et al.: &amp;quot;UKPDS 50: Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis&amp;quot;, Diabetologia, 2001) 44: 156–163.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Irene_Stratton/publication/12061775_UKPDS_50_Risk_factors_for_incidence_and_progression_of_retinopathy_in_Type_II_diabetes_over_6_years_from_diagnosis/links/0deec529984412dd76000000/UKPDS-50-Risk-factors-for-incidence-and-progression-of-retinopathy-in-Type-II-diabetes-over-6-years-from-diagnosis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Free full-text of the article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is anyone aware of any potentially therapeutic compounds in cigarette smoke?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(please note: I am absolutely not suggesting people should smoke. I'm wondering if - somewhere among the 10,000 harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke - there may be a novel class of compounds which could help treat disease, if it were extracted / purified / synthesised)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16735" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-08-26T07:47:09.050" Title="Are there beneficial compounds in cigarette smoke?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="14" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-22T08:27:33.350" Score="2" ViewCount="273" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a medical professional. I have just noticed the mention of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRN - Magnetic Resonance Neurography&lt;/a&gt;  as a diagnostic tool for nerve issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I know that MRN is essentially a kind of MR imaging; but - how can I tell (given a results disk), if I've only been MRIed, whether I've also been MRNed? Or is it the case that MRN actually involves a different procedure physically rather than a different way of processing the information from the MR imager?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T00:49:58.283" Title="When is an MRI also an MRN?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19964" CreationDate="2019-08-22T09:45:32.350" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are going to have a Magnetic Resonance Neurography (MRN), also known as MR Imaging of Peripheral Nerves (PNI) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/services/mr-neurography&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;UCSF&lt;/a&gt;), a doctor will likely tell you in advance, at least because the investigation may not be covered by your insurance (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.neurography.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-mr-neurography-and-the-neurography-institute/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurography Institute&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The MRI and MRN procedures are similar, only that MRN requires more powerful scanners that are usually cylindrical (&quot;closed&quot;), while regular MRI scanners can be &quot;open&quot; or &quot;closed&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vantagediagnostic.com/single-post/2018/01/19/Closed-MRI-vs-Open-MRI&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;images and brief description&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MRN is usually used to check disorders of the nerves that go from the spinal cord to an arm (brachial plexus) or leg (lumbosacral plexus, sciatic nerve) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/services/mr-neurography&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;UCSF&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the investigation, it should be clearly stated in your medical documentation if you had MRI or MRN. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-22T09:45:32.350" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19966" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19963" CreationDate="2019-08-22T13:54:14.697" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short: In some studies, smoking was associated with reduced risk of retinopathy only in individuals with diabetes type 2, but with an increased risk in those with type 1. In diabetes type 2, nicotine may further increase insulin levels, which may be protective against retinopathy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Irene_Stratton/publication/12061775_UKPDS_50_Risk_factors_for_incidence_and_progression_of_retinopathy_in_Type_II_diabetes_over_6_years_from_diagnosis/links/0deec529984412dd76000000/UKPDS-50-Risk-factors-for-incidence-and-progression-of-retinopathy-in-Type-II-diabetes-over-6-years-from-diagnosis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UKPDS 50: Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis&quot;, Diabetologia, 2001)&lt;/a&gt; they have found an association between diabetic retinopathy and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood glucose levels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not smoking&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of the study concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Somewhat counter-intuitively, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;smoking status was inversely related to&#xA;  the development of new lesions and to the progression of established&#xA;  retinopathy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; This finding is not likely to be chance alone because of&#xA;  the strength of the association. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;It, however, is at variance with&#xA;  much of the published epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies with &lt;em&gt;no or mild positive association&lt;/em&gt; between smoking and diabetic retinopathy:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/1/46&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes, 1977&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;The numbers of patients with proliferative retinopathy rose with increasing tobacco consumption.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/118/2/228/48956?redirectedFrom=PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Epidemiology, 1983&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;These data suggest that there is no excess risk of retinopathy in smokers or ex-smokers when contrasted with those who never smoked.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4085172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Research, 1985&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Cigarette smoking was related to retinopathy in men but not in women.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3758532&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetologia, 1986&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Proliferative retinopathy was present in 12.5% of the smoking and in 6.8% of the non-smoking patients [with diabetes type 1].&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2060413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care, 1991&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Smoking is not likely to be an important risk factor for diabetic retinopathy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8841303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ophtalmology, 1996&lt;/a&gt; &quot;Cigarette smoking is not a risk factor for the long-term incidence of retinopathy.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/350813&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Karger, 2013&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;We found neither a beneficial nor a harmful effect of smoking on long-term incidence&quot; [in diabetes type 1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/35/3/556&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care, 2012&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/3/412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes Care, 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/9/e016280&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2017&lt;/a&gt;: They don't even mention smoking as a risk factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies with &lt;em&gt;negative association&lt;/em&gt; between smoking and diabetic retinopathy:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6881128&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Journal of Epidemiology, 1983&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;In participants diagnosed before age 30, the relative risk for the presence of retinopathy in smokers compared with those who had never smoked was 1.06 (95% confidence limits (CL) 0.97-1.18); &lt;em&gt;in participants diagnosed at 30 years or older it was 0.89.&lt;/em&gt;&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12020-018-1697-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A meta analysis in Endocrine, 2018&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Compare with non-smokers, the risk of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased in smokers with type 1 diabetes while &lt;em&gt;significantly decreased in smokers with type 2 diabetes.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible explanation:&lt;/strong&gt; In the study mentioned in the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Irene_Stratton/publication/12061775_UKPDS_50_Risk_factors_for_incidence_and_progression_of_retinopathy_in_Type_II_diabetes_over_6_years_from_diagnosis/links/0deec529984412dd76000000/UKPDS-50-Risk-factors-for-incidence-and-progression-of-retinopathy-in-Type-II-diabetes-over-6-years-from-diagnosis.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UKPDS 50&lt;/a&gt; and in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12020-018-1697-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2018 meta analysis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;smoking was negatively associated with retinopaty only in individuals with &lt;em&gt;diabetes type 2.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; In diabetes type 2 with elevated insulin levels, nicotine could further increases insulin levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8790020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circulation, 1996&lt;/a&gt;), which could be protective against retinopathy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3546345/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cell Metabolism, 2014, Fig. 1&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u52oR.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u52oR.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PYRAZINES&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A part of diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology is that excessive glucose is converted to sorbitol, which is trapped in the retinal cells and damages them (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/343560/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hindawi&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href=&quot;https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/4/444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pyrazines&lt;/a&gt;, which appear as additives in tobacco, can stimulate the clearance of sorbitol by converting it to fructose; they can also lower blood glucose and increase insulin levels (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1970847&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metabolism&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252962/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Pharmacology&lt;/a&gt;), all of which may help prevent retinopathy. Fenugreek is high in pyrazine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/pyrazine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one systematic review of Chinese herbal medicines, including the ones with pyrazine, the authors were not able to make any conclusions about their effectiveness in diabetic retinopathy (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ccmu.edu.cn/docs/20190221143615941927.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies about potential beneits of tetramethylpyrazine on retina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ccmu.edu.cn/docs/20190221143615941927.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Single herbal medicine for diabetic retinopathy (Cochrane, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613279/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetramethylpyrazine Protects Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells (TR-iBRB2) against IL-1β-Induced Nitrative/Oxidative Stress (International Journal of Molecular Science, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12177-009-9024-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neural protection by naturopathic compounds—an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain (Journal of Ocular Biology, Diseases, and Informatics, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675694/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Protective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on rat retinal cell cultures (Neurochemistry International, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jnc.13970&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone protects retinal ganglion cells against N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐induced excitotoxicity (Journal of Neurochemistry, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-26T07:47:09.050" LastActivityDate="2019-08-26T07:47:09.050" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19968" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-22T20:59:17.523" Score="2" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a child I was told &quot;if you break your neck, you die&quot;. I was also exposed to people who are paralyzed, due to spinal injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So clearly, it happens. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In action movies and martial arts, there's the idea that you can just spin someone's head, and defeat them with a single, quick movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, chiropractors do essentially that, and in some of the craziest ways possible. There's literally contraptions that look similar to something you could hang yourself with. Ironically, the use and application of these devices puts you quite literally out of your misery, but not by killing you, but by making you more alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/4IBKUgZY6zU?t=649&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/4IBKUgZY6zU?t=649&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This actually feels amazing!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What force is needed to actually kill someone when attempting to twist their head/spine? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why don't chiropractors kill more people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16738" LastActivityDate="2019-08-22T20:59:17.523" Title="How difficult is it to actually break someone's neck?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;chiropractor&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19814" CreationDate="2019-08-23T02:05:04.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Isotretinoin works by reducing the production of the skin's natural oil (sebum) - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/skin-hair/a7486/roaccutane-isotretinoin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Netdoctor UK&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;The half life of isotretinoin is 10-22 hours &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-review-of-three-systemic-retinoids-in-dermatology-Mortazavi-Aghazadeh/5e1d7c4456fa24cff8dd4a87ef768c6fcd85d4ff&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Mortazavis et al., 2014)&lt;/a&gt;, so it would take about a 5 days to week for the drug to reach steady state. In the meantime as the sebum production reduces, the skin dryness will stimulate the sebum glands to increase production causing a period of short term deterioration due to sebum over-production, before sebum production drops by two to four weeks. Another factor could be is that isotretinoin causes an increase in increase in epidermal cell turnover &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7057374_Epidermal_effects_of_tretinoin_and_isotretinoin_Influence_of_isomerism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Tadini, Gaspar &amp;amp; Campos, 2006)&lt;/a&gt;. This can lead to sloughing, peeling, and redness that might make acne appear to be worsening when in fact it is a different skin process altogether.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a more serious complication of starting isotretinoin which is a flare of acne fulminans. Acne fulminans is a severe form of inflammatory acne which usually require steroids resolve. Younger age, male sex and sebaceous retention are significant risk factors for acne fulminans, more specificially if the acne was severe to start with, there is more than 44 facial comedones, 2 facial nodules and presence of truncal acne &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jle.com/en/revues/ejd/e-docs/predictive_factors_for_acne_flare_during_isotretinoin_treatment_278096/article.phtml?cle_doc=00043E50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Demircay, Kus &amp;amp; Sur, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;. However, now as isotretinoin is started at a lower dose and usually antibiotics and/or steroids are given for those at high risk making acne fulminans a far less common complication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Demircay, Z., Sadiye, K., Haydar, S. (2008). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jle.com/en/revues/ejd/e-docs/predictive_factors_for_acne_flare_during_isotretinoin_treatment_278096/article.phtml?cle_doc=00043E50&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Predictive factors for acne flare during isotretinoin treatment&lt;/a&gt;. European Journal of Dermatology. pg 452-6. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Mortazavi, H., Aghazadeh, N., Ghiasi, M., &amp;amp; Lajevardi, V. (2014). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-review-of-three-systemic-retinoids-in-dermatology-Mortazavi-Aghazadeh/5e1d7c4456fa24cff8dd4a87ef768c6fcd85d4ff&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A review of three systemic retinoids in dermatology: Acitretin , isotretinoin and bexarotene.&lt;/a&gt; Iranian Journal of Dermatology.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tadini, A., Gaspar, K., &amp;amp; Campos, P. (2006). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7057374_Epidermal_effects_of_tretinoin_and_isotretinoin_Influence_of_isomerism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epidermal effects of tretinoin and isotretinoin: Influence of isomerism&lt;/a&gt;. Die Pharmazie, 61, 453–456.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16700" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-23T07:41:48.897" LastActivityDate="2019-08-23T07:41:48.897" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-23T03:02:30.273" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading few articles that mention stress induced cortisol may contribute to vasoconstriction and contractility as if they are different.  I did some searches on vasoconstriction and contractility but I kept getting the somewhat similar explanations of narrowing blood vessels and hence raising blood pressure. Could someone help explain and differentiate the two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16739" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-08-24T07:43:02.907" LastActivityDate="2019-08-24T07:43:02.907" Title="What is the difference between vasoconstriction and contractility?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19971" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19963" CreationDate="2019-08-23T04:07:13.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've previously researched the answer to this question. I've inserted my research on this answer below. I'm very interested to hear what you think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nicotine is a component of cigarette smoke. Nicotine promotes angiogenesis in the laboratory (1), including in human retinal endothelial cells.(2) However, surprisingly “cigarette smoke” inhibits angiogenesis in the laboratory(3) and epidemiological studies suggest smoking is actually protective against developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy.(4) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pyrazine compounds have been shown to be highly potent inhibitors of angiogenesis and the growth of chorioallantoic membranes (CAM). CAM are vascular membrane found in eggs of birds and reptiles which is analogous to the mammalian placenta.(5, 6)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tobacco leaf contains very low levels of pyrazines and contains the precursors for pyrazine formation. After the tobacco leaf is roasted, the levels of pyrazines increases dramatically whilst the levels of amino acids in the leaf simultaneously decrease.(7) Pyrazines comprise a very small fraction of cigarette smoke condensate by weight (5-50µg/cig).(7) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Internal documents obtained through litigation reveals cigarette manufacturers have added a range of non-nicotine compounds initially referred to as known as “Super-juice” to cigarettes since approximately 1976.(8) Manufacturers have disclosed that Pyrazine compounds are currently 10 of out of the 599 ingredients in cigarettes. These compounds provided users who smoke “light” cigarettes with the flavor profile of high-tar cigarettes. Pyrazines were may enhance the perceived smoothness of the cigarettes, increasing the tolerability of irritation to the respiratory tract during consumption. Furthermore, pyrazine compounds were may have complex chemosensory effects which appeared to influence the ‘learned behavior’ of consumers, promoting and enhancing consumer acceptance and ongoing usage.(8) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To date, 106 pyrazines are found in either tobacco or tobacco smoke, with 40% of these pyrazine being found in both.(7) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effect of nicotine and pyrazine on endothelial growth and survival has been compared, confirming that nicotine acts as a growth factor for endothelial cells and pyrazine acts as a death factor for endothelial cells. The following compounds were found to inhibit the growth of endothelial cells: 2-ethylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, and pyrazine.(9) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One component of cigarette smoke 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (also known as ligustrazine, used in Chinese herbal medicine), has undergone a pharmacokinetic evaluation.(10) It  found that tetramethylpyrazine is rapidly absorbed from the nasal mucosa into the systemic circulation, and then crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the cerebral cortex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2005, a group accidentally discovered that various compounds with a pyrazine-pyridine backbone are potent inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2).(11)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, in isolation nicotine promotes angiogenesis of retinal endothelial cells partially via the VEGF pathway. However, cigarette smoke contains not only nicotine but also pyrazine compounds which antagonize VEGF receptors, potently inhibiting the angiogenic drive of nicotine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfiOi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SfiOi.png&quot; alt=&quot;Graphic representatin of the Maillard Browning reaction in the formation of pyrazines&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24793809&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ma X, Jia Y, Zu S, et al. alpha5 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mediates nicotine-induced HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2014;278:172-179.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2187889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dom AM, Buckley AW, Brown KC, et al. The α7-nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and MMP-2/-9 Pathway Mediate the Proangiogenic Effect of Nicotine in Human Retinal Endothelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology &amp;amp; Visual Science 2011;52:4428-4438.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12709416&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Michaud SE, Menard C, Guy LG, Gennaro G, Rivard A. Inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by cigarette smoke exposure: impairment of the HIF-1alpha/VEGF pathway. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2003;17:1150-1152.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, et al. UKPDS 50: Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001;44:156-163.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862761/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ivnitski-Steele I, Walker MK. Inhibition of neovascularization by environmental agents. Cardiovascular toxicology 2005;5:215-226.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article/75/2/393/1655896&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Melkonian G, Eckelhoefer H, Wu M, et al. Growth and Angiogenesis Are Inhibited in Vivo in Developing Tissues by Pyrazine and Its Derivatives. Toxicological Sciences 2003;75:393-401.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294261056_The_Chemical_Components_of_Tobacco_and_Tobacco_Smoke_Second_Edition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rodgman A, Perfetti TA. The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, Second Edition: CRC Press; 2016.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alpert HR, Agaku IT, Connolly GN. A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be used to enhance tobacco addiction. Tobacco Control 2016;25:444.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article/93/1/82/1651255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yu R, Wu M, Lin S, Talbot P. Cigarette Smoke Toxicants Alter Growth and Survival of Cultured Mammalian Cells. Toxicological Sciences 2006;93:82-95.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26579367&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meng D, Lu H, Huang S, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rat plasma and extracellular fluid of brain after intranasal, intragastric and intravenous administration. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2014;4:74-78.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033269&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kuo G-H, Prouty C, Wang A, et al. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Pyrazine-Pyridine Biheteroaryls as Novel, Potent, and Selective Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2005;48:4892-4909.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Very interested to get your thoughts on this. Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16735" LastEditorUserId="16735" LastEditDate="2019-08-24T16:06:42.807" LastActivityDate="2019-08-24T16:06:42.807" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19970" CreationDate="2019-08-23T05:59:17.277" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the term &quot;contractility&quot; can refer to contraction of any muscle, including skeletal muscle (e.g. biceps) and smooth muscle (e.g. muscles in arterial walls), in medicine &lt;strong&gt;contractility usually refers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54085/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiac contractility&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which in most fundamental terms is the &lt;strong&gt;force with which the heart muscle squeezes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54078/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;textbook Regulation of Cardiac Contractility by Solaro&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a&#xA;  stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure)&#xA;  and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002338.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vasoconstriction&lt;/a&gt; is a specific term for the squeezing of smooth muscle within the walls of blood vessels (arteries, arteroiles, veins, venuoles, etc).  Vasoconstriction of arteries increases arterial blood pressure and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasoconstrictor/vasoconstrictor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiac afterload&lt;/a&gt;.  Vasoconstriction of veins increases venous return to the heart by reducing venous pooling, thus &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvpharmacology.com/vasoconstrictor/vasoconstrictor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;increasing preload&lt;/a&gt;.  Of note, most often vasoconstriction is used to refer to &lt;em&gt;arterial&lt;/em&gt; vasoconstriction.  There is a lot of good information on the pharmacology of modulating blood pressure including vasopressors (norepinephrine, levophed) that vasoconstrict to raise blood pressure in septic or hemorrhagic shock, etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cortisol both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568128/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases cardiac contractility&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;as well as&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15320828&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases arterial vasoconstriction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both increasing cardiac contractility (increased force of squeezing blood out of the heart) as well as increasing arterial vasoconstriction (decreasing diameter of arteries) will raise blood pressure.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-23T06:05:48.993" LastActivityDate="2019-08-23T06:05:48.993" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-24T00:42:00.947" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible / likely that a critically ill patient with a blood infection and high white blood cell count of 45,000 could be &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; fever? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12142" LastActivityDate="2019-08-24T00:42:00.947" Title="High White blood cell count without fever" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19977" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19980" CreationDate="2019-08-24T08:58:11.827" Score="2" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading Dennis M. Brown “Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer”.  On &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=u4BHBAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT57&amp;amp;lpg=PT57&amp;amp;dq=increasing%20exposure%20time,%20i.e.%20AUC50%20%3D%20k&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=SNt0nehJvC&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U3ixSl9lv47yzzccZsATC2DAg6BSQ&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-sp30jpvkAhUCvVkKHetAATcQ6AEwCnoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=increasing%20exposure%20time%2C%20i.e.%20AUC50%20%3D%20k&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Page 29&lt;/a&gt; when referring to monotonic increase or decrease of n (being the number of cells n(t) I believe) then how are they getting &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = T&lt;sup&gt;(1-1/n)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get how it equal k&lt;sup&gt;(1/n)&lt;/sup&gt; because we just raise each side of equation IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; * T = k to the 1/n power but not getting the the double equality here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; and AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; occurs when n = 1 in (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; * T = k which reduces to AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = k, meaning effect only depends on AUC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pzEll.png&quot; alt=&quot;screenshot of book&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16742" LastEditorUserId="16742" LastEditDate="2019-08-24T19:40:40.503" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T20:43:53.497" Title="Please explain the algebraic reasoning in this textbook" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19977" CreationDate="2019-08-24T23:38:07.047" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's take the general equation they mentioned, (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;T = k, and rearrange it to IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = (k/T)&lt;sup&gt;1/n&lt;/sup&gt; = k&lt;sup&gt;1/n&lt;/sup&gt;T&lt;sup&gt;-1/n&lt;/sup&gt;. (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;T = k reducing to AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = k if n=1 implies that AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;T if n=1. If this equation holds for other n, then AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = k&lt;sup&gt;1/n&lt;/sup&gt;T&lt;sup&gt;1-1/n&lt;/sup&gt;. That looks a LOT like the text if the author accidentally inserted a =.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This next bit is more speculative because the exact descriptions of these terms in the source are not available online, but AUC generally stands for &quot;area under curve,&quot; aka integration. I have doubts AUC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; is some definite integral of IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; because when n=1, IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = k/T, which has an indefinite integral F(T) = k*ln(T) + constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastEditorUserId="13838" LastEditDate="2019-08-27T20:43:53.497" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T20:43:53.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19964" CreationDate="2019-08-25T00:24:04.667" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mri-scan/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Magnetic Resonance Imaging&lt;/a&gt; is an umbrella term for any medical imaging technique that makes use of the phenomenon of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nuclear magnetic resonance&lt;/a&gt;. There are many variants depending on how the scanner is configured and analysed, but all are considered MRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The basis for the different types of MRI scanning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Much of the following is adapted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://casemed.case.edu/clerkships/neurology/Web%20Neurorad/MRI%20Basics.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRI Basics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, the protons in hydrogen atoms in the water that constitutes your body are sensitive to magnetic fields and align when placed in a very powerful magnetic field. Short bursts of radio waves knock them out of alignment. When the protons realign, they emit radio waves again, which is what is detected by the scanner. This frequency data is processed using a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fourier transform&lt;/a&gt; to get the relative intensity at each point in the plane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different variations are possible by altering the frequency and timing of the radio energy pulses applied. This gives various sequences such as &lt;em&gt;T1-weighted&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;T2-weighted&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (Flair)&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), which differentiates tissues based on the movement of water&lt;/em&gt;. Each is better at evaluating a particular type of body tissue, distinguishing between certain adjacent tissues or detecting a disease process such as inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This image shows how the brain would appear under T1, T2 and FLAIR sequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RQ8eu.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RQ8eu.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;MRI of brain showing T1, T2 and FLAIR sequences&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.insideradiology.com.au/gadolinium-contrast-medium/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gadolinium&lt;/a&gt; can be used as a contrast medium, particularly to identify vascular structures. Unlike the radiopaque contrast needed for certain types of plain x-ray or CT, gadolinium (when chelated) is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paramagnetic&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Types of scanning procedures&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many types of MRI scan, depending on the anatomical area under investigation and the configuration of the scanner, as detailed above. Here are some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) - using MRI to identify the course and potency of blood vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) - used to investigate the biliary tree and pancreas (less invasive than the endoscopic alternative, an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sages.org/publications/patient-information/patient-information-for-ercp-endoscopic-retrograde-cholangio-pancreatography-from-sages/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ERCP&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiac MRI&lt;/a&gt; - imaging the heart requires pulsed sequences synchronised the the patient's ECG.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073717/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Functional MRI&lt;/a&gt; (fMRI) - this depicts changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration due to modulation of neural metabolism. It is used to identify metabolically active areas of the brain, as opposed to investigating anatomical pathology. It has been used for studies in neuroscience, surgical planning, for monitoring treatment outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Magnetic resonance neurography&lt;/a&gt; (MRN) - as mentioned in the question, this is an adapted form that is especially good at distinguishing nerves from surrounding tissue by optimising the configuration for the water properties of nerves. This was initially an adapted form of diffusion-weighted imaging that is configured to focus on the fact that water tends to diffuse &lt;em&gt;anisotropically&lt;/em&gt; in nerves (it diffuses more prominently in the longitudinal axis, along the length of the nerve). It has been found to be a useful adjunct to other means of assessing peripheral nerves such as nerve conjunction studies and electromyography. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19663545&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example image of a magnetic resonance neurography study. It demonstrates the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brachial plexus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uOIba.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uOIba.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;MRN of brachial plexus&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely that an MRN will be done if a nerve needs to be directly assessed (e.g. checking for a specific nerve injury like a nerve root compression of the spine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiculopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;radiculopathy&lt;/a&gt;) or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;carpal tunnel syndrome&lt;/a&gt;). MRN would not automatically be performed when imaging a body area for other reasons (e.g. MRI of chest for lung disease etc). It should be clear on the radiologist's report which sequences and configuration were used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the term MRI covers all types of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. MRN is one example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-08-25T00:49:58.283" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T00:49:58.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19984" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2019-08-25T08:06:55.830" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For questions about routine physical examinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A physical examination, medical examination, or clinical examination is the process by which a medical practitioner examines the body of a patient for any possible signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions regarding patient medical history followed by an examination of the symptoms.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The routine physical, also known as:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;general medical examination  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;periodic health evaluation  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;annual physical  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;comprehensive medical exam  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;general health check  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;preventive health examination  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;medical check-up  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;medical  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;is a physical examination performed on an asymptomatic patient for medical screening purposes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-10-03T14:10:07.590" LastActivityDate="2019-10-03T14:10:07.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19985" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2019-08-25T08:06:55.830" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-08-25T08:06:55.830" LastActivityDate="2019-08-25T08:06:55.830" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20006" CreationDate="2019-08-25T14:53:33.950" Score="3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per this article,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499712&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499712&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;insomnia is a common complaint after ischemic stroke.&#xA;Why does ischemic stroke leads to insomnia ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11925" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-28T17:39:53.920" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T17:39:53.920" Title="Why does stroke cause insomnia?" Tags="&lt;insomnia&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19990" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="19994" CreationDate="2019-08-25T17:57:56.527" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that carbohydrates and protein that are eaten but not immediately utilised are stored as body fat, provided that glycogen stores are already full. Also, I assume that any fat eaten but not immediately utilised either gets broken down and then stored by the same mechanisms, or else is stored directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How efficient are these processes, typically? What is the conversion rate for energy in macronutrients consumed to energy in fat stored?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the efficiency differ for the different macronutrients?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the calorie values given for macronutrients already account for typical losses in digestion and utilisation, is there still an additional loss in the conversion to stored fat? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there an additional conversion loss when stored body fat is used via ketosis? I.e. is the available energy in one gram of stored body fat typically equivalent to one gram of fat eaten?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16746" LastEditorUserId="16746" LastEditDate="2019-08-25T18:07:41.147" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T09:18:22.140" Title="How efficient is the human metabolism at converting macronutrients to fat" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-25T21:51:37.303" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Closely Related:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/18410/5g-radiation-dangerous&quot;&gt;5G Radiation Dangerous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being inundated with all kinds of 5G health statements, (for &amp;amp; against), I noticed a weird trend - &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;the absence of cumulative radiation studies&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the health risks of low-frequency radiation, in I.T. edge cases&lt;/strong&gt; where there is a far more significant amount of cumulative exposure? - that is, coming from many different sources at once for prolonged periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case:&lt;/strong&gt; I.T. professionals surrounded by 2.5GHz, 5GHz, 40GHz, signals, etc., in addition to 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.  But, the distinction here is that these I.T. professionals are often, (as in the case of Q.A. teams), surrounded by hundreds of these devices at once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Background:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;According to the NY Times:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/science/5g-cellphones-wireless-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The 5G Health Hazard That Isn’t&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - Human skin blocks the even higher frequencies of sunlight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But, the LA Times mentions this:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is 5G technology dangerous? Early data shows a slight increase of tumors in male rats exposed to cellphone radiation&lt;/strong&gt; - The rats were exposed to nine hours of radiation daily, in 10-minutes-on, 10-minutes-off intervals, over their whole bodies for two years. The researchers found increased incidences of rare brain and heart tumors starting at about the federally allowable level of cellphone radiation for brain exposure, with greater incidences at about two and four times those levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it seems that there is at least some sort of potential for 5G to be dangerous in certain unusual edge cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, what are the radiation health risks for I.T. professionals who are certainly in those edge cases - and much, much, more exposed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does being exposed to both high frequency and low frequency, simultaneously, in large quantities, have the potential to increase the risks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16747" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T21:40:54.830" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T21:40:54.830" Title="How safe is low frequency radiation in I.T. edge cases? (5G, etc)" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;&lt;cellular-phone&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19990" CreationDate="2019-08-26T12:12:49.267" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, 1,000 excessive calories from food does not translate into 1,000 calories of body fat. The conversion rate is highest for fats and lowest for proteins and may greatly depend on genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) What is the conversion rate for energy in macronutrients consumed to energy in fat stored?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends &lt;em&gt;greatly&lt;/em&gt; on a person and foods eaten, because some energy will:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not be absorbed in the intestine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218769/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;probably &amp;lt;5%&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be lost due to increased metabolism associated with the thermic effect of food, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524030/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in general: ~10%&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be used to increase of lean body mass, which depends on the extent of physical activity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;be used differently in different persons, which may be genetically determined:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In response to 84 days of 1000 kcal/day of overfeeding, 12 pairs of&#xA;  monozygotic twins gained on average 8.1 kg, but the range was from 4.3&#xA;  to 13.3 kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, the similarity within each twin pair in response to&#xA;  overfeeding was significant with respect to body weight gain,&#xA;  percentage of fat and total fat mass with about three times more&#xA;  variance among pairs than within pairs.  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897177/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Obesity, 2008&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Does the efficiency differ for the different macronutrients?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different macronutrients have different thermic effects, that is the loss of consumed energy due to increased metabolism triggered by food: protein: 15-30% ; alcohol: 10-30% ; carbohydrates: 5-10% ; fat 0-3% (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524030/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Metabolism, 2004&lt;/a&gt;), so calories from proteins and alcohol should be less fattening than those from fats and carbohydrates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, it is evident that overfeeding on carbohydrate and/or&#xA;  fat results in body composition alterations that are different than&#xA;  overfeeding on protein. It is commonly believed that 3,500 kcal is&#xA;  equivalent to 0.45 kg (1 pound) of fat and that changing energy&#xA;  balance in accordance with this will produce predictable changes in&#xA;  body weight. However, the overfeeding literature to date does not&#xA;  support this assertion. Dietary protein appears to have a protective&#xA;  effect against fat gain during times of energy surplus, especially&#xA;  when combined with resistance training (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5786199/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Exercise Science, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) If the calorie values given for macronutrients already account for typical losses in digestion and utilisation, is there still an additional loss in the conversion to stored fat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to repeat that, due to low thermic effect, dietary fat is more efficiently converted to body fat than dietary protein or carbohydrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Is there an additional conversion loss when stored body fat is used via ketosis? I.e. is the available energy in one gram of stored body fat typically equivalent to one gram of fat eaten?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In healthy individuals, significant amounts of ketones are created only in ketogenic (low-carb) diets (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/should-you-try-the-keto-diet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt;). Some ketones are lost with urine and breath, but not in the amounts meaningful for weight loss (&lt;a href=&quot;https://account.allinahealth.org/library/content/1/3585&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Allinahealth&lt;/a&gt;). According to studies, ketogenic diets may not be more efficient for weight loss than other diets (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6371871/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian Family Physician, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As explained above, 1 g of fat eaten does not result in 1 g of fat stored, but not much less, because of low thermic effect of fat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-28T09:18:22.140" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T09:18:22.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-26T23:13:22.070" Score="6" ViewCount="163" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all know that there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;important benefits to good hydration.&lt;/a&gt; No question there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently heard about a study (unfortunately I didn't catch the author's name) concluding that water is not close to an optimal hydration solution. The report was riddled with pseudo-sciency sounding stuff (&quot;Plain water doesn't hydrate you, it goes right through you into the urine.&quot;) and I thought it was one of the worst reports I'd heard in a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While trying to find this study online today, I realized that while there are many ways to evaluate &quot;hydration&quot;, from simple (thirst, urinary output, urine specific gravity) to complex (serum osmolality, isotope dilution, neutron activation analysis (?), bioelectrical impedance, and others), I am only familiar with a few of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming an average healthy person, especially with regard to kidney function, is there any consensus on what the optimal way to measure &quot;hydration&quot; is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to add: For simplicity's sake, consider age to be irrelevant to this question, as with assuming normal kidney function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited to clarify my intention with this question:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not asking about people in obvious need of fluids and how to measure success of rehydration. I'm asking more about average healthy people who know the benefits of hydration and therefore try to stay hydrated. Is there a best way to measure that they are, indeed, optimally hydrated? Sorry about the confusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2019-08-28T23:02:26.283" LastActivityDate="2019-09-28T17:21:17.893" Title="What is the &quot;best&quot; or most accurate way to measure bodily hydration?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="19998" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20003" CreationDate="2019-08-27T08:18:21.313" Score="9" ViewCount="1308" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find a website which contains videos of open trauma (HD if possible)? I want to accustom to these views (because I am a medical student).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16752" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-08-27T14:10:38.450" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T14:10:38.450" Title="Videos of surgery" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;video&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19996" CreationDate="2019-08-27T10:19:55.897" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The claim that &amp;quot;water is not close to an optimal hydration solution because it goes right through you into the urine&amp;quot; is grossly exaggerated. Water is just good for hydration; even if somewhat more effective beverages are available, they are not really necessary for everyday needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sugars speed up water &lt;em&gt;absorption.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fructose stimulated 66-100 per cent as much net sodium and water&#xA;absorption as glucose.  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1120780&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1975&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, solutions with multiple substrates &lt;em&gt;[glucose, fructose]&lt;/em&gt; stimulate several&#xA;different solute absorption mechanisms yielding greater water&#xA;absorption than solutions with only one substrate.  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medicine and&#xA;Science in Sport and Exercise, 1995&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sodium promotes water &lt;em&gt;retention.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sodium does not stimulate water absorption but makes the water to stay longer in your body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...increasing the amount of sodium (0–60 mmol/L) in a 6% glucose&#xA;beverage did not lead to increases in fluid delivery...Sodium is also&#xA;important for rehydration after a period of dehydration as sodium&#xA;helps with fluid retention.   &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-6-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition &amp;amp; Metabolism, 2009&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In indoor environments, performing routine activities and even without&#xA;excessive sweating, isotonic beverages &lt;em&gt;[containing sodium, chloride, potassium and sugars]&lt;/em&gt; may be more effective at&#xA;retaining fluids and maintaining hydration status by up to 10%&#xA;compared to distilled water  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372905/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drinking sports drinks with sugars and sodium can make sense in certain sports when quick and sustained hydration is needed. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral rehydration solution&lt;/a&gt;, which contain sugar and sodium are better than plain water for treatment of severe dehydration: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/e4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to prevent water intoxication (dilutional hyponatremia), especially in infants&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plain water does not just go through you but stays in your body for a shorter time than water with added sugars and sodium. Still, for everyday use, plain water is good enough, because you can get sugar and sodium from food. Saying that, a little bit of sodium in some mineral waters can greatly improve their &lt;em&gt;taste.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can you estimate hydration status on your own?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The signs of good hydration include normal moist in mouth, no thirst, colorless or straw yellow urine, no drop of body weight within few hours or days and normal &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=90720&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;skin turgor&lt;/a&gt;, which means that the skin at the back of your hand flattens immediately after being pinched and released (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/dehydration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia.com&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, &lt;em&gt;thirst&lt;/em&gt; can be an unreliable sign of dehydration - some people can be severely dehydrated without being thirsty (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;). The most &lt;em&gt;measurable&lt;/em&gt; sign of dehydration is a &lt;em&gt;sudden weight loss&lt;/em&gt; (more than 1 kg within few hours to few days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How can a doctor evaluate dehydration?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A doctor needs to evaluate the severity and type of dehydration. Severity can be quickly estimated by weight loss: 1-3% loss = mild, 4-6% = moderate, 7% or more = severe (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/906999-clinical#showall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The severity and type of dehydration can be further estimated by a &lt;strong&gt;combination&lt;/strong&gt; of blood and urine tests; results can be &lt;em&gt;completely different&lt;/em&gt; in isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Isotonic&lt;/em&gt; dehydration:&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/dehydration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lecturio&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood osmolality: 285-295 mOsm/kg (normal range)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood sodium: 135-145 mmol/liter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24-hour urine volume: &amp;lt;800 mL/24 h (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&amp;amp;pid=1&amp;amp;gid=003425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADAM&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Urine specific gravity: increased&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible causes: excessive sweating, repeated vomiting, diarrhea, severe bleeding, burns (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Common-causes-of-isotonic-hypotonic-and-hypertonic-dehydration_tbl1_281126067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hypertonic&lt;/em&gt; dehydration:&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/dehydration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lecturio&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood osmolality: &amp;gt;300 mOsm/kg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood sodium &amp;gt;150 mmol/liter&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24-hour urine volume: decreased (in water deprivation) or increased (in diabetes mellitus or insipidus)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Urine specific gravity: increased (in water deprivation, diabetes mellitus) or decreased (in diabetes insipidus) &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831666/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of General Internal Medicine&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible causes: water deprivation, excessive sweating, drinking sea water, hyperventilation, diabetes mellitus or insipidus, ketoacidosis, end-stage renal failure, certain diuretics (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/dehydration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lecturio&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Common-causes-of-isotonic-hypotonic-and-hypertonic-dehydration_tbl1_281126067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hypotonic&lt;/em&gt; dehydration:&lt;/strong&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/dehydration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lecturio&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood osmolality: &amp;lt;275 mOsm/kg&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood sodium &amp;lt;135 mmol/L&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;24-hour urine volume: increased or decreased&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Urine specific gravity: decreased or increased&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible causes: treating dehydration in small children or marathon runners with fluids that contain little or no sodium, gastrointestinal obstruction or fistula, pancreatitis, Addison’s disease, chronic malnutrition, cystic fibrosis with excessive salt loss in sweat, salt-wasting nephropathy, prolonged treatment of high blood pressure with low-sodium diet and thiazide diuretics ( hydrochlorothiazide), furosemide, osmotic diuretics (mannitol) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/dehydration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lecturio&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Common-causes-of-isotonic-hypotonic-and-hypertonic-dehydration_tbl1_281126067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most cases of dehydration, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio will be increased to &amp;gt;20:1 (&lt;a href=&quot;http://Volume%20depletion%20leads%20to%20enhanced%20proximal%20tubule%20salt%20and%20water%20retention,%20thereby%20increasing%20the%20passive%20reabsorption%20of%20urea,%20leading%20to%20a%20rise%20in%20the%20normal%20blood%20urea%20nitrogen%20(BUN)%20to%20creatinine%20ratio%20from%20the%20normal%20level%20of%2010:1%20to%20over%2020:1.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDirect&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&amp;amp;contentid=urea_nitrogen_serum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rochester.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Total body water&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various methods to measure total body water, such as flowing afterglow–mass spectrometry (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/76/6/1295/4689575&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN, 2002&lt;/a&gt;), but they are not used to evaluate hydration status, because this can not be determined just by knowing the absolute or relative amount of water in the body, which vary greatly with age, body weight and the percent of fat and muscle tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Accurate measurements of total body water (TBW) are of value in many&#xA;physiologic and pathophysiologic circumstances. A fundamental aspect&#xA;of body composition, TBW is influenced by nutritional status (1) and&#xA;water homeostasis (2). In renal medicine, where both these aspects of&#xA;body composition can be adversely affected (3), TBW is of particular&#xA;importance because it also determines the volume of distribution of&#xA;water-soluble uremic toxins (4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Plain water can be just fine for &lt;em&gt;optimal&lt;/em&gt; hydration. Adding sugars and glucose into it can promote water absorption and retention (&lt;em&gt;longer&lt;/em&gt; stay of water in your body), but this is not relevant for an otherweise healthy person in the everyday life.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the hydration status is tested, the results from a &lt;em&gt;combination&lt;/em&gt; of blood and urine tests need to be considered.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-09-28T17:21:17.893" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20002" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-27T11:43:22.723" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I search for the adverse effects of medications, what I usually find is a list of effects and their occurance rate. But it's evident that different medications cause adverse effects with different severity. How do I find information about the severity (in average)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11558" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T11:43:22.723" Title="Is there a measure for the severity of adverse effects of a medication?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20003" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19998" CreationDate="2019-08-27T12:18:13.220" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Top quality resources for videos will be found at sites from surgical academies, which often offer free or low-price subscriptions to students/residents/trainees:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;American College of Surgeons&lt;/strong&gt; curriculum for residents at &lt;a href=&quot;https://cine-med.com/acsonline/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cine-med.com/acsonline/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;American College of Surgeons Journal&lt;/strong&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalacs.org/featuredvideo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.journalacs.org/featuredvideo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery&lt;/strong&gt; at  &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/Pages/videogallery.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/Pages/videogallery.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons&lt;/strong&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sages.org/video/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sages.org/video/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists&lt;/strong&gt; at &lt;a href=&quot;https://cfweb.acog.org/onlinevideos/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cfweb.acog.org/onlinevideos/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sites I have not thoroughly explored but appear to offer quite a bit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/surgery/divisions/trauma-burn/training/videos/Pages/Videos.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/surgery/divisions/trauma-burn/training/videos/Pages/Videos.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.csurgeries.com/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.csurgeries.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uncertain of quality:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medtube.net/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medtube.net/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regarding desensitization&lt;/strong&gt; to blood, surgery, trauma, deliveries, and the like, watching videos definitely will help.  However, there is nothing that can replace the real thing - especially when you are actively involved in the cutting, cleaning, suctioning, retracting, stretching, etc.  Be very aware of this, and consider spending time shadowing in the ER or OR as an observer (i.e. able to leave at any time) before you need to take an active role in the procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore additionally, I want to encourage you that if you are expected to be part of a surgical team and know there is a possibility that you may experience nausea/vomiting, lightheadedness, or syncope: &lt;strong&gt;it is your professional and ethical responsibility to inform t&lt;/strong&gt;he chief resident and/or attending, as well as the circulating and/or scrub nurse, &lt;strong&gt;so that they can plan for your replacement if anything happens.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, the &lt;strong&gt;second that you notice symptoms or feel you are becoming overwhelmed, it is imperative that you tell the person who will replace you,&lt;/strong&gt; hand over your task, and remove yourself from the surgical field.  Sit right there on the floor if you have to, but try to avoid (1) faceplanting into the open surgical field of the patient's body or (2) fainting in the trauma bay or OR and hitting your head on the tile floor, becoming a trauma patient yourself.  I had classmates with such stories and it was horrifically embarrassing for them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, be more like a certain medical student who told their attending and the circulating nurse that they'd done extensive desensitization training but this was their first real surgical case.  So then after a prolonged surgery with heavy blood loss, when they overheated after sweating for hours in the scrub suit and began to vaso-vagal, someone was already scrubbed in to take over for them immediately - and they could remove themselves to a safe spot to sit.  Rather than be humiliated by contaminating the field or becoming a patient themself, they were thanked for being responsible and self aware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-08-27T12:41:48.163" LastActivityDate="2019-08-27T12:41:48.163" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20006" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19987" CreationDate="2019-08-28T11:58:20.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, stroke may be associated with insomnia, not because of the brain tissue damage, but because of how it affects someone's life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530113136.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insomnia is a likely long-term side effect of stroke, study finds (ScienceDaily, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Importantly researchers found that although sleep efficiency was&#xA;  reduced in patients, total sleep time between the groups was similar,&#xA;  suggesting that &lt;em&gt;lesions in the brains' centres for sleep-wake&#xA;  regulation are unlikely to cause the insomnia.&lt;/em&gt; Rather researchers&#xA;  believe that sleep problems experienced by stroke patients are due to&#xA;  a number of contributory factors, such as &lt;strong&gt;greater psychological&#xA;  strain, pain and discomfort as well as reduced levels of physical&#xA;  activity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/508962&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What happens to sleep after a stroke? (Medscape)&lt;/a&gt; describes how different stroke locations can result in different types of insomnia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A pontine stroke may be expected to affect REM sleep.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Particular lesion sites have been reported to cause narcolepsy, destruction of normal circadian sleep/wake patterns, and regional loss.&#xA;  of sleep spindles, but also loss of dream life, a peculiar bed-prone&#xA;  behavioral stereotypy, and visual hallucinations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Subcortical strokes affecting basal ganglia may be more associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Immediately after a hemispheric stroke, REM sleep abnormalities are more common. Over a period of weeks after a hemispheric stroke, it is&#xA;  common to observe reduction in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and&#xA;  sleep stages.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;In one study of hemispheric strokes, one third of stroke patients slept more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-28T15:22:33.087" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T15:22:33.087" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21222" CreationDate="2019-08-28T15:35:24.820" Score="5" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I get sick and need to take antibiotics, I get admonished to carry the treatment until the end, otherwise I am breeding antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Does this mean that when I finish the treatment, there is &lt;strong&gt;not a single germ&lt;/strong&gt; (of a particular type, targeted by the particular antibiotic) left in my body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I understand the mechanism. When I take the antibiotic, the germs do not like it, but are not killed immediately. They suffer and suffer in the course of days. The weaker germs die first and the die hard ones, those who already possess some resistance due to random genetic mutations, die last. Therefore, the overall average antibiotic resistance of the germs in my body is &lt;strong&gt;rising&lt;/strong&gt; in the course of the treatment and then suddenly drops to zero as all the germs are dead. Is this correct? Does every single organism of a particular type die in the treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16760" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T10:12:48.053" Title="When taking antibiotics, does every single germ have to die?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19934" CreationDate="2019-08-28T17:34:04.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some problems with using veterinary drugs by humans:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) It's illegal.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Any deviation from the label, by veterinarians or lay persons is an&#xA;  illegal use...&lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Guidelines-for-Veterinary-Prescription-Drugs.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Veterinary Medical Association&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) It can be harmful for your &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; condition.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wrongly self-diagnose yourself, a certain drug that is not intended to treat your &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; condition, can dangerously interact with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example: fish antibiotics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...most upper respiratory problems, for example, have the same symptoms.&#xA;  But many of the diseases are viruses and don't respond to&#xA;  antibiotics....taking an antibiotic can complicate the course of that&#xA;  event &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Department of Defense, 2002&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) It can cause significant side effects.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs intended only for animals have not been tested in humans, so they can have significant side effects in humans (due to active or added substances).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example 1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Closantel&lt;/strong&gt; is a halogenated salicylanilide with a potent anti parasitic&#xA;  activity. It is widely used in management of parasitic infestation in&#xA;  animals, but is contraindicated in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 34-year-old man with depression was referred to our center with&#xA;  progressive loss of vision in both eyes 10 days after unintentional&#xA;  ingestion of three 500 mg tablets of Closantel &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-016-0387-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMC Ophtalmology,&#xA;  2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example 2:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acepromazine&lt;/strong&gt; is a phenothiazine that is used exclusively in veterinary medicine for multiple purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 54-year-old woman intentionally ingested 950 mg of her dog’s&#xA;  acepromazine. Within 3 h of ingestion, she developed central nervous&#xA;  system and respiratory depression along with hypotension requiring&#xA;  non-invasive ventilation and vasopressors &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371025/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Medical&#xA;  Toxicology, 2015&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-08-28T17:34:04.190" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-28T17:47:52.340" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read online that heavy alcohol consumption can lead to neurological damage, specifically in areas related to cognitive abilities and memory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I haven’t found an article on reversing the damage done to the brain by alcohol and what I want to know if the damage can be reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellmind.com/alcohol-damages-day-to-day-memory-function-62982&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.verywellmind.com/alcohol-damages-day-to-day-memory-function-62982&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/186-196.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/186-196.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/12/even-small-amounts-of-alcohol-impair-memory/548474/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/12/even-small-amounts-of-alcohol-impair-memory/548474/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16762" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-08-29T10:19:51.720" LastActivityDate="2019-08-29T14:24:48.147" Title="Can the neurological damage done by alcohol, specifically memory and cognitive performance, be reversed?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;marijuana&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2019-08-29T14:25:07.160" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20011" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20012" CreationDate="2019-08-29T19:04:02.243" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard multiple times in my life that eating seafood would lengthen healing time of an injury, such as a large cut or a broken bone, and possibly make it  worse. I heard this mainly from eastern medicine. Is there any validity in this claim, and if so what is the science behind this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching on Baidu gives arrives at this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2885108.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2885108.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says that seafood, especially ones that have been sitting dead for some time contain a type of histamine, which worsens some medical conditions. However, it is not linked to any source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16766" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-08-30T14:00:35.247" LastActivityDate="2019-08-30T14:00:35.247" Title="Does eating any kind of seafood lengthen the healing time of an injury?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20011" CreationDate="2019-08-30T06:59:43.973" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some &lt;em&gt;weak&lt;/em&gt; evidence that high intake of &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=621&amp;amp;nutrient2=629&amp;amp;nutrient3=&amp;amp;fg=15&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fish high in omega-3 fatty acids&lt;/a&gt; EPA and DHA (salmon, mackerel, roe, anchovies, tuna, herring, sablefish, sardines) or fish oil capsules might delay wound healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one experiment about wound healing in rats fed with fish oil:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8301804&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Detrimental effects of an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diet on wound healing (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1993)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oils have anti-inflammatory&#xA;  effects with potential beneficial clinical applications. However,&#xA;  these same effects may alter wound healing, a process dependent upon&#xA;  an adequate inflammatory response...At 30 days, however, &lt;em&gt;wounds&#xA;  harvested from rats fed the menhaden oil diet were significantly&#xA;  weaker than those from corn oil-fed animals...&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Dietary consumption&#xA;  of a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids may conspire against the quality&#xA;  of wounds&lt;/em&gt; by altering the fibroplastic or maturational phases of the&#xA;  healing response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one review article about post-operative wound healing in humans &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217020/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Role of Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Wound Healing and Infection (Advances in Wound Care, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;, which says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil can prevent wound infections and can&#xA;  improve early wound healing, but &lt;em&gt;after several days may decrease the&#xA;  deposition of collagen,&lt;/em&gt; possibly preventing extensive scarring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, according to this source, fish oil may delay wound healing, but prevent scaring, which could, at the end, be a beneficial effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2967211/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ω-3 fatty acids effect on wound healing (Journal of Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results presented in this paper linked the EPA/DHA dietary&#xA;  supplements...and &lt;em&gt;nonsignificantly slower wound healing.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/9781934854280.301&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega-3 Fatty Acids Modulate Wound Healing (Advances in Wound Care, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dietary supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids affects the local&#xA;  production of cytokines that mediate inflammation in wound healing&#xA;  processes. Further research is needed to determine &lt;em&gt;if this effect is&#xA;  ultimately beneficial or detrimental to wound healing.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2885108.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article linked from the question&lt;/a&gt; does not mention wound healing, but that histamine in fish can cause &quot;allergies.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is known that histamine can build up in non-fresh or improperly stored fish and cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/2885108.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scombroid poisoning&lt;/a&gt; with symptoms similar to food alllergies: flushing, itch, hives, diarrhea...but I havent found any association between scombroid poisioning and impaired wound healing. Concluding from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543894&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study in mice&lt;/a&gt;, histamine could actually promote wound healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-08-30T07:10:08.697" LastActivityDate="2019-08-30T07:10:08.697" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20015" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-08-31T13:39:01.620" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually wear a mask to cover my mouth and nose, because I am very sensitive to pungent smells. But one day I forgot to bring them when going out. I was walking to my flat one day, and was passing by a narrow path. There was a person going in the opposite direction who was smoking, and as I walked closer to him, I forgot to hold my breath and inhaled one of the most unpleasant, painful smell in a very long time. A few minutes later, I had a headache, momentary chest pain and an asthma attack (rarely happen), as I arrived at my flat. It lasted for several minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel much better now, but should I be concerned with the accidental inhalation I’ve done, and what negative effects it will give me in the long-term? I am very sensitive to strong, unhealthy smells, and having just experienced an asthma attack, which rarely happens to me, I extremely fear for my well-being. Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I only made one large inhalation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16773" LastActivityDate="2019-08-31T13:39:01.620" Title="What happens when you accidentally inhale smoke once?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;second-hand-smoke&gt;&lt;asthma-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-08-31T15:00:23.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20045" CreationDate="2019-08-31T14:54:29.543" Score="4" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that the administration of valproic acid to pregnant mothers can cause fetal developmental problems, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Miyazaki et al, 2005).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can its administration to an adult with ASD be harmful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kaoru Miyazaki, Naoko Narita, Masaaki Narita (2005)&lt;/strong&gt;:&quot;Maternal administration of thalidomide or valproic acid causes abnormal serotonergic neurons in the offspring: implication for pathogenesis of autism&quot;, Science Direct, Volume 23, Issues 2–3, April–May 2005, Pages 287-297 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16570" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-09-06T21:06:48.443" LastActivityDate="2019-09-06T21:46:01.733" Title="Is it dangerous to administer valproic acid to an adult with an autism spectrum disorder?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-01T00:19:52.630" Score="3" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Trying to detect lacunar strokes in brain MRI, in T1 they look like a small black hole, whereas in T2 bright-white; located within white matter region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, are there any structures that can be found in a healthy brain that could look like that, and therefore be confused with a small lesion? (e.g a blood vessel, benign calcifications)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16774" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-09-02T01:53:22.300" LastActivityDate="2019-09-03T23:35:59.473" Title="What are normal structures that could be misinterpreted as lacunar strokes on T1 or T2 brain MRI?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20022" CreationDate="2019-09-01T04:15:05.623" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Example article found with DDG: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/8-coconut-water-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;8 Science-Based Health Benefits of Coconut Water&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Bottom Line&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Coconut water is a delicious, nutritious and natural beverage that’s&#xA;  extremely good for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It may benefit your heart, blood sugar, kidney health and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although controlled studies are needed to confirm many of these&#xA;  qualities, the research to date is encouraging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you start sipping away at this tropical drink, just be sure to&#xA;  avoid products with added sugar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That sounds like magic.&lt;/strong&gt; Is coconut water that really that good for your health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13707" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-09-01T05:02:02.563" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T09:56:24.880" Title="Should I drink coconut water daily? Many sites praise the health effect" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20019" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20021" CreationDate="2019-09-01T09:32:06.593" Score="5" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not a license on Science Direct and I can't read more than the abstract of this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997204001120&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is autism an autoimmune disease?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know from experts (and read the articles you quote if possible) in what point is the science community in this topic presently. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is autism an autoimmune disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or conversely, there is still no consensus since 2004 when the article I quote was written?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While immune system abnormalities have been reported in children with&#xA;  autistic disorder, there is little consensus regarding the nature of&#xA;  these differences which include both enhanced autoimmunity and reduced&#xA;  immune function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-&lt;strong&gt;Paul Ashwood, Judy Van de Water (2004)&lt;/strong&gt;: &quot;&lt;em&gt;Is autism an autoimmune disease?&lt;/em&gt;&quot;, Science Direct, Volume 3, Issues 7–8, November 2004, Pages 557-562 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2004.07.036&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2004.07.036&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16570" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-09-01T11:11:32.113" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T09:37:52.377" Title="Is autism an autoimmune disease?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;autism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-01T13:05:21.253" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently been taking sertraline which is a medication in tablet form which increases serotonin reuptake in the brain causing you to have a better mood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This however had many side affects such as weight gain, dry mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that low amounts of magnesium in the body also results in lower serotonin levels and so I have started to take magnesium tablets instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is since low magnesium results in lower serotonin levels does this mean that if magnesium tablets were taken that serotonin levels will increase and thus work the same as the above medication sertraline ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16775" LastActivityDate="2019-09-01T13:05:21.253" Title="Magnesium pills" Tags="&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-09-01T20:17:57.460" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20021" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20019" CreationDate="2019-09-02T09:19:50.470" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I answered a similar question (&lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/a/17892&quot;&gt;Is autism caused by genetics?&lt;/a&gt;) on Psychology &amp;amp; Neuroscience where the following was found, plus I have added information regarding autoimmune responses concerning Autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) now affects one in 68 births in the United States and is the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disability worldwide (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Edmiston, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;em&gt;[free access paper with links to cited papers]&lt;/em&gt;. Alarmingly, for the majority of cases, the causes of ASD are largely unknown, but it is becoming increasingly accepted that ASD is no longer defined simply as a behavioral disorder, but rather as a highly complex and heterogeneous biological disorder (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Edmiston, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the information available, the genetic and environmental causes of Autism is open to speculation and interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper you cited is referenced in Edmiston, et al. (2017) under citation number 28, and they stated (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;there are likely multiple, biologically defined subgroups within the ASD spectrum&lt;/strong&gt;(3–7). Specifically, there is growing evidence that supports maternal immune dysfunction &lt;strong&gt;may&lt;/strong&gt; underlie the behavioral abnormalities observed &lt;strong&gt;in a subset of children affected with the disorder&lt;/strong&gt;(8). Several immunologic risk factors have been described including: genetic associations with immune-related genes(9–16), family history of autoimmune disease(15, 17–21), maternal inflammation and infection during pregnancy(22–27), and altered immune responses in the children, and are associated with increased impairments in core and associated features of ASD(28). More specific to this review, maternal anti-brain autoantibodies, which are thought to access the fetal compartment during gestation, have been identified as one risk factor for developing ASD and are proposed to contribute to early neurodevelopmental perturbations in the developing fetus(29–31).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, et al. The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2000;30:205–223.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Newschaffer CJ, Croen La, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, et al. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual review of public health. 2007;28:235–258.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Snow AV, Lecavalier L, Houts C. The structure of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: diagnostic and phenotypic implications. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. 2009;50:734–742.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ousley O, Cermak T. Autism spectrum disorder: Defining dimensions and subgroups. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. 2013;1:20–28.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;McDougle CJ, Landino SM, Vahabzadeh A, O’Rourke J, Zurcher NR, Finger BC, et al. Toward an immune-mediated subtype of autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research. 2015;1617:72–92.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Onore C, Careaga M, Ashwood P. The role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2012;26:383–392.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P, Odell JD, Pingree CB, Warren WL, et al. Increased frequency of the null allele at the complement C4b locus in autism. Clinical &amp;amp; Experimental Immunology. 1991;83:438–440.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL, Burger RA, Maciulis A, Daniels WW, et al. Strong association of the third hypervariable region of HLA-DRβ1 with autism. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1996;67:97–102.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Torres AR, Sweeten TL, Cutler A, Bedke BJ, Fillmore M, Stubbs EG, et al. The association and linkage of the HLA-A2 class I allele with autism. Human immunology. 2006;67:346–351.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Campbell DB, Li C, Sutcliffe JS, Persico AM, Levitt P. Genetic evidence implicating multiple genes in the MET receptor tyrosine kinase pathway in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. 2008;1:159–168.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Thanseem I, Nakamura K, Miyachi T, Toyota T, Yamada S, Tsujii M, et al. Further evidence for the role of MET in autism susceptibility. Neuroscience Research. 2010;68:137–141.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Mostafa GA, Shehab AA. The link of C4B null allele to autism and to a family history of autoimmunity in Egyptian autistic children. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2010;223:115–119.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Jung JY, Kohane IS, Wall DP. Identification of autoimmune gene signatures in autism. Translational psychiatry. 2011;1:e63–e63.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Torres AR, Westover JB, Gibbons C, Johnson RC, Ward DC. Activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their cognate HLA ligands are significantly increased in autism. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2012;26:1122–1127.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN. Familial Clustering of Autoimmune Disorders and Evaluation of Medical Risk Factors in Autism. Journal of Child Neurology. 1999;14:388–394.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Atladóttir HO, Pedersen MG, Thorsen P, Mortensen PB, Deleuran B, Eaton WW, et al. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2009;124:687–694.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Vinet É, Pineau CA, Clarke AE, Scott S, Fombonne É, Joseph L, et al. Increased Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children Born to Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results From a Large Population-Based Cohort. Arthritis &amp;amp; rheumatology (Hoboken, NJ) 2015;67:3201–3208.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Wu S, Ding Y, Wu F, Li R, Xie G, Hou J, et al. Family history of autoimmune diseases is associated with an increased risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2015;55:322–332.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chen S-W, Zhong X-S, Jiang L-N, Zheng X-Y, Xiong Y-Q, Ma S-J, et al. Maternal autoimmune diseases and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioural brain research. 2016;296:61–69.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella. Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia. 1971;1:33–47.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Meyer U, Nyffeler M, Engler A, Urwyler A, Schedlowski M, Knuesel I, et al. The time of prenatal immune challenge determines the specificity of inflammation-mediated brain and behavioral pathology. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2006;26:4752–4762.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Smith SEP, Li J, Garbett K, Mirnics K, Patterson PH. Maternal Immune Activation Alters Fetal Brain Development through Interleukin-6. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2007;27:10695–10702.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Atladóttir HÓ, Thorsen P, Østergaard L, Schendel DE, Lemcke S, Abdallah M, et al. Maternal Infection Requiring Hospitalization During Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2010;40:1423–1430.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Patterson PH. Maternal infection and immune involvement in autism. Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2011;17:389–394.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Garay PA, Hsiao EY, Patterson PH, McAllister AK. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Maternal immune activation causes age- and region-specific changes in brain cytokines in offspring throughout development. 2012&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmunity reviews. 2004;3:557–562.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Braunschweig D, Van de Water J. Maternal autoantibodies in autism. Archives of neurology. 2012;69:693–699.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fox E, Amaral D, Van de Water J. Maternal and fetal antibrain antibodies in development and disease. Developmental Neurobiology. 2012;72:1327–1334.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Fox-Edmiston E, Van De Water J. Maternal Anti-Fetal Brain IgG Autoantibodies and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Knowledge and its Implications for Potential Therapeutics. CNS Drugs. 2015;29:715–724.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, they pointed out that Maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;has been noted by numerous researchers describing the presence of maternal autoantibodies reactive to fetal brain proteins in a subset of mothers of children with ASD. Further, there is now an abundance of evidence supporting their deleterious role in neurodevelopment. For the most part, these studies have described similar experimental outcomes and, given the clinical and biological heterogeneity of ASD, there likely exists a complex relationship between the presence of maternal anti-fetal brain antibodies and developmental trajectory of exposed offspring. It is still unclear how and when these maternal autoantibodies arise, but studies currently underway may provide increased insight into their ontogeny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Genes causing ASD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Autistic-spectrum-disorder/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS webpage on Autism&lt;/a&gt; states (Emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Most researchers believe&lt;/strong&gt; that certain genes a child inherits from their parents could make them more vulnerable to developing ASD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cases of ASD have been known to run in families&lt;/strong&gt;. For example, younger siblings of children with ASD can also develop the condition, and it's common for identical twins to both develop ASD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No specific genes linked to ASD have been identified&lt;/strong&gt;, but it may be a presenting feature of some rare genetic syndromes, including Fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angelman-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angelman syndrome&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Environmental causes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Autistic-spectrum-disorder/Pages/Causes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS say&lt;/a&gt; that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some researchers believe&lt;/strong&gt; that a person born with a genetic vulnerability to ASD only develops the condition if they're exposed to a specific environmental trigger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible triggers&lt;/strong&gt; include being born prematurely (before 35 weeks of pregnancy), or being exposed in the womb to alcohol or to certain medication, such as sodium valproate (sometimes used to treat epilepsy during pregnancy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No conclusive evidence has been found&lt;/strong&gt; linking pollution or maternal infections in pregnancy with an increased risk of ASD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research Autism has some referenced information on &lt;a href=&quot;http://researchautism.net/autism/causes-of-autism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leading research into the causes of Autism&lt;/a&gt; from the Medical Research Council, National Autistic Society and the Autism Society of America; and the crux of the matter from what is said here is that the causes are still being investigated and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no known single cause for autism, but it is generally accepted that it is caused by abnormalities in brain structure or function&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site also provides a &lt;a href=&quot;http://researchautism.net/autism/causes-of-autism/publications-on-causes-of-autism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of publications on the &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; causes of Autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edmiston, E., Ashwood, P., &amp;amp; Van de Water, J. (2017). Autoimmunity, autoantibodies, and autism spectrum disorder. &lt;em&gt;Biological psychiatry, 81&lt;/em&gt;(5), 383-390. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.031&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.031&lt;/a&gt; Pubmed Central: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373490/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC5373490&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-09-02T09:37:52.377" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T09:37:52.377" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20018" CreationDate="2019-09-02T09:31:12.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/8-coconut-water-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The article linked from the question&lt;/a&gt; mentions several benefits of coconut water, such as high mineral content, antioxidant activity, preventative effect against diabetes, kidney stones and high cholesterol levels. It is clearly said in the article that the evidence comes from &lt;strong&gt;animal studies and that they haven't found any human studies that would confirm those results.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They mention &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15892382&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a small and short human study&lt;/a&gt; (28 participants, 4 weeks) in which coconut water was associated with &lt;em&gt;a decrease of blood pressure.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They link to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12056182&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17883020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;small studies&lt;/a&gt; (8 and 10 participants) in which &lt;em&gt;the hydration status&lt;/em&gt; was not significantly different after drinking coconut water, a carbohydrate drink or plain water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The search &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&amp;amp;biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=918&amp;amp;ei=OdhsXbJwhrGTBfm4maAL&amp;amp;q=site%3Agov%20%22coconut%20water%22%20%22systematic%20review%22&amp;amp;oq=site%3Agov%20%22coconut%20water%22%20%22systematic%20review%22&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3...3805.6258..6665...0.2..0.129.654.8j1......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71._gUjdJK-E4M&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjy8K-y4bHkAhWG2KQKHXlcBrQ4ChDh1QMICg&amp;amp;uact=5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site:gov &quot;coconut water&quot; &quot;systematic review&quot;&lt;/a&gt; gives almost no relevant results, which suggests that very little research has been done about the effects of coconut water on human health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One cup of coconut water can contain 400-600 mg of potassium (USDA: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/12119?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=coconut%20water&amp;amp;ds=SR&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/14090?fgcd=&amp;amp;manu=&amp;amp;format=&amp;amp;count=&amp;amp;max=25&amp;amp;offset=&amp;amp;sort=default&amp;amp;order=asc&amp;amp;qlookup=coconut%20water&amp;amp;ds=SR&amp;amp;qt=&amp;amp;qp=&amp;amp;qa=&amp;amp;qn=&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;ing=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), but a single serving of beans, potatoes, banana or &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/report/nutrientsfrm?max=25&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;totCount=0&amp;amp;nutrient1=306&amp;amp;nutrient2=&amp;amp;subset=0&amp;amp;sort=c&amp;amp;measureby=m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other foods&lt;/a&gt; can provide more. Coconut water contains only a relatively small amount of other minerals and vitamins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, there seems to be no convincing evidence to say that drinking coconut water results in any specific health benefits or that it contains nutrients that couldn't be obtained from a variety of other foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-02T09:56:24.880" LastActivityDate="2019-09-02T09:56:24.880" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-02T22:28:23.167" Score="5" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many articles on the internet write about melatonin and its effects, &lt;em&gt;making you tired&lt;/em&gt;. A lot of articles also point out how the use of devices before going to bed in modern days likely decrease melatonin production. Therefore, making it harder to fall asleep. But this information is only about the &lt;em&gt;process of getting to sleep,&lt;/em&gt; before we are actually sleeping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent Harvard Medical article &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High exposure to bright, artificial outdoor lights during the night may result in sleepless nights for older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Referring to a publication on Nov. 15, 2018, in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;many people nowadays, use their mobile devices in bed prior to going to sleep;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;modern cities or houses have (street) lights that are always enabled at night;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ignoring the phase of falling sleep;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;focusing only on the time we are asleep already, so during the actual sleep cycles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does a darker room with less or no (artificial) light pollution improve sleep quality, &lt;em&gt;with all associated health benefits as a result&lt;/em&gt;? In other words: Does light pollution, while asleep decrease the sleep quality or does light pollution only negatively affect the phase of “falling asleep”?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I wasn't able to find any studies or information regarding sleep quality in relation to light pollution during sleep. Were such studies performed? Are there specific moments when light pollution affects sleep quality the most, for example during REM-sleep or in a specific sleeping phase?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/study-light-pollution-may-trigger-insomnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/study-light-pollution-may-trigger-insomnia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-04T18:05:54.857" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T18:05:54.857" Title="Does light pollution affect sleep quality while already asleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1583" CreationDate="2019-09-03T07:07:42.043" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is saturated fat beneficial after all?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be no convincing evidence to say that high intake of saturated fat prevents any disease and the evidence about harmful effects is very inconsistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Saturated fat and stroke&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some inconsistent evidence about the association between high saturated fat intake and a decreased or no risk of stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This meta-analysis reveals that higher SFA intake is inversely&#xA;associated with risk of stroke morbidity and mortality...&lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/understand-your-risks-to-prevent-a-heart-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurological Sciences, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saturated fats are not associated with all cause mortality, CVD, CHD,&#xA;ischemic stroke, or type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is heterogeneous&#xA;with methodological limitations. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, BMJ, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies on SAFA &lt;em&gt;[saturated fatty acids]&lt;/em&gt; intakes and risk of ischemic&#xA;stroke are inconsistent. Compared with the abundant data on SAFA&#xA;consumption and risk of CHD, there is insufficient evidence to support&#xA;dietary SAFA recommendations to reduce stroke risk. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5475232/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why has saturated fat been considered harmful?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High saturated fat intake has been &lt;em&gt;associated&lt;/em&gt; with increased levels of LDL cholesterol, which in turn has been &lt;em&gt;associated&lt;/em&gt; with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but this does not automatically mean that saturated fat &lt;em&gt;causes&lt;/em&gt; cardiovascular disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943062/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Atherosclerosis reports, 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Large studies and study reviews according to which saturated fat intake has been associated with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased risk of cardiovascular disease: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121105/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No increase of risk of cardiovascular disease or diabetes type 2: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20071648&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN, 2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/1846638/association-dietary-circulating-supplement-fatty-acids-coronary-risk-systematic-review&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The conflicting results can be due to neglecting the effect of other nutrients in the diet and individual differences (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4814348/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circulation, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) The effect of other nutrients on the effect of saturated fat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some systematic reviews, replacing some saturated fat with &lt;strong&gt;unsaturated fat&lt;/strong&gt; decreases the risk of heart disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2015&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174025&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NMCD, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD012345/VASC_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-prevention-and-treatment-diseases-heart-and-circulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2018 Cochrane systematic review&lt;/a&gt; have found a weak association between increased intake of &lt;strong&gt;polyunsaturated&lt;/strong&gt; fats and lower risk of cardiovascular disease, but another review in &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/1846638/association-dietary-circulating-supplement-fatty-acids-coronary-risk-systematic-review&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014&lt;/a&gt; has not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that not every polyunsaturated fat is beneficial. In two meta-analyses, replacing saturated fat with &lt;strong&gt;omega-6&lt;/strong&gt; polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a higher risk of heart disease, and replacing with &lt;strong&gt;omega-3&lt;/strong&gt; fatty acids with a reduced risk (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/n6-fatty-acidspecific-and-mixed-polyunsaturate-dietary-interventions-have-different-effects-on-chd-risk-a-metaanalysis-of-randomised-controlled-trials/938F3F74E18033ED061F7D8CEAB0A24A/core-reader#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cambridge Core, 2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-017-0254-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Journal, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dairy,&lt;/strong&gt; despite being high in saturated fat, has not been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26786887&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Nutrition, 2016&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244750/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Nutrition Reports, 2018&lt;/a&gt;). It was suggested that high levels of calcium and vitamin D in milk may counteract the effect of saturated fat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12283&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Bulletin, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Red meat&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;processed meat&lt;/strong&gt; are both high in saturated fat, but processed meat intake has been associated with much higher risk of heart disease and diabetes 2 than unprocessed red meat (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&amp;amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Circulation, 2010&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-11-63&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMC Medicine, 2013&lt;/a&gt;). This suggests that it may not be saturated fat but preservatives (sodium, nitrates) in processed meat that can be harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High intake of &lt;strong&gt;refined carbohydrates&lt;/strong&gt; (sugar, plain starch) in combination with saturated fat intake has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 2011&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Individual differences in response to saturated fat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals who produce &lt;strong&gt;small dense LDL particles&lt;/strong&gt; can be more negatively affected by saturated fat than those who produce large particles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because medium and small LDL particles are more highly associated with&#xA;cardiovascular disease than are larger LDL, the present results&#xA;suggest that very high saturated fat intake may increase&#xA;cardiovascular disease risk in phenotype B individuals &lt;em&gt;[who produce a&#xA;large percent of small LDL particles]&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5293238/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Plos One, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with &lt;strong&gt;increased risk of heart disease&lt;/strong&gt; seem to be more prone for harmful effects of saturated fat. In a prospective PREDIMED study following 7038 participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease for 6 years, high intake of saturated fat was strongly positively associated (+81%) and unsaturated fat strongly inversely associated (-32-50%) with cardiovascular events and deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; the effect of saturated fat on health cannot be evaluated in isolation but only in context of overall diet and individual differences. High saturated fat intake can be harmful in individuals with risk factors for heart disease, but less likely in healthy individuals without risk factors who consume enough whole grains and unsaturated fat. There is no evidence to recommend increasing saturated fat intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T10:40:19.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-03T18:56:09.427" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that a-tocopherol competitively reduces the uptake of tocotrienols.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3681510/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3681510/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'd like to know is: Do tocotrienols competitively reduce the uptake of a-tocopherol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16790" LastEditorUserId="16790" LastEditDate="2019-09-04T01:03:02.647" LastActivityDate="2019-09-04T01:03:02.647" Title="Do tocotrienols reduce tocopherol uptake?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-e&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20017" CreationDate="2019-09-03T23:35:59.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far I have found Dilated Virchow-Robin (VR) Spaces (a.k.a dilated perivascular spaces) which are not necessarily malign and have pretty much the exact aspect on T1 and T2. Ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.274065722&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16774" LastActivityDate="2019-09-03T23:35:59.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-04T04:21:41.530" Score="9" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;From literature, about 50% of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction patient's are predisposed to osteoarthritis (OA) later in life due to cartilage deterioration and cartilage damage from the injury&lt;a href=&quot;http://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636212000082&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt; [Source 1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0363546507307396&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source 2]&lt;/a&gt;. From my understanding, patient's, if they develop OA, typically only develop it in their injured leg as opposed to the contralateral.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If they are avoiding weight on their injured leg and mainly using their contralateral leg, shouldn't they experience some cartilage deterioration in the contralateral as well due to the gait asymmetry? Is it because they did not have cartilage damage from the injury in that leg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am an engineering student studying biomechanics, but I am trying to understand the importance and relationships between ACL reconstruction and development of OA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While we're here, also the injured leg experiences decreased knee flexion angle after injury. Does this affect cartilage deterioration if you are applying less forces from the flexion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16792" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-09-05T23:36:06.740" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T19:00:35.103" Title="Cartilage deterioration in patient's after ACL reconstruction in contralateral knee" Tags="&lt;gait-walk-abnormalities&gt;&lt;osteoarthritis&gt;&lt;acl-ligament&gt;&lt;cartilage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11398" CreationDate="2019-09-04T15:59:56.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You most definitely do not want to be in an MRI machine during an earthquake. The superconducting magnets in an MRI scanner are cooled by liquid helium. If the cooling system is damaged and there is a leak, this could be very bad for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not seen what is in the yellow folder, but earthquakes present a particularly dangerous situation for MRI machines that is not common with fires. As you may know, you cannot bring metal into the scanning room. This means you need a to use a special wheelchair or stretcher to remove someone who is &#xA;not able to move on their own. During an emergency a staff member would normally &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/patient-safety/mri/quench&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quench the magnet&lt;/a&gt; by venting the liquid helium to rapidly eliminate the magnetic field and allow emergency personal to enter the room with standard equipment. Quenching the magnet can break the machine so you would only want to do it when necessary. The quenching system is generally designed to handle fires, but can be damaged during an earthquake (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.imedco.net/changing-seismic-regulations-and-the-effect-on-mri-shielding-design/&lt;/a&gt;) which could allow the liquid helium to enter the scanning room. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3D9SOUJP5dFEg&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjT3KaDqLjkAhXlt1kKHRtYD1gQ3ywwAHoECAoQAw&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0pnzWXEXBm9Z7scQtcDh7s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quenching process is pretty dramatic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that the &lt;em&gt;big yellow folder&lt;/em&gt; provides guidance on removing patients from the scanning room, when to quench the magnet, and what to do if the emergency quench button fails.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="55" LastEditorUserId="55" LastEditDate="2019-09-04T23:35:07.303" LastActivityDate="2019-09-04T23:35:07.303" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20037" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20132" CreationDate="2019-09-05T16:44:18.643" Score="1" ViewCount="153" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gi9FM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gi9FMm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says 88000 people die from Alcohol related causes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is the number of people that die compared to the number of alcohol users.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I want to compare that with the same ratio for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cigarettes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LSD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MDMA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heroin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cocaine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crack Cocaine&#xA;How many death per users per year?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is death per user increase or decrease in places where those are legal/criminalized?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I get that data? Anyone studying this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a simple statistic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I did some research I often see graphs like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c5FVD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/c5FVDm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lS4gQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lS4gQm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graphs are too subjective. One is made by lancet I think. I forget the rest. I will find some sources. However, I am just pointing out that the graphs are too subjective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lancet source is this&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YTXlh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YTXlhm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rollsafe.org/mdma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://rollsafe.org/mdma/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this may not convince many skeptics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The graphs simply say MDMA is less dangerous than alcohol. Danger is subjectively defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I tried something objective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many people that use MDMA will die due to MDMA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will also take into account that MDMA are less addictive. So yes. We will be comparing those who use MDMA like once every 2 months with heavy smokers. It's still a fair comparison because cigarettes are addictives and MDMA isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if such research have been done?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing I want to examine will be dangerous that doesn't lead to death. Things like permanent IQ decrease, for example. However, this question ask about something whose meaning is obvious. Death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another useful stats is usage vs &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there is any research on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one says that there are 600 death due to MDMA usage &lt;a href=&quot;https://drugwarfacts.org/node/3484&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://drugwarfacts.org/node/3484&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it doesn't tell how many people use MDMA in US. So I can't compute the ratio and compare the ration with cigarettes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sample of good answer will be something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-ecstasy-use-and-death-rate-statistics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-ecstasy-use-and-death-rate-statistics/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The death rate for MDMA, assuming that there really were about 60&#xA;  deaths directly caused by MDMA in 2000, would be roughly 2 in 100,000&#xA;  users. The death rate from smoking, by contrast, is on the order of&#xA;  400 per 100,000 users. Even alcohol, America’s official “it’s not&#xA;  really a drug” drug, nets about 50 deaths per 100,000 users each&#xA;  year:&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lS4gQm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPnua.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPnuam.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want more complete pictures for more popular drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I repeat that again&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cigarettes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LSD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MDMA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heroin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cocaine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crack Cocaine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we already got 3. Alcohol, Cigarettes, and MDMA. I want more numbers to around those 8 I think?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's too broad, then I just want MDMA, Meth, Heroin, Cocaine, and LSD, and Weed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Partial answer is good enough. So if you know the ratio for weed, then that's good enough. The best answer will be the one that show more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16801" LastEditorUserId="16801" LastEditDate="2019-09-13T16:11:23.373" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T14:35:41.743" Title="How many people die due to various substance (illegal ones/legal/dangerous ones) per user?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11398" CreationDate="2019-09-05T23:28:30.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Via the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bmap.ucla.edu/docs/MRISafetyManual.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UCLA Brain Mapping Center&lt;/a&gt;, in the event of (emphasis and formatting added):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-Fire Facility Emergencies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Unscheduled Power Shutdowns &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Earthquakes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Magnet Quench (catastrophic boil-off of helium)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Water Leaks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Foreign Metal Objects in the Magnet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instructions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Perform a routine electrical shutdown, or if circumstances such as a rapid flooding&#xA;  threaten to reach the equipment before a routine shutdown could be completed, perform&#xA;  an emergency electrical shutdown. Both shutdown procedures are described in the&#xA;  shutdown sections of this manual.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Remove the subject from the scanner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;If appropriate, evacuate the building and do not return until advised that it is safe to do&#xA;  so.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Notify an ALBMC staff member of the emergency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, at least for that institution, it does not seem like standard earthquake procedure to perform a non-routine shutdown. Instead, start a routine shutdown and remove the subject. I don't see any recommendation to quench, even the &quot;emergency electrical shutdown&quot; is not a quench.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different institutions may have different procedures, of course. However, quenching the magnet simply in the event of an earthquake does not seem prudent to me unless other circumstances occur:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Users of the ALBMC facility should only quench the magnet in the event&#xA;  that the magnetic field itself poses an immediate risk to life or&#xA;  major property. Two such circumstances are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A metal object is lodged in the scanner in a way that poses an&#xA;  immediate serious threat to a person (e.g., the person is pinned to&#xA;  the magnet by a metal object that is causing internal injuries).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fire personnel determine that there is no other alternative to entering the room with axes or other heavy gear when fighting a&#xA;  fire. If the absence of a major emergency, facility users should&#xA;  never quench the magnet by themselves, even if they are convinced&#xA;  that amagnet quench will ultimately be necessary&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-09-05T23:28:30.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20043" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18705" CreationDate="2019-09-06T10:37:27.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two types of allergic reactions can occur after eating raw fish:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Anisakis allergy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698627/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Clinical Characteristics of Anisakis Allergy in Korea (KJIM, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;, some individuals who have been previously infected with the parasite &lt;strong&gt;Anisakis&lt;/strong&gt; after eating &lt;em&gt;raw&lt;/em&gt; fish can at subsequent consumption of &lt;em&gt;raw&lt;/em&gt; fish develop a severe allergic reaction to the parasite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292572/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anisakis simplex: from Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity (Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;, an allergic reaction can be triggered even by dead Anisakis from &lt;em&gt;cooked&lt;/em&gt; fish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Oral allergy syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some individuals with pollen allergies (allergic rhinitis) or atopic dermatitis (a type of chronic allergic skin reaction with eczema) cross-react with allergens in raw fish. &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.01069.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A 23-year old Japanese woman with allergy to raw fish&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, with these conditions it's better to avoid raw fish. I can't imagine how would cooking only a half of a fish help in any condition. A half-raw fish is still raw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-06T14:57:27.140" LastActivityDate="2019-09-06T14:57:27.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20045" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20016" CreationDate="2019-09-06T21:39:34.157" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=GB&amp;amp;Expert=1906&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fetal valproate syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (FVS) is now a well-known risk of using valproic acid in pregnancy. It is characterised by physical and intellectual developmental problems in the fetus, primarily with language and communication. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Teratogenicity&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general term for a drug that causes adverse developmental effects on a fetus is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;teratogen&lt;/a&gt;. It is thought that the teratogenicity of valproic acid is due to its action on folate (folic acid) metabolism. The risk of FVS is greatest when it is used in the first trimester of pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drug is also known to increase the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida and also autism spectrum disorder (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511955/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Christensen et al, 2013&lt;/a&gt;). Overlap of symptoms between FVS and ASD can complicate diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Medical uses&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite its teratogenicity in pregnancy, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;valproic acid&lt;/a&gt; is widely used as an effective anti-epileptic drug and mood stabiliser.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Use in autism spectrum disorder&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, the teratogenic effect in pregnancy does not mean that people with ASD (or other groups of people) should not use valproic acid. They may be prescribed it for epilepsy or as a mood stabiliser. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846602/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hollander et al (2010)&lt;/a&gt; shows the efficacy of valproic acid for the treatment of symptoms of irritability in people with autism spectrum disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/20021/14056&quot;&gt;this excellent answer&lt;/a&gt; for an in-depth analysis of current research on the causes of autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-09-06T21:46:01.733" LastActivityDate="2019-09-06T21:46:01.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20047" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-07T21:13:33.157" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one checks the media, there are lots of things who advertise the usage of fruits and etc for cleaning the liver. However, as I searched more, some say the fructose inside many fructose can be a danger for the liver (example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/eating-diet-nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). To the best of my knowledge, many fruits and vegetables have the fructose (more or less), then what the people do to have a healthy liver? I would like to know what is a very good diet for the fatty liver (at least knowing some great things for eating to help reversing the fatty liver)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit- The idea behind this question is to clarify the hypothesis that some people say: &quot;Fructose is not good for the liver and results fatty liver&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16595" LastEditorUserId="16595" LastEditDate="2019-09-11T01:02:14.013" LastActivityDate="2019-09-11T01:02:14.013" Title="About diet for fatty liver, fruits, Fructose" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fatty-liver-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-09-07T22:32:42.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20049" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-08T20:14:14.047" Score="0" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a basic question. I have seen videos of wound treatment, where the doctor induces bleeding around the edge of the wound... to create granulation tissue... then suturing the wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is... what if an open wound dries up... will it eventually close on its own without inducing bleeding at the edges? or is this a necessary part of reattaching skin together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the same question with regards to muscle, fat... if there's a situation where fat or muscle has torn and needs to be sutured together... does bleeding always need to be induced at the tear to promote reattachment. Or can reattachment happen if the tissues are just sutured together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;Here's a video. Warning it is graphic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHY9TuqLYRI&amp;amp;t=148s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHY9TuqLYRI&amp;amp;t=148s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Watch 2:08-2:27&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He talks about roughing up the tissue before suturing. So my question is... what happens if you suture without doing this first... will the skin still eventually close up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about an extreme case where the wound has been dry for months... now you suture without doing anything else first... will the skin still fuse together eventually?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6470" OwnerDisplayName="Ameet Sharma" LastEditorUserId="6470" LastEditDate="2019-09-09T08:45:42.913" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T08:45:42.913" Title="Repairing skin, fat, muscle tears" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-06T03:16:27.473" Score="1" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My questions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Please tell me the names of scissors  (1) and (2) of the following&#xA;  figure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Please also refer to the differences in characteristics of (1) and&#xA;  (2) for the case when we use them for the autopsy of mice or rats. &#xA;  What role do these play in mouse/rat anatomy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tPvfx.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tPvfx.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It seems to be used for the autopsy of mice or rats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scissors (2) is probably an ophthalmic scissor. Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scissors (1) has longer blades than (2). Both (1) and (2) seem to be &quot;double sharp&quot; type (see the edges of blades.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coin (3) is to display the scale. This is a 10-yen coin (Japanese coin); the diameter of this is 23.5mm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I'm not very good at English, so I'm sorry if I have some impolite or unclear expressions. I welcome any corrections and English review. (You can edit my question and description to improve them)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" OwnerDisplayName="Blue Various" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T11:03:55.393" Title="What are the names of surgical instruments?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20051" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20054" CreationDate="2019-09-09T11:07:09.513" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insulin therapy affects the GLP-1 level of patients. Is there some &quot;natural&quot; appearance of GLP-1 in food, or food which stimulates GLP-1 production? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Background: In Diabetes Typ 2 medication with GLP-1 analogs is approved to loss weight, at Typ 1 there are less or no medications with this approach (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569154/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). For Typ 1 it is more difficult, because the insulin therapy influence the &quot;natural&quot; system (i.e. GLP-1 and Amylin) of get weight and loss weight. So I ask myself, if there is some &quot;diet&quot; which can affect the GLP-1 level in a positive manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional: Same question with Amylin /Amylin analogs...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I do not want to medicate myself. I am a Bioinformatics Programmer and want to understand my actual project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16815" LastEditorUserId="16815" LastEditDate="2019-09-10T06:23:46.237" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T06:23:46.237" Title="Glucagen-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Is there food containing it or increases it's production?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20051" CreationDate="2019-09-09T17:11:05.870" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/51/suppl_3/S434&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GLP-1&lt;/a&gt; is a hormone secreted by intestinal lining cells, which increases insulin sensitivity and slows down gastric emptying, which both help to control blood glucose levels after meals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are diets that stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 from the gut. It's not that foods contain GLP-1, but some foods can stimulate its secretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some studies, virgin &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;olive oil&lt;/a&gt;, which is typically a part of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25407792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mediterranean diet&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571662&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sunflower oil&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310069/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pistachios&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soluble fiber&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5148911/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high-fiber grain products, nuts, avocados and eggs&lt;/a&gt; increased the secretion of GLP-1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence that any of the mentioned foods help to control glucose levels in diabetes type 2? Well...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a 2017 meta analysis of cohort studies in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436092/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Diabetes&lt;/a&gt;, there is an association between olive oil consumption and decreased risk of diabetes type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High intake of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5883628/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cereal fiber&lt;/a&gt; may help to prevent diabetes type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628696/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;High&lt;/em&gt; intake of eggs&lt;/a&gt; (&gt;7/week) is associated with &lt;em&gt;increased&lt;/em&gt; risk of diabetes type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not that including or excluding an individual food can help in diabetes; it's more about a diet as a whole: maintaining healthy weight, avoiding large meals and sugary drinks, eating whole grains...(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/diet-eating-physical-activity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;niddk.nih.gov&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-09T17:57:56.040" LastActivityDate="2019-09-09T17:57:56.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20056" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20059" CreationDate="2019-09-09T22:22:50.577" Score="4" ViewCount="165" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if laxative medicines are able to soften pre-existing hard stool in colon or merely prevent them from being formed. I searched on the internet but found no helpful information. Sorry if the question is too basic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had encountered &quot;stool softener&quot; but found it somewhat ambiguous. After I wrote here, I noticed that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; uses &quot;stool softener&quot; only for emollient laxatives. It also states that &quot;emollient agents prevent constipation rather than treating long-term constipation&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16819" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:49.137" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:08:49.137" Title="Effect of laxatives on pre-existing hard stool" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stools&gt;&lt;constipation&gt;&lt;laxative&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13664" CreationDate="2019-09-10T07:46:29.927" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;for now there is no specific immunotherapy for the treatment sepsis (defined as sepsis-3.0); the main treatment for severe sepsis is supportive in the intensive care unit. some medicine such as ulinastatin and thymosin α1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26517783&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26517783&lt;/a&gt; may be effective but with low level of evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16822" LastActivityDate="2019-09-10T07:46:29.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20059" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20056" CreationDate="2019-09-10T14:59:50.633" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hard stool that stays in the colon for more than a couple of days is called &quot;fecal impaction.&quot; Most &lt;em&gt;medical sources&lt;/em&gt; recommend treating it with manually removing the stool (by a doctor, if necessary) and using &lt;em&gt;rectally&lt;/em&gt; administrated enemas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Softening of hardened stool and stimulation of evacuation with enemas&#xA;  and suppositories is often helpful...Most enema solutions contain&#xA;  water and an osmotic agent. One such combination contains water,&#xA;  docusate sodium syrup...and sorbitol... &lt;em&gt;Rectally&lt;/em&gt; administered&#xA;  solutions mechanically soften the impacted stool and the additional&#xA;  volume gently stimulates the rectum to evacuate  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also check the &quot;Fecal Impaction&quot; part on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/s0025-6196(11)63796-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayoclinicproceedings.org&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0915/p500.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fecal impaction should be treated with &lt;em&gt;mineral oil or warm water&#xA;  enemas.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some studies, &lt;em&gt;oral&lt;/em&gt; stool softeners may also help to remove hard stool (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/feces-impaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDirect&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Oral disimpaction can be accomplished by high doses of stimulant&#xA;  laxatives, docusate, mineral oil, and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte&#xA;  (PEG) solutions. Osmotic laxatives such as lactulose or sorbitol can&#xA;  be used in combination with other medication. &lt;em&gt;Oral disimpaction is&#xA;  often associated with abdominal pain and colic, as well as an initial&#xA;  increase in fecal soiling.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with &lt;em&gt;oral&lt;/em&gt; softeners, stimulants and osmotic agents is that once you take them, you can't go back..They can cause severe bloating and abdominal or rectal pain, so one needs to judge carefully what to use. In fecal impaction, oral softeners can increase the amount of water in the intestine, but not necessary in the hard stool itself. This may cause pressure to push the hard stool out, which may not be successful and can be painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-13T15:37:56.800" LastActivityDate="2019-09-13T15:37:56.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-10T16:18:36.170" Score="7" ViewCount="168" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether it's acute large dose paracetamol or long term regular dosage of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paracetamol&lt;/a&gt; usage, it is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;problem&lt;/a&gt; for the liver, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww154&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ototoxic&lt;/a&gt; and even potentially life-threatening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While one might question the use of paracetamol at all, for acute symptoms and occasional use it seems to have a place in being overall well tolerated in short term usage scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the problematic aspects of the drug leaves me wondering: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;one mechanism for paracetamol induced damage is reactive oxygene overproduction and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glutathione&lt;/a&gt; depletion. This is one of the reasons why &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcysteine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;N-acetylcysteine&lt;/a&gt; (NAC) is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5987070/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;effective&lt;/a&gt; treatment in &lt;a href=&quot;https://handbook.ggcmedicines.org.uk/guidelines/drug-overdose-and-toxicity/treatment-of-paracetamol-overdose/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paracetamol overdose&lt;/a&gt; scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems as if combining paracetamol with NAC would be a good idea to prevent the problems from paracetamol use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that it isn't done, neither in formulas nor in prescription routines, is puzzling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NAC seems to be very well &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_acetylcysteine_mucomyst/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tolerated&lt;/a&gt; if taken orally and even sold as a nutritional &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nac-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supplement&lt;/a&gt;. It seems to be quite problematic if injected or taken &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hepres.2005.12.005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;after alcohol&lt;/a&gt; consumption. But alcohol and paracetamol would be a bad idea in itself. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing that paracetamol &lt;em&gt;still is&lt;/em&gt; combined with for example hydrocodone, a combination that is now clearly shown to be highly problematic for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2011.614231&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for hearing&lt;/a&gt; is just confusing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, it is an old idea that &lt;em&gt;has been studied&lt;/em&gt; to be an effective combination:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7296.1203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of legislation restricting pack sizes of paracetamol and salicylate on self poisoning in the United Kingdom: before and after study&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/package-paracetamol-its-antidote&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Package paracetamol with its antidote&lt;/a&gt;, 2001, 2011)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26250417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Co-administration of N-Acetylcysteine and Acetaminophen Efficiently Blocks Acetaminophen Toxicity&lt;/a&gt;. (2015)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the unpopularity of 'paracetamol plus NAC' it seems I must have overlooked something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are or would be the downsides of combining paracetamol routinely with NAC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:19:12.043" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:19:12.043" Title="Why isn't paracetamol routinely combined with n-acetylcysteine?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;acetaminophen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-11T21:52:13.670" Score="7" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ndss.org/about-down-syndrome/down-syndrome-facts/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Down Syndrome Society&lt;/a&gt;, Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition, with roughly one in 700 children born in the United States affected. The genetic disease results specifically from a partial or complete extra copy of chromosome 21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'd like to know is why this is, when there are 22 other chromosomes that in theory are just as susceptible to nondisjunction (the most common process resulting in the extra copy of chromosome 21, accounting for 95% of cases). Why is chromosome 21 uniquely affected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My personal thoughts, not necessary for understanding the question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that there are two likely options here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Option 1&lt;/strong&gt; is that there is some property of chromosome 21 that causes it to be treated slightly differently from other chromosomes making such nondisjunction more likely. Perhaps it is the largest, or smallest, or the most guanine-cytosine base pair rich, or poor, and so on, in which case I'd love to hear what it is that differentiates chromosome 21.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Option 2&lt;/strong&gt; is survivorship bias, namely that chromosome 21 is the only chromosome where trisomy tends not to result in the death of the fetus. If true, this would indicate that trisomy occurs at roughly equal rates in the other chromosomes, but that typically this results in miscarriage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T12:01:13.180" Title="Why is Down Syndrome so common relative to other chromosomal conditions?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;chromosomes&gt;&lt;downs-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-12T10:46:30.607" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a housefly has landed on your food, and that you then consume it, what is the likelihood of contracting some malady directly attributable to the fly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6104014/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flies can carry diseases such as E. coli&lt;/a&gt; and have even been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100618&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;used as a form of biological warfare&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm unaware of any studies showing how likely it is that your average city-dwelling housefly landing on your food will deposit active microbes or parasites, and whether a single fly can carry enough toxic bacteria to affect a healthy adult / child, as all the studies I've seen seem to study disease communication by swarms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that I'm mostly interested in the Housefly, but if there's studies and conclusions available for other species that would be welcome too)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16829" LastEditorUserId="16829" LastEditDate="2019-10-17T12:59:40.623" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T12:59:40.623" Title="The likelihood of contracting a disease from flies?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;parasites&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20093" CreationDate="2019-09-14T03:27:29.353" Score="5" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many prescribed medications give a rate at which to apply the medication, and &quot;over-the-counter&quot; medications often have a minimum time period between dosages the users of the medications are not to go under. How are these numbers determined? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I notice that they are often an even number of hours, possibly suggesting some fuzziness in the values' precision. Although I suppose the size of a single pill, for example could be adjusted to give a specific dosage time, in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16838" LastActivityDate="2019-09-16T22:38:25.173" Title="How are the administration times for medications determined?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20080" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-14T16:05:12.103" Score="6" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/tools/fact-sheets/intermittent-fasting-and-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/tools/fact-sheets/intermittent-fasting-and-cancer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest that PF inactivates&#xA;  pro-proliferative pathways, while enhancing differential stress&#xA;  resistance in normal cells.2 Combined with the theory that cancer&#xA;  cells are generally dependent on a highly nourishing environment with&#xA;  a preference for high glucose levels, called the Warburg effect, this&#xA;  resulted in the hypothesis that IF or PF can sensitize cancer cells to&#xA;  chemotherapy or other anticancer therapies. &lt;strong&gt;In addition, other studies&#xA;  have shown that fasting induces autophagy and can modulate the immune&#xA;  system by activating CD8 cytotoxic T cells and inhibiting T-regulatory&#xA;  cells.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905302/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905302/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular catabolic&#xA;  process that is used by all cells to degrade dysfunctional or&#xA;  unnecessary cytoplasmic components through delivery to the lysosome.&#xA;  Increasing evidence reveals that autophagic dysfunction is associated&#xA;  with human diseases, such as cancer. Paradoxically, although autophagy&#xA;  is well recognized as a cell survival process that promotes tumor&#xA;  development, it can also participate in a caspase-independent form of&#xA;  programmed cell death. &lt;strong&gt;Induction of autophagic cell death by some&#xA;  anticancer agents highlights the potential of this process as a cancer&#xA;  treatment modality.&lt;/strong&gt; Here, we review our current understanding of the&#xA;  molecular mechanism of autophagy and the potential roles of autophagy&#xA;  in cell death, cancer development, and cancer treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After doing some research, it seems that autophagy plays a role in promoting and combating cancer cell growth, so I was wondering if the first quote above meant &quot;autophagic cell death&quot; instead of simply autophagy, which would make sense because cancer cells fools the body that they are normal to evade immune response. Does intermittent fasting induce autophagic cell death?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16671" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T00:22:20.030" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T00:22:20.030" Title="Does intermittent fasting induce autophagic cell death?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;autophagy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-15T03:37:39.803" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do non-insertional tendinopathies tend to be more often caused by  cumulative microtrauma from repetitive overloading (eg overtraining) compared to insertional tendinopathies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://physioworks.com.au/injuries-conditions-1/gluteal-tendinopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://physioworks.com.au/injuries-conditions-1/gluteal-tendinopathy&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, tendon injuries occur in three areas: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;musculotendinous junction (where the tendon joins the muscle)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mid-tendon (non-insertional tendinopathy)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tendon insertion (eg into bone)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Non-insertional tendinopathies tend to be caused by a cumulative microtrauma from repetitive overloading eg overtraining. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But no reference is given to support this statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T10:40:42.670" Title="Do non-insertional tendinopathies tend to be more often caused by cumulative microtrauma compared to insertional tendinopathies?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-16T06:39:42.993" Score="6" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some medications are applied topically for a local skin effect, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical corticosteroids for eczema or psoriasis, of which approx 2% is absorbed systemically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical tretinoin for acne, of which approximately 1 to 2% is absorbed systemically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical minoxidil for hair loss, of which approx 1 to 2% is absorbed systemically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medications are applied topically for a regional effect on underlying anatomy, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical diclofenac (NSAID) for pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatment of muscle strain or arthritis, of which approximately 6% is absorbed systemically.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical lidocaine for local pain control (the percentage of systemic absorption varies dramatically depending on formulation and application method).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medications are applied topically for systemic effects, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical nicotine patch to aid in smoking cessation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical birth control patch (estrogen/progesterone) for contraception.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical fentanyl patch for pain control in hospice / cancer patients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bioavailability of topically applied medications is complex, including pH, hydrophobicity, vehicle (gel vs cream vs injection vs patch), and other drug factors - plus the skin factors at the site applied such as thickness of stratum corneum and blood supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But of all these factors, which have the largest effect of &lt;em&gt;increasing&lt;/em&gt; bioavailability, ie systemic absorption of a medication?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15443" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-09-18T22:31:49.347" LastActivityDate="2019-10-03T09:45:39.660" Title="What properties of a topical medication determine what percent is systemically absorbed (bioavailability)?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20088" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20081" CreationDate="2019-09-16T06:44:11.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tendinopathy&lt;/a&gt; is a type of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon#Functions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tendon&lt;/a&gt; disorder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Traditionally, tendons have been considered to be a mechanism by which muscles connect to bone as well as muscles itself, functioning to transmit forces. This connection allows tendons to passively modulate forces during locomotion, providing additional stability with no active work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807950/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-insertional&lt;/a&gt; and insertional is that the insertional tendon is where the tendon meets the bone and non-insertional is the 'in-between'. And so the related injuries are different - insertional tendons can come loose from the bone (e.g. tearing), whereas non-insertional tendons can't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this is what the author is implying (that non-insertional tendon's have &lt;strong&gt;less&lt;/strong&gt; possible forms of being injured, and the main one is caused by repetitive stressings).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tendon injuries are covered &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon#Injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tendinopathies may be caused by several intrinsic factors including age, body weight, and nutrition. The extrinsic factors are often related to sports and include excessive forces or loading, poor training techniques, and environmental conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is from the reference given:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/30737/1/Riley_-_Rheumatology%2C_2004%2C_43%2C_131-142.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Riley, G. (2004). &quot;The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2019-10-17T10:40:42.670" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T10:40:42.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-16T19:52:41.693" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens in an operating theatre, during complex surgery that cannot be safely interrupted, when a fire alarm goes off and is not a test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that there is some sort of protocol in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13885" LastActivityDate="2019-09-16T19:52:41.693" Title="What happens in an operating theatre when a fire alarm goes off?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20093" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20077" CreationDate="2019-09-16T22:33:18.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, based on pharmacokinetics and safety or efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs are metabolized and eliminated from the body at some rate, with the rate and mechanism depending on the specific drug. Both &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acetaminophen&lt;/a&gt; (Tylenol) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt; have a half-life of around 2-4 hours, for example, and take about 1 hour after oral administration to reach peak serum levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many drugs have side effects that get worse at higher doses. The key is not just the acute dose but how much of the drug is circulating at any given time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking for repeat dose PK measurements, the first study I came across happened to involve IV administration of acetaminophen in neonates every 6 hours:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zQCTo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zQCTo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(from Palmer, G. M., Atkins, M., Anderson, B. J., Smith, K. R., Culnane, T. J., McNally, C. M., ... &amp;amp; Hunt, R. W. (2008). IV acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in neonates after multiple doses. British journal of anaesthesia, 101(4), 523-530.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You will see that at this frequency, the peak concentration levels off after a few doses and doesn't continue increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other drugs are meant to deliver a roughly constant therapeutic effect (this is more relevant for long-term prescription medications, such as drugs to regulate blood pressure, hormonal birth control, etc), and the frequency of dosing is meant to keep the therapeutic effect within an appropriate range (with some balance for convenience). Missing a dose might even lead to a rebound effect and make a symptom worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are right, however, that the exact numbers are a bit fuzzy, both because different people metabolize a given drug at different rates and because there isn't some magic danger time: if a bottle of ibuprofen says every 4-6 hours, realistically there is not much difference if someone took a pill at 3 hours and 58 minutes after their last dose. The numbers printed on a label for an OTC drug are going to be safe for most people and indicate a dosing scheme that has been tested in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-09-16T22:38:25.173" LastActivityDate="2019-09-16T22:38:25.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-17T08:36:27.910" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read Wikipedia and used Web search for like after 10 years,  expiration but found only what percentage remains intact,  no need to remove prematurely,  etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is if sealant is removed and/or wear off - do teeth under it are like natural or teeth become lacking some natural protection due to sealing procedure? I've read procedure include acid application,  maybe it's optional?  What is way to seal w/out negative effect on emanel/dentin of tooth? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16857" LastEditorUserId="16857" LastEditDate="2019-09-17T11:11:09.660" LastActivityDate="2019-09-17T11:11:09.660" Title="Dental sealant - what happens when they expire?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20098" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20103" CreationDate="2019-09-18T12:39:02.830" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say a toddler has a 4-inches scar running from his eye to his mouth. Will the scar be stretched that when he reached adulthood his scar still runs from his eye to his mouth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I remember reading it somewhere that scar doesn't grow along with the body so the size will still be the same. I've been looking around but couldn't find the source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After checking my search history these are my keywords (&lt;code&gt;scar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;growth&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;skin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;child&lt;/code&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16861" LastEditorUserId="16861" LastEditDate="2019-09-19T14:36:55.090" LastActivityDate="2019-09-19T14:36:55.090" Title="Scar size and human growth" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20101" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20102" CreationDate="2019-09-18T22:11:40.060" Score="10" ViewCount="1509" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I have read it is not considered effective to screen for ovarian cancer in non-symptomatic women. Would it not be worth doing an ultra-sound scan, then if there are growths found, do a ROMA test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16864" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:32:08.357" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T22:32:08.357" Title="Why is there is no screening for Ovarian Cancer?" Tags="&lt;ovary&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20101" CreationDate="2019-09-18T22:46:40.733" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Screening tests are done across the population of asymptomatic people at risk of a disease (e.g. mammogram to look for breast cancer in all women with breasts) to try to catch disease early in its course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnostic tests are done when a patient presents with symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009898114005208&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ROMA test&lt;/a&gt; is a diagnostic test done when a woman presents with an adnexal mass, and uses serum markers (CA125, HE4) to stratify the risk of the mass being cervical cancer in that individual.  It is generally done after a pelvic ultrasound, and helps guide decisions regarding biopsy etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, most professional organizations including &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2672638&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the USPSTF do NOT recommend screening for ovarian cancer&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rationale&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Importance&lt;/strong&gt; - The age-adjusted incidence of ovarian cancer from&#xA;2010 to 2014 was 11.4 cases per 100,000 women per year.1 Ovarian&#xA;cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among US women&#xA;and the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer, despite its&#xA;low incidence.1 Approximately 14,000 women die of ovarian cancer each&#xA;year in the United States. More than 95% of ovarian cancer deaths&#xA;occur among women 45 years and older.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Detection&lt;/strong&gt; - The positive predictive value of screening tests for ovarian&#xA;cancer is low, and most women with a positive screening test result do&#xA;not have ovarian cancer (ie, many women without ovarian cancer will&#xA;have a false-positive result on screening tests).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benefits of Screening&lt;/strong&gt; - The USPSTF found adequate evidence that&#xA;screening with transvaginal ultrasound, testing for the serum tumor&#xA;marker cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), or a combination of both does not&#xA;reduce ovarian cancer mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Harms of Screening&lt;/strong&gt; - The USPSTF found adequate evidence that screening&#xA;for ovarian cancer can result in important harms, including many&#xA;false-positive results, which can lead to unnecessary surgical&#xA;interventions in women who do not have cancer. Depending on the type&#xA;of screening test used, the magnitude of harm ranges from moderate to&#xA;substantial and reflects the risk for unnecessary diagnostic surgery.&#xA;The USPSTF found inadequate evidence on the psychological harms of&#xA;screening for ovarian cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;USPSTF Assessment&lt;/strong&gt; - The USPSTF concludes that there is at least moderate&#xA;certainty that the harms of screening for ovarian cancer outweigh the&#xA;benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize, screening tests are generally done population-wide when the population-wide benefits of catching early disease &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;outweighs the harms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of the testing/treatment done on the &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;false positive cases&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of those screening tests.  Testing and treating a false-positive can have serious or even fatal consequences.  The benefits and risks are weighed carefully when deciding whether to screen population-wide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screening for an individual based on their risks (e.g. first degree family members with ovarian cancer, environmental exposures or genetic mutations known to increase risk, etc) is NOT considered population-wide screening, it is something discussed with an individual's physician in their wellness visit, and is based on individual factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Once &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; test (whether screening or diagnostic) is performed, &lt;em&gt;any positive results ABSOLUTELY MUST be followed up by the physician&lt;/em&gt; to discuss risks and benefits of the next steps in diagnosis and/or treatment.&lt;/strong&gt;  That is why the risks of diagnostics/treatments of false positive results (which occur at least a small % of the time in &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; test) have to be considered when deciding whether there is more harm or benefit to screening at a population level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without giving an entire lecture on biostatistics... for example, if a screening test were to have a 5% false positive rate, and we screened a population of 1 million women, about 50,000 of those women screened would have a falsely positive result that would result in unnecessary additional tests/treatment.  But when considering an individual, many other factors may change the balance of risks/benefits to favor doing testing, so that is why primary care providers are (usually) well trained in both doing and &lt;em&gt;discussing&lt;/em&gt; screening tests with patients, to guide each individual in what is best for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T19:19:54.983" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20103" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20098" CreationDate="2019-09-19T07:29:36.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you remember reading is correct. Scars don't generally stretch or grow with the body, however there are occasions when this can occur for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Stretched, or widened, scars occur when healing wounds are exposed to mechanical stress. They can be the result of the wound physically coming apart - dehiscence - and then healing by secondary intention, or from the early scar deforming in response to the extrinsic forces. Most stretching occurs in the first three months after surgery but the process can continue for up to a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no age, gender or racial predisposition. However, a stretched scar is more likely when the skin is inherently weak during repair. This can occur with collagen diseases such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=610992134&amp;amp;linkID=74030&amp;amp;cook=no&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-610664426&amp;amp;linkID=74031&amp;amp;cook=no&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;progeria&lt;/a&gt;, and with dermal atrophy eg with advanced age or chronic sun exposure. The most significant pathogenetic factor is the inherent tension within the skin. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20110411224140089586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GP Notebook, nd&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The page also goes into how to treat stretching/stretched scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GP Notebook. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Scar (Stretched)&lt;/em&gt;. Retreived from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20110411224140089586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20110411224140089586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-09-19T07:29:36.847" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20101" CreationDate="2019-09-19T17:09:51.053" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's interesting that you picked this one specific example, because it happens to have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35585-z.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;studied by Gigerenzer&lt;/a&gt;, a prominent expert on risk perception. It also showcases that one shouldn't insist all the time of applying &quot;common sense&quot; to medicine, since facts show that, counterintuitive as it is to both patients and physicians, the screening does not have benefits. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a nice citation in Gigerenzer's paper subsuming the facts: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;about 3 women in 1,000 in both the screening and the nonscreening group died of ovarian cancer within that time frame, and about 85 in 1,000 in each group of other causes. It further revealed substantial harms within the screening group: 96 women in every 1,000 screened had a false alarm, of whom 32 had their ovaries unnecessarily removed as part of further diagnostic work-up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, screening for ovarian cancer does not reduce your chances of dying of ovarian cancer (or dying at all - that part is quite important, since one cannot rely on a death certificate correctly stating the reason for death). If you lost a relative to ovarian cancer, it is normal to have thoughts like &quot;if only she had been tested early enough&quot;, but in reality, that would not have helped. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem here is that the scenario of &quot;test -&gt; detection -&gt; help&quot; is so firmly rooted in people's ideas about medicine, that the idea of a test which does individually detect a malignancy but is unsuitable for screening just doesn't compute. I recommend reading the full paper (10.1038/s41598-018-35585-z), or try to get hold of some talks by Gigerenzer or his staff, highly interesting stuff. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are better way of representing this information, and one of them was tested in the paper I cite. I hope you can see easier from it why the screening is not recommended. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mb2Km.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Mb2Km.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="193" LastEditorUserId="16873" LastEditDate="2019-09-19T23:24:05.947" LastActivityDate="2019-09-19T23:24:05.947" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-20T09:31:26.273" Score="2" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm personally not a big fan of recreational drugs, illicit or otherwise, but there's an interesting medical question buried in their use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that substances that make you feel good tend to be dangerous? The most effective &quot;feel good&quot; drugs — opioids, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine in all its forms, MDMA, and of course, alcohol — tend to be very dangerous from a medical perspective, with fairly low therapeutic indices and numerous means of causing harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychoactive drugs with low &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;therapeutic index&lt;/a&gt;: alcohol, cocaine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21999760&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opioids&lt;/a&gt; (heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone), &lt;a href=&quot;https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs%20hsdb:@term%20@DOCNO%203287&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amphetamine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255991&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;barbiturates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Margine of exposure of psychoactive drugs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8565872_Comparison_of_acute_lethal_toxicity_of_commonly_abused_psychoactive_substances&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Safety ratio of psychoactive drugs&lt;/a&gt; (click: download pdf)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/files/TrainingPackage/MOD2/PhysicalandPsychEffectsSubstanceUse.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physical and Psychological Effects of Substance Use&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-26T11:16:42.327" LastActivityDate="2019-09-28T01:04:09.653" Title="Why is it that psychoactive drugs tend to be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="19" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20109" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-20T11:34:18.953" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;While looking at the RTG images of pisiform fractures I find it really hard to distinguish between noise and hairline fractures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUY7W.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qUY7W.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Left Hand RTG&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The region in question is marked with the red arrow. What are your opinions:&#xA;Is it a hairline fracture or an imaging noise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also in case of a fracture how would you recommend to immobilize the hand? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: The image in question is a part of a scaphoid PA view of the left hand&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16874" LastEditorUserId="16874" LastEditDate="2019-09-20T11:40:24.220" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T21:13:21.337" Title="RTG Pisiform Fracture or Noise" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-20T20:03:53.873" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you recommend a book for this subject on medicine: Introduction to Health, Anthropology, Demography. History of Medicine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thematic blocks of the subject are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Health and healthcare system:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; - The medical profession: basic concepts&#xA; - Medical-patient relationship&#xA; - Determinants of health&#xA; - Preventive measures for students: vaccinations&#xA; - How is a primary care center organized?&#xA; - National Health Services in the European Union&#xA; - The healthcare system&#xA; - Medical specialties: the MIR system&#xA; - The health of the world&#xA; - Confidentiality and data protection: practical aspects&#xA; - How to prepare a work and make a presentation&#xA; - How is the Faculty of Medicine organized?&#xA; - Practices in the primary health care center (PHCC)&#xA; - Basic First Aid Practices (RCP)&#xA; - Hand hygiene practices&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. History of medicine and medical anthropology&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; - Historic evolution of the medical profession&#xA; - Basic history of medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Health demography&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA; - Introduction to demography&#xA; - Registers and CIM classifications&#xA; - Structure of the population&#xA; - Mortality&#xA; - Migrations and health&#xA; - Natality and growth. Projections&#xA; - Standardization methods&#xA; - Demographic and epidemiological transition&#xA; - Premature and avoidable mortality&#xA; - Direct standardization&#xA; - Indirect standardization&#xA; - Premature and avoidable mortality&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16875" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T20:03:53.873" Title="Book recommendation for: Introduction to Health, Anthropology, Demography. History of Medicine" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;social-anthropology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20116" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20109" CreationDate="2019-09-20T21:07:14.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6112/pisiform-fracture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pisiform fractures&lt;/a&gt; like scaphoid fractures can be tricky to identify, and this is a good example of why!  Even though I don't have a definitive yes/no answer, I wanted to answer this question as it is a good professional learning question for this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that in this case, although the feature suggesting it might be artifact (the alignment of the line in comparison with neighboring trabeculae shadows), the position of the questionable cortical defect and length of the line suggests a possible hairline fracture.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is this the only view?  Usually hand XRays (especially when suspecting carpal fracture) are done with multiple views. It may require additional imaging, possibly even CT or MRI if additional XR remains inconclusive.  Of course, clinical correlates will help guide you also - i.e. mechanism of injury and force of impact, age of injury, local swelling, bony tenderness, pain with motion, neurological or circulatory deficits, etc.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For we non-radiologists presented with such a case in the office, additional imaging views would be ordered, the radiologist's read would be reviewed, the radiologist may be contacted for clarification if needed, and/or an orthopedist may be engaged to review the case - plus a volar splint would likely be applied temporarily for stability (ulnar gutter may not allow sufficient room for swelling) until a definitive diagnosis and treatment plan can be determined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6112/pisiform-fracture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orthobullets&lt;/a&gt; is one of my fav ortho resources.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pisiform-fractures#H6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt; also has a good article on management if you have access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;As always, I am answering this with the assumption this is asked by a professional/student regarding an interesting case with the desire to learn and apply knowledge to future cases, not an individual patient seeking medical advice.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-09-20T21:13:21.337" LastActivityDate="2019-09-20T21:13:21.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20108" CreationDate="2019-09-21T10:54:21.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question: Why is it that psychoactive (&quot;feel good&quot;) drugs tend to be dangerous?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question implies that psychoactive drugs are 1) dangerous and that 2) the reason is in their low therapeutic indices. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Answer: Psychoactive drugs make one feel good, which, for some people, is addictive, so they start to overuse them. Overuse can result in increased tolerance and this in further overuse and overdose, which is the main reason why these drugs &lt;em&gt;tend&lt;/em&gt; to be dangerous.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;DANGERS&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ACUTE DANGERS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overdose can result in &lt;strong&gt;acute sickness,&lt;/strong&gt; for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medcraveonline.com/IJRRT/IJRRT-05-00125.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gastric ischemia with cocaine overdose&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;strong&gt;death,&lt;/strong&gt; mainly due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opioids&lt;/a&gt; (130/day in US), but also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/alcohol-poisoning-deaths/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alcohol&lt;/a&gt; (6/day in US).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Street drugs can be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thesoberworld.com/2017/07/01/deadly-adulterants-new-dangers-of-illicit-drugs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adulterated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; with other dangerous drugs: heroin can be laced with fentanyl, which can cause fatal respiratory depression; ecstasy with &quot;bath salts, which can dangerously increase blood pressure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Emergency room visits&lt;/strong&gt; due to psychoactive drugs use in the US in 2011 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/amendment-process/public-comment/20170807/FPD.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ussc.gov&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;V = ER visits/year ; RR = risk ratio (total users/ER visits)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; -                          V       RR&#xA; - PCP (phencyclidine)   75,538     2.9&#xA; - Heroin               258,224     0.92&#xA; - Oxycodone/oxycontin  151,218     0.39&#xA; - Cocaine              505,224     0.37&#xA; - Methamphetamine      102,961     0.23&#xA; - MDMA (Ecstasy)        22,498     0.04&#xA; - Marijuana            445,668     0.03&#xA; - LSD                    4,819     0.03&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Road accidents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15094417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2004 study in Netherlands&lt;/a&gt;, the risk of road trauma was strongly associated with a single use of benzodiazepines (5.1), alcohol (5.5), combination of drugs (6.1) and combination of drugs and alcohol (112.2). &lt;em&gt;The values in brackets are adjusted odd ratios.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CHRONIC DANGERS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of &lt;strong&gt;chronic physical damage&lt;/strong&gt; due to psychoactive drugs, usually after years of overuse:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232548/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tobacco smoking&lt;/a&gt;: chronic bronchitis, arteriosclerosis (ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular diseases), throat and lung cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/19f0/e6697c57bfa027435ba129c607a8c5507d5d.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol&lt;/a&gt;: liver cirrhosis, alcoholic neuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943678/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cocaine&lt;/a&gt;: brain damage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Methamphetamine&lt;/a&gt;: brain damage, tooth decay (meth mouth)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Withdrawal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abrupt withdrawal after prolonged use of certain drugs can be deadly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/november-2011/mythbusters-death-by-withdrawal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; can be deadly due to seizures or arrhythmia.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/blog/yes-people-can-die-opiate-withdrawal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Opiate withdrawal&lt;/a&gt; can also be deadly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Withdrawal symptoms can be expected after prolonged use of drugs that cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;physical dependence&lt;/a&gt;: alcohol, nicotine, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3131789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;caffeine&lt;/a&gt;, opioids, benzodiazepines, GHB and hypnotics (barbiturates, zopiclone, zolpidem).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;THERAPEUTIC INDEX&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Psychoactive drug overdose is dangerous only if a drug has a low enough therapeutic index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toxtutor.nlm.nih.gov/02-005.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therapeutic index&lt;/a&gt; is the ratio between the dose that is &lt;strong&gt;T&lt;/strong&gt;oxic for 50% of population and the dose that is &lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;ffective (therapeutic or &quot;feel good&quot;) for 50% of population, so a TI = TD50/ED50. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of psychoactive drugs with low therapeutic indices: &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.cgu.edu/faculty/gabler/drug_toxicity.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alcohol&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdedge.com/clinicianreviews/article/72259/addiction-medicine/teen-prescription-drug-abuse-national-epidemic/page/0/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amphetamines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255991&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;barbiturates&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5896864/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some benzodiazepines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=utVOHYuhxioC&amp;amp;pg=PA246&amp;amp;lpg=PA246&amp;amp;dq=%22low%20therapeutic%20index%22%20cocaine&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=woQnRCtF5b&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U28E1U-mvPfFx1gMh1q32yMdc-SzQ&amp;amp;hl=sl&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi-5aXo--bkAhUNElAKHXrKCJUQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22low%20therapeutic%20index%22%20cocaine&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cocaine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21999760&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some opioids&lt;/a&gt; (especially &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441876/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heroin&lt;/a&gt;), and &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/394687&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phenylpropanolamine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When psychoactive drugs are not used for therapy, we can't speak about therapeutic indices, so comparable indices, such as &quot;margin of exposure&quot; and &quot;safety ratio&quot; have been developed for these cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Margin of exposure (MOE)&lt;/a&gt; is the ratio between the lowest dose found to harm health and estimated drug intake in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JmgJw.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JmgJw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture: Margin of exposure for daily drug use estimated using probabilistic analysis; red bar = average user ; error bar = standard deviation ; gray bar = tolerant user &lt;em&gt;(Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientific Reports, Nature.com&lt;/a&gt;, Open Access)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For individual exposure the four substances alcohol, nicotine, cocaine&#xA;  and heroin fall into the “high risk” category with MOE &amp;lt; 10, the rest&#xA;  of the compounds except THC fall into the “risk” category with MOE &amp;lt;&#xA;  100.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another source: RS Gable, Addiction, 2004&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8565872_Comparison_of_acute_lethal_toxicity_of_commonly_abused_psychoactive_substances&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;) mentions &lt;strong&gt;&quot;safety ratio&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; that &quot;was computed for each substance for reported acute lethal dose with the dose most commonly used for non-medical purposes.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;- Heroin: 6&#xA;- Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB): 8&#xA;- Isobutyl nitrite: 8&#xA;- Methamphetamine: 10&#xA;- Alcohol: 10&#xA;- Cocaine: 15&#xA;- MDMA (ecstasy): 16&#xA;- Codeine: 20&#xA;- Methadone: 20&#xA;- Mescaline (peyote cactus): 24&#xA;- Flunitrazepam (a benzodiazepin): 30&#xA;- Ketamine: 38&#xA;- Dimethyltryptamine: 50&#xA;- Fluoxetine (Prozac): 100&#xA;- Nitrous oxide: &amp;gt;150&#xA;- LSD: 1,000 &#xA;- Psilocybin (mushrooms): 1,000&#xA;- Marijuana: &amp;gt;1,000&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; psychoactive drugs can become dangerous when they are overused or overdosed. The danger of a drug can be sometimes explained by its low &quot;margin of exposure&quot; or &quot;safety ratio,&quot; but long-term dependence on a drug can be harmful on its own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-27T17:43:00.043" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T17:43:00.043" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20118" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20119" CreationDate="2019-09-21T16:57:24.987" Score="2" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a clinical study report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At scheduled &lt;strong&gt;terminal necropsy&lt;/strong&gt; after 52 weeks of dosing there limited gross necropsy findings were noted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &quot;terminal&quot; here? I need to translate the sentence into Russian. I found the phrase &quot;terminal necropsy&quot; used in animal study texts online, but no explanation is given to the word &quot;terminal&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it means &quot;post-mortem, after-death&quot;, then it's not quite logical, since all necropsies are necessarily performed after death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2019-09-22T00:02:22.250" Title="Meaning of &quot;terminal&quot; in &quot;terminal necropsy&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20118" CreationDate="2019-09-22T00:02:22.250" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it would depend on the particular context, but at least in Hubert et al 2000 the meaning is fairly clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This was a 2-year study, with 14-, 29-, and 53-week interim necropsies and a 106-week terminal necropsy. Before study initiation, 20 rats/sex/group were selected to be euthanized at each interim necropsy; all remaining surviving rats were euthanized at terminal necropsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Terminal necropsy in their case is referring to the last batch of necropsies in the study: terminal referring to the study duration, rather than the time relative to the life of an individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usage is the same in Monath et al 2010.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other cases, like Toyama &amp;amp; Yuasa 2004, the term seems redundant with no useful meaning besides &quot;necropsy,&quot; though it would be fair to note that the necropsy is still occurring at the end of the study, they just don't have multiple time points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hubert, M. F., Laroque, P., Gillet, J. P., &amp;amp; Keenan, K. P. (2000). The effects of diet, ad libitum feeding, and moderate and severe dietary restriction on body weight, survival, clinical pathology parameters, and cause of death in control Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicological Sciences, 58(1), 195-207.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monath, T. P., Lee, C. K., Julander, J. G., Brown, A., Beasley, D. W., Watts, D. M., ... &amp;amp; Levesque, P. (2010). Inactivated yellow fever 17D vaccine: development and nonclinical safety, immunogenicity and protective activity. Vaccine, 28(22), 3827-3840.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Toyama, Y., &amp;amp; Yuasa, S. (2004). Effects of neonatal administration of 17β-estradiol, β-estradiol 3-benzoate, or bisphenol A on mouse and rat spermatogenesis. Reproductive toxicology, 19(2), 181-188.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-09-22T00:02:22.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20120" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20122" CreationDate="2019-09-22T14:24:10.603" Score="5" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages tell you that it's up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an equivalent for cigarette smoking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="489" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T08:57:51.060" Title="Is there an established recommended maximum intake of cigarettes?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20122" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20120" CreationDate="2019-09-22T17:52:40.377" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See: Doll, R., &amp;amp; Hill, A. B. (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. &lt;em&gt;British medical journal&lt;/em&gt;, 2(4682), 739–748. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739&lt;/a&gt; pubmed central: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2038856/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2038856&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And their follow up papers. And pretty much the entire medical literature on smoking. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12501" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-09-24T08:57:51.060" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T08:57:51.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20123" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-22T20:29:51.647" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a part of the metal stent has not grown into a vessel, can this part of the stent be washed out by the blood flow in &lt;strong&gt;10 to 40 years (theoretically)&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also are such cases known that blood flow destroy part of the metal stent in &lt;strong&gt;10 to 20 years (practically)&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, titanium + nickel (self-expanding stent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clarification:&lt;/strong&gt; Metal stents can corrode/dissolve, but this process is uneven, so some parts of the stents can dissolve earlier, and some later — then these parts break away from the stent and float to the heart and lung (if this part of the stent has not grown into a vessel)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; I clarified the question: what percentage of the different types of effects contribute to stent fragmentation: vessel pulsation, mechanical bending, blood flow?&#xA;What percentage (1%, 10%, 90%) of stents breaks down into fragments from mechanical stress (arterial pulsation, ...), and what percentage (1%, 10%, 90%) of stents breaks down into fragments from blood flow (corrode/dissolve) &lt;strong&gt;after 10-40 years&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, stents broken into several parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342613/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342613/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Computed tomography (CT) image showing fracture of right coronary&#xA;  artery (RCA) stent into three fragments&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Images with broken stents: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000148&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000148&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qMjlF.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qMjlF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16306" LastEditorUserId="16306" LastEditDate="2019-09-24T20:18:33.270" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T20:18:33.270" Title="Can blood flow destroy part of the metal stent in 10 to 40 years?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;stents&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="15" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20124" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-23T00:46:51.273" Score="5" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;Traditionally, I knew that when one has a medical emergency that can't wait for a doctor's opinion, you go to the emergency room. Now, I see that there are Urgent Care centers around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So when would one go there vs an actual emergency room? For example, if someone thinks that they're having a heart attack, stroke, should one go to an Urgent care? What if one has a broken bone? Potential appendicitis? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16882" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T18:49:08.747" Title="When should one go to an Urgent care vs Emergency room?" Tags="&lt;emergency-room&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20128" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20124" CreationDate="2019-09-23T18:39:35.627" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Urgent care is for things that your normal physician could treat, but you are outside their hours or unable to get an appointment within a reasonable time for the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emergency rooms are for medical emergencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples of things that can be treated in Urgent Care (via the &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthblog.uofmhealth.org/health-management/urgent-care-vs-emergency-room-whats-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Michigan&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cold/flu, sprained ankle, broken bones in wrist/hand/ankle/foot without severe displacement or skin punctured, sore throat, nausea, minor cuts, eye/ear infection, minor burns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Things for which you should go to the ER (or better, call 911/emergency services)&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extremely high fever, severe trauma, broken bones severely displaced or puncturing skin, difficulty breathing, heart attack/stroke, uncontrolled bleeding, poisoning, major burns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, if you could die, go to the ER. If you have a non-life threatening acute medical issue, urgent care. If in question or unsure, go to the ER.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-09-24T19:12:46.457" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T19:12:46.457" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-23T19:15:32.100" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider the following hypothetical case: Mary is a woman who has no ovarian cancer symptoms and is not known to have a high-risk cancer syndrome. She nevertheless gets a transvaginal ultrasound and discovers that she has a growth on one of her Ovaries. She then gets a ROMA (Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm) test done which places her in the high-risk category. Should she get the ovary taken out? It seems plausible that this would at least be a reasonable option that should be considered with the help of expert medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, all medical authorities have come out against ovarian cancer screening. The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF), for example, has found that screening does not reduce ovarian cancer mortality and can result in important harms such as many false positive results which may result in unnecessary surgery. They assert that the harms outweigh the benefits and recommend against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me this recommendation entails that Mary should definitely not take further action, even though she knows she is in the ROMA high risk category. &#xA;I am assuming the risks of actually having an ultrasound and the ROMA test are negligible. I also assume that Mary should take action only when the harms of that action do not outweigh its benefits (taking into account the likelihood of these harms and benefits).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might be objected that the USPSTF recommendation only applies to women who have not taken any test – Mary has had positive results from the ultrasound and ROMA test and that removes her from the category of women to whom the recommendation applies. Everything that she does after the ultrasound is not part of screening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But women who were screened during the surveys that were used to evaluate the effectiveness of that screening didn’t just get screened – they went on and had further tests and treatment if they had positive results and results of these actions formed the basis of the anti-screening recommendation. The harms and lack of benefits of screening are not caused by the screening itself – it is the actions that are taken on the basis of positive results that cause them. So the fact that Mary has had the screening itself shouldn’t make any difference and neither should the ROMA since its risk of harm is negligible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16864" LastEditorUserId="16864" LastEditDate="2019-09-24T17:12:30.000" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T17:12:30.000" Title="If screening for a disease is not recommended, should someone with positive findings take further action?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;ovary&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20129" CreationDate="2019-09-23T21:00:06.673" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually answered in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20101/why-is-there-is-no-screening-for-ovarian-cancer/20102?noredirect=1#comment37845_20102&quot;&gt;my response to your previous question,&lt;/a&gt; but it is a good concept that can take some work to wrap one's head around, so I will go in more depth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;no one other than the individual's physician can advise on what next steps to take once a positive finding is identified - regardless if the positive result was found incidentally or not.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This answer is about the fundamental concepts of screening vs diagnostic testing and incidentaloma management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Screening vs diagnostic&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the most part, a medical test is a medical test.  There are only a few tests that only have application in a screening setting - most are just a test to look for something specific.  For example, the PSA blood test just gives the serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen, and can be used for both screening and diagnostic purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A test is &lt;em&gt;defined&lt;/em&gt; as being &quot;&lt;strong&gt;screening&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; when it is applied to an asymptomatic individual to search for signs of disease development prior to onset of clinical symptoms, in the hopes of catching disease early.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A test is &lt;em&gt;defined&lt;/em&gt; as being &quot;&lt;strong&gt;diagnostic&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; when it is applied (1) in the diagnostic process of a symptomatic individual - or just in general when used for monitoring progress, response to treatment, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;public health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and population health, the principles of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.med.uottawa.ca/courses/epi6181/course_outline/Concepts-prev.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention&lt;/a&gt; are related to those definitions. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gwttM.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gwttM.gif&quot; alt=&quot;http://www.med.uottawa.ca/courses/epi6181/course_outline/Concepts-prev.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Screening tests&lt;/a&gt; are one of the most important tools to improve the health of a population, and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-recommendations-development-process-a-graphic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;considerations for whether to apply a test to &lt;em&gt;everyone&lt;/em&gt; within that population&lt;/a&gt; depends on that &lt;em&gt;benefits vs harms&lt;/em&gt; balance previously discussed.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/about-the-uspstf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USPSTF&lt;/a&gt;, CDC, and academies like ACOG AAFP AAP AHA etc etc review the research and make recommendations on whether a screening test should be given to everyone in the population capable of developing the disease or not.  It is not always simple, the agencies don't always agree, and &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;ultimately it is up to the individual and their physician to make an educated decision for that individual's situation.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  Physicians are trained in these discussions and decision making processes within their scope of care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Incidental findings&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that what you are referring to is an &lt;em&gt;incidental finding&lt;/em&gt; of a mass on a test that was &lt;em&gt;done for another reason&lt;/em&gt;.  This is commonly referred to as an &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/incidentaloma?lang=us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;incidentaloma&lt;/a&gt;&quot; in the medical field, and there are also detailed guidelines on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440%2810%2900330-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;management of incidental masses&lt;/a&gt; depending on the type. For example, transvaginal ultrasounds done as a &lt;em&gt;diagnostic&lt;/em&gt; test for abnormal uterine bleeding can &lt;strong&gt;*incidentally&lt;/strong&gt; *find an ovarian mass that was previously unknown and asymptomatic.  In fact, &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; transvaginal ultrasounds find incidental cystic masses with a stereotypical appearance that are 100% normal ovarian cysts; however, depending on the features of the mass (or a risk factor of the individual) then additional testing may be indicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that case, the ordering physician (or a specialist they refer the patient to) will go over &lt;strong&gt;a risk assessment&lt;/strong&gt; process - often following an algorithm specific to the mass type - that adds more data to the picture.  This process usually includes additional history (like family members with related cancers, smoking etc, job exposures, etc) and/or additional exams and tests (like ROMA), and provides additional information to guide the patient and provider in &lt;strong&gt;how much that **INDIVIDUAL&lt;/strong&gt; is at risk** of the incidental mass actually being cancerous.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that some incidental masses won't need additional testing because something about its site/organ/appearance either is (1) so high risk just by existing that they go straight to biopsy or even surgical removal, or (2) so low risk that they rarely/never are harmful so they are just monitored or ignored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;strong&gt;individual risk assessment&lt;/strong&gt; is quite different than asymptomatic screening for secondary prevention at a population level.  Once a mass is identified, the term &quot;screening&quot; is thrown out the window.  Along with the term screening, the concepts of harm/benefit of testing change as well, now that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cat's&lt;/a&gt; out of the bag, we've got a positive finding and now we have to decide what is best for this individual based on individual factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Additional notes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This concept is exactly why medical professionals usually caution against ordering testing that does not specifically answer a question related to a recommended screening test, presenting clinical symptom, or existing disease.  Otherwise, if an abnormal result is found in an asymptomatic otherwise healthy individual, now we're left with the questions: what do we do about this now that we know? What would have happened if we had never noticed it?  Is there more potential for bad outcomes if we do more testing, or if we just watch and wait?  The answers differ by finding and by individual, so I refer back to my statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;No one other than the individual's physician can advise on what next steps to take once a positive finding is identified - regardless if the positive result was found incidentally or not.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.med.uottawa.ca/courses/epi6181/course_outline/Concepts-prev.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.med.uottawa.ca/courses/epi6181/course_outline/Concepts-prev.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-recommendations-development-process-a-graphic-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/uspstf-recommendations-development-process-a-graphic-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/about-the-uspstf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/about-the-uspstf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/incidentaloma?lang=us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/incidentaloma?lang=us&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440%2810%2900330-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440%2810%2900330-3/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6776" LastEditorUserId="6776" LastEditDate="2019-09-23T21:31:07.267" LastActivityDate="2019-09-23T21:31:07.267" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-24T00:52:45.733" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read online that when you use regular household rubbing alcohol to soak something for sterilization purposes, you're then supposed to toss it out. I'm just curious why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like, as long as there's a lot of liquid still left, why is it not re-usable? Is it because there's bacteria or other stuff that transferred from whatever you were sterilizing into the alcohol, therefore reducing its effective % of alcohol, and that's what's important to sterilize, so once you're below a certain % concentration it's worthless. Or is it because the alcohol has actually evaporated off and what's left is just liquid (water)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16886" LastActivityDate="2019-09-24T00:52:45.733" Title="When alcohol is used to sterilize, what about it changes that it can't be re-used?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20037" CreationDate="2019-09-24T13:58:37.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found data from different sources, mainly for the UK. Please note that the data are for substance-&lt;em&gt;related&lt;/em&gt; deaths, so they include substance-specific deaths plus deaths related to the &lt;em&gt;use&lt;/em&gt; of a drug (for example, heroin-associated death can be from fentanyl in it, and alcohol-related deaths can include car accidents).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Substance use-related deaths per &lt;em&gt;100,000 users/year:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tobacco: 400 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-ecstasy-use-and-death-rate-statistics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DEA&lt;/a&gt;); 1,000 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.buzzfeed.com/tomchivers/this-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-hippy-crack-and-why-it-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BuzzFeed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methadone: 242 (in UK, y. 2007 &lt;a href=&quot;https://straightstatistics.fullfact.org/article/drug-related-deaths-what-now-needs-be-done&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StraightStatistics&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heroin: 141 (in US, y. 2000 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hri.global/files/2011/08/08/1.05_Cole_-_LEAP_.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harm Reduction International&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Solvents: 60 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.buzzfeed.com/tomchivers/this-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-hippy-crack-and-why-it-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BuzzFeed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol: 50 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-ecstasy-use-and-death-rate-statistics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DEA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prescription opioids: 26 (in US, &lt;a href=&quot;http://economics.mit.edu/files/11150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mit.edu, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs: 15 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.powerpak.com/course/content/114158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Powerpak.com&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cocaine: 17 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.buzzfeed.com/tomchivers/this-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-hippy-crack-and-why-it-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BuzzFeed&lt;/a&gt;); 24 (in UK, y. 2007 &lt;a href=&quot;https://straightstatistics.fullfact.org/article/drug-related-deaths-what-now-needs-be-done&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StraightStatistics&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MDMA (Ecstasy): 2 (in UK, y.2000, &lt;a href=&quot;https://thedea.org/mdma-risks-science-and-statistics-technical-faq/mdma-molly-ecstasy-use-and-death-rate-statistics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DEA&lt;/a&gt;); 10 (in UK, y. 2007 &lt;a href=&quot;https://straightstatistics.fullfact.org/article/drug-related-deaths-what-now-needs-be-done&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;StraightStatistics&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nitrous oxide: 0.19 (in UK, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.buzzfeed.com/tomchivers/this-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-hippy-crack-and-why-it-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BuzzFeed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Substance use-related deaths &lt;em&gt;per 100,000 users in 2011 in UK&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://singlecolony.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/the-misclassification-of-illegal-drugs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Single Colony&lt;/a&gt;, sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116333/hosb1211.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Home Office&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160107060633/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_276681.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of National Statistics&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Heroin: 1,753&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tobacco: 865&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Methadone: 824&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Amphetamines: 27&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cocaine (powder and crack): 16&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol: 13&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MDMA (Ecstasy): 11&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cannabis: &amp;lt;1&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ketamine: &amp;lt;1 (5 deaths in the entire UK in y. 2012 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sgul.ac.uk/images/docs/idcp%20pdfs/National%20programme%20on%20substance%20abuse%20deaths/National_Programme_on_Substance_Abuse_Deaths-Annual_Report_2013_on_Drug-related_Deaths_in_the_UK_January-December_2012_PDF.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;St George's University of London, p.92 and 93&lt;/a&gt; ; 3 deaths in July 2017- June 2018 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/opioid-mortality-surveillance-report.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ontario&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;LSD: 0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psilocybin: 0&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why did heroin-related deaths per 100,000 user increase?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discrepancy between 141 heroin-related deaths per 100,000 users in y. 2000 in the US and 1,753 deaths per 100,000 users in y. 2011 in the UK could be explained by the fact that in recent years &lt;strong&gt;fentanyl&lt;/strong&gt; has been often added to heroin and that fentanyl-related deaths have greatly increased. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov, 2019&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, most recent cases of fentanyl-related harm, overdose, and&#xA;  death in the U.S. are linked to illegally made fentanyl. It is sold&#xA;  through illegal drug markets for its heroin-like effect. &lt;em&gt;It is often&#xA;  mixed with heroin&lt;/em&gt; and/or cocaine as a combination product—with or&#xA;  without the user’s knowledge—to increase its euphoric effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone,&#xA;  which includes fentanyl, increased almost 47% from 2016 to 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Reports from law enforcement indicate that much of the synthetic&#xA;  opioid overdose increase may be due to illegally or illicitly made&#xA;  fentanyl. According to data from the National Forensic Laboratory&#xA;  Information System, confiscations, or seizures, of fentanyl increased&#xA;  by nearly 7 fold from 2012 to 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why did methadone-related deaths per 100,000 users increase?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methadone has been initially prescribed as part of recovery from heroin addiction, but is now also prescribed as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/files/WA_P&amp;amp;T_Opioid_Dosing_Guideline_092303.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;analgesic&lt;/a&gt;. Methadone has a short analgesic duration (6-8 hours) and long elimination half-life (128 hours), which increases the chance of overdose when taken every 6-8 hours. Further, the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-10-27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;street&lt;/em&gt; methadone&lt;/a&gt;, which may not be pure methadone has increased in recent years. So, circumstances in which methadone is used recently have changed, which may explain increasing methadone-related deaths per 100,000 users from 2007 and 2011 in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-27T14:35:41.743" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T14:35:41.743" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20108" CreationDate="2019-09-24T22:31:18.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the illicit drug supply chain has an incentive to make drugs addictive but safe, as a dead client is a bad client&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically yes, however, safety is a cost factor. Everything from packaging to quality assurance has a price tag on it. It would make the drug trade unprofitable. Illegal trade comes with the benefit of being unregulated as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these drugs may actually not be safe for everyone to use. Being in a profitable unregulated business, you would not want to lose valuable customers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there is the problem that the substances themselves do not require improving. The therapeutic indices of practically all recreational drugs are nothing out of the ordinary. They are safe enough for medical purposes as long as they are produced and used in a correct and supervised manner in which they even can be used to &lt;a href=&quot;https://drleeds.com/diamorphine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;treat the addiction&lt;/a&gt; to them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their safety value drops exponentially when put into a recreational setting. You can compare that with motor vehicles. Not unlike drugs, their safety is significantly lower when used recreationally.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, lack of safety is not a particular characteristic of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;psychoactive substances&lt;/a&gt;. Notable examples are caffeine (coffee, tea) and theobromine (chocolate) and even some &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opioids&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14236" LastEditorUserId="14236" LastEditDate="2019-09-25T08:10:31.337" LastActivityDate="2019-09-25T08:10:31.337" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20135" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20136" CreationDate="2019-09-25T10:58:00.850" Score="2" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a Russian healthcare term &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?a=3&amp;amp;sc=8&amp;amp;s=%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;amp;l1=2&amp;amp;l2=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;инструментальная диагностика&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - instrumental diagnostics (I'm not sure whether the translation provided by Multitran is really commonly used in English).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It covers all diagnostical procedures carried out using any kinds of tools: ECG, MRI, X-ray, blood pressure monitors, treadmills, angiography tools, as opposed to questioning the patient verbally or taking a blood test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the English umbrella term for this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T04:39:21.493" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T04:39:21.493" Title="What is the umbrella term for examination/diagnostics using tools, equipment and instruments?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20135" CreationDate="2019-09-25T12:27:10.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;instrumental diagnostics&quot; is commonly used in Russian and Eastern European texts and it appears as such in texts translated into English (search results for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=%22instrumental%20diagnostics%22&amp;amp;ei=RFWLXdzCOMbRwALO-6rAAQ&amp;amp;start=50&amp;amp;sa=N&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjc9Ovu9OvkAhXGKFAKHc69Chg4KBDy0wMIcw&amp;amp;biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=918&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;instrumental diagnostics&quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term instrumental diagnostics is rarely used by English authors and its equivalent is &quot;investigations,&quot; which includes laboratory tests, imaging and other investigations. Sometimes, laboratory tests are mentioned separately as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=%22laboratory%20tests%20and%20investigations%22&amp;amp;ei=VluLXdvyIsHewALBkbWAAQ&amp;amp;start=0&amp;amp;sa=N&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjb9dbT-uvkAhVBL1AKHcFIDRA4FBDy0wMIdw&amp;amp;biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=918&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;laboratory tests and investigations&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the umbrella term for &quot;instrumental diagnostics&quot; could be simply &lt;strong&gt;investigations&lt;/strong&gt; or, more precisely, &lt;strong&gt;clinical investigations&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;History-taking and physical examination versus investigations&quot; (the title of one section of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5209934/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Basics of the Health History, Physical Examination, and Clinical Investigations&quot; (the title of &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118783283.ch1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Investigations&quot; do not include using simple tools, such as the stethoscope and blood pressure monitor, during &lt;em&gt;physical examination.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-09-25T17:28:51.017" LastActivityDate="2019-09-25T17:28:51.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20352" CreationDate="2019-09-25T14:26:34.367" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you recommend any Spanish database of medical studies/clinical records, equivalent to English &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/a&gt; ? Medical texts should be in Spanish, not webpage necessarily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16892" LastActivityDate="2019-11-02T16:03:58.900" Title="What is Spanish equivalent of webpage clinicaltrials.gov?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20139" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-25T20:35:21.220" Score="2" ViewCount="200" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179158&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179158&lt;/a&gt; and I wonder why MI-401 Xanthene analog is not used for adiposity control? Also - there is very little research about this very promising molecule. Why is that? Or maybe there are better molecules for the adiposity control?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe community of people who suffer from adipose conditions, can somehow advance this field of molecular methods? And advancement of this molecule specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16734" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-09-25T21:23:29.743" LastActivityDate="2019-09-25T21:39:57.960" Title="Why MI-401 Xanthene analog is not used for the control of the adipose condition and what community can do about it?" Tags="&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20139" CreationDate="2019-09-25T21:39:57.960" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They found a drug that kills adipose cells in a dish. It also kills other cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Longer answer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Tung et al paper you cite says that when you put this compound on cultured adipocytes, mature adipocytes and preadipocytes die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the authors, the mature cells are most susceptible, and they report that fibroblasts are less susceptible, although importantly &lt;strong&gt;they do not show any statistics&lt;/strong&gt; for these claims and it looks like even if they are correct the therapeutic range is very, very narrow. They also haven't tested any other cells besides fibroblasts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, they found a drug that kills cells in a dish. Lots of drugs kill cells: that doesn't make them good treatments for anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/1217/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Relevant XKCD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uQ4SA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uQ4SA.png&quot; alt=&quot;XKCD vs cancer...&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-09-25T21:39:57.960" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20142" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-26T11:03:36.507" Score="0" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Spanish doctor Mariano Garcia de Palau, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fundacion-canna.es/cannabinoides-y-trastorno-de-espectro-autista-tea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aseverates in a cannabic website&lt;/a&gt;, childs with autism experiment improvements derived from the consume of non psychoactive compund of Cannabis, Cannabidiol (CBD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many of these children seem unhappy and have pain or are suffering&#xA;  continuously, and at the beginning of treatment seems to change this&#xA;  circumstance or at least improve, some smile and others laugh!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These small changes, for many insignificant ones, represent for the&#xA;  parents a great step and some reasonable expectations, which did not&#xA;  exist before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CBD has been proved to regulate cytokines in rats, reducing proinflamatory cytokines and augmenting antiinflamatory ones (Napimoga et al, 2009).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, it has been observed people with ASD have elevated cytokines in general (Ashwood et al, 2011).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there are not enoght studies of action of CBD, but it looks to act as an immunosupresant, while ASD &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20019/is-autism-an-autoimmune-disease&quot;&gt;is sugested to be related with autoimmunity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can CBD be helpfull for autism because of actions on antibodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can CBD interact negatively with other antibodies than cytokines, becoming harmfull (or helpfull) for an ASD?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159110004289&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-&lt;strong&gt;Paul Ashwood, Paula Krakowiak, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Robin Hansen Isaac, Pessah Judy Van de Water (2011)&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;&quot;Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;Brain, Behavior, and Immunity&lt;/strong&gt;, Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 40-45.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576908003469&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;-&lt;strong&gt;Marcelo H. Napimoga, Bruno B. Benatti, Flavia O. Lima, Polyanna M. Alvesa, Allin C. Campos, Diego R. Pena-dos-Santos, Fernando P. Severino, Fernando Q. Cunha, Francisco S. Guimarães (2009)&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;&quot;Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;International Immunopharmacology&lt;/strong&gt;, Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 216-222&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16570" LastEditorDisplayName="user16570" LastEditDate="2019-09-27T10:57:13.847" LastActivityDate="2019-09-28T11:07:36.540" Title="Can cannabidiol help on Autism Spectrum Disorder?" Tags="&lt;autism&gt;&lt;alternative-medicine&gt;&lt;cannabidiol&gt;&lt;cytokines&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20144" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20145" CreationDate="2019-09-26T18:32:43.227" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gdDfj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gdDfj.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a syringe that looks a lot like this. I'm not using it for medical purposes, but rather to create vacuum and pressure in hoses for testing out fuel delivery in small motors. When I look up syringes to buy it usually comes up with what are called &quot;Luer taper&quot;, &quot;Luer-Lok&quot; and &quot;Luer-Slip (registered trademarks), or generically &quot;Luer-Lock&quot; and &quot;Luer-Slip&quot;. These look very different from the image posted above. If we take a look one example of a &quot;Luer-Slip&quot; syringe, they usually look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SNn0Z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SNn0Z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first problem being (for my purposes) that the syringe tip or opening is larger than I would like, and the second is that it's not tapered. I would ideally need both (tapered and smaller) to jam them into hoses/lines to get a decent seal. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what these type of syringes are called? I'm trying to search for them at different places. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one I have and the one in the first image are curved, I don't know if they have a particular name, but I only need a straight one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As another example, here are some sold on eBay:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d7uvv.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d7uvv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one on the left is close to what I'm looking for, but I would want a tapered tip beginning from a smaller size at the tip so I can slide it into a tube and get a good seal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15569" LastEditorUserId="15569" LastEditDate="2019-09-26T18:40:33.200" LastActivityDate="2019-10-02T23:56:00.680" Title="What are these syringes called?" Tags="&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;instruments&gt;&lt;needles&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20145" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20144" CreationDate="2019-09-26T18:43:35.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are looking for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=irrigation+syringe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;irrigation syringes&lt;/a&gt; - I'm familiar only with the curved variety but at least on a google images search I see straight ones as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I've always used luer-style syringes with an appropriate fitting when using syringes in an equipment context. Major catalog parts suppliers have plastic and metal fittings with just about every conversion you can imagine. For example, if I were testing hoses, I'd get a hose barb fitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-09-26T18:49:31.423" LastActivityDate="2019-09-26T18:49:31.423" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20149" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20087" CreationDate="2019-09-27T02:49:48.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would suggest the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Amos_Noyes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Noyes&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_R._Whitney&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitney&lt;/a&gt; equation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;dW\dt = DA(C_s - C)\L&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wnere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dW\dt is the rate of dissolution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A is the surface area of the solid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C is the concentration of the solid in the bulk dissolution medium.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;C_s  is the concentration of the solid in the diffusion layer surrounding the solid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D is the diffusion coefficient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;L is the diffusion layer thickness.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can easily be adapted into a dermal equation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Sourced from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would believe that the normal rules of physics for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;absorption&lt;/a&gt;, e.g. water\towel, apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia also suggests &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(skin)#Indirect_measurement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several formula&lt;/a&gt; that are applicable to skin only:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dermally absorbed dose rate = concentration in water x surface area exposed x exposure time x permeability coefficient x conversion factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T02:49:48.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-27T08:00:25.693" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical downside of using a knee pillow when sleeping? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read many webpages that only state the upsides of using knee pillows when sleeping (e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tuck.com/best-knee-pillows/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.tuck.com/best-knee-pillows/&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://beddingpal.com/best-knee-pillow-reviews/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://beddingpal.com/best-knee-pillow-reviews/&lt;/a&gt;), but I haven't seen any downside mentioned it. Is there any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-09-27T08:00:25.693" Title="Is there any medical downside of using a knee pillow when sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;posture&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20087" CreationDate="2019-09-27T16:47:25.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think that it is possible for anyone &quot;at home&quot; to calculate or otherwise accurately predict the absorption percent and therefore systemic effectiveness or side effect of a topically applied drug from its physio-chemical properties, but it is possible to &lt;em&gt;measure&lt;/em&gt; these parameters for every single drug during its development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drug and skin factors (roughly from more to less important) that &lt;em&gt;increase systemic drug bioavailability&lt;/em&gt; are listed below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DRUG FACTORS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1) Molecular weight&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs with molecular weight greater than 400-500 Daltons are hardly absorbed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Experimental Dermatology&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/Papers/2012/Prausnitz%20Derm%20Book%20Chapter%202012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Molecular weight of some transdermal drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1461534700002959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmaceutical Science &amp;amp; Technology Today, 2000, Table 1&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scopolamine: 303&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clonidine: 230&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glyceryl trinitrate: 227&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Estradiol: 272&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fentanyl: 337&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Testosterone: 288&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The molecular weight of &lt;strong&gt;minoxidil&lt;/strong&gt; is 212 Daltons (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=DW7oCAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA772&amp;amp;lpg=PA772&amp;amp;dq=minoxidil%20%22daltons%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=wmLYMhta71&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2by1UmsWeBkh5q9RPseRrhSc0Wig&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi36sS1yfrkAhXR26QKHXenDGsQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=minoxidil%20%22daltons%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis: A textbook of dialysis&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/pancreas/insulin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Insulin&lt;/a&gt;, for example, has a molecular weight ~6,000 Daltons and is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152630/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not absorbed through intact skin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2) Ionization&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967304011318?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Non-ionized (pH neutral)&lt;/a&gt; drugs are absorbed better than ionized ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3) Lipid vs water solubility&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipid-soluble (lipophilic) drugs tend to be absorbed better than water soluble (hydrophilic) ones (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947480/pdf/canmedaj01582-0072.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;). Molecules, that are not lipid-soluble (at least a bit), such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/62/3/220.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;water&lt;/a&gt;, may not be absorbed in any meaningful amounts, despite their low molecular weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Minoxidil&lt;/strong&gt;... is used orally as a systemic antihypertensive drug with vasodilatory activity. Topically, it is used in cases of&#xA;  androgenetic alopecia and other types of baldness. The ingredient is&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;lipophylic,&lt;/em&gt; and the &lt;em&gt;resorption rate is 2–3%. The concentrations in the serum are far below therapeutic levels (to treat hypertension) in adults (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/minoxidil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScienceDirect&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;4) Vehicle&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs that are mainly water-soluble can be absorbed better in water-based vehicles. Occlusive vehicles (that keep the water in the skin) can greatly increase absorption of certain drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc235.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inchem&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipid-soluble drugs can be absorbed better in lipid vehicles. Lipid solvents  (acetone) increase drug permeation after &lt;em&gt;prolonged&lt;/em&gt; use (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947480/pdf/canmedaj01582-0072.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A vehicle can increase the absorption of a drug for at least 6 times (as shown in the table 124.3 in &lt;a href=&quot;http://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/Papers/2012/Prausnitz%20Derm%20Book%20Chapter%202012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165169/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oleic acid&lt;/a&gt; (a fatty acid) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26308987_Relative_Uptake_of_Minoxidil_into_Appendages_and_Stratum_Corneum_and_Permeation_through_Human_Skin_In_Vitro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ethanol&lt;/a&gt; in the vehicle can increase the absorption of &lt;strong&gt;minoxidil&lt;/strong&gt; into the skin (not into the blood) by 10 fold (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165169/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medicines, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SKIN and OTHER FACTORS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1) Anatomical site&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dermal absorption &lt;em&gt;rate&lt;/em&gt; can greatly depend on the anatomical site - a study with hydrocortisone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2009/978-87-7052-980-8/html/kap07_eng.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mst.dk&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here the skin on the&#xA;  scrotum had the highest permeability and the increasing rate over the&#xA;  areas was as follows: plantar &amp;lt; palmar &amp;lt; back &amp;lt; scalp &amp;lt; axilla &amp;lt;&#xA;  forehead &amp;lt; scrotum. The penetration rate from the foot to the scrotum&#xA;  varied 42-fold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2) Skin hydration&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin hydration through soaking, moisturizing or humidity can increase the absorption of hydrophylic drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecules&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3) Tape striping&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stripping the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) by a tape can greatly improve the absorption of some drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;http://drugdelivery.chbe.gatech.edu/Papers/2012/Prausnitz%20Derm%20Book%20Chapter%202012.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;4) Skin disease&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The impairment of stratum corneum in skin diseases, such as eczema and psoriasis, can increase drug absorption (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjd.15065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BJD&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947480/pdf/canmedaj01582-0072.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;5) Contact time&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study about minoxidil showed that the absorption percent can increase with the duration of a drug being applied on the skin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2395092&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Pharm Sci&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factors that &lt;strong&gt;decease dermal absorption:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Binding. Some substances get trapped (to various extents) in the skin due to binding, for example, certain metal ions (Hg2+), quaternary ammonium ions, heterocyclic ammonium ions, sulfonium salts and quinines (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc235.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inchem, p.26&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-03T09:45:39.660" LastActivityDate="2019-10-03T09:45:39.660" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-29T23:12:43.093" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many ongoing clinical trials that leverage the power of the immune system to recognize tumor cells such as CD47 and PDL1/PD1, and even engineered T cells!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ran across an immune cell type for the first time during graduate school applications while browsing faculty research interests. I have been researching cancer for 19 years. The cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are considered a regulatory immune cell distinct from the well known T regulatory cells (Tregs). An an immune regulator cell, MDSCs increase interleukin 10 activity. MDSCs appear to have been researched for more than a decade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any clinical derivatives from MDSC research, i.e., clinical trials for cancer or vaccines to foreign antigens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16907" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T22:38:22.873" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T22:38:22.873" Title="Cancer treatment through regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20168" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-09-30T17:28:46.567" Score="1" ViewCount="548" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen a large number of health blogs that describe Polyester, Rayon, Acrylic, and Nylon, as harmful or toxic (usually due to chemicals used during the manufacturing process). Some examples include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Claims that synthetic fibers manufactured with toxic chemicals: &lt;a href=&quot;https://fashionbi.com/newspaper/the-health-risks-of-toxic-fibers-and-fabrics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://fashionbi.com/newspaper/the-health-risks-of-toxic-fibers-and-fabrics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Claims that bodyheat causes polyester to out-gas harmful molecules: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehouseofpillows.eu/polyester-shouldnt-be-in-your-bed-blog/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thehouseofpillows.eu/polyester-shouldnt-be-in-your-bed-blog/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Claim that polyester traps odors and facilitates harmful bacterial growth: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whowhatwear.com/worst-fabrics-for-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.whowhatwear.com/worst-fabrics-for-skin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the internet is prone to blow things out of proportion, especially when it comes to supposedly toxic household items. I don't know enough to assess these claims myself, which is why I'm posting here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my perspective, it seems like any residual chemicals used in the manufacturing of synthetic fabrics should come off in the wash. In addition, many of the sites may be connected to a company that's trying to advertise alternatives to polyester, and these sites may be especially prone to exaggeration or misinformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there health concerns related to the use of polyester or other synthetic fabrics in clothing and mattresses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9199" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T09:05:15.597" Title="Do synthetic fabrics pose a health risk?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;synthetic-fabric&gt;&lt;toxic-fumes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13325" CreationDate="2019-10-02T16:43:35.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is hyperfocus?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adults with ADHD often report episodes of long-lasting, highly focused&#xA;  attention, a surprising report given their tendency to be distracted&#xA;  by irrelevant information. This has been colloquially termed&#xA;  “hyperfocus.” (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12402-018-0272-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ADHD, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do medications used to treat ADHD decrease hyperfocus?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089142221630213X?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ozel-Kizil et al, 2016, Hyperfocusing as a dimension of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Research in Developmental Disabilities)&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the study, they compared individuals &gt;18 years of age diagnozed with ADHD; one group of 53 individuals without medication and another group of 79 individuals treated with stimulants (methylphenidate or SSRIs):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was no difference between total Hyperfocusing Scale and Adult&#xA;  ADHD Self- Report Scale scores of two patient groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372513/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wigal et al, 2012, Adverse events in medication treatment-naïve children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study, they were observing side effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for several weeks in 6-12 years old children; in one group they were &quot;stimulant-naive&quot; (not previously treated with stimulants) and in another &quot;previous-exposure subjects&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The stimulant-naïve group reported more trouble sleeping, stomach&#xA;  pain, and hyperfocus...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hyperfocus was considered a side effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/adderall-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/adderall-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; have lists of side effects of ADHD medications (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine), which could interfere with the ability to focus: restlessness, dizziness, fear, anxiety, sleeplessness, impotence, confusion, nausea, headache, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-03T10:34:01.587" LastActivityDate="2019-10-03T10:34:01.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20144" CreationDate="2019-10-02T23:56:00.680" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a variety of syringes listed as &quot;disposable catheter &quot; that typically have a tapered straight tip. A common size is 60 ml . The tip is &quot;universal&quot; friction fit. I use them for G-tube feeding , they are standard for that application despite the name. I typically use them about 20 times. Then use them for purposes similar to in the question . In quantity of 50 they are available on the net for down to about $ 0.60 each and of course as high a price as you want to pay.There are many brands, I seem to end up with a different one each time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2019-10-02T23:56:00.680" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20181" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-04T14:07:06.963" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the expected life span of vascular stents?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: Universal (coronary/venous) stent WALLSTENT-UNI Boston Scientific, metal: nitinol = titanium + nickel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many pulsating contractions can it withstand? Is it more than &lt;code&gt;80 heart_rate * 60 min * 24 hours * 365 days * 10 years ~= 400 millions pulsations&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In artery&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In vein (for extravasal compression - aortovenous conflict - arterial pulsation affects stent in vein)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How many years can (the non-grown into a vessel) areas of the stent be in the patient’s blood flow until these stent areas are destroyed?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fda.report/MAUDE/MDR/8301298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://fda.report/MAUDE/MDR/8301298&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any data, whether from the manufacturer or obtained statistically about stent life span?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16306" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-10-09T23:09:50.090" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T23:09:50.090" Title="What is the expected life span of vascular stents?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;&lt;stents&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20311" CreationDate="2019-10-04T15:06:39.177" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've finished reading &quot;The Terror&quot; by Dan Simmons (good book, I highly recommend it). Some minor spoilers ahead (they have almost nothing to do with the main plot).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By early 1848 most of the people on both ships showed signs of scurvy. The only &quot;lucky&quot; ones who were relatively healthy, even when other people started dying from it, were seamen who later on started to practice cannibalism. (It wasn't stated outright, but I believe they might have started doing that long before separating from the main group). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to wikipedia, scurvy is caused by lack of Vitamin C. Most of the people these cannibalistic seamen ate were dead or dying from scurvy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is: would eating flesh of a person who suffered scurvy actually help to fight your own scurvy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16933" LastActivityDate="2019-10-27T22:13:02.180" Title="Would cannibalism actually help to fight scurvy?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20168" CreationDate="2019-10-04T17:53:13.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources mentioned in the question&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://fashionbi.com/newspaper/the-health-risks-of-toxic-fibers-and-fabrics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fashionbi.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehouseofpillows.eu/polyester-shouldnt-be-in-your-bed-blog/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Thehouseofpillows.eu&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/worst-fabrics-for-skin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whowhatwear.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;) claim that certain synthetic fabrics and related chemicals can cause health problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polyester: skin, lung and heart cancer, chronic respiratory infections, dermatitis, reduced sperm count and behavior changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rayon (from recycled wood pulp or bamboo cellulose; involved chemicals: carbon disulfide, sulfuric acid, ammonia, acetone and caustic soda): nausea, headache, vomiting, chest and muscle pain, insomnia, tissue necrosis, anorexia and Parkinson’s disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acrylic: breast cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nylon (involved chemicals: caustic soda, sulfuric acid, formaldehyde, chloroform, limonene, pentene and terpineol): cancer, skin allergies, dizziness, headaches, spine pains&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A search through studies (mainly on PubMed) and reports of related US government institutions reveals the association between certain fabrics and &lt;strong&gt;contact/allergic dermatitis,&lt;/strong&gt; but not with any type of cancer or other significant health problems. (I did not include studies about occupational textile-related diseases and studies about dyes.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) In 2010, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10875.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Government Accountability Office&lt;/a&gt; found excessive amounts of &lt;strong&gt;formaldehyde&lt;/strong&gt; in some &lt;em&gt;cotton&lt;/em&gt; clothes produced mainly in Asia, but not in synthetic fabrics. They say the main health risk is &lt;strong&gt;allergic contact dermatitis&lt;/strong&gt; and that &lt;em&gt;washing&lt;/em&gt; reduces but not always successfully removes all formaldehyde.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Giovanna Luongo from Stockholm University in his 2015 doctoral thesis &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:850089/FULLTEXT02.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chemicals in textiles, 2015&lt;/a&gt; mentions formaldehyde, dyes and certain other chemicals that can be found in clothes, but, except &lt;strong&gt;dermatitis,&lt;/strong&gt; does not provide any evidence about other related health risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) A review article &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00619.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Textile dermatitis (Contact Dermatitis, 1994)&lt;/a&gt; mentions formaldehyde-related resins as the main cause of textile dermatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) There are many anecdotal reports of excessive sweating when wearing polyester clothes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; very few studies mention the association between synthetic fabrics and health problems. One of the most commonly mentioned substance that is found in fabric is formaldehyde, but this is more likely found in cotton than in synthetic fabrics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-09T06:45:49.917" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T06:45:49.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20190" CreationDate="2019-10-04T20:02:06.277" Score="0" ViewCount="773" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find official documentation on difference between Salt Tablets and Table Salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several people online mention that Table Salt is just sodium and less of other minerals whereas Salt Tablets have sodium and more of other elements such as potassium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I called a Pharmacist he said just the opposite. He said Salt Tablets are just Sodium Chloride whereas Table Salt has sodium and other minerals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And when I asked why does Doctor prescribe Salt Tablets, the pharmacist said because it is harder to measure Table Salt, whereas Tablets are pre-portioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where to get official guidance on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16937" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T23:08:28.700" Title="Difference between Salt Tablets and Table Salt" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20186" CreationDate="2019-10-05T02:58:02.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Thought.co, table salt is 97-99% sodium chloride:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-table-salt-604008&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-table-salt-604008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with common additives being potassium iodide and sodium fluoride, and anti-caking agents:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium aluminosilicate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium carbonate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calcium silicate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fatty acid salts (acid salts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnesium carbonate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Magnesium oxide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Silicon dioxide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium aluminosilicate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sodium ferrocyanide or yellow prussiate of soda&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tricalcium phosphate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Salt tablets are generally only used for sports, and as such are manufactured to enhance performance, and therefore are more likely to contain any number of additives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to TorqFitness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.torqfitness.co.uk/news/electrolyte-tablets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.torqfitness.co.uk/news/electrolyte-tablets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;typical composition is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is an electrolyte tablet?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Manufacturing methods vary, but generally an electrolyte tablet you’d hope would contain all 5 electrolytes (Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium) although this isn’t necessarily guaranteed. You’d also hope that it delivers electrolytes somewhere within the range recommended by an expert researcher like Burke (1999):  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Sodium: 400-1,100mg/l&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chloride: 500-1,500mg/l&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Magnesium: 10-100mg/l&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Potassium: 120-225mg/l&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I doubt there will be any official literature, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salt&lt;/a&gt; is just simply &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salt&lt;/a&gt; after all!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T02:58:02.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20186" CreationDate="2019-10-05T10:52:34.613" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Salt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that is meant for human consumption refers to &lt;strong&gt;sodium chloride.&lt;/strong&gt; Both table salt and salt tablets contain sodium chloride and not just sodium. They can both contain other naturally present or added minerals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Table salt&lt;/strong&gt; usually refers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;rock salt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is obtained from underground mines. It should contain at least 97% of sodium chloride and can also contain &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ceecis.org/iodine/07_legislation/00_mainpage/codex_food_grade_salt.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other natural or added substances&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sea salt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; is obtained from the sea. The main ingredient is sodium chloride and it can naturally contain 0.2 to 10% of other salts, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In some countries, iodine is added to rock or sea salt (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodised_salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;iodized salt&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) to prevent iodine deficiency.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=f3f09817-8a38-4aa1-956b-69d9cf695074&amp;amp;type=display&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salt tablets&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; are available as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;commercial products, which contain sodium chloride, and may or may not contain other minerals, such as potassium and magnesium, in various amounts (depending on the brand); they are popular among long-distance runners&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prescribed supplements, usually named &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/monograph/sodium-chloride.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sodium chloride tablets&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; in which the only active ingredient is sodium chloride and which are intended for various health conditions.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salt substitutes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which mainly contain &lt;strong&gt;potassium chloride,&lt;/strong&gt; are commercially available or prescribed and are intended to use instead of rock or sea salt to prevent excessive sodium intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-05T17:13:47.557" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T17:13:47.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20060" CreationDate="2019-10-05T13:07:15.143" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several combinations between analgesics and other compounds could be interesting for medical treatment and used in pain treatments, however, the logic isn't only effectiveness. For a medication to be approved by regulatory authorities, such as FDA, as over the counter or under prescription, pharmaceutical companies look first on the ROI (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537512/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;return of investment&lt;/a&gt;), as any other intervention planned in health care.&#xA;If the study cost to prove its efficacy is too high, or the market for the new compound not profitable, or the new product could not be patented, then the combination would not go to market. &#xA;Paracetamol + N-AcetylCysteine seems to be an interesting combination, but the study to prove it is less harmful would have to include thousands of patients, because the number needed to harm is high, so the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6267841/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sample size calculation&lt;/a&gt; would go to very high numbers. Maybe someone from the industry after seeing your post do the calculations and start a project...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16938" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T13:07:15.143" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20195" CreationDate="2019-10-05T13:22:26.330" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;How safe and reliable is a diagnosis of migraines through telemedicine (remote diagnosis)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. A patient and doctor go on video call, patient describes and attempts to demonstrates symptoms, and then doctor creates diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16941" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2019-10-14T23:56:39.477" LastActivityDate="2019-10-14T23:56:39.477" Title="Can telemedicine be used in migraine care?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-10-15T00:56:31.477" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13279" CreationDate="2019-10-05T13:42:37.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certainly, headaches can be caused by a variety of smells, perfumes, paints, gasoline, bleach and yes, air fresheners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study in 200 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;migraine patients&lt;/a&gt; showed perfumes were the first most common cause when headaches are attributed to odors (75%), followed by paints (42%), gasoline (28%) and bleach (27%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16938" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T13:42:37.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20195" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20193" CreationDate="2019-10-05T13:47:33.583" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A recent study published in &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419868250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cephalalgia&lt;/a&gt; proved telemedicine is feasible in migraine care. &#xA;Fifty patients were studied, clinical outcomes were as good in telemedicine as in the in-office group. Convenience was rated higher and visit times were shorter in the telemedicine group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16938" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T13:47:33.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20197" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-05T14:15:46.657" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The hypothalamus forms part of the central autonomic network, regulating body homeostasis and controlling pain. What is its role in headaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16942" LastActivityDate="2019-10-06T13:48:52.157" Title="What’s the role of hypothalamus in headache pathophysiology?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-06-05T14:24:05.677" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20388" CreationDate="2019-10-05T14:51:04.607" Score="4" ViewCount="150" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to the CDC&lt;/a&gt;, there are reports of more than 1000 patients in the US with vaping-associated lung injuries, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/nyregion/vaping-death.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;23 deaths&lt;/a&gt; have been confirmed. The median age of deceased patients is 49.5 years, while the median age of patients overall is 23 years. The first reported death occurred in Illinois August 23rd 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do any of the following three explanations for this outbreak have factual support?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no outbreak. After the first death attributed to vaping, patients with lung disease were asked about their vaping history, whereas before they were not. This explains the rapid rise of reported cases in the last two months. There were similar cases all along, but hospitals changed the questions they asked.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vapers changed the vaping parameters after watching videos like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Syccl7rd3Lk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; (8 of the 10 most watched vaping videos on youtube are about vape tricks). During the hot summer months vaping outside, the viscosity of e-liquid was lower, introducing a second change that increased the substance intake through the inhaled aerosol.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The onset of the outbreak was so rapid that no change in products, buying behaviour or vaping behaviour could explain it because these things happen over months and years, not weeks. The cause of the outbreak was a firmware upgrade in the vaping devices that led to a change in vaping conditions resulting in harmful substances created while vaping (for example in a vape dry hit).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16873" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-10-10T14:24:16.003" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T11:15:11.587" Title="What is the cause of the vaping-related outbreak of lung injuries?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20197" CreationDate="2019-10-05T15:09:44.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Xeswn.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hypothalamic activation during migraine attack&quot;&gt;&#xA;This study shows that hypothalamus is key as the migraine attack generator.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419867280&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419867280&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16944" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T15:09:44.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9072" CreationDate="2019-10-05T15:28:09.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic criteria&lt;/a&gt; for tension-type headache, as in migraine, is a composition of symptoms and associated features, although throbbing type headache is part of the migraine criteria, it could appear in tension headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnostic criteria:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;At least 10 episodes of headache occurring on &amp;lt;1 day per month on average (&amp;lt;12 days per year) and fulfilling criteria B-D&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lasting from 30 minutes to 7 days&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At least two&lt;/strong&gt; of the following four characteristics:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;bilateral location&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;pressing or tightening (non-pulsating) quality&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mild or moderate intensity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both of the following:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no nausea or vomiting&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no more than one of photophobia or phonophobia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, having throbbing type headaches is not exclusion criteria for having tension-type headache&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16938" LastActivityDate="2019-10-05T15:28:09.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20222" CreationDate="2019-10-05T20:12:31.333" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand how to evaluate &lt;em&gt;therapeutic&lt;/em&gt; studies: basically you compare the results of two groups that were chosen randomly. One group gets the new drug, the other group gets the placebo (or the drug against which the new drug should be tested). Neither the physicians nor the patients know in which group they are (double-blind testing). You can clearly see the results and test the statistical significance (e.g. with a t-test, depending on the study design).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a problem understanding &lt;em&gt;diagnostic&lt;/em&gt; studies. My problem lies in the fact that you do not know &quot;the truth&quot;, i.e. whether a patient really has the condition which should be diagnosed. Therefore you use the so-called &quot;gold standard&quot;, i.e. the best diagnostic method so far. There is no problem when the new diagnostic method is worse than the gold standard. Yet I think there might be a problem when the new diagnostic method is &lt;em&gt;better&lt;/em&gt; than the gold standard! Why? Because the results will be &lt;em&gt;different&lt;/em&gt; which would be interpreted as &lt;em&gt;inferior&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me give you an example: Let's assume that a patient really has some form of cancer, yet the gold standard is not able to detect it. The new method is able to detect it and therefore both tests disagree. Because the gold standard is taken as the &lt;em&gt;reference&lt;/em&gt; the new method would get a minus point here... although it was right in the first place!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My questions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is my thinking correct? If yes, how do handle this problem in practice? Is there a common term for this kind of problem? If no, where lies my misunderstanding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Perhaps another (more extreme) example is in order: Let's say the gold standard has an accuracy of 50%, i.e. the toss of a coin. If you had a new method with an accuracy of 100% (so the results of this method and &quot;the truth&quot; are the same) and tested it against the gold standard this new method would get an accuracy of only 50% (i.e. the accuracy of the gold standard against &quot;the truth&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16926" LastEditorUserId="16926" LastEditDate="2019-10-06T06:29:53.440" LastActivityDate="2019-10-07T15:37:11.667" Title="How to evaluate the results of diagnostic studies: how to prove that new method is better than gold standard?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20214" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20209" CreationDate="2019-10-06T08:08:58.993" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before widespread acceptance of any new test, the former test retains its status as the &quot;gold standard&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which means that a competitor must perform better than the current gold standard over repeated and diverse tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Single isolated cases like the examples you have given do contribute to the overall data, but are also to be treated as possible 'needles in haystacks'. Numerous tests are required to eliminate anomalies, and a variety of statistical methods can be used to determine if anomalies can be viewed as exceptions to the rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, no single test will suffice. It takes a multitude of tests over a variety of patients and conditions for a procedure to be validated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-10-06T08:08:58.993" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-07T06:00:11.850" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard about the benefits of swishing with warm salt water. I have hard that it promotes oral health and keeps many oral diseases at bay. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read a lot about it on the web but all the posts are different from one another in one or the other way. I'm confused after reading them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering if someone could elaborate on it with authenticity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the question I have : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How will it benefit oral health?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-benefits-of-rinsing-my-gums-with-salt-water&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-benefits-of-rinsing-my-gums-with-salt-water&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3031" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-10-07T14:23:03.517" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T12:04:20.093" Title="How often and in what manner can one use warm water with salt for oral health?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;teeth-sensitivity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20218" CreationDate="2019-10-07T10:43:56.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Swishing with warm salt water may not help to prevent mouth disease in otherwise health individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Salt water rinse can be used as adjunct to routine mechanical plaque&#xA;  control for prevention of oral diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study participants would have experienced some improvement not&#xA;  specifically associated with the therapeutic properties of the test&#xA;  agent, but rather related to behavioral change known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hawthorne&#xA;  effect&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jisppd.com/article.asp?issn=0970-4388;year=2017;volume=35;issue=4;spage=319;epage=326;aulast=Aravinth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jisppd.com&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Swishing with warm salt water may help to prevent or cure mouth wounds in some conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) After tooth extraction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The instruction to use warm saline mouth rinse is beneficial in the&#xA;  prevention of alveolar osteitis after dental extractions. There is no&#xA;  significant difference in the efficacy of the twice-daily warm saline&#xA;  mouth rinse regimen compared to the six times daily regimen. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25909940&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) After surgery in the mouth,&lt;/strong&gt; swishing warm salt water may help prevent infections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chlorhexidine, warm salt water and warm tap water averagely produced&#xA;  the same number of colony forming units of bacteria, which shows that&#xA;  the three different mouth washes are equally effective as&#xA;  post-operative mouth rinses after oral surgery. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444729/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Maxillofac Oral Surg., 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) After chemotherapy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rinsing with a mixture of saltwater and 3% hydrogen peroxide. (The&#xA;  mixture should have 2 or 3 times the amount of saltwater than hydrogen&#xA;  peroxide.) To make the saltwater mixture, put 1/4 teaspoon of salt in&#xA;  1 cup of water. This helps clean wounds in the mouth. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65725/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PDQ Cancer&#xA;  Information Summaries, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-17T11:07:55.273" LastActivityDate="2019-12-17T11:07:55.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20221" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4694" CreationDate="2019-10-07T14:22:59.163" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A quick way to know if a certain treatment method is supported by scientific evidence without asking a physician is to check some free and easy-to-read &lt;strong&gt;evidence-based medical articles&lt;/strong&gt; on sites like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;American Family Physician&lt;/strong&gt; has articles about many diseases, for example, about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0401/p455.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;management and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;; you can see the tables with estimations of strength of evidence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Centers of Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/strong&gt; has up-to-date articles, mainly about infections, for example, about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/keyfacts.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu vaccines&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nccih.nih.gov/health/atoz.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; provides evidence about alternative treatments, acupuncture, herbs, allergies, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/strong&gt; has articles about &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/herb_All.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;natural medicines (herbs and supplements)&lt;/a&gt;; data are from &lt;em&gt;Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cochrane&lt;/strong&gt; has thorough summarized reviews, mainly about treatments, for example, about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD011523/UPPERGI_medical-or-operative-treatment-ulcers-stomach-and-upper-small-intestine-resistant-medical-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;treatment of resistant peptic ulcers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paid evidence-based articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UpToDate&lt;/strong&gt; covers many topics, mainly for clinicians, for example about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diuretics-and-calcium-balance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diuretics and calcium balance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ebm.bmj.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is mainly for researchers. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-07T11:07:51.623" LastActivityDate="2019-11-07T11:07:51.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20209" CreationDate="2019-10-07T15:25:48.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The accuracy of a new diagnostic test can be determined by comparing the test results with the results of a &lt;strong&gt;biopsy&lt;/strong&gt; (taking a piece of tissue), which is done at some point &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; the test, and which should reliably confirm/exclude the pathology in question.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, they tested &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29679780&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the accuracy of &quot;multi-detector CT&quot; in differentiating between gallbladder inflammation and cancer&lt;/a&gt;. They compared what the CT has shown and what the biopsy after gallbladder removal has shown. So, they did not compare the results of the new test with the &quot;gold standard test&quot; but with the cases of cancer they proved later by biopsy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They use the mentioned process not only to evaluate the accuracy of new tests but also to evaluate the results of the existing tests. For example, they try to determine if a certain &quot;shadow&quot; in the ultrasound image speaks for gallstones or cancer (which they can see after gallbladder removal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-07T15:37:11.667" LastActivityDate="2019-10-07T15:37:11.667" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20228" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20229" CreationDate="2019-10-09T07:04:08.407" Score="0" ViewCount="202" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I've been reading about fruits to be consumed when you have high level of uric acid in blood. One thing I found contradicting is most of the reputed websites mention Apple is good to lower uric acid and they also mention Fructose rich food should be avoided. I just googled and found that Apple is rich in fructose, then is it good for people with high uric acid?&#xA;Can anyone shed some light onto it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few references where I found Apple helps in managing Uric acid and gout.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/20-foods-to-keep-your-uric-acid-at-normal-levels/articleshow/20585546.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/20-foods-to-keep-your-uric-acid-at-normal-levels/articleshow/20585546.cms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/533102-apples-gout/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livestrong.com/article/533102-apples-gout/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16963" LastEditorUserId="16963" LastEditDate="2019-10-09T07:25:02.307" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T09:16:58.613" Title="Apple(Fructose) and Uric Acid" Tags="&lt;fructose&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-10-09T15:22:39.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20228" CreationDate="2019-10-09T08:17:28.110" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A medium apple (182 g) can contain ~10 grams of fructose (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) The claims that apples lower blood uric acid are not supported by evidence.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/20-foods-to-keep-your-uric-acid-at-normal-levels/articleshow/20585546.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Times of India&lt;/a&gt; says that apples, because they are high in malic acid, can lower blood uric acid and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/533102-apples-gout/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livestrong&lt;/a&gt; says that apples have this effect, because they are high in vitamin C, but neither of them provide any evidence for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Apples increase blood uric acid shortly after ingestion.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29529161&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effects of apples and apple juice on acute plasma uric acid concentration (AJCN, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;, the ingestion of apples with 26.7 g fructose in total increased blood uric acid (measured 30 minutes after ingestion).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Frequent consumption of apples have been associated with an increased risk of gout.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234536/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men (BMJ, 2008)&lt;/a&gt; found an association, but not a direct cause-effect relationships, between high apple consumption and gout:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other major contributors to fructose intake such as total fruit juice&#xA;  or fructose rich fruits (apples and oranges) were also associated with&#xA;  a higher risk of gout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Moderate fructose intake does not increase uric acid levels in blood and the risk of cardiovascular disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fructose Intake, Serum Uric Acid, and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Critical Review (Nutrients, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, a specific causal link between fructose consumption,&#xA;  hyperuricemia, and CVD has not yet been established. There is an&#xA;  association between UA and established cardiovascular risk factors,&#xA;  and there is a limit to how much population-based studies can adjust&#xA;  for confounding variables. As such, &lt;strong&gt;it is not yet possible to&#xA;  conclude that fructose intake is the main contributor to an increase&#xA;  in blood UA,&lt;/strong&gt; and that this detrimentally affects vascular health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;em&gt;hypercaloric&lt;/em&gt; supplementation of control diets with &lt;strong&gt;fructose (+35%&#xA;  excess energy) at extreme doses (213–219 g/day)&lt;/strong&gt; significantly&#xA;  increased serum UA compared with the control diets alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5) Fructose intake that does not contribute to excessive calorie intake does not increase the risk of gout.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327749/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effects of Fructose Intake on Serum Uric Acid Vary among Controlled Dietary Trials (The Journal of Nutrition, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These analyses do not support a uric acid-increasing effect of&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;isocaloric&lt;/em&gt; fructose intake in nondiabetic and diabetic participants.&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;Hypercaloric&lt;/em&gt; fructose intake may, however, increase uric acid&#xA;  concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6) Fruits and gout&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/58/7/1133/5475481&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effects of fruit consumption in patients with hyperuricaemia or gout (Rheumatology, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fruits contain fructose, but not all studies suggest they increase the&#xA;  risk for gout. Several reasons appear to account for this, including&#xA;  the relatively small amount of fructose in an individual fruit and the&#xA;  association with substances in fruits that slow absorption (e.g.&#xA;  fibre), stimulate excretion (vitamin C) or block fructose metabolic&#xA;  effects (epicatechin)...In addition, people&#xA;  who ingest high amounts of fruit are often reducing their intake of&#xA;  refined sugars, so that overall fructose intake may be low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; apples do not decrease but increase the levels of uric acid in blood, but an apple or two a day (10-20 g fructose) is unlikely to increase the risk of gout or other conditions related to blood uric acid levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-09T09:16:58.613" LastActivityDate="2019-10-09T09:16:58.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20200" CreationDate="2019-10-09T15:12:15.650" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some data about possible causes of vaping-related lung damage, the type of the damage and symptoms, but not about the changes in medical history questionnaires, vaping habits or e-cigarette firmware.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most commonly associated substances were THC and nicotine containing oils. Most of the investigated samples contained very high amounts of vitamin E.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EVIDENCE:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing oils&lt;/strong&gt; (not smoking or vaping plant matter):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6839e2.htm?s_cid=mm6839e2_w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;E-cigarette Product Use, or Vaping, Among Persons with Associated Lung Injury — Illinois and Wisconsin, April–September 2019 (CDC.gov, October 4th, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, 75 (87%) of 86 interviewed patients reported using&#xA;e-cigarette products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and 61&#xA;(71%) reported using nicotine-containing products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BlMEv.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BlMEv.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Image: Brands of tetrahydrocannabinol and nicotine products reported by patients with lung damage&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/vaping-associated-lung-injury-may-be-caused-by-toxic-chemical-fumes-study-fines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic, October 2nd, 2019&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the patients (17) had vaped, and 71% had vaped with marijuana&#xA;or cannabis oils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin E acetate:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2019/2019-09-05_vaping.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York State Department of Health Announces Update on Investigation into Vaping-Associated Pulmonary Illnesses (September, 5th, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laboratory test results showed very high levels of vitamin E&#xA;acetate in nearly all cannabis-containing samples analyzed by the&#xA;Wadsworth Center as part of this investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-takes-aggressive-action-protect-new-yorkers-harmful-and-addictive-vaping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;governor.ny.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...The Wadsworth Center has obtained samples of thickeners from these&#xA;three companies and determined that they are nearly pure vitamin E&#xA;acetate oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, they have found vitamin E acetate in the actual vaping liquids used by the patients and in the thickening agents sold by 3 commercial suppliers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chemical injury of the lungs:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/vaping-associated-lung-injury-may-be-caused-by-toxic-chemical-fumes-study-fines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic, October 2nd, 2019&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it seems to be some kind of direct chemical injury, similar to&#xA;what one might see with exposures to toxic chemical fumes, poisonous&#xA;gases and toxic agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researchers found no evidence of tissue injury caused by accumulation&#xA;of lipids — fatty substances such as mineral oils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We were not surprised by what we found, regarding toxicity,&amp;quot; says Dr.&#xA;Larsen, senior author of the study. &amp;quot;We have seen a handful of cases,&#xA;scattered individual cases, over the past two years where we've&#xA;observed the same thing, and now we are seeing a sudden spike in&#xA;cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Symptoms:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0821-cdc-fda-states-e-cigarettes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov, October, 3rd, 2019&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients in this investigation have reported symptoms such as: cough,&#xA;shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue,&#xA;fever, or abdominal pain that have developed over few days to several&#xA;weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lung infection does not appear to be causing the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; the cause of vaping-related lung damage is still not known; the only &lt;em&gt;unusual&lt;/em&gt; thing they've found so far are high amounts of vitamin E acetate in vaping liquids that probably came from thickening agents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-10-11T13:59:52.687" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-10T08:03:02.777" Score="4" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I said cold weather makes the blood not flow as well in the body, I would get the refutation that human body has a constant temperature in warm or cold weather, possibly at 36.7°C (or 37°C), because humans are warm blooded animals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in the winter, more people have heart attack and studies have showed that the day after the first snowfall of the year, there are much more heart attacks happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Updated: I can't find the article any more. It said snow shoveling can cause heart attack, but in places where people don't need to shovel snow, the heart attack rate is also higher when it becomes cold.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this be explained with the refutation that &quot;human body has a constant temperature in warm or cold weather&quot; and therefore cold weather should not be the issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we do not consider the issue related to holiday stress or holiday social activities, it seems like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehealthy.com/heart-disease/heart-attack-risk-in-winter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some articles indicated it is due to blood vessel constricting in cold weather, causing blood more difficult to reach vital organs in the body&lt;/a&gt;. There is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/heart-attack/living-with/heres-how-cold-weather-can-trigger-heart-attack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one article that is medically reviewed&lt;/a&gt;. Is this the primary cause?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1464" LastEditorUserId="1464" LastEditDate="2019-10-11T17:03:12.480" LastActivityDate="2019-10-14T15:40:36.600" Title="How does cold weather affect blood flow, heart beat, and heart attack?" Tags="&lt;heart-attack&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20239" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20243" CreationDate="2019-10-10T10:46:53.217" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm learning about hypersensitivities and it seems to me that all type 2 hypersensitivities are autoimmune diseases; also all examples of type 2 hypersensitivity I've heard so far are also classified as autoimmune diseases (Grave's disease, Myasthenia gravis etc.). However, couldn't find any explicit mention that all type 2 hypersensitivities are autoimmune diseases. Is my assumption correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16974" LastActivityDate="2019-10-13T09:02:56.420" Title="Are type 2 hypersensitivities autoimmune diseases?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-10T10:51:56.600" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who work on computer and smartphone during most hours of the day are prone to impacts of the light of these screens. I have read about the negative effects of the light from screen. So I was wondering if we have to technology that can protect the eyes from the damage these screen pose to the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any specific types of glasses or anything else that can help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/qa/can-staring-at-a-computer-screen-for-too-long-damage-my-eyes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/qa/can-staring-at-a-computer-screen-for-too-long-damage-my-eyes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3031" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2019-10-16T19:49:35.543" LastActivityDate="2019-10-16T20:44:12.567" Title="Is there a way to protect eyes from negative effects of computer and mobile screen?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-10-16T20:44:52.057" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20239" CreationDate="2019-10-10T14:31:19.100" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, not all type II Hypersensitivities are autoimmune diseases.&#xA;Example: blood transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, are also type 2.. but these are not autoimmune.&#xA;Type 2 indicates reaction between antigen and antibodies..&#xA;Auto-immune means antibody acting against own body cells..&#xA;That's why all type 2 is not autoimmune..&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16978" LastEditorUserId="16978" LastEditDate="2019-10-13T09:02:56.420" LastActivityDate="2019-10-13T09:02:56.420" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20248" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-11T16:24:45.060" Score="1" ViewCount="560" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many non-scientific claims that cissus quadrangularis help heal a tendinopathy. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.resonatenutrition.com/cissus_quadrangulairs_joint_repair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.resonatenutrition.com/cissus_quadrangulairs_joint_repair.html&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20191011162524/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.resonatenutrition.com/cissus_quadrangulairs_joint_repair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Today Cissus Quadrangularis is attracting a lot of attention and is used as a supplement in the fitness industry to aid bone recovery and improve body composition (i.e. reduce body fat). It has shown fantastic results for those suffering from joint pain including arthritis, inflammation and Osteoarthritis and many of our clients have found great imrovements in regards to accelerating tendon repair. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does cissus quadrangularis help prevent or heal a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T20:20:39.530" Title="Does cissus quadrangularis help prevent or heal a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20236" CreationDate="2019-10-11T17:44:01.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The common consensus seems to be that in cold weather the heart must work harder to maintain the body temperature, and that the arteries contract to save energy, which leads to an increased rate of heart attacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'In discussing the weather-heart attack connection, study leader David Erlinge, a professor of cardiology, said cold and windy weather “leads to a contraction of blood vessels in the skin to conserve energy,” which increases the workload of the heart.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/heart/does-cold-weather-cause-heart-attacks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/heart/does-cold-weather-cause-heart-attacks/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A comprehensive study has been conducted on the link between the weather and heart attacks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'We’ve long known that heart attacks are more likely to occur during cold weather. The latest news about this comes from a large study in Sweden that examined every one of the 274,029 heart attacks that occurred in that country between 1998 and 2013 and correlated each one with weather data. This was the most comprehensive study ever performed on weather and heart attacks. The researchers, from Lund University, reported that low temperatures were most strongly associated with the incidence of heart attacks, although they also looked at the effects of other weather factors including the atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, and duration of sunshine on each day of the 16-year study. They reported that heart attack rates were highest in the north of Sweden, which is colder, snowier and windier than other areas. The team also looked at air pollution as a possible risk factor, collecting data on it in Sweden’s three major cities for every day of the study’s duration. They found no evidence that pollution influenced the weather-related findings.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the paper referenced:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2706610&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Erlinge et al, “Association of Weather with Day-to-Day Incidence of Myocardial Infarction A SWEDEHEART Nationwide Observational Study.” JAMA Cardiology, October 24, 2018, doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.3466&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A synopsis of the above paper is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hcpfeed.com/2018/10/31/association-of-weather-with-day-to-day-incidence-of-myocardial-infarction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hcpfeed.com/2018/10/31/association-of-weather-with-day-to-day-incidence-of-myocardial-infarction/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 274 029 patients, mean (SD) age was 71.7 (12) years. Incidence of MI increased with lower air temperature, lower atmospheric air pressure, higher wind velocity, and shorter sunshine duration. The most pronounced association was observed for air temperature, where a 1-SD increase in air temperature (7.4°C) was associated with a 2.8% reduction in risk of MI (unadjusted incidence ratio, 0.972; 95% CI, 0.967-0.977; P &amp;lt;.001). Results were consistent for non–ST-elevation MI as well as ST-elevation MI and across a large range of subgroups and health care regions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-10-12T10:07:33.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-11T19:21:04.307" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, I am relatively new to research (though I do know the gist of it all but doing it is a bit different than knowing.) in an institute that focuses on research much later, however, I wish to start at least writing a medical stand-alone literature review. I do know it isn't as celebrated as a study-research paper, however, being an independent medical student, with close to no funds, does not allow much liberty, thus to slitter into the research world, this is my baby step. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum number of references, should one review have?*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the minimum word limit to literature review?*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other aspects, I should keep in mind before approaching it? Like what are the common mistakes that beginners tend to make when writing a literature review?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I know it varies from paper to paper but what is the general consensus on the minimum number that is appreciated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To put it simply, the general idea of the research is that a certain environmental factor is further contributing to stunted growth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could help me out that would be amazing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16986" LastEditorUserId="16986" LastEditDate="2019-10-17T18:16:38.877" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T18:16:38.877" Title="How to go about medical literature review?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-12T10:10:08.927" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;The coffee and alcohol are not recommended for people who have mononucleosis.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But what about tea. More concretely, how about &lt;strong&gt;green tea&lt;/strong&gt;? Are there any recommendations about that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9507" LastActivityDate="2019-10-12T10:10:08.927" Title="Is it ok to drink green tea when having mononucleosis?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;tea&gt;&lt;mononucleosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-10-12T14:56:58.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20253" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20236" CreationDate="2019-10-12T18:25:59.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vascular resistance in the skin is very closely related to temperature of both outside and body core. Vascular resistance in other body organs is not related to outside temp and the body core temp (37C IS correct) does not change much in absence of disease. &#xA;  Studies mentioned above do not imply a cause, only a statistical relationship. Lots of things change when weather gets cold. People cut firewood. Shovel snow. Stay inside and get respiratory diseases. Drink more alcohol. So since these correlational studies don't explain or connect to a cause, you can make up whatever link you want. Maintaining body temperature being hard on the heart doesn't make sense, because core temp is not regulated by the heart, and generating heat is not particularly burdensome to the heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16991" LastActivityDate="2019-10-12T18:25:59.383" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20236" CreationDate="2019-10-14T09:38:42.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is how exposure to cold can result in heart attack:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cold triggers the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which results in constriction of blood vessels in the skin and thus in an &lt;strong&gt;increase of blood pressure.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The heart needs to work harder to pump blood against the increased blood pressure, so it &lt;strong&gt;uses more oxygen.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In individuals with coronary atherosclerosis, the limited blood flow may not be able to deliver enough oxygen to meet increased heart oxygen demand, which results in pain (angina pectoris) or in &lt;strong&gt;ischemic damage of the heart muscle (myocardial infarction).&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study below has shown that the described mechanism is harmful only for &quot;cold-intolerant&quot; patients with prolonged high blood pressure response, while in &quot;cold-tolerant&quot; patients, the heart rate can quickly decrease and thus normalize the blood pressure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0735109794907471?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanisms of cold intolerances in patients with angina (Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1994)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Seven cold-intolerant and seven cold-tolerant patients with angina&#xA;  underwent exercise treadmill testing at 6 and 25 °C with measurement&#xA;  of catecholamines. Baroreceptor function was assessed by the decrease&#xA;  in systolic blood pressure after patients stood up from the supine&#xA;  position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Norepinephrine levels increased by 139% in the cold environment,&lt;/strong&gt; but there were no differences between cold-intolerant and&#xA;  cold-tolerant patients. Consequently, &lt;strong&gt;blood pressure was higher in&#xA;  the cold environment&lt;/strong&gt; in all patients, but the heart rate was&#xA;  similar. However, cold-intolerant patients had a steeper heart rate&#xA;  response in the cold and developed ischemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exposure to cold causes an increase in blood pressure with an&#xA;  associated increase in myocardial oxygen demand in all patients. In&#xA;  cold-tolerant patients, this increase may be offset by a reduction in&#xA;  heart rate if baroreceptor function is normal. If baroceptor function&#xA;  is abnormal, heart rate may not decrease in response to a cold-induced&#xA;  increased in pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; exposure to cold can cause heart attack because of increased blood pressure, not thermogenesis. It's unlikely that cold exposure, as expected in everyday environment, would cause heart attack in otherwise healthy individuals, and even in those with coronary atherosclerosis it would more likely cause pain (angina pectoris) rather than the actual heart attack (myocardial infarction).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-14T15:40:36.600" LastActivityDate="2019-10-14T15:40:36.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-14T16:36:13.703" Score="5" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;In trying to find information about available telemedicine skin cancer screening services, I've noticed that many telemedicine services are only available to a specific region.  They service a few large cities in the USA or a handful of states or they are available to people in the UK and nowhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume there is no real technological reason to limit the availability of many of these services (eg it's negligibly harder to transmit images for dermatology screening services from a location in the USA to the UK compared to sending it between two locations in the USA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this assumption is valid, what is the reason to limit the availability of these services based on geography?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16996" LastActivityDate="2019-10-14T19:37:18.660" Title="Why are telemedicine services regional?" Tags="&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20264" CreationDate="2019-10-14T19:37:18.660" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Telemedicine is still health care; health care is highly regulated, and regulations and licensing vary on a country-by-country and state-by-state basis (and perhaps to more local levels, as well). A doctor licensed to practice in, say, the UK, can't practice medicine in the US without getting a license to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the restrictions may be bypassed in the future by legislation that accounts for the potential of long-distance care, but on the other hand there may be significant safety concerns that are good reason to maintain the status quo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what the best sources are to explain this, so I'll just quote &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telehealth#In_policy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Restrictive licensure laws in the United States require a practitioner to obtain a full license to deliver telemedicine care across state lines. Typically, states with restrictive licensure laws also have several exceptions (varying from state to state) that may release an out-of-state practitioner from the additional burden of obtaining such a license. A number of states require practitioners who seek compensation to frequently deliver interstate care to acquire a full license.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specific and widely reaching laws, legislations and regulations will have to evolve with the technology. They will have to be fully agreed upon, for example, will all clinicians need full licensing in every community they provide telehealth services too, or could there be a limited use telehealth licence? Would the limited use licence cover all potential telehealth interventions, or only some? Who would be responsible if an emergency was occurring and the practitioner could not provide immediate help – would someone else have to be in the room with the patient at all consult times? Which state, city or country would the law apply in when a breach or malpractice occurred? [99][122]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A major legal action prompt in telehealth thus far has been issues surrounding online prescribing and whether an appropriate clinician-patient relationship can be established online to make prescribing safe, making this an area that requires particular scrutiny.[98] It may be required that the practitioner and patient involved must meet in person at least once before online prescribing can occur, or that at least a live-video conference must occur, not just impersonal questionnaires or surveys to determine need.[123]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-10-14T19:37:18.660" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-15T05:38:02.167" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.postimg.cc/QdC5SkL2/Untitled-1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Mystery equipment&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are these instruments? I found them together in a stainless steel box that seems designed for sterilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The top left instrument works like a hole punch, it can cut oval-shaped holes out of paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other thing has exchangeable tips. In each tip a blade can be inserted. It is not a typical cutting blade, not sharpened on the side. It looks intended more for piercing than cutting. The handle is spring-loaded inside, allowing the blade to be pushed in. On top of the handle there is a screw which limits how far you can push the spring. I have no idea what the lever on the side of the handle is supposed to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked a few friends who are doctors or medicine students but they did not know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17005" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-10-16T00:07:36.557" LastActivityDate="2019-10-16T00:07:36.557" Title="What are these instruments?" Tags="&lt;instruments&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20270" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-15T06:38:04.810" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Usually I make dishes by adding a &lt;strong&gt;tablespoon of olive oil&lt;/strong&gt; to the meat or vegetables and just have them for some time on a &lt;strong&gt;teflon pan&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that &lt;strong&gt;frying&lt;/strong&gt; is done on &lt;strong&gt;high temperatures&lt;/strong&gt; and results in lots of &lt;strong&gt;carcinogens&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But now I've read that &lt;strong&gt;olive oil's burnpoint is lower&lt;/strong&gt; than sunflower's. Around &lt;strong&gt;180 Celsius&lt;/strong&gt; based on the refinedness. And at that point carcinogens arise as well, and this makes olive oil more unhealthy for &quot;warm&quot; cooking than sunflower oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that even the cooking I described above should be avoided with olive oil? Or just frying?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11123" LastActivityDate="2019-10-15T06:38:04.810" Title="What is the current standpoint on cooking with olive oil?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;&lt;cooking&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20274" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-16T02:03:34.520" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a single or repeated light hit to the head that is mild enough to not shake the head but is followed by a mild headache or dizziness cause brain damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the brain need to hit the skull to be damaged? Is it possible to estimate when the symptoms are just sensations and when they speak for brain damage? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17008" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-16T14:35:09.760" LastActivityDate="2019-10-16T14:35:09.760" Title="Can repeated light hits to the head cause brain damage?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-16T02:12:55.363" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nurses and health practitioners will tell you to wear a condom to prevent contracting an STD/STI, and will supplement this with &quot;diseases and infections can be transmitted through bodily fluids which come in contact with cuts and wounds&quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how does the virus enter the body? which specific parts of the body/organs come into play? Is there a specific part of the penis/vagina where the skin allows the virus to permeate or does it go through the urethra Where does the virus originate from and how does it reach its end destination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17009" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-10-17T10:39:39.960" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T10:39:39.960" Title="How do STIs and STDs physically enter the body?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sti&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20279" CreationDate="2019-10-16T07:32:20.107" Score="4" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between the use of «citrate» and «EDTA» as an anticoagulant in medicine (I know that each one is used for some dosages but not the other, but I need to know why)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16752" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T14:23:04.430" Title="Citrate vs EDTA" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;biological-parameter&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20277" CreationDate="2019-10-17T14:23:04.430" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not familiar with using citrate or EDTA as an anticoagulant in medical care (i.e. as a drug). However, it is often used in blood sampling tubes so that the blood sample does not clot. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As to their difference, EDTA works irreversibly while citrate is reversible. EDTA is used more often most notably to get the complete blood count. Citrate is mostly used to assess the bloods ability to clot (by reversing the anticoagulation). In rare cases we need to use citrate tubes to assess platelet numbers since EDTA makes the platelets cling together, this is called EDTA agglutination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the mechanisms behind the anticoagulation, EDTA irreversibly binds calcium ions which are essential for many enzymes in the coagulation cascade. Citrate also binds calcium ions but also seems to affect other parts of the coagulation cascade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Banfi et. al. (2007)The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes. &lt;em&gt;Clin Chem &amp;amp; Lab Med&lt;/em&gt;; 45(5): p565-76&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mann et. al. (2007) Citrate anticoagulation and the dynamics of thrombin generation.&lt;em&gt;J ThrombHaemost&lt;/em&gt;;5: 2055–61&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8027" LastActivityDate="2019-10-17T14:23:04.430" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20281" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20292" CreationDate="2019-10-18T18:59:36.103" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;The internet has all sorts of information on heavy alcohol use ( it is bad). But I am wondering about a couple drinks , that is a total of 25 ml of ethanol.There is some information that it dilates blood vessels that would lower blood pressure but nothing specific. For an old( 80 +) male in relatively good health taking no routine prescription meds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastEditorUserId="9688" LastEditDate="2019-10-19T21:56:40.303" LastActivityDate="2019-10-21T17:17:57.227" Title="What affect does a small amount of alcohol have on blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-18T23:20:27.133" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any blood or other tests that can reveal the immune status of people who have frequent infections but do not seem to have any genetic immunodeficiency disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology-allergic-disorders/immunodeficiency-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-suspected-immunodeficiency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck Manuals&lt;/a&gt; mentions many immune tests, including blood cell and immunoglobulin  tests, but what could be a simple set of tests to check immune status in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1399" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-23T17:34:24.953" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T09:09:52.890" Title="Are there any &quot;markers of low immunity&quot; in people without any genetic immune disease?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20284" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-19T05:34:11.500" Score="6" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is an estimation of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR, number of mother death per 100000 births) without professional healthcare? In other words, how often women die during childbirth in some wild tribes which do not use modern healthcare at all and give birth at home? Or for example what was the MMR in the past, when women all gave births at home without or with poor medical assistance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking, because I stumbled upon an estimation, which I do not believe to be correct in a book. The estimation was that one of 8 women would die during childbirth without medical assistance. The book is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/48332365-brain-rules-for-baby-updated-and-expanded&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Brain Rules for Baby&quot; by John Medina&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2390" LastEditorUserId="2390" LastEditDate="2019-10-19T07:18:10.907" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T01:05:17.153" Title="Maternal Mortality Ratio without healthcare" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20295" CreationDate="2019-10-19T15:03:46.517" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;em&gt;thoughts&lt;/em&gt; that Wrist blood pressure monitors like the one shown below are less accurate than Upper Arm ones. Also, one of the respectable site &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/wrist-blood-pressure-monitors/faq-20057802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentions&lt;/a&gt; same with reasonable arguments. Is that generally acceptable opinion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/647b1.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/647b1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7459" LastEditorUserId="2445" LastEditDate="2019-10-22T03:19:39.163" LastActivityDate="2019-10-22T05:26:32.487" Title="Are &quot;Wrist&quot; blood pressure monitors less accurate then Upper arm?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-20T06:33:03.350" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The patient has Microscopic subinguinal varicocelectomy (or Marmar operation), which resulted in hydrocele&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During Marmar operation the veins vere dissected (probably with lymphatic cords)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How this resulted to hydrocele? If I understand correctly the fluid comes from abdomen because processus vaginalis is reopened again, but how and why it reopened? Is it linked to damaged lymphatic cords?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.clevelandclinic.org/healthinfo/ShowImage.ashx?PIC=4287&amp;amp;width=300&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17026" LastActivityDate="2019-10-22T00:09:30.637" Title="How hydrocele can appear after varicocelectomy? What is hydrocele?" Tags="&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20284" CreationDate="2019-10-20T09:47:55.390" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe the answer is somewhere between 0.5% and 1% (about 500-1000 deaths per 100000 births). Below is the list of the sources I reviewed. Some sources provide higher estimates, but those should be attributed to unsanitary conditions in hospitals in the past (in the past births in a hospital were more dangerous than at home, because of contamination by the doctors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chamberlain Geoffrey. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British maternal mortality in the 19th and early 20th centuries.&lt;/a&gt; J. R. Soc. Med. 2006;99:559–563.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loudon I. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3511335&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935&lt;/a&gt;. Med Hist. 1986 Jan;30(1):1-41.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Loudon I. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807776/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis' studies of death in childbirth&lt;/a&gt;. J R Soc Med. 2013 Nov; 106(11): 461–463; doi: 10.1177/0141076813507844; PMCID: PMC3807776; PMID: 24158918&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie (2019) - &quot;Maternal Mortality&quot;. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: '&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality&lt;/a&gt;' [Online Resource]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2390" LastActivityDate="2019-10-20T09:47:55.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20291" CreationDate="2019-10-20T21:01:40.070" Score="2" ViewCount="206" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard today from a doctor that the MOA for most drugs is actually 'unknown'! Wow, can this be true? I skimmed thru a pharmacology book, it looked pretty convincing but ultimately but didn't state any percentages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is how much (%) of commercially available medical drugs have a known MOA? And I mean really known to the deepest level, without any doubt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks,&#xA;pom&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17027" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T07:58:16.287" Title="&quot;Mechanism of Action&quot; (MOA) of medical drugs" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;fda&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20290" CreationDate="2019-10-21T09:49:19.990" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of Action (MOA)&lt;/a&gt; refers to the effects of a drug on a molecular level (receptors, chemical reactions) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mode of Action (MoA)&lt;/a&gt; to the effects on a functional or tissue level, which are more observable. So, actually, in most cases, we know how a drug works, because we can see its effects, but we may not know &quot;how exactly&quot; it works.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_unknown_mechanisms_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; has a short list (far from complete) of 67 drugs with unknown mechanisms of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/unearth/q?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;amp;searcher=drugs&amp;amp;query=%22mechanism%20of%20action%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DrugBank&lt;/a&gt;, you can see that &lt;em&gt;mechanism&lt;/em&gt; of action for many drugs, including some very well known, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01050&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ibuprofen&lt;/a&gt;, is &quot;not known&quot; or &quot;not completely understood,&quot; etc. Despite that, the main &lt;em&gt;effects&lt;/em&gt; of the approved drugs are known otherwise there would be no good reason to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if the data about &quot;mechanism of action&quot; or &quot;pharmacological action&quot; are presented in detail on sites, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugbank.ca/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DrugBank&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DailyMed&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/script/main/hp.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RxList&lt;/a&gt;, you can't really search them in the way to find a &quot;percent&quot; of drugs with known or unknown mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-24T07:58:16.287" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T07:58:16.287" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20281" CreationDate="2019-10-21T12:28:33.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; moderate alcohol consumption (up to 2 drinks/day for males) does not seem to be associated with significant changes in blood pressure. Acute alcohol intake dilates the arteries in the skin, which suggests that it could lower blood pressure, but because of the compensatory mechanisms, such as an increase of heart rate, the blood pressure can actually rise a bit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752957&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Am J of Hypert&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5513687/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol’s Effects on the Cardiovascular System (Alcohol Research, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In healthy adults, consuming &lt;strong&gt;low-to-moderate amounts of alcohol each&#xA;  day typically has no short-term (i.e., acute) or substantial impact on&#xA;  hemodynamics or blood pressure (BP).&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29253389&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Lancet, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In people who drank two or fewer drinks per day, &lt;strong&gt;a reduction in&#xA;  alcohol was not associated with a significant reduction in blood&#xA;  pressure.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752957&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Systematic review of the effect of daily alcohol intake on blood pressure (American Journal of Hypertension, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The review demonstrated a significant &lt;strong&gt;rise in systolic blood&#xA;  pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) of 2.7 mm and 1.4 mm Hg,&#xA;  respectively, after alcohol intake.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above review, the term &quot;significant&quot; is a statistical term, but to me, 1.4-2.7 mm Hg rise of blood pressure does not sound like &quot;a lot.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/PDFs/Appendix-E-2.26.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is strong and consistent evidence that in healthy adults&#xA;  increased adherence to dietary patterns scoring high in fruits...and&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;moderate in alcohol is associated with decreased risk of fatal and&#xA;  non-fatal cardiovascular diseases,&lt;/strong&gt; including coronary heart disease&#xA;  and stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above guidelines suggest that moderate alcohol consumption is not typically harmful for the circulatory system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-21T17:17:57.227" LastActivityDate="2019-10-21T17:17:57.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20293" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20296" CreationDate="2019-10-21T20:34:34.670" Score="3" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the heart is a pump. The systolic (SYS) one is when it pumps, the diastolic (DIA) one is when it fills with blood again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I think the following holds:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SYS of 140 mmHg or more =&gt; high blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DIA of 90 mmHg or more =&gt; high blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SYS of 90 mmHg or lower =&gt; low blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;DIA of 60 mmHg or lower =&gt; low blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this simple rule-set would mean that you could have high and low blood pressure at the same time (I'm not sure if it works from the physics, but it does from the mathematics). For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SYS of 140 mmHg and DIA of 60 mmHg&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I wonder: Is the difference SYS-DIA of significance? What would it mean to have&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SYS of 100 and DIA of 80&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SYS of 135 and DIA of 65&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-10-22T21:41:30.377" LastActivityDate="2019-10-23T10:15:30.990" Title="Can one have high and low blood pressure at the same time?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20288" CreationDate="2019-10-22T00:09:30.637" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your guess seems to be correct. Iatrogenic lymphatic leakage should be the reason for hydrocele after Marmar operation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5583050/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hydrocele following varicocelectomy is the result of inadvertent ligation of efferent lymphatics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16296" LastActivityDate="2019-10-22T00:09:30.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20286" CreationDate="2019-10-22T03:45:35.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes, they are less accurate.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mayo Clinic is generally held to be a credible source and in the link you provided they have this to say about wrist monitors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some wrist blood pressure monitors may be accurate if used exactly as&#xA;  directed. However, the American Heart Association recommends using a&#xA;  home blood pressure monitor that measures blood pressure in your upper&#xA;  arm and not using wrist or finger blood pressure monitors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrist blood pressure monitors are extremely sensitive to body&#xA;  position. To get an accurate reading when taking your blood pressure&#xA;  with a wrist monitor, your arm and wrist must be at heart level. Even&#xA;  then, blood pressure measurements taken at the wrist are usually&#xA;  higher and less accurate than those taken at your upper arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The American Heart Association recommends an automatic, cuff-style,&#xA;  bicep (upper-arm) monitor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wrist and finger monitors are not recommended because they yield less&#xA;  reliable readings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think those two sources are more than enough to answer the question, but I'll add this as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;third source&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The use of wrist devices for home self-measurement, therefore, leads&#xA;  to frequent detection of falsely elevated blood pressure values likely&#xA;  because of a poor memory and rendition of the instructions, leading to&#xA;  the wrong position of the wrist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12674&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fourth&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, radial systolic BP is not representative of brachial&#xA;  systolic BP, with most participants having a radial systolic BP &gt;5&#xA;  mm Hg higher than brachial and many with differences &gt;15 mm Hg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-10-22T05:26:32.487" LastActivityDate="2019-10-22T05:26:32.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20293" CreationDate="2019-10-22T08:41:54.103" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unusual differences between systolic and diastolic pressure may speak for an underlying condition and may be a risk factor for further complications, but can be sometimes normal, for example, in some athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Systolic pressure &gt;140 and diastolic pressure &amp;lt;90 is called &lt;strong&gt;isolated systolic hypertension&lt;/strong&gt;, which can result from peripheral artery disease, heart valve problems, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(16)30919-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The American Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diastolic pressure &gt;90 and systolic pressure &amp;lt;140 is called &lt;strong&gt;isolated diastolic hypertension,&lt;/strong&gt; which usually results from the hardening of aorta in elderly (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390027/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypertension&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diastolic pressure &amp;lt;60 and systolic pressure &gt;100 is called &lt;strong&gt;isolated diastolic hypotension,&lt;/strong&gt; which is usually associated with artery hardening in elderly (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390027/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypertension&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal diastolic and low systolic pressure is called &lt;strong&gt;isolated systolic hypotension,&lt;/strong&gt; which could result from left heart ventricle failure (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=gTtiDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA441&amp;amp;lpg=PA441&amp;amp;dq=%22isolated+systolic+hypotension%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=6geZUDqbzT&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U0ZsJQZqGorQSDzn5J0vRfwX8AAkA&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjnnP_Pwa_lAhURdBQKHc-bCjUQ6AEwBnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22isolated%20systolic%20hypotension%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hemodynamics and Cardiology&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blood pressure changes after exercise:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In healthy individuals, shortly after exercise, both systolic and diastolic pressure tend to &lt;em&gt;drop by about the same extent,&lt;/em&gt; as described in the study &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0100-879X1998001000003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Post-exercise changes in blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product at different exercise intensities in normotensive humans (SciELO)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most studies dealing with post-exercise blood pressure responses have&#xA;  demonstrated that &lt;em&gt;exercise reduces blood pressure during the recovery&#xA;  period.&lt;/em&gt; Nevertheless, the magnitude and the time course of blood&#xA;  pressure changes after exercise are inconsistent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yxZwn.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yxZwn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture: Systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures at baseline and after exercise &lt;em&gt;(source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.br/img/fbpe/bjmbr/v31n10/html/2964i01.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SciELO&lt;/a&gt;, Creative Commons License)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482408/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pulse Pressure (NCBI Bookshelf)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure and is normally about 40 mm Hg (120 - 80 = 40).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pulse pressure is considered &lt;strong&gt;low (narrow),&lt;/strong&gt; when it is &amp;lt;25% of systolic pressure (for example, 110 - 90 = 20). It can occur in impaired heart muscle function after myocardial infarction or in aortic valve stenosis, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pulse pressure is considered &lt;strong&gt;high (wide),&lt;/strong&gt; when it is &gt;100 mm Hg (for example, 185 - 80 = 105). It can occur in hardening of the arteries or aorta (mainly in elderly) or in aortic valve insufficiency, for example. Pulse pressure can be also increased in severe blood loss, anemia and hyperthyroidism and, not necessary as a sign of a disease, in some well trained &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00100.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;athletes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-23T10:15:30.990" LastActivityDate="2019-10-23T10:15:30.990" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20282" CreationDate="2019-10-23T16:46:43.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Low immunity with frequent infections in adults &lt;em&gt;without any &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/1115/p2001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;genetic immunodeficiency disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; can be due to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genetic predisposition (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205876/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cureus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Old age (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582124/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;J Clin Invest&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive stress (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychol Bull&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smoking (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352117/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oncotarget&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive alcohol drinking (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590612/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol Research&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chronic conditions, such as malnutrition, low stomach acid, diabetes, kidney or liver disease, anemia, connective tissue disease, AIDS, cancer, etc. and anatomical abnormalities in the upper respiratory or gastrointestinal tract (&lt;a href=&quot;https://arupconsult.com/sites/default/files/Immunodeficiency_Evaluation_for_Chronic_Infections_in_Adults_and_Older_Children_Testing_Algorithm.pdf?_ga=2.69617296.1424623282.1571830067-1116133022.1571830067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ArupConsult&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Long term treatment with medications, such as steroids (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/infections/immune-system.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If suspected,&lt;/em&gt; chronic conditions need to be ruled out by relevant blood tests (complete blood count, vitamins, minerals, glucose, protein, liver panel, kidney tests, tumor markers), endoscopy, chest X-ray, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230966/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Overview of Immune Assessment Tests, Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (NCBI Bookshelf, 1999)&lt;/a&gt;, the basic &lt;strong&gt;blood tests&lt;/strong&gt; to evaluate immune status include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complete blood count&lt;/strong&gt; (white and red blood cells and platelets), and specifically, lymphocytes and neutrophils &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C-reactive protein (CRP),&lt;/strong&gt; a marker of inflammation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Immunoglobulins &lt;strong&gt;IgG&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;IgM,&lt;/strong&gt; indicators of immune status in the blood and other body fluids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Immunoglobulin &lt;strong&gt;IgA,&lt;/strong&gt; an indicator of immune status of the secretions of the lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Low levels of the mentioned markers speak for low immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of a comprehensive &lt;a href=&quot;https://arupconsult.com/sites/default/files/Immunodeficiency_Evaluation_for_Chronic_Infections_in_Adults_and_Older_Children_Testing_Algorithm.pdf?_ga=2.69617296.1424623282.1571830067-1116133022.1571830067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnostic algorithm to check immune status in adults&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I strongly suggest everyone who wants to check his/her immune status to ask a specialist - &lt;strong&gt;a conventional immunologist&lt;/strong&gt; - who can judge which tests to do and properly explain them. I advise against testing by some random &quot;alternative&quot; laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-24T09:09:52.890" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T09:09:52.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20306" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20310" CreationDate="2019-10-24T12:32:28.703" Score="7" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medicine is not my field, nor do I have mesothelioma. I'm also not seeking any clinical trials or experimental treatment. However, sometimes I find myself trying my read medical papers, either out of sheer interest or if I have a serious complication. I want to stress that I don't think self-diagnosis is a good idea, I just can't help myself sometimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find that quite a few papers I get from PubMed appear to be a &quot;study of one&quot;. Consider this paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/41/6/1393/420831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/ejcts/article/41/6/1393/420831&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5728971/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5728971/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not saying this is a bad paper, I have no idea. However, I am curious as to how common and accepted this type of paper is within the field of medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one hand, I can see that for pushing the limits of surgery, or any technique, it is interesting to see what people have had success with, even if it is just one patient. On the other hand, it is just one patient. How can anything be generalized from this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a difference between treatment with medications and surgical technique? I can imagine that surgical techniques can be replicated with far more accuracy than results from medication, which are plagued by placebo and unclear method of operation (I'm making this stuff up, so please correct me).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I have no grounds of criticizing the work of either of the papers, they are just used as examples, and as mentioned, there are quite a few such papers. Indeed, if I do a search for &quot;we present a case of&quot;, I get a ton of results for actual papers that lead with this. I'm sure there are many other, similar phrases that are also used for these single study cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is simply, what does the academic medical field think of this type of paper? Can such a paper be a good paper? Is it usually considered a &quot;bad paper&quot;, when compared to a paper that has, for example, many patients that received the same treatments, where variations and complications are discussed? Is this sort of paper simply part of the cutting edge of medical science, that all results are useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12417" LastEditorUserId="17046" LastEditDate="2019-11-01T11:13:36.030" LastActivityDate="2019-11-03T00:43:49.027" Title="Is a study of one research in the field of medicine?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20306" CreationDate="2019-10-24T14:01:22.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The difference is that you are looking at a case study, versus a scientific research study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic difference is that a case study is an in depth look at a single instance of something which may not be repeatable by others, and a scientific study is a broader examination of a group with results and experiments that can be repeated by others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example: Your second study is a specific surgical intervention in a case of a man that had a recurrent tumor in a specific spot with malignant pleural mesothelioma. This is not something that is likely to be repeatable over and over by others, but it still worth examining in case it happens again. So it's written up as a case study, and presented as such.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T14:01:22.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-24T16:16:45.720" Score="0" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm turning 40 and went for my first eye test recently. They said I have nearsightedness. I work on a computer all day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They gave me three quotes for eye glasses :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Option 1: (Cheapest price)&lt;br&gt; &#xA;1.1 Single vision (standard)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1.2 SV ARC Stock&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Option 2: (Average price)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.1 Single vision (standard)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2.2 KF SV CLIMATEYES 1.56 STOCK ARC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Option 3: (Expensive)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.1 Single vision (standard)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.2 Accomodative support lens&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.3 Incredible flexi uncoated 1.5&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3.4 Blue tech&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure which option I should choose or I should wait another year ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the test results of my eye test changes every year will I have to get new eye glasses each time meaning paying again ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any advice will be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15948" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T16:16:45.720" Title="Does the use of eye glasses prevent eye disease?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20309" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20312" CreationDate="2019-10-24T16:40:55.130" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a work of fiction and want it as scientifically accurate as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, is &lt;strong&gt;racepinephrine&lt;/strong&gt; (the active ingredient in Asthmanefrin) compatible as an emergency replacement for epinephrine to combat anaphylaxis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: This question is not a personal health question nor a &#xA;question seeking health advice, it is only a theoretical question&#xA;born of a curiosity for the underlying pharmacology and&#xA;biochemistry. I have never in my life had&#xA;any kind of allergic reaction and your answer bears no effect on my&#xA;health or anyone else's health.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17042" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2019-10-25T14:00:45.067" LastActivityDate="2019-10-25T14:00:45.067" Title="Is Racemic Epinephrine Compatible as Treatment For Anaphylaxis?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20310" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20306" CreationDate="2019-10-24T17:18:40.303" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;To build off of what JohnP said, scientific evidence has a hierarchy of reliability. Some types of papers, by their very nature, are more academically rigorous and likely to lead you to the truth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Randomized controlled double-blind trials and meta-analyses are at the top of the hierarchy. These studies often have thousands of participants and are set up to produce statistically significant results. These studies form the backbone of evidence-based medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A case study, which looks at a finding or condition seen in one patient, is at the bottom of the hierarchy. It's impossible to draw true evidence-based conclusions off of this type of paper, since it essentially says &quot;here's what we saw, here's what we did, here's what happened&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, case studies should not be written off as useless. There are two primary ways that these types of studies can be helpful. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are treating a patient with an extremely rare condition or constellation of symptoms, a case study is the best guide you're going to get. If someone else did something which worked in a similar patient, that treatment may work in your patient. Many of those rare diseases will simply never have enough patients to fuel a randomized controlled trial.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If there is an emerging phenomenon that has not yet been described in the literature. 2 notable examples are HIV/AIDS and the much more recent vaping pneumonitis. Both of these conditions were first identified by case reports (or case series, which is the same thing but with a handful of patients). This brought the issue to wider attention, and once this happened many other similar reports started pouring in. This can direct more academically rigorous research in that direction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;First case series of patients with complications of AIDS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;First case series of vaping pneumonitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2019-10-24T20:07:32.157" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T20:07:32.157" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20182" CreationDate="2019-10-24T18:01:50.183" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scurvy, as you've said, is caused by a lack of vitamin C. This is an essential molecule in the construction of collagen, one of the main components of connective tissue in the body. Since many tissues contain vitamin C, it seems reasonable that eating different parts of an animal could give you enough to stave off scurvy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some problems with this, however. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Almost all of the significant sources of vitamin C are plant-based&lt;/a&gt;. Additionally &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/nov2013/Effect-Of-Heating-On-Vitamin-C-Content-Of-Some-Selected-Vegetables.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heat can quickly denature Vitamin C, reducing concentrations in cooked foods&lt;/a&gt; (this data is for vegetables; I could not find data for meat). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbc.org/content/106/2/525.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In human beings the liver, adrenals, and pancreas have the highest concentrations of vitamin C&lt;/a&gt; at about 0.15 mg/g (this concentration would presumably be lower in people with scurvy, though I could not find any evidence on this). The average &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22182984&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;human liver weighs 1500 g&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8135316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The pancreas is small (100g)&lt;/a&gt; relative to this, with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11478266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adrenals being small enough to be a rounding error&lt;/a&gt; (11g combined).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If each sailor had an average liver and pancreas with the vitamin C concentration of a person without scurvy, eating those organs raw would give you 1600*0.15= 240 mg of vitamin C. Eating them cooked would, if meat follows the same trend as vegetables, give you about half that (120 mg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/6009/chapter/4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6.5-10 mg of Vitamin C a day is enough to cure scurvy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, based on the available evidence, if each cannibalistic sailor ate a cooked liver every 2 weeks or a raw liver every month, they likely would have gotten enough vitamin C to stave off scurvy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that's the weirdest stackexchange question I've ever answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastEditorUserId="12678" LastEditDate="2019-10-27T22:13:02.180" LastActivityDate="2019-10-27T22:13:02.180" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20309" CreationDate="2019-10-24T18:19:58.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3780129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; answers that question. In it, researchers gave subjects 15 and later 30 puffs of racemic epinephrine and then measured the serum concentration of epinephrine. They later gave those same volunteers subcutaneous epinephrine at the dose commonly used to treat anaphylaxis, then again measured their serum epinephrine concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They found that 1 minute after the dose the 15 puffs caused a peak epi level of 1.50 nmol/L, 30 puffs caused a peak level of 4.2 nmol/L. These returned to baseline after 20 minutes. The subcutaneous dose caused peak levels of around 2.4 nmol/L at 10 minutes, which remained elevated at 40 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Inhaled epi can theoretically get you to high enough levels to treat anaphylaxis, but you would likely need to redose frequently as it is shorter acting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T18:19:58.580" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20313" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20248" CreationDate="2019-10-24T18:37:56.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I performed a search of PubMed and found no studies for &quot;cissus quadrangularis&quot; and &quot;tendinopathy&quot;. Looks like at this point there is no scientific evidence one way or another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T18:37:56.480" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20248" CreationDate="2019-10-24T20:20:39.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-016-9207-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moshiri et al (2017)&lt;/a&gt; talks of Cissus quadrangularis with osteoporosis and mentions Cissus quadrangularis in relation to Osteobolin-C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Osteobolin-C is claimed to aid in the repair of joint, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The compounds found in osteobolin-C allow for the rapid mobilization of fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts to the injured area, along with an increased retention of calcium, phosphorous, collagen and mucopolysaccharides. The increased calcium retention results in greater calcium uptake into these tissues, providing the injured or inflamed area with the remodeling materials needed to assemble and heal an injury in a timelier fashion. The ascorbic acid in osteobolin works synergistically with the &lt;em&gt;Cissus quadrangularis&lt;/em&gt; (C.Q.) (perennial plant of the grape family), as it converts proline to hydroxyproline (the main substance needed for the formation of collagen) which is a critical structural element in tissue remodeling. Also osteobolin-C has been suggested to demonstrate measurable anabolic/androgenic properties as well, since the compounds found in this product are known to also be antagonists to the glucocorticoid receptor [184]. &lt;em&gt;C. quadrangularis&lt;/em&gt; has been shown to be effective on both ALP (an osteoblastic marker) and TRAP (an osteoclastic marker) in upper end of femur in osteoporotic-induced rats. The biological activity of C. Q. on bone may be attributed to the phytogenic steroids present in it [184]. Also it has been shown that C. Q. can increase and enhance morphology, structure, mechanical strength and both the thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in osteoporotic-induced rats [185–187]. Thus, it may be a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, there is no clinical trial to confirm its role on osteoporotic patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moshiri, A., Sharifi, A. M., &amp;amp; Oryan, A. (2017). Current Knowledge, Drug-Based Therapeutic Options and Future Directions in Managing Osteoporosis. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 15(1), 1-23. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-016-9207-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1007/s12018-016-9207-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-10-24T20:20:39.530" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20315" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20319" CreationDate="2019-10-25T02:57:02.560" Score="2" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I desire to learn what unilateral shoulder injuries can develop in one's dominant shoulder (such as of a &quot;right handed&quot; or &quot;left handed&quot; person), from decades of working in front of a computer and particularly controlling a computer mouse with the arm connected to that shoulder (likely in bad posture).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found accessible information in the web&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; for the following conditions, that seem to me to be caused acutely from accidents (such as from sport), or to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;idiopathic&lt;/a&gt; with no indication of computer usage as a known or well agreed upon cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rotator Cuff Syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shoulder fractures (including Dislocated Shoulder)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Frozen Shoulder&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shoulder Arthritis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shoulder affecting Gout&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tendinitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there isn't much data on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Injuries_of_shoulder_and_upper_arm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shoulder problems in Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, the only condition I found that might suite this causal pattern is &lt;strong&gt;Bursitis&lt;/strong&gt;, but no Wikipedia article exists for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What unilateral shoulder injury will most likely develop from decades of working in front of a computer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And may I further ask, is Bursitis the only one (if it at all unilateral and not bilateral)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Notes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1. For example, data at Wikipedia, Mayo Clinic including an interview with their own surgeon Christopher Camp, individual Orthopedic surgeons or clinics websites, Physical therapy clinics, etc.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2019-10-26T07:40:14.467" LastActivityDate="2019-10-26T11:56:07.153" Title="Unilateral shoulder injuries due to decades of working in front of a computer" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;chronic-pain&gt;&lt;popping-cracking-joints&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20317" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20306" CreationDate="2019-10-25T05:32:40.107" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Studies of one&quot; are also known as case studies, N-of-1 studies or case reports. I will refer to them below as &lt;strong&gt;case reports&lt;/strong&gt;, for simplicity. They vary in quality just like any other type of studies. Case reports have a place  in biomedical research and can often be very valuable, widely cited and/or otherwise influential. Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), or, better, meta-analysis of multiple such trials, are the current gold standard. But they are obviously not always feasible for a variety of reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are specific guidelines for writing case reports, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Riley D.S., et al (2017) J Clin Epidemiol. 89:218-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.026. CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435617300379&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435617300379&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This above article also lists a number of peer-reviewed journals that explicitly accept case reports (Table 1), important historical examples of case reports (section 1.1), and different types of case reports with specific examples (section 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Types of case reports:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research where the number of patients is limited for any reason.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, research conducted the beginning of a potential disease outbreak, research on uniquely informative patients, reports of rare drug side effects, drug-drug and food-drug interactions. Others in this thread have also listed rare condition treatment and emerging phenomena.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research that carries high cost&lt;/strong&gt;. For example, whole genome or whole exome sequencing when those studies were still very expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research that cannot be applied in RCT for any reason, such as limitations of input, treatment scarcity, ethical considerations, etc.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specific examples and references:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chen H., et al (2014) Lancet. 383(9918):714-21. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60111-2. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614601112&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614601112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We report the first human infection with a novel reassortant avian&#xA;  influenza A H10N8 virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Byun M., et al. (2010) J Exp Med. 207(11):2307-12. doi: 10.1084/jem.20101597. Whole-exome sequencing-based discovery of STIM1 deficiency in a child with fatal classic Kaposi sarcoma. &lt;a href=&quot;http://jem.rupress.org/content/207/11/2307.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jem.rupress.org/content/207/11/2307.long&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Whole-exome sequencing-based discovery of STIM1 deficiency in a child&#xA;  with fatal classic Kaposi sarcoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Garrett-Bakelman F.E., et al. (2019) Science. 364(6436). pii: eaau8650. doi: 10.1126/science.aau8650. The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6436/eaau8650.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6436/eaau8650.long&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] significant changes in multiple data types were observed in&#xA;  association with the spaceflight period; the majority of these&#xA;  eventually returned to a preflight state within the time period of the&#xA;  study. These included changes in telomere length, gene regulation&#xA;  measured in both epigenetic and transcriptional data, gut microbiome&#xA;  composition, body weight, carotid artery dimensions, subfoveal&#xA;  choroidal thickness and peripapillary total retinal thickness, and&#xA;  serum metabolites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addressing your specific questions about &quot;studies of one&quot;, N=1 studies, case studies, or case reports:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What does the academic medical field think of this type of paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the field, and the quality of the specific study, and can vary a lot between respected, influential, etc, and irrelevant, not even acceptable for publication in high quality journal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can such a paper be a good paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, again, depending on the field, and the quality of the specific study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it usually considered a &quot;bad paper&quot;, when compared to a paper that&#xA;  has e.g. many patients that received the same treatments, where&#xA;  variations and complications are discussed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;All other things being equal&lt;/em&gt;, obviously a case study with N=1 would be inferior to a study with multiple independent patients. In cases like this, N=1 papers would have a hard time getting through peer review in high quality journals, because the reviewers are likely to be aware of the current standards in that specific field, such as RCTs, epidemiological or association studies. I doubt N=1 study on the effects of a well-known statin on cholesterol would be published, if multiple double-blind RCTs are already available on orders of magnitude more patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is this sort of paper simply part of the cutting edge of medical&#xA;  science, that all results are useful?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the context of this question, one can assume that a high quality case study is indeed &quot;cutting edge&quot;, and there is a reason why N=1 was the best one could get at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17046" LastEditorUserId="17046" LastEditDate="2019-11-03T00:43:49.027" LastActivityDate="2019-11-03T00:43:49.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20315" CreationDate="2019-10-26T10:38:03.270" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The differential diagnosis of a unilateral shoulder pain associated with computer work:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mouse shoulder&lt;/strong&gt; due to inappropriate arm position during working with a computer mouse (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/mouse/mouse_problems.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CCOHS&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4272839/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acta Inform Med&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myofascial pain syndrome:&lt;/strong&gt; muscle pain associated with a forced posture, repeated movements and stress (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myofascial-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900090/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indian J Anesth&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pinched nerve in the neck (cervical radiculopathy):&lt;/strong&gt; compression of the nerve that goes from the cervical spinal cord to an arm and may or may not be associated with the pain and tingling in the other parts of the arm and neck (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0101/p33.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis):&lt;/strong&gt; an inflammation of the capsule of the shoulder joint; risk factors include shoulder immobilization, diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225262/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/frozen-shoulder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OrthoInfo&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other conditions mentioned in the question (rotator cuff syndrome, fracture, dislocation, arthritis, bursitis and tendinitis) are not specifically associated with computer work but with excessive physical work or other causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-26T11:56:07.153" LastActivityDate="2019-10-26T11:56:07.153" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20324" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20328" CreationDate="2019-10-27T03:49:21.107" Score="3" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that unilateral chronic neck and/or shoulder pain from decades of computer work, in an otherwise healthy person, is likely to occur due to one of these conditions (and maybe also some others)&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mouse shoulder&lt;/strong&gt; due to inappropriate arm position during working with a computer mouse (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20315/unilateral-shoulder-injuries-due-to-decades-of-working-in-front-of-a-computer&quot;&gt;CCOHS&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/mouse/mouse_problems.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acta Inform Med&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Myofascial pain syndrome:&lt;/strong&gt; muscle pain associated with a forced posture, repeated movements and stress (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4272839/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myofascial-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375444&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indian J Anesth&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pinched nerve in the neck (cervical radiculopathy):&lt;/strong&gt; compression of the nerve that goes from the cervical spinal cord to an arm and may or may not be associated with the pain and tingling in the other parts of the arm and neck (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900090/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AAFP&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis):&lt;/strong&gt; an inflammation of the capsule of the shoulder joint; risk factors include shoulder immobilization, diabetes, thyroid disease, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0101/p33.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225262/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OrthoInfo&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(I don't know if &lt;strong&gt;Degenerative Spine disease&lt;/strong&gt; might also cause that, as &quot;degeneracy&quot; can be genetic or due to &quot;accidents&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From learning on the above conditions (with maybe the exception of the last one), I understand that Ultrasound, MRI and Orthopedic tests (such as Spruling's test for Cervical radicolupathy), are often used to suggest diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, usually, will physicians also use X-ray to diagnose unilateral chronic neck and/or shoulder pain from decades of computer work, in an otherwise healthy person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Notes&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20315/unilateral-shoulder-injuries-due-to-decades-of-working-in-front-of-a-computer&quot;&gt;credit for user:Jan for his great answer here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-10-29T08:53:45.570" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T08:53:45.570" Title="Using X-ray to diagnose unilateral chronic neck and/or shoulder pain from decades of computer work" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;chronic-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-27T11:53:31.363" Score="1" ViewCount="440" Body="&lt;p&gt;Melatonin supplements are readily available over-the-counter. However, the dosage is not regulated and there are supplements available in a wide variety of doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information on how much melatonin the body is naturally producing is difficult to find, except to say that it varies by age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Being able to compare how much a supplement offers versus how much the body naturally produces could help people to have an informational conversation with their doctor about supplementation dosing. So, what is the range of naturally produced melatonin in the body per day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9246" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-14T10:39:15.507" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T10:39:15.507" Title="How much melatonin does the body produce naturally per day?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20324" CreationDate="2019-10-28T10:26:23.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, many physicians will be very prone to use X-ray or MRI to diagnose one-sided shoulder pain in an otherwise healthy person, but &lt;em&gt;not necessary as the first thing.&lt;/em&gt; There is a variety of &lt;em&gt;physical examination&lt;/em&gt; tests, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830095/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spurling's test&lt;/a&gt;, other &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0515/p3079.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;provocation tests&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; tests to evaluate the strength of the individual muscles, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475119/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder&lt;/a&gt;, etc. that a doctor can use before going into further investigations. If a primary doctor can't do it, an orthopedician can do it, but if a doctor is not willing to do any manual tests before going to X-ray, you have a legitimate right to be suspicious. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A physician will first ask about the symptoms: the character and exact location of pain, triggers and relievers, eventual associated symptoms, such as pain in the neck or tingling in the arm, etc., which can make him think that the symptoms may be just from the overuse rather than from &quot;structural&quot; problems (actual tendon/bone damage...) that would require &quot;machine&quot; investigations. A doctor can then suggest to make a break from the work, changing the body position at the desk, before going into further diagnostics or treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From another perspective: In a man who is otherwise healthy, meaning having no symptoms or history of arthritis or any other disease, excessive mouse use will not likely result in a damage of the shoulder that would need imaging investigations. &quot;Mouse shoulder&quot; and &quot;myofascial pain syndrome&quot; are not associated with structural damage visible by X-ray or MRI. But, imaging can reveal a herniated disc in the neck, which is not related to mouse use but can be related to long-term forced neck position in a predisposed person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it depends on the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-10-28T15:37:08.590" LastActivityDate="2019-10-28T15:37:08.590" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20331" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-28T13:30:04.527" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, it is established that NO has the effect of dilating the blood vessels. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many also claim that it can prevent or even reverse cardio-vascular disease. I have however not been able to find an explanation as to how that is supposed to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true? If so, what studies support the claim and what are the mechanisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13450" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T15:21:33.467" Title="Is there any evidence that Nitric oxide prevents or reverses cardio-vascular disease?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20325" CreationDate="2019-10-28T20:59:24.360" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I misread before, so fixing with this edit. &#xA;Here is more authentic resource: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/melatonin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/melatonin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;The typical adult male produces about 30 micrograms of melatonin during a typical day.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17068" LastActivityDate="2019-10-28T20:59:24.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20334" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20338" CreationDate="2019-10-29T02:24:47.217" Score="3" ViewCount="151" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to physically simulate hypoxic training by doing periodic breath holds or breath regulation during aerobic activity? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, it ought to be done in a hypobaric/hypoxic chamber whilst strapped to some monitors. But short of that, I can think of two ways - &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;While running, every few minutes, I can try to hold my breath for a couple of steps initially and gradually increase it to 8-10 steps &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if I normally run say 6 steps per inhalation+exhalation  cycle and I try to increase it to 7 and further on. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to understand is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if it will work?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the risks involved, and how to mitigate them (e.g. a pulse oximeter on a finger to monitor?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I considered posting this question on the physical fitness SE, but did it here instead considering that I would prefer an answer by someone trained in the medical sciences. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, based on past work (ref: &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0180380&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280730398_Hypoxic_training_methods_for_improving_endurance_exercise_performance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721177/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135973/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;) it seems that intermittent hypoxic training is indeed beneficial. But most &quot;professional&quot; work (both researchers and athletes) in the area uses hypoxic chambers - which is not practical for the average internet user.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is less clear is if breath control is an adequate method of simulating hypoxic training. The only reliable references (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.runbetternow.net/2016/03/01/breath-hold-exercise-better-for-hypoxic-training-than-elevation-training-mask/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the runnbetternow website&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3361916/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an NIH publication by a yoga center&lt;/a&gt;) I could find aren't exactly by medical professionals. FWIW, these references are in favor of the method. The question is if medical practitioners agree. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The end goal here is to prepare for mountain activities. As it is not practical to move one's permanent base to a mountain top, one would like to be able to somehow simulate high altitude training whilst still living at sea level. Of course, this will be in addition to (not in lieu of) actually periodically training at altitude. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7299" LastEditorUserId="7299" LastEditDate="2019-10-31T04:28:24.450" LastActivityDate="2019-11-02T20:41:16.907" Title="Simulate hypoxic training by breath holding/regulation" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;&lt;aerobic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20336" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-29T09:29:18.400" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some boxers have an &quot;iron chin&quot; and can take punches better than others. When my nephews were born, it was explained that the shape of the skull is not permanent and changes in the early stages of infancy. This got me thinking, can the shape of your skull help reduce your chance of head trauma such as concussions? If so, can a baby's skull be &quot;shaped&quot; to help reduce this risk throughout their life? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17071" LastEditorUserId="17071" LastEditDate="2019-10-29T16:23:02.673" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T16:23:02.673" Title="With the skull being malleable at birth, does the shape of your skull affect one's susceptibility to head trauma?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20334" CreationDate="2019-10-29T14:34:30.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The approach you describe most likely will not work, and could be detrimental to your training.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main benefit of training at altitude is that the body will adapt to the lower concentration of oxygen by stimulating the production of erythropoietin which in turn causes the body to produce more red blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you are describing is a very limited version of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). In subelite athletes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/4/1/article-p68.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this has been shown&lt;/a&gt; to have some effect, however it was 60 minutes of training using a protocol of 3-5 minutes of hypoxia followed by the same amount of time of normoxia (normal breathing). (Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254615000836#bib0180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cited here&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a study of male subelite competitive cyclists and triathletes, athletes were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (artificial brief intermittent LHTL) for 15 days over 3 weeks for 60 min per day with either 3 or 5 min periods of hypoxia followed by the same duration in normoxia. Cycling performance improved during incremental step exercise, including increases of 4.7% ± 3.1% in peak aerobic power, 4.4% ± 3.0% in lactate profile power, and 6.5% ± 5.3% in heart rate profile power compared to control measured 3 days post-intervention.35 Fourteen days after treatment, differences between the hypoxia groups were unclear, suggesting that intermittent hypoxia training should be timed for competitive events to take place within a few days following treatment. In a similar study, performance did not improve among elite athletes,36 suggesting that artificial brief intermittent LHTL should be considered mainly by subelite athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common method of attempting to achieve this is a training mask, which restricts air flow. Most studies (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879455/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this one&lt;/a&gt;) reject the claim that it helps by actually simulating altitude, but they do note that it helps train the respiratory muscles and may help improve lung usage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short period that you describe really won't have enough of an impact on the body to stimulate altitude related changes in blood and plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="64" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T14:34:30.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20339" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20331" CreationDate="2019-10-29T15:21:33.467" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I know from as a general practitioner, NO and drugs that release NO do not prevent nor reverse coronary disease. Nitrates, so drugs that release NO, are commonly prescribed to treat coronary disease symptoms though. NO mainly dialates venes, not arteries, so the effect is due to less blood for the heart to pump, rather than more blood flowing through the coronary arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not have any studies to cite here, but it is a well-established fact in the medical community, that nitrates only alleviate the symptoms of coronary disease, but do not decrease morbidity or overal survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know about other cardiovascular diseases though. Coronary is what you deal with on a daily basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17074" LastActivityDate="2019-10-29T15:21:33.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-10-31T19:01:17.347" Score="1" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I do bodybuilding and don't use any drug or supplement. I have three usual meals with my family but I eat about 400g of chicken fillet between usual meals. Is it healthy or eating chicken fillet everyday could be dangerous for health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16984" LastActivityDate="2019-10-31T19:01:17.347" Title="Is eating 400g chicken fillet per day healthy?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;healthy-cooking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-10-31T21:42:56.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-01T01:39:14.733" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The meaning of “mean plasma glucose (MPG)” is unambiguous, but I’m having an incredibly difficult time making sense of the way the term “mean blood glucose (MBG)” is used in medical research literature on diabetes. It’s not clear whether it denotes mean plasma glucose as well, or whole blood glucose, or whether the term is used inconsistently in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen several sources that assert that MBG is different from MPG and refers to whole blood glucose, and relate the two with the equation MPG = MBG * 1.11. However, none of the sources I’ve found that specifically distinguish between MBG and MPG are formal articles in medical journals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the professional literature, the term MBG is never clarified -- I haven’t been able to find even one paper that specifically defines it as either whole blood or plasma glucose -- and it seems to be used in inconsistent and contradictory ways between different articles. Some articles use the term MPG exclusively, and at no point distinguish it from MBG. Others use MBG exclusively, and neither distinguish it from MPG nor specify whether it refers to plasma or whole blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still others alternate between the terms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In some of those cases, context clearly implies that they have different meanings. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In other cases it’s unclear from context whether the terms are being used interchangeably (implying that MBG refers to plasma glucose), or whether two terms are used because they mean different things. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In still other cases, the term MBG is used in reference to the same things for which other articles use the term MPG, implying that the terms are interchangeable. For example, I’ve seen both the DCCT and ADAG conversion equations stated in terms of both MBG and MPG, but the numbers are always the same, and I’ve seen articles use the term MBG in reference to articles that only used the term MPG. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In no case, however, is it explicitly made clear whether and how MBG differs from MPG&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve provided examples of all of the above at the end, with links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ADAG study further adds to the confusion. The article never mentions either MBG or MPG, instead introducing the term “average glucose” (AG), without indicating whether it’s a synonym for MPG and/or MBG or whether there’s some distinction in meaning from either or both of those terms, nor whether it denotes whole blood or plasma glucose. I’ve gathered from numerous references to the ADAG study that AG is in fact plasma glucose, and that the ubiquitous regression equation produced by that study relates HbA1c to MPG (which further implies that articles that use MBG in the ADAG equation are treating it as synonymous with MPG). However, the article never actually specifies that the “average glucose” it talks about is plasma glucose, apparently assuming that this is self-evident to professionals, and sheds no light on the MBG/MPG distinction, if any, nor on why a different term is used in this article than in all other literature on the same subject. I haven’t seen the term AG used in any other article, except sometimes when citing the ADAG study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have had no luck in finding any information that clarifies how these terms are used. Can anyone shed some light on this so that I can be sure I understand the literature correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are MBG and MPG interchangeable, both referring to mean plasma glucose? If so, why do some articles use both, in a way that creates the impression that they have different meanings?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does MBG mean something different? If so, what exactly does it mean, whole blood glucose, or something else? Why is the term sometimes used in articles discussing the relationship between blood glucose and HbA1c, given that research establishing that relationship (DCCT, ADAG, and the more recent GMI study) always quantifies it in terms of mean plasma glucose?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In either case, why does the ADAG study use a different term altogether? Is AG synonymous with MPG, or is there a distinction?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When the term MBG appears in articles, is it a safe assumption that any associated numbers are either plasma or plasma equivalent values? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In writing about this topic, is MBG the preferred (or at least acceptable) term to refer to averages based on values obtained by meters that report plasma equivalents and CGMs calibrated with such meters, or would that be considered ambiguous, and is the term MPG preferred?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The following resources specifically define MBG as whole blood glucose and provide the equation MPG = MBG x 1.11:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/issue-93-item-7-why-relating-a1c-ghb-to-mean-blood-glucose-mbg-is-important/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/issue-93-item-7-why-relating-a1c-ghb-to-mean-blood-glucose-mbg-is-important/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chirus.com/download_files/a1cnow+_90704_rev_a.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.chirus.com/download_files/a1cnow+_90704_rev_a.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.privatemdlabs.com/lab_tests.php?view=search_results&amp;amp;show=1578&amp;amp;category=12&amp;amp;search=CEA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.privatemdlabs.com/lab_tests.php?view=search_results&amp;amp;show=1578&amp;amp;category=12&amp;amp;search=CEA&lt;/a&gt; (this one also specifically says that eAG is MPG)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These articles only use MPG in discussing the relationship of mean glucose and HbA1c:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/2/275&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rohlfing CL, et al. “Defining the Relationship Between Plasma Glucose and HbA1c” Diabetes Care 2002 Feb&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00066.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Does A1c consistently reflect mean plasma glucose?” Journal of Diabetes, 25 May 2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This article only uses MBG in discussing the same topic:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037982/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): Clinical Applications of a Mathematical Concept” Acta Inform Med. 2016 Jul 16&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This article uses the term MBG a single time (in the CONCLUSIONS section of the abstract), but otherwise uses only the term MPG, including in the same section where MBG appears. The context provides no clues as to why a different term is used in that one instance and whether it has a different meaning.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142023/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kuenen JC, Borg R, et al., “Does Glucose Variability Influence the Relationship Between Mean Plasma Glucose and HbA1c Levels in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients?” Diabetes Care 2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This article alternates between the terms, sometimes in a single sentence, in a way that clearly implies that they have different meanings, but it never explains how the terms differ:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262729/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Konstantinos K, Loukia S “Is There a Relationship between Mean Blood Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin?” J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011&lt;/a&gt;. Inexplicably, however, Table 2, which lists regression formulas from various studies, uses MBG in all formulas, regardless of which term was used in the original study. So, the same article treats the two terms as different, but then treats MBG as equivalent to MPG in reference to other studies!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Judith Kuenen’s thesis, &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.vumc.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/347762/complete+dissertation.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Measures of glycemic control:  do we need more than HbA1c?”&lt;/a&gt;, seems to imply that the terms are interchangeable. In chapter 3, she reproduces the Diabetes Care 2011 study above that uses MPG throughout and a single instance of MBG. Chapters 4 and 5 consist of two of her own studies, in which she only uses the term MPG. However, in her “General Discussion” in chapter 9, she exclusively uses the term MBG in discussing the subject, even when referring to the studies in chapters 4 and 5 that only talk about MPG.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/2/275&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rohlfing 2002 article&lt;/a&gt; cited above states the DCCT formula with MPG. The literature in general makes it clear that the DCCT regression formula describes the relationship between HbA1c and plasma glucose. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, this article states the DCCT regression formula with MBG:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037982/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c): Clinical Applications of a Mathematical Concept”&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This resource also states the DCCT formula in terms of MBG: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://diabetestalk.net/diabetes/hgb-a1c-with-mbg-estimation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://diabetestalk.net/diabetes/hgb-a1c-with-mbg-estimation&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This one states the ADAG regression formula with the term eAG, but specifies that it’s the relationship between HbA1c and MBG:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2769903/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Clinically Significant Disagreement between Mean Blood Glucose and Estimated Average Glucose in Two Populations: Implications for Diabetes Management” J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009 Sep&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Countless references and resources say the ADAG formula relates MPG and HbA1c. Usually the term “eAG” is used in the formula itself, but it’s specified that formula is for the MPG-HbA1c relationship. Several explicitly say MPG in the formula:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://miniwebtool.com/hba1c-calculator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://miniwebtool.com/hba1c-calculator/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jteamblogs.blogspot.com/2013/08/diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jteamblogs.blogspot.com/2013/08/diabetes.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As mentioned above, Table 2 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3262729/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Is There a Relationship between Mean Blood Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin?”&lt;/a&gt; states all the regression formulas with MBG, including the DCCT and ADAG formulas, which describe the relationship between HbA1c and mean plasma glucose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17089" LastEditorUserId="17089" LastEditDate="2019-11-01T04:08:59.497" LastActivityDate="2019-11-01T04:08:59.497" Title="Lack of clarity about terms for average glucose in diabetes research literature (MBG, MPG, and AG)" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20349" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20367" CreationDate="2019-11-01T07:06:47.920" Score="2" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read about mineral inefficiencies in humans such as iron insufficiency or zinc insufficiency and recently I learned on the use of bromine containing molecules (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bromides&lt;/a&gt;) in different medical conditions and this brought me to wonder if a mineral insufficiency of bromide also occurs in humans and if it might cause some of the symptoms treated by the following substances:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mucolytic (bromhexine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antihistamine (brompheniramine maleate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anticonvulsant (sodium bromide, potassium bromide) although used primarily for dogs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;commonly used short term sleep regulators (brompheniramine Maleate, brotizolam)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;rarely used long term sleep regulators (sodium bromide, potassium bromide)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://McCall%20AS,%20Cummings%20CF,%20Bhave%20G,%20Vanacore%20R,%20Page-McCaw%20A,%20Hudson%20BG%20(2014).%20%22Bromine%20Is%20an%20Essential%20Trace%20Element%20for%20Assembly%20of%20Collagen%20IV%20Scaffolds%20in%20Tissue%20Development%20and%20Architecture%22.%20Cell.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From wikipedia:&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;According to one study, bromine (as bromide) is an essential cofactor in the peroxidasin catalysis of sulfilimine crosslinks in collagen IV. This post-translational modification occurs in all animals, and bromine is an essential trace element for humans.&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if bromelain enzyme contains bromide (I didn't find clear information weather yes or no) - as a possible digestive aid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, I understand that exposure to too much bromide can cause a severe poisoning named &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bromism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a known condition of bromide insufficiency and if so, how does it treated without causing bromism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2021-02-20T14:34:23.440" LastActivityDate="2021-02-20T14:34:23.440" Title="Is there bromide insufficiency and if so, how does it treated without causing bromism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20386" CreationDate="2019-11-01T07:31:40.803" Score="2" ViewCount="1433" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do you absorb sodium through your gums, mouth and throat when gargling and rinsing salt water? Considering the fact that sublingual medication is a very effective way for introducing substances straight into your bloodstream very quickly. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below's a link to a study on Pubmed about this issue, but I don't have access. Does anyone here have access?  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3474267/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3474267/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="447" LastEditorUserId="447" LastEditDate="2019-11-01T20:45:34.547" LastActivityDate="2019-11-09T19:44:04.133" Title="Would gargling salt water every day increase sodium absorption levels?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-02T14:00:45.850" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there published books which detaild recommended or well known protocols of the type used by general practitioners?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that doctors typically develop protocols for their own offices, but on what do they base these? Is there some standard source that details usual protocols?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2019-11-02T14:00:45.850" Title="Are there publicly available general protocols?" Tags="&lt;scientific-method&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20137" CreationDate="2019-11-02T16:03:58.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EU Clinical Trials Register&lt;/a&gt; provides clinical trials from EU and EEA, including Spain. Some trials are in 2 languages (country of origin plus English).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16892" LastActivityDate="2019-11-02T16:03:58.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20334" CreationDate="2019-11-02T20:41:16.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there is a good answer already I'll just add my two cents from my understanding of physiology: &#xA;Hypoventilation has two effects during exercise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less available oxygen in your lungs and a somewhat less amount of oxygen in the blood that comes out of your lungs, which is not as big a difference as you might expect because hemoglobin is incredibly efficient at sucking up all available oxygen. Under stress conditions (heat, acid metabolites and CO2 all inhibit the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin) this sucking up is somewhat dampened but if the gradient is large enough large quantities of oxygen are still easily captured in the lungs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A large increase of CO2 in your blood, which in turn stimulates your breathing reflex, making it near impossible to force yourself to breathe less. This effect would be much larger.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, to be successful at high altitude survival there is one key aspect that needs to be there, and I'm not sure if it can be trained: Hyperventilation is essential to get enough oxygen into your blood under hypoxic conditions. Most people don't have a strong enough breathing reflex though to breath more when oxygen is low and CO2 is normal or low. It's not natural to hyperventilate, and not very healthy either. Maybe it can be trained at sea level to compensate for the stress that hyperventilation causes on your body? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, the people of Tibetan descent that lived in the Himalaya evolved a protecting mechanism &lt;strong&gt;against&lt;/strong&gt; the increase of red blood cells during long stays at high altitudes. Other peoples that live at high altitude, for example those that live in the Andes lack this protection and their blood thickens up to a point where it causes serious health problems. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration is another serious threat at high altitude: hyperventilation makes you lose plenty of water through your breath. And brain swelling is also a nasty complication of stays at very high altitudes...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8080" LastActivityDate="2019-11-02T20:41:16.907" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-03T10:54:09.710" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any study either proving it works or it doesn't. It's probably my google-fu that is lacking but can anyone link to a study about using the penis pumps to increase penis girth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware that the only proven methods to increase length is PTT devices, but my concern is girth only&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastActivityDate="2019-11-03T10:54:09.710" Title="Any peer reviewed scientific study on the effects of vacuum penis pumps on penis girth?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-03T13:34:50.017" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/well/move/how-strenuous-exercise-affects-our-immune-system.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent study&lt;/a&gt; debunks the generally-held belief that strenuous exercise suppresses the immunity system. Instead, immunity cells are said to migrate to internal organs that need them most after exercise, e.g., lungs, gut.  To me, this still seems to suppress immunity in the remaining organs, e.g., the skin.  Wouldn't this make people more susceptible to skin infections like ringworm, especially in sweaty post-exercise conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13007" LastActivityDate="2019-11-03T13:34:50.017" Title="Would strenuous exercise make one more susceptible to ringworm?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;ringworm&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20358" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20359" CreationDate="2019-11-03T19:47:33.050" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose an intramuscular injection of a substance is done on a patient. What would be the form of the graph of the blood concentration of this substance over time?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17092" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T13:17:40.283" Title="What is the blood level evolution of a intramuscular injection?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20358" CreationDate="2019-11-04T09:00:17.603" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is taken from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/intramuscular-route&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on Science Direct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The intramuscular route is used where effects are desired over a&#xA;  longer period of time than can be expected after intravenous&#xA;  injection, for drugs that are too irritant to be given subcutaneously,&#xA;  or for oily solutions, which cannot be given intravenously. Drugs in&#xA;  aqueous solution are often absorbed rapidly from intramuscular sites.&#xA;  Drugs dissolved in oil (‘depot’ injections) are absorbed more slowly&#xA;  and absorption can continue for weeks after injection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the intramuscular (IM) route results in slower absorption and a longer duration of action than intravenous (IV) injections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a wide variability depending on the preparation and the drug involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a qualitative graph showing a comparison of plasma concentration against time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7tttd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7tttd.png&quot; alt=&quot;Comparison of plasma concentration over time for various routes of administration&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The branch of pharmaceutical science concerned with the absorption and elimination of drugs is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-05T13:17:40.283" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T13:17:40.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-04T13:04:37.503" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one's bite is bad and two teeth are constantly impacting one another causing pain problems, is there an advisable way to prevent impact from constantly occurring, for example, with a squishy, gummy piece of rubber which can be held between the teeth? (Prior to getting real orthodontics).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My prior research has been asking a dental hygienist who responded in the negative and googling &quot;prevent teeth from impacting&quot; or similar but with often results on topics I wasn't looking for due to keyword mismatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17095" LastEditorUserId="17095" LastEditDate="2019-11-05T17:17:06.703" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T17:17:06.703" Title="Is there a temporary way to prevent two maloccluding teeth from impacting one another?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-04T16:29:21.150" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today I wanted to heat my breakfast in the microwave, when the microwave finished heating my food I pressed the button to open the door, but at that moment the microwave turned again, with the door a little open, then stopped when I opened completely the door. All this happened in a span of 1.5 ~ seconds. I know the exposure was short, but I really want to know if I'm in any danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17096" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:02:30.523" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:02:30.523" Title="How long exposure to microwave radiation is considered dangerous?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;microwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-11-04T22:29:00.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20362" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20364" CreationDate="2019-11-04T21:12:43.997" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FUPzc.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FUPzc.png&quot; alt=&quot;ECG recording&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the voltage will be positive as measured by the ECG but I was wondering why the voltage reaches a maximum exactly at the midpoint. Is there a physiological reason (like sodium channels closing or something else) that causes the wave to increase, reach a maximum then decrease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture source: Harvard Medical School. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease : A Collaborative Project of Medical Students and Faculty. Edited by Leonard S Lilly, Edition 6 ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16565" LastEditorUserId="16565" LastEditDate="2019-11-05T00:50:01.683" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T00:50:01.683" Title="Positive deflection of an ECG" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20363" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20366" CreationDate="2019-11-04T22:00:28.027" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many Mechanic conditions involving anatomic deformity or idiopathic chronic joint inflammation conditions are classified as Neuro-Muscolo-Skeletal (NMS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there another widely accepted broader term (such as Skeletal-Joint-Tendon-Bone-Neuronal --- SJTBN) in the medical literature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-05T15:59:54.237" LastActivityDate="2019-12-05T15:59:54.237" Title="Is a broader term than Neuro-Muscolo-Skeletal used in medical literature?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20362" CreationDate="2019-11-04T22:32:13.010" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mechanism is depicted in the diagram you posted, most obvious in &quot;A&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ECG (and any voltage measurement) is based on a potential &lt;em&gt;difference&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You don't measure the voltage at one spot, you measure the difference between two spots. Those spots are depicted in the diagram with a (-) and (+) symbol, although the (-) is left out of BCD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In A and D, the charges are arranged such that the (-) and (+) leads 'see' the same charge, so you measure zero voltage difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In B and C, there are more negative charges near the (-) lead and more positive charges near the (+) lead: you measure a positive voltage. The maximum in C is because this is the time when the charge measured at (-) and (+) is most different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the measured ECG is not from one single cell but rather the entire heart, but the concept is the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-11-04T22:32:13.010" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-05T07:37:10.120" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m writing my bachelorthesis about children’s nutrition. &#xA;Now I stumbled upon a question that I can’t answer myself and I wasn’t able to find it anywhere either. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do nutrients (carbs, fat, protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals) have the same functions in the body of an 6-10 year old child and an adult? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And are the deficiency symptoms also the same? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can’t find any good sources that are about that age. Most of the books I found don’t even mention any age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17097" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T07:37:10.120" Title="Do nutrients have the same functions for kids and adults? And are the symptoms of deficiency the same?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2019-11-05T19:00:41.130" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20363" CreationDate="2019-11-05T08:00:44.240" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neuro-musculo-skeletal system&lt;/strong&gt; is already a broad term, which includes 3 systems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nervous system,&lt;/strong&gt; which can be further divided to central and peripheral, somatic and autonomic, sensory and motor system&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muscular system,&lt;/strong&gt; which includes skeletal muscles with the associated tendons (which you can control consciously), smooth muscles (which you cannot control consciously) and the heart muscle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Skeletal system,&lt;/strong&gt; which includes bones, joints and ligaments (which connect the bones)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The names of complex systems include only the &quot;main&quot; systems (like the bold ones above) that are on the same level and not the smaller parts of every included system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To clear some confusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;tendon&lt;/em&gt; is a part of a muscle that connects the muscle to a bone, so it is a part of &lt;em&gt;muscular&lt;/em&gt; system. It is usually said: a tendon of (the muscle), for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8665288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;long tendon of the biceps brachii&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;em&gt;ligament&lt;/em&gt; is a band of connective tissue that is not a part of a muscle or bone, but it connects bones, so it is usually considered a part of &lt;em&gt;skeletal&lt;/em&gt; system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/14%3A_Skeletal_System/14.2%3A_Introduction_to_the_Skeletal_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biology Libre Texts&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/uberon/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FUBERON_0008846&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ontology Lookup Service&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main medical specialties that deal with the above systems include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Neurology&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orthopedy (mechanical aspect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rheumatology (inflammatory aspect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Traumatology (injuries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Occupational medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sports medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Physical medicine and rehabilitation (exercises to overcome disabilities, surgery, stroke or injuries)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-05T15:56:20.083" LastActivityDate="2019-11-05T15:56:20.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20367" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20349" CreationDate="2019-11-05T14:15:50.580" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, it has been considered that bromine might be an essential nutrient for humans. This article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144415/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture (Cell, 2014)&lt;/a&gt; says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bromine is essential for collagen synthesis in the human body&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bromine deficiency resulting in a damage of intestinal lining has been observed in recipients of total parenteral nutrition (intravenous infusion of a mixture of nutrients, but lacking bromine).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, when a nutrient deficiency is observed only in recipients of total parenteral nutrition, it usually means it is rare. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;drugs&lt;/strong&gt; mentioned in the question are &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; intended to treat bromine deficiency. If such deficiency is discovered (by a blood test), it can be treated by bromine &lt;strong&gt;supplements&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;by a doctor.&lt;/em&gt; Anyway, I strongly advise against using bromine supplements without a clear indication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bromelain is an enzyme found in pineapple and is used as a digestive aid; from its chemical formula on &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bromelain#section=Structures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem&lt;/a&gt; you can see that it does not contain bromine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Origin of the word bromelain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bromelain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dictionary.com&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1890–95; apparently bromel(in) an earlier name for the enzyme&#xA;  (Bromel(ia) a genus that formerly included the pineapple (see&#xA;  bromeliad) + -in2) + (pap)ain&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-21T13:05:06.960" LastActivityDate="2019-11-21T13:05:06.960" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20370" CreationDate="2019-11-05T15:42:07.700" Score="2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;Daily Value (DV) for iron for adults and children age 4 and older is 18 mg (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;). Can iron-rich foods cause an overdose of iron, if 150 % daily value (27 mg) is consumed in one day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like, let's say (theoretically):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Someone ate 3 1/2 boxes of cereal (12 cups/ box), in one day. Iron daily value is listed as 45% (8.1 mg) per 1 1/2 cup. What would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Someone ate 9 leaves of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kale&lt;/a&gt; (assuming that that's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thekitchn.com/heres-what-1-pound-of-kale-looks-like-232312&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1.5 lbs.&lt;/a&gt; or ~680 grams of kale), which contain 10 mg of iron in total, which is 55% Daily Value. What would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found similar questions online, but I'm wondering about an acute situation, and not supplements, but just food that contains iron (for example, kale).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17100" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-06T08:22:54.370" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T18:37:59.957" Title="Can iron-rich food cause an overdose?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;iron&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20370" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20368" CreationDate="2019-11-06T10:13:53.930" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The consumption of food that contains 150% Daily Value or 27 mg of iron &lt;em&gt;only once&lt;/em&gt; by a healthy person should not result in any side effects.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects) for iron for individuals age 0-13 is 40 mg and for those age 14 or older is 45 mg (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is acute iron overdose from food (not supplements) in healthy adults possible?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not likely. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH.gov&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adults with normal intestinal function have very little risk of iron&#xA;  overload from dietary sources of iron.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;acute intakes of more than &lt;em&gt;20 mg/kg iron from supplements or medicines&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  can lead to gastric upset, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain,&#xA;  vomiting, and faintness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a 70 kg man, this is 1,400 mg of iron, which is virtually impossible to get from foods even &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000119000000000000000-w.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highest in iron&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens with iron consumed in excess of the body needs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the excessive iron probably won't be absorbed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/106/suppl_6/1559S/4823167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AJCN&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If an individual requires more iron, more iron will be mobilized from&#xA;  body iron stores and there will be an increase in intestinal iron&#xA;  absorption. However, if the body is iron replete, these processes will&#xA;  be downregulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/smallgut/absorb_minerals.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vivo.colostate.edu&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Iron abundance states: iron within the enterocyte [intestinal lining&#xA;  cell] is trapped by incorporation into ferritin and hence, not&#xA;  transported into blood. When the enterocyte dies and is shed, this&#xA;  iron is lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Would a single ingestion of 150% Daily Value of iron be harmful for a person with hemochromatosis?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not likely. According to the article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657669/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The myths and realities of hemochromatosis&#xA;(Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although dietary iron is the source of excess iron in hemochromatosis,&#xA;  a decrease in dietary iron has not been shown to decrease iron stores&#xA;  in hemochromatosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-06T18:37:59.957" LastActivityDate="2019-11-06T18:37:59.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20375" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-07T15:00:44.273" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine has been recommended to use a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcutaneous_electrical_nerve_stimulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TENS&lt;/a&gt; unit for pain his nape (back of his neck) - and is going to purchase one. Neither of us has ever used such a device, and I've noticed there are numerous manufacturers of TENS units - none of which I am otherwise familiar with - sporting all sorts of features and parameters (number of programs, number of intensity settings, number and sizes of pads etc). There are also very large differences in prices between devices which I'm not able to explain to myself (e.g. device X has feature F and device Y doesn't so it makes sense X costs a lot more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'd like help with is what criteria to apply when evaluating a potential TENS unit before choosing one to purchase. Even simple pitfalls or gotchas to look out for would help. After all, it's a device which electrocutes you a little...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I am &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; asking for specific product recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2019-11-07T15:00:44.273" Title="How do I evaluate a TENS unit, having no experience with them?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;tens&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-11-07T18:50:19.977" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-07T21:46:00.413" Score="3" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose an individual has &lt;a href=&quot;https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/159190/41726&quot;&gt;a device which can produce one of a number of liquids, each day&lt;/a&gt; in particular quantities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xmgYE.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xmgYE.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given these specific foods, drinks, and quantities could 4-5 people survive for extended periods of time? The group of people are extremely active (a highly physical occupation) and have a separate supply of ample fresh water. Assume that the people have no refrigeration for the purposes of storage, so spoiled goods would be useless to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've looked into minimum requirements, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/84513&quot;&gt;this post on Biology.StackExchange&lt;/a&gt; has shed some insight into the difficulty in finding those numbers. It seems to me like the main limiting factor would be the lack of protein. It looks like mayonnaise has some protein from egg yolk, but it is unclear if you could consume enough without running into severe issues with a fat-high diet. Another specific concern I was looking in to was the complete absence of fiber in the available foods. Does that limit the potential to survive off of the diet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17112" LastEditorUserId="17112" LastEditDate="2019-11-08T15:07:38.050" LastActivityDate="2019-11-08T18:54:06.790" Title="Can a person survive off of a diet alternating daily between mayonnaise, honey, beer, and wine?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ClosedDate="2019-11-08T21:05:15.080" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-08T04:21:41.923" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a layman, so this is no doubt an overly broad and probably dumb question, but if someone will humor me and attempt to answer, I would greatly appreciate it. Why is it that studies tend to show a negative correlation between medications (particularly for pain, but almost regardless of the drug's purpose) and cognitive functioning? Do we know whether it is possible to reduce pain without affecting - or perhaps enhancing - logical reasoning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17114" LastActivityDate="2019-11-08T04:21:41.923" Title="Lucidity and pain reduction link" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-11-14T19:46:27.430" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20376" CreationDate="2019-11-08T17:55:49.490" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You can't survive from the list of foods (mayonnaise, honey, beer, wine, oil and vinegar) in given amounts, because you can't get enough vitamin C.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I define &quot;survive&quot; as to live 10 years and remain healthy, then, in your scenario, which requires some &lt;em&gt;physical activity,&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;minimal requirements&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (which can be much lower than Recommended Dietary Allowances) for adults:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Calories:&lt;/strong&gt; 3,000&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Protein:&lt;/strong&gt; 35 g (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=wHs8P9G8YVgC&amp;amp;pg=PA324&amp;amp;lpg=PA324&amp;amp;dq=urea%20cycle%20capacity%20grams&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=VjsmF9Qq7J&amp;amp;sig=6utGmRLyg9eIqyW4oTsMGzygJEU&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ei=X51YVJvCBofxatLqgEg&amp;amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=urea%20cycle%20capacity%20grams&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metabolic Basis of Obesity&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fat:&lt;/strong&gt; 67 g (at least 20% of total calories) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577766/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition Journal, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbohydrates:&lt;/strong&gt; zero (theoretically), which also means zero fiber (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jbc.org/content/87/3/651.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a meat diet study, 1930&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water:&lt;/strong&gt; 2-3 liters&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sodium:&lt;/strong&gt; ~1 g sodium, I guess; the minimal requirement is lower (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234935/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;~200 mg&lt;/a&gt;), but with sweating you need more.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vitamin C:&lt;/strong&gt; 10 mg - the &lt;em&gt;minimal&lt;/em&gt; amount to prevent deficiency (scurvy) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iron:&lt;/strong&gt; 1.36 mg (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fao.org/3/a-y2809e.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fao.org, p.198&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A certain amount of vitamins and minerals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/11537/chapter/59#530&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowances, NAP.edu&lt;/a&gt;): minimal survival amounts would be likely less than 50% RDA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the amount of foods you have, you can't survive, because the only source of vitamin C (1 kg of &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/343965/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;honey&lt;/a&gt; per person per day if they are 4 persons) would provide only 5 mg vitamin C and everyone needs at least 10 mg to avoid deficiency (scurvy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From other foods you have, everyone would barely get minimal (not recommended) amounts of protein and other nutrients, even when grossly exaggerating with calorie intake (&gt; 5,000 - 6,000 Calories/day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some calculations from already exaggerated amounts of foods (you have more available, but that's not realistic to consume):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;250 g &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/343894/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mayonnaise&lt;/a&gt;: 1,700 Calories, 2.5 g protein, 187 g fat, 0.5 mg iron, 50 mg potassium, zero vitamin C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 kg (1/4 gallon) &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/343965/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;honey&lt;/a&gt;: 3,040 Calories, 3 g protein, 4 mg iron, 150 mg potassium, 5 mg vitamin C, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;4 liters (1 gallon) of &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/344427/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;beer&lt;/a&gt;: 1,720 Calories, 18 g protein, 0.4 mg iron, 1 g potassium, zero vitamin C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 liter (1/4 gallon) of &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/344507/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;red wine&lt;/a&gt;: 850 Calories, 1,3 g potassium, 4.6 mg iron, zero vitamin C&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oil and vinegar do not have significant amount of vitamins and minerals, so they do not help.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spoiler: You could easily get enough vitamin C from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/341455/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fruit juice&lt;/a&gt; and protein and most other nutrients from &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/336070/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;milk&lt;/a&gt; (it can last some time even without refrigerator). Think that infants can survive solely on milk for more than a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-08T18:54:06.790" LastActivityDate="2019-11-08T18:54:06.790" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-08T20:29:18.827" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between eczema and urticaria? &#xA;I want to know the pathophysiology and most common causes to understand why they are different !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16752" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-10T23:33:25.327" LastActivityDate="2019-12-10T23:33:25.327" Title="What is the difference between eczema and urticaria?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;allergen-immunotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20382" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-08T23:44:51.153" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cause of warts in general is the Human papillomavirus, or HPV for short. If I understand it correctly, HPV causes both genital warts and warts on toes. Does this mean that if a person with a wart on his toes takes a bath, the infection can travel via the bathwater to other parts of his body and cause another infection, for example genital warts? Or is the HPV blood borne, and the outbreaks are caused by different factors than skin contact with actual HPV organisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16760" LastActivityDate="2019-11-08T23:44:51.153" Title="Should a person with warts avoid baths to avoid the spread of HPV to other body parts?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;bath&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20380" CreationDate="2019-11-09T11:51:53.920" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Eczema&lt;/a&gt; (atopic dermatitis)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, itchy skin condition that is very&#xA;  common in children but may occur at any age. It is also known as&#xA;  eczema and atopic eczema and was formerly known as Besnier prurigo. It&#xA;  is the most common form of dermatitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29063428/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and&#xA;  multifactorial, involving elements of barrier dysfunction, alterations&#xA;  in cell mediated immune responses, IgE mediated hypersensitivity, and&#xA;  environmental factors. Loss of function mutations in filaggrin have&#xA;  been implicated in severe atopic dermatitis due to a potential&#xA;  increase in trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and&#xA;  dehydration. Other genetic changes have also been identified which may&#xA;  alter the skin's barrier function, resulting in an atopic dermatitis&#xA;  phenotype.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The causes of eczema are multifactorial,  it relate to a breakdown in the barrier function of the skin, dehydration and an associated immune response and inflammation. For this reason, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/emollients/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;emollients&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/topical-steroids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;topical steroids&lt;/a&gt; are commonly used in its management.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/urticaria-an-overview/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Urticaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Urticaria is characterised by weals (hives) or angioedema (swellings,&#xA;  in 10%) or both (in 40%). There are several types of urticaria. The&#xA;  name urticaria is derived from the common European stinging nettle&#xA;  Urtica dioica.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16461989/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Urticaria is dermal edema resulting from vascular dilatation and&#xA;  leakage of fluid into the skin in response to molecules released from&#xA;  mast cells. The major preformed mediator histamine produces a&#xA;  prototypic, short-lived urticaria. However, the clinical spectrum and&#xA;  pattern of lesions indicate that other molecules, including&#xA;  prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and chemokines, produced at&#xA;  different times after mast cell activation contribute to the&#xA;  polymorphism of this symptom and the variable evolution of this&#xA;  disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pathophysiology link goes into some detail about the different forms of urticaria, both immunological (e.g. allergy, infection, vaccination) and non-immunologcial (e.g. aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The underlying issue is release of inflammatory mediators from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mast cells&lt;/a&gt;. Histamine is one of the most common of these molecules, which is why &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antihistamines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antihistamine&lt;/a&gt; drugs are an effective treatment for urticaria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, eczema is localised to the skin, whereas urticaria represents the cutaneous manifestation of a more systemic process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dermnetnz.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/29063428/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology of Eczema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/16461989/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology of Urticaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-09T22:32:59.263" LastActivityDate="2019-11-09T22:32:59.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20387" CreationDate="2019-11-09T17:23:55.897" Score="3" ViewCount="162" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I have been wondering and couldn't find texts explaining this, but why is the diastolic volume of the circulation ~80, while that of the ventricles is almost 0. To phrase it another way, why does the ventricular pressure oscillate between 120 (systole) and ~0 during diastole, while that in the arteries, it is 120/80 (just assuming ideal case)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get that the diastolic pressure in the vessels is caused by the volume of blood that is present there, pushing- so to say- the arteries, but isn't there some volume of blood in the ventricle as well (End diastolic volume) that can cause some pressure to the walls of the ventricles. Till now, I have pictured it something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the systemic circulation, there is a pressure gradient, from the arteries to the veins so blood tends to flow downstream, however, there is the TPR, because of which the blood exerts the pressure (the diastolic pressure) on the arteries. However, in the ventricles, there is no pressure gradient within the ventricle- as it is one chamber. Thus, there is no flow within the ventricles, so there is minimal pressure exerted during diastole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not read it from anywhere and it is just some intuitive explanation. I would love it if anyone could verify this as true, or if not, point me towards some resources where I might get the answer.&#xA;Thanks :) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T21:43:17.580" Title="Ventricular diastolic pressure?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20350" CreationDate="2019-11-09T19:44:04.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is increase in sodium absorption levels after rinsing mouth with salt water. This absorption is through oral mucosal lining. Increase in sodium is very little as compared to the daily requirement of sodium. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the clinical study (link mentioned in question), 5% saline solution (which contains 855 mEq of sodium) was used. Sodium absorbed by various participants was between 2 to 11 mEq, and the minimum requirement of daily sodium dosage is 44 mEq. So, this will pose little risk on metabolic process. And it is possible that on increasing saline concentration of mouth rinse, sodium absorption may also increase. So, 5% Saline solution is recommended for mouth rinsing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Via:  Image of the research article mentioned in question (unable to upload PDF)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BKbzA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BKbzA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Earlier in 1950's various researchers have reported the use of sodium salts of various drugs for sublingual absorption. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jps.3030440710&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jps.3030440710&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2019-11-09T19:44:04.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20387" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20385" CreationDate="2019-11-10T00:59:31.787" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I’ll cover some anatomy and physiology of the heart. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cardiac anatomy&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lxyCq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lxyCq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Cardiac anatomy&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The heart is divided into two sides. The right side (on the left of the image) receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side (on the right of the image) receives blood back from the lungs and pumps it to the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Cardiac physiology&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood entering the heart first enters an atrium. This contracts to fill the ventricle (the main chamber), which then contracts to expel blood from the heart. This cycle is divided into two main parts: &lt;strong&gt;diastole&lt;/strong&gt; (when the atrium contracts and the ventricle is relaxed and filling) and &lt;strong&gt;systole&lt;/strong&gt; (when the ventricle contracts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Left ventricular systolic pressure must exceed the aortic diastolic pressure for blood to be ejected from the ventricle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Blood pressure&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;cardiac output&lt;/strong&gt; (CO - measured in litres per minute) depends on the stroke volume (SV - blood pumped with each cardiac cycle) multiplied by the heart rate (HR).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Systemic vascular resistance&lt;/strong&gt; (SVR - often also called total peripheral resistance) is equal to the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) divided by the cardiac output. CVP is usually close to zero, so this is often shortened to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8dsmTt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8dsmTt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Equation for SVR&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt; (BP) is a measure of the force being exerted on the walls of arteries as blood is pumped out of the heart. It is proportional to cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). It is usually expressed as the systolic blood pressure over the diastolic blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, with regard to your question, while peripheral systolic blood pressure is largely due to ventricular contraction in the heart, diastolic pressure in peripheral arteries is due to the walls of the arteries contracting passively after having been expanded during the pressure wave of systole. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This diagram shows the atrial, ventricular and aortic pressures during the cardiac cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NI9Ne.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NI9Ne.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cardiac cycle&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a pressure volume loop showing the relationship of ventricular pressure and volume during a single cardiac cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oxlwm.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oxlwm.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Pressure volume loop&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see from both of these images that there is a point in early diastole where left ventricular pressure drops close to zero, before rising slowly. Later in diastole, the pressure rises gradually and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is commonly measured as a metric of cardiac performance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Why the low left ventricular diastolic pressure?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This low diastolic ventricular pressure is primarily because a well-functioning ventricle will now be isolated from the systemic circulation by the closed aortic valve. In addition, it will have expelled a significant amount of the blood contained within (a normal &lt;strong&gt;ejection fraction&lt;/strong&gt; (EF) is 55-70%), it is now relaxing and expanding in size and it has not yet received much blood from the atrium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In heart failure with a impaired systolic function, the ejection fraction (EF) drops, but there is a phenomenon of diastolic dysfunction, where the EF is normal and the problem is impaired relaxation and compliance of the left ventricle. This is commonly linked to hypertension, as displayed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713868/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This pressure volume loop (in red) demonstrates this effect in diastolic dysfunction. ESPVR / EDPVR = end systolic / diastolic pressure volume relationship (a gradient of the graph or first derivative of pressure with respect to volume).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wnjU1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wnjU1.png&quot; alt=&quot;Diastolic dysfunction PV graph&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24176448/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence&lt;/a&gt; of a link between a higher LVEDP and increased mortality when measured during coronary angiography for acute myocardial infarction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the left ventricular diastolic pressure being low is normal and several factors are responsible for that. It is higher where there is ventricular diastolic dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/heart/exercises/MechPropHeart/lecture.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source for images&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP021&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CV Physiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21798494/?i=4&amp;amp;from=/17673873/related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Planer et al&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713868/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lelande and Johnson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/24176448/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bagai et al&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-10T21:43:17.580" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T21:43:17.580" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20200" CreationDate="2019-11-10T11:15:11.587" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;While it could still be a mixture of acute reasons: metals, dust, plainly unknown toxins; the underlying reason seems not to be that plant matter is vaped, nor that liquids are vaped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also seems not to be causal whether THC or nicotine are in most cases &quot;associated&quot; with the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What the fast onset of this disease makes prudent: implicating either THC or nicotine is so highly unlikely as to be an irresponsible claim. It makes no sense to scare people into another moral panic when the exact same substances are tolerated for decades in anyone user when pyrolised (traditional smoking). Note though that adding anything, including THC, to stuff to be &lt;em&gt;inhaled&lt;/em&gt; is not 'healthy' per se&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is currently is known is that vaping liquids &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; be much more dangerous than ordinary smoking.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;But&lt;/em&gt; this seems to be caused by additives in uncontrolled, unregulated, often even black-market and refill products. And in these the most likely suspect substance of the now leading theory is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recent CDC laboratory testing of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples (or samples of fluid collected from the lungs) from 29 patients with EVALI submitted to CDC from 10 states found &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vitamin E acetate in ALL of the BAL fluid samples.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  Vitamin E acetate is used as an additive in the production of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. This is the first time that we have detected a potential chemical of concern in biologic samples from patients with these lung injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CDC tested for a range of other chemicals that might be found in e-cigarette, or vaping, products, including plant oils, petroleum distillates like mineral oil, MCT oil, and terpenes (which are compounds found in or added to THC products). None of these potential chemicals of concern were detected in the BAL fluid samples tested.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is the first time that we have detected a potential chemical of concern in biologic samples from patients with these lung injuries. These findings provide direct evidence of vitamin E acetate at the primary site of injury within the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;These findings complement the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/lung-illnesses-associated-use-vaping-products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ongoing work of FDA&lt;/a&gt; and some state public health laboratories to characterize e-liquid exposures and inform the ongoing multistate outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Key Facts about Vitamin E Acetate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin E is a vitamin found in many foods, including vegetable oils, cereals, meat, fruits, and vegetables. It is also available as a dietary supplement and in many cosmetic products, like skin creams.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin E acetate usually does not cause harm when ingested as a vitamin supplement or applied to the skin. However, previous research suggests when vitamin E acetate is inhaled, it may interfere with normal lung functioning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vitamin E acetate is used as an additive in the production of e-cigarette, or vaping, products, because it resembles THC oil. Vitamin E acetate is also used as a thickening ingredient in e-liquids.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;–– &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html#what-is-new&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC: Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products (Updated November 8, 2019,)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastActivityDate="2019-11-10T11:15:11.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20389" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20397" CreationDate="2019-11-10T13:27:06.260" Score="2" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;5-HTP is an amino acid derivative from tryptophan acting as the direct precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) and hence of melatonin in mammals.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is found in different foods in insignificant amount but in some particular foods in a significant amount for extraction, as in &lt;em&gt;Griffonia simplicifolia&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is available as a dietary supplement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a convention about how it is best for humans to take 5-HTP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;For example, at what time of day, drug interactions to avoid, etc, to increase serotonin levels in an otherwise healthy person, in cases of indication (perhaps emotional eating or recovering from some form of depression).&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-29T03:27:26.533" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T23:06:41.437" Title="Is there a convention about how it is best for humans to take 5-HTP?" Tags="&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;neurotransmitter&gt;&lt;emotional-eating&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20726" CreationDate="2019-11-10T13:44:46.620" Score="1" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost all physicians I recognized as suggesting medicinal nutrition either as direct therapy, preventive medicine and via &quot;popular medicine&quot; as with books and articles, were Cardiologists; to a lesser extent I came across endocrinologists and gastroenterologists (particularly about microbiota).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do cardiologists learn nutrition as part of their expertise in Cardiology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2019-12-26T10:12:45.810" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T14:03:00.430" Title="Do cardiologists learn nutrition as part of their expertise in Cardiology?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19805" CreationDate="2019-11-10T23:04:49.063" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scintillating scotomas are essentially always caused by migraines (though I believe they have been reported from seizures as well). As such, the triggers for the scotomas are what triggers migraines. Migraine triggers are many and varied from person to person: certain foods (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-trigger-foods#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-trigger-foods#1&lt;/a&gt;), certain medications (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-trigger-foods#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/migraine-trigger-foods#1&lt;/a&gt;), exercise, bright or flickering lights, valsalva maneuvers, and emotional stressors are a partial list. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not all migraines come with pain: some individuals experience acephalgic migraines either exclusively (like the person in the article by C Miller Fisher), or occasionally. A scintillating scotoma is one subtype of the general phenomenon of migraine &quot;aura,&quot; which can manifest in numerous ways. The most common type of migraine auras are visual: fortification illusions, various forms of scotoma (not just scintillating, but also simply dark or grey blobs that reflect absence of visual field in the affected part of vision), and less commonly, visual distortions. Oliver Sacks does a great job with describing some interesting migraine-related visual phenomena in his book on the subject, called Migraine. For more complete information about the medical aspects of migraine (such as triggers), I would recommend going to any neurology textbook and looking at the chapter on migraines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example -and classic- Neurology textbook is Merritt's Neurology. In my edition (12th), pages 951-2 cover &quot;migraine with aura.&quot; The text notes that about 10% of migraine sufferers get scotomas as an aura, and that scintillating scotomas are &quot;pathognomonic&quot; for migraine. That word is a medical term which means &quot;happens exclusively in.&quot; I believe many larger libraries carry a copy of this textbook, and if you're interested, there's a large section (about 8 pages) dedicated to migraine as it's a very common neurologic disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17123" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T11:50:03.970" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T11:50:03.970" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-11T14:24:40.533" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone heard of a disorder that causes &lt;strong&gt;exercise intolerance and post-exertional myalgia&lt;/strong&gt; without any further symptoms (like generalised fatigue or joint pain)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detailed investigation showed that the patient's autoimmune screen and routine bloodwork is normal. No neurological abnormalities were found. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms include cramp-like muscle pain (without muscle rigidity), muscle tightness, and burning. The symptoms can be triggered within minutes of moderate activity (such as walking at a brisk pace) and involve predominantly the calves, thighs, forearms, biceps, and abdominal muscles. Only the exercised muscles show symptoms and these seem proportional to the power generated by the muscle. Lower intensity exertion is much better tolerated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resting for 5 - 10 minutes provides relief but continued exertion is followed by a worsening of the myalgia characterised by muscle pain at rest and muscle tightness that prevents the patient from stretching the muscle. During an episode of myalgia, the patient has difficulty climbing stairs and performing routine activities like grocery shopping. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An episode of post-exertional myalgia lasts approximately 10 - 14 days and eventually resolves while the patient avoids further exercise. &lt;strong&gt;CK levels were regularly monitored and remained within normal levels even during an episode of myalgia.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17125" LastEditorUserId="17125" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T15:45:57.610" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T15:45:57.610" Title="Muscle disorder causing exercise intolerance without an increase of creatine kinease levels" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;creatine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-12T21:16:58.487" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that inhalation of food or stomach contents has a very high risk of causing pneumonia. Is routine sinus mucus , not caused by a cold of other illness, likely to cause pneumonia if inhaled ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2019-11-12T21:16:58.487" Title="Is sinus mucus inhalation a high risk of pneumonia?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20389" CreationDate="2019-11-12T21:58:09.243" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;5-HTP is used by physicians a broad usage but recent clinical trials doesn't come up with appropriate &lt;em&gt;general guidelines&lt;/em&gt; for its dosage, so, no, as of February 2020, there isn't a convention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Usage Examples:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;600 mg&#xA;of 5-HTP was given to the patients and there was significant increase&#xA;in the sleep quality with increase in REM sleep.  While patients&#xA;using smaller doses of 200mg showed lesser degree of improvement in&#xA;sleep quality. For insomnia, the dosage should be between 100-300 mg&#xA;before the bedtime. It can cause nausea in some patients, so&#xA;treatment with 5-HTP, should be started with 50 mg doses. &#xA;(Via: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altmedrev.com/archive/publications/3/4/271.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.altmedrev.com/archive/publications/3/4/271.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of children with 5- HTP regulates&#xA;the sleep cycle  and this shows improvement in long-term sleep&#xA;terrors (Via:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00431-004-1444-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00431-004-1444-7&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;5-HTP is absorbed well when taken orally, approximately 70% enters&#xA;the bloodstream. Therapeutic administration of 5-HTP is used in&#xA;treatment of depression, fibromyalgia and insomnia. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727088&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727088&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 5-HTP toxicity is reported at higher concentrations of serotonin&#xA;in the central nervous system. Various cases are reported of heart&#xA;valve damage when taken with serotonin reuptake inhibitors or&#xA;monoamine oxidase inhibitors (&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/5-hydroxytryptophan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/5-hydroxytryptophan&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taking more than required amount of 5-HTP is harmful for body. As 5-HTP bypass the feedback loop of serotonin pathway and leads to its accumulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Further reading&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientreview-794-5-HTP.aspx?drugid=794&amp;amp;drugname=5-HTP&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; contains user reviews &amp;amp; ratings opinions about the effectiveness of 5-HTP usage in various health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-02-29T23:06:41.437" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T23:06:41.437" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-12T23:23:02.413" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I read on how drugs affect organisms I often come across the drug interaction term, most often how one drug might have a good or bad synergistic effect with other drugs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixing Paracetamol with Codeine could have a better analgesic effect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixing NSAID drugs (such as aspirin) with Alcohol could cause increased gastric acidity and gastrointestinal bleeding&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is one, what is the professional term for a &quot;cancelling&quot; drug interaction, as when one drug might cancel the effect of another drug (not necessarily from the same chemical family by competitive binding as when both are antagonists for one another), but just &quot;cancelling&quot; from whatever reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T14:14:32.930" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T14:14:32.930" Title="Is there a &quot;cancelling&quot; drug interaction?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-12T23:51:54.310" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if the following method (or similar variations) for treating cancer exists and if so if it works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The metod is to deliver an ”antidote” to all cells (or all cells of a specific type) in the body, via virus,liposomes or diffusion.&#xA;Then you wait for the cancer cells to divide which should lower the concentration of the antidote in the newly divided cancer cells. Then you inject the ”poison” into all the cells, the ones which already have the antidote in high enough concentration survive, the ones who doesn’t die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking around to see if this exists all I found were articles about how to target cancer cells specifically, nothing about targeting all cells and using the fact that cancer cells divide quicker to distinguish between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17133" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-04T16:22:05.163" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T16:22:05.163" Title="Is there a cancer treatment method that uses a poison and an antidote?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20406" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20409" CreationDate="2019-11-14T03:26:00.893" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have asked here the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20389/&quot;&gt;convention about best terms to take 5 htp&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Questions like &lt;em&gt;convention about best terms to take X for humans&lt;/em&gt;, might be  too narrow, because, theoretically, as more possibly-therapeutic molecules are discovered, there could be an endless growth of questions like this. To me that's a problem and I didn't find the possible solution as described below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I searched a knowledge base containing administration guidelines on all possibly-therapeutic molecules known in earth (as medicines and/or nutritional supplements) I found only printed books aimed for physicians, edited and published by a given country's health ministry; but nothing standardized globally and available for free read if Wikipedia is taken out of the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought; for example:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If there is the &lt;em&gt;International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems&lt;/em&gt; (ICD) as fa form of standardization,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;There should be a similarly designed drug standardization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are sites like &lt;a href=&quot;http://drugbank.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://drugbank.ca4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugbank.ca&lt;/a&gt; but there is nothing globally standardized such as ICD for diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A globally standardized drug database could include the following variables, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The drug is recognized in at least 1 country as Dietary supplement / Medicine / both&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Priming tests for sensitivity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Priming tests for allergy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ethnic groups that are likely to have sensitivity and/or allergy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;BMI adjustment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On label usages (per global recommend)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Off label usages (per local recommend)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Therapeutic dosages&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Best to be taken before meal / in the middle of the meal / after meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;foods and dietary supplements that might interact&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medicines that might interact&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The drug is best to be taken at which time of day (for example, in general Melatonin is best to be taken at night for some elderly and for some of those suffering from Free Running Sleep Disorder (FRSD) as well.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chance for dependency/addiction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible ways of admittance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Communal recommendation for admittance (if there is one)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and so forth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, the closest thing I found is individual sites as mentioned above or the drug categories in Wikipedia, but nothing standardized. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As ICD is a global standardization of diseases, is there a global standardization of drugs and if not, why?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T15:19:26.030" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T16:39:34.833" Title="As ICD is a global standardization of diseases, is there a global standardization of drugs and if not, why?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20406" CreationDate="2019-11-14T12:25:21.233" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea that the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) forms an international standard on health problems is contentious within some groups of people when there is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)&lt;/a&gt;, which cross-references the ICD and there can sometimes be conflicting criteria stated, (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://journal.ahima.org/2016/08/10/dsm-5-vs-icd-10-cm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journal.ahima.org/2016/08/10/dsm-5-vs-icd-10-cm/&lt;/a&gt; for more on that) but that is a separate issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to an international standards for drugs, different countries have different regulations regarding drug use and drug licensing (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/drugs-licensing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/drugs-licensing&lt;/a&gt; for example on UK drug licensing) and therefore having an international control on drugs would not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mentioned drugs.com (US) and drugsbank.ca (Canada) and there is a go to for the UK medical profession called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British National Formulary (BNF)&lt;/a&gt; which is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)&lt;/a&gt;. I am pretty sure there are similar organisations in other countries controlling the use of drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T12:34:55.857" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T12:34:55.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20406" CreationDate="2019-11-14T16:32:16.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the closest thing to a &quot;standardization of drugs&quot; are the pharmacopeia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;European Pharmacopoeia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Pharmacopoeia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Japanese Pharmacopoeia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(just some examples)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you will notice, these are not global standards, but each one defines the parameters by which a drug is of adequate quality and purity to be deemed that drug. To generate a global standard, it would be necessary to combine some truly massive documents into one, which would require agreement among everyone regarding which standards to use in the unified document.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO has an effort to make such a resource:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Pharmacopoeia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The International Pharmacopoeia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But as of now, it is more of a recommendation than a legally enforceable document in most locations (as far as I know). The WHO also has a great document talking about various pharmacopeia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/resources/InternationalMeetingWorldPharmacopoeias_QAS13-512Rev1_25032013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/resources/InternationalMeetingWorldPharmacopoeias_QAS13-512Rev1_25032013.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;including their legal basis, origins, and a bit of history about attempts to develop international pharmacopeia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In that sense, it's somewhat more remarkable that there are internationally recognized diagnostic codes than that there isn't a (legally binding) internationally standardized pharmacopoeia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/927/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://xkcd.com/927/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pharmacopeia are more interested in the manufacture and identity of drugs (and supplements), rather than indications or dosage recommendations. These are far too complex and depend on other variables to be collected in a single reference. That's partly why physicians and pharmacists exist, and why you should consult them for medical advice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, the ICD-10 is not something like a dichotomous key for diagnosis. It contains a list of diseases and their characteristics for standardization and billing purposes, but it is not a substitute for a physician's care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-11-14T16:39:34.833" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T16:39:34.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-14T17:34:29.227" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my book &lt;em&gt;Principles of Physiology&lt;/em&gt; (by Debasis Pramanik), it is mentioned that dipyridamole inhibits phosohodiesterase which increases cyclic adenosine monophosohate (cAMP) which potentiates prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2 or PGI2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone show me the relationship between phosphodiesterase, cAMP and PGI2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17135" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-19T21:37:21.187" LastActivityDate="2019-11-20T07:02:13.623" Title="Why does a rise in cAMP potentiate PGI2?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-14T18:07:45.720" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen a case where a zirconium crown installed on the second molar of a patient vibrates at certain frequencies of vocalization (e.g., nasal consonants, humming higher-frequency notes, i.e., in the second octave of the solfège naming convention: Fa–Sol-La-Si) the crown resonates and makes a buzzing sound (loud to patient but nearly imperceptible outside of the mouth). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a known phenomenon? Do you know of any other examples where this has occurred with a zirconium crown?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17140" LastEditorUserId="17140" LastEditDate="2019-11-15T17:47:27.480" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T19:41:10.813" Title="Are there known instances of a zirconium crown resonating at certain frequencies and causing discomfort?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20414" CreationDate="2019-11-14T19:47:00.620" Score="5" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the concentration level of oxygen in a standard medical oxygen gas which is normally found in ambulances or hospitals? Does it contain nitrogen too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T19:47:00.620" Title="What's the typical concentration of medical oxygen?" Tags="&lt;oxygen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20413" CreationDate="2019-11-14T19:47:00.620" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical oxygen in liquid or compressed cylinders is typically &lt;a href=&quot;http://ftp.uspbpep.com/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m59550.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&gt;99% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but it is not typically administered at full strength. Instead, patients inspire a mixture of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and room air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oxygen concentrator units concentrate to &lt;a href=&quot;http://ftp.uspbpep.com/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m59560.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;90-96%&lt;/a&gt;, which is called &quot;93% oxygen&quot;. The remainder is mostly nitrogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2019-11-14T19:47:00.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20399" CreationDate="2019-11-15T05:59:52.113" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When looking around to see if this exists all I found were articles about how to target cancer cells specifically, nothing about targeting all cells and using the fact that cancer cells divide quicker to distinguish between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You've misinterpreted how radiation/chemotherapy work. Both are &quot;poisons&quot; in that they cause DNA damage or otherwise irreparably compromise intracellular processes. Because cancer cells are highly active, they are closer to the &quot;apoptotic threshold&quot; required to initiate cell death, so these treatments are exactly what you've described; you just haven't realized that the &quot;antidote&quot; is normal (instead of hyperactive, poorly-regulated) cellular function. Normally-functioning cells that have higher rates of activity are more affected by these poisons, leading to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hair loss, GI issues, anemia, mucous membrane damage, etc.&lt;/a&gt; That said, supplementing this &quot;antidote&quot; (&lt;em&gt;à la&lt;/em&gt; your original question) via redirection towards less- or non-genotoxic cancer therapies is a subject of interest:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Protecting the normal in order to better kill the cancer&lt;/em&gt;, Liu &lt;em&gt;et al. Cancer Med.&lt;/em&gt; 2015 Sep; 4(9): 1394–1403. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567024/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doi:10.1002/cam4.488&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Most chemo drugs...are mainly genotoxic, not only because they mainly target genomic DNA or some components that affect or are needed for DNA synthesis or repair but also because most mutations are deleterious. The same severity of genotoxicity causes more severe DNA damage in cancer cells than in normal cells, thus eliciting cancer cell-specific killing, because normal cells have intact DNA damage response and intact DNA repair mechanism and thus can arrest proliferation for more efficient DNA repair and to avoid damage by the drug. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Since cells of those highly lethal cancers are always mutating their genes to adapt to a therapy, whereas normal cells always try hard to maintain their genomic integrity, it may be a good idea to shift our focus from the traditional thinking of how to kill cancer cells per se to how to protect normal cells from the toxicity of a particular chemotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T05:59:52.113" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-15T11:04:03.897" Score="4" ViewCount="269" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used another clinic from the ones I usually donate blood. The doctor that was responsible for taking my history in regards to approving me as a donor after the usual questions asked me if I use protein supplements. I answered truthfully that I do (about 40 g of whey protein powder daily), and after advising me to reconsider that lifestyle-wise, they told me they would allow me to donate blood this once but even then would only keep the red blood cells of my donation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past 9 years, I've been a donor I never had this come up. Is there an established, widely accepted valid reason for this or is it the doctor's personal opinion to exclude people consuming whey protein supplements from donating blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the first one, how it would be any different than just adding the equivalent of that dosage in protein-rich dairy products instead of the protein powder?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do note that I was asked if I take protein supplements and not if I have a protein-rich diet to begin with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9861" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-12T12:26:43.733" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T12:26:43.733" Title="Being excluded from blood donation due to using protein supplementation" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;protein-supplement&gt;&lt;whey-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20418" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17100" CreationDate="2019-11-15T14:48:35.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is realistic to get all the nutrients you need by consuming foods without fortification and supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general (not as a strict rule), mineral and vitamin needs increase with the calories you spend, which mainly increase with physical activity. If you spend 5,000 Calories/day, you will likely need more vitamins/minerals than if you spend 1,500.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are different criteria for mineral/vitamin requirements:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;US: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/DRI-Tables-2019/1_EARV.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; which meet the needs of 50% of the individuals in each sex and age group &lt;strong&gt;(probably most appropriate for someone who needs ~2,000 Calories/day).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;US: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/DRI-Tables-2019/2_RDAAIVVE.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; which meet the needs of nearly all (97.5%) individuals (including heavy physical workers and athletes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;UK: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutrition.org.uk/attachments/article/234/Nutrition%20Requirements_Revised%20Oct%202016.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference Nutrient Intakes&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; defined the same way as the US RDA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;US (by FDA) &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/interactivenutritionfactslabel/factsheets/vitamin_and_mineral_chart.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily Value (DV)&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/strong&gt; which is similar to RDA, but with even higher recommendations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people discuss about mineral/vitamin requirements, they usually refer to the US RDA values, but they are several reasons to believe those amounts are significantly higher than what an average adult needs, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;potassium,&lt;/strong&gt; they were not sure, so they did not call it RDA, but Adequate Intake (AI): previously it was 4.7 g/day and recently they lowered it to 3.4 g/day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;calcium,&lt;/strong&gt; in the US, the RDA is 1,000 mg/day, while in the UK, the RNI is 700 mg/day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;vitamin C,&lt;/strong&gt; the RDA is 75 mg/day, EAR is 65 mg/day and NRI is 40 mg/day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;folate,&lt;/strong&gt; the RDA is 400 µg/day, EAR is 320 µg/day and NRI is 200 µg/day.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrient requirements refer to what you need every day in average, so if you get more one day you need less the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To find foods high in a particular nutrient, you can check &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients Review&lt;/a&gt;. To finds which nutrients a certain food contains, you can check &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NutritionData&lt;/a&gt;.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-15T18:01:17.827" LastActivityDate="2019-11-15T18:01:17.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20421" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20423" CreationDate="2019-11-16T00:12:18.703" Score="-1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every time i have a runny nose I'm comforting myself by thinking &quot;It's ok, the body is getting rid of pathogens now&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is that really the case ? does every 'drop' of nasal mucus contain pathogens ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9762" LastActivityDate="2019-11-16T07:14:09.640" Title="Can a runny nose &quot;Shoot Blanks&quot;?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;nose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20423" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20421" CreationDate="2019-11-16T07:14:09.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nasal mucus is made out of &quot; It is a viscous colloid containing inorganic salts, antimicrobial enzymes (such as lysozymes), immunoglobulins, and glycoproteins such as lactoferrin&quot;, writes the author of the wiki page of &quot;mucus&quot;, citing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037568&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037568&lt;/a&gt;. Glycoproteins are proteins linked by polysaccharides (complex sugars)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/194589240501900203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/194589240501900203&lt;/a&gt; nasal mucus often also contains the &lt;em&gt;candida albicans&lt;/em&gt; fungus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the prevailing belief is that snot is just a vessel to carry out pathogens, but as you see in the structural description there are immunoglobulins (antibodies), and antimicrobial enzymes, so the pathogens that get mixed up in it are also actively being destroyed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been told all my life that, when one's sick, the change in color of the mucus is an indication of the levels of pathogens in the mucus. Regardless of whether or not that's actually what's going on (I've never blown my nose on a microscope slide), the mucus in one's body doesn't have pathogens as a fundamental component, but it is a vessel for immune cells that are specialized to act against pathogens, so it does seem to expect their presence. If your nose is running because your body is expelling pathogens there's a high chance that they're in the mucus coming out, otherwise it probably varies a lot, and might get to the zero point if your body (esp around your nose and throat) is totally pathogen free. Allergy runny noses might have more histamines, and runny noses on a cold day might be the most &quot;blank&quot;, with nothing but inorganic salts, antimicrobial enzymes (such as lysozymes), immunoglobulins, glycoproteins, fungi, and whatever bacteria's in your nostrils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17144" LastActivityDate="2019-11-16T07:14:09.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-17T00:03:25.393" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is known that pleasure of eating is one of the main cause of obesity. And from my everyday experience I can also see that some men really enjoy the exercises in gym, they can not live with out them. I can say similarly that I can not live without math and programming, time off from math and programming (and other intellectual and creative activities) and I have hard time sleeping and hard time doing my exercises in gym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So - my question is - what are the molecular mechanisms that induces one to feel pleasure doing physical exercises? And can these molecular mechanisms be stimulated by some drugs without causing side-effects. I suppose - that pleasure from rational physical activity is quite natural and there should be drugs for those people who can not experience this pleasure in the amount required for living healthy life. So - is there research on such topic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I made Google search &quot;molecular mechanism of pleasure for physical exercise&quot; but all the results is about further effects - how the physical activity keeps mood up. But I am more interested in the mechanisms, that creates desire, longing for physical exercise? Or I am something confusing: mechanisms for desire and mechanisms for reward and mechanisms of failure to experience reward? How all these things are connected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should be very important topic as it can give solution for many cases of obesity problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe failure to experience direct reward from exercise is connected with some illnesses, e.g. with muscle-degenerative illnesses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16734" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-11-17T05:17:45.393" LastActivityDate="2019-11-17T17:12:47.610" Title="What are the molecular mechanisms of inducing pleasure for physical exercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20429" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-17T08:26:50.310" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the advantages for patients between extended and delayed release drugs?&#xA;i understand the difference between these two drugs, but i want to know the advantages to the patients itself between delayed and extended release drug&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17149" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T08:40:05.500" Title="what is the advantages (for patients) in delayed and extended release drugs?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20427" CreationDate="2019-11-17T17:12:47.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The human brain has a specific anatomic site called &lt;strong&gt;Nucleus accumbens&lt;/strong&gt;, that is responsible for reward and reinforcement behavior. The neurotransmitter Dobutamine could be considered as a main molecular mechanism for reward behavior. You can find more information on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;A stimulus, e.g. eating, can be linked to a rewarding stimulus, e.g. I feel better after a pleasant meal. This way you learn, that eating makes you feel good. This is called &lt;strong&gt;Pavlovian-instrumental transfer&lt;/strong&gt;. You can find more information on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovian-instrumental_transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovian-instrumental_transfer&lt;/a&gt;&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Obesity is a complex health issue. The main causes are high caloric intake and  sedentary behavior.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You can find more information on drugs and side effects: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweight-obesity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweight-obesity&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17150" LastActivityDate="2019-11-17T17:12:47.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5683" CreationDate="2019-11-18T04:41:26.027" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's my (non professional take), from reading and listening to Jill Cook and Steven Low:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Tendonitis/tendinosis are obsolete terms.  If someone uses them, they are probably 10 or more years behind the times.  The current one is tendinopathy.  Tendinopathies provoke little or no inflammation, and we still have a long way to understand them.  In particular, every person's tendons suffer disrepair and tears during their lifetime, but only a few feel pain --which can be present with little or no damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Steven Low (Overcoming Gravity, Bad Posture, and soon, Tendonitis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stevenlow.org/overcoming-tendonitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://stevenlow.org/overcoming-tendonitis/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Connective tissue has less blood supplies than muscles, so it can't keep up if there's overuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tendinopathies provoke little or no inflammation.  There's not really such a thing as tendinitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;An overloaded tendon goes into reactive tendinopathy: pain and microscopic degenerative damage that can be fully healed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If stress continues, normal regeneration processes can't keep up and tendon disrepair occurs, where collagen fibres are deposited out of alignment, leading to reactive on degenerative tendinopathy.  An MRI can show small damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Further damage produces a degenerative tendinopathy: the tendon fibers regenerate haphazardly which can't be reversed.  Again, no inflammation, but large scale disruptions on tendon tissue, and the possibility of tearing under heavy loads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jill Cook et all:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31431267&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current trends in tendinopathy management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tendinopathy (pain and dysfunction in a tendon) is a prevalent&#xA;clinical musculoskeletal presentation across the age spectrum, mostly&#xA;in active and sporting people. Excess load above the tendon's usual&#xA;capacity is the primary cause of clinical presentation. The propensity&#xA;towards chronicity and the extended times for recovery and optimal&#xA;function and the challenge of managing tendinopathy in a sporting&#xA;competition season make this a difficult condition to treat.&#xA;Tendinopathy is a heterogeneous condition in terms of its pathology&#xA;and clinical presentation. Despite ongoing research, there is no&#xA;consensus on tendon pathoetiology and the complex relationship between&#xA;tendon pathology, pain and function is incompletely understood. The&#xA;diagnosis of tendinopathy is primarily clinical, with imaging only&#xA;useful in special circumstances. There has been a surge of&#xA;tendinopathy treatments, most of which are poorly supported and&#xA;warrant further exploration. The evidence supports a slowly&#xA;progressive loading program, rather than complete rest, with other&#xA;treatment modalities used as adjuncts mainly targeted at achieving&#xA;pain relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conference video: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kKzoi8Zrik&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jill Cook - Current concepts in tendinopathy rehabilitation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17153" LastEditorUserId="17153" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T02:37:21.960" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T02:37:21.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-18T05:31:38.627" Score="1" ViewCount="266" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that in the day or two before coming down with cold symptoms. (Which I am taking to be the interval between catching the virus and symptoms appearing.) I feel quite elated for no particular reason. I've since been able to predict that a cold is coming on from this feeling. (As in, &quot;I wonder why I'm feeling so happy? Oh yes, that person sneezed in the library two days ago. Oh dear.&quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then during when the first symptoms hit, and the sore throat hits, that night is terrible and sleepless and the worst feelling ever with chills.&#xA;But then after that subsides, the headache and chills lift and then basically just left with a runny nose, again this period feels midly pleasant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if this is a common thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I put it down to maybe the virus at first making your head a bit fuzzy at the beginning like being mildy tipsy and relaxed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I also wonder whether maybe the virus itself is prompting the body to release endorphins in order for it to encourage you to be around other people and hence help it spread? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastActivityDate="2019-11-18T05:31:38.627" Title="Is it common to feel euphoric before going down with cold symptoms?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-18T05:34:15.580" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I'm feeling quite happy and stub my toe, the feeling of happiness quickly goes away as if my brain has been flooded with a negative version of endorphins. This can last quite a while and it is hard to get back into a happy mood even when the pain subsides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a negative version of endorphins? Or exactly how do the endorphins dispaear when you stub your toe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastActivityDate="2019-11-18T05:34:15.580" Title="Is there such a thing as negative-endorphins?" Tags="&lt;endorphins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-18T05:52:43.720" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&amp;amp;contentid=P00053&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;few&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684327/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;websites&lt;/a&gt; which say that stress can cause buildup of uric acid. Would that make a urine test (uric acid/pH) taken after stress less accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17143" LastEditorUserId="17143" LastEditDate="2019-11-19T06:10:19.980" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T06:10:19.980" Title="Does stress affect the urinary pH?" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-01-23T05:38:40.943" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20438" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-18T16:36:50.843" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason/mechanism according to which only two dosages (on two consecutive days) of Mirtazapin 30mg might lead a patient to feel an increase in their peripheral neurological sensitivity, such as flinching and shuddering more than usual upon being touched unexpectedly, or hearing a sudden noise? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These effects do not appear to be described under this drug's known side effects, and I wonder where there is any theoretical reason why they might plausibly be atributed to the Mirtazapin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7540" LastActivityDate="2019-11-18T16:36:50.843" Title="Peripheral excitability effects of Mirtazapin" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-19T02:54:56.283" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;My mom in HK was prescribed Ergotamine, but I'm unnerved discontinuation in Canada and UK! Something wrong with it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/answers/cafergot-discontinued-604344.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asked&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;13 Oct 2012 by lucyglitters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;i live in the uk and i've been taking it for more than 30 years to control my 3-4 migraines a week - just went to get a prescription renewed and i'm told it's no longer available in the uk - at this point in time, all i can see is losing my job and then losing my house and ending up on the streets! does anybody have any information? have tried all other migraine meds and prophylactics but nothing else works for me .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/answers/cafergot-discontinued-604344.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GeoffG 23 Jun 2014&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cafergot was recently discontinued in Canada. None of the expensive designer drugs was as effective. I found a suggestion online that a _compounding pharmacy_ could compound it. My doctor found one, Smith's Pharmacy in Toronto, and I now have Cafergot once again! I had them compound it in a half strength dosage, 0.5 mg ergotamine tartrate and 50 mg caffeine citrate, which usually is enough for me (half a tablet). Works like a charm!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-11-23T11:16:50.930" LastActivityDate="2019-11-23T11:16:50.930" Title="Why was Ergotamine (trade name: Cafergot) discontinued in Canada and UK?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-19T03:37:14.353" Score="0" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1653139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A randomized, double-blind comparison of sumatriptan and Cafergot in the acute treatment of migraine. The Multinational Oral Sumatriptan and Caferg... - PubMed - NCBI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is concluded that oral sumatriptan was well tolerated and is a more effective acute treatment for migraine than Cafergot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then why &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/answers/cafergot-discontinued-604344.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many UKers&lt;/a&gt; still want Ergotamine? &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.southamptonformulary.nhs.uk/searchresults.asp?SearchVar=triptan&amp;amp;Submit2=Search&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS Southampton Joint Formulary&lt;/a&gt; lists Almotriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan.  Pls ELI5. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T03:37:14.353" Title="Ergotamine v Sumatriptan for migraine without aura" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20446" CreationDate="2019-11-19T05:03:28.143" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there ~simple means to reduce risk of GI (gastro-intestinal) bleeding associated with NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)(ie aspirin) - besides the common-sense answers?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Take with food&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't take NSAIDs (&quot;and you'll have no risk&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By 'simple means', I mean: specific foods, supplements, or over-the-counter drugs that make a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13025" LastEditorUserId="13025" LastEditDate="2019-11-19T05:11:50.630" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T09:28:00.210" Title="Preventing NSAID-associated GI bleeding" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20445" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20429" CreationDate="2019-11-19T08:40:05.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To understand the advantages of Extended Release (ER) and Delayed Release (DR) formulations, the primary differences between them should be highlighted. Taken from &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6117810/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Clinician's Guide to Oral Extended-Release Drug Delivery Systems in Epilepsy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (&lt;em&gt;italics&lt;/em&gt; are mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Delayed-Release (DR) Formulations&lt;/strong&gt;. The US Pharmacopeia (USP) defines DR as a dosage form that &lt;em&gt;does not release the medication promptly after administration. In other words, once a certain amount of time has lapsed, the drug is immediately and completely released&lt;/em&gt;. The delayed release may be time sensitive or dependent on the environment (e.g., gastrointestinal pH). For example, an enteric coating can be used to intentionally delay drug release until after the tablet has passed through the stomach. This may reduce drug irritation of the gastric mucosa or prevent gastric juices from inactivating an acid-labile drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Extended-Release (ER) Formulations&lt;/strong&gt;. The USP defines ER as a dosage form &lt;em&gt;designed to release the medication in a controlled manner during an extended period of time, at a predetermined rate, duration, and location following administration&lt;/em&gt;. At steady state, the rate of absorption is approximately equivalent to the rate of elimination due to metabolism and excretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is evident that these are essentially two different profiles of a drug, as each type of formulation gives the drug a distinct behavior, which gives the drug better chances for efficacy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The advantage in delayed-release formulations is not exactly an advantage &lt;strong&gt;for the patient&lt;/strong&gt;. Rather, it's an advantage for the treatment, because using such formulations enables the doctor to treat the patient with drugs that could not be taken orally otherwise, such as acid-labile drugs (e.g. omeprazole for heartburn).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The advantage in extended-release formulations is more direct for the patient, because it allows the patient to take the drug less frequently, which is always preferable, as it increases the chances of adherence to the treatment (compare taking a tablet 6 times a day to once a day. It is obviously a lot easier to take a tablet once a day and be done with it, than having to stop what you are  doing every few hours and take a tablet).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This figure from the above-cited paper demonstrates this discussion very clearly:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sPDk3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sPDk3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;IR vs. DR and ER drug formulations&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the top figure, you can see that the pharmacokinetic profile for IR (immediate release) and DR are identical, only the DR profile occurs later, since it is only &amp;quot;postponed&amp;quot; as discussed above. ER, however, demonstrates a profile of a different shape, since the peak is lower, but higher concentrations are maintained for a longer period of time compared to the IR and DR formulations, which give only a short strong peak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The advantage of ER formulations is even better elucidated in the bottom figure, where it is seen that taking an ER formulation &lt;strong&gt;once a day&lt;/strong&gt; (compared to taking an IR formulations three times a day) provides desired serum concentrations throughout the day and with lower chances for side effects (the peak does not cross the top of the therapeutic range, as opposed to the sharp peaks of IR formulations), and lower chances for dropping to subtherapeutic concentrations (the peak does not cross the bottom of the therapeutic range, as opposed to the sharp peaks of IR formulations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T08:40:05.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20442" CreationDate="2019-11-19T09:19:24.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is convincing evidence that measures, like crushing the tablets before use, taking them with food or water, lower doses and temporary discontinuation of use, are associated with the &lt;strong&gt;lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DISCLAIMER: This information is not intended to interfere with any drug regime prescribed by a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal bleeding?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749095&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Best Practice &amp;amp; Research: Clinical Gastroenterology, 2000&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;NSAIDs can cause damage to the gastroduodenal mucosa via several&#xA;  mechanisms, including the topical irritant effect of these drugs on&#xA;  the epithelium, impairment of the barrier properties of the mucosa,&#xA;  suppression of gastric prostaglandin synthesis, reduction of gastric&#xA;  mucosal blood flow and interference with the repair of superficial&#xA;  injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What can reduce the risk of bleeding?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Chewing the tablet and taking it with food or water:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't swallow the aspirin pill; chew it, and then swallow it with a&#xA;  glass of water. Doing it that way gets the aspirin into your system&#xA;  rapidly, which is what you want. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/does-aspirin-stop-a-heart-attack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chewing will break the tablet, making it to go through the stomach faster thus decreasing its erosive effect. Water will stimulate gastric emptying thus reducing the contact time of aspirin with gastric mucosa. &lt;em&gt;Note, that milk or fruit juice will slow down gastric emptying.&lt;/em&gt; You can still take aspirin with food or with food and water. Food will slow gastric emptying of aspirin, but will dilute it. I don't know which is better, food or water, but both make sense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Smaller doses&lt;/strong&gt; of NSAIDs will be likely less erosive that the greater ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;New formulations of NSAIDs may reduce risks of adverse events by using&#xA;  lower doses while providing effective analgesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lower-dose capsules that contain finely milled, rapidly absorbed NSAID&#xA;  particles may also provide analgesia at lower systemic doses. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310346/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Topical NSAIDs&lt;/strong&gt; reduce the risk of side effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Topical NSAIDs provided good levels of pain relief in acute conditions&#xA;  such as sprains, strains and overuse injuries, probably similar to&#xA;  that provided by oral NSAIDs. Gel formulations of diclofenac (as&#xA;  Emugel®), ibuprofen, and ketoprofen, and some diclofenac patches,&#xA;  provided the best effects. Adverse events were usually minimal. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD007402/SYMPT_topical-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-acute-musculoskeletal-pain-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Temporary discontinuation&lt;/strong&gt; of NSAIDs reduces the risk of GI bleeding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All types and formulations of NSAIDs appear to increase the risk of&#xA;  UGIBs &lt;em&gt;[upper gastrointestinal bleedings]&lt;/em&gt; but the effect appear not to be cumulative and diminish rapidly&#xA;  with discontinue of use. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1874281/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5) Vitamin C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ascorbic acid supplementation has been associated with a decreased&#xA;  incidence of bleeding from peptic ulcer disease and with a reduction&#xA;  in NSAID-associated gastric mucosal damage. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874117/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Digestive Diseases and Sciences&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin + vitamin C tablets exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6 Foods to AVOID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol + NSAIDs can increase the risk of GI bleeding (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10566713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Am J Gatroenterol, 1999&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7) Some NSAIDs are less often associated with GI bleeding than others:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the systematic review of studies &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714137/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Individual NSAIDs and Upper Gastrointestinal Complications (Drugs Safety, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;, NSAIDs with the lowest risk of GI bleeding  are aceclofenac, celecoxib and ibuprofen, and the ones with the highest risk are piroxicam, ketorolac and azapropazone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714137/figure/Fig2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fig. 2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using OTC drugs, such as sucralfate and antacides, sounds promising but was disappointing in reducing the risk of GI bleeding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite promising results with &lt;em&gt;sucralfate&lt;/em&gt; in smaller studies [30] or&#xA;  for short-term prophylaxis [26, 31], a randomized, controlled trial&#xA;  conduced by Agrawal and coworkers failed to show a significant benefit&#xA;  of sucralfate in the prevention of gastric ulcers in contrast to&#xA;  misoprostol [32].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Data concerning &lt;em&gt;antacids&lt;/em&gt; in the prevention of NSAID-related gastric&#xA;  mucosal injury are scarce, and also disappointing. Especially for&#xA;  long-term prophylaxis no clinical effect was observed with low-dose&#xA;  antacids [26]. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1874281/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-30T09:28:00.210" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T09:28:00.210" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20451" CreationDate="2019-11-19T15:15:43.850" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vitreous body of the human eye consists of mostly water, but there is also a small percentage of collagen fibres. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the function of these fibers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17164" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T12:27:37.817" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T12:27:37.817" Title="What is the function of the collagen fibres in the vitreous body of the human eye?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20449" CreationDate="2019-11-19T20:00:23.560" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Collagens&lt;/a&gt; are a family of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroprotein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fibrous proteins &lt;/a&gt;(as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;globular proteins&lt;/a&gt; like enzymes and hormones and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;membrane proteins&lt;/a&gt; like cell receptors) that form part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;connective tissue&lt;/a&gt;. Thus they are important in forming the structure of many organs and tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Connective tissue is one of the four main types of animal tissue. The others are epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the eye, connective tissue is responsible for much of the structure of the organ. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vitreous is a fluid-like gel contained in the posterior chamber of the eye, between the lens and retina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/vitreous-humour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The vitreous is the fluid-like gel, composed of approximately 98–99% water with trace amounts of hyaluronic acid, glucose, anions, cations, ions, and collagen, located in the posterior chambers of the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1456&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Collagens are important macromolecules that contribute to vitreoretinal adhesion at the vitreoretinal interface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the vitreous is a type of connective tissue, just one that has a greater proportion of water than most. As such, it contains proteins like collagens and hyaluronic acid which contribute to its viscosity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Collagens are also important for vitreoretinal attachment (between the vitreous and the retina at the back of the eye). Thus some of the collagen found in the vitreous may originate at the retina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/vitreous-humour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lappas and Lappas. 2016. Analytics samples&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1456&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ponsioen TL et al. 2008. Human vitreoretinal interface&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-11-19T20:00:23.560" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20410" CreationDate="2019-11-20T07:02:13.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, the signal transduction pathway of PGI2 involves a Gs protein. This Gs protein involves the increase in cAMP (through adenylate cyclase; I am assuming you know the signal transduction pathways). Thus, when you administer Dipyridamole, phosphodiesterase is inhibited (which would've degraded your cAMP), thus there is an augmented effect of the PGI2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085271/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085271/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Go through this article and check out the first image there. On the very left of the image, you can find the PGI2 pathway.&#xA;Hope this helps :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2019-11-20T07:02:13.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20458" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20459" CreationDate="2019-11-20T16:13:23.530" Score="5" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was my understanding that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;the placebo effect&quot;&lt;/a&gt; operated mostly by a mechanism based upon the subject's &lt;em&gt;belief&lt;/em&gt; that they may have obtained an active ingredient. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/ayahuasca-alters-brain-waves-to-produce-waking-dream-like-state-study-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;some articles about the effects of psychedelic drugs&lt;/a&gt;, and the researchers compared to a control group that had been administered a placebo.  However, I am thinking that &lt;em&gt;surely&lt;/em&gt; the subjects can tell whether they're tripping balls or not.  If this is the case, then what is the point of the placebo?  Is it just mechanical application of the &quot;rules of experimentation&quot; by the researchers, or am I missing something in the point of the placebo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17170" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T19:38:31.173" Title="What is the point of a placebo in studies where the subject can determine their group?" Tags="&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20458" CreationDate="2019-11-20T17:17:49.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right, the best placebos are ones where the subject can't really know which group they are in. However, it still makes sense to have a control group, and even if a placebo isn't ideal it can be better than nothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For studies of psychedelics, for example, there are a few key points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) At the very least, the placebo is a control for the drug administration. In the study you linked, drugs are being given IV. It's expected that DMT is going to cause behavioral effects, and so of course is going to be detectable by the subjects, but in a study like this they are measuring EEG which isn't something the subjects are likely to be able to manipulate. Both groups get an IV injection, so the placebo makes sure that the brain changes aren't from the IV itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Additionally, they are asking subjective questions about the experience the subjects are having, so if subjects are just &quot;making it up&quot; you'd expect the same scores in the placebo and DMT groups. Of course the DMT does have an effect, but that's fine: it's expected to have an effect and the subjects are expected to report that effect. If the placebo group says they're having a really intense experience then it seems likely that some of the result is just because the subjects &lt;em&gt;expected&lt;/em&gt; they would be getting DMT, rather than actually getting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) Symptoms of, for example, depression or pain tend to change with time. Except for the most extreme cases of treatment-resistant depression, if you take a group of people who meet the criteria for depression today, you would expect that on average they will have a reduction in depressive symptoms at a future time point. This is an example of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regression to the mean&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore, a control group is really important. This, however, is where the lack of a psychoactive placebo may be a bit of a problem. I would say this is a good reason for long-term follow-up, because long-term symptom relief is less likely to be due to placebo effects of the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D) These studies typically (always, from my experience with the literature) include a substantial therapy component as well as the psychedelic treatment. The placebo group also gets this therapy, in addition to their placebo drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E) The placebo choice is often selected to be something that does have some physical effect that isn't psychedelic in nature. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Niacin&lt;/a&gt; for example can cause some sort of tingling feeling. Subjects may be told that the study involves different doses of a psychedelic, so (especially psychedelic-naive subjects) may not know whether they've gotten a low dose or a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-11-20T19:04:25.973" LastActivityDate="2019-11-20T19:04:25.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-20T20:03:18.403" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume the typical situation for an increase in intraocular pressure is this: on the one hand new vitreous is produced, but on the other hand the exit path for vitreous is blocked for one of many possible reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But inside the visual nerve there is a blood vessel, an artery even. Doesn't that imply that when heart rate and blood pressure increase, eg due to significant physical activity (sports), that also the intraocular pressure would increase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if yes, by how much could it increase, assuming that intraocular pressure is at about 15 mmHg at rest? Could it increase beyond eg 21 mmHg?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17164" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T12:27:57.520" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T12:27:57.520" Title="Do blood pressure and heart rate influence intraocular pressure and to what extent?" Tags="&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20466" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-21T16:03:09.430" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a patient who gets multiple treatments with antibiotics, and didn't really need them (bacterial infection, but would have gotten healthy without antibiotics). Is it the &lt;em&gt;same&lt;/em&gt; patient who is at risk of developing antibiotics resistance, or is it the people who this patient pass on the disease to while sick, who are at risk of developing a resistant disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand (and please correct me), the original patient (we assume) defeats these pathogens and also develops antibodies for them. During the later stage of the disease, while the patients immune system together with the antibiotics kill the bacteria, some of the bacteria will survive for longer than others. These can be to some extent resistant to the antibiotics even if they end up being killed by the patient's own immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before all of the bacteria are killed off in the original patient, they will still be able to spread to other people. Then these new patients have to deal with the same disease, but now unaided by antibiotics because they face only the subset of the strain that is now resistant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the reason overuse of antibiotics is dangerous is because others will suffer from it. Is this reasoning accurate at all, or completely flawed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12417" LastActivityDate="2019-11-21T16:03:09.430" Title="Is taking too much antibiotics in relation to antibiotics resistance a problem for the patient or population?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20467" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-21T16:12:50.210" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I compared two people (both Russians, both have the same skin tone) after tanning.  One tan passed after 4 weeks, the other holds even after 4 months.  I do not have professional knowledge in dermatology, but I am interested in what affected the longer presence of melanin on the skin of one of the people, and in general, what factors can occur during temporary pigmentation in different people? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17174" LastActivityDate="2019-11-21T16:12:50.210" Title="What factors (hereditary or acquired) affect the formation of tan tones and why some people lose tan earlier than other?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-21T18:44:11.807" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have high myopia in my right eye (~7.00). I've noticed that unsystematically applying pressure onto certain areas of the eyelid onto the eye can actually bring the power down to about 3-5.00 (by comparing it with my left eye), enough to read. It makes the vision a bit darker though (probably because the eyelid partially covers it), and can shift it a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since myopia is basically the elongation of the eyeball, this shouldn't be a surprise. But I'm wondering, surely applying specific continuous pressure (perhaps via some eye cover mould contraption during sleep) has been thought of as a possible treatment option? Has it been dismissed due to some obvious reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Applying pressure over time can definitely deform the body, at least in some areas. Fitbit and watch users have complained about noticeable indentations left by their watches, which don't seem to go away even after not wearing them. Even spectacles can leave indentation marks. Is the eyeball any different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; As &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/17181/jf1&quot;&gt;jf1&lt;/a&gt; answered, orthokeratologic contact lenses already exist, which can reshape the cornea to slow the progression of myopia. Just to probe further for completeness, have methods for reversing the physical elongation of the eyeball (not just the cornea) via pressure been studied before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user17176" LastEditorDisplayName="user17176" LastEditDate="2019-11-24T08:07:38.337" LastActivityDate="2019-11-24T08:07:38.337" Title="Can myopia be treated by applying pressure?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20474" CreationDate="2019-11-22T08:44:35.507" Score="1" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;A google search for FODMAP foods reveals many lists (for instance &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=14&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiAluODsf3lAhVII1AKHXo4C2QQFjANegQIARAB&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsdiets.org%2Ffodmap-diet%2Ffodmap-food-list%2F&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1esI0tfmAWVkULkO47tfra&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2018/05/Low_FODMAP_Diet_12.16.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.katescarlata.com/lowfodmapdietchecklists&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, ...) that merely state which foods are high or low FODMAP, in some cases also with a medium FODMAP category, or amount restrictions. In some cases these lists don't agree on high/medium/low, as also observed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/5591/11609&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be interested in data beyond a binary/ternary classification of foods, i.e., I'm looking for the underlying data to judge the FODMAP content of a food. From my understanding of FODMAP this would mean a listing of exact nutritional contents w.r.t. fructans, lactose, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, polyols, etc. For instance, how do people come up with a recommendation like &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/newly-tested-and-retested-foods-broccoli-and-broccolini/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 65g of broccoli stalks are low FODMAP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this data available somewhere? If not, what are the formulas used to compute such quantity recommendations, i.e., how would I compute the FODMAP threshold from a general nutritional database?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11609" LastActivityDate="2019-11-25T08:50:45.530" Title="Formula behind FODMAP recommendations / quantitative list of actual FODMAP contents?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;fodmap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20472" CreationDate="2019-11-22T12:21:26.473" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The idea about a low-FODMAP diet is to decrease the intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols and thus reduce the risk of diarrhea due to their laxative effect and the amount of gas produced by normal intestinal microbes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A low-FODMAP diet was first introduced by researchers from &lt;strong&gt;Monash University;&lt;/strong&gt; the search for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&amp;amp;biw=1280&amp;amp;bih=918&amp;amp;ei=rLDXXePwJtGBhbIPqemj8Ag&amp;amp;q=low%20fodmap%20diet%20monash&amp;amp;oq=low%20fodmap%20diet%20monash&amp;amp;gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l4j0i22i30l6.344990.346646..347104...0.2..0.107.636.5j2......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i71j0i67.NGsnbu0vHLs&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwjj9tjcxv3lAhXRQEEAHan0CI44ChDh1QMICw&amp;amp;uact=5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;low fodmap diet monash&lt;/a&gt; gives different pages related to them and you can consider that original information. You can see they insist in describing FODMAP content of foods as &quot;low&quot; and &quot;high&quot; and do not provide any numbers about &lt;em&gt;total&lt;/em&gt; amount of FODMAPs; anyway, this may not help everyone, because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Someone is sensitive only to fructose from apples, but not to fructans from wheat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In different underlying disorders, such as fructose malabsorption, lactose intolerance or Crohn's disease, only certain FODMAPs are problematic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The effect of certain FODMAPS, for example, fructose + sorbitol, is additive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The effect of fructose is cancelled by glucose, so, a food that contains equal amounts of glucose and fructose (and no other FODMAPs), should theoretically cause no problems.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The approach to a low-FODMAP diet as suggested by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/starting-the-low-fodmap-diet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Monash University&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Starting with a strict low-FODMAP diet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reintroducing foods one by one, 3 days apart, to see if they cause problems. For this to work, it is good to learn which foods are typically high in particular FODMAPs; for example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/fodmaps.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients Review&lt;/a&gt; has an article that links to particular FODMAPs. Nutrients-foods relations to figure out which exact FODMAP is problematic by trying foods that are typically high in only one FODMAP:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lactose: milk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fructose: an apple&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Polyols (isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, polyglycitol or hydrogenated starch hydrolisates, sorbitol, xylitol): sugar-free chewing gum or diet soda&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS): Jerusalem artichokes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other oligosaccharides: beans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fructans: wheat bread&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such approach seems to be good enough to figure out which foods are problematic for a person, without the need to know exact amounts of particular FODMAPs in each food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And now to answer the question about the amounts:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fructose&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amounts of &lt;strong&gt;fructose&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;&quot;net fructose&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (which actually causes problems) are presented in Chart 1 on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/monosaccharides-fructose.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients Review&lt;/a&gt;. This is how you can calculate the amount of net fructose: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Individuals with fructose malabsorption benefit from a low-fructose&#xA;  diet, which means avoiding meals that contain more than 0.5 g of “net&#xA;  fructose” (Chart 1), which is the amount of fructose higher than the&#xA;  total amount of glucose from all glucose sources in a meal: glucose&#xA;  (100% glucose), starch (100% glucose), maltose (100 % glucose),&#xA;  sucrose (50% glucose) and lactose (50% glucose) [7,8]. For example, a&#xA;  meal that contains 20 g fructose, 10 g starch (which is 10 g glucose)&#xA;  and 10 g sucrose (which is 5 g fructose and 5 g glucose) contains 20 g&#xA;  + 5 g fructose – (10 g + 5 g glucose) = 25 – 15 = 10 grams of net fructose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of foods highest in net fructose are &lt;strong&gt;agave, apple, pear, mango, honey and beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS).&lt;/strong&gt; NutritionData has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/tools/nutrient-search&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients in Food Tool&lt;/a&gt;, by which you can search for the amount of &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000011000000000000000-w.html?categories=1,18,9,0,13,14,4,5,42,16,17,15,3,6,20,2,7,11,19,21,12,10,8,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fructose&lt;/a&gt; in many foods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sorbitol&lt;/strong&gt; inhibits the absorption of fructose, so a food low in fructose but high in sorbitol can be problematic. Sorbitol alone can be problematic for some people. There's a list of foods high in sorbitol (in grams) on &lt;a href=&quot;https://foodintolerances.org/sorbitol-content-of-food/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food Intolerance&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lactose&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lactose in significant amounts is in &lt;strong&gt;milk,&lt;/strong&gt; ice cream and soft cheeses, but not in hard cheese and butter. Foods high in &lt;a href=&quot;https://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000012000000000000000-w.html?categories=1,18,9,0,13,14,4,5,42,16,17,15,3,6,20,2,7,11,19,21,12,10,8,22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lactose&lt;/a&gt; (NutritionData).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) + fructans = soluble fiber&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FOS and fructans are soluble fiber, all of which can be problematic for some people. Since data about their amounts in food is not readily available, it can help to have a list of foods high in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/dietary-fiber-soluble-insoluble.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;soluble fiber&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer specific questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why are onion/garlic often considered the worst FODMAP foods? They are both spicy and high in fructans, onion also in fructose, so the later is usually considered worse. &quot;Spices&quot; are often problematic for some people from personal reasons, not necessary due to their FODMAP content.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Which are fruits and vegetables with the lowest amount of FODMAPs?&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fruits: the ones with the lowest amount of net fructose and sorbitol, for example, grapefruit and cantaloupe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vegetables: the ones the lowest in fructose and FOS/fructans, for example, lettuce, spinach, carrots, okra, sweet corn and potatoes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Data about the amount of fructose (and net fructose), lactose and soluble fiber (to estimate the amount of FOS and fructans) are widely available and may help one to find a &lt;em&gt;personal&lt;/em&gt; threshold for them. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I'm not aware of any free comprehensive list of foods with exact amounts of particular FODMAPs, but Monash University has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.monashfodmap.com/ibs-central/i-have-ibs/get-the-app/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mobile app&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be a bit more quantitative...Such a list still can't categorize foods into &quot;above&quot; or &quot;below&quot; tolernce threshold, because such threshold usually applies to a person, not a food.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-25T08:50:45.530" LastActivityDate="2019-11-25T08:50:45.530" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20469" CreationDate="2019-11-22T16:55:20.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually this is done, despite a little bit different:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So called orthokeratologic (ortho-K, OK) contact lenses are worn over night and during this time reshape the cornea. Its main focus however is slowing myopia progression in children. It does not help reverse myopia, once aquired. And one has to wear them every night.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721542/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721542/&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310255&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17181" LastActivityDate="2019-11-22T16:55:20.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20477" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16916" CreationDate="2019-11-22T19:01:48.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question focuses on the location of the receptors (the part of the nociceptors that is reacting to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An equally important part of a nociceptor is the axon, or nerve fibre, that conducts the action potential from the muscle or tendon (to go with your example) all the way to the spinal cord from where it makes its way to the brain. The slowest nerve fibres (type C) are unmyelinated and have a small diameter (around 1 micrometre) whereas larger diameter myelinated nerve fibres (type A) have a higher conduction velocity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The brain interprets information from all nociceptors in the area to generate the sensation of pain. For that reason, there is no strict one to one mapping between a specific nociceptor firing and a specific sensation of pain. However, experiments show that when excited &lt;em&gt;in isolation&lt;/em&gt;, nociceptors with A-type axons produced an acute, sharp, pricking pain. On the other hand, nociceptors with unmyelinated axons (C-type) produced a burning, dull, long-latency pain. &#xA;(&quot;Nociceptors and the perception of pain&quot;, Alan Fein, 2014.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another factor to consider is nociceptor sensitization. This is an adaptation to protect already injured tissue from further damage. It causes nociceptors in injured or inflamed tissue to fire even though the stimulus would normally be painless (allodynia) and/or to react much stronger to normally painful stimuli (hyperalgesia). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what you are describing above it seems that arm-wrestling may cause sufficient strain to the muscle-bone-tendon structures of the arm to induce nociceptor sensitization during the recovery period. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article might be of interest:&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/34/2/81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Where is the pain coming from in tendinopathy? It may be biochemical, not only structural, in origin&quot;, British Journal of Sports Medicine, August 2000&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17125" LastActivityDate="2019-11-22T19:01:48.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20478" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-22T22:40:56.487" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, many chemotherapeutic drugs target cell division, with the theory that a constant kill probability per cell division kills fast-replicating cancer cells faster than slow-replicating healthy cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of kill probabilities per cell division event are useful in chemotherapy? Could a human typically tolerate, for example, 5% of cell divisions leading to apoptosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17182" LastActivityDate="2019-11-23T08:44:09.900" Title="What kind of cell kill probabilities per division you get with chemotherapy?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20478" CreationDate="2019-11-23T08:44:09.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The average human is rumoured to have around &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/number-of-cells-in-body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;30,000,000,000,000 cells&lt;/a&gt; in their body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Apoptosis&lt;/a&gt; kills around 60,000,000,000 cells a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is 0.002%, so I imagine a 5% kill rate would be at least fairly painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-11-23T08:44:09.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20485" CreationDate="2019-11-26T08:14:42.983" Score="3" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am studying biochemistry right now and I am having a little trouble as to understanding ketone body metabolism. I have understood the steps and all but just cannot seem to link it with Fatty Acid Metabolism and thus, fail to understand the following concept::&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do we need Ketone Bodies in the first Place? Aren't they just Fatty acids being used to make Ketone bodies which later become Acetyl CoA in the tissues? Isn't that what beta-oxidation does? Produce Acetyl CoA? Why can't tissues simply oxidize Fatty Acids to generate the Acetyl CoA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I have understood, I believe that the Fatty Acids from the adipose tissues, cannot directly go to other tissues, hence they need to be converted into Ketone bodies (which can only be done by the liver). Is this at all correct? Am I missing a big link like the location of enzymes or the absence of certain processes in some cells? Please clarify this, it has been driving me insane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S: I have already gone through Lippincott Biochem and Kaplan Step 1 biochem lectures. Thanks :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T16:03:17.043" Title="Linkage between Fatty Acid Metabolism and Ketone body metabolism" Tags="&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20482" CreationDate="2019-11-26T11:05:14.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Why do we need ketone bodies?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main role of &lt;strong&gt;ketone bodies&lt;/strong&gt; is to serve as a fuel (mainly for the brain) when there are not enough dietary carbohydrates available (during a low-carbohydrate diet or fasting) to produce glucose, which is otherwise the main fuel in the human body. Additionally, ketones can be used as a fuel in untreated diabetes mellitus type 1, in which glucose is available but can't enter the cells, but ketones can. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During &lt;strong&gt;fasting,&lt;/strong&gt; your liver and kidneys (but not other organs) can produce &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; glucose by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541119/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gluconeogenesis&lt;/a&gt; from glucogenic amino acids (from your body protein), glycerol (from your body fat), lactate (from glycolysis in muscles) and from pyruvate. &#xA;The amount of glucose produced by gluconeogenesis is sufficient to meet the demands of organs that can use glucose as the only fuel (the testes, renal medulla and erythrocytes), but not the brain (which needs ~120 g glucose/day). The brain can use ketones, &lt;strong&gt;but not fatty acids,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...because they are bound to albumin in plasma and so do not traverse&#xA;  the blood-brain barrier (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemistry, J.M. Berg, 2002&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Fatty acids &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; go from adipose to other tissues.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) in the adipose (or other) tissue, fatty acids can leave the cells and can be delivered to other tissues (but not the brain) and can be used as a fuel: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, it is&#xA;  most abundant, however, in white and brown adipose tissue...Upon&#xA;  increased energy demand, TAG stores are mobilized by their hydrolytic&#xA;  cleavage and the resulting NEFAs are delivered via the circulation to&#xA;  peripheral tissues for β-oxidation and ATP production.&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;(TAG = triglycerides, NEFA = non-esterified fatty acids; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031774/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Progression in Lipid Research&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The major fuels for muscle are glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies&#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemistry, J.M. Berg, 2002&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Normal fatty acid metabolism&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the catabolic part of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fatty acid metabolism&lt;/a&gt; consists of beta oxidation of fatty acids, which yields acetyl-CoA...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The acetyl-CoA produced by beta oxidation enters the citric acid cycle&#xA;  in the mitochondrion by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate.&#xA;  This results in the complete combustion of the acetyl-CoA to CO2 and&#xA;  water...This is the fate of acetyl-CoA wherever beta oxidation of&#xA;  fatty acids occurs, except under certain circumstances in the liver...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;During fasting, fatty acids breakdown after beta oxidation is diverted from citric cycle toward ketogenesis.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...In the liver &lt;strong&gt;oxaloacetate&lt;/strong&gt; can be wholly or partially diverted&#xA;  into the &lt;strong&gt;gluconeogenic pathway&lt;/strong&gt; during fasting, starvation, a low&#xA;  carbohydrate diet, prolonged strenuous exercise, and in uncontrolled&#xA;  type 1 diabetes mellitus. Under these circumstances oxaloacetate is&#xA;  hydrogenated to malate which is then removed from the mitochondria of&#xA;  the liver cells to be converted into glucose in the cytoplasm of the&#xA;  liver cells, from where it is released into the blood. &lt;strong&gt;In the&#xA;  liver, therefore, oxaloacetate is unavailable for condensation with&#xA;  acetyl-CoA&lt;/strong&gt; when significant gluconeogenesis has been stimulated by&#xA;  low (or absent) insulin and high glucagon concentrations in the blood.&#xA;  Under these circumstances &lt;strong&gt;acetyl-CoA is diverted to the formation of&#xA;  acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate&lt;/strong&gt;...and their spontaneous&#xA;  breakdown product, &lt;strong&gt;acetone,&lt;/strong&gt; known as &lt;strong&gt;ketone bodies.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The&#xA;  ketones are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with&#xA;  mitochondria can take ketones up from the blood and reconvert them&#xA;  into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid&#xA;  cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the&#xA;  gluconeogenic pathway in the way that this can occur in the liver.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Unlike free fatty acids, ketones can cross the blood-brain barrier and&#xA;  are therefore available as fuel for the cells of the central nervous&#xA;  system, acting as a substitute for glucose, on which these cells&#xA;  normally survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-23T16:03:17.043" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T16:03:17.043" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-26T17:01:03.193" Score="1" ViewCount="1064" Body="&lt;p&gt;I purchased a neti-pot, which came with salt packets: how is this salt different from table salt?  Any reference or support is always appreciated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:  My &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkwHIH6NbA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bayer HyrdraSense Nasal Rinse Kit&lt;/a&gt; salt packets contain MgCl NaCl, CaCl Na-Bicarbonate KCl. Instructions include boiling tap water and then cooling it to room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sygoY.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sygoY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2019-11-30T15:45:35.693" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T09:22:14.877" Title="How is table salt different from Neti-Pot salt?" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20487" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20493" CreationDate="2019-11-26T18:00:23.847" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Incubation periods are one of the many facts that we are expected to learn in medical school. However, I wonder how often they are used in diagnosing an infection because I do not think patients have the best memory of when their symptoms start.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients may disregard earlier symptoms which are usually milder. Also, the incubation periods of several organisms are similar. Furthermore, invasion of of an infectious agent does not usually cause a symptom. Thus, it is difficult to even determine the incubation period of the infectious agent. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how often do you rely on the incubation period and what do you do to overcome these challenges?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17040" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T22:22:48.200" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T22:22:48.200" Title="How useful are incubation periods when making a diagnosis of an infectious disease?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-26T23:55:55.730" Score="-4" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;On every bottle of &quot;dietary supplement&quot; pills I've ever had, it says somewhere something along the lines of: &quot;Dietary supplement pills are not a substitute for a varied and healthy diet.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huh? Isn't the whole &lt;strong&gt;point&lt;/strong&gt; of &quot;dietary supplement&quot; pills that they &lt;strong&gt;are&lt;/strong&gt; a substitute for a &quot;varied and healthy diet&quot;? If one were already eating a varied and healthy diet, why in the world would they need the &quot;dietary supplement&quot; pills in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They appear to be literally stating that there is no point in buying and consuming their pills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user17191" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T05:04:51.703" Title="Why do the &quot;dietary supplement&quot; pill bottles always have this bizarre disclaimer on them?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20490" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20489" CreationDate="2019-11-27T02:19:53.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer lies in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dietary%20supplement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meaning of the word &quot;supplement&quot;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Definition of dietary supplement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;: a product taken orally that contains one or more ingredients (such&#xA;  as vitamins or amino acids) that are intended to supplement one's diet&#xA;  and are not considered food&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The very meaning of the word means to &quot;add to&quot; so I don't think their disclaimer is unreasonable. Nobody can survive on supplements alone and even careful diets can be deficient in certain elements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-11-27T05:04:51.703" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T05:04:51.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20492" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20504" CreationDate="2019-11-27T11:16:23.053" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am currently studying Hematology/CVS and there is some vital microbiology attached to this. I am studying infective endocarditis and one of the Duke's Criteria involves a Lab Diagnosis which further involves culturing the body fluid in something known as a &quot;Castaneda's medium&quot; which is a biphasic medium. I am confused because the last time I read it (from a different resource), it was Brain Heart Infusion Biphasic Medium. I googled and searched a lot and found that the pictures of both looked similar so I was wondering if whether they are the same? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-29T00:11:08.323" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T00:11:08.323" Title="Difference between BHI biphasic and Castaneda culture media in diagnosis of infective endocarditis" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20487" CreationDate="2019-11-27T13:17:32.613" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Incubation periods of common infections&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SKIN: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hand/foot/mouth disease..........3-6 days &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Measles&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/chickenpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;..............7-21 days&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/german-measles.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rubella&lt;/a&gt;...................................14-23 days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/lyme-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lyme disease(Borrelia)&lt;/a&gt;..........3-30 days&lt;/strong&gt;                &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scabies.....................................4-6 weeks &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Warts........................................4 weeks-6 months &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RESPIRATORY:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Viral:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt06-influenza.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Influenza (Seasonal)&lt;/a&gt;......1-4 days&lt;/strong&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Colds, sore throat.............2-6 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Influenza (H1N1)...............4-6 days   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cold sores (herpes).........2-12 days     &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bacterial:   &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diphtheria, strep throat.....2-5 days &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whooping cough..............7-10 days    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tuberculosis.....................6-24 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/causes-transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mycoplasma pneum.&lt;/a&gt;......1-4 weeks&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GASTROINTESTINAL: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/staphylococcal.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Staph&lt;/a&gt; food poisoning..........30 min-8 hours&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677557/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cholera&lt;/a&gt;...................................12 hours-4.5 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rotavirus..................................1-3 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salmonella/other bact&lt;/a&gt;............6 hours-4 days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/giardiasis/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Giardia food poisoning&lt;/a&gt;..........1-14 days&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/epi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pinworms&lt;/a&gt;.................................1-2 months&lt;/strong&gt;    &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatitis A&lt;/a&gt;...............................15-50 days&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TROPICAL FEVERS: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/yellow-fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yellow fever&lt;/a&gt;............................3-6 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88892/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dengue fever&lt;/a&gt;..........................3-14 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cme/chagas/lesson_2/2.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chagas disease&lt;/a&gt;.....................1-2 weeks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Malaria&lt;/a&gt;...................................7-30 days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gonorrhea..............................2-5+ days &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chlamydia..............................1-3 weeks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV/AIDS&lt;/a&gt;................................2-4 weeks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/hepatitis-b&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatitis B&lt;/a&gt;............................2-5 months&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OTHER:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meningitis, bacterial...............2-10 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/tbe/symptoms/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Meningitis, viral&lt;/a&gt;...................7-14 days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/tetanus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tetanus&lt;/a&gt;.................................3-21 days&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/mono-long.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Infectious mononucleosis&lt;/a&gt;..4-7 weeks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources (when not explicitly mentioned): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.summitmedicalgroup.com/library/pediatric_health/hhg_incubation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Summit Medical Group&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://idph.iowa.gov/Portals/1/userfiles/79/Documents/Epi%20of%20Common%20Communicable%20Diseases%20June%202013%20-%20FINAL.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iowa Department of Public Health&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How can knowing incubation periods help?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, you can get quite accurate information about the time of exposure and onset of symptoms. Knowing incubation periods may not help you make a diagnosis of exact infection but can help you estimate its possibility. Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) A person with &lt;strong&gt;diarrhea&lt;/strong&gt; eating out in other place than usual (restaurant/street fast food/open market/travel):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;6 hours to 4 days ago: likely bacterial food poisoning&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1-2 weeks ago, when travelling (India, South America...): possible parasitic infection (Giardia)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) A person being in a forest 2 weeks ago and remembering or not being bitten by a tick:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having a &lt;strong&gt;single big red &quot;bull's eye&quot; rash&lt;/strong&gt;: possible Borrelia b. infection (Lyme disease)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having &lt;strong&gt;severe headache&lt;/strong&gt;: possible viral meningoencephalitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) A person with &lt;strong&gt;high fever&lt;/strong&gt; travelling in Asia/Africa/South America:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1 week ago: possible yellow or other tropical fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2-4 weeks ago: possible malaria&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) A teacher with &lt;strong&gt;GI symptoms and jaundice&lt;/strong&gt; camping with school children 1 month ago: possible hepatitis A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-11-27T16:18:12.957" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T16:18:12.957" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20487" CreationDate="2019-11-27T13:38:27.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I find incubation periods useful when trying to decide if some some symptom is, or is not, likely to be related to a suspected illness.  For instance I recently had a patient whose child was diagnosed with Parvovirus B19 - slapped cheek disease.  It was helpful to be able to tell her that most likely she was out of the window for infection.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6512" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T13:38:27.880" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20495" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20486" CreationDate="2019-11-27T17:04:12.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;MgCl NaCl, CaCl, Na-Bicarbonate, and KCl can be all found in sea water and therefore in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_salt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sea salt&lt;/a&gt;, which means that this salt appears similar to sea salt, but it is obviously not natural sea salt because the description of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hydrasense.ca/en/products/nasal-care/self-mix-nasal-care/netirinse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this HydraSense salt&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pre-measured and ready-to-mix salt packets contain: calcium&#xA;  chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate&#xA;  and sodium chloride. &lt;strong&gt;Ingredients are not naturally sourced.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this it's not clear if even NaCl itself is artificially produced or maybe they used sea or rock salt, purified it and added the mentioned ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sources (&lt;a href=&quot;https://info.umkc.edu/studenthealth/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Neti-pot-07012014.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Missouri-Kansas City&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/health/services/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.health.services/files/Sinus%20Irrigation%2016_0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brown University&lt;/a&gt;) say that &lt;strong&gt;un-iodized salt (canning, kosher, pickling, or sea salt)&lt;/strong&gt; can be used for Neti-Pot. This means salt without iodine, anti-caking agents (such as calcium silicate) or anything else added, which can be then mixed with baking soda (Na bicorbonate). So, &quot;table salt&quot; which typically contains iodine, anti-caking agents and other stuff should not be used. On &lt;a href=&quot;https://fpnotebook.com/ent/pharm/nslsln.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Family Practice Notebook&lt;/a&gt; they say iodine can affect the function of small hair (cilia) in the respiratory tract. For the actual saline solution to be as little irritant to the nose as possible, it should be isotonic, that is 0.9% (9 g NaCl in 1 liter of water).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found 4 reviews, all of which say that nasal irrigation with Neti-Pot may be useful for chronic sinusitis and some other conditions in the upper respiratory tract without any significant side effects:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778074/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician, 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542345/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PeerJ, 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451967/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011995.pub2/abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane, 2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found no convincing evidence to say that certain &quot;special&quot; salt, which can be expensive, is better than table salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T09:22:14.877" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T09:22:14.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20442" CreationDate="2019-11-27T21:08:35.380" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Speaking from my humble experience, &lt;strong&gt;when prescribing NSAIDs&lt;/strong&gt; (especially long-term, e.g. Aspirin as thrombosis prophylaxis) it is standard to &lt;strong&gt;combine those with PPIs&lt;/strong&gt; (Proton Pump Inhibitors) as preventive medication against NSAID-associated GI-events. Clinical trials of this therapy generally show positive outcomes (you can find different articles on this subject, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891010/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891010/&lt;/a&gt;) which, of course, can be subject to discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-11-27T21:08:35.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20486" CreationDate="2019-11-27T22:14:46.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Table salt contains additional unwanted ingredients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is neti-salt?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First link to vendor appearing in a websearch selling overpriced salt says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ingredients: Pharmaceutical grade sodium chloride (99.99%) USP.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Directions: Place a heaping 1/4 teaspoon in your Neti Pot and add warm water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is not to say that vendors opting for the name 'neti' aren't willing to also add 'exotic' stuff, that's then not beneficial either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regular kitchen table salt can be used but will cause problems because of all the additives.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from possible unknown adulterations when using &quot;funny&quot; salts ('Himalaya' etc)  just the usually &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticaking_agent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;allowed anti-caking agents for example are:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;341 tricalcium phosphate&#xA;460(ii) powdered cellulose&#xA;470b magnesium stearate&#xA;500 sodium bicarbonate&#xA;535 sodium ferrocyanide&#xA;536 potassium ferrocyanide&#xA;538 calcium ferrocyanide&#xA;542 bone phosphate (i.e. Calcium phosphate)&#xA;550 sodium silicate&#xA;551 silicon dioxide&#xA;552 calcium silicate&#xA;553a magnesium trisilicate&#xA;553b talcum powder&#xA;554 sodium aluminosilicate&#xA;555 potassium aluminium silicate&#xA;556 calcium aluminosilicate&#xA;558 bentonite&#xA;559 aluminium silicate&#xA;570 stearic acid&#xA;900 polydimethylsiloxane &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these are listed in the Eu as E170, E504, E535, E536, E551, E559…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://sci-toys.com/ingredients/table_salt.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table salt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Table salt is sodium chloride combined with iodine sources (for nutrition), stabilizers for the iodine, and anti-caking compounds to make it pour by preventing it from absorbing water from the air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So supermarket bought regular table salt can be quite a bit too irritating for a nasal irrigation. Depending on jurisdiction not all ingredients have to be listed on table salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nasal irrigation is based on warm saline solution, i.e. salt dissolved in lukewarm tap water. ... However, chemical anti-caking (aka “free-flowing”) additives used in common table salt (e.g. sodium silicoaluminate) produce an unpleasant burning sensation in the nose and are not advised medically or by Yoga instructors.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.erp4it.com/netinext/2011/04/the-focus-of-this-post-is-on-neti-as-a-regular-practice-in-the-american-bathroom-and-the-related-economic-and-usability-issu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The problems of salt for neti - NetiNext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;anti-caking agents or preservatives (these can be irritating to the nasal lining)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;sub&gt;–– &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/saline-sinus-rinse-recipe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SALINE SINUS RINSE RECIPE 2019 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &amp;amp; Immunology.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With just a little chemistry knowledge anyone can conclude: among other things nasal irrigation is used for reducing mucus viscosity. This is clearly not an outcome achieved if adding bentonite into a solution for the nasal cavity. While listed as &lt;a href=&quot;https://digitalfire.com/4sight/hazards/ceramic_hazard_bentonite_toxicity_31.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;non-toxic non-irritating&lt;/a&gt;, bentonite is used as cat litter, and hence it does in the nose what it does in the litter box: increases viscosity of mucus. This effect is there for all anti-caking agents. Some are directly irritating the membranes, all are doing the opposite of what one wants to achieve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the US salt for use in organic products:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Common anti-caking/free-flow agents that are allowed in the US table salt include:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;• Calcium silicate&#xA;  • Ferric ammonium citrate&#xA;  • Sodium ferrocyanide&#xA;  • Magnesium silicate&#xA;  • Magnesium carbonate&#xA;  • Propylene glycol&#xA;  • Aluminum calcium silicate&#xA;  • Sodium aluminosilicate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/7%20Salt%20and%20Preservatives%20FINAL%20RGK%20V2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USDA organic regulations (PDF)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ordinary table salts may still contain (sodium and magnesium carbonate (E 500, E 504), sodium-, potassium- and calcium ferrocyanides (E 535, E 536, E 538), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;silicon dioxide&lt;/a&gt;, calcium- and magnesium silicates (E 551 – E 553), &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_tartrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iron&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tartrate&lt;/a&gt; (E 534). Aluminium salts are officially no longer allowed in Europe as an additive, but can be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nutritionmyths.com/aluminum-in-table-salt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/photo-stories/table-salt-can-be-poisonous/photostory/64385362.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;salts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fsai.ie/faq/additives/list.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Additives List, E numbers in Numerical Order, Food Safety of Ireland, 2019.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main sources for bacterial contamination are neither the salts nor the water. Preparing a too large portion of solution in advance and letting it sit, and the pots used themselves are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Although common and frequently based on potentially dangerous bacteria, contamination &lt;em&gt;is considered a false problem by some experts.&lt;/em&gt; They think that the nasal cavity is naturally full of bacteria and the addition of new pathogens is not clinically relevant.&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The problem of sterility of the solutions and devices has been debated. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Solutions are at risk of contamination when large volumes of solution based on distilled water, bottled water, or boiled water are prepared at home, maintained in containers&lt;/strong&gt; and used each time when NI is needed by withdrawing the required amount of liquid. Devices can be contaminated when they are continuously used without adequate cleaning. Lee et al. reported that &lt;strong&gt;after one and two weeks of use, irrigation bottles&lt;/strong&gt; used by adults undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery that were washed with hot soapy water after each use &lt;strong&gt;were found to be contaminated by a large spectrum of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/strong&gt;. Similar findings were reported by other authors and, because in many cases contaminating bacteria were the same as those that could cause acute rhinosinusitis, it was suggested that the main source of device colonization was the sinonasal cavities. The risk of contamination seems independent of the type of device. Additionally, the use of a one-way valve irrigation bottle, theoretically capable of reducing the risk of reflux of contaminated solution in the device, was found to be practically ineffective. In contrast, contamination seems to be influenced by the composition of the solution. It was shown that acidic, isotonic saline solutions were more frequently associated with bacterial contamination probably because some of the most common contaminants grow optimally in similar environmental conditions. Finally, contamination was found more frequently with longer durations of NI use. With some exceptions, studies have reported that both bottles and bulb syringes were contaminated after one to two weeks of use in approximately 25% of the cases and in 45% after four weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;–– Nicola Principi &amp;amp; Susanna Esposito: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14050516&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Nasal Irrigation: An Imprecisely Defined Medical Procedure&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 May; 14(5): 516. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14050516 PMCID: PMC5451967&#xA;  PMID: 28492494&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11231" LastEditorUserId="11231" LastEditDate="2019-11-29T02:02:35.607" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T02:02:35.607" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-28T10:21:00.183" Score="2" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;While tacrolimus (Protopic) creme was not created with the purpose to treat vitiligo, it is prescribed by dermatologists for that purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The non-pigmented hairs in vitiligo affected skin treated with tacrolimus, barely or at least very slowly seem to change from non-pigmented to pigmented hairs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Firstly, how does tacrolimus stimulate the vitiligo affected skin to start regenerating pigment cells that were absent before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, how does the related hair (re)pigmentation work? Especially in the case of facial vitiligo vulgaris. Generally, does hair get its color from the pigment cells in the surrounding skin? Meaning, existing non-pigmented hair bags can regrow or incorporate pigment cells from surrounding treated skin or can a vitiligo created hair bags without pigment cells never get pigment? In what stage of a successful vitiligo treatment will it affect hair? In other words: does the old affected hair bag need to be removed and entirely newly created from the surrounding treated pigmented skin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T18:49:43.103" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T06:59:11.453" Title="How does tacrolimus affect vitiligo-affected skin and hair (re)pigmentation?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;pigment&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20501" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20503" CreationDate="2019-11-28T22:10:35.097" Score="4" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tacrolimus is a medication given to patients who underwent organ transplantation. Increased serum level of tacrolimus may cause overdose symptoms. Apparently the normal tacrolimus serum level is between 5-15ng/ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a creme form it is also used to treat vitiligo, for example under the name Protopic (0,1%). I assume that the amount of tacrolimus absorbed by the vitiligo affected skin is only a small portion compared to the intake of tacrolimus pills or injections after an organ transplantation. Nevertheless, I assume that some amount of tacrolimus will end up in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to overdose on tacrolimus creme or to get to a level of tacrolimus toxicity by using creme only? If so, on what dosage, in what intake scheme during what period of time would tacrolimus possibly be toxic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-11-29T00:54:05.607" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T07:10:01.190" Title="Can tacrolimus creme cause tacrolimus toxicity?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20502" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20325" CreationDate="2019-11-28T22:52:50.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to encyclopedia.com &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; the production of the hormone melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltrypt-amine) varies over the course of a lifetime and over the course of a day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Newborn babies produce very little of this hormone but after the first few months of life the pineal gland &lt;em&gt;increases&lt;/em&gt; its production of melatonin. The highest levels occur in children who are about four to seven years old. Older children and adults produce smaller amounts, as production &lt;em&gt;gradually decreases&lt;/em&gt; during puberty. The typical &lt;strong&gt;adult male produces&lt;/strong&gt; about &lt;strong&gt;30 micrograms&lt;/strong&gt; of melatonin &lt;strong&gt;during a typical day&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the environment affects the production of melatonin. Darkness stimulates the pineal gland to produce melatonin, while the presence of light inhibits the release of this hormone. Exposure to (artificial) light during the night will inhibit melatonin production. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, in adults, the standard dose used in studies ranges between 1 and 10 mg, although there isn’t currently a definitive “best” dosage. It’s believed supplements with a dosage in the 30-mg range may be harmful &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. While the Canadian Paediatric Society recommends 1 mg of melatonin in infants, 2.5 to 3 mg in older children, and 5 mg in adolescents. &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;em&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/melatonin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/melatonin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)31962-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)31962-1/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;3. Cummings C. Melatonin for the management of sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2012;17(6):331–3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380753/?report=reader&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380753/?report=reader&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-04T08:58:03.670" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T08:58:03.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20503" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20501" CreationDate="2019-11-28T23:50:58.387" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible for topical Tacrolimus to cause systemic toxicity, in certain situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence from a case series&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24700567&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; is a case report of two patients who were prescribed topical Tacrolimus (and other therapy) for post-transplant cutaneous &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;graft versus host disease&lt;/a&gt; (GVHD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their Tacrolimus trough levels (a way of measuring the blood level of the drug just prior to the next dose) rose sharply from 7.1ng/ml to 22.1ng/ml. Treatment with topical Tacrolimus was abandoned due to this unpredictable systemic absorption. There was no evidence of harm resulting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors note the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These case reports suggest that substantial use of topical tacrolimus with occlusive dressings in patients with cutaneous GVHD may contribute to increased systemic absorption resulting in toxic tacrolimus levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the are some factors that would predispose these patients to increased absorption; the use of occlusive dressings, skin barrier dysfunction (due to GVHD) etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on the findings from our two patients as well as published case reports, systemic absorption appears to increase with greater skin permeability, skin barrier dysfunction, amount of body surface area applied, and use of occlusive dressings. When one or more of these factors are present, it may be prudent to monitor tacrolimus levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About tacrolimus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/tacrolimus.html#indicationsAndDoses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tacrolimus&lt;/a&gt; is a calcineurin-inhibitor immunosuppressant. It is used systemically to prevent or treat transplant rejection. It is used topically is psoriasis and eczema and other conditions. It is not currently licensed to treat vitiligo in the UK, but it is presumably being used as vitiligo is an autoimmune destruction of melanocytes in the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any evidence so far on predicting what level of exposure to topical tacrolimus is likely to cause toxicity. It is recommended to monitor the levels if the risk factors above apply. In vitiligo the skin is intact and not inflamed, so toxicity in this setting would be less likely, especially if occlusive dressings are not being used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24700567&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Olsen et al. Pharmacotherapy, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/phar.1418&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-11-29T00:36:30.913" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T00:36:30.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20492" CreationDate="2019-11-29T00:07:59.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://microbiologyinfo.com/list-of-culture-media-used-in-microbiology-with-their-uses/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; lists many substances used as culture media for laboratory testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_heart_infusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brain heart infusion&lt;/a&gt; (BHI) broth is rich in nutrients and is made from bovine or porcine brain and heart tissue. It is used to grow &lt;em&gt;fastidious&lt;/em&gt; organisms like streptococcus, pneumococcus and meningococcus and is used in both adult and paediatric blood culture bottles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Castaneda medium is biphasic (consists of solid and liquid phases) and is often used to culture &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brucella&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two culture media are different, but both could be used. As far as I am aware, BHI is commonly used in blood culture sampling, which is useful in the diagnosis of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;infective endocarditis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteremia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteraemia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are example blood culture bottles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SY2gQm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SY2gQm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Blood culture bottles&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source: Wikipedia - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_culture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is usual to take samples in two separate bottles; one designed to culture &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aerobic organisms&lt;/a&gt; and the other for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anaerobic organisms&lt;/a&gt; (which may use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioglycolate_broth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thioglycolate broth&lt;/a&gt;, which consumes oxygen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T00:07:59.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-29T00:50:11.123" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA issued a health warning &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; regarding the possible cancer risks of tacrolimus ointment, however, British dermatologists&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; don't consider this a significant concern and they are increasingly recommending the use of this drug, for example for the treatment of vitiligo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is tacrolimus cancerous and if so, what causes it to be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacrolimus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/tacrolimus-marketed-protopic-ointment-information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20131213072822/http://www.bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/Guidelines/Position%20Statements%20%26%20Other%20Documents/Advice%20re%20topical%20tacrolimus.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20131213072822/http://www.bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/Guidelines/Position%20Statements%20%26%20Other%20Documents/Advice%20re%20topical%20tacrolimus.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T16:40:53.817" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T16:40:53.817" Title="Is tacrolimus carcinogenic and if so, what causes it to be?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-29T01:32:01.057" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seem to be many testimonies on the internet that suggest that vitiligo is heritable &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. According to a Quora answer &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, there is apparently a 5% chance of transferring vitiligo to your kids. Yet, I haven't been able to find studies to confirm or reject this idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read that some studies suggest that certain genes such as COMT, PTPN22, and NALP1 are possibly linked to vitiligo &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Does that automatically make it transmittable by heredity, if so, do both parents need to be carrier of a certain gene variant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, how likely is it to transmit when only one of the parents carries those risk markers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.viticlear.com/hereditary.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.viticlear.com/hereditary.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Is-vitiligo-an-inheritable-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/Is-vitiligo-an-inheritable-disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132901/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132901/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521835/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521835/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:01:19.213" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:01:19.213" Title="Is vitiligo inherited from one generation to a later one?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;&lt;carrier-genetic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20507" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20508" CreationDate="2019-11-29T15:06:25.857" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have helpful sources/links that are basically recordings and playbacks of heart sounds (normal/ abnormal/ etc.) that I could just listen to while in my spare time? I am looking for something outside of Youtube.&#xA;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T16:05:57.890" Title="Heart Sound Samples" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20507" CreationDate="2019-11-29T16:05:57.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a free selection &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/0056-0000-8039-0000-0-0000-0000-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It covers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The normal heart&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interventricular septal defect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interatrial septal defect&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pulmonary stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patent ductus arteriosus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mitral stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mitral insufficiency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aortic stenosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aortic insufficiency&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypertension within the systemic circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypertension within the pulmonary circulation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gallop rhythm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sclerosis of the aorta&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pericarditis. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-11-29T16:05:57.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-30T06:12:37.867" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2012 study {1} reports that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Taken together, our findings suggest that&#xA;  piperine, a major component of black pepper, inhibits fat cell&#xA;  differentiation by down-regulating the transcriptional activity of&#xA;  PPARγ (and LXRα) and suppressing the expression of PPARγ&#xA;  (and LXRα), thus leading to its potential use in the treatment&#xA;  of obesity-related diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has piperine been shown to be of any use in the treatment of obesity-related diseases in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Ui-Hyun Park, Hong-Suk Jeong, Eun-Young Jo, Taesun Park, Seung Kew Yoon, Eun-Joo Kim, Ji-Cheon Jeong, Soo-Jong Um. Piperine, a Component of Black Pepper, Inhibits Adipogenesis by Antagonizing PPARγ Activity in 3T3-L1 Cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012; 60 (15): 3853 DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf204514a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf204514a&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2019-11-30T06:17:47.907" LastActivityDate="2019-11-30T06:17:47.907" Title="Has piperine been shown to be of any use in the treatment of obesity-related diseases in humans?" Tags="&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20520" CreationDate="2019-11-30T17:45:30.060" Score="3" ViewCount="4081" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the sign shown in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/blursedimages/comments/e3pqlr/blursed_dentist/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this post on Reddit&lt;/a&gt;, using methamphetamine and dental anesthetic together is lethal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HLRpk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Sign supposedly at a dentist&amp;#39;s, transcribed below&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you use Methamphetamines (Crystal Meth, Crank, Speed, Glass, Tweak, Yaba)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Within 12 hours of a dental appointment. You need to tell us because dental anesthetic will Kill You.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this true?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What's the mechanism?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What about methylphenidate, which is used as a treatment for ADHD and is often likened to methamphetamine by laypeople? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1157" LastEditorUserId="1157" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T10:57:23.133" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T10:57:23.133" Title="Is there an interaction between methamphetamine and dental anesthetic?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-11-30T19:33:10.737" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ever since the end of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human Genome project&lt;/a&gt; we have been witnessing the steady advance of genome sequencing technology and the decline of the price required to perform it. This lead to the advent of commercial &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;personal genome sequencing&lt;/a&gt; services with the appearance of a few companies about a decade ago, and the creation of a market which eventually spread to a few more companies and laboratories nowadays. For under €1000 or even under €500, it is possible today for an individual to contract a direct-to-consumer whole genome sequencing service and receive this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for the informed citizen, suspicious about our current societal state of affairs regarding technology and privacy, some concerns come to mind about the guarantees of protection of a subject's genetic patrimony when pondering investing on one of these services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By extrapolating the past trend of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_genomics#/media/File:Cost_per_Genome.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cost per genome sequenced&lt;/a&gt;, one thought naturally comes to mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it reasonable to expect the cost of sequencing an individual's genome to drop so much in the near future as to allow for a new kind of product to be developed and sold in the coming years with which one could perform personal genome sequencing at home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, let me also ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What alternative options and safety mechanisms can we implement (or foresee to be implemented) at a personal and collective level to eliminate this privacy violation concern and protect the genome data on public and private servers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17199" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T17:44:12.277" Title="Technology prospects for genome sequencing at home and data protection" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;technology&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20516" CreationDate="2019-11-30T22:49:27.823" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Catecholamines&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This interaction relates to a broad family of hormones called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;catecholamines&lt;/a&gt;. There are many examples and they share a common structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dopamine&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nObbtt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nObbtt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Dopamine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adrenaline (epinephrine)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fDY5rt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fDY5rt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Adrenaline (epinephrine)&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice the common structure of catechol (the carbon ring with two hydroxyl (OH) groups) and an amine (NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This group of hormones and neurotransmitters act as part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sympathetic nervous system&lt;/a&gt;, which is one of two mutually-antagonising arms of the autonomic nervous system. Both are active all the time to maintain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;homeostasis&lt;/a&gt;, but the sympathetic nervous system also stimulates &lt;em&gt;fight or flight&lt;/em&gt; activity (increase heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output, for example), while the opposing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parasympathetic nervous system&lt;/a&gt; promotes more routine tasks (&lt;em&gt;rest and digest, feed and breed&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methamphetamine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug. This information is taken from a paper on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2413312/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Methamphetamine causes the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine,&#xA;  norepinephrine and serotonin and activates the cardiovascular and&#xA;  central nervous systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methamphetamine is similar to other amphetamines and cocaine, in that it has stimulant properties, but it also has a longer elimination half-life. It takes longer for it to be broken down and removed by the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dental anaesthetic&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dental anaesthetic usually has two components; an anaesthetic (often lidocaine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) which causes localised vasoconstriction to reduce bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lidocaine can have adverse effects if a significant amount is absorbed systemically. The effects tend to depress the cardiovascular system, as opposed to the stimulant effect of catecholamines. However, it is the adrenaline which confers the risk in this case, as it is also a catecholamine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The interaction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem arises due to excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system due to the increased levels of these catecholamines as a result of methamphetamine use, combined with the absorption of additional adrenaline as part of the dental anaesthetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can result in haemodynamic instability and heart arrhythmias (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventricular tachycardia&lt;/a&gt;) as part of a catecholamine surge. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A local anaesthetic without the vasoconstrictor can be offered if there is concern about the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other conditions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some diseases in which there is increased endogenous catecholamines (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pheochromocytoma&lt;/a&gt;). Dental anaesthetic could have a similar risk in these cases. I cannot find specific evidence fo quantify the risk, but this may reflect the fact that these conditions are rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in common conditions like ischaemic heart disease and hypertension, the vasoconstricting adrenaline may be avoided by dentists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your final question regarding the stimulant medication used to treat &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attention deficit hyperactivity disorder&lt;/a&gt; (ADHD), I found a source of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalcare.co.uk/en-gb/professional-dentist-education/cpd-courses/cpd359/local-anesthesia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;professional dental education&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Local anesthesia should be used with caution with the patient with&#xA;  ADHD. The dental practitioner should seek to achieve profound&#xA;  anesthesia so that endogenous epinephrine is not released, which could&#xA;  react with medications (especially methylphenidate). In addition, an&#xA;  aspirating syringe must be used to avoid intravascular injections and&#xA;  the possibility of a summation of drug effects from the&#xA;  vasoconstrictor, which could increase BP and heart rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems there is a risk with methylphenidate, but this paper implies that it is not as significant as might be seen with methamphetamine use. This is perhaps not surprising as licensed medication will be precisely dosed and monitored, unlike unregulated illicit drugs. Note the suggested use of an aspirating syringe to ensure the anaesthetic mix is not injected intravascularly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also interesting to note the concept of catecholamine release simply due to pain. This demonstrates why good local anaesthesia is useful in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.endoexperience.com/filecabinet/Clinical%20Endodontics/Anesthesia/Local%20anesthesia%20and%20med%20compromised%20pts%20JCDA%202000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Local anaesthetics and medically complex patients&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2413312/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalcare.co.uk/en-gb/professional-dentist-education/cpd-courses/cpd359/local-anesthesia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dental implications of the patient with ADHD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T00:05:44.260" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T00:05:44.260" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20526" CreationDate="2019-12-01T07:23:30.330" Score="3" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the specific mechanism for ketoacidosis in Diabetes Mellitus? As far as I have understood it goes something like this::&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Diabetes Mellitus &#xA;  --&amp;gt; Decreased glucose uptake by cells of the liver &#xA;  --&amp;gt; Gluconeogenesis because of which oxaloacetate is decreased               &#xA;  --&amp;gt; AcetylCoA cannot go to Krebs Cycle&#xA;  --&amp;gt; Liver pumps Ketone Bodies&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody confirm or correct me in this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T15:13:56.830" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T15:13:56.830" Title="What is the specific mechanism for ketoacidosis in Diabetes Mellitus?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20525" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20517" CreationDate="2019-12-01T13:29:38.353" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Information security&quot;&gt;information security&lt;/a&gt; industry and personally following medical technology closely. Your first question kind of asks to &lt;strong&gt;predict the future&lt;/strong&gt;, which nobody can. Yet, I will give you my &lt;strong&gt;personal opinion&lt;/strong&gt; on the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it reasonable to expect the cost of sequencing an individual's genome to drop so much in the near future as to allow for a new kind of product to be developed and sold in the coming years with which one could perform personal genome sequencing at home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would estimate that genome tech and genome research is still growing steadily and more practical uses and (medical) applications are yet to be found. Along with that, current productivity (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics#/media/File:Number_of_prokaryotic_genomes_and_sequencing_costs.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;graph&quot;&gt;this graph&lt;/a&gt;), effectiveness and accuracy can always be improved. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, there is apparently a big need for this technology and as there is a need, there is inherently a need for innovation of that technology. Innovation often means increase productivity (doing more with less). The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Moore&amp;#39;s law&quot;&gt;Moore's law&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;(although currently controversial)&lt;/em&gt; is the observation that the number of transistors in dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years. That said, it applies directly to all technology that needs transistors (which is mostly all technology). &lt;em&gt;If you want another great example of technology where effectiveness has gone up and cost has gone down drastically, check out the development of solar technology in the last 60 years (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-efficiency-cost-over-time/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;this article&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;). So in short, yes it is very likely that the cost will keep going down the coming decades.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What alternative options and safety mechanisms can we implement (or foresee to be implemented) at a personal and collective level to eliminate this privacy violation concern and protect the genome data on public and private servers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answering from an information security perspective this question can also only be answered in a very subjective way, meaning it is only an opinion. Data is data and humans are human. Sounds silly but I will explain. Ideally, you would want all sequencing devices to implement solid, future-proof and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;quantum-safe encryption&quot;&gt;quantum-safe&lt;/a&gt; encryption on the data processed, stored and exported by the machine. Yet, there are two problems here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, data is data. Cheap tech means a consensus, when tech makers want to compete they could try to use weaker or no encryption at all. Also, how will this be enforced? By law? Then, who will enforce that law? What if people entirely make the device themself? What if the data is initially encrypted but later in the process handled or stored insecurely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, humans are human. As with all data protection and information security, the human is the weakest link in the chain. Data might be handled correctly at first but can you expect from an average user to deal with complicated technical processes and will it still be as secure when those processes are made extremely simple and user-friendly? By law, at least in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;European Union&quot;&gt;European Union&lt;/a&gt; with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;GDPR&quot;&gt;General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)&lt;/a&gt;, companies are responsible to protect your data. But, once they hand it over to you in a secure way and destroy it themself, it becomes entirely your own responsibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Additionally, what if (some) people want to share this information for medical reasons. Imagine the massive amounts of data, where a great number of correlations can be found between diseases or where new unidentified diseases and currently unknown causes of diseases can be found. Imagine the information you'll get from the DNA of people with genetic immunity to certain diseases.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I will exaggerate a bit now, my apology for entirely ignoring the privacy aspect here but: Would it be ethical to keep all this data private? Or is the only ethical thing to make it all part of one global scale medical research? Imagine the practical use cases of all this data. Should it be an acceptable risk? What is the actual risk of &quot;leaking&quot; your DNA data anyway? Using global research results for designer DNA with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;CRISPR&quot;&gt;CRISPR&lt;/a&gt;? You leave your physical DNA everywhere you go (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/05/12/you-leave-traces-of-your-microbiome-everywhere-you-go/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;this article&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;). Do we clean up all our hairs, skin cells, other bodily fluids that we left in all public places to prevent people from physically finding it? No! So, why would we do otherwise digitally in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;information age&quot;&gt;information age&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T20:12:49.303" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T20:12:49.303" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20522" CreationDate="2019-12-01T15:08:13.633" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;The pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below is a summary of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview#a1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening&#xA;  complication of diabetes characterised by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis,&#xA;  and ketonuria. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It occurs when absolute or relative insulin deficiency inhibits the&#xA;  ability of glucose to enter cells for utilisation as metabolic fuel,&#xA;  the result being that the liver rapidly breaks down fat into ketones&#xA;  to employ as a fuel source. The overproduction of ketones ensues,&#xA;  causing them to accumulate in the blood and urine and turn the blood&#xA;  acidic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a visual summary of the pathogenesis of DKA, then from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pathophys.org/hyperglycemic-emergencies-diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemia-state/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aynbJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aynbJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;Pathogenesis of DKA&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see that it is a complex process with many factors. DKA is more likely in a pro-inflammatory state, such as during an infection, which is a common trigger. It is a complex interplay between various factors resulting in disruption to carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and results in fluid and electrolyte imbalance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially the lack of insulin causes increased gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like fat and protein). The liver breaks down fat into ketones to use as an energy source, but these accumulate and alter the pH of the blood (this is the &lt;em&gt;ketoacidosis&lt;/em&gt;). The rising glucose levels (due to gluconeogenesis and reduced utilisation of glucose) causes an &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001266.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;osmotic diuresis&lt;/a&gt;, resulting in loss of fluid, dehydration, renal impairment and then reduced ability for the kidneys to correct the electrolyte abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mention oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A in your question. These biochemicals are part of the normal mechanism of cellular respiration (how cells produce energy). Disruption to their metabolism has a significant role to play in diabetic ketoacidosis. This is adapted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/118361-11068/what-is-the-role-of-acetyl-coenzyme-a-in-the-pathophysiology-of-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka#qna&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ketones are produced from acetyl coenzyme A mainly in the mitochondria within hepatocytes (liver cells) when carbohydrate utilisation is impaired because of relative or absolute insulin deficiency, such that energy must be obtained from fatty acid metabolism. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High levels of acetyl coenzyme A present in the cell inhibit the&#xA;  pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, but pyruvate carboxylase is activated.&#xA;  Thus, the oxaloacetate generated enters gluconeogenesis rather than&#xA;  the citric acid cycle (also known as the Kreb’s cycle) as the latter&#xA;  is also inhibited by the elevated level of nicotinamide adenine&#xA;  dinucleotide (NADH) resulting from excessive beta-oxidation of fatty&#xA;  acids, another consequence of insulin resistance or insulin&#xA;  deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The excess acetyl coenzyme A is therefore rerouted to ketogenesis, rather than the Kreb’s cycle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, aerobic respiration is impaired and anaerobic respiration becomes predominant. This contributes to production of lactate as a by-product, which exacerbates the acidosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is not primarily about the treatment of DKA, but it is worth noting a brief overview. Treatment has the following aims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correction of dehydration Correction of acidosis and reverse ketosis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Restoration of blood glucose to near normal levels&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Monitor for complications of DKA and its treatment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Identify and treat any precipitating event&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hyperglycaemia is managed using insulin. Careful correction of dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities and acid-base balance is necessary, usually using intravenous fluids and electrolytes with frequent monitoring of blood electrolytes and pH (which must not be corrected too quickly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-overview#a1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eMedicine - Diabetic ketoacidosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nyenwe, Kitabchi. The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: An update of&#xA;its etiology, pathogenesis and management. Metabolism, 2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pathophys.org/hyperglycemic-emergencies-diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemia-state/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chaudhry. Hyperglycaemic emergencies: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar  hyperglycaemia state.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/118361-11068/what-is-the-role-of-acetyl-coenzyme-a-in-the-pathophysiology-of-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka#qna&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape - What is the role of acetyl coenzyme A in the pathophysiology of diabetic keyoacidosis (DKA)?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-01T23:49:34.490" LastActivityDate="2019-12-01T23:49:34.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20527" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5144" CreationDate="2019-12-02T01:13:41.240" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there is evidence that looking at digital images of nature scenes can positively impact psychological and physical wellbeing. However, I cannot find any evidence relating to harder endpoints such as mortality data. Also note that there is a greater body of evidence for exposure to true nature rather than simply images or digital reconstructions of nature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103907m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This 2011 UK review&lt;/a&gt; on the subject made several interesting points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other authors have attempted to demonstrate the human desire for connections with nature by showing test subjects photographs of urban and green environments and asking them to express their preferences for different scenes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The presence of trees was strongly associated with feelings of relaxation. Similarly, views of gardens, flowers, and landscaped areas were highly favored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These show simply a preference for nature images, not necessarily an improvement in health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; tested still and dynamic nature images against other entertainment while subjects ran on a treadmill:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: Self-selected entertainment encouraged greater physical&#xA;performances whereas running in nature-based exercise environments&#xA;elicited greater happiness immediately after running.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a small study of just 30 participants, but it does show potential health benefits of nature images.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; (referenced in the National Geographic article) conducted an experiment by inducing stress (a simulated interview) and exploring the physiological outcomes in people recovering in two different virtual natural environments and one control group. They measured cardiovascular data and salivary cortisol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was prasympthetic activation (the arm of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and routine functions) in the group subjected to sounds of nature in a virtual natural environment. This suggests that enhanced stress recovery may occur in such surroundings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results demonstrate a potential mechanistic link between nature, the sounds of nature, and stress recovery, and suggest the potential importance of virtual reality as a tool in this research field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103907m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Depledge et al. &lt;strong&gt;Can Natural and Virtual Environments Be Used To Promote Improved Human Health and Wellbeing?&lt;/strong&gt; Environmental Science and Technology, 2011.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070752&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yeh et al. &lt;strong&gt;Physical and Emotional Benefits of Different Exercise Environments Designed for Treadmill Running.&lt;/strong&gt; International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annerstedt, Währborg. &lt;strong&gt;Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest — Results from a pilot study.&lt;/strong&gt; Physiology and Behavioir, 2013.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T01:13:41.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4281" CreationDate="2019-12-02T02:23:09.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is now widely accepted that Alzheimer's disease is a form of cerebral amyloidosis (in fact the most common form of amyloidosis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloidosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;amyloidoses&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prionoses&lt;/a&gt; are examples of protein misfloding diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amyloidosis&lt;/strong&gt;: Abnormal proteins (amyloid fibrils) build up in tissues when they form incorrectly and are not completely broken down by protease enzymes. There are multiple types and they can be hereditary or acquired (e.g. due to inflammation, multiple myeloma and others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prionosis&lt;/strong&gt;: An abnormally folded protein is able to transmit its abnormal folding to a normal version of the same protein. Examples include &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_(disease)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kuru&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease&lt;/a&gt; (CJD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alzheimer's Disease&lt;/a&gt; (AD)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The type of amyloid protein found causing neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease is known as amyloid beta / amyloid precursor protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several hypotheses about the aetiology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cholinergic hypothesis - This states that AD is due to reduction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Most current drug therapies are based on this. The lack of efficacy of these treatments is one of the reasons why support for this hypothesis is falling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Amyloid hypothesis - First postulated in 1991 that extracellular amyloid beta deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease. Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21, together with the fact that people with trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) who have an extra gene copy almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of AD by 40 years of age. Also, a specific isoform of apolipoprotein, APOE4, is a major genetic risk factor for AD. While apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid, some isoforms are not very effective at this task (such as APOE4), leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain. A vaccination was developed and found to clear the amyloid plaques, but did not improve the dementia, leading researchers to believe that non-plaque oligomers of amyloid beta disrupt neuronal communication by binding to a receptor and altering the surface of the synapse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tau hypothesis - This proposes that a hyperphosphorylated protein causes the neurofibrillary tangles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation hypothesis - This links AD to an inflammatory process, with links to chronic periodontal infection and problems with gut microbiome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neurovascular hypothesis - AD due to problems with the blood-brain barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other hypotheses - These suggest a role for smoking, air pollution and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oligodendrocyte&lt;/a&gt; dysfunction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles can be seen clearly by microscopy at autopsy, so they are known to be present. My main source (noted below) summarises this complex disease process and goes into some detail on the pathogenesis. It seems likely that there is a combination of factors interacting, including both amyloid and tau proteins causing neuronal damage and the resulting dementia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00149-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ghiso et al. &lt;strong&gt;Amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease.&lt;/strong&gt; Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2002.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T02:23:09.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20529" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20530" CreationDate="2019-12-02T04:37:38.503" Score="2" ViewCount="555" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does a supracondylar fracture lead to a median nerve injury and not the ulnar? According to one of Gray's Anatomy Review's practice questions, it was the median. Doesn't the median nerve pass in the arm between the Biceps and the Brachialis, while the ulnar nerve passes directly on the medial epicondyle? Doesn't this association of the ulnar nerve with the bone directly, put it at risk to injury when the bone is fractured? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T21:03:27.983" Title="Supracondylar Fracture to the Humerus" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;limbs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20529" CreationDate="2019-12-02T10:20:12.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Nerve injury in supracondylar fractures of the humerus&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common type of elbow fracture in children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both median and ulnar nerve injury can occur  with supracondylar fractures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anatomy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A supracondylar fracture is a fracture through the distal humerus, proximal to the condyle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iV9Ct.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iV9Ct.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;X-ray of supracondylar fracture of humerus&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image above shows an x-ray demonstrating a supracondylar fracture of the humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The median nerve runs anterior to the humerus, and the ulnar nerve runs posteromedially, as shown below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iN8We.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iN8We.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Neurovascular structures 1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1koAd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1koAd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Neurovascular structures 2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both nerves have a high chance of being injured due to their proximity to the distal humerus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the median nerve has a significant branch called the &lt;em&gt;anterior interosseous nerve&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a 2010 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181d213a6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; that compared the risk of nerve injury in different types of supracondylar fracture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They define two main types of fracture, based on the angulation of the distal part (mimicking the terminology of elbow movements).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Flexion&lt;/strong&gt;: Where the distal part of the fracture is angulated anteriorly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Extension&lt;/strong&gt;: Where the distal part of the fracture is angulated posteriorly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of nerve injury associated with extension-type fractures, anterior&#xA;  interosseous neurapraxia ranks highest, whereas of flexion-type&#xA;  neuropathy, ulnar nerve injury predominates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nerve injury can also be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;iatrogenic&lt;/a&gt;, due to fixation surgery:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We confirm that medial pinning carries the greater overall risk of&#xA;  nerve injury as compared with lateral-only pinning and that the ulnar&#xA;  nerve is at risk of injury in medially pinned patients. We&#xA;  additionally suggest that lateral pinning carries neurapraxic risk&#xA;  with respect to the median nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Median nerve injury&lt;/strong&gt;: More common with extension type fractures (especially the anterior interosseous branch) and with lateral pinning surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ulnar nerve injury&lt;/strong&gt;: More common with flexion type fractures and with medial pinning surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T21:03:27.983" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T21:03:27.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-02T11:32:24.160" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Psychosurgery has a controversial history and despite modifications still raises serious questions about benefit, risks, and the adequacy with which consent is obtained. Its continued use is defended by references to the &quot;therapeutic imperative&quot; to do something in the case of psychiatric patients who have not responded to other forms of treatment, and the evidence that some patients see improvement in their symptoms following surgery.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that for very severe cases of epilepsy this procedure is still considered and possibly used, according to this neurosurgery study of 2004  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15157314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Temporal lobotomy in the surgical management of epilepsy&quot;&gt;Temporal lobotomy in the surgical management of epilepsy&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm not sure if that's really the same procedure as the transorbital lobotomy used in psychosurgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I believe that medical professionals try within their best abilities to diagnose and treat patients at best. Apparently in some cases, as a matter of further damage control measures need to be taken. Yet, the measure of likely doing permanent damage to a brain with such procedure seems barbaric. Is this procedure therefore medically considered ethical and what checks and balances are in place before moving forward with such a procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, I can imagine that in some cases (such as epilepsy) modern Deep Brain Stimulation techniques might be the preferable (less permanent) way to go. Can DBS possibly completely eradicate the need for lobotomies in that case or even in all cases where lobotomies would be considered?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosurgery#Ethics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosurgery#Ethics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T22:18:40.390" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T22:18:40.390" Title="Are transorbital lobotomies still considered ethical these days?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-02T14:19:21.823" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;The definition of Albinism is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Albinism is a congenital disorder characterized in humans by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definition of Vitiligo is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose both Albinism and Vitiligo have a lot to to with the availability or production of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;melanin&lt;/a&gt;. I can imagine that Albinism is caused by an entire lack of melanin or the proper mechanisms to use melanin and that Vitiligo (assuming it is an autoimmune disease) originally has melanin but the condition causes the immune system to attack and remove the melanin from cells. Is that correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, I believe that a person is always born with Albinism, one cannot develop Albinism over a lifetime, nor cure it, is that correct? While Vitiligo can be developed at a later stage while I think, it can also be inherited. What role do genetics play in the inheritance of Albinism compared to the inheritance of Vitiligo? Are certain variants of genes related to melanin, pigment, albinism or Vitiligo similar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism_in_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism_in_humans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-04T09:24:26.923" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T07:23:47.637" Title="How do melanin or pigment related genetics from Vitiligo patients compare to or differ from Albinism patients?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;melanin&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-02T14:43:50.233" Score="4" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know the (more or less) exact mechanism by which specific nephrotoxic medications damage the kidneys. For some drugs it seems relatively intuitive that they interfere with the function of the kidneys but I don't know the exact mechanism. I'd like to know especially about how the nephrotoxicity works from NSAIDs, beta-blockers, diuretics, immunesuppressants and antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16974" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T14:43:50.233" Title="Why/how are some drugs nephrotoxic?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20535" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-02T19:23:10.500" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Scientists are researching the possibility to create a universal influenza vaccine &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. The influenza virus already has many strains &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and evolves itself rapidly into new strains because influenza uses RNA which lacks self-correcting properties, instead of DNA that does have &quot;integrity checks&quot;, allowing for errors on replication which ultimately lead to entire new influenza strains. Because influenza evolves so rapidly, it is hard to develop vaccines that uses dead copies of all those influenza strains, for the human body to be used to create antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the methods the scientists use for developing this universal influenza vaccine is protein folding &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I don't know enough about this matter but as far as I understand the evolution of the influenza virus is very similar to the evolution of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). If that is true, Protein Folding can likely be used to create a similar vaccine against HSV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;HSV-1 is apparently something that 67% of the world population under age 50 is  suffering from &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; Projects such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rosetta at Home&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folding at Home&lt;/a&gt; provide scientists with massive, free to use computer calculation power to speed up the protein folding research. &lt;em&gt;I can imagine that if a certain lead is found that big technology companies or even governments are happy to provide these scientists with additional &quot;super&quot; computing power to solve this problem.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, can Protein Folding indeed be used to develop a vaccine against the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)? If so, why aren't we doing that? Also, would such vaccine only benefit the people who are not yet infected by influenza (33% under age 50) or will it also cure the existing influenza virus in currently infected people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_flu_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_flu_vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/14674/39%20Maggioni%20NSMB%20%2705.pdf?sequence=3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/14674/39%20Maggioni%20NSMB%20%2705.pdf?sequence=3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;5 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-02T19:29:24.967" LastActivityDate="2019-12-02T19:29:24.967" Title="Can Protein Folding be used to develop a vaccine against the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20536" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-02T23:06:57.020" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Along with mood and energy deficits a dehydrated brain has to use a lot more energy to accomplish the same tasks, shows a study from King's College London.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336685&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents (2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was recently observed that dehydration causes shrinkage of brain tissue and an associated increase in ventricular volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration following the thermal exercise protocol led to a significantly stronger increase in fronto-parietal blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response during an executive function task (Tower of London) than the control condition, whereas cerebral perfusion during rest was not affected. The increase in BOLD response after dehydration was not paralleled by a change in cognitive performance, suggesting an inefficient use of brain metabolic activity following dehydration. This pattern indicates that participants exerted a higher level of neuronal activity in order to achieve the same performance level. Given the limited availability of brain metabolic resources, these findings suggest that prolonged states of reduced water intake may adversely impact executive functions such as planning and visuo-spatial processing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also according to an article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/your-brain-dehydration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shape.com&lt;/a&gt; the energy usage of the brain increases, probably referring to &amp;quot;inefficient use of brain metabolic activity&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why exactly does the brain shrink and increase energy usage after dehydration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-03T08:20:12.417" Title="Why does the brain shrink and increase energy usage after dehydration?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;energy&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20537" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20603" CreationDate="2019-12-03T13:36:47.723" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know why there is a sort of fluctuation in &quot;E&quot; in the tracing of the atrial pressure right before the mitral valve opens (not the notch because of the Aortic valve closure). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2rfLN.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2rfLN.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z81KR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/z81KR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source for image:&#xA;Costanzo- Physiology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. The x-axis is time &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T20:41:48.353" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T21:32:02.297" Title="What causes a notch in the atrial pressure?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20538" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20542" CreationDate="2019-12-04T08:13:02.103" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you recommend visually illustrative, but still scientifically justified video guides with exhaustive commentary to organs and/or systems of the human body? I'd like to familiarize myself with human anatomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17210" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T03:18:44.677" Title="Good popular informative video guides to human anatomy?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;video&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-12-16T19:29:40.680" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20539" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-04T09:23:43.527" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should everyone in the world take the ebola vaccine &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to achieve global herd immunity &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; against the ebola virus disease &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar to the way herd immunity was achieved with the eradication of smallpox in 1977.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T09:23:43.527" Title="Should everyone take the ebola vaccine to achieve global herd immunity?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;ebola&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20542" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20538" CreationDate="2019-12-04T11:50:52.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free videos with subtitles:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6rZw7QkGLw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Introduction to Anatomy&lt;/a&gt;: basic anatomical terms, planes, positions, directions..a single 20 min video&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kenhub.com/en/dashboard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kenhub&lt;/a&gt;, comprehensive, organized, with basic anatomical terms, medical imaging, also histology, premium account available with quizzes and study questions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://anatomyzone.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anatomy Zone&lt;/a&gt;, also available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=anatomy%20zone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;: 190+ videos, maybe not organized best&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt;: anatomy + physiology combined&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Innerbody&lt;/a&gt;: interactive images with detailed description&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-04T12:16:02.667" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T12:16:02.667" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20543" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20594" CreationDate="2019-12-04T13:00:15.760" Score="5" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard often &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; that alternation between anti-dandruff shampoos containing ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione, coal tar, selenium disulfide or salicylic acid is needed for the treatment to stay effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come that after using the same anti-dandruff shampoo for a while it will be less effective? Also why is the same substance effective again after alternation between other shampoos? Does the dandruff itself changes and becomes (short-term) immune for a specific treatment or is there another reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 Bhupinder Kaur MD, Jul 19, 2011. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Dermatology/-Bhupinder-Kaur--MD/show/1554999&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Dermatology/-Bhupinder-Kaur--MD/show/1554999&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 Abraham The Pharmacist, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbV9bY4gD_Q&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=149&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbV9bY4gD_Q&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=149&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-05T12:43:51.533" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T18:37:28.870" Title="Why does dandruff shampoo loose effectiveness without shampoo alternation?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;dandruff&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20545" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20550" CreationDate="2019-12-04T14:17:08.107" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recent studies &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of women getting chemo for early-stage breast cancer have found that at least half of the women using one of these newer devices lost less than half of their hair. &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scalp Hypothermia sounds like almost freezing the hair and hair follicle. But it probably isn't. What temperatures are actually used for that? And how exactly does induced Scalp Hypothermia prevent alopecia (hair loss) during chemo therapy and do scalp hypothermia not affect the brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oncoreahmedabad.com/cool-capsscalp-hypothermia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.oncoreahmedabad.com/cool-capsscalp-hypothermia/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastActivityDate="2019-12-06T14:03:00.087" Title="How exactly does induced Scalp Hypothermia prevent alopecia (hair loss) during chemo therapy?" Tags="&lt;scalp&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;alopecia&gt;&lt;hypothermia&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-04T16:30:14.817" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fibromyalgia is classed as a disorder of pain processing due to abnormalities in how pain signals are processed in the central nervous system. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antidepressants are now the most widely studied and, for certain, the most successful therapy of fibromyalgia (Goldenberg et al 2004 &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;; Bennett 2005 &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also according to an article on fibromyalgia-symptoms.org &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; when people with fibromyalgia receive antidepressant prescriptions, it is typically in order to interrupt pain cycles and restore restful sleep. Antidepressants are prescribed in lower-than-usual doses in order to treat these symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that antidepressants are only used to reduce fibromyalgia related symptoms such as interruption of pain cycles and restoring restful sleep. Can't those symptoms be managed with pain killers (NSAIDs) and sleeping medication? Don't anti-depressants have a lot of unwanted side-effects like suppressing (sensing of) certain brain activity? I don't understand why anti-depressants are used in this case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15547167&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174485&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671948/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671948/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;5 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fibromyalgia-symptoms.org/fibromyalgia_antidepressants.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fibromyalgia-symptoms.org/fibromyalgia_antidepressants.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastActivityDate="2019-12-04T16:30:14.817" Title="Why are antidepressants considered the most successful therapy of fibromyalgia?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;fibromyalgia&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20545" CreationDate="2019-12-05T11:56:47.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All chemical reactions including killing cancer cells with poisons occur at approximately twice the rate per ten degrees. So reducing the scalp by ten degrees while chemo is occurring will reduce the rate of poisoned hair follicles by half during the procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastEditorUserId="14443" LastEditDate="2019-12-06T14:03:00.087" LastActivityDate="2019-12-06T14:03:00.087" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-06T06:43:40.027" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know many publication which report recurrence rates for anterior shoulder dislocations, but couldn't find any study that reports recurrence rates specifically for posterior shoulder dislocations. So, are there any statistics about this? Maybe even statistics which distinguishes age classes, gender, athletic background, degree of labrum damage, surgery or not, etc&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastEditorUserId="2922" LastEditDate="2019-12-06T11:32:56.217" LastActivityDate="2019-12-06T11:32:56.217" Title="What are the recurrence rates for posterior shoulder dislocation?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20553" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20587" CreationDate="2019-12-06T08:51:31.490" Score="3" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this study &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, hydrogen peroxide is not absorbed by the skin, but can cause systemic toxicity when inhaled or ingested. I am not entirely sure how often hydrogen peroxide is inhaled or ingested when used in dentistry for the treatment of gingivitis, periodontitis or tooth whitening. And could not find any studies that indicate such data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A new theory on vitiligo suggest it is caused by oxidative stress in association with high levels of hydrogen peroxide &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Preferred sites of vitiligo vulgaris are &lt;strong&gt;face&lt;/strong&gt;, hands, feet, genitals, and generally around body openings and in areas where the skin is irritated by friction, abrasion, pressure from blemishes (Koebner phenomenon).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry worsen the oxidative stress in patches of facial vitiligo vulgaris?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=304&amp;amp;tid=55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=304&amp;amp;tid=55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393521&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393521&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385330&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385330&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-18T13:15:33.690" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T13:15:33.690" Title="Can the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry worsen the oxidative stress in patches of facial vitiligo vulgaris?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;hydrogen-peroxide&gt;&lt;vitiligo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-06T19:42:55.897" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;While sleeping, some people may leave the light on or dim it down, so that perhaps it is equal to a 35W or 20W regular light bulb.  In this case, is it true that the pineal gland in our brain won't secrete melatonin during the sleep, and therefore have harmful effects to the human body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if we occasionally cover our body and even the head temporarily using the quilt during our sleep, so that there is close to no light that gets to our skin (as it is said that even light on the skin can affect the pineal gland to not secrete melatonin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some variations to this, and I wonder if it is similar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there is a street light or community light post outside of the window, so throughout the night there is as if a 10W or 20W light bulb inside the room.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the light in the room is turned off, but the hallway has a ceiling light and it is on, while the bedroom door is about 80% closed but some light in the hallway can come in.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some people may leave the TV on (and possibly turning the volume to quite low) while sleeping. It is said that blue light might have the biggest effect out of the light spectrum on our pineal gland to not secrete melatonin, as most electronic devices do, such as a smartphone screen or LCD/LED TV screen). So if we turn off the light but leave the TV on, then it might still be the same issue or even more so.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1464" LastEditorUserId="1464" LastEditDate="2019-12-06T20:06:00.837" LastActivityDate="2019-12-06T20:06:00.837" Title="Is it harmful to the human body if we don't turn off the light completely while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2019-12-07T05:04:22.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20560" CreationDate="2019-12-07T16:00:16.407" Score="2" ViewCount="1458" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that ICD-10 is a diagnosis classification system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure what SNOMED is and how to it is different from ICD-10. Why do we need two different systems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T21:32:01.007" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T21:32:01.007" Title="What is the difference between ICD-10 and SNOMED?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;medical-classification&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-07T18:02:13.683" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to calculate some anatomic values on different brains so I have to work on different MRI images for my project. Where can I find MRI images for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17220" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-08T14:13:51.867" LastActivityDate="2019-12-08T14:13:51.867" Title="Where can I find head MRI files?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20558" CreationDate="2019-12-07T21:06:54.257" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many systems for classifying diseases and medical terminology. Some are international, while many countries have their own systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of medical classification systems is to ensure that the accurate encoding of digital medical records so that terminology has the correct meaning across different regions and languages and for the gathering of statistical information for the purposes of research or healthcare planning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICD-10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The International Classification of Disease version 10 (ICD-10) is the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO), who oversee health issues for the United Nations (UN).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO also maintains several other internationally-recognised classifications, such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Work began on ICD-10 in 1983 and it was first used by member states in 1994. The next major iteration (ICD-11), was ratified this year (2019) and will come into use in 2022.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can browse the most recent ICD hierarchy on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://icd.who.int&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO ICD site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SNOMED CT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas ICD-10 is primarily (though not exclusively) a classification of diseases, the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is a system for classifying many types of medical data. The current version is known as SNOMED Clinical Terms, or SNOMED CT. It is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SNOMED CT (or SNOMED Clinical Terms) is a systematically organized&#xA;computer processable collection of medical terms providing codes,&#xA;terms, synonyms and definitions used in clinical documentation and&#xA;reporting. SNOMED CT is considered to be the most comprehensive,&#xA;multilingual clinical healthcare terminology in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of SNOMED CT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary purpose of SNOMED CT is to encode the meanings that are&#xA;used in health information and to support the effective clinical&#xA;recording of data with the aim of improving patient care. SNOMED CT&#xA;provides the core general terminology for electronic health records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So SNOMED CT has codes covering not just diseases, but also clinical findings, symptoms, diagnoses, procedures, body structures, organisms and other aetiologies, substances, pharmaceuticals, devices and specimens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other medical classification systems&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many other examples of medical classification systems (such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&lt;/a&gt; (currently in its fifth edition, DSM-V), published by the American Psychiatric Association. As the name suggests, this classification system is focussed on mental health problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;http://medical%20classifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical classifications&lt;/a&gt; provides a useful overview and comparison of ICD, SNOMED and other systems. I have provided some useful excerpts from the comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SNOMED CT and ICD are designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed. SNOMED CT provides a consistent language that enables a consistent way of capturing, sharing, and aggregating health data across specialties and sites of care. It is highly detailed terminology designed for input, not reporting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Classification systems such as ICD-10 group together similar diseases and procedures and organise related entities for easy retrieval. They are typically used for external reporting requirements or other uses where data aggregation is advantageous, such as measuring the quality of care,  monitoring resource utilisation or processing claims for reimbursement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SNOMED is clinically-based, documents whatever is needed for patient care and has better clinical coverage than ICD. It is used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ICD’s focus is statistical with less common diseases get lumped together in “catch-all” categories, which result in loss of information. It is used by coding professionals after the episode of care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different systems can be mapped to each other if needed, although there are limitations where one system may not have an equivalent term in the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for why there are so many different systems, it is probably the same reason why there are often many overlapping or competing standards in other fields like technology; large-scale cooperation can be challenging!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T21:12:32.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20561" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2019-12-07T21:45:23.933" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical classification&lt;/a&gt; is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardised statistical codes in a process known as clinical coding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many systems in use, which vary in scope and focus. They can be used for daily clinical work, healthcare planning and data gathering for research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples are given below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems&lt;/a&gt; (ICD) from the World Health Organisation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&lt;/a&gt; (DSM) from the American Psychiatric Association&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CT&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED)&lt;/a&gt; - considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual clinical healthcare terminology in the world&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T10:01:59.403" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T10:01:59.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20562" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2019-12-07T21:45:23.933" Score="0" Body="A medical classification is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardised statistical codes in a process known as clinical coding." OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-16T19:30:32.203" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T19:30:32.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20559" CreationDate="2019-12-07T22:42:30.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a simple and intuitive way to organize and describe neuroimaging and behavioral data. You can find it on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bids.neuroimaging.io/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bids.neuroimaging.io&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;BIDS is heavily inspired by the format used internally by the OpenfMRI repository (now known as OpenNeuro.org). While working on BIDS we consulted many neuroscientists to make sure it covers most common experiments, but at the same time is intuitive and easy to adopt. The specification is intentionally based on simple file formats and folder structures to reflect current lab practices and make it accessible to a wide range of scientists coming from different backgrounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full public datasets including MRI data (for data analysis) can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://openneuro.org/public/datasets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;openneuro.org&lt;/a&gt;. Other BIDS example data can be found in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/bids-standard/bids-examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this GitHub repository&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-07T22:51:35.937" LastActivityDate="2019-12-07T22:51:35.937" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20574" CreationDate="2019-12-08T09:13:26.380" Score="-2" ViewCount="155" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Disclaimer: I am layman in the field, but I have a legit question to ask, so before closing, please note that I am showing enough &quot;pre-research&quot; and ask clarified question.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used an LCD monitor in the past and now an LED. As more as I have been sitting in front of monitor, my face becomes hotter and drier ( really feel it and after i get away, the &quot;heating&quot; feeling goes away in 1-2 hours), and every day I see the deterioration in my face skin as years go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can someone get any harmful level of electromagnetic (or whatever measurement) radiation from monitor, if s/he sits in front of monitor (say, 17 inch) 8 hours a day, 365 days in year. (Some resources I've found are &lt;a href=&quot;https://emfacademy.com/computer-monitor-radiation-everything-you-need-to-know/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, and the demonstration of it like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Squ8r7FFjk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/N6VUOUd5XY4?t=34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; )?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the above answer is NO, then this 2nd question becomes pointless. But if answer is YES, then What measures can one take to protect himself/herself? I am not asking for a &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; product recommendation - in general, what kind of  &quot;shields&quot; (i.e. i've found something like  &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/N6VUOUd5XY4?t=34&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;) can be used to get some level of protection?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that in all external sources, we might find some products on sale ( neither my links or I am affiliated to any of them. I just found those sources and don't mind if they sell something or not. My topic has emphasized question, and i've included some sources I could find). To say frankly, I am not against to pay money in order to get health/protection. I am quite thanksfull to all sites that talk about problems (even so, if they sell stuff. That is quite normal event, including StackExchange, all business in the world has it's own financial interest. Even asking this question makes some monetary benefit to SE, probably you knew that.) So, instead, I need answers to the subject, however thanks for warning me about possible fraud. But this subject is life-critical to me and I really need all information about the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7459" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:58:27.623" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:58:27.623" Title="Do computer monitors emit electromagnetic radiation that can damage your face?" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;bioelectromagnetics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20564" CreationDate="2019-12-08T23:16:45.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly many of the radiations that screens produce are massively reduced from a decade ago. The greatest radiation is infra red in the form of heat, this can dry your skin but no more than being in an office that has heating in anyway or watching tv. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiationanswers.org/radiation-blog/is-that-a-laptop-on-your-lap.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.radiationanswers.org/radiation-blog/is-that-a-laptop-on-your-lap.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastEditorUserId="14443" LastEditDate="2019-12-09T21:58:10.583" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T21:58:10.583" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-09T07:59:13.653" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;For medical students and more generally for learning purposes, an open-source website with a 3D human body model, in which we can &quot;navigate&quot; (zoom and move/walk), a little bit like a &quot;Google Streetview / Maps&quot; user interface would be very useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where to find such a resource?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of use case: I find it quite difficult to understand how pharynx/larynx/esophagus/mouth cavity/etc. are linked, and being able to &quot;walk&quot; in this zone in a 3D mode would be very insightful for learning purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15931" LastEditorUserId="15931" LastEditDate="2019-12-09T20:43:44.693" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T20:43:44.693" Title="Where do I find an interactive 3D model of the human anatomy?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20564" CreationDate="2019-12-09T11:04:27.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The important thing is to distinguish between CRT monitors and other more modern technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CRT monitors do emit detectable amounts of X-rays and have an extremely strong EM field as a necessary part of their operation. They also have a &quot;degauss&quot; pulse on power-on which is very strong and can damage magnetic media nearby. One of those pages on EM radiation linked to a rat study that was using CRT monitors extremely close to rat cages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LCD/LED monitors do not have a &quot;standing&quot; field as part of their operation, but leak a small amount of EM from high-frequency signals. I do not believe there is any reliably documented harm from this level of EM.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17227" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T11:04:27.187" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20573" CreationDate="2019-12-09T14:15:15.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll update this answer if I find new useful resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm now trying this website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://human.biodigital.com/view?id=production%2FmaleAdult%2Fmale_region_head_07&amp;amp;lang=fr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://human.biodigital.com/view?id=production%2FmaleAdult%2Fmale_region_head_07&amp;amp;lang=fr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it helped me a little bit to understand the laryngopharynx zone. The navigation is 3D (pan / zoom).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15931" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T14:15:15.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20543" CreationDate="2019-12-09T18:11:53.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Malassezia overgrowth is thought be the cause of most cases of dandruff (1) and rotating treatments avoids the development of resistance. However, some have argued that overgrowth of Malassezia is a result rather than a cause of dandruff (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852869&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852869&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887514&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887514&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17231" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T18:11:53.647" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20580" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20585" CreationDate="2019-12-09T22:02:19.103" Score="6" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent&#xA;  of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction&#xA;  interval). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of&#xA;  laboratory tests. &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it comes to a &quot;normal&quot; range of a Vitamin B12 blood test, I find several ranges that are so widely defined that they almost contradict each other. The &quot;normal&quot; ranges I found vary between 200 pg/mL (150 pmol/L) to 1200 pg/mL (900 pmol/L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this publication &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; the first signs of a B12 deficiency at cell level sometimes occur at serum B12 concentrations up to 400 pg/mL (300 pmol/L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the lower limit in some standards differ 200 pg/mL (150 mpol/L) from other standards? Also, the upper limit seems to create an even wider range. I found examples where the upper limit differs from others with 500 pg/mL (400 pmol/L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, what is a &quot;normal population&quot;? Is it global or national? Are environmental factors considered? &lt;em&gt;For example, I can imagine that Nordic countries tend to have more cases of vitamin D shortage because of a lack of sun compared to countries close to the equator.&lt;/em&gt; What if the whole country has &quot;a shortage&quot; of something and that values are used to determine &quot;normal values&quot;? Therefore my question: &lt;strong&gt;How reliable is the determination method of reference ranges for blood tests?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajh.2830340205&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajh.2830340205&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T11:33:56.017" Title="How reliable is the determination method of reference ranges for blood tests?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20581" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-09T23:53:08.470" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this is the right place to ask this question, but I'll ask it anyway...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I heard of this hospital called Mercy Virtual. It is a virtual ICU. How is this possible? In general, how can telehealth be relied on? More specifically - by definition ICU cases are in a rough spot and can require immediate surgeries etc. How can telehealth be used for them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17233" LastActivityDate="2019-12-09T23:53:08.470" Title="Understanding Virtual ICU" Tags="&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-10T08:04:48.557" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have red a lot of articles about excluding products that causes allergy can help people lose weight. But is it possible that having allergy on some products and eating them often could result in not being able to gain weight?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7192" LastActivityDate="2019-12-10T08:04:48.557" Title="Food allergy and weight loss" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20583" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-10T08:34:31.060" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading articles claiming that serotonin, endorphins and BDNF are produced during exercise, but they never mention the intensity or duration of exercise for this to happen. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To not make this question too broad, I want to narrow it down to, lets say, a brisk walk which lasts around 30 minutes. So, your pulse increases, but not by as much as a run.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will this affect the brain? Which chemicals do the body produce that could have an effect on the brain? And, how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking because I am always curious about the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on the brain and because it's always difficult to find information regarding results of exercise; Googling mostly results in content marketing articles (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fastcompany.com/3025957/what-happens-to-our-brains-when-we-exercise-and-how-it-makes-us-happier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one for Buffer&lt;/a&gt;). Also, I'll as a separate question regarding the effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14835" LastEditorUserId="14835" LastEditDate="2019-12-10T17:23:11.973" LastActivityDate="2019-12-10T17:23:11.973" Title="How does low-intensity aerobic exercise affect the brain?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20580" CreationDate="2019-12-10T14:59:09.040" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; How reliable is the determination method of reference ranges for blood tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Short answer:&lt;/strong&gt; The tests for which you can find different reference ranges may not be unreliable because of different ranges but because they are unreliable as such. For example, &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; reference ranges for vitamin B12 in the blood are unreliable, because the blood levels of B12 only poorly reflect the actual B12 status in the body. It is often only &lt;strong&gt;a combination of tests&lt;/strong&gt; that can reliably reflect a certain situation.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, the reference ranges of the blood tests have been determined on the basis of decades of studies from around the world that have shown which ranges have been associated with minimal incidence of symptoms and diseases. Different health authorities may judge the background evidence differently, so this is why reference ranges can be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a suggestion that every &lt;strong&gt;country&lt;/strong&gt; should determine their own reference ranges:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;International guidelines recommend that every country must establish&#xA;  reference intervals for healthy individuals belonging to a group of&#xA;  homogeneous population. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105819/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2009&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...and some countries have and others haven't determined them. Sometimes, reference ranges can also differ among hospitals and labs, and they can change with time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are few examples how the blood tests need to be judged regardless of reference ranges:    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) NORMAL BLOOD VALUES MAY NOT REFLECT DEFICIENCY - Calcium&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood calcium levels can remain normal for years even in a person with severe calcium deficiency, because calcium leached from the bones maintains normal blood levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/21/1/29/1819075&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What serum calcium can tell us and what it can't (Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 2005)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When dietary calcium intake is inadequate (&amp;lt;600 mg/day in young&#xA;  adults) and/or intestinal calcium absorption abnormal, the serum&#xA;  calcium level can be kept stable only at the cost of a gradual&#xA;  depletion of bone calcium stores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=dexa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bone mineral density&lt;/a&gt; can more accurately show the calcium status.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) PERSONAL DIFFERENCES - Vitamin B12&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency can occur at very different B12 levels in different individuals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Subclinical vitamin B12 deficiency (usually defined as a total serum&#xA;  B12 of &amp;lt;200 pmol/L) presents asymptomatically or with rather subtle&#xA;  generic symptoms that oftentimes are mistakenly ascribed to unrelated&#xA;  disorders. Numerous studies have now established that &lt;strong&gt;serum vitamin&#xA;  B12 has limited diagnostic value as a stand-alone marker.&lt;/strong&gt; Low serum&#xA;  levels of vitamin B12 not always represent deficiency, and likewise,&#xA;  severe functional deficiency of the micronutrient has been documented&#xA;  in the presence of normal and even high levels of serum vitamin B12. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frontiers in Biomolecular Sciences, 2016&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels may more accurately reflect the B12 status, because they indicate a metabolic change that is highly specific to B12 deficiency (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Office of Dietary Supplements&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) ETHNIC FACTORS - blood cells&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal reference ranges can differ among ethnic groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This current study included 3,077 participants aged 18–65 years&#xA;  who reported their health status as “Excellent,” “Very good,” or&#xA;  “Good,” with known race/ethnicity as white, black, Hispanic, or Asian.&#xA;  Quantile regression analyses adjusted for sex were conducted to&#xA;  evaluate racial/ethnic differences in the normal ranges of 38&#xA;  laboratory tests. &lt;strong&gt;Significant racial/ethnic differences were found&#xA;  in almost all laboratory tests.&lt;/strong&gt; Compared to whites, the normal range&#xA;  for Asians significantly shifted to higher values in globulin and&#xA;  total protein and to lower values in creatinine, hematocrit,&#xA;  hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration,&#xA;  and mean platelet volume. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26468426&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 2015&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - Vitamin D&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nordic populations have low sun exposure but have one of the highest &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_consumption_per_capita&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;milk consumption per capita&lt;/a&gt; on the world (milk is high in vitamin D) and they have one of the highest &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vitamin_D_serum_levels_in_adults_world_map.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood vitamin D levels in average (a map)&lt;/a&gt;. So, the environmental factors can influence &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; blood levels but they do not need to influence what &lt;em&gt;reference ranges&lt;/em&gt; should be. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The large majority of adults living close to the Arctic Circle in&#xA;  Sweden have adequate D3 levels even during the second half of the dark&#xA;  winter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Levels used for definitions were...adequate, D3≥50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml).&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4432023/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Circumpolar Health&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the &quot;adequate&quot; D3 level in the above study in Sweden was considered ≥50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml), which is the same as &quot;sufficient&quot; level in the United States (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db59.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC.gov&lt;/a&gt;). Anyway, to properly evaluate vitamin D levels, one should also check calcium levels and other tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T11:33:56.017" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T11:33:56.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-10T17:45:35.753" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading articles claiming that serotonin, endorphins and BDNF are produced during exercise, but they never mention the intensity or duration of exercise for this to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To not make this question too broad, I want to narrow it down to, lets say, a 4-5k run over 20 minutes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How will this affect the brain? Which chemicals do the body produce that could have an effect on the brain? And, how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking because I am always curious about the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on the brain and because it's always difficult to find information regarding results of exercise; Googling mostly results in content marketing articles (like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fastcompany.com/3025957/what-happens-to-our-brains-when-we-exercise-and-how-it-makes-us-happier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one for Buffer&lt;/a&gt;). Also, I have also asked a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20583/how-does-low-intensity-aerobic-exercise-affect-the-brain&quot;&gt;separate question regarding the effects of low-intensity aerobic exercise&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14835" LastEditorUserId="14835" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T07:07:16.900" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T07:07:16.900" Title="How does high-intensity aerobic exercise affect the brain?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20587" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20553" CreationDate="2019-12-10T22:47:54.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;There are several components to this question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is hydrogen peroxide (as used in dental hygiene procedures) absorbed into the body in significant quantities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Could absorbed hydrogen peroxide have systemic effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To what extent is oxidative stress a factor in the pathogenesis of vitiligo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can absorbed hydrogen peroxide contribute to the pathogenesis of vitiligo due to an increase in oxidative stress?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will provide some evidence and discussion for each of these points below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Background on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrogen peroxide&lt;/a&gt; (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen–oxygen single bond). It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has been used as a propellant in rocketry. Its chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XU0sY.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XU0sY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hydrogen peroxide formula&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;1: Use of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in dentistry&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/7500245/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; is a review of the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The levels of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in toothpastes and dentifrices are generally much lower than those used for teeth whitening or bleaching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies in which 3% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; or less were used daily for up to 6 years&#xA;showed occasional transitory irritant effects only in a small number&#xA;of subjects with preexisting ulceration, or when high levels of salt&#xA;solutions were concurrently administered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, bleaching&#xA;agents that employ or generate high levels of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  or organic&#xA;peroxides can produce localized oral toxicity following sustained&#xA;exposure if mishandled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They note potential health concerns raised by animal studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a single study using the hamster cheek pouch model, 30% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was&#xA;referred to as a cocarcinogen in the oral mucosa. This (and later)&#xA;studies have shown that at 3% or less, no cocarcinogenic activity or&#xA;adverse effects were observed in the hamster cheek pouch following&#xA;lengthy exposure to H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So concentrations below 3% seem unlikely to cause significant harm. Beneficial effects (such as improvement in gingival disease and promoting healing due to an antimicrobial effect) are seen at concentrations above 1%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on this, a window of 1-3% concentration of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; would appear to be optimal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A UK government &lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/337708/Hydrogen_Peroxide_Toxicological_Overview_phe_v1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toxicological report&lt;/a&gt; confirms that H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; only causes local toxicity by irritation and cellular damage, but it does not cause systemic problems and is not considered a carcinogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;2: Metabolism of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is a byproduct of many biochemical reactions and is toxic to cells. The enzyme &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;catalase&lt;/a&gt; is found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are also known as &lt;em&gt;free radicals&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reaction is shown below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hK1ES.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hK1ES.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toxicity of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is due to oxidation of proteins, membrane lipids&#xA;and DNA by the peroxide ions. The class of biological enzymes called&#xA;superoxide dismutase (SOD) is developed in nearly all living cells as&#xA;an important antioxidant agent. They promote the disproportionation of&#xA;superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which is then rapidly&#xA;decomposed by catalase to oxygen and water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is oxidation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oxidation is one of a pair of opposite chemical reactions involving transfer of electrons; oxidation and reduction. Together they are known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;redox&lt;/a&gt; reactions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Oxidation&lt;/em&gt; is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of an atom by another atom, an ion, or a molecule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reduction&lt;/em&gt; is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of an atom by another atom, an ion, or a molecule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a redox reaction, one component is oxidised and the other reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, during the combustion of wood, electrons are transferred&#xA;from carbon atoms in the wood to oxygen atoms in the air. The oxygen&#xA;atoms undergo reduction, gaining electrons, while the carbon atoms&#xA;undergo oxidation, losing electrons. Thus oxygen is the oxidizing&#xA;agent and carbon is the reducing agent in this reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example of a redox reaction is the oxidation of glucose to release energy in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cellular respiration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Catalase uses the oxidising power of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; to oxidise other potentially harmful substrates that need to be broken down (like phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol), while the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; itself is reduced in the process. This is called the peroxidation reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Catalase is present in all cells (especially the liver and kidneys). Apart from local tissue destruction, small amounts that might be absorbed would be broken down in this manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;3: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiligo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitiligo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vitiligo is a condition in which melanocytes in patches of skin cease production of the pigment melanin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several theories about its pathogenesis. It is associated with certain genetic susceptibility markers and also with other autoimmune disorders, suggesting an autoimmune process. The autoantigen is likely to be the tyrosinase enzyme, which is involved in melanin biosynthesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oxidative stress theory&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep42394&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This research paper&lt;/a&gt; discusses oxidative stress in the context of vitiligo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In vitiligo, melanocytes are particularly vulnerable to oxidative&#xA;stress owing to the pro-oxidant state generated during melanin&#xA;synthesis and to the genetic antioxidant defects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, with relevance to catalase:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both lesional and non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients, increased&#xA;levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed, accompanied&#xA;with reduced levels and activity of catalase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is well known that normal melanocytes are vulnerable to excessive&#xA;reactive oxygen species (ROS) for their specialized function of melanin synthesis, which would&#xA;result in a highly pro-oxidant state in the epidermis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This imbalance between the pro-oxidants and the antioxidant status can&#xA;disrupt the homeostasis of melanocytes, causing accumulation of&#xA;oxidized and damaged proteins or organelles, and consequently lead to&#xA;the destruction of melanocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is evidence of increased oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. However, it is a complex picture, with probable environmental triggers and genetic susceptibility factors. An autoimmune process and oxidative stress are not mutually exclusive, as the former could disable the cellular mechanisms for dealing with the latter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;4: Can absorbed hydrogen peroxide contribute to the pathogenesis of vitiligo due to an increase in oxidative stress?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially, assimilating this information, the answer seems to be no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Applied hydrogen peroxide (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) primarily causes local irritation and tissue damage, depending on the concentration. It is not significantly absorbed and small absorbed amounts would be quickly broken down by catalase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While increased susceptibility to oxidative stress in melanocytes plays a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, it is a disruption of the cellular mechanisms for managing oxidative stress, rather than a primary increase of oxidants (like hydrogen peroxide) that is the main factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-10T23:37:39.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-11T02:07:12.897" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some gadgets that promise to measure stress level (derived from pulse data?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most of the devices that offer such stress detection measure the&#xA;  change in the interval between heartbeats — a measure known as &lt;em&gt;heart&#xA;  rate variability&lt;/em&gt;. (from a 2015 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/49452-trackers-measure-stress-heart-rate-variability.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_variability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on this measurement method does not reveal much on stress measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How reliable is such indication/measurement, what to expect about false positives/false negatives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I feel stressed, gadget says no: have I thought up stress?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I feel not stressed, gadget says yes: I can't notice stress?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastEditorUserId="9514" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T03:52:55.627" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T03:52:55.627" Title="Measurable vs perceived stress" Tags="&lt;stress&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-11T02:21:58.517" Score="1" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that human sleep has a cycle of five stages that can repeat itself several times (depends on how long one sleeps); these are named based on the fifth stage occurring about each 90 minutes which is named &lt;strong&gt;R&lt;/strong&gt;apid &lt;strong&gt;E&lt;/strong&gt;ye &lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;ovement sleep (&lt;strong&gt;REM&lt;/strong&gt; sleep).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the stages of this cycle are primarily as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NREM1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This first &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt;on REM stage is actually falling a sleep when still &quot;awake&quot; in a sense:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally a state of calmness with little attention to surrounding environment or ambient; feeling of &quot;floating in the void&quot; if you will;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Likely occurrence of hypnogogig hallucinations such as hallucinating sayings by people close to the person emotionally and socially.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This stage will likely include at least one &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnic_jerk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypnic jerk&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neuronal areas communicate with other neuronal areas in ways that produce alpha and theta waves of electromagnetic activity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general feeling of this stage is commonly considered similar to meditation or daydreaming (extremely focused thought about something in the middle of the day with a bit less attention to the surrounding environment than normal)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NREM2:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second stage of sleep lasts about 20 minutes; the brain begins to produce very short periods of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_spindle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep Spindles&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Body temperature drops down and heart rate starts slowing down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NREM3:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this stage, neuronal populations start to communicate with other neuronal populations in such a way that produces electromagnetic delta Waves; the sleeper is transitioning from light sleep to a deeper sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NREM4:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deep sleep phase of consistent delta activity and likely no dreaming, lasting for about 30 minutes;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Possibly involving the somewhat rare phenomena of Sleepwalking and bed wetting in children; typically at the end of that stage (This does not include the problems that can happen with certain sleep medications).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;REM:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REM sleep is characterized by Rapid eye movements, increased respiration rate and increased brain activity; paradoxically voluntary muscles become generally paralyzed but some are active (generally without noticing and adjusted to acting felt in dreaming; hence one wakes talking as if someone talked in a bad dream);&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Waking up during REM sleep can be faster in a &quot;vivid&quot; fashion due to &lt;em&gt;associative&lt;/em&gt; brain areas working (to produce dreaming) and fast communication with &lt;em&gt;primary&lt;/em&gt; brain areas.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;It is theorized that the general voluntary muscle paralyzation is protective - aimed to prevent or inhibit sharp movements caused per dreaming and keep their sensation as that of &lt;em&gt;associative&lt;/em&gt; brain areas (associated with the organs with which one feeling act in a dream) instead the primary ones which would probably cause bruise and bodily harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, waking up in stage 4 is a &quot;heavy&quot; wake up in comparison to the &quot;vivid&quot; one described in stage 5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;During all stages of sleep the brain produces and salvages different materials on which it's not the place to elaborate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am sorry if I had any mistake or innacuracy in describing the sleep stages → please comment noting any such problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My desire&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I desire to learn if the &quot;90 minutes to REM sleep&quot; notion on which I have learned in the past in an introduction to neuropsychology course, is a strict one or REM sleep could reach way faster than usual, and maybe also be prolonged, by some pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My aim is to understand if there is a pathology of &quot;generally too much REM sleep&quot;, hence too much dreaming:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As we live in a planet filled with suffering, inequality, pain, ignorance and other bad phenomena and experiences, than in my opinion such disorder will likely to correlate with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nightmare disorder&lt;/a&gt; but of course not necessarily → I assume that too much REM sleep might be problematic without dependency in dream content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a medical problem of too much REM sleep?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;That is to ask; is there a widely known pathology of too much REM sleep per se, either by frequently reaching that stage too fast or having this stage too much or both, and is there a therapeutic family adjusted for it (say &quot;REM reducers&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T03:33:43.783" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T09:54:50.097" Title="Is there a medical problem of too much REM sleep?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-aids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20543" CreationDate="2019-12-11T15:38:40.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, there seems to be no convincing evidence to say that alternating between shampoos prolongs their effectiveness in treating dandruff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out181_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products Intended for Consumers by European Commission, 2012&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is at present no scientific evidence of development of&#xA;  resistance or cross-resistance of fungi to Ketoconazole, if&#xA;  Ketoconazole is used in cosmetic dandruff shampoo at concentrations up&#xA;  to 2 %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nizoral-topical.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com, 2019&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/019927s031lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov, 2012&lt;/a&gt; also do not mention any resistance to ketoconazole topical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3)&lt;/strong&gt; In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442545/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this 2017 study&lt;/a&gt;, (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442545/figure/F2/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fig 2&lt;/a&gt;), they've observed that some strains of Malassezia fungi are resistant to ketoconazole, but this seems to be intrincis resistance, not the one that develops with repeated use, so alternating between shampoos would not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579488/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One source&lt;/a&gt; suggests that some people with seborrheic dermatitis can be resistant to topical treatments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For patients with persistent SD resistant to topical agents, oral&#xA;  antifungals may be an option. Oral itraconazole given in a dose of&#xA;  200mg/day for one week, followed by a maintenance dose, resulted in&#xA;  clinical improvement of SD symptoms in two open-label trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...but again, alternating shampoos here would not likely help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5)&lt;/strong&gt; Several comprehensive review articles about &lt;strong&gt;treatment of dandruff&lt;/strong&gt; do not even mention &quot;resistance&quot; to anti-dandruff shampoos or the need for &quot;alternation&quot; of shampoos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887514/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DANDRUFF: THE MOST COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SKIN DISEASE (Indian Journal of Dermatology, 2010)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0501/p2703.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis (American Family Physician, 2000)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4852869/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review (Journal of Clinical and Investigative Dermatology, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=358&amp;amp;showfr=1&amp;amp;subpartnode=21:5.0.1.1.30.8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drug Products for the Control of Dandruff, Seborrheic Dermatitis, and Psoriasis (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/is-it-dandruff-or-seborrheic-dermatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Is It Dandruff or Seborrheic Dermatitis? (U.S. Pharmacist, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814354868_0032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another source&lt;/a&gt; claims that a combination, but not alternation, of substances could be used to circumverent resistance: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cosmetic and personal care products (anti-acne, anti-dandruff,&#xA;  anti-odorant, prickly heat talc, etc) use synthetic antimicrobials&#xA;  like Triclosan, Farnesol, Zinc Pyrithione etc or herbal extracts for&#xA;  the anti-microbial 'functional' benefit. The use of single&#xA;  anti-microbial agent would pave way for emergence of resistance in the&#xA;  cosmetically significant skin micro-organisms. To combat the&#xA;  development of resistance and deliver the anti-microbial benefit, a&#xA;  combination of synergistic antimicrobials can be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of sources recommend alternating shampoos, but without any argumentation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dandruff/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If one type of shampoo works for a time and then seems to lose its&#xA;  effectiveness, try alternating between two types of dandruff shampoos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.students.vcu.edu/media/student-affairs/ushs/docs/SEBORRHEICDERMATITIS.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Virginia Commonwealth University&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alternating medicated shampoos on a daily basis may also increase&#xA;  their effectiveness (eg, ketoconazole on Monday, zinc on Tuesday,&#xA;  selenium on Wednesday, tar on Thursday, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T18:37:28.870" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T18:37:28.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-11T18:48:08.020" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know what is the optimal testosterone level range in adult males?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;By stating optimal range I do not mean &quot;normal&quot; range. Because testosterone levels in males have significantly dropped from 800-2000 ng/Dl to 200-700 ng/Dl over the past 100 years doctors might say a level of 400 ng/Dl is normal. But it may not be normal for a man who lived a 100 years back. So I want to know what is the optimal level range? Is it 800-2000 ng/Dl? The range men had a 100 years back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16613" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T18:48:08.020" Title="What is optimal testosterone level range for men?" Tags="&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;male&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-12-16T19:27:22.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-11T20:31:01.360" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was studying the topic of full metal crowns (fixed prosthodontics), and in my book it says that one of the indications of making a full metal crown is that the tooth that is going to receive the crown is badly damaged by caries, or that the oral hygiene is bad in general. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't seem to get the relation between full metal crown preparation and the damage of teeth by caries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11984" LastEditorUserId="11984" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T07:26:20.197" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T18:51:21.973" Title="Full metal crown for badly carious teeth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20604" CreationDate="2019-12-11T21:18:05.003" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The humidity in my apartment sometimes drops below 5%, with lowest recorded to be 3%. I have bought an air humidifier, but even that does not increase the humidity by more than 8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the effects and health risks of such low humidity levels?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17246" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-26T12:53:18.440" LastActivityDate="2019-12-26T12:53:18.440" Title="What is the health effect of low indoor humidity?" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;humidifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20602" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20622" CreationDate="2019-12-11T21:31:39.200" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that some barbers practice some nasal hair removal methods. One method they use involves applying a type of &quot;warm wax&quot; connected to a stick, in the nose, cooling it and when the wax is somewhat hardened pulling it out. &lt;em&gt;It seems this is called nostrils waxing. Several YouTube videos such as &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; also show this practice. It seems painful but fairly harmless to me and is supposedly mainly done for cosmetic reasons.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing so could possibly cause intracranial thrombophlebitis &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; according to an online answer &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; from Dr. Mehmet Oz (MD). He explains that the hose is part of the triangular region of the face &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; and therefore (the brain is) at increased risk. How likely is it to suffer from such condition after using the mentioned nose hair removal method? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, nasal hair functions include filtering foreign particles from entering the nasal cavity and collecting moisture. &lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; So, does removing nasal hair increase the risk of inhaling harmful substances? If so, are there any studies that suggest how much the increased risk could be? Lastly, is it particularly bad for groups at risk such as asthma &lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4617tbn2xlI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4617tbn2xlI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sharecare.com/health/healthy-nose/danger-of-pulling-nose-hairs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sharecare.com/health/healthy-nose/danger-of-pulling-nose-hairs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_triangle_of_the_face&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_triangle_of_the_face&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;5 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_hair&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_hair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;6 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T23:06:17.353" LastActivityDate="2020-01-12T15:01:35.210" Title="How likely is intracranial thrombophlebitis after nasal hair removal and is there an increased risk for inhaling harmful substances?" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20603" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20537" CreationDate="2019-12-11T21:32:02.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The left atrial pressure tracing here is not the best part of this figure. It might have some pedagogical value if it were discussed in the text, but it's not.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measuring left atrial pressure directly requires a puncture or a pathological condition (e.g., a septal defect). This is why you'll typically see pulmonary capillary wedge pressure instead of direct left atrial measurements. This tracing corresponds more to a simplified rendering of what would be expected in a wedge pressure tracing, vs. direct left atrial measurements. The fluctuation appears to be an exaggeration of the response to pulmonic valve closure. As discussed in the same chapter in Costanzo, on inspiration, the pulmonic valve closes after the aortic valve. This would correspond to splitting in the second heart sound and, at times, a brief blip in wedge pressure. It is not nearly so clear in an actual tracing, though. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look a little lower in the figure, you'll see the fluctuation you're interested in corresponds with the tail end of the second heart sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D9WIs.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D9WIs.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T21:32:02.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20600" CreationDate="2019-12-11T22:34:51.710" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to below chart &lt;em&gt;(in which the source from 1986 is also stated)&lt;/em&gt; the optimal indoor air humidity for human health is between 40-60%, as close to 50% as possible. The low humidity levels you described (5%) would apparently be optimal for bacteria and viruses and negatively affect allergic rhinitis and asthma. Such low levels of indoor air humidity can also cause respiratory infections and is associated with increased ozone production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;If you have any health or specifically respiratory problems I suggest to visit your doctor and mention your indoor humidity problem.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5cpFu.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;indoor air humidity health&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Be sure that your humidity sensor is properly functioning and placed correctly. I'm not sure in what climate you live but the values mentioned seem extremely low to me for an indoor climate. An air humidifier suitable for your room size might help to increase indoor air humidity. The (small) humidifier you described is probably not strong enough for the size of your room.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Houseplants increase humidity in the air through a process known as transpiration. Plants absorb water through their roots, then circulate the moisture through stems and leaves with a vascular system that's comparable to human veins and capillaries. Water reaches the leaves, evaporates into the air and increases indoor humidity.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hunker.com/12003913/plants-that-add-the-most-moisture-to-the-air&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hunker.com/12003913/plants-that-add-the-most-moisture-to-the-air&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2019-12-11T23:26:17.060" LastActivityDate="2019-12-11T23:26:17.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-12T09:05:49.390" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I look for ambulance and how fast it should come, I find information regarding allowed driving speed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for planning hospitals and roads, one should no how much time is on average required to reach a hospital. Depending on the region and the roads it can be quite different than approximating from the actual &lt;em&gt;distance&lt;/em&gt; like in this &lt;a href=&quot;http://goaspro.com/detect-optimal-location-for-hospitals-in-bangalore/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contribution&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any norms on that, or laws, or regulations? How does this compare internationally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T09:45:27.183" Title="Are there any recommended or prescribed time limits for ambulance to reach a juvenile patient in case of emergency?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20608" CreationDate="2019-12-12T10:31:59.990" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UK national standard sets out that all ambulance trusts must respond to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Category 1 calls (life-threatening injuries and illnesses) in 7 minutes &lt;strong&gt;on average&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Category 2 calls (other emergency) in 18 minutes &lt;strong&gt;on average&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Category 3 calls (urgent) in at least 9 out of 10 times before 120 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Category 4 calls (less urgent) at least 9 out of 10 times before 180 minutes.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In some instances you may be given advice over the telephone or referred to another service such as a GP or pharmacist.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more on this and how calls are categorized, you can download a free PDF from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/new-ambulance-standards-easy-read.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T10:31:59.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20612" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1601" CreationDate="2019-12-12T12:29:20.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, there seems to be no evidence that acute caffeine overdose by drinking a great amount of energy drink would result in heart enlargement (hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy). It could cause severe caffeine overdose, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 oz (237 ml) of an energy drink can contain 150 mg of caffeine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20049372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 such drinks would give you 3,000 mg (3 g) of caffeine and 4.7 liters of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3 g of caffeine,&lt;/strong&gt; does not seem to be lethal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lethal doses of caffeine have been reported at blood concentrations of&#xA;  80 to 100 micrograms/ml which can be reached with ingestion of&#xA;  approximately 10 grams or greater. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532910/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stat Pearls, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4.7 liters of water&lt;/strong&gt; drunk in a short time can result in fatal water intoxication. There is a report of a woman dying after drinking &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7779079.stm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4 liters of water in 2 hours&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Symptoms of caffeine overdose: &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2019/04000/How_to_recognize_caffeine_overdose.15.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to recognize caffeine overdose (Nursing, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moderate toxicity can cause restlessness, tremors, anxiety, mood&#xA;  changes, and gastrointestinal discomfort (such as vomiting). Very high&#xA;  doses of ingested caffeine (more than 6 mg/kg) can decrease both&#xA;  physical and cognitive performance and induce severe gastrointestinal&#xA;  distress. Extremely high blood levels (up to 150mg/kg) of caffeine&#xA;  can cause changes including hypokalemia, ventricular dysrhythmias,&#xA;  hypotension, rhabdomyolysis, and death. Blood caffeine concentrations&#xA;  around 150 mg/kg of body weight can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T15:38:51.320" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T15:38:51.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20613" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-12T15:36:01.510" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;My text book states that intravenous crystalloid infusion is a method of treating anaphylactic shock. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't get why, as there is no fluid loss in case of anaphylactic shock, at least that is what I think.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why giving crystalloid solution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11984" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T19:59:54.640" Title="Crystalloid infusion during anaphylactic shock" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20614" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20613" CreationDate="2019-12-12T16:26:22.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In anaphylaxic shock, vasodilation can result in severe hypotension. The aim of crystalloid infusion is to help correct hypotension. There are various treatment regimes possible, but most authors suggest (for adults):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Epinephrine 0.5 mg i.m. (to reverse vasodilation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oxygen, at least 70%, by mask, 15 liters/min&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intravenous crystalloid infusion 500 -1,000 mL, initially (to help maintain normal blood pressure); colloid infusions are not better in increasing survival chance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A histamine (H1) antagonist, such as chlorpheniramine, 10 mg i.m. or i.v. (to relieve itch and urticaria; it takes &gt;30 minutes to be effective)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hydrocortisone 200 mg i.m or i.v. (to inhibit inflammation; it takes several hours to be effective; no clear benefit)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/doctor/anaphylaxis-and-its-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anaphylaxis and its treatment (Parient.info, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-emergency-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anaphylaxis: Emergency treatment (UpToDate, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-12T17:41:07.370" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T17:41:07.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20613" CreationDate="2019-12-12T19:59:54.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your assumption that there is no fluid loss is wrong. In addition to the vasodilation Jan mentioned in his answer, there's significant fluid loss caused by increased permeability of the vasculature. The result is a massive fluid shift from the intravascular to extravascular space. This explains why swelling occurs in mucus membranes: fluid is leaking out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925788/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925788/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anaphylactic shock is caused by vasodilation and vascular leakage&#xA;  resulting from enhanced permeability of the postcapillary venules in&#xA;  the vascular beds of visceral organs, skin, and mucous membranes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The commonest cardiovascular manifestation is severe hypotension,&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;usually caused by a massive shift of fluid from the intravascular to&#xA;  the extrayascular space&lt;/strong&gt;. Arrhythmias are not uncommon. &lt;strong&gt;Profound losses&#xA;  of intravascular volume can occur quickly as a result of increased&#xA;  vascular permeability.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-12-12T19:59:54.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20608" CreationDate="2019-12-12T23:41:25.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this report &quot;Ambulance Care Europe&quot; &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; in table 3.5 there is an emergency level and response times comparison between several EU countries. Showing a response time for emergencies in some countries at 5 minutes (Germany) in others 25 minutes (Norway, rural).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in The Netherlands regulations state that an ambulance in case of emergency has to be at the scene within 15 minutes after the phone call in 95% of the cases. However, in 2001 only 91,8% actually managed that. The Dutch government is trying to pass a law that requires arrival within 8 minutes. Also, 60% of Dutch citizens live within a 5-kilometer range from a hospital others on average 10 kilometers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In case of, (expected) CPR a private network of citizens in the area that can perform CPR and are volunteering in this network can also be alarmed by text to fetch a defibrillator in a specified public place near and bring it to the location, or go to a location directly and start CPR. Also, police or firefighters can be alarmed if the centralist thinks that the ambulance will be late. Out of experience, these volunteers often arrive faster because they are closer.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nivel.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/Rapport_ambulance_care_europe.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nivel.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/Rapport_ambulance_care_europe.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T09:45:27.183" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T09:45:27.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-13T08:40:04.053" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a &lt;strong&gt;hypothetical, fictional&lt;/strong&gt; scenario, which I'm sure plenty of people working in this field have nightmares about, but which hopefully paints a meaningful picture for a very important question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm in a farm in Southern China on vacation, and something feels wrong. Everyone from the town seems to be gathered around a group of children and elderly who are exhibiting flu-like symptoms. But as I walk down the line, I see those who arrived earlier. They're much worse. Profuse vomiting and diarrhea, sweating, and coughing. Then one of the town medics sneezes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My traveling partners and I cover our eyes and faces and ask where the doctors are, and we're told that they're busy in the next town over. It would seem that a concerned father of a sick boy from a neighboring town came to request urgent assistance from local doctors, and two days later the staff of the inn where he stayed began showing symptoms. My friend asks a medic where those staff are now, as all those in the group of the sick are either very young or very old. The answer is clearly some kind of euphemism for something the medic doesn't want to say.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this mystery disease is highly contagious, progresses rapidly, and can be fatal. Looks like a potential pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We call up the World Health Organization (which doesn't seem to have a report-a-disease hotline, strangely enough). After explaining the situation and probably spending 20 minutes being redirected until finally landing at the right desk, what would they ask us to begin mounting a response?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15582" LastActivityDate="2019-12-13T18:41:21.200" Title="What would a medical NGO need to know to begin dealing with a viral pandemic?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20619" CreationDate="2019-12-13T10:09:04.533" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In China, to report an infection outbreak, you don't call World Health Organization (WHO), but the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt;. They should have the most up to date information about recent infections. For example, in the US, CDC has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nors/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)&lt;/a&gt; and if you call them, they may redirect you to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthfinder.gov/FindServices/SearchContext.aspx?show=1&amp;amp;topic=820&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;state health department&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They would ask you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where are you located?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Personal info: age, sex, where are you from?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are your symptoms and when they did start?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many other affected people have you seen?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They would tell you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there any drug available and where to get it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you need to avoid any food or water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you need to avoid the contact with other people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To go in quarantine or to leave the area or not.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-13T18:41:21.200" LastActivityDate="2019-12-13T18:41:21.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18108" CreationDate="2019-12-13T11:48:34.047" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Walking can actually help, even in people who already have osteoarthritis.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4146701/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily walking and the risk of incident functional limitation in knee OA: An observational study (Arthritis Care Research, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Walking over 7 days was objectively measured as steps/day within a&#xA;  cohort of people with or at risk of knee OA from the Multicenter&#xA;  Osteoarthritis Study. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among 1788 participants (mean age 67, mean BMI 31 kg/m2, female 60%),&#xA;  each additional 1000 steps/day was associated with a 16% and 18%&#xA;  reduction in incident functional limitation by performance-based and&#xA;  self-report measures, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More walking was associated with less risk of functional limitation&#xA;  over two years. Walking ≥ 6000 steps/day provides a preliminary&#xA;  estimate of the level of walking activity to protect against&#xA;  developing functional limitation in people with or at risk of knee OA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Risk factors for osteoarthritis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063458414013429?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Ostearthritis and Cartilage, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being overweight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A job that requires a lot of knee bending, kneeling, squatting or lifting&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Walking disability&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Previous knee injury&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Female sex&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased age&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeated intense physical activity, for example, running &gt;20 miles/week&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-12-13T11:48:34.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20602" CreationDate="2019-12-13T13:59:27.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) How likely is intracranial thrombophlebitis after nasal hair removal?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448177/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cavernous sinus thrombosis (Stat Pearls, 2019)&lt;/a&gt; after nasal hair removal (or from any cause) seems to be rare but possible:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...annual incidence of cavernous sinus thrombosis might be&#xA;  approximately &lt;strong&gt;0.2 to 1.6 per 100,000 per year.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare, life-threatening disorder&#xA;  that can complicate &lt;strong&gt;facial infection, sinusitis, orbital cellulitis,&#xA;  pharyngitis, or otitis or following traumatic injury or surgery,&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  especially in the setting of a thrombophilic disorder. Early&#xA;  recognition of cavernous sinus thrombosis which, often presents with&#xA;  fever, headache, eye findings such as periorbital swelling, and&#xA;  ophthalmoplegia, is critical for good outcome. Despite modern&#xA;  treatment with antibiotics and anticoagulation, the risk of long-term&#xA;  sequelae, such as vision, diplopia, and stroke, remains significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Antimicrobial therapy includes an anti-staphylococcal agent&#xA;  (vancomycin if methicillin resistance is high, or nafcillin), a&#xA;  third-generation cephalosporin, and metronidazole (for anaerobic&#xA;  coverage) as well as antifungal therapy with amphotericin B. A&#xA;  prolonged duration of parenteral therapy, typically three to four&#xA;  weeks or at least two weeks beyond clinical resolution is suggested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As many as 50% of survivors might have sequelae, most commonly third&#xA;  or sixth nerve palsy.  Other complications can include sepsis,&#xA;  meningitis, subdural empyema, brain abscess, blindness,&#xA;  panhypopituitarism, intracranial hypertension, infectious arteritis or&#xA;  mycotic aneurysm of internal carotid artery, vasospasm, septic emboli,&#xA;  stroke from carotid narrowing, cortical vein thrombosis or hemorrhagic&#xA;  infarction, coma, and death. Mortality rates as high as 80% in the era&#xA;  before antibiotics have diminished to below 8% to 13%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/347372&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Dangerous Triangle (Still Dangerous) (JAMA, 1969)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Report of a Case:—  A 31-year-old woman was first seen by a physician&#xA;  Jan 13, 1966, with the report that she had &lt;strong&gt;plucked some nasal&#xA;  hairs&lt;/strong&gt; two days before. This was followed by edema and soreness&#xA;  around the dorsum of the nose. The patient received penicillin&#xA;  intramuscularly and was instructed to place hot packs on the nose.&#xA;  Twenty four hours later, the penicillin therapy was repeated, followed&#xA;  by an antiinflammatory dose of radiation to the nose.On Jan 16, marked&#xA;  edema and discoloration of both eyelids and periorbital areas...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plucking hair could spread the infection from the pre-existing infection in the nasal mucosa, for example, due to a pimple or boil or bacterial sinusitis or from contaminated tweezers, especially when plucking is associated with bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605125/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report (Head &amp;amp; Face Medicine, 2013)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...more recent reports suggest that sinusitis is currently the&#xA;  most common etiological factor in CST.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Is there an increased risk for inhaling harmful substances after nasal hair removal?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a small study involving 75 patients with asthma, the amount of nasal hair was inversely correlated with asthma:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447962&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does nasal hair (vibrissae) density affect the risk of developing asthma in patients with seasonal rhinitis? (International Archieves of Allergy and Immunology, 2011)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rate of asthma was 44.7, 26.2 and 16.7% in the few, moderate and&#xA;  many &lt;em&gt;[hair]&lt;/em&gt; groups, respectively (p = 0.002).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our findings suggest that the amount of nasal hair providing a nose&#xA;  filtration function has a protective effect on the risk of developing&#xA;  asthma in SR patients.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-13T14:28:37.893" LastActivityDate="2019-12-13T14:28:37.893" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20623" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20624" CreationDate="2019-12-13T20:07:02.267" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;The death certificate of a relative who died in Spain in 1887 states the cause of death was a midbrain congestion (&lt;em&gt;congestión del mesencéfalo&lt;/em&gt; in Spanish). He died in a psychiatric hospital at the age of 41.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean to die from congestion of the midbrain? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some family stories assure he committed suicide. Is this compatible with the recorded cause of death?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17262" LastEditorUserId="17262" LastEditDate="2019-12-14T07:47:13.300" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T07:47:13.300" Title="What does it mean to die from midbrain congestion?" Tags="&lt;death&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20623" CreationDate="2019-12-13T23:01:50.920" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although I doubt that term would be applied to a suicide in a modern country, death records can be unreliable in other times and other cultures when suicide was involved. 100+ years ago suicide was often considered shameful and embarrassing to the family, so it's possible the death record was falsified to protect the family name. Since we have no way of ruling suicide in or out, it's a moot question that I will ignore. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the most likely explanation is your relative died of a stroke, head injury or brain tumor that caused increased intracranial pressure. Congestion in the brain usually refers to venous congestion, meaning blood isn't being drained from the brain normally so it's backing up. Venous congestion can be caused by several things but since no mention was made of head injury, the most likely explanation in a 41 year old man would probably be an expanding mass. A tumor that was growing, causing increased intracranial pressure, and possibly physically pressing on the veins that drain the mid-brain region would seem like the most likely explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several uses of the phrase &quot;congestion of the midbrain&quot; found in neurology texts and they all occur in the context of expanding masses. I can't copy/paste from Google Books so you'll have to follow the links to read it as text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=R_-tCgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA206&amp;amp;lpg=PA206&amp;amp;dq=%22congestion%20of%20the%20midbrain%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=ppCcQse1E2&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2i_j8oEhBkxTNH-Bg-wXNXyChXdA&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ppis=_c&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiD6YbK1rPmAhUKIKwKHTO8AmwQ6AEwAHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22congestion%20of%20the%20midbrain%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Books 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6pkd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6pkd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=1_7qBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA51&amp;amp;lpg=PA51&amp;amp;dq=%22congestion%20of%20the%20midbrain%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=3cYW1ReFf_&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U25G3LioT02c-vtC7sdTU0lVOETxg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ppis=_c&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiD6YbK1rPmAhUKIKwKHTO8AmwQ6AEwAXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22congestion%20of%20the%20midbrain%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Books 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3KPQS.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3KPQS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If you search on the more common English wording &quot;midbrain congestion&quot; you'll find many more references, most of them also discussing brain tumors and other causes of increased pressure within the skull. Google finds no hits at all on the Spanish expression &quot;congestión del mesencéfalo.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember, this is completely speculative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-12-14T00:02:15.420" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T00:02:15.420" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-14T09:41:30.640" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is such sweetener as Saccharin Sodium that being added sometimes in drinks and just sold as sweetener on it's own.&#xA;I didn't found information about dosages, but but on nih.gov I see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Saccharin-sodium#section=Health-Hazard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There is sufficient evidence that this compound is an animal&#xA;  carcinogen. When heated to decomposition this compound emits very&#xA;  toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also on the sweetener I've seen norm of daily consumption notion.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;On the other hand I heard that 2nd generation of sweeteners are safe (aspartame), if so then may there be safe dosages for the 1st generation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The main question is if dosages they put in food and recommended daily norm on sweeteners are non-carcenogenic?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also it's not clear what temperatures are required for heating to decomposition? Can it be used in baking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastEditorUserId="1682" LastEditDate="2019-12-14T20:08:14.113" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T07:20:19.840" Title="Are dosages of Saccharin Sodium in food are non-carcinogenic?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;carcinogens&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20627" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-14T11:03:04.940" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I learned that blood clots in coronary arteries caused by plaque ruptures are the most common cause of heart attacks, and this raised the question: If a severe cholesterol buildup were detected, how could it be removed to prevent a potentially fatal heart attack?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17265" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T11:03:04.940" Title="How could a heart attack be prevented if a cholesterol buildup in an artery near the heart was detected?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4801" CreationDate="2019-12-14T21:59:56.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cocaine is a highly addictive substance. What starts off as seemingly harmless experimentation can quickly develop into a potentially life-threatening addiction with devastating personal, professional, financial, and familial consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common signs of cocaine use include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dilated pupils&#xA;Long periods of wakefulness&#xA;Loss of appetite&#xA;Overconfidence&#xA;Over-excitement&#xA;Paranoia&#xA;Runny nose or frequent sniffles&#xA;White powder around nostrils&#xA;Legal issues&#xA;Missing or being late to work&#xA;Financial problems&#xA;Mood swings&#xA;Irritability&#xA;Depression&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common adverse side effects of cocaine use include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Headaches&#xA;High blood pressure&#xA;Nausea&#xA;Trouble sleeping&#xA;Coma&#xA;Chills&#xA;Confusion&#xA;Sweating&#xA;Seizures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/signs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/signs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17266" LastActivityDate="2019-12-14T21:59:56.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20636" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-15T15:19:49.263" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/969/9507&quot;&gt;this answer about the benefits of electric toothbrushes&lt;/a&gt; with tons of sources. It only mentions the positive impacts on plaque removal and gingival inflammation (i.e. efficiency of the cleaning)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the main argument I heard against the electric toothbrushes is that they are &lt;strong&gt;not as sensitive&lt;/strong&gt; to the gingiva and, therefore, can be harmful to it while cleaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I heard from two dentistry students two different opinions about the difference between the sonic and oscillating. Each of them was said at their university that one of the types is harmful and the other is ok. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any study proving this negative effect on the gingiva?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Which of the types is better?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9507" LastEditorUserId="9507" LastEditDate="2019-12-16T11:06:08.987" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T12:52:47.263" Title="Are electrical toothbrushes harmful for gingiva?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;gums&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20638" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-15T19:44:29.150" Score="0" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have searched for a standard model of scar healing to learn how &lt;em&gt;dermal scar tissues are formulated and evolved&lt;/em&gt; but didn't find one; rather, I found somewhat inconsistency between different definitions of that healing stage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My prior research was limited because I don't have general access to plastic surgery literature but here is what I have understood so far&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modeling:&lt;/strong&gt; A primal scar tissue, is being modeled (gradually formed) by gradually replacing (or by gradual transformation of) a closed wound tissue;&lt;br&gt; The outcome is a significantly inflammated, swollen and red scar tissue;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;If predisposition exists it is in this stage that the scar tissue could become &lt;em&gt;hypertrophic&lt;/em&gt; (keloid or at least ridged) or &lt;em&gt;atrophic&lt;/em&gt; (sunken), while the predisposition should be diagnosed and treated or at leased prognosed by at least a plastic surgeon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remodeling:&lt;/strong&gt;  The newly formed scar which is significantly inflammated, swollen and red, gradually heals by becoming somewhat less inflammated, less swollen (hence flatter) and less red;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is in this stage that daily anointing the scar tissue with a standardized good nutrient lotion is considered by some plastic surgeons as possibly improving the outcome of that stage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maturation:&lt;/strong&gt; A phase in which a remodeled scar tissue becomes further flattened and generally lose all redness if any remained;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is after this stage that it's become adequate to go through scar revision therapies (laser/scalpel/anything else) if this are at all needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The terms scar modeling(&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=%22scar+modeling%22&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595592/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e2&lt;/a&gt;), scar remodeling(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1866977/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e2&lt;/a&gt;) and scar&#xA;  maturation(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18453989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e3&lt;/a&gt;) are all used in medical literature while scar modeling is in 2020 almost not used in comparison to scar remodeling and scar maturation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I often came across the claims that scar healing generally takes one year or two years; but I don't know of a convention or consensus and shouldn't strictly determine if there is one for all scars.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Notes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I understand that any wound that is suspicious to evolve into a significant scar is best to be diagnosed as soon as possible by a plastic surgeon and that it is generally good to regularly follow up with plastic surgeon in all 3 stages I described to diagnose if complications exist and how to treat them, especially if there is such suspicion (and if the patient wants that).&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I understand that when an organism is still in bodily growth, formed scars (as in stage 1) could be bigger than if bodily growth was ended, because the wound tissue or primal scar tissue might grow along with the body; thus, scar revision surgery (as performed with scalpel by a plastic surgeon) might be better postponed to after bodily growth was ended - depends on a particular case.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard model of scar healing and if so what are its main stages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;An answer could explain in what stage (remodeling or maturation) it is good to do further treatments on scar tissue such as hair removal (if there is hair on scar), scar flattening (if the scar can be further flattened), &lt;em&gt;scar tattooing in body color&lt;/em&gt; and so forth.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-24T00:18:53.393" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T00:18:53.393" Title="Is there a standard model of scar healing and if so what are its main stages?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;keloids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20640" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-16T03:18:06.053" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I realize there are multiple ways, but if you tallied up all the people who caught the flu or a cold last year, what would be the majority...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Entrance for infection: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eyes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ears&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bio surface that facilitates transmission:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mouth walls/palate/tongue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nose walls, cavity, sinuses&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eye surface&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Throat walls&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lung tissue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stomach/digestive tract surfaces&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I realize it's not just one entrance or surface that does the trick, I'm only wondering about the majorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17218" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T03:18:06.053" Title="What's the primary body entrance + surface of infection for catching the flu?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-16T10:35:55.697" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Japan, SanBio's investigational regenerative medicine product, SB623, become a hot topic. &#xA;The 'active ingredient' of SB623 seems to be gene-modified mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. That cells seems to be derived from bone marrow MSCs by using transient transfection with a plasmid vector encoding the human Notch1 intracellular domain. And SB623 seems one of the most famous investigational regenerative medicine product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I still don't understand Mode of Action they assumed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Questions&lt;/strong&gt; ：&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;What is the biological significance of transfecting the &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain&quot; gene into MSC (even though that's transfection is transient transfection)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Why &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain&quot;-transfected MSCs are believed to be superior in nerve regeneration even in the patient with a chronic stroke patient.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Is it 'reasonable' to understand as follows:&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.1.&lt;/strong&gt; Even in the chronic phase of cerebral infarction, anti-TNFα activity and immunosuppressive effects have certain significance to both alleviate symptoms and promote regeneration.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.2.&lt;/strong&gt; When the &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain gene&quot; is introduced into the MSC, the ability to secrete substances that enhance the regeneration of damaged nerves will be greater than normal MSC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.3&lt;/strong&gt; The transfected gene of SB623 be not whole of Notch1 but a segment of the nucleotide sequence encoding &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain&quot; ? Are the protein of Notch1 and “Notch1 intracellular domain” different proteins?(I found the code for Notch 1 on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_017617&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI&lt;/a&gt; but I cannot find the code of “Notch1 intracellular domain”.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is the idea like an anti-inflammatory agent valid even in the chronic phase of Ischemic stroke?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their main target might be a chronic phase of Ischemic stroke. Actually, Clinical trial information of &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02448641&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCT02448641&lt;/a&gt; says, the eligible subjected patients shall be  &quot;Between 6 and 90 months (7.5 years) post-stroke, and having a chronic motor neurological deficit&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, despite targeting the chronic phase, one of the most important their target seems to be anti-inflammatory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14737175.2019.1618710&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;The groundwork for this 2016 stem cell study was laid in 2009, when mesenchymal stem cells introduced into a cerebral ventricle in a rat stroke model, significantly improved function while enhancing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and, crucially, decreasing TNF levels.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228829/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; states that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Compared to the parental MSCs, SB623 cells appear to exert a greater inhibitory impact on the maturation of dendritic cells as demonstrated by a greater reduction in the surface expression of the co-stimulatory molecule, CD86.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why Does Anti-Inflammation Reduce Chronic Stroke Volume? By helping intrinsic recovery?　If so, can a similar effect be expected with BBB-permeable immunosuppressants such as FK506?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why does the transfection of &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain&quot; enhance the regenerative ability of MSCs?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their other primary focus seems to be a &quot;paracrine effect&quot; rather than &quot;differentiating allogeneic MSCs into nerves and glia and engrafting them in the patient's body.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the previous section, I briefed papers mentioning the its paracrine effect on immunity and anti-inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following summarizes its paracrine effect on the promotion of nerve regeneration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055059/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One paper&lt;/a&gt; state that, &lt;em&gt;&quot;These data demonstrate that SB623 cells tend to support neural cell growth more effectively than their parental MSCs and identify both soluble and insoluble mediators responsible, at least in part, for enhanced neuropoietic potency of SB623.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, why does the introduction of “Notch1 intracellular domain” increase the paracrine effect of MSCs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Am I right if I understand that, the transfected gene of SB623 be not whole of Notch1 but a segment of the nucleotide sequence encoding &quot;Notch1 intracellular domain&quot;?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_017617&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Notch1&lt;/a&gt; protein &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is a single-pass transmembrane receptor&lt;/a&gt;, not a cytokine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia article of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_proteins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Notch proteins&lt;/a&gt;&quot; says, &lt;em&gt;&quot;Notch intracellular domain (NICD) acts as a transcriptional activator when in complex with CSL family transcription factors. &quot;&lt;/em&gt; Are the protein of Notch1 and “Notch1 intracellular domain” different proteins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Post-hoc Note.&lt;/strong&gt; (Added after 2019/12/18 (JST))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I may find question 3.3's answer in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ft-patho.net/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WikiPathologica&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese). Following image is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ft-patho.net/index.php?plugin=attach&amp;amp;refer=Notch%20and%20Notch%20signaling&amp;amp;openfile=NOTCHprotein-structure.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quoted&lt;/a&gt; from this site with minor modification. &#xA;This introduces the structure of Notch1 itself, but does not explain what was transfected into SB623. However, perhaps a gene corresponding to the part circled in red in the figure has been transfected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cpQQb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cpQQb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-29T08:44:42.330" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T08:44:42.330" Title="Why has the Notch1 intracellular domain-transfected MSC expected as the greater regenerative medicine for ischemic stroke?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20644" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-16T20:27:49.263" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are those diseases recoverable without surgeries, glasses or contact lens? Maybe by eye exercises? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Once I saw on YouTube a man that managed to recover his eyes from these conditions by eye exercises. He even got his driver's license without using eye glasses. Is it really possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17281" LastActivityDate="2019-12-16T20:27:49.263" Title="Are focus-related eye diseases like myopia and astigmatism reversible?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2019-12-17T20:26:16.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20636" CreationDate="2019-12-18T12:44:10.063" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;All toothbrushes can damage your gums. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20030620/go-easy-toothbrush&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;It all depends on the length of time and pressure applied whilst brushing&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommended brushing time is 2 minutes and there is a recommendation that you only apply the pressure of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;up to two minutes and with greater pressure up to 150 grams of pressure, which is about the weight of an orange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Although we found that you have to brush your teeth reasonably long and hard to get rid of the harmful plaque which causes dental diseases, our research shows that once you go beyond a certain point, you aren't being any more effective,” says Heaseman, in a news release. “You could be actually harming your teeth and gums.” (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20030620/go-easy-toothbrush&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD, 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Too much brushing, or brushing too hard can damage the protective enamel on your teeth or irritate your gums and cause other oral health problems (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;McCracken et al. 2003&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are electric toothbrushes on the market which provide a visual indicator that you are brushing too hard and indicates the amount of time you have been brushing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One I have flashes a red light if you press too hard and vibrates every 30 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you purchase a brush like this it will help to ensure that you brush for the required time and not too hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you don’t have one of these brushes and you are unsure how to go about brushing your teeth, the best thing to do is to make an appointment with your dentist or dental hygienist who will be able to train you in the correct techniques &lt;strong&gt;and will show you approximately how much pressure you should be applying&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McCracken, G. I., Janssen, J., Swan, M., Steen, N., De Jager, M., &amp;amp; Heasman, P. A. (2003). Effect of brushing force and time on plaque removal using a powered toothbrush. &lt;em&gt;Journal of clinical periodontology, 30&lt;/em&gt;(5), 409-413. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20008.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD (2003). &lt;em&gt;Go Easy on Your Toothbrush; Less is More&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20030620/go-easy-toothbrush&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20030620/go-easy-toothbrush&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-12-18T12:52:47.263" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T12:52:47.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20626" CreationDate="2019-12-18T15:18:12.250" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The PubChem article you linked (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Saccharin-sodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Biotechnology Information, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;) stated that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When heated to decomposition this compound emits very toxic fumes of SOx and NOx. It may also emit toxic fumes of carbon and COx. (NTP, 1992)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the required heat for decomposition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc15/178ca15502d3c0d64e7753eccb88e7bd73db.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Saad, et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; points out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saccharin decomposes at 228°C [442.4°F] in acid (Lide, 1997); &amp;gt; 300°C [572°F] in sodium and calcium salts (Mitchell &amp;amp; Pearson, 1991)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may be setting an oven at a higher temperature than 228°C/442.4°F and &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/a/46639/66538&quot;&gt;a proper pizza oven should go above 500°C/932°F&lt;/a&gt; but you need to remember that the food can't reach those temperatures without burning. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/a/46648/66538&quot;&gt;another answer to the same Cooking.SE question&lt;/a&gt; we are reminded that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;air is a bad transmitter of heat. You can hold your hand in air that is 212℉ / 100℃, but you can’t put it into a pot of boiling water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With frying temperatures, heating oil above 190°C may result in the oil catching fire (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/how-deep-fry-safely&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC Good Food, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these facts in mind, cooking and baking does not involve heating food to these kinds of temperatures, so therefore this fact is irrelevant to food safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the carcinogenicity, of Saccharin they also state that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.835027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arnold (1983)&lt;/a&gt; studied two generation saccharin bioassays. Results showed that humeral antibody production in rats is seriously affected that may lead toward cancer. In 1977 FDA proposed a ban on saccharin use due to cancer reports in laboratory rats (Arnold, 1984; Tisdel et al., 1974; Schoenig et al., 1985; Taylor et al., 1980).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The  results  of  the study by &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.835027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arnold (1983)&lt;/a&gt; resulted  in  the  prohibition  of  saccharin  in  Canada  and  a  proposed  ban  in  the United  States.  This  proposed  U.S.  ban  was withdrawn  in  1991,  but  foods  containing  saccharin  were required  to  carry  a  warning  label.  This  warning  label  was  placed  on all  products  containing  saccharin  to  indicate  “saccharin  is a  potential  cancer  causing  agent.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supporting evidence for carcinogenicity given by &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc15/178ca15502d3c0d64e7753eccb88e7bd73db.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Saad, et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; includes studies from the 80s and 90s:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exposure to pure saccharin supported its role in pathogenesis of the liver damage (Negro et al., 1994). Several studies have been done which shows association between bladder cancer and saccharine (Fukushima et al., 1986; Shibata et al., 1989; Cohen et al., 1991; Ito et al., 1983; Fukushima et al., 1983; Fukushima et al., 1986). All of the ingested saccharin after circulation in blood excreted through urine from body (Sweatman et al., 1981).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5247958_The_Potential_Toxicity_of_Artificial_Sweeteners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitehouse, et al. (2008)&lt;/a&gt; points out that (emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-pdf/18/1/40/794927/mdl346.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A  2007  article  by  Gallus  et  al.&lt;/a&gt;  discussed  artificial sweeteners  and  associated  cancer  risks.  The  authors  reviewed  several  case-control  studies  and  &lt;strong&gt;found  a  lack  of association  between  saccharine,  aspartame,  and  other sweeteners  and  several  common  neoplasms.  They  did cite  an  ecology  study  that  indicated  a  direct  correlation  between  brain  cancer  and  aspartame  consumption. These  studies  are  subject  to  ecological  fallacy  and  the hypothesis  was  not  confirmed  in  animal  or  human  studies&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research since &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.835027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arnold (1983)&lt;/a&gt; showing  the  safety  of saccharin led  to  the overturning of the decision to warning label products containing saccharin in the US in  2000.  A ban  on  saccharin  still  exists  in  Canada;  however,  Health Canada  is  currently  considering  relisting  saccharin  as  a food additive (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5247958_The_Potential_Toxicity_of_Artificial_Sweeteners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitehouse, et al. 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arnold, D. L. (1983). Two-generation saccharin bioassays. Environmental health perspectives, 50, 27-36. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.835027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1289/ehp.835027&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BBC Good Food (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;How to deep fry safely&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/how-deep-fry-safely&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/how-deep-fry-safely&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gallus,  S.,  Scotti,  L.,  Negri,  E.,  Talamini,  R.,  Franceschi,  S.,  Montella, M.,  et  al.  (2007).  Artificial  sweeteners  and  cancer  risk  in  a  network of case-control studies.  Annals of Oncology,  18(1), 40-44. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1093/annonc/mdl346&lt;/a&gt; Free PDF retrieved from  &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-pdf/18/1/40/794927/mdl346.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-pdf/18/1/40/794927/mdl346.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.) &lt;em&gt;PubChem Database. Saccharin sodium, CID=656582&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Saccharin-sodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Saccharin-sodium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saad, A., Khan, F. A., Hayee, A., &amp;amp; Nazir, M. S. (2014). A review on potential toxicity of artificial sweetners vs safety of Stevia: a natural bio-sweetner. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4(15), 1-12. Free PDF retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc15/178ca15502d3c0d64e7753eccb88e7bd73db.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc15/178ca15502d3c0d64e7753eccb88e7bd73db.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whitehouse, C. R., Boullata, J., &amp;amp; McCauley, L. A. (2008). The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners. Aaohn Journal, 56(6), 251-261. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20080601-02&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3928/08910162-20080601-02&lt;/a&gt; Free PDF retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5247958_The_Potential_Toxicity_of_Artificial_Sweeteners&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5247958_The_Potential_Toxicity_of_Artificial_Sweeteners&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T07:20:19.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20655" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20517" CreationDate="2019-12-18T17:44:12.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first question relates to the retail price floor of genome sequencing hardware.  As with any commercial product, price depends on demand.  I don't envision much demand for home genome sequencing, for three reasons. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hardest part of genomic inquiries is not getting the data, but interpreting it.  The demand for interpretation will grow, and I suspect that is where the competition will be.  The interpretation products will require your data in order to operate, and it will always be easier to send them a cheek swab than to put a complicated piece of machinery in your home to get the data. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If medical decisions are to be made on the basis of home genomic results, then they would have to yield very high quality results.  You can probably build a jet engine at home, but you wouldn't fly in an airplane powered by your engine.  So I don't see demand for home genomic medical testing matching even the demand for home blood pressure testing, upon which decisions are being made today, but always with a double-check obtained in the clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the intended use is non-medical, there may be market overlap with portable research systems (e.g. Nanopore).  The price points in that market will be higher than for consumer home uses, if for no other reason than researchers will get more value from portable testing than consumers.  You might use the machine once on yourself and on your family, friends, and pets, and never again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second question relates to protecting genomic information once it has left the confines of the home.  It's impossible to do with certainty.  If an attractive market for genomic information develops, then even trusted people and enterprises will violate that trust, despite whatever legal penalties may ensue, and despite whatever technological controls are in place.  Information is information, and if it exists somewhere in readable form for any period of time, it can be copied. The only question is how many people need to be bribed or otherwise corrupted.  Sysadmins are not incorruptible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="332" LastActivityDate="2019-12-18T17:44:12.277" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20657" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-18T21:55:23.737" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commonly referred number is that in 1:1000 cases of vasectomy pregnancy can still happen (with same partner).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many such cases have been really studied so far where a pregnancy took place after vasectomy?&#xA;Alone in US these must be then about 500 cases annually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/men/features/vasectomy-risks-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/men/features/vasectomy-risks-benefits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what are exactly reasons for that and can this be predicted through monitoring of these factors?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastEditorUserId="9514" LastEditDate="2019-12-20T23:12:25.083" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T23:12:25.083" Title="Research on reasons how vasectomy fails" Tags="&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-19T10:58:24.757" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does kidney disease result in glucose and protein being excreted in urine, but creatinine staying in the blood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, blood creatinine concentrations rise.&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17295" LastEditorUserId="17295" LastEditDate="2019-12-19T11:10:42.360" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T11:07:09.347" Title="Why does kidney disease result in some things being filtered out but not others?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;&lt;creatinine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-19T18:14:41.323" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6278197/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article shows&lt;/a&gt; that there is variability in the degree that bacteria bind to phosphate in the gut. Is it possible that intestinal bacterial overgrowth results in hypophosphatemia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17297" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-20T09:33:28.400" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T16:02:15.193" Title="Can intestinal bacterial overgrowth result in hypophosphatemia?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20665" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20688" CreationDate="2019-12-20T03:36:19.310" Score="1" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many usually-very-painful medical or &lt;code&gt;medical-defined&lt;/code&gt; processes such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hair transplant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lip botox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fecal impaction removal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dental cleaning (stone removal)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aren't being done under &lt;em&gt;conscious, generally painless-painkilling&lt;/em&gt; as could have been with extremely-short-term usage of opioids or of synergistic preparations; say, a pomic opioid/acetyl-salicylic-acid/paracetamol/diazepam and perhaps also duloxetine and others) instead;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In some relevant cases not even a topical lidocaine cream would be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually, other, &lt;em&gt;conscious, generally painful-painkilling&lt;/em&gt; topical solutions as lidocaine injections will be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why many usually-very-painful medical or &lt;code&gt;medical-defined&lt;/code&gt; processes aren't done under conscious, generally painless-painkilling?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2019-12-22T16:09:53.033" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T15:27:57.477" Title="Why many usually-very-painful medical processes aren't done under conscious, generally painless-painkilling?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20670" CreationDate="2019-12-20T06:49:33.030" Score="4" ViewCount="1442" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope the question was clear because I have got nothing to clarify it with. I was reading Robbins and its Neoplasia chapter when that confused me a bit. Can anybody clear this up for me?&#xA;According to Robbins:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Papillomas are benign epithelial neoplasms growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A polyp is a mass that projects above a mucosal surface... to form a macroscopically visible structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understood these sentences quite good enough but what is the fundamental quality that sets them apart? I still am not confident regarding their differences (and cannot differentiate them, say, on a patho slide)&#xA;A little bit of histology here would be really helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-27T09:57:28.607" Title="What is the difference between a polyp and a papilloma?" Tags="&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20669" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20673" CreationDate="2019-12-20T11:02:59.340" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Guyton mentions two types of receptor- the baroreceptors and the cardiopulmonary receptors- that are involved in the maintenance of the acute changes in blood pressure. I just wanted to know how these two receptors might differ functionally, i.e. which one is triggered when a certain specific event occurs? &#xA;According to Guyton:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;.. low- pressure receptors play an important role, especially in minimizing arterial pressure changes in response to changes in blood volume...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it that these (Cardio-pulmonary) receptors are significant when there is a change in volume? Is there some other physiological explanation to justify why these receptors are implicated in this scenario and not the Baroreceptors? If that is not the case, should I view both these systems as a single unit and that they both do the same function, albeit in a different region of the circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T14:21:31.920" Title="What is the functional difference between cardio-pulmonary and the baroreceptors in the regulation of Blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;cardiac-physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20666" CreationDate="2019-12-20T11:41:06.647" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;polyp&lt;/strong&gt; is a broad term that is defined &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; by its &lt;strong&gt;macroscopic&lt;/strong&gt; appearance. So, I'll just repeat the definition provided in the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A polyp is a mass that projects above a mucosal surface... to form a&#xA;  macroscopically visible structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polyps can be categorized by their &lt;strong&gt;microscopic (type of cell)&lt;/strong&gt; characteristics, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Papillomas&lt;/strong&gt; are benign &lt;em&gt;epithelial&lt;/em&gt; neoplasms growing on any surface,&#xA;  that produce microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike fronds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of other subtypes of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polyps&lt;/a&gt; (based on microscopic differences) are adenomas, inflammatory and hyperplastic polyps, hamarthomas, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, papilloma is a type of polyp. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-27T09:57:28.607" LastActivityDate="2019-12-27T09:57:28.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-20T12:37:09.460" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;This happens quite often when I have a flu or just a cold. When I'm sitting, I sometimes feel like I am in a very diagonal position, even I am not. To visualize it better, just sit down and lean yourself to the right a bit. That's how I feel when I have a cold while sitting staight upwards. What can cause this? I know it's normal, I just want to know what happens inside the body&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17300" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T12:59:45.333" Title="Why is my sense of balance bad when I'm sick?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20671" CreationDate="2019-12-20T12:59:45.333" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you are talking about is likely to be problems within the inner ears. One condition which can cause this is Labyrinthitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Labyrinthitis is an inner ear disorder. The two vestibular nerves in your inner ear send your brain information about your spatial navigation and balance control. When one of these nerves becomes inflamed, it creates a condition known as labyrinthitis.&#xA;Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, and loss of hearing. Vertigo, another symptom, is a type of dizziness marked by the sensation that you’re moving, even though you aren’t. It can interfere with driving, working, and other activities (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/labyrinthitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pietrangelo, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There’s no known way to prevent labyrinthitis. Infections and viruses can cause it and you should seek medical advice and receive prompt treatment for any ear infections, and any balance issues, as Labyrinthitis is not the only possible cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pietrangelo, A. (2017). Labyrinthitis. &lt;em&gt;Healthline&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/labyrinthitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/labyrinthitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T12:59:45.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20673" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20669" CreationDate="2019-12-20T13:38:37.123" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_pressure_receptors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;High-pressure baroreceptors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; are in the part of the circulatory system with blood pressures higher than 60 mm Hg - in the aortic arc and in the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the carotid artery. Their &lt;strong&gt;activation by high blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt; results in &lt;strong&gt;a decreased heart rate and vasodilation&lt;/strong&gt; and hence in a drop of blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pressure_receptors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low-pressure baroreceptors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; are in the part of the circulatory system with pressures below 60 mm Hg - in the pulmonary arteries and right atria, among other. Their activation &lt;strong&gt;by increased blood volume&lt;/strong&gt; (increased tension of the wall of the right atrium and pulmonary arteries) results in &lt;strong&gt;a decreased secretion of the antidiuretic hormone, renin and aldosterone&lt;/strong&gt; and thus in &lt;strong&gt;increased water excretion by the kidneys.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the two types of baroreceptors are activated by different stimuli and have different effects.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-20T14:21:31.920" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T14:21:31.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-20T13:59:59.647" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Toxoplasma gondii is known to be one of many pathogens that sequesters away in nerve cells, as well as cysts in the muscles and liver, to avoid the immune system. Standard treatment for severe infection — which is fairly rare as infection is usually asymptomatic or nearly so — is pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does combined treatment with these drugs also eliminate neuronal and other cyst reservoirs of T. gondii, or just those protists involved in an active infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15582" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T13:59:59.647" Title="Does treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine eliminate reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;toxoplasmosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20664" CreationDate="2019-12-20T15:51:28.107" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chronic small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can be associated with decreased calcium and vitamin D absorption, which can result in increased parathormone secretion, which can result in increased excretion of phosphate through the kidneys and thus in hypophosphatemia. In short-term cases, there would be no hypocalcemia, because calcium would be leached from the bones and maintain normal blood levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/nutritionreviews61-0132.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsMwggK_BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKwMIICrAIBADCCAqUGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMFJoRHodLZKBMokasAgEQgIICdqgGJPqr1Z-7tiGVSLrYzaov0eTg0qPIqgUPByk-A-IlQA5eiZUHC6lFGwP7rVwoDq1F9Ingo4BKMyMnPXI1vmPZA9w8l9bq8FaMxIxcPL1PioRUMhEVkcE_l7c07sc2q19hZZ4t5Bf9mUTQyOV7MMOVbPtelf2JAVjl5RmHP-v_k1NdK-dNzobHm8QXeUjSDhGVBodnt-ee1Q3MutlO7VtMmOZ-1r1WGiubsnm-1fvK4pLCkNxkHLGxoUdj_hQH48229t2IapFI3AJvC04Z-euML5wADil2AWZ_PMUVIHcB5IFZBaanwH-lYVznUo3wuywqm1aI4z4E0p2MJqsADGaXjJVS1fZUYrOcZuupGVE8dYkdcmttohqVJbM8vwD36FsV9FldKqV5HIvP3PI3XDdJhldpwhGfILOLaWHl0wSDvLBARa6mo39nlMrYYQyeEHp_af-3Y482I7Q7K4EHSN2He4bBOuNWuj_b84EYGC96-2FoWn4Q2y6Y2-2Ua_zScZiufVHBh9fqoFQmEfh7Lfxfj7HkF8KiSVOnJXIQ0tVQHQuZ1KghmSGg1ApYgOc9FCmth9I6jOavXZDDd0HtGfhc0pvnjNIXFH13DZPHujngjGM8FHUghEo4in_gOWD_kASg9VvYuy72B9qgZ9K45SjGKAak5bhOhytYTXwMimGXVrVw8gZMlq4hXa5QrDUrHqqavsnD74dTWUPiS4SP5039cSTPHuXesx9auMv1v_mSyNiWYO1IlL9qLCxFzyLJCLNbxFUCc5vQeGbEwRKALnOrMsfCGqp-2CNVnXLrm931aEQGW5Illc3r2JSa8IkM2BApPpbY5A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Possible Risk Factor for Metabolic Bone Disease (Nutrition Reviews, 2003)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SIBO can be diagnosed by a hydrogen breath test. If the test is negative, other malabsorption conditions can be considered, for example, fructose malabsorption, lactose intolerance, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T15:51:28.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20662" CreationDate="2019-12-20T18:50:32.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Healthy kidneys practically completely excrete &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;creatinine&lt;/a&gt;, which means it is not reabsorbed in the kidneys. In kidney damage, less blood is filtered by the kidneys (decreased glomerular filtration), which means less creatinine is excreted, so it accumulates in the blood. So, creatinine excretion is not &quot;impaired&quot; but slowed down because of decreased blood flow through the kidneys.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a healthy person, glucose glucose and proteins are not excreted into the urine in significant amounts. In kidney damage, there is increased permeability of glomerular capillary wall and decreased reabsorption of the proteins (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815489495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proteinuria&lt;/a&gt;), so they can be excreted into the urine. Kidney disease only rarely results in the excretion of glucose into urine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosuria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycosuria&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When blood glucose levels exceed &quot;plasma glucose threshold,&quot; which is 180 mg/L (10 mmol/L), which is usually due to diabetes mellitus, some glucose will be excreted into the urine, even when the kidneys are not damaged (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3046828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes, 2011&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-20T11:07:09.347" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T11:07:09.347" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-20T23:36:01.157" Score="3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking cold showers is being recommended &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/10026/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-cold-showers&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and in many other places (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-shower-vs-hot-shower&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325725.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicalNewsToday&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/health-news/12-benefits-of-taking-cold-showers-every-day/ar-BBUq4zD&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSN&lt;/a&gt; to name just few) in the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I've heard a strong contrary opinion from a person who is admitedly a lay person wrt medicine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All this talk about cold showers is an extremely dangerous and irresponsible fad! Do these people not know that sudden changes of temperature, eg going from a warm room right to cold water bear a risk of a cold shock, which may cause a potentially fatal cardiac arrest?!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked Wikipedia and indeed - from article &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_shock_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cold shock response&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cold shock response is a series of cardio-respiratory responses caused by the sudden immersion of cold water (...) The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body. For people with existing cardiovascular disease, the additional workload can result in cardiac arrest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, googling for &quot;cold shock shower&quot; did not seem to bring me much interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of what I was able to find is presented below. From the aforementioned MedicalNewsToday:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some people should exercise caution when taking cold showers. This includes people with weaker immune systems and those with serious heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure. This is because the sudden changes to body temperature and heart rate may overwhelm the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/freezing-cold-shower-challenge#slide-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is a story&lt;/a&gt; of a woman who started taking cold showers and was experiencing what can(?) be interpreted as a mild cold shock in her first few days of the practice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The worst part was breathing. Practically hyperventilating from the shock of the freezing-cold water, the sensations in my body felt similar to what I’ve experienced during panic attacks. (So, no, this is not fun at all.) About two minutes in or so, though, my breathing slowed down, and I was able to stand still and shampoo and condition my hair under the freezing-cold stream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I found an answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Are-cold-showers-dangerous-in-any-way-Do-I-need-to-take-some-certain-steps-when-taking-one&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They [cold showers] are dangerous — you could go into shock. You could develop cold-related medical complications. (...) You aren’t about to do jumping jacks in your shower to prevent shock, are you? Thus, I recommend going down slowly. On day 1 you take a slightly colder shower. Keep it the same for a few days. On day you take a slightly colder shower, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on all of the above my current hypothesis is that cold showers are a somewhat shocking experience to the body while it is not yet adapted, but are only really dangerous if one already has some severe underlying heart condition - but as you can see this hypothesis only rests on skimming over some not-necessarily-reliable (if not outright anecdotal) resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the truth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2019-12-20T23:36:01.157" Title="Does taking cold showers put one in risk of a potentially fatal cold shock?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;water-temperature&gt;&lt;cardiac-arrest&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20680" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20681" CreationDate="2019-12-20T23:56:14.603" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand it is a consensus that in general, daily and along the day active smoking of anything (as well as passive smoking) is health damaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Teeth damage, lung damage, and complications are, as far as I know, the most likely problems from active, addiction based, cigarette smoking (of say, a pack a day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recall searching evidence for the usage of either nicotine tablets or tobacco capsules as smoking cessation aids but finding pretty much nothing.&#xA;Doing so might substitute mouthholding Swedish tobacco sackets (Snus) which as I understood can help avoiding (but not necessarily ceasing), smoking.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit after answer:&lt;/strong&gt; I know people also use gums but I never came across usage of tablets or capsules instead gums.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is non-smoked nicotine (especially in the form of nicotine tablets or capsules) a smoking cessation-aid?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-02-21T14:21:19.497" LastActivityDate="2020-02-21T14:21:19.497" Title="Is non-smoked nicotine a smoking cessation-aid?" Tags="&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;recreational-drugs&gt;&lt;nicotine&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;tobacco&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20680" CreationDate="2019-12-21T00:26:19.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nicotine replacement therapy&lt;/a&gt; is used in multiple forms, including a skin patch and oral dosing with gums and lozenges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose is to help avoid the side effects of nicotine withdrawal, while delivering nicotine at lower doses than is obtained through smoking, to help manage craving and eventually stop smoking entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the delivery mechanism, nicotine undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism in the liver. This could make it harder to dose, because you would need to give 3-4 times the sublingual dose to get the same plasma concentration, and because individual differences or drug interactions might make the extent of first-pass metabolism variable and unpredictable between individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Benowitz, N. L., Jacob III, P., &amp;amp; Savanapridi, C. (1987). Determinants of nicotine intake while chewing nicotine polacrilex gum. Clinical Pharmacology &amp;amp; Therapeutics, 41(4), 467-473.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Benowitz, N. L. (1996). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 36(1), 597-613.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-02-12T21:56:31.813" LastActivityDate="2020-02-12T21:56:31.813" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-21T04:50:54.377" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below is a quote from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/58hufp/weightlifting_and_heart_muscle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subreddit&lt;/a&gt; that says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I haven't kept up on the research, but the last thing I read back in college looked at weight lifters and long distance runners. Both types had larger than normal hearts. The chambers of the weight lifters hearts had thick, walls, and were smaller. The runners had huge chambers but thinner walls. I do both, and my heart is larger than normal, but I've no idea what the internal structure looks like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other comments resemble the one above. Is that correct? Does that mean that cardio is better for lowering your heart-rate(e.g. from 70-80 to 50-60)? Also if the heart thickens the tissue and reduces the space in the chambers, doesn't that force it to beat faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. this could be more appropriate for the fitness stack exchange but I wasn't sure where I'd get more accurate responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3009" LastActivityDate="2019-12-21T04:50:54.377" Title="Difference in heart muscle tissue growth (cardio vs low-rep intense weight lifting)" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-21T14:53:35.487" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;A publication in the NCBI bookshelf called &lt;em&gt;Type 2 diabetes: Measuring sugar levels in blood and urine yourself&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279508/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IQWiG, 2010&lt;/a&gt;) it states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having sugar in your urine is usually a sign of very high blood sugar levels. The extra sugar in the bloodstream is usually only removed via the kidneys at blood sugar concentrations of 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) and above. In order to measure the amount of sugar in your urine, you need a urine test strip and a container for collecting urine.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;[...]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To find out what the results mean, the colors on the test strip are compared with the color chart on the package. If the colors on the test strip don’t change, you don’t have sugar in your urine. The more the color changes, the more sugar there is in the urine, and therefore in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/20676/7951&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; from @Jan to the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20662/7951&quot;&gt;Why does kidney disease result in some things being filtered out but not others?&lt;/a&gt; it is pointed out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;healthy kidneys do not excrete glucose or proteins in significant amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and mentions &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/Glycosuria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycosuria&lt;/a&gt; which is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rare condition in which the kidneys release glucose into the urine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Renal glycosuria can cause urine glucose levels to be high even if blood glucose levels are normal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stang &amp;amp; Reed-Guy, 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seeing as the book on the NCBI bookshelf is talking about urine glucose levels related to type 2 diabetes, (and also talks of type 1 diabetes testing using urine), is urine testing that reliable for checking for high blood glucose levels or the possibility of diabetes in a patient when glucose is generally only released when there is kidney disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IQWiG. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Type 2 diabetes: Measuring sugar levels in blood and urine yourself.&lt;/em&gt; Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). Retrieved from NCBI Bookshelf: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279508/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279508/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stang, D. &amp;amp; Reed-Guy, L. (2018). Urine Glucose Test. &lt;em&gt;Healthline&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T13:25:03.713" Title="Urine glucose testing for diabetes control" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;&lt;urine-test&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20665" CreationDate="2019-12-21T15:48:39.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lidocaine&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is not categorized as a &lt;em&gt;painkiller&lt;/em&gt; but as a &lt;em&gt;(local) anesthetic&lt;/em&gt;; it can be used during minor procedures where the patient has full awareness by injecting it to the preferred site of action.&lt;br&gt; &#xA;It inhibits the sodium channels on the nerve endings in the skin. Therefore it provides insensibility of ALL nerve fibers, both causing &lt;em&gt;numbness&lt;/em&gt; in the skin and &lt;em&gt;inhibiting the pain signals&lt;/em&gt; coming from that part of the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The analgesics/painkillers&lt;/em&gt; listed above have are not categorized as &lt;em&gt;anesthetics&lt;/em&gt; and they have a more central effect.&lt;br&gt; They are solely used for &lt;em&gt;inhibiting pain&lt;/em&gt; but not for numbing. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Paracetamol (acetaminophen)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662292&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; by example works by inhibiting the prostaglandine synthesis in the entire system. Prostaglandine is usually excreted by the site of action due to inflammation and when it is picked up by nerve fibers, one generally experiences pain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Diazepam&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; is neither of the above. It is an &lt;em&gt;anxyiolytic benziodiazepine&lt;/em&gt; that is used when patients are in high levels of stress or anxiety before or after the procedure. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Peroral&lt;/em&gt; administration of analgesics is often advised by physicians before or after a minor procedure in case the patient is in pain or a lot of pain is expected by the physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, &lt;em&gt;lidocaine&lt;/em&gt; is &lt;strong&gt;not(painful-)painkilling&lt;/strong&gt; but an &lt;em&gt;anesthetic&lt;/em&gt; so it has to be used to obtain numbness of the skin in very painful medical procedures. &lt;strong&gt;Painless-painkilling&lt;/strong&gt; (eg. &lt;em&gt;ibuprofen, paracetamol&lt;/em&gt;) CAN be added afterwards or during the procedure but it is very uncommon to use this as only farmacological substance for such procedures as it does not provide insensibility and the patient can still feel everything and experience pain directly from the skinfibers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17302" LastEditorUserId="17302" LastEditDate="2019-12-23T15:27:57.477" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T15:27:57.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-21T17:31:42.230" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why did it take so long to notice that Zantac had carcinogenic ingredients? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sanofi is recalling the popular heartburn drug Zantac.&#xA;The generic name for the drug is Ranitidine.&#xA;Apparently, the medication may contain a cancer-causing chemical that has already been detected in certain blood pressure medications.&#xA;The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is still investigating whether the chemical is at a concentration to pose a health risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17307" LastEditorUserId="17091" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T23:27:27.780" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T23:27:27.780" Title="Why did it take so long to notice that Zantac had carcinogenic ingredients?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20689" CreationDate="2019-12-22T09:19:29.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA has introduced a new method for detecting some chemicals, such as NDMA:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;10/16/2018: UPDATE - FDA releases additional NDMA/NDEA detection method&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blocker-arb-recalls-valsartan-losartan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blocker-arb-recalls-valsartan-losartan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/117807/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/media/117807/download&lt;/a&gt; for details of the new process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has detected NDMA where previously it wasn't detected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine#Cancer-causing_impurities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In October 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) observed that a third-party laboratory was using higher temperatures in its tests to look for nitrosamine impurities. The NDMA was generated by the added heat but the higher temperatures were recommended for using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method to test for NDMA in valsartan and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).[64] The FDA stated that it recommends using a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) testing protocol to test samples of ranitidine.[65] Its LC-HRMS testing method does not use elevated temperatures and has shown the presence of much lower levels of NDMA in ranitidine medicines than reported by the third-party laboratory. International regulators using similar LC-MS testing methods have also shown the presence of low levels of NDMA in ranitidine samples.[13] The FDA provided additional guidance about using another liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method based on a triple-quadrupole MS platform.[13][66]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T09:19:29.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3768" CreationDate="2019-12-22T11:06:27.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're right that sleep and general anesthesia are very different, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771087/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;general anesthesia in fact actively inhibits the glymphatic circulation&lt;/a&gt; that clears waste products from the brain).  Since most of are able to pull an all-nighter and except for problems with memory, focus etc, be OK after a couple of days' catch-up sleep, the sleep deprivation isn't an acute issue -- after all, folks after major surgery tend to sleep a lot anyway, as the body needs extra sleep during healing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as preventives, there is an ongoing study to see whether pre-operative cognitive training can reduce the odds of post-operative delirium, one of the ways in which temporary post-surgical cognitive dysfunction can be visible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More seriously, there may be long-term costs of surgery, with or without anesthesia, on cognitive reserve. This is well-known for cardiac surgeries, but may also be true for any surgeries, as a cross-sectional study found that even the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31370773&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lifetime number of non-cardiac surgeries one's had, correlates with reduced verbal learning and memory in one study of healthy older adults&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general issue, called Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is an active area of investigation for older adult care. There seem to be multiple suspects - from inflammation to brain hypo-perfusion -- and each will suggest steps that can reduce the risk. A recent review is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31828240&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current Perspectives on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in the Ageing Population&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T11:06:27.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20696" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20065" CreationDate="2019-12-22T11:24:45.423" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the answers in a fascinating, and easy to read paper in &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;, called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/chromosomal-abnormalities-aneuploidies-290/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies&quot;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some key insigths from there:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With few exceptions, trisomies do not appear to be compatible with life. In fact, trisomies represent about 35% of spontaneous abortions (Figure 1; Hassold &amp;amp; Hunt, 2001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as why trisomy 21 is more survivable than other trisomies of non-sex chromosomes (autosomes), the answer may be in the length of the chromosome -- except for the Y chromosome, #21 has the lowest number of genes, so an excess may be more survivable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In humans, the overexpression of X-linked genes is prevented by X inactivation, but no similar mechanism has been identified for autosomes. It is therefore interesting that trisomy 21 is the only viable autosomal trisomy, because the number of protein-coding sequences predicted for chromosome 21 is the smallest of any human chromosome, with the exception of the Y chromosome. Thus, an additional copy of chromosome 21 would be predicted to perturb the normal equilibrium in cells less than an extra copy of any other autosome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2019-12-22T12:01:13.180" LastActivityDate="2019-12-22T12:01:13.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-23T07:06:57.760" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could Batten’s disease be cured by supplementing a drug which promotes lipolysis, since it is caused by an accumulation of lipids in brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17319" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-23T09:33:10.553" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T13:00:00.097" Title="Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis treatments" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-21T15:14:05.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20701" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-23T08:05:12.153" Score="5" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has anyone heard of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS)? Would you say it is a real illness that can be treated? It is described as a multi-system, multi-symptom illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are peer-reviewed research papers written about it available here(originally published in well-known and reputable scientific journals such as PubMed and Elsevier/ScienceDirect): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.survivingmold.com/legal-resources/publications/papers-by-dr-ritchie-shoemaker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.survivingmold.com/legal-resources/publications/papers-by-dr-ritchie-shoemaker&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research papers written about the topic of illness caused by genetic susceptibility to various toxic molds that grow indoors start at #9 on the research paper list at the link provided. They are spread throughout the page along with papers about Pfistieria and Lyme Disease./&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The illness mentioned was originally known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and is now known as CIRS by its proponents and practitioners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ideas behind the topic (that mold can cause illnesses) are implied to be truthful based on documents from HUD and the EPA, links to such information here: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/BuildingMoistureandDurability.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/BuildingMoistureandDurability.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have written and delivered a short speech on the topic previously in a communications course. I would like to confirm what I spoke about is based on scientifically truthful information. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like feedback from well-informed individuals to know, what do you think of this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible for molds growing indoors to cause a multi-system illness, multi-symptom illness? Are the research papers enough for those in the medical community to confirm the illness is real? And that there are proper treatment protocols in place (Shoemaker Protocol/ Surviving Mold Protocol)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17320" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2019-12-24T06:07:20.323" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T09:39:16.067" Title="Illnesses from indoor Mold growth: Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS)" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20702" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20700" CreationDate="2019-12-23T11:49:03.643" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Batten disease&lt;/a&gt; (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, NCS) is a group of diseases caused by errors in the genes encoding for various lysosomal enzymes, which break down or &lt;em&gt;recycle&lt;/em&gt; many intracellular substances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is taken from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/batten-disease-fact-sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Batten disease is an inherited genetic disorder that appears to affect&#xA;  the function of tiny bodies within cells called lysosomes. Lysosomes&#xA;  are the “recycle bin” of the cell and regularly break down waste,&#xA;  proteins, and naturally occurring fatty compounds called lipids into&#xA;  smaller components that can be discarded out of the cell or recycled.&#xA;  Lipids include fatty acids, oils, waxes, and sterols. In Batten&#xA;  disease/NCLs, the mutated genes do not produce the proper amounts of&#xA;  proteins important for lysosomal function. Each gene (representing a&#xA;  form of the disease) provides information for a specific protein that&#xA;  is in turn, defective and not produced. These proteins are needed for&#xA;  brain cells (neurons) and other cells to work efficiently. The lack of&#xA;  a functional protein causes the abnormal buildup of “junk” material in&#xA;  the lysosomes—as well as the abnormal buildup of the residue called&#xA;  lipofuscin that occurs naturally as part of the lysosomal breakdown of&#xA;  lipids. It is not known whether the lipofuscin itself is toxic or if&#xA;  the buildup is a marker of impaired lysosomal function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it is not currently known whether the lipofuscin buildup is toxic, or if the clinical features are caused by the lysosomal dysfunction. It may be a complex combination of the two, which is why promoting lipolysis alone may not be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the therapeutic options?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current mainstay of therapy is symptomatic management, such as typical anti-epileptic drugs to control seizures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1178391-medication#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eMedicine&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The only specific treatment available for neuronal ceroid&#xA;  lipofuscinoses (NCLs) is cerliponase alfa (Brineura) for neuronal&#xA;  ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2, also known as tripeptidyl&#xA;  peptidase 1 [TPP1] deficiency).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a proenzyme, which is metabolised you an active enzyme that performs the function of the deficient enzyme.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several other possible therapeutic targets under research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One protein of interest is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;granulin&lt;/a&gt;. It is produced from &lt;em&gt;progranulin&lt;/em&gt;, which is encoded by the GRN gene. Interestingly, heterozygous mutations are associated with Frontotemporal Dementia, while homozygous mutations are associated with NCS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx198&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This review paper&lt;/a&gt; gives a detailed analysis of the current understanding of the many roles of progranulin in embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, wound repair, neurodegeneration and lysosome function. It summarises the role of progranulin as a possible therapeutic option, which could be implemented using gene therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3081-17.2018&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This research paper&lt;/a&gt; shows that gene therapy to replace deficient progranulin can help improve some of the clinical features, but the research was conducted on mice and not humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, the pathogenesis of NCS and associated disorders are complex. Treatment is more complex than simply trying to break down the accumulating lipofuscin. Instead, replacing the deficient enzyme would restore the lost function, instead of just removing the byproduct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T11:49:03.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-23T15:27:38.140" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please give a overview about how the dosage of a particular drug (e.g. ciprofloxacin) is determined in pharmacology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17322" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T21:37:40.973" Title="Drug dosage in pharmacology" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2019-12-24T01:52:51.967" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20704" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20707" CreationDate="2019-12-23T15:28:20.627" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the pathophysiology of hydrops fetalis and erythroblastosis fetalis independently, but not why the edema occurs during erythroblastosis fetalis. For example, Langman's Embryology has mentioned the following in regards to &lt;em&gt;erythroblastosis fetalis&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...the anemia &lt;strong&gt;due to the Rh antibodies in Erythroblastosis Fetalis)&lt;/strong&gt; becomes so severe that fetal hydrops occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, in Medscape for &lt;em&gt;fetal hydrops&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fluid accumulation in the fetus can result from congestive heart failure, obstructed lymphatic flow, or decreased plasma osmotic pressure. The fetus is particularly susceptible to interstitial fluid accumulation because of its greater capillary permeability, compliant interstitial compartments, and vulnerability to venous pressure on lymphatic return.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know how fetal hydrops results from having erythroblastosis fetalis (i.e. how congestive heart failure, obstructed lymph flow or decreased plasma oncotic pressure result from erythroblastosis fetalis in the first place).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2019-12-23T21:12:01.740" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T23:41:53.040" Title="Why does hydrops fetalis occur in erythroblastosis fetalis?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;anemia&gt;&lt;embryology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20705" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16543" CreationDate="2019-12-23T17:22:35.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; intermittent fasting could help decrease &lt;em&gt;appetite&lt;/em&gt; and thus make weight loss easier for some people, but there is no convincing evidence that it would &lt;em&gt;stimulate catabolism&lt;/em&gt; more than other methods of weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you're fasting for 16 hours, eat 100 calories, then fast 16 more,&#xA;  how significantly different is that from fasting 32 hours?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you burn, let's say, 2,400 Calories/day, that is 100 Calories/hour, you can see that consuming 100 Calories will pause the fasting metabolic processes only for about an hour and then you will be again in the fasting mode. If at least a part of those 100 calories come from carbohydrates, they can prevent you to go into ketosis, which could otherwise occur toward the end of your second part of fast - you can see &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/20485/3002&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; for explanation. But again, ketosis as such is not associated with increased catabolism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there something special about exactly 0 calories vs 1 calorie?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, consuming 1 vs 0 Calories will make only the effect that 1 Calorie can make on your metabolism, that is providing energy for about half of a minute and then continuing as if on zero calorie diet.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26384657-do-intermittent-diets-provide-physiological-benefits-over-continuous-diets-for-weight-loss-a-systematic-review-of-clinical-trials/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Do Intermittent Diets Provide Physiological Benefits Over Continuous Diets for Weight Loss? A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials (Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;, intermittent fasting can reduce appetite and thus help in weight loss, but not necessary better than other diets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While intermittent fasting appears to produce similar effects to&#xA;  continuous energy restriction to reduce body weight, fat mass,&#xA;  fat-free mass and improve glucose homeostasis, and may reduce&#xA;  appetite, it does not appear to attenuate other adaptive responses to&#xA;  energy restriction or improve weight loss efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intermittent fasting thus represents a valid--albeit apparently not&#xA;  superior--option to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T15:55:29.177" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T15:55:29.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20703" CreationDate="2019-12-23T21:37:40.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, the calculation of the first dose in man is based on No Observed Adverse Effect Level&#xA;  (NOAEL) determined in non-clinical safety studies performed in the most sensitive and relevant&#xA;  animal species, adjusted with allometric factors or on the basis of pharmacokinetics. The relevant dose&#xA;  is then reduced/adjusted by appropriate safety factors according to the particular aspects of the&#xA;  molecule and the design of the clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the dosage is incremented (following special algorithms) until toxic effects are observed and then is reduced until an optimal effect/risk ratio is achieved. This procedure is most important during the &quot;first-in-a-man&quot; stage of drug development, but is also used in Phase 0 (lab work/animals).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/draft-guideline-requirements-first-man-clinical-trials-potential-high-risk-medicinal-products-first_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/draft-guideline-requirements-first-man-clinical-trials-potential-high-risk-medicinal-products-first_en.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T21:37:40.973" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20704" CreationDate="2019-12-23T23:41:53.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many conditions can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fetal hydrops&lt;/a&gt;. The most significant contributing factor is the fetal homeostatic response to relative &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoxia&lt;/a&gt;. For a number of reasons, the fetus is more prone to the acccumulation of interstitial fluid. This can be triggered by hypoxia as the fetal circulation responds in an attempt to maintain oxygenation of the tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-0005(05)80051-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pathophysiology of hydrops fetalis&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hydrops fetalis occurs when the rate of interstitial fluid production&#xA;  by capillary ultrafiltration exceeds the rate of interstitial fluid&#xA;  return to the circulation via lymphatic vessels. Developmental&#xA;  differences in the microcirculation and lymphatic system of the fetus,&#xA;  as compared with mature subjects, renders the fetus susceptible to&#xA;  interstitial fluid accumulation. These differences include greater&#xA;  capillary permeability, more compliant interstitial compartment, and&#xA;  greater influence of venous pressures on lymphatic return. The balance&#xA;  between interstitial fluid production and removal is most commonly&#xA;  disrupted as a consequence of homeostatic mechanisms serving to&#xA;  preserve adequate systemic delivery of metabolic substrate when&#xA;  cardiocirculatory function is impaired. The pathophysiology of two&#xA;  conditions of impaired cardiocirculatory function, atrial tachycardia&#xA;  and severe anemia, serve as examples of the mechanisms by which these&#xA;  homeostatic mechanisms perturb the balance of interstitial fluid&#xA;  movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydrops can be immune (as in this case, due to incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood) or non-immune (e.g. cardiac, infectious, chromosomal, metabolic or non-immune haematological problems). Non-immune causes are much more common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Haemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when there is an immune incompatibility between fetal and maternal blood (usually due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rhesus incompatibility&lt;/a&gt;). This leads to breakdown of fetal red blood cells (haemolysis) which results in anaemia. This means that there is a reduced ability to carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. The condition is also known as fetal erythroblastosis due to the large number of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleated_red_blood_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;erythroblasts&lt;/a&gt; seen in later stages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anaemia leads to compensatory tachycardia and eventually a high-output cardiac failure (this can also happen in adults due to anaemia). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-output_heart_failure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high-output cardiac failure&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the&#xA;  cardiac output is higher than normal due to increased peripheral&#xA;  demand. There is a circulatory overload which may lead to pulmonary&#xA;  edema secondary to an elevated diastolic pressure in the left&#xA;  ventricle. These individuals usually have a normal systolic function&#xA;  but symptoms are those of heart failure. With time, this overload&#xA;  causes systolic failure. Ultimately cardiac output can be reduced to&#xA;  very low levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compensatory erythrogenesis (red cell production) in the liver and spleen causes circulatory obstruction in the liver and portal hypertension. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These changes, coupled with the increased capillary permeability and tendency to accumulate interstitial fluid, gradually lead to the development of fetal hydrops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a useful summary on fetal hydrops at &lt;a href=&quot;http://perinatology.com/conditions/Hydrops.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;perinatology.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2019-12-23T23:41:53.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20701" CreationDate="2019-12-24T12:57:15.383" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Chronic inflammatory response syndrome&quot; (CIRS) is a new term for what was (and still is) known as sick building syndrome or building-related illness. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis seems to be a similar condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to how &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nihadc.com/health-programs/chronic-inflammatory-response-syndrome-cirs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Integrated Health Associates (NIHA)&lt;/a&gt; describes symptoms of CIRS, the condition seems to be very similar to sick building syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shoemaker et al in this paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.survivingmold.com/docs/POA_MOLD_7_27_10_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water-Damaged Buildings&lt;/a&gt;, refer to sick building syndrome several times. All the references about the treatment lead only to Shoemaker and the co-authors. CIRS is not mentioned in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icd10data.com/search?s=%22chronic%20inflammatory%20response%20syndrome%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sick building syndrome&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sick building syndrome is still an officially recognized health condition by several health-related authorities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20031618.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.osti.gov/biblio/962711-quantification-association-ventilation-rates-sick-building-syndrome-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/base_3c2o2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2002&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the 2020 version of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), it is mentioned under the code &lt;a href=&quot;https://icdlist.com/icd-10/Z57.39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Z57.39 (Occupational exposure to other air contaminants)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673696072200?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sick Building Syndrome (The Lancet, 1997)&lt;/a&gt; (On Science Direct)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2796751/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The sick building syndrome (Indian Journal Of Occupational &amp;amp; Environmental Medicine, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term is used when the &lt;em&gt;cause in a specific case is not known;&lt;/em&gt; contaminants may include molds, other microbes, pollens, motor vehicle and building exhausts, etc. &lt;strong&gt;Symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; may include headache, irritation of the eyes, nose or throat, dry cough, dry or itchy skin, dizziness, nausea, difficulty in concentrating, fatigue and sensitivity to odors (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/sick_building_factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EPA.gov, 1991&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most articles about sick building syndrome, there is no specific diagnostic or treatment protocol mentioned, but preventative measures, such as the removal from exposure and renovating the building, are suggested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Building-related illness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/environmental-pulmonary-diseases/building-related-illnesses?query=Building-Related%20Illnesses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSD Manual, 2018&lt;/a&gt;, building-related illness is the term that is replacing the term sick building syndrome; symptoms listed are about the same. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/building-related-illness-and-building-related-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt; suggests that the term should be used when it is associated with a &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/interstitial-lung-diseases/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSD Manual&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a syndrome of cough, dyspnea, and&#xA;  fatigue caused by sensitization and subsequent hypersensitivity to&#xA;  environmental (frequently occupational) antigens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..which may be similar to conditions described above, but with causes including outdoor contaminants (molds, industrial gases, etc.) and with inflammation limited to the lungs. A clear diagnosis can be made with the help of imaging tests, bronchoalveolar lavage, etc, and treatment is with corticosteroids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;summary,&lt;/strong&gt; indoor molds could cause inflammation in the body, but except in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, there seems to be no well referenced diagnostic or treatment protocols. Symptoms seem to be reversible and may resolve spontaneously after removal from exposure. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-03T09:39:16.067" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T09:39:16.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-25T01:28:01.390" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preface 1:&lt;/strong&gt; This question is about &lt;strong&gt;flappies&lt;/strong&gt; → flipflops/sandals/clogs and other similar footwear that is flat and that probably was made of a foamy-plastic liquid that have become solidified but whatever the material is, is too flat and maladjusted to human feet anyway.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Preface 2:&lt;/strong&gt; I don't ask this question about a personal problem I currently suffer from → in the past, while using flappies generally daily, I did generally daily suffered from a mild right neck pain that was irradiated to the right shoulder and accompanied with popping joints from their area (especially from the shoulder), but after I stopped using flappies generally, 99% of the time, and started to go anywhere with new shoes or barefotted instead, than, humbly, that problem was gone - I no longer suffer from it.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While flappies does give some protection from walking hazards, I get the impression they can cause various bodily damages, including neck damage.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;From searching accessible information on this footwear and plausible effects I found inconsistency in the naming of the footwear itself and little accessible data on possible problems; in between I found these:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bad posture or support:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-minute-best-shoes-for-healthy-feet/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Flappies' surface is usually maladjusted all foot arch types (normal and not) resulting in foot pain, leg pain, lower back pain and increase of pressure on spines in general&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bad Shock Absorbance&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.somasense.co.za/blog/how-flip-flops-affect-muscles-posture-gait&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; likely resulting in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heel sprain&lt;/a&gt;, knee pain and lower back pain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plantar fascia&lt;/strong&gt; development, due to either of the above&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tendon pressure&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/2006/05/03/flipflop-foot-problems_cx_sy_0504htow.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; that might result in tendonitis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It can be very hard, if sometimes at all possible to use adjusted &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_insert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shoe inserts&lt;/a&gt; with flappies, which naturally raises the chance for problems by proper positioning and fixing (splinting) of the shoe insert to the flappy.   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What neck damage might be caused by general usage of flappies?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2019-12-25T10:55:31.363" LastActivityDate="2019-12-25T10:55:31.363" Title="What neck damage might be caused by general usage of flappies?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;posture&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;footwear&gt;&lt;barefoot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20712" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-25T09:50:44.520" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm making a character and trying to be biologically accurate. Said character has transfusion-dependent anemia (from Gunther disease/congenital erythropoietic porphyria) so I suppose exercising would be hard by default, but what are some other conditions that would make physical training unhealthy? Ideally, I'm trying to make it so even light exercising is bad, but severe would cause vomiting/fainting/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I posted this question on biology, but someone suggested I try asking here instead. I think that the question is less relevant there, so might as well ask here since I didn't get an answer anyway. I apologize for asking the same question twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17325" LastEditorUserId="17325" LastEditDate="2020-08-03T16:21:42.860" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T16:21:42.860" Title="What are some conditions that would cause severe exercise intolerance?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-27T19:05:06.427" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some people who when sleeping seem to power through obstructions to their breathing by breathing strongly such that they snore at a very loud volume.  For people with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), how much of the fact that they stop breathing is due to their body not just trying to breath harder?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, for some people is OSA actually perhaps a combination of obstructive and central apnea in that while there is some obstruction, if their respiration were to be more stimulated, they would actually have no apnea (i.e. AHI of 0 even though they may have obstruction which could otherwise cause apnea).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Part of what prompted this question is also wondering whether there are any respiratory stimulants which could help overcome this sort of situation, especially in lean individuals with OSA where the obstruction is perhaps not super severe. For example, caffeine citrate is used in preterm infants as a respiratory stimulant to treat apnea of prematurity (AOP), though that is different than OSA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="595" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T03:34:53.280" Title="Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - what level of respiratory dysregulation is involved and are respiratory stimulants relevant?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20712" CreationDate="2019-12-27T20:49:52.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for a disease with childhood onset that requires exercise restriction, Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) may work, specifically LQT1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/long-qt-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a lay overview. For more detail, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6785594/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not a cardiologist, and have never seen a patient with LQTS, so I'm honestly not sure how variable the presentation is. Generally, for LQT1, exercise or stress induced tachycardia can cause a life threatening arrhythmia called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;torsades de pointes&lt;/a&gt; and sudden death. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of LQT1 includes avoidance of stress, exercise restriction, and beta blockers. As discussed in the linked review above, certain extreme phenotypes may not be fully controlled with beta blockers. Pain, nausea, or perceived exercise intolerance (e.g., fatigue), the symptoms you mentioned in your comment, are not part of the described symptom  complex. Rather elevated heart rate leads to the malignant arrhythmia. The symptom complex is that of the arrhythmia (palpitations, fainting, seizures, and death).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2019-12-27T20:49:52.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20725" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12981" CreationDate="2019-12-28T13:01:53.657" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This research article is maybe useful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The pH of beverages available to the American consumer&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808596/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808596/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perrier is a 5.5 pH, albeit unflavored, and the article points out that anything over a 4.0 isn't bad for teeth.  LaCroix didn't exist when it was written, so we dig farther.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Temperature&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This one's also interesting, as it shows pH is much higher/less acidic... when carbonated beverages are warm:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-and-nutrition-quackery/carbonated-water-bad-your-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-and-nutrition-quackery/carbonated-water-bad-your-teeth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's someone directly testing LaCroix and getting a ~6 pH, which seems impossible... unless they add buffering agents to raise the pH, which is also possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/lacroix/comments/be273e/i_ph_tested_my_lacroix/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/lacroix/comments/be273e/i_ph_tested_my_lacroix/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's someone with a much more accurate test method... at 3.8, which makes more sense.  They measured the grapefruit flavor, and I have bets about the temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/lacroix/comments/9jrrfm/i_got_a_ph_meter_so_i_measured_the_ph_of_my/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/lacroix/comments/9jrrfm/i_got_a_ph_meter_so_i_measured_the_ph_of_my/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yup, it's acidic.  And delicious.  As a combo of deliciousness and tooth protecting, you might drink it warm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17333" LastActivityDate="2019-12-28T13:01:53.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20390" CreationDate="2019-12-28T13:48:31.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lifestyle modification as part of non-pharmacological treatment of heart diseases are known to have significant effect on patient's health. &#xA;Nutrition plays a large part in lifestyle modification. &#xA;Role of food and nutrition is part of most residency training and essential reading. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are specific competencies (entrustable professional activities) that cardiologists must attain and demonstrate for certification. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[From the Entrustable Professional Activities for Subspecialists in Cardiovascular Disease:] by the Americal College of Cardiology : &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/products-and-resources/competencies/table-5-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-lifelong-learning-competencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The residents must:&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Know the principles of nutrition&lt;/strong&gt; and obesity assessment and management, including the roles of pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/products-and-resources/competencies/table-5-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-lifelong-learning-competencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/products-and-resources/competencies/table-5-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-lifelong-learning-competencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, see: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/cir.0000000000000563&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/cir.0000000000000563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7186" LastActivityDate="2019-12-28T13:48:31.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-29T09:39:25.140" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few years ago I was given Toradol for kidney stone pain. It was magical. My friend just had a kidney stone and was given morphine, then Dilaudid. Curious about the differences, I went googling, only to learn that Toradol is no longer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/toradol_vs_dilaudid/drugs-condition.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;available&lt;/a&gt; in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn’t find any more information about when or why this occurred, even on the Roche &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.roche.com/products/product-details.htm?productId=eb40c4bd-77ca-4ff2-bf38-93dad2fdad65&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is Toradol no longer available in the US, and when did this occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17338" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T07:39:18.570" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T07:39:18.570" Title="Why is Toradol no longer available in the US?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-29T11:34:05.153" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The axillary lymph node group does not include the sentinel lymph node and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia says&lt;/a&gt; it is a “hypothetical ” lymph node which is the first to be drained by a tumour. It also has a significant role in diagnosis of breast cancer. [Thieme atlas of anatomy][2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Is sentinel lymph node actually present? If yes why is it not included in axillary lymph node group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2)How do they affect metastasise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17340" LastEditorUserId="17340" LastEditDate="2019-12-29T12:38:07.140" LastActivityDate="2019-12-29T12:38:07.140" Title="What is Sentinel lymph node?" Tags="&lt;breast&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;&lt;lymph-nodes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2019-12-29T16:26:44.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20731" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-29T22:52:41.823" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://amp.businessinsider.com/signs-intermittent-fasting-unsafe-unhealthy-2019-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://amp.businessinsider.com/signs-intermittent-fasting-unsafe-unhealthy-2019-7&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rumsey said depriving yourself of food for an extended period of time can increase levels of cortisol, the body's stress hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, no evidence is given to support this claim and I haven't found any on Google / pubmed / Google scholar yet, assuming a typical intermittent fasting diet that doesn't involve calorie reduction (e.g., not eating for 16 hours and eating window 8 hours). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does intermittent fasting (without calorie reduction or increase) cause an increase in cortisol levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T11:43:50.130" Title="Does intermittent fasting (without calorie reduction/increase) cause an increase in cortisol levels?" Tags="&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;cortisol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-29T22:53:29.253" Score="1" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;It understand that there are some sugars in wheat that some people cannot digest and that would risk them in IBS but I don't ask about drugs that fight IBS, which make intestines move slower and stuff like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/380420-signs-symptoms-of-problems-digesting-sugar/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livestrong.com/article/380420-signs-symptoms-of-problems-digesting-sugar/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/forms-carbohydrates-cant-body-digest-6414.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/forms-carbohydrates-cant-body-digest-6414.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/wheat-and-the-low-fodmap-diet-1944751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.verywellhealth.com/wheat-and-the-low-fodmap-diet-1944751&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask if there is evidence that digestion of sugars and substances that may help to prevent IBS such as lactase for lactose in such people.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;I don't mean to ask about celiac disease or other kind of allergy.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there drugs that help to digest wheat?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-01-03T13:07:05.953" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T13:07:05.953" Title="Are there drugs that help to digest wheat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20733" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20741" CreationDate="2019-12-30T09:35:27.793" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kettlebell jugglers all have  friction-made blisters on their palms. Gloves are forbidden by the rules. Well one juggler takes the handle of the kettlebell and throws it to the other. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how juggling looks like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKSK6agrUac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKSK6agrUac&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What troubles me is that if blisters burst, can a desease be transmitted between jugglers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I asked my coach, he said to me not to worry. Well, he is not a doctor anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could you help me understand whether there is any danger here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17344" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T00:01:45.197" Title="Kettlebell juggling and transfer of deseases" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20734" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20732" CreationDate="2019-12-30T16:16:05.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are digestive enzymes available as supplements (amylase, cellulase, alpha-glycosidase) that can help digest starch and certain types of fiber in wheat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is no convincing evidence to say that taking such enzymes helps relieve symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not caused by lack of digestive enzymes but by increased sensitivity of the gut (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/ibs/guide/digestive-diseases-irritable-bowel-syndrome#2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;). The sensitivity at least partly arises from psychological factors and the mechanism involved is known as the brain-gut axis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2012.00127/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2012&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824595/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018&lt;/a&gt;). There is no exact list of foods/nutrients that would cause symptoms and different people can be sensitive to different things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(14)00520-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Over-the-Counter Enzyme Supplements: What a Clinician Needs to Know (Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current evidence does not permit endorsement of the use of&#xA;  supplemental enzymes to treat common gastrointestinal tract symptoms,&#xA;  such as bloating, gas, and irritable bowel syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365521.2015.1063156&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does oral α-galactosidase relieve irritable bowel symptoms (Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found no evidence to support the use of AG routinely in IBS&#xA;  patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diet in IBS:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various elimination diets may help to relieve symptoms in individuals with IBS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding foods/nutrients, which one finds as irritant from personal observation, for example, caffeine, chocolate, fried foods and margarine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-weight-loss/a-new-diet-to-manage-irritable-bowel-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard.edu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.monashfodmap.com/about-fodmap-and-ibs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A low-FODMAP diet&lt;/a&gt; with avoiding fructose, lactose, oligosaccharides and polyols (such as sorbitol) - see a detailed answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20472/formula-behind-fodmap-recommendations-quantitative-list-of-actual-fodmap-conte/20474#20474&quot;&gt;here on Medical SE&lt;/a&gt;. But then, a FODMAP diet alone may not be enough (study review: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29764491&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28440580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5622700/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30046155&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;four&lt;/a&gt;) and one should consider discussing about personal problems with qualified professionals.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to be more effective to avoid irritant foods/nutrients than trying to force-digest them with extra enzymes.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-03T08:55:31.457" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T08:55:31.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20731" CreationDate="2019-12-30T18:55:06.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, compared with complete fasting, intermittent fasting results only in a minimal increase in plasma cortisol levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cortisol increase in INTERMITTENT FASTING:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5064803/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males (Journal of Translational Medicine, 2016)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this small study in 34 males, intermittent fasting (16 h fasting/8 h feeding) was associated with an increase of plasma cortisol from 174 ng/mL at the beginning of the study to 186 ng/mL in average after 8 weeks (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5064803/table/Tab3/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 3&lt;/a&gt;), which is &lt;strong&gt;1.07-fold increase.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cortisol increase in COMPLETE (WATER) FASTING:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/jcem0692.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAngwggJ0BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJlMIICYQIBADCCAloGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMLos1DpIrk78chMlNAgEQgIICKyJyZStrMa4JpCEZ4gLQW-ioDctEI8I126avX2ZbgGdOV9I5oiP4APLBfUWQDiIFV-CIJARMFQ85YDtJIbM18uZPPjg3TEYDTliYM6JfHiGrmqSI6dKbgr25p6naHJWU2-lw9pxBDomHfyyQofmiuhqS0pcKtQ7clEDnwI8T0Hyfvvq9fciQQz69boTXfHNRJ40X20lnwxe86AqB8Ob-agjgblG3KyoLVvjjSgO_8LF98EGa_hta2nSJjBuKGsRzR9WOqirHmjNw7_cW_KX3fOarAOXPVd07KI1nmcRT7Jd9XUwvXB4UcqwKwBG1CenIN0ptGoTmQ_N0iRG__KCRzEgB14rdfzm6S33nJmGJkBc_NKXXipPka-jsfRMCAk_gA9ZZQ9JBukeawFq-2MVxUwB0WbrUNl4VHYHMO95OQepaZIwQmTBIkFexvmAqzIPLb-gBi-1I_abUDKZCrQEFcbgheczgdJLvYWODEJ9jZy-RBtPOjpXjG2ZZ42YxnKVqhBsj2y1gueyEMy2V1p8QIwr9exU_wpp08zRXrrlu0pYILh-txgQ6FQuCA1iI7zzWy3MjKLcliJe0b94qZAnyph7v3BZVTK9sNAASsPMyaqr6i3IR5j5VOezMmpXmpkK8ksc7gDvCGVDwoPHQ4CstLFUSGb5x6huf4-SNVRYJoK9-XkhrMmjetT5T_isWfoSh2GL6xsrnd5OP-8oxTKGp1P0cBSRmh-KPyQ3ICA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fasting as a Metabolic Stress Paradigm Selectively Amplifies Cortisol Secretory Burst Mass and Delays the Time of Maximal Nyctohemeral Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Men (Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1996)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study in 8 males, the 5-day fast resulted in a &lt;strong&gt;2.2-fold increase&lt;/strong&gt; in 24-h mean serum cortisol concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elevated plasma cortisol level can be a part of normal stress response, so the presented studies alone do not suggest that either intermittent or complete fast is unhealthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-31T11:43:50.130" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T11:43:50.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-30T19:54:29.767" Score="-1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've looked at Wikipedia and Wiktionary. I've wondered about this for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initially, I though that it was a color code/metaphor for estrogen (female hormones), but then I heard &quot;little pink pills&quot; mentioned in an old song from the 1960s, as well as in an obscure context from the 1980s. None of them explained what they are based on the context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what are they? What is a &quot;pink pill&quot;, and where was it invented? What does a pill of pink color signify?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think I've ever actually seen a pink pill. They are always either white, &quot;natural&quot; (whatever natural ingredients were put in them), brown or dark-blue or something. It seems to be rather arbitrary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish I could understand what they keep referring to with &quot;pink pills&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17345" LastActivityDate="2019-12-30T21:54:19.183" Title="What is the significance of a &quot;pink pill&quot;?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;pill&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-01-04T23:22:08.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20738" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20745" CreationDate="2019-12-30T21:34:27.263" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a quick Google it seems that this is possible at least in an alternating fashion, but I'm curious about whether both symptoms can occur simultaneously.  For example, a hard difficult-to-pass stool accompanied by liquid.  If so, what conditions make this possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12557" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T11:53:04.220" Title="Is it possible to have both constipation and diarrhea at the same time?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;stools&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20737" CreationDate="2019-12-30T21:48:26.530" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pink is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pillbox.nlm.nih.gov/results.html?medicine_name=&amp;amp;imprint=&amp;amp;shape=&amp;amp;color=Pink&amp;amp;inactive_ingredients=&amp;amp;repackaged=false&amp;amp;page=1&amp;amp;items_per_page=20&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common pill color&lt;/a&gt;. Nothing can be known about the composition of a pill based solely on its color; pink does not indicate any particular drug or class of drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In recent years, a reference to the &quot;little pink pill&quot; in the media:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/sexual-health/fda-approves-controversial-female-viagra-restrictions-n412116&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/sexual-health/fda-approves-controversial-female-viagra-restrictions-n412116&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/08/18/addyi-drug-sprout-pharmaceuticals-fda/31963219/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/08/18/addyi-drug-sprout-pharmaceuticals-fda/31963219/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/segments/little-pink-pill&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/segments/little-pink-pill&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;may refer to the drug flibanserin, used to treat impaired libido in women, but this would not explain references in the 1960s or 1980s.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2019-12-30T21:54:19.183" LastActivityDate="2019-12-30T21:54:19.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20733" CreationDate="2019-12-31T00:00:33.450" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's possible and a broken blister isn't even necessary. A number of diseases can be transferred from person to person by contact with intact skin or objects skin has touched such as doorknobs and... kettlebells. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most common modes of transmission is the fecal-oral route, which is explained below. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/infectious+diseases/ways+infectious+diseases+spread&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some infections are spread when microscopic amounts of faeces (poo)&#xA;  from an infected person with symptoms or an infected person without&#xA;  symptoms (a carrier) are taken in by another person by mouth. The&#xA;  faeces may be passed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;directly from soiled hands to the mouth indirectly by way of objects,&#xA;  surfaces, food or water soiled with faeces. Examples of diseases&#xA;  spread from faeces:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Campylobacter infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cryptosporidium infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Giardia infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hand, foot and mouth disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hepatitis A&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;meningitis (viral)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;rotavirus infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Salmonella infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Shigella infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;thrush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;viral gastroenteritis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;worms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Yersinia infection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So instead of worrying about the blisters on your teammates' hands, you should worry about how well they wash their hands after using the toilet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other diseases can be spread by direct skin-to-skin contact or indirectly through a common object two people touch. Although there are only a few diseases that can be transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact of intact skin, people are prone to touching their eyes, nose and mouth, so you have to include diseases that can be spread by contact with mucous membranes as well. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some infections are spread directly when skin or mucous membrane (the&#xA;  thin moist lining of many parts of the body such as the nose, mouth,&#xA;  throat and genitals) comes into contact with the skin or mucous&#xA;  membrane of another person. Infections are spread indirectly when skin&#xA;  or mucous membrane comes in contact with contaminated objects or&#xA;  surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Examples of diseases spread by skin or mucous membrane contact:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;chickenpox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;cold sores (herpes simplex infection)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;conjunctivitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;hand, foot and mouth disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;head lice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;molluscum contagiosum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;ringworm&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;scabies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;school sores (impetigo)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Staphylococcus aureus infection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;warts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can you do about this? Wash your hands frequently and develop a habit of never touching your eyes, nose, lips and mouth with your bare hands. This is why many gyms provide disinfectant wipes to wipe down exercise equipment after you've used it, but hand washing is more effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T00:00:33.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20733" CreationDate="2019-12-31T00:01:45.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Absolutely - and burst blisters are the least of your concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just take a look at this article:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/well/family/when-athletes-share-infections.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/well/family/when-athletes-share-infections.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Wrestling and rugby are sufficiently well-known for skin-to-skin transfer that there are herpes virus skin infections actually named for them, Herpes gladiatorum and Herpes rugbiorum (also known as “scrum pox”). “Herpes can shut down a whole team,” Dr. Rice said; wrestlers need “regular skin checks before tournaments,” looking for herpes, impetigo and ringworm, and treating problems so the athletes can compete. Prophylactic medications can help prevent herpes recurrences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among bacterial skin infections, community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, has caused many infections among high school and college athletes. MRSA has been a major issue in professional sports as well, particularly football, with several N.F.L. teams having had to deal with outbreaks. These skin infections can be extremely serious, as can streptococcal skin infections, so identifying and treating the lesions is really important for the individual athlete’s health, as well as for containing possible spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Athletes are also vulnerable to fungal skin infections, like Tinea corporis, or ringworm, not to mention athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis) and jock itch (Tinea cruris), two fungal infections whose popular names also reflect their tendency to hang around locker rooms. The fungal pathogens can be transmitted, skin to skin, but also by towels and contaminated surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T00:01:45.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20742" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-31T01:28:00.090" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I happened to find a bunch of articles that suggest iontophoresis could revolutionize dentistry through allowing needle-free delivery of local anaesthetic, or even an alternative to drill-and-fill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary article source: &quot;Alternative practices of achieving anaesthesia for dental procedures: a review&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932994/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932994/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above article compares various anesthetic practices for various dental procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 4 alternatives to a regular anesthetic injection in scope of the question and covered by the article are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electronic dental anesthesia. Uses electric currents to interfere with pain signaling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jet injectors: pressurized anesthetic delivered as a fast-moving liquid shot with no needles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iontophoresis: Applies an electric potential to the target tissue, facilitating absorption of ionized molecules.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computer-controlled anesthesia: A special case of regular anesthetic injections where a computer dictates a slow drip of liquid to minimize injection pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Metrics and parameters of the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This question will focus on anesthetic for restorations, or viable alternatives to drill-and-fill. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any discussion on topical anesthetics that don't numb teeth in preparation for a drill-and-fill or crown installation is out of scope of the question, except regarding the use of topicals to eliminate the pain of a regular local anesthetic injection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The goal: Pain-free anesthetic delivery. This could be done through the use of a novel topical that completely eliminates local anesthetic injection pain, or a completely new local anesthetic procedure that ditches the needle completely into the nearest sharps bin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some anecdotal background information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IMPORTANT NOTE: While these anecdotes are from my personal experience, they are only intended as background info and motivational framework. This question is NOT specifically about personal health, which would be off-topic and closed on sight. The question is about iontophoresis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As far as dentistry in the U.S. goes, I've only ever seen dental anesthetic delivered through a needle - computer-controlled or manual. I have no idea if other countries are faster at adopting new technology (several searches on the topic proved inconclusive, which will be mentioned later).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The standard practice in the U.S. for anesthetic restoration prep appears to be: topical anesthetic designed to minimize injection pain, followed by a local anesthetic injection. In my experience, the topical anesthetic is generally insufficient or only partially effective in eliminating injection pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going back to the original topic, most of the alternative procedures outlined in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932994/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932994/&lt;/a&gt; have some serious problems:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical anesthesia: Only useful for &quot;minimally invasive&quot; procedures; insufficient for drilling.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electronic dental anesthesia: Truly minimally invasive, but the article's linked source #34 indicates that this approach isn't as effective as traditional local anesthetic. Source #35 linked in the article also concluded that it isn't an appropriate replacement for local anesthetic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Computer-controlled anesthesia: Despite the fancy name, it still involves a needle and is therefore going to be somewhat painful without a novel topical anesthetic that properly mutes the pain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2 most promising approaches outlined in the article appear to be jet injectors and iontophoresis. Iontophoresis seems more promising, since jet injectors (according to Table 1 in the article) have a &quot;high overhead cost&quot; and &quot;possibly cause haematoma of soft tissues&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that in mind, it's time to take a deep dive into applications of iontophoresis, starting with &quot;Selected Medicines Used in Iontophoresis&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320882/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320882/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of particular interest is section 2 (Local Anesthetics). Iontophoresis can allow a specific anesthetic preparation to travel through enamel and dentin. The approach outlined delivers the anesthetic into the tooth (instead of the traditional approach of injecting anesthetic into a place that intercepts the tooth's nerve connection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161066/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161066/&lt;/a&gt; offers an even more focused on-topic deep dive into iontophoresis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Section 6 is of interest, covering the topic of iontophoresis as a possibly viable alternative to needles for local anesthetic delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Section 8 (Iontophoresis on Enamel and Dentin) covers a &quot;thinking outside the box&quot; application: using iontophoresis to deliver fluoride remineralization into a tooth. Figure 5 indicates improved fluoride uptake and reduced depth of decalcification compared to traditional diffusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article (from 2018) indicates there is no current FDA approved iontophoretic delivery system for oral diseases, both for at-home treatment and in the dentist's office. That's no surprise; the U.S. regulatory apparatus has always dragged its feet on anything that could spell the end of painful injections and &quot;drill and fill&quot;. (Don't even get me started on the topic of Novamin restorative toothpaste and why it's so tightly restricted in the U.S. when it's readily available OTC in other countries, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=23&amp;amp;t=1372067&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=23&amp;amp;t=1372067&lt;/a&gt; ). So obviously, the best answers will come from other developed nations, and perhaps the primary focus could be Japan and western Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In keeping with the theme of looking for answers outside the U.S., King's College London Dental Institute seeks to revolutionize restorative dentistry with new technology and minimal pain. They spun off a company named Reminova LTD. Academic article link is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355417&lt;/a&gt; and you can read further by searching &quot;reminova ltd&quot; in Google. Or skip straight to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-7464373/The-incredible-innovations-mean-no-drilling-dentist.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-7464373/The-incredible-innovations-mean-no-drilling-dentist.html&lt;/a&gt; and read about the genius for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question: If iontophoresis happens to be so promising dentistry, why do I only see significant progress coming from 1 research institution in the UK? Regulatory barriers in other countries? Cost barriers? Not enough research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while I mentioned above that this question is not specifically about personal health, I'd finish by saying that this article makes me almost want to live in the UK where advances like this have a better chance of being deployed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T01:28:00.090" Title="Why isn't iontophoresis more commonly used in dentistry?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20745" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20738" CreationDate="2019-12-31T11:20:27.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, constipation and diarrhea can occur simultaneously - the situation is called &lt;strong&gt;paradoxical or overflow diarrhea.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Paradoxical diarrhea or overflow incontinence may occur is a a person&#xA;  who has chronic constipation. In paradoxical diarrhea, stool fills the&#xA;  rectum, hardens and becomes impacted. Liquid stool leaks around the&#xA;  fecal mass, imitating incontinence. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/fecal_incontinence/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, severe constipation (fecal impaction) with formation of a hard fecal mass develops in the rectum or higher in the colon. Later, when the new liquid feces reaches the hard fecal mass, it passes around it and (because the colon has been irritated for some time due to impaction) is quickly excreted as diarrhea. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Causes of chronic constipation that can lead to &lt;strong&gt;fecal impaction:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diet low in fiber&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medications: certain antidepressants, antihistamines, antacids, opiates and iron supplements&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diseases: diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal injury, Hirschsprung's disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Structural abnormalities of the colon, for example, in diverticulitis, Crohn's disease or colon cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Instrinsic neurological intestinal problems: slow transit constipation, anismus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)63796-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluation and Treatment of Constipation and Fecal Impaction in Adults (Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1998)&lt;/a&gt; - an article intended for doctors, but simple to read and informative for anyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As suggested in the question, constipation and diarrhea may sometimes only appear to be simultaneous, but in fact, they are alternating - in this case, the problem is not in fecal impaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2019-12-31T11:53:04.220" LastActivityDate="2019-12-31T11:53:04.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2019-12-31T19:03:00.907" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has intermittent fasting without calorie reduction/increase any deleterious side effects, aside perhaps on &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20735/43&quot;&gt;sleep&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20731/43&quot;&gt;cortisol&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20760/43&quot;&gt;gallstones&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read a fair amount of articles on intermittent fasting but aside from some perhaps negative side effects on sleep, cortisol and gallstones, all other deleterious sides effects I have read stem from  calorie reduction/increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T02:27:18.167" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T02:27:18.167" Title="Has intermittent fasting without calorie reduction/increase any deleterious side effects, aside perhaps on sleep, cortisol, and gallstones?" Tags="&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20759" CreationDate="2020-01-01T14:08:16.477" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on clinical data analysis with patients from icu who are mechanically ventilated and in ICU for 4 or more days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently I tried to calculate their fluid balance based on the input and output items.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I summed up all their input and output items and finally did a subtraction to find the fluid balance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you let me know if there is any range for fluid balance? I mean is it something like &lt;code&gt;-5000 to +9000&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please provide me the range which is possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example a range like &lt;code&gt;-30000 to +45000&lt;/code&gt; is even possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T15:06:42.173" Title="Fluid balance range for human" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-03T06:34:32.727" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand from &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00266-011-9698-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; and from further general reading that tattooing is often done by physicians, or referred to by physicians, if a physician thinks it is the best option to disguise some scars (say, a small white scar on the hand of an otherwise &lt;code&gt;tanned-body-colored&lt;/code&gt; human). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The linked article and other articles mentions Plastic surgeons and it can be understood that dermatologists do that as well, but I believe some sub specialty is needed because I have never encountered or found, at least for the sake of just finding a plastic surgeon or dermatologist specializing in &quot;tattooing&quot; (at least not in &lt;code&gt;human-skin-color&lt;/code&gt; tattooing but on &lt;strong&gt;scalp&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;code&gt;scalp-micropigmentation&lt;/code&gt; which is generally in &lt;code&gt;human-hair-color&lt;/code&gt; and not in &lt;code&gt;human-skin-color&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find an abundance of dermatologists who offer tattoo removal but not &lt;code&gt;human-skin-color&lt;/code&gt; tattooing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of physician, if at all, adjusts a tattoo in &lt;code&gt;human-skin-color&lt;/code&gt; and makes such tattoos to disguise scars?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-01-08T07:07:23.087" LastActivityDate="2020-01-08T07:07:23.087" Title="What kind of physician, if at all, adjusts a tattoo in human-skin-color and makes such tattoos to disguise scars?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20757" CreationDate="2020-01-03T09:08:12.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen photos of tattoos done for those who have had surgery for breast cancer, (&lt;a href=&quot;https://breastcancernow.org/information-support/facing-breast-cancer/living-beyond-breast-cancer/your-body/decorative-tattoos-after-breast-cancer-surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example - &lt;strong&gt;not safe for work&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) and in these cases it can be to hide the fact they have no nipple(s) as well as to hide scarring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For what you are talking about, I would have said any registered and licensed tattooist who is good at mixing the colours would be able to do it. One point I would make though is that when wanting specific colouring, &lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritytattoo.com/tattoo-fading/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tattoo colours do fade over time&lt;/a&gt; so you may need retouching work done after a time if you wish to maintain the same depth of colour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While &lt;a href=&quot;https://authoritytattoo.com/do-all-tattoos-fade/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;all tattoo fade&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;[sic]&lt;/em&gt;, color tattoos certainly will fade quicker if you don’t take good care of them from the outset. Light colors will generally fade quicker than darker colors, with white ink being the one that will usually fade the quickest out of all the colors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Watercolor and pastel-color tattoos also generally fade much faster than others due to the fact that the technique generally requires much lighter and more delicate coloring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, colored inks have improved considerably in recent years, and these enhancements help to prevent tattoos from fading as much as they would have a decade ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-01-03T09:32:27.283" LastActivityDate="2020-01-03T09:32:27.283" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20750" CreationDate="2020-01-03T13:01:45.950" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), water gain and loss in 24 h can be measured from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water gain: drinking, tube feeding or intravenous infusion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Water loss: urine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There can be substantial additional loses via excessive sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, and those are not usually measured, but only estimated and may or may not be recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the question is, what can be a possible &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;difference&lt;/em&gt; between total water gain and loss in 24 hours,&lt;/strong&gt; I'd say roughly &lt;strong&gt;10 liters&lt;/strong&gt; in each direction, but this is just what is &lt;em&gt;physiologically possible&lt;/em&gt; and not likely what they would allow to occur in the ICU, where +2 to -2 liters would be more realistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we are talking about &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;absolute amounts&lt;/em&gt; of water gain and loss in 24 hours,&lt;/strong&gt; they could be both up to about &lt;strong&gt;30 liters.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 1: Treatment of severe dehydration.&lt;/strong&gt; A patient who loses 30 liters of water per day by diarrhea due to &lt;a href=&quot;http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/cgi-bin/moreabout.pl?tyimuh=cholera&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cholera&lt;/a&gt;, would be treated by 30+ liters of fluid in that day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 2: Excessive urine loss (polyuria).&lt;/strong&gt; A person gets 5 liters of fluid in a day, but due to excessive urination caused by diabetes mellitus, he loses 10 liters of fluid. Again, in the ICU they would not likely allow that such great negative water balance would develop. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 3: Water intoxication.&lt;/strong&gt; Water intoxication can happen, for example, when dehydration is treated by excessive amounts of water, let's say, by 5 liters in 2-3 hours - such mistakes should be rare in the ICU, but occasionally occur in everyday life... In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924712/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one case&lt;/a&gt;, a 22-years-old man drank 6 liters of water in 2-3 hours and developed severe hyponatremia. It's probably not survivable to drink 10 liters of water in 2-3 hours for a person who is already well hydrated at the beginning of drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example 4: Hyperhydration with edema.&lt;/strong&gt; In kidney or liver patients with impaired water balance regulation, water can accumulate in the body (which otherwise doesn't in significant amounts), which can result in generalized edema with 10+ liters of excessive fluid in the body, or in case of ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity), up to about 30 liters, as mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/clincanres/6/6/2268.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;. Anyway, such big amounts of water do not likely accumulate within 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T15:06:42.173" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T15:06:42.173" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-03T14:18:53.627" Score="3" ViewCount="1068" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some webpages mentioning that intermittent fasting increases the odds of getting gallstones. E.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gallstones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gallstones&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, it causes the liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones. Fasting. Fasting decreases gallbladder movement, which causes the bile to become overconcentrated with cholesterol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, some other webpages mentions intermittent fasting reduces the odds of getting gallstones, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drberg.com/blog/will-intermittent-fasting-cause-gallstones#Title4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drberg.com/blog/will-intermittent-fasting-cause-gallstones#Title4&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Together, keto and intermittent fasting will help keep your gallbladder healthy and go a long way toward prevention of gallstones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have scientific studies confirm that intermittent fasting (e.g. 16 hours of fasting per day) actually increases or decreases the odds of getting gallstones, assuming a healthy diet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T09:28:26.513" Title="Does intermittent fasting increase or decrease the odds of getting gallstones, assuming a healthy diet?" Tags="&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;gallbladder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20761" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20760" CreationDate="2020-01-03T15:49:11.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the following study in 9 &lt;em&gt;women,&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;theoretically,&lt;/em&gt; 16/8 hour intermittent fasting could increase the risk of gallstones (the risk increases with increased cholesterol content of bile): &lt;a href=&quot;https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/21/12/1087.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of fasting on the composition of gallbladder bile (Gut, 1980)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mean cholesterol saturation index was significantly greater after a 15&#xA;  hour fast (1.35+0.08) than after a 10 hour fast (1.05+0.10). However,&#xA;  after 20 hours of fasting, mean cholesterol saturation index had&#xA;  fallen to 1.13+0-10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, our findings suggest that &lt;strong&gt;fasting for between 10 and&#xA;  20 hours may indeed increase the risk of gallstone formation,&lt;/strong&gt; but&#xA;  this effect is counteracted by a more prolonged fast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In another study mentioned in the above article, the cholesterol concentration after intermittent fasting increased only in women but not in men. To know, if intermittent fasting is &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; associated with an increased risk of gallstones, clinical trials in which the increased incidence of stones would be observed, would be needed... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jlr.org/content/17/3/211.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another study&lt;/a&gt; in 9 healthy adults, after fasting for &lt;em&gt;4-6 days,&lt;/em&gt; the cholesterol content of bile has &lt;em&gt;decreased&lt;/em&gt; by about 30%, but then again, from this study alone, it's not possible to conclude that such fasting regime can reduce the risk of gallstones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Prolonged fasting&quot; is still considered a risk factor for gallstones, according to several sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673606690442?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Lancet, 2006&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate, 2018&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.php/isj/article/view/1748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Surgery Journal, 2017&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/g/gallstones-cholelithiasis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Boston Children's Hospital&lt;/a&gt;, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-04T09:28:26.513" LastActivityDate="2020-01-04T09:28:26.513" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20787" CreationDate="2020-01-03T17:44:47.107" Score="1" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;For eyeglasses, if a cylinder prescription were combined into a single spherical prescription, how would it be weighted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, suppose the prescription is S=-3.0, C=+.5×90°.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If only spherical lenses were available, would it be:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-3.0 — ignore the cylinder value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-2.5 — add the cylinder value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-2.75 — add half the cylinder value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or something else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume the &quot;90°&quot; is irrelevant, and strongly suspect the &quot;add half&quot; case  is correct or close, but would like to know for sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-01-08T03:20:39.713" Title="How do sphere and cylinder measurements combine in eyeglass prescriptions?" Tags="&lt;glasses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20772" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20773" CreationDate="2020-01-05T19:35:37.100" Score="2" ViewCount="198" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cold is considered incurable although it has a treatment. Does walking pneumonia fall in this category? Someone I know says they were told the bacteria never leaves their body, and so they have walking pneumonia for life - I thought unlike the cold this was a curable disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17375" LastActivityDate="2020-01-05T21:22:53.410" Title="Is walking pneumonia aka mycoplasma pneumoniae curable?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20772" CreationDate="2020-01-05T21:22:53.410" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fortunately &quot;walking pneumonia&quot;, also known as atypical pneumonia, is not a lifelong condition. Atypical pneumonia can be caused by various bacteria and viruses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2017/02/what-is-walking-pneumonia.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The most common bacteria that causes atypical pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumoniae.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the CDC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/antibiotic-treatment-resistance.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Most M. pneumoniae infections are self-limiting; however, clinicians routinely treat pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae with antibiotics.&lt;/a&gt;&quot; Two of the most common antibiotics used to treat atypical pneumonia are azithromycin and doxycycline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds as though you may be misinterpreting the term &quot;incurable&quot;. While it's true that respiratory infections caused by a virus don't have a drug that can cure them, this does not mean that you have the infection for life. In the case of a cold and the vast majority of other viral respiratory infections, including viral atypical pneumonia, your own immune system is able to mount a response to the virus and eradicate it. When this happens you are cured-- no medication necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2020-01-05T21:22:53.410" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20712" CreationDate="2020-01-05T22:51:30.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are medical conditions that come to mind, each with different symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Severe exercise-induced asthma. Symptoms will be severe wheezing, O2 drop, potentially even death. Long-term anti-inflammatory medications can prevent exacerbations, though exacerbations can still be triggered in specific situations. Imagine a &lt;em&gt;deconditioned&lt;/em&gt; character, in &lt;em&gt;fight-and-flight&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;running from danger&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;em&gt;cold weather&lt;/em&gt;, and especially with bronchi inflamed from &lt;em&gt;a respiratory infection&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;POTS - postural orthostatic hypotension.  A type of dysautonomia, a likely autoimmune condition that can trigger O2 drops, brain fog, nausea, fainting from minor exercise, or (in very severe cases) even from standing up and staying upright.  It used to be thought that graduated exercise would help everyone. Not true.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chronic fatigue syndrome. Often infection-triggered, likely autoimmune, with antibodies to adrenergic receptors (adrenergic - think adrenalin). Causes &lt;em&gt;post-exercise malaise&lt;/em&gt;, meaning dysproportionately severe symptoms for days/weeks after overdoing things, including much increased odds of fainting from POTS, overwhelming fatigue, GI symptoms (nausea, inability to digest..).  Depending on the patient, the &quot;overdoing&quot; may be physical or cognitive, ranging from doing a college entrance exam, to cooking for a family visit, to walking around the block. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2020-01-05T22:51:30.937" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20775" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14352" CreationDate="2020-01-05T23:02:53.007" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an unglamorous answer to the top level question.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have asthma, and even when I'm very motivated (hourly bus nearing a bus stop, FedEx truck about to do last pick-up), in cold weather I literally run out of breath. It may take me a few blocks, depending on how cold, or if my lungs are already irritated (say an infection), but the bronchi squeeze tighter. It is a sharp diffuse pain, and I just can't breathe in enough to continue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your hero doesn't have asthma and is well-conditioned, but if they have to run beyond their cardiovascular limit, I assume something like that would still happen. And of course there's  running out of water and electrolytes (since hard breathing, sweat makes you lose both, even when you're well-conditioned) and both are necessary for cellular function. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastEditorUserId="17314" LastEditDate="2020-01-05T23:12:57.080" LastActivityDate="2020-01-05T23:12:57.080" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20778" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20779" CreationDate="2020-01-06T05:42:38.110" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading online that people when put in ICU under mechanical ventilation, can develop Ventilated Associated Events. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to know is: does the stay in ICU increase for people who are afflicted with VAE?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ex: let's say I have patient &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; who were in icu for more than 4 days and were mechanically ventilated for minimum of 96 hours. I get this info from my patient database. It's a retrospective data analysis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; didn't develop VAE. His total stay in ICU was only around 5-6 days and his mechanical vent duration was around 110-120 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt; actually did develop VAE. But as I dig further, I find out that the total stay of this patient &lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;, he was in ICU for more than 10 days and mechanical ventilation was also more than 170 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My observations are not just based on one or two patients like above but I do see some difference in the outcome between VAE and non-vae.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, is it normal or usual to see that &lt;code&gt;VAE cases stay in ICU/mechanically ventilated for longer time  (after being diagnosed for VAE) when compared to non-vae cases&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before onset of VAE, they may have similar ICU stays/MV duration but once a patient is diagnosed for VAE, VAE cases will go onto stay for more days in ICU than non-vae people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me with this please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="16005" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T23:54:02.517" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T23:54:02.517" Title="Do patients with VAE stay in ICU for longer time?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20778" CreationDate="2020-01-06T09:54:37.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ventilat&lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt;-associated events&quot; (VAE)&lt;/strong&gt; are complications (infections and others) that usually need additional treatment, so they are usually associated with prolonged ICU &quot;&lt;strong&gt;length of stay&quot; (LOS).&lt;/strong&gt; But someone with more severe initial condition without VAE may stay in ICU for longer than someone with a milder condition + VAE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Poor outcomes after mechanical ventilation include: extended time on&#xA;  mechanical ventilation, &lt;em&gt;longer stays in the intensive care unit&lt;/em&gt; and&#xA;  hospital, increased health care costs and increased risk of disability&#xA;  and death (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hret-hiin.org/topics/ventilator-associated-event.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health Research Educational Trust&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition, ventilator-associated events (VAEs) — which include acute&#xA;  respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury, pneumothorax,&#xA;  pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, and pulmonary edema, in addition to&#xA;  VAP &lt;em&gt;[ventialtor-associated peneumonia]&lt;/em&gt; — are associated with increases in duration of mechanical&#xA;  ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS)...(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/professionals/quality-patient-safety/hais/tools/mvp/mvp-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AHRQ.gov&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, VAE are usually associated with increased length of stay in the ICU.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-06T13:22:11.437" LastActivityDate="2020-01-06T13:22:11.437" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20785" CreationDate="2020-01-07T04:37:16.090" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on clinical data analysis and currently dealing with &lt;code&gt;T2DM&lt;/code&gt; patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I look at their &lt;code&gt;Fasting glucose level&lt;/code&gt; readings, I see that their values range from &lt;code&gt;0.9 mmol\L to 64 mmol\L&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The values are represented in &lt;code&gt;mmol\L&lt;/code&gt; and no doubts about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I would like to know is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) I know that anything &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; 7 mmol/L&lt;/code&gt; is considered as diabetes but is it possible to go upto this range like &lt;code&gt;64 mmol\L&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see this extreme readings &lt;code&gt;(&amp;gt; 20mmol\L)&lt;/code&gt; only for around 6% of my dataset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I am here to seek your opinion on whether it is possible or not. The 6% percent is based on &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;20mmol\L&lt;/code&gt; limit that I have chosen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) When they are being treated in a diabetes specialist centre, can they still have these extreme values of readings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Am I right to understand that all the below items is used to indicate &lt;code&gt;HbA1c&lt;/code&gt; readings? I mean the names have keyword &lt;code&gt;HbA1c&lt;/code&gt; but do they all indicate the &lt;code&gt;HbA1c&lt;/code&gt; measurement which is used for checking &lt;code&gt;Type 2 diabetes&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;`Glycated HB, POCT`,&#xA;`HbA1c, NGSP/DCCT`,&#xA;`HbA1c, POCT`,&#xA;`HbA1c, IFCC`,&#xA;`Glycated HB` &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Which of the below items indicate &lt;code&gt;random glucose&lt;/code&gt;? Is all glucose called &lt;code&gt;random glucose&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose (120M)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose (60M)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose-6-Phosphate DH, Quantitative&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose-6-Phosphate DH Screen&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, CSF&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, Dialysate&lt;/code&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, Fluid&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, POCT&lt;/code&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, Random Venous.&lt;/code&gt;  # is it only this one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glucose, Urine&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone help?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="17323" LastEditDate="2020-01-07T08:06:22.753" LastActivityDate="2020-01-10T12:13:57.377" Title="T2DM Fasting glucose level - extreme cases" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20793" CreationDate="2020-01-07T09:46:19.397" Score="2" ViewCount="1011" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tobramycin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/drug-induced-ototoxicity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is ototoxic&lt;/a&gt; and in some individuals with genetic predisposition Tobramycin can apparently cause rapid permanent balance and hearing loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, at least where I live, Tobramycin is prescribed for ear infections both as drops and as gels/creams (as eye drops but applied to ear under doctor recommendation). Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17384" LastEditorUserId="17384" LastEditDate="2020-01-07T10:09:59.580" LastActivityDate="2020-01-09T05:45:38.990" Title="Why is Tobramycin prescribed for ear infections?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20782" CreationDate="2020-01-07T10:50:15.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) &lt;strong&gt;Blood glucose level 64 mmol/L is possible.&lt;/strong&gt; From a case (a 16-years-old girl with diabetes &lt;em&gt;type 1&lt;/em&gt;) report article &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/95/2/113/1528650&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Severe degree of hyperglycaemia: insights from integrative physiology (OJM, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The physicians seeking the consultation defined the starting point,&#xA;  the very high blood sugar level of &lt;strong&gt;70 mmol/l&lt;/strong&gt; (1260 mg/dl).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(^ ^ From the context it's obvious this was a random, not fasting, blood glucose level.)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In diabetes &lt;em&gt;type 2,&lt;/em&gt; blood glucose level exceeding 33.3 mmol/L (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5157149/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Anesthesia Progress&lt;/a&gt;) or even 50 mmol/L is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=oV9uDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA124&amp;amp;lpg=PA124&amp;amp;dq=%22Hyperosmolar+hyperglycemic+state%22+%22type+2%22+%2250+mmol/L%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=8zZ9ftxlrU&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U24gB-iQWE3MyvXHWoxqHNWU8esuQ&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwifo9jBrvHmAhWO66QKHQZMBSAQ6AEwCnoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22Hyperosmolar%20hyperglycemic%20state%22%20%22type%202%22%20%2250%20mmol%2FL%22&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state&lt;/a&gt;, so levels as high as 64 mmol/L seem to be possible. I believe that by glucose levels, &lt;em&gt;fasting&lt;/em&gt; glucose levels are meant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;strong&gt;Blood glucose levels &gt;16.7 mmol/L are considered medical emergency&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371551&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;), so they should not persist in the records for more than a day after admission to the hospital. The glucose levels 64 mmol/L for several days would be more likely 6.4 mmol/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) &lt;strong&gt;HbA1c = glycated Hb&lt;/strong&gt; (the latter is just a longer term that explains what HbA1c is). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HbA1c, POCT = Glycated HB, POCT (POCT = &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK476441/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Point-of-Care Glycated Hemoglobin Testing&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HbA1c/NGSP, HbA1c/DCCT and HbA1c/IFCC all show HbA1c, but they present the results in different ways:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The old, percentage way of reporting HbA1c values is known as the &lt;strong&gt;DCCT&lt;/strong&gt; (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) units and the new mmols/mol values are known as the &lt;strong&gt;IFCC&lt;/strong&gt; (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) units (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/hba1c-units-converter.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ngsp.org/bground.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NGSP&lt;/strong&gt; (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program)&lt;/a&gt; is another way to present HbA1c values.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, all the mentioned terms refer to HbA1c test to check for diabetes mellitus, but they use different standards to present results, so they are not the same and they are various &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/hba1c-units-converter.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calculators&lt;/a&gt; available to convert the units. A given hospital/lab usually uses only one of these standards (NGSP, DCCT or IFCC) and they may or may not reveal them in the results, so, they may write down only &quot;HbA1c&quot; or &quot;HbA1c/IFCC,&quot; for example. Within a certain hospital/lab, this should not cause confusion, but you need to know the differences when checking this in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_glucose_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Random glucose test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; shows blood glucose levels at any given random occasion (usually &quot;between the meals&quot;), which means the test is not preceded by any intervention by a patient or doctor, so it does NOT include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fasting&lt;/em&gt; blood glucose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The glucose levels after &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003466.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)&lt;/a&gt; after drinking a solution with 75 grams of glucose, which includes &lt;em&gt;Glucose (60M)&lt;/em&gt; (blood glucose level 60 minutes after drinking glucose) and &lt;em&gt;Glucose (120M)&lt;/em&gt; (120 minutes after)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only random blood glucose test from your list is &lt;em&gt;Glucose, Random Venous.&lt;/em&gt; Only &lt;em&gt;blood&lt;/em&gt; glucose test can be &quot;random&quot; (not urine, not CSF, also not HbA1c).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The meaning of other tests, which are usually NOT used for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://labtestsonline.org/tests/g6pd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucose-6-Phosphate DH&lt;/a&gt;, Quantitative&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Glucose-6-Phosphate DH Screen&lt;/em&gt;: these are NOT glucose tests&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glucose, CSF&lt;/em&gt;; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glucose, Dialysate&lt;/em&gt;; dialysate is a fluid used in dialysis in kidney disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glucose, Fluid&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8343&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucose Body Fluid (GLBF)&lt;/a&gt; = glucose levels in various fluid compartments (pleural or peritoneal fluid...) other than blood &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Glucose, POCT = &lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/labmed31-0276.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAqUwggKhBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKSMIICjgIBADCCAocGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMumS7B4AiUQDMU1BcAgEQgIICWB51bAl9FbJXesl3W3Avmsip2DTh0KXQYonVY-sAgGUvckGf2AadTs3Blzf6vSSsIkrdSXj_m8TrjyAn2mcawcd2EKbt4o4fl2dNnpvjhNsu_bmflQuMThzsmM9xdMTBlspknM60roQGXZvaPIHn6RBFyVJRBlXF6UXhFg5jyPMYWJEdzSpT9uJFq6hgLD-QfGgtGIitu0kL9h0AJJ8R-KDkjCmVwTJ9VE24uEr5qsZciLOJf8d-fVQ_Q6XLcxpCOqWKp91YqRPCdpCwL8aWYkJhv_Ap6nB0JvPy-ysX9cVsS_StDscmIDlgqSBSK-yopqxy9IUcgrZrWUy2CrunqT5z2E-5CHccd8LpajwETyGl40MZt5Ye9cZr3NgURvEuExDVJwBpHPQTh09pdgCMLKzqxCznvc6v6bYFqTeghwsGvsoCoxeZapt-AQ-NnxFZcFz-n96un9P-nA0MhKP8-iWvp8YY8VLYevKYDXnK7AZncA5sJrHvDI0LUSpf13VE2CHeoDpcLlGnZUAgUFrq73z8f5u8Ccha8HnAa8VcGHHC169TdgHjsojK-RhAQxpJ6gKxpjAQpA4dk282nMxu6FExzz6D2QYgf5C5MF8CgNxLl375uqsHpRNx-ukAfa5UFHe5iL85ou7GEpVrXkJCiUBggLVM-LE6HrG2fzjtt5DizDmJw9pjAOpYPyX5sd05Zok72OFOKGExFKjlcsLK-FeOWJob1tn7GQTohtTmzr0CBh4b-brTPrfaUVBJPly7oNxYBpvCvYCnNvM6oVOVLKuOtOIdM4KSWQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glucose Point of Care Testing&lt;/a&gt;: a repeated test to check for blood glucose levels at the bedside or at home AFTER the diagnosis has been made, so NOT a diagnostic test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-07T17:30:28.587" LastActivityDate="2020-01-07T17:30:28.587" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20762" CreationDate="2020-01-08T03:20:39.713" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia's eyeglass prescription, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass_prescription#Cylinder_component&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cylinder component&lt;/a&gt; section, says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;There are two different conventions for indicating the amount of cylinder: &amp;quot;plus cylinder notation&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;minus cylinder notation&amp;quot;. In the former, the cylinder power is a number of diopters more convergent than the sphere power. That means the spherical power describes the most divergent meridian and the cylindrical component describes the most convergent. In the minus cylinder notation, the cylinder power is a number of diopters more divergent than the sphere component.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add the sphere and cylinder numbers together to produce the converted sphere&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Invert the sign of cylinder value&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Add 90° to axis value, and if the new axis value exceeds 180°, subtract 180° from the result&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a lens with a vertical power of -3.75 and a horizontal power of -2.25 could be specified as either -2.25 -1.50 x 180 or -3.75 +1.50 x 090.&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have &amp;quot;S=-3.0, C=+.5×90°&amp;quot;, so:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-3.0 + .5 = &lt;strong&gt;-2.5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;.5 * -1 = &lt;strong&gt;-.5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;90° + 90° = &lt;strong&gt;180°&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer: -2.5 -.5 x 180°&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If only spherical lenses were available ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://eyeque.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/115008523768-What-is-a-Spherical-Equivalent-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is a Spherical Equivalent?&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The axis is removed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The axis is not part of the calculation for spherical equivalent at all. It completely disappears.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The cylinder is divided by 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The cylinder power is only present in a particular direction. In other words, it is only present in half the lens. When attempting to combine the cylinder with the sphere, your doctor must take this into account by only taking half of the cylinder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Because cylinder powers only come in steps of -0.25, it is possible that when it is divided by 2, that the number does not end in a multiple of -0.25. That is where your eye doctor’s professional judgement comes into play to decide which closest multiple of -0.25 will be the most appropriate for you based on many different considerations.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The sphere and the 1/2 cylinder are combined&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sphere and the cylinder are then added together to give you the equivalent sphere.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer: -2.5 + (-.5 / 2) = -2.75&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The choice &amp;quot;add half the cylinder value&amp;quot; is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clearly.ca/thelook/how-to-read-glasses-contact-lens-prescriptions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How to Read Your Glasses &amp;amp; Contact Lens Prescriptions&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.zeiss.ca/vision-care/en/better-vision/lifestyle-fashion/distance-eyeglasses-and-reading-eyeglasses.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Distance eyeglasses and reading eyeglasses&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15969" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-01-08T03:20:39.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-08T14:57:30.163" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am performing a systematic review of medical papers reporting clinical trials results and I am wondering where I can find an exhaustive list of therapeutic areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17391" LastActivityDate="2020-01-12T08:22:28.513" Title="Therapeutic areas list" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20784" CreationDate="2020-01-08T20:30:04.110" Score="4" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Summary&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. All aminoglycoside antibiotics carry a risk of irreversible ototoxicity. The risk is reduced when applied topically, but not eliminated. Even topical use should be avoided for middle ear infections (otitis media). For external ear infections (otitis externa), care should be taken, including ensuring an intact tympanic membrane. As &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284193/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Canadian review suggests&lt;/a&gt;, it is important to discuss the risk of ototoxicity with patients when making a treatment decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Approval and use in the US, Canada, and the UK&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no approved formulations of tobramycin for any ear infection in the US, but there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/060613s013lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suspension&lt;/a&gt; containing neomycin that is approved for otitis externa. It contains a warning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WARNINGS: Neomycin can induce permanent sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear&#xA;  damage, mainly destruction of hair cells in the organ of Corti. The risk is greater with prolonged&#xA;  use. Therapy should be limited to 10 consecutive days (see PRECAUTIONS-General). Patients&#xA;  being treated with eardrops containing neomycin should be under close clinical observation.&#xA;  CASPORYN HC Otic Suspension should not be used in any patient with a perforated tympanic&#xA;  membrane. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize the main points: &lt;strong&gt;Ototoxicity is a risk. Patients should be carefully observed. If the tympanic membrane is perforated, this drug is absolutely contraindicated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gentamicin drops are approved &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567906/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in Canada for otitis externa&lt;/a&gt;, and are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10401847/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; to be used off label for otitis media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26584651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review&lt;/a&gt;, aminoglycoside drops are described as first line therapy in the UK for chronic suppurative otitis media, much to the review authors' chagrin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Background on aminoglycosides and ototoxicity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aminoglycosides are generally reserved for severe infections (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis). This is, in part, due to the challenging side effect profile common to all members of this drug class, including irreversible ototoxicity, reported in up to 25% of patients in some series.  Ototoxicity appears to depend on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8019890&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rapid uptake and slow elimination&lt;/a&gt; by hair cells, which in turn depends on plasma concentration, but it is not predictable. Ototoxicity can occur after brief, low dose therapy, and may not manifest until after the drug has been withdrawn, with permanent disability resulting. As mentioned in the question, there are hereditary syndromes and certain genetic mutations that increase susceptibility, but ototoxicity can occur without them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary, ototoxicity is a common, irreversible, unpredictable, and severe side effect of aminoglycoside use.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goodman &amp;amp; Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics provides a good overview of aminoglycosides, with a detailed section on ototoxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Topical use doesn't eliminate systemic absorption&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Topical preparations of aminoglycosides are approved in the U.S. for certain eye and skin infections. Topical use reduces, but does not eliminate absorption and systemic distribution these antibiotics (Goodman &amp;amp; Gilman Ch. 54). This is not surprising, as infection and the associated inflammation compromise the barrier function of the skin. Absorption can be substantial in the presence of blistering or denuded skin. In the ear, specifically, while tympanic membrane perforation increases the risk of ototoxicity, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9425487&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there is detectable absorption&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10542926/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;without perforation&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastEditorUserId="14173" LastEditDate="2020-01-08T21:39:23.847" LastActivityDate="2020-01-08T21:39:23.847" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-08T22:44:17.060" Score="6" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://opto.ca/health-library/the-20-20-20-rule&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;20-20-20 rule&lt;/a&gt; I've heard is to stare at something 20 feet away, for 20 seconds, every 20 minutes to help reduce the strain of looking at things up close all day for those of us who need to look at things up-close for extended periods, like software developers. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, it works by allowing the muscles the eye uses to relax. However, I don't follow why the same can't be accomplished by just closing the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it not let the muscles they eye use relax? If so, why not? It seems strange to think the eyes are still straining to focus on something they can't see, or worse if they were focused on the inside of the eyelid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: As an addendum, when staring at something for extended periods, sometimes I've noticed my eyes can &quot;un-focus&quot;. Is that state of non-focus also a way to relax the eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17393" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T20:52:27.267" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T17:11:39.867" Title="Why can't we just close our eyes periodically to reduce eye strain?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20795" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20784" CreationDate="2020-01-09T02:35:35.843" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is Tobramycin prescribed for ear infections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't seem to be recommended as eardrops for home use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobramycin#Spectrum_of_susceptibility&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tobramycin&lt;/a&gt; has spectrum of activity limited to gram negative bacilli and is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/aminoglycosides&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indicated&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa#Antibiotic_resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection#Organisms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hospital-acquired infection&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#History&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fluoroquinolones&lt;/a&gt; (for example), while also effective and not &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoxicity#Antibiotics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ototoxic&lt;/a&gt;, have (in some cases) been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/fluoroquinolones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;withdrawn&lt;/a&gt; from the US market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a hospital setting, with patient monitoring, and the development of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance#Bacterial_resistance_to_antibiotics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multidrug resistance&lt;/a&gt; by P. aeruginosa, it &lt;strong&gt;might be indicated&lt;/strong&gt; after careful consideration of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/aminoglycosides&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;risk factors&lt;/a&gt;, other options, and patient examination. It can also be used for most staphylococci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An accurate &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa#Biofilms_and_treatment_resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnosis&lt;/a&gt; to determine colonization versus infection might involve a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.microbiologynutsandbolts.co.uk/the-bug-blog/colonisation-vs-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;delay&lt;/a&gt;. If the bacteria was contracted during bathing it may be expected to be gone once the ears are dry. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Horizontal gene transfer&lt;/a&gt; prevention from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa#Antibiotic_resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/a&gt; is another consideration. Topical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gentamicin&lt;/a&gt; would normally only be used for a couple of days while awaiting bacterial cultures to determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OhNSV.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OhNSV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Antibiotics Spectrum&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Source: Wikipedia: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Broad-spectrum antibiotic&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15969" LastEditorUserId="15969" LastEditDate="2020-01-09T05:45:38.990" LastActivityDate="2020-01-09T05:45:38.990" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20799" CreationDate="2020-01-09T03:10:50.087" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is it that western first aid generally involves cold packs and eastern generally the application of a heat pack or heat in general after an injury or inflammation? Shouldn't there be a physiologic difference as to what these two therapies do or are they the same and the difference in their use is merely cultural?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this article on PubMed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225921/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225921/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It concludes by reporting that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;the application of thermo–therapy and cryotherapy accompanied with a pharmacologic treatment could relieve pain in the patients with acute low back pain.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and doesn't much focus on the statistical difference between the two groups (Thermotherapy vs Cryotherapy) but just mentions once that thermotherapy patients had better results::&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thermotherapy patients reported significantly less pain compared to cryotherapy and control (p≤0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody please explain to me what the physiological difference between these two interventions and perhaps an article that better explores these differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2020-01-09T07:17:15.017" Title="Heat vs Cold packs in injuries and their difference in use?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20796" CreationDate="2020-01-09T07:12:12.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It somewhat depends on the type of injury, but in general a person would use cold application initially to help stop bleeding, minimize inflammation and reduce swelling. Heat would be more beneficial during the healing stage to encourage blood flow to the area. ... Plus it just feels good. Sometimes an alternating system of cold for a period of time, then heat can help to reduce swelling but also not inhibit circulation.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scoi.com/patient-resources/education/articles/should-you-ice-or-heat-injury&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scoi.com/patient-resources/education/articles/should-you-ice-or-heat-injury&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This link discusses the matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16206" LastEditorUserId="16206" LastEditDate="2020-01-09T07:17:15.017" LastActivityDate="2020-01-09T07:17:15.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-10T08:18:29.760" Score="2" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like to know if someone shaves his beard or cuts his hair, will this reduce his skin oil production? And conversely will long hair/beard cause more skin oil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Totally, is there any relation between hair/beard length and facial acne?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15752" LastEditorUserId="15752" LastEditDate="2020-01-10T13:16:13.033" LastActivityDate="2020-01-10T13:16:13.033" Title="Does hair/beard length affect on skin oil production?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;&lt;oil-of-skin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-01-18T15:55:23.063" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-10T16:04:31.707" Score="3" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any standard process to assess the quality of MRI images?&#xA;The goal is to automatically detect really poor quality data (and then manually confirm the defects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some studies about automatic quality control of MRI:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811917308613?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image processing and Quality Control for the first 10,000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1053811917308613-mmc1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Automatic quality assessment in structural brain magnetic resonance imaging&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, I am looking for an easy to implement solution (taking the raw - unprocessed - images as input), or an existing tool available for researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a state of the art algorithm or tool for this purpose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17404" LastActivityDate="2020-01-10T16:04:31.707" Title="Automatic Quality Control of MRI" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20811" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20812" CreationDate="2020-01-11T07:32:11.410" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;before nothing I am not a doctor, I am a simple programmer that likes to read about medicial sciencies. I've read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this book&lt;/a&gt; that the blood pressure it very important; is it really?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I have found by searching in Google:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blood pressure has a daily pattern. Blood pressure is normally lower at night while you're sleeping. Your blood pressure starts to rise a few hours before you wake up. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, why does it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-pressure/faq-20058115&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your time and advices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9429" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-13T08:30:34.610" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T08:30:34.610" Title="Does blood pressure have a daily pattern?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20811" CreationDate="2020-01-11T21:11:45.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Daily patterns&quot; in biology and medicine are referred to as &quot;circadian&quot; - circa means &quot;around&quot; or &quot;approximately&quot;, and &quot;dia&quot; refers to &quot;day&quot; - &quot;approximately daily&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, as the Mayo Clinic site states, there is a circadian pattern to blood pressure. The primary pattern is that blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) is higher during the day than at night. Like other aspects of cardiorespiratory function, blood pressure fluctuates according to metabolic needs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the circadian fluctuations for blood pressure specifically are due to external factors (unlike some other physiological parameters, which vary according to internal biological clocks): blood pressure is higher when you are doing activities that you tend to do in the day (like moving around), and lower when you do activities that you tend to do at night (like sleep).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baumgart, P. (1991). Circadian rhythm of blood pressure: internal and external time triggers. Chronobiology international, 8(6), 444-450.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Floras, J. S., Jones, J. V., Johnston, J. A., Brooks, D. E., Hassan, M. O., &amp;amp; Sleight, P. (1978). Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mann, S., Craig, M. M., Melville, D. I., Balasubramanian, V., &amp;amp; Raftery, E. B. (1979). Physical activity and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smolensky, M. H., Hermida, R. C., Castriotta, R. J., &amp;amp; Portaluppi, F. (2007). Role of sleep-wake cycle on blood pressure circadian rhythms and hypertension. Sleep medicine, 8(6), 668-680.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-01-11T21:11:45.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20814" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10401" CreationDate="2020-01-12T07:04:50.743" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Metformin, a dimethylbiguanide, is a widely used oral antihyperglycaemic drug for the long term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood glucose in multiple ways, including suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, increased peripheral insulin-mediated glucose uptake, decreased fatty acid oxidation, and increased intestinal glucose consumption. Metformin reaches maximal plasma concentration approximately 2 hours after ingestion, and its half-life ranges from 2.5 to 4.9 hours. Approximately 90% of it is eliminated in the urine in 12 hours. Among many side effects of the drug, metformin-associated lactic acidosis is one of them but rare. Although metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of one to five cases per 100 000 population, it has a reported mortality of 30-50%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The pathophysiology of lactic acidosis from metformin is likely due to inhibition of gluconeogenesis by blocking pyruvate carboxylase, the first step of gluconeogenesis, which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Blocking this enzyme leads to the accumulation of lactic acid. Biguanides also decrease the hepatic metabolism of lactate and have a negative ionotropic effect on the heart, both of which elevate lactate levels. Metformin dose, along with the duration of exposure from accumulation in patients with decreased renal clearance, can cause lactic acidosis. The other contributing factors of lactic acidosis are congestive heart failure, liver disease, shock, alcohol use, hypoxic states, renal failure, sepsis, and advanced age.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264704/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of documented cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is small when one considers how widely metformin is used. That metformin has been used safely in patients with contraindications can be viewed as evidence that it does not cause lactic acidosis. On the other hand, cases of lactic acidosis from metformin overdose, particularly in young people without risk factor, suggest that metformin can cause lactic acidosis if given in large doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For immediate-release, the maximum recommended dose of metformin is 2550mg/day and&#xA;for extended-release, the maximum recommended dose is 2000mg/day and dose adjustment should be done for elderly patients, patients with renal impairment, hepatic impairment, and other complications.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/dosage/metformin.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/metformin-oral-route/proper-use/drg-20067074&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mayoclinic.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Studies suggesting that a metformin plasma level of at least 40 mg/L (10 times the therapeutic level) may be necessary to cause lactic acidosis.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/8/1476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/7/1791&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/7/1791&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222034/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222034/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264704/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264704/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b3660.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b3660.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/714920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/714920&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/8/1476&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/8/1476&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2020-01-12T07:04:50.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20790" CreationDate="2020-01-12T08:22:28.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;CDISC (Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium) are considered to be the regulatory body on the topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdisc.org/standards/therapeutic-areas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this page&lt;/a&gt; for a list of Therapeutic Areas as maintained by them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA's list is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/83082/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-01-12T08:22:28.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20821" CreationDate="2020-01-13T04:05:16.240" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading about ventilator bundle &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chpso.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/wip.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and came across this term called &lt;code&gt;Daily Sedation Interruption&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this term mean break in giving the sedation drugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can this help in reducing the length of stay in icu? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone help me understand what this term means and how it is useful in simple layman terms please? I am new to healthcare and from IT background&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T17:11:10.483" Title="What is daily sedation interruption for ventilated patients?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sedative-sedation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20819" CreationDate="2020-01-13T08:22:42.453" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, daily sedation interruption means a break in giving the sedation therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a 2014 Cochrane review: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009176.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Daily sedation interruption (DSI) is thought to limit drug&#xA;  bioaccumulation, promote a more awake state, and thereby reduce the&#xA;  duration of mechanical ventilation. Available evidence has shown DSI&#xA;  to either reduce, not alter, or prolong the duration of mechanical&#xA;  ventilation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, according to their review of studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We have not found strong evidence that DSI alters the duration of&#xA;  mechanical ventilation, mortality, length of ICU or hospital stay,&#xA;  adverse event rates, drug consumption, or quality of life for&#xA;  critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation compared to&#xA;  sedation strategies that do not include DSI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply put: Daily sedation interruption is &lt;em&gt;intended&lt;/em&gt; to shorten the ICU stay, but even if evidence from some studies has shown that it can reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation, the authors of the Cochrane's review have found &lt;em&gt;no evidence&lt;/em&gt; that it shortens the ICU stay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an example of a controlled trial published in &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1380160&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JAMA, 2012&lt;/a&gt;, in which they have found the same results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For mechanically ventilated adults managed with protocolized sedation,&#xA;  the addition of daily sedation interruption did not reduce the&#xA;  duration of mechanical ventilation or ICU stay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-13T17:11:10.483" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T17:11:10.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20822" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20823" CreationDate="2020-01-13T10:36:20.063" Score="7" ViewCount="1309" Body="&lt;p&gt;Context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have generally only brushed my teeth once-a-day, before going to bed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My dentist has advised to start brushing twice a day, adding &quot;immediately in the morning&quot; to my dental routine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't eat breakfast in the morning, and told the dentist that, and they confirmed that first thing in the morning was still the recommendation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't press them more, but now wish that I had done so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have assumed that (generally speaking) brushing at 12-hourly intervals would be the more beneficial than brushing twice, 8 hours apart, and then not brushing for 16 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I go to bed at ~11:30pm, therefore if I'm going to brush again, and I don't eat breakfast, then I'm better off brushing around 11:00am, or just before lunch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see 2 possibilities for why that might not be the case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Physiological&lt;/strong&gt;: Sleep does something to the mouth, that means it's beneficial to clean it immediately after waking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychological&lt;/strong&gt;: In practice, people are more successful at adding steps to a morning routine, so if they're told to do it 1st-thing, then they're more likely to &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; do it. Hence, if I think I can reliably do it in the late morning, then I should do &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt;, instead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter seems &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; likely to be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is the former option &lt;strong&gt;also&lt;/strong&gt; true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any medical significance to brushing your teeth after waking up, if you're not going to eat until lunch?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17417" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T13:36:21.257" Title="Does brushing your teeth immediately after sleeping have some medical significance?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20822" CreationDate="2020-01-13T13:36:21.257" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-keep-your-teeth-clean/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS says&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Brush your teeth for about 2 minutes last thing at night before you go to bed &lt;strong&gt;and on 1 other occasion every day&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't specifically stipulate as soon as you get up or after breakfast, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dhamadison.com/news/do-i-really-need-to-brush-my-teeth-twice-a-day&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;brushing in the morning is important&lt;/a&gt; because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;during the night, the formation of plaque is mostly undisturbed. Brushing after each meal is also endorsed by many dentists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, be careful when you brush. It is best to brush after meals, but the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalhealth.org/dental-erosion&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;British Oral Health Foundation&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Every time you eat or drink anything acidic, the enamel on your teeth becomes softer for a short while, and loses some of its mineral content. Your saliva will slowly cancel out this acidity in your mouth and get it back to its natural balance.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;[...]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Wait for at least one hour after eating or drinking anything acidic before brushing your teeth. This gives your teeth time to build up their mineral content again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brushing immediately afterward wears&#xA;the enamel away, and can cause dental erosion, which may lead to pain and extreme sensitivity in the teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever you brush your teeth, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/18234/7951&quot;&gt;don't rinse your mouth with water after&lt;/a&gt; because you will rinse away the fluoride provided by the toothpaste used, flushing away the preventative nature of toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T13:36:21.257" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20825" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20826" CreationDate="2020-01-13T19:25:11.557" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question largely arises from a scene in the TV Show Frasier, but it got me wondering, can a Doctor write a prescription for an individual that he knows they need, but has not gone through the diagnostic steps himself (or via an associated lab)? For further context the story from the show is below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the particular episode, Niles, a licensed and practicing&#xA;  psychiatrist and Daphne are at Niles' apartment. Niles is interested&#xA;  in getting physical with Daphne and it appears he might have a chance,&#xA;  however an alarm goes off for her to take her unnamed prescription for&#xA;  a thyroid issue. They go back to Daphne's apartment  to get the&#xA;  medication and sitcom shenanigans occur such that Niles will not be&#xA;  playing doctor with Daphne -- the root cause of this is identified as&#xA;  Daphne having to go back to get her medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Frasier (another licensed psychiatrist) asks niles why he didn't just&#xA;  write a prescription for the medication himself; the question obviously frustrates niles as if this had been a valid option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stripping out all the sitcom shenanigans and reasoning, could a doctor, if he knew a patient needed medication (In the example above, Niles has no reason to believe Daphne is angling to get illicit medications or fool him, but that may play a part in the answer) but had not gone through the diagnostic procedures himself and had no access to reviews those records, legally and ethically write said prescription?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1638" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T20:27:18.763" Title="Can a medical doctor write a prescription which has not gone through a formal diagnosis to identify as needed?" Tags="&lt;prescription&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20825" CreationDate="2020-01-13T20:27:18.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Writing a script for someone so you can &quot;get physical&quot; with them is, of course, an ethical problem. As far as prescribing off the cuff for family and close friends, that depends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be quite common. Over 80% of internal medicine and family practice residents prescribed for &lt;em&gt;&quot;non-patients&quot;&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/195124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this survey&lt;/a&gt;. The wording in itself is troubling. If you write a script for someone, they are your patient. In some jurisdictions you can get in trouble for not creating a chart and documenting your decision to treat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/treating-self-or-family&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This AMA ethical opinion&lt;/a&gt; is about treating one's self or family, but I'd say it applies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In general, physicians should not treat themselves or members of their own families. However, it may be acceptable to do so in limited circumstances:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(a) In emergency settings or isolated settings where there is no other qualified physician available. In such situations, physicians should not hesitate to treat themselves or family members until another physician becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(b) For short-term, minor problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When treating self or family members, physicians have a further responsibility to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(c) Document treatment or care provided and convey relevant information to the patient’s primary care physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(d) Recognize that if tensions develop in the professional relationship with a family member, perhaps as a result of a negative medical outcome, such difficulties may be carried over into the family member’s personal relationship with the physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(e) Avoid providing sensitive or intimate care especially for a minor patient who is uncomfortable being treated by a family member.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(f) Recognize that family members may be reluctant to state their preference for another physician or decline a recommendation for fear of offending the physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2020-01-13T20:27:18.763" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20829" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20830" CreationDate="2020-01-14T20:29:41.930" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-14122-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a recent study on schizophrenia&lt;/a&gt; and came across this sentence: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found significant group and &lt;strong&gt;group-by-region interaction effects&lt;/strong&gt; on volume of distribution (VT). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of this phrase in simple words? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-01-15T04:54:53.973" LastActivityDate="2020-01-15T04:54:53.973" Title="What is the meaning of &quot;group-by-region interaction effects&quot; (PET scan study of brains affected by schizophrenia)?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20829" CreationDate="2020-01-14T22:21:06.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The authors did an experiment with two independent variables: group and region. The groups are &quot;schizophrenia&quot; and &quot;no schizophrenia&quot; (controls). The &lt;em&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt; regions were the frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and hippocampus (they also had exploratory analyses of other regions).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their study was a PET scan, measuring [&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;C]UCB-J as a marker for synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Group effects&quot; means that there was a significant difference between groups overall (independent of region), with lower values in the schizophrenia group. &quot;Group-by-region interaction&quot; refers to a statistical interaction between group and region: that is, the difference between groups differed significantly by region (rather than observing the same difference in every region). In particular, the differences were larger in the neocortical areas compared to hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking about &quot;main effects&quot; versus &quot;interactions&quot; is part of interpreting the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-way_analysis_of_variance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two-way ANOVA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-01-14T23:06:39.800" LastActivityDate="2020-01-14T23:06:39.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-15T10:23:27.863" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I would like to find cheaper Chinese alternative or find a drug by an active substance (by Xylose Isomerase for instance). Is there any site that could help with that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-01-17T15:53:10.843" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T15:53:10.843" Title="Is there common database about drugs from around the world?" Tags="&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20832" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20835" CreationDate="2020-01-15T11:03:21.587" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are five stages of Parkinson's Disease (according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/parkinsons-stages/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/parkinsons-stages/&lt;/a&gt; for instance)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there exceptions or do patients always reach the last stage (5) - assuming they live long enough ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17433" LastEditorUserId="17433" LastEditDate="2020-01-15T15:31:01.463" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T09:20:01.170" Title="Does a Parkinson's Disease always reach the final stage 5" Tags="&lt;parkinson&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-15T14:14:50.247" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know colds come from around 200 different kinds of viruses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But would it be worth the risk to be purposefully infected with every type of strain that causes colds at once, being immune to all of them after? Or would this likely kill someone? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know if there are other diseases where a vaccine isn't available so one just infects oneself so they can prepare for it and get it over with. I know people get chicken pox on purpose when they are a kid but I read it's less dangerous when one is young.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, maybe this would be a way to eradicate the disease if everyone did it? But maybe it would be too risky for certain parts of the population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user16463" LastEditorDisplayName="user16463" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T14:46:09.930" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T14:46:09.930" Title="Would being infected with every kind of cold virus strain at once be a good immunization or dangerous?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-15T23:35:56.490" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because of the way the UV index is calculated, it technically expresses the risk of developing sunburn, which is caused mostly by UVB radiation. However, UVA radiation also causes damage (photoaging, melanoma[22]). Under some conditions, including most tanning beds which generate even higher UV intensities,[23][24][25] the UVA level may be disproportionately higher than described by the UV index. &lt;em&gt;The use of broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen can help address this concern.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical upside  in using a sunscreen that isn't broad spectrum (i.e., protecting against UVA and UVB)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T04:28:22.160" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T04:28:22.160" Title="Is there any medical upside in using a sunscreen that isn't broad spectrum (i.e., protecting against UVA and UVB)?" Tags="&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20832" CreationDate="2020-01-16T02:24:56.477" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parkinson's is a progressive disease &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://parkinsonsdisease.net/basics/stages/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, so in general it's going to progress through all the stages eventually for most patients, but there are very few things in medicine you can say &quot;always&quot; happen (except maybe that exceptions always happen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is progressive and worsens over&#xA;  time, it is highly individual and affects people differently. Not all&#xA;  people who have PD will experience all the symptoms, and symptoms may&#xA;  vary in their severity between patients. Different people experience&#xA;  progression at different speeds, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your basic question is no, stage 5 is not a guaranteed outcome for every patient who lives long enough. It is, however, a likely outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T02:24:56.477" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-16T04:27:47.137" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are &lt;a href=&quot;https://smile.amazon.com/gp/bestsellers/hpc/3774321/?sa-no-redirect=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;collagen supplements&lt;/a&gt; been scientifically shown of any use to help prevent or treat a tendinopathy? If so, what kind of collagen supplements (e.g., type of collagen, source of collagen &lt;a href=&quot;http://amino-collagen.com/collagen-supplements-comparison.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;such as&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20181107235521/https://amino-collagen.com/collagen-supplements-comparison.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) piscine, bovine, porcine, or fowl)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read from {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate, vitamin C, hydrolazed type 1 collagen, arginine alpha-keto-glutarate, bromelain, curcumin, boswellic acid, and methil-sulfonil-methane were considered […]. preclinical results are very encouraging, however they are not fully confirmed by clinical studies. There are few clinical papers on the use of nutraceuticals in tendon disorders, and their methodological quality is poor. Furthermore, in most of the studies more than one supplement was administered at the same time. This may bias the results, and the effect of each single component cannot be determined. Furthermore, the interactions between nutraceuticals and drugs, or other dietary supplements (especially at high doses) has not been evaluated, neither their effects on chronic diseases. For these reasons, it is not possible to draw any definitive raccomendations on the use of nutraceutical supplementation in tendinopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether more conclusive studies have been published since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Federico Fusini, Salvatore Bisicchia, Carlo Bottegoni, Antonio Gigante,3 Fabio Zanchini, and Alberto Busilacchi. Nutraceutical supplement in the management of tendinopathies: a systematic review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2016 Jan-Mar; 6(1): 48–57. Published online 2016 May 19. doi:  [10.11138/mltj/2016.6.1.048] PMCID: PMC4915461. PMID: 27331031. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915461/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915461/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-01-21T03:35:20.103" Title="Are collagen supplements of any use to help prevent or treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20837" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20846" CreationDate="2020-01-16T04:54:03.717" Score="6" ViewCount="141" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in a molecular biology laboratory, where we have a special filtration system for producing ultra-pure water for buffers, reagents, etc. Around the lab, I have heard many times what sounds to me like an urban myth - that drinking water from the ultra-pure system is dangerous because it is extremely hypotonic relative to blood. I certainly know that reducing blood tonicity can be dangerous - my grandmother once had to go to the ER after drinking too much tap water (she drinks Gatorade now). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But could the tonicity of the ultra-pure water really be so low that drinking any at all is dangerous? Is it actually significantly more dangerous than just regular tap water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is purely hypothetical - I have no reason or desire to drink the ultra-pure water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17434" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T12:26:36.903" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T13:39:57.593" Title="Can drinking ultra-pure water be dangerous?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;folk-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20838" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20840" CreationDate="2020-01-16T08:47:07.070" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am from IT domain and would like to seek some help on certain medicine related questions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how does Diabetic specialist hospital/clinic work for Diabetic patients when compared to any other non-specialist hospitals (for treating diabetic patients) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Why do people visit specialist clinic? What is special here? Isn't it because primary care physician is not experienced enough in treating diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) It's not necessary/mandatory for a patient to visit diabetes specialist clinic when he could get the treatment from any primary care physician. Am I right? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Let's say we have patient &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; who has been diagnosed for diabetes and been referred to a diabetes specialist clinic by his primary care physician. So Am I right to understand that patient &lt;code&gt;A&lt;/code&gt; will keep visiting diabetes specialist clinic only for complications related to Diabetes like blindness, cataract, nephropathy etc. or can he visit for anything (medical condition or whatever) unrelated to diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Let's say we have a database of patients from diabetes specialist clinic. This database will only contain info about their visits to diabetes specialist clinic, complications diagnosed for diabetic patients,Drugs prescribed for diabetes complications etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) For example, if I look at the database for T2DM and T1DM drugs (drugs for T2/t1  + associated complications), does it mean all patients (100%) who visited the diabetes specialist clinic will have this info? Because they all are diabetic patients? They ought to have these drugs. Can a patient be treated without prescribing drugs? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6) Is it possible that patients visit diabetes specialist clinic but may not have the T1/T2 drugs? But they are prescribed other drugs unrelated to T1DM and T2DM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, for what sort of conditions do they get prescribed for? Is it possible that diabetic patients contain more than 80% of &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; T1 and T2 drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me with this? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="17323" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T10:03:21.353" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T10:27:37.103" Title="How does Diabetic specialist clinic work?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20839" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20842" CreationDate="2020-01-16T09:22:23.783" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question comes about from another virology question concerning the common cold (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20833/7951&quot;&gt;Would being infected with every kind of cold virus strain at once be a good immunization or dangerous?&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original edit stated that there are over 200 different viruses which cause the common cold, and after reading the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linked Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt;, it said just under the intro panel (the bit with a representation of a virus) what I believed to confirm my initial thought, that it is virus strains not different viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses being the most common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I commented the fact and after editing to suit, the author responded with (emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;@Chris Rogers How do you explain this from wiki?The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The most commonly implicated virus is a rhinovirus (30–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes.[29][30] Other commonly implicated viruses include human coronavirus (≈ 15%),[31][32] influenza viruses (10–15%),[33] adenoviruses (5%),[33] human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, and metapneumovirus.[34] Frequently more than one virus is present.[35] &lt;strong&gt;In total over 200 viral types are associated with colds&lt;/strong&gt;.[3]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not been able to find anything online the difference between the two (if there are any). Are the rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, metapneumoviruses etc. involved different strains of the same virus or are they different viruses all together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T14:51:56.327" Title="Are virus strains different viruses?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20838" CreationDate="2020-01-16T10:22:18.803" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You pretty much answered your questions, except for 5 and 6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Diabetes is a serious disease, so it needs to be diagnosed accurately and complications detected early (some people will already have complications at the time of first diagnosis). All this requires investigations for which &lt;strong&gt;a primary doctor doesn't have equipment/experience and time.&lt;/strong&gt; Also, from all available drugs, a specialist (endocrinologist) needs to figure out an exact type and dose of a drug appropriate for a given patient, which may involve a stay in a clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;strong&gt;The exact diagnosis should be given by an endocrinologist&lt;/strong&gt; when possible. When appropriate treatment is prescribed by a specialist it can be then monitored by a primary doctor - which is the usual practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Yes, a patient will visit a clinic for &lt;strong&gt;complications,&lt;/strong&gt; but because a patient may not be able to detect some complications early enough, a specialist may ask a patient to have a &lt;strong&gt;control&lt;/strong&gt; once a year, for example, even if a patient doesn't have any complications. A common reason to visit a clinic is also to ask for a &lt;strong&gt;change in treatment regime&lt;/strong&gt; (for other types of drugs/insulin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) &lt;strong&gt;A specialist of any kind should have access to a complete medical record of any patient visiting him/her.&lt;/strong&gt; Some diabetic complications need exact diagnosis by other specialists (cardiologist, neurologist...) and they are these specialist who can prescribe appropriate drugs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) and 6) A patient with diabetes type 2 (but not likely type 1) visiting a diabetic clinic may have &lt;strong&gt;no drugs prescribed&lt;/strong&gt; at any time and can be treated solely by a diet and other lifestyle measures. Some patients may initially get some drugs, which can be later discontinued, because they don't need them any more. And some patients will have &lt;strong&gt;no drugs for diabetes, but for other conditions,&lt;/strong&gt; like high blood pressure, prescribed by an endocrinologist or other specialists and all those drugs should be in a database accessible to an endocrinologist. It is also possible for an endocrinologist to prescribe non-diabetic drugs, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/types-of-blood-pressure-medications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high blood pressure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetic neuropathy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;for bowel issues (common in diabetes): &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digestivedistress.com/motility-rx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prokinetics&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/article/antibiotics.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you say that diabetic drugs include only oral glucose-lowering drugs and insulin, then, yes, it's possible that, in the database, you see 80% of drugs that are not strictly for diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T10:27:37.103" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T10:27:37.103" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-16T10:47:51.227" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading about pharmacology through the years I synthesized from my own prior research that &lt;code&gt;What is the process of calculating if a molecule is helpful and/or harmful to an organism&lt;/code&gt; is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A researcher gives a Dose Of Drug (DOD) to an organism with a biochemical problem; from one molecule up to some reasonable amount&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The drug might have some Minimal Effective Dose (MED) by mean of &lt;em&gt;treatment&lt;/em&gt;; likely with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biological half-life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first dose that is both Treating and Harming is TaHDOD, and somewhat larger dose would be lethal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A ratio between MED to TaHDOD, is a Margin Of Safety (MOS). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MOS translated into a dosage is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therapeutic Index (TI)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To calculate TI, two different reasonable dosages are given to one group of organisms (in different, isolated periods) with the same biochemical problem&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The dosage that helps in at least 50% of the cases and isn't significantly harmful is within MOS.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More dosage == More risk ; due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_mass_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Law of Mass Action&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am having a problem to understand what is the process of calculating if a molecule is helpful\harmful to an organism in general and how to understand how biochemists calculate ratio between MED to TaHDOD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the process of calculating if a molecule is helpful and/or harmful to an organism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T09:36:07.717" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T09:36:07.717" Title="What is the process of calculating if a molecule is helpful and/or harmful to an organism?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20839" CreationDate="2020-01-16T10:48:59.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often said that a common cold can be caused by more than 200 different &quot;specific viruses&quot; (rhinovirus, influenza virus...), which suggests 200 virus &lt;strong&gt;species,&lt;/strong&gt; but there are other levels of categorization of viruses (families, genera, &quot;types,&quot; etc.), so this can be a bit of apples and oranges situation, but in any case, 200 specific viruses does not mean 200 strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More than &lt;strong&gt;200 different viruses&lt;/strong&gt; are known to cause the symptoms of&#xA;  the common cold. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-common-cold-virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute of Health&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The common cold is an upper respiratory infection that is caused by&#xA;  several &lt;strong&gt;families&lt;/strong&gt; of viruses. Within these virus families, more&#xA;  than 200 &lt;strong&gt;specific viruses&lt;/strong&gt; that can cause the common cold have been&#xA;  identified. The virus family that causes the most colds is called&#xA;  rhinovirus. Rhinoviruses cause up to 40% of colds, and this virus&#xA;  family has at least 100 &lt;strong&gt;distinct virus types&lt;/strong&gt; in its group. Other&#xA;  important upper respiratory virus families are named coronavirus,&#xA;  adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Since so many viruses can&#xA;  cause cold symptoms, development of a vaccine for the common cold has&#xA;  not been possible. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/common-cold-viral-rhinitis-a-to-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Medical School&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each species of a virus can further appear as different &lt;strong&gt;strains.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In biology, a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used at the&#xA;  intraspecific level (within a species). &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, all different strains of influenza virus will be still called influenza virus and the detailed name will be used only for laboratory/research purposes, not for the &quot;public.&quot; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZeFUL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZeFUL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every year different strains of influenza virus appear, so every year a new vaccine targeted to those strains needs to be developed to be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T14:51:56.327" LastActivityDate="2020-01-16T14:51:56.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20843" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20879" CreationDate="2020-01-16T13:26:41.193" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read different places that neutrophils are primarly increased with bacterial and fungal infections. According to Wikipedia they 'defend against bacterial and fungal infection'. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that a patient has increased CRP levels, but not high enough to let you know that it's most likely a non-viral infection. You also measure leukocytes and find that the patient has increased neutrophils and monocytes, but no increase in lymphocytes. Can the test result on the different types of leukocytes be used as an indicator for a non viral cause of infection like bacterial or fungal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17423" LastEditorUserId="17423" LastEditDate="2020-01-16T20:03:59.340" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T08:05:04.387" Title="Questions about neutrophils" Tags="&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20837" CreationDate="2020-01-16T18:51:35.990" Score="6" Body="&lt;h2&gt;ACUTE effects of drinking distilled water&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind the myth that distilled water is harmful is that its low osmolality (&quot;tonicity&quot;) could dangerously decrease the blood osmolality, which is normally: 285-295 mmol/kg. But distilled water has only slightly lower osmolality (0 mmol/kg) than tap water (~3 mmol/kg) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://sgsm.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Zeitschrift/54-2006-3/Osmolality_54_3_06.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SGSM.ch, Table 2&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;strong&gt;so if drinking appropriate amounts of tap water does not significantly lower blood osmolality, distilled water also shouldn't.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens when you drink distilled water:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is mixed with gastric acid and fluids in the intestine, so at the time of absorption, it's no longer distilled water. Also, at a certain time before and after drinking distilled water, you probably eat something and thus likely get more minerals with food than with most types of water.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When absorbed, it &lt;em&gt;tends&lt;/em&gt; to lower the blood osmolality, which is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which signal the pituitary gland to decrease the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates water excretion in the kidneys until the blood osmolality is corrected (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/adh.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colostate.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find &quot;distilled,&quot; &quot;demineralized,&quot; &quot;reverse osmosis&quot; and &quot;purified&quot; bottled waters in grocery stores on the shelves together with other beverages, so they are not likely &quot;dangerous.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;CHRONIC effects of drinking distilled water&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea behind the hypothesis that long-term intake of distilled water could be harmful is that it could leach minerals from your body. A 1980 report by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientsindw.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Salts are leached from the body under the influence of drinking water&#xA;  with a low TDS. &lt;em&gt;(TDS = total dissolved solids)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 1980 WHO report has been criticized in a 1993 report by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/1993_ConsumptionOfLowTDSWater.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Water Quality Association&lt;/a&gt; who have found no reliable evidence about harmful effects of water with a low TDS on health:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has been concluded that the consumption of low TDS water, naturally&#xA;  occurring or received from a treatment process, does not result in&#xA;  harmful effects to the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another argument against distilled water is that it doesn't contain &quot;healthy&quot; minerals, such as calcium and magnesium. But &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mgwater.com/mgrank.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a list of tap waters from 100 US cities&lt;/a&gt; shows that average tap water contains less than 50 mg Ca and less than 10 mg Mg per liter. So, by drinking 2 liters of tap water per day you could expect to get less than 100 mg Ca and less than 20 mg Mg, which contributes only little to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2019/DRI-Tables-2019/6_DRIValues_Summary.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowance&lt;/a&gt; for adults (Ca = 800-1,000 mg/day; Mg = 350 mg/day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;About water intoxication&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Any&lt;/em&gt; water, distilled or tap, and other beverages that are low in sodium can cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;water intoxication&lt;/a&gt; (dilutional hyponatremia) if you &lt;strong&gt;drink them a lot in a short time, for example, more than 1.5 liters per hour for several hours in a row&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228550291_Current_US_Military_Fluid_Replacement_Guidelines/link/0c960532708622c10b000000/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research Gate&lt;/a&gt;), because your kidneys may not be able to excrete more than 1 liter of water per hour. Again, distilled water is not significantly worse than tap water in this regard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;In conclusion:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Distilled water is not acutely dangerous and there is no reliable evidence of its eventual chronic harms. Anyway, demineralized/distilled water may not be the optimal beverage because it has a flat taste and does not contribute to calcium and magnesium intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-17T13:39:57.593" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T13:39:57.593" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20851" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20852" CreationDate="2020-01-17T16:36:35.157" Score="-1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like a personal body scanner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What kind of things can I buy that's legal and safe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is a ultrasound safe and what kind of things can it see?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think an MRI scanner would be a bit too expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T21:04:09.493" Title="What kind of personal body scanning equipment can you legally buy?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-01-17T23:16:49.503" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20851" CreationDate="2020-01-17T21:04:09.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, medical device sales are regulated by the FDA much like drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like drugs, some items are permitted for over-the-counter (OTC) sale to the public (for example, bandages and thermometers). Others can only be sold to medical professionals. Diagnostic devices that require a professional to interpret are very unlikely to be available OTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries have similar rules according to whatever regulatory body has jurisdiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-01-17T21:04:09.493" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20854" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20861" CreationDate="2020-01-18T13:29:31.710" Score="-3" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IMPORTANT NOTE:&lt;/strong&gt; This question focuses on &lt;em&gt;scientific aspects&lt;/em&gt; of gender dysphoria only. By no means I desire to disrespect anybody and will gladly have comments about any mistake I might have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My following question is specifically with the very basic idea of &quot;mental illness&quot; and nothing else --- Why WHO distinguishes between having a common mental illness (e.g. schizophrenia, depression, etc.) and being a transgender person, which by definition referred to people who &lt;strong&gt;* feel or think to*&lt;/strong&gt; &quot;have a gender identity that differs from their sex assigned at birth&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does being transgender a mental health condition? If no, why not?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;That is to ask; why in some countries health agencies declassify transgender people as having &quot;mental disorder&quot; (in accordance with the world health organisation (WHO))?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;In other words, what makes being transgender different than being mentally ill?&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17445" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-01-21T11:16:40.117" LastActivityDate="2020-01-22T11:43:56.250" Title="Does being transgender a mental health condition? If no, why not?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;disorders&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;&lt;gender-specific&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20854" CreationDate="2020-01-18T15:43:46.253" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Being transgendered is NOT a mental health condition&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Psychiatric Association states that a mental health disorder requires distress or disability (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APA, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A psychological state is considered a mental disorder only if it causes significant distress or disability. Many transgender people do not experience their gender as distressing or disabling, which implies that identifying as transgender does not constitute a mental disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO classified transgenderism as being a &lt;em&gt;gender identity disorder&lt;/em&gt; in ICD-10 under the section entitled &lt;em&gt;mental and behavioural disorders&lt;/em&gt;. However, in the latest version of the ICD, (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICD-11&lt;/a&gt;), gender incongruence is defined as &lt;strong&gt;a marked and persistent incongruence&lt;/strong&gt; between a person's experienced gender and assigned sex and is under the section entitled &lt;em&gt;sexual health&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Lale Say, a reproductive health expert at the World Health Organization, said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was taken out from mental health disorders because we had a better understanding that this was not actually a mental health condition (&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/kyCgz0z05Ik&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Say, 2018&lt;/a&gt;), and leaving it there was causing stigma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APA, (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Answers to Your Questions &amp;amp; About transgender people, gender identity, and gender expression&lt;/em&gt; Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/transgender&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say, (2018) *WHO: Revision of ICD-11 (gender incongruence/transgender) — questions and answers (Q&amp;amp;A) Rterieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/kyCgz0z05Ik&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/kyCgz0z05Ik&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-01-18T15:43:46.253" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-18T18:38:34.567" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that anal sex has higher chances of transmitting HIV for both partners.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I haven't been able to find is if there are risks of unprotected anal sex not present on unprotected vaginal sex, and which are those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The baseline would be a couple that regularly practices condomless vaginal sex (with other contraception methods). What new risks would them be exposed to when engaging on condomless anal sex?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think &quot;asume none of the partners have STIs&quot; is a huge stretch medically speaking, but since that's a risk already accepted on condomless vaginal sex, I'm more interested on any other existing risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17446" LastActivityDate="2020-02-23T12:01:20.110" Title="Risks of unprotected anal sex versus vaginal?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;anus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20858" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-18T22:51:51.683" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now placebo is one thing that is documented and proven.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I came across the following which claims that our beliefs can override drug effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One researcher in this field, Dr. Henry Beecher from Harvard University, explained through some of his experiments that the success we commonly attribute to a medication’s impact on a condition might actually be the patient's belief that this truly is the magic potion. Let’s look at 2 examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most widely known examples of this concept, put into experimental practice, involved 100 medical students who were recruited to test 2 new medications: a “super stimulant” red capsule, and a “super tranquilizer” blue capsule.2 This was what they were told they were given, but in reality the 2 were intentionally switched, that is, the red capsule was actually the tranquilizer (a barbiturate), and the blue capsule contained the stimulant (an amphetamine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of what the participants experienced was striking: They were right in line with the subject’s expectations. The subjects were told that they received a stimulant but it was really a tranquilizer, and felt they stimulated. Meanwhile, those who were told that they would be taking a tranquilizer but actually were given a stimulant felt tired. Taking this yet a step further really drives the power of beliefs home: These students were not given placebos; they got the actual medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/adam-martin-pharmd-acsm-cpt/2018/02/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble finding the actual study to at least see be able to see the Amphetamine dosage that was used in this study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study referenced on the linked site is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blackwell B, Bloomfield SS, Buncher CR. Demonstration to medical students of placebo responses and non-drug factors. Lancet. 1972;1(7763):1279-82.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know where to dig up this study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17449" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-01-18T22:51:51.683" Title="Study about beliefs overriding drug effect" Tags="&lt;drug-tolerance&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20868" CreationDate="2020-01-19T07:11:21.220" Score="4" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I googled and read about the kidneys, bladder, and urethra but no source explains the dynamic process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my own personal experience, the process has four stages:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The muscles are in normal mode. Then, a feeling comes that you need to empty the bladder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The muscles are relaxed so the flow starts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After the last drop, the muscles are contracted and this time a short flow happens (much fewer amount of urine comes out).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Muscles go back to normal mode.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to ask specifically about stage &lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;. Why does the last amount of urine come out this way? Why doesn't it simply go out with the rest of the urine? What's the responsible muscle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-01-20T18:13:33.267" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T18:13:33.267" Title="What's the mechanism of urinating?" Tags="&lt;urine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20859" CreationDate="2020-01-19T07:32:00.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no extra muscle involved - it's like squeezing an almost-empty toothpaste tube to get the last bits of toothpaste out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-01-19T07:32:00.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20854" CreationDate="2020-01-19T07:40:38.303" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Transgender is a very broad and not a very well defined term, but a much more well defined term for which people most often mean is &lt;em&gt;feeling a persistent, consistent and insistent need for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexual&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transsexualism&lt;/a&gt; since early as memory appeared in mind&lt;/em&gt; (most often referred to as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gender dysphoria&lt;/a&gt;) which as of itself is not a mental illness and generally isn't caused by a mental illness as I will further explain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gender dysphoria can be caused by various &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;intersexualism conditions&lt;/a&gt; by which a human is somewhere between a female and a male at least by &lt;em&gt;brain anatomy and physiology&lt;/em&gt; and of course, that effects &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;developmental psychology&lt;/a&gt; in the course of life (hence feeling, in a sense, somewhere between a female-woman and a male-man) but with a case-dependent &lt;em&gt;proper treatment&lt;/em&gt;, if at all needed, a person can live functioning, constructing and possibly very happy life and do lots of good in this world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, gender dysphoria is a &quot;mental condition&quot; in the senses that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It requires tremendous amounts of time and energy to figure out how to deal with the dissonance between &lt;em&gt;gender sensation&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gender identity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and body appearance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;It requires tremendous amounts of time and energy to&lt;/em&gt; chose how to deal with it and doing so in practice, which as of 2020 is going through a most likely (yet not necessary) vast change in body appearance, apparel, cosmetics, bureaucracy and so forth including taking hormonal treatment (and for some trans persons - different types of surgery)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is probably hardest (no pun intended): It requires dealing with ignorance and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;transphobia&lt;/a&gt; and often suffer from drug abuse, harsh violence and so forth (with many transgenders being, sadly, sexually abused, murdered or got suicide)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;That said;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that indeed there are some &lt;strong&gt;non general / extra ordinary / extremely rare&lt;/strong&gt; cases in which some mental illness cause someone (as part of a &lt;em&gt;delusional&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;dissociative&lt;/em&gt; phase) a gender dysphoria so she or he might actually transition based on wrong diagnosis in the end but these sad cases (which are barely seriously researched) will most likely end in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detransition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detransition (permanent type)&lt;/a&gt; and are different than generally all cases of transsexualism in &lt;strong&gt;etiology&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Yet, these rare cases should be taken very seriously as people lost body parts and/or functions (such as gonads, genitals and female breast or hair or got a way softer voice and so forth) &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt; got extra body parts and/or functions (such as female breast or more permanent hair or deeper voice and so forth) for which they are probably regret to this day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I note that these &lt;code&gt;should-end-in-permanent-detransition&lt;/code&gt; cases are neither the majority, nor the most of cases of gender dysphoria, per what I understand and explained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update (comment notes that might get deleted):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;One has to differentiate between a &lt;em&gt;mental state&lt;/em&gt; (or &quot;condition&quot;), a &lt;em&gt;mental disorder&lt;/em&gt; (not being in order with the common mentality which isn't necessarily bad) and a &lt;em&gt;mental illness&lt;/em&gt; (which at least harms or by proper consistent evidence, can consistently harm others and/or a person itself seriously);&lt;br&gt; As I have explained, transsexualism is a technical process that surly isn't a mental illness or disorder and gender dysphoria that usually cause it, generally isn't caused by a mental illness or disorder.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;By my opinion, supporting both those who really need transsexualism and the tiny minority of detransitioners (permanent or not) and finding ways to prevent the extremely rare cases of &lt;code&gt;should-end-in-detransition&lt;/code&gt; transsexualism (especially permanent type) is one way to make this world better.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-01-22T11:43:56.250" LastActivityDate="2020-01-22T11:43:56.250" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20867" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20687" CreationDate="2020-01-20T12:32:12.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short,&lt;/strong&gt; glucose in urine is useful but not completely reliable test for diabetes mellitus, because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It is possible to have diabetes mellitus without glucose in the urine. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rarely, glucose in urine can be due to conditions other than diabetes mellitus, and some drugs and other substances can make the test false positive or negative.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Renal threshold for glucose&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By definition, you have &lt;strong&gt;diabetes mellitus&lt;/strong&gt; if your &lt;strong&gt;fasting blood glucose levels exceed 126 mg/dL&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;200 mg/dL after meals&lt;/strong&gt; or at any random time (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a person with diabetes and healthy kidneys, glucose appears in the urine when the blood glucose &lt;strong&gt;exceeds 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L),&lt;/strong&gt; which is known as &quot;normal renal threshold for glucose&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK245/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Methods, 1990&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The plasma glucose concentration above which significant glucosuria&#xA;  occurs is called the renal threshold for glucose. Its value is&#xA;  variable, and deviations occur both above and below the commonly&#xA;  accepted &quot;normal&quot; threshold of 180 mg/dl. In diabetic patients, the&#xA;  value is reported to vary from 54 to 300 mg/dl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's exceeding the renal threshold for glucose and not kidney disease that results in glucose in the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, that if your blood glucose level in the &lt;em&gt;fasting&lt;/em&gt; state is between 126-180 mg/dL, you, by definition, have diabetes mellitus, but glucose will not appear in the urine. So, you need to make a urine test &lt;em&gt;1-2 hours after a meal.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In adults, the most common cause of glucose in urine is diabetes mellitus (&lt;a href=&quot;https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20140726145258216972&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GPNotebook&lt;/a&gt;), so the urine test for glucose can be used as the first test for diabetes at home or to indirectly check for blood glucose levels by a person with known diabetes. In the hospital, to confirm diabetes, they will usually perform at least two other tests: fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tsts (OGTT) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371451&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Other causes of glycosuria&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other causes of glucose in urine (glycosuria) are rare and most of them are covered by the umbrella term &lt;strong&gt;Fanconi syndrome,&lt;/strong&gt; in which there is a a combination of increased levels of glucose, phosphate, amino acids and bicarbonate in the urine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/renal-transport-abnormalities/fanconi-syndrome?query=Fanconi%20Syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Merck Manual&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genetic causes of Fanconi syndrome are usually discovered in infancy or early childhood and include:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;cysinosis, Wilson disease, hereditary fructose intolerance,&#xA;  galactosemia, oculocerebrorenal syndrome (Lowe syndrome),&#xA;  mitochondrial cytopathies and tyrosinemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acquired causes of Fanconi syndrome may be discovered in childhood or adulthood and include:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...various drugs, including certain cancer chemotherapy drugs (eg,&#xA;  ifosfamide, streptozocin), antiretrovirals (eg, didanosine,&#xA;  cidofovir), and outdated tetracycline. ...renal&#xA;  transplantation...multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, intoxication with&#xA;  heavy metals or other chemicals, or vitamin D deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;False positive and negative results of glucose in urine&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK245/table/A4074/?report=objectonly#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Methods, 1990&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;False positive results can be caused by: cephalosporins, penicillins, salicylates, levodopa, uric acid. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;False negative results can be caused by: 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite), salicylates and levodopa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-20T13:25:03.713" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T13:25:03.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20868" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20859" CreationDate="2020-01-20T15:56:04.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The act of urination goes like this (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/urine-storage-and-elimination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Visible Body&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Micturition, or urination, is the act of emptying the bladder. When&#xA;  the bladder is full of urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall&#xA;  trigger the micturition reflex. The &lt;strong&gt;detrusor muscle&lt;/strong&gt; that surrounds&#xA;  the bladder &lt;strong&gt;contracts.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The internal urethral sphincter&#xA;  relaxes,&lt;/strong&gt; allowing for urine to pass out of the bladder into the&#xA;  urethra. Both of these reactions are involuntary. &lt;strong&gt;The external&#xA;  urethral sphincter&lt;/strong&gt; is voluntary. It must be &lt;strong&gt;relaxed&lt;/strong&gt; for urine to&#xA;  flow through the urethra and outside the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TTbzi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TTbzi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture: Bladder anatomy (source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_bladder.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;, creative commons license)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, to urinate, &lt;em&gt;normally,&lt;/em&gt; all you need to do is to relax the external urethral sphincter. Sometimes, urination can spontaneously stop even if there is still some urine in the bladder; a common cause is &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph/features/enlarged-prostate-bph-complex-problem#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;enlarged prostate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - it often enlarges with age. In this case, pressing on the prostate can remove the remaining urine. Also, it is possible to close the external urethral sphincter more consciously and thus prevent the leak of the remaining urine. The problem with the leak at the end may be relying on the external urethral sphincter to close by itself quickly, while it may need some time to do so if you don't think on it...   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-20T18:01:21.853" LastActivityDate="2020-01-20T18:01:21.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20836" CreationDate="2020-01-21T03:35:20.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Easy answer is simply &quot;we don't know&quot;. The burden of proof is on the manufacturer, who probably will never spend the millions to know. But since it is a nutritional agent, one does not have to substantiate claims, just print it up and sell em. But if you think eating collagen will help joints and tendons, you must also believe that eating teeth will help yours, and eating brain will make yours work better. And that dumping a can of gas on the engine under the hood will make your car more powerful. Unfortunately, collagen is digested into its components just like eating meat, calcium, proteins are digested. Don't waste your money. The claims have no basis in fact, nor do they make any biological sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16991" LastActivityDate="2020-01-21T03:35:20.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20872" CreationDate="2020-01-21T05:48:52.137" Score="3" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a general purpose &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antiemetic&lt;/a&gt; for vomit response control?&#xA;Many vomit control solutions are focused on specific causes for the vomiting. Some common causes of nausea/vomiting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea#Management&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer treatments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Upset stomach/gastric distress&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dehydration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness#Treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Motion sickness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Antiemetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastroenteritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0701/p121.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alcohol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm interested in is medicines or methods to suppress the vomit response in general, or at least cover a broad range of causes. Does such a thing exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17456" LastEditorUserId="17456" LastEditDate="2020-01-21T17:40:06.400" LastActivityDate="2020-01-22T12:47:02.610" Title="General purpose vomit response control?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;vomit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20872" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20870" CreationDate="2020-01-21T18:43:10.097" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537133/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Physiology, Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (StatPearls)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nausea and vomiting are controlled by the &lt;strong&gt;vomiting center&lt;/strong&gt; in the medulla oblongata, which is located between the brainstem and spinal cord. The main part of the vomiting center is the &lt;strong&gt;chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ),&lt;/strong&gt; also known as the &lt;strong&gt;area postrema (AP),&lt;/strong&gt; which receives signals from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the blood (uremia, ketoacidosis, hypoxia, opiates, cancer chemotherapy...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis or gastroparesis - signals travel via autonomic nerve fibers)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the vestibular system (motion sickness, inner ear disorders)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;centers in the brain cortex and thalamus (pain, smells, psychological causes...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/74Iih.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/74Iih.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Picture: Signals that induce vomiting (source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pharmastudyworld.blogspot.com/2017/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharma Study World&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, theoretically, there could be an antiemetic that would &quot;block&quot; the vomiting center and thus relieve nausea from any cause...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...yet, &lt;strong&gt;there are no ideal and universal antiemetics available&lt;/strong&gt; in the&#xA;  clinics because the existing antiemetics target only one or a few&#xA;  stimuli that trigger the reflex. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nusieba_Ibrahim2/publication/332879729_Antiemetic_medications_Agents_current_research_and_future_directions/links/5cfec7eea6fdccd13091c236/Antiemetic-medications-Agents-current-research-and-future-directions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, certain antiemetics can be used to relieve nausea from more than one cause (&lt;a href=&quot;http://file://nukovci/nukci/TSprofiles/rdp03/Downloads/Antiemetics.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here: Table 2&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Indications for antiemetics:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5-HT3 antagonists: ondansetron and palonosetron for chemotherapy-induced and posoperative nausea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;D2 Antagonists:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine, for nausea associated with motion sickness, migraine, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, postoperative, viral gastroenteritis, and severe morning sickness during pregnancy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Butyrophenones, such as droperidol and olanzapine, for nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy and postoperative nausea associated with opioids.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;H1 antagonists: promethazine and dimenhydramine for motion sickness and morning sickness in pregnancy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ACh (M) antagonists (anticholinergics): L-hyoscine as a transdermal patch for prophylaxis of motion sickness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Synthetic cannabinoids: dronabinol and nabilone for nausea associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients who have failed to respond to the other antiemetics&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Corticosteroids: dexamethasone for chemotherapy-induced nausea and for severe morning sickness&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;SP/NK1 antagonists: aprepitant for postoperative and chemotherapy-induced nausea (in combination with dexamethasone)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-22T12:47:02.610" LastActivityDate="2020-01-22T12:47:02.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20875" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20876" CreationDate="2020-01-22T06:34:22.113" Score="3" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I am sorry if it mistaken (please comment or suggest an edit to fix) but by &lt;strong&gt;chronically&lt;/strong&gt; I mean &lt;em&gt;as long as the molecule is administered and effective&lt;/em&gt; and by &lt;strong&gt;permanently&lt;/strong&gt; I mean &lt;em&gt;after the molecule was administered and effected &quot;permanently&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tamoxifen&lt;/a&gt; is a medication with the following main indications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prevention and treatment of breast cancer in humans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least a preventive treatment in cases when gynecomastia can start (such as in teenagers with chest pain or people receiving estrogenic (or doubtfully estrogenic) molecules from whatever reason&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a few years, it was never clear to me from any article I tried to read if tamoxifen is only preventive medicine for gynecomastia (of any type) in any of its &lt;code&gt;probably developmental phases&lt;/code&gt; or also a cure for at least some cases of lipomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do Tamoxifen and other similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SERMs&lt;/a&gt; reduce chest fat chronically or permanently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is to ask; does taking it for enough time (or any described agonist) permanently change the amount of fat cells in the chest and can thus lower lipomastia or similar conditions (further explained below).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Possible derivative questions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What do research about male men with breast cancer indicates?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What do research about male men with lipomastia or similar situations indicate?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What do research about transsexual men (FTM) show?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;That is to ask; do physicians prescribe this hormone (or any other hormone) for transsexual men as part of &lt;code&gt;breast fat reduction therapy&lt;/code&gt; (likely priming a chest reduction surgery)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-01-22T11:53:48.450" LastActivityDate="2020-02-10T07:05:49.987" Title="Do Tamoxifen and other similar SERMs reduce chest fat chronically or permanently?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;&lt;gender-sex-identity&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20875" CreationDate="2020-01-22T11:17:06.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;double-blind crossover study&lt;/a&gt; of placebo and the antiestrogen tamoxifen in ten men with gynecomastia of diverse etiology showed that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The reduction of breast size was partial and may indicate the need for a longer course of therapy. A follow-up examination was performed in eight out of ten patients nine months to one year after discontinuing placebo and tamoxifen. There were no significant changes from the end of the initial study period except for one tamoxifen responder who developed a recurrence of breast tenderness after six months, and one nonresponder who demonstrated an increase in breast size and a new onset of tenderness after ten months. Therefore, antiestrogenic treatment with tamoxifen may represent a safe and effective mode of treatment for selected cases of cosmetically disturbing or painful gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study&lt;/a&gt; conducted to explore the effectiveness of tamoxifen in physiological gynecomastia depicted that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It appears to confirm previous studies that tamoxifen is not only effective with a&#xA;  greater than 80% success rate but also safe. Furthermore, since only one case in our study&#xA;  recurred after stopping tamoxifen, it would indicate the permanent effect of tamoxifen on&#xA;  physiological gynecomastia. In conclusion, we have shown that physiological gynecomastia can be divided into two recognizable forms; fatty and lump gynaecomastia. The overall&#xA;  success rate of tamoxifen to reduce mass and tenderness is high at over 80% for both types, however, the lump form of gynecomastia appears to be completely responsive to this medication.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NG704.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NG704.png&quot; alt=&quot;Source&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supporting the promising therapeutic use of tamoxifen in gynecomastia, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6489180/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a new study&lt;/a&gt; concluded that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tamoxifen, at a daily dose of 20 mg, was administered over 2-4 months to 16 patients with gynecomastia. Of twelve patients with painful gynecomastia ten became pain-free. Gynaecomastia regressed partially or completely in 14 patients, in only 2 was it unchanged. There was no recurrence of gynecomastia after discontinuing tamoxifen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in case of management of Pubertal gynecomastia (it is defined as benign breast enlargement occurring during male puberty without evidence of endocrinopathy, underlying disease, or drug effect), better response to raloxifene than to tamoxifen was found in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15238910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study reported that the real effect of clomiphene in reducing gynecomastia in 18 of 19 pubertal-adolescent patients is based on several grounds.  It is rare to observe a measurable reduction in gynecomastia occurring spontaneously in a period as short as eight weeks, yet this phenomenon was noted in all 18 responders in this series. A recurrence within two months of stopping therapy in three responders implies a definite suppressive effect of the drug. It is noteworthy that no subject showed an increase in gynecomastia during clomiphene therapy. Spontaneous fluctuations in the size of untreated gynecomastia are occasionally seen, but the rapidity, extent, and consistency of the changes we observed with clomiphene treatment argue strongly against the operation of chance events.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022347677803946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, another study concludes that Clomiphene citrate in a dose of 50 mg/day resulted in only small decreases in persistent pubertal gynecomastia and was not a satisfactory medical therapy for the condition.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6637910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526085&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759718&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6489180/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6489180/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15238910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15238910&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022347677803946&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022347677803946&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6637910&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6637910&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="2572" LastEditDate="2020-02-10T07:05:49.987" LastActivityDate="2020-02-10T07:05:49.987" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-22T16:21:09.867" Score="13" ViewCount="1176" Body="&lt;p&gt;How long will it remain potent outside an organism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm thinking in the context of if it can survive a couple of weeks or a month in the mail for the recipient to get infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking at the WHO's page dedicated to the virus, have not found anything pertaining to my question in the PDFs there (maybe I overlooked something, I guess I'm just lacking the proper keyword to use for the search)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried looking at the coronavirus Wikipedia page and have not found anything there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find somewhere that a flu virus would typically not remain potent for more than 14 days outside of an organism, but I'm not sure if this applies to all viruses.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastEditorUserId="491" LastEditDate="2020-01-22T21:59:08.243" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T17:27:29.080" Title="2019 Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) lifetime outside an organism" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20843" CreationDate="2020-01-22T16:59:14.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956278-clinical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leukocytosis (Emedicine)&lt;/a&gt;, in general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neutrophils&lt;/strong&gt; are high in bacterial and low in viral infections.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exceptions: Neutrophils can be low in some bacterial infections, such as typhoid fever, rickettsial infections, brucellosis, dengue, Staphylococcus aureus, tularemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ehrlichiosis and leishmaniasis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1201/p1004.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956278-clinical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lymphocytes&lt;/strong&gt; are high in viral and low in bacterial infections.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exception: Lymphocytes can be high in bacterial infections, such as pertussis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Monocytes&lt;/strong&gt; are high in bacterial infections (tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, brucellosis, syphilis) and many protozoal and rickettsial infections (eg, kala azar, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever), and normal in viral infections.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exception: Monocytes are typically high in infectious mononucleosis and in some other viral infections.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other markers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CRP&lt;/strong&gt; tends to be higher in bacterial than viral infections, but low CRP does not rule out bacterial infections (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511515&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scand J Infect Dis. 1993&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Procalcitonin:&lt;/strong&gt; Bacterial infection is unlikely if procalcitonin is &amp;lt;0.25 μg/l and very likely if it is &gt;0.50 μg/l (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754509/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 2003&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-107&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMC Medicine, 2011&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654123/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 2013&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/procalcitonin-use-in-lower-respiratory-tract-infections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488068/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with fever (Infection, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;high neutrophyl : lymphocyte ratio (NLR)&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;high monocyte : lymphocyte ratio (MLR)&lt;/strong&gt; are much more common in &lt;strong&gt;bacterial&lt;/strong&gt; than viral causes of fever:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the present paper, we demonstrate that NLR and also MLR is higher&#xA;  in patients hospitalized for fever due to bacterial infection, and&#xA;  lower in those with viral infection, than in patients with&#xA;  non-infectious causes of fever (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488068/table/Tab1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-24T08:05:04.387" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T08:05:04.387" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-23T00:08:51.043" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm asking from my boyfriend:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since my childhood, I'm used to use solid body soap when washing my hair in addition to shampoo. I have oily hair and soap can clean it better than a shampoo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I'm using a soap which is stronger and cleans oil better and I feel more refreshing! But I realize that it makes my hair thinner and I feel (maybe not) it caused some hairloss over years. Generally speaking, is body soap dangerous for hair and shall we never use it for hairs? Does it cause hairloss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5334" LastActivityDate="2020-01-23T00:08:51.043" Title="Using body soap on hair" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;bath&gt;&lt;soap&gt;&lt;shampoo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-23T00:21:42.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-23T04:33:59.690" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've always assumed that a CT scan is better at &amp;quot;hard&amp;quot; objects, while an MRI is better at &amp;quot;soft&amp;quot; objects, but then I heard that CT scans (even without contrast) can be used to diagnose soft body issues. So now I'm kind of confused:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there things that an MRI (with contrast) can &amp;quot;see better&amp;quot; than a CT (with contrast)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Are there things that a CT (with contrast) can see better than an MRI (with contrast)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And, for that matter, are there places where an ultrasound can see better than an MRI or CT?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17143" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:39.867" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:39.867" Title="Where is a CT scan better than an MRI, where is an MRI better than a CT scan, and where is an ultrasound better than the first two?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-01-24T02:10:49.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-23T10:15:18.963" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;In some places I have seen that while administering a vaccine it was written that it should be administered &quot;intradeltoid&quot;. Does this mean intramuscular at the deltoid place or some different way of injecting?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17463" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T11:17:13.500" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T11:17:13.500" Title="What does administering a vaccine intradeltoid mean?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20883" CreationDate="2020-01-23T10:58:58.087" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intradeltoid is one of the routes of intramuscular administration, where the injection needle is administered into the deltoid muscle. The deltoid is a triangular-shaped muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder, with three points of origination, the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion, and the posterior border of the spine of the scapula. It inserts into the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral shaft of the humerus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Procedure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;To locate the injection site, expose the shoulder and arm and identify the landmarks-acromion and deltoid tuberosity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Palpate the acromion process by following the clavicle laterally where it articulates with the acromion at the acromioclavicular joint. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;The deltoid tuberosity can be identified in the middle of the anterolateral surface of the humerus where the deltoid tapers into it. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Imagine an inverted triangle with its base just below the acromion process and opposite the tip of the triangle just above the deltoid tuberosity.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Select a spot for an injection in the middle of the triangle, about halfway between the base and tip of the triangle, stretch the skin, bunch up the muscle mass and inject at 90° to the skin surface. &#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4YvwR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4YvwR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the most difficult aspect of injecting the deltoid involves the selection of appropriate needle length. The lengths suggested for use in children range from 16 to 32 mm depending on the age and size of the child. Note that the depth of connective tissue over the deltoid remains relatively consistent (~5 mm) in adolescents regardless of the individual's body-weight. In adults, the suggested range is 25-38 mm, again depending on patient size, with larger patients requiring longer needles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Limitation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A major limitation of this technique is the small size of its target area, which limits the number and volume of injections that can be administered.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ijsronline.net/article.asp?issn=2321-6662;year=2014;volume=4;issue=2;spage=25;epage=28;aulast=Barry#ref4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/70/6/944&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/70/6/944&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173166&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastActivityDate="2020-01-23T10:58:58.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-23T13:26:24.703" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;From prior research I understand that only these types of tissues can cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gynecomastia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adipose tissue&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;watery&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_gland&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mammary Gland Tissue&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;viscous&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive skin tissue (&quot;saggy&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Connective Tissue&lt;/a&gt; fibrosis (&quot;harsh&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I further understand that the similar problem lipomastia is specified by excessive &lt;em&gt;Adipose tissue&lt;/em&gt; in chest with very little (sub clinical) amount, if at all, of Mammary Gland Tissue &lt;code&gt;and/or&lt;/code&gt; Connective Tissue &lt;code&gt;and/or&lt;/code&gt; Excessive skin tissue hence treatment is primarily liposuction or other anti-adipose therapies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might understand wrong in regards to both gynecomastia and lipomastia and excessive &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chest lobe tissue&lt;/a&gt; is also significant, if not at least a possible cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the most significant breast tissues in Gynecomastia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-10T02:37:57.390" LastActivityDate="2020-02-10T02:37:57.390" Title="What are the most significant breast tissues in Gynecomastia?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-24T10:44:56.870" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is already known that combined oral contraceptive (COCs) pills increase the risk of serious complications such as Venous Thromboembolism. However there are other options that have relatively much lower risk compared to the others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, COCs containing Drospirenone such as the brand YAZ has been known to cause a higher 6.3x the risk of blood clotting vs. older forms such as Levornorgestrel with only 4x the risk of blood clotting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Relative risk to non-users of common progestin components used in CoCs &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/news/20090813/which-birth-control-pill-is-safest#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Levonorgestrel boosted the risk of blood clots by nearly fourfold&#xA;compared to nonusers. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gestodene boosted risk by 5.6 times.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drospirenone boosted risk 6.3 times. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cyproterone boosted risk 6.8&#xA;times. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Desogestrel boosted risk 7.3 times.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, despite the higher risks, some OB-GYNs still prefer to prescribe those with higher risk to patients. One of the reasons being that Levonorgestrel is the older generation of progestin used. As reference, my girlfriend's OB-GYN prescribed YAZ (Drospirenone) as it was a newer generation COC and I believe it would help with certain conditions such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) by improving skin acne (if present) among others. But the question is if the benefit of taking risker COCs (in term of blood clotting which can do serious damage) is worth adding the extra risk for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17468" LastEditorUserId="17468" LastEditDate="2020-01-25T18:52:29.723" LastActivityDate="2020-01-25T18:52:29.723" Title="Is there a greater benefit as as to why an ob-gyn will prescribe a birth control with higher risk of Venous Thromboembolism?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20857" CreationDate="2020-01-24T11:22:41.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your scenario:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A couple regularly practices condomless vaginal sex (with other contraception methods). What new risks would them be exposed to when engaging on condomless anal sex?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can contract the same sexually transmitted infections (STIs) via the anorectal route as vaginal (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15262&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Assi et al. 2014&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only extra risk I can think of inherent in condomless anal sex is the risk of a Urinary Tract Infection for the person penetrating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The anus is full of bacteria. Even if both partners do not have a sexually-transmitted infection or disease, bacteria normally in the anus can potentially infect the giving partner. Practicing vaginal sex after anal sex can also lead to vaginal and urinary tract infections. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assi, R., Hashim, P. W., Reddy, V. B., Einarsdottir, H., &amp;amp; Longo, W. E. (2014). Sexually transmitted infections of the anus and rectum. &lt;em&gt;World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 20&lt;/em&gt;(41), 15262. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15262&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15262&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Anal Sex Safety and Health Concerns&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/sex/anal-sex-health-concerns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T11:22:41.050" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-24T12:32:57.500" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question could be naive, but I was not able to find an answer. I have read at several places that viruses tend to evolve to less dangerous forms (HIV for example), se they do not run out of hosts, and eventually disappear. Natural selection, that I understand. What I do not understand, how does a virus 'know' when to start mutation to a less dangerous form? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not they are connected, and tell each other, slow down, we are running out of hosts, let's do something about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this process the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13460" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-01-24T14:35:06.890" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T14:35:06.890" Title="Viruses evolving in less dangerous forms" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-24T14:44:51.743" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;In order to prevent and &lt;em&gt;maybe&lt;/em&gt; (see below) help dissolving kidney stones, I read it is better to dramatically reduce salt intake (among other things). Some sites even recommend a 0-salt diet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While in today's modern societies salt is one of the cheapest ingredients, and many people eat too much sodium, salt is nevertheless a necessary element for the body. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is related to medium sized kidney stones (~8 millimeters) that will require some time to go naturally out of the body, and salt intake:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can the body rely on some sodium reserves during the time it takes to get rid of the intruder? (meaning no salt diet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or is it better to take a minimum of salt daily?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;addendum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;does a low-sodium diet help &lt;em&gt;preventing&lt;/em&gt; kidney stones?&quot;, a search for &quot;low salt kidney stones&quot; returns tons of pages related to the link between salt and calcium, and and the benefits of a low-salt diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for &quot;does a low-sodium diet help &lt;em&gt;cure&lt;/em&gt; (dissolve) kidney stones?&quot; I didn't find a page relevant enough that it deserves to be cited here. That was initially some guess work, which can be well wrong. But some people having a high sodium intake do build stones made in part of sodium. It was my guess that a low-salt diet (or drink a lot to dilute the urine) would produce urine having less salt than the stone itself, and therefore help dissolving it each time some urine is produced by the kidney and &quot;washes&quot; the stone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15911" LastEditorUserId="15911" LastEditDate="2020-01-26T11:40:28.517" LastActivityDate="2020-01-26T11:40:28.517" Title="Kidney stones and sodium (salt)" Tags="&lt;salt&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20893" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20892" CreationDate="2020-01-24T17:18:55.040" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Sodium is an essential nutrient&lt;/strong&gt; so you need to consume it regularly. The safe minimum sodium intake for individuals who do not sweat excessively is said to be 200 mg sodium (500 mg salt) per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234935/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition, 1989&lt;/a&gt;, minimum intake for &lt;em&gt;salt:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In consideration of the wide variation of patterns of physical&#xA;  activity and climatic exposure, a safe minimum intake might be set at&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;500 mg/day.&lt;/strong&gt; Such an intake is substantially exceeded by usual diets in&#xA;  the United States, even in the absence of added sodium chloride.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) When sweating a lot, you may need more than 5 grams of sodium per day:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267797/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sweat rate and sodium loss during work in the heat (PubMed, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People working in moderately hot conditions for 10 hours on average&#xA;  will lose between 4.8 and 6 g of sodium (Na) equivalent to 12–15 g of&#xA;  salt (NaCl) depending on acclimatisation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) What can help to prevent kidney stones?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1201/p1234.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis) (&#xA;Clinical Nutrition Research, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;, these dietary measures can help reduce the risk of kidney stones:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;maintaining healthy weight (probably the strongest effect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sufficient water intake (~1.5-2 liters/day or more when sweating a lot)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low sodium intake (2-3 g sodium/day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high potassium intake (&gt;3 g/day; in fruits and vegetables)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;high calcium intake (at least 1 g/day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low intake of animal protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only moderate intake of vitamin C (&amp;lt;1 g/day; avoiding vitamin C supplements and fruit juices as a source of fluid)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;low oxalate intake - for oxalate stones (avoiding spinach, rhubarb, potatoes, nuts)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diet does not likely cure the established kidney stones. A doctor can tell what is the optimal treatment for a given type and size of stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer more directly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Can the body rely on some sodium reserves during the time it takes to get rid of the intruder (meaning no salt diet)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may go a week on a sodium-free diet, but possibly more or less, depending on the loss of salt with sweat: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2491403/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Salt craving: The psychobiology of pathogenic sodium intake, Physiology &amp;amp; Behavior, 2008&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The classic study by McCance in 1936 was among the first experimental&#xA;  investigations of the effects of sodium deficiency in humans [25].&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Using sodium-free diets and sweating, it took about 7 days to make subjects sodium deficient.&lt;/strong&gt; The experiments were carried out over 11&#xA;  days, therefore all of the effects reported were present within the 4&#xA;  days of sodium deficiency. The participants reported that they&#xA;  experienced extreme, unquenchable thirst. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a short zero-sodium diet would very unlikely have any meaningful effect on kidney stones; long-term zero-sodium diet is not compatible with life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it better to take a minimum of salt daily?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1201/p1234.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(American Family Physician)&lt;/a&gt; recommends limiting sodium intake to 2 g/day (5 g salt/day).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reducing sodium intake as a single dietary measure may have only little effect, so this may work better as a whole approach by also taking care about consuming enough potassium and calcium and avoiding excessive intake of animal protein and vitamin C.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, such approach can be somewhat preventative, but the effect can differ a lot from person to person. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/eating-diet-nutrition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; covers the diet for common types of kidney stones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-25T16:29:27.213" LastActivityDate="2020-01-25T16:29:27.213" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20894" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20895" CreationDate="2020-01-24T22:43:18.030" Score="5" ViewCount="580" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started using MyFitnessPal to try to lose weight and I noticed that a particular beer I had drunk has a tremendous number of calories relative to the number of grams of carbs it contains compared to something like rice or oatmeal.  This ended up being a problem for me, because it made it harder for me to hit my macro goals for the day without going over my daily calorie limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutritional information might be incorrect (this beer isn't from a country that I totally trust the nutritional labels for), or the person who put the nutritional information into MyFitnessPal might have done it incorrectly. I do remember hearing that beer has a lot of carbohydrates, which would seem to go against what I'm saying here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So: Can a calorie be neither protein, carbohydrate, nor fat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16397" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T11:52:37.400" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T11:52:37.400" Title="Can a calorie be neither protein, carbohydrate, nor fat?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calories&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20894" CreationDate="2020-01-24T22:57:35.597" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3015171/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ethanol is caloric&lt;/a&gt; and is neither a carbohydrate, protein, or fat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14173" LastActivityDate="2020-01-24T22:57:35.597" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20896" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20978" CreationDate="2020-01-25T04:34:14.753" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that very typical activities, so typical that people might not even think about them, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Walking primarily or only with shoes instead &quot;flipflops&quot; and alike&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Using proper shoe inserts with shoes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Wearing what I can name &quot;orthopedic sock devices&quot; instead regular socks (I don't know the professional term)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Working half day or one day with a standing stance and another half day or one day in sitting (or in other, better intervals)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changing a chair to one whom gives better support&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Having a 90 minutes massage in an authorized massage entity with skilled, moral/ethical workers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changing rest/sleep pillows, maybe per ergonomics expert (objective) advice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sleep hygiene changes (permitting longer sleep and/or preventing nightmares in case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nightmare disorder&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dietary changes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could save many orthopedic and radiologic tests, rare(?) cases of misdiagnosis and pharmaceutical intervention as well as surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I never came across an orthopedic system with the above or similar guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there standardized first line treatments in neck and/or shoulder and/or back pain for an otherwise healthy person? (someone that actually has no condition or disease at the time of pain)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;There is no understanding-problem to solve here; I don't ask this about a personal medical condition but just of curiosity to expand general knowledge about different guidelines in different systems.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T07:46:02.473" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T07:46:02.473" Title="Are there standardized first line treatments in neck and/or shoulder and/or back pain for an otherwise healthy person?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-25T06:00:05.180" Score="3" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's this &lt;a href=&quot;https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html?fbclid=IwAR3aU7u4xpWmqSI7elfv7edaAI3ozjS5haG6wm2eChMKPOGJaAEw4luKki8#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interactive map&lt;/a&gt; showing progression of Wuhan coronavirus. And among other indicators it also shows number of cured individuals (38 at the moment), which is less than number of deaths, but still. Doesn't it mean that those individuals now have antibodies against the given virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean if there's someone with antibodies, and they had a video on the national TV, releasing cured patient. Why they can't use the case to accelerate vaccine development?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17210" LastEditorUserId="17210" LastEditDate="2020-01-26T07:56:53.940" LastActivityDate="2020-01-26T07:56:53.940" Title="Does someone in world already have antibodies against Wuhan coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-25T17:43:00.577" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are respirators a better alternative to surgical or n95 masks when it comes to preventing infection by the 2019 ncov virus?&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dfWc6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11311" LastActivityDate="2020-01-25T17:43:00.577" Title="Are respirators a better option to prevent infection?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;zoonotic-viruses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-01-26T01:04:27.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-26T10:22:29.773" Score="1" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question popped up as I was wondering if I could use my haze masks in place of a even normal-er surgical mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Didn't find any answers (or even the question) anywhere. I looked up 3M's respirator catalogues but they do not mention any difference between a normal N95 respirator e.g. 8210 versus a medical variant e.g. 1860.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the obvious blue color applied to the medical variant, I am guessing that the medical variants are physically same but that it just had to be put through additional certifications/approvals/tests e.g. BFE. These additional certifications would be additional costs to 3M if they only had one variant as they are not needed if not used for medical purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I am guessing this way as the 9211+ has a sister variant 9322A+ which is only for Australia that is certified to ANZ P2 standards instead of NIOSH N95 standards)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to 3M respirator catalogue:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/769925O/3m-disposable-respirators-catalogue.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/769925O/3m-disposable-respirators-catalogue.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is that apart from the additional paperwork that they have gone through, are the medical variants physically different to normal variants? If so do they make the medical variant marginally better than the normal variants. If the normal variant is inferior, does it hinder its ability to be used for medical purposes? e.g. in lieu of a surgical mask &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17472" LastEditorUserId="17472" LastEditDate="2020-01-26T10:31:20.703" LastActivityDate="2020-01-26T10:31:20.703" Title="How does a &quot;normal&quot; N95 respirators differ from a medical variant N95 respirator?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-01-26T17:05:18.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-26T15:00:29.753" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have an appointment for &quot;Elektiv-Ambulanz&quot;, what does it mean I want to do my surgery as an outpatient instead of inpatient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17475" LastActivityDate="2020-01-26T15:00:29.753" Title="i have appointment for &quot;Elektiv-Ambulanz&quot; (Germany)" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-01-26T16:55:48.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-26T18:38:01.023" Score="3" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the lungs can be subject to bacterial infection, why do there not exist beneficial probiotics that live in lung tissue to combat &quot;bad&quot; bacteria proliferation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17477" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T01:35:07.007" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T01:35:07.007" Title="Are there probiotics for upper respiratory tract tissue?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20909" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20918" CreationDate="2020-01-26T20:22:50.830" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Synergistic painkiller preparations are common world wide in the following &lt;em&gt;combination drug&lt;/em&gt; forms, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;paracetamol-ibuprofen-caffeine&#xA;paracetamol-codeine-caffeine&#xA;aspirin-paracetamol-caffeine&#xA;aspirin-caffeine&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From reviewing different brands I get the impression that caffeine amount moves between 35mg to 65mg, but I might be wrong.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard about maximal caffeine concentration for synergistic painkiller preparations (by which manufacturers work worldwide)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T19:19:07.967" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T19:19:07.967" Title="Is there a standard about maximal caffeine concentration for synergistic painkiller preparations?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20915" CreationDate="2020-01-27T10:50:58.827" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a database of diabetic patients. Mostly 80 % are T2DM patients. Now I would like to identify the T2DM patients based on their conditions reported. I mean when patients visit hospital (diabetic specialist clinic), they report/record their conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I decided that I will use the disorders list &lt;a href=&quot;http://ontoserver.csiro.au/shrimp/?concept=422014003&amp;amp;system=http://snomed.info/sct&amp;amp;versionId=http://snomed.info/sct/900000000000207008/version/20200131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CLICK HERE&lt;/a&gt; of Type 2 diabetes to identify patients who are diagnosed for T2DM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I see that few patients have conditions like below which aren't covered or included in disorders list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; Gastroesophageal reflux disease&#xA; Tinnitus&#xA; Blood chemistry abnormal&#xA; Gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis&#xA; Manifest vertical squint&#xA; Nonulcer dyspepsia&#xA; Chronic gastritis&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and other patient has below two conditions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt; sleep apnea&#xA; obesity&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are the above items missing in the disorders list? Aren't they called complications? Am I right to understand the above conditions have arisen due to T2DM? Because my data is from Diabetes specialist clinic? Am I missing something here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;complications are nothing but diseases arising out of the main condition (which is T2DM) in my case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He has the above conditions because he was diagnosed with T2DM. It can't be due to any other reason right? I mean why does he have to visit Diabetic specialist clinic for above conditions if it's not related to T2DM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I address this scenario? Can you help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="17323" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T11:09:19.477" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T11:31:33.530" Title="How to interpret diabetic complications?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20914" CreationDate="2020-01-27T11:21:56.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Conditions listed in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://ontoserver.csiro.au/shrimp/?concept=422014003&amp;amp;system=http://snomed.info/sct&amp;amp;versionId=http://snomed.info/sct/900000000000207008/version/20200131&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shrimp list&lt;/a&gt; are &lt;em&gt;direct&lt;/em&gt; complications of diabetes type 2. For example, &quot;coronary artery disease&quot; results from 2 pathological processes in diabetes type 2 (hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coronary artery disease can result in congestive heart failure, but this is now a complication of coronary heart disease, not diabetes 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angina pectoris and chest pain are not complications, but symptoms (a complication needs to be &lt;em&gt;a condition&lt;/em&gt;), and these symptoms are from heart disease, not from diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with diabetes type 2 are at increased risk of infections, such as pneumonia, but not every infection will be then listed as a complication of diabetes. The Shrimp list does not mention any infection, because it's still not a direct result of diabetes, it's just from increased risk. Dyspnea is a symptom (not a condition) of pneumonia (not of diabetes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, any individual appearing in a diabetic clinic, can have a condition that is completely unrelated to diabetes and is not its complication, for example, essential hypertension and epidemic vertigo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a complication is a direct consequence of a disease. If that complication results in another complication, the latter may not be considered as a complication of diabetes anymore. In practice, this may not be so matematicaly clean, but that's the principle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if you have a list of complications that are actual complications of diabetes in a certain individual, and you don't know he/she has diabetes, you can't just diagnose them backwards from complications. For example, coronary heart disease is not only a complication of diabetes, but also of high blood pressure, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T11:31:33.530" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T11:31:33.530" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20916" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20928" CreationDate="2020-01-27T12:38:26.007" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say from my limited prior research that the difference between a general &lt;em&gt;numbing agent&lt;/em&gt; or a general &lt;em&gt;anesthetic&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;to&lt;/strong&gt; an &lt;em&gt;analgesic&lt;/em&gt; (or &quot;&lt;em&gt;painkiller&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) is that the former prevents the firing of nociceptors and the latter rather prevents one or more functions of a nociceptor (but not its ability to fire), causing it to fire weaker or, otherwise, interfering its signal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might totally misunderstood something along the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the 4 groups might be synonymous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the essential difference between a general &lt;em&gt;numbing agent&lt;/em&gt; or a general &lt;em&gt;anesthetic&lt;/em&gt; to a general &lt;em&gt;analgesic&lt;/em&gt; (or &quot;&lt;em&gt;painkiller&lt;/em&gt;&quot;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Update&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understand from Brain Krause's great answer:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xA;Hello, thanks for the great answer; I would say that the main thing I wanted to learn is &quot;what is a general numbing agent that would make a man painless or lack pain totally but totally consciousness&quot; and I understand that the correct term is a &quot;powerful enough analgesic (or such preparation) that as of January 202 might not have been discovered yet&quot;.&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T20:45:53.413" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T20:45:53.413" Title="What is the essential difference between a general numbing agent or a general anesthetic to a general analgesic?" Tags="&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;pain-management&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-27T13:41:58.183" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble understanding two related concepts. First, why changes in ERP occur when there is the administration of certain antiarrhythmics (eg: Class IC). A neat explanation that I have developed to make it easier to remember is that IC has a stronger affinity to Na channels, as such, there is an increased block in Na current, which slows the upstroke. This ultimately delays the depolarization and thus the refractory period is delayed as well. I doubt this explanation has any merit in itself and would greatly love it if anybody could explain this concept to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second thing that I am having trouble understanding is the mechanism of actions of antiarrhythmics as a whole. It seems paradoxical that I am asking this after the question above, and I do understand the mechanism of actions of all the classes (Class I= Na channel blocker; Class II= b blockers; Class III= K channel  blockers; Class IV= Ca channel blockers), but I do not understand how blocking these and changing action potential durations can act as anti-arrhythmic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T13:41:58.183" Title="Why do changes in Effective Refractory Period in Response to Antiarrhytmics occur and how do they help in treating the arrhythmia?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiac-physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20909" CreationDate="2020-01-27T15:08:13.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/104188/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2017&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;GRASE dose&lt;/strong&gt; for caffeine is established in the Stimulant Final&#xA;  Monograph as &lt;strong&gt;100-200 mg&lt;/strong&gt; not more often than every 3-4 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;GRASE (generally recognized as safe and effective) is a safety designation the FDA uses for over-the-counter drugs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/training/OTC/topic3/topic3/da_01_03_0040.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA.gov&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a systematic review &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub2/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults (Cochrane, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The addition of caffeine (≥ 100 mg) to a standard dose of commonly&#xA;  used analgesics provides a small but important increase in the&#xA;  proportion of participants who experience a good level of pain relief. &#xA;  It confers an additional benefit amounting to an extra 5% to 10% of patients achieving a good level of pain relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the dose range of 65 mg to 200 mg, no increase in adjuvant effect&#xA;  was noted with increasing caffeine dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if there is no better effect from 65 mg than from 200 mg of caffeine, then there is no good reason to use more than 65 mg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T16:15:02.157" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T16:15:02.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-27T15:59:56.767" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found various and seemingly related explanations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiplying by 10,000 [patient days or patients] standardizes the rate so it can be compared to other hospitals / populations that may have fewer or greater number of patient days or patients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiplying by 10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; converts decimal fractions to a standard population size which is a more understandable description of the prevalence within a population.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiplying by 10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt; is performed because the frequency of the numerator compared to the denominator is usually rather low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third explanation makes the most sense to me, since a relatively small numerator and large denominator can result in very small fractions with lots of leading zeros (e.g., 0.000045) and multiplying by 10,000 would give an easier to read/interpret number (e.g., 4.5). Contrastingly, explanation #1 above is not satisfying since it seems legitimate to compare hospital A with a rate of 0.000045 to hospital B with a rate of 0.000067, for example, without the need to compare these same rates only after &quot;standardizing&quot; / multiplying by 10,000 (e.g., 4.5 vs 6.7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the underlying theory for this type of standardization and why is it so common in health and epidemiological measures (e.g., Clostridium diff. infections, SSERs, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17483" LastEditorUserId="17483" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T20:12:04.950" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T20:12:04.950" Title="Why are health/epidemiology measures usually multiplied by 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, etc.?" Tags="&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20920" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20919" CreationDate="2020-01-27T16:10:16.660" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for convenience, like you point out. The same thing is done in nearly every science, often by changing the SI units scale. We talk about weights of humans in kilograms, but measure drug doses in milligrams and micrograms. For relatively rare cases in a population, the equivalent to talk in terms of N per 10^k. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's difficult to tell at a glance that 0.00010 is larger than 0.000094, and gets harder and harder the more decimal points one has, whereas 1.0 versus 0.94 is less ambiguous. They also take up less space in a table, and are easier for humans to comprehend. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think it makes sense to try to decide on one reason. There is no formal reason at all, but rather a collection of motivations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T16:10:16.660" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20921" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-27T17:19:45.330" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given we are in the same situations, same circumstances and a person is able to sleep fine without any issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are we more stressful at night while we are sleeping or during day when we are up in comparison to each other?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally think stress level should go down when people sleep due to resting &amp;amp; restoring but I am not a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12954" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-01-30T01:46:40.247" LastActivityDate="2020-01-30T01:46:40.247" Title="Does stress level goes down or up while sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-27T21:06:18.803" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a friend asked me what she could expect from alkaline bathings, did &#xA;I know of any evidence. A quick research also did not reveal meaningful data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I know there should be absolutely no resorption of small ionized molecules/salts by the human body skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know of any testings of alkaline bathing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I found so far was not really well designed studies:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269999032_Effectiveness_of_balneotherapy_and_spa_therapy_for_the_treatment_of_chronic_low_back_pain_a_review_on_latest_evidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269999032_Effectiveness_of_balneotherapy_and_spa_therapy_for_the_treatment_of_chronic_low_back_pain_a_review_on_latest_evidence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228292/#!po=19.2308&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228292/#!po=19.2308&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13146" LastEditorUserId="13146" LastEditDate="2020-01-27T21:38:12.107" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T08:36:36.710" Title="Is there any evidence for any positive effects on body functions by alkaline spas?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;alkaline&gt;&lt;skin-absorption&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-27T22:11:55.223" Score="1" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ynetnews.com/article/H1I22Zh11I&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a coronavirus outbreak in China&lt;/a&gt;. I order many packages from China, mostly electronics parts. I see that I have dealt with distributors on Aliexpress from Wuhan, the coronavirus epicenter, and other affected cities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any chance of coronavirus, or other commutable diseases, being transmitted via post?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1844" LastActivityDate="2020-01-27T22:11:55.223" Title="Might the coronavirus be transmitted by packages shipped from China?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-01-28T01:20:21.613" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20927" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-28T11:39:53.150" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know how long does the HSV-1 virus lasts on, say, a tube of lip-balm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I ask is I believe I gave myself a new cold sore by using a tube of lip balm that I had last used when I had a cold sore (about 3 weeks previously) but I'm unsure if the surface can stay infected for that long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only seem to be able to find information about how long cold sores are contagious when experiencing a &quot;break out&quot; online - e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326350.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicalNewsToday&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17489" LastEditorUserId="17489" LastEditDate="2020-01-29T11:40:23.600" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T11:40:23.600" Title="How long should I quarantine items contaminated with the HSV-1 Virus (Cold Sore)?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;contaminate&gt;&lt;cold-sores&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20916" CreationDate="2020-01-28T17:50:11.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only one of those categories that should get the &quot;general&quot; modifier is &lt;em&gt;anesthetic&lt;/em&gt; - this is to contrast them with &lt;em&gt;local&lt;/em&gt; anesthetics, which are the &quot;numbing agents&quot; you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;General anesthetics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anaesthetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;General anesthesics&lt;/a&gt; are agents that cause &lt;em&gt;loss of consciousness&lt;/em&gt;. They prevent conscious perception of pain by causing loss of consciousness, rather than impacting pain pathways directly (some can also have direct analgesic effects, but this is not part of being a general anesthetic). It is still possible under general anesthesia for other systemic responses to pain to occur, and painful stimuli can cause arousal under lower levels of anesthesia. Therefore, general anesthesia is typically used alongside other methods for pain reduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several classes of general anesthetic. Commonly used are inhaled anesthetics like sevoflurane, intravenous anesthetics like propofol, and ketamine (which is a bit atypical). The mechanism by which general anesthetics causes loss of consciousness is a current area of research without clear answers, even though more is known about the molecular targets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Local anesthetics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drugs you call &quot;numbing agents&quot; are called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;local anesthetics&lt;/a&gt;. Local anesthetics block neuronal activity - they aren't particularly specific in a pharmacological sense. Instead, they gain specificity for pain by local administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The canonical class of local anesthetics are the '-caine's. Consumers are likely most familiar with lidocaine (available in over-the-counter creams for topical use) and procaine/Novocain (common in dentistry), but many other derivatives are used. Cocaine is also in this group, though typically used as a drug of abuse for other reasons, rather than as a local anesthetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The shared mechanism of these drugs is a block of sodium channels, which prevents neurotransmission. Local anesthetics can be applied topically, to target pain receptors, or can be injected in the vicinity of a nerve to block sensory neurotransmission through that nerve. Epidural anesthesia, such as used during child birth, is a particular use of local anesthesia targeted to the spinal cord.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Analgesics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Analgesics&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;painkillers&quot;) more selectively target pain pathways. There are several classes, most medically relevant are the opioids, NSAIDs, and paracetamol/Tylenol. Opioids primarily target pain through inhibition of mu-opioid receptors; NSAIDs and related drugs through inhibition of COX-1/COX-2 and suppression of prostaglandin synthesis; the mechanism of paracetamol in pain relief is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caveats&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, all these drugs have affects on other systems, as well. Opioids in particular are not themselves typically considered general anesthetics (high doses can cause loss of consciousness, but the margins for safety are not acceptable for most purposes), but can aid in general anesthesia. The classification into these three categories is about the primary mechanisms of action at the doses they are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-01-28T17:50:11.993" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20923" CreationDate="2020-01-28T18:43:08.763" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In short, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneotherapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;balnotherapy&lt;/a&gt; (bathing and exercising in mineral water)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;does not likely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;provide essential minerals through dermal absorption&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, other rheumatic conditions, osteoarthritis or fibromyalgia better than hydrotherapy (immersing in plain water)... &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...but may help in dealing with stress associated with rheumatic conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In certain European countries with a lot of natural spas, it's a habit that a doctor prescribes balnotherapy to a rheumatic or orthopedic patient as a form of physiotherapy; it's meant more as a stress relief than actual cure.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Can minerals be absorbed through the skin?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did this research about dermal absorption of minerals once and the only thing I found is a small study in which they observed that bathing in &lt;strong&gt;Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate)&lt;/strong&gt; was associated with increased blood magnesium levels (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epsomsaltcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/report_on_absorption_of_magnesium_sulfate.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;epsomsaltcouncil.org&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a review in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579607/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrients, 2017&lt;/a&gt; other forms of magnesium, such as magnesium chloride, are not likely absorbed through the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found any evidence that any other essential mineral would be absorbed through the skin in meaningful amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Does balnotherapy has any beneficial health effects?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26158921&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Balneotherapy (or spa therapy) for rheumatoid arthritis. An abridged version of Cochrane Systematic Review (European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Overall evidence is insufficient&lt;/strong&gt; to show that balneotherapy is more&#xA;  effective than no treatment; that one type of bath is more effective&#xA;  than another or that one type of bath is more effective than exercise&#xA;  or relaxation therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Osteoarthritis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/625440&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evidence-based hydro- and balneotherapy in Hungary—a systematic review and meta-analysis, International journal of biometeorology, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on the results, we conclude that balneotherapy with Hungarian&#xA;  thermal-mineral waters is an effective remedy for lower back pain, as&#xA;  well as for knee and hand osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/osteoarthritis-knee-update/research-2017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: An Update Review (AHRQ, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma, balneotherapy, and whole body&#xA;  vibration show &lt;strong&gt;medium-term benefits.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fibromylagia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227103/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Therapeutic benefit of balneotherapy and hydrotherapy in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Arthritis Research &amp;amp; Therapy, 2014)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;High-quality studies with larger sample sizes are needed&lt;/strong&gt; to confirm&#xA;  the therapeutic benefit of BT and HT, with focus on long-term results&#xA;  and maintenance of the beneficial effects. &lt;em&gt;(BT = balnotherapy; HT =&#xA;  hydrotherapy)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Immunity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6032246/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy? (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Balneotherapy is an effective complementary approach in the management&#xA;  of several low-grade inflammation- and stress-related pathologies,&#xA;  especially rheumatic and metabolic conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-29T08:36:36.710" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T08:36:36.710" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20878" CreationDate="2020-01-28T19:53:29.927" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since it seems unlikely that these data are available already from the novel virus, I'll refer to other coronavirus strains associated with outbreaks, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-CoV&lt;/a&gt; coronavirus associated with an outbreak in 2003 and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;MERS-CoV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reference to the stability of the virus outside the body for SARS-CoV, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70863/WHO_CDS_CSR_GAR_2003.11_eng.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO consensus document said&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Data from the Chinese University in Hong Kong indicated that SARS-CoV has&#xA;  been isolated from stool on paper, a Formica surface and a plastered wall after 36 hours, on a plastic surface and stainless steel after 72 hours, and after 96 hours on a glass slide.&#xA;  Hospital environmental samples from a number of sites, including walls and the ventilation&#xA;  system, tested PCR positive in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A later follow-up confirmed that SARS-CoV is viable possibly for days in the right conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the present study, we have demonstrated that SARS CoV can survive at least two weeks after drying at temperature and humidity conditions found in an air-conditioned environment. The virus is stable for 3 weeks at room temperature in a liquid environment&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Chan, K. H., Peiris, J. S., Lam, S. Y., Poon, L. L. M., Yuen, K. Y., &amp;amp; Seto, W. H. (2011). The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Advances in virology, 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests that SARS-CoV was better at surviving in the environment than other related strains, especially in cool temperatures. However, there was still a substantial decrease in viral titre by 1 week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For MERS-CoV,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MERS-CoV virus could still be recovered after 48 hours&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...on plastic and steel surfaces, though not at 72 hours, at 20C. The virus degraded more quickly at higher temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., &amp;amp; Munster, V. J. (2013). Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Eurosurveillance, 18(38), 20590.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the new 2019-nCoV virus is similar to these, there is a risk of environmental transmission particularly in high-exposure locations like hospitals. It seems far less likely to be a risk after multiple weeks, but there is still little known about the new strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to find more than speculation about rates of actual infection due to exposure in these conditions, but that speculation is mostly focused on the health care setting and in particular on transmission in health care settings despite extensive precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very difficult to connect culture viability to actual transmission risks, and not really ethical to swipe different concentrations of a coronavirus on the surfaces of a room and let people wander through to see how many get sick. Therefore, the best evidence for surface transmission of these viruses is when other methods of exposure can be mostly ruled out, and this is a very imperfect estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-01-29T17:27:29.080" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T17:27:29.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-28T21:26:14.603" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a database of diabetic patients. Mostly 80 % are T2DM patients. Now I would like to identify the T2DM patients based on their conditions reported. I mean when patients visit hospital (diabetic specialist clinic), they report/record their conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal to consider items like &lt;code&gt;Type 2 diabetes mellitus with Ulcer&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Rubeosis iridis with T2DM&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Retinopathy with T2DM&lt;/code&gt; etc as diagnosis for T2DM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought we should only look for &lt;code&gt;Type 2 diabetes mellitus&lt;/code&gt; in condition table because this to me seems like a diagnosis for T2DM. But can the above (or similar) items be considered for T2DM diagnosis and if yes, why? Because I see it is being considered&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me understand this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2020-01-28T21:26:14.603" Title="T2DM diagnosis vs disorder due to T2DM diagnosis?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-29T06:17:29.227" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have never noticed this before with my friend, but at a recent party, he would start talking to me, and his lips/mouth would start talking, then words/sounds would follow maybe 2 seconds later.&#xA;Sorry, this is hard to explain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's as if, he thought he was speaking, then turned on the voice late.&#xA;I have known this gentleman for several years and never notices this before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a known condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. I found something on Google about tardive dyskinesia, but that looked rather uncontrolled. With my friend, he moved his lips as if he was forming words. Not some random movements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17492" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T06:17:29.227" Title="My friend was talking to me, but he would move his lips for several seconds before there was sound" Tags="&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-01-30T02:33:01.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-29T06:36:23.777" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does exist database with symptoms of 2019-nCoV (without personal data) and especially the duration of illness. How long it lasts? Who can access this data? I want to do some data mining(to calculate mortality rate, for example). Where can I find such trustworthy information about diseases like nCoV-2019?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6704" LastActivityDate="2020-01-29T06:36:23.777" Title="Database with cases of coronavirus (2019-nCoV)" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20935" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-29T09:38:18.760" Score="2" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Imagine a worst case scenario. Millions of people infected by an virus in the west. Governments willing to provide all ressources, no matter the cost. Could a hugely increased budget even be effectively used to accelerate the development of a drug or is the bottelneck somewhere else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm considering an effort on the scale of the Manhattan project.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To clarify I'm looking for scientific studies or even better papers issued by a major government discussing this.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17494" LastEditorUserId="17494" LastEditDate="2020-01-31T16:18:44.107" LastActivityDate="2020-01-31T16:18:44.107" Title="By how much could we accelerate medical development of a vaccine for a pandemic?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20938" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-30T05:55:30.580" Score="3" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many times you hear about a disease being more dangerous to the young and to the elderly. But what are the (approximate) ages that these statements are referring to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="385" LastActivityDate="2020-01-30T11:45:49.210" Title="What ages are included by 'the young and the elderly&quot;" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20938" CreationDate="2020-01-30T08:44:18.827" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Young:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13167/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Definition of Older Adolescent and Young Adult&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For the purposes of this review, the older adolescent-young adult age&#xA;  range is considered to be &lt;strong&gt;15 to 29&lt;/strong&gt; years of age. Most of the&#xA;  published analyses that have been performed on this age group were&#xA;  performed on subgroups in this age range, such as &lt;strong&gt;15 to 19, 20 to&#xA;  29, and 16 to 21 years of age.&lt;/strong&gt; When known, the age range is&#xA;  specified in this review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Elderly:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term elderly usually refers to those &lt;strong&gt;age 65 or older.&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;Examples of the article titles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4573668/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Polypharmacy Among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the United States: 1988–2010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/65over.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;People 65 Years and Older &amp;amp; Influenza&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other age categories&lt;/strong&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/Pages/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthychildren.org&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Downloads/Modules/PQI/V60-ICD10/TechSpecs/PQI_Appendix_D.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Newborn (neonate)&lt;/a&gt;: birth to 28 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Baby (infant): birth to 1 year&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Toddler: 1-3 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ta3612&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Preschool child&lt;/a&gt;: 2-5 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;School child 5-12 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Teen: 12-18 years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Adult: 18 years and older&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285482/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Postmenopausal&lt;/a&gt;: after cessation of menstruation: 45 years in average&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-01-30T11:45:49.210" LastActivityDate="2020-01-30T11:45:49.210" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20943" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-01-31T01:49:12.350" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am looking at the different clinical interests of dermatologists on the clinic's website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One provider lists their clinical interests as general dermatology and medical dermatology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering what is the difference between the two subspecialties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17502" LastActivityDate="2020-01-31T01:49:12.350" Title="Difference between medical and general dermatology" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-01-31T16:45:47.483" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20952" CreationDate="2020-01-31T12:13:03.833" Score="4" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;​‎I hear a lot of people using the words &quot;cure&quot; and &quot;recovery&quot; interchangeably. Are these two words interchangable in epidemiology? What's the difference between these two in terms of medical terminology?  If someone has got recoverd from a disease,  does that mean they've been cured of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" OwnerDisplayName="user54581" LastEditorUserId="9074" LastEditDate="2020-02-01T06:12:44.753" LastActivityDate="2020-02-01T06:12:44.753" Title="How do you distinguish between &quot;cure&quot; and &quot;recovery&quot; in terms of medical terminology?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20951" CreationDate="2020-01-31T15:38:46.493" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a semantic question, so there is no correct answer across all contexts; I think you will not receive an answer which will be universal. However, these words are used carefully and technically in literature and scientific communication. You are right in that they are sometimes used rather interchangeably in colloquial conversation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try illustrate with some simple examples; taking a look in medical dictionaries would give you an idea of how the word &lt;em&gt;has been and ought to be used&lt;/em&gt;, though remember that all dictionaries are descriptive, not prescriptive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Treatment&lt;/strong&gt; refers to the subjection to some agent or action. Biomedically, the effect of the treatment must be quantifiable and comparable with other treatments, or lacks of treatment, or controls such as placebos. A &lt;strong&gt;placebo&lt;/strong&gt; is also technically a treatment. You subject a patient to a dosage of a drug, or a therapy session, and compare the relative efficacy to other treatments, in an operationalized manner, in order to arrive at a demonstrable conclusion about a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;strong&gt;cure&lt;/strong&gt; is a treatment which is more widely understood, agreed or shown to resolve disorders. Most typically, 'cure' is used for treatments that &lt;em&gt;completely&lt;/em&gt; resolve disorders; you'd say &lt;strong&gt;partial cure&lt;/strong&gt; if it is incomplete in its action, when you can determine the end-goal very well. This is not used as much in biomedicine because usually no one treatment is responsible for full health; aspirin's ability to lower fevers cannot be said to be a cure for fever, only a good treatment; some fevers cannot be eliminated with aspirin, and it takes the action of the body and the exact state of illness for this to be the case. Also, it is vital to be mindful of the difference between symptom and cause: a fever is a symptom, and cures typically deal with the root (underlying) cause. This is the difference between taking antibiotics for infection, versus taking zinc supplements to shorten the duration of a cold. Treatments may or may not target underlying causes; cures directly work on root causes (I cannot think of counterexamples). Case in point: hepatitis B has no cure, only treatments. A potent anti-venom could be said be a cure for venom in the blood, as its action and effect is rather straightforward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recovery&lt;/strong&gt; is usually a judgment of the extent and duration of an ailment. Recovery and remission are related; one could say that a cancer in remission is a requisite for recovery from cancer. A complete recovery after a common cold, for instance, is when one judges that they are no longer infectious, and one's body is not actively fighting the virus anymore; there are no detectable signs of the illness. You could say you have made a full recovery in such cases; for psychiatric conditions, recovery tends to be &lt;strong&gt;partial&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;intermittent&lt;/strong&gt;, so you have to be specific and use the word carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, to answer your question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If someone has got recovered from a disease, does that mean they've been cured of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can recover &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; a cure or treatment. Your body's natural defenses are never counted as a 'treatment' in epidemiology. Curing is always an action, never an inaction. It would be nonsensical. Recovery is a more abstract concept. You can cure many things without full recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="S Pr" LastActivityDate="2020-01-31T15:38:46.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20955" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-01T05:09:09.723" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand the following background: normally, our breathing rate, depth and rhythm are controlled by the brainstem. Other central and peripheral regulatory factors influence our breathing, including chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors can influence breathing rate by detecting oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was told that with regular practice of a specific breathing technique, by exposing the central chemoreceptors to higher levels of co2 repeated, I could reduce their sensitivity to CO2 levels and reduces sympathetic nervous system activation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Setting aside any health claims for these results, I simply wish to know if it &lt;strong&gt;is possible to reduce chemoreceptor sensitivity to carbon dioxide&lt;/strong&gt; through training?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, is there evidence that freedivers (or others who practice apnea training) have reduced chemoreceptor sensitivity to carbon dioxide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17511" LastActivityDate="2020-02-01T05:09:09.723" Title="Is it true that we can reduce chemoreceptor sensitivity to carbon dioxide?" Tags="&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;&lt;apnea-holding-breath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-02T04:26:35.660" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND:&lt;/strong&gt; Retrobulbar haemorrhage may occur due to retrobulbar block. Immediate pressure bandage after instilling one drop of 2% pilocarpine and postpone of operation for a week is advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the rationale for instilling pilocarpine incase of retrobulbar haemorrhage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does its miotic action prevent expulsion of the lens and vitreous due to retrobulbar pressure (from blood)? How is it helping?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8823" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-02-02T12:07:58.223" LastActivityDate="2020-02-02T13:06:09.153" Title="Rationale for Pilocarpine instillation after retrobulbar haemorrhage" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20959" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20958" CreationDate="2020-02-02T13:06:09.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RH) is (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johnson et al., 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an ocular emergency resulting from arterial bleeding in the orbital cavity behind the eye. Because the orbit is a relatively fixed space, increasing volume will increase orbital and intra-ocular pressure, resulting in compression of orbital structures and ischemia of the eyeball and optic nerve (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-117X(81)90005-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ord, 1981&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure about postponing surgery by one week when &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johnson et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt; also points out that prompt recognition of RH is imperative, given that a delay in surgery of as little as 90 to 120 minutes can result in permanent vision loss. &lt;a href=&quot;https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Retrobulbar_hemorrhage&amp;amp;oldid=47711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hwang et al. (2015)&lt;/a&gt; points out, it is crucial to decompress the orbit and relieve pressure to prevent compartment syndrome and permanent vision loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pilocarpine can be used for reduction of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) and protection of the lens by causing miosis prior to surgery (McEvoy, 2003) although &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johnson et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical treatment should be initiated immediately and typically involves an osmotic agent, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and a high-dose steroid. Osmotic agents, such as intravenous mannitol, shrink the vitreous body and reduce orbital volume; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as intravenous acetazolamide, reduce intraocular pressure by inhibiting aqueous production; and steroids decrease inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgery for retrobulbar haemorrhage involves lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis. This can be performed under local or general anesthesia and might involve evacuating the haematoma and decompressing the orbit (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.089&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Winterton et al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hwang, F. S., Patel, A. S., Murchison, A., Feldman, B. H., Burkat, C. N., &amp;amp; Akkara, J. D. (2015). Retrobulbar hemorrhage. In &lt;em&gt;American Academy of Opthalmology EyeWiki&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Retrobulbar_hemorrhage&amp;amp;oldid=47711&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://eyewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Retrobulbar_hemorrhage&amp;amp;oldid=47711&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Johnson, D., Schweitzer, K., &amp;amp; Sharma, S. (2009). Answer: Can you identify this condition?. &lt;em&gt;Canadian Family Physician, 55&lt;/em&gt;(6), 607. pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2694085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2694085&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McEvoy, G. K. (2003). &lt;em&gt;AHFS Drug information 2003&lt;/em&gt;. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ISBN: 1585280399&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ord, R. A. (1981). Post-operative retrobulbar haemorrhage and blindness complicating trauma surgery. &lt;em&gt;British Journal of Oral Surgery, 19&lt;/em&gt;(3), 202-207. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-117X(81)90005-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/0007-117X(81)90005-6&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6945123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6945123&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Winterton, J. V., Patel, K., &amp;amp; Mizen, K. D. (2007). Review of management options for a retrobulbar hemorrhage. &lt;em&gt;Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 65&lt;/em&gt;(2), 296-299. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.089&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.089&lt;/a&gt; pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17236937&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;17236937&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-02T13:06:09.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20960" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21063" CreationDate="2020-02-02T13:54:22.443" Score="2" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recommended grapefruit-seed extract by several people and did some research. &#xA;It convinced me to a level I'm willing to try it but there was something that puzzled me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &quot;Grapeseed-Extract-Guy&quot; (Robert Franz) does an interview and tells that, in contrast to Germany, in the US and in Brazil, grapefruit-seed extract is successfully used in the hospitals for disinfection:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iD-I_uqJ5Co&amp;amp;t=2s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iD-I_uqJ5Co&amp;amp;t=2s&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Minute 1:00, in German)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked into it and it seems grapefruit seeds really do have disinfection purposes. But is it correct that it's used in hospitals? And are there sources for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17515" LastEditorUserId="17515" LastEditDate="2020-02-04T11:32:56.827" LastActivityDate="2020-02-12T14:44:56.920" Title="Grapefruit-seed extract for disinfection?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20962" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20965" CreationDate="2020-02-02T17:39:51.440" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;At some laboratories, such as image #1, there is one overall &quot;test&quot; which contain many &quot;markers&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At other laboratories, such as image #2, there is one overall &quot;report&quot; which contain many &quot;tests&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So some use &quot;test&quot; to describe the overall collection, and others use &quot;test&quot; to describe the individual things inside the collection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Which way is the optimum use of English?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Would one say &quot;my glucose &lt;strong&gt;marker&lt;/strong&gt; was high&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lab #1&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8U0gU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8U0gU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lab #2&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ogTlb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ogTlb.png&quot; alt=&quot;Lab #2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastEditorUserId="7453" LastEditDate="2020-02-02T18:24:02.370" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T13:25:30.713" Title="Is a lab “test” the overall collection of things, or the individual things in the collection?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20964" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-02T21:22:31.097" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is considered a &quot;complete&quot; workup of cryptogenic stroke?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone presents with symptoms consistent with stroke and receives:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;PE&lt;br&gt;&#xA;EKG and external monitoring,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;MRI with contrast/MRA of head and neck, (MRI revealed small area (4mm) of ischemia in parietal lobe, without edema, not present on previous MRI 4 years earlier for first migraine),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;CTA of head and neck (neg),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Tranthoracic Echocardiogram (neg),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Transesophageal Echocardiogram (neg),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;carotid duplex and transcranial ultrasonography (neg),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;CBC w/ diff, metabolic profile, coag studies, everything including serum porcelain levels (all neg)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;hypercoagulability studies (results pending),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Hematological w/u for occult cancer (neg),&lt;br&gt;&#xA;d/c with a subcutaneous loop recorder to r/o paroxysmal atrial fib&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a complete workup? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would further w/u be of any benefit (against the possible risk) in finding the origin of the stroke? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to add: As this may be an important detail, the patient is young. (30)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-02-02T23:53:01.617" LastActivityDate="2020-02-02T23:53:01.617" Title="What, if any, are reasonable further tests for evaluation of cryptogenic stroke?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20962" CreationDate="2020-02-03T09:02:49.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if you get the results of several tests on one paper, every single test is a separate test. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cardiosmart.org/healthwise/tr61/46/tr6146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;electrolyte panel&lt;/a&gt; can contain results for sodium, potassium, chlorine and bicarbonate &lt;strong&gt;tests,&lt;/strong&gt; but you don't need to use the word &quot;test&quot; when describing the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When describing the results of actual tests in practice, you can use &lt;strong&gt;levels,&lt;/strong&gt; which can be either &lt;strong&gt;high&lt;/strong&gt; (or elevated) or &lt;strong&gt;low&lt;/strong&gt; (or decreased). You can use levels for minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium), vitamins, blood cells (leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes...), glucose, cholesterol, liver enzymes, etc. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My blood potassium level was high.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My fasting blood glucose was high. (You can skip the word &quot;level&quot; and also the &quot;test.&quot;) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My HDL cholesterol was low.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My neutrophils were slightly increased.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunological/allergic tests can be &lt;strong&gt;positive&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;negative.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My skin prick test result for wheat was positive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My test for antinuclear antibodies was negative.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there are several possibilities how to mention or not mention the &quot;test&quot; or &quot;result&quot; or &quot;level.&quot; You can skip them all if the meaning is clear from the context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't heard or read that any doctor or health article writer would use &lt;strong&gt;&quot;marker&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; for any test result presented to a patient. Authors usually use the term when discussing new tests in development or comparing new and old type of tests to say, which test result more reliably show the underlying pathology. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes: glycated hemoglobin is a marker of diabetes and CVD risk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843836/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Markers of Atherosclerosis, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment Patterns Among Middle-Aged Adult Patients with Heart Failure in Kenya&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-03T13:25:30.713" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T13:25:30.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20967" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20968" CreationDate="2020-02-03T15:46:33.010" Score="3" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I get infected once with the virus which causes a common cold, does that mean I will not get infected with the same strain of the virus ever in my lifetime? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the immune system capable and smart enough to recognize the viruses that have infected me in the past,  and kill them before it initiates its incubation within a cell? If so, why do I keep getting a common cold again and again? Do I keep exposing myself to a new different strain of the same virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the fact that there are over 200 different types of viruses that cause a common cold. To what extent do you think creating a universal vaccine for the common cold could be successful, and what are the challenges facing scientists in creating a successful universal vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9074" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T22:51:39.737" Title="Will there ever be a universal vaccine for the common cold?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20967" CreationDate="2020-02-03T18:45:57.267" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If I get infected once with the virus which causes a common cold, does that mean I will not get infected with the same strain of the virus ever in my lifetime? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on quirks of your immune system and the viral load you're exposed to, but in theory (based on vaccination and other studies), presence of the virus will trigger a suppressive response, not to nasal mucosal invasion but to viral replication and cell destruction/inflammation to the degree that you clinically manifest &quot;a cold&quot;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your quirks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553670/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The persistence of high-titer serotype-specific antibody is associated with protection from infection as well as reduced symptom severity following experimental challenge with the same serotype&lt;/a&gt; (52). However, there is little cross-neutralization among serotypes, which presents a challenge to vaccine development, given that there are more than 100 different known HRV serotypes (53). Further support for the role of humoral immunity in the prevention and control of HRV infection was observed in a study of patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. These patients experienced more frequent and severe HRV infections than their healthy spouses despite the administration of replacement immunoglobulin therapy (54).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's only the beginning. Immunology is very complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To what extent do you think creating a universal vaccine for the common cold could be successful...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Close to, if not, zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are about 120 distinctly different serotypes of rhinovirus which cause the &quot;common cold&quot;, which could require 120 separate vaccines. Also a significant percentage of &quot;colds&quot; are caused by other types of viruses (coronavirus - like tat in China right now, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses) as well as some bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Human coronaviruses, members of the Coronaviridae family, were first identified in 1962 and have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/31/1/96/321510&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;particularly difficult to isolate by use of standard cell culture techniques&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One needs to reliably grow a virus before making a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Efforts at vaccine development are hindered by the existence of more than &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553670/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;100 HRV serotypes with high-level sequence variability in the antigenic sites&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Compared to patients with coronavirus-associated colds, there is no difference in respiratory symptom severity or duration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is a light at the end of the tunnel: the older you get, the fewer new viruses you're exposed to (if you stay in one geograpical location), and the fewer colds you get. I haven't had a &quot;common cold&quot; in a few years now. If I move across the continent, I will have more colds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-02-04T00:08:29.290" LastActivityDate="2020-02-04T00:08:29.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20967" CreationDate="2020-02-03T19:07:06.190" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edit: I'm new at this. In response to recommendations I received I've attempted to insert web citations. LMK if I did it wrong...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, your immune system can recognize and protect against viruses you've been infected with in the past. That's why folks typically only get the chickenpox once. But getting a cold does NOT protect you against future colds, largely for the same reasons that a vaccine is highly unlikely (read on...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are multiple barriers to creating a successful vaccine against the common cold. First, as you noted, what we call 'the common cold' is really a constellation of symptoms that can be caused by over 200 different organisms &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355621/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, most of them viruses (including rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus) but also some bacteria (haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and a couple others named ___ pneumoniae)&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC104573/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. A successful vaccine would need to protect against at least the most common ones (similar to the yearly flu vaccine which typically covers 3 strains of influenza) - a more difficult task than creating a vaccine for, say, polio (which only has 3 strains &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/polioviruscontainment/diseaseandvirus.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). Second, the reason you have to get the flu shot every year is because the virus mutates. The same goes for cold viruses - they mutate, and rather frequently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355621/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, meaning a new vaccine would need to be developed at least annually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally colds frankly just aren't a very high priority. While it is true that young babies, the very elderly, and those with certain health conditions can suffer serious complications from a cold, most of us just get an annoying cough &amp;amp; nasal symptoms for a few days. Not a lot of investment is going to be made in preventing such a disease &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-there-will-never-be-a-vaccine-for-the-common-cold-770451#mild-illness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt; (especially when there's so much money to be made in mitigating treatments).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a pediatrician [all of the above is factual information except the $ made from cold treatments which represents my opinion ;) ]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17520" LastEditorUserId="17520" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T22:51:39.737" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T22:51:39.737" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20970" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="20980" CreationDate="2020-02-03T19:32:51.930" Score="33" ViewCount="14098" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the data on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Tracker&lt;/a&gt;, as of 3rd February 2020 there were 17491 confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally, 536 total recoveries and 362 deaths.&#xA;From my non-expert calculation this implies a mortality rate of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(Nd / (Nd + Nr)) * 100 = 41%&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nd is the total number of deaths,&#xA;Nr is the total number of full recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This leaves 16593 people still suffering from the disease who have neither recovered or died.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is in stark contrast to the publicly disseminated value of ~2% mortality, so have I made a mistake in my calculation or assumptions, or is COVID-19 much more dangerous than commonly claimed?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[After a helpful discussion in the comments, 'mortality rate' is not the correct term to use here, instead I should say '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/case-fatality-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Case Fatality Ratio&lt;/a&gt;'.]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17521" LastEditorUserId="17521" LastEditDate="2020-04-19T19:49:57.093" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T19:49:57.093" Title="Does COVID-19 have a case fatality rate of 41%? Is this formula correct?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-03T20:14:01.543" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of public, business, and office bathrooms that I see follow the same formula:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No toilet seat lid covers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Power flush&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Individual stalls with closeable door; hand-washing outside the stalls&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on what I've read, I have identified numerous critical sanitation flaws with this design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first obvious problem is the lack of toilet seat lid covers. Flushing without the cover on can produce a disgusting aerosol that's literally full of crap and possibly infectious. There's even an academic journal article detailing this phenomenon (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4692156/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4692156/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of public/business/office use bathrooms have exceptionally powerful flush, which would intuitively cause a larger aerosol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next major and obvious problem is that the user is not given the chance to wash hands in the bathroom stall. This presents 2 significant consequences: #1 users have to pull their pants up or put their clothes back on normally &lt;strong&gt;without washing their hands&lt;/strong&gt;, so their clothes become potentially contaminated, and #2 the stall door handle/lock-unlock mechanism also gets contaminated in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these legitimate concerns - or exaggeration bordering on paranoia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9695" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T20:14:01.543" Title="Is the design of most public and office bathrooms badly defective from a sanitation perspective?" Tags="&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20970" CreationDate="2020-02-03T20:17:53.467" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The equation you use for mortality is only really useful in the very long term for a known disease, when most cases have resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not very informative in the short-term, when the vast majority of total cases are neither deaths nor recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Right now, the vast majority of people diagnosed have a mild illness and are very unlikely to die, but it takes a long time for them to be considered in the &quot;recovered&quot; category. Additionally, many of those who have died are particularly vulnerable. From WHO:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As with other respiratory illnesses, infection with 2019-nCoV can cause mild symptoms including a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever.  It can be more severe for some persons and can lead to pneumonia or breathing difficulties.  More rarely, the disease can be fatal. Older people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as, diabetes and heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill with the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimates for mortality that you see in the news might instead be based on deaths/cases, or are based on expert comparisons to past epidemic coronavirus strains and knowledge of the typical course of the illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, we don't know how accurate the numbers are, especially for cases. There may be many more mild cases that go unreported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There won't be good estimates of the actual mortality rate until more time has passed, and even in that case it is unlikely that a single number will be very informative. Instead, the risk will vary by age and other factors. Good sources for information, like the WHO, don't report mortality rates: they are only reporting cases and deaths at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some good sources for further information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/wuhan-novel-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/wuhan-novel-coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-02-03T20:17:53.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20975" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-04T09:23:04.850" Score="2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a person has myopia and requieres a basic correction of −6 dioptres to restore normal distance vision. Instead, he wears weaker eyeglasses, say -5.5 or -5. Can this fact have any effect (positive or negative) on the further development of his myopia? I.e., is the myopia more/less likely to worsen as a result of wearing weaker-than-needed eyeglasses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastActivityDate="2020-02-04T09:23:04.850" Title="The effect of inaccurate eyeglasses on development of myopia" Tags="&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20970" CreationDate="2020-02-04T15:34:55.793" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to chime in with an explanation of &lt;em&gt;what exactly&lt;/em&gt; is wrong with the calculation offered in the question, rather than just saying &quot;it's a wrong formula&quot;. Understanding the &quot;whys&quot; of the fallacy is important. So I'll try to answer your question from the math point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR: The root cause of the fallacy is that recovery takes much longer that death.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;(Nd / (Nd + Nr)) * 100 = 41%&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  where: Nd is the total number of deaths,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Nr is the total number of full recoveries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That formula (and the logic behind it) is correct as long as &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; both refer to &lt;strong&gt;the same fixed group of people&lt;/strong&gt;. That is, if we had picked &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; infected people, waited for them &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; to reach the final state (recovery or death), and put those &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; to that formula above - then yes, it would give the statistical mortality rate in that group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the current counts of recovery/death outcomes do not refer to &lt;em&gt;the same group&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; in each WHO report refers to the group of all people infected thus far since the start of the outbreak. But the final outcome of &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; people in that group is yet unknown. Daily &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; refers only to a subgroup of all those infected (excluding those unknowns), see? So you can't take &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; from a WHO report and put those numbers to that formula - that would be apples and oranges...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To illustrate this point, consider a grossly simplified imaginary situation:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;there's a disease which may lead to death on the 3rd day, while the rest of infected people will fully recover on the 15th day. In that case, &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; in the official report would encompass all people infected 3 days ago and before, while &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; would encompass all people infected 15 days ago and before. Given the high flow of new confirmed cases coming each day, the difference between those two groups is huge: it is all those people infected in 12 days!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our real case that difference is far greater than &lt;code&gt;Nr&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Nd&lt;/code&gt; combined, which means the error from ignoring that difference renders the calculation totally useless. (Well, it's useful as an absolute upper limit, but no more).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17530" LastEditorUserId="17530" LastEditDate="2020-02-04T15:54:21.083" LastActivityDate="2020-02-04T15:54:21.083" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20896" CreationDate="2020-02-04T15:58:07.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pain without a known organic cause can be called &quot;non-specific&quot; or &quot;functional&quot; or &quot;stress-related&quot; or &quot;idiopathic&quot; and can result from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mechanical stress by improper posture at desk or during sleeping or walking or by forced repeated moves at physical work or exercise, carrying a heavy backpack or bag and such&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Psychological stress associated with increased tension in the muscles, which becomes a mechanical problem (a psychosomatic condition) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neck Pain (BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-specific neck pain&lt;/strong&gt; has &lt;strong&gt;a postural or mechanical basis&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  affects about two thirds of people at some stage, especially in middle&#xA;  age. Acute neck pain resolves within days or weeks, but may become&#xA;  chronic in about 10% of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Standarized first line treatments&quot; are usually recommended for actual organic diseases, so there may be no such standards for &quot;otherwise healthy people with neck pain&quot; and it all depends on the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A reasonable initial approach is to &lt;strong&gt;identify the cause/trigger of pain and make appropriate changes&lt;/strong&gt; (it may take several days to observe the improvement). It's on the &quot;patient&quot; to identify the cause and remove it - this part may not need any doctor's intervention and may include any change mentioned in the question and more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The systematic review about Neck Pain linked above mentions that stretching and strengthening exercises may also help. Anyway, if the cause is identified and removed, such exercises may not be needed. They also say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Analgesics, NSAIDs, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants are widely&#xA;  used to treat chronic neck pain, but we don't know whether they are&#xA;  effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We don't know whether traction, PEMF treatment, TENS, heat or cold,&#xA;  biofeedback, spray and stretch, multimodal treatment, patient&#xA;  education, soft collars, or special pillows are better or worse than&#xA;  other treatments at reducing chronic neck pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, without removing the cause, the mentioned active treatments may just mask the original problem. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cause is psychological (anxiety, anger, frustration, lack of goal...), an appropriate approach is to discuss the problems &lt;em&gt;with an experienced person one can trust.&lt;/em&gt;     &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T07:39:18.097" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T07:39:18.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-04T16:25:34.813" Score="1" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many fictional media sometimes a character goes through a lot of pain and ends up being unconscious because of it. It this true or at least possible? In that case, why that would happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17532" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T13:39:08.807" Title="Does intense pain cause people to lose consciousness?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;nervous-system&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20980" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20970" CreationDate="2020-02-04T16:36:16.247" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;The definition of mortality rate that you've given does not match any practical definition I'm familiar with.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When people talk about the mortality rate of a disease, what they &lt;em&gt;usually&lt;/em&gt; mean is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;case fatality rate&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;death-to-case ratio&lt;/a&gt;, which is simply defined as &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt; /  &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;, where  &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt; is the number of deaths attributed to the disease over a given time period and &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; is the total number of new cases of the disease observed during the same time period.  By this definition, the current case fatality rate of 2019-nCov according to your quoted figures is 362 / 17491 ≈ 2.07%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The &lt;a href=&quot;https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;tracker&lt;/a&gt; seems to have been updated since you asked your question, and now lists a total of 20679 confirmed cases and 427 deaths, for a CFR of 427 / 20679 ≈ 2.06%.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*) As a theoretical definition of the mortality rate &lt;em&gt;in the long run&lt;/em&gt;, when all infected patients have either died or recovered, it can sort of make sense.  But then it becomes equivalent to the usual definition of the case fatality rate.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To compare this with your definition of &quot;mortality rate&quot; (as &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt; /  (&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt; + &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;), where &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt; is the number of individuals who have recovered from the disease), we need to start by observing that there's no single universal and unambiguous definition of what &quot;recovering from a disease&quot; means.  Commonly used definitions tend to be something like &quot;no symptoms for &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; days&quot; and/or &quot;viral load below &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt; particles per mL for &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; days&quot; or simply &quot;whenever a doctor declares that you're healthy again and lets you out of the hospital&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's say that we're using a (somewhat) objective definition of recovery like &quot;no detectable symptoms for two days&quot;.  The first observation is that any epidemic first observed less than two days ago would, according to your definition, inevitably have a mortality rate of 100% simply because none of the people infected so far would have had time to be considered definitely recovered yet.  (That is assuming that at least one person had died from the infection; otherwise both the numerator and the denominator would be zero, and the rate thus undefined.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, even after some of the earliest cases have been symptom-free long enough to be counted as recovered, your definition would still yield a highly upwards biased estimate of the &quot;true&quot; long-term fatality rate during the early phase of the epidemic, when the number of new cases per day is still increasing.  This is because, for most infectious diseases, any deaths typically occur when the disease is at its most severe state, whereas those who survive the disease will then experience a gradual decline in symptoms as their immune system succeeds in halting and reversing the progress of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an illustrative example, let's consider a hypothetical disease with a theoretical 1% long-term average CFR — that is to say, exactly 1% of all (recognizably) infected patients will die of the disease.  Let's further assume that this disease typically takes two days to progress from the initial onset of recognizable symptoms to the state of maximum severity, which is when most of the deaths occur.  After this, assuming that the patient survives, the symptoms gradually decline over the following three days.  As remission is possible (but rare), doctors will generally consider a patient recovered only after showing no symptoms for at least two days.  Thus, a typical case would progress as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;onset of symptoms → increasing symptoms (2 days) → peak severity → declining symptoms (3 days) → no symptoms → observation (2 days) → officially recovered (total time: approx. 7 days from onset)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or, for the 1% of patients for whom the disease is fatal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;onset of symptoms → increasing symptoms (2 days) → death (total time: approx. 2 days from onset)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's assume that, during the early period of an epidemic when the infection is still spreading exponentially, the number of new cases increases by a factor of 10 every three days.  Thus, during this period, the number of new cases, recoveries and deaths per day might grow approximately as follows (assuming for the sake of the example that exactly 1%, rounded down, of the patients diagnosed on each day will die two days later):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    |     cases     |   recovered   |     deaths    |         |            |  &#xA;day |   new | total |   new | total |   new | total | Nd / Ni | Nd/(Nd+Nr) |&#xA;----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+------------+&#xA;  1 |     1 |     1 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  2 |     2 |     3 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  3 |     5 |     8 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  4 |    10 |    18 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  5 |    20 |    38 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  6 |    50 |    88 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  7 |   100 |   188 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |        N/A |&#xA;  8 |   200 |   388 |     1 |     1 |     0 |     0 |   0.00% |       0.0% |&#xA;  9 |   500 |   888 |     2 |     3 |     1 |     1 |   0.11% |      25.0% |&#xA; 10 |  1000 |  1888 |     5 |     8 |     2 |     3 |   0.16% |      27.3% |&#xA; 11 |  2000 |  3888 |    10 |    18 |     5 |     8 |   0.21% |      30.8% |&#xA; 12 |  5000 |  8888 |    20 |    38 |    10 |    18 |   0.20% |      32.1% |&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see from the table above, naïvely calculating the case fatality rate as (total number of deaths) / (total number of cases) during this exponential growth period does underestimate the true long-term CFR by a factor of (in this case) about 5 due to the two-day lag time between infection and death.  On the other hand, using your formula of (total deaths) / (total deaths + recovered) would &lt;em&gt;overestimate&lt;/em&gt; the true CFR by a factor of about 30!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, let's assume that, after the first 12 days, the growth of the epidemic saturates at 10,000 new cases per day.  Now the total numbers will look like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    |     cases     |   recovered   |     deaths    |         |            |  &#xA;day |   new | total |   new | total |   new | total | Nd / Ni | Nd/(Nd+Nr) |&#xA;----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+------------+&#xA; 13 | 10000 | 18888 |    50 |    88 |    20 |    38 |   0.20% |      30.2% |&#xA; 14 | 10000 | 28888 |    99 |   187 |    50 |    88 |   0.30% |      32.0% |&#xA; 15 | 10000 | 38888 |   198 |   385 |   100 |   188 |   0.48% |      32.8% |&#xA; 16 | 10000 | 48888 |   495 |   880 |   100 |   288 |   0.59% |      24.7% |&#xA; 17 | 10000 | 58888 |   990 |  1870 |   100 |   388 |   0.66% |      17.2% |&#xA; 18 | 10000 | 68888 |  1980 |  3850 |   100 |   488 |   0.71% |      11.2% |&#xA; 19 | 10000 | 78888 |  4950 |  8800 |   100 |   588 |   0.74% |       6.3% |&#xA; 20 | 10000 | 88888 |  9900 | 18700 |   100 |   688 |   0.77% |       3.5% |&#xA; 21 | 10000 | 98888 |  9900 | 28600 |   100 |   788 |   0.80% |       2.7% |&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, the two measures of mortality rate do eventually start converging as the growth of the epidemic slows down.  In fact, in the long run, as the majority of patients either recover or die, they do both end up converging to the &quot;true&quot; long-term case fatality rate of 1%.  But by then, the epidemic will be basically over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are various ways to obtain a more accurate estimate of the long-term fatality rate even during the early exponential growth phase of an epidemic.  One such method would be to look at the outcomes of a single cohort of patients diagnosed at the same time.  For our hypothetical example epidemic, looking e.g. at just the 1000 patients diagnosed on day 10, we could get an accurate estimate of the CFR by day 12 simply by dividing the 10 deaths &lt;em&gt;within that cohort&lt;/em&gt; by the total number of patients in the cohort.  Furthermore, observing multiple cohorts would give us a pretty good idea of how long after diagnosis we would need to wait before the estimated case fatality rate for each cohort gets close to its final true value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately carrying out this kind of cohort analysis for 2019-nCov would require more detailed information than the tracker you've linked to provides.  Even the &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1UF2pSkFTURko2OvfHWWlFpDFAr1UxCBA4JLwlSP6KFo/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;time series spreadsheet&lt;/a&gt; the tracker links to doesn't directly provide such detailed cohort data, although it might be possible to obtain better estimates from it by making some more or less reasonable assumptions about the typical progress of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Addendum:&lt;/strong&gt; A few preliminary cohort studies of the kind I describe above do appear to have already been published for 2019-nCoV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern&quot;&lt;/a&gt; by Wang &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China&quot;&lt;/a&gt; by Huang &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;, both published on January 24 in &lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;/em&gt;, note that, out of the first 41 patients diagnosed with 2019-nCoV before Jan 2, 2020 in Wuhan, six had died (and 28 had been discharged, leaving seven hospitalized) by Jan 22, giving a case fatality rate of 14.6% in this cohort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they do advise treating this figure with due caution, noting a number of reasons (besides just the small number of cases examined) why it may not fully reflect the eventual long-term CFR:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;em&gt;However, both of these&lt;/em&gt; [CFR] &lt;em&gt;estimates&lt;/em&gt; [of 14.6% from the 41 patient cohort and of 2.9% from all 835 cases confirmed at the time of writing] &lt;em&gt;should be treated with great caution because not all patients have concluded their illness (ie, recovered or died) and the true number of infections and full disease spectrum are unknown. Importantly, in emerging viral infection outbreaks the case-fatality ratio is often overestimated in the early stages because case detection is highly biased towards the more severe cases. As further data on the spectrum of mild or asymptomatic infection becomes available, one case of which was documented by Chan and colleagues, the case-fatality ratio is likely to decrease.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a later paper titled &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study&quot;&lt;/a&gt; by Chen &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;, published on Jan 30, that examines a cohort of 99 patients diagnosed between Jan 1 to Jan 20 and reports a CFR of 11% within this cohort.  However, the study only followed these patients up to Jan 25, by which time more than half of them (57 out of 99) still remained hospitalized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11944" LastEditorUserId="11944" LastEditDate="2020-02-06T21:26:46.177" LastActivityDate="2020-02-06T21:26:46.177" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20981" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-04T20:58:32.927" Score="4" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilblains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chilblains - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; are typically caused by too rapid heating of cold toes, whether induced by environmental cold or by poor circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cold feet put into warm water can feel painful, like they are in scalding water.&#xA;Cold toes especially can have very poor circulation (to preserve body heat).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When toes are exposed to heat, such as warm water, their blood vessels dilate and allow blood to flow more freely.&#xA;Unfortunately they can heat unevenly, and some parts of a toe will suddenly have free flowing blood while other parts are still constricted.&#xA;This unbalanced situation can cause physical damage to the blood vessels, known as chilblains, with symptoms similar to first and second degree burns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having a drink of alcohol before taking a bath or shower is an effective method of helping to prevent this damage.&#xA;The alcohol increases the circulation throughout the body by dilating the blood vessels.&#xA;A few minutes after a drink, one's toes will have already regained full circulation and become warm.&#xA;So when they eventually do encounter the warm bath water, chilblains can't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But continual use of alcohol, even when literally taken &quot;for medicinal purposes&quot;, isn't necessarily a good idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other vasodilators (or other treatments) that can be used for the same purpose that don't have potentially harmful side-effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T00:07:33.323" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T00:07:33.323" Title="What are safe vasodilators to help prevent chilblains?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;toe&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20982" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20979" CreationDate="2020-02-04T21:48:43.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL:DR:&lt;/strong&gt; No, not usually.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It this true or at least possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible, but it is not common. People in an incredible amount of pain most often endure it without passing out. Others pass out at the sight of a drop of blood (a classmate of mine in medical school, every single time), the sight of a needle (a man in the ED who was about to get stitches), the sight of a child's minor injury (my friend whose daughter sustained a minor laceration at my house) or for other reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you see a theme here, that's part of the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neurocardiogenic syncope (NS) is the most common cause for loss of consciousness.  Basically what that means is that fainting is caused by the nervous system slowing the heart rate down (in the presence of venous dilation) to the point that not enough blood is being pumped to the brain to keep someone conscious. These people fall, usually to the ground, where they regain consciousness as the heart rate increases and more blood is made available to get more oxygen to the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8528491&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurocardiogenic syncope&lt;/a&gt; is a collective term used to describe the clinical syndromes of syncope that result from inappropriate, and often excessive, autonomic reflex activity, and manifest as abnormalities in the control of vascular tone and heart rate. These include carotid sinus syndrome, vasovagal syncope, and the syndromes of cough, deglutition, and micturition syncope. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vagus nerve can be stimulated by fear (including fear of pain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vagus nerve stimulation causes (among other things) a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-physiology/article/effects-of-direct-sympathetic-and-vagus-nerve-stimulation-on-the-physiology-of-the-whole-heart-a-novel-model-of-isolated-langendorff-perfused-rabbit-heart-with-intact-dual-autonomic-innervation/BBC94C4AE2EA69F2128B1173E797431C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decreased heart rate&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00547.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decrease in cardiac muscle contractility&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, pain causes the opposite effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/108/5/838/266506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pain&lt;/a&gt; stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn increases heart rate (HR) and causes peripheral vasoconstriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also increases the contractility of heart muscle (it is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/cpd-and-learning/learning-article/use-of-inotropes-in-critical-care/11049283.article?firstPass=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;positive inotrope&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To (over)simplify, mild fear in susceptible people stimulates the vagus nerve to the point of causing decreased blood flow to the brain resulting in passing out. Pain, however, causes a sympathetic output which counteracts (and inhibits) the fear driven vagal effects on the heart. The more adrenaline and noradrenaline pain causes, the less likely the person is to pass out from pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personal experience:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all of my years as an ER doctor, I have never seen anyone pass out (or give a history of passing out) from pain, and I have seen all kinds of pain of every severity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Recently I sustained a severe (comminuted, displaced) fracture of my lower leg. Without any pain management, an orthopedic resident pulled, twisted, pushed and otherwise manipulated my leg for about 20 minutes to try to align the fracture better in anticipation of surgery the next day. (He failed.) I think it was the worst pain I've ever endured, but I was very much awake.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Finally, I knew and worked with a very experienced emergency physician who was in an MVA in which she was pinned in her vehicle, and was found on extraction to have lost both of her lower legs. Because they were still crushed, there wasn't sufficient blood loss to cause her to pass out, and &lt;strong&gt;she directed her own rescue to the paramedics&lt;/strong&gt; (ED doctors give what's referred to as &quot;medical command&quot; verbally to paramedics in the field. She effectively - and without passing out - gave the paramedics her own medical command.)&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-02-04T23:21:41.310" LastActivityDate="2020-02-04T23:21:41.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20984" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T01:16:03.997" Score="1" ViewCount="130" Body="&lt;p&gt;If heroin overdose is so mortal, would it be a reasonable way to do euthanasia?&#xA;Would it be a good death? Or it can be in some way painful?&#xA;It's better for euthanasia than phenobarbital?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10930" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T19:24:39.770" Title="If heroin overdose is so mortal, would it be a reasonable way to do euthanasia?" Tags="&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;euthanasia&gt;&lt;heroin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-09T16:23:54.770" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20987" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T07:57:03.450" Score="0" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rhinitis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt; → from prior reading on these terms I recognize somewhat inconsistency in regards to how people define them or use them in various articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally understand that &lt;em&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/em&gt; (&quot;blocked nose&quot; or &quot;shutted nose&quot;) and &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt; (&quot;phlegmy nose&quot;) are both &lt;strong&gt;possible&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;symptoms of Rhinitis&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mammal with Rhinitis can have either &lt;em&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt;, or &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt;; depends on the condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I further understand that there are sub types of both &lt;em&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt; symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion, a great source of confusion is that sub types of &quot;nasal congestion&quot; are usually presented as sub types of Rhinitis in general (instead as sub type of a sub type of Rhinitis), for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rhinitis nonallregic (vasomotor)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rhinitis allergic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Rhinits medicamentosa (can be a sub type by itself → of nonallergic (&lt;code&gt;'vasomotor'&lt;/code&gt;, because it also does with the &lt;em&gt;motion&lt;/em&gt; &lt;code&gt;'motorics'&lt;/code&gt; of blood vessels similarly to with Rhinitis vasomotor)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mixed Rhinitis: Having one or more types of Rhinitis at once&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Interim notes&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I understand that differentiating between &lt;em&gt;Rhinitis vasomotor&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Rhinitis allergic&lt;/em&gt; is done by scoping the color of the nasal mucus; usually, very red color means vasomotor and very yellow color means allergic but often it is hard to differentiate and a combined therapy (for both) is given.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In comparison to &lt;em&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/em&gt; sub types, I don't know about &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt; sub types (if at all exist).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between Rhinitis, nasal congestion and runny nose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T09:22:23.577" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T18:21:41.350" Title="What is the difference between Rhinitis, nasal congestion and runny nose?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;vasomotor-rhinitis&gt;&lt;nasal-cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20987" CreationDate="2020-02-05T09:08:40.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is about medical terminology as widely agreed and commonly used by medical professionals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rhinitis&lt;/strong&gt; is a broad name of a &lt;strong&gt;disease&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;condition&lt;/strong&gt; with &lt;em&gt;inflammation of the mucosal lining in the nasal cavity&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17431-rhinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.malacards.org/card/rhinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Malacards&lt;/a&gt;). Inflammation can be infectious, irritant, allergic, drug-induced, etc. (a more detailed list on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0501/p1583.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rhinitis is listed in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Index/R/Rhinitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)&lt;/a&gt; and various subtypes have their own codes, for example, allergic rhinitis has the code J30.9. So, if it's in ICD-10, it can be considered a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of a practical definition of disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disease,&lt;/strong&gt; any harmful &lt;em&gt;deviation from the normal structural or functional state&lt;/em&gt; of an organism, generally associated with certain&#xA;  signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Britannica&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An abnormal structural state refers to pathology (tissue/cellular damage) and pathophysiology (abnormal functions). The main point of defining disease is to differ diseases from symptoms and signs. Diseases are described by concepts and mechanisms, while symptoms and signs are described on the basis of simple observation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illness&lt;/strong&gt; is a disease from the patient's perspective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients suffer ‘illnesses’; doctors diagnose and treat ‘disease.’&#xA;  &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_a_difference_between_illness_and_disease_in_what_we_do_as_nurses2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lay person with rhinitis would often describe his/her illness just by the most obvious symptom(s), like blocked or runny nose.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Condition&lt;/strong&gt; is &lt;em&gt;not a clearly defined term,&lt;/em&gt; but is kind of informal one-word umbrella term that can cover the terms disease, illness, syndrome and similar abnormal states. This is why there are usually no separate lists of diseases and conditions, but just lists of &quot;diseases and conditions,&quot; such as the one on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/index?letter=R&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic website&lt;/a&gt;. So, one author can mention rhinitis as a disease and another as a condition. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Blocked nose&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;runny nose&lt;/strong&gt; are both symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A symptom&lt;/strong&gt; is any health-related abnormality &lt;em&gt;a patient&lt;/em&gt; perceives (feels, observes) or reveals to a doctor in medical history (anamnesis). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A sign&lt;/strong&gt; is a health-related disorder as detected by &lt;em&gt;examiner.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nasal congestion&lt;/strong&gt; is the term more likely used by a doctor than a patient and refers to a thickening of nasal mucosa as a doctor observes it during a physical examination, so it is a sign.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table 1 in the article &lt;a href=&quot;http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1309/paper4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Defining 'sign' and 'symptom'&lt;/a&gt; mentions several variations of the definitions of a sign and a symptom.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An abnormality, for example, blocked nose, can be a symptom and a sign at the same time, depending on who observes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In various medical texts, diseases can be classified by a cause (allergic vs nonallergic rhinitis), course (acute vs chronic), pathology (lobar pneumonia vs bronchopneumonia), pathophysiology (ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke), etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authors of health/medical texts may not always follow these official definitions and may create some &quot;apples and oranges&quot; situations by mentioning diseases, symptoms and signs in a single list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T18:21:41.350" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T18:21:41.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T10:42:19.147" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bacteriophages are, in eastern countries including Russia, a pretty common, or at least well known, approach to get rid of bacterial infections.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(This is discussed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/nIu63eRoRlE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How Dangerous Are Superbugs Really? | Virus Vs Bacteria | Spark&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are phages much less commonly used in the western world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intuitively, using a virus that only attacks a specific species of bacteria sounds like a really good form of, or alternative to, antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="3145" LastEditDate="2020-02-05T15:09:46.267" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T15:09:46.267" Title="Why are bacteriophage viruses so infrequently used in the western countries?" Tags="&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T10:55:21.897" Score="6" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any difference to ones health outcome if they wake up at night and go to sleep when the sun rises up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be more specific, what will happen to a person if the sleep cycle is reversed? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17543" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-13T13:43:46.940" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T13:43:46.940" Title="Sleeping during the day instead of sleeping at night" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:21:42.317" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T15:58:12.833" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some Westerners used to eat meat and drink milk mainly. But experts warn us about the importance of vegetables in our diet. I've learned on the Internet that milk and meat are staples in Mongolian cuisine. Tea may be the substitute for vegetables. However, the life expectancy of the Mongolians is not as short as we guess. So I'm curious about if the advice from experts is sound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17546" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T15:58:12.833" Title="Is it really unhealthy to eat meat and drink milk mainly?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-02-05T18:42:57.200" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T16:04:25.747" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;If my understanding is correct, we create antibodies after vaccines and after getting infections. So, after 10 vaccines and 2 contracted diseases, I can have in my body antibodies for 12 types of diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a limit to the number of different antibody types that we can have in the body at one point? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, do we spend resources keeping those numbers up when the antibodies are not used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17548" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T18:25:42.430" Title="Is there a limit to the number of different antibodies one individual can have in their body?" Tags="&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-05T22:54:55.827" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="20999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-05T23:20:56.453" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was watching &quot;The Magic Pill&quot; documentary series on Netflix.  And, a woman indicated that she completely cured a fairly aggressive breast cancer by eliminating just about all sugars and most carbohydrates.  She followed a very strict keto diet.  Having done a bit of research on the issue, I could not find any solid scientific evidence and/or replication of her experience.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't doubt this woman did cure herself in the fashion she did.  I just suspect there may have been a ton of confounding factors that she did not take into account.  And, instead attributed 100% of her cure to her diet alteration only.    &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2020-02-05T23:20:56.453" Title="What is the relationship between cancer and sugar?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;fad-diet&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-02-06T01:36:08.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23842" CreationDate="2020-02-05T23:27:08.310" Score="3" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;After an abscess is diagnosed and a root canal treatment is done on a tooth, why does the infection go away? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems all the root canal treatment does is remove the total volume of space for the bacteria to &quot;live in&quot;, as well as &quot;clean&quot; / &quot;disinfect&quot; the canal. Is this usually sufficient to remove the infection? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it due to removing a significant amount of the bacteria or, preventing the bacteria from &quot;safely&quot; protecting itself inside the canal from the bodies immune system? Or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15788" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T04:45:51.463" Title="Why does a dental abscess / infection usually go away after a root canal?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-06T09:55:59.500" Score="4" ViewCount="223" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read through this Q&amp;amp;A:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20970/is-the-mortality-rate-of-2019-ncov-41&quot;&gt;Is the mortality rate of 2019-nCoV 41%?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding from reading that Q&amp;amp;A is that in the early phase of an outbreak, there are two naive ways to estimate what the fatality rate will turn out to be when the epidemic is over.  One tends to underestimate, Nd/Nc, the other tends to over estimate, Nd/(Nd+Nr).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, Nd/Nc is 2%, and Nd/(Nd+Nr) is 33%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supposedly there are advanced (stat/math/modeling) techniques that are much better estimators during the early phase of an outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the currently bantered about fatality rate (2-3%) matches the naive estimator, Nd/Nc.  Since Nd/Nc is a known underestimator, the figure (2-3%) is not likely to have been derived by one of the advance, minimally biased estimators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since both of the naive estimators will yield the same result when the epidemic is over, I suppose one could track both, and extrapolate the curves to where they will meet.  But I'm going to guess that that would be too naive as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence my questions, what is a sophisticated estimate of the 2019-nCoV fatality rate ? and how is it obtained?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17557" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T11:22:15.183" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T11:22:15.183" Title="What is a sophisticated estimate of the 2019-nCoV fatality rate?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20970" CreationDate="2020-02-06T10:30:02.533" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to earlier answers, in this early phase of 2019-nCoV, Nd/(Nd+Nr) is an overestimator, and Nd/Nc is an underestimator.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the currently bantered about rate matches the underwestimator Nd/Nc, you are correct that 2019-nCoV is more 'dangerous' than commonly claimed.  I used quotes because dangerous a squirmy term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Noting that Nd/Nc equals Nd/(Nd+Nr) after the epidemic is over, a better estimate would be to track the two quotients over time, and extrapolate their curves to the point they meet.  That would still be a biased estimator, but less so than either on it's own.  I'm guessing there are more sophisticated estimators with less bias, and I've posted that question here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21001/what-is-a-sophisticated-estimate-of-the-2019-ncov-fatality-rate&quot;&gt;What is a sophisticated estimate of the 2019-nCoV fatality rate?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17557" LastActivityDate="2020-02-06T10:30:02.533" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21003" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-06T10:47:55.017" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;What GI issues need to be diagnosed/treated early lest they cause permanent damage or become unrecoverable.  An example would colon cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is about which possible diagnoses need to be crossed off the list before it is reasonable to take an alternative approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example if colon cancer is a possible diagnosis, one would want testing asap to, hopefully, rule it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If CC were the only serious possible diagnosis, then after ruling it out priorities qualitatively change. It becomes reasonable switch to a less aggressive approach, such as the other extreme of simply giving the body time to heal itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could waterborne infections, including &lt;em&gt;Giardia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Criptosporidium,&lt;/em&gt; microscopic colitis and bile malabsorption result in permanent damage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17557" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T13:11:32.513" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T15:31:08.063" Title="What GI issues need to diagnosed/treated early lest they cause permanent damage?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21003" CreationDate="2020-02-06T17:39:55.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Gastrointestinal conditions that can be &lt;strong&gt;acutely life-threatening&lt;/strong&gt; because of organ rupture, bleeding or sepsis if not diagnosed/treated early:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Stomach ulcer, gallbladder inflammation, appendicitis, intestinal diverticles, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;traumatic spleen rupture&lt;/a&gt;, antibiotic associated &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt; overgrowth with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2999149/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;toxic megacolon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/esophageal-varices-beyond-the-basics/print&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Esophageal varices&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hepatic-encephalopathy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hepatic encephalopathy&lt;/a&gt; due to liver cirrhosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intestinal hernia, severe constipation, ingestion of a foreign object &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20351460&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;intestinal obstruction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-017-0150-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acute mesenteric ischemia&lt;/a&gt;, for example, in a patient with heart arrhythmia in whom a blood clot dislodges from the heart and blocks an intestinal artery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(13)01089-6/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastric ischemia&lt;/a&gt; due to opioid overdose, pneumonia, acute alcoholic hepatitis, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/19165/emergent-gastric-ischemia&quot;&gt;cocaine overdose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gastrointestinal conditions that can result in &lt;strong&gt;permanent damage&lt;/strong&gt; if not treated early:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gastric reflux &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/barretts-esophagus/definition-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Barrett’s esophagus&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/januaryfebruary/laryngopharyngeal-reflux-a-confounding-cause-of-aerodigestive-dysfunction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;laryngopharyngeal reflux&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; damage of the vocal cords&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703178/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chemical (caustic) injuries&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; scars/stenosis in the throat, esophagus or stomach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeated acute hepatitis (due to alcohol), cholecystitis (due to gallstones) and pancreatitis (due to alcohol, gallstones) &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; often irreversible &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-chronic-hepatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic hepatitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/chronic-cholecystitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic cholecystitis&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/pancreatitis/chronic-pancreatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic pancreatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic &lt;em&gt;H pylori&lt;/em&gt; infection of the stomach&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; gastric cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Celiac disease, Crohn's disease &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; malabsorption &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950667/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;osteoporosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Inflammatory bowel disease&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; strictures, adhesions, fistulas, primary sclerosing cholangitis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/about/what-is-colorectal-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colorectal cancer&lt;/a&gt; and other GI cancers &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; metastases, partial organ removal often required&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Atherosclerosis of intestinal arteries &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3036470/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic mesenteric ischemia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; partial intestinal necrosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tapeworm infestation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/gen_info/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cysticercosis&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;echinococcosis&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;strong&gt;--&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; cysts in various parts of the body (brain, muscles, liver)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GI conditions that less likely result in permanent damage:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Food poisoning and other acute GI viral and bacterial infections&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Parasitic infections, such as &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870550/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;giardiasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cryptosporidium/symptoms-causes/syc-20351870&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cryptosporidiasis&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; can become chronic, but the damage is rarely permanent &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Irritable bowel syndrome&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Food intolerances (lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption) and allergies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Benign tumors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hemorrhoids&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351478&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Microscopic (lymphocitic, collagenous) colitis&lt;/a&gt; triggered by certain drugs, celiac disease, infections, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-11T15:31:08.063" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T15:31:08.063" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21010" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21013" CreationDate="2020-02-06T23:08:09.973" Score="5" ViewCount="806" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a genuine question, which so far I've been unable to find an answer to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some time ago when my wife was pregnant, she seemed to be constantly needing to have samples taken for various tests etc. My wife is very petite, and it was an enduring problem for them to find a suitable vein to take the sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On one such occasion, after having watched my wife endure jab after jab from the nurse trying to find a vein that was big enough, I asked...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Is it possible to take the sample from a different place, like her ankles?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The veins on the ankles are larger, and more prominent, and it seemed a perfectly logical choice to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nurse gave me an almost horrified look as she quickly answered &quot;No!&quot;. She didn't give any kind of reason as to why this was not possible. It was almost like she was embarrassed that I'd even asked such an (apparently) absurd question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, is there some actual reason why the ankles are not a suitable location? Some thoughts I've had...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it effects the quality of the sample. I figured blood was blood, but I could be wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it could cause extra bleeding afterwards. This certainly seems like it could be possible, but should be easy enough to manage, by applying the cotton bud more firmly, keeping the patient lying down for longer etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps it's more painful? I can't imagine why though, I'm fairly sure that ankles are no more sensitive than wrists.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17574" LastEditorUserId="17574" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T00:41:33.663" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T06:47:08.150" Title="Why can't blood samples be taken from the legs/ankles as well arms/wrists?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21010" CreationDate="2020-02-07T06:41:09.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood is not always drawn from the veins depending on the medical need and situation. In most of the cases and for general tests, however, blood is drawn from veins which is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venipuncture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Venipuncture&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/27799/why-draw-blood-from-veins-rather-than-arteries/27800&quot;&gt;Why draw blood from veins rather than arteries?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The integrity of the sample taken is dependent on using good technique, drawing from an&#xA;appropriate site, and avoiding hemolysis or contamination of a sample.&lt;a href=&quot;https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/B978-1-4160-3001-0.50009-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Site selection for venipuncture&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323400534000238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Factors to be considered for site selection:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Condition of the Superficial Veins&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relationship of the Vein to other Anatomic Structures&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Duration of the Venipuncture&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Clinical Status of the Patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age (Size) of the Patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Characteristics of good veins for venipuncture include bouncy, soft, refills when depressed, has a large lumen, straight, visible and is well supported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.shropscommunityhealth.nhs.uk/content/doclib/10899.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Veins to avoid during venipuncture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Veins that may be irritated from previous use&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Veins in lower extremities&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Areas of joint flexion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Veins close to arteries and deeper-lying vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The antecubital area of the arm is usually the first choice for routine venipuncture. This area contains the three vessels primarily used by the phlebotomist to obtain venous blood specimens: the median cubital, the cephalic and the basilic veins.&#xA;  Although the veins located in the antecubital area should be considered first for vein selection, there are alternate sites available for venipuncture. These include the top of the hand, the side of the wrist, and the forearm. These sites should only be considered after determining that the veins of the antecubital area cannot be accessed or cannot be used.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.labce.com/spg263718_explore_the_possibilities.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GGnGc.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GGnGc.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, the usual preference is the arm, with the leg used when arm veins are inadequate or in emergency situations in which the arm may be unavailable or unsuitable for use. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Use of the leg for venipuncture is usually reserved for the infant or child, in whom arm veins are smaller and less superficial than in the adult, or the adult with a disability, in whom a venipuncture site in the foot may be more easily secured than one on the arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Advantages of the foot or ankle for venipuncture include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Superficial vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Relatively large vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Anatomically safe&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;No need to immobilize the venipuncture site&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disadvantages of the foot and ankle as a venipuncture site include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Accessibility is more limited than with the upper limb.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Veins roll when contacted by the needle.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323400534000238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of difficult venipuncture, an individual may make a maximum of two attempts before having someone else try. A third stick is allowable if a partial sample has been obtained and you as the drawer feel reasonably confident that you can obtain the specimen on the next try.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.akronchildrens.org/lab_test_specimen_procedures/PERFORMING_A_VENIPUNCTURE.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/07Nnh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/07Nnh.png&quot; alt=&quot;https://www.labce.com/spg263747_unacceptable_sites_for_venous_blood_collection.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="2572" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T06:47:08.150" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T06:47:08.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21014" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21015" CreationDate="2020-02-07T08:59:40.377" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking at the T2DM medications specified &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and have a few questions about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Why don't I see drugs like &lt;code&gt;Troglitazone, Tolazamide, Acarbose, Acetohexamide, Chlorpropramide, Miglitol&lt;/code&gt;? Aren't these drugs used to treat diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) I see in drug treatment, we have terms like monotherapy (single drug) and combination therapy (multiple drugs). But what is the combination window usually considered for calling a treatment combination therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &lt;em&gt;combination window&lt;/em&gt;, I mean the number of days both Drug 1 and Drug 2 should overlap. For example, let's say Jacky takes Drug A from Jan 1st till Jan 21st. He also takes Drug B from Jan 11th to Jan 21st. We see that there is an overlap of 10 days. Is there any minimum number of days that you look for to call a treatment combination therapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T16:54:12.207" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T17:30:12.953" Title="T2DM medication treatment pathway" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21014" CreationDate="2020-02-07T09:31:21.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mayo Clinic page shows only some antidiabetic drugs; they just didn't mentioned few more as you did. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-persistent-hyperglycemia-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;combination therapy for diabetes type 2 (UpToDate)&lt;/a&gt; is a combination of at least 2 oral antidiabetic drugs, or a combination of one or more oral antidiabetic drugs with insulin. The term is used when the therapy is &lt;em&gt;planned as combined&lt;/em&gt; and not when it occurs &quot;by chance,&quot; for example, when a doctor plans to discontinue one drug and introduce another drug before discontinuing the first one. I can't say what was the &lt;em&gt;intent&lt;/em&gt; of the doctor who prescribed the drugs in your case, but if the first drug was discontinued and the second one continued after 21st, it was obviously not meant as a combination therapy. There is no official minimal time required to say it's a combination therapy, but it usually lasts at least few weeks, during which time its efficacy can be evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combinations of various drugs are possible, including the ones you've mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common side effect of antidiabetic drugs is hypoglycemia, which can be treated by temporary discontinuation of a drug or by other measures, including glucose injection, etc. Other side effects may need treatment with other drugs, but this is too broad to discuss here.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T17:30:12.953" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T17:30:12.953" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21017" CreationDate="2020-02-07T09:57:39.697" Score="-2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a database of diabetic patients and their medication/lab test data as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; I am planning to run a simple analysis like finding out incidence rate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example: amongst the T2DM patients that I have, who experienced the XXXX outcome during the 3 years follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I would like to know from you what are the different medical outcomes that a T2DM patient could experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example: Eye disease. I read online that it is possible. But similarly is there anything else? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; I would also like to run a simple analysis same as above but based on the side-effects of drugs. A question for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the T2DM patients who had Drug A/Drug class A, who developed XXXX side-effect during the 3 years follow-up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the side-effects? I see that we have things like diarrhea.But don't know whether it is good to be considered. can you help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T15:44:43.937" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T15:44:43.937" Title="Side-effects or other medical conditions for diabetic patients" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21016" CreationDate="2020-02-07T13:41:53.897" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Diabetes Association&lt;/a&gt; has a comprehensive list of complications of diabetes type 1 and 2 (most complications can occur in both types). Here are some complications that are quite typical, but not all are specific for diabetes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acanthosis nigricans&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic dermopathy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eruptive xanthomatosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic retinopathy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic cataract&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic neuropathy with numbness and tingling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Autonomic neuropathy with bladder and gastrointestinal issues&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Diabetic foot&quot; with skin color changes and ulcers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic ketoacidosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetic nephropathy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of complications that are common but not specific for diabetes: yeast skin infections, periodontitis, gingivitis, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, stroke, ischemic heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/condition/diabetes-mellitus-type-ii.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; has a list of 164 drugs (a mixture of generic and brand names), and clicking to each quickly leads you to side effects. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/features/diabetes-medication-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; has a short list of side effects of various oral antidiabetic drugs (by groups of drugs):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sulfonylureas: low blood sugar, upset stomach, skin rash or itching, weight gain&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biguanides/Metformin: sickness with alcohol, kidney complications, upset stomach, tiredness or dizziness, metal taste&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: gas, bloating and diarrhoea&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thiazolidinediones: weight gain, risk of liver disease, anaemia risk, swelling of legs or ankles,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Meglitinides: weight gain, low blood sugar&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Antidiabetic_drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one-page list&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of these effects, except hypoglycemia, are quite general. Because diabetic patients often take drugs other than for diabetes, there is a great chance that the side effects of diabetic and nondiabetic drugs will overlap, so I'm not sure if you can associate the symptoms in your database with diabetic drugs with any certainty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-07T14:28:31.153" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T14:28:31.153" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3391" CreationDate="2020-02-07T16:36:12.840" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Whether specific foods are actually &lt;em&gt;healthier&lt;/em&gt; is debatable, but when it comes to the abundance of nutrients such as lycopene, conclusive measurements can be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Cooked sauce also had the effect of transforming the lycopene present in the tomato, which helped preserve its integrity through the digestive process, allowing more of this important antioxidant to be absorbed. Noted Heredia, &quot;[W]e found serving meals rich in probiotics with fried tomato sauce boosts its probiotic effect, as well as causing a progressive isomerization of the lycopene of the tomato, from form cis to trans throughout digestion, which positively results in an increased final bioaccessibility of this carotenoid.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  — &lt;a href=&quot;https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2018/06/04/cooked-tomatoes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cooking Tomatoes Increases Lycopene and Beneficial Bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other studies have shown that &lt;em&gt;how&lt;/em&gt; food is cooked also has a significant effect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that the addition of olive oil to diced tomatoes during cooking greatly increases the absorption of lycopene. The results highlight the importance of cuisine (i.e how a food is prepared and consumed) in determining the bioavailability of dietary carotenoids such as lycopene.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  — &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15927929#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Increases in plasma lycopene concentration after consumption of tomatoes cooked with olive oil — US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. cooking tomatoes helps to release greater quantities of lycopene into the food, and combining it with olive oil helps to increase the amount absorbed during digestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if by &quot;healthier&quot; you mean &lt;em&gt;do cooked tomatoes provide more available lycopene (and other nutrients) than fresh tomatoes?&lt;/em&gt;, the answer is yes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T16:36:12.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21026" CreationDate="2020-02-07T16:39:17.237" Score="2" ViewCount="804" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently writing a book where one of my characters falls from about an 80-90 foot drop onto a solid stone surface onto her back. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She's an average 32 female with a healthy diet and weight. She won't survive the fall but I don't quite know what the in-depth extent of the injuries she'd sustain and which one would ultimately kill her. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I of course know she'd suffer broken bones and internal bleeding but I could do with specifics for the 'autopsy' later down the line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17577" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T04:06:54.533" Title="What sort of damage would someone get from a 80ft drop?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;broken-bones&gt;&lt;internal-bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21014" CreationDate="2020-02-07T16:51:51.930" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to add a supplementary answer which provides a useful infographic produced by the British Medical Journal and based on the diabetes guideline issued by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guide shows the advisable combinations of oral medication in type 2 diabetes (there are a few possible combinations) and when to consider insulin therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/suppl/2016/04/06/bmj.i1575.DC1/diabetes-t2a-v19-web.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PCpvP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;BMJ infographic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Click the image for a link to the PDF.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment usually starts with metformin, if it is tolerated and not contraindicated (e.g. rental impairment). Second and third-line agents are then added, usually with at least three months between initiation (this is because HbA1c values used for monitoring only change slowly, due to the long lifespan of a red blood cell).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One point regarding side effects - hypoglycaemia is a common side effect of &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; oral diabetes drugs, but not all. Sulphonylureas (e.g. gliclazide) can definitely cause hypoglycaemia as they increase insulin production, but others, like l metformin, which reduces peripheral insulin resistance, will essentially never cause hypoglycaemia but very commonly cause gastrointestinal side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N.B.&lt;/strong&gt; This relates to the UK. Different drugs may or may not be licensed for use in other countries. Acarbose has been around a long time and is only used in a few situations and nowhere near first line, due to limited benefit and side effect profile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/diabetes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BNF Diabetes Treatment Summary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T16:51:51.930" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-07T20:50:13.943" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading that, apparently, the female homologue of the prostate is named &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skene%27s_gland&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skene's gland&lt;/a&gt;.However, I am not entirely sure and the information I found is somewhat old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if the medical community accepts that women have a prostate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17579" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T02:07:08.127" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T02:07:08.127" Title="Do women have a prostate?" Tags="&lt;female&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21026" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21021" CreationDate="2020-02-07T21:23:09.997" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, she would be killed instantly. There wouldn't be any question of what might kill her &quot;ultimately&quot; because ultimately would be the moment she hit the ground. Yes, there have been &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fall_survivors&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;people who survived falls&lt;/a&gt; from much greater heights, with the record holder being &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesna_Vulovi%C4%87&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vesna Vulović&lt;/a&gt;, a Serbian flight attendant who fell 10,160 m (33,330 ft), but those are vanishingly rare incidents and most involved a great deal of luck (hitting things that slowed the fall such as trees and power lines, landing in snow drifts, etc). In general, an 80-90 foot fall onto a hard surface is certain instant death 99.99% of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since she lands on her back, what will kill her most quickly is the massive head injury. Autopsy will find a crushed skull, massive brain injury, massive spinal cord injury, and possibly a detached brain stem, which would be instantly lethal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second thing that will kill her is deceleration. When she hits the ground, her body stops its downward motion instantly, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-1/Newton-s-First-Law&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Newton's First Law of Motion&lt;/a&gt; says her internal organs that are free to move will keep going. They'll keep traveling in the same downward direction at the same speed. The result of that will likely be the transection of her aorta, which will cause immediate exsanguination. This is because parts of the aorta are free to move and other parts are anchored in place:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459337/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The aorta has some fixed regions, particularly the relatively fixed&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;  aortic arch (to the thoracic inlet by the brachiocephalic vessels).&#xA;  The remaining portions of the aorta are relatively free. Ascending and&#xA;  descending aorta are relatively mobile. These can result in an unequal&#xA;  distribution of shear forces on the relatively fixed arch and mobile&#xA;  ascending and descending aorta and stress at the site of attachment of&#xA;  the aorta, particularly the aortic root and the aortic isthmus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As if the victim isn't dead enough by these two things, there will be a wide ranging assortment of other injuries, many of them lethal in and of themselves. The coroner will most likely find:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Virtually every bone in her body will be fractured, including her skull, spine, ribs, pelvis, long bones of the arms and legs, scapulas, and clavicles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Her liver will be transected by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/liver/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;falciform ligament&lt;/a&gt; and the same deceleration forces that transected her aorta. This will also result in massive bleeding.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ebEf9.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ebEf9.png&quot; alt=&quot;Liver anatomy&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Deceleration injury will be widespread in almost all the other organ systems such as the lungs, spleen, intestines, and other blood vessels large and small.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, even if a full team of trauma surgeons with a fully equipped OR was scrubbed in and ready right at the scene, she would still be dead on impact and nothing they could do would change that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T21:23:09.997" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21027" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12029" CreationDate="2020-02-07T21:52:28.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Google &quot;alcohol content of bread&quot; and you'll see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;1.9%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  Alcohol. However, during the baking process, most of the alcohol in the dough evaporates into the atmosphere. This is basically the same thing that happens to much of the water in the dough as well. And it has long been known that bread contains residual alcohol, up to 1.9% of it.    Aug 3, 2017 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;www.forbes.com › sites › quora › 2017/08/03 › why-isnt-bread-alcoholic&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/08/03/why-isnt-bread-alcoholic/#6d91940d318a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why Isn't Bread Alcoholic? - Forbes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next time you feed your child a PB&amp;amp;J sandwich, be aware that the bread will contain up to 2% alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But also know that one would have to eat a &lt;em&gt;lot&lt;/em&gt; of bread to get enough alcohol to have any significant symptoms of drunkenness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even then it simply wouldn't happen.&#xA;Eating bread before drinking is a traditional way of avoiding drunkenness, or at least reducing the peak level of blood alcohol.&#xA;The alcohol is absorbed by the bread and rather than directly entering the bloodstream (as it would on an empty stomach), it is released slowly over a period of several hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children have been eating bread for thousands of years without any recorded bad effects from its alcohol content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But consider other food products.&#xA;Vanilla extract for example is required to have at least 35% alcohol, and it can be much higher than that.&#xA;Even so, no one worries about feeding vanilla flavoured desserts to children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That the concentration within that one ingredient is very high doesn't matter.&#xA;It's the &lt;em&gt;total&lt;/em&gt; amount of alcohol in the final product that counts, and no one is ever going to add so much vanilla extract that it would make a significant contribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly with things like marzipan and miso paste.&#xA;It would be almost impossible for a child to eat sufficiently huge quantities of these products that the total alcohol consumed would be significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T21:52:28.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-07T23:37:02.973" Score="3" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that young babies (around 0-6 months old) have antibodies passed from their mothers, which is why they are vaccinated with MMR at 6-12 months old in New Zealand. However, there are still many cases where babies 0-6 months old are getting infected with measles. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can't we give babies the MMR vaccine weeks after birth, and still give them a second dose 6-12 months after birth? Babies who are 0-6 months old are usually vaccinated if they are going to countries with high-risk of contracting measles - why can't we &quot;play it safe&quot; and vaccinate all babies during this time period? Will vaccinating them this early help reduce the spread of measles?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5161" LastActivityDate="2020-02-07T23:37:02.973" Title="Will vaccinating babies weeks after birth reduce the spread of measles?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21021" CreationDate="2020-02-08T04:06:54.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with @Carey Gregory's answer. I can tell you how a man falling only 30 feet landing on his back on concrete died.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 30 year old male working on the underside (?) of a bridge, unsecured, fell as above. There were no obvious external injuries. The skull was intact, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He arrived by ambulance unconscious and without a pulse. Advanced Trauma Life Support was carried out, but the injuries were too extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Xray, he had comminuted fractures of both clavicles, multiple broken ribs, hemothorax on the right and left-sided hemopneumotorax. Otherwise there were no fractures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He died because the deceleration injuries to his chest caused both pulmonary arteries to shear off were they cross over the mainstem bronchi, and the left mainstem bronchus was shorn through as well. He basically died from massive blood loss into the thorax. He would have been rendered unconscious from the fall, and had he lived, might well ave had significant brain injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fall from almost 3 times that height would have smashed the back of his skull causing massive brain injuries as described above, likely broken his neck and back, broken the pelvis, maybe some long bones depending on the landing, and the internal injuries would be much more serious, although when death is the outcome, how much is &lt;em&gt;much more serious&lt;/em&gt;? They would have been much more intensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T04:06:54.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-08T07:26:10.943" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes micro debris or &quot;microparticles&quot; are interacting with human's (and animals's) eyes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be some types of dust or hair pieces trimmed with a trimmer; I especially mean little particles of matter that can rarely be seen without lots of light and/or common magnifying tools such as magnifying glass (hand lens).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that in an healthy person without glaucoma, for example, liquids such as excessive water would be pumped off the eye, but I'm not sure that counts things likes trimmed hair, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;How is micro debris cleaned from the eye in unusual cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google searches of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;How does the eye clean itself?&#xA;How is debris cleaned from the eye?&#xA;How is micro debris cleaned from the eye in unusual cases?&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;didn't bring any direct answer on this question besides some data on the eye cleaning itself in blink and while a human sleeps by tears. Also, I learned that humans have three types of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears#Types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eye tears:&lt;/a&gt; Basal, Reflex and Emotional; the first two are clearly protective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-12T15:02:29.993" LastActivityDate="2020-02-12T15:02:29.993" Title="How is micro debris cleaned from the eye in unusual cases?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11863" CreationDate="2020-02-08T10:58:19.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The personal set-point of thyroid homeostasis may differ between individuals [1, 2]. Multiple studies showed that the intra-individual variation of both TSH and peripheral thyroid hormones is smaller than the inter-individual variation [3, 4]. Therefore, for individuals the range of optimality is smaller than the width of the corresponding reference range (for TSH, free T4 and potentially free T3, too) [1]. A person with a rather low setpoint may well have symptoms of thyrotoxicosis like irregular heart rhythm, increased heart rate etc. if the FT4 concentration is higher than her or his personal set point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The potentially harmful consequences of this association were dramatically demonstrated by the Rotterdam study, which showed a fourfold-increased risk of sudden cardiac death in persons with FT4 concentration being in the highest tertile of the normal reference range [5]. A similar association was found to atrial fibrillation [6]. Recently, the THORACAL study found an increased risk of severe cardiac arrhythmia in persons with higher FT4 concentration (of note within the reference range again) [7].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there may be other reasons for increased heart rate, hair loss etc. as well. But it may be beneficial to check the thyroid, e.g. via ultrasound or antibody determination. It is not advisable to take thyrostatic agents without a definitive diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leow MK, Goede SL. The homeostatic set point of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis--maximum curvature theory for personalized euthyroid targets. Theor Biol Med Model. 2014;11:35. Published 2014 Aug 8. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-11-35 &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25102854&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25102854&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-11-35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-11-35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, et al. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016;7:57. Published 2016 Jun 9. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00057 &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375554&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375554&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00057&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P. Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):1068-72. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165. PMID: 11889165. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11889165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11889165&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Larisch R, Giacobino A, Eckl W, Wahl HG, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Reference range for thyrotropin. Post hoc assessment. Nuklearmedizin. 2015;54(3):112-7. doi: 10.3413/Nukmed-0671-14-06. Epub 2015 Jan 8. PMID: 25567792. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25567792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25567792&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0671-14-06&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0671-14-06&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chaker L, van den Berg ME, Niemeijer MN, et al. Thyroid Function and Sudden Cardiac Death: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. Circulation. 2016;134(10):713–722. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020789 &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27601558&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27601558&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.020789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.020789&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chaker L, Heeringa J, Dehghan A, et al. Normal Thyroid Function and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(10):3718–3724. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2480 &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262438&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262438&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2480&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patrick Müller, Johannes W. Dietrich, Tina Lin, Alexandru Bejinariu, Stephan Binnebößel, Friederike Bergen, Jan Schmidt, Sarah-Kristin Müller, Apostolos Chatzitomaris, Muhammed Kurt, Shqipe Gerguri, Lukas Clasen, Harald H. Klein, Malte Kelm, Hisaki Makimoto, Usefulness of Serum Free Thyroxine Concentration to Predict Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk in Euthyroid Patients with Structural Heart Disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 2020. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002914920300606&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002914920300606&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.01.019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.01.019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2721" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T10:58:19.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21035" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24474" CreationDate="2020-02-08T18:34:00.253" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-virus-coronavirus-death-rate-cases-12397358&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;It's good to remember that when H1N1 influenza came out in 2009, estimates of case fatality were 10 per cent,&amp;quot; said David Fisman, an epidemiologist at the University of Toronto, who was working in public health at the time. &amp;quot;That turned out to be incredibly wrong.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;As the denominator is growing in terms of case numbers, and case fatality goes down and down ... you start to realise it's everywhere,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it's not clear from that in what time frame precisely was the H1N1 fatality rate overestimated right after the outbreak. Was it days, weeks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T22:57:04.813" Title="In what time frame exactly was the 2009 H1N1 fatality rate overestimated?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20984" CreationDate="2020-02-08T18:47:31.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10600041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1999 paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent research, mainly from the Netherlands, has shown that high doses of barbiturates are usually effective for physician-assisted suicide [...] Opioids are less reliable drugs for physician-assisted death because of the unpredictable duration of the dying process even after high doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/01/medical-aid-in-dying-medications/580591/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a story&lt;/a&gt; in the Atlantic about the search for substitutes in the US due to the astonishing price (in the US) of the barbiturates typically used. The story notes...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They discussed the synthetic opioid fentanyl, but were deterred by the drug’s newness and dangerous reputation. So the group decided to use a combination of medications, and eventually settled on high doses of three: morphine, diazepam—also known by its early brand name, Valium—and propranolol, a beta-blocker that slows the heart. They called the mixture DMP. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first two deaths went smoothly. But the third patient, an 81-year-old with prostate cancer, took 18 hours to die [with DMP]. In Oregon, where aid in dying has been legal for 20 years, the median time from taking the medication until death is 25 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients themselves typically become unconscious in five or 10 minutes, so they are not affected by protracted times [...]. But longer waiting periods can be nerve-racking for families and other caregivers, especially in the exceptional cases where these have persisted for a day or more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interesting enough perhaps, barbiturates were also the drug of choice for physicians who killed themselves in &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/93/6/351/1536833&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; in England and Wales... but not among anaesthetists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-08T19:24:39.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21038" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21039" CreationDate="2020-02-09T21:02:17.503" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a library employee and just had to take a 1-hour CPR training this morning on how to properly do chest compressions and use the defibrillator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The instructor said that you stand back when the defibrillation happens because the shock is so strong that if it gets you it will knock you down, and that indeed the person being defibrillated will convulse so violently that their entire body will come up off the ground and land hard.  I had a difficult time with this, asking, &quot;Leave them to hit their head hard on the ground when they land?  Couldn't that cause significant damage?&quot;.  She said there's a principal of &quot;life vs limb&quot; and that you weigh the upside of keeping them alive against the downside of damaging a limb, and you choose to keep them alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I felt like &quot;limb&quot; was not quite fair to describe the neck and head.  But she seemed satisfied with her answer and hurried the class on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillation#Society_and_culture&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;in movies, television, video games and other fictional media [defibrillation] is often exaggerated, with the defibrillator inducing a sudden, violent jerk or convulsion by the patient; in reality, although the muscles may contract, such dramatic patient presentation is rare&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But she is CPR certified and said she has been doing this for 16 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there really a vertical jump off the ground when being defibrillated?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, are cranial damages not really that severe when it happens?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17584" LastActivityDate="2020-02-09T22:42:37.487" Title="Vertical from defibrillation" Tags="&lt;aed-defibrillator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21038" CreationDate="2020-02-09T22:16:44.093" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I doubt your instructor has ever used a defibrillator or even seen one used. That was a huge exaggeration and Wikipedia is right. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shocks from an automated defibrillator are delivered in three levels of power. Depending on the type of defibrillator used, the first shock will typically be 120 or 200 joules (J), the second at 300 or 150 J, and the third at 360 or 200 J.&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.zoll.com/-/media/uploadedfiles/public_site/supporting_pages/biphasic/acls_defibrillation_protocols_with_zoll_rbw-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; What these numbers mean and what monophasic vs. biphasic means are irrelevant for the operator. What's important to know is that the lowest energy level will produce a noticeable convulsive jerk, but the patient will not come off the floor. The next level will produce a more pronounced jerk, and the third more pronounced still. Parts of the patient's body may come partially off the floor at the highest levels, but this image of a patient fully lifting off the ground high enough to be injured when they come down is a wild exaggeration. (Source: having personally performed and watched many defibrillations as an EMT.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Youtube doesn't seem to have a good video of an actual defibrillation, but they do have several videos of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hrsonline.org/patient-resources/cardioversion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardioversion&lt;/a&gt;, which is defibrillation's close cousin. What &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/xCtQ-ESsvqM?t=123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt; shows is a patient being cardioverted with 100 J of power, which is the first shock level a defibrillator would deliver. As you can see, he barely twitches (ignore the groan and arm movements - your patient won't be awake like he is). This is the same thing you'll see if you defibrillate a patient at the first shock level. The third level will be more pronounced, but they're not going to come off the floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, your instructor is correct about &quot;life before limb.&quot; If the patient bonks their head on the floor from a shock, that's the absolute least of their problems. And if you're doing CPR properly, you will probably break some ribs, especially if they're old and frail. That's okay too. If they eventually wake up in pain from the knot on their head and the ribs you broke, they had a very good day and you did a good job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-02-09T22:42:37.487" LastActivityDate="2020-02-09T22:42:37.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21041" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-10T02:33:59.483" Score="-1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that several scientific articles show that tamoxifen and other SERMS such as clomifene and raloxifen are effective in reducing gynecomastia for humans in different age groups and different modes (developing painful gynecomastia and/or lipomastia) respectively:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two articles about tamoxifen, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526085&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3526085&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759718&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14759718&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Note: I don't have full access to these articles.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Gynecomastic tissue composition&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gynecomastic tissue can be made of at least one tissue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adipose tissue&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;watery&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_gland&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mammary Gland Tissue&lt;/a&gt; (&quot;viscous&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Excessive skin tissue (&quot;saggy&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Connective Tissue&lt;/a&gt; fibrosis (&quot;harsh&quot;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possibly, in rare cases, also large chest lobe tissue and also tumor tissue&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My problem&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was unclear to me when trying to read any article a non chemist (let alone biochemist), what is the mechanism of action of tamoxifen and other SERMs on gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;My question&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the mechanism of action of tamoxifen and other SERMs on gynecomastia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Derivative questions&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the first article I linked to, what is the difference between &quot;lump&quot; type gynecomastia and &quot;fatty&quot; type gynecomastia (aren't both subtypes of lipomastia?)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it destroy &quot;estrogen-dependent&quot; fat cells up to necrosis? (if such cells at all exist)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it destroy &quot;estrogen-dependent&quot; mammary-gland cells up to necrosis? (if such cells at all exist)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-10T09:50:10.067" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T13:04:28.020" Title="What is the mechanism of action of tamoxifen and other SERMs on Gynecomastia?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;breast&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-10T07:24:28.463" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much HIV can the body naturally extinguish altogether? Of course, there must be a point at which the body 'allows' HIV to come and then be removed.. I mean, if there is a single molecule / piece of HIV then of course this wouldn't infect a human for the rest of his / her life ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if there are 10 'pieces' or 100 'pieces' or 1000 'pieces' of the virus.. I suppose at some point the ability of the body to remove these is overcome by the rate at which these viruses reproduce? (Is that right?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I take a swab full of HIV and pat it on a cut on my arm.. that wouldn't necessarily mean I would become infected ? Perhaps only a little bit of HIV would get into my blood and be quickly killed off in my immune system? If I have sex with someone who has HIV but perhaps they did not pass me the HIV.. or perhaps only a few virus cells made their way into my body.. but then my body killed them off.. Is that possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, if my body naturally aims to remove HIV virus then you would expect the levels to drop over time? Or have I misunderstood this. From the below information it seems to suggest that virus binds with this 'T-helper' cell and so cannot be removed because it essentially becomes 'a part' of your human body?? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HIV cannot grow or reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it. It then takes control of the cell’s DNA, replicates itself inside the cell, and finally releases more HIV into the blood – continuing the multiplication process. This is &lt;strong&gt;the HIV lifecycle&lt;/strong&gt;. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avert.org/about-hiv-aids/how-infects-body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avert.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17585" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-02-10T08:18:48.247" LastActivityDate="2020-02-10T08:18:48.247" Title="How much HIV is required to infect?" Tags="&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21048" CreationDate="2020-02-10T14:33:26.717" Score="5" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21010/why-cant-blood-samples-be-taken-from-the-legs-ankles-as-well-arms-wrists&quot;&gt;Why can't blood samples be taken from the legs/ankles as well arms/wrists? &lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;refers to&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.akronchildrens.org/lab_test_specimen_procedures/PERFORMING_A_VENIPUNCTURE.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Specimen Collection Procedure - PERFORMING A VENIPUNCTURE | Akron Children's Hospital&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;which says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sites to avoid:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  …&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  The upper extremity on the side that a mastectomy was performed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  …&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that referring to a &lt;em&gt;recent&lt;/em&gt; surgery, or is it a permanent prohibition against using that arm?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(If the latter, &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; does it matter?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T04:48:37.240" Title="Does mastectomy permanently prevent using the arms for blood samples?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-10T17:53:59.780" Score="2" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious to know why my text emphasize that diagnostic test of choice as gold standard is HIV RNA PCR, but in children of age 6 weeks of age HIV DNA PCR is done instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what I think is that it may be related to crossing of placenta but if rna can cross so does dna and generally this kind of testing if done in HBV we choose hbv dna testing in child because antibodies might have crossed placenta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are these things related or it's whole different thing in hiv?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-02-10T17:53:59.780" Title="Why HIV Dna PCR is done for children born to HIV + mothers and not RNA PCR" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21045" CreationDate="2020-02-10T23:41:31.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL:DR: The job of the lymphatic system is to remove excess fluid generated during the course of normal blood circulation from extravascular tissue, and to fight infection. Anything that might increase this burden on the lymph nodes remaining post mastectomy (e.g. venipuncture, IVs, finger sticks, etc.) is discouraged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As most breast cancers (75%) occur in the upper outer quadrant of the breast, lymphatic drainage - and metastatic cancer cells - goes to the axillary nodes. Some, all, or none of the nodes are removed with the breast tissue, depending on the cancer and the surgeon. All lymph passes through lymph nodes, so when some are removed, the remaining nodes filter more fluid than normally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The arm on the mastectomy side is &lt;strong&gt;permanently&lt;/strong&gt; off limits to any procedures (technically even blood pressure measurements) if any lymph nodes were removed during the mastectomy (they do not grow back), or if there as been radiation (which damages lymph nodes) to that side. That's because there are a reduced number of lymph nodes in the underarm area to handle the work of the lymphatic system for that arm, and doing anything which might stress the remaining nodes can cause permanent swelling of the arm (lymphedema.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oncolink.org/frequently-asked-questions/cancers/blood-pressures-and-ivs-after-mastectomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The goal is to reduce your risk of developing lymphedema.&lt;/a&gt; Having a mastectomy alone does not put you at risk for lymphedema. The risk comes when you have lymph nodes removed or damaged. If you had any of the following, you should take precautions to reduce your risk of lymphedema:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Removal of all lymph nodes in the underarm area, which is called an axillary node dissection&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;-Removal of a limited number of “key” lymph nodes from the underarm area, which is called sentinel lymph node biopsy&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;-Having radiation to the chest wall and armpit after surgery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During routine admission to the hospital for something unrelated, if the patient has had a mastectomy or radiation, a brightly colored band is placed on the affected wrist to alert all staff to use the other side if there is a chance you may not be able to voice an opinion (e.g. in the OR or under sedation from pain meds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lymphedema can occur any time after mastectomy, often in the first 5 years, but has occurred even up to 20 years later. Because lymphedema is such a problematic condition, anything to reduce the possibility of it developing is recommended, even if the probability is low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652571/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patients with lymphedema have chronic, progressive swelling, pain, recurrent infections, and significantly decreased quality of life.&lt;/a&gt; The swelling can progress to gigantic proportions causing gross disfigurement with severe detrimental effects. In addition, lymphedema is a significant source of biomedical expenditures with one recent study demonstrating a more than $10,000 increase in the annual treatment costs of cancer survivors with lymphedema as compared with those without lymphedema6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment for lymphedema remains suboptimal and is, in most cases palliative with a goal of preventing disease progression rather than a cure. Medical and surgical treatments have been reported but in general these therapies have been disappointing...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to know who will develop lymphedema and who will not. The greater the number of axillary lymph nodes removed, the greater the chance of lympedema, but even people with as few as 2 nodes removed have developed it. Therefore, with or without strong supporting evidence, an abundance of caution is advised, as lymphedema is such a terrible post-operative complication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T04:48:37.240" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-11T02:12:29.393" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an it guy 220 lbs 6ft1 35 years old. With chest strap measurement my maximum heart rate is around 192 bpm. (Did warmup and 3 minutes thread mill intervals to measure)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a long period of time, my spare time for gym was very poor. I did 15 mins @ 5.4mph with 5 minutes cooldown twice a week. No other exercise. At work I mostly sit. My background has a family heart disease and I fell on my chest more than 1 year ago (hospital test had everything normal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did physical last week: Resting heart rate 65 to 80. Blood pressure normal. EKG tested normal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every since I brought the heart monitor I encountered huge problem with heart rate. When normally walking at 3.8 mph for 5 mins bpm is 115.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When jogging at 4.3 mph for 5-7 mins bpm reaches a whopping 152 bpm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need some advice as good advice is not cheap in my area (cardiologist).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could this be a blood cloth problem? Or because having too much fat in the chest area? (pressing on blood vessels) I am trying to gauge how urgent to see the doc again. Or this is something like normal for runners? I am by no means worried, its just in today's busy world I can barely book 1 open meeting next week and I also have a fully booked week after. I have to balance my work week time between family, money and health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just wondering if this wierd spike is normal for somebody with my background. Also worth knowing, what more tests should I do if I decide on being very prudent and seeing primary doc again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ps: I tried breathing more through the nose, sometimes that affects bpm. When doing 20mins @ 5.4 mph or more, I need 10 mins cooldown otherwise i get left year tinnitus/pressure for ~15mins. I do not know if ps sections details are relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;psps: not using caffeine or alcohol, 2-5 mins warmup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17593" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T02:12:29.393" Title="Beginner runner/jogger heart rate question" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-02-11T02:23:40.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-11T07:00:58.283" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;My text says we have to use expression libraries (cdna libraries) for constructing transgenic animals or for gene therapy,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I can't understand why genomic libraries can't because for gene therapy we are going to include the cloned genes after sequencing is completely done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What other thing is there?&#xA;Because if it were the promoters, introns which are limiting in the cloning vectors for which cDNA libraries are useful the genes in gene therapy and transgenic animals are used in eukaryotes i.e. human in case of gene therapy, so why can't we use genomic libraries? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T07:00:58.283" Title="Why can't we use genomic libraries for gene therapy or making transgenic animals" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19485" CreationDate="2020-02-11T15:21:19.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The summary&lt;/strong&gt; of 2 small studies (by the same leading author) is that fractional iron absorption (the percent of iron from a given dose absorbed) is greater  by 30-50% with supplementation every other day than every day, BUT the &lt;strong&gt;total iron absorption in a given period is about the same, so it does not result in a quicker normalization of the iron status.&lt;/strong&gt; The alternative day regime &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be associated with fever side effects, though.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;First study&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(17)30182-5/fulltext?_ga=2.4503923.1914623440.1560364900-1544426462.1560364899&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials (The Lancet Haematology, 2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Different groups of women aged 18-40 who were &lt;strong&gt;&quot;iron-depleted,&quot;&lt;/strong&gt; but not necessary anemic, (serum ferritin ≤25 μg/L), took oral radioactively labelled isotopes of iron supplements (ferrous sulfate). They divided the study into 2 studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study 1 (iron absorption):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60 mg/day &lt;strong&gt;once a day&lt;/strong&gt; for 14 days (cumulative total absorbed dose: &lt;strong&gt;131·0 mg&lt;/strong&gt; [71·4 - 240·5 mg])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60 mg/day &lt;strong&gt;every other day&lt;/strong&gt; for 28 days, so the same total dose as in 1. (cumulative total absorbed dose: &lt;strong&gt;175·3 mg&lt;/strong&gt; [110·3 - 278·5 mg])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE, that in the regime 1, the cumulative total absorbed dose (131 mg) was in 14 days, while in the regime 2 the dose (175.3 mg) was in 28 days, which means that in the alternative day regime more iron was absorbed from the same total dose as in every day regime, but in a period twice as long.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study 2 (hepcidin levels):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;120 mg/day once a day for 3 days&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;60 mg twice a day for 3 days, so the same daily and total dose as in 3. (At the end, this group had higher serum hepcidin levels.) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hepcidin is a protein synthesized in the liver and detected in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;High hepcidin levels block intestinal iron absorption &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01294/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frontiers in Physiology, 2019&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation&lt;/strong&gt; of the study by the authors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In iron-depleted women, providing iron supplements daily as divided&#xA;  doses increases serum hepcidin and reduces iron absorption.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Providing iron supplements on alternate days and in single doses optimises iron absorption&lt;/strong&gt; and might be a preferable dosing regimen.&#xA;  These findings should be confirmed in iron-deficient anaemic patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Second study&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a study in &lt;strong&gt;anemic&lt;/strong&gt; women (mean serum ferritin ~10 μg/L).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.haematologica.org/content/haematol/early/2019/08/13/haematol.2019.220830.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Iron absorption from supplements is greater with alternate day than with consecutive day dosing in iron-deficient anemic women (Haematologica, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alternate day dosing of oral iron supplements in anemic women may be&#xA;  preferable because it sharply increases fractional iron absorption. In&#xA;  order to provide the same total amount of iron with alternate day&#xA;  dosing, twice the daily target dose should be given on alternate days&#xA;  as &lt;strong&gt;total iron absorption from a single dose of 200 mg given on&#xA;  alternate days was approximately twice that from 100 mg given on&#xA;  consecutive days&lt;/strong&gt; (p&amp;lt;0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUT&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consequently, TIA from a single dose of 200 mg given on alternate days&#xA;  was approximately twice that from 100 mg given on consecutive days&#xA;  (p&amp;lt;0.001). This suggests that &lt;strong&gt;TIA would be similar from alternate&#xA;  day dosing of 200 mg compared to daily dosing of 100 mg.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(TIA =&#xA;  total iron absorption)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion, as in our previous studies using a daily dose of 60 mg&#xA;  in iron-depleted nonanemic women, our data show that with higher doses&#xA;  of 100-200 mg iron in women with IDA, alternate day dosing results in&#xA;  higher FIA and a trend for &lt;strong&gt;lower incidence of gastrointestinal side&#xA;  effects&lt;/strong&gt; compared to consecutive day dosing. &lt;em&gt;(IDA = iron deficiency anemia, FIA = fractional iron absorption)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These potential benefits &lt;strong&gt;need to be confirmed in long-term&#xA;  intervention studies in anemic women with clinical endpoints,&lt;/strong&gt; such as&#xA;  change in Hb, iron status and side effects, as primary outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-11T18:06:19.363" LastActivityDate="2020-02-11T18:06:19.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-11T21:35:02.107" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;To investigate certain types of inflammation, during a colonoscopy, a doctor might pinch off normal-looking mucosa at a number of locations for subsequent microscopic examination.  What is the size of each specimen, e.g., dimensions, volume?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, one would think that specimen size would be discussed in the ASGE 2013 Guideline for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asge.org/docs/default-source/education/practice_guidelines/endoscopic_mucosal_tissue_sampling.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endoscopic mucosal tissue sampling&lt;/a&gt;, but it isn't.  Orientation is, number of sites is, but specimen size is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is about biopsy of normal mucosa, not polyps or other visible abnormalities.  A reference for this information would be appreciated as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17598" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T00:18:08.000" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T00:18:08.000" Title="What is the size of biopsy specimens pinched from normal colon mucosa?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;colonoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21057" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-11T23:52:26.333" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/uv-radiation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/uv-radiation.html&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;UVA rays have the least energy among UV rays. These rays can cause skin cells to age and can cause some indirect damage to cells' DNA. UVA rays are mainly linked to long-term skin damage such as wrinkles, but they are also thought to play a role in some skin cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How dangerous are naturally occurring wavelengths above 380nm?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-02-12T00:39:39.223" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T11:16:51.970" Title="How dangerous for the human skin are naturally occurring wavelengths above 380nm?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;aging&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-12T08:34:59.377" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Executing &lt;code&gt;Is there a plastic surgery condition of a &quot;double&quot; or &quot;triple&quot; chin?&lt;/code&gt; as a search query in three search engines (&lt;em&gt;Google&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Bing&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;DuckDuckGo&lt;/em&gt;) and looking at images brought me almost no results relevant results; most results in the first page where for &quot;neck lift&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching &quot;triple chin&quot; alone shows me it is an informal term for a problem of neck fat causing three strains of fat from the neck to the chin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there a plastic surgery conditions of a &quot;double chin&quot; or &quot;triple chin&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Note: I don't ask this for a personal medical or aesthetic problem but from curiosity and to broaden general knowledge only.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8225" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-13T06:28:55.133" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T06:28:55.133" Title="Are there a plastic surgery conditions of a &quot;double chin&quot; or &quot;triple chin&quot;?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;chins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20960" CreationDate="2020-02-12T14:44:56.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; there is no reliable evidence to say that grapefruit-seed extract has any disinfection efficacy. It was found out that some commercial products have been adulterated with artificial disinfectants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.everdependup.com/EN_Products/MSDS/EN_MSDS_AT30.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sources&lt;/a&gt; mention that grapefruit-seed extract has been used in hospitals in the United states; &lt;strong&gt;not to prevent/treat skin infections but to disinfect laundry and carpets.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/946.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database&lt;/a&gt;, there is &lt;strong&gt;insufficient evidence&lt;/strong&gt; to say that grapefruit-seed extract is effective in prevention or treatment of infections or other skin conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/113659-grapefruit-seed-extract-as-an-antimicrobial-agent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grapefruit Seed Extract as an Antimicrobial Agent (ReliasMedia, 2009)&lt;/a&gt; provides summaries of various studies - I added the links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers at a German Institute of Pharmacy tested six commercially&#xA;  available grapefruit seed extracts.10 Five of the six products showed&#xA;  strong antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria, yeast, and&#xA;  other microbes. However, further analysis of these five active samples&#xA;  found &lt;strong&gt;they contained between 1.25% and 10% benzethonium chloride. The one sample which contained no benzethonium chloride also showed no&#xA;  antimicrobial activity.&lt;/strong&gt; The researchers made their own grapefruit seed&#xA;  extract and it had no antimicrobial activity. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10399191&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmazie, 1999&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of nine commercial grapefruit seed extract products purchased in the&#xA;  United States, seven contained &lt;strong&gt;benzethonium chloride&lt;/strong&gt; (0.3-22%), three&#xA;  contained &lt;strong&gt;triclosan&lt;/strong&gt; (0.01-1.13%). &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17867553&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharmazie, 2007&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another investigation was conducted into grapefruit seed extracts used&#xA;  in farming as organic antimicrobial sprays.4 Nine products were&#xA;  tested, of which seven contained various synthetic chemicals, most&#xA;  commonly &lt;strong&gt;benzethonium chloride.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719494&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Agricultural and&#xA;  Food Chemistry, 2006&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the most recent analysis published, 41 various products were&#xA;  purchased in Japan.12 These included food additives, cosmetics,&#xA;  dietary supplements, and disinfectant sprays. &lt;strong&gt;All but three&#xA;  contained one or more synthetic antimicrobials.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344660&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shokuhin&#xA;  Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to another review: &lt;a href=&quot;http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue94/QUALCONTROL_gfse.html?ts=1581495664&amp;amp;signature=6fef56124edefdbfd4f534d7f49b8938&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Adulteration of Commercial “Grapefruit Seed Extract” with Synthetic Antimicrobial and Disinfectant Compounds (American Botanical Council, 2012)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A significant amount, and possibly a &lt;strong&gt;majority,&lt;/strong&gt; of ingredients, dietary&#xA;  supplements and/or cosmetics labeled as or containing grapefruit seed&#xA;  extract (GFSE) is &lt;strong&gt;adulterated,&lt;/strong&gt; and any observed antimicrobial activity&#xA;  is due to synthetic additives, not the grapefruit seed extract itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-02-12T14:44:56.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21064" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21056" CreationDate="2020-02-12T15:18:10.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The size of biopsy samples of the mucosa from gastrointestinal tract, including the colon, is &lt;strong&gt;~2 mm.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Biopsy depth of 1.5 mm was chosen from our studies of colon biopsies&#xA;  on fresh surgical tissue and IRB studies, and because forceps cup&#xA;  sizes from 1.8 to 2.4 mm were rarely associated with adverse events. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(16)30829-X/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Jumbo&quot; biopsy samples, which are used, for example, in diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, are usually 3.7-4 mm in size. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2011/671659/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hindawi, 2011&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-12T15:54:05.780" LastActivityDate="2020-02-12T15:54:05.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13807" CreationDate="2020-02-12T18:04:08.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The aim of taking two antibiotics at the same is to prevent an overgrowth of the &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; strains that could be resistant to a single antibiotic. The antibiotic choice depends on the individual sensitivity to antibiotics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various treatment regimes have been proposed: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748437/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Helicobacter pylori treatment: antibiotics or probiotics (Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2018)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard treatment regime for the &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; infection of the stomach is a &lt;strong&gt;triple therapy&lt;/strong&gt; for 10-14 days:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole (or ranitidine bismuth citrate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the antibiotic clarithromycin (or levofloxacin in case of resistance) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the antibiotic amoxicillin (or metronidazole)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probiotics taken along with triple therapy can increase the eradication rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In recent years, the effectiveness of the triple regime has fallen from 90% to &amp;lt;70% due to resistance of &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; to multiple antibiotics. The reported prevalence of resistance to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;metronidazole: ~10% in Japan, 17 to 44% in Europe and America, 50-100% in Africa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;clarithromycin: 16% in Japan, 1.7 to 23.4% in Europe, 10.6 to 25% in North America&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Suggested new therapies&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quadruple therapy&lt;/strong&gt; (for areas with high incidence of clarithromycin resistance):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a proton pump inhibitor&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;bismuth citrate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the antibiotic tetracycline&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the antibiotic metronidazole&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The efficacy of the quadruple therapy in &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; eradication is similar than in triple therapy (~77%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sequential therapy&lt;/strong&gt; uses the same drugs as the triple therapy but not at the same time (more effective in patients with the single clarithromycin-resistant strain; eradication rates were 80.9% for sequential therapy and 40.7% for standard triple therapy):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 days with a proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin followed by&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 days of a proton pump inhibitor plus clarithromycin and amoxicillin   &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-13T15:35:05.203" LastActivityDate="2020-02-13T15:35:05.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-13T03:51:52.353" Score="2" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to The &lt;a href=&quot;https://alliancerm.org/available-products/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alliance for Regenerative Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, the following six Tissue-Engineered Products are available in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spherox&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Novocart 3D&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ReNovaCell&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ReGenerCel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vergenix FG&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vergenix-STR&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched these products using the  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/field_ema_web_categories%253Aname_field/Human/ema_group_types/ema_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMA's database&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;As a result,  for the Spherox, complete information was obtained from the database. However, products other than that, I could not find any evidence of approval except for newspaper articles, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably, these are approved / approval as CE marks or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/advanced-therapy-medicinal-products-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ATMP&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;But, I cannot confirm whether it is registered in the CE mark or ATMP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Originally my question is about the tissue engineering products not in the EMA's database but 'approved' in Europe. However, I'd like to focus to ATMP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;【My Question】&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How can I confirm that these five products have really &lt;s&gt;received the CE mark or &lt;/s&gt; acceptance as ATMP?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The FDA's RMAT designation appear to be a ticket to get the preferential treatment on a review preference, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24343/progress-of-the-fdas-review-of-rmat-products&quot;&gt;not to be approved&lt;/a&gt;. What happens when a candidate drug becomes an ATMP？ Can the products approved as an ATMP be marketed in Europe?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want publicly authorized information; It does not include such as newspaper information or the manufacturer's website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ReNovaCel, ReGenerCel, and Vergenix, the manufacturer, Avita says;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;”Avita launched ReGenerCell and ReNovaCell in Europe. Both autologous cell harvesting devices have CE Mark approval.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, no information seems to be registered. Additionally, ReNovaCel and ReGenerCel are alleged to have FDA approval, but we can not find any files on the FDA database. (However, ReCel of the company was registered in the FDA DB)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were news articles about the Vergenix got the CE mark. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fdanews.com/articles/175463-collplant-secures-ce-mark-for-vergenix-wound-filler&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Article 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/122864/collplants-vergenix-approved-in-europe-122864.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Article2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I cannot confirm any information published by the regulatory authorities or Certification body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I'm not very good at English, so I'm sorry if I have some impolite or unclear expressions. I welcome any corrections and English review. (You can edit my question and description to improve them)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-12T16:23:37.787" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T22:49:50.090" Title="What happens when a candidate drug becomes an ATMP？ What's the list of ATMPs?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21072" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21073" CreationDate="2020-02-13T18:54:33.360" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since Insulin is unable to act on cells due to insulin resistance, then shouldn't ketoacidosis also occur in Type 2 ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17135" LastEditorUserId="17135" LastEditDate="2020-02-13T19:00:23.373" LastActivityDate="2020-02-14T02:49:59.273" Title="Why is there no ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21072" CreationDate="2020-02-13T19:45:08.517" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, ketoacidosis could occur also in Type 2 Diabetes. It's not common, but it's a possibility and should not be not omitted. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Type 2 Diabetes the insulin secretion is available but insufficient to meet the glucose needs. However, generally, can prevent sustained hyperglycemic states that could lead to ketoacidosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When DKA occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes, the presumed mechanism of ketoacidosis is the combination of relative insulin deficiency and increased secretion of glucagon (as well as other counteregulatory hormones such as cortisol, catecholamines, and growth hormone) in response to stress from 1) overwhelming infection, 2) infarction of tissue, or 3) other severe illness. The elevated catecholamines further suppress insulin secretion to perpetuate a downward spiral. The increased glucagons-to-insulin ratio causes a mismatch that promotes unregulated lipolysis and proteolysis with subsequent uninterrupted formation of ketoacids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/22/4/198&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-02-14T02:49:59.273" LastActivityDate="2020-02-14T02:49:59.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21074" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21079" CreationDate="2020-02-14T04:45:12.573" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the general cause is over activity of inflammatory cytokines (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5772/65893&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nalbant &amp;amp; Birlik, 2016&lt;/a&gt;), why do we just just manage RA with pain medications, steroids, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we not deal with the cytokine over activity with immunosuppressants?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nalbant, S. &amp;amp; Birlik, A. M. (2016). Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). In: Sakkas, L. (Ed.) &lt;em&gt;New Developments in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/em&gt;. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5772/65893&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.5772/65893&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/em&gt;. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-14T18:27:04.793" Title="Can we slow the advancement of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) with immunosuppressants?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21079" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21074" CreationDate="2020-02-14T14:47:29.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the following immunosuppressants, which are already in use, inhibit cytokines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Non-biologic DMARDs (Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs): &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/42/10/1189/1784701&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;methotrexate&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/10/5962&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leflunomide&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674253/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydroxychloroquine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/sulfasalazine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sulfasalazine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10685792&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cyclosporine&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/43/8/992/1784457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tacrolimus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507863/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biologic DMARDs&lt;/a&gt;: adalimubab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimubab, infliximab, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Biologic DMARDs are not the first choice in treatment of RA because they: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;are expensive&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cannot be taken by mouth (because they contain antibodies, which are proteins)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can have severe side effects (thrombosis, liver and kidney toxicity, demyelinating disorders...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase the risk of infections (pneumonia, skin infections, the reactivation of tuberculosis or hepatitis B...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;usually do not induce remission,&lt;/strong&gt; unlike methotrexate and sulfasalazine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-treatment#d13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-treatment#d13&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine&lt;/a&gt; (free registering required) and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/rheumatoid-arthritis/ra-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;John Hopkins Medicine&lt;/a&gt; cover drugs used in treatment of RA, including DMARDs, one by one in detail (mechanism of action, dosing, clinical effectiveness, side effects).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most drugs mentioned here are included in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/ACR%202015%20RA%20Guideline.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-14T18:27:04.793" LastActivityDate="2020-02-14T18:27:04.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-15T10:48:51.333" Score="1" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;I look for information about if it is safe to eat a Kiwi fruit during antibiotic therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the fruit is source of calcium so it can weaken absorption of drug so time delay before and after taking the medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I google through many pages in Polish and English. I found potential alergic effect and influence on blood clotting but no word about interactions with antibiotics is it safe or dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is kiwi free from any substance that can prevent break down an antibiotic medicine into simpler substances, as citrus would?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17617" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-15T20:21:49.787" LastActivityDate="2020-02-15T20:21:49.787" Title="Is kiwi safe to eat during antibiotic therapy?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-02-16T05:51:02.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-15T14:30:13.810" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually sleep for 7-9 hours a day. &#xA;Recently changed it from a day sleeping schedule (05:00 A. M. To 13.00 P. M.) to night one (24:00 midnight to 09:00 A. M.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday was Friday, Indian standard time, and I went to sleep late around 04:00 A. M. And woke up at 06:00 A. M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just got through whole day of reading and writing, yet still feel fresh. How is this possible? Especially when I struggle to wake up on other days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus, I feel more productive than ever. What explanation can there be for this sort of sleep occurrence? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17619" LastActivityDate="2020-02-15T14:30:13.810" Title="I got by on 2 hours of sleep today. How is that possible?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-02-15T16:09:10.743" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-16T04:08:19.470" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the medical and social research concerning &amp;quot;sexual activity&amp;quot; of man or woman, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037907389800053X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can tampon use cause hymen changes in girls who have not had sexual intercourse?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, clefts were found in both the sexually active and the never-active groups: 20 of their 200 never-sexually-active subjects possessed complete hymenal clefts, as did only 84 of their 100 sexually active subjects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the status &amp;quot;sexually-active&amp;quot; usually self-reported by the patients? How trustworthy is this data? What if someone misreport their status? What are some mechanisms to prevent lies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17185" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-17T16:12:50.933" Title="Is the status of &quot;sexually-active&quot; self-reported by the patients?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24280" CreationDate="2020-02-16T04:59:25.730" Score="5" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia entry (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymen&lt;/a&gt;) suggests that Hymen can be completed absent inborn. I read through the textbook referred by Wikipedia, but that textbook does not include any data on this; the textbook also made this claim without any reference to experimental observations or medical cases. How could an academic textbook claim something without valid data or evidence?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what is the approximate percentage of women born without hymen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17185" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T22:15:55.930" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T12:32:55.653" Title="What is the percentage of woman without a hymen?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21090" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-16T10:27:04.923" Score="0" ViewCount="83" Body="&lt;p&gt;From reading articles such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/strength-training/art-20046670&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; I understand that over time, building your muscles to reach your peak bone density means that you may have sufficient peak bone density to cope with age-related bone loss, preventing osteoporosis in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unclear to me what is the role of peak bone mass in reducing risk of osteoporosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does peak bone density have any other role in preventing osteoporosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17622" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-16T17:21:52.140" LastActivityDate="2020-02-18T10:28:23.453" Title="Does peak bone density have any other role in preventing osteoporosis?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;&lt;osteoporosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-16T13:12:13.267" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;When conducting a general Google, most sites that come up are plastic surgery sites advertising &amp;quot;virginity repair&amp;quot; (hymenoplasty or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenorrhaphy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hymenorrhaphy&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from that, there are articles, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/teens/ask-experts/can-the-hymen-grow-back-if-you-dont-have-sex-for-a-while-and-if-so-would-that-make-you-a-virgin-again&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Planned Parenthood&lt;/a&gt;, which point out that once the hymen is broken it cannot heal itself. Yet, I have heard of a notion that the hymen can repair itself after sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lo and behold, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-hymens-they-are-not-alone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joannides, (2008)&lt;/a&gt; which states the hymen can heal itself, citing studies which I cannot find.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the hymen really able to repair itself? If so, this can have ramifications within the legal profession who use this as proof of penetrative sexual assault and it makes me wonder if there are signs that the hymen was damaged before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joannides, P. (2008). &lt;em&gt;New York Times Is Wrong about Hymens--But They Are Not Alone&lt;/em&gt;. Psychology Today. Retrieved from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-hymens-they-are-not-alone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/you-it/200806/new-york-times-is-wrong-about-hymens-they-are-not-alone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T05:15:06.810" Title="Natural hymen repair" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;hymen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21092" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21094" CreationDate="2020-02-16T14:02:55.080" Score="2" ViewCount="670" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a reddit post showing the '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/f4cu65/causes_of_death_in_1632_london/?utm_medium=android_app&amp;amp;utm_source=share&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Causes of death of london in 1632&lt;/a&gt;' Theres a few causes that seem weird.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the one the caught my attention is 'Rising of the lights'. The best I've seen is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_of_the_lights&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lights = Lungs&lt;/a&gt;, but still Rising of the lungs seems to go nowhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is a Rising of the lights?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17624" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-17T10:13:24.430" LastActivityDate="2020-02-17T10:13:24.430" Title="What is 'Rising of the lights' as a death?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21094" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21092" CreationDate="2020-02-16T16:44:56.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thornber.net/medicine/html/medgloss.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glossary of Old Medical Terms&lt;/a&gt; by Craig Thornber:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rising of the Lights:  croup - any obstructive condition of the larynx or trachea (windpipe), characterised by a hoarse, barking cough and difficult breathing, occurring chiefly in infants and children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which backs up the speculations in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2523749/pdf/brmedj08355-0057b.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Correspondence in the British Medical Journal, Dec 1926&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Croup&lt;/a&gt; is a respiratory condition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of &quot;barking&quot; cough, stridor, and a hoarse voice. Fever and runny nose may also be present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-02-16T16:44:56.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21095" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21100" CreationDate="2020-02-17T03:28:29.310" Score="3" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to wrap my head around the massive amount of information how is GERD caused and treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;GERD is caused by the lower sphincter of your esophagus relaxing abnormal or weakens, stomach acid goes up your esophagus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various risk factors of GERD have been identified such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;delayed stomach emptying&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;connectivity tissue issues/disorders&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And various things aggravate acid reflux such as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoking &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;spicy foods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fatty foods&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;certain medicines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read numerous claims throughout the web that to cure GERD all one has to do is eat a low acid diet, or drink alkaline water, or elimination diet, or meds for life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does treatment consist of figuring out each individual's personal path to living without any acid reflux (at which point its cured) or is acid reflux considered a normal part of battling GERD and it should slowly go away with time after making substancial changes to diet/lifestyle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To better explain the question...does healing gerd consist of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 - eliminating everything until you finally do not have acid reflux/GERD for a day, living on that diet for awhile, and then figuring out what to add in and work from there&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 - making substancial changes to lifestyle/diet and and slowly getting better overtime even with dealing with acid reflux issues throughout the &quot;healing&quot; process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17626" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-19T08:53:04.217" LastActivityDate="2020-02-19T08:53:04.217" Title="GERD - path to cure and prevent gerd from ever coming back" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;gerd-acid-reflux&gt;&lt;heartburn&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21096" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21090" CreationDate="2020-02-17T11:36:24.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_bone_mass&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Peak bone mass&lt;/a&gt; is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life. It typically occurs in the early 20s in females and late 20s in males. Peak bone mass is typically lower in females than males&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of development of osteoporosis can be minimized by understanding the development of the skeletal system and the lifestyle choices that maximize bone development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bone mass and strength achieved at the end of the growth period, simply designated as &quot;Peak Bone Mass (PBM)&quot;, plays an essential role in the risk of osteoporotic fractures occurring in adulthood. It is considered that an increase of PBM by one standard deviation would reduce the fracture risk by 50%.&lt;a href=&quot;https://scielosp.org/article/spm/2009.v51suppl1/s5-s17/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of fracture is determined largely by bone density, which is the end result of peak value achieved at skeletal maturity and subsequent age- and menopause-related bone loss. The risk of osteoporotic fracture at any site relates to bone mineral density at that site and the amount of stress applied to that bone.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8499027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is commonly accepted that development of a higher peak bone mass during adolescent years protects against postmenopausal osteoporosis. There is a strong inverse relationship between bone mineral density and incidence of fracture in postmenopausal women. Bone loss in a postmenopausal woman with low peak bone density will have greater consequences for fracture than that in a woman with higher peak bone mineral density.&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/84/6/1839/2864329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD000333/MUSKEL_exercise-for-preventing-and-treating-osteoporosis-in-postmenopausal-women&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane&lt;/a&gt;, exercise will improve bone mineral density just slightly so it can reduce the chance of having a fracture to some extent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2572" LastEditorUserId="2572" LastEditDate="2020-02-18T10:28:23.453" LastActivityDate="2020-02-18T10:28:23.453" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21095" CreationDate="2020-02-18T14:09:08.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;In summary:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The first line of treatment of GERD &lt;em&gt;symptoms&lt;/em&gt; are lifestyle changes: losing weight (if necessary), avoiding triggering foods and moderate physical activity. Eliminating all suspected foods until symptoms improve and then introducing them back one by one is a reasonable method.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if you can control symptoms of GERD by lifestyle changes, GERD won't likely heal on its own until the &lt;em&gt;underlying causes&lt;/em&gt; (obesity, hiatal hernia, delayed gastric emptying) persist.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Causes and risk factors of GERD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Insufficiency of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES),&lt;/strong&gt; a muscular valve that normally prevents reflux of food and acid from the stomach into the esophagus due to (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Obesity, pregnancy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03186.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fructose malabsorption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hiatal hernia - a slip of the upper part of the stomach through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm muscle&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bile-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20370115&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bile reflux&lt;/a&gt; due to peptic ulcer or gallbladder removal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Increased gastric acid secretion can be associated with reflux, but, in most cases, this is not the cause (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo21.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GI Motility online, 2006&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis),&lt;/strong&gt; which can result from (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-disorders-gastroparesis#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A damage of the nerves due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4356931/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diabetes mellitus&lt;/a&gt;, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypothyroidism&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drugs, like narcotics and antidepressants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abnormal esophageal motility (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216628/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;achalasia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-spasms/symptoms-causes/syc-20372250&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;esophageal spasms&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Connective tissue diseases, such as scleroderma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Triggers of GERD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a person with established GERD, certain triggers can aggravate reflux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain foods and large meals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lying down shortly after a meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medications: aspirin, antihistamines, narcotics (morphine, codeine, etc.), tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, doxepin...), calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, diltiazem...), clonidine, drugs to treat Parkinson's disease, lithium and progesterone (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_gerd/article.htm#what_are_the_symptoms_of_uncomplicated_gerd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedicineNet&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smoking (nicotine)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE: Acidic foods may increase the feeling of esophageal irritation, but they don't actually increase the reflux:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...some beverages with high acidity did not induce symptoms (i.e.,&#xA;  prune juice) and others with low acidity did (i.e., tomato juice)&#xA;  indicating other factors may play a role (18). Similar incongruencies&#xA;  between physiology and symptoms exist for carbonated beverages. &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702398/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Thoracic Disease, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Diagnosis of GERD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The investigations for diagnosis of GERD may include upper endoscopy, measurement of the acidity and pressure in the esophagus and an abdominal X-ray with barium swallow (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Evidence-based approach to treatment of GERD&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Lifestyle changes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a systematic review of studies: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668774/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease (World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2009)&lt;/a&gt;, weight loss (if overweight) and moderate physical activity can help to improve GERD symptoms, while the evidence about the effect of diet is inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is sufficient evidence to support the relationship between being&#xA;  obese/overweight and GERD, expressed as specific symptoms and&#xA;  endoscopic features. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that&#xA;  controlled weight loss (by diet or surgery) is able to induce a&#xA;  significant improvement in GERD symptoms and/or in GERD&#xA;  clinical-endoscopic manifestations. Definitive data still do not exist&#xA;  regarding the association between dietary behavior, mainly in terms of&#xA;  specific dietary components and GERD manifestations. Moderate physical&#xA;  activity seems beneficial, while vigorous activity may be dangerous in&#xA;  predisposed individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lack of strong evidence about the effect of diet on GERD symptoms on the &lt;em&gt;population&lt;/em&gt; level should not discourage anyone to &lt;em&gt;personally&lt;/em&gt; try and see what can help to him/her. The following lifestyle changes have been supported by some studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avoiding foods that are fatty (fried foods, chocolate), spicy or acidic (citrus fruits), carbonated beverages, sugars, tomato-based products, alcohol, caffeine (coffee, tea, cola), large meals and eating &amp;lt;2 hours before bed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6326208/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 2019&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6702398/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Thoracic Disease, 2019&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight loss, tobacco smoking cessation and head of the bed elevation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636482/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Medications and surgery&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medications that reduce the stomach acid (antacids, H2 antagonists or proton pump inhibitors) can prevent symptoms and damage of the esophagus; hiatal hernia and certain other conditions may require surgery (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0615/p2376.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Family Physician, 2005&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of eventual &lt;em&gt;H. pylori&lt;/em&gt; infection may improve or worsen GERD (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo21.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GI Motility online, 2006&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-18T18:29:15.403" LastActivityDate="2020-02-18T18:29:15.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21106" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-19T10:00:38.117" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the following quote in the textbook &lt;em&gt;Kaplan Biochemistry&lt;/em&gt; (2018 edition, page 183):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Transfused blood has lower than expected 2,3 BPG levels, making it less efficient at delivering oxygen to peripheral tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I think about this, the answer must lie in glycolysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally if we had collected blood we collect it in fluoride bulb for glucose estimation. However. in transfusion bag we have CPD-A (citrate, phosphate, dextrose, anticoagulant) but none of it would inhibitors of glycolysis,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why transfused blood has lower 2,3 - BPG levels? Is storing in cold temperatures of transfused blood slows down glycolysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-02-19T15:37:28.113" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T16:02:20.393" Title="Why transfused blood has lower 2,3 - BPG levels" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;hemoglobin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21106" CreationDate="2020-02-19T13:07:40.080" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simpler than you think, its all about the high affinity of 2,3 BPG in binding to the deoxy-haemoglobin site. Now, when you deliver blood infusion into a closed circulatory system, you lower the 2,3BPG levels so that glycolysis in erythrocytes is shifted (by La Chatelie) to make more 2,3BPG. The total result is high 2,3PBG concentration(for a stable volume of blood) which means you got more 2,3BPG that is competing with haemoglobin on the oxygen binding site. The conclusion is poor oxygen delivery to the tissues. Keep notice that youll get more &quot;T&quot; haemoglobin, its like you took the poor patient and putted him on the height of Mt. Everest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Btw, citrate is a weak calcium binder(agonist of blood clotting) - so technically he can serve as anticaog. (but because the infusiones kept in low temp. there equillibrium is ideal not to ruin the coag. properties by citrate and etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17636" LastActivityDate="2020-02-19T13:07:40.080" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-19T18:01:15.013" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any link between excessive sniffling when having a runny nose and otitis media? By sniffling I mean propelling thin watery mucus up one's nose into the nasal cavity rather than pulling thick mucus down one's throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I was brought up, sniffling is strongly frowned upon (almost culturally institutionalized misophonia). Grandparents used to say sniffling can cause otitis media, but I am not able to find any evidence neither for nor against.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17639" LastActivityDate="2020-02-19T18:01:15.013" Title="Can sniffling lead to otitis media?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;nose-blowing&gt;&lt;runny-nose&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-03-08T16:16:15.817" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21113" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21132" CreationDate="2020-02-19T23:24:31.467" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cook steak every 2-3 weeks and I'm thinking about buying and using this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.ca/Breville-BSM600SIL-Smoking-Gun-Silver/dp/B072RCDQJS/ref=sr_1_5?keywords=smoke%20gun&amp;amp;qid=1582147145&amp;amp;sr=8-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breville Smoke Infuser&lt;/a&gt; with my steak but I'm concerned about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7447916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer risks associated to smoking meat&lt;/a&gt;. Should I be concerned? I couldn't find an answer using Google. If you can back your arguments with credible sources, that would be great! Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17640" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-02-20T18:43:19.053" LastActivityDate="2020-02-22T12:26:54.060" Title="Will eating a smoked steak every 2-3 weeks lead to high risk of cancer?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21123" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21126" CreationDate="2020-02-21T05:28:20.133" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently stumbled upon antineoplastons which is a family of drugs based on chemical natural products prevalent in human blood and urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have only been able to find one person administering clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why haven’t other research groups invested into antineoplastons when it comes to cancer treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17650" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-24T16:59:12.373" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T16:59:12.373" Title="Why haven’t other research groups invested into antineoplastons when it comes to cancer treatment?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-21T10:10:32.483" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is contradictory information in my two textbooks,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As per Kaplan Physiology 2018,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is gain of isotonic fluid, because aldosteronism cause Na+ retention and water follow, so osmolality doesn't change and no pulling/pushing of water to ICF from ECF because osmolality is near normal.&#xA;  hence, &lt;em&gt;ICF &amp;amp; Blood osmolality - No change&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As per Guyton Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (SA edition 2, Pg 54 table 6-2)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plasma Na+ rises, ECF increase, but here(contrast to kaplan) ICF decrease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I'm thinking that fluid might have flowed from ICF to ECF on account of Na+ rise but then idea of Kaplan will contradict.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm confused here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-02-21T10:10:32.483" Title="What happens to ICF in primary aldosteronism?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21123" CreationDate="2020-02-21T10:35:20.437" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Firstly Stanislaw Burzynski (who I presume to be the &amp;quot;one person&amp;quot; you mention)  isn't the only person to investigate antineoplastons, &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0120064&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ogata et al&lt;/a&gt; did a trial published in 2015, although that work is not without &lt;a href=&quot;https://respectfulinsolence.com/2015/03/24/dr-hidaeka-tsuda-demonstrates-that-antineoplastons-dont-work-against-colon-cancer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;problems&lt;/a&gt;, it was completely unblinded for a start. Hardly top drawer science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly what Burzynski does isn't really clinical trials, he simply calls them that so he can keep charging victims through the nose for his scam, quoth Burzynski's lawyer Richard Jaffe they are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;artifice, a vehicle we and the FDA created to legally give the patients Burzynski’s treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you'd expect, given that he's literally running these &amp;quot;trials&amp;quot; as an excuse to treat people Burzynski doesn't really publish his results, he &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-014-2401-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published&lt;/a&gt; some shonky &lt;a href=&quot;https://respectfulinsolence.com/2014/04/17/stanislaw-burzynski-publishes-42-5-of-one-clinical-trial/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;partial results&lt;/a&gt; once which only really served to underline the fact that antineoplastons don't work, they don't cancer - the only thing they can reduce the size of is the bank balance of desperate people and families.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biochemistry of how Burzynski claims antineoplastons work just &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/burzynski1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doesn't hold up&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tracing the biochemistry involved in Burzynski's synthesis of antineoplastons shows that the substances are without value for cancer treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By 1985, Burzynski said he was using eight antineoplastons to treat cancer patients. The first five, which were fractions from human urine, he called A-1 through A-5. From A-2 he made A-10, which was insoluble 3-N-phenylacetylamino piperidine 2,6-dione. He said A-10 was the anticancer peptide common to all his urine fractions. He then treated A-10 with alkali, which yielded a soluble product he named AS-2.5. Further treatment of AS-2.5 with alkali yielded a product he called AS-2.1. Burzynski is currently treating patients with what he calls &amp;quot;AS-2.1&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;A-10.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality, AS-2.1 is phenylacetic acid (PA), a potentially toxic substance produced during normal metabolism. PA is detoxified in the liver to phenylacetyl glutamine (PAG), which is excreted in the urine. When urine is heated after adding acid, the PAG loses water and becomes 3-N-phenylacetylamino piperidine 2,6-dione (PAPD), which is insoluble. Normally there is no PAPD in human urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What Burzynski calls &amp;quot;A-10&amp;quot; is really PAPD treated with alkali to make it soluble. But doing this does not create a soluble form of A-10. It simply reinserts water into the molecule and regenerates the PAG (Burzynski's AS-2.5). Further treatment of this with alkali breaks it down into a mixture of PA and PAG. Thus Burzynski's &amp;quot;AS-2.1&amp;quot; is nothing but a mixture of the naturally occurring substances PA and PAG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burzyski claims that A-10 acts by fitting into indentations in DNA. But PAG is too big a molecule to do this, and Burzynski himself has reported that PAG is ineffective against cancer [5,6].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PA may not be safe. In 1919, it was shown that PA can be toxic when ingested by normal individuals. It can also reach toxic levels in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU); and in a pregnant woman, it can cause the child in utero to suffer brain damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Burzynski has never demonstrated that A-2.1 (PA) or &amp;quot;soluble A-10&amp;quot; (PA and PAG) are effective against cancer or that tumor cells from patients treated with these antineoplastons have been &amp;quot;normalized.&amp;quot; Tests of antineoplastons at the National Cancer Institute have never been positive. The drug company Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals could not duplicate Burzynski's claims for AS-2.1 and A-10. The Japanese National Cancer Institute has reported that antineoplastons did not work in their studies. No Burzynski coauthors have endorsed his use of antineoplastons in cancer patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These facts indicate to me that Burzynski's claims that his &amp;quot;antineoplastons&amp;quot; are effective against cancer are not credible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So no-one is looking at antineoplastons because, people &lt;strong&gt;have&lt;/strong&gt; looked and based on the evidence thus far they don't work, &lt;strong&gt;can't&lt;/strong&gt; work and are just yet another predatory scam.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-21T10:35:20.437" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-22T00:04:45.777" Score="-4" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;(I'll aim this question mostly at surgeons who may have done a lot of surgeries in different countries or countries with a lots of diverse ethnic groups.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets take as examples a typical Norwegian and a typical Nigerian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of human anatonomy the outer differences are more obvious e.g. (on average)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;White skin vs dark skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pointy nose vs broad nose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thin lips vs thicker lips&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Straight hair vs tight curly hair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Different skull shape&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Height differences&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Different colour eyes or eyelids.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact there is almost a difference in every external organ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some invisible differences such as propensity to sickle cell disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what I hear less about is the differences (in general) between internal organs between populations. Some people even suggest that differences are only &quot;skin deep&quot; between human populations. Which I think goes against evolutionary theory. As why would natural selection stop at skin level? Also, there is a lot of research into skeletal differences but that's easier to do since we can look at a skeletons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefor it seems fairly logical to assume that there would be fairly apparent differences in internal organs between these populations. (I hesitate to use the word 'races') i.e. as apparant as different hair types, or different nose shapes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't mean that one population will have 3 kidneys for example, but I would expect that there would be an obvious shape or size difference between most, if not all internal organs, just as there is a shape, colour or size difference between most external organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there some research done on this, e.g. a catalogue of differences in internal organs morphology between different populations? Or is it taboo to even ask such questions perhaps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One might say, &quot;how would anyone know? Or care?&quot; But, for example, a heart surgeon might find they need different sized instruments dealing with different people. Or surgeons from different continents might compare notes on anatomy. And anatomy textbooks based on just one population might not be representative. Surgeries working on one &quot;race&quot; might not work on others. e.g. if the heart wall was thinner or the colon was longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another use would be if there was a victim and one wanted to guess the ethnicity of someone and the only evidence was an internal organ of some kind. Could it be done (without looking at the DNA?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13791" LastEditorUserId="13791" LastEditDate="2020-02-22T00:10:45.450" LastActivityDate="2020-02-22T20:36:20.543" Title="What are the differences between internal organs between sub-saharan Africans and Northern Europeans?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ClosedDate="2020-03-08T16:14:39.540" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21132" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21113" CreationDate="2020-02-22T12:26:54.060" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Fritz study is a narrow survey and as such does not apply in any scientific way to the general population. It is a 'reported data' type study, has no random patient selection or group assignment, and has application to only the population studied. This would be classified as C-level evidence compared to B- or A- level. Here's the difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0201/p548.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0201/p548.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, the Fritz study is interesting, and sort of sets a pointer or raised eyebrow, but is very little to go on. If you wanna smoke your meat and enjoy it, have at it. There's way worse risks in life than that. Like the calories, lipid changes, and risk of your neighbor objecting to smoke wafting his way every week &#xA; or two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16991" LastActivityDate="2020-02-22T12:26:54.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21129" CreationDate="2020-02-22T14:42:30.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why would natural selection stop at skin level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The division of humanity into &amp;quot;races&amp;quot; was not natural.&#xA;Yes, some (e.g. darker skin in sunnier locations) was natural,&#xA;but for the most part it was the result of human intelligence and racism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetic drift caused slight differences between isolated communities, but when those communities came into contact the interbreeding that would normally occur with non-intelligent species tended not to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People tend to favour those that look more like them and to fear those that look different, so it's natural to choose familiar looking mates.&#xA;Beautiful people had more children than did ugly people.&#xA;Over time, each group began to look more and more like its own ideal version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This deliberate, artificial, selection was based strictly on external features, so it was those features that eventually defined the races.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no such process affecting internal features, so the &amp;quot;evolution&amp;quot; you are asking about simply didn't happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hadn't realized that this process wasn't already well known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea certainly wasn't original to me. (I remember seeing, just within the last year, a quotation from a scientist (ethnologist?) at the beginning of a TV program that expressed the same idea, but of course I don't remember what it was.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've searched for references for this process and can't find anything at the moment (I'll keep looking), other than something I wrote myself a few years ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Us versus Them&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is something in human nature that makes us want to identify with and to belong to groups of other human beings. We can see this grouping into &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; everywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children separate themselves into girls and boys; high-school students separate into cliques of jocks, nerds, and preppies; adults separate into Masons, or Rotarians, or Kiwanis; sports lovers separate into Mets fans or Yankees fans; and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two individuals can have extremely different backgrounds and interests, but if they meet as strangers and each is wearing a Yankees cap, they experience something that links them. There is no objective reason for this; unless they have bet money on the outcome of a game it really makes no difference to those individuals, much less the rest of the world, whether their team wins. But to them it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; important; if the team wins they somehow feel that they personally have won, that they are personally better than they would have been had the team lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This phenomenon happens at all levels. Many people are proud of their city, their state, or their country for no reason other than that they are part of those groups. If you think about it, it really doesn't make sense, but it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; a fundamental part of what most humans are. (If Texas really were objectively better than Oklahoma, everyone would abandon the one state and move to the other. Texans might say that the reason this doesn't happen is because all Oklahomans are too stupid to see the truth, thereby further illustrating the &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; versus &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; phenomenon.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a survival perspective, this attitude has had great benefits throughout history. If someone identifies more with you than with the person beside you, they are going to kill that person before they kill you. If you are in trouble, someone that identifies with you is much more likely to help you, even if only because they might hope the same of you someday. Having &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; people view the world in terms of &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; increases &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; chance of survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Selection&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The earliest, most basic grouping was by family. We tend to look very much like our parents, our siblings, and our children, and we feel safest in their company. If we identify ourselves by that criterion, we will also have a slight tendency to identify with other people that look like us. We will naturally be more likely to work with, to be friends with, and to marry people that look like our family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isolated groups will develop an ideal image of what they look like, and over time members of that group will come to look more and more like that ideal. Children whose appearance is outside the norm will be picked on, and as adults they will be outcasts. These funny-looking or ugly people will be far less likely to survive or to find mates, and over generations the genes that make them look different will be eliminated from the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a world of geographically isolated settlements, after dozens of generations, the inbreeding will greatly reduce each group's genetic variability. Each group will of course have its own unique selection of genes, different from that of all other groups. Where there is contact between groups, the &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; versus &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; nature will exaggerate those differences even more. It will be easy to see which members of the &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; community have &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; characteristics, and any such children will become outcasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Race&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the centuries, this &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; versus &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; inspired inbreeding is what has created what we now call race. Racism isn't the natural consequence of the existence of race. The causal relationship is actually the exact opposite. Race is the inevitable outcome of human nature's &amp;quot;us&amp;quot; versus &amp;quot;them&amp;quot; mentality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-02-22T20:36:20.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-22T15:33:36.007" Score="4" ViewCount="167" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a ridiculous conspiracy theory spreading that coronavirus is a genetically modified biological weapon gone rogue. According to one theory, the virus has traces of HIV and is designed to attack the immune system. My question isn't related to the evidence, which is non-existent, supporting this theory but rather the science behind the claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV can only spread via blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Is it even conceivable that an &quot;HIV like&quot; virus could spread through the air like coronavirus? The conspiracy theory isn't saying you will get full-blown AIDS but that coronavirus can &quot;attack the immune system&quot; (in a way mimicking HIV). I'm not a doctor, but on the surface, the claim that a virus could even somewhat operate like HIV and be airborne sounds absurd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several scientists have already said there's no way coronavirus DNA was engineered, but I'm looking for another angle to attack this conspiracy theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;There's absolutely nothing in the genome sequence of this virus that indicates the virus was engineered,&quot; Richard Ebright, a professor of chemical biology at Rutgers University, told The Washington Post Sunday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-bioweapon-tom-cotton-conspiracy-theory-china-warfare-leak-2020-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-bioweapon-tom-cotton-conspiracy-theory-china-warfare-leak-2020-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14892" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-02-24T23:57:03.917" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T23:57:03.917" Title="Coronavirus conspiracy theory (HIV biological weapon)" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-25T04:52:00.213" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21136" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-23T03:22:46.830" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome&quot; (ARDS) is characterized by a rapid onset of widespread inflammation of the lungs.  The causes are many, and one such cause might become prominent in the near future: Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [EDIT: Later became known as: SARS-CoV-2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ARDS patients are placed on a ventilator to help them breath. Treatment of ARDS has evolved in the last decade to include 1) Lower Tidal Volume (a setting on the ventilator), 2) Paralysis (so the patient can't override how the ventilator is working), and 3) Prone position (flipping the patient over for most of the day).  Even with these measures, the prognosis is not very good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is about survivability of ARDS given no ventilator is available, and if previous training with a respiratory muscle training device (in the months or weeks leading up to the disease) would change survivability of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/otxC3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/otxC3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;respiratory muscle training device&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dgsWZ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dgsWZ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;respiratory muscle training device&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Devices that restrict inhaling and exhaling are inexpensive, and can even be improvised.  Training with these devices is probably easier than other physical exercise, so if &quot;working out&quot; with one would help, it would seem a small price to pay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After repeated use of a  respiratory muscle training device, one would expect the muscles that move air in and out of the lungs would be stronger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The question:&lt;/strong&gt; given no ventilator was available, would this extra strength improve chances of surviving ARDS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16005" LastEditorUserId="16005" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T20:52:31.430" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T06:02:35.213" Title="Would &quot;working out&quot; with a respiratory muscle training device improve survivability of ARDS in patients without access to a ventilator?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21137" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21683" CreationDate="2020-02-23T11:14:53.063" Score="4" ViewCount="638" Body="&lt;p&gt;As it commonly known, mutability is a fundamental characteristic of viruses which presents the ability of virus genome to adapt to physical circumstances, prevent and circumvent vaccine effect and to cover more ranges of carriers, animals and people categories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 belongs to RNA-viruses family, and RNA viruses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606122/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is known to be&lt;/a&gt; very mutable, but how much this is true for COVID-19? How much in comparison with other viruses? I didn't found any reliable researches in this field except &lt;a href=&quot;https://epivax.com/news/epivaxs-follows-the-2019-ncov-epidemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this expatiative article&lt;/a&gt; from EpiVax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mcusercontent.com/6a5a073ce56e8c2a19963e003/images/928f527f-fe30-4a60-8f93-6b82914908a5.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://mcusercontent.com/6a5a073ce56e8c2a19963e003/images/928f527f-fe30-4a60-8f93-6b82914908a5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to their research, this virus has little-to-zero T-epitopes cross-conservation which makes it very difficult to build a vaccine. Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What interests me more, is the mutability of the virus. Now mostly aged people are subject to fatality with this virus, but might the situation change later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/4I6U85Cm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/4I6U85Cm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; this question becomes especially acute and well-timed in light of recent revelations about SARS-CoV-2 is being transmissible &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/cat-infected-covid-19-from-owner.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from people to cats&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/04/tiger-coronavirus-covid19-positive-test-bronx-zoo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from people to tigers&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3075993/coronavirus-hong-kong-confirms-second-dog&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from people to dogs&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/cats-can-infect-each-other-with-coronavirus-chinese-study-finds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from cats to cats&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.015347v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The study&lt;/a&gt; made by researchers at the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute in China proved the susceptibility of ferrets, cats and dogs to virus. Are there sny more species susceptible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14920" LastEditorUserId="14920" LastEditDate="2020-04-12T12:07:44.040" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T12:07:44.040" Title="How mutable is SARS-CoV-2 virus?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21141" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1583" CreationDate="2020-02-24T18:03:22.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, having too little saturated fat will cause health issues. There is no need for most in a Western diet to increase it though. There are several papers that can be found similar to the one below.  Insufficient animal products as being the a culprit as to why Japanese suffer strokes dis-proportionally higher than those in other populations with markedly different dietary intake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.0000130426.52064.09&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Japan Stroke&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16600" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T18:03:22.240" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21143" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21135" CreationDate="2020-02-24T21:36:45.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I somewhat agree that it's difficult to debunk conspiracy theories, as people that believe in them can and usually will reply to carefully crafted arguments with &quot;of course that's fabricated too&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, I came across this: &lt;a href=&quot;http://virological.org/t/the-proximal-origin-of-sars-cov-2/398&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It discusses the origins for this virus. Hope you find it useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17659" LastActivityDate="2020-02-24T21:36:45.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21147" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21148" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T14:31:45.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21149" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21150" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T14:32:47.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-25T14:43:34.523" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a bit confused:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think there is a consensus that inflammation is bad when it is chronic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But where exercising, we do create inflammation as well and, if you exercise daily, that inflammation is more or less permanent as there is always a part of your body in restorative mode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this angle, can't we hypothesis that daily exercise, while it brings a large number of benefits, is bringing chronic inflammation with all the risks it contains (higher risks of cancers, etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess the hypothesis is wrong, but I am curious as to why.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T17:17:34.600" Title="Exercise vs. inflamation" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21151" CreationDate="2020-02-25T15:47:41.153" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inflammation is the body reaction to a harmful event, like a muscle damage during exercise or infection. Basically, by inflammation your body always wants to repair something.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammation becomes bad when makes more harm than the initial harmful event did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both acute or chronic inflammation can be beneficial or harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beneficial acute inflammation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Wound_healing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wound healing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harmful acute inflammation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513321/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacterial pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Beneficial chronic inflammation: constant repair of micro muscle damage caused by exercise.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Harmful chronic inflammation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://arthritis.org/diseases/rheumatoid-arthritis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regular exercise can also reduce systemic inflammation, as discussed in a review of clinical trials: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320801/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regular Exercise as a Means of Reducing Age-related Inflammation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, regular &lt;strong&gt;exercise reduces&lt;/strong&gt; fat mass and &lt;strong&gt;adipose tissue&#xA;  inflammation&lt;/strong&gt; which is known to contribute to systemic inflammation&#xA;  [58, 59]. Independent of losses of fat mass, exercise also increases&#xA;  muscle production of IL-6 which is known to reduce TNF-α production&#xA;  and &lt;strong&gt;increase anti-inflammatory cytokines&lt;/strong&gt; [69]. Exercise training&#xA;  also increases vagal tone [74], which according to the cholinergic&#xA;  anti-inflammatory reflex espoused by Tracy [72], could lead to&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;reductions in systemic inflammation.&lt;/strong&gt; Acute exercise activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous systems.&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;Cortisol is known to have potent anti-inflammatory effects [75], and catecholamines can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T17:17:34.600" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T17:17:34.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21154" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-25T20:14:10.510" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for reputable reference works that describe the physical aspects of how particles containing rhinoviruses and coronaviruses travel through the environment during disease transmission.  I'm also interested in articles that describe how to engineer an indoor environment to discourage person to person transmission, and how disease spreads in different kinds of office environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/asia/china-coronavirus-contain.html#transmission&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This New York Times article&lt;/a&gt; is an example of the kind of information I'm looking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Respiratory viruses like these can travel through the air, enveloped in tiny droplets that are produced when a sick person breathes, talks, coughs or sneezes. &lt;strong&gt;These droplets fall to the ground within a few feet.... Coronaviruses like the Wuhan virus can travel only about six feet from the infected person&lt;/strong&gt; [emphasis mine].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'd like to cite works by experts in this area, rather than popular media, as science reporters often get details wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason I'm interested in this that I'm compiling arguments against open-office workspaces.  The idea that virus-laden droplets &quot;fall to the ground within a few feet&quot; implies that cubicle walls between workers would reduce the spread of these droplets into neighboring workspaces, thus inhibiting the spread of disease among coworkers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd also appreciate articles about the flu, but I'm most interested in rhinoviruses and coronaviruses since the lack of available vaccines preempts rejoinders like &quot;that's not an issue, just get the flu shot.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17666" LastEditorUserId="17666" LastEditDate="2020-02-25T20:21:16.253" LastActivityDate="2020-02-25T20:21:16.253" Title="Looking for references describing the physical transmission of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21155" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-25T22:09:10.270" Score="5" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have just found a book by John Kirsch &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/1589096428&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shoulder Pain? The Solution &amp;amp; Prevention&lt;/a&gt;&quot; (see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.trainyourselffit.com/shoulder-pain-and-how-to-fix-it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyJkccWWH_RHUvqJuRF3M1Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)  which promotes hanging form a bar with extended arms (&quot;dead hang&quot;) as (partial) solution to many shoulder problems. In the comments however some users say that this is contraindicated if you had a shoulder dislocation in the past. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reason for this claim? Does hanging from the bar bring your humerus head in a position where it is likely to dislocate again (because of a damaged labrum). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer may be different for anterior, posterior and inferior dislocation history with corresponding labrum damage. I am in particular interested in the posterior case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I see it, the &quot;dead hang&quot; position on the contrary seems to be a safe position, because the humerus head is pulled away from the damage labrum. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason I might think of is that not the position itself is unsafe, but the fact that this would mobilize your joints (maybe too much), so they become too mobile which maybe would reduce stability, so that you may dislocate again in another position later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I am &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; talking about shoulder dislocations that occurred from laxity, &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; about dislocations that occurred because for example an accident (or maybe a seizure in the case of posterior dislocation). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2922" LastEditorUserId="2922" LastEditDate="2020-02-26T11:52:11.210" LastActivityDate="2020-02-26T11:52:11.210" Title="Is hanging from a bar contraindicated in the case of a shoulder dislocation history with labrum damage?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;shoulder&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21156" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-26T00:59:06.863" Score="7" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;: After reading the comments and learning more about the current outbreak, I see that the premise of my question is incorrect. I mistakenly believed that the virus' mortality rate was around the same as that of the flu, when in fact it's much higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that the virus' mortality rate is around 2%, which is similar to the flu. It's less deadly than SARS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why are people so worried, and why are governments going to such extreme measures to prevent it from spreading? My guesses are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We don't know enough about the long-term effects of the virus, so better safe than sorry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The economic and social disruption caused by robust measures (e.g., quarantining) costs less than letting a new disease become pandemic, even if it isn't particularly deadly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mass hysteria fueled by the media and misinformation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Governments feeling like they have to appear responsive to popular concern lest they seem lazy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This virus affects more developed parts of the world, so it's more visible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Chinese government's over-the-top, authoritarian, &quot;only in China&quot;-style measures have left everyone in such awe that they think, &quot;this must be really serious!&quot; (When in fact the government's real intention is perhaps to cover up how badly they botched their initial handling of the outbreak.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for one's chances of coming into contact with the virus, the total number of confirmed cases in the world as of writing is around 80k. Let's say that the true number is double that, or 160,000. That's still only ~1.5% of the population of Wuhan, the city where the initial outbreak occurred. Why should anyone be in the slightest bit concerned about going for a stroll down the main street?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not an expert in public health or medicine. It would be great to hear an expert's take on this question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17668" LastEditorUserId="17668" LastEditDate="2020-03-02T22:17:26.447" LastActivityDate="2020-03-03T10:39:57.607" Title="Why are people so worried about 2019-nCoV?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-08T16:15:55.070" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21185" CreationDate="2020-02-26T03:09:18.427" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a topical gel that is a mixture of &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616045.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dapsone&lt;/a&gt; (6%), an antibiotic&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/spironolactone.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;spironolactone&lt;/a&gt; (5%), an androgen blocker&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1534/niacinamide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;niacinamide&lt;/a&gt; (2%), a form of Vitamin B3 and skin brightener&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How deep into the skin do topical acne medications penetrate? Are they able to reach the infection inside the skin? Does increasing the strength/dosage of a product increase how deep the product can penetrate? Does skin type (dry, oily, etc) have any effect on how well products absorb?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously this is a very broad question as there at least three major categories of dermatology topicals, being:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Prescription topicals (such as those mentioned above or adapalene)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Drug store products (benzoyl peroxide, salicyclic acid, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Home remedies (aloe vera gel, honey, tea tree oil, etc)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How deep into the skin do topical acne medications penetrate?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if I may, a final bonus question:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Are any of the solutions listed above any good at fighting deep cystic acne?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17667" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-28T17:07:30.887" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T18:49:36.630" Title="How deep into the skin do topical acne medications penetrate?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;topical-cream-gel&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;cystic-acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21158" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21176" CreationDate="2020-02-26T08:12:44.400" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I traveled to a cold place and after I drank alcohol there I could feel that this consumption of alcohol kept me warm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While feeling of coldness differs from person to person, I ask:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is it advisable to consume alcohol to a person if he/she is feeling too cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read it's bad (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32256/does-drinking-alcohol-really-keep-you-warm-when-its-cold-out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mentalfloss.com&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol is a vasodilator. It causes your blood vessels to dilate,&#xA;  particularly the capillaries just under the surface of your skin. When&#xA;  you have a drink, the volume of blood brought to the skin’s surface&#xA;  increases, making you feel warm. (That dilation is why slightly or&#xA;  exceedingly intoxicated people look flushed.) This overrides one of&#xA;  your body’s defenses against cold temperatures: Constricting your&#xA;  blood vessels, thereby minimizing blood flow to your skin in order to&#xA;  keep your core body temperature up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Someone enjoying a drink in the cold may feel warmer from the extra&#xA;  blood warming his skin, but that blood will rapidly cool thanks to the&#xA;  chill in the air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-26T16:25:14.843" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T18:50:22.723" Title="Use of alcohol for keeping body warm" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;environmental-climate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21160" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21161" CreationDate="2020-02-26T11:10:20.193" Score="4" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205842/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research paper&lt;/a&gt;: (Richards, et al. 2018).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of integrated strategies were used to achieve this consistently low dose, including; prospective ECG-gated acquisition, lowest possible tube current and voltage, IR (AIDR3D image reconstruction algorithm) and meticulous attention to patient preparation, both pre scan (heart rate control) and during the scan (reduction in volume of coverage to minimal size possible whilst allowing complete &lt;strong&gt;acquisition in a single volume.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of this phrase?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that the scanner obtained all the necessary data in a single pass, requiring no second turn around the patient's body? Or maybe several rotations were needed, but still the data was obtained &amp;quot;in a single take&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would acquisition in two volumes differ from acquisition &amp;quot;in a single volume&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Richards, C. E., Dorman, S., John, P., Davies, A., Evans, S., Ninan, T., Martin, D., Kannoly, S., Roberts-Davies, G., Ramsey, M., &amp;amp; Obaid, D. R. (2018). Low-radiation and high image quality coronary computed tomography angiography in &amp;quot;real-world&amp;quot; unselected patients. &lt;em&gt;World journal of radiology, 10&lt;/em&gt;(10), 135–142. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v10.i10.135&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.4329/wjr.v10.i10.135&lt;/a&gt; pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205842/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6205842&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T10:50:56.107" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T10:50:56.107" Title="Meaning of &quot;acquisition in a single volume&quot; (CT scanning)" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21160" CreationDate="2020-02-26T11:57:56.563" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;“Acquisition in a single volume” means an image obtained by a single rotation of a scanner (&quot;single gantry rotation&quot;). It covers up to 16 cm of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Wide volume imaging&quot; includes repeated single volume imaging of adjacent areas and then combining them into a single image. So, two volumes would cover up to 32 cm, three volumes up to 48 cm, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://us.medical.canon/download/aq-one-vision-ctrp2019us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Living in a Volume World: Applications for 320-detector row CT in a community-based hospital, Canon Medical Systems, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-26T12:07:47.177" LastActivityDate="2020-02-26T12:07:47.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21163" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-26T23:01:18.220" Score="4" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the point of anyone being an organ donor if their blood type is AB Negative? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the chances someone is going to need your organs at that specific time frame after you die?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or am I mistaken on how all this works? If my blood type is AB Negative, The only person that can take my organs is a person with AB Negative. Correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I was O negative, basically anyone could take my organs. Correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sTG9M.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sTG9M.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17630" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2020-02-27T12:54:29.647" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:15:04.370" Title="Is there a point of being an Organ Donor if my blood type is AB Negative?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21164" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21177" CreationDate="2020-02-27T00:26:04.260" Score="3" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;First when the Coronavirus outbreak happened in China, some people argued that the outbreak had to do with a supposed faulty chinese health care system, due to China not being a &quot;developed country&quot;. But now in South Korea and Italy, supposed &quot;developed countries&quot; the cases are increasing even at over a 100% rate per day some days. Now in Italy the first cases appeared apparently in 31 January and in South Korea apparently in 20 January. So in 3 / 4 weeks those countries jumped from  units to hundreds / over a thousand cases. Yet in another &quot;developed country&quot; like Australia, the first case was reported 25 January , but the country was able to keep the number of cases below / in 23 for a month. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can be a factor contributing to the outbreaks in South Korea / Italy the fact that they are in the northern hemisphere / winter , and that Australia is in the southern hemisphere / summer by February? Could an outbreak as fast as those which happened in South Korea / Italy happen in a country which is in summer by the time it happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-02T08:44:16.127" Title="Is Coronavirus transmission affected by the season of the host country / hemisphere?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21166" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-27T10:34:35.920" Score="6" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes COVID-19 disease can be tested with RT-qPCR.[1] It seems a somewhat lengthy procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it's unclear to me: how do they test the virus in drive-through clinics in Daegu, South Korea?[2] &lt;strong&gt;Specifically, do they use RT-qPCR testing or is there a faster way to test the secretion for virus?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because &quot;drive-through&quot; normally implies that procedure is done on the spot. (Or do they only collect the samples in drive-through fashion, but the results come in later?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.assaygenie.com/sarscov2-covid19-detection-methods&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.assaygenie.com/sarscov2-covid19-detection-methods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/south-korea-drive-through-coronavirus-test-facilities-12477046&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/south-korea-drive-through-coronavirus-test-facilities-12477046&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17673" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T06:16:21.783" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T06:16:21.783" Title="How do they test COVID-19 in drive-thru labs?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21163" CreationDate="2020-02-27T14:15:04.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the standard blood compatibility chart:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6HioY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6HioY.png&quot; alt=&quot;blood compatibility&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;(image from &lt;a href=&quot;https://owlcation.com/stem/All-about-Blood&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Owlcation: The Basics of Blood and Blood Typing&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_Type_Compatability.png#file&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AB blood types can only donate to other AB blood types, but AB blood types can receive from other blood types, so what is the point of being an AB donor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, the chart says that they are the only blood type that can do a full blood transfusion to other AB types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, organs aren't that easy to find - there are more people waiting for an organ than there are organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the Wikipedia article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation#Blood_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood donation&lt;/a&gt; says that this chart is only applicable to red blood cells. For plasma and platelets, the situation is reversed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Type O negative is often cited as the &quot;universal donor&quot; but this only refers to red cell and whole blood transfusions. For plasma and platelet transfusions the system is reversed: AB positive is the universal platelet donor type while both AB positive and AB negative are universal plasma donor types.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for what happens between an organ donor dying and their organs being transplanted, &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.organdonor.gov/about/process/deceased-donation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;organDdonor.gov&lt;/a&gt; has this lowdown:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While the search for matching recipients is under way, the deceased donor's organs are maintained on artificial support. Machines keep blood containing oxygen flowing to the organs. The condition of each organ is carefully monitored by the hospital medical staff and the OPO procurement coordinator.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A transplant surgical team replaces the medical team that treated the patient before death. (The medical team trying to save the patient’s life and the transplant team are never the same team.)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The surgical team removes the organs and tissues from the donor's body in an operating room. First, organs are recovered, and then additional authorized tissues such as bone, cornea, and skin. All incisions are surgically closed. Organ donation does not interfere with open-casket funerals.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Organs remain healthy only for a short period of time after removal from the donor, so minutes count. The OPO representative arranges the transportation of the organs to the hospitals of the intended recipients. Transportation depends on the distance involved, and can include ambulances, helicopters, and commercial airplanes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:15:04.370" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17544" CreationDate="2020-02-27T14:33:19.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a lot about acne scars. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allure.com/story/how-to-prevent-acne-scars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; explains the formation of scar tissue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Don't pick at your pimple (obviously). But since you'll do it anyway,&#xA;  clean the area after you mess with it. &quot;Briefly cleanse the area with&#xA;  a half hydrogen peroxide, half water solution,&quot; says Rebecca Tung, a&#xA;  dermatologist in La Grange Park, Illinois. &quot;This will help dry out the&#xA;  lesion and minimize any bacterial growth, which helps prevent&#xA;  infection and scarring.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we need to minimize infection by keeping out the bacteria. Bandages can do that, but most band aids are not sterile. They are mostly to cover small wounds to avoid leaking bodily fluids onto clothing. They have a magical effect on children &quot;I don't see the wound, so it is not there.&quot; especially when empowered with a kiss of a caretaker and a funny picture. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not mean, it has no effect at all. But cleaning the area with a bacterial killer has the most effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:33:19.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-27T14:42:51.540" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the mortality rate of coronavirus compare to regular &quot;flu&quot; ? Are there enough statistical data to make a good comparison ? Would it be more accurate to compare it to a specific flu such as &quot;bird flu&quot; ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:42:51.540" Title="How does the mortality rate of corona-virus compare to regular &quot;flu&quot;?" Tags="&lt;risks&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-02-28T15:39:17.103" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18347" CreationDate="2020-02-27T14:46:08.353" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a certified CPR trainer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of CPR is to keep the circulation running such that the vital organs receive enough oxygen to survive the period until the medical professionals take over. We literally buy time for the victim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there is a serious injury such that a significant part of the available blood is pushed out of the body, we have to treat the wound first. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The simplest way is to find a second helper that can push something (preferably a sterile bandage, but we have other priorities right now) on the wound such that it is closed. So you can focus on the CPR.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you have proper training to apply a tourniquet, you can use this if the wound is on an arm or leg. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or just improvise to close up the wound. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there is also the psychological effect. Sometimes it is better to do something (even in vain) than to do nothing. Miracles do happen and it can be important for the next of kin that you can tell them that you have done all that was possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="136" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T14:46:08.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-27T16:59:05.300" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;First timer here.. I don't know this situation has been asked/shared before or not, but I couldn't find any similar question online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I have read the recommendation that better we do not rinse after brushing teeth and just let the toothpaste do its work for 30 minutes before rinsing/eating/anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been doing that. I make sure to also spit excess toothpaste. However, I always feel this dry sensation in my mouth. Why? Because I also read that, in addition, it is not recommended to swallow/ingest the toothpaste..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for more or less 30 minutes, my mouth does nothing..not even swallowing saliva because I know I will swallow the toothpaste. And when the duration ends, I suffer from this dry sensation..and just go on to quickly rinse by water and hope the suffering ends. This of course keep repeating twice everyday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it is only 15 minutes, I think I am fine..but yes, I am such a strict person following scientific-looking recommendation strictly. So if it is recommended for maximum benefit that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't rinse for around 30 minutes, just spit out excess toothpaste after brushing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Don't swallow toothpaste.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then I do just that..and that dry sensation inside my mouth is unavoidable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any solution to this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for the help and suggestions! Really appreciate it!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Some sources (but the thing is I also don't know the reliability):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On not rinsing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-keep-your-teeth-clean/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalhealth.org/news/spit-dont-rinse-for-better-oral-health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oral Health Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On not swallowing (in large amount of course)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clubbdental.com.au/why-you-shouldnt-swallow-your-toothpaste.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clubb Dental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/fluoride-toothpaste#safety-for-young-children&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, my main thing is not mainly about criticizing each source, but about asking the better advice here. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17678" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-28T10:45:42.453" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T10:45:42.453" Title="Rinsing vs not rinsing until 30 mins after brushing teeth (dry sensation)" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;&lt;toothbrush&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="16" ClosedDate="2020-02-28T01:51:26.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-27T18:17:56.177" Score="3" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR version:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any proof of correlation (or lack thereof) between receptive rectal intercourse and raised risks for bacterial endocarditis? &lt;strong&gt;[UPDATE]&lt;/strong&gt; Does it hold even for protected sex, given that said bacteriae may come from receiver's gut flora?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The long version:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once I've watched a short video clip (like those sent around in social media apps) of a woman claiming that there is a higher risk of bacterial endocarditis in patients with a history of receptive anal intercourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The woman, whose name is not stated in said clip, claimed to be a physician and gives a sort of informal lecture to an unindentified audience recalling a story of when she was a resident at Gafrée &amp;amp; Guinle University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (specialized in STD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She tells that back then she and colleagues were given the task of finding which were the opportunistic infections related to AIDS, and among them they listed infective bacterial endocarditis, to which their tutor replied it was not, that they should come back to field and try to correlate endocartitis cases with past sexual behaviors of patients. She claims they found a high correlation with patients that usually received anal intercourse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;She then goes further to show the &lt;em&gt;causal nexus&lt;/em&gt; from how the act favors the infection (basically the retal lining being so thin so that to be easily damaged during the act, and &lt;em&gt;enterococci&lt;/em&gt; -- &lt;strong&gt;[UPDATE]&lt;/strong&gt; from one's own gut flora -- then enter the blood stream and infect the cardiac valves).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[the &amp;quot;lecture&amp;quot; goes on with other &amp;quot;problems&amp;quot; associated with receptive anal intercourse, saying things about dysplasias and cancer and so on, not relevant for this question]&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the very end of her presentation, to much of our dismay, she goodbyes the audience with &amp;quot;Hallelujah brethren&amp;quot; (a common utterance among brazilian neo-charismatic religous groups), that sort of gave away what the audience was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given how morally charged the subject is (and for both sides, those condemning such intercourses and those condoning or even promoting them, leaving a narrow no-man's-land inbetween) and the religious environment where the audience was given, I'm very skeptical to the legitimacy of her story.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any legit source of such claims, and the said lecture was informal enough to not care to give quantitative figures of her claims or physician/researcher names.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'd like to know&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research done on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research of how successful are &lt;em&gt;enterococci&lt;/em&gt; thriving in an otherwise healthy &lt;em&gt;[immunocompetent]&lt;/em&gt; individual's bloodstream and fixating in cusps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the correlation statistically significant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How heightened is the risk for a patient already at risk for endocarditis (valve malformations)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that the correlation she claims to have seen only affect people with depressed immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17679" LastEditorUserId="17679" LastEditDate="2020-08-12T00:30:46.933" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T00:30:46.933" Title="Heightened risk of bacterial endocarditis for receptive anal sex partners" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21158" CreationDate="2020-02-27T18:50:22.723" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary,&lt;/strong&gt; alcohol can make you &lt;em&gt;feel&lt;/em&gt; warmer because it increases the blood flow in the skin, but it does not likely increase your body temperature; it can even decrease it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; A 1994 review article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S0953-9859(94)71099-8/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol ingestion and temperature regulation during cold exposure&lt;/a&gt; concludes that in &lt;strong&gt;cold&lt;/strong&gt; environment alcohol &lt;strong&gt;lowers core body temperature.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol can impair central thermoregulation (like barbiturates - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6974036&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brain Research Bulletin, 1981&lt;/a&gt;). In the studies, in cold environments (for example, 15 °C or lower), alcohol lowered core body temperature and in hot environments (36 °C) it increased it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol also widens the blood vessels in the skin and thus increases the blood flow through the skin, which stimulates heat loss. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol may also cause hypoglycemia (especially in combination with exercise or fasting), which results in a decrease of both metabolic heat production and shivering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/497899&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some studies&lt;/a&gt;, even relatively large amounts of alcohol, like 0.86 g/kg = 60 g/70 kg or ~600 mL of wine, did not result in a drop of core body temperature. Only in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/884624&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; and only in few participants, alcohol &lt;em&gt;insignificantly&lt;/em&gt; reduced the cooling rate after immersion in cold water (7.5 °C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; In this small trial in 9 men: &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.1.R52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effect of alcohol consumption on the circadian control of human core body temperature is time dependent (American Journal of Physiology, 2001)&lt;/a&gt;, they have observed that alcohol consumed at regular intervals for 24 hours (256 g alcohol in total, which corresponds to 822 ml of 80 proof vodka!), slightly decreased the body temperature during the day and slightly increased it at night:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found the standard hypothermic effect of alcohol in the early hours&#xA;  of the trial, during the daytime, but our principal result is that&#xA;  alcohol consumption induced a very significant &lt;strong&gt;hyperthermic effect&#xA;  (+0.36°C) during the night...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T18:50:22.723" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21164" CreationDate="2020-02-27T20:16:29.467" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not scientifically determined as of today (February 27, 2020). In other words: Nobody knows if temperature/climate/weather has an impact or not. See &lt;strong&gt;CDC&lt;/strong&gt; website for detailed info on this aspect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I quote (as of February 27, 2020):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Q: Will warm weather stop the outbreak of COVID-19?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: It is not yet known whether weather and temperature impact the spread of COVID-19. Some other viruses, like the common cold and flu, spread more during cold weather months but that does not mean it is impossible to become sick with these viruses during other months.  At this time, it is not known whether the spread of COVID-19 will decrease when weather becomes warmer.  There is much more to learn about the transmissibility, severity, and other features associated with COVID-19 and investigations are ongoing.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17680" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T20:16:29.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4339" CreationDate="2020-02-27T20:50:28.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right, too much zinc could be harmfull but in your case you are at the upper limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zinc supplements should &lt;strong&gt;not exceed 40mg&lt;/strong&gt; per day for adults.&#xA;You find all details here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/#h8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-Consumer/#h8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17680" LastActivityDate="2020-02-27T20:50:28.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-28T00:29:04.310" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many articles on the effects of the active ingredients in Broccoli but I have yet to find the &quot;smoking gun&quot; on this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know grapefruit is a big offender in blocking CYP3A4 but I am wondering if broccoli may interfere with CYP3A4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many medications that use this enzyme to metabolize chemicals in today's medicines.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Medicines are very hard on the kidneys so one would naturally want to know if a specific food could be a problem that the individual may consume on a daily basis. What makes me think it could be a problem is this article I have found which I list below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.intechopen.com/books/drug-discovery/fruit-vegetable-drug-interactions-effects-on-drug-metabolizing-enzymes-and-drug-transporters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.intechopen.com/books/drug-discovery/fruit-vegetable-drug-interactions-effects-on-drug-metabolizing-enzymes-and-drug-transporters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does broccoli interfere with CYP3A4 metabolism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-02-28T05:19:25.340" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T05:19:25.340" Title="Does broccoli interfere with CYP3A4 metabolism?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21182" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21219" CreationDate="2020-02-28T12:10:37.393" Score="2" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;The research paper  &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002840&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The effects of fasting on core temperature  ... in rats&quot;&lt;/a&gt; explains that a discontinued calorie intake decreases the  core body temperature of rats. Question is if an adequate intake of calories can contribute in preventing hypothermia and frostbites in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, say that somebody in Alaska had to travel a small number of kilometers on snow-shoes, in a severe sub-zero temperature. Would one steady meal make any difference to her/his chances of avoiding frostbite and if so, would it matter what that meal consisted of?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar question can also asked about hypothermia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if there are contradictory findings between hypothermia and frostbite would a &quot;sweet spot&quot; exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2020-03-06T10:03:41.793" LastActivityDate="2020-03-06T10:03:41.793" Title="Can an adequate calorie intake help prevent hypothermia and frostbite?" Tags="&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;frozen-freeze&gt;&lt;hypothermia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1401" CreationDate="2020-02-28T14:20:06.413" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Summary:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Not rinsing after tooth brushing may somewhat increase the effectiveness of fluoridated toothpaste, but the evidence is inconsistent and the effect can vary greatly among individuals.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oralanswers.com/rinse-after-brushing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One possible explanation&lt;/a&gt; for inconsistent effect: not rinsing after brushing appears to be only beneficial if you are at a high risk of getting cavities.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Researchers and dental experts usually do not mention any time to wait before rinsing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00015.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some authors&lt;/a&gt; recommend a single brief slurry rinse. This can remove the toothpaste from the tongue and cheeks and greatly reduce the unpleasant aftertaste of the toothpaste, while still keeping the fluoride on the teeth.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Evidence:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224005110_Post-brushing_rinsing_for_the_control_of_dental_caries_Exploration_of_the_available_evidence_to_establish_what_advice_we_should_give_our_patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Post-brushing rinsing for the control of dental caries: exploration of the available &#xA;evidence to establish what advice we should give our patients, British Dental Journal, 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The opinion of participants of the 2012 meeting between the authors and other &#xA;experts in the UK:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rinsing with water after brushing with fluoride toothpaste can reduce&#xA;  the benefit of fluoride toothpaste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Post-tooth brushing rinsing behaviours have the potential to &lt;strong&gt;either&#xA;  reduce or enhance the effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste&lt;/strong&gt; and show&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;wide variation in the general population.&lt;/strong&gt; There is a lack of&#xA;  high-quality evidence to support definitive guidance in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00015.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The influence of rinsing routines on fluoride retention after toothbrushing (Gerodontology, 2001)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is suggested that for maximal effect, brushing with fluoride&#xA;  toothpaste should be followed by &lt;strong&gt;one brief slurry rinse,&lt;/strong&gt; at the&#xA;  convenience and comfort of the patient/user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399689&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prospective study of the effect of post-brushing rinsing behaviour on dental caries (Caries Research, 2002)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A 3-year clinical trial of daily supervised brushing with fluoride&#xA;  toothpaste at school was used to test the effect of post-brushing&#xA;  rinsing with water on caries increment. A total of 407 children, mean&#xA;  age 11.8 years, attending three schools in Kaunas, Lithuania were&#xA;  enrolled following informed consent of the children and their parents.&#xA;  Caries was recorded at baseline and annually for 3 years. During the&#xA;  study, children in two schools (A and B) performed daily supervised&#xA;  brushing with a 1,500-ppm fluoride toothpaste. &lt;strong&gt;Children in school A&#xA;  rinsed their mouths thoroughly with a beaker of water after&#xA;  toothbrushing whereas children in school B were only permitted to spit&#xA;  out once after brushing.&lt;/strong&gt; Furthermore, the children in these schools&#xA;  were supplied with toothpaste and toothbrushes for use at home and in&#xA;  school. A third school (C), without daily brushing and without supply&#xA;  of toothpaste, served as control. Compliance with the protocol was&#xA;  consistently better in school B. After 3 years 276 children were&#xA;  available for examination. Three-year DMFS increments, including&#xA;  non-cavitated lesions (mean, 95% CI), were: school A, 6.8 (5.3; 8.3);&#xA;  school B, 6.2 (4.6; 7.8), and school C, 12.4 (10.6; 14.1). Mean&#xA;  increments for schools A and B did not differ significantly but were&#xA;  both significantly lower than those of school C (p&amp;lt; 0.001). It is&#xA;  concluded that post-brushing &lt;strong&gt;rinsing with water, under the&#xA;  conditions of this study, does not significantly affect the caries&#xA;  reducing effect of a fluoride toothpaste.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4)&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/16540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Toothbrushing habits and caries experience (Caries Research, 1999)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mean DMFT of the 1,137 subjects who rinsed with a cup or beaker of&#xA;  water after brushing was significantly higher (mean &lt;strong&gt;3.97&lt;/strong&gt;, SD 3.74)&#xA;  than those who rinsed by other methods or did not rinse (mean &lt;strong&gt;3.61&lt;/strong&gt;, SD&#xA;  3.79, p= 0.012, table 1). This represents a 9% difference in DMFT when compared with those who did not use a beaker. The 69 (2%) who claimed&#xA;  not to rinse had a lower mean DMFT (2.91, SD 3.24) than the other&#xA;  subjects, which was on the borderline of significance (p= 0.063).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-02-28T16:14:40.620" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T16:14:40.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21157" CreationDate="2020-02-28T18:49:36.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cystic acne are often called &quot;severe acne.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of cystic acne usually involves prescribed drugs, so it's a doctor (a dermatologist) who prescribes them. These drugs can have serious side effects, so it's important to consider all the precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/derm-treat/severe-acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Academy of Dermatology&lt;/a&gt;:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antibiotic + medicine you apply to the acne:&lt;/strong&gt; This is often the first&#xA;  treatment recommended for severe acne. Taking an antibiotic can reduce&#xA;  the redness and swelling of acne. The medicine you apply to your skin&#xA;  works on reducing bacteria and clogged pores.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means an oral antibiotic + some acne ointment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isotretinoin:&lt;/strong&gt; This is a potent medicine that attacks all four causes&#xA;  of acne—bacteria, clogged pores, excess oil, and inflammation (redness&#xA;  and swelling). About 85% of patients see permanent clearing after one&#xA;  course of isotretinoin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to possible side effects, you will need to carefully consider&#xA;  whether you want to take this medicine. If you decide to take&#xA;  isotretinoin, you must enroll in a monitoring program.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, they are antibiotics and isotretinoin, which are effective against &lt;strong&gt;infection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, greater medication doses have greater effects but also side effects, and there is usually some dose above which the effect does not increase with the dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absorption vs penetration, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum (Pharmaceutics, 2015)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Percutaneous &lt;strong&gt;absorption&lt;/strong&gt; of molecules is a step wise process&#xA;  involving:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penetration:&lt;/strong&gt; The entry of a substance into a particular layer of the skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Partitioning&lt;/strong&gt; from the stratum corneum into the aqueous viable epidermis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diffusion&lt;/strong&gt; through the viable epidermis and into the upper dermis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Permeation:&lt;/strong&gt; The penetration of molecules from one layer into another, which is different both functionally and structurally from&#xA;  the first layer;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Absorption:&lt;/strong&gt; The uptake of a substance into the systemic circulation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, penetration is the first step of drug absorption, which may or may not result in the absorption of a drug into circulation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a potential user, discussing exact doses and depths of dermal drug absorption my be more misleading than helpful. There are some more details about dermal drug absorption &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20087/what-properties-of-a-topical-medication-determine-what-percent-is-systemically-a/20153#20153&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T18:49:36.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21663" CreationDate="2020-02-28T20:41:13.670" Score="4" ViewCount="2588" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a full-head helmet with the visor closed prevent getting infected by the Corona virus during a casual interaction with a carrier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, when buying something at a store or discussing something with someone for 10-15 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it compare with the protection provided by a standard face mask (that can be purchased at a pharmacy)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17690" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T00:04:36.563" Title="Are motorcycle helmets effective in preventing Corona?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21186" CreationDate="2020-02-28T21:10:39.443" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's better to use some guidelines from reputable sources rather than coming up with your own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO does not recommend masks for healthy people in most circumstances, only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;when directly dealing with someone infected&lt;/a&gt;, and in that case accompanied by careful hand washing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;advice for the general public&lt;/a&gt; as of this posting (and this is good advice year-round anyways, not only when particular pathogens are present, because influenza and viruses that cause the common cold are always present) is to &lt;strong&gt;wash your hands&lt;/strong&gt;, keep a distance from people who are sneezing/coughing, avoid touching your face, and cough or sneeze into a tissue or corner of the elbow rather than into the open or your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-02-28T21:10:39.443" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21189" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21194" CreationDate="2020-02-29T04:35:01.690" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://docs.cntd.ru/document/gost-25725-89&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Russian classification of medical instruments&lt;/a&gt;, some instruments are grouped under the title &quot;medical instruments for moving aside&quot;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W13aS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/W13aS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The description says: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Instruments whose working surfaces are paddle- or jaw-shaped and are connected by hinges, screws, or springs, and which serve the purpose of widening the wounds, cavities and passages in order to move aside those organs that are not intended for surgery, so as to protect those organs from accidental damage.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think this &quot;medical instruments for moving aside&quot; is a very poor translation. What would be the natural-sounding English alternative? I tried googling but found nothing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Displacing instruments? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm proofreading a text in which there's a table with a short description of the types of surgical instruments, and this particular type is indicated by the single word &lt;strong&gt;pushing&lt;/strong&gt;. I'm not sure that an English speaker will understand which group of instruments this &lt;strong&gt;pushing&lt;/strong&gt; might describe. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-02-29T04:44:26.560" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T18:11:10.170" Title="Medical instruments for pushing something out of the way" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21193" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-29T17:44:35.657" Score="1" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Covid-19 statistics&lt;/a&gt; there are currently 3150 people affected by Covid-19 in South Korea, while critical cases + death are 27 i.e. less the 1% of the infected. However, on Diamond Princess, where everyone is monitored being symptomatic or not (so, let's say roughly that in first approximation we can assume that this sample is unbiased), the infected are 705 with 42 critical + death cases, i.e. near 6% of the infected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't believe that they are just using a sloppy test giving a lot of false positive, so, assuming also that all critical cases + death are reported: what could be a medical reason to explain this phenomenon?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16341" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-03-01T14:07:10.543" LastActivityDate="2020-03-01T14:07:10.543" Title="Why are there so few Covid-19 critical cases in South Korea?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21189" CreationDate="2020-02-29T17:58:15.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractor_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;retractor&lt;/a&gt;&quot; is a category of instruments used for that purpose, perhaps &quot;retracting instruments&quot; or &quot;retracting and exposing instruments&quot; would work - I see both terms in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my own experience, which is limited to rodent surgeries, we don't differentiate between pushing and pulling versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-02-29T18:11:10.170" LastActivityDate="2020-02-29T18:11:10.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21195" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-02-29T23:54:43.190" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about health and wondering why blood sugar measurements are different. Why do these different sites use different measurements and give different numbers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2016/pb22435/html/images/info_002_1.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Less than 100&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qJDIc.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qJDIc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dpcindiana.com/do-you-know-your-numbers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;36-48mmol/mol or 5.5-6.8%&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bc3QQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/bc3QQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationaljewish.org/NJH/media/img/Health%20Insights/Infographics/Love-Your-Numbers_888.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5.6% or less&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yeR3f.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yeR3f.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17696" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-01T00:05:10.650" LastActivityDate="2020-03-01T00:05:10.650" Title="Why are there different blood sugar measurements?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21211" CreationDate="2020-03-01T04:01:33.003" Score="7" ViewCount="901" Body="&lt;p&gt;In China, the largest number of reported COVID-19 infections was in Hubei province.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries are experiencing exponential increase in reported infections, while the remainder of China is reporting relatively small numbers of cases&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/blob/master/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series/time_series_19-covid-Confirmed.csv&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;source_1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What protects Chinese provinces other than Hubei from COVID-19 outbreak?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What is different about the remainder of China compared to the rest of the world?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there anything we can learn from the provinces in China that so far were less affected by the virus than Hubei?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16873" LastEditorUserId="17710" LastEditDate="2020-03-02T12:08:50.437" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T21:45:56.460" Title="What protects Chinese provinces other than Hubei from COVID-19 outbreak?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-01T07:32:49.873" Score="9" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I saw the local media (Romania) presenting a case that was initially considered COVID-19 positive and two subsequent tests led to negative results. As far as I know no official bothered to offer an explanation and I assume that this is expected in some cases (e.g. initial test was not done correctly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like any other tests, I expect to have an accuracy &amp;lt; 100% and I am wondering what that accuracy is for current tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read here about &lt;a href=&quot;https://futurism.com/neoscope/coronavirus-covid19-test-kits-broken-america-scarce-china&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the issues with US tests&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/how-china-tests-for-covid-19-coronavirus-12438008&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; shows how tests are done in China:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(..) the main way to test patients is using the Reverse Transcriptase&#xA;  Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8862813-quantitative-rt-pcr-limits-and-accuracy/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; deals with RT-PCR accuracy, but I cannot understand its conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;By accuracy I mean (total tests - false positives - false negatives) / total tests.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any figure about the accuracy of COVID-19 tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastEditorDisplayName="user8225" LastEditDate="2020-03-01T07:46:05.297" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T08:21:04.467" Title="Is there any figure about the accuracy of COVID-19 tests?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-20T18:59:39.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21201" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-01T08:15:02.967" Score="4" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the WHO came up with the COVID-19 name, but I see big publisher (Springer) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;also&lt;/a&gt; using &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot; seemingly to refer to the same thing. To be more technically correct, they say the  latter refers to the virus, rather than the disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness known as COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, who came up with the &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot; name?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T17:10:42.870" Title="Who came up with the SARS-CoV-2 name?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21201" CreationDate="2020-03-01T08:27:24.997" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the latter term is less publicized in the mass media, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a WHO page&lt;/a&gt; basically calls it official too, although it was the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ICTV&lt;/a&gt; that came up with it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viruses are named based on their genetic structure to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. Virologists and the wider scientific community do this work, so viruses are named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases are named to enable discussion on disease prevention, spread, transmissibility, severity and treatment. Human disease preparedness and response is WHO’s role, so diseases are officially named by WHO in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ICTV announced “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” as the name of the new virus on 11 February 2020.  This name was chosen because the virus is genetically related to the coronavirus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003.  While related, the two viruses are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO announced “COVID-19” as the name of this new disease on 11 February 2020, following guidelines previously developed with the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO and ICTV were in communication about the naming of both the virus and the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, the two names originate from different organizations (as far as I can tell the ICTV is not subordinated to the WHO in any way), but they apparently held some talks on the matter. Nonetheless, the WHO does seem a little displeased with including &amp;quot;SARS&amp;quot; in the virus name...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a risk communications perspective, using the name SARS can have unintended consequences in terms of creating unnecessary fear for some populations, especially in Asia which was worst affected by the SARS outbreak in 2003.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that reason and others, WHO has begun referring to the virus as “the virus responsible for COVID-19” or “the COVID-19 virus” when communicating with the public.  Neither of these designations are intended as replacements for the official name of the virus as agreed by the ICTV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, some virologists &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/bit-chaotic-christening-new-coronavirus-and-its-disease-name-create-confusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;were displeased&lt;/a&gt; with the WHO name. In the later published SARS-CoV-2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(naming) paper&lt;/a&gt; of ICTV's CSG (&lt;em&gt;Coronaviridae&lt;/em&gt; Study Group) they do &amp;quot;mend fences&amp;quot; however, saying that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By uncoupling the naming conventions used for coronaviruses and the diseases that some of them cause in humans and animals, we wish to support the WHO in its efforts to establish disease names in the most appropriate way. [...] The further advancement of naming conventions is also important because the ongoing discovery of new human and animal viruses by next-generation sequencing technologies can be expected to produce an increasing number of viruses that do not (easily) fit the virus–disease model that was widely used in the pre-genomic era [...]. Having now established different names for the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease (COVID-19), the CSG hopes that this will raise awareness in both the general public and public health authorities regarding the difference between these two entities. The CSG promotes this clear distinction because it will help improve the outbreak management and also reduces the risk of confusing virus and disease, as has been the case over many years with SARS-CoV (the virus) and SARS (the disease).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T17:10:42.870" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21204" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19123" CreationDate="2020-03-01T20:00:44.220" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work in a pediatric office, and we regularly administer combination vaccines to our patients. (Such as Pediarix, Pentacel, ProQuad, etc.) You can check out table 2 in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/B/us-vaccines.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt; to see all CDC approved combo vaccines in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a side note, the CDC does not even consider MMR (or DTaP for that matter as well) to be a combo shot as it is hard to find a vaccine for each individual component of those vaccines. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/why-vaccinate/combination-vaccines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17703" LastActivityDate="2020-03-01T20:00:44.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21205" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21156" CreationDate="2020-03-01T21:04:37.133" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The danger posed to society from this disease doesn't come from the mortality rate, rather from the potential to make large fraction of the population ill. Unlike the flu virus, this virus is a new virus to which we have no immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 10% of the infected people requires hospital treatment, which is a lot higher than in case of flu. The death rate of the order of 1% is achieved thanks to excellent hospital treatment. With a far larger fraction of the population infected with this virus compared to the flu and a far larger fraction of the infected people requiring hospital treatment compared to flu, the available hospital capacity to give everyone the treatment they need can be easily exhausted. The death rate due to the virus will then increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, people who need treatment for other reasons can then also fail to get prompt medical attention. People suffering a heart attack who would have survived under normal circumstances thanks to getting prompt medical attention, may now end up dying too. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="856" LastEditorUserId="856" LastEditDate="2020-03-02T01:48:31.707" LastActivityDate="2020-03-02T01:48:31.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-01T23:25:03.400" Score="14" ViewCount="1592" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this question, assume that the virus does not mutate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can survivors be expected to develop immunity?&#xA;Why or why not (what is the thought process)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC FAQ indicates&lt;/a&gt; that they do not know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Can people who recover from COVID-19 be infected again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: The immune response to COVID-19 is not yet understood.&#xA;Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be re-infected shortly&#xA;after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune&#xA;protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As good as CDC is, I would expect that there are other excellent institutions and individuals that have insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CLARIFICATION:&lt;/strong&gt; a survivor for this discussion is an COVID 19 infected patient that survives the infection.  My understanding is that there is no reason to believe that the uninfected would develop immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/20/uk/uk-coronavirus-variant-intl-gbr/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID 19 mutant strains have been detected in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T14:08:47.370" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T14:08:47.370" Title="Will COVID-19 survivors develop immunity from future infections?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21208" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21156" CreationDate="2020-03-02T07:22:00.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If we compare Covid19 to SARS or MERS - COVID19 seems to have a R0 slightly higher than SARS but lower than MERS. From various sources it appears that COVID-19 could be between 2 and 7, so compariable to diseases such as mumps and diphtheria in spread. Infection fatality rates vary wildly right now as the sample size is very small, but from 0.2% up to 18% (18% for early stage Hubei province infections). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparisons to other diseases:-&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki-herd immunity&lt;/a&gt; - I wanted to paste the table in here, but SE doesn't seem to support the MD table format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;refs:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/index.html%3Fp=40801.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/index.html%3Fp=40801.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/2/19-0697_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/2/19-0697_article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/7/03-0647_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/7/03-0647_article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But IMO the primary difference is that SARS and MERS occured before large-scale social-media monetization.. So there was little to gain by media/social media doing a major panic.. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17708" LastEditorUserId="17708" LastEditDate="2020-03-03T10:39:57.607" LastActivityDate="2020-03-03T10:39:57.607" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21198" CreationDate="2020-03-02T07:55:45.000" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Guangdong, and this is what I've been seeing &amp;amp; reading about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wuhan (city in Hubei) is where the outbreak supposedly began. And it went unnoticed for a while, which mean it was spreading locally more-so than it was spreading nationally/internationally. Near at the start of the Chinese New Year holiday, the government decided to quarantine all of Hubei province. So while other provinces already had infected people, they spread hadn't grown as significantly as it had in Hubei yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Chinese government then decided to take specific measures to control the epidemic. For starters, they required mask-wearing and encouraged staying indoors. They also began to set up body temperature checks all over the place (apartments, neighborhoods, roads leading into cities, and places of work once the holiday ended. Fever seems to be the first symptom, so this is why).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anyone in an apartment building was confirmed to have the virus, then the entire building and all residents were/are quarantined for 14 days (happened to a 30+ story apartment building next to mine). Elevators, doors, and other public spaces are often disinfected, particularly if a suspected case had been in the area. Again, I saw this at a temperature checkpoint, someone must've had a fever and a little bit later some folks came and sprayed down the area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schools are also closed in all provinces across the country, and students are doing online schooling. Some companies are also allowing employees to work from home, or 'staggering' their work days (half come in into the office on Mon, Wed, Fri, the other half come in Tuesday and Thursday). This decreases the number of people a possible infected person can pass the virus to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On top of this, companies needed to 'apply' to be able to resume work. Here in Shenzhen, nobody could return to work within 14 days of returning from the city, assuming they left during the holiday. We also need to record down our body temp when coming to and leaving from work. According to an SMS I received from the local government, if 2 employees have a body temperature &gt;= 37.3C, then it needs to be reported immediately, as it indicates a possible spread in that workplace.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, the virus was able to take a foothold in Hubei, and it was noticed before it took a significant foothold in other provinces. Therefore other provinces had time to implement proactive and preventative measures, before the situation grew to Hubei-level of significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best way to prevent it from spreading is simple steps, such as not going outside unless its necessary, avoid close contact with others (defined as within 6 feet for an extended period of time), washing your hands, and disinfecting often-touched surfaces like door knobs, keyboards, cell phones, etc. It remains to be seen whether other countries will take the same rather drastic measures that are being taken in China, I suppose it all depends on how bad things get in other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17710" LastEditorUserId="17710" LastEditDate="2020-03-02T08:24:38.537" LastActivityDate="2020-03-02T08:24:38.537" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21218" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21220" CreationDate="2020-03-03T12:31:09.770" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently started reading about thoracic endometriosis and discovered a number of very clear, interesting images.  See, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drseckin.com/thoracic-endometriosis-syndrome-endometriosis-of-the-diaphragm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drseckin.com/thoracic-endometriosis-syndrome-endometriosis-of-the-diaphragm&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684338/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684338/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was surprised that endometriosis in these images appears white.  Because the tissue is similar to the tissue lining the uterus, I (a non-medical expert who doesn't spend much time looking inside organs) presumed it would be red or pink-ish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, why does endometriosis look white?  And, as a follow-up question, does the tissue lining the inside of the uterus also look white?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user17719" LastEditorDisplayName="user17719" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T09:32:54.370" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T09:32:54.370" Title="Why do endometriosis lesions look white?" Tags="&lt;endometriosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21182" CreationDate="2020-03-03T13:45:05.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A single meal&lt;/strong&gt; can decrease the risk of hypothermia during a few km travel in severe cold. Consequently, it could also decrease the risk of frostbite, but lack of studies prevents making any reliable conclusions.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dietary &lt;strong&gt;protein&lt;/strong&gt; generates more heat than carbohydrates and these more than fat.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Proper &lt;strong&gt;hydration&lt;/strong&gt; can contribute to prevention of frostbite, because dehydration results in constriction of blood vessels in the skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In cold environments &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21158/use-of-alcohol-for-keeping-body-warm&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;alcohol&lt;/strong&gt; may lower body core temperature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Macronutrients&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After eating, some energy from food will be released as heat. This is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524030/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diet-induced thermogenesis&lt;/a&gt;. The percent of calories that is converted to heat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;15-30% from protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5-10% from carbohydrates&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1-3% from fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;~10% from a mixed meal&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232855/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations (National Academic Press, 1996)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fat has the lowest thermogenic effect.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carbohydrates have higher thermogenic effect, which can last for 2-3 hours and protein has even higher effect that can last 5-6 hours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A protein snack prior to retiring to sleep could provide some benefit&#xA;  from the thermic effect of protein in cold environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The principal mechanism to reduce heat loss is the neurologically&#xA;  induced constriction of vessels in the skin and extremities. This&#xA;  response diminishes heat transfer from the body core to the surfaces.&#xA;  As a result, body surface temperatures fall rapidly upon exposure to&#xA;  cold (Veicsteinas et al., 1982). These low skin and extremity&#xA;  temperatures can result in cold injuries, especially to the hands and&#xA;  fingers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..which means that hypothermia increases the risk of frostbite. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838888&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one small 2002 study&lt;/a&gt;, they measured the effect of high-carbohydrate and high-protein meal on heat production:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Postprandial thermogenesis at 2.5 hours post-meal averaged about&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;twofold higher on the high protein diet&lt;/strong&gt; versus the high carbohydrate&#xA;  diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193874/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another small 1999 study&lt;/a&gt;, they have found similar results:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A high protein and carbohydrate diet&lt;/strong&gt; induces a greater thermic&#xA;  response in healthy individuals when compared to a high fat diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Water&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536914/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dehydration&lt;/a&gt; can cause constriction of blood vessels in the skin and can thus increase the risk of frostbite. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2231307/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 1998 study&lt;/a&gt;, dehydration can reduce the blood flow through the skin in an exercising person by ~40%. So, proper hydration can contribute to prevention of frostbite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-04T14:18:16.720" LastActivityDate="2020-03-04T14:18:16.720" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21218" CreationDate="2020-03-03T14:26:05.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lining (endometrium) of the uterus is red-pink, as you can see from endoscopic photos of the uterus &lt;a href=&quot;https://innovativegyn.com/procedures/hysteroscopy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tissue of endometriosis lesions is not the same but similar to the lining of the uterus and can be red or white, according to the study: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505050/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Using Location, Color, Size, and Depth to Characterize and Identify Endometriosis Lesions in a Cohort of 133 Women (Fertility and Sterility, 2008)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;357 of 544 lesions felt to be endometriosis by the surgeon had&#xA;  positive histology. &lt;strong&gt;Mixed color&lt;/strong&gt; lesions most commonly contained&#xA;  endometriosis (76%), with the percent of positive lesions being&#xA;  similar between single color groups. 58% (164/283) of subtle (&lt;strong&gt;red&lt;/strong&gt; or&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;white&lt;/strong&gt;) lesions were positive for endometriosis. Thirty women had only&#xA;  red or white lesions, and 18 (60%) had at least one lesion positive&#xA;  for endometriosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Endometriosis lesions can trigger the development of adhesions and internal scars, which are made of fibrous tissue, which is white. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354656&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Surrounding tissue can become irritated,&#xA;  eventually developing &lt;strong&gt;scar tissue and adhesions — abnormal bands of&#xA;  fibrous tissue&lt;/strong&gt; that can cause pelvic tissues and organs to stick to&#xA;  each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drseckin.com/thoracic-endometriosis-syndrome-endometriosis-of-the-diaphragm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page on drseckin website&lt;/a&gt; you linked contains images of endometriosis with white tissue, which is, according to the text over the images, due to scarring or adhesions, so not from the endometriosis lesions themselves. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-06T07:22:54.663" LastActivityDate="2020-03-06T07:22:54.663" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21223" CreationDate="2020-03-03T16:46:20.230" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is such piece of the dialog between journalist and the doctor (&lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Top%20Government%20Health%20Official%20Warns%20Americans%20Of%20Coronavirus%20Spread%20&amp;amp;t=h_&amp;amp;iar=videos&amp;amp;iax=videos&amp;amp;ia=videos&amp;amp;iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDXCFO2fHDT8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the middle of an interview about Coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;em&gt;-If somebody's coughing on the bus should you get off?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;-No, getting off isn't gonna help.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastActivityDate="2020-03-03T17:41:08.847" Title="Why getting off the transport where person has coughed is not going to help?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20007" CreationDate="2020-03-03T17:34:38.763" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, you do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; have to kill every single (targeted) germ. Often antibiotics are bacteriostatic which means they do not kill the germs but stop them from reproducing. Your immune system then does the job of killing them. If antibiotics are &lt;strong&gt;bacteriostatic or bacterizidal&lt;/strong&gt; can but must not depend on their &lt;strong&gt;concentration&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Bacteriostatic agent&lt;/a&gt; for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17680" LastEditorUserId="17680" LastEditDate="2020-03-05T10:12:48.053" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T10:12:48.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21221" CreationDate="2020-03-03T17:41:08.847" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are three possibilities when someone is coughing on the bus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they don't have Coronavirus -- or even a virus at all. I coughed a lot when my lungs were full of tumours. Some people cough when their asthma is acting up. This is by far the most common case.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they do have Coronavirus and are not wearing a mask. You are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more than 2 metres away&lt;/a&gt; from them. This is most of the bus, even in the unlikely event that someone on the bus is infected. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they do have Coronavirus, are not wearing a mask, and are less than 2 metres from you. Droplets may already have landed on you. Getting off will not stop that.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While on the bus, do not touch your face. When you get off the bus, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sanitize your hands or wash them with soap and water if you can&lt;/a&gt;. Now it no longer matters whether droplets landed on you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the CDC advice doesn't say &quot;if you find yourself near someone coughing, get away from them as soon as you can.&quot; Doing so is either unnecessary (first two bullets) or won't help (last bullet - it's too late, but handwashing will save you anyway.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-03-03T17:41:08.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21227" CreationDate="2020-03-04T00:40:15.960" Score="3" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that &quot;epidemic&quot; is an abnormally high amount of cases than expected. &quot;Pandemic&quot; refers to a epidemic that crosses continents (Please correct my understanding if it is wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is should coronavirus (that is, covid-19) be considered a &quot;pandemic&quot; ar this point, or is there some other criteria it would need to fulfill to be considered a &quot;pandemic&quot;? Perhaps an organization like WHO would need to designate it as a &quot;pandemic&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17726" LastEditorUserId="17726" LastEditDate="2020-03-04T03:47:55.753" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T20:35:29.947" Title="Is Coronavirus (Covid-19) considered a pandemic?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21226" CreationDate="2020-03-04T01:44:25.413" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;note: as can be expected from a dynamic event, this answer has changed a bit. The WHO now considers COVID-19 a pandemic; when this answer was initially written, they did not: see the update at the end.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/health/what-is-a-pandemic-explainer/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases&lt;/a&gt; as reported by CNN:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;It really is borderline semantics, to be honest with you,&amp;quot; Fauci said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;I think you could have people arguing each end of it,&amp;quot; he said. &amp;quot;Pandemics mean different things to different people.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The word &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pandemic&lt;/a&gt; itself refers to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or worldwide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given a broad definition like this one, it seems like yes, you could make a case that this is already a pandemic: COVID-19 is found on all richly inhabited continents and is continuing to spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are still many places that have few cases compared to the outbreak centers, and only a tiny percentage of the world population is known to have been infected (the latest &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200303-sitrep-43-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2c21c09c_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO report&lt;/a&gt; covers nearly 91,000 cases, a large number, but a tiny percentage: only 0.0012% of the world population of over 7.5 billion).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By comparison, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 H1N1 pandemic&lt;/a&gt; infected 11–21% of the world population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Organizations like the WHO have a more stringent operational definition of &amp;quot;pandemic&amp;quot;, and none that I am aware of at this point have used the &amp;quot;pandemic&amp;quot; classification yet in an official pronouncement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if instead of using a broad dictionary interpretation of &amp;quot;pandemic&amp;quot;, we say: &amp;quot;considered a pandemic means a reputable global health organization classifies a pandemic&amp;quot;, then the answer is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No, COVID-19 is not yet considered a pandemic as of March 3rd, 2020.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it doesn't really matter whether the pandemic term is applied or not. It makes most sense to think in terms of actual numbers and the situation &amp;quot;on the ground&amp;quot;, and to compare those to past outbreaks rather than worrying about the definition or declaration of &amp;quot;pandemic.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update March 11th&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of March 11th, 2020, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1237777021742338049&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO now considers COVID-19 to be a pandemic&lt;/a&gt;. Consistent with this answer, the WHO stresses that this &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1237777176159817730&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;doesn't really change their guidance&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Describing the situation as a pandemic does not change WHO’s assessment of the threat posed by this #coronavirus. It doesn’t change what WHO is doing, and it doesn’t change what countries should do&amp;quot;-&#xA;@DrTedros&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T20:35:29.947" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21233" CreationDate="2020-03-04T12:22:44.300" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;CPAP (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure&lt;/a&gt;) machines for those who suffer from sleep apnoea are sometimes used with a humidifier attached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the risks of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;legionella&lt;/a&gt; involved with the use of these machines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC mentions the risk in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/prevention.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;building water systems&lt;/a&gt; such as air conditioning systems, but what about these humidifiers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cpaptalk.com/viewtopic/t170999/Descaling-humidifier-using-lemon-Tips-please.html#p1242989&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;using distilled water in the humidifier tank&lt;/a&gt; remove the risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-03-04T12:52:02.073" Title="Risk of legionella with CPAP humidifiers" Tags="&lt;sleep-aids&gt;&lt;sleep-apnea&gt;&lt;cpap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21232" CreationDate="2020-03-04T12:42:08.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schnirman, et al. (2017)&lt;/a&gt; talks of such a risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mask, which touches the patient’s face, should be cleaned daily with distilled water. Rinsing the face mask or tubing with tap water, instead of using distilled water, or adding tap water in the humidifier is a potential source of legionella colonization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sterile&lt;/strong&gt; distilled water cannot sustain legionella growth (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1491378/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Joly, et al. 1986&lt;/a&gt;). Therefore I would not hold much credibility to the idea that you don't need to throw the remaining water out in the morning. Fresh water is to be used each night. Adding tap water in the humidifier is a potential source of legionella colonization (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schnirman, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most recommend that the tubing and humidifier be cleaned at least weekly. Some suppliers also recommend cleaning the mask and tubing with vinegar and water daily. In addition, masks and tubing are designed to be disposable; they should not be used more than their recommended periods, which is generally 3–6 months for CPAP masks. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schnirman, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joly, J. R., Déry, P., Gauvreau, L., Coté, L., &amp;amp; Trépanier, C. (1986). Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella dumoffii in distilled water. CMAJ : &lt;em&gt;Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 135&lt;/em&gt;(11), 1274–1277. pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1491378/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC1491378&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schnirman, R., Nur, N., Bonitati, A., &amp;amp; Carino, G. (2017). A case of legionella pneumonia caused by home use of continuous positive airway pressure. &lt;em&gt;SAGE open medical case reports, 5&lt;/em&gt;, 2050313X17744981. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X17744981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1177/2050313X17744981&lt;/a&gt; pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC5721956&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-04T12:52:02.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21235" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3618" CreationDate="2020-03-04T22:14:13.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bleach was never an option for me due to the discoloring of the fabric, but after several years I've noticed a major improvement using Lysol Laundry Sanitizer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lysol.com/products/laundry/lysol-laundry-sanitizer/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.lysol.com/products/laundry/lysol-laundry-sanitizer/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that you need to let your clothes soak in the product for at least 20 minutes, and the longer the better.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1954" LastEditorUserId="1954" LastEditDate="2020-03-05T18:19:47.373" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T18:19:47.373" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-03-05T06:56:05.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would take a bold personal statement (AFAIK as of now there are no accepted scientific knowledge of that matter) that they will be immune from specific mutation, but there are already more than one, see my question I just asked: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21236/how-virus-is-distinguished-by-pcr-test-different-mutations-of-sars-cov-2&quot;&gt;How virus is distinguished by PCR test (different mutations of sars-cov-2)?&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to news article:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/04/coronavirus-chinese-scientists-identify-two-types-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/04/coronavirus-chinese-scientists-identify-two-types-covid-19.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these reported re-infections could be infections by other mutation of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5181" LastActivityDate="2020-03-05T06:56:05.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21240" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-05T13:41:57.770" Score="3" ViewCount="316" Body="&lt;p&gt;When possible I avoid paying by cash and use contactless payments as much as I can, especially as of late. However, some outlets won't take card payments so cash exchange is inevitable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am worried about the potential that coronaviruses may have to survive for relatively long periods of time (days) on banknotes. Obviously I am thinking specifically about the COVID-19 infection given its current quasi-pandemic status but, despite the many news articles, I do not believe there are studies that have zeroed in on it yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found the following studies: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5492221&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Survival of Influenza Virus on Banknotes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821787&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Paper Money and Coins as Potential Vectors of Transmissible Disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and&#xA;their inactivation with biocidal agents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0175527&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Filthy lucre: A metagenomic pilot study of microbes found on circulating currency in New York City&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is a study about influenza viruses and not coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second article mentions coronaviruses only once but they are not the subject of the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third study is recent (mentions SARS-CoV-2) and is about coronaviruses, but it deals with other inanimate surfaces, especially stainless steel, and does not mention money or banknotes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fourth study is a pilot, which deals specifically with banknotes (US dollars) but, since both samples in the study returned a low viral count (&quot;&lt;em&gt;In both sets the number of archaeal and viral sequences detected was low (&amp;lt; 1%), and were not analyzed further.&lt;/em&gt;&quot;) they did not drill down into specifics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am more worried about paper money and less worried about coins, as coins can easily be wiped with a disinfectant which can effectively kill viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific question I have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can coronaviruses survive in sufficient concentration (sufficient means enough to enable it to reach the respiratory tract via finger contamination) on banknotes, and for how long?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not looking for news articles, even if they come from reputable sources (such as The Guardian, BBC, CNN, etc.). I am after studies that demonstrate virus survival rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17713" LastEditorUserId="17713" LastEditDate="2020-03-05T14:04:25.167" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T10:09:58.963" Title="Can coronaviruses be transmitted via banknotes?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21242" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21249" CreationDate="2020-03-06T00:56:34.043" Score="4" ViewCount="17298" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today the CDC released an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-03/documents/sars-cov-2-list_03-03-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official list&lt;/a&gt; of what kills the COVID-19 virus but the list does not mention 70% isopropyl alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a fairly basic disinfectant and it seems it should have been on the list assuming it kills the virus and that is why I am asking. Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-06T19:18:14.657" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T21:46:17.793" Title="Will 70% isopropyl alcohol deactivate i.e. kill COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-06T09:42:17.483" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_table_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tilt table test&lt;/a&gt; indicative with beta blockers for dysautonomia diagnosis? Or is it require drug withdrawal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16562" LastActivityDate="2020-03-06T09:42:17.483" Title="Tilt table test and beta blockers" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;beta-blockers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21240" CreationDate="2020-03-06T12:55:18.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In short,&lt;/strong&gt; studies have not been done on banknotes, but WHO and the US CDC estimate that the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) may survive on surfaces for hours to several days and say that the transmission via surfaces is unlikely and has not been proven so far.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/home/cleaning-disinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center of Disease Control and Prevention, as of March 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to persons from surfaces contaminated&#xA;  with the virus has not been documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Current evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may remain viable for&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;hours to days&lt;/strong&gt; on surfaces made from a variety of materials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is not certain how long the virus that causes COVID-19 survives on&#xA;  surfaces, but it seems to behave like other coronaviruses. Studies&#xA;  suggest that coronaviruses (including preliminary information on the&#xA;  COVID-19 virus) may persist on surfaces &lt;strong&gt;for a few hours or up to&#xA;  several days.&lt;/strong&gt; This may vary under different conditions (e.g. type of&#xA;  surface, temperature or humidity of the environment).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you think a surface may be infected, clean it with simple&#xA;  disinfectant to kill the virus and protect yourself and others. Clean&#xA;  your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and&#xA;  water. Avoid touching your eyes, mouth, or nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;and on another page&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Even though the new coronavirus can stay on surfaces &lt;strong&gt;for a few hours&#xA;  or up to several days&lt;/strong&gt; (depending on the type of surface), it is very&#xA;  unlikely that the virus will persist on a surface after it has been&#xA;  moved, travelled, and exposed to different conditions and&#xA;  temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it safe to receive a package from any area where COVID-19 has been&#xA;  reported?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Yes. &lt;strong&gt;The likelihood of an infected person contaminating commercial&#xA;  goods is low&lt;/strong&gt; and the risk of catching the virus that causes COVID-19&#xA;  from a package that has been moved, travelled, and exposed to&#xA;  different conditions and temperature is also low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-10T10:09:58.963" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T10:09:58.963" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21242" CreationDate="2020-03-06T19:36:55.453" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the CDC, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/home/cleaning-disinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; is how surfaces should be disinfected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;h2&gt;Surfaces&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wear disposable gloves when cleaning and disinfecting surfaces. Gloves should be discarded after each cleaning. If reusable gloves are&#xA;  used, those gloves should be dedicated for cleaning and disinfection&#xA;  of surfaces for COVID-19 and should not be used for other purposes.&#xA;  Consult the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and disinfection&#xA;  products used. Clean hands immediately after gloves are removed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If surfaces are dirty, they should be cleaned using a detergent or soap and water prior to disinfection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For disinfection, diluted household bleach solutions, &lt;strong&gt;alcohol solutions with at least 70% alcohol&lt;/strong&gt;, and most common EPA-registered&#xA;  household disinfectants should be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diluted household bleach solutions can be used if appropriate for the surface. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for application&#xA;  and proper ventilation. Check to ensure the product is not past its&#xA;  expiration date. Never mix household bleach with ammonia or any other&#xA;  cleanser. Unexpired household bleach will be effective against&#xA;  coronaviruses when properly diluted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Prepare a bleach solution by mixing:&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;5 tablespoons (1/3rd cup) bleach per gallon of water or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A list of products with EPA-approved emerging viral pathogens claims, maintained by the American Chemistry Council Center for&#xA;  Biocide Chemistries (CBC), is available at:&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.americanchemistry.com/Novel-Coronavirus-Fighting-Products-List.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.americanchemistry.com/Novel-Coronavirus-Fighting-Products-List.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;  Products with EPA-approved emerging viral pathogens claims are&#xA;  expected to be effective against COVID-19 based on data for harder to&#xA;  kill viruses. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for all cleaning&#xA;  and disinfection products (e.g., concentration, application method and&#xA;  contact time, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For soft (porous) surfaces such as carpeted floor, rugs, and drapes, remove visible contamination if present and clean with&#xA;  appropriate cleaners indicated for use on these surfaces. After&#xA;  cleaning: Launder items as appropriate in accordance with the&#xA;  manufacturer’s instructions. If possible, launder items using the&#xA;  warmest appropriate water setting for the items and dry items&#xA;  completely, or Use products with the EPA-approved emerging viral&#xA;  pathogens claims (examples at this linkpdf iconexternal icon) that are&#xA;  suitable for porous surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-06T20:28:56.550" LastActivityDate="2020-03-06T20:28:56.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-06T23:32:45.637" Score="9" ViewCount="547" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the last days (beginning of March 2020), active cases of COVID-19 from China have dropped at a rate of 1,000-2,000 per day. China is the only country which seems able to reduce the amount of active cases, assuming the information which is coming from China is true. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any identified policy China is doing to successfully reduce COVID-19, that other countries aren't using?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T09:04:56.557" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T09:04:56.557" Title="Is there any identified policy China is doing to successfully reduce COVID-19 the other countries aren't using?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21256" CreationDate="2020-03-07T13:11:11.280" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, a foramen is a round opening inside a bone, whilst a fissure is a slightly longer opening? What exactly qualifies a fissure as a fissure and not a foramen? Why is the superior orbital fissue not a foramen? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17750" LastActivityDate="2020-03-07T16:39:12.280" Title="What is the difference between a foramen and a fissure?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21256" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21255" CreationDate="2020-03-07T16:39:12.280" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's right, the difference is in the shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://dictionary.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dictionary&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;strong&gt;fissure&lt;/strong&gt; is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;A narrow opening produced by cleavage or separation of parts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Anatomy. A natural division or groove in an organ, as in the brain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst a &lt;strong&gt;foramen&lt;/strong&gt; usually describes a (somewhat) round &quot;hole&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2020-03-07T16:39:12.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21260" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-08T03:34:38.187" Score="6" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone gets infected by a droplet containing a high load of the SARS-CoV-2 virus would he be more likely to develop more severe symptoms compared to someone who gets infected by a droplet containing a very low viral load?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intuitively, it seems so, but is there any scientific data to back it up? How significant is the effect if it exists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17752" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T09:00:28.987" LastActivityDate="2021-02-03T10:08:55.920" Title="Does viral load of the initial COVID-19 infection affect its severity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21264" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-08T13:59:40.790" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;At least in Poland there is an SMS people send to each other that warns one should be constantly drinking water, at least a few gulps every 15 mins to protect oneself against viral infection. According to the SMS chain if the virus has made its way to one's throat it can still be flushed down with water to the stomach, where it will be killed by hydrochloric acid. However, if one does not drink constantly, the virus may instead enter windpipe, which can be very dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SMS chain seems widespread:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Today I received a phone from my aunt who claimed there were 'new instructions' to protect oneself against coronavirus and urged me to drink water constantly; only after inquiry she admitted she knew this from an SMS chain and not from a medical authority. To back up the SMS chain's accuracy she said she had heard a radio interview with a physician a few years before who had claimed that during an infection one should swallow phlegm rather than spit it out because of hydrochloric acid.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;My mother works as a teacher. One of her pupils was drinking water non stop during the lesson. When his bottle got empty he left the classroom during the lesson to refill it. Presumably he or his mother had received the SMS chain.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the chain reached me from two independent sources I believe it is likely widespread enough to ask about its veracity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does drinking water constantly prevent viral infection? Will one avoid infection with coronavirus if one makes sure the virus is flushed down the throat into the stomach within the first 15 minutes of the virus' presence in the throat?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T09:24:01.823" Title="Does drinking water constantly protect against coronavirus infection?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;throat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-08T15:59:32.903" Score="5" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;The US surgeon general has asked (&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/Surgeon_General/status/1233725785283932160?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1233725785283932160&amp;amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F02%2F29%2Fhealth%2Fface-masks-coronavirus-surgeon-general-trnd%2Findex.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tweeted&lt;/a&gt;) the public to not buy face masks, because the claim is that healthcare workers need them more.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xUX5d.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xUX5d.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CDC does recommend: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Facemasks&lt;/a&gt; should be used by people who show symptoms of COVID-19&#xA;  to help prevent the spread of the disease to  others. The use of&#xA;  facemasks is also crucial for health workers and people who are taking&#xA;  care of someone in close settings (at home or in a health care&#xA;  facility).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason not to believe that &lt;strong&gt;asymptomatic&lt;/strong&gt; transmissions can be reduced by having all high risk populations (elderly, subway riders, healthcare workers) wear masks to reduce public spread of respiratory droplets?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the COVID-19 context, The reason the question is posed: does it make good prophylatic sense to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;require visitors to nursing homes to wear masks?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;encourage metropolitan subway &amp;amp; bus riders to wear masks and gloves?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that the mask's purpose is to attenuate spread by preventing droplets from entering the environment will not prevent an infection, once the virus is in the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T01:36:00.760" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T01:36:00.760" Title="Would facemasks reduce virus transmisions in vulnerable populations?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;&lt;prophylaxis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-08T16:58:04.840" Score="1" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization&lt;/a&gt; indicates the COVID-19 genome is detected in assays.  Once a patient tests positive, is there any reason not to expect that future instances of the same assay will result positive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T01:18:06.910" Title="Having tested positive for COVID-19, will future tests be positive?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;laboratory&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21268" CreationDate="2020-03-09T01:18:06.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two general categories of tests typically used for identifying viral infections: those based on viral genetic material and those based on host immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/lab/lab-testing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MERS-CoV testing&lt;/a&gt; (also a coronavirus, just not the one that causes COVID-19) is an informative resource to start with (bold added and reformatted by me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Molecular tests&lt;/strong&gt; are used to diagnose active infection (presence of MERS-CoV) in people who are thought to be infected with MERS-CoV based on their clinical symptoms and having links to places where MERS has been reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays are molecular tests that can be used to detect viral RNA in clinical samples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Serology testing&lt;/strong&gt; is used to detect previous infection (antibodies to MERS-CoV) in people who may have been exposed to the virus. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body’s immune system to attack and kill viruses, bacteria, and other microbes during infection. The presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV indicates that a person had been previously infected with the virus and developed an immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some diseases, the primary type of test used is measuring immune reactivity; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/tb_testing.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tuberculosis comes to mind&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, tests currently being used for 2019-nCoV are of the &amp;quot;molecular&amp;quot; type: RT-PCR assays detecting viral RNA. Viral RNA is only present during an active infection. These tests can be used both when a patient is showing symptoms, to identify the infection, and also to retest later to show that the infection has been cleared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T01:18:06.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-09T03:26:14.627" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a strange situation that happened these days. I had an infection in a tooth that had a root canal and a post with a crown. The infection was there for a while and these days, the whole thing (post, buildup and crown) got loose. The dentist said that it is an unusual situation and that usually the crown is the one that pops up. I’ve got a new crown, but I would like to understand what could have happened. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that the infection pocket has built pressure and pushed the post out? It would make sense in a thermodynamic system, but is it the same in a human body? Is it possible (and I know this will sound weird) that that puss or whatever is in there vaporizes over time and adds some small vapor pockets? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17760" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T03:26:14.627" Title="Do tooth infections pockets build pressure?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21276" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-09T18:43:49.217" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;If people take antihistamines, I suppose their immune system becomes suppressed (it needs histamines to work properly). If their immune system becomes suppressed, their body will react suboptimal to infections. Does that make them more or less likely to get ill? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17765" LastEditorUserId="17775" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:49:01.720" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:49:01.720" Title="Will taking antihistamines increase someone's risk of getting ill?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-10T04:19:49.607" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21277" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-09T22:47:24.420" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the corona virus, why are there many deaths in Washington but none in new York? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T23:13:24.910" Title="Why are there disproportionate deaths from new York to Washington?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21278" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21277" CreationDate="2020-03-09T23:13:24.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the COVID-19 deaths in Washington &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bellevuereporter.com/news/life-care-center-of-kirkland-breaks-silence-at-saturday-press-conference/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;involve a single nursing home&lt;/a&gt;, where the virus spread widely before being detected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patients at that facility are in a high-risk category for this disease due to their advanced age; there is no similar cluster of cases at a nursing facility elsewhere in the US, therefore it is not surprising that the mortality rate is quite different so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is speculation that there are far more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-washington-health-officials-fear-novel-coronavirus-may-have-been-quietly-spreading&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;undiagnosed cases in Washington&lt;/a&gt;, many of which would be mild cases. Given issues and limitations with testing, it is difficult to know what the true rate is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-09T23:13:24.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21279" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T02:52:30.520" Score="4" ViewCount="227" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any global database that enables the stochastic analysis of questions such as age distribution of fatalities, etc? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Google search produced only a WHO article database: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/tags/covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kaggle&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ArcGIS Dashboard&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T08:46:27.750" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T08:46:27.750" Title="Where to find a database containing COVID-19 information?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21280" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T07:57:11.563" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an interested layperson (having small kids) I was told and read that some viruses are extremely infectious. E.g., very few virus particles of Norovirus (some say less than five) can cause an infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this implies that there is a threshold for an infection that is greater than zero for any virus (the actual numbers obviously vary a lot). I hypothesize that many people come in contact with a circulating virus but stay below that threshold. If this was true, would such people develop antibodies and a lasting immunity for viruses that our immune system can acquire one? When testing for antibodies during an ongoing epidemic would one then see a &quot;wavefront&quot; of immunity around the actually infected population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17772" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T07:57:11.563" Title="Is there a spread of immunity agains viruses due to failed infections?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21264" CreationDate="2020-03-10T09:24:01.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such claims about drinking water to prevent COVID-19 also appeared online, but major health organizations do not support them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://factcheck.afp.com/health-experts-say-drinking-water-every-15-minutes-does-not-prevent-coronavirus-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Health experts say drinking water every 15 minutes does not prevent coronavirus infection (AFP Fact Check, March 9, 2020)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Multiple posts on Facebook and Twitter shared hundreds of times in the&#xA;  Philippines claim that doctors in Japan advise people to drink water&#xA;  every 15 minutes in order to prevent being infected by the novel&#xA;  coronavirus, COVD-19. The claim is misleading; the World Health&#xA;  Organization (WHO) says drinking water does not prevent novel&#xA;  coronavirus infection; Japan has not issued a health advisory listing&#xA;  drinking water as a prevention method for COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/WHOPhilippines/status/1225961563594510337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The answer by World Health Organization Phillippines on Twitter, Feb 8, 2020&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Q: If drinking water alleviates a sore throat, does this also protect&#xA;  against #2019nCoV infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A: While staying hydrated by drinking water is important for overall&#xA;  health, it does not prevent coronavirus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)&lt;/a&gt; does not mention drinking water as a preventative measure against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). They recommend to wash hands regularly and to not touch the mouth, nose and eyes. They do not say anything about drinking or using mouthwashes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't claim that drinking water doesn't reduce the risk of infection, but this seems unlikely, because the viruses can affect the nose (runny nose), throat (cough) and lower respiratory tract (shortness of breath), so you can't just flush them down the throat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkpbL.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jkpbL.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uab.edu/news/coronavirus#symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The University of Alabama at Birmingham&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T09:24:01.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T11:49:05.147" Score="3" ViewCount="183" Body="&lt;p&gt;What data and analysis is available on hospitalization rates of COVID-19 patients by age and pre-existing condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimates of death rates have been communicated, but I have found no similar figures for hospitalization rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17773" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T16:09:03.707" Title="What data is available on hospitalization rates of COVID-19 patients by risk factor?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-18T22:27:58.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21287" CreationDate="2020-03-10T14:13:40.533" Score="1" ViewCount="1172" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if it has been proven or disproven that the Coronavirus/COVID-19 can be spread via public toilet seats?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking that perhaps I should always carry around hand sanitizer with me and put some on each public toilet seat that I use. I would put it on some toilet paper and then rub down the toilet seat before sitting down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user17774" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T18:59:51.753" Title="Can the Coronavirus be spread via public toilet seats?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;&lt;toilet-bowl&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21286" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T16:32:45.950" Score="1" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do COVID-19 spread by consuming foods that have been handled by infected individuals? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is related to foods such as bread that we can't really clean up before eating being handled by infected individuals. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can we disinfect these foods?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17777" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T18:44:23.550" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T18:44:23.550" Title="Can COVID-19 be transferred through food handled by infected individuals?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-31T20:36:28.313" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21287" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21285" CreationDate="2020-03-10T16:43:01.857" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The virus causing COVID-19 infects the respiratory tract. It is spread in droplets of moisture when an infected person sneezes, coughs, and exhales. These droplets can be inhaled directly and can also end up on surfaces, where they can be picked up on your hands and then spread to your face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO recommends &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;hand washing and avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands&lt;/a&gt; as the primary ways to protect against infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could a toilet seat potentially transfer the virus? Perhaps, but there is nothing special about a toilet compared to other surfaces in a bathroom, and there are no recommendations to treat that surface in particular. The way that you would transfer virus from those surfaces would be by touching them with your hands and then touching your face. The WHO recommends hand washing to combat this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T16:43:01.857" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T16:46:18.837" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everybody who's purchasing medicine in a pharmacy has to write a signature on a touchscreen payment terminal, either with his/her finger or by using the stylos attached to the terminal. This practice persists today, despite the covid-19 epidemic. Is there any data available regarding infection disease transmission via pharmacy terminals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17766" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T16:46:18.837" Title="Do pharmacies' terminals spread infections?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-10T19:36:31.633" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if there's a model which explains why Italy is currently, judging by the data, the second most affected country by COVID-19. I'm not only talking about deaths but also infections. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems somewhat strange to me, considering that no other countries I'm aware of implemented any measure against the virus in the early days after the news was made public in China, also considering the virus may as well been circulating for some time already. &#xA;It also seems unlikely that Italy is more connected to China than other countries are. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One simple explanation I cannot entirely buy tho, is that other countries are not testing as thoroughly and therefore they are underestimating the risk.   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17778" LastActivityDate="2020-03-10T19:36:31.633" Title="Is there a model that explains why Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T06:51:44.330" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a question about ways of dealing with pneumonia. As far as I understand, the danger of pneumonia comes primarily from the buildup of fluid in the lungs causing asphyxiation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whenever I have a wet cough (pneumonia or not, mostly not) I find it a lot easier to cough up the fluid while lying down. Since that is the case, would it be beneficial to lie with your head in a slightly lowered position (so that gravity helps you get fluid out instead of keeping it in)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in severe cases of pneumonia, couldn't you keep the patient alive with a combination of a ventilator and some tubes to pump the fluid out constantly? I guess this isn't a perfect solution, or pneumonia would only kill those that are unable to get hospital care, but why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16638" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T06:51:44.330" Title="Ways of dealing with pneumonia" Tags="&lt;pneumonia&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21293" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T09:34:24.230" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometimes a sensor can malfunction, or the area surrounding it can be infected, leading to wrong glucose measurements. Even just the fact to rely on a single sensor seems to psychologically limit the adoption of such devices, both by physician and patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naively, using multiple sensors located at different places looks like a reasonable solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do most (all ?) insulin pumps use a single glucose sensor ?&#xA;What are the reasons not to use multiple sensors ?&#xA;Anticipating on the &quot;sensors are expensive&quot; answer -&gt; They are mostly because of R&amp;amp;D costs. So once developed, using several ones should not be a lot more expensive than using one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17783" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T11:54:48.530" Title="Why do insulin pumps have a single sensor?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21294" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21293" CreationDate="2020-03-11T11:54:48.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been few studies (on animals and humans) with multiple CGM sensors showing a more accurate estimation of the BG. [1][2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site of application of the sensor, the discordance between multiple data sources and errors in the calibration of the sensors, are open challenges to be precisely addressed before having a system of this kind. Moreover, unless we're strictly speaking of subcutaneous sensors, from a patient perspective there is considerable trouble in maintaining multiple sensors. (e.g. in terms of site changes, application in relevant areas, etc..) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Current sensors achieve a precision around 9% MARD, while the benefit of a system with multiple sensors would be a slight improvement on this number, due to the intrinsic limitations of the CGM, upfront a significant more expensive system and more complexity for the patient. (e.g. delay in the estimation, the noise of the measurement,..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6615958&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6615958&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/152091503322640980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/152091503322640980&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7307" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T11:54:48.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21297" CreationDate="2020-03-11T13:01:13.493" Score="-2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a maintained and updated data feed that has the times of all confirmed cases of COVID 19 and their Geo coordinates. Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17784" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T02:53:30.923" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T02:53:30.923" Title="COVID 19 feed with incidences and Geo Points" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21296" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23536" CreationDate="2020-03-11T13:22:57.937" Score="2" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read that the incubation period of the covid-19 virus ranges from 2 to 14 days with rare exceptions (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-incubation-period/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). However, a person carrying a virus could theoretically be contagious and transmit it without themselves having developed symptoms. My questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can carriers of covid-19 infect others before developing noticeable symptoms themselves?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If so, what's known about the duration from the time of infection to the time the carrier becomes contagious?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T21:32:41.630" Title="Contraction-to-contagion duration for covid-19?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21295" CreationDate="2020-03-11T13:44:05.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We are tracking the COVID-19 spread in real-time on our interactive dashboard with data available for download. We are also modeling the spread of the virus. Preliminary study results are discussed on our blog.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is by the John Hopkins University.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T13:44:05.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T14:40:03.787" Score="8" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the German chancellor said today, by the end of the year 60-70% of the population will have been through a COVID-19 infection. Where does that number come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The basic mechanism is clear, and the magnitude is plausible: Let &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; be the average number of persons infected by one infected person. If &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; falls below 1, then the epidemy will run out. This will happen if an infected person mostly hits persons who are already immune.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is: Why just 60-70%, not 40-50 or 80-90%? Does it come from historic precedence? Or from some formula that takes into account the value of &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; (the value before saturation has set in)? What citation classics could serve as reference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17785" LastEditorUserId="17785" LastEditDate="2020-03-11T15:09:35.937" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:32:03.150" Title="ultimately, 60-70 percent of the population will have been infected - where does that number come from" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21300" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T15:43:36.067" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anybody know how I can learn &lt;strong&gt;how many people&lt;/strong&gt; are affected by &lt;strong&gt;hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)&lt;/strong&gt; worldwide today?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need this information for a research study; I tried to search on Google but I only found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5114%2Fwo.2018.78941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper by Rawla and colleagues&lt;/a&gt; reporting 14 milion cases in 2012. I need more recent statistics.&#xA;Does anyone know how I can find it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also searched on the World Health Organization (WHO) website but could not find this information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6902" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T17:47:45.953" Title="How many people are affected by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide today?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21301" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21300" CreationDate="2020-03-11T16:44:19.760" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Global incidence for HCC, 2018:&lt;/strong&gt; &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/197319-39196/what-is-the-global-incidence-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-hcc-worldwide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is the global incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide? (Medscape, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Worldwide, liver cancer was the fifth most common cancer and the third&#xA;  most common cause of cancer deaths in &lt;strong&gt;2018,&lt;/strong&gt; with an estimated &lt;strong&gt;841,080&#xA;  new cases and 781,631 deaths.&lt;/strong&gt; The incidence was highest in East Asia,&#xA;  at 17.7 per 100,000 population (26.8 in males and 8.7 in females),&#xA;  followed by Micronesia, northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and&#xA;  Melanesia. The incidence was lowest in south-central Asia (2.5 per&#xA;  100,000) and western Asia (4.0 per 100,000). By comparison, the&#xA;  incidence rate was 6.6 per 100,00 in North America and 5.3 per 100,000&#xA;  in western Europe. Overall, the incidence rate of liver cancer is&#xA;  approximately three times higher in males than in females. Mortality&#xA;  figures mirror the incidence figures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Global incidence, prevalence and mortality for HCC, 2018:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1713263&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatocellular carcinoma, The New England Journal of Medicine, 2019)&lt;/a&gt;: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/mms/journals/content/nejm/2019/nejm_2019.380.issue-15/nejmra1713263/20190405/images/img_medium/nejmra1713263_f1.jpeg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Figure 1&lt;/a&gt; shows a worldwide map of incidence, prevalence and mortality of HCC per 100,000 population in 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) 1-year global prevalence of liver cancer, 2018:&lt;/strong&gt; Worldwide data by country from Global Cancer Observatory, 2018: &lt;a href=&quot;https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-map?v=2018&amp;amp;mode=population&amp;amp;mode_population=continents&amp;amp;population=900&amp;amp;populations=900&amp;amp;key=asr&amp;amp;sex=0&amp;amp;cancer=11&amp;amp;type=2&amp;amp;statistic=1&amp;amp;prevalence=1&amp;amp;population_group=0&amp;amp;ages_group%5B%5D=0&amp;amp;ages_group%5B%5D=17&amp;amp;nb_items=5&amp;amp;group_cancer=1&amp;amp;include_nmsc=1&amp;amp;include_nmsc_other=1&amp;amp;projection=globe&amp;amp;color_palette=default&amp;amp;map_scale=quantile&amp;amp;map_nb_colors=5&amp;amp;continent=0&amp;amp;rotate=%255B10%252C0%255D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a map&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-map?v=2018&amp;amp;mode=population&amp;amp;mode_population=continents&amp;amp;population=900&amp;amp;populations=900&amp;amp;key=asr&amp;amp;sex=0&amp;amp;cancer=11&amp;amp;type=2&amp;amp;statistic=1&amp;amp;prevalence=1&amp;amp;population_group=0&amp;amp;ages_group%5B%5D=0&amp;amp;ages_group%5B%5D=17&amp;amp;nb_items=5&amp;amp;group_cancer=1&amp;amp;include_nmsc=1&amp;amp;include_nmsc_other=1&amp;amp;projection=globe&amp;amp;color_palette=default&amp;amp;map_scale=quantize&amp;amp;map_nb_colors=5&amp;amp;continent=0&amp;amp;rotate=%255B10%252C0%255D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a table&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-11T17:47:45.953" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T17:47:45.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T18:36:06.367" Score="2" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the world hadn't noticed that Covid-19 was significantly different from previous situations, and if it had treated it like any other flu outbreak, what would have happened?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically an influenza outbreak of any kind results in nursing homes and other sensitive areas being closed to visitors and their taking extra precautions for internal cleanliness and hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all the effort were put into protecting the most vulnerable and everyone else simply warned to be careful, the disease would spread among the general population but there would be very few serious cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the short, medium, and long term, would the world be significantly better or worse than it will be with the current political actions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-03-11T19:32:30.877" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T19:52:44.890" Title="What would have happened had Covid-19 not been treated as something special?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T14:51:18.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T19:01:19.380" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies into the impact of the rate at which a subject's heart rate is increased or decreased when beginning or ending an exercise session?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17786" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T19:01:19.380" Title="Study of heart rate delta-V during excercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;aerobic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21296" CreationDate="2020-03-11T20:54:16.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;re 1: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medical.mit.edu/faqs/COVID-19#faq-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;maybe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;re 2: Incubation period is &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2762808/incubation-period-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-from-publicly-reported&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;about 4.5 to 5.8 days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but we don't know for sure, the virus is too new, and already there are possibly two strains (newer strain from Europe and USA is possibly more infectious), not sure if these possible two strains are handled differently, but some researchers are worried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One problem with so many infected people is that it gives the virus to chance mutate more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17787" LastEditorUserId="17787" LastEditDate="2020-05-07T21:32:41.630" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T21:32:41.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-11T21:20:37.603" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously this question is motivated by the situation with Covid-19. Let's suppose that we are designing a testing protocol for a proposed vaccine. We want to be reasonably sure that the vaccine is safe for humans. We want to minimize the risks to our volunteers. We don't want to take a year while the pandemic kills lots of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's assume for now that we are willing to risk that it might be ineffective, but evidence of effectiveness would certainly be nice. Let's also assume that we can rewrite current law to allow for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the fastest protocol one could design?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of ideas that come to mind:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1. Could one skip animal testing and start on humans with an absurdly small quantity? Say 10% of the lethal dose of the worst poison known?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2. Could one ramp up the quantity quickly by giving successive volunteers slightly bigger doses and spacing them with a shortish interval? For example, if one gives each person 10% more than the one before, and they are spaced four hours apart, the quantity would go up by a factor of 1.77 every day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel more than free to shoot down my ideas, propose your own, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17762" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T21:20:37.603" Title="Ignoring current law, what would be the fastest way to test a vaccine while minimizing risk?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21298" CreationDate="2020-03-11T22:56:29.037" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some Canadian experts said &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/coronavirus-could-infect-35-to-70-per-cent-of-canadians-experts-say/ar-BB10Z837?li=AAggNb9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;35% to 70%&lt;/a&gt; will be infected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to a disease-transmission model developed by University of&#xA;  Toronto researchers, the virus’ overall attack rate in Canada could&#xA;  exceed 70 per cent. That number drops sharply, by about half, “if we&#xA;  add modest control,” said epidemiologist Dr. David Fisman, one of the&#xA;  model’s creators, but it will take “aggressive social distancing and&#xA;  large scale quarantines” to reduce it further, he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“That’s still a huge number of people ill, and critically ill people&#xA;  are a large fraction in this disease,” Fisman said in an email. “I’m&#xA;  not going to share more specific numbers because I think they will&#xA;  scare people to no particular end.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality no one knows. I can tell you if they contain the spread no more people will be infected. If they don't contain the spread more people will be infected. Steps like Italy took today where only essential work can occur and all business closed except transportation, grocery stores and pharmacies are a desperate attempt at containment that may be too late. That said given recent numbers it appears to have worked for China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The German Chancellor is wasting her time and ours spewing off meaningless numbers that will only serve to scare citizens of the nation she is supposed to lead. Something better would be her plan to make the homeless self-isolate for 14 days at home if they come into contact with someone who was positive or preemptively positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today the WHO leader said if American governments (Federal, State, County, City, etc) do not act it could be &quot;many, many millions&quot; dead in the USA. Today's US government talk to borrow 40 billion dollars to spend on the pandemic is not a plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="17751" LastEditDate="2020-03-11T23:08:25.613" LastActivityDate="2020-03-11T23:08:25.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-12T02:02:29.240" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a medical professional and was wondering if there is a chance the current COVID-19 tests can confuse it with the much less dangerous common cold coronavirus. If a person tests positive for COVID-19, what is probability of this person being infected by the common cold coronavirus strain as opposed to COVID-19?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17789" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T02:02:29.240" Title="How reliably can the current COVID-19 tests discriminate it from the common cold coronavirus strain?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-12T06:56:42.613" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Context: from the &quot;discovery&quot; of the virus to its spreading&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before the discovery of sars-2 people died from sars-1, flu or pneumonia.&#xA; On the one hand, we have a new, previously unknown virus that is spreading.  On the other hand, we have the knowledge of this new virus and its discovery that is diffusing.  With this knowledge, the technique of measurement, the tests, the whole technology for diagnosing the diseases is spreading too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: Do we now have more cases as a result of more infections or is the reason for its “spreading” that the virus is tested more frequently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we know that the virus is actually spreading and whether this apparent pandemic is not just a result of raising awareness about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a terrible flu last autumn, as bad as ever.  I couldn’t have  been tested on corona.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People always die.  From old age, from illness ... now we're dying of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which came first: the virus or the test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epistemological problem of pandemic: how is a distinction made between the spread of virus tests and the actual spread of the virus?  Where there is no testing, there is apparently no virus.  Conversely: the virus has long been everywhere, has already spread.  People die of &quot;flu&quot;, pneumonia, until the virus is discovered.  Now there will be information: Knowledge about it is diffused, it is widely tested, the more it is tested for diseases of the lungs (air and respiratory tract), the more identifications there are: the virus has spread months ago.  Now the media hype comes into play: there are &quot;contagions&quot; that cannot be traced back.&#xA; ￼&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've been researching a multitude of sites and information about this problem, but it was never mentioned anywhere and neither in any discussion on TV, radio, print media or else where. I have also discussed this point with the chief of our institute of immunology in 2011. We were not sure if this aspect can be answered by the Meme-phenomena (Richard Dawkins). Today I think the answer could be the &quot;propaganda effect&quot;. But obviously this effect is ignored by all reports about the diffusion of the new virus. e.g. it was discovered in Dec. 2019 and from the moment in China there has been developed the first test-kit to test 1000 persons per day we had a peak in Feb. 2020. Switzerland has had some weeks ago more hot-spots to test people for SARS-2 (or covid-19) than the USA. Since we have the possibility to test 1000 persons per day the infections are exploding. Strange? or not surprising? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since 2 months every time we turn on the news all we hear is &quot;corona - virus&quot;.&#xA;I can't see a difference between this &quot;explosion&quot; and the &quot;virus&quot; spreading of a new pop song ... &quot;new wave&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could be the answer is hyping or making a hit. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what I mean in my question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the difference between the wave of a new virus or the wave of the test-ability of this virus?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there a special term to describe the phenomena of the spreading of the possibility to measure (knowledge and test instruments).&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-03-12T12:51:29.257" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T12:51:29.257" Title="Pandemic: what is the term for the phenomenon of diffusion of tests and the spreading of the virus itself?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-12T07:49:41.647" Score="5" ViewCount="410" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036/5775463&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genetic sequencing&lt;/a&gt; of COVID-19 in China in December 2019 revealed two strains of the virus, identified as S and L, with S being the ancestral version while L was more prevalent (70:30 ratio) and more virulent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In December, I and all my family (in the UK) experienced a viral illness of severity somewhere between a cold and influenza, which we all independently declared was strikingly different in character to any cold or flu we had previously experienced.  We experienced mild headaches, mild bodily aches and a dry cough.  Notably it really dragged on, for three weeks or possibly more.  My fit and healthy mum (aged around 70) suffered fairly severe respiratory distress (not so severe she required hospitalisation) and we were quite worried about her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fast forward to now, and this experience obviously takes on a new perspective.  What &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; we say about the probability this illness was some coronavirus (not necessarily COVID-19)? What's the likelihood it was one of the two strains of COVID-19? Do we know, or can we estimate the likelihood, that any antibodies to any given coronavirus confer some immunity to other strains?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I do know of this, is that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2020/03/06/Experts-unsure-if-cured-COVID-19-patients-are-reinfected-or-relapsed/8101583529793/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there are known cases&lt;/a&gt; of people becoming ill again with COVID-19, having earlier been declared virus free - it's unknown whether they caught one strain then the other, or became reinfected with the same one twice, or the virus increased in activity again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17791" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T18:23:25.553" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T23:15:38.243" Title="Does immunity to some coronavirus confer any immunity to other strains?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21314" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23247" CreationDate="2020-03-12T10:56:36.570" Score="5" ViewCount="308" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person gets COVID-19 and (hopefully) recovers at home without being hospitalized, how long should that person stay isolated before they can return to social interaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17796" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-04-15T23:31:06.227" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T23:52:35.400" Title="How long should I stay isolated after I recover from COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21314" CreationDate="2020-03-12T12:47:48.943" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doctors apply a test kit, if you no longer have the virus you are typically released. However, in China some people who gave negative results were released and later they found they still had the virus, because the tests were poor quality or other factors, so now doctors are suggested to combine epidemiological history, clinical and imaging manifestations with the test. But when the doctor releases you, that's when you can socially interact again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3065022/coronavirus-why-do-recovered-patients-test-positive-again&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus why do recovered patients test positive again&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="17818" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T05:54:01.367" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T05:54:01.367" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21316" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21320" CreationDate="2020-03-12T12:53:22.437" Score="4" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Coronavirus death rates are higher for people in the range of 80+ (14,8%) and 70-79 years old (3,6%). However, there are countries, specially in Africa, where life expectancies are in the 50-60 and 60-70 years old range. Some people (like Bill Gates) warned about possible catastrophes if the virus massively reachs Africa. Could it happen than the lower life expectancy of those countries prevents more people from dying? Is people who lives 60 years old in countries with lower life expectancy, expected to have the mortality rates for Coronavirus of the people of the same age in countries with higher life expectancy, or a person of 60 years old in countries like those is in a physical state of an older person in a more developed country and as such have a higher mortality rate? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2021-02-05T09:08:10.523" Title="Are countries with lower life expectancy expected to have lower death rates due to Coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21464" CreationDate="2020-03-12T12:59:13.400" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;In our choir, we are discussing measures to slow the spread of the novel Coronavirus in our community. However, I lack understanding about how the virus spreads in a closed room. The German Public Health authority recommends &quot;Social distancing&quot; of 1-2m.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in a choir, many people are singing all the time on the same location. Singing also produce respiratory droplets &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[src1]&lt;/a&gt; and I don't know how long those droplets stay infective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[src1] states that droplets dry out within 2m. Are Coronaviruses only infective while suspended in these droplets?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Given the long exposition of the people to each other and the long duration of singing, are the recommendations of Social Distancing applicable to choirs?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17797" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T05:53:37.563" Title="Is standing apart 2m an appropriate Social Distancing measure for choirs" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-12T13:29:18.440" Score="5" ViewCount="303" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard several times now, from both people I personally know and from others who have posted their stories online that they do not qualify for COVID-19 testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the stories I have heard, to qualify you have to:&#xA;1. Had contact with a known case of COVID-19&#xA;2. Been to a country heavily infected with COVID-19&#xA;3. Have symptoms that have progressed to the point where hospitalization is required&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have a reported 1339 cases in the US with likely many more undiagnosed by medical professionals or the CDC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why, when we are in a state of pandemic and all countries scrambling to get a handle on the virus, are clinics, primary cares, and even hospitals not administering tests to those who exhibit symptoms unless one of these other criteria are met?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an incubation period of 2-14 days, it is entirely possible to have contact with someone who has it and not know you got it from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17798" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T11:47:40.907" Title="Why are people with COVID-19 symptoms being denied tests in the US?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21329" CreationDate="2020-03-12T13:56:52.783" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nowadays we are hearing Angela Merkel with a specialist and a doctor in United States claiming Covid-19 could infect betweeen 50-70% of the population. According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/faq.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC FAQ&lt;/a&gt; flu infects between 3% to 15% of people each year. So I was wondering if recently we got any disease with such large contagious rate as claimed by Merkel, and yesterday in argentine television a doctor said they made a research in Argentina and they got to the conclusion that back in 2009 Influenza A H1N1 infected 60% of the argentine population but many of them didnt develop symptoms. Is this possible? &#xA;Is it possible that H1N1 infected 60% of the population back in 2009 in a country? Is there any other data which could back this up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T16:29:48.733" Title="Is it possible that H1N1 infected 60% of the population back in 2009 in a country?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21316" CreationDate="2020-03-12T14:54:19.350" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Age is a red herring, only a secondary characteristic correlating to death rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's people that are already seriously ill or already have weak immune systems that are most likely to die soon after contracting Covid-19.  And it's when people are clustered in a close community that they are most likely to contract the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our society, the people in those circumstances tend to be old and in health-care facilities.&#xA;As a result, most of our deaths so far have involved people over 80 years old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other societies, a lack of old people doesn't necessarily mean a lack people living in close quarters, that are weak or sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's certainly no shortage of such conditions in many parts of Africa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - Our World in Data&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JUM5S.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JUM5S.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-03-12T14:59:57.427" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T14:59:57.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21321" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21302" CreationDate="2020-03-12T15:12:29.700" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the following quoted article mostly answers my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current, sometimes draconian, measures are not being taken to prevent the spread of Covid-19, only to reduce the rate at which it spreads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A system that can handle a hundred new patients each week for many months, typically can't handle hundreds of new patients each day for a few weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In either case, the same number of people get infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one case the seriously ill can be properly treated, in the other case almost no one can be properly treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus#flattening-the-curve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - Our World in Data&lt;/a&gt; contains this information:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;‘Flattening the curve’&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is why early counter measures are important in an epidemic. Their&#xA;  intention is to lower the rate of infection so that the epidemic is&#xA;  spread out over time and the peak demand for the health care system is&#xA;  lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While the total number who get infected might not change, the&#xA;  containment measures intend to avoid an outbreak trajectory in which a&#xA;  large number of people get sick at the same time. This is what the&#xA;  visualization shows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is the reason that limiting the magnitude of peak incidence of an&#xA;  outbreak is important – health systems can care for more patients when&#xA;  the number of cases is spread out over a long period and it is not&#xA;  peaking in a very short period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A worst-case scenario for a pandemic of COVID-19 is that the number of&#xA;  patients at one point in time is so large that health systems would&#xA;  fail to provide the required care for some of them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GEYUu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GEYUu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And perhaps in a year or two we might learn the factual answer to my original question by looking at life in Turkmenistan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52186521&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus: Why has Turkmenistan reported no cases? - BBC News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-04-07T19:52:44.890" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T19:52:44.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21316" CreationDate="2020-03-12T15:34:53.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Death risk from COVID-19 increases greatly with underlying diseases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients who reported no pre-existing (&quot;comorbid&quot;) medical conditions&#xA;  had a case fatality rate of 0.9% &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worldometer, Feb 29, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common underlying diseases in those who died from COVID-19 were: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, hypertension and cancer. So, it's not really age, but an underlying disease that increases the risk of death in COVID-19. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The median age of those who died so far from COVID-19 in &lt;strong&gt;Italy&lt;/strong&gt; with life expectancy 83.4 years was &lt;strong&gt;81 years:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Borrelli said the median age of the people who have died from the&#xA;  virus in Italy is 81 years of age &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-03-06-20-intl-hnk/h_9ba4751542191c2e9408c3181ff6fbf1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN, March 6, 2020&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in &lt;strong&gt;China&lt;/strong&gt; with life expectancy 74.6 years, it was &lt;strong&gt;75 years:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On 23 February 2020, the number of people diagnosed with COVID‐19 in&#xA;  China was 1879 times of that on 10 January 2020. They estimated the&#xA;  case fatality rate of COVID‐19 to be 2.84% based on their patient&#xA;  pool. The authors also found that the ratio of male to female deaths&#xA;  was 3.25:1, the median age of death was 75 years &lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.25722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of&#xA;  Medical Virology, Feb 25, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; with life expectancy 78.9 years, it was &lt;strong&gt;80 years&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of death from COVID-19 increases with chronic diseases and therefore with age. Moth deaths so far have been on Northern hemisphere in countries with life expectancy above 74 years. Moth countries with life expectancy lower than 65 years are on Southern hemisphere or around equator, where it is warm now, which is a likely reason for much fewer cases of infection there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In countries with low life expectancy, mainly in Africa, there are other potential risk factors for COVID-19: widespread parasitic diseases (malaria, intestinal parasites, etc.), malnutrition and less available health care, which are not associated with age. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In conclusion,&lt;/strong&gt; even if in the countries with low &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;life expectancy&lt;/a&gt;, lower average age (and hence less chronic diseases) can be a protective factor against COVID-19 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deaths&lt;/a&gt; (Worldometer), we do not yet know the effects of other risk factors in these countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-14T09:39:13.657" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T09:39:13.657" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-12T15:36:06.210" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any data on how many ECMO machines in China? I know that there are about 260 machines in the united states but I have found no data about China on such matter. I want to compare the preparedness of the USA for coronavirus compared to China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16543" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T16:11:23.067" Title="How many ECMO machines does China have?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21318" CreationDate="2020-03-12T15:41:32.713" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;CDC guidelines for when patients should be tested have changed since the ones you list. &lt;a href=&quot;https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00429.asp?deliveryName=USCDC_511-DM22106&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC now says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinicians should use their judgment to determine if a patient has signs and symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and whether the patient should be tested. Most patients with confirmed COVID-19 have developed fever1 and/or symptoms of acute respiratory illness (e.g., cough, difficulty breathing). Priorities for testing may include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hospitalized patients who have signs and symptoms compatible with COVID-19 in order to inform decisions related to infection control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other symptomatic individuals such as, older adults (age ≥ 65 years) and individuals with chronic medical conditions and/or an immunocompromised state that may put them at higher risk for poor outcomes (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, receiving immunosuppressive medications, chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any persons including healthcare personnel, who within 14 days of symptom onset had close contact with a suspect or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patient, or who have a history of travel from affected geographic areas (see below) within 14 days of their symptom onset.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a broad definition that gives clinicians the freedom to judge, though it still emphasizes priority for cases similar to the older guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, guidelines and reality may not match. Via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/11/814189027/no-guarantee-youll-get-tested-for-covid-19-even-if-your-doctor-requests-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NPR&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's still a big gap between what the federal government is promising and what state and local labs can deliver.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...those labs have a limited capacity to test, so some have been turning down doctors' requests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The novel coronavirus test isn't simple, like the ones for the flu, strep or pregnancy. The kits detecting the coronavirus are configured more for a research lab than a hospital — and certainly can't be run in a doctor's office. It takes four to six hours to perform the tests on patient samples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, at this point the main reason that people with symptoms are being denied tests seems to involve a shortage of the tests, and possibly prioritization of tests for other patients. Hopefully these problems will be resolved going forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T15:41:32.713" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21325" CreationDate="2020-03-12T16:11:23.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;China has sent 67 ECMO machines to Hubei, said Luo Junjie, an official from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, adding that the ministry will import more ECMO machines for Hubei and Wuhan, the capital city of the province.Mar 4, 2020&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/04/c_138843056.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/04/c_138843056.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this doesn't tell how many ECMO machines actually are available in China. But I'd rather ask how reasonable your neighbors are and respect the behaving orders to stop the spreading of the virus instead of comparing and counting the numbers of ECMO machines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31269589&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31269589&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T16:11:23.067" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21319" CreationDate="2020-03-12T16:29:48.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;your question is related with mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We will never know how many individuals have been infected, we can only count the cases that have been diagnosed and these are those who are died or have been hospitalized or have visited the doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it could be possible that 80 % of a population is infected but only 50% are diagnosed and as we had also a medial hype in 2009 it is really surprising that the spread trend of H1N1 2009 in Argentina was so low:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_by_country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_by_country&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know where from Merkel has her information ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T16:29:48.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21330" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21318" CreationDate="2020-03-12T16:41:41.630" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If everyone would like to be tested who shows some symptoms of this infection you could test probably 50% of the population: &lt;em&gt;&quot;me too!&quot;&lt;/em&gt; As the capacity of tests is limited it is really necessary that these test kits are reserved for persons that are diagnosed by a doctor. In case of a pandemia - and if this is one - people should keep distance to others, wash their hands and shouldn't go to work if they think they are infected. People  with severe symptoms should stay at home and call the doctor and get information by phone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And save the disinfection solutions and masks for the doctors and medical staff and the  ill people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-03-12T16:48:48.053" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T16:48:48.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21332" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21333" CreationDate="2020-03-12T17:53:33.757" Score="3" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, German Chancellor Angela Merkel gave a speech about the importance of slowing down Covid-19. Among her remarks &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/world/europe/coronavirus-merkel-germany.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;were&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The most important thing, the chancellor said, is to slow down the spread of the coronavirus to win time for people to develop immunity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does that work? Can immunity be developed without actually catching the disease or via a vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17801" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:10:45.497" Title="How can immunity be developed without a vaccine? (re Merkel's speech)" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21333" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21332" CreationDate="2020-03-12T19:24:01.950" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's hard to know exactly what another person is thinking, but Merkel is probably referencing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;herd immunity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that people who are infected and recover will be less susceptible to infection in the future (the extent to which is currently unknown), those people have effectively been naturally vaccinated, which can help slow down future spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T19:24:01.950" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21334" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21318" CreationDate="2020-03-12T19:56:01.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the CDC won't let them test them. Understand that hospitals can't perform tests for Covid-19--originally only the CDC could. Now, some state laboratories can test. Either way, hospitals can't test people whom the labs don't allow testing for. It's not entirely the hospital's decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that some of these restrictions are pretty common sense. For instance, some of these requirements restrict that if you have these symptoms, but we know you have the Flu (which has similar symptoms), then there's no reason to test you for Covid-19. It's pretty reasonable to assume that these symptoms are because of the Flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17726" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T19:56:01.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21335" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21332" CreationDate="2020-03-12T20:18:24.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Immunity can be built by a bigger group of people that has been infected and healed from the sickness. This immunity of the group gives the virus no chance to spread again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;no chance&lt;/em&gt; is too strict. &lt;em&gt;It will be harder&lt;/em&gt; to spread is more appropriate. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T16:26:08.870" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T16:26:08.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21279" CreationDate="2020-03-12T22:21:47.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can find a collection of data that is updated on a daily basis on github. There is also included some code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/globalcitizen/2019-wuhan-coronavirus-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/globalcitizen/2019-wuhan-coronavirus-data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17804" LastActivityDate="2020-03-12T22:21:47.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21337" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21379" CreationDate="2020-03-13T02:40:31.410" Score="17" ViewCount="7415" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of time of writing it's quite common to see headlines about so-and-so who have tested positive for Covid-19, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foxnews.com/world/canadian-pm-justin-trudeaus-wife-sophie-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-officials-say&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canadian PM Justin Trudeau's wife, Sophie, tests positive for coronavirus, officials say&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these articles don't usually say how reliable the testing is. I couldn't find any recent information on it via Google, either (there are some results, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=228250&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, but they are old).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How accurate are the tests? What are the odds that Sophie Trudeau's results are a false positive, or that Justin Trudeau's negative result is a false negative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T03:24:51.683" Title="How accurate are coronavirus tests?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21339" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21462" CreationDate="2020-03-13T05:10:51.667" Score="1" ViewCount="161" Body="&lt;p&gt;For context, Australia, where I live, currently sits at ~130 confirmed cases, which makes me feel relatively safe for now, but naturally this will get worse with time as other countries' examples suggest. I will be working from home, avoiding public transport and limiting shopping to the minimum. I live in suburban Sydney, so one of the major population centers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How safe is it to continue solo outdoors training with the current and predicted COVID-19 situation? Specifically, I mean cycling without a group (i.e. maintaining a good degree of separation from any other humans at any given time). I imagine it has to be considerably safer than e.g. grocery shopping. Can the virus remain airborne outdoors for long periods of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17806" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T21:37:31.247" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T17:54:06.677" Title="Sport in the time of pandemics - what is the risk" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sports&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21342" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21384" CreationDate="2020-03-13T07:43:20.887" Score="4" ViewCount="356" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been hearing a lot of people say that it is recommended to wash your hands thoroughly in order to maximise protection against COVID-19 infection. I also heard that the washing hands rumours are just a way to make people believe that they are protecting themselves and that the washing hands thing is actually not backed up by real data. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is washing hands really that useful? And if yes, is there any data backed up to defend this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason i'm asking this is because an expert in this field said that the &quot;data is very week behind this&quot; and &quot;it's not going to have a big impact on preventing infection&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3URhJx0NSw&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3URhJx0NSw&lt;/a&gt;) 43:32 and that the data behind the virus being infected through the eyes is very sparse (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3URhJx0NSw&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3URhJx0NSw&lt;/a&gt;) 44:00&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17807" LastEditorUserId="17807" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T15:18:56.003" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T08:53:30.697" Title="Is the washing hands in order to protect yourself from COVID-19 backed up by research?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hand&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21343" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T08:34:12.823" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;In context of epidemiology we encounter the acronym SIR-model.&#xA;What does it stand for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T09:06:30.770" Title="What is the meaning of SIR-model in context with epidemic spreading like covid-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21343" CreationDate="2020-03-13T08:43:05.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;SIR model&#xA;&quot;(Engl .: Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Model)&#xA;Mathematical model in which the spread&#xA;a certain infectious disease in one&#xA;Model population with the variables&#xA;- &quot;Susceptible - S&quot; (susceptible),&#xA;- »Infected - I« (infected, infectious) and&#xA;- »Recovered - R« (Eliminated from the group of susceptible due to immunity&#xA;Illness, isolation or a fatal&#xA;Output)&#xA;including the → basic reproduction number&#xA;R0 can be calculated over time.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by Robert Koch Institut, Berlin (google translation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Service/Publikationen/Fachwoerterbuch_Infektionsschutz.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Service/Publikationen/Fachwoerterbuch_Infektionsschutz.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also see:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;An SIR model is an epidemiological model that computes the theoretical number of people infected with a contagious illness in a closed population over time. The name of this class of models derives from the fact that they involve coupled equations relating the number of susceptible people S(t), number of people infected I(t), and number of people who have recovered R(t). One of the simplest SIR models is the Kermack-McKendrick model&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Season 1 episode &quot;Vector&quot; (2005) of the television crime drama NUMB3RS features SIR models.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SEE ALSO:&#xA;Kermack-McKendrick Model&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIRModel.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIRModel.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T08:43:05.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21345" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21342" CreationDate="2020-03-13T08:59:05.800" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are obvious  sufficient  data  and enough evidence that all virus are transmitted by droplet infection (body contact) and shake hands. Washing hand makes  sense as the infection is happening mostly yourself if you have contact with your hands in your face, mouth, nose, eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So don't shake hands, clean your hands by washing or desinfecting after touching the cars and bags in a supermarket or any other objects, as you can transport a virus with your hands in body openings - as everybody touches his face may be 100's of times a day unconsciously. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-to-not-touch-your-face&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-to-not-touch-your-face&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In normal times we can be overprotective to ourselves. &quot;More dirt&quot; could be an option or devise  in education, but not in times when schools and kinder gardens have to be closed because of an epidemia or a pandemia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926373&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926373&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T09:04:07.310" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T09:04:07.310" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T10:34:57.253" Score="3" ViewCount="218" Body="&lt;p&gt;The number of cases in China is reportedly stabilizing due to drastic measures taken by its government as the following figure (from [1]) shows. On the other hand, based on the value of R0, Marc Lipsitch and other experts argue that 40% - 70% (later lowered to 20% - 60% after R0 was found to be about 2.3) of adults will be infected without effective controls over the next 12-18 months, resulting in 1.5 million deaths in the U.S. based on 1% fatality rate [2-3]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that about 50,000 of new cases were confirmed over the past one and half months, which is about 0.0005% of China's adult population, it seems quite different from the above estimation of 20% - 60% over 12-18 months. There are two explanations I can come up with: (1) the number of confirmed cases severely underestimates the number of actual people infected, which means many asymptomatic cases and inflated fatality rate and (2) the further exponential increase of the number of infected people was prevented, since the prevention measure was effective enough. But asymptomatic cases are rare as quoted below, which weaks the effect of (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People infected with Covid-19 who are truly asymptomatic are rare, Van Kerkhove said. Studies in China estimate that about 1.2% of confirmed cases are asymptomatic. But Van Kerkhove said when the scientists on the WHO mission to China pressed for more detail, it became clear that most of the people who were first described as asymptomatic actually were pre-symptomatic — they’d been detected through contact tracing before their symptoms manifested. [4]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That being said, isn't 20% - 60% over the next 12-18 months unlikely given the realistically implementable measures? Or based on the course of any existing cases of infectious diseases, is it totally reasonable to assume dramatically larger-scale spreading in China over the next 12-18 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d3YYl.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/d3YYl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/mlipsitch/status/1228373884027592704&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://twitter.com/mlipsitch/status/1228373884027592704&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/content-guest/article/notes-from-ucsf-expert-panel-march-10-dr-jordan-shlain-m-d-/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.linkedin.com/content-guest/article/notes-from-ucsf-expert-panel-march-10-dr-jordan-shlain-m-d-/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[4] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/06/were-learning-a-lot-about-the-coronavirus-it-will-help-us-assess-risk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/06/were-learning-a-lot-about-the-coronavirus-it-will-help-us-assess-risk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9028" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T10:34:57.253" Title="The estimated number of COVID-19 infected cases vs the actual number of cases in China stabilizing" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T11:12:59.090" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in Korea. Korea is autonomously implementing measures equivalent to those of China. Everyone is avoiding collective action over social distances. If unavoidable, use a mask and practice hygiene thoroughly. When an infected person is found, the contact is quickly tracked and self-isolated. Fortunately, South Korea is a peninsula and North Korea is blocking the North, so it is actually an island nation. All guests arriving by air are primarily controlled at the airport. Is the US and Europe capable of corresponding measures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17759" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T11:12:59.090" Title="Can the United States and Europe do the same as China did?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T11:43:58.387" Score="0" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the flu, it's estimated that 1 billion people gets the disease per year. Obviously, 1 billion people can't be hospitalized. What could happen if the health system of a country collapses (not enough beds/professionals to attend all people) and only the serious/critical cases can be hospitalized. Do all people getting Coronavirus need to be hospitalized for special care or it's just done to avoid spreading the disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T12:00:02.410" Title="Do all people getting Coronavirus need to be hospitalized for special care or it's just done to avoid spreading the disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T11:50:28.167" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all I'd like to point out that I'm not in any medical field, nor I've the adeguate specific formation to know enough about the topic, so this question is going to be more like a &quot;What if&quot; question out of curiosity. I'll let the experts fill the gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we know that when we introduce a new virus into the human body, the &#xA;immune response tries, (and hopefully succeed), to create an antibody, and that&#xA;such antibody is specific for that virus and can be re-created in case of later need,&#xA;I'm assuming that it has a specific &quot;recipe&quot; stored somewhere in our body, presumably in our dna, for our body to use when needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be possibile then, to track those changes in the dna to identify what's actually the recipe of the antibody?&#xA;From my field of knowledge I'm pretty sure that with enough data and a proper AI, we could&#xA;eventually track down the specific changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once we have those, couldn't we inject those edits into a new subject (with CRISPS?) or look at the composition of the antibody to reproduce it artificially?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your time&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17808" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T11:50:28.167" Title="Vaccines Research - A theorical question just out of curiosity" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21348" CreationDate="2020-03-13T12:00:02.410" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LyoN8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/LyoN8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 infection has a low mortality rate in people under the age of 50. They are recoverable without special treatment. Because of the risks you mentioned, low-risk patients may be advised to avoid hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17759" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T12:00:02.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21353" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T13:22:48.077" Score="1" ViewCount="411" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the World Health Organization's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/20200312-sitrep-52-covid-19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;situation report&lt;/a&gt; for March 12th, the African region has only recorded 51 cases of the Covid-19 virus, and only one of these cases has been fatal. The disease has so far only been recorded in 9 of the 54 African countries, with only three of these countries reporting more than a couple of cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the wider spread of the disease in practically every other region, and that the African population is around 1.3 billion, this appears to be a clear anomaly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What reasons are there for this apparent inconsistency with expectations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20998" OwnerDisplayName="CDJB" LastEditorUserId="156" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T13:46:08.763" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T08:20:21.513" Title="Why has the African region not seen many Covid-19 cases so far?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21354" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21362" CreationDate="2020-03-13T14:42:49.790" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading about the spread of virus and understand comparisons that are being made with the flu.  The flu propagates through a population with vaccinated people while a new virus has an unvaccinated population.  I would like to understand the limitations of using data from the flu and making inferences to dealing with Covid19 given their populations are fundamentally different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you look at how contagious a virus is they talk about transmission rates without indicating if the rate is the base rate or the effective rate.  The flu and Covid19 have similar base rates, however 40% of the US population is vaccinated from the flu.  Does that mean that the flu actually has a much higher transmission rate in un-vaccinated people and the average works out to a number similar to Covid19 in an unvaccinated population?  Or does in mean that vaccine doesn't stop the spread as much as it really stops the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17810" LastEditorUserId="17810" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T17:33:06.350" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T17:33:06.350" Title="Do vaccines slow the spread of disease or do they reduce the severity of the disease?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T14:47:50.243" Score="7" ViewCount="698" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of March 13, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/15-new-cases-of-coronavirus-announced-in-florida/2204960/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;45/301 people have tested positive/negative for COVID-19&#xA;in Florida&lt;/a&gt;.  What is the expected false positives/negatives here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE (March 14): 71/478 from what I consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/COVID-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the best source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9517" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T18:43:38.847" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T18:43:38.847" Title="What is the expected false positives/negatives for COVID-19 tests?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21357" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-13T16:44:16.007" Score="7" ViewCount="527" Body="&lt;p&gt;The COVID-19 R0 factor is 2-3, while SARS had an R0 factor of 2-5. However, COVID-19 has infected around 130,000 people and growing, while SARS totalled just under 9000 people infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is COVID-19 spreading faster and wider than SARS? What other factors have let COVID-19 reach pandemic levels, while SARS was contained and eradicated? Could the R0 factor be higher than believed? Was it initially slower to be contained?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Full disclosure, I'm not in medicine or a medical scientist. I'm a software developer and data scientist, and this has piqued my interested in the spread of infectious disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17812" LastEditorUserId="21794" LastEditDate="2021-04-15T14:46:29.107" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T14:46:29.107" Title="Why does COVID-19 appear more infectious than SARS?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21342" CreationDate="2020-03-13T16:45:56.870" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, the virus can be made un-harmful by soap and water. From the Economist:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The outer proteins sit athwart a membrane provided by the cell in&#xA;  which the virion was created. This membrane, made of lipids, breaks up&#xA;  when it encounters soap and water, which is why hand-washing is such a&#xA;  valuable barrier to infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This should give you enough key terms to read further about why this is effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17341" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T16:45:56.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21359" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21357" CreationDate="2020-03-13T17:08:17.697" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is possible that with SARS fewer people were transmitting the virus, but those who were were &quot;super-spreaders&quot;. R_0 is an average of those transmitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/data-suggest-ncov-more-infectious-1918-flu-what-does-mean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/data-suggest-ncov-more-infectious-1918-flu-what-does-mean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is that the high mortality rate in SARS actually prevented it from spreading widely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nautil.us/issue/83/intelligence/the-man-who-saw-the-pandemic-coming&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://nautil.us/issue/83/intelligence/the-man-who-saw-the-pandemic-coming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17341" LastEditorUserId="17341" LastEditDate="2020-03-13T23:12:47.463" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T23:12:47.463" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21354" CreationDate="2020-03-13T23:15:08.507" Score="1" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Reproduction numbers&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, the &lt;strong&gt;basic reproduction number ($R_0$)&lt;/strong&gt; refers to the contageous person meeting &lt;em&gt;susceptible&lt;/em&gt; people only:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are susceptible to infection&lt;/a&gt;. So $R_0$ is not affected by vaccination status (or acquired immunity) of the population, but it includes factors such as being contageous already during incubation period (i.e. while still free of symptoms, how contageous a single virus particle is, how long a virus particle lasts under &quot;normal&quot; circumstances, ...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the &lt;strong&gt;effective reproduction number R&lt;/strong&gt; includes the effects of vaccination, acquired immunity, behaviour and other measures to reduce infection risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wiki page linked above lists $R_0$ for Covid-19 as 1.4–3.9 and for the Spanish flu of 1918 as 2–3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, for the countries that still have just a few Covid-19 cases and that are just beginning to take measures to slow the spread, the effective reproduction number will be roughly the same as the basic reproduction number: noone is immune yet, and no measures to reduce the number of contacts yet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does that mean that the flu actually has a much higher transmission rate in un-vaccinated people and the average works out to a number similar to Covid19 in an unvaccinated population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sort-of, but rather the other way round: it means that the effective reproduction number is lower for the flu even though their $R_0$s are similar. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This review paper&lt;/a&gt; gives an R of about 1.8 for the 1918 flu and about 1.3 for the &quot;normal&quot; seasonal flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Vaccination&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Or does in mean that vaccine doesn't stop the spread as much as it really stops the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can also happen. Of course, the best and intended outcome of vaccination is that the acquired immunity is sufficient to prevent infection. Which means that the vaccinated person cannot spread the disease. However, not all vaccinatione we have and use achieve this - we still use them if they greatly reduce the severity of the disease. E.g. even with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_vaccine#Medical_uses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;varicella vaccination&lt;/a&gt; 10 - 30 % of the exposed to get chickenpox (but even with them, serious disease is avoided). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the flu, the difficulty is that new strains appear regularly. This is also the reason why flu vaccination is done &lt;em&gt;annually&lt;/em&gt; with a newly developed vaccine while e.g. for MMRV, pertussis, polio boosting with the existing vaccine every 10 years is sufficient (immunity actually may last even longer, up to lifelong*, but that varies by person, and since many vaccines haven't been around that long, we don't know for which that is the case).  In fact, flu strains appear so often that the development of the annual flu vaccine includes educated guesses which strains are going to be important for next season. Sometimes that guess is off. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine#Effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia on flu vaccination&lt;/a&gt; has a table giving  effectiveness (actual reduction of infection risk) between 10 - 60 % for different years.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Even if the acquired immunity by vaccination is for the wrong strain, one may still benefit from cross-immunity(?) in that the disease will be milder and possibly shorter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* also acquired immunity after a disesase does not always last life-long, e.g. a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876927&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pertussis infection will achieve immunity for 4 - 20 years only (4 - 12 years for vaccination)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2020-03-13T23:15:08.507" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-14T00:51:56.337" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;In cases where there is a coming epidemic of a disease which has no vaccine, but a very low mortality rate among healthy people, couldn't it make sense for a subset of the population to (voluntarily) catch the disease as early as possible (and then self-quarantine near care), in order to have immune / non-infectious people for sensitive roles when the main epidemic arrives?  For example staff (or family) who care for people with very fragile health, or high contact people like TSA staff.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm amazed that I've heard no discussion of what seems like an obvious question.  I searched and searched for answers to this and could not get &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; relevant results.  So I'd also be interested in search phrases that yield relevant answers.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some concerns are obvious, such as the risk that a small number of these volunteers could have bad consequences, but if it's going to be an epidemic they're likely to get it naturally anyway, and it seems that some controlled early exposure could still have much more benefit than harm on balance.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative seems to be that an arbitrary number of people in sensitive roles are going to be infectious without even knowing it.  I can't imagine how that's a better situation.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--------------- [Edit] -----------------&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say you’re a strong young healthy family member of a parent or grandparent with precarious respiratory problems.  Or perhaps you're a hospice worker; and you spend your days visiting people with very fragile health and don't want to kill them unwittingly.  Sure, you wash your hands, you get vaccinated with whatever is available, etc.  But what about &lt;strong&gt;when there is no vaccine&lt;/strong&gt; and there is an epidemic that's seriously dangerous to them?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not have a methodically prepared system for letting certain people in sensitive roles acquire immunity the old fashioned way... by getting sick [on purpose] and getting over it?  Thousands of soldiers, firefighters, police, etc. take on greater risks than that in their jobs, so it's not like nobody is ever willing to take on some risk in serving others. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When something like COVID-19 is forecast to be epidemic or worse and looks really dangerous to people over 70 but just an inconvenience to the young and strong, why not let people volunteer in the first weeks of a clear outbreak (before the system is overwhelmed) to become a buffer of immunity to the people they care for? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it just that no one has gotten around to implementing such a thing, or is there a &lt;em&gt;specific reason&lt;/em&gt; why nobody seems to be discussing options of taking more control like that (just like vaccines are a form of taking more control) -- rather than just crossing your fingers and &lt;em&gt;hoping&lt;/em&gt; you don't kill your dear older parents by accident the next time you fly to visit them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17818" LastEditorUserId="17818" LastEditDate="2020-03-14T07:04:03.690" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T07:04:03.690" Title="inoculation in the absence of a vaccine" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-14T06:02:39.187" Score="1" ViewCount="272" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is recommended to regularly wash hands with soap to slow the spread of COVID-19. However regularly washing with soap can be harmful to the skin. Soap-free cleansers such as QV Wash are frequently used in place of soap by those with dermatological conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How effective are soap-free cleansers are at slowing the spread of COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17819" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T04:17:39.440" Title="Are soap-free cleansers effective against COVID-19" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;soap&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-14T07:06:07.147" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel like I get mixed messages about whether or not it is good to work up a sweat when you catch a cold/flu (anecdotal). ..I get it if you don't want to go to the gym to spread the virus, but hypothetically if you had a home gym, is it good to work out when you have a cold? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17822" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T09:01:20.163" Title="Is excersizing up to a sweat when you are sick beneficial, as opposed to only resting?" Tags="&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-15T22:03:05.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21369" CreationDate="2020-03-14T10:04:27.557" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the there is a project Folding@home to fight against COVID-19. As far as I understand, it uses huge amount of computing power to find a cure. Why do we need such a huge number of potential candidates for compounds? I have understood that the limiting thing when developing drugs is the clinical tests, and one research team can't do really many tests in a day. So why don't researchers just use a normal laptop and run some simulation program which says that next one should test the following candidates? Or have I understood wrongly how the distributed computing or super computers helps on medicine? It sound really weird if researchers has so accurate heuristics that simulations can say that this candidate looks more promising as that one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17824" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T11:27:33.823" Title="How do huge computer simulations help in medical research?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;computers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21368" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-14T10:23:14.803" Score="2" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;An early measure to avoid the spread of COVID-19 has been the cancellations of flights from infected zones, e.g.:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-spain-flights/corrected-spain-cancels-flights-from-italy-for-two-weeks-in-a-bid-to-stop-coronavirus-idUSE8N29W006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-spain-flights/corrected-spain-cancels-flights-from-italy-for-two-weeks-in-a-bid-to-stop-coronavirus-idUSE8N29W006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I wonder about the effectiveness, specificity, and sensibility of such measures, for instance, if I am a tourist that has been barely in contact with locals, it should be better to go back home, in isolation if necessary. But that is a different question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, surface connection has not been cancelled, and I could go back from Italy to Spain driving or by train. Also ships continue travelling, although maybe moving from Europe to US would not be that practical...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a purely epidemiological reason why air transport is inherently more prone to contagions, or otherwise more dangerous? Or is it just that it is easier for a government to close airports than roads?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17823" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T15:00:20.340" Title="As epidemiological countermeasures, why are flights cancelled and surface transport is not?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21367" CreationDate="2020-03-14T11:27:33.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the COVID-19 coronavirus, the first step of infection occurs in the lungs, when a protein on the surface of the virus binds to a receptor protein on a lung cell. This viral protein is called the spike protein (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wrapp, et al. 2020&lt;/a&gt;), and the receptor is known as ACE2 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before proteins can do their work, they need to assemble themselves. This self-assembly is what is called &quot;folding&quot; and there are many, many different ways proteins can fold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An antibody is a type of folded protein that can block the spike protein from binding to its receptor, therefore preventing the virus from infecting the lung cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Folding refers to the way human protein folds in the cells that make up your body. We rely on the proteins to keep us healthy and they assemble themselves by folding. But when they misfold, there can be serious consequences to a person’s health. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://foldingathome.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folding@home Homepage&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So why don't researchers just use a normal laptop and run some simulation program which says that next one should test the following candidates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Testing protein folding permutations takes a huge amount of computer power. Using the network of computers using the Folding@home app, they are combining the power of all the connected computers at once to work out the protein sequence as quickly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We can build computational models that accomplish this goal, but it takes a lot of computing power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This is where you come in! With many computers working towards the same goal, we aim to help develop a therapeutic remedy as quickly as possible (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://foldingathome.org/2020/02/27/foldinghome-takes-up-the-fight-against-covid-19-2019-ncov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folding@home COVID-19 page&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One protein from 2019-nCoV, a protease encoded by the viral RNA, has already been crystallized (See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb6lu7/pdb&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worldwide Protein Data Bank&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the 2019-nCoV spike protein of interest has not yet been resolved bound to ACE2, our objective is to use the homologous structure of the SARS-CoV spike protein to identify therapeutic antibody targets (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://foldingathome.org/2020/02/27/foldinghome-takes-up-the-fight-against-covid-19-2019-ncov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folding@home COVID-19 page&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C. L., Abiona, O., ... &amp;amp; McLellan, J. S. (2020). Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. &lt;em&gt;Science 367&lt;/em&gt;(6483), 1260-1263. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1126/science.abb2507&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T11:27:33.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-14T12:22:31.280" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is speculated that because of COVID-19 pandemic there may be shortage of intensive care equipment (mechanical breathers) causing deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though IDK what is so costly in these mechanical breathers except market regulation and oligopolisation, it may make sense to start producing low-cost alternatives. Also some people hint that it may be because some materials must be not carcinogenic, but nebulizers are also pumps, and they are cheap enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guessed that in some cases electric muscular stimulatiin can help. And it has benefit that the muscles actually work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://patents.google.com/patent/US5911218A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://patents.google.com/patent/US5911218A&lt;/a&gt;, that has just expired (and even if not, **** patent trolls), and some papers on testing that techniques on people &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like this tech can be rapidly manufactured in the case of shortage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I wonder, are there any critical side effects preventing this tech from replacing mechanical ventilation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17825" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T12:22:31.280" Title="Can neuromuscular electrical stimulation be used as a low-cost alternative to mechanical breathing" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;&lt;electricity&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21372" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21375" CreationDate="2020-03-14T13:16:50.053" Score="3" ViewCount="154" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a public figure/writer on the Internet which plays a sort of &quot;informal journalist&quot;, who stated in a tweet (without a source), that &quot;Italy is hit hard, experts say, because they have the oldest population in Europe.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now this can be interpreted in two ways. That death rates are higher because of this (it makes sense), or that the disease is spread faster because of this. Could this last idea be true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is an old population a contributing factor for the spread of the disease, or does the disease infect younger and older populations in the same way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T15:17:51.683" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T04:28:43.257" Title="Is an old population a contributing factor for the spread of the disease of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21373" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21368" CreationDate="2020-03-14T13:18:27.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Air transport has been cancelled in different countries differently. In the US, they cancelled all air transport from EU. In several EU countries only air transport from China, Iran and Italy (countries with moth infections and deaths) has been cancelled. In Europe, initially most infections were spread from Italy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Countries that border to Italy have severely restricted land transport from Italy. Austria has completely closed the border. Some countries do not accept trucks that come from Italy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T13:18:27.307" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21609" CreationDate="2020-03-14T13:53:39.853" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example: during the current covid 19 outbreak the reported numbers are number of infections after various measures like social distancing or quarantine have been used - so it doesn't make much sense to compare it to the r0 if a disease like flu, where similar measures aren't used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an objective measurement?&#xA;Something like what are the chances of getting infected in some controlled conditions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17827" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-22T19:37:33.587" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T19:40:54.827" Title="R0 as measure of transmissibility depends on external factors. Is there a more objective measure?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21372" CreationDate="2020-03-14T14:13:53.967" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some theories that the COVID-19 outbreak started in hospitals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2020/3/10/21171217/coronavirus-covid-19-italy-hospitals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VOX, March 13, 2020&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another theory is that intense spread of the virus in the hospital&#xA;  system, before doctors realized there was a problem, may have&#xA;  amplified the outbreak. Some 10 percent of medical workers in Lombardy&#xA;  have been infected, according to a March 3 Washington Post report, and&#xA;  health workers account for 5 percent of those infected in the country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hospitals, in general, there are more older people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were also several cases of quick spread of infection in nursing homes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hospitals and nursing homes are environments where people live close together, so this is why infection can spread quickly among older people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Younger people get infected in schools, when they travel to areas with lot of infected people and when they engage in contact sports, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons for a lot of cases in Italy is that they didn't act quickly when the inefction started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-03-14T14:56:37.567" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T14:56:37.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21377" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21382" CreationDate="2020-03-14T19:18:19.967" Score="1" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;The COVID-19 virus causes respiratory illnesses. The virus does so by changing the generic code of our cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a virus can cause a change in our body, like respiratory illness, can the same techniques in a controlled manner be used in a constructive manner, for example treating cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply if I ask, can we create a virus like a thing to work for good in our body, just like nuclear fusion used for bombs and electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2409" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T18:05:36.450" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T20:37:07.120" Title="Why are virus all destructive in nature?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21353" CreationDate="2020-03-14T21:09:57.630" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Health care in many sub-Saharan African countries is extremely sparse. As an example, Sierra Leone has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/ebola-doctors/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;less than 250 doctors for the entire country&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;As a result, it is likely that cases in that and similar countries are grossly under-reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17521" LastActivityDate="2020-03-14T21:09:57.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21337" CreationDate="2020-03-14T22:49:26.810" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: Sophie Trudeau's positive test &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; still mean 3 : 1 odds of &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; having contracted Covid-19, but the odds could also be far more towards having Covid-19.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Justin Trudeau's negative test almost certainly means he was negative when tested. Of course, should Sophie be positive, that may have changed by now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; I found a web page of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#covid19ivd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA listing tests that have this Emergency Use Approval&lt;/a&gt;. Each of them has manufacturer instuctions that list their test results towards the end. Some of the submitted test results use ≈100 negative samples in the clinical evaluation. But there is also one that has only 13 positive cases (all of which were correctly found) in their test - but that one got the emergency approval already early in February.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The latest 2 (by Thermo and Roche) used 60/60 and 50/100 cases for their clinical evaluation (all results correct). That gets the lower end of the confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity to 94 - 97 % (with the lower end of the c.i. we'd thus have LR+ &gt;≈ 20 or 17, expected values would be 61 or 51, respectively. For LR- &amp;lt;≈ 1/20 or 1/32 (expected 1/61 or 1/100). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long version: Let's do some number juggling and see whether we can extract something useful. The following calculations are based on a somewhat worst-case scenario: the FDA emergency validation guidelines specify outcomes that such a new test in the current emergency situation must meet, and I calculate from the low end of performance that could be expected meet these criteria under somewhat unlucky circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we know minimum performance requirements, but I do not know [yet] how good (= how much better than minimum performance) the tests are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Sensitivity and Specificity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The starting point would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sensitivity and specificity&lt;/a&gt; of the respective test.  I haven't found any published data on these, but the FDA has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/135659/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Policy for Diagnostics Testing for Coronavirus Disease-2019&lt;/a&gt; that says how labs that develop a test should do an &quot;emergency validation&quot;. They can then get Emergency Use Approval.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; tells us: of all truly Covid-19-positive specimen, which percentage is correctly recognized as positive by the test; I'm going to use  &lt;strong&gt;87.5 %&lt;/strong&gt; (see below)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specificity&lt;/strong&gt; tells us: of all specimen that are truly negative for Covid-19, which percentage is correctly recognized by the test.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sensitivity and specificity can be measured by standardized protocols, and they characterize the performance of the test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a patient's or doctor's point of view, however, they are not very useful numbers as they (we) need the answer to the inverse questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Predictive values&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;positive predictive value PPV:&lt;/strong&gt; given that the test yielded &lt;em&gt;positive&lt;/em&gt;, what is the probability that the patient truly has the virus?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;negative predictive value NPV:&lt;/strong&gt; given that the test yielded &lt;em&gt;negative&lt;/em&gt;, what is the probability that the patient truly does not have the virus?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Predictive values can be calculated from sensitivity and specificity together with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevalence&lt;/a&gt; (or, as we are talking about newly infected patients, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;incidence&lt;/a&gt;) of virus among the tested population. Here's how they go for the assumed sensitivity and specificity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p75G6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p75G6.png&quot; alt=&quot;predictive values&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;red for positive test outcomes, dark green for negative test outcomes. posterior probability = &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; the test said something, what is the probability that the test result is correct = NPV for negative test result, PPV for positive test result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good estimates of prevalence are often difficult to obtain, because we need the prevalence among those who are tested and that is (and should be) quite different from the prevalence of the disease in the general population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some countries such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/pcm-dpc/COVID-19/blob/master/schede-riepilogative/regioni/dpc-covid19-ita-scheda-regioni-20200314.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Italy, we have numbers of performed tests&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki page giving numbers for more countries&lt;/a&gt;): as of today (March 14th), they ran 109170 tests and have a total of 21157 cases. Not all tests are for initial diagnosis (AFAIK, a patient is considered cured only after a bunch of tests are negative), but as most cases are still &quot;fresh&quot;, we may the ratio positive cases : tests run as one surrogate for the prevalence in the tested population. This would be around 20 % for Italy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the diagram we can then read for a new patient being tested the first time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the test outcome is &lt;em&gt;positive&lt;/em&gt;, chances are ≈ 75 % (or greater as I'm calcluating with the lower end of the possible range from the emergency validation) that the patient really has Covid-19.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, up to 25 % false positives. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;if the test outcome is &lt;em&gt;negative&lt;/em&gt;, chances are ≈ 95 % (or greater...) that the patient really does not have Covid-19.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So, up to 5 % false negatives. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt; currently reports 25 positive out of a total of 796 tests, so about 3 % prevalence in the tested population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the USA, the CDC reports &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case numbers&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/testing-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;test numbers&lt;/a&gt;, currently 1629 cases with (3995 + 15749) tests - but it is not entirely clear to me whether the populations completely coincide. Anyways, I'll use 8 % as guesstimate for prevalence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;| prevalence |  PPV |    NPV | Country/Population | &#xA;+------------+------+--------+--------------------+&#xA;| 3 %        | 26 % | 99.6 % | Canada             |&#xA;| 8-9 % (?)  | 50 % | 98.8 % | USA, Germany       |&#xA;| 20 %       | 75 % | 95   % | Italy              |&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that is the population of &quot;everyone who is tested&quot;. At least for Germany (March 14th) but probably also for Canada and the US, tests are done on people who show symptoms and on people that are known to have had contact with Corona virus cases: if they are found to be positive, they are sent home to quarantine and wait whether they did acutally catch the disease. But we may still say that the &quot;people who are tested&quot; population has subpopulations with and without symptoms.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So if there are further point of suspicion, say, the patient does cough, we'd say they belong to a high risk subpopulation with higher prevalence of Covid-19 compared to the overall prevalence among tested, so the chance of a false positive would be lower for them.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This will change as tests are performed only on people who show symptoms (by now, March 16th, everyone is already  told to stay at home in Germany and self-isolate as well as possible - the test result will not change this in any way).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Handy for quick calculation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;likelihood ratio positive (LR+) and negative (LR-)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we express the prevalence as odds (1 : 99 instead of 1 %), LR+ and LR- allow easy back-of-the envelope calculations. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;LR+ = sensitivity / (1 - specificity) ≈ 11 or better for our test and &#xA;LR- = (1 - sensitivity) / specificity ≈ 0.05 = 1/20 or better for our test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so they are indpendent of the prevalence and they tell us how the odds change due to the test: the posterior probability (predictive values) are the the pre-test odds multiplied with the likelihood ratio. In that sense, they tell us how much information we gain due to test (for positive and negative outcomes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Canada reported odds of 25 positive : 771 negative tests. So for Sophie Trudeau, the odds went from 25 : 771 (or 3 %) to  25 : 771 * 11 = 273 : 771 ≈ 1 : 3 or 25 %. For Justin Trudeau 25 : 771 / 20 = 25 : 15420 ≈ 1 : 617 or 0.16 % of being Covid-19 positive (slight discrepancy to above due to rounding).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if we start testing more and more people for whom the risk of actcually having contracted the virus is lower and lower, we soon won't be able to draw meaningful conclusions from the test results any more: I'm in Germany, currently the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Fallzahlen.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;federal info page&lt;/a&gt; lists 3800 confirmed cases. Even if we assume that there is a huge dark figure and in reality 20 x as many people are infected* that would be a prevalence in the general population of 0.1 %, the odds are 1 infected : 1.5 mio non-infected. If someone who does not belong to any particular risk group were tested positive, their odds would increase by factor 11, i.e. roughly 1 : 140000. A negative test result would decrease the odds by a factor of 1/20 to 1 : 31 mio. However, both results are of no practical use as they don't change the situation: pre-test situation is &quot;very unlikely to be Covid-19 case&quot;, post-test situation is still &quot;very unlikely to be Covid-19 case&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is why, even if there were testing capacities for the whole population, tests don't make sense unless we know there are some risk factors such as some kind of respiratory disease or contact to someone who is known to have the virus.&lt;/strong&gt; And why it is sensible to say that on slightly suspicious circumstances (= low, but not extremely low prevalence), one should self-quarantine/avoid contact but there's no point in testing [yet].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Detais on how I estimate sensitivity and specificity&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The lab first determines the limit of detection (LoD) for virus RNA. The LoD here is the lowest concentration at which 19 out of 20 replicate tests are positive (that would be 95 % sensitivity, but for samples spiked in the lab, but with a relevant and as difficult as possible matrix such as sputum). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Next, [leftover] clinical samples are used: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As there may not be any positive samples available, the lab can spike negative samples with virus RNA; a minimum of 20 samples are spiked within a range of 1 - 2 LoD plus 10 samples to cover the remaining clinical range.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Of these, at most 1 is allowed to have negative outcome (and that must be one in the lower concentration range). Thus, 29 positive out of 30 true positive. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also 30 non-reactive specimens are tested. The policy doesn't say a number of false positives that is permissible, so I'm going to assume that must be zero.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The lab can then start with real patient samples. The first 5 positive and the first 5 negative cases must be confirmed by an approved test (and must all match). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pooling the 2 &quot;rounds&quot; of testing clinical samples, we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;34 (or 35) positive tests out of 35 truly positive specimen -&gt; sensitivity at least 97 % with 95% credible interval 87.5 - 100 %,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;specficity 100 % with 95% credible interval 92 - 100 %&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are additional checks required but they don't help us here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sampling errors are not included in this validation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'm &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a clinical chemist, but I'm analytical chemist and in general analytical chemistry, that can easily be the dominating source of error. In that case, the above numbers would be useless.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Particularly the sensitivity may drop over time as the virus mutates. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To deal with this, in some cases multiple tests are done (read that in some newspaper article which I don't find at the moment).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;When doing multiple tests, tests by different providers are used if possible: as they are developed from different virus samples, this gives a better coverage for mutations in the virus than doing the same test in replicate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* Very handwavy scenario I derived from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic#/media/File:2020_coronavirus_patients_in_China.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;development of case numbers in China after their quarantine/shutdown on Jan 26&lt;/a&gt;, assuming an incubation period of 2 weeks and that noone got infected after quarantine started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update Jun 3rd, 2020:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instand-ev.de/System/rv-files/340%20EN%20SARS-CoV-2%20Genome%20EQAS%20April%202020%2020200502j.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Results of a round robin test/ring trial in April in Germany on detection of SARS-CoV2 RNA&lt;/a&gt;   (retrieved from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instand-ev.de/en/eqas-online/service-for-eqa-tests.html#rvp//340/2003/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.instand-ev.de/en/eqas-online/service-for-eqa-tests.html#rvp//340/2003/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;7 samples: 4 positive for SARS-CoV2 covering a factor of 1000 in concentration of virus RNA; 3 negative for SARS-CoV: 1 negative for any coronavirus, 1 positive for HCoV OC43 but not SARS-CoV2 and 1 positive for HCoV 229E but not SARS-CoV2.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;463 laboratories participated, submitting a total of 983 results per sample (1 lab can submit results for several methods)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The final evaluation comprises only 4 out of the 7 samples: while the ring trial was still ongoing, the ground truth and a preliminary evaluation was published for 3 samples in order to allow labs to use the results to adjust their procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There was a problem with  24 labs (59 lab×methods) where results for two samples (the positive 1:100000 dilution and the negative with HCoV 22E) were interchanged.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I'll disregard these two samples for now.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specificity&lt;/strong&gt; was 969/983 = 98.6 % for the negative and 961/983 = 97.8% for the negative with HCoV OC43 (sample was unblinded).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The report notes that it is not clear whether the false positives are a result of the specificity of the method itself or whether they stem from contamination of the test samples with SARS-CoV2 in the labs.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; was 980/983 = 99.7 % for the highest  (sample was unblinded) and 914/983 = 93.0% for the lowest virus RNA concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such a ring trial measures the performance of diagnostic method and lab handling of the samples together. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7066521/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wenling Wang &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens, JAMA, 2020 May 12; 323(18): 1843–1844.&lt;/a&gt; reports on sensitivity of RT-PCR tests for various sampling procedure/locations. 1070 specimen collected from 205 confirmed Covid-19 patients.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They report 5 of 8 nasal swabs (95%c.i. 30 - 90%) to be positive and 126 of 398 pharyngeal swabs (95% c.i. 27 - 36%).  &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020200642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This other study, while not primarily about PCR sensitivity reports about 60 %&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The paper has very few details, e.g. on the point in time when samples were taken.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study measures the sensitivity of method, lab handling and sampling procedure together.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experts in radion interviews I heard over the last months were talking about sensitivity in the order of magnitude of 70 - 80 % due to difficult sampling (requiring trained staff, preferrably taking 2 swabs [but swabs were scarce at some point], the correct procedure for nasopharyngeal sampling being painful, the correct point in time wrt. the course of the disease)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case, the overall sensitivity seems to be dominated by sampling error rather than lab handling or the sensitivity of the RT-PCR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my initial guesstimates were too optimistic for overall sensitivity, but specificity looks better than the initial worst-case scenario: we have an LR⁺ of around 50, but LR⁻ is only about 1/4.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important Note: all this is about the &lt;strong&gt;real time PCR tests for virus RNA&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23192/why-are-novel-coronavirus-anitbody-tests-disparaged/23469#23469&quot;&gt;Antibody tests have their own and actually quite different characteristics.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-06-03T15:21:48.947" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T15:21:48.947" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21380" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21355" CreationDate="2020-03-14T23:14:32.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;See long answer for &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21337/7951&quot;&gt;How accurate are coronavirus tests?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the &quot;worst-case numbers&quot; from there which I take from the minimum performance requirements the FDA currently uses with an emergency validation to allow labs to quickly implement Covid-19 tests without undergoing the full validation procedure they normally take, we have LR+ ≈ 11 and LR- ≈ 1/20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tests may be (and probably are) actually much better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we take 71 positive : 478 negative tests as a surrogate for the prevalence of Covid-19 infected among the tested population (14.5 %), the post-test probabilities of having Covid-19 are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;71 : 478 * 11 = 781 : 478 ≈ 5 : 3 for those who tested positive, i.e. ≈ 62 % PPV or post-test probability of having Covid-19.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thus, as many as 38 % of the 71 or 27 &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;71 : 478 * 1/20 = 71 : 9560 ≈ 1 : 135 or 0.7 % post-test probability of nevertheless really having Covid-19.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I.e. up to maybe 1 false negative case.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I've updated the linked answer since I've meanwhile found more detailed data on the actual validation performed for several tests. &#xA;Most of them used more than the minimum required sample size, but it's not that 1000s of validation samples were run. (The infamous CDC test got emergency approval after only 13 positive validation cases, though, so even less. But that was beginning of Feb, and they may not have had more test samples available at that time)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we want to calculate with expected instead of worst-possible performance for e.g. the Thermo Fisher test, LR+ and LR- would be 61 and 1/61, respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPV would then have been 90 % (7 false positives) and NPV 0.25 % (0 false negatives). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T22:02:47.973" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T22:02:47.973" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21377" CreationDate="2020-03-14T23:46:47.560" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the claim about viruses always being destructive isn't a good starting assumption for a question. For several reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the sense that OP is probably considering, it isn't true. Counterexample, see below (and there are also other uses we put viruses to).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a wider sense, life is always destructive in that a living organism uses energy, substances, and space that otherwise could be used by another living organism. While we could debate whether viruses are alive or not, they certainly share these points.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So a bacteriophage (see below) may be destructive to the bacterium it infects. But that bacterium dying means the &quot;neighbor strain&quot; that is resistant against this phage is thriving. So one organism's destruction eases the life of other organisms.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In that sense, I consider the claim of desctructivity with &quot;so, what?&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;can we create a virus like a thing to work for good in our body&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have a look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteriophages&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phage therapy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and there has been research about using them against bacterial infections about 100 years ago, in parallel to the development of antibiotics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides political/language difficulties (bacteriophage research was strong in the Soviet Union, and in consquence lots of the research publications are in Russian) back then antibiotics turned out to be easier and cheaper in practice (this may change with increasing antibiotic resistances, though).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics are produced by chemical synthesis or isolation from plant/fungi. They are chemical substances, so once we have studies that show that the stuff works as intended, &lt;em&gt;product testing&lt;/em&gt; &quot;only&quot; needs to show that the correct modification of the correct substances is there in the correct concentration.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the viruses are more-or-less alive, and in any case they evolve. So chemical substance testing is not sufficient, for each batch the biological activity must be checked and proved anew. This means a lot of expensive work for each batch of the virus.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, the bacteriophages are pretty much the opposite of a broad-spectrum antibiotic: they are not only species specific but also strain specfic (I don't know whether that is the case always, often, or sufficiently often to hinder practical application). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T20:37:07.120" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T20:37:07.120" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21342" CreationDate="2020-03-15T04:05:22.863" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/12/science-soap-kills-coronavirus-alcohol-based-disinfectants&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; that I found helpful, to understand why washing hands with soap is so helpful, and how it helps (Pall Thordarson is a professor of chemistry at the University of New South Wales, Sydney):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why does soap work so well on the Sars-CoV-2, the coronavirus and&#xA;  indeed most viruses? The short story: because the virus is a&#xA;  self-assembled nanoparticle in which the weakest link is the lipid&#xA;  (fatty) bilayer. Soap dissolves the fat membrane and the virus falls&#xA;  apart like a house of cards and dies – or rather, we should say it&#xA;  becomes inactive as viruses aren’t really alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The slightly longer story is that most viruses consist of three key&#xA;  building blocks: ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins and lipids. A&#xA;  virus-infected cell makes lots of these building blocks, which then&#xA;  spontaneously self-assemble to form the virus. Critically, there are&#xA;  no strong covalent bonds holding these units together, which means you&#xA;  do not necessarily need harsh chemicals to split those units apart.&#xA;  When an infected cell dies, all these new viruses escape and go on to&#xA;  infect other cells. Some end up also in the airways of lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you cough, or especially when you sneeze, tiny droplets from the&#xA;  airways can fly up to 10 metres. The larger ones are thought to be the&#xA;  main coronavirus carriers and they can go at least two metres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These tiny droplets end on surfaces and often dry out quickly. But the&#xA;  viruses remain active. Human skin is an ideal surface for a virus. It&#xA;  is “organic” and the proteins and fatty acids in the dead cells on the&#xA;  surface interact with the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When you touch, say, a steel surface with a virus particle on it, it&#xA;  will stick to your skin and hence get transferred on to your hands. If&#xA;  you then touch your face, especially your eyes, nostrils or mouth, you&#xA;  can get infected. And it turns out that most people touch their face&#xA;  once every two to five minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Washing the virus off with water alone might work. But water is not&#xA;  good at competing with the strong, glue-like interactions between the&#xA;  skin and the virus. Water isn’t enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Soapy water is totally different. Soap contains fat-like substances&#xA;  known as amphiphiles, some of which are structurally very similar to&#xA;  the lipids in the virus membrane. The soap molecules “compete” with&#xA;  the lipids in the virus membrane. This is more or less how soap also&#xA;  removes normal dirt from the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The soap not only loosens the “glue” between the virus and the skin&#xA;  but also the Velcro-like interactions that hold the proteins, lipids&#xA;  and RNA in the virus together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Alcohol-based products, which pretty much includes all “disinfectant”&#xA;  products, contain a high-percentage alcohol solution (typically 60-80%&#xA;  ethanol) and kill viruses in a similar fashion. But soap is better&#xA;  because you only need a fairly small amount of soapy water, which,&#xA;  with rubbing, covers your entire hand easily. Whereas you need to&#xA;  literally soak the virus in ethanol for a brief moment, and wipes or&#xA;  rubbing a gel on the hands does not guarantee that you soak every&#xA;  corner of the skin on your hands effectively enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, soap is the best, but do please use alcohol-based sanitiser when&#xA;  soap is not handy or practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T04:05:22.863" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T11:33:33.120" Score="2" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the all the attention that the COVID-19 pandemic is generating, I try and focus on what the science is telling us and dismiss the other news as noise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, however, I came across the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy (CIDRAP)&lt;/a&gt; which appears to publish information citing research which has not yet been peer-reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/03/study-highlights-ease-spread-covid-19-viruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, titled &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Study highlights ease of spread of COVID-19 viruses&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;, cites a non-peer-reviewed study when it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;COVID-19 can be spread before it causes symptoms, when it produces symptoms like those of the common cold, and as many as 12 days after recovery &lt;strong&gt;according to a virologic analysis of nine infected patients published today on the preprint server medRxiv&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another study which was not peer-reviewed was cited by both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.inquisitr.com/5939092/coronavirus-michael-osterholm-joe-rogan/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Inquisitr&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/487110-tests-indicate-coronavirus-can-survive-in-the-air&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Hill&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first article they say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;infectious disease expert Michael Osterholm [...] claimed that “just breathing air” is likely the primary way that people contract the disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(as a side note, Michael Osterholm is the director of CIDRAP - see above)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second article says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study awaiting peer review [...] indicated that the COVID-19 virus could remain viable in the air &quot;up to 3 hours post aerosolization,&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without getting into the merits of these studies nor whether people who cite them are interpreting correctly the findings, the front page for the medRxiv.org server (the pre-print server used for medical research which has not yet been peer reviewed) states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caution: Preprints are preliminary reports of work that have not been peer-reviewed. They should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, it appears to me that this is exactly what's happening, i.e. news media &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; reporting these studies in such a way to likely be interpreted as facts by their audience. It is not enough to put disclaimers such as &quot;&lt;em&gt;not yet been peer reviewed&lt;/em&gt;&quot; or &quot;&lt;em&gt;published on pre-print servers&lt;/em&gt;&quot; because most people won't necessarily know what that means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17713" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T11:33:33.120" Title="Why are some medical studies which have NOT yet been peer-reviewed being treated as if they were?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T13:42:41.767" Score="-1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the recent Covid-19 outbreak, the UK government's &quot;herd-immunity&quot; approach to mitigate the crisis has received a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lot of criticism&lt;/a&gt;. If so many other countries have already decided to pursue a containment strategy, are the latter countries' efforts (to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/926806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flatten the curve&lt;/a&gt; as much as possible) not undermined by a neighbor who pursues such a herd-immunity strategy and consequently allows the curve to be flattened to a much lesser degree? The UK is a country with a great exchange of people to and and from the European continent, the US and China. Does a faithful implementation of a containment strategy require a closing of the border with countries who pursue herd-immunity and who normally do a lot of people-traffic with your country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that my question has a &quot;biased&quot; or &quot;political&quot; undertone, but I think I have concluded with a question which can be answered in medical terms alone: what say epidemiologists about the compatibility of herd-immunity strategies vs. containment strategies exercised in geographically separated regions (say, assuming the only objective taken into account is to minimize the final mortality count, and with consideration for a country's limited medical resources in a given time-span)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17835" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T18:48:25.223" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T18:48:25.223" Title="Containment vs herd-immunity strategies and their mutual (in)compatibility" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-01T18:49:10.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21387" CreationDate="2020-03-15T14:15:29.393" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The premise of your question is incorrect. The UK Government's strategy is described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/A0chs7bVQ8Y?t=501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this press conference&lt;/a&gt; and involves a staged increase in social distancing and quarantine. The plan takes into account the projected epidemic trajectory and data about likely human behaviour under voluntary quarantine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;'Flattening the curve' is explicitly stated to be the main goal of the policy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17521" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T14:15:29.393" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21390" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T15:14:38.900" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately I'm reading about the good Coronavirus-Tests in South Korea, the faulty tests in the USA and the tests in Indonesia which are according to some Singapore newspapers not even working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder why these tests are so different and can't find proper information on what which country is testing for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17515" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T22:31:01.180" Title="Which tests for Coronavirus/COVID19 are available and why seem they be so different?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T16:35:37.947" Score="-1" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is the Seegene COVID molecular genetic test &lt;strong&gt;not approved&lt;/strong&gt; by the FDA?  Today's Google search with the the two keywords: FDA + Seegene returned an article (12-March indicating that the Seegene COVID 19 test is not FDA approved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/3/12/1926801/-FDA-Has-Not-Approved-South-Korea-COVID-19-Testing-Kit-Fast-Automated-Multiple-Testing-Genes-People&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA Has Not Approved South Korea COVID-19 Testing Kit Fast Automated Multiple Testing Genes, People&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Was the test evaluated by the FDA?  I would think that there is more than enough sample data having been fielded in KR.  What rigors did FDA approval of the Roche COVID test meet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T22:18:59.773" Title="Why is the Seegene COVID molecular genetic test not approved by the FDA?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T20:54:21.463" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm someone from an Engineering background, so these questions might seem stupid, but I'd be grateful if someone could answer them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) How do viruses 'die'? Do they even die? I read that viruses are not even alive? If so what eventually happens to them? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Why is '14 days' of quarantine recommended for corona? Why 14? Why not 7 or 21 or a month? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)  If someone gets cured of corona, does it mean that his cells have a 'memory' of combating the diseases in the future? Does it mean that a survivor is now resistant to the disease? (I think this is how vaccines work) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) Why are people recommending to avoid chicken/fish/meat during this pandemic? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17841" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T20:54:21.463" Title="Some queries on viruses" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-03-16T04:02:32.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21392" CreationDate="2020-03-15T22:08:26.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The linked post (which reads to me rather like rant than a news post) not the underlying CNN article indiate that the manufacturer actually applied for FDA EUA (Emergency Use Approval). Without such an application, there (rather obviously) won't be an approval.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Was the test evaluated by the FDA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The clinical evaluation needs to be done by the manufacturer, not by the FDA. The FDA then evaluates the results submitted by the manufacturer with ther EUA application. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The test is not on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#covid19ivd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA page that lists approved tests&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;We don't know why. E.g., whether they it did not pass the FDA EUA requirements (I'd think that unlikely) or the manufacturer never applied (which may be totally sensible for several reasons, e.g. if their manufacturing capactity is such that all the tests they produce are bought, say, in East Asia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What rigors did FDA approval of the Roche COVID test meet? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;see the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/136049/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA FAQ on getting EUA and requirements for using a test even before that EUA is in place&lt;/a&gt; on the general requirements and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/136049/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Roche test Manufacturer's instructions listing their validation results&lt;/a&gt; in particular.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FDA explicitly says that they want the manufacturer to be in early contact with them. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few more thoughts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is not only the test kit that needs approval, the test kit gets approved for use with certain extraction equipment (manufacturer &amp;amp; possibly model) and also the lab needs certain approval.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It may be that in East Asia different machines (other manufacturers) are used, so that the South Korean approval cannot be used for evaluating performance with the machinery predominantly used by US labs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first EUA for the CDC Covid test was granted by the FDA on Feb. 4th. I.e., one day before Seegene had their first test kit according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/12/asia/coronavirus-south-korea-testing-intl-hnk/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN post&lt;/a&gt; and thus more than a week before the Seegene test got South Korean fast-track approval.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;That such a test with fast track validation may turn out not to be that great after all is a known risk which is accepted in the current situation in order to have tests available at all. &lt;em&gt;We still would not expect faulty reagents in the test kit, though.&lt;/em&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Theres nothing &lt;em&gt;that unique&lt;/em&gt; about the South Korean  test manufacturer. There are other manufacturers and also ones that were apparently even earlier (sent out first [unapproved] tests on Jan 10th) than the South Koreans, see e.g. this new post about a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/tib-molbiol-berliner-firma-produziert-coronavirus-tests-fuer-die-ganze-welt/25602142.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Berlin manufacturer of such tests (in German)&lt;/a&gt;. This news post reads very similar to the South Korean, just with a different company.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We also don't know yet how long/where which test will perform well as mutations of the virus will happen - and they may affect the performance of some tests but possibly not others. The Berlin test manufacturer discusses this in another &lt;a href=&quot;https://taz.de/Produzent-von-Corona-Tests/!5671485/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;newspaper article/interview&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;AFAIK, other test kits also don't require manual PCR - whether in some countries the testing is done manually because the local approved labs don't have automated extraction/PCR machinery in place is a totally different question. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-03-15T22:18:59.773" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T22:18:59.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21398" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21390" CreationDate="2020-03-15T22:31:01.180" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;First of all the disclaimer: I'm analytical chemist but not clinical chemist. That is, I professionally do things that are related/to some extent similar to test kit development, but not for medical use, and I've only been very remotely involved with microbiology-related testing. OTOH, I expect that pretty much everyone who works in this field is likely to work a lot these days and not to have any time to hang out on SX.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is all AFAIK, and I'm happy be corrected - and OP please take this with the appropriate caution against stuff written in the internet by random strangers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The tests are developed in much haste, and undergo some emergency validation rather than the full validation procedure that is usually required. This naturally leads to some uncertainty about their performance, but we accept that in order to have tests available at all &lt;em&gt;right now&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;See e.g. what the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19#mcms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA says about Covid tests&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#covid19ivd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;List with FDA Emergency Use Approved Covid tests&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Different tests search for different parts of the virus RNA.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(This is getting very far from my field, but is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-panel-primer-probes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; the information you're looking for as what exctly is tested [by the CDC-developed test]?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Viruses mutate, so a test that works well at some place at one time may not work as well somewhere else or a few weeks or months later. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For a test to work, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sampling &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;possibly transport&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;extraction from the sample (difficulty varies e.g. between mouth swabs and sputum)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the test kit  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;must &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; work well. E.g. if the sampling is not done properly because there's no properly trained staff available, nothing can be done further down the analytic process. I don't know why the Indonesian tests don't work, but it may be as &quot;simple&quot; as samples undergoing long transportation to a lab with the appropriate equipment so they spoil on the way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The faulty tests in the US seem to have had a wrong reagent - and burocratic approval was needed for the labs to replace that by their own good reagents.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(Usually, if a lab wants to use other than the prescribed/delivered reagent, they need to a lengthy validation of the procedure - the point here is to be allowed to avoid that as it would take too long)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2020-03-15T22:31:01.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21318" CreationDate="2020-03-15T23:18:46.583" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's yet another reason: a test can provide only a certain amount of information gain. If the probability to have contracted Covid-19 before the test is too low, even though we know more after the test we may not be able to draw  practical conclusions that are any different from the recommendations without test. In other words, if the recommendation goes from &quot;stay at home and avoid contact to others&quot; to &quot;stay at home and avoid contact to others&quot; the test would be wasted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Covid-19 tests are not suitable for screening purposes (i.e. searching for infections among a population where infections are [still] very rare). They are to sort out who is infected and who isn't among high-risk populations where 1 in 10 (or more) are actually infected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may want to look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21379/11479&quot;&gt;my longish answer&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21337/11479&quot;&gt;How accurate are coronavirus tests?&lt;/a&gt; for relevant background.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g., with the newly emergency approved Roche test, we may say that a positive test result increases the odds of having Covid-19 by factor of somewhere around 30 - 100, a negative result decreases the odds by a factor of 1/50 - 1/17. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are in a risk group with a prevalence of 8 %, the pre-test odds of 8 : 92 &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increase to (240 to 800) : 92 or a post-test probability of having Covid-19 of 70 to 90 % with a positive test result, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decrease to 8 : (4600 to 1564), i.e. the post-test probability of having Covid-19 is somewhere around 0.5 to 0.2 %&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These post-test probabilities allow practical conclusions: if you're negative, you're fine and can be let to meet the public, if you're positive you need to go to quarantine and/or treatment.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8 % prevalence is my guesstimate for those who are currently (Mar 15th) tested in the US (and incidentally, also in Germany).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now consider the overall US population. With currently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1629 cases&lt;/a&gt; and a population of 328 mio., we'd get pre-test odds of 1629 : 328 mio*. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The test results change this to &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;positive result: (27700 to 162900) : 328 mio or a post-test probability of having Covid-19 of 0.008 to 0.005 %&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;negative result: we don't even need to calculate this, because the pre-test probability was only 0.0005 %, post-test probability is lower.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if we assume that there's a dark number of yet unknown Covid-19 cases, say, a factor 20 over the known cases, the post-test probabiliy after a positive test is about 0.2 % to 1%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What would be the practical conclusion? Well, probably that the positive case should stay at home as much as possible  and avoid contacts. Certainly not that they can rely on acquiring immunity against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even for low risk groups who have flu-like symptoms but no known contact to Covid infected people (or other high-risk situations) the pre-test probability of having Covid is too low to allow the test to make a meaningful difference: after all, even if it is &quot;only a common flu&quot;, they should stay at home, get well and not infect others meanwhile. &#xA;While the pre-test probability is likely to increase (because more people get infected), in order to keep the health system/hospitals working the recommendation will probably not change: stay at home in self-quarantine as long as the symptoms are mild, so that the health system is not burdened by cases that get well on their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We may also say that were the whole US population to be tested in that situation, the 32500 true cases of Covid would be drowned in 3 - 10 mio. false positve cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*328 mio - 1629 ≈ 328 mio&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T11:47:40.907" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T11:47:40.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-16T01:39:52.253" Score="-2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just got back from the Netherlands and read a notice on the CDC web site that says I &quot;must&quot; self quarantine for 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I don't understand. I think the Netherlands has 2 cases and my home state of New Hampshire has 6. So, the logic is what? I am potentially infected and the rest of New Hampshire is not. I mean if New Hampshire has more cases than the Netherlands, doesn't that mean every one of the 1.4 million people in New Hampshire should &quot;self quarantine&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the logic here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0WZVy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0WZVy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T10:28:34.707" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T04:10:34.643" Title="Self quarantine for travel in Europe?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21318" CreationDate="2020-03-16T05:50:21.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because the USA has been extremely poorly prepared for this pandemic there has been a severe shortage of test kits.  A number of other egregious errors were made including declining to accept the German test offered to them, or using the South Korean test kits.  South Korea have been testing 10,000 people a day which is more than the USA has since the outbreak developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this situation the clinicians have triaged as much as they could to decide who to test developing an evolving set of clinical and epidemiological criteria which have loosened. But what they didn't know was that the virus been likely been circulating in the community for some weeks as community transmission was detected in late February.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time the most appropriate response is to self isolate if one develops any respiratory symptoms, and advise close contacts.  Because testing has been very limited it is nearly impossible to satisfy the epidemiological criterion of knowing about a contact with the disease.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T05:50:21.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21403" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21311" CreationDate="2020-03-16T06:04:26.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I doubt we have data to answer this question but since flu like illnesses keep recurring year after year as the virus mutates then it seems unlikely that exposure to something which most people get has had any benefit to those being exposed to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, estimates suggest that 2% of the population are healthy carriers of a CoV and that these viruses are responsible for about 5% to 10% of acute respiratory infections.[3]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common human CoVs: HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 (betaCoVs of the A lineage); HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 (alphaCoVs). They can cause common colds and self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised subjects and the elderly, lower respiratory tract infections can occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other human CoVs: SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV (betaCoVs of the B and C lineage, respectively). These cause epidemics with variable clinical severity featuring respiratory and extra-respiratory manifestations. Concerning SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, the mortality rates are up to 10% and 35%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the fact that there have been no or near no deaths amongst children raises the speculative possibility that previous exposure might make the illness worse since children have fewer years of exposure to seasonal coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T23:15:38.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21372" CreationDate="2020-03-16T08:05:52.283" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although COVID-19 spreads among young people with active social activities, the mortality rate of young people is extremely small. However, the elderly who have relatively little social activity have a high mortality rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Italy is the world's second-largest country with the highest proportion of elderly people, so it has a relatively large number of deaths compared to the number of infected people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17759" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T04:01:49.997" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T04:01:49.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21374" CreationDate="2020-03-16T08:33:28.300" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think it makes any sense to discuss such a part now. Although there have been sars and mers, covid-19 is the first virus it encounters, and it takes a long time for the data to be properly cleaned up. That is why it is most accurate to interpret it based on what is currently being presented. The power that covid-19 spreads is the most powerful when compared to the infectious diseases we have encountered so far. In general, it can be spread by talking about 5 minutes in or around 1m, but there are reports that have been spread even less than the circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17759" LastEditorUserId="17759" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T09:04:33.090" LastActivityDate="2020-03-16T09:04:33.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21409" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25196" CreationDate="2020-03-16T08:53:13.837" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pictures of this coronavirus have been published, and several details about its morphology, including a size around 120 nm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the weight of a single COVID-19 virus? Can we assume a density similar to water leading to a weight of 4/3*PI*120nm^3 / 1000 = 4.2 10&lt;sup&gt;-21&lt;/sup&gt; g if I'm not mistaken? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Approximately how many viruses of this type are present in the body of someone infected (including asymptomatic carrier), and thus what is the average weight per person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://theconversation.com/meet-the-trillions-of-viruses-that-make-up-your-virome-104105&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page&lt;/a&gt; states &lt;em&gt;It has been estimated that there are over 380 trillion viruses inhabiting us, a community collectively known as the human virome&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it focuses on harmless viruses and healthy people. I haven't found numbers related to someone infected by a virus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does this compares to poisons&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/handle-with-care-the-world-s-5-deadliest-poisons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; about the deadliest one, botulinum toxin, states: &lt;em&gt;Extrapolating from its effect on mice, an intravenous dose of just 10⁻⁷g would be fatal to a 70kg person&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sub&gt;I understand it can't easily compare with poisons as a poison doesn't duplicates itself inside a body and the immune system, hopefully, plays a role here.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17838" LastEditorUserId="17838" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T15:46:36.980" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T00:22:46.320" Title="What is the estimated weight of COVID-19 viruses present in the body of someone with the disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21411" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-15T18:21:21.783" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Moderator Edit: I'm reopening this question by request from third parties because medical staff around the world are being forced to use masks such as these.]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a sanding mask compare with a disposable medical mask?  I have some on hand.  Would that be a reasonable thing to wear to protect myself and family members (corona virus)?  Or would it give even less protection than a bandanna or a disposable medical mask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qG9Tt.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qG9Tt.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: I'm asking about the range of particle and droplet size that the two types of mask keep in/out (according to specs, and disregarding particles that can enter around the edges).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking whether you think someone should or should not wear a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" OwnerDisplayName="aparente001" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-20T04:21:20.427" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T10:55:52.087" Title="How does a sanding mask compare with a disposable medical mask?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;protection&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21417" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23130" CreationDate="2020-03-16T13:28:02.823" Score="3" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intramembranous ossification is a process of bone formation that produces flat bones such as the parietal bones. From what I gather, it forms inside the mesenchymal tissue and uses mesenchymal cells as stem cells to produce osteoblasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The part I don't fully understand is, what is mesenchymal tissue? I know it's in embryos, but where is it on the embryo and what shape does it have? Is it in the shape of a parietal bone already and then the bone just develops out of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17750" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T10:16:30.470" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T10:16:30.470" Title="What is mesenchymal tissue?" Tags="&lt;bones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-16T19:10:10.057" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a patient has an autoimmune disease - Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, for example - and is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; on immunosuppressants, are they at a higher, lower or equal risk of ending up with COVID-19 (or any other catching illness)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This assumes that the patient is otherwise healthy and in any age bracket (if there are age-related statistics someone would like to share, assume the patient is in the 20-30 y/o bracket).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastEditorUserId="74" LastEditDate="2020-03-16T19:16:27.490" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T07:09:44.207" Title="Is a patient who has an autoimmune disease immunocompromised?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21420" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-16T20:54:41.660" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus&lt;/a&gt; we can see that a person between 10 and 39 years old has a probability of 0.2% of dying, which is very low but meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C5MBf.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C5MBf.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also this table below for reference of deaths among healthy and unhealthy people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1D3yw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1D3yw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why would that happen, what could possibly go wrong? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, can weight issues (below or above the average) affect this result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My &lt;em&gt;question&lt;/em&gt; is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why would someone, healthy and 10-39 years old, infected with covid-19 might die? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T02:36:39.763" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T04:20:49.523" Title="Why would someone, healthy and 10-39 years old, infected with covid-19 might die?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21357" CreationDate="2020-03-16T22:57:32.240" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The viruses are acting differently.  SARS-CoV-2 virus is much more infectious with a much higher viral replication rate, and with people exhaling the virus in the pre-symptomatic phase whereas SARS this was not happening.  Once the infected individual becomes symptomatic their bodies are producing antibodies which helps shut down viral particle shedding though virus is still being transmitted by cough which aerolizes the virus at a further distance then just by exhalation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nine patients, who were admitted to the same Munich hospital, were studied because they had had close contact with an index case. Cell cultures and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were done on throat swabs and samples of sputum, stool, blood, and urine. Throat swabs showed very high viral shedding during the first week of symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The findings contrasted starkly with those from the 2003 outbreak of SARS in terms of viral load. &amp;quot;In SARS, it took 7 to 10 days after onset until peak RNA concentrations (of up to 5x105 copies per swab) were reached,&amp;quot; the researchers wrote. &amp;quot;In the present study, peak concentrations were reached before day 5, and were more than 1,000 times higher.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the mean incubation period is 5 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/03/study-highlights-ease-spread-covid-19-viruses&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/03/study-highlights-ease-spread-covid-19-viruses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T08:42:15.733" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21401" CreationDate="2020-03-17T02:35:32.853" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're missing two points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, as of today, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Netherlands had 1413 cases&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the Netherlands is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schengen Area&lt;/a&gt;.  Because of the ease of movement within the area, the US government is treating the entire Area as as single unit for quarantine purposes.  (Collectively, the area has about 60,000 cases.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T02:35:32.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21425" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21401" CreationDate="2020-03-17T04:10:34.643" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this time (17-March-2020) the state of New Hampshire has not found evidence of community transmission of the virus, and all 13 cases are associated with overseas travel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You have travelled in from overseas where there is community transmission so the possibility is much higher that you have been infected.  The infected in the pre-symptomatic phase are still highly contagious spreading virus just by breathing based on small studies so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once community transmission is detected then it may be too late to start isolating people from out of state, and the whole state may need to go into self isolation as was done in China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://patch.com/new-hampshire/concord-nh/nh-officials-order-all-schools-be-shuttered-due-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://patch.com/new-hampshire/concord-nh/nh-officials-order-all-schools-be-shuttered-due-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T04:10:34.643" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21372" CreationDate="2020-03-17T04:28:43.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The issue is as you state that Italy has a very high elderly population, something like 23% whereas in China it is only 12%.  Death rates have been high amongst the elderly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Italy has had 12 462 confirmed cases according to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità as of March 11, and 827 deaths. Only China has recorded more deaths due to this COVID-19 outbreak. The mean age of those who died in Italy was 81 years and more than two-thirds of these patients had diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer, or were former smokers. It is therefore true that these patients had underlying health conditions, but it is also worth noting that they had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia, needed respiratory support, and would not have died otherwise. Of the patients who died, 42·2% were aged 80–89 years, 32·4% were aged 70–79 years, 8·4% were aged 60–69 years, and 2·8% were aged 50–59 years (those aged &gt;90 years made up 14·1%). The male to female ratio is 80% to 20% with an older median age for women (83·4 years for women vs 79·9 years for men).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-with-elderly-population-has-worlds-highest-death-rate-from-virus-11583785086&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-with-elderly-population-has-worlds-highest-death-rate-from-virus-11583785086&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30627-9/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30627-9/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T04:28:43.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T04:57:22.670" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the biomedical term for what I can name &quot;dissolvable heaps&quot; that a masseuse can most often dissolve in about 2-3 minutes of focused massaging?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A certain masseuse told me something like that these &quot;heaps&quot; are made of acids and/or salts (I don't have a personal exact recollection of what was said). I hope it has a biomedical English name so I could easily search data on this on the web so if you know the name please tell me the name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user17735" LastEditorDisplayName="user17735" LastEditDate="2020-03-18T14:16:39.323" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T14:16:39.323" Title="What is the biomedical term for what I can name &quot;dissolvable heaps&quot; that a masseuse can most often dissolve in about 2-3 minutes of focused massaging?" Tags="&lt;acidic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21451" CreationDate="2020-03-17T05:35:51.500" Score="1" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;The way countries and people fighting COVID-19 these days is by quarantine so no one get infected and stop spreading the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method slow down the spread of the virus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that COVID-19 is easily transmitted virus, it can be transmitted by beath, touch, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the other hand HIV is more serious and have been for more 40 years and can be trasmitted sexually or blood transfusion..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV can be controlled easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why HIV wasn't stopped using the quarantine method to stop it from the begining ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and why not trying to contaminate the virus now and stop it by using same methods used for COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T04:20:47.183" Title="COVID-19 vs HIV" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21298" CreationDate="2020-03-17T05:52:08.560" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a rough estimate based on how contagious this virus is to provide a guess on when herd immunity can be reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rough estimates indicate that herd immunity to Covid-19 would be reached when approximately 60% of the population has had the disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentage needed for herd immunity depends on the virus.  So, for measles, it is required that about 95% of the community be immune before herd immunity is effective for your local population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2019-12/myth-about-herd-immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2019-12/myth-about-herd-immunity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T05:52:08.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21430" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T06:16:58.800" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane-bound aminopeptidase that has a vital role in the cardiovascular and immune systems4. ACE2 is involved in heart function and the development of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In addition, ACE2 has been identified as a functional receptor for coronaviruses4, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection is triggered by binding of the spike protein of the virus to ACE2, which is highly expressed in the heart and lungs4. SARS-CoV-2 mainly invades alveolar epithelial cells, resulting in respiratory symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 is thought to infect host cells through ACE2 to cause COVID-19, while also causing damage to the myocardium, although the specific mechanisms are uncertain. Patients with underlying CVD and SARS-CoV-2 infection have an adverse prognosis. Therefore, particular attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although women have higher levels of ACE2 receptors, those taking ACEI anti-hypertensive drugs have higher levels again as a result of the action of these drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Myocardial injury associated with the SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 5 of the first 41 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and there are reports that MERS-CoV also caused cardiac injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is there other data for physicians to assess on whether they should change their patients' anti-hypertensive medications during this pandemic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-020-0360-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-020-0360-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-10T23:43:52.433" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T04:54:20.440" Title="What data is there for physicians to advise patients taking Ace Inhibitors during the COVID-19 pandemic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21419" CreationDate="2020-03-17T07:09:44.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This type of data can only come from studies.  The ones I've looked at so far do not indicate that single organ autoimmune disease is a risk factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk factors they looked at in the study below were: age, smoking, cardiorespiratory disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease, immunodeficiency, hepatitis B infection, diabetes (type not specified), and cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypertension is an odd factor and may relate to the concurrent use of ACEI drugs which may make people more prone to infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T07:09:44.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21432" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21296" CreationDate="2020-03-17T07:19:35.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's some computer modelling to suggest that 1:10 infections are caught from people with asymptomatic infection, and the virus is thought to be exhaled as the person breathes out.  In fact a 9 patient study showed peak virus shedding is at about 5 days just before the patient becomes symptomatic when their immune system ramps up making antibodies to counter the virus, and reduce viral shedding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uptodate ( not firewalled at present)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic individuals (or individuals within the incubation period) has also been described [17-21]. However, the extent to which this occurs remains unknown. Large-scale serologic screening may be able to provide a better sense of the scope of asymptomatic infections and inform epidemiologic analysis; several serologic tests for SARS-CoV-2 are under development [22].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clinical courses in subjects under study were mild, all being young- to middle-aged&#xA;professionals without significant underlying disease. Apart from one patient, all cases were&#xA;first tested when symptoms were still mild or in the prodromal stage, a period in which most&#xA;patients would present once there is general awareness of a circulating pandemic disease5&#xA;.&#xA;Diagnostic testing suggests that simple throat swabs will provide sufficient sensitivity at this&#xA;stage of infection. This is in stark contrast to SARS. For instance, only 38 of 98 nasal or&#xA;nasopharyngeal swab samples tested positive by RT-PCR in SARS patients in Hong Kong15.&#xA;Also, viral load differed considerably. In SARS, it took 7 to 10 days after onset until peak&#xA;RNA concentrations (of up to 5x105&#xA;copies per swab) were reached13,14. In the present study,&#xA;peak concentrations were reached before day 5, and were more than 1000 times higher.&#xA;Successful live virus isolation from throat swabs is another striking difference from SARS, for&#xA;which such isolation was rarely successful16-18. Altogether, this suggests active virus&#xA;replication in upper respiratory tract tissues, where only minimal ACE-2 expression is found&#xA;and SARS-CoV is therefore not thought to replicate19. At the same time, the concurrent use&#xA;of ACE-2 as a receptor by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 corresponds to a highly similar&#xA;excretion kinetic in sputum, with active replication in the lung. SARS-CoV was found in&#xA;sputum at mean concentrations of 1.2-2.8x106&#xA;copies per mL, which corresponds to&#xA;observations made here13.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.20030502v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.20030502v1.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T10:32:37.837" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21298" CreationDate="2020-03-17T08:22:15.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those are rough estimates coming from estimates of the &lt;em&gt;basic reproduction number&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, which for COVID-19 are between 2 and 3&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; is a measure of how transferable a disease is, and it measures on average how many people an infectious individual will pass the disease to. 1-1/&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; is the  fraction of the total population which needs to develop immunity, either through a vaccine (which currently doesn't exist for COVID-19) or because they got infected and recovered, developing immunity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This can be intuitively understood in the following way: if 1 infectious individual infects on average 3 other susceptible individuals (&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;=3), then, if 1-1/3=2/3 of the total population develop immunity, then 2 out of the 3 persons which would normally be infected won't be. This means that on average one infectious individual infects another one, before recovering. Thus the size of the disease doesn't grow, but it ends up in a so-called &quot;endemic state&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming back to COVID-19 and considering the two extreme values for &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;gt; R_0 &amp;lt;- c(2,3)&#xA;&amp;gt; (1-1/R_0)*100&#xA;[1] 50.00000 66.66667&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we can see where the estimate you were referring to, comes from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; is not to be confused with &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;effective reproduction number&lt;/em&gt;, which is the quantity we try to reduce through non-pharmacological interventions during an epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Milligan, Gregg N.; Barrett, Alan D. T. (2015). Vaccinology : an essential guide. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17859" LastEditorUserId="17859" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T21:32:03.150" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:32:03.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21296" CreationDate="2020-03-17T10:20:43.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Haaretz &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/world/europe/1.8680797&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt; (Hebrew, possible paywall) about two studies, in Singapore and in Tianjin, China, on this matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The average &quot;generation gap&quot; (i.e. the duration OP asked about - from contraction to becoming contagious) was established as 5.2 days (Singapore data) or 3.9 days (Tianjin data).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fraction of contractions due to infection by asymptomatic patients (whether they later become symptomatic or not) is 45%-84% (Singapore data) or 5%-87% (Tianjin data).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bottom line answers (based on these studies):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Yes, they can and do infect others.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carriers become contagious a few days after contracting the virus (probably 4 or 5).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T10:20:43.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21435" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21436" CreationDate="2020-03-17T10:22:38.360" Score="0" ViewCount="537" Body="&lt;p&gt;First things first: I am not a medical specialist. Friends and family are working as caretakers. Disinfectant handcleansing are sold-out/unavailable. That is why I decided to ask my question on this platform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my country a product called “cleaning spiritus” is sold for cleaning the house. I guess “methylated alcohol” or “methylated spirits” is a proper English translation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This fluid is a mix of water, 85% ethanol and methanol, and some unpleasant aroma. The methanol and aromas are added to prevent people to drink it, therefor the taxes are way lower for “spiritus” as for “spirits”. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because all products for cleaning hands and surfaces based on pure ethanol are sold out, I was wondering if we could use “spiritus” as disinfectant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17861" LastEditorUserId="17861" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T10:48:55.373" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T16:01:24.597" Title="Can methylated alcohol be used as disinfectant during Corona crisis" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21435" CreationDate="2020-03-17T10:53:08.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since methanol had been added the resulting solution is toxic. Furthermore methanol can be absorbed through the skin making it dangerous to use methylated spirits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biodiesel.org/docs/default-source/fact-sheets/faq--safe-handling-and-use-of-methanol.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.biodiesel.org/docs/default-source/fact-sheets/faq--safe-handling-and-use-of-methanol.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that in NZ and Australia methylated spirits no longer contains methanol that has been deliberately added and uses other additives to denature it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T16:01:24.597" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T16:01:24.597" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21439" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21446" CreationDate="2020-03-17T13:16:41.743" Score="5" ViewCount="221" Body="&lt;p&gt;A week ago spanish soccer team returned from Milan and 1/3 of the team members have been tested positive for Coronavirus, but none of them developed symptoms. They yet could develop since the incubation period is said to be up to 2 weeks, but it's said for there is people who is asymptomatic during the whole disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an estimate of how many people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:04:08.980" Title="Is there an estimate of how many people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T16:26:15.043" Score="-1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to shortages of supplies I need to make homemade alcohol based disinfectants. Basic recipe (and first one) was to add aloe vera (which I don't have) or some kind of essential oil (which also I do not have) to pure alcohol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I need to know if adding olive oil or nivea cream or something similar are good alternatives to aloe vera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17865" LastEditorUserId="136" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T05:43:34.270" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T05:43:34.270" Title="Looking for an alternative for aloe vera oil for hand disinfectant" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21442" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21450" CreationDate="2020-03-17T16:45:27.027" Score="3" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could one be injected with an infinitesimal amount of Covid-19 viral particles, in a way that it would trigger an immune response long enough before the virus overran the body? Could it be injected into tissue that was far enough away from the lungs, so that some immunity could build up before the virus reached the lungs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am talking about something similar to variolation, which was a method used to control the spread of smallpox. Material from smallpox sores (pustules) was given to people who had never had smallpox. This was done either by scratching the material into the arm or inhaling it through the nose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People usually went on to develop the symptoms associated with smallpox. However, fewer people died than if they had acquired smallpox naturally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17866" LastEditorUserId="17866" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T17:07:43.963" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:23:09.113" Title="Could an infinitesimal amount of Covid-19 be used to trigger immune response?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21441" CreationDate="2020-03-17T17:45:35.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Aloe Vera is just to help moisturize the skin and is being used when glycerine can't be bought.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essential oils are a waste of time, and you need to add a water based substance to moisturize the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You need ethanol or isopropylalcohol as the basis of your sanitizer so that the final concentration is over 60%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/WVvtF5uOX3Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/WVvtF5uOX3Q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T23:43:49.030" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T23:43:49.030" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T18:07:07.233" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the demand for imaging is increasing regarding COVID-19 and the number of papers describing COVID-19 patterns in computed tomography (CT) is increasing, I searched medical imaging recommendations/guidelines for the clinical routine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I found&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides the American College of Radiology (ACR) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acr.org/Advocacy-and-Economics/ACR-Position-Statements/Recommendations-for-Chest-Radiography-and-CT-for-Suspected-COVID19-Infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendation regarding COVID-19 and imaging&lt;/a&gt;, I found similar recommendations (mostly from European Radiological societies), e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thoracicrad.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/STR-ASER-Position-Statement-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcr.ac.uk/college/coronavirus-covid-19-what-rcr-doing/rcr-position-role-ct-patients-suspected-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RCR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bsti.org.uk/media/resources/files/COVID11.3.20_2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BSTI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ranzcr.com/our-work/coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RANZCR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that especially countries in Asia might have a lot of experience. However, I could not find any source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What I am looking for&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical imaging recommendation/guideline regarding COVID-19 from an Asian Radiological Society?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17867" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-02T10:23:23.123" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T10:23:23.123" Title="COVID-19: Medical imaging recommendations from Asia" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21446" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21439" CreationDate="2020-03-17T18:13:26.130" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;data to date suggest that 80% of infections are mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe infection, requiring oxygen and 5% are critical infections, requiring ventilation.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/paThVYU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-17T21:04:08.980" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:04:08.980" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21285" CreationDate="2020-03-17T18:59:51.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New research from China indicates that the novel coronavirus is also spread by fecal-oral transmission, not just by respiratory droplets or environmental contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hong Shan, MD, PhD, of Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, and colleagues noted that the gastrointestinal tract is a welcoming environment for the virus, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV-2. &amp;quot;Our immunofluorescent data showed that the ACE2 protein, which has been proved to be a cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelia, supporting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell,&amp;quot; the team wrote.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the key findings of the study, published online in Gastroenterology:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A significant portion of coronavirus patients experience diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal discomfort before the onset of respiratory symptoms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral RNA is detectable in fecal samples from suspected cases, indicating that the virus sheds into the stool&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral gastrointestinal infection and potential fecal-oral transmission can last even after viral clearance from the respiratory tract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study looked at 73 patients hospitalized for possible COVID-19 and tested from February 1 to 14, 2020. Testing included serum, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs, as well as urine, stool, and tissue samples in accordance with China Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A total of 39 patients (53.4%; 25 males and 14 females), tested positive for fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The age of patients with positive RNA in stool ranged from 10 months to 78 years, and the duration of stool positivity ranged from 1 to 12 days. Furthermore, the stool of 17 patients (23.3%) remained positive even after respiratory samples tested negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intracellular staining of viral nucleocapsid protein in gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelia showed that the virus infected glandular epithelial cells in these areas, the researchers reported. &amp;quot;The continuous positive detection of the viral RNA from feces suggests that the infectious virions are secreted from the virus-infected gastrointestinal cells.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Therefore, we strongly recommend that rRT-PCR [reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction] testing for SARS-CoV-2 from feces should be performed routinely in SARS-CoV-2 patients, and Transmission-Based Precautions for hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients should continue if feces tests positive by rRT-PCR testing,&amp;quot; Shan and co-authors advised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asked for his perspective, Douglas A. Corley, MD, PhD, of Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center and the University of California San Francisco, who was not involved with the research, told MedPage Today: &amp;quot;A better understanding of how this virus is transmitted is key to preventing its spread. These observations may also help in improving how the disease is diagnosed through testing for the presence of virus in the stool of patients suspected of harboring this virus.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also commenting, Peter Hotez, MD, of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, said the study adds to scientific discussions about whether gastrointestinal transmissions are relevant to the novel coronavirus infections, &amp;quot;especially in light of clinical descriptions of COVID-19 patients admitted to surgical wards in Wuhan who were thought to have abdominal emergencies.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;It is a potentially important finding of relevance to the emergence of COVID-19 globally, but the exact extent of gastrointestinal transmission of the virus remains unclear,&amp;quot; Hotez told MedPage Today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He added that whether fecal oral transmission is common or uncommon therefore requires additional investigation: &amp;quot;Also unclear is the significance of detection of viral RNA in the feces of patients with pulmonary disease, including those patients who were found to be PCR-negative in their respiratory secretions. The authors speculate that this might suggest that such patients may continue to transmit SARS-CoV-2, but this also requires further study,&amp;quot; said Hotez, who was not involved in the study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a second paper posted on the same day in the journal, Jinyang Gu, MD, of Xinhua Hospital of Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, and colleagues noted that evidence from the 2003 SARS epidemic also showed enteric involvement and the presence of virus in the stool of patients even after discharge from hospital. Interestingly, the team said, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the U.S., which occurred in Washington state, reported a 2-day history of nausea and vomiting on admission, followed by a loose bowel movement on the second day of hospitalization. The viral nucleic acids of loose stool and both respiratory specimens from this patient later tested positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gu's group also noted recent reports of mild to moderate liver injury in COVID-19 patients, including elevated aminotransferases, hypoproteinemia, and prothrombin time prolongation, while in the SARS epidemic of 2003, as many as 60% of patients had liver impairment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;The presence of viral nucleic acids of SARS in liver tissue confirmed the coronavirus direct infection in liver, and percutaneous liver biopsies of SARS showed conspicuous mitoses and apoptosis along with atypical features such as acidophilic bodies, ballooning of hepatocytes, and lobular activities without fibrin deposition or fibrosis,&amp;quot; Gu and co-authors wrote. &amp;quot;Altogether, many efforts should be made to be alert [to] the initial digestive symptoms of COVID-19 for early detection, early diagnosis, early isolation, and early intervention.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclosures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xiao and colleagues reported having no competing interests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gu and co-authors disclosed no competing interests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corley and Hotez reported having no competing interests in relation to their comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary Source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gastroenterology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source Reference: Xiao F, et al &amp;quot;Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2&amp;quot; Gastroenterol 2020; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary Source&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gastroenterology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source Reference: Gu J, et al &amp;quot;COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission&amp;quot; Gastroenterol 2020; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T18:59:51.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T19:42:48.847" Score="13" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;The governing bodies of several geographic areas hit by disease outbreaks will sometimes impose a nightly curfew on their citizens, restricting or limiting the ability of their citizens from going outside during certain hours of the night (or day). As I write this, several United States local or state governments are implementing such strategies in March 2020 to contain the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/us/coronavirus-puerto-rico.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Puerto Rico&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foxnews.com/us/hoboken-in-nj-imposes-strict-nightly-curfew-in-coronavirus-clampdown&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hoboken, New Jersey&lt;/a&gt; both have nightly curfews as of March 15, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: does any data exist showing that these measures are effective, or counter-productive? My intuition is that a nightly curfew could actually accelerate the spread of an infectious disease, because citizens who have to leave their homes to do errands are all obligated to do them during a shorter time-window, thereby raising the number of people present in public places at any one time. I couldn't find any published research directly assessing the effectiveness of nightly curfews as an epidemic response strategy. (I only found articles such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/32/2/205/2568849&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; discussing the failure of nightly curfews in Liberia during the 2014 Ebola epidemic, but those caused public rioting and low compliance). Considering how common this is frequently mentioned and attempted as an intervention strategy, what were the results? Is there any published data from real-world examples, or even results from model simulations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17868" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T06:58:14.850" LastActivityDate="2021-03-10T01:40:30.800" Title="Is a nightly curfew an effective intervention strategy for limiting the spread of an infectious disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21449" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21374" CreationDate="2020-03-17T19:51:03.650" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;R0 &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; the objective measure you're looking for&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;basic reproduction number&quot;, R0, is the rate of rate of spread independent of any external factors such as quarantine or social distancing.  You appear to be confusing it with R, the &quot;effective reproduction number&quot;, which measures the rate of spread after countermeasures and population immunity have been applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T19:51:03.650" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21450" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21442" CreationDate="2020-03-17T20:37:24.887" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're describing is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;live-virus vaccine&lt;/a&gt;.  The only live-virus vaccines ever used were the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;early smallpox vaccines&lt;/a&gt;, which carried a significant risk of causing the disease rather than building immunity.  Even attenuated vaccines (using a live but weakened form of the virus) can cause disease; most cases of polio these days are caused by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral polio vaccine&lt;/a&gt;.  Vaccines using inactivated viruses or virus fragments are strongly preferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T20:37:24.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21428" CreationDate="2020-03-17T20:58:05.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone who's been infected by COVID-19 is asymptomatic but can spread the disease for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019#Signs_and_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no more than 14 days&lt;/a&gt;.  Quarantine measures were started in China less than two months after the first case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone who's been infected with HIV can be asymptomatic but capable of spreading the disease for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS#Clinical_latency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20 years or more&lt;/a&gt;.  Further, the outbreak started sometime between &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS#Origins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1910 and 1959&lt;/a&gt;, but wasn't identified as a disease until 1981.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the long asymptomatic period of HIV and the even longer delay in identifying it as a disease, it's pretty much impossible to stop it by quarantine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T20:58:05.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21452" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21332" CreationDate="2020-03-17T21:10:45.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Merkel and other world leaders were likely talking about herd immunity (they may have walked that back now) but we don't know if the immunity from the infection is long-lasting or not.  For instance, it is said seasonal coronavirus immunity lasts less than a year so they're not particularly immunogenic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the virus has several mutations and we don't know if exposure to one mutation is sufficient to produce immunity against another.  Given that's it's not particularly immunogenic it seems it won't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When people are infected with OC43 and HKU1—two other coronaviruses that regularly circulate among humans and cause common colds—they stay immune for less than a year. By contrast, immunity against the first SARS virus (from 2003) holds for much longer. No one knows whether SARS-CoV-2 will hew to either of these extremes, and according to one recent study, its behavior could mean anything from annual outbreaks to a decades-long quiet spell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/coronavirus-pandemic-herd-immunity-uk-boris-johnson/608065/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/coronavirus-pandemic-herd-immunity-uk-boris-johnson/608065/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T21:10:45.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21453" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21454" CreationDate="2020-03-17T21:35:04.857" Score="1" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have ethanol , Reagent Grade 99.8% v/v&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can i use this to make hand sanitizer ? is it safe for hand skin ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144054/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;following this guideline from WHO for making the sanitizer&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;&amp;lt; have a look at that link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am planning to dilute the Ethanol with water to get a 65% concentration .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can i proceed with making the sanitizer ? &#xA;Look at the Ethanol specs on the picture below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IZwxD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IZwxD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MXA0C.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MXA0C.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17869" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T21:05:05.290" Title="Can I make a Hand sanitiser with Reagent Grade Ethanol 99.8% v/v?" Tags="&lt;chemical&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21453" CreationDate="2020-03-17T21:44:15.803" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the alcohol based sanitizers are using ethanol as the main alcohol often with isopropylalcohol.  The latter is more effective against bacteria and ethanol is better against virus &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of alcohol as an anti-bacterial or anti-fungal disinfectant increase as the molecular weight increases. Therefore, Isopropyl alcohols, such as IPA, are more effective than ethanol alcohols, such as DE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Denatured Ethanol is considered more effective as a virucidal disinfectant, as isopropanol is not effective against non-enveloped viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Examples of non-enveloped viruses:&#xA;  Hepatitis A&#xA;  Rotavirus&#xA;  Adenovirus&#xA;  Examples of enveloped viruses:&#xA;  Influenza&#xA;  Ebola&#xA;  HIV&#xA;  Hepatitis B&#xA;  Rabies&#xA;  SAR virus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-enveloped viruses utilize capsid proteins to mediate binding to host cells, while enveloped viruses use viral proteins for this function. Enveloped viruses are surrounded by an outer lipid membrane, while non-enveloped viruses lack this membrane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should add glycerine as an emollient as alcohol and water alone are too harsh on the skin, again as per the WHO recipe you referenced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summary: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;70% - 95% ethanol/propylalcohol to clean surfaces (diluted with water )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;60% - 95% ethanol/propylalcohol to clean hands ( diluted with glycerine, or aloe vera )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cleanroomsuppliesltd.com/ipa-de-alcohol-disinfection-guide.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cleanroomsuppliesltd.com/ipa-de-alcohol-disinfection-guide.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-04T21:05:05.290" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T21:05:05.290" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21455" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21364" CreationDate="2020-03-17T23:06:16.983" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You need a molecule that disrupts the lipid layer of the virus to expose its RNA, and deactivate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until the manufacturer of QV Wash can confirm that it is capable of inactivating viruses, in particular the sars2-ncov-19 virus, then you should assume it won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you wash your hands with soap and water, you surround any microorganisms on your skin with soap molecules. The hydrophobic tails of the free-floating soap molecules attempt to evade water; in the process, they wedge themselves into the lipid envelopes of certain microbes and viruses, prying them apart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“They act like crowbars and destabilize the whole system,” said Prof. Pall Thordarson, acting head of chemistry at the University of New South Wales. Essential proteins spill from the ruptured membranes into the surrounding water, killing the bacteria and rendering the viruses useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/health/soap-coronavirus-handwashing-germs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/health/soap-coronavirus-handwashing-germs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T23:06:16.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21448" CreationDate="2020-03-17T23:18:16.253" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I too was unable to find data on whether partial curfews are effective.   I presume that the premise is that you keep the country running as people are able to work, and you can still collect some tax revenue whereas this is not possible with a full curfew.  It seems a very double edged knife.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the people most likely to be out and socialising at night are the young people who are relatively immune to the fatal aspects of the disease.  But they're also the ones who are most likely to be spreading it as well though current data suggests that in China it was the parents infecting the children and not the other way round.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-17T23:18:16.253" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-17T23:31:21.550" Score="6" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Out of nearly 45,000 confirmed cases in China through February 11, there was only one death in someone younger than 20, according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and no deaths among children younger than 10.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Out of 731 confirmed and 1412 suspected cases of Covid-19 in children in China, one child, a 14-year-old boy, died and nearly 6% of cases were severe, compared with 18.5% of adults experiencing severe symptoms, according to a new study that will be published in the journal Pediatrics in June. Also, only 6% of cases were severe, compared with 18.5% of adult cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So children are still catching the disease but just simply not being affected as much as older adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the dominant theories to explain this response which differs drastically from influenza?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-children-sick/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-children-sick/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:28:16.080" Title="What are the clinical presentations of COVID-19 in Children, and what hypotheses are there to explain their relative immunity to fatal disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-18T02:43:45.600" Score="-1" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw photos from a China and Europe of people wearing full body plastic bags, or just a bag over their head or even large plastic bottle over the head.&#xA;Is there any evidence, even anecdotal, about effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now people have to spend hours in long lines in grocery stores, in hospital emergency rooms where their risk of getting infected is very high. We need some protection. Washing hands is not enough when all your face and head is covered in other people's saliva droplets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that we should not wear masks because there is a shortage of them, they do not protect eyes, do not protect from touching face, etc. &#xA;At the first glance a plastic bag solves all these problems. Today I made an experiment - took a wide brimmed hat and pulled a small transparent trash bag over it. I can wear it quite comfortably - the bag hangs freely and extends down just below my shoulders, some fresh air is coming from below, there is no fogging. Plastic does not touch my face (except during strong wind), so there is no discomfort. If I feel an urge to touch my face I can do it through the plastic. All droplets from peoples coughs and sneezes should remain on outer surface. Aerosol, of course, can drift upward with air, but I heard that coronavirus is very unlikely to be spread by aerosol. So, plastic should work, should it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17872" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T09:51:25.267" Title="How effective are full head or full body plastic bags against coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21462" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21339" CreationDate="2020-03-18T04:21:49.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The long and short of it is that the novel coronavirus can be experimentally aerosolized where it can persist in the air for several hours but a number of studies have failed to detect virus in samples taken from the air of the rooms of patients with active disease.  But virus has been detected in aerosols near bathrooms surfaces indicates that it is spread over a long distance with mechanical assistance (flushing?).  SARS was also spread by one patient with diarhoea with malfunctioning sewer systems aerolized the virus across multiple floors of a building.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Both the Covid-19 and the SARS viruses had an aerosol half-life of 2.7 hours, meaning half the particles drop out of the air after that amount of time, and half of what remains drop out after another 2.7 hours. After a day, roughly nine half-lives, 0.002 (0.2 of 1%) of the original particles remain. As a result, the scientists said, “aerosol … transmission of [the new coronavirus] is plausible, as the virus can remain viable in aerosols for multiple hours.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The usual spread may be via contaminated surfaces (probably on the cruise ships) and respiratory transmission less so since the rate of symptomatic infection among a patient’s household members was 10.5%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you're outside based on the above, the viral load would be miniscule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-can-become-aerosol-doesnt-mean-doomed/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-can-become-aerosol-doesnt-mean-doomed/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217v2.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033217v2.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (not peer reviewed yet )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T04:21:49.087" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21317" CreationDate="2020-03-18T05:53:37.563" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand any choir being compatible with any definition of social distancing.  If the German Govt is asking you to practice social distancing it means meeting another person at a distance.  You can not continue your choir.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is social distancing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Social distancing measures are steps you can take to reduce the social interaction between people. This will help reduce the transmission of coronavirus (COVID-19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid contact with someone who is displaying symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19). These symptoms include high temperature and/or new and continuous cough&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid non-essential use of public transport, varying your travel times to avoid rush hour, when possible&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Work from home, where possible. Your employer should support you to do this. Please refer to employer guidance for more information&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid large gatherings, and gatherings in smaller public spaces such as pubs, cinemas, restaurants, theatres, bars, clubs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avoid gatherings with friends and family. Keep in touch using remote technology such as phone, internet, and social media&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use telephone or online services to contact your GP or other essential services&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T05:53:37.563" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21469" CreationDate="2020-03-18T09:38:46.197" Score="2" ViewCount="257" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had symptoms that could have been corona symptoms last week. Unfortunately the testing capacity in my country (Germany) is not sufficient to test every person with symptoms at the moment, so only people who had verified contact can be tested, which I didn't.&#xA;It would be very useful, though, to know in hindsight whether I had it, since this would probably make me immune and thus make me much more flexible. For example I could help old or infected people without having to fear infecting them or me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there or will there be a way to test later on whether I had it or not? Or will I never be able to know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17876" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2020-03-20T04:54:34.757" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T22:29:55.293" Title="Is there a way to test for covid 19 after recovery?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21468" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-18T10:10:45.557" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icdm2Za6w08&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mUuX-awUxs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;similar&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icdm2Za6w08&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suggestions&lt;/a&gt; on how to tape a turf toe. It roughly looks something like the image below and is done with kinesiotape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nxbIO.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nxbIO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a layman's perspective it seems like the goal of the taping is to prevent excessive extension of the toe. It doesn't deal with trying to protect the toe join (which to be frank isn't clear how to do with tape).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is why isn't there equal focus on preventing the force from the weight being excreted on the toe joint while walking equally important?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2500" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T10:10:45.557" Title="Turf toe taping and toe joint protection" Tags="&lt;toe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21466" CreationDate="2020-03-18T16:03:04.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;China has been using antibody testing to see if people had been exposed in their convalescent phase. The USA didn't want to do antibody testing and have wanted to recover virus using a PCR test, but PCR won't show historical infection.  Open source antibody tests have been described but presumably will need to wait for FDA/CDC approval ( &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-blood-test-antibodies.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-blood-test-antibodies.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037713v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037713v1&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no guarantee that infection with one strain gives protection against other strains, nor that immunity is going to be long lasting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T07:20:33.560" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T07:20:33.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21445" CreationDate="2020-03-18T18:27:42.497" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know about official Chinese recommendations, but this might help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;China had experience with SARS, and this new infection was looking a lot like SARS. They did not have a surfeit of testing kits for a new virus, but they knew what SARS looked like on CT scans. Therefore, symptomatic patients received CT scans of the chest &lt;em&gt;before being tested for coronavirus&lt;/em&gt;. If it was positive for the new pattern of atypical pneumonia, they were &lt;em&gt;then&lt;/em&gt; tested and triaged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then, we have developed other screening tests that do not involve CT scans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bioworld.com/articles/433530-china-uses-ai-in-medical-imaging-to-speed-up-covid-19-diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.contagionlive.com/news/ct-scans-provide-covid19-insight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T18:27:42.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21475" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21543" CreationDate="2020-03-18T16:18:43.450" Score="1" ViewCount="238" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the US increase its capacity for COVID-19 testing fast enough to accomplish simultaneously:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) slowing the spread of disease to allow hospitals to provide care for the infected, and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) minimizing the impact on the economy by allowing social distancing measures to be relaxed (e.g. reopening schools and restaurants)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a testing strategy that can accomplish this and what kind of resources would it require?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See a related question &lt;a href=&quot;https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/50897/has-there-been-a-random-survey-of-a-population-for-covid-19&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: The ACLA expects US labs to be able to do 280,000 tests per week by April 1st (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acla.com/commercial-labs-step-up-capacity-collaborate-with-public-health-partners-to-respond-to-national-emergency/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acla.com&lt;/a&gt;). What if the full weight of the federal government was behind this ramp-up in capability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT2: Tom Frieden recently wrote (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2020/3/16/21181025/coronavirus-covid-19-us-testing-pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vox.com&lt;/a&gt;) that &quot;testing is not a panacea,&quot; but he goes on to say that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;testing is absolutely, crucially important ...in areas with few or no cases, to inform containment and isolation strategies and facilitate contact tracing. Seattle would likely have had a much smaller outbreak if testing there had been widely available sooner.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The containment strategy right now seems to be evolving toward one in which the entire country is on lockdown. Could we do more targeted (but equally effective) containment if we had a clearer picture of where the virus was? Note: Conversely, Frieden warns against widespread testing in areas of confirmed community transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17883" OwnerDisplayName="Matt Giambusso" LastEditorUserId="17883" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T17:09:01.573" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T01:26:43.363" Title="Could increased testing for COVID-19 slow its spread enough to allow the relaxation of social distancing measures?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21459" CreationDate="2020-03-18T19:57:11.937" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is almost the same as asking whether a plastic bag can be used as a hazmat suit, and the answer clearly must be no otherwise health professionals would be using bags instead of suits.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does it provide protection?  Likely it will as a physical barrier against droplet infection reaching your mucous membranes.  Aerosols appear to require some type of mechanical assist eg. toilet flushing or faulty plumbing systems so I would not be concerned about those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll need to remove the plastic bag without contamininating your hands, and then hand wash carefully after disposing of it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, no references so opinion only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/aNjpH5lBZ8w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/aNjpH5lBZ8w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DIY face mask reaching 90% efficiency of surgical mask from University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T09:51:25.267" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T09:51:25.267" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-18T21:03:55.343" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;How extensive is the US Govt machine readable dataset on covid-19 and where can I find this data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T02:52:07.890" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T02:52:07.890" Title="How extensive is the US Govt machine readable dataset on covid-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-03-19T00:24:23.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21478" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21279" CreationDate="2020-03-18T21:05:39.913" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recommend this github project from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://systems.jhu.edu/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (JHU CSSE)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They collect the official numbers from different organizations and ministries from all over the world and update their repository every day.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They don't provide information about the age of patients though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a Japanese project, however, which provides also some age information:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19japan.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid19japan.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But the Japanese people seem to be very disciplined and have a very low infection rate at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I found a database with German Covid-19 cases including age information:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://npgeo-corona-npgeo-de.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/dd4580c810204019a7b8eb3e0b329dd6_0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://npgeo-corona-npgeo-de.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/dd4580c810204019a7b8eb3e0b329dd6_0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the same company (ESRI) there are a lot more data sets online also for Covid-19. One might have to search for age information, though.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coronavirus-resources.esri.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coronavirus-resources.esri.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17885" LastEditorUserId="17885" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T17:23:39.717" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T17:23:39.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-18T22:18:58.660" Score="-1" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;After several month of fighting against a nation wide epidemic China seems to have the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 under control assuming the official numbers are correct.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;While the rest of the world is currently following China's lead with a delay of about two month the question arises how the future strategy against covid-19 could look like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the only way to deal with this disease a vaccination whose development might take month, if not years?&#xA;A quarantine of a complete nation for several month is hardly conceivable. On the other hand there are only about 80.000 Chinese people who have developed resistances up to now and, therefore, a new spread is predictable as soon as the &quot;social distancing&quot; is canceled again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any strategies or techniques which have worked in comparable cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing I could come up with is like the scenario depicted by braxlan:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21437/would-controlled-infections-with-sars-cov-2-covid-19-help-to-protect-the-vulnera&quot;&gt;Would controlled infections with SARS-CoV-2/covid-19 help to protect the vulnerable part of the human population?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication&lt;/a&gt; from the &lt;em&gt;Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team&lt;/em&gt; where they &quot;show  that intermittent  social  distancing –triggered  by  trends  in  disease  surveillance –may allow  interventions  to  be  relaxed  temporarily in relative  short  time  windows,  but  measures  will  need  to  be  reintroduced  if  or  when  case  numbers rebound.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RpAFt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RpAFt.png&quot; alt=&quot;Illustration  of  adaptive  triggering  of  suppression  strategies&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17885" LastEditorUserId="17885" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T10:32:14.317" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T10:32:14.317" Title="How does a possible strategy look like after the COVID-19 outbreak is under control?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21480" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-18T22:27:01.563" Score="3" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;In forest management, a &lt;strong&gt;controlled burn&lt;/strong&gt; is &lt;em&gt;“used for hazard reduction [to] decrease the likelihood of serious hotter fires”&lt;/em&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;W&lt;/a&gt;]. In &lt;strong&gt;backfiring&lt;/strong&gt; strategy, &lt;em&gt;“firefighters attempt to halt the advance of a wildfire (…) by burning up fuel in its path”&lt;/em&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/fight-fire-with-fire1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the same strategy be used to fight the Coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. in my native country (Norway), most hotels are now closed. If, for the sake of the argument, we assume that 1) humans become immune after having fallen sick to the virus and 2) people under 25 do not become seriously ill, what is the counterargument to inviting people in the age group 15-25 to mass isolate in said hotels for e.g. 1 month, for the purpose of kickstarting herd immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In the meantime, they would also be off the streets, presumably posing less of a risk to the more vulnerable population, and students would have a chance of colocating.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/70G2JK/hotel-korona-demian-vitanza&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Article discussing&lt;/a&gt; the matter (in Norwegian) hypothesizing that a controlled burn could decrease the death toll in Norway from 60.000 to 2.000 individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17840" LastEditorUserId="17840" LastEditDate="2020-03-22T13:18:16.237" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T13:18:16.237" Title="Would a COVID-19 controlled burn facilitate herd immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21481" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21484" CreationDate="2020-03-18T23:24:30.407" Score="16" ViewCount="4880" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200206110703.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This Science Daily article&lt;/a&gt; states that steroids could do more harm than good in treating coronavirus (COVID-19), referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this The Lancet article&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Understanding the evidence for harm or benefit from corticosteroids in&#xA;  2019-nCoV is of immediate clinical importance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unclear to me how exactly the use of corticosteroids (which is a common treatments for Asthma patients) can do harm other than the vague explanation of &quot;steroids also impair the immune system's ability to fight viruses&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How exactly does the use of steroids harm the body in case of fighting a virus such as SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) that causes COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T05:43:55.063" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T07:50:02.297" Title="Why do corticosteroids harm COVID-19 patients?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21482" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21453" CreationDate="2020-03-18T23:37:55.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can. You are safe if you use 65% ethanol mixed with 35% water or glycerine. That is what is known/sold as disinfectant hand sanitizer for viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17861" LastEditorUserId="17861" LastEditDate="2020-03-18T23:44:14.693" LastActivityDate="2020-03-18T23:44:14.693" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21509" CreationDate="2020-03-18T23:42:22.300" Score="1" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two academic hospitals in The Netherlands (Nijmegen and Utrecht) just got approval to experiment with using a tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) to try to better protect hospital workers against coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I assume that &amp;quot;protect hospital workers&amp;quot; means something like decreasing the severity of the infection.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently the BCG vaccine is known to stimulate the immune system. Given that information, how exactly will it &amp;quot;protect hospital workers&amp;quot;? With or without BCG vaccine, the immune system does not yet have the antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) coronavirus. So, will the immune system, after BCG vaccination, create more or better antibodies or generate them faster?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/03/will-tb-vaccine-help-healthcare-workers-fight-corona-dutch-hospitals-experiment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/03/will-tb-vaccine-help-healthcare-workers-fight-corona-dutch-hospitals-experiment/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update as of 19 April 2021&lt;/strong&gt;: &amp;quot;Tuberculosis vaccine does not protect vulnerable elderly against COVID-19&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/about-us/news/details/jan-18-tuberculosis-vaccine-does-not-protect-vulnerable-elderly-against-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.umcutrecht.nl/en/about-us/news/details/jan-18-tuberculosis-vaccine-does-not-protect-vulnerable-elderly-against-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-19T12:28:26.237" LastActivityDate="2021-04-19T12:28:26.237" Title="How would the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) decrease severity of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21481" CreationDate="2020-03-19T00:03:37.633" Score="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the primary purposes of corticosteroids is to suppress immune activity and inflammation: that's exactly why they are used in asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the immune system has an actual job besides causing nuisance inflammation: fighting infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some infections, the harm to the infected person caused by the immune reaction itself is worse than that of the pathogen itself, so steroids can help prevent damage or ease symptoms while the immune system continues to mount a response, without being &lt;em&gt;hyper&lt;/em&gt;active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For others, immune suppression may be detrimental. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corticosteroids mediate the immune response by suppressing a variety of cytokines and increasing others, which influences activity circulating numbers of different immune cell populations. Cortisol binds the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;glucocorticoid receptor&lt;/a&gt;, causing numerous changes in gene expression, many of which are associated with the immune system. From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#Immune_response&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(cortisol) inhibits production of interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha, and tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-alpha by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (Th)1 cells, but upregulates IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 by Th2 cells. This results in a shift toward a Th2 immune response rather than general immunosuppression. The activation of the stress system (and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, corticosteroids work by by suppressing the generalized killing/cleanup part of the immune system mediated by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;macrophages&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CD8+ cells&lt;/a&gt;, while preserving the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;B-cell&lt;/a&gt; part of the immune system that produces specific antibodies and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;neutrophils&lt;/a&gt; that phagocytose antibody- and complement-bound pathogens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immune reactions are incredibly complex, so some of these basics may be violated in certain circumstances (including prolonged rather than acute dosing), and I've left out a lot of the other related immune cells. See references below (and the Wikipedia pages linked above) for more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cupps, T. R., &amp;amp; Fauci, A. S. (1982). Corticosteroid‐mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunological reviews, 65(1), 133-155.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McGee, S., &amp;amp; Hirschmann, J. (2008). Use of corticosteroids in treating infectious diseases. Archives of internal medicine, 168(10), 1034-1046.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T00:03:37.633" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21486" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21477" CreationDate="2020-03-19T00:20:40.463" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;[&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I am answering this by copying Graham Chiu's words verbatim from his original, unedited question.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/call-action-tech-community-new-machine-readable-covid-19-dataset/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/call-action-tech-community-new-machine-readable-covid-19-dataset/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today, researchers and leaders from the Allen Institute for AI, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI), Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), Microsoft, and the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health released the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) of scholarly literature about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and the Coronavirus group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Requested by The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, the dataset represents the most extensive machine-readable Coronavirus literature collection available for data and text mining to date, with over 29,000 articles, more than 13,000 of which have full text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, The White House joins these institutions in issuing a call to action to the Nation’s artificial intelligence experts to develop new text and data mining techniques that can help the science community answer high-priority scientific questions related to COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The collection was constructed via a unique collaboration between Microsoft, NLM, CZI, and the Allen Institute for AI, coordinated by Georgetown University. Microsoft’s web-scale literature curation tools were used to identify and bring together worldwide scientific efforts and results, CZI provided access to pre-publication content, NLM provided access to literature content, and the Allen AI team transformed the content into machine-readable form, making the corpus ready for analysis and study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CORD-19 resource is available on the Allen Institute’s SemanticScholar.org website and will continue to be updated as new research is published in archival services and peer-reviewed publications. Researchers should submit the text and data mining tools and insights they develop in response to this call to action via the Kaggle platform. Through Kaggle, a machine learning and data science community owned by Google Cloud, these tools will be openly available for researchers around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CORD-19 resource is available on the Allen Institute’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://SemanticScholar.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SemanticScholar.org website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T00:25:07.530" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-03-19T00:24:23.897" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T01:53:34.333" Score="2" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;During this social distancing that we're implementing, what happens to someone who, for example, is asymptomatic (i.e. has no symptoms) but is infected?  Given &quot;enough time&quot;, say, 2 weeks, does the coronavirus in his / her body get killed off by white blood cells?  Does the virus die on its own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can it live in the infected person's body for much longer, say, 6 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am amazed that such basic questions and answers aren't communicated to us on the news -- we're simply told to practice social distancing for a while, without being told more specifics about how the disease goes away ... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17887" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T04:05:00.450" Title="Given &quot;enough time&quot;, does the coronavirus in a person just die off / get killed by white blood cells, leading to a full recovery?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T02:18:37.543" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/488321-japanese-flu-drug-reportedly-shows-promise?fbclid=IwAR2ogNNe9qUPhbvCAJgzvQGda2hQ6X7OQzLv8nW-wWHrZcEV0jWWApSSR6c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Japanese flu drug reportedly shows promise against coronavirus in clinical trials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A Japanese drug used to treat new strains of the flu has shown promise&#xA;  in being effective against the coronavirus in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Infected patients who were given the drug in Wuhan and Shenzhen tested&#xA;  negative for the coronavirus after a median of four days, compared&#xA;  with a median of 11 days for those who were not treated with the drug&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my country, 15,000 persons have to return from the hot spot areas for Coronavirus of Spain and Italy. A few days ago, a sport team traveled to the hot spot of Milan, and 1/3 returned infected but without Symptoms. People who arrives to my country from other countries are inmediately quarantine, but several times they violate the quarantine presenting a risk for other people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could a drug used to treat patients of a infectious disease, be used preventively in possible asymptomatic patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T05:11:03.727" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T02:56:31.787" Title="Could a drug used to treat patients of a infectious disease be used preventively in possible asymptomatic patients?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21491" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21488" CreationDate="2020-03-19T03:13:31.573" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a virus. and patients recover because the immune system creates antibodies to dismantle the virus, and prevent it from re-infecting other cells.  However, many viruses the body can not clear such as hepatitis B, C, HIV, and H. Zoster.  The fact that patients are recovering indicates that they are largely clearing the virus though there are sporadic reports of relapses with virus being detected again on re-testing but we don't know if this is a methodology issue or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With more data and time we can answer the question more accurately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32147538&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32147538&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T03:13:31.573" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21490" CreationDate="2020-03-19T03:15:45.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no published data whether Hydroxychloroquine or anti-viral drugs can be used to prevent infection in an immune naive population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We await clinical trials but the best hope usually has always been vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trials have now started with healthcare workers who are exposed to covid-19 patients to take either prophylactic placebo or Hydroxychloroquine to see if it harms, or helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T02:56:31.787" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T02:56:31.787" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21493" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21480" CreationDate="2020-03-19T03:20:43.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Computer simulations have been carried in London, UK, on a proposal to let the virus loose on the population as a whole and isolate those at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the models showed that there would be a huge death toll (over 2,000,000 for the USA) adopting this approach.  Younger people survive better with full medical support, but that does not mean they don't get very sick.  (At least one 14 year old child has died, and half the ICU beds in France are occupied by people in their 40s. ) And this strategy would overwhelm the health system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A new analysis by immunologists at Imperial College London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine of the impact of the coronavirus in Italy suggested that up to 30 percent of patients hospitalized with the virus would require intensive care treatment. Those numbers, if repeated in the U.K., would quickly overwhelm Britain’s state-run National Health Service. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/17/britain-uk-coronavirus-response-johnson-drops-go-it-alone/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/17/britain-uk-coronavirus-response-johnson-drops-go-it-alone/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T22:13:12.947" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T22:13:12.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21479" CreationDate="2020-03-19T03:26:23.580" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;China fears a second wave of epidemic introduced from outside the country and so is tightly controlling its borders.  Since calculations show that with a R0 of 2.2, nearly 60% of the population needs to get infected for herd immunity to occur and that is not possible with a population of 1.4billion people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rational approach is to control the borders and wait for a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/03/17/fear-of-a-second-coronavirus-outbreak-china-gets-tougher-on-foreign-travelers/#3ce231bc397e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/03/17/fear-of-a-second-coronavirus-outbreak-china-gets-tougher-on-foreign-travelers/#3ce231bc397e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T03:26:23.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T04:59:13.350" Score="0" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sometime around 1981, the Cubans invented an antiviral treatment for coronavirus. What is its relative efficacy against COVID-19? What are the pathways and obstacles for it making its way to being a mainstream mass cure for the pandemic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Havana, March 14 (RHC)--Cuba said on Friday it has enough reserves of an antiviral drug which has been used to treat COVID-19 in China to cover the island’s demand and also that of other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/216780-cuba-biotech-industry-has-enough-antivirals-to-treat-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cuba biotech industry has enough antivirals to treat COVID-19&lt;/a&gt; (March 14, 2020)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Havana, March 18 (RHC)-- Cuba has full capacity to supply Interferon alpha 2B and other 22 medicines to the national health system in the fight and treatment of COVID-19. It is also s working on a vaccine against that disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/salud/217063-cuba-can-produce-23-drugs-to-treat-coronavirus-and-is-working-on-a-vaccine-against-it&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cuba can produce 23 drugs to treat coronavirus and is working on a vaccine against it&lt;/a&gt; (March 18, 2020)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2994" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-12T14:51:19.027" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T14:51:19.027" Title="Could the Cuban coronavirus antiviral be a mass cure for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21497" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T06:28:31.543" Score="1" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen the following post popping up on Facebook recently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Feeling confused as to why Coronavirus is a bigger deal than Seasonal&#xA;  flu?  Here it is in a nutshell.   I hope this helps.  Feel free to&#xA;  share this to others who don’t understand...   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It has to do with RNA sequencing....  I.e. genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Seasonal flu is an “all human virus”.  The DNA/RNA chains that make up&#xA;  the virus are recognized by the human immune system.  This means that&#xA;  your body has some immunity to it before it comes around each year... &#xA;  you get immunity two ways...through exposure to a virus, or by getting&#xA;  a flu shot.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Novel viruses can come from animals....  the WHO tracks novel viruses&#xA;  in animals, (sometimes for years watching for mutations). Usually&#xA;  these viruses only transfer from animal to animal (pigs in the case of&#xA;  H1N1) (birds in the case of the Spanish flu).  But once, one of these&#xA;  animal viruses mutates, and starts to transfer from animals to&#xA;  humans... then it’s a problem,  Why? Because we have no natural or&#xA;  acquired immunity.. the RNA sequencing of the genes inside the virus&#xA;  isn’t human, and the human immune system doesn’t recognize it so, we&#xA;  can’t fight it off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now.... sometimes, the mutation only allows transfer from animal to&#xA;  human, for years it’s only transmission is  from an infected animal to&#xA;  a human before  it finally mutates so that it can now transfer human&#xA;  to human... once that happens..we have a new contagion phase.  And&#xA;  depending on the fashion of this new mutation, thats what decides how&#xA;  contagious, or how deadly it’s gonna be..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;H1N1 was deadly....but it did not mutate in a way that was as deadly&#xA;  as the Spanish flu.    It’s RNA was slower to mutate and it attacked&#xA;  its host differently, too.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fast forward. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, here comes this Coronavirus... it existed in animals only, for&#xA;  nobody knows how long...but one day, at an animal market, in Wuhan&#xA;  China, in December 2019, it mutated and made the jump from animal to&#xA;  people.  At first, only animals could give it to a person... But here&#xA;  is the scary part.... in just TWO WEEKS it mutated again and gained&#xA;  the ability to jump from human to human.   Scientists call this quick&#xA;  ability, “slippery”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This Coronavirus, not being in any form a “human” virus (whereas we&#xA;  would all have some natural or acquired immunity). Took off like a&#xA;  rocket.  And this was because, Humans have no known immunity...doctors&#xA;  have no known medicines for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And it just so happens that this particular mutated animal virus,&#xA;  changed itself in such a way the way that it causes great damage to&#xA;  human lungs..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That’s why Coronavirus is different from seasonal flu, or H1N1 or any&#xA;  other type of influenza....  this one is slippery AF.   And it’s a&#xA;  lung eater...And, it’s already mutated AGAIN, so that we now have two&#xA;  strains to deal with, strain s, and strain L....which makes it twice&#xA;  as hard to develop a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We really have no tools in our shed, with this.  History has shown&#xA;  that fast and immediate closings of public places has helped in the&#xA;  past pandemics.  Philadelphia and Baltimore were reluctant to close&#xA;  events in 1918 and they were the hardest hit in the US during the&#xA;  Spanish Flu. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Factoid:  Henry VIII stayed in his room and allowed no one near him,&#xA;  till the Sweating Sickness that plagued his time had&#xA;  passed...(honestly...I understand him so much better now). Just like&#xA;  us, he had no tools in his shed, except social isolation...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And let me end by saying....right now it’s hitting older folks&#xA;  harder... but this genome is so slippery...if it mutates again (and it&#xA;  will). Who is to say, what it will do next.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Be smart folks...  acting like you’re unafraid is so not sexy right&#xA;  now.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;#flattenthecurve.  Stay home folks...  and share this to those that just are not catching on.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of this I have no particular dispute with, but the claim&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But once, one of these&#xA;  animal viruses mutates, and starts to transfer from animals to&#xA;  humans... then it’s a problem,  Why? Because we have no natural or&#xA;  acquired immunity.. the RNA sequencing of the genes inside the virus&#xA;  isn’t human, and the human immune system doesn’t recognize it so, we&#xA;  can’t fight it off. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sounds like saying that we can only &lt;em&gt;gain&lt;/em&gt; an immunity to a virus that has human RNA in it. It seems to me more likely that we merely don't have any &lt;em&gt;existing&lt;/em&gt; immunity to it because it is brand new to the human immune system; now that we've seen it, we'll gain immunity to it, and who cares what RNA is inside it? &lt;s&gt;(And again, my gut says that it is the human RNA that actually gives it access to infect humans and thus become prevalent enough in the body to become a valid target for the immune system).&lt;/s&gt; But I'm no virologist, and I'm curious what the reality is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17888" LastEditorUserId="17888" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T19:59:28.490" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T19:59:28.490" Title="Is this explanation of coronavirus accurate?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21496" CreationDate="2020-03-19T06:47:00.547" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;All interferons interfere with viral replication but until the Cubans show that their drug &lt;code&gt;Interferon alpha 2B&lt;/code&gt; is any better than anything else, then there's nothing to recommend it over anything else used in the treatment of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The list of drugs recommended by CPAM are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For direct antiviral treatment of SARS-CoV-2, CPAM recommends use&#xA;  of lopinavir; ritonavir [2 capsule (dose undefined) by mouth twice daily] in combination with nebulized alfa-interferon (5 million units in Sterile Water for Injection inhaled twice daily). CPAM ( China International Exchange and Promotive&#xA;  Association for Medical and Health Care) has based this recommendation on weak evidence from retrospective cohort, historically controlled studies, case reports, and case series that suggest clinical benefit of lopinavir; ritonavir in the treatment of other&#xA;  coronavirus infection [i.e., 2002 SARS-CoV and 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus&#xA;  (MERS-CoV)]. (4) (8) (7)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to CPAM, a group of Korean physicians with experience in treating SARS-CoV-2 infected&#xA;  patients have developed recommendations for the treatment of COVID-19. According to these&#xA;  physicians, antiviral medications are not recommended for use in young, healthy patients with mild&#xA;  symptoms and no underlying comorbid conditions. However, treatment with lopinavir 400 mg; ritonavir&#xA;  100 mg (2 tablets by mouth twice daily) or chloroquine (500 mg by mouth twice daily) should be&#xA;  considered for use in older patients or patients with under underlying conditions and serious symptoms.&#xA;  If chloroquine is unavailable, they recommend considering use of hydroxychloroquine (400 mg by mouth&#xA;  once daily). Use of ribavirin and interferon were not recommended as first-line treatments because of&#xA;  the risk for side effects; however, use of these medications may be considered if treatment with&#xA;  lopinavir; ritonavir, chloroquine, or hydroxychloroquine are ineffective. (12) (13)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is unclear if the alpha interferon used in China is the same as the one the Cubans are selling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/988648/COVID-19-Drug-Therapy_Mar-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/988648/COVID-19-Drug-Therapy_Mar-2020.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T06:47:00.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21499" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T07:37:34.873" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've asked this question on life hacks and been told to go ask it on medical or travel. It's nothing to do with travel in my opinion. I have heard/ read so many conflicting statistics about the sea air and cloud cover. I would like to know if it is healthier overall to live on the coast or inland. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T19:24:20.137" Title="Is it healthier to live by the coast or inland?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21500" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T07:48:46.650" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many articles on the Corona virus there is often a mortality rate for seasonal flu of 0.1% cited.  Here just one randomly selected example (but I have seen the number in many, many different articles in US, UK and German media: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/04/coronavirus-flu-comparison/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/04/coronavirus-flu-comparison/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“By comparison, seasonal flu generally kills far fewer than 1 percent of those infected,” [  WHO Director General]  Tedros said of the global flu caseload during the news briefing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anthony S. Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has said that the mortality rate for seasonal flu is 0.1 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This number is then compared to the case fatality rate of Corona virus. This number is much larger number for Corona virus (depending on data set and country seems to be between 0.8% and 4% for 'mature outbreaks, where the number of active cases is smaller than the number of resolved cases, essentially only true for China), with the 'official' WHO estimate currently at 3.4%. These estimates are then often accompanied by the caveat that the case fatality rate for the Corona virus is probably much exaggerated because people with mild symptoms are never tested.  I can buy this argument but would the same argument not apply to the flu also?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How reliable is the 0.1% for the flu, and what data is this estimate based on?  What are the primary sources for this information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17779" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T07:48:46.650" Title="How reliable is the often-quoted figure of 0.1% mortality of the flu?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T08:01:22.963" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;When being vaccinated we are given viruses that have been killed or made 'not working' in some other way. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Then we get B and T cells that can 'kill' it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, for polio, memory B and T cells produced in response to the vaccine persist only six months,  while tetanus disease requires a booster &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_dose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dose every 10 years&lt;/a&gt;, and chickenpox last a lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am assuming the B and T memory cells are being lost for polio faster than for tetanus. I am also assuming that the memory cell losing rate is related to the nature of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0Dc4S.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0Dc4S.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What makes some viruses being 'easily forgotten' and others to be 'remembered' for a lifetime?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1819" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T08:01:22.963" Title="Why do we need booster shots, for some viruses but not the others?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21502" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21507" CreationDate="2020-03-19T08:04:45.867" Score="4" ViewCount="3304" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cleaning.lovetoknow.com/how-kill-household-germs/do-microwaves-kill-germs-like-viruses-bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; suggests temperatures over 150 degrees Fahrenheit kill viruses. So, forgive my ignorance on the subject, but does this mean that if I microwave a potentially infected (i.e. with viruses on it) piece of, let's say, cloth, for a minute or two, it would become disinfected? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17890" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T08:33:48.790" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T08:33:48.790" Title="If I microwave an infected piece of, let's say, cloth, for a minute or two, would it become disinfected?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;microwaves&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T09:05:38.497" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering if cheaper alternatives are as effective in daily cleanliness of surfaces. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T20:02:11.103" Title="How effective are bleach or ozonated water at killing covid19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T10:21:54.290" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading the paper about influenza numbers in China and there is a sentence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During the period investigated in the present study, sentinel&#xA;  hospitals reported the numbers of total outpatient visits and the&#xA;  numbers of visits by outpatients with ILI, either weekly throughout&#xA;  the year (in the 99 sentinel hospitals in the 15 subtropical southern&#xA;  provinces) or once a week in the cooler months of October to March (in&#xA;  the 94 sentinel hospitals in the 15 temperate northern provinces).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a sentinel hospital? Quick googling didn't help. Is it simply a hospital agreed to participate in the study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17898" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T13:23:10.487" Title="What is a sentinel hospital?" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21502" CreationDate="2020-03-19T11:32:54.330" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should read the whole article:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Things You Should Never Microwave&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;...&lt;br&gt;&#xA; - Clothing and other large fabric items &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with microwaves is that they are not heating any item put inside them homogeneously but create &quot;hot spots&quot; instead. The image shows a simulation of the electric field inside a microwave oven (taken from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&#xA;Therefore, microwave oven have a turning table and still it is advisable to stir your food in between of the heating process. &#xA;A paper or cloth, however, could catch fire!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ntVd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4ntVd.png&quot; alt=&quot;Simulation of the electric field inside a microwave oven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The better idea to clean cloth is obviously a washing machine. Those usually have also a program to wash at 60°C / 140°Fahrenheit, which should be sufficient, or even higher. This will not only kill most germs (denaturation of many proteins or nucleic acids starts already below 50°C) but also wash away contamination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Due to the current situation and the ongoing shortage of respirators the possibilities for decontamination are discussed broadly.&#xA;The best study on this topic seems to be from 2010:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/155892501000500405&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluation of Multiple (3-Cycle) Decontamination Processing for Filtering Facepiece Respirators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;They tried eight different methods including &lt;strong&gt;microwave-oven-generated steam&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;So it turns out, &lt;strong&gt;yes, it is possible&lt;/strong&gt; to decontaminate respirators in a microwave. Two minutes with max power seem to be sufficient. But you should add a &lt;strong&gt;bowl with some water&lt;/strong&gt; below the respirator. The generated steam ensures a more homogeneous temperature profile and prevents local hot spots.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;But be aware that some respirators have &lt;strong&gt;metal brackets&lt;/strong&gt; at the nose part. Those can not be put in a microwave.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Anyhow, it is always stated that decontamination is not ideal and should only be an emergency solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17885" LastEditorUserId="17885" LastEditDate="2020-04-30T20:00:39.953" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T20:00:39.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21508" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21511" CreationDate="2020-03-19T12:30:27.557" Score="3" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;From different sources we hear that a coronavirus vaccine might be ready in weeks / April / 3 months, but that they would require testing and mass production and it won't be ready to use until 12/18 months. For example, this website states,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/12/human-trials-testing-coronavirus-vaccine-could-begin-within-a-few-weeks.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Human trials for a coronavirus vaccine could begin ‘within a few weeks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Human trials testing a potential vaccine to prevent COVID-19 could&#xA;  begin “within a few weeks” with a vaccine ready for public use within&#xA;  the next 12 to 18 months, a top U.S. health official said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But according to,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 flu pandemic vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;After a meeting with the WHO on 14 May 2009, pharmaceutical companies&#xA;  said they were ready to begin making a swine flu vaccine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of September 2009 a vaccine for H1N1/09 was expected to be&#xA;  available starting in November 2009, with production of three billion&#xA;  doses per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of 19 November 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that&#xA;  65 million doses of vaccine had been administered and that it had a&#xA;  similar safety profile to the seasonal flu vaccine, with no&#xA;  significant differences in the adverse events produced by the&#xA;  different types of vaccine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why it's said a coronavirus vaccine wont be ready for using in 12-18 months when for the H1N1 2009 outbreak there were vaccines available in 6 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T04:53:07.910" Title="Why it's said a coronavirus vaccine wont be ready for using in 12-18 months when for the H1N1 2009 outbreak there were vaccines available in 6 months?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21483" CreationDate="2020-03-19T12:52:14.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;BCG vaccination appears to enhance the humoral response to general infection. There is said to be also enhanced response so therefore protection against influenza. The trial above is to see if it helps with a response against sars-cov-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is some evidence that BCG vaccination enhances the humoral immune response to other unrelated childhood vaccinations, essentially acting as an adjuvant. Ota et al. reported that infants vaccinated at birth with BCG had, upon vaccination against hepatitis, significantly higher levels of IgG against hepatitis B vaccine antigens. Furthermore, BCG vaccination given at the time of oral polio vaccine boosting improved the antibody response to polio, indicating an effect of BCG at the systemic level (154). An Australian study of 56 BCG-vaccinated and 52 non-BCG vaccinated infants found that BCG vaccination was associated with significantly higher IgG titers against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens, H.influenzae type b polysaccharide and tetanus toxoid following routine immunisations later in infancy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6579862/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6579862/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T12:52:14.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:03:32.930" Score="9" ViewCount="361" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a number of do-it-yourself (DIY) mask designs released and tested by both universities and other institutions on account of world wide Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) shortages. Some were designed at the time of the SARS epidemic, and use double-folded kitchen paper towels with tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though double tea towel masks are more effective in reducing viral exposure, it's difficult to breathe with it on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What design has been tested to provide relatively good protection while being comfortable to wear and breathe while wearing them? And it needs to use readily available materials throughout the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T19:36:44.327" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T02:36:16.067" Title="Which DIY mask is most effective?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21508" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:11:14.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry this is a cut and paste answer from &lt;a href=&quot;https://pharma.elsevier.com/pharma-rd/approaches-for-creating-a-covid-19-vaccine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pharma.elsevier.com/pharma-rd/approaches-for-creating-a-covid-19-vaccine/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no one had ever heard of the causative agent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2). There were no approved antivirals or vaccines for this virus or for any related coronaviruses (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problems with COVID-19 vaccine development&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Developing vaccines from scratch—which is required for COVID-19—is typically not a good option for stopping an ongoing pandemic. The extensive time required to develop a safe and effective vaccine that can prevent future disease in vaccine recipients (average of approximately 10 years) [1] means that the public health threat will end long before a candidate vaccine is licensed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccine development requires extensive planning regarding vaccine design, vaccine production and purification, preclinical testing in animals (to ensure some safety in humans), and multiple phases of clinical trials in humans (phase 1 for safety and phases 2 and 3 for efficacy). Companies taking the risk and proceeding with vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 (at least 13 companies as of March 7, 2020) [2] are banking on the virus continuously circulating, so they have a population to conduct phase 2 and 3 trials with. If the virus disappears from circulation in China—or the perceived risk the virus poses to human health substantially declines—before phase 2 trials end, vaccine development will probably end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccine design approaches&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines that are safe and stimulate the right immune responses that confer protection from disease are challenging to design. There are a number of different strategies companies have used: live attenuated or inactivated viruses, virus-like particles or other protein-based approaches, viral vector–­based vaccines or nucleic acid–based vaccines. Of the potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the pipeline, four involve nonreplicating viruses or protein constructs, four have nucleic acid–based designs, two contain live attenuated viruses and one involves a viral vector [2]. Regarding the previous SARS pandemic, one inactivated SARS-CoV [3] and one DNA-based vaccine [4] made it through phase 1 trials before vaccine development ended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The different approaches for vaccine design all carry different advantages and disadvantages [5]. Approaches involving replicating viruses stimulate robust immune responses, but safety is often a concern. Protein vaccines and nucleic acid–based vaccines are often safer but typically have less immunogenicity, and they require adjustments to induce stronger immune responses. Nucleic acid–based vaccines are typically the fastest to get into phase 1 studies, but no nucleic acid vaccine has been licensed for use in humans as of yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because of safety concerns involving older populations (who have higher risk for severe disease), using a live attenuated virus might not be the best approach [6]. Patients with severe disease typically have T-helper 2 responses (immune responses typically induced against extracellular parasites), so vaccines known to elicit this type of immune response (inactivated viruses, virus vectors) might also be best avoided. Vaccines involving protein-based (virus protein subunits, virus-like particles, nanoparticles) or nucleic acid–based (DNA or RNA encoding virus structural proteins) designs, which do not have known safety disadvantages, might be the best approaches for SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, our knowledge of the immune response is not advanced enough for us to accurately predict vaccine safety and efficacy. What we have to do (testing multiple different strategies) is exactly what is being done. Only with results from more extensive research will we know the absolute best approaches for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore experts have said that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is heavily glycosalated so that potential immune epitopes are hidden from the immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T04:53:07.910" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21512" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:12:24.857" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;What fraction of health care workers contract COVID-19? Does anyone know of empirical evidence? Ideally, I’m looking for a reference to a study involving type of work, e.g., ER in close contact vs. receptionist greeting random sick people etc., and illness rates. Is it higher than in the general population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17886" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-25T18:28:58.660" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T18:28:58.660" Title="What fraction health care workers contract COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21506" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:23:10.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sentinel Surveillance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A sentinel surveillance system is used when high-quality data are needed about a particular disease that cannot be obtained through a passive system. Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases. Whereas most passive surveillance systems receive data from as many health workers or health facilities as possible, a sentinel system deliberately involves only a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites. For example, a network of large hospitals might be used to collect high-quality data on various diseases and their causative organisms, such as invasive bacterial disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcus or pneumococcus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data collected in a well-designed sentinel system can be used to signal trends, identify outbreaks and monitor the burden of disease in a community, providing a rapid, economical alternative to other surveillance methods. Because sentinel surveillance is conducted only in selected locations, however, it may not be as effective for detecting rare diseases or diseases that occur outside the catchment areas of the sentinel sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following criteria should be considered in selecting a sentinel health facility (usually a general or infectious disease hospital) :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be willing to participate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It serves a relatively large population that has easy access to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has medical staff sufficiently specialized to diagnoze, treat and report cases of the disease under surveillance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has a high-quality diagnostic laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/surveillance_type/sentinel/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/surveillance_type/sentinel/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T13:23:10.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21512" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:26:57.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is evolving. Originally there was a high percentage of medical staff (30%) being infected by sars-cov-2 in Wuhan but as the mode of transmission became clearer and ppe better, this has now improved so that no cases were reported outside of Hubei in China though it's being reported outside of China. Disease was also more severe in medical staff for unclear reasons and may relate to viral load exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/healthcare-workers-getting-coronavirus-500-infected-2020-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/healthcare-workers-getting-coronavirus-500-infected-2020-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-24T21:40:33.410" LastActivityDate="2020-05-24T21:40:33.410" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21505" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:35:16.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Diluted household bleach solutions can be used if appropriate for the surface. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for application and proper ventilation. Check to ensure the product is not past its expiration date. Never mix household bleach with ammonia or any other cleanser. Unexpired household bleach will be effective against coronaviruses when properly diluted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prepare a bleach solution by mixing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5 tablespoons (1/3rd cup) bleach per gallon of water or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4 teaspoons bleach per quart of water&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/cleaning-disinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/cleaning-disinfection.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T13:35:16.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T13:43:29.593" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/2020/3/3/21161724/coronavirus-symptoms-covid-19-sars-cough-fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vox.com/2020/3/3/21161724/coronavirus-symptoms-covid-19-sars-cough-fever&lt;/a&gt; one (less frequent) symptom of COVID-19 is thick mucus from coughs (sputum). Respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus can be treated with the mucolytic drug Bromhexine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, does the use of bromhexine contribute anything to the treatment of COVID-19 patients? Can it be said that taking the drug ensures a generally healthier functioning of mucus in the respiratory system, and therefor positively benefit people with COVID-19 or any respiratory disorders related to viscid or excessive mucus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Or is this assumption (partially) false and can Bromhexine (when unnecessarily taken) cause an overly thinned mucus that causes other problems?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T13:43:29.593" Title="Can bromhexine decrease severity of respiratory diseases and viral respiratory infections such as COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T14:16:23.643" Score="1" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oseltamivir&lt;/a&gt; (Tamiflu) is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B (flu). It is said to reduce symptom duration even when initiated more than 2 days after symptom onset. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oseltamivir&lt;/a&gt; does inhibit influenza virus replication and transmission following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the replication and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) virus in humans be inhibited in a similar way by the use of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oseltamivir&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Richard Broadhurst, Anne Mounsey, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27660842&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does oseltamivir shorten flu symptom duration?&lt;/a&gt; [PMID: 27660842], J. Fam. Pract., August 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jessica A. Belser, Taronna R. Maines, Hannah M. Creager, Jacqueline M. Katz, Terrence M. Tumpeya, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2015.06.020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Oseltamivir inhibits influenza virus replication and transmission following ocular-only aerosol inoculation of ferrets&lt;/a&gt; [PMID: 26142497], Virology, October 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:45:32.557" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T22:47:43.107" Title="Can oseltamivir shorten the duration of COVID-19 and inhibit replication and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21520" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23078" CreationDate="2020-03-19T14:52:21.570" Score="4" ViewCount="169" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been &quot;suggestions&quot; (facebook, media etc) that the novel coronavirus is heat sensitive. Specifically that the virus is &quot;killed&quot; or impotent when subjected to temperature of 77F. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any peer-reviewed studies that would support such a contention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More broadly, are there any peer-reviewed studies on the viability of the virus in other naturally occurring circumstances?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As I am not a medical professional or researcher, I'm a bit lost on how to do my own research to find appropriate and reliable information on this - I'm not even sure that I'm using the appropriate terminology. This is why I've come to this site: for guidance on how to get the information )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T00:34:29.270" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T16:01:07.213" Title="Are there reliable studies on the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with respect to temperature?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21523" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T15:32:31.223" Score="3" ViewCount="134" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose I get infected by COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a healthy person but with weight issues, according to the &lt;em&gt;standard weight tables&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can my immune system cure me by itself? That is, without the need of medications or drugs? and by only resting and eating healthy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read this page&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-treatment#when-to-seek-care&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-treatment#when-to-seek-care&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you’re young and healthy with only mild symptoms, your doctor will likely advise you to isolate yourself at home and to limit contact with others in your household. You’ll likely be advised to rest, stay well hydrated, and to closely monitor your symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then it says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your symptoms worsen with home care, it’s important to get prompt medical care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, Why could symptoms worsen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-23T19:52:05.563" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T19:52:05.563" Title="If I get COVID-19, can I get cured by myself?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21523" CreationDate="2020-03-19T15:42:15.233" Score="6" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If you’re young and healthy with only mild symptoms, your doctor will likely advise you to isolate yourself at home and to limit contact with others in your household. You’ll likely be advised to rest, stay well hydrated, and to closely monitor your symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that if you have mild symptoms, yes, you will eventually &quot;cure&quot; yourself, the same way you would recover from a typical common cold, or how a healthy individual would typically handle influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If your symptoms worsen with home care, it’s important to get prompt medical care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means if you have bad symptoms, then home care is not enough, and you need the assistance that a hospital can provide. There is still no &lt;em&gt;cure&lt;/em&gt; that medical care can provide; instead, the purpose of getting care is to prevent your symptoms from killing you before your immune system can handle the infection on its own. For some this includes mechanical ventilation: using a machine to help you breathe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T15:42:15.233" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21526" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T18:54:30.460" Score="0" ViewCount="233" Body="&lt;p&gt;The genome of Covid-19 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2008-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was mapped&lt;/a&gt; in early Feb. The gene for a protein spike was used to produce these spike proteins. 3-D microscopy of this synthesized spike has &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6483/1260/tab-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;been produced&lt;/a&gt;. Quoting McLellan from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-spike-protein-structure.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;the molecule looks really good; it's really well behaved; the&#xA;  structure kind of demonstrates that the molecule is stable in the&#xA;  correct confirmation that we were hoping for,&quot; McLellan said. &quot;So now&#xA;  we and others will use the molecule that we created as a basis for&#xA;  vaccine antigen.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In theory, the spike protein itself &quot;could be either the vaccine or&#xA;  variants of a vaccine,&quot; McLellan said. When you inject this&#xA;  spike-protein-based vaccine, &quot;humans would make antibodies against the&#xA;  spike, and then if they were ever exposed to the live virus,&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article goes on to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Their colleagues at the NIH will now inject these spike proteins into&#xA;  animals to see how well the proteins trigger antibody production.&#xA;  Still, McLellan thinks a vaccine is likely about 18 to 24 months away.&#xA;  That's &quot;still quite fast compared to normal vaccine development, which&#xA;  might take like 10 years,&quot; he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Why not inject, or drink, these spike proteins for immunity to Covid-19? Why expect an 18-24 month wait? The anti-body production response should occur(and be detectable) in days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17886" LastEditorUserId="17886" LastEditDate="2020-03-19T20:43:34.407" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T16:18:48.967" Title="Covid-19 spike protein as vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21499" CreationDate="2020-03-19T19:24:20.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Being near water appears to make people happy, British newspaper the Guardian ran this piece on it:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/03/blue-space-living-near-water-good-secret-of-happiness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/03/blue-space-living-near-water-good-secret-of-happiness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It contains links to peer reviewed papers about the positive effects of being or living near water or on the coast on well-being, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829213000816&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;The newspaper article and the scientific papers deal with psychological well-being, you would have to look elsewhere for purely physical effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17911" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T19:24:20.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21475" CreationDate="2020-03-19T19:44:34.707" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is basically what South Korea is doing to limit the spread of the disease, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/south-korea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as the graph of the new-infection rate shows&lt;/a&gt;, it's working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that it requires far more testing capability than the United States currently has; by April 1, it's likely the disease will be widespread enough that a quarter-million tests a week will be insufficient for trace-and-test containment (each potentially-infected person requires multiple tests over an extended period).  Instead, the US is going for Chinese-style lockdown, but doing so far less effectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T19:44:34.707" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21530" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T19:59:13.240" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-18/99-of-those-who-died-from-virus-had-other-illness-italy-says&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-18/99-of-those-who-died-from-virus-had-other-illness-italy-says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the TL;DR is that 99% of the Covid-19 deaths in Italy had other conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most common conditions was high blood pressure. I understand that they were older people and it is natural they have higher blood pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since these articles don't go in detail, I was wondering if the issue could be that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they had 'real' high blood pressure&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they had a high blood pressure 'condition', but it was under control&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as a third hypothesis, disease made blood pressure treatment impossible / not working&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but my question is really about the first two points: we hear about risks of high blood pressure. But when this point is brought up, are we talking about the real blood pressure (as in uncontrolled) or the condition (regardless if it is under control)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this point was never clear to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T19:59:13.240" Title="Are individuals with controlled blood pressre still considered to have high blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21505" CreationDate="2020-03-19T20:02:11.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's no evidence that ozonated water is of any use for killing COVID-19 or any other disease organism.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone#Applications_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gaseous ozone is effective as a disinfectant&lt;/a&gt;, but it requires concentrations far higher than can be dissolved in water (or can be tolerated by humans -- if you were to step into a room being treated with ozone, you'd die of lung damage in short order).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The EPA has a list of cleaners known to be able to kill COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;.  Common household cleaning agents on that list include concentrated ethanol (70% or higher concentration -- vodka won't cut it), hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol (listed as &quot;isopropanol&quot;), and chlorine bleach (listed as &quot;sodium hypochlorite&quot;).  Note that a quick wipe won't do the job: you need to keep the surface wetted for between ten seconds and ten minutes, depending on what you're using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T20:02:11.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21532" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21526" CreationDate="2020-03-19T20:13:10.873" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vaccines need extensive testing before they can be used. There's essentially no medical intervention which requires more testing than vaccines, which are used in extremely large numbers of healthy patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally this involves basic research, animal testing, Phase I testing (&quot;Is it safe in humans? At what dose?&quot;), Phase II testing (&quot;Is it effective? At what dose? Are there side effects?&quot;), and Phase III testing (&quot;Is it safe and effective across all different subpopulations?&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As just one example of what could potentially go wrong: many/most COVID-19 deaths involve &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_release_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytokine storms&lt;/a&gt; which are, roughly, damaging inflammatory immune overreactions. Priming the immune system could potentially worsen them and increase deaths by strengthening the immune response. (It doesn't seem likely, but this is why we test.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12684" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T20:13:10.873" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-19T20:16:20.183" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the measures proposed by the Dutch government to minimise the risk of spreading/acquiring the Covid-19 virus is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2020/03/16/wat-betekent-afstand-houden-vanwege-het-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;keeping a distance of 1.5 meters&lt;/a&gt; from other people.&#xA;Similar advice is given in other countries, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21317/is-standing-apart-2m-an-appropriate-social-distancing-measure-for-choirs&quot;&gt;this related question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the mechanism: infected people spread droplets when they sneeze, cough or even speak, these droplets contain enough virus to infect a person that inhales a droplet or maybe rubs it in their eyes or mouth when they touch their face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is there any &lt;strong&gt;empirical&lt;/strong&gt; evidence that standing 1.5 meters apart significantly reduces infection risk for airborne diseases? It does not have to be evidence on Covid-19 per se, the flu or the common cold would suffice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17911" LastEditorUserId="17911" LastEditDate="2020-03-20T11:32:17.507" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T11:32:17.507" Title="Empirial evidence that standing 1.5-2m apart reduces risk of airborne contagion" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21508" CreationDate="2020-03-19T20:19:08.533" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's an entire industry built around producing new influenza vaccines every year.  If there's an outbreak of swine flu, H1N1, or any other disease in the Influenza A family, production of a new vaccine can start as soon as samples of the virus are available.  Further, since the basic properties of the vaccine are well-understood, less testing is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 is in the coronavirus family.  Outbreaks of coronavirus diseases tend to end before we can get a vaccine ready, so we don't really know what makes for an effective one.  Should we be providing fragments of surface proteins, whole inactivated viruses, strands of representative nucleic acid, or something else?  The uncertainty also means we need to go through the full testing cycle to find out if a vaccine is safe and effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T20:19:08.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21342" CreationDate="2020-03-19T20:30:35.430" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients&quot;, a study published in &quot;MSphere&quot;, compared using &quot;antiseptic hand rubbing&quot; (hand sanitizer) against &quot;antiseptic hand washing&quot; (washing hands with antiseptic or antimicrobial soap), and found that washing hands is effective at killing the Influenza A virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Reducing viral contamination from finger pads: handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants&quot;, a study published in the &quot;Journal of Hospital Infection&quot;, found that hand washing for 30 seconds is effective against MNV1 and noroviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs&quot;, a study published in &quot;Clinical Microbiology Reviews&quot;, found that &quot;simple hand wash reveals the best results compared with other possible hand treatments&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that these findings, plus other research, have been generalized to all viruses, including COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17909" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T20:30:35.430" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21553" CreationDate="2020-03-19T23:10:06.583" Score="6" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several aggregate central trackers for the spread of COVID-19. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Like this one, for example.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything similar for trials? Or trials in the pipeline? Either vaccines or treatments?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2994" LastEditorUserId="2994" LastEditDate="2020-03-20T06:32:34.483" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T08:18:52.500" Title="Are there any central trackers for COVID-19 trials?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21538" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24481" CreationDate="2020-03-19T23:29:47.640" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a non-medical data scientist needing to quickly familiarise myself with epidemiological methodologies. (Don't worry I'm not going anywhere near modelling..)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definitions of &lt;em&gt;case fatality rate&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;mortality rate&lt;/em&gt; are very clear.  I have not managed to find any references to a standard epidemiological measure of the broader fatality rate of a disease - i.e. an estimate of how deadly it is when also accounting for estimates of non-diagnosed infections (probably asymptomatic) cases.  Is there a standardised term for this that I can research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17917" LastActivityDate="2020-08-19T20:03:44.207" Title="Fatality rate estimation" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21539" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-03-19T23:34:53.087" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This article from the UK Independent is a fair round-up of differing opinions on whether contracting the virus conveys immunity:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/coronavirus-immunity-reinfection-get-covid-19-twice-sick-spread-relapse-a9400691.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/coronavirus-immunity-reinfection-get-covid-19-twice-sick-spread-relapse-a9400691.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;There have been reports of patients getting reinfected following recovery. The most discussed occured this month. In Osaka, a tour bus operator in her 40s tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time. She was first diagnosed with coronavirus in late January and was discharged from hospital on February 1.&#xA;But there is disagreement as to whether it is an entirely new infection or a relapse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17877" LastActivityDate="2020-03-19T23:34:53.087" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-20T00:35:54.157" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SUMMIT supercomputer has very recently screened thousands of potential compounds that might interrupt the binding of the virus to its human target receptor, ACE2, to point to possible experimental directions for research.  Which of these compounds are readily available?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T00:42:42.287" Title="What known compounds are thought to be possible agents to disrupt the binding of the sars-cov-2 virus to the ACE2 receptor?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;ace2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21541" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21540" CreationDate="2020-03-20T00:42:42.287" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The novel Wuhan coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been sequenced, and the virus shares substantial similarity&#xA;  with SARS-CoV. Here, using a computational model of the spike protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2&#xA;  interacting with the human ACE2 receptor, we make use of the world's most powerful supercomputer,&#xA;  SUMMIT, to enact an ensemble docking virtual high-throughput screening campaign and identify&#xA;  small-molecules which bind to either the isolated Viral S-protein at its host receptor region or to the S&#xA;  protein-human ACE2 interface. We hypothesize the identified small-molecules may be repurposed to limit viral&#xA;  recognition of host cells and/or disrupt host-virus interactions. A ranked list of compounds is given that can be&#xA;  tested experimentally&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Docking Results for the Host-Virus Interface (S-protein-ACE2 Receptor Complex)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the top 41 ranked compounds, we highlight four (with scores ranging from -7.4 to -&#xA;  7.1) based on their poses, which are represented in figure 2. These highlighted compounds are&#xA;  pemirolast41-42 (ZincID: 5783214), isoniazid pyruvate (ZincID: 4974291), nitrofurantoin&#xA;  (ZincID: 3875368), and eriodictyol (ZincID: 58117). Of the four small-molecules shown in&#xA;  figure 2, the top-ranked, pemirolast, is an anti-allergy medication or for use in treating chronic&#xA;  asthma41-42, while the second and third of the highlighted hits are related to well-known&#xA;  antibiotics, with nitrofurantoin an antibiotic for use against urinary tract infections43 and&#xA;  isoniazid pyruvate being a metabolite of the tuberculous antibiotic Isoniazid44. The last,&#xA;  Eriodictyol, is a flavanone found in Herba Santa and is a traditional herbal remedy used for&#xA;  asthma and treating colds45&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Docking Results for the Isolated Virus S-protein Host Recognition Domain&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The three top-scoring ligands (with ZINC15 annotations denoting regulatory data&#xA;  available) for the isolated S-protein were: Cepharanthine, Ergoloid, and Hypericin.&#xA;  Cepharanthine and Hypericin are both natural products with both having been the subject of&#xA;  multiple studies on their ability to act as antiviral46-49 agents (including against coronaviruses47,&#xA;  49), while Ergoloid is an FDA approved50 drug component of interest in dementia therapies51-53&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/itempdf74155353254prod/11871402/Repurposing_Therapeutics_for_COVID-19__Supercomputer-Based_Docking_to_the_SARS-CoV-2_Viral_Spike_Protein_and_Viral_Spike_v4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/itempdf74155353254prod/11871402/Repurposing_Therapeutics_for_COVID-19__Supercomputer-Based_Docking_to_the_SARS-CoV-2_Viral_Spike_Protein_and_Viral_Spike_v4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T00:42:42.287" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21545" CreationDate="2020-03-20T01:18:59.110" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;A video tutorial is &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/PAdJT_GcBP4?t=39&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;using a spoon&lt;/a&gt; to explain how astigmatism occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the cornea ideally&#xA;  should be perfectly round like a&#xA;  ping-pong ball which is a perfect sphere&#xA;  and has the same curvature in all&#xA;  directions astigmatism occurs when the&#xA;  cornea is not perfectly round and has a&#xA;  steeper and a flatter &lt;strong&gt;Meridian&lt;/strong&gt; like the&#xA;  back of the spoon&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where the speaker uses the word &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Meridian&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;, does &quot;&lt;strong&gt;Meridian&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; here mean &quot;an imaginary line between the North Pole and the South Pole, drawn on maps to help to show the position of a place&quot; or some other medical meaning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastEditorUserId="17920" LastEditDate="2020-03-20T01:37:25.420" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T02:38:48.457" Title="medical meaning of &quot;Meridian&quot;" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21475" CreationDate="2020-03-20T01:26:43.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I'm no epidemiologist and have neither the required data nor their simulation tools at hand. However:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While testing is of course needed, I doubt that more testing can compensate for lack of distancing now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there is Japan with social distancing but low numbers of tests with slow curve, and South Korea does not only test but also practice social distancing.&#xA;There are also countries with lots of tests / inhabitant and heavy increases, Italy for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;How are screening tests different from what is done now.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Slight disclaimer: I'm in Germany, so I know most details about the strategy here. AFAIK, it isn't that different in the US, though. At least, also here people are complaining that they get tests refused and people are talking that test capacities are not unlimited - but it's not clear to me whether people are sent home who should be tested according to a doctor ordering that test or only those who go/drive to the test centers because &lt;em&gt;they&lt;/em&gt; think they should be tested.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is done right now in most countries (including Italy, Germany, South Korea) is testing populations that are at a non-negligible risk of having contracted the virus. Looking at the current (Mar 19) numbers of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;positive tests among all tests&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stern.de/gesundheit/covid-19--so-oft-wird-wirklich-auf-das-coronavirus-getestet-9189186.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;) and using LR+ of better than 20  (below in parentheses)and expected 61 and LR- of better than 1/20 (below in parentheses), expected 1/61 (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21337/how-accurate-are-coronavirus-tests/21379#21379&quot;&gt;long explanation here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            | pos tests/tests | PPV         | 1-NPV&#xA;------------+-----------------+-------------+------------------&#xA;USA         |          11   % | 88 % (72 %) |  0.2  % (0.6  %) &#xA;Germany     |           3.9 % |&#xA;South Korea |           2.8 % | 64 % (36 %) |  0.05 % (0.01 %) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPV = probability of having SARS-CoV-2 after the test was positive&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1-NPV = probability of having SARS-CoV-2 after the test was negative  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(There's the implicit assumption that everyone is tested with that same test - which is not true, the South Koreans by now may have better validation data, but I don't know this)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Screening&lt;/em&gt; means testing the normal population, which (still) has much lower prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. Assuming the dark number is 99 x the known case count (i.e. we have 100x as many infected as positive test results),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            | 100*cases/inhabitants | PPV            | 1-NPV&#xA;------------+-----------------------+----------------+------------------&#xA;low risk    | 1 in 10000 =   0.01 % | 0.6 % ( 0.2 %) | &amp;lt;0.01 %&#xA;USA         |                0.36 % | 18  % ( 6.7 %) |  0.2  % (0.6  %) &#xA;South Korea |                1.6  % | 50  % (25   %) |  0.05 % (0.01 %) &#xA;Germany     |                2.0  % | 54    (28   %) |  0.03 % (0.1  %)&#xA;Germany*    |                0.4  % | 20  % ( 7.4 %) | &amp;lt;0.01 % (0.02 %) &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With that assumed large dark numbers, Germany and South Korea would both have prevalences by now where using the existing test on the general population would start to make sense, as that would mean only 1 false positive case per true positive case. On the other hand, with prevalence in the single digit percent we'd be in the region where Frieden argues that testing of the general population doesn't make sense because it makes more sense to tell people to stay at home and away from contacts (which is the case for Germany - and since the numbers aren't growing as fast in South Korea, their dark number is probably much lower). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the low risk population (where Frieden says testing would make sense), we'd have only correct 1 out of about 200 positive cases. The PPV is for many practical considerations too low: screening needs very good tests, with very high sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity, because it is crucial here not to overlook truly positive cases, and specificity because the true positives  are otherwise hidden in army of false positives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To some extent, it is often possible to trade in some sensitivity for speificity and vice versa, e.g. with HIV test for blood donors, we do exactly this: we choose a very high sensitivity (so we can be sure not to infect anyone), and accept low specificity. So low, that a blood donor with positive HIV test isn't even &lt;em&gt;told&lt;/em&gt; that they were tested positive. Instead, another test is applied (preferably by another manufacturer, because that adds more information than duplicate testing with the same kit), and if that is still positive, yet another one (a more elaborate one). After that IIRC it is still more probable that the blood donor does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; have HIV, but they's be looking into it and taking anothe blood sample. &#xA;(And the decision for the donated blood is anyways to throw it away just to be on the safe side). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In principle we could do the same for SARS-CoV-2. Chaining lab tests would mean an enormous burden to the health system of dealing with false positives (and possibly re-testing people) at a time where we don't have unlimited health resources and where the probability that the false positive anyways catches the virus next day or so is non-negligible. This makes this strategy that starts from testing low risk population a complete waste of ressources (even if we had unlimited capacity for testing). This may change in the future when we have tests where proper full validation has shown that they have very good specificity and a useful sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we do currently, isn't very different though in principle:&#xA;We do currently chain two independent tests, just that the lab test comes 2nd: first a doctor comes and tests whether you are high risk group because you had contact with confirmed cases (maybe even 2nd order contacts) or you show symptoms. &lt;em&gt;Then&lt;/em&gt; comes the lab test. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the Germany* line in the table above is an interesting additional point. The prevalence there is from the influenza sentinel data from week 11 (last week). These are samples collected from people who were &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; sent to SARS-CoV-2 tests, but who went to a doctor with flu-like symptoms. 1 out of 251 was SARS-CoV-2 positive (and also influenza positive). The practically important point is: what did we miss because that SARS-CoV-2 case was overlooked (or would have been, had they not been in the sentinel sampling)? Actually, nothing: someone with the flu is told to stay at home and not infect anyone else pretty much like someone with SARS-CoV-2 (particularly now since it would also relieve the health system if the seasonal influenza would be overcome a bit faster). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Testing in areas with few infections&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frieden does not propose screening, though: he proposes testing people who have been in contact with infected ones. Which apparently did not work out in Seattle, from what I read due to a lack of tests - but it did work out in Germany where it allowed to completely stop the first (small) outbreak in January.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, the &quot;had (2nd order) contact to infected person&quot; is the first test in the chain. This is a containment strategy, not a delay strategy. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for this to work, we need a two &quot;ingredients&quot;: we must be able to trace the contacts (and better also 2nd order contacts), and people sent to quarantine must obey this quarantine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Comparison Germany - South Korea (mainly)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... the US is left as excercise to the informed reader&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;South Korea apparently makes extensive use of autamated tracing of people in a fashion that would be completely unconstitutional in Germany.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;South Korea does use social distancing: according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_South_Korea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; they also shut down kindergardens, schools, and universities postponed their semester start. It did not have quite the same impact on overall economy that we see in Germany now. Their shutdown apparently was not all over the country, but earlier: they did that when they had 1000 cases.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apparently the population did a whole lot of that volountarily: the wiki page says the streets of Daegu were empty on Feb 20 (when they had a total of 100 cases).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;In contrast, Germany now has 15 k cases, and pretty much an official shutdown since the weekend in terms of kindergardens/schools/universities, pubs/clubs/... and apparently there is a sizeable sub-population that gives in to the urgent need of having their own big (!) parties since pubs are closed.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(I can only speak from what I read in the news, I live in rural Germany where my sports clubs canceled everything - but the neighbors had a 4 generation party (not that many people, but...) for their new house yesterday. (OTOH, we have 8.5 confirmed cases per 100k inhabitants here, so even with that factor 100 for dark number, we're still below 1 % prevalence &lt;em&gt;now&lt;/em&gt;) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What seems to be similar: in South Korea young adults are the ones who spread the virus. Similar in Germany (more middle-aged initially [those who can afford to make skiing holidays in the Alps], now the Corona-Parties are a young adult thing)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I believe East Asia is in general more on the alert than we were. MERS and SARS are cited as reasons, but of course overall high population density also means a permanently increased risk of infectious disesases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_South_Korea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki page about COVID-19 in South Korea&lt;/a&gt; indicates similar testing capacity for South Korea (10k tests/day; 51 mio inhabitants) and Germany (16k tests/day; 80 mio inhabitants)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some countries with more or less flat curves and more or less testing (per mio inhabitants):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;South Korea so far done about 6000 tests / mio inhabitants&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Italy 7300 / mio (maybe a bit late, but the main thing that was late in Italy is that for a while they didn't realize they had SARS-CoV-2)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Japan only 117/mio - but they have a very slow growth, still less than 1000 cases and their curve is decidedly flattening. Japan distances socially since Feb 25th (incl. e.g. to stay at home and not go to a doctor with only mild cold-like symptoms) at 167 cases in the whole country.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Singapore&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt; practices certain measures of social distancing since late &lt;em&gt;January&lt;/em&gt; when they had &amp;lt; 10 cases. (Didn't find testing numbers, though)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Norway has 6440 tests/mio inhabitants. Hopeful look at curve suggests that a slight flattening may take place. They started their lockdown at ≈700 cases, a bit more than a week ago.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Germany has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stern.de/gesundheit/covid-19--so-oft-wird-wirklich-auf-das-coronavirus-getestet-9189186.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;≈2100 tests/mio.&lt;/a&gt; 100 k tests were done in week 11, current capacity is about 30 k tests/day (is currently ramping up).&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(substantial flattening at the earliest expected in about 2 weeks)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;USA: according to Wikipedia 300 / mio inhabitants, but the German newspaper cites 3.5x as many tests, that would be 1100 / mio inhabitants.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(The difference may be whether private lab tests are counted or not?)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;The Dutch test&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... is about antibodies whereas the other tests look for virus RNA. These tests again good for different things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Dutch test tells whether there has been sufficient exposure to the virus (and sufficient time thereafter) to build antibodies. (Once we know more about this, it may also tell whether one is immune against SARS-CoV-2)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;As they say, this is also important for getting an idea about the dark numbers of people who have been infected, but had so mild symptoms they didn't realize it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The other tests tell whether you currently have the virus (and are contagious). &#xA;Screening for active cases needs this test - the more so as the antibody test may become positive only a while after one is already contagious. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Simulitis&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Washington Post has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;simulations&lt;/a&gt; of the spread of a (easier, more basic) disease called simulitis with 4 scenarios, ranging from no measures at all over a not quite perfect quarantine to moderate and extensive social distancing (25 % and 10  % of the population run around as always, rest stays where they are). I highly recommend reading, but here are some runs I just did:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TxDyR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TxDyR.png&quot; alt=&quot;simulitis&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Brown are active cases, violet cured/immune and blue susceptible persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Important findig for this question: in the first part of the quarantine simulation, the quarantine worked an noone got out (1st hump). Note that this hump has roughly the same height as the moderate social distancing hump, and leaky quarantine is worse (though the simulation doesn't get any newly infected into a new quarantine - I'd say the quarantine situation may be less like real quarantine and more like totally closed borders vs. not-quite-free movement between two countries). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T01:26:43.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21544" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21549" CreationDate="2020-03-20T02:38:45.490" Score="2" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many countries have instructed their elderly population to stay at home because of COVID-19. Young people like myself are starting to volunteer to help deliver food and other supplies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But given asymptomatic transmission and virus spread from contact with contaminated surfaces, how I can make sure I don't accidentally do more harm than good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it enough to use hand sanitizer before I go to the store, then again use hand sanitizer when I unload the grocery bags from my car, and make sure I keep several meters of space between me and the person I deliver to? Should I wear a mask? Gloves?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing most older people will want to pay in cash. Is it possible to decontaminate change (coins, bills), or is it safer to only accept exact payment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17921" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T01:38:53.343" Title="Safely helping the elderly with food deliveries during COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21545" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21542" CreationDate="2020-03-20T02:38:48.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Meridian of the eye: Considering the center of the pupil as a pole, imaginary lines are drawn around the eyeball that is intersected at the poles (both anterior and posterior) and are called as the meridians of the eye. The flattest and steepest meridians of the eye are termed as the principal meridians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/health/Astigmatism-Types-Regular-and-Irregular.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.news-medical.net/health/Astigmatism-Types-Regular-and-Irregular.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T02:38:48.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21546" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-20T03:59:08.157" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say one country or a region could take action to contain the corona virus (eg: South Korea, Wuhan China). How could they remain protected while other countries or regions still have the virus? Do they have to stay isolated until no one in the world has the virus? Or if protection can only going to come through newly developed immunity by getting infected, does that mean every one in the world at some point has to get infected until a vaccine is invented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17922" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T22:59:01.760" Title="What is the realistic expectation of isolation and containment of people for covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21544" CreationDate="2020-03-20T04:44:54.773" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official position of the WHO is that main mechanism of disease transmission is by droplet infection onto mucosal surfaces, or, transfer of those droplets by hand to those surfaces.  There is also data to suggest aerosols are generated in close proximity to infected people by coughing or mechanical means such as toilet flushing but we do not know how viable the virus is when spread in that way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hand sanitizer and washing is primarily before eating to stop that virus transfer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're visiting someone whom you don't know, then you need some PPE as a mask and goggles in case they cough directly in close proximity to you.  If you can't buy this, then there are DIY recipes to make masks and plastic shields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can spray the outside packaging with a bleach solution to sterilize it if there's a possibility that it was contaminated at source, or the recipient can do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd suggest you use a non-contact form of payment, such as WeChat, or whatever else is available.  Avoid handling of cash/coins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-03-24T01:38:53.343" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T01:38:53.343" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21411" CreationDate="2020-03-20T05:25:24.393" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Particle Size-Selective Assessment of Protection of European Standard FFP Respirators and Surgical Masks against Particles-Tested with Human Subjects&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The tested FFP respirators and SMs in this study were observed to have the worst protection against particles between 0.263 and 0.384 μm. The protection factors of FFP respirators against particles in the size range of 0.093–1.61 μm were not size dependent. The size ranges of viral and bacterial particles fall into this size range, and they are expected to have similar PFs. The FFP respirators provided about 11.5 to 15.9 times better protection than the SMs, suggesting that SMs are not a good substitute for FFP respirators when concerns exist about airborne transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5058571/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5058571/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a FFP2 in your image and they are saying it's 12-16x better PF (Protection Factor) than a surgical mask (SM)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T05:25:24.393" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21536" CreationDate="2020-03-20T06:17:49.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're asking about trials&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=covid-19&amp;amp;term=&amp;amp;cntry=&amp;amp;state=&amp;amp;city=&amp;amp;dist=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trials database&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T06:17:49.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21554" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21337" CreationDate="2020-03-20T08:21:04.467" Score="4" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there any figure about the accuracy of COVID-19 tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A thorough review of prior research found: Using &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rRT-PCR&lt;/a&gt;; First-line screening tool: E gene assay; Confirmatory testing: RdRp gene assay.&quot; one can obtain &quot;95% detection probability, 100% specificity&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Journal of Clinical Medicine review: &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(3), 623 explains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies examining the diagnosis, therapeutic drugs and vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An initial search identified a total &lt;strong&gt;of 1,065 articles&lt;/strong&gt; from PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. There were 236, 236 and 593 articles related to diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, respectively. After reviewing for inclusion and exclusion and the removal of duplications, &lt;strong&gt;a total of 27 studies were used for the full review&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The first &lt;strong&gt;validated&lt;/strong&gt; diagnostic test was designed in Germany. Corman et al. had initially designed a candidate diagnostic RT-PCR assay based on the SARS or SARS-related coronavirus as it was suggested that circulating virus was SARS-like. Upon the release of the sequence, assays were selected based on the match against 2019-nCoV upon inspection of the sequence alignment. Two assays were used for the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene and E gene where E gene assay acts as the first-line screening tool and RdRp gene assay as the confirmatory testing. All assays were highly sensitive and specific in that they did not cross-react with other coronavirus and also human clinical samples that contained respiratory viruses.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.2807%2F1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR&lt;/a&gt;, Euro Surveill. 2020 Jan 23; 25(3): 2000045.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;All assays were highly sensitive, with best results obtained for the E gene and RdRp gene assays (5.2 and 3.8 copies per reaction at &lt;strong&gt;95% detection probability&lt;/strong&gt;, respectively). These two assays were chosen for further evaluation. One of the laboratories participating in the external evaluation used other basic RT-PCR reagents (TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix) and repeated the sensitivity study, with equivalent results (E gene: 3.2 RNA copies/reaction (95% CI: 2.2–6.8); RdRP: 3.7 RNA copies/reaction (95% CI: 2.8–8.0).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In total, this testing yielded &lt;strong&gt;no false positive outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;. In four individual test reactions, weak initial reactivity was seen but they were negative upon retesting with the same assay. These signals were not associated with any particular virus, and for each virus with which initial positive reactivity occurred, there were other samples that contained the same virus at a higher concentration but did not test positive. Given the results from the extensive technical qualification described above, it was concluded that this initial reactivity was not due to chemical instability of real-time PCR probes but most probably to handling issues caused by the rapid introduction of new diagnostic tests and controls during this evaluation study.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 testing&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Testing for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;respiratory illness&lt;/a&gt; named &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coronavirus disease 2019&lt;/a&gt; (COVID-19) and the associated &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-CoV-2 virus&lt;/a&gt; is possible with two main methods: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;molecular recognition&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;serology&lt;/a&gt; testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Molecular methods leverage &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polymerase chain reaction&lt;/a&gt; (PCR) along with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nucleic acid tests&lt;/a&gt;, and other advanced analytical techniques, to detect the genetic material of the virus using real-time &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction&lt;/a&gt; for diagnostic purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Serology testing, leverages &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ELISA&lt;/a&gt; antibody test kits to detect the presence of antibodies produced by the host &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune system&lt;/a&gt; against the virus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Serology antibody testing is being used both for surveillance and investigational purposes including, in China, confirmation of recovery only, while the molecular test methodologies are used to diagnosis active infections.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There are several serology techniques that can be used depending on the antibodies being studied. These include: ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibodies and more recently chemiluminescence.&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15969" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T08:21:04.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21555" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21557" CreationDate="2020-03-20T08:36:48.707" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tutorial &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/z6cHAQbych4?t=66&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;outside of the globe or the orbit we can&#xA;  see the ocular motor muscles which&#xA;  control the movement of the eye those&#xA;  control left-right up-down&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;in and out&lt;/strong&gt; and allows the eye to look&#xA;  around. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand &quot;left-right up-down&quot;. I don't understand &quot;in and out&quot;. Can eyes really move &quot;in and out&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T11:43:57.883" Title="Can eyes really move &quot;in and out&quot;?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-20T10:33:20.930" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;A 2015 &lt;a href=&quot;https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/6/e01697-15&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; reported that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have shown previously that noroviruses are destroyed on copper alloy surfaces. In this new study, &lt;strong&gt;human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination)&lt;/strong&gt; and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration. Exposure to copper destroyed the viral genomes and irreversibly affected virus morphology, including disintegration of envelope and dispersal of surface spikes. Cu(I) and Cu(II) moieties were responsible for the inactivation, which was enhanced by reactive oxygen species generation on alloy surfaces, resulting in even faster inactivation than was seen with nonenveloped viruses on copper. Consequently, copper alloy surfaces could be employed in communal areas and at any mass gatherings to help reduce transmission of respiratory viruses from contaminated surfaces and protect the public health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; (published March 17) on SARS-CoV-2 found among other things (as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/coronavirus-covid-19-bug-can-persist-in-air-for-hours-and-on-surfaces-for-days&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; in the press)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On plastic and stainless steel, viable virus could be detected after three days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On cardboard, the virus was not viable after 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On copper, it took four hours for the virus to become inactivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have these observations about copper been used/incorporated in any public health measures (not necessarily relating to the COVID-19 outbreak)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T20:04:45.447" Title="Have there been any practical applications devised for the observation that copper rapidly inactivates coronaviruses?" Tags="&lt;environmental-conditions&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21557" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21555" CreationDate="2020-03-20T11:43:57.883" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The eye does not move in and out in the sense of the eye socket. The in and out movement is best described in &lt;a href=&quot;https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/strabismus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this kids eye health page&lt;/a&gt; where it describes a condition called strabismus (emphasis mine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Strabismus is the term used for eyes that are not straight and do not focus on the same object. &lt;strong&gt;Eyes can turn in (toward the nose), out (toward the ear)&lt;/strong&gt;, up, or down if the muscles that move the eyes don't work right or if the eyes are not able to focus properly. &lt;strong&gt;Strabismus is also sometimes called crossed eyes (when the eyes turn in) or walleye (when they turn out)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common type of strabismus is esotropia, which occurs when either one or both eyes turn in toward the nose, and exotropia is the second most common kind of strabismus, where one or both eyes turn out (&lt;a href=&quot;https://shileyeye.ucsd.edu/eye-conditions/eye-movement-disorders&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shiley Eye Institute - University College San Diego Heath&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T11:43:57.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21558" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21562" CreationDate="2020-03-20T12:08:20.947" Score="4" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand it right, the following steps are to be taken into account:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Taking the sample: for the proposed method more samples would have to be taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transporting the sample: more samples would have to be transported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Testing: more material, would have to be tested, but less individual tests would have to be made.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, it seems that 4 sub-questions can to be considered to help one answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What is the bottle neck in the testing process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the amount of material needed to test for COVID-19 scale rather with the number of performed tests, or with the amount of tested material?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does the amount of time needed to test for COVID-19 scale rather with the number of performed tests, or with the amount of tested material?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is the the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nucleic acid amplification test&lt;/a&gt; (NAAT) still reliable enough, if the virus RNA to be detected is diluted among multiple samples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I have read a rather general account on how the tests are conducted and I think I have a somewhat crude understanding of how NAAT works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/news/2020/03/18/how-testing-for-covid-19-works.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How testing for COVID-19 works&lt;/a&gt;, University of Auckland, 18 March 2020.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17929" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:09:22.917" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:09:22.917" Title="Can the capacity for COVID-19 tests be amplified by testing multiple samples mixed together and testing each only if positive?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21559" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-20T12:24:01.397" Score="3" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about oxygen supplementation and have a question about the effects of oxygen supplementation in case of pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients with aspiration pneumonitis or pneumonia may progress to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress symptom (ALI/ARDS), which is characterized by hypoxemia and respiratory failure. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5564131/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5564131/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oxygen supplementation is one way to help patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD006607/ARI_the-effectiveness-of-oxygen-for-adult-patients-with-pneumonia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cochrane.org/CD006607/ARI_the-effectiveness-of-oxygen-for-adult-patients-with-pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal arterial oxygen is approximately 75 to 100 millimeters of&#xA;mercury (mm Hg). Values under 60 mm Hg usually indicate the need for&#xA;supplemental oxygen. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/hypoxemia/basics/definition/sym-20050930&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/hypoxemia/basics/definition/sym-20050930&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplementary oxygen is routinely administered to patients, even those with adequate oxygen saturations, in the belief that it increases oxygen delivery.  But oxygen delivery depends not just on arterial oxygen content but also on perfusion. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218982/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218982/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does oxygen supplementation in case of pneumonia cause (positive or negative) effects other than possibly preventing hypoxemia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T05:06:40.713" Title="Does oxygen supplementation in case of pneumonia cause effects other than possibly preventing hypoxemia?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21560" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21561" CreationDate="2020-03-20T14:03:21.080" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do having beards have any health effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose it depends on the type and the hygiene of the beard, e.g., having a very long, dirty beard might create a suitable environment for bacterias to populate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in general, do beards have any significant effect on the health of individuals at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17931" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T14:26:13.607" Title="What kind of health effects do beards have, if any?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21560" CreationDate="2020-03-20T14:26:13.607" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A similar question is answered here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/17052/8728&quot;&gt;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/17052/8728&lt;/a&gt; but isn't really a duplicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This has been studied, not in the context of health to the individual with the beard, but the related issue of whether wearing a beard presents a danger to others in a health care setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quoted from the earlier answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wakeam, et al. found that clean-shaven men versus those with facial hair had different compositions of facial bacteria. Men with facial hair actually had &lt;em&gt;less&lt;/em&gt; of some bacteria such as &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;. The authors suggest that small cuts from shaving might actually promote colonization in some cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, though, they conclude that there isn't really any increased risk from the facial bacterial milieu of those with facial hair (there are separate studies looking at issues with surgical masks, etc, but I feel it's a bit of a stretch to go into that here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lab techs with facial hair had numerically a few more bacterial species present than those without, but the differences aren't substantial and don't really represent any risk (Lindeholm and Arpi 2016) - importantly, coagulase-negative staphylococci were more common in the clean-shaven techs, which are normal skin bacteria but are also a risk for infection of open wounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wakeam, E., Hernandez, R. A., Morales, D. R., Finlayson, S. R. G., Klompas, M., &amp;amp; Zinner, M. J. (2014). Bacterial ecology of hospital workers' facial hair: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(1), 63-67.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lindeholm, Y. N., &amp;amp; Arpi, M. (2016). Facial hair–what about clinical microbiology technicians?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 93(3), 313-314.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T14:26:13.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21558" CreationDate="2020-03-20T15:58:02.723" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update Apr 2&lt;/strong&gt;: Pooled tests are under development now (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurter-forscher-entwickeln-schnelleren-corona-test-16704912.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;newspaper in German&lt;/a&gt;), the plan is to pool 5 samples and to use the usual amount of each sample (and presumably dilute less) so that sensitivity is not an issue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update Apr 9&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/world/europe/germany-coronavirus-death-rate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NYT article&lt;/a&gt; mentioning a pooled procedure for routine tests for health care workers (pooling 10 samples) in Germany.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, pooled tests help in screening situations, that is, when very few samples are positive, so that 10+ samples can be pooled and still only a small fraction of pooled samples is positive. They require good sensitivity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We're &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; in a screening situation with the current SARS-CoV-2 testing, and pooling wouldn't help much right now - it would probably not be worth while the effort to develop and implment pooled tests. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(update: deleted newspaper hints that logistics may be the bottleneck:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the bottle neck in the testign process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/podcast/kekule-corona/mundschutz-besser-als-zu-hause-bleiben100.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kekulé (10 min or so into the interview)&lt;/a&gt; the &quot;lab machinery&quot; in Germany has a capacity of several 100k tests per day, but right now there are shortages in reagents but also e.g. in the swabs for taking samples (so, comparably low tech parts of the test). Pooled tests of course need just as many swabs (if not more: false negatives due to the sampling not picking up virus material is a concern, and the usual remedy is to take more swabs.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything that comes now are my guesses as a professional from a neighbouring field: analytical chemistry). I don't have any first hand experience with PCR. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the amount of material needed to test for COVID-19 scale rather with the number of performed tests, or with the amount of tested material?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect the reagent needs to scale (mostly) with the number of performed tests. I also expect the amount of tested material to be the same (prescribed by the method/protocol) for each run. &lt;strike&gt;That is, when you pool n samples, you'd take only 1/n of material from each (In practice it may be better to pool and then take out 1/n of the pooled sample). &lt;/strike&gt; Update: The test described in the newspaper goes the opposite direction: they take n times the sample material in order to avoid trouble with low sensitivity. In consequence, this cannot be considered a &quot;derived&quot; &quot;variety&quot; of the 1-sample tests, it must be newly developed almost from scratch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Does the amount of time needed to test for COVID-19 scale rather with the number of performed tests, or with the amount of tested material?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again: the tests, mor precisely the number of batches of tests since multiple tests can be processed in parallel. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is the the nucleic acid amplification test still reliable enough, if the Virus RNA to be detected is dilluded among multiple samples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(From here on, we're back inside my professional experience)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This I cannot answer since I don't know the typical concentration range of virus RNA in the samples of positive cases.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lowest concentration of virus RNA that can reliably be detected is called the limit of detection (LoD). In this context, reliably is 19 out of 20 validation samples at that concentration according to the emergency/&quot;shortcut&quot; validation procedure of the FDA (I expect other parts of the world to have similar validation procedures right now). The rFDA has a page with tests that have this emergency approval](&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#covid19ivd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#covid19ivd&lt;/a&gt;), and the Manufacturer information lists the LoD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One would relate the lower end of the typical concentration range to the LoD to calculate how many samples could be pooled without the test becoming unreliable. &#xA;&lt;strike&gt;The linked news article hints that this may actually be a limiting factor.&lt;/strike&gt; The test under development avoids this problem by using more sample material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's another limitation to how many samples one can sensibly pool. The aim of the procedure is to save tests. Thus, we need to set up the pooling so that only a small proportion of pooled tests is positive and a large fraction of cases can be &quot;closed&quot; as negative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the fraction of pooled samples that is positive depending on the prevalence = fraction of positive samples and the number of samples that are pooled n:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gjB0v.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gjB0v.png&quot; alt=&quot;proportion of positive pooled cases&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contours are every 10 %points. Dashed and dotted lines are the current fractions of positive samples for Germany and Italy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that, we can calculate how many samples we need to run (for every positive pooled sample, additional n tests) and from that the fraction of tests we save compared to testing each sample separately:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qE797.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qE797.png&quot; alt=&quot;fraction of samples saved by pooling&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contours here are right to left: 0, 25 %, 50 % and 75 % &quot;savings&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at the current testing situation in Germany, pooling 4 samples would allow to save almost 60 % of tests. In Italy, pooling 3 samples would save less than 15 % of tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pooled test would need its own validation and one would also do some additional development to get the required sensitivity (LoD) for the desired number of pooled samples, meaning more delay until pooled tests would be available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, pooled tests alongside the single tests that are anyways needed would mean additional logistic burden in the labs.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think developing a pooled test would be worth while right now, the more so, as other measures would give similar or better relief:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doing only 1 test per household would save about 50 % since the &lt;a href=&quot;https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/200374/umfrage/anzahl-der-haushalte-in-deutschland-im-jahr-2010-nach-bundeslaendern/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;average size of a household in Germany is 2&lt;/a&gt; without the need of any new test development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same is true for further concentrating the tests on the vulnerable/high risk population. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, pooled tests may help in the containment phase when they'd allow to test a larger number of possible contacts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt; Getting back into containment phase is the aim of the current lockdown. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We'd still have high requirements for sensitivity and specificity. This means, pooled tests would have helped most right at the beginning of the epidemic - but they always mean additional R&amp;amp;D and also additional validation needs to be done (and part of the validation work btw. must be done in every single lab that wants to use the test) since they need to be implemented in addition to the single sample method. This means, they'll always be available only after the single sample method is established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T09:18:23.843" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T09:18:23.843" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21544" CreationDate="2020-03-20T18:52:23.520" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If any stumbles across this question, I found this great resource: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.queercare.network/index.php?title=Delivering_items_to_someone_in_self_isolation_protocol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wiki.queercare.network/index.php?title=Delivering_items_to_someone_in_self_isolation_protocol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17921" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T18:52:23.520" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21566" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21510" CreationDate="2020-03-20T22:50:11.287" Score="8" Body="&lt;h1&gt;DIY Designs - most do not carry efficacy data claims&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that many of these are only respiratory protection designs. You also need to protect your eyes in a high risk situation eg. looking after an infected relative.  Get protective goggles or your own glasses and attach a plastic shield eg. plastic pamphlet holder to the glasses for a full face shield.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Combined mask with face shield&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;University of Hong Kong-Shenzen Paper Towel Mask&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Claims 90% filter protection of a surgical mask&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNjpH5lBZ8w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNjpH5lBZ8w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Masks only&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Freesewing sew your own mask from cotton T-shirt etc&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://freesewing.org/fu-facemask-freesewing.org.a4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A4 PDF Pattern&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;CDC letter - simple mask (uses heavyweight T shirt material)&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/05-1468_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Instructables Cloth Masks patterns&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;as with all cloth based, wash in hot water to pre-shrink&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Cloth-Face-Mask/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Instructables&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Copper 3D design using PLA 3-D printer&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;seems to need their special filter but perhaps use HEPA material?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/03/3d-n95-masks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3d printed masks unsafe&lt;/a&gt; poor fit or build up of CO2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://copper3d.com/hackthepandemic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Instructions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Face shield only&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prusaprinters.org/prints/25857-prusa-protective-face-shield-rc2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prusa Printers RC2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://budmen.com/?elqTrackId=946352961b79457dbc8531c8fd75da1a&amp;amp;elqaid=4271&amp;amp;elqat=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Budmen 3D Printed Face Sheild V2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amlab.co.nz/shield.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Laser Cut Shield - University of Auckland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Field Respirators&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://enable.hp.com/us-en-3dprint-COVID-19-containment-applications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;First industrialized field 3D printed emergency respiration device to support hospitals and ICUs. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Door Handle Opener&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hands free &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.materialise.com/en/hands-free-door-opener?elqTrackId=20b7e0f7116d499a97ad8f3b66dabb8b&amp;amp;elqaid=4271&amp;amp;elqat=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Materialise Door handle Opener&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;More Reading&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-materials-make-diy-face-mask-virus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-materials-make-diy-face-mask-virus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T06:21:53.107" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T06:21:53.107" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-03-20T22:50:11.287" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21546" CreationDate="2020-03-20T22:59:01.760" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;does that mean every one in the world at some point has to get infected until a vaccine is invented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. There are many infectous diseases which are only regional, or have been almost eradicated. Countries free of (this or that) disease need to act quickly on imported cases, if the disease is highly infectuous. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if the spread of a pathogen in a (say closed) region is slowed down substantially, people who have developed immunity in this region will generally make the reproductive factor of the epidemic lower - and thus make it easier to contain its spread. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may have a look at the last simulation in:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;where the epidemic can in many cases self-extinguish itself by that effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17884" LastActivityDate="2020-03-20T22:59:01.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-20T23:05:21.370" Score="7" ViewCount="774" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to inquire if CPAP devices can act as low performance ventilators, if they are connected to an oxygen source as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am asking this question in regards to the covid-19 pandemic. There are only two websites which cover this in the entire web. One of them only suggests that CPAP devices &lt;a href=&quot;https://aasm.org/coronavirus-covid-19-faqs-cpap-sleep-apnea-patients/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;may increase the risk of spreading&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coronavirustoday.com/cpap-machines-treat-sleep-apnea&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The other one&lt;/a&gt; notes similarities between these devices. Due to the lack of discussion reachable via google, even if the answer is &quot;no&quot;, it might help many people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scientific publications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Conventions used in field hospitals/healthcare&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Your professional educated guess&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in this order. Please include which category your answer falls into.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17936" LastEditorUserId="17936" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T10:41:49.447" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T11:18:51.260" Title="Can CPAP devices connected with oxygen sources be used as ventilators?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;cpap&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21569" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21568" CreationDate="2020-03-21T00:00:06.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The essence of protection is a physical barrier against air borne virus droplets splashing against your mucus membranes (eyes, nose, mouth), and against virus from being breathed in.  A CPAP machine offers none of these.  Even if connected to an oxygen supply some CPAP machines are just nasal and don't stop the person using their mouths.  The oxygen supply needs to be mixed with air, and that air needs to be filtered for any kind of protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is my educated guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T00:00:06.987" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21526" CreationDate="2020-03-21T01:11:21.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't know if the spike proteins are an immune epitope that can be recognized by the human immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;a team of researchers at La Jolla Institute for Immunology, in collaboration with researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute, provides the first analysis of potential targets for effective immune responses against the novel coronavirus. The researchers used existing data from known coronaviruses to predict which parts of SARS-CoV-2 are capable of activating the human immune system.&#xA;  ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When the immune system encounters a bacterium or a virus, it zeroes in on tiny molecular features, so called epitopes, which allow cells of the immune system to distinguish between closely related foreign invaders and focus their attack. Having a complete map of viral epitopes and their immunogenicity is critical to researchers attempting to design new or improved vaccines to protect against COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Right now, we have limited information about which pieces of the virus elicit a solid human response,&quot; says the study's lead author Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol.Sci, a professor in the Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research at LJI. &quot;Knowing the immunogenicity of certain viral regions, or in other words, which parts of the virus the immune system reacts to and how strongly, is of immediate relevance for the design of promising vaccine candidates and their evaluation.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;While scientists currently know very little about how the human immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2, the immune response to other coronaviruses has been studied and a significant amount of epitope data is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/pb-assets/journals/research/cell-host-microbe/PDFs/CHOM_2264_S50.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/pb-assets/journals/research/cell-host-microbe/PDFs/CHOM_2264_S50.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also experimental data to suggest that strong binding of the spike proteins to the ACE2 receptor, that could cause ARDS as it blocks inhibition of AT1-R.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-24T09:40:00.380" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T09:40:00.380" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21571" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21658" CreationDate="2020-03-21T01:11:32.487" Score="2" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am a scientist, but this is not my main field so sorry if I've not used the correct terminology at this busy time...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the coronavirus protein bonds with and gains entry to the cell by bonding to ACE2 receptor, does anyone happen to be currently working upon inhibition of the ACE2 receptor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously it's not straight forward just to use an inhibitor of some sort without accounting for side effects, but is this form of therapy a potentially practical avenue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I anticipate that this relationship with ACE2 is why we get pneumonia with COVID19 since ACE2 is abundant in the lungs, heart and kidneys... And that perhaps it's why people with cardiovascular disease and problems have the highest mortality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, there would be potential cardiac and renal issues. Possibly the negative effects of inhibitors may be reduced or managed by IV infusion of angiotensin 1-7, or supporting drugs (I.e. a vasodilator) as ACE2 won't be able to work on converting angiotensin 2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To anyone whom is working in this area specifically, what I am really asking is, is this a viable avenue to consider, as a management strategy to reduce spread of the virus in-vivo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The infection route and effects make me wonder how many people that recover from COVID19 may unfortunately suffer later cardiological or renal issues due to damage in ACE2 expression within the lungs... And not just lung damage from the virus or resulting pneumonia. (I.e fibrosis of cardiac tissues, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpep/2012/256294/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpep/2012/256294/&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Which seems to suggest that it has been studied to an extent in animals, but find limited information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*** Note I'm talking about ACE2 inhibition not ACE inhibitors that are often used in heart failure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17937" LastEditorUserId="17937" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T15:04:34.373" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T23:36:34.210" Title="ACE2 Inhibition as therapeutic candidate?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21572" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-21T02:09:28.670" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every hospital I know of has a serious shortage of masks, not just N95 masks, but even just OR masks. The CDC just recommended a bandana if you don't have a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if people can make facemasks which are better at filtering air than OR masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My kids (health care providers) are not being given N95 masks unless there is a dire need (e.g. to intubate patients). Even OR mask usage is being unreasonably restricted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do some sewing, and I was wondering  what I can use to make launderable facemasks. I was thinking of a fabric sandwich, better face fitting than OR masks, in which some filter could be inserted into a clean envelope. The metal nose &quot;mold&quot; could be removed, cleaned, and reinserted into a slot for that purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is the filter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would a high MERV home VAC filter be better than an OR mask? The filter could be taken apart and the fabric cut to size to slip into the fabric sandwich.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did read that in the Pacific Northwest, a hospital asked for community volunteers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.providence.org/lp/100m-masks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sew facemasks&lt;/a&gt; but the products they provided were medical grade material that is not available commercially.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was going to use cotton for the envelope, but would that retain too much moisture? I also have a polyester/spandex knit (used in leggings, athletic sportswear, etc.) in abundance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideas? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T02:14:55.800" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T04:50:28.503" Title="Can regular people make personal protection devices which are effective?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-03-21T06:17:46.387" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21573" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21568" CreationDate="2020-03-21T04:09:28.607" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The software is very different. And the capabilities of the machine. The monitoring parameters within Ventilators are much more sensitive to pressure and volume than CPAP or BIPAP machines. Below are two pages from the manufacturer with setting capabilities for a BIPAP and a ventilator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/HH1460_00/dreamstation-cpap-with-humidifier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/HH1460_00/dreamstation-cpap-with-humidifier&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCNOCTN96/respironics-v60-non-invasive-ventilator/specifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HCNOCTN96/respironics-v60-non-invasive-ventilator/specifications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17940" LastEditorUserId="17940" LastEditDate="2020-03-21T04:18:19.960" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T04:18:19.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21574" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21559" CreationDate="2020-03-21T04:36:37.997" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hyperoxygenation causes vasoconstriction and increased systemic vascular resistance. This can be good in some circumstances and bad in others.&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672526/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672526/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall there is poor evidence for supplimental oxygen in patients with pneumonia. Cochrane found that: &quot;Non-invasive ventilation can reduce the risk of death in the ICU, endotracheal intubation, shorten ICU stay and length of intubation.&quot; But admitted there was very little evidence. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/CD006607/ARI_the-effectiveness-of-oxygen-for-adult-patients-with-pneumonia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cochrane.org/CD006607/ARI_the-effectiveness-of-oxygen-for-adult-patients-with-pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17940" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T04:36:37.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21575" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21572" CreationDate="2020-03-21T04:50:28.503" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NcX78.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NcX78.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;I thought this was my invention. Then I‘ve found out that this idea came up already around the swine flu: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.insider.com/women-making-coronavirus-face-masks-out-of-their-bras-2020-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.insider.com/women-making-coronavirus-face-masks-out-of-their-bras-2020-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T04:50:28.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-21T05:28:48.107" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the best protocol and criteria or policy for COVID-19 novel coronavirus testing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During early U.S. infections, the criteria have been stringent due to limited test availability.  As tests become more accessible, what should be the set of risk factors that direct people to get tested -- versus staying at home without getting tested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastEditorUserId="17942" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T18:31:11.390" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T18:31:11.390" Title="What is the best protocol and criteria or policy for COVID-19 novel coronavirus testing?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21577" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21576" CreationDate="2020-03-21T05:30:34.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;University of Washington (UW Medicine) suggests Testing Criteria on their site:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covid-19.uwmedicine.org/Pages/default.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid-19.uwmedicine.org/Pages/default.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following patients with COVID-19 symptoms should be tested for COVID-19:&#xA;• Patients hospitalized with severe lower respiratory illness&#xA;• Healthcare workers&#xA;• Patients in other public safety occupations (e.g., law enforcement, fire fighter, EMS)&#xA;• Patients involved in an illness cluster in a facility or institution (e.g., healthcare, school, corrections,&#xA;homeless/shelters, other institution/congregate setting)&#xA;The following patients with COVID-19 symptoms should contact their healthcare provider and be tested for&#xA;COVID-19 if their symptoms worsen or their healthcare provider recommends testing:&#xA;• Patients older than 60 years&#xA;• Patients with underlying medical conditions&#xA;• Pregnant women&#xA;Younger, healthy individuals with mild illness do not need to be tested. They should stay home for 7 days or&#xA;72 hours after symptom resolution, whichever is longer. Additionally, testing is not recommended in&#xA;persons who are asymptomatic. A negative test result does not rule out an infection.&#xA;There are currently no restrictions on who can be tested for COVID-19 and commercial testing is becoming&#xA;more available. Healthcare providers may test any patient with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (e.g.,&#xA;fever, cough, shortness of breath). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T05:30:34.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21520" CreationDate="2020-03-21T05:39:54.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Casanova LM et al. 2010, &quot;Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces.&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;    This study on other similar viruses -- transmissible gastroenteritis virus and mouse hepatitis virus -- showed that those viruses persisted for as long as 28 days at 4 degrees C, and stayed activated at low humidity (20% RH).  But inactivation was more rapid at warmer temperature, 20 deg C.  At 40 degrees, both viurses were inactivated more rapidly.  Humidity was different, as there was greater survival at high (80%).&#xA;    The Abstract: Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Two potential surrogates were evaluated in this study; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. At 4 degrees C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. Inactivation was more rapid at 20 degrees C than at 4 degrees C at all humidity levels; the viruses persisted for 5 to 28 days, and the slowest inactivation occurred at low RH. Both viruses were inactivated more rapidly at 40 degrees C than at 20 degrees C. The relationship between inactivation and RH was not monotonic, and there was greater survival or a greater protective effect at low RH (20%) and high RH (80%) than at moderate RH (50%). There was also evidence of an interaction between AT and RH. The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T05:39:54.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21481" CreationDate="2020-03-21T07:50:02.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Lancet article you referenced in your question answered the questions you asked. In the trials of high dose corticosteroids used to treat SARS patients&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corticosteroids use was: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not associated with a difference in 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0·8, 95% CI 0·5–1·1; p=0·12)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;associated with delayed clearance of viral RNA from respiratory tract secretions (adjusted hazard ratio 0·4, 95% CI 0·2–0·7; p=0·0005).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;more likely to require mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and renal replacement therapy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T07:50:02.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21520" CreationDate="2020-03-21T08:37:54.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are studies on viability at different temperature for similar viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lMNSL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lMNSL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T08:37:54.043" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21342" CreationDate="2020-03-21T08:53:30.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a report from Taiwan where it was described that installing hand wash stations in the emergency department was the only infection control measure which was significantly associated with the protection from healthcare workers from acquiring the SARS-CoV, indicating that hand hygiene can have a protective effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthcare workers are at risk of acquiring a SARS infection while caring for SARS patients. Many rational ICMs were implemented to protect HCWs during the panic of the SARS epidemic. For example, NPIR, PPE, and hand washing were all implemented by each hospital as required by the health department. However, nosocomial transmission still occurred despite the above-mentioned measures [1,5,6,14]. Yen et al. formulated the concept of traffic control, an integrated infection control strategy involving triaging patients (using barriers and zones of risk) and checkpoint spots for hand washing [7]. Traffic control was shown to significantly reduce the rate of SARs in HCWs (0.03 cases/bed vs HCWs in other hospitals 0.13 cases/bed) during the 3-week study period [7]. However, there were limitations in the study; the authors were unable to demonstrate that traffic control was the key factor in reducing the number of HCWs acquiring the SARS infection. Understanding the causal relationship is important to validate the effectiveness of each ICM among so many integrated measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our analysis showed that the timing of the ICM implementation was critically important. Hospitals in which HCW SARS transmission did not occur implemented ICM B earlier than those experiencing SARS transmission to HCWs (Figure 1). The hypothetical causal relationship model between the ICMs and the HCWs acquiring SARS was supported by our SEM analysis in which the following ICMs were the causes of preventing SARS transmission: traffic control in the ED (including triage on patients with fever of unknown aetiology, increasing installation of hand washing facilities in the ED, bleach disinfection performed after cross-contact in patient transfer, and mandatory body temperature surveillance), installation of a fever screening station outside the ED, availability of an outbreak standard operation protocol, mandatory body temperature surveillance in hospital, hand washing setup at each checkpoint in the hospital, standardized patient transfer procedure, availability of a simplified isolation room. It appears that successful control of SARS infection is not based on an individual measure, but on the integration of several measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Installation of a fever screening station outside the ED was the most important factor, and contributed 51% of the effectiveness towards the prevention of SARs in HCWs. During the SARS epidemic, as patients overwhelmingly flooded into hospitals and caused chaos within the ED [6,18] it was rational for each hospital to screen the patients outside the hospital. The outside fever screening station was first developed by the Singaporeans [19]; this was done in accordance with the ancient concept of quarantine against the black plague during the 14th century. Our finding quantitatively validated this approach. The fever screening station acted as the security guard in the front line of protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second most important factor was the traffic control measures in the ED (19%). HCWs in the ED are at the front line of contact with SARS patients and the most likely to be infected [6,18,20]. The environmental survey also found a high sample positive rate for SARS coronavirus RNA in the ED [6]. Our finding validated the need to protect HCWs in the ED using traffic control, as this is an important factor for protecting all HCWs from hospital-acquired SARS. The retrospective observation also confirmed our finding that the nosocomial transmission of SARS in Taiwan declined significantly after the implementation of traffic control in the ED of hospitals as mandated by the Department of Health. By implementing traffic control in the ED, direct contact of SARS patients and contamination of the environment can be minimized by screening patients with fever, transferring and isolating patients, and disinfecting the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hospital management is important since it affects the other factors associated with protecting HCWs from SARS, including availability of outbreak standard operation protocols (12%), mandatory body temperature surveillance in hospital (9%), hand washing setups at each checkpoint in hospital (3%), availability of a simplified isolation room (3%), and standardized patient transfer protocols (3%). During the SARS epidemic, body temperature measurement and hand washing were encouraged spontaneously, and the compliance rate was higher during the non-epidemic period. Standardized outbreak control and patient transfer procedures were part of the hospital standard operation protocols. Hospitals with better management are less likely to have HCWs acquiring SARS or any other nosocomial infections. The Six Sigma process may be implemented into the hospital infection control procedures to prevent further unknown infections [21–23].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quantitative evaluation of infection control models in the prevention of nosocomial transmission of SARS virus to healthcare workers: Implication to nosocomial viral infection control for healthcare workers&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365540903582400&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365540903582400&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T08:53:30.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21582" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21568" CreationDate="2020-03-21T09:38:48.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) is correct in what they are saying when &lt;a href=&quot;https://aasm.org/coronavirus-covid-19-faqs-cpap-sleep-apnea-patients/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they said that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that using CPAP could increase the risk of spreading the virus to others around you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are suffering from COVID-19 and use a CPAP machine, the air around you is sucked into the machine and blown out of the mask. Excess air pressure is blown out of outlet holes in the elbow joint between the tubing and mask. This can carry the COVID-19 pathogen out with it at force, spreading it further around the room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take &lt;a href=&quot;https://shop.resmed.com/medias/sys_master/images/images/hfa/hef/8835700817950/p-EU-63494-ResMed-QuietAir-Quiet-CPAP-Mask-Elbow-01-Medium.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this elbow joint as example&lt;/a&gt;, used on my CPAP mask.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/X5lyC.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/X5lyC.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;CPAP mask elbow joint&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you take where the idea of using oxygen and air supplies comes from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... if demand continues to grow, hospitals could use sleep apnea machines, &lt;strong&gt;suggests George Washington University Law professor John Banzhaf&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This quote from the 2nd website (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.coronavirustoday.com/cpap-machines-treat-sleep-apnea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article supposedly checked by an MD&lt;/a&gt; in Coronavirus Today) highlights that this is a hypothesis from a non medical professor. He may have experience working within the field of medicine but he is a medical negligence lawyer, not a medical practitioner, as highlighted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.law.gwu.edu/john-f-banzhaf-iii&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;his George Washington University Law page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of using an oxygen and air supply is &amp;quot;thinking outside the box&amp;quot; but not viable from my knowledge of CPAP/APAP machines. CPAP and APAP machines take air from the surrounding air through a filter on the side of the machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take for example, my CPAP machine air intake photographed in this image&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ub2Ku.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ub2Ku.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;CPAP air intake&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way of connecting a bottled oxygen and air supply to this air inlet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Using oxygen and air supply between the machine and mask&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said in the comments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I checked that as well and there is an easy way to connect oxygen. If the CPAP is not oxygen compatible, you can add an oxygen bleed adaptor between the machine tubing and the mask tubing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are looking to add oxygen within the air supplied to the patient, you are correct that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cpap.com/blog/complete-guide-using-cpap-oxygen/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you can connect an adaptor&lt;/a&gt; between the machine and the tubing to the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are wanting to maintain a specific oxygen concentration, the way CPAP/APAP machines work is different to hospital ICU (Intensive Care Unit) ventilators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ventilators employed in NIV [Non-Invasive Ventilation] range from ICU ventilators with full monitoring and alarm systems normally employed in the intubated patient, to light weight, free standing devices with limited alarm systems specifically designed for non-invasive respiratory support. Life support ICU ventilators separate the inspiratory and expiratory gas mixtures. This prevents rebreathing and allows monitoring of inspiratory pressure and exhaled minute ventilation on which monitoring and alarm limits are based (British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee, 2002).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. (2002). Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. &lt;em&gt;Thorax, 57&lt;/em&gt;(3), 192. DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.3.192&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1136/thorax.57.3.192&lt;/a&gt; PMCID: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746282/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC1746282&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T11:18:51.260" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21520" CreationDate="2020-03-21T12:23:19.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the sake of completeness:&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1&lt;/strong&gt; (dated March 17 2020) from &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Begins:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A novel human coronavirus that is now named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (formerly called HCoV-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and is now causing a pandemic.1 We analyzed the aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 and compared it with SARS-CoV-1, the most closely related human coronavirus.2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We evaluated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 in aerosols and on various surfaces&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T12:23:19.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21586" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-21T18:49:50.537" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;An article from a pediatrician on NYT suggested this as a possibility, I'm keen to know if it could be done in an emergency/shortage situation.  If so: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What would the challenges be from a mechanical/electrical standpoint?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there feedback/sensor issues that one would need to sort out?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are the pumps in the device sufficient if the workload increases 2x?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would there be constraints to their use in that configuration? &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For instance, would both patients need to be about the same size and equally sick?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For brevity let's assume licensing/legal/regulatory is a whole 'nother (probably &lt;em&gt;bigger&lt;/em&gt; knowing the US health care system) problem to solve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17950" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T18:49:50.537" Title="Is it possible, and what would be required to modify a ventilator to support two patients concurrently?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-21T20:16:36.570" Score="2" ViewCount="188" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/when-will-a-coronavirus-vaccine-be-ready&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Public media&lt;/a&gt; seems to broadly suggest that a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is simply a matter of time. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/20/819038431/do-you-get-immunity-after-recovering-from-a-case-of-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this not great source&lt;/a&gt; suggests that all other common human coronaviruses only provide immunity for 1-2 years after infection. None of them have effective human vaccines (source: I just clicked through all the ones &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Human_coronaviruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and they all say no human vaccine). Stepping one level higher, I can't find any [+]ssRNA viruses that have effective human vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What evidence, if any, do we have to suggest that we will be more successful in developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 than for other similar viruses? What evidence, if any, do we have that acquired post-infection immunity or vaccination immunity would last for more than one year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17955" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T18:07:22.923" Title="Evidence that SARS-CoV-2 immunity is long lasting?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21589" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21198" CreationDate="2020-03-21T21:31:47.743" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The biggest conclusion is that China has demonstrated that the course of the outbreak can be altered. Normally, an outbreak of this nature would have exponential growth, would reach a high peak, and would then decline naturally once all susceptible people have been infected, or developed the disease.  This has not happened in China in a number of ways,” he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“One: the shape of the course of the events - the graph, the epidemic curve, as we call it, of the numbers of cases over time - appears very unnatural. It is an epidemic that has been nipped as it was growing and stopped in its tracks. This is very clear from the data that we have, as well as the observations that we can see in society in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;So, that's a big lesson that the natural course of the outbreak does not need to be a very high peak that overrwhelms health services.  This lesson in containment, therefore, is a lesson that other countries can learn from and adapt for their own circumstances&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;China acheived this feat in Hubei through the ruthless application of science and knowledge of infection control.  In the absence of a known treatment, the standard measure from centuries of history is containment and isolation in the containment regions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They totally shut the borders to Wuhan, a city of 8 million people as well as other cities in the province of Hubei.  This type of action has never been done in the history of mankind before. The border controls were put in place even before there was any stress on the health systems in Hubei Province. The onset of the pandemic was at the start of the Lunar Holidays which is the world's largest single yearly migration and this was shut down to stop the spread of virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the cities in China were basically shut down so that even in Urumqi in the far western border, people were not allowed on the streets without good cause.   Any threat to the confined Muslim population was also eliminated in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This allowed medical staff all over China sufficient time to contact trace all infections, as well as gave them time to do case discovery as well as unprecedented actions ( random temperature checks, daily reporting of your temperature, tracing the movement of every citizen, separating every restaurant user from each other by barriers etc ) to stop the spread of the virus.  There was mass movement of medical staff from Beijing and other centres to Wuhan to help control/treat the sick, and 1000 bed hospitals were built over the course of a week or so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is how China protected the other provinces from the infection.  The Chinese govt has called the citizens of Wuhan heroes for enduring such harsh measures which have protected the other billion citizens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course there is another story to all of this .. people left to die at home unable to access hospital care, a child with cerebral palsy who died at home as both parents had died and there was no one to care for him and other stories of immense human tragedy.  And we must not forget our companions, the 10s of 1000s of pets left to starve as people were moved from apartments to isolation camps, and the efforts made to save them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059502&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalreview.com/news/coronavirus-wuhan-official-called-for-gratitude-education-to-teach-citizens-to-thank-xi-jinping-for-response/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalreview.com/news/coronavirus-wuhan-official-called-for-gratitude-education-to-teach-citizens-to-thank-xi-jinping-for-response/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hongkongfp.com/2020/03/17/hero-coronavirus-crisis-china-according-state-propaganda/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hongkongfp.com/2020/03/17/hero-coronavirus-crisis-china-according-state-propaganda/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-21T21:45:56.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-21T23:10:05.373" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many studies showing the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copper&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antimicrobial properties of copper&lt;/a&gt;. &#xA;Based on these properties, is it possible that inhaling copper vapor, in some form, can help in treating a bacterial or viral infection of the lung?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="654" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:52:44.067" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:52:44.067" Title="Is it possible that inhaling copper vapor, in some form, can help in treating a bacterial or viral infection of the lung?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-03-22T04:15:41.467" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21591" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21592" CreationDate="2020-03-21T23:13:24.920" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pictures of people clad in white protective gear, looking like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-disinfectant/to-fight-coronavirus-disinfectant-tunnel-in-china-sprays-industrial-workers-idUSKBN2061UU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SciFy&lt;/a&gt; and sparying streets, offices, factories and people have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51603251&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;emerged&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2020/03/photos-large-scale-disinfection-efforts-against-coronavirus/607810/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the media&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are they spraying and is there any evidence it will help stop or slow the spread of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making such large quantities of disinfectant must be costly, still the practice seems wide-spread especially in Asia. So there must be some assumed benefit, but is there any real evidence it helps?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17947" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T00:46:51.540" Title="What is the rationale behind spraying disinfectent on the street, or inside buildings against Corvid-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21591" CreationDate="2020-03-22T00:46:51.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know but they're likely spraying bleach to kill virus on surfaces.  Studies show the virus can persist for days on stainless steel etc, but we don't have good data how much of any of this can cause further infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does help to impress on the public the need to keep washing which is the most effective way to be safe apart from complete isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/does-disinfecting-surfaces-really-prevent-spread-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/does-disinfecting-surfaces-really-prevent-spread-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T00:46:51.540" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T02:31:37.273" Score="1" ViewCount="532" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please forgive the obvious question. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H2O2 vapor sterilization is deadly for the layperson but should be workable for hospitals. I can't find the small Chinese study I read the other day about it. Here are two more quickly googled sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-regulatory-science/investigating-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-public-health-emergencies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-regulatory-science/investigating-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-public-health-emergencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170113034232/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMRegulatoryScience/UCM516998.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170113034232/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMRegulatoryScience/UCM516998.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781738/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781738/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17956" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T07:04:27.593" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T21:42:39.913" Title="Why aren't we sterilizing N95 masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21593" CreationDate="2020-03-22T06:39:53.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some hospitals are experimenting with using UV light to decontaminate respirator masks that are to be reused:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/health/coronavirus-masks-reuse.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/health/coronavirus-masks-reuse.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H7pRW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H7pRW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;To follow up on RudyB's answer, Battelle has been awarded a contract to use H2O2 vapor (sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/business/coronavirus-n95-mask-decontaminating-reuse.html?searchResultPosition=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NYtimes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-respirator-idUSKCN21V1WS&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reuters&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17883" LastEditorUserId="17883" LastEditDate="2020-04-15T21:42:39.913" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T21:42:39.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21596" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T08:02:51.747" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-18mar2020b4d4018fc1904605831b6a08d31e0cbc.pdf?sfvrsn=1f444736_8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interview&lt;/a&gt;, the Chief Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme--Dr. Michael Ryan--said that  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the pandemic of influenza in 2009 originated in North America and we didn't call it the North American flu so it's very important that we have the same approach when it comes to other viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that got me wondering why does MERS, which is a relatively recent term too, include a geographical designator (M = Middle East). Basically, who was responsible for coining &quot;MERS&quot; as a term (and were there any objections to this term)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T11:02:56.890" Title="Why does MERS include a geographical designator, even though it is a relatively recent term?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3940" CreationDate="2020-03-22T09:56:06.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For people within the United States, there are a number of options for diabetes, especially insulin-dependent diabetes. There are a number of options include custom dog tags, shoe tags, necklaces and bracelets from cheap stainless steel options up to ordering custom engraved options from Tiffany. There are also off-the-shelf options online, at pharmacies and on websites like Amazon that say, Type 1 Diabetes - Insulin Dependent, and are necklaces, bracelets and even a wide variety of silicon bracelets. T1D is universally understood, so anything that can have a monogram would work. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's now 2020, and the other options emerge if you are on a CGM and/or pump. Those need to be noted, especially if you are passed out and medical professionals need to remove hardware for scans. Especially with the CGMs, there are SOS and medical emergency options with the devices that collect the output that data. The Apple Watch and/or phone have that information available readily for medical professionals. EHR data can also be pulled into the health app for these devices as well. So information that should be available is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis: T1DM&#xA;Medications: Insulin Dependent, Glucagon kit, xyz...&#xA;Medical Devices: CGM, Insulin Pump, etc.&#xA;Emergency Contact: ICE - Name - Phone Number&#xA;Medical Data Source: EHR, Endo, Hospital Group, etc. &#xA;Allergies: Food, Meds, Additives to Meds&#xA;Other Medical Conditions and Meds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that helps you live safe and well with T1D! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3378" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T09:56:06.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T10:48:15.580" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;If inflammation is a natural response of the body against injury or infection, why do we take anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen? Wouldn't that inhibit this defense mechanisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17959" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T10:48:15.580" Title="Why do we use anti-inflammatory drugs?" Tags="&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21599" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23180" CreationDate="2020-03-22T10:59:11.723" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;High-quality surgical masks require nonwoven fabric that appears to be in short supply at world-wide level. Reusing masks is typically a big no-no due to obvious reasons. Autoclaving them or chemicals are not an option either as they would damage the fabric. However, what about reusing the (somewhat) extensive &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_irradiation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;food irradiation&lt;/a&gt; facilities to reuse masks faster? Viruses are notoriously resistant to the usual kGy doses used for food, but my (uneducated) guess is that it's a matter of dosage, RNA is a complex fragile molecule. Is there any blocking element that would prevent mask reuse after suitable irradiation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17960" LastEditorUserId="17960" LastEditDate="2020-03-22T11:21:35.840" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T07:57:47.327" Title="Gamma / Electron beams / X-ray irradiation to reuse surgical masks?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21596" CreationDate="2020-03-22T11:02:56.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has &#xA;  published a proposed new designation for the novel coronavirus, the Middle East &#xA;  Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Given the experience in previous international public health events, WHO generally prefers &#xA;  that virus names do not refer to the region or place of the initial detection of the virus. &#xA;  This approach aims at minimizing unnecessary geographical discrimination that could be &#xA;  based on coincidental detection rather than on the true area of emergence of a virus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHO did not convene a group to discuss the naming of this virus. The proposed name -&#xA;  MERS-CoV - represents a consensus that is acceptable to WHO. It was built on &#xA;  consultations with a large group of scientists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int&lt;/a&gt; › diseasePDF&#xA;Naming of the Novel Coronavirus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T11:02:56.890" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21601" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T14:10:56.977" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there standards such as ISO or from FDA for Ambu-bag (bag valve mask) size, dimenstions and design?&#xA;We are designing an ambu-bag based ventilator, however, if the ambu-bags purchased at different locations are different we will need to consider that as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17964" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T13:18:27.253" Title="Are there standards such as ISO or from FDA for Ambu-bag (bag valve mask) size, dimenstions and design?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21604" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T16:35:33.793" Score="0" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this page &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livestrong.com/article/550938-health-risks-of-eating-sardines/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livestrong.com/article/550938-health-risks-of-eating-sardines/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 'Concern About Sardines' Mercury Content' section&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA recommends a weekly intake of two to three servings of sardines, or 8 to 12 ounces for adults&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12 ounces is ~340g&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 'Canned Sardines' Health Risks' section mentions this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only potential health risk of eating sardines may not come from the fish itself, but the can it's in. Cans can contain a toxic chemical, bisphenol A, known as BPA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite concerns about its link to obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, BPA is still used in food cans in America. According to the Center for Environmental Health (CEH), USDA warns that toxins in can linings can migrate to the food inside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the CEH study in 2017, 38 percent of cans tested used BPA, and another 19 percent contained toxic PVC in the linings. Lab studies found BPA exposure may cause reproductive disorders, genetic damage and possibly increase the risk of breast cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which I don't know if this can be counterproductive, regarding to mercury or BPA, for an adult if eating at most 12 ounces of canned sardines weekly for 2 months?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T23:25:10.957" Title="Is it risky to eat at most 12 ounces of canned sardines weekly for about two months?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;fish&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21606" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21588" CreationDate="2020-03-22T18:07:22.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Of the other known human corona viruses, only SARS and MERS have a significant mortality rate; MERS being quite deadly. While it is true that there is no approved vaccine against these yet, there has been some promising progress:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several vaccine candidates for MERS. One has completed a clinical trial with promising results.(source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(19)30266-X/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lancet&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several candidate vaccines were developed for SARS. (sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/fvl.12.126&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Future Medicine&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/scientists-were-close-coronavirus-vaccine-years-ago-then-money-dried-n1150091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NBC News&lt;/a&gt;). It seems that the first trials were based on the inactivated complete virus or the full spike protein of the virus. These vaccines showed that they stimulated the immune system to protect against the virus, but that the immune response was too harmful. A subsequent vaccine was based on only the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein. It appears that the developers were not able to get funding for a clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thankfully, SARS has been contained, and MERS only infects several hundred each year. I am hopeful that vaccines will eventually be approved for these diseases as well as COVID-19. I cannot speak to the how long the immunity from a vaccine would last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17883" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T18:07:22.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T19:08:24.090" Score="2" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to wrap my head around some of the information I'm reading about how to fight Covid-19  and conflicting opinions about how much &quot;social distancing&quot; is required to avert a disaster, or whether social distancing works at all. (my training is in IT and Mathematics, not biology or medicine)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can social distancing (without hard quarantines, tracking as many cases as possible, and instantly isolating any new cases discovered, etc...) actually lead to 0 &amp;lt; 1 and therefore reduce the number of infections as opposed to just spreading them out to a manageable rate? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I think the answer is &quot;No&quot;, because of small world network theory: The majority of people respect prefect social distancing, i.e. they maintain zero social contact with anybody outside of their immediate family and the the people they interact with for procuring life essentials. Because the number of people who cannot practice social distancing due to their essential role in society (grocery and pharmacy employees, health care professionals, law enforcement, etc...) will still experience very high transmission rates, a small world phenomenon occurs, where the average chain of transmission is still very short between any two individuals in an impacted area. What is wrong with this line of reasoning? &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In general, is  0 &amp;lt; 1 achievable without a cure, a vaccine, herd immunity, or the ability to track infections with very high accuracy and isolating them instantly? &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17968" LastEditorUserId="17968" LastEditDate="2020-03-22T22:31:22.450" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T07:15:48.167" Title="Covid-19: Is it possible to get to r0 &lt; 1 through social distancing measures?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21502" CreationDate="2020-03-22T19:20:22.817" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;To add to Philipp Leitl's good and cautionary answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Microwave ovens work by causing polar molecules in the food being cooked, e.g. water and fats, to rotate, according to: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/a/21780/65464&quot;&gt;Why does microwave heat up things so much more quickly than visible light?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This rotational movement provides the heating effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would not be sure that the chemical make-up of clothing has equivalent properties such that it can be heated in the same way as food. Indeed as Philipp Leitl points out there is danger in this approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However staying on the subject of photons/electromagentic radiation, what can kill pathogens, such as the coronavirus, is Ultra-Violet light, particular, UV-C: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51914722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus: Robots use light beams to zap hospital viruses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The UV radiation must be able to get to the target, so an obstructed or dirty surface will inhibit effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14092" LastEditorUserId="14092" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T10:44:11.297" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T10:44:11.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21374" CreationDate="2020-03-22T19:40:54.827" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;R0 is the basic reproduction number describing how many cases are expected to be infected by a single case. This value is not a biological constant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With an R0 (reproduction number) estimated at 2.5 (based on China), many experts predict that between 20 and 60% of the world population could get infected (which means at least 0.5M deaths).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the R0 varies during the course of an epidemic as a result of a series of determinants and interventions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;such as containment and mitigation factors, and eventually herd immunity and vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.isglobal.org/en/coronavirus-lecciones-y-recomendaciones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.isglobal.org/en/coronavirus-lecciones-y-recomendaciones&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T19:40:54.827" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T19:47:08.247" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume that a patient has severe nodular acne all over the face and upper back. In order of medications attempted from earliest to latest, if: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;antibiotic creams (clindamycin and gentamicin)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;then oral isotretinoin (Epuris)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;then oral antibiotics (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352311&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clindamycin, rifampin and doxycycline&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;all fail to treat the nodular acne, then what other FDA-approved treatments can be attempted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T05:20:30.250" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T11:09:27.590" Title="If isotretinoin and oral antibiotics fail, how else can nodular acne be treated with FDA approval?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T21:09:55.470" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has there been any preliminary serology performed in the outbreak hotspots? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to know if the virus was infact contained or if local herd immunity was achieved by a large part of the population achieving immunity by some not yet identified means&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17970" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T21:09:55.470" Title="serology of covid 19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21607" CreationDate="2020-03-22T21:29:03.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I will try to answer in a different way because your questions are related only to mathematical terms (growth rate, curve shape). So I tried to guess what you really mean. I am ready to delete the asnwer if it is offtopic for you. Few statements for start:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;in theory - social distancing can make the covid-19 extinct&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;however, in a real-life (especially EU and US), the best what we have seen so far is the flattening of the curve (slowing down the growth) - we do not really have much data so far to conclude anything.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This directly leads to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It seems that herd immunity is the only solution that seems to be reachable for EU and US countries (correct me if I am wrong).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Countries are trying to flat the curve because medical resources are limited&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus the ability to flatten the curve can make a significant difference in the resulting mortality rate&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we are not really able to test/guess how many people are really infected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we do not really track how many people are in serious state (in every country in the same way)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we choose to model the spread as a exponential growth, but it is just our approximation and it is of course not really correct (later it will be more like logistic growth, but of course it is also not really correct)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the RO is just a parameter of the exponential growth, and it greatly differs from situation to situation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only &quot;real&quot; way how to estimated the RO and mortality rate is to wait till the end and count the dead and the survivors&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To conclude:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory social distancing can fully solve the problem in few weeks. In reallity, we expect to suffer for many months/years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16269" LastEditorUserId="16269" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T07:15:48.167" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T07:15:48.167" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21617" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21593" CreationDate="2020-03-22T21:36:58.313" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main reason is that we don't know how.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For something like an N95 mask, a sterilization process needs to be designed so that it (a) kills any contaminating microbes, and (b) doesn't compromise the effectiveness of the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UV sterilization may not be able to light up every contaminated surface of the mask, or it might damage the filter material or the straps that hold the mask in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen peroxide vapor might not penetrate the filter material sufficiently, or residual hydrogen peroxide might remain in the filter to harm the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heat-based sterilization could warp the edges of the mask or the outflow valve so they no longer provide a tight seal, and superheated steam might also collapse the filter material into an air-tight barrier -- or expand it into a fluff that viruses have no trouble passing through.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any sterilization method needs to be tested for safety and effectiveness, and historically, it's been faster and cheaper to simply discard a contaminated mask and use a new one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T21:36:58.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21619" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21607" CreationDate="2020-03-22T22:09:29.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;R0 refers to the number of people an infected person infects others.  If you quarantine everyone then R0 drops so that only the ones who get infected are those living with an infected person, which is how most transmission has occurred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once they get infected no one else can get infected and transmission stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, you're going to need the army/police to enforce the quarantine to make it work as has been shown in Italy where unsupervised quarantine has failed.  China enlisted local community groups to enforce quarantine and they are no longer reporting any new cases from inside China vs newly imported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T22:09:29.907" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21620" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21630" CreationDate="2020-03-22T22:11:04.153" Score="6" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;During the COVID-19 pandemic, ventilators are in short supply. As an engineer, I am interested in learning the risks/challenges of designing an OpenSource ventilator. And how it could be tested for proper functionality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical equipment has to rise to the highest standards, especially when it is required to work flawlessly in an emergency situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there existing OpenSource ventilators projects? What requirements would a OpenSource ventilator have to fullfil?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17972" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T14:42:07.723" Title="Why Aren't There Any OpenSource/OpenHardware Ventilators?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21623" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-22T23:07:30.103" Score="2" ViewCount="561" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Post-viral anosmia is one of the leading causes of loss of sense of smell in adults, accounting for up to 40% cases of anosmia. Viruses that give rise to the common cold are well known to cause post-infectious loss, and over 200 different viruses are known to cause upper respiratory tract infections. Previously described coronaviruses are thought to account for 10-15% cases. It is therefore perhaps no surprise that the novel COVID-19 virus would also cause anosmia in infected patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But people are reporting anosmia as a presenting symptom.  What are the percentages here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T23:11:04.780" Title="What percentage of otherwise asymptomatic covid-19 cases are presenting just with anosmia?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;anosmia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21623" CreationDate="2020-03-22T23:11:04.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This situation has not been fully characterised yet and has not been reported in the cases as a significant presentation before.  But ENT UK has issued the following advisory and hopes to stall the inappropriate use of steroids for anosmia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is already good evidence from South Korea, China and Italy that significant numbers of patients with proven COVID-19 infection have developed anosmia/hyposmia. In Germany it is reported that more than 2 in 3 confirmed cases have anosmia. In South Korea, where testing has been more widespread, 30% of patients testing positive have had anosmia as their major presenting symptom in otherwise mild cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, there have been a rapidly growing number of reports of a significant increase in the number of patients presenting with anosmia in the absence of other symptoms – this has been widely shared on medical discussion boards by surgeons from all regions managing a high incidence of cases. Iran has reported a sudden increase in cases of isolated anosmia, and many colleagues from the US, France and Northern Italy have the same experience. I have personally seen four patients this week, all under 40, and otherwise asymptomatic except for the recent onset of anosmia – I usually see roughly no more than one a month. I think these patients may be some of the hitherto hidden carriers that have facilitated the rapid spread of COVID-19. Unfortunately, these patients do not meet current criteria for testing or self-isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there is a chance the apparent increase in incidence could merely reflect the attention COVID-19 has attracted in the media, and that such cases may be caused by typical rhinovirus and coronavirus strains, it could potentially be used as a screening tool to help identify otherwise asymptomatic patients, who could then be better instructed on self-isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the potential for COVID-19 to present with anosmia, and the reports that corticosteroid use may increase the severity of infection, we would advise against use of oral steroids in the treatment of new onset anosmia during the pandemic, particularly if it is unrelated to head trauma or nasal pathology (such as nasal polyps).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is potential that if any adult with anosmia but no other symptoms was asked to self-isolate for seven days, in addition to the current symptom criteria used to trigger quarantine, we might be able to reduce the number of otherwise asymptomatic individuals who continue to act as vectors, not realising the need to self-isolate. It will also be an important trigger for healthcare personnel to employ full PPE and help to counter the higher rates of infection found amongst ENT surgeons compared to other healthcare workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.entuk.org/loss-sense-smell-marker-covid-19-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.entuk.org/loss-sense-smell-marker-covid-19-infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-22T23:11:04.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21625" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21739" CreationDate="2020-03-22T23:25:48.603" Score="1" ViewCount="255" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most commonly used masks/recommended to protect against COVID-19 is N95.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is there any upside of using N95 masks instead of N99 or N100 to protect against COVID-19?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N95 which filter 95% of particulates, while N99 or N100 filter 99% and 99.97%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/16/who-considers-airborne-precautions-for-medical-staff-after-study-shows-coronavirus-can-survive-in-air.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health officials recommend medical staff wear so-called N95 masks because they filter out about 95% of all liquid or airborne particles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The N95 equivalent in Europe is FFP2, the N99/100 equivalent in Europe is FFP3, and the N95 equivalent in South Korea is KF94.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prior research:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/n95-respirator-mask-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/n95-respirator-mask-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infectious disease expert Amesh A. Adalja, MD, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, tells Health that the N95 is still the recommended face mask for health professionals, because it has the capacity to filter out very small particles that could possibly contain the virus. “This is different than a surgical mask, which can only stop larger droplets,” says Dr. Adalja.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://emag.medicalexpo.com/which-masks-actually-protect-against-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://emag.medicalexpo.com/which-masks-actually-protect-against-coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, respirators must meet NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) standards. Within this standard, there are several classes of respirators depending on the degree of oil resistance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class N: no oil resistance. A distinction is made between N95, N99 and N100. The number after the letter indicates the percentage of filtration of suspended particles&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-face-masks-not-entirely-effective-2020-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-face-masks-not-entirely-effective-2020-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When worn correctly, N95 respirators block out at least 95% of small airborne particles. So the respirators can filter out some droplets carrying coronavirus. The coronavirus itself measures between .05 and 0.2 microns in diameter, according to a recent article in The Lancet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have cross-posted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNvXM4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/fng99n&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T20:52:51.797" Title="Is there any upside of using N95 masks instead of N99 or N100 to protect against COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T04:26:20.000" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in Montreal now and unable to leave because if I go home they will sent me in quarantine in various places where I do not want to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;: Do bedbugs transmit COVID-19 from person to person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17974" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T04:47:19.750" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T04:47:19.750" Title="Can bedbugs transmit the COVID-19 virus from person to person?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;insect-bites&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-01T04:52:19.427" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21620" CreationDate="2020-03-23T05:36:47.403" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;strong&gt;United States&lt;/strong&gt;, any ventilator must fulfill:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Safety and &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Efficacy &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;requirements as set forth in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/an-introduction-to-international-medical-device-standards-0001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medical Device Standards&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sales of medical devices are regulated by the FDA: a lengthy (data intensive) and paperwork intensive process.  FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/letters-health-care-providers/ventilator-supply-mitigation-strategies-letter-health-care-providers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventilator specific guidance&lt;/a&gt; within the context of COVID respirator demand  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest that you identify testable system requirements.  The quickest way to learn is to operate an existing device: if you have access to a healthcare professional (Anesthesiologist or Respiratory Therapist), he / she would be the best functional resource.  A good starting point (do your homework before talking to anyone) is this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk_Qf-JAL84&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;functional explanation on youTube&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Challenges for hacking a ventilator for the COVID crisis comprises:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A design where parts (Bill of Materials) are readily available (100K to 1M devices needed)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A testbed to demonstrate Safety and Efficacy testing + any required regulatory approval&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skilled labor to manufacture assemble and test &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;UPDATE&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;April 8 2020: &lt;a href=&quot;https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/30/medtronic-is-sharing-its-portable-ventilator-design-specifications-and-code-for-free-to-all/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medtronic is sharing its portable ventilator design specifications and code for free to all&lt;/a&gt;   That being said, a 510K and all the document would be required by the FDA ensure requirements discussed above are met.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T14:42:07.723" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T14:42:07.723" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21629" CreationDate="2020-03-23T05:45:51.083" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bed bugs eat blood.  Red cells do not contain DNA which can be hijacked by the SARS-CoV-2 virus so the bugs should not have any viable virus unless the bug is covered with infected droplets of someone's cough.  That seems highly improbable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bed bugs are not known to spread disease. Bed bugs can be an annoyance because their presence may cause itching and loss of sleep. Sometimes the itching can lead to excessive scratching that can sometimes increase the chance of a secondary skin infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A common concern with bed bugs is whether or not they transmit diseases. Although bed bugs can harbor various pathogens, transmission to humans has not been proven and is considered unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, blood also contains some macrophages which have been shown to possess ACE2 receptors which could lead to the macrophages getting infected though surface expression is low.  One would have to posit that the virus enters the bug's gut but somehow leaves again, and somehow reaches the bugs' beak while being unable to replicate.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To further put this into perspective a cc of blood has usually less than 15,000 white cells. The volume of blood suckled by a bed bug is a way lot less, and macrophages are further sparse in white cells at 5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985v1.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985v1.full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef636&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef636&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T17:47:23.280" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T17:47:23.280" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21632" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T05:56:42.123" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;The probability of a child being affected by genetic diseases like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spinal muscular atrophy&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Canavan disease&lt;/a&gt; (and many other) depends solely on the parents being carriers of such disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose we have biological materials of both parents. How difficult and how expensive (or, rather, what procedures would be involved in that, since the costs would likely vary country to country) would it be test potential parents for a large enough list of genetic diseases and calculate the probability of their offspring being affected by it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17890" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T05:56:42.123" Title="Pedigree disease risk calculation IRL - how difficult/expensive?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;dna&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21633" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T11:24:36.947" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/chloroquine-coronavirus-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to this article&lt;/a&gt;, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be effective treatments for Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Assuming the drugs are well tolerated in clinical trials and seem effective at treating COVID-19, the FDA will take measures to increase the nation's supply, according to Hahn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming best case scenario, when could these drugs be made widely available to treat the disease? By &quot;when,&quot; I mean how long is it likely to take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2994" LastEditorUserId="2994" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T18:04:52.730" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T18:04:52.730" Title="When could chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be widely available for Covid-19 treatment?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-03-23T15:19:11.283" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21660" CreationDate="2020-03-23T13:11:57.773" Score="8" ViewCount="447" Body="&lt;p&gt;Information about (simple) mask wearing (concerning covid19) is a complete mystery to me. On several &lt;em&gt;official&lt;/em&gt; places it is not recommended for a person without symptoms to wear a mask. For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Ded_AxFfJoQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/Ded_AxFfJoQ&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(time 0:20)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/should-i-wear-a-mask-to-protect-against-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/should-i-wear-a-mask-to-protect-against-the-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However &lt;em&gt;no explanation is given&lt;/em&gt; - which makes me wonder (and even angry). I think everybody should wear a mask because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many persons feel ashamed wearing it, even those with symptoms. If everybody wears it, they do not feel ashamed and wear it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, one is (wrt covid19) contagious &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; developing symptoms. So if everybody wears the mask also these people do.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two above points act as a collective protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Simple mask certainly will lower &quot;getting / spreading illness&quot; probability. Of course the &quot;holes&quot; (in a simple mask) are too big to prevent completely virus to enter (or get out when coughing), but it lowers probability! Even if it lowers the transmission probability by e.g. 5%, it might be a lot. As a hypothetical example: it might reduce R0 from 1.02 to 0.97 and so stop the virus spread so fast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The videos are full of self-contradiction. In the same video&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Ded_AxFfJoQ&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/Ded_AxFfJoQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;time 0:50 the lady says I should wear a mask if I am in contact with an infected person... why if it is inefficient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question: What are reasons for not recommending wearing a mask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17977" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T00:23:48.810" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T17:17:58.623" Title="Why is a (simple) mask not recommended for asymptomatic COVID-19 patients?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21638" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21633" CreationDate="2020-03-23T15:12:20.330" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's not get ahead of ourselves here.. chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (and possibly in concert with azithromycin) have been touted over the past few days as a possible treatment regimen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there's some cause for that - the antiviral properties of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in vitro are broad and it's been trialed against various things (HIV, Ebola etc), however this hasn't always transferred particularly well into an actual treatment. And there's some research suggesting that it can successfully battle SARS-CoV-2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in vitro&lt;/a&gt; too. However, killing something in a petri dish is one thing, treating a disease in a human is &lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/1217/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;another&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been some preliminary trials done - I believe there's been some fairly non-specific vagueness about it being promising when used in China and there's a relatively new study that's come from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Hydroxychloroquine_final_DOI_IJAA.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gautret et al&lt;/a&gt; in France.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Gautret et al&lt;/em&gt; paper looks promising - on the surface. It seems to suggest that treating people with a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin looks &lt;em&gt;great&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dirtf.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dirtf.png&quot; alt=&quot;Percentage of patients with PCR-positive..&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately though it's not that simple.. first up we aren't talking about a great number of people here. The entire study comprised 42 patients (16 of which were the control), which isn't a huge sample size. And any patients who were on the treatment who got worse were removed from the analysis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Six hydroxychloroquine-treated patients were lost in follow-up during the survey because of early cessation of treatment. Reasons are as follows: three patients were transferred to intensive care unit, including one transferred on day2 post-inclusion who was PCR-positive on day1, one transferred on day3 post-inclusion who was PCR-positive on days1-2 and one transferred on day4 post-inclusion who was PCR- positive on day1 and day3; one patient died on day3 post inclusion and was PCR-negative on day2; one patient decided to leave the hospital on day3 post-inclusion and was PCR-negative on days1-2; finally, one patient stopped the treatment on day3 post-inclusion because of nausea and was PCR-positive on days1-2-3. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the picture isn't quite as rosy as the graph makes it look. Some people on this treatment still got worse, one &lt;em&gt;died&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It get's even shonkier (technical term) when you look at the large swathes of control patients who didn't have the PCR test done for viral loads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t63vT.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/t63vT.png&quot; alt=&quot;Supplemental Table 1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They effectively only properly measured the viral loads for 4 of the 16 control patients, so trying to compare the groups is verging on meaningless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So before we look at &quot;when&quot; they'll be widely available to treat SARS-CoV-2 I'd be more concerned with answering whether they &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; be used to treat it. Hydroxychloroquine is not exactly harmless - while less toxic to humans than chloroquine, it's not something to give lightly, it can have immunosuppressant effects, and in sufficient dosages can result in potentially lethal &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/mpac-mar2017-erg-cardiotoxicity-report-session2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;cardiotoxicity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may yet prove to be an effective treatment - and the WHO is trialing it (along with other potential treatments) as part of their mega-trial &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/who-launches-global-megatrial-four-most-promising-coronavirus-treatments&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;SOLIDARITY&lt;/a&gt;, but let's not get too excited just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T15:12:20.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T16:04:51.527" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;This article&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/how-long-coronavirus-last-surfaces.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;enter link description here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;states that one study said it can last up to 72 hours, and that other study concluded that &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;if&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; the new coronavirus resembles other human coronaviruses, it could last up to 9 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, an image with it's been circulating in my country with the logo of the ministery of health, it says it can last up to 5 days. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long can coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 last outside the human body? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T16:04:51.527" Title="How long can coronavirus last outside the human body?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-03-23T17:47:40.910" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a study from Chinese scientists from Bejing on this question:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.13.990226v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reinfection could not occur in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Combined with the follow-up virologic, radiological and pathological findings, the monkeys with re-exposure showed no recurrence of COVID-19, similarly to the infected monkey without rechallenge. Taken together, our results indicated that the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection could protect from subsequent exposures, which have the reference of prognosis of the disease and vital implications for vaccine design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One has to state that with four monkeys the statistics is very low, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is, however, also a risk for relapse and further mutations of the virus as already pointed out by brasscup and Alexei.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17885" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T17:47:40.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21641" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T18:21:47.243" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Zoonotic diseases like covid-19 arise from an animal host which then often passes it to another animal host where it gets amplified to create sufficient viral load to jump to humans. eg. Bat droppings eaten by civets then causing sars. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the most recent lethal virus diseases that have done this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T19:06:25.747" Title="What have been the most lethal zoonotic disease in recent years?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;zoonotic-viruses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21642" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21641" CreationDate="2020-03-23T18:26:54.763" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2020/3/18/5d6e63c5fe0c4316bd4415fc24fe3960_6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The new type of coronavirus has had a greater proliferation in a shorter amount of time than its predecessors SARS and MERS. However, the percentage of deaths remains much lower. Nearly 10 percent of those infected died during the SARS outbreak, while 35 percent died during MERS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MERS is still an active disease in its region, but SARS was wiped out from the human population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Aljazeera &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2020/03/covid-19-charts-maps-200310163714493.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2020/03/covid-19-charts-maps-200310163714493.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T18:26:54.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21645" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T19:05:44.673" Score="0" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have very little background in Medicine, pardon me for that. I came across &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; reference recently. Loosely speaking, this study aims at testing the effect of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquin for treatment of COVID-19.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the reference, they claim to have tested the effectiveness of combination of azithromycin and hydroxychloroquin on COVID-19 patients. They measure the viral load in patients after a few days and determine the effectiveness of the combination using that and they compare it with a no intervention group. My main question is, how important is it to account for something like placebo in this study if a no intervention group is already present? I would guess, if one is using a measure like viral load, the effects of placebo on it should be negligible. Is that correct? From what I know, placebo would play a significant role if their metric of evaluating recovery would be something like measuring the body temperature or relief in throat etc. which are the symptoms of COVID-19. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the help of my friend, I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4133&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; reference(I do not understand the jargon) which claims that, for a bacterial infection, the immune response is causally linked with reward mechanisms which mediate positive expectations that are a part of placebo. Is this result significant enough to affect the consequences of the study on COVID-19(linked above) drastically? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16576" LastEditorUserId="16576" LastEditDate="2020-03-24T07:40:48.663" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T07:40:48.663" Title="Effects of placebo on viral load in tests for effectiveness of a drug combination for COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21647" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21654" CreationDate="2020-03-23T19:46:52.753" Score="-1" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I read Figure 2 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(19)30328-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;… the impact of influenza on excess mortality …&lt;/a&gt; correctly, the excess mortality due to flu&#xA;in Italy during the peak weeks of the flu epidemic of 2016–2017 was about 800 deaths/day.  This is way more than what is happening &#xA;with Covid-19 now.  How come the health system is so stressed now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it due to geographical distribution (Lombardy!) which Italy could not compensate by moving resources?  Or is it a different&#xA;distribution of deaths vs. being in intensive care?  Or what?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17982" LastEditorUserId="17982" LastEditDate="2020-04-04T04:41:29.117" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T11:37:31.220" Title="Italy’2017 (flu) vs. Italy’2020 (covid): what changed?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T20:20:11.637" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've read about protein poisoning/rabbit starvation, the issue is a complete lack of fats in the diet. The malnutrition symptoms are pretty bad, and it's telling that cravings can only be satisfied by eating fats and oils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What confuses me is the few times they attempt to quantify how much fat we need. Nothing precise, but I've read as much as 50/50 meat and fat from an animal. I don't eat nearly that much fat, I think, and yet I'm clearly not suffering from protein poisoning (to be more precise, a typical meal has a small handful of starchy carbs, a similar volume in meat or fish, and almost twice that volume in cooked greens).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there just a lot of invisible fat in our food, or does some other vital nutrient come into play?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13838" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T20:20:11.637" Title="If protein poisoning is caused by a lack of dietary fats, why isn't it more prevalent?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-03-24T00:53:53.493" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21519" CreationDate="2020-03-23T20:29:01.843" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This drug is not one of the candidates for the WHO mega study &quot;Solidarity&quot; nor do I see it in any other prospective trial.  Without trial data your question can not be answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHO and partners are organizing a study to compare untested treatments throughout several countries. &#xA;  “This large, international study is designed to generate the robust data we need to show which treatments are the most effective”, said the WHO chief. “We have called this study the SOLIDARITY trial”.&#xA;  And to date, Argentina, Bahrain, Canada, France, Iran, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and Thailand have confirmed that their participation.&#xA;  “To suppress and control epidemics, countries must isolate, test, treat and trace”, he said, otherwise “transmission chains can continue at a low level, then resurge once physical distancing measures are lifted”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trial is simple with two endpoints - death or discharge from hospital, and uses 4 drug protocols.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059722&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059722&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read about the trial design and rationale, and the drugs being tested &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/who-launches-global-megatrial-four-most-promising-coronavirus-treatments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-23T20:52:04.463" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T20:52:04.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T21:32:26.520" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&lt;/a&gt; I found: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among patients who have died, the time from symptom onset to outcome&#xA;  ranges from 2-8 weeks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a better study, or estimation? How the distribution of this variable looks like? Or at least, what is mean and standard deviation of this time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it depends strongly on over-utilization of the medical resources of a particular country. So feel free to answer for any country/period you can get the information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason why I would like to have this information is reverse estimation how many people were infected in the past (a few days ago). In countries that at least report the number of deads correctly, this could be really precise way how to guess number of infected. Especially for countries that are unable to test properly. Also, the statistics how many people die from respiratory issues could be avialable in countries that does not test diying persons at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16269" LastEditorUserId="16269" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T07:54:22.193" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T07:54:22.193" Title="Among COVID-19 patients who have died - what is the estimated distrubution of the time from symptom onset to death?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21651" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-23T21:51:35.217" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0H7qw.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0H7qw.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically speaking using the diagram above. If the negative electrode was very far away from this cardiomyocyte and the positive electrode was right next to it. What would the voltage graph look like when the dipole goes towards the positive electrode (depolarization wave). Would it just be a smaller scale of the same shape?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15568" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T21:51:35.217" Title="What would the graph look like if the electrodes were non-equidistant from the depolarization wave?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21652" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21647" CreationDate="2020-03-23T22:07:34.267" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're misreading the study.  It's not measuring the number of deaths due to influenza, it's measuring the excess mortality rate during the flu season.  This covers not just direct deaths from infection, but secondary deaths such as someone getting the flu, recovering, and then dying from a heart attack caused by the stress of being sick.  It can even include highly indirect deaths, such as someone isolating themselves to avoid infection, and dying because they fell down, broke their leg, and couldn't contact anyone for help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Excess mortality rate is calculated by estimating how many deaths there would have been in the absence of a given cause (eg. a flu season) and then comparing that to the actual number of deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-23T22:07:34.267" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21654" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21647" CreationDate="2020-03-24T00:14:25.117" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The big difference in Italy today is that &lt;em&gt;many younger, otherwise healthier patients need critical care&lt;/em&gt; and more generally that &lt;em&gt;patients need critical care for a long time&lt;/em&gt;. These patients are not necessarily dying after they get care, but the extent to which the surviving patients require ventilators and supplemental oxygen is nothing like a seasonal flu and is likely inflating the death rate substantially among those who could otherwise be treated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From NEJM: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005492&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005492&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Contributing to the resource scarcity is the prolonged intubation many of these patients require as they recover from pneumonia — often 15 to 20 days of mechanical ventilation, with several hours spent in the prone position and then, typically, a very slow weaning. In the midst of the outbreak’s peak in northern Italy, as physicians struggled to wean patients off ventilators while others developed severe respiratory decompensation, hospitals had to lower the age cutoff — from 80 to 75 at one hospital, for instance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T00:14:25.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-24T05:51:13.513" Score="5" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are seeing different values for how long this virus can persist on surfaces with the more recent data suggesting: copper 4 hours, plastic &amp;amp; stainless steel 3 days and, other studies stainless steel 9 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the latest data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T05:57:54.330" Title="How long can SARS-CoV-2 persist on surfaces?" Tags="&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21656" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21655" CreationDate="2020-03-24T05:57:54.330" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An early release paper dated 23 March 2020 is now staying that SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been recovered 17 days after both infected and asymptomatic presumed infected passengers left the cabins of the Diamond Pricess cruise ship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discovery of virus on surfaces of asymptomatic passengers again demonstrates that viral shedding occurs in this phase in amounts sufficient to contaminate the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 RNA was identified on a variety of surfaces in cabins of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected passengers up to 17 days after cabins were vacated on the Diamond Princess but before disinfection procedures had been conducted (Takuya Yamagishi, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, personal communication, 2020). Although these data cannot be used to determine whether transmission occurred from contaminated surfaces, further study of fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 aboard cruise ships is warranted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e3.htm&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships — Worldwide, February–March 2020 &#xA;Early Release / March 23, 2020 / 69&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T05:57:54.330" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21445" CreationDate="2020-03-24T08:19:53.150" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a good overview of medical imaging recommendations for COVID-19 from many radiological societies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.myesr.org/covid-19-resources&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.myesr.org/covid-19-resources&lt;/a&gt; &gt; Guidance for radiologists in dealing with COVID-19 patients &gt; By country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, I could still find no recommendations from Asian radiological societies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17867" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T08:19:53.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21571" CreationDate="2020-03-24T09:12:24.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The problem appears to be that the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the ACE2 receptor and carries the receptor into the cell where the RNA of the virus is then released. Because the cell now lacks ACE2 surface receptors this leads to intracellular damage due to lack of inhibition of AT1-R in the Renin Angiotensin System.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cells that are damaged in the lung are deep alveolar cells that make surfactant and this collapses the alveoli causing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. interestingly lung infiltrates are seen early in the disease hence the use in China of CT chest scans for screening before rapid PCR became available. ACE2 are also found widely throughout the heart and gut the latter where it assists enzymes that are transporting amino acids.  The ACE2 receptor bearing cells are found in cardiac tissue, lung, gut, macrophages etc and the main clinical effect of their loss of function is to cause cardiopulmonary damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if you were to create a drug that targeted the ACE2 receptor then you would be replicating the deleterious effect of the virus which inter alia blocks the protective effect of ACE2 on pulmonary and renal damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's been some experimental work showing that a fully humanised soluble ACE2 receptor can bind to the virus and blocks entry into the ACE2 bearing cells. It works like a neutralising antibody to the virus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This treatment is currently awaiting Chinese FDA approval for clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Josef Penninger &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/jAW6VBWTiAA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/jAW6VBWTiAA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-24T23:36:34.210" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T23:36:34.210" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-24T10:52:12.493" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1} that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ozone in a mobile apparatus could be used to decontaminate rooms in health care facilities, hotels and other buildings. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can ozone be used to efficiently sanitize respiratory or surgical masks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Development of a Practical Method for Using Ozone Gas as a Virus Decontaminating Agent&#xA;James B. Hudson, Manju Sharma &amp;amp; Selvarani Vimalanathan. Pages 216-223 | Received 30 Jun 2008, Accepted 26 Nov 2008, Published online: 27 May 2009. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/01919510902747969&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/01919510902747969&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNvp6g&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qr.ae/pNvp6g&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T21:08:09.953" Title="Can ozone be used to efficiently sanitize respiratory or surgical masks against COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21636" CreationDate="2020-03-24T11:10:33.397" Score="7" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR: please WEAR A MASK!&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(unless your nearby hospitals are out of it, in which case give your masks  to them and stay at home)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The link you mentioned provides the reason that the CDC likely has in mind (though I agree it doesn't identify it clearly as the reason):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The worldwide supply of masks is limited. It's critical that we use them appropriately. [i.e., prioritizing them for high-risk people].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thought the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/cdc-considering-recommending-general-public-wear-face-coverings-in-public/2020/03/30/6a3e495c-7280-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC is now considering recommending general public wear face coverings in public&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} compiled different government guidelines on the use of mask. You'll see that some of them do recommend wearing a mask whereas others such as the UK mentions that &quot;there is very little evidence of widespread benefit for members of the public&quot;. Some governments such as the South Korean &#xA;government even distribute free respiratory masks (2 KF94 per person per week in South Korea).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A great &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/linlabcovidpresentation20200316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary&lt;/a&gt; on the use of fask masks from Stanford researcher &lt;a href=&quot;http://med.stanford.edu/linlab.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Michael Lin, PhD-MD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aW0aL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aW0aL.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YA08a.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YA08a.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OmQO6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OmQO6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/03/experts-question-advice-against-face-mask-use-coronavirus.amp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Experts Increasingly Question Advice Against Widespread Use of Face Masks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/not-wearing-masks-protect-against-coronavirus-big-mistake-top-chinese-scientist-says#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Not wearing masks to protect against coronavirus is a ‘big mistake,’ top Chinese scientist says&lt;/a&gt; (thanks &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/734/scaaahu&quot;&gt;scaaahu&lt;/a&gt; for pointing to this article)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/gAk7aX5hksU?t=895&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/gAk7aX5hksU?t=895&lt;/a&gt;: interview with Professor Kim Woo-joo from Korea University Guro Hospital, urging the importance of wearing masks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-to-face-facts-america-masks-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wierd -2020-03-30 - It's Time to Face Facts, America: Masks Work&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200331091038/https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-to-face-facts-america-masks-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror 1&lt;/a&gt;)  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/scjrL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror 2&lt;/a&gt;) (thanks &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/734/scaaahu&quot;&gt;scaaahu&lt;/a&gt; for pointing to this article)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maskssavelives.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.maskssavelives.org/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/zLgvO&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;): contains a lot of details and references on why wearing masks is useful.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/46156/7654&quot;&gt;Can the SARS-CoV-2 virus float in the air for up to 3 hours?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/q/47227/7654&quot;&gt;Is wearing facemasks the reason South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong have more control of Covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://amp.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3078437/mask-or-not-mask-who-makes-u-turn-while-us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;To mask or not to mask: WHO makes U-turn while US, Singapore abandon pandemic advice and tell citizens to start wearing masks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/fuu4lo/mask_vs_no_mask/(https://www.lavision.de/en/news/2020/4302/)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/fuu4lo/mask_vs_no_mask/(https://www.lavision.de/en/news/2020/4302/)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RnjxK.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RnjxK.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Feng, Shuo, Chen Shen, Nan Xia, Wei Song, Mengzhen Fan, and Benjamin J. Cowling. &quot;Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic.&quot; The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2020). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T17:17:58.623" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T17:17:58.623" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-24T11:30:40.537" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the condition become worse, if a person has Normal flu and then he gets infected by coronavirus. Or if has just recovered from normal flu/cold and then gets infected by coronavirus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17990" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T11:30:40.537" Title="Will the condition of a person become worse by COVID-19 if he is already suffering from a common cold/flu" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-24T15:18:33.520" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-24T11:36:10.720" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;At one of FB groups I have found the following figure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NQGzA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NQGzA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Table comparing different disinfection methods&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the efficiency of disinfection methods has been tested against E. coli, I wonder, how resistant SARS-CoV-2 is?  Is it safe to reuse FFP2/3 (N95/99) mask treated for 10 minutes with boiling water vapor or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18612429&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The assumption is FFP2/3 is effective against infectious particles&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17989" LastEditorUserId="17989" LastEditDate="2020-04-12T19:26:35.667" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T22:00:40.093" Title="How resistant to moist heat is SARS-CoV-2" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21186" CreationDate="2020-03-24T14:07:36.893" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it's a great idea. It protects your eyes from respiratory droplets and keeps you from touching your face. I don't know how well it would work from keeping droplet from reaching your mouth, but probably pretty well, especially if you used it with an N95 respirator. It might be a little shocking/intimidating to people, so I would only use it in extremely infected areas. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17992" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T14:07:36.893" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21664" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21186" CreationDate="2020-03-24T14:34:46.473" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Now to address the whole debate about using respirators and masks. You absolutely want them. There has been a narrative throughout the western world that you don't need them, and they don't work. This is not the case. The CDC and WHO tell ordinary people to not wear respirators, but both organizations have political agendas and have frankly done a terrible job handling this public health crises. The truth is that there is a lack of respirators to go around when every single person should be wearing them. In Taiwan, their number one way to combat COVID19 is by having every single person in their population wear masks. Thus far, Tiawan has been one of the best countries in handling the COVID19 health crises. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to address why N95/N99/N100/NIOSH respirators work. One of the leading pathways for transmitting this disease is through inhalation of respiratory droplets from other infected individuals. An immediate barrier that has been proven to be effective is having a mask/respirator to intercept these droplets before they reach your mucus membranes. The coronavirus is between 60 to 140 nm in diameter. Let's use the N95 mask for example. This mask captures all particulates at 300 nm at a rate of up to 95% or better. 300 nm is the particulate size that has the lowest capture efficiency. Anything smaller, including the coronavirus, will have an even higher capture efficiency. This virus is one of the most contagious pathogens we have had in recent human history. Any form of personal protection equipment is absolutely vital in keeping yourself from becoming infected. I would also recommend that when you are in a public areas you should wear eye protection, gloves and over coat that you leave outside your house. I do really think the motorcycle helmet is a very creative and potentially effective way to keep yourself protected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17992" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T14:34:46.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21279" CreationDate="2020-03-24T15:45:39.747" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kaggle has an ongoing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;competition analysing COVID-19 related medical literature&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;This competition provides a large dataset, as well as already published analysis tools and other assistance to get you started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17521" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T15:45:39.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21669" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21510" CreationDate="2020-03-24T16:59:05.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a relevant link on the best materials to use in creating a handmade face mask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/testing-the-efficacy-of-homemade-masks-would-they-protect-in-an-influenza-pandemic/0921A05A69A9419C862FA2F35F819D55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/testing-the-efficacy-of-homemade-masks-would-they-protect-in-an-influenza-pandemic/0921A05A69A9419C862FA2F35F819D55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, here is relevant study on the effectiveness of a saline solution applied to a face mask that can kill flu-like viruses (through the osmotic effect) even within five minutes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/02/11/salt-is-the-secret-ingredient-in-these-face-masks-that-could-prevent-spread-of-next-coronavirus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/02/11/salt-is-the-secret-ingredient-in-these-face-masks-that-could-prevent-spread-of-next-coronavirus.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17994" LastEditorUserId="7172" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T11:06:34.060" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T11:06:34.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21671" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21510" CreationDate="2020-03-24T17:42:56.990" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a scenario of being forced to choose from DIY designs (yikes!): Perhaps understanding: How are masks tested for efficacy?  would provide insight into comparing DIY mask designs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Efficacy Test example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.astm.org/Standards/F2101.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.astm.org/Standards/F2101.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible Mask features that drive efficacy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;physical design: does the design effectively position the filter?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;filter material &amp;amp; design: Which materials will work better than others?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;comfort: Will users be able to wear these for extended periods without discomfort?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T17:42:56.990" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21673" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-24T20:41:45.713" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Coronavirus: Hong Kong doctor who monitored travellers at airport among 39 new Covid-19 cases&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctor’s infection prompts health authorities to review guidelines on protective gear for medical staff working at airport&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor did not have on full-body protective gear, wearing only basic items such as masks, face shields and gloves. She had worked at the airport since Monday last week and had no recent travel history. She had dined with a colleague, a doctor, who had developed symptoms of the coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it appears that they're not ruling out that the PPE she was provided was insufficient.  Certainly it's clear from China that patients are being treated with staff wearing full hazmat type protection and their own air supply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there alternatives for medical workers where your hospital/workplace are not providing full PPE?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T20:41:45.713" Title="What other DIY solutions might be better than mask and face shield for medical staff to prevent being infected?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;ppe&gt;&lt;infection-control&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21676" CreationDate="2020-03-24T21:32:40.590" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;What equipment would you need to do to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17999" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-24T23:06:48.753" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T23:06:48.753" Title="Is it possible to detect the virus that causes the disease covid-19 with a regular 2500x microscope?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T14:55:53.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21674" CreationDate="2020-03-24T21:41:13.697" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Viruses are below the resolution of light microscopy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2020-02/49531042877_4aaa42ea6c_k.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scanning electron microscope image with colours assigned by software&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/this-is-what-the-covid-19-virus-looks-like-under-electron-microscopes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/this-is-what-the-covid-19-virus-looks-like-under-electron-microscopes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-24T21:41:13.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21679" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T02:01:24.097" Score="0" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the data to inform us how this infection spread so quickly?  It seems that the virus first appeared in around November 2019 in China and an infected person visited the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com.au/wuhan-coronavirus-chinese-wet-market-photos-2020-1?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seafood market in Huanan, Wuhan&lt;/a&gt; where it is likely the virus mutated in that environment becoming far more virulent.  So, maybe we are looking at one person, a super spreader, or more than one person getting infected when the virus was amplified by the animals there, or several viruses combined in the animals to form the SARS-Cov-2 virus infection those persons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the virus rapidly spread to other countries without animal reservoirs amplifying it.  How did that happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T02:35:32.820" Title="Did SARS-CoV-2 spread into Japan, USA, Taiwan, and other countries from single super spreaders?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21680" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21679" CreationDate="2020-03-25T02:35:32.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Phylogenetic analyses of the virus in the community has shown that the virus has been introduced at multiple times by different persons because clades inside one city differ from clades in different cities in the same country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By analysing 48 almost complete virus genome sequences,&#xA;  we found out that the viruses that invaded Taiwan, the United&#xA;  States, and Japan were introduced independently. We identified&#xA;  thirteen parsimony-informative sites and three groups (CTC,&#xA;  TCC, and TCT). None of the viruses found in cities in Taiwan,&#xA;  the United States, and Japan formed a monophyletic clade with&#xA;  viruses found in other cities in the same country. These results&#xA;  suggest the difficulty of implementing effective border measures&#xA;  against this virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genome phylogenetic tree analyses revealed evidence that the&#xA;severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 had been&#xA;introduced to Taiwan, the United States, and Japan several times&#xA;Tomoko Matsuda1 and Norichika Ogata1,2,*1&#xA;Nihon BioData Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan, 2&#xA;Medicale Meccanica Inc., Kawasaki, Japan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T02:35:32.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21681" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T03:52:27.700" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this link&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-recovered-patients-have-partially-reduced-lung-function/a-52859671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-recovered-patients-have-partially-reduced-lung-function/a-52859671&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we can see&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now researchers in Hong Kong have said that recovered coronavirus patients can be left with damaged lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small study of 12 patients discharged from hospital showed that two or three had reduced lung function. However, it is too early to confirm any long-term effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;In some patients, lung function could decline by about 20 to 30% after recovery,&amp;quot; says Dr. Owen Tsang Tak-yin, medical director of the Infectious Diseases Centre at Princess Margaret Hospital in Hong Kong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Computer tomography have shown fluid- or debris-filled sacs in the lungs, which may get progressively worse as the illness develops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can determine the &lt;em&gt;long term effects&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why can this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;In some patients, lung function could decline by about 20 to 30% after recovery,&amp;quot; happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are elderly more likely to this? or it could happen to anyone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this only happen if you had severe symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T00:58:06.953" Title="Why recovered patients develop lung disease due Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21682" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21681" CreationDate="2020-03-25T04:19:46.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best theoretical model we have is that the SARS and SARS-CoV-2 viruses knock out the ACE2 receptor found on numerous tissues including alveolar cells, and myocytes, and intestinal luminal cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If those cells have died then they need to be replaced, and if and until when that happens there will be reduced organ function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CT scans of recovered patients show some have ground glass changes pointing to extensive damage and scarring which may be irreversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com.au/coronavirus-recovery-damage-lung-function-gasping-air-hong-kong-doctors-2020-3?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com.au/coronavirus-recovery-damage-lung-function-gasping-air-hong-kong-doctors-2020-3?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/03/biography-new-coronavirus/608338/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/03/biography-new-coronavirus/608338/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T10:08:07.707" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T10:08:07.707" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21137" CreationDate="2020-03-25T04:48:10.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been at least one phylogenetic study of 48 near complete samples of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3uvgy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3uvgy.png&quot; alt=&quot;sars-cov-2 phylogeny&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and a more up to date link at &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextstrain.org/ncov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08802&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T05:13:32.760" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T05:13:32.760" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21684" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T06:04:05.233" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm searching for data sets about Covid-19 patients, where the column &quot;age&quot; occurs for each patient. All the sets I find are summarized, like the one from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;John Hopkins University&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18002" LastEditorUserId="19586" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:15:36.893" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T16:16:58.493" Title="COVID-19 data sets with patient-level demographic information (e.g. age)" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21685" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T08:47:26.507" Score="-2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before the vaccine for German measles was available, girls were encouraged to expose themselves to a friend or acquaintance who had the disease, to acquire immunity, so that they would not end up contracting the illness later on during a pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following on from that logic, would it make sense for a person over 60 (of generally good health and a non-smoker) to purposely contract COVID some time this summer, so as to have immunity next winter?  (Obviously, if the person did that, they would strictly quarantine themselves.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've understood that social distancing practices are partly designed to smear out infections, so they don't all hit a community suddenly like a tsunami.  So, that leads me to think that it would be beneficial for society to have new cases occur in a staggered way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T09:09:24.690" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T10:11:11.120" Title="What's the best time of year to purposely contract COVID?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;weather&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2020-03-25T14:50:26.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T09:42:13.983" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen many youtube videos from non-English speaking countries (mostly in Asia) that show how to make a home-made face shield, to prevent COVID transmission.  They seem to be much used by health care workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are they not more used in the West, e.g. United States?  I'm asking about (a) health care workers, (b) vulnerable populations, and (c) the general population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A face shield can be made out of a transparent report cover and materials commonly available at home, and doesn't add to the discomfort of breathing, since air flows to the face through the side and bottom edges.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be combined with a mask that covers the nose and mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="402" LastEditorUserId="402" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T09:53:47.450" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T09:53:47.450" Title="Why aren't homemade face shields more popular?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21689" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T09:45:19.637" Score="3" ViewCount="722" Body="&lt;p&gt;In WHO official website &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What can I do to protect myself and prevent the spread of disease?&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, it doesn't mention that wearing mask an effective measure to protect people. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why wearing mask is not good way to prevent infection of COVID-19. &#xA;Is it just because masks are out of stock?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18003" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T15:55:01.543" Title="Why doesn't WHO think wearing mask is protection measure for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T14:52:59.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21685" CreationDate="2020-03-25T10:11:11.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rubella doesn't generally kill that's why they had those parties lacking a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since we are now seeing many ICU beds being occupied by victims in their 30s etc， a different patient profile than in China, then it would be like using Russian roulette doing what you suggest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T10:11:11.120" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21691" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21692" CreationDate="2020-03-25T12:50:58.727" Score="4" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few weeks ago the UK has been debating about &lt;em&gt;herd immunity&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that when most people are immune to a disease, then the disease is harder to spread. However, how are they going to implement that? Protecting the majority with the minority (old people, people with bad immune systems, etc) doesn't seem to be an ethical thing to do. (Think of this case. It's kind of like putting the pain of everybody onto a single innocent person. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without a vaccine, most people will be infected in herd immunity (if I am wrong, please consider answering how  a community can get herd immunity otherwise). That means that there will be more people who are infected, so there will be more deaths. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe do they mean to attempt to social-distance vulnerable people like old people but let other healthy people get an infection? Wouldn't that &lt;em&gt;also&lt;/em&gt; overflow the hospital?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18004" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T20:38:31.987" Title="What is the point of herd immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21692" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21691" CreationDate="2020-03-25T13:07:30.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Protecting the majority with the minority (old people, people with bad immune systems, etc) doesn't seem to be an ethical thing to do. (Think of this case. It's kind of like putting the pain of everybody onto a single innocent person. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially the idea was to do the &lt;em&gt;reverse&lt;/em&gt; i.e. if the majority get infected -&gt; gain immunity then if you can keep the (vulnerable) minority from being exposed while the infection-&gt;immunity process happens they won't &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; to get immunity because they will then be protected by the immunity of the majority (i.e. the herd).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same way that there are always going to be people who can't be vaccinated for a disease like measles (immunocompromised, too young, etc) but if a sufficient majority are vaccinated that prevents the disease ever getting an opportunity to get to them in the first place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;That means that there will be more people who are infected, so there will be more deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If more people &lt;em&gt;total&lt;/em&gt; get infected but less &lt;em&gt;vulnerable&lt;/em&gt; people then you can still see less overall deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Maybe do they mean to attempt to social-distance vulnerable people like old people but let other healthy people get an infection? Wouldn't that also overflow the hospital?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was basically the initial UK plan - the idea being that if you could keep the spread amongst &quot;healthy&quot; people slow enough you'd &quot;flatten the peak&quot; and while the same eventual number would get the virus less would have it any one time, therefore (hopefully) avoiding an overload on the health infrastructure. This has sort of (although not entirely) gone out of the window now as it wasn't slow enough - and too many vulnerable people were getting infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference between this so-called &quot;mitigation&quot; approach and the China-style &quot;suppression&quot; approach is that in a suppression you're aiming to reduce the number of people that each infected person can subsequently infect to less than 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The change in tack to more intensive measures was driven mainly by modelling done by a team at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Imperial College London&lt;/a&gt;, where they predicted that at the rate the virus was spreading the NHS would be overwhelmed and concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We therefore conclude that epidemic suppression is the only viable strategy at the current time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence why more drastic lockdown measures are now being implemented. Suppression brings its own challenges - namely that if it is successful the population at large remains non-immune and when you ease the suppression measures off too soon and you get any new cases introduced into the population it can spread very quickly again and you're back where you started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastEditorUserId="11188" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T13:38:09.000" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T13:38:09.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21689" CreationDate="2020-03-25T15:02:29.043" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC website&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;Blanks labels&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PPE is the least effective control because it involves a high level&#xA;of worker involvement and is highly dependent on proper fit and&#xA;correct, consistent use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. The likelihood for untrained personalto properly use PPE is not realistic, so it would be negligent of the WHOto suggest this to the public for this use.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This does not address reducing transmission. Though, masks, used by those untrained, are not realistic in &lt;strong&gt;halting&lt;/strong&gt; the spread.  One method that has proven to halt the spread is self-quarantine (both healthy and non-healthy) and social distancing and the other recommendations listed in the link provided.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16600" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-01-26T15:55:01.543" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T15:55:01.543" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21698" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21689" CreationDate="2020-03-25T15:41:27.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Update: April 2 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52126735&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news&lt;/a&gt; is that the WHO has now commissioned a panel to study the problem further:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should more of us wear face masks to help slow the spread of coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is to be assessed by a panel of advisers to the World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The group will weigh up research on whether the virus can be projected further than previously thought; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4756&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study&lt;/a&gt; in the US suggests coughs can reach 6m and sneezes up to 8m.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The panel's chair, Prof David Heymann, told BBC News that the new research may lead to a shift in advice about masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The former director at the WHO explained: &amp;quot;The WHO is opening up its discussion again looking at the new evidence to see whether or not there should be a change in the way it's recommending masks should be used.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Original answer below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of masks in the general population, as opposed to use by HCW (health-case workers) has not been studied a lot. Some such studies involved &amp;quot;home use&amp;quot; which may or may not be equivalent to &amp;quot;going shopping&amp;quot; use, so we don't have a lot of clear data on how people might be using masks in the present pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But some facts that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4868614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;were reported&lt;/a&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 1919 influenza pandemic, masks were available and were dispensed to populations, but they had no impact on the epidemic curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no clear idea how to design masks at that point, a &amp;quot;germ-proof&amp;quot; surgical mask was only &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1086/647501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;available&lt;/a&gt; from the 1930s onward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And some &amp;quot;home use&amp;quot; RCTs; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2662657/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MacIntyre et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We conducted a prospective cluster-randomized trial comparing surgical masks, non–fit-tested P2 masks, and no masks in prevention of influenza-like illness (ILI) in households. [...] Adherence to mask use was associated with a significantly reduced risk of ILI-associated infection. We concluded that &lt;strong&gt;household use of masks is associated with low adherence and is ineffective in controlling seasonal ILI. If adherence were greater, mask use might reduce transmission during a severe influenza pandemic.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19652172/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cowling et al. (2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INTERVENTION: Lifestyle education (control) (134 households), hand hygiene (136 households), or surgical facemasks plus hand hygiene (137 households) for all household members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RESULTS: Sixty (8%) contacts in the 259 households had RT-PCR-confirmed influenza virus infection in the 7 days after intervention. &lt;strong&gt;Hand hygiene with or without facemasks seemed to reduce influenza transmission&lt;/strong&gt;, but the differences compared with the control group were not significant. In 154 households in which interventions were implemented within 36 hours of symptom onset in the index patient, &lt;strong&gt;transmission of&lt;/strong&gt; RT-PCR-&lt;strong&gt;confirmed infection seemed reduced, an effect attributable to fewer infections among participants using facemasks plus hand hygiene&lt;/strong&gt; [...]. Adherence to interventions varied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, masks can work for the &amp;quot;average Joe&amp;quot; but note that some effect of hand hygiene was observed even without masks, but not vice-versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the full summary table from the review of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h694&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MacIntyre and Chughtai (2015)&lt;/a&gt; on household/community settings studies. (Paper found by Vladimir F.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x7xvx.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x7xvx.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, most report no significant differences for masks alone. The review says that a meta-analysis is not possible due to varying study design(s). It also says the studies may have been underpowered. They discuss the studies in a bit more detail (including the two I've already mentioned above). Since the ones inside a household are pretty similar to each other, let me quote just what they say on two studies on a slightly different setting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two RCTs in university residence halls in the United&#xA;States over two influenza seasons randomised well students&#xA;into medical masks plus hand hygiene, medical&#xA;masks alone, or control. &lt;strong&gt;Influenza-like illness and&#xA;laboratory confirmed influenza were not significantly&#xA;reduced after either intervention, although during the first&#xA;four to six weeks, influenza-like illness was significantly&#xA;lower in the medical masks plus hand hygiene arm in&#xA;both trials (P&amp;lt;0.05). This suggests that hand hygiene&#xA;might have been the major contributor to protection.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Those are the two studies by Aiello et al. [2010, 2012] in that big table.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review also says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The routine use of facemasks is not recommended by WHO,&#xA;the CDC, or the ECDC in the community setting. However,&#xA;[citing the same guidelines] the use of facemasks is recommended in crowded settings&#xA;(such as public transport) and for those at high risk&#xA;(older people, pregnant women, and those with a medical&#xA;condition) during an outbreak or pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However... looking at the actual sources cited &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/masks.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 CDC page&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291414/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 WHO paper&lt;/a&gt;... what they actually say (the CDC in particular) is that &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; criteria (crowded setting and vulnerable person) have to be met simultaneously for the mask to be recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxGl4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxGl4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T03:27:32.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21689" CreationDate="2020-03-25T15:47:48.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The prevalent claim is that these masks do not really protect (as opposed to a respirator) the individual  wearing it and should be only be worn by sick people and by medical personel. The wearer must be trained and there is a shortage of proffesional made masks and community usage might increase the shortage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are also studies that offer a view differing from those referenced by @Fizz. For example: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://fas.org/rlg/060306-facemasks.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://fas.org/rlg/060306-facemasks.pdf&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Improvised masks or reuse of disposable masks when in contact with&#xA;  other people might well be sufficient to quench a flu pandemic, when&#xA;  combined with hand sanitation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h694.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h694.full&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of the nine trials of facemasks identified in community settings, in&#xA;  all but one, facemasks were used for respiratory protection of well&#xA;  people. They found that facemasks and facemasks plus hand hygiene may&#xA;  prevent infection in community settings, subject to early use and&#xA;  compliance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01428.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01428.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study was based on modelling: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We conclude that population-wide use of face masks could make&#xA;  animportant contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. Mask use&#xA;  also reduces the repro-duction number, possibly even to levels&#xA;  sufficient for containing an influenza outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several countries, such as the Czech Republic and Slovakia are now using face masks for general public in an effort to lower the reproduction number and thus slow the epidemics. One peculiar aspect of COVID-19 is spreading by people who do not know they are sick so the suggestion for the masks to be worn only by sick people is problematic even if we assume zero protection for the wearer. Certain training in proper usage of these masks can and is being done by media and in social media.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17979" LastEditorUserId="17979" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T15:54:51.237" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T15:54:51.237" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T16:57:56.400" Score="5" ViewCount="383" Body="&lt;p&gt;Current statistics on number of cases will always be a few days behind reality due to the time between infection and going to get tested, asymptomatic people, etc. But why not take a random sample of a few thousand people people, and test all of them to see how many of them have the virus? Would that not give us a picture of the proportion of people who have the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18008" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T20:11:22.017" Title="Why don't we take a random sample of the population to estimate the amount of COVID-19 cases?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="6" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-03-25T17:19:09.410" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Italy has 60 million people and around 70 thousand (known) cases. That's barely more than 1 in 1000 &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevalence&lt;/a&gt;. For most countries it's less than this. So, you'd need a huge sample for a good estimate. And those tests/resources are better deployed where suspected cases are, for the time being.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And sensible or not, I've heard this from a colleague, and it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nineoclock.ro/2020/03/26/pilot-project-for-testing-10500-people-in-bucharest-for-the-novel-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed&lt;/a&gt; by the news that Romania's capital Bucharest plans to randomly test a sample of 10,500 people to determine the extent of the virus spread over there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Manager of the “Matei Bals” Infectious Diseases Institute Adrian Streinu-Cercel has announced that a pilot project for testing 10,500 persons for the novel coronavirus will start in Bucharest within a scientific study to detect those infected with SARS CoV-2 virus, from the desire to thus prevent the severe forms of illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Streinu-Cercel mentioned that, for a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants, the testing of 9,558 persons is necessary, with a correction of 10% being applied to this number. He also stated that the sample can be resized along the way. In this regard, Streinu-Cercel referred to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, which asked that testing be conducted to detect COVID 19. The manager of the “Matei Bals” Institute showed that it is necessary to test the medical staff and patients, but also the population, in order to know if “it’s healthy, if it is currently infected or went through the infection” with this virus, these three pieces of information completely changing how this pandemic is approached in the near future. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Streinu-Cercel underscored that, in lack of screening, the mild forms can go undetected, generating subsequent forms of severe infections. He also mentioned that the Minister of Health approved this project and stressed that this is a study with “scientific value,” not a simple testing. At the same time, he mentioned that in Bucharest there are 188 people diagnosed positively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that ~200 cases in 2M is 1:10,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ha, ha, the more amusing part is that this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.romaniajournal.ro/society-people/pm-about-testing-10000-in-bucharest-for-covid-19-just-stories-testing-algorithm-updated-what-categories-take-priority/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;turned out&lt;/a&gt; to be &amp;quot;fake news!&amp;quot; But it's actually informative to read the &amp;quot;retraction/information&amp;quot; as to why they are not actually doing such a study [obviously: insufficient testing capacity for the proposed sample.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the manager of the “Matei Bals” Institute for Infectious Diseases, Adrian Streinu-Cercel and Bucharest mayor Gabriela Firea had announced on Thursday that 10,514 people from 5 different age groups in Bucharest will be tested for the novel Coronavirus, PM Ludovic Orban reacted and said this is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We cannot establish the people to be tested randomly. Selecting 10,000 are just stories, there is a priority list for testing, it depends on how the situation and the testing capacity are developing,” the PM told a conference at the Health Ministry’s HQs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orban said that the medical staff and those targeted by the epidemiological inquiries are qualifying for testing first, adding that “Romania has not been ready and the testing capacity has been limited”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The premier said that “the testing capacity in Romania will increase up to 2,000 next week” and will gradually rise, but to select 10,000 people “are just stories”, the more the death toll has been low in Romania.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/icmr-500-random-tests-for-covid-19-come-up-negative/article31092901.ece&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;older news&lt;/a&gt; I see that India conducted a random test on 500 of their citizens. Rather predictably, they all came out negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for some more official objections of the same kind &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-coronavirus-response-separating-fact-from-fiction/a-53053822&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;DW reported on Apr 7&lt;/a&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Germany's center for disease control, the Robert Koch Institute, has criticized Germany's methods of testing, complaining for example that too many asymptomatic individuals were being tested. The RKI called for an end to this practice on the grounds that &lt;strong&gt;Germany could risk running out of tests&lt;/strong&gt;. Therefore, asymptomatic people are currently not being recommended for testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, if what you want to find out are the proportion of asymptomatic cases, there are some studies (albeit on fairly contained populations) that may have an answer to that, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g. one&lt;/a&gt; on the Diamond Princess (the cruise ship quarantined off Japan):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Overall:] Our estimated asymptomatic proportion is at 17.9% (95%CrI: 15.5–20.2%), which overlaps with a recently derived estimate of 33.3% (95% confidence interval: 8.3–58.3%) from data of Japanese citizens evacuated from Wuhan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Caveat:] Considering that most of the passengers were 60 years and older, the nature of the age distribution may lead to underestimation if older individuals tend to experience more symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.12.2000256&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;2nd study&lt;/a&gt; on the Diamond Princess, it's informative to read the testing strategy/order:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall 3,063 PCR tests were performed among [the 3,711] passengers and crew members. Testing started among the elderly passengers, descending by age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An interesting counterpoint to the healthcare providers' perspective is that economists seem to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/testing-for-coronavirus-infections-and-antibodies/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;strongly agree&lt;/a&gt; on the need for random testing (or better said, per some comments which corrected the question, population-representative testing) in order to calibrate the length of the lockdown from their perspective, of limiting &amp;quot;economic damage&amp;quot; caused by the lockdowns themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T22:52:14.243" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21702" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T17:32:09.297" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled upon &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/why-six-is-the-magic-coronavirus-number-20200320-p54c33&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this boiled down news article&lt;/a&gt; which makes the statement that if we get the doubling time for coronavirus cases above the incubation period (5.8 days), we will be able to effectively &quot;flatten the curve&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone explain to me the logic behind that statement? Can't wrap my head around it. Even if the doubling time  is 6 days, in theory (I realise the curve will naturally flatten as a result of population size and number of people already infected) you're still going to see an exponential increases in cases (i.e. 50000, 100000, 200000, 400000...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18009" LastEditorUserId="18009" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T17:49:40.477" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T18:45:26.073" Title="Confusing COVID article - Why would keeping the doubling time above the incubation period flatten the curve?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21704" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21702" CreationDate="2020-03-25T18:45:26.073" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the issues with COVID-19 is the fact that it is transmissible even by people who are asymptomatic. You've probably heard about R0, which is the basic reproduction rate of a disease, that takes into account transmission modes and contact rate, among other things. I'm not an epidemiologist, but I'm operating under the assumption that someone who is obviously sick will infect relatively fewer people than someone who is asymptomatic, assuming similar contagiousness - the sick person should quarantine themself and clearly take measures to avoid spreading their sickness. A seemingly well individual, on the other hand, may not reduce their contact rate and unwittingly spread the disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under this assumption, consider what happens when the incubation time is equal to the doubling rate. Suppose we have 1000 individuals who have the disease, but don't know it yet because they are still in the incubation period. 5.8 days later, there are now 2000 people with the disease, 1000 of which now feel sick, and 1000 of which still feel fine. Those 1000 sick people quarantine themselves, dramatically lowering their rate of infecting others, let's say to 0 for the sake of simplicity. 5.8 days later, the 1000 asymptomatic people now feel sick, after having infected another 1000 people, although the 1000 already-sick individuals haven't infected anyone else. At this rate, we have a linear increase in the number of cases, since old cases are quarantining themselves at the same rate new cases are spread - the number of people spreading the disease unwittingly remains constant!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've made several assumptions here, like that the transmission rate for asymptomatic individuals is higher than that of symptomatic individuals (although some symptoms, like cough, increase infectivity, and not all symptomatic individuals quarantine appropriately). I'm also not sure this is really an appropriate use of &quot;doubling time&quot; - strictly speaking, if 1000 people quarantine, and 1000 asymptomatic people infect 1000 others, it is not a doubling of cases. The statement also seems a bit of tautological red herring - if you are able to lengthen the doubling time, you &lt;em&gt;have already flattened the curve&lt;/em&gt;, regardless of the incubation period. But I think the general idea is that a longer doubling time can lessen the impact of asympomatic, but contagious individuals spreading the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1050" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T18:45:26.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T18:52:52.437" Score="3" ViewCount="182" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm really really confused what product to buy to clean my laptop body to disinfect it from coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like most doctors say use 60-70% alcohol based sanitizers to clean your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does it mean only alcohol based things should be used to clean electronics like laptop and mouse bodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When searched a lot on Google, I found one product by Lysol &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lysol.com/products/disinfecting-wipes/lysol-disinfecting-wipes-lemon-and-lime-blossom/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. On this page it is not mentioned that it can kill coronavirus. But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/epa-registered-cleaning-products?IR=T#purell-professional-surface-disinfectant-22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here is something&lt;/a&gt; which makes me think that an Lysol wipes can be used to disinfect it from coronavirus virus. Lysol is listed there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So can I use this product to disinfect it from coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;One more query related to same:&lt;/strong&gt; I've always been afraid that cleaners that kills viruses can be bad for our personal health. For example, I'm not sure if we use hand sanitizer properly that kills 100% coronavirus, we should again wash our hands before eating? (Because this sanitizer might be toxic?)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same doubt is about Lysol. If I clean my mouse with it and it kills all the bacteria. And then I use my mouse and eat with same hands, can it be toxic and make me sick/dead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15863" LastEditorUserId="15863" LastEditDate="2020-03-25T20:11:03.537" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T20:11:03.537" Title="Can this product kill coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21705" CreationDate="2020-03-25T20:09:05.410" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The EPA has a list of products known to be effective against COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;.  I can't tell you if your Lysol cleaner is one of them -- the list includes 14 different products sold under the Lysol brand, using five different active ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any cleaning product should have instructions on how to use it safely.  As long as you follow those instructions, both you and the newly-cleaned object should be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T20:09:05.410" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21708" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T20:47:35.560" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;If Covid-19 can &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Uugj-zxA5E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;float in the air over particles and be there for up to 3 hours&lt;/a&gt; (1:50 minute), and if the virus &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;could get into your system through eyes, nose or mouth&lt;/a&gt; (See &lt;em&gt;Spread from contact with contaminated surfaces or objects&lt;/em&gt; section), then would not be better to use one of those suits to have full protection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suits and face mask like these ones&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f18qP.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f18qP.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mask, only covers your nose and mouth, if used properly. What about the eyes protection then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T22:17:14.120" Title="Why don't we use complete white medical suits to have full protection instead of only masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21709" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T21:35:14.260" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;This link was published ~8 hours ago &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.razon.com.mx/mexico/epidemia-septiembre-pico-agosto/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.razon.com.mx/mexico/epidemia-septiembre-pico-agosto/&lt;/a&gt; (spanish) mention this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The Undersecretary of Prevention and Health Promotion, Hugo López-Gatell, indicated that if the community mitigation measures are successful, the Covid-19 epidemic in the country will last longer, but there will be fewer cases, which it will prevent hospitals from collapsing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;We could very probably be arriving until September or October with this epidemic, with a maximum peak perhaps in the month of August,&quot; he said. For this, 80 percent of mild cases are expected, 15 percent that will require hospitalization and only five percent intensive therapy, the official explained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For his part, José Luis Alomía Zegarra, general director of Epidemiology, reported that the number of cases confirmed by Covid-19 rose to 405. While five deaths and 1,219 suspected cases were reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why Covid-19 might end until September-October in Mexico? Why within ~6 months? Isn't that way too much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And why the maximum peak is predicted in August?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone could explain please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T21:35:14.260" Title="Why Covid-19 might end until September-October in Mexico?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;data&gt;&lt;length-of-time&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21710" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21242" CreationDate="2020-03-25T21:46:17.793" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The List does mention Isopropyl Alcohol. It's sixth on the list, and it's listed by its other name--Isopropanol. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isopropanol=Isopropyl Alcohol. Just like Ethanol=Ethyl Alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18012" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T21:46:17.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21711" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21708" CreationDate="2020-03-25T22:17:14.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an ideal world everyone would have full body Ebola type protection. In the world of practicality, the WHO has advised that this is a droplet, and surface spread infection.  However, it is not discounting the possibility of aerosols especially during some medical procedures eg. induced coughing, and then a potentially ill fitting mask and goggles may not be enough even in a negative pressure room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the full protection is available people are using it.  But there's a shortage of even basic masks in the USA and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T22:17:14.120" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-03-26T01:13:27.097" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Would that not give us a picture of the proportion of people who have the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, but: at the moment, this is probably not worth while in most countries. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As Fizz explained, tests are scarce, so we need to use them where the outcome of the test does make a difference in treatment and/or for containing the disease/slowing down the spread.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Right now, the development of Covid-19 case numbers is quite dynamic in many countries. The percentage we find by testing today will be outdated if not tomorrow then by the end of the week. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to get good estimates of a &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt; prevalence, we need to test large numbers of people and we need tests that have both high sensitivity and specificity. Right now, the tests that are used have not undergone a full validation procedure (in order to have them available asap). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One consequence of that is that while we can know that they work sufficiently well to be useful for testing high risk patients, e.g. for some test we may know that sensitivity is better than 94% and specificity is better than 97%. If we test a general population with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 using a test with 97% specificity, we'll get around 30 false positives and 1 true positive (with 94% sensitivity). In other words, rather than measuring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the general population, we measured 1 - specificity of the test. Unfortunately, we wouldn't know this.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a rule of thumb, we can measure prevalences that are &gt;&gt; 1 - specificity of the test. So if we expect a prevalence of 1 : 1000, we'd ask for a test that has specificity at least 99.95 % (with that, we'd observe 1.5 positive in 1000). In order to know that a test has a specificity &gt; 99.95 %, we'd need to validate it with at least 10000 truly negative patients all of which would need to be recognized correctly. Right now, the test may have been validated with 100 negative samples. If you want to read more background about this, I have long answers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21337/11479&quot;&gt;How accurate are coronavirus tests?&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21318/11479&quot;&gt;Why are people with COVID-19 symptoms being denied tests in the US?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sentinel Samples&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While we do not have such a random sampling scheme from the population right now, we have something that goes into this direction here in Germany: samples from so-called sentinel practices. Sentinel practices are medical practices throughout the country that send patient samples to a central lab where they are analyzed for a number of viruses as part of influenza surveillance. The tested viruses now include also SARS-CoV-2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These samples are not a random sample of the population you ask for: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they are taken of patients that show up at the doctor's with acute respiratory disease, &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and right now with the further systematic restriction that these are patients that were not thought to be at a particularly high risk of having Covid-19 (those are sent to the SARS-CoV-2 testing).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In week 12 (Mar 16 - 22), 3 of the 193  sentinel samples that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 were positive. That's a prevalence of 1,6 %, 95 % confidence interval roughly being 0.4 - 4 % (in other words, we have an order of magnitude).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have information on the specificity of the SARS-CoV-2 test used for the sentinel samples, but the published data reports two weeks with 0 positive among 191 + 229 = 420 samples, and if we take those as true negatives, specificity would be better than 99 %.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect that studies will be done once the first wave of Covid-19 is over and once properly validated antibody tests are available. In contrast to the RNA tests now (which test an active infection), antibody tests can say whether someone had such an infection recently (possibly as recent as right now) or a while ago. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specificity requirements are the same regardless of whether RNA or antibodies are tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T13:53:25.363" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T13:53:25.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-25T14:20:22.343" Score="1" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't own a working bike, but I do have a bike-sharing system membership.  My city's bike-sharing system has many stations.  I can borrow a bike and ride it to any other station.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's currently a worldwide pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus.  So far, only 27 people in my country have died from confirmed COVID-19 cases.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;  Unfortunately, infectious diseases tend to spread exponentially, at least at first.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/story/the-promising-math-behind-flattening-the-curve/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the COVID-19 pandemic, is it safe for me to use bike-sharing or bike-rental services? If so, must I follow any special safety precautions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" OwnerDisplayName="unforgettableidSupportsMonica" LastEditorUserId="575" LastEditDate="2020-07-05T22:43:59.350" LastActivityDate="2020-07-05T22:43:59.350" Title="COVID-19, disinfecting bike-share bikes (or rental bikes), and safely using them" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21716" CreationDate="2020-03-25T14:20:22.343" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer was written on Mar.&amp;nbsp;25; things can change quickly. By the time you read this answer, it may or may not still be correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Summary&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bike sharing is probably &lt;strong&gt;safe and healthy&lt;/strong&gt;, as long as you take certain &lt;strong&gt;hygiene&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;disinfection&lt;/strong&gt; precautions, as explained in later sections.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don't ride when sick.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise, in moderation, may &lt;strong&gt;strengthen the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sun exposure may help you synthesize &lt;strong&gt;vitamin D&lt;/strong&gt;. It's possible that this vitamin somewhat &lt;strong&gt;helps protect against COVID-19&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Introduction&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's probably safe and healthy to use bike-sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic — as long as you take some simple precautions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you take these precautions, bike-sharing is probably safer than public transit during the pandemic. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.consumerreports.org/electric-scooters/avoid-coronavirus-when-riding-a-rented-electric-scooter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please note: If you're sick, please don't use bike sharing. Please use your own car or bike. Or, better yet, please stay home. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mobibikes.ca/en/news/covid-19-updates&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Hygiene&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After riding, wash your hands for 20 seconds with soap and water. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bicycling.com/news/a31469228/cycling-during-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you can't access soap or water, carry and use hand sanitizer instead.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Disinfecting handlebars&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You might have thought it unnecessary to disinfect handlebars, for three reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;writes&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. But this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;On stainless steel, coronavirus particles can survive for two days, but virus titers start to plummet after just four hours. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-survives-on-surfaces-how-to-protect-yourself/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun seems to destroy coronaviruses. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/does-disinfecting-surfaces-really-prevent-spread-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, during the pandemic, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.consumerreports.org/electric-scooters/avoid-coronavirus-when-riding-a-rented-electric-scooter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;various&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bicycling.com/news/a31469228/cycling-during-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;experts&lt;/a&gt; do recommend that you disinfect bike-share bike handlebars and brake levers. If a sick person used a bike right before you, they might have left their germs on the handlebars; disinfection can kill these germs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bicycling.com/news/a31469228/cycling-during-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;70% rubbing alcohol solution is probably a good disinfectant to use here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At home:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dampen a clean rag, or some paper towels, with 70% rubbing alcohol solution.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Store the result an air-tight bag, so that the alcohol doesn't evaporate.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Later, at the bike-share station:&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dampen the handlebars and brake levers with the solution. Let them stay damp for at least 30 seconds.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In theory, alcohol probably shouldn't damage most rubber items. &lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/1092/will-alcohol-or-soap-damage-plastic-or-rubber#1095&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; But please see the comments on this post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disinfecting wipes containing benzalkonium chloride (e.g. Lysol wipes) are another option. Benzalkonium chloride &lt;a href=&quot;https://aem.asm.org/content/84/17/e01201-18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;may promote antibiotic resistance&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://aem.asm.org/content/85/13/e00377-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is toxic to fish&lt;/a&gt;. If you do use Lysol wipes, wash your hands after use and before eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are shortages of disinfecting wipes or rubbing alcohol in your city: Please consider leaving these items for sick people who truly need them. Instead, please avoid touching your face, and wash your hands after riding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Exercise may strengthen the immune system&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The research literature suggests that exercise, if done in moderation, probably strengthens the immune system. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt; During a pandemic, experts recommend against exercising in crowded spaces, or beyond the point of exhaustion, or when feeling flu-like symptoms. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-much-exercise-is-ok-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-whats-too-risky-2020-03-23&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Source.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Sun exposure may protect against COVID-19&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your skin is exposed to moderate amounts of sunlight, it may synthesize vitamin D. (Don't get sunburned; this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/heres-how-much-damage-a-really-bad-sunburn-can-do&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases&lt;/a&gt; your risk of skin cancer.) Getting enough vitamin D may reduce, but not eliminate, your risk of catching COVID-19. (Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmqgGwT6bw0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a MedCram video&lt;/a&gt; citing &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6583&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a BMJ meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt;. Please see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/vitamin-d-supplements-acute-respiratory-infections/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this BMJ press release&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m810/rr-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt;.) Regular outdoor exercise may help you to get more sun and to synthesize more vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other ways to get vitamin D, such as from daily pills; but the details are beyond the scope of this post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Notes&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a doctor. This thread is for educational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for personalized advice from a doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="575" OwnerDisplayName="unforgettableidSupportsMonica" LastActivityDate="2020-03-25T19:24:06.620" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21716" CreationDate="2020-03-26T03:48:18.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest data suggests virus can be recovered from surfaces at &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21655/how-long-can-sars-cov-2-persist-on-surfaces/21656#21656&quot;&gt;17 days&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suggest spraying everything with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/cleaning-disinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bleach&lt;/a&gt; solution which has also been recommended by the CDC.  That should disable the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T03:48:18.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T04:28:12.587" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a 24 year old male. Some years ago I remember being told by my GP that I may have Hashimoto's. He suggested annual blood tests. For several years, it all came back normal, no medication required. However, I stopped taking the blood tests several years ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also had mild childhood asthma, but have not required medication for that in the last 15 years (only ever used preventative puffer). I also suffer from mild hayfever and allergies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this mean in terms of COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18015" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T04:28:12.587" Title="COVID-19 and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;hashimoto-thyroiditis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T14:35:54.250" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21720" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21604" CreationDate="2020-03-26T05:30:46.223" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like you mentioned, 12 ounces of sardines a week fits under the FDA's guidelines, so it should not be harmful to the adult that you described. Sardines contain a lot less mercury than many other fish species&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second of all, not all cans contain BPA or PVC. Even in cans that &lt;strong&gt;do&lt;/strong&gt; contain BPA or PVC, the FDA considers them safe at low levels of exposure&lt;sup&gt;2,3&lt;/sup&gt;. However, some researchers mentioned health concerns related to BPA and PVC that have not yet been fully researched&lt;sup&gt;2,4&lt;/sup&gt;. Those concerned about exposure to BPA or PVC can purchase cans that do not contain the compound. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is considered safe by the FDA to consume up to 12 ounces of canned sardines a week for a period of two months according to current guidelines. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/seafood-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/fish-and-fishery-products-hazards-and-controls&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/food/seafood-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/fish-and-fishery-products-hazards-and-controls&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/bisphenol-bpa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/bisphenol-bpa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.packaginglaw.com/ask-an-attorney/pvc-permitted-use-food-contact-articles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.packaginglaw.com/ask-an-attorney/pvc-permitted-use-food-contact-articles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/polyvinyl-chloride-pvc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/polyvinyl-chloride-pvc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18016" LastEditorUserId="18016" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T23:25:10.957" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T23:25:10.957" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21721" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T06:32:37.130" Score="3" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there's no immune response/adaptation of some (relatively) new viruses like HIV for which it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253032/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;estimated&lt;/a&gt; that it would take at least 32,000 years for humans to develop a non-pathogenic response similar to that that some monkeys have to SIV. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for more &quot;run of the mill&quot; viruses like new strains of influenza etc., do doses below the &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;minimum infective dose&lt;/a&gt; (MID) sometimes act like a vaccine, i.e triggering immune system adaptation that later helps preventing a pathogenic response to a higher dose (above MID)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T18:59:48.753" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T21:04:30.470" Title="Does exposure to less than the Minimum Infective Dose act as a vaccine in some cases?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21722" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T10:33:44.313" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;My first question is that most sources say to contact doctor regarding tests if you have “shortness of breath”, but as a Asthma patient this is not uncommon for me. Also runny nose is common. So how would an Asthma patient discern Covid19 from regular symptoms, only fever?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18018" LastEditorUserId="18018" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T15:26:52.487" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T20:27:42.987" Title="Covid-19 specifically for Asthma patients" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21723" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T10:37:21.347" Score="5" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Iceland-s-mass-testing-finds-half-of-carriers-show-no-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Iceland-s-mass-testing-finds-half-of-carriers-show-no-symptoms&lt;/a&gt;, half of&#xA;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-CoV-2 virus&lt;/a&gt;  virus carriers show no symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the biological factors that determine whether an infected individual will be asymptomatic or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T21:45:40.867" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T05:00:32.983" Title="How can one predict whether an individual infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus will be asymptomatic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="16" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21726" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21730" CreationDate="2020-03-26T13:33:11.987" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;On march the 16th (probably) the NHS held a press conference (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0chs7bVQ8Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Youtube Link&lt;/a&gt;) that includes (paraphrased)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;We need to &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;delay and weaken&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt; the peak so the NHS would not be overflown&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How? They didn't really explain the way behind &lt;strong&gt;delay and weakening&lt;/strong&gt; the peak&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anybody could help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18004" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T15:17:03.040" Title="How is the NHS trying to delay the peak of covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:05:28.737" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T13:40:45.687" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not seen this as an option in the media and wondered if this has been considered and rejected. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the virus has shown to be mutating frequently, this option would allow low-risk groups to be exposed in an isolated environment, they would be able to get treatment if necessary. But if as expected, the majority get over the infection without adverse affects, they can be free from having to practice social distancing and/or isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first groups could be health workers and other essential personnel like the national guard. These people could then go about doing essential work without fear of catching it or spreading it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time we could significantly reduce the number of people who would be forced to practice social distancing and/or isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could even consider having Covid-19 zones where people could get exposure, become immune and then be allowed to leave the zone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would reduce the stress on healthcare systems overall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18022" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T13:40:45.687" Title="Have experts considered the option of Controlled &amp; Isolated Covid-19 Exposure for very low-risk groups?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-03-26T14:17:47.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-03-26T15:02:46.963" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why not take a random sample of a few thousand people people, and test all of them to see how many of them have the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Iceland did it, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Iceland-s-mass-testing-finds-half-of-carriers-show-no-symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Iceland-s-mass-testing-finds-half-of-carriers-show-no-symptoms&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of Sunday night, the country’s health authorities and the biotechnology firm deCode Genetics have tested more than 10,300 people. That might not sound like a large number, compared to the around 350,000 Americans who have been tested for coronavirus according to the COVID Tracking Project, but it is a far higher percentage of tests per capita - a ratio Icelandic authorities have claimed is the highest in the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is not just the numbers of people being tested that is unusual about Iceland’s approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike other countries, where people are only tested if they exhibit symptons of coronavirus or have come into contact with known spreaders, the country is testing thousands of people from the general population who don’t exhibit any symptoms of the virus whatsoever – helping to reveal information about the nature of the pathogen and its symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was also done in a city in Italy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In COVID-19, The University of Padua, Veneto Region and the Red Cross tested the populationof Vò, Italy, 3300 people, to establish the natural history of the virus, the transmission dynamicsand categories of risk. &amp;quot; they found &amp;gt;50 of those who tested positive to be asymptomatic” according to Professor Sergio Romagnani.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same question was asked on politics.SE:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://politics.stackexchange.com/q/50897/2231&quot;&gt;Has there been a random survey of a population for COVID-19?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update (2020-11-01): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/01/half-slovakia-population-covid-tested-covid-one-day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More than 2.5 million Slovaks took swab tests on Saturday, with 25,850 testing positive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  2020-03-25 - Stanford COVID-19 Evidence Service - Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages [v1.2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T20:11:22.017" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T20:11:22.017" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21730" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21726" CreationDate="2020-03-26T15:17:03.040" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A  &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/linlabcovidpresentation20200316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary&lt;/a&gt; on how to delay and weake the curve from Stanford researcher &lt;a href=&quot;http://med.stanford.edu/linlab.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Michael Lin, PhD-MD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EpAMb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EpAMb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T15:17:03.040" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T15:56:27.367" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The severity of n=44,672 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Mainland China as of February 11, 2020** as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) virus is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;81% mild (assumed: no hospitalisation)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;14% severe (assumed: hospitalisation) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5% critical (assumed: hospitalisation in ICU)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to several news items on the media developing pneumonia is a common complication for patients with COVID-19. But how likely is it to develop pneumonia as a result of COVID-19? &lt;em&gt;Does critical (5%) mean all those patients have pneumonia?&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that many factors might increase or decrease the chance of developing pneumonia (such as preexisting lung diseases, age, environment) but I'm searching for the total percentage COVID-19 patients that develop pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;** &lt;a href=&quot;http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T16:11:19.073" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T19:26:08.227" Title="How likely is it to develop pneumonia as a result of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T16:40:48.330" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;What preventative measures should people take to avoid infecting others that they are in contact with, such as family members, who are more vulnerable (elderly and/or individuals with underlying health conditions) to the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, what should be done when someone needs to leave home regularly for work, despite having contact with vulnerable people at home?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18024" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T04:19:59.363" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T04:19:59.363" Title="What are the recommendations for interacting with vulnerable people during the COVID-19 pandemic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21734" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 is the clinical disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.  It is mostly a respiratory transmitted infection causing a viral pneumonia that can lead to an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome similar to that of SARS.  However, it has significant differences in transmissibility that have made it far more widespread though case fatality is much lower, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21735" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" Score="0" Body="Describes the clinical disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T18:59:00.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21732" CreationDate="2020-03-26T19:10:38.483" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your own data 19% of patients need hospital care.  Hospital care is usually required when the patient develops significant shortness of breath.  Shortness of breath implies hypoxemia.  Hypoxaemia is caused by a disturbance of gas exchange in the lungs.  All of these patients have pneumonia with the early CT changes of upper peripheral parts of the lungs showing ground glass opacities which then spread to show more extensive ground glass changes with haloing and areas of consolidation which merge into a whiteout of the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Chinese CDC report has a slightly different definition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of the Chinese CDC report divided the clinical manifestations of the disease by there (sic) severity:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mild disease: non-pneumonia and mild pneumonia; this occurred in 81% of cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Severe disease: dyspnea, respiratory frequency ≥ 30/min, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤ 93%, PaO2/FiO2 ratio or P/F [the ratio between the blood pressure of the oxygen (partial pressure of oxygen, PaO2) and the percentage of oxygen supplied (fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2)] &amp;lt; 300, and/or lung infiltrates &amp;gt; 50% within 24 to 48 hours; this occurred in 14% of cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Critical disease: respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) or failure (MOF); this occurred in 5% of cases.[12]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decision to move from high flow oxygen (nasal cannula) to masks and then ventilation (proning) is based on standard protocols for viral pneumonia. ECMO is used when even ventilation is unable to maintain satisfactory oxygen levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 has an odd characteristic of patients with mild hypoxemia suddenly compensating and needing to be rapidly intubated.  As a side note, intubating these patients is one of the most risky of procedures for medical personnel as it places them into very close proximity to a very sick patient who is expelling lots of virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T19:26:08.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21737" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T19:34:59.633" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do we get a lifetime immunity against particular diseases like &lt;code&gt;smallpox&lt;/code&gt; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't we get immunity against all diseases we have already been through ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18025" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T19:34:59.633" Title="How does lifetime immunity work?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21721" CreationDate="2020-03-26T19:55:02.623" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are clearly people who have antibodies to viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 who have no history of clinical symptoms.  Presumably, they have been exposed to a low viral load which has been sufficient to trigger an immune response without the virus infecting sufficient cells to cause symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why they are saying that you don't need testing if you have been closer than 2 m to an infected person but have stayed there less than 10-15 minutes ( depending on the hospital issuing that information ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Close contact can occur while caring for a patient, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;being within approximately 6 feet (2 meters) of a patient with COVID-19 for a prolonged period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;having direct contact with infectious secretions from a patient with COVID-19. Infectious secretions may include sputum, serum, blood, and respiratory droplets.&#xA;If close contact occurs while not wearing all recommended PPE, healthcare personnel may be at risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-patients.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/caring-for-patients.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T19:55:02.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21625" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:02:30.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are several &quot;upsides&quot; as you put it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's cheaper&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's easier to breath in&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's sufficient for catching particles smaller than it's actually designed for...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, that last point is what's important. According to 3M's own documentes on various types of filters and masks, it seem that there's an electrostatic effect between the layers of the filters and the particles hitting it. So:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;filter &quot;grid&quot; does not have to be smaller than the particles themselves&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Apparently because of the electrostatic effects, particles are attracted to - and prefer to stick to, the fibers of the filter. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From [2]:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Because of the various mechanisms by which particulate filtration occurs, the smallest particles are typically not the most difficult to filter. Most particulate filters have a region of lower filtration efficiency somewhere between 0.05-0.5 μm.1 Particles in this range are large enough to be less effectively pushed around by diffusion, but small enough to be less effectively captured by interception or impaction. The most penetrating particle size (MPPS) will depend on the filter media, air flow, and electrostatic charge on the particle. Filters that use electrostatic attraction may have a MPPS shifted to a slightly smaller size range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ewgPp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ewgPp.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Appendix A&lt;/strong&gt; (equivalent mask standards) &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ewgPp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;N95&lt;/strong&gt; (United States NIOSH-42CFR84)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FFP2&lt;/strong&gt; (Europe EN 149-2001)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KN95&lt;/strong&gt; (China GB2626-2006)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P2&lt;/strong&gt; (Australia/New Zealand AS/NZA 1716:2012)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Korea 1st class&lt;/strong&gt; (Korea KMOEL - 2017-64)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;DS&lt;/strong&gt; (Japan JMHLW-Notification 214, 2018)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Appendix B&lt;/strong&gt; (Classiifcations) [2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Standard            Classification      Filter Efficiency&#xA;NIOSH 42 CFR 84     N95                 ≥ 95%&#xA;NIOSH 42 CFR 84     N99                 ≥ 99%&#xA;NIOSH 42 CFR 84     N100                ≥ 99.97%&#xA;EN 149:2001     FFP1 (filtering facepiece)  ≥ 80%&#xA;EN 149:2001     FFP2 (filtering facepiece)  ≥ 94%&#xA;EN 149:2001     FFP3 (filtering facepiece)  ≥ 99%&#xA;EN 143:2000, EN 140:1999, EN136:1998    P1 (elastomeric facepiece)  ≥ 80%&#xA;EN 143:2000, EN 140:1999, EN136:1998    P2 (elastomeric facepiece)  ≥ 94%&#xA;EN 143:2000, EN 140:1999, EN136:1998    P3 (elastomeric facepiece)  ≥ 99.95%&#xA;GB2626-2006     KN/KP90                 ≥ 90%&#xA;GB2626-2006     KN/KP95                 ≥ 95%&#xA;GB2626-2006     KN/KP100                ≥ 99.97%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ewgPp.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1791500O/comparison-ffp2-kn95-n95-filtering-facepiece-respirator-classes-tb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comparison-ffp2-kn95-n95-filtering-facepiece-respirator-classes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/409903O/respiratory-protection-against-biohazards.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Respiratory Protection for Airborne Exposures to Biohazards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[3] &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1791526O/respiratory-protection-faq-general-public-tb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;faq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[4] &lt;a href=&quot;http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1430383O/3m-filtering-facepiece-shelf-life-letter.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mask shelf-life&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[5] &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/540004O/3m-disposable-respirator.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Various disposable&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[6] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/company-us/all-3m-products/~/All-3M-Products/Safety/Personal-Safety/Personal-Protective-Equipment/Disposable-Respirators/?N=5002385+8709322+8711017+8711405+8720539+8720542+8733256+3294857497&amp;amp;rt=r3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3M Disposable Respirators for Personal Safety&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[7] &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1794572O/surgical-n95-vs-standard-n95-which-to-consider.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surgical N95 vs. Standard N95&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17628" LastEditorUserId="17628" LastEditDate="2020-03-26T21:30:00.973" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T21:30:00.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21721" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:18:09.197" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is &lt;strong&gt;NO&lt;/strong&gt;. It only take one successful viroid particle to start an infection. Then you can always argue about how many particles you need to breath in, in order to ensure (&lt;em&gt;statistically&lt;/em&gt;) that one sticks to your cellular lining and membrane to actually start the infection process. That's a different question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17628" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T20:18:09.197" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21741" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:23:55.380" Score="4" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would symptoms differ from eating virus contaminated food versus breathing in virus?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Would symptoms be a good indicator where the virus is located?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The COVID-19 causes respiratory symptoms and I guess that is because people are breathing in virus droplets in their lungs. But if you would swallow COVID-19 contaminated food and avoid breathing in the virus would that cause other symptoms like stomach pain or diarrhea?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18026" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T21:28:49.120" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T21:28:49.120" Title="Would symptoms differ from eating virus contaminated food versus breathing in virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;&lt;diarrhea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21722" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:27:42.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are apps to help you distinguish Covid-19 versus other diseases so in your question your mention a &lt;em&gt;runny nose&lt;/em&gt; which is a rare or infrequent manifestation of covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shortness of breath is a more advanced symptom than cough whereas in asthma shortness of breath is usual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore shortness of breath in asthma is due to reversible narrowing of small airways so that should respond to usual bronchodilator medication.  But the shortness of breath in Covid-19 is at the alveolar level beyond the small airways and will not be helped by bronchodilator therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, if an asthma patient has shortness of breath, fever, and cough where the shortness of breath does not respond to bronchodilator therapy, then in the context of the current covid-19 pandemic there is a high probability that this is covid-19 disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T20:27:42.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21691" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:38:31.987" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately the ideas about herd-immunity have become a populist term to down-play serious diseases, by many people who do not understand the conditions where this can be applied. Just straight off, it can only &lt;em&gt;work&lt;/em&gt; within western ethical standards when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The disease doesn't kill a large percentage of the infected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The infected are not infectious for a long time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The incubation time is very short.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The virus causing the disease does not mutate fast.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately &lt;strong&gt;none&lt;/strong&gt; of the above are true for COVID-19. Which make the arguments for applying &lt;em&gt;herd-immunity&lt;/em&gt;, in that case, macabre.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. For those who will immediately scream for references, please google and search here or in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/&quot;&gt;biology SE&lt;/a&gt;, where you will find hundreds of answers to the above statements. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17628" LastActivityDate="2020-03-26T20:38:31.987" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21744" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T20:42:26.320" Score="6" ViewCount="2240" Body="&lt;p&gt;This page &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20060213/bleach.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bleach&lt;/a&gt; claims &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Bleach is more effective at killing germs when diluted than when used&#xA;  straight out of the bottle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this other page (Spanish) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.prensa.mendoza.gov.ar/coronavirus-alcohol-y-lavandina-son-mas-efectivos-si-se-diluyen-en-agua/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alcohol and Bleach are more effective against Coronavirus diluted&lt;/a&gt; claims the same&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Disinfectants like bleach and alcohol alter the virus structure and&#xA;  prevent it from infecting us. Their effects will depend in the right&#xA;  concentration&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this other page, &lt;a href=&quot;http://madsci.org/posts/archives/2013-01/1359009191.Cb.r.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does liquid bleach has to be diluted to be effective as a virus killer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;claims &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So, all things being equal, undiluted bleach is more effective at&#xA;  killing stubborn bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know, he says bacteria and not virus but, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The data of viruses is a little more straight forward � viruses are&#xA;  simply not cut out to defend against the bleach onslaught! A group of&#xA;  scientists in New York studied the effects of very dilute&#xA;  concentrations of bleach on the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A&#xA;  tenfold dilution of bleach, which subsequently mixed with an equal&#xA;  volume of RSV-containing medium (so in fact a twentyfold dilution)&#xA;  eradicated all of the virus. A 100-fold dilution of bleach killed 100%&#xA;  of the virus half of the time, and decreased the number of live viral&#xA;  particles by greater than three logs in the other half of the tests.&#xA;  This was all after five minutes of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So at least for viruses, you can probably dilute the bleach tenfold&#xA;  without worrying too much about decreased antimicrobial activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally, I don't find any logic why bleach would be more effective diluted, the opposite makes more sense to me. Is there any explanation for this to be so? Or it's just a wrong idea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T20:44:20.280" Title="Does bleach have to be diluted to be more effective to kill virus?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21746" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21744" CreationDate="2020-03-26T21:24:16.980" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Household bleach is usually at 5% concentration of sodium hypochlorite.  Data from disinfection of other coronaviruses indicates that dilutions of 1:100 are still effective.  Higher concentrations of bleach are difficult to manage as they release chlorine gas and are irritant to the mucous membranes, lungs and eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bleach works as a potent oxidizer of the viral capsule and its contents.  &lt;strong&gt;The oxidation relies on the amount of free chlorine molecules available&lt;/strong&gt; which is why bleach solutions need to be made up and used in 24 hours as potency drops with time.  Normal contact time is 30 seconds to 10 minutes for most microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this clearly means the higher the concentration the greater the efficacy, but also the greater the risk to the user on account of off gassing of chlorine gas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alcohol is different.  It requires water to enter the virus so that is why more than 95% concentrations are not recommended.  But chlorine just needs to oxidize the outside of the virus to disrupt the viral capsule, and then that opens up the virus RNA which can then be oxidized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214356/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214356/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ehs.unc.edu/files/2015/09/coronavirus.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use of 10% Ultra Chlorox regular bleach mixed with liquids containing virus to give 5% final concentration&lt;/a&gt; to treat coronavirus waste.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectious-disease/How-we-know-disinfectants-should-kill-the-COVID-19-coronavirus/98/web/2020/03&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectious-disease/How-we-know-disinfectants-should-kill-the-COVID-19-coronavirus/98/web/2020/03&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T22:05:47.513" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T22:05:47.513" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21747" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-26T22:13:44.627" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because of the COVID-19 outbreak, I have been monitoring my temperature to help identify if I contract the disease. Today due to a schedule change, I took my temperature orally (under the tongue) shortly after taking a normally-hot shower, and the reading was above my baseline by about 1.5°F (0.8°C). As I have not been feeling any different otherwise, I took another reading after a couple of hours, and it was normal for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that the first reading was high because I had been in a hot environment for several minutes shortly before taking it, but I have not been able to find clear information on the extent to which a hot shower would affect core body temperature. The closest I found was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572347X05800291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Effects of bath water...&quot; by Kawahara et al.&lt;/a&gt; that indicates elevated skin temperature for a bath, but it seems to be focused more on comfort than physiological effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After taking a hot shower of typical length (say, 7–8 minutes), what is the typical amount by which a human's body temperature would rise over baseline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17901" LastEditorUserId="17901" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T03:44:44.697" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T03:44:44.697" Title="How much can showering affect body temperature?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2020-03-27T14:35:46.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21733" CreationDate="2020-03-26T23:38:25.010" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your relative stays at home without contact with anyone from the outside world, they have zero risk of getting the disease.  If a  relative living in the house needs to leave daily they risk exposure and getting the infection.  The relative at home now has a non-zero risk of getting infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the relative at home is independent then they should be left to live alone, and the working relative move in with someone else.  If that's not possible, then another person not known to be infected should move in with her, and the working relative moves out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the working relative is the main carer for the relative at home, and the above choices are not possible, then they have to manage the situation as though they already have the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendation is that you are not going to transmit the infection to someone who remains at a 6 foot distance away from you, and if inside that distance for less than 10-15 minutes.  So, that stops viral droplets from one person passing to the next.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral nuclear droplets form when aerosols develop, eg flushing the toilet, so the toilet lid needs to stay down when flushing, and keep windows open.  Even better still use different bathrooms, or build a composting toilet away from the bathroom shared with the other person.  If you're not able to not share bathrooms, then all the surfaces needs to be wiped down with .1% solution of bleach after each use of the bathroom, and left to dry for 10-30 minutes.  Each door knob needs to be disinfected. There can't be any shared eating utensils.  And most importantly the hands need to be washed for a minimum of 20 seconds using a soap/detergent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if people live together, studies in China showed that cross infection was not inevitable, but closer to 20% of households had transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-stay-at-home-guidance/stay-at-home-guidance-for-households-with-possible-coronavirus-covid-19-infection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-stay-at-home-guidance/stay-at-home-guidance-for-households-with-possible-coronavirus-covid-19-infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T02:35:36.747" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T02:35:36.747" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T00:35:06.683" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I download a full dataset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics containing time information for each individual (date of infection, date of death, age, gender, weight, censoring information...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to get this information in order to do survival analyses and other studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm only able to find aggregated data. For example this Chinese dataset.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/BlankerL/DXY-COVID-19-Data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/BlankerL/DXY-COVID-19-Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18028" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T00:35:06.683" Title="Where can I get longitudinal data of the COVID-19 cases?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21750" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21681" CreationDate="2020-03-27T00:58:06.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtN-goy9VOY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This video&lt;/a&gt; by Kurzgesagt gives a good overview of how the COVID-19 infection process works. The damage it causes to the lungs seems to the result of it damaging the cells that create a protective lining of your lungs; this happens both directly as a result of their infections of these cells, as well as by causing the immune system to attack healthy cells. By killing large numbers of these cells, bacteria that this lining would normally protect from are now able to invade the lungs and cause issues like pneumonia. Additionally, the damage that is done during the initial phase can cause significant amounts of scarring within the lungs as the body tries to recover from the damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17893" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T00:58:06.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21751" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21741" CreationDate="2020-03-27T02:48:51.060" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well this is a guess because there is no published data that I am aware of in the english literature to be able to answer the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A small percentage of people who have presented with covid-19 pneumonia have also had diarrhoea, it is thought that the faecal-oral route is also an important mode of transmission.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the person develops a respiratory infection the affected cells will eventually spill virus into the circulation, a condition called viraemia. This allows the virus to reach distant cells that bear the ACE2 surface receptor and these cells are also in the heart, kidneys and gut as well as monocytes.  One would also expect that intestinal cells affected primarily by ingestion of virus particles would also do the same, and produce a viraemia leading to the virus spreading to the lungs, heart and kidneys.  But they may present initially with diarrhoea before getting respiratory symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T03:11:22.143" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T03:11:22.143" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21723" CreationDate="2020-03-27T05:48:09.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question can't be answered with any certainty due to the lack of published full data, or the conflicting data when it is being published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When blanket testing was done of the isolated town of Vo’Eugeano, they reported a high percentage of those tested were asymptomatic.  They gave no figures.  And this contrasted with the original reports from the WHO in China (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1165&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“the proportion of truly asymptomatic infections is unclear but appears to be relatively rare and does not appear to be a major driver of transmission.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for instance, did the Italians follow the &lt;em&gt;asymptomatic&lt;/em&gt; until they cleared the virus?  Did they check for emerging symptoms such as anosmia?  Diarrhoea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our best guess is that the people who are going to be minimally symptomatic are those who are least affected with the disease, and this includes, older children ( but not the very young ), female, non-smokers/non-vaping, blood group O, and no existing medical co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiopulmonary disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This paper says 86% of Chinese had undocumented infection with a high probability of many of them being not very symptomatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We estimate 86% of all infections were undocumented (95% CI: [82%–90%]) prior to 23 January 2020&#xA;  travel restrictions. Per person, the transmission rate of undocumented infections was 55% of documented&#xA;  infections ([46%–62%]), yet, due to their greater numbers, undocumented infections were the infection&#xA;  source for 79% of documented cases. These findings explain the rapid geographic spread of SARS-CoV2&#xA;  and indicate containment of this virus will be particularly challenging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid&#xA;dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2)&#xA;Ruiyun Li1&#xA;&lt;em&gt;, Sen Pei2&lt;/em&gt;†, Bin Chen3*, Yimeng Song4, Tao Zhang5, Wan Yang6, Jeffrey Shaman2†&#xA;1&#xA;MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London,&#xA;London W2 1PG, UK. 2&#xA;Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. 3&#xA;Department of&#xA;Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. 4Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 5&#xA;Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, P. R. China. 6Department of&#xA;Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/03/24/science.abb3221/tab-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/03/24/science.abb3221/tab-pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T05:00:32.983" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T05:00:32.983" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21510" CreationDate="2020-03-27T06:13:17.387" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rnHgo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rnHgo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  2020-03-25 - Stanford COVID-19 Evidence Service - Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages [v1.2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T06:13:17.387" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21593" CreationDate="2020-03-27T06:39:11.887" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;It is unknown how wearing the same mask multiple times effects the fit of N95 masks [NIOSH]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;NIOSH states “there is no way of determining the maximum possible number of safe reuses for an&#xA;  N95 respirator as a generic number to be applied in all cases” and advise to “discard N95&#xA;  respirators following use during aerosol generating procedures.”&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Some methods of N95 mask disinfection can maintain filtration efficiency. Their effect on mask fit&#xA;  is unknown, and these methods are not approved by NIOSH.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their summary on sanitizing methods:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary bleach and microwaves were failures at point of care because the bleach&#xA;  gases (skin and respiratory irritants) remained after multiple strategies were used to&#xA;  remove them, the microwave melted the masks and soaking them first led to reduced&#xA;  filtration. EtO, UVGI, and hydrogen peroxide decontamination were safe and effective in&#xA;  the models tested but it is not known if they would retain filtration, material strength,&#xA;  and airflow integrity with repeated use. EtO, UVGI, and hydrogen peroxide limitations&#xA;  include time from decontamination to reuse and available space and materials to&#xA;  decontaminate in an OR setting. 70C /158F heating in an oven (not your home oven) for&#xA;  30min, or hot water vapor from boiling water for 10 min, are additional effective&#xA;  decontamination methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/27/duke-university-uses-vaporized-hydrogen-peroxide-to-clean-n95-face-masks-for-reuse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/27/duke-university-uses-vaporized-hydrogen-peroxide-to-clean-n95-face-masks-for-reuse/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200331090651/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/27/duke-university-uses-vaporized-hydrogen-peroxide-to-clean-n95-face-masks-for-reuse/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Duke University  thinks it has found a solution using vaporized hydrogen peroxide to decontaminate the masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The process uses specialized equipment to vaporize hydrogen peroxide, which can then infuse all the layers of the mask to kill germs (including viruses) without degrading mask material.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This Google Document goes over several papers on mask disinfection: &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YJ2MXeMSSIpm8Wxk8vN7zQ5SQJK9ukOh3wa-UhCJ6ZU/edit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YJ2MXeMSSIpm8Wxk8vN7zQ5SQJK9ukOh3wa-UhCJ6ZU/edit&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  2020-03-25 - Stanford COVID-19 Evidence Service - Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages [v1.2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T09:22:17.583" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T09:22:17.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21756" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21744" CreationDate="2020-03-27T07:03:15.833" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The text does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; say that &lt;strong&gt;more diluted&lt;/strong&gt; bleach is &lt;strong&gt;more effective&lt;/strong&gt; at killing viruses (or bacteria, or yeast, for that matter). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm quoting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...A tenfold dilution of bleach, which subsequently mixed with an equal volume of RSV-containing medium (so in fact a &lt;strong&gt;twentyfold dilution&lt;/strong&gt;) &lt;strong&gt;eradicated all of the virus&lt;/strong&gt;. A &lt;strong&gt;100-fold dilution&lt;/strong&gt; of bleach &lt;strong&gt;killed 100% of the virus half of the time&lt;/strong&gt;, and &lt;strong&gt;decreased the number of live viral particles by greater than three logs in the other half of the tests&lt;/strong&gt;. This was all after five minutes of treatment...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a 20-fold dilution kills all virus always; a 100-fold dilution kills 100% of the virus 50% of the time and kills most of them in the other cases. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think form this we can conclude that more highly concentrated bleach is more deadly to viruses than more diluted bleach. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18031" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T02:59:34.173" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T02:59:34.173" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21757" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T10:59:21.297" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read the following in a private email:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One of my neighbors emailed me and said he has a few masks that he uses and recycles them; he wears one, when done he carefully stores it into a sealed plastic bag, uses the next one, does the same, and eventually 7 or more days (or masks) later, he rotates back to the original one and repeats the entire cycle. He mentioned that his assumption is that after 7+ days, the coronavirus is probably neutralized.  I’m considering whether to adopt this method, or perhaps combine it with some combination of heat, ozone, and/or UV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many days does one have to wait before reusing a surgical or respiratory mask so that it is free of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-CoV-2 virus&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNvYjG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qr.ae/pNvYjG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/fpv1wy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/fpv1wy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T11:04:32.793" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T11:04:32.793" Title="How many days does one have to wait before reusing a surgical or respiratory mask so that it is free of the SARS-CoV-2 virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-03-27T14:28:39.670" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T13:02:03.267" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer:&lt;/strong&gt; I initially posted this question on math.stackexchange.com, but a user there suggested I should post it here instead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen mortality rates for the coronavirus reported for different countries. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worldometers&lt;/a&gt; gives the worldwide mortality rate as $3.4\%$. Under the estimate it says 'Globally, about $3.4\%$ of reported COVID-19 cases have died[...]'&#xA;However, this seems to me to be a fundamentally flawed estimate. I can think of so many problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First of all, people don't just die  instantly with some probability when they get infected. I can't find a source for this number right now, but I've read it's usually about 14 days from when you get infected to when you die or recover. Anyway, the exact number isn't too important, just that it is defientely not 0 days. So then, you would have to modify the formula to something more like $\text{mortality rate} = \frac{\text{deaths}}{\text{cases 14 days ago}}$, right? However, this is still not good enough. We can't just plug in the number of reported cases, as that grossly underestimates the real number of cases. Most countries around the world have literally just stopped testing people who are not 'at risk'. If they are just using the number of deaths due to the virus and the reported cases, then they will get a number that is way too big. Now, let's say that they think about this, and instead they only include the deaths of people that had been tested for the virus to account for this. Now, they have a biased sample, because, heuristically, only the people who are the most sick will be tested, while the people who are young and healthty and show no symptoms yet are not tested. So both of these methods will give a wrong mortality rate.&#xA;I have also seen a formula where you calculate the mortality rate like this:&#xA;$\text{mortality rate} = \frac{\text{deaths}}{\text{deaths + recovered}}$. This formula makes more sense to me than the others, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/#correct&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;when applied&lt;/a&gt; it seemingly gives a &lt;strong&gt;much higher mortality rate&lt;/strong&gt; than these other methods, whilst I would have thought that the others methods were flawed in such a way that they would give too high a mortality rate, not too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next, I thought that maybe they have just calculated the mortality rate for reported cases, and rolled with that, being careful not to apply that anywhere it would not be valid. However, I found the following method to estimate the number of real cases today in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-act-today-or-people-will-die-f4d3d9cd99ca&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; by Tomas Pueyo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume for now a death rate of $1\%$, then we can use that to estimate the real number of cases based on the number of deaths. So, if we have $D$ deaths today, and the mortality rate is $1\%$, then we can assume about $100$ people had the virus $14$ days ago. Then, using a made up doubling period of about $5$ days (there is real data on this of course), the number of cases will double about three times in those $4$ days, so the real number of cases today is about $100 \times 2^3 = 800$.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This method makes sense to me, but only if we use the &lt;strong&gt;real mortality rate&lt;/strong&gt;. not the one that based on a biased sample. Aside from this one quirk, I haven't found anything else I think is wrong in that article, and I've seen nothing but praise for the analysis Tomas Pueyo did in this article. Notably, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCa0JXEwDEk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Khan Academy&lt;/a&gt; made a video on this method, using this method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only reliable method I can think of to calculate the real mortality rate right now would be to conduct an experiment in which you infect a group of volunteers, and then you calculate the mortality rate from only that group. That way, you would get an unbiased sample. However, this experiment would obviously be incredibly unethical and I doubt it has been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know how to estimate the real mortality rate during the epidemic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18034" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T13:02:03.267" Title="how do you estimate the mortality rate of the corona virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-03-27T14:24:45.610" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T13:23:14.563" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;So far only a few countries have been able to reduce through policies the number of people infected in their countries after being exposed to thousands of infected, viz. China (including Taiwan, Hong Kong), Singapore, and South Korea. In Europe, several countries have been trying to reduce the number of infected people or the number of new cases through quarantines, and after 1 or 2 weeks, it doesn't seem to me that their measures are working. Are they? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there an inflection point in Coronavirus outbreak where you can't contain the epidemic anymore?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T23:44:05.803" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T23:44:05.803" Title="Is there an inflection point in Coronavirus outbreaks where you can't contain the epidemy anymore?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21762" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21768" CreationDate="2020-03-27T15:35:47.550" Score="1" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even CDC site does not seem to mention uv as a method of sterilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The only authoritative source of uv disinfection of COVID type virus I found was in '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631830&lt;/a&gt;'. But it does not mention the most effective wavelength or a duration. Can somebody point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If 1 hour of appropriate UV exposure is sufficient to eradicate it, can head safety shields be reused after that period of time of exposure? I understand there might be limited # of cycles that polycarbonate shields can be reused, since the plastic will loose some transparency after repeated exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can UV exposure be used for face respiration soft masks (N95 or plain) for disinfection?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this has been covered here already - I'll remove.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT1: Actually Franck's reference to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21593/why-arent-we-sterilizing-n95-masks?noredirect=1&amp;amp;lq=1&quot;&gt;Why aren&amp;#39;t we sterilizing n95 masks?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;is relevant. Mark's answer does mention UV sterilization, but does not provide authoritative link/ref.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the other question of UV use for covid-19 sterilization of face shield is still open.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18035" LastEditorUserId="18035" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T02:35:08.080" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T23:18:00.700" Title="COVID-19 disinfection with ultraviolet" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21763" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21778" CreationDate="2020-03-27T15:45:27.390" Score="0" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;New York City's Department of Health has issued a warning against performing rim jobs on other people, saying that it might be a means of transferring the COVID-19 virus to others: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rimming (mouth on anus) might spread COVID-19. Virus in feces may&#xA;  enter your mouth,” the city warned in the section titled, “Take care&#xA;  during sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the link to the full article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nypost.com/2020/03/24/nyc-declares-war-on-rim-jobs-in-graphic-health-department-memo/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nypost.com/2020/03/24/nyc-declares-war-on-rim-jobs-in-graphic-health-department-memo/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the first time I've heard this:  We've been told, for a number of weeks now, that transmission of the disease is from touching our face with our hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the NYC Dept. of Health statement based in reality?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should we stop performing rim jobs at the moment, in order to stop the spread of COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18040" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T22:14:13.660" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T22:14:13.660" Title="Intimate sexual activity as a possible mechanism for transferring COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;anus&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T15:49:05.953" Score="3" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPS: If this is more Biology or LifeHacks then please feel to move it there. But this is a key VIRUS VECTOR that will come indoors and we are not all competent to &quot;sanitize&quot; the variety of items. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There is all this talk about distancing &amp;amp; disinfecting surfaces &amp;amp; avoiding facial hand contact&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;But, eventually at some point these things will happen: &#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We have to drink &amp;amp; eat, so food will come from out to in, with packing of various materials; and will be kept in living/ dining areas, kitchen, refrigerator &amp;amp; portables/ candy in other rooms too. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We will touch our facial area; mouth,  nose, ears after we end up touching some &quot;contaminated&quot; surface (virus survival is several days) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do we minimize incoming virus vectors for various types of incoming drink &amp;amp; food items; from produce to packaged and so on. (I cant list or imagine all kinds of food/ drink variety or category) so maybe we'll have to Wiki this so more stuff can be added in. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steps to ensure vegetables &amp;amp; fruits from bunch of grocery bags (plastic, paper, fabric) do not carry COVID-19 virus into the Refrigerator?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1399" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-30T15:23:55.750" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T15:23:55.750" Title="Steps to ensure incoming foods from many grocery bags do not carry COVID-19 virus into the Refrigerator, Kitchen, Home?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-03-27T18:40:04.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21765" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21762" CreationDate="2020-03-27T17:29:51.850" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.crr.columbia.edu/research/using-power-light-preventing-airborne-spread-coronavirus-and-influenza-virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some reports&lt;/a&gt; suggesting that UVC light IS effective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18042" LastEditorUserId="156" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T23:18:00.700" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T23:18:00.700" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21764" CreationDate="2020-03-27T17:36:29.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The video &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/sjDuwc9KBps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/sjDuwc9KBps&lt;/a&gt; from Jeffrey VanWingen, MD, summarizes methods for safe grocery shopping and cleaning during COVID-19. The main ideas are summarized in &lt;a href=&quot;https://wgntv.com/news/coronavirus/doctor-shares-useful-tips-for-how-to-properly-clean-your-groceries/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wgntv.com/news/coronavirus/doctor-shares-useful-tips-for-how-to-properly-clean-your-groceries/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Jeffrey VanWingen, a physician with Family Medicine Specialists in Grand Rapids, posted an informational video to YouTube Tuesday to share tips on safe grocery shopping.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“When you’re out at the store, it’s not just about wiping down the shopping cart handle with an antiseptic wipe,” VanWingen said. “We need to be better than that when we go to the supermarket.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His top tips include minimizing the time spent at the store by planning ahead and to only touch the items you’ll be taking home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Get what you need, get out, don’t loiter,” he told News 8. “Don’t read the labels, don’t pick something up — commit to buy.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once home, VanWingen recommends keeping your groceries outside your home, whether that be in the garage or car, for three days as he says coronavirus can live in the air for three hours and on plastic and metal surfaces for three days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can’t wait, be ready to disinfect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Imagining that the groceries have some glitter on them, on the packaging and the bags,” VanWingen said when describing his surgical-like approach to disinfecting groceries. “Our goal is to not have any glitter at the end of this process in our house, on our hands, or more importantly on our face.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He said the food itself isn’t necessarily the culprit for carrying coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“From what we know, food is not going to give us coronavirus,” he said. “It’s more the packaging we’re worried about.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, consider a cereal box.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“It’s a box that has cardboard, so we know that coronavirus can likely live on this surface for 24 hours,” VanWingen said. “But on the inside, no human hands have touched this for more than a few days, so I can just dump that and get rid of the box.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T17:45:33.990" CommentCount="3" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-03-27T18:40:04.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21767" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24417" CreationDate="2020-03-27T17:47:38.803" Score="1" ViewCount="172" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21729/43&quot;&gt;another answer&lt;/a&gt; that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In COVID-19, The University of Padua, Veneto Region and the Red Cross tested the population of Vò, Italy, 3300 people, to establish the natural history of the virus, the transmission dynamics and categories of risk. &quot; they found &gt;50 of those who tested positive to be asymptomatic” according to Professor Sergio Romagnani.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that a Covid-19 prevalence study on the [entire population of the] Diamond Princess ship (3,711 passengers and crew) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been published&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Eurosurveillance&lt;/em&gt;. Has this comparable (in size) study on an entire Italian town been published somewhere?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I see a later issue of &lt;em&gt;Eurosurveillance&lt;/em&gt; has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.12.2000293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;larger study on Lombardy&lt;/a&gt;, but it doesn't mention Vò specifically. Also, this latter issue has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.12.2000256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2nd study&lt;/a&gt; on the Diamond Princess.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T17:58:07.697" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T21:53:30.640" Title="Has the Covid-19 prevalence study on entire population of Vò been formally published somewhere?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21762" CreationDate="2020-03-27T17:50:04.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-CoV-2 virus&lt;/a&gt; virus] will be killed by UV, estimated survival in direct sunlight is 10% after 2–3h exposure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;90% of flu virus dies after 6h sunlight at spring equinox (3/21) at Bay Area latitude (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17880524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed 17880524&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronaviruses are 2–3x more sensitive to UV than flu virus (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed 16254359&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can UV exposure be used for face respiration soft masks (N95 or plain) for disinfection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21593/43&quot;&gt;Why aren't we sterilizing n95 masks?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  2020-03-25 - Stanford COVID-19 Evidence Service - Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages [v1.2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T17:50:04.460" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2020-03-27T17:57:19.240" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far I know, no. Only an open letter has been published so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/cronaca/20_marzo_15/dobbiamo-cambiare-rotta-ef23a500-669a-11ea-a40a-86d505f82a96.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/cronaca/20_marzo_15/dobbiamo-cambiare-rotta-ef23a500-669a-11ea-a40a-86d505f82a96.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T17:57:19.240" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21770" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21279" CreationDate="2020-03-27T18:00:44.427" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://go.usa.gov/xdbuc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://go.usa.gov/xdbuc&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Select a dataset and click Download button.&#xA;You can choose Fasta format&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T18:00:44.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20970" CreationDate="2020-03-27T18:50:29.730" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand what you're trying/hoping to do here, but the correction method you try to apply is unsuitable. You need to explicitly account for the time delays to deaths &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; consider a confined population of cases &lt;em&gt;or&lt;/em&gt; try to infer from a closed sample a correction factor to apply to the open-ended/ongoing epidemic.  Such a study was recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.12.2000256&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published&lt;/a&gt; &lt;em&gt;based&lt;/em&gt; on the Diamond Princess (cruise ship) cases, using the information collected therein to correct (in this paper) the data on China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In real time, estimates of the case fatality ratio (CFR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) can be biased upwards by under-reporting of cases and downwards by failure to account for the delay from confirmation to death. Collecting detailed epidemiological information from a closed population such as the quarantined Diamond Princess cruise ship in Japan can produce a more comprehensive description of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases and their subsequent outcomes.   Our aim was to estimate the IFR and CFR of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China, using data from passengers of the Diamond Princess while correcting for delays between confirmation and death and for the age structure of the population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mOofi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mOofi.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During an outbreak, the so-called naive CFR (nCFR), i.e. the ratio of reported deaths date to reported cases to date, will underestimate the true CFR because the outcome (recovery or death) is not known for all cases, assuming all cases are detected. We can estimate the true denominator for the CFR (i.e. the number of cases with known outcomes) by accounting for the delay from confirmation to death. We assumed that the delay from confirmation to death followed the same distribution as the estimated time from hospitalisation to death, based on data from the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China, between 17 December 2019 and 22 January 2020, accounting for underestimation in the data as a result of as-yet-unknown disease outcomes [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To adjust the CFR to account for delay to outcome, we use the method developed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nishiura et. al (2009)&lt;/a&gt; where case and death incidence data are used to estimate the number of cases with known outcomes, i.e. cases where the resolution, death or recovery, is known to have occurred:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fdGoq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fdGoq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;where &lt;em&gt;c&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; is the daily case incidence at time &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt;, (with time measured in calendar days), &lt;em&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; is the proportion of cases with delay &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; between onset or hospitalisation and death; &lt;em&gt;u&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; represents the underestimation of the known outcomes and is used to scale the value of the cumulative number of cases in the denominator in the calculation of the cCFR. Given that asymptomatic infections are typically not reported, especially during an ongoing outbreak of a novel infection, this correction is normally used to calculate the cCFR. However, because of the high level of testing on the cruise ship, we were able to use this correction to calculate the corrected IFR (cIFR). After that, we used the measured proportions of asymptomatic to symptomatic cases on the Diamond Princess to scale the cIFR to estimate the cCFR. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;We estimated that the all-age cIFR on the Diamond Princess was 1.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38–3.6) and the cCFR was 2.6% (95% CI: 0.89–6.7).&lt;/strong&gt; However, as the age distribution on the ship was skewed towards older individuals (mean age: 58 years), we also report age-stratified estimates. Using the age distribution of cases and deaths on the ship to estimate for only individuals 70 years and older, the cIFR was 6.4% (95% CI: 2.6–13) and the cCFR was 13% (95% CI: 5.2–26). The 95% CI were calculated with an exact binomial test, with death count and either cases or known outcomes (depending on whether it was an interval for the naive or corrected estimate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using an approach similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdfview_1/euclid.ss/1421330546&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indirect standardisation&lt;/a&gt;, we used the age-stratified nCFR estimates reported in a large study in China to calculate the expected number of deaths of people on board the ship in each age group, (assuming this nCFR estimate in the standard population was accurate). This produced a total of 15.15 expected deaths, which corresponds to a nCFR estimate of 5% (15.15/301) for the Diamond Princess, which falls within the top end of our 95% CI. As our cCFR for Diamond Princess was 2.6% (95% CI: 0.89–6.7), this suggests we need to multiply the nCFR estimates in China by a factor 52% (95% CI: 14–100) to obtain the correct value. &lt;strong&gt;As the raw overall nCFR reported in the data from China was 2.3%, this suggests the cCFR in China during that period was 1.2% (95% CI: 0.3–3.1) and the IFR was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2–1.7)&lt;/strong&gt;. Based on cases and deaths reported in China up to 4 March 2020, the nCFR calculation was considerably higher than the cCFR we estimate here (based on data taken from [8], nCFR = 2,984/80,422 = 3.71% (95% CI: 3.58–3.84)). The confidence intervals calculated for China using an indirect standardisation method reflect the uncertainty in the Diamond Princess estimates, as it is carried forward in the scaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, if one does this correction properly, the &quot;death rate&quot; (cCFR) for Covid-19 is actually lower (than the nCFR).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above is too dense/technical of an explanation, the &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; news &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00885-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coverage of it&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another team used data from the ship to estimate that the proportion of deaths among confirmed cases in China, the case fatality rate (CFR), was around 1.1% — much lower than the 3.8% estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The WHO simply divided China’s total number of deaths by the total number of confirmed infections&lt;/strong&gt;, says Timothy Russell, a mathematical epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. &lt;strong&gt;That method does not take into account that only a fraction of infected people are actually tested, and so it makes the disease seem more deadly than it is&lt;/strong&gt;, he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By contrast, Russell and his colleagues used data from the ship — where almost everyone was tested, and all seven deaths recorded — and combined it with more than 72,000 confirmed cases in China, making their CFR estimate more robust. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The group also estimates that the infection fatality rate (IFR) in China — the proportion of all infections, including asymptomatic ones, that result in death — is even lower, at roughly 0.5%. The IFR is especially tricky to calculate in the population, because some deaths go undetected if the person didn’t show symptoms or get tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Nature news says the [latter] paper had not been peer-reviewed/published, but in the meantime it has been published by &lt;em&gt;Eurosurveillance&lt;/em&gt;, the same journal that had published the 1st Diamond Princess paper.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should also noted that an 8th death was reported &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ship-technology.com/news/covid-19-diamond-princess-cruise-ship-eighth-death/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;much later&lt;/a&gt; (March 20) in relation to the Diamond Princess. It probably doesn't substantially change the conclusions of that paper (which included only the 7 reported deaths you see in the graph.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-03-27T19:44:50.420" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T19:44:50.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21772" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T19:17:02.520" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good afternoon everyone! I am only 17 years old, and this may sound like a stupid question...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, we currently calculate the &quot;&lt;strong&gt;case fatality rate&lt;/strong&gt;&quot; by dividing the number of patients who have died from a specific disease by the total number of those who got infected.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wFjEW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/wFjEW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second way&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, why don't we calculate the &lt;strong&gt;CFR&lt;/strong&gt; by dividing the number of patients who died by the number of patients who had been successfully healed plus the ones who have died?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vw8DP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vw8DP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Explanation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that maybe the data we have isn't enough nor accurate to use that reason once a country could have only 100 cases, which out of them, 70 died, and only 30 recovered - giving a false CFR having in count time. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that, I also have read this article: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20970/does-covid-19-have-a-mortality-rate-of-41&quot;&gt;Does COVID-19 have a mortality rate of 41%?&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;in which they explained why the second way of calculating CFR approaches the first one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that isn't necessarily true. Let's take, for example, the case of COVID-19 in Italy. Because of the older population, the mortality rate is expected to be a lot higher in Italy than in China (about 7.2% compared to 2.1%). Nevertheless, the statistics have been constant for a long time, remaining at almost 45% of death ratio (if calculated using the second way). This doesn't make any sense, but it also looks more accurate than 7.2%. If we take on mind that only 10,950 people recovered from the 20,084 closed cases, the numbers seem right.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also have in mind that the second way of calculating the CFR doesn't apply to all ages and genders once a 40% mortality rate can't be applied to people &amp;lt;20 years the same way it is to people &gt;60 years. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The second way doesn't assume all of the population from a specific country.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Although, neither does the first one. If we have to count the real consequences in a general way, isn't this the most appropriate way of calculating it? &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eYbby.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eYbby.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why should we use the total number of cases (active cases + deaths + recoveries) to calculate CFR if the active cases didn't have an outcome yet?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18044" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T20:24:57.473" Title="Why is CFR calculated this way it is?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-03-27T20:33:05.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21774" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21772" CreationDate="2020-03-27T20:24:57.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your proposed method assumes that the &quot;no outcome yet&quot; group is going to have the same ratio of outcomes as the &quot;died&quot; and &quot;recovered&quot; groups.  This is true only if either the number of infections is not changing and has been constant for longer than the case-resolution time, or if &quot;time to recovery&quot; and &quot;time to death&quot; are equal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T20:24:57.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21775" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-27T20:32:15.560" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is more of Skeptics-style question, but since I only know of people on Stack Exchange challenging this (so it would not be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2506/what-is-a-notable-claim&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;notable claim&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; for Skeptics)... I'm asking here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For context as what we're talking about, I'll &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-what-does-flattening-the-curve-mean-and-why-it-matters.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recall that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In epidemiology, the curve refers to the projected number of new cases over a period of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast to a steep rise of coronavirus infections, a more gradual uptick of cases will see the same number of people get infected, but without overburdening the health-care system at any one time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The idea of flattening the curve is to stagger the number of new cases over a longer period, so that people have better access to care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people challenge that social distancing measures like banning public gatherings etc. are truly effective at reducing the transmission of contagious respiratory diseases like influenza. (I'd link you the Politics SE questions on this, but most such questions got deleted over there for being off-topic and the askers told to ask here... which for some reasons none of them seem to do.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is some convincing evidence from past epidemics that such social distancing measures are effective at &amp;quot;flattening the curve&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T21:09:07.300" Title="What's the evidence for &quot;flattening the curve&quot; by social distancing measures in the context of contagious respiratory diseases?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21775" CreationDate="2020-03-27T21:09:07.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There actually numerous documents discussing the matter but one moderately cited paper (~300 citations) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hatchett et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt; compared the responses on US cities during the 1918 influenza:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) intended to reduce infectious contacts between persons form an integral part of plans to mitigate the impact of the next influenza pandemic. Although the potential benefits of NPIs are supported by mathematical models, the historical evidence for the impact of such interventions in past pandemics has not been systematically examined. We obtained data on the timing of 19 classes of NPI in 17 U.S. cities during the 1918 pandemic and tested the hypothesis that early implementation of multiple interventions was associated with reduced disease transmission. Consistent with this hypothesis, cities in which multiple interventions were implemented at an early phase of the epidemic had peak death rates ≈50% lower than those that did not and had less-steep epidemic curves. &lt;strong&gt;Cities in which multiple interventions were implemented at an early phase of the epidemic also showed a trend toward lower cumulative excess mortality, but the difference was smaller (≈20%) and less statistically significant than that for peak death rates. This finding was not unexpected, given that few cities maintained NPIs longer than 6 weeks in 1918. Early implementation of certain interventions, including closure of schools, churches, and theaters, was associated with lower peak death rates, but no single intervention showed an association with improved aggregate outcomes for the 1918 phase of the pandemic.&lt;/strong&gt; These findings support the hypothesis that rapid implementation of multiple NPIs can significantly reduce influenza transmission, but that viral spread will be renewed upon relaxation of such measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/316200/Mass_Gatherings_evidence_Review.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 UK government (72-page) review&lt;/a&gt; focused only on mass gatherings, was somewhat more circumspect in its conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In conclusion there is limited data indicating that mass gatherings are associated with influenza transmission and this theme is continued with the inclusion of new evidence for the update. Certain unique events such as the Hajj, specialised settings including civilian and military ships- a new theme for this update, indoor venues and crowded outdoor venues provide the primary evidence base to suggest mass gatherings can be associated with Influenza outbreaks. Some evidence suggests that restricting mass gatherings together with other social distancing measures may help to reduce transmission. However, the evidence is still not strong enough to warrant advocating legislated restrictions. Therefore, in a pandemic situation a cautious policy of voluntary avoidance of mass gatherings would is still the most prudent message. Operational considerations including practical implications of policy directed at restricting mass gathering events should be carefully considered&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T21:09:07.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21778" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21763" CreationDate="2020-03-27T22:13:10.803" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best data we have from Guangdong, China, is that household transmission is not 100%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;preliminary studies ongoing in Guangdong estimate the secondary attack rate in households ranges from 3-10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, this suggests that if either of you are potentially infected, then social distancing and other infection control measures will likely prevent the transmission from one to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, on the other hand, you have all been tested to be infection free (PCR or other reliable test), and you are in isolation without the risk of catching the infection from someone else, then as adults what you do in the privacy of your own homes is only limited by local laws and imagination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T22:13:10.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21780" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2020-03-27T23:01:47.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data has also been discussed in this report&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sergio Romagnani, a professor of clinical immunology at the University of Florence, has reported how blanket testing in a completely isolated village of roughly 3000 people in northern Italy saw the number of people with covid-19 symptoms fall by over 90% within 10 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So by isolating those that were asymptomatic and testing positive to the virus, they dropped the symptomatic infection rate by 90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1165&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1165&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-27T23:01:47.800" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2020-03-27T23:18:38.810" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; roundup, the following (mid April) draft paper has been highlighted as the main scientific publication on that town/survey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the 21st of February 2020 a resident of the municipality of Vo, a small town near Padua, died of pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This was the first COVID-19 death detected in Italy since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, Hubei province. In response, the regional authorities imposed the lockdown of the whole municipality for 14 days. &lt;strong&gt;We collected information on the demography, clinical presentation, hospitalization, contact network and presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasopharyngeal swabs for 85.9% and 71.5% of the population of Vo at two consecutive time points. On the first survey, which was conducted around the time the town lockdown started, we found a prevalence of infection of 2.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-3.3%). On the second survey, which was conducted at the end of the lockdown, we found a prevalence of 1.2% (95% CI 0.8-1.8%). &lt;em&gt;Notably, 43.2% (95% CI 32.2-54.7%) of the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections detected across the two surveys were asymptomatic.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; The mean serial interval was 6.9 days (95% CI 2.6-13.4). We found no statistically significant difference in the viral load (as measured by genome equivalents inferred from cycle threshold data) of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections (p-values 0.6 and 0.2 for E and RdRp genes, respectively, Exact Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). Contact tracing of the newly infected cases and transmission chain reconstruction revealed that most new infections in the second survey were infected in the community before the lockdown or from asymptomatic infections living in the same household. This study sheds new light on the frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and their infectivity (as measured by the viral load) and provides new insights into its transmission dynamics, the duration of viral load detectability and the efficacy of the implemented control measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 43% asymptomatic is a bit less than what was reported from the Princess, but it overlaps it in the 95% CI 32.2-54.7%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;End or March answer, largely obsolete now, but leaving it for some press coverage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also March 20 coverage &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/20/eradicated-coronavirus-mass-testing-covid-19-italy-vo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the Guardian&lt;/a&gt;, which is of course not a science venue, but had even more details than even the BMJ coverage; the &amp;quot;opinion piece&amp;quot; in the Guardian was apparently written by the researchers/epidemiologists involved:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the last two weeks, a promising pilot study here has produced results that may be instructive for other countries trying to control coronavirus. Beginning on 6 March , along with researchers at the University of Padua and the Red Cross, we tested all residents of Vò, a town of 3,000 inhabitants near Venice – including those who did not have symptoms. This allowed us to quarantine people before they showed signs of infection and stop the further spread of coronavirus. In this way, we eradicated coronavirus in under 14 days. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our experiment came to be by chance. The Italian authorities had a strong emotional reaction to news of the country’s first death – which was in Vò. The whole town was put into quarantine and every inhabitant was tested. The tests were processed by us at the University of Padua. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first round of testing, 89 people tested positive. In the second round, the number had dropped to six, who remained in isolation. In this way, we managed to eradicate coronavirus from Vò, achieving a 100% recovery rate for those previously infected while recording no further cases of transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Strong claims here. They also say/claim that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;asymptomatic or quasi-symptomatic subjects represent a good 70% of all virus-infected people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;referring to COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the authors, the Guardian notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrea Crisanti is professor of microbiology at the University of Padua; Antonio Cassone is a former director of the department of infectious diseases at the Italian institute of health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess I now know whose publications to look at (in the future).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a longer interview with Crisanti &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.5508052/how-one-italian-town-managed-to-stop-the-coronavirus-in-its-tracks-1.5508059&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on CBC.ca&lt;/a&gt;. An intersting bit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to draw a comparison. If you remember the Diamond Princess. They started with few cases. They did the tests only to those [who] were symptomatic. So you develop a symptom, you test positive, you were taken out of the ship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But day by day, cases, if you remember, they increased up to more than 700. So in this way, they couldn't stop the disease. That couldn't stop the disease in spite of the fact that they were isolated, they were kind of quarantined. And the reason why they couldn't stop it is because the ship was full of asymptomatic people that [were] spreading the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: [When you started this in February], the protocol was that you tested people only if they … were returning from a foreign place, or from China, or if they had symptoms. ... You ignored that and went to everybody.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yeah, we ignored that because we weren't convinced that the disease was transmitted only by symptomatic individuals. We found this quite implausible. And so this is the reason why we tested everybody.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T09:57:27.290" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21782" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-03-28T02:24:06.703" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that shares similarities but major clinical differences in disease presentation from SARS. It is a betacoronavirus that originates in bats, and is thought to have undergone mutation in an unknown host to allow it to jump to humans.  The virus latches on to the ACE2 surface receptor which is widely found in various human tissues and enters the cell with the receptor depriving the body the ability to protect against respiratory failure. This leads to the characteristic of Sudden Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T02:24:06.703" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T02:24:06.703" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21783" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-03-28T02:24:06.703" Score="0" Body="SARS-CoV-2 is the scientific name given by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses&#xD;&#xA;to the virus that causes the disease Covid-19 or coronavirus disease 2019." OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T22:44:12.530" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:44:12.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T02:55:33.420" Score="-1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to researches done on frostbite, the temperature within the human body-core is supposed to always be uniform throughout. But is this assumption accurate? Could there be a movement of heat from the less essential organs to the more essential organs in the human body-torso, at times of need? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, in freezing conditions isn't the bum the least essential organ of the body-core, and of the whole body as well, for that matter? And still core-temperature is measured rectally. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading in a story on the net about a man in Alaska who had to walk home in sub-zero temperature, after experiencing a punctured bicycle-tire. When he got home he noticed that his bum was suffering frostbite. Which made me wonder if he was wearing too thin trousers, or if heat had been borrowed from his bum to support his essential inner organs? Or, maybe a combination of the both? Put differently; Is this story trustworthy? Is it really possible for just one part of the torso to freeze? And if so, by what function, or functions, can this happen? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-things-that-people-who-live-in-places-with-brutally-low-temperatures-know-that-the-rest-of-us-dont&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link to story by Christopher Buehler&lt;/a&gt; (Third story down)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T04:37:34.133" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T04:37:34.133" Title="How can one explain simultaneously different temperatures in the trunk of a human body?" Tags="&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-03-28T03:54:27.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T03:00:50.703" Score="4" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;This virus exits the cell using exocytosis after assembling golgi vesicles which contain the virus by fusing with the cell membrane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of infected pneumocytes, I imagine that the virus could then exit into the alveolus and infect other pneumocytes using again the interaction of the S protein with ACE2 or it could exit into the blood and spread to other pneumocytes in a 'miliary' fashion like TB. Is either or both the main mechanism of spread in the lung? Does lymphatic spread play any role?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18049" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T06:11:50.263" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T06:11:50.263" Title="How does SARS-CoV-2 spread from cell to cell in the lung?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="21788" CreationDate="2020-03-28T03:54:37.807" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;For what I read [1], Covid19 can persist active in a common freezer for months or years (it seems pretty obvious: cold, humid...). My question does not regard only the currently active coronavirus at this posting date, but any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I imagine that if the surface of a bottle or bag is contaminated, taking it, a month later will start the spreading mechanism, don't know, hands, surfaces, face, etc. And the virus will spread internally in the refrigerator, given that common refrigerators have channels that spill drops which flow through the cold and warm refrigerating sections. Or internal ventilators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under such perspective, a common refrigerator would act moreover as a Petri dish. Completely different from the rest of house surfaces, which would allow viruses vanishing way more faster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that is so, is it possible to clean a fridge from coronavirus? Do common refrigerators increase the risk of propagation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3-coronavirus-3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3-coronavirus-3.htm&lt;/a&gt; (...&lt;em&gt;&quot;COVID-19 coronavirus could last up to two years at below freezing temperatures&quot;&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.nj.gov/faqs/coronavirus-information/about-novel-coronavirus-2019/will-the-coronavirus-survive-in-the-refrigerator-or-freezer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid19.nj.gov/faqs/coronavirus-information/about-novel-coronavirus-2019/will-the-coronavirus-survive-in-the-refrigerator-or-freezer&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;em&gt;&quot;it is also expected that the virus would survive being frozen&quot;&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14993" LastEditorUserId="14993" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T04:50:13.127" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T07:38:15.127" Title="Coronavirus active in freezer for years" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21785" CreationDate="2020-03-28T06:05:17.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that early CT scan of patients, even asymptomatic ones, show ground glass opacities and histology of resected lung segments in asymptomatic patients taken for lung cancer resection show alveloli filling with proteinaceous material.  Patchy changes progress with time and if it were haematogenous spread then we would expect military like spread through the lung which is not what is being described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disease is spread by droplets full of virus, and it is likely that the patient in coughing is spreading the virus to other parts of the lung.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is speculative as the disease progression has not yet been fully characterised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel&#xA;Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients&#xA;With Lung Cancer&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(20)30132-5/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(20)30132-5/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Temporal Changes of CT Findings in 90 Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Study&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020200843&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020200843&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T06:05:17.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21788" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21786" CreationDate="2020-03-28T07:33:12.173" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the virus replicates via &lt;strong&gt;human&lt;/strong&gt; cells, how do you expect it to proliferate inside a refrigerator? And if you had human tissue (lungs, hearts, kidney, bowel) in your fridge, it still needs to be alive to proliferate as it hijacks the living cells intra-cellular machinery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, you're not going to get any more virus out than you put in.  Therefore if you disinfect before you put it into the fridge, you won't get any virus out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're talking about the infected deceased coming out of the mortuary fridge&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no evidence so far of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the handling of bodies of deceased persons.&#xA;  The potential risk of transmission related to the handling of bodies of deceased persons with suspected or&#xA;  confirmed COVID-19 is considered low and can be related to:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  * direct contact with human remains or bodily fluids where the virus is present&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  * direct contact with contaminated fomites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As viable SARS-CoV-2 may persist on surfaces for days [7], there is the possibility that the virus also persists on&#xA;  deceased bodies. Therefore, unnecessary contact with bodies should be minimised by those not wearing personal&#xA;  protective equipment (PPE). Those in direct contact with deceased cases of COVID-19 (both suspected or&#xA;  confirmed) should be protected from exposure to infected bodily fluids, contaminated objects, or other&#xA;  contaminated environmental surfaces through wearing of appropriate PPE. Minimum requirements include gloves&#xA;  and a long-sleeved water-resistant gown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-safe-handling-of-bodies-or-persons-dying-from-COVID19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-safe-handling-of-bodies-or-persons-dying-from-COVID19.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-28T07:38:15.127" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T07:38:15.127" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21279" CreationDate="2020-03-28T07:50:08.610" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Additionaly to Philipp Leitl's answer:&#xA;Overview of cases in Italy, provided by Instituto Superiore Di Sanita, updated on a daily basis (just change the date in the url) with death distribution by age:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Infografica_27marzo%20ENG.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Infografica_27marzo%20ENG.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The korean Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also publish some data on a daly basis, including case distribution by gender and age:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a30402000000&amp;amp;bid=0030&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a30402000000&amp;amp;bid=0030&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;For example, press release No 215, 26.3.2020:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a30402000000&amp;amp;bid=0030&amp;amp;act=view&amp;amp;list_no=366650&amp;amp;tag=&amp;amp;nPage=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a30402000000&amp;amp;bid=0030&amp;amp;act=view&amp;amp;list_no=366650&amp;amp;tag=&amp;amp;nPage=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18050" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T07:50:08.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T09:50:50.260" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2749451-20200328-coronavirus-traiter-masques-ffp2-reutiliser-possibilites-actuelles-limitees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2749451-20200328-coronavirus-traiter-masques-ffp2-reutiliser-possibilites-actuelles-limitees&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200328094715/https://www.20minutes.fr/sante/2749451-20200328-coronavirus-traiter-masques-ffp2-reutiliser-possibilites-actuelles-limitees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Plusieurs procédés ont déjà fait l’objet de tests, rappelle-t-il : « Les ultraviolets ont montré une efficacité. La difficulté de l’UV, c’est qu’il faut arriver à le diffuser partout. Certaines études ont montré que, selon la forme du masque, les UV vont à certains endroits, mais ils ne vont pas à d’autres. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://translate.google.com/#view=home&amp;amp;op=translate&amp;amp;sl=auto&amp;amp;tl=en&amp;amp;text=Plusieurs%20proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s%20ont%20d%C3%A9j%C3%A0%20fait%20l%E2%80%99objet%20de%20tests%2C%20rappelle-t-il%20%3A%20%C2%AB%20Les%20ultraviolets%20ont%20montr%C3%A9%20une%20efficacit%C3%A9.%20La%20difficult%C3%A9%20de%20l%E2%80%99UV%2C%20c%E2%80%99est%20qu%E2%80%99il%20faut%20arriver%20%C3%A0%20le%20diffuser%20partout.%20Certaines%20%C3%A9tudes%20ont%20montr%C3%A9%20que%2C%20selon%20la%20forme%20du%20masque%2C%20les%20UV%20vont%20%C3%A0%20certains%20endroits%2C%20mais%20ils%20ne%20vont%20pas%20%C3%A0%20d%E2%80%99autres.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Translate&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several processes have already been tested, he recalls: &quot;Ultraviolet rays have shown their effectiveness. The difficulty with UV is that you have to be able to distribute it everywhere. Some studies have shown that, depending on the shape of the mask, UV rays go to certain places, but they don't go to other places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which studies have shown that UV radiations  fail to reach some part on the mask and therefore may not be suitable for sanitizing masks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNvHlc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/fqh671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-11T12:40:26.013" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T12:40:26.013" Title="Which studies have shown that UV radiations fail to reach some part on the mask and therefore may not be suitable for sanitizing masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21792" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22792" CreationDate="2020-03-28T12:31:00.550" Score="5" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome?wprov=sfla1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; :- &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...Although the cause is unknown, the underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves and damages their myelin insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection or, less commonly by surgery and rarely by vaccination. The diagnosis is usually made based on the signs and symptoms, through the exclusion of alternative causes... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can the SARS-CoV-2, which causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, cause GB syndrome? &#xA;There's evidence that the Zika virus, H1N1 and few other viruses can cause GB Syndrome. Is there any possibility or evidence that the said coronavirus can trigger this autoimmune disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18053" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T11:22:31.683" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T11:22:31.683" Title="Can SARS-CoV-2 be a potential cause for Guillain-Barré syndrome?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="21794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T13:50:56.980" Score="1" ViewCount="733" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been preparing bleach disinfectant lately in a spray bottle and have been spraying on my couch, door mat, door knots, etc...&#xA;I don't rinse it... So I assume there is bleach residue left after evaporation. Is it safe to leave the residue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I felt some very mild burn like feeling on my arms when putting my arms on my couch lately; I don't know if this is some kind of placebo effect or if it is real.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18052" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T04:46:12.880" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T04:46:12.880" Title="Is bleach residue (after evaporation) safe?" Tags="&lt;bleach&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21794" CreationDate="2020-03-28T15:48:28.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt; In its manufacturing process, hypochlorite bleach begins as salt and water. After use, the compound breaks down mainly into salt and water during or quickly after use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's table salt left behind, NaCl, as well as the similar NaClO3 and NaOCl.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/environmental-hygiene/dispelling-myths-about-bleach-odors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/environmental-hygiene/dispelling-myths-about-bleach-odors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T15:48:28.960" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22792" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21792" CreationDate="2020-03-28T16:05:01.583" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Like everything else, we're instructed by past experiences. Although there weren't a lot of data on neurologic aspects of MERS and SARS, there were some papers describing neurologic complications in those patients. In rare cases, complications including ADEM (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis)-like demyelination, encephalitis, and brainstem encephalitis were reported. They also saw some peripheral and non–central nervous system stuff, including things that looked like Guillain-Barré syndrome or what they would sometimes call critical illness polyneuropathy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927562&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, severely affected covid-19 patients may develop something that looks like GBS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T16:05:01.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T18:08:04.657" Score="3" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q6nM1bT9o0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube video&lt;/a&gt; min 0:32, Dr. Samir Gupta, says &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It typically would last for 12 to 18 months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How the Pandemic Will End&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; in the &lt;strong&gt;ll. The Endgame&lt;/strong&gt; section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No matter which strategy is faster, Berkley and others estimate that it will take 12 to 18 months to develop a proven vaccine, and then longer still to make it, ship it, and inject it into people’s arms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T02:55:57.283" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T00:20:19.310" Title="Why will COVID-19 last for 12 to 18 months?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22795" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T20:31:04.443" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;By and large, when a person gets ill with eg. flu, it is sort of assumed at least by many people with no medical background in my vicinity, that the person won't get infected by another virus meantime. Now, this doesn't work for, eg, bacterial infections and similar (a bacterial pneumonia being common complication of flu). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But are there any other reasons why infection by multiple viruses at the same time might be less likely, except for the fact that an ill person is not likely to run around to get additional infections? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12121" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T20:31:04.443" Title="Is it less likely to get infected by a second virus while fighting first?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22796" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22799" CreationDate="2020-03-28T21:15:31.933" Score="21" ViewCount="1473" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reading numerous news articles about COVID-19, I got confused as to what is its main transmission route. In particular, I am confused as to whether it is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;direct landing of respiratory droplets in mouths and noses,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contaminated surfaces,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;aerosols (i.e., suspensions of the virus in the air rather than respiratory droplets quickly landing in mouths or noses or on surfaces), or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;something else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, the website of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that contaminated surfaces are not thought to be the main transmission route:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same website appears to suggest that the main transmission route is  direct landing of respiratory droplets in mouths and noses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Between people who are in close contact with one another (within about 6 feet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO), like many other agencies, puts the main emphasis on washing hands. Here is the WHO's first and foremost piece of advice on how to prevent getting infected with the virus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water. Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub kills viruses that may be on your hands. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Social distancing is mentioned on that webpage only as a second piece of advice, and, furthermore, the webpage implies that it is safe to approach coughing people as close as 1 meter away:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, I found an article saying that the virus wasn't detected in the air of hospital rooms with COVID-19 patients, but was detected on surfaces:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When researchers in Singapore tested the air in the rooms of three Covid-19 patients, they found no virus particles on cleaned surfaces or in the air even when they took samples on days the patients were symptomatic and presumably shedding virus into the air, they reported this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In the room of the third patient, who shed more virus, virus particles were present on ventilation fans and numerous surfaces — but all air samples were negative. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-can-become-aerosol-doesnt-mean-doomed&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the same article also says that Chinese researchers found COVID-19 aerosols near patients' toilets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: Actually what is the main way COVID-19 spreads?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19055" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T22:46:47.113" Title="What is the main way COVID-19 spreads?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2020-03-28T22:13:46.623" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The confusion exists because there are conflicting pronouncements from various authoritative sources but also conflicting pronouncements from the same authority.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 is a respiratory infection spread by droplets that can be aerosolized (nuclear droplets) in certain situations such as by flushing toilets or in certain medical procedures such as intubation. However, it reaches the air it contaminates surfaces and this allows for the infection to be caught through the eyes nose and mouth with the virus being transferred from the hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data from Singapore and Taiwan show that handwashing and social distancing are successful in preventing disease transmission. However, if social distancing is not rigorously enforced then you will need to wear a mask. The head of the Chinese CDC, Dr George Gao, has recommended that everyone wear a mask which is advice that contradicts most countries health ministries. This is so that the infected are not shedding as many viral particles into the environment. His advice is based on the fact that there is a high degree of asymptomatic infection in the community and these people are spreading the virus by droplets just by talking and exhaling.  The contrary advice is because they feel users are wearing masks to protect themselves, and, in the absence of training, they are almost certainly less effective at providing protection.  But trained users have a similar degree of protection with both surgical masks and N95 masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the main way of disease transmission is by respiratory droplet. But the fact that health workers, NYPD officers (currently over 500) and others are getting infected wearing masks points to surface contamination as the second main mode of infection, or, possibly lack of training in wearing the masks and/or poor hand washing, or, that aerosol transmission is indeed important.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/not-wearing-masks-protect-against-coronavirus-big-mistake-top-chinese-scientist-says#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/not-wearing-masks-protect-against-coronavirus-big-mistake-top-chinese-scientist-says#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/19/opinion/guidance-against-wearing-masks-coronavirus-is-wrong-you-should-cover-your-face/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/19/opinion/guidance-against-wearing-masks-coronavirus-is-wrong-you-should-cover-your-face/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T22:55:45.517" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T22:55:45.517" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21794" CreationDate="2020-03-28T22:25:30.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the UK most bleach contains NaOH and NaClO. The hypochlorite (which is the bit that does the bleaching) breaks down to common salt and free oxygen. The hydroxide doesn't. So it's possible you are experiencing some kind of chemical burn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19056" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T22:25:30.457" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T22:33:38.543" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I hear Cushing's I always hear and think of cortisol excess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How come its cortisol that is mainly associated with this condition - more than mineralogical/ aldosterone or androgens? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand if its from taking glucocorticoids we would be talking just about cortisol - but even when talking about adrenal cushing's, such as in the picture below, most sources refer to cortisol first.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vnK1R.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vnK1R.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do tumours in the adrenal gland act more on the zona fasiculata or something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19058" LastActivityDate="2020-03-28T22:33:38.543" Title="Why is cushing's syndrome mainly associated with cortisol?" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22802" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-28T23:02:33.833" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC website on cases and mortality involving COVID-19&lt;/a&gt; currently says reads &quot;Data include both confirmed and presumptive positive cases of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anywhere that they are breaking this out and published confirmed and presumptive separately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T14:06:20.570" Title="Are confirmed US deaths being posted anywhere?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-04-23T15:02:35.783" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21593" CreationDate="2020-03-29T09:55:15.483" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://cnet4.cbsistatic.com/img/97VLceTKgeLDbT5OmoUnRk2rNew=/2020/04/07/3ec6ead4-acd0-4fcc-9660-f7c33defd992/vlcsnap-2020-04-07-13h39m12s930.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Peter Tsai, the INVENTOR of the filtration fabric in the N95 mask. N95 masks are made of polypropylene material and are designed to tightly fit over your face with little leakage around the edge of the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;method 1&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When reusing N95 masks, leave a used respirator in dry, atmosphere air for 3-4 days to dry it out. Polypropylene in N95 masks is hydrophobic and contains zero moisture. COVID-19 needs a host to survive–it can survive on a metal surface for up to 48 hours, on plastic for 72 hours, and on cardboard for 24 hours. When the respirator is dry in 3-4 days, the virus will not have survived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Take four N95 masks, and number them (#1-4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On day 1, use mask #1, then let it dry it out for 3-4 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On day 2, use mask #2, then let it dry out for 3-4 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same for day 3, and day 4…&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;method 2&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also sterilize the N95 mask by hanging it in the oven (without contacting metal) at 70C (158F) for 30 minutes-it is reported that COVID-19 cannot survive at 65C (149F) for 30 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use a wood clip to hang the respirator in the kitchen oven to do the sterilization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experimentally though this time is much less when incubating virus in transport media&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the incubation temperature increased to 70°C, the time for virus inactivation was reduced to 5 mins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;UV light&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When sterilizing N95 masks, be wary of using UV light–keep N95 masks away from UV light / sunlight. N95 masks are degraded by UV light because it damages the electrostatic charges in the polypropylene material. It is unclear how long the masks can be exposed to UV light before they are ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more details at the link&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sages.org/n-95-re-use-instructions/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sages.org/n-95-re-use-instructions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We do have more data now on UV and what levels are safe to use&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation &lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UVGI disinfection involves placing respirators in direct line with UV-C lamps. Any exposed surface of the mask will be disinfected. This process generally requires the masks to be flipped after some period to ensure both sides of a mask are disinfected or requires a setup involving two UV-C lamps on either side of the respirator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For samples of FFR filters treated with SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) viruses, no viable virus was found following a dose of 1 joule per square centimeter (J/cm2) of short wavelength (254 nanometers) UV-C light, even in the presence of artificial skin oil and saliva.11 Researchers found no impact of doses ranging from 3 to 20 J/cm2 on filter performance.9-12&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar dose range did not compromise fit on three N95 FFRs worn by 10 volunteers.12 Doses ranging from 3 to 6.5 J/cm2 did not alter fit performance on human subjects; doses up to 20 J/cm2 did not significantly change fit performance on respirators mounted on a static head form connected to a breathing machine.11&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lindsley et al13 tested the impact of much higher doses, ranging from 120 to 950 J/cm2, on respirator filter samples and 590 to 2,360 J/cm2 on respirator straps. For most samples, filter efficiency decreased after UVGI treatment but remained above 95% at all dose levels for the four tested respirator models. Strength of the different layers decreased at all doses, with more layers showing decreased strength with increasing dose. The breaking strength of straps also decreased at all doses, ranging from a loss of 10% to 21% at the lowest dose of 590 J/cm2 and 20% to 51% at the highest dose of 2,360 J/cm2. Respirators treated with a single decontamination of UVGI showed no significant difference from untreated respirators in odor, donning ease, comfort, and respirator fit.9&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altogether, these data suggest that respirators could be decontaminated by UVGI for up to 20 cycles at a dose of 1 J/cm2 per cycle, if the fit performance data from Heimbuch and Harnish11 using a static head form are representative of fit on humans. Limited human data on a small number of N95 FFR models suggest that 3 cycles at this dose will not degrade fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While respirator filter performance (and perhaps fit) were not adversely affected at the higher doses studied by Lindsley et al,13 because the lowest dose level of 120 J/cm2 caused a loss of strength of at least one filter layer, extending UVGI treatment beyond 20 cycles does not seem appropriate at this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-respirators-can-be-reused-decontamination-not-well-studied&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/commentary-respirators-can-be-reused-decontamination-not-well-studied&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://utrf.tennessee.edu/information-faqs-performance-protection-sterilization-of-face-mask-materials/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://utrf.tennessee.edu/information-faqs-performance-protection-sterilization-of-face-mask-materials/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T00:17:28.870" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22806" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22802" CreationDate="2020-03-29T10:11:32.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Presumptive cases&lt;/em&gt; is referring to the infected. There are not enough test kits for all. The diagnosis is    based on symptoms. So we know only the sum of tested and symptomatic cases. *1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the dead we can know the absolute numbers.&#xA;But they we can never be sure that they are absolutely right as meanwhile they can have been doubled. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*1) I was assuming that even in China at least the victims who died have been tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T12:29:07.013" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T12:29:07.013" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-29T10:51:08.153" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the two terms in the context of a classification problem:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A classification algorithms sensitivity/specificity is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)&#xA;specificity = TN / (TN + FP)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like the comparison with a fire alarm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the &lt;strong&gt;sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; is high, that means it actually starts ringing when there is a fire. It could still be that FP is high, meaning it just rings all the time.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the &lt;strong&gt;specificity&lt;/strong&gt; is high, it means it does not ring when there is no fire. It could still be that FN is high which means it does not ring when there is a fire.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza#Signs_and_symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a table for Influenza symptoms&lt;/a&gt; and I'm a bit confused what it means in this context. Does it essentially define each isolated symptom as a classification algorithm, e.g. for fever:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I get a patient who has Influenza. I only check for fever. If the patient has fever, I conclude that he has Influenza. I'm right in 68–86% of the cases. (For simplicity, assume 77%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I get a patient and and apply my &quot;fever =&gt; Influenza&quot; logic. In 25–73% of the cases I correctly say that they don't have fever (for simplicity, assume 49%).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So essentially the number come from filling this table:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;|                         | Correct Pred. (True) | Wrong Prediction (False) |&#xA;| ----------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------ |&#xA;| Has Fever (Positive)    |                      |                          |&#xA;| Has no Fever (Negative) |                      |                          |&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specificity&lt;/strong&gt;: Hence, if I divide the number of people without fever and who also don't have influenza by the number of all people without influenza, it should be 49%? Or is it all people who visit the doctor? All people who feel sick? All people who think they have Influenza?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt;: I divide the number of people who have fever and influenza by the number of people with Influenza. Same question here: If people are asymptomatic, they probably don't go to the doctor. If there is no check if they had influenza, how can one have &lt;code&gt;FN&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did I get something completely wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T00:05:55.727" Title="What is the sensitivity / specificity of a symptom?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22808" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22811" CreationDate="2020-03-29T15:10:22.600" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Astigmatism is a common vision condition that causes blurred vision. It occurs when the cornea is irregularly shaped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retinopathy is any damage to the retina of the eyes, which may cause vision impairment. Retinopathy often refers to retinal vascular disease, or damage to the retina caused by abnormal blood flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is astigmatism a type of retinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T18:20:37.590" Title="Is astigmatism a type of retinopathy?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-29T17:58:12.467" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm working on a non-medical project.  Its only relationship to COVID is that I'm at home now and have more time to devote to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this project, I need to use scalpels.  Because I'm only cutting inanimate objects, I use non-sterile ones like &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B00DNW2D9S&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt;.  They're identical to &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B076R5GLGC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sterile scalpels&lt;/a&gt; used in surgery, except for the fact that they're not sterile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there's a shortage of certain types of medical equipment now, particularly masks and ventilators.  I haven't heard of any surgery associated with COVID, but I wanted to check first: is there any risk of running out of scalpels?  If there's a possibility that hospitals will need to buy and sterilize non-sterile scalpels for use in surgery, I definitely don't want to contribute to a shortage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it ok to buy non-sterile scalpels to use for a non-medical project, or do I risk contributing to a potential shortage of scalpels needed for urgent medical purposes?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19069" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T18:05:44.093" Title="Is it ok to buy non-sterile scalpels for non-medical reasons during the COVID outbreak?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22808" CreationDate="2020-03-29T18:00:59.973" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cornea is in a different part of the eye than the retina, hence astigmatism is not a disease of the retina.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#/media/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#/media/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T18:20:37.590" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T18:20:37.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22812" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22810" CreationDate="2020-03-29T18:05:44.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unless you are buying in huge quantities, the likelihood to cause a shortage of any kind of medical equipment is probably low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T18:05:44.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-29T18:49:10.357" Score="2" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-basics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;, in the section &lt;em&gt;How long is it between when a person is exposed to the virus and when they start showing symptoms?&lt;/em&gt; mentions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Recently published research found that on average, the time from exposure to symptom onset (known as the incubation period) is about five to six days. However, studies have shown that symptoms could appear as soon as three days after exposure to as long as 13 days later. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen this other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-incubation-period/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; where we can see that the incubation could vary from 0 to 27 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/11193056/how-to-treat-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; mentions how long it last if you have got it, which says its 22 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DtsNk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DtsNk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the Covid-19 goes after 22 days, then could be possible that one gets it and showing no symptoms at all, not even feeling bad at all, the whole time on the Covid-19 process?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, is there a way to know that you already had it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T22:41:50.230" Title="Is it possible to get Covid-19 and have 0 symptoms along the complete journey and hence cure by yourself without knowing?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22813" CreationDate="2020-03-29T20:33:06.840" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is possible to have no symptoms and be infected, various sources, e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32179137&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32179137&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for testing after 'clearing the infection', this would be what a serological scarring test would look for, e. g.: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/27/serological-tests-reveal-immune-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/27/serological-tests-reveal-immune-coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.contagionlive.com/news/florian-krammer-phd-discusses-new-coronavirus-serological-assay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.contagionlive.com/news/florian-krammer-phd-discusses-new-coronavirus-serological-assay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T22:41:50.230" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T22:41:50.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-29T20:46:35.047" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was a Q and A held with George Gao, the head of the Chinese CDC, published in the most recent issue of Science, where he suggests that the data support droplets as being the main mode of transmission in the community. Masks and social distancing, of course, ameliorate this mode of spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Droplets can be generated simply by speaking. And they can be flung at fairly high speed potentially landing in the posterior pharynx of another person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the virus infects cells of the mucosa, say in the posterior pharynx, are the virus particles that are produce there aerosolized by the passing air flow? Once the particles are in the form of an aerosol, they can reach the alveoli. I can't imagine droplets being able to reach the alveoli directly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other mucosal surfaces which play a role, like the nose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what about the eye? How does that lead to spread to the lungs? Viremia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I apologize for the multiple questions in one. But they are related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19072" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T20:46:35.047" Title="Going from droplet flying through the air to ending up in the pneumocytes in the alveoli. How does SARS-CoV-2 do it?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22813" CreationDate="2020-03-29T20:57:43.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In COVID-19, The University of Padua, Veneto Region and the Red Cross tested the populationof Vò, Italy, 3300 people, to establish the natural history of the virus, the transmission dynamicsand categories of risk. &quot;&lt;strong&gt;they found &gt;50 of those who tested positive to be asymptomatic&lt;/strong&gt;” according to Professor Sergio Romagnani. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21723/43&quot;&gt;How can one predict whether an individual infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus will be asymptomatic?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  2020-03-25 - Stanford COVID-19 Evidence Service - Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages [v1.2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/20200325stanfordcovid19evidenceserviceaddressingcovid19facemaskshortagesv1.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-03-29T21:06:26.147" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T21:06:26.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14781" CreationDate="2020-03-29T22:40:27.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per the US CDC non-detectable viral load means effectively no transmission possible (there are not many absolutes in medical sciences).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/art/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/art/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Numerous campaigns have been created on these findings:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/undetectable-viral-load-and-transmission-information-people-hiv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/undetectable-viral-load-and-transmission-information-people-hiv&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.preventionaccess.org/undetectable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.preventionaccess.org/undetectable&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-03-29T22:40:27.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22807" CreationDate="2020-03-29T23:11:45.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity#Medical_examples&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity#Medical_examples&lt;/a&gt;) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In medical diagnosis, test &lt;strong&gt;sensitivity is the ability of a test to&#xA;  correctly identify those with the disease&lt;/strong&gt; (true positive rate),&#xA;  whereas test &lt;strong&gt;specificity is the ability of the test to correctly&#xA;  identify those without the disease&lt;/strong&gt; (true negative rate). If 100&#xA;  patients known to have a disease were tested, and 43 test positive,&#xA;  then the test has 43% sensitivity. If 100 with no disease are tested&#xA;  and 96 return a negative result, then the test has 96% specificity.&#xA;  Sensitivity and specificity are prevalence-independent test&#xA;  characteristics, as their values are intrinsic to the test and do not&#xA;  depend on the disease prevalence in the population of interest.[10]&#xA;  Positive and negative predictive values, but not sensitivity or&#xA;  specificity, are values influenced by the prevalence of disease in the&#xA;  population that is being tested. These concepts are illustrated&#xA;  graphically in this applet Bayesian clinical diagnostic model which&#xA;  show the positive and negative predictive values as a function of the&#xA;  prevalence, the sensitivity and specificity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&lt;/a&gt; it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; (also called the true positive rate, the recall, or&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;probability of detection&lt;/strong&gt;[1] in some fields) measures the proportion of&#xA;  actual positives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the&#xA;  percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the&#xA;  condition). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I. e. sensitivity refers to the proportion of people with disease who have a positive test result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specificity&lt;/strong&gt; (also called the true negative rate) measures&#xA;  the proportion of &lt;strong&gt;actual negatives that are correctly identified as&#xA;  such&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g., the percentage of healthy people who are correctly&#xA;  identified as not having the condition).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I. e. specificity refers to the proportion of people without disease who have a negative test result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sensitivity is the proportion of patients with the disease who have&#xA;the symptom.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Specificity is the proportion of patients without the&#xA;disease who do not have the symptom.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T23:21:08.043" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T23:21:08.043" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T00:17:09.397" Score="3" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many of us have yet to see a case.  What is your personal experience?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T00:20:10.683" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T22:11:50.877" Title="What clinical presentations are you seeing in Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-04-01T22:52:03.333" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T00:35:12.697" Score="2" ViewCount="318" Body="&lt;p&gt;A model from the University of Washington predicts that new COVID-19 cases and deaths will drop to zero shortly after July 1:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.healthdata.org/projections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid19.healthdata.org/projections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that's because the virus runs out of new people to infect, if people who have had it before can't get it again, and if we assume it doesn't mutate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then I don't understand what is the point of developing a vaccine that won't be ready for 12-18 months anyway. What does it achieve, if all of the deaths from COVID-19 will have already occurred by this July? And if the reason the deaths level off in July is because so many people have the antibodies by then that we have herd immunity, then who is the vaccine for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the virus could mutate so that people who have antibodies from the current version will not be immune. But if the eventual vaccine is going to be based on the current version, doesn't that mean that if it mutates, people who get the vaccine won't be immune either?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of some possible answers that would make sense (by which I only mean they would make logical sense as an answer; I don't mean that they make scientific sense):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) The UW model represents a rogue view and people are working on the vaccine because they don't think it's correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Even if we achieve herd immunity at 75%, the vaccine is to protect the remaining 25%. (I would call this a special case of #1, contradicting the UW model, because it seems to assume there is a significant number of preventable deaths lying to the right of July 2020.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) People who get the SARS-CoV-2 virus will only be immune to the current version, but the vaccine can be developed in a way that it might also provide immunity against other mutated versions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4) The vaccine is not going to be ready in time to make a difference against the current SARS-CoV-2, but we're working on a general strategy for identifying any mutated strains that might appear next year, so that we can respond quickly with a vaccine, similar to what we do with the flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5) Even though we think our bodies will retain the antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 indefinitely, there's a chance that they might not (similar to norovirus), so the vaccine is to cover that possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19075" LastEditorUserId="19075" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T02:05:46.213" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T02:52:42.567" Title="If models predict that COVID-19 cases leveling off by July, what is the point of developing a vaccine, if we all have the immunities by then?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22824" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T00:42:23.733" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I volunteered with doctors and nurses this weekend on a special project and now I'm home with possible COVID-19 symptoms.  I was closely working in person with around 500 medical personnel in New York City, on Saturday and Sunday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I currently have unexplained lower back pain, fluctuating body temperature (hot and cold), and a cough that's slowly getting worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I took NyQuil Severe Flu tablets, drank some orange juice and am in bed now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have difficulty breathing at the moment, so I don't want to escalate and utilize emergency services.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a way to triage my symptoms before going to see my family doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19076" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T01:15:13.610" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T01:22:11.330" Title="If you have a set of symptoms, is there an online way to assess the probability of having Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:04:36.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22825" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22823" CreationDate="2020-03-30T01:04:13.187" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You've misinterpreted the modelling you refer to above.  The modelling is based on the premise that the USA population adopts &lt;strong&gt;assuming full social distancing through May 2020&lt;/strong&gt;.  This means that the majority of the USA population will remain susceptible to infection because the social distancing has kept them away from the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, there are millions of people in other countries that will need vaccination.  Take for instance China where the majority of the population remains immune naive because they have shut down the pandemic inside China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the risks of future coronavirus pandemics remains high.  The main reason the SARS vaccine was not developed was because they ran out of people to test the vaccine on.  With a SARS-Cov-2 vaccine that will help the development of new vaccines.  The influenza vaccine is able to be developed yearly because the expertise is there, but we lack that expertise at present with the novel coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T05:06:53.240" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T05:06:53.240" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22824" CreationDate="2020-03-30T01:22:11.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your family doctors may well be overwhelmed at present and may not be able to immediately assess you.  There are some things you can do at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since many Covid-19 patients in New Zealand with mild symptoms are being sent home to self isolate, and the majority of people (80%) with covid-19 will improve with just home care, then there are online AI based tools to help you with the decision of when to contact your family practitioner, or, failing that attend hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one developed by the CDC and Apple.  See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apple.com/covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apple.com/covid19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T01:22:11.330" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22827" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T01:44:09.047" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are lots of surgical masks being sold online rather than traditional outlets such as home improvement shops and chemists.  How do you ascertain it is likely to be a real mask that provides protection versus a fake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T01:53:07.660" Title="How can you determine whether a surgical mask is real or fake?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;ppe&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22828" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22827" CreationDate="2020-03-30T01:53:07.660" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;3 of the tests are based on the fact that the surgical mask is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;3 ply&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The outer layer is water proof&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the middle layer is a plastic filter that doesn't burn like paper&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also electrostatic and breath tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://miro.medium.com/max/1280/0*ktBzLY_p3GMTyMIo.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;three ply&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiaa_eB98A0&amp;amp;feature=emb_logo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Water test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&amp;amp;v=azinyNrCW1s&amp;amp;feature=emb_logo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Flameability test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC0Hga10nbk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Electrostatic and breath test&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@ximplifyit/genuine-or-fake-surgical-masks-3-quick-tests-to-find-out-df8c27c27a42&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@ximplifyit/genuine-or-fake-surgical-masks-3-quick-tests-to-find-out-df8c27c27a42&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T01:53:07.660" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T02:03:37.903" Score="3" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen a lot data about COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) on dry surfaces. But what about wet mediums, in particular food? In the West, it's easy enough to disinfect supermarket packages (before opening them), but their contents not so much. So if a food factory worker is infected and asymptomatic... I wonder what the &amp;quot;superspreader&amp;quot; implications of that might be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, some avian influenza viruses &lt;a href=&quot;https://fri.wisc.edu/files/Briefs_File/FRI_Brief_H5N1_Avian_Influenza_8_07.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;can survive two weeks&lt;/a&gt; in refrigerated eggs. Granted, that might a bit of a special case, as they are compatible with the cells of the eggs too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is known about the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in wet mediums, food (or even drinks) in particular? And if there's no clear data yet, what do we know about the survival of coronaviruses in general in such media?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-06-26T08:58:15.887" LastActivityDate="2020-06-26T08:58:15.887" Title="What is known about transmission of coronaviruses through food?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22829" CreationDate="2020-03-30T02:15:25.363" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Insofar public health officials seem to have ruled out food as a route of transmission, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/coronavirus-no-evidence-food-source-or-transmission-route&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EFSA’s chief scientist, Marta Hugas, said: “Experiences from previous outbreaks of related coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), show that transmission through food consumption did not occur. At the moment, there is no evidence to suggest that coronavirus is any different in this respect.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, the FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/food-safety-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;notes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is no evidence of food or food packaging being associated with transmission of COVID-19.  It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. CDC notes that in general, because of poor survivability of these coronaviruses on surfaces, there is likely very low risk of spread from food products or packaging that are shipped over a period of days or weeks at ambient, refrigerated, or frozen temperatures. It is more likely that a person will be exposed by person-to-person transmission involving close contact with someone who is ill or shedding the virus. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Q:] If a worker in my food processing facility has tested positive for COVID-19, should I test the environment for the SARS-CoV-2 virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently there is no evidence of food or food packaging being associated with transmission of COVID-19. Therefore, we do not believe there is a need to conduct environmental testing in food settings for the virus that causes COVID 19 for the purpose of food safety. Cleaning and sanitizing the surfaces is a better use of resources than testing to see if the virus is present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to see some more concrete studies on this, e.g. does the virus become non-viable in hours in food? So, I'll accept a better answer, but this seems answer-ish information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only liquid medium tests I &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036673v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; were for the highly favorable VTMs (virus transport mediums)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We determined the residual infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 at different temperature. The virus diluted by virus transport medium (VTM; final concentration: 6.7 log TCID50/mL) was incubated for up to 14 days (Table A). The virus was highly stable for an extended period at 4C. There was only a 0.6-log unit reduction of virus titre at the end of incubation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But of course if you could use fruit juice for VTM, there wouldn't be any market for VTM. Still this finding might be a little unsettling. VTMs are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/Annex8.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;generally made from animal products&lt;/a&gt; but the recipe is rather specific/involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T03:11:19.453" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22831" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22832" CreationDate="2020-03-30T02:51:08.110" Score="1" ViewCount="180" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say 15 minutes after a person coughs or sneezes, where does the droplet go? Up in the air and down to the ground? Is it different inside a building?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19077" LastEditorUserId="140" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:54:54.410" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:54:54.410" Title="With regard to COVID-19 what happens to droplets after coughing or sneezing?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22831" CreationDate="2020-03-30T03:30:12.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Data suggests droplets remain in the air up to 3 hours, and longer for droplet nuclei.  Where they go depends on the local temperatures, humidity and air flows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SccWy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SccWy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image shows a cough on the left and a sneeze on the right.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Currently, the term droplet is often taken to refer to droplets &gt;5 μm in diameter that fall rapidly to the ground under gravity, and therefore are transmitted only over a limited distance (e.g. ≤1 m). In contrast, the term droplet nuclei refers to droplets ≤5 μm in diameter that can remain suspended in air for significant periods of time, allowing them to be transmitted over distances &gt;1 m (Stetzenbach, Buttner &amp;amp; Cruz, 2004; Wong &amp;amp; Leung, 2004). Other studies suggest slightly different definitions, with ranges for “large” droplets, “small” droplets and droplet nuclei being &gt;60 μm in diameter, ≤60 μm in diameter and &amp;lt;10 μm in diameter, respectively (Tang et al., 2006; Xie et al., 2007). The concept is that the naturally and artificially produced aerosols will contain a range of droplet sizes, whose motion will depend significantly on various environmental factors, such as gravity, the direction and strength of local airflows, temperature and relative humidity (which will affect both the size and mass of the droplet due to evaporation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oops, breathing and talking can produce droplets yet health authorities continue to claim that masks are not needed (to stop wearers from broadcasting droplets into the environment)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Humans can produce respiratory aerosols (droplets) by several means, including breathing, talking, coughing (Figure C.1, A), sneezing (Figure C.1, B) and even singing (Wong, 2003; Toth et al., 2004).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are being told that the main droplets are the larger ones being emitted but talking for 5 mins can produce droplet nuclei the same as a cough&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Published data have suggested that sneezing may produce as many as 40 000 droplets between 0.5–12 μm in diameter (Cole &amp;amp; Cook, 1998; Tang et al., 2006) that may be expelled at speeds up to 100 m/s (Wells, 1955; Cole &amp;amp; Cook, 1998), whereas coughing may produce up to 3000 droplet nuclei, about the same number as talking for five minutes (Cole &amp;amp; Cook, 1998; Fitzgerald &amp;amp; Haas, 2005; Tang et al., 2006). Despite the variety in size, large droplets comprise most of the total volume of expelled respiratory droplets. Further data on the behaviour of droplet dispersion in naturally generated aerosols are needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Small droplets fall to the ground where they dry up before they reach the ground but some become droplet nuclei on their way down which allows them to remain airborne&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the classic study of airborne transmission, Wells (1934) was able to identify the difference between disease transmission via large droplets and by airborne routes. Wells found that, under normal air conditions, droplets smaller than 100 μm in diameter would completely dry out before falling approximately 2 m to the ground. This finding allowed the establishment of the theory of droplets and droplet nuclei transmission depending on the size of the infected droplet. The Wells evaporation-falling curve of droplets (see Figure C.2) is important in understanding airborne transmission and transmission by large droplets. Wells' study also demonstrated that droplets could transform into droplet nuclei by evaporation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what happens to droplet nuclei&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Droplet nuclei floating on the air may be carried by the movement of air. Entrainment of air into neighbouring airspaces may occur during the most innocuous daily activities; for example, as a result of people walking, or the opening of a door between a room and the adjacent corridor or space (Hayden et al., 1998; Edge, Paterson &amp;amp; Settles, 2005; Tang et al., 2005, 2006). In addition, the air temperature (and therefore air density) differences across an open doorway will also cause air exchange to occur between the two areas, providing a second mechanism to allow air into other areas (Tang et al., 2005, 2006) (see Figure C.3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which is why they use negative pressure rooms when doing a procedure that can form aerosols&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T03:30:12.557" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T04:19:40.253" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know coronavirus is transmitted by 1) droplet in air 2) touching a physically contaminated object by a coronavirus patient and then touch our face or mouth. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now New York City got hit so hard, what is the primary transmission? 1) or 2) from above?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, let's say you pass a coronavirus patient in the supermarket, and he does not wear mask. What you can do to protect yourself? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19077" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T04:19:40.253" Title="How coronavirus are transmitted in New York City and in other states in the US?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:24:14.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T04:50:44.963" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in a mid-size US city not hit too hard by the coronavirus. Is there a good way to set up email alerts (or similar) to alert me to COVID-19 clinical trials in my area that I can volunteer for? I ask because I've heard that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00927-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there may soon be trials&lt;/a&gt; recruiting uninfected individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best method I have found so far is to set up an RSS feed at clinicaltrials.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14563" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T04:50:44.963" Title="How can I set up alerts to notify me of COVID-19 clinical trial participation opportunities for healthy US volunteers outside of infection “hotspots”?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22835" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T05:01:55.680" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;US news keeps telling average people NO NEED to wear masks for coronavirus, but I see on TV that when Chinese/Korean/Japnese go out to the street, all of them wear masks. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the US advise people to wear make later on, we don't have enough supplies anyway. Because we don't have enough supplies. &lt;strong&gt;What's your take on this?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if mask doesn't work, why I see emergency people wear mask all the time then? &#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Doesn't wear masks reduce my risk?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Also, what's the correct Western perspective on wearing a mask?&lt;/strong&gt; Will people look at me differently on the street if I wear a mask? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19077" LastEditorUserId="19077" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T05:55:10.360" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T05:55:10.360" Title="Should I wear mask to supermarket to protect myself from coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-03-30T13:59:59.900" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T05:37:01.800" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I am sitting here at home in Covid-19 lock down. It got me wondering if there any prior evidence of the effects of lockdowns on the spread of others diseases? Or if there there are any solid conjectures on what happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have only been able to find details on how lockdowns affect COVID-19 (and how long that will last). Not surprising since it is on the front of people's minds. I am looking for effects on secondary diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11943" LastEditorUserId="11943" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T00:17:00.800" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T00:17:00.800" Title="Effect of Covid-19 lockdowns on other diseases?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:25:45.553" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T09:25:16.850" Score="3" ViewCount="888" Body="&lt;p&gt;As specified in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/coronavirus-testing-explained-how-does-it-work-and-how-quickly-can-you-get-a-response-in-australia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;, COVID-19 tests start with taking samples from the nose or back or throat of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on growth rate of this disease, I thought what if those samples are not positive (showing infection with COVID-19), but that person has that virus in other parts of his body, because he's in the early stages of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is it possible to be infected with COVID-19 and have no virus in nose and throat, and if it's possible, how long would it take to be certain that a sample shows the reality and a negative answer can be trusted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19079" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T05:51:57.470" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:51:57.470" Title="Is it possible that COVID-19 virus exist in a human body, but be absent from samples taken from nose and back of throat?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22838" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22837" CreationDate="2020-03-30T09:32:05.303" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are searching for the false-negative rate of these tests. &lt;em&gt;A test resulting in a negative outcome while it should have been a positive outcome.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A recent article stated that most of the false-negatives of COVID-19 tests are actually caused by not properly taking the samples from nose and throat. While I cannot find the original article I've got this information from, I've added two other relevant quotes. So yes false-negatives are possible but are likely caused by samples that are not properly collected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The rollout of COVID-19 testing is accelerating as more kits become available. However, a leading pathologist who was director of virology at Stanford, points out that the results are not 100% accurate. &quot;It's not that these tests can't detect virus,&quot; said Dr. Bruce Patterson. &quot;My concern is that the sampling involved in detecting the virus can lead to clinical false negatives.&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://abc7news.com/6053940/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://abc7news.com/6053940/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the false-negative rate can vary based on the test method used and its quality and accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;COVID-19 tests are new, and assessing their accuracy is challenging. PCR tests may produce false negatives, failing to identify evidence of SARS-CoV-2. Sometimes false negatives result from human error or problems with the procedure. Giving the test too early or late, for example, can lead to a false negative. - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-testing#accuracy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronavirus-testing#accuracy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T09:55:07.253" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T09:55:07.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T09:34:51.243" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could bronchial washing (as used in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and some forms of pneumonia) be used to treat or at least reduce the length of time a patient suffering from COVID-19 required mechanical respiration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to alleviating the pneumonia symptoms perhaps the saline flushing solution could be formulated with some type of soaping agent that was still compatible with the respiratory tract since the virus has been shown to be susceptible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming the procedure could be run continuous on each bronchus for the duration of the virus life cycle  (how long is this?) then you could destroy all traces of the virus (unless it remained dormant within a host cell).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&amp;amp;v=6aM1xpUW98M&amp;amp;feature=emb_logo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Youtube video showing procedure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12992" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T12:04:25.563" Title="Is or could lung lavage be used to treat or at least reduce the time required on a respirator for COVID19 patients?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22837" CreationDate="2020-03-30T10:55:31.333" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects cells that possess the ACE2 receptor but this is described as being present mainly in pneumocytes lining the alveoli, vascular endothelium, cardiac tissue, and small bowel luminal cells. The virus appears to preferentially attack well differentiated cells. There are also some ACE2 containing cells in the respiratory epithelium. Nevertheless virus can be detected from nasal and oropharyngeal swabs indicating infection there. The tests themselves are only about 75% sensitive which suggests there is not a high concentration of virus in the upper respiratory tract，though it may also relate to the time the swab is taken as greatest viral shedding in the upper airways occurs in the pre-symptomatic phase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a positive test may relate to when it was taken, and test sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A deep sputum test is best but dangerous to obtain as large amounts of virus are exhaled or coughed into the environment endangering medical staff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287568/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287568/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T10:55:31.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T11:03:40.837" Score="0" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recent articles and news items showed groups of people (mainly in Asia) spraying whole cities with disinfectant (as shown on a photo below). Apart from questions about the used substances, dose, frequency and its effectiveness, I was wondering if this practice is not worsening the chances of infection for the following possible reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As people likely breath in this disinfectant solution, isn't that irritating the respiratory system and therefore increasing risk of infection or more specifically worsening possibly already existent respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma resulting in the same effect (increasing risk of infection)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Doesn't spraying such amounts of disinfectant in the open air &quot;kill&quot; many healthy organisms and bacteria that are beneficial for human?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Setting of a chain reaction as a result of 2. indirectly harming humans in the longer term?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example an article on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-china-dispatches-bleach-trucks-to-spray-down-cities-2020-2?international=true&amp;amp;r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;businessinsider.com&lt;/a&gt; shows that bleach is used. While &lt;a href=&quot;https://learn.compactappliance.com/cleaning-with-bleach/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several articles&lt;/a&gt; state that inhaling bleach causes damage to lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gV2J0.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gV2J0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;In Bozhou, China, in a photo from February, workers spray disinfectant to protect against the novel coronavirus.&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T11:09:06.873" LastActivityDate="2021-04-25T02:34:58.887" Title="Is open air spraying of disinfectant irritating the respiratory system and therefore increasing risk of infection such as COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22843" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22839" CreationDate="2020-03-30T11:19:31.080" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current guidelines for treatment of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome do not recommend such treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In SARDS associated with covid-19 disease there is alveolar collapse due to infection and death of the surfactant making pneumocytes lining the alveoli. the recommendation is to generally run these patients on the dry side while being ventilated as there is a tendency to fluid overload the lungs. Adding fluid with pulmonary irrigation sounds counterproductive and is not going to correct the underlying issue of a lack of surfactant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000420.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/6/1/e000420.full&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T11:19:31.080" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T11:31:43.393" Score="0" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is the reported case-fatality rate due to COVID-19 much higher in Italy than in China among individuals aged 70 years or older?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} stratified data by age group:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iTOf7.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/iTOf7.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1} inconclusively mentions two possible reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second possible explanation for the high Italian case-fatality rate may be how COVID-19–related deaths are identified in Italy. Case-fatality statistics in Italy are based on defining COVID-19–related deaths as those occurring in patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 via RT-PCR, independently from preexisting diseases that may have caused death. This method was selected because clear criteria for the definition of COVID-19–related deaths is not available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A third possible explanation for variation in country-specific case-fatality rates are the differing strategies used for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. After an initial, extensive testing strategy of both symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts of infected patients in a very early phase of the epidemic, on February 25, the Italian Ministry of Health issued more stringent testing policies. This recommendation prioritized testing for patients with more severe clinical symptoms who were suspected of having COVID-19 and required hospitalization. Testing was limited for asymptomatic people or those who had limited, mild symptoms. This testing strategy resulted in a high proportion of positive results, ie, 19.3% (positive cases, 21,157 of 109,170 tested as of March 14, 2020), and an apparent increase in the case-fatality rate because patients who presented with less severe clinical disease (and therefore with lower fatality rate) were no longer tested (case-fatality rate changed from 3.1% on February 24 to 7.2% on March 17). These more mild cases, with low fatality rate, were thus no longer counted in the denominator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other reasons could be a different SARS-CoV-2 strain or treatment differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNvbjl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/frp6hn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Onder, Graziano, Giovanni Rezza, and Silvio Brusaferro. &amp;quot;Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy.&amp;quot; JAMA (2020). &lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4683&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T19:37:30.363" Title="Why is the reported case-fatality rate due to COVID-19 much higher in Italy than in China among individuals aged 70 years or older?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="14" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:05:01.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22845" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T15:04:35.897" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is a question to experts in medical engineering with specialization on lung ventilators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's take a &quot;simpler&quot; design than a full-featured ICU.&#xA;We know typically medical devices are complex devices built by high tech companies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Typically, open source initiatives work on some BMV based appliance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be blocking obstacles, if any, for a typical DIY shop with say mid-range equipment to build such a respirator?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have observed so far, there is a list of quite &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRl9yZ27KvslftcNvweHgH1A81pO8gHL62TWpY_VY-UELWdK9x-4-3hNw3DbkemClzExPsg8RfnxilP/pub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comprehensive evaluation criteria&lt;/a&gt; for open source ventilator initiatives. This introduces more formality to my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, none of initiatives listed there have got the full score but &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTYAfldxoIiO46VAWH1NlhrwFBn9mguqS2bh1spnLEu4AVVN1cj1vaEm6vOp5Z6UnaAbUwd8dslCXdM/pubhtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they keep improving&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there something crucial missing on that criteria list?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9514" LastEditorUserId="9514" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T15:45:07.837" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T15:45:07.837" Title="Complexity and medical constraints vs Open Source Ventilator" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22846" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T13:47:08.963" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand, Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, this restriction should cause a disruption in the pumping of blood. That would cause the heart to beat at a faster rate. If this happens over a long period of time, can it lead to cardiac arrhythmia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19268" OwnerDisplayName="Neel Shukla" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T09:06:45.730" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T09:06:45.730" Title="Can aortic stenosis lead to arrhythmia?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22847" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T17:13:45.713" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;In labelling an isopropanol hand sanitizer in the UK (which I gather would be regulated as a biocide in the EU, not a cosmetic), should a contaminant of one of the ingredients be listed on my ingredients label? Sepimax Zen lists 1-5% 2-methylpropan-2-ol on its SDS as a contaminant. This would be 100-500ppm in the final product. The hazard symbols at least would be the same, because it's similar to the isopropanol, but should it be listed on the ingredients section, too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should this be on my SDS but not label? I'm not making a product for sale, so I'm not familiar with the regulations and just trying to get familiar as a exercise, really.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19080" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T17:13:45.713" Title="What thresholds apply for labelling of possible contaminants in a sanitizing product?" Tags="&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T17:50:25.777" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;FDA has approved many purine analogs e.g. thioguanine, cladribine, pentostatin, mercaptopurine for various forms of leukemia and/or lymphoma, but none for non-hematological malignancies. What makes non-hematological malignancies untreatable by purine analogs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19082" LastEditorUserId="19082" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T21:58:14.593" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T02:02:15.263" Title="Why aren't purine analogs effective in non-hematological malignancies?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22850" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22856" CreationDate="2020-03-30T19:06:55.777" Score="4" ViewCount="292" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can a competition among  computer programmers be helpful to find a vaccine against corona?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HackZurich, under the patronage of the Federal Department of Home Affairs (FDHA), aims to use the collective intelligence of researchers, experts, technology specialists and fellow citizens to develop fresh ideas and solutions for dealing with and combating the Coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://inf.ethz.ch/news-and-events/spotlights/2020/03/codevscovid19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://inf.ethz.ch/news-and-events/spotlights/2020/03/codevscovid19.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My idea is: is a virtual virus similar with a real virus that an antivirus to covid-19 can be developed analogous to  the construction of a virtual virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a kind of bionics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: this question has been closed as opinion based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this answer by Thomas is the proof that there is evidence and scientific research:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can, see e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905159&lt;/a&gt; (field of cheminformatics) re the possiblity of drug discovery in general via machine learning&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T13:14:17.197" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T21:04:52.950" Title="Can computer programmers help to find a vaccine against corona?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22844" CreationDate="2020-03-30T19:37:30.363" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are asking for speculation since there aren't any other papers that address this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can think of a number of reasons in addition to the ones mentioned in the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know medical workers were hit higher than than the general population. This implies a higher viral load initially leads to more severe disease. If more of the lung is affected initially there is less time to mount an immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;China removed the mildly infected and asymptomatic infected quickly by large scale testing. When testing by PCR was unavailable they even used chest CT scans for screening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's culturally acceptable to wear face masks after the sars epidemic in China. You didn't see this in Italy. But it reduces viral shedding into the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Italians are more touchy than Chinese. Whereas a handshake in China might do, Italians are more likely to face kiss and engage in other more dangerous close contact acts. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one child policy also meant that the population has fewer mobile vectors of disease moving around viz younger children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Household transmission was kept at 10% in Guangdong. If Italy failed to test early and frequently this would have increased this rate of transmission, with higher viral loads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I conclude that death rates were higher in the over 70s because numerous factors lead to higher viral loads.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/why-coronavirus-deaths-are-higher-in-italy-spain-than-in-china.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/why-coronavirus-deaths-are-higher-in-italy-spain-than-in-china.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T19:37:30.363" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22850" CreationDate="2020-03-30T20:12:14.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge/tasks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge/tasks&lt;/a&gt; is hosting such a &quot;competition&quot; based on scientific papers related to covid-19. You can find many notebooks showing what people have tried.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to be useful, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge/discussion/138761&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I think&lt;/a&gt; patient data would be very valuable as well. Scientific text mining is in some ways currently quite limited for covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T20:12:14.107" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22849" CreationDate="2020-03-30T21:07:27.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not a given, that they are not useful in solid tumors (also lymphoma are accounted among the solid tumors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are pyrimidine-like antimetabolites, e. g. 5-FU: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil&lt;/a&gt;, while some &lt;em&gt;purine&lt;/em&gt; antimetabolites were in development, see e. g. here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4066218&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4066218&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some approaches that try to make tumors more sensitive to purine antimetabolites, e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295219304691&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295219304691&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another, older, paper that describes a purine antimetabolite in lymphoma: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.1991.9.1.175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.1991.9.1.175&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent approach on the purine metabolism: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01697/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01697/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T21:44:37.260" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T21:44:37.260" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22856" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22850" CreationDate="2020-03-30T21:10:44.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, they can, see e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905159&lt;/a&gt; (field of cheminformatics) re the possiblity of drug discovery in general via machine learning. Generally, a vaccine is a specific applicative field of drug discovery that might benefit from machine learning as well, e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395155/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395155/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T21:10:44.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22857" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T21:13:00.210" Score="0" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to think of the simplest, pre-existing item that could be used as a ventilator to support coronavirus patients that require it. I have come across this useful specification regarding what ventilators should ideally comply to: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/specification-for-rapidly-manufactured-cpap-system-to-be-used-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/specification-for-rapidly-manufactured-cpap-system-to-be-used-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately I do not have the equipment to measure the effectiveness of using a bike pump with respect to this specification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Could a bike pump be used (are you in a position to test one against the above spec)? Otherwise, is there another common/household product that could be a successful substitute?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19088" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T22:14:56.463" Title="Bike pump as a ventilator?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22858" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22857" CreationDate="2020-03-30T21:29:30.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Airway pressure is a lot less than what a bike pump produces during a single pump action (in the usual setting of how its used).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even though ventilators work in a similar way (cf. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PgmEZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PgmEZ.png&lt;/a&gt;), CPAP by definition needs to maintain a continuous airway pressure (CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure). The pressure to be held should be between around 3 mbar up to around 20-25 mbar. These are, again, exceedingly small pressures and need to be adjustable very explicitly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One simple way of generating the kind of pressure in the airway one would want is trying to exhale against lips firmly pressed against each other; this produces around 20-40 mbar (depending on where you read about it).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally respiratory physiology is not a trivial subject, unfortunately. If you are interested, there are West's lectures, which are very accessible and free of charge: &lt;a href=&quot;https://meded.ucsd.edu/ifp/jwest/resp_phys/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://meded.ucsd.edu/ifp/jwest/resp_phys/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T22:14:56.463" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T22:14:56.463" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22857" CreationDate="2020-03-30T21:57:04.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even a cursory reading of the spec indicates that this will not work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Specification&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Must: Defines the minimum viable product clinically acceptable by clinicians  [...]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;RMCPAP must deliver inspired oxygen concentration in the range 35 – 80% to the patient, selectable by the user. [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;All gas connectors and hoses must comply with BS EN ISO 5359:2014+A1:2017, ISO 5359:2014/AMD 1:2017 and BS 2050: 1978&#xA;  Electrical Conductivity [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must connect to wall pipeline oxygen supply via BS 5682:2015 compatible probes [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must maintain a nearly constant airway pressure of between 5–15 cmH2O, with the ability to adjust the pressure [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must either alarm or be provided with a suitable air entrainment system if the fresh gas supply fails [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must have as low a resistance to expiration as possible  [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Expiratory gas must be able to pass through an appropriate filter [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must have a pressure safety release valve to protect the patient from high pressures, having a release pressure of no greater than 25&#xA;  cmH2O.  [...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Must be securely attached to the gas outlet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A bike pump does not meet any of those criteria, this isn't even the complete list of &quot;musts&quot;, and failing on a single criteria would already mean that the pump is not suitable. Adding enough peripherals to meet even some of the criteria would in all likelihood impossible, and if possible the resulting device would no longer resemble a bike pump. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could probably use a bike pump to pump air into a lung, but given that a bike pump is designed to deliver up to 160 psi (&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ems.com/f/ea-how-to-choose-a-bike-pump.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Portable pump psi ratings can vary. Some offer 90 psi, others up to 160 psi&lt;/a&gt;&quot;), that's just an interesting way to kill a person, which is not usually what ventilators are for. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest to this plan I could find was a plan to &lt;a href=&quot;https://scitechdaily.com/mit-posts-free-plans-online-for-an-emergency-ventilator-that-can-be-built-for-100/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;convert an ambu bag into a ventilator&lt;/a&gt;. My experience with ventilators is rather more practical than theoretical, and given what fickle machines even state of the art ventilators are, I would probably choose death over that sort of improvised machine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19089" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T21:57:04.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22860" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-30T22:30:21.823" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know there is no cure for Covid-19 (currently) and the&#xA;treatment focuses on managing symptoms as the virus runs its course.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;symptoms of Covid-19&lt;/a&gt; are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Fever&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Cough&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Shortness of breath&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no need to seek medical attention unless&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Trouble breathing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Persistent pain or pressure in the chest&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-New confusion or inability to arouse&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-Bluish lips or face&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-covid-19#treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthline&lt;/a&gt; the examples of therapies used for these illnesses include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;antiviral or retroviral medications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;breathing support, such as mechanical ventilation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;steroids to reduce lung swelling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood plasma transfusions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But there's no mention of specific medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have checked other pages and again, no specific medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know there is a lot of medication of antivirals, to treat cough, fever, etc. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But is a special medication to treat these symptoms that came particularly from Covid-19 infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or it doesn't matter that the symptoms came from Covid-19? they could be treated as a common cough or common fever, etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T22:46:49.207" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:39:47.583" Title="What are the special medications to treat Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22861" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22860" CreationDate="2020-03-30T22:41:14.133" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no specific proven drug treatments for Covid-19 disease but quite a few claims based on very limited experience which is why the WHO is arranging a mega trial called SOLIDARITY to test 4 protocols. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remdesivir, an anti-Ebola drug, a RNA polymerase inhibitor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hydroxychloroquine - a drug used in SLE/Rheumatoid arthritis that may have some ACE2 blocking ability by glycosylating the spike protein and the ACE2 receptor&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ritonavir and lopinavir, a combination of common anti-AIDS drugs &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interferon beta + ritonavir and lopinavir- interferons are released by cells to fight viruses&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/who-launch-trial-testing-4-potential-covid-19-treatments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/who-launch-trial-testing-4-potential-covid-19-treatments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-020-0156-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-020-0156-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-03-30T23:32:54.203" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T23:32:54.203" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14158" CreationDate="2020-03-30T23:32:31.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a general rule, non-starchy vegetables (and fruit) contain less carbohydrates. As far as effect on blood glucose goes, you might be looking for something like the glycemic index: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_index&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carrots (and many others foods) are listed with their glycemic index here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.glycemicindex.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.glycemicindex.com/&lt;/a&gt;, e. g. there are some 10 different entries for carrots alone, depending on how they are prepared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Raw carrots: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php?num=2492&amp;amp;ak=detail&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php?num=2492&amp;amp;ak=detail&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The site also lists some references where tests on this can be found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a comparison, sweet corn vs. carrots: Sweet corn has about three times the glycemic index of carrots, i. e. it has more glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some diets, e. g. low carb diet types, foods with low glycemic index are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-03-30T23:32:31.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22864" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22842" CreationDate="2020-03-31T00:01:38.670" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The risk of infection is from inhalation of viral particles, or, from those particles landing on mucosal surfaces including the eyes, or being transferred there by ones hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any data that shows people with respiratory disease are more or less likely to develop covid-19.  But if you have a co-morbid illness, then you're less likely to survive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most &quot;healthy&quot; bacteria are ingested and not inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disinfectant is likely to be dilute bleach which converts quickly back to mainly table salt, oxygen and water with a few adsorbable organic halides.  They won't be spraying in your immediate vicinity without telling you to move on until after it's been inactivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember also that most municipal water supplies effectively have had bleach added to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clorox.com/how-to/laundry-basics/bleach-101/bleach-101/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.clorox.com/how-to/laundry-basics/bleach-101/bleach-101/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T00:01:38.670" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22866" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T04:14:29.533" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/1069804-90352/what-is-the-dosing-schedule-for-isotretinoin-in-the-treatment-of-acne-vulgaris&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doesn't the dosing schedule for isotretinoin for treating &lt;em&gt;acne vulgaris&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Isotretinoin therapy should be initiated at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks and increased as tolerated until a cumulative dose of 120-150 mg/kg is achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;contradict the following evidence for multiple courses? Even if a patient &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermatologytimes.com/dermatology/cumulative-dosing-isotretinoin-should-not-follow-strict-range&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has achieved acne clearance (meaning absence of primary acne lesions especially inflammatory ones (multiple and/or deep comedones may require adjunctive therapy))&lt;/a&gt;, why not continue for another 6 months? To wit, aren't multiple courses of therapy the same as exceeding the maximum dosage? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rochecanada.com/PMs/Accutane/Accutane_PM_E.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aug 21 2019 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH on Accutane&lt;/a&gt;, Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, p. 13 of 36.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Effects of multiple courses of Accutane on the developing musculoskeletal system are unknown. There is some evidence that long-term, high-dose, or multiple courses of therapy with isotretinoin have more of an effect than a single course of therapy on the musculoskeletal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.realself.com/question/accutane-second-course-cystic-acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 doctors&lt;/a&gt; also allege the efficacy in multiple courses of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/epuris-drug.htm#dosage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epuris&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The therapeutic response to isotretinoin is dose-related and varies between patients. This necessitates individual adjustment of dosage according to the response of the condition and the patient’s tolerance of the drug. In most cases, complete or near-complete suppression of acne is achieved with a single 12 to 16 week course of therapy. If a second course of therapy is needed, it can be initiated eight or more weeks after completion of the first course, since experience has shown that patients may continue to improve while off the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorDisplayName="user19153" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T06:09:54.247" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T02:17:35.443" Title="Doesn't the maximum cumulative dosage of isotretinoin contradict the efficacy of multiple courses?" Tags="&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T04:15:43.580" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following guidances don't detail why multiple courses are more efficacious? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rochecanada.com/PMs/Accutane/Accutane_PM_E.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aug 21 2019 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH on Accutane&lt;/a&gt;, Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, p. 13 of 36.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Effects of multiple courses of Accutane on the developing musculoskeletal system are unknown. There is some evidence that long-term, high-dose, or multiple courses of therapy with isotretinoin have more of an effect than a single course of therapy on the musculoskeletal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.realself.com/question/accutane-second-course-cystic-acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 doctors&lt;/a&gt; also allege the efficacy in multiple courses of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/epuris-drug.htm#dosage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epuris&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The therapeutic response to isotretinoin is dose-related and varies between patients. This necessitates individual adjustment of dosage according to the response of the condition and the patient’s tolerance of the drug. In most cases, complete or near-complete suppression of acne is achieved with a single 12 to 16 week course of therapy. If a second course of therapy is needed, it can be initiated eight or more weeks after completion of the first course, since experience has shown that patients may continue to improve while off the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="19234" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T01:38:43.763" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T01:38:43.763" Title="Why are multiple courses of isotretinoin necessary to treat acne?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;acne&gt;&lt;accutane&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23037" CreationDate="2020-03-31T05:32:45.757" Score="0" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;An article from 2008: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/7472-kill-viruses-shake-death.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New way to kill virus: Shake them to death&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Can ultrasound have the potential to treat COVID-19 infected humans at large-scale (because it does not require anesthesia)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I went through an answer on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Are-ultrasonic-waves-harmful-to-the-human-body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;. Is it a good idea to make a cavity with ultrasound for humans, specifically targeting the respiratory organs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My apologies if this seems dope, I myself am an engineer, but this COVID-19 seems to affect the future generations as well so I thought of asking here. Please validate it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AXArBgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA229&amp;amp;lpg=PA229&amp;amp;dq=whitewater%20electronics%20ultrasound&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=b5ehLFwUBM&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2EiR92YBGO77GV4mcU11_6hIEVwg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwierYfI0rnoAhXvxzgGHa2NCywQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=whitewater%20electronics%20ultrasound&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effects of ultrasound on living organisms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19091" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T07:08:15.020" Title="Can Ultrasound be a possible solution to treat COVID-19 virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22869" CreationDate="2020-03-31T05:53:57.410" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sounds like science fiction and not much use for treating patients.  They talk about shining laser light on the virus to induce the resonant frequency to shatter the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, Covid-19 is a deep tissue infection,  and I can't imagine how lasers could possibly get inside the lung, heart and other tissues affected by this virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T05:53:57.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21762" CreationDate="2020-03-31T07:07:46.997" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The inventor of the N95 filter material, Dr Peter Tsai, has said UV irradiation of the mask will destroy the electrostatic charge in the material rendering it much less effective.  But then in this later interview he is less sure and says it needs to be tested as to whether the charge is affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://utrf.tennessee.edu/information-faqs-performance-protection-sterilization-of-masks-against-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://utrf.tennessee.edu/information-faqs-performance-protection-sterilization-of-masks-against-covid-19/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T07:07:46.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22872" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T07:14:46.783" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most western countries let young people transmit the virus slowly over a period of 1-2 years while keeping the economy in lockdown and letting the old and frail people shop and work together. That method is likely to produce huge death rates (100-200,000 in the US). There is another method of quarantine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Place all susceptible people in country accomodation with biohazard security level 2 (50+ and young asthmatics, diabetics, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let the young of strong constitution continue shopping, consuming, working, mixing together&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;America would be looking at 0.0002 x 360,000,000 x 0.7 deaths (about 50 thousand down from current estimate of 100-200 thousand with current quarantine rules)... once 70% of the population is immune, the pandemic is resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a medically advanced way of protecting old and frail people while continuing the economy. Surely it would be better than a year of social distancing, with continual fresh outbreaks for 2-3 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7384" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T14:28:50.020" Title="Efficiency of age-dependent and geographical quarantines?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;quarantine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22877" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22879" CreationDate="2020-03-31T12:14:26.357" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many diseases of the respiratory tract present as having “Flu like symptoms” how do we know that the 1918 Spanish flu was a strain of influenza and not some virus with similar symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15533" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T13:18:52.270" Title="How do we know that the Spanish flu was an influenza?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-03-31T13:49:06.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22878" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T13:17:48.343" Score="1" ViewCount="126" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a public (free) Web-API providing &lt;strong&gt;live&lt;/strong&gt; COVID-19 cases evolution per country ? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &lt;em&gt;live&lt;/em&gt;, I mean the more recent data are available for the &lt;strong&gt;current day&lt;/strong&gt;, not for the yesterday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By Web Api I mean any web service providing JSON or other data format output with cases per country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to contribute to the project: &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/sdudnic/covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/sdudnic/covid-19&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19097" LastEditorUserId="19097" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T13:33:33.373" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T12:06:40.763" Title="Is there any COVID-19 LIVE web-api available?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22877" CreationDate="2020-03-31T13:18:52.270" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because we know its genomic sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720273/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2720273/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Using fixed and frozen lung tissue of 1918 influenza victims, the complete genomic sequence of the 1918 influenza virus has been deduced. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the completed 1918 influenza virus genes shows them to be the most avian-like among the mammalian-adapted viruses. This finding supports the hypotheses that (1) the pandemic virus contains genes derived from avian-like influenza virus strains and that (2) the 1918 virus is the common ancestor of human and classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T13:18:52.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22878" CreationDate="2020-03-31T13:29:04.213" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;List from &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/Bost/corona_cases/blob/master/web-services.sh&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://github.com/Bost/corona_cases/blob/master/web-services.sh&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;#!/usr/bin/env bash&#xA;&#xA;# A list of web services providing JSON data&#xA;# see also https://github.com/soroushchehresa/awesome-coronavirus&#xA;webServices = (&#xA;&#xA;    # https://corona-api-landingpage.netlify.com/&#xA;    # https://github.com/CoronaAPI&#xA;    # https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/issues/1250&#xA;    # https://corona.ndo.dev/api/timespan?country=deu&amp;amp;time=year&#xA;    corona.ndo.dev&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/ExpDev07/coronavirus-tracker-api&#xA;    coronavirus-tracker-api.herokuapp.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/nat236919/Covid2019API&#xA;    covid2019-api.herokuapp.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/open-covid19/covid19-api&#xA;    api.opencovid19.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://bachbauer.eu/projects/corona/create_csv_de.php&#xA;    # provides downloadable csv files; not a proper web service&#xA;    bachbauer.eu&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/axisbits/covid-api&#xA;    covid-api.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/Laeyoung/COVID-19-API&#xA;    wuhan-coronavirus-api.laeyoung.endpoint.ainize.ai&#xA;&#xA;    # https://www.micro-work.net/covid/ - as of now - work in progress&#xA;    www.micro-work.net&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/Omaroid/Covid-19-API&#xA;    covid19api.herokuapp.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/mathdroid/covid-19-api&#xA;    covid19.mathdro.id&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/NovelCOVID/API&#xA;    corona.lmao.ninja&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/amodm/api-covid19-in&#xA;    api.rootnet.in&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/rlindskog/covid19-graphql&#xA;    # GraphQL&#xA;    covid19-graphql.now.sh&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/isjeffcom/coronvirusFigureUK&#xA;    coronauk.isjeff.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/COVID19Tracking/website&#xA;    covidtracking.com&#xA;&#xA;    # https://github.com/andreagrandi/covid-api&#xA;    # localhosting&#xA;&#xA;    # https://micro-work.net/covid/jhutsconfirmedjson4.php/Swi/d:15&#xA;    # https://micro-work.net/covid/jhutsconfirmedjson4.php/US/d:15&#xA;    # TODO repo not found; see&#xA;    # https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/issues/492#issuecomment-601827214&#xA;    # wget --no-verbose https://github.com/matjung/covid&#xA;    # https://github.com/matjung/covid:&#xA;    # 2020-03-20 18:36:59 ERROR 404: Not Found.&#xA;    micro-work.net&#xA;&#xA;    # coronavirus-19-api.herokuapp.com&#xA;)&#xA;&#xA;for srvc in &quot;${webServices[@]}&quot;; do&#xA;    # mtr - a network diagnostic tool; speed tests and such&#xA;    mtr --report $srvc&#xA;done&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;http://covid2019-api.herokuapp.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://covid2019-api.herokuapp.com&lt;/a&gt; is currently up-to-date:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/12EYj.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/12EYj.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtracking.com/api/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covidtracking.com/api/&lt;/a&gt; claims to be updated daily. &lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtracking.com/about-tracker/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covidtracking.com/about-tracker/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We update the full dataset each day between 4pm and 5pm EDT, with limited updates as new information arrives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T11:13:24.423" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T11:13:24.423" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T13:39:49.080" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;For this question, we will define &lt;strong&gt;surveillance&lt;/strong&gt; as large scale random Covid-19 testing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;surveillance enables the sorting of asymptomatic patients to be immediately isolated when infected (and reducing further infections).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the USA does is not applying said strategy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;said strategy was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;successfully engaged in Korea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hbr.org/2020/03/why-is-the-u-s-behind-on-coronavirus-testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HBR indicates&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“Testing is the biggest problem that we’re facing,” Peter Slavin,&#xA;  president of Massachusetts General Hospital, said recently in a&#xA;  roundtable on Covid-19 at Harvard Medical School. While South Korea&#xA;  had tested about 4,000 people per million of its population at the&#xA;  time, the United States had just run five tests per million — despite&#xA;  the fact that they both reported their first cases at essentially the&#xA;  same time (on January 21 and 20). The discrepancy was surprising&#xA;  because the genome of the virus had been available since January and&#xA;  scientists had figured out the diagnostics shortly thereafter, using&#xA;  proven molecular methods first discovered in the 1970s.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-korea-population/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;South Korea&lt;/a&gt; has a population of ~ 51M and the USA population is ~330M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2020/03/29/long-lines-for-covid-19-drive-thru-testing-at-lot-j/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; indicates Jacksonville drive-in testing is limited to 250 tests per day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is surveillance not implemented at scale in the USA?  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the USA does not have testing at scale, why is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unwilling (culture / etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unable (knowledge / materials / preparation / etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Regulatory hurdles?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T21:21:11.127" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:41:05.840" Title="Why is the US not implementing large scale random Covid-19 testing to isolate asymptomatic people?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-03-31T14:04:51.803" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22881" CreationDate="2020-03-31T14:03:13.667" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is surveillance not implemented at scale in the USA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not enough test kits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the USA does not have testing at scale, why is this the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Didn't go through MERS and SARS, unlike South Korea. E.g see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/15/experience-of-sars-key-factor-in-response-to-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/15/experience-of-sars-key-factor-in-response-to-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T02:41:05.840" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:41:05.840" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22883" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22872" CreationDate="2020-03-31T14:28:50.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This form of approach, called mitigation, was modelled and led to disease cases exceeding surge capacity of the health system by eight fold, and deaths of about 1.2M.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is why they changed to disease suppression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling&#xA;MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis&#xA;Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics&#xA;Imperial College London.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T14:28:50.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22887" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22895" CreationDate="2020-03-31T16:55:16.310" Score="6" ViewCount="1422" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an exploratory question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a COVID-19 infected person (person is unaware that he is infected) milks the cow for couple of days, is there a possibility of him infecting the cow thereby infecting the milk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, if a dog licks the face of COVID-19 infected person, is it possible that the virus may spread through its saliva to another person in the vicinity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19099" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-22T20:54:22.217" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T03:19:02.353" Title="Transmission of COVID-19 through domesticated animals" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;zoonotic-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-03-31T21:29:21.870" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I started drinking from a glass water bottle to reduce my exposure but I don't have any actual numbers to know how much impact it actually has to try and work out and what steps are worth taking to reduce exposure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the chemicals leached from plastics stay in my system for days weeks years or even life.&#xA;What is the risk of cancer?&#xA;what is the negative impact on performance cognitive, physical and sexual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19103" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-03-31T23:06:19.717" LastActivityDate="2020-03-31T23:06:19.717" Title="Do plastics impact health in adults?" Tags="&lt;plastic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22931" CreationDate="2020-03-31T22:16:27.780" Score="8" ViewCount="249" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four drugs being tested for effectiveness against COVID-19 in the SOLIDARITY trial.  Three of them have obvious potential mechanisms of action:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Remdesivir is an RNA polymerase inhibitor.  It might stop the virus from multiplying once it infects a cell.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hydroxychloroquine may interfere with the spike protein the virus uses to attach to cells.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Interferon beta has general antiviral effects.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I can't find anything that would explain why the Lopinavir/Ritonavir combination is expected to do anything.  Both drugs appear to be protease inhibitors that are fairly specific to HIV, while SARS-CoV-2 isn't even in the same general group of viruses as HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-12T04:50:32.727" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T04:50:32.727" Title="How is Lopinavir + Ritonavir expected to stop COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22887" CreationDate="2020-03-31T22:45:27.530" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/WIdcG6L.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 is the result of a zoonotic outbreak from bats to an intermediate ( and unidentified host ) thence to humans.  It is thought that bats don't suffer the disease themselves as they carry low levels of virus but the intermediate host modifies the virus, and amplifies it so that it vastly increases the amount of virus that can shed into the environment infecting humans.  One possible scenario is that bat coronavirus combined with a fish coronavirus inside the intermediate host.  This is based on the observation that the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene shares a 39-base insertion with a type of soldierfish that swims in the South China Sea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SARS-CoV-2 infects humans via the ACE2 surface receptor, but this receptor is not only found in humans.  Other animals have similar but not exactly the same ACE2 receptors and several dogs and one cat have returned positive swabs for SARS-CoV-2.  The cat developed covid-19 symptoms.  The first dog died two days after being released back to its owner but that might have been from the stress of quarantine in a 17 year old Pomeranian.  Ferrets also have an ACE2 receptor which also binds strongly to the SARS virus so presumably are also at risk. Mice appear to be less at risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the first human-to-cat transmission of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). About a week after its owner got sick with COVID-19, after returning from a trip to Northern Italy, the cat developed coronavirus symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting and respiratory issues, Steven Van Gucht, virologist and federal spokesperson for the coronavirus epidemic in Belgium, told Live Science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The owner sent samples of vomit and feces to Dr. Daniel Desmecht's lab at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Liège. Genetic tests showed high levels of SARS-CoV-2 in those samples, he said. &amp;quot;The cat recovered after 9 days,&amp;quot; Van Gucht said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Hong Kong Govt is now asking that pets of infected patients must now be quarantined for 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC gives the following advice (which is out of date based on the above):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are sick with COVID-19 (either suspected or confirmed), you should restrict contact with pets and other animals, just like you would around other people. Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with COVID-19, it is still recommended that people sick with COVID-19 limit contact with animals until more information is known about the virus. This can help ensure both you and your animals stay healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When possible, have another member of your household care for your animals while you are sick. Avoid contact with your pet including, petting, snuggling, being kissed or licked, and sharing food. If you must care for your pet or be around animals while you are sick, wash your hands before and after you interact with them. For more information visit: What to Do if You are Sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't have information on cows but presume that they may also be susceptible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Experimental data suggests cats are more susceptible to the virus than dogs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The team, led by virologist Bu Zhigao, infected five domestic cats with SARS-CoV-2 through the nose. When two of the cats were euthanized six days later, the researchers found viral RNA, as well as infectious virus particles, in their upper respiratory tracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other three infected cats were put in cages next to three uninfected felines. The team later detected viral RNA in one of the non-infected cats, which suggests that they contracted the virus from the infected cats through respiratory droplets. All four cats also produced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in cats should be considered as part of efforts to eliminate COVID-19 in humans, the authors note in the preprint, which has not been peer reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6 April 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 lions and tigers reported infected by a zoo keeper at NY's Bronx zoo. A Malayan Tiger first fell ill.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dogs, however, were less susceptible to the virus. The researchers infected five young dogs and found that two excreted viral RNA in faeces, but none contained infectious virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar investigations in pigs, chickens and ducks identified no viral RNA in animals deliberately infected with the virus, or those exposed to the infected animals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edit 21 May 2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A paper from April 2020 shows a high affinity for bovidae ACE2 for the COVID-19 binding region which suggests that cows can be easily infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, we found that Bovidae/Cricetidae ACE2 but not turtle/snake ACE2 could recognize SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD. More attention should be paid to Bovidae and Cricetidae in hunting the potential intermediate host for SARS‐CoV‐2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-says-pets-of-coronavirus-patients-need-to-be-quarantined-11582888486&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-says-pets-of-coronavirus-patients-need-to-be-quarantined-11582888486&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/cat-infected-covid-19-from-owner.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/cat-infected-covid-19-from-owner.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/animals.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/animals.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2020/02/20/covid-19-vaccine-will-close-in-on-the-spikes/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2020/02/20/covid-19-vaccine-will-close-in-on-the-spikes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-0-387-33012-9_93.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-0-387-33012-9_93.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00984-8&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00984-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/120836675/coronavirus-tiger-at-new-yorks-bronx-zoo-tests-positive-for-covid19&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stuff.co.nz/world/americas/120836675/coronavirus-tiger-at-new-yorks-bronx-zoo-tests-positive-for-covid19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein favors ACE2 from Bovidae and Cricetidae&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228376/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228376/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T03:19:02.353" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22896" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T00:06:09.123" Score="2" ViewCount="160" Body="&lt;p&gt;How quickly would boiling water kill coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous articles telling us to disinfect groceries - wash all packages with soap and water and then disinfect with wipes, also wash produce.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/worried-about-contaminated-groceries-how-to-be-safe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/worried-about-contaminated-groceries-how-to-be-safe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;... wiping down all packaging with a disinfectant before putting your groceries away&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;For fruits and vegetables, VanWingen suggests scrubbing them for at least 20 seconds with soap and water&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, disinfecting wipes and disinfecting bleach as well as rubbing alcohol are all sold out and we may never see them again (until it is too late). And soap and water are not enough - plastic containers are covered with ridges and crevices (potentially filled with deadly droplets). Washing them all is impossible. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But many of us still have running water and electricity. So, it is trivial to boil a large pot of water and dip all packages and even produce in it. But is it effective? How long to dip? I guess there were no study yet about modern covid-19 but there must have been some studies about older coronaviruses. Does anybody know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I made a simple test: mixed few drops of saliva with a dye, dropped it to a groove on a plastic bottle, let it dry, then washed the bottle with soap and running water for 20 seconds while scrubbing very hard. But scrubbing cannot reach the groove, so some residue remained clearly visible and can now cross contaminate other objects. This confirms my original suspicion that washing alone is not sufficient. We need a more reliable disinfectant, like a boiling water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17872" LastEditorUserId="17872" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T02:17:37.307" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T02:17:37.307" Title="How quickly would boiling water kill coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22898" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22793" CreationDate="2020-04-01T00:24:13.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The last flu pandemic (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spanish Flu&lt;/a&gt;), lasted from January 1918 until December 1920. If my human calculator is correct that is three years. So 1 to 1.5 years seems almost optimistic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/11/top-federal-health-official-says-coronavirus-outbreak-is-going-to-get-worse-in-the-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Top US health official says the coronavirus is 10 times ‘more lethal’ than the seasonal flu&lt;/a&gt; would be 500 million assuming Spanish Flu was 50 million and Novel Coronavirus is 10 times worse. On the other hand maybe the Spanish Flu was just like the Coronavirus, we simply do not know. That said the experts &quot;guesstimate&quot; of 12 to 18 months might be too pessimistic like you hope or too optimistic compared to the Spanish Flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The good news is if every nation could be like China and attempt to catch every single case the virus will end. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bad news is &lt;a href=&quot;https://globalnews.ca/news/6756926/coronavirus-77-alberta-health-care-workers-infected-with-new-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more than 10% of infections&lt;/a&gt; in Alberta (where I live) are healthcare workers who spread it at home and when they go shopping. In the old days they lived in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/health-region-renovates-residences-to-attract-nurses-1.690579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hospital residence&lt;/a&gt;. In efforts to make things better we are unwittingly making them worse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;China on the other hand took &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/22/coronavirus-latest-updates-china-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seven idled cruise ships&lt;/a&gt; and moored them for healthcare workers to live in comfort. It's not just Alberta that has healthcare transmission, &lt;a href=&quot;https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/collapsing-virus-pummels-medics-spain-italy-69789413&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13.6% of Spain's infected&lt;/a&gt; are healthcare professionals and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newsweek.com/more-50-doctors-italy-have-now-died-coronavirus-1494781&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;51 doctors have died in Italy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The moral of the story is if you stop the spread you stop the virus. If you don't stop the spread you accelerate the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally consider the current strategy is to slow the spread, not to test for the spread. (I can provide sources if desired). This means it could lengthen the disease duration until herd immunity, unless a miracle wipes it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;April 3, 2020 Update&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today Ontario said the &lt;a href=&quot;https://globalnews.ca/news/6773486/ontario-coronavirus-covid19-number-modelling/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pandemic would last 2 years&lt;/a&gt; but praised themselves for reducing 5,000 deaths to 1,600 deaths for the month of April.. But of course it was all fiction because it was based on &quot;what ifs&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I hope we can wrap things up with an action plan in 30 days but barring no plan I suspect 3 years and not 2 years like Ontario forecasts or 1 to 1.5 years like OP forecasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sadly it appears no one is in charge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="17751" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T23:59:01.703" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T23:59:01.703" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22899" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22860" CreationDate="2020-04-01T00:33:46.723" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.genengnews.com/a-lists/how-to-conquer-coronavirus-top-35-treatments-in-development/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.genengnews.com/a-lists/how-to-conquer-coronavirus-top-35-treatments-in-development/&lt;/a&gt; has a list of 35 treatments being considered / in development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A new survey by Genetic Engineering &amp;amp; Biotechnology News (GEN) reveals 35 active drug development programs in North America, Europe, and China. Those 35 include treatments that have received the greatest public attention in recent days, being developed by companies that range from pharma giants like GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi, to small and large biotechs such as Moderna and Gilead Sciences. Gilead has begun clinical trials in China after peer-reviewed journals showed its antiviral candidate, remdesivir, having positive results in a case involving an American patient and Chinese in vitro tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, interesting summary of what supplements David Sinclair takes to reduce COVID-19 risk: &lt;a href=&quot;https://podcastnotes.org/bulletproof-radio/david-sinclair-covid-19-supplements-immune-system/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://podcastnotes.org/bulletproof-radio/david-sinclair-covid-19-supplements-immune-system/&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T02:39:47.583" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:39:47.583" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T01:03:46.157" Score="5" ViewCount="140" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic I was under the impression that viruses fall into two categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diseases from which you recover and afterwards become fully immune. When reinfected with a mutated version of the virus, you do get sick again, but it's a milder form. (common cold, influenza)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Diseases which are impossible to recover from (HIV, HPV), so you don't really gain immunity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there diseases which fall into a third bucket: you do recover, but can be reinfected immediately with the same strain? Note that I'm not asking about whether or not this is possible with COVID-19 - this question is purely about other diseases that we know of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T07:00:20.250" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T22:13:02.810" Title="Is there a virus from which humans can recover, but which doesn't grant long lasting immunity?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22901" CreationDate="2020-04-01T01:28:33.447" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seasonal coronaviruses come back year after year and we continue to suffer with them&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Researchers do know that reinfection is an issue with the four seasonal coronaviruses that cause about 10 to 30% of common colds. These coronaviruses seem to be able to sicken people again and again, even though people have been exposed to them since childhood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Almost everybody walking around, if you were to test their blood right now, they would have some levels of antibody to the four different coronaviruses that are known,&amp;quot; says Ann Falsey of the University of Rochester Medical Center.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After infection with one of these viruses, she says, antibodies are produced but then the levels slowly decline and people become susceptible again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, the Herpes Zoster or chicken pox virus you recover from but when your antibody levels drop, it can reappear as shingles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/20/819038431/do-you-get-immunity-after-recovering-from-a-case-of-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/20/819038431/do-you-get-immunity-after-recovering-from-a-case-of-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/transmission.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/transmission.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T01:28:33.447" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22903" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22896" CreationDate="2020-04-01T01:49:51.290" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The accepted knowledge is that boiling water for 1 minute kills viruses.  However, that is not necessary for SARS-CoV-2.  Any food you eat is going to be cooked for longer than a minute, and packaging can left for a couple of days for the virus to inactivate naturally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The standard recommendation for boiling water is a FULL ROLLING BOIL for ONE MINUTE and COOL BEFORE USE. The term rolling boil facilitates communication and assures that an effective pasteurization temperature is reached to kill or inactivate waterborne pathogens. Some agencies recommend boiling for longer periods, but this extra time is not necessary and can cause unnecessary power demand and increase safety concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For cardboard boxes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On cardboard, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 24 hours&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And on plastics/stainless steel&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces (Figure 1A), although the virus titer was greatly reduced (from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter of medium after 72 hours on plastic and from 103.7 to 100.6 TCID50 per milliliter after 48 hours on stainless steel).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it can last for 72 hours at least though at greatly diminished amounts of viable virus.  So, use soap/water to wipe these surfaces down. Soap disrupts the virus capsule, and also forms a surfactant around the virus so it can be dislodged from surfaces. Some people do recommend you wash your vegetables of unknown provenance in soap and water.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/boilwater/response_information_public_health_professional.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/boilwater/response_information_public_health_professional.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T04:20:12.900" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T04:20:12.900" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22904" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5503" CreationDate="2020-04-01T02:10:05.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm somewhat surprised stopping or drastically reducing your, um... fantasies, can lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prostatitis.org/prosfaq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Monk's Disease&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T02:10:05.627" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T02:35:36.827" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;(lay person here)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been following recent developments in DIY ventilator design, which are normally focussed on a contraption to send positive pressure in a controlled cycle. The counterargument against these initiatives is that modern ventilators are complex and do, among other things, aspiration of liquid from the lungs because patients are intubated. Intubation itself requires sedation for long periods, which brings it's own problems.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is such intubation necessary. Why not have a well-sealed mask? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19106" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T04:09:05.330" Title="When can mechanical ventilation be performed without intubation?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;&lt;intubation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22906" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22905" CreationDate="2020-04-01T02:50:31.407" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When patients have respiratory problems due to low oxygen saturation then you can supplement the O2 of room air by using high flow oxygen at various concentrations above room air using nasal cannulae or masks such as a Hudson mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When they are unable to maintain adequate oxygenation levels with a mask, and/or suffering respiratory muscle fatigue, they are then placed on a mechanical ventilator.  The cuff on the intubation tube is to stop secretions falling back into the lung causing aspiration pneumonia as usually at this stage the patient is no longer able to protect their own airways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some people have tried CPAP devices to supply air under pressure but that has the potential disadvantage of aerosolizing virus into the environment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While that measure could stretch the supply of ventilators and save lives, it has a major drawback. Officials and scientists have known for years that when used with a face mask, such alternative devices can possibly increase the spread of infectious disease by aerosolizing the virus, whether used in the hospital or at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, that very scenario may have contributed to the spread of COVID-19 within a Washington state nursing home that became ground zero in the United States. First responders called to the Life Care Center of Kirkland starting Feb. 24 initially used positive airway pressure machines, often known as CPAPs, to treat residents before it was known the patients were infected with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://edu.cdhb.health.nz/Hospitals-Services/Health-Professionals/netp/Documents/Oxygen%20Therapy%20-%20Rommel%20Principe%2019%20April%202016.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://edu.cdhb.health.nz/Hospitals-Services/Health-Professionals/netp/Documents/Oxygen%20Therapy%20-%20Rommel%20Principe%2019%20April%202016.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/27/822211604/cpap-machines-were-seen-as-ventilator-alternatives-but-could-spread-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/27/822211604/cpap-machines-were-seen-as-ventilator-alternatives-but-could-spread-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T04:09:05.330" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T04:35:57.587" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want someone to help direct me to research (if there exists any) of the advantages both mental and physical of waking up in a relaxed manner. To contrast it we have scenario A where your alarm goes off you wake up late at 8 and then quickly brush bathe get dressed have breakfast and leave for office whereas we have scenario B where you wake up at 7 but do all your tasks slowly in a easy going and carefree manner and waste a lot of time in the process. I personally have felt better after adopting scenario B but i want to know how big the differences are generally and are they big enough to recommend someone else&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19108" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T04:35:57.587" Title="Benefits of being relaxed after reading up on the morning" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-01T05:10:04.810" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22901" CreationDate="2020-04-01T06:13:01.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer seems to be that there is such a category and it includes most respiratory viruses, &lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/89/6/2995&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;including&lt;/a&gt; coronaviruses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) epidemic was controlled by nonvaccine measures, coronaviruses remain a major threat to human health. The design of optimal coronavirus vaccines therefore remains a priority. Such vaccines present major challenges: &lt;strong&gt;coronavirus immunity often wanes rapidly,&lt;/strong&gt; individuals needing to be protected include the elderly, and vaccines may exacerbate rather than prevent coronavirus lung immunopathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas this paper considers it such a well-known fact that they don't actually bother to cite any studies in support of that particular claim. (So, if you want to further challenge this, Skeptics SE awaits you...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And regarding the closest know relatives of SARS-CoV-2, that is SARS (and MERS) the data on long-term immunity is not very encouraging either, as a March 18, &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; editorial &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00798-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relates&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Immunity is short-lived for the coronaviruses that cause common colds&lt;/strong&gt;; even people who have high levels of antibodies against these viruses can still become infected, says Stanley Perlman, a coronavirologist at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The evidence is more equivocal for the two other coronaviruses that have triggered epidemics: those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).&lt;/strong&gt; Perlman says his team has found that after people recover from MERS, their antibodies against the virus drop precipitously. He also says that his team has gathered data — not yet published — showing that SARS antibodies are still present in the body 15 years after infection. &lt;strong&gt;But it’s not clear whether this immune response is enough to prevent reinfection.&lt;/strong&gt; “We don’t have good evidence of long-lasting immunity, but we also don’t have really good data from both SARS and MERS,” Perlman adds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More tangential info below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The immune system can be damaged by some pathogens making them vulnerable to others, even if you had prior exposure to those. Besides the well-known HIV which causes general immunodeficiency, measles  can do this to some extent as well, and you do get cured from measles proper. This from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/health/measles-vaccine-immune-system.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NYT article&lt;/a&gt;, I haven't checked the actual science publications:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Measles is far more dangerous than most people realize, new research shows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disease itself can cause a severe and sometimes deadly illness, but two new studies published on Thursday found that even when patients recover, the virus can inflict lasting harm on their immune systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The weakened immunity leaves a child vulnerable for several years to other dangerous infections like flu and pneumonia. The damage occurs because the virus kills cells that make antibodies, which are crucial to fighting off infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientists call the effect “immune amnesia.” During childhood, as colds, flu, stomach bugs and other illnesses come and go, the immune system forms something akin to a memory that it uses to attack those germs if they try to invade again. The measles virus erases that memory, leaving the patient prone to catching the diseases all over again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Technically this a bit besides what you're asking about. The technical term is &amp;quot;immunomodulation&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the adaptive response &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virology.ws/2009/12/28/reinfection-with-2009-influenza-h1n1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;takes&lt;/a&gt; a bit longer than people might suspect:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These individuals were likely resusceptible to reinfection with the same strain of influenza virus due to a confluence of unusual events. First, all three were reinfected within three weeks, before their primary adaptive response had sufficiently matured. Another contributing factor was the high level of circulation of the pandemic strain. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could reinfection also occur after immunization with influenza vaccine? Yes, if the immunized individual encounters the virus before the primary antibody response matures, which occurs in 3-4 weeks. This is more likely to occur during pandemic influenza when circulation of the virus is more extensive than in non-pandemic years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Citing:]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perez CM, Ferres M, &amp;amp; Labarca JA (2010). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Reinfection, Chile. Emerging infectious diseases, 16 (1), 156-7 PMID: 20031070&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it's suspected that it's not actually true (as claimed in the question) that prior exposure to a family of viruses, e.g. influenza, always makes subsequent infections with different influenza strains milder. In fact, there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/2019/1/18/5298310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some evidence&lt;/a&gt; that the W shaped mortality curve (by age) for the 1918 influenza was due to the exposure in infancy of some age groups (but not others) to a somewhat similar viruses that primed a overreaction of the immune response, which was often responsible for the rapid swelling of the lungs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 1918 pandemic was caused by an H1N1 virus (with a Group 1 HA). Those whose first exposure had been to a putative H3N8 (Group 2) virus that emerged in 1889 were at high risk of death [20]. Crucially, because children born several years prior to a newly emerged IAV strain can experience that virus as their first (or among their first) IAV infections, one should not expect a clean demarcation of increased risk to coincide with the year of emergence of that H3N8 strain. Although the young-adult mortality rate from the 1918 virus has a sharp peak in those born very near 1889, it stretches back to include those born up to a decade or so prior to 1889 (Fig. 3b). Interestingly, it also stretches forward only a decade or so, possibly because a new H1 virus emerged in the early years of the 20th century, displacing the 1889 H3 virus [20, 24]. This idea is supported by the lack of evidence of anti-H3 antibodies in those born after the turn of the century—despite clear evidence of N8 reactivities until shortly before 1918—as well as by the low mortality during the 1968 H3N2 pandemic in those born before, but not after, about 1900 [20].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] Nevertheless, results indicating that the 1918 virus is unusually lethal in mice [27], along with the fact that introduction of all new internal proteins in the 1918 virus could have played some role in its unusual virulence (due, e.g., to absent cellular immunity to new T cell epitopes) [20], suggest that the overall virulence of the 1918 virus may have been affected by factors other than antigenic imprinting in childhood. These uncertainties make the recovery of archival viral strains from prior to 1918 particularly attractive: exposing experimental animals such as ferrets, pigs or mice to reconstructed versions of putative H3N8 and H1N8 viruses that may have provided distinct imprinting of different cohorts in 1918 [20] may be the only way to resolve these questions and answer, finally, why this pandemic was so catastrophic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately no genomes of pre-1918 influenzas have been reconstructed insofar, so it's presently impossible to experimentally verify this kind of &amp;quot;kindling&amp;quot; hypothesis, at least for 1918 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And more generally, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/04/two-scenarios-if-new-coronavirus-isnt-contained/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it's suspected&lt;/a&gt; that nobody becomes &amp;quot;fully immune&amp;quot; to coronaviruses and some other respiratory viruses like the RSV:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toll of a seasonal-flu-like coronavirus also depends on immunity — which is also scientifically uncertain. Exposure to the four endemic coronaviruses produces immunity that lasts longer than that to influenza, [Richard] Webby, an influenza expert at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital] said, but not permanent immunity. Like respiratory syncytial virus, which can re-infect adults who had it in childhood, coronavirus immunity wanes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Everyone, by the time they reach adulthood, should have some immunity to some coronavirus,” said Tim Sheahan, a coronavirus researcher at University of North Carolina’s Gillings School of Global Public Health. But because it doesn’t last, older people can get reinfected. The elderly also have a higher death rate from coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, a pattern 2019-nCoV is following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“There is some evidence that people can be reinfected with the four coronaviruses and that there is no long-lasting immunity,” Dr. Susan Kline, an infectious disease specialist at of the University of Minnesota. “Like rhinoviruses [which cause the common cold], you could be infected multiple times over your life. You can mount an antibody response, but it wanes, so on subsequent exposure you don’t have protection.” Subsequent infections often produce milder illness, however.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll try to find some actual studies on this as it's the most central issue relating to the question. There are lot of papers in pubmed about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=waning+immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;waning immunity&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; but most are about vaccines, so that may or may not fully answer your question. But to &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/217/6/851/4833004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pick an example&lt;/a&gt; (of such a paper on vaccines waning):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For mumps, protection appears to wane over decades, prompting the use of additional doses of vaccine for outbreak control [18]. Transmission models have been used to study long-term age-specific time trends of pertussis and mumps. The best-fitting models require waning immunity, leading to the inference that vaccine protection does indeed wane, as well as providing an estimate of the rate of waning [19, 20].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think I found some &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006601&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt; that might satisfy you a bit more, but it's alas not about influenzas etc.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Determining the duration of protective immunity requires quantifying the magnitude and rate of loss of antibodies to different virus and vaccine antigens. A key complication is heterogeneity in both the magnitude and decay rate of responses of different individuals to a given vaccine, as well as of a given individual to different vaccines. We analyzed longitudinal data on antibody titers in 45 individuals to characterize the extent of this heterogeneity and used models to determine how it affected the longevity of protective immunity to measles, rubella, vaccinia, tetanus, and diphtheria. Our analysis showed that the magnitude of responses in different individuals varied between 12- and 200-fold (95% coverage) depending on the antigen. Heterogeneity in the magnitude and decay rate contribute comparably to variation in the longevity of protective immunity between different individuals. We found that some individuals have, on average, slightly longer-lasting memory than others—on average, they have higher antibody levels with slower decay rates. We identified different patterns for the loss of protective levels of antibodies to different vaccine and virus antigens. Specifically, we found that for the first 25 to 50 years, virtually all individuals have protective antibody titers against diphtheria and tetanus, respectively, but about 10% of the population subsequently lose protective immunity per decade. In contrast, at the outset, not all individuals had protective titers against measles, rubella, and vaccinia. However, these antibody titers wane much more slowly, with a loss of protective immunity in only 1% to 3% of the population per decade. Our results highlight the importance of long-term longitudinal studies for estimating the duration of protective immunity and suggest both how vaccines might be improved and how boosting schedules might be reevaluated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T22:13:02.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22910" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23165" CreationDate="2020-04-01T07:55:08.787" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are studies on the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces. These studies aim to find out how long a surface remains infectious to humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, it is not determined experimentally how long a surface remains infectious, or whether significant numbers of the viruses are present. Also, these tests do not identify the complete RNA of the virus, instead detecting the presence of fragments of viral RNA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, some theorize that viruses in a droplet become inactive when the droplet evaporates. I think the expected effect depends only on the virus being dry, but maybe also the process of drying and the liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That can't be right, because it would mean that a surface a person has sneezed on would be harmless after only a few minutes, and that's wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We think surfaces are infectious for practical purposes. But is that established experimentally? Or do we only detect RNA fragments, and use this to infer the presence of viruses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, this may imply infections attributed to touching dry surfaces are in fact caused by direct human interaction, or by touching wet surfaces. That problem could be undetected because the time between surface contact and symptoms is so long. Also, studies regarding the virus did not have much time until now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that droplet evaporation destroys SARS-CoV-2? Is it probable for practical purposes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3145" LastEditorUserId="138" LastEditDate="2020-04-12T11:25:22.477" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T11:25:22.477" Title="Does the virus causing COVID-19, the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 stop being infectious when it is dry?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-11T04:15:07.017" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T08:17:09.663" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness, and dry&#xA;cough. Some patients may have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny&#xA;nose, sore throat or diarrhea.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses#:%7E:text=symptoms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Health Organization (WHO)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person only has one of these symptoms, or doesn't even have any symptoms, is it still possible to have the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19109" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T00:11:17.110" Title="Is it possible to have coronavirus (covid-19) with minimal to no symptoms whatsoever?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-04-01T18:51:12.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22913" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22929" CreationDate="2020-04-01T09:35:42.197" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to have a confusing part of medicine cleared up. My experience of medical intervention is as follows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As pointed out in the answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/11921/7951&quot;&gt;Does taking antibiotics make you immune to virus?&lt;/a&gt; antibiotics do not work on viruses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If I go to a doctor when suffering from the common cold, I am told to ride it out and take paracetamol for aches and pains. That makes sense as the common cold is caused by a virus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If visiting the doctor because a chest infection arises however, a course of antibiotics is often prescribed.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does a doctor manage to determine that the chest infection is a bacterial infection rather than a viral infection from the common cold virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the bacterial infection arose out of a common cold infection, why is it the bacterial infection occurred and not a viral infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T00:41:56.960" Title="Use of antibiotics with chest infections" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22914" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22918" CreationDate="2020-04-01T10:06:09.813" Score="4" ViewCount="719" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been said that SARS-CoV-2 can remain on surfaces up to 9 or 10 days. While I read that smallpox can survive out of a host even for years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As much as I know, since viruses are only protein capsules around RNA strands, thus they are comparable to rocks or metals. Why do they die out of a host?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens to them that causes them to die? Do they consume energy and run out of fuel? Do they have mysterious half-life as in chemical elements? Do they have predators in food- chain and get eaten by something else?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why a surface diagnosed with a virus today, is clean after X daya/months/years? What happens to viruses on that surface?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched this and I couldn't find answera for why. They only say how long it survives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19079" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T23:34:44.007" Title="What happens to viruses that causes them to die?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22914" CreationDate="2020-04-01T15:32:39.700" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR: Factors such as UV light and heat causes the mix of RNA, fatty membrane, and protein making up the viruses to steadily break down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/do-viruses-die/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/do-viruses-die/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking, viruses can’t die, for the simple reason that they aren’t alive in the first place. Although they contain genetic instructions in the form of DNA (or the related molecule, RNA), viruses can’t thrive independently. Instead, they must invade a host organism and hijack its genetic instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/how-long-does-coronavirus-last-on-surfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/how-long-does-coronavirus-last-on-surfaces&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Just hanging about in the atmosphere, the effect of factors such as UV light and heat causes the mix of RNA, fatty membrane, and protein making up the [viruses] to steadily break down in a few hours [or less/more].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-survives-on-surfaces-how-to-protect-yourself/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-survives-on-surfaces-how-to-protect-yourself/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200401153344/https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-survives-on-surfaces-how-to-protect-yourself/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Viruses covered in “envelopes” have the most trouble surviving outside a living cell. On surfaces, the surrounding light, heat, and dryness break down the envelope, killing the virus. (Porous surfaces pull moisture away from viruses that land on them, accelerating the destruction of the envelope.) Most rhinoviruses have such envelopes; so do some influenza viruses. Norovirus doesn’t, enabling it to last longer in the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T23:34:44.007" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T23:34:44.007" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T17:06:46.140" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity and specificity&lt;/strong&gt;. &#xA;These are the links I used to know about these two terms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FnJ3L-63Cf8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FnJ3L-63Cf8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5TtopYX1Gc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5TtopYX1Gc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I understand is that we want to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;how many members of a collection can be detected by a detector&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;detector's detection rate = detected members / all members which are the same&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, how comes that they are named differently? I fail to see their distinction. In other words both can be called &lt;em&gt;sensitivity&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;specificity&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;detection rate&lt;/em&gt;. And of course when we have detection rate, non-detection rate becomes 1 minus the detection rate. Still it's not a distinguishing factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19079" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T00:03:31.557" Title="What's the distinguishing attribute between sensitivity and specificity?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22922" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T19:25:32.487" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me explain it from when it started. 2018 begining I started feeling very light pain in the middle of my right wrist joint when ever I use it to stand up pushing my self using my right hand agents the ground when Im sitting or standing. It gradually started to increase until it became sharp and painful. When it first started I said to my self it will heal its normal. Now its bin more than two years and its very painful to use it when bearing weight on it. I went to 5 Doc so far but no one told me exactly whats the issue.the first doctor suggested me a flexible splint that will prevent me from bending my wrist and after few days the pain was go. He told me to wear it for 6 months and thats what I did but after 6 months I was still feeling the pain when bearing weight in an open position of the wrist. Then we did X ray and it was normal. then the Dr suggested an arthrogram mri where the MRI report said I have a TFCC tear. Went back to the doctor and examine my wrist but the pain location was not similar to the TFCC tear thats what he said. I lost hope with this doctor and went to 4 more doctors but same results. One doctor gave me a steroid Injection in my wrist and inflammation medication as he was suspected wrist synovitis. Waited for 4 weeks wearing my splint but after it was still painful. What I observed that there is a small pump in the middle or my wrist. It is only visible when I bend my hand forward. One doctor said it might be a ganglion but I dont think ganglion should be doing these symptoms. I can lift Items with no pain as long as my wrist is not bend. if there is any suggestion to what might be the issue it will really help. Any other tests i can perform to confirm its a TFCC as no pain from my right side only the middle.&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XdtAK.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XdtAK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Wrist Pain Location&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4JYO.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4JYO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Small Pump appears when bending&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19114" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T20:48:41.003" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T20:48:41.003" Title="Wrist pain when bearing weight and bending both sides" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;wrist&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-04-01T19:46:48.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22920" CreationDate="2020-04-01T20:42:00.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say the best distinction for me is that of &lt;strong&gt;what you detect&lt;/strong&gt;, versus &lt;strong&gt;how good you are at detecting&lt;/strong&gt; it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T20:42:00.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22924" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-01T20:55:57.110" Score="9" ViewCount="2129" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would I change sodalime after each patient or are the filters enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19117" LastEditorUserId="17494" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T10:36:44.393" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T10:36:44.393" Title="How can I clean an anesthesia machine after a Covid-19 patient?" Tags="&lt;infection-control&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-04-02T19:16:37.513" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22926" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22924" CreationDate="2020-04-01T22:06:51.017" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This advice is about cleaning of anaesthetic equipment after a Covid-19 patient&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short Answer: Cleaning procedures are the same for all patients if high quality viral filters are used to protect the machine. Discard disposable items – breathing circuit, reservoir bag, patient mask, gas sampling tubing, filters placed at the airway and elsewhere if supply is sufficient. Wipe all exposed surfaces. Manufacturers’ cleaning recommendations are useful for individual devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted previously, a high quality viral filter will protect the internal components of the anesthesia machine from contamination. Single use items must be discarded and not used between patients. Practices of using an HMEF and reusing the breathing circuit between patients are not desirable in part because it is virtually impossible to decontaminate the external surfaces of the circuit. Some practices in Europe are reusing circuits by just changing the airway filter after use with patients at low risk for COVID 19 infection. Manufacturers typically have recommendations for cleaning solutions that are safe and effective for cleaning between patients. Usual practices for surface cleaning are acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apsf.org/faq-on-anesthesia-machine-use-protection-and-decontamination-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/#cleaning&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apsf.org/faq-on-anesthesia-machine-use-protection-and-decontamination-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/#cleaning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T22:06:51.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22927" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22924" CreationDate="2020-04-01T22:07:38.290" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I refer to the American Society of Anesthesiologists &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Does the anesthesia machine need to be decontaminated after use on a COVID-19 patient? We have HEPA filters in the circuit and the gas sampling line.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Please refer to ASA Guidance that states, “After the case, clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces on the anesthesia machine and anesthesia work area with an EPA-approved hospital disinfectant.” The internal components of the anesthesia machine and breathing system do not need “terminal cleaning” if breathing circuit filters have been used as directed. Please also see guidance from the APSF on decontaminiation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For further information see the American Society of Anesthesiologists &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/governance-and-committees/asa-committees/committee-on-occupational-health/coronavirus/clinical-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 FAQs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17494" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T22:07:38.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21267" CreationDate="2020-04-01T23:07:16.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you want clear scientific evidence on this (effectiveness of masks use in the general public), I think there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21698/10980&quot;&gt;no such study&lt;/a&gt; out, although there is some data pointing toward a combination of masks and hand hygiene being sometimes effective (the effect size might no be large though given the lack of uniform results even on this &quot;combo&quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far guidelines go, the Lancet has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32203710&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mini survey&lt;/a&gt; of the varying stance of various government and health authorities as of March 20.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52126183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent developments&lt;/a&gt; regarding the stance of the US gov't and CDC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One internal memo for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that even simple cloth masks could help reduce the risk of virus transmission, the Washington Post reports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also clear the prior CDC stance was substantially influenced by the shortage affecting medical professionals:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr Fauci told CNN he would &quot;lean towards&quot; recommending a &quot;much more broad, community-wide use of masks outside of the health care setting&quot; once there was a sufficient supply of masks for healthcare workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior CDC (2009) [pandemic] recommendations, do/did include respirators for vulnerable populations, &lt;em&gt;when no alternatives exist&lt;/em&gt;, like simply them avoiding a &quot;crowded setting&quot; (see table/image below). I'll also emphasize from there that with respect to inhalation, a distinction (of degree of protection) can made between masks and respirators:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The optimal use of respirators requires fit testing, training and medical clearance. Proper use is recommended to maximize effectiveness. The use of facemasks may be considered as an alternative to respirators, although they are not as effective as respirators in preventing inhalation of small particles, which is one potential route of influenza transmission.  There is limited evidence available to suggest that use of a respirator without fit-testing may still provide better protection than a facemask against inhalation of small particles. Respirators are not recommended for children or persons who have facial hair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxGl4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UxGl4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-01T23:42:53.390" LastActivityDate="2020-04-01T23:42:53.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22913" CreationDate="2020-04-02T00:21:06.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is actually a pretty complicated question because viral infections can damage the lungs in a way that makes subsequent bacterial infections possible/likely and it's often these that are fatal. So if co-occurring both may need to be treated, with different medications, or the viral infection may be ignored sometimes. It basically depends on the severity of the pneumonia (which I'm guessing it's what you mean by &amp;quot;chest infection&amp;quot;). For some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024012/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;background&lt;/a&gt; on causes of pneumonia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pneumonia is an infection of the lung that causes the alveoli, or air sacs, to fill up with fluid or pus. [...]  If pneumonia does not resolve it can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and decreased pulmonary function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are several viral infections that lead to pneumonia (16). Influenza A virus (IAV) primarily infects the lung epithelium, and can cause viral pneumonia. [...] There are also a variety of other viruses that can infect the lower respiratory tract and lead to pneumonia, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, human metapneumonia, and some adenoviruses (14, 18–22). Rhinoviruses and newly described coronaviruses also infect the respiratory tract and cause disease. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A variety of bacteria can also lead to the development of pneumonia. Bacterial pathogens as well as opportunistic infections (also known as pathobionts) can lead to pneumonia when allowed to infect the lower respiratory region. Bacteria that cause LRTIs naturally colonize the nasopharynx, but can cause disease when allowed to proliferate in the lower respiratory region (24–28). The most common examples of these are &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/em&gt;. Other bacteria are acquired from the environment, and often these bacteria have specific virulence factors that allow for the adaptation and infection of the lower respiratory tract (29). [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vast majority of research in infection biology has been devoted to studying the interactions of a single pathogen with a host. &lt;strong&gt;In addition to single infections causing pneumonia, a common complication following infection with respiratory viruses is bacterial pneumonia&lt;/strong&gt; (9, 26, 39–56).Many clinical infections and presumably subclinical infections are often in fact coinfections, in that two (or more) pathogens simultaneously or in close temporal proximity infect a single host (9, 26, 39–59). These infections are termed secondary infection, superinfection, or coinfection. The simultaneous response of two pathogens can manifest in many ways and often results in increased morbidity and mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To determine the best treatment options for patients with complex viral/bacterial coinfections increased understanding of the interplay between pathogens and the interaction with the host is necessary. Several viruses and bacteria have been shown to interact to worsen clinical outcomes. &lt;strong&gt;It is now believed that most of the deaths associated with the 1918 influenza pandemic were caused by superinfection with bacteria&lt;/strong&gt; (60, 61). &lt;strong&gt;IAV/&lt;em&gt;S. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; coinfection is perhaps the most well-studied example of viral/bacterial coinfection of the lung&lt;/strong&gt; (62). However, bacterial coinfection also complicates infection with other respiratory viruses, including rhinovirus, metapneumonovirus, RSV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and coronavirus (52, 63–66). Young children are especially vulnerable to bacterial complications following viral infection (44, 62, 67, 68).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the NICE (i.e. UK) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.guidelinesinpractice.co.uk/infection/key-learning-points-nice-community-acquired-pneumonia/455067.article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guidelines&lt;/a&gt; for diagnosing pneumonia say for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a lower respiratory tract infection most commonly caused by bacteria; however, &lt;strong&gt;viruses are thought to cause approximately 13% of cases in adults, and approximately 66% of cases in children and young people&lt;/strong&gt;. The main bacterial pathogen causing CAP is &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;, followed by &lt;em&gt;Haemophilus influenzae&lt;/em&gt;; epidemics of &lt;em&gt;Mycoplasma pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt; occur approximately every 4 years in the UK, and mainly affect children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections is common in general practice. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if you are an adult suffering from pneumonia (the Covid-19 pandemic aside) chances are you more likely you have bacterial pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NG120 also emphasises the importance of face-to-face clinical examination in patients with acute cough if prescription of an antibiotic is being considered. Clinicians should therefore avoid issuing antibiotics for cough without a face-to-face examination. If bacterial pneumonia is suspected, it is important to assess the clinical signs and to determine their severity. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An antibiotic should be offered within 4 hours of establishing a diagnosis of pneumonia,&lt;/strong&gt; and a 5-day course is considered appropriate in all severity gradings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also worth quoting from those guidelines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice, patients often return at the end of the antibiotic course due to concerns that symptoms have not resolved; however, in pneumonia, we should not expect symptom resolution at this stage. When issuing an antibiotic, it is important to explain to patients that their symptoms are highly unlikely to have resolved at the end of the course, but that the infection will have been adequately treated. It may be helpful to bear in mind that chest X-rays are not expected to return to normal for up to 6 weeks after pneumonia, reflecting the ongoing inflammatory rather than infective process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sputum samples do not need to be routinely sent for patients with CAP treated in primary care. However, they can be useful if signs or symptoms have not improved as expected after antibiotic treatment,&lt;/strong&gt; or in people who have previously had frequent courses of antibiotics, as this increases the likelihood of resistant organisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, unless the pneumonia is severe enough (to require hospitalization), you won't get a test to determine the agent that caused it, &lt;em&gt;unless&lt;/em&gt; the first course antibiotic doesn't resolve it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can tell you from general experience that the cause of pneumonia will get tested in severe cases in a hospital setting in almost any country. (There are probably some WHO guidelines for this, but I can't be bothered to search them now.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/antibiotic-resistance-could-lead-to-more-covid-19-deaths/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Short coda&lt;/a&gt; on Covid-19:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A study of 191 patients in two Wuhan hospitals showed that 50 percent of those who died tested positive for secondary infections compared to only one of the 137 survivors. In this situation, antibiotics form a crucial second line of defence. Many studies indicate that nearly all severe COVID-19 patients will receive antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T00:41:56.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T00:36:35.477" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've felt extremely &quot;down&quot; physically for a long time, culminating recently. Therefore, after hearing and reading that zinc allegedly fixes most of my specific issues, I have bought this bottle of &quot;&lt;strong&gt;organic zinc pills&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I do not know what exactly makes them &quot;organic&quot;, but that's what it says.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They contain &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;25 mg zinc&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; each. That is claimed to be &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;250% DRI&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, which is already 1.5x &quot;too much&quot; if you are to believe in the &quot;Daily Recommended Intake&quot; system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bottle says that it's &quot;not recommended&quot; to take more than 1 pill per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, A person on the radio suggested &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;80 mg&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of zinc per day, and another one commented that while not too good for the liver, it was fully possible to take &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;250 mg&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; of zinc per day...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 80 mg is okay, that already means more than three (3) pills from my bottle per day, which is thrice the dosage and over 750% of the RDI of zinc...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of this adds up to me. I can't tell if I'm taking way too little zinc or not by following the &quot;1 pill of 25 mg zinc per day&quot; instructions, but I'm scared to start taking two or more pills a day due to the warning that it's &quot;not recommended&quot;. Why is it not recommended if one pill only contains 25 mg? And why is that 250% of the daily recommended intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have to admit that I already (after just a couple of days) feel significantly less &quot;down&quot;, but of course, it could be a temporary coincidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Please don't tell me to &quot;ask my doctor&quot;. I have no doctor and I don't want anything to do with them after I was treated very rudely the last time I visited their office. But that's a long, irrelevant story.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19121" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T05:59:54.390" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T02:02:10.580" Title="How much zinc per day is &quot;too much&quot;?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-03T04:15:20.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22931" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22893" CreationDate="2020-04-02T02:02:37.347" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The NEJM &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2005477?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;editorial&lt;/a&gt; that accompanied that issue says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One antiviral-drug candidate is a combination of the HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir. Lopinavir, which acts against the viral 3CL protease, has modest antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick search shows that SARS-CoV 3CL protease was the topic of some more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/113/46/12997&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in-depth investigations&lt;/a&gt;, including a theoretical Thai &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094092/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study of how&lt;/a&gt; of lopinavir might act on the 3CLpro of SARS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it was found that a mixture of two HIV-1 proteinase inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir, exhibited some signs of effectiveness against the SARS virus. To understand the fine details of the molecular interactions between these proteinase inhibitors and the SARS virus via complexation, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the SARS-CoV 3CLpro free enzyme (free SARS) and its complexes with lopinavir (SARS–LPV) and ritonavir (SARS–RTV). The results show that flap closing was clearly observed when the inhibitors bind to the active site of SARS-CoV 3CLpro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[From:] Nukoolkarn et al. &amp;quot;Molecular dynamic simulations analysis of ritronavir and lopinavir as SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitors&amp;quot; J Theor Biol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's &amp;quot;above my pay grade&amp;quot; to comment whether that makes any sense or not as a practical approach to SARS (or Covid-19) medication, but the paper  notes that lopinavir has a similar effect on the HIV protease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, this kind of flap (loop) closing was also observed when inhibitors bind in the active site of HIV-1 protease (Hornak et al., 2006a, Hornak et al., 2006b).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As noted &lt;a href=&quot;http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Flaps_Morph_for_HIV_Protease&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;on Protopedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs that inhibit HIV protease prevent the virus from replicating, and are crucial components of anti-HIV therapies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proteolytic active site of HIV protease is covered by two &amp;quot;flaps&amp;quot;. It is believed that these flaps must open to enable substrate polyprotein to enter the active site. Drugs that inhibit HIV protease tend to &amp;quot;lock&amp;quot; the flaps closed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think they were/are hoping that 3CL plays a similarly vital role for SARS and Covid-19 virus replications, and so that drugs that close it will inhibit virus replication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seem to be other researchers who have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17605471?dopt=Abstract&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;considered&lt;/a&gt; this approach for the SARS-CoVs, so perhaps it has some merit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One promising approach is to develop small molecule inhibitors of the essential major polyprotein processing protease 3Clpro. Here we report a complete description of the tetrapeptide substrate specificity of 3Clpro using fully degenerate peptide libraries consisting of all 160,000 possible naturally occurring tetrapeptides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's even a library-compound-search paper like that (i.e. trying to find molecules that would inhibit its 3CL) for SARS-CoV-2 out &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;already&lt;/a&gt; (published March 26) by Chinese and Saudi researchers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The viral 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) enzyme controls coronavirus replication and is essential for its life cycle. 3CLpro is a proven drug discovery target in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recent studies revealed that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to that of SARS-CoV. Therefore, herein, we analysed the 3CLpro sequence, constructed its 3D homology model, and screened it against a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential anti-viral phytochemicals/traditional Chinese medicinal compounds. Our analyses revealed that the top nine hits might serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimisation and drug development process to combat COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this latter paper also notes that there are some key differences between the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 3CL proteases, so compounds that work against one might not be so effective against the other:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;results revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro receptor-binding pocket conformation resembles that of the SARS-CoV 3CLpro binding pocket and raises the possibility that inhibitors intended for SARS-CoV 3CLpro may also inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To test this hypothesis, we docked (R)-N-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)furan-2-carboxamide), a potential noncovalent inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3CLpro named ML188 [35], with the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro homology model. We also docked ML188 with the SARS-CoV 3CLpro structure (PDB ID: 3M3V) as a reference, and ML188 bound strongly to the receptor binding site of SARS-CoV 3CLpro. The inhibitor targets the Cys-His catalytic dyad (Cys-145 and His-41) along with the other residues, and the docking score (S = −12.27) was relatively high. However, surprisingly, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569073/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ML188&lt;/a&gt; did not show significant binding to the catalytic dyad (Cys-145 and His-41) of SARS-CoV-2, and the docking score (S = −8.31) was considerably lower (Fig. S3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This paper also investigated (in the theoretical/computational sense) three other drugs of that kind that might work on the SARS-CoV-2 3CL: Nelfinavir, Prulifloxacin and Colistin. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelfinavir&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nelfinavir&lt;/a&gt; is also a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV-1 and Wikipedia says it's also being investigated for COVID-19, but I haven't checked the details. Interestingly perhaps, lopinavir is not mentioned at all in this SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor screening study. I couldn't tell you exactly why, but it might be because &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antiretroviral_drug&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there are&lt;/a&gt; at least six &amp;quot;1st gen&amp;quot; protease inhibitors used in HIV treatment (and some &amp;quot;2nd gen&amp;quot; ones) so they probably just picked one for this study as representative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T06:03:17.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T02:29:49.527" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/does-your-blood-type-increase-your-risk-for-coronavirus#What-the-study-says&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthline&lt;/a&gt; it's mentioned  a recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.20031096v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that came out of Wuhan, China; it’s published on a website, but hasn’t yet been reviewed by peers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the study, scientists looked at the blood types of 2,173 people who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and compared that with the blood types of the general population in that region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They found that in the normal population, type A was 31 percent, type B was 24 percent, type AB was 9 percent, and type O was 34 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In those with the virus, type A was 38 percent, type B was 26 percent, type AB was 10 percent, and type O was 25 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers concluded that “blood group A had a significantly higher risk for COVID-19 compared with non-A blood groups. Whereas blood group O had a significantly lower risk for the infectious disease compared with non-A blood groups.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 'non-medical' or easy to follow terms/explanations, Why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does blood type A is more at risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and Why does blood type O has less risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T03:56:07.863" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T04:40:50.013" Title="A study about blood differences and the risk for COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22933" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T03:55:38.707" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that viruses are not living or nonliving things, and thus they cannot be &quot;killed.&quot; I was wondering how the viruses would no longer be able to infect people after the application of things like hand sanitizer. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19122" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T03:55:38.707" Title="How do cleaning supplies, such as hand sanitizer or Clorox wipes, kill viruses?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22935" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22932" CreationDate="2020-04-02T04:29:58.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In simpler terminology than used in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.20031096&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; referred to, the observation has been made before that there is a blood group susceptibility to certain viruses, and that SARS appeared to affect blood group O individuals less than group A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Group O individuals possess antibodies against the antigens displayed by group A individuals on their cells.  These antibodies, anti-A, interfered with the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the ACE2 receptor - like a form of neutralizing antibody or natural protection.  Their small studies suggested that Group O individuals had 60% of the risk of the full population and Group A individuals an increased risk of 120%.  AB Blood group risk ranged from 148-200% increased risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether that is clinically useful remains to be seen.  Could pooled immunoglobulin from Group O individuals help infected sick Covid-19 patients? Would any vaccine directed against this region of the virus be ineffective in Group A/B individuals because they would be trying to create a vaccine against self antigens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T04:40:50.013" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T04:40:50.013" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22936" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23271" CreationDate="2020-04-02T04:39:17.050" Score="2" ViewCount="190" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the highly cited &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291398/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 review&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Taubenberger&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Taubenberger&lt;/a&gt; and Morens it is mentioned that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The impact of this pandemic was not limited to 1918–1919. All influenza A pandemics since that time, and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including &quot;drifted&quot; H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the &quot;mother&quot; of all pandemics. [Until Covid-19]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;With the appearance of a new H2N2 pandemic strain in 1957 (&quot;Asian flu&quot;), the direct H1N1 viral descendants of the 1918 pandemic strain disappeared from human circulation entirely, although the related lineage persisted enzootically in pigs. &lt;strong&gt;But in 1977, human H1N1 viruses suddenly &quot;reemerged&quot; from a laboratory freezer&lt;/strong&gt; (9). They continue to circulate endemically and epidemically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It citest a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/82293/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;somewhat obscure paper&lt;/a&gt; for that 1977 event. I've actually read the 1978 paper (now) but it leaves me somewhat more confused. It says this about the putative origins of the re-emergence:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The close similarity in both the HA and&#xA;  NA of A/USSR/77-like strains with a 1950&#xA;  reference virus raises many questions as to&#xA;  the origin of the current H1N1 genes. Because&#xA;  antigenic drift has been observed in&#xA;  animal influenza viruses of several subgroups&#xA;  that have been isolated over a period&#xA;  of years ((16) and R. G. Webster, personal&#xA;  communication), it has been considered&#xA;  unlikely that the H1N1 virus could&#xA;  have been maintained in an animal reservoir&#xA;  for a quarter century without undergoing&#xA;  detectable mutation. Therefore, some&#xA;  have speculated that the epidemic may&#xA;  have resulted from a man-made event.&#xA;  However, it must be noted that the Hav1&#xA;  antigen of fowl plague virus and the Heq1 &#xA;  antigen of equine influenza virus, which &#xA;  appear to be distantly related (17), have&#xA;  been stable for many years in viruses isolated from birds and horses, respectively&#xA;  ((18) and unpublished results). Chemical&#xA;   studies of all genes in the A/USSR/77-like&#xA;   isolates are, therefore, being done to further&#xA;  examine the question of the origin of this&#xA;  virus (personal communication from Drs.&#xA;  W. Bean, P. Palese, and C. Scholtissek).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The contrast between the homogeneity&#xA;  of antigenic specificity of the HA in&#xA;  1977-1978 isolates of H1N1 influenza and&#xA;  the antigenic heterogeneity of the HA in&#xA;  viruses in the 1950-1951 epidemics does&#xA;  suggest, however, that current H1N1 viruses&#xA;  arose from a single source. This is&#xA;  also supported by the observed uniformity&#xA;  of avidity of the HAS in 1977-1978 isolates,&#xA;  since avidity also is believed to be a genetic&#xA;  characteristic of influenza viruses (7). Variant&#xA;  viruses that co-circulated in 1950-1951&#xA;  presumably arose by mutation and evolution&#xA;  from strains widely seeded in the human&#xA;  population during the preceding years,&#xA;  as has also been observed more recently for&#xA;  H3N2 influenza A strains (19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Note added in proof: Preliminary results&#xA;  of analysis of about 500 H1N1 strains of&#xA;  influenza A virus isolated from about February&#xA;  to May 1978 suggest that approximately&#xA;  5% of the viruses exhibit minor antigenic&#xA;  drift away from the A/USSR/77&#xA;  reference strain, and that several distinguishable&#xA;  groups of such variants may be&#xA;  detected. None of the variants, however,&#xA;  appear to resemble A/England/1/51 or&#xA;  other H1N1 strains isolated in the period of&#xA;  former prevalence of such viruses. Presumably,&#xA;  therefore, the newer variants represent&#xA;  examples of mutants of the A/USSR/77-like virus which have appeared following its spread through large segments&#xA;  of the human population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this paper entertains the idea of a laboratory release, it doesn't quite seem to fully back it up. So, has any additional research been done since then on the matter, that can (better) explain what Taubenberger and Morens [seem to] claim about the 1977 event?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T05:16:04.000" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T11:53:15.207" Title="Was it a lab accident or something else that re-released H1N1 in 1977?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;laboratory&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22938" CreationDate="2020-04-02T05:22:11.910" Score="25" ViewCount="4290" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presuming that we were able to find a person who was never exposed to any of the human seasonal coronaviruses (part of the viruses that cause the common cold), would the virus be just as deadly for that person as the SARS-CoV-2 currently circulating around the world? Or is SARS-CoV-2  uniquely dangerous?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T16:36:08.887" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T23:44:46.400" Title="Would the human seasonal coronaviruses be just as deadly as COVID-19 in a population with no prior immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22937" CreationDate="2020-04-02T05:47:28.113" Score="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;The seasonal coronaviruses attach exclusively to cells with a ciliated epithelium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coronaviruses invade the respiratory tract via the nose. After an incubation period of about 3 days, they cause the symptoms of a common cold, including nasal obstruction, sneezing, runny nose, and occasionally cough (Figs. 60-1 and 60-2). The disease resolves in a few days, during which virus is shed in nasal secretions. There is some evidence that the respiratory coronaviruses can cause disease of the lower airways but it is unlikely that this is due to direct invasion. Other manifestations of disease such as multiple sclerosis have been attributed to these viruses but the evidence is not clear-cut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies in both organ cultures and human volunteers show that &lt;strong&gt;coronaviruses are extremely fastidious and grow only in differentiated respiratory epithelial cells&lt;/strong&gt;. Infected cells become vacuolated, show damaged cilia, and may form syncytia. Cell damage triggers the production of inflammatory mediators, which increase nasal secretion and cause local inflammation and swelling. These responses in turn stimulate sneezing, obstruct the airway, and raise the temperature of the mucosa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the mechanism of infection is such that they only attack the upper airways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SARS-CoV-2 is totally different.  It attaches to the ACE2 surface receptor which is found deep in alveolar pneumocytes.  Their damage causes loss of surfactant in the alveoli, the collapse of these air cells that perform oxygen exchange and subsequently ARDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, seasonal coronaviruses give you a runny nose but don't kill.  SARS-CoV-2 collapses the air sacs that allow oxygenation to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7782/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7782/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T23:44:46.400" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22939" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T08:04:42.100" Score="1" ViewCount="128" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This chart shows South Korea and Japan&lt;/a&gt; significantly outperforming the rest of the world in preventing spread of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that everyone there is wearing surgical masks in public and have not resorted to the extreme shutdown measures the U.S. has taken. Is this empirical evidence we should be wearing surgical masks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are South Korea and Japan doing that the rest of the world can learn from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2994" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-02T16:41:10.063" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T22:19:25.953" Title="What are South Korea and Japan doing right about COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22940" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T09:09:36.850" Score="4" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;How can seborrheic dermatitis &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-dermatitis-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not be caused&lt;/a&gt; by poor hygiene as the assotiation for dermatology said? Wouldn't poor hygiene at least aggravate the condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The treatment is mainly antifungal. And the causes are said to be environmental. In winter we stay indoors so as to avoid cold weather, we have poorly oxygenated and poorly ventilated homes because we want to avoid the same cold weather. All these exacerbate fungal infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not asking why the AAD believes it I am asking why and how it is true. They just happened to assert something that I can't understand and I am questioning its validity. I am not addressing the assertion per se I am addressing the content of the assertion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15914" OwnerDisplayName="George Ntoulos" LastEditorUserId="15914" LastEditDate="2020-05-16T09:24:02.633" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T09:24:02.633" Title="Seboorrheic Dermatitis, Fungi, Environmental Factors" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T12:12:13.840" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a chemist, so I prefer to ask this question to some people, who definitely have knowledge in that area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO Handrub Formulation is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;available here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Ingridients: Ethanol 96%, Hydrogen peroxide 3%, Glycerol 98%, Sterile distilled or boiled cold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to use it to produce 4l of handrub (I have 92% alcohol, and I re-calculated needed amounts).&#xA;Can I also add some essential oil to the formula? Only few drops or more ~10 ml?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Orange, ingridients: citrus aurantium dulcis peel oil expressed, linalool, citral&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spruce, ingridients: limonane, linalool, geraniol. INCI: oleum picea excelsa&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pine, ingridients/INCI: oleum phus silvestris&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lavender, ingridients/INCI: lavandula angustifolia oil, linalool, limonene&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just want to make sure that the final substance wouldn't be irritating to the hands nor cause any allergies etc. I also found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334275803_Improvement_of_the_Efficacy_an_WHO_Alcohol-based_Hand_Rub_Formulation_by_Reducing_Isopropanol_Content_and_Associating_Syzygium_aromarticum_and_Piper_nigrum_Essential_Oils&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;, where they added Piper nigrum Essential Oils to the formula.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for suggestions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19125" LastActivityDate="2020-05-02T22:06:25.630" Title="Adding an essential oil to WHO Handrub Formulation" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;essential-oil&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22943" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22958" CreationDate="2020-04-02T12:39:37.223" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Air is 78% of nitrogen. When we inhale air, we inhale large amounts of nitrogen when compared to oxygen. How is nitrogen not exchanged? How is it exhaled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19128" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T10:52:57.707" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T10:52:57.707" Title="How is nitrogen not exchanged in respiration?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:14:59.563" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T15:07:57.410" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seem to be various conditions that affect the color of the outer edge of the iris, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischer_ring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fleischer ring - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcus_senilis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arcus senilis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kayser–Fleischer ring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbal_ring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Limbal ring&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and I imagine there are others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally they can indicate an underlying medical condition (e.g. the Fleisher ring is indicative of&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoconus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Keratoconus&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limbal ring is said to indicate good health, but I couldn't find any hard citation for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x8zBd.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/x8zBd.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blue_eye_2.jpg/800px-Blue_eye_2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a list of all such rings, and methods for distinguishing between them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T15:07:57.410" Title="Meaning of colored ring around iris" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;iris&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22949" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22954" CreationDate="2020-04-02T16:13:57.610" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;The accepted answer in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/13647/7951&quot;&gt;When is hand sanitizer appropriate/sufficient in place of warm water and soap?&lt;/a&gt; mentions that you should avoid bar soap yet the link provided no longer says this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have heard before that it is advised to use bottled soft soap rather than bar/block soap as soft soap is more hygienic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this idea backed by science?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T18:28:55.607" Title="For best hygiene, should we use hard block/bar soap or bottled soft soap?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;soap&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22956" CreationDate="2020-04-02T16:58:06.540" Score="2" ViewCount="2070" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/coronavirus/coronavirus/what-to-do-if-you-have-confirmed-or-suspected-coronavirus-disease-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mentions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Take these steps to monitor your health while you stay home and practice social distancing:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stay home, except to get medical care. Get rest and drink plenty of fluids.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Get rest and drink plenty of water or clear liquids. Avoid alcohol or drinks with caffeine, such as sodas, tea, and coffee.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why to avoid coffee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what would happen if I drink coffee?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the worst thing that could happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T09:02:20.880" Title="If I get COVID-19, can I still drink coffee?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drinks&gt;&lt;coffee&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:01:35.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T17:39:52.590" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm researching on such a component as josamycin. It is actively subscribed to women to treat urethral infection. The question is, can it be taken by men with the same effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19135" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T17:39:52.590" Title="Can josamycin be taken by a man?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:45:05.547" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22950" CreationDate="2020-04-02T19:23:04.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/caffeine/article.htm#is_caffeine_a_diuretic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;To some people, caffeine is a diuretic.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You want to stay as hydrated as possible during any illness to give the body what it needs and promote a fast recovery. Since caffeine is a diuretic (to some people), it is unwise to consume liquids containing caffeine as a means for hydrating oneself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: As a direct answer to the question, if you are ill, you may still imbibe your daily coffee, however it would be wise to find your main means of hydration in non-caffeinated sources (like water, decaf, juice, etc)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19139" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T19:23:04.710" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22949" CreationDate="2020-04-02T19:37:36.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TLDR: They're both equally effective.&lt;/strong&gt; Technically, liquid soap is &quot;cleaner&quot; than bar soap unless the soap container is usually refilled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In more detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From my understanding, any soap is effective at destroying viruses because it literally shreds apart the coating of the virus, obliterating it in the process. This is due to the nature of the soap being both hydrophilic (bonding to water) and lipidphilic (bonding to the viruses' lipid shells). So you would be seeing the same outcome from both bar and liquid soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, the question remains on what happens to the shredded bodies of the pathogens. Well, when you rinse with water, any of the viral remains will wash down the drain, so again there is effectively no argument for neither bar nor liquid soap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, when first making contact with bar soap, you are effectively transferring some of the pathogens onto the surface of the soap. These pathogens will still be destroyed, but their remains will sit on the soap. So in that sense, using bar soap is &quot;less clean&quot; because you are leaving viral debris on the surface of the soap (though this debris is benign). &lt;strong&gt;Score 1 for liquid soap&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the liquid soap is being refilled regularly (like a refillable pump bottle, or a refillable public bathroom dispensor) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article/Refillable-Soap-Dispensers-Are-A-Haven-For-Bacteria--22011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;then this soap container is likely to already be contaminated with live pathogens&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Score 1 for bar soap&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, both bar soap and liquid soap are equally effective at destroying pathogens. If you wanted to get really nitty-gritty, I'd say liquid soap is the &quot;cleanest&quot; option, unless the container is one which gets refilled, then the bar soap is the &quot;cleanest&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19139" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T18:28:55.607" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T18:28:55.607" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22950" CreationDate="2020-04-02T20:37:46.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A search on Pubmed, and Google has found no data to support the assertion from the Viriginia Government that coffee drinking is deleterious to your health when you have the Covid-19.   Unless they provide a reference I believe it is a myth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used search terms such as covid-19, caffeine, sars, sars-cov-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider also that 25-50% of people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus may have no symptoms so how exactly is one supposed to follow this &quot;advice&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30139-9/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30139-9/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T20:37:46.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22950" CreationDate="2020-04-02T20:45:57.200" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the very least, coffee (caffeine actually) can can have a complex interaction with pain medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine can actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5018099/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;enhance&lt;/a&gt; the pain-relief effects of some medications, like aspirin, which is why it's included in some &amp;quot;combo&amp;quot; OTC painkillers in some countries. (But if you take these regularly and drink caffeinated drinks too, you may well exceed the daily RDA for caffeine, 400mg/day &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according&lt;/a&gt; to the FDA.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/triggers-caffeine#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;However&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oddly enough, what makes caffeine effective in pain relief can also cause headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since caffeine narrows the blood vessels that surround your brain, when you stop taking it they expand again, and that can cause pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also heard that if you don't take any pain meds, coffee will usually enhance your feeling of pain, but I can't find any (reliable) sources to back this up, even though in some circles it is recommended you don't drink caffeinated drinks when you have some (painful) medical (or quasi-medical e.g. tattoo, piercing, laser hair removal) procedures scheduled. YMMV. (Actually a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30187108&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2018 paper&lt;/a&gt; found that habitual coffee drinkers have decreased sensitivity to pain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are probably more aspects to consider including &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rigors&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725310/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diuresis&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sweating&lt;/a&gt;, both of which are probably modulated by caffeine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WebMD &lt;a href=&quot;https://symptoms.webmd.com/cold-flu-map/how-to-stay-hydrated-when-youre-sick&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; (in an MD-reviewed article):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These drinks won’t help you get over your cold or flu, and some could do more harm than good. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coffee. If you’re going to sip a hot drink, might as well get your daily dose of caffeine in it, right? Wrong. Try to stick with water and nutrient-rich soups.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But rather disappointing they don't offer any reasons why coffee should be avoided in this case, except that it is inferior to &amp;quot;nutrient-rich soups&amp;quot;. But this seems hardly a flu-specific argument, i.e. you can't expect your diet to be just coffee anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/freeresources/general/influenza_flu_homecare_guide.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC flu [patient] guide&lt;/a&gt; makes a similar recommendation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the sick person is not eating well, encourage&#xA;them to drink liquids. Avoid alcohol or drinks&#xA;with caffeine in them such as colas, tea, and&#xA;coffee.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While apparently no reason whatsoever for avoiding coffee is given in there, this is put under the &amp;quot;Tips to prevent dehydration&amp;quot; heading, so it's probably due to sweating/diuresis being enhanced by caffeine. This seems to be a really controversial topic, e.g. a &lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5192272/coffee-tea-dehydrating/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Time mag&lt;/a&gt; article cites some experts saying otherwise, so it's probably better left for a separate question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s true that caffeine is a mild diuretic, which means that it causes your kidneys to flush extra sodium and water from the body through urine. If you’re peeing frequently, and thus losing lots of liquid, it’s logical to think you could become dehydrated — but it actually doesn’t work that way, explains Dr. Daniel Vigil, an associate clinical professor of family medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“When you drink a cup of coffee or you drink a glass of iced tea, you are necessarily taking in a volume of fluid along with that dose of [caffeine],” Vigil says. Even though caffeine is a mild diuretic, Vigil says, you won’t lose more fluid through urine than you take in by drinking a caffeinated beverage. Your body is able to absorb as much fluid as it needs and expel the rest, he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3886980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some studies&lt;/a&gt; seem to back up this latter view, but they involve healthy individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T01:38:38.803" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22957" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22962" CreationDate="2020-04-02T20:59:08.397" Score="-1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Knowing that the normal entry points of the virus to the body are the nose, mouth and eye:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;would it be possible to purposely administer the virus to someone so that it will only result in mild symptoms? Maybe even infecting other areas inside the body (by let's say injection) where it cannot spread too much.&#xA;It can be useful in situations where the probability of catching the virus in the long run is very high. For example one may prefer to infect the eye and protect the other entry points if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the same line of thought, maybe infect and then being knowledgeable about the infection one can start the treatment even before the first symptoms or at the first symptoms and aim for later immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The general strategy involves trying to choose the entry point, &quot;inventing&quot; a new entry point and/or choosing the moment of infection to have the optimal conditions for the treatment applied to covid-19. This cannot be worse for someone compared with becoming infected &quot;naturally&quot; and it can make sense when there is a state of big urgency and no time for a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19140" LastEditorUserId="19140" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T04:24:53.363" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T04:24:53.363" Title="Is there a way of administering the SARS-COV-2 virus safely? (as in a poor man's vaccine)" Tags="&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22943" CreationDate="2020-04-02T21:07:08.727" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no specific mechanism to carry nitrogen in blood, it is carried in a dissolved form unlike oxygen which uses the protein haemoglobin which is contained in red cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animals can not utilize atmospheric nitrogen so there is very little exchange between inhaled nitrogen and dissolved nitrogen.  Any nitrogen inhaled is exhaled again as it can not be dissolved further in blood to be removed from the inhaled air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The composition of environmental air is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and trace percentages of carbon dioxide, neon, methane, helium, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Therefore, at sea level where atmospheric pressure is known to be 760 mm Hg, the partial pressures of the various gases can be estimated to have partial pressures of approximately 593 mm Hg for nitrogen, 160 mm Hg for oxygen, and 7.6 mm Hg for argon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 0.78 atmospheres of pressure, at sea level, the nitrogen content of blood is therefore 0.488 mmol/L. At standard conditions, that nitrogen would occupy a volume of 15ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is 15ml of nitrogen for every litre of  blood. There would obviously be more if the gas mixture were under pressure, eg. where the diver was in the depths of the sea, breathing a highly pressurised mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. One can imagine a 70kg gentleman with 5 litres of blood becoming extremely uncomfortable as several hundred millilitres of nitrogen suddenly fizz up out of their bloodstream like a shaken-up coke bottle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493219/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493219/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-nitrogen-cycle-processes-players-and-human-15644632/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-nitrogen-cycle-processes-players-and-human-15644632/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter%20002/partial-pressure-and-solubility-gases-biological-systems&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter%20002/partial-pressure-and-solubility-gases-biological-systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T21:12:38.167" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T21:27:20.360" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can Savlon be used as surface disinfectant from SARS-CoV-2 virus? It is being said that Dettol was tested as disinfectant for previous coronaviruses, so probably it will also work well against SARS-CoV-2. But I have not found any information regarding Savlon. Main active ingredient of Savlon is cetrimide and chlorhexidine digluconate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19142" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T21:44:29.683" Title="Savlon &amp; Dettol as surface disinfectant from COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22960" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22942" CreationDate="2020-04-02T21:31:41.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The WHO formulae are tested formulations against micro-organisms.  You don't mention whether you have hydrogen peroxide but that is added to kill microbial spores that have contaminated your anti-septic solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue then is whether adding something else improves or reduces the efficacy of the formulation.  Although some essential oils have been shown in studies to have anti-viral properties I was not able to find any study of these against the SARS-CoV-2 virus which I presume is the reason you are making this up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SARS-CoV-2 virus is also encapsulated with a lipid layer or fatty layer, and we have no information on whether essential oils can help protect the virus or disrupt it.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it is advised that in this time where we lack the data we should not alter the WHO formulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot more reading on this topic &lt;a href=&quot;https://tisserandinstitute.org/essential-oils-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T21:31:41.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22959" CreationDate="2020-04-02T21:39:06.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The EPA has a database that you can search for tested effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 virus.  You need to find the EPA registration number of the product you have and check it against their database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dettol products containing a high concentration of alcohol are thought to be effective as a surface disinfectant ( greater than 70% ethanol/propylalcohol ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specific Dettol products have demonstrated effectiveness (&amp;gt;99.9% inactivation) against coronavirus strains from the same family as the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in third party laboratory testing, when used in accordance with the directions for use.  These products are: Dettol Antibacterial Surface Cleanser Spray, Dettol Antibacterial Surface Cleanser Wipes, Dettol All-In-One Disinfectant Spray, and Dettol Disinfectant Liquid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the structural similarities of the COVID-19 virus to the coronavirus strains tested previously (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, Human Coronavirus), and based on the evidence available to us, we would expect our Dettol products (listed above) to be effective against the new strain. Definitive scientific confirmation of this, as with all other commercially available virucides, can only be provided once testing against COVID-19 Coronavirus has been conducted, following release of the strain by relevant health authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dettol.co.uk/about-us/understanding-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dettol.co.uk/about-us/understanding-coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T21:44:29.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22957" CreationDate="2020-04-02T21:51:38.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no known way to infect yourself with a &quot;safe&quot; dose of SARS-CoV-2.  The eyes are listed as a portal of infection which is why health workers wear eye protection (goggles, face shields ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the virus infects human cells it starts to replicate creating more virus.  At some stage the immune system will ramp up and detect the virus but this takes time.  Even if you find a dose of the virus to infect yourself, how are you going to count a few hundred or a few thousand virus particles and make sure you don't exceed the infectious dose?  And that may depend also on host factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The average number of viral particles needed to establish an infection is known as the infectious dose. We don’t know what this is for covid-19 yet, but given how rapidly the disease is spreading, it is likely to be relatively low – in the region of a few hundred or thousand particles, says Willem van Schaik at the University of Birmingham, UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read more: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/2238819-does-a-high-viral-load-or-infectious-dose-make-covid-19-worse/#ixzz6IUiniq2D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newscientist.com/article/2238819-does-a-high-viral-load-or-infectious-dose-make-covid-19-worse/#ixzz6IUiniq2D&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T21:51:38.510" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22963" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22939" CreationDate="2020-04-02T22:19:25.953" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you look at the graphs you referenced you can see that the data for South Korea and Japan are totally different.  South Korea's infection rate has fallen, and continues to do so.  Taiwan's cases don't even register which shows that Taiwan is doing even better than South Korea.  Japan, however, has failed to reduce their infection rates which continue to rise, just at a low pace than other countries apart from those mentioned above.  It is still rising exponentially ( because it's a flat line on a log graph ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.nippon.com/en/ncommon/contents/japan-data/192772/192772.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prime Minister Abe Shinzo has recently announced that the govt is going to distribute 2 cloth masks to each family in Tokyo to try and reduce the infection rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question should really be, what are Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong doing differently from other countries that might halt the spread of Covid-19.  The answer is they are doing extensive contact tracing, testing, and quarantine.  All of this is designed to find the asymptomatic infected population that are driving the disease, and isolate them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;South Korea has won global praise for swiftly making coronavirus tests widely available and has already tested more than 394,000 people. It has found 9,583 infected people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Japan, a country whose population of about 127 million is more than twice that of South Korea, has conducted more than 48,000 tests on approximately 28,000 people and found 1,724 cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5813619/japan-coronavirus-lockdown/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://time.com/5813619/japan-coronavirus-lockdown/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-targets-coronavirus-testing-while-south-korea-goes-big-the-us-faces-which-path-to-take/2020/03/28/97e81b44-6eb6-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-targets-coronavirus-testing-while-south-korea-goes-big-the-us-faces-which-path-to-take/2020/03/28/97e81b44-6eb6-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T22:19:25.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22964" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22937" CreationDate="2020-04-02T22:46:31.200" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I should add here that there &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criid/2018/6796839/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been&lt;/a&gt; a case of ARDS reported for the alphacoronavirus 229E (i.e. a &quot;common cold&quot; coronavirus) in 2018. But ARDS occurrences are of course, much less common in these &quot;common colds&quot; than in Covid-19 infections. The case report for 229E discusses the few other such occurrences:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;HCoV-229E has been associated with bronchitis, acute exacerbations of COPD, and pneumonia in infants, children, and elderly persons with underlying illnesses [11–13]. Life-threatening infections have only been described in immunocompromised patients [7, 8], but the correlation of HCoV-229E with LRTI in healthy adult individuals is uncertain [9]. An adult patient with pneumonia tested positive for HCoV-229E has been described in a study conducted in rural Thailand, but it is not made clear if other comorbidities were present [14]. Nine Italian patients hospitalized with LRTI have also been tested positive for HCoV-229E; however, their age is not specified [15]. Αlthough numerous studies have tentatively linked 229E infections to severe respiratory tract illness over many years, no study controlling for age and underlying illness has demonstrated an epidemiologic association between infection with HcoV-229E in healthy adults and any illness other than the common cold. Furthermore, &lt;strong&gt;no case of HCoV-229E-associated ARDS has been reported in immunocompetent adults.&lt;/strong&gt; Only a few cases of pulmonary infection and ARDS have been described in a 76-year-old woman infected with the closely related alpha coronavirus HCoV-NL63 [16] and in a 39-year-old woman with poorly controlled DM and infected with the beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For severely immunocompromised patients however, there have been cases of 229E infection, triggering pneumonia e.g. as reported in (the papers referenced from the prviousone):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/37/7/929/422314&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Coronavirus 229E-Related Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here we report 2 well-documented cases of pneumonia related to coronavirus 229E, each with a different clinical presentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or &lt;a href=&quot;https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)35674-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Coronavirus Pneumonia Following Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Breast Cancer&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rarely has coronavirus been linked, either by serology or nasal wash, to pneumonia. We report a case of a young woman who, following treatment for stage IIIA breast cancer using a high-dose chemotherapy regimen followed by autologous bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, developed respiratory failure and was found to have coronavirus pneumonia as diagnosed by electron microscopy from BAL fluid.       &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is like a handful of cases in toto (for 229E).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ARDS case cited/mentioned in that (first) paper for NL63 was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201506-1239LE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported in 2016&lt;/a&gt;. This was also diagnosed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BAL&lt;/a&gt; + electron microscopy. This latter paper also suggests that in immunocompromised patients NL63 may be a bit more problematic (than 229E):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 2010, a case of fatal HCoV-NL63 pulmonary infection during the late-engraftment phase was reported (6). An Australian study reported that 2% of patients presenting to the hospital because of respiratory symptoms tested positive for HCoV-NL63, and 81% of these patients were diagnosed with lower respiratory tract disease; all of them required admission to the hospital, 56% had an abnormal chest xray, and one immunocompromised patient died, yet none of these patients had ARDS (7).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T10:14:07.067" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T10:14:07.067" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22965" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22967" CreationDate="2020-04-02T22:49:45.270" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472076/#s6title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; which suggests to me that chloroquine (hydroxychloroquine?) can make tardive dyskinesia worse. Is my reading of it accurate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15915" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T23:04:03.787" Title="Does hydroxychloroquine make tardive dyskinesia worse?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;rheumatology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-02T22:54:26.423" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a bottle of zinc pills. They each contain 25 mg zinc. This is said right on the bottle to be 250% of the DRI for zinc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why doesn't each pill contain 10 mg, which would be 100% of the DRI? Why do they make it impossible to get 100% of the DRI unless you hack up one pill into small pieces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19144" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T00:05:05.630" Title="Why does one zinc pill contain 250% (25 mg) of the DRI?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22967" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22965" CreationDate="2020-04-02T23:04:03.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper you reference postulates that this occurs in patients who have malaria&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Another hypothesis is that the fever associated with malaria may directly decrease brain amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) because of the malaria-induced spike in temperature. Spikes in temperature can disrupt brain amine function (including synthesis and signaling activity) that can be further exacerbated by exposure to the antimalarials.82&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T23:04:03.787" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22968" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22966" CreationDate="2020-04-02T23:27:17.017" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The DRI refers to elemental zinc, so likely your supplement bottle is saying the pills contain 25 mg of elemental zinc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For example, approximately 23% of zinc sulfate consists of elemental zinc; thus, 220 mg of zinc sulfate contains 50 mg of elemental zinc. The elemental zinc content appears in the Supplement Facts panel on the supplement container. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some populations have diminished absorption of Zinc so require higher doses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Vegetarians sometimes require as much as 50% more of the RDA for zinc than non-vegetarians [2]. In addition, they might benefit from using certain food preparation techniques that reduce the binding of zinc by phytates and increase its bioavailability. Techniques to increase zinc bioavailability include soaking beans, grains, and seeds in water for several hours before cooking them and allowing them to sit after soaking until sprouts form [41]. Vegetarians can also increase their zinc intake by consuming more leavened grain products (such as bread) than unleavened products (such as crackers) because leavening partially breaks down the phytate; thus, the body absorbs more zinc from leavened grains than unleavened grains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The daily upper limit of zinc intake is 34-40 mg in those aged 14 and older so the supplement is below that limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-02T23:27:17.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22970" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22920" CreationDate="2020-04-03T00:03:31.557" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In your terminology, they are detection rates for *different types of &lt;code&gt;all members which are the same&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may say, they both* answer questions of the type &quot;What fraction of cases do we correctly recognize?&quot;. But the difference is in the denominator of the fraction (the population this figure of merit refers to):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sensitivity&lt;/strong&gt; answers the question: Of all patients that truly have the disease, what fraction do we correctly recognize as diseased.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You may say, sensitivity is the detection rate of diseased patients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specificitiy&lt;/strong&gt; answers the question: Of all patients that truly do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; have the disease, what fraction do we correctly recognize as &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; diseased.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;You may say, specificity is the detection rate of healthy people.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they look at disjunct (sub)populations, and their denominators do have &lt;em&gt;nothing&lt;/em&gt; in common. This makes them in first approximation independent of each other:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A good test has &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; high sensitivity and high specificity (A in the diagram below), and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a test that has &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; low sensitivity and low specificity is a bad test (C).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is often possible to some extent to trade-off some sensitivity for increased specificity and vice versa (this is what the 2nd video is about). For test B, this trade-off is along the dotted line. The dotted line will always go from high specificity and low sensitivity to high sensitivity and low specificity, never from &quot;bad&quot; to &quot;very good&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It is still important as in some situations sensitivity is more important and in others specificity is more important (sometimes false negatives are worse than false positives, sometimes it is the other way round)-&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;^ sensitivity&#xA;| . . .            * very good test A&#xA;|       . . .  &#xA;|             * test B&#xA;|              . &#xA;|               . &#xA;|               .&#xA;| * bad test C   .&#xA;+------------------&amp;gt; specificity&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;* there are more such &quot;What fraction do we get correct?&quot;-type figures of merit that use yet different denominators, e.g. the predictive values in the 1st video.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T00:03:31.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T00:08:42.393" Score="6" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Before dental or surgical procedures involving anesthesia, there is a common instruction for patients to avoid eating or drinking for some time before their scheduled procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this because the effectiveness of the anesthetic drugs is affected by a full stomach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(note: this question was motivated by background information in another question that misunderstood the purpose of fasting in this context)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:07:48.303" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:07:48.303" Title="Why is it necessary to fast before a procedure involving anesthesia?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22971" CreationDate="2020-04-03T00:08:42.393" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of fasting before a procedure involving anesthesia is to avoid aspiration of stomach contents, not anything related to drug efficacy. Your anesthesiologist/physician/dentist/nurse wants you to have an empty stomach so you don't regurgitate and then inhale food while your reflexes are suppressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fasting procedures can depend on the specific patient and operation, so it's important for patients to follow those instructions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anesthetic drugs are typically given intravenously or are inhaled when used in surgical procedures, not orally, so stomach contents don't matter for the drug effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the ASA guidelines (citation below):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The purposes of these guidelines are to provide direction for clinical practice related to preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration and to reduce the severity of complications related to perioperative pulmonary aspiration. Clinical practice includes, but is not limited to, withholding of liquids and solids for specified time periods before surgery and prescribing pharmacologic agents to reduce gastric volume and acidity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Complications of aspiration include, but are not limited to, aspiration pneumonia, respiratory compromise, and related morbidities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2596245&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration. Anesthesiology 2017;126(3):376-393.&lt;/a&gt; doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T00:08:42.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22973" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22930" CreationDate="2020-04-03T01:44:15.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The European Food Safety Authority &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lists a population reference intake of 9.5 mg/day for men and 7.0 mg/day for women&lt;/a&gt;.  The same source lists a tolerable upper intake limit (&quot;UL&quot;, a level that should be safe in the long term for everyone) of 25 mg/day for adults.  Long-term intake of 50 mg/day has been shown to be enough to cause problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;One&lt;/em&gt; of those tablets of yours per day, in addition to the zinc content of your food, is enough to put you into the uncertain region between the UL and the known-problematic dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="333" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T02:02:10.580" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T02:02:10.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22974" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22977" CreationDate="2020-04-03T05:56:33.513" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Would it make sense from the public safety point of view to allow the persons already having the antibodies to move more freely than the persons not having the antibodies? Or it is more of an ethical question than a medical one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19140" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T07:57:29.273" Title="Allowing persons having sars-cov-2 antibodies to move freely" Tags="&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22974" CreationDate="2020-04-03T07:01:52.890" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would think that this is a reasonable possibility.  We assume that they are largely immune but there is a possibility that this is not the case in 100% of recovered patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But some Wuhan residents who had tested positive earlier and then recovered from the disease are testing positive for the virus a second time. Based on data from several quarantine facilities in the city, which house patients for further observation after their discharge from hospitals, about 5%-10% of patients pronounced &quot;recovered&quot; have tested positive again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/27/822407626/mystery-in-wuhan-recovered-coronavirus-patients-test-negative-then-positive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/27/822407626/mystery-in-wuhan-recovered-coronavirus-patients-test-negative-then-positive&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T07:01:52.890" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22976" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T07:43:24.430" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just read a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tagesschau.de/faktenfinder/corona-grippevergleich-101.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German article comparing influenza with COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;. There is a table with Mortality displacement (rates? cases?) and laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm super confused by this table. I think I know what laborartory-confirmed death cases are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A person dies and the symptoms indicated influenza&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A sample (e.g. spit) is taken&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The virus can be proven to be there&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other reasons for the death can be ruled out&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I thought that Mortality displacement would be an estimation of the unknown cases: For many dead people there is not laboratory test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the two things that don't quite fit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Mortality displacement is sometimes 0.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Mortality displacement is sometimes lower than the laboratory-confirmed cases, e.g. 2009/10.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Mortality displacement is sometimes vastly higher than the laboratory confirmed cases: 2008/09 the Mortality displacement was 18,800 and the laboratory-confirmed cases were 10.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody explain mortality displacement in a simple way?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T08:40:55.487" Title="What is Mortality displacement?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22974" CreationDate="2020-04-03T07:52:09.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Projects for broad-based antibody blood tests are currently springing up like mushrooms.&#xA;But the first test series available will be needed for the staff of health care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;of course there are other interests for antibody tests: virological, epidemiological  and as your question implies economical. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Antibody blood tests should provide information about the spread of the corona virus so that the measures taken by the authorities can be adapted. A nationwide initiative is now putting pressure.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;For example, if a selected group of people were tested for Sars-CoV-2 antibodies every two weeks, the course of the epidemic would be clearly visible.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The interest, especially in business circles, is huge. Everyone urgently wanted to know where they were in the pandemic, who was at best already immune and could therefore probably move around and work safely again.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/coronavirus-antikoerper-tests-ein-schweizweites-projekt-wird-aufgegleist&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/coronavirus-antikoerper-tests-ein-schweizweites-projekt-wird-aufgegleist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Such data could inform practical issues such as whether and how to reopen schools that have been closed. Relatively few cases have been diagnosed among children, but it isn’t clear whether that’s because they don’t get infected or because their infections are generally so mild that they go unnoticed. Testing children for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies should resolve that.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/new-blood-tests-antibodies-could-show-true-scale-coronavirus-pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authorities are still afraid of a roll back of the wave when people start moving freely again. It must have a great acceptance and also be respected by those who should still stay at home. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T07:57:29.273" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T07:57:29.273" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22978" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21353" CreationDate="2020-04-03T08:20:21.513" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Additional reason(s): a part of Africa is in the southern hemisphere. The flu season &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52125713&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;starts there next month&lt;/a&gt;.  South Africa has imposed heavy handed measures in the hope of preventing an outbreak, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there have been mistakes, and worse. The police and army have, at times, acted with thuggish abandon in their attempts to enforce the three-week-long lockdown, humiliating, beating, and even shooting civilians on the streets of the commercial capital, Johannesburg, and elsewhere. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But overall, as South Africans mark their first week under one of the strictest lockdowns introduced anywhere in the world - no jogging outside, no sales of alcohol or cigarettes, no dog-walking, no leaving home except for essential trips and prison or heavy fines for law-breaking - there is an argument to be made that a government so often attacked as corrupt and inefficient, and a private sector so often seen as aloof and greedy, are rising to meet what is widely anticipated to be the greatest challenge this young democracy has ever seen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T08:20:21.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22979" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22976" CreationDate="2020-04-03T08:40:55.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the number of deaths an event has caused to be shifted in time. So，there's a very high rate of deaths right now from covid-19 in Italy amongst the older population. Those deaths are occurring now instead of in the future so those deaths are displaced from the future to now. As a result the number of deaths in the older population after the pandemic finishes will be less since they were displaced to a different time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T08:40:55.487" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22982" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22985" CreationDate="2020-04-03T13:30:18.613" Score="3" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many news outlets are reporting total COVID-19 cases by country and then comparing them to other countries. For example, comparing the total cases in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52056586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;United States vs the total cases in China&lt;/a&gt;. As of April 3rd, 2020 this shows that the U.S. has more cases than China. However, there is virtually no mention of comparing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/chart/21176/covid-19-infection-density-in-countries-most-total-cases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;total cases of each country by population&lt;/a&gt; which would put the U.S. far below the top. Is there a reason why comparing cases by population wouldn't be significant (from a medical or statistical point of view)? These statistics seem to be ignored by news outlets or are not mentioned at all. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2282" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T20:43:00.380" Title="Is there any significance in reporting COVID-19 cases by population?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22983" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T13:44:52.020" Score="2" ViewCount="145" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that a man of 39 years without underlying health condition, is having chest discomfort and tightness, which is more discomfort during evening and night before fall asleep. He don't have cold and cough, nor have fever and he is  physically active.&#xA;My concern is that whether he is fighting with COVID-19 infection.&#xA;Can COVID-19 be damaging the lung without showing fever?&#xA;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19159" LastEditorDisplayName="user19159" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T16:35:12.977" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T00:07:06.453" Title="Can COVID-19 be damaging lung without showing fever?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;chest&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-04-06T15:03:53.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22984" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22982" CreationDate="2020-04-03T16:17:50.870" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's the simplest measure, the absolute number of cases. The second graph you showed gives us the relative case rate based on a per million of population.  Now if for instance the while population of a country succumbed to the disease, the population is now zero. So their number of cases now becomes zero because everyone is decreased. So, that's extreme but the absolute number doesn't have that fault in it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people are more interested in the acceleration curves which is simply the number of diagnosed cases over time. And that's what they show us. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no perfect statistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T16:17:50.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22985" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22982" CreationDate="2020-04-03T16:23:14.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As long as the numbers are small, the per capita numbers don't really matter much. Epidemics of infectious diseases spread initially in localized populations, so imagine the case of a disease spreading mostly around a hospital, which is common early on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In one country, a hospital at the epicenter has 50 infected patients. That country has 5,000,000 people.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In another country, a hospital at the epicenter has 50 infected patients. That country has 500,000,000 people.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The situation is basically the same in both countries: they have a single epicenter with a bunch of patients. There are probably a similar number of unknown cases in the community. If you divided by the total population, you might think one situation is 100X worse, but it really isn't: it's one center. The vast majority of both are still unaffected, and the severity at the epicenter is exactly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we are at the point of extensive community spread in many places. So now per capita might start to be meaningful, but there are some remaining limitations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Testing is not uniform&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100 cases in a place with extensive testing does not mean the same as 100 cases in a place without, so case counts aren't very informative. When the numerators aren't comparable it doesn't matter so much that the denominators are different: you have to consider each number on a case-by-case basis (and the &quot;race&quot; in the media is not really that relevant).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some argue &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/21/upshot/coronavirus-deaths-by-country.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deaths are a better measure&lt;/a&gt;, and I would agree, but those are also limited by reporting differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cases are not distributed randomly within borders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking the United States as an example, the US per capita number of cases doesn't tell the whole story, which is that certain geographic locations like New York City and New Orleans have substantially more cases per capita than the rest of the country. Same for Lombardy in Italy; Wuhan in China. Averaging those cases over the entire country doesn't do much to reflect the concentration of cases in places where the health care system is stressed to its limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what should we use instead? In many cases I would recommend looking at logarithmic scale data. These tell you what the rate of change is. Even these are not perfect, as both testing and mortality can vary over time (both because of availability of tests and triage as the situation gets more serious), and they may not be the best data for a specific purpose. What they do show is how the rate of increase differs in different countries, and how the rate of increase changes over time in a single country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the US, these data: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.us-covid-tracker.com/?log=0&amp;amp;consistentY=1&amp;amp;per100k=1&amp;amp;field=deaths&amp;amp;time=1mo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.us-covid-tracker.com/?log=0&amp;amp;consistentY=1&amp;amp;per100k=1&amp;amp;field=deaths&amp;amp;time=1mo&lt;/a&gt; might be helpful for assessing the extent to which different states have been affected (and shows why California is not making as much news despite having a lot of cases). I think this is one case where non-log-scale per-capita data are informative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T16:23:14.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22986" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="22990" CreationDate="2020-04-03T16:23:29.613" Score="2" ViewCount="378" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well-known that South-Korea has developed a powerful system of drive-through testing allowing them to test hundreds of thousands of person in the past two months. I was wondering whether the test-subjects all visit those testing stations on a voluntary basis (because they are worried about their health) or whether true random samples of the population are being tested, supposedly requiring a government order to have certain people take a test on a (semi)compulsory basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To summarize: &lt;strong&gt;Is SK conducting random covid-19 tests on sizeable random samples of its population? Is any other country with a major outbreak doing such a thing?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question arose in my mind in the light of rumours that the covid-19 epidemic would have a tendency to create a pool of infected &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.14.20036178v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10 times larger&lt;/a&gt; than reported because alledgedly the main bulk of the infected don't experience grave symptoms and do not seek out a test or diagnosis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17835" LastEditorUserId="17835" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T20:58:26.180" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T21:09:59.560" Title="Is South Korea doing &quot;random&quot; testing to combat covid-19 epidemic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22988" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21526" CreationDate="2020-04-03T18:54:14.073" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(20)30118-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; it appears that theses spikes might be used in this way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MNA delivery of either rSARS-CoV-2-S1 or rSARS-CoV-2-S1fRS09 induced&#xA;substantial and statistically significant increases in&#xA;antigen-specific antibodies responses as soon as week 2 compared to&#xA;pre-immunization and week 1 responses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The significant antibody titers we observed at the early time points&#xA;before boosting strongly supports the feasibility of our&#xA;MNA-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neutralization assays are important to ensure antibody function;&#xA;however, at this early timepoint, we do not have access to validated&#xA;assays for neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken together, our studies demonstrate the speed at which vaccines&#xA;against emerging infections can be designed and produced using the&#xA;recent advances in recombinant DNA technology. Combining emerging&#xA;biotechnology methods with bioengineering advances in vaccine delivery&#xA;strategies, it may now be possible to rapidly produce&#xA;clinically-translatable vaccines against novel pathogens for human&#xA;testing and subsequent global distribution in time to significantly&#xA;impact the spread of disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They discuss the benefits of using microneedle arrays(MNAs) to deliver a potential vaccine through the skin. A production strategy and timeline to create a vaccine is included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17886" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T16:18:48.967" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22989" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T19:52:58.643" Score="1" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone happens to catch COVID-19 when we're on the other side of the curves -- when deaths and new infections are slowing -- would their symptoms somehow be less severe?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A milder fever?  A weaker cough?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for the naivety in the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19164" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-03T20:48:57.753" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T21:49:26.293" Title="If someone catches COVID-19 in a country where the number of deaths and new infections are slowing, would their symptoms be milder?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22990" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22986" CreationDate="2020-04-03T20:30:44.333" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is SK conducting random covid-19 tests on sizeable random samples of its population? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not currently (source: South Korean friends).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is any other country with a major outbreak doing such a thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21700/43&quot;&gt;Why don't we take a random sample of the population to estimate the amount of COVID-19 cases?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T20:30:44.333" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22991" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22982" CreationDate="2020-04-03T20:43:00.380" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Percentage and raw counts serve different purpose:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Raw counts are one way to get a feeling of the impact on the population (50k deaths gives a different perspective than 0.1%, especially for people who don't know population sizes).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Percentage are another way to get a feeling of the impact on the population (e.g., black plague is estimated to have wiped out up to 50% of the European population) and also allow for comparison (e.g., a random walk in Switzerland is significantly more dangerous than in China).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, as {1} mentions, case and death counts depend on how testing is done and on how testing is done and how to decide that a death is due to COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI, updated percentages for all countries: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Onder, Graziano, Giovanni Rezza, and Silvio Brusaferro. &quot;Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy.&quot; JAMA (2020). &lt;a href=&quot;http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4683&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T20:43:00.380" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22992" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T20:53:55.430" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing some research on cough sounds but my background is not health sector and I am facing issues to identify the correct type of cough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have two doubts :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a chesty cough the same as a wet cough?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is a barking cough the same as a dry cough?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person is suffering from dry cough is it a barking cough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19166" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-05-01T14:12:27.667" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T14:12:27.667" Title="What is the difference between a dry cough, wet cough, chesty cough and barking cough?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22986" CreationDate="2020-04-03T21:09:59.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;South Korea has adopted a highly technical and transparent approach to Covid-19.  By sharing where infected people have been, citizens can see if they have been in contact or near contact with the infected person, and then request a test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the first cases were confirmed, Korean public health authorities and local governments collaborated to precisely document the movement of infected people down to the minute. Authorities sought testimony, watched closed-circuit television, investigated smartphone GPS data and more, publicizing the so-called moving histories of Covid-19 patients. All local governments share information through websites, text messages, and media. Companies have developed apps that allow users to visualize the information. Koreans can now learn where infected people went, when they were there, and how they got there. If someone learns they might have been exposed, they can quickly visit a doctor and begin self-quarantine if they have similar symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On February 4, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention took advantage of the post-MERS reform and authorized an unlicensed Covid-19 test; the government went on to test an extraordinary number of people. By February 26, Korea had tested 46,127 cases, while by that point, Japan had tested just 1,846 cases and the United States only 426. Tests still remain hard to come by in the United States, despite the Trump administration’s repeated suggestions that widespread testing is imminent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are few countries as technologically advanced as South Korea that are able to adopt this approach without a wide spread lockdown.  And it helped that they allowed the use of an unapproved tests whereas in the USA the CDC blocked the use of independent tests which has lead to their current deplorable state of testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following the end of the MERS outbreak, South Korea enacted a new law in 2016 that allows laboratories to use unapproved in-vitro diagnostic kits in the case of a public health emergency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Testing is absolutely critical with a fast-travelling virus like this,” says Kang. “We have tested over 350,000 cases so far – some patients are tested many times before they are released, so we can say they are fully cured. Altogether, we’re talking about one out of 145 or one out of 150 people having been tested so far.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/south-korea-learned-its-successful-covid-19-strategy-from-a-previous-coronavirus-outbreak-mers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/south-korea-learned-its-successful-covid-19-strategy-from-a-previous-coronavirus-outbreak-mers/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/south-korea-covid-19-containment-testing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/south-korea-covid-19-containment-testing/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T21:09:59.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22989" CreationDate="2020-04-03T21:49:26.293" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are about 8 common strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in circulation.  It appears to be mutating slowly based on phylogenetic analyses and each mutation appears to be the same in terms of clinical disease and lethality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there is no expectation that if you catch the disease late in its spread that the clinical disease is going to be any different from any other time that it's caught.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Now, more diversity is emerging. Like all viruses, SARS-CoV-2 evolves over time through random mutations, only some of which are caught and corrected by the virus’s error correction machinery. Over the length of its 30,000-base-pair genome, SARS-CoV-2 accumulates an average of about one to two mutations per month, Rambaut says. “It’s about two to four times slower than the flu,” he says. Using these little changes, researchers can draw up phylogenetic trees, much like family trees. They can also make connections between different cases of COVID-19 and gauge whether there might be undetected spread of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/mutations-can-reveal-how-coronavirus-moves-they-re-easy-overinterpret&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/mutations-can-reveal-how-coronavirus-moves-they-re-easy-overinterpret&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-03T21:49:26.293" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-03T23:22:09.153" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could COVID-19 be less &quot;dangerous&quot; by the pass of the time, say for instance, on August?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By dangerous I mean, less aggressive in terms of the symptoms, mortality, less probability of caught the virus, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if it will decrease its potency, by how much approximately?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This virus has already 3 months on earth and we can see it's still as bad as it was in the beginning, even still could be possible that within 5 months or more, which leads to 8 months on earth, might decrease its 'power'?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T00:57:43.877" Title="Could COVID-19 be less &quot;dangerous&quot; by the pass of the time?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;evolution&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-04T00:45:20.493" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52161032&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitehouse asked 3M&lt;/a&gt; to stop shipments to Canada for protection from SARS-Cov2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems like a bad idea because Canada &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; retaliate by cutting off water, electricity, oil, natural gas and food shipments to the USA along with closing the borders to USA with Raw Materials needed for USA Finished Goods production. Plus Canada might expand silk road to China through Russia over Arctic. Alth9ough Canada has no known nuclear weapons both Russia and China do. From personal experiences Frenemies are uncomfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides that fact the UN General Assembly voted down a resolution to remove sanctions against US targeted countries today. So it's like NYC will get what she deserves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I wonder besides America taking &lt;a href=&quot;https://cdn.defenseone.com/a/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=9.16.0&amp;amp;rf=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fthreats%2F2020%2F03%2Fus-air-force-flew-half-million-coronavirus-test-kits-italy-tennessee%2F163879%2F&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;500,000 test kits&lt;/a&gt; out of Italy is there a history of Countries hoarding / stealing medical supplies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the lack of greenhouse gases an Ice Age may come and Canada can ship oil and natural gas direct to China over Arctic (via Russia) to China in exchange for 5G and Walmart supplies so why would USA even consider such a folly? Let's not forget the fact USA is more focused on saving the Stock Market (read &quot;FIAT&quot; currency&quot;) rather than the people. Sure most humans are redundant &quot;create work&quot; projects but some of us are still necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a side note first Python program started in fall 2019 is called &lt;code&gt;mmm&lt;/code&gt; fpr &quot;Multiple Monitors Manager&quot;. Coincidentally it is also stock ticker for 3M which stands for &quot;Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing&quot; corporation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also consider the fact NJ Police have been authorized to steal 3M supplies from and similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2020/04/02/murphy-authorizes-state-police-to-commandeer-medical-supplies-in-coronavirus-fight-1270929&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;PPE&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from warehouses today. I just gave a 3M mask to an ETS bus driver today worried because she has no protection. USA can invoke the Defense Protection Act but Canada can invoke the War Measures Act. In 1812 Canada burned down the White House so history exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main question is: Has stealing of medical supplies happened in previous pandemics like Novel Coronavirus and can you cite sources? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an aside it's sad I'm spending my time asking this question rather than posting answers. I think all the politicians should be silent like the leader of China Xi Jinping and let the experts and internet speak. Final thought the Captain of the Aircraft Carrier Roosevelt in Dire Straits (no song or pun intended) should be applauded and not reprimanded. I think the Pentagon and CIA (who reported China lied, just like Iraq WMD's) should be given notice to shape up or ship out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In grade two they taught us how to sew and I sewed a mask by hand on my &quot;staycation&quot; last week. It's not rocket science but if you believe flying to mars and building a base to escape pollution on earth is the answer well, all the power to you and your not-a-god-religion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it is reported in the 90's US killed millions of Iraqi's via medical sanctions but to recap; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is stealing of life saving medical supplies traditional?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T00:45:20.493" Title="Is there a history of a country stealing medical supplies?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;ppe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-04-04T00:52:29.003" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22995" CreationDate="2020-04-04T00:57:43.877" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Changes in the virulence of the SARS-CoV-2 will be driven by evolutionary pressure.  We know so far that the virus is mutating slowly &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The COVID-19 virus does not mutate very fast. It does so eight to 10 times more slowly than the influenza virus, said Anderson, making its evolution rate similar to other coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but there is currently no evolutionary pressure to select out any one strain over another because they are so similar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The virus mutates so slowly that the virus strains are fundamentally very similar to each other,” said Charles Chiu, a professor of medicine and infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a virus to mutate to become more lethal does not make evolutionary sense.  If it kills its host faster than currently, which would imply a shorter incubation period due to a higher replication rate, then it will reduce its ability to spread which is counter to evolutionary survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact we have data from a highly lethal rabbit virus that was accidentally released into the wild in Australia.  It was almost 100% lethal but eventually the virus mutated to a less virulent form presumably because it had been killing too many of its hosts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The work showed that the almost invariably lethal progenitor virus strain was replaced within a few years by strains with case fatality rates of 70 percent to 95 percent. Some field isolates killed fewer than half the lab rabbits. Over the next few decades, things settled down, and strains at both ends of the lethality spectrum become increasingly difficult to find. Fenner showed why. The highly lethal progenitor virus killed rabbits so fast that its infectious period was shorter than that of the less lethal viral mutants. That meant that the less lethal strains were able to infect more new victims and spread throughout the population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rabbits also became more immune to the virus because again of evolutionary pressure and the virus mutated to overcome this resistance.  But, we are not seeing any evolutionary pressure on account of SARS-CoV-2 because it's mainly decimating the older population who are past their reproductive lives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only evolutionary pressure on the virus I can imagine is if by widespread testing of more symptomatic individuals one might be taking out the more virulent strains letting a less virulent strain to persist in the population.  However, the virus's slow mutation rate may prevent that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mutation data is being uploaded to a website called NextStrain.org that shows how the virus is migrating and splitting into similar but new subtypes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/03/27/scientists-track-coronavirus-strains-mutation/5080571002/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/03/27/scientists-track-coronavirus-strains-mutation/5080571002/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.the-scientist.com/features/do-pathogens-gain-virulence-as-hosts-become-more-resistant-30219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.the-scientist.com/features/do-pathogens-gain-virulence-as-hosts-become-more-resistant-30219&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T00:57:43.877" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-04T01:03:06.643" Score="2" ViewCount="192" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA just &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/136622/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;approved&lt;/a&gt; the first antibody test for the Coronavirus, made by Cellex.  The test has a significant false positive rate though (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/zbinney_nflinj/status/1245789676264460288?s=21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).  Now for a lot of tests, false positives can be reduced by retesting positive cases, as the probability of two false positives for the same person is usually low.  But &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/zbinney_nflinj/status/1245789690277625861?s=21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this tweet&lt;/a&gt; by epidemiologist Zachary Binney raises the possibility that retesting may not help in this case: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Running the test 2x &amp;amp; only telling someone they're immune if they get 2 +s &lt;em&gt;might&lt;/em&gt; help reduce false +s, depending on the error source. If it's anything systemic - say it's detecting antibodies from a similar virus that don't grant immunity to COVID-19 - no good. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, is anything known about the sources of error for Cellex’s antibody test, and whether it’s anything systemic along the lines that Binney outlined?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastEditorUserId="9100" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T01:38:12.627" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T05:29:46.037" Title="Are false positives from Cellex’s Coronavirus antibody test systemic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;fda&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="22999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21364" CreationDate="2020-04-04T04:17:39.440" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my local pharmacy anything that foams up (as QV Wash does) should work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When queried as to the effectiveness of QV Wash in preventing COVID-19 the manufacturers responded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Our QV cleansers are pH balanced, soap-free products designed for use on sensitive skin. As such, they are as effective as 'soap' for hand hygiene, but gentler on the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17819" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T04:17:39.440" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22998" CreationDate="2020-04-04T08:37:49.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see all the tests being produced here &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/COVID-19/Serology-based-tests-for-COVID-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/COVID-19/Serology-based-tests-for-COVID-19.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of the tests share similar sensitivities and specificities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Cellex test looks at both IgG and IgM antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RDT, lateral flow assay, which detects IgM and IgG to the nucelocapside protein of SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity is 93.8% and specificity is 95.6%, when tested at 2 Chinese hospitals in a total of 128 COVID19 positive patients, and 250 COVID19 negative patients (as detected by RT-qPCR).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So they are approximately picking up 4 per 100 as positive that don't have PCR evidence of infection. This could mean that the test is actually more accurate because some of these false positives did actually have the disease in the past, or, it is detecting an antibody against another coronavirus like SARS or MERS. They have already controlled for the seasonal coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;False positives can occur due to cross-reactivity with antibodies from previous infections, such as from other coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may be less of a problem in the USA population and also if you have a history compatible with infection the more likely the test is a true positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be more interesting if they can get validity data from a USA population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: there is a new paper from nature medicine suggesting that the sars-cov-2 might have been circulating for some time, even years before it jumped to become more lethal. This might explain the false positive rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928150&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T05:29:46.037" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T05:29:46.037" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23002" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22950" CreationDate="2020-04-04T09:02:20.880" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Similarly to Graham Chiu, I could not find any relevant articles on PubMed. I performed searches linking viral disease and caffeine, but most were related to viral hepatitis. Instead, I decided to address the question more broadly by investigating &lt;strong&gt;how caffeine affects the immune response&lt;/strong&gt;. In short, caffeine suppresses immune signalling, meaning it is an anti-inflammatory, and is either helpful or harmful depending on your perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smith et al. (1997) recommend the opposite in their article &quot;Caffeine and the common cold&quot; after reporting benefit in psychomotor performance associated with the common cold. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Horrigan et al. (2006) found supression of neutrophil and monocyte chemical-directed movement, and lower levels of cytokines (e.g., TNF-a, IL-2, IFN, etc). They report supression of T lymphocyte activity and, as a consequence, antibody production by B lymphocytes - further supporting its role as an anti-inflammatory. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dulson &amp;amp; Bishop (2016) found that caffeine does not effect activation of lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Al Reef &amp;amp; Ghanem (2018) report that caffeine suppresses the immune system by: preventing the replication of lymphocytes, supressing immune signalling (e.g., TNF-a, IL-2), and expression of immune receptors (e.g., the TLR family and MHC I); also high doses of caffeine impair macrophages and NK cells activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it does suppress the immune system for a brief time this can provide benefits like relief from fever and pain, after all this is the same mechanism by which more commonly used drugs like paracetamol work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally I would would like to show you this fascinating article from Wang et al. (2016) who investigated the &lt;strong&gt;immune effects of fasting on bacterial and viral illness&lt;/strong&gt;. (As you know, fasting has potent anti-inflammatory effects.) They found that fasting was beneficial in bacterial illness but detrimental in viral infection. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will leave you to draw your own conclusion from that, stay healthy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Al Reef, T &amp;amp; Ghanem, E 2018, 'Caffeine: Well-known as psychotropic substance, but little as immunomodulator', Immunobiology, vol. 223, no. 12, Dec, pp. 818-25.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dulson, DK &amp;amp; Bishop, NC 2016, 'Effect of a high and low dose of caffeine on human lymphocyte activation in response to antigen stimulation', Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, vol. 41, no. 2, Feb, pp. 224-7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Horrigan, LA, Kelly, JP &amp;amp; Connor, TJ 2006, 'Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe?', Pharmacol Ther, vol. 111, no. 3, Sep, pp. 877-92.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smith, A, Thomas, M, Perry, K &amp;amp; Whitney, H 1997, 'Caffeine and the common cold', J Psychopharmacol, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 319-24.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang, A, Huen, SC, Luan, HH, Yu, S, Zhang, C, Gallezot, J-D, Booth, CJ &amp;amp; Medzhitov, R 2016, 'Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation', Cell, vol. 166, no. 6, pp. 1512-25.e12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14321" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T09:02:20.880" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-04T14:01:45.950" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of concern about deaths resulting from or exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 infections, but I can find little about the potential long-term health impacts on those who 'recover' (understandably, I suppose).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some articles have touched on health impacts including reduced lung function, brain damage and organ damage. Is there a list of such impacts, how long people might suffer them and other such information? It seems to me the case fatality rate is just part of the picture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19176" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-04T18:48:26.290" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T18:48:26.290" Title="Other than death, what are the potential long-term health impacts on individuals infected with COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-04T19:10:27.927" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any self diagnosis method or device to know if there is an implant in my ear or auditory system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will an x-ray show it? What kind of x-ray do I need to get?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19183" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T19:10:27.927" Title="Is there any self diagnosis method or device to know if there is an implant in my ear or auditory system?" Tags="&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;self-help&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-04-04T21:59:01.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23008" CreationDate="2020-04-04T19:16:15.260" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can I use a strong alcoholic drink (containing mostly water and 40 % of ethyl alcohol) to disinfect the frequently touched surfaces indoors or even packed food items I buy in the supermarket)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vodka is still available at the shop, and the proper disinfecting fluid is not. I talked about external usage, I do not even think to drink it. Would it work at least in some degree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19182" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T20:38:13.337" Title="Can I use a strong alcoholic drink (40 % of ethanol) to disinfect frequently touched surfaces against COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-04T21:56:50.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23007" CreationDate="2020-04-04T20:38:13.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;40% alcohol is probably too dilute for disinfection. According to the CDC, minimum concentrations for sanitization with alcohol are 60% for ethanol or 70% for isopropanol (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Finfection-control%2Fhcp-hand-sanitizer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Finfection-control%2Fhcp-hand-sanitizer.html&lt;/a&gt;) . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19185" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T20:38:13.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23009" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-04T20:41:13.703" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the requirements for anyone who wants to come to the USA as a volunteer to find a cure to Coronavirus ?&#xA;Im not afraid if i get infected or die. I just want to do something that is worth sacrificing life.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19186" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T12:05:40.850" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T12:05:40.850" Title="Voluntaries to get rid of Covid-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;cure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-04-04T21:54:33.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="500" CreationDate="2020-04-04T21:34:08.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They weren't entirely wrong. Saying that warm water kills germs better isn't true, but warm water is good for getting rid of dirt, grime, and oils. It works in the same way as dissolving sugar in water. Heat causes partials to move faster which increases the chance of a collision and therefore the rate at which molecules bond. So in the end, warm water is still the better option even if it doesn't kill germs.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/introduction.html#top&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/introduction.html#top&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19188" LastEditorUserId="19188" LastEditDate="2020-04-04T21:51:10.650" LastActivityDate="2020-04-04T21:51:10.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23013" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23033" CreationDate="2020-04-04T22:40:41.963" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see these three terms in some papers in the field of medical images. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google gives this kind of images for any of them, which indicates they pretty much mean the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CIHGw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CIHGw.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they the same thing? Are they interchangeable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please give a hint? Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T09:06:22.080" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T09:06:22.080" Title="What is the difference between fundus image, fundus photography and retinal image?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22983" CreationDate="2020-04-04T22:51:50.603" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The range of symptoms for people infected with SARS-CoV-2 are extreme.  There are reports of asymptomatic children with CT scans showing viral pneumonia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Among the paediatric patients in our study, just under a third were asymptomatic. Moreover, a fifth had pneumonia only and needed radiographic examination to be identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With respect to the question of whether one can have ongoing pneumonic process without a fever, then yes, that is possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case 5 in the link below presented only with a runny nose and sore throat.  Fever is not mentioned as it is in the other cases so one assumes she was not febrile.  But CT scan 3 days later showed ground-glass opacities.  Her throat swab was positive by PCR for SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30198-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30198-5/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/all.14289&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/all.14289&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T00:07:06.453" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T00:07:06.453" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23017" CreationDate="2020-04-04T23:52:13.080" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a report that dermatologists are working on coronavirus cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that all kinds of medical doctors are licensed to care for COVID-19 patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a neurologist can help, cardiologist can help, a urologist / penile enhancement surgeon can help, and also gynecologists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about dentists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone practicing medicine of any form can go to New York City to help right now? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I mean treating COVID-19 patients at the hospitals, in the ER, ICU, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note.&lt;/strong&gt; An emergency text message was sent to us, urging any and all available doctors to report to New York City, because of the urgent need for doctors. So, it sounds like even a dermatologist might be working in the ICU at this point. Hence my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19194" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T00:56:36.467" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T01:41:40.563" Title="Why are dermatologists working on coronavirus cases?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23016" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23018" CreationDate="2020-04-05T00:42:19.633" Score="3" ViewCount="379" Body="&lt;p&gt;Despite China's success in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak insofar, a March 31 &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/03/30/science.abb6105&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; that analyzes the response has this intriguing (and alarming) observation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The dispersal of COVID-19 from Wuhan was rapid (Fig. 3A). A total of 262 cities reported cases within 28 days. For comparison, the 2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic took 132 days to reach the same number of cities in China (see methods in Supplementary Materials).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;China was surely less developed economically a decade ago, but still the 132 vs 28 days is a large difference. That paper doesn't seem to advance any hypothesis for this difference. So, is any of it based on intrinsic differences between the two viruses, or is it all down to so social movements having changed dramatically in China? Are there any other papers (e.g. on other regions on the world) that can shed some light on this? E.g. was the spread of COVID-19 as fast in Italy as it was in China, for example, and the spread of H1N1/09 just as slow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T01:22:57.247" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T04:05:37.087" Title="Why did COVID-19 spread so much faster than H1N1/09 in China?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23017" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23015" CreationDate="2020-04-05T01:41:40.563" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/get-involved-how-you-can-help&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/get-involved-how-you-can-help&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Governor Cuomo is calling on health care professionals, schools of public health or medicine and PPE products providers and manufacturers to come forward to support the state’s response. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We are looking for qualified health, mental health, and related professionals who are interested in supporting the state’s response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of the specialities you list in your question are health care professionals and have completed basic training in hospitals.  The NY govt will triage those to see which qualifications are best suited to what positions are available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T01:41:40.563" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23018" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23016" CreationDate="2020-04-05T04:05:37.087" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most obvious reason ( apart from the fact that 5M workers who lived in Wuhan were allowed to leave and return to their home cities ) is that Covid-19 is most infectious in the immediate period before symptoms develop, whereas influenza is most infectious &lt;strong&gt;after&lt;/strong&gt; symptoms develop.  The symptomatic would know they had the infection and would start to self isolate.  The asymptomatic had no idea that they were infected and had no opportunity to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H1N1 was also less contagious&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The H1N1 flu was also less contagious than the novel coronavirus. The basic reproduction number, also called the R-nought value, is the expected number of individuals who can catch the virus from a single infected person. For the 2009 H1N1 virus, the mean R-nought value was 1.46, according to a review published in the journal BMC Infectious Diseases. For the novel coronavirus, the R-nought value is estimated to be between 2 and 2.5, at the moment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the nightmare scenario for Covid-19 that is playing out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-pandemic-vs-swine-flu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-pandemic-vs-swine-flu.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T04:05:37.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T04:52:13.793" Score="-1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;COVID 19 is spreading very fast and took about half a lakh lives.if the patients does not become resistant to these virus just like chickenpox,is it possible to break the chain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19196" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:54:41.580" Title="Does the patients relieved from COVID 19 become resistant to the corona virus species?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23163" CreationDate="2020-04-05T05:11:11.843" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upmc.com/media/news/040220-falo-gambotto-sars-cov2-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.upmc.com/media/news/040220-falo-gambotto-sars-cov2-vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;regarding a prospective method of immunization against sars-cov-2 using the spike protein of the virus and micro-needle array delivery (MNA) and I've wondered if using the virus instead of the spike protein makes sense. What are the trade-offs? Is the risk of the virus spreading through the bloodstream in the body very high? Is culturing the virus or producing the spike protein more expensive? Can the sars-cov-2 virus be de-activated after being produced to make it safer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19140" LastEditorUserId="19140" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T06:48:27.380" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T01:17:05.983" Title="Possibility of using the virus instead of the spike protein for covid-19 immunisation using MNA delivery" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23021" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23022" CreationDate="2020-04-05T07:01:26.090" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;showing that the BCG vaccination status may influence the susceptibility to covid-19 in a population. It also hints at the possibility of further studies which can be done in order to better understand the phenomenon (for example in the USA one can found a lot of people having different vaccination status living with the same standard of general health care). Can someone translate in layman terms if preventive BCG vaccination against covid-19 is close to be recommendable or there is still a lot to be done before recommending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19140" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T17:37:40.483" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T02:07:46.147" Title="Is preventive BCG vaccination against covid-19 close to be recommendable or is there still a lot to be done before recommending?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23021" CreationDate="2020-04-05T07:29:53.577" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's just a medical hypothesis that because BCG might offer some protection against viruses and bacterial infection, it might offer some protection against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an Australian study in progress to see if it helps protect health workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04327206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04327206&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But given that BCG has been in world wide short supply for some years now one wonders about the practicality of the study. Its main use is in bladder cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Due to problems with vaccine production and limited supplier options in some countries, the global availability and procurement of BCG has been a challenge since 2013&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30474-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30474-1/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-07T02:07:46.147" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T02:07:46.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="654" CreationDate="2020-04-05T07:50:01.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have only anecdotal evidence; personally, I find the magic trackpad much better for most general purpose computing use and I believe it puts less strain on the whole lower arm structure. There are, however, certain tasks where I find using a mouse to be easier though, as I have now used the trackpad for some years and consequently become more adept, the difference is less marked than it was.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One would hope that an ergonomist might have carried out some research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19056" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T07:50:01.180" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T08:53:57.103" Score="5" ViewCount="458" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is still no scientific evidence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The serious virologist say: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We don’t know yet  “ ... “we can’t say “    “we hope “  “ we assume “&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HILLARY LEUNG &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;APRIL 3, 2020&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Troubling headlines have been cropping up across Asia: Some patients in China, Japan and South Korea who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and seemingly recovered have been readmitted to the hospital after testing positive for the virus again.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;“scientists are still trying to answer many big questions related to the virus and the disease it causes. Among them is whether patients can be reinfected by the virus after they seem to recover from the symptoms.”&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*With other coronavirus strains, experts say the antibodies that patients produce during infection give them immunity to the specific virus for months or even years, **but researchers are still figuring out if and how that works with COVID-19.*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The answer has huge implications for the spread of the disease, since researchers believe it will continue to crash across the world in waves, hitting the same country multiple times.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5810454/coronavirus-immunity-reinfection/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://time.com/5810454/coronavirus-immunity-reinfection/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-04-07T08:08:31.403" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T08:08:31.403" Title="Do we have scientific evidence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 at all?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ClosedDate="2020-04-05T23:06:20.713" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23028" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21536" CreationDate="2020-04-05T09:27:25.100" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Such a tracker is available on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://milkeninstitute.org/covid-19-tracker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Milken Institute website&lt;/a&gt;. It currently lists 52 vaccine candidates and 79 treatment candidates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: one month later (May 4th) it lists 123 vaccine candidates and 199 potential treatments. Incredible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update #2: there are now 202 vaccine candidates and 316 potential treatments, as of August 8th&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="7314" LastEditDate="2020-08-08T15:29:22.517" LastActivityDate="2020-08-08T15:29:22.517" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23029" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T11:35:32.513" Score="7" ViewCount="270" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does the anti-parasitic Ivermectin work in actual human studies versus the Petri dish in vitro studies, when treating coronavirus COVID-19 infection?  And if so, is it safe in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354220302011&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;in vitro study&lt;/a&gt; was done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T20:26:46.753" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T18:22:36.023" Title="Does Ivermectin treat COVID-19 coronavirus infection?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21647" CreationDate="2020-04-05T11:37:31.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Adding another possible explanation (supporting what Mark said): according to an article in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/bergamo-citta/coronavirus-the-real-death-tool-4500-victims-in-one-month-in-the-province-of_1347414_11/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;L’Eco di Bergamo&lt;/a&gt;, the excess mortality from Covid-19 seems to be about 2.2 times more than the official mortality numbers.  (Mostly due to the shortage of testing and the rules for ascribing reasons for death.  The data is restricted to the most affected region only.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17982" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T11:37:31.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23031" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22846" CreationDate="2020-04-05T12:09:40.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes , I feel so . As  AS will cause  pressure overLoad  in LV which will further cause increase pressure for pumping the blood, so chronically which leads to arrhythmic activity &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19201" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T12:09:40.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23025" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:07:09.793" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's true that we do not have strong evidence that people who have been infected by SARS-COV-2 are immune to re-infection. However, there are a couple of reasons that it is very likely that people will not be reinfected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1) Though coronaviruses and RNA viruses in general mutate rapidly, making it difficult for the immune system to develop a lasting response, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/the-coronavirus-isnt-mutating-quickly-suggesting-a-vaccine-would-offer-lasting-protection/2020/03/24/406522d6-6dfd-11ea-b148-e4ce3fbd85b5_story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the SARS-COV-2 virus is showing relative stability&lt;/a&gt;. This means that our immune system, once it makes antibodies, can use those antibodies in future responses to the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/03/14/2020.03.13.990226.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study in macaques&lt;/a&gt; showed that monkeys who had recovered from viral infection did not show any signs of reinfection when exposed to the virus again. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:07:09.793" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23013" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:25:35.087" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fundus photography and fundus images are pictures of the retina. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/eye-health/anatomy/fundus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fundus&lt;/a&gt; of the eye is just the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens, so it includes the retina as well as the optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. In my reading, fundus cameras are also referred to as retinal cameras, and vice versa. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131209/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Retinal imaging&lt;/a&gt;&quot; may be a more general term, as it may also include 3D optical coherence tomography and other imaging techniques that aren't necessarily photography. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:25:35.087" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22992" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:30:25.357" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that wet cough is the same as chesty cough. Dry coughs are those that do not bring up sputum. In my experience, &quot;barking&quot; cough has almost always referred to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0501/p1067.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;croup&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:30:25.357" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:32:17.833" Score="3" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if this is the right place to ask this question. I feel like a lot of people are asking a very similar question, and all we have are deadlines for quarantines (as of writing this question, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/italy-extends-lockdown-amid-signs-coronavirus-infection-rate-is-easing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Italy is under quarantine until 13 April&lt;/a&gt;), rather than deadlines for the impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to purchase a flight to Italy while the prices are very low (as of writing this, prices are less than $700). However, I don't want to fly there during this pandemic, for obvious reasons. So what is the general forecast for COVID-19? Does such a thing exist? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6576" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T15:43:35.463" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T11:02:22.423" Title="How representative are the COVID-19 quarantine deadlines to the public health impact?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;quarantine&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22869" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:40:49.800" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;[High intensity focused ultrasound][1] can be quite targeted and get into deep parts of the body, including into the brain. But while it would likely kill the virus, I don't think it's very realistic to be sonicating everywhere the virus might be, because it isn't very localized. You can't use FUS on the entire lung, as that would cause far too much damage if you were to have any impact on reducing viral load. This is just my opinion, but I do think that a good antiviral treatment for SARS COV 2 will need systemic effects, not localized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:40:49.800" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23038" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23019" CreationDate="2020-04-05T14:54:41.580" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe you may be referring to the concept of heterologous immunity. This is when immunity to one virus confers some immunity to other pathogens too. There is a great review by Pusch et al (citation below) that indicates that there may be some degree of heterologous immunity between coronaviruses. Specifically, vaccination with a viral vaccine vector encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope protected mice from infection with MERS-CoV, another coronavirus. However, by and large, infection with one coronavirus does not completely protect you from infections with other coronaviruses. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pusch, E., Renz, H. &amp;amp; Skevaki, C. Respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity. Allergo J Int 27, 79–96 (2018). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi-org.ezproxy.med.cornell.edu/10.1007/s40629-018-0056-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi-org.ezproxy.med.cornell.edu/10.1007/s40629-018-0056-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T14:54:41.580" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22846" CreationDate="2020-04-05T16:01:53.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the long term, aortic stenosis (AS), especially when untreated, can cause structural changes to the heart that can contribute to arrhythmia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More specifically, left ventricular (LV) outflow obstruction caused by AS can cause pressure buildup in the LV, which over time can cause LV concentric hypertrophy (I.e., the heart muscle thickens uniformly). Such thickening of the heart can lead to a disruption of normal cardiac electrical activity and can lead to ventricular arrhythmias. An example of a study supporting this in a clinical population is Wolfe et al. 1993 in &lt;em&gt;Circulation&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425327&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425327&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a genetic condition somewhat similar to aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, individuals are predisposed to ventricular arrhythmias in a similar fashion, which is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in these individuals (&lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/1728506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://europepmc.org/article/med/1728506&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible that long-term untreated AS can lead to a backup of pressure into the left atrium, leading to left atrial enlargement, which can cause atrial fibrillation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002914915018457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002914915018457&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastEditorUserId="19203" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T16:36:26.640" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T16:36:26.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23035" CreationDate="2020-04-05T16:14:51.517" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;So what is the general forecast for COVID-19? Does such a thing exist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, such thing exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is predicted that COVID-19 will end within 12-18 months:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;In &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-end/608719/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How the Pandemic Will End&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; in the &lt;strong&gt;ll. The Endgame&lt;/strong&gt; section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;No matter which strategy is faster, Berkley and others estimate that it will take 12 to 18 months to develop a proven vaccine, and then longer still to make it, ship it, and inject it into people’s arms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T16:14:51.517" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23029" CreationDate="2020-04-05T16:34:55.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This in-vitro study reveals exciting data regarding Ivermectin, which is typically used for treatment of scabies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to find any clinical data to support use of Ivermectin for COVID-19. But this study definitely supports starting a clinical trial given the widespread availability of Ivermectin. Overall ivermectin is well-tolerated in both children and adults, with rash being one of the most common side effects. It may have fewer severe adverse effects than hydroxychloroquine, which can cause fatal arrhythmias like Torsades de Pointes(though this is more with chronic use; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615675&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615675&lt;/a&gt;). This supports ivermectin as a good candidate drug to study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to note, however, that many drugs that have shown to be effective in-vitro will fail to produce any clinical benefit when given to animals or humans. For instance, for ebola virus, chloroquine was effective in-vitro but not in guinea pigs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26459826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26459826&lt;/a&gt;). There are many factors that could contribute to these discrepancies, including issues with bioavailability, distribution to the appropriate tissues, entrance into cells, and breakdown of the drug by cellular or viral mechanisms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastEditorUserId="19203" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T16:40:37.227" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T16:40:37.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T17:07:45.117" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;**Do carrots cure cancer? **&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There’s a lot of unsubstantiated information online about carrots and cancer.  There are even a few books.  What does science actually say about how carrots affect cancer risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eg : “&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/health/2019/02/youtube-cancer-treatments-dangerous-home-remedies-alternative-medecine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carrot juice to cure stage four cancer: the dangerous world of YouTube home remedies&lt;/a&gt;”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T17:33:50.813" Title="Do carrots cure cancer?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23044" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23043" CreationDate="2020-04-05T17:33:50.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/32.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAmswggJnBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJYMIICVAIBADCCAk0GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMNOhN34zYFZofHgm4AgEQgIICHo_Y0kejY4y9aF3EnVeZc4mjMUb4E4shtlDDUvCCX6TWRRzZ6SKVu2l0OGLMYpcYTLSx8bjbTSaOtwNViCANA6RrAE9nwXWtAtJh6w7-A6pG7kjBnuNVU390Xp5xJvsPeGuClWxvKqd23NbUy4HVxyNMOkV0TqREIxFaNPmNl7vQiVGd2pIajF_rs_FJy0KuQYYXb9hwFDKaNvwuVzYwyEG7VzcsEeugF_S9DRj5_P9TxfacO8HQn2X-WAbIW8rmOYtXd9I1qtgYf9OTJCGw-9KbrNACmhnnsOA_f_dwtx_DzcE_18-Je25eACftwLU017TqHvk93BvyTCl7GiUljC79lS1K-w4AYjKzgmJSgXB7odDxo_KDNexoggfNxHILS2S0blbwp-Zzxhqgo_cn843v8ewrlUPfqdUoMZG7EUYAOhCF8IWqefzE71DWKPecrFwONv8_5HZSBJ4dKDC4Xh1zAbXRkdOin3ZIBTz0jYD-7nkQuhm3zjtBgccEFfB8ViAY87-tomdRyg0qJFZngcipQfEfsesp1lXMhx7pgYTX9sAi0XkGRbaQDjcSQlcYCt5GUdNbgMp-atguuKsPWMCfLK422eTjKX7D41Pj-JNFt1aRBk1YotOUZMz7UhYXAfMDihYSu7LV98uHFY_bIeUqPhRsRbEukks43qdl2Nn9EdPdbSa9pqWbhlfmfN0XpQYL9XQEZd9WRxnjMPS1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One study from 1985&lt;/a&gt; shows that people who were in the top quintile of green and yellow vegetable intake had relative risk of 0.3 of dying from cancer compared to the lowest quintile. As far as risk for developing cancer, &lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/15-4-463.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAnAwggJsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggJdMIICWQIBADCCAlIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMZiyT1oxWRYKBf0ABAgEQgIICI9qyUJUO9gIewVcN1BY-kQfOE8UAffhyCNnso_7qdF3gz-GIPltSZAgozB1lAujVY8-s8qt4w-mWd-noCLW6cIwMdFqWst30tMFa841gmUYl2-Ssi4CAlj7EmRmPc7TfQnMcWk8aVZb0oDDaLifwGk0Bg9Pz4l35WIwrdJoq1fKtYpfEtV_xv-2qwQzBg6he6mbE4A9LUbnjZuBrEs66GsnmGKvhDEg06CBdMYR6BtJrbsoQeDIo-JP3EqIKxarwn4oU21jBhXT1hZcDnzyIYvgkXjj5TNhiYhFRh8ndqQkq9jjFPaa1SBNyJhZiZZEIjh8xgte9F3RQAaEL1--X3TZcTN5LKxqP1keXVFMXBbsUDG2BX2c3qU-_jcNN84gLa8WGNJI6ayUvK86uthptQazA_ei-JQluNsZEFkkELgCUuS3zij5nFiIHla9eUGKP6xqBp_tUAiP_QUCH7OdpOXqEtt_sF2b15ksGqk1xlAILVakR4RWB9CyGg5EqhItRT9gqAHAhdAxtuAtMfYYu1sJ2_P2LF76A7UfIbUT_RAsjSokG_7Td_v6h1lN9742zS9UGBFHmmTdu44nDEee313PG-bJACVAYi4Ny6PpchgZ_wE3nHdymBPydjzOatK6MhbQ_hVhg6Rh5wpm6vGerknDVrfjJ6jHzfvc0lmcLlBoog0-blWHCPuK02dzcBg4RGiwBu4QERg_y9y14V5R5IKxqYFQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in another study from the 1980s&lt;/a&gt;, smokers who ate more carrots were less likely to develop lung cancer (this effect was only seen in smokers, not ex-smokers or non-smokers). Certainly not conclusive, and likely outdated, but interesting food for thought. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T17:33:50.813" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23049" CreationDate="2020-04-05T17:42:35.320" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that ACE2 functions as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, so there are theoretical concerns to the use of ACE inhibitors as they might upregulate this receptor. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr2005760&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This NEJM study&lt;/a&gt; was helpful to me, but I'm still not sure that I understand if there is a consensus on the clinical significance of the ACE2 receptor tropism just yet. Is the theoretical risk of ACE inhibitors something that clinicians actually take into account when caring for COVID patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T20:22:04.577" Title="What is the clinical significance of the ACE2 receptor tropism of SARS-COV-2?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;ace2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23046" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T18:48:19.087" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;San Marino has a COVID-19 death rate of 943 per million population (third column from left):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8cVZT.pngI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8cVZT.pngI&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;— &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus Update (Live): 1,256,358 Cases and 68,229 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Outbreak - Worldometer&lt;/a&gt; (April 5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is more than 100 times the reported 8.8 global average.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It actually exceeds the rates of &lt;em&gt;the next 4 highest countries combined&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this extreme difference merely a statistical anomaly due to the country's relatively small population, or is there something fundamentally different happening there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T19:24:43.227" Title="Why is the COVID-19 death rate so high in San Marino?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T19:40:02.710" Score="-4" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the purpose of using vaccines against commonly found bacteria? Since the human immune system develops at birth and shortly thereafter (via colostrum) natural defenses against common bacteria, presumably the body already has antibodies against common bacteria. What purpose is there in &quot;innoculating&quot; someone against such bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, bacteria like pneumococcus endemically colonize everyone's lungs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://rupress.org/jem/article/53/4/535/10121/THE-EPIDEMIOLOGY-OF-PNEUMOCOCCUS-INFECTION-THE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In one study pneumococci were found in 80% of the healthy patients studied&lt;/a&gt;. Of course, that is just the bacteria that were &lt;em&gt;found&lt;/em&gt;. Undoubtedly the other 20% of the healthy patients had various colonies of pneumococcus which simply went undiscovered. So, obviously the human body is well adapted to constantly defend against pneumococcus, yet there are varieties of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pneumococcal vaccine&lt;/a&gt; anyway. Why would this be? To make money, or is there a proven biological action that implies a benefit? By a &quot;biological action&quot; I mean an explanation of the immunological mechanism by which the innoculation significantly augments pre-existing T-cell/B-cell receptors for common bacteria such as pneumococcus, and has a real benefit which is not merely reduplicative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T20:51:36.583" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T21:46:32.697" Title="What is the justification for bacterial vaccines for which the body has natural immunity?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23049" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23045" CreationDate="2020-04-05T20:11:17.463" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off no one should be stopping their ARB or ACEI drugs without the direction of their physicians. In particular there is a risk of decompensation of heart failure when these drugs are used in their treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that the ace2 receptor is encoded on the X chromosome so women have more ace2 receptors than men but men are more susceptible to severe disease then woman. Although men indulge in more dangerous behaviours such as smoking and high alcohol intake it is looking now as though there is a true biological difference. One would therefore think that the ace2 upregulation by these drugs maybe more helpful than deleterious, and the paper you quoted discusses this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although patients with hypertension are over-represented I have yet to see data to say that the use of ARB or ACEI is higher in the infected population of hypertensives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The theoretical risk of these drugs is that upregulating the number of receptors increase the attack points for the virus. On the other hand it is hard to imagine that if one receives an infective dose of virus it is unable to fully saturate the available ACE2 receptors available to it. Especially when it is thought that the inoculum is probably only a few hundred or few thousand virions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another observation is that medical staff are more affected then others which suggest that the initial viral load is important. This suggests that the virus takes out more ace 2 receptors with a higher infective dose, rather than viral replication subsequently takes out more ace2 receptors in the initial assault. So having more receptors may be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In practice I have read that people are just stopping drugs based on their clinical conditions rather than theoretical considerations especially when the theory is not fully developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T20:22:04.577" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T20:22:04.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T20:56:27.683" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;For people who neither are medical personnel, nor in any related field like geriatic care, what kind of protection would gloves provide? I mind people in their daily activities like shopping or using public transport. Would gloves provide them or people around any extra protection? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't see how a glove would not carry any contamination around in the same way as a hand. Would that make gloves useless?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="4887" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T22:26:05.277" Title="Do gloves offer extra protection in general against a COVID-19 infection?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23053" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23048" CreationDate="2020-04-05T21:10:01.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two immune responses to an infection, primary and secondary. Vaccination makes it possible for the body to immediately switch to a secondary response. So that's why young adults are vaccinated again meningococcal disease so that they don't die from meningitis while the body is still mounting its primary immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secondary immune responses can usually prevent disease, because the pathogen is detected, attacked and destroyed before symptoms appear. In general, adults respond more rapidly to infection than children. They are able to prevent disease or reduce the severity of the disease by mounting a rapid and strong immune response to antigens they have previously experienced. In contrast, children have not experienced as many antigens and are more likely to get sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Memory of the infection is reinforced and long lived antibodies remain in circulation. Some infections, such as chickenpox, induce a life-long memory of infection. Other infections, such as influenza, vary from season to season to such an extent that even an adult is unable to adapt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.immune.org.nz/immunisation/immune-system-vaccination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.immune.org.nz/immunisation/immune-system-vaccination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T21:10:01.397" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23054" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-05T21:10:27.487" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some of the more common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever and cough. There has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2762997&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some evidence&lt;/a&gt; of SARS-Cov-2 in feces. Do we have any further knowledge of the prevalence of GI symptoms among those with COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T21:10:27.487" Title="Does COVID-19 cause GI symptoms?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-04-05T21:34:04.400" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23056" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23048" CreationDate="2020-04-05T21:37:19.903" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As @BryanKrause points out in a comment, there are many, many, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;strains&lt;/a&gt; of Pneumococcus, many of which &lt;strong&gt;do not cause disease in otherwise healthy humans&lt;/strong&gt;. The paper you referred to looked at 500 strains of Pneumococcus: &quot;They formed smooth colonies and were &lt;strong&gt;for the most part avirulent&lt;/strong&gt; for mice.&quot; That is, most of the strains they looked  were not disease causing! You may be more familiar with this phenomena with E. coli and food borne disease. All of us have guts full of E. coli which we live in a symbiotic relationship with. However, if you pick up the wrong strain from a contaminated salad bar, you can get very, very, sick. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For bacteria, the species level is a fairly gross classification, and each strain may have subtle variations in the proteins presented at the surface of the bacterium. These surface proteins can play a key role in both the virulence of the bacteria, and our immune response to it. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/adults/downloads/fs-pneumo-hcp.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC tracks 90 strains of Pneumococcus that are responsible for most serious human disease. The current pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is effective against 23 of those strains.&lt;/a&gt;. Having been exposed to one of the non-disease causing strains does not necessarily confer immunity to a disease causing train. It depends on the details of the differences between the strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582124/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;our immune systems tend to fail as we get older&lt;/a&gt;. As we age our immune systems have a lessened ability to respond to new infections, and they can even &quot;forget&quot; how to respond to pathogens that have already been seen. That's why the CDC recommends this vaccine for adults over the age of 65, and younger adults with compromised immune systems. It isn't generally offered to healthy young people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-04-05T21:46:32.697" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T21:46:32.697" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23052" CreationDate="2020-04-05T22:26:05.277" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone is careful to use gloves correctly and disposes of them &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/pdfs/PPE-Sequence-508.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(with proper protocol)&lt;/a&gt; after any possible contamination and before touching their faces or their personal items such as phones, then they can protect from transmission by keeping droplets that may carry virus off of their hands and belongings. For example, wearing gloves while riding the subway and disposing of them after touching the seat would theoretically protect you from any virus that may have been on that seat. That being said, washing your hands frequently is probably just as good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, apparently wearing gloves and not being careful can even increase your risk of transmission, &lt;a href=&quot;http://%E2%80%9CThese%20droplets%20are%20projected%20into%20the%20air%20by%20coughing%20or%20sneezing%20and%20this%20causes%20a%20spread%20of%20the%20infection%20when%20they%20come%20into%20contact%20with%20others.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to one doctor in the UK.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, it's &lt;strong&gt;probably better to just wash your hands and avoid touching your face.&lt;/strong&gt; However, if you are going somewhere public where there is a chance you'll be touching something that might have respiratory droplets on it, then you can consider wearing gloves and disposing of them promptly after you are out of that situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19202" LastActivityDate="2020-04-05T22:26:05.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23059" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23061" CreationDate="2020-04-06T00:40:47.793" Score="15" ViewCount="4638" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would add my own research if I could to respect site rules, but I can't. There are no studies on SARS-CoV-2, all I can find is for SARS-CoV-1 and some Chinese information based studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My government is planning to do massive testing (when tests are available) and transfer and isolate every asymptomatic person in buildings such as hotels. The right is in arms saying this is like gulags and saying now they don't want to do the test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question, I hope generically, is: if someone is infected but asymptomatic, could the exposure to a high virus load lead to COVID-19 disease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or conversely: if your immune system is already coping well with the virus, the addition of more virus load can't worsen your diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19086" LastEditorUserId="12697" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T17:21:47.657" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T17:21:47.657" Title="If a SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infected individual is exposed to a high viral load, could they develop COVID-19 disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23059" CreationDate="2020-04-06T01:52:50.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doing such an experiment on humans would obviously be unethical in the present circumstances. There has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/monkeys-cannot-get-reinfected-with-coronavirus-study.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a report&lt;/a&gt; that monkeys who recovered and were later re-infected with mega-doses of the Covid-19 virus didn't get sick again. This is not terribly conclusive, because monkeys don't get severe symptoms from SARS like we do, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521815/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;. (SARS is the closest relevant relative to the Covid-19 virus aka SARS-CoV-2.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunity to a pathogen, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virology.ws/2009/12/28/reinfection-with-2009-influenza-h1n1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/a&gt; takes about 3-4 weeks to develop to develop fully, so if you [get] re-infect[ed] with a larger dose within this window, even a after a vaccine, you can cause/get the disease, although it's apparently a pretty rare occurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These individuals were likely resusceptible to reinfection with the same strain of influenza virus due to a confluence of unusual events. First, all three were reinfected within three weeks, before their primary adaptive response had sufficiently matured. Another contributing factor was the high level of circulation of the pandemic strain. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could reinfection also occur after immunization with influenza vaccine? Yes, if the immunized individual encounters the virus before the primary antibody response matures, which occurs in 3-4 weeks. This is more likely to occur during pandemic influenza when circulation of the virus is more extensive than in non-pandemic years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Citing:]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perez CM, Ferres M, &amp;amp; Labarca JA (2010). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Reinfection, Chile. Emerging infectious diseases, 16 (1), 156-7 PMID: 20031070&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the Fangcang-style hospitals (i.e. make-shift hospitals for those with mild or asymptomatic infections), which China &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30744-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says it closed&lt;/a&gt; the last one on March 10 (after there were 13 opened in Wuhan at the peak); it &lt;a href=&quot;https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/52494/are-any-countries-besides-china-planning-to-use-fangcang-hospitals-to-relocate&quot;&gt;turns out&lt;/a&gt; they used now in other countries, and they are even a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/publications-detail/home-care-for-patients-with-suspected-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-presenting-with-mild-symptoms-and-management-of-contacts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO recommendation&lt;/a&gt; of sorts (as of March 17):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO recommends that all laboratory confirmed cases be isolated and cared for in a health care facility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If all mild cases cannot be isolated in health facilities, then those with mild illness and no risk factors may need to be isolated in non-traditional facilities, such as repurposed hotels, stadiums or gymnasiums where they can remain until their symptoms resolve and laboratory tests for COVID-19 virus are negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the (April 2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30744-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Lancet&lt;/em&gt; paper&lt;/a&gt; on Fangcang hospitals, they Chinese took various precautions to prevent cross-infection with other diseases in such settings. How strictly these measures have been implemented and how well replicated in non-Chines Fangcangs elsewhere, I won't venture to comment here, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/22/asia/china-coronavirus-roundup-intl-hnk/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN had&lt;/a&gt; a somewhat disparaging article about Fangcang hospitals back in February, outlining their shortcomings. Since then, the US has been arranging similarly looking facilities &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncC6KnVzKu0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the NY area&lt;/a&gt;, but I don't know how they intend to use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T10:39:08.237" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23059" CreationDate="2020-04-06T02:26:43.693" Score="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;What your government is proposing is a lot less than what was actually done in China.  There, and perhaps that is still the case, large numbers of asymptomatic infected people were housed together in halls  with only social separation between them, and masks to prevent others from infecting others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your government is proposing to house the asymptomatic infected in hotels, presumably in separate rooms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that people who are infected because they have virus identified using PCR swabs of their upper airways.  CT scans can show pulmonary lesions present even without cough or fever. And even speaking can aerosolize virus though you are likely most infective at about days 4-5 before your own antibody production has ramped up significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's likely you are exhaling virus, and inhaling again the virus that you exhale, as well as spreading virus in your blood to other tissues.  It seems less likely that you're going to inhale a viral load that already exceeds the amount of virus coating your mucus membranes and alveloli.  At least you will have some antibody production after day 5 or so  on average to provide some protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that even within family groups housed together in Guangzhou, the incidence of cross infection was only 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there are likely to be host factors at work. We know that women and younger people have a less severe course generally.  So, even with a higher viral load on re-exposure, that may not change the underlying host factors that might =give them some protection eg. higher levels of ACE2 receptors, Group O blood group etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T02:26:43.693" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23065" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-04-06T05:37:18.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Denmark did this recently and found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/blodbanker-tester-om-donorer-har-haft-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2.7% of Danes living in the Capital region already have antibodies for the disease&lt;/a&gt;. This isn't randomized per se as these samples are from people donating blood, but so far it's as good as it gets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T05:37:18.627" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23066" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-06T05:38:12.477" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;A paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31696163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To validate the effectiveness of using A-GAN for data augmentation, we assessed its performance on cell analysis in &lt;strong&gt;adaptive optics retinal imaging&lt;/strong&gt;, which is a rapidly-changing medical imaging modality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &quot;adaptive optics retinal imaging&quot; seems some kind of medical imaging technique.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a technique inspired by retina &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a technique for retina, to get something like this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OAheO.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OAheO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T05:38:12.477" Title="What is &quot;adaptive optics retinal imaging&quot;?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;technology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23067" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-06T06:58:51.320" Score="1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;A paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31696163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To validate the effectiveness of using A-GAN for data augmentation, we assessed its performance on &lt;strong&gt;cell analysis&lt;/strong&gt; in adaptive optics retinal imaging, which is a rapidly-changing medical imaging modality. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;where &quot;adaptive optics retinal imaging&quot; seems some kind of &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/23066/17920&quot;&gt;medical imaging technique&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the basic concept of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biocompare.com/Lab-Equipment/6861-Cell-Analysis-Equipment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cell analysis&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, what does &quot;cell analysis&quot; mean in this context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T06:58:51.320" Title="What does &quot;cell analysis&quot; mean in terms of medical imaging technique?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23059" CreationDate="2020-04-06T07:16:01.303" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may find this article to be helpful in some way. Dr. Siddhartha Mukharjee The New Yorker April 6 2020 issue. “How does the Coronavirus Behave Inside a Patient”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The title I think is a bit misleading. The article does not cover the whole course of the illness!  I think. It is interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/06/how-does-the-coronavirus-behave-inside-a-patient&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/06/how-does-the-coronavirus-behave-inside-a-patient&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This covers more first, early, early repeat exposures. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inoculum  viral load and such is discussed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t think this a perfect answer to OP’s question but it may be helpful in some way. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Author bio: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T07:50:34.690" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T07:50:34.690" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-06T17:47:41.017" Score="-2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am planing to develop a mobile application to monitor the water intake level of a person. I found the following calculator, but I have no idea what is the formula that they have used in the calculator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/water-intake-calculator.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/water-intake-calculator.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to create a formula to determine how much water to drink per day using following inputs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weight &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Height&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gender &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Activity(No of hours)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can any one suggests me a formula for this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19229" LastEditorUserId="19229" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T18:37:15.217" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T18:37:45.527" Title="How to Determine How Much Water to Drink" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;hydration&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-04-10T00:12:13.527" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23074" CreationDate="2020-04-06T18:31:09.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because activity as a feature is too highly variant and there are probably a lot of other factors that would go into a formula like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do a bit of research you will find that there are guidelines of fluid intake per day for certain groups of patients, e. g. in intensive care, dialysis patients,...: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=fluid+intake+per+day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=fluid+intake+per+day&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first hit on &quot;formula fluid intake per day&quot; produces a hit from the Daily Mail (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-4617270/How-water-REALLY-drink-day-revealed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-4617270/How-water-REALLY-drink-day-revealed.html&lt;/a&gt;), which does not have too high of an impact factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;8 glasses of water per day&quot; rule is a one-size-fits-all rule that should not be used on people with e. g. organ damage such as heart failure, renal failure etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-06T18:37:45.527" LastActivityDate="2020-04-06T18:37:45.527" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-06T18:56:13.543" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;A previous question on SE has asked about whether testing, a part of the strategy of containment, can help reduce transmission enough such that it reduces the need for aspects of mitigation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21475/could-increased-testing-for-covid-19-slow-its-spread-enough-to-allow-the-relaxat&quot;&gt;Could increased testing for COVID-19 slow its spread enough to allow the relaxation of social distancing measures?&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, I would like to ask a different question, which assumes containment measures as effective. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epidemiologists seem to hold contradicting views on whether to conduct containment measures (testing and contact tracing) in regards stopping the Covid19 pandemic, in the context that it has indeed become one (with widespread and sustained community transmission in many countries).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first is to continue with it. As seen in:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*WHO approaches [1,2]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*Countries, including China, South Korea, Singapore, and Germany [3,4]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*countries who formerly were not practising this but now do aim for it: UK, Spain [5,6]&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*and some major journals [7].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second is to not do so. In other words, to proceed with only or mostly mitigation measures. As seen in:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*Countries: notably Sweden [8]. (The US has low testing rates, but there does not seem to be an explicit strategy to not perform containment even if they could. In fact, the calls for more testing is increasing, though whether this results into a full fledged containment strategy (with rigorous contact tracing) remains uncertain)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;*and some epidemiologists [9, 10].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what are the epidemiological reasons, per se (and so not focusing on explicit economic, political, social or other aims or reasons), of not choosing the former and opting only for the latter approach?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of the former, we can use epidemiological principles to illustrate its epidemiological bases. For instance, the formula for R0, that is, the basic reproduction number, R0 = BxKxD [11], we can see that containment's testing and contact tracing would allow us to ascertain the denominator for B, the attack rate. R0, would allow us to know the effectiveness of our interventions over time (aiming for R0&amp;lt;1). Also, knowing B allows us to trace and isolate those in contact with those who are infected, and so reducing transmission. This, when coupled with mitigation (which targets the K variable in the R0 formula), is thus a double-pronged attack against disease transmission.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this in mind, a mitigation-only approach would deprive or deny a country (or another type of authority), the use of that other main plank in the R0 formula.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I add here as a postscript some common causes I have found, but the most common one, that is, that the infection is already too widespread, is not actually an epidemiological reason but rather a consideration of economic feasibility.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A semi-epidemiological one (i.e. deferring to epidemiological orthodoxy) seems to be instances where countries have opted to follow WHO's usual epidemic control phases model (which is actually designed with pandemic flu in mind as opposed to Covid19's epidemic behaviour).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would you have further ideas as to explicit epidemiological reasons why mitigation might be preferred over containment, whether in general or specifically in the Covid19 pandemic?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1) That traditionally, the categorisations of actions during epidemic control phases are containment when the outbreak has not become a full-blown epidemic (ie in the early stages of the outbreak), and to focus on mitigation when it has become one (ie past the early part of the outbreak). A simple lay summary here is reported here [12], and this categorisation is recorded formally in WHO's usual categorisation (ie in general and not for the Covid19 outbreak specifically [13]). Note however, that WHO themselves reiterated the testing and tracing message (counter to their usual categorisation), since the declaration of PHEIC itself [14], highlighting that the Covid19 pandemic is not like that of pandemic flu, which the pandemic phase model fits better [15]. The WHO has criticised countries that have stopped containment on account of following the prior orthodoxy when they declared a pandemic on 11th March 2020: &quot; describing this as a pandemic does not mean that countries should give  up. The idea that countries should shift from containment to mitigation  is wrong and dangerous&quot; [16,17].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) That containment is no longer feasible. This is related to the assumption, e.g. via statistical models, that the proportion of asymptomatic infected population is already too high. Hence this relates to the increasing practical, logistical and economical resources needed to meet needs: e.g. &quot;crush of patients and shortage of tests&quot; [18]. This  has been the case in the case of Sweden. &#xA;In the case of the UK (before 16th March 2020), it appears that a combination of considerations 1) and 2) were at play : &quot;  after the WHO declared coronavirus a pandemic, the government moved the  UK from the “containment” phase into “delay”, accepting the  inevitability of millions of infections &quot; [19,20].  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) Depending on other countries' containment measures.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pscp.tv/WHO/1BdGYQVaPrgGX?t=3m52s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pscp.tv/WHO/1BdGYQVaPrgGX?t=3m52s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2] &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/regional-director/statements/statement-every-country-needs-to-take-boldest-actions-to-stop-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/regional-director/statements/statement-every-country-needs-to-take-boldest-actions-to-stop-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-asia-acted-west-dithered-hong-kong-taiwan-europe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-asia-acted-west-dithered-hong-kong-taiwan-europe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ft.com/content/6a8d66a4-5862-4937-8d53-b2d10794e795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/6a8d66a4-5862-4937-8d53-b2d10794e795&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;5] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/health-secretary-sets-out-plan-to-carry-out-100000-coronavirus-tests-a-day&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/health-secretary-sets-out-plan-to-carry-out-100000-coronavirus-tests-a-day&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;6] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/coronavirus-spain-plans-to-ramp-up-testing-as-death-toll-surpasses-1-300-1.4209000&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/coronavirus-spain-plans-to-ramp-up-testing-as-death-toll-surpasses-1-300-1.4209000&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;7] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30679-6.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30679-6.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;8] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/sweden-under-fire-for-relaxed-coronavirus-approach-here-s-the-science-behind-it/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/sweden-under-fire-for-relaxed-coronavirus-approach-here-s-the-science-behind-it/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;9] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/03/10/coronavirus-epidemic-mitigation-strategy-tufts-infectious-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/03/10/coronavirus-epidemic-mitigation-strategy-tufts-infectious-disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;10] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/03/10/coronavirus-epidemic-mitigation-strategy-tufts-infectious-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/03/10/coronavirus-epidemic-mitigation-strategy-tufts-infectious-disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;11] β is the risk of transmission per contact (i.e. basically the attack rate (that is, the proportion of cases over those infected)); κ is the number of such contacts that an average person in the population normally would have per time unit (in the absence of any disease); and D is the duration of infectivity of an infected person, measured in the same time unit as κ was (Giesecke, Johan. Modern infectious disease epidemiology. Third edition.  CRC Press, 2017. pg 111)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;12] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-it-means-to-contain-and-mitigate-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-it-means-to-contain-and-mitigate-the-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;13] &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272442&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;14] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;15] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newscientist.com/article/2235342-covid-19-why-wont-the-who-officially-declare-a-coronavirus-pandemic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newscientist.com/article/2235342-covid-19-why-wont-the-who-officially-declare-a-coronavirus-pandemic/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;16] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;17] &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/1813587/is-coronavirus-technically-a-pandemic-does-that-matter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qz.com/1813587/is-coronavirus-technically-a-pandemic-does-that-matter/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;18] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00823-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00823-w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;19] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/who-urges-countries-to-track-and-trace-every-covid-19-case&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/who-urges-countries-to-track-and-trace-every-covid-19-case&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;20] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/uk-moves-to-delay-phase-of-coronavirus-plan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/uk-moves-to-delay-phase-of-coronavirus-plan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7606" LastEditorUserId="7606" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T21:18:39.620" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T21:18:39.620" Title="What are the epidemiological basis (bases) of ceasing containment measures once an outbreak becomes an epidemic/pandemic?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23077" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23081" CreationDate="2020-04-06T21:00:01.020" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I was performing NBC training (now called CBRN) in the military there was a technique used for when a person needed CPR and you were both wearing a gas mask (or the person was missing a nose and/or jaw). The technique was roughly as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the person on their back, place an object between the lower shoulder blades then repeat the following steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Move the arms above the head like Superman&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lift the arms vertically like Frankenstein's monster&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cross the arms across the chest like Dracula and press&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is interrupted periodically with the traditional chest compressions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: does there exist a name for this technique and is there a newer/different technique for these situations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19235" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T05:09:59.243" Title="Is there a term for this CPR technique that avoids direct respiration?" Tags="&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;cpr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21520" CreationDate="2020-04-07T02:54:35.737" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&#xA;According to:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lancet April 2 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concentration of SARS-COV-2 decayed thusly:&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mqeK0.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mqeK0.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my non-professional eye it appears that at 72F the concentration of SARS-COV-2 decayed by (approximately) 50% after 72 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the same experiment was carried at at 99F the concentration decayed by 50% in 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same experiment when carried out at 133 F, the concentration decayed by 50% in 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The layperson's conclusion: Extraordinary heating conditions (greater than 100 F) will be required to decay the virus in a reasonable time period (less than 24 hours). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-04-07T16:01:07.213" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T16:01:07.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T04:50:38.383" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://old.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6ibhvh/why_do_antibiotics_like_doxicillin_work_against/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why do antibiotics like doxicillin work against acne? : askscience&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Check the dose he's using. Dermatologists are starting to use subantimicrobial doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some antibiotics have anti-inflammatory effects at lower doses. So for instance, you would take doxicillin at 200 mg for is anti biotic effect, but at 20 mg for iis anti inflammatory effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;See&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/dermatology-times/content/tags/acne-treatment/derms-slow-embrace-subantimicrobial-dose-concept&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/dermatology-times/content/tags/acne-treatment/derms-slow-embrace-subantimicrobial-dose-concept&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why don't dermatologists prescribe anti-inflammatories, if they're not intending the antimicrobial purpose of oral antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://old.reddit.com/r/scacjdiscussion/comments/egfbjt/subantimicrobial_low_dose_doxycycline_antibiotics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subantimicrobial (low) Dose Doxycycline - antibiotics successful for moderate acne and rosacea without the resistant bacteria and changes to flora : scacjdiscussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Curious if anyone else has tried a subantimicrobial dose (UNDER 50mg/day is considered subantimicrobial) of oral Doxycycline, prescribed to them of course. It seems the research shows that 40mg (2 x 20mg tablets) of doxycycline hyclate was just as effective as 100mg after 16 and 18 week trials, but with NO changes to the bacterial flora of the face and fewer side effects. So its method of action is different than high dose, but it’s still effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T07:36:11.920" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T07:36:11.920" Title="Why prescribe sub-antimicrobial doses of oral antibiotics for anti-inflammation?" Tags="&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3784" CreationDate="2020-04-07T04:53:55.103" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/902826&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In October 2018&lt;/a&gt;, the FDA approved Sarecycline (trade name Seysara; development code WC-3035)  for the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris.[1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 30 August 2018, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-are-one-step-closer-to-an-acne-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a potential acne vaccine just passed an important early test&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;An acne vaccine sounds too good to be true. One jab, and no more aggressive pimples making your face look like a pizza and damaging your self esteem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But researchers just got one step closer to that goal, discovering that an inflammation-triggering toxin called CAMP can be decreased by applying very specific antibodies – in mice at least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Actually turning those antibodies into a human vaccine will be complicated, but at least now we have an idea of what could work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T04:53:55.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23081" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23077" CreationDate="2020-04-07T05:09:59.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may be describing the Silverster method and perhaps of use when there's a concern about Covid-19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 19th century, Doctor H. R. Silvester described a method (The Silvester Method) of artificial ventilation in which the patient is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation.[156] The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute. This type of artificial ventilation is occasionally seen in films made in the early 20th century.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is now recommended that modern CPR conducted by untrained people should not involve any mouth-to-mouth respiration and should just use chest compressions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest compressions of 100 to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You don't need to try rescue breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident in your ability, check to see if there is a pulse and breathing. If there is no breathing or a pulse within 10 seconds, begin chest compressions. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some organisations are still yet to make recommendations about conducting CPR if the victim has Covid-19 and the person doing the CPR lacks any PPE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T05:09:59.243" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T08:48:28.407" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yesterday, I asked a question here &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/58547/why-is-there-a-contrast-between-facemask-use-in-1918-flu-and-the-covid-19&quot;&gt;Why is there a contrast between facemask use in 1918 Flu and the COVID-19? [closed]&lt;/a&gt;. I am just curious about why there is a change of attitude. Several people became excited. Similar curiosity exists in the western world, but in a reversed way, why do Asian people wear masks, e.g., this post without a reply &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/11495/surgical-masks-do-they-prevent-the-spread-of-disease&quot;&gt;Surgical masks - do they prevent the spread of disease?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to make my question more acceptable, I changed the subject. At least we can discuss three aspects. According to this report by &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/03/americas/flu-america-1918-masks-intl-hnk/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN&lt;/a&gt;, that change do exist. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That change do exist. True?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If true, why is there a change? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could face masks prevent droplets at least? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MjJy0.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MjJy0.png&quot; alt=&quot;masks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, personally I do not wear a mask when the smog is serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7839" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T15:51:43.433" Title="Could a face masks prevent droplets even though it does not avoid virus infection?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-07T13:55:25.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23083" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23082" CreationDate="2020-04-07T09:18:09.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a lack of masks outside Asia. Instead of saying: We don't have enough masks the governments and health authorities announced: masks are not to protect the one who wears it but all others in the environment of an infected person who wears it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other arguments have been: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wearing a mask gives a false security&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;folks of western civilization  don't know how to wear the mask correctly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they will even touch their face more often as they do without mask to reset the mask&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as we have our own mask production outside Asia they say wearing masks could also protect all of us  ... and in some countries (e.g. Austria) it will be obligatory to wear it in public and when working or shopping. Wonder if there will be enough masks then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Could a face masks prevent droplets even though it does not avoid virus infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You mean: do the simple cheap face mask really protect of infecting others (by droplets)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experts suggest that in Asia they are worn against air pollution and not in purpose to protect others. They also say that these masks are too thin without a special filter. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the change is true. But they might change from day to day. The purpose was to sensitize the population for the seriousness of the situation and to not provide a false security.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="17790" LastEditDate="2020-04-07T15:51:43.433" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T15:51:43.433" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-04-07T09:51:24.457" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Blood samples for antibodies against the novel corona virus are tested in several Swiss laboratories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Inselspital Bern is currently not doing so because the quality of the results has not yet been adequately investigated, says the director of the University Clinic for Infectious Diseases.&#xA;The problem is that detection of antibodies in the blood does not necessarily mean that someone is also immune.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Another problem in the use of blood tests as part of an exit strategy arises in terms of capacity: there is currently a shortage of test material in large quantities. This is confirmed by the Laboratory Medical Center Dr. Risch, where the first blood tests have recently been carried out in the laboratories in Buchs SG. The hospital staff, nursing staff and law enforcement officers have priority there, says Lorenz Risch, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Medical Director, towards SRF. Theoretically, you would have the capacity for around 1000 tests per day, but you can currently only make around a hundred in one or two days because the suppliers from Germany and the United States could no longer supply the so-called reagents.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/antikoerpertest-bei-corona-der-qualitaetsnachweis-ist-fuer-uns-noch-nicht-gegeben&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/antikoerpertest-bei-corona-der-qualitaetsnachweis-ist-fuer-uns-noch-nicht-gegeben&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chief of the hospital says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antibody test at corona: the proof of quality is not yet given.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T09:51:24.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23097" CreationDate="2020-04-07T11:21:29.917" Score="4" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming I've contracted COVID-19 this January and made a full recovery and the antibodies have already left my body again. Now, I come into contact with someone who is sick and I inhale some COVID-19 viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will multiply and spread for a little while, but my body will detect them and produce antibodies again, but very fast this time. However, there will be a time delay, and the number of viruses in my body will peak at some point. Is there a chance, that this peak is high enough to be contagious to other people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19241" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-10T17:17:48.273" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T17:17:48.273" Title="Can you recover from COVID-19, and then be reinfected so as to be a danger to other people?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23087" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23099" CreationDate="2020-04-07T12:57:53.080" Score="2" ViewCount="99" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ive looked extensively but in amongst all the stats available, I cant find the proportion of people who are admitted to hospital with coronavirus but then go on to recover - any help much appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19245" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T15:44:18.263" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T15:44:18.263" Title="Likelihood of death from coronavirus after being admitted" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23098" CreationDate="2020-04-07T13:12:31.363" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102553/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; research found that the COVID-19 spike protein binds to the cell surface receptor &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GRP78&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we could inject a large amount of GRP78 into patients could it saturate the virus particles, and inhibit the virus lifecycle?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the injection of GRP78 would induce a severe immune response, could you administer immunosuppression, and rely on the deactivated viruses being filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and liver?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that this is a blunt object way to think about it. I'm really interested in the virus at the moment for obvious reasons, and hoping to learn more. Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19243" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T23:11:43.647" Title="If COVID-19 binds to GRP78 could a GRP78 dose inactivate the virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23089" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23091" CreationDate="2020-04-07T14:14:22.867" Score="0" ViewCount="115" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could you create a system that continually filters viral particles out of a patient's blood like in the following diagram?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Corona virus particles are 100nm to 160nm, while the smallest blood cells are 2 to 3 microns. So they could be separated by an appropriate sized filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reasonably high doses of UVC at 250nm will deactivate viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, or in combination, a second filter this time 50nm could be used to remove the virus particles from the flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then the blood cells and the sterilized portion of the flow could be recombined and put back into the patient in a continuous flow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this system viable, and could it help treat viral diseases like COVID-19? Cheers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Cannula Outflow&#xA;       |&#xA;0.5 micron Osmosis&#xA;       |          \&#xA;Blood Cells   Viral Particles &#xA;       |           |&#xA;       |      UVC 250nm Irradiation&#xA;       |          /&#xA;Recombination of Parts&#xA;       |&#xA;Cannula Inflow&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: There's a company called Aethlon Medical looking into this with their Hemopurifer device. They used a special filter in a dialysis machine to treat ebola successfully. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aethlonmedical.com/the-hemopurifier/the-hemopurifier-in-infectious-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here's their statement on applying the technology to COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;. See answers for more context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19243" LastEditorUserId="19243" LastEditDate="2020-09-02T15:08:21.403" LastActivityDate="2020-09-02T15:08:21.403" Title="Could you filter virus particles out of blood to treat COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23089" CreationDate="2020-04-07T16:52:10.900" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because viruses often infect a specific cell type, and the viral particles may not be common in the blood, filtering of the blood might not be an effective way to prevent the spread of a virus inside a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table 3 of this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930183-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on the original outbreak of COVID-19 reports that 15% of patients had RNAaemia, which is their term for finding indications of the virus' RNA in the bloodstream. But that presence doesn't seem to correlate with prognosis. I.e. 15% of those patients who died tested positive for RNAaemia, and 14% of the patients who survived also tested positive for RNAaemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So maybe removing the virus from the bloodstream wouldn't make much difference anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19243" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T16:52:10.900" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23091" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23089" CreationDate="2020-04-07T18:34:46.177" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only viral diseases for which I found this method &lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/3586271/ebola-treatment-dialysis-blood/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned (in the popular pres)&lt;/a&gt; has been Ebola (in 2014), and that's an experimental treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The device, called the Hemopurifier, was attached to the dialysis machine that was already filtering the patient’s blood. The specially designed filter is made of a protein that acts as glue for proteins found on the Ebola virus’s surface. Over a period of 6.5 hours, the filter extracted the virus from the blood that flows through. While most dialysis filters can pull out molecules that are less than 4 nanometers in diameter, the virus filter boasts a mesh that’s able to filter out larger viral particles that are less than 250 nanometers. That means only the virus is pulled out, and the immune cells remain in the blood, ready to fight off any remaining viral invaders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We had no [idea] about how much [virus] would be extracted, because this was the first patient, but I was very surprised because the drop in viral load was deeper than I expected,” says Geiger. Before the filtration began, the patient’s virus count was about 400,000 per mL blood. After the session it had dropped to 1,000 copies/mL. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Freed from that viral burden, the patient soon began to improve rapidly. His own immune system began fighting off the remaining virus, and he no longer needs dialysis or a ventilator. The patient is walking and waiting to be released from the hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Geiger stresses that it’s not clear yet whether the Hemopurifier alone was responsible for the patient’s recovery, since he was given other experimental therapies, but the amount of virus removed from his body and his rapid recovery after the filtration suggests that it at least played a role in helping him survive his infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While &lt;strong&gt;puling viruses out of infected individuals has never been tried before&lt;/strong&gt;, Geiger believes it will be an important strategy for treating not just Ebola but other vial infections as well, including HIV, hepatitis and even influenza. “It’s a very interesting concept. The big advantage is that the plasma is filtered, and only the virus is removed and the other plasma components like immune cells go back to the patient. That’s important because with viral infections, the patient is in a reduced immune situation.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inventors mention influenza as a possible target too, but frankly I suspect that was way optimistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hemopurifier&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search&lt;/a&gt; in pubmed for &amp;quot;Hemopurifier&amp;quot; only finds 3 articles (and the 2001 hit is a name coincidence for an unrelated device), none of which are even about Ebola (never mind influenza), but there is (a 2009) one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;about hepatitis C&lt;/a&gt;. You can look through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1451534700552079321&amp;amp;as_sdt=2005&amp;amp;sciodt=0,5&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(37) Google Scholar citations&lt;/a&gt; of that 2009 paper for subsequent research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The 2nd real hit in pubmed for &amp;quot;Hemopurifier&amp;quot; was a more cited 2012 article on exosome removal in cancer patients. Unfortunately, most of the citations for the 2009 hep-C paper seem to also be about exosome removal...) There is one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/375257&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2014 review&lt;/a&gt; about Ebola though that mentions the Hemopurifier as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent discoveries have led to the development of specific extracorporeal sorbent techniques to reduce viral particle concentrations in blood. The application of a specific device called ‘Hemopurifier' has been advocated to reduce viral load in several acute viral infections [8]. Blood is circulated through a hollow fiber plasma filter that has a specific sorbent matrix stuffed in the compartment external to hollow fibers. Due to the fluid mechanics inside the device, plasma is produced from whole blood in the proximal part of the fibers and it is forced to flow through the sorbent bed. In the distal part of the device, plasma reenters the hollow fibers by a backfiltration mechanism. No plasma loss occurs since plasma never leaves the device (the plasma ports are left capped). According to the company's specifications (Aethlon Medical Inc., San Diego Calif., USA), the sorbent is highly specific for glycoproteins (GP) that viral envelopes. Viral particles are thereby captured and their concentration in blood is significantly reduced [9]. This process, called ‘Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis', is based on the concept of affinity chromatography developed in the 1970s [10]. A unique lectin protein (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA) from Galanthus nivalis (the common snowdrop) has a high affinity to the mannose-rich GP that ubiquitously populate the surface of enveloped viruses [11,12] to inter alia mediate entry into host cells. This device has been used either alone or in series with a hemodialyzer and has displayed encouraging results both in vitro and in vivo on hepatitis C and HIV infected blood. Assuming a delicate equilibrium between the viral load and the immunological system, the eradication of a viral infection may be realized only by tipping the balance in favor of the innate immune response by lowering the circulating viral particle concentration in blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unlike the Hemopurifier's invetors' own claims, this review doesn't mention respiratory viruses as a likely (useful) target. (It only mentioned Ebola, Hep C, and HIV.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/30/suppl_3/iii229/2512298&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; the (2015) scientific publication on the Eblola experiment now too; it mainly uses the generic name of the method &amp;quot;Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis&amp;quot; (LAP), although Hemopurifier is mentioned in there. This paper is not indexed by pubmed; I think it's because it's a conference rather than a journal paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent (2018) paper&lt;/a&gt; testing LAP (in vitro) on MERS, which is indexed in pubmed though. The fact that most of these papers appear in rather niche &lt;em&gt;methods&lt;/em&gt; publications like the &lt;em&gt;Blood Purif.&lt;/em&gt; journal should tell you something though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T19:34:40.283" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T18:49:21.277" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a wild idea of mine, can I reuse ER mask if I'm blasting it in the microwave to kill coronavirus or anything else on it? Will this disinfect the mask if there is anything on it, this is so I'll be able to use it again... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19252" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T18:49:21.277" Title="Reuse mask buy microwave??? Coronavirus" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-04-10T00:10:37.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T19:49:24.907" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read the blood is warmer than the same body's core temperature. The core temperature is known to be 37 degrees, and I have been told the average blood temperature is 38 degrees. This was in my lecture slides. Another source I found was the book &lt;em&gt;Nursing Practice: Knowledge and Care&lt;/em&gt; (page 570), which states the same thing, without any real explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a known purpose/mechanism behind this, or is it more a side-effect of another process? I haven't been able to find any reliable sources (only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-blood-temperature-warmer-than-the-body-s-temperature&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quora&lt;/a&gt; etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possible reasons I came up with were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood is responsible for heat loss (keywords: capillaries, vasodilation)&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;This doesn't make sense to me as the blood can never get hotter than the surface/system from which it is absorbing the heat (e.g. internal organs)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood flows. This could generate some extra warmth due to (accumulative) frictional forces between the blood and the vessel walls.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;This makes most sense to me, as it is a major difference between the blood and the organs, when considering their temperatures, ceteris paribus.&lt;/em&gt; It makes sense if looking from the perspective of simple heat transfer and thermodynamics.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These are all just averages, and so there isn't a single answer, just &lt;em&gt;&quot;it depends...&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not really interested in the argument that blood &lt;em&gt;feels&lt;/em&gt; warm on your (relatively) colder hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a separate question; if movement and work are taken into account, do the walls of the heart become warmer as the heart beats faster? Do we neglect the temperature increase of a hard-working liver as an exception to &quot;core temperature&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any sources/further reading welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19253" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T12:01:22.867" Title="Average temperature of blood versus core body temperature" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23094" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T21:13:48.440" Score="10" ViewCount="330" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current prognosis for a COVID-19 vaccine to become available is &quot;12-18 months&quot; and a big part of the reason for such a long timeline is the fact that scientists want to ensure that the vaccine is safe enough. But did this ever happen in practice? An article on CNN mentions the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/31/us/coronavirus-vaccine-timetable-concerns-experts-invs/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fiasco of the 1976 vaccine&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 1976, President Gerald Ford's administration reacted at speed to a novel swine flu outbreak, ignoring the World Health Organization's words of caution and vowing to vaccinate &quot;every man, woman and child in the United States.&quot; After 45 million people were vaccinated, the flu turned out to be mild. Worse, researchers discovered that a disproportionately high number of the vaccinated -- roughly 450 in all -- had developed Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves, leading to paralysis. At least 30 people died. Upon discovery of the risk, the program was terminated in late 1976. A crush of lawsuits against the federal government followed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this looks like a very rare complication, only causing problems for 1 in 100,000 patients. And even that complication could've been detected &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/09/health/09vaccine.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;quickly with enough volunteers&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About a week&lt;/strong&gt; after getting the swine flu shot, she recalled, “I was so weak I couldn’t push down the toaster button.” She spent a month in the hospital, paralyzed from the neck down, before gradually recovering.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So has there ever been a vaccine trial satisfying the following conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Significant side effects were detected&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Those side effects appeared in otherwise healthy candidates after more than 3 months since they were injected with the vaccine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These side effects were something other than birth defects (those obviously take up to 9 months to show up)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what causes scientists to be so cautious about testing a new vaccine quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="7314" LastEditDate="2020-04-10T00:18:11.597" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T23:36:00.437" Title="Was there ever a vaccine candidate that showed negative side effects many months or years after the patient was injected?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23095" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23086" CreationDate="2020-04-07T21:55:03.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is too early to know the answer with certainty in regards to COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to answer your initial question, humans can develop antibodies (immune proteins that target foreign proteins) to some viruses yet still be infected and capable of spreading it. One of the classic examples of this is with HIV infection. Starting about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aids-chushi.or.jp/English/general/antibody_test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3 weeks after being exposed&lt;/a&gt;, the body starts makes antibodies to the virus. In fact, one of the major ways of testing someone for HIV is by looking for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. But these antibodies are ineffective at controlling the disease. One potential reason is that the antibodies we make &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372381&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;do not appropriately bind to HIV proteins in their functional state.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another reason antibodies may be ineffective is mutation of the virus. Viruses that mutate frequently, such as rhinovirus (which causes the common cold), can evade the immune system because there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/09/16/scientists-close-in-on-a-cure-for-the-common-cold/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hundreds of different forms that your body may not have seen before&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T21:55:03.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-07T22:39:12.690" Score="2" ViewCount="196" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been mentioned to me in the discussion on &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23094/was-there-ever-a-vaccine-that-showed-negative-side-effects-that-were-impossible?noredirect=1#comment43454_23094&quot;&gt;another question&lt;/a&gt; that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa152&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;following proposal&lt;/a&gt; has been advanced (in a medical journal):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Controlled human challenge trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates could accelerate the testing and potential rollout of efficacious vaccines. By replacing conventional Phase 3 testing of vaccine candidates, such trials may subtract many months from the licensure process, making efficacious vaccines available more quickly. Obviously, challenging volunteers with this live virus risks inducing severe disease and possibly even death. However, we argue that such studies, by accelerating vaccine evaluation, could reduce the global burden of coronavirus-related mortality and morbidity. Volunteers in such studies could autonomously authorize the risks to themselves, and their net risk could be acceptable if participants comprise healthy young adults, who are at relatively low risk of serious disease following natural infection, they have a high baseline risk of natural infection, and during the trial they receive frequent monitoring and, following any infection, the best available care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Perhaps even more notably, the lead author of that paper was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00927-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interviewed at length&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; on the topic. But no 3rd party reactions to the proposal were included. A somewhat skeptical reaction by a French bioethicist was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.france24.com/fr/20200401-recherche-de-vaccins-contaminer-des-volontaires-au-covid-19-%C3%A9thique-ou-pas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;published&lt;/a&gt; by France24 (in French).)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have any regulatory agencies (FDA or equivalents elsewhere) reacted positively to such a proposal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T13:57:15.953" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T13:57:15.953" Title="Have any regulatory agencies announced they would allow live Covid-19 human challenges (for vaccine testing purposes)?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23086" CreationDate="2020-04-07T22:41:43.400" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 as a recognized disease has not been around long enough to answer these questions.  There was a tiny study of 4 rhesus macaque monkeys that showed that recovered monkeys (2) were able to resist a second inoculation of the same strain of SARS-CoV-2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also know that patients with mild respiratory Covid-19 can still shed virus after their symptoms have resolved, and these shed virus are potentially infectious.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;If you had mild respiratory symptoms from COVID-19 and were staying at home so as not to infect people, extend your quarantine for another two weeks after recovery to ensure that you don't infect other people,&quot; recommended corresponding author Lixin Xie, MD, professor, College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The authors had a special message for the medical community: &quot;COVID-19 patients can be infectious even after their symptomatic recovery, so treat the asymptomatic/recently recovered patients as carefully as symptomatic patients.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concerningly a recent report, not yet peer reviewed or replicated, has found a low level of immunity to Covid-19 in recovered patients &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Researchers in Shanghai hope to determine whether some recovered coronavirus patients have a higher risk of reinfection after finding surprisingly low levels of Covid-19 antibodies in a number of people discharged from hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A team from Fudan University analysed blood samples from 175 patients discharged from the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and found that nearly a third had unexpectedly low levels of antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In some cases, antibodies could not be detected at all.&#xA;  “Whether these patients were at high risk of rebound or reinfection should be explored in further studies,” the team wrote in preliminary research released on Monday on Medrxiv.org, an online platform for preprint papers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the study was preliminary and not peer-reviewed, it was the world’s first systematic examination of antibody levels in patients who had recovered from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, the researchers said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;All of the patients had recently recovered from mild symptoms of the disease and most of those with low antibody levels were young. The researchers excluded patients who had been admitted to intensive care units because many of them already had antibodies from donated blood plasma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The researchers said they were surprised to find that the antibody “titer” value in about a third of the patients was less than 500, a level that might be too low to provide protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“About 30 per cent of patients failed to develop high titers of neutralising antibodies after Covid-19 infection. However, the disease duration of these patients compared to others was similar,&quot; they said.&#xA;  The team also found that antibody levels rose with age, with people in the 60-85 age group displaying more than three times the amount of antibodies as people in the 15-39 age group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, preliminary data (not yet peer reviewed) suggests that the immune response is weak particularly in younger people and may not protect you against re-infection.  In which case you can then become a vector to infect other people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various responses to this preliminary report include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the paper has not been officially peer-reviewed, scientists on Twitter identified a few possible caveats in the paper which might affect the conclusions. Firstly, some suggested that perhaps some of the patients who had low or undetectable levels of protective antibodies may not have had COVID-19 at all due to a possibility of faulty tests. The study also only followed the patients for 24 days after their illness, with some scientists questioning whether this was enough time for protective antibodies to be developed. There were also other criticisms about the experimental methods in the study, including that the researchers only looked for antibodies against one viral protein, the spike protein, rather than others which are also important to consider and may also give immunity to SARS-CoV2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/monkeys-cannot-get-reinfected-with-coronavirus-study.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/monkeys-cannot-get-reinfected-with-coronavirus-study.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200327091234.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200327091234.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3078840/coronavirus-low-antibody-levels-raise-questions-about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3078840/coronavirus-low-antibody-levels-raise-questions-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/04/08/can-you-get-sick-with-coronavirus-again-after-youve-already-had-it-new-research-continues-to-emerge-but-the-jury-is-still-out/#17b2cc5e31a5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/04/08/can-you-get-sick-with-coronavirus-again-after-youve-already-had-it-new-research-continues-to-emerge-but-the-jury-is-still-out/#17b2cc5e31a5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T01:59:57.950" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T01:59:57.950" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23098" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23088" CreationDate="2020-04-07T23:11:43.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells by at least 4 methods: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ACE2 receptor - Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which is involved in protecting the lung (and other organs) from damage&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CD147 - is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, which is involved in tumor development, plasmodium invasion and virus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;GRP78 receptors&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furin targets - an enzyme that works  as a protein activator &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Typically, a virus uses the outreaching spike protein to hook on to the host cell, but normally this protein is inactive. The cleavage site structure’s role is to trick the human furin protein, so it will cut and activate the spike protein and cause a “direct fusion” of the viral and cellular membranes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The result findings show that when compared to the initial SARs mode of entry, this binding method is more than a 1,000 times efficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it seems possible that a neutralising antibody or protein could be produced that looks like the receptors on cell surfaces so that the virus preferentially binds to the neutralising antibody, and is thus deactivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such drugs are available or in the drug pipeline and are awaiting clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-latestcoronavirus-research-reveals-that-the-virus-has-mutated-gene-similar-to-hiv-and-is-1,000-times-more-potent-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thailandmedical.news/news/breaking-latestcoronavirus-research-reveals-that-the-virus-has-mutated-gene-similar-to-hiv-and-is-1,000-times-more-potent-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32057769/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32057769/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-07T23:11:43.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23099" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23087" CreationDate="2020-04-07T23:44:46.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This must depend on the local situation.  At the beginning of the pandemic Japanese Hospitals were admitting PCR positive asymptomatic patients.  Then as the disease spread Chinese authorities in Hubei were creating field hospitals (sixteen Fang Cang hospitals in Wuhan ) to house the less symptomatic patients and leaving the hospitals with ICU facilities to deal with those that needed higher level care.  Some patients could not even get into hospitals and were dying at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The initial data from China was that 81% of infected Covid-19 patients could be managed out of hospital, 14% had severe disease and 5% have critical disease involving breathing problems and organ failure.  If you needed to be intubated in Wuhan (3.2%) your chance of surviving drops to 50% or less ( under 34% in one study ).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using data on 24 deaths that occurred in mainland China and 165 recoveries outside of China, we estimated the mean duration from onset of symptoms to death to be 17·8 days (95% credible interval [CrI] 16·9–19·2) and to hospital discharge to be 24·7 days (22·9–28·1). In all laboratory confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases from mainland China (n=70 117), we estimated a crude case fatality ratio (adjusted for censoring) of 3·67% (95% CrI 3·56–3·80). However, after further adjusting for demography and under-ascertainment, we obtained a best estimate of the case fatality ratio in China of 1·38% (1·23–1·53), with substantially higher ratios in older age groups (0·32% [0·27–0·38] in those aged &amp;lt;60 years vs 6·4% [5·7–7·2] in those aged ≥60 years), up to 13·4% (11·2–15·9) in those aged 80 years or older. Estimates of case fatality ratio from international cases stratified by age were consistent with those from China (parametric estimate 1·4% [0·4–3·5] in those aged &amp;lt;60 years [n=360] and 4·5% [1·8–11·1] in those aged ≥60 years [n=151]). Our estimated overall infection fatality ratio for China was 0·66% (0·39–1·33), with an increasing profile with age. Similarly, estimates of the proportion of infected individuals likely to be hospitalised increased with age up to a maximum of 18·4% (11·0–7·6) in those aged 80 years or older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, your chance of death depends on other factors such as age, gender and other host factors such as smoking history, hypertension, heart disease, lung disease etc.  In the USA African Americans appear to be also more severely affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of Friday morning, African Americans made up almost half of Milwaukee County’s 945 cases and 81% of its 27 deaths in a county whose population is 26% black. Milwaukee is one of the few places in the United States that is tracking the racial breakdown of people who have been infected by the novel coronavirus, offering a glimpse at the disproportionate destruction it is inflicting on black communities nationwide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Michigan, where the state’s population is 14% black, African Americans made up 35% of cases and 40% of deaths as of Friday morning. Detroit, where a majority of residents are black, has emerged as a hot spot with a high death toll. As has New Orleans. Louisiana has not published case breakdowns by race, but 40% of the state’s deaths have happened in Orleans Parish, where the majority of residents are black.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2763453&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2763453&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-critical-care-issues&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-critical-care-issues&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/27/covid-19-what-we-know-and-do-not-know-about-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/27/covid-19-what-we-know-and-do-not-know-about-the-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30243-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30243-7/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.propublica.org/article/early-data-shows-african-americans-have-contracted-and-died-of-coronavirus-at-an-alarming-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.propublica.org/article/early-data-shows-african-americans-have-contracted-and-died-of-coronavirus-at-an-alarming-rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T01:48:55.570" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-08T01:01:11.920" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Once a virus infects a mammal, how quickly do viral particles multiply within their bodies? In other words, what is the expected doubling time of viral particles once a mammal is infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this question is too broad, consider the influenza virus within the human body or a well studied virus within a lab animal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T07:58:02.193" Title="How quickly do viruses multiply within mammal cells?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-10T00:13:21.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23101" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20894" CreationDate="2020-04-08T02:20:51.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably a bit of both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By this, I mean that ethanol does contain calories, 7 kcal per gram of alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fat is 9 kcal/g, carbs and protein are 4 kcal/g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible that the nutrition label itself is calculated incorrectly, probably by mistake.  If you're really bothered by the discrepancy, you could reach out to the company.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Likewise, the info in My Fitness Pal could be incorrectly cited as well.  These tools should be used as a guideline, not as concrete fact.  If something seems off, you are absolutely correct in questioning it!  I've found that in My Fitness Pal, scanning the bar code is typically more accurate than searching for the product.  You could also look for a second entry for the product you are searching for and seeing if that one makes more sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19256" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T09:21:09.313" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T09:21:09.313" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23102" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23100" CreationDate="2020-04-08T02:31:37.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: it depends on the virus!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, during the early stages of an acute HIV-infection in humans the virus will double every 0.65 days for a median of 14 days until it reaches a peak viral load. After this peak, the viral load will decrease at a half-life of 1.2 days until a steady-state is reached (Ribeiro et al., 2010)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876646/pdf/0127-10.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876646/pdf/0127-10.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19255" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T02:31:37.323" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-08T04:41:55.387" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two studies that I am aware of that have published SAR-COV-2 virus persistance on various substances &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lancet April 2 2020&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New England Journal of Medicine Marc 17 2020&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question deals with the interpretation of the data presented, particularly in light of media (NBC, CBS, etc.) providing advice and answering questions of the public. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Focusing on two particular assertions: &#xA;1) currency (folding bills) are not likely to be an source of transmission. (&quot;no need to clean bills received from unknown sources&quot;)&#xA;2) Aerosolized virus will become impotent after 3 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the first instance, that of currency, the Lancet paper did inoculate bank notes and after 2 days there was still detectable virus on the bank notes. Measurement after 4 days, the virus level was undetectable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second instance, with regard to aerosolized virus, the New England Journal paper appears to have suspended the experiment at 3 hours, but at 3 hours there was still a detectable level of virus present (albeit at half the initial level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, here is where I'd like help: In both papers, the researchers measured the &quot;Virus Titre, with the dimensions of &quot;TCID 50&quot;. Is there some meaning to that dimension, that I'm overlooking?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To assist here are two examples: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XMYJK.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/XMYJK.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Banknote data&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cv8jD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cv8jD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Aerosolized Virus&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T05:18:38.413" Title="SARS-COV-2 decay on various common substances - How to interpret?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23103" CreationDate="2020-04-08T05:18:38.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The TCID50 (Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) is one of the methods used when verifying viral titer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TCID50 signifies the concentration at which 50% of the cells are infected when a test tube or well plate upon which cells have been cultured is inoculated with a diluted solution of viral fluid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in the second paper they're talking about the amount of virus in a litre of air that has been aerosolized from these concentrations of virus fluid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly different countries responded differently&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Guangzhou branch of China’s central bank says it will destroy all banknotes collected by hospitals, wet markets and buses to ensure the safety of cash transactions as the country battles a coronavirus outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.zeomic.co.jp/en/glossary/virus/71&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.zeomic.co.jp/en/glossary/virus/71&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3050868/fresh-cash-old-china-central-bank-branch-destroy-banknotes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3050868/fresh-cash-old-china-central-bank-branch-destroy-banknotes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T05:18:38.413" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-08T05:21:15.890" Score="1" ViewCount="6801" Body="&lt;p&gt;On average, how many people die every day in the USA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The statistics for 2019 and before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19257" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T14:02:32.080" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T14:02:32.080" Title="How many people died in the USA on average per day including up to 2019?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-08T14:02:59.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20894" CreationDate="2020-04-08T05:41:14.173" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A calorie is a measure of heat given off by burning a substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article shows the origin of the term in the context of nutrition &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/136/12/2957/4663943&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/136/12/2957/4663943&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the earlier uses of the term in a physiological metabolic context, as apposed to a physics context, was in a paper by a German scientist named J. R. Mayer. The Mayer quote shows an early use of the definition that comes up in nutrition classes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;When substances endowed with considerable chemical affinity for each other combine chemically, much heat is developed during the process. We shall estimate the quantity of heat thus set free by the number of kilogrammes of water which it would heat 1°C. The quantity of heat necessary to raise 1 kilogramme of water 1 degree is called a unit of heat, Calorie. &quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A calorie itself is not something you ingest, and there's no Dietary Reference Intake &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/Health_Information/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx&lt;/a&gt; for it, unlike everything else on the nutrition facts label (maybe that's why it's in separate box). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a measure of energy generation, so it depends on the individual process of how it's generated, and I'm not sure if the FDA bases their label's numbers off of cellular metabolic data using digestive enzymes and gut flora, they might use something like a butane torch. It might be a good idea to take the calorie number as a reference point when considering your own metabolism, and not as an exact quantity. Many things can affect someone's metabolism, its efficiency and its rate, at cellular and molecular levels (and above and below probably).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're thinking in terms of this definition, anything that causes metabolic reaction that generates heat could be measured as a calorie. Ethanol burns in a lab, but whether or not it generates heat in your body when it's metabolized depends on its metabolic processes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism&lt;/a&gt; . &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to know what substances generate heat in the body in general, the answer might be in the field of bioenergetics &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetics&lt;/a&gt; , but that would include cellular respiration as well as enzymatic processes as the wiki article says, so breathing and processing anything (including your own dead cells thru apoptosis, or any drug you take or xenobiotic substance that enters your body &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644612000359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644612000359&lt;/a&gt;) could be shown to have a caloric value. Nutritionists and food producers are mostly focused on the calories from catabolic metabolism &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cte.sfasu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2_Principles_of_Digestion_and_Metabolism.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.cte.sfasu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2_Principles_of_Digestion_and_Metabolism.html&lt;/a&gt; by specifically liver enzymes, of something absorbed through the intestines (different parts of the intestines absorb different things, and not all gets processed catabolically). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The food/nutrition industries' use of &quot;calories&quot; is a weirdly specific definition that presents a narrow view of bioenergetics -- bodies are way more complex and unique!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17144" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T05:41:14.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23094" CreationDate="2020-04-08T05:52:37.600" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the unclarity in this question (and ironically that it's getting upvoted while the answers to it are getting downvoted) is that the question doesn't specify in its numbered premises that the side effect has to be &lt;strong&gt;commonly&lt;/strong&gt; reported &lt;em&gt;but only after a long time&lt;/em&gt;. A &lt;em&gt;very rare&lt;/em&gt; side effect is statistically hard to find, so it's natural that it may take a long time to find some cases, even if it does show up fairly quickly in susceptible individual.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question then makes the following blurring/confusion: it goes from a trial in which effects were (not) found to a rollout which vastly expands the population/sample. The question is then misleadingly phrased as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, what causes scientists to be so cautious about testing a new vaccine quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no reluctance to test a vaccine quickly enough in a small sample (e.g. phase II trials) if the vaccine &amp;quot;passes the smell test&amp;quot; in some preclinical trials etc. But e.g. phase II trials may not find all the rare side effects. The question probably wants to ask why does it take longer to get the vaccine &lt;em&gt;rolled out&lt;/em&gt;, but it phrases that as &amp;quot;scientists to be so cautious about &lt;strong&gt;testing&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot;. Basically the caution is about testing (with or without scare quotes) with a large sample all of a sudden, e.g. in an extreme case roll-out after successful pre-clinical trials. Increasing the sample size (as in phase III trials) gives more power to detect rarer side effects. In a &lt;a href=&quot;https://uk.gsk.com/en-gb/research/trials-in-people/clinical-trial-phases/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nutshell&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first time a new treatment or vaccine is tested in humans, it will usually be given to a small group of healthy volunteers. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The principle objectives in Phase I are to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;make sure that the new medicine presents no &lt;strong&gt;major&lt;/strong&gt; safety issues&#xA;[...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Phase I is successful, approval will be sought for a trial involving a larger group of people. Phase II trials will usually (but not always) include patients who have the condition the potential medicine is targeting, and aim to establish: [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;effectiveness in preventing the condition (if the volunteer does not already have it)&#xA;[...]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase III&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the results from Phase II are encouraging, we will seek to start a Phase III trial. This will be a much larger trial, often involving hundreds, possibly thousands of participants coming from a range of different countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The principle objectives in Phase III are to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;demonstrate the &lt;strong&gt;safety and effectiveness&lt;/strong&gt; of the new medicine or vaccine in the typical patient likely to use it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;identify side effects or reasons why the treatment should not be given to people with the condition in question (known as &lt;strong&gt;‘contraindications’&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emphasis mine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously when you increase the sample size even further (roll out) you may even find very rare side effects that were even missed in phase III. Sometimes &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.genetherapynet.com/clinical-trial-phases.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there are&lt;/a&gt; so-called phase IV studies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase IV studies may be required by regulatory authorities or may be undertaken by the sponsoring company for competitive (finding a new market for the drug) or other reasons (for example, the drug may not have been tested for interactions with other drugs, or on certain population groups such as pregnant women, who are unlikely to subject themselves to trials).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The safety surveillance is designed to detect any rare or long-term adverse effects over a much larger patient population and longer time period than was possible during the Phase I-III clinical trials.&lt;/strong&gt; Harmful effects discovered by Phase IV trials may result in a drug being no longer sold, or restricted to certain uses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the last part of the question is based on (a lot) of misphrasing and/or bad (logical) premises, lumping everything (including roll out) under the word &amp;quot;testing&amp;quot;. The level of caution/reluctance is proportional with the size of the population being tested (on).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how long can it take to figure it out if a vaccine gives &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; bad side effects? &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virology.ws/2015/09/10/why-do-we-still-use-sabin-poliovirus-vaccine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How about 20 years?&lt;/a&gt; Because deciding if the observed side effects are caused by a vaccine or not is not actually trivial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;all three of Sabin’s OPV strains were approved for use in the US, and in 1961-62 they replaced IPV for routine immunization against poliomyelitis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As soon as OPV was used in mass immunizations in the US, cases of vaccine-associated paralysis were described. Initially Sabin decried these findings, arguing that temporal association of paralysis with vaccine administration was not sufficient to implicate OPV. He suggested that the observed paralysis was caused by wild-type viruses, not his vaccine strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A breakthrough in our understanding of vaccine-associated paralysis came in the early 1980s when the recently developed DNA sequencing methods were used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the genomes of the Sabin type 3 vaccine, the neurovirulent virus from which it was derived, and a virus isolated from a child who had developed paralysis after administration of OPV. The results enumerated for the first time the mutations that distinguish the Sabin vaccine from its neurovirulent parent. More importantly, the genome sequence of the vaccine-associated isolate proved that it was derived from the Sabin vaccine and was not a wild-type poliovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now understand that every recipient of OPV excretes, within a few days, viruses that are more neurovirulent that the vaccine strains. This evolution occurs because during replication of the OPV strains in the human intestine, the viral genome undergoes mutation and recombination that eliminate the attenuating mutations that Sabin so carefully selected by passage in different hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From 1961 to 1989 there were an average of 9 cases (range, 1-25 cases) of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in the United States, in vaccine recipients or their contacts, or 1 VAPP case per 2.9 million doses of OPV distributed (illustrated). Given this serious side effect, the use of OPV was evaluated several times by the Institute of Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Each time it was decided that the risks associated with the use of OPV justified the cases of VAPP. It was believed that a switch to IPV would lead to outbreaks of poliomyelitis, because: OPV was better than IPV at protecting non-immunized recipients; the need to inject IPV would lead to reduced compliance; and IPV was known to induce less protective mucosal immunity than OPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And yeah whether the benefits outweigh the risks of severe albeit seldom-encountered side effects is a balancing matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the WHO began its poliovirus eradication initiative in 1988, the risk of poliovirus importation into the US slowly decreased until it became very difficult to justify routine use of OPV. In 1996 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices decided that the US would transition to IPV and by 2000 IPV had replaced OPV for the routine prevention of poliomyelitis. As a consequence VAPP has been eliminated from the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, yes, I can see the objections already that with the current state of biology/medicine we'd figure it out faster now. YMMV, i.e. it's down to &amp;quot;expert opinion&amp;quot; whether we could completely avoid a repeat of VAPP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-20T23:36:00.437" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T23:36:00.437" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23108" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23100" CreationDate="2020-04-08T07:43:34.193" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the saying goes &amp;quot;it depends&amp;quot;, but actually on quite a few factors: the virus strain, the host, and specific cells of the host, and the time frame considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0074863&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Influenza viruses exhibit large, strain-dependent differences in pathogenicity in mammalian hosts. Although the characteristics of severe disease, including uncontrolled viral replication, infection of the lower airway, and highly inflammatory cytokine responses have been extensively documented, the specific virulence mechanisms that distinguish highly pathogenic strains remain elusive. In this study, we focused on the early events in influenza infection, measuring the growth rate of three strains of varying pathogenicity in the mouse airway epithelium and simultaneously examining the global host transcriptional response over the first 24 hours. &lt;strong&gt;Although all strains replicated equally rapidly over the first viral life-cycle, their growth rates in both lung and tracheal tissue strongly diverged at later times, resulting in nearly 10-fold differences in viral load by 24 hours following infection.&lt;/strong&gt; We identified separate networks of genes in both the lung and tracheal tissues whose rapid up-regulation at early time points by specific strains correlated with a reduced viral replication rate of those strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So your question is not terribly easy to answer by a simple figure without establishing a time frame, cells of interest etc. But if you somehow care about that initial rate of replication, before any differences are observed across influenza strains...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remarkably, all three strains showed profiles of essentially identical, aggressive replication in the respiratory tract over the first 12 hours with the levels of viral M gene increasing by &amp;gt;1000x (Figure 3 A and C). At 16 hours, however, the replication rates started to diverge with the low pathogenicity X31 lagging behind that of the high pathogenicity PR8 and VN strains. Over the next 32 hours, the quantity of X31 in the lung remained essentially constant while that of PR8 and VN continued to increase, reaching levels approximately 5x higher by 48 hours (Figure 3 C). In the trachea, as in the lung, all three strains replicated equally rapidly over the first 8 hours, with the M gene levels increasing approximately 100x (Figure 3B). From 8 hours onward however, the levels of VN remained constant while PR8 and X31 continued to grow rapidly with M gene levels increasing by more than 20x over the next 12 hours (Figure 3D). Importantly, the viral load measurements in the lungs and tracheas were performed in the same individuals, demonstrating the large, tissue-specific differences in replication rates between these three strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MK6uz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MK6uz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, more that 1000-fold replication within the first 12 hours for influenza in mice lungs (the most suitable cells), but only about 100-fold in the less suitable trachea cells (where replication differences between strains are also observed somewhat earlier, after 8 hours).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virus quantification was done by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_quantification#Quantitative_polymerase_chain_reaction_(qPCR)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;qPCR&lt;/a&gt; in this study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T07:58:02.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21620" CreationDate="2020-04-08T08:06:50.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is not my work, but there is now a Youtube video that goes into the complex details of actual medical ventilators, and what needs to be done for a DIY device to do it safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Guide To Designing Low-Cost Ventilators for COVID-19&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By Real Engineering, published April 4, 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vLPefHYWpY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vLPefHYWpY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7949" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T08:06:50.903" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23111" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23093" CreationDate="2020-04-08T12:01:22.867" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;1) Where are you measuring the temperature for the &quot;blood&quot; temperature versus &quot;core&quot; temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood is used, as you have mentioned, to transmit excess heat to superficial capillary beds, but in cases of hypothermia blood is preferentially directed towards the vital organs at the expense of the periphery. If you are measuring the core temperature (typically bladder temperature in someone critically ill, but could also be rectal or esophageal), then that is the temperature of that body area. All of the fluid within that area (inside and outside of the cells of the organs and tissues, including blood) is at approximately that temperature. If you are measuring temperature peripherally, you may get vastly different readings depending upon physical activity, environmental conditions, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2) Heat is generated through metabolism. In a very controlled manner, we do actually &quot;burn&quot; the food we eat into energy, carbon dioxide, water, and some other minor compounds during starvation when protein is broken down for energy. When at rest from a physical activity standpoint, the vast majority of this energy is generated in the &quot;core&quot; and typically this is the temperature our body attempts to regulate with relatively small variation. Water moving throughout the body conducts this heat from relatively warmer areas to relatively cooler areas, essentially equalizing this temperature within the &quot;core&quot; compartment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3) If friction in the blood was to be a significant source of heat then, given how delicate the solid components of blood are, people could not continue to exist. Increased physical force, due to microscopic fibrin thrombus formation, causes utter destruction of the red blood cells during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which leads to the typical microscopic appearance on a blood smear (shattered red blood cells or schistocytes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T12:01:22.867" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23105" CreationDate="2020-04-08T12:07:03.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In 2018, approximately 7779 people died per day in the US as per the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mortality.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fnvss%2Fdeaths.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC National Vital Statistics System&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T12:07:03.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-08T14:06:42.443" Score="-1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;So according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current data&lt;/a&gt;, around 80k people died worldwide to COVID-19. But afaik a big portion of them didn't actually die because of the virus directly, but they instead were infected with it in the past and in the fight between the immune system and the virus the immune got so weak, that other viruses could attack the body with its defences down. So the person technically died to other viruses and only indirectly to the coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question now is, how we can actually detect whether a person died to a virus because he was previously hit by COVID-19, or died to a virus (flu, etc.) without having been infected by corona in the past.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;~Okaghana&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19263" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T15:20:32.977" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T01:01:32.360" Title="How can we detect if a person died to COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-08T14:26:53.210" Score="2" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/COVID19/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a webpage&lt;/a&gt; that lists &quot;Table 1. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumonia reported to NCHS by week ending date, United States. Week ending 2/1/2020 to 4/4/2020.*&quot; with column &quot;All COVID-19 Deaths (U07.1)&quot; showing 3307 deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But on the CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page &quot;Cases in the US&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, it says the total deaths for just COVID-19 is 12,064.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the CDC website say there are ~9,000 more deaths when not tracking pneumonia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19264" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T15:06:30.973" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T16:11:01.593" Title="Why does the CDC say there are an order of magnitude more COVID-19 deaths than COVID-19+Pneumonia?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;center-disease-control&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23113" CreationDate="2020-04-08T14:33:13.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Death is the result of some kind of systemic failure in the human body. What in medicine is sometimes called &quot;natural death&quot; is the kind of death that seems not violent to the observers, the distinction natural vs. unnatural does have various interpretations but no fixed meaning (check e. g. Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death&lt;/a&gt; that distinguishes death from infectious diseases as non-natural).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside of this, it is not always very easy to determine the exact reason for death. Pathologists try to establish a chain of causes that lead to death but this is, even after post-mortem examination or autopsy, not always conclusive from a scientific point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to establish a death primarily by COVID-19 as causal factor would be an otherwise completely healthy person that had regular medical checkups (as not to overlook something else) that suddenly became ill with COVID-19 and died of the consequences of the disease. &#xA;If it has not been established that an otherwise healthy person was COVID-19 positive then a post-mortem diagnosis may be done as well (e. g. see WHO's &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331329&lt;/a&gt; where there is a checkbox to indicate whether the sample was taken post-mortem).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most COVID-19 deaths occur in people having previous illnesses. One way people die in this situation is that the systemic failure due to various previous illnesses is seriously aggravated by having to fight off yet another disease that has side effects on various organ systems. This acute disease on an otherwise possibly chronically stable situation can push a person's condition from fragile but stable, i. e. compensated, to decompensation and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-08T20:05:51.723" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T20:05:51.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23117" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23118" CreationDate="2020-04-08T21:24:52.927" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thinking about pneumonia as the cause of death for COVID-19 victims, it seems natural to wonder - why not fight fluid with fluid? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breathing in oxygen through liquid &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2019/08/15/can_humans_breathe_liquid.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is possible&lt;/a&gt;. Although it seems more research is needed to determine its effectiveness as a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of medical research on liquid ventilation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258983/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Liquid ventilation (2014)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569018/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Initial experience with partial liquid ventilation in adult patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (1996)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is most likely too late to deploy liquid ventilation to combat the present pandemic, is there evidence that indicates liquid ventilation could be a more effective treatment for pneumonia than traditional ventilation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot of interesting information in the 2014 paper, but I don't have the backgroung to know how to interpret the findings and compare the effectiveness to traditional ventilation. That's why I ask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19269" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T23:02:18.377" Title="Could liquid ventilation offer more effective treatment for pneumonia?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;&lt;liquids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23117" CreationDate="2020-04-08T23:02:18.377" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latest data on using Partial Liquid Ventilation (Total Liquid Ventilation has been shown to be unsustainable) was from a 1996 study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hirschl et al. treated 10 adults who had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and reported a decrease in the physiologic shunt and an increase in pulmonary compliance; 50% of the patients survived in their study. Based on their clinical experiences, they concluded that PLV may be associated with observed improvements in gas exchange and pulmonary compliance.[15]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no data on the use of PLV in adults with ARDS from Covid-19, and the use of PLV in that very tiny study doesn't seem to offer any advantage over standard ventilation in terms of survival.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191624/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191624/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T23:02:18.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23119" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23114" CreationDate="2020-04-08T23:20:18.477" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your first link says the delays are due to manual processing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Provisional counts of deaths are underestimated relative to final counts. This is due to the many steps involved in reporting death certificate data. When a death occurs, a certifier (e.g. physician, medical examiner or coroner) will complete the death certificate with the underlying cause of death and any contributing causes of death. In some cases, laboratory tests or autopsy results may be required to determine the cause of death. Completed death certificate are sent to the state vital records office and then to NCHS for cause of death coding. At NCHS, about 80% of deaths are automatically processed and coded within seconds, but 20% of deaths need to manually coded, or coded by a person. Deaths involving certain conditions such as influenza and pneumonia are more likely to require manual coding than other causes of death. Furthermore, all deaths with COVID-19 are manually coded. Death certificates are typically manually coded within 7 days of receipt, although the coding delay can grow if there is a large increase in the number of deaths. As a result, underestimation of the number of deaths may be greater for certain causes of death than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your second link says it includes presumptive deaths; so not confirmed as in the first link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-08T23:20:18.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23120" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23113" CreationDate="2020-04-08T23:27:39.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But afaik a big portion of them didn't actually die because of the virus directly, but they instead were infected with it in the past and in the fight between the immune system and the virus the immune got so weak, that other viruses could attack the body with its defences down. So the person technically died to other viruses and only indirectly to the coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How did you know this?  We have no data to suggest that any of the statements you made here are correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cause of death is determined by the treating clinician or at post mortem.  Covid-19 attacks a number of organ systems including the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas and gut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's pretty obvious to the treating clinician what the cause of death is.  The immediate cause may be the heart stops, but the underlying cause may be inflammation of the heart caused by virus, or because lack of oxygen triggers a heart attack and so forth.  In short it's a clinical decision.  If someone dies at home, then a post mortem could be done but in this current pandemic, it would be unwise and dangerous to do so without full protective equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“We’ve made it very clear, every time I’ve been up here, about the comorbidities,” Birx said Wednesday during the White House press briefing. “This has been known from the beginning. So those individuals will have an underlying condition but that underlying condition did not cause their acute death when it’s related to a Covid infection.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-04-08-20/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-04-08-20/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T01:01:32.360" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T01:01:32.360" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23124" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21593" CreationDate="2020-04-09T13:22:02.663" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some hospitals are sanitizing (not sterilizing) their N95 respirators (not masks) already.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/04/03/coronavirus-sterilizing-n95-masks-long-island-nyc/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus Update: Massive N95 Mask Sterilizing Machines Now Running on Long Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://whyy.org/articles/doylestown-hospital-has-a-sterile-solution-to-the-n95-mask-shortage/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Doylestown Hospital has solution to coronavirus mask shortage - WHYY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have pointed out, for an item that is usually $2-3 at most, the time and effort involved had not previously been worth even investigating sanitization and re-use until now. Quite literally, in some areas even up to last month people used to use one of these respirators for 3 minutes and throw it out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T13:22:02.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23126" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-09T14:25:34.847" Score="6" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Risk%20assessment%20-%20pneumonia%20Wuhan%20China%2017%20Jan%202020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;ECDC report&lt;/a&gt; from Jan 17, it is said that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In China, 763 close contacts have been identified and monitored. Of these, 644 have completed the observation&#xA;  period, while 119 remain under medical observation. So far, none has tested positive for 2019-nCoV [7,10]. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems a (very) striking result. With further time (and hopefully investigations) in hindsight, &lt;strong&gt;is there anything that explains why &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; those early tests of close contacts (of known cases) were themselves negative? Were the tests faulty in some way?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some much more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/01/faulty-virus-tests-cloud-chinas-european-outreach-over-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;media reports&lt;/a&gt;, Chinese tests kits sent to Europe or even Turkey have been found faulty, although the percentage is not made clear in most cases, except [oddly] for Turkey:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In Turkey, which imported its first batch of “several thousand” kits in early March, officials determined an accuracy rate of less than 35%, according to a senior official with direct knowledge of the matter. Their use was immediately suspended and new tests sourced from a different Chinese supplier. They arrived last week and had an accuracy rate of about 90%, according to the Turkish official.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The article date is 1 April, but I don't think it's a hoax.) I don't know if this can possibly be related to the earlier Chinese non-detections or not... but also interestingly that low (~30% accuracy number) has been mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/27/822407626/mystery-in-wuhan-recovered-coronavirus-patients-test-negative-then-positive&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;before&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In February, Wang Chen, a director at the state-run Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, estimated that the nucleic acid tests used in China were accurate at identifying positive cases of the coronavirus only 30%-50% of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T18:22:10.690" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T22:54:08.183" Title="Why were so many Covid-19 negative tests among close contacts of the early Chinese cases?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23127" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23114" CreationDate="2020-04-09T14:52:27.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dr. Chiu is (roughly) correct. To add a bit more detail to this: those are also two different CDC reporting mechanisms &quot;owned&quot; by two different parts of the CDC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The one that reports Covid deaths+pneumonia (with much fewer Covid deaths) is a &quot;traditional&quot; channel that has been established a long time ago, called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vital_Statistics_System&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Vital Statistics System&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(NVSS); it's &quot;onwed&quot; by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Health Statistics&lt;/a&gt; (NCHS). They basically collect data on all deaths (with all causes), what you see there (on Covid+penumonia) is just an extract from a [much] bigger data set. The page starts with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The provisional counts for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) deaths are based on a current flow of mortality data in the National Vital Statistics System. National provisional counts include deaths occurring within the 50 states and the District of Columbia that have been received and coded as of the date specified. It is important to note that it can take several weeks for death records to be submitted to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), processed, coded, and tabulated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The other channel (which reports just [more] Covid-19 deaths) has been setup much more recently and only for the purposes of Covid-19 reporting. It also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/reporting-pui.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tracks&lt;/a&gt; every Covid case individually with a PUI (Persons Under Investigation) nCoV ID based on data reported by testers etc. For this reason, its statistics also include a live Covid case count (unlike the NVSS data, which only has deaths). Once someone tracked this way (nCoV ID) dies, their status is updated in that PUI database, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/COVID-19-Persons-Under-Investigation-and-Case-Report-Form-Instructions.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;instructions&lt;/a&gt;. This PUI database/channel is also &quot;owned&quot; by a different part of the CDC, namely the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Immunization_and_Respiratory_Diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases&lt;/a&gt; (NCIRD). While it's (alas) not 100% obvious from the page where the summary (with the bigger death figure) is found what its data source is (says just &quot;reported to the CDC&quot;) this is made clear[er] elsewhere, e.g in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 MMWR reports&lt;/a&gt;; see ref 6 they cite for the data--i.e the PUI forms/database.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the two databases (PUI and NVSS) are not &quot;in sync&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T16:11:01.593" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T16:11:01.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23128" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-09T16:03:23.790" Score="2" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the genetic predispositions, if any, for covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1258244/Coronavirus-symptoms-COVID19-susceptibility-genetic-transmission-latest-coronavirus-news&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1258244/Coronavirus-symptoms-COVID19-susceptibility-genetic-transmission-latest-coronavirus-news&lt;/a&gt;  mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to Dr Mirosław Kwaśniewski from the Medical University of Białystok, past studies have also found variations in the ACE2 gene are known to make people more susceptible to the coronavirus SARS-CoV. The ACE2 gene could also play a big role in SARS-CoV-2 infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What else is known regarding  the genetic predispositions for covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNr1mn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T16:15:54.660" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T23:02:37.773" Title="What are the genetic predispositions, if any, for covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20030" CreationDate="2020-04-09T18:58:19.373" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;So there are two aspects to cartilage degeneration after an ACL injury, what they call post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA): the first is the increase in knee laxity after ACL reconstruction and the second are inflammatory molecules within the synovium that surrounds the ACL and cartilage.  So while people may overcompensate on their other leg temporarily while they are recovering, there are many causes of OA in the ACL deficient knee that are not present in the contralateral knee. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They have found that all current reconstructive methods, whether it is tendon grafts (for example using the hamstring tendon) or bone-tendon-bone grafts (use of the patellar tendon) do not restore the kinematics of the knee back to baseline. There is joint laxity that occurs due to the improper healing between the graft and the bone tunnels that are created in order to secure the ACL in place. That laxity causes increased load and stress onto the cartilage on the femur and tibia, and, therefore, causing osteoarthritis. &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals-sagepub-com.ezproxy.med.cornell.edu/doi/10.1177/0363546507307396&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals-sagepub-com.ezproxy.med.cornell.edu/doi/10.1177/0363546507307396&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are many pro-inflammatory molecules that are released within the knee capsule after both the initial injury and the reconstruction that have been shown to contribute to the development of OA in the injured knee. In order to not get too in depth, I wont mention all of them, but Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is the one that persisted in the injured knee for &lt;strong&gt;years&lt;/strong&gt; after the ACL reconstruction.The presence of this pro-inflammatory molecule indicates that there is still processes going on that increase the degradation of cartilage through several processes. &lt;a href=&quot;https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1063-4584(14)01250-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1063-4584(14)01250-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, people who undergo ACL reconstruction may have different gaits that cause them to maybe develop OA in the contralateral knee (especially without proper physical therapy) very far down the road, but this probability is smaller than the injured leg due to the factors that I have listed above. That is why the percentage of OA is so much higher in the injured leg than the contralateral leg. My research is in the healing process of ACL reconstruction, so I don't feel entirely qualified to answer that part, hopefully someone else can touch on that aspect of your question! Hope this helped&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19279" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T18:58:19.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23130" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21417" CreationDate="2020-04-09T19:23:14.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;During a process called gastrulation, an embryo forms 3 basic tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In general terms, the ectoderm forms the skin and nervous system, the mesoderm forms the connective tissue, while the endoderm forms many visceral organs such as the liver and gastrointestinal tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One particular group of stem cells derived from the mesoderm are the &lt;strong&gt;mesenchymal stem cells&lt;/strong&gt;, which are characterized by &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mesenchyme?lang=us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;matrix that contains a loose aggregate of reticular fibrils&quot;&lt;/a&gt;. These cells can migrate and &quot;fill&quot; the space between other organs by differentiating into more mature connective tissue such as &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;endothelial lining of blood vessels&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;adipocytes in fat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;myoblast in muscles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chondroblasts in cartilage&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;osteoblasts in bones&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of intramembranous ossification, the osteoblasts will proliferate into the shape of the intended bone and form mature bone directly without a cartilage intermediate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T19:23:14.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23079" CreationDate="2020-04-09T20:31:45.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tetracyclines such as doxycycline primarily work as antimicrobials by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. However, these drugs can also act on eukaryotic cells like human immune cells, resulting in an anti-inflammatory effect that may require a lower dose. This may be part of the reason a sub-antimicrobial dosage is effective. A good summary &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2016/May2016/Tetracyclines-Multitasking-Fighters-of-Inflammation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To the second point, there are alternatives to antimicrobials that target inflammation and other processes that contribute to acne; some are already in use and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/features/innovation-in-acne-treatment-is-long-overdue-but-the-treatment-pipeline-looks-promising/20203702.article?firstPass=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some are still being explored&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/guidelines/acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Current guidelines&lt;/a&gt; in fact do recommend limiting oral antibiotic use when possible to avoid the emergence of resistant bacteria; however, there are cases when a regimen that includes an oral antibiotic is still currently the best treatment option.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19209" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T20:31:45.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23126" CreationDate="2020-04-09T22:35:39.053" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first case of covid-19 was thought to have been diagnosed on the 17th November 2019 involving a 55 year old resident of Wuhan with viral pneumonia.  With a R0 of 2.5 they would have already infected at least 2.5 other persons but for simplicity's sake let's say that on 17th November, 2019 there were 2 cases including the person diagnosed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At that time the epidemic doubling time was said to be 5.2 days, let's say 5 days for simplicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The epidemic doubling time (the time it takes for daily incidence to double) was 5.2 (4.6–6.1) days before Wuhan was quarantined and public health interventions implemented within Wuhan &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an independent test to this, we know that Dr Li Wenliang reported to his WeChat group of classmates on the 30th Dec, 2019 that a SARS like pneumonia was being diagnosed in Wuhan Central Hospital where he worked.  At that time there would have been about 2^^8.6 or 288 cases.  About 5% would have needed ICU care so that means that about 14 cases would have passed through various hospital ICUs at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Li raised the alarm after he saw seven patients with SARS-like symptoms. Li reported the suspected outbreak to his colleagues in a closed group on the WeChat social media platform after learning that patients were being quarantined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ECDC report refers to cases as of 17th January 2020, which is 61 days after the 17th November 2019 or approximately 12 * 5 doubling periods.  So, this means at the 17th January 2020, they should have had 2^12 cases, or 4096, but the report only identified 44 cases.  This indicates that they failed to identify the majority of cases at that time, and suggests that their testing kit was inaccurate.  Adding to the problem was at that time they didn't realise that asymptomatic cases could also transmit disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And it was only 6 days later, on the 23rd January 2020, that Wuhan was locked down with neighbouring cities in Hubei province following shortly.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;By 22 January 2020, the novel coronavirus had spread to major cities and provinces in China, with 571 confirmed cases and 17 deaths reported. Confirmed cases were also reported in other regions and countries, including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lack of accurate testing has also been a problem in the USA, and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0822-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0822-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30382-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30382-2/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hubei_lockdowns&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hubei_lockdowns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-09T22:54:08.183" LastActivityDate="2020-04-09T22:54:08.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23137" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12746" CreationDate="2020-04-10T00:17:04.513" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that the HbA1c is an approximation to an average of the glucose levels over the period of the life of red cells for an individual.  There is considerable variability in the result&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS—The slope (95% CI) for mean sensor glucose concentration (area under the curve)&#xA;  versus a centrally measured HbA1c was 24.4 mg/dL (22.0–26.7) for each 1% change in HbA1c,&#xA;  with an intercept of 216.2 mg/dL (232.9 to 0.6). Although the slope did not vary with age or&#xA;  sex, there was substantial individual variability, with mean sensor glucose concentrations ranging from 128 to 187 mg/dL for an HbA1c of 6.9–7.1%. The root mean square of the errors&#xA;  between the actual mean sensor glucose concentration versus the value calculated using the&#xA;  regression equation was 14.3 mg/dL, whereas the median absolute difference was 10.1 mg/dL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The test measures how much hemoglobin becomes glycosalated which means that how many glucose molecules attach to the hemoglobin molecule.  The amount of hemoglobin around depends on the number of red cells, and the number of red cells depends on the red cell life, their production and destruction.   Some conditions shorten the life of a red cell from the average of 120 days but in sickle cell disease it can drop to 28 days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As red cells age they accumulate more glycosalated hemoglobin so conditions which shorten red cell life span would tend to lower the HbA1c&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Blood HbA1c is a mean for RBCs with values that range from very low for reticulocytes to approximately twice the mean for the oldest RBCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also see that diabetic patients can have RBCs with shorter lives&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The mean age of circulating RBCs ranged from 39 to 56 days in diabetic subjects and 38 to 60 days in nondiabetic controls&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but anemia, and even exercise can shorten the life of a red cell&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Exercise and professional sport increase RBC turnover and maximize oxygen delivery to the tissues (Mairbäurl, 2013). Maturation and aging of RBCs is accompanied by multiple processes occurring at various rates driving the circulating RBCs from adolescence to senescence within approximately 120 days (Lew and Tiffert, 2013; Lutz and Bogdanova, 2013). The resulting “markers of senescence” are recognized by the macrophages and clearance of RBCs is promptly initiated (de Back et al., 2014). Premature clearance is a hallmark of various disorders associated with anemia. In each case one or multiple markers of senescence appear prematurely. Those include excessive oxidative stress (Mohanty et al., 2014), excessive cation leak with the following dehydration (Wang et al., 2014), decrease in RBC size and loss of RBC membrane through vesiculation (Alaarg et al., 2013), metabolic abnormalities (Vives-Corrons et al., 2013), or following auto-immune diseases (Lutz and Bogdanova, 2013). Blood storage damages RBCs facilitating aging. As a result clearance of transfused cells is dramatically facilitated (Bosman, 2013; Flatt et al., 2014).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With normal activity, and no other health conditions that affect red cell life, one can expect the HbA1c to apply over a period of 115 days +/- 15% which is the average life span of red cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.imgur.com/WYlgSDa.png&quot; alt=&quot;Imgur&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/45/2/273/160155/Red-cell-life-span-in-sickle-cell-hemoglobin-C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/45/2/273/160155/Red-cell-life-span-in-sickle-cell-hemoglobin-C&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581997/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581997/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00269/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00269/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T00:17:04.513" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23139" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22866" CreationDate="2020-04-10T02:17:35.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're asking if multiple courses will exceed the maximally recommended cumulative dose of 120-150 mg/kg though that is not steadfast as your reference also says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One recent study of 116 patients found that a cumulative dose of 220 mg/kg or more may result in lower relapse rates, but confirmation will require study in larger populations.278&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the half life of isotretinoin is &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The half life is 22 hours and the bioavailability is 25%. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, once a course of treatment has finished, and a delay is instituted to allow the drug to clear from the system, another course of treatment can be instituted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Further courses of therapy are usually successful when required. There are no reports of cumulative toxicity from using repeat courses and tachyphylaxis has not been noted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the cumulative dose refers to a single treatment course and not a combination of all treatment courses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835909/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835909/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T02:17:35.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21136" CreationDate="2020-04-10T04:49:17.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking for the result of a trial which hasn't been conducted yet. I suspect it's not possible to delay permanently intubation just by inspiratory muscle training given that in Italy patients were intubated for about 15 days &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;About 15 days are necessary to achieve effective weaning from respiratory care in ICU. Indeed, the experience shows that about one-third (33%) of patients worsen after the first extubation and call for further (but not invasive) respiratory treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider also the reasons for intubation apart from muscle fatigue are worsening oxygen saturation which is unrelated to how strong the muscles are, but to the amount of lung surface still capable of undergoing gas exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.esahq.org/esa-news/dynamics-of-icu-patients-and-deaths-in-italy-and-lombardy-due-to-covid-19-analysis-updated-to-30-march-day-38-evening/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.esahq.org/esa-news/dynamics-of-icu-patients-and-deaths-in-italy-and-lombardy-due-to-covid-19-analysis-updated-to-30-march-day-38-evening/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T04:49:17.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-10T08:14:38.013" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;After topical antibiotics and/or retinoid and/or benzoyl peroxide, dermatologists commonly prescribe oral antibiotics, but why? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Presume that the patient dutifully consumes the &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/48724/4466&quot;&gt;full prescribed course of antibiotics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics may reduce the number of, but can't kill to the last drop &lt;em&gt;Cutibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Normally acne sufferers don't live in a sterile environment, and &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt; may be floating in the air or lying on surfaces. Even if antibiotics kill every single bacterium of &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt; this time, it'll probably colonize you again and regrow. &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt; is&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;largely &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Commensalism&quot;&gt;commensal&lt;/a&gt; and part of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_flora&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Skin flora&quot;&gt;skin flora&lt;/a&gt; present on most healthy adult humans' skin.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutibacterium_acnes#cite_note-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt; It is usually just barely detectable on the skin of healthy preadolescents. It lives, among other things, primarily on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Fatty acid&quot;&gt;fatty acids&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Sebum&quot;&gt;sebum&lt;/a&gt; secreted by sebaceous glands in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Hair follicle&quot;&gt;follicles&lt;/a&gt;. It may also be found throughout the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Gastrointestinal tract&quot;&gt;gastrointestinal tract&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutibacterium_acnes#cite_note-expert-reviews2003-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oral antibiotics mustn't be consumed forever.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After antibiotics kill most of the &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt; and the patient stops taking the antibiotic, the remaining &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt; (perhaps now resistant to that antibiotic) will proliferate to its formerly high concentration, and cause acne again. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My argument befits  the comments beneath.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://old.reddit.com/r/scacjdiscussion/comments/egfbjt/subantimicrobial_low_dose_doxycycline_antibiotics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Subantimicrobial (low) Dose Doxycycline - antibiotics successful for moderate acne and rosacea without the resistant bacteria and changes to flora : scacjdiscussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I took 50mg/daily for about two years and it worked a treat but when I stopped taking it the acne came straight back.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://old.reddit.com/r/SkincareAddictionUK/comments/6ccg0n/acne_stopping_antibiotics_after_2_and_a_half_years/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[Acne] Stopping antibiotics after 2 and a half years : SkincareAddictionUK&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It's just once you've stopped taking the antibiotics, there's going to be a period of several weeks/going into months where your skin might be getting worse because you came off of the anitbiotics - or might be because of reactions to the new topicals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T04:48:27.693" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T21:04:06.810" Title="Why bother prescribing oral antibiotics for acne, when C. acnes can't all be killed and will regrow?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-10T17:53:58.870" Score="3" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea/south-korea-reports-recovered-coronavirus-patients-testing-positive-again-idUSKCN21S15X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;April 10 news&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;South Korean officials on Friday reported 91 patients thought cleared of the new coronavirus had tested positive again. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jeong Eun-kyeong, director of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), told a briefing that the virus may have been “reactivated” rather than the patients being re-infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;South Korean health officials said it remains unclear what is behind the trend, with epidemiological investigations still under way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/27/822407626/mystery-in-wuhan-recovered-coronavirus-patients-test-negative-then-positive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 27 news&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;some Wuhan residents who had tested positive earlier and then recovered from the disease are testing positive for the virus a second time. Based on data from several quarantine facilities in the city, which house patients for further observation after their discharge from hospitals, about 5%-10% of patients pronounced &amp;quot;recovered&amp;quot; have tested positive again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of those who retested positive appear to be asymptomatic carriers [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;In terms of those who retested positive, the official party line is that they have not been proven to be infectious. That is not the same as saying they are not infectious,&amp;quot; one of the Wuhan doctors who tested positive twice told NPR. He is now isolated and under medical observation. &amp;quot;If they really are not infectious,&amp;quot; the doctor said, &amp;quot;then there would be no need to take them back to the hospitals again.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously (from the quotes above) it's premature to ask what's the real cause of these observations. So, instead I'll ask: have such cases of &amp;quot;reactivation&amp;quot; (positive, negative, then positive tests) been reported in other countries, besides China and South Korea?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/04/30/asia-pacific/south-korea-zero-coronavirus-cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent news&lt;/a&gt; from South Korea:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A clinical expert panel on Wednesday [Apr 29] also concluded that recovered coronavirus patients who later test positive for the virus again were not “reactivated” or reinfected, but were false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The head of the committee said the false positives were due to technical limits of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The country has so far reported 292 such cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still I think the question remains somewhat interesting whether other countries have experienced this kind (false positive) problem to a substantial degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T18:38:33.827" Title="Have cases of Covid-19 virus &quot;reactivation&quot; been noticed in countries besides China and South Korea?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-10T19:36:57.057" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this pic &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bild.de/news/inland/news-inland/coronavirus-news-im-ticker-drei-wichtige-rki-studien-spahn-lockerung-moeglich-69855062.bild.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Aren't these Koreans overkilling by wearing half face disposable respirators, inside their 3M powered air respirators? Isn't a 3M powered air respirator enough? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K1AXV.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/K1AXV.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T00:58:19.173" Title="Why wear half face disposable respirator inside full face powered air respirator?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-10T20:13:55.157" Score="3" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Popular understanding of how viruses work split immunity into four categories:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Virus doesn't affect humans at all&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No immunity - will get worst possible infection, seems to be the case with COVID-19&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Partial immunity - you get sick, but it won't kill you - happens with flu mutations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Full immunity - very hard to get sick - measles is an example&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For #2 and #3 we could expect to find antibodies in the bloodstream proving that this person has partial or full immunity. But is it possible for some people to be resistant to a virus without having the corresponding antibodies in their bloodstream? And if so, how could their immunity be proven?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T02:22:56.540" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T02:22:56.540" Title="Is it possible for humans to be resistant to certain viral infections without having specific antibodies in their blood?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23150" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23148" CreationDate="2020-04-10T20:56:46.867" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Raymond J. Roberge (2008) discusses the rationale for concurrent use of N95 FFR masks and PAPR hoods. The primary benefit is to reduce the number of particles the wearer inhales, and secondarily to provide backup protection in the event of power loss in the PAPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PDF link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(07)00594-9/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(07)00594-9/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastEditorUserId="138" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T00:58:19.173" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T00:58:19.173" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23151" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21659" CreationDate="2020-04-10T21:08:09.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently yes. The South China Morning Post reports that Professor Yuen Kwok-yung of HKU has been using ozone for respirator sterilization: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3078195/coronavirus-hong-kong-scientists-look&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3078195/coronavirus-hong-kong-scientists-look&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T21:08:09.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23152" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18089" CreationDate="2020-04-10T21:33:15.177" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While theoretically hemoglobine-free blood may be &quot;clear&quot;, it would probably be more of a milky color (have a look here for how a platelet transfusion looks like: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_transfusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_transfusion&lt;/a&gt;) - this does not contain any red cells (which hold the hemoglobine). Another thing you might want to look at are plasma donation bags: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319162&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319162&lt;/a&gt; - generally speaking plasma (cell-free blood) is clearer on an empty stomach, while after a fat-rich meal it become more cloudy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, total removal of hemoglobine will leave pale skin - much like a very extreme type of haemorrhagic shock (shock from bleeding out). You could probably compare this more 'worldly' with a victim of a vampire that has been sucked completely 'dry'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note, anoxia is hard to achieve in a human, because not only hemoglobine caries oxygen, but also plasma (and cells) - what you are looking for is extreme hypoxia, which in not completely hemoglobine-depleted individuals will more likely lead to cyanosis, a purple-bluish tinging of skin, beginning peripherally, see also here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T07:31:28.120" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T07:31:28.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21662" CreationDate="2020-04-10T21:48:25.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regardless of whether high-temperature steam kills SARS-CoV-2, a technical bulletin from 3M notes specifically that they do not recommend sterilizing N95 FFR masks using high temperature, autoclave, or steam as these methods cause significant filter degradation: &lt;a href=&quot;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1824869O/decontamination-methods-for-3m-n95-respirators-technical-bulletin.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1824869O/decontamination-methods-for-3m-n95-respirators-technical-bulletin.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T21:48:25.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23154" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21790" CreationDate="2020-04-10T22:08:13.310" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This may not be the exact issue alluded to in your source, as it’s not caused by the shape of the mask directly, but Fisher, Williams, &amp;amp; Shaffer (2010) finds that the effectiveness of UV germicidal irradiation is limited by the accumulation of soil (skin residue) on N95 FFR masks, which decreases the penetration of UVGI. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20037276.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20037276.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T22:08:13.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23149" CreationDate="2020-04-10T22:40:20.777" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antibody production is part of the adaptive immune response but the first line of protection against viruses and bacteria is the innate immune response which is cell based, and involves the release of cytokines, interferons, as well as direct cellular attack of infected cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly a recent study showed that some younger patients with milder symptoms had very low to neglible neutralizing antibody production after confirmed Covid-19 suggesting that their innate immunity was primarily responsible for fighting the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huang said 10 of the patients in the study had an antibody presence so low it could not even be detected in the laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These patients experienced typical Covid-19 symptoms including fever, chill and a cough, but might have beaten back the virus with other parts of the immune system such as T-cells or cytokines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3078840/coronavirus-low-antibody-levels-raise-questions-about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3078840/coronavirus-low-antibody-levels-raise-questions-about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T22:40:20.777" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23156" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23148" CreationDate="2020-04-10T22:51:05.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not clear that they are actually wearing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/company-us/all-3m-products/%7E/All-3M-Products/Safety/Worker-Health-Safety/Personal-Protective-Equipment/Powered-Supplied-Air-Respirators/?N=5002385+8709322+8711017+8711405+8720539+8720547+3291536454+3294857497&amp;amp;rt=r3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3M powered air purifying respirator system&lt;/a&gt; as those have a valve and filter at the front of the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, even if it is a 3M PAPR the data suggests you get a lot more protection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Objective: To determine if using an N95 filtering face-piece respirator concurrently with a loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) offers additional protection to the wearer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methods: We used a breathing mannequin programmed to deliver minute volumes of 25 L/min and 40 L/min. We measured the baseline protection factor of the PAPR with its motor operational and then deactivated (to simulate mechanical or battery failure). We tested 3 replicates of 3 different N95 models. We glued each N95 to the breathing mannequin and obtained a minimum protection factor of 100 at 25 L/min. We then placed the PAPR on the mannequin and took protection factor measurements with the N95-plus-PAPR combination, at 25 L/min and 40 L/min, with the PAPR operational and then deactivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results: The N95 significantly increased the PAPR's protection factor, even with the PAPR deactivated. The effect was multiplicative, not merely additive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: &lt;strong&gt;An N95 decreases the concentration of airborne particles inspired by the wearer of a PAPR.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19025703/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19025703/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-10T22:51:05.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23157" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23158" CreationDate="2020-04-10T23:00:34.670" Score="5" ViewCount="626" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard that NYC hospitals are seeing an increased cases of myocardial infarction with higher mortality than normal during this COVID-19 pandemic. What the connection is between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-28T00:24:56.040" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T00:33:05.027" Title="Does COVID-19 cause myocardial infarctions?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23157" CreationDate="2020-04-10T23:00:34.670" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cardiovascular disease is known to worsen during infections such as influenza through two proposed mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cytokines from the resulting inflammation cause weaken atherosclerotic plaques and cause plaque rupture/thrombosis&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stress from illness can precipitate decompensated heart failure in predisposed patients&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two studies from Wuhan have looked into this so far. One cohort study of 416 patients found that 19.7% of COVID-19 patients developed myocardial infarction during their hospitalization and had higher rates of mortality (51.2% MI vs 4.5% no MI)[2]. Another cohort study of 187 patients found that 27.8% of their patients developed MI with a similar mortality rate (59.6% MI vs 8.9% no MI). Patients from both studies who developed MIs seem to be older and have preexisting hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From these studies, the current data support the idea that getting COVID-19 increases the risk of having an MI, especially in those with risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; states that patients with COVID-19 can also develop a hypercoagulable state, leading to thrombotic complications such as an MI. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related hypercoagulability is unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2763844&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JAMA Cardiology: Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2763524&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JAMA Cardiology: Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2763845&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;JAMA Cardiology: Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T00:33:05.027" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T00:33:05.027" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23159" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21430" CreationDate="2020-04-10T23:13:07.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question boils down to does increasing the number of ACE2 receptors increase or lower your risk of severe disease with Covid-19.  Increasing the number of receptors might increase the number of attack points for the virus, or, increasing the number of receptors might reduce the risk of lung damage as ACE2 acts to protect the lung.  We know that the ACE2 receptor is encoded on the X chromosome and women, who have more ACE2 receptors, do better than men in the mortality statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have some observational data to suggest that ARBI help protect the lungs against SARS-CoV-2, approximately 34% less likely to have severe disease (OR=0.343, 95% CI 0.128-0.916, p=0.025).  There wasn't enough data to inform about ACEI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Summary Background The novel coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 outbreak started at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread over 100 countries. SARS-CoV-2 uses the membrane protein Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2(ACE2) as a cell entry receptor. Indeed, it was reported that the balance of Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), regulated by both ACE and ACE2, was altered in COVID-19 patients. It is controversial, however, whether commonly used anti-hypertensive drugs Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) shall be continued in the confirmed COVID-19 patients. This study was designed to investigate any difference in disease severity between COVID-19 patients with hypertension comorbidity. The included COVID-19 patients used ACEI, ARB, calcium channel blockers (CCB), beta blockers (BB), or thiazide to treat preexisting hypertension prior to the hospital were compared to patients who did not take any of those drugs. Methods In this multicentre retrospective study, clinical data of 511 COVID-19 patients were analyzed. Patients were categorized into six sub-groups of hypertension comorbidity based on treatment using one of anti-hypertension drugs (ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB, thiazide), or none. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the use of ACEI and ARB associated with pneumonia using published studies. Findings Among the elderly (age&gt;65) COVID-19 patients with hypertension comorbidity, the risk of COVID-19-S (severe disease) was significantly decreased in patients who took ARB drugs prior to hospitalization compared to patients who took no drugs (OR=0.343, 95% CI 0.128-0.916, p=0.025). The meta-analysis showed that ARB use has positive effects associated with morbidity and mortality of pneumonia. Interpretation Elderly (age&gt;65) COVID-19 patients with hypertension comorbidity who are taking ARB anti-hypertension drugs may be less likely to develop severe lung disease compared to patients who take no anti-hypertension drugs. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 7 May 2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An observational study of 8,910 patients in hospitals in Asia, Europe, and North America who had either died in the hospital (5.8%) or survived to hospital discharge (94.2%).  This showed an advantage with the use of ARBs but no ACEI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No increased risk of in-hospital death was found to be associated with the use of ACE inhibitors (2.1% vs. 6.1%; odds ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.54) or the use of ARBs (6.8% vs. 5.7%; odds ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.74).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 May 2020:&lt;/strong&gt; Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007621&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007621&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II receptor blockers associated to mitigation of disease severity in elderly COVID-19 patients&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039586v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-07T04:54:20.440" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T04:54:20.440" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23161" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23128" CreationDate="2020-04-11T00:01:34.133" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only data we have suggesting a genetic resistance to Covid-19 so far is that blood group O is protective and so is being female.  The latter may relate to the numbers of ACE2 receptors since the virus uses this as one of its 4 attack points, and ACE2 is encoded on the X chromosome giving women more ACE2 receptors.  Blood group O may confer resistance too because these people may have some anti-A antibodies which may interfere with the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although black people have been reported to have much higher rates of fatality than others this may be instead related to the existence of co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and renal diseases.  And the same applies to Hispanics who represent the majority of deaths in NY city (according to Surgeon General Jerome Adams 11th April 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;23andme are conducting research to see if there is a genetic predisposition&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If the company collects enough responses from people who’ve contracted Covid-19, 23andMe’s research team will conduct a statistical analysis called a GWAS, or genome-wide association study. A mainstay of genetic research, GWAS involves sorting people into different groups—in this case probably based on symptoms—and scanning their DNA data to see if certain single-letter variations in the genetic code show up more often among people with certain symptoms. If that happens a significant number of times, they can say with some confidence that those variants are linked to those symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but such scans are helpful really when picking up common variants, and not rare ones&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But it’s these very rare mutations that are likely driving cases of extreme susceptibility to Covid-19, says Stephen Chapman, a respiratory physician and researcher at the University of Oxford’s Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, who isn’t part of the 23andMe project. In the mid-2000s, he conducted some of the first genetic studies on susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, and discovered rare mutations in immune-related genes that made otherwise healthy children and adults especially susceptible to an invasion by one particular bacteria. Chapman suspects similarly rare mutations involved in immune function or inflammatory responses could be what’s putting young, apparently fit adults without other risk factors into ICU beds. “This is the major drawback of GWAS, in my view,” he says. “It will miss those rare, causative mutations.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/story/why-does-covid-19-make-some-people-so-sick-ask-their-dna/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wired.com/story/why-does-covid-19-make-some-people-so-sick-ask-their-dna/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msnbc.com/weekends-with-alex-witt/watch/u-s-now-has-the-most-coronavirus-deaths-surpassing-italy-81930821746&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.msnbc.com/weekends-with-alex-witt/watch/u-s-now-has-the-most-coronavirus-deaths-surpassing-italy-81930821746&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T23:02:37.773" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T23:02:37.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23163" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23020" CreationDate="2020-04-11T01:17:05.983" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Using weakened virus, or attenuated virus, is very old biotechnology to create vaccines. I doubt that there is any ethics committee that would sanction the use of live attenuated virus as a vaccine through whatever route as there is no data on safety via this route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you would want to be able inject enough virions to induce an immune response without killing the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latest technology is to use mRNA which would be used by the body to create the proteins seen on the virus, and the body would then create the antibodies against these proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Moderna is studying its messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine in the US, and CanSino Biologics has begun a trial of its adenoviral vector vaccine in China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/coronavirus-help-mRNA-DNA-vaccines/98/i14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/coronavirus-help-mRNA-DNA-vaccines/98/i14&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T01:17:05.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23164" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21558" CreationDate="2020-04-11T03:08:36.080" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Israel now have the capacity to pool 64 tests in one&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“According to the new pooling approach that we have currently tested, molecular testing can be performed on a “combined sample,” taken from 32 or 64 patients. This way we can significantly accelerate the testing rate. Only in those rare cases, where the joint sample is found to be positive, will we conduct an individual test for each of the specific samples,” said Dr. Yuval Gefen, director of the Rambam Clinical Microbiology Laboratory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hospimedica.com/coronavirus/articles/294781273/israeli-researchers-introduce-pooling-method-for-covid-19-testing-of-over-60-patients-simultaneously.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hospimedica.com/coronavirus/articles/294781273/israeli-researchers-introduce-pooling-method-for-covid-19-testing-of-over-60-patients-simultaneously.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which might be useful if there is a person who contacted many hundreds of people.  Eg. We have a supermarket worker who tested positive and they were working during their infectious period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T03:08:36.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23165" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22910" CreationDate="2020-04-11T03:52:23.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The work you’re likely referring to is Neeltje van Doremalen et al. (2020), which evaluates the surface stability of &lt;em&gt;viable&lt;/em&gt; SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this experiment viable virus was found to survive for three days on plastic and stainless steel surfaces. This result has been widely reported in news media. You can read the methods appendix to understand exactly how viability is determined. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fragments of viral RNA, which pose no risk of infection, remain detectable for much longer — at least 17 days per Leah F. Moriarty et al. (2020). See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e3.htm?s_cid=mm6912e3_w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e3.htm?s_cid=mm6912e3_w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastEditorUserId="3145" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T22:37:05.000" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:37:05.000" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23166" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23199" CreationDate="2020-04-11T05:01:20.500" Score="6" ViewCount="120" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maurice Hillman developed a vaccine for the 1957 flu pandemic that was ready within five months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.history.com/.amp/news/1957-flu-pandemic-vaccine-hilleman&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One commonly hears that it will take at least 12-18 months in total to deploy a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand, most of that time is taken up by clinical trials, which are claimed to be absolutely necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this because candidates for the new vaccine are inherently more dangerous/less clear to be efficient than candidates for the vaccine against the 1957 flu? Or is this mostly because of higher risk aversion/regulatory burden compared to that time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19304" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T10:27:05.337" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T00:32:59.517" Title="Why is developing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine expected to take longer than developing the 1957 flu vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23167" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23149" CreationDate="2020-04-11T07:24:06.350" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is yes, there are &quot;general features&quot; of&#xA;the immune system and basically of our genome that combat many different pathogens, but also there are very specialized ones, only useful against a few. To make the matter more complicated, recent research has found that the immune system &quot;cross-learns&quot; from infections (and possibly from vaccines as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First on &quot;purely genetic&quot; defences, some alleles confer enhanced resistance to some viruses. Quoting a &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some proteins that are required for&#xA;  surviving viral infection are used to combat many other&#xA;  microorganisms as well. In mammals, for example, myeloid&#xA;  differentiation primary-response gene 88 (MyD88), a&#xA;  Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule, is required for&#xA;  effective resistance to herpesviruses, Toxoplasma gondii&#xA;  and other organisms that have few obvious features in&#xA;  common. By contrast, some defences that evolved recently&#xA;  are matched against specific microorganisms and may&#xA;  operate only within a single host species. For example, the&#xA;  Ly49H receptor expressed by mouse natural killer (NK)&#xA;  cells seems to recognize only mouse cytomegalovirus&#xA;  (MCMV), and does so only in some strains of mice, as the&#xA;  receptor-encoding gene has been deleted in other strains.&#xA;  More tentative defences are also apparent. For example,&#xA;  &lt;strong&gt;mutational abrogation of the human CC-chemokine&#xA;  receptor 5 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CCR5&lt;/a&gt;) protein offers strong protection against&#xA;  infection with HIV, but the most common protective allele&#xA;  has not been driven to fixation in humans.&lt;/strong&gt; And it is likely&#xA;  that many other potential resistance mechanisms remain&#xA;  to be exploited in mammals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some protective antiviral systems are cell autonomous,&#xA;  whereas others depend on multiple specialized cell types&#xA;  that interact both with the infected cells within the host&#xA;  and also with one another. In mammals, the response to&#xA;  viral infection overlaps substantially with the response&#xA;  to bacteria, using some of the same sensing, signalling and&#xA;  effector mechanisms. In insects, there is a greater reliance&#xA;  on cell-autonomous defence, and new advances must be&#xA;  made in defining the pathways that are involved. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Resistance to viral infection comes at a definite cost.&#xA;  In mammals, the cellular systems that confer protection&#xA;  against viruses are also capable of causing autoimmunity. This may be seen as a reflection of three facts. First, viruses&#xA;  have imposed a need to distinguish between host nucleic&#xA;  acid and foreign nucleic acid — a challenge that has been&#xA;  met by mammals in the large part, but not completely.&#xA;  Second, viruses certainly contributed to the evolution of&#xA;  adaptive immunity, upon which autoimmunity is predicated.&#xA;  And third, some of the elements of innate immunity&#xA;  that support autoimmune disease (among them the&#xA;  |IFNs and cells that produce them) evolved largely to&#xA;  combat viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond this &quot;fixed&quot;/innate defense system, there's another more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087274/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recently discovered&lt;/a&gt; one that can be considered &quot;intermediate&quot; (i.e. between innate and the classical def of &quot;adaptive immunity&quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Protection against reinfection has been reported not only in plants and invertebrates that do not have adaptive immunity (4), but also in mammals, with old and &lt;strong&gt;new studies demonstrating cross-protection between infections with different pathogens&lt;/strong&gt; (5). These studies have led to the hypothesis that innate immunity can be influenced by previous encounters with pathogens or their products, and this property has been termed &lt;em&gt;trained immunity&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;innate immune memory&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In fact this discovery has led some to &lt;a href=&quot;https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01964547/file/Pradeu-DuPasquier_Immunological%20memory_Online%20version.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;propose&lt;/a&gt; a reconsideration of the immune system dichotomy.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, you assume (in your #2) that COVID-19 outcomes are always better with more immune response, but that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01056-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;might not actually be the case&lt;/a&gt; (harking back to a hypothesis about the 1918 flu deadliness):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Some of the earliest analyses of coronavirus patients in China suggested that it might not be only the virus that ravages the lungs and kills; rather, an overactive immune response might also make people severely ill or cause death. Some people who were critically ill with COVID-19 had high blood levels of proteins called cytokines, some of which can ramp up immune responses. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A combination of damage from both a virus and the immune response to it is not uncommon, says Rafi Ahmed, a viral immunologist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. The effects of 'hit-and-run' viruses such as norovirus, which make people sick almost immediately after infection, are more probably due to the virus itself, he says. By contrast, people infected with viruses such as coronavirus do not show symptoms until several days after infection. By then, collateral damage from the immune response often contributes to the illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the convergence of epidemiological data and animal research, the auto-immune response is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/445267a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;suspected&lt;/a&gt; to have been a (probably more significant) factor in 1918:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;unlike contemporary influenza strains, which typically affect the very young and the elderly most severely, the 1918 influenza pandemic was mostly fatal in young adults, who generally possess more robust immune systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The work of Kobasa et al. substantiates the findings of Kash et al., who showed in mice that the 1918 virus triggered a vigorous innate immune response that was linked to fatalities. Although the mechanisms of tissue destruction were not addressed in either study, the work clearly demonstrates the vital function of early innate immune defences in controlling the virus. It seems that the pandemic 1918 virus had a genetic composition and rapid replication kinetics that may have resulted in an excessively vigorous innate immune and inflammatory response that contributed to severe tissue damage, disease and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T19:03:46.177" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T19:03:46.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23166" CreationDate="2020-04-11T10:34:02.137" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the very article you've linked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Making a vaccine for a new flu strain is very different from making a vaccine for something completely new like COVID-19, the novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019. Doctors and scientists first developed viable flu vaccines in the 1940s, so they were not starting from scratch when they went to work on the 1957 flu vaccine. Still, Hilleman bypassed regulatory agencies in his efforts to push the vaccine forward because he worried those agencies would slow the process down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And an apt analogy from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/02/covid-vaccine/607000/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; on testing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Like other drugs, vaccines require a long testing process to see whether they indeed protect people from disease, and do so safely. What this company—and others—has done is copy a bit of the virus’s RNA that one day could prove to work as a vaccine. It’s a promising first step, but to call it a discovery is like announcing a new surgery after sharpening a scalpel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though genetic sequencing is now extremely fast, making vaccines is as much art as science. It involves finding a viral sequence that will reliably cause a protective immune-system memory but not trigger an acute inflammatory response that would itself cause symptoms. (While the influenza vaccine cannot cause the flu, the CDC warns that it can cause “flu-like symptoms.”) Hitting this sweet spot requires testing, first in lab models and animals, and eventually in people. One does not simply ship a billion viral gene fragments around the world to be injected into everyone at the moment of discovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since SARS is the closest relevant relative of Covid-19 (same source):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the SARS outbreak in 2003, researchers moved from obtaining the genomic sequence of the virus and into a phase 1 clinical trial of a vaccine in 20 months. Fauci wrote that his team has since compressed that timeline to just over three months for other viruses, and for the new coronavirus, “they hope to move even faster.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] Overall, if all pieces fell into place, Hatchett guesses it would be 12 to 18 months before an initial product could be deemed safe and effective. That timeline represents “a vast acceleration compared with the history of vaccine development,” he told me. But it’s also unprecedentedly ambitious. “Even to propose such a timeline at this point must be regarded as hugely aspirational,” he added.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fauci’s initial optimism seemed to wane, too. Last week he said that the process of vaccine development was proving “very difficult and very frustrating.” For all the advances in basic science, the process cannot proceed to an actual vaccine without extensive clinical testing, which requires manufacturing many vaccines and meticulously monitoring outcomes in people. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“If we’re putting all our hopes in a vaccine as being the answer, we’re in trouble,” Jason Schwartz, an assistant professor at Yale School of Public Health who studies vaccine policy, told me. The best-case scenario, as Schwartz sees it, is the one in which this vaccine development happens far too late to make a difference for the current outbreak. The real problem is that preparedness for this outbreak should have been happening for the past decade, ever since SARS. &lt;strong&gt;“Had we not set the SARS-vaccine-research program aside, we would have had a lot more of this foundational work that we could apply to this new, closely related virus,” he said. But, as with Ebola, government funding and pharmaceutical-industry development evaporated once the sense of emergency lifted. “Some very early research ended up sitting on a shelf because that outbreak ended before a vaccine needed to be aggressively developed.”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some experts have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00798-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;expressed&lt;/a&gt; skepticism that current single-focus on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 would suffice:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Moderna vaccine consists of an RNA molecule. Like many of the other SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development, it is designed to train the immune system to make antibodies that recognize and block the spike protein that the virus uses to enter human cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“I think it’s reasonable as a first pass, but we will learn that, perhaps, antibody responses to the spike exclusively may not be the whole story,” says  [Michael] Diamond [--a viral immunologist at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri]. A successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine might need to prompt the body to generate antibodies that block other viral proteins, for instance, or make T cells that can recognize and kill infected cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also (same source):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If humans do develop immunity, how long does it last?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s another big unknown. &lt;strong&gt;Immunity is short-lived for the coronaviruses that cause common colds; even people who have high levels of antibodies against these viruses can still become infected&lt;/strong&gt;, says Stanley Perlman, a coronavirologist at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The evidence is more equivocal for the two other coronaviruses that have triggered epidemics: those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Perlman says his team has found that &lt;strong&gt;after people recover from MERS, their antibodies against the virus drop precipitously&lt;/strong&gt;. He also says that his team has gathered data — not yet published — showing that &lt;strong&gt;SARS antibodies are still present in the body 15 years after infection. But it’s not clear whether this immune response is enough to prevent reinfection.&lt;/strong&gt; “We don’t have good evidence of long-lasting immunity, but we also don’t have really good data from both SARS and MERS,” Perlman adds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same source discusses the risks of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;disease enhancement&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; which are thought to be fairly low for SARS-CoV-2, but not inexistent. Actually Wikipedia has a somewhat deeper/different perspective on this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Non-human primates vaccinated with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus encoding full-length SARS-COV spike glycoprotein and challenged with the SARS-CoV virus had lower viral loads but suffered from acute lung injury due to antibody enhancement.[3] [...] Antibody-dependent enhancement as been observed in both severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) animal models allowing the respective viruses to enter cells expressing FcR including myeloid lineage cells.[5]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, antibody-dependent enhancement of acute lung injury has been documented in both SARS and MERS. Rabbits intranasally infected with MERS-COV developed a pulmonary infection characterized by viremia and perivascular inflammation of the lung.[6] Interestingly, when challenged with MERS-COV a second time, rabbits were not protected from disease, despite having measurable antibody responses.[6] Moreover, the rabbits developed more severe lung disease on re-exposure to MERS-COV.[6] Similarly in SARS, mice vaccinated against SARS-COV had measurable antibody responses.[7] However, all mice within two days of challenge developed lung pathology.[7] The lack of protection from antibodies, and exacerbation of lung pathology has been a major challenge for coronavirus vaccine development and may similarly impact SARS-COV-2 vaccine research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T11:14:19.987" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-11T10:45:10.260" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cause of double vision:&lt;/strong&gt; a very very little misalligment of the two eyes because of the weakness of the muscles that moves the eyes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not caused by optic neuritis or astigmatism so each eye alone sees a clear picture (6/6). Only opening the two eyes together causes double vision. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the vision is good, why are the far objects more doubled than the near ones? Near ones are almost clear (no double vision). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If double vision is caused by the alligment of the eyes, why does double vision increase in sunlight (street) and decrease in my home? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why double vision happens when I look left only? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm not seeking for a medical advice as I already went to a doctor and receiving treatment.&lt;/strong&gt; I just need an explanation for those phenomena. What's happening inside the body? Or are these just hallucinations? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T10:45:10.260" Title="Is double vision affected by distance, direction, or light?" Tags="&lt;double-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21601" CreationDate="2020-04-11T10:51:35.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following standard, EN &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:10651:-4:ed-1:v1:en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ISO 10651-4:2002&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Lung ventilators Part 4: Particular requirements for operator-powered resuscitators&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is for AMBU Bags!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19310" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-08T13:18:27.253" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T13:18:27.253" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23171" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-11T10:53:15.120" Score="4" ViewCount="282" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200411105247/https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is already good evidence from South Korea, China and Italy that significant numbers of&#xA;  patients with proven COVID-19 infection have developed anosmia/hyposmia. In Germany it&#xA;  is reported that more than 2 in 3 confirmed cases have anosmia. In South Korea, where testing&#xA;  has been more widespread, 30% of patients testing positive have had anosmia as their major&#xA;  presenting symptom in otherwise mild cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long does COVID-19-induced anosmia/hyposmia last?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNrG81&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T02:27:46.530" Title="How long does COVID-19-induced anosmia/hyposmia last?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;anosmia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23172" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23149" CreationDate="2020-04-11T14:55:29.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The immune response to viruses involves multiple branches of the immune system. There are the innate and adaptive branches, and within the adaptive response, there are cell-mediated and antibody-mediated components. Different pathogens activate slightly different versions of the immune response. For example, cell-mediated immunity appears to be particularly important for protection against varicella zoster virus (VZV), and antibody titer is not necessarily reflective of immune status. In studies of the VZV vaccines, &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/200/7/1068/903990&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CD4+ T cells targeted to VZV are measured&lt;/a&gt; in addition to antibody titers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple additional caveats about relying on antibody titers to determine protective immunity--&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Detection limits: It's important to consider the detection limit of the test being used. Undetectable antibody and absent antibody are not necessarily the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibody target: Many antibodies may be generated to a virus, but only a subset of these will be effective at mounting an effective immune response to the virus. Detection of an antibody does not equate protective immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19209" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T14:55:29.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21457" CreationDate="2020-04-11T15:15:44.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An article in National Geographic summarizes several theories on why COVID-19 is less lethal in children (but not infants): &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/coronavirus-spares-most-kids-these-theories-may-help-explain-why/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/coronavirus-spares-most-kids-these-theories-may-help-explain-why/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They cite Ming S. Yip et al. (2011), which implicates antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) triggered by prior infections of other endemic coronaviruses (common colds). Ming suggests that because adults have more past exposure to priming strains of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1 is able to enter human immune cells through an antibody-mediated pathway. See:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019510/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3019510/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More recently, Jason A. Tetro (2020) suggests geographic differences in COVID-19 mortality further support the theory that ADE contributes to symptom severity and risk of death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102551/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102551/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="138" LastEditorUserId="138" LastEditDate="2020-04-11T22:28:16.080" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:28:16.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-11T15:53:20.330" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a Bio SE &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/21802/19855&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; that doesn't delve into details on this (because it was a broad question on all &quot;colds&quot;) one can't help but notice that RSV has the shortest antibody persistence listed in that textbook:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YDsiG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YDsiG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there's no approved vaccine for RSV despite apparently &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus#Research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;50 years of research&lt;/a&gt;. So what factors make RSV immunity so fickle (and thus have frustrated finding a vaccine so long)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:29:46.050" Title="Why is the immune response to RSV so short lived (and what else makes a vaccine for RSV difficult)?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23175" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21457" CreationDate="2020-04-11T17:49:10.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm probably not going to do &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7113798/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cristiani at al. (Apr 2)&lt;/a&gt; much justice with this answer, but to use just their conclusion figure&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TagHI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TagHI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can speculate that high ACE2 receptor concentrations, trained immunity and a constitutional high lymphocyte count in children may partially explain the mild disease observed in this group of patients (fig. 1). Real reasons will probably remain a mystery fortunately because the number of infected [by which they probably mean tested] children is too low to allow good-sized immunological studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By &amp;quot;trained immunity&amp;quot; they mostly seem to mean cross-reactivity to other vaccines administered in childhood. (They do mention NK cells as playing a role in that; see also in-depth &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087274/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; article&lt;/a&gt; on this fairly rencent notion of &amp;quot;trained immunity&amp;quot; aka &amp;quot;innate immune memory&amp;quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly their last argument (high lymphocyte count) seems a bit in doubt because a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6914e4.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC study (April 10)&lt;/a&gt; found that infants &amp;lt;1yo actually might &amp;quot;get it worse&amp;quot; than the 1-17 y.o. group:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children aged &amp;lt;1 year accounted for the highest percentage (15%–62%) of hospitalization among pediatric patients with COVID-19. Among 95 children aged &amp;lt;1 year with known hospitalization status, 59 (62%) were hospitalized, including five who were admitted to an ICU. The percentage of patients hospitalized among those aged 1–17 years was lower (estimated range = 4.1%–14%), with little variation among age groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not an entirely uniform effect (by age).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also from the CDC study, another mystery is why male children seem to get it (somewhat) more often:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this preliminary analysis of U.S. pediatric COVID-19 cases, a majority (57%) of patients were males. Several studies have reported a majority of COVID-19 cases among males (4,9), and an analysis of 44,000 COVID-19 cases in patients of all ages in China reported a higher case-fatality rate among men than among women (10). However, the same report, as well as a separate analysis of 2,143 pediatric COVID-19 cases from China, detected no substantial difference in the number of cases among males and females (5,10). Reasons for any potential difference in COVID-19 incidence or severity between males and females are unknown. In the present analysis, the predominance of males in all pediatric age groups, including patients aged &amp;lt;1 year, suggests that biologic factors might play a role in any differences in COVID-19 susceptibility by sex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T19:53:18.457" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23177" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23174" CreationDate="2020-04-11T22:29:46.050" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RSV has evolved to impair the host immune response so that it can re-infect hosts ensuring its own survival.  We have seen this in the wild already with the myxoma virus mutating to suppress host immune systems as the rabbits evolved to become more resistant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recent finding that IgA+ memory B cell generation is impaired following experimental RSV infection of adults supports the hypothesis that immunomodulation by RSV blocks the generation of long-lived B cells that normally develop after antigen reencounter and confer long-lived, high levels of antibody that can protect against reinfection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RSV employs various immunomodulatory mechanisms that lead to poor immune memory and susceptibility to reinfection, acting at every level of host defense. The result is an immune response that is relatively short-lived, with protective antibodies and T cells declining within weeks or months to levels where protection is no longer achieved. However, the individual mechanisms that contribute to impaired protection are poorly characterized, in part because of the difficulty of studying local mucosal immunity in human subjects. However, with the advent of so many putative RSV vaccines based on different technologies, it may now be possible to develop tools to probe protective immunity against RSV in revealing detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was a huge setback with the development of a RSV vaccine in the 1960s which derailed attempts to develop a vaccine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Progress on a vaccine for RSV almost came to a halt after an investigational vaccine failed in 1966. A formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine, which was being tested in the U.S., not only failed to protect children, but many infants experienced worse symptoms than usual, requiring hospitalization. Two toddlers died with enhanced disease symptoms, according to researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in 2016 there was the failed Novovax trial, and again in 2019 all showing how difficult it has been to develop an effective vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On 28 February [2019], Novavax announced that its experimental respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine, ResVax, did not meet its primary endpoint in a Phase III study evaluating its safety and efficacy for the prevention of medically significant RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants via maternal immunisation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In results of the randomised trial, 90-day old infants of mothers who received ResVax between 28–36 weeks of gestation had only 39.4% greater protection against LRTIs over those who received placebo. This is now the second Phase III miss for ResVax, following a previous study to prevent LRTIs in elderly adults, suggesting major shortfalls in vaccine design and protective efficacy that will likely derail Novavax’s claim to a broad RSV market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The RSV pipeline is well-acquainted with late-stage washouts, including Regeneron’s suptavumab, which was discontinued in 2017 following a Phase III failure to prevent medically attended RSV infections in infants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Historically, RSV vaccine antigen selection has been complicated by the fact that the RSV fusion (F) protein, a key target for neutralising antibodies, can exist in either pre-fusion (pre-F) or post-fusion (post-F) conformations. GlobalData’s primary and secondary research indicate that &lt;strong&gt;pre-F RSV vaccines are increasingly favoured by researchers and drug developers. Although highly unstable, the pre-F isoform presents unique target sites for highly neutralising antibodies.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/114/35/9397&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pnas.org/content/114/35/9397&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/vaccine-preventable-diseases/news/print/infectious-diseases-in-children&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/vaccine-preventable-diseases/news/print/infectious-diseases-in-children&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/comment/novavax-rsv-vaccine-failure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/comment/novavax-rsv-vaccine-failure/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-11T22:29:46.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23171" CreationDate="2020-04-12T05:06:52.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The early data from the symptom tracker at Kings College, London&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since then, researchers at Kings College London have developed an app, called the COVID-19 Symptom Tracker, for British citizens to document their Coronavirus Experience. It now has around 2 million users, Hopkins says, as Britons are encouraged to map their symptoms on a daily basis, even if they're feeling well. The goal is to learn more about the onset of the infection and &quot;identify which symptoms occur at which stage of the disease.&quot; When Hopkins first put out the organization's statement, loss of smell was not included among the app's options. But she got in contact with the development team and convinced them to add it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While anosmia was not initially in the symptom tracker, it was added later on and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The app team released a statement this week announcing that sense of smell is &quot;actually the strongest symptom to predict infection,&quot; according to Hopkins, including when compared to fever. They found 60 percent of patients who tested positive had lost their sense of smell, while in those that tested negative, only 18 percent had anosmia symptoms. This offers more specificity than a fever, which was commonly found in those who tested negatively. The takeaway, Hopkins says, was that &quot;anyone with new onset loss of sense of smell should be self-isolating, and ideally tested.&quot; It's an early warning sign. Hopkins has developed a cohort of around 2,500 patients she's monitoring, and while the exact timeline of when anosmia occurs still isn't clear, she says around one-in-four lost their sense of smell before developing any other symptoms. Another one-in-four develop it around the same time as other symptoms, and for the other half, it comes after.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The damage is thought to be neuronal rather than just blocking the path for molecules to reach the olfactory receptors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unlike with smell loss due to the common cold, there's no physical blockage in most COVID-19 patients. The odor is getting back there, but the receptors are damaged. &quot;Coronavirus in particular can damage the nerve and then travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb, which is the more simple processing part, and of course damage that as well,&quot; Hopkins adds. &quot;Now fortunately, the olfactory nerves have the ability to recover, which is why they're being used in research for spinal cord injury. So they can regenerate and your sense of smell can return.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are stem cells which allow the nerves to regenerate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The early data from the app suggests that you can recover the sense of smell in a couple of weeks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;There are certainly people who have persistent, severe anosmia after post-viral infections,&quot; Hopkins says. &quot;We know you can get persistent loss. Coronaviruses are known to cause long-term loss. Obviously, it's too early to tell what proportion of patients with COVID-19 will have long-term loss, but if you look at studies with post-viral loss in general, at least two thirds will make a good recovery. But that means that as many as one in three may not fully get their sense of smell back. In our cohort, at least 60 percent of people were seeing improvement within two weeks, and I just sent out a follow-up again today to try and see people beyond that.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And more recent data from a French April 2020 paper of 417 patients:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00405-020-05965-1/MediaObjects/405_2020_5965_Fig3_HTML.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Pattern of recovery time for patients with olfactory dysfunction. The ordinate axis consists of percentages of patients. The patients with hyposmia or anosmia had the following recovery times a 1–4 days (33.0%), 5–8 days (39.6%), 9–14 days (24.2%), and more than 15 days (3.3%). The patients with anosmia had the following recovery times b 1–4 days (20.3%), 5–8 days (47.5%), 9–14 days (28.8%), and more than 15 days (3.4%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a32030330/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a32030330/coronavirus-sense-of-smell-covid-19/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T02:27:46.530" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T02:27:46.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21599" CreationDate="2020-04-12T07:57:47.327" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a new study published looking at gamma irradiation to see if it could sterilize N95 masks (not surgical masks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was found was that although the FIT test after irradiation was intact, the filtering ability of the mask dropped its filtering ability by 60%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The sterilized masks lost two-thirds of their filtering efficiency, essentially turning N95 into N30 masks,” says Cramer. But why the deterioration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Our hypothesis is that ionizing radiation of whatever kind likely decharges the electrostatic filtration of the mask,” says Gupta. “The mechanical filtration of gauze can trap some particles, but radiation interferes with the electrostatic filter’s ability to repel or capture particles of 0.3 microns.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.mit.edu/2020/gamma-radiation-found-ineffective-in-sterilizing-n95-masks-0410&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://news.mit.edu/2020/gamma-radiation-found-ineffective-in-sterilizing-n95-masks-0410&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T07:57:47.327" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-12T09:21:02.513" Score="4" ViewCount="536" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard of from reading numerous journal articles, and newspaper/TV reports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;age &gt; 70&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;age &amp;lt; 5&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;obesity&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;smoker cigarettes or pot&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;male&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;blood group not group O&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;poor socio economic status&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;crowded and multi-generational living&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23202&quot;&gt;black&lt;/a&gt;, hispanic &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hypertension&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cardio respiratory disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diabetes 1+2&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immunosuppression&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cancer&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;religious beliefs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that some of these are inextricably linked to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T23:59:32.570" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T23:59:32.570" Title="What are the risk factors currently thought important for disease severity in COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23183" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23182" CreationDate="2020-04-12T11:54:16.217" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/us-coronavirus-hospitalizations-underlying-health-conditions-cdc-2020-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/us-coronavirus-hospitalizations-underlying-health-conditions-cdc-2020-3&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20200412111344/https://www.businessinsider.com/us-coronavirus-hospitalizations-underlying-health-conditions-cdc-2020-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/WJsGC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror 2&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OTEHZ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OTEHZ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Transcription... &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Counts are among the 7162 cases with completed information on pre-existing conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chronic liver disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Current smoker &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Former smoker &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chronic renal disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Immunocompromised &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Cardiovascular disease &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Chronic lung disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Diabetes mellitus&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Other chronic disease &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: CDC Data as of March 28, 2020 at 12 pm EST. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/23128/43&quot;&gt;What are the genetic predispositions, if any, for covid-19?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T11:26:01.033" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T11:26:01.033" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23184" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23185" CreationDate="2020-04-12T13:00:23.433" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;This might be a little bit gross but I hope members will put up with it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tea works as laxative, exactly which element or ingredient of black tea works as laxative, to be specific, which element or ingredient of black tea makes us excrete?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will delete the post, if it is off-topic, once I get the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17069" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T15:04:36.930" Title="What element of black tea is laxative?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23185" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23184" CreationDate="2020-04-12T15:04:36.930" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically, theobromine and theophylline (see e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine&lt;/a&gt;), which is similar to caffeine. There are even some people doing coffee enemas (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_enema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_enema&lt;/a&gt;), although the effect in those is probably less laxative than poisonous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the laxative effect of theobromine see e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.158139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.158139&lt;/a&gt; (theobromine in cocoa), for the laxative effect of theophylline by osmotic diarrhea see e. g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1907685&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1907685&lt;/a&gt; (from 1991).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Black tea has also been used to actually treat diarrhea, e. g. in children (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871214/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5871214/&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T15:04:36.930" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23186" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23197" CreationDate="2020-04-12T18:01:40.320" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the new strain of corona virus susceptible to heat? Skimming the map supplies the idea that it is, and many unpublished research suggest that heat might slow down the virus.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so why raising temperature indoors to say around 30 C or more is not among the WHO recommendations to cut down possible transmission of this virus indoors? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance in Iraq people set their AC up to 30 C at winter, even though the winter season in Iraq is not that cold. I heard that people in NY and other places set their indoor temperature to around 21 C while they are living in a rather harsh winter season, 21 C seems to be a very nice temperature level for the virus to thrive on surfaces indoors, or even to be transmitted through air indoors, and thereby easing its transmission. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To re-iterate my question: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why the WHO and other CDC services are not advocating setting temperature indoors to 30 C or higher coupled with increasing hydration and frequent drinking of water and liquids to keep the throat moist, at least in cold places that are hit hard by the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19321" LastEditorUserId="19321" LastEditDate="2020-04-12T18:14:22.967" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T23:39:11.950" Title="Why not &quot;increase temperature indoors to 30 Celsius or more + hydration&quot; as a measure to slow down the new coronavirus spread?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23187" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23191" CreationDate="2020-04-12T18:23:52.797" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's WebMD's info on the subject which seems to implicate the corrective medication specifically rather than hypertension!:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-high-blood-pressure#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-high-blood-pressure#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should a COVID-19 infected person immediately stop taking the inhibitor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T23:23:15.097" Title="Is the link between COVID-19 fatalities and hypertension specific to uncorrected hypertension or to corrected (pharmaceuticaly) hypertension as well?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23182" CreationDate="2020-04-12T19:44:07.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A pre-publication study at NYU in New York City looked at the risk factors for more severe COVID-19 disease.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These risks included older age, especially age over 75, as well as obesity (BMI&gt;40), and congestive heart failure, which conferred dramatically higher odds of being hospitalized for COVID-19.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strongest risk factor was low oxygen levels upon presentation in the E.R. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20057794v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the authors’ abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Strongest hospitalization risks were age ≥75 years (OR 66.8, 95% CI,&#xA;  44.7-102.6), age 65-74 (OR 10.9, 95% CI, 8.35-14.34), BMI&gt;40 (OR 6.2, 95% CI, 4.2-9.3), and heart failure (OR 4.3 95% CI, 1.9-11.2).&#xA;  Strongest critical illness risks were admission oxygen saturation &amp;lt;88%&#xA;  (OR 6.99, 95% CI 4.5-11.0), d-dimer&gt;2500 (OR 6.9, 95% CI, 3.2-15.2),&#xA;  ferritin &gt;2500 (OR 6.9, 95% CI, 3.2-15.2), and C-reactive protein&#xA;  (CRP) &gt;200 (OR 5.78, 95% CI, 2.6-13.8). In the decision tree for&#xA;  admission, the most important features were age &gt;65 and obesity; for&#xA;  critical illness, the most important was SpO2&amp;lt;88, followed by&#xA;  procalcitonin &gt;0.5, troponin &amp;lt;0.1 (protective), age &gt;64 and CRP&gt;200.&#xA;  Conclusions: Age and comorbidities are powerful predictors of&#xA;  hospitalization; however, admission oxygen impairment and markers of&#xA;  inflammation are most strongly associated with critical illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastEditorUserId="17942" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T00:14:47.733" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T00:14:47.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23157" CreationDate="2020-04-12T19:50:17.860" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case series in Seattle published in JAMA on March 17, 2020&lt;/a&gt; describes a potential cardiomyopathy associated with coronavirus in critically-ill patients.  Current thinking includes a potential direct cardiac effect of the COVID-19 viral infection, rather than atherosclerotic or ischemic disease per se.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors noted:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is unclear whether the high rate of cardiomyopathy in this case&#xA;  series reflects a direct cardiac complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection&#xA;  or resulted from overwhelming critical illness. Others have described&#xA;  cardiomyopathy in COVID-19, and further research may better&#xA;  characterize this risk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They go on to cite two other reports on potential COVID-19 related cardiomyopathy and cardiac impacts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mullen  B. COVID-19 clinical guidance for the cardiovascular care team. Published online March 6, 2020. Accessed March 16, 2020. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acc.org/~/media/665AFA1E710B4B3293138D14BE8D1213.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acc.org/~/media/665AFA1E710B4B3293138D14BE8D1213.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zheng  YY, Ma  YT, Zhang  JY, Xie  X.  COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system.  Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5PubMedGoogle Scholar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T19:50:17.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23187" CreationDate="2020-04-12T19:59:17.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you linked to says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possibility is that the higher risk comes not from high blood pressure itself, but from certain drugs used to treat it -- ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). &lt;strong&gt;This is just a theory, since there's no research yet on what impact, if any, these medications might have on COVID-19.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The theory is based on the fact that ACE inhibitors and ARBs raise levels of an enzyme called ACE2 in your body. And to infect cells, the COVID-19 virus must attach itself to ACE2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until more research comes out, &lt;strong&gt;the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association recommend that you keep taking your high blood pressure medicine as prescribed. If you don’t, it could raise your risk for a heart attack or stroke, putting you in the hospital just as coronavirus cases are coming in.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also (since that page doesn't have a clear date), there's an Apr 1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.016509&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;journal article&lt;/a&gt; that says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] we recently generated the hypothesis that these drugs might play a role in the severe course of COVID‐19 cases. More importantly, no clinical‐epidemiological data have been put forward and it is unknown whether the hypothesized mechanism plays a pivotal role in COVID‐19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The lay press picked up the theory, causing concern and even anxiety among patients and their healthcare providers. &lt;strong&gt;Because of the lack of current evidence of a potential negative impact of these medications on COVID‐19, we currently support the position statement of the European and American Societies of Cardiology, who express that ACEIs and ARBs are safe and should be continued and prescribed according to established guidelines.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a bit of &amp;quot;tune down&amp;quot; of their theory, now emphasizing/discussing the balance of effects (again, just theoretically, since no data has been apparently collected):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we cannot rule out that long‐term intake of ACEIs and/or ARBs may facilitate SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and virus replication. Conversely, it is yet unknown whether intake of ACEIs and/or ARBs, when infected, is beneficial with regard to pulmonary outcome. Possibly, we are dealing here with a double‐edged sword, depending on the phase of the disease: increased baseline ACE2 expression could potentially increase infectivity and ACEI/ARB use would be an addressable risk factor. Conversely, once infected, downregulation of ACE2 may be the hallmark of COVID‐19 progression. Consequently, upregulation by preferentially using renin‐angiotensin system blockade and ACE2 replacement in the acute respiratory syndrome phase may turn out to be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of these deliberations, we would like to emphasize that many older patients are on renin‐angiotensin system blockade because of latent or manifest left ventricular dysfunction and that discontinuation of these drugs may exacerbate frank heart failure. There is little doubt that heart failure is prone to have an unfavorable effect on pulmonary outcome in the course of COVID‐19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T20:11:31.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23192" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23469" CreationDate="2020-04-12T22:16:35.220" Score="3" ViewCount="195" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Novel Coronavirus antibody test has been around since February 2020 when it was invented at a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/17/c_138791386.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chinese University&lt;/a&gt;. It can measure both IgM to show infection in progress and IgG to indicate full immunity. It is disparaged because it is only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-health/2020/04/11/arcpoint-labs-offers-public-coronavirus-test-antibody-detection/2943254001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;94.4% accurate&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Detroit News&lt;/em&gt; however reports the &quot;gold standard&quot; PCR test is only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/nation/2020/04/12/coronavirus-tests-false-negatives-doctors-doubts/111540614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90% effective&lt;/a&gt;. People walked around town with false negatives when they were really positive. So why only use PCR tests and never IgM / IgG tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would feel more comfortable with both tests. First the daily 15 minute finger prick blood testto see if IgM develops followed by hospital / lab PCR test. Then after positive PCR self isolate. Then after negative PCR test continue to self isolate until daily 15 minute finger prick blood test shows IgG. I think it's too early in the war to disparage either test but would point out the 15 minute finger prick blood test is cheap and doesn't drain limited healthcare resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to run the same blood sample on all the IgM / IgG test devices and compare results. It would also be interesting to send swabs from same suspect to multiple PCR test labs see how they stack up. Ones that don't agree with the majority either have a better test or failed and could be subject to government oversight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IgM results will show up (I think I read) whilst suspect is asymptomatic. If we want to win this war in three months instead of three years like the Spanish Flu, we need to pull out all the stops. But the question remains, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;why are IgM / IgG tests (antibody tests) frowned upon&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="17751" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T22:03:17.627" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T11:31:34.657" Title="Why are Novel Coronavirus anitbody tests disparaged?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23193" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23198" CreationDate="2020-04-12T22:42:52.413" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;12 April's new daily confirmed cases for UK seem to be dramatically different: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ECDC says 8719 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-cases-covid-19?country=GBR&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-cases-covid-19?country=GBR&lt;/a&gt;), while &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;PHE says 84279-78991=5288 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom#Timeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom#Timeline&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I know that there could be something different in the definition of &quot;new cases&quot; or in the way they are measured. &#xA;What is exactly the difference due to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, ECDC's data is quite alarming because it's a dramatic jump looking at ECDC's same data for the past days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19324" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-13T05:29:13.847" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T05:29:13.847" Title="ECDC/PHE covid data clash" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23194" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23192" CreationDate="2020-04-12T22:57:18.840" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The antibody tests, at least in the USA, have only just received fast track approval so at least in the USA were not available in an FDA approved form until recently.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22998/are-false-positives-from-cellex-s-coronavirus-antibody-test-systemic&quot;&gt;Cellex&lt;/a&gt; test has a sensitity of 93.8% and specificity of 95.6% when tested in China but may be better in the USA.  So, the antibody tests are to demonstrate exposure, either in the past or current.  The test itself only takes some minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A rt-PCR test checks for the presence of virus from a swab, preferentially in the nasopharynx but also anterior nasal, and oropharynx where the rates of detection are likely to be lower.   This demonstrates current infection.  A positive antibody test may be followed by a rt-PCR test to see if the positive antibody test actually indicates current infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there has been a world wide shortage of testing equipment so inadequate testing has been performed.  The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.molecular.abbott/int/en/products/instrumentation/m2000-realtime-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Abbott M2000&lt;/a&gt; system is supposed to be able to perform millions of tests but the test kits that go with them are in short supply&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abbott’s machines, a model called the m2000, should have been capable of running about a million Covid-19 tests in the last three weeks, Deborah Birx, a member of the White House’s coronavirus task force, said at a briefing in Washington Wednesday night. But they have run less than 10% of that amount.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“It’s a very high throughput machine, we have a million tests out there,” Birx said. “They’re not running. We’ve only run 88,000 tests in three weeks off of those machines, with a million test kits.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;U.S. attempts to contain the coronavirus have been stymied by repeated problems and failures with diagnostic tests, which are necessary to identify patients and isolate them, or to help protect health workers treating them. Heath workers and officials around the U.S. have cited long delays in getting results and limited availability of tests from multiple different sources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an ideal world the tests would be run as per their clinical indication.  The reality is different due to supply constraints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-09/abbott-tests-to-detect-covid-19-are-falling-short-birx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-09/abbott-tests-to-detect-covid-19-are-falling-short-birx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T22:57:18.840" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23187" CreationDate="2020-04-12T23:23:15.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think we really know if hypertension is truly an independent risk factor for disease severity in COvID-19.  The first studies coming out of China indicated that hospital admissions listed hypertension as a co-morbidity factor in 70% or more of cases, but the prevalence of hypertension in the over 70 year olds is about 70% anyway.  They then said the case fatality rate overall was 2.3% (among 44,672 cases) with those having hypertension being 6%, ie. nearly trebling the risk for severe disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, hypertension is rarely a single disease and is usually associated with other morbidities such as ischemic heart disease, diabetes, renal disease, hyperlipidemia and gout.  These are often under-diagnosed. It doesn't make biological sense that controlled hypertension itself would increase the case fatality rate.  It was suggested that the use of ARBs and ACEI might increase the risk for disease severity but the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21430/what-data-is-there-for-physicians-to-advise-patients-taking-ace-inhibitors-durin&quot;&gt;observational data&lt;/a&gt; we now have suggests that ARBs reduce the risk to 34%, and there isn't enough data yet on whether ACEIs also have the same benefit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2764293&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2764293&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T23:23:15.097" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23197" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23186" CreationDate="2020-04-12T23:39:11.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you say slow down the rate of transmission indoors, most countries that I know of with this condition are in lock-down or practicising social distancing to reduce the risk of spread.  So, I presume that you must mean the spread of disease from an infected person to another in the same household.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have some data to suggest that virus viability is &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21520&quot;&gt;reduced with heat&lt;/a&gt;.  I haven't seen exact data for 30 deg C for SARS-CoV-2 but MERS-CoV viability drops from 48 hours to 5-24 hours.  But if you're in the house with an infected person, that person will keep generating virus so it doesn't matter whether it's 5 hours or 48 hours on a surface if the surface keeps being re-contaminated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, even if you could maintain the internal temperature of a room at 30 deg C in a cold or temperate climate ( I doubt my house can reach that temperature in winter ), I presume that you're talking about using heat pumps as they are generally considered the most cost effective way of heating.  Ignoring the fact to that air to surface heat transmission is very ineffective, you're going to be stirring up air currents with either the forced air flow or temperature gradients being established inside the house, and this is likely to distribute virus particles more widely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short this doesn't seem to be practical, and really needs testing to see if it makes the situation worse or better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-12T23:39:11.950" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23198" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23193" CreationDate="2020-04-13T00:31:57.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;h3&gt;PHE&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12-4-2020 84279 - 78891 = 5388&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;11-4-2020 78891 - 70272 = 8619&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10-4-2020 70272 - 65077 = 5195&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;ECDC&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;12-4-2020 8719&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;11-4-2020 5195&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;10-4-2020 4344&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like the PHE data is a day ahead of the ECDC data&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T00:31:57.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23199" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23166" CreationDate="2020-04-13T00:32:59.517" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 1957 influenza pandemic caused &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1957-1958-pandemic.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1.1 millions deaths worldwide&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to History.com, the 1957 influenza vaccine was developed as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.history.com/news/1957-flu-pandemic-vaccine-hilleman&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the result of having serum from people over many past years with prior influenza infections&lt;/a&gt;.  Scientists were able to compare the 1957 flu virus against previous flu viruses and began working on a fundamentally different vaccine, but with the “head start” of flu vaccine development in general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to History.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Doctors and scientists first developed viable flu vaccines in the&#xA;  1940s, so they were not starting from scratch when they went to work&#xA;  on the 1957 flu vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Maurice Hilleman played an instrumental role in the vaccine development and production through Merck, where we worked.  According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.inquirer.com/philly/health/maurice-hilleman-influenza-pandemic-vaccine-merck-20180125.html?outputType=amp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;profile of him written in 2018&lt;/a&gt;, US pharmaceutical companies had produced a vaccine by June of 1957, and distributed 40 million doses by late fall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By comparison, for novel coronavirus causing COVID-19, vaccine development has evolved in the past 50 years to examine safety and efficacy more closely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005630&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;several challenges have been noted by scientists&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;what to target with the vaccine.  Scientists believe the spike protein is a good target, but whether to target the whole protein or just a piece is a challenge.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;prior experience with MeRS and SARS suggests the need for caution.  This is because some types of immune response may actually worsen lung disease.  This begets the need for animal models testing and safety monitoring — neither of which appeared to be part of the 1957 influenza vaccine development process.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;“as with naturally acquired infection, the potential duration of immunity is unknown; similarly, whether single-dose vaccines will confer immunity is uncertain.” &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, extraordinary steps are being taken to accelerate coronavirus vaccine development.  A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/mms/journals/content/nejm/0/nejm.ahead-of-print/nejmp2005630/20200406/images/img_medium/nejmp2005630_f1.jpeg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chart&lt;/a&gt; from the NEJM article illustrates the “parallel track” acceleration, beginning manufacturing well before the vaccine is proven out in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;￼&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T00:32:59.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23200" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23212" CreationDate="2020-04-13T03:48:07.300" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given that as of this point of time no specific treatment exists for COVID-19 patients, why are governments primarily spending their testing capacity on those admitted to hospitals or otherwise in critical condition? In theory, anyone showcasing any of the COVID-19 symptoms could be presumed to actually have the disease, but doctors and policy makers seem to think otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do understand why testing would be beneficial for asymptomatic/lightly symptomatic patients - knowing they're infected will help them socially isolate for others. But once a patient is in a hospital with breathing difficulties... what good does a test do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T17:33:04.023" Title="What's the point of testing critical patients for COVID-19 if no specific treatment exists for the disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23200" CreationDate="2020-04-13T04:04:35.083" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The care for a COVID-19 patient is totally different from that of a patient with other forms of pneumonia.  A COVID-19 patient is highly contagious, and is able to aerosolize large amounts of potentially lethal virions into the environment infecting other hospital patients and staff. This happens particularly in intubation. These patients need to be treated in rooms quarantined from other patients, or, shared only with other COVID-19 patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The care of a COVID-19 patient also involves the use of PPE.  There is a huge shortage of PPE in a large numbers of countries especially in epicentres where people have been resorting to wearing trash bags to help protect them from infection.  PPE has traditionally been disposable between patients but the shortage of PPE has meant that it has been reserved just for use when working with patients with known COVID-19, and been reused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are three nurses from Northwick Park, London, a centre of clinical excellence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://video-images.vice.com/test-uploads/articles/5e8f02279a053c009d7a87b5/lede/1586434223278-ETpjugsXgAUl_og.jpeg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;wearing trash bags as protection, and using surgical masks instead of N95 masks.  All three nurses subsequently contracted COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early in the disease in some countries medical staff had to be stood down for self isolation when they had unprotected contact with COVID-19 patients.  And estimates range from 20-80% of COVID-19 patients are asymptomatic which means testing needs to be done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/dygbdz/these-nurses-had-to-wear-trash-bags-as-ppe-now-they-have-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/dygbdz/these-nurses-had-to-wear-trash-bags-as-ppe-now-they-have-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T04:04:35.083" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23202" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-13T04:30:07.763" Score="3" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in Asia, the populations affected were fairly homogenous though ethnicity data isn't available from the studies published from China.  However, Chinese are ethnically 92% Han, and even non-Han have tended to label themselves Han eventually (assimilation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the UK and USA there are alarming reports that the disease is worse in people of African descent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to the CDC, even though the racial breakdown from the population in the report was 59% white, 14% Latino and 18% black, 45% of hospitalized coronavirus patients were white and 8% were Latino, while 33% were black, &quot;suggesting that black populations might be disproportionately affected by COVID-19.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Louisiana released data showing that while African-Americans only make up roughly 32% of the population they account for 70% of the deaths in the state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traditionally this is being attributed to the poorer health of African Americans who have jobs in the service industry and are unable to work from home, higher incidence of co-morbid conditions, and less access to health care amongst many other reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But could there be a biological reason for this?  We know blacks are more susceptible to autoimmune disease such as lupus so there may be good reasons to suspect that this is the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/coronavirus-disproportionately-killing-black-community-experts/story?id=70011986&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/coronavirus-disproportionately-killing-black-community-experts/story?id=70011986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T05:02:00.810" Title="Is being of direct African ancestry a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23203" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23202" CreationDate="2020-04-13T05:02:00.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As pointed out in the question, there are immune differences between those of African ancestry, and those from out of Africa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know from genetic studies that there is a major difference between African and out of African genetics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ancient DNA has enabled us to answer long-standing questions about the relationship between archaic and modern humans. Admixture among archaic groups and between them and modern humans seems to have occurred whenever they came into geographic proximity. In that way, they were no different from groups of modern humans. Although most present-day human ancestry can be traced to African populations that dispersed into Eurasia ∼100,000 y ago, aDNA has allowed us to also determine which parts of our genomes are from archaic hominins that occupied Eurasia before modern humans (68): all non-African genomes carry small amounts of Neanderthal ancestry, and some carry an additional component of Denisovan ancestry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is whether Neanderthal/Denisovan genes help protect against viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some hints that this might be the case in European populations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Humans differ in the outcome that follows exposure to life-threatening pathogens, yet the extent of population differences in immune responses and their genetic and evolutionary determinants remain undefined. Here, we characterized, using RNA sequencing, the transcriptional response of primary monocytes from Africans and Europeans to bacterial and viral stimuli—ligands activating Toll-like receptor pathways (TLR1/2, TLR4, and TLR7/8) and influenza virus—and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We identify numerous cis-eQTLs that contribute to the marked differences in immune responses detected within and between populations and a strong trans-eQTL hotspot at TLR1 that decreases expression of pro-inflammatory genes in Europeans only. We find that immune-responsive regulatory variants are enriched in population-specific signals of natural selection and show that admixture with Neandertals introduced regulatory variants into European genomes, affecting preferentially responses to viral challenges. Together, our study uncovers evolutionarily important determinants of differences in host immune responsiveness between human populations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetic variation transmitted through admixture with Neandertals can also represent a source of functional, potentially advantageous variants (Vattathil and Akey, 2015). Relative to genome-wide expectations, we show that genetic segments introgressed from Neandertals have preferentially introduced regulatory variants into European genomes, affecting steady-state expression and responses to TLR7/8 stimulation and IAV. Furthermore, we report several loci presenting strong evidence of archaic ancestry that exert a regulatory effect in cis. Among these, we find the IAV-induced reQTL of PNMA1, which encodes a protein that physically interacts with the IAV protein PB2 and stimulates interferon production (Shapira et al., 2009). That the PNMA1 haplotype presents a frequency in Europeans that is not compatible with neutral evolution, together with its strong levels of population differentiation between modern Europeans and East Asians, supports its contribution to European adaptation and provides a case of adaptive introgression. The functional roles of the introgressed regulatory variants require further investigation, but our results clearly establish that archaic admixture, whether adaptive or not, has increased the diversity of the immune repertoire of contemporary Europeans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it appears that the introduction of Neaderthal genes that influence immune responses has lead to an increased range of possible responses to viral infection than was possible from pure African genomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674%2816%2931306-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674%2816%2931306-X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4988579/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T05:02:00.810" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23204" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24312" CreationDate="2020-04-13T06:08:35.053" Score="1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Variolation&lt;/a&gt; has been brought up in some circles nowadays as a proposal to deal with the Covid-19 crisis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-federalist-as-medical-journal-in-the-time-of-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sometimes&lt;/a&gt; by invoking the glorious/revolutionary American past).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at the aforementioned Wikipedia page, which indeed confirms that (historically) variolation was widely accepted in the US at some point, I can't seem to find any scientific analyses of its effectiveness listed there. So, have such studies been conducted, either in terms of analyzing the historical data through a (counterfactual) epidemiological lens (iffy I suppose), or at least in contemporary animal studies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Obviously, the practice was abandoned once a vaccine was developed.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Variolation served as a natural precursor to the discovery of vaccination. The major differences between the two were that in vaccination, material from cowpox, an animal disease, was used, but particularly that it was safe to those vaccinated and was not transmitted to their contacts. Vaccination offered the public a less-harmful method of preventing smallpox. Vaccination would revolutionize the control of smallpox, leading to its eventual eradication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see there's a University of Colorado &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/04/08/6-lessons-we-can-learn-past-pandemics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; that says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the smallpox epidemic that swept across North America from 1775 to 1782, Revolutionary War soldiers took an unusual approach to protecting themselves from the virus known as Variola major. In a process known as variolation (a.k.a. inoculation), they took virus-loaded material from an infected person’s smallpox pustule, carved an incision into the flesh of a healthy solder, and rubbed it in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recipients of variolation invariably got the disease, so were quarantined. About 5% died. But most got a mild version of the smallpox disease.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“There is no question that it worked,” says Fenn. “Assuming you lived through it, you would garner immunity and go about the world without worrying about smallpox.” [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fast forward to today, and variolation has come full circle, as researchers explore the idea of using “convalescent plasma” (survivor blood believed to contain antibodies to COVID-19) as a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So apparently some (historical, at least) studies might have been conducted, but they're not clearly listed there. (I think the whole page is based on an interview with &amp;quot;CU Boulder history Professor Elizabeth Fenn, a Pulitizer Prize winning writer, scholar of epidemics and author of Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82.&amp;quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:26:01.340" Title="Are there any epidemiological or laboratory studies on the effectiveness of variolation?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-13T09:05:07.857" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/culture/2759843-20200413-coronavirus-comedien-maurice-barrier-mort-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/culture/2759843-20200413-coronavirus-comedien-maurice-barrier-mort-covid-19&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/9SK7R&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Le comédien Maurice Barrier est mort du Covid-19. [Il] a attrapé le coronavirus lors d’un séjour à l’hôpital, selon son entourage&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://translate.google.com/#view=home&amp;amp;op=translate&amp;amp;sl=auto&amp;amp;tl=en&amp;amp;text=Le%20com%C3%A9dien%20Maurice%20Barrier%20est%20mort%20du%20Covid-19.%20Il%20a%20attrap%C3%A9%20le%20coronavirus%20lors%20d%E2%80%99un%20s%C3%A9jour%20%C3%A0%20l%E2%80%99h%C3%B4pital%2C%20selon%20son%20entourage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Translate&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comedian Maurice Barrier died of the Covid-19. [He] caught the coronavirus during a hospital stay, according to his entourage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of COVID-19 cases are  contracted during a hospital stay as a patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few studies have looked at the percentage of COVID-19 cases  contracted by medical workers, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.opb.org/news/article/coronavirus-covid-19-data-health-care-medical-workers-infection/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.opb.org/news/article/coronavirus-covid-19-data-health-care-medical-workers-infection/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ohio, on the other hand, reported at least 16% of its cases involved health care workers, while in Minnesota, it was 28% on Wednesday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries are reporting COVID-19’s impact on their health care community. Spain has said at least 12,298 health care workers have tested positive for the disease – 14.4% of the total reported cases. More than 60 doctors have died in Italy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This number can be high due to PPE shortage, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166088/coronavirus-covid-19-protection-doctors-nurses-health-workers-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/5/21166088/coronavirus-covid-19-protection-doctors-nurses-health-workers-risk&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less than a third of nurses in the US work at health care facilities with enough PPE to handle an outbreak of COVID-19, according to a survey from the union National Nurses United.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this question I would like to concentrate on hospital stay as a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNrvAB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T10:48:40.750" Title="What percentage of COVID-19 cases are contracted during a hospital stay as a patient?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-13T09:16:31.070" Score="3" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several countries around the world have instituted extremely harsh lockdowns: France, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Argentina. However for some reason all of those countries keep getting new infections 2+ weeks after the lockdowns have started, which suggests gaps in their enforcement or coverage. Has there been any research done in these countries to try and understand where these cases are coming from? Some ideas:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's all from essential workers and their families&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's from neighbors hanging out with each other - either voluntarily or involuntarily (elevators, stairs, common areas)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's from supermarkets, hospitals and pharmacies&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It's from people who are outside the &quot;system&quot;, such as the homeless&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems like contact tracing/interviews should give a straightforward enough answer, so did any government try to investigate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T01:15:45.340" Title="Has there been any research into how people are being infected during hardcore lockdowns?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23207" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23206" CreationDate="2020-04-13T11:02:09.853" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very partial answer, from the South Korean &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30150-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;experience&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rapid spread of COVID-19 in South Korea has been attributed to one case linked to a superspreading event that has led to more than 3900 secondary cases stemming from church services in the city of Daegu (Kuhn, 2020; Ryall, 2020). This has led to sustained transmission chains of COVID-19, with 55% of the cases associated with the church cluster in Daegu (Bostock, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, three other clusters have been reported, including one set in Chundo Daenam hospital in Chungdo-gun, Gyeongsanggbuk-do (118 cases), one set in the gym in Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do (92 cases), and one Pilgrimage to Israel cluster in Gyeongsanggbuk-do (49 cases). These few clusters have become the primary driving force of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper has more details on each cluster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar patterns of large gatherings followed by spreading in families have been reported elsewhere, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/the-cluster-effect-how-social-gatherings-were-rocket-fuel-for-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt; France and Italy. But most such studies published insofar focus on the early days of the pandemic, before the lockdowns were imposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas, for a more topical answer, it depends what one means by &amp;quot;hardcore&amp;quot; lockdowns. There is one such &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/virologists-to-turn-germany-worst-hit-district-into-coronavirus-laboratory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; being conducted in the German hotspot in Heinsberg. Insofar there have been only press interviews with the investigators, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/death-rate-german-laboratory-city-5x-less-than-national-average-2020-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, claims Streeck, his study found that: &amp;quot;There is no significant risk of catching the disease when you go shopping. Severe outbreaks of the infection were always a result of people being closer together over a longer period of time.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as a reminder for what &amp;quot;hardcore&amp;quot; lockdowns actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20200408/p2g/00m/0in/071000c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;means&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the height of the lockdown, Wuhan residents were completely barred from stepping outside of their home, not even allowed to go grocery shopping and they were consequently completely reliant on designated neighborhood committees who delivered daily necessities to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically more or less home arrest for almost everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T12:02:23.390" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-13T12:12:50.210" Score="-1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently 3 strains were identified and the first strain seemed to protect from the more dangerous second and third strains:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsCo8w67FhE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsCo8w67FhE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20056929v1.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20056929v1.full.pdf+html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1268" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T14:18:09.637" Title="Can we imply from this recent report that COVID-19 strain A might inoculate against strains B and C?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23209" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23208" CreationDate="2020-04-13T14:18:09.637" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;That paper analyses the origin of the strains observed in NYC (spoiler: most came from Europe). The paper doesn't discuss at all the &quot;dangerousness&quot; of the strains. One could have spread more simply because more travellers arrived to NYC from Europe than from Washington state (the 2nd most common source/strain) or any other locally favorable factors. (For example, two prior &quot;failed&quot; introductions were one from the Middle East and another one from Europe. The paper doesn't discuss why these didn't spread in NTC, e.g. whether it was effective quarantine of the person carrying them, or some other [lucky] reason.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there's not discussion on immunity whatsoever in the paper, so drawing any conclusions from there as to antibodies for which strain protect against which [other] is completely unsupported by that paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T14:18:09.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23210" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23244" CreationDate="2020-04-13T15:06:13.193" Score="3" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many hospitals have cancelled or postponed elective procedures due to the current COVID-19 pandemic. What kinds of considerations are ethics committees making when deciding to reopen elective procedures or keep it closed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;example of banned elective procedures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news9.com/story/41997738/ou-med-postpones-elective-surgeries-preparing-for-covid19-patient-surge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.news9.com/story/41997738/ou-med-postpones-elective-surgeries-preparing-for-covid19-patient-surge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:32:31.170" Title="How do hospitals decide whether to reopen elective surgeries during this COVID-19 pandemic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23210" CreationDate="2020-04-13T15:53:10.627" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is most probably no hard rule that will fit (almost) every hospital, because it depends on a variety of factors. Central hospitals with a lot types of surgery will have a bigger pressure to work on elective surgery. Also, the categories elective versus non-elective can be misleading: On a very strict level elective surgery would include every type of surgery not immediately designed to save a life, while on a more relaxed level it could include only those operations where patients are able to stay at home versus where they would have to stay in hospital waiting on surgery (see also Wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_surgery&lt;/a&gt;, where there is also a term called 'semi-elective surgery').&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to the 'pressure' mentioned above, this could come from a variety of sources as well, such as the community, politics or financial reasons (some surgeries yield a lot more money than others). Of course, health of patients may be a factor: What at the moment may be a purely elective surgery down the road may become an emergency, that not only will have to be operated on, but also diminishes chances of a positive outcome somewhat. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coming back to a (kind of) ruling when to re-open elective surgeries, most of these will have to be decided on a case-by-case basis, however, for some categories of surgery there is a practically non-existent danger of becoming emergencies, even if quite some time passes, e. g.: arthroscopy. On the other hand any currently elective heart surgery may have the patient deteriorate over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some types of surgery intensive care monitoring is required, which in times of COVID-19 may be of severely limited availability as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In closing I believe the re-opening of elective surgery will be gradual and consider more eminently endangered categories of currently elective surgery first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T15:53:10.627" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23200" CreationDate="2020-04-13T17:21:25.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This q is based on fairly incorrect premises e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;why are governments primarily spending their testing capacity on those admitted to hospitals or otherwise in critical condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;once a patient is in a hospital with breathing difficulties... what good does a test do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a conflation here that &amp;quot;admitted to hospitals&amp;quot; is (nearly) always &amp;quot;in critical condition&amp;quot; and likewise that &amp;quot;with breathing difficulties&amp;quot; somehow also equates &amp;quot;in critical condition&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; a Covid-19 diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Besides HCW safety, addressed in Dr. Chiu's answer, there's an obvious reason to test someone with &amp;quot;breathing difficulties&amp;quot; (for Covid-19) to establish a differential diagnosis. I think first a diagnosis of what the breathing difficulties actually are is done, e.g. is it pneumonia?  Second, the guidelines for further diagnosing the serious cases of pneumonia generally recommend establishing the actual pathogen, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5473649/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Optimal treatment of lung infections relies on rapid and accurate detection of the offending pathogen. Delay in diagnosis can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22913/use-of-antibiotics-with-chest-infections&quot;&gt;Use of antibiotics with chest infections&lt;/a&gt; for a bit more detailed discussion on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, early in the epidemic, &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0846537120913033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evidence from China (Mar 4)&lt;/a&gt; was that [their] virus tests were actually rather insensitive, i.e. they could only detect high viral loads:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the initial screening, computed tomography (CT) examination is needed for the auxiliary diagnosis. The diagnosis is&#xA;then confirmed by the positive results of the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) of the respiratory tract or blood specimens&#xA;using reverse transcription real-time fluorescence polymerase&#xA;chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, this diagnosis method is&#xA;highly limited: (1) &lt;strong&gt;When the viral load is low, the detection rate&#xA;is low, leading to false-negative results.&lt;/strong&gt; (2) Only a positive&#xA;diagnosis can be made, but the severity of COVID-19 and its&#xA;progression cannot be judged (in contrast, CT imaging can&#xA;reveal disease progression). (3) The supply of the reagents&#xA;cannot keep up with the demand, and the quality of new products of major companies awaits to be studied and improved. (4)&#xA;It takes 1 day or longer to obtain the results after sampling. For&#xA;these reasons, &lt;strong&gt;Chinese researchers strongly recommend CT&#xA;imaging as the main basis for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in&#xA;the current situation&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in such circumstances (low-sensitivity tests) the virus tests probably aren't even very useful for the mild cases, so &amp;quot;saving&amp;quot; [such insensitive] tests for these mild case is basically completely pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(See also related q here on that latter issue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23126/why-were-so-many-covid-19-negative-tests-among-close-contacts-of-the-early-chine&quot;&gt;Why were so many Covid-19 negative tests among close contacts of the early Chinese cases?&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-13T17:33:04.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23213" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23220" CreationDate="2020-04-13T17:43:34.990" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone asked here a general/related (qualitative) question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21260/does-viral-load-of-the-initial-infection-affect-its-severity&quot;&gt;Does viral load of the initial infection affect its severity?&lt;/a&gt; but I'm interstested a more focused question regarding Covid-19:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How well does viral load (as measured &quot;now&quot;) correlate with the severity of symptoms for this particular disease/virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T01:54:08.300" Title="Degree of correlation between viral load and symptom severity in Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;viral-load&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23206" CreationDate="2020-04-13T22:47:36.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;New Zealand is undertaking rigorous contact tracing and so far only 2% of cases have been deemed community transmission meaning no known contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cases have been increasing because they include disease developing in those returning to the country during the lockdown period and placed into self isolation. As the numbers of people returning to New Zealand fall so do these new imported cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These new cases are still within the numbers predicted by modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.health.govt.nz/sites/default/files/images/our-work/diseases-conditions/covid19/covid-epidemiccurve-newcases-13april.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NZ moved to level 4 lockdown 25 March which means stay at home unless essential service.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other source are 4-5 larger clusters where one person has spread the disease to a number of others, and then these others have brought the disease back home. This also includes rest homes for the elderly and dementia units where either a visitor or staff before the lockdown had infected a resident, and the disease is still slowly spreading through these communities. At present we have a total of 16 clusters of 10 or more people infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are still testing below capacity but increasing testing has failed to find more cases in the community that were not related to a known cluster.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-15T01:15:45.340" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T01:15:45.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-14T00:12:55.013" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;PPE ranges from a surgical mask, gloves, a face shield, N95 mask, socks over shoes, goggles, gowns and powered respirators.  What data informs us as to what is the appropriate level of protection that should be worn when looking after a patient with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T00:12:55.013" Title="What data supports what level of PPE should be worn by medical staff dealing with COVID-19 patients?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection-control&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23213" CreationDate="2020-04-14T01:54:08.300" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears to be more nuanced than just high viral load equates to more severe disease.  We know that there are case reports of children with high viral loads yet were largely asymptomatic.  It may also depend on how the viral load was assessed; whether by nasopharyngeal swabs, or by collecting deep sputum specimens.  We know that viral load in the nasopharynx continues to diminish with time and does not necessarily reflect what is going on in the alveoli.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Fifteen studies measured the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome&#xA;  coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) over the course of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)&#xA;  using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing.&#xA;  (5,&#xA;  6, 8-10, 12, 15, 16, 18-21, 23, 24, 27) In general, the highest viral loads were observed at the&#xA;  time of symptom onset and for a few days after, with levels slowly decreasing over&#xA;  the next one to three weeks. Some studies observed increases in viral loads prior to&#xA;  clinical deterioration, particularly from lower respiratory tract specimens, and,&#xA;  similarly, decreases in viral load were observed prior to improvement of symptoms.(9,&#xA;  16, 21) Another study reported an association between higher viral loads and more&#xA;  severe symptoms.(16)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Only one study measured viral load in the pre-symptomatic&#xA;  phase, and this was a case report of a child.(8) The child was asymptomatic on&#xA;  admission to hospital, with a relatively high viral load (nasopharyngeal sample &#xA;  Evidence summary for COVID-19 viral load over course of infection targeting ORF1ab-gene, cycle threshold value (Ct) = 13.73). The viral load&#xA;  decreased over the next nine days, although it raised slightly when the child&#xA;  experienced a fever on day two of admission, before falling again once the fever&#xA;  resolved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be that if you have severe disease then you'll more likely have high viral load, but a high viral load doesn't automatically mean severe disease.  And of course many deaths are by cytokine storm caused by an uncontrolled innate immune response where the adaptive immunity has yet to kick in to down regulate the inflammation generated by the innate immune response&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hiqa.ie/sites/default/files/2020-04/Evidence-Summary_COVID-19_duration-of-infectivity-viral-load.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hiqa.ie/sites/default/files/2020-04/Evidence-Summary_COVID-19_duration-of-infectivity-viral-load.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T01:54:08.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-14T03:54:29.503" Score="4" ViewCount="231" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prominent politicians in the USA have been calling for the use of both Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the management of Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Day after day, the salesman turned president has encouraged coronavirus patients to try hydroxychloroquine with all of the enthusiasm of a real estate developer. The passing reference he makes to the possible dangers is usually overwhelmed by the full-throated endorsement. “What do you have to lose?” he asked five times on Sunday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The USA trade advisor Dr Peter Navarro also claims special expertise&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Navarro told CNN that studies including one published in the last few days involving Wuhan, China prove hydroxychloroquine can help coronavirus patients recover. Navarro said the Wuhan study was one of the first randomized in a control group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trade adviser also claimed his PhD in economics qualified him to have such debates with health experts like Fauci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Doctors disagree about things all the time,” he said. “My qualifications in terms of looking at the science is that I’m a social scientist. I have a PhD, and I understand how to read statistical studies.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although generally safe when used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, sle, these conditions are dramatically different from the scenario of sick hypoxic covid-19 patients who may also be suffering from myocardial injury from the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the early trials telling us?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/06/peter-navarro-fauci-hydroxychloroquine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/06/peter-navarro-fauci-hydroxychloroquine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T23:03:18.007" Title="Safety data on chloroquine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;hydroxychloroquine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-14T15:52:40.430" Score="4" ViewCount="526" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a lay person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When somebody has ARDS, when is non-mechanical ventilation used, vs mechanical ventilation? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm talking no intubation, no sedation)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I understand, mechanical ventilation involves air being forced in, rather than breathed in naturally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Added elaboration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not answered here &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22905&quot;&gt;When can mechanical ventilation be performed without intubation?&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;That question is asking about an A and a B, where A is with intubation and B is not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But my question is asking about an A and a B, where both A and B are without intubation. But A is non-mechanical ventilation and B is mechanical ventilation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19340" LastEditorUserId="19340" LastEditDate="2020-04-15T09:14:05.373" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T14:49:20.233" Title="When somebody has ARDS, when is non-mechanical ventilation used, vs mechanical ventilation? (I'm talking no intubation, no sedation)" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23227" CreationDate="2020-04-14T16:07:02.300" Score="4" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), one of the possible treatment options for COVID-19 patients is il-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab, sarilumab). What is the rationale behind this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T23:47:25.323" Title="What is the rationale behind using Il-6 inhibitors to treat COVID-19 patients?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;cytokines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23226" CreationDate="2020-04-14T16:07:02.300" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis&lt;/strong&gt; (HLH) syndrome is a life-threatening condition commonly triggered by viral illness. It is caused by over-activated macrophages and low NK cell/cytotoxic T-cell activity, leading to increased cytokine release (cytokine storm) and organ failure. A non-exhaustive list of clinical features of this syndrome includes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fever&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;splenomegaly&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cytopenia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hypertriglyceridemia/hypofibrinogenemia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased ferritin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;macrophage phagocytosis of red blood cells in bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, or liver&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 infection seems to trigger a similar cytokine storm as HLH, as according to a Lancet paper[1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A cytokine profile resembling sHLH is associated with COVID-19 disease severity, characterised by increased interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interferon-γ inducible protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α, and tumour necrosis factor-α.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cytokine storm is classically treated with IL-6 receptor inhibitors such as tocilizumab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A preliminary study from China[2] has also shown that in a sample size 21 severe or critical COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab, 75% of patients needed oxygen therapy and there were no mortalities after 2 weeks of the study. Due to a low sample size and lack of control group, this is just an initial finding, but has prompted larger clinical trials on the efficacy of il-6 inhibitors for COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, two major U.S. clinical trials are being done on il-6 receptor inhibitors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals is evaluating &lt;strong&gt;sarilumab&lt;/strong&gt;[3]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Genentech (of Roche Group) is evaluating &lt;strong&gt;tocilizumab&lt;/strong&gt; in the COVACTA trial[4]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chinaxiv.org/abs/202003.00026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.news.sanofi.us/2020-03-16-Sanofi-and-Regeneron-begin-global-Kevzara-R-sarilumab-clinical-trial-program-in-patients-with-severe-COVID-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.news.sanofi.us/2020-03-16-Sanofi-and-Regeneron-begin-global-Kevzara-R-sarilumab-clinical-trial-program-in-patients-with-severe-COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.genengnews.com/virology/coronavirus/genentech-launches-phase-iii-trial-of-actemra-as-coronavirus-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.genengnews.com/virology/coronavirus/genentech-launches-phase-iii-trial-of-actemra-as-coronavirus-treatment/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T23:47:25.323" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T23:47:25.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23228" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5054" CreationDate="2020-04-14T18:25:24.813" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best place to find this answer is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Preventive Services Task Force&lt;/a&gt;. They are an &quot;independent, volunteer panel of national experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine&quot; who make recommendations for what kinds of routine care are &lt;em&gt;worth doing&lt;/em&gt; (in other words, do more good than harm) for what sorts of people (e.g. which age, sex, etc.). They give their recommendations &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/grade-definitions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grades&lt;/a&gt; based on how strong the evidence is and how substantial the benefit is. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They created an &lt;a href=&quot;https://epss.ahrq.gov/PDA/index.jsp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;app&lt;/a&gt; to filter the recommendations based on someone's age, sex, pregnancy status, tobacco use, and if they are sexually active. For a 30 year old male, here are the &lt;em&gt;blood tests&lt;/em&gt; that are recommended (and the answer to your question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade A (recommended with substantial benefit/certainty):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HIV screening &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Syphilis screening if at increased risk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Grade B (recommended with moderate benefit/certainty):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hepatitis B screening if at high risk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hepatitis C screening&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Tuberculosis screening if at increased risk&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19234" LastEditorUserId="19234" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T20:48:33.343" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:48:33.343" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23229" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23221" CreationDate="2020-04-14T18:57:20.380" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;And June news: that large study &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52929916&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was withdrawn&lt;/a&gt;. And there are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/covid-19-surgisphere-who-world-health-organization-hydroxychloroquine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;real questions&lt;/a&gt; if their data was real! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;May &lt;a href=&quot;https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hydroxychloroquine-shows-no-coronavirus-benefit-raises-death-risk-144240073.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;23 news (AFP)&lt;/a&gt; of a large study found no benefits and an increased risk of dying from treatment of Covid-19 with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study of nearly 100,000 coronavirus patients has shown no benefit in treating them with anti-viral drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine and even increased the likelihood of them dying in hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Chloroquine is an anti-malarial. Both drugs can produce potentially serious side effects, particularly heart arrhythmia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And neither drug benefitted patients hospitalised with COVID-19, according to a study published on Friday in The Lancet. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Looking at the records of 96,000 patients across hundreds of hospitals, they found that administering the drugs actually increased the risk of dying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;They compared outcomes from four groups: those treated with hydroxychloroquine alone, with chloroquine alone, and then two groups given the respective drugs in combination with antibiotics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There was also a control group of patients not given these treatments. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At the end of the study period around nine per cent of those in the control group had died. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of those treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine alone, 18 per cent and 16.4 per cent respectively had died. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;And those given each drug in combination with antibiotics were even more likely to die: 22.8 per cent with chloroquine and 23.8 per cent with hydroxychloroquine. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The authors estimated that the drugs put patients at up to 45 per cent higher risk of dying from COVID-19 compared with underlying health issues. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some additional expert commentary on this study on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/22/what-a-big-new-study-on-malaria-drugs-as-covid-19-treatments-tells-us-and-what-it-doesnt/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stat news&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The study is the largest observational study so far on the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat Covid-19; it combined data from 15,000 Covid-19 patients at  671 hospitals on six continents who were treated with the drugs. Those patients were compared to 81,000 patients who had Covid-19 but did not receive the drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Other observational studies have made comparisons in smaller populations. A study of 368 U.S. veterans also showed that the drugs might be potentially harmful. But two different studies each including 1,400 patients treated in New York during the Covid-19 pandemic showed no impact on mortality at all. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Adding more patients helps. But the problem is that, while researchers can control for risk factors that they know about, they can’t rule out that patients getting chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are dying for reasons they don’t understand that have nothing to do with the drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Still, the results don’t bode well for the malaria drugs as Covid-19 treatments. After controlling for risks such as weight, heart disease, and lung disease, the mortality rate in the control group was 9%. For those who received hydroxychloroquine, it was 18%; when an antibiotic was added, it was more than 20%. That’s not what would be expected if the drugs were highly effective treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(And thankfully, this latter piece of news has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31180-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link to the actual study&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Old (April) answer below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a pretty partial answer since several studies (including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-hydroxychloroquine-potential-therapy-covid-19-begins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a NIH one&lt;/a&gt;) are ongoing on CQ and HCQ (I'm assuming you'll accept answers about the latter too, as related enough).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NYT and various medical blogs have reported &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on a draft paper&lt;/a&gt; of Brazilian researchers highlighting that they stopped one (high-dose) arm of their trial. Quoting from the conclusions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CQ, despite being a safe drug used for more than 70 years for malaria,&#xA;  might be toxic in the dosages recommended by Chinese authorities (high dosage 10g, for 10&#xA;  days). Our study raises enough red flags to stop the use of such dosage (12g of CQ in total [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for safety details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;One patient developed severe rhabdomyolysis, and causality could be attributed to the virus&#xA;  or to CQ, which is already known to cause myolysis. Regarding cardiotoxicity and&#xA;  QTc over time, the variation in the QTc as compared to the baseline ECG increased more on&#xA;  days 2 and 3 in the high dose CQ arm, with both arms (low and high CQ) showing more&#xA;  similar QTc variations in the last three days of follow-up. Two patients in the high&#xA;  dose CQ arm evolved with ventricular tachycardia before death. This severe type of arrythmia is usually facilitated when QTc is prolonged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And they did a  Kaplan-Meier analysis too:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pz1wz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pz1wz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Time (in days) from randomization to death, in patients treated with each&#xA;  chloroquine dosage. The gray band represents the upper and lower limits of the confidence&#xA;  interval for lethality in hospitalized patients not receiving CQ obtained by the meta-analysis&#xA;  of the studies by Zhou et al. (Lancet, 2020) and Chen et al. (BMJ, 2020) (167/990 = 16.9%;&#xA;  95% CI 14.5-19.2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In term of efficacy (which I won't detail here) they've concluded that (up to day 6):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Major presented outcomes were not different between the arms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might also be useful to quote a bit more from their related-research section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Before the CloroCovid-19 trial began, to our knowledge, there were no published reports of&#xA;  robust clinical studies on the safety and/or efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) and/or&#xA;  hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for the treatment of COVID-19 during the recent 2020 pandemic.&#xA;  [...] We found three non-randomized studies with limited sample&#xA;  sizes in which (1) HCQ use led to a decrease in SARS-Cov-2 detected in respiratory&#xA;  secretions five days after treatment, together with azithromycin (France, 36 patients); (2)&#xA;  HCQ use shortened time to clinical recovery (China, 62 patients); and (3) CQ was superior to&#xA;  control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging&#xA;  findings, and promoting virus-negative conversion and shortening the disease course (China,&#xA;  100 patients). We found no published studies comparing different dosages of CQ/HCQ and&#xA;  their thorough safety assessment. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cmaj.ca/content/cmaj/early/2020/04/08/cmaj.200528.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CMAJ review&lt;/a&gt; posted a few days before that Brazilian paper came out. It mentions the same studies from China and France, as far as I can tell, and discusses the safety concerns from the general knowledge/perspective of CQ use in malaria etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the Chinese studies, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758v3.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wuhan one&lt;/a&gt; reported as adverse events (on 31 HCQ-treated patients) only&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;2 patients with mild adverse reactions in the HCQ treatment group [...]  one patient developed a rash, and one patient experienced a headache&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this was with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;5-day HCQ (400 mg/d) treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a much shorter &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32074550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;Breakthrough&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (yeah, that's a word from its title) paper on the Chinese studies, which alas covers a lot more of them, but it's pretty contrieved in just annoucing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A number of subsequent clinical trials [ChiCTR ids list] have&#xA;  been quickly conducted in China to test the efficacy&#xA;  and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in the&#xA;  treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in more&#xA;  than 10 hospitals in Wuhan, Jingzhou, Guangzhou,&#xA;  Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Ningbo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Thus far,&#xA;  results from more than &lt;strong&gt;100 patients&lt;/strong&gt; have demonstrated&#xA;  that chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control&#xA;  treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia,&#xA;  improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus negative&#xA;  conversion, and shortening the disease&#xA;  course according to the news briefing. &lt;strong&gt;Severe adverse&#xA;  reactions to chloroquine phosphate were not noted in&#xA;  the aforementioned patients.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More annoyingly, it says absolutely nothing about dosage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And as far as I can tell the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102549/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;French study&lt;/a&gt; does not mention any adverse reactions either. The dose administered was 600mg/day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1335.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ news/review&lt;/a&gt; (Apr 1) of this French paper says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although Raoult reported the results as positive, he excluded from the analysis six patients in the hydroxychloroquine arm because they had not remained in the study for six days. The reasons for non-completion were that one patient died, three were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), and two withdrew. None of the 16 patients in the control group died, withdrew, or needed care in an ICU. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eight days after his initial study, Raoult posted the results of an uncontrolled observational study of 80 patients. In that study one patient died and one remained in the ICU at the time of the report, putting the case fatality rate at 1.3% or 2.5%, depending on the outcome of the ICU patient. This compares with case fatality rates in Germany and the US of 0.9% and 1.8%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raoult did not respond to requests for an interview by &lt;em&gt;The BMJ&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another BMJ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1432&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;editorial&lt;/a&gt; published a week later is also quite critical of the CQ studies published thus far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently the protest/questions directed at the French paper have resulted in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.isac.world/news-and-publications/official-isac-statement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;official reaction&lt;/a&gt; from the journal board (this was mentioned in &quot;quick reactions&quot; the later BMJ piece)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Official Statement from International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial (Gautret P et al. PMID 32205204)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ISAC shares the concerns regarding the above article published recently in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (IJAA). &lt;strong&gt;The ISAC Board believes the article does not meet the Society’s expected standard, especially relating to the lack of better explanations of the inclusion criteria and the triage of patients to ensure patient safety.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite some suggestions online as to the reliability of the article's peer review process, the process did adhere to the industry's peer review rules. Given his role as Editor in Chief of this journal, Jean-Marc Rolain had no involvement in the peer review of the manuscript and has no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the manuscript's peer review process was delegated to an Associate Editor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although ISAC recognises it is important to help the scientific community by publishing new data fast, this cannot be at the cost of reducing scientific scrutiny and best practices. Both Editors in Chief of our journals (IJAA and Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance) are in full agreement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Andreas Voss&#xA;  ISAC President&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;April 3rd-2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Lancet&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30817-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;noted (on Apr 11)&lt;/a&gt; that contra France (and US/FDA), based on current data, the European Medicines Agency is not convinced CQ/HCQ has any role in treating Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also, &lt;a href=&quot;https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2764587/annals-call-covid-19-chloroquine-answer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;podcast discussion&lt;/a&gt; on Annals of Internal Medicine and &lt;em&gt;Science Translational Medicine&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2020/03/29/more-on-cloroquine-azithromycin-and-on-dr-raoult&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blog&lt;/a&gt; critical of the 2nd (draft) French study. The latter piece notes that at one point:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Raoult and several of his co-authors were banned from publishing in any ASM (American Society for Microbiology) journals for a year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.20060699v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;French study&lt;/a&gt; (not from the Raoult group) found that HCQ wasn't effective (or more precisely that the effect wasn't statistically significant--although just a preprint it was also &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/health/new-french-study-hydroxychloroquine/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;covered by CNN&lt;/a&gt; on April 15). The study also found some patients had to discontinue HCQ due to ECG changes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study included 181 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia; 84 received HCQ within&#xA;  48 hours of admission (HCQ group) and 97 did not (no-HCQ group). Initial severity was well&#xA;  balanced between the groups. In the weighted analysis, 20.2% patients in the HCQ group&#xA;  were transferred to the ICU or died within 7 days vs 22.1% in the no-HCQ group (16 vs 21&#xA;  events, relative risk [RR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.47–1.80). In the HCQ group, 2.8% of the patients&#xA;  died within 7 days vs 4.6% in the no-HCQ group (3 vs 4 events, RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.13–2.89),&#xA;  and 27.4% and 24.1%, respectively, developed acute respiratory distress syndrome within 7&#xA;  days (24 vs 23 events, RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.65–2.00). &lt;strong&gt;Eight patients receiving HCQ (9.5%)&#xA;  experienced electrocardiogram modifications requiring HCQ discontinuation.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Interpretation: These results do not support the use of HCQ in patients hospitalised for documented SARSCoV-2-positive hypoxic pneumonia. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The HCQ dose was 600 mg daily.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-06-04T23:03:18.007" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T23:03:18.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23230" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23225" CreationDate="2020-04-14T21:49:34.970" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously depends on the exact case at hand, but from what I know, non mechanical ventilation (ie. Venti mask, etc.) Is only used for very mild ARDS where there is fairly good oxygenation and the patient is hemodynamically stable (good blood pressure and heart rate), able to keep their airway open, no copious secretions, etc. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22020236&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22020236&lt;/a&gt;). In moderate or severe ARDS, intubation is usually used (most cases end up requiring at least some form of ventilation). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, you are absolutely correct. Mechanical ventilation is when there is pressure forcing air in, while non mechanical is not forcing any air in and rather providing more oxygen flow. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19343" LastEditorUserId="19343" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T22:22:42.420" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T22:22:42.420" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23231" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23225" CreationDate="2020-04-14T23:20:29.667" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify there are different types of ventilation where ventilation means to assist the delivery of oxygen to a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Without significantly increasing pressure in the airways&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Masks&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;high flow nasal cannula &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Positive airways pressure  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;CPAP&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;BPAP&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Negative Pressure Ventilation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Iron lungs&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Invasive Ventilation&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;intubation or tracheostomy delivered&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like you're asking when treating a case of ARDS when does one switch from using a mask/cannula to using CPAP/BPAP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/images/PULM/108315/Helmetinterface.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Several types of helmets are commercially available in Europe, each with different features. There are no helmets commercially available for use with NIV in the US, but one helmet is approved for use in bariatric chambers to protect against excessively high oxygen tensions. This graphic shows a representative image of helmet interface used to deliver noninvasive ventilation. Shown are ventilation ports for the administration and removal of gas flow and a rubber seal at the neck, while others have additional optional features including ports for the introduction of catheters and under-arm straps for extra security to ensure a tight seal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ARDS is by definition a severe illness and it's usually only at the very early stages that a patient can be managed using NIV positive airways pressure ventilation. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Noninvasive ventilation (NIV; ie, ventilation via a mask or nasal prongs with breaths delivered by a NIV device) may be reserved for the &lt;strong&gt;occasional patient with mild ARDS who is hemodynamically stable, is easily oxygenated, does not need immediate intubation, and has no contraindications to its use.&lt;/strong&gt; This approach is based upon our experience and conflicting data regarding the benefit of NIV (eg, prevention of intubation, improved mortality) in this population. Importantly, when NIV is implemented, frequent evaluation is necessary and clinicians should have a low threshold for intubation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are risks from such an approach&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In contrast, a study of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure, many of whom had ARDS, reported increased mortality in association with NIV when compared with patients treated with high flow nasal cannula (HFNC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at least some studies suggest that switching from masks/cannula to using positive airways pressure could increase mortality.  Whereas other studies suggest using a helmet may reduce the mortality and increase the number of days free of intubation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ventilator-management-strategies-for-adults-with-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ventilator-management-strategies-for-adults-with-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-14T23:46:21.633" LastActivityDate="2020-04-14T23:46:21.633" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23221" CreationDate="2020-04-15T04:42:44.503" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We now have some data from randomized studies that provide some indications of safety considerations when using Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine in the management of Covid-19.  The first study (non-peer reviewed) from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Main methods: From February 4 to February 28, 2020, 62 patients suffering from COVID-19 were diagnosed and admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. All participants were randomized in a parallel-group trial, 31 patients were assigned to receive an additional 5-day HCQ (400 mg/d) treatment, Time to clinical recovery (TTCR), clinical characteristics, and radiological results were assessed at baseline and 5 days after treatment to evaluate the effect of HCQ&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, these were 62 patients half of whom were only given 5 days of 400 mg of Hydroxychloroquine, which is a standard dose used in the management of rheumatic disease at approximately 5 mg/Kg,  400 mg/d (200 mg/bid) between days 1 and 5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's important to note the inclusion criteria here in particular&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;SaO2/SPO2 ratio &gt; 93% or PaO2/FIO2 ratio &gt; 300 mmHg under the condition in the hospital room (mild illness); &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, these were mildly affected patients who would have been expected to have a good outcome. Average age was 44.7 years (sd 15.3 years) with approximately even split in gender, so again a group expected to do well. Excluded were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;ol&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Severe and critical illness patients &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;among other criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this was an efficacy study, there were minor side effects noted in the treatment arm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Notably, a total of 4 of the 62 patients progressed to severe illness, all of which occurred in the control&#xA;  group not receiving HCQ treatment. For adverse effects, it should be noted that there were two patients&#xA;  with mild adverse reactions in the HCQ treatment group, one patient developed a rash, and one patient&#xA;  experienced a headache, none severe side effects appeared among them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next large study we have is from Brazilian Hospital &lt;em&gt;Hospital e Pronto-Socorro Delphina Rinaldi Abdel Aziz&lt;/em&gt; and is a&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;double-blinded, randomized clinical trial addressing different dosages of Chloroquine for the treatment of severe patients with COVID-19 in the absence of a control group using placebo. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The inclusion criteria included&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older at the time of inclusion, with respiratory rate&#xA;  higher than 24 rpm AND/OR heart rate higher than 125 bpm (in the absence of fever)&#xA;  AND/OR peripheral oxygen saturation lower than 90% in ambient air AND/OR shock&#xA;  (defined as mean arterial pressure lower than 65 mmHg, with the need for vasopressors&#xA;  medicines or oliguria or a lower level of consciousness) were included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, these were very sick patients.  Their age was slightly higher at average of 51.1 years (sd 13.9) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Annoyingly there is no placebo controlled arm due to &quot;ethical&quot; considerations, and we note that this study is very different from the Wuhan study in that it looks at &lt;strong&gt;severe&lt;/strong&gt; patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The high dose arm intended to give 12 g of Chloroquine over 12 days (Wuhan used 2 g over 5 days), and their low dose arm used 2.7 g over 5 days.  Both arms also used ceftriaxone and azithromycin as well, and their preliminary data used 81 patients from a predefined population size of 440.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the toxicity of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine at high dose with Qtc prolongation, and theoretically compounded with the co-administration of azithromycin, not unexpectedly Qtc prolongation was observed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Regarding cardiotoxicity and&#xA;  QTc over time, the variation in the QTc as compared to the baseline ECG increased more on&#xA;  days 2 and 3 in the high dose CQ arm, with both arms (low and high CQ) showing more&#xA;  similar QTc variations in the last three days of follow-up (Figure 2). Two patients in the high&#xA;  dose CQ arm evolved with ventricular tachycardia before death. This severe type of arrythmia&#xA;  is usually facilitated when QTc is prolonged. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was also evidence of myocardial injury in both arms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Occurrence of myocarditis (defined as CKMB higher than 2x the upper normal&#xA;  limit), which may be a final complication of severe sepsis or a lesion triggered by the virus&#xA;  itself, was seen in 2/24 (8.3%) patients (1 patient/arm). No echocardiogram was performed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By day 6, 4 of the low dose arm had died, and 7 of the high dose arm. Ventricular tachycardia was observed in 2 of the high dose arm deaths at total dose of 7.2 g of Chloroquine.  However, more patients with heart disease were randomized to the high dose arm, and there were 5 people over age 75 in the high dose arm, and none in the low dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the appearance of a cardiotoxicity signal as well as excess deaths, enrollment in the high dose arm was ceased and all patients were moved to the low dose arm.  However, there is no comparator arm going forwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their table 3 also has a mistake in that they state 4/41 died in the High Dose arm, and 7/40 in the low dose which is not what the conclusions state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update: 16 April 2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A review has just been pre-published looking at the safety of Hydroxychloroqine in combination with other drugs that points to the possible lethality of combination of hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Results: Overall, 956,374 and 310,350 users of hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine, and 323,122 and 351,956 users of hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine-amoxicillin were included. No excess risk of SAEs was identified when 30-day hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine use were compared. SCCS confirmed these findings. However, &lt;strong&gt;when azithromycin was added to hydroxychloroquine, we observed an increased risk of 30-day cardiovascular mortality (CalHR2.19 [1.22-3.94]), chest pain/angina (CalHR 1.15 [95% CI 1.05-1.26]), and heart failure (CalHR 1.22 [95% CI 1.02-1.45])&lt;/strong&gt; Conclusions: Short-term hydroxychloroquine treatment is safe, but addition of azithromycin may induce heart failure and cardiovascular mortality, potentially due to synergistic effects on QT length. We call for caution if such combination is to be used in the management of Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update: 22 April 2020&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A VA review looked at 386 VA patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin vs with neither until 11th April 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;performed a retrospective analysis of data from patients hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in all United States Veterans Health Administration medical centers until April 11, 2020. Patients were categorized based on their exposure to hydroxychloroquine alone (HC) or with azithromycin (HC+AZ) as treatments in addition to standard supportive management for Covid-19. The two primary outcomes were death and the need for mechanical ventilation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there appeared to be worse outcomes for those on HC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: A total of 368 patients were evaluated (HC, n=97; HC+AZ, n=113; no HC, n=158). Rates of death in the HC, HC+AZ, and no HC groups were 27.8%, 22.1%, 11.4%, respectively&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A weakness of the study was that it was retrospective review of outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Safety of hydroxychloroquine, alone and in combination with azithromycin, in light of rapid wide-spread use for COVID-19: a multinational, network cohort and self-controlled case series study&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.20054551v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758v3.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758v3.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-21T23:31:37.280" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T23:31:37.280" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23225" CreationDate="2020-04-15T08:42:45.920" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;note- I won't accept my own answer, as discussion with others here has helped contribute to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a lay person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having discussed this with people, I now see there is some confusion in the question, which if cleared up, would make for a clearer question. To address the confusion, the question asks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;When somebody has ARDS, when is non-mechanical ventilation used, vs&#xA;  mechanical ventilation? (I'm talking no intubation, no sedation)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One person I spoke to has said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All ventilators are mechanical. And when people say mechanical, hands-free is meant - not manual. Machine operated. And a ventilator would be forcing air in at set intervals. (Note- there are CPAP machines that give a continuous supply of air, but they are not ventilators. &lt;a href=&quot;https://geekymedics.com/cpap-vs-niv-bipap&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://geekymedics.com/cpap-vs-niv-bipap&lt;/a&gt; ) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Masks being fed a steady air supply wouldn't be ventilators. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HFNC - not a ventilator. (it doesn't force air in at set intervals).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NRB - not a ventilator&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NIV e.g.(NIPPV/NPPV or NPV) - are ventilators   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BVM &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org/store/disposable-bvm-bag-valve-mask-adult-size/760002.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.redcross.org/store/disposable-bvm-bag-valve-mask-adult-size/760002.html&lt;/a&gt;  wouldn't be considered a ventilator 'cos it's hand operated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, regarding the term &quot;mechanical ventilator&quot; I think it's not really used much as the qualifier doesn't add anything, as when somebody says ventilator, they mean that hands free  machine device forcing air in in a timed manner, it's a machine, hands free, not manual. The term &quot;mechanical ventilator&quot; gets 523K results on google.  The term &quot;mechanical ventilation&quot; gets 6.6 million results.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term ventilation is not particular to medicine and means supplying air to some enclosed space. Medicine does have non-mechanical ventilation. A Bag Valve Mask &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask&lt;/a&gt;  would be a form of manual ventilation.  And as that link mentions, you also have  &quot;mouth to mouth ventilation&quot;, whicj would also be manual. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of English, machines that don't force air e.g. HFNC would not be ventilation devices 'cos it helps get oxygen in, rather than helps with breathing(getting air in/out). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A BPAP or CPAP machine for sleep apnea machine that does a bit of the work of breathing, could perhaps be a ventiation device. But not a ventilator. A ventilator is capable of handling a person's breathing completely. Like a sleep apnea BPAP machine but with more power.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specific to medicine, is the term &quot;mechanical ventilation&quot;, a form of respiratory therapy, with ventilators. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.resmed.co.uk/healthcare-professional/respiratory-care/respiratory-therapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.resmed.co.uk/healthcare-professional/respiratory-care/respiratory-therapy/&lt;/a&gt; And when they speak of non-invasive ventilation, they talk of non-invasive ventilators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question could be split into the question about mechanical ventilators, and a question of, when somebody has ARDS, when are they moved from HFNC or NRB, to NPPV and eventually perhaps to an (invasive) ventilator(i.e. ventilator with intubation).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19340" LastEditorUserId="19340" LastEditDate="2020-04-21T14:49:20.233" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T14:49:20.233" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-15T09:27:16.043" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;Had there been any research conducted on the correlation between expected daily indoor room temperatures of countries and coronavirus activity like daily new cases, mortality, and severity for the last 2 months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If most of coronavirus transmission occurs indoors, then the question of indoor temperature effect on the virus seems to be very relevant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Poor, or countries with devastated electrical systems, who cannot afford to have effective air conditioning would have their indoor temperatures more likely higher than other countries, and it appears that those countries are fairing better than the other countries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, had there been any research for other viruses of the corona family regarding that correlation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any research on that area?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19321" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T09:27:16.043" Title="Correlation between indoor temperatures and corona virus activity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-15T13:13:11.673" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many immunotherapy papers introduce Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) as an emerging modality of immunotherapy, and the following is one example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Marin-Acevedo, Julian A et al. “Cancer immunotherapy beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors.” &lt;em&gt;Journal of hematology &amp;amp; oncology&lt;/em&gt; vol. 11,1 8. 12 Jan. &lt;strong&gt;2018&lt;/strong&gt;, DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5767051/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1186/s13045-017-0552-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I find it difficult to understand why ADCs are regarded as 'immunotherapy'. If cancer-killing effect is achieved by the cytotoxin (payload) in ADC, isn't it just a targeted therapy (small-molecule therapy like Sunitinib or Sorafenib) with elaborate carriers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or, does the antibody part in ADC actually have therapeutic effects as well? Are they more than just carriers? If so, are there any papers which discuss this? I do not have a biology or immunology background so I may be missing a lot in terms of immunological mechanisms, I'd appreciate any insights or opinions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19347" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T08:57:44.417" Title="Why is Antibody-Drug Conjugate regarded as Immunotherapy?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-04-15T14:17:52.200" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is being done. The Czech Republic is currently preparing such a study }to begin on the 20th April) to find out the number of asymptomatic patients to better predict the future evolution of the number of infected people. A bit older source in English &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.expats.cz/coronavirus-in-the-czech-republic/czech-covid-19-central-control-team-plans-blanket-testing-in-sample-of-prague-population/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.expats.cz/coronavirus-in-the-czech-republic/czech-covid-19-central-control-team-plans-blanket-testing-in-sample-of-prague-population/&lt;/a&gt; Much more updated information exists in Czech &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/prazdniny-podle-prymuly-v-ceskem-hotelu-s-vylety-po-hradech-a-bez-festivalu-99893&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/prazdniny-podle-prymuly-v-ceskem-hotelu-s-vylety-po-hradech-a-bez-festivalu-99893&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Testování vzorku 17 tisíc lidí v České republice na protilátky proti koronaviru začne v pondělí 20. dubna, do dalšího pondělí budeme znát výsledky.&quot; &quot;Testing of the sample of 17 thousand people in the Czech Republic for antigens against coronavirus will begin on Monday 20th April. By the next Monday we will know the results.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17979" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T14:17:52.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23236" CreationDate="2020-04-15T19:55:28.093" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's called immunotherapy because it uses an antibody which has been engineered to attack an immune target. These antibodies are collected from animals after immunizing them, or, synthesised using phages. It's a complex protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the other hand the other drugs you mentioned are small molecules that can be synthesized without the use of phages or animals. Usually any drug company can make these whereas antibody based drugs need biological soups costing millions of dollars to manufacture hence their expense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.proteogenix.science/scientific-corner/antibody-production/antibody-synthesis-development-new-drugs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.proteogenix.science/scientific-corner/antibody-production/antibody-synthesis-development-new-drugs/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T19:55:28.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23210" CreationDate="2020-04-15T22:33:58.923" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of hospitals are not currently performing elective surgeries because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Operating rooms and PACUs (post-anesthesia care units) have been converted to take care of patients with COVID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Staffing shortages due to reassignments to COVID-related units&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shortages of PPE (e.g. gowns) that are needed to perform surgery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unnecessary risk of coronavirus transmission to staff and patients performing/receiving these procedures and surgeries&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can review these considerations in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facs.org/covid-19/clinical-guidance/patient-guide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent guidance by the American College of Surgeons&lt;/a&gt; in the section titled &quot;Why are surgeries being postponed?&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hospitals make a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/clinical-care/ahrq-surgical-admissions-bring-48-hospital-revenue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;substantial amount of their revenue&lt;/a&gt; from procedures and surgeries, and they have a financial incentive to perform them. They will decide to perform them based on the availability of 1-3 (space, staff, equipment) and their own balancing of the risk of virus transmission (some may prioritize revenue, others may prioritize safety).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19234" LastEditorUserId="19234" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T20:32:31.170" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:32:31.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-15T22:35:43.853" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any bad effects from taking prednisolone tablets (solupred) with omega 3 in case of an MS attack? I googled and I found out that there are no interaction between them. I'm curious to know if mixing omega 3 and prednisolone has side effects, complications, or any other bad effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="3676" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T20:22:16.673" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T20:27:36.910" Title="What are the side effects of taking Omega 3 with steroids during an MS attack?" Tags="&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23246" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-15T23:20:12.810" Score="2" ViewCount="288" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to research research conducted in Wuhan and published on April 9 in following article,&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30369-0/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30369-0/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;, out of 26 autopsies conducted on people who died of Covid-19, nine of which had acute kidney injury, seven were found to have clusters of coronavirus particles with distinctive spikes in the tubular epithelium and podocytes on electron microscopy. In addition, immunostaining with SARS-CoV nucleoprotein antibody was shown to be positive in tubules.&#xA;Other case reports indicating extra-pulmonary involvement have surfaced including hepatitis, myocarditis along with arrhythmias, and thromboses. I have not seen any histopathology reports indicating direct viral infection of other organ systems besides lung and kidney, but the above would seem to suggest that there should be a viremic phase associated with this illness.&#xA;Have there been any studies of blood viral loads or qualitative pcr measurements taken of hospitalized patients with this illness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19072" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T00:56:07.330" Title="How often does viremia occur with Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23247" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21314" CreationDate="2020-04-15T23:52:35.400" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The current &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/disposition-in-home-patients.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommendations of the US Centers for Disease Control&lt;/a&gt; (CDC) depend on whether testing is available and has been done. They offer two criteria, the first is non-test-based and the second is test-based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For persons who have not been tested, the recommended criteria are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Persons with COVID-19 who have symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; and were directed to care for&#xA;  themselves at home may discontinue isolation under the following&#xA;  conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At least 3 days (72 hours) have passed since recovery defined as resolution of fever without the use of fever-reducing medications and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Improvement in respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath); and,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;At least 7 days have passed since symptoms first appeared.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those who have been tested, the criteria are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Persons who have COVID-19 who have symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; and were directed to care&#xA;  for themselves at home may discontinue isolation under the following&#xA;  conditions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;ul&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Resolution of fever without the use of fever-reducing medications and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Improvement in respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath) and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;li&gt;Negative results of an FDA Emergency Use Authorized molecular assay for COVID-19 from at least two consecutive nasopharyngeal swab&#xA;  specimens collected ≥24 hours apart*** (total of two negative&#xA;  specimens). &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;***All test results should be final before isolation is ended. Testing guidance is based upon limited information and is subject to change as&#xA;  more information becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that COVID-19 is a new disease with many unknowns and therefore the recommendations above can and probably will change as more is learned, so anyone using this answer to make a decision should visit the CDC link I provided at the beginning of this answer before making that decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-04-15T23:52:35.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23246" CreationDate="2020-04-16T00:30:44.907" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was this one study I was able to find (although it seems to just be a single case report), where an infant was found to have COVID-19 viremia. They did RT-PCR on blood samples on day 2 after admission and were able to find the cycle threshold (Ct) as 32.9-33.9. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/research-kam-clininfectdis_awellinfantwith-coronavirus.pdf?la=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/research-kam-clininfectdis_awellinfantwith-coronavirus.pdf?la=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(the link to the full original report is also available in the pdf above, but most of the key points can be found under the section titled &quot;One-Minute Summary&quot;) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19343" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T00:30:44.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23249" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23246" CreationDate="2020-04-16T00:56:07.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was more of a study to see whether virus could be detected at different sites. 39 patients were tested. Interestingly those who were viremic didn't test positive to swabs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that SARS-CoV-2 can attach to ACE2 receptors and these are found on macrophages. There's also some speculation based on modelling that it binds to hemoglobin impairing oxygen carriage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We found 15 patients who still carry virus following days of medical treatments. Of these patients, 8 were oral swabs positive (53.3%), 4 were anal swabs positive (26.7%), 6 blood positives (40%) and 3 serum positives (20%). Two patients were positive by both oral swab and anal swab, yet none of the blood positive was also swabs positive. Not surprisingly, all serum positives were also whole serum positive (Table 1). In summary, viral nucleotide can be found in anal swab or blood even if it cannot be detected in oral swabs. It should be noted that although swabs may be negative, the patient might still be viremic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T00:56:07.330" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-16T01:55:04.823" Score="4" ViewCount="129" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read the virus lives longer on metal / plastic surfaces about three days. When I go grocery shopping I rotate dry goods and canned goods such that the virus on the outside would be dead when I touch the packaging again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent articles about infections at meat packaging plants which are &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_packing_industry&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;refrigerated&lt;/a&gt; have popped up on my radar:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/health/2020/04/15/iowa-governor-cdc-usda-assistance-coronavirus-outbreaks-meatpacking-plants-tyson-foods/5137200002/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worries grow about health of employees in Iowa's meatpacking plants, impact on food supply&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-dakota-coronavirus-cases-smithfield-foods-plant-governor-kristi-noem-shuns-stay-at-home-order-2020-04-15/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;South Dakota meatpacking plant becomes nation's top coronavirus hotspot as governor shuns stay-at-home&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newsweek.com/coronavirus-cases-south-dakota-meatpacking-plant-surpass-540-make-55-percent-all-cases-state-1498121&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus Cases at South Dakota Meatpacking Plant Surpass 540, Make Up 55 Percent of All Cases in the State&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/apr/13/colorado-meatpacking-plant-closed-for-coronavirus-/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colorado meatpacking plant closed for coronavirus testing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kwwl.com/2020/04/15/tyson-foods-says-2-dead-after-virus-outbreak-at-columbus-junction-plant/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tyson Foods says 2 dead after virus outbreak at Columbus Junction plant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(No word on if employees wear PPE or undergo temperature check at beginning and ending of shift plus lunch break).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These recent news stories leads me to suspect the viral load in meat packing plants (aka slaughter houses in America or Freezing Houses in New Zealand) is higher due to refrigerated low air circulation environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so we may have to revert to pre-American Civil War methods where we buy meat direct from butcher who slaughters live cattle direct from farmer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make a long question short, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Is Coronavirus life extended by preservation in fridge and/or freezer?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-19T16:07:05.797" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T16:07:05.797" Title="Does the SARS-CoV-2 (Novel Coronavirus) live longer in a fridge or freezer?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23250" CreationDate="2020-04-16T01:55:04.823" Score="0" Body="&lt;h1&gt;YES Coronavirus lasts longer in fridge / freezer&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We put food in the fridge or freezer so it is preserved longer so in a way it makes sense the Coronavirus is also preserved longer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bgr.com/2020/04/10/can-coronavirus-live-in-freezer-refrigerator/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does coronavirus survive even longer in your fridge or freezer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T10:26:44.943" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-16T02:01:33.133" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say with CPAP you have the air infused with Oxygen.  I don't know if that's always the case but suppose that's the case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What then is the difference between a high flow device, like a HFNC, and a CPAP device?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both involve a continuous airflow&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that with HFNC it's just oxygen fed in, not air.  But i've also read that with HFNC there is humidification, which suggests to me that the oxygen is mixed with air. So which is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the difference that with CPAP the air isn't humidified?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And is it the case that HFNC involves PEEP and CPAP doesn't.. So, for example this link  &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/17/2/57/2907850&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/17/2/57/2907850&lt;/a&gt;  mentions that HFNC &quot;provides PEEP&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This link &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aast.org/Assets/5e4309dd-c952-4a56-b2c9-7060670a7573/635376719195570000/non-invasive-positive-pressure-ventilation-guideline-3-26-14-june-2014-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.aast.org/Assets/5e4309dd-c952-4a56-b2c9-7060670a7573/635376719195570000/non-invasive-positive-pressure-ventilation-guideline-3-26-14-june-2014-pdf&lt;/a&gt;  speaks of a machine and two pressures that can change. IPAP and EPAP. It says &quot;CPAP is active when IPAP = EPAP&quot;.  and &quot;Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP): provides two pressure levels, IPAP and EPAP &quot;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No doubt for BiPAP,  IPAP would be different to EPAP to lead to breath going in and out. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also says &quot;PEEP when IPAP &gt; EPAP&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So would that be indicating that CPAP doesn't involve PEEP, but HFNC does?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.criticalcarepractitioner.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-peep-positive-end-expiratory-pressure/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.criticalcarepractitioner.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-peep-positive-end-expiratory-pressure/&lt;/a&gt;   that PEEP ensures that the Alveoli don't collapse completely.. so, some inflow of air &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I get that BiPAP would adjust IPAP and EPAP.. and cause breathing to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But HFNC is meant to leave breathing down to the patient/user. So I don't really see that there is a difference between levels the pressures IPAP And EPAP, in the context of HFNC.. 'cos it maintains a constant pressure like CPAP does in that sense. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But then how can HFNC involve PEEP?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19340" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T02:01:33.133" Title="What is the difference between a high flow device, like a HFNC, and a CPAP machine? And how can HFNC involve PEEP?" Tags="&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;&lt;cpap&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-16T04:15:39.953" Score="-1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;What talk I've heard about deaths caused by prolonged lockdowns has focused on behavioral issues such as suicide, alcoholism, drug abuse, and domestic violence. What I want to know is, are there any estimates of how many will die or have seriously impaired health as a result of skipping or postponing &quot;inessential&quot; health care such as elective procedures, routine checkups, tests, and screenings? How many will die or suffer because they aren't getting colonoscopies, mammograms, lipids tests, dental cleanings, eye exams?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prior research: I searched this site with such keywords as &quot;lockdown&quot;, &quot;shutdown&quot;, &quot;quarantine&quot;, &quot;social distancing&quot;; didn't find anything relevant. By the way I'm a layman, no scientific training, have taken an elementary class in statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19339" LastEditorUserId="19339" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T05:27:08.603" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T13:11:10.540" Title="Health consequences of lockdowns" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21442" CreationDate="2020-04-16T04:27:56.463" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't really an answer since you have one already accepted but it postulates one possibility, noting that we are really in an evidence free zone.  If the mods think it's unacceptable they can delete it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The historical case fatality rate from variolation was 5%.  The case fatality rate from smallpox was on average 30%.  So, let's say approximately 15% of people using variolation got smallpox of whom 30% died to give us the case fatality rate of 5% from variolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now variolation was pretty crude.  Now the experts think that the inoculum needed to cause COVID-19 is about a few hundred - few 1000s of virions.  So applying the dose is going to be hit and miss.  Given that the skin isn't thought to be a major portal of infection, and the virus attacks monocytes and probably very little else in the skin, it may not be effective at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But let's say it's effective as smallpox, and we then get 15% of people who go on to develop clinical COVID-19.  So, that's 15% of the population of the USA 328M which is 49M who get COVID-19 from your &quot;vaccine&quot;  Assuming a case fatality rate of 1%, that's 492,000 deaths.  But these people are going to infect other people as well so you're still going to end up with 49M infected people which is more than you have now in the USA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/smallpox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/smallpox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="333" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T20:23:09.113" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:23:09.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23253" CreationDate="2020-04-16T13:11:10.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question is very broad but I can provide some insight into obesity and vaccinations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One concern is that childhood obesity (and potentially adult obesity) will worsen during this lockdown. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32227671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In a recent editorial&lt;/a&gt;, the author argues that children's physical activity will likely decrease during this lockdown and, with decreased access to school food, households will likely stock up on non-perishable foods that are dense in calories. In addition, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32227671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they cite&lt;/a&gt; previous research showing that children tend to gain weight during summer breaks, and the lockdown may worsen this phenomenon. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another concern in primary care is the inability for people to access routine vaccinations. In particular, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/measles/statement_missing_measles_vaccines_covid-19/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;millions of children&lt;/a&gt; are missing out on the measles vaccine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/09/us-measles-cases-hit-1234-brooklyn-outbreak-called-over&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In recent years there have already been outbreaks&lt;/a&gt; of measles due to decreased rates of vaccination, and so there is high risk for more outbreaks. One can generalize that adults may also be missing out on key vaccines such as pneumococcal pneumonia or shingles -- perhaps there will be increased rates of pneumonia or shingles as a result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, increases in both obesity and vaccine-preventable diseases can increase health risks and increase the risk of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T13:11:10.540" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23250" CreationDate="2020-04-16T14:49:11.170" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.beiresources.org/Portals/2/PDFS/Long-Term%20and%20Short-Term%20Stability%20of%20Viruses.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;It's true&lt;/a&gt; for practically every virus that they are viable for longer at lower temperatures. Unless they are cultured, storing [freeze dried] viruses below -20C is the only way to keep them viable for decades. (More typically they are held below -70C as a safety margin.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The ability to store viruses for long periods of time with minimal loss of viability is critical [well, for research]. Even more than most organisms, many&#xA;  viruses are fragile and degrade quickly unless stored at low temperatures. The ATCC® and BEI Resources collections offer a&#xA;  unique opportunity to study the stability of various viruses under different conditions. The ATCC® Virology Collection, which&#xA;  celebrates 50 years of operation in 2008, contains more than 2,500 different holdings spanning decades of storage time using&#xA;  many different storage methods. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the short and long-term viability of various&#xA;  holdings of influenza virus within the ATCC® collection, using virus stocks that had been grown and titered as long ago as 1968 (40&#xA;  years) up to as recently as 2007 (3 months). Influenza and parainfluenza viruses prepared from 1968 to 1992 were either in liquid&#xA;  form or were lyophilized, while preparations after 1992, were only stored in liquid form at -70°C or in vapor phase of liquid nitrogen&#xA;  (approximately -125°C). In addition, a prospective study was performed by holding viruses at -80°C, -20°C, 4°C, room temperature&#xA;  (~20°C) and 37°C for various lengths of time with periodic re-titration. All testing was performed in specific pathogen free&#xA;  embryonated chicken eggs in order to obtain the 50% chicken egg infectious dose (CEID50 ). Titers were then plotted and rate of&#xA;  decay (log of titer loss per unit time - D10 values) was calculated. When stored at -20°C, -70°C or in liquid nitrogen, most influenza&#xA;  and parainfluenza viruses maintained viability with no significant loss of titer over the study period. One influenza isolate was seen&#xA;  to lose approximately 1 log of titer over a 16 year period when stored at -70°C. This drop in viability opens the possibility of strain-to-strain differences in storage. &lt;strong&gt;Viruses stored at temperatures above -20°C showed a direct correlation between temperature and&#xA;  decay rate, with the virus stored at 37°C having the highest rate of decay.&lt;/strong&gt; From these data, we conclude that of the various&#xA;  methods employed at ATCC® and BEI Resources for the storage of virus preparations, storage in liquid form in the vapor phase of&#xA;  liquid nitrogen offers the benefits of simple, safe storage and excellent recovery [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An ancient giant virus was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/giant-virus-resurrected-from-30-000-year-old-ice-1.14801&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discovered&lt;/a&gt; in permafrost in 2014; it's estimated it had remained viable for 30,000 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Two years ago, Claverie and Abergel's team learned that scientists in Russia had resurrected an ancient plant from fruits buried in 30,000-year-old Siberian permafrost. “If it was possible to revive a plant, I wondered if it was possible to revive a virus,” says Claverie. Using permafrost samples provided by the Russian team, they fished for giant viruses by using amoebae — the typical targets of these pathogens — as bait. The amoebae started dying, and the team found giant-virus particles inside them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More relevantly, there have been such cases of viruses dangerous to us, like hepatitis or norovirus being found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-sampling-frozen-berries-harmful-viruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g. in frozen berries&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Frozen berries are used as ingredients in many foods and like other produce can be an important part of a healthy eating pattern. While frozen berries are used in pies and other baked goods, they are also used raw in fruit salads or smoothies and have been associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness. &lt;strong&gt;The FDA reported three hepatitis A virus outbreaks and one norovirus outbreak linked to frozen berries in the United States from 1997 to 2016.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But note that we didn't abandon using fridges for our food for this reason (that viruses are viable for a long time once frozen)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, since you mentioned Covid-19 outbreaks at meat factories, we usually cook meat before eating it, so most dagner is probably to factory workers rather than consumers. So far the FDA has not reported any outbreaks/clusters of Covid-19 as being caused by food sources. Additionally, they mention &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/food-safety-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Unlike foodborne gastrointestinal (GI) viruses like norovirus and hepatitis A that often make people ill through contaminated food, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a virus that causes respiratory, not gastrointestinal, illness. &lt;strong&gt;Foodborne exposure to this virus is not known to be a route of transmission.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="7455" LastEditDate="2020-04-18T23:07:05.590" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T23:07:05.590" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23261" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23262" CreationDate="2020-04-16T13:58:08.703" Score="3" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had tooth extraction in 2007. Dentist didn't use stitches just gave me a cotton told me to hold onto it with teeth. Bleeding last for 3-4 hours. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Usually, however, bleeding will &lt;strong&gt;almost completely stop within eight&#xA;  hours&lt;/strong&gt; of the surgery, ....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_extraction#Post-extraction_healing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do dental doctors allow patients to bleed if there is a alternative to it? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19364" OwnerDisplayName="Tim Jack" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-18T03:27:49.440" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T03:27:49.440" Title="Why don't dentists use stitches after doing a tooth extraction?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;coagulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23261" CreationDate="2020-04-16T15:35:02.550" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is not a black-and-white rule that no sutures are used in dental surgery. There are disadvantages to suturing, e. g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Clinical disadvantages of suturing: Although suturing postsurgically&#xA;  has many benefits, there are some disadvantages. Suture material that&#xA;  is braided can often act like a plaque trap and soak up bacteria. This&#xA;  is known as the &quot;wick effect.&quot; (3) Bacteria in close adherence to the&#xA;  wound site can cause infection and delayed healing. In addition,&#xA;  breakdown products from the absorbable suture material itself have&#xA;  been shown to cause an inflammatory reaction in the tissue in certain&#xA;  cases. (4) The length of surgery may also be increased, since&#xA;  suturing—especially in advanced cases—can be time-consuming and&#xA;  technical. Studies have shown that any increase in surgical time can&#xA;  also be correlated with an increase in the postoperative pain a&#xA;  patient may experience. (5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/16412251/alternative-to-suturing-reduces-surgical-time-for-dental-procedures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.perioimplantadvisory.com/clinical-tips/article/16412251/alternative-to-suturing-reduces-surgical-time-for-dental-procedures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Silverstein LH. Essential principles of dental suturing for the implant surgeon. Dent Implantol Update. 2005;16(1):1-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cohen ES. Sutures and suturing. In: Atlas of Cosmetic Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea &amp;amp; Febiger; 1994:9-30.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Manor A, Kaffe I. Unusual foreign body reaction to a braided silk suture: a case report. J Periodontol. 1982;53(2):86-88. doi: 10.1902/jop.1982.53.2.86.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lilly GE, Salem JE, Armstrong JH, Cutcher JL. Reaction of oral tissues to suture materials. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969;28(3):432-438.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ip HY, Abrishami A, Peng PW, Wong J, Chung F. Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(3):657-677. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181aae87a.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T15:38:51.803" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T15:38:51.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23264" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23341" CreationDate="2020-04-16T17:01:53.767" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;This was posted as a rapid communication on WHO's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/bulletin/online_first/20-255752.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bulletin&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;28 specimens of COVID-19 patients from the cruise with a 3 week quarantine&#xA;  period were collected in USA and Japan from February 10 to February 25, 2020. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;24 new viral mutations are present&#xA;  in 64.2% (18/28) patient samples in the cruise, and the virus has already evolved into at&#xA;  least five subgroups. Viral transmission occurred more commonly between these&#xA;  subgroups. Accelerated mutation and increased positive selection of SARA-CoV-2 are&#xA;  statistically significant during the quarantine (Tajima’s D: -2.03, p&amp;lt;0.01; Fu and Li’s D: -&#xA;  2.66, p&amp;lt;0.01; and Zeng’s E: -2.37, p&amp;lt;0.01). [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Conclusion: Despite the fact that the quarantine reduced infections, this study shows&#xA;  faster mutation of SARS-CoV-2 shipboard. This is also the first evidence that &lt;em&gt;de novo&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;  RNA recombination accelerates SARA-CoV-2 evolution under positive selection&#xA;  pressure. Therefore, health authorities need to revise quarantine protocols in close-quarter&#xA;  environments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any reactions to [the proposal/conclusion of] this paper from public-health authorities? Or is the phenomenon of rapid mutation in group quarantines known well enough not to be anything new/special about it occuring in Covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or in slightly more general terms, is this &quot;cool research&quot; but without much in the way of practical clinical implications (to quarantine etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T22:45:04.467" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T22:14:29.570" Title="Clinical implications of observed faster mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 in group quarantine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;non-pharmaceutical-interventions&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23265" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22936" CreationDate="2020-04-16T17:46:37.740" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1992 review&lt;/a&gt; the conclusion of release from a freezer is one obtained by elimination of alternatives:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Where was this virus for 27 years? The&#xA;  possible explanations include preservation in a frozen state,&#xA;  preservation in an animal reservoir, or retention in an&#xA;  integrated, as yet undetected form in the genetic material of&#xA;  a human or lower animal. The animal reservoir option is&#xA;  unlikely, for the accumulation of mutations would have&#xA;  continued. There is no evidence for integration of influenza&#xA;  genetic material into the host genome, leaving the most&#xA;  likely explanation that in 1977 the H1N1 virus was reintroduced&#xA;  to humans from a frozen source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.virology.ws/2009/03/02/origin-of-current-influenza-h1n1-virus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 (academic) blog&lt;/a&gt; the actual lab/source of the release was never found and the Chinese and Russians/Soviets strongly denied it came from one of their labs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This possibility has been denied by Chinese and Russian scientists, but remains to this day the only scientifically plausible explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T21:27:08.157" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:27:08.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23266" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-16T20:24:21.253" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;It looks like this community is already aware of the Stanford research on disinfection methods for N95 masks during the Covid-19 pandemic. For community members who have had a few masks stashed away (in California they're part of earthquake readiness) and who don't need to use them in medical settings, a small loss of efficiency is probably an acceptable risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dry heat at 70°C appears to have the least effect on performance.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Steam for a short period of time seems to be the next best option.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I unfortunately do not have access to the original article and table that I read, but here's a link to an article that references the research: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stanforddaily.com/2020/03/31/stanford-researchers-develop-potential-method-to-reuse-n95-respirators/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.stanforddaily.com/2020/03/31/stanford-researchers-develop-potential-method-to-reuse-n95-respirators/&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since most home ovens are not capable of holding a temperature as low as 70 °C, would a home sous vide system work?  The item is enclosed in a plastic bag and not directly subjected to moisture, but the bag is submerged in water at a constant temperature. If the mask is dried out before use, would that be sufficient? Are there any interactions I'm not taking into consideration (e.g. between the plastic bag material and the mask)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I appreciate your thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19359" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T20:24:21.253" Title="Sous vide as a possible disinfection method for industrial quality N95 masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23267" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22867" CreationDate="2020-04-16T20:46:48.700" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;To clarify the block quotes you posted, muscle soreness is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31958335&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rare negative side effect&lt;/a&gt; of isotretinoin. It is believed that the effects of isotretinoin depend on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/1069804-90352/what-is-the-dosing-schedule-for-isotretinoin-in-the-treatment-of-acne-vulgaris&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cumulative dose&lt;/a&gt; you have received (so, a high dose for a shorter period of time would be similar to a low dose for a longer period of time). The first block quote you are asking about is saying that the potentially negative effects on the musculoskeletal system are thought to be dependent on the cumulative dose, just like the positive effects on acne (so, longer courses, higher doses, and multiple courses all have increased effect because they result in higher cumulative doses). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second block quote you are wondering about is saying that some people require more of the drug than others to achieve remission of their acne, and they recommend waiting 8 weeks between courses so that the body completes the first course of the drug, which they say may take 8 weeks after the final dose is taken. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as why cumulative dose is the target ... from what I've read, that's just what was found in the clinical trials when the drug was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1460120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;being investigated&lt;/a&gt;. It appears that some researchers think the story is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26471145&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more complex&lt;/a&gt; than just cumulative dose, but that is what is used because that is what the clinical trials showed was most important in preventing relapse in real patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Guidelines for optimal use of isotretinoin in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(6 Pt 2):S2-7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rademaker M. Making sense of the effects of the cumulative dose of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(5):518-23.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19234" LastEditorUserId="19234" LastEditDate="2020-04-16T21:07:39.473" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:07:39.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23268" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-16T21:24:09.603" Score="2" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently it's been reported about a spanish politician who has been infected with covid-19 for over 5 weeks. Is this possible or does it have to be a re-infection? What's the longest known case of covid-19 infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T14:58:38.720" Title="What's the longest known case of covid-19 infection?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19076" CreationDate="2020-04-16T21:28:16.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.glaucoma.org/glaucoma/glaucoma-and-the-brain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.glaucoma.org/glaucoma/glaucoma-and-the-brain&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Researchers now view glaucoma as a disease of the brain — a neurodegenerative disease — rather than simply an eye disease. Recent research has shown that the complex connection between the eye and the brain is an important key to the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and more relevant links&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bing.com/search?q=Glaucoma+brain+cancer&amp;amp;qs=n&amp;amp;form=QBRE&amp;amp;sp=-1&amp;amp;pq=glaucoma+brain+cancer&amp;amp;sc=1-21&amp;amp;sk=&amp;amp;cvid=F60A28D249C24EC88DCE821B7110D442&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bing.com/search?q=Glaucoma+brain+cancer&amp;amp;qs=n&amp;amp;form=QBRE&amp;amp;sp=-1&amp;amp;pq=glaucoma+brain+cancer&amp;amp;sc=1-21&amp;amp;sk=&amp;amp;cvid=F60A28D249C24EC88DCE821B7110D442&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19357" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:28:16.463" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23271" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22936" CreationDate="2020-04-16T21:40:21.547" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have a more plausible reason for the reappearance in 1977 of H1N1.  The thesis is that a live attenuated version of H1N1 (LAIV) was used by Chinese scientists who innoculated several 1000s military recruits. It likely was not attenuated correctly and reverted to a more virulent form in-vivo leading to the epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Between 1962 and 1973, almost 40,000 children participated in eight LAIV trials in the USSR (13). Scientists at the Peking Vaccine and Serum Institute in China also carried out clinical trials using live vaccines during the same time period (1). Additionally, there are records of the mass production of a live H1N1 vaccine in Odessa, USSR, in 1977 (14, 15). In the early days of research in the 1940s, LAIVs were often able to regain virulence upon administration to humans and cause disease (16). In addition, many strains isolated from the 1977 outbreak (for example, the A/Tientsin/78/77 isolate) were temperature sensitive (ts), meaning that the virus could not replicate at higher temperatures. Temperature sensitivity generally occurs only after a series of laboratory manipulations, typical in generation of LAIVs, and is used as a biological marker of attenuation. While not all of the 1977-1978 strains were temperature sensitive, a comparison of all 1977 strains shows a higher prevalence of the ts phenotype than in 1950 strains, supporting the claim that the outbreak may have resulted from attempts at attenuation for vaccine purposes (1, 17). The possibility that the 1977-1978 strain could have resulted from a LAIV trial was also mentioned in a personal communication from C. M. Chu, renowned virologist and the former director of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences to Peter Palese, who described “the introduction of this 1977 virus [as] the result of vaccine trials in the Far East involving the challenge of several thousand military recruits with live H1N1 virus” (18). Whether this involved an ineffectively attenuated vaccine or a laboratory-cultivated challenge strain, the deliberate infection of several thousand people with H1N1 would be a plausible spark for the outbreak.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542197/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542197/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-16T21:40:21.547" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23192" CreationDate="2020-04-16T22:51:28.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The source you linked to says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a clinical evaluation, Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech reported the tests to be 61.8% to 94.4% sensitive, depending on the type of antibody that shows up in the test results. [...] For IgM antibodies, Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech reported an overall sensitivity of 61.8%, meaning that it may only accurately report a positive prior case of COVID-19 61.8% of the time. For IgG antibodies, Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech reported an overall sensitivity of 94.4%, meaning that these tests should accurately report a positive case of COVID-19 most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it were 94.4% (all the time) as you claimed in your post, it would be a different matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, per &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rawstory.com/2020/04/the-fda-lets-pretty-much-anyone-sell-a-covid-19-antibody-test-and-a-lot-of-them-are-shoddy-cnn/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent news&lt;/a&gt;, the antibodies tests are &amp;quot;disparaged&amp;quot; in the US because the FDA let anyone make them and didn't request data from the manufacturers as a prerequisite for approving them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On CNN Tuesday, senior medical correspondent Elizabeth Cohen warned that many of the antibody tests on the market for COVID-19 — the tests that show whether you are immune to the virus — are barely tested under the Food and Drug Administration’s new standards, and possibly ineffective. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The problem is, the FDA lowered the standards last month, and basically pretty much anyone can sell an antibody test,” continued Cohen. “&lt;strong&gt;They don’t even have to show that it works. All they have to do is say, hey, FDA, I want to sell this test and I validated it here in my city where I am. That’s all they have to do. They don’t have to show their data.&lt;/strong&gt;”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And after the backlash, there's some sort of review &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/14/health/fda-reverses-antibody-tests/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Scott Becker, CEO of the Association of Public Health Laboratories] said FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn told him and members of his association that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) would start reviewing tests that are on the market to see if they obtain correct results. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA did not respond to questions for this story, referring CNN to the NCI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of the media has incorrectly headlined these news as the FDA tightening the (approval) standards, but that doesn't seem to be actually happening yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO has now gone to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/who-issues-warning-on-coronavirus-testing-theres-no-evidence-antibody-tests-show-immunity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some length&lt;/a&gt; to explain their skepticism of the (rushed) antibodies tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“These antibody tests will be able to measure that level of serology presence, that level of antibodies, but that does not mean that somebody with antibodies” is immune, said Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, head of WHO’s emerging diseases and zoonosis unit. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Mike Ryan, executive director of WHO’s emergencies program, said scientists are also still determining the length of protection antibodies might give a person who has been infected with the coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Plus some of the tests have issues with sensitivity,” he added. “They may give a false negative result.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier this week, WHO officials &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/13/who-officials-say-its-unclear-whether-recovered-coronavirus-patients-are-immune-to-second-infection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; not all people who recover from the coronavirus have the antibodies to fight a second infection, raising concern that patients may not develop immunity after surviving Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from that earlier coverage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A preliminary study of patients in Shanghai found that some patients had “no detectable antibody response” while others had a very high response, said Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, WHO’s lead scientist on Covid-19. Whether the patients who had a strong antibody response were immune to a second infection is “a separate question,” she added. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ryan said there are questions about whether the virus can reactivate after a patient recovers and tests negative for Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's not the case that all such tests are flawed but that governments seem to pin a lot of hopes on them in terms of reopening their countries etc., which may or may not turn out justified given the present level of knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T16:28:15.967" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23275" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23276" CreationDate="2020-04-17T02:19:30.733" Score="1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the &quot;Opening Up America Again&quot; White House &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/v_2F0a9sjko?t=7798&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;presentation&lt;/a&gt; they showed this graph&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SOxqm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/SOxqm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How up-to-date is that precipitous drop though we can see there?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found the relevant &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC page&lt;/a&gt; (there's a similar graph half-way down the pretty long page), but they don't mention any delay in ILINet reporting, unlike &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/47265/has-the-number-of-pneumonia-deaths-in-the-us-dramatically-dropped-in-2020&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt; NVSS death reporting. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is it really the case that in the US as soon you go to a primary care physician, the CDC gets your influenza-like illness case report immediately, e.g. on the same or at most the next day? If not, what's the delay in reporting cases through ILINet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T03:27:31.467" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T03:27:31.467" Title="What is the delay in ILINet case reporting?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;center-disease-control&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23275" CreationDate="2020-04-17T03:26:32.243" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The data is collected over a week long period of people presenting with influenza like symptoms and reported once a week by fax or internet.  Clearly there will be a delay of some type if reporting is significant by fax.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ILINet providers report each week the total number of patients seen for any reason and the number of&#xA;  patient visits for ILI by age group (0-4 years, 5-24 years, 25-49 years, 50-64 years, &gt;64 years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This data is transmitted once a week via the Internet or fax to a central data repository at CDC. Most&#xA;  providers report that it takes them less than 30 minutes a week to compile &amp;amp; report their data. In&#xA;  addition, ILINet providers collect respiratory specimens from patients with ILI to send to the Missouri&#xA;  State Public Health Laboratory for testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/influenza/pdf/ilinet-program-description.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/influenza/pdf/ilinet-program-description.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T03:26:32.243" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23277" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23268" CreationDate="2020-04-17T05:46:26.210" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://taiwanenglishnews.com/man-spends-81-days-in-hospital-with-no-symptoms-of-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Taiwan English News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Man spends 81 days in hospital with no symptoms of COVID-19&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Taiwanese businessman who was put into a negative pressure isolation ward in January ,after breaching quarantine on his return from Wuhan, China, then testing positive for COVID-19, was finally released today, Taiwan’s Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC) confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;....&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 9, a member of the CECC specialist consultative group described the man’s case as the country’s most stubborn. The patient would return two negative tests in a row, then a positive. A few days later there would be another negative, then in recent days several weak positives in a row. It began to have an affect on the patient’s mental state, according to an article in Health and Hope&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;......&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health Minister and CECC head Chen Shih-chung (陳時中)  confirmed at a regular press conference today that the man had been discharged after an 81 day stay in isolation, and that he had been the longest hospitalized case in the country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eighty-one (81) days is the longest known case in Taiwan so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="734" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T14:58:38.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23300" CreationDate="2020-04-17T10:48:49.560" Score="3" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've come across papers that plot the duration of an epidemic&#xA;using a parameterized model, and papers that calculate the&#xA;expectation of the duration.  But I'm looking for how the&#xA;duration is defined.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least one paper gave indications that&#xA;it was taken to be the time at which the number of infected&#xA;individuals peak. I guess is OK if you consider that&#xA;epidemic isn't normally used to refer to the situation where&#xA;number of infected people decline starting from time zero, i.e.,&#xA;there is no period of growth.  I also guess that one way for this&#xA;to happen is if some experimental virus gets released, infecting&#xA;a lot of people locally, but it is not easily transmitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if there was a period of growth followed by decline, however, I&#xA;naturally think of duration as the width of the pulse.  For example,&#xA;optical pulse widths are often measured using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full width at half&#xA;maximum&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;So I'm wondering if there is a commonly accepted formal definition&#xA;that recognizes the end time of the epidemic, e.g., perhaps based on&#xA;how near it gets to steady-state conditions (notionally at time&#xA;infinity) or some other intuition-motivated criterion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13007" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T16:08:16.990" Title="How is the duration of an epidemic defined?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23279" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23282" CreationDate="2020-04-17T11:46:55.830" Score="4" ViewCount="136" Body="&lt;p&gt;Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to inhibit ENaC channels. I found studies that show that this drug &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579546&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;increases calcium reabsorption dependent on luminal pH&lt;/a&gt;, but what is the mechanism behind this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T20:12:44.650" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T20:12:44.650" Title="How does amiloride increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;renal&gt;&lt;diuretics&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22936" CreationDate="2020-04-17T11:53:15.207" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found this in Wikipedia long ago although might not be what you're looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The 1977–1978 Russian flu epidemic was caused by strain Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). It infected mostly children and young adults under 23; because a similar strain was prevalent in 1947–57, most adults had substantial immunity. Because of a striking similarity in the viral RNA of both strains – one which is unlikely to appear in nature due to antigenic drift – it was speculated that the later outbreak was due to a laboratory incident in Russia or Northern China, though this was denied by scientists in those countries. The virus was included in the 1978–79 influenza vaccine.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b1978_09.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b1978_09.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19247" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T11:53:15.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-17T13:40:03.350" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's a question to which I've not been able to get clear answer to date, after researching widely online, and also consulting multiple doctors and ENTs: Is it normal, when lying in a horizontal position, to always have one side of one's nose blocked off and not passing air, swapping sides on a time scale similar to the nasal cycle? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cycle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasal cycle&lt;/a&gt; is well-known but is not said to be related to lying in a horizontal position. It is said to be distinct from pathological &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nasal congestion&lt;/a&gt; and obstruction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary: What proportion of people experience total one-sided nasal obstruction when lying horizontal (majority of people, or otherwise)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19365" LastEditorUserId="19365" LastEditDate="2020-04-18T13:40:27.233" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T15:28:19.317" Title="One-sided nasal obstruction while lying normal?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;nasal-congestion&gt;&lt;deviated-nasal-septum&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="15" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23279" CreationDate="2020-04-17T16:06:05.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding calcium transport in the kidney:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In contrast with the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of&#xA;  the loop of Henle, the distal tubule reabsorbs calcium exclusively via&#xA;  the transcellular route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/j2XNY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/j2XNY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491294/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491294/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, calcium availability in blood (and hence for filtration in the kidney) is dependent on pH - higher pH will increase binding of calcium to albumine (this is happens e. g.  in plasmapheresis when EDTA is added to your blood to prevent coagulation outside of your body); see also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)57007-5/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)57007-5/pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and connecting tubule (CNT),&#xA;  acidosis effects the expression of TRPV5, but also the luminal H+&#xA;  concentration has direct effects on TRPV5 activity (H+ inhibits). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Consequently, bicarbonaturia, by increasing luminal pH increases TRPV5&#xA;  activity. There is debate as to whether there is significant calcium&#xA;  reabsorption from the collecting duct. However, α intercalated cells&#xA;  in this segment, when unable to secrete protons such as with dRTA,&#xA;  will fail to acidify the urine altering the solubility of calcium&#xA;  salts. In the proximal tubule, a high pH inhibits citrate reabsorption&#xA;  (as observed in pRTA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Patients with dRTA have long been appreciated to also have a disorder&#xA;  of sodium wasting.73 The molecular details of how the vacuolar&#xA;  H+-ATPase in the collecting duct contributes to sodium reabsorption&#xA;  were recently described. In combination with pendrin and Slc4A8, the&#xA;  H+-ATPase mediates thiazide-sensitive sodium reabsorption through the&#xA;  β-intercalated cell under situations of volume depletion.72,88,89&#xA;  Mutations in either disease causing subunits would therefore prevent&#xA;  transcellular sodium reabsorption via this mechanism. Consequently,&#xA;  patients with mutations in the H+-ATPase would be prone to volume&#xA;  contraction and, as has been suggested for mutations in NCC, have&#xA;  increased proximal tubular sodium and consequently calcium&#xA;  reabsorption. Thus, if volume contracted, these patients would further&#xA;  attenuate hypercalciuria induced by metabolic acidosis. However, it&#xA;  should also be noted that volume contraction could exacerbate&#xA;  nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis by decreasing urinary flow&#xA;  resulting in increased urine supersaturation of calcium, phosphate, or&#xA;  oxalate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118493/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118493/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-17T16:22:48.653" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T16:22:48.653" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23283" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-17T18:00:34.780" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;this skin lesion is related to a 29-year-old girl who suffered from a carbuncle in the left  lower quadrant skin of abdomen about 10 years ago then replaced it with outpatient surgery and used antibiotic therapy and has now developed a wound with no pain.&#xA;in deep touch the lesion is mobile and painless 5 mm mass.&#xA;what it can be? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCK4x.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lCK4x.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4wbRw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BQciv.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19367" LastActivityDate="2020-04-17T18:00:34.780" Title="skin lesion: outpatient surgery and used antibiotic therapy diagnosis for a scars or ...?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-17T18:43:13.387" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23286" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23292" CreationDate="2020-04-17T22:13:14.173" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I feel I am missing something.  If one has COVID-like symptoms, they should self-quarantine, seeking medical care if the symptoms get to a certain point.  If one has no symptoms, but came into contact with someone who either has symptoms or a positive COVID-19 test, then the same holds true.  So, from a personal perspective, why get tested at all?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tests are not perfect, and getting a test one day doesn't protect one from being unknowingly exposed the &lt;em&gt;following&lt;/em&gt; day.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17578" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T16:53:16.243" Title="What's the point of COVID-19 testing (for an individual)?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-04-18T22:30:49.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23288" CreationDate="2020-04-18T00:40:28.173" Score="0" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found these x-rays (&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/open?id=1KppMJotJki5sQ9OgyVGYKkNR0bjF_QJo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/open?id=1DN8n4bfcfszX3m5SVIh-llx_ms4fE3iv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;two&lt;/a&gt;) in a box of stuff from my mother, and I know she had broken her arm in 1939 when she was 6:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RUma3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RUma3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are these x-rays consistent with a girl of her age?  Does the number on the image contain any information that would narrow down when the x-rays were taken?  (yes she was living in Denver)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19370" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T01:36:31.393" Title="Are these x-rays consistent with a broken arm on a 6-year-old girl?" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23288" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23287" CreationDate="2020-04-18T01:36:31.393" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;X-rays normally contain identification &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_marker&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;markers&lt;/a&gt; to indicate the side, the date, possibly name and other information.  It looks like you've cut part of the x-rays off but it looks like there's a treating MD's name at the top.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The date could be 9th August 1939, and the 1636 a clinic ID or something else.  It's not a timestamp as it's the same in both x-rays.  The L means left arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It clearly is an x-ray of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-13-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;greenstick fracture&lt;/a&gt; of the distal radius in a child, because the epiphyses have not yet fused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T01:36:31.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-18T01:47:46.807" Score="2" ViewCount="148" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been a number of well recognised super spreader events such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/31-south-korea-sudden-spike-coronavirus-cases-200303065953841.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patient 31&lt;/a&gt; in South Korea where a member of the church called Shincheonji was thought to have spread the disease to 30-40 others in a church meeting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the evidence now point to the virus also being spread from the Huanan market as well as a super-spreader event rather than created there amongst the bats and other animals?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T03:52:58.463" Title="Was the Huanan wet market a super spreader event instead of ground zero for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23286" CreationDate="2020-04-18T16:53:16.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because you have to remember that coronavirus is just something added to all the different diseases that existed 6 months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are tons of bacteria, virus, fungi whose infection could resemble COVID-19 sindrome (i remind you that symptoms can vary and the same symptom can present differently in different patients) that can be treated with simple antibiotics therefore avoiding strict quarantine for that person (and all the related family)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;tests are not perfect you are right they are only truthful 90%,95%,99% of times therfore giving a pretty precise estimation of whats happening in the population and all related statistics (on which all the prevention is based, the government decisions ecc...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously the test is just a &quot;screenshot&quot; of what's happening in a certain person in a specific time and the optimal situation would be take the test every day for every person butsince that is not feasable 1 test every few weeks (or at least one) is good enough still leaving test kits available for people that need a more precise evaluation of the sistuation (people infected, in hospitals, in retirement homes...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;p.s. the so called &quot;personal perspective&quot; in a pandemic is not worth considering since a lot of the decisions taken from my personal perspective do not make any sense but are extremely important from the community perspective (example: &quot;why on hell shouldn't I go outside if there is nobody out there to get the virus from?&quot; makes sense for me as a single but it's deleterious from the society perspective)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19374" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T16:53:16.243" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23143" CreationDate="2020-04-18T19:17:45.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oral antibiotics (traditionally tetracyclines) have been found effective for treating acne for many years. Two major mechanisms inlcude:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inhibiting the growth of &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;anti-inflammatory effect (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8002645&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inhibits granuloma formation&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, antibiotic resistance is a major concern, which is why oral antibiotics are generally prescribed for shortest duration possible (3-4 months) with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897386&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;topical retinoids for maintenance therapy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Resistance to tetracyclines was thought to be rare, but studies have begin finding &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28218057&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;resistant strains&lt;/a&gt;, so strong &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/core-elements/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibiotic stewardship&lt;/a&gt; will be vital for maintaining oral antibiotic efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personal thoughts: Antibiotics most likely never completely eradicate a bacterial population, but by bringing down the bacterial load, you enable your immune system to maintain the remaining bacteria at a low enough level to avoid clinical symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-18T19:17:45.170" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23295" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23289" CreationDate="2020-04-18T23:19:55.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably so because a number of the first [set of] cases identified were &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not related&lt;/a&gt; to the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GrjRl.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/GrjRl.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23126/why-were-so-many-covid-19-negative-tests-among-close-contacts-of-the-early-chine&quot;&gt;related question here&lt;/a&gt;, the early Chinese PCR tests for this new virus seem quite insensitive (unless there was some deliberate coverup of the true results), so that they could not find anyone asymptomatic who was a virus carrier in early January. Thus the actual transmission chains in those early days are probably going to remain mysterious to a good extent, unless antibodies can help retrospectively answer it now, which seems doubtful with all the other infection sources in Wuhan that those people may have been exposed to in the meantime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/18/patient-zero-covid-19-pandemic-may-never-found/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comments&lt;/a&gt; on that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“If we look at the first 42 cases published in academic journals, around ten have no history of going there [to the market]. This is a very important hint that the market may not be the origin of this infection,” [Chen Chien-jen] said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“When we try to trace back to the [index] case it is very difficult. If the case had a mild disease you can never find it.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And what we seem to know &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/italy-patient-one-family-coronavirus-covid19/610039/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;from Italy&lt;/a&gt; in term of super-spreaders:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient One—for privacy reasons, we know just his first name, Mattia—spent weeks on a ventilator before he could breathe on his own again, and was released from the hospital only on March 22. In Italy, Mattia is most often portrayed as a success story, a story of resilience, in a country where more than 21,000 people have died from the coronavirus and some good news is needed. “Mattia teaches us that you can also recover from serious illness,” Raffaele Bruno, the head of infectious diseases at the San Matteo Hospital in Pavia, where Mattia was treated, told me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But his story is also in some ways unsettling. While Mattia was still in the hospital, his father died of COVID-19, and his wife, nearly eight months pregnant, tested positive as well, though she eventually recovered. Mattia turned out to be a “super-spreader” who infected scores of others, including people in his amateur soccer league, and at the hospital where he was diagnosed. His is a cautionary tale of asymptomatic contagion and the unpreparedness of hospitals. In an audio message after his release, Mattia urged his fellow Italians to stay inside, and said he was lucky to have been treated in the early days of the outbreak, before Lombardy started running low on ventilators. (Officials believe Italy’s Patient Zero, the first person to have brought COVID-19 to the country, is likely a German who traveled to northern Italy around January 25.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news in the same vein (the Guardian, March 17)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The first case of someone suffering from Covid-19 can be traced back to 17 November, according to media reports on &lt;em&gt;unpublished&lt;/em&gt; Chinese government data.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report, in the South China Morning Post, said Chinese authorities had identified at least 266 people who contracted the virus last year and who came under medical surveillance, and the earliest case was 17 November – weeks before authorities announced the emergence of the new virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Chinese government was widely criticised over attempts to cover up the outbreak in the early weeks, including crackdowns on doctors who tried to warn colleagues about a new Sars-like virus which was emerging in the city of Wuhan in Hubei province.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data obtained by the Post, which &lt;strong&gt;the Guardian has not been able to verify&lt;/strong&gt;, said a 55-year-old from Hubei province could have been the first person to contract Covid-19. For about one month after that date there were one to five new cases reported each day, the report said, and by 20 December there were 60 confirmed cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Official statements by the Chinese government to the World Health Organisation reported that the first confirmed case had been diagnosed on 8 December.&lt;/strong&gt; Doctors who tried to raise the alarm with colleagues about a new disease in late December were reprimanded. Authorities did not publicly concede there was human-to-human transmission until 21 January.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jonathan Mayer, professor emeritus at the University of Washington’s department of epidemiology, said &lt;strong&gt;it was “entirely conceivable” there were cases as early as mid-November.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He said there were three possibilities: that cases weren’t detected at the time, that they were detected but not recognised as a new disease, or they were detected and recognised but reporting was suppressed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“I have no way of knowing which of these possibilities in fact happened,” Mayer told the Guardian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We know that there are reports of early suppression of reports of cases, and the ‘whistleblowers’ dealt with rather severely. But &lt;strong&gt;in fairness, the signs and symptoms of Covid-19 are non-specific and even now, without confirmatory testing, it is easy to mistake this for another disease.”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mayer said it was &lt;strong&gt;highly improbable that patient zero would ever be identified&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And no, genetic analyses are unlikely to provide a deep clue into this (market issue). What the PNAS paper mentioned in the other other answer actually says (without ever discussing the market) is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A complex founder scenario is one possibility, and a different explanation worth considering is that the ancestral Wuhan B-type virus is immunologically or environmentally adapted to a large section of the East Asian population, and may need to mutate to overcome resistance outside East Asia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors of this paper appear have made somewhat stronger statements to the press, e.g. to Newsweek:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He said it is possible the outbreak did not originate in Wuhan, as until January 17, almost all the isolates were type B. In Guangdong, a province about 500 miles from Wuhan, seven of the 11 isolates were type A. &amp;quot;These case numbers are small because few genomes are available for the early stage of the outbreak, before the Chinese New Year travel pre-January 25 would have started mixing patterns up geographically,&amp;quot; Forster said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the actual PNAS paper, even though it's been submitted through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2016/01/14/pnas-tighter-editorial-policy-improves-nas-papers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more controversial&lt;/a&gt; Contributed-track (the peer-review system of which was &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2008/08/28/pnas_read_it_or_not&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quite derided&lt;/a&gt; about a decade ago, although not so much recently), the authors &lt;em&gt;don't&lt;/em&gt; actually make these stronger claims about the putative Guangdong origin of the outbreak. But they do state that some cases abroad, e.g. in Canada, Japan or the US came from Guangdong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Newsweek also paraphrased them as saying&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the data Forster and his colleagues have collected, the coronavirus outbreak appears to have started between September 13 and December 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, this putative, inferred September timeline is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; found in the actual PNAS paper. (I haven't checked their supplementary materials though.) So yeah, this may be a good example of how to make claims to the press&#xA;that you couldn't even get past the PNAS Contributed-track peer review... which then get reported as having been peer-reviewed (the Daily Mail &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8231753/Coronavirus-started-spreading-early-September-not-originated-Wuhan.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;said that&lt;/a&gt; when paraphrasing these claims.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T13:05:44.327" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-18T23:58:27.117" Score="-3" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a few seconds ago she said that on live streaming global concert to start at 8pm EST April 18, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think we are fighting Novel Coronavirus (SARS-COV2) and COVID-19 is something we treat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T00:20:59.557" Title="Is Lady Gaga right we are fighting COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-19T03:54:38.750" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23297" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23296" CreationDate="2020-04-19T00:20:59.557" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sure, &quot;we&quot; are fighting the coronavirus. Or we are fighting the disease caused by coronavirus (COVID-19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think it was quite clear what she meant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We could go into the semantics of whether one can &quot;fight&quot; a non-living thing, but it's probably not a particularly useful debate and is perhaps best left to linguists. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2293" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T00:20:59.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23299" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23289" CreationDate="2020-04-19T05:00:00.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Phylogenetic network analysis of human genomes have been used to reconstruct historic population movements of humans.  Such a study has also been completed of 160 of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes published to ascertain pathways of infection across the world. The data was taken from the GISAID database (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gisaid.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gisaid.org/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2020/04/07/2004999117/F1.large.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type A is the ancestral type most closely related to the putative ancestral coronavirus isolate BatCoVRaTG13 found in Yunnan which is on the other side of China adjacent to Myanmar, and Vietnam. There are two major branches named B and C based on the striking numbers of individuals infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Type B is the main type found in East Asia including Wuhan, and type C in Europeans.  Other papers refer to these genotypes as I (A), Ia (B), and II (C).  There were 4 cases in Guangdong on the other side of China nearer Yunnan who had the ancestral type A.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that the majority of patients in Wuhan were infected with genotype B suggests that the disease did not develop there and was brought in from elsewhere, mutated possibly to B in Wuhan thereby becoming more lethal and infectious.  The Huanan Seafood Market was likely a super-spreader event since it was linked to 50% of the first 41 known cases though not all of the pandemic.  The first patient was identified in Wuhan on November 17 but based on further analyses the first infection could have occurred much earlier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Since the study reported in PNAS was carried out, the research team has extended its analysis to 1,001 viral genomes. While the latest work has yet to be peer-reviewed, Forster says the results suggest that the first infection and spread among humans of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December. The phylogenetic network methods used by researchers—allowing the visualization of hundreds of evolutionary trees simultaneously in one simple graph—were pioneered in the late 1970s, and further developed during the 1990s. The techniques came to the attention of archaeologist Colin Renfrew, a co-author of the PNAS study, in 1998. Renfrew went on to establish one of the world’s first archaeogenetics research groups, at the University of Cambridge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, if one were to speculate on the origin of the virus, then &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;On 24 October 2019, Liu and his colleagues from the Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Center of China [1] first detected the existence of a SARS-CoV-like CoV from lung samples of two dead Malayan pangolins with a frothy liquid in their lungs and pulmonary fibrosis, and this fact was discovered close to when the COVID-19 outbreak occurred. Using their published results, we showed that all virus contigs assembled from two lung samples (lung07 and lung08) exhibited low identities, ranging from 80.24% to 88.93%, with known SARSr-CoVs. Hence, we conjectured that the dead Malayan pangolins may carry a new CoV closely related to SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/04/07/2004999117&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/04/07/2004999117&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newsweek.com/coronavirus-outbreak-september-not-wuhan-1498566&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newsweek.com/coronavirus-outbreak-september-not-wuhan-1498566&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.genengnews.com/news/spread-of-early-coronavirus-lineages-reconstructed-using-genetic-network-technique/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.genengnews.com/news/spread-of-early-coronavirus-lineages-reconstructed-using-genetic-network-technique/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220303602&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220303602&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-20T03:52:58.463" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T03:52:58.463" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23278" CreationDate="2020-04-19T15:46:31.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf&lt;/a&gt; the WHO defines stages for epidemics. In this file there is also this description of the last stage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Elimination or eradication: Control of a disease may lead to its&#xA;  elimination, which means that is sufficiently controlled to prevent an&#xA;  epidemic from occurring in a defined geographical area. Elimination&#xA;  means that the disease is no longer considered as a major public&#xA;  health issue. However, intervention measures (surveillance and&#xA;  control) should continue to prevent its re-emergence. Eradication of a&#xA;  disease – much more difficult and rarely achieved - involves the&#xA;  permanent elimination of its incidence worldwide. There is no longer a&#xA;  need for interventions measures. Three criteria need to be met in&#xA;  order to eradicate a disease: there must be an available intervention&#xA;  to interrupt its transmission; there must be available efficient&#xA;  diagnostic tools to detect cases that could lead to transmission; and&#xA;  humans must be the only reservoir.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For pandemics there are also stages, described here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143061/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143061/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the 2009 influenza pandemic there is a nice graphic outlining its stages:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jki2h.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jki2h.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, during the Ebola outbreak the end of the outbreak was defined as no new Ebola case within two incubation periods (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/declaration-ebola-end/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/declaration-ebola-end/en/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-19T16:08:16.990" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T16:08:16.990" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-19T16:07:01.083" Score="2" ViewCount="436" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/marleycoyne/2020/04/17/coronavirus-antibodies-may-not-make-you-immune-who-warns/#408a50b6133a&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus antibodies may not make you immune, WHO warns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;There is no evidence to suggest that recovered coronavirus patients and former asymptomatic carriers who have coronavirus antibodies in their blood will have long-term COVID-19 immunity, the World Health Organization said in a press conference on Friday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one hand, they are not sure, and they've been wrong in the last months about COVID-19. And in the other hand,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/13/21216513/plasma-blood-coronavirus-treament-drug-development-antibodies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why we're relying on blood infusions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;COVID-19 research is advancing at an unprecedented speed, but one&#xA;  strategy doctors are leaning on to treat COVID-19 patients looks more&#xA;  antiquated than innovative. In hospitals around the United States,&#xA;  caregivers are resorting to using century-old convalescent plasma&#xA;  therapy — siphoning blood from survivors and reinfusing it into the&#xA;  sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So people using this technique believes some sort of immunity from antibodies might be possible. My question is, is there any evidence of any immunity given by antibodies, even if it's short or middle term immunity? (WHO says there is no evidence and antibodies might not be make you immune in the long term, but said nothing about middle or short term)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-19T23:42:02.883" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T23:42:02.883" Title="Do coronavirus antibodies give you any immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-19T20:15:10.667" Score="0" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could someone please tell me if these alternatives can also protect one against being infected by COVID-19 virus, when being outside (in grocery stores, markets, etc)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, how much of protection will they provide?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A professional face-mask-respirator can give us 99.97% of protection, what percentage can give us the other alternatives like the ones shown below?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C0Bu3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/C0Bu3.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZrmSg.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZrmSg.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jRo09.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jRo09.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or if you know about other alternatives to protect oneself from getting infected when being outside, please share them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T21:32:50.387" Title="Alternatives other than face-mask-respirators for protection against COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-20T04:06:22.993" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23305" CreationDate="2020-04-19T21:32:50.387" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Those are face shields to prevent primarily droplets reaching the eyes, and are worn as being more comfortable than goggles to protect the mucous membranes of the eyes, and they don't fog up like goggles can.  However, they don't protect against droplet nuclei which float in the air, and there is no regulated design.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Face shields are PPE that are commonly used as barrier protection for infection control purposes by numerous workers. There currently is no standard regarding face/eye protection from biological hazards and this deficit needs to be remedied as quickly as possible. Due to the lack of a good facial seal peripherally that can allow for aerosol penetration, face shields should not be used as solitary face/eye protection, but rather as adjunctive to other PPE (protective facemasks, goggles, etc.). Given the dearth of available data regarding the appropriate use of face shields for infection control, scientifically sound research needs to be conducted on the use of this form of PPE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015006/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015006/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T21:32:50.387" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23301" CreationDate="2020-04-19T22:55:53.313" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're asking some completely different questions here from sources talking about completely different aspects of antibody-mediated immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first statement, from WHO, is talking about &lt;em&gt;people who have antibodies now&lt;/em&gt; and whether they will have &lt;em&gt;immunity in the future&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibodies are produced by particular immune system cells. Someone can recover from the virus today but if those immune cells that produce the specific antibodies against the virus aren't present in 1 year, then that person may have no protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WE CANNOT KNOW YET&lt;/strong&gt; about this. This is a brand new virus, it's only been around for maybe 6 months. There is absolutely no way science can know what level of immunity people will have in 12 months from a virus that has only been around for 6, no matter how hard you ask the question. All we can do is speculate based on what is known about other coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second point is completely separate: this is about convalescent plasma, taking plasma from people recently recovered and giving it to people currently sick. &lt;strong&gt;This isn't intended to &quot;make them immune&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;, it's to give a boost of antibodies to temporarily do the job of combating the virus by binding active virus and making it inactive, buying time to mount an immune response in the infected patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this to work, you need to be able to collect and administer enough antibody-rich plasma and then the antibodies need to get to where the virus is causing infection. If there aren't enough antibodies in the plasma, it won't work. If the antibodies don't get to where the virus is (e.g., the lungs rather than the blood), it won't work (except perhaps in patients with viremia). If the antibodies get there but there aren't enough relative to the concentration of virus, it won't work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We won't know whether it works until we try it in a lot of patients. Unlike drug therapies which can be fairly standardized, convalescent plasma is really complicated: it depends not just on the principle of the therapy but also on the specific patients the plasma comes from and the specific patients the plasma goes to. There are some promising initial studies (both with the new virus and in the past) that encourage people to keep trying, but so far that's all we have:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shen, C., Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Yang, Y., Li, J., Yuan, J., ... &amp;amp; Wei, J. (2020). Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Jama.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chen, L., Xiong, J., Bao, L., &amp;amp; Shi, Y. (2020). Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(4), 398-400.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Casadevall, A., &amp;amp; Pirofski, L. A. (2020). The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. The Journal of clinical investigation, 130(4), 1545-1548.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/04/08/arturo-casadevall-blood-sera-profile/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/04/08/arturo-casadevall-blood-sera-profile/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-19T22:55:53.313" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-20T08:10:36.733" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3936149/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the role of an antifungal regimen:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;MATERIAL AND METHODS:&#xA;  We included 1,000 consecutive patients. The inclusion criteria included failure of response to four consecutive weeks of antibiotic and alpha-blockers. The antifungal regimen was continued for two weeks. It included a &lt;strong&gt;low carbohydrate diet&lt;/strong&gt;, the &lt;strong&gt;alkalinization of urine&lt;/strong&gt;, and administration of fluconazole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the reasoning behind low carbohydrate diet and urine alkalinization? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19385" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T08:10:36.733" Title="Role of low carbohydrate diet and urine alkalinization, in treatment of fungal chronic prostatitis" Tags="&lt;fungal-infection&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;&lt;yeast-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-20T14:55:21.810" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I know, one of the way tumor may metastasis is, forced by hypoxia, creating new vessels near it, connecting them to the main circulatory system and then spread cells through the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If understand that correctly, can you please answer, is there information about the “metastatic” vessels diameter distribution? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, what is the diameter of the vessels that tumor creates near it? Maybe capillaries(&amp;lt;8um)? Can cancer cells flow in aorta, for example? Which is the average vessels diameter metastases “prefer” to spread in?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19392" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T17:58:55.190" Title="Diameters of vessels metastases spread through" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23319" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23318" CreationDate="2020-04-20T17:58:55.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Studies with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31615867&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;high resolution intravital microscopy&lt;/a&gt; have shown that cancer cells in circulation can deform and squeeze through vessels &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29176592&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as small as capillaries&lt;/a&gt;, which are usually 5-10 µm in diameter. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791720&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A large number of factors&lt;/a&gt; contribute to whether a circulating tumor cell actually forms a metastatic tumor, including characteristics of the tumor cell, properties of the metastatic site, and conditions in circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637262&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Blood vessels within tumors are abnormal&lt;/a&gt; in many ways, and therefore size is only one of many factors to consider. Others include structure/leakiness of the blood vessel as well as the presence of supporting cell types like pericytes and immune cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19209" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T17:58:55.190" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23320" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23890" CreationDate="2020-04-20T18:57:16.927" Score="3" ViewCount="149" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are 2 contradicting messages out there that mandate this question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes.&quot;&#xA;Refer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC page1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Currently, there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food. Based on information about this novel coronavirus thus far, it seems unlikely that COVID-19 can be transmitted through food – additional investigation is needed.&quot;&#xA;Refer &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#How-COVID-19-Spreads&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC page2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question now:&#xA;As per #1, it &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; spread when we touch an infected surface and touch our mouth.&#xA;But as per #2, &lt;em&gt;there is no evidence&lt;/em&gt; that touching infected food and eating it (food touching our mouth) will cause it. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that in #1 they seem to be more sure that it will transmit and in #2 they seem to look for evidence ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19394" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-30T01:37:10.607" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T01:37:10.607" Title="Is outside food really safe to eat during COVID-19 outbreak?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-20T19:22:45.967" Score="-1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just heard a viral program on the bbc that corona isn't killed my sunlight. I thought all viruses and bacteria were attenuated an the sun, am i incorrect? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14443" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-04-20T20:58:32.007" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T23:35:49.653" Title="Are all viruses attenuated by sunlight?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23321" CreationDate="2020-04-20T19:38:19.337" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit wary about the word &quot;all&quot; when it comes to medicine - what I've found with a quick Google search (GIYF):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Under full-spectrum sunlight, all viruses investigated to date have&#xA;  been found to undergo endogenous inactivation. Among the viruses&#xA;  studied, human adenovirus (HAdV) and MS2 appear to be the most&#xA;  resistant whereas poliovirus and somatic phages are particularly&#xA;  sensitive. Even for the relatively resistant viruses, however,&#xA;  sunlight inactivation via endogenous mechanisms was found to be the&#xA;  main inactivation process in clear natural waters.&#xA;  Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064263/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064263/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then...&#xA;&quot;Fact check: Sunlight does not kill the new coronavirus&quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/03/30/fact-check-sunlight-does-not-kill-new-coronavirus/2931170001/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/03/30/fact-check-sunlight-does-not-kill-new-coronavirus/2931170001/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For SARS:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;RESULTS: The results showed that SARS coronavirus in the testing&#xA;  condition could survive in serum, 1:20 diluted sputum and feces for at&#xA;  least 96 h, whereas it could remain alive in urine for at least 72 h&#xA;  with a low level of infectivity. The survival abilities on the&#xA;  surfaces of eight different materials and in water were quite&#xA;  comparable, revealing reduction of infectivity after 72 to 96 h&#xA;  exposure. Viruses stayed stable at 4 degrees C, at room temperature&#xA;  (20 degrees C) and at 37 degrees C for at least 2 h without remarkable&#xA;  change in the infectious ability in cells, but were converted to be&#xA;  non-infectious after 90-, 60- and 30-min exposure at 56 degrees C, at&#xA;  67 degrees C and at 75 degrees C, respectively. Irradiation of UV for&#xA;  60 min on the virus in culture medium resulted in the destruction of&#xA;  viral infectivity at an undetectable level.&#xA;  Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631830&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631830&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T19:38:19.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23326" CreationDate="2020-04-20T20:25:38.807" Score="14" ViewCount="4801" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a person with COVID-19 coughs into a bag. Let the bag sit in the sun for, say, 72 hours -- so as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus-resource-center&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to make the virus inactive&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could a healthy person breathe in the inactivated virus from the bag (perhaps done multiple times) to (eventually) trigger an antibody response to the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a known way to make &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inactivated vaccines&lt;/a&gt;? Has it been studied, perhaps for other viruses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there known reasons why this would not work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-04-22T15:09:16.190" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:00:46.423" Title="A cheap and easy inactivated vaccine for COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23324" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23320" CreationDate="2020-04-20T22:58:22.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think what they are intended to convey is that they feel that the cooking process will destroy any virus found in food so cooked food should not be a source of infection.  Of course that is subject to more data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it is clearly a different proposition if the person preparing the food is infected and contaminates the food after it is cooked.  In which case it just it becomes another surface that can transmit the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is currently a matter before the police the thought is that an infected member of crew on board the Ruby Princess was handling food and that's how they managed to infect so many passengers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/414144/covid-19-waiter-or-food-handler-obvious-point-of-transmission-on-ruby-princess&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/414144/covid-19-waiter-or-food-handler-obvious-point-of-transmission-on-ruby-princess&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T22:58:22.557" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23325" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23321" CreationDate="2020-04-20T23:35:49.653" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't know yet whether sunlight will inactivate COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Sunlight contains three types of ultraviolet light — UVA, which tans your skin (and ages it) and can cause eye damage; UVB, which burns and also ages skin; and UVC, which is &quot;the most harmful one&quot; because it's quite good at destroying genetic material, explains Juan Leon, a virologist who focuses on environmental health at Emory University. Luckily, he notes, the sun's UVC rays don't reach us because they are filtered out by Earth's atmosphere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but data on SARS suggests it is not inactivated by sunlight&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;Right now, there is no data on whether the UVA rays of the sun can inactivate this coronavirus,&quot; says Leon. However, research on SARS, another coronavirus closely related to the one causing the current pandemic, found that exposing that virus to UVA light for 15 minutes did nothing to reduce its infectivity, Leon says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;duration didn't help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We determined that greater than 15 min of UVC treatment inactivated the virus while &lt;strong&gt;UVA light had no effect on viability, regardless of duration of exposure.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016609340400179X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016609340400179X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/17/836830157/coronavirus-faqs-can-sunlight-kill-the-virus-how-risky-is-an-elevator-ride&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/17/836830157/coronavirus-faqs-can-sunlight-kill-the-virus-how-risky-is-an-elevator-ride&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-20T23:35:49.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23323" CreationDate="2020-04-21T00:47:02.233" Score="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;The only approved inhaled vaccine is the flu vaccine delivered intra-nasally.  It uses a live attenuated virus.  There are a whole list of people who should not receive it because it's a live virus, and it works better for children, but only is 40% effective for adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main issue is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The intranasal LAIV, recommended for children above the age of 2 years, induces a broader immune response wherein protection &lt;strong&gt;is not antibody mediated&lt;/strong&gt; and probably involves undefined multiple correlates of protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and that's with a live virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How well would a dead inhaled virus work?  Well, we have some data from MERS that suggests that vaccination with whole dead virus can increase lung pathology when exposed to live virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The implication of the current study is that application of an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine for prevention of MERS in humans may carry a risk for lung immunopathology if subsequently exposed to MERS-CoV. The study also leads us to suggest that the extensive background of preclinical experience with inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines may be applicable to inactivated MERS-CoV vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, your cheap vaccine may increase your risk of death or disease when exposed to the live virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Influenza Vaccination Strategies: Comparing Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027702/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027702/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T00:47:02.233" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23328" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-21T07:47:24.777" Score="6" ViewCount="275" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why are most people who contract COVID-19 asymptomatic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean that they can fight COVID-19 and recover fast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean they have a good immune system to fight coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19399" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2020-04-28T18:52:22.313" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T15:14:53.630" Title="Why are most people who contract COVID-19 asymptomatic?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23329" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-21T08:40:36.073" Score="4" ViewCount="159" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a Ben Shapiro &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/benshapiro/status/1252269587409715201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tweet&lt;/a&gt; that says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;For a variety of reasons, many Americans seem to think that&#xA;  &quot;flattening the curve&quot; means that fewer Americans will get covid-19&#xA;  total. This is inaccurate. The same number of Americans will get it&#xA;  over time, but the time delay means our systems aren't overwhelmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does the phrase &quot;same number of Americans will get it over time&quot; mean in this context? Does it mean all americans will get it over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on available data, how do we go about figuring out: what is the percentage of population that will never get COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19401" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-21T18:11:48.667" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T04:56:19.090" Title="Will everyone get the COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21041" CreationDate="2020-04-21T13:04:28.020" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652894/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Estradiol and, to lesser degree, other estrogens, increase proliferation of breast epithelium and stroma and, consequently, increase the chances of mutation in rapidly proliferating epithelium&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tamoxifen and other SERMs generally act as competitive antagonist on breast estrogen receptor, which decreases estrogen's ability to induce breast tissue proliferation, hence its possible effect on gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for your other questions, the first article you linked doesn't mention subtypes of gynecomastia in the abstract, and I can't find anything online about it. Necrosis is a cellular reaction to a pathological state such as infections. In general, drugs do not cause necrosis as an intended effect. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T13:04:28.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-21T16:19:29.107" Score="2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know, there are no N95, N99 nor N100 masks anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this YouTube video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6d3twpHwis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Doctor Explains How to Make the Safest Face Mask&lt;/a&gt;, a doctor, and then his wife, talk about 'the safest face mask' hand-home made. AFAIU, this mask was purely made with HEPA, the making process starts at 2:34 minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The HEPA brand that he uses is this one:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8f9PB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8f9PB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HEPA, genuine parts, Hoover, traps 99.97% dust and pollens down to 0.3 microns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;I am confident that this mask will safe lives&amp;quot; said Doctor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there was some controversies in the comment section (not quoting because there was no mentioned references). Then  here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.primalsurvivor.net/homemade-n95-respirator-mask/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.primalsurvivor.net/homemade-n95-respirator-mask/&lt;/a&gt; says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don’t wear a HEPA vacuum bag directly against your skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HEPA vacuum bags have fiberglass threads inside of them. The fibers are large so aren’t dangerous like fiberglass dust.  However, you could still breathe them in, which could cause airway irritation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, you must use the HEPA vacuum bag as a filter inside a cloth mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is HEPA material safe to use as a mask? Does the use of the mask needs to be restricted to a certain amount of time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T04:21:40.917" Title="Are hand-made mask using HEPA safe to breath through?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23329" CreationDate="2020-04-21T17:48:44.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost every single person in the entire USA has been sick in their lifetime. And the vast majority of everyone has gotten the flu or the common cold. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/dotw/common-cold/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; This is because they are pretty contagious and there is almost no way of stopping the spread if everyone is out and about. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/2019-ncov-factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in the quote above, Ben Shapiro is explaining that the same will happen with COVID-19. And that makes total sense because the country can not and will not stay in lockdown. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/23/trump-coronavirus-lockdown-skepticism-143800&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt; Thus it will spread person to person when in close contact. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/2019-ncov-factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; The whole point of a lockdown is to not overwhelm the health care system. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/15/834021103/who-sets-6-conditions-for-ending-a-coronavirus-lockdown&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt; So answering your second question, the percentage of people that will NOT get COVID-19 over the next few decades is very very low. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19411" LastEditorUserId="19626" LastEditDate="2020-05-14T04:56:19.090" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T04:56:19.090" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23328" CreationDate="2020-04-21T17:57:40.877" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The reason why many people who contract COVID-19 are asymptomatic is simple. It is because your immune system can kill the pathogen before you show symptoms. In other words, your body overwhelms the virus before it takes over larger areas of your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer to your second and third question is yes and no. Most people, that recover quickly without showing symptoms, signifies that they had a good immune system to fight it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the general response to any pathogen that enters your body and is not distinct to COVID-19. Your immune system immediately starts fighting the pathogen off. And if your body is able to find the antibody fast enough, the pathogen will be immobilized and will be restrained from infecting more cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My source is these immune system videos:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIJK3dwCWCw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Immune System, Part 1: Crash Course A&amp;amp;P #45&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DFN4IBZ3rI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Immune System, Part 2: Crash Course A&amp;amp;P #46&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3) &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd2cf5hValM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Immune System, Part 3: Crash Course A&amp;amp;P #47&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19411" LastEditorUserId="19411" LastEditDate="2020-05-08T20:25:09.947" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T20:25:09.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23338" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23320" CreationDate="2020-04-21T18:08:11.173" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is that no one is entirely sure right now (more studies, yadda yadda yadda). But, the consensus seems to be that, with proper precautions, yes, it is safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The short of it is that yes, food is a surface like any other. However, hot food likely inactivates the virus, but even cold food should be safe to eat because your mouth and stomach are environments that are inhospitable to most viruses. So, what goes into your mouth will likely not infect you, but you should wash your hands after handling your meal and not touch your face while eating to minimize spread from the food to mucous membranes, open wounds, etc (basically, treating your food as you would any other potentially compromised surface, other than putting it in your mouth - please don't do that with most other surfaces).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the mouth is a mucous membrane, the exposure from mildly contaminated food should be low enough that your body's normal response will be adequate to prevent infection. Note the &quot;mildly&quot;, though. Proper food handling techniques should ensure this, but food prepared under questionable conditions would be bets avoided (and not just because of risk of COVID-19 infection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/03/25/is-eating-takeout-food-safe-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/#55c0ce912bd1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/03/25/is-eating-takeout-food-safe-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/#55c0ce912bd1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/08/822903487/how-safe-is-it-to-eat-take-out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/08/822903487/how-safe-is-it-to-eat-take-out&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://needtoknow.nas.edu/id/infection/encountering-microbes/entering-the-human-host/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://needtoknow.nas.edu/id/infection/encountering-microbes/entering-the-human-host/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19137" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T18:08:11.173" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23264" CreationDate="2020-04-21T22:14:29.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been previously observed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was relatively stable at 1 mutation a month.  However, recent studies, and the one you refer to suggest that this is incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Based on current data, it seems as though SARS-CoV-2 mutates much more slowly than the seasonal flu. Specifically, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have a mutation rate of less than 25 mutations per year, whereas the seasonal flu has a mutation rate of almost 50 mutations per year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;based on data stored at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gisaid.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gisaid&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, a paper just released on the 19th April 2020 lead by Li Lanjuan (it was on her advice that the city of Wuhan was quarantined ) based on 11 early samples taken from patients in Zhejiang at the beginning of the pandemic show otherwise.  These patients had close travel links to Wuhan&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Professor Li Lanjuan and her colleagues from Zhejiang University found within a small pool of patients many mutations not previously reported. These mutations included changes so rare that scientists had never considered they might occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Li’s team detected more than 30 mutations. Among them 19 mutations – or about 60 per cent – were new.&#xA;  They found some of these mutations could lead to functional changes in the virus’ spike protein, a unique structure over the viral envelope enabling the coronavirus to bind with human cells. Computer simulation predicted that these mutations would increase its infectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To verify the theory, Li and colleagues infected cells with strains carrying different mutations. The most aggressive strains could generate 270 times as much viral load as the weakest type. These strains also killed the cells the fastest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It was an unexpected result from fewer than a dozen patients, “indicating that the true diversity of the viral strains is still largely underappreciated,” Li wrote in the paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, different mutations were found in the same patients, and different degrees of lethality when tested against cell cultures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They think this may explain why differing populations have been experiencing different degrees of disease severity across the world.  These mutations had not been noticed before  because the genomes published on worldwide databases were established using standard techniques&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most of these samples, though, were sequenced by a standard approach that could generate a result quickly. The genes were read just once, for instance, and there was room for mistakes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Li's team did deep sequencing to pick up these mutations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Li’s team used a more sophisticated method known as ultra-deep sequencing. Each building block of the virus genome was read more than 100 times, allowing the researchers to see changes that could have been overlooked by the conventional approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-mutation-rate.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-mutation-rate.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3080771/coronavirus-mutations-affect-deadliness-strains-chinese-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3080771/coronavirus-mutations-affect-deadliness-strains-chinese-study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient-derived mutations impact pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20060160v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20060160v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-21T22:14:29.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23328" CreationDate="2020-04-22T02:56:16.813" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;At this point in time no one can say for sure why many people appear to have asymptomatic infection, and figures range from 20-80% though part of the problem appears to be from false positives in antibody tests.  Nevertheless there have been large numbers picked up on rt-PCR who carry the virus but at the time do not show symptoms.  Some, if not most, go on to develop symptoms so they are the pre-symptomatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know there's an age distribution so that those under the age of 5, and those over the age of 60 are more likely to have severe disease, and we know women have less severe disease than men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also know that also the virus attacks cells via the ACE2 receptor, as one of its attack points, and these are more numerous in the young, and in women.  So, one could posit that for any given dose or innoculm of virus, then the higher the dose relative to the number of ACE2 receptors, the worse the disease might be.  So, this would explain why it's worse in very young children as they have a smaller body size and fewer cells relative to the inoculum, then as you get older you have the peak number, and then as you age the numbers drop off again so the dose becomes relatively higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then we now know the virus is mutating rapidly and this may explain why symptoms and disease severity may differ rapidly.  And even in the same person you may have a number of different mutations present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then there are the odd observations that some children have had asymptomatic viral pneumonia picked up on CT scan.  So, they're developing lower respiratory tract disease without fever.  Fever, muscle aches and pains are often on account of cytokines released during the innate immune response which appears to be highly variable in this disease.  Many people who have died go on to develop a highly active innate immune response called a cytokine storm which causes death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In all the immune response appears to be highly variable, and there are host factors including co-morbities, that influence the disease response as well as mutations in the virus itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phcommon/public/media/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=2328&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phcommon/public/media/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=2328&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20060160v1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20060160v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T02:56:16.813" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23335" CreationDate="2020-04-22T03:15:45.277" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Shop-vac, a major manufacturer of HEPA material strongly advises against using their vacuum bags to make a filter&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, the filter materials used in the vacuum cleaners are for no purpose other than to protect the end users of Shop Vac products from particles or debris being expelled back into the ambient air during operation.  They are in no way designed or intended to protect humans from bacteria, viruses or other pathogens.  Second, direct contact or coverage of the human mouth or nose with the filter materials are strictly forbidden for any purpose.  Under no circumstances should anyone attempt to make a mask or mask material from any filters manufactured, sold or distributed in the market for or by Shop-Vac Corporation.  These materials were not designed, intended or designated for this type of use.  Please consult the CDC website for more information at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you want to use HEPA material at least make sure it is enclosed by another filter material to stop the fibreglass fragments being breathed in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Wang’s group tested two types of air filters. An allergy-reduction HVAC filter worked the best, capturing 89 percent of particles with one layer and 94 percent with two layers. A furnace filter captured 75 percent with two layers, but required six layers to achieve 95 percent. To find a filter similar to those tested, look for a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) rating of 12 or higher or a microparticle performance rating of 1900 or higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem with air filters is that they &lt;strong&gt;potentially&lt;/strong&gt; could shed small fibers that would be risky to inhale. So if you want to use a filter, you need to sandwich the filter between two layers of cotton fabric. Dr. Wang said one of his grad students made his own mask by following the instructions in the C.D.C. video, but adding several layers of filter material inside a bandanna.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, someone needs to test exactly how many small fibres are potentially released during the pressures of normal inspiration as fibreglass can set up an inflammatory reaction in the lung, or, even cancer in rats&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Little information is known about the health effects caused by small fibers. Smaller fibers have the ability to reach the lower part of the lungs increasing the chance of adverse health effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who work with fiberglass or who have worn-out duct work lined with fiberglass in their homes or workplace may have long-term exposure to fiberglass. There is no evidence that fiberglass causes cancer in people. Animal studies have shown an increased risk of cancer when fiberglass fibers were implanted in the lung tissue of rats, but these studies are controversial because of how the fibers were implanted. Based on these animal studies, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified some fibers used in fiberglass as &lt;strong&gt;possible human carcinogens&lt;/strong&gt; (cancer causing agents).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's an alternative design using a 3D printer - the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.makethemasks.com/faq&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Montana Mask&lt;/a&gt; which uses bits of a surgical mask for the filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.shopvacstore.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.shopvacstore.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-homemade-mask-material-DIY-face-mask-ppe.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-homemade-mask-material-DIY-face-mask-ppe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/fiberglass.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/fiberglass.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T04:21:40.917" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-22T06:07:19.763" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Toward the end of the widely read Medium article &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-the-hammer-and-the-dance-be9337092b56&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Hammer and the Dance&lt;/a&gt;, the author talks about &quot;the ROI [return on investment] of social distancing&quot;.  He provides a chart and a table showing the costs and benefits of various social distancing measures, such as banning gatherings of a certain size, closing restaurants, closing schools, etc.  But he notes that these illustrations are fake and &quot;all the data is made up&quot;  because &quot;nobody has done enough research about this or put together all these measures in a way that can compare them.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that really true?  It would seem strange if these social distancing techniques are (to epidemiologists) apparently a go-to tool for epidemic suppression, and yet there is no real research on their effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I'm specifically curious about is if there are data or models that try to measure the effects of individual social distancing measures.  This could be either for diseases in general, for specific classes of diseases (e.g., viruses spread via respiratory droplets), or for specific diseases (e.g., influenza).  Obviously there won't be info for this specific virus due to its novelty but is there anything that would serve as a reasonable starting point?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious because most places around the world that have implemented some sort of lockdown appear to have taken a &quot;do it all&quot; approach, activating as many kinds of social distancing as they can.  This makes sense as an initial emergency response to hit the brakes as hard as possible.  However, as different jurisdictions consider lifting some of these restrictions, I don't see a lot in the press about decisions being made based on their relative efficacy.  The discussion I see is mostly about things like increasing testing and monitoring the curve of cases to see when it's okay to lift restrictions, but not about how to decide which restrictions to lift.  There are some general statements like &quot;large sports events probably won't come back for a long time&quot; but even those aren't really explained.  I haven't seen anything like &quot;banning gatherings of more than 10 people will slow the spread X% relative to banning gatherings of more than 50 people&quot; or &quot;reopening schools will be less damaging than reopening restaurants&quot;.  Is there anything like that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-23T18:17:20.983" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T01:42:55.773" Title="Is there research on the relative effectiveness of different social distancing measures?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23346" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23345" CreationDate="2020-04-22T06:31:28.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Modelling has certainly been done but they operate under assumptions that may not be true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example the one done for Singapore:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  For the baseline scenario, when R0 was 1·5, the median cumulative number of infections at day 80 was 279 000 (IQR 245 000–320 000), corresponding to 7·4% (IQR 6·5–8·5) of the resident population of Singapore. The median number of infections increased with higher infectivity: 727 000 cases (670 000–776 000) when R0 was 2·0, corresponding to 19·3% (17·8–20·6) of the Singaporean population, and 1 207 000 cases (1 164 000–1 249 000) when R0 was 2·5, corresponding to 32% (30·9–33·1) of the Singaporean population. Compared with the baseline scenario, the combined intervention was the most effective, reducing the estimated median number of infections by 99·3% (IQR 92·6–99·9) when R0 was 1·5, by 93·0% (81·5–99·7) when R0 was 2·0, and by 78·2% (59·0 −94·4) when R0 was 2·5. Assuming increasing asymptomatic fractions up to 50·0%, up to 277 000 infections were estimated to occur at day 80 with the combined intervention relative to 1800 for the baseline at R0 of 1·5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interpretation&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  Implementing the combined intervention of quarantining infected individuals and their family members, workplace distancing, and school closure once community transmission has been detected could substantially reduce the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections. We therefore recommend immediate deployment of this strategy if local secondary transmission is confirmed within Singapore. However, quarantine and workplace distancing should be prioritised over school closure because at this early stage, symptomatic children have higher withdrawal rates from school than do symptomatic adults from work. At higher asymptomatic proportions, intervention effectiveness might be substantially reduced requiring the need for effective case management and treatments, and preventive measures such as vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this model is based on an influenza model which is a droplet spread infection but there's increasing suspicion that SARS-CoV-2 can also spread by nuclear droplets (like measles and tuberculosis).  And their value of R0 goes up to 2.5 but others are now saying that the true R0 is closer to 5.7.  If these are the case, then the social distancing model falls apart as we can't get apart far enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: a modelling study&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30162-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30162-6/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T06:31:28.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-22T08:22:35.440" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can only find the current statistics for the US that says &quot;Between 36 million and 51 million people have been stricken with the flu as of March 7, according to the latest CDC data.&quot; Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2020/03/17/flu-update&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2020/03/17/flu-update&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know the global statistics of how many flu cases there are in the world since December 2019 until today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19417" LastEditorUserId="19417" LastEditDate="2020-04-22T19:20:41.150" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T19:20:41.150" Title="What are the current statistics of the flu globally since December 2019 until today?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23350" CreationDate="2020-04-22T09:39:15.317" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/updates/summaryreport/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/updates/summaryreport/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That gives testing data which is updated regularly. You can download the data to aggregate yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T09:39:15.317" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13773" CreationDate="2020-04-22T17:13:31.187" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-differential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Emedicine medscape&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Appreciate that EBV may trigger chronic fatigue, but it does not cause chronic fatigue. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In their page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/235980-overview#a4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chronic Fatigue Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;CFS is a biological illness, not a psychologic disorder. The &lt;strong&gt;exact pathogenesis is unknown&lt;/strong&gt;. Numerous mechanisms and molecules have been implicated that lead to abnormalities in immune dysfunction, hormonal regulation, metabolism and response to oxidative stress to include impaired natural killer cell function and/or T-cell function, elevated cytokines, and autoantibodies (rheumatic factor, antithyroid antibodies, antigliadin, anti–smooth muscle antibodies, and cold agglutinins). [3, 4] Infections have been suspected; however, no causal role has been established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sources cited:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28760971&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28760971&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T17:13:31.187" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23354" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13258" CreationDate="2020-04-22T17:53:48.777" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2016.90&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 Nature Review article&lt;/a&gt; (which cites the article from your link):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Androgens have been show to reduce immune response in a variety of studies. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In vivo exposure to testosterone reduces NK cell activity in mice [1]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In vivo and in vitro exposure to testosterone decreases TLR4 expression on macrophages in mice [2]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Testosterone reduces synthesis of TNF, iNOS and NO by macrophages and increases anti-inflammatory response through TGF-b and Il-10 [3]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action of androgenic immunosuppression seems to be due to androgen receptor's inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory transcription factors [4].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3366506&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3366506&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003947&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003947&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10415638&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10415638&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453354&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T17:53:48.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23355" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-22T18:11:25.417" Score="2" ViewCount="107" Body="&lt;p&gt;By applying pressure on the perineum just before ejaculation, a man can induce retrograde ejaculation in which the semen is redirected to the bladder. This is obviously different from unintentional retrograde ejaculation, which is caused by some pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read confusing things about whether inducing retrograde ejaculation is safe. Wikipedia for example says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Many doctors also do not recommend [retrograde ejaculation] due to the risk of putting pressure on the pudendal nerve, which can cause numbness in the penis. [citation needed]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sources I have found said an induced retrograde ejaculation could damage the sphincter or the prostate, or that doing it frequently over a longer period of time could cause a retrograde ejaculation to occur even when not induced, thus causing infertility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No actual citation was given to any of this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any medical evidence about the safety of inducing a retrograde ejaculation? Does it cause short-term damage? What about long-term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19423" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T18:11:25.417" Title="Is inducing a retrograde ejaculation harmful?" Tags="&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;orgasm-climax&gt;&lt;urethra&gt;&lt;semen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23356" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23358" CreationDate="2020-04-22T20:03:45.787" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand Dengue is transmitted through mosquitos when they bite an infected human, and the new born mosquitos arent born with the virus. We are having a bad Dengue epidemy here for the first time, and word is the epidemy will reappear here next summer even if the mosquito dies in winter and new mosquitos are born in spring/summer. I can't think of another way for this to happen only than people who got the disease still carry the virus somehow. I tried to look information about this, but the only thing I found is the infection last 10-14 days, I dont know if this means the virus completely disappears or just the symptons disappear. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long does the Dengue virus last in the human body? Will someone who recovered from Dengue be able to transmit the disease if bitten by a mosquito?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T23:50:41.280" Title="How long does the Dengue virus last in the human body?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23358" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23356" CreationDate="2020-04-22T23:50:41.280" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These viruses sit in animal populations and are transferred to humans by mosquitoes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Flaviviruses are responsible for a growing disease burden in Argentina and other countries in the Americas. Non-human primates, such as monkeys, can be important hosts in the natural cycle of several flaviviruses. Yellow Fever virus outbreaks occurred in Argentina during 2007–2009 in areas of Misiones and Corrientes provinces inhabited by black howlers (Alouatta caraya), a monkey that is highly susceptible to the virus. During 2010 we tested 108 black howlers from Northeastern Argentina for flaviviruses. Most of these animals were negative for Yellow Fever virus but had antibodies to several other flaviviruses. Unexpectedly, the highest specific neutralizing antibody prevalence was to West Nile Virus; these results represent the first evidence of West Nile Virus circulation in a new host in Argentina. Detection of &lt;strong&gt;Dengue virus antibodies in black howlers&lt;/strong&gt; highlights the potential for establishment of a dengue sylvatic cycle, not yet demonstrated in the Americas. We call for strengthening the monitoring of flaviviruses to evaluate risk for wildlife and human health in the region.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005351&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005351&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-22T23:50:41.280" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23359" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23362" CreationDate="2020-04-22T23:52:23.550" Score="3" ViewCount="119" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.20067835v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;To validate the use of saliva for                           SARS-CoV-2&#xA;  detection, we tested nasopharyngeal and saliva samples from confirmed &#xA;  COVID-19 patients and self-collected samples from healthcare workers&#xA;  on COVID-19                     wards. When we compared SARS-CoV-2&#xA;  detection from patient-matched nasopharyngeal               and saliva&#xA;  samples, we found that saliva yielded greater detection sensitivity&#xA;  and      consistency throughout the&#xA;  course of infection. Furthermore, we report less variability in&lt;br&gt;&#xA;  self-sample collection of saliva. Taken together, our findings&#xA;  demonstrate that saliva is a                           viable and more&#xA;  sensitive alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs and could enable at-home&#xA;  self-administered sample collection for accurate large-scale&#xA;  SARS-CoV-2 testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This made me wonder... why did countries initially presume that deep nasal swabs are the default route for detecting the virus? Why didn't we start out with basic saliva samples and then try out invasive sampling, rather than the other way around?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T03:22:48.480" Title="Why did countries initially presume that detecting COVID-19 requires a deep nasal swab?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23360" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-23T02:55:15.010" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;CNN &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/22/us/california-deaths-earliest-in-us/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two studies involving antibody blood tests in California -- one in Los Angeles County and the other in Santa Clara County -- so far have suggested that the number of people already infected is dozens of times higher than officially reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both studies are ongoing and have yet to be peer reviewed. Preliminary results were announced in the last few days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Still, the studies estimate that only small fractions of the county populations have antibodies.&#xA;The Los Angeles County study estimated between 2.8% and 5.6% of the population — 221,000 to 442,000 people -- had Covid-19 antibodies, based on drive-through testing conducted on April 10 and 11. That would have been &lt;strong&gt;28 to 55 times the number of cases that county officials recorded&lt;/strong&gt; around that time.&#xA;In Santa Clara County, the study estimated 2.49% to 4.16% of people there had been infected with Covid-19 by April 1. That represents between 48,000 and 81,000 people -- &lt;strong&gt;and 50 to 85 times the cases that county officials recorded&lt;/strong&gt; by that date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clearly we should not expect PCR tests to capture everyone because asymptomatic people aren't usually (randomly) tested except in small-enough communities, e.g. ships like the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diamond Princess&lt;/a&gt; cruise or the aircraft carrier &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-military-sympt/coronavirus-clue-most-cases-aboard-u-s-aircraft-carrier-are-symptom-free-idUSKCN21Y2GB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Theodore Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt;. In both of these studies/cases however the asymptomatic ratio was about 50-60% at the peak of the infection... so still that leaves a giant gap to the recently reported antibodies tests from California, which reported orders of magnitude more people supposedly had the virus (and presumably had few or no symptoms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, Covid-19 antibodies tests are themselves &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/23273/10980&quot;&gt;been questioned&lt;/a&gt; for both relevance (in general) and accuracy (at least in the US, but probably elsewhere).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, have such more widespread Covid-19 antibodies tests been already conducted outside the USA, and if so have any result (even preliminary) been reported, in particular relative to official/PCR diagnoses? (CNN also mentions ongoing antibodies studies in other US states, but says nothing outside of the US.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T03:33:34.243" Title="Ratio of PCR to antibodies positive Covid-19 tests in studies outside USA?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23359" CreationDate="2020-04-23T03:16:25.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the paper you linked to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;nasopharyngeal swabs are commonly used in respiratory virus diagnostics&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So clearly it was preferred for Covid-19 because of the &quot;received wisdom&quot; from other respiratory virus illnesses. (To pick a random example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/virology_laboratories_and_vaccines/guidelines_collection_h5n1_humans/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2005 WHO guidlines&lt;/a&gt; for avian influenza don't mention saliva samples, but various kinds of swabs and washes (for the upper respiratory tract): nasal swab,&#xA;nasopharyngeal swab, nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasal wash, throat swab.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to ask why saliva sampling is not a method more widely used (instead of, or, in addition to nasopharyngeal swabs) in &lt;em&gt;other&lt;/em&gt; respiratory virus diagnostics, modify your question according (incl. tag). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-23T03:22:48.480" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T03:22:48.480" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23363" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23360" CreationDate="2020-04-23T03:33:34.243" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This calculator suggests that the antibody tests aren't too bad in that they're suggesting that the official figures are way too low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first death in California was on the 6th Feb 2020 which means the disease was likely introduced in mid-January 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume a case fatality ratio of 0.014 (In NZ We have had 1116 cases, and 16 deaths)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infectious from day 3, R0 of 5.7 (worst case scenario reported so far)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Population of 40M in California&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And lock down was 66 days later on 21st March 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then by day 40 (24th Feb 2020) you are seeing over 20M cases in California - so 50% of the population gets exposed at day 40.  So, the true numbers lie somewhere between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5825320/california-coronavirus-february-first-death/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://time.com/5825320/california-coronavirus-february-first-death/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T03:33:34.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23367" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23368" CreationDate="2020-04-23T15:57:42.000" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if this is the right question in this forum, but since it pertains to medical symptoms usually encountered in patients affected by COVID-19, I am asking this question here. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why in COVID-19 do (some) patients have &quot;dry cough&quot; and not &quot;wet cough&quot; as a symptom. I ask this because pertussis disease generally called &quot;whooping cough&quot; has symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing etc. (opposite to that of COVID-19) and is contagious as well spread through respiratory droplets (same as that of COVID-19). Can we make suitable comparisons between the two to understand the differences in symptoms or they are entirely different cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19099" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-04-23T16:09:30.310" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T22:37:42.110" Title="Why does COVID-19 include dry cough as a symptom rather than a wet cough?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23367" CreationDate="2020-04-23T18:37:01.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure &amp;quot;rather&amp;quot; is the right word here, but the early studies showed dry cough as a more frequent correlate of Covid-19 positive PCR tests compared to wet cough, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/covid-19-symptoms#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to WebMD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early studies have found that at least 60% of people with COVID-19 have a dry cough. About a third have a cough with mucus, called a “wet” or “productive” cough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Someone can perhaps dig up those studies, WebMD doesn't link to them.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Guardian likewise &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/what-is-coronavirus-what-are-its-symptoms-and-when-should-i-call-a-doctor&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;noted&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the WHO, the &lt;strong&gt;most common symptoms&lt;/strong&gt; of Covid-19 are fever, tiredness and a dry cough. Some patients may also have a runny nose, sore throat, nasal congestion and aches and pains or diarrhoea. Some people report losing their sense of taste and/or smell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Emphasis mine.) That doesn't mean there aren't less common symptoms, although admittedly the mass media usually doesn't seem to mention those less common ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthline posted &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/5-covid-19-myths#Myth-1:-COVID-19-is-just-another-flu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this interview&lt;/a&gt; with an expert, which hopefully is correct with respect to the timing of the cough type relative to Covid-19 progression:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Bruce E. Hirsch, attending physician and assistant professor in the Infectious Disease Division of Northwell Health in New York, said there is some overlap between COVID-19 and other diseases caused by viral infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Differences between coronavirus and influenza and more common viruses still in circulation are that we know that &lt;strong&gt;the coronavirus binds to receptors in the lower part of the airways, and that accounts for the fact that so frequently, but not always, dry cough&lt;/strong&gt; along with fever and fatigue are three of the symptoms that are &lt;strong&gt;most commonly associated with COVID-19&lt;/strong&gt;,” Hirsch told Healthline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While dry cough, fever, and fatigue can occur with other viral infections, he said muscle aches and pains are distinct signs of the flu, while the common cold may bring on with a runny nose, sore throat, or sneezing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Having a runny nose is not expected with COVID-19 infection. Having muscle aches and pains is much more common with influenza. &lt;strong&gt;Having a productive cough, coughing up phlegm, can occur with COVID-19 infections, particularly late on, but it’s not typical with what the early course is,&lt;/strong&gt;” said Hirsch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although again, no detailed studies are liked/mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T18:45:49.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23369" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-23T18:51:43.450" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/494348-new-study-finds-few-cases-of-outdoor-transmission-of-coronavirus-in-china&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New study finds few cases of outdoor transmission of coronavirus in China&lt;/a&gt; (and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; it is based on). I don't have a science or medical background so maybe this is obvious but how can they draw such conclusions when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;COVID-19 can have a long incubation period (e.g. &quot;14 days&quot; as has been reported).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An infected individual may be asymptomatic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can they state with any surety &lt;strong&gt;where&lt;/strong&gt; an outbreak occurred (e.g &quot;a transport setting&quot;, &quot;outdoor environment&quot;, etc)? Are they tabulating, say, all gardeners who ride a bus to work with those who walk, drive, bike, and then with rates of infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What am I missing here? (no doubt quite a lot)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From the article:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nearly 80 percent of all of the outbreaks occurred in a home setting,&#xA;  while 34 percent came from a transport setting. Additionally, most of&#xA;  the home outbreaks resulted in three to five cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, researchers were only able to find one outbreak that took&#xA;  place in an outdoor environment, involving just two cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;All identified outbreaks of three or more cases occurred in an indoor&#xA;  environment, which confirms that sharing indoor space is a major&#xA;  [COVID-19] infection risk,&quot; the researchers concluded in the study's&#xA;  abstract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19435" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T20:48:47.717" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T20:48:47.717" Title="How is COVID-19 transmission tracked with any accuracy?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-23T18:52:46.300" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the public and scientific discourse, there seems to be establishing a consensus that -contrary to flu epidemics- the role of children and schools in the covid-19 epidemic is small. &lt;strong&gt;On what research does this consensus rely?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-schools/school-closures-will-have-little-impact-on-covid-19-control-review-finds-idUSKBN21O32E?fbclid=IwAR2gqQsDBILK8TMrWZt6WFFIeT0qIrA9HWfrXa--zYZ51GJhwgvURInFI2w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference to a study&lt;/a&gt; on the 2003 SARS outbreak (also a coronavirus) which couldn't find an impact of school closures on the evolution of that epidemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/21/boy-with-covid-19-did-not-transmit-disease-to-more-than-170-contacts?fbclid=IwAR1x-QmfKw_iEduJwD9IqPDs05SIvqWOjq59G5zYPHRY7eNCoWCbxgmnUxQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anecdotal stories&lt;/a&gt; about children who are infected and do not transmit the disease very easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children do not feature heavily in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/statistics/1102730/south-korea-coronavirus-cases-by-age/?fbclid=IwAR2gqQsDBILK8TMrWZt6WFFIeT0qIrA9HWfrXa--zYZ51GJhwgvURInFI2w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the age-breakdown of people having tested positive for covid-19&lt;/a&gt; or who tested positive for antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can imagine researchers are mostly emboldened from that age-breakdown that I just mentioned, but what about the countering hypotheses that...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;many children who are positive for either covid-19 or its antibodies test negative because their bodies so easily overcome the disease (yielding both low virus concentrations throughout all stages of the disease and yielding low antibody concentration afterwards -&gt; low concentrations are difficult to detect in a test)&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Children may overcome the disease relatively quickly and unharmed, but in a society where the schools are not closed they interact so intensely with a large number of people that -despite their fast recovery- they still contribute a great deal to the overall R0 of that epidemic.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17835" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:12:30.577" Title="&quot;Children are not the drivers of the covid-19 pandemic / closing schools is an ineffective policy&quot;: sources, backup?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23371" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23367" CreationDate="2020-04-23T19:52:42.390" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ciliated epithelium lines the human respiratory tract from the posterior third of the nose to the bronchioles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the major part of the lung involved is distal to the bronchioles so there's no mechanism to move fluid to the mouth at this level. Hence, the cough is dry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 25 April 2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been previously stated in the literature that it is the type 2 alveolar cells or pneumocytes that carry ACE2 allowing them to be infected.  But we now have a paper that describes ACE2 expression by ciliated cells, with the highest concentration carried by nasal epithelial cells including ciliated and goblet cells.  Those these levels of expression are not as high as in the aleolar cells but does explain why we get positive nasopharyngeal swabs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this study, we explored multiple scRNA-seq datasets generated within the HCA&#xA;  consortium, and found that SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 is more highly expressed (and co-expressed with viral entry-associated protease TMPRSS2) in nasal epithelial cells, specifically goblet and ciliated cells. This finding implicates these cells as loci of original infection and possible reservoirs for dissemination within a given patient and from person&#xA;  to person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ciliated-epithelium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/ciliated-epithelium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2003/2003.06122.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2003/2003.06122.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T22:37:42.110" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T22:37:42.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23369" CreationDate="2020-04-23T20:28:05.890" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you read the actual paper they explain their methodology.  It's a review of data published on websites by health authorities and only using data where the information regarding the spaces in which contact tracing identified how a person developed the illness. So it's missing data from any of the large cities because that data doesn't exist online. And it relies on how accurate the contact tracing was by the various authorities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's useful but not definitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T20:28:05.890" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23376" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23378" CreationDate="2020-04-23T22:41:59.187" Score="1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a bit confused reading articles like this:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/nyregion/coronavirus-antibodies-test-ny.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/nyregion/coronavirus-antibodies-test-ny.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of every five New York City residents tested positive for antibodies to the coronavirus, according to preliminary results described by Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo on Thursday that suggested that the virus had spread far more widely than known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the pattern holds, the results from random testing of 3,000 people raised the tantalizing prospect that many New Yorkers — as many as 2.7 million, the governor said — who never knew they had been infected had already encountered the virus, and survived. Mr. Cuomo also said that such wide infection might mean that the death rate was far lower than believed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As per &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20897/does-someone-in-world-already-have-antibodies-against-wuhan-coronavirus&quot;&gt;this previous Stackexchange question&lt;/a&gt;, it appears that we have no way of knowing whether someone has coronavirus antibodies or not. So I have a few follow-up questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do they detect whether someone has coronavirus antibodies?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does someone having the antibodies mean they were &lt;em&gt;definitely&lt;/em&gt; infected with the novel coronavirus at some point?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19438" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T01:12:09.130" Title="What does it mean when someone has Coronavirus antibodies?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23377" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-23T22:42:27.057" Score="-1" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of us are expecting a COVID-19 within 12-18 months. But how come in the past week, I find multiple articles and news reports suggesting the possibility of a vaccine in the fall. While this is cleary a few months ahead of the projected estimate, what are the factors that are speeding up the initial estimation of the vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/how-moderna-racing-to-a-coronavirus-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/how-moderna-racing-to-a-coronavirus-vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/oxford-university-coronavirus-vaccine-covid/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/oxford-university-coronavirus-vaccine-covid/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, while most of these vaccines are projected to be released as early as September, and many experts estimate it will be until next year, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/04/22/will-johnson-johnsons-coronavirus-vaccine-dominate.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March or April of 2021&lt;/a&gt;, when many more vaccines will be out. So, if the vaccines projected to be ready by September fail, will there be any other vaccines that are estimated to be ready between September and April 2021, say, maybe a vaccine ready by as early as November or December?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19437" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-11T12:42:05.220" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T12:42:05.220" Title="Why COVID-19 vaccine defies the 12-18 month estimation?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:36:33.763" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23378" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23376" CreationDate="2020-04-23T23:02:14.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How do they detect whether someone has coronavirus antibodies?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You test the blood against antigens carried by the SARS-CoV-2.  Antibodies in the blood will bind to these antigens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The information for the Cellex test says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;When a correct volume of test specimen is dispensed into the&#xA;  sample well of the test cassette, the specimen migrates by&#xA;  capillary action along the cassette. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus&#xA;  IgG, if present in the specimen, will bind to the SARS-CoV-2&#xA;  conjugates. If IgG is present in the specimen, the&#xA;  immunocomplex will then captured by the anti-human IgG line,&#xA;  forming a burgundy colored G Line, indicating a SARS-CoV-2&#xA;  virus IgG positive test result.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus IgM, if present in the specimen, will&#xA;  bind to the SARS-CoV-2 conjugates. The immunocomplex is then&#xA;  captured by the anti-human IgM line, forming a burgundy&#xA;  colored M Line, indicating a SARS-CoV-2 virus IgM positive test&#xA;  result. Information regarding the immune response to SARS-CoV- 2 is limited and still evolving. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Does someone having the antibodies mean they were definitely infected with the novel coronavirus at some point?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It depends on the specificity of the test.  If the test is 99% specific it means that it is 99% probable that you're detecting the right antibody, and not an antibody against another virus or antigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/136625/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/media/136625/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-23T23:02:14.467" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23345" CreationDate="2020-04-23T23:24:27.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;3Blue1Brown made a great video (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxAaO2rsdIs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Simulating an Epidemic&lt;/a&gt;) showcasing the effects of tweaking various parameters on outbreaks using simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;His simulation is based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/the-sir-model-for-spread-of-disease-the-differential-equation-model&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SIR model&lt;/a&gt;, which categorizes a population into people &lt;strong&gt;S&lt;/strong&gt;usceptible to the disease, people &lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt;nfected with the disease, and people &lt;strong&gt;R&lt;/strong&gt;ecovered from the disease. For every unit of time a susceptible person spends within the infectious radius of an infected person, the suspectible person will have some probability of contracting the disease. After a certain number of time, an infected person will recover (or be removed) and will not be able to spread the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;The 5 main takeaways from the video are&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The growth rate of new cases is sensitive to # of daily interactions, probability of infection (e.g. better hygiene) and duration of infection [4:41]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Changes in how many people are tested (and quarantined) cause disproportionately large changes to the total number of people infected [9:06]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Social distancing slows the spread of infection, but even small imperfections prolongs it [12:54]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reducing contact between communities, late in an outbreak, has a limited effect [14:00]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Shared central locations (e.g. grocery store) dramatically speed up the spread [17:42]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3Blue1Brown notes that his simulations are toy models and uses a small population-size, so his findings are not necessarily generalizable to real-world examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a fan-made interactive simulation based on the same video:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Epidemic-Simulation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Epidemic-Simulation.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T01:42:55.773" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T01:42:55.773" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23380" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23389" CreationDate="2020-04-24T00:51:15.483" Score="1" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;I edited my question after doing some research. I also edited the question to include phrase &amp;quot;out of door&amp;quot;. When indoors the risk is increased considerable with stale air or air that has been circulated from another area that may have the virus. I edited the question to be more specific although it may still need improvement. I am also not sure of the tags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The measles can be transmitted up to 30 meters and remain airborne up to 2 hours thus far COVID-19 remains I believe an open issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T12:37:02.267" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T12:37:02.267" Title="What is the distance the COVID-19 virus can travel in the air out of doors and remain infectious for someone breathing the same air?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23377" CreationDate="2020-04-24T01:26:06.493" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;vaccine&lt;/em&gt; isn't defying the 12-18 month estimate, &lt;em&gt;assorted company PR departments&lt;/em&gt; are defying the 12-18 month estimate.  It's unlikely that an actual vaccine will become available in the timeframe these people are promising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T01:26:06.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23370" CreationDate="2020-04-24T01:41:08.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the scientific discourse around Covid-19, I haven't seen statements that &quot;the role of children and schools in the covid-19 epidemic is small&quot;.  What I've seen is statements that &quot;the role of children and schools &lt;em&gt;alone&lt;/em&gt; in the Covid-19 epidemic is small&quot;, that is, closing schools &lt;em&gt;alone&lt;/em&gt; will have little impact on the spread of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to keep person A from infecting person B, you need to break &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; possible transmission links between the two people.  It's very rare for two people whose children attend the same school to have that as the only transmission route between them.  Odds are, they'll also shop at the same stores, attend the same church, eat at the same restaurants, and so on, all of which also provide potential transmission routes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the word &quot;alone&quot; tends to get dropped when moving from scientific discourse to public discourse, giving the impression that re-opening schools is a low-risk activity.  In actual practice, schools are a highly effective transmission route for most diseases, especially those with airborne or aerosol transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T01:41:08.053" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-24T03:45:54.100" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was somewhat surprised to hear that contract tracers are instructed to disregard contacts between an known infected person (positive tested) person and their contacts if the duration of a contact is less than 10 minutes (and distance is less than 6 feet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering that the virus is capable of being transmitted by a simple handshake, and because a handshake only takes seconds, a restriction on time duration may be counter productive.* &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only CDC guidance I can find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; suggests the criteria should be &amp;lt;6ft for a &quot;prolonged period of time&quot;, then goes on to say in a note: &quot;Data are insufficient to precisely define the duration of time that constitutes a prolonged exposure. Recommendations vary on the length of time of exposure from 10 minutes or more to 30 minutes or more.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMO, that does not appear to be a sound criteria (as to duration) to define a non-healthcare environment person-to-person contact with a known positive. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: Are there any other (new and improved???) CDC guidance documents that might alter that &quot;prolonged contact&quot; recommendation, perhaps even discussing the nature of the contact when less than 6 feet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;counter productive in that it could impart a false sense of security, by not informing a contact that they were potentially exposed to a transmitter.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Please migrate to Politics if that is a more appropriate site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T12:55:41.753" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T12:55:41.753" Title="COVID-19 Contact tracing- Is there any clarity on the duration of &quot;contact&quot;" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23384" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23404" CreationDate="2020-04-24T04:10:35.767" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/15664&quot;&gt;this answer&lt;/a&gt; to a different question which discusses a theory of the cause of type 2 Diabetes. It describes insulin resistance leading to a runaway positive feedback loop. The answer also suggests family or lifestyle factors being the cause of the insulin resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m wondering if the current evidence we have suggests that any human could get Type 2 diabetes, or if it is possible that someone who is unambiguously human, (not a created via injecting non-human genetic material into a human egg for example,) who cannot get Type 2 Diabetes under any environment. For the purposes of a clean way to tell if something counts as Type 2 Diabetes, I'll specify that anything with the same underlying mechanism as something that is unambiguously Type 2 Diabetes counts as the same disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suppose that I could formulate at least two forms of this question, by varying what counts as &quot;any environment&quot;. The first form would include injecting fat into the person's liver. A second form would exclude all coerecion or direct modification of the person's body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we knew that someone who could not get Type 2 Diabetes existed, then I would argue that it would make sense to call Type 2 Diabetes a purely genetic disorder, even if the population with the disorder included every human except a single individual. Does that method of classification make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16838" LastEditorUserId="16838" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T04:03:41.390" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T04:03:41.390" Title="Is it possible that there are some people who cannot get Type 2 diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23385" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23386" CreationDate="2020-04-24T04:37:06.177" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that there have been other papers published, but I was specifically looking for the one referenced by Bill Bryan, an undersecretary at the Homeland Security Department, in the press briefing today (4/23/2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I recollect Bryan announced that work done by the Science and Technology section of DHS, had found that exposure to strong sunlight, particularly UV, shortened the half-life of Sars-Cov-2 significantly. (He also discussed bleach, IPA, and disinfectants, but that's not my focus for this Q)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I can find this research, it might reveal if the &quot;sunlight exposure&quot; was natural sunlight or artificial. The key difference being that artificial (or laboratory sunlight) tends to also contain UV-C which is highly destructive*, whereas natural sunlight has almost no UV-C (thankfully to the earth's atmosphere) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laboratory sunlight can be equipped to absorb or diminish the UV-C, so I'd be looking , in the research, for actual measurements of the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C used to &quot;attack&quot; SARS-CoV-2 assay.  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T18:44:28.520" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T18:44:28.520" Title="Research paper published SARS-CoV-2 persistence and durability" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;sunlight&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23386" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23385" CreationDate="2020-04-24T05:33:31.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper is here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scribd.com/document/456897616/DHSST#fullscreen&amp;amp;from_embed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scribd.com/document/456897616/DHSST#fullscreen&amp;amp;from_embed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't say but I presume that the Department of Homeland Security knows what sunlight is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T05:33:31.467" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23387" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23402" CreationDate="2020-04-24T08:02:45.390" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;Walking around town I see quite a few people wearing gloves in addition to a mask. But is this actually useful? COVID-19 does not transmit via the skin, so you don't need to protect your hands per se. And you can still touch your face even if you're wearing gloves. Is there any research showing that gloves help against respiratory diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T19:42:04.923" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T02:32:56.133" Title="Does wearing gloves help against being infected with COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23388" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23390" CreationDate="2020-04-24T08:07:50.013" Score="2" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;Previously I've asked a question focused on COVID-19: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23359/why-did-countries-initially-presume-that-detecting-covid-19-requires-a-deep-nasa&quot;&gt;Why did countries initially presume that detecting COVID-19 requires a deep nasal swab?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;@Fizz provided the following response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So clearly it was preferred for Covid-19 because of the &amp;quot;received wisdom&amp;quot; from other respiratory virus illnesses. (To pick a random example, the 2005 WHO guidlines for avian influenza don't mention saliva samples, but various kinds of swabs and washes (for the upper respiratory tract): nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab, nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasal wash, throat swab.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to ask why saliva sampling is not a method more widely used (instead of, or, in addition to nasopharyngeal swabs) in other respiratory virus diagnostics, modify your question according (incl. tag).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my follow up question is: how did we arrive to the &amp;quot;common wisdom&amp;quot; of using nasal swabs in respiratory virus diagnostics? Was it just presumed that it's more efficient than saliva testing or was there any research on this matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T22:57:36.630" Title="Why isn't saliva sampling used when sampling for the presence of respiratory diseases?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23380" CreationDate="2020-04-24T10:23:22.230" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763852&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this March 2020 article&lt;/a&gt;, &quot;no studies have directly evaluated the biophysics of droplets and gas cloud formation for patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus&quot;. But the author, MIT Prof Lydia Bourouiba, says exhalations can cause gaseous clouds that travel up to 27 feet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T10:23:22.230" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23388" CreationDate="2020-04-24T10:45:46.880" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's because influenza attacks ciliated cells, and you get the best specimens where you include cellular material&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Acceptable respiratory specimens &#xA;  Most tests can be used on a variety of respiratory specimen types, however not all specimen &#xA;  types yield equivalent results, and other factors can influence specimen quality. Nasal aspirates, &#xA;  nasal washes, sputa and nasopharyngeal swabs, especially those specimens containing cellular &#xA;  material, are preferable to nasal swabs and throat swabs. They should be collected as close to the &#xA;  onset of symptoms as possible and not after 4–5 days in adults as virus shedding typically &#xA;  diminishes. In young children, viral shedding may occur for longer periods, and the collection of &#xA;  specimens for testing after 5 days of illness may still be useful. There are very limited data on &#xA;  the shedding of avian influenza viruses in human infections. For guidelines on human specimen &#xA;  collection and handling see WHO guidelines for the collection of human specimens for &#xA;  laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza infection &#xA;  (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/humanspecimens/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/humanspecimens/en/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saliva is a biofluid made by salivary glands and doesn't include much cellular material. You can get virus from saliva but it's more sensitive from a swab, and more sensitive again when you do both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/clinician_guidance_ridt.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/clinician_guidance_ridt.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28111058/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28111058/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T22:57:36.630" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T22:57:36.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23393" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23395" CreationDate="2020-04-24T14:41:26.220" Score="3" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7564240/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Folinic acid responsive seizures: a new syndrome?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (1995): &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This infant girl seized within 6h of birth. Seizures were ameliorated with high-dose multiple anticonvulsant therapy. CT scan, urine organic acids and plasma amino acids were normal except for a slight elevation of isoleucine and leucine. All other biochemical tests were normal. The unknown compound was present in CSF, together with a mild selective &lt;strong&gt;aminorachia&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is &lt;strong&gt;aminorachia&lt;/strong&gt;? I can't find any definition online. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T15:39:19.283" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T17:12:59.607" Title="What is aminorachia?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23387" CreationDate="2020-04-24T16:03:19.140" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;My research search-fu is rather weak, and it's also quite likely that such research doesn't exist as it's not really how latex (or equivalent) gloves work. The gloves will support infectious agents just as readily as your hands, but the benefit comes from the ability to take them off (I mean, you COULD take your hands off, but it's a bit excessive).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hand washing is effective against pathogen spread, but 20 seconds of handwashing &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172734&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only kills MOST&lt;/a&gt; of the virus or other pathogen on your hands (that research is for Ebola, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-handwashing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;similar results are likely&lt;/a&gt; for other pathogens). Removing the gloves (properly) effectively removes 100%, and with very little practice, takes much less than 20 seconds (especially if you eliminate the travel time to a hand-wash station and back).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frequent and purposeful glove change would then allow significant reduction of pathogen transmission via the hands (or hand-like surface).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19137" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T16:03:19.140" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23395" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23393" CreationDate="2020-04-24T17:12:59.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Rachi-&quot; is a prefix associated with the spine, as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachischisis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rachischisis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Amino&quot; is a bit more familiar: it refers to the amino chemical group, or in biomedicine, amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Aminorachia&quot; seems to be a rarely used term, I see only 3 hits in &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C50&amp;amp;q=Aminorachia&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the sources using the term provides some better context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Selective aminorachia with normal plasma amino acid concentrations was observed in several children [7]. In one child only glycine was elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid with low values for several other amino acids. When analyzed, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are normal [8], [10].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nicolai, J., van Kranen-Mastenbroek, V. H., Wevers, R. A., Hurkx, W. A., &amp;amp; Vles, J. S. (2006). Folinic Acid–Responsive Seizures Initially Responsive to Pyridoxine. Pediatric neurology, 34(2), 164-167.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me like this is an attempt to coin a term that hasn't really settled in to the literature, appearing just a few times, but explaining a fairly simple concept that is found much more broadly in literature: epilepsy can be associated with different cerebrospinal fluid levels of certain amino acids. I would not recommend the term, but &quot;selective aminorachia&quot; in these sources means &quot;elevated CSF concentrations of certain amino acids relative to plasma&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a bit outside my area of expertise, so I can't comment more specifically on modern expectations of CSF amino acid concentrations with epilepsy or if there is any clinical relevance/utility to measuring them. I've collected a few references that might be a starting point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Araki, K., Harada, M., Ueda, Y., Takino, T., &amp;amp; Kuriyama, K. (1988). Alteration of amino acid content of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with epilepsy. Acta neurologica scandinavica, 78(6), 473-479.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Devinsky, O., Emoto, S., Nadi, N. S., &amp;amp; Theodore, W. H. (1993). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuropeptides, cortisol, and amino acids in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 34(2), 255-261.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Griffith, N. C., Cunningham, A. M., Goldsmith, R., &amp;amp; Bandler, R. (1991). Interictal behavioral alterations and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid changes in a chronic seizure model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 32(6), 767-777.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mutani, R., Monaco, F., Durelli, L., &amp;amp; Delsedime, M. (1974). Free amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic subjects. Epilepsia, 15(4), 593-597.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rainesalo, S., Keränen, T., Palmio, J., Peltola, J., Oja, S. S., &amp;amp; Saransaari, P. (2004). Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochemical research, 29(1), 319-324.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T17:12:59.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-24T18:33:53.760" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many water filters that use KDF in place of, or in conjunction with, granular activated carbon filters to produce drinking or shower water by removing heavy metals and chlorine from it. It is also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_zinc_water_filtration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;known&lt;/a&gt; that the copper/zinc water filtration generates hydroxyl radicals that form during the process. Hydroxyl radicals are being &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eurohealth-spain.com/articulos/the_dangerous.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;described&lt;/a&gt; as very harmful to a human body:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The uncontrolled action of hydroxyl radicals the most damaging free&#xA;  radical by far can have devastating effects within the body. ... It&#xA;  reacts at diffusion rates with virtually any molecule found in its&#xA;  path including macromolecules such as DNA, membrane lipids, proteins,&#xA;  and carbohydrates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a significant harm of using that kind of water filters for every day water consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19446" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T18:33:53.760" Title="Hydroxyl radicals effects on human body from drinking KDF copper/zinc filtered water" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;water-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23397" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-24T18:38:39.763" Score="3" ViewCount="157" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to several sources, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/22/no-lockdown-in-sweden-but-stockholm-could-see-herd-immunity-in-weeks.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;models estimate 20% of people in Stockholm are already immune to COVID-19&lt;/a&gt; (2014-04-22).  However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/covid-19-was-hilft-im-kampf-gegen-das-coronavirus.1939.de.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;German virologists estimate&lt;/a&gt; (2020-04-19) that to reach herd immunity in Germany without overwhelming the healthcare system would take around a year.  Stockholm has not seen the overwhelming of the healthcare system that cities like Bergamo or New York City have seen.  How could Stockholm be already close to herd immunity without overwhelming the healthcare system, when the situation is so different in Germany (estimated to take a year, higher number of intensive care units per capita than most other countries), Bergamo or New York (overwhelmed healthcare system)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52395866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus: Has Sweden got it right?&lt;/a&gt;, BBC News, 2020-04-25, which doesn't really answer this question specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5401" LastEditorUserId="5401" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T09:05:50.090" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T18:43:09.790" Title="How can Stockholm be close to herd immunity without having overwhelmed the healthcare system?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23397" CreationDate="2020-04-24T20:18:32.530" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The level at which herd immunity is achieved varies with the communicability of the disease. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#Mechanics&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The standard rule of thumb is that the percentage of the population that has to be immune is p&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; = (1 - 1 / R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;. The value of R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; for SARS-CoV-2 is not known precisely, but is thought to be between 1.4 and 3.9. This means that herd immunity would be achieved at somewhere between 29%-74% of the population. So we don't actually know if Stockholm is near herd immunity or not. In fact, if you read the details of the article you link to, Tegnell, the Swedish chief epidemiologist, says that herd immunity is achievable in a &quot;few weeks time&quot;. So the statement that Stockholm is close may depend on what your your definition of close is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article you link to also points out that Swedens death toll is double that of nearby Denmark and Finland. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/swedish-pm-warned-russian-roulette-covid-19-strategy-herd-immunity&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Swedish policy is controversial and other virologists and epidemiologists fear they could rapidly move into an NYC/Italy/Spain style outbreak&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be worth noting that German has 8 times the population of Sweden, so they'd probably have to move towards herd immunity at a lower rate than Sweden to avoid overtaxing the medical system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-04-24T20:33:35.333" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T20:33:35.333" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23400" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-24T20:18:53.757" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;today we were studying oral novel drug delivery systems. The class was prerecorded (due to pandemic) There was this table in the slides &quot;strategies and benefits of modifying drug release table&quot; and I don't know what book it is. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RuHvu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RuHvu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So as you see, the last one is about prevent release. Our professor only mentioned that this system has the drug in it but it does not release at all, so it does not have any therapeutic benefit. It is stated it is used for opioids for avoiding abuse. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: Why do we load active substance when we don't want any release? What is the difference between this system and placebo? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19448" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T20:48:59.077" Title="Prevent-Release Systems for Opioid Painkillers Vs Placebo" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23401" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23400" CreationDate="2020-04-24T20:48:59.077" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're missing the point still.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &quot;benefit&quot; column in that table is about benefits of the &lt;em&gt;modification&lt;/em&gt;, not the drug. A drug modified to prevent release &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; (kind of a weird phrasing..) is designed to require an additional processing step that occurs when the drug is taken normally (often orally), but not when it is abused (like ground up and inhaled). So, instead of including the active ingredient in a pill, you use a prodrug that needs to undergo a chemical reaction in the digestive system before being effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This modification doesn't have any &lt;em&gt;added&lt;/em&gt; benefit for the person taking the drug normally, but it &lt;em&gt;still has the same therapeutic benefit as the unmodified drug&lt;/em&gt;. The benefit it has is the societal benefit of (slightly) discouraging abuse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-24T20:48:59.077" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23387" CreationDate="2020-04-24T23:29:32.233" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are dealing with an infectious agent transmitted by bodily fluids, HIV or Ebola say, then &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000039.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gloves are an important element of personal protective equipment&lt;/a&gt;. Gloves help prevent infectious fluid from getting into cuts and scrapes on your hands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For air-borne and droplet transmitted pathogens the situation is more complicated. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oralhealthgroup.com/features/gloves-spread-disease-and-have-created-an-infection-control-dilemma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Improperly used, gloves can actually contribute to the spread of infection&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144047/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;When properly used, gloves can reduce cross contamination between activities and help prevent infection of the wearer&lt;/a&gt;. The trick is that between activities you have to change gloves and wash or sanitize your hands. If you've ever watched a health care worker using gloves is goes roughly like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wash/sanitize hands&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carefully don gloves &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Perform procedure.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carefully remove gloves, avoiding touching the outer surface of the glove.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;wash/sanitize hands&#xA;Repeat&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This minimizes the chance of transmitting infection from one patient to the next, and provides protection for the glove wearer by minimizing the time they have potentially infectious materials on their bare hand or glove surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply wearing a single pair of gloves around all day isn't going to accomplish anything. One of my pet peeves is the occasional inattentive cafe worker who wears gloves to handle the food, then goes to the cash register and handles money from a customer still wearing their gloves, then goes back to handling the food &lt;em&gt;still wearing the same gloves&lt;/em&gt;, but the gloves are now potentially contaminated from handling the money!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T02:32:56.133" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T02:32:56.133" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23404" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23384" CreationDate="2020-04-25T00:41:29.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you're confused by what is meant as a genetic disease.  A disease like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Huntingdon's Chorea&lt;/a&gt; is a genetic disease because we know the genetics, and we know that it occurs due to mutation in an autosomal dominant gene so the chance of inheritance is 50% with almost 100% penetrance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diseases like T2DM have a genetic basis so that we know some groups are way more susceptible than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The large variation in prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes among ethnic groups living in similar environments, the increased risk to siblings of affected individuals, and the high concordance rate for the disease in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins indicate that this disease has a significant genetic component (rev. in 6). Studies in twins, and particularly in twins reared apart, have also produced high heritability estimates for BMI, ranging between 0.6 and 0.9 (7). However, the extent to which this familial aggregation reflects a small number of genes with major effects, a large number of genes each with small effect (polygenic inheritance), and environmental factors shared among family members remains unknown. For example, certain aspects of the intrauterine environment, such as the blood supply from the placenta, are shared more strongly between monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins, and intrauterine effects are known to have a significant impact on the future development of diabetes (8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but we don't consider it 100% genetic because for many if not most people it can be prevented by an appropriate life style, and it's the change in lifestyles that have caused the current epidemics of this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/5/1181&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/5/1181&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17098087/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17098087/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T00:41:29.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-25T14:28:55.300" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible that a person having coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2 test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in rapid (antibody testing kits) as well as RT PCR tests? Searching around the internet didn't yield any insight about this.My logic behind the question is,if the viruses are similar,shouldn't they show positive when tested for one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19452" LastEditorUserId="19452" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T08:06:13.813" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T08:06:13.813" Title="Can having other coronaviruses like HCoV-OC43 give positive results when testing for SARS-CoV-2?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:33:34.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23407" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23408" CreationDate="2020-04-25T16:41:52.857" Score="5" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unfractionated heparin (UFH)&lt;/strong&gt; is an anticoagulant that main works &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/hq0701.093686&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;by inactivating thrombin and activated factor X (factor Xa) through an antithrombin (AT)-dependent mechanism&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prothrombin time (PT)&lt;/strong&gt; is an coagulation assay that measures the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2086058-overview&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;extrinsic and final common pathways of the coagulation cascade (factors VII, II (prothrombin), V, X, and fibrinogen)&lt;/a&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is PT not routinely used to measure the anticoagulation effects of heparin?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Classical_blood_coagulation_pathway.png&quot; alt=&quot;Coagulation Pathway&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T16:41:52.857" Title="Why is prothrombin time not used to monitor the effects of heparin?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;coagulation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23407" CreationDate="2020-04-25T16:41:52.857" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most PT assays contain &lt;strong&gt;polybrene&lt;/strong&gt;, which neutralizes heparin. According to &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/460/83815/Coagulation-assays-and-anticoagulant-monitoring&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coagulation assays and anticoagulant monitoring&lt;/a&gt;&quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Polybrene is a positively charged material that will neutralize UFH, and this is a component of many clot-based reagents. Polybrene is added to the majority of PT reagents (clinicians may want to confirm that the PT reagent used in their laboratory contains polybrene) and is also present in many assays used in the detection of a LA (lupus anticoagulant), such as the dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) and Staclot LA (Diagnostica Stago) kits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Theoretically, a high enough dose of Heparin to overcome polybrene neutralizing activity can prolong PT, but this is not consistent enough to warrant monitoring with PT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Heparin activity can instead be monitored with &lt;strong&gt;activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;anti-factor Xa activity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T16:41:52.857" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23397" CreationDate="2020-04-25T17:20:08.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BBC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52395866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has&lt;/a&gt; some clarifications now (Apr 25):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A public health agency report this week suggested around a third of people &lt;strong&gt;in Stockholm will have been infected by the start of May&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was later &lt;strong&gt;revised down to 26% after the agency admitted a calculation error.&lt;/strong&gt; But several high-profile scientists have offered even greater numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prof Johan Giesecke, ex-chief scientist of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), believes at least half of all Stockholmers will have caught the virus by the end of the month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It could even be up to half the population of Sweden, suggests Stockholm University mathematician Tom Britton.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, the [revised] official projection is 26% have been infected in Stockholm by May 1st or so. Whether that is or isn't &amp;quot;close to herd immunity&amp;quot; depends on additional assumptions as nicely explained in Charles' answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've managed to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/april/uppdaterad-modellering-av-spridningen-av-covid-19-i-stockholms-lan/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;find that report&lt;/a&gt;, or at least an announcement thereof [with the correction] but it's in Swedish. Via Google translate, the most detail I could gather is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The model that has been used is adapted to the number of reported cases of covid-19 between 17 February and 10 April 2020, and to results from the survey conducted in Stockholm to measure the current occurrence of covid-19 in society.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which links to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/april/rapport-fran-undersokning-av-forekomsten-av-covid-19-i-region-stockholm/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another page in Swedish&lt;/a&gt; for the survey informing their model. It seems to me they've used random/stratified sampling for this survey; again via google translate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The survey included 738 invited participants aged 2 to 86 who performed self-sampling at home and reported any symptoms via a survey. The samples and survey responses were collected between March 26 and April 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The report contains details on the conduct of the study as well as the results regarding the occurrence of covid-19 and the symptoms reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, &lt;strong&gt;2.5 percent of participants tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus&lt;/strong&gt;. All of them reported some form of symptoms. In this study, the number of positives was too low to calculate any statistically significant difference in symptoms between participants who were positive and negative, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The symptoms could be very mild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas I couldn't find the actual model/publication that details the progression from that 2.5% positive tests in the start-of-April survey to 26% projected as infected by start of May. Perhaps someone who speaks Swedish has better luck in that regard (finding the actual model/publication).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related (as to why their health system wasn't overwhelmed): Sweden has increased its ICU capacity. It looks like if they had held it constant to the pre-Covid-19 level, their ICU capacity would have been overwhelmed already. Quoting an &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/47461/29579&quot;&gt;answer from Skeptics&lt;/a&gt;, which does have links/references, but they are in Swedish:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] According to Socialstyrelsen (the government agency in charge of the health care system), the intensive care capacity of regular hospitals has slightly more than doubled: &lt;strong&gt;From 526 places before the crisis to 1131 places as of April 24. Source: Socialstyrelsen. Of those places, 533 are currently used for patients with Covid-19.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this does not include the capacity from military tent hospitals that are not yet in use. The number of ICU places with ventilators they will have is unclear, but appears to be around 50-100 in total according to media reports [...].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also (if the UK experience is any indicator), the ICUs not being overwhelmed might not be the &amp;quot;end of story&amp;quot;. A lot of extra/unexplained deaths can happen without them ever going to the ICU, particularly among the elderly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/35bkV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/35bkV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/sweden-prepares-to-tighten-coronavirus-measures-as-death-toll-climbs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to the Guardian (Apr 5)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One third of Stockholm’s nursing homes are affected [by Covid-19].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Giesecke said in one of his interviews (I think in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfN2JWifLCY&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=811&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, but I'm not going to re-watch it to find the exact timestamp) that Swedish nursing homes are (individually) larger than in neighboring countries, which he used to explain the larger death toll in them... meaning that the virus can spread in a larger population once someone in such a [larger] nursing home is infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T18:43:09.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23410" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-25T20:03:27.827" Score="0" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two authoritative conflicting opinions on treatment of COVID-19 shortness of breath that came from physicians in the front-lines last week. David Price, MD said there's no need to go to a hospital unless you are short of breath, in a very widely circulated Zoom talk with friends and family. Richard Levitan, MD in a NY Times editorial, said  that shortness of breath can come days after pneumonia starts and serious damage has already begun, and everyone complaining of COVID-19 symptoms should be tested  for oxygen saturation immediately and hospitalized if it's low.  Has there been any follow-on? I'd expect one or the other or both to say something and a lot of other opinions would be offered. David Price is a pulmonolgist and that, all by itself, says a lot. Richard Levitan tells what he's actually seen, and is quite convincing. He also points out that pulse oximeters are widely available and inexpensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Links:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/opinion/coronavirus-testing-pneumonia.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/opinion/coronavirus-testing-pneumonia.html&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcKTzefEJFM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcKTzefEJFM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19455" LastEditorUserId="19455" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T21:07:01.183" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T21:07:01.183" Title="Conflicting opinions on treatment of COVID-19 shortness of breath" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23411" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23328" CreationDate="2020-04-25T20:04:35.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recent studies have reported that about 80% of people infected with SARS-CoV2 are asymptomatic, it means they are &quot;silent carriers&quot;. These patients show no or very mild symptoms. As it is known that viruses need to get into living cells to divide and survive.&#xA;Same applies with SARS-CoV2, this virus attaches its spike protein present on the outer shell with the human cell's protein receptor, called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Angiotensin converting enzyme 2&lt;/a&gt; (ACE2). These ACE2 receptors are normally found in the lungs, kidneys, heart and gut.&#xA;After getting infected with this virus, it take incubation period of about 14 days for symptoms to arise. Having healthy immune system during this incubation period can reduce the viral load and thus prevent it from entering the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our immune system provides us two lines of defense.&#xA;First one is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;innate component&lt;/a&gt; including physical barriers such as skin and mucosal membranes, variety of proteins and some of the white blood cells for attacking foreign material. This immune response is non-specific and works fast. The second one is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adaptive component&lt;/a&gt;. This works slowly but is specific for particular infection and holds memory of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specific genetic variations in humans might also play role in determining the intensity of sickness. By producing fast adaptive immune response, the body may recognize virus early and work against it. General health also determines the immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If SARS-CoV-2 virus still survives during this entry to the body, it makes entry into lungs via mucosal respiratory tract. There it binds to ACE2 receptors and replicates further, which triggers immune response. The amount of virus which one gets into lungs  also determines severity of sickness. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In many patients, the immune response is intense which results in &quot;cytokine storm&quot;. Cytokines are proteins that act as signals to generate immune response. This can lead to excessive inflammation which can cause organ damage and can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Via:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxgNebx1pg&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=58&amp;amp;t=0s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxgNebx1pg&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=58&amp;amp;t=0s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AToF8O5T86s&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=25&amp;amp;t=396s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AToF8O5T86s&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=25&amp;amp;t=396s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqZYEgREuZ8&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=49&amp;amp;t=274s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqZYEgREuZ8&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=49&amp;amp;t=274s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vZDVbqRhyM&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=27&amp;amp;t=0s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vZDVbqRhyM&amp;amp;list=PLQ_IRFkDInv-NvRRUN0aqe51sMs188k8z&amp;amp;index=27&amp;amp;t=0s&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="17055" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T20:11:11.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T20:11:11.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23426" CreationDate="2020-04-25T20:27:37.977" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for some examples about diseases that can be identified by some equations? I mean something like, that if some person have this overweight, this age, these medical findings that means that in 70% he can suffer from heart disease. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why I need that? I'm working on a project about homomorphic encryption - in summary, encryption that allows to make mathematical equations on encrypted data. I'm looking for a use-cases for this and have an idea about medical data that could be encrypted with this and patient could send his data totally secure to check if he can suffer from some illness. To present this I'm looking for some example diseases that can be detected just looking at the findings and making some mathematical equations on them. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below quick diagram of this demo system. &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jIaST.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jIaST.png&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram of described system&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was looking for this from a long time but web searching doesn't quite understand my request and I cannot find data that interests me. If someone can advise where I can look to find such data I would be very thankful! &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19456" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T17:44:41.663" Title="What diseases can be identified by some defined algorithm?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-25T21:04:57.720" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_%28CVN-71%29&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;USS Roosevelt&lt;/a&gt; COVID outbreak resulted &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-military-sympt/coronavirus-clue-most-cases-aboard-u-s-aircraft-carrier-are-symptom-free-idUSKCN21Y2GB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a significant fraction of asymptomatic carriers&lt;/a&gt; and provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into epidemiology  dynamics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the well documented CVN-71 context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/navys-top-admiral-recommends-reinstating-captain-fired-virus/story?id=70242413&amp;amp;cid=clicksource_4380645_5_three_posts_card_related&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4,865 sailors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;856 tested positive as of 24-April-2020&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-military-sympt/coronavirus-clue-most-cases-aboard-u-s-aircraft-carrier-are-symptom-free-idUSKCN21Y2GB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reuters indicates&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Roughly 60 percent of the over 600 sailors who tested positive so far&#xA;  have not shown symptoms of COVID-19, the potentially lethal&#xA;  respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus, the Navy says. The&#xA;  service did not speculate about how many might later develop symptoms&#xA;  or remain asymptomatic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a modified &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Basili Weiss&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Goal =&gt; Question =&gt; Feature&lt;/strong&gt; was applied to the Roosevelt population, where the goal is to understand the correlation between patient feature and likelihood of asymptomatic infection, what would features would be of interest?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gender&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Age &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Race&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Blood type&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;height &amp;amp; weight&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although features are appreciated, a narrative featuring a sound thought-process will be favored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T22:42:23.893" LastActivityDate="2020-04-25T22:42:23.893" Title="Patient features for COVID Study" Tags="&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:47:59.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-25T22:01:59.440" Score="4" ViewCount="179" Body="&lt;p&gt;CNN even in fairly recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/11/health/nurse-last-words-coronavirus-patient-trnd/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;s keeps pointing to this (March 5) Lancet &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30110-7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; (which is an editorial summarizing an even older &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; published on Feb 21) for mortality rates of Covid-19 on a ventilator:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;the ICU mortality rate among those who required non-invasive ventilation was 23 (79%) of 29 and among those who required invasive mechanical ventilation was 19 (86%) of 22.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That was a study done early on in China (Wuhan more precisely). Are there more recent updates on these percentages? Does the procedure/country/setting make any difference in ICU outcomes on ventilator?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-25T22:08:56.357" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T23:12:17.317" Title="Updates on mortality rate once on a ventilator with Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23415" CreationDate="2020-04-25T23:13:15.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't see that we can have that data yet, nor can it be answered simply.  In Wuhan, Italy and New York when ICUs were being overwhelmed with patients, and there was a ventilator shortage, then only the most sick were being invasively ventilated, and others were left to die.  Or, ventilators were split so that each patient shared the same settings which is not ideal.  Or, patients were not being ventilated early enough after a failure of (high flow nasal cannulae) HFNC and were switched to CPAP/BiPAP.  And there is controversy whether HFNC should be used in an ideal situation as COVID-19 patient can crash easily requiring urgent intubation so it may be better to switch to IV early.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then you have to look at the patient demographics.  Italian patients tended to be older with more co-morbid conditions whereas younger patients needing ventilation were more likely to survive.  In an elderly population needing invasive ventilation the mortality rate was higher than 90%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent data is from New York and given the constraints above&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Mortality rates for those who received mechanical ventilation in the 18-to-65 and older-than-65 age groups were 76.4% and 97.2%, respectively. Mortality rates for those in the 18-to-65 and older-than-65 age groups who did not receive mechanical ventilation were 19.8% and 26.6%, respectively.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Settings are fairly standard and include standardized ventilator protocols and proning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update from New York study 27 April 2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It found that, overall, about 20% of Covid-19 patients treated at Northwell Health died, and 25% of those placed on ventilators died. A ventilator is a device that forces air into the lungs of patients who cannot breathe on their own because of severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 7, 2020&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928259&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 22, 2020&lt;/strong&gt;: Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765184&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/22/health/coronavirus-ventilator-patients-die/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/22/health/coronavirus-ventilator-patients-die/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T23:12:17.317" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T23:12:17.317" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23417" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-26T01:49:46.643" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;It had already been proven that felines can be infected with COVID-19 from exposure to infected humans. However authorities are currently saying that there isn't evidence of the opposite happening - namely that an infected cat can infect a human. To me this sounds strange as there shouldn't be a reason why cats couldn't sneeze on a human and get them infected, just like a human can sneeze on a cat. Especially since humans tend to get close to their cats faces. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So is there a virus which can be transmitted from a human to an animal, but cannot be transmitted in the reverse direction? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T03:15:16.867" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T08:27:18.050" Title="Are there viruses which can spread from humans to animals, but cannot spread from animals to humans?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;zoonotic-viruses&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:34:10.087" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23418" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-26T01:52:58.073" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been recently been shown that convalescent plasma from previously infected patients can be used to help others gain immunity against the disease. But why do we need to use plasma for this purpose? Wouldn't a simple blood transfusion work too given that it contains plasma and antibodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T03:15:08.253" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T14:48:55.433" Title="Why can't simple blood transfusions be used for treatment of COVID-19, instead of plasma transfusions?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;&lt;plasma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:34:34.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23419" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21252" CreationDate="2020-04-26T02:30:04.887" Score="2" Body="&lt;h1&gt;To Mask or not To Mask that is the question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing China did early on was wearing face masks to protect others. They are still doing it today even though there has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/no-covid-19-deaths-10-days-chinas-wuhan-200425154631443.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no deaths for 10 days&lt;/a&gt; and most new cases (counted in dozens and not 10s of thousands like USA today) are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-24/china-reports-12-new-coronavirus-cases-no-new-deaths&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;imported rather than community spread&lt;/a&gt;. This picture from a couple days ago:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JdgOu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JdgOu.png&quot; alt=&quot;coronavirus china face masks.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/04/25/Global-coronavirus-death-toll-hits-200000-China-reports-10-days-of-no-deaths/8211587816006/?ur3=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/04/25/Global-coronavirus-death-toll-hits-200000-China-reports-10-days-of-no-deaths/8211587816006/?ur3=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However Delaware's Governor John Carney just ordered today all citizens to wear masks starting this coming Tuesday (April 28, 2020):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mrt.com/news/article/New-order-requires-Delaware-residents-to-wear-15226421.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New order requires Delaware residents to wear face coverings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So slowly but surely America is starting to do some of the things that China has done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17751" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T02:30:04.887" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23420" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23418" CreationDate="2020-04-26T03:25:20.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Red Cells can be used for other purposes like blood transfusions.  It's not necessary for whole blood transfusions as far as we know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plasma is the part of blood that remains after the red cells, white cells and platelets are removed.  Blood type AB people are considered universal plasma donors because they don't carry Anti-A or Anti-B in their plasma.  Whereas Group O negative people are considered universal red cell donors because their red cells lack the A and B antigens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is some data to suggest the virus can affect haemoglobin synthesis but whether that is meaningful, no one knows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=160&amp;amp;ContentID=37&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=160&amp;amp;ContentID=37&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID-19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_Inhibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID-19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_Inhibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T04:04:55.510" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T04:04:55.510" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23424" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3579" CreationDate="2020-04-26T16:48:21.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;To start, Peanut allergy is one of the most common allergens in the allergic population with 12 known allergen proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;four common food allergy superfamilies: Cupin (Ara h 1), Prolamin (Ara&#xA;h 2, 6, 7, 9), Profilim (Ara h 5), and Bet v-1-related proteins (Ara h&#xA;8). Among these peanut allergens, &lt;strong&gt;Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and&#xA;Ara h 6&lt;/strong&gt; are considered to be major allergens which means that they&#xA;trigger an immunological response in more than 50% of the allergic&#xA;population.&#xA;Source: Mueller GA, Maleki SJ, Pedersen LC (2014). &amp;quot;The Molecular Basis of Peanut Allergy&amp;quot;. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports.- &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peanuts harbor &lt;strong&gt;12 allergens&lt;/strong&gt; and multiple isoforms recognized by the&#xA;Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee of... - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785306/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Molecular basis of peanut allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Comparison&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared to the other common allergy-causing food are : &lt;strong&gt;Eggs, Milk, Tree nuts, Fish, Shellfish, Wheat and Soy&lt;/strong&gt;, which account for 90% (including peanuts) of the total allergic population -&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://acaai.org/allergies/types/food-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American college of allergy, asthma and immunology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Five major allergenic proteins&lt;/strong&gt; from the egg of the domestic chicken&#xA;(Gallus domesticus) have been identified &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia, egg allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Six major allergenic proteins&lt;/strong&gt; from cow's milk have been identified &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia, milk allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tree nuts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hazenut: 13 allergen proteins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wallnut: 7 allergen proteins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pecan: 3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almond: 6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cashew: 4&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pistachio: 6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161589018300907&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Science Direct&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As implied from a long article, &lt;strong&gt;common fish species vary from 1-4 allergens&lt;/strong&gt;..&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4001008/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI - Fish Allergens at a Glance: Variable Allergenicity of Parvalbumins, the Major Fish Allergens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As implied from a tables in the article, &lt;strong&gt;common shellfish species vary from 1-4 allergens&lt;/strong&gt;.. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5306157/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI - Allergens and molecular diagnostics of shellfish allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;strong&gt;four major classes of seed storage proteins&lt;/strong&gt;: albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia -Wheat allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allergenic proteins from soy are named under a nomenclature decided by&#xA;IUIC, which is also responsible for numbering many of the proteins.&#xA;Proteins numbered by IUIC include:[18]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gly m 1, a hydrophobic protein Gly m 2, defensin Gly m 3, profilin Gly&#xA;m 4, PR-10 Gly m 5, vicilin, a cupin Gly m 6, legumin, a cupin Gly m&#xA;7, seed biotinylated protein Gly m 8, 2S albumin These proteins are&#xA;recognized by the immune system as antigens in susceptible&#xA;individuals. &lt;strong&gt;As many as 8 other soy allergenic proteins are known&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia - Soy allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there is no article directly correlating the food and the severity of its allergic reaction. It is safe to say that the number of allergens in the food has a significant relationship to the severity of the allergic reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Notes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;there had been studies regarding the relationship between doses and the reaction but with unpredictable results. Other studies emphasized the risk of doing human studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14957" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-28T02:05:00.157" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23425" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-26T17:31:37.587" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Guardian (in 2017) chose to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/06/why-cant-we-cure-the-common-cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;highlight&lt;/a&gt; this study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In 1984, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison decided to investigate one of the best-known ways of catching a cold. They infected volunteers with a cold virus and instructed them to kiss healthy test subjects on the mouth for at least one minute. (The instruction for participants was to use whichever technique was “most natural”.) Sixteen healthy volunteers were kissed by people with colds. The result: just one confirmed infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That seems a bit odd, given that &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/47225/29579&quot;&gt;other studies&lt;/a&gt; of the time (e.g. a 1982 one) found more infections by handling an infested cup&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A study by Gwaltney et al. (29) observed that 50% of subjects developed infections after handling a coffee cup contaminated with rhinovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So have there been other studies on mouth-to-mouth kisses as the transmission route of the &quot;common cold&quot;? Or at least do we know more details about that 1984 study (e.g. the Guardian doesn't even say what virus was involved) to say why the transmission rate was so low in it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-04-26T17:43:32.557" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T17:43:32.557" Title="Do common colds transmit poorly through mouth-to-mouth kisses?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;&lt;experiment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23413" CreationDate="2020-04-26T17:44:41.663" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some diseases have laboratory result-based definitions.  For example, diabetes is defined by some organizations as a fasting blood sugar value over a certain level, or other similar laboratory test results.  For a project related to encrypting health data you may wish to start with simpler examples like this to understand how you might protect the identities and the data of individuals while processing the algorithm on encrypted data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.org/a1c/diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.diabetes.org/a1c/diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Diabetes is diagnosed at fasting blood sugar of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T17:44:41.663" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23427" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-26T19:24:47.073" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm researching it for a computer game mechanics change (the game is free and open source, I'm not doing it for profit). The question is: at what height it is theoretically possible for an average and reasonably healthy human to sustain any injury &lt;strong&gt;on impact with water&lt;/strong&gt; provided that water has unlimited depth and nothing in it and ignoring any injuries that happen after the fall is stopped by the water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found ICD-10 code that might help discover some statistics:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;W16.112A: Fall into natural body of water striking water surface causing other injury&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but I still have to find any dataset where height was recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe there is a safety standard that have an answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19462" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T19:24:47.073" Title="What's the lowest height falling from which into clear deep water can theoretically cause any injury on impact?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23433" CreationDate="2020-04-26T20:49:12.143" Score="2" ViewCount="935" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that blood contains white blood cells (which attack pathogens). Suppose we take half a liter of blood out of the body and implant the virus into it. Can the white blood cells in that half a liter of blood attack the virus and make antibodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19460" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T09:05:13.003" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T09:05:13.003" Title="Does the blood removed from the body still have immunity?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23429" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23436" CreationDate="2020-04-26T20:52:43.843" Score="4" ViewCount="261" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are currently numerous debates over whether or not people who have recovered from COVID-19 develop immunity to the disease. By the standards of the the scientific community, what kind of proof would serve to definitively resolve the immunity question one way or another? Additionally, was such proof ever acquired for any other diseases that we've faced?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T00:13:57.060" Title="What would count as definitive proof that humans can develop COVID-19 immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21166" CreationDate="2020-04-26T21:26:37.383" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I cannot answer about South Korea, but as far as other drive-in test stations are concerned the rules I've seen are: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Call ahead to get checked whether testing is indicated, get issued a special testing number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go there, get tested with the testing number.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Go back home, get test result via mail.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T21:26:37.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-26T22:20:33.427" Score="4" ViewCount="147" Body="&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 pandemic started because &lt;strong&gt;1 person&lt;/strong&gt; had the virus, and then it spread to a lot of others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's say your country imposed quarantine and distancing, and you managed to halt the growth of the virus entirely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, great. But eventually you have to re-open the country again. And when you do, won't the virus just start spreading again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, it's not like the quarantine has killed the virus entirely. It still exists, it's just not spreading as quickly. So won't it just start spreading fast once you re-open the country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19464" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T00:51:01.253" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T23:44:44.373" Title="Why won't COVID-19 just start spreading again once quarantine is re-opened?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23433" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23428" CreationDate="2020-04-26T22:26:36.423" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The usual approach is to use a whole animal such as horses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The results of our research indicate that healthy horses&#xA;  immunized with the SARS-CoV F69 strain can be induced to&#xA;  generate effective, specific and neutralizing antibodies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and to prevent anaphylaxis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Heterogenous antisera used for treatment possibly&#xA;  result in anaphylactoid severe acute side-effects[28]. To avoid&#xA;  the side-effects caused by horse antiserum, IgG against&#xA;  SARS-CoV was digested with pepsin and purified with anion-exchange separations to exclude the immunogenicity of&#xA;  Fc fragments and to retain the special activity of binding the&#xA;  antigen of F(ab')2 fraction. The titers of neutralizing F(ab')2&#xA;  against SARS-CoV was detected at higher level (1:5120). And&#xA;  approximately 15 g F(ab')2 fragments were obtained from 1 litre antiserum, with the purity above 90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/aps2005215.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/aps2005215.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-26T22:26:36.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23432" CreationDate="2020-04-26T22:58:16.313" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/12/world/coronavirus-covid-19-update-intl-hnk/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;China&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-newzealand/new-zealand-orders-quarantine-for-returning-citizens-in-coronavirus-battle-idUSKCN21R0D4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/a&gt; are quarantining all returning citizens for 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That could be beefed up by antibody testing and rt-PCR if those become readily available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That should halt the importation of the virus.  And continued social distancing may be necessary for a couple of years yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NZ is on target to &lt;strong&gt;completely eliminate the virus&lt;/strong&gt; with no new cases for some days now, current cases no longer considered infectious and the only risk being from imported cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31097-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31097-7/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-28T23:44:44.373" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T23:44:44.373" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23436" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23429" CreationDate="2020-04-27T00:13:57.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitive proof would be by challenge by live virus as might have to be done with possible vaccine trials&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result, some scientists have proposed a way to speed up the process – by deliberately exposing volunteers to the virus to determine a vaccine’s efficacy. “This approach is not without risks but has the potential to expedite candidate vaccine testing by many months,” says Nir Eyal, a professor of bioethics at Rutgers University.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Volunteers would have to be young and healthy, he stresses: “Their health would also be closely monitored, and they would have access to intensive care and any available medicines.” The result could be a vaccine that would save millions of lives by being ready for use in a much shorter time than one that went through standard phase three trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But deliberately infecting people – in particular volunteers who would be given a placebo vaccine as part of the trial – is controversial. “This will have to be thought through very carefully,” says Prof Adam Finn of Bristol University. “Young people might jump at the opportunity to join such a trial but this is a virus that does kill the odd young person. We don’t know why yet. However, phase-three trials are still some way off, so we have time to consider the idea carefully.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One would hope that they had immune sera and other facilities available if the trials go badly, and that might happen considering the virus can rapidly mutate so immunity to one strain might not at all protect against another.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/coronavirus-what-have-scientists-learned-about-covid-19-so-far&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/24/coronavirus-what-have-scientists-learned-about-covid-19-so-far&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T00:13:57.060" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T00:56:15.037" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that face-mask-shield &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/23307&quot;&gt;don't protect against droplet nuclei which float in the air&lt;/a&gt;, so one could end up infected, with COVID-19, even when wearing them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However the face-mask-shield plus a surgical mask leads to better protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approximately, how much of protection? e.g. 50%, 70%, ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, would the protection be improved by extending the borders of the face-mask-shield (the limit is up to the chin)? that is, if one glues a larger piece of plastic to the face-mask-shield?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example these mask, is there a real difference among them regarding protection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n8nam.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n8nam.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-28T03:57:59.093" Title="Approximately, how much of protection one gets by using a face-mask-shield and a surgical-mask?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23437" CreationDate="2020-04-27T04:03:53.783" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any component of PPE is a part of a whole and the protection one gets relates to the environment where one is working.   One component doesn't work without the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A face shield reduces the amount of virus that then has to get past air tight goggles and a respirator.  If a person is in close contact with an infected person then the shield will stop large droplets reaching your face.  But smaller droplets and aerosols can bypass the face shield and will then be blocked by the respirator and goggles which have less of a viral load to deal with.  Away from the patient the shield is less useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Let me summarise the evidence we have found on PPE for healthcare workers to date.  First, there is almost no direct evidence on the efficacy of PPE from research studies on COVID-19. Second, there is a lot of indirect evidence from a variety of study designs and real-world data (randomised controlled trials, natural experiments, artificial laboratory studies and more). This evidence varies in quality, and its relevance to the current outbreak is contested. Third, PPE provided to healthcare workers is in short supply and it does not always meet the minimum standards recommended by national and international bodies. Fourth, healthcare workers at the front line are dying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/editors-commentary-rapid-reviews-of-ppe-an-update/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/editors-commentary-rapid-reviews-of-ppe-an-update/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T04:03:53.783" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23439" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T04:16:50.873" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this only marginally on-topic, but besides healthcare workers, I'd guess workers who meet a lot of people daily are also at high risk. There have been some reports in the US of &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/24/business/walmart-coronavirus-colorado-death/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;supermarket closures after worker deaths&lt;/a&gt; but they seem to lack systematic statistics on that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are such statistics (deaths/infections) with Covid-19 by occupation available in some other countries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T15:48:15.837" Title="Does any country have Covid-19 death (or infection) statistics by occupation?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;contributing-factors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T04:59:10.567" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been able to see them my entire life as far back as I can remember as a child (I am now 31 at this time of writing).  I had always assumed this to be something that everyone can perceive, but by random chance I happened to come across this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wiki page&lt;/a&gt; and based upon the word selection and connotation, it sounds like that isn't actually the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16504" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T04:59:10.567" Title="Are phosphenes not a common ophthalmological phenomena?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;&lt;hallucinate-hallucogenic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T08:14:12.270" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm referring to an article published in Nature: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection&lt;/a&gt;. It has had some media coverage over the past few months, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.de/international/mask-coated-in-salt-neutralizes-viruses-like-coronavirus-2020-2/?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.de/international/mask-coated-in-salt-neutralizes-viruses-like-coronavirus-2020-2/?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.intelligentliving.co/salty-coating-masks-kills-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.intelligentliving.co/salty-coating-masks-kills-coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking myself if it is feasible to use the salt coating for everyday masks as well. Their usage is surging around the world and table salt is also widely available. Hyo-Jick Choi, one of the researchers behind the Nature article tries to work with the industry to create salt coated masks. But he expects a time horizon of roughly 18 months. This would be good for upcoming pandemics. Still I'm wondering if there is someone (e.g. a city, hospital, ...) trying to apply salt coating to existing masks. I mean the resources spent on this are not very expensive and the potential upside is huge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19467" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T08:14:12.270" Title="Is anyone (institution, city, country, individual ...) testing the usage of salt coated repiratory masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23417" CreationDate="2020-04-27T08:27:18.050" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think we can say ever but there are factors that may inhibit transfer of disease both ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to understand how zoonotic infection we can look at a possible scenario for how SARS-CoV-2 appeared.  One possiblity is that bats were housed in close proximity to pangolins in South China. The bats passed the virus to the pangolins who likely mutated the virus to a point it was able to transmit it to humans. Pangolins are insect eaters and could easily eat some bat dung. There are reports of sick pangolins  that died with a pneuonia like illness in Guangzhou rescue centres at the approximate time of the genetic origin of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once inside humans it likely spent sometime mutating further before it became the A ancestral variant discovered in Guangzhou and the USA. This then mutated to become the B variant found in Wuhan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The virus being a RNA virus mutates very rapidly. But to remain infective it has to have a high affinity for the ACE2 receptor, and variants of this receptor are found in the mammalian kingdom. Ferrets and cats have ACE2 receptors closely related to human ACE2 and there are reports that felines have been infected in zoos and homes. However, the disease in other animals may not be as severe as in humans due to differences in ACE2, and immune systems, and although they may get the virus it may not be as severe an illness so they might not excrete enough virus to then reinfect humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102515/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102515/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T08:27:18.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23445" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T14:32:07.653" Score="1" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that Omega-3 oils have anti-inflammatory properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At high daily dose (say 5 grams) could they reduce the dangerous COVID-19 related pneumonia seen in some patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess one would have to be careful of bleeding problems if the dose is too high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user19471" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditorDisplayName="user19471" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T08:33:54.323" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T08:33:54.323" Title="Could high dosage Omega-3 oils reduce COVID-19 pneumonia?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;omega-3&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;&lt;anti-inflammatory&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-04-29T23:37:59.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23446" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-27T16:43:52.883" Score="5" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;Right now (April 27), the JHU data on new COVID-19 cases in the US show a very distinct weekly rhythm; reports are lowest on the weekends and peak in mid-week. This isn't at all surprising — any number of social factors would contribute to lower reporting on weekends — but the fact that it's not flat across mid-week is a little surprising to me, and I've seen too many people (albeit few experts) taking weekend dips as signs that things are on the downswing.  Has this variance been studied in other medical reporting and is it worth compensating for or smoothing in situations like this where decisions are (rightly or wrongly) sometimes being made on a literal day-by-day basis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19472" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T17:11:36.877" Title="Is the day-of-week variance in COVID-19 case numbers a well-established phenomenon?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23447" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23445" CreationDate="2020-04-27T18:53:56.590" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is Oregon State, Linus Pauling Institute. Immunity In Brief. They begin with Omega 3 to help reduce inflammation. I don’t think they give a dose, I don’t remember. Personally I would follow the label directions which are going to tell you to consult your doctor before taking if you are on medications, (and I would say particularly for a dose of 5 grams. ). &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/immunity-in-brief&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/immunity-in-brief&lt;/a&gt;  If you are 60 or over, or have some other problem, then I think it would be even more important to consult your doctor first. &lt;a href=&quot;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/immunity-in-brief&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/immunity-in-brief&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Remember Vitamin E and A can give some “thinning” and so can many herbal products. And obviously one must take into account other OTC products like aspirin and other NSAIDs. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This just addresses Immunity in Brief according to the above article and not whether this will help prevent pneumonia in association with COVID 19, since the FDA is very strict on supplements being touted for COVID19. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line:  consult your doctor first. They know your medical history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS to be more specific the OSU article says, “EPA and DHA have an overall anti-inflammatory effect.”   see the link. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2020-04-27T22:13:45.740" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T22:13:45.740" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23449" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24631" CreationDate="2020-04-27T20:20:41.850" Score="3" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;One &quot;classic&quot; presentation of metastatic bone cancer is back pain that &quot;tends to be worse at night and may get better with movement&quot; - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/advanced-cancer/finding-bone-metastases.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Cancer Society&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling &quot;&lt;em&gt;back pain worse at night from metastatic bone cancer&lt;/em&gt;&quot; leads me to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4101555/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case study&lt;/a&gt;, but I can't find a proposed mechanism for why the back pain is specifically &lt;strong&gt;worse at night&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-04-28T00:11:15.860" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T03:19:17.077" Title="Why does metastatic bone cancer present as back pain that is &quot;worse at night&quot;?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;back&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23451" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23445" CreationDate="2020-04-27T23:23:58.883" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A very recent Cochrane review of the use of Omega 3 in ARDS, not specifically from COVID-19, did not find any benefit using trials up to 2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: This Cochrane meta-analysis of 10 studies of varying quality examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in adults with ARDS. This intervention may produce little or no difference in all-cause mortality between groups. We are uncertain whether immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants improves ventilator days, ICU length of stay, or oxygenation due to the very low quality of evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immunonutrition for Adults With ARDS: Results From a Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31506339/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31506339/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-27T23:23:58.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-28T19:48:45.443" Score="3" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was surprised to hear Sanjay Gupta (CNN) say this morning (4/28/20) that there is significant disparity in the accuracy of the COVID-19 Diagnostic testing. He specifically mentioned that the inaccuracy is as high as 15% in reporting false-negatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has the inaccuracy of the various tests for COVID-19 been publicly reported?   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/21/838794281/study-raises-questions-about-false-negatives-from-quick-covid-19-test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NPR&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/covid19-coronavirus-tests-false-negatives.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Others&lt;/a&gt; have reported, but what I am looking for is &lt;strong&gt;clinical peer-reviewed reports or papers&lt;/strong&gt; that compare the various COVID-19 diagnostic tests for accuracy, particularly false-negatives. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T14:41:48.437" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T14:41:48.437" Title="Accuracy of COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing, particularly false-negatives" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ClosedDate="2020-05-11T21:54:08.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23455" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23456" CreationDate="2020-04-28T21:20:05.517" Score="-1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a self-inspired project to design a cheap mask for my community. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far the problem with the common masks is that they just stop a percentage of materials (droplets) to get in but it doesn't kill the virus, so there's still a high chance of getting infected through touching the masks. I was thinking about adding a filter (tissue-like material soaked in sanitizers/alcohol) to something like a scuba mask for people who don't have PPE but still have to go outside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The filter should somewhat purify the air (I thought about unidirectional valves to separate breathe-in and out air but think that would be costly and currently I don't know any cheap solution for such a mechanism). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some links that support soap water/ hand sanitizers can kill/neutralize covid-19 virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-soap-covid-19-virus-hygiene/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-soap-covid-19-virus-hygiene/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763533&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763533&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The problem is that alcohol or soap can be toxic and breathing it continuously can result in some health issues. [&lt;strong&gt;Is soap water vapor also harmful to breathe in?&lt;/strong&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I was thinking about adding another internal filter to reduce the alcohol level/ soap water content by drying it out. I know silica gel can absorb water but will it work on soap-water and alcohol and is it okay to breathe in after air has been passed through silica? Can salt be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As this is a medical network, I just need some suggestions if this is even feasible and will help at all or not (without causing any medical health problems). What would be the most appropriate set of chemical agents that I can place in &lt;strong&gt;filter 1&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;filter 2&lt;/strong&gt; so that the air is purified, the viruses are killed/neutralized, the air is breathable without any health hazard for a 6-8 hours period. (The filters will be replaced after one use if needed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate it if you can link any papers/references so I can get a better idea to back my concept.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm not interested to reinvent the wheel, just refer me to the existing filtration system which may be somewhat applicable to me so that I can start my studies, that is enough, as I'm not from this background that's what I need to know to get started. No one is asking to make an invention here, for me this seems to be general knowledge for someone in the field of chemistry, toxins; correct me if I'm wrong. if I was, I wouldn't have posted this on a public forum in the first place, hope you understand.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qKZii.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qKZii.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19479" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T00:32:01.897" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T00:32:01.897" Title="What sort of filter material self sterilizes?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sterilization&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23456" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23455" CreationDate="2020-04-28T23:44:05.143" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://copper3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/v10.2r1-scaled-416x461xc.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could look at the open source &lt;a href=&quot;https://copper3d.com/hackthepandemic/#antimicrobial_activity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nano-copper&lt;/a&gt; impregnated filter material which is said to self sterilize given enough time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In the study by Borkow et al (2007)7, a 2.5 cm filter was designed containing a 2 cm thick top layer of 500 mg of non-woven polypropylen impregnated with 5% copper oxide particles. This study had a control that was non-woven polypropylen copper-free as a control.&#xA;  Diffusion of viruses through filters containing copper oxide resulted in a significant reduction in viral titers from 0.47 log10 to 4.6 log10 depending on the virus analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;According to this study, it can be concluded that a non-woven fabric filter impregnated with copper oxide is capable of generating filtration of viruses of different types, including respiratory viruses, as can be seen in the attached table.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And there's the salt impregnated masks that was mentioned in another question here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The salt coating on the fiber surface dissolves upon exposure to virus aerosols and recrystallizes during drying, destroying the pathogens. When tested with tightly sealed sides, salt-coated filters showed remarkably higher filtration efficiency than conventional mask filtration layer, and 100% survival rate was observed in mice infected with virus penetrated through salt-coated filters. Viruses captured on salt-coated filters exhibited rapid infectivity loss compared to gradual decrease on bare filters. Salt-coated filters proved highly effective in deactivating influenza viruses regardless of subtypes and following storage in harsh environmental conditions. Our results can be applied in obtaining a broad-spectrum, airborne pathogen prevention device in preparation for epidemic and pandemic of respiratory diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Borkow G, etal., (2007) Neutralizing Viruses in Suspensions by Copper Oxide-Based Filters. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, p. 2605–2607&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-04-28T23:44:05.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23457" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-29T08:14:16.063" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;During meditation sits of 30 to 60 minutes, it is common for one or other leg to &quot;fall asleep&quot; after maybe 15 to 20 minutes. Is a leg being &quot;asleep&quot; for between 10 and 45 minutes dangerous? Is it likely to cause nerve damage or some other problem if you do this regularly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Prior research&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling for &quot;meditation leg falling asleep dangerous&quot; returns a lot of meditation-based websites, mostly with advice on how to avoid your leg falling asleep, or advice for how to endure it psychologically, but no advice from medical sources on whether it is harmful for the stated periods of time when repeated often (e.g. daily or more, for periods of up to 45 minutes at a time).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling for &quot;leg falling asleep dangerous&quot; returns lots of information about why paresthesia occurs, but no specific information on safety of tolerating paresthesia for a stretch of time. The closest I can find is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/11/sleeping-limbs-when-your-arm-or-leg-falls-asleep-whats-really-happening.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Slate article&lt;/a&gt; which says, with regards to sleeping on an arm causing parasthesia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But don’t worry: A few hours of nerve compression and decreased blood flow won’t make your arm fall off. But if paresthesia continues over a period of days or weeks, it can lead to lasting damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the source of this advice is not clear. (It is not a quote from a medical professional).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/what-causes-feet-and-legs-to-fall-asleep-2014-6?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most people can move around and relieve the pressure on their nerves. But if &quot;someone is not able to move or sedated they can have permanent nerve injury from this type of compression,&quot; says Traub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this does not say anything about timescales.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19483" LastEditorUserId="19483" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T15:52:05.323" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T15:52:05.323" Title="Is leg &quot;falling asleep&quot; (e.g. during meditation) dangerous?" Tags="&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;meditation&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23461" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-29T19:10:00.333" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen &lt;a href=&quot;https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/medical-robots/autonomous-robots-are-helping-kill-coronavirus-in-hospitals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this device&lt;/a&gt; which is used for medical sterilization:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lEiYG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lEiYG.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I like to know &lt;strong&gt;proper type of UV light&lt;/strong&gt; for &lt;strong&gt;Covid-19&lt;/strong&gt;, and seen this posts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;UV light covers a wavelength spectrum from 100 to 380 nm and is&#xA;  subdivided into three regions by wavelength: UVA (320 to 400 nm), UVB&#xA;  (280 to 320 nm), and UVC (200 to 280 nm) (1). Among them, UVC has the&#xA;  strongest germicidal effect and is widely used in the form of mercury&#xA;  lamps to inactivate microorganisms.[ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702654/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt; ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;But, on the other hand, there are a few sources that mention that UVC&#xA;  is the most dangerous wavelength that can cause skin cancer. ... The&#xA;  shorter-wavelength, higher-energy UV radiation associated with the UVC&#xA;  category is very strongly absorbed by most organic materials.  [ &lt;a href=&quot;https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q9450.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt; ]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According these data i think the &lt;strong&gt;UVC&lt;/strong&gt; Type is proper to be used at this devise, but i asked here for consideration more details like &lt;strong&gt;standards&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;medical health consideration&lt;/strong&gt; for choosing the proper UV lamp Type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14830" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T23:39:52.023" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T23:39:52.023" Title="What is the proper type of UV rays for COVID-19 sterilization?" Tags="&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sterilization&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-29T22:22:46.857" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a slightly different question: Does ALA have any beneficial effect on the human body apart from its conversion to EPA (and then to DHA)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15035" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T22:22:46.857" Title="Is alpha-linolenic acid used by the human body for anything other than conversion to EPA?" Tags="&lt;dha-docosahexaenoic-acid&gt;&lt;epa-eicosapentaenoic-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-12T14:01:12.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23463" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-29T22:44:44.093" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;The colorblindness tests that I have seen have all relied on getting a verbal answer from the test subject. Examples are &quot;What number do you see in this picture?&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most people can follow a test themselves online. But is there a way to check if a child is colorblind, if that child does not have the number or language skills required by these more common tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19490" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-04-29T23:29:40.220" LastActivityDate="2020-04-29T23:29:40.220" Title="Is there a colorblindness test for non-verbal children?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;&lt;color-blindness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23466" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23468" CreationDate="2020-04-30T17:24:01.867" Score="0" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could this child syndrome  have a link to COVID-19? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we find any research that shows evidence? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/28/coronavirus-may-cause-new-inflammatory-disease-in-children-medics-say.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/28/coronavirus-may-cause-new-inflammatory-disease-in-children-medics-say.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;It’s a new disease that we think may be caused by the COVID-19 virus — we’re not 100% sure because some of the people who got it hadn’t tested positive, so we’re doing a lot of research now but it is something we’re worried about. Although it is very significant for those children who do get it, the number of cases is small.”&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He also says: &lt;em&gt;It’s an absolutely tiny number&lt;/em&gt;! I think the number of infected children is tiny anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17790" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-05-11T12:42:08.030" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T12:42:08.030" Title="Is the Kawasaki disease related to COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-05-01T00:01:00.997" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23466" CreationDate="2020-04-30T18:46:20.987" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The causes of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kawasaki-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354598&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kawasaki disease/syndrome&lt;/a&gt; are not well understood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kawasaki involves inflammation of blood vessels, and is rare but almost exclusively found in young children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/27/health/children-covid-19-illness-intl-scli-gbr/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;media reports&lt;/a&gt; of associations of Kawasaki and COVID-19 but these are fairly early reports and it is unlikely (and I am unaware of any) that there are any sufficiently large samples of cases that have been organized to suggest a true causal role: these alerts are best directed towards physicians to be aware of the possibility when examining patients rather than to the general public.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T18:46:20.987" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23469" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23192" CreationDate="2020-04-30T19:31:44.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Summary: they are not yet sufficiently well validated (and many are not working sufficiently well) to be used for mass testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For mass tests, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;of the kind you describe, we need high sensitivity very early into the disease&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;of any kind, we need false positive rate (1 - specificity) to be well below the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positive people, otherwise we'll mostly find false positives the positive predcitive value (i.e. probability that you are really positive given that the test said so) would be too low to be of practical use: we'd want this to eventually conclude who is immune.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/21318/11479&quot;&gt;Why are people with COVID-19 symptoms being denied tests in the US?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to run the same blood sample on all the IgM / IgG test devices and compare results&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is what &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtestingproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covidtestingproject.org/&lt;/a&gt; does, comparing 10 commercially available rapid antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2  and 2 ELISA tests: an in-house one of the group and a commercial one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/cd1628cau09288a/SARS-CoV-2_Serology_Manuscript.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Manuscript (pre peer-review)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;I would feel more comfortable with both tests. First the daily 15 minute finger prick blood testto see if IgM develops followed by hospital / lab PCR test. Then after positive PCR self isolate. Then after negative PCR test continue to self isolate until daily 15 minute finger prick blood test shows IgG. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the covid testing project data shows IGM (like IGG) not being very sensitive at the onset of symptoms: IGM sensitivity reaches 60 - 85 % (point estimates for the various tests) around day 11 - 15 after onset of symptoms for all but one test that never gets above 38 % sensitivity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So the antibody tests including IGM kick in basically only after PCR testing for current infection is done: PCR for virus RNA and antibody testing are thus for different time windows.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The scenario that you could do a rapid test to check whether you can safely visit the grandparents or other vulnerable persons is thus not going to work with these rapid tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A glance at the individual test results suggests:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;that (as one may expect) there is a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, at least to some extent.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This may not be a big problem, since we could choose more sensitive or more specific antibody tests according to the purpose of testing. (E.g. for a Corona-Antibody Passport, a highly specific test would be appropriate. For epidemiologic studies one may choose a different trade-off, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2020/04/19/fatal-flaws-in-stanford-study-of-coronavirus-prevalence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one would still need a sensible relationship between expected prevalence and specificity&lt;/a&gt;.)  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;high correlation between the misclassified cases, i.e. the false negative and false positive samples tend to be the same across the tests.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This has the important consequence that the possibility to improve overall accuracy by combining tests from different manufacturers is limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One important concern with the antibody tests is whether they show cross-sensitivity to the corona viruses that circulate since years and cause only normal harmless colds (I did not find studies on antibody prevalence for those).  Unfortunately, the data so far includes only 4 such samples (of which some show low non-zero scores for some of the tests). Even for a test that correctly recognizes all four of them as negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, the 95 % credible interval for specificity in this subgroup is only &quot;better than 55 %&quot;. In other words, we cannot really rely [yet] on the tests in this particular respect.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Also, since local prevalence of such corona virus strains may vary, it is not clear whether a test specificity can be directly used for populations on other continents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T19:31:44.787" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11640" CreationDate="2020-04-30T23:52:23.070" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several reason actually, I will try to sum it for you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Doctors in USA is very careful when dealing with patient. They may require several test and check before make the decision about the treat that patient need to take.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High administrative cost. Government in most of the developed countries play roles to rule the cost of medicare, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://addresseek.com/category/12/hospital&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medical care in USA&lt;/a&gt; is different due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/080615/6-reasons-healthcare-so-expensive-us.asp&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lack of political support&lt;/a&gt; for the government taking a larger role in controlling healthcare costs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19496" LastActivityDate="2020-04-30T23:52:23.070" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23471" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23476" CreationDate="2020-05-01T04:31:57.540" Score="4" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that SARS-CoV-2 appears to mainly attack animal cells by the ACE2 receptor, MERS-CoV by the DPP-4 receptor, and SARS-CoV also by the ACE2 receptor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know what receptors are targeted by the seasonal coronaviruses that primarily present as winter colds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/experimental-mers-treatments-target-host-cell-receptor-31759&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/experimental-mers-treatments-target-host-cell-receptor-31759&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/94/7/e00127-20.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jvi.asm.org/content/94/7/e00127-20.abstract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T19:36:38.750" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T19:36:38.750" Title="What receptors are targeted by the seasonal coronaviruses that primarily present as winter colds?" Tags="&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23472" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23509" CreationDate="2020-05-01T06:41:32.073" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just a basic medical science question. Is a vacutainer necessary for use in venous whole blood sample collection? Also is the needle with plastic holder required? Can we not draw blood using a sterile syringe and place it into containers? Convenience and efficiency aside, is it considered a requirement? In the Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacutainer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, it says that the traditional method of drawing blood is with a syringe and needle. However, that doesn't explain the need for EDTA, citrate and heparin additives in the tubes. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19498" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T18:45:32.043" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T18:57:24.850" Title="Why do Vacutainer blood containers contain additives? Are they really necessary and have an effect on blood analysis?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:18:38.847" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23473" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23485" CreationDate="2020-05-01T07:14:09.047" Score="1" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been indications that smokers and people in India and possibly (?) China are less likely to suffer serious syptoms from corona virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although several explanations are possible, and the statistics may well be faulty either by accident or design, taking these facts at face value one thing common to both is elevated CO levels, from the tobacco smoke and from traffic and wood fire pollution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It isn't commonly known, but the body uses CO for various purposes such as part of its nerve signalling mechanism. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by the human body as a signaling&#xA;  molecule. Thus, carbon monoxide may have a physiological role in the&#xA;  body, such as a neurotransmitter or a blood vessel relaxant.[40]&#xA;  Because of carbon monoxide's role in the body, abnormalities in its&#xA;  metabolism have been linked to a variety of diseases, including&#xA;  neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, ..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The natural role of CO in the body (aside from its toxic effects) was discovered only in 1993, and is still an active area of research with many unknowns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now some Covid symptoms, such as loss of taste and smell (as seen to some extent in smokers), and often a general feeling of muddle headedness for some time during recovery are similar to symptoms and chronic after effects of CO poisoning, e.g.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.st-va.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850907/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.st-va.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850907/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A possible implication of this is that the CV virus somehow prompts the body to produce excess CO, to a toxic extent. So my question as in the title is whether (1) This is a likely explanation and (2) If so, could its effects be ameliorated in advance by building up a small degree of CO tolerance under controlled conditions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19499" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T14:35:32.360" LastActivityDate="2020-05-02T01:58:29.743" Title="Is CO tolerance possible up to a point and likely to ameliorate COVID-19 symptoms?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;carbon-monoxide-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23474" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-01T07:34:25.180" Score="3" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basics of epileptic seizures are pretty well known. Strong, uncoordinated neural activity spreads throughout the brain, causing symptoms like confusion, hallucinations, headache, involuntary muscle movement, and many others. The further it spreads, and the stronger the brain activity, the worse the symptoms. A chain reaction of brain activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what starts the chain? What makes the origination point different from the non-seizurogenic parts of the brain, leading to the onset of seizure activity, and what do the initial steps of this activity look like?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T07:34:25.180" Title="How do epileptic seizures start?" Tags="&lt;seizure&gt;&lt;epilepsy&gt;&lt;pathogenesis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T09:22:47.470" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23476" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23471" CreationDate="2020-05-01T11:36:56.767" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The story for these &quot;common cold&quot; coronaviruses is a slightly complicated. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5456285/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mostly&lt;/a&gt;, these target different receptors (than the SARS family), except for NL63.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rU3Rz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rU3Rz.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The host receptor is a major determinant of pathogenicity, tissue tropism and host range of the&#xA;  virus. The S protein comprises of two domains: S1 and S2. The interaction between the S1 domain and&#xA;  its cognate receptor triggers a conformational change in the S protein, which then promotes membrane&#xA;  fusion between the viral and cell membrane through the S2 domain. Today, the main host cell receptors&#xA;  utilised by all HCoVs are known: &lt;strong&gt;aminopeptidase N by HCoV-229E, angiotensin-converting&#xA;  enzyme 2 (ACE2) by SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) by&#xA;  MERS-CoV and 9-O-acetylated sialic acid by HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Apart from the conventional endosomal route of entry, some CoVs may also gain entry into&#xA;  the cell via the non-endosomal pathway, or a combination of both. The low pH in the cellular&#xA;  environment and endosomal cysteine protease cathepsins may help to facilitate membrane fusion and&#xA;  endosomal CoV cell entry . Recent evidence has supported the role of cathepsin L in SARS-CoV and&#xA;  MERS-CoV entry. Other host proteases, such as transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)&#xA;  and airway trypsin-like protease TMPRSS11D, could also perform S1/S2 cleavage to activate the S&#xA;  protein for non-endosomal virus entry at the cell plasma membrane during HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV&#xA;  infection. In addition, MERS-CoV is also activated by furin, a serine endopeptidase that has&#xA;  been implicated in the cell entry of other RNA viruses and S1/S2 cleavage during viral egress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's worth reading some of the more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in-depth papers&lt;/a&gt; on how NL63 entry differs from SARS (despite both using ACE2):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Here we show that SARS-CoV, but not HCoV-NL63, utilizes the enzymatic activity of the cysteine protease cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells. Inhibitors of cathepsin L blocked infection by SARS-CoV and by a retrovirus pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein but not infection by HCoV-NL63 or a retrovirus pseudotyped with the HCoV-NL63 S protein. Expression of exogenous cathepsin L substantially enhanced infection mediated by the SARS-CoV S protein and by filovirus GP proteins but not by the HCoV-NL63 S protein or the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Finally, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification had substantially less effect on infection mediated by the HCoV-NL63 S protein than on that mediated by the SARS-CoV S protein. Our data indicate that two coronaviruses that utilize a common receptor nonetheless enter cells through distinct mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/82/17/8887&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jvi.asm.org/content/82/17/8887&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The S protein in the SARS-CoV spike apparently exposes a protease-accessible loop between the S1 and S2 subunits that can be targeted by different enzymes, such as cathepsin L, trypsin, and, under physiological conditions, local enzymes such as elastase. Consistent with the presence of such a loop, the syncytium-inducing capacity of expressed SARS-CoV S protein was dramatically enhanced after the introduction of a functional furin cleavage site in the S1/S2 junction region (8, 14). No such loop has been detected yet in spikes of HCoV-NL63 or of most other subgroup 1 coronaviruses. The resistance of the HCoV-NL63 spike ectodomain to cleavage by cathepsin L and trypsin that we observed here is in agreement with our inability to inhibit infection with HCoV-NL63 or an NL63 spike protein-pseudotyped retrovirus by using a broad spectrum of protease inhibitors (10). It is conceivable that during its low-pH-independent cell entry, HCoV-NL63 uses an alternative, possibly nonproteolytic way to activate the fusion function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, it looks easier to block SARS than even the NL63 common cold using the same receptor...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420302622&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;, taking into account SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) has proposed that the more general distinction between the common colds and the more deadly coronaviruses is that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;S glycoprotein trimers found in highly pathogenic human coronaviruses appear to exist in partially opened states, while they remain largely closed in human coronaviruses associated with common colds. [...] most pathogenic coronaviruses will exhibit S glycoprotein trimers spontaneously sampling closed and open conformations, as is the case for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also of note is that 229E and NL63 despite using different receptors are fairly related to each other, prompting the title of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664609600668&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one paper&lt;/a&gt; &quot;close yet still so far [apart]&quot;. (Those two viruses have 65% sequence identity, in retrospect less than SARS and SARS-CoV-2 similarity of around 80%.) But also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ACE2 belongs to the same protease family as CD13 [(also known as aminopeptidase N)]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also of some interest, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37747-5/figures/4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in some immunoassay&lt;/a&gt; SARS scored as a mix of 229E and NL63 response (plus some specific response).  And an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5309958/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the putative common origin of 229E and NL63 in African bats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-01T12:29:46.583" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T12:29:46.583" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-01T12:59:01.193" Score="2" ViewCount="127" Body="&lt;p&gt;It took years for many of those first infected with Hepatitis-C, to learn that it was destroying their livers. It took years for those with HIV to learn their immune systems were being destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to learn whether ongoing damage to kidneys, T-lymphocytes or other vital organs are occurring in Covid-19 survivors? Are there ways to determine if the virus is still silently destroying critical cells? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I am not asking &quot;Is there ongoing damage?&quot; but only &quot;How would one even look for it?&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below are findings from (and links for) initial studies on the long term effects of Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Almost half of all patients with COVID-19 have evidence of blood or protein in the urine, indicating early kidney damage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Physicians in China recently discovered COVID-19 can damage the Central Nervous System.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 is reportedly causing diarrhea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in approximately half of all patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A study from researchers at Fudan University in Shanghai found that COVID-19 can damage T lymphocytes similar to that caused by HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scientists do not know yet whether the COVID-19 virus may lie dormant in the body for years and spring back later in different form.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In SARS, also a corona virus, about one-third of recovered patients had lung impairment after three years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some patients develop heart failure and/or arrhythmias during the disease’s acute phase and former COVID-19 patients can become lifelong cardiology patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Physicians are reporting abnormal blood coagulation (blood clots) in patients with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;In severe cases the virus may enter the brain through the olfactory nerve in the nasal cavity and damage neurons that control breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdlinx.com/internal-medicine/article/6870&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Damage found in multiple organ systems&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jpost.com/health-science/coronavirus-may-cause-lasting-damage-throughout-body-doctors-fear-625099&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lasting damage throughout body, doctors fear&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/more-bad-news-on-the-long-term-effects-of-the-coronavirus.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More Bad News on the Long-Term Effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-new-brain/202004/neurological-implications-covid-19-raise-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neurological Implications of COVID-19 Raise Concerns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17866" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T15:51:38.690" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T15:51:38.690" Title="Are there methods available to determine ongoing cell damage in Covid-19 survivors?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-05T04:41:07.440" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23478" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23484" CreationDate="2020-05-01T13:02:49.487" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the last days we get news from all over the world that &quot;meat plants&quot; are severely hit by Covid-19 outbreaks (Ireland, Poland, Canada, US). We also know that the &quot;wet market&quot; in Wuhan played a crucial role  in the initial phase of the pandemics. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is there anything in &quot;meat plants&quot; where the virus can (very?) efficiently replicate? E.g. Animal (cow/pig/chicken) blood? Organ tissue, ...? Is that being under investigantion, currently?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19501" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T23:14:51.617" Title="What do we know about the connection between SARS-CoV-2 and meat plants?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-02T00:19:27.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-01T17:12:22.930" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;To complement a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23471/seasonal-coronaviruses-and-cell-target-&quot;&gt;question here&lt;/a&gt; about the receptor used by the common-cold coronaviruses, I'll ask the same about the relevance of TMPRSS2 for these, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30229-4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;noting&lt;/a&gt; that it seems quite important for the SARS-CoV family: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The S proteins of SARS-CoV can use the endosomal cysteine&#xA;  proteases CatB/L for S protein priming in TMPRSS2 cells (Simmons et al., 2005). However, &lt;strong&gt;S protein priming by TMPRSS2 but&#xA;  not CatB/L is essential for viral entry into primary target cells&lt;/strong&gt; and&#xA;  for viral spread in the infected host (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2019;&#xA;  Kawase et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2015). The present study indicates that &lt;strong&gt;SARS-CoV-2 spread also depends on TMPRSS2 activity&lt;/strong&gt;, although we note that SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells&#xA;  was inhibited but not abrogated by camostat mesylate, likely reflecting residual S protein priming by CatB/L. One can speculate&#xA;  that furin-mediated precleavage at the S1/S2 site in infected cells&#xA;  might promote subsequent TMPRSS2-dependent entry into&#xA;  target cells, as reported for MERS-CoV (Kleine-Weber et al.,&#xA;  2018; Park et al., 2016). Collectively, our present findings and&#xA;  previous work highlight TMPRSS2 as a host cell factor that is critical for spread of several clinically relevant viruses, including influenza A viruses and coronaviruses (Gierer et al., 2013; Glowacka&#xA;  et al., 2011; Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2019; Kawase et al., 2012;&#xA;  Matsuyama et al., 2010; Shulla et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2015).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question on the [potential] role of TMPRSS2 seems most plausible for alpha human alphacoronaviruses (229E and NL63) in particular because the later virus uses ACE2 as well (and the former a related receptor). So, does TMPRSS2 play any role in the replication of common-cold coronaviruses? (There answer is probably in one of those papers cited in that paragraph, but there are quite few citations in there...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T19:51:22.623" Title="How relevant is TMPRSS2 for the entry of common-cold coronaviruses?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23480" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23479" CreationDate="2020-05-01T17:27:59.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer seems somewhat complex for 229E. It seemingly evolved in us for better utilization of TMPRSS2, as &lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/91/1/e01387-16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shirato et al. (2016)&lt;/a&gt; report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a causative agent of the common cold, enters host cells via two distinct pathways: one is mediated by cell surface proteases, particularly transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and the other by endosomal cathepsin L. Thus, specific inhibitors of these proteases block virus infection. However, it is unclear which of these pathways is actually utilized by HCoV-229E in the human respiratory tract. Here, we examined the mechanism of cell entry used by a pseudotyped virus bearing the HCoV-229E spike (S) protein in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors. &lt;strong&gt;We found that, compared with a laboratory strain isolated in 1966 and passaged for a half century, clinical isolates of HCoV-229E were less likely to utilize cathepsin L; rather, they showed a preference for TMPRSS2.&lt;/strong&gt; Two amino acid substitutions (R642M and N714K) in the S protein of HCoV-229E clinical isolates altered their sensitivity to a cathepsin L inhibitor, suggesting that these amino acids were responsible for cathepsin L use. After 20 passages in HeLa cells, the ability of the isolate to use cathepsin increased so that it was equal to that of the laboratory strain; this increase was caused by an amino acid substitution (I577S) in the S protein. The passaged virus showed a reduced ability to replicate in differentiated airway epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface. These results suggest that the endosomal pathway is disadvantageous for HCoV-229E infection of human airway epithelial cells; therefore, clinical isolates are less able to use cathepsin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMPORTANCE: Many enveloped viruses enter cells through endocytosis. Viral spike proteins drive the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes to facilitate insertion of the viral genome into the cytoplasm. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) utilizes endosomal cathepsin L to activate the spike protein after receptor binding. Here, we found that &lt;strong&gt;clinical isolates of HCoV-229E preferentially utilize the cell surface protease TMPRSS2 rather than endosomal cathepsin L. The endosome is a main site of Toll-like receptor recognition, which then triggers an innate immune response; therefore, HCoV-229E presumably evolved to bypass the endosome by entering the cell via TMPRSS2.&lt;/strong&gt; Thus, the virus uses a simple mechanism to evade the host innate immune system. Therefore, therapeutic agents for coronavirus-mediated diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), should target cell surface TMPRSS2 rather than endosomal cathepsin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same authors have another (followup, or sorts) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682217303914?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on two other coronaviruses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, we show that clinical isolates of HCoV-OC43 and -HKU1 preferred the cell-surface TMRRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry, similar to HCoV-229E.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/92/3/e01933-17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;observations&lt;/a&gt; for NL63 (but these lack a historical/evolutionary perspective, since NL63 was only discovered in 2004.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TMPRSS2 is important during early stages of the infection. It was previously suggested that coronaviruses may bypass the endocytic entry route employing transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which primes the fusion protein and enables fusion of viral and cellular membranes on the cell surface (28, 29). &lt;strong&gt;We have tested whether inhibition of TMPRSS2 with camostat affects the HCoV-NL63 infection. We observed that inhibition of TMPRSS2 hampers virus infection in HAE cultures&lt;/strong&gt;, while it has no effect on virus replication in LLC-MK2 cells. No inhibition of virus entry was observed in any of the models, as tracked with confocal microscopy visualizing the nucleoprotein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent reports on other coronaviruses (28, 29, 35) suggested that these viruses may bypass the endocytic entry route using TMPRRS2 as the priming protease, enabling entry directly from the cell surface. &lt;strong&gt;Our experiments showed that inhibition of this protease indeed inhibited virus infection. Interestingly, it did not hamper virus internalization into the cell.&lt;/strong&gt; Our data are consistent with the data presented by others (28, 29, 35), yet we believe that there is a different mechanistic explanation for the observed phenomenon. We believe that TMPRRS2 indeed is required for the virus-cell fusion, acting similarly to cathepsins, but it does not enable fusion on the cell surface, and the acidification of the microenvironment is required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(HAE = &amp;quot;cultured human airway epithelium&amp;quot;; &amp;quot;LLC-Mk2 cells (ATCC CCL-7; Macaca mulatta kidney epithelial)&amp;quot; The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1024&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;original paper&lt;/a&gt; on the discovery of NL63 noted that &amp;quot;The &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; host cell range of HCoV-NL63 is notable because it replicates on tertiary monkey kidney cells and the monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cell line.&amp;quot;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for NL63 too, TMPRSS2 is basically a &amp;quot;catalyst&amp;quot; for cell entry, but its absence while slowing down NL63 didn't quite stop it from entering human airway epithelium cell... but (if I'm reading it correctly) the paper found that despite the virus still being pulled into the cell (in the absence of TMPRSS2) it wasn't as effective/infectious... (Given the latter para, which is from their discussion section, it seems this is a somewhat tentative/debatable conclusion.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T19:51:22.623" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-01T19:34:06.987" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an engineer  and currently doing some modeling of COVID-19 testing from a math perspective. I was reading through COVID-19 articles related to testing and I had the following doubt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;If a specimen is collected from a person through some swab (say, a nasal swab), can I only use it for one COVID-19 viral test?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that logically, there will be dilution effects if I make multiple test samples from a single swab specimen. But, practically is it possible to &quot;split&quot; the specimen so as to do multiple tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Also, can someone point me to authentic sources which talk about splitting specimen collected through a single swab for multiple tests?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any comments are appreciated :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19503" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T22:32:08.227" Title="COVID-19: Is it possible to use the specimen collected through swabs for multiple tests" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23482" CreationDate="2020-05-01T22:32:08.227" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;When you're doing a nasopharyngeal swab you want primarily cellular material that is infected with virus.  You can cut the tip of the swab successfully as in this study for multiple tests&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Study design&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We collected a NP swab on children aged 2–12 years with acute sinusitis and processed it for bacterial culture, viruses, cytokine expression, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing analysis. During the course of the study, we expand the scope of evaluation to include RNA sequencing, which we accomplished by cutting the tip of the swab.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the 174 children enrolled, 126 (72.4%) had a positive bacterial culture and 121(69.5%) tested positive for a virus. Cytokine measurement, as judged by the adequate levels of a housekeeping enzyme (GAPDH), appeared successful. From the samples used for 16S ribosomal sequencing we recovered, on average, 16,000 sequences per sample, accounting for a total of 2,646 operational taxonomic units across all samples sequenced. Samples used for RNA sequencing had a mean RNA Integrity number of 6.0. Cutting the tip of the swab did not affect the recovery yield for viruses or bacteria, nor did it affect species richness in microbiome analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if you're asking about COVID-19, &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.yale.edu/2020/04/24/saliva-samples-preferable-deep-nasal-swabs-testing-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;saliva&lt;/a&gt; may be better than a swab.  In any case you're talking about a test (rt-PCR) that can amplify very small numbers of virions present.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A method of processing nasopharyngeal swabs to enable multiple testing&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851467/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851467/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T22:32:08.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23478" CreationDate="2020-05-01T23:14:51.617" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There have been suspicions for a long time that meat processing plants are just plain unhealthy due to poor hygiene as well as likely aerosolizing animal viruses which are then inhaled by meat processing workers.  This suggests that these places are unable to protect workers from air borne viruses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; An excess of deaths from cancers of the base of the tongue, esophagus, lung, skin, bone and bladder, lymphoid leukemia, and benign tumors of the thyroid and other endocrine glands, and possibly Hodgkin's disease, was observed in abattoir and meat processing workers. Significantly lower SMRs were recorded for cancer of the thymus, mediastinum, pleura, etc., breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; This study confirms the excess occurrence of cancer in workers in abattoirs and meat processing plants, butchers, and meatcutters, previously reported in this cohort and other similar cohorts worldwide. Large nested case-control studies are now needed to examine which specific occupational and non-occupational exposures are responsible for the excess. There is now sufficient evidence for steps to be taken to protect workers from carcinogenic exposures at the workplace. There are also serious implications for the general population which may also be exposed to some of these viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With respect to SARS-CoV-2 the work environment in meat processing plants is also allowing this virus to be easily transmitted between workers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roughly half a million people work in the nation's meat processing industry, and crowded and unsanitary conditions have prompted concerns about worker safety during the coronavirus pandemic. As of April 27, 4,913 meat and poultry plant workers in 115 plants in 19 states had been diagnosed with COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus, and 20 people had died, according to the report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 17 states that provided data on how many workers were employed at affected facilities, 3% of more than 130,000 workers were diagnosed with COVID-19, researchers found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with apparent differences between plants&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The share of workers who were infected with COVID-19 ranged from about 1% at affected plants in states like Kansas, Missouri and North Carolina – where 106, 36 and 166 workers were ill, respectively – to about 18% in Iowa, where 377 people tested positive and data on deaths was unavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The virus is fastidious and needs to be grown in special cell cultures.  To grow in the wild it really needs a living host and it's hard to imagine that it would readily grow on animal carcasses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer Mortality in Workers Employed in Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep Slaughtering and Processing Plants&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21497401/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21497401/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-communities/articles/2020-05-01/cdc-nearly-5-000-meat-plant-workers-infected-by-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-communities/articles/2020-05-01/cdc-nearly-5-000-meat-plant-workers-infected-by-coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-01T23:14:51.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23473" CreationDate="2020-05-02T01:58:29.743" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a couple of theories to explain why smokers appear to be under represented in severe cases of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Smoke appears to upregulate the expression of ACE2 receptors in the lung.  We have both animal experiments that show that mice exposed to smoke increased the numbers of ACE2 receptors.  More ACE2 receptors is thought to help prevent lung damage.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The team inspected tissue samples from mice that had been exposed to diluted cigarette smoke for zero, 2, 3 or 4 hours a day over the course of five months. They found that, the more smoke exposure, the more ACE2 receptors studded the animals' lungs. Compared with unexposed mice, the mice that received the highest dose of cigarette smoke accumulated about 80% more ACE2 receptors in their lungs. The researchers then compared the lungs of human smokers against those who never smoked, and again, they found a similar trend: Smokers’ lungs contained 40% to 50% more ACE2 receptors than those of nonsmokers.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nicotine may bind to ACE2 receptors blocking the virus's infection&#xA;of cells&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nicotine may have an anti-inflammatory effect.  It is known that cigarette smoking cessation is linked to the onset of ulcerative colitis.  It may involve the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A potential protective effect of smoking and of nicotine on SARS-CoV-2 infection has been noted. Until recently [39], no firm conclusions could be drawn from studies evaluating the rates of current smokers in Covid-19. All these studies [40-48], although reporting low rates of current smokers, ranging from 1.4% to 12.5%, did not take into account the main potential confounders of smoking including age and sex. In the study that two of us are reporting [1],  the rates of current smoking remain below 5 % even when main confounders for tobacco consumption, i.e. age and sex, in- or outpatient status, were considered. Compared to the French general population, the Covid-19 population exhibited a significantly weaker current daily smoker rate by 80.3 % for outpatients and by 75.4 % for inpatients. Thus, current smoking status appears to be a protective factor against the infection by SARS-CoV-2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not seen any data to suggest carbon monoxide is important in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qeios.com/read/FXGQSB.2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.qeios.com/read/FXGQSB.2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/28/covid-19-and-smoking-what-does-the-who-say&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/28/covid-19-and-smoking-what-does-the-who-say&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-02T01:58:29.743" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-03T00:12:57.270" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lidocain injections are often regarded as a potential replacement for corticosteroid injections, as the latter have been demonstrated to weaken tendons in the long-term (&gt; 6 months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the long term effects of Lidocain injections to treat a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether, from a long-term perspective, Lidocain injections help treat the tendinopathy, or on the contrary, have some deleterious effects, as  corticosteroid injections do. (or has no long term effect)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am mostly interested in epicondylitis (epicondylopathy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The {1} 2018 RCT only looked at short-term outcomes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;No differences in the short-term outcomes were found between lidocaine and corticosteroid injection in a small sample of people with tennis elbow with mean duration of 3.8 mos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Hsieh, Lin-Fen, Ying-Chen Kuo, Chia-Cheng Lee, Ya-Fang Liu, Yu-Chia Liu, and Vincent Huang. &quot;Comparison between corticosteroid and lidocaine injection in the treatment of tennis elbow: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.&quot; American journal of physical medicine &amp;amp; rehabilitation 97, no. 2 (2018): 83-89. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28816704&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28816704&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-05-03T18:43:12.993" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T18:43:12.993" Title="What are the long term effects of Lidocain injections to treat a tendinopathy?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;tendons&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23489" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23494" CreationDate="2020-05-03T09:37:15.880" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, we citizens are asked to wear masks in Germany. Early reports said that wearing a mask may not help to protect myself from other infected people, but it protects others from me (who might be infected). New reports say that the mask might actually also protect myself. After going outside with my mask, I am supposed to not touch the outside of the mask when taking it down, because it might contain the virus on the outside - since I might have been in an area with the virus flying around and I would not want to contaminate my hands when touching the outside of the mask once I am back at home.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense so far. BUT... let's assume, while being outside, I walk into a cloud of droplets originating from the sneeze of an infected person and my mask is now full of virus at the outside. I would assume that my clothes, like my shirt, are also full of virus. So I would think that now I have to take off all clothes, put them into the washing machine at once and go straight into the shower without touching my face. Anything else does not seem to make sense to me. However, I have not read anything like that anywhere. Am I missing something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19512" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T01:20:46.683" Title="Why shall I wash my mask but not my clothes?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:08:33.417" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-03T14:46:23.930" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;An interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0070548&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2013) paper&lt;/a&gt; on the Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) found that the poly(A) length of the virus &amp;quot;tail&amp;quot; correlated with the time since infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sequencing showed the length of viral poly(A) represented in the major population of viral RNA varied from ~45 nt early in infection (0-2 hpi) to ~65 nt later (4-12 hpi) and then gradually decreased to ~40 nt over time (12-48 hpi) (Figure [below]). The length of viral poly(A) tail became ~&amp;lt;30 nt after 144 h of infection. The data together suggest that the poly(A) tail length on total positive-strand BCoV RNA is regulated during infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qFsDx.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qFsDx.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has anything like this been observed for [any] human coronaviruses? And if so were/are there proposals to use this correlation for some purpose, e.g. determining when someone was infected, which may help e.g. also establish where so with whom they came in contact with around the time of infection, i.e. help with contact tracing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T14:46:23.930" Title="Can poly(A) tail length be used in determining how long ago infection with a coronavirus occurred in humans?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23472" CreationDate="2020-05-03T20:28:25.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;These additives are required to get correct results.&#xA;They keep the blood from clotting. If blood is collected with a syringe, clotting factors will activate and this will give inaccurate results for clottingfactors and platelets, and possibly other tests as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19516" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T20:28:25.070" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23493" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23501" CreationDate="2020-05-03T22:06:58.653" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are infected by a virus, and subsequently survive it and get completely rid of the infection, are there any other possible reasons for the same virus to be able to infect you again any time in the future, other than the virus mutating enough to not &quot;match&quot; the antibodies that were created in your body during the first infection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The background for this question is the talk among researchers about the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies possibly &quot;not remaining in the body&quot; forever, and the associated risk of it being possible to get infected again by this virus after a certain amount of time has passed (i.e. EVEN if the virus has NOT mutated anything at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This got me curious and led me to trying to find examples of viruses that can infect you twice WITHOUT any mutation of the virus in question being involved, but I did not manage to find any such examples?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is therefore, put in another way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any viruses that can infect you twice, WITHOUT any mutation of the virus being involved, and in that case why (by means of which mechanisms) and what are some examples of such viruses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19517" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T04:49:38.693" Title="Are there any other reasons than mutation that could cause a virus to be able to infect the same person twice?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23489" CreationDate="2020-05-03T22:40:10.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of inconsistencies in what we are being told.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One is that masks don't protect you, and make it more likely that you will get infected because they irritate your face, and you'll be constantly touching the mask risking transfer from the mask to your mouth or eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People in some regions (eg, Thailand, China, and Japan) opted for makeshift alternatives or repeated usage of disposable surgical masks. Notably, improper use of face masks, such as not changing disposable masks, could jeopardise the protective effect and even increase the risk of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen, so if the virus is covering your mask, it's certainly better than breathing it in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And if the virus is on your mask, it's even more likely to be on your shoes and other clothing as it's primarily droplet spread and droplets fall by gravity so the highest concentration of virus increases towards the ground.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And medical workers with full PPE include gowns, and shoe covers.  If worn correctly, PPE when removed should not leave any virus on one's clothing worn inside the PPE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the degree of protective measures you take depends on your risk. If you live in a region of high community transmission, then you should be looking at disinfecting the soles of your shoes, and changing footwear when you enter your house, as well as removing any outer protective clothing such as a raincoat.  Ultimately your best protection from infection by fomites is handwashing before eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're a medical worker that doesn't change out of full PPE at your hospital then recommendations from the AAFP recommend&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When you arrive home&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were unable to change clothes before leaving work, change in an isolated location (e.g., garage, mudroom, laundry room).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not wear shoes from work into your home. Clean them, top and bottom, with disinfecting wipes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wash clothes worn at work using your usual laundry detergent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wash or safely discard dirty clothes bag.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wash hands after handling dirty clothes and shoes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shower before interacting with your family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may choose to isolate, if possible, from your family to limit their potential for exposure:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30134-X/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30134-X/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.state.mn.us/facilities/patientsafety/infectioncontrol/ppe/comp/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.state.mn.us/facilities/patientsafety/infectioncontrol/ppe/comp/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/journals/fpm/blogs/inpractice/entry/covid19_home.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/journals/fpm/blogs/inpractice/entry/covid19_home.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T22:45:51.433" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23495" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23507" CreationDate="2020-05-03T22:58:28.070" Score="1" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Something I never understood:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does &quot;asymptomatic&quot; mean that someone will never show symptoms whether they catch the disease and therefore, can have without even realizing?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does it mean that they won't show symptoms while they have the disease (during the incubation period) and therefore showing symptoms (after the incubation period)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or does it mean that they won't show symptoms while they have the disease (during the incubation period), but they never finish the incubation period getting the disease itself and, therefore, not realizing they had it?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19519" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T22:22:40.107" Title="Asymptomatic People" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-03T23:09:41.090" Score="2" ViewCount="615" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this publication&lt;/a&gt; &#xA;36 patients, 16 in control group (31,25% were kids (!!!!) 10-16 y.o., 25% asymptomatic, 62,5% URTI and 12,5% LRTI), 14 in HCQ (14,3% were asymptomatic,  71,4% with URTI and 14,3% with LRTI), 6 in AZ+HHQ (66,67%  had LRTI). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What was the reason to include kids in this trial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What for they prescribed HCQ for asymptomatic cases and URTI? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19518" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T02:41:28.607" Title="How it is even possible to compare those groups?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hydroxychloroquine&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23497" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18484" CreationDate="2020-05-03T23:16:42.457" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This isn't the best suggestion in the time of a respiratory pandemic as we have now with COVID-19 but the cough trick is quite effective at pain reduction during venipuncture&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We tested the effectiveness of the cough trick (CT) as a method of pain relief during peripheral venipuncture (VP) in a crossover study. Twenty healthy volunteers were punctured twice in the same hand vein within an interval of 3 wk, once with the CT procedure and once without it. The intensity of pain, hand withdrawal, palm sweating, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum glucose concentration were recorded. The intensity of pain during VP with the CT procedure was less than without it, whereas the other variables changed insignificantly. The easily performed CT was effective in pain reduction during VP, although the mechanism remains unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications:&lt;/strong&gt; The effectiveness of a cough trick for pain reduction during peripheral venipuncture was tested in a volunteer study in which each subject served as his own control. The easily performed cough-trick procedure was effective for pain reduction, although the mechanism remains unclear though is blocked by Naloxone.  It is more effective than distraction by cognitive-motor tasks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cough trick is to turn ones head away from the phlebotomist and cough at the time of venipuncture.  It somehow distracts the brain from pain perception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reducing Venipuncture Pain by a Cough Trick: A Randomized Crossover Volunteer Study&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14742367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14742367/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/prm/2019/9459103/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/prm/2019/9459103/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-03T23:16:42.457" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23498" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23495" CreationDate="2020-05-03T23:50:20.857" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Asymptomatic refers to a state of no symptoms at a particular time.  One can be asymptomatic in the incubation period, and/or, in the period following the infection as shown by positive rtPCR which shows that an infection is present.  It doesn't mean that they'll remain asymptomatic forever.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presymptomatic means during the incubation period for the virus and you have no symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The antibody serosurveys getting underway in different parts of the country add further evidence that a good number – possibly anywhere from around 10 percent to 40 percent – of those infected might not experience symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in this context, it meant the person remained asymptomatic throughout the whole infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/a-physician-answers-5-questions-about-asymptomatic-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/a-physician-answers-5-questions-about-asymptomatic-covid-19&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T22:22:40.107" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T22:22:40.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23499" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23496" CreationDate="2020-05-04T00:14:45.737" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study was pretty much worthless as anything but a case series, and has been criticized all over (see some references below, but these hardly even scratch the surface of the criticism...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also excluded patients from the treatment group after the study started if they worsened (so the treatment group patients &lt;em&gt;couldn't&lt;/em&gt; have suffered any negative consequences).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's really probably best to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging_a_dead_horse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;stop worrying about all the individual things wrong with this paper&lt;/a&gt;, and have a broader discussion of how this sort of information got disseminated and into the eyes of the public without the caveats being sufficiently presented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dahly, D., Gates, S., &amp;amp; Morris, T. (2020). Statistical review of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial. Preprint. Posted online, 23.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kim, A. H., Sparks, J. A., Liew, J. W., Putman, M. S., Berenbaum, F., Duarte-García, A., ... &amp;amp; Ugarte-Gil, M. F. (2020). A rush to judgment? Rapid reporting and dissemination of results and its consequences regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Annals of internal medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Batra, U., Sharma, M., &amp;amp; Redhu, P. (2020). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: Clutching at straws in the time of COVID-19?. Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment, 3(5), 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T00:14:45.737" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23496" CreationDate="2020-05-04T02:41:28.607" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apart from the fact that the study in question has been widely panned such that &lt;a href=&quot;https://retractionwatch.com/2020/04/12/elsevier-investigating-hydroxychloroquine-covid-19-paper/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Elsevier&lt;/a&gt;, the publisher, is even investigating it, the answer to your questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. The children were part of the control group to see how quickly the virus clearly naturally ( even though that is problematic since children respond differently to the virus than adults ).  The study wasn't randomized so all the children were in the control group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. They weren't prescribing HCQ for URTI and asymptomatic cases. They were prescribing HCQ to confirmed cases of COVID-19, some of whom had URTI symptoms, to see how quickly viral clearance was achieved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T02:41:28.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23493" CreationDate="2020-05-04T04:49:38.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topically, seasonal coronaviruses appear to be poorly immunogenic and reinfection occurs.  Neutralising antibody levels drop to the point that they no longer provide protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In a 1971 study of 937 medical students, reinfection with HCoV-229E was detected and infection with other respiratory viruses did not stimulate significant complement factor or neutralising antibody titre rises against HCoV-229E10. A combined paediatric hospital inpatient and household community surveillance study conducted in Kenya found second infections with HCoV-NL63 (20.9%), HCoV-OC43 (5.7%), and HCoV-229E (4.0%) over the six years of the study. This study provided evidence to rule out genotype switching as a possible mechanism for reinfection. Two studies have also demonstrated experimental HCoV reinfection in humans&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the current concern is whether developing COVID-19 is, or is not, going to protect you from further infection from the same or other strains of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seasonality and immunity to laboratory-confirmed seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E): results from the Flu Watch cohort study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/articles/5-52&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/articles/5-52&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T04:49:38.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-04T11:26:25.727" Score="1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible (or reasonable) to calculate the probability of COVID-19 carrier who is asymptomatic infecting more number of persons it comes in contact with than a symptomatic carrier would do during the same specified period of 15 days. Is that a likely scenario in this pandemic? From the data sets currently available, how would the plot of total infections (from asymptomatic patients) against total infections (from symptomatic patients) look like? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19099" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T11:26:25.727" Title="Probability of COVID-19 spread" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-13T11:30:08.120" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23504" CreationDate="2020-05-04T11:33:19.820" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Duodenal obstruction is caused by failure of recanalization of the duodenum during embryological organogenesis. It classically presents as a &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/double-bubble-sign-duodenum?lang=us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;double bubble&lt;/a&gt;&quot; sign on x-ray or ultrasound. I understand that the more proximal (left-sided) dilation is due to gas in the stomach, but what is the cause of the more distal (right-sided) dilation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n40YMm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/n40YMm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T11:33:19.820" Title="Why does congenital duodenal obstruction cause a &quot;double bubble&quot; sign to appear on imaging?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;embryology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23503" CreationDate="2020-05-04T11:33:19.820" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Duodenal obstruction is classified as either &lt;strong&gt;stenosis&lt;/strong&gt; (narrowing of duodenum) or &lt;strong&gt;atresia&lt;/strong&gt; (complete occlusion of duodenum). In both cases, a &quot;double bubble&quot; sign appears because of gas trapped in the stomach (proximal) and proximal duodenum (distal). The narrowing between the two bubbles is due to the hypertrophied pyloric sphincter maintaining some constriction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In duodenal stenosis, there might be some gas distal to the obstruction. Duodenal atresia almost never presents with distal gas, unless there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/duodenal-atresia?lang=us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anomalous bile duct anatomy&lt;/a&gt; providing a source of air distal to the obstruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of anomalous bile duct anatomy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9T1In.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9T1In.png&quot; alt=&quot;y&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicalgate.com/duodenal-and-intestinal-atresia-and-stenosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicalgate.com/duodenal-and-intestinal-atresia-and-stenosis/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T11:33:19.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23505" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23508" CreationDate="2020-05-04T11:50:31.463" Score="19" ViewCount="9594" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found this link on the internet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-13/who-says-70-vaccines-in-the-works-with-three-leading-candidates&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;70 vaccines are getting ready for coronavirus: 3 very promising&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it that there will be vaccines before a cure? Shouldn't it be the other way around? What is the reason for the vaccine first then the cure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19521" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T22:23:50.927" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T16:03:52.557" Title="Why will there be vaccines first before a cure for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22793" CreationDate="2020-05-04T16:32:27.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Under the assumption that infected people become permanently immune and stop transmitting the disease, the virus will eventually just run out of people to infect. Currently the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/what-r-value-means-help-lift-coronavirus-lockdown-uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;R&quot; value&lt;/a&gt;, which measures the average number of people that an infected person contaminates, is somewhere around 2.5 if people behave normally. R below 1 means there will be less and less infections until there are no more infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this graph of the spread in Germany from February to early May (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/germany/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;) you can observe R &gt; 1 in the left half and R &amp;lt; 1 in the right half:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bg3Mul.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Bg3Mul.png&quot; alt=&quot;source: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are 3 ways this can happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A: If a significant percentage of the population catches the disease and becomes immune, the R factor will drop (if you are infected and half the people you would have infected are immune, you will infect half as many people as you otherwise would have infected, thus R is now cut in half). In some countries &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2014/may/15/real-reason-british-public-chickenpox-vaccine-shingles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this approach is practiced against chickenpox&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;B: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/herd-immunity-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaccination&lt;/a&gt; can provide herd immunity just like A, but requires a safe vaccine without side effects, that must be manufactured in massive quantities. It's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51665497&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;estimated that the development of such a vaccine will take 12-18 months&lt;/a&gt;, but this time frame isn't guaranteed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;C: Temporary changes to society (contact tracing, quarantines, social distancing, masks), or the environment (heat, humidity) can significantly modify the R factor. If the changes push the R factor below 1 and are sustained until the virus is gone, this will end the pandemic. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30129-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This is what stopped SARS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In countries that practice C to some extent, A is not going to happen this year. Because there is no consensus among countries to eradicate the virus by means of C, C isn't going to happen in the foreseeable future. Which leaves B as the most probable outcome at this time. And B is widely reported in the news media to be ready in 12-18 months time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Things will change when there are significant changes to the projected timeline for B.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19523" LastEditorUserId="19523" LastEditDate="2020-05-05T00:20:19.310" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T00:20:19.310" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23495" CreationDate="2020-05-04T18:27:57.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;With a virus, there are 2 separate things that happen at different speeds, and not at the same time: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Live virus comes in contact with your body, and starts replicating, and your body is emitting copies of the live virus in exhalation etc.  &lt;em&gt;You are contagious and can spread it to other people at this point.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The virus starts damaging the body badly enough to do harm, or to provoke an immune system response that itself makes you feel ill.  &lt;em&gt;You know you are sick at this point.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These things are separate, and can run on totally different timelines, or may not happen at all, depending on the virus and the person. &lt;strong&gt;When a person has the disease (#1) but does not feel the effects of illness (#2), that is called &quot;asymptomatic&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;.  You can be asymptomatic temporarily, which is what happens to almost everyone with COVID-19.  Or, what happened for Typhoid Mary, you can be at #1 forever without any #2, so you never know you have it!  That is called being a &quot;carrier&quot;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a well-behaved virus, the two will happen about the same time, so a person will feel ill and go into seclusion to protect themselves and others.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On a more dangerous virus, the time lag between #1 and #2 is quite long, and/or some people experience mild #2 effects which they mistake for normal stress/tiredness/side effects of a drug they take for something else.  Then, you have a perfect storm for a disease that spreads widely, because you have a lot of unwitting &quot;carriers&quot;, at least temporarily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastEditorUserId="14568" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T21:35:35.390" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T21:35:35.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23508" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23505" CreationDate="2020-05-04T18:32:03.533" Score="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your question contains a lot of misconceptions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A cure is definitely possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A cure could be found, proved, and proved safe, more quickly than a vaccine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People and firms that could be working on cures are choosing to work on vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these are correct. Most virus-caused diseases have no cure: colds, Zika, Dengue, and so on. A tiny handful have treatments that can ease the course of the disease: you've heard of Tamiflu and so on. And some can be actually cured with medication. So the first assumption, that a cure exists to be found, is not a sure thing by any means, and is actually quite unlikely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then there is the matter of side effects, unintended consequences, and so on. We are pretty familiar with vaccinations by now. We know how to test that a vaccine doesn't cause other problems. But a cure often can have really bad effects. A drug that is supposed to lower your [blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar, whatever] or raise your [immune response, whatever] might raise or lower it too much. It might cure one thing but give you a stroke or a heart attack. The immunotherapy that cured my 3-months-to-live melanoma also wiped out my thyroid and nearly killed me with a skin reaction. [I am fine with that trade, but the point is treatments can and do kill people. We only use them if the curing outweighs what the side effects do.] Cures have to be tested to understand all of these possibilities. In most cases we want to know the long term reactions -- and that means giving the drug and monitoring and studying for months or more. Plus, we give treatments to sick people, but vaccines to healthy people, so the side effects are even more of a big deal for a treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, the money and teams to work on a vaccine are entirely different than the money and teams who work on cures. So work is underway on cures too. It hasn't been set aside to focus on vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What you're observing is that everyone predicts a vaccine will come more quickly. It's a better understood area (we have vaccines for tons of viruses, but cures for very few) with less concern about hurting or killing the people we give it to. It's most likely the vaccine teams will succeed before the cure teams do. But it's not because there isn't any work happening on possible cures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T18:32:03.533" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23509" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23472" CreationDate="2020-05-04T18:57:24.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you linked calls those three additives &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;anticoagulants&lt;/a&gt;, and provides a link to a page on that. It starts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you put blood in a glass tube, or most plastic tubes, it clots to a solid quite quickly. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotting_time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A few minutes on glass&lt;/a&gt; at body temperature.) This makes it impossible to test for anything related to clotting (since those factors may have been used up) and frankly difficult to test for anything else because you have a blob of jelly or even something the consistency of cheese, so you can't pour it, stir a reagent into it, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To overcome this difficulty, someone went to a lot of trouble to invent a tube that would keep air out, and would have specific additives in it that wouldn't themselves interfere with the testing. I expect the exact details of how much of each additive, which tests are still accurate with heparin and which are not, which are ok with EDTA and which are not, and so on, would fill a book.  For the purposes of your question, we can say yes, the additives are necessary for some tests, and that is why people use them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T18:57:24.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23510" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23505" CreationDate="2020-05-04T19:15:26.193" Score="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drugs are typically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;small molecules&lt;/a&gt; that interfere with some chemical process in the disease causing microbe, and therein lies the rub. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, etc.  are sustained by their own complex systems of chemical reactions, largely independent of chemical systems that sustain us. That makes it easier to find a chemical that attacks something in the microbe's chemistry, but doesn't affect our own chemistry (much). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Penicillin&lt;/a&gt; for example, targets an enzyme bacteria use to maintain their cell walls. Our own cells don't have cell walls in the same way bacteria do, and we don't use that enzyme, so a drug that blocks that enzyme in bacteria may cripple the bacteria without having (much) of an effect on our own cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viruses on the other hand, are really just a bit of DNA or RNA wrapped in a coat of sugars, proteins, and fats. They don't have any life processes of their own. They simply piggy-back and subvert our own chemical systems. That means any drug that targets a chemical process used by the virus is likely to have bad side effects on the patient too. In some cases it is possible to create an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug#Transcription&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;anti-viral&lt;/a&gt; drug that attacks a protein unique (or mostly unique) to the virus. The problem is that this is a much narrower range of possible targets, and it tends to be specific to a single virus. Drugs like penicillin often work on whole families of bacteria. This is what makes finding a drug that &quot;cures&quot; viral diseases so hard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, living creatures have had to defend themselves against viruses for billions of years, so we've evolved sophisticated internal defenses against them. Even &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;bacteria have a sort of immune system against viruses&lt;/a&gt;. When you are infected with a virus your body begins a race to mount an effective immune response before the virus does severe or even fatal damage to your body. Vaccines allow your body to begin mounting an immune response before you are actually exposed to the virus. Then if you are eventually exposed your immune system is able to shut the virus down much more quickly. Getting a workable vaccine is still tricky though, because you have to find substances that starts an immune response specific to the target virus in most people, but that doesn't also kick the immune system into an over reaction that itself can be very dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-05-04T19:20:41.630" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T19:20:41.630" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23511" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-04T19:44:39.147" Score="2" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;Back in mid-April some commentary/news &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/us-coronavirus-outbreak-out-control-test-positivity-rate/610132/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was&lt;/a&gt; that the US was not doing enough testing as evidenced by the test positivity rate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;America’s 20 percent positivity rate is disquieting. The U.S. did almost 25 times as many tests on April 15 as on March 15, yet both the daily positive rate and the overall positive rate went up in that month. [...] when tests are rationed so strictly, only people with severe symptoms make it into the testing pool, ensuring that the positivity rate will be extremely high. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The test-positivity rate, then, is a decent (if unusual) proxy for the severity of an outbreak in an area. And it shows clearly that the U.S. still lags far behind other countries in the course of fighting its outbreak. South Korea—which discovered its first coronavirus case on the same day as the U.S.—has tested more than half a million people, or about 1 percent of its population, and discovered about 10,500 cases. The U.S. has now tested 3.2 million people, which is also about 1 percent of its population, but it has found more than 630,000 cases. So while the U.S. has a 20 percent positivity rate, South Korea’s is only about 2 percent—a full order of magnitude smaller.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;South Korea is not alone in bringing its positivity rate down: America’s figure dwarfs that of almost every other developed country. Canada, Germany and Denmark have positivity rates from 6 to 8 percent. Australia and New Zealand have 2 percent positivity rates. Even Italy—which faced one of the world’s most ravaging outbreaks—has a 15 percent rate. [...] New York City’s positivity rate is an astonishing 55 percent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;US officials actually acknowledge this problem and the WHO guidelines of bringing down the positivity rate under 10%; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/22/840526338/is-the-u-s-testing-enough-for-covid-19-as-debate-rages-on-heres-how-to-know&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;April 22 news&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how much testing is enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no exact number to aim for, but here's a guiding principle: You want a low percentage of your tests to come back positive, around 10% or even lower, says William Hanage, an epidemiologist at Harvard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That 10% benchmark is based on recommendations from the World Health Organization. Why should positives be low? If a high percentage of tests come back positive, it's clear there's not enough testing to capture all of the infected people in the community. &amp;quot;The lower the percentage of tests you're doing that come back positive, the better,&amp;quot; Hanage says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some countries that have done extensive testing have positive rates near this 10% benchmark, or lower. South Korea is &amp;quot;testing so many people that only 3% of them are positive,&amp;quot; said Rochelle Walensky, an infectious disease specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital, during a livestream hosted by the medical journal JAMA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, so far the U.S. appears to fall short of this benchmark. Nationally, according to CDC data, about 18% of tests have been positive to date, and 21% were positive in the week ending April 11. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admiral Brett Giroir, a member of President Trump's coronavirus task force, acknowledged the importance of this benchmark. &amp;quot;This is a good metric that you want to get about one positive for every 10 tests,&amp;quot; he said during the White House coronavirus task force briefing&lt;/strong&gt; Monday night [Apr 20?].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, question: What is the most recent data with for this test positivity rate in the US? And better still, is there an up-to-date graph over time for it (perhaps even a separate graph for each US state)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T23:03:08.773" Title="Is there a graph over time of Covid-19 test positivity rate in the US?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23511" CreationDate="2020-05-04T23:03:08.773" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From your link, &lt;em&gt;The Atlantic&lt;/em&gt; has its data tracking project at &lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtracking.com/data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covidtracking.com/data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you go there you can drill down by state, the number of cumulative positive and negative results.  They show the number of new daily tests and so you can extract the data you want from there about the positivity rates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the cumulative data for &lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtracking.com/data/state/alabama#historical&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alabama&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-04T23:03:08.773" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23505" CreationDate="2020-05-04T23:36:20.663" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe we have the data to say that vaccines will be deployed earlier than an effective treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccine technology is old technology and the go to for most infectious diseases as there is a desire to prevent preventable illness.  However, HIV was discovered in 1984 but we still &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/vaccine-how-close-are-we&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;don't have a vaccine against it&lt;/a&gt; though we have effective treatments. Some of the problems with a vaccine for HIV is that it's not a respiratory virus, and it mutates rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The SARS epidemic was in 2003 and we still also don't have a vaccine for that, and it's unclear if the new &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.modernatx.com/modernas-work-potential-vaccine-against-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;mRNA vaccines for COVID-19&lt;/a&gt; will be effective or not as there has not been one deployed successfully before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of our drugs used in treatment are small molecules but many of our modern biological drugs are synthetic humanised antibodies, and there is a lot of experience in developing such treatments in diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Axial spondyloarthropathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To develop such antibodies to fight COVID-19 an animal (mouse) can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent antibodies are screened for effectiveness.  Those most promising are humanised and then further developed for testing.  Celltrion are using antibodies taken from recovered Korean patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Through a partnership with the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Celltrion initially identified and secured 300 different types of antibodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 antigen. These were then screened based on their ability to bind to the virus Spike (S) protein. Celltrion was then able to capture a total of 38 potent neutralising antibodies, of which, 14 were identified as most potent against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Ki-Sung Kwon, Head of R&amp;amp;D Unit at Celltrion said: “We are bringing our full resources and expertise to overcome this global health crisis and are glad to have identified these antibodies sooner than previously expected. These antibodies can recognise multiple epitopes, thus increasing the probability of neutralisation against viral mutations. Given the expedited development process of our antiviral antibody treatment, we anticipate moving to first-in-human clinical trials in July. We are also on track with the development of a ‘super antibody’ or ‘an antibody cocktail’ and the launch of a rapid diagnostic kit in the summer of this year.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These would be expected to work like naturally developed antibodies that develop during the adaptive immune response to fight the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/60206/celltrion-selects-14-lead-monoclonal-antibodies-for-covid-19-treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/60206/celltrion-selects-14-lead-monoclonal-antibodies-for-covid-19-treatment/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-05T05:49:40.913" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T05:49:40.913" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23489" CreationDate="2020-05-05T01:20:46.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL\DR: a mask protect the public from you.  It is not sufficient to protect your from the public \ others.  Do not think that wearing a mask provides protection from high risk areas \ behaviors.  Avoid Avoid Avoid infection opportunities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgeons wear a mask (covering nose / mouth) in the operating room to prevent the spread of pathogens from the Surgeon's mouth / nose to the patient's surgical site. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T01:20:46.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23516" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-05T02:06:35.090" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Which non-invasive test differential diagnosis procedure can distinguish a tendinopathy at the gluteus minimus from  a tendinopathy at the gluteus medius (trochanter insertion), aside from medical imaging (MRI or ultrasound)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The typically used &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%27s_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Patrick's test a.k.a. FABER test&lt;/a&gt;, which seems to be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tendinopathyrehab.com/blog/tendinopathy-updates/gluteal-tendinopathy-diagnostic-tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quite accurate diagnosis test&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190429024313/https://www.tendinopathyrehab.com/blog/tendinopathy-updates/gluteal-tendinopathy-diagnostic-tests&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;), cannot distinguish between these two conditions as far as  I know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for &quot;differential diagnosis gluteus minimus and medius&quot; without success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T02:48:32.837" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T02:48:32.837" Title="Which differential diagnosis procedure can distinguish a tendinopathy at the gluteus minimus from a tendinopathy at the gluteus medius?" Tags="&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;differential-diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-05T05:51:51.250" Score="4" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient comes to the pharmacy and says that the doctor prescribed her with Naproxen for her kidney stones, and said that it is not only going to reduce pain, but it will also facilitate the passage of the stone. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was unable to find anything in the literature about such effect of NSAIDs, and moreover, I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033982/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; that says clearly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&quot;[NSAIDs] are highly effective in reducing the number of new colic episodes and readmissions to hospital; &lt;strong&gt;however they do not appear to have any effect on the time to stone passage&lt;/strong&gt; or the likelihood of stone passage in renal colic.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action of NSAIDs in the kidneys is also pretty straightforward: NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins production, which themselves promote glomerular afferent arteriolar vasodilatation. Therefore, the effect of NSAIDs will be opposite, i.e. glomerular afferent arteriolar constriction, which wil certainly not help a kidney stone to pass if it is there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient insists that this is exactly what the doctor told her. Does anyone know any source that will support this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T20:26:32.843" Title="Do NSAIDs (specifically Naproxen) help facilitate the passage of kidney stones?" Tags="&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23518" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23517" CreationDate="2020-05-05T10:40:34.073" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidneys&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You’re right that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have an effect on the glomerular arterioles by inhibiting prostaglandin production. This is why they can be renotoxic; if the affereny arteriole constricts, the filtration pressure drops and this can lead to renal failure in susceptible individuals or those on interacting drugs (like angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which dilate the efferent arteriole).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, these arterioles are blood vessels. Kidney stones (renal calculi) form in the nephron or further down the drainage system in the ureters by the precipitation and crystallisation of calcium or oxalate salts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs do reduce excretion of calcium, so it was thought they might reduce the formation of calculi. However, they also reduce secretion of other protective factors (such as glucosaminoglycans, or GAG), so there is no significant overall benefit, other than analgesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this old paper from the &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology&lt;/em&gt; that looked at the effects of the NSAID diclofenac in people with hypercalciuria (higher than normal calcium levels in the urine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease urinary calcium excretion in male&#xA;  Sprague-Dawley rats. Indomethacin decreases significantly the urinary&#xA;  calcium excretion in hypercalciuric patients. These observations&#xA;  encouraged the use of NSAID in the treatment of nephrolithiasis with&#xA;  encouraging initial results. However, NSAID (indomethacin and&#xA;  naproxen) retard both glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis and&#xA;  degradation thereby causing a significant reduction in the urinary&#xA;  excretion of GAGs, known to be potent inhibitors of calcium oxalate&#xA;  crystallization. Therefore, the effect of another NSAID, diclofenac-Na&#xA;  (50 mg t.i.d. for 4 weeks) was studied on 31 recurrent calcium oxalate&#xA;  nephrolithiasis patients who were not hypercalciuric or&#xA;  hyperuricosuric. The 24-h urinary excretion of creatinine, calcium and&#xA;  uric acid remained unchanged at 2 weeks and 4 weeks of therapy.&#xA;  However, after treatment of 2 weeks and 4 weeks, there was a&#xA;  significant decrease in the 24-h urinary excretion of GAGs (from 17.04&#xA;  +/- 7.39 mumol to 11.54 +/- 7.02 and 12.7 +/- 6.2 mumol, respectively), and urinary concentration of GAGs (from 10.77 +/- 7.09&#xA;  mumol/l to 6.03 +/- 5.00 mumol/l and 7.35 +/- 4.81 mumol/l,&#xA;  respectively). Thus diclofenac-Na (50 mg t.i.d.) did not reduce&#xA;  urinary excretion of calcium but significantly lowered the urinary&#xA;  excretion and concentration of GAGs in normocalciuric nephrolithiasis&#xA;  patients, an observation which cautions against the use of&#xA;  diclofenac-Na in prevention of nephrolithiasis in this group of&#xA;  patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Summary&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the reason NSAIDs are used is for analgesia. They do not have an overall effect to reduce e stone formation and there is no mechanism by which they facilitate the passage of the stone. This is in keeping with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.qxmd.com/r/27032222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;current practice&lt;/a&gt; on the management of neprolithiasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To help facilitate the passage of a stone, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/27032222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;alpha adrenoceptor antagonists&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (like doxazosin) can be used. They relax the smooth muscle surrounding the ureters and urethra, allowing any calculi to pass more easily.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A K Hemal, H Sidhu, S K Thind, R Nath, S Vaidyanathan. Effect of diclofenac-Na on 24-hour urinary excretion of creatinine, calcium, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans in adult patients with recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology&lt;/em&gt;. 1989 Jan; 27 (1) : 44-6.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conor P Moran, Aisling E Courtney. Managing acute and chronic renal stone disease. &lt;em&gt;Practitioner&lt;/em&gt;. 2016 Feb; 260 (1790) : 17-20, 2-3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Renee R. Koski, PharmD, CACP, FMPA and William H. Zufall, PharmD. Efficacy and Safety of Alpha-Blockers for Kidney Stones in Adults. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Pharmacy Technology&lt;/em&gt;, 2018 Apr; 34(2): 54–61. DOI: 10.1177/8755122517750398&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2020-05-05T20:26:32.843" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T20:26:32.843" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23519" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23520" CreationDate="2020-05-05T13:38:35.277" Score="3" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't believe this line: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;men are from Mars and women from Venus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-about-sex/201103/all-orgasms-are-the-same-different&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, I learned that men and women feel orgasm same but different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Premature ejaculation (PE) is when ejaculation happens sooner than a man or his partner would like during sex. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the equivalent of &quot;premature ejaculation&quot; medical condition in female sexual health? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19543" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T17:14:30.453" Title="What's the equivalent of “premature ejaculation” medical condition in female sexual health?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23519" CreationDate="2020-05-05T17:22:02.717" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is always hard to prove a negative, but I don't think such a condition exists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Premature Female Orgasm&lt;/em&gt; appears to be the term you are looking for, and apparently there &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jul/29/sciencenews.medicineandhealth1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been a patent filed by Pfizer&lt;/a&gt;, but I couldn't find any references in literature (Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge) so I guess from a medical perspective, this condition has not been described.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is here where @CareyGregory's comment comes into play: Premature Ejaculation is defined as &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5001991/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an ejaculation that always or nearly always occurs prior to or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration from the first sexual experience (lifelong PE) or a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in latency time, often to about 3 minutes or less (acquired PE)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, but one can argue whether statistical deviations from the norm alone provide for pathogenity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For females a likewise definition would be an orgasm prior to a certain time after vaginal penetration. Whether this would have any clinical significance can be doubted. Furthermore, unless women express suffering or distress from such a condition (as yet unreported in literature), calling it a condition remains questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T17:22:02.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23521" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-05T17:38:21.557" Score="2" ViewCount="396" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming the immune system is healthy,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How much SARS-CoV-2 virus (cause of COVID-19) is required to make a person sick?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might also depend on time, if it was a high infectious dose but just some minutes, maybe not that bad outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or if it's a very low infectious dose, but during a whole day, maybe a bad outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, Would it be possible that a person was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus, and so the virus got inside their system, and even still this person's immune system didn't let the virus to infect this person? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that it's not the case that this person will be totally asymptomatic, it's the case when the virus wasn't &quot;strong enough&quot; to infect this person even being inside their system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MID - minimum infectious dose defined as&quot;the smallest quantity of infectious material that regularly produces infection&quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T17:10:26.070" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T02:46:13.407" Title="What is the minimal infectious dose (MID) of SARS-CoV-2?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;viral-load&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23522" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23521" CreationDate="2020-05-05T17:38:21.557" Score="0" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From this link &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/14/how-much-of-the-coronavirus-does-it-take-to-make-you-sick/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How much of the coronavirus does it take to make you sick?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of particles a person is exposed to can affect how &lt;strong&gt;likely&lt;/strong&gt; they are to become infected and, once infected, how severe the symptoms become.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A high infectious dose may lead to a higher viral load, which can impact the &lt;em&gt;severity&lt;/em&gt; of COVID-19 symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral load is a measure of virus particles. It is the amount of virus present once a person has been infected and the virus has had time to replicate in their cells. &lt;em&gt;With most viruses, higher viral loads are associated with worse outcomes.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The more viral particles that get into the lungs, the more damage to the lungs that is probably happening,” said W. David Hardy, a professor of infectious disease at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From this link &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/does-the-amount-of-covid-19-virus-you-are-exposed-to-determine-how-sick-you-ll-get&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Does The Amount of Coronavirus You're Exposed to Determine How Sick You'll Get?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A report from China suggested that there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036707v2.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no difference&lt;/a&gt; between how much coronavirus a person is exposed to and how sick they get.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But another report showed that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30232-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;patients with milder disease had lower levels of the virus.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T15:35:40.910" CommentCount="4" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-05T17:38:21.557" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23524" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23035" CreationDate="2020-05-05T20:13:44.317" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of a forecast for the world as a whole, other than a vague &quot;12 to 18 months&quot;.  For individual countries and regions, a number of groups are making forecasts of the progression of the disease.  For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthdata.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation&lt;/a&gt; at the University of Washington predicts that under current conditions, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.healthdata.org/italy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outbreak in Italy&lt;/a&gt; will be effectively over (0 deaths per day) no later than June 7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quarantine deadlines are mostly unrelated to the progress of the pandemic.  For example, in the United States, it's common for the law to limit the duration of emergency orders.  In New York, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EXC/29-A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;emergency orders cannot last longer than 30 days, but they can be renewed at that time&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-05-05T20:13:44.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-05T22:34:29.580" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Has the viral load in individuals identified as carriers, without manifesting the disease itself been studied for how long they have a viral load present in their system, this is also relevant for influenza asymptomatic carriers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19554" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T10:54:56.850" Title="Has there been research to assess an&quot;asymptomatic Novel corona virus 19&quot; how long they are able to infect another person?" Tags="&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23526" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23525" CreationDate="2020-05-06T00:43:06.500" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any study that only looked at viral loads in asymptomatic infected persons but if you look at mild to severe patients, their viral loads all tend to follow a similar pattern whereby 21 days the viral load drops below the threshold of detection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O5VN8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O5VN8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image above goes to Ct of 40 (amplification cycles of PCR).  The exact RT-PCR Ct values associated with the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 is unknown but viable virus has been detected at a Ct of 34. At a point beyond that one may be detecting viral fragments rather than viable virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, an earlier study suggested that viral loads were proportional to disease severity &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We also studied serial samples from 21 mild and ten severe cases (figure B). Mild cases were found to have an early viral clearance, with 90% of these patients repeatedly testing negative on RT-PCR by day 10 post-onset. By contrast, all severe cases still tested positive at or beyond day 10 post-onset. Overall, our data indicate that, similar to SARS in 2002–03,6 patients with severe COVID-19 tend to have a high viral load and a long virus-shedding period. This finding suggests that the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 might be a useful marker for assessing disease severity and prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, at this time we suspect that both asymptomatic and symptomatic disease can have detectable disease out to an average of 21 days from the time they should be symptomatic.  But remember also that viral loads may be higher in the 1-2 days before onset of symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30232-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30232-2/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T00:43:06.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23528" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-06T09:40:53.720" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed a &quot;No doping&quot; sign on the back of a pack of Dopamine HCl ampoules. It looks like this:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/P8V80s.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering what is the purpose of this sign. I am guessing that it means that the drug should not be abused, but why is it on the package? Who is it aimed at? Since these are amouples for infusion, they should not be accessible to someone who is not a medical professional, and medical professionals are less likely to abuse it (I hope). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And even if someone does get their hands on the drugs with the intention to abuse it, this sign would surely not stop them...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, is this really what's behind this sign, or did I miss something?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="7166" LastEditDate="2020-05-06T16:54:43.880" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T16:54:43.880" Title="What exactly is the meaning of &quot;No doping&quot; sign on a drug package?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;substance-abuse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-05-06T15:46:04.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one report i am aware of, this has not been entirely confirmed. Information changes rapidly in a situation like this. The best we can do is take precautions, and wait for the experts to speak on a position of authority. Weather its possible that a virus in general can do this? Yes. It is also possible for it to hide in reservoirs that the immune system cant get at easily. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/1837798/why-some-covid-19-patients-might-have-tested-positive-twice/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qz.com/1837798/why-some-covid-19-patients-might-have-tested-positive-twice/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19564" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T15:46:04.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23532" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23533" CreationDate="2020-05-06T17:39:15.470" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am strongly considering volunteering for any COVID human challenge trial that becomes available near me (midwestern United States). I am willing to undergo long-term isolation. However, I am not willing to significantly disrupt my work life. That means I want free time with my computer, significant private time, and the opportunity to be physically active.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone give me an educated guess about whether, as a participant in such a trial, I would have access to things like free time, space to exercise, and a personal computer? I presume that the answer is &quot;the range of situations is extremely wide, and the answer depends on a bunch of factors.&quot; However, I would appreciate any suggestive information. I would also appreciate advice in how best to phrase these questions to get good answers from prospective trial administrators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14563" LastEditorUserId="14563" LastEditDate="2020-05-06T18:56:17.503" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T18:56:17.503" Title="What would it be like to participate in a (coronavirus) challenge trial, in the US?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23533" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23532" CreationDate="2020-05-06T18:03:49.833" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You would want to talk to the staff who are recruiting patients; I'm not aware of any such trials that have started anywhere yet. I would expect you would have access to most of those things depending on what your definitions are of private time and physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as asking questions, just be direct and define your terms. &quot;Can I bring my computer and have internet access&quot; might not be specific enough if your question is really &quot;Can I work an uninterrupted full-time schedule from 8 am to 5 pm using my computer?&quot; - the answer to that is likely no, but you might get an idea of what interruptions you can expect, how often, etc, and also how flexible those interruptions can be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example facility that is capable of appropriate isolation and has been used in influenza challenge trials is at NIH; their tour video at the page linked below might be a good place to start for some of your questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/scsu-video-tour&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/scsu-video-tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the whole video is probably useful to someone considering participating in a trial, but I'd note that around 12 minutes they are touring a patient room and shortly after there is some discussion of what the patients participating in clinical trials there can bring in, which includes bringing in computers for entertainment and work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, I wouldn't use this video as a guarantee of anything for a specific trial you might be involved in, so ask your specific questions to those trial staff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you do participate, you of course may develop symptoms that interfere with all the things you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-05-06T18:03:49.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23536" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21296" CreationDate="2020-05-07T05:20:23.507" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To question 1, infection of others before symptoms of the carrier&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, carriers of Covid-19 can infect others before developing noticeable symptoms themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a study to a very traceable transmission chain in a company in Germany. &lt;code&gt;Person 1&lt;/code&gt; was infected from a from China comming &lt;code&gt;person 0&lt;/code&gt; after January 19, 2020. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;code&gt;person 3&lt;/code&gt; had contact only with &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; on January 20 and 21. However, &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; had first symptoms on the January 24th, so the infection occurred &lt;strong&gt;3 days before&lt;/strong&gt; symptoms of the carrier. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;code&gt;person 4&lt;/code&gt; had also contact only with &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; from January 21 to January 24. This infection occurred &lt;strong&gt;within 0 to 3 days&lt;/strong&gt; before &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; first symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study can be read in detail here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2001468&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2001468&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exist also an interview with &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt;, which states that he met &lt;code&gt;person 0&lt;/code&gt; on Monday (January 20).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;Person 0&lt;/code&gt; doesn't show symptoms of illness during their presence. Symptoms were established on their return trip on January 22, so &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; was infected &lt;strong&gt;1 to 2 days&lt;/strong&gt; before symptoms of &lt;code&gt;person 0&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The interview is readable here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.br.de/radio/bayern1/coronavirus-in-bayern-100.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.br.de/radio/bayern1/coronavirus-in-bayern-100.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To question 2, duration until the carrier becomes contagious&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The above study shows that &lt;code&gt;person 1&lt;/code&gt; infected &lt;code&gt;person 3&lt;/code&gt; already &lt;strong&gt;after 1 to 2 days&lt;/strong&gt; after infection themselves.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, there is an study to 312 infections in Austria about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_interval&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;serial interval&lt;/a&gt; which  refers to the time between successive cases of transmission. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;According to this study, carriers of the virus contribute significantly to an infection already &lt;strong&gt;after day 1&lt;/strong&gt;. The risk of transmission is &lt;strong&gt;highest on day 3&lt;/strong&gt; and after 10 days the risk of transmission drops significantly, but is still present. &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see this study here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ages.at/en/wissen-aktuell/publikationen/schaetzung-des-seriellen-intervalles-von-covid19-oesterreich&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ages.at/en/wissen-aktuell/publikationen/schaetzung-des-seriellen-intervalles-von-covid19-oesterreich&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17963" LastActivityDate="2020-05-07T05:20:23.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23537" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23543" CreationDate="2020-05-07T06:23:17.333" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;A typical defibrillator is basically capacitor and a pair of electrodes and circuits. There are AEDs that can detect whether defibrillation is required or not. But what if cardiac arrest(due to ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia or other conditions for which defibrillation is indicated) occurs and standard defibrillator is not available, can other sources of electrical power, if available, be used for defibrillation?? Or just CPR has to be performed until emergency services arrive? I live in a country where awareness about CPR is low. And defibrillators are not that common. &#xA;*I am studying MBBS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17912" LastEditorUserId="17912" LastEditDate="2020-05-07T08:57:28.187" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T00:16:02.467" Title="Emergency defibrillation" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23538" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-07T08:43:05.790" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;A French &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920301643&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case report&lt;/a&gt; that has received widespread media attention suggests (actually stated in pretty strong terms in the paper) that Covid-19 was already spreading in France in December 2019. (In contrast, according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;received account/wisdom &lt;/a&gt; from the WHO, the first recorded case of Covid-19 outside China was on Jan 13 in Thailand.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The retrospective PCR test for Covid-19 they did on the -86C frozen sample had an amplification curve like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/j7Vs1.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/j7Vs1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter preformatted text here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fig. 2. Result of Charité protocol RT-PCR assay [11]: patient's curve in yellow; positive and negative test samples in purple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A Ct of 30 seems pretty marginal to me, but I'm not really an expert. What does the Charité protocol research say about such a Ct figure, in terms of false positives, i.e. what's the probability that a Ct of 30 (or more) is a false positive using the Charité protocol/test for Covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The ref/link [11] in the paper alas doesn't send to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;useful page&lt;/a&gt; in that regard.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T02:08:16.320" Title="How often is a Ct of 30 (or more) using the Charité protocol a false positive for Covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23543" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23537" CreationDate="2020-05-07T19:44:38.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although you might cobble something together that can deliver the appropriate levels of shock, the problem is what @Graham Chiu has been hinting at in his comments. &lt;a href=&quot;https://acls.com/free-resources/knowledge-base/vf-pvt/shockable-rhythms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Not all forms of cardiac arrest are shockable&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rhythms that are not amenable to shock include pulseless electrical&#xA;  activity (PEA) and asystole.&lt;/strong&gt; In these cases, identifying primary&#xA;  causation, performing good CPR, and administering epinephrine are the&#xA;  only tools you have to resuscitate the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a big part of what an automatic external defibrillator (AED) does for you. In addition to the relatively simple electronics that deliver the shocks, an AED also contains an EKG and a microprocessor that interprets the rhythm and decides whether a shock is appropriate or not, and that is definitely not something simple you can cobble together. Now, you could take the approach of saying a homemade defibrillator is better than nothing, but that's not true. Shocking asystole or PEA is a waste of time, it deprives the patient of CPR for several seconds, and above all &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/asystole&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it can cause harm&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Applying current to a heart in asystole can result in myocardial&#xA;  damage and is contraindicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since there's no way to distinguish between shockable and non-shockable rhythms without an EKG or AED, your only recourse is CPR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-05-08T00:16:02.467" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T00:16:02.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-08T09:59:06.477" Score="5" ViewCount="158" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like human monoclonal antibodies would be the ideal treatment for any serious infectious disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike vaccines, they don't depend on having the immune system recognize the right epitope, and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike chimeric antibodies, they wouldn't be expected to cause any side effects, since they are bio-equivalent, and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It should be possible to find antibodies that span many (or all) strains of a particular virus/pathogen, and which prevent successful infection when present - aka broadly neutralizing antibodies or bNAbs - these are not necessarily easy for the immune system to select, but can be selected in vitro based on knowledge of which areas of the pathogen are highly conserved and necessary for infectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Despite all that, as far as I can tell there are no FDA-cleared antibodies as treatment for any infectious diseases; a whole lot of work goes towards developing vaccines, even for pathogens for which apparently highly effective antibodies are already known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why are monoclonal antibodies as a treatment for infectious diseases not more common?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it that they are not effective in vivo? (seems unlikely - they'd provide basically a temporary humoral immunity)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have they been tried in clinical trials, especially for viral diseases? (preferably not long-term chronic ones like HIV or HSV but ones with a faster course)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it the difficulty/expense of production?  Is it the difficulty of selecting the right antibodies?  Is it that a range of different antibodies would be needed for different strains of a pathogen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt; Reposting bounty.  I think the question is widely applicable and deserves more attention (and thought), especially now.  Both stories of successes (eg successful Phase I/II trials) and failures in this field are interesting.  If expense is the &lt;em&gt;primary&lt;/em&gt; drawback, I would like sources which talk about the things that make production expensive, and what the lowest bound on production cost is.  I would really like a definitive answer to this, with references to sources where people in the field discuss the specific factors that make this kind of treatment difficult to use/get approved/etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2480" LastEditorUserId="2480" LastEditDate="2020-08-29T22:50:41.857" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T09:18:49.303" Title="Why are antibodies not used as treatments for infectious diseases?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21684" CreationDate="2020-05-08T10:12:24.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.bugbank.uk/2020/04/interpreting-uk-biobank-covid-19-test.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK Biobank&lt;/a&gt; (cohort study of 500,000 participants) incorporates SARS-CoV-2 test result data. It contains age, as well as entire medical history information for each participant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ref:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12091455&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dynamic linkage of COVID-19 test results between Public Health England’s Second Generation Surveillance System and UK Biobank&lt;/a&gt; (2020) *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;* Disclaimer: I have worked on this project.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19586" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T10:12:24.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-08T11:53:35.533" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that for laymen, an STI (sexually transmitted infection) is something that can spread via sexual activities. However, there are some infections that can spread sexually but is not considered STI:s, like cholera. Also, there are a lot of STI:s that can be transmitted via non-sexual means. So it seems like STI means something that it &lt;em&gt;typically&lt;/em&gt; spreads via sexual activities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, is there any formal definition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14272" LastActivityDate="2020-05-08T11:53:35.533" Title="What is the definition of STI? (formely STD)" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;sti&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-09T03:40:11.503" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23521" CreationDate="2020-05-08T18:19:37.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I am not entirely satisfied with this answer in as much as the author fails to source the claim that 1000 viral particles may be the threshold for infection. However the author has significant expertise and more importantly (to me as a non-expert) has written a piece that is entirely readable and plausible. I offer it for your consideration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr Bromage &lt;a href=&quot;https://erinbromage.wixsite.com/covid19/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them?fbclid=IwAR0ghyWnc-FT0UK1tdjioj8MFMfcfEK-_DOX58ID8c_-Ef89AqRKmH5uO4U&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Risks - Know Them - Avoid Them&lt;/a&gt; posits that 1000 viral particles are sufficient to produce an inflection. He then discusses the risks of encountering that threshold and how to minimize one's risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The minimum infectious dose of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is unknown so far, but researchers suspect it is low. “The virus is spread through very, very casual interpersonal contact,” W. David Hardy, a professor of infectious disease at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, told STAT.&#xA;  Blockquote&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/14/how-much-of-the-coronavirus-does-it-take-to-make-you-sick/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STAT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparison purposes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;... it takes just 18 particles of norovirus to cause an infection. This can lead to the classic clinical signs of vomiting and diarrhoea &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/does-the-amount-of-covid-19-virus-you-are-exposed-to-determine-how-sick-you-ll-get&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LINK, with citation to norovirus study for infectous dose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T21:22:43.423" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T21:22:43.423" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-09T05:27:45.773" Score="1" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;Doesn't &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/23293/14407&quot;&gt;D.Tan's last para.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Personal thoughts: Antibiotics most likely never completely eradicate a bacterial population, but by bringing down the bacterial load, you enable your immune system to maintain the remaining bacteria at a low enough level to avoid clinical symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;contradict &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/5605/14407&quot;&gt;Dr Graham Chiu's answer&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;Commensal bacteria on the skin are not controlled by the immune system&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To wit, how does reducing the bacterial load enable your immune system to maintain a low enough level of remaining bacteria  to avoid clinical symptoms, if your immune system can't control or kill &lt;em&gt;C. acnes&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:23.430" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T02:07:01.730" Title="How does reducing the bacterial load enable your immune system to maintain a low enough level of remaining bacteria to avoid clinical symptoms?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;acne&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23558" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23477" CreationDate="2020-05-09T10:35:20.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although the novel coronavirus has not yet been around long enough to determine long-term effects, the experience from prior SARS coronavirus pandemics may be instructive, including observations of mental health side effects like anxiety disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Lung Association has noted of the 2003 SARS virus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A small percentage of patients had long-term effects from their illness, including depression or anxiety, cough, shortness of breath, chronic lung disease or kidney disease. However, most patients fully recovered.&#xA;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source: ALA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T10:35:20.953" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-09T10:35:20.953" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23559" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21206" CreationDate="2020-05-09T10:45:05.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of May 2020, data are very limited on whether infection confers immunity, let alone long term immunity.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While COVID-19 related coronavirus is still being studied, a similar SARS coronavirus from 2003 has been studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a 2011 research study, scientists found that certain types of immunity called T cell memory did persist, while others (B cell related) did not.  This immune memory response was more marked in severe infections as well.  While this is promising that the human immune system can “remember” and potentially defend against repeat infection, the authors were careful to note that even T cell memory immunity did not necessarily mean the individuals were immune from reinfection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/186/12/7264.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/186/12/7264.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T10:45:05.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23560" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23525" CreationDate="2020-05-09T10:54:56.850" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of May 2020, evidence suggests that coronavirus infection periods are related to viral load, viral shedding and symptoms of disease (although some asymptomatic people can still spread the infection), such as coughing, which would disperse the virus into the air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In one case series of mild infection, 90 percent had negative viral swabs at 10 days after symptom onset; however a study of more mild-moderate infection revealed median shedding of 24 days and the longest at 42 days.  However viral RNA detection does not mean that there is sufficient virus to transmit infection per se.  Other case studies in Singapore have noted that viral transmission may begin 1-3 days prior to the onset of symptoms (for symptomatic infected individuals).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more complete clinical summary, including references, is available at UpToDate, which may be freely accessible during the pandemic:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-epidemiology-virology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-epidemiology-virology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-prevention&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T10:54:56.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23561" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23035" CreationDate="2020-05-09T11:02:22.423" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of May 2020, many governmental timelines are being developed as the result of COVID-19 forecasting models from public health authorities, although others may be politically or economically influenced as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the IHME models have been featured, others including the Northeastern University models developed by Prof Alessandro Vespignani have been used to develop regional forecasts.  This group has led the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.gleamproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GLEAM project&lt;/a&gt; seeking to forecast the pandemic not only based on traditional epidemiology models known as “compartment” SEIR or SIR models, but also randomized simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of these models are forecasting the peak death time period and capacity utilization of hospital ICUs though, rather than general risk to the public.  Similarly, because other past epidemics have seen a second wave, for a variety of reasons, many models are being re-run to look for and predict any resurgence, which may also be influenced by weather factors as well as people’s behavior to move indoors to more social contact during colder months if people begin to stop social distancing measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T11:02:22.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23563" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21610" CreationDate="2020-05-09T11:09:27.590" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most FDA approved agents speak to acne vulgaris, in general, on their approved labelled indications.  Nodular severe acne may not be a specifically approved indication but would be included under more general labeling for acne.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Light and laser therapies administered by clinical professionals have also been developed and approved.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Retinoids, antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide are all mentioned as the mainstay for therapy.  While hormonal therapy is discussed in the medical community, acne is not a labelled indication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the FDA is one source for good information on specific drugs and devices, the American Academy of Dermatology has clinical guidelines that may help determine what shows evidence of working — and also guide as to what may not work or potentially be harmful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/guidelines/acne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/guidelines/acne&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T11:09:27.590" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23564" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18309" CreationDate="2020-05-09T18:14:12.877" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is an interesting article. “Summary:&#xA;Bacteria that cause stomach ulcers and cancer could also be giving us bad breath, according to research published in the Journal of Medical Microbiology. For the first time, scientists have found Helicobacter pylori living in the mouths of people who are not showing signs of stomach disease.” (2008).   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“&quot;Although the presence of H. pylori in the mouth does not directly cause bad breath, it is associated with periodontal disease, which does cause bad breath,&quot; said Dr. Suzuki. &quot;We now need to look into the relationship between H. pylori in the mouth and in the stomach. We hope to discover the role of the mouth in transmitting H. pylori stomach infections in the near future.&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081123222846.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081123222846.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be H. Pylori infection of just the mouth, presumably, or at least not showing “signs” of stomach disease. Bottom line: this odor would be from gum disease caused or accelerated by H. Pylori. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is another route by which H. Pylori may contribute to bad breath. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No word on how it smells. Just bad. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="13819" LastEditDate="2020-05-09T18:25:42.107" LastActivityDate="2020-05-09T18:25:42.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23565" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-09T18:56:31.910" Score="9" ViewCount="265" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given controversy and confusion over aspects of COVID-19, particularly over comparisons and contrasts with the mortality risk of seasonal flu, I am looking for data and findings on the &lt;strong&gt;mortality risk (Infection Fatality Rate) of Covid-19&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mortality risk, or Infection fatality rate (IFR), sometimes known as ‘mortality rate’, ‘death rate’, or 'lethality' represents the risk of dying after contracting the virus, and is calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mortality risk (IFR) of COVID-19 is often overlooked in mainstream news media, which tends to focus on the case fatality rate (number of deaths divided by the number of CASES), or falsely equate the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case fatality rate is in itself, however, not a valid indicator of the mortality risk of a virus as it does not account for unreported/asymptomatic cases and therefore the true number of infections, or estimates of them. Hence the interest in data/studies on the mortality risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ref:&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-team-covid-infection-fatality.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-team-covid-infection-fatality.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jdmichel.blog.tdg.ch/archive/2020/03/24/covid-19-the-game-is-over-305275.html?fbclid=IwAR2xfWuLuVodAVLk8bZ9VzDTGsa_7CS0B0xmlZw6AqskRNRjjGLDAi4Mp2c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://jdmichel.blog.tdg.ch/archive/2020/03/24/covid-19-the-game-is-over-305275.html?fbclid=IwAR2xfWuLuVodAVLk8bZ9VzDTGsa_7CS0B0xmlZw6AqskRNRjjGLDAi4Mp2c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source / information criteria&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the purposes of this question, all answers must come with specific, referenced data/findings based on (or at least explicitly indicating) the &lt;strong&gt;number of infections&lt;/strong&gt; (either directly known through testing of the entire study population, as in confinement/isolation situations, or based on modeled/estimated/extrapolated number of infections), and the &lt;strong&gt;number of deaths&lt;/strong&gt; in each case. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question &lt;strong&gt;does not&lt;/strong&gt; seek answers containing personal estimates from respondents, and sources providing guesses based on anecdotal evidence or impressions/experience &lt;strong&gt;do not&lt;/strong&gt; meet the criteria for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information based entirely on the CASE fatality ratio (i.e which ignores the number of unreported infections/asymptomatic infections) is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; of interest for the purposes of this question for the reasons mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid statistical errors due to small sample sizes, please limit sources to only those findings which are based on populations/sample sizes (total number of infections, either estimated or known) &lt;strong&gt;greater than 500&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other coronavirus strains already circulating among population before COVID-19 (eg. 229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43) are not of interest for the purposes of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of news articles, obviously references should be included in support of data/findings, or at least traceable from the article, otherwise the information is not useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goes without saying that the ratio/risk presented in any given source does not, in itself, determine the quality of the answer, and all answers meeting the given criteria are encouraged, regardless how consistent or inconsistent the findings they contain may be with other findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Feel free to indicate the following data points if they are known when indicating any sources of information, as they are of obvious relevance for the mortality risk (IFR). In any case, I will read all posts and summarize the data under various headings as I have done in my own answer to the question, which I will update as answers come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Average age of the people considered in the study, and age stratified mortality risk (mortality risk for different age groups) if known.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much time has passed since all persons considered in the study became infected if known, as deaths can occur after data is collected.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Whether Outcome delay adjustments (adding a percentage increase of deaths due to possible deaths after releasing data) are included in the information, if known.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possible underlying illnesses which can increase likelihood of death if known.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other factors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Below I have provided an answer (now a wiki) where all the sources which I have found or have been provided here meeting the given criteria are summarized with the corresponding mortality risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19597" LastEditorUserId="19597" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T10:09:01.040" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T10:09:01.040" Title="What data and research is available on the mortality risk (infection fatality rate) of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-13T04:00:13.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23567" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23565" CreationDate="2020-05-09T19:08:44.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Below is a summary of all data and findings answering this question meeting the above criteria which I have found or which have been pointed out in answers to this question.  The mortality risk given is that provided in the research paper cited, or, where no paper is cited (sources 6,7 and 9), the number of deaths divided by number of infections based on the raw data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.&#xA;'Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis'. Robert Verity, PhD et al.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30243-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30243-7/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (overall) = 0.657%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (age stratified):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;0–9   = 0.00161%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;10–19 = 0.00695%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;20–29 = 0.0309%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;30–39 = 0.0844%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;40–49 = 0.161%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;50–59 = 0.595%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;60–69 = 1.93%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;70–79 = 4.28%&lt;br&gt;&#xA;≥80 = 7.80%  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.&#xA;LA COUNTY PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT / UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA STUDY FINDINGS.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/1841445/covid-19-may-be-undercounted-50-fold-in-la-antibody-surveys-show/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://qz.com/1841445/covid-19-may-be-undercounted-50-fold-in-la-antibody-surveys-show/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://reason.com/2020/04/20/l-a-county-antibody-tests-suggest-the-fatality-rate-for-covid-19-is-much-lower-than-people-feared/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://reason.com/2020/04/20/l-a-county-antibody-tests-suggest-the-fatality-rate-for-covid-19-is-much-lower-than-people-feared/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Infections (in US, extrapolated) = 221,00 to 442,000.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Age factors: Age adjusted estimate for entire US population.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR) = 0.1% - 0.3%.&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3.&#xA;GANGELT, GERMANY STUDY.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.land.nrw/sites/default/files/asset/document/zwischenergebnis_covid19_case_study_gangelt_0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.land.nrw/sites/default/files/asset/document/zwischenergebnis_covid19_case_study_gangelt_0.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/09/999015/blood-tests-show-15-of-people-are-now-immune-to-covid-19-in-one-town-in-germany/?fbclid=IwAR1P-zqpfx6ATyVsGYa_9EHVgr3aY0ryKDh_uuC90xKtXMWXKR4fR4OMYKI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/09/999015/blood-tests-show-15-of-people-are-now-immune-to-covid-19-in-one-town-in-germany/?fbclid=IwAR1P-zqpfx6ATyVsGYa_9EHVgr3aY0ryKDh_uuC90xKtXMWXKR4fR4OMYKI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Age factors:  Age adjusted estimate for entire adult population of Gangelt.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Infections (approx.) = 2% of adult population of Gangelt.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated mortality risk (IFR) = 0.37%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4.&#xA;DIAMOND PRINCESS OUTBREAK.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/statistics/1099517/japan-coronavirus-patients-diamond-princess/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/1099517/japan-coronavirus-patients-diamond-princess/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Date of last possible infection: March 1st, 2020&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Deaths to date: 13&#xA;Diamond Princess study #1 (Mortality risk):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;'Estimating the infection and case fatality ratio for COVID-19 using age-adjusted data from the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship'. Timothy W Russell et al.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.20031773v2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.20031773v2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Average age: Age adjusted estimate for entire population of China.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;CI= 95%.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated mortality risk (IFR) = 0.5%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diamond Princess study #2 (infections estimate):&lt;br&gt;&#xA;‘The contribution of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections to transmission -a model-based analysis of the Diamond Princess outbreak’. Jon C . Emery et al.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/reportsEmery_Transmission%20from%20asymptomatic%20SARS-CoV-2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/reportsEmery_Transmission%20from%20asymptomatic%20SARS-CoV-2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Average age = 65.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Total estimated infections: 1,304 (1,198-1,416).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR) based on mean infections estimate= 0.99%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;5.&#xA;MORTALITY RISK ESTIMATE FROM JEAN-DOMINQUE MICHEL.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://phusis.ch/2020/03/25/covid-19-il-sagit-dune-epidemie-banale/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://phusis.ch/2020/03/25/covid-19-il-sagit-dune-epidemie-banale/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Age factors: Statistics cited for entire population of china as of time of publishing (25th March, 2020).  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR) =&amp;lt; 0.3%&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;6.&#xA;STOCKHOLM STUDY.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Infections data: ‘Estimates of the peak-day and the number of infected individuals during the covid-19 outbreak in the Stockholm region, Sweden.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;February – April 2020’.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material/publikationsarkiv/e/estimates-of-the-peak-day-and-the-number-of-infected-individuals-during-the-covid-19-outbreak-in-the-stockholm-region-sweden-february--april-2020/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material/publikationsarkiv/e/estimates-of-the-peak-day-and-the-number-of-infected-individuals-during-the-covid-19-outbreak-in-the-stockholm-region-sweden-february--april-2020/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Type:  Modelling based estimate.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;CI: Unknown.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Deaths data:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://c19.se/en/Sweden/Stockholm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://c19.se/en/Sweden/Stockholm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Age factors: Age adjusted estimate for entire population of Stockholm.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Number of infections as of April 8th, 2020 = 70,500&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Number of deaths as of May 1st, 2020 = 1,417.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR)= 2%&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7.&#xA;USS THEODORE ROOSEVELT OUTBREAK.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://navylive.dodlive.mil/2020/03/15/u-s-navy-covid-19-updates/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://navylive.dodlive.mil/2020/03/15/u-s-navy-covid-19-updates/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Outbreak arrival date:  24th March, 2020.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Number of infections = 2,141&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Number of deaths to date =  1&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Average age = ?  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR) = 0.046%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;8.&#xA;DRAFT OF META-STUDY ESTIMATING IFR OF CORONAVIRUS.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;'A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection-fatality rates', Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz et al.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089854v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089854v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Age factors: Meta-study based on studies with varying age groups/average ages. Average age of meta-study not indicated.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Estimated mortality risk = 0.75% (0.49-1.01%)&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9.&#xA;CHARLES DE GAULLE AIRCRAFT CARRIER OUTBREAK.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Arrival date: April 10th.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Average age = ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Number of infections = 1,046&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Deaths to date: 0  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mortality risk (IFR) = 0%&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19597" LastEditorUserId="19597" LastEditDate="2020-05-18T22:55:22.270" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T22:55:22.270" CommentCount="2" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-11T04:00:52.753" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23568" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23565" CreationDate="2020-05-09T21:10:25.413" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, there is one meta-analytical estimate of the IFR for Covid-19 out already albeint only as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089854v1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;draft paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;there were 13 estimates of IFR included in the final meta-analysis, from a wide range of countries, published between February and April 2020. The meta-analysis demonstrated a point-estimate of IFR of 0.75% (0.49-1.01%) with significant heterogeneity (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of published evidence on COVID-19 until the end of April, 2020, the IFR of the disease across populations is 0.75% (0.49-1.01%). However, due to very high heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, it is difficult to know if this represents the &quot;true&quot; point estimate. It is likely that different places will experience different IFRs. More research looking at age-stratified IFR is urgently needed to inform policy-making on this front.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A couple of additional points from the paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Analysing by country of origin did not appear to have a substantial effect on the findings, with both those studies from within and outside of China showing similar aggregate estimates [...] There was very significantly lower heterogeneity in studies published using Chinese data (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0%, p&gt;0.5)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, they found that IFR estimates (insofar) increased by month, in April in particular, although this refers to the date of publication of the study rather than the time interval spanned by the study's observations. (Personally, I find this a little intriguing, as during the H1N1/09 pandemic, I've &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21035/in-what-time-frame-exactly-was-the-2009-h1n1-fatality-rate-overestimated&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt;--albeit not in great detail-- that the CFR estimates mostly went down over time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UwxPt.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UwxPt.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a summary table with the exact findings of each of the 13 studies at the end of this meta-analysis. Alas it's in a somewhat too gaudy of a format to include here; that table spans 5 pages in the draft paper.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T02:00:13.727" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T02:00:13.727" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-13T04:00:13.510" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23569" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-09T23:11:27.547" Score="1" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems every journalist has his favorite expert that they can quote to whip up a CFR or IFR number for influenza. (For example, a question here [which no longer has this information] said that the IFR for influenza is 0.1%, although I think the unclear passages in the sources cited &lt;a href=&quot;https://khn.org/news/fact-check-coronavirus-homeland-security-chief-flu-mortality-rate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt; are actually talking about CFR. A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-04-24/is-coronavirus-worse-than-the-flu-blood-studies-say-yes-by-far&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bloomberg piece&lt;/a&gt; which is more clear/explicit that it is talking about IFR puts it at 0.04%, but again the source is some expert interviewed.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems substantially harder to find some meta-analysis giving such IFR figures for influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I could find in the peer-reviewed literature is that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586318/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;asymptomatic rate for influenza&lt;/a&gt; isn't a slam dunk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Most point estimates from studies of outbreak investigations fell in the range 4%–28% with low heterogeneity (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0%) with a pooled mean of 16% (95% CI: 13%, 19%). Estimates from the studies conducted across epidemics without adjustment were very heterogeneous (point estimates 0%–100%; I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=97%), while estimates from studies that adjusted for background illnesses were more consistent with point estimates in the range 65%–85% and moderate heterogeneity (I&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=58%). Variation in estimates could be partially explained by differences in study design and analysis, and inclusion of mild symptomatic illnesses as asymptomatic in some studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it doesn't look like one can resort to a generally accepted asymptomatic ratio and simply multiply any random CFR from influenza studies with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that the CFR for influenza seems very easy to pin down either, e.g. a &lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/24045719&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; on 77 studies on the H1N1/pdm09 CFR found a large range. Oddly, this paper's abstract doesn't report the more usual meta-analytic attempts at some central value with confidence intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We identified very substantial heterogeneity in published estimates, ranging from less than 1 to more than 10,000 deaths per 100,000 cases or infections. The choice of case definition in the denominator accounted for substantial heterogeneity, with the higher estimates based on laboratory-confirmed cases (point estimates = 0-13,500 per 100,000 cases) compared with symptomatic cases (point estimates = 0-1,200 per 100,000 cases) or infections (point estimates = 1-10 per 100,000 infections). Risk based on symptomatic cases increased substantially with age.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, they estimated the IFR for H1N1/09 to just 0.001% to 0.01%. But supposedly the seasonal influenza, H3N2 in particular, is more deadly than H1N1 (but even that relative proportion &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jpmph.org/m/journal/view.php?number=2041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;might vary with the age group&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But perhaps there is less disagreement on the CFR for seasonal influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are there such IFR (not CFR) estimates for seasonal influenza? In particular, I'm most interested in global estimates rather than focused on one country and in meta-analytical results rather than single (outbreak/season) studies, but I'll relax my requirements if they are too strict in producing any answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T00:29:57.707" LastActivityDate="2021-02-27T03:01:27.317" Title="Peer-reviewed IFR estimates for (seasonal) influenza?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23571" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-05-10T06:03:40.600" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T06:03:40.600" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T06:03:40.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23572" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-05-10T06:03:40.600" Score="0" Body="Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-05-16T09:19:33.357" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T09:19:33.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-10T07:29:35.687" Score="3" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;A lot of information we have how the COVID-19 virus spreads in general. But what do we know about the detected and proven way of transmission:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;about which items (door handles, plates, salad bar, ...) or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;via which exact air route (large office?, in restaurant, with/without air conditioning, ...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;via which direct human-human contact (handshake, kiss?, ...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;or other?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2008457&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There&lt;/a&gt; is a study on the spread in nursing homes. It describes whether and when people fell ill. There were also surveys, but unfortunately without information about where and how someone got infected. Especially when the exact day of an infection is determined, the circumstances should also be considered. &lt;a href=&quot;https://khn.org/news/nursing-home-outbreak-spotlights-coronavirus-risk-in-elder-care-facilities/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Many&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://eu.dnj.com/story/news/local/2020/03/06/coronavirus-spread-nursing-home-infections-can-go-beyond-their-walls/4976552002/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; messages we read, but no information about the exact way of transmission is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20200403_01.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cruise ship Ruby princess&lt;/a&gt; are described 11 cases of secondary transmission. Secondary transmissions should be easily tracked because the 2 persons transmitter and receiver can be easily identified. A follow-up report seems not to be available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt;, a large number of infections are examined and even subdivided where they originated in: homes, transport, food, entertainment, shopping and miscellaneous. However, it is not specified how the transmission was there in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many presumptions about the possible ways of transmission. But which ways was proven already by the many surveys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17963" LastEditorUserId="17963" LastEditDate="2020-05-20T18:23:58.190" LastActivityDate="2020-05-20T18:52:44.097" Title="What information we have about transmission of COVID-19 in detail?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-10T13:42:53.690" Score="4" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can every study that is focused on evaluating the effect of a drug in humans be regarded as a clinical trial study? For example: A study is conducted to find the effect of &quot;Azadirachta indica&quot; on hypertension in humans. Can this be called a clinical trial study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the definition of clinical trial study is a study performed to check the effect of a drug or medicinal agent in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19601" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-05-10T18:24:48.760" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T08:07:32.897" Title="what is the difference between clinical trial study and clinical study?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23576" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23575" CreationDate="2020-05-10T15:39:31.640" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/learn#WhatIs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/learn#WhatIs&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A clinical study involves research using human volunteers (also called participants) that is intended to add to medical knowledge. There are two main types of clinical studies: clinical trials (also called interventional studies) and observational studies. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that unlike what the quote says, participants/subjects don't have to be human, e.g. see veterinary clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T15:39:31.640" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23578" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23446" CreationDate="2020-05-10T16:55:36.900" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seasonal and cyclical effects have been studied prior to COVID-19, including day-of-week influences on Emergency Department visit volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, in a study of emergency departments in Western New York:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;“The final ARMA (2,0) model indicated an autoregressive structure with&#xA;  up to a 2-day lag. ED volume is lower on weekends than on weekdays,&#xA;  and the highest volumes are on Mondays. Summer and fall seasons&#xA;  demonstrated higher volumes, whereas lower volume outliers were&#xA;  associated with holidays.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297746060_Medical_Mondays_ED_Utilization_for_Medicaid_Recipients_Depends_on_the_Day_of_the_Week_Season_and_Holidays&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297746060_Medical_Mondays_ED_Utilization_for_Medicaid_Recipients_Depends_on_the_Day_of_the_Week_Season_and_Holidays&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factoring this effect is likely important to understanding the baseline expected volume, and its cyclicity.  Other methods include looking at visit volume for plausibly UN-related reasons, eg diarrheal illness, to understand a baseline cycle in ER visits even during a pandemic when care-seeking behavior may change from original cycles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T16:55:36.900" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23579" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23446" CreationDate="2020-05-10T16:56:35.813" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen a lot of research on these intra-weekly (reporting) trends on anything health-related, but there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/181/4/364/4158510&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one paper&lt;/a&gt; on such trend on ILI reporting, alas just in the military:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this report, we describe and analyze a periodic pattern in influenza-like illness within active military populations, derived from the Defense Medical Surveillance System data set. &lt;strong&gt;We find that there is a well-defined pattern with peak incidence on Monday, decaying to Friday, and remaining roughly constant over the weekend. Moreover, we find that the pattern systematically changes in response to public holidays.&lt;/strong&gt; We quantitatively describe the effect of this modulation, and show how these results may be used to detrend military and, by extension, civilian data sets. As medical data streams become more timely, these results may be used to infer near-real-time daily estimates of influenza-like illness incidence, which may form the basis of a forecasting tool for imminent outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is a very large data set (n &amp;gt; 1 million observations.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A power spectrum of incidence measurements quantifies how the variance in the data is distributed over the frequency components into which that data can be decomposed. In other words, it is a measure of the energy per unit time falling within different frequency bins. For our purposes, it indicates where periodicities in the data may be found. The Nyquist frequency corresponds to 1/2 t, which because the data are daily averages, corresponds to 0.5 day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. The four major peaks, which are marked by the dashed lines, correspond to periods of 1 year, 7 days, 3.5 days, and 2.33 days. The latter two frequencies are merely harmonics of the fundamental 7-day period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kcdQv.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kcdQv.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a weekly [reporting] pattern (for Covid-19) doesn't seem so unusual in this perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper is a bit more complicated than this as they looked at the intra-week patterns for two different definitions of ILI. For the more strict definition, the was less intra-week variation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have some conclusions based on that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also important to acknowledge that these data reflect attendance at the clinic and not onset of symptoms. It is unlikely that onset data would display any strong intra-weekly variations, although a modest modulation may be possible because of behavioral changes during a typical week. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our results illustrate that the renormalization kernel is data set specific. [...] because of the notable difference in the kernels on Sundays, we suggest that the disease too plays a role. The subset of ILI-large cases that we also identified as ILI-small represents a group who were displaying more severe respiratory problems. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals could not wait until Monday before seeing a medical professional. Moreover, with an average latency period of approximately 1.6 days, patients with influenza who became infected on Thursday or Friday would not recognize their symptoms as severe for another day, forcing them to seek treatment on Sunday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T17:11:36.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23580" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23094" CreationDate="2020-05-10T17:09:12.050" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Historically, vaccines eg 1955 polio vaccine had side effects due to manufacturing issues allowing live virus to appear in the vaccine in the Cutter company’s vaccine.  In 1976, a swine flu vaccine was shown to have a risk of 1 in 100,000 of Guillaine-Barre Syndrome, a transient but serious neuromuscular syndrome.  The 1998 rotavirus vaccine was shown to prevent serious life-threatening diarrheal illness in infants, but later studies suggested a risk of a rare form of bowel obstruction called intussusception.  The recommendation for RotaShield vaccine was withdrawn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These side effects generally appeared within weeks, months or a few years of the vaccine administrative. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/concerns-history.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/concerns-history.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time this led to significant increase in safety oversight including the FDA VAERS (vaccine adverse event reporting system).  Many long-term vaccine safety studies and monitoring systems have been built since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the Kaiser vaccine study center looked at hundreds of thousands of MMRV vaccine doses, for example.  They found no long term side effects, but in this case the goal was to understand side effects relative to MMR &amp;amp; V(aricella) vaccines given separately versus together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/news/20150107/long-term-study-finds-measles-vaccines-safe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/news/20150107/long-term-study-finds-measles-vaccines-safe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term side effects can be a complication of any medical intervention, such as medications or devices also, as well as compared to the risk of untreated disease not prevented or not treated.  As a result, scientists and clinicians weigh the risks, benefits and alternatives and ideally partner with patients, parents and caregivers in informed consent.  Where information has not yet been gathered about long-term safety — or durability of the effect — large long term safety studies have generally been required, and are also possible to detect with such systems as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/biologics-post-market-activities/cbers-sentinel-program&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA Sentinel system launched in 2008&lt;/a&gt; and other similar safety systems available now (2020) that were not previously available.  These systems permit longer range, larger population monitoring of both safety and effectiveness of vaccines and other medical treatments, and further detail by subgroups who may be at higher risk of side effects, or who may be at higher chance of benefiting from vaccines or medications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17942" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T17:09:12.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23573" CreationDate="2020-05-10T17:45:54.000" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question may a bit too broad (e.g. there are some &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22829/what-is-known-about-transmission-of-coronaviruses-through-food&quot;&gt;separate questions&lt;/a&gt; about Covid-19 and food) but on the topic of transmission in an office-like setting there have been some studies/reports, some more systematic/formal than others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know of a study in &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/20-1274_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;South Korea in an office building&lt;/a&gt;, call center more precisely, (this has received widespread press coverage; e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/30/opinions/eye-opening-south-korea-study-on-covid-19-sepkowitz/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korean-call-center-covid-19-outbreak-seating-chart-2020-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BI&lt;/a&gt;) and of some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-germany-defences-i/pass-the-salt-the-minute-details-that-helped-germany-build-virus-defences-idUSKCN21R1DB&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;press reports&lt;/a&gt; of the first known cases in Germany, which also involved transmission in an office setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think we don't know what the minimum contact time for infection to occur was, but some of the details reported:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, case #1 - the first person in Germany to be infected by the Chinese woman - sat next to her in a meeting in a small room on Jan. 20, the scientists wrote. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By following all these links, they discovered that case #4 had been in contact several times with the Shanghai patient. Then case #4 sat back-to-back with a colleague in the canteen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When that colleague turned to borrow the salt, the scientists deduced, the virus passed between them. The colleague became case #5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, &amp;quot;pass the salt&amp;quot; was apparently enough in one case for transmission to occur (Reuters actually used that as their article title.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Korean call center case was bit more complicated because it involved  a large shared space... and elevators. So they could never hope to achive a similar degree of precision in tracing whom gave it to whom in that kind of environment, but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first case-patient with symptom onset, who worked in an office on the 10th floor (and reportedly never went to 11th floor), had onset of symptoms on February 22. The second case-patient with symptom onset, who worked at the call center on the 11th floor, had onset of symptoms on February 25. Residents and employees in building X had frequent contact in the lobby or elevators. We were not able to trace back the index case-patient to another cluster or an imported case. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nearly all the case-patients were on one side of the building on 11th floor. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the predecessor of SARS-CoV-2, exhibited multiple superspreading events in 2002 and 2003, in which a few persons infected others, resulting in many secondary cases. Despite considerable interaction between workers on different floors of building X in the elevators and lobby, spread of COVID-19 was limited almost exclusively to the 11th floor, which indicates that the duration of interaction (or contact) was likely the main facilitator for further spreading of SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-10T17:45:54.000" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23582" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23583" CreationDate="2020-05-10T18:00:52.147" Score="3" ViewCount="235" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen, Lisa Grande, is quoted in several places (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yemen-war-coronavirus-little-left-to-stop-spread-of-covid-19-2020-05-04/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this CBS news article&lt;/a&gt; as saying (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[SARS-CoV-2] is now in Yemen and may quickly spread. […] The factors are all here: &lt;strong&gt;Low levels of general immunity&lt;/strong&gt;, high levels of acute vulnerability, and a fragile, overwhelmed health system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another phrasing (possibly a paraphrase of the same statement) is given in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/may/10/coronavirus-live-news-obama-trumps-covid-19--chaotic-as-global-cases-pass-4-million-mexico-russia-germany-south-korea-deaths-?page=with:block-5eb839e58f08c0a2409bb286#block-5eb839e58f08c0a2409bb286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this short Guardian article&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The WHO has said it fears Covid-19 could rip through Yemen as the population has some of the &lt;strong&gt;lowest levels of immunity to disease&lt;/strong&gt; compared with other countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These statements are a little ambiguous — they obvious reading is as meaning “immunity to diseases in general” but they could conceivably also be meant as “immunity to a specific disease, in the population in general”.  But as I understand, &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt; populations are believed to have specific pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 — or at least, the idea that &lt;a href=&quot;https://wellcome.ac.uk/grant-funding/people-and-projects/grants-awarded/investigation-pre-existing-immunity-coronaviruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;existing immunity to other coronaviruses may confer some immunity to SACS-CoV-2&lt;/a&gt; is quite tentative and not yet widely accepted as a significant effect.  So the quote presumably is meant in the sense of “immunity to diseases in general”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;strong&gt;what is this “general immunity”?&lt;/strong&gt;  All the explanations of immunity I’ve seem treat the concept of immunity as essentially disease-specific.  Does it mean high rates of conditions like AIDS that reduce immune system function?  Or is there some other sense in which people/populations can have higher or lower “general immunity”?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19529" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:13:31.890" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T11:13:31.890" Title="What does it mean to say a population has “low levels of general immunity”?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23582" CreationDate="2020-05-10T19:01:27.183" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;general immunity&quot; is not used all that often nowadays, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/6830015&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it seems&lt;/a&gt; to stand in opposition to &quot;local immunity&quot; which are more specialized immune responses in some regions of the body but not others. &#xA;A 1923 (!) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jimmunol.org/content/8/1/1.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on this contrast mentions &quot;Metchnikoff's phagocytic theory of immunity&quot;... and in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867416310686&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent publications&lt;/a&gt; Metchnikoff is called &quot;the father of innate immunity&quot;; this latter paper doesn't use the term &quot;general immunity&quot; at all. So possibly, the terms &quot;general immunity&quot; and &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;innate immunity&lt;/a&gt;&quot; are used interchangeably in some quarters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, why would [innate] immunity be lower in Yemen and comparably disadvantaged populations? In general, from (at least) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996946/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;animal studies&lt;/a&gt; the innate immune system was shown to be modulated by starvation, and so presumably by poor nutrition too. And the innate immune system has a few general mechanisms that e.g. in response to type I interferon trigger some specific &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441850/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mechanisms&lt;/a&gt; that slow or inhibit viral replication: Dicer, PARP 13 etc. Now viruses themselves are in an arms race with the innate immune system and some viruses have acquired ways of disrupting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4889773/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 review&lt;/a&gt; on human immunity issues resulting from malnutrition notes that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Characterization of immunodeficiency was limited by a lack of longitudinal studies, particularly for mild and moderate malnutrition. The precise nature of immunodeficiency in undernutrition therefore remains uncertain; however, the consensus from the available evidence is that both innate and adaptive immunity are impaired by malnutrition. Defects in innate immune function include impaired epithelial barrier function of the skin and gut, reduced granulocyte microbicidal activity, fewer circulating dendritic cells, and reduced complement proteins, but preserved leukocyte numbers and acute phase response. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The same review notes that interestingly overnutrition, e.g. resulting in obesity also seems to impair some immune functions. On that [aside] angle, there has been a bit of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wired.com/story/covid-19-does-not-discriminate-by-body-weight/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;controversy&lt;/a&gt; whether (higher) BMI is risk factor for Covid-19, if all other associated problems like diabetes etc. are factored out.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="19529" LastEditDate="2020-05-11T12:22:55.983" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T12:22:55.983" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23584" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-11T01:20:29.843" Score="2" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2019) review&lt;/a&gt; on host susceptibility to influenza A virus (IAV):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obesity was identified as a risk factor for IAV infection over a decade ago and confirmed during the swine flu pandemic [30, 31] when it was associated with an increased risk of death [32]. Although comorbidities associated with obesity—specifically diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease—compromise pulmonary host defence and increase the chance of death following any severe systemic injury [33], an independent association between obesity and severe IAV is robust and replicated [24].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In parallel with the immune changes associated with pregnancy, obese patients are more likely to have impaired cell-mediated immunity and excessive chronic activation of the innate immune system [34]. This is reflected in a study which demonstrated that among vaccinated adults, those who are obese are more likely to suffer severe consequences of IAV [35]. Furthermore, &lt;strong&gt;it has been shown that obese adults have an impaired antibody response to IAV vaccination&lt;/strong&gt; [36], &lt;strong&gt;and impaired CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses IAV in vitro&lt;/strong&gt; [37]. Obese patients have a prolonged period of viral replication and shedding, even in the absence of clinical disease [33].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these impaired immune responses in obese individuals might not be unique to IAV. Is anything else know in this regard, i.e. are there other diseases for which vaccines have been shown to be (somewhat) less effective in obese persons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T01:20:29.843" Title="Does obesity predispose to less effective vaccine response in general?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;obesity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23585" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23582" CreationDate="2020-05-11T06:26:39.353" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think they're just pointing out that Yemen has a very poorly functioning public health system with generalised poor nutrition so that the individuals of the population have little reserve to fight infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;More than 80% of Yemen's population lacks food, fuel, drinking water and access to health care services, which makes it particularly vulnerable to diseases that can generally be cured or eradicated elsewhere in the world. The health care system has been decimated by years of unrelenting war in Yemen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also suffered terribly from cholera which is a treatable disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Despite being a completely treatable disease, thousands of people have died from the outbreak of cholera unleashed in Yemen in 2017. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/middle-east/yemen/health-crisis-yemen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.icrc.org/en/where-we-work/middle-east/yemen/health-crisis-yemen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T06:26:39.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23586" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23594" CreationDate="2020-05-11T11:25:57.530" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to The Jakarta Post, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/09/agriculture-ministry-claims-to-have-developed-eucalyptus-based-covid-19-treatment.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Indonesia's) Agriculture Ministry claims to have developed eucalyptus-based COVID-19 treatment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Agriculture Ministry has developed a eucalyptus-based treatment that it claims has been shown to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. The ministry expects it to play a role in the fight against the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ministry announced the treatment on Friday (8 May 2020), saying it was based on lab tests conducted by agricultural researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Agriculture Minister Syahrul Yasin Limpo said the treatment had been tested on influenza as well as beta and gamma coronaviruses and was able to kill 80 to 100 percent of the viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Ministry’s Health Research and Development Agency (Balitbangtan) has developed a few prototypes of the medication in the form of inhalers, roll-ons, ointment, balms and diffusers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ministry’s Health Research and Development Agency head Fajry Jufry said the product had shown “very good results” after being tested on COVID-19 patients, adding that the ministry was waiting for approval from related parties to distribute it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fajry said the antiviral medication was identified through agency research on various herbs and remedies, such as ginger, guava, temulawak (Curcuma) and essential oils.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the test result is not public, and no real evidence if the result is positive or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other credible tests regarding eucalyptus-based treatment for COVID-19, or even for diseases by coronavirus in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="144" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T17:57:04.733" Title="How effective is eucalyptus-based treatment for curing COVID-19 (or coronavirus in general)?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-11T13:17:18.380" Score="2" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medical sciences is not my subject but my personal feeling is that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A strengthen immune system can better respond to viruses than a weak immune system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A balanced diet in combination with exercise and adequate sun-light exposure strengthens the human immune system.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is any of the above assumptions questionable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not, shouldn't the WHO provide any such guidelines (aside the virus-spread elimination guidelines) to better shield people (mainly elder ones) against COVID-19 infection or negative-effects of it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not heard of any such guidelines (at least in Europe), but if there are, can you please provide the corresponding links?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17794" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-21T09:24:50.347" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T01:34:35.460" Title="Has World Health Organization provided nutrition/diet/exercise guidelines to strengthen the human immune system for better responding to COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23588" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23587" CreationDate="2020-05-11T13:23:33.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;h2&gt;There are guidelines actually:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emro.who.int/noncommunicable-diseases/campaigns/campaigns.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Campains&lt;/a&gt; section there are the following links:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emro.who.int/noncommunicable-diseases/campaigns/feeding-babies-and-young-children-during-the-covid-19-outbreak.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Feeding babies and young children during the COVID-19 outbreak&#xA;April 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Proper nutrition is vital in the first two years of a child's life. It helps to:&#xA;     - ensure healthy growth&lt;br&gt;&#xA;     - &lt;strong&gt;strengthen the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;     - improve cognitive development&lt;br&gt;&#xA;     - Reduce the risk of getting ill with infectious and chronic&lt;br&gt;&#xA;   deseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emro.who.int/noncommunicable-diseases/campaigns/breastfeeding-advice-during-the-covid-19-outbreak.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breastfeeding advice during COVID-19&#xA;March 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...] Breastfeeding is particularly effective against infectious deseases because &lt;strong&gt;it strengthens the immune system&lt;/strong&gt; by transfering atibodies from you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emro.who.int/noncommunicable-diseases/campaigns/nutrition-for-adults-during-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nutrition for adults during COVID-19&#xA;March 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Eat a well-balenced diet everyday to get the vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, protein and antioxidants your body needs to be healthier with a &lt;strong&gt;stronger immune system&lt;/strong&gt; and to lower your risk of chronic illnesses and infectious deseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;In the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;technical guidance&lt;/a&gt; section also:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/food-and-nutrition-tips-during-self-quarantine2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Food and nutrition tips during self-quarantine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]Good nutrition is crucial for health, particularly in times when &lt;strong&gt;the immune system might need to fight back&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;  [...]Alcohol is not only a mind-altering and dependence-producing substance, harmful at any level consumed, but it also &lt;strong&gt;weakens the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/stay-physically-active-during-self-quarantine2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stay physically active during self-quarantine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[...]Staying at home for prolonged periods of time can pose a significant challenge for remaining physically active. Sedentary behaviour and &lt;strong&gt;low levels of physical activity can have negative effects on the health&lt;/strong&gt;, well-being and quality of life of individuals. Self-quarantine can also cause additional stress and challenge the mental health of citizens. &lt;strong&gt;Physical activity and relaxation techniques can be valuable tools to help you remain calm and continue to protect your health during this time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;WHO recommends 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, or a combination of both.[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17794" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T13:23:33.353" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23589" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23591" CreationDate="2020-05-11T16:26:29.043" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/115/34/8475&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Myriad of implications of acetyl-l-carnitine deficits in depression&lt;/a&gt;&quot;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Nasca et al. (1) were appropriately conservative in interpreting their findings and pointing out multiple directions for future studies. However, a commentator is not bound by such restrictions, and I will note a variety of potential implications that open new avenues for therapeutics and theoretical formulations. Nasca et al. (1) point out the need to further validate their findings and the association with treatment-refractory females with a history of early adversity. Most importantly, well-controlled clinical therapeutic studies of LAC in depression and TRD and &lt;strong&gt;its correlates&lt;/strong&gt; would be an excellent first step. In addition, assessment of LAC levels in patients with bipolar disorder could be of considerable import, especially since childhood adversity is a risk factor for early-onset bipolar disorder and a more difficult and treatment-resistant subsequent course of illness (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &quot;its correlates&quot;? Does it mean &quot;disorders and conditions associated with TRD (treatment-resistant depression)&quot;? Maybe disorders/conditions accompanying TRD? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T16:53:51.817" Title="Meaning of &quot;correlates&quot; in &quot;.. clinical therapeutic studies of LAC in depression and TRD and its correlates .. &quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-11T16:29:16.643" Score="-1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does anyone knows of a dataset containing death toll data by age group? So far I had to stitch data from diverse sources and different timeframes. I've been able to infer directional IFRs from my analysis but I'd like to increase sample size. You can view my analysis here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.outhiink.com/covid-19-special-report/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.outhiink.com/covid-19-special-report/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19611" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:18:27.073" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T11:08:22.490" Title="Source of COVID-19 Death toll by age group?" Tags="&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23591" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23589" CreationDate="2020-05-11T16:53:51.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&quot;Its correlates&quot; refers to &quot;anything that correlates with depression/TRD&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't specify what those correlates are (though you could link the statement to the next one talking about bipolar disorder), but it could indeed include related disorders and conditions (such as anxiety disorders and substance abuse). It could also refer to surrogate measures or symptoms rather than particular diagnoses. It's a broadly worded call for further study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T16:53:51.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23594" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23586" CreationDate="2020-05-11T17:50:03.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202003.0455/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a preprint&lt;/a&gt; (meaning not yet peer reviewed) paper on this, which at least identifies the active compound they say has the anti-viral properties, so it is in the (fairly usual) pharmacology realm in this (first glance) respect. But what I found is a just an &lt;em&gt;in silico&lt;/em&gt; study, so if this is all there is, it's probably a bit premature for them to start &amp;quot;dishing it out&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Eucalyptol (1,8 cineole) from Eucalyptus Essential Oil a Potential Inhibitor of COVID 19 Corona Virus Infection by Molecular Docking Studies&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the main viral proteinase (Mpro/3CLpro) has recently been regarded as a suitable target for drug design against SARS infection due to its vital role in polyproteins processing necessary for coronavirus reproduction.Objectives: The present in silico study was designed to evaluate the effect of Eucalyptol (1,8 cineole), a essential oil component from eucalyptus oil, on Mpro by docking study.Methods: In the present study, molecular docking studies were conducted by using 1-click dock and swiss dock tools. Protein interaction mode was calculated by Protein Interactions Calculator. Results: The calculated parameters such as RMSD, binding energy, and binding site similarity indicated effective binding of eucalyptol to COVID-19 proteinase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 3CLpro of Covid-19 is being &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22893/how-is-lopinavir-ritonavir-expected-to-stop-covid-19&quot;&gt;targeted by other drugs&lt;/a&gt; being investigated. So this is not something outlandish, but I have no idea how safe that compound is at the concentrations required for effective anti-viral action. Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol#Toxicology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; it could be toxic at some concentrations. So probably more research would be prudent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick search also find an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20919748&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;older study&lt;/a&gt; from China on the compound and its effect on the infectious bronchitis virus. The latter study involved some more &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; experiments including a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTT_assay&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MMT assay&lt;/a&gt;, and evaluated cytotoxicity relative to  ribavirin, but it's still what would be considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;preclinical investigation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-11T17:57:04.733" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23595" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23604" CreationDate="2020-05-11T18:00:42.700" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;this is an MCQ for my upcoming exam. I have searched the internet but found mixed answers so far. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19613" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-05-13T07:11:33.280" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T07:11:33.280" Title="if diameter of alveoli is reduced to half, resistance becomes?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-13T00:50:08.800" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23597" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-11T20:32:37.287" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;About two months ago, I started to see articles appear regarding the potential interactions between ACE inhibitor medications (commonly used to treat high blood pressure) and the severity of Covid-19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The articles centered around the idea that Covid-19 attaches to the ACE2 enzymes and people taking these medication have more of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various studies have been conducted questioning if it would make the people taking these medications more prone to infection, or if the infections would be more severe, etc. Some hypothesis was also made that a higher level of ACE2 could have a protective role if an infection is established.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick search returns many links and all of them seem to say that more research is needed. The general conclusion is that people taking these medications should continue to take them for now. Many of these papers are in pre-print, some by people that do claim receiving grants from companies manufacturing these drugs, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has a consensus been somehow reached? or are things still totally fuzzy in that domain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" OwnerDisplayName="Thomas" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T11:12:55.583" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T11:12:55.583" Title="Have any conclusions been made regarding the interaction of Covid-19 and ACE inhibitor medications?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;ace2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-05-12T00:46:58.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23599" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19806" CreationDate="2020-05-12T02:47:14.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that EMR in the dosages present in everyday activities can have any pernicious effect on human health. Nor is there a sound logical contention to back up such claim. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, yes, feel free to use bluetooth, wifi, radio, etc. near your child. Even without them, there is a lot of EMR running amok around you, so there's not much you can actually do in that regard. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19617" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T02:47:14.663" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-12T04:39:23.067" Score="3" ViewCount="131" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research and am curious if a stillborn infant can be an organ donor (specifically for the heart). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under what parameters would a recipient be able to receive them in terms of the stillborn's type of death? Is there a cut off of the age of the recipient that the heart would be too small? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the article I read about the donation:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/kids-health/littlest-donors-neonatal-organ-donation-offers-hope-tragedy-n51436&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/kids-health/littlest-donors-neonatal-organ-donation-offers-hope-tragedy-n51436&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any guidance is appreciated! Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19614" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T21:10:24.737" Title="Can Stillborn babies be organ donors?" Tags="&lt;heart-transplant&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23595" CreationDate="2020-05-12T09:29:35.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The resistance is defined as pressure difference per flow (basically just an application of Ohm's law).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tc9bN.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tc9bN.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With Hagen-Poiseulle: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7Mtu2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7Mtu2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hJtnW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hJtnW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if the alveoli diameter is reduced to half (resulting in a halved radius), as the resistance changes by the fourth, it is &lt;strong&gt;increased&lt;/strong&gt; by factor 16 (2&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: As the &lt;em&gt;bronchioles terminales&lt;/em&gt; are connected parallel, they actually do only make up roughly 20% versus 40% for the other &lt;em&gt;bronchioli&lt;/em&gt; and 40% for the upper airways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; Source:  Pape H, Kurtz A, Silbernagl S, ed. 9., Physiologie 2019. doi:10.1055/b-006-163285 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T13:59:23.423" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T13:59:23.423" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23605" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23615" CreationDate="2020-05-12T11:23:42.123" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that viral infections colonise the body by reproducing inside of target cells, then releasing the viral payload when the cell dies, which goes on to infect more target cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know that a virus like COVID-19 spreads to other hosts in cough droplets or even in the air. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We also know that COVID-19 attacks the lungs at multiple sites of infection. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2020-03-22/covid-19-lung-patterns-show-few-clues-for-treating-pneumonia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2020-03-22/covid-19-lung-patterns-show-few-clues-for-treating-pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it not stand to reason then, that coughing can encourage the spread of viral payloads from one site to many more sites within a person's lungs, effectively 'metastasising' the infection and forcing the immune system to fight it on more fronts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it not be beneficial to avoid coughing when possible, perhaps using cough suppressants like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/counter+cough+medicines.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;levomenthol&lt;/a&gt; to open the airways and keep the infection localised to as few sites as possible? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the infection could be cleared away naturally by the cilia, using expectorants like guaifenesin to encourage production of more viscous mucus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19618" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-05-12T19:26:07.860" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T23:28:12.207" Title="Could suppressing your cough help fight a viral infection like COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;cough&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-12T15:56:31.483" Score="0" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;In March 2020 in the US, in my opinion, lockdown measures were clearly motivated and explained: the goal is to avoid overwhelming the health care system, and the method was to use lockdowns and other similar measures to stall for time while new health care facilities were built (e.g. hospitals and ventilators).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In May 2020, it seems we've achieved the goal of expanding the availability of health care &lt;em&gt;well&lt;/em&gt; beyond what we expected to need to deal with COVID-19 infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the motivation for continued lockdowns seems less clear&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. So my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What is the goal that politicians are currently aiming for, and how does continued lockdowns support it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1: Note I'm deliberately assuming noble intent and informed decision making, and I'm seeking information that would support this assumption.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19621" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T04:04:07.200" Title="What is the goal of current US lockdown measures?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-13T11:31:09.303" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-12T17:45:11.137" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;For a person infected with COVID-19, what generally is the period of time where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they are capable of infecting others?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;they will test postive for the disease?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, I'm curious if a window exists, and how wide it is, where a person can spread the virus prior to testing being able to catch the person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm assuming that my question is mostly independent from the issue of false negatives &amp;mdash; people that get the disease but don't test positive (who will, of course, be able to spread the disease without being identified as having it). If these issues cannot be decoupled, please comment on that in an answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19621" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T06:03:31.033" Title="Testing vs transmissibility of COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:14:08.360" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23611" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23621" CreationDate="2020-05-12T18:01:55.993" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;One celebrity doctor in my country says that &lt;strong&gt;Vitamin D can be absorbed only in the small intestine&lt;/strong&gt; and that dropping Vitamin D drops on your tongue is therefore useless, because most of the liquid will never reach your small intestine. He suggests that people use vitamin D only in pill form, so that the pill will have time to travel through your stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, the bottle of my vitamin D drops explicitly says that the drops should be dripped on the tongue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16760" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T12:59:05.837" Title="Is it useless to drip Vitamin D drops on your tongue?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:12:46.797" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23602" CreationDate="2020-05-12T21:10:24.737" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Practically it is not possible to use a still born heart. One would have to monitor the exact time of death when the heart stops in utero, then retrieve the still born by caesarean section, then harvest the heart to resuscitate it, and keep it alive long enough to match for a donor and so forth. There isn't enough time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally beating hearts are harvested from brain dead people for heart transplantation so that there's no need to resuscitate a dead heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experimentally dead hearts have been used but this involved removing the heart 5 minutes after death in an adult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, donor hearts are taken from brain dead patients whose hearts are still beating, which limits the number of hearts available for transplant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the donor hearts used for these world-first transplants had been dead for at least 20 minutes, and were revived using a ground-breaking preservation fluid before being successfully transplanted into patients with heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencealert.com/news/20142410-26393.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencealert.com/news/20142410-26393.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T21:10:24.737" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23615" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23605" CreationDate="2020-05-12T23:28:12.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if you could suppress cough completely with oral medication, which is doubtful, you still have the problem that virus can be exhaled just with breathing, and more so with talking and singing instead of just coughing. SARS-CoV-2 infects the nasal epithelium, tongue, nasooropharynx, so by breathing in the virus is being carried to the alveoli.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover you also can't stop the virus from spreading to other organ systems by viremia which is how it is thought to infect the heart, bowel, kidneys and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-12T23:28:12.207" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23609" CreationDate="2020-05-13T00:33:44.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The purpose of lock downs is to enforce social distancing and other measures to break the chain of disease transmission.  There is no data to suggest that has occurred yet in the USA.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many countries that have employed mandatory lockdown have successfully contained the virus and stopped community transmission.  China was the first successful example of this though there has now been a small outbreak of 6 cases in a residential compound in Wuhan, and the city of Shulan is in lockdown with 3 new cases reported.  China has also just ordered the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com.au/coronavirus-wuhan-orders-all-residents-tested-six-new-cases-2020-5?r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testing of the 11 million residents&lt;/a&gt; of Wuhan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taiwan managed to contain the pandemic without lockdown but used early border controls, aggressive quarantine, and contact tracing as well as other social policies.  They had 7 deaths in a population just larger than Sweden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New Zealand is emerging out of lockdown with people being allowed to return to work from tomorrow.  0 - 3 cases daily have been reported in the last week. NZ has had 20 deaths in a population of 5M.  Sweden, which did not enforce lockdown, but relied on the public to adopt voluntary social distancing, has had 3,300 deaths with twice the population size.  If you calculate the rate for the USA using Sweden as the basis, you would expect to see 33 * 3,300 = 108,900 deaths but so far the number of deaths has been 83,000 approx.  So, as the USA eases its lockdown policies without evidence of controlling the chain of transmission, expect to see many more deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-coronavirus/a-52724523&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-coronavirus/a-52724523&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-china-wuhan-virus-infection-month.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-china-wuhan-virus-infection-month.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-05-13T04:04:07.200" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T04:04:07.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-13T01:27:14.883" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can a person get some dangerous disease (Hepatitis, HIV, etc) from another person by sharing a toothpaste with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19623" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T01:27:14.883" Title="Is it dangerous to share toothpaste?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;toothpaste&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:16:06.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23610" CreationDate="2020-05-13T06:03:31.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not everyone follows the same pattern but it looks like in those that become symptomatic, their period of infectivity begins 1-3 days before onset of symptoms.  In those that don't have symptoms, this suggests that they also start to become infectious 2-3 days after becoming infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://static3.stuff.co.nz/coronavirus-progression-fb9bc4ae.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who have positive rtPCR tests are considered non-infectious once those tests turn negative on 2 consecutive occasions 24 hours apart.  However, there are exceptions with people with active pulmonary or other disease with negative swabs.  A majority of patients will be non-infectious after 21 days. But there are some with severe disease that test positive for a long time.  There are cases up to 53 days.  Some of those people testing positive many weeks after infection may have RNA fragments being detected in swabs rather than viable virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While most studies have looked at respiratory samples, one study looked at fecal samples and found that viral RNA shedding was still occurring after the respiratory tests were negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At present we don't have a definitive answer to how long people are potentially infectious after developing COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120985003/coronavirus-how-long-are-you-infectious-when-you-have-covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120985003/coronavirus-how-long-are-you-infectious-when-you-have-covid19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30083-2/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30083-2/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T06:03:31.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23611" CreationDate="2020-05-13T11:04:40.487" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that Vitamin D oil drops are just as effective as tablets. Well they have the oil which helps the Vitamin D absorb since D is fat soluble I guess. &lt;a href=&quot;https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=13764&amp;amp;download=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-download_wiki_attachment.php?attId=13764&amp;amp;download=y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We&#xA;  compared the effectiveness of tablets versus oil in raising S-25-hydroxyvitaminD(S-25-OHD) in plasma&#xA;  by re-analyzing data from a previously performed observational study in which immunodeficient&#xA;  patients with S-25-OHD concentrations &amp;lt;75 nmol/L were randomly prescribed vitamin D tablets&#xA;  (1600 IU/day) or vitamin D oil-drops (1500 IU/day) for twelve months. Tablets and oil were compared&#xA;  for the effect on S-25-OHD concentrations after 3–5 months and antibiotic use. Results: Data on&#xA;  S-25-OHD after  3 months was available for 137 patients treated with tablets and 69 with oil drops.&#xA;  Both groups exhibited a significant increase in S-25-OHD—oil-drops from 55 to 86 nmol/L and tablets&#xA;  from 52 to 87 nmol/L—with no difference between groups (p = 0.77).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;Are Vitamin D Tablets and Oil Drops Equally&#xA;Eective in Raising S-25-Hydroxyvitamin D&#xA;Concentrations? A Post-Hoc Analysis of an&#xA;Observational Study on Immunodeficient Patients&quot;, &lt;em&gt;Nutrients&lt;/em&gt;, published April, 2020. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13819" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-13T12:59:05.837" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T12:59:05.837" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23622" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23590" CreationDate="2020-05-13T11:08:22.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/16251/covid-19-clinical-data-or-statistics&quot;&gt;This Opendata.SE question&lt;/a&gt; has a number of answers that have links to raw data that you can perform your own analyses by age and other demographics. There is one answer that by the description gives a full set of data for &lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/a/17366/10235&quot;&gt;South Korea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/a/17321/10235&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is a link to a data set with the largest volume collected from across the world, I would expect that there will be biases in collecting the data due to the nature of the collection, but you may be able to glean something useful from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19626" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T11:08:22.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23192" CreationDate="2020-05-13T11:31:34.657" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a group of research organisations that call themselves the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtestingproject.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Covid-19 testing project&lt;/a&gt;, that has (and are) producing comparisons of various antibody tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It sounds like because the FDA relaxed their rules on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-serological-test-validation-and-education-efforts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;marketing Covid-19 tests&lt;/a&gt; without the normal rigour that would insist in mid April 2020, but have since &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-voices/insight-fdas-revised-policy-antibody-tests-prioritizing-access-and-accuracy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;back tracked&lt;/a&gt; on this slightly in early May, allowing 10 days to produce the evidence of clinical correctness, before the FDA pulling the test off the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Looking at data in the covid testing project (link above) it shows the date of onset of symptoms will (obviously) give different levels of antibody detection. It is really only until &gt;20 days that this seems to settle down. But even then with the 12 tests that were compared, there were a surprising variation in the false negatives between tests. False positives were not looked at in this analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer the question more directly, it seems that because may tests have come out that have had poor clinical testing, this has caused a general negative impression of antibody tests for Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19626" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T11:31:34.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-13T14:30:26.467" Score="-2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an anaesthetist,is pcr enough or do we have to look at the thorax tomography before surgeries&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19117" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T00:04:02.767" Title="Do we need thorax ct before all operations in covid days" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:15:50.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23626" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23624" CreationDate="2020-05-13T16:07:57.187" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't comment on rt-PCR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent findings (which can be listened to in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5QJ5O3ldE0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedCram Youtube clip, by Roger Seheult, MD&lt;/a&gt; on Covid-19 diagnosis), in summary says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Lung ultrasound rivals CT imaging for fast and accurate bedside diagnosis and monitoring of coronavirus infection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19626" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T16:07:57.187" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23627" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21684" CreationDate="2020-05-13T16:16:58.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/16251/covid-19-clinical-data-or-statistics&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; in opendata.SE has answers that might help. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three answers at the time of writing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/a/17298/10235&quot;&gt;Anthem XPRIZE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/a/17321/10235&quot;&gt;Github large dataset&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://opendata.stackexchange.com/a/17366/10235&quot;&gt;South Korean data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19626" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T16:16:58.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23628" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23629" CreationDate="2020-05-13T18:35:44.330" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC says to clean with soap and water before using bleach disinfectant. So I don't need a link to the CDC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If soap and water kill coronavirus on hands should it not kill coronavirus on surfaces as well? If so then why should bleach also be used? The only supply I have that is easily available at least for now is soap and water. That is why I ask. I assume simple dish soap will do the same thing. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T20:55:09.823" Title="Can soap and water be used to kill covid19 on household surfaces?" Tags="&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23629" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23628" CreationDate="2020-05-13T20:09:03.033" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find the CDC page you allude to, but I suppose you've read something &lt;a href=&quot;https://waterandhealth.org/disinfect/cleaning-vs-disinfecting-whats-difference/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like this&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cleaning, accomplished with soap–or detergent–and water, refers to the physical removal of dirt and grime, and in the process, some portion of the germs on a given surface.  Sometimes cleaning tools, including sponges and cloths, simply move germs from one surface to another. Disinfecting, on the other hand, refers to killing a high percentage of the germs on a surface or rendering them incapable of reproducing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sanitizing is another relevant term in this discussion. [...]  sanitizing lowers the number of germs on surfaces to a safe level, as judged by public health standards or requirements. The process works by either cleaning or disinfection to reduce the risk of spreading infection.  Finally, sterilizing destroys all forms of microbial life and is used mainly in healthcare and laboratory settings. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If disinfecting a surface is the task at hand—for example, you might be tackling a food preparation counter that has just contacted raw meat or fish—the order of operations is important. Just remember “C” (cleaning) comes before “D” (disinfection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point is largely that if you do it &amp;quot;the other way around&amp;quot; you risk actually [re-]contaminating the surfaces, e.g. with a sponge that isn't so clean. And as Bryan Krause says, a heavy buildup might not even be penetrated sufficiently in the decontamination step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the target virus, that page recommended various times for leaving the disinfectant (bleach) on the surface, e.g. flu for 10 minutes at the concentration they suggested, and for norovirus &amp;quot;until dry&amp;quot;. Also, after bleach disinfection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If object is intended for food or mouth contact, rinse with plain water before using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because bleach leaves a solid residue that may still contain active substance(s).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having said that, it's not impossible to disinfect your hands, but you have to use a product that's suitable for skin use, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507853/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;chlorhexidine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;iodine&amp;quot; (iodopovidone)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hydrogen peroxide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;alcohols (at high enough concentration), although this source says they only have &amp;quot;minor activity against some viruses&amp;quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And some more listed there... with a discussion of the most suitable pathogens; the ones I've picked above were mentioned as reasonably effective against viruses. (Some of these give burning sensation if you have any cuts or scrapes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding disinfection of hands, the CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-hand-sanitizer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that in general&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many studies show that hand sanitizers work well in clinical settings like hospitals, where hands come into contact with germs but generally are not heavily soiled or greasy. Some data also show that hand sanitizers may work well against certain types of germs on slightly soiled hands. However, hands may become very greasy or soiled in community settings, such as after people handle food, play sports, work in the garden, or go camping or fishing. When hands are heavily soiled or greasy, hand sanitizers may not work well. Handwashing with soap and water is recommended in such circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, that CDC page is heavily in favor of alcohol(s) as a general hand disinfectant, although it only talks about &amp;quot;germs&amp;quot; in general, without getting into sub-categories like viruses, bacteria etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T20:55:09.823" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23630" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-13T20:38:07.380" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have there been any studies done looking at samples of MHC haplotypes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be interesting to see if certain HLA polymorphisms are associated with more severe disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that only a certain percent percentage of patients generate a robust inflammatory response in the lungs might suggest that certain haplotypes of the MHC class two receptors elicit a signaling cascade for cytokine overproduction via antigen presentation to macrophages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19630" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T08:17:43.247" Title="MHC haplotypes and COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:13:39.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23631" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23632" CreationDate="2020-05-13T21:05:10.930" Score="5" ViewCount="259" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read in Pommerville's (2016) &lt;em&gt;Fundamentals of Microbiology&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=Alz3BQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA314&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;p. 314&lt;/a&gt;) that contrary to popular belief that disinfectants kill all germs, there are examples of disinfectants that were contaminated with germs which caused anything from a local infection to a body-wide infection leading to death, and so that the FDA was considering requiring sterile conditions for the manufacture of disinfectants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any concrete examples of such incidents of infected/contaminated disinfectants leading to infections? (The book has no citations in this regard.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T21:30:46.000" Title="Examples of infected disinfectants?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23631" CreationDate="2020-05-13T21:30:46.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks related to contaminated germicides have most commonly been reported with contaminated antiseptics. Outbreaks from contaminated high-level disinfectants have rarely, if ever, been reported. Outbreaks from contaminated intermediate- and low-level disinfectants have occasionally been reported. All outbreaks associated with contaminated germicides have occurred due to gram-negative bacilli or mycobacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Weber, D. J., Rutala, W. A., &amp;amp; Sickbert-Bennett, E. E. (2007). Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(12), 4217-4224.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weber et al suggest that the most common issues are with &lt;em&gt;antiseptics&lt;/em&gt; rather than disinfectants, per se, where the distinction is that antiseptics are those applied to tissue and disinfectants are those applied to surfaces/inanimate objects. Indeed, your original source also refers to &lt;em&gt;antiseptics&lt;/em&gt; rather than disinfectants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same chemicals can be used as either in different formulations, so that might lead to some confusion. The citation mentioned contains references to several particular incidents and tables detailing the likely cause; for several of the issues with antiseptics, it seems the contamination was traced to water used to dilute a disinfectant, improper storage, and contaminated bottles or tubing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-05-13T21:30:46.000" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="631" CreationDate="2020-05-13T22:50:19.137" Score="-5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Depending on the size mismatch, the delivery of energy may be effected.  In the case that the two pads touch there is clearly the risk of electrical shorting.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It’s a matter of physics (energy delivered the a surface, vector, etc) and what needs to happen for successful defibrillation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is not recommended to use adult pads on children, it is possible apply them differently than shown on the pads: apply one on the front of the chest, the other on the back, so they do not touch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Off label use of adult pads in children would not have a randomized study. It would be anecdotal reports without properly controlling any variable. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cacvi.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Center for Advanced Cardiac &amp;amp; Vascular Interventions&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/Pages/Using-an-AED.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/Pages/Using-an-AED.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nhcps.com/lesson/bls-automated-external-defibrillator-aed-infants-children/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nhcps.com/lesson/bls-automated-external-defibrillator-aed-infants-children/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19632" LastEditorUserId="19633" LastEditDate="2020-05-14T19:41:19.377" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T19:41:19.377" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23634" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23624" CreationDate="2020-05-14T00:04:02.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an emerging area of advice.  It really depends on the pre-test probability of COVID-19 in your region, and the urgency of surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh make the following recommendation&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;9th April 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients who present as abdominal emergencies who have an abdominal CT in their diagnostic investigations should also have a Chest CT scan (ref ––Updated General Surgery Guidance on Covid-19 – Intercollegiate / ASGBI 5th April 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to its low sensitivity and the low pre-test probability of disease (Scotland), computed tomography should only be deployed in very specific circumstances&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your pre-test probability may be much higher which might justify CT chest if you don't have time to do rtPCR, and antibody studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2020/april/intercollegiate-guidance-for-pre-operative-chest-ct-imaging-for-elective-cancer-surgery-during-the-covid-19-pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/news-public-affairs/news/2020/april/intercollegiate-guidance-for-pre-operative-chest-ct-imaging-for-elective-cancer-surgery-during-the-covid-19-pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T00:04:02.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23635" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-14T06:15:36.093" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an anaesthetist, patients of endoscopy department are ambulatory patients, they dont want to wait the test results, is the pcr test necessary for these patients before the endoscopy procedures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19117" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-14T11:55:25.673" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T21:30:52.373" Title="Do we need pcr test before all endoscopies in covid days" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;endoscopy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:17:27.263" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23636" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24434" CreationDate="2020-05-14T06:31:36.167" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading this paper&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.00382.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.00382.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and from this paper I quote&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Restrict the labels to the most common Level 5 codes, method used by&#xA;  some project reports.7 We start by selecting the 20 most common codes&#xA;  (see Figure 2)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain to me what are the 5 levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I look at ICD9 I can see these 4 Levels only&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 1 : &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;I   001–139 Infectious and Parasitic Diseases&#xA;II  140–239 Neoplasms&#xA;III 240–279 Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases, and Immunity Disorders&#xA;IV  280–289 Diseases of the Blood and Blood-forming Organs&#xA;V   290–319 Mental Disorders&#xA;VI  320–389 Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs&#xA;VII 390–459 Diseases of the Circulatory System&#xA;VIII    460–519 Diseases of the Respiratory System&#xA;IX  520–579 Diseases of the Digestive System&#xA;X   580–629 Diseases of the Genitourinary System&#xA;XI  630–679 Complications of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium&#xA;XII 680–709 Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue&#xA;XIII    710–739 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue&#xA;XIV 740–759 Congenital Anomalies&#xA;XV  760–779 Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period&#xA;XVI 780–799 Symptoms, Signs and Ill-defined Conditions&#xA;XVII    800–999 Injury and Poisoning&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 2 :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;583 Nephritis and nephropathy,&#xA;596 Other disorders of bladder&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 3 :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;596.0 Bladder neck obstruction&#xA;596.4 Atony of bladder&#xA;596.5 Other functional disorders of bladder&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 4 :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;596.51 Bladder hypertonicity&#xA;596.52 Bladder compliance, low&#xA;596.54 Neurogenic bladder, NOS&#xA;596.55 Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So where is the 5th level?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T15:48:38.770" Title="How ICD9 classified into 5 Levels?" Tags="&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23637" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23630" CreationDate="2020-05-14T06:47:13.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There haven't been any completed studies though looking at clinicaltrials.gov there appear to be some recruiting or in progress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has been &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32303592/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an in silico study of HLA susceptibility and they conclude HLA-B*46:01 may be vulnerable and HLA-B*15:03 may help to protect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Genetic variability across the three major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (human leukocyte antigen [lsqb]HLA[rsqb] A, B, and C) may affect susceptibility to and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We execute a comprehensive in silico analysis of viral peptide-MHC class I binding affinity across 145 HLA -A, -B, and -C genotypes for all SARS-CoV-2 peptides. We further explore the potential for cross-protective immunity conferred by prior exposure to four common human coronaviruses. The SARS-CoV-2 proteome is successfully sampled and presented by a diversity of HLA alleles. However, we found that HLA-B*46:01 had the fewest predicted binding peptides for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting individuals with this allele may be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19, as they were previously shown to be for SARS. Conversely, we found that HLA-B*15:03 showed the greatest capacity to present highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 peptides that are shared among common human coronaviruses, suggesting it could enable cross-protective T-cell based immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; Nguyen A, David JK, Maden SK, et al. Human leukocyte antigen susceptibility map for SARS-CoV-2 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 17]. J Virol. 2020;JVI.00510-20. doi:10.1128/JVI.00510-20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-05-14T08:17:43.247" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T08:17:43.247" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23639" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-04-21T18:05:31.990" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can only find the current statics for the US that says &quot;Between 36 million and 51 million people have been stricken with the flu as of March 7, according to the latest CDC data.&quot; link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2020/03/17/flu-update&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2020/03/17/flu-update&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like the global numbers of how many flu cases there are in the world since december 2019 until today. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19417" OwnerDisplayName="Andy Ljunggren" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T07:18:47.833" Title="What are the current statics of the flu globally since december 2019 until today?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23643" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-14T12:33:08.617" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;My sister is a nurse in Labor and Delivery and for the past 3 months we have advised her to stay away from our parents &lt;em&gt;(60 and 61)&lt;/em&gt; due to the potential risks with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently the lead doctor which she works for told her it was okay for her and her kids to visit our parents &lt;em&gt;(as long as they are not showing symptoms)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a bit confused since this seems to contradict a lot of the advice the government and other medical experts have given. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there significant risks involved with allowing her to visit our parents during this time? &#xA;&lt;em&gt;She has had no direct contact which she is aware of and she does work twice a week so there is a window where she stays home for 2-3 days.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our current state has 30,000+ confirmed cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19634" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T12:33:08.617" Title="Doctor giving nurse advice its okay to visit family during COVID19 pandemic - Is this safe?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-14T15:26:10.370" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23644" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23370" CreationDate="2020-05-14T14:31:53.407" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(20)30095-X/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent (April 2020) article from the Lancet&lt;/a&gt; which reviews school closures data for both SARS and Covid-19. Partial summary is quoted here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Modelling studies of SARS produced conflicting results. Recent modelling studies of COVID-19 predict that school closures alone would prevent only 2–4% of deaths, much less than other social distancing interventions. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19626" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T14:31:53.407" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23647" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23635" CreationDate="2020-05-14T21:30:52.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently Turkey has about 1600 new cases of COVID-19 daily and its pandemic curve is still exponentially rising though also flattening.  There is highly likely to be ongoing community transmission of SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ESGE has made a number of recommendations for the European Community.  This include risk stratification.  One of the components of a low risk is &lt;strong&gt;a negative PCR test&lt;/strong&gt;.  The document goes on to describe how endoscopy is carried out, and the infection control with respect to risk stratification class of the patient noting that endoscopy is an aerosol-generating event and an infected patient will contaminate the whole endoscopy suite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your patients are unwilling to undergo risk stratification then sounds unacceptable and the procedure should be declined for them.  Your hospital needs a set of policies and procedures in place to manage risk during this pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.esge.com/assets/downloads/pdfs/general/ESGE_ESGENA_Position_Statement_gastrointestinal_endoscopy_COVID_19_pandemic.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.esge.com/assets/downloads/pdfs/general/ESGE_ESGENA_Position_Statement_gastrointestinal_endoscopy_COVID_19_pandemic.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-14T21:30:52.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23650" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-15T09:24:56.100" Score="10" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;My question is fairly simple: There is a COVID-19 antibody test with a worst-case &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statisticshowto.com/sensitivity-vs-specificity-statistics/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;specificity&lt;/a&gt; of 98%, meaning that it yields potentially up to 2% false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While that number is not bad it is problematic when the expected true positive rate is in the same range as the possible false positives: We end up with huge uncertainties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is simply whether this false positive rate is random or a systematic error, i.e. whether false positive samples would be false positives again if tested a second time. Alternatively: Are there other tests which have &lt;em&gt;different&lt;/em&gt; false positives? In both cases one could simply re-test original positives and achieve a very good combined specificity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The background of the question is this &lt;a href=&quot;https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2020/04/19/fatal-flaws-in-stanford-study-of-coronavirus-prevalence/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;critique&lt;/a&gt; by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Andrew Gelman&lt;/a&gt; from Columbia University of the much-quoted &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20062463v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stanford antibody study&lt;/a&gt; pre-release.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17661" LastEditorUserId="19626" LastEditDate="2020-05-15T12:31:11.313" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T16:02:45.267" Title="Can the specificity of a COVID-19 antibody test be improved by testing twice?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23652" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-15T12:32:01.697" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;My upper left molar (teeth #7) crumbled and the crown also broke down.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dentist suggested to go for a tooth extraction, followed by an implant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it fine if I avoid the implant, and only do the molar extraction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If no, then which product is better out of following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;CSM&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Osteon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Nobel biocare&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one would be good in my condition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19640" LastActivityDate="2020-05-15T12:32:01.697" Title="Which dental implants would be better?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;implant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-15T14:47:08.113" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23653" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-15T12:33:56.603" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pandemic&lt;/a&gt; (and many other sources with similar definitions) a Pandemic is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, for&#xA;  instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial&#xA;  number of people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dengue fever&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 120 countries, mainly in Asia and South America. (Note: it also exists in North America, Oceania and Africa) About 390 million people are infected a year and approximately 40,000 die. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this year we are having dozens of thousands of cases in my country and media only talks about epidemy, also, as far as I know, WHO hasnt declared a Dengue Pandemic. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why Dengue is considered an Epidemic and not a Pandemic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-05-15T12:33:56.603" Title="Why Dengue is considered an Epidemic and not a Pandemic?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;pandemic&gt;&lt;dengue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-05-16T16:22:21.027" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23655" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-15T16:09:50.353" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;My Grand father who is 96 years old got hairline fracture of the rib. How long it will take to heal? His doctor said you dont need to come back for xray.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19643" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T08:33:42.277" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T08:33:42.277" Title="How long will it take to heal a hairline fracture of rib?" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-05-15T18:34:02.970" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23656" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23686" CreationDate="2020-05-15T19:32:32.837" Score="3" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was thinking common items like wool and cotton clothing. Has any one  discovered yet how long COVID-19 remains infectious on clothing?  I have seen the usual items such as paper boxs, stainless steel and plastic. Almost all my searches get hits on these but it ends there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clothing remains illusive thus far. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-21T09:25:00.457" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T09:25:00.457" Title="Have there been any studies on how long COVID-19 remains infectious on various types of cloth?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;clothes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23660" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5226" CreationDate="2020-05-16T03:47:23.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, since you already have a well-written answer, I just wanted to add this as another possible cause:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Research done by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2008 found that the influenza virus has a butter-like coating. The coating melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://zenodo.org/record/1233359#.Xr9iDmnhUzQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://zenodo.org/record/1233359#.Xr9iDmnhUzQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Really cool question, by the way!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19610" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T03:47:23.787" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23661" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23663" CreationDate="2020-05-16T08:43:33.690" Score="2" ViewCount="191" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been following the COVID-19 news for quite some time now and there is this one thing which is just bugging my head. When I first started seeing the statistics, the death rate was at around 15% and later it peaked around 21%, after which, it started reducing steeply. Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it possible for the death rate to reduce like that? There are a few theories which I came up to rationalize this but all of them seem unlikely&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The vaccine was secretly discovered somewhere ( highly unlikely)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The virus mutated to become less serious ( there many strains of COVID)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;somehow developed herd immunity&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closed case graph on&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19645" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T16:19:28.183" Title="Why has covid-19 death rate reduce over the months?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23662" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-16T15:22:02.930" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a possibility of transmission of COVID-19 during sample collection process from safety kits worn by sample collecting person to the suspected infected person whose sample is being collected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came across the following document on WHO website. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/laboratory-biosafety-novel-coronavirus-version-1-1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/laboratory-biosafety-novel-coronavirus-version-1-1.pdf&lt;/a&gt; and it has links to following website that contains videos that demonstrate some lab procedures. &lt;a href=&quot;http://who.int/ihr/publications/biosafety-video-series/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://who.int/ihr/publications/biosafety-video-series/en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19648" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-05-16T22:55:51.393" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T22:55:51.393" Title="Is there a possibility of transmission of COVID-19 during sample collection process?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23661" CreationDate="2020-05-16T16:19:28.183" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I haven't seen any evidence that the &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; death rate has changed at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See this Q&amp;amp;A: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20970/does-covid-19-have-a-case-fatality-rate-of-41-is-this-formula-correct&quot;&gt;Does COVID-19 have a case fatality rate of 41%? Is this formula correct?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The ratio of &quot;deaths/(recoveries+deaths)&quot; does not describe the actual case fatality rate&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early in the pandemic, when there are lots of new people infected, almost all of the cases were &lt;em&gt;unresolved&lt;/em&gt; because most of them were new and it takes a long time to get recovered. Imagine two people are sick, and one dies after 1 week and the other survives but is still sick for another 2 weeks. For those 2 weeks you would find, based on this formula, that the death rate is 100%, because the other case hasn't recovered yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recoveries are not important to health care&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the middle of a severe situation, health care workers are most interested in finding and treating the people who are sick. Sure, it might feel good to be able to mark some people as recovered, but for those who recover on their own at home outside of a hospital, it's a low priority to follow them to find that they have recovered. Therefore, recovery numbers can lag. Some countries, like the UK, don't even report recoveries, so their patients can't be included in the &quot;recovered&quot; category, and if you did the calculation for the UK you'd find 100% deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Only confirmed cases are counted by worldometers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the beginning of the outbreak, we've learned there are substantial numbers of asymptomatic people. Because not everyone gets tested, there are lots of missing people who had limited symptoms and recovered easily on their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In summary, the actual death rate has probably not changed&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's no secret vaccine, no evidence of mutation making it less severe, and nowhere near enough infected people for herd immunity yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also nowhere near the 15% or 21% you are citing and never was, except in the oldest and most vulnerable patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the source you cite explains some of these things here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T16:19:28.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-16T18:14:25.997" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;To begin with, I'm not talking about merely washing away a virus with soap (and water), but rather that enveloped viruses, like influenza appear to also be directly attacked in their lipid envelope by soap compounds, as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6160177/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2018 paper&lt;/a&gt; studied:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An influenza epidemic is still a problem despite the development of vaccines and anti-influenza drugs. Preventive measures such as handwashing are fundamental and important for counteracting influenza virus infection. In this study, we clarified the anti-influenza virus effects of surfactants, which are the main components of hand soaps for hand washing: potassium oleate (C18:1), sodium laureth sulfate (LES) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS). For a human influenza virus strain (H3N2), &lt;strong&gt;C18:1 reduced the infectivity by 4 logs or more, whereas LES and SDS reduced the infectivity by 1 log or less.&lt;/strong&gt; Similar results were obtained when an avian influenza virus strain (H5N3) was used. The interaction between the surfactant and virus was then investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The LES-virus system showed a positive value of enthalpy changes (ΔH), meaning an exothermic interaction that indicated a hydrophobic interaction. In contrast, both the C18:1-virus system and the SDS-virus system showed negative values of ΔH, meaning an endothermic interaction that indicated an electrical interaction. The ΔH value of the C18:1-virus system was much higher than that of the SDS-virus system. A mixture of C18:1 and HA proteins similarly showed negative values of ΔH. These results indicate that influenza virus inactivation by a hydrophobic interaction of a surfactant with the viral envelope is insufficient to prevent infection, whereas inactivation by an electrical interaction of a surfactant with HA proteins is sufficient to prevent influenza virus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas the abstract of this paper (by Japanese authors) is rather... abstract/technical. By which I mean I can't immediately tell e.g. how effective (the various) soap compounds are relative to typical antiseptics (like alcohol, chlorhexidine, iodopovidone etc.) in inactivating enveloped viruses. The paper quoted above does compare these soap compounds against each other in this regard, and potassium oleate (C18:1) seems the most important compound as far direct inactivation goes. (The [log] infectivity reduction figures mentioned are apparently after a 3 minute &amp;quot;intubation&amp;quot; experiment at room temperature, if I read the methods section correctly.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, is there a direct comparison of the speed of inactivation of enveloped viruses in a soap solution vs antiseptics published somewhere else, or can it at least be inferred from the data on soap form this paper? (This paper has only 1 citation in Google Scholar, so apparently not a very exciting topic... Also, it was sponsored by a soap company.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/09/hand-sanitizer-shown-less-effective-hand-washing-against-flu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another (2019) paper&lt;/a&gt; from Japanese authors cast doubt on the effectiveness of alcohol against enveloped viruses... although this latter study also involved (ahem) mucus as an extra protective layer for the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a series of tests, the researchers from the Kyoto Profectural University of Medicine found that ethanol-based disinfectants, or hand sanitizers, would have be in contact for at least 4 minutes with the influenza A virus before killing it, a much longer duration than typical use. After 2 minutes of use, the virus was still active. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason ethanol-based disinfectants might not be as useful as previously thought has to do with the mucus that surrounds droplets of the influenza A virus. The mucus acts as a hydrogel and protects the virus from the ethanol, the investigators reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that makes the issue/question of comparison of inactivation speeds on enveloped viruses (e.g. soap vs alcohol) perhaps even more interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-16T18:38:43.677" Title="How quickly does soap inactivate enveloped viruses, e.g. influenza, compared to antiseptics like alcohol?" Tags="&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23666" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24304" CreationDate="2020-05-16T21:02:40.990" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to a 2011 (news) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/12/why-tuberculosis-so-hard-cure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More than a third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.&lt;/strong&gt; Most people's immune system can keep the bacteria in check, but there is a lifetime chance of 1 in 10 that the dormant infection will progress to TB; the disease still kills 4000 people every day. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N.B. according to Wikipedia (citing the WHO)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;People with latent TB do not spread the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, Wikipedia mentions that latent TB infections are diagnosed through tuberculin skin test. But looking at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nps.org.au/australian-prescriber/articles/testing-for-tuberculosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; Wikipedia links for the latter, it mentions quite a few caveats for this test:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Tuberculin skin testing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This test measures a patient's immune response to M. tuberculosis antigens (tuberculin). A small amount of tuberculin is injected intradermally and the skin reaction is measured two or three days later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The test is very sensitive for detecting tuberculosis in healthy individuals if 5 mm induration is used to define a positive reaction. However, many conditions result in false negative reactions, including active tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination and exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteriosis cause intermediate size reactions. Sensitivity is often sacrificed by choosing larger indurations to define a positive reaction based on the incidence of tuberculosis and the extent of non-specific cross-reactivity in the population being tested.  Box 2 provides general recommendations for categorising skin reactions, but regional tuberculosis control units should be consulted for local guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;    &lt;p&gt;Box 2: Criteria for defining a tuberculin skin testing reaction as positive *&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;≥5 mm – in people with recent exposure (within 2 years) to tuberculosis + high risk for progression to active disease (e.g. &amp;lt;5 years of age, HIV infection, other immunosuppressive illness; see Table 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;≥10 mm – in people with recent exposure to tuberculosis, regardless of BCG vaccination status; all non-BCG vaccinated people except for those with both low lifetime risk for tuberculosis infection and residence in geographical areas where exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteriosis is common&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;≥15 mm – in all people regardless of BCG vaccination status&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;    &#xA;    &lt;p&gt;* This refers to the induration produced by an intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) equivalent to 5 units of PPD-S. These criteria are meant as suggestions only. Local tuberculosis control units should be consulted for local guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems rather non-trivial to assess the tuberculin skin test results, i.e. there are quite a few confounding factors and the criteria for judging a test positive [at least in that paper] are influenced by other factors linked to the potential risk of developing active disease (e.g. HIV infection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, given all those complications, going back to the first quote (from &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;), how well is the percentage of latent TB infections bracketed/known? I.e. what's the confidence interval for true latent TB infections?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T21:05:32.417" Title="What's the margin of error for the estimate on the percentage of people infected with latent tuberculosis?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23667" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-16T21:24:50.453" Score="3" ViewCount="114" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52674639&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BBC news&lt;/a&gt; about a traditional Indian vegetable market (mandi) as spreading ground for Covid-19:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Koyambedu: India's coronavirus cluster at a vegetable market [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On 8 May, Tamil Nadu officials said 1,589 positive cases in the state could be traced to the market. The next day that number had jumped to 1,867, but there has been no update since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] with 9,674 positive cases so far, Tamil Nadu is now among the worst-hit states in the country, second only to Maharashtra with 27,524.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The officials knew about the cases but the market was not closed for 40 days because it was apparently the only source of food for a large swath of Chennai. Eventually it was closed but that angered shoppers and sellers who could not find enough retail space elsewhere.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nearly 2000 cases linked to one market (this includes secondary transmissions, i.e. of those who &amp;quot;got it&amp;quot; at the market and spread it elsewhere)... is a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'm curious: &lt;strong&gt;have similar (but possibly smaller) clusters have been linked to &amp;quot;modern&amp;quot; supermarkets somewhere else?&lt;/strong&gt; Or is there something special about traditional markets that makes them [much] more vulnerable? The BBC article does say that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;traders say these large, semi-formal markets in cities where land is scarce and costly are not designed for social distancing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some news about supermarket workers testing positive, sometimes in large numbers, e.g &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/ralphs-supermarket-workers-die-of-covid-19-as-virus-spreads-through-grocery-business/2362895/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NBC4 (video)&lt;/a&gt; says 21 workers at the same (Hollywood Ralphs') store tested positive. (Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/05/01/coronavirus-rock-and-roll-ralphs-hollywood-rally/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CBS LA article&lt;/a&gt; on that.). I guess the lack of [further] contact tracing in that case (US) makes it impossible to say how many cases were linked outside the store.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T12:15:05.307" Title="Have clusters of Covid-19 cases been linked to supermarkets?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;non-pharmaceutical-interventions&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23668" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13926" CreationDate="2020-05-17T06:26:25.273" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The point about reduced hyperventilating leading to reduced oxygen/hypoxia, and subsequent extensive evidence provided with it, misses the point entirely! The method has been proven to increase the oxygen content and capacity of the blood not reduce it. Temporary hypoxia is part of the training process. You train by stressing something (be it muscle or mind) until it’s temporarily weakened. The result is a strengthening through discipline. To negate the benefits of the Win Hof method based on the negative effects of hypoxia is redundant. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Admittedly further studies are needed to verify potential benefits/dangers but the emerging evidence of the hugely positive effects this is having is certainly worth that study. I for one will be trying it myself as opposed to clinging to what we learned was correct. Our loyalty to societal and academic constructs is the biggest blight to progress. Don’t react with knee jerk scepticism! Read with an open mind and try yourself!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19649" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T06:26:25.273" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23669" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23681" CreationDate="2020-05-17T14:00:06.360" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;R0 depends both on behaviors that lead to infecting others and behaviors that lead to being infected. In the case of COVID-19 these are largely the same behaviors, with the difference being that you do one while being infected and the other while being vulnerable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All else being equal, a person who has recently been exposed to other people is more likely to be infected than a person who has recently been in isolation, and a person who has been in isolation is more likely to be vulnerable to infection because they have a lower probability of being currently infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By coming out of isolation for less than the time it takes from infection to an infected person becoming infectious, and then isolating for longer than it takes for an infected person to be no longer infectious, we can separate out the time periods where a person is more likely to be infected and where they are more likely to be vulnerable to infection. This would allow us to make sure that the person has a low probability of being in contact with other people for a least one of these time periods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concentrating behaviors that increase the chance of being infected or infecting someone else -- for example contact with other people and interspacing it with periods where such behaviors are abstained from -- should lead to a lower R0 than spreading the same behaviors evenly over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If someone went out today, it is better to go out today again than to go out next week because even if the person has been infected today, it will not be infectious today, but it will be infectious next week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is an idea, where someone who doesn't know much about it tries to game a system. Usually there are more complexities involved than the person is aware of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17929" LastEditorUserId="17929" LastEditDate="2020-05-18T10:54:57.413" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T17:18:48.487" Title="Can concentrating our R0 increasing behaviors lead to a lower R0 than spreading the same behaviours out over time?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection-control&gt;&lt;quarantine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23670" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23439" CreationDate="2020-05-17T15:48:15.837" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The UK Biobank contains both information on &lt;a href=&quot;https://biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/crystal/field.cgi?id=20024&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;occupation&lt;/a&gt;, as well as &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.bugbank.uk/2020/04/interpreting-uk-biobank-covid-19-test.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SARS-Cov-2 test results&lt;/a&gt;, for each of its participants:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;UK Biobank is an international health resource enabling research into the genetic and lifestyle determinants of common diseases of middle and older age. It comprises 500,000 participants... In this study, we implemented rapid dynamic linkage, which allows us to provide a regular feed of new COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) test results to UK Biobank to facilitate rapid and urgent research into the epidemiological and human genetic risk factors for severe infection in the cohort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12091455&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dynamic linkage of COVID-19 test results between Public Health England’s Second Generation Surveillance System and UK Biobank&lt;/a&gt; (2020) *&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could easily create a breakdown of disease rate by profession using this dataset, as in similar studies on other respiratory diseases e.g:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/50/suppl_61/PA417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The occupations at increased risk of COPD in the UK Biobank Cohort&lt;/a&gt; (2017)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The age-demographic etc of the cohort may bias the types of profession present&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is UK specific&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;* Disclaimer: I have worked on this project.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19586" LastActivityDate="2020-05-17T15:48:15.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23672" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23678" CreationDate="2020-05-17T20:50:33.893" Score="-2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that if a large rabid animal bites your head, the post-exposure treatment can be ineffective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;...a bite near the head will make the disease act too fast for the treatment to take effect... (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_in_animals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_in_animals&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The wikipedia article cites &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20050211205659/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (PDF). Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning for the claim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is this: if you have recently been vaccinated and a wolf severely bites your skull, will the antibodies still do their job? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Doctors say the virus should never reach the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Please delete the question, if it's too unspecific or silly. ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19653" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-05-18T13:04:20.583" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T23:00:34.330" Title="If a rabid wolf bites your head and you have recently been vaccinated against rabies, will you still develop the disease?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;saliva&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23674" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-18T04:54:25.410" Score="8" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been a lot of discussion about whether people who have COVID-19 and recover will have long-lasting immunity.  At the same time, work is underway to create a vaccine for this disease.  But if infection does not necessarily provide immunity, can a vaccine still do it?  Are there known diseases for which a vaccine provides durable immunity even when infection does not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/immune-system-and-health&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one page&lt;/a&gt; that says in passing that &quot;it is true that natural infection almost always causes better immunity than vaccines&quot;, but I wasn't able to find anything more detailed about the two types of immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-19T03:50:19.437" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T03:50:19.437" Title="Are there diseases for which infection does not grant lasting immunity but a vaccine does?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23675" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-18T05:37:43.673" Score="2" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can see &quot;splash guards&quot; used by (almost) everyone in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.france24.com/en/20200517-german-health-brigade-of-contact-tracers-tracks-down-covid-19-in-berlin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt; of a German tracing center, but (almost) nobody wears masks there. (Well, one spokesperson did wear mask and no shield.) So are there any studies on the effectiveness of such a (shield only) an approach at preventing respiratory illness (not necessarily COVID-19) transmission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-21T09:25:13.360" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T09:25:13.360" Title="Are (transparent) face shields without masks/respirators reasonably effective at preventing respiratory illness transmission?" Tags="&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23676" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23675" CreationDate="2020-05-18T08:25:07.370" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To partly answer my own question, after trying quite a few different potential keywords for these shields, I did find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24467190&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one 2014 paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Efficacy of face shields against cough aerosol droplets from a cough simulator&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health care workers are exposed to potentially infectious airborne particles while providing routine care to coughing patients. However, much is not understood about the behavior of these aerosols and the risks they pose. We used a coughing patient simulator and a breathing worker simulator to investigate the exposure of health care workers to cough aerosol droplets, and to examine the efficacy of face shields in reducing this exposure. Our results showed that 0.9% of the initial burst of aerosol from a cough can be inhaled by a worker 46 cm (18 inches) from the patient. During testing of an influenza-laden cough aerosol with a volume median diameter (VMD) of 8.5 μm, wearing a face shield reduced the inhalational exposure of the worker by 96% in the period immediately after a cough. The face shield also reduced the surface contamination of a respirator by 97%. When a smaller cough aerosol was used (VMD = 3.4 μm), the face shield was less effective, blocking only 68% of the cough and 76% of the surface contamination. In the period from 1 to 30 minutes after a cough, during which the aerosol had dispersed throughout the room and larger particles had settled, the face shield reduced aerosol inhalation by only 23%. Increasing the distance between the patient and worker to 183 cm (72 inches) reduced the exposure to influenza that occurred immediately after a cough by 92%.  Our results show that health care workers can inhale infectious airborne particles while treating a coughing patient. &lt;strong&gt;Face shields can substantially reduce the short-term exposure of health care workers to large infectious aerosol particles, but smaller particles can remain airborne longer and flow around the face shield more easily to be inhaled. Thus, face shields provide a useful &lt;em&gt;adjunct&lt;/em&gt; to respiratory protection for workers caring for patients with respiratory infections. However, they cannot be used as a substitute for respiratory protection when it is needed.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Emphasis mine)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess the question (now) is what studies did those German tracing centers managers read. (I mean do they allow people who are coughing to continue to work... because otherwise, just based on that study, this method doesn't seem very effective by itself. And even then, the aerosols generated by cough still find their way around shields at some distances, albeit in reduced proportion.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5015006/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 review&lt;/a&gt; citing that paper for much of the concrete evidence also says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as highlighted in a recent Institute of Medicine report,[&lt;a href=&quot;https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/34091/cdc_34091_DS1.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] little is known about the effectiveness of face shields in preventing the transmission of viral respiratory diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Much of the [other] research cited in that review focuses on comparing shields with safety glasses, so not directly useful for my answering my question.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But citing a (much older) paper that has some relevance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Utilizing an aerosolized dye (mean particle size 4.8 µm) emitted at a distance of 6 in (15 cm) from subjects wearing two models of face shields, Christensen et al. [1991] noted that the face shields were inferior to two models of surgical face masks tested similarly for particle penetration and that the combination of one of the facemasks with a face shield improved results only marginally. These face shield results were attributable to the lack of a peripheral fit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, citing a 1995 paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use of face shields alone for three months, compared with the use of face masks alone for an equal period, during thoracic and general surgeries resulted in no difference in infection rates of patients.[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599411/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] Clearly, there is a need for further research into the protection from infectious airborne pathogens afforded by face shields either worn alone or in conjunction with other PPE worn simultaneously.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I guess there is some data that under some conditions face shields are equivalent with respirators. However, in the conclusions section, that review doesn't see that data as very convincing for a general recommendation and instead&#xA;says (citing a bit too many guidelines so I won't link them individually):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use of a face shield alone for eye, face, and mucous membrane protection from contamination by body fluids is likely insufficient and it has been recommended that in those situations where a face shield is used to protect against splash or splatter, a medical/surgical mask would also be indicated.[33] Face shields are not meant to function as primary respiratory protection and should not be used alone because aerosols can flow behind the visor,[16, 19, 21, 41] so a protective facemask (medical/surgical mask, N95 FFR, etc.) should be worn concurrently. In those instances where aerosolization of body fluids of infectious individuals is likely to occur (suctioning the airway, intubation, etc.), a respirator (e.g., N95 FFR, at a minimum) should be used in conjunction with the face shield.[37]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I think the German tracing center practice looks pretty questionable in terms of effectiveness...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T08:53:56.507" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23672" CreationDate="2020-05-18T13:03:31.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/body.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The CDC points out&lt;/a&gt; that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;From numerous studies conducted on rabid dogs, cats, and ferrets, we know that when the rabies virus is introduced into a muscle through a bite from another animal, it travels from the site of the bite to the brain by moving within nerves. The animal does not appear ill during this time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The time between the bite and the appearance of symptoms is called the incubation period and it may last for weeks to months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the disease becomes established, it is 100% fatal (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80224-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;King &amp;amp; Turner, 1993&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Jackson6/publication/12229458_Rabies/links/56f9326708ae38d710a2fa53/Rabies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jackson, 2000&lt;/a&gt;). However, if treated immediately after exposure it is possible to prevent the development of the disease in most cases (&lt;a href=&quot;https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&amp;amp;context=wolfrecovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Linnell et al. 2002&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The present treatment consists of a single injection of immunoglobulin (rabies antibodies grown in tissue culture) and multiple injections of rabies vaccine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Jackson6/publication/12229458_Rabies/links/56f9326708ae38d710a2fa53/Rabies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jackson, 2000&lt;/a&gt;). Survival of patients treated is high except in some cases where bites have been inflicted directly on the head and neck (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/134.1.25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shah &amp;amp; Jaswal, 1976&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_4.S766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fangtao et al. 1988&lt;/a&gt;). This is because direct viral entry into the nerves without local replication results in very short incubation period, as occurs in cases with multiple bites in the head and neck region (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0452-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mahadevan et al. 2016&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fangtao, L., Shubeng, C., Yinzhon, W., Chenzhe, S., Fanzhen, Z., &amp;amp; Guanfu, W. (1988). Use of serum and vaccine in combination for prophylaxis following exposure to rabies. &lt;em&gt;Reviews of infectious diseases, 10&lt;/em&gt;(Supplement_4), S766-S770. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_4.S766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_4.S766&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jackson, A. C. (2000). REVIEW ARTICLES-Rabies. &lt;em&gt;Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 27&lt;/em&gt;(4), 278-282. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Jackson6/publication/12229458_Rabies/links/56f9326708ae38d710a2fa53/Rabies.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Jackson6/publication/12229458_Rabies/links/56f9326708ae38d710a2fa53/Rabies.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;King, A. A., &amp;amp; Turner, G. S. (1993). Rabies: a review. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Comparative Pathology, 108&lt;/em&gt;(1), 1-39. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80224-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80224-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Linnell, J., Andersen, R., Andersone, Z., Balciauskas, L., Blanco, J. C., Boitani, L., ... &amp;amp; Loe, J. (2002). The fear of wolves: A review of wolf attacks on humans. &lt;em&gt;Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&amp;amp;context=wolfrecovery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&amp;amp;context=wolfrecovery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mahadevan, A., Suja, M. S., Mani, R. S., &amp;amp; Shankar, S. K. (2016). Perspectives in diagnosis and treatment of rabies viral encephalitis: insights from pathogenesis. &lt;em&gt;Neurotherapeutics, 13&lt;/em&gt;(3), 477-492. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0452-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0452-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shah, U., &amp;amp; Jaswal, G. S. (1976). Victims of a rabid wolf in India: effect of severity and location of bites on development of rabies. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Infectious Diseases, 134&lt;/em&gt;(1), 25-29. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/134.1.25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/134.1.25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-05-18T13:10:12.550" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T13:10:12.550" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23681" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23669" CreationDate="2020-05-18T17:18:48.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You should go out as infrequently as possible, and only when it is truly necessary. If you need to buy food, go out and buy enough food so that you can stay inside for at least a week, preferably two. Do not go out just because you want to or because you are bored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within this framework, what is the argument for going out on consecutive days? That even if you were exposed on Day 1, your Day 2 trip wouldn't risk exposing anyone else? Perhaps, but if you had been contagious without knowing it on Day 1, you would still be so on Day 2, so the extra trip out is risky to those who are also out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to be relatively sure you're not contagious is to stay in for 14 or more days at a time. This is easier for some people than for others. If you have a car, a large freezer, and a pantry, along with a healthy bank account, then stocking up and shopping at more than 14 day intervals is simple -- I've been doing it for 9 weeks now. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it safer to go out on day 1 and 2 and then not again until Day 15 or 16, than to go out on day 1, 8, 15, . . . ? Probably. But it's safer still to go out on only day 1 and 15. There's no good argument for the Day 2 trip. This is especially true if you have possible sources of infection other than going out. For example, if you live in an apartment and go to the lobby for your mail or into the hall to put garbage down the chute. If you're receiving deliveries of takeout food or online orders. If you're living with someone who is still going out to work. If you go out to your garden, and then back in again, touching a doorknob or other outdoor surface that might have been coughed on by a visitor or delivery person, and so on. In all of these cases you can get infected without going out, and every trip out is a chance for you to infect others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T17:18:48.487" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23682" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-18T17:56:38.397" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I LIKE TO KNOW ABOUT how to compare result of some detected patters in heart rate for sleep quality,for something like &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1W06G0RjFKfoHxavuXeJTQncZBmVm8CRqEjmIBVpjpN0/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this work&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/document/d/1W06G0RjFKfoHxavuXeJTQncZBmVm8CRqEjmIBVpjpN0/edit?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image-based sleep motion and Slope detection on Hammock, hill and Downward Slope of resting heart rate, for Stroke Patient.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based of &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ceJsd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this post&lt;/a&gt; some patterns like hammock, Downward Slope and hill pattern Detecting in resting heart rate (RHR) could detect sleep quality like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9azWD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9azWD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i have some recorded &lt;a href=&quot;https://physionet.org/content/shhpsgdb/1.0.0/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;database form &lt;strong&gt;Physionet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; about heart data during a sleep like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Zkb3V.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Zkb3V.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which i can detect heart rate form them, so based of that i can detect detect those patterns but for comparing them with some index like Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ceJsd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ceJsd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So,i don't know what is best &lt;strong&gt;sleep quality index&lt;/strong&gt; for this compare usage? (like &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Sleep_Quality_Index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epworth_Sleepiness_Scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Epworth Sleepiness Scale&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or ETC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14830" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-18T19:59:43.707" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T19:59:43.707" Title="Proper sleep quality index for compare with heart rate patterns" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;shape-form-pattern&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23684" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23674" CreationDate="2020-05-18T22:34:10.687" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rabies is almost 100% fatal so there is no chance to develop immunity.  So, post-exposure vaccination is used if the person has not been vaccinated prior to exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. In up to 99% of cases, domestic dogs are responsible for rabies virus transmission to humans. Yet, rabies can affect both domestic and wild animals. It is spread to people and animals through bites or scratches, usually via saliva.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T22:34:10.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23685" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23672" CreationDate="2020-05-18T23:00:34.330" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is thought you need to have completed the series of rabies vaccination &lt;strong&gt;for at least 7 days to be protected&lt;/strong&gt;.  If that is not the case, then you'll need rabies immunoglobulin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pre-exposure rabies vaccination consists of three full intramuscular (i.m.) doses of cell-culture- or embryonated-egg-based vaccine given on days 0, 7 and 21 or 28 (a few days’ variation in the timing is not important). For adults, the vaccine should always be administered in the deltoid area of the arm; for young children (under 1 year of age), the anterolateral area of the thigh is recommended. Rabies vaccine should never be administered in the gluteal area: administration in this manner will result in lower neutralizing antibody titres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is the difference between rabies vaccine and HRIG?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A course of rabies vaccines (given into the shoulder muscle) works to develop long term immunity, but this may take seven days to begin providing protection. For this reason, HRIG is usually given into the wound or site of injury to provide immediate short term protection while the rabies vaccines start to work. Long term protection is essential as rabies infection can take a long time to develop. Not everyone potentially exposed to rabies or ABLV will be advised to have HRIG. For example, HRIG is generally not required for people who have been previously vaccinated against rabies. When recommended, it is important to have the HRIG as well as the vaccine to ensure complete protection against rabies or ABLV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/14/119/117/Rabies-vaccine-human-rabies-immunoglobulin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://conditions.health.qld.gov.au/HealthCondition/condition/14/119/117/Rabies-vaccine-human-rabies-immunoglobulin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/rabies/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/rabies/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-18T23:00:34.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23686" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23656" CreationDate="2020-05-19T00:23:38.047" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This study looked at various surfaces including cloth which was not otherwise specified.  They stated it lasted 2 days.  Other studies have said 3 days for plastics so if you have natural or synthetic clothing, then in the circumstances that the study looked at ( 65% humidity and ambient temperature of 22C ), you can expect 2-3 days on clothing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;We further investigated the stability of this virus on different surfaces. Briefly, a 5 μL droplet of virus culture (∼7·8 log unit of TCID50 per mL) was pipetted on a surface (appendix p 1; ∼cm2 per piece) and left at room temperature (22°C) with a relative humidity of around 65%. The inoculated objects retrieved at desired time-points were immediately soaked with 200 μL of virus transport medium for 30 mins to elute the virus. Therefore, this recovery of virus &lt;strong&gt;does not necessarily reflect the potential to pick up the virus from casual contact&lt;/strong&gt;. No infectious virus could be recovered from printing and tissue papers after a 3-hour incubation, whereas no infectious virus could be detected from treated wood and cloth on day 2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30003-3/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T00:23:38.047" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23688" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23674" CreationDate="2020-05-19T02:01:42.197" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Varicella zoster - you can get infected and then develop shingles recurrences which are preventable using vaccination eg Shingrix &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/shingrix/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/shingrix/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19659" LastEditorUserId="19659" LastEditDate="2020-05-19T02:07:05.970" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T02:07:05.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18639" CreationDate="2020-05-19T04:22:43.030" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer is hypertrophy, but if the injury is disabling, then it will lead to muscle atrophy due to disuse. Note that body builders lift weight until causing minor injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclesgrowLK.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19659" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T04:22:43.030" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11495" CreationDate="2020-05-19T05:01:54.850" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surgical masks do offer protection against some diseases, but I have not come across evidence that suggests their use by the mass public is beneficial. Clearly, if people are using them correctly, then people stand to benefit in the same way that health care providers do, however, the magnitude of benefit should be smaller for the general public because they face much less frequent exposure to infectious agents. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140516&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140516&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/what-is-the-efficacy-of-standard-face-masks-compared-to-respirator-masks-in-preventing-covid-type-respiratory-illnesses-in-primary-care-staff/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19659" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T05:01:54.850" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23695" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-19T10:42:04.397" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are the teenagers diagnosed with male hypogonadism referred to as 'late bloomers'? For example, a 17M with not fully developed genitals and height of 5'6&quot; and paternal height 5'8&quot; and 5'0&quot;. Is he expected to grow in genitals and adult height after the T levels are boosted up?(Current level-365ng/dL)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19662" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T10:42:04.397" Title="Male hypogonadism and late bloomers" Tags="&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-19T14:09:26.190" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-19T10:56:12.163" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the effect of adding zinc rich diet on a teenager's testosterone levels who is already at the low end? Minimum and maximum increase in the levels? Also, is it necessary to add the zinc supplements? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19662" LastEditorUserId="19662" LastEditDate="2020-05-21T04:07:22.307" LastActivityDate="2020-05-21T04:07:22.307" Title="Zinc, weight loss and testosterone" Tags="&lt;testosterone&gt;&lt;zinc&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-19T14:07:06.203" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="11495" CreationDate="2020-05-19T12:35:42.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a recent paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177146/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2&lt;/a&gt; in The journal of Infection, 2020 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.024&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Conclusion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Community-wide mask wearing may contribute to the control of COVID-19 by reducing the amount of emission of infected saliva and respiratory droplets from individuals with subclinical or mild COVID-19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please read the paper for further details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also read the article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-mask/art-20485449&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19: How much protection do face masks offer?&lt;/a&gt; by Mayo Clinic, in which they said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can face masks help prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the disease&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgical masks may protect others by reducing exposure to the saliva and respiratory secretions of the mask wearer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any type of surgical mask specifically for protection against the COVID-19 virus, but these masks may provide some protection when N95 masks are not available&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="734" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T12:47:47.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23699" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23700" CreationDate="2020-05-19T17:58:15.333" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an intravenous morphine injection is given as a painkiller to a pregnant woman during childbirth, what side effects should we look out for in the newborn, and if so, what should we do for the baby?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19486" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T00:30:18.603" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T00:30:18.603" Title="Intravenous morphine as painkiller for woman in labor and possible side effects in the newborn" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;childbirth&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23699" CreationDate="2020-05-19T20:06:20.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By asking a few people I had access to and also searching in some of my reference books like Katzung, Martindale, and finally looking at Newborn Services Drug Protocol, I think I may have reached a conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Respiratory depression is a possible side effect which could occur in neonates. The drug of choice is Naloxone, although it may not be used in the initial resuscitation. Prior to that, heart rate should be restored by adequate ventilation. Naloxone is administered with the dose of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/dose and the preferred route of administration is I.M. injection.    Because the narcotic duration of action may exceed that of Naloxone, continued monitering of respiratory function is essential, and repeated doses may be necessary. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prophylactic Naloxone has not been shown to have any clinical benefits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And since I asked myself in comments if there may be neonatal withdrawal syndrome, I answer that here too and the answer is no. The reason is withdrawal syndrome only presents itself if the mother has had chronic use of morphine a.k.a. addiction.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19486" LastActivityDate="2020-05-19T20:06:20.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16534" CreationDate="2020-05-20T10:14:26.913" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several studies that emphasize the importance of providing rapid and deep compressions and that CPR should resume immediately after the shock given by the AED, without the delay entailed in checking for pulse or rhythm conversion. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an excerpt from one of the studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;After a successful shock, the rescuer was expected to assess the patient for a return of pulse after conversion of the ventricular rhythm. However, the delivery of repeat shocks (if necessary) and checking of the patient's pulse were found to delay the resumption of CPR for 60 seconds or more. Also, even after conversion, the ventricle was often stunned, so that its effective mechanical function did not return with the resumption of sinus rhythm. These issues, along with the finding that the ventricular rhythm was converted to sinus rhythm with the first shock in 85% of cases (13) led the AHA to modify the algorithm so as to specify only a single shock before immediate resumption of CPR, with a check of the patient's cardiac rhythm and pulse only after 3 minutes of continued compressions (14). This change in the resuscitation guideline, like the elimination of rescue breathing, maximizes the time during resuscitation for chest compressions and thus optimizes efforts to provide tissue perfusion.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116356/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116356/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aedusa.com/training&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aedusa.com/training&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.105.165674&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.105.165674&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19666" LastActivityDate="2020-05-20T10:14:26.913" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-20T18:04:04.133" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about the exact definition of a few terms that are being used in connection with the COVID-19, specifically in data sets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interested in the data at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/datasets/covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;github&lt;/a&gt; specifically in &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/datasets/covid-19/blob/master/data/time-series-19-covid-combined.csv&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the time series data&lt;/a&gt; but most likely my question is more universal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data contains three columns, titled &lt;em&gt;Confirmed&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Recovered&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Deaths&lt;/em&gt;. Other terminology commonly used include &lt;em&gt;Total cases&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Daily New Cases&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Active Cases&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Total Deaths&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Daily Deaths&lt;/em&gt;, ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding of the meaning of these terms correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Confirmed&lt;/em&gt;, total number of people tested positively until that date (cumulative);  &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Recovered&lt;/em&gt;, total number of people tested positively who are not positive anymore (cumulative). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Does this include people who died of Corona?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Deaths&lt;/em&gt;, total number of people who died of/with Corona virus (cumulative)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Total cases&lt;/em&gt;: same as &lt;em&gt;Confirmed&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Daily New Cases&lt;/em&gt;(day) = Confirmed(day) - Confirmed(day-1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Infections&lt;/em&gt;: same as DailyNewCases?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;DailyRecovered&lt;/em&gt;(day) = Recovered(day) - Recovered(day-1)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Total Deaths&lt;/em&gt;: same as &lt;em&gt;Deaths&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Daily Deaths&lt;/em&gt;(day) = Deaths(day) - Deaths(day-1)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ActiveCases&lt;/em&gt;(day) = ActiveCases(day-1) + DailyNewCases(day) - DailyRecovered(day) &lt;strong&gt;OR&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;em&gt;ActiveCases&lt;/em&gt;(day) = ActiveCases(day-1) + DailyNewCases(day) - DailyRecovered(day) - DailyDeaths(day)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19670" LastActivityDate="2020-05-20T18:04:04.133" Title="Confirmed, recovered, deaths, meaning" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23706" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23538" CreationDate="2020-05-22T02:01:35.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, interpreting the Charité numbers is still a bit of a mystery to me, but by analogy with a US case, having some tests close to the detection limit for Covid-19 is not so unusual in some circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the first (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;well-investigated&lt;/a&gt;) US patient, the Ct was below 30 in some tests (but around 20 in others), albeit this is with the CDC tests of the time:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Sl4r.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Sl4r.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from the CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;data&lt;/a&gt; they link/reference, the Ct in the 30s is somewhat close to the limits of detectability used in sensitivity evaluation of the CDC kits, but still comfortably positive, e.g. any Ct below 35.4 was 95% (or more) positive with the &quot;advanced&quot; kit. Even for the &quot;mini kit&quot; that 95% limit was around Ct of 32.8.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eOKKe.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/eOKKe.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Note that &quot;2&quot; is not a square there for Ct, it's a footnote.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T02:08:16.320" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T02:08:16.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-22T02:21:08.733" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Charite protocol mentioned among other things &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Of note, the N gene assay also performed well but was not subjected to intensive further validation because it was slightly less sensitive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC protocol&lt;/a&gt; (updated in March) uses the N gene (and not the other two used by Charite's, i.e. the E gene and RdRp). So, did the CDC find the opposite? Or were other factors the CDC considered (more important)? The long CDC document doesn't seem to answer this...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T19:00:37.113" Title="Why does CDC's RT-PCR protocol for Covid-19 use the N gene, but the Charite one the E gene and RdRp?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;center-disease-control&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23709" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23713" CreationDate="2020-05-22T07:02:59.417" Score="2" ViewCount="289" Body="&lt;p&gt;We have often seen and/or experienced  annoying involuntary muscle twitches in the corners of the eyes, in calf muscles etc. But I have wondered about their causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/brain/tic-disorders-and_twitches&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[e]yelid twitches may be aggravated by having dry eyes. They may also be worsened by stress, lack of sleep, caffeine, and harsh light conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from (excess?) caffeine, can a lack of (or excess of) certain nutrition (sugar for example) be a cause of muscle twitches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Leg jiggling (for want of a better term) which can occur with nervousness, sugar rush or extreme excitement is not what I'm talking about.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T08:39:17.160" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T10:12:10.820" Title="Can (mal)nutrition cause muscle twitches?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;malnutrition&gt;&lt;macronutrient&gt;&lt;muscle-tremor-twitch&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23713" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23709" CreationDate="2020-05-22T12:18:28.893" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Muscle twitches (fasciculations) caused by malnutrition are usually (not always) associated with muscle cramps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Malnutrition-related causes of twitches include severely insufficient nutrient intake (fasting, anorexia nervosa...) or malabsorption (Crohn or celiac disease...):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;dehydration,&lt;/strong&gt; especially if associated with exercise (&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com/books?id=R0dvDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA356&amp;amp;lpg=PA356&amp;amp;dq=dehydration%20fasciculations&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=CZmidvgCOX&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U0jHdHjNd_v7d_KSnLYkxzJX0kdSQ&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiQpPGyr8fpAhVRzoUKHTRzChMQ6AEwEXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=dehydration%20fasciculations&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Managing the Side Effects of Psychotropic Medications, JF Goldberg, CL Erns&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;moderate &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/aa20831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoglycaemia&lt;/a&gt;, which may develop in some people during prolonged starvation or in others after large meals (reactive hypoglycaemia) &lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;severe hypokalemia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-au/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hypokalemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSD Manual&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hypomagnesemia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062555/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed Central&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;vitamin D deficiency, if associated with hypocalcemia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2413335/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BMJ, 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prolonged exercise or certain sitting or sleeping positions, tiredness, hypothermia, certain drugs (diuretics...) and other triggers mentioned in the question can aggravate malnutrition-related twitching.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, dehydration and, maybe, hypoglycemia seem to be the most common causes of &quot;food- related&quot; twitching. Eating disorders and unbalanced vegans diets may also be risk factors.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-05-26T10:12:10.820" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T10:12:10.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23715" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23707" CreationDate="2020-05-22T18:31:42.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, this is the explanation I found in a (different) CDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/20-1246_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;First, we based assay designs on previous diagnostic assays that had been developed for detection of MERS-CoV (12) and SARS-CoV (10) and targeted the N gene. &lt;strong&gt;Because of the relative abundance of N gene subgenomic mRNA produced during virus replication (13), rRT-PCR assays targeting the N gene of coronaviruses could theoretically achieve enhanced diagnostic sensitivity.&lt;/strong&gt; One study also showed that the N gene–based rRT-PCR assay was more sensitive than the open reading frame (ORF) 1 assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical specimens (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108203/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;). Second, we designed rRT-PCR assays on the basis of limited genetic information available soon after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, when it was announced that a novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin was described as being similar to bat-SARS–like CoVs and only 1 SARS-CoV-2 sequence was publicly available. The N3 assay was intentionally designed to universally detect SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS-like sarbecoviruses to ensure detection of SARS-CoV-2 as this virus evolves over time and to improve early identification of future emerging novel coronaviruses from this high-risk subgenus. After completion of this study, the sequence of a new bat-SARS–like CoV, RaTG13 (EPI_SL_402131), was released on GISAID. Detected in 2013 from China, this virus appears to be the nearest bat precursor of SARS-CoV-2 (15), having 96% genome and 97% N gene sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2. All 3 assays are predicted to detect the RaTG13 strain. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems to have been combination of factors of wanting a &quot;universal platform&quot; that could target related viruses as well as the supposed abundance of the N gene making this (CDC) approach more sensitive. However there's no concrete data on comparing it with an alternative approach in this paper. The study &quot;14&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108203/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chu, Pan, Poon et al.&lt;/a&gt;) they cite in support is from China/HK. (Also of note regarding the Charite protocol in relation to this, the E gene isn't located in ORF 1, although the RdRp is.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a more recent comparison paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653220301542&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Meijer et al.)&lt;/a&gt; of commercial kits--comparison paper which shares authors with the original Charite protocol paper--, tests that use the E gene have some cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-1, but this is also &quot;by design&quot; in order to target multiple viruses on their platform&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In this set-up, the E-gene primer/probe set is specific for bat(-related) betacoronaviruses, and therefore detects both SARS-CoV-1 and -2. In addition, whereas the RdRp-gene primers are also specific for bat(-related) betacoronaviruses, two probes are used: one specific for bat(-related) betacoronaviruses and another specific for SARS-CoV-2. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly perhaps, none of the tests in this comparison (Meijer et al.) were pure N gene tests, like the CDC one. (There were some that combined an N gene test with another, e.g. one from Spain [ORF1ab, N] and one from Korea [RdRp, N, E]; the RdRp is located in ORF1ab.) Meijer et al.'s selection of kits comes from the broader &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.finddx.org/covid-19/sarscov2-eval-molecular/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FIND project&lt;/a&gt;, which also doesn't shortlist any pure N tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-05-22T19:00:37.113" LastActivityDate="2020-05-22T19:00:37.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23716" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23565" CreationDate="2020-05-23T05:46:49.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Around 1 to 2%&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While @Fizz and @Dale Newton have already provided a nice collection (with statistics even), I'd like to add one more, which is based on &lt;strong&gt;common sense as well as statistics&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, the source should be such that it could reasonably be expected to report truthful data; that pretty much means democratic governments which are taking this seriously and not trying to minimize it for various reasons.  Second, the number of infections (as the most likely source of error) should be estimated from as large a dataset as possible; so only data from countries that have a &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; large ratio of tests to positive results, and a rigorous test program.  Third, the test should have a sensitivity and specificity which is well known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one source that best meets these criteria is &lt;strong&gt;South Korea&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/topics/6082/coronavirus-covid-19-in-south-korea/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;South Korea&lt;/a&gt; has done 802k tests, found 11142 confirmed infections, and had 264 deaths (as of 2020-05-22), for a raw infection fatality rate of &lt;strong&gt;2.37%&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Australia and New Zealand both provide approximate confirmation of the South Korea-based estimate.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/05/coronavirus-covid-19-at-a-glance-coronavirus-covid-19-at-a-glance-infographic_21.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt; has done 1192k tests, found 7106 confirmed infections, and had 102 deaths, for an IFR of &lt;strong&gt;1.43%&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/a&gt; has done 259k tests, found 1504 confirmed infections, and had 21 deaths, for an IFR of &lt;strong&gt;1.39%&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In South Korea, the ratio of tests to confirmed infections at 72:1 is very high; Australia and New Zealand are even higher, but (perhaps) with less good tracing.  The definition of &quot;confirmed&quot; is a positive PCR test, with a positive re-test. South Korea also has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/south-korea-contact-tracing-helped-control-nightclub-outbreak-2020-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;robust contact tracing program&lt;/a&gt;, and surveilance for people presenting with symptoms which would be suspicious even if not linked to a known cluster.  Recently, just one new case led to running 45k tests on possible contacts.  Of course that doesn't mean they've caught &lt;em&gt;every single&lt;/em&gt; infection, but they would not be far from it; it is reasonable to think they have found most of the infections, symptomatic or not.  &quot;Most&quot; is a bit hard to quantify, but over 50% is virtually certain, and over 80% is quite likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2.37% fatality rate is quite disturbingly high, and much higher than most other reports, but it does in my opinion come from the most trustworthy (and largest) dataset. There are a few things that may account for that: demographics (older population), most cases occured quite early in the timeline (less worldwide experience on effective treatment), or possibly a few large clusters that just happened to be in an older population; and yes, of course they missed some infections.  Because of that I think it's reasonable to think a population-average infection fatality rate ought to be a bit lower; 1% to 2% is a good common-sense range.  A somewhat earlier but more detailed South Korean report including demographics is here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036368v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.15.20036368v1.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (if anyone can find a more recent one, please add a link to it)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I consider most of the sources collected in other answers as &lt;strong&gt;not credible&lt;/strong&gt;, for various reasons.  The Lancet article is based primarily on Chinese data.  The LA County study was done by Eran Bendavid (who did the similarly flawed Santa Clara study which was thoroughly trashed by just about everyone &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/20/feud-over-stanford-coronavirus-study-the-authors-owe-us-all-an-apology/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/05/why-unreliable-tests-are-flooding-the-coronavirus-conversation-cvd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; and subsequently retracted), used an antibody test that may have a fairly high false positive rate (which itself is based on a &lt;em&gt;tiny&lt;/em&gt; validation data set; 3 false positives out of 401 known negative samples) and found 35 positives out of 863 (also quite small sample). Common sense says that conclusions based on a whole country's worth of data and based on ultra-reliable PCR tests trumps conclusions based on a few hundred tests based on unreliable antibodies, any day.  Similarly, all of the studies cited in Meyerowitz-Katz's meta-analysis linked above either (a) draw conclusions from a tiny number of cases/infections/tests, or (b) use completely unreliable methods to estimate the rate of infections, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would give the whole-country data from South Korea (and other countries with thorough testing) a huge weight in any meta-analysis; data from large seroconversion studies a medium weight (but there aren't any of those yet); and small seroconversion studies (or studies that just estimate prevalence using models) essentially no weight.  &lt;strong&gt;I think trying to claim we know a more precise rate than the 1-2% range I described, or that the rate is significantly less than 1% for an average population, is simply not supported by the data available now.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NOTE&lt;/strong&gt; This assumes a health care system which is not overwhelmed.  For an example of what happens if the system is overwhelmed, see Italy: also from Statista, Lombardy had 228k tests, 86k reported infections, 15.8k deaths.  The ratio of tests to positive results is less than 3:1; the infection fatality rate based on &lt;em&gt;known&lt;/em&gt; infections is 18%.  How many total infections were there that are not counted?  Well, Italian data on seroconversion is pretty sparse, but at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098442v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one source&lt;/a&gt; says 4-11% (presumably: 400k to 1.1M infections in Lombardy, with very wide error bars).  That gives an IFR of 2 to 5% (also with very wide error bars).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2480" LastEditorUserId="2480" LastEditDate="2020-05-28T21:01:44.870" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T21:01:44.870" CommentCount="12" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-05-23T05:46:49.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23717" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23548" CreationDate="2020-05-23T07:15:50.043" Score="4" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Where do you get the antibodies from?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could theoretically use &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/donate-covid-19-plasma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;donor blood from infected patients&lt;/a&gt;, but apparently it is still unclear if the transmission of those antibodies is safe. Also, those patients who generate the antibodies for everyone else couldn’t benefit from the treatment. And you‘d always need some who develop their own immune response. This is like a pyramid scheme, only the other way around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could use monoclonal antibodies but the production cost &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is really expensive (as in a single dose costs &amp;gt; 50k$ for any type of antibody), and this is due to the complex production. Once patents expire, the cost for generics is expected to fall only by 20% (compared to 80% for non-mAb medication)&lt;/a&gt; (sorry for the pay-wall).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my knowledge, we do not have other viable options at the moment to produce antibodies in a large fashion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibodies are limited in usage. They only work against the specific antigen. Many antibiotics and antivirals work at least against a class of pathogens, if not more. They usually target vital intracellular enzymes or factors (gyrase inhibitors block the gyrase enzyme, vital for procaryontic cell replication as an example). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrabody_(protein)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Intracellular antibodies do exist&lt;/a&gt;, but they are usually expressed in transgenic animals for research purposes (included into the genome), and research for human cytosolic antibodies humans is still basic. You are effectively limited to membrane proteins and glycosides of the outer cell membrane as possible targets, which are not as universally conserved as the replication machinery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Recent Developments&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mappbio.com/leafbio-announces-conclusion-of-zmapp-clinical-trial/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Monoclonal antibodies have been testet for Ebola&lt;/a&gt;, but the first trial concluded with only 72 patients because the pandemic was waning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5328111/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; highlights some limitation of mAbs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, for fatal diseases, such as rabies, where highly effective polyclonal antibodies are available, but short in supply, conducting randomized controlled trials present ethical and logistical challenges. Therefore, researchers need alternative study designs to evaluate mAbs against such diseases. Furthermore, polyclonal antibodies are conceived to neutralize more virus strains than mAbs. [...]&#xA;Fourth, high costs may limit access, especially to those in low-resource settings. Although the production costs of mAbs have been reduced over the last decade, the cost is still high (about 100 United States dollars per gram), especially if several grams are needed for treatment. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fifth, for several disease targets, investors and people working with product development need clarity on whether public health agencies will procure and use the new therapeutics or postexposure prophylactics. Without a known market, biotechnology companies are hesitant to invest in mAb research and development. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, the use of approved mAbs products for persistent infections and/or mutating pathogens is of concern. As with other drugs, antimicrobial resistance to mAbs is a potential threat. However, this threat may be overcome by targeting highly conserved epitopes or by using antibody cocktails containing more than one mAb. [..]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Sparrow, Erin et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5328111/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;“Therapeutic antibodies for infectious diseases.”&lt;/a&gt; Bulletin of the World Health Organization vol. 95,3 (2017): 235-237. doi:10.2471/BLT.16.178061&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the conclusion of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-017-0019-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a nature paper on the issue&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A third key challenge is the complexity of pathology, epidemiology, and immunology that can be associated with infection. The way kinetics of infection informs therapeutic strategy, for instance, explains why no dengue mAbs are in clinical trials and why vaccination is the preferred method to control influenza. For dengue and influenza A, symptoms often appear after the peak of viremia; an antibody applied for passive immunotherapy would have to be used before the onset of symptoms to be early enough to avoid viremia. One potential solution is matching a therapeutic antibody with a rapid, point of care diagnostic test. The diagnostic could be used to identify patients with infection and susceptibility to severe disease who would benefit from passive immunotherapy with the therapeutic antibody. Finally, viruses can have complexity that prevents development of a single lasting treatment, for instance multiple strains, rapid evolution, and obscure mechanisms of infection and neutralization escape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Salazar, G., Zhang, N., Fu, T. et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-017-0019-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections&lt;/a&gt;. npj Vaccines 2, 19 (2017). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-017-0019-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-017-0019-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, recently there has been an increased effort to create antibody treatment for COVID-19 and first trials are on the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one has yet completed a large, randomized study of an antibody therapy against COVID-19, but results from such trials are expected in the coming months. Lundgren’s trial, announced on 4 August, aims to enrol 1,000 people with COVID-19. Another large trial, sponsored by the NIH and Regeneron, a biotechnology company in Tarrytown, New York, launched on 6 July and will test a cocktail of two antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Results are expected in late September.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Ledford, H. (2020). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02360-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antibody therapies could be a bridge to a coronavirus vaccine — but will the world benefit?&lt;/a&gt; Nature, 584(7821), 333-334. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02360-y&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ACTIV-3 study will begin by studying the investigational monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555, which was identified in a blood sample from a recovered COVID-19 patient. Antibodies are infection-fighting proteins made by the immune system that can bind to the surface of viruses and prevent them from infecting cells. Synthetic versions of antibodies can be reproduced in a laboratory. These manufactured antibodies are known as monoclonal antibodies. The LY-CoV555 antibody was discovered by Abcellera Biologics (Vancouver, British Columbia) in collaboration with NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center. Subsequently, it was developed and manufactured by Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, Indiana), in partnership with AbCellera. The investigational product also is being tested in another ongoing NIAID study, ACTIV-2, which is studying its safety and efficacy in people with mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19 who have not been hospitalized. Safety data and other findings will be shared across the ACTIV-2 and ACTIV-3 studies through the DSMB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Elizabeth Deatrick. (2020) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-clinical-trial-test-antibody-treatment-hospitalized-covid-19-patients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH launches clinical trial to test antibody treatment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients&lt;/a&gt;. NIH.gov&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It will be interesting to see if they are efficient and effective at treating COVID-19. However, they will not be able to prevent infections or prevent transmission. To control the pandemic, it makes sense to also focus on vaccines at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prevention is much better! Think about it, rather than investing money for novel antibody therapies, you could invest the money to develop vaccines and prevent people from getting infected in the first place.&#xA;This means you‘d have lower health care cost because patients wouldn’t need to be treated, and for the patient it is also better because they won’t suffer from the infectious disease (even if there is a therapy, it’s still unpleasant and dangerous to become ill).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-08-30T09:18:49.303" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T09:18:49.303" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23718" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-23T16:14:46.373" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the last months I have seen lots of articles about wearing masks and gloves to prevent the infecting yourself or others. In the case of the masks this is quite clear that &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21660/3142&quot;&gt;we should wear them&lt;/a&gt;, but for the gloves I mostly &lt;a href=&quot;https://theconversation.com/are-you-wearing-gloves-or-a-mask-to-the-shops-you-might-be-doing-it-wrong-137393&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found the opposite&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;However, gloves have not been recommended as a precautionary measure&#xA;  against COVID-19 for the average citizen. That’s largely because of&#xA;  the evidence we have about how the disease is, and isn’t, transmitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The virus is not absorbed through skin, so you can’t contract COVID-19&#xA;  through touch alone. To acquire coronavirus through touch, you would&#xA;  have to touch a contaminated surface and then touch your face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most sources indicate that gloves are not recommended for the regular folk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes sense, but in the practice (at least for me), they seem to help:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;we should often disinfect the hands (e.g. after touching things touched by others like door handles, elevator buttons)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;disinfecting the smooth surface of a glove seems way easier than directly disinfecting the skin. Also the skin might not tolerate the substance (or at least dozens of applications per day)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;normally one wears gloves only dealing with dirty and/or dangerous stuff, so I expect to act as a deterrent to touching the face when wearing them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am interesting in recommendations coming from a medical professional perspective (ideally based on some studies), as the articles I have read do not providing any scientific references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; Is it helpful for the average citizen (non medical professionals) to wear gloves and disinfect them instead of disinfecting the bare hands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2020-05-25T05:23:54.387" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T21:59:35.283" Title="Is it helpful for the average citizen (non medical professionals) to wear gloves and disinfect them instead of disinfecting the bare hands?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23719" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-23T16:42:05.730" Score="5" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was looking at the Daily Deaths from COVID-19 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Worldometers&lt;/a&gt; and I noticed that the number is always lower on Sundays and Mondays. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QIcYC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QIcYC.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Why is that? Am I interpreting the graphs correctly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17760" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-05-24T12:46:21.857" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T22:00:00.507" Title="Why is the reported number of COVID-19 deaths lower on Sundays and Mondays in the US?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23722" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21355" CreationDate="2020-05-24T11:16:58.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The published numbers probably based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PCR&lt;/a&gt; test. About the PCR I has found some information few time ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At first it is to consider that there is only a certain period in which a sample from a certain area shows results in the PCR. For throat swab samples &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020200642&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was found&lt;/a&gt; that it can take &lt;strong&gt;4 to 8 days&lt;/strong&gt; for an existing infection to be displayed with PCR. The time period in which the test remains positive is limited to &lt;strong&gt;4 to 15 days&lt;/strong&gt;, although the disease continued to develop. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493v2.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Now&lt;/a&gt; nasal samples are recommended before taking a throat swab, but there will also be a suitable period for sampling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In expansion, how accurate are the PCR tests in the period in which the tests should reliable be positive. There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; in which PCR tests were carried out daily. There is shown that inside of period with positive results, some tests produced a negative result.&#xA;The days only from first day with a positive result to the last day with a positive result gives a total period of 84 days over all patients. During this time, also 11 tests with negative results were produced. This gives a value of &lt;strong&gt;13.7%&lt;/strong&gt; negative test results, even though the patient was infected with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It must be noted that PCR testing is not a simple yes/no test. The result first depends whether a sufficient number of viruses is obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;As written above, it is important to choose the correct region of body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It must be the relevant time at which the viruses are in the selected region.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The sample must be obtained in the correct manner.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The viral load in the patient himself has to be suffice (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042689v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;medrxiv.org&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/advance-article/doi/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa099/5819547&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is described that for a number of 484 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA per milliliter some PCR test products detect SARS-CoV-2 with &lt;strong&gt;100%&lt;/strong&gt; but one other of the approved products detects &lt;strong&gt;0%&lt;/strong&gt; of virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is not the one accuracy. It is to be asked which type of test kit was used by which manufacturer, who took how the sample, etc. Every single item can significantly impact the accuracy of a test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17963" LastActivityDate="2020-05-24T11:16:58.757" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23719" CreationDate="2020-05-24T12:52:34.443" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While hospitals, clinics, long term care homes and such are of course &lt;strong&gt;open and working&lt;/strong&gt; seven days a week, administrative staff typically only work 5 days a week. So someone comes to work Monday and reports 3 deaths (that may actually have occurred on Saturday or Sunday.) They may not do that first thing Monday, they may have other things going on. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile whoever they report to has some cut off for when &quot;things you tell me today&quot; go into &quot;today's number.&quot; Maybe it's noon, I have no idea, it could be 5pm, whatever. So some of the things that are reported to that person on Monday get reported to the big country-wide reporting mechanisms Tuesday. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a result you will see two days with less deaths reported, and those two days are more likely to be Sunday and Monday than Saturday and Sunday. Sure, if the graphs were &quot;deaths that happened on day X&quot; and not &quot;deaths we were told about on day X&quot; this wouldn't happen. However in normal times, not all deaths are observed (never mind reported) on the day they happen: people who die alone at home and are discovered later, for example, or people who are suspected of having died in a house fire but it takes several days to find some remains, that sort of thing. The norm has been to count them on the day they are reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-05-24T12:52:34.443" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23724" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23824" CreationDate="2020-05-24T13:46:24.840" Score="5" ViewCount="118" Body="&lt;p&gt;About 10 days ago China announced a plan to test the entire population (~11 million) of Wuhan. And more recently they've &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-wuhan/chinas-wuhan-says-conducted-1470950-covid-19-tests-on-friday-idUSKBN22Z0JY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; testing over 1 million per day in the city. But have any results been announced? I.e. any cases found in the city using this massive effort? (I'm aware they had a new small cluster in the city that &lt;em&gt;triggered&lt;/em&gt; this round of testing.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also (should be related enough) are there any details known on whether their actual PCR testing can/could keep up with the sample collection? (I.e. does 1 million-plus tested per day mean just samples collected or actual PCR test done too.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-24T16:10:49.477" LastActivityDate="2020-06-05T04:07:18.450" Title="Has China announced any results from their massive (new) COVID-19 testing program in Wuhan?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23726" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23724" CreationDate="2020-05-25T06:53:36.677" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The results are probably in the Chinese press, but are being reported elsewhere&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;China has reported 51 new coronavirus cases including 40 asymptomatic infections, majority of them in the contagion’s first epicentre Wuhan, where over six million tests have been conducted in the last 10 days, health officials said on Monday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, looks like large scale testing has detected 40 cases which were asymptomatic.  It looks like because they didn't have capacity in their 60 testing stations that they have been batch testing, and then going back to test a batch if positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update 1-June-2020&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forbes reports that 200 asymptomatic individuals were detected with the testing so far of 6.68M people&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Over the last two weeks, 6.68 million have been newly tested for the new SARS coronavirus, first discovered in the city back in December. They discovered that out of all those people, only 200 had contracted the virus but had no symptoms, meaning that just 0.002% of those newly tested this month had it and not one required hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-reports-over-50-new-coronavirus-cases-mostly-in-wuhan/article31667737.ece&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-reports-over-50-new-coronavirus-cases-mostly-in-wuhan/article31667737.ece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/05/27/wuhan-chinas-coronavirus-testing-shows-a-0002-infection-rate/#71cfac991093&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/05/27/wuhan-chinas-coronavirus-testing-shows-a-0002-infection-rate/#71cfac991093&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="3414" LastEditDate="2020-06-01T06:47:32.033" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T06:47:32.033" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23727" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23735" CreationDate="2020-05-25T09:39:51.867" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Government agencies (for this conversation, assume USA) have provided guidance to prevent COVID-19 transmission.  As it is a holiday, many lockdown weary have flocked to the beaches and similar venues.   Assume that compliance with guidance is perfect.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a infection transmission perspective: Does it make sense to require groups be limited to people that live in the same household?  As I understand it, in practice, said groups are not strictly same household members.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-05-25T23:08:47.423" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T23:08:47.423" Title="Social Distancing Groups at Beaches and similar large venues" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-05-26T04:53:06.397" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23729" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16838" CreationDate="2020-05-25T17:44:01.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, vitamin D supplementation does not seem to increase testosterone levels. Most high quality trials see either no increase, or a very very small one:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32446600/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32446600/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, zinc might negate a transient exercise-induced decrease in testosterone. There is no evidence this is clinically meaningful:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984944/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984944/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;And (short-term) zinc deficiency might decrease testosterone. So in case you're zinc deficient, supplementation is (of course) wise.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1609752/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1609752/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treating gynecomastia is a whole different ball game. This is either done by surgery or sometimes off-label with endocrine treatment. Endocrine treatment refers to drugs that counteract estrogenic action. Since estrogenic action lies at the root of gynecomastia development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several of such drugs have been tested in clinical research, including: Tamoxifen (Nolvadex), clomiphene (Clomid), raloxifene (Evista) and Anastrozol (Arimidex).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of these drugs, clomiphene and anastrozol don't seem so effective against it. Of raloxifene only one trial is available which suggests good results. However, it's a low quality trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, a lot of research demonstrates that tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is effective against gynecomastia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More details can be found here in case you're interested: &lt;a href=&quot;https://peterbond.org/post/endocrine-treatment-of-gynecomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://peterbond.org/post/endocrine-treatment-of-gynecomastia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19697" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T17:44:01.570" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23731" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23733" CreationDate="2020-05-25T19:37:19.877" Score="-1" ViewCount="225" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;This study provides evidence that some component(s) of durian fruit inhibit(s) yALDH in vitro. Inhibitory action of the non-polar sulfury constituents of the fruit like diethyl disulfide on yALDH, with further investigation, offers a novel rationale to the etiology of the durian-alcohol anecdote. As such, work on this theme is currently undertaken to confirm the bioactive component(s) in the durian fruit, and validate the consistency of the findings hereby reported in mammalian models in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simplified summary: don't mix durian and alcohol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long after drinking alcohol is it safe to eat durian again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNySO7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/gqhr6s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Maninang, John S., Ma Concepcion C. Lizada, and Hiroshi Gemma. &quot;Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme by Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) fruit extract.&quot; Food chemistry 117, no. 2 (2009): 352-355. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.106&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.106&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-05-26T10:45:00.807" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T10:45:00.807" Title="How long after drinking alcohol is it safe to eat durian again?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23732" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23719" CreationDate="2020-05-25T20:59:50.487" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;While people don't usually have a preference for dying on particular days determining how they died is subjected to delays. A medical examiner or other expert had to determine whether the death is from covid-19 or one of the many comorbid conditions that the person suffered from. Furthermore, there are deaths in the community that need to be examined.  You can see that actual numbers change over time with hindsight, and the weekend factor introduces a delay in reporting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most pernicious ways has to do with the time it takes to tabulate deaths due to Covid-19, especially in jurisdictions where hospitals are overworked. In New York City, for example, some deaths are reported to the city’s health department within hours, but others take days — sometimes a week or more — to get tabulated. This delay means that on any given date, when officials announce the daily death toll, they do so having received only a fraction of the death reports that will eventually come in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the afternoon of April 1, for example, New York City officials declared that 1,374 people had died of the virus to date. But the accounts of deaths kept coming in. Two days later, the tally of people who had died on or before April 1 had climbed to more than 1,700. By April 5 it stood at 1,878. As of April 9, the official count was 2,253, a roughly 60 percent increase over the initial tally. This number will likely continue to rise, slowly, for several more days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://undark.org/2020/04/11/covid-19-data-lag-deaths-new-york&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://undark.org/2020/04/11/covid-19-data-lag-deaths-new-york&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/how-covid-19-deaths-are-counted.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.livescience.com/how-covid-19-deaths-are-counted.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T22:00:00.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23733" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23731" CreationDate="2020-05-25T21:45:11.907" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This inability to mix durian with alcohol has the status of a food myth. To quote the dietetic department at Changi Hospital&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eating durian and drinking beer at the same time may kill you&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no scientific evidence to show that this is a lethal combination. It is more likely to cause bloating, indigestion and discomfort as your liver has to work extra hard to metabolise both fats and sugars in the durians and the alcohol, especially if you have consumed both in excessive amounts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note also that the paper you quoted says in vivo studies failed to support a relationship.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any case if you wanted to avoid a possible disulfiram reaction it depends on how much alcohol has been consumed, and your metabolism. And you can check with a breath alcohol analyser&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthxchange.sg/food-nutrition/food-tips/durian-myths-alcohol-cholesterol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthxchange.sg/food-nutrition/food-tips/durian-myths-alcohol-cholesterol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T21:45:11.907" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23735" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23727" CreationDate="2020-05-25T21:57:10.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC advice is pretty clear as to staying inside your own group&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do: Stay 6 feet away from others (“social distancing”) and take other steps to prevent COVID-19&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a park, beach, or recreational facility is open for public use, visiting is okay as long as you practice social distancing and everyday steps such as washing hands often and covering coughs and sneezes. Follow these actions when visiting a park, beach, or recreational facility:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stay at least six feet from others at all times. This might make some open areas, trails, and paths better to use. Do not go into a crowded area&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avoid gathering with others outside of your household&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom, before eating, and after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bring hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol to use if soap and water are not available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/visitors.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/visitors.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-25T21:57:10.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23709" CreationDate="2020-05-26T07:23:19.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently twitching can indeed be caused by low sugar (hypoglycemia), but this is more in line with having diabetes than being malnourished.&#xA;See &quot;Symptoms of moderate low blood sugar&quot; in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/aa20831&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/aa20831&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19659" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T07:23:19.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15624" CreationDate="2020-05-26T08:37:51.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prostatitis is a common disease in men. It's neither a STD nor a contagious disease. &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355766&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prostatitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; often causes painful or difficult urination. Other symptoms include pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals and sometimes flu-like symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prostatitis treatments depend on the underlying cause.Like antibiotics or a diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill. Bedides, there are some home remedies, like have a warm sitz bath, &#xA;and avoid activities that can irritate your prostate, such as prolonged sitting or bicycling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17291" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T08:37:51.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23743" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-26T16:01:45.913" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Like all cells, antibodies die off after a period of time. A human body may (or not) be able to efficiently replace or replicate these antibodies. Whether the original antibodies were generated naturally (by sickness) or artificially (by immunization), an essential question might be, What is the lifespan of antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is likely that because of the novelty of SAR-CoV-2, the medical community has not yet had sufficient time to study this question, however past studies on Coronavirus types should be available. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880093/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MERS antibody&lt;/a&gt; studied MERS antibody longevity. I don't know if that provides any clues regarding SARS-CoV-2. I look to members at this site for guidance)  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T03:15:34.300" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T03:15:34.300" Title="Is there any information on the lifespan of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23744" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23767" CreationDate="2020-05-26T18:58:14.700" Score="3" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;Warfarin is said to change prothrombin time (PT) but not activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (for practical purposes at least anyways, not really sure). But looking at the mechanism of action of warfarin, I don't see why that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Warfarin works by inhibiting vitamin K, or more specifically, vitamin K-mediated post-transnational modifications of certain clotting factors (X, IX, VII and II) which are important for the activity of said clotting factors. Warfarin affects factors in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway (and maybe a bit silly and irrelevant, but the same number of factors in each too; 3 by 3!). So, why is it that PT is affected by warfarin but aPTT isn't? I looked a lot and couldn't really find any satisfactory answer (there weren't many answers to begin with either). What I've found and have gotten from my professor are the following points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Warfarin's effect is more pronounced on PT because factor VII (the first factor in the extrinsic pathway) has the shortest half-life and is therefore the quickest to get depleted. But in that case, warfarin usually takes a few days to be considered effective enough to stop administering patients heparin with it; wouldn't all the affected factors be depleted enough by that time to also affect aPTT?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Warfarin affects factor VII, which is the initiating factor (tissue factor aside) for the extrinsic pathway, which is why it affects PT more? Honestly I don't know how these tests work exactly so I'm not sure if this would matter. This was what my professor answered with when a student asked (or at least it's what I recall).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19664" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-06-14T19:32:01.537" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T19:32:01.537" Title="Why is prothrombin time used to monitor warfarin and not aPTT?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;laboratory&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23745" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-26T20:29:55.493" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are Washington state's mandated reporting requirements triggered if a doctor discovers that their adult patient had been abused in the past? What if there are no longer any 'protected populations' at risk (no children, no vulnerable adults/elderly,...)?&#xA;What if the patient talks exclusively in hypothetical terms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19704" LastActivityDate="2020-05-26T20:29:55.493" Title="In Washington state must a doctor report situations that happened in the past?" Tags="&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-05-26T22:02:42.327" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23746" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23754" CreationDate="2020-05-26T20:41:26.127" Score="2" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am just curious if the virus is unique in the sense that it enters the ACE2 receptors in the human body and kills the cell. This receptor is located over the entire body.  &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this the only virus in existance to have this feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-27T19:47:36.213" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T19:47:36.213" Title="Is the SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 the only known virus that enters the cells via the ACE2 receptors?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;ace2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23750" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23758" CreationDate="2020-05-27T05:57:30.773" Score="2" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine was detected COVID-19 positive through PCR one month back. He was asymptotic as per doctors and had no symptoms.&#xA;He quarantined himself and increased his intake of water.&#xA;After 1 month, he got himself tested and the result was negative. His antibodies value was +7.0.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: Is it possible to get COVID-19 false positive ?&#xA;2) Is it possible that a person comes as COVID-19 positive due to bad sampling technique or something ?&#xA;3) Given the antibody value as 7.0. Is it possible that the same person gets COVID-19 positive again ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(My theory is that COVID-19 will try to come to his body but his antibodies value is so high that it won't affect him.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19703" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-28T15:13:14.030" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T10:18:12.470" Title="False Positive PCR - COVID-19 and possible reinfection when antibodies value is +7.0" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23746" CreationDate="2020-05-27T09:18:46.540" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No.&lt;/strong&gt; In addition to the COVID-19 causing SARS-CoV-2 virus there's the related SARS-CoV-1 virus (colloquially known as just &quot;SARS&quot;) that was the driver of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outbreak in 2002-04&lt;/a&gt;, and there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NL63-CoV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T09:18:46.540" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23755" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15606" CreationDate="2020-05-27T10:43:40.603" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877315/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The association of infection or inflammation of the prostate with prostate cancer&lt;/a&gt; has been suggested but not established. However, when suffering from chronic prostatitis, treatment is needed. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment for prostatitis depends on the cause. For bacterial prostatitis, a doctor or urologist will usually recommend oral antibiotics. People with chronic prostatitis or recurrent infections may need a long-term course of antibiotics, or natural diuretic and anti-inflamamtory pill. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17292" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T10:43:40.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23750" CreationDate="2020-05-27T21:11:20.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rt-PCR tests for Covid-19 are not 100% specific so yes it's possible to get a false positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the China PCR test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The sensitivity of the RT-PCR diagnostic test was estimated to be 0.777 (95% CI: 0.715, 0.849), while the specificity was 0.988 (95% CI: 0.933, 1.000). The confidence intervals include sampling error in addition to the error due to probabilistic knowledge of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that out of 100 true negative patients, the test will correctly identify 98.8 as negative. &#xA;Out of 100 true positive patients, the test will correctly identify 77.7 as positive. The positive predictive value (PPV, &lt;em&gt;Given a positive test, what are the chances that the patient is actually positive&lt;/em&gt;) and negative predictive value however depend on the population sample that is being tested. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21379/8212&quot;&gt;This answer explains it fairly well.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't have enough data on antibodies yet to interpret them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078949v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078949v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-06-02T10:18:12.470" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T10:18:12.470" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23759" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23718" CreationDate="2020-05-27T21:59:35.283" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This answer is based on experience and common sense, as there are no studies giving a definitive answer. There are  plenty of studies about decontamination of surfaces, but none that I know of comparing gloves to skin. There &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6761364/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a paper discussing decontamination of gloves&lt;/a&gt;, though. Also another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/gloves.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;opinion piece&lt;/a&gt; on disinfecting gloves instead of hands when gloves are in short supply, which states&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;During glove supply crisis gloves can remain on but must be sanitized between patients within the cohort to prevent cross transmission of any other pathogens from patient to patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;hr&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is it helpful for the average citizen (non medical professionals) to wear gloves and disinfect them instead of disinfecting the bare hands?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, in my opinion, it is helpful in certain situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Given that&lt;/em&gt; infection from surface contact is possible, if someone has a fresh, open wound on the hand, or has very dry skin, it's easier (and imo) better to wear clean gloves and to wash/disinfect the gloves rather than the hands, especially if making multiple stops. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, signing an electronic pad for a purchase involves high contact surfaces, so, as everybody needs food whether they are infected or not, grocery store checkout areas are ripe for contamination. If you are concerned about possibly spreading the virus around from surface contact by going to, say, another store after grocery shopping, disinfecting your hands while wearing gloves is easier (and easier on the skin) than washing hands. You can also use harsher chemicals to clean gloves than skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you have a small bottle of 80% alcohol (ethanol better than isopropyl, but either will do) with you. You go to the supermarket and come out with  potentially contaminated hands. You don't want to touch a bunch of surfaces (in your car or on public transportation.) All you need to do is to pour some alcohol on your gloved hands (making sure to pour enough to spread all over the gloves and keep them wet for more than an instant) and you've decontaminated your hands. Or you  can use an industrial strength disinfectant on your gloves, e.g. used to decontaminate surfaces at the supermarket. Or pour bleach into your gloved palm. You can't really pill that off too often on bare skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;However&lt;/strong&gt;, if you're treating this seriously, you wash your hands with soap and  water after removing your gloves, and remember that decontaminating disposable gloves can decrease their effectiveness as a barrier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T21:59:35.283" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-27T22:23:21.530" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I opened a laptop today and I accidentally touched on a don't touch ribbon with my screwdriver. I searched on the internet and I might have broken the screen's backlight and leaked mercury vapor (elemental). The screen still works and the light probably didn't break but assuming the worst case scenario, could a bit of vaporized mercury harm me? I opened the window for 30min. I couldn't do more because I had to work in that room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19715" LastActivityDate="2020-05-27T22:23:21.530" Title="Can the evaporated mercury from an LCD harm me?" Tags="&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-28T00:40:03.433" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23762" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15609" CreationDate="2020-05-28T09:29:55.503" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/treating-chronic-prostatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic prostatitis&lt;/a&gt;, treatment is highly individual and will depend on the type of symptoms that you have. Fortunately, there are many options, and with some trial and error, you may find one that works for you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An antibiotic might be combined with an alpha blocker to get better relief from discomfort and voiding difficulties. But if a first course of antibiotics does not improve symptoms, then a second one is unlikely to work, so it's wise to explore other options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies suggest that men with chronic prostatitis may find relief from a herbal diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill. It can not only eliminate the symptoms but also cure the condition from its root causes. Choosing the suitable treatment for chronic prostatitis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17291" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T09:29:55.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23763" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="9034" CreationDate="2020-05-28T09:32:02.017" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite some symptom checkers available - this one seems to perform well in benchmarks and allows free text input: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.symptoma.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.symptoma.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19718" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T09:32:02.017" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-28T09:33:28.760" Score="5" ViewCount="125" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a large medical database with symptom frequencies for diseases? I.e. the percentage of patients with a specific disease that have specific symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example (numbers and symptoms made up by me):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barrett's esophagus: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;longstanding heartburn 81.3%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dysphagia 72.5%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hematemesis 38.1%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;unintentional weight loss 20.9%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fever 51.2%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;fatigue 17.1%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dry cough 66.0%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sneezing 26.2%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;malaise  8.5%&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer should not be several research papers that contain two or three different diseases with symptom frequencies each but a proper database containing hundreds if not thousands of diseases with symptom frequencies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19718" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-05-29T08:16:13.983" LastActivityDate="2020-06-11T21:44:33.973" Title="Medical database with symptom frequencies" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23765" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23776" CreationDate="2020-05-28T16:23:40.467" Score="3" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prostaglandins are involved with &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27713354/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;promoting various renal functions&lt;/a&gt;. Therefore, NSAIDs, like indomethacin which inhibits protaglandin formation through COX enzyme inhibition, tend to have many &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/indomethacin-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;side-effects related to the kidneys&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since corticosteroids like prednisone also affects prostaglandin synthesis, &lt;strong&gt;why are there relatively &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/sfx/prednisone-side-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fewer kidney-related side-effects&lt;/a&gt; of corticosteroids compared to NSAIDs&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gamu4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gamu4.png&quot; alt=&quot;Arachidonic pathway from http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/introduction_to_eicosanoids&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T17:40:27.200" Title="Why do corticosteroids have few kidney-related side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;renal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23766" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-28T16:25:19.280" Score="1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;After doing some brief research online it appears choline can have an effect on the electrical system of the heart, there are several medical papers online that discuss this topic, however I'm not medically savvy enough to decipher exactly what's going on there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some examples of what I came across:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9388050/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cardiovascular Effects of Central Choline During Endotoxin Shock in the Rat&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1129.4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A Genetic Deficiency in Presynaptic Choline Uptake Leads to Resting Tachycardia and Diminished Vagal Reserve&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11376622/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Induction of atrial tachycardia and fibrillation in the mouse heart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason why someone prone to tachycardia should avoid supplementing with a standard dose of Choline (300mg)? Alpha-GPC for example, or Choline Bitartrate. Would there be any risk of inducing tachycardia due to the Choline supplement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19721" LastEditorUserId="19721" LastEditDate="2020-05-29T15:44:20.313" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T15:44:20.313" Title="Should people with tachycardia avoid choline supplements?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23767" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23744" CreationDate="2020-05-28T16:56:37.353" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/biology-of-warfarin-and-modulators-of-inr-control&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UpToDate&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;At levels of therapeutic anticoagulation, VKAs (vitamin K antagonists) typically cause only &lt;strong&gt;mild prolongation (or do not prolong)&lt;/strong&gt; the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and they do not prolong the anti-factor Xa activity level, a test typically used to measure the effect of heparin or direct oral factor Xa inhibitors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was not able to find a mechanism for why VKAs might not prolong aPTT, but there is evidence to suggest that it can prolong aPTT, especially at higher doses and has an &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/206123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;additive effect when administered with heparin&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As your question alluded to, factor VII has the shortest half-life (4-6 hours), which makes the PT/INR coagulation tests most sensitive for testing warfarin's anticoagulation effect. Higher levels of warfarin might prolong aPTT, but is not as reliable for monitoring warfarin's effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-05-28T17:54:29.770" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T17:54:29.770" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23768" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23432" CreationDate="2020-05-28T18:49:50.517" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The virus has actually continued to spread during the lockdowns, just at a slower pace than if no lockdown had been imposed. See for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/NovelCoronavirusOutbreak2020COVID19/DataDashboard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Washington state in the USA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hope is that the lockdowns have reduced the spread of infections to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linear or sub-linear rather than exponential growth&lt;/a&gt;. Linear or sub-linear growth provides an opportunity for other measures to be effective, like wide spread testing followed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/open-america/contact-tracing-resources.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fphp%2Fopen-america%2Fcontact-tracing.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contact tracing&lt;/a&gt;. If test and trace works, this would allow quarantine of only those who actually have the virus, or are known to have been exposed, rather than asking that &lt;em&gt;everyone&lt;/em&gt; stay in lockdown preemptively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/world/coronavirus-response-lessons-learned-intl/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;It is argued that extensive contact tracing followed by targeted quarantine is what has allowed Germany, Taiwan, and South Korea&lt;/a&gt; to avoid the massive outbreaks seen in Italy, Spain, and the Americas. However, if the number of new infections was doubling every few days, no testing and tracing system would be able to keep up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastActivityDate="2020-05-28T18:49:50.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23769" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-29T02:01:39.497" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Worldometer is a popular website&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It mentions percentage of critical cases as 2% &#xA;It also mentions that in closed cases, 12% cases resulted in death&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is to be considered death rate? 2% or 12?&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uUZMA.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uUZMA.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;cov&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15290" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T02:01:39.497" Title="Confusion regarding death rate of covid19? 2% 0r 12%?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-05-29T03:59:12.570" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23772" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23764" CreationDate="2020-05-29T09:46:12.437" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature Communications&lt;/a&gt; have such a database.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Human symptoms–disease network&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;XueZhong Zhou, Jörg Menche, Albert-László Barabási &amp;amp; Amitabh Sharma&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Published: 26 June 2014&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They count the number of times a disease and a symptom keywords both appear on the same &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PudMed&lt;/a&gt; article, and assign a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TF-IDF&lt;/a&gt; value to each pair.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In their words:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acquisition of symptom and disease relationships&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The association between symptoms and diseases were then quantified using term co-occurrence (number of PubMed identifiers in which two terms appear together;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Link to the database:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fncomms5212/MediaObjects/41467_2014_BFncomms5212_MOESM1045_ESM.txt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fncomms5212/MediaObjects/41467_2014_BFncomms5212_MOESM1045_ESM.txt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5212#Sec18&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Supplementary Data 3&lt;/a&gt; from the article)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T08:25:35.350" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23774" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-29T12:42:25.983" Score="5" ViewCount="102" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several countries and states are leaving or have partially left the lockdown and, with constraints, are recovering economical activity after getting hit by the covid-19 crisis. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO has warned that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/29/second-wave-coronavirus-uk-winter-peak-covid/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;there &lt;em&gt;could&lt;/em&gt; be a second wave (likely to occur this fall) of covid-19&lt;/a&gt;, coinciding with other seasonal diseases like the common flu. Several scientists are also &lt;em&gt;warning&lt;/em&gt; about this fact (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/harvard-epidemiologist-beware-covid-19-s-second-wave-fall&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/04/21/coronavirus-secondwave-cdcdirector/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). These personalities are warning that this could occur and that it could be more devastating, but to my knowledge we do not have a probabilistic prediction of the likelihood of this to happen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if we have some unified intergovernmental probabilistic prediction for this to happen. Something that encompasses all the scientific predictions made (ensemble prediction)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13787" LastEditorUserId="13787" LastEditDate="2020-05-29T12:58:03.457" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T10:28:34.970" Title="Is there a standard projection (or ensemble of proyections) about whether a second wave of COVID-19 will occur?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23776" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23765" CreationDate="2020-05-29T17:31:29.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Corticosteroids block the enzyme Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which catalyses the first step in arachidonic acid synthesis pathway. But, NSAIDs blocks activity of cyclooxygenases (COX 1 and COX 2). &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, by blocking this pathway at first step  completely prevents the formation of of Arachidonic acid, but when this pathway is blocked later at step performed by COX enzyme, other inflammatory pathways are still active which are performed by Lipoxygenases (LOX). LOX enzyme is involved in synthesizes of leukotrienes which are responsible for inducing inflammatory damage to kidneys.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WPyw3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/WPyw3.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="17055" LastEditDate="2020-05-29T17:40:27.200" LastActivityDate="2020-05-29T17:40:27.200" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23777" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23794" CreationDate="2020-05-29T20:56:11.943" Score="2" ViewCount="1127" Body="&lt;p&gt;During COVID-19, we've heard many comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 and the Flu, especially in terms of the case fatality rate (CFR). Currently, the Flu is thought to be around 0.1%, and according to the latest CDC estimates (as of 2020-05-28), COVID-19 is around 0.4% (or 0.26% when including asymptomatic cases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't been able to find any information about the Common Cold's CFR. Do we have any estimates for where that sits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19730" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T11:27:21.480" Title="What is the Fatality Rate of the Common Cold?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23780" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23787" CreationDate="2020-05-30T15:31:59.907" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the anti-D will coat the fetal Rh+ RBCs, and since these have been marked by IgG, they will get phagocytosed among other things that will result in their destruction. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the RBCs get phagocytosed, isn't there the possibility that the antigens produced in that phagocytosis get presented to lymphocytes, causing sensitization to the Rh antigen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19664" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T22:38:14.357" Title="How come Anti-D administered to Rh-negative mothers doesn't cause sensitization to the Rh antigen" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-30T15:32:41.823" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;In France, it is commons to end a meal with a fruit. Also in different part of the world:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I grew up having traditional Chinese dinners cooked by my grandmother most nights. Her large dining table usually seated an assortment of extended family, and my grandmother always presided at the head of the table. After everybody finished dinner, we all knew what was coming: fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fruit has long been the traditional ending to Chinese meals, even in restaurants, where servers bring out orange wedges to close the meal. It’s a nod to the fact that the main savory portion of the meal is over, but to be honest, dessert isn’t a strong point in Chinese cuisine, and most restaurants don’t even serve any besides fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thekitchn.com/in-defense-of-fruit-for-dessert-221163&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In Defense of Fruit for Dessert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a medical research or any serious document about this question: &amp;quot;Is it bad to eat fruits after a meal?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched online and I found some answers, but since nutrition is often rigged by new age pseudo-science and I am a neophyte is this subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First an article from healthxchange.sg: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthxchange.sg/Pages/CatalogItem-Health-Sections.aspx?TermStoreId=150d80a0-5d76-4adb-8a10-0d293618625b&amp;amp;TermSetId=af57dbb9-fbb1-4981-9862-b3026b035d3b&amp;amp;TermId=191bfa0a-c3cb-409b-9fa2-2894f7530082&amp;amp;UrlSuffix=fruit-before-after-meals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should Fruit Be Eaten Before or After Meals?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article starts with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should fruits be eaten before or after meals, and other nutrition FAQs answered by the Department of Upper GI &amp;amp; Bariatric Surgery at Singapore General Hospital.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well. Lets continue. Who are we reading exactly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr Shanker Pasupathy, Visiting Consultant, ​Department of Upper GI &amp;amp; Bariatric Surgery, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the SingHealth​ group, answers these and other food- and mealtime-related questions, debunking popular nutrition myths and presenting the facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seems legit. What are we learning for our question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Myth 1: Fruit should be eaten on an empty stomach, if it is eaten with other foods it can cause fermentation and rot in the stomach, affecting digestion&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fact: &lt;strong&gt;Fruit can be eaten at any time and it can be eaten along with other foods&lt;/strong&gt;. The body produces digestive enzymes for protein, fat, and carbohydrates which help it digest mixed meals. Besides, since the stomach has a high concentration of hydrochloric acid, bacteria is killed before it is able to reproduce so fermentation cannot take place in the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets move to another article from food.ndtv.com: &lt;a href=&quot;https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/should-you-eat-fruits-before-or-after-a-meal-1833330&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Should You Eat Fruits Before Or After A Meal?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article starts with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With all the recognised health benefits of eating fruits, why do people suggest one shouldn't eat fruits at certain time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are we learning for our question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Macrobiotic Coach and Nutritionist, Shilpa Arora ND agrees, &amp;quot;Fruits are a meal in itself. They should never be combined with main meals. The sugar in fruits gets fermented if they are digested with heavy proteins that usually take time in digestive processes.&amp;quot; Dr. Zamurrud Patel, Consultant Dietitian, Global Hospitals Mumbai suggests, &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;Eating fruits right after a meal is not a great idea&lt;/strong&gt;, as it may not be digested properly. The nutrients may not be absorbed properly either. You need to leave a gap of at least 30 minutes between a meal and a fruit snack.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So we should not eat fruits during or just after a meal. The article add another quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Dr. Patel, &amp;quot;Fruits should be eaten in the morning after a glass of water. If you eat fruits on empty stomach, it will play a major role in detoxifying your system, supplying you with a great deal of energy for weight loss and other life activities. Ideally, fruits should be best eaten first thing in the morning, between breakfast and lunch and in the evening as snacks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And concludes later on:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fruits are definitely the healthiest foods; however, it is good to ensure their intake at the right time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another article from the Time of India: &lt;a href=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/the-right-way-to-eat-fruits/articleshow/10915750.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The right way to eat fruits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who are we talking with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutritionist, Naini Setalvad tells us what the right way to eat fruits is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can read almost the same text than in the previous article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The best time to eat fruits is first thing in the morning after a glass of water. Eating fruits right after a meal is not a great idea, as it may not be digested properly. The nutrients may not be absorbed properly either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets add one more source, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.md-health.com/Best-Time-to-Eat-Fruits.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;When Is the Best Time to Have Fruits?&lt;/a&gt; by md-health.com:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fruits are recommended to be eaten on an empty stomach in the morming or in between meals because at this time digestion happens fairly quick and also different types of enzymes are used by the body to digest the fruit. Fruits contain simple sugars, which need time to be completely absorbed by the body. When fruits are eaten in between meals or on empty stomach, all the nutrients, the fiber and simple sugars are processed well in the body. This ensures that you have benefitted optimally from the consumption of the fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bear in mind eating fruit right after a meal is not a good idea. The ideal time gap should be at least 30 minutes after the meal&lt;/strong&gt;. If a person suffers from diabetes or digestive ailments like acidity, they should eat fruits 2 hours after a meal or 1 hour before the meal. Sometimes diabetics is associated with digestive problems and hence this is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[emphasis added]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also add:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another best time to eat fruits is pre or post workout. You can eat fruits before or immediately after a workout session. The sugars in fruits will be used by the body for getting immediate energy before workout and will help in refilling the emptied energy stores in the body after workout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So here am I. Is there any medical research or any serious document which is not from a blog posting Personal Health, Diet &amp;amp; Fitness stories? Should I stop eating fruit just after a meal? Is it better than nothing or am I spoiling most of the fruits benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19733" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T15:38:52.970" Title="Is it bad to eat fruits after a meal?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fruits&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-05-30T16:22:26.683" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23782" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23905" CreationDate="2020-05-30T16:12:02.330" Score="0" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this YouTube video part &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/sjDuwc9KBps?t=544&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PSA Grocery Shopping Tips in COVID-19 (See Important Notes Below)&lt;/a&gt; Dr. mentions how to disinfect food, particularly fruit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would be enough to put all fruits and vegetables on soapy water and left them there for 20 seconds and after that rinse them up and putting friction on them to remove all the soap and virus/bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that is, don't putting friction on them, for 20 seconds, while they are on the soapy water. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all, meanwhile I'm rising one by one with water, the other fruits and vegetables would be still on soapy water which means that  they would be more than 20 seconds there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other alternatives to properly wash fruits and vegetables?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T17:56:20.910" Title="Properly disinfecting fruits and vegetables from COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-30T17:12:06.497" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;This statement is from the book, 'What your doctor doesn't know about nutritional medicine may be killing you', by Dr. Ray Strand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He seems to me to be saying that people nowadays are 'dying of degenerative diseases' rather than of 'old age', whatever that means. What do you think he means by 'dying of old age', and how is it different from dying of degenerative diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a student of mathematics and (perhaps clearly) have no medical background. This book was recommended to me by someone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19735" LastEditorUserId="19735" LastEditDate="2020-05-30T17:36:17.947" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T17:36:17.947" Title="What could the following statement mean? 'No one seems to die of old age anymore.'" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;preventative-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23784" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23785" CreationDate="2020-05-30T12:06:41.693" Score="1" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;General WHO recommendation says that handwash should last for 20 seconds or more.&lt;br&gt; &#xA;Why not 15, why not 30? &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the biological relevance of the recommended time period?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19736" OwnerDisplayName="Just another person" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T18:44:00.207" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T18:44:00.207" Title="Why handwash should last for 20 seconds or more?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23785" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23784" CreationDate="2020-05-30T19:03:05.197" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is something people have been studying since 1847 when &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ignaz Semmelweis&lt;/a&gt; hypothesized that childbed fever was caused by physicians assisting at deliveries without cleaning their hands (sometimes coming directly from autopsies or cadaver dissections).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then there have been thousands of experiments performed to find the best methods of hand sanitizing, including what cleaning chemicals to use, and how long, and how vigorously to wash. You can read a review of some of the relevant research in this publication from the CDC: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The destruction of microbes by soap and water is due to chemical reactions. Chemical reactions take time, and of course there are many variables: What kind of microbe? How much soap is suspended int the water? How hot is the water? Are the hands covered in caked dirt or grease? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with any numerical threshold, there is an element of arbitrariness about it. It's not an absolute guarantee, but people can't realistically respond to vague directives. If you simply tell people to 'wash their hands' some of them will simply stick their hands under a trickle of water for 5 seconds and call it good (I know this from when I was an 11 year old). From the experiments mentioned above we know this will leave lots of active microbes. On the other hand if you tell people to wash their hands for two hours, they won't be able to do it, and it would cause secondary issues like cracking and irritation of the skin. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you do a bunch of experiments, and you pick an average time that is practicable, and that will prevent, say, 99% of infections from the microbes people are commonly exposed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-05-30T19:10:06.817" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T19:10:06.817" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23820" CreationDate="2020-05-30T21:32:36.500" Score="-1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;Watching the sun can cause eye damage. Can watching lightning be dangerous for one's eyesight (assuming not directly or indirectly hit by the lightning strike)? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only study I have found so far, {1}, only considers cases were the patients were physically hit by the lightning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3UdtO.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3UdtO.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The book {2} might have the answer but I don't have access to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Pradhan, Eli, Anadi Khatri, Akwasi Agyeman Ahmed, Ang Jangmu Lama, Roshija Khanal, Leena Bajracharya, and Srijana Adhikari. &quot;Lightning injury to eye: brief review of the literature and case series.&quot; Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ) 14 (2020): 597.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Andrews, Christopher Joh. Lightning injuries: electrical, medical, and legal aspects. CRC Press, 2018.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T18:43:14.167" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T03:43:17.217" Title="Can watching lightning be dangerous for one's eyesight (assuming not directly or indirectly hit by the lightning strike)?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;light&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23780" CreationDate="2020-05-30T22:38:14.357" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00924_1.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2006 review article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;In summary, the evidence indicates that prevention of RhD immunization by prophylactic anti‐D might occur both by &lt;strong&gt;rapid macrophage‐mediated clearance of anti‐D–coated RBCs&lt;/strong&gt; and/or by &lt;strong&gt;down regulation of immature DCs or anti‐D–specific B cells&lt;/strong&gt; before development of the anti‐D response occurs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The author states that the macrophage-mediated clearance is most likely the predominant mechanism of prophaylactic anti-D's effects on maternal immune response. This is because &quot;&lt;em&gt;the flow of RBCs is predominantly through the red pulp (the site of destruction of IgG‐coated RBCs) and few RBCs enter the white pulp (areas of immune response generation)&lt;/em&gt;&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;These [macrophage IgG Fc] receptors recognize cell‐bound IgG “labeling” target cells to which immunity has developed, mediating their accelerated phagocytosis and destruction. This is a &lt;strong&gt;noninflammatory process&lt;/strong&gt;, avoiding unnecessary collateral tissue damage. Immune responses to blood‐borne antigens take place in the white pulp.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, rapid clearance of anti‐D–coated RBCs by splenic macrophages in red pulp is non-inflammatory and will prevent a maternal (B-cell) immune response to RhD antigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Kumpel BM. On the immunologic basis of Rh immune globulin (anti‐D) prophylaxis. Transfusion 2006;46:1271‐1275.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-05-30T22:38:14.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-05-31T16:53:58.477" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in sleep quality measuring and by seeing &lt;a href=&quot;https://sci-hub.tw/10.1109/ICHI.2014.24&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Towards Benchmarked Sleep Detection with Inertial Wrist-worn Sensing Units&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen this part paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IpcZN.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IpcZN.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So i like to know which one could better estimate sleep quality ;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomnography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;polysomnography (PSG)&lt;/a&gt; indexing or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Sleep_Quality_Index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)&lt;/a&gt; or any more completed index ( which i don't know now!)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe based of &lt;a href=&quot;https://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s00779-017-1038-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; paper part diary are better indexing?:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3F54M.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3F54M.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14830" LastEditorUserId="14830" LastEditDate="2020-05-31T17:08:54.083" LastActivityDate="2020-05-31T17:08:54.083" Title="Best Sleep quality index: polysomnography (PSG) , The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) or" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23791" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23777" CreationDate="2020-06-01T02:48:36.497" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had trouble finding any specific estimates for your question after various searches, but given the common cold is much milder than the flu, one can presume it is significantly less than the CFR of the flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue with the common cold isn't the virus itself, but instead the complications that patients can get after the virus, which can rarely but potentially become dangerous. For instance, a bacterial sinus infection can develop -- in children, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11533355/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5-13% of bacterial sinus infections have a preceding viral infection&lt;/a&gt;. Serious but rare neurological diseases, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5991291/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guillain-Barre Syndrome&lt;/a&gt;, can also occur after a common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The common cold can also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369215353794?casa_token=sYuwlTkcj9UAAAAA:cfxpxmeoiWCNRRkzz0MdhxsbSxGwkk_zspZmtglVcrn4N6mwVGLTyNtuRQRcx97JnwKYdATbzw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exacerbate the symptoms&lt;/a&gt; one has from other health conditions, such as COPD, which is a common cause for hospitalization among adults with COPD. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T02:48:36.497" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23777" CreationDate="2020-06-01T10:19:31.590" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;SARS-Cov-2 is a distinct virus that causes a distinct disease: COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virus influenzae is a distinct virus (or a term for a small group of similar viruses) that causes a distinct disease: seasonal influenza or &quot;flu.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is why you can compare death rates of SARS-Cov-2 and influenza virus, or COVID-19 and flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/common_cold/article.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common cold&lt;/a&gt;&quot; refers to a group of various viral infections of the nose and throat, which can be caused by at least 200 different viruses. This means you can't compare death rates of a diverse group of diseases called common cold and a single disease, such as COVID-19 or flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a common cold extends to the lower respiratory tract, it is, by definition, no longer called common cold, but laryngitis, bronchitis or pneumonia, for example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a person gets a common cold that becomes complicated as pneumonia and dies from it, the cause of death is recorded as pneumonia not as a common cold.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you stick with a definition of common cold linked above:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Common cold is a &lt;em&gt;self-limited&lt;/em&gt; contagious disease that can be caused by a&#xA;  number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically&#xA;  referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...then you can't even say that common cold is deadly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastEditorUserId="3002" LastEditDate="2020-06-01T11:27:21.480" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T11:27:21.480" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23795" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23808" CreationDate="2020-06-01T11:31:57.187" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;How effective would dissolving chlorine dioxide tablets in a bucket of water be for sterilizing a room from the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Would the vapors be enough?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19744" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T19:15:10.057" Title="Effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in fighting COVID-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sterilization&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-01T16:50:23.813" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finding a cure for the common cold has long been an unattainable holy grail of medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The common cold is caused by over 200 different strains of viruses (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Common cold - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The viruses mutate frequently (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold#Prevention&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;#Prevention&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronaviruses are one cause of the common cold (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold#Viruses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;#Viruses&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above facts imply that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Finding a vaccination for SARS-Cov-2 (causes COVID-19 disease) is very unlikely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even if there were a vaccination for it, mutations would render it relatively ineffective.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Acquired immunity will similarly be of little help.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;COVID-19 (or something like it) will eventually become as prevalent as the common cold.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once this transition period is over, is there any reason to believe that COVID-19 won't have become a common and recurrent disease (similar to the common cold) that will simply be an inevitable danger, especially for the elderly and immune compromised?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-06-02T13:06:03.500" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T07:44:43.337" Title="What is the long-term COVID-19 outlook?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23797" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23798" CreationDate="2020-06-01T17:47:00.140" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I've heard in one interview with a Professor of Epidemiology, that in my country the epidemic curve of COVID-19 is not flattened (contrary to popular opinion), but rather is truncated at the level of diagnostic efficiency. He argued, that this phenomenon is caused by too few tests being performed. Could you explain, why it might be the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19747" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T21:53:06.657" Title="What does it mean, that an epidemic curve is truncated at the level of diagnostic efficiency?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23798" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23797" CreationDate="2020-06-01T21:53:06.657" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The epidemic curve depends on diagnostic methods and definitions.  If your case definition requires a positive rt-PCR without typical clinical symptoms, and you don't do enough testing, then it will appear that your epidemic curve is flattening whereas you are only diagnosing symptomatic and severe cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an extreme example Wuhan had thought they had virtually eliminated the virus &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Wuhan, which had only five active cases as of Friday, used a number of different methods to assess everyone, from diagnostics that look for active infections to antibody measurements that detect markers in the blood for exposure to the coronavirus. Makeshift tents were set up in residential compounds across the city to swab throats or noses with the results likely to be closely watched internationally given China’s position as the first major economy to emerge from COVID-19 lockdowns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but on recent retesting of the 11 M population they have picked up 206 asymptomatic cases so far.  Those asymptomatic cases could cause the epidemic to flare up at any time so it's not curve flattening at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As of Saturday, the central Chinese metropolis had conducted 6.68 million so-called nucleic acid tests (NATs) and discovered 206 asymptomatic cases across more than 10 districts, according to notices from the municipal health commission. Disease control authorities announced the initiative on May 11, making Wuhan, where the pandemic erupted last year, the first major Chinese city to roll out mandatory mass testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/05/30/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/china-testing-coronavirus-wuhan/#.XtV3zmgzZEY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/05/30/asia-pacific/science-health-asia-pacific/china-testing-coronavirus-wuhan/#.XtV3zmgzZEY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-05-26/mass-testing-finds-more-than-200-asymptomatic-covid-19-cases-in-wuhan-101559009.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-05-26/mass-testing-finds-more-than-200-asymptomatic-covid-19-cases-in-wuhan-101559009.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-06-01T21:53:06.657" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23799" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-02T00:14:48.170" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its no big secret that damp and mold can make people sick, sometimes severely so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However if you ask a doctor for a letter saying damp and mold is making you physically sick, they are reluctant and don't want to commit.  Why so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3769" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T00:14:48.170" Title="Why are doctors reluctant to say damp and mold are making a person physically sick?" Tags="&lt;mold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-06-02T01:01:44.353" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23815" CreationDate="2020-06-02T10:29:50.100" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Oregon, my local news station said that many local businesses, such as airports, are requiring that everyone wear masks or face coverings to slow the spread of COVID-19. They said that those who were less than two years of age, and those with medical conditions or disabilities that prevented them from wearing such a mask would be exempt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I first heard this announcement about two weeks ago, so I Googled simple phrases like&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;medical condition prevent wearing mask&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/anti-maskers-say-they-cant-wear-masks-because-medical-conditions-2020-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one article&lt;/a&gt; came up, although it was largely based on rumours and political choices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if anyone can provide further clarification on whether there has actually been any study to prove or disprove these claims, that would be excellent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13350" LastEditorUserId="13350" LastEditDate="2020-06-03T12:18:16.950" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T15:38:57.740" Title="What are some medical conditions and disabilities that might prevent someone from wearing a face covering during the COVID-19 outbreak?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;pandemic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23805" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14430" CreationDate="2020-06-02T16:32:22.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is caused by mutation in genes namely &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PKD1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PKD1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PKD2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PKD2&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PKHD1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PKHD1&lt;/a&gt;. In this disease cysts are formed in kidneys. The growth of cysts can result in kidney failure. Cysts may also spread in other organs,such as livee, blood vessels in the brain and heart. This disease is classified into two types: Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). ADKPD is the most common type of inherited kidney disease and symptoms may appear later in life. Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) is a rare genetic condition. Symptoms of this disease start before child's birth and causes life-threatening problems in infants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ADPKD is not difficult to diagnose, if one has family history of this disorder.  In case of patients who don't have family history of ADPKD, it is difficult to diagnose. This can be diagnosed with ultrasound or genetic testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it is disease caused due to genetic mutation, it can't be cured or prevented. But yes, early detection and treatment can prevent mortality and minimize morbidity. Prenatal screening  and genetic counselling can reduce the incidence of inherited disorders. And by making some lifestyle changes one can control this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, new therapeutic interventions using gene therapy mainly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.genengnews.com/insights/crispr-jump-starts-gene-therapy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CRISPR&lt;/a&gt; will definitely cure this disease permanently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/other-kidney-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/other-kidney-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/polycystic-kidney-disease#:~:text=Inheritance%20Pattern,mutation%20from%20one%20affected%20parent&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/polycystic-kidney-disease#:~:text=Inheritance%20Pattern,mutation%20from%20one%20affected%20parent&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T16:32:22.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23808" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23795" CreationDate="2020-06-02T19:15:10.057" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Chlorine dioxide is generally used for disinfection. In hospitals (where contamination rate is high) for disinfecting the surfaces,  2000 mg/L of chlorine dioxide is used, and for spraying 1000 mg/L of chlorine dioxide is used to disinfect the air. And at airports 250 - 500 mg/L chlorine dioxide is used for sterilization. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And vapors are not enough for sterilizing room, it works by applying that disinfecting solution onto the surfaces or by spraying into air. Check out this &lt;a href=&quot;https://quiplabs.com/product/mb-10-tablets/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;, to know how these chlorine dioxide tablets work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://selfhacked.com/blog/chlorine-dioxide/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chlorine dioxide can be hazardous to human health, so use it with utmost precautions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159873/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159873/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.iata.org/contentassets/7e8b4f8a2ff24bd5a6edcf380c641201/airport-preventing-spread-of-coronavirus-disease-2019.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.iata.org/contentassets/7e8b4f8a2ff24bd5a6edcf380c641201/airport-preventing-spread-of-coronavirus-disease-2019.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2020-06-02T19:15:10.057" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23809" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23587" CreationDate="2020-06-03T01:34:35.460" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure about the WHO, but this article might help in Sports Medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-020-01295-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Challenge of Maintaining Metabolic Health During a Global Pandemic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19754" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T01:34:35.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23811" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23796" CreationDate="2020-06-03T07:44:43.337" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's premature to say that there will be no vaccine.  The Moderna RNA vaccine entered phase 2 studies a few days ago, and phase 3 is scheduled to start with 30,0000 users in 20 centers in the first week of July, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other vaccines are going into trials shortly after this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the main concern is the durability of the immune response so it may mean that one needs to be re-vaccinated after a year of whatever period one's immune response lasts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The companies are going to start making vaccine for use during the phase 3 trial hoping that the vaccine works and before the results come in which is expected towards October 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MH-3ICY-N4&amp;amp;t=563s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MH-3ICY-N4&amp;amp;t=563s&lt;/a&gt; (Interview with Anthony Fauci)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T07:44:43.337" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23812" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-03T07:45:20.703" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope it's okay to ask a layman question here.&#xA;I am translating one of the episodes of Grey's Anatomy (S5E9) and came upon this dialogue: &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Bailey: OK, yeah, that's right. Grey, tie it off while Yang holds the clamp in place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Grey: &lt;strong&gt;Stick-tie or ligature suture&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Bailey: Whatever works. You have to do what feels right to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Dr. Grey: Ligature suture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think stick-tie is a type of suture, am I right? Does it have a full name or official name (is stick-tie colloquial)?&#xA;Another (and my real) problem is the term ligature suture. I can't find what it is... I found that stick-tie is actually &quot;suture ligature,&quot; but here it mentions ligature suture and apparently differentiates the two terms.&#xA;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19756" LastEditorUserId="613" LastEditDate="2020-06-14T19:40:23.293" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T19:40:23.293" Title="Suture types (layman question)" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-03T14:22:14.547" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Non-medical person here, but my question, I think, is on topic for this site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every time after I've gotten a vaccine injection I've always been given a variation of the same advice - &quot;Don't wash/wet that place today/24h&quot;. I once ignored that just to see what happens, and the site got reddish, swelled a bit and became sensitive for a few days. Perhaps some sort of inflammation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I don't understand is - why? The puncture hole is tiny and closes almost instantaneously. There's no way any infection can get in through there, right? And if it was just about infection, I'd expect to see the same reaction any time I cut myself by accident. More so because those wounds usually close much slower. But that doesn't happen. What's going on here? Is this even true, or just a part of local medical tradition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried searching for this on the internet but I cannot find anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19758" LastEditorUserId="19758" LastEditDate="2020-06-05T12:00:55.417" LastActivityDate="2020-06-05T12:00:55.417" Title="Why should you not wash injection site after a vaccine (layman question)?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;injections&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23802" CreationDate="2020-06-03T15:33:34.723" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My interpretation of this advice is that it is creating a necessary loophole for, say, someone's physician to state that a patient should not wear a mask. Maybe it would include people on supplemental oxygen or with respiratory difficulties. Could also include people with injuries on the face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The point is that it is vague on purpose; it doesn't intend to make any specific claims or allude to a particular condition (if it did, it would state that condition). I would not expect there to be any study of this because the circumstances involved are all going to be &amp;quot;special cases&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An airport isn't qualified to act as everyone's personal physician, and does not feel safe giving medical/public health advice that cannot be overruled, as this could lead to a lawsuit if they were to, say, expel someone from their premises who had a legally protected reason to not wear a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;amp;SID=2ab2aab2d3d2fd0f544a5ce7aad8f04c&amp;amp;rgn=div5&amp;amp;view=text&amp;amp;node=28:1.0.1.1.37&amp;amp;idno=28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Title III&lt;/a&gt; of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a relevant law, and includes protections and requires accommodations for those with disabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did find one public health source (and I'm sure there are others, just using this as a particular example) that has some &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oakbluffsma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4634/Face-Covering-QandA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more specific exemptions&lt;/a&gt; which included:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who cannot breathe safely;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who, due to a behavioral health diagnosis, are unable to do so;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those communicating with people who rely on lip-reading;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those who require supplemental oxygen to breathe;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, #1 is a broad category allowing for people to get personal opinions from their doctor that their breathing is impaired by a mask, #2 and #3 are likely important from an ADA compliance perspective. You don't really need a scientific study to show that people who communicate with lip-reading can't do so when the people speaking are wearing a mask, or that people with mental health issues with wearing a mask have issues with wearing a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T15:38:57.740" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23816" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-03T19:17:26.193" Score="3" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;A key step of the organ transplant process is matching, where blood type, leukocyte antigens, crossmatch antibodies, etc. are checked to ensure compatibility. If these tests pass, and the organ is found to be free of transmissible disease, the organ is transplanted, and the recipient typically spends the remainder of his or her life on anti-rejection drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are these drugs necessary, if the organ is a match for the recipient? What are the factors that need to match, and why isn't this testing enough to prevent rejection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15582" LastActivityDate="2020-06-03T19:17:26.193" Title="Why are anti-rejection drugs necessary in organ transplant?" Tags="&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;&lt;transplant-rejection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-06-07T14:55:34.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21510" CreationDate="2020-06-04T02:36:16.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is literature to support that wearing a mask decreases transmission of infection ([Leung, N.H.L., Chu, D.K.W., Shiu, E.Y.C. et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med 26, 676–680 (2020).&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;), however, there is exceedingly limited evidence that wearing an improvised mask is anywhere near as effective as standard protective equipment (N95 respirator or better).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, with that said, although I wear a powered air purifying respirator at work (and my company owns the equipment specifically for my personal use, so I could in theory use it elsewhere), I use a homemade cotton mask when outside of home for routine tasks (shopping, getting the vehicle fixed, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As others have said, wearing a mask is for protection of others from droplets that you might generate, and as such these masks function similar to how the surgical mask was designed (to protect the patient from the surgeon, not vice versa). If everyone was to wear a mask, this could be compared to the concept of &quot;herd immunity&quot; where people are protecting each other. It is a bigger concept than purely personal protection, which an improvised mask fails at any way you wish to look at it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T02:36:16.067" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23819" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23812" CreationDate="2020-06-04T02:50:54.140" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not familiar with the particular media you have referenced, but there are many suture techniques that have been taught to generations of medical students from Ethicon (a manufacturer of sutures) with their &lt;a href=&quot;http://surgsoc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ethicon-Knot-Tying-Manual.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Knot Tying Manual&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As someone credentialed in many surgical procedures, but not actually a surgeon, I will admit that neither of the terms used are things I would consider uttering. However, what I believe would be referred to as a &quot;stick tie&quot; is actually a ligature suture where the bleeding vessel is clamped with a hemostat and a loop of suture is tied around the tip of the hemostat (see page 27 of the link above). In my practice of emergency medicine, the much more common method of ligation for bleeding vessels is a figure-of-eight suture. It is very infrequent for someone such as myself to be able to actually grab a large vessel with hemostats and to be the person to definitively manage the wound.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T02:50:54.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23786" CreationDate="2020-06-04T03:33:45.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Electrical arcs, which would be the issue here, are well-known to be energetic enough to create ultraviolet light that is powerful enough in some cases to cause eye injury (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photokeratitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&quot;ultraviolet keratitis&quot; or &quot;welder's flash&quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the average garage welder that is the culprit of such injury is unlikely to be more energetic than 250 amps of current producing the electrical arc, with the welder's face being within, at most, three feet of their face (the arm span of a person is approximately equal to their height, and welding torches are not typically exceptionally long beyond their handle as it would make placing the weld accurately horrifically difficult). Lightning strikes, however, are many orders of magnitude larger (at approximately &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-voltage-and-amperage-of-an-average-lightning-bolt#:~:text=answers%20vary%20but%20his%20is,watt%20lightbulb%20for%203%20months.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;100,000 to 200,000 amps of current&lt;/a&gt;). Lightning that is being &quot;watched&quot; rather than experienced first-hand is likely much further away, possibly multiple miles. Also, lightning lasts mere fractions of a second, whereas welding can be an ongoing arc for minutes at a time (ignoring the AC vs DC welding issue, which in this case is purely theoretical - I have never heard anyone claim that DC stick welding is more hazardous from this perspective because the arc is continuous compared to AC, or pulsed TIG). Based upon the &lt;a href=&quot;https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/yba/M31_velocity/lightcurve/more.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;inverse square law&lt;/a&gt;, and based upon the limited arc time of lightning, it would therefore be much less hazardous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Staring at the sun during an eclipse is an entirely different situation. It is not only a continuously-running nuclear fusion reactor, but it is also the largest of its kind within the solar system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-06-04T03:43:17.217" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T03:43:17.217" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-04T04:27:04.517" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipwdia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (most proximal layer), with the ectoderm as the most exterior (or distal) layer. It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoderm#:~:text=69070,outer%20layer%20of%20germ%20cells.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer), with the endoderm being the innermost layer (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoderm#:~:text=Endoderm%20is%20one%20of%20the,which%20develops%20into%20the%20endoderm.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; ).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the above information, I think in the following text from the book Art and Psychoanalysis by Maria Walsh &quot;Endoderm&quot; and &quot;Ectoderm&quot; have been completely mixed up with each other. Am I right?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Text:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The skin ego or ego skin is the name Anzieu gives to this psychophysiological entity. In fact, Anzieu goes so far as to use the biological development of the embryo as a narrative of the ego’s development, and he gives much weight to how, at the gastrula stage, the skin takes the form of a sac through the invagination of one of its sides, thus forming the two layers necessary for existence outside the womb, the ectoderm and the endoderm. The endoderm’s surface becomes modified by constant exposure to the outside, to heat, cold, touch, forming a crust which becomes ‘baked through’ by stimulation to present favourable conditions for protection of the organism but which also retains its identity as a receptive surface for new stimuli. Novelist A.S. Byatt evocatively describes the sensation of the newly born baby as ‘skin for the first time on skin in the outside air which was warm’. The endoderm protects the body-psyche. The other face of the skin, the ectoderm, turns towards the inside of the body-psyche, where there is no shield from internal stimuli. To protect itself, the embryonic ego skin projects some of these stimuli outwards, at the same time as it receives traces of external perceptions that are filtered or communicated through the endoderm. At this early stage, the baby is mainly a passive receptor of stimuli unaware of the boundaries between its own and the mother’s body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19759" LastActivityDate="2020-06-04T04:27:04.517" Title="Endoderm And Ectoderm" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cells&gt;&lt;embryo&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23724" CreationDate="2020-06-04T13:56:26.070" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5847226/wuhan-10-million-coronavirus-tests/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Time: June 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wuhan Tests Nearly 10 Million People in 19 Days, Finding Just 300 Coronavirus Infections&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;(BEIJING) — The Chinese city of Wuhan, where the coronavirus was first detected late last year, has tested nearly 10 million people in an unprecedented 19-day campaign to check an entire city.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It identified just 300 positive cases, all of whom had no symptoms. The city found no infections among 1,174 close contacts of the people who tested positive, suggesting they were not spreading it easily to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;  &#xA;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Given what's happening in the US and other places in the world, I personally don't believe this number. But, this is what Time says, I just report it.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="734" LastEditorUserId="734" LastEditDate="2020-06-05T04:07:18.450" LastActivityDate="2020-06-05T04:07:18.450" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23825" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-05T01:22:52.417" Score="-1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I wanted to ask, given that most governments imposed quarantine in order to reduce risk of infection and/or not to overwhelm hospitals capacity, I wanted to know if it really makes a difference in certain cases to hospitalize a very ill COVID patient or if that just prolonges his/her death due to the fact that recovery seems to be &quot;spontaneus&quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19765" LastActivityDate="2020-06-05T04:53:01.970" Title="Does COVID 19 hospitalization really helps? or not at all?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;quarantine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-06-05T14:29:16.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23825" CreationDate="2020-06-05T04:46:47.847" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many diseases that can't be cured, but can be kept from being lethal by supportive interventions. At its most basic level this may simply be providing a patient with shelter, food, and water while they fight off the illness. If you've never suffered from a serious illness you may not appreciate that it can weaken you so much that you may not be able to feed your self or even rise from your sick bed. It would be a shame to die of dehydration just about the time your immune system was killing off the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/diagnosed-with-covid-19-what-to-expect&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;We don't have a cure for Covid-19, so if you are infected, the only way you are going to recover is if your immune system is able to mount an effective defense to the virus&lt;/a&gt;. Fortunately this is a natural and inevitable process for most of us. The problem is that it takes time, so there is a race between the damage being done by the virus and the immune system's response. There are many medical interventions that can help you survive the immediate damage, and buy you more time to mount an immune response. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most obvious &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/what-coronavirus-does-to-the-lungs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;damage caused by Covid-19 is to the lungs&lt;/a&gt;. If your lungs aren't working effectively you don't have long to live without assistance of some sort. Hospitals can offer &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.emdocs.net/covid-19-oxygen-escalation-therapy-and-noninvasive-ventilation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oxygen&lt;/a&gt;, put you on a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/15/856768020/new-evidence-suggests-covid-19-patients-on-ventilators-usually-survive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ventilator&lt;/a&gt;, or even &lt;a href=&quot;https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/rounds/when-ventilators-dont-help-covid-19-patients-might&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;artificially oxygenate your blood outside your body&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/05/autopsies-covid-19-patients-reveal-clotting-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thought to cause blood clots&lt;/a&gt;. Blood clots can keep blood from getting to your lungs or other vital organs, but there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200507194907.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs that lower the risk of blood clots forming&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-kidney-damage-caused-by-covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;indications Covid-19 can cause kidney damage&lt;/a&gt;. Being put on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hemodialysis/about/pac-20384824&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dialysis&lt;/a&gt; may be able to cover for your kidney damage long enough for your body to  heal. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7194613/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune system may over-react to the virus and begin attacking your own organs&lt;/a&gt;. There are drugs that can dampen the over-reaction and limit the damage to your organs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ccm.pitt.edu/?q=COVID19/SHOCK&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;All these stresses on the body can send you into shock. Your blood pressure and heart function may drop below what you need to keep you alive. Again there are drugs that can help you recover from this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of these treatments is guaranteed to save the day, but they have helped many people. Managing these treatments is complex, and may require minute by minute monitoring by skilled ICU nurses and doctors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-06-05T04:53:01.970" LastActivityDate="2020-06-05T04:53:01.970" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23831" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-06T07:23:01.083" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen in news that Russia approved the drug Avifavir (favipiravir) for covid treatment.As this drug has significantly reduced the duration of infection.Some scientists Claimed that it is a good news for India because favipiravir is already in advance clinical trials in India.&#xA;My questions are,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will this drug be able to end the pandemic ? &#xA;[ Results had shown that median time of infection reduced to 4-5 days who received this drug &#xA;compared to the placebo group ]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;For this kind of drugs, how much time does it take in advance stage clinical trials. As in India clinical trial (phase - III) started on 12th May, 2020. When the trial will have results ?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not from a medical science background.I am asking this just out of curiosity. I will be grateful if someone respond to my questions.&#xA;Thank You...:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19773" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T07:55:27.517" Title="Efficiency of favipiravir to treat covid 19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-06T15:22:24.833" Score="2" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the following article, &quot;infusion at rates of up to 250 - 400 mL/h have been shown to be well tolerated&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226138/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226138/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean the colon absorbs 250-400 ml of water every hour? And is it being continuously administered by a drip? Or is the fluid administered in a single dose and then left to be absorbed before more is added? I'm not a medical student, so a lot of the terms in the article don't make sense to me. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19775" LastActivityDate="2020-06-06T15:22:24.833" Title="How quickly does the colon absorb water in rectal hydration?" Tags="&lt;colon&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23834" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-06T18:56:55.027" Score="1" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;The body has a set volume of blood, so when someone is given nitrates to vasodilate (primarily) their veins, would this not increase the total volume of the vessels in the body? If this is the case, I feel like this would mean there wouldn't be sufficient blood to fill all vessel in the body? So I am assuming there must be vasoconstriction somewhere else in the body to balance this out, such that the total volume of all vessels remains unchanged. I feel like there is something I am not thinking about here, any help would be appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19777" LastEditorUserId="19777" LastEditDate="2020-06-06T19:10:09.147" LastActivityDate="2020-06-07T15:40:00.187" Title="Does vasodilation in one part of the body mean another part of the body must vasoconstrict?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23837" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23834" CreationDate="2020-06-06T22:26:46.450" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can think of &lt;a href=&quot;https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/blood-flow-blood-pressure-and-resistance-no-content/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;blood volume and blood vessels&lt;/a&gt; as a closed system for your nitrates example. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vasodilation does not change blood volume; it changes the volume the container (the blood vessels) can hold. The result is that with more &quot;room&quot; for the blood to occupy, your &lt;em&gt;blood pressure&lt;/em&gt; falls. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1952052-overview#a2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypertensive emergencies&lt;/a&gt; (e.g. hypertensive encephalopathy) were treated with IV nitrates (now a host of other drugs as well), and why patients new to nitrates are told to sit when they take a dose of sublingual NTG (there may be enough relaxation that the relative hypotension causes lightheadedness.) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;However, it's a dance; baroreceptors will sense the decrease and, yes, some vessels will respond with vasoconstriction.&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-06-07T15:40:00.187" LastActivityDate="2020-06-07T15:40:00.187" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-07T09:50:04.797" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted&#xA;  by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or&#xA;  anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which&#xA;  causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and&#xA;  sugar metabolism. the startle effect releases substances in the body&#xA;  such as adrenaline which cause the heart rate to increase and the&#xA;  heart to beat more vigorously, creating a sensation of panic, heart&#xA;  pounding and heart racing. This is the experience of becoming aware of&#xA;  a natural or normal functioning of the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It looks like some people are more prone to the effect of adrenaline to cause them tachycardia or/and palpitation , the underlying bio-molecular reasons for that difference are missing for me, what makes some people more sensitive to it. is it a sensitivity in their sympathetic nervous system ? is it some receptors on the heart-cells wall ? what are the details of that and were to learn more about it &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source : &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www1.udel.edu/chem/C465/senior/fall00/Performance1/epinephrine.htm.html#:~:text=Epinephrine&amp;amp;text=Epinephrine%2C%20more%20commonly%20known%20as,blood%20pressure%2C%20and%20sugar%20metabolism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www1.udel.edu/chem/C465/senior/fall00/Performance1/epinephrine.htm.html#:~:text=Epinephrine&amp;amp;text=Epinephrine%2C%20more%20commonly%20known%20as,blood%20pressure%2C%20and%20sugar%20metabolism&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16488" LastEditorUserId="16488" LastEditDate="2020-06-08T14:47:09.620" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T14:47:09.620" Title="What are the bio-molecular reasons that makes some people's hearts more reactive to adrenaline that they get palpitation when it rises?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;&lt;hormonal-imbalance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23839" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23667" CreationDate="2020-06-07T09:57:49.257" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There&lt;/a&gt; are described any infections on supermarkets in China. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ten workers became infected in &lt;strong&gt;Liaocheng&lt;/strong&gt;. As a result, there were at least 6 secondary infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were 17 cases in &lt;strong&gt;Wenzhou&lt;/strong&gt;. The patient with the earliest symptoms was a female cleaner. As a result, more than 100,000 people were traced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;strong&gt;Tianjin&lt;/strong&gt;, 6 shop workers and 9 customers were infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An other outbreak is described &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/us/politics/coronavirus-grocery-workers-washington.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, in a Whole Foods market in the near of &lt;strong&gt;Washington&lt;/strong&gt;. There was 16 employees infected. However, there is no information about infections outside the market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17963" LastEditorUserId="17963" LastEditDate="2020-06-07T10:03:45.777" LastActivityDate="2020-06-07T10:03:45.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23840" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24817" CreationDate="2020-06-07T16:24:58.203" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a paediatric patient comes to the clinic with necrosed pulp either due to trauma or caries in one of his/her young permanent tooth then should apexification be done or revascularization? What are the criteria to decide among these two procedures? Since both these procedures have similar indications and contraindications.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-19476-9_9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-07-08T16:06:56.463" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T14:31:50.633" Title="What are the criteria to decide revascularization vs apexification in a young permanent tooth with necrosed pulp?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21000" CreationDate="2020-06-07T17:11:17.250" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main objectives of a root canal treatment are-&#xA;1)To debride and disinfect the root canal system &#xA;2) Sealing the root canals after proper shaping/contouring them, completely with a well compacted inert filling material to eliminate all portals of entry between periodontium and the root canal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now an abscess develops after the infection has reached the periradicular tissues through various foramina of the root canal involving the periodontal ligament and periradicular bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the abscess is actually the purulent exudate.&#xA;During the root canal procedure after the access opening and location of the orifices, each root canals are instrumented within 1mm of the root apex. &#xA;Irrigation (for eradication of microorganisms and complete removal of minute fragments of organic debris, necrotic tissue, etc) and debridement are continuously done. Due to this, purulent discharge escapes into the pulp chamber from the periradicular tissues. As now it has got a way to come out. This now indicates patency of root canal and drainage. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this root canal is sealed with an obturating material. Now since the purulent exudate is out of the area along with bacteria and toxins while cleaning and shaping in RCT what is left in the periradicular area is the affected periapical bone and periradicular ligament which heal in few months. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The swelling due to the abscess if present generally disappears in 24-48 hours after establishment of drainage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However a lot of times the drainage developed by the patent root canal is not enough and in those cases incision is through soft tissue to the bone using scalpel. Trephination (surgical procedure of alveolar cortical plate to create a channel for the release of the accumulated tissue exudate) followed by decompression (placement of a drain tube for facilitating exudate drainage)can also be employed when the abscess is extensive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Extensiveness of an abscess plus whether it's acute or chronic can be assessed by the patient's signs and symptoms as well as radiographic and histologic examination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this clears all your doubts :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References- Grossman's endodontic practice 13th edition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-08T04:45:51.463" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T04:45:51.463" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23844" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-08T06:00:34.123" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a generic question about the usage of n95/99 or higher filtration respirators in high-altitude flights. With current pandemic situation we see many government/airlines are enforcing the use of mask in-flight. Now, although the cabin is usually pressurized to 8000ft when cruising, ambient O2 concentration inside the cabin stays below normal [1,2].  As per the datasheet of 3m n95 respirator - &quot;Do not use in atmosphere containing less than 19.5% oxygen.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the use of respirator in-flight, along with low ambient O2 level, pose possible dangers of hypoxia? Or any other serious illness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Aldrette JA, Aldrette LE. Oxygen concentrations in commercial aircraft flights. South Med J. 1983;76(1):12‐14.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Humphreys, S., Deyermond, R., Bali, I., Stevenson, M., &amp;amp; Fee, J. P. H. The effect of high altitude commercial air travel on oxygen saturation. Anaesthesia. 2005; 60(5), 458-460.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14753" LastEditorUserId="14753" LastEditDate="2020-06-08T07:49:38.840" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T07:49:38.840" Title="Effects of n95 respirator in-flight - from the point of view of ambient oxygen level" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23845" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23853" CreationDate="2020-06-08T07:33:52.590" Score="3" ViewCount="358" Body="&lt;p&gt;Almost everytime I measure the blood glucose levels in both right and left hands there's always a difference of 10-20mg/dL. When I first noticed this, I tried using on different individuals, but for everyone the right and left hands had a minimum of difference of 10mg/dL.  Using a glucometer of a different company still gave the same results of differences in both hands. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why is there is a difference between right and left hand blood glucose values? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any satisfactory reason on the net.&#xA;Also if there is this significant difference then with which value should we go with? The lower value or the higher value?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not only me but a lot of people has found this difference. When I searched the net this question is quite common. &#xA;If any of you has a glucometer if you may experiment and let me know the results.&#xA;I also talked to some doctors. They agreed to have this difference but couldn't give me a possible reason for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-08T23:24:19.220" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T00:11:54.567" Title="Reason for different blood glucose values in left and right hand" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23851" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23852" CreationDate="2020-06-08T15:26:20.317" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both cold sores and herpetiform canker sores can present as multiple lesions in the oral mucosa. Cold sores tend to present as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-cold-sores-basics#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;multiple painful fluid-filled lesions&lt;/a&gt; while herpetiform aphthous ulcer (canker sores) tend to present as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/1075570-61398/what-are-characteristics-of-herpetiform-recurrent-aphthous-ulcers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;painful white/yellow clusters or crops consisting of 10-100 ulcers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can one differentiate the two conditions based on the clinical picture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T15:26:20.317" Title="What is the clinical difference between cold sores (HSV-1) and herpetiform canker sores?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;&lt;canker-sores&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23852" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23851" CreationDate="2020-06-08T15:26:20.317" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on the history, oral herpes would present with a history of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oral-to-oral contact or oral-to-genital contact&lt;/a&gt; with someone with an active herpes infection. Canker sores generally have idiopathic and multifactorial causes such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;local trauma, emotional or physiologic stress, allergy or sensitivity, or nutritional deficiencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the physical exam, besides lack of fluid-filled lesions,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Canker sores occur on &lt;strong&gt;non-keratinized oral mucosae&lt;/strong&gt; such as along the labial or buccal surfaces, soft palate, the floor of the mouth, the ventral or lateral surface of the tongue, tonsillar fauces, free (marginal or unattached) gingiva adjacent to teeth, and alveolar gingiva in the maxillary and mandibular sulci.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;ulcerations from herpes simplex virus (HSV) involve the &lt;strong&gt;keratinized mucosal surfaces&lt;/strong&gt; such as the attached gingival and dorsum of the tongue, lips, and hard palate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plewa MC, Chatterjee K. Aphthous Stomatitis. [Updated 2020 Jan 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-06-08T15:26:20.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23853" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23845" CreationDate="2020-06-09T00:11:54.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware that capillary blood glucose levels have been systematically examined but interstitial fluid glucose levels in one study using a Freestyle Libre Pro appeared to show higher levels in the dominant arm whereas one might expect the increased muscle bulk on the dominant arm to extract more glucose.  Another possibility is that if there is increased muscle bulk in the dominant arm, and insulin resistance relates to muscle bulk, then levels of glucose would then be expected to be higher in the dominant arm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One test would be to see if there is any difference between the two legs and there should not be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;A total of 1920 time matched left-arm and right-arm pairs were analyzed. The right arm was greater than the left arm 96.0% of the time (Figure 1). The average glucose readings for the right and left arms were 96 ± 16 mg/dL (range 68-186) and 88 ± 15 mg/dL (range 57-174), respectively (P ≤ .001). The minimum and maximum changes in the right arm relative to the left arm were −11 and 41 mg/dL respectively. In the right arm, 2.19% of the values were outside the 70-140 mg/dL range compared to 4.58% in the left arm (P ≤ .001). In 14.1% of cases, the right arm was greater than the left arm by 15% or more. There is no correlation between the magnitude of intra-arm differences and glucose levels (R2 &amp;lt; .09).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Differences in Glucose Levels Between Left and Right Arm&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc6610604&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc6610604&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T00:11:54.567" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23854" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="16306" CreationDate="2020-06-09T01:48:06.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Root canal procedure (RCT) is a common endodontic procedure in dentistry, done when the caries or the infection has reached the pulp.&#xA;A tooth has two parts- crown and a root. Now going from outside to inside the crown portion has 3 layers- enamel, dentin and pulp. The root has 3 layers- cementum, dentin and pulp.( Wheeler's dental anatomy)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now only the pulp tissue is vascular as well as innervated. Hence if the infection/caries is superficial then there is generally no pain however sensitivity to cold may be experienced. When the infection is superficial then simple removal or excavation followed by a proper shape and then that portion is restored. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However when the infection or the caries has involved pulp deeply or even made the pulp dead or necrosed, infecting tissues apical to the pulp then RCT is the preferred treatment of choice to conserve the tooth than a simple extraction of the tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now &lt;em&gt;during&lt;/em&gt; RCT pain can be experienced due to-&#xA;1)Generally local anaesthesia is given prior to the procedure. However at times especially when lower back molar tooth is involved local anaesthesia fails. And during the procedure patient feels sharp and severe pain. This condition is known as hot tooth( Grossman's endodontic practice). In those cases a different technique of local anaesthesia is employed.&#xA;2) Pain is also experienced when the instrument goes beyond the apical foramen. Apical foramen is a hole at the apex of the root from which blood vessels and nerves enter and leaves the tooth. The pain in this case stops once the instrument is withdrawn. The dentist should make sure that this should not be repeated since the instrument can injure the tissues apical to the tooth. In rare cases, the dentist may inject the irrigant beyond the apical foramen. Irrigant usually used by the dentists is sodium hypochlorite. It kills the bacteria and debris. However it should not be extended beyond the tooth. In these cases patient experiences sharp pain, redness, swelling immediately lasting minutes but may continue upto days. The dentist should neutralize the irrigant and compress the area with cold compress and afterwards followed by warm compress. Antibiotics and painkillers should also be given.( Grossman's endodontic practice, Thomas Matthew 2015)&#xA;These pains are experienced by the patient at the chair side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;3)If the RCT is carried out in multiple sittings the patient may experience endodontic flare up(Grossman's endodontic practice) as he/she goes back from the clinic. In this case patient may experience pain and swelling in the area. There can be many reasons for this including anxiety of the patient, procedural error on the side of dentist, etc. The patient should contact his/her dentist explaining about his/her problem.&#xA; Now &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; RCT procedure patient may experience the pain. This pain generally is more significant during biting and chewing. Common reasons can be procedural error or a missed canal by the dentist.(Grossman's endodontic practice)&#xA;At times the RCT treated tooth may fracture (known as vertical fracture) giving rise to dull, spontaneous pain, mobility. This may be due to a habit of grinding teeth by the patient (bruxism) or excessive load on that tooth, etc.&#xA;In these cases the fractured tooth is extracted. ( Grossman's endodontic practice).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These were some of the reasons wherein the patient may experience the pain during/after RCT.&#xA;It's important to note that these situations happen only in few cases, not always. RCT procedure is a very effective procedure to conserve the tooth. The anatomy and physiology of each individual varies. Hence, these conditions may or may not happen. The patient should trust the dentist and should discuss his/her problem openly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I have answered your question :).&#xA;References have been given in the parentheses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-09T05:24:59.750" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T05:24:59.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23764" CreationDate="2020-06-09T04:11:38.453" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;What you're looking for is used by AI or Bayesian networks for online diagnosis.  These databases are commercially sensitive and likely only accessible by API rather than raw data.  For example, ISABEL, has been around for 20 years &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.isabelhealthcare.com/products/integration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.isabelhealthcare.com/products/integration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T04:11:38.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23856" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-09T10:32:07.893" Score="-1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm interested to know if it is possible for a specific medicine to require that the pharmacist includes prescriber's identity is included on any orders. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, how does such an instruction get added to the medicine such that the pharmacy software would alert the pharmacy of the need?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason would be to do with early-access alerts.&#xA;The region I am currently interested is UK/EU - but the question is general.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19787" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T13:10:57.600" Title="Adding special information to a pharmacy order" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-06-11T05:25:19.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23859" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20598" CreationDate="2020-06-09T18:51:21.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;So yes, full coverage metallic crowns are indicated for carious lesions as well as patients wherein the oral hygiene is poor. &#xA;However you should know whether it is for primary teeth or permanent teeth.&#xA;In permanent teeth usually full metallic crowns are given after the endodontic procedure. When the patient has extensive caries reaching pulp, endodontic treatment is done followed by a full crown in the posterior teeth. Usually in anterior teeth full metal crown is not required and they can simply be restored by composite/amalgam build up. &#xA;However there are certain indications for full metal crowns in anterior teeth also(1).&#xA;Full metal crowns in posterior permanent teeth is required since after an endodontic treatment tooth becomes brittle. Especially for posterior teeth wherein the masticatory forces may fracture the tooth full metal crown is beneficial(1).&#xA;A tooth colored crown, eg zirconia crown can also be given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now talking about the primary teeth. In primary teeth a non invasive method is preferred for a carious lesion which has not extended till pulp. This technique is known as Hall technique (2).&#xA;In this after confirming through a radiograph that sufficient dentin is present between the pulp and caries, then &lt;em&gt;without removing the caries&lt;/em&gt; a full metal crown is placed on the tooth (2,3)&#xA;Now the question arises that what about the infection, it may progress?!&#xA;The full metal crown prevents further infection from the oral environment. The infection which is still there, yes it does progress but in a very slow manner. From a study (3) it takes atleast 5 years to progress at its full. By then the baby develops his/her permanent teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now in cases wherein the lesion has reached the pulp then depending on the case pulpotomy or pulpectomy is performed followed by the full metal crown coverage(4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking about oral hygiene, in paediatric patients who cannot maintain their oral hygiene maybe because they are medically or physically compromised then a full metal crown provides a very good option to prevent the tooth from caries or plaque deposits.&#xA;Hope I have answered your question :)&#xA;It would have been better if you would have mentioned the extent of caries. Hence I have taken all the case scenarios.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References-&#xA;(1)Are full cast crowns mandatory after endodontic treatment in posterior teeth?&#xA;Aseem Prakash Tikku, Anil Chandra, and Ramesh Bharti&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(2)The Hall Technique; a randomized controlled clinical trial of a novel method of managing carious primary molars in general dental practice: acceptability of the technique and outcomes at 23 months&#xA;Nicola P Innes, Dafydd JP Evans &amp;amp; David R Stirrups &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(3)Innes, N. P. T., Evans, D. J. P., &amp;amp; Stirrups, D. R. (2011). &quot;Sealing caries in primary molars randomized control trial, 5-year results&quot;. Journal of Dental Research, 90(12), 1405-1410&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(4)Preformed metal crowns for primary and&#xA;permanent molar teeth: review of the literature&#xA;Ros C. Randall, PhD, MPhil, BChD&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-06-09T18:51:21.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23861" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-09T22:37:25.490" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/aNjpH5lBZ8w?t=93&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;university of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital&lt;/a&gt; said  homemade mask, made using 2 kitchen and 1 tissue paper,  achieved 90% of the filtering function of surgical masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's a very good approximation to an original surgical mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why the CDC is not recommending this type of masks? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is recommending cotton face masks instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-06-11T14:20:47.180" Title="If tissue and kitchen paper masks achieve 90% of the filtering function of a surgical mask, why the CDC is not recommending them?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23667" CreationDate="2020-06-10T12:15:05.307" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I dont know about supermarkets but there were clusters based on postal service centers in Austria (at least 72 infected this way):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/chronik/wien/2062276-Covid-19-Fall-im-Briefzentrum.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/chronik/wien/2062276-Covid-19-Fall-im-Briefzentrum.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kurier.at/politik/inland/corona-krise-bei-der-post-wie-es-dazu-kommen-konnte/400844573&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://kurier.at/politik/inland/corona-krise-bei-der-post-wie-es-dazu-kommen-konnte/400844573&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19718" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T12:15:05.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23856" CreationDate="2020-06-10T13:10:57.600" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I am understanding you correctly you‘d like to know how the pharmacist and/or the software used in the pharmacy recognizes if a prescription drug requires the &lt;strong&gt;physicians identity&lt;/strong&gt; to be transmitted during order.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know the drug regulation laws in EU countries vary significantly between the individual countries so I can speak only for the country I am residing in (Germany).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are only very few specific cases of drugs which require the information of the prescribing physician to be submitted during order of the drug. Some of those include lenalidomide and/or thalidomide or specific programs for heroin rehab programs. But as I said before, the specific drugs this would apply to vary between countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So there is no general need to have a specific detection in place, as that process differs wildly from the usual process of ordering - for a ’general’ pharmacy this would be the pharmaceutical wholesale, where generally no identity of any physician is transmitted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19792" LastActivityDate="2020-06-10T13:10:57.600" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-10T19:56:18.873" Score="3" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is stem cells treatment an effective cure for nerve damage from peripheral neuropathy in DM?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling returns plenty of hits. Top results are businesses offering stem cells treatment for almost any imaginable problem. This doesn't inspire much confidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand most scientific studies seems quite inconclusive for uninitiated me. So really, is there any proven working treatment, or it is just a concept?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could anyone confirm or deny effectiveness of a stem cells therapy in nerve damage treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19794" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-15T07:47:33.123" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T00:08:46.637" Title="Is stem cells treatment an effective cure for nerve damage from peripheral neuropathy in DM?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19461" CreationDate="2020-06-11T01:01:05.670" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Though I couldn't find the exact reason or a well written reason for this question. But I have a significant difference  between upper jaw, i.e. maxilla and lower jaw, i.e. mandible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The maxilla has rich blood supply than mandible. &#xA;Only one major artery- inferior alveolar artery supplies mandible, giving of its small branches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However maxilla is supplied by three major arteries, viz &#xA;1) Posterior superior alveolar artery&#xA;2) Middle superior alveolar artery&#xA;3) Anterior superior alveolar artery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for the venous drainage maxilla has got a plexus of posterior superior, middle superior and anterior superior veins.&#xA;Whereas mandible has only got inferior alveolar vein as the sole collector.&#xA;(Reference- &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/innervation-and-blood-supply-of-the-teeth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;kenhub- Innervation and blood supply of the teeth&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Author: Alexandra Sieroslawska MD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now more the blood supply, faster will be the healing ( Though there are lots of articles to support this. One article-&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000396300.04173.ec&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Checklist for Factors Affecting Wound Healing&#xA;Thomas Hess, Cathy BSN, RN, CWOCN&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;This is because blood caries important nutrients needed for wound healing, eg amino acids, vitamins etc.&#xA;I hope I have answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-06-11T07:17:53.333" LastActivityDate="2020-06-11T07:17:53.333" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-11T01:12:21.153" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;So after the extraction of a tooth the dentists advice patients not to spit till the next hour(for primary clot formation), followed by ice cream or cold juice(for vasoconstriction).&#xA;Also to have soft food (for preventing primary clot displacement)&#xA;However another advice is not to have carbonated drinks. &#xA;Now what is the reason behind this? &#xA;It may not be sugars because already we are advising patients to have juice/ice cream.&#xA;I couldn't find any reason on the net or in my surgery books.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalartsofdalton.com/post-op-instructions-following-extractions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T01:53:25.277" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T01:53:25.277" Title="Why are carbonated drinks contraindicated after extraction" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;tooth-extraction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23870" CreationDate="2020-06-11T11:05:43.067" Score="7" ViewCount="226" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently news have come up that betadine/povidone-iodine mouthwashes should be used for prevention of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Betadine is an antiseptic. We use it in our clinic to clean a wound or after minor surgeries eg. extraction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So are betadine mouthwashes effective against COVID-19? If yes, then how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vijayawada/can-the-humble-betadine-help-fight-covid-19/amp_articleshow/75562922.cms&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-15T09:08:22.390" LastActivityDate="2020-07-15T09:08:22.390" Title="Are betadine mouthwashes really effective against COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;antiseptics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23869" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23861" CreationDate="2020-06-11T14:20:47.180" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/best-materials-make-diy-masks-virus/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; is an early paper on the efficiency of different fabrics for virus filtration. (Lots of testing as gone on since then.) However, it nicely illustrates breathability, the other factor to consider when making a mask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xTZQR.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/xTZQR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They summarize nicely here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Although the dish towel and the vacuum bag captured the most particles, they were also the hardest to breath through. With two layers, the dish towel was over twice as hard to breathe through as the surgical mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't breathe trough it, you won't wear it for any significant length of time, making it useless as a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't agree with the conclusions; as I said, a lot of research has been done since then. But it has a nice illustration of breathability, and why it matters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Why is recommending cotton face masks instead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this paper doesn't answer the question specifically (as they jumped from cotton jersey to tightly woven pillowcases, the answer is it has decent filtration plus decent breathability, i.e. it is somewhat effective, and it will be worn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2020-06-11T14:20:47.180" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23868" CreationDate="2020-06-11T19:45:00.670" Score="7" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Are betadine mouthwashes really effective against COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; (test tubes/culture plates) studies do show that providone iodine does kill viruses &lt;em&gt;similar to&lt;/em&gt; SARS-CoV-2 after sufficient exposure (just as bleach and ethyl/isopropyl alcohol do.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer &lt;strong&gt;in vivo&lt;/strong&gt; (in humans or animals) is &lt;strong&gt;unknown&lt;/strong&gt;. (&lt;strong&gt;N.B.:&lt;/strong&gt; That's, &lt;em&gt;unknown&lt;/em&gt;, as in, you should probably wait for more studies before (potentially serioulsy) harming yourself. Remember bleach, ethyl alcohol at or above 70% -140 proof - and certain industrial disinfectants do the same, which does not mean they should be used on human tissue. Most available PVP-I solutions available are toxic, even if diluted.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first study listed found that &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;PVP-I gargle/mouthwash diluted 1:30 (equivalent to a concentration of 0.23% PVP-I) showed effective bactericidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza virus A (H1N1) and rotavirus after 15 s of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is only assumed that because it is effective against SARS-CoV, it is also effective against SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted that &lt;strong&gt;not all providone-iodine solutions are created equally&lt;/strong&gt;; the gargle preparation used in Japan cannot be obtained in the US and many other parts of the world, and the solutions used in the US are toxic at the same concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second paper listed also notes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The utility and excellent safety profile of both topical nasal and oral solutions of PVP-I has long been recognized, especially at dilute concentrations (e.g. 0.001%). A detailed review of its virucidal activity against a wide range of common viruses, &lt;strong&gt;including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV coronaviruses, is beyond the scope of this article&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next line is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;As a word of caution, in vitro studies using 10% and 5% PVP-I have demonstrated cilotoxicity on human respiratory cells. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They go on to propose use of PVP-I &lt;strong&gt;on patients&lt;/strong&gt; known to or suspected of having Covid-19 on whom high-risk procedures are being performed (head/neck surgery) and on healthcare providers pre- and post- exposure to these patients (Apply nasal and oral PVP-I prior to and after patient contact (with repeated contact, apply every 2–3 h, up to 4×/day) in healthcare providers that who &lt;strong&gt;lack adequate PPE (e.g. N95, PAPR).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They go on to conclude, in part,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;It is important to acknowledge that there is a potential risk in that prophylactic treatment of healthcare providers could increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection by affecting mucociliary function or local immunity. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One study seems stalled (cause unknown, recruitment issues?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;while another tested (&lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;) a very specific kind of PVP-I (gel-forming) in very limited circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The last paper is detailed and thorough (though please note the word &lt;em&gt;potential&lt;/em&gt; in the title), and you can skip directly to the PVP-I section, where they state&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;[the Japanese] mouthwash is not available in the United Kingdom, although may still be purchased in Germany and other countries. As a 1% solution, PVP-I is available in Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986684/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In Vitro Bactericidal and Virucidal Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine Gargle/Mouthwash Against Respiratory and Oral Tract Pathogens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161480/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consideration of povidone-iodine as a public health intervention for COVID-19: Utilization as “Personal Protective Equipment” for frontline providers exposed in high-risk head and neck and skull base oncology care&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04364802&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19: Povidone-Iodine Intranasal Prophylaxis in Front-line Healthcare Personnel and Inpatients (PIIPPI)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103184v1.abstract&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In-Vivo Toxicity Studies and In-Vitro Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Povidone-iodine In-situ Gel Forming Formulations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/function/article/1/1/zqaa002/5836301&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Potential Role of Oral Rinses Targeting the Viral Lipid Envelope in SARS-CoV-2 Infection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited to add&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;strong&gt;In case there is confusion, I stated that the answer is &lt;em&gt;unknown&lt;/em&gt;, and that most PVP-I solutions available are toxic in most countries. I am not an advocate of its use any more than 70% ethyl alcohol or bleach!&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I answered this question because it's important to engage with people reaching out for some answers in this pandemic, and because harmful advice is rife now (Even national leaders are making them, and they are surrounded by experts.) And to show that their concerns weren't unshared by some physicians. And that, like Barry Marshall's discovery, sometimes it's the most &quot;ridiculous&quot;, &quot;preposterous&quot;, and &quot;idiotic&quot; things that turn out to be true in medicine. But Barry Marshall paid a high price to prove his theory, both physically and emotionally, though winning the Nobel Prize was a very nice apology and recognition of the millions upon millions of people he saved from the barbaric approach to chronic ulcer treatment and stomach cancers before his discovery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-06-16T17:13:49.943" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T17:13:49.943" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20979" CreationDate="2020-06-11T21:15:53.870" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Simple answer; Yes. Pain can be caused by a multitude of different things and can be just a little, to so much that you can barely move. Your nerves sense pain in your body and send that to your brain. Your brain responds to that pain. In severe cases, the pain can stimulate the Vagus nerve. The vagus nerve does many things like regulating heart rate, perspiration, digestion, even breathing. When you feel a certain amount of pain (or fear) the nerve reacts and it drops your blood pressure and heart rate. Its called vasovagal syncope. This drop causes a reduction in the amount of blood going to the brain, then you pass out. Sometimes when people see things like blood or needles that will also trigger the nerve. The main damage is that when people pass out, they fall, then hit their head. So yeah, if the pain is enough, you could pass out from it, but its pretty rare that the pain causes it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I got most of this from stuff I remember from a while ago, but I pulled some details from here: [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527#:~:text=Vasovagal%20syncope%20(vay%2Dzoh%2D,blood%20pressure%20to%20drop%20suddenly.]&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527#:~:text=Vasovagal%20syncope%20(vay%2Dzoh%2D,blood%20pressure%20to%20drop%20suddenly.]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19800" LastEditorUserId="19800" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T13:39:08.807" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T13:39:08.807" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-12T02:30:17.900" Score="0" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;After coming up low on Vitamin D on a blood test, I was once prescribed a Vitamin D supplement (Fultium-D3 20,000 IUs).  This was on a rather odd basis - instead of a dose every day, it was a whacking great dose twice a week.  In fact, judging by the leaflet, that was the standard way to prescribe it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Can anybody here think of a medical reason why it would be prescribed that way, or did the manufacturers just think it was more convenient or something?  (If so, they were wrong, as it only made it difficult to remember to take it.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19802" LastActivityDate="2020-11-09T15:06:40.713" Title="Why would you take Vitamin D twice a week instead of once a day?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-12T11:37:49.603" Score="1" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, if you transplant a kidney from person A to person B and combine it with a stem cell transplant, would you then need no/less immunosuppressive drugs? Since you would have an antibody match? It's just a hypothetical, I know in reality it would be very challenging. This is no homework question or whatsoever. I was watching a lecture on immunosuppressive therapy and this came to mind.&#xA;I'm just a simple Clinical Technology student with a immunology test coming Monday :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19807" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T11:37:49.603" Title="Transplant in combination with stem cell transplant" Tags="&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23873" CreationDate="2020-06-12T11:46:20.117" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Medication can come in not only varying doses, but also the release time can vary. For instance, if you have a painkiller and you want it to work for a long period of time, you can coat it with something so the medicine travels slowly from your GI-tract to your bloodstream. The same goes for vitamin D. What also could be the case, but I'm not sure it applies here, is that you can give a medicine which is actually a &quot;before&quot; molecule. That means that your body turns it into something. So for example pill --&gt; molecule A --&gt; vitamin D. That can take time.In the Netherlands (where I live), all women above 55 can go to their GP for a (free) prescription of a vit-D injection every three months. You can self-administer this by either putting it under your tong or the back of your mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weggemans, R. M., Kromhout, D., &amp;amp; van Weel, C. (2013). New dietary reference values for vitamin D in the Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(6), 685. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dutch Ministry of Health. (2011). Response of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (The Netherlands) on the Discussion Paper on the setting of maximum and minimum amounts for vitamins and minerals in foodstuffs. . The Hague, The Netherlands: Dutch Government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Traynor, K. (2011). Endocrinologists release vitamin D guidelines. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 68(14), 1276–1277. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.2146/news110047&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.2146/news110047&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Hope this answers your question ;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19807" LastEditorUserId="19807" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T15:02:21.917" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T15:02:21.917" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23881" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23885" CreationDate="2020-06-12T13:19:23.393" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 seem very similar in terms of their nature and the way in which they entered the human population. SARS-CoV-1 appears to have been driven to extinction, but SARS-CoV-2, which causes covid-19, has only been successfully eradicated on islands like New Zealand and Taiwan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just from reading Wikipedia articles, I'm getting the impression that SARS-CoV-1 was relatively easy to eradicate, whereas SARS-CoV-2 will probably be endemic forever unless there is a vaccine that produces strong and long-lived immunity. Why the difference? Was SARS-CoV-1 not as easily spread by asymptomatic carriers? Did it have a lower R0? Or were we just lucky to have been able to nip it in the bud?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19808" LastEditorUserId="19808" LastEditDate="2020-06-12T18:16:07.940" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T19:01:04.530" Title="Epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-1" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10859" CreationDate="2020-06-12T14:59:33.177" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is really dependent on what dosage you take. Your body needs its micro nutrients, but a very important role of toxicity is: &quot;Everything is toxic, depending the dose&quot;. For example, too high doses of healthy substances such as vitamin C can be carcinogenic. Health organisation such as the WHO or the CDC publish the advised intake amount of micro nutrients like the ones you've described. As long as you stay under on on this limit, everything must be okay. But let's be fair here, a healthy (Western) lifestyle is sufficient in providing you most of your micro nutrients. If you eat poorly of are concerned about this, consult a dietitian or your GP. After this, you can always turn to supplements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&#xA;National Institutes of Health. (2020, March 24). Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Retrieved 12 June 2020, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;World Health Organisation, &amp;amp; Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2006, December). GUIDELINES ON FOOD FORTIFICATION WITH MICRONUTRIENTS (92 4 159401 2). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004514.147&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004514.147&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dutch Ministry of Health. (2011). Response of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (The Netherlands) on the Discussion Paper on the setting of maximum and minimum amounts for vitamins and minerals in foodstuffs. . The Hague, The Netherlands: Dutch Government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weggemans, R. M., Kromhout, D., &amp;amp; van Weel, C. (2013). New dietary reference values for vitamin D in the Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(6), 685. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.55&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19807" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T14:59:33.177" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23883" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-12T16:44:21.340" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to be able to find a list of drugs (identified by NDC or RXNORM, SNOMED, MESH), which can treat a given diagnosis (ICD-9/10) and vice-versa - given a drug, obtain all diagnoses that can be potentially treated by the drug's ingredients. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a UMLS subscription and successfully mapped NDC codes (from medical claims) to RXNORM, MESH and SNOMED concepts, as well as ATC classes. However, I am struggling with mapping drugs or their ingredients to ICD-10 diagnosis codes, as I couldn't find relationships between SNOMED CT (Substance) and SNOMED CT (Disease). The only workaround that I came up with using UMLS and open-source resources was RXNORM (ingredients) -&gt; MESH (Disease) (using the RXNREL file from RXNORM) and then MESH (Disease) -&gt; ICD-10 CM via Disease Ontology &lt;a href=&quot;https://disease-ontology.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://disease-ontology.org&lt;/a&gt;. Is there another reliable and less cumbersome way to produce such a mapping, without using products such as Medi-Span?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19809" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:01:52.397" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:01:52.397" Title="How can I link drugs to diagnoses (ICD-10)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23884" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-12T18:57:38.553" Score="5" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are experimental records and clinical observations showing that exposure to sub-infective doses of some pathogens can result in enhanced immunity to infection when exposed to an infective dose of the same pathogen later.  In vitro studies show that T-cell immunity can be  a key role player in this process and antibody production may be minimal or absent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is known about the acquired resistance to COVID-19 in people who are exposed to repeated sub-infective doses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19811" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T18:57:38.553" Title="What are the effects of repeated sub-infective doses of coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23885" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23881" CreationDate="2020-06-12T19:01:04.530" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Copying from &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/92770/why-do-some-viruses-cease-being-a-problem-even-though-no-vaccine-or-cure-is-foun/92776#92776&quot;&gt;another SE answer by me&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The elimination of SARS from the human population occurred via controlling the human-to-human spread through isolation and contact tracing. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70863&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70863&lt;/a&gt; for a report on the epidemic and how cases and spread in different locations were handled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SARS was more severe overall, such that there was much less asymptomatic/presymptomatic spread like is observed with SARS-nCoV-2/COVID-19. It was therefore easier to identify and isolate the infected individuals, and to trace their contacts and isolate those people as well. The case fatality rate was much higher, unfortunately, but the lack of widespread transmission kept the number of affected individuals to a manageable scope. The WHO report in the link above goes into more detail on both the SARS epidemiology as well as the public health response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-06-12T19:01:04.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23886" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23888" CreationDate="2020-06-12T19:26:22.057" Score="3" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;One extremely common measure that companies are implementing is temperature checks when people come in the building. This has the advantage of being inexpensive, fast, and requiring little training. On the other hand, though, this seems like a pretty crude measure. It seems like people who had a high enough fever to indicate COVID would likely already know that they were sick (and would already be exhibiting other symptoms); also, this test would fail to detect people that are asymptomatic carriers or recently exposed, and I imagine that you could evade the test by taking Tylenol. With that said, how often does this actually detect COVID cases? Have there been any studies (or even anecdotal evidence) that indicate how often this works?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8021" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T00:23:03.800" Title="How often do temperature checks actually detect cases of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23886" CreationDate="2020-06-12T23:54:36.153" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rarely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/05/12/gigi-gronvall-asymptomatic-spread-covid-19-immunity-passports/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;About half of all COVID-19 infections are completely asymptomatic&lt;/a&gt;, and even among people who are sick enough to be hospitalized, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32320003/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only a third had a fever at the time of admission&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="333" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T00:23:03.800" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T00:23:03.800" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23889" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-13T02:20:21.237" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm having trouble finding any information about occurrence of CIDP variants (specifically asymmetric presentations of CIPD e.g LSS / MAMSAS or MMN (multifocal motor neuropathy) in patients with HIV. What could potentially cause progressive, asymmetric, distal and proximal weakness in the limbs in an HIV patient with onset in the lower limbs? (It seems that MMN and LSS generally starts in the upper limbs..) &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19813" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T02:20:21.237" Title="Presentation of LSS / MAMSAS or MMN (asymmetric CIPD variants) in patients with HIV?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23320" CreationDate="2020-06-13T02:50:42.033" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would tend to think of coronavirus stability from a biophysics point of view.  The virus is a small droplet of water inside a lipid membrane, with some proteins in the membrane and a bunch of proteins+RNA packed inside.  It is very sensitive to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132493/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kampf 2020&lt;/a&gt; (a) detergents - these dissolve the membrane and presumably cause the contents to spill out, (b) RNA damaging agents (such as UVC) - there is no nucleic acid repair machinery so even a single RNA break is likely to inactivate the virus, and (c) denaturing agents (such as heat) - if enough of the proteins are denatured it would stop being able to get into cells.  Alcohol is both a detergent and a denaturing agent (over 60% conc).  Note that dehydration does not affect the virus much either way: it is stable in water, but also stable if completely air-dried out: &amp;quot;able to retain viability for 3-5 days in dried form or 7 days in solution at room temperature&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7343644/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chan 2020&lt;/a&gt; (probably because enough water is retained to allow it to rehydrate without damaging the structure).  It would decay with time, very slowly (days to weeks) and it may also be eaten by bacteria or fungi (that eat anything organic) which may be a much faster process.  A meta-analysis of 26 studies that measure inactivation under different conditions is in &lt;a href=&quot;https://aem.asm.org/content/early/2020/07/13/AEM.01244-20.long&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Guillier 2020&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From that perspective, coronavirus in food would be expected to be quite stable at least over a few days to a week.  It would only be inactivated by heat, or possibly lipid or protein digesting enzymes.  How much heat is not clear, but there is no reason to think the coronavirus proteins are either especially thermally stable or unstable - so as a ballpark enough heat to cook meat, or boil an egg (both involve protein denaturation) would also be enough to denature most coronavirus proteins.  A fridge, or especially freezer, would extend the half life considerably (weeks to months; &amp;quot;SARS-CoV-2 in solution ... remained viable for up to 14 days at 4°C&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7343644/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chan 2020&lt;/a&gt;). There is very little specific evidence on the stability of any type of coronavirus &lt;em&gt;in food&lt;/em&gt; (as opposed to on the surface of packaging, or in water), but what little exists points to persistence for several days, again with much longer times at lower temperatures (eg for MERS-CoV in milk, 37% viable after 72 h at 4°C; this and other studies are reviewed in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7417330/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Olaimat 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that cooked food which is contaminated after cooking would be just as problematic as raw food.  It would have to be re-heated just before eating to be safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, assuming coronavirus is &lt;em&gt;stable&lt;/em&gt; in food: is it possible to get infected by ingestion?  Probably yes, or at least it cannot be ruled out: &amp;quot;SARS-CoV-2 spread from staff to food products or food surfaces is conceivable&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289231/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ceylan 2020&lt;/a&gt; and &amp;quot;SARS‐CoV‐2 may also have the potential for foodborne and waterborne transmission&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361302/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aboubakr 2020&lt;/a&gt;.  SARS-CoV-2 often manifests with GI symptoms first, and may infect the GI tract: &amp;quot;there is mounting evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection also involves the GI tract&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184994/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ding 2020&lt;/a&gt;; it is excreted in feces &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7130008/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yeo 2020&lt;/a&gt; and is present in saliva &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/32298676/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Azzi 2020&lt;/a&gt;; and the oral route is the primary route for transmission of non-human coronaviruses such as MHV, BCoV, feline enteric coronavirus and others (also from Ding 2020).  Even if the oral route is not very effective, it would be quite surprising if SARS-CoV-2 was completely non-infectious orally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. Regarding the CDC pages you quote, pay close attention to the wording: &amp;quot;there is no evidence that X&amp;quot; doesn't mean that there is any evidence that X is &lt;em&gt;not true&lt;/em&gt; either; it may mean simply that nobody has tried to do an experiment like that and so there is no (direct) evidence either way.  Even so, it may be reasonable to think that X is likely to be true because of logic and indirect information (as here).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.P.S. Note that most things that inactivate the virus would cause an exponential decay in the amount of viable virus.  So &amp;quot;stable for a week&amp;quot; doesn't mean there is 100% active virus at 6 days, and 0% and 8 days; it means that half of it would be inactivated in a week, half of the remainder in two weeks and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2480" LastEditorUserId="2480" LastEditDate="2020-08-30T00:19:58.727" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T00:19:58.727" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-13T06:30:01.670" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a common finding among people that palatal itching is usually followed by rhinitis.&#xA;In a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://www.jcmad.com/admin/pdf/718.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiujb2-kv7pAhUelEsFHQJ6BagQFjANegQIBxAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw2ogzfaEJ-qvNF5xNKsOJGU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; it was found that palatal itching and allergic rhinitis are related.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is that why does the palate itch during rhinitis? What is the science behind it?&#xA;I searched about it but couldn't find it anywhere.&#xA;Also is it only associated with allergic rhinitis or it also happens in non allergic rhinitis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T06:30:01.670" Title="Palatal itching and rhinitis" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;itching&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23893" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23895" CreationDate="2020-06-13T13:40:53.440" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/course&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From the Cambridge Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meaning of course: the often gradual development of something, or the way something happens, or a way of doing something&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Did the scandal have any effect on the &lt;strong&gt;course&lt;/strong&gt; of the election?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2215036618301664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From a post&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although there is some evidence that older people might have a &lt;strong&gt;poorer course&lt;/strong&gt; of major depressive disorder (MDD) than younger or middle-aged people, and that age-related course differences might affect the optimisation of MDD treatment, large-scale studies with a broad age range, including consistent course assessments, are needed to properly address this issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the word &amp;quot;course&amp;quot; here a medical term or just a plain English explained at the beginning?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17920" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T09:58:12.897" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T14:22:50.770" Title="What is the medical meaning of &quot;course&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23895" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23893" CreationDate="2020-06-13T14:21:22.823" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It identifies the way a disorder manifests itself, rather than paying attention to other attributes, such as severity of the symptom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;course (noun): the way in which something progresses or develops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Bing)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A good use of the word in medical terms is here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;The course of Major Depression, Recurrent varies across individuals. Some people have isolated depressive episodes that are separated by many years during which mood is normal, whereas other individuals experience clusters of major depressive episodes that occur closely together in time. Still other people with Major Depression experience increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;from&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mentalhelp.net/depression/the-course-of-depression/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mentalhelp.net/depression/the-course-of-depression/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(paragraph 4)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T14:21:22.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23897" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-13T18:22:37.763" Score="1" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well known that some ways to remove coronavirus from food are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;washing/cleaning it carefully;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;heating it (e.g. in oven, microwave or a saucepan), at least 70 degrees for at least 5 minutes;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;waiting for some hours/days for the virus to decompose by itself.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But none of these strategies apply to ice cream. In particular, the first two strategies are impossible because you cannot wash or cook ice cream. And the last one cannot be used because it would melt. Plus, if you wait keeping the ice cream in the freezer for hours/days, the virus may actually survive, because it survives very easily at very low temperatures (even for years).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was wondering, is there any other way (perhaps suggested by some experts, in that case please provide a link) for food disinfection which may work even on ice cream? Or the only way to stay safe is just avoiding eating it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13526" LastEditorUserId="13526" LastEditDate="2020-06-13T20:04:34.637" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T20:04:34.637" Title="How to disinfect ice cream from coronavirus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23898" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-13T19:50:39.553" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;For cancer diagnosis, there is biopsy, an invasive technique. However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PET&lt;/a&gt; CT, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SPECT&lt;/a&gt; CT, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRI&lt;/a&gt; are non-invasive. Do oncologists still require the use of biopsy to ascertain type of cancer, i.e., to confirm the presence or absence of malignancy? If so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19819" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:36.823" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:08:36.823" Title="Is biopsy still required for cancer diagnosis given that advanced medical imaging is now available?" Tags="&lt;tumors&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-13T20:29:49.240" Score="0" ViewCount="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the prevalence of infantile colic is around 15%. What I’d like to know is how heritable this is, to wit: how does the probability change if a sibling is known to have had colic? A parent? Etc. Of course this could be controlled for differing family sizes and other variables, I don’t expect a simple percentage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A reference or two would be great; I’ve searched for various combinations of [colic sibling heritability] without any fortune thus far. (Strange, I would have thought this to be an easy question, maybe I’m doing or assuming something wrong.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12684" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T20:29:49.240" Title="Heritability of colic" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;infant&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23900" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23898" CreationDate="2020-06-13T20:36:58.640" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many cases yes, a tumor must be biopsied in order to determine exactly what type of tumor it is. Advanced imaging can, in some cases, diagnose a specific type of tumor. However, there are many chemotherapy agents that are very specific not just to a particular tumor, but a particular tumor with certain genetic factors (such as presence or lack of &lt;a href=&quot;https://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/19/19/5505.short&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific receptors&lt;/a&gt;), so it is impossible to plan the best treatment without tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastEditorUserId="12770" LastEditDate="2020-06-13T20:47:35.883" LastActivityDate="2020-06-13T20:47:35.883" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23901" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-14T06:03:05.867" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read about &lt;em&gt;facial liposuction&lt;/em&gt; and understood it is a relatively rare liposuction procedure done only with a syringe (generally no electromechanical liposuction device would be used) in focal areas in the face with many cases around the chin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a possible alternative to &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_lipolysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;injection lipolysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and might be associated with less complications because there is no &lt;em&gt;detergent&lt;/em&gt; injected in as with injection lipolysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that both a saline and a numbing agent is injected to the area in which the syringe liposuction should occur; I didn't quite understood why a saline is even needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I didn't find any data about complications besides maybe some swolenness for a few days after the procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the possible complications of facial liposuction in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19824" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T06:03:05.867" Title="What are the possible complications of facial liposuction in humans?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;face&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23902" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-14T11:18:44.513" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;In South Korea and Japan, the FDA label of UDCA (Ursodeoxycholic acid) says 'UDCA might worsen the symptom of gastric ulcer patient because UDCA stimulates mucous membrane. Therefore, gastric ulcer patient should avoid taking UDCA as contraindication.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately, I've found this information and recommended my patient to stop taking UDCA from now on. &#xA;She is 57 years old and doesn't have bad habits for digestive organs and taking PPI to restore damaged mucous membrane of stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find the medical evidence which UDCA stimulates mucous membrane but seems complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can somebody advise me here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it just because UDCA is a kind of acid? (Ursodeoxycholic acid)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13697" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T11:18:44.513" Title="What is the exact medical evidence which UDCA might worsen the symptom of gastric ulcer patient?" Tags="&lt;stimulants&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23903" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23907" CreationDate="2020-06-14T13:19:27.913" Score="0" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that one of the purposes of sleep is to process adenosine that builds up from metabolic processes, and it makes sense that the effect of adenosine as a neurotransmitter is to produce drowsiness so that you are put in an unconscious state where adenosine can get processed. But why does adenosine require you to be unconscious to be processed in the first place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19827" LastEditorUserId="19829" LastEditDate="2020-06-14T19:33:28.260" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T00:31:10.753" Title="Why does adenosine processing require unconsciousness?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23904" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-14T13:57:13.017" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;This doubt stems from a discussion I had a few days ago with a friend involving varicocele relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to his guess, a prolonged sauna session would produce vasodilation at the level of the skin which would mean that a lower amount of blood would remain in inner organs including the testicles, reducing the size of the varicocele. I responded that this wouldn't work because testicles are detached enough from the body such that they would act in the opposite way (veins would vasodilate to best dissipate heat), and added that only a strong localized decrease in temperature consistent through the day could substantially decrease varicocele size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, none of us are experts in the subject by any means, so that's why i'm here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19826" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T13:57:13.017" Title="Does varicocele size vary with room temperature?" Tags="&lt;testicles&gt;&lt;varicose-veins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23782" CreationDate="2020-06-14T16:49:01.393" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this pandemic it is important to take precautions at each and every step. Fruits and vegetables should be properly cleaned.&#xA;We don't know of fruit/vegetables vendors, who might be infected with COVID-19.&#xA;Eventhough there is no as such a scientific proof &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/nutrition/can-coronavirus-be-transmitted-via-fresh-fruits-and-vegetables/ar-BB10Kdu3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;that corona virus can spread through food&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what's wrong in taking precautions and cleaning them properly?&#xA;Now according to an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Cluett/post/Are_there_studies_of_the_Effect_of_Social_Media_Memes_on_COVID_19_Information/attachment/5ed76d8739f1f30001614dd6/AS%3A898273850175490%401591176583828/download/Food+Safety+and+COVID-19++Precautionary+measures+to+limit+the+spread+of+COVID19+in+supply+chain+and+retail.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; fruits and vegetables may be washed in chlorine, however chlorine changes their tastes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you mentioned washing them in running water for 20 seconds extra, is a recommend method by the WHO. However there  are news to wash them in baking soda, potassium permanganate, etc but none of the methods have been scientifically proven. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www-thehindu-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/covid-19-how-to-handle-packaging-and-produce-when-you-are-back-from-your-grocery-run/article31501251.ece/amp/?amp_js_v=a3&amp;amp;amp_gsa=1&amp;amp;usqp=mq331AQFKAGwASA%3D#aoh=15921521223146&amp;amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp;amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fhealth%2Fcovid-19-how-to-handle-packaging-and-produce-when-you-are-back-from-your-grocery-run%2Farticle31501251.ece&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Newspaper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also there are ultrasonic cleaners and vegetable washer, however they can be used for your peace of mind but in actual there is no need. Washing them in running water is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eatthis.com/how-to-wash-vegetables-fruit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;enough&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also rinsing them with soap is not a good idea, as there’s the danger of ingesting soap, which can cause gastrointestinal distress leading to vomiting and diarrhoea when consumed in large &lt;a href=&quot;https://www-thehindu-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/covid-19-how-to-handle-packaging-and-produce-when-you-are-back-from-your-grocery-run/article31501251.ece/amp/?amp_js_v=a3&amp;amp;amp_gsa=1&amp;amp;usqp=mq331AQFKAGwASA%3D#aoh=15921521223146&amp;amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp;amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fhealth%2Fcovid-19-how-to-handle-packaging-and-produce-when-you-are-back-from-your-grocery-run%2Farticle31501251.ece&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quantities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I have answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T17:56:20.910" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T17:56:20.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23907" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23903" CreationDate="2020-06-14T18:04:03.767" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used by the cells as a source of energy. When you are awake, the brain cells use a lot of energy, and ATP is quickly consumed, and it becomes AMP (adenosine monophosphate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One decay product of AMP is adenosine. So, the more your &quot;fuel&quot; is running out, the more adenosine has accumulated. So high adenosine is a signal for the body to sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you sleep, the activity in the body, and in particular the brain, is much lower, and is redirected from active functions (thinking, moving, eating, etc.) to passive function, and in particular regenerative functions. This is an opportunity for the body to concentrate on stockpiling ATP, and clean up adenosine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246291/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246291/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19829" LastActivityDate="2020-06-14T18:04:03.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23909" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23903" CreationDate="2020-06-15T00:31:10.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To add additional information to the other answer, adenosine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s002469900129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;as a drug&lt;/a&gt;) does not require anything for metabolism other than enzymes typically &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(83)90026-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;present in blood&lt;/a&gt;. There are some genetic factors that interfere with this metabolism, and from personal practice it makes for a rather uncomfortable moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, adenosine is not a neurotransmitter (directly signaling another neuron to cause depolarization), but &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.18.8586&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it does inhibit neurotransmitter release&lt;/a&gt; (and is therefore typically referred to as a neuromodulator in this capacity).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as noted in the other answer, is quickly consumed. The body, without normal processes ongoing to replete the stores of ATP, will very rapidly run out of ATP (in the most vital tissues to life, such as brain and heart, within a matter of minutes). Without ATP, life is not possible. This is actually the process involved with what we call &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1947.sp004202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rigor mortis&lt;/a&gt;. When muscle cells run out of ATP (which, interestingly, is required to relax muscle tension) the body of the deceased person stiffens and remains so until the muscle proteins involved in contraction are degraded by enzymes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12770" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T00:31:10.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-15T08:37:37.363" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2215036618301664&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;From a research paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Percentages and means for baseline characteristics and 2-year course indicators were provided across age groups. Additionally, these characteristics were associated with continuous age in simple regression analyses, with age as the outcome measure. For all four 2-year depression indicators, we provided unadjusted percentages, means, and incidence rates across all age categories. Again, associations between these indicators and continuous age were also assessed with simple linear regression analyses. We examined associations between continuous age (per 10-year increase) and &lt;strong&gt;presence of a depression diagnosis&lt;/strong&gt; after 2 years with logistic regression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess &quot;presence of a depression diagnosis&quot; means &quot;true&quot;, &quot;that candidate is suffering from depression and anxiety disorders&quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is &quot;presence of a diagnosis&quot; a common phrase in medical science?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19821" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:01:39.567" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T12:07:10.727" Title="What is the meaning of &quot;presence of a diagnosis&quot;?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23911" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-15T14:03:01.730" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, during scaling, pain or sensitivity is felt at times when plaque is extensive.&#xA;In those cases doctors may give local anaesthesia to subside that pain/sensitivity while the procedure is still going.&#xA;Is it important to tell the dentist that one has pain even under local anesthetic?  The alternative being to suffer the pain and  possibly avoid some complications from an extra anesthetic dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1279" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-15T21:29:43.277" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T03:58:47.237" Title="Pain during scaling procedures under local anaesthetia" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;complications&gt;&lt;communication&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-06-16T03:58:55.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21744" CreationDate="2020-06-15T20:35:28.290" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My short answer is, &quot;I don't exactly know,&quot; but maybe the discussion will still be interesting and a step in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it has been a while since I looked into it and I don't remember the citations, so it might be worthwhile to follow up elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that lowering the pH of a bleach solution converts the chlorite ion to hypochlorite ion, which is a more effective disinfectant, all else being equal.  Diluting the stock bleach also dilutes the added sodium hydroxide (added so as to convert the bleach to the more shelf-stable chlorite form), lowering the pH and converting more of the available to chlorite to hypochlorite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, while chlorite seems to be less effective, it doesn't seem to be wholly ineffective, so is there a point where a greater amount of a less effective substance equals or outweighs a lesser amount of a more effective substance?  That's where I wasn't really coming up with a good answer. Research results seem to conflict pretty dramatically depending on how they were testing efficacy, and a lot of available research seems predicated on the assumption that you are going to follow the existing recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, dilute bleach seems sufficiently effective, and it has the advantages of increased economy (unless you're buying the smallest available amount and not using it up before it expires), diminished risk of damaging the item you are cleaning, and decreased amounts of chemical irritant in the air (so perhaps a reduced risk of developing COPD or something if you do a lot of disinfection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19835" LastEditorUserId="19835" LastEditDate="2020-06-15T20:44:20.280" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T20:44:20.280" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23913" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-15T21:40:27.163" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;The bag says &quot;not sterilized, 100% polypropylene,&#xA;two layers of non-woven fabric, disposable&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can I sterilize the mask so that I can use the mask as many times as possible, that is without damaging the mask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should point out that these masks are the ones with the lowest price and they are very thin. At a short distance I can easily smell things from the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance for your help&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastActivityDate="2020-06-15T21:40:27.163" Title="Sterilizations of disposable face mask so that it can be reused many times?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;hygiene&gt;&lt;sanitation&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;&lt;sterilization&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-06-15T22:17:56.603" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23917" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-16T14:30:52.847" Score="5" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;This video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxJSMuHG1Fo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 minute COVID-19 test&lt;/a&gt; talks about a 1 minute COVID-19 testing which isn't available to the public yet. In the market and online, you can find fast COVID-19 tests which deliver the result in 10 minutes. Here in the province I live in we don't have community transmission anymore and we could be living a normal life if fast COVID-19 tests could be done on routes, where infected people from other provinces come to ours bringing the virus again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore I would like to know, what's the fastest COVID-19 test available nowadays?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:59:38.603" LastActivityDate="2020-10-02T20:34:44.093" Title="What's the fastest COVID-19 test available?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23918" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23919" CreationDate="2020-06-16T16:29:08.177" Score="1" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I got acute Diarrhoea, which I suspect to be due ton a new packet of dates which I purchased recently (1st time I'm using this).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have dry fruits and nuts regularly, however I haven't practiced washing them before eating.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can bacteria be present on Dry fruits/nuts? Is washing them before eating advisable? Would this kill any bacteria present on them if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the other possibilities of removing bacteria from dry fruits/nuts? Would refrigeration help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17196" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T01:30:27.073" Title="Best way to clean dry fruits and nuts before eating" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23919" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23918" CreationDate="2020-06-16T18:10:00.950" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Can bacteria be present on Dry fruits/nuts?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Absolutely. In fact, everything in your environment, including your food, is covered with bacteria, but most of them are harmless. In the good old days, we washed fruit and veggies to reduce possible contaminants, like insecticides used in their growth to keep them pretty, not to remove bacteria. But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327028&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;today it's different&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;Is washing them before eating advisable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this day of increased mass production, questionable preservatives, and increased litigation, the medical websites I looked at recommend washing dried fruit and nuts. :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;  &lt;p&gt;What are the other possibilities of removing bacteria from dry fruits/nuts? &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refrigeration keeps many bacteria from multiplying, but doesn't kill bacteria already present on food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find anything other method of reducing bacteria on the surfaces of dried fruits and nuts. On the effects of pretreatment on bacteria before dehydrating, yes. But once dried, no.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;sub&gt;I am old enough to remember this, and to remember the first big food-borne illness outbreaks. There were some outbreaks before then, of course, but many more probably occurred unnoticed. Looking into the origins of the Food and Drug Administrations is pretty informative and interesting reading.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2020-06-16T18:10:00.950" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23925" CreationDate="2020-06-17T08:54:21.213" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is well known: an antibiotic is effective when first introduced to the market, but over the years, its effectiveness decreases as resistant strains of bacteria emerge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other kinds of drugs which experience similar phenomena, where over time they become less effective at treating the disease they were originally developed for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm not asking about the &amp;quot;decline effect&amp;quot;, noted amongst antidepressants, where repeated studies seem to show a decrease in effectiveness, which seems to be a symptom of poor quality or biased studies overstating the drug's initial effectiveness.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm also not asking about drugs whose effectiveness for a given patient decreases over time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19842" LastEditorUserId="19842" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T12:38:08.073" LastActivityDate="2020-06-17T22:56:58.673" Title="Are antibiotics the only class of drugs whose effectiveness reduces over time?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23922" CreationDate="2020-06-17T19:44:20.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;This type of phenomenon will almost always be seen with drugs that target foreign pathogens capable of change, i.e., bacteria,  viruses, fungi, parasites, etc. In addition to antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral and antifungal medications can also decrease in effectiveness overtime as the pathogens develop resistance mechanisms. For instance, HIV can mutate over time as is written &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.poz.com/basics/hiv-basics/hiv-drug-resistance&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is because HIV replicates at an extremely rapid rate and does not contain the proteins needed to correct the mistakes it makes during copying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the reason people with HIV take multiple antiviral medications at the same time (&amp;quot;combination therapy) -- this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0601/p2789.html#:%7E:text=Although%20combination%20therapy%20that%20includes,the%20development%20of%20drug%20resistance.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mitigates any potential resistance from occurring&lt;/a&gt; because even if resistance develops to one drug, that mutated strain will be killed by the other meds which work by a different mechanism. It is highly unlikely HIV could develop resistance to three different kinds of antivirals in one strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot think of any other medications that would decrease in effectiveness over time, even when thinking about factors such as change of seasons or climate change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19203" LastEditorUserId="19203" LastEditDate="2020-06-17T22:56:58.673" LastActivityDate="2020-06-17T22:56:58.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-18T03:10:58.947" Score="3" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lymph node drainage of the stomach is via the pyloric and related lymph nodes. Either way, the supraclavicular node (Virchow's node) is not the first lymph node that drains the Stomach. According to Robbins and Cortran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, the Virchow node is a common site of metastasis. I checked Bailey's surgery textbook as well, and they did explain the other tumors- Krukenberg and Sister-Mary-Joseph nodules- as being due to the serosal infiltration of the original adenocarcinoma. This, however doesn't explain the supraclavicular lymph node involvement. Can anybody give me a reason for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17091" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T03:10:58.947" Title="Why is the Virchow node involved in Gastric Adeonocarcinoma?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;metastatic-cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23929" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23930" CreationDate="2020-06-18T11:01:01.390" Score="4" ViewCount="320" Body="&lt;p&gt;The brain receives oxygenated blood from both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which are connected through the Willis circle (Circulus arteriosus cerebri).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9VzgBm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9VzgBm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obstruction of terminal vessels such as the A. cerebri media obviously leads to neurological symptoms, but is the Willis circle able to compensate the unilateral total occlusion of any of the 4 main sources of oxygen to the brain?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T11:10:36.383" Title="Does a unilateral total obstruction of the carotid artery cause brain damage?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23930" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23929" CreationDate="2020-06-18T11:10:36.383" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unilateral carotid compression (Carotid Compression Test) is an important procedure before performing vascular surgery for either of the carotid arteries, because during the surgery, they need to be compressed upstream for obvious reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Numbers vary, but in 6%&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; to 26%&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of patients, the compensation through the circle of willis was insufficient:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Forty five patients showed no changes during the carotid compression. Two cases showed both weakness of the contralateral side and altered consciousness within 10 seconds of compression. A third patient developed profound altered consciousness with no discernable lateralizing signs. In all 3 cases, these findings were completely reversed within 5 seconds of release of digital compression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866623/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Naraynsingh V, Harnarayan P, Maharaj R, Dan D, Hariharan S. Preoperative digital carotid compression as a predictor of the need for shunting during carotid endarterectomy. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2013;7:110-112. Published 2013 Nov 15. doi:10.2174/1874192401307010110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;http://Hetzel%20A,%20von%20Reutern%20G,%20Wernz%20MG,%20Droste%20DW,%20Schumacher%20M.%20The%20carotid%20compression%20test%20for%20therapeutic%20occlusion%20of%20the%20internal%20carotid%20artery.%20Comparison%20of%20angiography%20with%20transcranial%20Doppler%20sonography.%20Cerebrovasc%20Dis.%202000;10(3):194-199.%20doi:10.1159/000016056&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hetzel A, von Reutern G, Wernz MG, Droste DW, Schumacher M. The carotid compression test for therapeutic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Comparison of angiography with transcranial Doppler sonography. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10(3):194-199. doi:10.1159/000016056&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T11:10:36.383" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-18T16:58:30.350" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;My book Parson Diseases of eye 23rd ed says pg141&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;hyperaemia primarily or as a result of underlying aetiology, causes a sense of discomfort often described as tightness, grittiness, inability to keep the eyes open and tiredness, especially towards the evening or after near work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it because of tiredness of ciliary muscles? Or it is that throughout the day offending agent accumulates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T16:58:30.350" Title="Hyperemia of conjunctiva increases during evening and near work, why?" Tags="&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23934" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2020-06-18T23:29:16.073" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Any answer to this type of question is going to be constrained by two basic laws of physics, which are conservation of mass and conservation of energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conservation of mass tells us that any weight you gain or lose is going to be equal to the difference between the mass you take in and the mass you excrete. Furthermore, the body doesn't transmute one chemical element into another, so conservation of mass can be applied separately to every element.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you could eat a pound of food and gain more than a pound of body weight, then that additional mass would have to come from some other imbalance between consumption and excretion. But this is pretty implausible because the mass of carbon is conserved by chemical reactions. Carbon is one of the main components of organic matter, so any weight gain is going to require some gain in carbon. Eating food is the only way your body has of bringing in carbon, while it has lots of ways of excreting carbon, including exhaling CO2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course you can gain or lose body weight by taking in or losing water, which contains no carbon. But this is not a way of doing any long-term change in body weight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of energy, the body has some efficiency for digesting food, which depends on factors such as what type of macronutrient you're eating, and how highly processed the food is. This efficiency is very high when you eat fats -- I've seen estimates of 97-100%. If weight gain means storing energy in fat, then at the high end of this range you're simply transporting fat molecules through your mouth and into your tissues. In that case you could gain a pound by drinking a pound of olive oil, but you can't gain &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; than a pound of fat -- that would violate both conservation of carbon mass and conservation of energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19808" LastActivityDate="2020-06-18T23:29:16.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-19T13:24:25.313" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a condition in which each eye percieves the same image as slightly larger or smaller than the other in the horizonal or vertical direction - thus making it more difficult to combine the two into a single coherent image - can corrective lenses be used to adjust the images so that they both appear the same size?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19855" LastActivityDate="2020-06-19T13:24:25.313" Title="Can corrective lenses be used to change the horizontal and vertical sizes of the images perceived by the eyes?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="793" CreationDate="2020-06-19T15:54:09.133" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;1 pound of pure fat, for example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/789035/nutrients&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;oil&lt;/a&gt;, has 453.6 g x 9 kilocalories, which is 4.082 kilocalories. When metabolized, up to 5% of calories from fat can get lost due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/specific-dynamic-action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thermic effect of food&lt;/a&gt;, so, theorhetically, you could get ~3, 878 calories from one pound of oil, which could be theoretically converted to ~430 g of body fat. Anyway, this does not happen at any given point of time, because some of dietary fats will be quickly burnt for current metabolic needs, before even completely absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not aware of any nutrient or food additive that would have more than 9 kcal/g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the perspective of one macronutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, fats and alcohol) promoting the absorption of another macronutrient (and ths calories): unlike in micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), this does not likely happen, because absorption of each macronutrient is independent of each other. Macronutrients can speed up or slow down the absorption of other macronutrients, but this does not likely affect the amount of total macronutrients being absorbed at the end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain nutrients, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20092365/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycerol&lt;/a&gt;, can promote temporary retention of water and thus temporary increase body weight (but this has nothing with promoting calorie absorption or retention).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3002" LastActivityDate="2020-06-19T15:54:09.133" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23939" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23943" CreationDate="2020-06-19T15:57:59.947" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is known that interferon inhibits the viruses replication process. At the same time, they don't give it to people with COVID-19 because we don't want the flu-like symptoms to get worse. How about the people who receive interferon for other diseases? Is this an advantage? or Do they have more protection than other people who don't take interferon? If you want me to be specific let's talk about Interferon Beta-1a but I'm talking generally.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3676" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:47:11.193" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:47:11.193" Title="For the people who are treated with interferons, does this provide them extra protection against corona virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19088" CreationDate="2020-06-19T17:55:47.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it's true.&#xA;A relationship does exist between grinding the teeth and sleep apnea.&#xA;The term bruxism(sleep bruxism) is used for grinding the teeth during sleep at night.&#xA;In a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11325-014-0953-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; it was seen that the patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome also demonstrated with sleep bruxism.&#xA;Interestingly treating the sleep apnea syndrome may also prevent sleep bruxism.&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11325-014-0953-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another good &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945702001302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; you may refer, wherein there was a study done proving this relation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T08:00:54.230" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T08:00:54.230" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23939" CreationDate="2020-06-19T21:18:52.700" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one knows. It’s possible, and there are clinical trial underway to determine any effect eg &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-52504409&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-52504409&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12501" LastActivityDate="2020-06-19T21:18:52.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23945" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23958" CreationDate="2020-06-20T14:18:12.940" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mvp = mitral valve prolapse&#xA;Hcm = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I understand that during squatting preload and afterload will increase and both of them would lead to increased LV volume, but how come they would decrease MVP and HCM murmur shouldn't that increase? shouldn't that cause more of parachuting of the prolapsed valve, okay I understand about the HCM that the blood in ventricles displaces the septum but I cannot understand about the MVP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T02:08:22.337" Title="Why squatting leads to decrease in MVP murmur" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;cardiac-physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23946" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-20T17:23:23.963" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is certainly good to study multiple coronavirus vaccines at this point, but that is not what I mean by this question.  What I mean is: suppose a vaccine appears safe and effective from trials, is approved, and we are starting to vaccinate at scale.  Should we continue developing other vaccines?  Presumably we should if there are serious side effects of the first vaccine, it isn't as effective as we like, etc.  But what if we don't expect any other vaccine that is being studied to do any better in trials?  I can still see arguments to develop additional vaccines, and once we have multiple approved vaccines, if they perform roughly equivalently, to randomize which vaccine we give to people.  Reasons include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;We might find out that there are long-term adverse consequences of one of the vaccines (and we might find this out only much later).  Using multiple vaccines will allow us to easily switch in this case.  Also, we won't have exposed pretty much the entire human population to the risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It would reduce the financial risk of vaccine development now to know there will be multiple &amp;quot;winners&amp;quot;, perhaps encouraging additional vaccine development, and perhaps reducing the incentive to cut corners to be first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any theory for how to think about these questions?  Are people thinking about them?  What are some references?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19860" LastActivityDate="2020-06-20T17:23:23.963" Title="Is it better to diversify across multiple vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23947" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23986" CreationDate="2020-06-20T17:35:06.603" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a poster to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.9014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical trial&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kINvD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kINvD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand that &lt;strong&gt;q3w&lt;/strong&gt; means &amp;quot;once every 3 weeks&amp;quot;, but what is the meaning of &lt;strong&gt;D1&lt;/strong&gt;? I think the first &lt;strong&gt;DI&lt;/strong&gt; must be a typo and it stands for &lt;strong&gt;D1&lt;/strong&gt; too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-06-20T18:54:23.390" LastActivityDate="2020-06-25T19:09:54.793" Title="Meaning of &quot;D1 q3w&quot; in a poster to a clinical trial" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23948" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23947" CreationDate="2020-06-20T21:40:59.367" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;DI stands for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2977&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diachronic&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diachronic: Over a period of time. The opposite of synchronic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would indicate that the medication is given in a drip, not as a bolus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;D1 seems to not have any standard meaning, the conclusion this answerer draws is that D1 is a probable transcription substitution for DI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15405" LastActivityDate="2020-06-20T21:40:59.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-21T06:00:03.847" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm translating a study poster and came across the following excerpt:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Good performance&lt;/strong&gt;, unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) &lt;strong&gt;patients&lt;/strong&gt; should receive standard-of-care treatment, i.e. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) followed by durvalumab.&#xA;cCRT has been shown to improve survival outcomes among good performance status inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in well controlled randomized trials compared to sequential CRT (sCRT) and single-modality therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Who are &lt;strong&gt;good performance patients&lt;/strong&gt;? Patients who respond well to treatment? Patients whose condition remains good?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm unsure how to translate this into Russian. Would &amp;quot;stable patients&amp;quot; be synonymous with &amp;quot;good performance patients&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T06:00:03.847" Title="Who are &quot;good performance patients&quot;?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23950" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23956" CreationDate="2020-06-21T06:24:54.977" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Background section of a clinical trial poster:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Good performance, unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients should receive standard-of-care treatment, i.e. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) followed by durvalumab.&#xA;cCRT has been shown to improve survival outcomes among good performance status inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in well controlled randomized trials compared to sequential CRT (sCRT) and single-modality therapy. &lt;strong&gt;The benchmark for median survival&lt;/strong&gt; with cCRT is 29 months in clinical trials. However, many &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; patients do not receive cCRT. Less is known about the survival benefits of cCRT vs other treatment modalities in pragmatic, non-clinical trial settings. Moreover, the reasons for poorer survival with cCRT in the &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; setting needs to be investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of the &lt;strong&gt;benchmark for median survival&lt;/strong&gt;? Does it mean &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;typical&lt;/strong&gt; survival shown by this kind of therapy in clinical trials?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there really some benchmark and all trials are expected to show a survival of at least 29 months with this treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T22:56:10.113" Title="Meaning of &quot;the benchmark for median survival&quot;" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23951" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23955" CreationDate="2020-06-21T08:26:30.197" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a poster describing a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.7043&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; in cancer patients. This is from a table in the poster, which describes the characteristics of the patients (Age groups, Sex ect.) You can see what percentage of the total patient sample belonged to this or that subgroup.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i0uQg.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/i0uQg.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of this &lt;strong&gt;(ref)&lt;/strong&gt;? I don't get it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't get the full text of the paper, it's behind a paywall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T22:51:15.710" Title="Meaning of &quot;(ref)&quot; in a table describing the characteristics of patients taking part in a cancer study" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23952" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23918" CreationDate="2020-06-21T09:36:09.240" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are different approaches to answering this question, but I will say as a pragmatic generalisation: no, that wouldn't be advisable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For one thing, the standard procedures that can be applied to the &amp;quot;washing&amp;quot; of food products varies greatly depending upon their physical, chemical. and other characteristics.  Washing of dry ingredients involves rehydrating them, and from the safety standpoint you are introducing further risks of &amp;quot;pulling in&amp;quot; more contaminants in the process without any definitive benfits to gain by doing so (and the quality standpoint will generally suffer greatly without further processing involved).  (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/guidance-industry-guide-minimize-microbial-food-safety-hazards-fresh-cut-fruits-and-vegetables&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA Guidance&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A better solution is to simply learn more about the supply chain and purchase from a reputable facility or brand identity, such as ones with 3rd party audit certification, e.g., at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://mygfsi.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GFSI level&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sqfi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/SQF-Code_Manufacturing-ed-8.1-FINAL.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SQF&lt;/a&gt;, BRC, FSSC22000, etc.), or private retailer branded items (e.g., Trader Joe's brands, Aldi's Fusia brand line, etc).  Also, learn the types of illnesses that result from adulterated food: there's infection, intoxication, and infection-mediated intoxication, etc (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csun.edu/%7Ecjh78264/foodsafety/pages/fbi1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;).  Simply achieving lethality does not necessarily render food safe for consumption, so beware to keep that in mind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: Please note that upon second thought, I'm not sure I'm able to disclose TJ's or Aldi's brand identity requirements guidance documentation as I'm not sure if it's covered under their NDA or not.  To put it simply though, the reason why I bring them up is simply due to the nature of how contract manufacturing works in the retail food sector; they will not contract out to a manufacturer for an item packed under their own brand identity unless there is a certain level of assurance that no harm should come to their brand in the event of, e.g., recall or etc.  Thus, anyone who is approved to manufacture under their branding has to meet a certain level of safety and quality standards, and the minimmum of which is benchmarked at the GFSI standard.  Trader Joe's actually is even more stringent and has implemented their own standard as of last year, mediated by SAI Global.  Therefor, even without the documentation, you can arrive to the same conclusion via common-sense.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16504" LastEditorUserId="16504" LastEditDate="2020-06-24T01:30:27.073" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T01:30:27.073" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23955" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23951" CreationDate="2020-06-21T22:51:15.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The authors are fitting a regression model. It is common in regression with factors as predictors to consider one level of the factor as a &amp;quot;reference&amp;quot; level. Every other variable in the model expresses some difference relative to that reference level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately the choice of reference doesn't matter that much for the model, as long as appropriate comparisons are made, but it does help you understand how the numbers in the paper combine to get a result for a particular population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T22:51:15.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23950" CreationDate="2020-06-21T22:56:10.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean &amp;quot;typical survival shown by this kind of therapy in clinical trials?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. They are saying that this is a typical median survival in trials of this treatment, but that real-world survival is lower. Therefore, there is a gap between real practice and the trials. Furthermore, that makes it unclear if the trials showing a benefit translate to real world benefits. I would presume that if this is in an abstract/introduction, they are saying this to motivate their own study, which I am guessing is then going to be a real world assessment of different treatments which the authors feel has better practical validity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-06-21T22:56:10.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23958" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23945" CreationDate="2020-06-22T02:08:22.337" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The murmur from HOCM is from the mitral valve leaflet jamming into the septum, also called systolic anterior motion (SAM). This disappears when you increase the volume of LV because if you increase the volume, the ventricle becomes more distended and the leaflet is further away from the septum, so you have less murmur that can be heard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MVP murmur decreases during squatting because if you increase the volume in LV, there is more tension on the chordae tendinae so the leaflets can't prolapse as much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19279" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T02:08:22.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-22T06:13:36.233" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a poster to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.9048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cpVzX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cpVzX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand the meaning of &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; used in several fields of this table. What could it mean? I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.9048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the abstract&lt;/a&gt; of the study but still cannot get it. The article itself is behind a paywall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-06-23T20:15:02.997" Title="Meaning of &quot;I&quot; in a table in a study poster" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23962" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23774" CreationDate="2020-06-22T10:28:34.970" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.devoteam.com/newsroom/covid-19-ai-model-confirms-at-98-5-there-will-be-no-second-wave-this-summer-or-this-winter-according-to-devoteams-data-scientists/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This study&lt;/a&gt; for France says there is a 1.5% chance of a second wave. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redanalysis.org/2020/05/11/second-wave-for-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; discusses three different papers modelling successive waves of covid (not only two). As usual, conclusions depend on modelling assumptions and different scenarios. For instance, &lt;a href=&quot;https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-what-a-second-wave-might-look-like-138980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; states the outcome depends on how R and other factors (whether the virus mutate or not) behave.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A personal reflection, if I may. The modelling answer has two sides. One is the epidemiological dynamics, and the other is the behavioural one. As an economist, I am particularly concerned with the latter, which I think is particularly difficult to predict and &lt;strong&gt;the models above do not consider&lt;/strong&gt;. Covid-19 was a new thing four months ago and uncertainty led to panic (remember toilet paper buying spree?), significant willingness and openness to testing and, in the end, lockdowns. A second wave will for sure be different. Since the virus is evidently less dangerous as originally imagined (particularly for the population not at-risk, the majority), and most normal people do not want lockdowns again (as it can be seen from the reaction to their easing), there could be less willingness to cooperate with public health authorities. For instance, &lt;strong&gt;it might well be that individuals with probably mild cases won't report them.&lt;/strong&gt; Why bother? This behavioural change could have devastating consequences for the development of a second wave. I would expect any reasonable analysis to incorporate this and other behavioural responses in the analysis. As said, the above do not consider them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19866" LastActivityDate="2020-06-22T10:28:34.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23963" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-22T12:50:50.047" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;What causes hair loss when we seem to have no genetics propensity for it? My father has no sign of hair loss. How to treat this — foods, routines, medicines, etc. Please provide a detailed answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19869" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:06:42.933" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:06:42.933" Title="Hair loss without having genetics (father and mother) of hair loss" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23968" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23975" CreationDate="2020-06-23T06:25:38.790" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;As someone who's simply asking out of curiosity, I've tried looking into the topic myself, but often times I run into answers with little or no detail on the subject. Sometimes the question is more focused or directed towards something else in the system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to understand isn't the effects of being asymptomatic, but rather, how does the whole process work? Why is it different person-to-person, and what exactly is going on behind the scenes at a biological level? Does one person just have a stronger immune system able to suppress the virus longer?&#xA;Or a more reactive Immune system that quickly tackles the virus before it can proliferate to threatening levels? Perhaps the virus itself is still somewhat dormant or not fully awake yet?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, what &lt;strong&gt;EXACTLY&lt;/strong&gt; causes one to be asymptomatic and in turn, become a carrier rather than someone who looks like a walking corpse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19877" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T23:06:51.577" Title="What makes a person asymptomatic? How does it work?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;asymptomatic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23969" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-23T13:09:08.453" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a mild, small shingles outbreak (8-10 square inches) is preceded by a few days of numbness that covers the affected area, what are the expectations for normal feeling to return after the shingles lesions have run their course?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/shingles#long-term&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;One reference&lt;/a&gt; refers to long term pain, but not to post-blister numbness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ada.com/signs-of-shingles/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This reference&lt;/a&gt; also mentions numbness as a pre-blister symptom.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a lot on the net about shingles, but the post-blister recovery information focuses on pain rather than numbness.  Given a choice, most people would rather numbness than pain, but given the mechanism of infection by herpes zoster, I am curious about reasonable expectations for nerves returning to normal function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long should one expect the numbness to last?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19878" LastEditorUserId="19878" LastEditDate="2020-06-24T21:59:48.420" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T21:59:48.420" Title="What is the recovery trajectory for numbness preceding shingles?" Tags="&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;shingles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23971" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="23977" CreationDate="2020-06-23T18:21:49.190" Score="3" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to indicate which side of a finger an injury has occurred (e.g., a cut). Depending on orientation of the hand left/right / sinister/dexter seems ambiguous. I look at my palms it's one way, the back of my hand, the other way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How would I say something like the following without having to reference another finger as a landmark.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;The the ring finger on the left hand was cut on the side closest to the pinky. &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would it be appropriate to say &amp;quot;the forth digit was cut on the ulnar side&amp;quot;? Or is there a different/better convention one would follow for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm probably over thinking this, but I'm nothing if not pedantic)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19881" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-06-24T10:56:01.043" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T17:00:22.240" Title="How do I specify a particular side of a finger?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23972" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23971" CreationDate="2020-06-23T18:52:20.247" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;One may use anatomical terminology as in if the injury is on that side of a digit which is near to the midline then one may say that the medial side of fourth finger was injured. The other side which is away from midline is the lateral side. More specifically there are other terms eg anterior posterior, to indicate the front or back surface of a hand/finger.&#xA;I will recommend you to go through the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; for the reference and a better understanding of the anatomical terminologies.&#xA;This convention is used in anatomy to for determining the exact side. For a standard article on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120884674500090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;convention&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This is an article from a manual- Human bone manual-(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120884674500090&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120884674500090&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also the convention used for which finger is talked about, &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32596&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; may help.&#xA;There is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;convention&lt;/a&gt; to follow how a human being is positioned so that there is no ambiguity as to how the palm is facing to define medial/lateral positions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I have answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-24T17:00:22.240" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T17:00:22.240" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23960" CreationDate="2020-06-23T20:15:02.997" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think 'I' represents Intravenous infusion as it is mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02125461&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical trial information sheet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2020-06-23T20:15:02.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23975" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23968" CreationDate="2020-06-24T04:13:10.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The symptoms caused by a virus come from a combination of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_shedding&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;actual damage done by the virus&lt;/a&gt; and side effects of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00175-0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune system's response&lt;/a&gt; to the virus. Once a virus enters your body there is effectively a race between the reproduction of the virus, and the immune system developing a targeted response to the virus. Also going on in the background, the body is repairing damage to itself. It's also possible that the body's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294426/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;immune response will become too intense&lt;/a&gt;, and this can kill cells too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why wouldn't a person develop symptoms from a virus infection? Well, this is biology so individual variation counts for a lot. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6083867/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;To infect a cell a virus has to dock with proteins on the surface of the cell&lt;/a&gt;. All humans will have basically the same surface proteins, but there may be slight differences from person to person. In some individuals the differences may be sufficient to slow down the virus's entry or cause it to fail entirely sometimes. This would slow down the virus life cycle, which would give an extra time for the immune system to react to it and knock it down, perhaps before either the infection or the immune response became intense enough to cause symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is considerable variation in our immune systems as well. As you might guess &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582124/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;age, or medical conditions may result in a weakened immune system that responds to the virus only slowly&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Our immune systems are also changed by the diseases we've encountered in our life&lt;/a&gt;. For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@ngough_bioserendipity/antibodies-to-sars-cov-2-are-some-people-already-immune-d8f7980c10a5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some people may have encountered other viruses in the same family as SARS-COV-2 and have stored anti-bodies that are partially effective against SARS-COV-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some viruses like HIV and herpes can undergo a period of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_latency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dormancy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most famous case of an asymptomatic carrier of a disease was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mallon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mary Malon&lt;/a&gt; who was infected with typhoid fever. Though she displayed no symptoms, she transmitted the disease to dozens of people, several of whom died. She was forced to spend 26 years in quarantine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2020-06-24T23:06:51.577" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T23:06:51.577" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23977" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23971" CreationDate="2020-06-24T12:06:23.517" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In general in these situations the medial/lateral terminology is used, however in case of hands/feet due to the ability to pronate and supinate this might lead to confusion, therefore specific terms  &amp;quot;radial, ulnar&amp;quot; are preferred.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Hands_and_feet&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Hands_and_feet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2020-06-24T12:06:23.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23986" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23947" CreationDate="2020-06-25T19:09:54.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;D1 means on day one of the three weekly cycles. DI is a typo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oncologypro.esmo.org/meeting-resources/esmo-2016/Lurbinectedin-PM01183-administered-once-D1-every-3-weeks-q3w-in-combination-with-capecitabine-XEL-in-patients-pts-with-metastatic-breast-MBC-colorectal-CRC-or-pancreatic-PaC-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://oncologypro.esmo.org/meeting-resources/esmo-2016/Lurbinectedin-PM01183-administered-once-D1-every-3-weeks-q3w-in-combination-with-capecitabine-XEL-in-patients-pts-with-metastatic-breast-MBC-colorectal-CRC-or-pancreatic-PaC-cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-06-25T19:09:54.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-27T11:13:57.383" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we all know that albumin is a negative inflammatory phase reactant. In severe inflammation, the level of albumin goes down. In one of our reviews, we found that hypoalbuminemia is occurring in greater than 60% of the COVID-19 participants and the risk ratio of increase is greater in severe as compared to non-severe patients &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-37723/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;60% prevalence&lt;/a&gt;. But a published report from Lancet Gastroenterology and hepatology is reporting a 6% prevalence of hypoalbuminemia &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(20)30126-6/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lancet study&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in your respective healthcare settings among COVID-19 patients? Is it a routine that you encounter? Can we take this hypoalbuminemia as a surrogate marker for severity of COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Declaration of interest: I am a part of the author of the first link. The question is for scientific clarification in the forum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19627" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T16:11:45.833" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T16:11:45.833" Title="What happens to albumin level in COVID-19 patient?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;liver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23993" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-27T15:45:17.743" Score="4" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Atlas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hoover-affiliated&lt;/a&gt; physician Scott W. Atlas &lt;a href=&quot;https://thehill.com/opinion/healthcare/498180-were-risking-national-suicide-if-we-dont-adjust-our-pandemic-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wrote&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More importantly, it was never a policy goal to eliminate all cases of COVID-19. That is impossible, unnecessary and illogical, when 99 percent of infected people have no significant illness from it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect this one of those carefully crafted, politically minded pieces that is true for some definition of &amp;quot;significant&amp;quot; (which he does not define), but possibly misleading in some other sense. (Atlas et al. are also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aier.org/article/will-the-politicians-admit-their-lockdown-mistake/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;somewhat&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://mises.org/power-market/cost-lockdowns-human-health-and-human-lives-becoming-increasingly-clear&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;famous&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/47977/has-the-us-covid-19-lockdown-resulted-in-more-years-of-life-lost-than-covid-19-i&quot;&gt;claiming&lt;/a&gt; that the lockdown has killed more people in the US than Covid-19.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to focus on my question, for what definition of &amp;quot;significant&amp;quot; is that quoted statement true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-06-27T15:50:35.423" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T21:12:38.700" Title="For what definition of &quot;significant&quot; is it true that &quot;99 percent of [Covid-19] infected people have no significant illness from it&quot;?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23995" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23993" CreationDate="2020-06-27T16:26:13.480" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Edited to correct misunderstanding of the question (thank you, @Tobias Fritz.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt;, 2,886,267 people in the US have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, of which 129,811 have died (which is likely a conservative number).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That means that 4.5% of infected persons die from the infection (129811 is 4.4975395554188% of 2886267.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You ask&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...for what definition of &amp;quot;significant&amp;quot; is that quoted statement [that 99 percent of infected people have no significant illness from it] true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would need to be &lt;strong&gt;more significant than death&lt;/strong&gt; for that statement to be true, since the death rate exceeds 1% by about 4.5 times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2020-07-06T21:12:38.700" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T21:12:38.700" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23996" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-27T16:39:22.603" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The endocannabinoid system is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the vertebrate central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endocannabinoid_system&amp;amp;oldid=963600076&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched for scientific literature or video lectures to learn if it is possible for humans for enhance the endocannabinoid sytem;&#xA;naturally creating more endocannabinoids than normal and specifically by nutrition (i.e no neuroscience stimulation devices, no bodily practices such as meditation, etc, rather only by nutrition).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nutrition for that matter could be anything edible which isn't cannibalistic and isn't the flowers, resin, leafs, branches or stems of the medical varieties of the Cannabis plant (but could be its *seeds).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can humans enhance their production of endocannabinoids by nutrition?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19902" LastActivityDate="2020-06-27T16:39:22.603" Title="Can humans enhance their production of endocannabinoids by nutrition?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;cannabinoids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23998" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-28T03:57:45.387" Score="1" ViewCount="433" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pooled testing for COVID-19 is being considered as a method to ramp up testing &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/26/pool-testing-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stat News&lt;/a&gt;. Apparently this is being considered by the White House coronavirus team.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear to me what the goal of this approach is as it seems to be contradictory to the notion of &lt;strong&gt;rapidly&lt;/strong&gt; detecting persons who may be contagious so as to place that person in immediate isolation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using the example from the Stat News article, say that a company has 100 employees that need to be &amp;quot;observed&amp;quot; on an on-going basis. Pooling, (as I think I understand it) might consist of taking 100 swabs and combining groups of ten swabs, then subsequently conducting just ten analyses. For the sake of example, let's agree that of the 100 employees only ten employees are actually contagious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the best of circumstances, as luck would have it, all ten of those contagious employees might be in just one pool. In that case 9 of the tests would come back negative and 1 test would be positive. In the worst case, those ten contagious employees are uniformly distributed, resulting in 10 tests all coming back positive. More likely, however, those swabs of the ten infected employees will be randomly distributed among the ten pools.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, for argument's sake, let's suggest that 5 of the pools are analyzed as positive and 5 pools are negative. Assuming that the analysis is perfect (that is no false positives or false negatives), it would seem that the 50 employees in the 5 negative pools could be deemed safe to return or continue to work. The other 50 employees would have to be retested, either by pools or individually. If they are tested by pools (and the pool size is maintained at 10 swabs per pool), the ten infected employees will still not have been positively identified, making a third round and fourth round of testing a necessity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious advantage to pooled testing is that a smaller number of analysis could be performed, however the number of swabs (supposedly in short supply). Some non-infected persons will be tested multiple times.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the length of time to detect only those who are infected, will double, triple and possibly quadruple.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this seems to be a classic case of cost (of testing) versus urgency (to mitigate spread of the virus)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a company (or county or country) feels an urgency to attempt to isolate infected persons, it would seem sensible to deploy individual (non-pooled) testing. On the other hand, if there is no sense of urgency, then a pooled approach (because it involves less analytical work) is appropriate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If my perspective or understanding of how pooled testing would be deployed, I certainly would like someone to correct me, in the meanwhile my question is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the principle goal of pooled COVID-19 testing for the United States?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:08:40.233" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T20:51:40.123" Title="What is the principal goal in pooled COVID-19 testing?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="23999" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23998" CreationDate="2020-06-28T08:14:39.687" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Group testing&lt;/a&gt; was introduced by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dorfman&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Robert Dorfman&lt;/a&gt; during WWII to &amp;quot;weed out all syphilitic men&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Robert Dorfman, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731363&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The detection of defective members of large populations&lt;/a&gt;, Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Volume 14, Number 4, 1943.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MOr4i.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MOr4i.png&quot; alt=&quot;The detection of defective members of large populations&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-28T08:21:30.480" LastActivityDate="2020-06-28T08:21:30.480" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24001" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-28T10:48:42.413" Score="3" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The area I live in has a regulation that people should wear PPE when visiting grocery stores, etc. There is a shortage of PPE. I have access to some non-reusable FFP2-class respirators that are intended to be used during a 8 hours shift (similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/company-us/all-3m-products/%7E/3M-VFlex-Particulate-Respirator-9105S-N95-Small-400-EA-Case/?N=5002385+3294756851&amp;amp;rt=rud&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;).&#xA;Reuse of disposable respirators &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/decontamination-reuse-respirators.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been suggested&lt;/a&gt; as a crisis measure during the shortage. I have been reusing my respirators for a while, but by now I have used each of them for more than 8 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Until I can replenish my stock, I have a choice between using the repsirators beyond the designated 8 hours, or resort to cloth masks, which are widely available / widely used in my area. A cloth mask is basically nothing more than a piece of cloth that can be attached to one's face.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;My research so far&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm by no means an expert, so correct me if I'm wrong. From what I understand cloth masks offer almost no protection against viruses. Respirators, on the other hand, offer some degree of protection due to being able to filter out particles/droplets from the inhaled air thanks to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uvex-safety.com/blog/how-do-respirators-actually-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;electrostatic charge of the filter material&lt;/a&gt;. However, I wasn't able to find any info on the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What happens to the respirator during the prolonged use?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the use time limited? Is it because the contamination of filter layers reduces the electrostatic charge?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most importantly, &lt;strong&gt;can a respirator at some point become less useful / more harmful than a cloth mask?&lt;/strong&gt; (assuming that the user knows how to don/doff and store the respirators properly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19904" LastActivityDate="2020-06-28T10:48:42.413" Title="What happens to a disposable FFP2/N95 respirator during the prolonged use?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24004" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-28T21:18:08.347" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most people would instinctively beg a trauma suffering person, especially a relative to stay conscious, open eyes or fight desire to &amp;quot;sleep&amp;quot; during critical trauma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But does retaining consciousness actually affect ability to survive or fully recover from critical trauma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I researched the internet and found a paper mentioning that shock could affect blood thickening during trauma but that's about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19907" LastActivityDate="2020-06-28T21:18:08.347" Title="Does loss of consciousness during shock affect survival from (physical) trauma?" Tags="&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24005" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-06-29T01:04:41.357" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T01:04:41.357" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T01:04:41.357" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24006" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-06-29T01:04:41.357" Score="0" Body="Human gastrointestinal microbiota — also known as gut flora or gut microbiota — are the microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) that live in the digestive tracts of humans. " OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:33.637" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:43:33.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24007" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24008" CreationDate="2020-06-29T07:39:41.760" Score="2" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Due to trauma, e.g., from road accidents, sports, falls, etc a tooth may be removed entirely from its socket. Can this tooth be saved? If so, what should a person do at the accident site?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T12:38:39.497" LastActivityDate="2020-11-06T19:06:16.937" Title="Can a tooth be saved if it was accidentally knocked out from its socket?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;public-awareness&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24007" CreationDate="2020-06-29T07:39:41.760" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sharing this knowledge with everyone of you.&#xA;Since it is very common for a healthy tooth to be knocked out and if a person is not aware of what steps should be taken and whether the tooth can be reimplanted or not then he/she will have to go for prosthesis, which has its expenses, and other complications. And no prosthesis is better than to have your own natural tooth in the socket.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my answer is yes. A tooth may be saved and reimplanted in the socket after its avulsion (complete displacement from its socket)&#xA;However it's important to keep in mind that milk tooth/primary tooth/baby tooth &lt;strong&gt;can not&lt;/strong&gt; be reimplanted. The reason being&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because of the potential for subsequent damage to developing permanent tooth germs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference-(&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aapd.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.aapd.org&lt;/a&gt; › G_TraumaPDF Guideline on Management of Acute Dental Trauma - AAPD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now if the tooth is permanent then these steps should be followed at the accident site-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;•Find the tooth and pick it up by the crown (the white part). Avoid touching the root.&#xA;•If the tooth is dirty, wash it briefly (max 10s) under cold running water and reposition it.Once the tooth is back in place, bite on a handkerchief to hold it in position.&#xA;•If this is not possible, or for other reasons when replantation of the avulsed tooth is not possible (e.g., an unconscious patient), place the tooth in a glass of milk or another suitable storage medium and bring with the patient to the emergency clinic. The tooth can also be transported in the mouth, keeping it inside the lip or cheek if the patient is conscious. If the patient is very young, he/she could swallow the tooth – therefore it is advisable to get the patient to spit in a container and place the tooth in it. &lt;strong&gt;Avoid storage in water!&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;•If there is access at the place of accident to special storage or transport media (e.g., tissue culture/transport medium, Hanks balanced storage medium (HBSS or saline) such media can preferably be used.&#xA;•Seek emergency dental treatment immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01125.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The individual should visit the nearest dental clinic as soon as possible if he/she can not replant the tooth by himself/herself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now what all storage media can be used to transport the tooth to a dental clinic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The excellent and most accessible storage media include cold milk&amp;gt; coconut water&amp;gt; egg white.&#xA;A table has been given in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bdj/v24n5/0103-6440-bdj-24-05-437.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwill6ryv6bqAhXx7HMBHVdfAu8QFjAGegQIBxAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1GlfBhQxlTTLVEWZp4gyek&amp;amp;cshid=1593415671173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;comparing different media for storage of a tooth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I have helped to share some knowledge.&#xA;Your doubts are welcome :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T07:45:25.263" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T07:45:25.263" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24010" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-06-29T11:52:44.190" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T11:52:44.190" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T11:52:44.190" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24011" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-06-29T11:52:44.190" Score="0" Body="Trauma can be the physical result an injury caused by an external source, or it can be mental harm caused by war or other perceived or real threats to life." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:09:33.523" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:09:33.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24012" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-06-29T12:21:01.897" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T12:21:01.897" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T12:21:01.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24013" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-06-29T12:21:01.897" Score="0" Body="A colonoscopy is an exam used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:02.107" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:43:02.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24014" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-06-29T12:47:08.680" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T12:47:08.680" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T12:47:08.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24015" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-06-29T12:47:08.680" Score="0" Body="Hemoglobin (abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:43:27.307" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:43:27.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24016" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-06-29T13:44:59.883" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T13:44:59.883" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T13:44:59.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24017" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-06-29T13:44:59.883" Score="0" Body="Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat pain and fever. It is typically used for mild to moderate pain relief." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-17T15:34:43.123" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:34:43.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24018" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24019" CreationDate="2020-06-29T15:24:52.983" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932947&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a news report on the results of a study&lt;/a&gt; in which previous stress experience was shown to increase the risk of both PTSD and major depression after a disaster (earthquake). It's hard for me to understand two points that seem to contradict each other:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further analyses showed that prior disaster exposure was not a significant predictor of postdisaster PTSD. Nevertheless, &lt;strong&gt;for every unit increase&lt;/strong&gt; in prior nondisaster stressors, the &lt;strong&gt;odds of developing postdisaster PTSD increased&lt;/strong&gt; (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 – 1.37; P = .001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I take this to mean that for every unit measured using the List of Threatening Experiences, a questionnaire with a maximum score of 12, the risk of PTSD increases. If a person has a score of 1 his risk of PTSD is higher than if he has a score of 0, and so on, with the highest risk reached at score 12.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But further on the text says that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As such, individuals who have experienced several stressors over the course of a lifetime are at higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. This was the case with PTSD, in which &lt;strong&gt;exposure to at least four previous manageable stressors&lt;/strong&gt; was associated with greater odds of developing postdisaster PTSD. For MDD, on the other hand, there was a distinct dose-response relationship between the number of manageable predisaster stressors and the risk for postdisaster MDD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These two statements seem to contradict each other. Either the risk of PTSD increases for each unit of the LTE, or it increases only for persons who have more than 4 stressfull experiences in their life history.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's the original publication (behind a paywall): &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.88&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Assessing the relationship between psychosocial stressors and psychiatric resilience among Chilean disaster survivors&lt;/a&gt; (Fernandez et al., 2020)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's one figure from the publication:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aWDtY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/aWDtY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-06-29T15:42:14.587" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T16:32:39.587" Title="Strange results of a study: &quot;for every unit increase the risk of PTSD increased&quot;, yet &quot;at least four stressors needed to increase the risk of PTSD&quot;" Tags="&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24019" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24018" CreationDate="2020-06-29T16:32:39.587" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I generated some arbitrary data that might be a little similar to theirs (though I've only included x-values up to 4) to show how this might happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DeHvX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/DeHvX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R code to do this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;library(tidyverse)&#xA;&#xA;N &amp;lt;- 10&#xA;&#xA;a &amp;lt;- data.frame(x=0,y=rnorm(N,mean=log(1),sd=.5))&#xA;b &amp;lt;- data.frame(x=1,y=rnorm(N,mean=log(1.07),sd=.5))&#xA;c &amp;lt;- data.frame(x=2,y=rnorm(N,mean=log(1.29),sd=.5))&#xA;d &amp;lt;- data.frame(x=3,y=rnorm(N,mean=log(0.93),sd=.5))&#xA;e &amp;lt;- data.frame(x=4,y=rnorm(N,mean=log(2.77),sd=.5))&#xA;&#xA;data &amp;lt;- rbind(a,b,c,d,e)&#xA;&#xA;ggplot(data=data, aes(x=x,y=y)) + geom_point()&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given data like these, you could try a couple different analyses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could treat the x-axis as continuous, and try to fit a line to these data. You would then decide there is a significant relationship if the line you fit has slope different from zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You could treat the points on the x-axis as categories, and do something like an ANOVA (or use them as factors in a logistic regression, which is what the authors have done because their actual data are binary; the principle is the same, however). In this approach, you could compare each group individually to the reference (0) group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For approach (1), you can fit the model:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m &amp;lt;- lm(y ~ x, data=data)&#xA;summary(m)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fitted coefficients (for one particular random run of this script; you'll get slightly different results every time):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&amp;gt;|t|)    &#xA;(Intercept) -0.17603    0.13827  -1.273 0.209129    &#xA;x            0.22858    0.05645   4.049 0.000186 ***&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first row is the y-intercept; we don't care about it much here. The second row, however, shows that there is a significant linear relationship between x and y. If you took this approach, you could report the result as &amp;quot;For every unit increase in (x), there is a 0.23 increase in (y).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For approach (2), you can run:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;m &amp;lt;- lm(y ~ as.factor(x), data=data)&#xA;summary(m)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for coefficients I get:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;               Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&amp;gt;|t|)    &#xA; (Intercept)    -0.1339     0.1562  -0.857    0.396    &#xA; as.factor(x)1   0.3337     0.2209   1.510    0.138    &#xA; as.factor(x)2   0.3676     0.2209   1.664    0.103    &#xA; as.factor(x)3   0.1280     0.2209   0.579    0.565    &#xA; as.factor(x)4   1.2458     0.2209   5.638 1.07e-06 ***&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for the first 3 categories, they are not significant from the reference category (0), but the 4th one is significantly different (small p-value). If you took this approach, you could report the result as &amp;quot;If (x) is equal to 4, there is a larger value for (y) than when (x) is equal to 0&amp;quot;, but you wouldn't say the same about (1), (2), or (3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors chose to use both approaches for the same data; it's possible that their result fitting a line (approach 1) is a bit misleading, but it can also just depend on uncertainty in the data. If they had a larger sample size they may be able to pick up differences seen after few than four events. In the data I've simulated, all the means are actually different so if you fit these models with 1000 points (you can try it in R if you change the N &amp;lt;- line) you would find they are all different from the reference category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-06-29T16:32:39.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24020" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24022" CreationDate="2020-06-29T19:19:13.010" Score="5" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the main preventative measures for Coronavirus currently recommended is standard hand-washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally at least people have increased their hand-washing substantially although I haven't found a study giving validated numbers.  Given that this type of hand-washing has been recommended for centuries to reduce the transmission of common colds and other viruses, has there been any noticeable reduction in the number of other reported infections or transmission of those diseases it is known to prevent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19912" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T19:04:05.883" Title="Has increased Hand-washing during Coronavirus lockdown helped reduce transmission of the Common Cold &amp; other Viruses?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24020" CreationDate="2020-06-29T21:49:35.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't know if it's &lt;strong&gt;just&lt;/strong&gt; handwashing, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-surveil-ozflu-flucurr.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Australia is reporting&lt;/a&gt; a significant decrease in flu this season:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Following a high start to the 2020 interseasonal period, currently, influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) activity are lower than average across all systems for this time of year. At the national level, notifications of laboratory-confirmed influenza have substantially decreased since mid-March and remain low.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the detailed PDF for May, which was linked from the first link above but is now gone, they say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interpretation of 2020 influenza activity data should take into account, but are not limited to, the impact of social distancing measures, likely changes in health seeking behaviour of the community including access to alternative streams of acute respiratory infection specific health services, and focussed testing for COVID-19 response activities. Current COVID-19 related public health measures and the community’s adherence to public health messages are also likely having an effect on transmission of acute respiratory infections, including influenza. &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And provide a lot of graphs. I think this one is the most impressive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/joNNo.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/joNNo.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;second half of June&amp;quot; detailed PDF is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-surveil-ozflu-flucurr.htm/$File/flu-06-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, but may go away. Future readers should go to the first link and look for links under the Full Report heading.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-07-06T19:04:05.883" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T19:04:05.883" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24023" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-29T23:22:04.483" Score="0" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming a diet of only glucose, is it possible to gain weight? I know that fructose can be converted by the liver to triglycerides and be stored as fat. However, my understanding is that glucose can only be utilized immediately by body, and there is no way for it to store as a fat reserve of any type. So, if this right it should be impossible to gain weight from consuming only glucose. Is that true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not that I NOT asking mixed diets that include glucose. I am asking about a diet that includes only glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T09:56:47.337" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T17:16:48.183" Title="Is it possible to gain weight from only glucose?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;weight&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24034" CreationDate="2020-06-30T00:37:44.287" Score="-1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;The famous Nobel Prize winning physicist &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman#Death&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is said to have died because&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure&amp;quot;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;leading to his death 12 days later. I understand that the kidney might have needed to do more filtration work due to this rupture, and maybe the ulcer contained some material too hard on the kidney, but how exactly does the contents of the ulcer spewing into the duodenum result lead to kidney failure? What are the steps that would occur that would lead to this outcome?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16670" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T17:56:59.850" Title="How can a ruptured ulcer all the way in the duodenum, cause kidney failure?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24025" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-30T02:27:07.617" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;United States here, and New York state specifically (if it matters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our five year old son needs to have an endoscopy performed with a local GI specialist. I understand its a simple procedure, but this is our son. And before we just let anyone give him anesthesia and operate on him, I'd like to know their &amp;quot;track record&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to access, or even request, the &amp;quot;surgical history&amp;quot; of the gastro specialist and the anesthesiologist that will be spearheading the procedure? When I say &amp;quot;history&amp;quot; I mean, I'd like to know:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How many endoscopies/similar procedures have they done before (where they were performing the same roles/tasks during those procedures that they will be for our son)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Of these procedures, were their any adverse effects or outcomes experienced by the patients?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Has the doctor received any formal/official complaints or lost any malpractice suits in the past?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ideally, this information would be accessible so I could compare several different specialists and make a decision based on the empirical facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does such information exist? How does one access it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14269" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T07:58:55.377" Title="How to access your doctor or surgeon's medical &quot;track record&quot; before a surgery or procedure" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;procedural-expectations&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-30T03:02:17.353" Score="0" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen if someone gets a wound on a scar, e.g. a recurrent skin excoriation, abrasion, scratch or cut on the same spot on his foot? Will it be more resistant to the same cause of injury or will it reopen more easily in a future similar circumstance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched in Google and Wikipedia but there is no information I can find about the recurrent abrasion and scar on the same skin spot. All sites focus on the differences between scar tissue and healthy tissue&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15986" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T09:10:23.210" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T09:10:23.210" Title="Recurrent injury on the same spot" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;abrasion-cut-laceration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23556" CreationDate="2020-06-30T14:39:30.797" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, according to D. Tan, that 'antibiotics never completely eradicate a bacterial population' is correct.&#xA;Here are some proof-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any bacterial species has a characteristic level of susceptibility to any given antimicrobial, which has been dubbed “intrinsic resistance.&amp;quot;This means that, for any given concentration of antibiotic, a part of the population present in the microbiota (the most susceptible one) will be inhibited and another part will consequently increase their abundance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bacteria present a core genome that is shared by all members of the species and an accessory genome that is specific to each member of the species. The first encodes the most basic processes of the organism, and the second encodes the most adaptive ones: for instance, those that make the commensal bacteria Escherichia coli become a dangerous pathogen, those dealing with antibiotic resistance, or several involved in the biodegradation of toxic compounds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5247793/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If an antibiotic doesn’t kill all the bacteria that infects a patient, the surviving bugs may be particularly adept at timing their resurgence.&#xA;Theoretical scientists at Rice University have proposed a better way to understand how to prescribe antibiotics to kill every last bacterium or at least discourage them from developing resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.rice.edu/2019/03/21/bacteria-bide-their-time-when-antibiotics-attack/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibiotics are used in acne for both the eradication of P. acnes and for their anti-inflammatory properties. The antibiotics used in the management of acne include both topical and systemic forms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; (P. acnes), the microbe that resides and can be abundant in the pilosebaceous unit, is associated with the &lt;strong&gt;severity&lt;/strong&gt; of acne. &lt;em&gt;P. acnes&lt;/em&gt; is an anaerobic organism that is part of the normal skin flora . Obstruction of the follicular opening of the pilosebaceous unit provides an ideal environment for these bacteria to grow.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-011-0001-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;em&gt;Propionibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;P. acnes&lt;/em&gt;) = &lt;em&gt;Cutibacterium acnes&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;C.acnes&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now coming back to the question,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By giving the antibiotic therapy the main bacterial population which causes the clinical symptoms is eliminated.&#xA;Talking about the remaining commensal bacterial population on skin,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commensals — organisms that reside on our skin, deriving benefit from us, but we do not benefit from them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The majority of microorganisms on our skin are commensals, as they &lt;strong&gt;infrequently cause ill health.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commensal microorganisms can prevent colonisation of pathogenic microorganisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in one way commensals are beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/microorganisms-found-on-the-skin/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="14" LastEditDate="2020-07-02T02:07:01.730" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T02:07:01.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-06-30T14:47:33.513" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that if I don't sleep for a long time, my eyes get dry, and no amount of moisture helps to moisturize them. I moisturize every 10 minutes and it doesn't help. The answer is sleep. Our body needs to sleep for about 8 hours, so that our eyes can function properly again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what happens during sleep that helps the eyes work without dryness after we wake up for several hours? Are there any research papers explaining that? I'm very interested in learning about this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16224" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T04:18:14.203" Title="Why do the eyes need to be closed during sleep to regain moisture?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24024" CreationDate="2020-06-30T17:51:38.037" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your stomach may contain bacteria that are harmless as long as they are in your digestive tract, but are potentially lethal if they get into other organs. A ruptured ulcer means that it's possible for the stomach contents  to leak into the abdominal cavity and possibly the bloodstream. If the bacteria get established in you blood they will be carried to all the other organs creating a massive infection. The immune response to the infection may create a condition called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;sepsis&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)00276-7.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sepsis is a well known complication from perforated ulcers&lt;/a&gt; and frequently leads to kidney failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="18010" LastEditorUserId="18010" LastEditDate="2020-06-30T17:56:59.850" LastActivityDate="2020-06-30T17:56:59.850" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23998" CreationDate="2020-06-30T21:08:22.507" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The principal goal of pooled testing is to rapidly clear &lt;em&gt;many&lt;/em&gt; cases in &lt;em&gt;low prevalence&lt;/em&gt; (or incidence) situations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long version:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disclaimer: I'm analytical chemist, i.e. someone who could by profession be involved in developing such tests, but I'm not involved in SARS-CoV2 testing or SARS-CoV2 test development. What I write here is basically my general professional knowledge and what I read in newspapers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you notice, &lt;strong&gt;pooling works only if the fraction of positive cases is sufficiently &lt;em&gt;low&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, otherwise all or nearly all pooled samples are positive and the procedure does not save tests*, time and money.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use &amp;quot;tests*&amp;quot; to denote the RT-PCR testing procedure done in the lab. For this question, we need to distinguish this &amp;quot;lab test in the narrower sense&amp;quot; (which I mark with a *) from the overall testing procedure in the wider sense that starts with swabbing and ends with reporting the results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a pooled test* is positive, it is usually not necessary to redo the whole testing from sampling on: the lab sampling procedure has steps where diluted sample is prepared (or more precisely: aliquots of the sample are taken, i.e. a known volume that is smaller than the sample volume), and thus only a fraction of this solution actually goes into the PCR vial. So doing a second test* here means that another aliqot of the already prepared sample is taken, put into a 2nd PCR vial and goes into the next (or another) batch of PCR samples. This PCR procdure &amp;quot;test*&amp;quot; is in order of magnitude of an hour, whereas the overall testing procedure from swabbing the patient over shipping the samples, entering into the lab sample logistics, preparation, actual &amp;quot;test*&amp;quot;, signing of the results, getting the results back to health authorities and call the patient can take a few days. &lt;strong&gt;Doing the lab PCR analysis a 2nd time if the pooled sample was positive is quick compared to the overall time from swabbing to results are known to the patient&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pooling protocol can be adapted to the expected fraction of positive cases: the lower this fraction is, the more samples can be pooled.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;From the 2nd diagram in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21562/11479&quot;&gt;my answer to a similar question&lt;/a&gt; you can see that in your scenario of 10 % of the cases, pooling 4 cases would in the end save about 40 % of the tests*. Pooling 10 cases in that scenario would save about 25 % of the tests*&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But: 10 % positive cases for a workplace screening would be really high prevalence, in the order of magnitude of the current outbreaks in German meat plants. To put it into some context: the Tönnies meat plant that recently made news as the worst hotspot in the whole of Europe had 1500+ of 6500 workers positive, so 20 - 25 % (in the actual slaughtering part even 65 % positive). In another meat plant, Westfleisch, they apparently caught the outbreak earlier with 33 positive out of 1250 workers (2.5 %).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In contrast, the general population in Germany now has about 3.5 positive tests per 100000 inhabitants and week, so &amp;lt;0.01 %. At such low fractions of positive cases, always pooling 10 samples saves more than 90 % of the tests. In other words, within the same time, you can tell 9x as many people that they are negative, and still have only a slightly slower results for the remaining 10 % of tested people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether it makes sense to test at such low incidences if you do not have any indication of elevated risk, is a different question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instand-ev.de/en/news/detail/news/extra-instand-ringversuch-340-virusgenom-nachweis-sars-cov-2-april-2020-teilnahmedokumente-sin/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&amp;amp;tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&amp;amp;cHash=58a2c9186c54a6cf9661fabde8dbf6c7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a recent ring trial found roughly 1.5 - 2 % of false positive tests* or 98 - 98.5 % specificity&lt;/a&gt;. Testing a population with incidence &amp;lt;&amp;lt; (1 - specificity) means that almost all positives are false positives.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(I did not include false positive rate in the calculations above)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A 2nd requirement is that the test* is sufficiently sensitive to detect a single  positive sample in the pool.  As I understand, this is less of a concern with the discussed pooling protocols for SARS-CoV2 since only few cases (10) are pooled, and I suspect that for the pooled tests* the sample material is diluted less than for single sample tests*.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa531&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yelin &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;: Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR Test in Multi-Sample Pools, Clin Infect Dis, 2020, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa531&lt;/a&gt; discuss a pooling protocol that uses the standard kits.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;They start by taking an aliquot of 130 μl of the swab transport buffer (typical volume: 1 ml) and add 270 μl of lysis buffer. As I understand, these 400 μl are a typical sample volume to go into the RT-qPCR machine.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Note that this already offers the possibility to take additional aliquots from the transport buffer, i.e. a solution optimized to keep the sample analyzable for much longer times and under less controlled conditions than sample storage in the lab to wait whether it needs to go into the next batch of tests*. They found that 1 positive in 32 samples could be identified 90 % of the time. Typical definition for lower limit of detection is getting a positive response 95 % of the time. Still, this looks as if pools of size 10 (the size I've seen discussed in the local media here) may work without or without too much adjustments to the standard test*ing procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without knowing details, I'd expect that the &amp;quot;analyze quickly after putting into test kit vial&amp;quot; refers to such a lysis buffer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11479" LastEditorUserId="11479" LastEditDate="2020-07-06T19:53:01.427" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T19:53:01.427" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24036" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23998" CreationDate="2020-06-30T22:01:15.967" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are several use cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But the main reason is always to operate in a situation where the number of tests is a bottleneck or constraint.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; In the USA, this is usually because of limited test reagents or limited laboratory techs and machines to run the PCR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have unlimited testing, you would not use pooled testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One use case is surveillance. You pool test 100 people. The amount of RNA copies may tell you roughly if there are 0, 1, 2 or N people in that group that are positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is reopening. For schools, you could swab everyone on Friday, run the PCR, and say I'd you likely have 0 active carriers. If so, you open on Monday. If not, you close and do more testing and tracing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another is to save on testing. (With a speed tradeoff). If you have 16 people, and your goal is to get a YES or NO answer for each, you can pool test all 16. Then, if it's positive, then test in sets of 4,4,4,4.   Then 1,1,1,1. In the worst case, yes, you use more tests. But if the positive rate is lower than about 30%, this will save tests overall. But this technique takes 3x the time vs test everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SOURCES&#xA;I've been working tangentially on this issue for 2 months.  It's already in use in Germany and has been used at Stanford and in labs a few other places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;http://leakylockdown.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://leakylockdown.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/batchPods&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tinyurl.com/batchPods&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or the subReddit for CoronaVirusTesting. I'm u/chongman99&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A NYT article, a few research reports cited on there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;UPDATE 08/01/2020&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.14934.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.14934.pdf&lt;/a&gt; for a detail of one procedure used in Uganda.  Apparently, they devised a way to do the PCR's in parallel, which doesn't have the slowdown effect of sequential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastEditorUserId="19917" LastEditDate="2020-08-01T20:51:40.123" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T20:51:40.123" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24038" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-07-01T09:40:11.010" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T09:40:11.010" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T09:40:11.010" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24039" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-07-01T09:40:11.010" Score="0" Body="A CT scan, or computed tomography scan, is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:03:51.510" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:03:51.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24040" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-01T14:12:02.443" Score="-1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/28/9/1706.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;, it says that &amp;quot;Although the prevalence of pineal cysts in autopsy series has been reported as being between 25% and 40%, MR studies have documented their frequency to range between 1.5% and 10.8%.&amp;quot;&#xA;I think the MR studies is not representative of general population, since the people who would go to have an head MR scan usually have some related symptom. What about the result from autopsy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are the people who are autopsied representative of general population? I think that it is not the case since it is usually those that die of unknown causes, e.g. those that die of traffic accident would not be autopsied, and especially not brain autopsied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14672" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-07-01T17:32:55.470" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T00:24:46.350" Title="Are population-related conclusions obtained from autopsy applicable to the general population?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;autopsy&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24041" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24023" CreationDate="2020-07-01T17:16:48.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is most certainly possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose can be metabolised to glycogen, but it can also be metabolised to fatty acids and triglycerides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose is converted into Acetyl-CoA through the anaerobic glycolysis, and Acetyl-CoA is used for the synthesis of fatty acids. An intermediate product of the anaerobic glycolysis is glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be converted into glycerol and then be used as the backbone for triglycerides, which in turn can be stored in adipocytes and lead to increased weight. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.csudh.edu/nsturm/CHE452/07_Fat%20Met-%20Overv.%20Synth.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This graphic gives a good overview of the metabolism pathways.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a side note regarding &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;my understanding is that glucose can only be utilized immediately by body&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;, glucose can also be used to synthesise ribose through the pentose-phosphate pathway, and ribose can be used to synthesise DNA among other important molecules. Acetyl-CoA is also used for steroid and cholesterol synthesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-07-01T17:16:48.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24042" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24040" CreationDate="2020-07-02T00:24:46.350" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every sample is biased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is whether these samples are &lt;em&gt;meaningfully biased&lt;/em&gt; in a way that would like affect these results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, those getting a head MRI likely have some symptoms related to their head or brain area, but the vast majority of those will have nothing to do with pineal cysts or tumors; in addition, some of the work in the paper you cite was on healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers are often over-represented by college-aged students, which likely don't overlap as much with the medical patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, those who require autopsy are not the same of the general population, but I  can't think of any reason that the population getting autopsies would have a strong relationship to the presence of pineal cysts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pu et al, the paper you cite, refer to differences with age and gender, and it's likely that both MRI- and autopsy-receiving cases differ on those groupings, but not to an extent that would produce a 20-fold difference in prevalence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So then why such a big difference in autopsy versus imaging results?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I presume this question is what really led you to asking about the autopsy studies. Both the paper you link to, and a related one (Al-Holou, et al 2011) provide some quick clues. Quoting from Al-Holou, et al:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not surprising that autopsy studies, because they include cysts that may be too small to be detected on MR imaging, have reported consistently higher prevalence rates for pineal cysts, ranging between 21% and 41%.25,65 In contrast to imaging studies, autopsy studies have included small or even microscopic cysts. For example, in the series reported by Hasegawa et al.,25 45% of all pineal cysts were 2 mm or less in maximum diameter. This detection variability may be a factor even between different estimates of prevalence on MR imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper you refer to, Pu et al 2007, specifically used a finer-detail scan:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A possible explanation for the difference between the prevalence of the pineal&#xA;cysts demonstrated in our study and that in other MR imaging&#xA;studies is that we used high-resolution MR imaging with a 1.0&#xA;mm resolution on the 3D T1WI and an in-plane resolution of 1.0&#xA;mm with an axial resolution of 2.0 mm on the T2WI. An in-plane&#xA;resolution of 1.0mm and an axial resolution of 3.0mm were used&#xA;in the prior MR imaging study of healthy volunteers.17&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If 45% of cysts from autopsies are themselves smaller than 2mm, it isn't reasonable to expect that most of those will be found on MRI scans, especially those with 3mm spacing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The autopsy numbers are certainly more accurate from a cyst-counting perspective, but as the Pu et al paper states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most cysts are asymptomatic, with diameters ranging from 2 to 15 mm.5-8 When&#xA;present, however, symptoms are usually noted in patients with&#xA;cysts larger than 15 mm in diameter.9-10&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If only cysts larger than 15mm are commonly clinically relevant, all we learn from counting the smaller cysts is in confirming that small cysts are common and not normally associated with symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Probably the best estimate of general prevalence would come from a pre-registered sample of patients whose brains would be donated specifically for pineal histology post-mortem. I can't see a lot of support or funding for such a study, though, given the lack of clinical relevance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Al-Holou, W. N., Terman, S. W., Kilburg, C., Garton, H. J., Muraszko, K. M., Chandler, W. F., ... &amp;amp; Maher, C. O. (2011). Prevalence and natural history of pineal cysts in adults. Journal of neurosurgery, 115(6), 1106-1114.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pu, Y., Mahankali, S., Hou, J., Li, J., Lancaster, J. L., Gao, J. H., ... &amp;amp; Fox, P. T. (2007). High prevalence of pineal cysts in healthy adults demonstrated by high-resolution, noncontrast brain MR imaging. American journal of neuroradiology, 28(9), 1706-1709.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-07-02T00:24:46.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24045" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24051" CreationDate="2020-07-03T00:24:36.027" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common explanation given for the large amount of COVID-19 infections in Victoria (Australia) is that it has been transmitted from inbound people in quarantine via security guards to their communities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been said that will be verified by genomic sequencing. To me, this implies that there will be some sort of genetic signature attached to the virus by the person acting as a vector. I don't understand how this might be possible!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19929" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-07-09T15:44:29.080" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T15:44:29.080" Title="COVID-19 and genomic sequencing" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24045" CreationDate="2020-07-03T15:46:24.183" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This implies to me that there will be some sort of genetic signature attached to the virus by the person acting as a vector.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;people&lt;/em&gt; don't attach anything to the virus, but the viral genome &lt;em&gt;does not stay constant&lt;/em&gt;, it accumulates small changes. Those changes are only passed on to people from where the change originally occurs, other copies of the virus in different people don't change with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of these changes could have effects on the properties of the virus (making it spread better or worse, cause more mild or severe illness), and changes that substantially damage the virus's ability to replicate and spread will tend to disappear by natural selection. However, many of the changes don't do much at all, for example they might be synonymous mutations via &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;codon degeneracy&lt;/a&gt;, or they may change viral proteins or expression in ways that have modest effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to sample a population (say, in Victoria AU) and found everyone infected there had a pretty similar version of the virus, with the same differences relative to other circulating strains, that would be good evidence that they all got the virus from a similar origin: maybe one person spread it to others, who spread it to others, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, however, you sample a population and find three different strains: one that looks similar to viruses sequenced in the UK, one that looks similar to viruses sequenced in China, one that looks similar to viruses sequenced in Iran, it is more likely that each of those strains came (directly or indirectly) from a traveler from those places. If the security guard story is true, you'd also expect to find different guards with different strains, and then find strains in their communities that match each of the guards (this is assuming you did a whole lot of sequencing, which may or may not be feasible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The alternative would be that one person brought in a strain of the virus that then happened to randomly mutate to look similar to viruses from all those other places; the chances of that are very very slim.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is basically the same principle as paternity testing; though using a different type of genetic tool, it relies on genomes in the same lineage being more similar than one would expect by chance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a tool helpful for tracking/visualizing some of these changes throughout the pandemic: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-07-03T15:46:24.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24055" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24058" CreationDate="2020-07-04T01:17:57.683" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about how the food that we eat gets converted to adipose tissue.  A great many articles are explaining how fat (the macronutrient) gets converted to energy but there are very few (at least to my understanding) that explain how energy gets converted to fat (adipose tissue).  What are some of the factors that affect the conversion of energy to fat?  Does the number of fat cells multiply or do they simply get bigger?  I would like a simple answer, for a quick reference, and a deeper explanation, for further research on my part.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19937" LastActivityDate="2020-07-04T18:04:14.920" Title="How is adipose tissue synthesized?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;energy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-07T14:30:37.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24057" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13773" CreationDate="2020-07-04T13:43:42.077" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no consensus on the exact cause, although in Chronic Epstein-Barr Activation (CEBA) it has been linked to the effects of inflammation (eg a cytokine storm), plus immune activation and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032707003321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tryptophan degradation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the more common, non-CEBA Epstein-Barr infection immune system responses are also suggested to be linked to the fatigue.&#xA;&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Presently, therefore the is no proven fatigue-causing substance or fatigue transmitting substance.&#xA;However, the most probable candidates for such fatigue-inducing or fatigue transmitting substances are cytokines, including interferon.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.med.or.jp/english/pdf/2006_01/027_033.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lasting fatigue is found in a number of viruses, including a number of Covid-19 patients.&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12974-017-0796-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; This may be related to Interleukin-1 levels, an inflammatory cytokine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long term fatigue is often termed &amp;quot;Chronic fatigue&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;post-fatigue infection&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;post-viral fatigue&amp;quot; (without the syndrome part).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1127" LastActivityDate="2020-07-04T13:43:42.077" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24058" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24055" CreationDate="2020-07-04T18:04:14.920" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The amount of carbohydrate which we intake determine the activity of various enzymes involved in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;glycolysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lipogenesis&lt;/a&gt;. And high carbohydrate diet directly activates the genes responsible fatty acid synthesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In tissues where Malate cycle works, the fat synthesis mainly depends on the metabolic state of cell. Fat synthesis results in production of ATP, so this pathway depends on tissue's ability to use ATP. And defect in this regulation effects this malate cycle and this cell's metabolic energy responsible for rate limiting does not maintain this biosynthesis and results in fat synthesis in adipose tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jlr.org/content/11/2/131.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jlr.org/content/11/2/131.full.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastActivityDate="2020-07-04T18:04:14.920" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24060" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-04T19:36:26.587" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;If one takes 800 to 1200 mg of ibuprofen a day for 3 to 4 weeks, could that lift total bilirubin level to around 28 micromole/litre and direct bilirubin to around 8 micromole/litre?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-07-04T19:36:26.587" Title="Could NSAIDs lift bilirubin level?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;nsaids-pain-meds&gt;&lt;bilirubin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24061" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-04T20:24:16.493" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;What's the reason the skin looks blue when having cyanosis? What's the relationship between lack of oxygen of the bluish appearance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7395" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T03:49:11.473" Title="What's the resson the skin looks bluish when having cyanosis?" Tags="&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24065" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24106" CreationDate="2020-07-05T08:34:55.127" Score="2" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's something I find interesting about Covid 19 death record: The up and down cycle must repeat itself once the horizontal timescale is sufficiently short, regardless of whether the general trend is going upward or downward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words the Covid 19 death record shows &amp;quot;ridge&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;trough&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PhCnn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PhCnn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a unique phenomena restricted to the US, Brazil also shows a similar trend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/caU1q.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/caU1q.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is it so? Any explanation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T22:36:27.317" Title="Why Covid 19 death record shows ridge and trough?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24068" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4426" CreationDate="2020-07-05T16:39:18.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Carbs are not necessarily fattening as many studies comparing low carb diets to one recommended by the FDA with a higher calorie content going to carbs, have found negligible differences in fat loss.  Of course, there is another side to the story.  The synthesis of adipose tissue is regulated by the level of sugar in the blood, or rather the level of insulin.  The reason that the fat loss in a low carb diet is often negligible unless going from a diet of an extreme amount of carbohydrates to one with close to none at all is the fact that all the other sources of energy that your body uses are first converted to sugar.  This means that once a person has adapted to a diet of low carbohydrates, their body starts converting fat into sugar.  This again balances the scale and makes it slightly harder to lose weight.  This is the reasoning behind carb reloading.  While this means that carbohydrates can bring your weight up when consumed in high quantities, they are often okay in smaller ones.  This, of course, depends on person to person and you should try to try out different diets to find the best fit. If a low-carb diet helps you stay healthy, go give it a shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also another part of the story.  The consumption of processed carbohydrates, esp. sugar raises the blood sugar in the blood significantly and over a small period.  This can lead to insulin resistance, diabetes, and other insulin-related diseases.  Therefore, while carbohydrates might not have anything to do with your beer belly or large waistline, the consumption of processed carbohydrates should generally be avoided as they can be the cause of insulin-related diseases, even though they may not have to do anything to do with your waistline.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31098615/?from_term=low+carbohydrate+diet&amp;amp;from_filter=pubt.clinicaltrial&amp;amp;from_filter=pubt.randomizedcontrolledtrial&amp;amp;from_page=3&amp;amp;from_pos=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31098615/?from_term=low+carbohydrate+diet&amp;amp;from_filter=pubt.clinicaltrial&amp;amp;from_filter=pubt.randomizedcontrolledtrial&amp;amp;from_page=3&amp;amp;from_pos=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148063/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148063/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19937" LastEditorUserId="19937" LastEditDate="2020-07-05T17:18:32.550" LastActivityDate="2020-07-05T17:18:32.550" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24069" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24061" CreationDate="2020-07-06T03:49:11.473" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The skin of a caucasian-skinned person with cyanosis &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; described as bluish, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://osuwomeninphysics.wordpress.com/2015/03/11/everyday-physics-why-do-veins-look-blue/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it is still more reddish than blue&lt;/a&gt;. The bluish jumps out at us in comparison with healthy well-oxygenated blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The colors we see are the product of the incoming light, and the proportion of the wavelengths that are absorbed, scattered, or reflected. Because skin and arteries/capillaries/veins are translucent, there's normally quite a bit of red light scattering and reflection going on. However when looking at veins or cyanotic skin, there's less reflection of the red wavelengths, and the skin looks darker and bluer than we're used to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at a photograph of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.firstaidforfree.com/what-is-cyanosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;someone with Raynaud's or cyanotic hands,&lt;/a&gt; you'll see that there's still quite a bit of red!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T03:49:11.473" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24070" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24031" CreationDate="2020-07-06T04:18:14.203" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tears are very complex fluids. Their job is to lubricate, moisturize, and oxygenate the corneas and inner eyelids, to be antibiotic/antiviral, to break down byproducts, etc. They're continually produced and their composition changes with environmental demands (e.g., they're more acidic at the end of the night, there are more of some types of enzymes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When your eyes are tired, you blink less, and so you bathe your eyes much less frequently in natural tears. Thus your eyelids and corneas have more of the chemicals in tears that weren't washed away and replaced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What about artificial tears?  Or plain water?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;not continually replenished&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;likely your eyes aren't moisturized/oxygenated/lubricated nearly as well&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;because even artificial tears are very different chemically&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to learn more, here's a pretty readable chapter looking at what happens in a similar &amp;quot;adverse&amp;quot; situation -- while wearing contact lenses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Environmental Conditions and Tear Chemistry&#xA;Leo Carney&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234121/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234121/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Research Council (US) Working Group on Contact Lens Use Under Adverse Conditions; Ebert Flattau P, editor.&#xA;Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1991.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T04:18:14.203" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24071" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24073" CreationDate="2020-07-06T05:27:55.870" Score="14" ViewCount="8846" Body="&lt;p&gt;With potential COVID-19 vaccine trials beginning around the globe, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-02/coronavirus-vaccine-trials-to-begin-at-royal-adelaide-hospital/12414384&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;one vaccine approach&lt;/a&gt; is to induce the creation of antibodies in the participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first phase of the trial will check whether the vaccine candidate induces the creation of antibodies to kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, and whether it provokes any serious adverse side effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Either the potential vaccine or a placebo will be given to participants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two doses of COVAX-19, or a placebo, will be injected into 40 healthy people between the ages of 18 and 65&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the aim of the trial is to check for the creation of antibodies, what is the purpose of having a placebo group? Would it be a reasonable assumption to conclude that it's biologically impossible for the antibody to be created in the participant on placebo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard example of the placebo effect would be in pain management - wherein participants will be given a painkiller or a sugar pill. There do &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo#Mechanisms&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;exist known mechanisms&lt;/a&gt; for these effects, however in the case of creating an antibody - how can that be possible?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19946" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T15:44:05.580" Title="Why use a placebo in some potential COVID-19 vaccine trials?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="4" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5710" CreationDate="2020-07-06T05:30:38.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;During dialysis only about 10 percent of the blood is outside your body at any given time, while the rest continues to circulate. If the blood flows at 600mL/min, then it doesn't take very long to clean 5 liters (say 8 min). So why aren't you done that quickly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Each time cleaned blood is returned, it mixes with the waste-filled blood&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The proportion of wastes extracted isn't high to start out, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How much is extracted each time depends on how &amp;quot;dirty&amp;quot; the blood is&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So imagine that initially 10% of the waste is removed from blood that goes through the dialyzer. That means that if you stopped after that pint is returned to you, your blood would be 1% cleaner (10% of 10% = 1%). Not much difference. The next cycle would clean another pint (1% cleaner than the first one) and so on and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus each time a pint of blood flows past the filters in the dialyzer, there's a smaller gradient of wastes between it and the clean fluids on the other side, so less of the waste gets extracted from that pint.  That's a good thing, but it's frustrating, because each hour is important, but gets less and less wastes out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If that's hard to imagine, imagine this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say you're trying to clean red paint out of water in a glass, but all you can do is to dipping in a wet sponge-brush, then rinsing the sponge-water by pushing it against the side of a gallon-size tub full of water. Some of the water will be squeezed into the tub, and the pressure is released, part of the sponge is filled with clean water, so the next time you dip and squeeze the sponge inside the glass, you squeeze out a &lt;strong&gt;partially-cleaned&lt;/strong&gt; sponge. That's the equivalent of partly-cleaned blood returning from the dialyzer. The first many cycles will look like they squeeze out lots of paint, yet the water in the glass will still  be dark red.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After many, many cycles, the water in the glass will finally look translucent red. Now, whenever you push the sponge against the side of the tub, the squeezed out water will look less reddish, so it's not as satisfying, but it's still helpful; the water you squeeze back into the glass to start each new cycle is still cleaner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caveat: in dialysis the blood stays on your side of the filters in the dialyzer; only the wastes are pulled across, so the analogy isn't quite right.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T05:30:38.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24073" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24071" CreationDate="2020-07-06T05:55:15.617" Score="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;People could develop antibodies from natural exposure to the virus. The vaccine is trying to cause antibodies to exist in more people (and/or more strongly) than would express them naturally, therefore a good comparison group is a sample taken randomly in the same way as those getting the vaccine: a placebo group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, these trials tend to assess safety outcomes; again, to assess safety you want to know that effects are &lt;em&gt;no worse&lt;/em&gt; than those in some comparison population. Comparing to placebo is typically a gold standard for this comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're right that a placebo wouldn't be as necessary if we could prevent random exposure, but in the middle of a pandemic that isn't feasible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-07-06T06:30:01.550" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T06:30:01.550" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24074" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24071" CreationDate="2020-07-06T05:57:44.657" Score="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Good question. A phase I trial normally has small numbers, is purely sized to test safety, and it would have no placebo arm.&#xA;With side effects and antibodies are end points, and a placebo group, this would more often be called a &lt;strong&gt;combined phase I/II trial&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the placebo should be to compare the proportion of side effects and antibodies in the vaccine arm and those in the placebo arm. However with only 20 people in each arm, this seems a bit, ehm, optimistic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imagine if 4 of the vaccinated people report a sore arm, 2 a headache and sore throat, and 2 a fever, that might be unacceptable. But headache and sore throat are common, and as well as fever during winter-time, when colds and influenza are running around. So I expect the reason for the placebo group is to be able to partially compensate for influenza-like illnesses in the community, so they could suggest that some of the reported vaccine side effects aren't from the vaccine.  (Note, you can't just subtract one from the other -- with that few people in each group, random variation will be high, so it may be that more of the &amp;quot;placebo&amp;quot; folks got unlucky... but the vaccine still causes fevers in 10% of the vaccinated folks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as antibodies, you're right -- assuming that in Adelaide, Australia the rates of COVID-19 are very low, then only the vaccinated volunteers could develop antibodies.  But what if one of the vaccinated people gets a mild infection naturally? Then you'd better hope that 1-2 of the placebo volunteers do as well, so that you can know the antibody response isn't necessarily from the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or what if the antibody test is not quite accurate?  What if it has some false positives?  Then some of the placebo volunteers might test positive as well, and be a flag to take the positive results with a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17314" LastActivityDate="2020-07-06T05:57:44.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24071" CreationDate="2020-07-06T19:05:35.937" Score="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;People in the control group will behave differently if they know they're in the control group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, it's not unreasonable to expect people will do less social distancing once they're vaccinated.  This will increase their chances of being exposed to the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12680" LastEditorUserId="12680" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T03:06:38.170" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T03:06:38.170" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-06T20:15:11.370" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Twelve days ago I was bitten by a cat. I live in an officially rabies free country so no vaccine was given nor is there any tracking in place. I saw a doctor he simply said it was not necessary. Still rabies is occasionally found in bats and other animals in this country and I would not like to be the first case in several years to be infected from a cat. I would like to be as safe as possible so I found the cat myself and eventually the owner but she avoided all communication. Today I saw the cat in the garden and he still looked healthy (as far as I could tell from 2 meters).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean the cat did not transmit rabies when he bit me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to find a trustworthy source on this matter. The closest I could find was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://americanhumane.org/fact-sheet/rabies-facts-prevention-tips/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://americanhumane.org/fact-sheet/rabies-facts-prevention-tips/&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&amp;quot;In almost all states, an animal that has bitten a human or another domestic animal must undergo a mandatory 10-day quarantine period. Some states require that this quarantine be carried out in an approved animal control facility, while others may allow the quarantine to be carried out at the owner’s home.&#xA;The quarantine is set at 10 days because a rabies-infected animal can only transmit the disease after clinical signs have developed AND once these signs have developed, the animal will die within 10 days.&#xA;If the animal lives beyond the 10th day, it can be said with certainty that it was not shedding the rabies virus at the time that the bite occurred.&#xA;If the animal dies before the 10th day, it can be tested for rabies. If the test is positive, a human bite victim will still have enough time to receive post-exposure vaccinations and prevent the disease.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I could not find a proper medical source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S.: I live in Europe and not in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reading the On-topic guideliness perhaps giving too much back story made the question off-topic. In that case I will edit it to be more clearly on topic but the following question should definitely be on topic: Is the citation I provided accurate? Is there some medical source backing up the claims.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13404" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T07:59:18.777" Title="Can a cat that survived 10 day quarantine have infected person with rabies" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24082" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24071" CreationDate="2020-07-07T07:22:00.120" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Antibodies only reflect one part of the immune response: the humoral immunity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another part of the immunity that can't be detected by dosing the antibodies: the &lt;strong&gt;cell-mediated immunity&lt;/strong&gt;. It produces no antibodies. It only creates effector T-cells that can detect the presence of viruses (or some intra-cellular bacteria) inside body cells and destroy these cells or trigger apoptosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is one reason why checking the clinical outcomes of a vaccine is interesting. The results will be compared to antibody titers for interpretation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19526" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T07:22:00.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24079" CreationDate="2020-07-07T07:59:18.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a cat (or any other mammal) displays the symptoms of rabies (and biting with no reason is one of the symptoms), it dies within 10 days. No exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cat is infected, but does not display the symptoms, it can't infect any other animal, or yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: if the cat is still alive after 12 days, there is no reason why you should be infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can get more thorough explanations here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/rabies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/rabies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19526" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T07:59:18.777" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-07T08:32:01.727" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that the human tongue is a muscle, and can't be normally pulled to enlarge it. But these two articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criot/2019/6040354/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criot/2019/6040354/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/9292140&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://europepmc.org/article/med/9292140&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;report such cases. So I'm asking if it's not &lt;em&gt;entirely impossible&lt;/em&gt; (so, the probability may be like 0.01%, but not zero) &lt;em&gt;to enlarge tongue&lt;/em&gt; by tissue overgrowth or tongue swelling etc. as a result of &lt;em&gt;tongue traction&lt;/em&gt; (pulling), and hence cause &lt;em&gt;self-inflicted macroglossia?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1180" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T21:51:37.610" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T21:54:05.207" Title="Is it possible to induce macroglossia (large tongue) as a result of tongue traction or pulling out?" Tags="&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;tongue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24086" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-07T12:15:07.980" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently it's been reported by italian researchers that the viral load of covid-19 went down. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.france24.com/es/20200630-carga-viral-covid19-coronavirus-consulta-con-el-medico-estudio-italiano&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;viral load coronavirus (spanish)&lt;/a&gt; This claim was contested by WHO. Another italian virologist went as far as proposing the viral load now is 100 times lower than in March &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.italianiabuenosaires.com.ar/diario/polemica-en-la-pospandemia-en-italia-el-virus-sigue-entre-nosotros-pero-bajo-su-carga-viral-y-los-asintomaticos-ya-no-contagian/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;viral load coronavirus 2 (spanish)&lt;/a&gt; and that the virus now is much less of a threat that what we think it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same time, it's been reported in República Dominicana a person with Covid-19 and flu, and in México several persons with Covid-19 and Dengue. My question is, if the virus actually turned less dangerous now, how do doctors know the cause of death of someone when people with several virus or bacterias on them, which affects similar organs? Are the symptoms different enough as for knowing the cause of death or is there a grey area where a person with covid-19 could have die from another reason and being marked as a covid-19 death?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T12:15:07.980" Title="How is it determined the cause of death of a person with more than one virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;dengue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-07T14:38:41.670" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the Russian &lt;a href=&quot;https://studfile.net/preview/5792190/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classification&lt;/a&gt; of infarcts,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;По цвету инфаркт может быть белым (селезенка, головной мозг), белым с &lt;strong&gt;геморрагическим венчиком&lt;/strong&gt; (сердце, почки) и красным (геморрагическим). &lt;strong&gt;Геморрагический венчик&lt;/strong&gt; формируется за счет зоны демаркационного воспаления, которая закономерно возникает на границе мертвых и живых тканей.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An infarct by its color may be white (spleen, brain), white with a &lt;strong&gt;hemorrhagic crown&lt;/strong&gt; (heart, kidney), or red (hemorrhagic). The &lt;strong&gt;hemorrhagic crown&lt;/strong&gt; if formed as an area of border inflammation, a natural consequence of there being a border between dead and living tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a term in English to describe this feature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a photo with this &lt;strong&gt;hemorrhagic crown&lt;/strong&gt; feature highlighted (upper left callout):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZpBAkm.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZpBAkm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The callout below says &amp;quot;ischemic infarct&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T14:48:39.127" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T14:48:39.127" Title="Seeking a translation for Russian &quot;геморрагический венчик&quot; (hemorrhagic crown?), a feature observed in an infarct" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24088" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24090" CreationDate="2020-07-07T15:38:02.527" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;A friend of mine lost the vaccination information for one of his children (a 15 yo boy) and has doubts about the date for the next shot against tetanus (which in France comes together with the ones against diphtheria and &lt;del&gt;tuberculosis&lt;/del&gt; polio).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there vaccines which &lt;strong&gt;specifically&lt;/strong&gt; must not be taken too often, say after 5 years instead of 10 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: I am sure that this is obvious but just in case: he is not trying to understand if the vaccine is useful (it is) or whether he should continue administrating it to himself and his kids (he will) - the exact question is about known warnings on some vaccines when they are re-taken too early (we are talking about a magnitude of years (say, now +/- 3 years), not whether to take another one after a week or so)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1319" LastEditorUserId="1319" LastEditDate="2020-07-07T19:12:17.580" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T19:12:17.580" Title="Are there vaccines which present a risk by being re-taken too early?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24090" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24088" CreationDate="2020-07-07T17:19:24.500" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NB:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm going to steer clear of addressing the specific scenario and stick to the general case, your friend should of course seek advice from their primary doctor regarding the best thing to do for the child in question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there vaccines which specifically must not be taken too often, say after 5 years instead of 10 years?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Yes&lt;/strong&gt;, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/uk/pdf/leaflet/1051255.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;REVAXIS&lt;/a&gt; - the 3-in-1 booster for tetanus, diphtheria and polio is not to be given within 5 years of previous shots:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order to minimise the risk of adverse events, REVAXIS should not be&#xA;administered to subjects who completed a primary vaccination course or&#xA;received a booster of a vaccine containing diphtheria or tetanus toxoids within&#xA;the previous five years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T17:19:24.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24091" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-07T19:17:13.847" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;An 18 year old patient has had mild and constant daily headaches for two months. The headaches were most painful in the eyes and forehead area. His MRI was clean, apart from moderately thickened maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. Could this thickening be the cause of his headaches?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-07-07T19:17:13.847" Title="Can thickened maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses cause headaches?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;&lt;sinus-headache&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-07T22:24:17.237" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;5HT3  Inhibitors are antiemetics, such as Mirtazapine. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632163/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.il/books?id=R0dvDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA205&amp;amp;lpg=PA205&amp;amp;dq=vortioxetine+nausea+mechanism&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=CZmmgAcEJW&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U08cOKguMMExrg3rftawbH_Ebuqxg&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi1n6GI7sXqAhXYgVwKHZgsBGgQ6AEwHHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=vortioxetine%20nausea%20mechanism&amp;amp;f=false&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The serotonin modulator vortioxetine is such an inhibitor, and the most common side effect is nausea, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lundbeck.com/upload/ca/en/files/pdf/pm/TRINTELLIX_Product_Monograph_English.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt; it says that it has a 5HT3-inhibitor effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused. Can someone explain the contradiction between explanations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19966" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T09:08:43.020" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T09:08:43.020" Title="How does vortioxetine cause nausea when it inhibits 5HT3-receptors?" Tags="&lt;antidepressants&gt;&lt;nausea&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24093" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-08T01:09:35.587" Score="4" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-covid-deaths-per-million?tab=chart&amp;amp;country=%7EOWID_WRL&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hvrwd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hvrwd.png&quot; alt=&quot;Graph of deaths per million, showing linear growth line.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One would normally expect the total deaths to be growing exponentially (going viral) or to be damping down and approaching a constant (zero new deaths).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for the last three months, this graph appears almost linear, indicating a constant world-wide per capita death rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Linear growth is very rare in nature, so what factors account for the phenomenon in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's nine months later, and except for a slight bend in November, the graph still looks very linear (and definitely not exponential as one might expect):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FlPRu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FlPRu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2021-04-12T01:21:47.070" LastActivityDate="2021-04-12T01:21:47.070" Title="Why does the world-wide COVID-19 death rate appear to be constant?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24094" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24112" CreationDate="2020-07-08T09:41:44.767" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my understanding of myocardial ischemic contractile failure, ischemia causes increased extracellular K+ concentration due to the ATP-sensitive K+ channels opening (as they need ATP to stay closed). It is evident during ischemia, that the lack of oxygen inhibits the ability of the myocardial cell to generate ATP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if K+ is leaving the cell and going into the ECF, shouldn't the resting membrane potential of the cells become more negative instead of positive (a positive ion going into ECF makes the electrical gradient larger, thus more negative) ? However myocardial ischemic contractile failure supposedly causes the RMP to become less negative due to the lowering of the potassium equilibrium potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone explain to me how and why the potassium equilibrium potential is lowered and the reason why the RMP is becoming less negative please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19971" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:37:13.523" Title="Myocardial Ischemic Contractile Failure &amp; Potassium" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;potassium&gt;&lt;ischaemia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-09T01:32:19.530" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/24071/7130&quot;&gt;Why use a placebo in some potential COVID-19 vaccine trials?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20458/7130&quot;&gt;What is the point of a placebo in studies where the subject can determine their group?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answers to the questions above give some very good reasons why a placebo or control group is necessary even when 'common sense' seems to indicate that it is not. That makes me wonder - is there &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; plausible scenario in clinical trials where having a control or placebo group would &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; make sense?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One idea I had would be a &amp;quot;mass casualty&amp;quot; situation where there is an urgent need to treat a large number of patients with a treatment of uncertain safety or effectiveness (e.g. large numbers of people literally dying in front of the researchers and begging for some kind of treatment &lt;em&gt;now&lt;/em&gt;, and where designating a particular person for no treatment would be inhumane), but, on second thought, that wouldn't apply either, since we are talking about a treatment &lt;em&gt;whose efficacy or safety is sufficiently in doubt that clinical trials are still being held&lt;/em&gt; and so giving it even on an emergency basis wouldn't necessarily be considered a good thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7130" LastActivityDate="2020-07-10T22:35:58.117" Title="When would a placebo/control group *not* be used in medical research?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-09T12:16:21.313" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first vaccines for viral diseases, such as smallpox, were a variety of live, attenuated or dead virus particles. They did not use adjuvants and they were not safe - but, the chance of complications was still lower than the chance of getting a complication from the disease itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it reasonable to assume that a home-made vaccine for the virus, made at the level of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century (viral material from a person suffering from the virus, its mucus and saliva, dissolved in water, deactivated by ultraviolet and / or boiling, and then applied to the mucosa of the vaccinated person (for example, injecting this mixture into the nose), can in the future, if not protect, then weaken the course of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19984" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T12:16:21.313" Title="Bad but better-than-nothing vaccine" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-09T16:14:32.440" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is an example manufacturer/model of a respirator that has an exhalation filter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd like to purchase a respirator as a more-effective and reusable solution to preventing the spread of COVID-19, but a quick look into popular respirator shows that the filters are for inhalation only, and there's just a filter-less exhalation valve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That design is great for protection from dust/fumes/etc, but--in the case of the virus--it's arguably more important to filter the outgoing air than the incoming air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone point me in the direction of a respirator that filters both incoming &lt;em&gt;and outgoing&lt;/em&gt; air to protect others from the (asymptomatic) spread of coronavirus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19986" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T16:14:32.440" Title="Respirator with exhale filter" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24105" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24092" CreationDate="2020-07-09T19:31:50.913" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Its primary action is as NaSSA (a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant), not as 5-HT3 inhibitor. If you have a look at e. g. the Wikipedia page (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine#Pharmacodynamics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine#Pharmacodynamics&lt;/a&gt;), you will see that nausea is listed as side effect under &amp;quot;discontinuation syndrome&amp;quot;, i. e. sudden withdrawal from continuous 5-HT3 blocking.&#xA;As a side note, it also has H1-blocking effects, which are antiemetic as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are more withdrawal symptoms listed here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Mirtazapine-(Remeron)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Mirtazapine-(Remeron)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T19:31:50.913" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24106" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24065" CreationDate="2020-07-09T22:36:27.317" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at the footer of the charts: &amp;quot;Each day shows new cases &lt;em&gt;reported&lt;/em&gt; since the previous day&amp;quot; (emphasis mine).  The virus doesn't care what day of the week it is, but the office staff at the hospital do.  In many hospitals (and coroner's offices, and similar places), the people responsible for reporting on cases and deaths don't work on the weekends, so you get a lull-surge cycle with a period of a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-07-09T22:36:27.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24112" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24094" CreationDate="2020-07-10T19:38:03.917" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your understanding about the mechanism by which the K+ ions leak out of the cardiac cell during ischaemia is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, regarding the latter part, lets discuss what is the situation of K+ ions in a normal cardiac cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a normal cardiac cell, the concentration of K+ ions is more inside compared to the outside of the cell (150mM inside as compared to 4mM outside) and this gradient produces a potential of -96mV (equilibrium potential of K+ ions) across the membrane according to the Nernst equation. This means that there is no net movement of K+ ions across the membrane at this potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, in a normal cell other ions (Na+, Ca2+, Cl-) also play a role in the generation of a resting membrane potential but their contribution is on the lower side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if the K+ ions move out of the normal cell, the gradient will &lt;strong&gt;decrease&lt;/strong&gt; and thus the  equilibrium potential will also be reduced(becoming less negative or depolarised) and that is why if K+ ions leak out of the cell, the membrane potential becomes less negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case of cardiac ischaemia, the lack of ATP inactivates the Na+ - K+ ATPase transporter which in a normal cell would repolarize the cell and re-establish the resting membrane potential.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For reference:-&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00105.2016&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/advan.00105.2016&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19985" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-17T15:37:13.523" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:37:13.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24114" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24126" CreationDate="2020-07-10T22:03:58.090" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens when you put O+ blood in a O- body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know O- can be put in everywhere but what happens, when you put a blood group in a body that would fit the group, but mismatches the rhesus factor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know it's not the smartest thing to do but what were the complications that could be expected gor doing it anyway — let's say in an emergency when nothing else is available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&#xA;As suggested in the comments, I should add this to it, for those who do not know about the different blood groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Rh system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red blood cells sometimes have another antigen, a protein known as the RhD antigen. If this is present, your blood group is RhD positive. If it's absent, your blood group is RhD negative.&#xA;This means you can be 1 of 8 blood groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A RhD positive (A+)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A RhD negative (A-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B RhD positive (B+)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B RhD negative (B-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;O RhD positive (O+)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;O RhD negative (O-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AB RhD positive (AB+)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AB RhD negative (AB-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-groups/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-groups/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;0- is compadible with ally blood groups, 0+ with all positive ones and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7435" LastEditorUserId="7435" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T21:25:38.570" LastActivityDate="2020-07-14T13:42:26.533" Title="What happens when you put O+ blood in O- body" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24115" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-10T22:16:17.463" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certain tablet formulations should not be divided or halved because the tablets are film-coated for low pH resistance (i.e. for safe passage in the stomach) or because the active ingredient is not uniformly dispersed within the tablet. Now, usually the package leaflet indicates if the tablet can indeed be halved/crushed or not, but many times it does not, so I wanted to be able to deduce this piece of information from the excipients list, but I was unable to find some kind of a list that summarizes the most common excipients that mean that the coating or the formulation render the tablet indivisible. I know they are usually polymers, such as ethylcellulose, but I want more information. Any suggestions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I posted this on Chemistry SE too, because the question deals with the chemistry of the coating, but it was closed as off-topic. I disagree with that label, but perhaps here will be more &amp;quot;on-topic&amp;quot;?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-07-10T22:16:17.463" Title="Where can I find a list (even if only partial) of excipients that cause a medication to be indivisible?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24117" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24100" CreationDate="2020-07-10T22:35:58.117" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll point out some possible situations; these are certainly not exhaustive and some can overlap, but will probably give you a better idea. Some of the terminology I'll use might be a bit US-centric, but the general principles also apply elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Phase 1 clinical trials&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase 1 trials are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/drug-development-process/step-3-clinical-research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first of four phases&lt;/a&gt; that make up a typical clinical trial progression. Phase 1 trials are typically not placebo-controlled, often involve healthy volunteers, and are not designed to measure efficacy or really powered to involve statistical testing at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, they are mostly dosing studies and preliminary safety studies. They look for severe, unexpected outcomes for safety. For drug trials, they often involve measuring the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pharmacokinetics&lt;/a&gt; of different doses to compare to preclinical data and to help set dosing strategies for future trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Studies evaluating a standard of care&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These sorts of studies are meant to describe outcomes under current care rather than make a comparison, and can also include studies using data in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/health-information/nih-clinical-research-trials-you/list-registries&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical registries&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical registries collect data on a group of people which are then used to make comparisons later, contact people for enrollment in trials, etc. Sometimes you may design such comparisons with some sort of internal control group, but there is no pre-specified control and experimental group and no randomization. They are useful in tracking outcomes in more real-world situations to understand the scope and prognosis of a disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exploratory/descriptive research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lots of medical research is exploratory or descriptive rather than comparative. If there is no intervention to focus on, there may not be a need for a control group, or it may be possible to use historical controls. Case studies would be a subset of these, where an individual case is the basis of a report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A lot of these descriptive studies have been part of the early published research around the COVID-19 pandemic. Since it's a new illness, people want to know things like how many people infected die, how many need to be on a ventilator, etc. Such studies might use other groups sort of like &amp;quot;historical controls&amp;quot; for comparison, like seasonal influenza or the original SARS, but they don't typically do a statistical comparison between groups, they use descriptive statistics like means or proportions with confidence intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compassionate and off-label use&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/clinical-trials/compassionate-drug-use.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Compassionate use&lt;/a&gt; of unapproved drugs, or off-label use of drugs approved for other indications, is sometimes an alternative to clinical trials in trying new treatments. When no known treatment exists or when other treatments have failed in a given patient, a treating physician can have broad discretion in treatment on their own, rather than under the umbrella of a clinical trial. Data from compassionate use isn't typically used to support drug approval - there are substantial ethical concerns - but it can be used to motivate further research and other physicians may use positive reports from compassionate use cases to try the same treatment in their own patients. This is the scenario closest to the urgent situation you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Placebos vs other types of control groups&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've focused mostly on circumstances where neither placebo or a proper control group is used, but I also wanted to point out that control groups often include &lt;em&gt;active&lt;/em&gt; controls, like a current standard of care, or use historical data as a control group, such as comparing outcomes before and after some change in the standard of care. Often a placebo intervention is considered unethical when there is already a standard of care known to be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-07-10T22:35:58.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24118" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3155" CreationDate="2020-07-11T00:03:53.433" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a large difference in survival depending on whether the cancer was caused by HPV or ( probably) tobacco/alcohol. The HPV cancers have significantly higher survival rates. I am surprised the ACS information does not point out this difference. I was diagnosed with oral cancer about 9 years ago ( age 74), I had likely had it for a couple years before that, as initially 6 doctors missed the symptoms.Stage IV, chemo,radiation,surgery ( Oct '13) . MDAnderson quickly diagnosed HPV as the cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9688" LastEditorUserId="9688" LastEditDate="2020-07-12T14:29:30.103" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T14:29:30.103" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24119" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-07-11T01:39:15.647" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T01:39:15.647" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T01:39:15.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24120" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-07-11T01:39:15.647" Score="0" Body="Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the eye and visual system. " OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T19:59:32.870" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T19:59:32.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-11T01:44:47.893" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any upside in taking resveratrol supplements in addition to pterostilbene supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some sources I have read so far pterostilbene seems to be a superior replacement of resveratrol. E.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/beyond-resveratrol-the-anti-aging-nad-fad/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/beyond-resveratrol-the-anti-aging-nad-fad/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why pterostilbene instead of resveratrol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While resveratrol has hogged the anti-aging spotlight over the past decade, unsung researchers in places like Oxford, Miss., have quietly shown that pterostilbene is a kind of extra-potent version of resveratrol. &lt;strong&gt;The pterostilbene molecule is nearly identical to resveratrol's except for a couple of differences that make it more &amp;quot;bioavailable&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt; (animal studies indicate that about four times as much ingested pterostilbene gets into the bloodstream as resveratrol). &lt;strong&gt;Test-tube and rodent studies also suggest that pterostilbene is more potent than resveratrol&lt;/strong&gt; when it comes to improving brain function, warding off various kinds of cancer and preventing heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pterostilbene.com/pterostilbene-vs-resveratrol/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.pterostilbene.com/pterostilbene-vs-resveratrol/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benefits of resveratrol are well-documented because there has been so much money and lab time devoted to studying it in the last decade, both in animals and in humans. Pterostilbene is a similar compound, rarer and more bioavailable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some of the sources seem to claim resveratrol complements pterostilbene:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2009/ss/The-Other-Resveratrol/Page-01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2009/ss/The-Other-Resveratrol/Page-01&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How Pterostilbene and Resveratrol Work Together?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pterostilbene and Gene Expression: The Key to Longer Life&#xA;Scientists have found that resveratrol activates genes near the beginning of the molecular cascade precipitated by caloric restriction. These in turn activate a broad array of disease-preventing genes. In essence, resveratrol’s beneficial genetic action takes place “upstream.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pterostilbene directly activates genes “downstream” from the sites of resveratrol’s action. This complements resveratrol’s ability to help prevent cancer and diabetes, and support healthy blood lipids. &lt;strong&gt;Acting together, resveratrol and pterostilbene produce potent longevity-promoting effects&lt;/strong&gt; across the cycle of gene expression through complementary mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for scientific evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T01:44:47.893" Title="Is there any upside in taking resveratrol supplements in addition to pterostilbene supplements?" Tags="&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24123" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7530" CreationDate="2020-07-11T06:37:32.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would say no, because Sievert is defined as Joule/kg (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert&lt;/a&gt;). I cannot find the patient weight or mass irradiated in the provided data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T06:37:32.953" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24125" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-11T12:18:11.810" Score="0" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;On July 10, 2020, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2020/7/gilead-presents-additional-data-on-investigational-antiviral-remdesivir-for-the-treatment-of-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gilead announced&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;remdesivir treatment was associated with significantly improved clinical&#xA;recovery and a 62 percent reduction in the risk of mortality compared to&#xA;standard of care.... The mortality rate for patients treated with remdesivir in&#xA;the analysis was 7.6 percent at Day 14 compared with 12.5 percent among patients&#xA;not taking remdesivir (adjusted odds ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval&#xA;0.22-0.68, p=0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the 62% reduction calculated? Naively, a drop from 12.5% to 7.6% appears to be a 39% (=(12.5-7.6)/12.5) reduction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-16T21:54:22.480" LastActivityDate="2020-07-16T21:54:22.480" Title="Fact check: Was remdesivir treatment associated with a 62% reduction in mortality rate?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24114" CreationDate="2020-07-11T13:14:30.400" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Kinda interesting question IMHO, let me break it down a little.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, let's tackle the ABO system. Here you are transfusing O into O, so that would be perfectly fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly, the is the Rhesus factor. Rh+ erythrocytes have a special &lt;em&gt;antigen&lt;/em&gt; on their surface, and if the recipient has &lt;em&gt;antibodies&lt;/em&gt; against that antigen, that would cause problems (for comparison, as you had written in your question, Rh- blood is universally&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; transfusable since it doesn't have the antigen and therefore it doesn't matter if the recipient has antibodies or not).&lt;br&gt;Now we need to find out if our recipient has anti-Rh&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;em&gt;antibodies&lt;/em&gt;. Unlike in the ABO system, Rh- people do not automatically express anti-Rh antibodies, &lt;strong&gt;unless they have been in contact with the &lt;em&gt;antigen&lt;/em&gt; before&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;br&gt;This is is why, and here is the answer to your question, the very first transfusion in such a setup wouldn't normally cause any reaction, however it would stimulate the patient's body to produce &lt;em&gt;antibodies&lt;/em&gt;, which means that any further exposure to Rh+ blood would cause Haemolytic Anemia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Last but not least, while this answer covers your described situation, in real life you would also need to look at a few other compatibility factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this was understandably written, here's a&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/rh-incompatibility#:%7E:text=Rh%20incompatibility%20is%20a%20condition,protein%20on%20red%20blood%20cells.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;reference article&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to some additional info primarily regarding Rh physiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; in regard to Rh system&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in reality there are other antigens in the Rh system rather then just D and d, so it is a bit more complicated - we'll leave it for now&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="15382" LastEditDate="2020-07-14T13:42:26.533" LastActivityDate="2020-07-14T13:42:26.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24127" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-07-11T15:22:39.577" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-07-11T15:22:39.577" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T15:22:39.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24128" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-07-11T15:22:39.577" Score="0" Body="Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. They are different to antibiotics." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-17T15:33:04.060" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:33:04.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24129" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24092" CreationDate="2020-07-11T19:04:10.577" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was mistaken, the 5HT3 inhibitor of Vortioxetine is not responsible for the nausea, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&amp;amp;q=vortioxetine+nausea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its additional antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors may partly counteract gastrointestinal adverse effects but nausea has an important role on drug discontinuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Its additional antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors may partly counteract gastrointestinal adverse effects but nausea has an important role on drug discontinuation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19966" LastActivityDate="2020-07-11T19:04:10.577" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-11T20:58:10.577" Score="2" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;People always say in hard times that &amp;quot;this too shall pass&amp;quot;. Is it right for COVID-19 pandemic (please see what I mean by pandemic here. My English is a bit weak so this word might not be right) as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know we can't predict whether there will be a vaccine or not, ever or the coronavirus will vanish (and eventually the disease) after some years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I guess this question can be answered as it is more about the pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually I'm not really sure about the word pandemic here. So let me explain what I want to know in following way:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I mean is that &lt;em&gt;most of the world wearing masks, maintaining social distancing, washing hands frequently, having a state of constant fear about getting infected anytime (unlike other diseases), working from home, not partying with friends in groups, hospitals full of patients and dead bodies on roads...&lt;/em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Will these things remain forever in most parts of world Or will it end to a great extent and life will become almost normal like before, maybe after 5-10-25 years later (let's assume there's no other similar disease like this in future)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or this statement is very true for this pandemic as well... This too shall pass?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15863" LastEditorUserId="15863" LastEditDate="2020-07-12T19:52:51.613" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T19:52:51.613" Title="Will preventive measures of COVID-19 pandemic ever lessen to a great extent in the most parts of the world?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-07-12T15:14:26.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-12T00:38:26.110" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/19334/43&quot;&gt;This answer by xiota&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/19331/14759&quot;&gt;Why do gene therapies so often target rare disease?&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Common diseases tend to be polyfactorial, while rare diseases often involve a single gene. Many involve just a single mutation event (substitution, deletion, addition, inversion, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do common diseases tend to be polyfactorial, while rare diseases often involve a single gene? One could think that it is more likely to have one single  mutation than to have a combination of several factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-07-12T00:38:26.110" Title="Why do common diseases tend to be polyfactorial, while rare diseases often involve a single gene?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-12T06:55:57.120" Score="4" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing (11 July 2020) the USA have almost 3.2 million &lt;a href=&quot;https://mackuba.eu/corona/#compare?c=eur,us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;confirmed cases&lt;/a&gt; of coronavirus infections, while Europe has slightly over 1.8 million with the USA passing Europe around 10 May 2020 (two months ago) at around 133 thousand cases. But if you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mackuba.eu/corona/#compare?val=d&amp;amp;c=eur,us&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;deaths&lt;/a&gt; then Europe has almost 185 thousand, while the USA have (only) 134 thousand. On 10 May 2020, Europe's death total stood at almost 151 thousand and the USA have not yet caught up. Taken together these numbers seem to imply a much lower case mortality for the USA than for Europe, for which I have not been able to come up with an explanation (other than that the numbers are bad).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does there seem to be such a big difference in case mortality between the USA and Europe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: since 13 September 2020, both death totals have reached the level of 194 thousand with 6.5 million confirmed cases in the USA and 3 million in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19998" LastEditorUserId="19998" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T06:44:06.347" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T06:44:06.347" Title="Why does there seem to be such a big difference in case mortality between the USA and Europe?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-12T12:39:09.947" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not saying that the floor is wet. But I feel even when our shoes or dry, it can carry virus with it and may get attached to floors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If this happens, how long it can stay on the floor tiles of a room?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm seeing results about survival on various surfaces on many sites and on news for past 2-3 months. For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/how-long-covid-19-lives-on-surfaces&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. I found something about floors too &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-coronavirus-last-on-surfaces#shoes-and-clothing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; But I couldn't find significant information about survival on the floors and especially survival on dry floor &lt;em&gt;(unlike some drops from mouth while speaking falls on floor).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: The tiles are ceramic tiles which are usually used on floors. Mine one look like these: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lavishceramics.com/blog/5-myths-about-wood-look-tile/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.lavishceramics.com/blog/5-myths-about-wood-look-tile/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: I'm interested in knowing this because I put a mat on my floor and then do Yoga. So while my nose close to floor, I might inhale the virus from dry surface in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15863" LastEditorUserId="15863" LastEditDate="2020-07-17T05:39:42.093" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T19:22:41.580" Title="How long does coronavirus stay alive on home floors?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24143" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24171" CreationDate="2020-07-13T05:47:49.820" Score="4" ViewCount="91" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read some articles where they recommend a direct exposure to the sun of about 20 to 30 minutes, others say that 10 to 15 minutes, another that 5 minutes is enough, etc. I suppose it depends on the geographic region, the seasons of the year, and other conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have found articles that state that in less than 1 minute of sun exposure, the skin begins to suffer damage &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/blog/sun-protection-and-vitamin-d/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Sun Protection and Vitamin D - The Skin Cancer Foundation)&lt;/a&gt;. In &lt;a href=&quot;https://qz.com/992779/the-idea-that-you-need-to-get-sun-for-vitamin-d-is-a-myth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this other&lt;/a&gt; it is stated that the idea that you need to sunbathe to get vitamin D is a myth. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yalemedicine.org/stories/vitamin-d-myths-debunked/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This one&lt;/a&gt; from Yale Medicine makes a similar claim. In general, all of these articles suggest that it is better to take supplements to cover a vitamin D deficiency than to expose yourself to the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20006" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T01:43:41.507" Title="Does the damage from sun exposure outweigh the benefit of getting vitamin D?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24144" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13492" CreationDate="2020-07-13T06:16:05.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to the other answers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[C]linical studies have never found that everyday sunscreen use leads to&#xA;vitamin D insufficiency. In fact, the prevailing studies show that&#xA;people who use sunscreen daily can maintain their vitamin D levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the explanations for this may be that no matter how much&#xA;sunscreen you use or how high the SPF, some of the sun’s UV rays reach&#xA;your skin. An SPF 15 sunscreen filters out 93 percent of UVB rays, SPF&#xA;30 keeps out 97 percent, and SPF 50 filters out 98 percent. This&#xA;leaves anywhere from 2 to 7 percent of solar UVB reaching your skin,&#xA;even with high-SPF sunscreens. And that’s if you use them perfectly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/blog/sun-protection-and-vitamin-d/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sun Protection and Vitamin D By Skin Cancer Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are claims that one needs to get a certain amount of sun&#xA;exposure every day in order to produce enough vitamin D to be healthy.&#xA;It’s just not true&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;David J. Leffell, MD, Yale Medicine dermatologist and chief of&#xA;Dermatologic Surgery&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yalemedicine.org/stories/vitamin-d-myths-debunked/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vitamin D Myths 'D'-bunked - Yale Medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20006" LastActivityDate="2020-07-13T06:16:05.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24150" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-07-13T17:48:00.813" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-07-13T17:48:00.813" LastActivityDate="2020-07-13T17:48:00.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24151" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-07-13T17:48:00.813" Score="0" Body="LASIK is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T19:58:28.650" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T19:58:28.650" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24152" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24153" CreationDate="2020-07-13T18:36:48.923" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the answer to &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/19204/13163&quot;&gt;How do you feed a starving person in a way that won't kill them?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;, it is mentioned that refeeding syndrome can cause peripheral edema. How does this occur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-07-13T18:36:48.923" Title="How does refeeding syndrome cause pitting edema?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;edema&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24153" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24152" CreationDate="2020-07-13T18:36:48.923" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;During refeeding syndrome (RFS), intake of carbohydrates causes a &lt;strong&gt;massive surge in insulin levels&lt;/strong&gt;, leading to electrolyte abnormalities. Increased insulin also caused sodium and water retention independent to changes of renal GFR and RPF [1]. Water retention increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to peripheral edema.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another possible contributor to peripheral edema during RFS is hypoalbuminemia, which decreases capillary oncotic pressure [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%252FBF00252649.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Effect of Insulin on Renal Sodium Metabolism&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. R.A. DeFronzo&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19931071/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Refeeding syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. J. Fuentebella, J.A. Kerner&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-07-13T18:36:48.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24156" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24157" CreationDate="2020-07-15T00:23:02.467" Score="4" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently studying the textbook &lt;em&gt;Hoffbrand's Essential Haematology&lt;/em&gt;, eighth edition, by A. Victor Hoffbrand and David P. Steensma. &lt;strong&gt;Chapter 1 Haemopoiesis&lt;/strong&gt; says the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During normal childhood and adult life, the marrow is the only source of new blood cells. The developing cells are situated outside the bone marrow sinuses; mature cells are released into the sinus spaces, the marrow microcirculation and so into the general circulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand this description. The authors state that the developing cells are situated &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; the bone marrow sinuses. Presumably, the bone marrow sinuses are deeper &lt;em&gt;within&lt;/em&gt; the bone, right? If so, then this description would be implying that the developing cells are located on the outer regions of the bone, away from the sinuses, and then are released from the outer region &lt;em&gt;into&lt;/em&gt; the sinus space, and then into marrow microcirculation and general circulation. But isn't this path of circulation leading towards the &lt;em&gt;exterior&lt;/em&gt; of the bone? So it sounds like the authors are saying that the developing cells start on the outer regions of the bone, then are released deeper into the bone (into the sinuses), and then are taken via marrow microcirculation and general circulation back towards the outer parts of the bone, which is where they came from in the first place. Am I misunderstanding something here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would greatly appreciate it if people would please take the time to clarify this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;EDIT&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://slideplayer.com/slide/13441821/80/images/5/Site+of+hematopoiesis+AGE+SITE+Fetus%3A+0-2+months+Yolk+sac+2-7+months.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;slide&lt;/a&gt; that seems to agree with the textbook description:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pQsFI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pQsFI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15483" LastEditorUserId="15483" LastEditDate="2020-07-18T21:52:51.703" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T21:52:51.703" Title="Haemopoiesis (blood cell development) in bone marrow" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24157" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24156" CreationDate="2020-07-15T01:18:52.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's really simple, your misunderstanding just comes from mixing macro- and microanatomy.&lt;br&gt; Macroscopically, all of bone marrow is located &lt;em&gt;inside the bone&lt;/em&gt;, in the medullar cavity.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Microscopically, bone marrow tissue consists of different cells, some of which are endothelial cells that comprise sinuses, and &lt;em&gt;alongside&lt;/em&gt; them (or &lt;em&gt;outside&lt;/em&gt; of them, if you will; &lt;em&gt;in the bone marrow's stroma&lt;/em&gt;) you find all other cell types.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'll attach &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this wiki page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; as reference just in case, your textbook is a much better option though I suppose, this was just a clarification question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2020-07-15T01:18:52.403" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24156" CreationDate="2020-07-15T11:12:49.730" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EiZHI.jpg.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/EiZHI.jpg.&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-marrow&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cancer .gov&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy or cancellous (denoting bone tissue with a meshlike structure containing many pores, typical of the interior of mature bones) portions of bones. As you can see in the image above the hematopoiesis occur at the ends of long bones where red bone marrow is present. In red bone marrow the ratio of stem cells to fat cells are more in comparison to yellow bone marrow which is present in shaft of long bones of adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Look at the image below:&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jjh1v.jpg.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jjh1v.jpg.&quot; alt=&quot;bone marrow sinuses&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://flipper.diff.org/app/items/info/550&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flipper.diff.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a microstructure of bone marrow sinuses with the hematopoietic stem cells near by. These hematopoietic stems cells &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1080/01926230600939856#:%7E:text=The%20bone%20marrow%20is%20found,a%20meshwork%20of%20trabecular%20bone.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;traverse the walls of sinuses&lt;/a&gt; once they are differentiated and mature and then comes into circulation. These sinuses are just lined by endothelial cells, they ultimately forms connection between arterioles and venules. For megakaryocyte, it extends cytoplasmic process inside the sinus which ultimately breaks down to form platelets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lNflx.jpg.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lNflx.jpg.&quot; alt=&quot;the HSC in bone marrow&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Image source:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00184/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;frontiersin.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is another image showing how HSC clinging to endosteum differentiate and matures as it moves toward the sinuses which then ultimately traverse through the sinus wall.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-18T15:23:53.333" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T15:23:53.333" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24162" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-15T13:46:19.310" Score="4" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;All the following data is from a task a professor gave me and is not connected to a true patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient's bilirubin level is first 28 micromole/litre and direct bilirubin level is 8 micromole/litre. Three weeks after the first blood test, the patient takes another blood test. This time, total bilirubin level is 48 micromole/litre and direct bilirubin is 9 micromole/litre, meaning that indirect bilirubin level increased by 19 micromole/litre during these three weeks. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT) were within normal range both times. Iron wasn't measured the first time, it was normal the second time. What are the likeliest causes for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FIRST EDIT: The patient took the first blood test on full stomach and the second one on empty stomach. It's most likely not Gilbert's syndrome because direct bilirubin is also high, although the fact that the increase of bilirubin is mild and that it's higher after not eating may point to Gilbert's syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SECOND EDIT: I have done some research on the effect of fasting on bilirubin level in patients with Gilbert's syndrome. I have found that after eating 400 kcal per day for two days, indirect bilirubin should be twice as high as the baseline level in a GS patient (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-1-35&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The inverse starving test is not a suitable provocation test for Gilbert's syndrome&lt;/a&gt;). This patients indirect bilirubin level is twice as high after just about 8 hours of not eating if we assume that the bilirubin level from the first blood test is the baseline level. Considering this, taking the second blood test on an empty stomach is most likely not the cause of the elevation of indirect bilirubin and so the elevation is most likely not a sign of Gilbert's syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="15516" LastEditDate="2020-07-17T17:42:07.837" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T06:15:37.253" Title="What are the likeliest causes for rising indirect bilirubin levels?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;bilirubin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24165" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-16T12:10:44.393" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;To make this question more open, it doesn't have to be specifically the Yamanaka factors (It could be fewer than the 4, or other factors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E. g. Epigenetic eraser pharmaceuticals&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-018-00054-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-018-00054-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand different molecular processes are taking place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which one is best in terms of differentiating the cell into the pluripotent state?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-27T02:31:24.327" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T02:31:24.327" Title="To generate induced-plutipotent stem cells you can use the Yamanaka factors or use pharmaceuticals, which is better and why?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24169" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-17T05:06:37.783" Score="3" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading Oral Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment by Greenberg and Glick, Chapter 2 - Evaluation Of The Dental Patient: Diagnosis and Medical Risk Assessment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under Cranial Nerve Examination, subsection Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve), the author says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Olfactory nerve function is traditionally tested by closing one of the patient's nostrils with a finger and asking if the patient can smell a strongly scented volatile substance such as coffee or lemon extract. The test is then repeated for the other nostril. The patient should sniff strongly to draw the volatile molecules well into the nose. This procedure tests for olfactory nerve function only when the nasal airway is patent to the olfactory receptors and &lt;strong&gt;when the substance being tested does not produce a response solely on the basis of chemical irritation of nonspecific somatic sensory receptors in the nasal mucosa.&lt;/strong&gt; Such responses are due to stimulation of branches of the trigeminal nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried searching for it on Wikipedia, but it doesn't say anything about nonspecific somatic sensory receptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17742" LastEditorUserId="17742" LastEditDate="2020-07-17T05:20:42.377" LastActivityDate="2020-07-17T05:20:42.377" Title="What are non-specific somatic sensory receptors in the nasal mucosa?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;function&gt;&lt;smell&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24170" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24179" CreationDate="2020-07-17T06:23:48.840" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;The cell lines in the title all come from aborted fetuses.  This presents an ethical quandary for those opposed to abortion.  It seems straightforward to obtain new cell lines from sources other than abortions (mostly because I am terribly ignorant and naive about the difficulty of such a task).  In particular, Catholic advocates assert that cells could be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/abortion-opponents-protest-covid-19-vaccines-use-fetal-cells?fbclid=IwAR1qSmrEYygWtX5vIIsl1SvSXxFvvaeKH_XSUrrjpSlfGWL_uwcWw1MNZxY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obtained from amniocentesis&lt;/a&gt; or miscarriage, which are an ethically suitable alternative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that Catholic advocates could themselves fund the production of such a new cell line and compete with the existing lines in the marketplace.  Is this feasible or realistic?  Was the creation of the most popular lines a particularly difficult or unique endeavour?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20031" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-23T21:42:56.140" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T22:11:37.540" Title="Why are there no &quot;ethically unobjectionable&quot; alternatives to HEK-293, WI-38, MRC-5, etc?" Tags="&lt;stem-cells&gt;&lt;fetus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24171" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24143" CreationDate="2020-07-17T10:04:50.570" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I like your curiosity and logical thinking - you're just missing a few pieces of the puzzle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sun emits ultraviolet light radiation which is the component of sunlight that is able to damage skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 10 to 400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. To put nanometers into perspective - A human hair is around 75,000 nanometers in diameter. There are sub-types of UV which define the wavelength size:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ultraviolet A - UVA - 400–315 nanometers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ultraviolet B - UVB - 315–280 nanometers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ultraviolet C - UVC - 280–100 nanometers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly UVB is essential synthesize Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UV light is able to damage DNA. This results with humans cells (typically skin cells) to attempt to repair themselves. As a result sometimes genetic mutations arise - some of which give the cell the ability to divide more frequently (cancer). The process of UV damage is shown in the image below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oAXyM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oAXyM.png&quot; alt=&quot;UV damaging DNA&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although advertises I'm sure would love you to believe that Vitamin D should always be gained from their supplement, the world health organisation states the following &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/uv/resources/FAQ/uvhealtfac/en/index1.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;...5 to 15 minutes of casual sun exposure of hands, face and arms two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels high.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. Yes I understand - &lt;em&gt;supplements avoid aforementioned damage to DNA&lt;/em&gt; - but you will be safe if you follow the above directive (it's free) and learn more information on other methods to prevent damage when in situations of long-term exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In terms of further scientific reading I would like to direct you toward higher quality literature. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.angelo.edu/services/library/handouts/peerrev.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This web-page explains the difference between and the best information resource out of: News articles, Journal articles and, Peer-reviewed scientific articles.&lt;/a&gt; In saying this, I also think Wikipedia in the 21st century has gained a highly respected and excellent reputation for free high quality information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/gho/phe/ultraviolet_radiation/exposure/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Attached is a Chloropleth map displaying the total average daily ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) level across the world.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-07-25T01:43:41.507" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T01:43:41.507" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24173" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24138" CreationDate="2020-07-17T12:21:01.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, corona virus does stay on the floor, and the reason can be, one's shoes.&#xA;An interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0885_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we tested surface and air samples from an intensive care unit (ICU) and a general COVID-19 ward (GW) at Huoshenshan Hospital in Wuhan, China&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate of positivity was relatively high for floor swab samples (ICU 7/10, 70%; GW 2/13, 15.4%), perhaps because of gravity and air flow causing most virus droplets to float to the ground. In addition, as medical staff walk around the ward, the virus can be tracked all over the floor, as indicated by the 100% rate of positivity from the floor in the pharmacy, where there were no patients. Furthermore, half of the samples from the soles of the ICU medical staff shoes tested positive. Therefore, the soles of medical staff shoes might function as carriers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, about how long the virus can stay.&#xA;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4659470/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An inoculum of 103 plaque forming units (PFU) persisted on polyfluorotetraethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), &lt;strong&gt;ceramic tiles&lt;/strong&gt;, glass, and stainless steel for at least 5 days (and 3 days for silicon rubber) at 21°C and a relative humidity of 30% to 40%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence it is better to clean one's shoes and not to wear them inside their house :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19856" LastEditDate="2020-07-27T19:22:41.580" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T19:22:41.580" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24176" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-17T18:22:27.823" Score="3" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am seeing a large number of COVID-19 articles which point to low levels of antibody production 2-3 months after infection.  They all point to this being an indicator that infection may not provide long term immunity.  However, I have not seen a mechanism explained as to why this decrease in antibody production correlates with a decreased likelihood of long term immunity.  My (limited) understanding of the immune system was that there are memory cells whose job is to identify when one should produce antibodies, and those are what would matter for long term immunity.  After all, making antibodies takes energy!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that this connection between a drop in antibodies and long term immunity is well entrenched.  What mechanisms have we seen in the past to explain why a drop in antibodies post-infection is an indicator that long term immunity is unlikely?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2460" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T08:11:38.730" Title="The relationship between the rate of decrease of antibody production and long term immunity" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24170" CreationDate="2020-07-18T00:30:18.113" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Different cell lines exist for different reasons, depending on the cell type and their properties they are useful for different experiments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEK_293_cells&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HEK-293&lt;/a&gt; - Embryonic Stem Cells - Female&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WI-38&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WI-38&lt;/a&gt;   - Fibroblasts derived from lung tissue - 3 month old female&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRC-5&lt;/a&gt;   - Fibroblasts derived from lung tissue - 14 week old male&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, meaning they have the ability to differentiate into any other cell type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately to my knowledge we cannot yet generate totipotent cell lines. The cell line HEK-293 (or any embryonic stem cell line) are useful for studies that require the use of embryonic/totipotent stem cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other cell lines - WI-38 &amp;amp; MRC-5 may be replaced by others quite easily however it may be the age of these cell lines that makes them attractive for scientific use. Scientists collaborate - when a cell line is able to 'do something' others may want to use it for their experiments too, and that is why particular cell lines are popular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ethical quandary of aborted fetus stem cells or stem cells sources from non-aborted fetuses. Yes it is possible to get a type of stem cell from E.g. Cord Blood (Blood from the umbilical cord of a baby) or Amniocentesis. But not embryonic/totipotent stem cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_blood&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The stem cells found in cord blood are often confused with embryonic stem cells - unlike embryonic stem cells, cord blood stem cells are all types of adult stem cells, are lineage restricted and are not pluripotent.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To avoid ethical concerns &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; may be used. IPSCs have the ability to differentiate into &lt;em&gt;almost&lt;/em&gt; any other cell type, it is easy to generate a large number of cells, they are great for modeling disease &amp;amp; have a huge&#xA;transplantation potential. IPSCs are pluripotent, not totipotent. The image below outlines how IPSCs are generated, how they avoid ethical concerns and, IPSCs potential to be transplanted back into the patient. &lt;a href=&quot;https://geneticsperspective.blogspot.com/2020/06/genetic-disease-modeling-where-next.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More information on how and why IPSCs were discovered can be found here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uwxVE.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uwxVE.png&quot; alt=&quot;How to generate IPSCs and their uses.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T00:30:18.113" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24180" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-18T02:00:33.867" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does ingesting creatine powder or capsules cause hair loss?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read conflicting claims (e.g., see below) and wonder whether there have been some more serious scientific studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://seannal.com/articles/supplementation/creatine-hair-loss.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://seannal.com/articles/supplementation/creatine-hair-loss.php&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170502021837/http://seannal.com/articles/supplementation/creatine-hair-loss.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) is inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I personally don’t consider this one study to be a serious cause for alarm because of the points I mentioned above, but it’s up to you to weigh out the possibilities for yourself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741313&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170502023014/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19741313&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creatine supplementation may, in part, act through an increased rate of conversion of T to DHT. Further investigation is warranted as a result of the high frequency of individuals using creatine supplementation and the long-term safety of alterations in circulating androgen composition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://examine.com/nutrition/does-creatine-cause-baldness/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://examine.com/nutrition/does-creatine-cause-baldness/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170502022448/https://examine.com/nutrition/does-creatine-cause-baldness/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creatine has been implicated once in increasing DHT. The study has not been replicated, and direct studies between creatine and hair loss have not been conducted&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/1vfvdk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/1vfvdk&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170502023023/https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/1vfvdk/creatine_and_hair_loss/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Short answer; maybe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-07-18T02:00:33.867" Title="Does ingesting creatine powder or capsules cause hair loss?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;hairloss&gt;&lt;creatine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24181" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23865" CreationDate="2020-07-18T07:02:25.427" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mesenchymal stem cell therapy is a promising and scientifically proven cell therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5620423/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; explains in detail the types of Mesenchymal stem cell therapies to treat peripheral neuropathy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peripheral nerves have a limited regenerative potential, meaning if peripheral nerves are damaged it is difficult for healing to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_regeneration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;E.g. As opposed to the liver, a highly regenerative organ - &amp;quot;51% of the original liver mass can regenerate back to its full size&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore peripheral nerves are harder to repair when compared to other tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon peripheral nerve injury, molecular disease events occur whereby multiple cell types assist each other in order to restore nerve function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Image below shows the cell types involved and the stages of nerve injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VpHKU.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VpHKU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Nerve Damage (Wallerian degeneration) and the restored nerve&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For this explanation we need to focus on stage 4. Schwanncell alignment; axon regeneration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schwann cells change their function when the nerve is injured. Originally their role was to support the nerve function &amp;amp; insulate conduction along the nerve. Now their function is to grow, align and join the gap/site of injury. We can observe non-myelinating Schwann Cells perform this function in stage 4. Schwann Cells direct neuron repair &amp;amp; secrete repairing molecules (neurotrophic factors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5478945/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Interestingly axon regeneration occurs at ~1 mm/day&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mesenchymal stem cells are easy to obtain, located in fat (Or hard to obtain in bone marrow). Mesenchymal stem cells are compatible with the person they are derived from (Low risk of rejection). They have the ability to turn into a cell type &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17222827/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;similar to that of Schwann Cells&lt;/a&gt;, which can release the repairing molecules aka neurotrophic factors - as refereed to in the paragraph above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mesenchymal stem cells can turn into Schwann Cells in a petri dish and have been shown to also turn into Schwann Cells at the site of injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So to answer your question yes, I understand your skepticism - as for some claims are false. But this claim has merit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: To make this answer not an 'only link' answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-07-19T00:08:46.637" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T00:08:46.637" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-18T08:42:59.537" Score="3" ViewCount="133" Body="&lt;p&gt;Inside the heart the atrioventricular valves (AV) have chordae tendineae to prevent the backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the AV and semilunar valves are effectively the same thing but in different locations, it would make sense that the semilunar valves also need chords to prevent blood backflow. But they do not. Why doesn't blood flow back into the ventricle after the semilunar valve closes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17750" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T23:17:42.910" Title="Why do semilunar valves not need tendinae but atrioventricular valves do?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;heartbeat&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24184" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-18T09:22:01.267" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I calculated incidence rates (IR) for colorectal cancer using an age-period-cohort model. Is it useful for GPs to use such age, gender and anatomical sub-site specific IRs as a baseline risk, during the assessment of cancer risk in patients who present with lower abdominal symptoms?&#xA;My concern is that CRC risk is different in the general population and in the primary care population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20042" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T14:04:25.557" Title="Can cancer incidence rates, calculated from the general population, be used in primary care?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;colon&gt;&lt;general-practitioners&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-18T11:34:51.133" Score="1" ViewCount="442" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to compare before and after COVID-19. I want to know if there was a raise, how high, and if there was a shift from other causes to COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The media is very biased and only reports the total number of COVID deaths.  I need to know the truth. Did the number of deaths really change from 2018, 2019 and 2020?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the 2020 statistics I could find, but it's an estimation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the quartely update, we shall see 2020 here soon:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/mortality-dashboard.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/mortality-dashboard.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Total deaths for 2020 up until 7/21: 1,466,723&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IMO, this appears lower or similar to 2019 with over 1.6 million in the first 2 quarters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20043" LastEditorUserId="20043" LastEditDate="2020-07-22T19:19:34.397" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T23:40:57.110" Title="Total number of deaths in the USA before COVID-19 and in 2020?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-18T13:31:56.203" Score="4" ViewCount="339" Body="&lt;p&gt;One can buy a disposable product which appears identical to medical grade disposable surgical masks, but is not. The package or item description typically includes a clear indication that it is not medical grade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These masks appear to be constructed in the same way and of the same materials as a medical mask (melt-blown middle layer).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is it about these products that disqualifies them as medical grade?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is that difference relevant to personal protection when selecting a mask for COVID-19 protection in non-medical everyday settings? Would it pertain to  product performance? Are these products not sterilized? If not sterilized, is there any actual or potential health implication for the wearer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Examples of the non-medical grade product available in local stores:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.staples.ca/products/2980998-en-lanswe-disposable-non-medical-face-masks-50-pack&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.staples.ca/products/2980998-en-lanswe-disposable-non-medical-face-masks-50-pack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/3-laye-disposable-mask/6000201457780&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/3-laye-disposable-mask/6000201457780&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/disposable-3-ply-non-medical-face-masks-50-pk-3997520p.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/disposable-3-ply-non-medical-face-masks-50-pk-3997520p.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20044" LastEditorUserId="20044" LastEditDate="2020-07-18T17:38:17.023" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T02:32:34.107" Title="What is the difference between medical grade and non-medical grade disposable masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24188" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24162" CreationDate="2020-07-18T14:10:29.877" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is impossible to make a definite diagnosis based solely on the given data. But there are some likely options which should all be checked. Here are the possibilities and test which should be done to check them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Bilirubin is a product of erythrocyte breakdown. That's why predominantly unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia could be a symptom of hemolysis or dyserythropoiesis which are simple to check. The patient should check their reticulocyte level (which should be high as the bone marrow tries to compensate for the breakdown of erythrocytes), lactate dehydrogenase level (which should be high because it's a product of erythrocyte breakdown, especially if hemolysis in intravascular), haptoglobin level (which should be low because of an increase of free hemoglobin which binds to haptoglobin). The patient should also check their hemoglobin level which should be elevated in case of intravascular hemolysis, but will be normal if hemolysis is extravascular. If any of the mentioned substances aren't within normal range, peripheral blood smear test should be further made to check for abnormalities of red blood cells. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0915/p354.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hemolytic Anemia: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any type of viral hepatitis could be the reason for elevated bilirubin. Viral markers should be checked. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Hyperbilirubinemia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Any biliary stricture can cause a moderate rise in bilirubin level. This includes gallstones, benign and malignant tumors (pancreatic adenocarcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma). Portosystemic shunt could also cause elevated indirect bilirubin because some amount of blood with indirect bilirubin would bypass the liver and the process of conjugation. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin#Hyperbilirubinemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Hyperbilirubinemia&lt;/a&gt;) Both of these conditions can be seen with ultrasonography. However, these conditions are not likely because biliary strictures predominantly cause conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324869/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biliary strictures: diagnostic considerations and approach&lt;/a&gt;) Still, they should be checked because these conditions are very serious.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The patient should be asked about their history of drug use. Some medications, such as gemfibrozil, irinotecan and the protease inhibitors, atazanavir, and indinavir, can elevate the level of unconjugated bilirubin because they reduce the hepatic uptake of it. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424929/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluating Elevated Bilirubin Levels in Asymptomatic Adults&lt;/a&gt;) The patient should also be asked whether they have had any surgeries or suffered any traumas lately which could cause hematoma which is connected to erythrocyte breakdown and consequently a rise in unconjugated bilirubin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If all of previous conditions don't exist then we can suppose that the patient has either Gilbert's or syndrome or Crigler-Najjar syndrome. If indirect bilirubin continues to rise and rises above 85 micromole/litre we can suppose that the patient has Crigler-Najjar syndrome and if the value is lower than 85 micromole/litre we can suppose that the patient has Gilbert's syndrome. Both of the syndromes are mostly harmless in adults. Potential jaundice can be treated with phenobarbital. Both syndromes can be definitely proven with genetic tests. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424929/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Evaluating Elevated Bilirubin Levels in Asymptomatic Adults&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are some other possible causes which I missed, please write another answer or let me know in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="15516" LastEditDate="2020-07-19T06:15:37.253" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T06:15:37.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24190" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24186" CreationDate="2020-07-19T04:05:32.067" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Offhand it would appear that surgical masks of the type you have cited would be regulated by the US government &lt;strong&gt;if they were to be used in a medical setting&lt;/strong&gt;. Check out this FDA page, you will see that masks to be used in medical setting must conform to 21 CFR 878.4040.  It is entirely possible that there is no physical difference between the medical and non-medical surgical (loose fitting) masks, however if the manufacturer labels it as a medical device or apparel they may have to have an FDA approval. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks#s2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA web site on surgical masks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: a wealth of information about the 'grades' and conformance/performance of so-called surgical masks can be found here &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.astm.org/standardization-news/?q=features/standards-medical-face-masks-and-protective-clothing-.html&amp;amp;fbclid=IwAR23HZ-VrE9d-oEFdC050ZUqvIojmjn78ADWjui5Owk-Hr8Xv5HIhu1NK6M&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ASTM &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-07-24T02:32:34.107" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T02:32:34.107" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24191" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-19T11:47:08.617" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading Burket's Oral Medicine: Diagnosis and Treatment, Chapter 1 - Evaluation of the Dental Patient: Diagnosis and Medical Risk Assessment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under the section 'Establishing The Diagnosis', the author has to say this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, there is no generally accepted system for identifying and classifying diseases, and diagnoses are often written with concerns related to third-party reimbursement and to medicolegal and local peer review as well as for the patient's disease status*. Most practitioners probably follow the systems of disease classification and nomenclature that they were taught during their training since these usually serve as the framework for the mental models of disease syndromes on which they base their diagnoses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*The author gives a reference to a study/report by Feinstein AR. ICD,POR, and DRG. Unsolved scientific problems in the nosology of clinical medicine. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2269.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find the above-mentioned study/report on Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Along with the main question I would also like to know why are diagnoses written with concerns related to third-party reimbursement, what are these concerns and does it mean falsification of medical records?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17742" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T11:47:08.617" Title="Why is there no generally accepted system of disease classification?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;medical-ethics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24192" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24184" CreationDate="2020-07-19T12:09:08.130" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello and welcome to SE Medical Sciences.&#xA;I'd recommend not over using acronyms, (you forgot to define 'CRC' as Colorectal Cancer.). It is difficult to know what you mean you mean by 'general population' &amp;amp; 'primary care', regardless could I get some clarification?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Rodrigo de Azevedo rightfully pointed out, this is not quite an epidemiological question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Definitions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Epidemiology - The incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epidemiology of cancer&lt;/a&gt; - Seeks to identify the cause of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary health care - Is generally the first contact a person has with the health care system and therefore present with symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General population - People that make-up the population of a city, state or country.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Experimental Procedure&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a study uses a representative sample from a population, check their method to see where their statement on 'how' or 'why' they chose that exact sample. It should sate if it is from private practice, the general population or specialist clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912724/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In the method of this attached paper it states&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;A randomly-selected cohort in the general population recruited by telephone, and patients recruited in the waiting room of 12 primary care clinics&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T12:09:08.130" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-19T14:33:12.040" Score="1" ViewCount="262" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would happen if I don't have sex or masturbate my penis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will my semen ejaculate on its own because of the overload in production?  Maybe a wet dream at night?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or will I just not ejaculate at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there like a maximum number of months that I can go without ejaculating?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I don't ejaculate for like a year, will it cause me any health issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20048" LastActivityDate="2020-07-19T14:33:12.040" Title="What happens if I don't ejaculate for a number of weeks / months?" Tags="&lt;penis&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;&lt;ejaculation&gt;&lt;vagina&gt;&lt;oral-sex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-07-19T15:35:13.340" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24198" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24211" CreationDate="2020-07-20T19:05:33.010" Score="5" ViewCount="103" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a medical professional. I also do not have enough knowledge on medicine or biology. But I have been wondering a lot about one question in particular for some time: How did COVID-19 jump the species barrier?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I searched for the topic online and came across this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200221-sitrep-32-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4802d089_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; from WHO published in February 2020. It states in the beginning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The new COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 are bats, but  it  is  believed  that  the virus  jumped  the  species  barrier to  humans  from  another  intermediate  animal  host.  This intermediate animal host could be a domestic food animal, a wild animal, or a domesticated wild animal which has not yet been identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to indicate that the virus first jumped to an intermediate specifies, most likely to a domesticated species before it started affecting humans. What I am really interested in knowing is does this jump happen naturally and we are just unfortunate that it jumped at this specific time in history or, are there indications that this jump was accompanied by artificial means (i.e., through some artificial means of replicating an animal virus and designing it to be harmful for humans)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am only curious about this and just wanted some professional opinion. This question is only for purposes of a healthy and educative discussion and is by no means an attempt to create panic or spread false information and conspiracies. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20054" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-21T00:16:25.697" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T20:26:24.937" Title="How did COVID-19 jump the species barrier?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-21T07:49:51.087" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have studied in pathology class and my professor talked about these types of injury but i'm not sure how to distinguish between these 2 terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20060" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T12:03:58.273" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T12:03:58.273" Title="What is difference between wet and dry gangrene?" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-07-22T01:19:30.630" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24201" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24202" CreationDate="2020-07-21T09:49:40.853" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where is the gene '&lt;em&gt;NKX2-5&lt;/em&gt;' located and what is its function? How is it relevant to developmental disorders?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-07-21T21:50:22.837" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T21:50:22.837" Title="What does NKX2-5 do?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;development-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24202" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24201" CreationDate="2020-07-21T09:49:40.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;In mammalian cells the gene NKX2-5 is found on chromosome 5, more specifically on the long (q) arm of chromosome 5 at position 35.1. (Cytogenetic Location: 5q35.1)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NKX2-5 is ~3,213 nucleotide bases long and is involved in biological processes that give an organism its shape. Disruption of NKX2-5 has proven to cause abnormal heart shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found: &lt;a href=&quot;https://geneticsperspective.blogspot.com/2020/04/nkx2-5-gene-overview.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T09:49:40.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24198" CreationDate="2020-07-21T20:26:24.937" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transmission of a disease from an animal to humans is called zoonosis.&#xA;And researchers have found out that COVID 19 was transmitted to humans via bats.&#xA;These viruses enter into the human system via various ways:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When an infected animal bites the human&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When a human has cracked skin and comes in contact with potentially infectious fluids of animals such as blood, saliva, etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There maybe a role of an intermediate animal too in the transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two main questions, the answers to which show us how the virus transmits from bats to humans are:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the virus reach the host cell?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) In case of COVID 19, the fact that bats and even the predicted intermediate animal (pangolin) were being sold at the market in Wuhan shows that contact was present between the suspected animal and humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can the virus bind to the receptors(gates) and enter the host cell in order to replicate?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) Researches have found evidence that SARS CoV 2 virus binds to ACE 2(Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) receptors on the host cell. And this capability of the virus develops through mutations(changes in the genes) when they are in animals which are called reservoirs because they store these viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And while it can be assumed that someone might have created this virus to make it harmful to humans, evidence suggests otherwise. I have added reference regarding the evidence about this point(ref 1). The explanation to this is very technical and goes to the molecular level. To explain it in simple terms, if you want to make a new virus, you need to take an old virus and the make changes in it to make it new. But evidence shows that the novel corona virus do not have a lot of similarity to the known existing viruses at the molecular level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this satisfies your curiosity .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/2/12/21133560/coronavirus-china-bats-pangolin-zoonotic-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/2/12/21133560/coronavirus-china-bats-pangolin-zoonotic-disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19985" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T20:26:24.937" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24212" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24183" CreationDate="2020-07-21T23:17:42.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Unlike atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves' leaflets are concave, somewhat like shallow bags, which, during the diastole are filled with blood and therefore are pushed back to touch one another and so close the valve opening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve#/media/File:Aortic_valve.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a good gif to visualise&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17067-heart-valves&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4 Valves of the Heart: What Are They &amp;amp; How They Work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastActivityDate="2020-07-21T23:17:42.910" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24213" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-22T02:26:55.760" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tl;dr:&lt;/strong&gt; The common drug sulfasalazine &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfasalazine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;...should not be used in people allergic to aspirin...&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; because it contains salicylate. Is it known to share other positive or negative effects associated with aspirin for the same reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/64837/27918&quot;&gt;This Biology SE answer&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;em&gt;How did sulfasalazine become a disease-modifying treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?&lt;/em&gt; includes the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2016 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Arthritis/arthritis-1-1011.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication&lt;/a&gt; by the Department of Medicine at both Imperial College Healthcare Trust, and Hammersmith Hospital (both in the UK), titled, &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatments: A Historical Perspective&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;, states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Sulfasalazine: After NSAIDs and Gold, sulfasalazine (SSZ)&#xA;is the third oldest drug class that is still available to use as a&#xA;treatment of RA. In 1938, &lt;strong&gt;SSZ was the first drug to be synthesized&#xA;&lt;em&gt;specifically&lt;/em&gt; for RA&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;The consensus at the time was that RA was&#xA;the result of &lt;em&gt;infection&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; and accordingly Svartz et al developed&#xA;the DMARD, SSZ (originally known as salicylazosulfapyridin)&#xA;by &lt;strong&gt;combining the anti-inflammatory, salicylic acid, with the&#xA;antibacterial sulfapyridine by an azo bond&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, according to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903922&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publication&lt;/a&gt; by the Department of Medicine at Princeton:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sulfasalazine was synthesized almost 50 years ago specifically to treat rheumatoid arthritis&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;At that time bacterial infection was believed to be an important factor in pathogenesis&lt;/strong&gt;. The linkage of sulfapyridine and salicylate with an azobond was viewed as a method of combining &lt;strong&gt;antibacterial&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;antiinflammatory&lt;/strong&gt; actions while minimizing gastric irritation. Early therapeutic results were encouraging, but &lt;em&gt;the drug was discarded as an antirheumatic agent for 30 years, until its serendipitous rediscovery&lt;/em&gt;. Subsequent controlled trials have confirmed its efficacy, which may be related to sulfasalazine itself or to the sulfapyridine moiety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a follow-up question: &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/64912/27918&quot;&gt;How did the “serendipitous rediscovery” of sulfasalazine as an antirheumatic agent after 30 years happen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; Aspirin is recommended for some conditions and contraindicated for others. How is sulfasalazine viewed in terms of either its effectiveness as an aspirin substitute if it is already being taken for RA, or as a problem where aspirin is contraindicated? Has an aspirin equivalency dose been established for sulfasalazine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second quote seems to suggest that the azo bond between the two molecules was used to &amp;quot;minimizing gastric irritation&amp;quot; but aspirin's gastric side effects may be at least partly related to its presence in the blood rather than the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="16606" LastEditDate="2020-08-01T08:06:19.327" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T08:06:19.327" Title="Does sulfasalazine share other positive or negative effects associated with aspirin due to its salicylate component?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;prescription&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24214" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24217" CreationDate="2020-07-22T06:11:54.617" Score="3" ViewCount="199" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might be obvious to many in the medical field, but it had me wondering when reading about the new trials for the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine that is currently being tested on a group of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you give a group of 10,000 people the vaccine or placebo, do they actually get exposed to the virus or is everything just based on statistics, i. e. assuming that some of the participants will eventually become exposed to the virus by chance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact that a forced exposure would leave both (especially the participants with the placebo) at risk, leaves me to believe that it is not done this way, but then wouldn't a group of 10,000 be far too small?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20071" LastEditorUserId="20071" LastEditDate="2020-07-23T10:35:39.087" LastActivityDate="2020-09-24T08:34:56.037" Title="Do participants of the COVID-19 vaccine trials get exposed to the virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-22T07:15:07.590" Score="-2" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the COVID-19 pandemic, many jurisdictions are now requiring that masks be worn in public, often including both indoor and outdoor settings.  However, many sources (including widely cited preprints by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Qian et al.&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029272v1%5D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nishiura et al.&lt;/a&gt;) also suggest that outdoor transmission of COVID-19 is much less likely than indoor transmission, which has led people to move some activities outside.  In addition, some studies have apparently investigated how far droplets can spread due to the breathing/speaking/etc. of people with or without masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any study on the relationship between these factors?  For instance, has anyone studied or modeled the concentration of droplets/aerosols that would be present for masked/unmasked people in indoor/outdoor areas?  What is the relative effect of masks vs. outdoor environment on the likelihood of transmission (either of COVID-19 or other previously-studied diseases)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Please note that I'm not asking about the mechanical function of the mask, which clearly would be unchanged indoors or out.  What I'm asking about is the effect of the mask on the actual risk of transmission, relative to or considered in the context of an indoor/outdoor environment.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2020-07-26T03:26:36.453" LastActivityDate="2020-07-26T03:26:36.453" Title="Is there data on the effectiveness of masks for preventing COVID-19 transmission in outdoor settings?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-22T12:08:38.910" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071909120300462&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Treatment of Folate Metabolism Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an open-label therapeutic trial of patients with nonsyndromic infantile ASD, &lt;strong&gt;patients were self-selected&lt;/strong&gt; to undergo a comprehensive treatment protocol (n=82) or remain untreated (n=84).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &lt;strong&gt;self-selected&lt;/strong&gt;? Does it mean that patients themselves chose whether to take the drug or remain in the comparison group?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I looked up the mentioned paper, titled &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;Improving Outcome in Infantile Autism with Folate Receptor Autoimmunity and Nutritional Derangements: A Self-Controlled Trial&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333878150_Improving_Outcome_in_Infantile_Autism_with_Folate_Receptor_Autoimmunity_and_Nutritional_Derangements_A_Self-Controlled_Trial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;available on ResearchGate&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be no mention of patients self-selecting treatment. Furthermore, the patients there were aged 1 to 18, so the majority of them were hardly competent enough to self-select treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-07-22T12:13:51.923" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T12:13:51.923" Title="Meaning of &quot;patients were self-selected to undergo treatment or remain untreated&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24217" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24214" CreationDate="2020-07-22T12:45:33.443" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are right, no ethical committee would allow anyone to expose study subjects on purpose to a potentially life-threatening infectious agent. So you will have to use statistics to figure out if the vaccine has reduced the likelihood that someone got infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The group size depends. If for example, you used healthcare professionals as subjects the likelihood that they will be exposed to COVID is high so you get an answer much faster. But in later stages, the trials would be bigger. Have a look at clinical trial phases (0-4) eg. here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20072" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T12:45:33.443" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4110" CreationDate="2020-07-22T12:54:38.280" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A temporary arrhythmia could cause episodes of lightheadedness etc. You would only see that on an ECG if you were recording it right there and then when it happened. If the patient went to see a Dr. afterwards nothing would show up on the ECG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As highlighted by &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/805/carey-gregory&quot;&gt;Carey Gregory&lt;/a&gt; this is missing some evidence. Thanks for pointing out the rules here. Here a link to a study looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.7326/0003-4819-72-4-471&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Transient Cerebral Ischemia Due to Arrhythmia&#xA;&lt;/a&gt; which would explain the symptoms you asked for (dizzyness/tingling). The majority of the symptomatic patients had an episode of Supra Ventricular Tachycardia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAArAwggKsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKdMIICmQIBADCCApIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMWdBLRDLDVUNpNqOBAgEQgIICY6XpvkxrDeOIHKGGohPQIDJVaZuL_vmJDYGHQUqfzdJWglwGxdmlVZ3oJcqBLjmD8YbEBQ8IkwVdilpE5MrNUZVpVXm2nolscdZFiPn8lFfffMxpg0rIob487ZPbjNUtixqhzCX24d5lyFEAaciERsmFNxHm8mAmqG0dy33nMfPRJ9Y7SJn9a2MXbXeSoORhPbGygyMLkry95axKsEEP7sKcRFe&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; is about the use of a patient activated ECG vs. 24hr ECG recording. The idea is to catch the event in the act as there will be no evidence left once it is over in most cases anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here a nice paper with case studies about &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1978.tb05390.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;occult arrhythmia causing falls in the elderly&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20072" LastEditorUserId="20072" LastEditDate="2020-07-23T07:03:21.980" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T07:03:21.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-22T13:30:08.323" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question part 1:&lt;/strong&gt; In particular of Sugar Alcohols, I ask about Sorbitol.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a 100% strict teetotaler. I do not care if a small dose will not intoxicate me, I am absolutely anti-alcoholic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently I ate a few of some treat, first I checked the ingredients at least four times because I was suspicious.. there was no &amp;quot;regular&amp;quot; Alcohol but there was Soribitol. I really wanted to eat the treat even though from my Web searches I was not totally convinced that Sorbitol is clean.. I caved in and I am regretting it. The treat tasted suspicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I really am a serious, strict teetotaler 100%. Please advise me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question part 2:&lt;/strong&gt; If you were an absolutely dead-strict teetotaler.. would you feel bad about eating something that contains Sorbitol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20073" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T13:30:08.323" Title="What are the differences and similarities of Sugar Alcohol and the Alcohol in Alcoholic Drinks?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-07-22T14:06:32.347" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24222" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24185" CreationDate="2020-07-22T22:29:40.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best data source for looking at total deaths in the COVID-19 era is to look at the CDC's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;excess deaths data&lt;/a&gt;. These data compare actual death data (blue) to seasonal trends (yellow), and indicates weeks for which deaths are greater than would be seasonally expected:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uitMw.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uitMw.png&quot; alt=&quot;CDC weekly deaths&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll note some peaks above expected associated with a worse than average influenza year in 2017-2018, and from COVID-19 in mid-2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some important things to consider when looking at these data, copied from text at that link, with some bold added by me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Number of deaths reported on this page are the &lt;strong&gt;total number of deaths received and coded as of the date of analysis and do not represent all deaths that occurred in that period&lt;/strong&gt;. Data are incomplete because of the lag in time between when the death occurred and when the death certificate is completed, submitted to NCHS and processed for reporting purposes. This delay can range from 1 week to 8 weeks or more, depending on the jurisdiction and cause of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, you should take the data on the far right of the graph in particular as likely incomplete; they will rise over time as more deaths are tallied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, these are not purely raw deaths, but rather corrected for known sources of error in the data collection. There are also options to display the data without weighting, but these even further underestimate the more recent time points. Data through May are more complete than more recent data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-07-22T23:40:57.110" LastActivityDate="2020-07-22T23:40:57.110" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24225" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24176" CreationDate="2020-07-23T08:11:38.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary immune response (when you first get exposed) is different from the secondary (from the memory cells). In the primary response, different antibodies are used (mostly IgM).  The secondary immune response mostly uses IgG antibodies. This secondary response is stronger and antibodies are detected for longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term primary and secondary are slightly misleading in the sense that even in the first exposure to a disease you will develop a secondary response as highlighted in the nice graph below from &lt;a href=&quot;https://microbenotes.com/differences-between-primary-and-secondary-immune-response/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this nice article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pJLvi.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pJLvi.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not know the articles you read but one I have seen in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0965-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nature&lt;/a&gt; described the phenomenon that the IgG antibodies (those from the secondary response) decline much quicker and patients become seronegative (they do not have any antibodies left in their blood serum) very quickly.&#xA;They only looked at the antibody levels so did not try and explain why this is happening. But they found that the immune response is much stronger in patients with symptoms compared to those without symptoms. This makes sense as the immune system needs a so-called secondary signal (inflammation etc.) to start an immune response otherwise it would constantly attack your own cells. This secondary signal is most likely much weaker if you do not have symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their conclusion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reduction in IgG and [..] antibody levels in the early convalescent phase &lt;strong&gt;might&lt;/strong&gt; * have implications for immunity strategy and serological surveys. *(I have added the emphasis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reasoning I believe for the statements in the press that COVID might not cause immunity is that the low levels of IgG antibodies in the first exposure event &lt;strong&gt;might&lt;/strong&gt; indicate the secondary immune response could not be sufficient to achieve immunity. Reasons could be that not enough Memory-cells are made or these are not as effective as they should be. But only time will tell. I would suspect that the immunity will heavily depend on whether a patient did show symptoms (had a strong second signal to the immune system) or not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. (Just in case...) This does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; mean a possible vaccination will be less effective than an actual infection because generally, these do not cause symptoms. In that case of vaccines so-called adjuvants deliver the second signal and inflammation etc. is not needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20072" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T08:11:38.730" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24227" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-23T13:45:09.763" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;When doing an ECG we measure the electrical voltage between two points on a person's skin (for example for Lead II it's right arm and left leg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am confused as to how the heart's potential difference can travel all the way to the skin. It seems like the potential difference is not that big and I would be very surprised to see that small charge difference make it through blood which is constantly moving.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like a more physics heavy explanation if possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17750" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-17T15:33:22.513" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T15:33:22.513" Title="Is the voltage at the heart the same as in limbs for ECGs?" Tags="&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-23T16:37:54.900" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm confused about how injected antigen (e. g. Penicillin) be introduced to naive T -cells for the first time and activate them so that they can activate B-cells that in turn secrete specific antibodies to the antigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we have any antigen presenting cell in our blood or is it possible that the antigen can be presented via other pathways?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20060" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-24T04:37:42.883" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T04:37:42.883" Title="How can injection of an antigen cause type 3-hypersensitivity?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24229" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-23T17:56:52.937" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;The official guide for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;laboratory testing for coronavirus disease in suspected human cases&lt;/a&gt; by the WHO explains the procedure for testing a sample. On page two it states that the test&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is based on detection for unique sequences of virus RNA by NAAT such as rRT-PCR with confirmation by nucleic acid sequencing when necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a layman I'm trying to understand how this works and specifically it this test involves the host's DNA or RNA. I understand that viruses attack and modify the host's DNA to get the host to make more copies of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the PCR test explained above target DNA/RNA of the host or does it attempt to find intact instances &lt;strong&gt;of SARS-CoV-2 RNA itself&lt;/strong&gt; -- before it befalls a host's cell? It tries to identify the presence of the virus but does it do it on infected human genes or does it do it on the original virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20079" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T17:56:52.937" Title="Who's RNA does the rRT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 target?" Tags="&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24230" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-23T18:57:32.507" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are four options when being tested for Helicobacter pylori - blood test, stool test, breath test and scope test. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scope test is definitely the most accurate one because the doctor can take a tissue sample from the stomach with it. Blood test is considered the least accurate because it can show antigens which could be the result of a previous infection with H. pylori and not an acute infection. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047016/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Which test is best for Helicobacter pylori? A cost-effectiveness model using decision analysis&lt;/a&gt;) Stool test looks for antigens as well but it seems to be positive only in patients with an acute infection. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The stool antigen test for detection of Helicobacter pylori after eradication therapy&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the stool test for Helicobacter pylori really show only acute infections or can it also be false positive if someone has already had an H. pylori infection? If it can be false positive, in how many cases is it false positive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="15516" LastEditDate="2020-07-23T19:33:21.000" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T19:33:21.000" Title="Does the stool test for Helicobacter pylori show only acute infections?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;helicobacter-pylori&gt;&lt;h.-helycobacter-pylori&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19822" CreationDate="2020-07-23T20:35:17.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The answer is Yes&lt;/strong&gt; at least in some cases. Definitely yes in my vertigo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antacids also contain “magnesium stearate” which breaks down calcium carbonate into smaller pieces and prevents it to stick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I was able to link each of my BPPV night vertigo episodes to chewing an antacid in the evening.&lt;/strong&gt; An antacid that contains calcium carbonate and Magnesium Stearate!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By chewing the antacid, a big part of the calcium carbonate and Magnesium Stearate will flow directly into the inner ear especially if you are chewing it by laying down in bed. It's easy for substances to go from your throat to the inner year while laying down in bed, on your back or on a side. So it's &lt;strong&gt;not entering in the ear trough the stomach or trough the blood stream!!!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each time I was chewing it, I was in bed and sleeping on my left side, hence the vertigo is on my left side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was easy to spot it because I rarely use antacids!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magnesium stearate is commonly added to many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In medications and vitamins, its primary purpose is to act as a lubricant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does magnesium stearate do?&#xA;Magnesium stearate is an additive that’s primarily used in medication capsules. It’s considered a “flow agent.” It prevents the individual ingredients in a capsule from sticking to each other and the machine that creates the capsules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the capsules that are swallowed with water the probability is less because the chemical formulas are changed and the quantity that goes into the blood stream is too small to dislodge the crystals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But all of these chew-able capsules that contain Magnesium Stearate have the potential to dislodge the crystals and create a BPPV episode. And if these capsules also contain Calcium Carbonate the amount if this will increase in your year and start to move freely in the canals due to inability to stick caused by the Magnesium Stearate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once it gets to the inner ear, it will prevent the otholits crystals to stick and it will break them loose to freely move in the canals, giving you the BPPV Vertigo episodes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bppv-vertigo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.bppv-vertigo.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20081" LastEditorUserId="20086" LastEditDate="2020-07-24T14:10:59.823" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T14:10:59.823" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24234" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24170" CreationDate="2020-07-23T22:11:37.540" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In addition to @Andrew's answer about technical limitations, consider that searching for &amp;quot;HEK-293&amp;quot; for example on Google Scholar returns over 120,000 results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thousands and thousands of studies using these cell lines provides an extensive institutional body of knowledge. There are many foundational studies done to understand these cell lines and there just isn't enough funding or motivation to redo them all. Cell lines are all unique, and any effort you make to create new ones have to create new research potential to be worth using.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-07-23T22:11:37.540" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24235" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-23T22:31:29.753" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can high doses of Lysine as a supplement or from a natural source (e. g. drinking 1-2 letters of yogurt daily) increase immunity against corona viruses?&#xA;What about a combination of Lysine and an A-Z multivitamins that contains vitamins:D, C, E and Zinc? I know from a doctor that taking vitamins A,D,E and K supplements is not recommended without a reason but I'm asking about giving them to vulnerable individuals only during a pandemic.&#xA;Does it has any adverse effects (Lysine)?&#xA;I read somewhere that it is used to treat  HSV1 outbreak (cold sore) in Canada because it prevents the multiplication of viruses, does thisprinciple possibly apply to coronavirus too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20082" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T10:04:16.450" Title="Can Lysine supplement increase immunity against corona viruses?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-21T15:44:20.593" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-24T01:49:36.000" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can the coronavirus that causes covid-19 possibly overcome herd immunity without mutation using immune individuals as hubs till it reaches vulnerable individuals in very densely populated countries and places such as schools, prisons, stadiums and subways etc?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;I read that in a research test subjects (monkeys) were had a fever for a short time.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;In other words, can immune recovered or vaccinated patients whith good levels of antibodies retransmit the virus in the short period between infection and defeating the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20082" LastActivityDate="2020-07-24T01:49:36.000" Title="Can SARS-CoV-2 possibly overcome herd immunity without mutation in densely populated countries and places?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-21T15:37:32.093" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24243" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-25T01:31:22.130" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently learnt that [Protein refolding] can occur, and I am left wondering how &amp;amp; why this phenomenon occurs?&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9843/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper above talks about denatured RNAse refolding into its active form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To what proteins does this occur to? Is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030991/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; talks about the use of refolding techniques to increase yield.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the main reason for re-folding - biotechnology methods? Or is protein refolding part of general biology too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any answers are appreciated. Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T01:31:22.130" Title="How does protein re-folding occur?" Tags="&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24215" CreationDate="2020-07-25T02:06:37.453" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As to your title question, I'm not aware of &amp;quot;data&amp;quot; but intuitively the effectiveness of a mask (as defined by the mask's ability to filter or capture) should be the same regardless of the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mask rated at 95% will filter out 95% regardless of the concentration present outside the mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T02:06:37.453" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24245" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-25T03:07:04.827" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/cipher-introduces-epuris-isotretinoin-capsules-in-canadian-market-512672871.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;While bioequivalent to Accutane® under high fat fed conditions[,] Epuris provides 83% greater absorption under fasted conditions.&lt;/a&gt; Thus Epuris appears to be unquestionably better than Accutane. Does Accutane have any advantages over Epuris? Disregard medication prices for this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://orbishealth.ca/cystic-acne-epuris-better-acutane/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cystic Acne: How Epuris® is Better than Accutane® - Orbis​ ​Health | Edmonton, AB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Formulated by Cipher Pharmaceuticals and first released in 2013, Epuris® is made with a technology that lets the medication absorb into the body regardless of whether it is taken at the same time as a high-fat meal. Compared to taking Accutane® on an empty stomach, Epuris® taken without a meal absorbs over 80% better. For this reason alone, Epuris® is considered a completely different medication even though both contain the same medicinal ingredient.6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-26T20:29:26.050" LastActivityDate="2020-07-26T20:29:26.050" Title="What are Accutane's pharmacological advantages over Epuris, barring costs?" Tags="&lt;accutane&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24246" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21337" CreationDate="2020-07-25T03:24:51.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, it depends on which test - blood draw for antibodies (past infection), or saliva/nasal swab for current infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an easy-to-understand answer from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harvard Heath&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;If you get the nasal/throat swab or saliva test, you will get a false negative test result:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;100% of the time on the day you are exposed to the virus. (There are so few viral particles in your nose or saliva so soon after infection that the test cannot detect them.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;About 40% of the time if you are tested four days after exposure to the virus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;About 20% of the time if you develop symptoms and are tested three days after those symptoms started.&#xA;This possibility of a false negative test result is why anyone who has symptoms that could be due to COVID-19, or has been exposed to someone known to be infected, must isolate even if they test negative for coronavirus.&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="811" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T03:24:51.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24315" CreationDate="2020-07-25T07:37:24.190" Score="1" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;That's what it says in &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/v2te2rUxeGs?t=219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3:39 here&lt;/a&gt;. Personally, I think it looks kinda fun compared to dentist, but I've never heard of this before. I just know that dentist is every 6 months (or 2x a year or whatever), that &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24247/do-i-have-to-use-detergent-and-warm-water-to-clean-glasses-frame&quot;&gt;glasses&lt;/a&gt; (at least for myopia) is every 2-3 years and that q-tips are for outer ear only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1248" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T18:57:50.983" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T15:25:47.007" Title="Do doctors recommend that ears should be checked annually?" Tags="&lt;ear&gt;&lt;otolaryngology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-25T08:32:31.720" Score="0" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cardiomyocytes (the heart cells that beat) can be generated in a lab. &lt;a href=&quot;https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/stem-cells-reveal-how-hearts-are-made-and-broken/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;I have seen scientists make beating human heart muscle but not a fully heart&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what about an &lt;em&gt;organoid&lt;/em&gt;? A 3D beating heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T08:32:31.720" Title="Has a beating heart ever been made using stem cell technology?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiac-physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-25T12:25:46.647" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any case with a mandible premolar tooth with distal and mesial canals? I have a problem with finding the canals of the mentioned tooth. Can anyone help me?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20093" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T08:18:09.137" Title="All canal types of mandible premolar teeth" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;root-canal&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-25T13:31:43.910" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing some research on gunshot wounds for a tabletop role-playing game. I have Vincent DiMaio's book &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics and Forensic Techniques&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, third edition, and understand it reasonably well. However, I am not a professional in the field, and it agrees with the ideas I had before I bought it well enough to make me suspicious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see from straightforward web searches that he's popularly regarded as an expert on the subject. The agreement of the book with my non-expert ideas is what made me wonder if he's &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; a popular expert, rather than an actual one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this book considered a reliable guide to its subject matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17536" LastEditorUserId="17536" LastEditDate="2020-07-25T18:41:24.990" LastActivityDate="2020-07-25T18:41:24.990" Title="Is DiMaio's book &quot;Gunshot Wounds&quot; considered reliable?" Tags="&lt;gunshot-wounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24262" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24264" CreationDate="2020-07-26T13:31:17.973" Score="3" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently studying the textbook &lt;em&gt;Hoffbrand's Essential Haematology&lt;/em&gt;, eighth edition, by A. Victor Hoffbrand and David P. Steensma. &lt;strong&gt;Chapter 1 Haemopoiesis&lt;/strong&gt; says the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SCF, TPO and FLT3 ligand act locally on the pluripotential stem cells and on myeloid/lymphoid progenitors (Fig. 1.6). Interleukin-3 (IL-3) has widespread activity on lymphoid/myeloid and megakaryocytic/erythroid progenitors. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) enhance neutrophil and macrophage/monocyte production, IL-5 eosinophil, KIT mast cell, TPO platelet and EPO red cell production. These lineage-specific growth factors also enhance the effects of SCF, FLT3-L and IL-3 on the survival and differentiation of early haemopoietic cells. Interleukin 7 is involved at all stages of lymphocyte production and various other interleukins and Toll-like receptor ligand (not shown) direct B and T lymphocyte and NK cell production (Fig 1.6).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These factors maintain a pool of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells on which later-acting factors, EPO, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5 and TPO, act to increase production of one or other cell lineage in response to the body's need.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jfxpk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jfxpk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IALsI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IALsI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Agg2P.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Agg2P.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn't written in a clear way. Consequently, it isn't clear to me what the author is saying here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These factors maintain a pool of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells on which later-acting factors, EPO, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5 and TPO, act to increase production of one or other cell lineage in response to the body's need.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In particular, it is not clear what &amp;quot;these factors&amp;quot; is referring to, since the author then immediately refers to &amp;quot;EPO, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5 and TPO&amp;quot;, which were the subject of the last paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would greatly appreciate it if people would please take the time to clarify what the author is referring to in the second part when he says &amp;quot;these factors&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15483" LastActivityDate="2020-07-26T19:09:38.117" Title="The role of growth factors in haemopoiesis" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24262" CreationDate="2020-07-26T17:08:38.670" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll admit, this is far from being clear and I don't have enough points to make this as comment yet but let me try to give you a help with this pseudo-answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After birth, hematopoiesis is mainly limited to the red bone marrow, with some lymphatic tissues assisting in the production of lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All blood cell elements are derived from a single population of stem cells called hemocytoblasts, located in the red bone marrow, these are precursor cells capable of dividing and producing daughter cells that can then differentiate into various types of cells blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a hemocytoblast divides, one daughter cell remains hemocytoblast, while the other daughter cell differentiates to form one or more types of intermediate cells: a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red blood cells, platelets and many leukocytes can be developed from myeloid stem cells. Specifically, myeloid stem cells can differentiate into pro-erythroblasts, from which red blood cells develop; myeloblasts, from which basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils develop; monoblasts, from which monocytes develop; and megacarioblasts, from which platelets develop. Lymphocytes develop from lymphoid stem cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we get to the factors. Chemical signals regulate the development of different types of cellular elements. These chemical signals include CSF's (colony stimulating factors) and hormones transported to the bone marrow by blood or substances released by bone marrow cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Erythropoietin (EPO) is an example of an hormone, secreted by kidney endocrine cells, that stimulates myeloid stem cells to develop into red blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I based my resources on Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy &amp;amp; Physiology, even though the title suggests an off-topic content&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uKECQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/uKECQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy &amp;amp; Physiology&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-07-26T19:09:38.117" LastActivityDate="2020-07-26T19:09:38.117" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24266" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="801" CreationDate="2020-07-27T00:38:41.653" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very generally speaking I would say it depends on the cause of the intolerance - if it is a primary intolerance (i. e. genetic problem with lactase persistence deficiency, the enzyme for digesting lactose) no additional exposure will cause a change in genetics. Another genetic form of lactose intolerance prevents forming of lactase enzymes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary intolerance is acquired, i. e. not genetic in origin. Acquiring it usually is accompanied by some sort of intestinal inflammation and is thought to be reversible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some more details on this can be found here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance#Causes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance#Causes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T00:38:41.653" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24268" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24252" CreationDate="2020-07-27T08:18:09.137" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes it is possible for the mandibular second premolar to have two roots canals or even at times &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4099958/%23:%7E:text%3DMost%2520mandibular%2520second%2520molars%2520have,distal%2520and%2520mesial%2520roots%252C%2520respectively.%26text%3DAfter%2520access%2520cavity%2520preparation%252C%2520two,two%2520distal%2520orifices%2520were%2520found.&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjhj_6H_-zqAhULeisKHdyrDAcQFjABegQIDBAH&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw2dzw68uJqN4ODFscODCu4l&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt; canals!&#xA;Here is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://www.oraljournal.com/pdf/2016/vol2issue4/PartB/2-4-2.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjhj_6H_-zqAhULeisKHdyrDAcQFjANegQIBBAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3jEJOP3LaPDbZ9BG1O7Y1thttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://www.oraljournal.com/pdf/2016/vol2issue4/PartB/2-4-2.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjhj_6H_-zqAhULeisKHdyrDAcQFjANegQIBBAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3jEJOP3LaPDbZ9BG1O7Y1t&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case&lt;/a&gt; of the same.&#xA;According to Grossman, in 2.5% cases a single canal may bifurcate existing in two foramina.&#xA;Hence it is recommended to take a Cone Beam Computer Tomography and use an apex locator to eliminate confusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T08:18:09.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24269" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10795" CreationDate="2020-07-27T14:50:54.200" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the multi-tasks performed usually links to different parts of the brain. However, if you try to perform a multi-task that calls two regions of the brain in the same area, the communication becomes confusing and thus that effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We used fMRI to compare whether amplitude and directional interference during bimanual actions activate the same or specialized neural circuits. [...] In general, our data thus support the view that even though the encoding of amplitude and directional information converge at one point and activate the same neural substrate, additional independent mechanisms are involved in bimanual amplitude as compared to that in direction control. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6871760/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most straightforward interpretation of the bottleneck in response selection is that the brain contains a single piece of machinery, akin to the central processing unit of a computer, that takes a single retrieval cue (the output of the process of perceiving a stimulus) and looks up in its memory the corresponding action to be performed. [...] If one imagines the brain working something like a digital computer or a clerk in a reference library, one is confronted with a paradox. The system appears able to take in two inputs and use  them simultaneously to choose a single appropriate response from memory, but it cannot take two stimuli and use them simultaneously to choose two different responses. &lt;a href=&quot;http://laplab.ucsd.edu/articles/Pashler_AmSci1993.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-07-27T22:11:15.117" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T22:11:15.117" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24271" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-27T20:48:28.127" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this YouTube video &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrIkB7fIO8Y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Can you catch coronavirus more than once? l GMA Digital&lt;/a&gt; the doctor says that &amp;quot;we don't really know yet&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming that the answer could be &lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt;, what's the probability approximately of catching COVID-19 again? And what's the probability that it will affect one less/more?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The doctor also mentions the antibodies that one produce once one is cured for some period of time, the false negative rate that can be as high as 30%, if it mutates, that could make it stronger, neutral or weaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then mentions something about re-infection: the test shows positive &lt;em&gt;but&lt;/em&gt; it's just   the &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/GrIkB7fIO8Y?t=286&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'fragments of the virus' showing up in the test, and they cannot cause the disease.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And lastly, the doctor mentions that doctors never before have seen a person &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/GrIkB7fIO8Y?t=322&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;re-infected with the exact same strain of a virus more than once.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(feel free to make this community wiki, I forgot to mark it as that)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-08-01T19:00:07.850" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T19:00:07.850" Title="What's the probability of catching COVID-19 more than once?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24272" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-27T21:32:13.663" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is common knowledge that stem cells, including adult stem cells, can be used to create any other type of cell from the individual it comes from. There are many examples going back decades of stem cells being used to replace tissues that have been damaged or never fully formed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stem-cells-used-to-grow-bone/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stem-cells-used-to-grow-bone/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.regenerativeorthopedicinstitute.com/using-stem-cells-grow-bone/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.regenerativeorthopedicinstitute.com/using-stem-cells-grow-bone/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stem-cells-bone-growth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stem-cells-bone-growth/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aao.org/editors-choice/stem-cells-regrow-human-lens-corneal-https://www.aao.org/editors-choice/stem-cells-regrow-human-lens-corneal-tissue#:%7E:text=Scientists%20have%20shown%20that%20human%20cells%20can%20be,week%20in%20Nature%2C%20were%20likened%20to%20science%20fiction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aao.org/editors-choice/stem-cells-regrow-human-lens-corneal-https://www.aao.org/editors-choice/stem-cells-regrow-human-lens-corneal-tissue#:~:text=Scientists%20have%20shown%20that%20human%20cells%20can%20be,week%20in%20Nature%2C%20were%20likened%20to%20science%20fiction&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.informationnigeria.com/2014/04/scientists-grow-body-parts-using-stem-cells-in-north-london-hospital.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.informationnigeria.com/2014/04/scientists-grow-body-parts-using-stem-cells-in-north-london-hospital.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have banked my stem cells and would like to be able to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;use them to grow tissues like fat and bone&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;have these tissue implanted&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does one get started in doing this and why is this not at all common to find as a service?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have asked several surgeons, and they can't do this. It seems like the safest, most natural way to repair and enhance oneself surgically because you are using your own building blocks, and it has been done before. However, I haven't found a single surgeon that does this. I have also found no instances of attempts to grow fat from stem cells--just harvesting stem cells from fat or using stem cells to stimulate growth, which is not the same thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="anon" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-07-27T21:54:59.887" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T23:50:40.460" Title="How can a potential patient grow tissues from their stem cells to have surgically implanted?" Tags="&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24273" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24272" CreationDate="2020-07-27T23:50:40.460" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if I understood your question correctly and also this is not my main field of knowledge, even though let me try to make my contribution with this (not final) answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stem cells can be categorized into several groups depending on their ability to differentiate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Totipotent: can differentiate into all cell types;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pluripotent: can differentiate into almost all cell types;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multipotent: can differentiate into a related family of cell types;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oligopotent: can differentiate into a few different cells;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unipotent: can produce one cell type only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once you have a culture of stem cells those are stimulated to differentiate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As long as the pluripotent stem cells are grown in culture under appropriate conditions, they can remain undifferentiated. To generate cultures of specific types of differentiated cells, scientists may change the chemical composition of the culture medium, alter the surface of the culture dish, or modify the cells by forcing the expression of specific genes. Through years of experimentation, scientists have established some basic protocols, or “recipes,” for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into some specific cell types &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/III.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stem cell differentiation is tightly regulated by signaling pathways and modifications in gene expression.&#xA;The major chemical or physical signals include: Growth Factors; Cell Culture Substrate; Co-culture Environments; Signal Inhibition; and epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;How does one get started in doing this&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To be useful for transplant purposes, stem cells must be reproducibly made to:&#xA;Proliferate extensively and generate sufficient quantities of cells for replacing lost or damaged tissues; Differentiate into the desired cell type(s); Survive in the recipient after transplant; Integrate into the surrounding tissue after transplant; Avoid rejection by the recipient’s immune system; Function appropriately for the duration of the recipient’s life. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/IV.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;on the same article there is a note that could be a partial answer to your second question: &amp;quot;why is this not at all common to find as a service&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the only stem cell-based products that are approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States consist of blood-forming stem cells (hematopoietic progenitor cells) derived from cord blood. These products are approved for limited use in patients with disorders that affect the body system that is involved in the production of blood (called the “hematopoietic” system).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and there is another FDA disclaimer about this subject &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fda-warns-about-stem-cell-therapies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastActivityDate="2020-07-27T23:50:40.460" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-28T04:38:54.957" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there is a top natural source of &lt;code&gt;Vitamin D&lt;/code&gt; excluding sitting under the sun to get a good value in RDI or DV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what I could google, the percentage of Vitamin D in fatty fish is too small to count, and in winter there is little to no sun. I suppose then the only source would be supplements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7428" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T14:20:42.667" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T14:20:42.667" Title="What is the best natural source of Vitamin D (excluding sun)?" Tags="&lt;vitamin-d&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24275" CreationDate="2020-07-28T07:08:17.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two major forms [of vitamin D] are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is largely human-made and added to foods, whereas vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized in the skin of humans from 7-dehydrocholesterol and is also consumed in the diet via the intake of animal-based foods. [...]  The differences do not affect metabolism (i.e., activation), and both forms function as prohormones. When activated, the D2 and D3 forms have been reported to exhibit identical responses in the body &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nap.edu/read/13050/chapter/5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DRI - Institute of Medicine of the National Academies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;with that being said, in the same text we can find that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few naturally occurring food sources of vitamin D. These include fatty fish [such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel], fish liver oil, and egg yolk. Some foods are, however, fortified with vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;for example in the United States, fluid milk is voluntarily fortified with 400 IU per quart&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Food and Nutition Board has established the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) to make nutrient recommendations &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56068/table/summarytables.t2/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T08:30:29.310" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T08:30:29.310" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24277" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24292" CreationDate="2020-07-28T08:23:21.397" Score="4" ViewCount="216" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I read in an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/fever&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of fever appears to be a defensive reaction by the body against infectious disease. When bacteria or viruses invade the body and cause tissue injury, one of the immune system’s responses is to produce pyrogens. These chemicals are carried by the blood to the brain, where they disturb the functioning of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. The pyrogens inhibit heat-sensing neurons and excite cold-sensing ones, and the altering of these temperature sensors deceives the hypothalamus into thinking the body is cooler than it actually is. In response, the hypothalamus raises the body’s temperature above the normal range, thereby causing a fever. &lt;strong&gt;The above-normal temperatures are thought to help defend against microbial invasion because they stimulate the motion, activity, and multiplication of white blood cells and increase the production of antibodies. At the same time, elevated heat levels may directly kill or inhibit the growth of some bacteria and viruses that can tolerate only a narrow temperature range&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now usually as soon as we realise that we have fever, we immediately take antipyretics, eg. Paracetamol.&#xA;Now it will cool the body temperature. Isn't this dangerous and wrong?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is regarding fever &lt;strong&gt;due to infections&lt;/strong&gt; only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19856" LastEditorUserId="19856" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T15:45:20.697" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T18:49:37.893" Title="Should fever due to infections be treated?" Tags="&lt;fever&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24278" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-28T10:30:18.863" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder if RDI (or DV) balances in 2 days of opposite quantity intake?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example lets say Vitamin A:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Day 1 intake against RDI = 10%&#xA;Day 2 intake against RDI = 190%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, will this balance it out for both days? or will one day it be dangerously insufficient and the other day if will be dangerously overdosed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What if its over multiple days?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7428" LastEditorUserId="7428" LastEditDate="2020-07-29T00:20:47.293" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T00:20:47.293" Title="Minerals and Vitamins: Does RDI balances in 2 days of opposite quantity intake?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-07-29T05:42:06.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24279" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24277" CreationDate="2020-07-28T12:22:52.630" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you have already described, the hypothalamus regulate the set point at which the body temperature is maintained. This set point is elevated in fever, reflecting an infection, or resulting from tissue damage, inflammation, etc. These conditions all enhance formation of cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alfa, and interferons, which act as endogenous pyrogens; this first phase is mediated by ceramide release in neurons of the preoptic area in the anterior hypothalamus. The second phase is mediated by coordinate induction of COX-2 and formation of PGE2 which (by a cascade of reactions) will trigger the hypothalamus to elevate body temperature by promoting an increase in heat generation and decrease in heat loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAID's (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug) supress this response by inhibiting COX-2 and thus as well as the synthesis of PGE2. This is the fundamental therapeutic effect of this class of drugs - inhibit prostaglandin (PG).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now regarding your question specifically, NSAID's reduce fever in most situations, but not the circadian variation in temperature or the rise in response to exercise or increased ambient temperature. Normal body temperature in healthy humans is not affected by NSAID's because there are no PG's triggering the hypothalamus in normal conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a danger however... and that is due to toxicological effects specially with paracetamol (acetaminophen) which may cause liver injury with unintentional overdose; and if the drug has too much affinity for COX-2 enzymes (some companies were very well sued for that)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rang &amp;amp; Dale's Pharmacology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry, I misread your whole question.. the question was if it is good or not to have fever, you can remove the upvote if you like.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26436473/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; which concludes that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Early administration of acetaminophen to treat fever due to probable infection did not affect the number of ICU-free days&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is a true dilemma, in one hand it is relatively safe to not take any antipyretic medication for minor illnesses, and let the system defend itself, on the other as some studies reveal it does not affect or worsen the outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T13:37:07.150" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T13:37:07.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24280" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21087" CreationDate="2020-07-28T12:32:55.653" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1115047/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1115047/&lt;/a&gt; a hymen appears to be absent in &amp;lt; 0.03% patients (citation of a much older paper: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3627892/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3627892/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T12:32:55.653" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14760" CreationDate="2020-07-28T12:36:00.523" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Generally, in intensive care medicine there are variants of catecholamines (the general class epinephrine belongs to) that can be applied to increase heart output. However, there are various drawbacks to this therapy, including putting increased strain on an already strained muscle and the effect of e. g. epinephrine on all the other organs of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For side effects of epinephrine and catecholamines in general see e. g. here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Adverse-and-beneficial-effects-of-catecholamines_tbl1_316052992&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Adverse-and-beneficial-effects-of-catecholamines_tbl1_316052992&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Is it that the patient's blood flow is also increased when using epinephrine, making blood loss more significant?&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;More blood volume output per time can increase bleeding (if it the heart is sufficiently able to increase volume output from increased activation). That said, flow and pressure are two different things to consider - peripherally epinephrine casues vasoconstriction and may decrease blood flow. Still, that very same vasoconstriction may in turn increase blood pressure and wash away previously formed blood clots, which is why epinephrine (or increasing blood pressure) may result in increased bleeding.&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking treatment of heart failure (the insufficiency of the heart to pump blood) has a variety of approaches depending on the cause and stage of heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For maintenance, generally the heart's work is reduced by trying to decrease peripheral resistance to pumping and/or decreasing volume to be pumped e. g. by increasing extraction of water in the kidney.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T23:37:26.630" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T23:37:26.630" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24283" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24284" CreationDate="2020-07-28T17:30:56.717" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking for the medical term that refers to the cumulative time a patient has suffered from a particular disease. For instance, if Jane was diagnosed with diabetes when she was 42, and now she's 55, the [&lt;strong&gt;insert word I'm looking for here&lt;/strong&gt;] of diabetes in Jane's case is 13 years. What's the proper word to use here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20113" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T17:59:50.090" Title="What's the proper terminology for the cumulative existence of a disease in a patient?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24283" CreationDate="2020-07-28T17:59:50.090" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Fox et al used &amp;quot;diabetes duration&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;duration of diabetes&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fox, C. S., Sullivan, L., D’Agostino, R. B., &amp;amp; Wilson, P. W. (2004). The significant effect of diabetes duration on coronary heart disease mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes care, 27(3), 704-708.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so it seems you could substitute &amp;quot;duration&amp;quot; in your sentence. More generally, &amp;quot;disease duration&amp;quot; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=%22disease+duration%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;common&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trogdon &amp;amp; Hylands used &amp;quot;time since diagnosis&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trogdon, J. G., &amp;amp; Hylands, T. (2008). Nationally representative medical costs of diabetes by time since diagnosis. Diabetes care, 31(12), 2307-2311.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(in your sentence you could easily use units with this, too, as in &amp;quot;Jane was diagnosed with diabetes when she was 42, and now she's 55, 13 years since diabetes diagnosis.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T17:59:50.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25752" CreationDate="2020-07-28T18:49:29.590" Score="5" ViewCount="132" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/sniffer-dogs-answer-to-the-covid-19-testing-crisis-mirror-2020-4&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.businessinsider.com/sniffer-dogs-answer-to-the-covid-19-testing-crisis-mirror-2020-4&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical detection dogs able to sniff 750 people an hour could help identify coronavirus cases, researchers say&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How accurate are dogs to detect whether a human has COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is a repost of &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/23352/43&quot;&gt;How accurate are dogs to detect whether a human has COVID-19? [closed]&lt;/a&gt;, which got deleted because some people complained no study has been done yet on that matter. Since there is no at least &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/24286/43&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; on it, I'm reposting it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T15:56:06.113" Title="How accurate are dogs to detect whether a human has COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;body-odor&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24285" CreationDate="2020-07-28T18:49:29.590" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The  2020 study {1} found that dogs can detect COVID-19 with a sensitivity of 82.63% and a specificity of 96.35%:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dogs were able to discriminate between samples of infected (positive) and non-infected (negative) individuals with average diagnostic sensitivity of 82.63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.02–83.24%) and specificity of 96.35% (95% CI: 96.31–96.39%). During the presentation of 1012 randomised samples, the dogs achieved an overall average detection rate of 94% (±3.4%) with 157 correct indications of positive, 792 correct rejections of negative, 33 incorrect indications of negative or incorrect rejections of 30 positive sample presentations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sample size: 8 dogs, 1012 samples. Note that, as expected, there is variability between dogs in terms of sensitivity and specificity, as shown in &lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05281-3/tables/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YouTube video from the authors: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/lzDYsZfd-fY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/lzDYsZfd-fY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reddit thread commenting on that study and its caveats: &lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/hz3d9m&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://redd.it/hz3d9m&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://archive.is/7srdm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Jendrny, Paula, Claudia Schulz, Friederike Twele, Sebastian Meller, Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede, Albertus Dominicus Marcellinus Erasmus Osterhaus, Janek Ebbers et al. &amp;quot;Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients–a pilot study.&amp;quot; BMC Infectious Diseases 20, no. 1 (2020): 1-7. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05281-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05281-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T19:45:47.850" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T19:45:47.850" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24287" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24289" CreationDate="2020-07-28T20:45:13.790" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC has a page on suicide risk factors/protective factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/riskprotectivefactors.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/riskprotectivefactors.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any sources that quantifies how much each of these factors contributes to the risk of suicide attempt/completion? (E.g. access to guns increases risk of suicide completion by 2-3x)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: Above is just an example. I don't actually know if/how much access to guns increases risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T21:10:09.953" Title="Are there quantified risk factors for suicide in the U.S.?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24289" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24287" CreationDate="2020-07-28T21:02:06.137" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, after I commented that this might be hard to find, I took 10 seconds and found what looks like a reasonable recent meta analysis, though it's not limited to the US:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kleimanlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/franklin_2016_riskfactors_metaanal50_psychbull.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., ... &amp;amp; Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological bulletin, 143(2), 187.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect for most factors the US will follow these data; the specific issue of gun ownership is not included in the paper, though. The paper is quite long and extensive, but I'll pull a couple just for reference (the paper includes ideation, attempt, and death; I'll just report some attempt numbers)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The top 5 categories were: prior self injury (wOR 4.15), prior suicide attempt (wOR 3.41), positive screening instrument (wOR 2.51), Axis II diagnosis (wOR 2.35), prior psychiatric hospitalization (wOR 2.32).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some other categories mentioned by the CDC link you gave, family history had an OR around 1.5, physical illness an OR around 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of caveats to unpack in this meta analysis, and I haven't read through it all, just glanced through, but I think it would be a good read. It has almost 1000 citations according to Google Scholar which is quite a lot for a 2017 paper. Overall, the authors seemed to find the risk factors somewhat disappointing from a prediction standpoint (disappointing in that none are strong enough to identify those at highest risk to intervene).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are lots of individual papers on suicide risk with gun ownership; most seem targeted at specific populations, such as older people. This one is based on US army soldiers and is specifically for death by suicide:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2735465&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dempsey, C. L., Benedek, D. M., Zuromski, K. L., Riggs-Donovan, C., Ng, T. H. H., Nock, M. K., ... &amp;amp; Ursano, R. J. (2019). Association of firearm ownership, use, accessibility, and storage practices with suicide risk among US Army soldiers. JAMA network open, 2(6), e195383-e195383.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, they present results from several different categories of firearm access but I'll just grab a couple summary numbers (these are quotes from the abstract):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;suicide decedents were more likely to own 1 or more handguns compared with propensity-matched controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.7; χ21 = 4.2; false discovery rate [FDR] P = .08)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Storing a loaded gun with ammunition at home or publicly carrying a gun when not on duty was associated with a 4-fold increase in the odds of suicide death (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.9-7.9; χ21 = 14.1; FDR P = .002)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-07-28T21:10:09.953" LastActivityDate="2020-07-28T21:10:09.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24290" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24293" CreationDate="2020-07-29T03:53:34.760" Score="2" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perhaps I am making an incorrect assumption, but when it is reported that 30,000 participants are being inoculated, I take that to mean that about 15,000 are getting the vaccine and about 15,000 are getting a placebo.&#xA;But then I see this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statisticians have been crunching the numbers to predict how many infections would need to occur in the study population to gauge the vaccine’s effectiveness. To show the Moderna vaccine is 60 percent effective, Fauci said, there would need to be about 150 infections among the 30,000 participants.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/07/27/moderna-nih-launch-30000-person-trial-coronavirus-vaccine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WAPO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That leads me to believe that the number of persons being innoculated with the 'real deal' is 30K, meaning that the entire pool, including the control group, is more on the order of 60,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there 30K volunteers or 60K volunteers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T23:51:12.923" Title="In a phase 3 vaccine trial how many persons actually receive the trial vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-29T04:42:50.077" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;{1} mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A microscopic view of tendinosis reveals an increase of immature type III collagen fibers (mature type I fibers dominate in healthy tendon tissue).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What treatments help decrease the percentage of immature type III collagen fibers (and instead increase the type I collagen fibers) following a tendinopathy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I unsuccessfully tried the following queries on Google, Google Scholar and PubMed:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decrease the percentage of immature type III collagen fibers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decrease type III collagen fibers&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Bass, Evelyn. &amp;quot;Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters.&amp;quot; International journal of therapeutic massage &amp;amp; bodywork 5, no. 1 (2012): 14. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312643/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312643/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T04:42:50.077" Title="What treatments help decrease the percentage of immature type III collagen fibers following a tendon injury?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;tendinopathy&gt;&lt;collagen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24277" CreationDate="2020-07-29T14:45:26.930" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In normal patients fever can reduce our efficiency or &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;comfort&lt;/a&gt; for doing work. For mild infections one may wait for the fever to get over and let our immune response do their job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For &lt;strong&gt;early and effective&lt;/strong&gt; treatment we prefer antibiotics with antipyretics as antibiotics can do their job alone  and fever might not be necessary here. It will give early response than giving antipyretic alone or letting fever be alone.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The other point is that, we prefer antibiotics with antipyretics because the organism inflicting it may cause more damage to our body before getting killed by immune system and thus increasing morbidity and mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fever is not the only mechanism to fight infection, some people take antipyretics alone which reduces fever and provides comfort but our immune system alone is effective enough to curb some mild infections, so people who take antipyretics alone are not in too much danger but it may &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01891084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prolong the illness&lt;/a&gt; in some cases. It is not the general prescribed method and antipyretics &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145646/#:%7E:text=Antipyretics%20should%20be%20used%20with,or%20not%20is%20still%20controversial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;should be used with indications like other drugs and not for fever per se&lt;/a&gt; (though this reference is for the pediatric population but in general practice, antipyretics are generally not given alone for infections and the same argument can be applied)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some common viral fevers only conservative treatment is required. Antipyretics are given if temperature is too high because in that case its benifit can outweigh the effects of having fever, otherwise we must let fever to happen recognising the fact that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145646/#:%7E:text=Antipyretics%20should%20be%20used%20with,or%20not%20is%20still%20controversial&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fever is beneficial or not is still controversial&lt;/a&gt; (considering the fact that fever in this case can be benificial.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, there can be many other indications for the use of antipyretic to reduce fever, not just considering a simple argument that it can enhance the immune response eg. paracetamol is given in dengue fever or antipyretics are given to prevent febrile seizures. So I recommend taking antipyretics under the prescription of the concerned medical professional only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastEditorUserId="15514" LastEditDate="2020-07-29T18:49:37.893" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T18:49:37.893" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24290" CreationDate="2020-07-29T23:51:12.923" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article makes it clear there are a total of 30K participants with 15K receiving placebo:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccination marks a much-anticipated milestone: the official&#xA;launch of the first in a series of large U.S. clinical trials that&#xA;will each test experimental vaccines in &lt;strong&gt;30,000 participants, half&#xA;receiving the shot and half receiving a placebo&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How Fauci comes up with 150 infections to demonstrate a 60% effectiveness, I do not know, but I would expect he knows the details of the statistical analysis being used and what their assumptions are about the odds of becoming infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-07-29T23:51:12.923" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-30T00:40:24.907" Score="1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;The press seems to suggest that cruise-ships and nursing-homes are hotspots for Covid-19 morbidity. Is that really so? And if so, are there common denominators between the two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7457" LastEditorUserId="7457" LastEditDate="2020-07-31T01:15:57.223" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T01:15:57.223" Title="Are cruise-ships and nursing-homes really hotspots for Covid-19 morbidity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-07-31T01:02:37.167" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-30T04:30:49.537" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question may be off topic for medicine. Let us not consider COVID19. Are there any known man made viruse or  bacteria ever created or modified by man that we know of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bio weapons labs weaponize know biological bacteria or virus but maybe  that means nothing more than delivery. Maybe everything the weapons labs have was first made by nature but I do not know that is why I am asking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastActivityDate="2020-07-30T04:30:49.537" Title="Have any novel virus or bacteria ever been created by man in the laboratory that we know of?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24296" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-30T04:37:04.527" Score="4" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/autopsies-indicate-blood-clots-are-lethal-in-covid-19-67727&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autopsies indicate blood clots are lethal in COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;. So &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2020/07/what-is-known-about-covid-19-and-abnormal-blood-clotting&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;what Is Known About COVID-19 and Abnormal Blood Clotting?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was trying to think of something that might cut down on deaths from covid-19, something that could be used now, without extensive testing. I'd been reading a lot (mostly in the popular media) about how autopsies had revealed extreme, anomalous blood clotting in many people who have died of the disease. It occurs to me that aspirin has at least some anti-clotting properties and is, of course, already widely available over the counter. If everyone—or more realistically, everyone at high risk—took low doses of aspirin, they could have a drug in their system acting against some of the worst covid symptoms before they even got infected. Theoretically that might make it less likely for the clotting problem to ever get out of hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There has to be something wrong with this idea because it seems obvious, but I've never heard it proposed before.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2566&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pulmonary Arterial Thrombosis in COVID-19 With Fatal Outcome: Results From a Prospective, Single-Center, Clinicopathologic Case Series&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if I'm intruding in your space. I'm not a health care professional and my only qualification is a very old bachelor's in microbiology. I had to ask someone about it though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20119" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-07-31T09:36:51.120" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T08:23:04.783" Title="Would it make sense to use aspirin as a prophylactic against covid-related blood clotting?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-clotting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-30T12:35:22.603" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Approved / mass vaccines are &lt;a href=&quot;https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-19-vaccine-save-lives-100-effective-experts/story?id=72053274&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not 100% effective all the time&lt;/a&gt;. Trials are stochastic in nature and experiments are designed to avoid bias. Assume for this question that the vaccine has passed regulatory trials / hurdles and is in mass production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be of scientific interest, if not intellectual curiosity, to be able to confirm immunity of a particular vaccinated person. For example, if we wanted to verify a specific vaccinated doctor or other front line worker has conferred immunity to a pathogen.  If it advances the question, assume, Dr. Tony Fauci is the physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person is vaccinated and seeks to confirm immunity (COVID-19):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;can this be performed in-vitro?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If not, why?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is immunity confirmation verifying antibody concentration?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-07-30T13:45:34.893" LastActivityDate="2020-07-30T13:45:34.893" Title="Confirming Individual Vaccination Efficacy" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24300" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24299" CreationDate="2020-07-30T13:21:08.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;For now the vaccines are in testing, and to some extent some validation of their efficacy will probably be necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Phase 1 trials check whether it is safe to check on efficacy of a drug, phase 2 trials check whether there is any efficacy. So by phase 2 trials some kind of testing needs to be on this (more details here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For some vaccines antibody levels (or surrogates) have been the measure of efficacy (see also here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/efficiency-effectiveness#:%7E:text=Vaccine%20immunogenicity%20is%20a%20measure,has%20been%20correlated%20with%20protection.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/efficiency-effectiveness#:~:text=Vaccine%20immunogenicity%20is%20a%20measure,has%20been%20correlated%20with%20protection.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-07-30T13:21:08.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24302" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-30T21:22:57.103" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was surfing the web to find a good project to make, using Deep Learning applied to the Medical Sciences and I saw a freshman that built an app that can reads the glucose levels only with a picture of the eye! See: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3fld7cxGA&amp;amp;t=1119s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tl3fld7cxGA&amp;amp;t=1119s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was intrigued by it and starting to search for scientific articles to find which part of the eye is responsible for &amp;quot;affecting&amp;quot; glucose levels' readings. To my surprise, I haven't found anything! Only a good application of neural networks to identify diabetic retinopathy, which makes sense by analysing pictures of the eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone have any knowledge to explain me how I can measure (or with what should my measures be based with) glucose levels with the eye? Or have any articles that provide such information?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20125" LastActivityDate="2020-07-30T21:22:57.103" Title="Is it possible to measure glucose levels only by the eye?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24303" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-31T16:05:31.610" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to find good ways to disinfect and reuse N95 respirators at home. From this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200709/study-sterilize-n95-masks-with-a-microwave&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200709/study-sterilize-n95-masks-with-a-microwave&lt;/a&gt; it's apparently possible to disinfect in a microwave, using steam to kill viruses. My question is, would a food steamer also work?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20132" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T15:52:17.103" Title="Disinfecting N95 for reuse using steam" Tags="&lt;ppe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-01T15:52:39.450" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24304" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23666" CreationDate="2020-07-31T21:05:32.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, estimating the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection using the TST is not trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use only of the TST to define latent tuberculosis infection requires specification of a cut-point for positivity.  There is a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity when selecting this cut-point.  In prevalence surveys, this is usually &amp;gt;10 mm induration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More important, the TST is not the only test that can be used to identify latent tuberculosis infection.  This can also be done using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA).  There are two widely available IGRAs-- QuantiFERON-gold-in-tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT.  The IGRA’s also have associated sensitivity and specificity in identifying latent tuberculosis infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A published 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis reported estimates of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection based on studies that used TST and IGRA results published between 2005 and 2018.  The review identified 88 studies from 36 countries with 41 IGRA estimates (n=67, 167 people) and 67 TST estimates (n=284,644 people).  Based on these studies, the authors estimated that the global prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection was 24.8% (95% CI: 19.7–30.0%) based on IGRA and 21.2% (95% CI: 17.9–24.4%) for the TST using a 10 mm cut-off for positivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2019/06/12/13993003.00655-2019&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2019/06/12/13993003.00655-2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on the systematic review, it seems reasonable to say that the range of estimates of the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection is 17% to 30%.  But this is not a “confidence interval” in a statistical sense.   Based on a systematic review, perhaps it could be stated that “with reasonable certainty, the world prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection is not less than 17% and not more than 30%.”  This needs to be associated with a time period—2005-2018.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2016 mathematical modeling study estimated that “in 2014, the global burden of LTBI was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 20.4%-26.4%).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27780211/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27780211/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The model based estimate may be more valid than the estimate based on studies.  The model formally incorporates uncertainty.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO now (7/31/2020) estimates that “About one-quarter of the world's population has latent TB.”  The website does not explain how this estimate was derived and does not mention uncertainty in the estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis/&lt;/a&gt; accessed 7/31/2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cohen A, Mathiasen VD, Schön T, Wejse C. The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep 12;54(3). pii: 1900655. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00655-2019. Print 2019 Sep. PubMed PMID: 31221810.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling. PLoS Med. 2016 Oct 25;13(10):e1002152. doi: 0.1371/journal.pmed.1002152. PMID: 27780211; PMCID: PMC5079585.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T21:05:32.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24305" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-07-31T22:28:57.833" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;The droplets vs aerosol debate for COVID19 is heating up. WHO has revised it's aerosol evidence review here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Section on airborne transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand what experiments would need to be run to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;determine if aerosol (long time, long distance) is possible.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;determine the &amp;quot;prevalance&amp;quot; of aerosol transmission. Here, let's say &amp;quot;&amp;lt;6ft&amp;quot; vs &amp;gt;6ft&amp;quot; infection.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some snippets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;no studies have found viable virus in air samples.(29-36) Within samples where SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found, the quantity of RNA detected was in extremely low numbers in large volumes of air and one study that found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air samples reported inability to identify viable virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[on superspreading events] However, the detailed investigations of these clusters suggest that droplet and fomite transmission could also explain human-to-human transmission within these clusters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'll provide my answer below, but I'll pick the best answer from someone else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Why I ask&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to write some online risk tools and calculators. See &lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/covid3particles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tinyurl.com/covid3particles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;search tags: covid19, covid-19, coronavirus, droplet, 5um&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastEditorUserId="19917" LastEditDate="2020-08-01T20:58:11.780" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T04:57:33.370" Title="How would we run experiments to determine the prevalence of aerosol COVID19 spread (long time and long distance) versus droplets?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24306" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24305" CreationDate="2020-07-31T22:28:57.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;A potential &amp;quot;ideal&amp;quot; experiment is a small, non-ventilated room. A known infected person is in that room for an hour or two. That person leaves and 5 minutes later a susceptible person (or persons) enter and stay in the room for several hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is not ethical, since it's not okay to knowingly make someone sick. It'd be nice to say CDC says &lt;code&gt;it's mainly droplets&lt;/code&gt; and you won't get infected, but this won't pass ethics review.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd also have to isolate that person for the incubation period (5-14 days, for example) to make sure they didn't accidentally get the virus from fomites or large droplets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And that's the trouble... the ideal treatment+control experiment isn't ethical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It's also hard to rule out &amp;quot;other explanations&amp;quot; if one uses observational data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;observation studies&amp;quot; of HVAC and cruises or Skagit choir have potential confounds (you can't prove they didn't get it from the cookies/snacks).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;===&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to prevalence, I use the Jose Jimenez tool and the Wells-Riley model&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16K1OQkLD4BjgBdO8ePj6ytf-RpPMlJ6aXFg3PrIQBbQ/edit#gid=519189277&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16K1OQkLD4BjgBdO8ePj6ytf-RpPMlJ6aXFg3PrIQBbQ/edit#gid=519189277&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This gives estimates of the quanta and a numerical probability of infection &lt;em&gt;from aerosol&lt;/em&gt;. If there were a numerical probability of &lt;em&gt;from droplet&lt;/em&gt; then the prevalance would simply be the ratio of the two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T04:12:58.520" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T04:12:58.520" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24307" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22796" CreationDate="2020-07-31T22:36:33.693" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The main way COVID19 spreads (according to experts) is either &lt;strong&gt;droplets&lt;/strong&gt; (short distance, &amp;lt;6ft. short duration, &amp;lt;5 seconds from emission) OR &lt;strong&gt;aerosols&lt;/strong&gt; (long distance, 20ft+, whole room. long duration, &amp;gt;60minutes)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, as of July 2020, we still don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO has updated their modes of transmission:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;July 9.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say there isn't hard evidence of for &lt;code&gt;H1: aerosol&amp;gt;droplet&lt;/code&gt;, so they are sticking to their null hypothesis &lt;code&gt;H0: droplet &amp;gt; aerosol&lt;/code&gt;.  However, the detractors say there isn't hard evidence for &lt;code&gt;H0&lt;/code&gt; either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After talking to several doctors and chemists and reading about 5-10 articles, my conclusion (i.e. educated guess) is that it's about a tie between droplets and aerosols.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key details can be found in the OPTIONAL section of this 10 minute science communication piece (&lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/covid3particles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tinyurl.com/covid3particles&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;It's endogenous -- the main mode of transmission depends on what protective practices are in place.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you 100% protect against droplets, then aerosols will probably be the main mode.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you use no protection, then droplets are probably the main mode.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you are never in someone else's room (except after airing it out), then fomites (surfaces) might be the main route. But only because you eliminated everything else.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also look at the CHAIN model. (tinyurl.com/CHAINmodel) especially the end of the article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Surfaces and soap are, unfortunately, not foolproof/complete protection.&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many people who wash their hand religiously. They still can get sick. So, we know that perfect hand washing won't stop it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: Agree with @Graham's answer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastEditorUserId="19917" LastEditDate="2020-07-31T22:46:47.113" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T22:46:47.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24308" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23323" CreationDate="2020-07-31T23:00:46.423" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It wouldn't be consistent. (as some of the commenters pointed out).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some numbers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The concentration of virus in sputum can vary by a factor of 10^5.&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694/&lt;/a&gt; for count of RNA in sputum)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Best guess is that 100-1000 RNA copies is a &amp;quot;quanta&amp;quot; in the Wills-Riley Model (&lt;a href=&quot;http://tinyurl.com/covid-estimator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://tinyurl.com/covid-estimator&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it's known how many RNA copies is good to generate immune response but not disease, it's very hard to get the right level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There will be variation in immune response / disease contracting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, this doesn't rule it out as possible. In fact, nothing can prove it's impossible except running every variation of what you're saying. To prove it's possible, you would need to run the controlled experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But that experiment would be considered unethical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You could try it in rats or mice first. But there is no good animal model for COVID19 right now (from what I read).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:00:46.423" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23370" CreationDate="2020-07-31T23:12:30.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is what the AAP (pediatrics) also said about viral infection for young people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/covid-19-planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/covid-19-planning-considerations-return-to-in-person-education-in-schools/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Pre-K, the relative impact of physical distancing among children is likely small based on current evidence and certainly difficult to implement. Therefore, Pre-K should focus on more effective risk mitigation strategies for this population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the middle school case in Israel (and some elementary school infections), gives pause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thedailybeast.com/israeli-data-show-school-openings-were-a-disaster-that-wiped-out-lockdown-gains&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thedailybeast.com/israeli-data-show-school-openings-were-a-disaster-that-wiped-out-lockdown-gains&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-america-wants-to-reopen-schools-here-s-how-to-learn-from-israel-s-mistakes-1.9006697&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-america-wants-to-reopen-schools-here-s-how-to-learn-from-israel-s-mistakes-1.9006697&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my blog, I mostly cover the science communication and planning side:  &lt;a href=&quot;http://ppeoptionsforschools.wordpress.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://ppeoptionsforschools.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I do point to some references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Exposure Bias&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest problems with the K-5 kids is that there may be selection bias, something I call &lt;code&gt;exposure bias&lt;/code&gt;. Adults have many more contacts a day (say 30-100) and with random different people.  K-5 may only contact their family. And, their family may try to limit their exposure to other people to protect them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Google comes up with a lot of reports&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=prevalence+infection+young+children+covid+19+by+country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=prevalence+infection+young+children+covid+19+by+country&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC says confirmed cases in kids is low:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, 2% of confirmed cases of COVID-19 were among persons aged &amp;lt;18 years.4&#xA;In China, 2.2% of confirmed cases of COVID-19 were among persons aged &amp;lt;19 years old.1&#xA;In Italy, 1.2% of COVID-19 cases were among children aged &amp;lt;18 years.2&#xA;In Spain, 0.8% of confirmed cases of COVID-19 were among persons aged &amp;lt; 18 years.5&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pediatric-hcp.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/pediatric-hcp.html&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:12:30.577" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24311" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24296" CreationDate="2020-07-31T23:14:33.327" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Till now probably there is  no evidence of whether we should use aspirin alone in Covid 19 patients to prevent blood clot unless he is suffering from some cardiovascular&#xA;disorder . This may be probably due to no &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720312408?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;well conducted RCT&lt;/a&gt; taking aspirin into consideration. Although there are suggestion it can be useful. Earlier there were claims that use of NSAIDS were associated with adverse respiratory effects but as concluded by WHO currently there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/the-use-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-(nsaids)-in-patients-with-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;no such evidence&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many antiplatelet drugs which are superior to aspirin thus making them a relatively better choice. Regarding antithrombotic therapy, in presentations consistent with ACS due to plaque rupture (i.e., type 1 MI), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.onlinejacc.org/content/75/23/2950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dual antiplatelet therapy and full-dose anticoagulation&lt;/a&gt; as per the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) and ESC guidelines should be administered, unless there are contraindications. If there is high prevalence of bleeding less potent antiplatelet like clopidogrel should be used.  This point signifies that antiplatelet drugs has been used for prophylaxis together with LMWH and since there are better drug than aspirin they are preferred. (Remember, by prophylaxis, I mean that when patient is admitted to hospital, at the same time treatment is given because inflammatory conditions and coagulation cascade  take time to occur. But if one is late for admission antiplatelet drug can be benificial if already taken.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently, the standard therapy for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298694/#!po=1.19048&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thromboprophylaxis&lt;/a&gt; in thromboembolism associated with COVID-19 is LMWH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This paragraph is a little extra, may not be specific to the question, non interested users may skip.&lt;/em&gt; The microvascular clots and microvascular pulmonary thrombosis is associated with the inflammatory condition. One of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;main protagonist of this inflammatory condition is IL-6&lt;/a&gt;, there were trials of &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-treatment#d14&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tocilizumab&lt;/a&gt;, a monoclonal antibody against IL-6, but the trial did not meet its primary endpoint of improved clinical status in patients with COVID-19–associated pneumonia or the secondary endpoint of reduced patient mortality. The trial did show a positive trend in time to hospital discharge among patients who received it(Tocilizumab was in use in areas I know before the result came). It was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7229910/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypothesised&lt;/a&gt; to be useful in preventing hypercoagulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Now, coming up to your point :-Can aspirin be used as a prophylactic measure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, antiplatelet drugs can be used for prophylaxis of thrombotic condition especially of arterial etiology ( like atherosclerotic plaque) as I mentioned above but there are many superior drugs for use than aspirin amongst the antiplatelet drugs to use. In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720312408?via%3Dihub#bb0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; it is mentioned that COVID-19 patients taking low dose aspirin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease should continue their treatment.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Aspirin has some other &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720312408?via%3Dihub#bb0070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;limitations&lt;/a&gt; too, which might have been taken into consideration for initiation in non cardiac patients instead of anticoagulants like LMWH:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The drug irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase, and its effect persists for the circulating life of platelets making its use controversial in COVID-19 patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aspirin is not indicated for the treatment of DIC, or other venous thromboembolic complication that might be associated with severe COVID-19, and may increase the bleeding risk in severely thrombocytopenic patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if one talk about taking aspirin even before having any symptoms of Covid 19 the person need to be concerned about risk ( risk like increase G.I bleeding related to aspirin inhibiting substances that protect stomach lining , allergic reaction) of daily intake of aspirin . Normal person if hospitalised, is recommended with use of LMWH, which itself becomes a prophylactic measure and will be enough to reduce thromboembolic condition ( Covid patients were at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;higher risk of venous thromboembolism&lt;/a&gt; that prompted us to use LMWH instead of antiplatelet drug) related mortality in a normal person. Although, in person with coronary artery disease and already taking aspirin, together with LMWH in hospitals can help to reduce mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastEditorUserId="15514" LastEditDate="2020-08-01T08:23:04.783" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T08:23:04.783" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24312" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23204" CreationDate="2020-07-31T23:26:01.340" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On page 465 of a 1983 paper on the history of smallpox, Abbas M. Behbehani reports the following data about the variolation experience of Zabdiel Boylston (a non-physician) of Brookline, Massachusetts during the 1721 smallpox outbreak in Boston.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Boylston subsequently reported that by February 1722 he had variolated 242 individuals from Boston and its suburbs, of whom 6 died, which gave a mortality rate of 2.5% as compared with 15% among persons with naturally occurring smallpox during the same epidemic period (849 deaths among 5,889 cases).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6319980/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6319980/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper does not document the source of the Boylston data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A National Library of Medicine History of Medicine exhibition about smallpox states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“In Asia, practitioners developed the technique of variolation—the deliberate infection with smallpox. Dried smallpox scabs were blown into the nose of an individual who then contracted a mild form of the disease. Upon recovery, the individual was immune to smallpox. Between 1% to 2% of those variolated died as compared to 30% who died when they contracted the disease naturally.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No source is given for the 1%-2% estimate of death after variolation.  The estimate of 30% case fatality rate for variola major is widely cited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Behbehani AM. The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Dec;47(4):455-509. PMID: 6319980; PMCID: PMC281588.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-07-31T23:26:01.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24314" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3685" CreationDate="2020-08-01T03:40:41.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to preface with a brief summary of both techniques:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bone marrow donation&lt;/strong&gt; - The stem cells are removed from a large bone of the donor, typically the pelvis, through a large needle that reaches the center of the bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation&lt;/strong&gt; - The stem cells may come from the blood of the patient or a donor. A peripheral blood stem cell transplant may be autologous (using a patient’s own stem cells that were collected and saved before treatment), allogeneic (using stem cells donated by someone who is not an identical twin), or syngeneic (using stem cells donated by an identical twin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct, each of these methods have been designed to replace damaged stem cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Damaged stem cells may be caused from:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Radiation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;High doses of drugs (Recreational or cancer)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diseases&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Factors that may present favorable or unfavorable conditions for each of these techniques include the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Transplantation&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Both of these methods require healthy living-donors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Related or unrelated donors&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt; Related against unrelated donors was in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816375/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this journal article&lt;/a&gt; - which identifies the exact differences between these methods of stem cell transplantation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related - Identical siblings accelerates engraftment, but increases the risk of graft-versus-host disease when &lt;em&gt;compared to Bone marrow donation&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unrelated - No significant survival differences were found between Bone marrow donation vs Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Damage Tissue&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt; What is the tissue that has been damaged? E.g. If the patient is using immunosuppresents or if the transplantation is time-dependent (and includes wait-lists) the optimal technique may change.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Other&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt; The patients or donor existing complications. E.g. If the patient has kidney failure, it may be advised to move away from Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cost&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br&gt; The treatment cost may be a valuable aspect to assess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often the conditions are situation dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T03:40:41.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24315" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24248" CreationDate="2020-08-01T15:25:47.007" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A regular check-up does not seem to be recommended (e. g. there is no mention of a regular ENT checkup here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.entnet.org/content/clinical-practice-guidelines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.entnet.org/content/clinical-practice-guidelines&lt;/a&gt;), assuming the patient does not have any complaints or ongoing diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For individual diseases of the ear (or those related to the ears) checkups may be indicated however the time period of checkups cannot be established across all diseases with a single period.&#xA;E. g.: If you are prone to excessive ear wax production regular checkups may be good to clean out the excess (as mentioned here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.entofgkc.com/patient-education/29-our-practice/257-blue-springs-office&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.entofgkc.com/patient-education/29-our-practice/257-blue-springs-office&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, regular checkups are recommended for things that are frequent, possibly dangerous and do have a high preemptive treatment or preventative strategies attached to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T15:25:47.007" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-01T23:50:56.597" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Distance is seen as a very good precaution against COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we all could breath in at a hight of say 2 meters and breath out a a hight of 50 cm, then we could stand right next to each other and still be 1.5 m &amp;quot;appart&amp;quot; as hygiene rules suggest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have come up with a mask concept that can do exactly that (the principle is not new)&#xA;and would like to finde out whether and how good it works in preventing the spread of infections.&#xA;How can I test it and where might I ask for help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17929" LastActivityDate="2020-08-01T23:50:56.597" Title="how to test the effectiveness of a mask concept, that creates artificial distance" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;&lt;ppe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24317" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24504" CreationDate="2020-08-01T23:57:49.437" Score="2" ViewCount="492" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw some content which says HPV can be removed from the body by strengthening the immune system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt05-hpv.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt05-hpv.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years, and clearance usually occurs in the first 6 months after infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.foxnews.com/health/have-hpv-how-to-clear-the-infection-naturally&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.foxnews.com/health/have-hpv-how-to-clear-the-infection-naturally&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies estimate that 50 percent of those infected with HPV will clear the virus within eight months— and 90 percent will be cured within two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://icnim.jpn.org/en/research_topics/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://icnim.jpn.org/en/research_topics/&lt;/a&gt; (a food supplement is proposed named AHCC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the Society for Integrative Oncology’s (SIO) 15th International Conference, Dr. Judith A. Smith of the University of Texas presented preliminary results of her ongoing NIH-granted phase II clinical trial investigating the functions of AHCC to eradicate chronic HPV infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preliminary results from one of the presentations made at the recent Society for Integrative Oncology 15th international conference in Scottsdale, Arizona, showed that daily supplementation with AHCC could support the host immune system to eradicate Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection in women with HPV-positive PAP smears.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time of the preliminary analysis, 46 patients had completed the study. The results showed that at six months, 58.8 percent of the patients taking AHCC showed no signs of the infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 90% of cases, the immune system naturally clears the virus away within two years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be great to hear that's correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20138" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T11:50:10.810" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T20:51:16.927" Title="Is it possible to remove HPV from the body by strengthening the immune system?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24318" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24327" CreationDate="2020-08-02T03:45:37.470" Score="3" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've seen references to asymptomatic COVID-19 cases, and am wondering if this is incorrect use of the term. If COVID-19 is the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, then aren't truly asymptomatic cases simply carriers of the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The American Heritage dictionary defines disease as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An abnormal condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism&#xA;resulting from various causes, such as infection, inflammation,&#xA;environmental factors, or genetic defect, and characterized by an&#xA;identifiable group of signs, symptoms, or both.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20139" LastEditorUserId="20139" LastEditDate="2020-08-02T22:48:17.130" LastActivityDate="2020-09-29T14:43:32.133" Title="Is an &quot;asymptomatic COVID-19 case&quot; a misnomer?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24322" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24329" CreationDate="2020-08-02T08:49:12.817" Score="6" ViewCount="392" Body="&lt;p&gt;Autoimmune diseases cause inflammations. C-reactive protein should be elevated in a person with an inflammation. Is it possible that a person with an autoimmune disease (e. g. autoimmune hemolytic anemia)  and without an impaired CRP production has a non-detectable level of C-reactive protein in their blood serum (0,0 mg/l)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MY OWN RESEARCH:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the sources discuss only high levels of CRP as a marker of inflammation. However, Wikipedia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease#C_reactive_protein&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Autoimmune disease&lt;/a&gt;) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C reactive protein, a protein made in the liver generally increases with inflammation, and &lt;strong&gt;may be&lt;/strong&gt; high in autoimmune disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which leaves a low CRP in an autoimmune disease as a possibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, John Hopkins Lupus Center (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinslupus.org/lupus-tests/clinical-tests/creactive-protein-crpwestergren-sedimentation-rate/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;C-reactive Protein (CRP)/Westergren Sedimentation Rate&lt;/a&gt;) states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is important to realize, though, that a low CRP value does not necessarily mean that an individual is experiencing no inflammation; a low CRP can be seen in lupus patients with active inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which confirms that CRP can be low in autoimmune diseases. But can there be no C-reactive protein in blood serum of a patient with an autoimmune disease? Maybe if the disease is currently in a state of remission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="15516" LastEditDate="2020-08-02T09:23:47.987" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T06:29:35.160" Title="Is it possible to have an autoimmune disease and no C-reactive protein in blood serum?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;crp-c-reactive-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24323" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24331" CreationDate="2020-08-02T09:55:55.877" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how to get the right DRG code from ICD-10 code&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When someone has ICD-10 code such as F40.228 how would I know what DRG is related this code or any other code?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a process that is needed or is it a table that links each ICD to DRG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if so where can I find the process rules or the conversion table?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T22:05:00.480" Title="How to get DRG from ICD code?" Tags="&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24327" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24318" CreationDate="2020-08-02T15:57:55.833" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As an analogy, people who test positive for HIV don't necessarily have AIDS. However, as a better-understood disease, AIDS has a very specific set of diagnostic criteria, e.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/aids/diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they must have a CD4+ T cells count less than 200 cells/mm³&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COVID-19 research is still ongoing and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/what-does-a-case-of-covid-19-really-mean-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diagnostic criteria aren't as clear cut&lt;/a&gt;. In the future we may have a clear definition of what it means to be diagnosed with COVID-19, in which case whether or not there are obvious symptoms will become irrelevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the short term, it's probably safer to refer to asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 or of the coronavirus in common parlance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20139" LastEditorUserId="20139" LastEditDate="2020-09-28T14:22:04.537" LastActivityDate="2020-09-28T14:22:04.537" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24329" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24322" CreationDate="2020-08-02T19:21:15.510" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although serum levels of the acute‐phase reactant C‐reactive protein (CRP) usually parallel disease activity in inflammatory states, it is widely believed that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an exception.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.24316&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.24316&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Well, since it is an exception we cannot say CRP levels are not reliable indicators of inflammation. The explanation for the relatively low levels of CRP in many patients with SLE has remained unclear despite many years of study. Another such exception is of systemic sclerosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Your question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;1.Is it possible that a person with an autoimmune disease (e. g. autoimmune hemolytic anemia) and without an impaired CRP production has a non-detectable level of C-reactive protein in their blood serum (0,0 mg/l)?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;2.can there be no C-reactive protein in blood serum of a patient with an autoimmune disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't really understand why do you say '0' or 'no' levels of CRP level when a normal healthy person do have some CRP level. Less than 0.3mg/dl is normal range seen in most healthy individuals. But if you question that:- Can a person with autoimmune disorder have CRP levels within the normal range, I will say Yes!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CRP levels within normal limits do not mean there is no disease progression. In 10% of RA cases with active disease acute phase reaction(APR) levels may be within normal limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366934/#!po=15.2174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5366934/#!po=15.2174&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Inflammatory marker such as ESR or C- reactive protein(CRP) are normal in about 60% of patients with early RA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079582&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079582&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastEditorUserId="15514" LastEditDate="2020-08-02T22:20:37.190" LastActivityDate="2020-08-02T22:20:37.190" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24331" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24323" CreationDate="2020-08-02T21:15:41.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of the time, the DRG for a claim that is submitted for payment is found using a &amp;quot;grouper&amp;quot; program based on ICD diagnoses, procedures, age, sex, discharge status and the presence of complications or comorbidities.  These programs are proprietary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a website that provides a demo of use of a grouper program to find a DRG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.findacode.com/tools/drg-grouper-icd10/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.findacode.com/tools/drg-grouper-icd10/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to find a DRG for a diagnosis (e.g., F40.228) without one of these programs.  It requires some knowledge of the structure of the ICD-10, often knowledge of medicine, and, in many cases, knowledge of some esoteric coding rules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a (free) workaround that is a bit of a “brute force” solution for your simple problem—find a DRG for ICD-10 code F40.228 as a principal diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This ICD-10 code is described in the ICD-10 code book as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;F40.228  Other natural environment type phobia&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can determine this using a (free) online look-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the same (free) website, there is a DRG look-up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/DRG&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/DRG&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I scroll down this list looking for a DRG-description that describes a condition that is a phobia.  Because of my knowledge of medicine, I choose the DRG category “Neurosis other than depressive.”  This is DRG 882.  I open up the 882 DRG link and yes, there is the ICD-10 code F40.228.  So the DRG for ICD-10 F40.228 as the principal diagnosis is 882.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For many diagnoses, one needs to find the DRG descriptor to which the diagnosis maps and also figure out whether there are associated major complications or co-morbidities (MCC) or complications or co-morbidities (CC) because having an associated MCC and/or CC changes the DRG.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the DRG for the ICD-10 diagnosis code:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I63.011  Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis of right vertebral artery&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DRG 061 if there is an associated major complication or co-morbidity (MCC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DRG 062 if there is a complication or co-morbidity (CC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DRG 063 if there is neither a major complication or co-morbidity (MCC) nor a complication or co-morbidity (CC)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rules that determine whether to assign an MCC or CC to a diagnosis are complex.  They are described here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/icd10m/version37-fullcode-cms/fullcode_cms/P0031.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cms.gov/icd10m/version37-fullcode-cms/fullcode_cms/P0031.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-02T21:15:41.410" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24322" CreationDate="2020-08-03T06:29:35.160" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a auto immune inflammatory arthritis and Vietnam time my crp was elevated was xinhua chest infection. They measure my c3 and c 4 which are elected and I'm Told more accurate markers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20152" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T06:29:35.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24333" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-03T10:53:45.263" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, suppose a psychiatrist prescribes his/her patient a mood stabilizer that doesn't allow their mood to deviate a lot, either positively or negatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets assume that over the course of time, the patient gets better. But does that also mean, that the medicine has limited the patient's ability to feel extremely positive moods too? In the sense that, if the patient comes off of the medicine in some time, and he comes across experiences that will positively impact his mood; does that mean that the patient would have felt better with those experiences if he had been off the medicine, compared to if he would've still continued with the meds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13334" LastEditorUserId="13334" LastEditDate="2020-08-03T15:33:39.500" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T15:33:39.500" Title="Can antidepressants actually limit your ability temporarily to feel happiness or excitement?" Tags="&lt;antidepressants&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-08-03T13:12:50.183" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-03T14:10:21.747" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can you supply me academic brief answer for the common errors and misinterpretations of the measurement of human body temperature in the medicine.. and I thankful&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20155" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T14:10:21.747" Title="What is the pitfalls and errors of body temperature measurment?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24335" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24337" CreationDate="2020-08-03T16:08:13.227" Score="2" ViewCount="245" Body="&lt;p&gt;Moderna has started a phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate if their vaccine can prevent coronavirus disease 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What specifically is in the placebo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastEditorUserId="7453" LastEditDate="2020-08-03T19:52:45.373" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T19:52:45.373" Title="In the Moderna phase 3 clinical trial of the vaccine for COVID-19 what is in the placebo?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24337" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24335" CreationDate="2020-08-03T16:25:07.687" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/phase-3-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NIH press release&lt;/a&gt; the trial will use a &amp;quot;saline placebo&amp;quot;, in two doses mirroring the two doses of active ingredient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Saline is a fairly typical placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-08-03T16:25:07.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T02:48:56.647" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll be taking a lengthy break from my full-time job as a physician at a hospital, and I'm considering locum tenens. I'm in the US, but I can go to any state (preferably east coast) if the pay's good enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q1: How do locum tenens websites work? I see so many different options (locumtenens.com, CompHealth, plus many others I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clearlyrated.com/staffing/healthcare-staffing/locum-tenens-physicians-staffing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), but I don't know what the difference is between one and the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q2: As the doctor looking for work, do I pay the locum tenens company so that I can work at hospital X or hospital Y? Do I pay an upfront fee to access these sites? Once I decide to work at hospital Z, will the locum site withhold an amount from my paycheck? If so, how much would this amount be? Is it per hour, is it a percentage, is it a fixed amount? What's the range?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q3: I've also heard of job sites like indeed and monster. For jobs like engineering and accounting these websites don't usually charge the person applying for a job. Does that also apply to me as a doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20161" LastActivityDate="2020-08-04T02:48:56.647" Title="As a physician looking for extra work, how do locum tenens sites work?" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T07:41:57.520" Score="2" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a collection, meta analysis or review of significant, independent studies that prove the efficacy of vaccinations? I am in discussion with a anti-vaccinationist who claims that the efficacy has not been proven. She does not trust in studies commissioned by vaccine manufacturers because she believes that they are in a conflict of interest. I have no expertise in this field, but I would like to show her that she is wrong and that the efficacy (as well as the effectiveness) of vaccinations is sufficiently proven. Can you recommend good literature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20163" LastEditorUserId="20163" LastEditDate="2020-08-04T14:35:34.970" LastActivityDate="2020-10-28T04:38:54.297" Title="Are there independent studies on the efficacy of vaccines?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T07:43:15.727" Score="4" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/13/world/science-health-world/coronavirus-immunity-may-disappear-within-months-study-finds/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a news article&lt;/a&gt; says; 90 days after the infection with ncov19, several patients had no detectable antibodies in their bloodstream. This seems to be one of their evidence that immunity against ncov19 does not last long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24176/the-relationship-between-the-rate-of-decrease-of-antibody-production-and-long-te&quot;&gt;this thread&lt;/a&gt;, I thought that the antibody titer in the blood would typically drop within a few months after the first infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, I'd like to know the time course of blood antibody titers after infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Question&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;(1)How long does the high antibody titers last after the infection with the virus which causes ncov19? (In 1st infection, 2nd and subsequent infections)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(2)What example viruses have high antibody titers that last longer? Why does a high antibody titer last longer if such a virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have received feedback that the question is broad. Therefore, examples of welcomed responses are provided below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Examples of welcomed responses&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Viruses of interest in animal studies with fully controlled transmission are A, B, and C. A showed high antibody titers for XX months at the first infection and for life at the second...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Post-infection antibody titers evaluated at years X, XX, and XXX for patients with evidence of viral D...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This antibody is produced by XX.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On many stacks, discussions specific to ncov19 seems to be in progress. Therefore, I would like to discuss here from a perspective other than ncov19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Related stacks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24176/the-relationship-between-the-rate-of-decrease-of-antibody-production-and-long-te&quot;&gt;The relationship between the rate of decrease of antibody production and long term immunity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23086/can-you-recover-from-covid-19-and-then-be-reinfected-so-as-to-be-a-danger-to-ot?rq=1&quot;&gt;Can you recover from COVID-19, and then be reinfected so as to be a danger to other people?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21206/will-covid-19-survivors-develop-immunity-from-future-infections?rq=1&quot;&gt;Will COVID-19 survivors develop immunity from future infections?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23301/do-coronavirus-antibodies-give-you-any-immunity&quot;&gt;Do coronavirus antibodies give you any immunity?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23429/what-would-count-as-definitive-proof-that-humans-can-develop-covid-19-immunity?rq=1&quot;&gt;What would count as definitive proof that humans can develop COVID-19 immunity?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/22901/is-there-a-virus-from-which-humans-can-recover-but-which-doesnt-grant-long-las?rq=1&quot;&gt;Is there a virus from which humans can recover, but which doesn&amp;#39;t grant long lasting immunity?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23301/do-coronavirus-antibodies-give-you-any-immunity?rq=1&quot;&gt;Do coronavirus antibodies give you any immunity?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21206/will-covid-19-survivors-develop-immunity-from-future-infections?rq=1&quot;&gt;Will COVID-19 survivors develop immunity from future infections?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23301/do-coronavirus-antibodies-give-you-any-immunity?rq=1&quot;&gt;Do coronavirus antibodies give you any immunity?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23376/what-does-it-mean-when-someone-has-coronavirus-antibodies?rq=1&quot;&gt;What does it mean when someone has Coronavirus antibodies?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T14:49:08.703" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T14:49:08.703" Title="How long does it take for the COVID-19 antibody to disappear?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T11:19:10.383" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many papers says, regenerative medicine using &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MSCs&lt;/a&gt; are promising for Ischemic stroke stroke patients. But in my layman's sense, various data don't seem promising.　So, I want to hear the opinions of experts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sci/2016/6129579/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meta-analysis&lt;/a&gt; shows the following data:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QWL5l.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QWL5l.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;There is a significant difference between the MSC-administered group and the control group. NHISS has the perfect score of 47 points, of which only 1.57 points are different. (Although the figure legend says &amp;quot;effect size,&amp;quot; the forest plot shows the difference between the averages.) Other data look similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3qHJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/J3qHJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The FMA is a 226-point test, but the difference between the experimental and control groups is less than 5 points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, these are probably the typical clinical outcome for MSC treatment.　&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a September 14, 2020 press release from the SunBio are published(see Box 1). Briefly, that is a report of the additional analytical results of the US-based Phase 2b clinical trial. They focused on the subgroups with smaller original infarct sizes, they were able to make their result a significant difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box1:&lt;/strong&gt; Quoted from Sanbio's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sanbio.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/20200914_Additional-analytical-results-of-the-US-based-Phase-2b-clinical-trial-of-regenerative-cell-medicine-SB623_finalclean.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;press release&lt;/a&gt; on September 14, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the total 163 patients enrolled in the trial, the company specifically looked at 77 patients who had infarct areas smaller than a certain size (47% of all patients enrolled in this trial). The SanBio Group evaluated the proportion of patients that met one or more of the following FMMS score improvement criteria 24 weeks after treatment: ≥6-point improvement on FMMS score for upper extremity, ≥4-point improvement on FMMS score for lower extremity, and ≥9-point improvement on FMMS total score (all from the baseline). Of the 51 patients in the treatment group that received SB623, improvement was seen in 49%, versus in 19% of 26 patients&#xA;in the control group that received sham surgery, the difference between the two groups being statistically significant (p-value&#xA;of 0.02).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This might be an additional analysis of this &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02448641?term=SB623&amp;amp;draw=2&amp;amp;rank=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;However, despite the narrowing of the subgroups, I think, the results appear to be little bit but better than the above meta-analysis; but I don't know if it can be called dramatic. (Note that, the perfect score of FMMS is 100 points.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The followings are my questions;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Question(1) &lt;br&gt;&#xA;From the above-mentioned data, do you think MSC is promising for stroke?&#xA;Two points difference in the 47-point test is clinically remarkable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many meta-analyses conclude that &amp;quot;larger data studies are required&amp;quot;...&#xA;But, as you know, if 200 cases are collected, it is statistically significant if the mean difference is half the standard deviation (in student's T-test).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Question(2)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is it meaningful to increase the sample size when there is a significant difference in 200 cases?　&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recently started reading clinical papers... but often confused.&#xA;I'm getting more and more confused about the word 'promising'.　Is this a kind of secret language? Is &amp;quot;larger research is needed&amp;quot; an idiom? If so what does that idiom means?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Question(3)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Is MSC really promising in terms of neurology or medical statistics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related topics;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24951/is-there-any-clinical-evidence-that-prp-or-msc-injections-help-spinal-arthritis&quot;&gt;Is there any clinical evidence that PRP or MSC injections help spinal arthritis or disc problems?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/20643/why-has-the-notch1-intracellular-domain-transfected-msc-expected-as-the-greater&quot;&gt;Why has the Notch1 intracellular domain-transfected MSC expected as the greater regenerative medicine for ischemic stroke?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24897/would-neurons-regenerate-even-in-adults/24939#24939&quot;&gt;Would neurons regenerate even in adults?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-05T04:47:45.200" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T17:40:36.537" Title="Is the MSC-based regenerative medicine promising for Ischemic stroke stroke patients? ; two points difference in the 47-point test" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24342" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24339" CreationDate="2020-08-04T12:10:59.437" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;How about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Collaboration&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochrane.org/news/cochrane-review-confirms-effectiveness-mmr-vaccines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MMR vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002190.pub5/full/ja?highlightAbstract=vaccinat%7Cvaccin%7Cvaccinate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaccines for the common cold&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub5/full/ja?highlightAbstract=vaccinat%7Cvaccin%7Cvaccinate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;influenza vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://acpinternist.org/weekly/archives/2020/03/03/2.htm?utm_campaign=FY19-20_NEWS_INTERNIST_INTERNATIONAL_030320_EML&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_source=Eloqua&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; further. While this article is limited to the flu vaccine for the elderly, I expect that there will be many more arguments in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the intellectual level of the segment of the population that is emotionally averse to vaccines is low. However, I am less confident these days about whether the approved drugs really have clinical significance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-28T04:38:54.297" LastActivityDate="2020-10-28T04:38:54.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24343" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25012" CreationDate="2020-08-04T15:46:41.927" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;The U.S. FDA appears to have five shortcut regulatory approval ways, as follows;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/accelerated-approval&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Accelerated Approval&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/priority-review&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Priority Review &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/fast-track&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fast Track&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(4) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/breakthrough-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Breakthrough Therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;(5) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/regenerative-medicine-advanced-therapy-designation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RMAT：Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many companies proudly state in their press releases that their products in development have been designated as one of these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as far as I could find on the FDA's website, I couldn't find out whether those products were indeed designated. Furthermore, I'm not sure of the subsequent review and development of the products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it would be too broad to ask about all five shortcut ways, so we'll focus on regenerative medicine here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Questions&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where can I get an up-to-date list of products that have been designated as RMATs or other products that have been designated but not yet approved, or that have once been applied to these shortcut ways?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Where can I find a list of the latest status of products under review in Shortcut Way?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-04T12:27:25.723" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T12:27:25.723" Title="Progress of the FDA's review of RMAT products" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24344" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24459" CreationDate="2020-08-04T18:09:48.400" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two possible treatments for opioid use disorder are methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone (suboxone).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the National Alliance of Mental Illness(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Buprenorphine/Buprenorphine-Naloxone-(Suboxone)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Mental-Health-Medications/Types-of-Medication/Buprenorphine/Buprenorphine-Naloxone-(Suboxone)&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buprenorphine is known as a partial opioid agonist which means it partially works like an opioid and the effect is weaker than full agonists... The naloxone part of buprenorphine/naloxone is known as an opioid antagonist or “blocker”... This helps discourage people who are dependent on intravenous (IV) opioids from injecting buprenorphine/naloxone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm curious why methadone (full opioid agonist) is not prescribed with naloxone to prevent misuse too?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T07:51:20.560" Title="Why is methadone not prescribed with naloxone for opioid use disorder?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-withdrawal&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T19:19:19.880" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;All following data are theoretical and not real:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A patient had a hemolytic crisis without anemia proven by elevated reticulocytes, elevated unconjugated bilirubin and normal hemoglobin and erythrocyte count. A week after taking the first test the patient took a second test - both unconjugated bilirubin and reticulocytes were twice lower than before (reticulocytes were within normal range this time, unconjugated bilirubin was still mildly elevated). Immature reticulocyte fraction was normal the first time and very low the second time. Is this a normal occurence or does it point to an aplastic crisis? All articles I found on this subject stated that low reticulocyte production is a sign of an aplastic crisis but I couldn't find any examples of patients with low IRF who are recovering from an acute hemolytic crisis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MY EXPLANATION (very possibly incorrect):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Red blood cells were breaking down too quickly and they were compensated by elevated reticulocytes. When hemolysis (suddenly) stopped there were still a lot of reticulocytes swarming around the blood and maturing in the bone marrow which meant that the production had to be severely cut down in order to not produce too many reticulocytes and consequently too many red blood cells. So the immature reticulocyte fraction was very low because the body slowed down the production of new reticulocytes but there were still many old ones which created a very low ratio between the two groups. If this is true, bone marrow should start producing reticulocytes normally again very soon after the second test and IRF should be normal another week later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MY CRITIQUE OF MY EXPLANATION (very possibly incorrect as well):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My explanation includes a premise that hemolysis stopped suddenly and not gradually which I find quite odd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-08-04T19:19:19.880" Title="Is low immature reticulocyte fraction after an acute hemolytic crisis normal?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;bilirubin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24346" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24410" CreationDate="2020-08-04T19:29:36.437" Score="2" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanted to know if there is some kind of formula that can help me calculate the cardiac output.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, lets say we have a standing person. The StrokVolume should be around 100 cm2 for the average adult, and let's say for simplicities sake the pulse is 50. This person should have a CO of ~ 5L/minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If he lost a liter, his blood pressure would go down and his heart rate up, yet CO would go down, or if this person meets his superstar and has a vasovagal response his blood pressure would also go down and his heart rate up, and his CO would again be low leading to lightheadedness bc he won't pump 5L and only 4.5/min and now his brain now gets 10% less blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I need is a correlation between Blood Pressure and cardiac output. Does blood pressure change the stroke volume? If yes - I would like to know how so I can take this into account. (e.g. for every % lost in BP his SV will go down .5%, even a graph showing the correlation will help)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20165" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T12:29:23.027" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:56:38.677" Title="How can I take blood pressure into the cardiac output formula?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="17" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-04T19:41:23.020" Score="1" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lambert Eaton has antibodies to presynaptic calcium VGC(voltage gated channel).&#xA;So how does doing an isometric (or any other type of contraction) will improve weakness, what will be pathophysiology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it involve excess release of calcium due to over stimulation externally by high frequency of single fibres which ultimately include compound muscle action potential?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;source of info-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome-eaton-lambert-syndrome/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome-eaton-lambert-syndrome/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u2fz2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u2fz2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-08-04T19:41:23.020" Title="Why proximal muscle weakness improves in Lambert- Eaton syndrome with isometric contraction?" Tags="&lt;muscle&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24353" CreationDate="2020-08-04T23:25:55.407" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a function, graph, guideline or rule where I can see how a change in blood volume changes other relevant values?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E. g. for every 1% of blood volume lost, heart rate rises 2 beats per minute, blood pressure decreases 120/80 mmHg. It probably isn't easy, but anything to give me a rough idea about how I can determine this will help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20165" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T07:57:30.360" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T07:57:30.360" Title="Can I calculate the blood pressure and pulse based on a given blood loss" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart-rate&gt;&lt;bleeding&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24353" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24350" CreationDate="2020-08-05T08:28:36.190" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rough Calculations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470382/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you can find an example of what you are looking for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hemorrhagic shock&lt;/strong&gt; is a condition of reduced tissue perfusion, resulting in inadequate blood oxygen and nutrients levels that are necessary for cellular function. Whenever cellular oxygen demand outweighs supply, both the cell and the organism are in a state of &lt;em&gt;shock&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A hemorrhagic shock classification uses a patients body weight to determine the total volume of blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. 7% of the a 70 Kg person is 4.9 kilograms. That can be converted to 4.9 liters of blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Next there are &lt;strong&gt;4 stages&lt;/strong&gt; of classification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class 1 - 15% of total blood volume     - 750 mL Blood lost- &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Class 2 - 15-30% of total blood volume  - 50 mL to 1500 mL Blood lost- &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Class 3 - 30-40% of total blood volume  - 1500 mL to 2000 mL Blood lost- &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Class 4 - &amp;gt;40% of total blood volume    - no assigned value - &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Attached &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdcalc.com/shock-index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a shock calculator that uses Systolic BP and Heart Rate/Pulse.&#xA;A similar one can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_599/shock-index&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively some blood loss calculations during birth may help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are some calculations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculated pregnancy blood volume = (0.75 ([maternal height (inches) X 50]+ [maternal weight in pounds X 25])&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Percent of blood volume lost = (Predelivery HCT- postdelivery HCT) / predelivery HCT.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Calculated estimated blood loss (cEBL) = Calculated pregnancy blood volume X  Percent of blood volume lost&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More information can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://perinatology.com/calculators/Calculated%20Blood%20%20Loss%20CalculatorO.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;More accurate calulcations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were seeking to calculating the &lt;strong&gt;True Volume of Blood Loss&lt;/strong&gt;, the calculations present in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.longdom.org/open-access/calculating-the-true-volume-of-blood-loss-2155-6148-1000787.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; (no-pay wall) PDF may provide greater insight to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T22:09:03.537" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T22:09:03.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4015" CreationDate="2020-08-05T12:11:09.263" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;diclofenac by itself has a weak COX-2 selectivity and inhibition of COX-2 can cause or exacerbate hypertension and increase the likelihood of thrombotic events&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;what is the most important information I should know about medicines called NSAIDs? new or worse high blood pressure; heart failure; liver problems including liver failure; kidney problems including kidney failure; low red blood cells (anemia); life-threatening skin reactions; life-threatening allergic reactions.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/021234s015lbl.pdf#page=21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fda side effects&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/021234s015lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fda info&lt;/a&gt; regarding more specifically to your question it may represent an increased factor of hepatotoxicity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physicians should measure transaminases at baseline and periodically in patients receiving&#xA;long-term therapy with diclofenac, because severe hepatotoxicity may develop without a&#xA;prodrome of distinguishing symptoms. [...] However, severe hepatic reactions can occur at any time during treatment&#xA;with diclofenac.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal&#xA;injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and finally the GI tract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NSAIDs, including diclofenac, cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including&#xA;inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the esophagus, stomach, small&#xA;intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in summary we could sum up all of this with&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because serious GI bleeding, hepatotoxicity, and renal injury can occur without warning&#xA;symptoms or signs, consider monitoring patients on long-term NSAID treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T12:21:24.727" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T12:21:24.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24358" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-05T14:51:12.447" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any adverse reaction or interaction between Mirtazapine &amp;amp; Mesalamine &amp;amp; olanzapine, If taken in low doses(mirtazapine 7.5 &amp;amp; Olanzapine 2.5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20169" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T15:23:22.577" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T14:33:51.703" Title="interaction between Mirtazapine &amp; Mesalamine &amp; olanzapine" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-08-07T02:27:50.350" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24359" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-05T14:57:24.403" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Where can I find full list of drug _ drug interaction &amp;amp; adverse reaction, apart from pdr.net, I mean to say in a book form. What books of medical science contain these information? Please name a few. I have read Lippincott's Pharmacology but I did not find any list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20169" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-08-05T15:23:46.863" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T05:22:35.493" Title="Book of drug interactions" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24361" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24368" CreationDate="2020-08-05T18:38:15.783" Score="-1" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was on vacation this summer with some friends. At one point we bought and shared a large oyster platter. We were 5 people and all ate a lot, but a few hours later 4 of us got some serious food poisoning (we suspect the oysters since that was the first time that day we all ate at the same restaurant). The one guy who didn't get ill had been drinking heavily during the dinner, having even smuggled in a half-litre bottle of rum which he drank completely during the dinner. He claimed that he didn't get sick because all of that alcohol would have killed any bacteria in his stomach (which might very well be true, since I'm pretty sure the alcohol content of his stomach at the end of that dinner must have been around 20%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, I am really curious; could you avoid food poisoning when eating bad oysters by drinking unhealthy amounts of hard liquor at the same time? Feels kinda iffy, but if there's a chance it'd work I might try it (since I love oysters, but hate food poisoning and would happily get smashed every time I eat them if it means protection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16638" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T10:59:17.170" Title="Can alcohol prevent food poisoning?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;food-poisoning&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24359" CreationDate="2020-08-05T20:01:03.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Definitive manuals, or textbooks for drug interactions tend not to be published on their own any longer, due to their need to be constantly updated, and having been superseded by better ways to search for the information required, in a digital format. OR - they are tremendously expensive, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmpress.com/product/9780857113474/stockley&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Otherwise, drug interactions and adverse reactions are integrated into clinical pharmacology textbooks such as Rang and Dale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other study books, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/Top-100-Drugs-Pharmacology-Prescribing/dp/070207442X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;amp;keywords=prescribing&amp;amp;qid=1596656972&amp;amp;sr=8-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;, do have commonly prescribed drugs with major interactions listed per each drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United Kingdom, we tend to use the British National Formulary (BNF) which is given to all doctors in a paper-copy, but is also online - &lt;a href=&quot;https://bnf.nice.org.uk/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; which has a fully searchable interactions section. It can be bought in paper copy &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amazon.co.uk/British-National-Formulary-September-2020/dp/0857113690/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;amp;keywords=formulary&amp;amp;qid=1596657102&amp;amp;sr=8-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; - but it's not a good study book, it's a reference for working prescribers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/&lt;/a&gt; is reliable, an USA-based, with an interactions - but is again a website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to let us know what specifically you are revising for, or what you need it for - perhaps we'll be able to point you to a more specific book. :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20172" LastActivityDate="2020-08-05T20:01:03.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24364" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-06T02:13:04.097" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm starting to work with image processing trying to understand better tooth shade determination with VITA Classical A1-D4 scales.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any image DB with such images? I found a lot of medical and dental databases but none of them had anything related with that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I am exactly looking for? Images of a mouth with all or with a missing teeth, in which you can also see the tooth scale with the correct shade, like A3 or B2 for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I did not find it I am willing to create one to leave it available for future studies. So I am also looking for volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20173" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T07:32:13.643" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T07:32:13.643" Title="Is there a database with pictures of tooth shade determination procedures?" Tags="&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;&lt;periodontitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-06T05:03:03.270" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I read someone arguing against pharmaceuticals saying COVID 19 vaccine immunity would last around a year. His argument was that how do they know that it's good for a year if a year has not passed yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I answered that maybe it had to do with the fact that diseases mutate and they just measure the rate of mutation of the disease to be able to predict the lasting effect of the vaccine, but I'm not really sure about that, I'm not a medic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it work? and is there a formula for this? Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19765" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T05:03:03.270" Title="How to measure how long does a vaccine last?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24366" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24359" CreationDate="2020-08-06T05:22:35.493" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most well-known books dedicated to drug interactions and serving as a comprehensive reference for this topic specifically is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmpress.com/product/9780857113474/stockley&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stockley's Drug Interactions&lt;/a&gt;. You can find a sample chapter &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pharmpress.com/files/docs/Stockleys_Drug_Interactions_11_Sample.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Highly recommended!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T05:22:35.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24368" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24361" CreationDate="2020-08-06T10:52:11.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I assume the presupposition is that alcohol can be used as a disinfectant and therefore, can, if ingested, killed microbes that are also ingested during a meal for example - that might lead to 'food poisoning' such as Salmonella, for example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quick search for me, illustrated two key pieces of literature on the matter of alcohol preventing food poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2002, a Spanish group of Public Health doctors published potentially positive findings on the effects of alcohol on foodborne infectious outbreaks: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11481789_The_Protective_Effect_of_Alcoholic_Beverages_on_the_Occurrence_of_a_Salmonella_Food-Borne_Outbreak&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 1992 - there was also a look at The protective effect of alcohol on the occurrence of epidemic oyster-borne hepatitis A: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1637901/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; which showed that providing ABV was &amp;gt;10%, there was a protective effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There may well be more studies than this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To me - these represent small studies that provide an interesting assertion - but ultimately larger studies would be needed to confirm that alcohol may have some protective effect from food-borne infectious disease. This would be impossible to do in humans however, due to the need for ethical approval to infect people with such pathogens +/- alcohol!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The topic is broad and not easy to answer as it depends on the alcohol concentration, the evolution of the specific pathogen of resistance to alcohol lethality (that a type of Salmonella for example has shown (&lt;a href=&quot;https://concordia.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Taskova-A.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;), the pathogen itself (as 'food poisoning' is a very very broad term).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this is somewhat informative. It in no way promotes 'getting smashed' when eating Oysters though!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20172" LastEditorUserId="20172" LastEditDate="2020-08-06T10:59:17.170" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T10:59:17.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24369" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24358" CreationDate="2020-08-06T13:24:07.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;mirtazapine has a somewhat complex pharmacodynamic's: acts as an antagonist of the presynaptic alpha-2 autoreceptor and increases the release of both norepinephrine and seratonin; it is an antagonist of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors; and it acts as a potent H1 antagonist, which is associated with the sedative effects of the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;olanzapine, is a second-generation antispychotics antagonist of 5HT2a and D2 receptors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/mtm/mesalamine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs.com&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mesalamine affects a substance in the body that causes inflammation, tissue damage, and diarrhea. Mesalamine is used to treat mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Mesalamine is also used to prevent the symptoms of ulcerative colitis from recurring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Interactions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Major drug to drug interactions: mirtazapine is metabolized by several CYP450 enzymes (2D6, 3A4, 1A2). Therefore, drugs that inhibit these isoenzymes may cause an increase of mirtazapine levels (the same logic is applied to olanzapine). Also, the sedative effects of mirtazapine can be cumulative with CNS depressants, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Minor interactions: according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/mirtazapine-with-olanzapine-1640-0-1744-0.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;drugs.com&lt;/a&gt; there is in fact an interaction between mirtazapine and olanzapine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;can increase the risk of an irregular heart rhythm that may be serious and potentially life-threatening, although it is a relatively rare side effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(can't find any bibliographic reference to support this conclusion though)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;as much I was able to ascertain mesalamine does not interact with neither olanzapine nor mirtazapine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt; basic and clinical pharmacology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-08-06T14:33:51.703" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T14:33:51.703" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24370" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-06T15:23:06.340" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been printing a lot of work last night, but I accidentally placed my printed stack of paper (5 pages back to back filled printer ink) on top of a shelf below my air conditioner, next to me and went to sleep. (11pm)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I woke up at 7am with my bedsheet, face and neck soaked in water from the AC dripping above. But before it had reached me, it had bounced off my stack of paper which I use to print my work. The paper is now filled with yellow, red, blue clouds of ink spread across almost every page (black ink remains intact and visible on paper, not sure why).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’m worried that my skin and eyes was in contact or that I may have inhaled the water-soaked printer ink for hours whilst I was asleep. I show no other symptoms except some minor eye irritation when I woke up, and have since taken a shower, done laundry, and moved my bed. Should I be worried about my health (eyesight, skin, respiration) as a result of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*I use a HP printer, and its cartridge ink is type 678, both black and tri-color.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16773" LastEditorUserId="16773" LastEditDate="2020-08-06T17:53:48.610" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T17:53:48.610" Title="Is it harmful to touch/inhale soaked/liquid printer ink?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;skin-absorption&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-06T20:42:45.430" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24371" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-06T15:56:25.347" Score="4" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In hormonal contraception, two types of hormones are used; estrogens and progestogens. The progestogens are the type of hormone that is mainly responsible for the contraceptive effects. They thicken the cervical mucus, suppress the ovulatory FH surge (at least if the dosage is not too low), and have an anti-proliferative effect on the endometrium resulting in the prevention of possible implantation if the other checkpoints would fail. The estrogen was only added to the formulation by chance. As the pill was developed, John Rock experimented with norethynodrel, developed by Frank Colton in 1952. The daily dose of 10 mg effectively suppressed ovulation in all women, and no breakthrough bleeding occurred. Due to these encouraging results, Rock wanted to further purify the norethynodrel. When he tested his formulation again, breakthrough bleeding occurred. This led to the discovery that the first batch of norethynodrel was contaminated with another hormone, mestranol. Mestranol is a synthetic estrogen, apparently inhibiting breakthrough bleeding. This accidental discovery led to the addition of 150 µg of mestranol to the 10 mg of norethynodrel in the first contraceptive pill, Enovid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since then, new progestogens have been developed, allowing to drastically reduce the dose from 10 mg to something in the range around 150 µg. As the use of estrogens is contraindicated for some women due to the well established pro-thrombotic effect, progestogen-only contraceptive pills have been developed. One of the most common ones - at least in western Europe - is Cerazette, containing 75 µg of desogestrel. As already noticed by John Rock in the early 50s, omitting the estrogen leads to a higher risk of breakthrough bleeding. According to MSD, the manufacturer of Cerazette, 20% of users have no breakthrough bleeding at all, and 20% of users have very strong breakthrough bleeding, which is similar to the withdrawal bleeding in combined oral contraceptives. The other 60% of users share physiologic behavior between these two extremes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Question&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm struggling with understanding why the estrogen has such an important effect on breakthrough bleeding, and I'm unable to find a good answer to this very question. Estrogens have a proliferative effect on the endometrium, so you'd guess that this could even make things worse, isn't it? If the estrogen competes with the progestogen and the proliferative effect of the estrogen takes over, the endometrium would be able to build up. Wouldn't this mean that breakthrough bleeding could be stronger because now there is more to get rid of?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would be very pleased if someone could explain this effect in some details and maybe also point to the relevant resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20175" LastEditorUserId="20175" LastEditDate="2020-08-07T07:07:37.713" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T07:07:37.713" Title="Breakthrough bleeding on progestogen-only contraception" Tags="&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;contraception&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;estrogen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24372" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14976" CreationDate="2020-08-06T16:12:36.103" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Edited&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the therapeutic point of view escitalopram and citalopram are the same; the difference between them resides on the isomers, pharmacologically citalopram is named as R,S-citalopram and escitalopram is named as S-citalopram.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;citalopram and escitalopram are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and widely used antidepressants. Citalopram is a racemic mixture, whereas escitalopram is its S-enantiomer. Both agents have similar profiles of clinical efficacy and side effects. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2771&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubChem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KHJV3.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/KHJV3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;citalopram vs escitalopram&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Binding of R‐citalopram at the allosteric site on the 5‐HT transporter decreases the time that S‐citalopram occupies the primary site. &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_295.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since citalopram is a racemic mixture and being S-citalopram the active  ingredient, one might attempt to think that escitalopram that only has S-citalopram to be better or superior, when in fact, in terms of &lt;strong&gt;efficiency&lt;/strong&gt; they are completely the same with escitalopram being prescribed with half the dosage of the citalopram for the same therapeutic effect, but the efficiency remains the same. In terms of &lt;strong&gt;potency&lt;/strong&gt;, escitalopram, indeed, is far much potent than citalopram for that same reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presently, the claims about clinically relevant superiority of escitalopram over citalopram in short-to-medium term treatment of major depressive disorder are not supported by evidence &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829184/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Abu8Q.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Abu8Q.png&quot; alt=&quot;image&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As one can see, the SERT occupancy is practically the same for 5 mg of escitalopram that corresponds to 10 mg of citalopram and also identical for 10 mg of escitalopram that corresponds to 20 mg of citalopram.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once R‐citalopram can act with a similar mechanism as a competitive antagonist in this case, it is important to remember that those don't affect the Emax, what just happens is that more concentration is needed to achieve the same effect; also, toxicologically, it is possible to exist some differences that might be interesting to note and those be a choice factor between one and the other, however therapeutically there are none, because -kinetically they are very well studied and design to have a proportional response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Without excluding your research, when we take a closer look, we read things &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413963/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;like&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A pooled analysis from 4 trials showed a significant superiority of escitalopram versus citalopram,9 and this has been confirmed in a direct comparison of escitalopram and citalopram in severely depressed patients.23&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and then we go to articles 9 and 23, and not surprisingly the metrics that they used to use the word [superior] and better &amp;quot;efficacy&amp;quot; was based on MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) furthermore article 23 aims to conclude this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.lww.com/intclinpsychopharm/Abstract/2005/05000/Prospective,_multicentre,_randomized,_double_blind.2.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The MADRS&lt;/a&gt; score decreased more in the escitalopram than in the citalopram arm (–22.4±12.9 versus –20.3±12.7; P&amp;lt;0.05)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and by those two points they won the champions league and conclude superiority :) and the story is all the same in all the reports they cite, for instance&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00440.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There was&lt;/a&gt; a significant difference in response between escitalopram and citalopram (56 vs. 41%, respectively, p = 0.007)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everytime based upon a metrics of MADRS and in this case with a difference of 15%, which is something... but still it doesn't seem enough to call it superior or that has a better efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Personally I wouldn't go from there, these metrics are very easy to hack and the results are not so upfront as they state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your main question &amp;quot;Why does anybody still prescribe Citalopram with Escitalopram available&amp;quot;, I'd give you that, is a good question, if I might say so, they both have equivalent efficiencies; with escitalopram being more potent than citalopram; and of course we can't exclude the fact that all the data suggests that the response from escitalopram (based upon the MADRS metrics point of view) is at least slightly better than citalopram, with that being said, that doesn't mean citalopram is obsolete, it can still be a choice of treatment, however if we exclude pharmacoeconomic factors and other realms of realities such as publicity and commissions, that is a very difficult question to answer, because we can choose between one and the other: with one having a slightly better response than the other (according to MADRS metrics), it's a dilemma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my opinion they both do the job, if one does it one week earlier or if there is a difference between them of 2 points according to the MADRS protocol, they still are quite equivalent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-08-08T19:50:05.913" LastActivityDate="2020-08-08T19:50:05.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-06T17:20:08.020" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you cook a meal and then blend it and drink it, are you getting more-or-less the same amount of nutrition from the meal? Does your body absorb the nutrients in the same way as it would otherwise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems like since food turns into sludge in your stomach anyway and the blender acts as a proxy for mechanical digestion, there wouldn't be a huge difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6943" LastActivityDate="2020-08-06T17:20:08.020" Title="Is drinking blended meals just as nutritious as eating whole meals?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-08-06T20:49:01.150" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24374" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24390" CreationDate="2020-08-07T00:54:57.697" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alendronate sodium is an osteoporosis medicine commonly recommended&#xA;as a once-a-week 70 mg dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why not 35 mg twice a week? or 10 mg daily?  I am guessing that a more&#xA;steady intake like this would be just as effective but is not recommended&#xA;simply because daily doses means a daily burden (e.g., avoiding food,&#xA;avoiding lying down, within one hour of taking the medicine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9517" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T20:43:39.013" Title="Why are some medicines recommended to be taken with a high dose and low frequency?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;dosage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24375" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21700" CreationDate="2020-08-07T04:50:14.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;One technique that is also being trialled is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2020/Australian-researchers-trace-sewage-for-early-warning-COVID-19-spread&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;testing wastewater/sewerage&lt;/a&gt; for RNA from the SARS-CoV2 virus. This won't help you identify who has the virus, but it could inform a city that had previously eliminated the virus that someone has brought the virus back again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11080" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T04:50:14.733" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24378" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-07T19:03:53.160" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;If history is not available or doesn't gives a clue about the pathology, is it still possible to tell whether it is MVP or Split S2 due to pulmonary valve problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both split S2 and MVP's murmur( the systolic click) seems similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these sounds can't be differentiated based on just auscultatory findings?&#xA;And even if we have some peculiarities won't there be variations that sound similarly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried searching net and checked Harrison principles of internal med. still not getting clue.&#xA;(MVP-mitral valve prolapse)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="15648" LastEditDate="2020-08-07T19:21:56.370" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T19:21:56.370" Title="How to differentiate Split S2 from Mitral valve prolapse murmur?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24379" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13606" CreationDate="2020-08-07T23:46:32.093" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sleeping with your penis inside your partners vagina is &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;unlikely&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; to lead to harmful side-effects. &lt;strong&gt;Unless&lt;/strong&gt; performed without &lt;strong&gt;safety&lt;/strong&gt;, or in a &lt;strong&gt;chronic manner&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Urine is discharged while sleeping (as mentioned above) is a possible and if it occurs .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Anti-diuretic hormone decreases urine production at night. When the brain does not make enough ADH or when the kidney stops responding to it, more urine is produced. Nocturia affects 60% of the human adult population and, nocturnal polyuria is present in up to 80% of patients with nocturia. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/june/nocturia-a-guide-to-assessment-and-management/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nocturnal polyuria&lt;/a&gt; can be caused by low nocturnal ADH levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In females, the urethra is ~3-4 cm long, and its opening lies anterior to the vaginal opening. Its only function is to conduct urine from the bladder to the body exterior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In males, the urethra is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the only concern of urinary discharge would be from male to female. A condom would prevent this.  Another aspect to consider is different pH of genitalia between genders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Vagina has a &lt;em&gt;acidic&lt;/em&gt; pH.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The Penis has a &lt;em&gt;basic&lt;/em&gt; pH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If one is going to take part in this activity (otherwise known as &lt;em&gt;swaddling&lt;/em&gt;), safety would increase if the the male wears a condom for protection vaginas acidic pH and to protect the female from exposure to urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-08-07T23:46:32.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-08T00:03:49.860" Score="3" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;Please assume a case were a human had a plastic surgery to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar#Surgery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;revise a scar&lt;/a&gt; and the surgeon mistakenly removed a bit too much of external tissue (skin/sub-cutaneous-fat) so the scar has become much smaller but a &amp;quot;sink&amp;quot; or a &amp;quot;submergence&amp;quot; became somewhat evident.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the term for external tissue insufficiency after surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20180" LastEditorUserId="20180" LastEditDate="2020-08-08T12:48:47.533" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T01:35:08.973" Title="What is the term for external tissue insufficiency due to surgery?" Tags="&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-08T16:08:39.603" Score="3" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently it has been reported some dogs and cats getting covid-19. This doesnt seem to be so common I suppose, since we only hear about a few cases but I'm assuming they can transmit the virus anyway. I know there are several techniques for developing vaccines, but anyway, how would this work? Could any vaccine developed for humans work on animals who gets the same virus? None would work? All would work? Is there any info about vaccines developed for humans working in animals who gets the same virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-08-08T16:08:39.603" Title="Would a vaccine made for humans work on animals who can get the same virus?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24384" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24380" CreationDate="2020-08-09T01:35:08.973" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;To be clear with Surgery Nomenclature, it does not matter how the injury was inflicted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term you are seeking is: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Depressed Cutaneous Scar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;. More information &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190962287701509&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;(Pay-wall), and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uclahealth.org/vitalsigns/treatment-options-to-minimize-scar-damage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Colloquially known as '&lt;a href=&quot;https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acne-scarring/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;icepick scars&lt;/a&gt;')&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Depressed cutaneous scar treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A common surgical treatment option is known as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://dermnetnz.org/topics/subcision/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Subcision&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;...involves sliding a needle under the skin to release scar tissue, accompanied by saline injections to stimulate production of new collagen.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other forms of treatment include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dermabrasion&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laser treatment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Laser-assisted drug delivery&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uclahealth.org/vitalsigns/treatment-options-to-minimize-scar-damage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More information here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T01:35:08.973" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24385" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21536" CreationDate="2020-08-09T05:24:12.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as treatments are concerned, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.covid-trials.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.covid-trials.org/&lt;/a&gt;. It allows you to filter results by trial status (completed, recruiting, etc.), treatment and location. It also has links to trial results (where available) and registry information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It does not have information on vaccine candidates, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thorlund A, Dron L, Park J, et al. A real-time dashboard of clinical trials for COVID-19. The Lancet Digital Health [Internet]. 2020 Apr 24 [cited 2020 Aug 9];2(6):E286–E287. Available from: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(20)30086-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-7500(20)30086-8/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20184" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T05:24:12.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24386" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-09T11:59:50.060" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Thinking mostly of the elastomeric reusable respirators like 3M 6200, 3M 6800. Why not just exhale through the filters? Then it protects both ways. Would that be a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20187" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T11:59:50.060" Title="Why do respirators have separate inhalation and exhalation valves?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-09T19:29:47.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24388" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17575" CreationDate="2020-08-09T15:14:09.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although ACCP recommends 7- to 10-day aspirin intake cessation before surgery in patients with low cardiovascular risk, the results of our study suggest that aspirin intake cessation not longer than 96 hours can be adequate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recommendation to stop aspirin intake for 7 to 10 days is based only on the concern for the mature platelets during exposure to aspirin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008770/#!po=66.9355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008770/#!po=66.9355&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some mechanisms that may modulate the antiplatelet effects in the presence of aspirin and after aspirin cessation:-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Immature platelets, which are reticulated and larger, have less attenuated and more elevated platelet activity than mature platelets in the presence of aspirin. Moreover, the inhibition of human megakaryocyte cyclooxygenase with low doses of aspirin is incomplete, and megakaryocyte cyclooxygenase seems to recover within 12 hours after aspirin ingestion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interruption of the platelet function by aspirin results in the production of new platelets, presumably through the action of a feedback system controlling thrombocytopoiesis. These newly formed platelets may help in speedy recovery of the platelet activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These mechanisms above are responsible for speedy recovery of platelet activity before the average lifespan of platelets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concern for mature platelets (as I have mentioned in the quotation box) can also be applied to individuals before platelet donation i.e to wait for average lifetime of platelets which is 7-10 days (the duration which you are backing up in your question, without any reference, at least for me) before donation. Otherwise, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/76724/1/9789241548519_eng.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;who&lt;/a&gt; guidelines one must defer from donating blood 5 days after taking aspirin and 48 hrs after taking other NSAIDS (The blood bank nearby me defer from donating for 3 days).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastEditorUserId="15514" LastEditDate="2020-08-09T17:16:06.877" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T17:16:06.877" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1289" CreationDate="2020-08-09T19:21:25.000" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are some statistics:&#xA;Each year, an estimated 6.8 million people in the U.S. donate blood.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/how-to-donate/how-blood-donations-help/blood-needs-blood-supply.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;13.6 million&lt;/a&gt; whole blood and red blood cells are collected in the U.S. in a year.&#xA;Giving blood saves &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.stridehealth.com/post/save-3-lives-with-1-blood-donation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4.5 million&lt;/a&gt; lives each year in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Jehovah's Witness patients' decision to forego transfusions for major surgical procedures appears to add &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/risk-blood-transfusion-illegal-breach-confidentiality-addendum-reply-furul&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;0.5% to 1.5% mortality&lt;/a&gt; to the overall operative risk&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;13.6 million blood donations is used for 4.5 million people. This is .33 people per donation. Using the Jehovah's Witness information then about .5 to 1.5 % of these would actually die without blood. This is .0016 to .0050 people per blood transfusion. So this implies something like 200 to 600 blood transfusions to save a life. At first glance this seems small which is why the number is not readily available. However, you can look at it another way. People who need blood are often of middle age where they have a life expectancy of 30 years or about 8,000 days. So you are saving somewhere between 13 and 40 days of life for every blood donation on the average. One hour or so and 13-40 days of life are added. This seems wonderful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20188" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-08-09T20:50:29.293" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T20:50:29.293" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24390" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24374" CreationDate="2020-08-09T20:43:39.013" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually, according to the official drug label found &lt;a href=&quot;https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/drugbank/fda_labels/DB00630.pdf?1554415365&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, 3 out of 5 indications allow several dosage regimens that include those you asked about:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.1 Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The recommended dosage is:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 70 mg tablet once weekly&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one bottle of 70 mg oral solution once weekly&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 10 mg tablet once daily&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.2 Prevention of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The recommended dosage is:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 35 mg tablet once weekly&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 5 mg tablet once daily&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.3 Treatment to Increase Bone Mass in Men with Osteoporosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The recommended dosage is:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 70 mg tablet once weekly&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one bottle of 70 mg oral solution once weekly&lt;br&gt;&#xA;or&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;one 10 mg tablet once daily&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, check out &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10746426/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt;. It compared the efficacy and safety of treatment with oral once-weekly alendronate 70 mg (N=519), twice-weekly alendronate 35 mg (N=369), and daily alendronate 10 mg in a one-year, double-blind, multicenter study of postmenopausal women (ages 42 to 95) with osteoporosis.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;The findings indicate that &amp;quot;both of the new regimens fully satisfied the equivalence criteria relative to daily therapy&amp;quot;, which means that the first dosage regimen was 10 mg/day, which has later been altered for higher dose over a longer interval for increasing compliance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the reason that it doesn't really matter which dosage regimen you will adopt is probably related to alendronate's ridiculously long half-life, due to its tendency to concentrate in the bones and seep out very very slowly. So it has been calculated that 10 mg/day is the daily dose you need to enjoy the desired effect, and since the drug accumulates in the bones, its serum concentrations over relatively short time intervals (e.g., days) do not matter, so you can choose whichever way you want to take the drug, provided that you adhere to the correct dose you should be taking every time you take your dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-08-09T20:43:39.013" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24391" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24394" CreationDate="2020-08-10T00:07:48.563" Score="5" ViewCount="2123" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw this type of face masks on a 'building tools' store (like home depot), and on the label said, among other things in chinese and english,   &lt;em&gt;non medical&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AldzhSzHEZ0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;KN95 Masks Explained&lt;/a&gt; mentions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These masks, like NIOSH N95 masks, provide protection from 95% of particles that are greater than .3 microns in diameter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However do they also protect even when says &lt;em&gt;non medical&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Update&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've got one and as you can see the only difference with a medical mask is the FDA label (notice the upper RHS, there is none), as pointed out by @BobE. The brand is exactly the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OKex4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OKex4.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;inside the cover was this paper&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RO9DI.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RO9DI.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is the pic with the FDA label (notice the upper RHS, the FDA label)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D02qe.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/D02qe.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17725" LastEditorUserId="17725" LastEditDate="2020-08-10T17:35:20.963" LastActivityDate="2021-01-29T12:00:38.253" Title="Does a KN95 that says 'non medical' helps to protect against COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;personal-protective-equipment&gt;&lt;protection&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="17" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T00:30:19.953" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a reliable, accessible blood test kit that can be administered at home to monitor hypernatrimia ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that because sodium does not produce colored compounds, serum sodium cannot be measured easily at home.  Is this really the case? Is there a workaround?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20189" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T00:30:19.953" Title="DIY hypernatrimia test" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24393" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T02:41:31.477" Score="4" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently inquiring into &lt;a href=&quot;https://covidtracking.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the COVID Tracking Project&lt;/a&gt; for a first-year university course. I would like to give some historical context, i.e. past attempts at pandemic tracking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching the web revealed very little information on this topic, and it is unlikely that a 2003 SARS tracking site (if there was such a thing) would still be available for analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are current pandemic resources such as the COVID Tracking Project totally unprecedented in terms of completeness and sophistication, or do they stand on the shoulders of earlier undertakings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20190" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T22:13:24.277" Title="How sophisticated were efforts to track the spread of past pandemics for public information?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;history&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24394" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24391" CreationDate="2020-08-10T02:46:06.697" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, in order for a mask to be labeled &amp;quot;medical&amp;quot;, that mask must be approved by the FDA as a medical device. With so many new people manufacturing masks coupled with the public demand for masks, it is likely not profitable to delay to seek FDA approval. The FDA also is unlikely to approve a new manufacturer's mask without ASTM testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, it is possible that these KN95 masks are a functional equivalent to N95 masks approved for medical use, but have not yet been approved by FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Keep in mind that that coronavirus particles (fancy scientific name “virions”) are spheres with diameters of approximately 0.125 microns (125 nm). The smallest particles are 0.06 microns, and the largest are 0.14 microns. (Lancet)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/can-masks-capture-coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article here&lt;/a&gt; may be useful to help you sort through the efficiency of masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="19958" LastEditDate="2020-08-28T12:51:13.310" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T12:51:13.310" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T05:00:46.630" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know there are 2 different forms of ICD10 for diagnoses&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the first is the australian version ICD10 AM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the other is ICD10 CM ( i dont know what is CM is short for )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know there are Codes for procedures&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ICD10 PCS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched the net I could not find anything specific for ICD10 AM PCS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is there any specific version of procedure for Australia?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T05:00:46.630" Title="Is there ICD-10 AM PCS?" Tags="&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24396" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T11:03:45.270" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;NOT A DUPLICATE OF: &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/793/can-food-make-you-put-on-more-weight-than-its-own-weight&quot;&gt;Can food make you put on more weight than it&amp;#39;s own weight?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That question diverges off into stuff about calories and energy density and other stuff, which I'm not interested in here. And doesn't seem to talk much about time-frames. The answers either address the calories, or talk about conservation of mass, which is clearly not what is interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose I eat a pound of something (cake, or chocolate, say. Or a second portion of pasta salad).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, 1 minute after I eat it, I will be 1 pound heavier, but that's not very interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;And 1 week later, it seems extremely likely that I will be &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; amount heavier than I would have been if I had done everything else &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; the same, but not eaten the cake.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note, that I'm deliberately excluding any &lt;strong&gt;behavioural&lt;/strong&gt; changes! Assume that the difference between eating it and not eating is literally the only the food entering my mouth.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there complex biological processes that could lead to me being &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; than 1 pound heavier, after that week?&lt;/strong&gt; Or is the weight-gain tied to a single consumption strictly bounded by the mass of that consumption?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For those wondering what I might be imagining ... I don't know, maybe the body stores 2 &lt;em&gt;extra&lt;/em&gt; molecules of X (that it would otherwise have not digested at all) for every molecule of Y that it ingested, in the previous day. i.e. having eaten the cake on Monday means that I retain more of the food I ingest on Tuesday, than I would otherwise have retained.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or maybe there's some complex process whereby oxygen in the blood gets captured and stored with the ingested food over time, so that the extra mass comes from air breathed in over the course of the next day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm no biologist, so I haven't the faintest idea what could be plausible and what could be utterly ridiculous. Hence the question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17417" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T11:03:45.270" Title="Can eating food cause you to gain more weight than the mass of that food, over time" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;weight-loss&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-08-10T15:22:42.530" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24391" CreationDate="2020-08-10T11:17:35.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Typically for an N95 mask to be considered &amp;quot;medical grade&amp;quot; it must be compatible with a sterile environment, such as by filtering both inhaled and exhaled air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgical masks provide some filtration of exhaled air, which is why they're useful in surgury (e.g. keep saliva off an operating region).&#xA;I have an N95 mask advertised for environments with dust and smoke (e.g. to wear while working with soil to &lt;a href=&quot;https://worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/legionnaires-disease/legionnaires-disease-and-legionellosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prevent Legionnaires' disease&lt;/a&gt;). In these environments there's no need to filter air on the exhale; such filter would add to cost and increase the effort to exhale. For this reason &amp;quot;medical grade&amp;quot; N95 masks may be more expensive and more humid than those with a valve for exhaling air.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless there's a significant difference in how the filters are manufactured, then these masks are effectively the same for filtration of inhaled air. If medical grade masks were able to filter 99% of particles within a given size range then they would be N99 masks, not N95 masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However as @BobE mentioned &amp;quot;medical grade&amp;quot; likely must pass further tests and conform to other regulations (and perhaps requiring more expensive quality control measures) which would drive up the prices and could delay a product from reaching market.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20191" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T11:17:35.530" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T12:37:57.383" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past few weeks I've seen news that Covid-19 infection is often followed by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/heart-damage-lingers-covid-19-patients-even-after-recovery-n1235077&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;myocarditis&lt;/a&gt; or effects similar to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/health/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-covid-19-survivors-wellness/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;chronic fatigue syndrome&lt;/a&gt; (though it is simply too soon to call it CFS).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because both these conditions can be induced by Epstein-Barr and enterovirus, and because both are debilitating conditions for which attempts to exercise can actually be &lt;em&gt;harmful&lt;/em&gt;, I find myself wondering how much they have in common.  I see a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/news/20030414/tricky-heart-may-cause-chronic-fatigue&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hint&lt;/a&gt; in this direction (but not using the word myocarditis) but didn't find anything conclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am thinking that myocarditis can either be asymptomatic or cause severe chest pain ... so, what if a person feels nothing consciously, but receives autonomic input via visceral afferent fibers, presumably of the vagus nerve?  Possibly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700720/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TNF-alpha&lt;/a&gt; could be involved in the initial stimulus?  Could that signal that the heart is damaged and direct a &amp;quot;lock-down&amp;quot; of all activities requiring increased circulation?  Perhaps this could be a reflex or some sort of operant conditioning when the heart is stressed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Posted at biology; a commenter suggested to ask here]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17961" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T14:20:17.033" Title="Is chronic fatigue syndrome a symptom of myocarditis?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24399" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24391" CreationDate="2020-08-10T18:45:25.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mask protects people from &lt;strong&gt;the person wearing the mask&lt;/strong&gt;.  In surgery, my colleagues and I wear a mask to protect the patient's open wound from me.  Do not make the mistake of thinking that you, as the mask wearer, are conferring a degree of protection that provides safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-08-10T18:45:25.767" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24409" CreationDate="2020-08-10T20:09:38.093" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that RT-PCR testing can detect coronavirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering whether a presymptomatic carrier (I don't know if the terminology is correct, but I mean someone for which the virus is in the 'incubation period') would test positive with RT PCR testing ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this is off-topic, I haven't been able to find answers on the internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20197" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:36:54.360" Title="Do presymptomatic people test PCR-positive" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T22:39:58.100" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to eliminate the groups of placebos in all those clinical trials that have a precision medicine nature? Since if it is precision medicine, it is supposed to cure 100% of those affected by the disease, and what you have to do is compare with the common statistics associated with those who suffer from the disease.&#xA;After all, if everyone is cured by the placebo effect, the substance (in terms of its psychological effect) is a success in treating the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At minute 6 in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/IWu6XWzbPBs?t=360&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/IWu6XWzbPBs?t=360&lt;/a&gt; video there are some examples.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastEditorUserId="14531" LastEditDate="2020-08-18T23:53:26.320" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T23:53:26.320" Title="The placebo effect" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;&lt;antigen&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-18T04:38:40.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24402" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-10T23:21:34.697" Score="4" ViewCount="100" Body="&lt;p&gt;A group of scientist developed Equine polyclonal antibodies (EpAbs) obtained after immunization of horses with the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 viral Spike glycoprotein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/109721/CONICET_Digital_Nro.fc553c2e-822b-4dc9-a565-b1643e81943c_A.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/109721/CONICET_Digital_Nro.fc553c2e-822b-4dc9-a565-b1643e81943c_A.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can this method of immunization serve as COVID-19 vaccine for humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastEditorUserId="14531" LastEditDate="2020-09-18T01:25:56.223" LastActivityDate="2020-09-18T01:25:56.223" Title="Can this method of immunization for horses serve as a COVID-19 vaccine for humans?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24403" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-11T02:45:48.337" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient was bitten by a tick and carried the tick on his skin for 5/6 days (which got engorged at the end).&#xA;Then the tick dropped spontaneously.&#xA;He has been prescribed a preventive antibiotic course of 3 weeks with doxycycline 100mg.&#xA;After only 3 days he dismissed the antibiotic intake, due to strong gastric reaction.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;He has been prescribed a new antibiotic course of Bactrim 80/400 mg (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole).&#xA;Due to the different mechanism of action of doxycycline in respect to Bactrim, can the patient develop a bacterial strain resistant to doxycycline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15986" LastEditorUserId="15986" LastEditDate="2020-08-11T04:09:18.883" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T04:09:18.883" Title="Tick bite treatment. Doxycycline intake suspended after 3 days only. If substituted by Bactrim, is there a risk to develop bacteria resistant?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24405" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-11T07:19:30.213" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading Burket’s Oral Medicine, Chapter - 4 on ‘Ulcerative, Vesicular, And Bullous Lesions’.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Under Herpesvirus infections, the author has this to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Animal studies on hamster cheek pouches show an enhanced development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma when HSV1 infection is combined with &lt;strong&gt;topical snuff.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried to google that but couldn’t find a definite answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17742" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T12:01:45.180" Title="What is topical snuff?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24406" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-11T08:51:00.590" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hello fellow scientists,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I work in a hospital where a lot of processes are digitalized (e.g., electronic health records, QR-code assisted workflow for prescribing medication etc.). I am looking for research on whether the failure (as in, acute breakdown) of such systems and returning to analog systems (e.g., documenting charts on paper, filling prescriptions per hand, etc.) does increase the number of errors made or the number of adverse events that occur. Furthermore, I would like to know if the number of errors / adverse events would be higher than they were before implementing the digitalized workflows.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have been scouring the literature for several days now, without success. Does anybody, perchance, know more on the subject, and can you point me in the right direction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20199" LastEditorUserId="20199" LastEditDate="2020-08-11T14:23:15.453" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T14:23:15.453" Title="Is there solid data whether abandoning information technology in healthcare increases adverse events or errors made?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24407" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24405" CreationDate="2020-08-11T11:22:44.007" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Topical products are applied directly to a part of the body, whereas other products are administered in other (more specific) ways. For example, oral products are used in or around the mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Snuff is a smokeless tobacco made from ground or pulverised tobacco leaves. Snuff is dry and usually consumed via the nasal route (via the nose) by sniffing it. In the case presented, the snuff is used topically (in hamster cheek pouches), probably in the form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;snus&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipping_tobacco&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dipping tobacco&lt;/a&gt;, both of which are wet powdered smokeless tobacco products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:22:44.007" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24408" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24405" CreationDate="2020-08-11T11:29:55.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think it is a form of  tobacco. Since the main etiology for squamous cell carcinoma is tobacco consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tobacco and alcohol are the two most important known risk factors for the development of oral cancer.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.indianjcancer.com/article.asp?issn=0019-509X;year=2006;volume=43;issue=2;spage=60;epage=66;aulast=Mehrotra&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5028589/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Herpes simplex virus (HSV) may enhance the development of oral carcinoma in individuals who are already at increased risk of the disease because of tobacco consumption and cigarette smoking and so must be considered as a possible etiologic agent in oral cancer and precancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yeah, the snuff should be a form of tobacco only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also interestingly I found that study which the Burket's is referring to-&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cheek-pouch&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hamster study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:29:55.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24409" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24400" CreationDate="2020-08-11T11:36:54.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Presymptomatic patients with coronavirus may test positive with RT PCR (see: Kim, Jeong et al. Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic carriers and presymptomatic patients. Int J Inf Dis Vol.95, P441-443, June 01, 2020.) Presymptomatic patients may also be infectious (see: Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1406–1407. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2565)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this answers your question. Best regards&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20199" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:36:54.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24410" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24346" CreationDate="2020-08-11T11:56:38.677" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;For calculation of Bp and CO,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bp = CO * TPR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CO =  SV * HR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where tpr is total peripheral resistance, HR is heart rate(bpm), SV is stroke volume&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SV = End diastolic vol - end systolic vol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, there isn't any direct graphs for relation between BP and SV, theoretically we can see BP varies linearly with SV. However more important are changes which are observed with alterations,&#xA;Important to understand is about Frank Starling Law, simply stated it tells volume of ejected blood in systole depends on initial fibre stretch of ventricular fibres(or otherwise stated venous return or blood that was present at end diastolic volume(EDV))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now SV = EDV - ESV,&#xA;and as per frank starling law, SV should depend on EDV but actually it means contractility of heart fibres has increased, (more elastic energy stored provided upto a physiologic limit)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also EDV depends on blood returning to heart which is Venous return(VR) (it is just opposite end of CO)&#xA;(ESV depends on contractility of heart, TPR, but I don't think we have graphs for actually stating that)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, CO = VR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Our circulatory system is a closed circuit, here we are counting changes in osmotic, hydrostatic pressure, etc. in pathologic conditions, however above equation will still hold true for changes, until compensatory mechanisms start to act(see below))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It means if BP is to be defined,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bp = CO * TPR&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is Blood flow(CO) times Resistence of vessel(TPR)[which follows ohm's law normally]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and now since above we have shown how CO depends on VR which also relates to SV, hence BP and SV dependent linearly(upto physiological limits)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look at graph below:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/19Lv6.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/19Lv6.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Solid lines intersect at physiologic operating point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lets think about CO (red) left shift -&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased inotropy (more blood pumped as contractility increased)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;decreased TPR (it will be easier to pump more for decreased amount of&#xA;resistance/afterload)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(changes occur in tandem)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What it leads to&lt;/strong&gt;- increased CO at a lesser VR(see intersection of bold&#xA;dashed red and solid blue lines)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lets think about VR(blue) upward shift&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased venous return&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What it leads to&lt;/strong&gt;- increased CO with increased VR(see intersection of bold dashed blue and solid red lines)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now let us finally see relation between left ventricular pressure(which actually will decide systolic BP) and left ventricular volume.(i.e roughly relation between BP and SV)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gUEdV.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gUEdV.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;firstly understand systolic BP will be highest point between aortic valve opening and closing.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diastolic will be when aortic valve just opens&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Afterload(TPR) increased leads to increased aortic pressure, which causes lesser amount of blood to be pumped because valve closes earlier, so lesser SV&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contractility increased leads in more blood being pumped, SV increased&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Increased preload, causes increased SV (frank staring law, because increase VR causes more fibre stretch and increased contractility)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Above graph tells about changes at level of heart, now local organ CO will depend on organ needs and local factors like vasodilation, vasocontriction, hormonal changes will also play ultimately all maintaining tissue perfusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although for accounting local factors you need to search for graphs of perfusion for each organ separately, following table may be useful. Use it in conjunction with above information which forms the global relation for BP and SV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refer to this table for CO % of various organs, from Guyton and Hall(12ed pg 192)&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fIOxg.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fIOxg.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For muscle part of calculation assume blood flow to skeletal muscles average - 3 to 4 ml/min/100g of muscle [Guyton and hall Pg 243]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source of graphs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1st graph&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;2nd graph First Aid Step 1, 30th ed, pg 287&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T11:56:38.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24411" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24444" CreationDate="2020-08-11T14:18:14.147" Score="2" ViewCount="142" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am seeing more people wearing a shield rather then a mask in public. I read &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23675/are-transparent-face-shields-without-masks-respirators-reasonably-effective-at&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; here that talked about a mask alone as protection. To summarize the answer it was maybe a shield alone offers some protection to the wearer of the shield. But did not discuss if a shield helped the person wearing the shield from spreading a disease like COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is does a shield help (to any significant degree) the wearer from spreading COVID-19 in the same way as a mask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear a shield is a clear plastic face shield and a mask is a mouth and nose covering that offers some respiratory filtration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20200" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T20:52:29.427" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T20:52:29.427" Title="Is using a shield rather then a mask effective with COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24412" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24398" CreationDate="2020-08-11T14:20:17.033" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While you seem to be asking several questions in this thread, I will try to answer them as well as I can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is chronic fatigue syndrome a symptom of myocarditis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, chronic fatigue syndrome can not be a symptom of myocarditis because CFS is a specific, separate medical condition that is pathophysiologically understood to be neurological, immunological, or endocrine in nature. Moreover, CFS is a chronic condition, while myocarditis is (mostly) an acute illness. A better question could be: &amp;quot;Are CFS and myocarditis etiologically similar?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;because both these conditions can be induced by Epstein-Barr and enterovirus, and because both are debilitating conditions for which attempts to exercise can actually be harmful, I find myself wondering how much they have in common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While this is true, there are plenty of other causes for myocarditis (e.g., other viruses, bacteria, autoimmune disease, toxins like alcohol or heavy metals, etc.). The reason why exercise can be harmful in these patients is inherently different. While CFS patients usually just experience a subjective worsening of their symptoms, myocarditis patients suffer from heart failure due to their typically reduced ejection fraction, leading to a potentially fatal arrhythmia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Possibly TNF-alpha could be involved in the initial stimulus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It most certainly is. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883509/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Research&lt;/a&gt; has &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC548425/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shown&lt;/a&gt; that TNF-alpha promotes myocarditis, which comes at no surprise since TNF-alpha is a cytokine that is virtually ubiquitous in all inflammation involving macrophages, T-cells and NK cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could that signal that the heart is damaged and direct a &amp;quot;lock-down&amp;quot; of all activities requiring increased circulation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no real &amp;quot;lock-down&amp;quot; of activities requiring increased circulation in myocarditis; your heart just does not pump enough blood due to the muscle tissue being inflamed. Loss of function (&amp;quot;functio laesa&amp;quot;) was identified by Galen as a sign of &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; inflammation. It is understood to be either a neurological response to pain, or caused by swollen tissue inhibiting movement, or both. All this is not exclusive to myocarditis, but rather the final common path of all inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this helps to answer your questions!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20199" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T14:20:17.033" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24414" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-11T15:08:30.570" Score="2" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am doing research on treatment plans and protocols in order to design software to minimize error when indicating medicine, procedures, exams, etc. We also want to monitor treatment and somehow adherence to the protocol. We started working with lymphoblastic leukemia in children and have seen the types of diagrams attached to the end of this question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are these diagrams called?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a formal, documented notation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are they used to specify anything other than oncological treatments?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OkjUh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/OkjUh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pugJQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pugJQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/myf8Z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/myf8Z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20201" LastEditorUserId="20201" LastEditDate="2020-08-11T16:31:06.620" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T21:49:45.637" Title="Do these diagrams have an official name (treatment plan, treatment schedule, protocol)" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24415" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-11T17:20:34.607" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;If using reusable elastomeric respirators with dual filters (e.g. 3M 6200, 7502, or 6800) in medical settings with potential contact with Covid positive people, in order to conserve the limited number of filters (e.g. 3M 2091, 2097, 7091, or 7093), is it advisable to just seal one inhalation valve completely shut, so as to use only 1 filter cartridge per person? Is there a concern with this method?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20204" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T17:20:34.607" Title="Strategies to conserve filters" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24416" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21175" CreationDate="2020-08-11T19:37:11.953" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a known fact that STDs are more easily transmitted by unprotected anal intercourse. As some STDs are known to (rarely) cause endocarditis, it seems plausible to me that unprotected anal intercourse increases the risk of an endocarditis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could, however, find no statistical analysis on the relationship between (receptive) anal intercourses and endocarditis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The bacterium causing gonorrhoea is known to lead to endocarditis in rare cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Untreated infection with gonococcus may lead to transient bacteremia, arthritis, or dermatitis. More severe sequelae such as endocarditis and meningitis are rare.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780056/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Whitlow CB. Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2004;17(4):209-214. doi:10.1055/s-2004-836940&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In ascending infections, the posterior part of the urethra may become infected (posterior gonorrheal urethritis). Patients may also develop prostatitis, vesiculitis, funiculitis, epididymitis, Cowperitis, cavernitis, or even gonococcal sepsis, perihepatitis gonorrhoica, endocarditis, meningitis, or gonarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ddg.12310&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sexually Transmitted Infections&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journalmc.org/index.php/JMC/article/view/1946/1414&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a case report of a patient with HIV who got infected by&#xA;Enterococci and developed an endocarditis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottom line: Be safe and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/sexual-health/does-anal-sex-have-any-health-risks/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;always use protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T19:37:11.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21767" CreationDate="2020-08-11T21:53:30.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It took a while, but it has now been published in &lt;strong&gt;Nature&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2488-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italian municipality of Vo’&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;by Enrico Lavezzo, Elisa Franchin, […]Andrea Crisanti, Nature (2020). Published: 30 June 2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be the same content as the preprint linked and discussed by @Fizz in &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/21781/19739&quot;&gt;their answer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On 21 February 2020, a resident of the municipality of Vo’, a small&#xA;town near Padua (Italy), died of pneumonia due to severe acute&#xA;respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection1. This was&#xA;the first coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)-related death detected in&#xA;Italy since the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the Chinese city of Wuhan,&#xA;Hubei province2. In response, the regional authorities imposed the&#xA;lockdown of the whole municipality for 14 days3. Here we collected&#xA;information on the demography, clinical presentation, hospitalization,&#xA;contact network and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in&#xA;nasopharyngeal swabs for 85.9% and 71.5% of the population of Vo’ at&#xA;two consecutive time points. From the first survey, which was&#xA;conducted around the time the town lockdown started, we found a&#xA;prevalence of infection of 2.6% (95% confidence interval (CI):&#xA;2.1–3.3%). From the second survey, which was conducted at the end of the lockdown, we found a prevalence of 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8–1.8%).&#xA;Notably, 42.5% (95% CI: 31.5–54.6%) of the confirmed SARS-CoV-2&#xA;infections detected across the two surveys were asymptomatic (that is,&#xA;did not have symptoms at the time of swab testing and did not develop&#xA;symptoms afterwards). The mean serial interval was 7.2 days (95% CI:&#xA;5.9–9.6). We found no statistically significant difference in the viral load of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections (P = 0.62 and&#xA;0.74 for E and RdRp genes, respectively, exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test). This study sheds light on the frequency of asymptomatic&#xA;SARS-CoV-2 infection, their infectivity (as measured by the viral&#xA;load) and provides insights into its transmission dynamics and the&#xA;efficacy of the implemented control measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19739" LastActivityDate="2020-08-11T21:53:30.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24420" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24430" CreationDate="2020-08-12T07:59:38.153" Score="2" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/sprain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According to Cambridge Dictionary&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;quot;sprain&amp;quot; means&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an injury to a joint (= a place where two bones are connected) caused by a sudden movement&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do &amp;quot;a joint sprain&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;a joint displacement&amp;quot; mean the same thing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20205" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T21:25:23.150" Title="Do &quot;a joint sprain&quot; and &quot;a joint displacement&quot; mean the same thing?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24421" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24414" CreationDate="2020-08-12T08:30:40.113" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first one is a Treatment Schedule from the Acute Myeloid Leukemia - Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster Study of 2004.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image can be found on page 39 of the article found here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/122/1/37/31565/Randomized-trial-comparing-liposomal-daunorubicin?utm_source=TrendMD&amp;amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Blood_TrendMD_0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Randomized trial comparing liposomal daunorubicin with idarubicin as induction for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: results from Study AML-BFM 2004&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ursula Creutzig, Martin Zimmermann, Jean-Pierre Bourquin, Michael N. Dworzak, Gudrun Fleischhack, Norbert Graf, Thomas Klingebiel, Bernhard Kremens, Thomas Lehrnbecher, Christine von Neuhoff, Jörg Ritter, Annette Sander, André Schrauder, Arend von Stackelberg, Jan Starý, Dirk Reinhardt&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/37.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA64wggOqBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggObMIIDlwIBADCCA5AGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM_VrH0Rf70gZuw5T2AgEQgIIDYcOWIhs0Lv4vYlV5FjgJfhQAXHxWUq6cQq0XZPbONpLtfap7lV1a5yR-JMDV04eAiqYbO9vBq5P5JX-H2qGRiJUiMWH6HXD2zREnwoaZhKbIEhiwCgKa5kdnA9-n6Z0smWy_6CQa7iLiAeF6PEivK4YPhL1dInvX6BdQrGOliHu6ZQn_ihYgoO-M6GRkf7QC9rWYQHoHOE3g5WUHat56Cxn907eQwIlnS1kl-bW932J6oNJL3bEyPCXanXFarEwCY9tKXYaQFoJkcu2mCWUBuZCBA1jZZwqZ3VBUPAsdboCGsFsN4lba6Zgl3s0c5hzSImXdRP3FkZ0n2UzsaPPjke4gMRz5DQOkvcwraSBWwoBRy0GRFtiBKYzkrp6LxyD3B5TsaSOnCgSpPwN33c-hdy2nbMkT_eLB-uaGtGB-n-9sDiJ2hjHKtbVBVH54iWpX4DtDuye2uBf8lBGin4PbT_SqimqcNLA6eNmZA-obAAG6Tr3Jo1M9AlSOgpx9Rt7glaxgJCnJXsoApu_HpprOZWi8s2_ElFkSXOJ5s3O2C3pFoagaZxN3RYGlxRxwidzd3hUUeHNYTrOdVx5PRxrBbADGzMy0PskqbmB3XIjx5xx3jU9CLvHCmktXIpZKGTp4r1E-OXwPAH5ztovyIfQY5QXENzn_YmziDHTP_3zN1cf9AfLXz3YwN2ZEOKfH1OthIKKxbnjqq0YD6hCp1Ch7QsPzoDI2N171a2TQhxvgvWvX143mpbN17s96zlfgAAb-ik9pEZ0g8Odr41f9GQkP-xdPrsRyPPEiuY11DaIC3OTsQmUXhS_tGwoDrzL3aevOe7X2af5hyT6eGaJHKJLeSy1b1Ogt5JxiJNQBHNRiMb2nHEfaB6lO_uPV27bP7rBZf1SLm4GH5paKMvhnAfersBPq-mnW1xELmbdS1C9K2zXOYQDbmXmy_IYPYJqP7-vP_cPdMJ9yTmhFbEGfDeBzs9t8zzsU9VpXI8LvCtHBQ9tYtM-psve3hnHNeNVtDZ2S9vm8wZybtIZ8rd8a7Vmxkz79J-33dYYrl3xjNygHz1obZeoKi4nMzq_nL1ELQ-LHELuoh87j__U8msbVTBCE5bixFa96LsyK-EcmP9CrK6sDWol91wAefyj_C8rqcGdas0M&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;BLOOD, 4 JULY 2013 x VOLUME 122, NUMBER 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T08:30:40.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24422" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5023" CreationDate="2020-08-12T09:17:48.233" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Today, there is a trend to go for two-piece restoration. One pice (base) is placed on the day of surgery on the implant and remains there. the second piece (abutment with crown, or one-piece implant-crow) comes o top.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The recent scientific evidence shows that keeping the biological barrier around the implant and base intact. This limits the chances to see bacteria migrating along with the prosthesis towards the implant - often cause of mucositis/peri-implantitis. See an illustration here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.teeth4all.org/getting-treated-with-dental-implants/complications-with-implants/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.teeth4all.org/getting-treated-with-dental-implants/complications-with-implants/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to the crown, a one-piece solution where the abutment and crown are 'merged' together present better longevity and less need of repairs (due to porcelain chipping). This option is esthetic enough for prosthesis not too visible when smiling (i.e. posterior region).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the anterior region, visible when smiling, two-pieces solution offers the flexibility to the dental technician to produce highly esthetic prosthesis. In the anterior region, as the chewing forces are lower, the problem of chipping is less frequent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See an illustration here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.teeth4all.org/all-about-dental-implants/dental-prosthesis/#Prosthesis-type&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.teeth4all.org/all-about-dental-implants/dental-prosthesis/#Prosthesis-type&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall the one-piece solution is cheaper than the two-piece one, but the level of aesthetics might be lower while its strength is higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explanation above was for the restorative part. For the implant part, the trend is to use the two-piece part. The rationale is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having an implant at the bone level and the restoration screwed on top, through the gingiva offers flexibility. Always consider the future development of the patient condition: if there is some gingiva recession, then the restoration can then be swapped for a shorter one and the implant will not show up. New implants/prostheses might be added and, and, being bone level offers more flexibility if the prosthesis must be changed (insertion angle, implant height,...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With regards to the trans-gingival implant (tissue level implant) thew offer through the assurance that the peri-implant soft tissue will never be disturbed, and thus, the biological seal around the implant limits the risk of bacteria navigating along with the implant towards the bone (cause of mucositis and peri-implantations). this is tough dependent on many other factors as well (implant surface, patient hygiene,...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20206" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-08-12T14:31:49.850" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T14:31:49.850" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24425" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24427" CreationDate="2020-08-12T11:38:16.077" Score="13" ViewCount="4085" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a disease caused by SARS-CoV—the &amp;quot;SARS CoronaVirus&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We now have a second disease caused by a second coronavirus, which we call SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why is the disease named COVID-19 now, instead of SARS-2 (or SARS-19 if you wanted the year)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8511" LastEditorUserId="8511" LastEditDate="2020-08-14T16:29:42.393" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T16:29:42.393" Title="Why isn't COVID-19 just called SARS-2? Isn't it a second SARS?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-14T15:51:03.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24426" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12587" CreationDate="2020-08-12T11:40:51.640" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypothyroidism - low levels of thryroid hormones are produced. There are many diseases where hypothyroidism arises. E.g. Graves Disease, Hashimotos disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2011/809341/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Early observations&lt;/a&gt; of Hypothyroidism showed two girls that were born without thyroid glands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;growth was severely stunted... very little power of locomotion; but could manage to walk from chair to chair with a little assistance. She had no power of speech... no goiter [was present]. The other girl was 6 months of age... was plump but had a marked idiotic expression, a large face with a small head, and very receding forehead. The tongue was large and protruding from the mouth&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the girls was 10 years old, which is proof could be a decade or longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested in further reading I would recommend: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4319261/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Congenital hypothyroidism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517413/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New evidence&lt;/a&gt; suggests Myxedema coma does not result from hypothyroidism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fortunately for 21st century medicine - if hypothyroidism is well-controlled, it will not shorten the suffers lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T11:40:51.640" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24427" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24425" CreationDate="2020-08-12T16:02:20.700" Score="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Disease are officially named by the WHO, while viruses are by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO has stated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a risk communications perspective, using the name SARS can have unintended consequences in terms of creating unnecessary fear for some populations, especially in Asia which was worst affected by the SARS outbreak in 2003.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For that reason and others, WHO has begun referring to the virus as “the virus responsible for COVID-19” or “the COVID-19 virus” when communicating with the public.  Neither of these designations are intended as replacements for the official name of the virus as agreed by the ICTV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the disease and the virus have been officially named February 11th 2020, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;while it has been declared a pandemic by the WHO only March 11th 2020&lt;/a&gt;. In hindsight, it is debatable whether „&lt;em&gt;using the name SARS[-2] can have unintended consequences in terms of creating unnecessary fear for some populations&lt;/em&gt;“ is true and whether this fear would have been „unnecessary“. But this is the reason we ended up with a different nomenclature of the disease and the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might also be worth pointing out that many viruses are not named similar to their respective diseases:&#xA;HIV &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; AIDS;&#xA;HPV &amp;lt;-&amp;gt; Cervical Cancer / Genital warts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T16:02:20.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24428" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24429" CreationDate="2020-08-12T19:39:55.443" Score="5" ViewCount="212" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read across one sentence saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Iron overload is also common and equally detrimental, affecting parenchymal organs including the liver, heart and pancreas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a parenchymal organ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know some online content says that parenchymal tissue is the primary tissue or it is NOT stromal. But what's the definition of a parenchymal organ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20208" LastEditorUserId="20208" LastEditDate="2020-08-12T20:45:26.237" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T20:49:26.707" Title="What does &quot;parenchymal organs&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24429" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24428" CreationDate="2020-08-12T20:16:25.770" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Parenchyma is functional tissue, i. e. tissue that has a specific function. Organs are built from functional tissue and connective/structural tissue (stroma). In the kidney this is e. g. Gerota's fascia (stroma) vs. the tissue producing urine (glomerula etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can look up more combinations of what parts of organs are parenchyma and which are stroma at e. g. Wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchyma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NIH definition reads: &amp;quot;Solid organ which consists of parenchyma and connective tissue stroma; the stroma subdivides the parenchyma into lobes, segments, lobules, acini, or cortex and medulla. Examples: lung, liver, spleen, kidney, parathyroid gland.&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Parenchymatous-organ/1409347&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Parenchymatous-organ/1409347&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So in short parenchymatous organs are those that have parenchyma and are solid versus those that have a lumen or pouch or similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-12T20:49:26.707" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T20:49:26.707" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24430" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24420" CreationDate="2020-08-12T21:25:23.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You may be referring to &amp;quot;joint dislocation&amp;quot;, instead of &amp;quot;joint displacement&amp;quot;, which in my understanding would mean removal of the joint (at which point the two terms asked about obviously will not have anything in common).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for sprain versus dislocation: In a sprain the bone endings making up the joint are moved out of their natural placement (&amp;quot;distorsion&amp;quot;) with ligament injury (&amp;quot;sprain&amp;quot;), but do return to their natural placement afterwards (i. e. with the right configuration of communicating bone endings facing each other).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a dislocation the moving out of place happens as well, but the bone endings do not move back to their natural configuration afterwards, meaning they luxated (joint dislocation is also called luxation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read more about this here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T21:25:23.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24431" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24393" CreationDate="2020-08-12T22:13:24.277" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In three recent past outbreaks involving a new virus (or an old virus spreading)—the Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the Congo, the Zika outbreak in South America, and the 2009 H1N1 (swine flu) influenza pandemic-- the WHO or its subsidiaries (PAHO) have played a prominent role in tracking the outbreak and making regular reports about disease spread available to the public.  These have included (variously) cumulative case counts, counts per population, deaths, deaths per population by country.&#xA;Here is information from the WHO/PAHO about their tracking and communication efforts for these three outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ebola&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/situation-reports/archive/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/situation-reports/archive/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Zika&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.paho.org/data/index.php/en/?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=524:zika-weekly-en&amp;amp;Itemid=352&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.paho.org/data/index.php/en/?option=com_content&amp;amp;view=article&amp;amp;id=524:zika-weekly-en&amp;amp;Itemid=352&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2009 H1N1 (swine flu)&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/updates/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/updates/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The existence of daily reports for SARS-CoV-2 and the accessibility of information to the public seem unique.  The graphical presentation of information about SARS-CoV-2 seems more sophisticated than for the past outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-12T22:13:24.277" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-13T15:32:53.237" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know this sounds like a weird question, but is it possible for someone not sleeping to die? What are all the negative consequences of not sleeping for long periods of time? Do you have any tips for sleeping when your brain is so wired and you toss and turn all night, just not being able to sleep even though you really try?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20222" LastActivityDate="2020-08-13T15:32:53.237" Title="Can someone die from not sleeping?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-14T15:45:42.100" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24434" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23636" CreationDate="2020-08-13T20:55:26.933" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A good way to understand the 5 levels that are described in the paper might be to go to a website that presents information on the entire ICD-9 and permits the user to “click though” the levels of codes.  Here is a good place to do this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://icd9.chrisendres.com/index.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://icd9.chrisendres.com/index.php&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hierarchy for the ICD-9 includes first the choice to classify based on Diseases and Injuries or on Procedures.  Both are part of the ICD-9 Classification System.  This &amp;quot;choice&amp;quot; is (unintuitively) the first level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, using terminology in the paper, Level 1 is Diseases and Injuries (as opposed to Procedures).  Level 2 is the Chapter where each chapter includes a large block of codes all of which mostly share the same first digit and pertain to an organ system (13 chapters) or another way to logically group diseases and conditions.  Level 3 is a block of grouped three digit codes where the grouping reflects similar disease processes within the organ system.  Level 4 is a specific three digit code for one disease or a set of related diseases or conditions within the Level 3 block.  Level 5 is defined by the digits to the right of the decimal place of the Level 4 three digit code and comprises closely related but different diseases or conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the example given in the cited paper,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 1 is:    Diseases and Injuries  (not Procedures)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 2 is:    Chapter 17. INJURY AND POISONING (800-999)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 3 is:    OTHER AND UNSPECIFIED EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL CAUSES (990-995)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 4 is:    992 Effects of heat and light&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Level 5 is:    992.0-992.8 (multiple codes.  For 992, all have 1 digit to right of the decimal place but some three digit--level 4--codes have two digits to the right of the decimal place and some have no digits to the right of the decimal place)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastEditorUserId="20133" LastEditDate="2020-08-14T15:48:38.770" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T15:48:38.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24435" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-13T21:01:12.127" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;First I like to mention that I have no medical background&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have read that there are 2 types of vaccines for the corona virus currently developed&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A RNA based vaccine, which is based on a novel ~untested approach&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A adenovirus vaccine, which has bean used for many years for other vaccines&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adenovirus vaccine is basically a modified adenovirus, which is used to deliver the code (RNA?) for a corona specific protein to the cell, which is then mass produced   and forces the immune system to recognize this specific protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This raises the following questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did I understand everything correctly ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does the adenovirus kill the infected  cell ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The corona vaccine will be just another adenovirus based vaccine, which only differs in the payload. So the only side effects caused by the vaccine can be the same as for all other adenovirus vaccines ( provided the payload is safe). If so  is there a another reason besides the certification standards that the testing takes so long ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do you modify something so small as a virus and then force it to multiply in a egg ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What are other chemical components contained in a vaccine and how do they keep the virus &amp;quot;alive&amp;quot;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How does the RNA vaccine force the cell to produce the protein ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is the coronavirus protein the red part on the image bellow (ie the ~connector used to enter the cell? )&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwo5c.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwo5c.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20226" LastActivityDate="2020-08-13T21:01:12.127" Title="corona virus vaccine side effects" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-13T23:38:28.387" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24436" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24438" CreationDate="2020-08-14T03:24:36.770" Score="4" ViewCount="78" Body="&lt;p&gt;While meditating about becoming a living organ donor, I was quite surprised to come across the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Within eight weeks, both the donor's and the recipient's livers will&#xA;be almost completely regenerated&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/living-donor-liver-transplant-the-facts&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/living-donor-liver-transplant-the-facts&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How Long Does It Take for a Liver to Regenerate After Donation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a few months after surgery, your liver will regenerate back to its&#xA;full size, and return to your pre-donation level of health. The other&#xA;person’s new liver will grow to full size as well, leaving both people&#xA;with healthy, functioning livers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.upmc.com/services/transplant/liver/living-donor/process/after&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.upmc.com/services/transplant/liver/living-donor/process/after&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to this amazingly rapid regeneration capacity of the Liver, could it be possible in the near future, that a living donor could donate their Liver multiple times in their lifetime? If not, what are the chief reasons for that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8792" LastEditorUserId="8792" LastEditDate="2020-08-14T05:21:14.610" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T07:58:10.587" Title="Could a living donor donate their Liver multiple times in their lifetime?" Tags="&lt;liver&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;&lt;organ-transplant&gt;&lt;organ-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24436" CreationDate="2020-08-14T07:42:05.757" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Liver donation - &lt;em&gt;an act of great honor&lt;/em&gt; - should only be done once.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Liver regeneration occurs via Compensatory hyperplasia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regeneration of the liver can be more correctly defined as &lt;em&gt;compensatory hyperplasia&lt;/em&gt; where in the remaining liver tissue expands to meet the metabolic needs of the organism. Unlike anatomic true regeneration, the expanding liver does not regain its original gross anatomical structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976740/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the structure is very different and not ideal for another surgery recipient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-08-14T07:58:10.587" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T07:58:10.587" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24440" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24414" CreationDate="2020-08-14T21:17:44.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As indicated in the first answer, the first figure is for a clinical trial. This kind of figure is often called a &amp;quot;Clinical Trial Design Schematic&amp;quot; or simply a &amp;quot;Schematic for a Clinical Trial.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some other examples of trials that present such figures and label them as “clinical trial design schematic” or “schematic.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-design-of-the-clinical-study_fig1_260005337&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-design-of-the-clinical-study_fig1_260005337&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/MAGELLAN-1-part-1-clinical-trial-design-schematic-In-part-1-of-the-MAGELLAN-1-study_fig1_313022113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/MAGELLAN-1-part-1-clinical-trial-design-schematic-In-part-1-of-the-MAGELLAN-1-study_fig1_313022113&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK533357/figure/cl3.f2/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK533357/figure/cl3.f2/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There appear to be no rules for creating this kind of figure for a trial. Time is consistently on the x-axis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second two figures appear to be &amp;quot;schematics&amp;quot; that show the overall treatment plan for patients with cancer. There does not appear to be a specific name for this kind of graphic presentation of a treatment plan. There do not appear to be official rules for how these graphics are drawn. Time is consistently on the x-axis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oncology treatment plans are often shown graphically as &amp;quot;algorithms.&amp;quot;  This is a figure that shows the &amp;quot;algorithm&amp;quot; for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 2013 from the Leukemia and Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These (roughly) follow &amp;quot;rules&amp;quot; for flow charts as they are described in widely accessible public documents (WIKIPEDIA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.leukemiabmtprogram.com/healthcare_professionals/cancer_management_guidelines/ALL.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.leukemiabmtprogram.com/healthcare_professionals/cancer_management_guidelines/ALL.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0AFRs.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0AFRs.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Algorithm for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-14T21:17:44.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24441" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-14T23:16:34.987" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 can cause serious illness or death, and it can take survivors a very long time to recover, and even then it is unsure if recovery will be complete.&#xA;The policies put in place to curb the spread of this disease are having a serious negative economic impact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Currently (august 2020) there is no safe vaccine available against covid-19, yet. When a vaccine becomes available, it will not be available to everyone immediately. And it is doubtful it will become available to the poorest people at all, after all polio still exists and that vaccine is cheap because it was &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk#Celebrity_versus_privacy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;never patented&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the all of the above, why has inoculation not been proposed as an timely and cheap alternative?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In vaccination usually a part of an inactive virus is given to a person, and that person immune system reacts in a way that will protect that person against a real infection. In inoculation the real virus is given. The drawbacks are immediately clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the subject can get really ill and/or die&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the subject can infect others&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the risks can be mitigated in several ways. The first option would be by using a less dangerous virus: people exposed to Corona viruses that cause the common cold may have &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/04/science.abd3871&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;acquired immunity against covid-19&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An alternative would be to administer the virus in a less harmful way, as was done for variola (smallpox). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The virus was rubbed in a small scratch on the hand which would activate the immune system but greatly lower the risk of a full blown illness&lt;/a&gt;, as compared to inhaling viral particles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, another alternative would be to expose people to only a very small amount of virus. For influenza the severity of symptoms seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342672/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;influenced by the amount of virus&lt;/a&gt; a subject was exposed to.&#xA;This could be happening in the general population, if everyone is distancing people may be breathing in a few virus particles from someone infected.&#xA;Like with immunity from earlier common-cold-corona infections this could explain &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/31/covid-19-expert-karl-friston-germany-may-have-more-immunological-dark-matter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;why some people barely get ill from covid-19&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially the first option, infecting people with a relatively harmless virus, seems worth a try. Why is this not being tested?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17911" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T17:10:08.637" Title="Is inoculation against covid-19 an option?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24442" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12674" CreationDate="2020-08-15T03:58:59.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It seems to be still under &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/hr2010215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;debate&lt;/a&gt;. Contradictory evidence has been found.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The relative importance of Endothelin Type A and Endothelin Type B receptors during myocardial ischaemia are still debated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The word you are seeking is &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_in_humans#Induced_regeneration_in_humans&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;regenerative&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Mammalian hearts are made from non-regenerative tissue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;While several animals can regenerate heart damage (e.g. the axolotl), mammalian cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) cannot proliferate (multiply) and heart damage causes scarring and fibrosis.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T03:58:59.480" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24443" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24473" CreationDate="2020-08-15T09:37:39.113" Score="2" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Placebos are “fake” treatments prescribed for the psychological benefit to the patient rather than for any physiological effect. Placebos are used for conditions defined by “self-observation” symptoms (E.g. pain, nausea, or fatigue). But a new area of research has extended toward '&lt;em&gt;open-label placebos&lt;/em&gt;' or &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;educated placebos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While it was once assumed that deception was necessary for placebos to have any effect, there is now evidence that &lt;strong&gt;placebos can have effects even when the patient is aware that the treatment is a placebo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt; (2nd paragraph)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though placebos contain no real treatment, researchers have found they can have a variety of both physical and psychological effects&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If placebo controls can have effects even when the patient is aware that the treatment is a placebo, then why not just always tell clinical trial participants they are using a placebo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benefits&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cost-effective&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easier to recruit participants (Thus, potentially larger sample sizes)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Less stress on participants (Wondering if they are taking a placebo or not)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Speeding up the clinical research time-frame&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49466-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using 'open-label placebos' you can still control for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49466-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;researcher bias&lt;/a&gt; (Single-blind study - only the researchers blinded, it cannot be double-blinded because the participants know.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is reducing the quality of the research? Because there is no control of the physical and psychological effects? But that isn't right because again:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Placebos can have effects even when the patient is aware that the treatment is a placebo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20025" LastEditorUserId="20025" LastEditDate="2020-08-17T02:52:08.137" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T21:23:20.130" Title="If placebo controls work even when the patient is aware that the treatment is a placebo. Why are deceptive placebo controls used?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24411" CreationDate="2020-08-15T10:15:46.740" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some advantages of shields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eyes are protected in comparison to masks (CDC considers this the main reason to wear a shield; source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disinfection may be easier for reusable variants.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some disadvantages of shields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are varieties of shields that are very small, therefore they cover less of the face than masks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Such small masks possibly may be collecting pathogens by guiding them towards the face when worn wrongly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Lingering aerosol particles can be inhaled more easily 'sideways'.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some advantages of masks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For a sideways seal the N95 type establishes a better seal than surgical masks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Easier to carry around in a bag.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some disadvantages of masks:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Subjectively people claim it to be harder to breathe or talk with.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disinfection for reusable masks may be more involved, if possible at all for some variants of masks.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A publication by JAMA compares masks versus shields (&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765525&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765525&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this there are a few references of studies conducted before the COVID-19 outbreak that evaluates protection by either cloth masks or shields:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rengasamy  S, Eimer  B, Shaffer  RE.  Simple respiratory protection: evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20-1000 nm size particles.   Ann Occup Hyg. 2010;54(7):789-798. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meq044 &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20584862/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20584862/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Summary: Fabric materials against aerosols are higher than for N95 respirator filter media but were in the range found for some surgical masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lindsley  WG, Noti  JD, Blachere  FM, Szalajda  JV, Beezhold  DH.  Efficacy of face shields against cough aerosol droplets from a cough simulator.   J Occup Environ Hyg. 2014;11(8):509-518.&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734356/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734356/&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;br/&gt;&#xA;Summary: Face shields are effective, but lingering aerosol particles can easily be inhaled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main difficulty in the comparison seems to be the variety of masks and shields in use, ranging from self made to factory produced from a variety of materials. Also how masks are worn and also the fact that people sometimes touch these protective devices with unwashed hands on the inside may be a factor reducing protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various institutions, including the CDC (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html&lt;/a&gt;) and John Hopkins Hospital (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-face-masks-what-you-need-to-know&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-face-masks-what-you-need-to-know&lt;/a&gt;), do not recommend choosing face shields over face masks, when possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may be that the combination of masks and shields (either using both or a manufactured variant including both) is the best option aside of more advanced respiratory protection equipment. For very exposed medical workers the combination has been put down as mandatory, e. g. in situations where endotracheal intubation is carried out on a patient tested positive for COVID-19; some modifications to this are in use, e. g. safety goggles instead of face shields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-17T16:14:47.253" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T16:14:47.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24448" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24402" CreationDate="2020-08-15T23:12:30.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This approach is not meant to yield a vaccine that will prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2.  It is meant to be an antibody treatment for COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibodies are infection-fighting proteins made by the immune system that can bind to the surface of viruses and prevent them from infecting cells.  When a person is infected with a virus, the person makes his/her own antibodies.  If all goes well, these antibodies prevent the person from being re-infected with the virus.  However, it is not known with certainty that whether the antibodies produced in a person who has been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus will prevent re-infection and how long this protection might last.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines seek to mimic the antibody response that comes from “natural” infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus without causing serious disease or perhaps any disease.  Other yet (August 2020) unproven approaches to prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 involve other ways of manipulating antibodies and the immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HUMAN CONVALESCENT PLASMA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible to identify and remove anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies from the blood of a person who has been infected with the virus.  These antibodies can be re-infused into another person, where they would (if all goes well) modify the course of illness (make the illness less severe).  The efficacy t of this kind of antibody treatment (convalescent plasma) has been evaluated in a small clinical trial in China that is described here.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766940&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766940&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BIO-ENGINEERED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES/ANTIBODY “COCKTAILS”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is also possible to “engineer” monoclonal (one specific protein) antibodies that might prevent infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or make the disease less severe in people who are infected and develop COVID.  A number of pharmaceutical companies are trying to do this in order to make a commercially available product to prevent infection and/or treat people who develop COVID-19.  This is a pre-print that describes early results of animal studies of use a monoclonal antibody “cocktail” (two different monoclonal antibodies) to modify the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233320v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.02.233320v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;EQUINE HYPERIMMUNE (ANTI)-SERUM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper cited describes a plan to use antibodies to treat COVID-19 that involves antibodies made in horses. As the authors point out, treatments based on equine antibodies have been used for decades in the management of snake, scorpion and spider envenomation and digoxin poisoning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20790-2_176-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20790-2_176-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors describe immunization of horses with the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.  Plasma was collected from two horses and then digested, yielding F(ab´)2 fragments from the immunoglobulin molecules. The fragments were further purified, anofiltered (20 nm), and sterilized.  The hyperimmune anti-serum will be evaluated as a therapy in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This approach has been advocated as an alternative to convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 for low and middle income countries by Stuart Ainsworth , Stefanie Menzies, Richard J. Pleass writing in June 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We therefore advocate immunization of larger animals, e.g. horses and sheep, such as is already the standard to generate antivenoms, anti-toxins, and anti-rabies therapeutics for human use. “  Page 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15990.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15990.1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ainsworth, Menzies and Pleass go on to point out that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The polyclonal nature of antisera raised in animals makes it particularly suited to neutralizing multiple antigens, toxins and enzymes that in humans bitten by snakes cause coagulopathies that are also observed in COVID-19 patients.”  Page 2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the past, use of equine antibodies in humans carried a high risk of serum sickness.  The use of antibody fragments has decreased this risk.  There is concern about a possible adverse effect of antibody treatments, including treatments using human antibodies, on lung function in patients with COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478436/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478436/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-15T23:12:30.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24450" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-16T03:03:37.163" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;A discoid meniscus is said to have a greater chance of being torn. If torn and subsequently repaired would the chance of reinjury be less than prior to the tear. Would this depend greatly on age?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20235" LastEditorUserId="20235" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T21:36:33.777" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T21:36:33.777" Title="After a meniscal repair of a torn discoid meniscus, is re-injury less likely than than the risk of tear before repair?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;physical-therapy&gt;&lt;adolescents-teenagers&gt;&lt;tear-of-a-meniscus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-08-16T15:17:41.560" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-16T03:22:27.797" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;After scaling a seborrheic keratosis one typically uses &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaseline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaseline&lt;/a&gt; to help reduce scarring.  It is uncomfortable when it goes into the eye. which may happen when the scaling was near (&amp;lt; 3 mm) the eye.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a substitute ointment that will be less uncomfortable when used near the eye?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.meta.stackexchange.com/users/17364/ray-butterworth&quot;&gt;Ray Butterworth&lt;/a&gt; and  &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/805/carey-gregory&quot;&gt;Carey Gregory&lt;/a&gt; for &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.meta.stackexchange.com/q/1190/43&quot;&gt;helping  rephrase the question&lt;/a&gt;. Note for potential close voters: this is a quite general question for improving the treatment of patients going through scaling a seborrheic keratosis located near their eye. It is not a personal medical advice but instead is a generic question how to optimize a very common treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-08-16T05:34:30.937" LastActivityDate="2020-08-16T05:34:30.937" Title="Vaseline is used to reduce scarring following keratosis. Is there a substitute ointment that will be less uncomfortable when used near the eye?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-16T12:34:45.933" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading about diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA), where it was mentioned about osmotic diuresis caused by glucose within the renal tubules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, I understand about the fluid loss due to osmotic potential of glucose leading to polyuria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, why it is also mentioned about the hypokalemia or sodium loss and chloride as well,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand about the insulin decrement and how insulin maintains intracellular potassium concentration, but I can't understand how -&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;osmotic diuresis will cause loss potassium?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source :&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_diuretic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_diuretic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried searching for the same, however all mention same line as above, perhaps is there something to do with (my thoughts and hypothesis)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium glucose cotransporter causes more sodium loss along with glucose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased sodium causes its reabsorbtion at collecting tubule and loss of potassium&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But can't think about chloride, moreover I'm also worried about apparent hyponatremia because of hypovolemic hypernatremia causes increased sodium excretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is hypovolemia the main cause that leads to apparent increase in concentration of these ions which causes their increased excretion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2021-05-13T16:02:20.207" Title="How osmotic diuresis leads to loss of sodium, chloride, potassium?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;hyponatremia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24453" CreationDate="2020-08-16T13:12:56.607" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Loss of intracellular free water because of increased plasma osmolality, this causes water to move out of cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After this, potassium concentration has increased inside cell, so this causes extracellular movement of potassium (secondary to increased intracellular potassium concentration)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similar mechanism happens at level of kidney tubules and interstitium.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Uworld step 1 qbank( Q Id 985) (may not be accessible)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-08-16T13:12:56.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24456" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24458" CreationDate="2020-08-16T23:59:13.497" Score="6" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasectomy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; indicates:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some studies have found that sexual desire after vasectomy may be somewhat diminished.[4][5]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the references [4] and [5] are quite old. Have more recent studies converged on whether sexual desire after a vasectomy is diminished?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T02:33:35.213" Title="Is sexual desire after a vasectomy diminished?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24456" CreationDate="2020-08-17T02:33:35.213" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There has been surprisingly little research on the topic, and as might be expected given the lack if new data, recent studies have not supported a general libido lowering effect of vasectomy.  A study in Brazil from 2005 looked at 64 patients undergoing vasectomy and found a small but statistically significant (at p &amp;lt; 0.001) improvement in international index of erectile function scores driven by increases in desire and sexual satisfaction.  However, it should be noted that while 67% had improved scores, 17% had worse scores, 16% reported no change (Botero et al,  Braz J Urol. Sep-Oct 2005;31(5):452-8)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orr and Moore found from a group of 1000 consecutive vasectomies that only 1% reported &amp;quot;psycho-sexual problems such as decreased libido, ejaculatory problems, depression&amp;quot; (r Med J. 1989 Feb;82(1):19-20.)  However this analysis appeared to be more focused on detecting surgical complications.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Islam et al. (Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1991 Jun;17(1):17-22.) did a follow-up study of 300 tubectomy and 300 vasectomy cases from urban and rural parts of the Mymensingh district in Bangladesh.  They found no significant effect on libido in either group, though I was not able to examine the instrument used to survey patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should be noted the same critique may be made of the Dias article referenced by wikipedia (Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 May;67(5):333-8). However like the Islam et al. article, I was able to find the abstract online.  The Nielsen and Genster article cited in wikipedia is in Danish, and furthermore no abstract is available online in any language.  Thus it requires access to a paper copy to know what it reports, let alone its methods.   It does not appear to be available in the holdings at the the University of Washington Health Sciences library, the most comprehensive journal source available to me. Thus I cannot assess it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It should also be noted that there are other reports of similar age as the two referenced in wikipedia that address libido and vasectomy.  For example, Jackson and Avant (J R Coll Gen Pract. 1982 Mar; 32(236): 172–173) looked at 2000 men on follow-up fron vasectomy with a very brief 3 question questionnaire that asked one question (with follow up to explain positive or negative answers) about the effects in their mental health. Twelve men reported decreased sexual drive but did not regret the procedure.  Katila and Rimón (oz Praventivmed. 1979 Oct;24(5):346-8) found on follow-up of 107 men average 4.7 yrs after vasectomy that only 2% were dissatisfied with results.  32% reported improved  'sexual potency' while 3% reported impairment of sexual function.  Thus the articles cited in wikipedia are by no means the only data available.  Nor are they completely typical of the data at the time of publication except in that some papers reported a tendency towards worse function and others improved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, in regards to who might more likely to report worse libido after vasectomy, Buchholz et al. (J Psychosom Res. 1994 Oct;38(7):759-62) looked at 45 men chosen at random from a vasectomized group of 254 men, as well as 18 men from a group of 180 men with erectile dysfunction who attributed their dysfunction to a vasectomy. They &amp;quot;analysed the social background, motivation for vasectomy and postoperative changes of sexual life or behaviour of the partners. The partnership constellation, particularly the role of a predominant female partner seems to be an important feature for vasectomy acceptance. Low acceptance might cause erectile dysfunction.&amp;quot;  Essentially, they found that when men were getting a vasectomy felt it was being imposed on them by their partner, they were more likely to report dysfunction.  When the men reported they wanted the vasectomy, they were more likely to report improved sexual function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general the recommendation for pre-vasectomy education is to note that evidence does not support the idea that vasectomy changes sexual function See example by J Murtagh (Aust Fam Physician. 1993 May;22(5):806) or Mayo clinic patient education (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy/about/pac-20384580&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy/about/pac-20384580&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most recent research on libido and male contraception has focused on the effects of proposed chemical contraception in males, such as with low dose testosterone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My own reading of the literature suggests that older articles tend to report more negative effects on libido compared to more recent ones though the amount of data is unimpressive.  If this qualitative trend really is present (and this assessment is extremely subjective not at all a quantitative assessment such as with a meta analysis), it could just as easily represent changes in attitudes and expectations about vasectomy as direct physiologic effects of the procedure.  Indeed this would be my working hypothesis, though it should be noted I an a psychiatrist and neuroscientist and as such am likely biased towards this hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20242" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T02:33:35.213" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24459" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24344" CreationDate="2020-08-17T07:51:20.560" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this question lies within the clinical settings methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone are used in, and the forms in which they are provided to users as a result of how they are absorbed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methadone is provided by specially licensed clinics that require patients to come in daily to clinic to take methadone under direct observation.  For the first 90 days they may have only one take home dose (typically their Sunday dose) each week.  Only after they have a pattern of treatment compliance proven by random urine tox screens for 90 days, may they start to get a second take home dose. After 180 days, more take home doses may be provided at the clinics option.  Take home doses are subject to random callback audits.  Typically only those patients with very well established compliance and improved psychosocial function are allowed to take home 15-30 day supplies.  Less than 15 days tends to be supplied as liquid, with a volume of up to 4oz per daily dose.  Longer than 15 days tends to be provided as dry diskettes to be mixed with water.  These diskettes contain insoluble material that can be dangerous if injected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep15-fedguideotp.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep15-fedguideotp.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/017058s019lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/017058s019lbl.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methadone is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed via oral administration and does not undergo extensive first pass metabolism.  It is thus is highly suitable for oral administration.  The large volumes of liquid it is mixed with and the highly supervised conditions for use make misuse by injection all but impossible for the liquid, and only possible for the dry diskettes.  These are rarely available on the street (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771323/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771323/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Contrast this with buprenorphine/naloxone treatment.  This is provided in office based settings by physicians who have taken a 8hr course or be board certified in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, and who have applied for a waver to treat opiate dependence with buprenorphine.  NPs, PAs, ARNPs must take the 8hr course plus another 16 hr class to be waivered,  They then can provide treatment for up to 100 patients.  After a year they can apply to treat up to 275 patients.  (disclosure: I have taken this training but did not apply as my practice environment at the time did not allow adequate monitoring for initial dosing).  It is then usually prescribed for several days to a week at a time and may be rapidly advanced to a 30 day supply, the same as is common for other psychiatric medications.  Buprenorphine/naloxone is thus provided under a much less structured and monitored environment.  This dramatically increases treatment availability  but does offer more opportunities for diversion. Experience in Europe suggests that most diversion and misuse was of buprenorphine alone not buprenorphine/naloxone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.naabt.org/documents/TIP40.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.naabt.org/documents/TIP40.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Buprenorphine undergoes extensive 1st pass metabolism that dramatically reduces its availability when taken orally. Thus it is given as a tablet or film placed under the tongue to be absorbed through the oral mucosa. As such it cannot be provided as a dilute solution as methadone is but rather as a small pill or film.  This can easily be dissolved in a small amount of water for injection.  This is why it is provided with naloxone.  Naloxone is poorly absorbed after either oral administration or through the oral mucosa.  As such, if taken as intended little is absorbed and it has no effect.  If injected however, it will overcome the effect of buprenorphine and produce strong opiate withdrawal.  Naloxone is added to buprenorphine for diversion resistance not safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15966752/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15966752/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methadone has relied on different mechanisms for diversion resistance.  Naloxone could be added to methadone but there is little reason to do so.  Only the dry diskette form can realistically be injected and little of this reaches the street due to the very controlled nature of methadone treatment.  In contrast, the absorption characteristics of buprenorphine require distribution in a form that is amenable to injection and the medication is provided in a less controlled setting.  Data from Europe suggested that buprenorphine alone not buprenorphine/naloxone was the primary form that was misused.  Thus buprenorphine/naloxone became the standard form in use within the United States.  Only patients with, for example, a true allergy to naloxone get buprenorphine alone. It is possible that if methadone was used under less controlled conditions for opiate addiction, and the dry diskette form of methadone became more widely used and diverted, the DEA might well push for inclusion of naloxone. Until then, there is little reason to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20242" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T07:51:20.560" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24460" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-17T09:22:48.423" Score="4" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://au.thorzt.com/Article/90/how-to-identify-a-dehydration-headache&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; states following about dehydration headaches:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our brains are 80% water. When you become dehydrated your brain tissue loses water causing your brain to shrink and pull away from the skull. This triggers the pain receptors surrounding the brain, giving you a headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dehydration also causes your blood volume to drop which in turn lowers the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. In response the blood vessels in the brain dilate leading to swelling and inflammation, worsening the headache.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which of these symptoms should be visible on an MRI scan?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T09:22:48.423" Title="Are dehydration headaches visible on an MRI scan?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24462" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24464" CreationDate="2020-08-17T15:12:33.857" Score="0" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’m a 70-year-old male. I had been using eyeglasses since I was 12 and near-sighted (eventually reaching 20/400 by the time I was 18), and needed bifocals at about 50 y.o.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 20 years ago I started taking Zoloft. Five years later I noticed I didn’t need bifocals and could read easily without glasses. Still later I noticed an improvement in my near-sightedness.  I therefore just used my glasses for work and driving a car.  Now my vision is about 20/60, 20/80, a huge improvement since I was 18!  The only reason I can think of for the improvement was taking Zoloft every day for 15+ years.  Zoloft was the &lt;strong&gt;only&lt;/strong&gt; medication I took during that period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it be that Zoloft has a (unknown before) beneficial side effect concerning vision as one ages? Is there any evidence of this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user8720" LastEditorDisplayName="user8720" LastEditDate="2020-08-17T17:11:41.830" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T19:08:28.420" Title="A Good Side Effect of Zoloft?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-04-27T19:33:25.273" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24464" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24462" CreationDate="2020-08-17T19:07:47.417" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While visual changes from cataracts are probably more likely, it is possible that zoloft (generic name sertraline) could be causing your improved viion. It would be very unusual, as much more commonly it causes blurred vision rr double vision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Visual changes produced by serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become a subject of greater attention in the past few years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety Meds &amp;amp; Your Eyes&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bettervisionguide.com/antidepressants-anti-anxiety-meds-your-eyes/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bettervisionguide.com/antidepressants-anti-anxiety-meds-your-eyes/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monitor the eyes for ocular effects from antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eyeworld.org/monitor-eyes-ocular-effects-antidepressants-anti-anxiety-medications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.eyeworld.org/monitor-eyes-ocular-effects-antidepressants-anti-anxiety-medications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keep an eye on the SSRI: help avoid possible sight-threatening adverse events&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723200/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723200/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Drugs for the Mind Affect the Eye&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/drugs-for-the-mind-affect-the-eye&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/drugs-for-the-mind-affect-the-eye&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ocular Effects of Serotonin Antidepressants&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/-/media/Files/Corporate/general-documents/WATAG/WAPDC/Serotonin-antidepressants-ocular-effects.ashx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/-/media/Files/Corporate/general-documents/WATAG/WAPDC/Serotonin-antidepressants-ocular-effects.ashx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These effects are thought to be mediated through anticholinergic mechanisms for some antideressants (tricyclics and partoxetine especially) as well as via serotonergic mechanisms mediated by 5HT2B/C receptors and 5-HT7 autoreceptors in the iris-ciliary bodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;sample papers&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Serotonin-2B/2C Receptors Mediate Bovine Ciliary Muscle Contraction: Role in Intraocular Pressure Regulation&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322691582_Serotonin-2B2C_Receptors_Mediate_Bovine_Ciliary_Muscle_Contraction_Role_in_Intraocular_Pressure_Regulation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322691582_Serotonin-2B2C_Receptors_Mediate_Bovine_Ciliary_Muscle_Contraction_Role_in_Intraocular_Pressure_Regulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;[3H]-Serotonin Release from Bovine Iris-ciliary Body: Pharmacology of Prejunctional Serotonin (5-HT7) Autoreceptors&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ciliary muscles are also be effected by catecholamines (norepinephrine or dopamine) , and some neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y are also active which may be modulated indirectly by serotonin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Morphologic characteristics of the human ciliary muscle&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483501910127&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014483501910127&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anything that can distort your vision could also correct it, if one's underlying ocular  abnormality could be normalized through the action of the drug that usually produces burred vision.  It would be highly unusual, but not impossible.  If you discontinued sertraline or change to a different medication and your vision problems returned, it would provide further evidence of the link.  I do not however, at all recommend going off the medication or switchung to a new medication if sertraline in working well for you just to check your vision.  It might be work a trip to the ophthalmologist or optometrist to discuss it though, as well as consider other causes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20242" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T19:07:47.417" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24401" CreationDate="2020-08-17T21:29:07.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The National Research Council has explained that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Precision Medicine refers to the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. It does not literally mean the creation of drugs or medical devices that are unique to a patient, but rather the ability to classify individuals into subpopulations that differ in their susceptibility to a particular disease, in the biology or prognosis of those diseases they may develop, or in their response to a specific treatment.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WIKIPEDIA accessed 8/17/2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National Research Council (US) Committee on A Framework for Developing a New Taxonomy of Disease. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. PMID: 22536618.  Appendix E.  Glossary.  Precision Medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Precision” treatments—ones that might work better in a particular subpopulation--still need to be studied to see if they do work better in a particular subpopulation.  Some of these studies might involve use of a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are, however, some (a few) “precision” treatments that have been developed to treat a single patient.  A good account of the development of a precision treatment for a single patient is given in a lay journal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicalomics.com/topics/precision-medicine-topic/bch-n-of-1-trial-yields-approved-therapy-for-single-rare-disease-patient/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.clinicalomics.com/topics/precision-medicine-topic/bch-n-of-1-trial-yields-approved-therapy-for-single-rare-disease-patient/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case is also described in publication in the medical literature.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1813279&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1813279&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this instance, the drug to treat a rare condition was identified and tested in this patient in a study called an N-of-1 study.  That is, the drug was tested in this and only this patient.  The patient improved on the treatment.  This N-of-1 study did &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; involve use of a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your question is “Yes, it is possible (sometimes) to eliminate the use of a placebo when evaluating a treatment that has been developed based on the principles of precision medicine.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this patient improved but was not cured by this truly precision treatment.  Precision medicine does not always cure a patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-17T21:29:07.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24467" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24468" CreationDate="2020-08-18T00:11:21.413" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Delayed Post-hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy (DPHL or Grinker myelinopathy) is a rare condition where patients recovering from an anoxic/hypoxic brain injury develops new neurological symptoms 2-4 weeks after the initial injury. Why is there a delay in symptoms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T00:11:21.413" Title="Why does Delayed Post-hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) have a biphasic clinical course?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24468" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24467" CreationDate="2020-08-18T00:11:21.413" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The brain is made up of oxygen-demanding gray matter and myelin-covered white matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypoxic events initially damage the gray matter, but myelin is spared. However, new myelin secretion requires ATP-dependent enzymes which is impaired by hypoxic event. Since myelin takes about ~20 days to cycle, this coincides with the biphasic presentation of DPHL. Another theory is that oligodendrocytes (myelin-secreting cells) might have delayed apoptosis after hypoxic event, also leading to lack of new myelin formation once the old myelin degenerates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beeskow AB, Oberstadt M, Saur D, Hoffmann KT, Lobsien D. Delayed Post-hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy (DPHL)-An Uncommon Variant of Hypoxic Brain Damage in Adults. Front Neurol. 2018;9:708. Published 2018 Aug 27. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00708&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T00:11:21.413" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-18T00:11:28.830" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a glasses prescription, for the Cylindrical section, The left eye has a numerical value, but the right eye simply says: &amp;quot;SPH&amp;quot;. Is this taken to mean, that the cylindrical for my right eye, is the same as the Spherical?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, AXIS is only defined for one eye, does this mean that the other one is assumed to be zero?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20248" LastEditorUserId="20248" LastEditDate="2020-08-18T14:07:15.077" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T14:07:15.077" Title="&quot;SPH&quot; Written in Cylinder section of prescription, along with no axis?" Tags="&lt;optometry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-08-18T13:42:05.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24470" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24469" CreationDate="2020-08-18T00:35:29.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found the answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;CYL&amp;quot; in Spherical section, means no correction needed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;SPH&amp;quot; in Cylindrical section, means no correction needed&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If AXIS is zero, that is  shorthand way some O.D.'s use to write 180.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20248" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T00:35:29.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24471" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-18T14:23:09.313" Score="2" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Human cells cease division when the telomeres shorten to a critical length. The number of possible cell divisions is usually between 40 and 60 in humans (This is called the Hayflick limit).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955286311000052&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;There is evidence&lt;/a&gt; to suggest that telomere shortening rate is tied to nutritional status in human studies, which may suggest that nutrition has a positive impact on telomere length.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick_limit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Definition of Hayflick limit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So I am wondering...&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any way to &lt;strong&gt;increase&lt;/strong&gt; telomere length or the Hayflick limit in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11612" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T18:25:16.330" Title="Is it possible lengthen telomeres or increase the Hayflick limit in humans?" Tags="&lt;aging&gt;&lt;anti-aging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24472" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24471" CreationDate="2020-08-18T19:39:26.180" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nutrition and physical activity directly influence the telomerase activity. Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere synthesis by attaching nucleotides to the chromosome ends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthy diet consisting dietary fiber and unsaturated lipids promote telomere length, whereas refined sugars and saturated lipids causes telomere weakening. Diet rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory food is linked to longer telomeres.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Physical activity increases telomerase activity by reducing oxidative stress and by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeric_repeat%E2%80%93containing_RNA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;TERRA&lt;/a&gt; (TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA) renewal in skeletal muscle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These links to similar questions may help you:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/af91fv/eli5_the_impact_of_physical_exercise_on_the/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/af91fv/eli5_the_impact_of_physical_exercise_on_the/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/7418/exercise-causes-number-of-cell-divisions-to-approach-hayflick-limit-faster-and&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/7418/exercise-causes-number-of-cell-divisions-to-approach-hayflick-limit-faster-and&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316700/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316700/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23300766/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23300766/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17055" LastEditorUserId="17055" LastEditDate="2020-08-20T18:25:16.330" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T18:25:16.330" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24473" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24443" CreationDate="2020-08-18T21:17:30.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The entire point of having a placebo control from a statistics perspective is that &lt;em&gt;the only thing different between the groups is the treatment&lt;/em&gt;. You cannot say this is true if you also tell people which group they are in: if you do this, there are now two differences between groups, 1) Treatment vs placebo, 2) Knowing they are in the placebo group vs. knowing they are in the treatment group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your logic does not make sense: It doesn't matter if an &amp;quot;open placebo&amp;quot; also has some treatment effect in some situation. You would instead need to verify that there is no difference of effect between knowingly getting a placebo and knowingly getting an ultimately ineffective treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, you would need to show this for &lt;em&gt;every single condition&lt;/em&gt; you might want to investigate, not just one, and not just no &lt;em&gt;statistically significant&lt;/em&gt; difference, you would actually need &lt;em&gt;exactly the same effect&lt;/em&gt;, which you cannot ever demonstrate (and which will reasonably never be true, anyways). Otherwise, you will have unknown bias in your study that could cause you to falsely think a treatment is better than it actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other good reasons to have a placebo control, besides statistics: doctors and other study staff might be hoping to find a positive result, so they may (intentionally or unintentionally) bias their approach to the placebo and treatment groups. Ideal placebo controls blind the researchers and staff, too, not just the patient (of course with some things like a surgical intervention this is not entirely possible, but you still try to do it to the extent possible).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients may also report things differently if they know what group they are in. If they are concerned about side effects, maybe they report more side effects on the treatment than they would have on the placebo. If they are hopeful for the treatment, they might mask side effects if they know they are in the treatment group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Placebo controls aren't possible in all circumstances, and there is lots of clinical research that does not use a placebo, especially exploratory research. There are also some studies where it's not really possible to completely hide that someone is in a certain group. But the randomized controlled trial is the gold standard for important statistical and methodological reasons, and a double-blind placebo control is the gold standard comparison when comparing to no treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-08-18T21:23:20.130" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T21:23:20.130" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24474" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21035" CreationDate="2020-08-18T22:57:04.813" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If based on WHO situation reports, an estimate of 10% for the case fatality rate for pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 lasted about five to six days, not weeks and not months.  This does not mean that a 10% case fatality rate was erased from press reports or from public perception about the virus even after WHO reported substantially lower case fatality rates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The novel influenza A (H1N1) virus that caused the 2009 influenza pandemic—eventually named the swine flu-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV)--was identified in late March 2009 in Mexico based on an outbreak in Mexico.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By April 24, 2009, WHO had established a surveillance system for the novel H1N1 virus.  It issued its first Situation Report about the spread of the virus and deaths in cases attributed to the virus (early report) and eventually confirmed to have been infected with the virus on April 24, 2009.  “Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico.”&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This report included information about the number of confirmed cases of the novel influenza/H1N1 virus and deaths in the United States and the number of cases of influenza-like illness and deaths in three places in Mexico.  There were seven confirmed and nine suspect cases in the United States with no deaths.  In Mexico City, there were 854 cases of pneumonia with 59 deaths; in central Mexico, there were 24 cases of influenza-like illness with 3 deaths; in Mexicali, there were four cases of influenza-like illness with no deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 24, 2009, the case fatality rate for confirmed and suspect cases of H1N1 in the United States was 0%.  The “fatality rate” in Mexico City for pneumonia cases of 6.9%.  The “fatality rate” for cases of influenza-like-illness was 12.5% in central Mexico and 0% in Mexicali.  The overall “fatality rate” in Mexico was 7.0%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two days later, on April 26, WHO updated information about swine flu illness.  “Swine flu illness in the United States and Mexico - update 2”.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_26/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_26/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were 20 laboratory confirmed cases in the United States, with no deaths.  There 18 laboratory confirmed cases in Mexico.  Deaths were not reported for Mexico.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because fatalities in Mexico were not reported, it is not possible to estimate the case fatality rate on April 26, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;26 April 2009 - As of 26 April 2009, the United States Government has&#xA;reported 20 laboratory confirmed human cases of swine influenza A/H1N1&#xA;(8 in New York, 7 in California, 2 in Texas, 2 in Kansas and 1 in&#xA;Ohio). All 20 cases have had mild Influenza-Like Illness with only one&#xA;requiring brief hospitalization. No deaths have been reported. All 20&#xA;viruses have the same genetic pattern based on preliminary testing.&#xA;The virus is being described as a new subtype of A/H1N1 not previously&#xA;detected in swine or humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also as of 26 April, the Government of Mexico has reported 18&#xA;laboratory confirmed cases of swine influenza A/H1N1. Investigation is&#xA;continuing to clarify the spread and severity of the disease in&#xA;Mexico. Suspect clinical cases have been reported in 19 of the&#xA;country's 32 states.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 27, 2009, WHO issued  “Swine Influenza Update 3.”&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_27/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_27/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The United States reported 40 laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths.  Mexico reported 26 confirmed cases with seven deaths.  Canada reported 6 cases with no deaths.  Spain reported 1 case with no deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 27, 2009, the case fatality rates among confirmed cases were 0% in the United States, 26.9% in Mexico, 0% in Canada, and 0% in Spain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 27, 2009, the overall case fatality rate in confirmed cases was 9.6% (7/73) with all deaths in Mexico.  This is the first WHO estimate of the case fatality rate of the novel swine influenza virus based on confirmed cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;27 April 2009 -- The current situation regarding the outbreak of swine&#xA;influenza A(H1N1) is evolving rapidly. As of 27 April 2009, the United&#xA;States Government has reported 40 laboratory confirmed human cases of&#xA;swine influenza A(H1N1), with no deaths. Mexico has reported 26&#xA;confirmed human cases of infection with the same virus, including&#xA;seven deaths. Canada has reported six cases, with no deaths, while&#xA;Spain has reported one case, with no deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day, April 28, 2009, WHO issued “Swine Influenza update 4.”&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_28/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_28/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were reports from seven countries with confirmed cases and deaths—the United States (64 cases with no deaths), Mexico (26 cases with 7 deaths), Canada (6 cases with no deaths), New Zealand (3 cases with no deaths), the United Kingdom (2 cases with no deaths), Israel (2 cases with no deaths) and Spain (2 cases with no deaths).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 28, 2009, the case fatality rate was 6.7% (7/105), with all deaths in Mexico.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;28 April 2009--The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 19:15&#xA;GMT, 28 April 2009, seven countries have officially reported cases of&#xA;swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. The United States Government has&#xA;reported 64 laboratory confirmed human cases, with no deaths. Mexico&#xA;has reported 26 confirmed human cases of infection including seven&#xA;deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with&#xA;no deaths - Canada (6), New Zealand (3), the United Kingdom (2),&#xA;Israel (2) and Spain (2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The next day, April 29, WHO issued its first report referring specifically to Influenza A(H1N1).  This was “Influenza A(H1N1) - update 5.”&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_29/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_29/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data were reported from nine countries.  There were a total of 148 cases of swine influenza A/H1N1.  One death was reported in the United States and there were seven from Mexico.  There were no deaths in the other seven countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On April 29, 2009, the case fatality rate for confirmed influenza A(H1N1) was 5.4%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;29 April 2009 - The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 18:00&#xA;GMT, 29 April 2009, nine countries have officially reported 148 cases&#xA;of swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. The United States Government has&#xA;reported 91 laboratory confirmed human cases, with one death. Mexico&#xA;has reported 26 confirmed human cases of infection including seven&#xA;deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with&#xA;no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (13), Germany (3), Israel (2), New&#xA;Zealand (3), Spain (4) and the United Kingdom (5).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On May 2, 2009 WHO issued ”Influenza A(H1N1) - update 9.”  This update came just 5 days after the first WHO estimate of the case fatality rate for influenza A(H1N1) based on confirmed cases.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_02/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_02/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;15 countries reported 615 cases of influenza A(H1N1) with 17 deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On May 2, 2009, the case-fatality rate was 2.8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2 May 2009 - The situation continues to evolve. As of 06:00 GMT, 2 May&#xA;2009, 15 countries have officially reported 615 cases of influenza&#xA;A(H1N1) infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mexico has reported 397 confirmed human cases of infection, including&#xA;16 deaths. The 241 rise in cases from Mexico compared to 23:30GMT of 1&#xA;May reflects ongoing testing of previously collected specimens. The&#xA;United States Government has reported 141 laboratory confirmed human&#xA;cases, including one death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with&#xA;no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (34), China, Hong Kong Special&#xA;Administrative Region (1), Denmark (1), France (1), Germany (4),&#xA;Israel (2), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (4), Republic of Korea (1),&#xA;Spain (13), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (13).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WHO began to label its influenza A(H1N1) situation reports as pandemics reports on July 1, 2009 when update 56 was issued.  “Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 56.”&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_07_01a/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_07_01a/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On that date, worldwide, there were 77,201 cumulative total laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 with 332 deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On July 1, 2009, the case fatality rate was 0.4%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 July 2009.  Laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 as&#xA;officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the International&#xA;Health Regulations (2005)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table Cumulative Total Cases 77201 with 332 deaths&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-18T22:57:04.813" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-19T04:03:38.477" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it preferable to wash sperms before or after freezing? (purpose of freezing: to be used sometime in the future for insemination, undecided yet when and via which insemination method)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10815-014-0332-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10815-014-0332-y&lt;/a&gt; says washing semen &lt;em&gt;before&lt;/em&gt; freezing is preferable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Semen preparation by swim-up before freezing resulted in better sperm quality and fewer apoptotic sperm than sperm preparation after thawing. Therefore, sperm preparation before cryopreservation should be considered in routine sperm cryopreservation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-017-1050-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-017-1050-z&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/28990130/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;full text&lt;/a&gt;) says washing semen &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; freezing is preferable:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sperm preparation after freezing improves motile sperm count, motility, and viability in frozen-thawed sperm compared with sperm preparation before freezing-thawing process&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has the medical community reached a consensus now?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-08-19T04:14:50.260" LastActivityDate="2020-08-19T04:14:50.260" Title="Is it preferable to wash sperms before or after freezing?" Tags="&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;sperm-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-19T09:44:24.413" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;A patient (male, 39) who has had head trauma and reports light headaches and strong tinnitus has had a brain CT scan done soon after symptom onsets (but 5 weeks after the trauma). No contrast agent has been administered. The CT revealed no hematoma, and the patient was thereafter referred for a CT of the inner ear and temporal bones. The referral was not critical, i.e. no strong suspicions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a recommended time that needs to have passed between the first and the second CT? We found no conclusive information online about this specific case. For instance, the recommendation from the Radiological Society of North America, that &amp;quot;There is no recommended limit on how many computed tomography (CT) scans you can have.&amp;quot;. However, that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=safety-hiw_08&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;page&lt;/a&gt; assumes the CT has been referred in an emergency, which would counterbalance the risk of radiation exposure - which is not the case here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7540" LastEditorUserId="7540" LastEditDate="2020-08-19T10:46:48.947" LastActivityDate="2020-08-19T10:46:48.947" Title="Time necessary between two consecutive head CTs" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;&lt;head-trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24479" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-19T16:21:02.727" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;An LED light panel uses 128 LED beads, has an adjustable color temperature range from 3300K to 5500K, and an adjustable brightness range from 10% to 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources like the one at the link below state that nearsightedness, eye strain, and poor sleep are some of the effects of exposure to LED lights. &lt;a href=&quot;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/are-led-lights-damaging-your-retina/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://health.clevelandclinic.org/are-led-lights-damaging-your-retina/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That makes it seem that the more direct the exposure is and the more bright the exposure is, the more it affects the eyes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any color temperatures and brightness ranges of LED lights which are safe for human eyes for use on a daily basis for recording videos and online streaming?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there anything additional that can be done to use such lights while eliminating or minimizing the negative effects of using LED lights such as some type of filters, glasses, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13398" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-08-22T16:51:38.553" LastActivityDate="2020-08-22T16:51:38.553" Title="At which color temperature and intensity can LED lighting be safe?" Tags="&lt;led-lights&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24481" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21538" CreationDate="2020-08-19T20:03:44.207" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a “standard” definition of the epidemiological measure of the case fatality rate (or case fatality ratio—preferred term) for a disease.  This is the number of people diagnosed with a disease who died because of the disease in an interval of time after the diagnosis divided by the number of people who had been diagnosed with the disease in the same interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/case-fatality-rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/case-fatality-rate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also a standard definition for the mortality rate from a disease.  This is the number of people who died from the disease in a specific period of time divided by the number of people who could have died from the disease in the same interval of time—the total population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE FOR NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For these two measures (the case fatality ratio and the mortality rate), an example for a non-infectious disease—pancreatic cancer in 2016--is useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one-year case-fatality ratio for pancreatic cancer is the number of people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in (for example) 2016 who died in the year after their diagnosis divided by the number of people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2016, about 53,000 people were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the United States.  In the year after diagnosis, about 38,000 of these people had died of pancreatic cancer.  The one-year case fatality ratio for people with diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2016 was 0.72 or 72%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (crude) mortality rate from pancreatic cancer in 2016 in the United States is the number of people who died from pancreatic cancer in 2016 divided by the number of people in the United States in 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2016, about 42,000 people died from pancreatic cancer.  The population of the United States in 2016 was about 323,000,000.  In 2016, the crude mortality rate for pancreatic cancer was 13 per 100,000 (it is common practice to state mortality rates for a large population per 100,000).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INFECTIOUS DISEASES&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For many infectious diseases (e.g., polio, influenza, hepatitis C), there is a “pool” of people that have been infected and but who are not diagnosed as having the disease and do not know they have been infected.  This is because they don’t have symptoms or because the symptoms are minimal and the infection is unrecognized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For infectious diseases, a third measure of mortality is the “infection fatality ratio.”  This is the number of people who died from the disease in a given time interval divided by the number of people who have been infected in the same time interval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of people infected in a given time interval—the denominator--is usually difficult to measure directly.  It requires information on point or period prevalence of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The infection fatality ratio can be &lt;strong&gt;estimated&lt;/strong&gt; if there is reliable information about the proportions of people infected who are asymptomatic, who are minimally symptomatic, who develop the potentially fatal disease/condition caused by the infection, and, the proportion of those with the potentially fatal disease/condition who actually die.  The latter— the proportion of those with the potentially fatal disease/condition who actually die—is the case fatality ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INFECTION FATALITY RATIO EXAMPLE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example—poliomyelitis--helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by the polio virus.  It mainly affects children under the age of 5.  After decades of study, much is known about the course of polio infection in children.  About 70% are asymptomatic, 25%of have people infected with the polio virus have minimal or non-specific symptoms.  About 0.5-1% develop acute flaccid paralysis.  Of children who develop acute flaccid paralysis, 2-10% die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aappublications.org/news/2020/03/18/mmwr031720&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aappublications.org/news/2020/03/18/mmwr031720&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With these known facts, the infection mortality ratio for polio in children less than age 5 years can be estimated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 100,000 children less age 5 years, infected with polio:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Estimated cases of acute flaccid paralysis (lower estimate) = 100,000 x 0.005 = 500&#xA;&#xA;Estimated cases of acute flaccid paralysis (upper estimate) = 100,000 x 0.01 = 1,000&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Deaths in children with acute flaccid paralysis (lower estimate) = 500 x 0.02 = 10&#xA;&#xA;Deaths in children with acute flaccid paralysis (upper estimate) = 1,000 x 0.10 = 100&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;Infection fatality ratio (lower estimate) = 10 / 100,000 = 0.0001&#xA;&#xA;Infection fatality ratio (upper estimate) = 100 / 100,000 = 0.001&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-19T20:03:44.207" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24482" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-20T05:24:09.237" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464377/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464377/&lt;/a&gt; only found upsides in using the no-scalpel vasectomy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two randomized controlled trials evaluated the no‐scalpel technique and differed in their findings. The larger trial demonstrated less perioperative bleeding (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.89) and pain during surgery (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.93), scrotal pain (OR 0.63; 95% 0.50 to 0.80), and incisional infection (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.78) during follow up than the standard incisional group. Both studies found less hematoma with the no‐scalpel technique (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.36). Operations using the no‐scalpel approach were faster and had a quicker resumption of sexual activity. The smaller study did not find these differences; however, the study could have failed to detect differences due to a small sample size as well as a high loss to follow up. Neither trial found differences in vasectomy effectiveness between the two approaches to the vas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;so I wonder if there any upside in receiving a vasectomy using traditional incision approach instead of a no-scalpel vasectomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T05:24:09.237" Title="Is there any upside in receiving a vasectomy using traditional incision approach instead of a no-scalpel vasectomy?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24483" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24649" CreationDate="2020-08-20T13:40:58.970" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Anti-VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is about pathogenesis of preeclampsia, where in due to underdeveloped placental spiral arteries, they become high resistance, low perfusion vessels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, by understanding of simple cardio-physiology, we can understand that if more parallel circuit of arteries was developed, it would have been lower resistance and hence better perfusion, and would not lead to Hypertension and other manifestations of preeclampsia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, everywhere it is mentioned that anti-VEGF is increased in preeclampsia(as it is secreted by the placenta in response to chronic placental ischemia. Now why is placenta secreting anti-VEGF? it doesn't make any sense in decreasing the vessel growth, won't that further worsen the condition? why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources that tell about the anti-VEGF in preeclampsia,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of anti-VEGF drugs during pregnancy is controversial because they may potentially cause systemic side effects in the mother and fetal harm, as spontaneous miscarriage and preeclampsia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4677108/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Balance of VEGF and anti angiogenic factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(topic from my text Obstetrics by DC Dutta 8ed Pg257)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tried searching net but didn't find any hint :(&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2021-03-02T08:20:13.970" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T08:20:13.970" Title="Why anti-VEGF increase in preeclampsia?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;pathogenesis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24484" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17873" CreationDate="2020-08-20T17:06:56.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;In children, right atrial thrombosis is associated with placement of a central venous catheter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Berman W Jr, Fripp RR, Yabek SM, Wernly J, Corlew S. Great vein and right atrial thrombosis in critically ill infants and children with central venous lines. Chest. 1991 Apr;99(4):963-7. PubMed PMID: 2009803.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2009803&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2009803&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rizzi M, Albisetti M. Treatment of arterial thrombosis in children: Methods and mechanisms. Thromb Res. 2018 Sep;169:113-119. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.013. Epub 2018 Jul 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 30032038.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30032038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30032038&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Children who require a central venous catheter are usually very ill and often are in the neonatal intensive care unit or a pediatric intensive care unit.  However, indwelling central venous catheters are also placed in children/adolescents with cancer to administer chemotherapy, in children/adolescents with cystic fibrosis so that antibiotics can be administered readily, and in children/adolescents with a variety of conditions to administer parenteral nutrition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CRITICALLY ILL NEONATES&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One case-control study that was done in critically ill neonates who required a central venous catheter and assessed the risk factors for intracardiac thrombosis in the right atrium (RA) and superior vena cava (SVC) was identified.  The study found that the surgical cut-down technique, a maternal history of gestational diabetes, staphylococcal infection, and central venous catheter placement in the superior vena cava were factors that increased the risk of an intracardiac thrombosis in the RA and superior vena cava.  Some factors increased the risk substantially—by a factor of 10 (maternal gestational diabetes) and 7 (staphylococcus infection).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ulloa-Ricardez A, Romero-Espinoza L, Estrada-Loza Mde J, et al. Risk Factors for Intracardiac Thrombosis in the Right Atrium and Superior Vena Cava in Critically Ill Neonates who Required the Installation of a Central Venous Catheter. Pediatr Neonatol. 2016 Aug;57(4):288-94. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2015.10.001. Epub 2015 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 26747618.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26747618&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26747618&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The independent risk factors for intracardiac thrombosis in the RA and&#xA;SVC were the surgical cut-down insertion technique (OR = 2.98; 95% CI:&#xA;1.18-9.10), a maternal history of gestational diabetes/diabetes mellitus (OR = 10.64; 95% CI: 1.13-121.41), Staphylococcus epidermidis&#xA;infection (OR = 7.09; 95% CI: 1.09-45.92), and CVC placement in the&#xA;SVC (OR = 5.77; 95% CI: 1.10-30.18).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OTHER CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CYSTIC FIBROSIS&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One case report of thrombosis of the right atrium (Case 1) in an adolescent patient with cystic fibrosis and an indwelling central venous catheter was identified.  The authors suggest the possibility that cystic fibrosis might be associated with hypercoagulability and review the evidence for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kandamany N, Elnazir B, Greally P. Increased vigilance needed for the detection of thrombotic complications of central venous access in adolescent cystic fibrosis patients. Front Pediatr. 2014 Nov 19;2:117. doi: 10.3389/fped.2014.00117. eCollection 2014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25478551; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4237125.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237125/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237125/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PARENTERAL NUTRITION&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several reports of thrombus in the right atrium in children with a central venous catheter being given parenteral nutrition were identified.  Pennington suggested that high concentration dextrose solutions might contribute to thrombosis risk in people receiving parenteral nutrition via a central venous catheter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pennington CR. Right atrial thrombus: a complication of total parenteral nutrition. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Aug 15;295(6595):446-7. PubMed PMID: 3115494; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1247309.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247309/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1247309/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pliam MB, McGough EC, Nixon GW, Ruttenberg HD. Right atrial ball-valve thrombus: a complication of central venous alimentation in an infant. Diagnosis and successful surgical management of a case. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979 Oct;78(4):579-82. PubMed PMID: 113629.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/113629&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/113629&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tarantino MD, Vasu MA, Von Drak TH, et al. Calcified thrombus in the right atrium: a rare complication of long-term parenteral nutrition in a child. J Pediatr Surg. 1991 Jan;26(1):91-3. PubMed PMID: 1900889.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1900889&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CANCER&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A retrospective analysis of data of the risk of thrombosis (not limited to right atrial thrombosis) in children with a central venous catheter suggested that children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were at particularly high risk.  The full text of this publication could not be retrieved and the basis for this conclusion is unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chen K, Agarwal A, Tassone MC, et al.  Risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children: a retrospective analysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2016 Jun;27(4):384-8. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0000000000000557. PubMed PMID: 26977751.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977751&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977751&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was a major clinical risk factor for&#xA;thrombosis.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T17:06:56.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24485" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24487" CreationDate="2020-08-20T18:08:58.000" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;From an article titled &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21243-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014&lt;/a&gt; (Lim et al., Scientific Reports, 2018)&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A random-effects model meta-analysis that was performed to calculate the aggregate point, one-year and lifetime prevalence of depression calculated prevalences of 12.9%, 7.2% and 10.8% respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the lifetime prevalence lower than point prevalence? It appears to me that lifetime prevalence includes all people who have ever had an episode of depression, and surely a point prevalence would miss some of them, whenever it was assessed. Thus a lower lifetime prevalence looks odd.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where is my mistake here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-08-20T18:34:34.927" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T23:18:21.673" Title="Why is the lifetime prevalence of depression lower than the point prevalence? Figures from a study" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24486" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-20T18:33:10.710" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know how ELISA can be used to detect particular antigens by using antibodies specific to the antigen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is it being used to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realise that one possible method could be using SARS-CoV-2 proteins and checking if any of the antibodies in the sample bind to it. Is this what is being done? If so, what methods are being used to mass produce needed antigens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, in the light of the above, why does the ELISA test for COVID have such high false positive rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[I will be grateful if the answer is a somewhat elaborate one, since this information doesn't seem to be easily available in the web or on YouTube: mostly the info is too simplistic, or rarely, it is too inaccessible.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8792" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T18:33:10.710" Title="How does ELISA test for COVID antibodies detect antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24487" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24485" CreationDate="2020-08-20T22:25:42.417" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have not made a mistake.  Point prevalence must be lower than 1-year prevalence and 1-year prevalence must be lower than lifetime prevalence &lt;strong&gt;for a population.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the systematic review, there are 68 studies that provided estimates of point prevalence, 9 that provided estimates of 1-year prevalence and 13 that provided estimates of lifetime prevalence (N=13).  Inspecting Figures 1, 2, and 3, there are no studies that provided estimates of point prevalence and also provided an estimate of 1-year prevalence.  Similarly, there are no studies that provided an estimate of 1-year prevalence that also provided an estimate of lifetime prevalence.  That is, there are no studies of point prevalence, 1-year prevalence, and lifetime prevalence for the same population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is not possible to obtain generalizable estimates of the point prevalence, 1-year prevalence, and lifetime prevalence that can be compared from a set of studies that come from different countries and continents, were done at disparate time periods, and used different methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The particular studies used to estimate lifetime prevalence are problematic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two of the studies used to make the estimate of the lifetime prevalence of depression (Altamura 1995 and Carta 1995) come from Sardinia, a small island off Italy.  The study is not generalizable.  The publications may present duplicate data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775767&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775767&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775768&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775768&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the studies (Beals 2005) was a study of members of Native American tribes living in the Southwest or the Northern Plains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135632&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135632&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A total of 3,084 tribal members (1,446 in a Southwest tribe [73.7% of&#xA;eligible participants] and 1,638 in a Northern Plains tribe [76.8% of&#xA;eligible participants]) age 15-54 years living on or near their home&#xA;reservations were interviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the studies (Ialongo 2004) was a study that involved predominantly poor, young, African-Americans living in Baltimore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023487&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023487&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The present report describes the prevalence of major depressive&#xA;disorder (MDD) in an epidemiologically-defined population of 1197,&#xA;predominately poor, African-American 19-22-year-olds, living in the&#xA;greater Baltimore, MD metropolitan area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the studies (Pakriev 2009) was a study of 323 adult inpatients in Russia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551555&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551555&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The particular estimate of the lifetime prevalence of depression for the Smith (2013) study in the meta-analysis is 6.4%.  But Smith 2013 reported separate estimates of the lifetime prevalence of a single episode of depression (6.4%), probable recurrent major depression (moderate) (12.2%), and probable recurrent major depression (severe) (7.2%).  These should have been added to estimate the lifetime prevalence of any major depression--25.8% instead of 6.4%.  This study, because of its size (172,751 people), heavily weights the summary estimate of prevalence and the mistake is serious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282498&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282498&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Prevalence rates for probable single lifetime episode of major&#xA;depression (6.4%), probable recurrent major depression (moderate)&#xA;(12.2%), probable recurrent major depression (severe) (7.2%) and&#xA;probable bipolar disorder (1.3%) were comparable to those found in&#xA;other population studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 1990’s, there was an international effort aimed at understanding international differences in the lifetime prevalence of depression using common methods.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12830306&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pmlegacy.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12830306&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrade L, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Berglund P, Bijl RV, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Dragomirecka E, Kohn R, Keller M, Kessler RC, Kawakami N, Kiliç C, Offord D, Ustun TB, Wittchen HU. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(1):3-21. Erratum in: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(3):165. PubMed PMID: 12830306; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6878531.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Community epidemiological surveys using the World Health Organization&#xA;Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered face-to-face&#xA;were carried out in 10 countries in North America (Canada and the US),&#xA;Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), Europe (Czech Republic,&#xA;Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey), and Asia (Japan). The total&#xA;sample size was more than 37,000. Lifetime prevalence estimates of&#xA;hierarchy-free DSM-III-R/DSM-IV MDE varied widely, from 3% in Japan to&#xA;16.9% in the US, with the majority in the range of 8% to 12%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &#xA;REFERENCES TO STUDIES THAT PROVIDED ESTIMATES OF LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Altamura AC, Carta MG, Carpiniello B, Piras A, Macciò MV, Marcia L. Lifetime prevalence of brief recurrent depression (results from a community survey). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5 Suppl:99-102. PubMed PMID: 8775767.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Angst J. The epidemiology of depressive disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5 Suppl:95-8. PubMed PMID: 8775766.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beals J, Manson SM, Whitesell NR, Mitchell CM, Novins DK, Simpson S, Spicer P. Prevalence of major depressive episode in two American Indian reservation populations: unexpected findings with a structured interview. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1713-22. PubMed PMID: 16135632.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;151(7):979-86. PubMed PMID: 8010383.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Carta MG, Carpiniello B, Kovess V, Porcedda R, Zedda A, Rudas N. Lifetime prevalence of major depression and dysthymia: results of a community survey in Sardinia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5 Suppl:103-7. PubMed PMID: 8775768.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chang SM, Hahm BJ, Lee JY, Shin MS, Jeon HJ, Hong JP, Lee HB, Lee DW, Cho MJ.  Cross-national difference in the prevalence of depression caused by the diagnostic threshold. J Affect Disord. 2008 Feb;106(1-2):159-67. Epub 2007 Aug 28. PubMed PMID: 17725930.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ialongo N, McCreary BK, Pearson JL, Koenig AL, Schmidt NB, Poduska J, Kellam SG. Major depressive disorder in a population of urban, African-American young adults: prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and unmet mental health service need. J Affect Disord. 2004 Apr;79(1-3):127-36. PubMed PMID: 15023487.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity SurveyReplication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003 Jun 18;289(23):3095-105. PubMed PMID: 12813115.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kessler RC, Zhao S, Blazer DG, Swartz M. Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. JAffect Disord. 1997 Aug;45(1-2):19-30. PubMed PMID: 9268772.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Orui M, Kawakami N, Iwata N, Takeshima T, Fukao A. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and its relationship to suicidal ideation in a Japanese rural community with high suicide and alcohol consumption rates. Environ Health Prev Med. 2011 Nov;16(6):384-9. doi: 10.1007/s12199-011-0209-y. Epub 2011 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 21431807; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3206975.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pakriev S, Kovalev J, Mozhaev M. Prevalence of depression in a general hospital in Izhevsk, Russia. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;63(6):469-74. doi: 10.3109/08039480903062950. PubMed PMID: 19551555.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smith DJ, Nicholl BI, Cullen B, Martin D, Ul-Haq Z, Evans J, Gill JM, Roberts B, Gallacher J, Mackay D, Hotopf M, Deary I, Craddock N, Pell JP. Prevalence and  characteristics of probable major depression and bipolar disorder within UK biobank: cross-sectional study of 172,751 participants. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 25;8(11):e75362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075362. eCollection 2013. PubMed PMID: 24282498; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3839907.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tomlinson M, Grimsrud AT, Stein DJ, Williams DR, Myer L. The epidemiology of  major depression in South Africa: results from the South African stress and health study. S Afr Med J. 2009 May;99(5 Pt 2):367-73. PubMed PMID: 19588800; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3195337.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastEditorUserId="20133" LastEditDate="2020-08-20T23:18:21.673" LastActivityDate="2020-08-20T23:18:21.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24488" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-21T01:57:20.867" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theturekclinic.com/blog/choosing-an-open-or-closed-vasectomy-in-beverly-hills/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theturekclinic.com/blog/choosing-an-open-or-closed-vasectomy-in-beverly-hills/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First off, &lt;strong&gt;all open vasectomies will eventually close&lt;/strong&gt;. It’s what the body does with leaks. It just takes longer with an open vasectomy. Secondly, sperm are created in the body at puberty, having never been seen before and are “foreign” to the immune system. To me, this means that the potential inflammation, pain and scarring is more likely when sperm spill out of their natural habitat. &lt;strong&gt;It makes more sense to keep them where they normally live within the vas deferens and to not wake up the sleeping giant that is the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;. Lastly, my patients just don’t have the same pain rates that are reported in the literature, which gives me pause when I think about changing what I do. And believe me, I am all about change if it’s for the better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any long-term upside in having an open-ended vasectomy instead of a closed vasectomy, given that all open vasectomies will eventually close?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340687&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340687&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;Open-ended vasectomy prevents pain, may enhance reversibility&amp;quot; but the study dates back from 1986 and seems to focus on two or three physicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-08-21T04:16:35.260" LastActivityDate="2020-08-21T04:16:35.260" Title="Is there any long-term upside in having an open-ended vasectomy instead of a closed vasectomy, given that all open vasectomies will eventually close?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24490" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-21T13:13:22.107" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;2 years ago we've heard about a &amp;quot;cancer vaccine&amp;quot; be ready to be tested in humans. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/62161-cancer-vaccine-trial.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer vaccine trial&lt;/a&gt; . By that time a person I know (with no experience whatsoever in Medicine) told me he &amp;quot;knew this kind of vaccines could take up to 10 years to be approved&amp;quot;. Then now I read about some cancer vaccines for some type of cancers apparently approved &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/cancer-treatments/immunotherapy/cancer-vaccines&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cancer vaccines&lt;/a&gt; . The last link also mentions other types of cancer vaccines are in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long do trials for &amp;quot;cancer vaccines&amp;quot; usually take?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2020-08-21T16:21:29.407" Title="How long do trials for &quot;cancer vaccines&quot; usually take?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24490" CreationDate="2020-08-21T15:57:37.840" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The clinical trial for the treatment you're talking about is on ClinicalTrials.gov here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03410901&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03410901&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It says the trial started in April 2018, and is expected to end in October 2020; these estimates are sometimes off and it's possible other things like the COVID-19 pandemic could impact the timeline, as well as unexpected difficulties in recruiting patients. The study also seems to still be recruiting - unless that is inaccurate and out of date, the October 2020 timeline seems quite ambitious and probably won't be met since their primary outcome is over 8 weeks. Additionally, that's the end of data collection only for the primary endpoint. Their secondary endpoint includes 96 week results, so if they want to complete the secondary endpoint before publishing they would possibly have another couple years to wait (alternatively, they may publish with what preliminary secondary data they have). Data analysis and publishing can also take several months after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study is a Phase 1 study, the earliest type of clinical trial. Approval typically occurs after much larger Phase 3 studies are completed. Most treatments fail at some phase of study, even if they have been shown to work in animals. Cancer is a relatively slow disease, so studies of efficacy in cancer may need to be longer than for other diseases if they intend to show positive outcomes over multiple years. In total, 10 years sounds like a pretty fast pace to go from preclinical data to clinical approval; it looks like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipuleucel-T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;APC8015/Provenge&lt;/a&gt; was approved about 6 years after the first Phase 3 clinical trials started.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this study is not really a cancer vaccine, vaccine is in &amp;quot;quotes&amp;quot; in the article you linked, which suggests it's more of a metaphor. In this case, the &amp;quot;vaccine&amp;quot; is a combination immunotherapy. It &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; meant to get the immune system to target cancer cells, but it's not a vaccine in the typical sense used when talking about pathogens. This particular therapy also is intended clinically for use against a specific cancer: B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. It's not a generalist cancer treatment, but the article you linked to suggests they are hoping that a couple other specific cancers might also be treated in the future. The only true vaccines I am aware of that prevent cancer are those targeted to oncogenic pathogens like &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HPV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-08-21T16:21:29.407" LastActivityDate="2020-08-21T16:21:29.407" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24494" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-22T06:41:38.367" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some areas are currently experiencing health warnings to stay inside due to poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires causing high PM2.5 levels.  How does the health risk depend on the PM2.5 level of particular matter in the atmosphere and the duration of exposure?  Is there a quantitative model to predict the risk?  (e.g., x amount of μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-hours leads to a y amount of risk of death)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f7412&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f7412&lt;/a&gt;) which reported that a 5 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; increase for a year leads to a 13% increase of coronary events.  If we crudely estimate about 0.0025 coronary events per year, and estimate that 80% of them are fatal, then 43800 μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-hours corresponds to about 0.002 extra deaths per year per person, or about 0.05 micromorts per μg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;-hour of increase in PM2.5.  There are any number of ways this estimate might be off, though.  Is there a better estimate?  Also, is the risk expected to be a linear function of the PM2.5 level multipled by the number of hours of exposure, or is it a nonlinear function?  Does it depend on the level of activity as well, or the age of the individual?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5137" LastActivityDate="2020-08-22T06:41:38.367" Title="How risk is related to PM2.5 level" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24496" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-22T11:21:14.280" Score="1" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;HSV= Herpes Simplex Virus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, while reading about HSV keratitis I've come across a confusion,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dendritic ulcers of HSV produce extremely irritating ulcer (Parson 22ed pg180)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;dendritic ulcers of herpes are associated with marked diminution of corneal sensation (Khurana comprehensive opthalmology 7ed, pg111)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I even recall my proffessor teaching about hallmark feature of viral keratitis being loss of corneal sensation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And my thinking is that Herpes being neurotropic virus should affect nerves,&#xA;however question is decreased or increased sensation because in herpes zoster opthalmicus or trigeminal neuralgia although caused by varicella but causes increased pain and both varicella and HSV belong to same family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So did Parson go wrong here? or otherway round?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-08-22T11:21:14.280" Title="How viral corneal ulcers due to HSV produce loss of sensation but painful at same time?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;&lt;herpes-simplex&gt;&lt;cornea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24500" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="340" CreationDate="2020-08-23T08:17:57.903" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the COVID-19 pandemic some new attention has come to mask wearing pressure injuries. On a very general level, pressure injuries happen mostly to immobilized patients or those with sensitive skin, such as early borns or babies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said and as an aside there is the NPIAP which is a society exclusively concerned with pressure induced injuries: &lt;a href=&quot;https://npiap.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://npiap.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any specific information the referred mask model, however, here are some general guidelines issued by the NPIAP to prevent pressure injuries. They include&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;relieve pressure when possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduce pressure intensity when possible&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid moist (softened) skin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;avoid friction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pressure is defined by force exerted on an area, therefore it may also be a good idea to increase the area therefore reducing the force applied to the area.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For COVID-19 there is also a position paper on N95 masks: &lt;a href=&quot;https://cdn.ymaws.com/npiap.com/resource/resmgr/position_statements/Mask_Position_Paper_FINAL_fo.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cdn.ymaws.com/npiap.com/resource/resmgr/position_statements/Mask_Position_Paper_FINAL_fo.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some more information on prevention and some general information on therapy for pressure injuries here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/abp5591&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/abp5591&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;These are not specific to masks and involve recommendations such as rotation the places where pressures is applied; this is mostly applicable to immobilized patients. For these patients rotation of their bodies so that the body weight pressured is applied to different regions of the body can be beneficial. A takeaway may be to try applying pressure to different areas of the face, such as using different models of masks over time. A strategy with stenomasks may be to have at least two different models so that they can be worn alternately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the quality of air: I assume the air surrounding you when wearing the masks is relatively clean and breathable to begin with (otherwise a different kind of mask may be necessary). As far as depletion of oxygen and enrichment with carbon-dioxide goes, I assume that the stenomask will have to have passed some testing that will prevent CO2-intoxication when used for prolonged time. There may be some information on this in the masks' manual. If someone has a link to that, feel free to post it in the comments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T08:17:57.903" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24501" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="587" CreationDate="2020-08-23T08:34:55.847" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Glyphosphate is an organophosphate compound that is used a herbicide - it is generally aimed at inhibiting enzyme synthesis in plants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, on oral intake from raw produce can produce toxicity, but the impact is low. [1]&#xA;Glyphosphate formulations are usually mixed with additives that allow more rapid or easier transferral to the inside of plants, which can also increase acute toxicity in humans. [2]&#xA;With additives (which is how glyphosphate is usually in circulation) one of the more frequent problems is photocontact dermatitis due to preservatives used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] - &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.10.309&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.10.309&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T08:34:55.847" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-23T11:08:49.897" Score="2" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why does the body need a constant supply of new essential minerals and trace elements, like magnesium or selenium, and not simply recycle what it already has?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I think about it, elements are not like glucose or fat, the body doesn't burn them in a way that it would become not an element (that would require a nuclear reaction), it can only lose them through stool, urine or sweat, and perhaps breathing, shedding dead skin, hair, fingernails or toenails being cut, saliva, ejaculate, is there any other way I forgot the body can lose elements?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, for most elements, I guess the majority is lost through defecation, but why does the body dump the element there, if it will need it again for enzymes and other processes? Couldn't it recycle them back from the colon, so the human doesn't need to consume for example a new 400 mg of magnesium every day to replenish what is thrown away with feces?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5240" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T11:15:03.290" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T22:04:25.433" Title="Why does the body constantly need new supply of essential elements (minerals) and not just recycle what is already in the body?" Tags="&lt;digestion&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24503" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24740" CreationDate="2020-08-23T14:24:26.593" Score="-1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406425&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406425&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fascial interposition significantly improves vasectomy success when ligation and excision is the method of vas occlusion. A limitation of this study is that the correlation between postvasectomy sperm concentrations and risk of pregnancy is not well quantified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does fascial interposition significantly improve vasectomy success (i.e., azoospermia and no recanalization) when mucosal cautery is the method of vas occlusion?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T22:27:56.470" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T22:31:27.747" Title="Does fascial interposition significantly improve vasectomy success when mucosal cautery is the method of vas occlusion?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24317" CreationDate="2020-08-23T15:28:27.053" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Most of HPV infections are cleared by the immune system, but there are cases of persistent HPV infections:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the majority of infected individuals, HPV infection is cleared by the immune system within a couple years of onset; &lt;strong&gt;however, the viral infection can continue to persist latently in a subset of the population. These patients with persistent HPV infection have an increased chance of acquiring epithelial cell abnormalities and subsequently developing cancers at the site of infection&lt;/strong&gt;. Though such progression to cancer is relatively rare, the prevalence of the virus among the general population makes HPV-associated persistent infection a statistically significant affliction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Risk factors that may prevent the natural clearance of HPV persistent infection in certain populations have been a major source of interest. Several studies have discovered that genetic and lifestyle factors can significantly increase the probability of developing persistent infection. For instance, multiple studies have found both smoking and alcohol use to be significant risk factors of persistent oral and genital HPV infection. It has been proposed that the carcinogens in cigarette smoke increase viral load as well as the likelihood of cancerous transformation of the epithelial cells infected with HPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580486/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shanmugasundaram S, You J. Targeting Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses. 2017;9(8):229. Published 2017 Aug 18. doi:10.3390/v9080229&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;See also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4964639/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Radley D, Saah A, Stanley M. Persistent infection with human papillomavirus 16 or 18 is strongly linked with high-grade cervical disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(3):768-772. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1088616&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Persistent infections is a very complicated topic, but the levels of virus load and viral protein synthesis is so low that the infection is undetected by the immune system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By continuously replicating at low levels in a differentiating tissue, such as the basal epithelium, the papillomavirus is able to maintain a reserve in the host &lt;strong&gt;while simultaneously avoiding detection by the immune system&lt;/strong&gt;. During this stage of the infectious cycle, known as maintenance replication, viral genomes are able to partition themselves into the newly formed daughter cells by coordinating their replication with that of the host cell. Later in the infectious cycle, the virus enters a stage of vegetative amplification in which it replicates high levels of genomic products that are fated to be assembled into complete viral particles. This last stage tends to occur in terminally differentiating cell tissues, such as the upper epidermal layers that are destined to be sloughed off and thus are not strictly monitored by the host immune system. &lt;strong&gt;Higher levels of viral replication and assembly are observed in these layers because they tend not to trigger an immune response&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580486/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ibid.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So strengthening your immune system would not help to clear the HPV infection if it is undetected by your immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-08-23T15:35:21.310" LastActivityDate="2020-08-23T15:35:21.310" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24505" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-23T23:00:43.283" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was told by some colleagues at work that certain medications if they were taken by a person can cause antibody COVID-19 tests to test positive, is it possible ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so how is that possible ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20274" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T00:26:27.837" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T00:26:27.837" Title="Can certain medications cause false positives for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24506" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-24T04:27:40.477" Score="0" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326737#vasectomy-reversal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326737#vasectomy-reversal&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The risk of recanalization may increase if: a person chooses an open-ended vasectomy, which closes only one end of the vas deferens&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Vasectomy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Vasectomy.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Four methods of vas occlusion that appear to be consistently reliable with regard to contraceptive and occlusive effectiveness were identified: (1) MC with FI and without the use of ligatures or clips on the vas; (2) MC without FI and without the use of ligatures or clips on the vas; (3) &lt;strong&gt;open ended vasectomy leaving the testicular end unoccluded while using MC of the abdominal end of the vas with FI&lt;/strong&gt;; and (4) the Marie Stopes International method of vasectomy with extended non-divisional electrocautery of the vas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first link does not give any sources for their claim, and the second link (a review published in 2012) mentions that the evidence is limited. I'm hoping that since 2012 the medical literature has improved on it. Does the risk of recanalization increase if a person chooses an open-ended vasectomy (which closes only one end, namely the testicular end, of the vas deferens)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T20:28:10.720" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T20:28:10.720" Title="Does the risk of recanalization increase if a person chooses an open-ended vasectomy (which closes only testicular end of the vas deferens)?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24508" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-24T11:04:16.617" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am asking in the context of preventing STD transmission via small cuts in the hand as in the image :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/cut-finger-wound-closeup-human-hand-hurt-bleeding-healthcare-illustration-156104191.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/cut-finger-wound-closeup-human-hand-hurt-bleeding-healthcare-illustration-156104191.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many hours or days after such little small cut is the skin again effective against viruses/bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20277" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T15:43:57.913" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T15:43:57.913" Title="How soon after a small skin cut will the skin restore its bacteria/virus defense?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;wound&gt;&lt;std&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24509" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-24T17:18:52.873" Score="0" ViewCount="178" Body="&lt;p&gt;Taking antihistamines is common for relieving the itch sensation from a mosquito bite. This itching sensation is one of the side effects of histamine, which is produced as part of the immunological response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/806/how-do-antihistamines-work&quot;&gt;How do antihistamines work?&lt;/a&gt; it is claimed that antihistamines won't have any effect in the immunological system, as it just blocks the symptoms/effects of histamine itself.  But these effects are needed for certain type of immunological response, for example vasoconstriction to increase vascular leakage, to allow for increased access into the affected areas (I assume).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is blocking the effect of histamines actually counterproductive in the healing process of an itching insect bite?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20278" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T19:42:38.767" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T22:47:38.677" Title="Do antihistamines slow down the healing process of a bite/wound?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;antihistamines&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24511" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24509" CreationDate="2020-08-24T19:54:34.623" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;On histamine: Histamine causes vasodilation, not vasoconstriction. The amount of histamine blocking agents ingested largely will not counteract the whole effect of histamine, however it may prevent more pronounced side effects that are not appreciated. One of these side effects, by vasodilation and vascular leak is edema. Edema can produce pressure on capillaries and further reduce perfusion of affected areas.&#xA;Some more information on histamine: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some data that hint at what you are suggesting, namely that some growth factors are accelerated by histamine (albeit the paper is on mice):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15329146&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15329146&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A very old paper on the role of histamine in wound healing compared durability of keloid tissue: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1791057/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1791057/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study did not use OTC antihistamines however; they found though that exogenous histamine applied topically reversed the delayed healing induced by the experimental antihistamine. This may or may not be due to the increased proliferation of cells, growth factors or increased perfusion where previously it was inhibited.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing&lt;/a&gt; it is described how histamine allows inflammation communicating cells etc. to leave blood vessels, which are needed in wound healing e. g. for removal of dead tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-24T22:47:38.677" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T22:47:38.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24512" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24520" CreationDate="2020-08-24T20:28:02.840" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;The site &lt;a href=&quot;https://rt.live/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rt.live&lt;/a&gt; is a website for tracking the R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; value for COVID-19 for states in the U.S. The R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; value is the average number of people infected by someone who is infected with COVID-19. In almost all cases, the R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; for each state starts high, generally around ~2-3, and then quickly declines to a number closer to 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The image below shows the described trend for a handful of states, but the same trend holds for almost every state.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8hKn2.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8hKn2.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is &lt;strong&gt;why does the R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; value start so high?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My a priori guess would be that the initial value of 2-3 is the &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; transmission rate and it went down when states enacted quarantines/restrictions. However that does not seem to hold water as the drop off, in almost every case, occurs very quickly, and often &lt;em&gt;before states first enacted quarantines&lt;/em&gt;. My other guess is that the model, early on is just noisy and uncertain due to the limited data, but it shows error bars which aren't that large, and doesn't explain why it's consistently high (and not more evenly distributed between, say, 0-3). I was hoping someone with more knowledge about how these models work or the data fed into them could provide better insight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20280" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T07:29:08.370" Title="Why does R_t start so high for COVID in these models?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24513" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1189" CreationDate="2020-08-24T21:04:32.503" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amnesia is very important in anesthesiology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indeed, this is a concern in the anesthesiology community as well. I recall a friend and former colleague of mine was involved in a project including this paper (in which I had no involvement):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Raz, A., Eimerl, D., Zaidel, A., Bergman, H., &amp;amp; Israel, Z. (2010). Propofol decreases neuronal population spiking activity in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinsonian patients. Anesthesia &amp;amp; Analgesia, 111(5), 1285-1289.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...in which they attempted to characterize brain activity under &lt;em&gt;anesthesia&lt;/em&gt; that is normally measured in &lt;em&gt;awake&lt;/em&gt; subjects while placing deep brain stimulation electrodes for patients with Parkinson's disease. Usually this procedure, like those you mentioned, requires patients to be awake because the position of the electrodes depends on brain activity. General anesthesia disrupts this brain activity, so it hasn't typically been used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This just a case study, though: it's a general area of interest in anesthesiology to extend general anesthesia to cases where it is normally avoided in order to improve patient comfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So &lt;em&gt;yes&lt;/em&gt;, this is definitely an area of concern and consideration. However, since this is a concern and yet there isn't an ideal agent in use, it's fairly easy to conclude that the answer to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is there a (simple &amp;amp; magical) way of inducing anterograde amnesia without the mental &amp;quot;fog&amp;quot; for trauma reduction in surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is unfortunately &lt;em&gt;no&lt;/em&gt;, otherwise it would be in use all the time! However, for at least some procedures, benzodiazepines can help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benzodiazepines promote amnesia and enhance anesthesia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you say, anterograde amnesia is a beneficial &amp;quot;side effect&amp;quot; of general anesthesia, but not only that: it is also an &lt;em&gt;intentional&lt;/em&gt; effect. Patients expect to &lt;em&gt;not remember&lt;/em&gt; their surgeries as well as not be aware in the moment (Rowley et al 2017 is a recent survey of patient attitudes towards anesthesia). Benzodiazepines are sedatives that are often given along with general anesthesia (midazolam, in particular) to both reduce the dose of anesthetic necessary to obtain a desired hyponotic effect and also to improve per-operative amnesia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Midazolam is an effective amnestic in moderate doses, and it acts quite quickly (see for example Dundee &amp;amp; Wilson, 1980), helping reduce possibility for traumatic experiences even in the initial preparations for surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Benzodiazepines as an alternative to general anesthesia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some procedures are done with only benzodiazepines as &amp;quot;conscious sedation&amp;quot; (often with addition of a narcotic or local anesthetic since benzodiazepines do not provide analgesia), both for the anxiolytic and amnestic effects as well as safety compared to general anesthesia (subanesthetic doses of general anesthetic agents like propofol may be used alternatively or in addition in some cases). Examples include dental procedures, colonoscopies, and endoscopies. Often these procedures can be performed with limited patient memory, especially after 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Benzodiazepines may not be appropriate for all patients or all procedures, of course, and they are certainly &lt;em&gt;sedating&lt;/em&gt; even if patients are conscious. However, there is no safe alternative for inducing amnesia without full loss-of-consciousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dundee, J. W., &amp;amp; Wilson, D. B. (1980). Amnesic action of midazolam. Anaesthesia, 35(5), 459-461.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rowley, P., Boncyk, C., Gaskell, A., Absalom, A., Bonhomme, V., Coburn, M., ... &amp;amp; Sanders, R. D. (2017). What do people expect of general anaesthesia?.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T21:04:32.503" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24514" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24414" CreationDate="2020-08-24T21:49:45.637" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems the first two diagrams are general treatment plans. You could also say it is a general view of the clinical pathway to follow for those two different cancer diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The third image is a detailed pharmacological treatment that comes if you &amp;quot;zoom in&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;double click&amp;quot; a box in the first two diagrams. It shows what drugs must be taken in certain days.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found no formal definitions or documentation for this type of notation though I have seen these notations in english, spanish and german documents. So I still think that someone invented it and must have some sort of consensus on the elements of the notation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be  an effort to document clinical pathways using BPMN, CMMN, and DMN. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bpm-plus.org/healthcare-and-bpmn.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bpm-plus.org/healthcare-and-bpmn.htm&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20201" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T21:49:45.637" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24515" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21519" CreationDate="2020-08-24T22:47:43.107" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of August 24, 2020, the jury is out on your question--Can the replication and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) virus in humans be inhibited in a similar way by the use of oseltamivir?  It could be answered definitively only in a randomized trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The company that manufactures Tamiflu—the branded version of oseltamivir--seems not to consider oseltamivir promising for this virus, with considerable pessimism about its use for the treatment of COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, on April 29, 2020, Roche, the manufacturer of Tamiflu, issued provided the following information about Tamiflu and COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tamiflu and Use in Coronavirus (COVID-19)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This response corresponds to your request for information on the use&#xA;of Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) for the treatment of novel human&#xA;coronavirus (COVID-19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This response was developed according to principles of evidence-based&#xA;medicine and includes information from case series and reports with 5&#xA;or more patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Brief&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are currently no medicines approved to specifically treat human&#xA;coronaviruses. Tamiflu is designed to be highly specific to the&#xA;influenza virus. Due to this high specificity, it is extremely&#xA;unlikely that Tamiflu would be effective at treating the coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Independent laboratory testing conducted by Hong Kong University,&#xA;School of Public Health demonstrates that Tamiflu does not have any&#xA;antiviral effect on the novel coronavirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two case series describe the use of oseltamivir in patients&#xA;hospitalized for COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PDF document that includes this information from Roche can be found by Googling medinfo.roche.com&amp;gt;COVID-19&amp;gt;Tamiflu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The document from Roche then provides detail on the case series.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first case series was published in the Lancet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a Lancet publication describing 41 patients, 38 patients were&#xA;empirically treated upon hospital admission with oseltamivir 75 mg&#xA;twice daily along with antibiotic therapy.4 Common symptoms presented&#xA;by these patients included fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue. All&#xA;patients had pneumonia and abnormalities in chest CT images. The&#xA;median time from onset of symptoms to hospital admission (n=41) was 7&#xA;days (range, 4-8). The median time from onset of symptoms to ICU&#xA;admission (n=16) was 1Th0.5 days (range, 8-17). Oseltamivir treatment&#xA;was administered in 12 of the 13 patients, who received ICU care, and&#xA;in 26 of the 28 patients, who did not receive ICU care. There was no&#xA;statistical difference between the proportion of oseltamivir-treated&#xA;patients admitted to the ICU compared with oseltamivir-treated&#xA;patients not admitted to the ICU (92% vs. 93%, p=0.46).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China [supplementary appendix appears online]. Lancet 2020;395:497-506. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second case series was published in JAMA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a JAMA publication, 138 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to the&#xA;hospital at a median time of 7 days from the onset of symptoms.6 Of&#xA;the 138 patients, 124 patients received oseltamivir. The dose of&#xA;oseltamivir was adjusted based on the severity of the disease, and was&#xA;not reported. The authors noted no effective outcomes were observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. E-pub Date: aheadofprint February 2020. DOI # 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 . &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32031570&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32031570&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question of whether oseltamivir has an effect on transmissability and/or infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus would be definitively answered in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On August 24, 2020, no randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trials involving oseltamivir were registered at Clinical Trials.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/accessed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://clinicaltrials.gov/accessed&lt;/a&gt; 8/24/2020&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-08-24T22:47:43.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-25T03:44:03.563" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;The studies I've found so far are old and/or inconclusive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(02)04924-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(02)04924-5/fulltext&lt;/a&gt; (2003, not a large sample size and a surprisingly high spontaneous recanalization rate &amp;quot;870 vasectomized men, all 47 cases of spontaneous recanalization&amp;quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study represents one of the first that evaluates the effectiveness of excising small vas segments during vasectomy. &lt;strong&gt;Within the range of 5–20 mm, longer segments excised do not reduce the risk of recanalization when ligation by clips is used&lt;/strong&gt;. Further research is needed to examine the possible role of other components of the ligation technique such as the degree of force applied on the clips or suture material, the length of the remaining stumps distal to the ligation, and the presence or quantity of fascia included in the ligation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503392/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503392/&lt;/a&gt; (2004) is inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;additional study is needed before any evidence-based conclusions can be made about the importance of the type of cautery, use of fascial interposition, and excision of a segment of the vas in reducing the risk of vasectomy failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T03:44:03.563" Title="How does the length of the vas deferens excised during vasectomy impact the risk of recanalization after a vasectomy?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;urology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24518" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-25T03:56:02.343" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any specific mention on the internet if Metamizole (most known as dipyrone) is specifically associated with rebound headaches like other pain relieve medications like Aspirin, Acetaminophen, etc?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="767" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-25T06:43:25.403" LastActivityDate="2020-08-25T06:43:25.403" Title="Is metamizole associated with rebound headaches?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24512" CreationDate="2020-08-25T19:57:42.743" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;People don't just act in response to official orders.  People react to the perception of danger, and by the time various official responses were announced, they were already taking measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (some more effective than others).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america/new-york&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mobility data for New York&lt;/a&gt;: By the time the lockdown started on March 22, cell-phone mobility (a proxy for person-to-person contact) was already down 56%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This holds just about everywhere.  California, one of the earliest states to lock down, was already down 36%.  South Dakota, which never had a lockdown order, saw mobility go down 32% at the lowest.  Heading over to Europe, by the time the UK announced a total lockdown, mobility was already down 46%.  Italy was down 36%.  And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; starts high because that's the natural infection rate, and drops rapidly as people take measures to avoid being infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T07:29:08.370" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T07:29:08.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24525" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-26T17:49:23.167" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Statistically, from 100 people exposed to the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, how many get infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Say for example in the USA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since they talk about exposed people, then such cases should be identifiable &lt;a href=&quot;https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/08/cdc-loses-its-mind-says-people-exposed-to-covid-19-do-not-need-testing/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/08/cdc-loses-its-mind-says-people-exposed-to-covid-19-do-not-need-testing/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20287" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-08-26T20:52:55.090" LastActivityDate="2020-08-26T20:57:40.183" Title="How many of those exposed to COVID-19 get infected?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24528" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24525" CreationDate="2020-08-26T20:51:43.203" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The definition for &amp;quot;exposed&amp;quot; the CDC is using that is referred to in the article you link is &amp;quot;close contact with an infected person (that is, be within six feet for 15 or more minutes)&amp;quot;. This is a standard used in contact tracing, where once you identify someone who is infected you go back and try to identify people they had contact with that are at highest risk. &lt;strong&gt;This is not the only reasonable definition of &amp;quot;exposure&amp;quot;, and does not include many people who are nonetheless exposed to some level of contact with an infected person or surfaces/rooms containing virus.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people get infected yet are not known to have close contact with an infected person. Among those who do have &amp;quot;close contact&amp;quot;, they do not all have the same level of close contact. Longer contact in a more enclosed space is worse than shorter contact in a less enclosed space. Other details matter like whether the infected person is doing things like coughing, singing, talking, and whether either person is wearing a mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, an answer to your question &amp;quot;how many of those exposed get infected?&amp;quot; is not particularly meaningful. A related question that might be answerable is &amp;quot;what percentage of people identified via contact tracing go on to test positive?&amp;quot; but &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/14/902271822/13-states-make-contact-tracing-data-public-heres-what-they-re-learning&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only limited data on contact-tracing is available&lt;/a&gt; and I am not aware of any published data that report results for people who have been marked as contacts. I don't believe there is typically follow-up (or resources for follow-up) with contacts once they have been informed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/covid2019_dashboard.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New Jersey's database&lt;/a&gt; suggests that 12% of contacts who are reached have symptoms, but that isn't the same as the number who test positive. It's also not clear if those people got symptoms because of exposure to the index case or someone else, whether they were actually infected before the index case, or how many of the other 88% are either infected but asymptomatic or infected and will later develop symptoms. Additionally, most of the potential contacts are not traced due to limited cooperation from cases or lack of contact information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-08-26T20:57:40.183" LastActivityDate="2020-08-26T20:57:40.183" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24529" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-26T23:55:34.280" Score="3" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;To what extent is the quality of a sperm sample affected during transit from the donor's home to a cryobank?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://intercom.help/legacyfertility/en/articles/4307725-is-my-sample-affected-during-transit&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://intercom.help/legacyfertility/en/articles/4307725-is-my-sample-affected-during-transit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your volume, count, concentration and morphology are not affected by&#xA;the transit. This is simply a reflection of how much sperm you are&#xA;producing and their shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can expect a small decline in the motility of the sperm, dependent&#xA;on the number of hours in transit. The decline ranges from 5-20%, with&#xA;an average of about 10%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dadikit.com/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dadikit.com/faq/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a loss in sperm motility due to transport of sperm? The kit's preservative is used to protect the sperm on its journey back to the lab. Loss in sperm motility is generally between 10–15%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the websites don't give any source for their statements, and since they are a cryobank that only accept customers' sample by mail, they have a conflict of interest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-08-28T02:51:14.720" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T02:51:14.720" Title="To what extent is the quality of a sperm sample affected during transit via mail from the donor's home to a cryobank?" Tags="&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;sperm-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24531" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-27T11:33:38.003" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been reading up about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-dermatomes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dermatomes&lt;/a&gt; and it got me wondering if dermatomal issues can indicate potential problems further into the body than the dermis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a couple of examples, can say one of T1 to T6 affect anything around the heart or lungs? I can understand that S2 and S3 can affect sexual responses within the genitalia of a man or woman, but can one of say, T11 to S2 affect any of the reproductive organs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-04-09T10:20:25.990" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T10:21:02.917" Title="Can dermatomal problems possibly indicate other medical conditions?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;spine&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;neuropathy&gt;&lt;spinal-cord-compression&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-27T12:14:53.630" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/14-12-2017-up-to-650-000-people-die-of-respiratory-diseases-linked-to-seasonal-flu-each-year&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Up to 650,000 people die of respiratory diseases linked to seasonal flu each year&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This marks an increase on the previous global estimate of 250 000 –&#xA;500 000, which dates from over ten years ago and covered all&#xA;influenza-related deaths, including cardiovascular disease or&#xA;diabetes. The new figures of 290 000 – 650 000 deaths are based on&#xA;more recent data from a larger, more diverse group of countries,&#xA;including lower middle income countries, and exclude deaths from&#xA;non-respiratory diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And according to this,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/new-coronavirus-compare-with-flu.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How does new coronavirus compare to the flu &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The death rate from seasonal flu is typically around 0.1% in the U.S.,&#xA;according to news reports&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now for covid-19 worldwide, in 8 months deaths were over 800,000 worldwide&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus update&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the death rate according to this is between 0,5 to 1%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01738-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;How deadly is the coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But in Argentina, according to this source which supposedly cites the Ministery of Health,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202002/435411-casi-32-mil-personas-mueren-por-ano-en-argentina-por-neumonia-e-influenza.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Around 32,000 persons die each year by flu and pneumonia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2018 around 32,000 persons died by flu and pneumonia in Argentina&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This figure is amazingly high considered Argentina is #11 in number of covid-19 cases worldwide and it had in 6 months less than 10,000 deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/argentina/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronavirus in Argentina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here you could think, well, they say flu and pneumonia and there are other causes for pneumonia aside Influenza, but the article also says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The flu is caused by the virus Influenza and it has in all its kinds a&#xA;mortality of around 0,5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm assuming he's talking about Argentina since he's the director of an infectologist institution in Argentina)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This would be (for Argentina) practically the same death rate for flu than for covid-19.&#xA;Can this be possible? Can this be confirmed or refuted by other sources?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="7049" LastEditDate="2020-08-27T12:29:56.757" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T06:38:18.400" Title="Can the flu mortality be as high as covid-19 in some countries?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24534" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14760" CreationDate="2020-08-27T20:37:51.147" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aadrenaline will generally quickly worsen heart failure because&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;it massively increases peripheral vascular resistance and thus after-load on the heart.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It significantly increases myocardial oxygen demand and in heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease this can quickly lead to myocardial infarction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do the effects of epinephrine not last long enough&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effects of epinephrine are indeed short but so are most ionotropic drugs - this is irrelevant however since if it were to be used in surgery it would be given via continuous infusion or repeated iv bolus doses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... or have potentially harmful effects in larger quantities?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has potentially harmful effects even in small quantities in heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it that the patient's blood flow is also increased when using epinephrine, making blood loss more significant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The exact opposite. A major function of epinephrine in the body is to minimize blood loss in the case of trauma by inducing profound peripheral vasoconstriction. This is why for example it is often used topically to treat acute epistaxis (nose bleeds). So while it does under normal circumstances increase cardiac output it would be incorrect to say it &amp;quot;increases blood flow&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although epinephrine does have important uses in surgery (to treat for example low blood pressure in the setting of bradycardia) there are generally more effective alternative drugs when it comes to heart failure (dobutamine for example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blocking of adrenaline is in fact a cornerstone in the treatment of heart failure which is why beta-blockers (i.e beta-adrenergic receptor blockers) are usually prescribed to patients with heart failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20293" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T20:37:51.147" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24535" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24502" CreationDate="2020-08-27T21:27:16.720" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it is not usually thermodynamically possible to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example Iron (Fe) is an essential mineral for the oxygen carrying molecule haemoglobin. This iron is only useful in Fe+ and Fe2+ forms and it switches between these in order to adsorb and release oxygen.&#xA;If the iron molecule becomes further oxidised to the Fe3+ form it can no longer be turned back to Fe2+ because Fe3+ is a more stable ionic form and hence the amount of energy required to change it back is too great to be done physiologically and so it is excreted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another example is vitamin C which is an antioxidant (reducing agent) which works by donating electrons to certain enzymes. This changes the form of vitamin C to an unusable form. In this case it is possible to reverse the reaction however if the rate of change exceeds the bodies ability to convert it back and so it is excreted via the kidneys and hence needs to be replaced by diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20293" LastActivityDate="2020-08-27T21:27:16.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24536" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24738" CreationDate="2020-08-27T23:59:28.627" Score="-1" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are open-ended vasectomies less likely to cause &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-vasectomy_pain_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post-vasectomy pain&lt;/a&gt; than closed vasectomies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vasectomy.com/question/is-open-testicular-end-vasectomy-better-11304&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vasectomy.com/question/is-open-testicular-end-vasectomy-better-11304&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is debatable. There is slightly less chance of post vasectomy pain syndrome, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/24506/20241&quot;&gt;slightly greater risk of failed vasectomy&lt;/a&gt;. It is a discussion I often have in my office with my patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but no evidence is given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T20:35:27.630" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T20:35:56.147" Title="Are open-ended vasectomies less likely to cause post-vasectomy pain than closed vasectomies?" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-28T03:31:03.570" Score="5" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question was taken from an NREMT (EMT certification) test I took and will have to re-take, so the context is emergency medicine/first response. It asked me to list some semi-hollow organs. This was never covered in my class, it's not in my textbook, and I can't find a single result for &amp;quot;semi-hollow organs&amp;quot; on Google. What could they be asking about?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20294" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T03:31:03.570" Title="What is a semi-hollow organ?" Tags="&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24540" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-28T11:16:10.027" Score="2" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some resources (like WHO) says that HPV can be cleared by the immune system as the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many types of HPV, and many do not cause problems. HPV infections usually clear up without any intervention within a few months after acquisition, and about 90% clear within 2 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other resources I looked at about HPV as the following and they mostly have explanation of HPV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/hpv/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/hpv/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/hpv.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/hpv.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;and more..&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, they don't specify which HPV types are detectable by the immune system and there is no information whether the clerance is related with the type of HPV. I also Googled for &amp;quot;detectable hpv types by the immune system&amp;quot; but unfortunately couldn't find explicit information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My HPV Genotyping test resulted in HPV type 6. In this case I wonder which HPV types can be detectable by the immune system to remove it from the body. Is there any information about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20138" LastEditorUserId="20138" LastEditDate="2020-08-28T21:33:06.327" LastActivityDate="2020-08-28T21:33:06.327" Title="Which HPV types are detectable by the immune system to remove it from body?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-28T11:19:15.077" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here in the Basel, Switzerland area there are mask mandates when shopping or taking public transit.  Yet every day when I walk to or from the train station, I see dozens of people smoking outside the station or in smoking areas in the station.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously they're not wearing masks.  Presumably some of the smoke comes from their burning cigarettes, but some of it they exhale.  There's no way to tell which type I'm inhaling, but I can tell I'm inhaling it from the smell and the taste, and these ear-loop masks don't block the smoke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assume we have two groups of people standing around outside.  No one in either group is wearing masks.  In one group, everyone is smoking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I at a greater risk of contracting Covid-19 from the smoking group (and their exhaled smoke) than I am from the group breathing ordinary air?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19958" LastEditorUserId="19958" LastEditDate="2021-02-05T08:15:39.217" LastActivityDate="2021-02-05T08:15:39.217" Title="Is Covid-19 spread by exhaled cigarette smoke?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24542" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-28T14:17:27.963" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been searching online for a study regarding the affect of immunotherapy on the necessity for an affected individual diagnosed with laryngeal cancer to require larynx surgery, to no avail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could somebody point me in the right direction of where I could find such a study (assuming one exists)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20297" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T02:09:51.673" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T02:09:51.673" Title="Studies On The Affect Of Immunotherapy On Larynx Surgeries" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;throat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24544" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-28T23:59:43.793" Score="0" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is an open-ended vasectomy easier to reverse than a closed vasectomy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vasectomy.com/question/is-open-testicular-end-vasectomy-better-11304&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vasectomy.com/question/is-open-testicular-end-vasectomy-better-11304&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the proponents of [open-ended vasectomies] tout the benefit of less pain, and a higher likelihood of reversing the vasectomy if desired in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bestvasectomy.com/vasectomy-why-us/open-ended-vasectomy-less-pain-after-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bestvasectomy.com/vasectomy-why-us/open-ended-vasectomy-less-pain-after-vasectomy/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally men who have an open ended vasectomy procedure may be more likely to have a successful vasectomy reversal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://ncfmc.com/vasectomy-reversal/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ncfmc.com/vasectomy-reversal/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the United States, physicians are currently performing about 500,000 vasectomies per year. About 1 percent of men (1 out of 100) who have had a vasectomy will decide to undergo a reversal. &lt;strong&gt;The technique used for the vasectomy is largely irrelevant to the success of the reversal&lt;/strong&gt;. The vas deferens is a long tube and it is very rare to be unable to accomplish a reconnection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but they don't give any scientific evidence for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found one study &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340687/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12340687/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Open-ended vasectomy, developed by Dr. Sherman Silber, is characterized by leaving the testicular side of the divided vas open, while the abdominal side is clipped or cauterized as usual. The importance of that technique is 2-fold, according to Silber. The resulting reduction in pressure prevents ruptures and leakage in the epididymis, &lt;strong&gt;vastly improving the patient's chances of successful reversal&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but the paper dates back from 1986 (techniques for vasectomies and vasectomy reversal might have evolved since then).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T23:52:25.273" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T23:52:25.273" Title="Is an open-ended vasectomy easier to reverse than a closed vasectomy?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;sex&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24548" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24544" CreationDate="2020-08-29T17:24:53.557" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;With all these vasectomy questions, you might be best off trying to interview a licensed urologist. You're correct that there appears to be very limited clinical research in humans regarding vasectomy in recent literature. From what I can find (&lt;strong&gt;emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028200004829?casa_token=Qt0K11jA3Z0AAAAA:fZharNeCm0xQ2FyxEXNgHDrHpvku-paYf6sp2-agaXvT2_C-rlgLdjxrXCe44oDGCjxioWdAHg#BIB37&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pamela J Schwingl, Harry A Guess,&#xA;Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy,&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Fertility and Sterility&lt;/em&gt;,&#xA;Volume 73, Issue 5,&#xA;Pages 923-936,&#xA;2000.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peterson et al. suggest that there may be a trade-off between efficacy of an occlusion method and potential for reversibility. For example, &lt;strong&gt;open-ended vasectomies may be associated with a lower rate of congestive epididymitis and have a higher potential for reversal but may be associated with higher pregnancy rates&lt;/strong&gt;. Removing a large portion of the vas may be associated with a low pregnancy rate, but re-anastomosis in this situation may be more difficult, with a low potential for reversibility. Cautery and coagulation methods tend to effectively seal off the ends of the vasa, but these require a more technically difficult vasoepididymostomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Open-ended vasectomy, or leaving the testicular end of the vas open, is performed to avoid the increased intraluminal pressure that leads to postvasectomy pain syndrome and to increase the chances of successful reversal&lt;/strong&gt;. Some have shown that leaving the vas open eliminates potential for damage from increased pressure and is less likely than closed-ended vasectomy to be associated with congestive epididymitis, and in some cases, sperm granulomas. Others report that the method appears to result in increased rates of spontaneous recanalization. However, the method of occlusion of the closed-end and the use of fascial separation of the two ends seem to modify the rate of spontaneous recanalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, all of the citations this paper refers to are pre-2000, so these don't address your point that &amp;quot;techniques for vasectomies and vasectomy reversal might have evolved since then.&amp;quot; More recently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peter TK Chan, Marc Goldstein, Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversal, &lt;em&gt;Male Reproductive Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Treatment&lt;/em&gt;, Chapter 34, Pages 385-406, 2007.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...men with postvasectomy congestive epididymitis may be relieved of their pain by open-ended vasectomy designed to purposefully produce a pressure-relieving sperm granuloma; however, &lt;strong&gt;it should be pointed out that some investigators have raised concern of potential vasectomy failure with the open-ended technique&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC529470/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The associated reference&lt;/a&gt; doesn't compare the closed- and open-ended techniques, but one might infer a more facile reversal is suggested by increased failure rates (compared to cauterization methods). Beyond this, even the 2019 textbook &lt;em&gt;Vasectomy Reversal&lt;/em&gt; contains no direct mention of the open-ended technique, so I think your best resource will be a practicing clinician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2020-08-29T17:24:53.557" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24549" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-29T19:16:35.673" Score="4" ViewCount="66" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since the early days of COVID-19, when very little information was available regarding this new virus, we now have an abundance of data. Data such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cases recorded, per nation, per time period&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Positive cases per x number of tests&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People admitted to hospital with serious COVID symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who died, who had ever tested positive for COVID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who died WITH COVID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;People who died &lt;strong&gt;because of&lt;/strong&gt; COVID&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above list isn't necessarily available in all categories for all countries. However it illustrates the type of information that is now available, and being recorded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I want to know is why nations (as advised by their health authorities) are still using the basic &amp;quot;recorded cases&amp;quot; statistic. As far as any logic should suggest, this figure in itself would only be important if it had been established that merely &lt;em&gt;catching&lt;/em&gt; the virus would &lt;em&gt;highly likely&lt;/em&gt; lead to hospitalisation, and that death was significantly likely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However this is not the case. As we have now seen, the vast majority of people don't suffer especially serious symptoms. Most of them fully recover. Only a small fraction of people suffer from such serious symptoms as to require hospitalisation; and an even smaller fraction die.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also been established (in the UK at least) that death statistics themselves were seriously flawed: in the first couple of months of data recording, they recorded &lt;em&gt;every person&lt;/em&gt; as a COVID death statistic simply if they had ever tested positive - without separating out those cases where they actually died &lt;em&gt;with&lt;/em&gt; the virus (and they still haven't properly defined their death stats to accurately reflect deaths definitely &lt;strong&gt;caused by&lt;/strong&gt; COVID, which personally I think is the only useful death figure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So - given that it has been established how low the mortality rate is, why do authorities still use &amp;quot;number of cases&amp;quot; as the headline figure on which to base policy? Surely the more relevant figure would be to measure the number of serious hospitalisations. Because the rest of the people simply catch it; feel sick for a few days; and then recover. The recoveries are surely of little consequence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An example of numbers of infections being used as a measure to guide government policy. The British government keeps a list of countries, from which if you arrive, the traveller must self-isolate for 14 days. This list is based on the current numbers of cases being reported in that country (irrespective of the actual death rate).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-why-countries-are-added-to-uk-quarantine-list-12061651&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-why-countries-are-added-to-uk-quarantine-list-12061651&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the main criteria is the latest seven-day infection rate, which&#xA;gives an estimate of the prevalence of active cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it reaches 20 reported new cases per 100,000 of the population then&#xA;authorities consider ordering returning travellers to quarantine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So this is a case of government policy being based entirely on &lt;em&gt;rate of infection&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20303" LastEditorUserId="20303" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T08:36:58.153" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T08:36:58.153" Title="Why are government decisions being led by the number of COVID CASES (as opposed to actual deaths)?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;health-policy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T04:53:05.697" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24550" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-29T22:46:30.680" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently got a bloodwork done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ranges given were 35.0-155.0 pg/mL&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My test result was 72.3,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(72.3-35)/(155-35) * 100 = 31%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I correct to assume that I am on the 31 percentile based on the lab result?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20305" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T02:41:02.297" Title="Help me understand my test result" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-08-30T04:07:51.867" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24551" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24549" CreationDate="2020-08-29T22:46:41.070" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Government decisions aim at addressing the COVID-19 pandemic (which &lt;a href=&quot;https://politics.stackexchange.com/q/55991/2231&quot;&gt;admittedly many are doing very poorly&lt;/a&gt;), since COVID-19 still poses a significant medical threat to a fraction of contaminated people as you mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The progress of the COVID-19 pandemic is reflected by the number of cases. While&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the rest of the people simply catch it; feel sick for a few days; and then recover&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these people, along with the asymptomatics, contribute to the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the number of deaths is a statistics that is more delayed than number of COVID cases. As a result, it makes sense for government decisions to be based on the number of COVID cases. When medical research progresses and either a reliable vaccine or very effective treatment is available, i.e. that the medical threat decreases, then it'll make more sense for government decisions to be based on the COVID deaths. The threshold is subjective, e.g. if we're ok with a few million deaths the same way we're ok with the budget for medical research being 10 times less than military budget in the US, then we can reopen everything now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-08-29T22:51:50.333" LastActivityDate="2020-08-29T22:51:50.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24552" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24743" CreationDate="2020-08-29T23:59:48.753" Score="-1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;Context of the question: storing sperm in cryobanks. I read the following comment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I could find the relevant citations when I have some time, but I seem to remember some research findings that show that sperm quality is better when ejaculated outside a lab building which is curious. This could account for wishing sperm samples to be brought in from home, but mailing the sample would in my mind affect quality more. Interesting question. – &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/7951/chris-rogers&quot; title=&quot;4,854 reputation&quot;&gt;Chris Rogers&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24529/to-what-extent-is-the-quality-of-a-sperm-sample-affected-during-transit-via-mail#comment47558_24529&quot;&gt;13 hours ago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the quality of sperm higher when ejaculated outside a lab building than when inside one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find studies on it. I imagine that if there is indeed a difference in quality this could be due to some psychological factors, so I find the statement plausible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T13:36:56.733" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T04:07:54.853" Title="Is the quality of sperm higher when ejaculated outside a lab building than when inside one?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24553" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24550" CreationDate="2020-08-30T02:41:02.297" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, this is incorrect. It assumes a uniform distribution of values within the reference range, which is rarely the case. There is not enough data here to say which percentile you are in. For that, you need to know the actual distribution. This requires more research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17046" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T02:41:02.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-30T23:50:49.790" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a genomic study of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, scientifics detected cross-replicating associations with rs11385942 at locus 3p21.31 , the association signal spanned the genes SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6 and XCR1&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what's a cross-replication association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315890/pdf/NEJMoa2020283.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315890/pdf/NEJMoa2020283.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastActivityDate="2020-08-30T23:50:49.790" Title="Cross-replication association" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24558" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-08-31T10:31:01.433" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T10:31:01.433" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T10:31:01.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24559" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-08-31T10:31:01.433" Score="0" Body="Andrology is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:01:25.193" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:01:25.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24560" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-08-31T11:28:18.253" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T11:28:18.253" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T11:28:18.253" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24561" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-08-31T11:28:18.253" Score="0" Body="Infectious mononucleosis (&quot;mono&quot;) is an infection caused by the Epstein–Barr virus." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-11-08T09:08:48.533" LastActivityDate="2020-11-08T09:08:48.533" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24562" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-08-31T11:33:37.393" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T11:33:37.393" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T11:33:37.393" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24563" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-08-31T11:33:37.393" Score="0" Body="Analgesics, also known as painkillers, are drugs that are used to relieve pain." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:02:35.077" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:02:35.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24564" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-31T13:23:04.783" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently studying the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST/ALT_ratio&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AST/ALT ratio&lt;/a&gt; and its ability to detect hepatitis and cirrhosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read some articles about this topic and they all seem to consider this ratio quite useful, but I also noticed this study saying the opposite: &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018888021118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AST/ALT Ratio ≥1 is not diagnostic of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (Reedy et al, &lt;em&gt;Digestive Diseases and Sciences&lt;/em&gt;, 1998)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current state of the AST/ALT ratio?&#xA;Is it currently used in clinical settings?&#xA;Is it considered reliable by phyisicians?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6902" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T13:35:54.353" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T13:35:54.353" Title="Is the AST/ALT ratio a valid method to detect hepatitis C and cirrhosis?" Tags="&lt;hepatitis&gt;&lt;ratio&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24566" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-08-31T14:14:11.403" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-08-31T14:14:11.403" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T14:14:11.403" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24567" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-08-31T14:14:11.403" Score="0" Body="Radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging to diagnose and treat diseases seen within the body." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T19:59:36.493" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T19:59:36.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24568" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-08-31T17:47:14.800" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;In chronic pancreas, due to necrosis and inflammation the fats of peripancreatic fat undergo liquefactive necrosis and the released fatty acids react with Calcium which is released during necrosis and also partly from serum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now why does this stain basophillic?&#xA;Because if calcium even though it forms salt with fatty acid, the salt should be basic in nature, i.e. it'll react with acid and should be acidophillic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-08-31T17:47:14.800" Title="Why are calcium deposits in chronic pancreatitis basophillic?" Tags="&lt;pancreatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-01T14:03:25.157" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm reading about cataract and various morphologies related to it. Some of them are visually significant cataract some are not. I'm unable to understand why it is like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example punctate cataracts, cataracta centralis pulverulenta all have small particle like opacities so is it why they don't affect vision much?&#xA;Sort of like me wearing spectacles but it's dirty with dust particles but I still see almost clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm confused whether this hold true in general because on other hand punctate keratitis causes lot of scattering of light and is visually significant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another theory I'm thinking is which part of human lens is mainly involved in refraction? nucleus, cortex or capsule?&#xA;because is the part which undergoes cataract is refracting less it should be visually insignificant (may be?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T14:03:25.157" Title="Which part of lens is involved in refraction?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;lenses&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24575" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-01T17:53:09.450" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read as much as I've been able about COVID-19 all these months, but nothing comes to mind that talks about what an appropriate level of vaccination would be among international guests to a large event to make it a safe event.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, I'm thinking of a 50-100 person event next year (2021) that is planned to take place in Latin America, where early access to vaccines might be an issue. Ideally, I'd like to provide eventual guidance (as vaccine research and availability evolves, of course) about what a wise course of action will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I'm curious about the risks for unvaccinated (and vaccinated?) guests if the minority (~25%), half, and the majority (~75%) of guests are already vaccinated.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that this might also depend on the efficacy of the specific vaccine. I assumed, too, that vaccinated people won't be at risk anymore, but recent reading leads me to believe that they'll be less likely to contract COVID-19, but that they won't 100% be immune to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How will the interaction of vaccinated vs non-vaccinated people work in this kind of scenario?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; I'm not expecting opinion-based answers, but rather thoughtful, fact-based deeper analyses of the range of possibilities a scenario like this will entail. As time moves on, the answers can and should become more precise, of course. I'm also not expecting a single right answer (degrees of possible scenarios given percentage variables would be better) or one right away (it absolutely is too soon to actually know). Many of the most popular articles associated with COVID-19 activity risk assessment right now have to work with uncertainties and levels of plausibility, and I expect answers to do so as well. Most of all, I want to make sure this question is out there and explored at all, since it hasn't been covered much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20321" LastEditorUserId="20321" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T19:42:41.917" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T19:42:41.917" Title="Level of vaccination for safe, large, international event" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T05:03:30.610" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24576" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-09-01T23:17:26.223" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-09-01T23:17:26.223" LastActivityDate="2020-09-01T23:17:26.223" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24577" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-09-01T23:17:26.223" Score="0" Body="The discharge of feces." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T05:26:17.300" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T05:26:17.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-01T23:50:32.600" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there documented cases of nutritional sodium deficiency? I'm curious what the symptoms are, and if it's possible to achieve them through dietary restrictions alone. I could only find examples of hyponatremia with causes other than nutritional deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14522" LastEditorUserId="14522" LastEditDate="2020-09-02T05:37:28.967" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T21:33:48.203" Title="Nutritional sodium deficiency -- documented cases?" Tags="&lt;sodium&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24580" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-02T03:05:07.750" Score="3" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53994209&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news article&lt;/a&gt; I've read that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outdoor haircuts were allowed in California from Tuesday, under new rules announced by the mayor, but indoor salons remain shut.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this kind of rule/recommendation based on substantial empirical evidence? Is doing/having the same kind of fairly close interaction between people but outdoors substantially less likely to spread Covid-19 (or respiratory diseases in general)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T17:51:09.987" Title="Does being outdoors but in close proximity to someone make a difference in Covid-19 transmission?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;prevention&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;non-pharmaceutical-interventions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-02T11:21:43.970" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a vaccine against pneumococcus (common cause of pneumonia) but there's no vaccine against treponema pallidum (cause of syphilis).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both are bacteria (although different kinds of bacteria).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the difference in layman words? Why do we have a vaccine against the former but not against the latter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20325" LastActivityDate="2020-09-02T11:21:43.970" Title="Why do we have vaccines against some diseases and not the others?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-03T23:49:18.870" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24584" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-09-02T15:05:29.447" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-09-02T15:05:29.447" LastActivityDate="2020-09-02T15:05:29.447" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24585" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-09-02T15:05:29.447" Score="0" Body="Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:02:20.723" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:02:20.723" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24533" CreationDate="2020-09-03T04:50:22.390" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's possible your news source confused deaths with hospitalizations, confused the cause of death, or that 2018 was particularly bad flu year in Argentina (but I rather doubt that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peer-reviewed, albeit older &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5855154/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;publications&lt;/a&gt; put the flu mortality figures much lower:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During 2002–2009, we estimated that influenza contributed to an average of approximately 2000–9000 deaths and 8000–23,000 hospitalizations in Argentina&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And broken down by month&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lvIKp.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/lvIKp.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also they don't find the mortality substantially different from other American countries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;our mortality rates are similar to those estimated in Argentina during 1992–1999, in neighboring Brazil, and in the United States&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do see in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221479&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent paper&lt;/a&gt; some criticism that that older one may underestimate influenza...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several countries, including Argentina, Chile, and many Central American countries, have used virologic surveillance data to attribute hospitalizations to influenza, as we did in this analysis, but used a smaller subset of “pneumonia and influenza” ICD-10 hospital discharge codes, rather than all respiratory hospitalizations [7, 10, 36]. Using “pneumonia and influenza” hospitalizations likely under-estimated the true respiratory hospitalization burden from influenza, because patients with influenza can present with a wide spectrum of clinical respiratory symptoms, including exacerbations of chronic respiratory conditions [22, 37–40]. Our approach of using all respiratory codes, therefore, generated higher rates compared to the published rates using only “pneumonia and influenza” codes and are likely more inclusive and reflective of the full breadth of conditions seen in patients with influenza.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Howerver, this more rencet paper doesn't estimate mortality, only incidence, and even for that they don't give per-country estimates, except as a (badly colord) &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221479&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;heat map&lt;/a&gt;, on which (to my eye) Argentina seems to have between 10,000 and 50,000 hostpitalized cases (per year).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's possible that the ministry (cited as sourcein that newspaper) changed their methodology, but even given this putative revised methodology, death exceeding hospitalizations seems fairly implausible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T06:38:18.400" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T06:38:18.400" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24588" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-09-03T09:04:00.093" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-09-03T09:04:00.093" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T09:04:00.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24589" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-09-03T09:04:00.093" Score="0" Body="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an infection caused by Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria. This type of bacteria is resistant to many different antibiotics." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T19:59:28.490" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T19:59:28.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24590" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-03T11:52:58.520" Score="3" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.347.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leaflet&lt;/a&gt; of a drug called Revlimid(R) (active ingredient: lenalidomide):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How Revlimid works&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;Revlimid works by affecting the body’s immune system and directly attacking the cancer. It works in a&#xA;number of different ways:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by stopping the cancer cells developing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by stopping blood vessels &lt;strong&gt;growing in the cancer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;by stimulating part of the immune system to attack the cancer cells.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, earlier in the leaflet it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Revlimid is used for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Revlimid is used in adults for:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Multiple myeloma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Myelodysplastic syndromes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Mantle cell lymphoma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Follicular lymphoma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of these types of cancer are blood cancers, i.e., they do not manifest as solid tumors. For solid tumors it makes sense to try and stop blood vessels growth in the tumor to cut off its blood supply, but in non-solid cancers this is not possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what do they mean by &lt;strong&gt;stopping blood vessels growing in the cancer&lt;/strong&gt;? Which words are missing to make this sentence correct and coherent?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T16:17:20.727" Title="What does the drug manufacturer mean by &quot;stopping blood vessels growing in the cancer&quot;?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24591" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-03T16:11:17.593" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, probably due to Covid-19 situation, I am observing a trend on switching from on-site diagnostics to remote/online diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any studies on the effectiveness of remote check? Is it as good as an on-site check?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a patient comes to the ENT specialist with inflammation of the outer ear. The doctor examines the ear, cleans it and prescribes drops of the Cetraxal Plus type into the ear. The same patient calls the ENT doctor, and the doctor prescribes drops, but the ear is not examined or cleaned. Which treatment will be more effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7320" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T16:11:17.593" Title="Is remote diagnosis and treatment effective?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24590" CreationDate="2020-09-03T16:17:20.727" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Cancers that are derived from blood-related cells can still involve tumor growth - it is wrong to say they do not manifest as solid tumors. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leukemia&lt;/a&gt; does not typically manifest as solid tumors and is probably what you were thinking of but is not on your list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Drugs that inhibit &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;angiogenesis&lt;/a&gt; can stop/slow the growth of such tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jakob, C., Sterz, J., Zavrski, I., Heider, U., Kleeberg, L., Fleissner, C., ... &amp;amp; Sezer, O. (2006). Angiogenesis in multiple myeloma. European journal of cancer, 42(11), 1581-1590.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Koster, A., &amp;amp; Raemaekers, J. M. (2005). Angiogenesis in malignant lymphoma. Current opinion in oncology, 17(6), 611-616.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T16:17:20.727" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-03T23:49:13.573" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) are often used to treat patients with impaired antibody production or autoimmune conditions[1]. However, according to this paper[2], it can also inhibit antibody production, inhibit B-cell differentiation, inhibit the complement system, and decrease cytokine levels. Is there an increased risk of getting infections while on IVIG treatment given its immunosupressive effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravenous-immune-globulin-ivig-beyond-the-basics#H4205572424&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravenous-immune-globulin-ivig-beyond-the-basics#H4205572424&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Jacob S, Rajabally YA. Current proposed mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulins in inflammatory neuropathies. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(4):337-342. doi:10.2174/157015909790031166&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-03T23:49:13.573" Title="Can IVIG treatment increase risk of infections?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;immunosuppressant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24595" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T04:08:55.170" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pink disease or acrodynia is a reaction to large doses of amalgam.&#xA;It is an uncommon mercurial toxicity reaction in which skin is involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodynia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acrodynia is a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals, especially mercury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is what is the reason behind the pinkish discoloration?&#xA;I searched on google, however didn't find any Pathophysiology behind the discoloration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2GeVW.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2GeVW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medcaretips.com/acrodynia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ImageReference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T04:08:55.170" Title="What is the reason for pink discoloration in pink disease or acrodynia" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24596" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-09-04T04:46:15.467" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-09-04T04:46:15.467" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T04:46:15.467" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24597" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-09-04T04:46:15.467" Score="0" Body="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-11-08T09:08:44.050" LastActivityDate="2020-11-08T09:08:44.050" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24598" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T05:26:44.100" Score="3" ViewCount="85" Body="&lt;p&gt;It might be that this is more a physical question but as the application is medical I firstly want to adress it here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the limits of ultra-sonics in regard to diagnosis respectively why are x-rays still being used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess this is a mixture of physical and medical reasons. The reason why I wonder is that x-rays are potentially damaging tissues while ultra-sonics do not (at all?). I'm only aware of the functional principles so I can differ them but I can't see in which way x-rays are more promising.&#xA;Finally, it is probably about signal-to-noise - but why, when, how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20333" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T20:27:04.033" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T20:27:04.033" Title="Ultrasound vs X-ray" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T04:57:10.343" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24600" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24607" CreationDate="2020-09-04T07:32:09.343" Score="9" ViewCount="6381" Body="&lt;p&gt;On August 11, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam-COVID-Vac&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;new vaccine&lt;/a&gt; for COVID-19. Since then Russia's COVID charts have looked like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pwr58.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pwr58.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/w0wOi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/w0wOi.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evidently the vaccine has had a weak-to-no effect on both the number of cases and the number of deaths. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are all sorts of explanations I can think of, e.g. not enough doses have been manufactured, it hasn't been widely distributed, and so on. Therefore I am wondering if there has been analysis of this, and/or an official explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" OwnerDisplayName="Allure" LastEditorUserId="16670" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T05:23:39.753" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T05:23:39.753" Title="Why hasn't Russia's daily COVID-19 cases decreased as a result of its vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="5" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24601" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24600" CreationDate="2020-09-04T07:47:58.147" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is now in the third testing stage, which would end at the start of 2021. Announcing and readiness are quite different things.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Direct quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/08/11/putin-says-russian-covid-19-vaccine-ready-to-go-january-1-2021/#21d5088a15c7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Forbes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the country registered its vaccine and that after passing phase trials for emergency use &lt;strong&gt;it will be made available by January 1, 2021 for regular patients&lt;/strong&gt; if all goes well in final tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user2501323" LastEditorUserId="20090" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T09:01:06.707" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T09:01:06.707" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24602" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T09:07:56.423" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;While carrying out the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jugular venous pressure&lt;/a&gt; (JVP) examination, the patient is kept at a 45 degree angle with respect to the ground. Why can't it be measured in a standing or supine position?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20334" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T20:24:28.370" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T20:24:28.370" Title="Why can't JVP be measured in a standing or supine position?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;venous-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24603" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T09:14:49.593" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Solidarity is a large clinical trial of treatment candidates for COVID–19, organised by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;relevant page&lt;/a&gt; on the WHO website—last updated on July 6, 2020—says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;The interim Solidarity results are now being readied for peer-reviewed publication.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And that is the last I heard of it. I searched Google and PubMed but could not find the trial results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the current status of the trial? Are the results out yet? If not, when can we expect them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20184" LastActivityDate="2020-12-04T18:37:35.437" Title="What happened to Solidarity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24604" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24600" CreationDate="2020-09-04T11:24:50.743" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Answering my own question since I believe I've found the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rt.com/russia/497360-russia-first-covid19-vaccine/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; source,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The senior minister at the department, Mikhail Murashko, announced last week that a nationwide mass vaccination program is planned to begin in October. Murashko added that all expenses will be covered by the government.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore right now (September) the vaccine hasn't been deployed yet, and therefore we should not expect to see a reduction in cases or deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T11:24:50.743" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24606" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T14:28:59.337" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is both funny and strange, that after hearing this on a movie(which I assumed then, it's been added to make movie sound deeply scientific), about oxygen shortage in successive breaths affect person's voice properties like tone, intensity etc., when I searched for it, I did find that it has been experienced in reality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now my curiosity being heightened, I really need to know whether the shortage of breath/oxygen always causes a person's voice to change or it only occurs in some special circumstances ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, what is the reason for this to happen ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is based on this: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pulmonaryhypertensionnews.com/forums/forums/topic/do-you-ever-notice-changes-in-your-voice/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pulmonaryhypertensionnews.com/forums/forums/topic/do-you-ever-notice-changes-in-your-voice/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20338" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T04:22:58.390" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T04:22:58.390" Title="Can oxygen shortage in breaths affect the person's voice properties?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;voice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24607" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24600" CreationDate="2020-09-04T15:02:42.150" Score="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The initial Russian announcement was bluster. From the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NYT's vaccine tracker&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On Aug. 11, President Vladimir V. Putin announced that a Russian health care regulator had approved the vaccine, renamed Sputnik V, before Phase 3 trials had even begun. Vaccine experts decried the move as risky, and Russia later walked back the announcement, saying that the approval was a “conditional registration certificate,” which would depend on positive results from Phase 3 trials&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the Russian vaccine approval was basically just a statement that &amp;quot;we're starting Phase 3 trials and will use the vaccine if those trials are successful&amp;quot;. Several other vaccine candidates are also in Phase 3 trials, so nothing is particularly special about the Russian progress. Perhaps they will start distributing it before the phase 3 results are in, but that hasn't happened yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T15:02:42.150" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24608" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24598" CreationDate="2020-09-04T22:55:41.787" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;X-rays are ionizing radiation, so they introduce a small risk of harm such as cancer. The risk is negligible at the individual level, especially compared with the benefit of imaging when you're sick. Ultrasound is a form of sound, so it's not ionizing radiation. High intensities of ultrasound can be used to intentionally break up tissue (therapeutic ultrasound), but this doesn't occur with the intensities used in imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;X-rays give contrast based on the density and atomic number of the material, so they show bones clearly. They don't work well at showing the structure of soft tissues. To an x-ray, all soft tissue tends to look like an equivalent mass of water, which is just a weak absorber.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultrasound gives contrast based on changes in acoustic impedance, which is a different property of matter. Different types of soft tissue that would have almost the same x-ray absorption can have different enough impedances that they can be distinguished. Ultrasound is easily reflected and refracted by body structures, not just absorbed, so the images can look more distorted and messy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultrasound has a resolution that's limited by its wavelength. It will diffract around structures comparable in size to the wavelength. X-rays are limited in resolution by other factors such as the finite width of the beam emitted by the x-ray tube. X-rays either get absorbed or travel straight.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19808" LastEditorUserId="19808" LastEditDate="2020-09-04T23:02:23.557" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T23:02:23.557" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24609" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-04T23:24:45.417" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a distance runner and over the decades have dealt with a variety of mild to moderate problems including plantar fasciitis, calf and hamstring strains, and achilles strains. When I look at the primary medical literature on these conditions, it's almost 100% negative evidence. Almost every intervention or preventative measure seems to be ineffective when tested in high-quality studies, and this includes even reduction of the volume of activity. For many of these same conditions, however, you can find all kinds of advice from physical therapists or people writing in popular publications like Runner's World claiming to provide insight into the causes and prevention of these same injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the common analyses that a lot of physical therapists seem to believe in, and which gets echoed in the pop-sci articles, is that the original sin is an imbalance in strength between opposing muscle groups, and the way to prevent reoccurrence of injury is to do exercises to fix this imbalance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a hamstring strain would be analyzed as something that happens because the quadriceps is too strong compared to the hamstring, so hamstring strengthening exercises would be prescribed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question: Is there reliable scientific evidence for this general hypothesis, or is it just a folk belief among physical therapists?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19808" LastActivityDate="2020-09-04T23:24:45.417" Title="Evidence-based medicine: muscle/tendon injury due to imbalance of opposing muscle groups?" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;musculoskeletal-system&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24610" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-05T11:55:45.143" Score="2" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is some discussion on &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24598/ultra-sonic-vs-x-ray&quot;&gt;Ultra-sonic vs X-ray&lt;/a&gt; about ultrasound interpretation being more subjective than X-ray findings. Possible sources of ultrasound image quality variation might be the skill of the technician performing the imaging or &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262723/#:%7E:text=116%2C117%5D.-,Discussion,75%25%2C%20specificity%2094%25&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;technique being used&lt;/a&gt;. Is there any evidence that the interpretation is more subjective as well?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goodacre S, Sampson F, Thomas S, van Beek E, Sutton A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis. BMC Med Imaging. 2005;5:6. Published 2005 Oct 3. doi:10.1186/1471-2342-5-6&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T12:03:29.490" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T14:44:30.353" Title="Is ultrasound more subjective than X-ray?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24613" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21260" CreationDate="2020-09-05T15:54:08.463" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Authors: &lt;strong&gt;Monica Gandhi MD, MPH, Chris Beyrer MD, MPH &amp;amp; Eric Goosby MD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Published: &lt;strong&gt;Journal of General Internal Medicine (2020)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A report&lt;/strong&gt; from a pediatric hemodialysis unit in Indiana, &lt;strong&gt;where all patients and staff were masked, demonstrated that staff rapidly developed antibodies&lt;/strong&gt; to SARS-CoV-2 after exposure to a single symptomatic patient with COVID-19. In the setting of masking, however, &lt;strong&gt;none of the new infections was symptomatic&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;And in a recent outbreak&lt;/strong&gt; in a seafood processing plant in Oregon &lt;strong&gt;where all workers were issued masks each day at work, the rate of asymptomatic infection&lt;/strong&gt; among the 124 infected &lt;strong&gt;was 95%&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;An[other] outbreak&lt;/strong&gt; in a Tyson chicken plant in Arkansas &lt;strong&gt;with masking also showed a 95% asymptomatic rate of infection&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One model showed a correlation between population-level masking and number of COVID-19 cases in various countries, but an even stronger correlation with suppression of COVID-related death rates.However, it should be acknowledged that this model could not account for all confounders that led to such low death rates in the regions examined. This group showed that, if 80% of the population wears a moderately effective mask, nearly half of the projected deaths over the next two months could be prevented. Countries accustomed to masking since the 2003 SARS-CoV pandemic, including Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, South Korea, and Singapore, and those who newly embraced masking early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the Czech Republic, have fared well in terms of rates of severe illness and death. Indeed, even when cases have resurged in these areas with population-based masking upon re-opening (e.g., South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan), the case-fatality rate has remained low,47 which is suggestive of this viral inoculum theory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the doctors that authored the research above also published &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/masks-breathing-in-less-coronavirus-means-you-get-less-sick&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; where she wrote (&lt;strong&gt;emphasis&lt;/strong&gt; mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you breathe in a respiratory virus, it immediately begins hijacking any cells it lands near to turn them into virus production machines. The immune system tries to stop this process to halt the spread of the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The amount of virus that you’re exposed to&lt;/strong&gt; – called the viral inoculum, or dose – &lt;strong&gt;has a lot to do with how sick you get.&lt;/strong&gt; If the exposure dose is very high, the immune response can become overwhelmed. Between the virus taking over huge numbers of cells and the immune system’s drastic efforts to contain the infection, a lot of damage is done to the body and a person can become very sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if the initial dose of the virus is small, the immune system is able to contain the virus with less drastic measures. If this happens, the person experiences fewer symptoms, if any.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17713" LastEditorUserId="17713" LastEditDate="2020-09-05T16:04:25.250" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T16:04:25.250" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24616" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24578" CreationDate="2020-09-05T20:39:31.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two case reports of hyponatremia in infants fed exclusively with almond, nut, chestnut and soy milk or a homemade sesame seed emulsion were identified.  These cases appear to be due to inadequate sodium in the diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fourreau D, Peretti N, Hengy B, et al. Complications carentielles suite à l'utilisation de « laits » végétaux, chez des nourrissons de deux mois et demi à 14 mois (quatre cas) [Pediatric nutrition: Severe deficiency complications by using vegetable beverages, four cases report]. Presse Med. 2013;42(2):e37-43. French. doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.05.029. Epub 2012 Sep 28. PMID: 23021957.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shohat M, Levy I, Levy Y, Nitzan M. Nutritional complications in an infant fed exclusively on homemade sesame seed emulsion. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989;8:167-9. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1989.10720291. PMID: 2708731.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Sterns, hyponatremia is not a disease but rather a pathophysiologic process indicating disturbed water homeostasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sterns RH. Disorders of plasma sodium--causes, consequences, and correction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:55-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1404489. PMID:25551526.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sterns states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maximal dilution of urine prevents hyponatremia unless water intake is&#xA;extraordinarily large (&amp;gt;1 liter per hour) (e.g., in patients with&#xA;schizophrenia who drink water compulsively) or the rate of urinary&#xA;solute excretion is extremely low (e.g., in beer drinkers who eat very&#xA;little).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are numerous case reports of a condition called “beer potomania”—excessive consumption of beer—which is characterized by hyponatremia.   Lodhi et al. explain “beer potomania” as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beer potomania, a unique syndrome of hyponatremia, was first reported&#xA;in 1972. It is described as the excessive intake of alcohol,&#xA;particularly beer, together with poor dietary solute intake that leads&#xA;to fatigue, dizziness, and muscular weakness. The low solute content&#xA;of beer, and suppressive effect of alcohol on proteolysis result in&#xA;reduced solute delivery to the kidney. The presence of inadequate&#xA;solute in the kidney eventually causes dilutional hyponatremia&#xA;secondary to reduced clearance of excess fluid from the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lodhi MU, Saleem TS, Kuzel AR, et al. &amp;quot;Beer Potomania&amp;quot; - A Syndrome of Severe Hyponatremia with Unique Pathophysiology: Case Studies and Literature Review. Cureus. 2017;9(12):e2000. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2000. PMID: 29507848; PMCID: PMC5832394.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832394/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832394/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Published case reports of beer potomania up to 2018 are cited in Joshi and Chou, who also explain the pathophysiology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Joshi R, Chou S.  Beer Potomania: A View on the Dynamic Process of Developing Hyponatremia. Cureus 2018;10(7): e3024. DOI 10.7759/cureus.3024&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254813/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254813/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pica is a condition in which patients crave and chew substances with no nutritional value. Ice pica (pagophagia) is seen in patients with iron deficiency. A case report of hyponatremia due to excessive consumption of water because of ice pica (pagophagia) was identified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bedanie G, Tikue A, Thongtan T, et al.  Pica/Pagophagia-Associated Hyponatremia: Patient Presenting With Seizure. Cureus 2020;12(7): e9330. DOI 10.7759/cureus.9330&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742885/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742885/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-09-05T20:39:31.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-05T20:43:55.413" Score="2" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;One theme that's been explored somewhat in popular culture is brain death, and the interesting dynamics of what separates dead from alive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In chemistry, death is defined as the loss of the ability to control entropy within an organism. The parts that are supposed to be wet become dry, the parts that are supposed to be dry become wet, the parts that are supposed to be at a specific temperature... well, you get the idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In medicine, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, EKG, and oxygen saturation are often used to detect death of the body, but none of these measures adequately address brain death in cases like cervical spinal cord injury. Rarely, there will be a patient with a fully functioning brain but loss of function otherwise, a patient who, while perhaps not destined for a particularly high quality of life, is otherwise a fine candidate for a heart or lung transplant, depending on the level and type of injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In such cases, where the only reliably functioning or even injured but recoverable organ is the brain, how are patients with otherwise weak or undetectable vital signs, kept on life support, distinguished from those who are well and truly dead?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.S. For lack of better tags, I used the diagnostics and symptoms tags. I'm not quite sure that I've ever heard spoken the term &amp;quot;symptoms of death&amp;quot;, but it does serve its purpose rather well.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;P.S. #2 At the suggestion of Carey Gregory, a little clarification about my use of the term brain death:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I use the term brain death in the more general sense to mean death of the brain independent of the rest of the organism. The question being asked here is, if you had a body in front of you with, for example, a cervical spinal cord injury effectively severing the head from anything below it, but the body kept on ECMO to maintain oxygenation, how could you tell a living brain from a dead brain? How could you differentiate a patient who, given massive resources, has a chance, from one who has none? This especially applies in cases of coma or similar&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15582" LastEditorUserId="15582" LastEditDate="2020-09-08T00:43:01.627" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T00:43:01.627" Title="How do you tell a brain-dead patient from a living one?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24618" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24617" CreationDate="2020-09-06T07:27:28.910" Score="5" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the decision to proceed with the brain death determination has been made, &lt;strong&gt;three conditions must be present: coma, the absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coma should be evaluated by ensuring a lack of responsiveness to noxious stimuli; no eye or motor reflex should be present in response to stimuli. Additionally, &lt;strong&gt;the cause of coma should be identified by neuroimaging, history, and physical examination or laboratory testing.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following brainstem reflexes should be tested in the physical examination of a patient deemed for brain death evaluation. &lt;strong&gt;They all must be absent&lt;/strong&gt; for a patient to be diagnosed as brain dead:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pupillary reflex to light–must be fixed at a mid-position; usually, around 4 mm and must not respond to light.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oculocephalic reflex – performed by rapidly turning the head.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oculovestibular reflex (cold caloric test)–absence when the head is held at 30 degrees and cold water instilled in the ear canal.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Corneal reflex–stimulate with a swab.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gag reflex–stimulate the posterior pharynx.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cough reflex–stimulate with endotracheal suctioning.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The facial movement to noxious stimuli–apply noxious pressure to the supraorbital ridge, there should be no facial muscle responses.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apnea testing is performed by the following procedure as recommended by the AAN:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Preoxygenate for at least 10 minutes with 100% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) to a partial pressure of oxygen, arterial (PaO2) greater than 200 mmHg.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reduce ventilator frequency to 10 breaths per minute.&#xA;Reduce positive end-expiratory pressure to 5 cm H2O.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SPO2) remains greater than 95%, obtain baseline blood gas.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Disconnect the patient from the ventilator, preserve oxygenation with oxygen delivered through insufflation tubing given at 100% FiO2 at 6 L/min near the level of the carina through the endotracheal tube.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Look for respiratory movements for 8-10 minutes.&#xA;If no respiratory drive is observed, repeat blood gas at approximately 8 minutes.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If no respiratory movements are observed, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is greater than 60 mmHg, the apnea test result is positive.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above list is completed, and coma, the absence of brainstem reflexes and a positive apnea test are present, the diagnosis of brain death can be made. This procedure is validated and supported by several professional organizations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; Starr R, Tadi P, Pfleghaar N. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538159/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brain Death&lt;/a&gt;. [Updated 2020 Jul 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes, 2 independent physicians are required to make the diagnosis, sometimes 1 physician suffices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a few other conditions that have to be met to make the diagnosis&lt;sup&gt;ibid.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;body temperature &amp;gt; 36 Degree Celsius&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;systolic pressure &amp;gt; 100 mmHg (if it is lower, they raise it with vasoconstrictors)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;negative drug screen&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5 times the half-life of neuromuscular blocking agents must have passed if they were administered&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="8212" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T07:34:16.183" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T07:34:16.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24619" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-06T09:31:12.837" Score="2" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do you know if an over the counter drug is safely processed and safe to use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not heard of the brand SDA Laboratories before, so tried searching online to see if it has any safety certifications, but did not know what to search for. So also, what website should I use to check if a drug is safe and has passed 3rd party QC (quality control)? The FDA website to check for recalls?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cetirizine made and sold by SDA Laboratories is listed as being in the NDC (National Drug Codes List) under the number ndc 66424-564-01&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Amazon link to the antihistamine made by SDA Laboratories, Cetirizine HCl 10mg Tablets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CtI6l.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CtI6l.png&quot; alt=&quot;SDA made Cetirizine&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is said on the NDL website about OTC drugs:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TEbxH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/TEbxH.png&quot; alt=&quot;FDA warning&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is an example of a drug listed in the NDC (National Drug Codes List)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ndclist.com/ndc/50458-564/package/50458-564-01&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ndclist.com/ndc/50458-564/package/50458-564-01&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20351" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T21:59:26.463" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T06:01:33.490" Title="How do you know if an over the counter drug is safely processed and safe to use?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;fda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24620" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24610" CreationDate="2020-09-06T10:30:49.750" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are some evidences to prove that ultrasound is subjective, as there are chances of it giving false positive results as the interpretation may vary from one evaluator to the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the interpretation can vary on the evaluator. There is also a higher incidence of incorrectly identifying a mass as cancerous, a false positive..&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerquest.org/patients/detection-and-diagnosis/ultrasound#benefits-disadvantages&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Preliminary data suggest a higher rate of&#xA;false-positive examination results with&#xA;ultrasound than with mammography&#xA;alone.100,104-106 For example, the false-&#xA;positive rate (based on solid lesion for ultrasound) ranged from 2.4% to 12.9%for&#xA;ultrasound and 0.7% to 6% for mammography&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15755947/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are false positive and negative ultrasound results [4]. Although ultrasonography is easily able to diagnose intra abdominal abscesses in cases of appendix perforation, this technique has limitations and is dependent on the user.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One major issue with ultrasound is its dependence on the operator.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oatext.com/diagnostic-value-for-imaging-studies-radiography-ultrasound-and-ct-scan-in-pediatric-appendicitis-in-compare-with-adults.php#gsc.tab=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, ultrasonography is limited by the fact that it is user dependent.2,3 This means that the quality of the images obtained and their accurate interpretation depend on the experience and knowledge of the sonographer.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/basic-principles-of-ultrasonography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these are some of the evidences proving that ultrasonography is subjective and the interpretations depend on the physician's experience and knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, to conclude I will say that though I have given evidences of ultrasonography to be subjective (not &lt;strong&gt;compared&lt;/strong&gt; to x ray) in general.&#xA;I didn't compare with x ray imaging.&#xA;Both of these modalities have their own advantage and limitations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no competition between these two techniques, but it must be the physician that has to choose the better one, knowing advantages and limitations of each one, case by case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing the inter rater reliability as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40248-019-0171-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; between x ray and ultrasound proved the above statement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-09-07T14:44:30.353" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T14:44:30.353" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24621" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10259" CreationDate="2020-09-06T12:22:25.673" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's one vaccine composition for the southern hemisphere and one for the northern hemisphere each year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO publishes the composition recommendations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the composition for the 2019/2020 northern hemisphere winter season was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage); and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But for the 2020 southern hemisphere winter season, it was:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;an A/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2)-like virus;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a B/Washington/02/2019-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus; and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like (B/Yamagata lineage) virus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some components are the same but some differ: if you take a northern hemisphere vaccination in October, you can expect to be less protected in the southern hemisphere flu season next year if you travel.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The effectiveness of the vaccination depends in part on how close the actual virus you're infected with matches one of the components in your vaccination. The vaccines are manufactured several months before the flu season starts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When it does, different areas experience different levels of each kind of influenza virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's map of the dominant type of influenza virus for week 5 of 2020 in Europe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BPGEG.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BPGEG.png&quot; alt=&quot;ECDC map of dominant type&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://flunewseurope.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(source)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDC also publishes how well the vaccine matches each circulating virus &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/influenza-virus-characterisation-february-2020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(example report)&lt;/a&gt; so it is true that you will be differently protected in different areas of the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the vaccine composition is the same, in each season, for each hemisphere. When you take flu vaccination in the United States, your vaccine has the same effect as the vaccination is South Korea. The actual vaccine may come from a different manufacturer, but the composition will be the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20352" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T12:22:25.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24622" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-06T12:36:46.677" Score="1" ViewCount="60" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673619323177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a research article&lt;/a&gt; and came across this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We studied 55 outcomes of interest, including both effectiveness and safety endpoints. We divided effectiveness outcomes into three primary endpoints (ie, acute myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and stroke, on the basis of their use in the 2017 AHA/ACC Guidelines systematic review), and six secondary effectiveness outcomes that major hypertension treatment RCTs have considered.3, 9, 10 The 46 safety outcomes were antihypertensive drug side-effects, including angioedema, cough, electrolyte imbalance, gout, diarrhea, and kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I understand drug is said to be effective if it meets the purpose for which it was designed (ex: taking the drug cures the disease). What does &lt;strong&gt;primary endpoints&lt;/strong&gt; mean in this context?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;strong&gt;secondary effectiveness&lt;/strong&gt; outcomes mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are &lt;strong&gt;safety outcomes&lt;/strong&gt;? Why are drug side-effects considered as safety outcomes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-09-07T14:56:50.680" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T14:56:50.680" Title="What does primary, secondary and safety outcome of a drug study mean?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24622" CreationDate="2020-09-06T16:29:49.757" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The primary endpoint is the thing you design your study around. You choose a sample size based on a statistical power analysis, making sure you have enough participants that you will be able to detect a statistically significant effect if there is a large enough actual effect. Your p-value for your primary end point should be a good p-value if you've pre-planned everything in your statistical approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary endpoints are anything else that you plan to measure. There can be lots of them, and often they aren't corrected for multiple comparisons so readers of the study should interpret the results cautiously. There may not be enough subjects to detect a real effect, and significant results may be false-positives due to multiple endpoints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Safety endpoints can also be secondary or even primary endpoints, but often they are kept separate because no statistical analysis is planned. Serious safety concerns are usually rare, but can still be an issue even if not &amp;quot;statistically significant&amp;quot;. Our threshold for determining something is &amp;quot;unsafe&amp;quot; is much lower than for determining something is &amp;quot;effective&amp;quot;, for good reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Primary endpoints aren't always the true endpoint of most interest, it's just what happens to be measured for that specific study. For example, if you are giving a drug to reduce blood pressure, what you really want to do long term is to make people live longer or live without cardiovascular consequences like heart attacks and strokes. However, these are long term goals, so your primary endpoint for a specific study you hope to complete within a year may be &amp;quot;change in systolic blood pressure&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;fewer patients categorized as having hypertension&amp;quot;. For a cancer drug, you might look at &amp;quot;reduced tumor growth rate&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;survival at 5 years&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T16:34:51.610" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T16:34:51.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24624" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24600" CreationDate="2020-09-06T16:33:09.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The other answers have said (correctly) that the vaccine hasn't yet been distributed as it is still in Phase 3 of testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even if it was distributed, it takes &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;time&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; before the number of cases/day goes down. People that were first infected by SARS-CoV-2 three weeks ago might only have started to develop a fever one week ago, and a confirmed positive test completed today. Therefore today's &amp;quot;cases/day&amp;quot; includes people that were infected 3 weeks ago. To think that a vaccine announced on August 11th would have an impact on the number of cases/day at the beginning of September is a bit extreme (even if it &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;was&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; actually done Phase 3 testing and was deployed to people by now).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16670" LastEditorUserId="16670" LastEditDate="2020-09-08T16:47:08.160" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T16:47:08.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24625" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-06T18:09:30.507" Score="3" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;In this &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/1oGXm102ZCE?t=1070&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt;, complex systems expert and physicist-turned-epidemiologist Yaneer Bar-Yam claims that according to recent findings, about half of the people that have been infected with COVID-19 will encounter serious permanent heart damage, which will often only become visible a few months after being effected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a few related questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does someone know a reference to the original research paper (or preprint) itself where this was found?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a reliable study?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How should this be interpreted? Is this truly such a frightening finding about COVID-19 , very different to other diseases such as the flu?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For context, I have a scientific, but no medical background.&#xA;Lately, I have noticed that at least in Belgium where I live, the tension has been increasing between two groups: on one hand biostatisticians and most epidemiologists, who insist to keep enforcing strict measures to keep the spread of the virus as low as possible at all costs; and on the other hand quite a number of other people, including even medical doctors working in the field, who claim that the fuzz is overrated, the disease can easily be treated, and strong measures to stop the virus do more harm than good. If the above finding is correct, it seems to me that it would debunk most of the arguments from the latter group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20111" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-06T19:10:15.130" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T19:10:15.130" Title="Is it true that half of the COVID-19 patients, even seemingly without symptoms, obtain serious heart damage?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24626" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-06T18:59:52.170" Score="2" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there already public statistics regarding the spread of other viral diseases since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the application of mandatory protection rules (e.g. protection masks, alcoholic gel, social distancing…) ?  I would expect lower rates than usual, but I know for a fact they're far from extinct (just got a light family rhinopharyngitis…).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12538" LastActivityDate="2020-09-06T18:59:52.170" Title="Are there already statistics about the spread of common viral diseases in the Covid-19 pandemic era?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24629" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-07T02:12:01.513" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://community.cryobank.com/discussion/3305/how-many-vials-per-iui&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://community.cryobank.com/discussion/3305/how-many-vials-per-iui&lt;/a&gt; that some reproductive endocrinologists (RE) recommend to use 2 vials of sperm per Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) attempt to increase the chance of pregnancy, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they always use 1 per IUI? I had read somewhere that if you wanted to use 2 to increase your chances, that was an option-?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My RE only uses 1 vial per IUI but I have heard of other places that use 2. I don't know if it is an option but you could definitely discuss it with your doc to see what he/she prefers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does using 2 vials of sperm per Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) attempt increase the chance of pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-09-07T17:25:15.773" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T17:25:15.773" Title="Does using 2 vials of sperm per Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) attempt increase the chance of pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;female&gt;&lt;artificial-insemination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24631" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23449" CreationDate="2020-09-07T03:19:17.077" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not sure why I didn't think of this earlier, but back pain that is worse at night due to metastatic cancer to the spine is caused by &lt;strong&gt;tumor compressing spinal cord when lying on your back&lt;/strong&gt;. Anything that worsens the compression, such as &amp;quot;when you cough, sneeze or go to the toilet&amp;quot;, will also worsen the pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/spinal-cord-compression/about&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/spinal-cord-compression/about&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T03:19:17.077" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24632" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20721" CreationDate="2020-09-07T03:34:53.280" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although not a &amp;quot;respiratory stimulant&amp;quot; in the sense of stimulating muscles of respiratory, hypoglossal nerve stimulation devices, such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.inspiresleep.com/#how-it-works&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;INSPIRE&lt;/a&gt;, can stimulate your tongue to move forward when sleeping, which opens up the upper airway and allows for better breathing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24401051/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STAR trial&lt;/a&gt; showed that hypoglossal nerve stimulation can reduce sleep apnea events by up to 68% after 12 months of treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Strollo PJ Jr, Soose RJ, Maurer JT, et al. Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(2):139-149. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1308659&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T03:34:53.280" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24633" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24629" CreationDate="2020-09-07T04:01:33.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149942/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4149942/&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;Single and double donor sperm intrauterine insemination cycles: Does double IUI increase clinical pregnancy rates?&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Single and double donor IUI cycles had similar clinical pregnancy rates. This large data set did not demonstrate a benefit to routine double IUI in donor sperm cycles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their introduction gives an interesting overview of the previous literature on that matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Few studies have evaluated double IUI with donor sperm. These studies have been limited by small sample sizes and provide conflicting results. The first study to evaluate a double IUI regimen was performed by Khalifa et al. and demonstrated no benefit to double IUI (12). In contrast, Matilsky et al. demonstrated higher pregnancy rates using double IUI with frozen thawed donor sperm. The double IUI clinical pregnancy rate was 17.9% per cycle versus 5% per cycle with single IUI (13). More recently, Chavkin et al. conducted a retrospective study of 333 donor insemination cycles. Pregnancy rates over 3 cycles were 10.2% for single IUI compared to 13.7% for double IUI (p=0.47) (14). While the results were not statistically significant, the authors concluded that there may be a benefit to a second insemination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T04:01:33.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24578" CreationDate="2020-09-07T21:33:48.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_and_toast_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tea and Toast syndrome&lt;/a&gt; is a well-known cause of hyponatremia due to a diet with restricted salt/protein intake but abundant fluids (&amp;quot;tea and toast&amp;quot;), usually occurring among elderly who are unable to cook or feed themselves properly. This is especially dangerous when taking other salt-wasting medication such as diuretics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5694198/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Symptoms of hyponatremia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;symptomatology of acute hyponatremia (developed in &amp;lt;48 h) such as &lt;strong&gt;nausea, vomiting, headache, stupor, coma and seizures&lt;/strong&gt;, as well as manifestations (even mild) associated with chronic hyponatremia, such as &lt;strong&gt;fatigue, cognitive impairment, gait deficits, falls, adverse effects on bone quality (eg, osteoporosis) and fractures&lt;/strong&gt;, are more frequent and severe in elderly patients&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Filippatos TD, Makri A, Elisaf MS, Liamis G. Hyponatremia in the elderly: challenges and solutions. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1957-1965. Published 2017 Nov 14. doi:10.2147/CIA.S138535&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-07T21:33:48.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24637" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24640" CreationDate="2020-09-07T23:36:37.723" Score="1" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here are two facts that one clearly admit and and almost read everywhere:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fact 1)  it needs many years to elaborate a vaccine (from research, creation, testing and approval)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fact 2) new vaccine for flu influenza are elaborated twice a year...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am sure that you understand that is non consistent. So i certainly am missing something here...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternative questioning:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-does it mean no efficiency test are realized for flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-does it mean seasonal flu is actually the same virus? (in that case it would not be advised to do yearly vaccination, right?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;-is this something else i am totally missing out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for explanations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20361" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T17:06:59.707" Title="Flu vaccine paradox" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T05:00:46.443" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24638" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24641" CreationDate="2020-09-08T12:20:29.420" Score="1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6447556/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QEFYr.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QEFYr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand the meaning of &lt;strong&gt;term&lt;/strong&gt; - does it have the &amp;quot;time meaning&amp;quot; (particular stage in the course of disease) or the &amp;quot;terminology meaning&amp;quot; (a particular set of markers would be called &amp;quot;predisposition markers&amp;quot; and so on)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not a native speaker so it's sometimes ambiguous for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T18:16:30.127" Title="Meaning of the word &quot;term&quot; in a psychiatry article (depression biomarkers)" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;depression&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24600" CreationDate="2020-09-08T15:27:06.873" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this question is: &amp;quot;we don't know&amp;quot;. This is because &lt;strong&gt;COVID-19 statistics reported by Russia may be highly questionable&lt;/strong&gt;. This alone makes its interpretation hard, whether or not the vaccine is widely available by the time the data are published. Even by the time the vaccine is distributed widely, and regardless of its effect on COVID-19 statistics, the serious questions about the data will remain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some refer to the COVID-19 statistics currently coming from the official Russian sources as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-demographer-questioned-government-covid-numbers-fire/30724158.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;almost completely handcrafted and manipulated&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and having &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/08/11/six-months-into-the-coronavirus-outbreak-russias-statistics-still-provide-more-questions-than-answers-a71069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;nothing to do with reality at all&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SEE ALSO:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/467704/&quot;&gt;A chart of daily cases of COVID-19 in a Russian region looks suspiciously level to me - is this so from the statistics viewpoint?&lt;/a&gt;. The answers note that &amp;quot;[The chart] is decidedly out of the ordinary&amp;quot;, and that other charts from Russia show similar &amp;quot;underdispersion&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;REFERENCES:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For health demographers like Aleksei Raksha, employed by the state&#xA;statistics agency Rosstat, something hasn't been right for months, and&#xA;in May, he spoke out publicly: The low death toll wasn't due to a&#xA;superior state response, he said, it was due to how coronavirus&#xA;statistics were being counted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, Russia has been misclassifying COVID-19 deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two months after speaking out, Raksha received what may be official&#xA;acknowledgment of his contribution to Russia's national discussion&#xA;about the government's response: He was fired from his job, he said. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;In general, the statistics on the Stopcoronavirus.ru website raise a&#xA;lot of questions, I don't trust them, and it's obvious to any&#xA;specialist that they've all been drawn, forged, fitted, brushed,&#xA;cropped, aligned and almost completely handcrafted and manipulated,&amp;quot;&#xA;he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;But we have nothing else, so you need to somehow take [this data],&#xA;decode it, think it out, and make a guess. Unfortunately, it is very&#xA;difficult to draw conclusions based on it,&amp;quot; he said. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rosstat itself has come under fire over the past year, with&#xA;allegations that its otherwise reputable number collection and&#xA;record-keeping on many socioeconomic indicators were being manipulated&#xA;for political purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mark Krutov, Timur Olevsky. &amp;quot;Russian Demographer Questioned Government COVID-19 Numbers. He Was Fired Earlier This Month.&amp;quot; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). July 13, 2020: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-demographer-questioned-government-covid-numbers-fire/30724158.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-demographer-questioned-government-covid-numbers-fire/30724158.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“In many regions, the statistics have nothing to do with reality at&#xA;all,” said Tatiana Mikhailova, a statistician who has been tracking&#xA;the virus outbreak since the beginning and regularly raises concerns&#xA;about data. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Mikhailova told The Moscow Times that the quality is so poor, “it&#xA;makes no sense to draw medical, virological, or epidemiological&#xA;conclusions from them.” ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New more detailed information on deaths being published by regional&#xA;registry offices — with a significant delay — is now starting to show&#xA;just how wrong Russia’s original fatality count is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data shows that Russia saw 26,360 excess fatalities in May and&#xA;June, compared with the average death tally over the previous five&#xA;years, while Russia’s coronavirus task force reported just 9,303&#xA;fatalities from Covid-19 over the same period. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Essentially all Russian regions are doing their best to artificially&#xA;suppress the headline death count,” said Mikhail Tamm, a statistician&#xA;at the Higher School of Economics (HSE). ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a policy which runs counter to World Health Organization guidelines&#xA;— which says all deaths related to Covid-19 should be counted as such&#xA;“unless there is a clear alternative cause of death that cannot be&#xA;related to Covid-19 disease (e.g. trauma)” — Russian authorities only&#xA;count deaths assigned to the first two categories [out of four total]&#xA;as specifically resulting from the coronavirus. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The broader interpretation of coronavirus-related deaths would have&#xA;sent Russia’s overall mortality rate at the end of June up from the&#xA;1.4% reported by the task force to 4.2%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once again, in many regions, the discrepancy is significantly starker,&#xA;and further complicates understanding the regional aspects of Russia’s&#xA;coronavirus spread, which was already showing major discrepancies. ...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, including all deaths would have more than tripled the&#xA;headline mortality rates in 19 of the worst-affected regions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Jake Cordell. &amp;quot;Six Months Into the Coronavirus Outbreak, Russia’s Statistics Still Provide More Questions Than Answers.&amp;quot; The Moscow Times. Updated: Aug. 13, 2020: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/08/11/six-months-into-the-coronavirus-outbreak-russias-statistics-still-provide-more-questions-than-answers-a71069&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/08/11/six-months-into-the-coronavirus-outbreak-russias-statistics-still-provide-more-questions-than-answers-a71069&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17046" LastEditorUserId="17046" LastEditDate="2020-09-09T18:10:43.657" LastActivityDate="2020-09-09T18:10:43.657" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24640" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24637" CreationDate="2020-09-08T17:06:59.707" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paradox you describe is resolved if you think about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;influenza vaccine&lt;/a&gt; that is approved as a &lt;em&gt;procedure for making an annual vaccine&lt;/em&gt;. It is the procedure, repeated year-after-year, that has been tested safe and effective against the strains included in the vaccine that year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The vaccine is produced in the same way each year, and all the manufacturing procedures are exactly the same, all that differs is which strains of influenza virus are used to inoculate the eggs (or in cell culture). These strains differ from each other, yes, but they are sufficiently similar that the vaccine works whichever strains are used (at least it is protective against those strains).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though the vaccine itself is therefore a bit different each year, it is not re-tested for safety and efficacy the same way a novel vaccine would be (though there are constant surveillance studies of influenza vaccines, just like other approved drugs and vaccines).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T17:06:59.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24641" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24638" CreationDate="2020-09-08T18:16:30.127" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the context, it seems like it has the &amp;quot;time&amp;quot; meaning, but I don't think it really matters, you could remove the candidate markers/term/application/implementation headers and not really lose any information in the figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That column is just showing that you could use a marker to identify people predisposed to a disease, or to screen people to find out who might have the disease now, or in people who are already diagnosed, to determine severity (&amp;quot;staging marker&amp;quot;). These are all occurring at different &amp;quot;times&amp;quot; relative to diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, the figure overall seems confusing and not all that useful. The different columns are in no way orthogonal to each other, there is a lot of undefined overlap. It really seems like just a terminology dump. The final column is totally useless, it's basically just the title re-stated as &amp;quot;implementation&amp;quot;. It looks to me like something you'd expect to see in a slide show presentation where the presenter just says &amp;quot;oh trust me, there's a lot going on and it's very complicated!&amp;quot; and then skips on, but the diagram itself doesn't really hold up to further scrutiny.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-08T18:16:30.127" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24642" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2020-09-09T00:09:53.473" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2020-09-09T00:09:53.473" LastActivityDate="2020-09-09T00:09:53.473" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24643" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2020-09-09T00:09:53.473" Score="0" Body="Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching." OwnerUserId="12704" LastEditorUserId="12704" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T22:01:57.617" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:01:57.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24649" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24483" CreationDate="2020-09-09T15:34:12.420" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Preeclampsia has to be thought as imbalance in of vascular factors (a theory)&#xA;Correct way of thinking about Anti VEGF is thinking&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Anti VEGF are secreted by placenta (for unknown reasons),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Decreased synthesis of PgI2 (vasodilator) and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased synthesis of TxA2 (vasoconstrictor) from vascular&#xA;endothelium,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;increased sensitivity to    Angiotensin II (pressor agent),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NO decrease(vasodilator, decreases Plt aggregation, prevent intervillous thrombus)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Endothelin -1 (vasoconstrictor)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imbalance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins in placental vascular bed—there is&#xA;overproduction of two antiangiogenic factors from the trophoblastic tissue. These two antiangiogenic&#xA;factors are: (a) soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase I (SFlt-1) and (b) soluble endoglin. SFlt-1 binds with&#xA;VEGF and placental-like growth factor (PLGF) and causes endothelial cell dysfunction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The balance of all these factors appears to be disturbed in preeclampsia, of which anti-VEGF is part off. Which means it might actually be responsible for preeclamsia (or rather we should say it is associated with) and &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; to be thought as single factor which is released in response to placental ischemia, it is one of multitude of factors responsible/associated with pathogenesis of preeclampsia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: DC Dutta textbook of Obstetrics, 8th ed. Pg 257&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15648" LastActivityDate="2020-09-09T15:34:12.420" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24665" CreationDate="2020-09-09T17:48:25.700" Score="1" ViewCount="146" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title pretty much says it all and should be enough, but I'm honestly asking the question motivated by an alleged case of healing that went viral in 2010. The description of the case is presented below for illustrative purposes, although it's not fundamental to answer the question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Revival#Delia_Knox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Delia Knox&lt;/a&gt; was claimed to have been healed of lower body paralysis after being prayed for during one of the services held at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Revival&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bay Revival&lt;/a&gt;, in 2010. The paralysis was allegedly due to a car accident with a drunk driver in 1987, which injured and paralyzed her lower body and forced her to depend on wheelchairs for about 22.5 years prior to the healing. The healing itself was &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/oYjM4xrw1ds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recorded live&lt;/a&gt; and can be found on YouTube, as well as interviews with Delia Knox and her husband (&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/jKHMc_Orn5I&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Eo4UF07Z2Wo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 2&lt;/a&gt;). There is even &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/D0F7vhWHgy0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;footage&lt;/a&gt; of Delia visiting her parents and neighbors a few days after the healing, who were evidently amazed and moved to see her walking again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Understanding what truly happened in this case is very intriguing to me. Unfortunately, there appear to be no medical records for this particular case, preventing a more rigorous analysis. However, I would like to know if there are verified medical records of something similar ever happening in medical science history. Has there ever been a medically verified case of someone having a big part of their body paralyzed for years, due to a car accident or similar event, who eventually recovered the normal functioning of their paralyzed body part? If there are such records, what are the most plausible explanations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20368" LastEditorUserId="20368" LastEditDate="2020-09-09T21:17:36.590" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T06:20:42.093" Title="Have there been any medically verified records of individuals with parts of their bodies paralyzed for years that eventually got healed?" Tags="&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24652" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24657" CreationDate="2020-09-10T01:18:41.950" Score="0" ViewCount="67" Body="&lt;p&gt;I believe there is a tag for infection control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically curious if there is any type of reasonable guess as to why the U.S. has such a high rate of infection. I am not going to go through the numbers but they are so fantastic that I had to read multiple sources. The rate of infection in China as for example is just miniscule relative to the population. And this is where there were a million people during a Chinese New Year in the heart of the infection which then traveled throughout China and the world from what I read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet other countries after some very horrific bad starts at infection control, as for example Italy,&#xA;were able to get the infection under somewhat control. On the other hand the United States appears to be not only leading but leading by astronomical numbers of infections. Does anyone have a clue. I am mystified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17681" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T22:53:34.007" Title="Why does the U.S. have the highest rate of covid infection relative to all other countries?" Tags="&lt;infection-control&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24655" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25520" CreationDate="2020-09-10T08:40:44.420" Score="-1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;When I see reports in the media about the problems associated with opioid prescriptions I get a little concerned with the association put alongside the issues that patients invariably become addicted to them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/24644/7951&quot;&gt;Why can’t painkillers be both safe and effective?&lt;/a&gt; here also mentions the &amp;quot;addictive and deadly&amp;quot; nature of opioids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/addiction-vs-dependence/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the difference between dependence and addiction&lt;/a&gt; you can see how the 2 terms can be mis-attributed in some cases. When patients are taking opioids for pain relief, the need to take another dose after a while, and sometimes a higher dose after a while is not necessarily addiction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For clarity after re-reading the question and the sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this question, I am not talking about methadone dispensing prescriptions for heroin addiction. I am talking about morphine for example, for severe and chronic pain relief.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dependence is not the same as addiction&lt;/strong&gt; and the word addiction is synymous with being a junkie so opiod users have been referred to as opioid junkies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have been questioning, and the question still stands — &lt;strong&gt;Are opioids just dependency inducing or are they actually addictive to a majority of patients?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you follow the definitions in the link provided, the way I see it is that opioids make patients physically &lt;strong&gt;dependent&lt;/strong&gt; on them, although it could be argued that it is the chronic pain if other analgesics are ineffective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the cause(s) of the chronic pain are removed and the patient is being weaned off the opioids, do the damaging behaviours associated with addiction appear in a large proportion of these patients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-01-15T09:12:15.327" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T11:57:12.177" Title="Opioids are addictive or cause dependency issues only?" Tags="&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24656" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-10T16:36:39.707" Score="0" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=teeth&amp;amp;oq=teeth&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3j69i60.10521j0j7&amp;amp;client=ms-android-lava&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=teeth&amp;amp;oq=teeth&amp;amp;aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3j69i60.10521j0j7&amp;amp;client=ms-android-lava&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.instagram.com/p/CE9pzEFhprb/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.instagram.com/p/CE9pzEFhprb/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We have heard of Mouth &amp;amp; Throat cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can Cancer affect the Teeth in Humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If No, Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20271" LastEditorUserId="20271" LastEditDate="2020-09-10T16:47:29.930" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T05:09:27.550" Title="Teeth cancer in Humans" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-09-16T14:13:15.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24657" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24652" CreationDate="2020-09-10T17:24:00.553" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;In simple infection-control terms, if you compare the US response to China's, the US measures pale in comparison. In China entire cities were &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;locked down hard&lt;/a&gt;, with people not being allowed to leave their residences (mostly apartments), with only select few delivering food etc. Transport in and out of such cities was almost entirely shut down. Even asymptomatic people were forced into ad-hoc treatment/containment &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30744-3/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;facilities&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(A bit of an aside, or a &amp;quot;natural experiment&amp;quot;, Romania provides an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/17/romanian-coronavirus-patients-can-t-be-made-to-go-to-hospital-court-rules&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt; of what happens when people intially forced into treatment/quarantine are allowed to leave en masse; Romania's Constitutional Court overturned an initial government decision in that regard, likely being the cause of a large increase in cases. Their 2nd/August wave being &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2020/09/09/is-europe-having-a-covid-19-second-wave-country-by-country-breakdown&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;substantially larger&lt;/a&gt; than their first/spring, although other Balkan countries have seen a similar pattern, so causality may not be that certain. Other sources &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/covid-19-why-did-the-good-pupil-bulgaria-lag-behind/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;attribute&lt;/a&gt; the rise (larger 2nd wave) in the Balkans to the [too] rapid relaxation of containment measures in general.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lockdowns do work at reducing infection at least in the short run. A more &amp;quot;apples to apples&amp;quot; comparison being &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0141076820945282&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sweden vs its neighbors&lt;/a&gt;. By 23 June, Denmark, Norway or Finland had less than a third of Sweden's number of cases, per capita. (Now, in their defense, Swedish officials claim that in long run the total number of cases will &amp;quot;equal out&amp;quot;, an assertion yet to be proven.) Besides such cross-country comparisons, there is a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30201-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;micro-level study&lt;/a&gt; from Italy on the effectiveness of lockdowns, using phone location data as a proxy measure for lockdown effectiveness at reducing travel/mobility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries have developed alternative strategies to lockdown, South Korea is one, focusing on testing &lt;em&gt;and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-25/these-elite-contact-tracers-show-the-world-how-to-beat-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rapid tracing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. The US pretty much failed to seriously implement any strategy that would have resulted in a substantial reduction in the spread of the infection, aside perhaps from banking on their pharma industry to rapidly produce a vaccine. (A &amp;quot;check&amp;quot; that has yet to be &amp;quot;cashed&amp;quot;.) Also, unlike most European countries, the US also &amp;quot;reopened&amp;quot; while its infection rate &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/european-union-travel-us-graphic-intl/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;had not&lt;/a&gt; gone down significantly, although in practice what this meant was that US states that were not hit hard in the initial wave failed to learn from the experience of those that were, reaching and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/25/florida-now-has-more-coronavirus-cases-than-new-york-and-california-leads-the-nation.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;surpassing&lt;/a&gt; their infection rates. (And speaking of history repeating itself, South Korea was not exactly immune to this either as a large August church rally was &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53888219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;linked&lt;/a&gt; to hundreds of new cases, reminiscent of the early days of the pandemic in that country.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One thing that you might have expected the current US administration to be good at was imposing travel restrictions, which would have bought the US more time. Alas, even in that department, a CDC study &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/16/politics/us-travel-bans-late-new-york-city-coronavirus/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that travel bans from Europe came too late.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assigning political blame for these facts is beyond the scope of this post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-09-10T22:53:34.007" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T22:53:34.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24659" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-10T18:09:56.170" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my experience it is commonly communicated that certain types of cancer have a higher rate of mortality than others. For instance&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;em&gt;pancreatic cancer&lt;/em&gt; has a very poor prognosis while the prognosis for &lt;em&gt;breast cancer&lt;/em&gt; is in contrast quite good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course the prognosis of each cancer and eventually the mortality rate is a highly complex topic, which progressively worsens depending on the stage of the cancer, on the individual patient, et cetera. But all in all, there seems to be that the &lt;em&gt;mortality rate&lt;/em&gt; fluctuates substantially depending on the cancer type.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Question:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a current concencus in the medical community, &lt;strong&gt;what factors specifically give rise to the observed fatality rates depending on the cancer type?&lt;/strong&gt; Can the main reasons be traced back to cell biology or the biochemical machinery of a cancer cell of a certain tissue that makes one cancer type more deadly than the other? Do other pathophysiological factors play an even more important role to explain that, e.g. breast cancer&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; has a better prognosis than ovarian cancer? Can the differences in mortality mainly be attributed to the lack of vital, clear early detection and screening tests for some &lt;em&gt;more fatal cancers&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Footnotes &amp;amp; References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; vide, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cancer_mortality_rates_in_the_United_States&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cancer_mortality_rates_in_the_United_States&lt;/a&gt; although, &lt;em&gt;CAVE:&lt;/em&gt; the specific values in this table are already outdated and the most recent developments and advances in treatment and diagnosis are not reflected in the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; vide &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#Prognosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer#Prognosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20312" LastEditorUserId="20312" LastEditDate="2020-09-10T18:30:25.877" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T18:30:25.877" Title="What specific factors give rise to the mortality rates depending on cancer type?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-10T18:57:35.000" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found this article about the &amp;quot;Machado Joseph&amp;quot; disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/57828?locale=pt&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/57828?locale=pt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's a research of Minho university (in Portugal) about the effects of an existing drug named Citalopram on treating the disease, also known as SCA3 or Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The research was successful on mice and needs testing on humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any thoughts on how this selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors drug may threat the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20313" LastEditorUserId="20313" LastEditDate="2020-09-10T20:13:02.507" LastActivityDate="2020-09-10T20:13:02.507" Title="Threating Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (Machado Joseph disease/SCA3) with Citalopram" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;equilibrium-balance&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-11T01:57:59.530" Score="2" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know if there are medically verified records of individuals prescribed with eyeglasses for years, who eventually experienced a spontaneous remission of their visual impairments, rendering their prescription glasses no longer necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest to what I'm asking that I managed to find are the following peer-reviewed papers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Spontaneous remission of paraneoplastic ocular flutter and saccadic intrusions (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.3.499&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.3.499&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Recovery From Poststroke Visual Impairment: Evidence From a Clinical Trials Resource (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1545968312454683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1545968312454683&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Cushing's Disease in a Patient With a 'Nonfunctioning' Pituitary Tumor Spontaneous Development and Remission (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1983.00350050206041&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1983.00350050206041&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, none of these papers mentions a visual condition that required wearing prescription glasses and the cessation of their use after spontaneous remission. That said, I'm personally very far from being an expert at searching the literature of medical sciences, and in no way do I claim to have exhaustively explored all available literature. Thus, in hope that someone more knowledgeable might help me out, I ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any verified cases of patients who experienced a spontaneous visual impairment remission that freed them from the need to wear prescription glasses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;[Optional]&lt;/strong&gt; In case you may be wondering why I'm asking such a question in the first place, the reason is the following: I've watched lots of live recordings of faith healing services in which people come forward to testify about all sorts of healings. In particular, one category of testimonies that puzzles me the most is the one involving individuals who used to wear prescription glasses for years coming forward to testify about how they are now able to see very well, holding their glasses in their hands, sometimes in tears, sometimes putting on and off their glasses again and again to confirm to their own astonishment that the healing has really taken place. For the curious, here are a few video clips of what I'm talking about: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/5gC3x51u4YU?t=139&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/YVcTCooxEFY?t=43&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/WYU-ClYZQvg?t=51&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/auxemjReJ50?t=2979&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/cf3FLfddT8Q?t=84&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 5&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/Hqe26pm2Vbo?t=83&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;example 6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20368" LastEditorUserId="20368" LastEditDate="2021-04-27T16:38:37.930" LastActivityDate="2021-04-27T16:38:37.930" Title="Are there any verified cases of patients that stopped wearing prescription glasses due to a spontaneous remission of a visual impairment?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;blurry-vision&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24663" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-11T11:51:58.300" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Clinical research selects the number of subjects under treatment based on desired &lt;strong&gt;statistical power&lt;/strong&gt; (i.e. the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null is in effect false, given a certain confidence level). Usual guidelines are for power to be no less than 80% (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148614/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;). I wonder whether the Covid vaccines under study have a &lt;strong&gt;higher or lower&lt;/strong&gt; required power than usual. I have found, unsurprisingly, no information available on the actual number of subjects, let alone the power assumed, by Covid trials currently undertaken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is anyone aware of the assumptions in terms of power used for some Covid vaccine trials?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19866" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-12T11:36:34.367" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T11:36:34.367" Title="What is the statistical power required for COVID-19 vaccine trials?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24664" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-11T13:56:13.607" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;The BBC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-australia-53317324&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; in July that 3,000 people in low-income public housing were put in &amp;quot;hard lockdown&amp;quot; in Melbourne (10 zip codes and/or &lt;a href=&quot;https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/07/05/1380787/nine-melbourne-tower-blocks-put-into-hard-lockdown-what-does-it-mean-and-will-it-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nine tower blocks&lt;/a&gt;), meaning their inhabitants were not allowed to leave their apartments, in a move reminiscent of Chinese measures in Wuhan. (Food was delivered to the apartments.) Was this intervention successful in reducing Covid-19 incidence in the area, and if so to what degree?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The &amp;quot;hard&amp;quot; lockdown has since been &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/aug/04/we-are-all-breaking-down-in-here-melbourne-towers-residents-too-traumatised-to-go-outside&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lifted&lt;/a&gt;, meaning that the inhabitants were then subject &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dhhs.vic.gov.au/information-and-supports-public-housing-restrictions-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only&lt;/a&gt; to the broader restrictions that apply elsewhere in the city, but I don't see information in the follow-up article[s] whether the &amp;quot;hard&amp;quot; lockdown has been successful in achieving its medical goals.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T20:00:57.573" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T20:00:57.573" Title="Was Australia successful in reducing the Covid-19 cases in the Melbourne towers, following the &quot;hard lockdown&quot;?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;non-pharmaceutical-interventions&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24665" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24650" CreationDate="2020-09-11T23:55:14.403" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR: Yes, but it's extremely rare and I could only find one example.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You asked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there ever been a medically verified case of someone having a big part of their body paralyzed for years, due to a car accident or similar event, who eventually recovered the normal functioning of their paralyzed body part?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very rare but I did find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691521/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one example&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient, a 58-year-old male, endured vertebral fractures at&#xA;cervical levels C3–C6 in a motor vehicle accident at the age of 22.&#xA;The patient did not have any respiratory problem and his stay in the&#xA;ICU was limited to 5 days. Following the injury, the patient underwent&#xA;manual motor testing of lower and upper body muscles groups as well as&#xA;sensory testing. The motor testing involved examination of flexion and&#xA;extension of upper body (shoulder, elbow, and wrist), and lower body&#xA;joints (hip, knee, and ankle), and sensory testing involved&#xA;examination of sensation to pinprick and light touch on both hands and&#xA;feet. Initially, the patient had no motor or sensory function below&#xA;the level of injury. Motor and sensory function at the sacral level&#xA;was also absent, which was tested during the bladder evacuation and&#xA;catheter placement procedure. This injury is equivalent to an ASIA A&#xA;(ASIA: American Spinal Injury Association), or a “complete” injury,&#xA;according to today's ASIA impairment scale (AIS) (Maynard et al.,&#xA;1997), which did not exist at the time of the patient's injury.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The case history goes on to describe his recovery:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He experienced slow and progressive neurological recovery that&#xA;continued for 17 years after the injury. The first neurological&#xA;recovery, movement of the left big toe (a grade 1 motor function),&#xA;occurred 6 weeks after the injury. The first recovery of sensation&#xA;occurred 6 months after the injury in the form of a painful&#xA;dysesthetic sensation in the pelvis. Eleven months after the injury,&#xA;the patient was able to perform complex upper body motor functions&#xA;such as sitting up without assistance. Complex lower body motor&#xA;functions such as ability to walk unassisted were recovered 15 months&#xA;after the injury. Concomitantly, the patient recovered autonomic&#xA;nervous system functions (i.e., a high degree of bladder and bowel&#xA;functions were recovered up to 64 months after the injury) although&#xA;many remain abnormal (Table ​(Table1).1). Currently, his injury is&#xA;categorized as ASIA D. His latest AIS evaluation (Figure ​(Figure1)1)&#xA;showed that he has regained 94% of motor function in the upper body&#xA;and 100% in the lower body. The patient manifests incomplete and&#xA;asymmetric motor recovery in his hands—i.e., his left hand is more&#xA;functional then the right one. He has also regained 23% of sensory&#xA;function in the upper body (above the level of T7), but only 10% in&#xA;the lower body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You then ask:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are such records, what are the most plausible explanations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is purely my opinion but I would say normal regrowth of neurons explains it. The fact that the first hint of recovery occurred after six weeks and then it took another 17 years for him to achieve the degree of partial recovery he ended up with is a strong argument for entirely natural processes. Neurons can reconnect, but it's known to be a very slow process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-12T06:20:42.093" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T06:20:42.093" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24666" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24656" CreationDate="2020-09-12T05:03:16.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The basic structure of tooth consists of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Outermost layer, enamel&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Next layer, dentin&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Innermost vital, vascularised tissue, pulp&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hard tissue layer covering the root ( root doesn't have enamel), i. e. Cementum&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7QyXy.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tooth-structure-and-dental-tissues-with-the-respective-stem-cell-populations-A-The_fig1_341910373&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now enamel is a non vital tissue, having no cells, and vasculature. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033350632802635&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly dentin too doesn't have any cells, but has processes of cells in pulp(odontoblasts) , known as dentinal tubules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence even if tooth cancer is to happen, it will affect the pulpal cells, including the odontoblasts and their processes in dentin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now talking about the odontoblasts,&#xA;There is an interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240308348_Odontoblasts_in_odontogenic_tumors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;It says that-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The combination of cell contact and mechanical&#xA;stressing can be related to models describing the significance of inter-cellular mechanical interactions in contact inhibition of proliferation (CIP).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The model also could theoretically account for potential neoplastic behavior of odontoblasts if there was an initial disruption of tooth morphogenesis. Possibly, in those rare cases, in which an expansile odontogenic tumor contains dentin-producing odontoblasts, the cells are more than passive participants responding to inductive signals from neoplastic epithelial cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further for other cells of pulp, which include fibroblasts, defence cells, eg histiocytes,&#xA;Again quoting an interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17196513/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjK-sSF6eLrAhWbXSsKHeqKD8oQFjADegQIAhAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0nIzMCfqiUgdPkRgGrOfJs&amp;amp;cshid=1599887213980&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Malignant tumours affecting the dental pulp are&#xA;predominantly found in fully emerged teeth of mature patients (in their fifth to sixth decade of life)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-16483-5_1559#:%7E:text=Dental%20pulp%20neoplasms%20(DPNs)%20are,the%20tooth%20(secondary%20DPN)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dental pulp neoplasms (DPNs) rare tumors of the dental pulp tissue which is not exposed to the oral cavity. Two types of DPNs can be distinguished: Type 1 originates from the dental pulp itself (primary DPN) and type 2 originates from tissue outside of the tooth (secondary DPN).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further the previous article says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no reason why cells of the dental pulp, such as fibroblasts, pericytes, stem cells and epithelial cell rests of Malassez, should not act in the same way, as all these cells have mitotic competence, which can be shown by the disease pattern of pulp polyps.&#xA;Because of the anatomically restricted space of the dental pulp, any clonal growth of the tumour would be limited and further associated with necrosis. And tumour expansion would increase the intrapulpal pressure, as would the resulting formation of hard tissue, which can even result in the strangulation of pulpal tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, the more apical the tumour growth, the higher the risk of a haemorrhagic infarct of the pulp, thus limiting its growth by itself. Because sarcoma has the capacity to exist in the dental pulp, predictions can be made about the tumours potential to metastasize. Chandler and colleagues’ states that the necessary cell mass for haematogenic metastasis of individual clonal cells is 106 cells, which equates to a spatial volume of about 1 cm3. Such a volume is not usually provided by the endodontic macroenvironment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However all these were for fully mature erupted teeth.&#xA;There is a class of tumors known as &lt;strong&gt;odontogentic&lt;/strong&gt; tumors and these are common. Eg. Ameloblastoma&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;odontogenic tumors arise from the tissues which make our teeth, they are unique to the jaws, and by extension almost unique to dentistry.&#xA;These develop from the epithelium and/or Ectomesenchyme tissue while the tooth is developing.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750825/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence 'cancer of tooth' the topic itself comprises of vast number of possibilities (thereby making this answer too long!!)&#xA;Hope I have satisfactorily answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-09-12T05:09:27.550" LastActivityDate="2020-09-12T05:09:27.550" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-12T16:24:41.870" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Smoke has enveloped the outdoors in my area, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pm2.5&lt;/a&gt; in the area is high, currently at levels categorized as very unhealthy AQI 201-300.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have many indoor plants so the CO2 level inside is real high, our CO2 meter (Netatmo) device is currently reading 3596ppm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cjfub.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cjfub.png&quot; alt=&quot;Netatmo details anything over 2000 as dangerous&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a good framework for determining risks? Would going outside with a air filtration mask make most sense in the immediate term?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3701" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T10:19:36.680" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T00:39:58.160" Title="Which is more harmful, high CO2 indoor or PM2.5 outdoor" Tags="&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;&lt;air-filter-purifier&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-12T16:32:21.893" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in learning about the details of the Phase 3 clinical trial designs for the Moderna, Pfizer/Biotech, and AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccines.&#xA;I expect that the trial designs would be published at ClinicalTrials.gov, but I'll be darned if I can figure out how to navigate to each of these trials.&#xA;Hopefully one of the members of medical sciences group can guide me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(One of the things I am interested in is how and to what extent are various demographic groups represented. For example, of the approx 15,000 vaccine recipients in one of the trials, how many are male, African American, 55 years old, and in fair to poor health)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I can determine the Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier Code for any of the above trials that would be a major step forward.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T04:36:10.293" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T05:03:15.310" Title="COVID19 Vaccine Clinical Trials" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24672" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24655" CreationDate="2020-09-12T17:13:14.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is no &amp;quot;yes&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;no&amp;quot; answer to your question as far as the use of both terms are concerned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20377" LastEditorUserId="20377" LastEditDate="2021-01-15T06:14:59.137" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T06:14:59.137" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24674" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24693" CreationDate="2020-09-12T22:21:30.263" Score="-1" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://vasectomie.net/Vasectomy_AUA_guideline.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://vasectomie.net/Vasectomy_AUA_guideline.pdf&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The panel does not advocate the omission of FI (fascial interposition) in performing open ended vasectomy with MC (mucosal cautery).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When performing a vasectomy procedure with thermal cautery combined with fascial interposition over the abdominal end, is it preferable to use dissolving sutures or a clip?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By preferable I mean reducing the likelihood of complications (such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-vasectomy_pain_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;post-vasectomy pain syndrome&lt;/a&gt;) and  reducing the likelihood of recanalization of the vas deferens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Illustration showing the use of dissolving sutures, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7824462_Vasectomy_surgical_techniques_in_South_and_South_East_Asia/figures?lo=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7824462_Vasectomy_surgical_techniques_in_South_and_South_East_Asia/figures?lo=1&lt;/a&gt;, license: CC BY 2.0:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oxui9.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Oxui9.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Illustration showing the use of dissolving sutures, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hpJK4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hpJK4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Illustration showing the use of clips, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://buenafeclinic.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://buenafeclinic.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hicAA.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/hicAA.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Illustration showing the use of clips, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&lt;/a&gt;:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1JWNQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1JWNQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thevasectomist.com.au/no-scalpel-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://thevasectomist.com.au/no-scalpel-vasectomy/&lt;/a&gt; uses a 3mm titanium clip by default:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tube has a thin slippery outer layer called fascia. The fascia is gently pulled over the stump and kept in place with a titanium clip or absorbable suture (we use a clip by default but are happy to use a suture if preferred). FI only needs to be performed up on one end. FI to the upper end is the preferred method, allowing the bottom end to be left alone (an open vasectomy).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the upper end blocked. A titanium clip works nicely to seal the fascia of the upper end. Suture is used on request. The 3mm clip is MRI friendly &amp;amp; doesn’t bleep in airports!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same for &lt;a href=&quot;https://buenafeclinic.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://buenafeclinic.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This step involves tying the sheath or covering of the vas over one end of the cut tube with a small titanium clip or a dissolving thread (same result), to create a natural barrier between the two cut ends.open ended vasectomy hosptial in manitoba&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fascial interposition can be carried out using titanium metal clips which are left permanently in the scrotum, or with dissolvable thread. There are many different techniques used to block the vas, even among no scalpel vasectomy physicians&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and same for &lt;a href=&quot;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://simplevas.net/simplevas-vasectomy/&lt;/a&gt;, whereas &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pollockclinics.com/no-scalpel-vasectomy/our-approach/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pollockclinics.com/no-scalpel-vasectomy/our-approach/&lt;/a&gt; recommends to use dissolving sutures:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our doctors also carry out what many studies describe as a crucial step, called fascial interposition. This step involves securing a sheath of healthy tissue between the divided ends to create a physical barrier between the two cut ends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We accomplish this using a dissolving suture so that no foreign bodies such as metal clips are left in your scrotum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T08:46:04.690" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T21:20:19.553" Title="When performing a vasectomy with cautery combined with fascial interposition, is it preferable to use dissolving sutures or a clip?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24675" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24678" CreationDate="2020-09-13T04:08:19.117" Score="2" ViewCount="173" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two popular news articles discuss increased rates of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Temporomandibular joint dysfunction&lt;/a&gt; or &amp;quot;TMJ&amp;quot; symptoms and broken teeth reported in the US as well as the (potentially bi-directional) connection between sleep loss and bruxism, but the second one also says the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, an unprecedented number of Americans are suddenly working from home, often wherever they can cobble together a makeshift workstation: on the sofa, perched on a bar stool, tucked into a corner of the kitchen counter. The awkward body positions that ensue can cause us to hunch our shoulders forward, curving the spine into something resembling a C-shape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you’re wondering why a dentist cares about ergonomics, the simple truth is that nerves in your neck and shoulder muscles lead into the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ, which connects the jawbone to the skull. Poor posture during the day can translate into a grinding problem at night.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any relationship between poor posture during the day and problems with bruxism and/or TMJ, or is this just idle speculation? The linked Wikipedia article says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TMJ dysfunction is commonly associated with symptoms affecting cervical spine dysfunction and altered head and cervical spine posture.&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4706597/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effectiveness of Manual Therapy and Therapeutic Exercise for Temporomandibular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but that paper seems to have a negative result. It is hard for me to understand exactly what the paper does say, so I'd like to ask here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; What is the relationship (if any) between poor posture during the day and problems with bruxism and/or TMJ, or is this just idle speculation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Washington Post: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/teeth-grinding-covid-stress-bruxism/2020/09/11/88591580-f204-11ea-999c-67ff7bf6a9d2_story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In these trying times, dentists are seeing more people with teeth-grinding and jaw-clenching — a.k.a. bruxism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Today Online&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.todayonline.com/world/dentists-are-seeing-epidemic-cracked-teeth-whats-going&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dentists are seeing an epidemic of cracked teeth. What’s going on?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="16606" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T04:15:18.403" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T05:12:50.537" Title="What is the relationship (if any) between poor posture during the day and problems with bruxism and/or TMJ, or is this just idle speculation?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;stress&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-13T04:33:28.330" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.as.com/en/2020/03/27/other_sports/1585319003_056685.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt; that there are 7 types of coronavirus disease. I have also heard that there are more than 3000 variations of this disease. How much variations are there? Also, how can a vaccine address all of them? How will the vaccine address for example a mutation of the virus that will emerge next year? Or the year after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20379" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T04:33:28.330" Title="How many variations of coronavirus are there and how can a vaccine address all of them?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24675" CreationDate="2020-09-13T09:58:47.983" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a very interesting question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So before everything, it is important to understand what is Temporomandibular joint and its components.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the two joints connecting the jawbone to the skull. It is a bilateral synovial articulation between the temporal bone of the skull above and the mandible below; it is from these bones that its name is derived. This joint is unique in that it is a bilateral joint that functions as one unit. Since the TMJ is connected to the mandible, the right and left joints must function together and therefore are not independent of each other.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other components, apart from articular surface of temporal bone and condyle, include various ligaments as well as main and accessory muscles of mastication. &lt;a href=&quot;https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Names of all the muscles and ligaments&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;This image will explain the relationship of TMJ with major masticatory muscle&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/F6qjY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0315/p378.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many practitioners have speculated that poor posture may have a negative effect on temporomandibular, or TMD, symptoms and treatment outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common of them is forward head posture.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zLXb.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mskneurology.com/true-cause-solution-temporomandibular-dysfunction-tmd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With this posture, the head’s center of gravity is forward of the spine’s weight-bearing axis, which increases the strain within the posterior cervical muscles, ligaments and apophyseal joints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has been demonstrated that cervical muscle activity influences masticatory muscle activity.Practitioners have theorized that the additional demand that is placed on the posterior cervical region by the forward head posture alters the masticatory system so that people are more susceptible to masticatory muscle strain, spasm and pain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000281771462571X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Also,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The guidelines of the American Academy of Orofacial Pain pointed out a correlation of TMD and cervical spine. The cervical spine is intimately related to the cranium and masticatory system via specific joint articulations, muscle attachments, and neural and vascular innervations and the relation of postural balance among them is of fundamental importance to maintain the functionality of the system formed by these structures. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S1678-77572009000300014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole mechanism is beautifully explained in this article-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The biomechanical complexity of body posture derives from the functional integration of several body segments: when there is a change in any biomechanical subunit, a refinement of the postural control systems will necessarily occur. The muscle groups of the stomatognathic system belong to the cervical muscular chain. Considering that the musculoskeletal system is composed of several such muscular chains that are integrated with one another, any disturbance of a body segment will lead to a reorganization of other segments.This fine tuning of posture control leads to body segment adaptation and realignment, whether physically near to or distant from the TMJ.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671968/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also apart from forward head bending this same article aims-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To identify the relationship between anterior disc displacement and global posture (plantar arches, lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdle, vertebral spine, head and mandibles)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that anterior disc displacement (in which there is clicking heard on opening and/or closing) is a common TMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although it is not possible to positively state a cause-effect relationship, our data at least verify the mutual existence of global body posture deviations and TMD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Infact, for treatment of TMD there are useful training programs to correct posture. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000281771462571X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Concluding I found an interesting image, stating that poor body posture can influence even teeth alignment or the occlusion!&lt;img src=&quot;https://posturepro.co/mouth-taping-for-better-sleep/amp/&quot; alt=&quot;Reference&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ezJED.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I have satisfactorily answered your question!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-10-13T05:12:50.537" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T05:12:50.537" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24680" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-13T12:08:10.213" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I usually get my updates from the dedicated website of the NIH (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;), but this is probably not the only source, and I want to be as up-to-date as I can, so I need to know where to look. There are probably other websites on the same level of the NIH website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize this MAY seem like an opinion-based question, but still I think that an answer containing the top websites of the most widely-accepted health authorities in the world can be quite objective).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-13T13:08:57.553" LastActivityDate="2020-09-13T13:08:57.553" Title="Which websites can be regarded as reliable sources of information for current treatment guidelines for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-09-14T04:14:53.717" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-14T06:08:30.310" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gentleproceduresdallas.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gentleproceduresdallas.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our clinic also offers a different method of anesthesia called “No-Needle Anesthesia”, which eliminates the need for a needle entering the scrotum. This is accomplished by using an air pressure device (MadaJet) which is quicker, safer, and more comfortable for patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This sounds like they are only upsides in no-needle vasectomies. However many physicians still use with-needle vasectomies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any upside in receiving a with-needle vasectomy instead of a no-needle vasectomy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Difference between the with-needle vasectomy and the no-needle vasectomy (illustration from &lt;a href=&quot;https://gentleproceduresdallas.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://gentleproceduresdallas.com/vasectomy/no-scalpel-no-needle/&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZKIND.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZKIND.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T06:08:30.310" Title="Is there any upside in receiving a with-needle vasectomy instead of a no-needle vasectomy?" Tags="&lt;sex&gt;&lt;urology&gt;&lt;needles&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24689" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24690" CreationDate="2020-09-14T16:02:24.360" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per this &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/11261/13163&quot;&gt;previous answer&lt;/a&gt; to &amp;quot;Why do I feel small stings all over my body in stress?&amp;quot;, hyperventilation is known to cause tingling, numbness, or muscle spasms in your hands, feet, and perioral regions. What is the mechanism for this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T16:02:24.360" Title="How does hyperventilation cause paresthesia and tetany?" Tags="&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;spasms&gt;&lt;paresthesia&gt;&lt;tingling&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24689" CreationDate="2020-09-14T16:02:24.360" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two proposed mechanisms for paresthesia/tetany secondary to hyperventilation are cerebral vasoconstriction and electrolyte imbalance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cerebral vasoconstriction&lt;/strong&gt;: Cerebral blood flow decreases in a linear relationship to decreased PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide). Thus, hyperventilation -&amp;gt; decreased PaCO2 -&amp;gt; decreased cerebral blood flow -&amp;gt; neurologic manifestations in distal extremities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Electrolyte imbalance&lt;/strong&gt;: Since CO2/HCO3- is a major pH buffer in our blood, hyperventilating removes H+ from our blood, leading to alkalosis. Serum H+ normally prevents calcium from binding to albumin in a competitive manner. Decreased serum H+ -&amp;gt; increased calcium binding to albumin -&amp;gt; local hypocalcemia, which can explain the paresthesia/tetany in distal extremities. Hypophosphatemia is also found in hyperventilation, which can contribute to tetany.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;Schwartzstein, RM. et al. Hyperventilation syndrome in adults. In: &lt;em&gt;UpToDate&lt;/em&gt; (Accessed on September 14, 2020 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperventilation-syndrome-in-adults&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperventilation-syndrome-in-adults&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T16:02:24.360" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24691" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1091" CreationDate="2020-09-14T16:13:28.600" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Breathing into a paper bag to control hyperventilation might improve hypocarbia, but should NOT be done because of the risks of hypoxia and death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2499228/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case report&lt;/a&gt; shows that breathing into a paper bag during hyperventilation can reduce partial pressure of oxygen by up to 42 mmHg (normal 80-100mmHg) and can result in death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As answered by @arkiaamu, a better treatment would be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hyperventilation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reassurance, pursed lip breathing, and breathing exercises&lt;/a&gt; to restore regular breathing pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case Report Source&lt;/strong&gt;:&#xA;Callaham M. Hypoxic hazards of traditional paper bag rebreathing in hyperventilating patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18(6):622-628. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80515-3&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T16:13:28.600" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24692" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24694" CreationDate="2020-09-14T20:36:17.583" Score="1" ViewCount="187" Body="&lt;p&gt;I half-remember some mainstream media article about a peculiar growth/tumor in which the vascular tissue itself had started to beat/pulse as if it were a sort of heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot remember any other significant details about it, especially not whether this was unique or if more than one instance had been documented.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware of teratomas and how they can develop into all sorts of different tissue (sometimes even multiple tissues in a single occurrence), but I had thought that these relegated themselves to other tissues more boring than cardiac tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I misremembering this, or (more likely still) had science/medical reporting just conflated something, or have any such occurrences ever been documented?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am curious for any details, though ideally someone can provide something closer to actual medical reports.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20399" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T21:29:05.127" Title="Teratomas of cardiac tissue with their own &quot;heartbeat&quot;?" Tags="&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24674" CreationDate="2020-09-14T21:11:35.577" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One reference &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0115/p305.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0115/p305.html&lt;/a&gt; recommends the use of sutures, and specifically the use of Vicryl or Dexon sutures as they cause less tissue reaction than the chromic suture:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did use clips for fascial interposition during no-scalpel vasectomy for a period of time. I found that they frequently hung up in the narrow tissue tract when I let the vas slide back into its normal anatomic position. This created the dilemma of whether to leave the vas in the wrong plane and possibly cause chronic pain or vasocutaneous fistula, or to pull the vas down by testicular traction and potentially dislodge the clip. Hating this choice, I abandoned clips in favor of suture for the fascial interposition. Because they are hydrolyzed rather than phagocytosed, I find that Vicryl or Dexon suture causes less tissue reaction than the chromic suture recommended by Drs. Clenney and Higgins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-14T21:20:19.553" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T21:20:19.553" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24694" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24692" CreationDate="2020-09-14T21:29:05.127" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The term you're looking for is pericardial &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;teratoma&lt;/a&gt;. Another related term you'll be interested in is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810823/#:%7E:text=Fetus%20in%20fetu%20is%20a,the%20body%20of%20the%20other.&amp;amp;text=It%20is%20a%20condition%20in,early%20nineteenth%20century%20by%20Meckel.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fetus-in-fetu&lt;/a&gt;, which is essentially a parasitic twin growing somewhere within the body, usually the abdominal cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There have been at least two examples of pericardial teratomas that developed sufficiently to produce heart-like pumping activity. The following case history is from 2002, so it's possible more examples exist now, but you'll see that it describes exactly what you remember reading about. The authors conclude it may be an example of an intermediate combination of fetus-in-fetu and teratoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11090713_Sacrococcygeal_Heart_A_Very_Rare_Differentiation_in_Teratoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Case Report&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mature teratoma was identified in a two-month-old girl who was&#xA;operated for a sacrococcygeal mass. The cystic components of the mass&#xA;were accidentally opened during surgery, and a solid, rudimentary&#xA;organ resembling a heart emerged. It had a vascular pedicle and a&#xA;pulsation like cardiac activity different from the infant's heart&#xA;rate. The mass was totally excised together with the coccyx, and in&#xA;histological examinations, it was diagnosed as a mature teratoma and a&#xA;rudimentary heart. To the best of our knowledge, the case presented in&#xA;this report is only the second case of a cardiac development in a&#xA;teratoma in the literature. In the light of data obtained about this&#xA;case and related literature, we consider that fetus-in-fetu and&#xA;teratoma may not be irrelevant entities, and that they possibly have&#xA;the same developmental malformation. We also suggest that such an&#xA;intermediate case is a combination of fetus-in-fetu and teratoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-09-14T21:29:05.127" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24695" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24670" CreationDate="2020-09-15T00:39:58.160" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given the levels you're describing, I'd stay inside, but it's a close call.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pulling up a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.airgas.com/msds/001013.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;random Carbon Dioxide Safety Data Sheet&lt;/a&gt;, the long-term exposure limit for carbon dioxide is 5000 parts per million according to NIOSH, ACGIA, and the latest OSHA standards (OSHA 1989 permitted 10,000 ppm).  The 3600 ppm your meter is reporting is below that, while the PM2.5 level outside is solidly into the &amp;quot;unsafe&amp;quot; range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T00:39:58.160" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24696" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-15T01:32:43.260" Score="4" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&amp;amp;po=9&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this summary&lt;/a&gt;, adults typically absorb up to 20% of ingested lead after a meal, whereas children typically absorb up to 50% of ingested lead after a meal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I search to try to find out why that is, most sites talk about how lead ingestion has a more severe &lt;em&gt;effect&lt;/em&gt; on children than adults, due to still being in early stages of brain development (but this does not tell us why they &lt;em&gt;absorb&lt;/em&gt; a higher percentage of lead compared to adults).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other sites talk about behavioral reasons for increased lead absorption in children, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&amp;amp;po=7&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a nice summary being here&lt;/a&gt;, and I have further extracted the relevant parts here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Children generally ingest lead-contaminated soil and house dust at higher rates than adults because of mouthing and hand-to-mouth&#xA;behaviors.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Children have a higher breathing rate than adults, breathing in a greater volume of air per pound.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Being shorter than adults, children are more likely to breathe lead-contaminated dust and soil as well as lead-containing fumes close&#xA;to the ground.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The percent of lead absorbed in the gut, especially in an empty stomach, is estimated to be as much as 5 to 10 times greater in&#xA;infants and young children than in adults [Ziegler et al. 1978 as&#xA;cited in ATSDR 1999; James et al. 1985; Chamberlain et al. 1978;&#xA;Alexander et al. 1974].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gastrointestinal absorption of lead in children is increased by deficiencies in Ascorbate, Calcium, Iron, and Zinc [Mahaffey 1990, as&#xA;cited in AAP 1993].&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first four points either tell us reasons why children absorb more lead than adults, but not the reason &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;why children absorb more through ingestion of a meal, than adults do.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; The fifth point finally gives a reason for why children absorb more lead after ingestion of a meal (the reason being the lack of some substances which they claim help reduce lead absorption).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what I found intriguing was this quote about lead absorption in children &lt;a href=&quot;https://dhhr.wv.gov/wvchildhoodleadpoisoning/Pages/Lead-Poisoning-in-Children.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;from here&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Some of the protective mechanisms that are well developed in adults&#xA;are immature in young children&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The way this sentence is constructed, gives me the feeling that they are not just talking about increased levels of things like iron and zinc in adults, since increased levels of those elements would not usually be described as a &amp;quot;protective mechanism&amp;quot;. But this source did not give a citation for that sentence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This very interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/01/us/why-young-children-are-so-vulnerable-to-lead.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Times article from 1990&lt;/a&gt; said about children:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;their body mass is small so they ingest and absorb more lead per&#xA;pound than adults.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But again, it would be strange to say that &amp;quot;being small&amp;quot; is a &amp;quot;protective mechanism&amp;quot; against absorption of lead.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there protective mechanisms against gastrointestinal lead absorption in adults (not including the presence of higher levels of ascorbate, calcium, iron and zinc) that are not yet fully developed in children? What are they?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16670" LastEditorUserId="16670" LastEditDate="2020-09-15T01:39:17.553" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T01:39:17.553" Title="What protective mechanisms against lead absorption are present in adults but not fully developed in children?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;poison&gt;&lt;metal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24697" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10351" CreationDate="2020-09-15T16:24:31.980" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Proton pump&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; is a broad category of proteins rather than a specific pump.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drugs called &amp;quot;proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)&amp;quot; to reduce stomach acid target a specific proton pump, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hydrogen/potassium ATPase&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, it is possible for drugs to have off-target effects at other proteins, especially similar ones. It is also possible for side-effects of PPIs that are secondary to the reduction in gastric acid, which can affect digestion and absorption of certain nutrients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lysosomes and other organelles use a different proton pump, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-ATPase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;V-ATPase&lt;/a&gt;. If you search for papers involving &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C50&amp;amp;q=omeprazole+%22V-ATPase%22&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specific PPIs and the V-ATPase&lt;/a&gt; it does appear that V-ATPase can potentially be affected by PPIs, and this has been considered as an anti-tumor strategy by some:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fais, S., De Milito, A., You, H., &amp;amp; Qin, W. (2007). Targeting vacuolar H+-ATPases as a new strategy against cancer. Cancer research, 67(22), 10627-10630.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm guessing the article you linked to is referring to this paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yepuri, G., Sukhovershin, R., Nazari-Shafti, T. Z., Petrascheck, M., Ghebre, Y. T., &amp;amp; Cooke, J. P. (2016). Proton pump inhibitors accelerate endothelial senescence. Circulation research, 118(12), e36-e42.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, cultured endothelial cells are incubated with the PPI esomeprazole at 5 or 10 μmol/L. They found increased pH (reduced acidity) in intracellular comparments imaged with a pH-sensitive dye, and various symptoms of endothelial dysfunction after esomeprazole treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T16:24:31.980" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24698" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-15T17:30:39.383" Score="1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The EPA's AQI quantifies air pollution, sets out ranges of pollution, and associates health risks with each range.  Quoting from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.purpleair.com/map?opt=1/mAQI/a10/cC0#1/15.1/-30&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PurpleAir&lt;/a&gt;:  &amp;quot;101-150: Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects if they are exposed for 24 hours. The general public is not likely to be affected.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is just the description of one single AQI range, but all the descriptions from all the sources I've been able to find for all the ranges detail health effects on 24-hour timescales.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Living in California, every year for the past several years has seen serious wildfires and dramatic corresponding drops in air quality.  It seems reasonable to avoid going outside without an N95 mask when the AQI is 201+.  However, assume that such wildfires continue every single year for the rest of my lifetime.  What cumulative effects, if any, would such periodic exposure to air pollution have?  For example:  an AQI of 101-150 seems innocuous enough, but does it become something to worry about if one is exposed to it several months out of the year, every year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondary, but related question:  if there are any dangers of cumulative effects, do those dangers increase in smaller creatures?  For example, do small children or pets face more significant dangers than human adults?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20406" LastActivityDate="2020-09-15T17:30:39.383" Title="Effects of Exposure to Periodic, Long-term PM2.5 Pollution" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;smoke-inhalation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24700" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10351" CreationDate="2020-09-15T19:23:23.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;First of all, if you found papers that suggest certain unexplored side effects, it means the research is underway and it can very well be that in the next years we get new information about how drugs work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now to the actual question. From the pharmacokinetic point of view, &lt;strong&gt;PPIs only affect proton pumps of the stomach&lt;/strong&gt;. The solution behind this is very simple: PPIs are &lt;em&gt;pro-drugs&lt;/em&gt;, that only get &lt;em&gt;activated&lt;/em&gt; when surrounding &lt;em&gt;pH is less than 1&lt;/em&gt;. Since the only place in the body where this is the case are canaliculi of the gastric glands, only here PPIs bind to their target proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This compound [omeprazole] is a weak base ~pK&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; 4. The H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-ATPase in the parietal cell secretes acid into the secretory canaliculus generating a pH of &amp;lt; 1.0 in the lumen of this structure. The acidity of this space allows accumulation of weak bases of this pK&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;. Weak bases of a pK&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; less than 4.0 can be accumulated only in this acidic space and no other acidic space in the body. Then, this compound is rapidly activated by the high acidity and inhibits acid secretion by binding to the cysteines accessible to the activated form.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Jai Moo Shin and Nayoung Kim. &amp;quot;Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Proton Pump Inhibitors&amp;quot;. &lt;em&gt;J Neurogastroenterol Motil.&lt;/em&gt; 2013 Jan; 19(1): 25–35. doi:10.5056/jnm.2013.19.1.25&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="15382" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T16:57:45.713" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T16:57:45.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24671" CreationDate="2020-09-16T04:42:47.193" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Finally found at least the Moderna Trial at &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ClinicalTrials website&lt;/a&gt;, still searching for others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study description makes no mention of ethnicity targets, but Moderna's website (as of Sept 11 2020) has a graph of enrollees by ethnicity.  Also states that as of Sept 11 2020 had not yet arrived at enrollment goal (24,000 of planned 30,000) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.modernatx.com/cove-study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moderna website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T04:53:43.367" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T04:53:43.367" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24703" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-16T09:47:55.013" Score="2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Serotonin is an anorexient neurotransmitter. But if I am right, antidepressant drugs like SSRIs increase the amount of serotonin in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do antidepressants increase body mass if serotonin is an anorexient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit : You can find here that antidepressants are associated with weight gain :&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319527&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319527&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/antidepressants-and-weight-gain/faq-20058127&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/expert-answers/antidepressants-and-weight-gain/faq-20058127&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/depression/features/antidepressants-weight-gain#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.webmd.com/depression/features/antidepressants-weight-gain#1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also was taught that in a pharmacology class.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit2 : What I found is one reason is that the improvement in mood as a cause of these drugs may lead to an improvement in apetite and thus weight gain, but is this the only reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17186" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-20T09:50:20.343" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T09:50:20.343" Title="Why do antidepressant drugs increase body mass?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;body-weight&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;&lt;weight-gain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24707" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-16T20:30:06.820" Score="0" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;The USA CDC director Dr. Robert Redfield was recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/16/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-masks-health-experts/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quoted&lt;/a&gt; in the media as saying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;I might even go so far as to say that this face mask is more guaranteed to protect me against Covid than when I take a Covid vaccine, because the &lt;strong&gt;immunogenicity may be 70%&lt;/strong&gt; and if I don't get an immune response, the vaccine is not going to protect me. This face mask will [...]&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the basis for that immunogenicity percentage projection?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-09-24T09:17:34.127" LastActivityDate="2020-09-24T09:17:34.127" Title="Why COVID-19 &quot;immunogenicity may be 70%&quot;?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24708" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24707" CreationDate="2020-09-16T20:41:39.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think he's referring to anything specific. &amp;quot;May be&amp;quot; is not a definitive statement, it just seems he is suggesting that it is plausible that a vaccine could be less protective than regular mask wearing. &amp;quot;I might even go so far&amp;quot; couches it even more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think that's probably not a great statement to make, either, a better one might be to suggest that &amp;quot;because a vaccine is not effective in everyone that gets it, mask-wearing may continue to be important even with a vaccine&amp;quot;, but not every quote in front of the media is ever ideal. Really, the rest of his statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;if I don't get an immune response, the vaccine is not going to protect me. This face mask will&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;seems like the part to focus on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For comparisons to influenza, this page talks about the annual flu vaccine efficiacy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/immunogenicity.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/immunogenicity.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A quote, emphasis mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IIV3 provided statistically significant protection against both the included B lineage (&lt;strong&gt;66%&lt;/strong&gt;; 95%CI 58, 73) and the non-included B lineage (&lt;strong&gt;51%&lt;/strong&gt;; 95%CI 36, 63) during the 2012– 13 season&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another paper,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tricco, A. C., Chit, A., Soobiah, C., Hallett, D., Meier, G., Chen, M. H., ... &amp;amp; Loeb, M. (2013). Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and matched strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC medicine, 11(1), 153.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;is a meta-analysis of flu vaccine efficacy in children. They write, quote, with emphasis mine:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) showed significant protection against mismatched (six RCTs, &lt;strong&gt;VE 54%&lt;/strong&gt;, 95% confidence interval (CI) 28% to 71%) and matched (seven RCTs, &lt;strong&gt;VE 83%&lt;/strong&gt;, 95% CI 75% to 88%) influenza strains among children aged 6 to 36 months&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;VE was calculated using the following formula: (1 - relative risk × 100%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that 70% would be in the ballpark of the annual flu vaccine against the included strain. Obviously the 2019 coronavirus is not influenza, but we have no solid long-term efficacy data yet, and I think it's reasonable to expect that even a very useful vaccine (on par with the annual flu vaccine given to millions) would not approach 100% efficacy. Even with a vaccine, it will probably be important to continue basic public health protocols intended to limit virus spread, especially before many people are immunized.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's some mixing here between &amp;quot;immune response&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;efficiacy&amp;quot; but I think it would be fair to say that if someone gets sick, then whatever measured immune response they may have had was not effective, so we might as well consider it not an immune response for this purpose. Rewriting a paraphrased version of the quote, I would say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;If the Covid vaccine provides similar protection to the annual influenza vaccine, the immunogenicity could be around 70%. If I don't get an immune response, the vaccine is not going to protect me but a face mask will still provide some protection.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T20:50:12.080" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T20:50:12.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24709" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24707" CreationDate="2020-09-16T21:08:53.390" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/med/32591466&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent review&lt;/a&gt; of &amp;quot;Warp Speed&amp;quot; vaccine candidates&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;General experience, combined with emerging data, suggests that the most rapidly produced vaccines (i.e., nucleic acids and virus vectors) may also be the least capable of eliciting high titers of antibodies and NAbs to the S-protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it's probably a safe bet to limit discussion to those for now... The review also says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is unknown whether the results obtained in small animals will be matched in humans. The immunogenicity of mRNA and DNA vaccines is generally far stronger in small animals than in macaques, and more so in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And for the latter it cites &lt;a href=&quot;https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/7185789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a paper&lt;/a&gt; on a MERS DNA vaccine, which interestingly happens to mention something like those ~70% numbers....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;T-cell responses were detected in 47 (71%) of 66 participants after two vaccinations and in 44 (76%) of 58 participants after three vaccinations. [...] At week 60, vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses were detected in 51 (77%) of 66 participants and 42 (64%) of 66, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also been a bit of a debate as to what measure(s) of immunity are most relevant. Most of the (short-term) Covid-19 vaccine data published so far, itself on the order of one-month, seems to have been mainly anti-bodies (e.g. a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.20142570v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent study&lt;/a&gt; on one of the mRNA vaccines found average levels exceeding convalescence), but some researchers &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/09/09/for-an-effective-covid-vaccine-look-beyond-antibodies-to-t-cells/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;disagree&lt;/a&gt; this is the most relevant measure, pointing to T-cells response as more relevant. Actually the T-cells measure was reported for that vaccine candidate too, in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20140533v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;separate&lt;/a&gt; publication/preprint; it was on the order of 80% response [29/36 participants] for CD8+ T cells. And that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.evaluate.com/vantage/articles/news/trial-results/covid-19-vaccine-contest-turns-t-cell-responses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seems&lt;/a&gt; to be as good as it gets in terms of Covid-19 phase-1 published data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess there's some &amp;quot;fudge factor&amp;quot; to consider here given that phase I trials tend to select healthy volunteers in the 18-55 age range etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-09-16T23:10:43.483" LastActivityDate="2020-09-16T23:10:43.483" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24710" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-17T02:55:39.823" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rachael Maddow suggested on her 9/16/20 show that reliance on herd immunity (naturally acquired immunity) to control the continued spread of COVID-19 could result in the death of 2 to 6 million Americans.&#xA;Is this plausible? And if not why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Factors she applied: Herd immunity threshold of approximately 65%, Population of 320 million, mortality rate between 1 and 3%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T14:05:55.720" Title="Estimated deaths if Covid control is based on herd immunity" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24712" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17176" CreationDate="2020-09-17T07:29:23.227" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As pointed out by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/7194/29337&quot;&gt;more reputable answer&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/2250/29337&quot;&gt;similar question at Biology.SE&lt;/a&gt; (backed with sources of information and hence more highly voted), what would happen if you drank only distilled water is nothing perceptible.  The only place where concentrations of distilled water would ever be high enough to conceivably matter is in the tissues of the mouth and throat, and even there, the effect would be temporary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare drinking 8 glasses of either distilled or tap water every day.  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mgwater.com/mgrank.shtml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;With tap water&lt;/a&gt;, you're looking at less than 200 ppm of Mg, Na, K, and Ca combined.  That's less than 400mg of total mineral content per day.  Given that the combined RDA of all of those minerals is on the order of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/%7E/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/5_Summary%20Table%20Tables%201-4.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7g for an adult male&lt;/a&gt;, this is not &lt;em&gt;nothing&lt;/em&gt;, but it's certainly small.  Your dietary intake of these minerals probably varies by more than this daily, and your intestines, kidneys, sweat glands and mineral storage organs (like your bones and muscles) are constantly maintaining the mineral blood levels within a &lt;em&gt;very&lt;/em&gt; narrow range, despite handling a throughput of several pounds of water and food daily.  They might have to work slightly harder to manage this range if you drank nothing but distilled water, but in a healthy adult, normal intakes already vary by more than this amount without major problems.  For example, the average American &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cdc.gov/features/dssodium/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;consumes more than 3.4 grams of sodium daily&lt;/a&gt;, while a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/guidelines_for_a_low_sodium_diet/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;low-sodium diet is on the order of 2g&lt;/a&gt;.  Low-sodium diets have been widely studied in the medical literature, and are considered safe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for pH, the lowered pH is caused by increased carbon-dioxide absorption to form carbonic acid.  Just as carbon dioxide is more soluble in distilled water, it is less soluble in stomach acid, and may be burped out.  Would you die of acidosis from drinking seltzer water all the time?  If that were the case, I'm sure there would be big health warnings about drinking soda, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-07/will-drinking-carbonated-beverages-weaken-my-bones&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;while it seems relatively benign&lt;/a&gt;. Furthermore, your body produces and excretes (through the lungs) &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide#Human_physiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;around 1kg of CO2 daily&lt;/a&gt;, dwarfing any extra CO2 you might get by drinking distilled water.  If the small amounts of CO2 found in distilled water were dangerous, jogging would be invariably fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were to drink nothing but distilled water, and eat no food, you probably would die of hyponatremia within a few weeks.  But you would also die of hyponatremia if you were to drink nothing but tap water, though perhaps slightly more slowly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T07:29:23.227" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24717" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-17T21:39:25.293" Score="3" ViewCount="415" Body="&lt;p&gt;A colleague of mine, an experienced pharmacist, told me that there used to be a product of activated charcoal called &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/uk/charcodote-leaflet.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Charcodote&lt;/a&gt;, which could have been used either orally or rectally. I doubted this, as I cannot see any reason to use it rectally when activated charcoal is supposed to absorb ingested materials shortly after they were swallowed in order to reduce their absorption and systemic effects.&#xA;She cannot find a reference for this (and neither can I), but insists that it could have been given rectally (she says she remembers this practice clearly, and so does the head nurse in the pediatric ward at our hospital).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone here know anything about this? The specific product doesn't matter, the question is: &lt;strong&gt;can activated charcoal be given rectally?&lt;/strong&gt; If so, how does it work there and what are the indications for this route of administration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T02:05:11.757" Title="Activated charcoal administered rectally?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24718" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24717" CreationDate="2020-09-17T23:52:06.060" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, activated Charcoal (AC) can be given rectally. Although this is a veterinary journal, I doubt the principles are different and according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/enema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; it's given in a liquid slurry, much like oral administration:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enemas also have been used to decrease the colonic bacterial numbers&#xA;and substrates. The following types of enemas have been recommended:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Warm water enemas at 10 ml/kg q4-6h until signs improve, lactulose&#xA;enemas at 1 to 3 ml/10 kg BW diluted 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 with warm water&#xA;q6-8h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Neomycin enemas at 15 to 20 ml of 1% solution q8-12h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Metronidazole enemas at 7.5 mg/kg (systemic dose) mixed with water&#xA;q12h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Betadine enemas given by diluting 1 : 10 with warm water and giving&#xA;10 ml/kg q8h and flushing out with warm water after 10 to 15 minutes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;• Activated charcoal enemas using the liquid suspension q8h&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• Vinegar enemas made by diluting the vinegar 1 : 4 with warm water&#xA;and administering at 10 ml/kg q8h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is substantiated by the following human clinical trial involving the treatment of anal fistulas. Although I can't find historical evidence that rectal administration was a common practice in the past, it received new attention in 2017 with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5355500/#:%7E:text=Rectal%20application%20of%20high%2Dpurity,may%20additionally%20preserve%20sphincter%20function.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An open prospective study evaluating efficacy and safety of a new medical device for rectal application of activated carbon in the treatment of chronic, uncomplicated perianal fistulas&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects on&#xA;non-Crohn’s disease perianal fistula healing, and the safety and&#xA;tolerability of a new medical device that applies high-purity,&#xA;high-activity granular activated carbon locally into the rectum twice&#xA;daily of patients with perianal fistulas without any concomitant&#xA;medication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It appeared to be moderately successful:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of 28 patients included, 10 patients (35.7%) showed complete fistula&#xA;healing (closed, no discharge on palpation) after 8 weeks; seven of&#xA;these patients, corresponding to 25% of the enrolled patients,&#xA;remained in remission for up to 31 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I said before, I couldn't find historical evidence of rectal administration being used, but I did find an article from 1964 that seems to hint that it could have been administered other than orally in some cases. Unfortunately, the full text of the article is behind a pay wall. &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1964.tb05735.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is what's freely available:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O0Zoz.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/O0Zoz.png&quot; alt=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1964.tb05735.x&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-09-17T23:52:06.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-18T18:46:22.790" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what this device is called and what it is supposed to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was a kid I was short-sighted (still am) and my parents tried a few treatments that could possibly improve my sight.&#xA;One of them involved electricity. One electrode was attached to my arm, I had to close my eyes and hold the other electrode against my eyelid. The device (most likely made in the USSR) then produced a bursts of electrical impulses with small pauses (maybe something like 5 pulses, 0.5-1 second pause). After 10 or so bursts I had to hold the electrode against my other eye. IIRC each eye got 10 turns before I was done for the day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current was set slightly below the level at which it would hurt (I think it was about 200uA, the device had a large analog ammeter on the front), I would ask the doctor to turn it up, then when I felt some tingle on the eyelid (at the contact point), I would say so and the doctor would turn it down a bit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the device produced the pulse, I would see a green or maybe yellow flash.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After doing it for a week or so, I would see more lines on the chart. This was about 20 years ago and I was a kid back then, so I do not remember details, like the model number of the device used.&#xA;I wonder what is it called and what it was supposed to do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20422" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-09-19T16:28:20.727" LastActivityDate="2020-09-19T16:28:20.727" Title="What is this procedure for eyes using electic impulses?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;history&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24728" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-19T11:20:03.743" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why is lifting your arm (or leg) in front of your body (like a Nazi salute, rather than swinging it behind your back like a martial arts shoulder pin) called flexion rather than extension? And why is bending your head (or foot) down, rather than lifting it back, also termed flexion rather than extension?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a consistent or official rule for identifying the direction named &amp;quot;flexion&amp;quot; in all joints (including shoulder, hip, elbow, spinal vertebrae, foot, etc)? The terminology seems simple for joints like the elbow (bending versus straightening), but for the shoulder joint it isn't obvious what the meaning of  &lt;em&gt;flexion&lt;/em&gt; versus &lt;em&gt;extension&lt;/em&gt; is derived from. (If &amp;quot;flexion&amp;quot; means reducing the angle, then how do you identify which two vectors to measure between for a ball and socket joint?) Is flexion always the direction in which the joint is able to travel farther, when starting from &amp;quot;standard anatomical position&amp;quot;? Alternatively, are the choices just an arbitrary historical convention (traced to whom)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20424" LastEditorUserId="20424" LastEditDate="2020-09-19T11:38:24.737" LastActivityDate="2020-09-19T11:38:24.737" Title="What determines &quot;flexion&quot; vs &quot;extension&quot; terminology?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-09-25T05:14:04.740" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-20T05:24:42.043" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, my basic understanding is this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A neuron can either send a signal, or not. Sending a signal costs energy &amp;amp; work (and the neuron might only survive so and so many send-cycles).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's say the output of a neuron tells you whether a state is assumed, or not. &lt;br&gt;&#xA;To keep the neuron alive and energy consumption low, if the state being assumed is the rarer occasion, then the neuron sends a signal if the state is being assumed, and vice versa.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I'd now guess that hearing a sound (or more low level, a sound wave being of a certain frequency being in the air), is more unlikely than the converse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So for a person with a Tinnitus that produces a constant sound, somewhere in the brain/the receptory neurons for hearing, we should have one/a few neurons that fire permanently.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We should know rather broadly where the information processing for sounds happens, and neurons that always send should be anomalies (as a neuron that always sends doesn't transmit any information at all).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why can't we just scan for neurons in those regions permanently firing, and then destroy them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20430" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T05:24:42.043" Title="Why can't we &quot;heal&quot; Tinnitus by destroying the corresponding neurons?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;cure&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24733" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-20T06:28:48.560" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have often seen in media about the comorbidities that make things worse for a COVID-19 patient. The most often mentioned are hypertension and diabetes as also mentioned in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314621/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From what is known at the moment, patients with COVID-19 disease who&#xA;have comorbidities, such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus, are&#xA;more likely to develop a more severe course and progression of the&#xA;disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering if this is something specific to SARS-COV2 and a few other viral infections or these type of underlying conditions are complicating things for most viral infected patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T06:28:48.560" Title="Do comorbidities that have an important negative impact for COVID-19 patients are generally affecting patients with viral infections?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;complications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-20T07:23:00.000" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I witnessed a blind man use their phone with playback speeds that were incredibly fast and completely inaudible to my ears. To my best guess, it would have been about 4-5x speed. (I base this off estimating by going to youtube in chrome, pressing &lt;kbd&gt;cmd&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;option&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt; to bring up developer console, and entering &lt;code&gt;document.getElementsByTagName(&amp;quot;video&amp;quot;)[0].playbackRate = 4&lt;/code&gt; to increase the playback speed to 4).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Provided that the content is not anything that requires any deep thought (suppose it's a story or instructions you are already familiar with), can the brain adapt to listening to such audio at very high speeds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20431" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T07:23:00.000" Title="Can the brain adapt to listening to audio in very fast playback speeds?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24736" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3110" CreationDate="2020-09-20T11:30:37.497" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The flu mist does not contain it. But it does contain MSG according to its package insert:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What are the ingredients in FluMist Quadrivalent?&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Active Ingredient&lt;/strong&gt;: FluMist Quadrivalent contains 4 influenza virus strains that are weakened (A(H1N1),&#xA;A(H3N2), B Yamagata lineage, and B Victoria lineage).&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Inactive Ingredients&lt;/strong&gt;: monosodium glutamate, gelatin, arginine, sucrose, dibasic potassium phosphate,&#xA;monobasic potassium phosphate, and gentamicin.&#xA;FluMist Quadrivalent does not contain preservatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/120689/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/media/120689/download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20434" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T11:30:37.497" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24738" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24536" CreationDate="2020-09-20T20:35:56.147" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found two studies so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44357-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44357-8&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The presence of a sperm granuloma [resulting from an open-ended vasectomy] at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus enhances reversibility of the vasectomy and lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this study dates back from 1979 and is based on only 9 patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC529470/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC529470/&lt;/a&gt; is inconclusive but this study dates back from 2004:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additional research would also be of interest to compare an open-ended procedure with a closed-end procedure. Several investigators have suggested that leaving the testicular end open reduces post-vasectomy pain, but no randomized controlled trials have examined this issue [1,18].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[1] Royal College of Obstetricians &amp;amp; Gynecologists . Male and Female Sterilization, Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No 4. London: RCOG Press; 2004. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Male+and+Female+Sterilization,+Evidence-based+Clinical+Guideline+No+4&amp;amp;publication_year=2004&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[18] Labrecque M, Dufresne C, Barone MA, St-Hilaire K. Vasectomy surgical techniques: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2004;2:21. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-2-21. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC428590/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC free article&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15157272&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7015-2-21&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=BMC+Med&amp;amp;title=Vasectomy+surgical+techniques:+a+systematic+review&amp;amp;author=M+Labrecque&amp;amp;author=C+Dufresne&amp;amp;author=MA+Barone&amp;amp;author=K+St-Hilaire&amp;amp;volume=2&amp;amp;publication_year=2004&amp;amp;pages=21&amp;amp;pmid=15157272&amp;amp;doi=10.1186/1741-7015-2-21&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T20:35:56.147" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24740" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24503" CreationDate="2020-09-20T22:31:27.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Vasectomy.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Vasectomy.pdf&lt;/a&gt; as the table comparing some occlusion techniques with and without fascial interposition (FI):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MLmdX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/MLmdX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare the row #2 (without FI) against the rows #1 (with FI) and #3 (with FI): the use of FI seems to have decreased the upper bound of the failure rate. Note that the study was published almost 10 years ago so I'm hoping some more recent and more rigorous studies have been published since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-20T22:31:27.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24741" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24717" CreationDate="2020-09-21T02:05:11.757" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes absolutely. There was a hemorrhoid treatment made of activated charcoal called &lt;a href=&quot;https://charcoalremedies.com/2019/06/05/hemorrhoids/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Freedhem&lt;/a&gt; that was applied rectally. It is no longer available on the market. Also, for &lt;a href=&quot;https://charcoalremedies.com/2019/06/05/prostatitis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;prostatitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://charcoalremedies.com/2019/06/05/drs_thrash_md/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Thrash&lt;/a&gt;, former medical examiner of the state of Georgia, used an activated charcoal enema with success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20437" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T02:05:11.757" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24707" CreationDate="2020-09-21T03:50:46.220" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Without questioning the CDC director specifically we are left to speculate why he said 70% as contrasted with 60% or 80%.&#xA;However, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pfe-pfizercom-d8-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/2020-09/C4591001_Clinical_Protocol_0.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;protocol&lt;/a&gt; released by Pfizer may give some clue. The clinical trial for their candidate vaccine will last approximately two years, however they will be conducting Interim Analysis for Vaccine Efficacy at several points during that two year period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pfizer will consider the vaccine an &lt;strong&gt;interim&lt;/strong&gt; success, if after 32 persons contract Covid19, only 6 of those people were injected with the trial vaccine. That calculates to an efficacy of 77%.(see page 102 of protocol)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Subsequent interim analysis the last being after 164 persons contract Covid-19. If, of the 164 persons only 53 were injected with the trial vaccine, that would also be deemed a success. That calculates to an efficacy of 52%. (same page)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So from the Pfizer protocol we see efficacy targets for success of 52% or greater.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, Efficacy (the extent to which a vaccine provides a beneficial result) is not synonymous with Immunogenicity (the ability of a vaccine to provoke an immune response creating antibodies). Having antibodies (naturally or provoked) against COVID19 is clearly better than having no antibodies, but there is no assurance that any of the trial vaccines will produce antibodies in &lt;strong&gt;every single&lt;/strong&gt; person (100% immunogenicity). As a practical matter the immunogenicity will likely be less than 100%, but 70% would be considered a great success, particularity if the antibodies are constantly being produced and renewed. For those who do not develop antibodies, or that their bodies do not continue to produce &amp;quot;fresh&amp;quot; antibodies they will have to rely on other protective means - such as masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pfizer protocol is silent on the immunogenicity criteria for success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-09-21T04:11:27.927" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T04:11:27.927" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24743" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24552" CreationDate="2020-09-21T04:07:54.853" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/users/7951/chris-rogers&quot; title=&quot;4,904 reputation&quot;&gt;Chris Rogers&lt;/a&gt;'s comment on &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24552/is-the-quality-of-sperm-higher-when-ejaculated-outside-a-lab-building-than-when#comment47572_24552&quot;&gt;Aug 30 at 10:02&lt;/a&gt; points to two references, &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.033&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Licht et al. (2008)&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.051&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Song et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;, that answer the question: the quality of sperm when ejaculated outside a lab building is not higher than when ejaculated inside a lab building.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.051&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Song et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The location of semen collection (home vs. clinic) for IUI did not affect pregnancy rates in a general infertility population (633 IUI cycles from 335 patients), if World Health Organization guidelines for time from specimen collection to use were followed. The time interval from semen collection to IUI was not different between patients who conceived and those who did not (pregnant vs. nonpregnant, 70 ± 19 minutes vs. 73 ± 18 minutes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T04:07:54.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-21T12:42:23.123" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Comparing the Covid 19 trends between &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/in&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;India&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.who.int/region/emro/country/pk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/awZRt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/awZRt.png&quot; alt=&quot;India Covid 19 new cases on weekly basis&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vtqKi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vtqKi.png&quot; alt=&quot;Pakistan Covid 19 new cases on weekly basis&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can immediately notice the stark difference: Pakistan managed to &amp;quot;flatten the curve&amp;quot;, and India is unable to control the outbreak at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why such a difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recall that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They are geographical neighbors, which means that the climate, humidity and everything that can affect the survivability of the virus inside human body remains the same&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/india.pakistan/demographics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;demographics between the two countries are similar&lt;/a&gt;. So both should be equally susceptible to the attack of Covid 19.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both don't regulate the information flow unlike North Korea for example.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Both are poor countries with similar income levels and sanitization condition.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;And India should have no problem in copying whatever successful intervention that Pakistan introduces.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What about the falling levels of testing in Pakistan? Maybe it can explain some drop in the newly discovered cases, but it definitely can't explain all. As per BBC news, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53742214&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;but the recorded drop in infections is substantiated by the fact that the proportion of tests that come back as positive has also been decreasing, as have hospital admissions.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The above article offers a theory: &lt;em&gt;there are more large, densely populated cities in India, so infections had levelled off in both Mumbai and Delhi, but were increasing in other parts of the country.&lt;/em&gt; But this theory fails to explain why other neighboring, smaller countries like &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/np&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/bd&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/a&gt; fail to replicate the success of Pakistan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why Pakistan can &amp;quot;flatten the curve&amp;quot; but India (and other South Area countries) can't?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1312" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T12:42:23.123" Title="Why Pakistan can &quot;flatten the curve&quot; but India can't?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-04-25T22:46:55.463" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24748" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12093" CreationDate="2020-09-21T16:26:18.923" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are clear risks to both VBAC and repeat C-section. The relative importance of each factor can only be determined by the individual woman. With both VBAC and repeat c section as safe choices, each woman must make a decision that is appropriate for her and her family.&#xA;VBAC is considered a women’s rights issue with the American College of Obstetrician Gynecologists. Doctors are advised to educate patients about all of their options – VBAC and repeat C-section. If a doctor individually opts to not perform VBACs, (s)he is obligated to refer to other doctors who do. ACOG recommends that VBAC only be performed at hospitals that offer 24-hour in-hospital anesthesia coverage which limits the number of hospitals at which VBACs can be offered. Unfortunately, even in hospitals that provide 24-hour in-hospital anesthesia, many doctors refuse to allow their patients to VBAC. Frequently, fear tactics regarding permanent infant damage or death are used to discourage women from choosing to VBAC. These statements are not based on facts. The physician's preference for a repeat section is often due to the ability to schedule and quickly complete a c section (40 minutes). VBAC usually involves spontaneously labor which can occur during the day, night, or weekend, and might take 24 hours or more. The convenience, efficiency, and money earned per unit time are very influential, but should never supersede a women’s right to choose her method of delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20443" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-21T18:46:02.620" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T18:46:02.620" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24749" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-21T21:00:31.747" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an HIV test was done using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA): does it mean that it screened for HIV 2 and/or is a 4th generation test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/HIVtesting-newmethods.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/HIVtesting-newmethods.htm&lt;/a&gt;, it seems to hint that CMIA is only used for 4th generation tests but I am not entirely sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV blood antibody testing is used to diagnose HIV infection by using a two to three-tiered testing protocol. First, a 4th generation screening test for HIV-1and 2 antibodies, and p24 antigen is performed, using a &lt;strong&gt;chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA)&lt;/strong&gt; (Abbott HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay performed on the Abbott Architect instrument), or a 3rd generation immunochromatographic card (Trinity Biotech Unigold) assay is used. If positive, then a second test is done, using a rapid immunoconcentrating assay (Biorad Multispot).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastActivityDate="2020-09-25T22:08:33.987" Title="If an HIV test was done using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), does it mean it screens for HIV 2 and/or is a 4th generation test?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24750" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-21T21:16:48.023" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I frequently hear the World Health Organization (WHO) identify diameters of 5-10 μm as the size cutoff between &amp;quot;respiratory dropletes&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;droplet nuclei&amp;quot;. For example, in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent statement&lt;/a&gt; they say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Respiratory infections can be transmitted through droplets of different sizes: when the droplet particles are &amp;gt;5-10 μm in diameter they are referred to as respiratory droplets, and when then are &amp;lt;5μm in diameter, they are referred to as droplet nuclei.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They go on to imply that this distinction is made because:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Droplet transmission occurs when a person is in in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing) and is therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets... Airborne transmission is different from droplet transmission as it refers to the presence of microbes within droplet nuclei, which are generally considered to be particles &amp;lt;5μm in diameter, can remain in the air for long periods of time and be transmitted to others over distances greater than 1 m.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the settling velocity of a sphere with the density of water and a diameter in the 5-10 μm range is on the order of several mm/sec at most. This means that a 10 μm sphere, for example, will &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiEgeGtkvvrAhWilXIEHeWIAi0QFjAAegQIBRAB&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Faerosols%2Fpdfs%2Faerosol_101.pdf&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1eHRyvt7T6eK5DhyizJOPy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;take over 8 minutes to fall 5 ft&lt;/a&gt; (1.5 meters), which is more than ample time to travel over 1 meter horizontally. So why does the WHO link the transition between these two classes of aerosols with such a small diameter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20444" LastActivityDate="2020-09-21T21:16:48.023" Title="Why does the WHO's definition of respiratory droplets encompass such small diameters?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24751" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-22T05:47:00.607" Score="1" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do oxygen and carbon dioxide move with brownian motion? And, if so, do they get trapped by N95 masks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Health professionals are experts agree: we should be wearing masks all day when in public during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there are no serious health risks to wearing N95 respirators long-term, unless we have difficulty breathing (eg due to a disability or during strenuous exercise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, I recently learned that N95 masks filter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 95% of particles that are 0.3 microns&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More than 95% of particles that are larger than 0.3 microns (this is intuitive)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More than 95% of particles that are smaller than 0.3 microns (due to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Brownian motion&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following chart visualizes this, showing that the minimum fractional collection efficiency is at 0.3 microns. Particles that are both larger and smaller than 0.3 microns are, in fact, &lt;em&gt;both&lt;/em&gt; easier to filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kz1xJ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kz1xJ.png&quot; alt=&quot;chart showing that the fractional collection efficiency is lowest at 0.3 microns, and higher for particles both larger and smaller than 0.3 microns&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#NIOSH_classifications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, at the same time, the common argument for why masks are safe is that oxygen and carbon dioxide particles are too small to be restricted. Here's some facts about the particles in question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The coronavirus is approximately 0.06 - 0.14 microns in size alone &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/05/12/wearing-a-mask-to-reduce-the-spread-of-coronavirus-will-not-give-you-carbon-dioxide-poisoning/#17fbb47e17f5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Coronavirus is usually attached to other particles making it &lt;em&gt;effectively&lt;/em&gt; a larger particle around 1 micron in size or larger &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/06/11/fact-check-n-95-filters-not-too-large-stop-covid-19-particles/5343537002/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Oxygen gas (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) is 0.000299 microns &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://phys.org/news/2018-06-mechanisms-air.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Carbon Dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) is 0.00065 microns &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/particle-sizes-d_934.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is: do O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (0.000299 microns) and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (0.00065 microns) travel with brownian motion? And, as such, are &amp;gt;95% of their particles prevented from moving through surgical N95 masks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19986" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-22T13:29:29.467" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T13:29:29.467" Title="Do oxygen and carbon dioxide move with Brownian motion? And, if so, do they get trapped by N95 masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;&lt;oxygen&gt;&lt;carbon-dioxide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24753" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24751" CreationDate="2020-09-22T10:12:30.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I can tell, yes, both oxygen and carbon dioxide gas particles will follow brownian dynamics as they move through the air on both sides of an N95 mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, yes, studies (on people wearing N95 masks, not on the mask itself--which more directly answers the concern) have shown that carbon dioxide does get trapped in the mask and builds-up over time. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/55/5/569/tab-pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Roberge, et al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;) This has, in fact, shown a &amp;quot;significant increase&amp;quot; in transcutaneous CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels in nurses wearing the masks for the greater part of 12-hour shifts, resulting in nurses complaining of &amp;quot;nausea, headache, light headedness, visual difficulties, shortness of breath, palpitations, confusion, and difficulty communicating&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132714/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rebmann, et al., 2013&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in both studies there was no decrease in transcutaneous O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels due to N95 masks. Nor were there any other issues such as blood pressure. And the elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels did not reach the clinical definition of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercapnia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypercapnia&lt;/a&gt; (defined as an arterial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; level ≥ 45 mmHg).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, from what I can tell, it appears that wearing a mask all-day during mildly strenuous exercise (eg constant walking around a hospital) may cause minor discomfort (eg a headache), but it will not cause serious health issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, certainly, the benefits of wearing a mask still appear to far outweigh the risks in the average person during the COVID-19 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rebmann, T., Carrico, R., &amp;amp; Wang, J. (2013). Physiologic and other effects and compliance with long-term respirator use among medical intensive care unit nurses. &lt;em&gt;American journal of infection control, 41&lt;/em&gt;(12), 1218-1223. doi: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.02.017&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.ajic.2013.02.017&lt;/a&gt; pmcid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132714/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC7132714&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Roberge, R. J., Coca, A., Williams, W. J., Powell, J. B., &amp;amp; Palmiero, A. J. (2010). Physiological impact of the N95 filtering facepiece respirator on healthcare workers. &lt;em&gt;Respiratory care, 55&lt;/em&gt;(5), 569-577. pmid: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20420727/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;20420727&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19986" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-22T13:23:50.857" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T13:23:50.857" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21411" CreationDate="2020-09-22T10:50:49.833" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;For protecting against saw dust (sanding), they work great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For protecting from biological risks in a medial setting, they're up to half as effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming we're discussing the respirator in the photo you uploaded with your question, note that it has a plastic valve in its center. This is an exhilaration valve. The exhilaration valve is a one-way valve that permits air to pass unobstructed out of the respirator. This is great when doing construction work; it makes breathing (out) easier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, respirators with exhalation valves necessarily do not filter your exhalation, so they are not very effective at preventing the spread of biological infectious agents, such as the coronavirus. In fact, the CDC recommends that if you only have an N95 mask with an exhalation valve, then you should wear it &lt;em&gt;along with&lt;/em&gt; a surgical mask on the outside &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the biggest issues with the spread of COVID-19 is that many people who contract the virus (and can spread it to others) never experience symptoms (asymptomatic) or they can spread the virus for up to 14-days before they experience symptoms (pre-symptomatic) &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200402-sitrep-73-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=5ae25bc7_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;. Therefore, it's very important that you use a respirator that filters both your inhalations and your exhalations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, any filter is better than no filter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19986" LastEditorUserId="19986" LastEditDate="2020-09-22T10:55:52.087" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T10:55:52.087" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24757" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24758" CreationDate="2020-09-22T16:09:35.140" Score="7" ViewCount="1593" Body="&lt;p&gt;The two &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO formulations&lt;/a&gt; (ethanol and IPA) make up the volume with distilled or boiled water. But is this water essential for the best efficacy of the cleanser or is it only to bulk it out?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words is dilute alcohol (75 - 80%) a better hand sanitizer than 99% (with minor additions of H2O2 and glycerine)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20448" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T18:29:30.470" Title="Is water an essential ingredient of alcohol based hand sanitizers?" Tags="&lt;alcohol&gt;&lt;hand-sanitizers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24757" CreationDate="2020-09-22T18:29:30.470" Score="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Higher concentrations of alcohol are &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21511/how-does-isopropyl-alcohol-disinfect-less-in-higher-concentration&quot;&gt;actually less effective&lt;/a&gt; (that Q&amp;amp;A is specific for isopropyl, but the same is true for ethanol, their mechanism of sterilization is the same), see also &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/a/39934/27148&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Summarizing from those answers: higher concentrations of alcohol don't penetrate into cells as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This page from the CDC&lt;/a&gt; also discusses optimal alcohol concentrations for disinfection and gives some references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T18:29:30.470" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-22T19:13:42.547" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28590505/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review article&lt;/a&gt;, for symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Carotid endarterectomy] was highly beneficial in participants with 70% to 99% stenosis without near-occlusion (N = 1095, RR 0.47, 95%CI 0.25 to 0.88). However, there was no evidence of benefit (N = 271, RR 1.03, 95%CI 0.57 to 1.84) in participants with near-occlusions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why is carotid endarterectomy beneficial for 70%-99%, but not 100% stenosis (unsure if this is the correct term)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&#xA;Orrapin S, Rerkasem K. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 7;6(6):CD001081. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001081.pub3. PMID: 28590505; PMCID: PMC6481587.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="13163" LastEditDate="2020-09-22T19:37:48.177" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T20:25:07.060" Title="Why is carotid endarterectomy not beneficial for symptomatic 100% internal carotid stenosis?" Tags="&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;ebm-evidence-based-med&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24760" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24759" CreationDate="2020-09-22T20:25:07.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this is probably due to selection bias, but I cannot find a source from someone in the field to reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, to support this conclusion, note that in the review you reference, the people with near-occlusions overall have &lt;em&gt;fewer negative outcomes&lt;/em&gt; than those with lesser occlusions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People who are not already dead while having such a blockage clearly have enough collateral circulation to compensate for the near-occlusion. Something that is already blocked cannot become suddenly blocked in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review also mentions that these are all intent-to-treat analyses, and so it's not necessarily the case that those with near-occlusions did end up having surgery after all, despite being allocated to the non-surgery group. However, the lower (rather than higher) risk in this group seems to argue against that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-09-22T20:25:07.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24761" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-23T04:44:23.393" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that certain frequencies naturally have some autonomic effects in some people. I've also heard that tinnitus sometimes falls into that range.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't really find much information on these ideas together as everything that comes up about tinnitus related anxiety is about how it causes stress when people worry about the condition's effect on their lives, or about anxiety being able to exacerbate tinnitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.noiseandhealth.org/article.asp?issn=1463-1741;year=2004;volume=6;issue=23;spage=59;epage=72;aulast=Leventhall&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Low frequency noise and annoyance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5021883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stress Recovery Effects of High- and Low-Frequency Amplified Music on Heart Rate Variability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pituitaryworldnews.org/the-sound-of-stress/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Sound of Stress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.audionotch.com/blog/2015/06/24/what-are-the-most-common-tinnitus-frequencies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tinnitus frequencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20450" LastEditorUserId="20450" LastEditDate="2020-09-24T15:36:51.007" LastActivityDate="2020-09-24T15:36:51.007" Title="Do the frequencies inherent in tinnitus have any side effects?" Tags="&lt;hearing&gt;&lt;ear&gt;&lt;frequency&gt;&lt;tinnitus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24762" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-23T07:05:52.740" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;With Covid-19, are people infectious in the first days after infection before they test positive on a Covid test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have learned that Covid-19 tests are ineffective in the first few days after being infected: in those first few days, you'll likely test negative even though you have the virus.  As I understand it, it takes time for the viral load to grow high enough for the test to detect it, so someone who is infected will be likely to test negative in the first few days after being infected.  For instance, one study reports a 67% false negative rate 4 days after infection and 20% after 8 days [1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could people be infectious during those days before testing positive?  I know that people can be infectious before they show any symptoms; does this mean that people might be infectious 4-8 days before they tested positive?  Or does it mean that the viral load in the first few days is so low that during the time window when Covid tests are negative, people are unlikely to infect others precisely because their viral load is low?  I know the CDC recommends quarantining for 14 days after you might have been exposed, even if you test negative, but I don't know if this recommendation is primarily out of an abundance of caution [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering about the implications for very frequent testing: e.g., daily Covid-19 testing.  Does the delay in testing positive mean that daily Covid-19 testing is insufficient to prevent outbreaks, because people who get infected can still spread the virus for several days before they test positive?  Or is it that in the first few days after infection, people are likely to test negative but are also unlikely to infect others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-1495#s1-M201495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Lauren M. Kucirka, Stephen A. Lauer, Oliver Laeyendecker, Denali Boon, Justin Lessler.  Annals of Internal Medicine, 18 August 2020.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-1495#s1-M201495&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-1495#s1-M201495&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/quarantine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/quarantine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5137" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-09-23T14:55:36.003" LastActivityDate="2020-09-23T14:55:36.003" Title="Are COVID-19 patients infectious even if test results are negative?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24764" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-24T00:20:31.373" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lacunar strokes (small-vessel subcortical strokes) are commonly caused by &amp;quot;lipohyalinosis&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;microatheroma&amp;quot;(1). Both mechanisms appear to be related to hypertension and diabetes, but I haven't been able to find a good definition for these terms. What is the difference between these two mechanisms?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately this paper titled &amp;quot;Mechanisms in lacunar infarction&amp;quot; doesn't define the terms either...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Horowitz DR, Tuhrim S, Weinberger JM, Rudolph SH. Mechanisms in lacunar infarction. Stroke. 1992 Mar;23(3):325-7. doi: 10.1161/01.str.23.3.325. PMID: 1542890. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542890/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542890/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T00:06:05.743" Title="What is the difference between lipohyalinosis and microatheroma?" Tags="&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;&lt;pathogenesis&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24765" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-24T02:29:18.043" Score="1" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;If my face mask gets wet, is its efficacy in preventing the spread of coronavirus diminished? If so, how much?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's monsoon season here in India, and my method of transportation (safer than crowded bus) is by cycle. As such, I cannot use an umbrella and it's basically impossible to keep my mask dry when going out for essentials (eg going to the government immigration office as required by the State).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any studies that show the fractional collection efficiency (of ~0.01 to ~2 micron-sized particles) of any of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Common cotton face masks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;N95 Respirators&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;3-ply surgical masks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;when:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They're dry,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They're damp, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They're soaking wet?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19986" LastActivityDate="2020-09-25T00:30:32.777" Title="Is the efficacy of N95 respirators or surgical masks reduced when wet (COVID-19)?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24766" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24214" CreationDate="2020-09-24T08:34:56.037" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that the UK is actually planning a challenge trial. This is rather interesting from an ethical point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/24/uk-covid-19-vaccine-trial-set-to-infect-healthy-volunteers-with-virus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/24/uk-covid-19-vaccine-trial-set-to-infect-healthy-volunteers-with-virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20072" LastActivityDate="2020-09-24T08:34:56.037" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24771" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24764" CreationDate="2020-09-24T23:35:44.990" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the name suggests, a microatheroma is a small atheroma. An artheroma is what's commonly known as a plaque. It's a mass &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;on&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; the interior wall of arteries:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atheroma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atheroma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;atheroma [ath″er-o´mah] an abnormal mass of fatty or lipid material&#xA;with a fibrous covering, existing as a discrete, &lt;strong&gt;raised plaque&#xA;within the intima of an artery&lt;/strong&gt;. adj., adj atherom´atous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipohyalinosis, on the other hand, is a degenerative disease marked by lipids that accumulate &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;within&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; the walls of blood vessels:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lipohyalinosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lipohyalinosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;lipohyalinosis (lī-pō-hī′ă-lĭn-ō″sĭs) Degenerative changes in small&#xA;blood vessels, marked by the accumulation of a glassy- or&#xA;waxy-appearing lipid &lt;strong&gt;within the vessel wall&lt;/strong&gt;. This type of vascular&#xA;degeneration occurs in hypertension and atherosclerosis, and&#xA;predisposes patients to small infarcts, esp. in penetrating arteries&#xA;of the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both things are capable of narrowing arteries and reducing blood flow, which can cause a  stroke. Plaques can also rupture, spilling plaque material into the bloodstream, which can then travel to a point where it lodges in a smaller artery and blocks it, which can also cause a stroke.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-24T23:49:13.613" LastActivityDate="2020-09-24T23:49:13.613" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24773" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24765" CreationDate="2020-09-25T00:30:32.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491502/#MOESM1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This paper&lt;/a&gt; tested Ebola penetration of wet and dry surgical masks and N95 respirators. It found, &amp;quot;A difference in virus penetration was observed between dry (5%, 1/21 tests) and saturated (33%, 7/21 tests) samples of PPE.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastActivityDate="2020-09-25T00:30:32.777" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-09-25T00:30:32.777" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24774" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24777" CreationDate="2020-09-25T06:42:57.303" Score="-1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;I work nights and I know it's terrible for the health (circadian rhythm) but what can you do, I'm stuck and can't get another job.  I'm not taking any melatonin, because I'm skeptical of taking hormones as being good for me.  I do have lots of issues sleeping, sometimes 3 hours sometimes 4 hours a day, feeling nauseous, temperature swings, headaches, mood swings, yada yada.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyways, I know the lack of sunlight triggers the release of melatonin and when the sun rises, melatonin release decreases. Is the trigger though the eyes or through the skin?  I want to understand exactly how I can naturally trigger melatonin as possible.  I can only cover up so much sun that enters my apartment, but wondering if beyond wearing an eyemask, I should cover my skin as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please save me the spiel on the health effects of sleeping during the day as it'll just stress me out and I can't do anything about it.   I'm trying to reduce as many other stressors as I can.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20461" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T13:54:20.493" Title="Exactly what triggers the release of Melatonin?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;&lt;sleep-deprivation&gt;&lt;melatonin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24777" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24774" CreationDate="2020-09-25T09:18:01.813" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Melatonin synthesis and secretion (pineal gland) is enhanced by darkness and inhibited by light (photons).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jT9Mz.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jT9Mz.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram of the major controlling mechanisms of melatonin release.&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;DOI: 10.1530/ror.0.0030013  PMID: 9509985&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20464" LastEditorUserId="20464" LastEditDate="2020-09-26T13:54:20.493" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T13:54:20.493" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24779" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24749" CreationDate="2020-09-25T22:08:33.987" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A detailed description of the “generations” of HIV testing by Alexander has been published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alexander TS. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Testing: 30 Years of Evolution.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.  2016;23:249-253. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00053-16&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cvi.asm.org/content/23/4/249&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cvi.asm.org/content/23/4/249&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As described in Table 3 of this paper, a fourth generation HIV test is one that detects antibody to IgG and IgM HIV1 (including Group O) and HIV2 antibodies and HIV1 p24 antigen.  The test is positive if HIV1 antibody, HIV2 antibody or HIV1 p24 antigen is detected but does not distinguish them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Abbott HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay performed on the Abbott Architect instrument is a fourth generation HIV test that uses a chemiluminescent microparticle immune assay (CLMI) to detect the HIV1 and HIV2 antibodies and p24 antigen but does not distinguish between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To distinguish between HIV1 and HIV2 and p24 antigen, a second tier of testing is needed.  This sequence of recommended testing is depicted well in Figure 3 of the article cited above.  It is based on the most current CDC recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other fourth generation HIV “combo” tests (detect both HIV1 and HIV2 antibodies and HIV p24 antigen but don’t distinguish them) that use the chemoluminescent immune assays that are marketed by companies other than Abbott and use instruments other than the Architect .  One of these is the ADVIA Centaur HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay (Siemens).  There are others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2013 publication describes the (complicated) technical details of several of the fourth generation HIV “combo” assays.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562432/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562432/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-09-25T22:08:33.987" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24781" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18507" CreationDate="2020-09-26T17:54:05.683" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It does make sense for some women and men to get the HPV vaccination at age 27 through 45 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In June 2019, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), which advises the CDC about vaccinations, made recommendations about HPV vaccinations that included recommendations about “catch-up vaccination” in adults up to age 26 years along with a separate recommendation about HPV vaccination in adults age 27 through 45 years.  These recommendations were published in August 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6832a3.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6832a3.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The specific statement about HPV vaccination in adults age 27 through 45 years was as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Adults aged &amp;gt;26 years. Catch-up HPV vaccination is not recommended&#xA;for &lt;strong&gt;all&lt;/strong&gt; [bolded to add emphasis] adults aged &amp;gt;26 years. Instead, shared clinical&#xA;decision-making regarding HPV vaccination is recommended for &lt;strong&gt;some&lt;/strong&gt; [bolded to add emphasis]&#xA;adults aged 27 through 45 years who are not adequately vaccinated.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This statement can be read as a recommendation AGAINST HPV catch-up vaccination in adults age 27 through 45 years or as a recommendation that is not in favor of HPV catch-up vaccination for all adults in this age group.  The following sentence is key---&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“&lt;strong&gt;INSTEAD&lt;/strong&gt; [bolded to add emphasis], shared decision-making is recommended for&#xA;some adults age 27 through 45 years.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shared decision-making means “discuss this with your doctor and decide what is best for you.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shared decision making is also defined as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shared decision-making in medicine (SDM) is a process in which both&#xA;the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making&#xA;process. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to&#xA;patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns&#xA;with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal&#xA;beliefs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making_in_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making_in_medicine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In June 2019, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), citing the ACIP recommendations, issued more specific guidance about the question of HPV vaccination in adults age 27 through 45 years to its physicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2019/06/acog-statement-on-hpv-vaccination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2019/06/acog-statement-on-hpv-vaccination&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Today’s decision from ACIP emphasizes what the data has shown--that&#xA;the HPV vaccine is safe and effective for use in patients ages 27 to&#xA;45, and that use of the vaccine in this age group should be the result&#xA;of shared decision-making between patients and their trusted&#xA;physicians.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ACOG went on to advise its physicians as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The HPV vaccine can halt transmission of the virus and can prevent&#xA;life-threatening cancers later in life. Today’s decision from ACIP&#xA;should encourage physicians to discuss the vaccine routinely with&#xA;their 27- to 45-year-old patients and should help more patients feel&#xA;confident in their decisions to protect themselves by getting&#xA;vaccinated.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T17:54:05.683" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24782" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-26T21:56:22.387" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1939865415001113&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1939865415001113&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've learned about many types of study design including experimental (randomised control trials etc.) and observational study types (cohort studies, cross sectional studies, case-control studies) etc. but a lot of the research articles I'm reading do not seem to fit into any of these design types and am not sure what I'm doing wrong.&#xA;Basically, the article linked above involves radiologist doctors rating x-ray images based on their quality (sharpness, amount of noise etc.). Some x-ray images have been obtained u&#xA;sing 30% less radiation and some have been obtained using 20% less radiation than a standard dose image. And they want to see if these lower radiation dose images are of acceptable quality.&#xA;The x-rays were taken on a phantom &amp;quot;dummy&amp;quot;, not real patients. There was no random allocation, so can't be an RCT etc. yet it is experimental. I feel like I'm missing something and that the study designs I've been taught about don't fit studies like this? Any help would be appreciated!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20470" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2020-09-27T16:11:20.990" LastActivityDate="2020-09-27T16:11:20.990" Title="What study design is used in this research?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24783" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-26T23:03:57.080" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thebodypro.com/article/hiv-can-be-found-in-semen-even-when-viral-load-is-&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thebodypro.com/article/hiv-can-be-found-in-semen-even-when-viral-load-is-&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV can be detected in semen of men who have an undetectable viral load in blood, according to results of a 304-man study. This finding underlines the importance of using condoms when having sex, even if a man is taking antiretroviral therapy and has an undetectable viral load in blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When performing artificial insemination, why is the male donor tested for STD/HIV via blood test and urine, instead of directly testing the semen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the quote above, the HIV tests seem more relevant when done directly on the seamen, and STD/HIV tests via blood test and urine aren't guaranteed to match the actual STD status at the time of the deposit (the male may have caught some STDs between the blood test date and the seamen deposit date, or the HIV may not show up on the blood test yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20241" LastEditorUserId="20241" LastEditDate="2020-09-26T23:10:06.723" LastActivityDate="2020-09-26T23:10:06.723" Title="When performing artificial insemination, why is the male donor tested for STD/HIV via blood test urine, instead of directly testing the semen?" Tags="&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;std&gt;&lt;artificial-insemination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24784" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-27T10:59:27.600" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there any evidence (study) which shows &lt;strong&gt;correlation&lt;/strong&gt; with city air to allergy (to anything) or any other breath health problems?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If yes is this correlation different if someone lives in big city next to the big water (New York, LA, Chicago)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. Some link to research paper will be helpful. When searching the Internet I only found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rodriguez, M. G., Rivera, B. H., Heredia, M. R., Heredia, B. R., &amp;amp; Segovia, R. G. (2019). A study of dust airborne particles collected by vehicular traffic from the atmosphere of southern megalopolis Mexico City. &lt;em&gt;Environmental Systems Research, 8&lt;/em&gt;(1), 16. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0143-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0143-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pollen in cities besides being a typical allergen (Kiotseridis et al. 2013) found in the air could also impact health in other ways as it adheres and retains both fine particles and agglomerates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20472" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-09-30T06:56:18.573" LastActivityDate="2020-09-30T06:56:18.573" Title="Is city air pollution causes allergy?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;&lt;respiratory-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-27T18:23:33.967" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500828/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency PI&lt;em&gt;Z and PI&lt;/em&gt;S Gene Frequency Distribution Using on Maps of the World by an Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Multivariate Interpolation Method&lt;/a&gt; (2012):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a recessive hereditary metabolic disorder which results in the synthesis and secretion of defective AAT. Up to now, about 100 genetic variants of AAT have been recognized. Protease inhibitor (PI) M (medium mobility) is the normal allele, while the two most frequent deficient alleles are PI&lt;em&gt;S and PI&lt;/em&gt;Z. The PI&lt;em&gt;ZZ genotype results in very low AAT serum concentrations (10–15%), and PI&lt;/em&gt;SZ and PI&lt;em&gt;MZ phenotypes result in low to intermediate serum AAT concentrations from 35% to 70%.  Other 30 variants affect the amount or the function of the AAT molecule, but clinically, most (96%) AAT deficiency-related patients are linked with the PI&lt;/em&gt;Zz type, and the remaining 4% to &lt;strong&gt;PI*SZ, null and about other 30 rare or null phenotypes&lt;/strong&gt; (1, 2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why &lt;strong&gt;null&lt;/strong&gt; is repeated twice here. Why mention null phenotypes twice? They are all null, that is, they fail to produce a functional protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-09-27T18:28:58.167" LastActivityDate="2020-09-27T18:28:58.167" Title="Unclear line: &quot;PI*SZ, null and about other 30 rare or null phenotypes&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24786" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24787" CreationDate="2020-09-27T18:56:54.073" Score="3" ViewCount="484" Body="&lt;p&gt;Quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) experience long delays between their first symptom and initial diagnosis of AATD and require many encounters with healthcare providers before the diagnosis is made. Estimates suggest that fewer than 10 % of subjects with severe AATD are &lt;strong&gt;recognised clinically&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of “recognized clinically”? Does it mean “based on clinical symptoms only, without genetic testing or specialized testing of other kind”?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or does it merely mean “recognized by doctors”, with practically no additional sense carried by the word “clinically”?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found the following definition of &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clinical_diagnosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinical diagnosis&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; in Wiktionary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Clinical diagnosis&lt;/em&gt;: the estimated identification of the disease underlying a patient's complaints based merely on signs, symptoms and medical history of the patient rather than on laboratory examination or medical imaging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="17893" LastEditDate="2020-09-28T20:13:12.417" LastActivityDate="2020-09-28T20:13:12.417" Title="What is &quot;recognized clinically&quot;? Is there any special meaning in the word &quot;clinically&quot; here?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;pulmonology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24787" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24786" CreationDate="2020-09-27T20:03:02.377" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Clinically&amp;quot; in this context means &amp;quot;by doctors in the clinic&amp;quot; in their normal practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It excludes research contexts, and implies &amp;quot;real-world&amp;quot; circumstances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no implication here of the &amp;quot;clinical diagnosis&amp;quot; definition added to the question. Lab results/imaging would still be clinical assuming they were ordered for &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; diagnosis purposes rather than research purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-09-28T03:45:59.477" LastActivityDate="2020-09-28T03:45:59.477" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24791" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-28T15:05:14.633" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;We heard this small tidbid in anatomy class, and it sounds simultaneously plausible and very incorrect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The parotid gland lies anterior to the ear, superficial, posterior and deep to the ramus. The duct of this glands has a relatively superficial course, and it pierces the cheek and opens into the mouth (the vestibule specifically) on either side opposite the 2nd upper molar teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our anatomy lecturer said that an inflammation and a tumor of this gland can be differentiated as such: look at the site where the duct opens into the mouth, if there's redness there and it looks inflamed it's likely an inflammation. If not, some other diagnosis must be reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find any source describing such a thing, and I was wondering if it's actually true.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19664" LastActivityDate="2020-09-28T15:05:14.633" Title="Can you distinguish a parotid gland tumor from an inflammation of the gland by looking at the gland's duct?" Tags="&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-28T17:12:05.973" Score="2" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read recently that Moderna's vaccine for covid-19 can last at around 60 degree more than Pfizer's. My question is why, given that they both use the same technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmaceuticalcommerce.com/clinical-operations/covid-19-vaccines-chilled-frozen-or-cryogenic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pharmaceuticalcommerce.com/clinical-operations/covid-19-vaccines-chilled-frozen-or-cryogenic/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketwatch.com/story/moderna-and-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-require-ultra-low-temperatures-raising-questions-about-storage-distribution-2020-08-27&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.marketwatch.com/story/moderna-and-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-candidates-require-ultra-low-temperatures-raising-questions-about-storage-distribution-2020-08-27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20477" LastEditorUserId="20477" LastEditDate="2020-09-28T21:58:17.770" LastActivityDate="2020-12-09T20:39:19.463" Title="How come moderna vaccine can last at much more much higher temperature than Pfizer's vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24793" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-09-28T17:31:32.687" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was doing some research on gay health outcomes and came across some very old studies with very high prevalence rates for gastrointestinal parasites among gay men. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://jcm.asm.org/content/24/4/684&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jcm.asm.org/content/24/4/684&lt;/a&gt;) Now, these are very old studies, so I take the incidence rate with a bit of salt, but I’m wondering if there’s any more recent research about this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20478" LastEditorUserId="20478" LastEditDate="2020-09-29T00:20:17.650" LastActivityDate="2020-09-29T00:20:17.650" Title="How prevalent are gastrointestinal parasites in gay men?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24794" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24792" CreationDate="2020-09-28T21:39:27.957" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A few types of reactions can take place that cause the degradation of mRNA, including the oxidation of the RNA molecules with water and certain metals. However, &amp;quot;the main degradative event is the spontaneous cleavage of the phosphodiester linkage through transesterification resulting from a nucleophilic attack of the phosphorus atom by the neighboring 2′OH. A large variety of agents such as specific acids and bases as well as Brønsted acids and base acting as catalysts can be involved&amp;quot; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2013145#:%7E:text=In%20order%20to%20prevent%20degradation,%C2%B0C%20on%20frozen%20RNA.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(Eur J Hum Genet 22, 379–385 (2014)&lt;/a&gt;. (The phosphodiester linkage is the link in the &amp;quot;backbone&amp;quot; between successive bases in the RNA chain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So these &amp;quot;spontaneous cleavage&amp;quot; reactions are dependent on a two (interdependent) factors:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The conformation of the RNA molecule&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The activation energy of the reaction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, essentially, the conformation of the RNA molecule can cause the reaction to have a low activation energy (i.e. must be stored at lower temperatures to prevent sufficient energy from entering the system to cause RNA degradation) or the conformation makes it harder for the reaction to occur (i.e. more energy is required to cause degradation; can be stored at higher temperatures). The conformation effects the activation energy because conformational changes (sometimes) require energy and the more unfavorable conformational changes you need for the molecule to be in the right geometrical arrangement for the reaction to proceed, the higher the activation energy will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what it boils down to is the strand of RNA that is used, its structure, the conformation, and how that conformation affects the activation energy required for the degradation of the molecule to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Check out the article I cited above for a more detailed explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20479" LastEditorUserId="20854" LastEditDate="2020-12-09T20:39:19.463" LastActivityDate="2020-12-09T20:39:19.463" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24798" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24799" CreationDate="2020-09-29T05:20:12.960" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I tried to find information about this online but unfortunately couldn't find anything besides more or less serious-looking articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure this is the right place to ask but I don't know where else to go. So yesterday, I accidentally broke a mercury thermometer which caused a mercury spill. The mercury beads were spread all over the room and that made the collecting of the beads that were visible really difficult, so it took around 2 hrs to clean,(its not that hot these days around 27-30 degree centigrade where I live) while cleaning I was wearing a mask but still I am concerned about the vapors. So can that amount of mercury cause any significant harm, and would it be considered as an acute exposure? Also can the damage be reversed or is the mercury going to remain inside me if I did inhale them, and what symptoms if any can be observed if could be with this sort of exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20484" LastEditorUserId="20484" LastEditDate="2020-09-29T06:20:45.073" LastActivityDate="2020-09-29T09:39:46.200" Title="After effects of mercury vapor inhalation" Tags="&lt;mercury&gt;&lt;toxicology&gt;&lt;toxic-fumes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-09-29T15:19:19.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24798" CreationDate="2020-09-29T08:37:08.707" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The first thing you learn in toxicology is that it is all a question of dose. Anything will kill you if you take enough of it; nothing will kill you if you take a small enough dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fact is that mercury poisoning is relatively rare these days, even though there is a good deal of mercury around. The obvious case is the old-style mercury amalgam fillings. They are clearly a bad idea, yet there are umpteen healthy people over 80 with their mouths full of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I did my A-level practical work in Chemistry in 1965 I inhaled, touched etc numerous chemicals that are banned today - any school laying on lab sessions today like the ones I did would be instantly closed down. Yet no one even bothered to visit the school matron after keeling over from inhaling something noxious. No after-effects were ever noticed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is easy to scare yourself by reading journal articles from Google Scholar about cases of serious mercury poisoning, but it is unlikely that the dose you would have received would cause any harm that your immune system could not cope with.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, in these litigious days, I have to add that there is no way of knowing from your brief description exactly what your exposure was, so I have to disclaim all responsibility and recommend you contact your physician.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that 30C is still way below the boiling point of mercury, but a small amount of vapour would still come off. There is a good set of &lt;a href=&quot;https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/133064/how-much-time-liquid-mercury-takes-to-evaporate#:%7E:text=The%20evaporation%20rate%20of%20elemental,%E2%88%922h%E2%88%921&quot;&gt;answers&lt;/a&gt; on that and related issues on the Chemistry SE site. Note particularly the point about not missing a big blob of Hg which will then completely evaporate over time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20485" LastEditorUserId="20485" LastEditDate="2020-09-29T09:39:46.200" LastActivityDate="2020-09-29T09:39:46.200" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-01T17:10:22.827" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the oncogenesis of CML. I have a question about CFC cells and blast cells. Are those the same? I know that in the chronic phase of CML there is a blast percentage of 1-10% of blast cells in the blood. Considering that the total amount of WBC is around 1x10^11 cells/L. That means the blast cells should be around the same order of magnitude. Looking on research articles I found that the amount of CFC (which contains according to my understanding all of the blast cells) are only 1x10^8 cells/L. Thus compromising around 0.1% of the blood count. Where is the other 9.9% coming from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What cells can be considered as blasts? Only the myeloblasts? Are all blast cells CFC cells? I also know that the average value of CFC cells in the bone marrow is around 10^5 cells how can them go to 10^9 cells?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9922073/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9922073/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20494" LastActivityDate="2020-10-01T17:10:22.827" Title="Chronic Myeloid Leukemia blast percentage" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24807" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24007" CreationDate="2020-10-01T18:36:29.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;If your tooth gets knocked out, the nerves, blood vessels and supporting tissues are damaged and can’t be repaired. So the avulsed teeth (displacement of a tooth from its socket) will need a root canal. However, the bone will reattach to the tooth's root once it’s restored into place. The chance of saving a tooth are highest in children; however, adult teeth may be saved. Only permanent teeth could be re-implanted. It is essential to get to the dentist as soon as possible when a tooth has been knocked out. It is quite necessary to avoid damaging the tooth further. Follow these suggestions to enhance the chances of saving your tooth:&#xA;Avoid touching the root surface itself.&#xA;Handle it carefully, rinse it with milk if the tooth is dirty.&#xA;Don’t wipe it to dry it off with any fabric. This could damage the tooth.&#xA;Keep the tooth moist. Drop it into a glass of milk. If you can’t do that, place the tooth in your mouth, between the cheek and gum.&#xA;Try slipping the tooth back to its socket. If it doesn’t go back into place smoothly and without pressure, then keep it moist. Then call for emergency dental and get to the dentist as soon as.&#xA;Suppose the tooth is not broken in pieces, it is always a good idea to try to save it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If your &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.emergency-dental-365.com/procedures/broken-tooth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tooth is cracked&lt;/a&gt;, make sure you don’t brush it, and at the earliest, make an appointment to see your dentist. Generally, the dentist will discuss with you the best course of action for repairing the crack, which could be one or a combination of fillings, crowns and root canal treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://wmsmile.com/what-do-i-do-if-my-tooth-is-knocked-out/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.backupcare.org/blog/how-to-save-a-tooth-that-gets-accidentally-knocked-out/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20495" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-10-03T07:24:51.110" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T07:24:51.110" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-02T14:18:16.677" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had some concerns about going to the dentist, because dental treatment involves a lot of aerosolized droplets and seems like a good way to get a high dose of covid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My dentist's office (in Manhattan) told me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are testing every patient and healthcare worker in our facility via Rapid Finger stick antibody test. This test can be comfortably performed in our office just prior to your appointment. The test results appear in 10 minutes, after which patients may remove their face covering and receive dental treatment. &lt;em&gt;Please allow 15 extra minutes for your appointment&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, that's really great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, it's surprising that this is the first I've heard of a ten-minute finger stick antibody test.  If the test is really this great, why isn't everybody doing this constantly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there false positive or false negative issues with this test?  Is it too expensive for common use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1559" LastActivityDate="2020-10-02T14:18:16.677" Title="why isn't this finger stick antibody test (for covid) in more common use?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24810" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-02T14:29:56.903" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading something about women’s heart attacks and how they are more likely to die from them as doctors are usually taught male symptoms in unis or something. I tried finding something about it but couldn’t find much aside from an article that talks about sexism or something along the lines of that. Is it true that doctors are usually taught male symptoms and this in turn causes higher death count for women for things like heart attacks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: this is a link to the article but it’s not the original one I read and seems a bit off and doesn’t really talk about what they are taught and stuff but I hope this somewhat helps &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/how-sexist-stereotypes-mean-doctors-ignore-women-s-pain-a7157931.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/how-sexist-stereotypes-mean-doctors-ignore-women-s-pain-a7157931.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20498" LastEditorUserId="20498" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T09:35:35.380" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T09:35:35.380" Title="Symptoms in men and women" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24814" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-03T03:38:41.540" Score="3" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be some conflict about the use of &amp;quot;Compassionate Drug Authorizations&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Does the request and use of such a drug indicate that a patient is in extreme danger?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barkground:&#xA;The FDA appears to define 'compassionate use authorizations' &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/ind-applications-clinical-treatment-expanded-access-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;LINK&lt;/a&gt; as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Expanded access, sometimes called &amp;quot;compassionate use,&amp;quot; is the use of investigational new drug products outside of clinical trials to treat patients with serious or immediately life-threatening diseases or conditions when there are no comparable or satisfactory alternative treatment options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and the same FDA documment specifies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient(s) have a serious or immediately life-threatening disease or condition, and there is no comparable or satisfactory alternative therapy to diagnose, monitor, or treat the disease or condition;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the CEO of Regeneron (manufacturer of the experimental drug) recently said that (I am paraphrasing), 'Compassionate Use' is actually not as auspicious as it sounds, it actually means that the patient is in a &amp;quot;single user trial&amp;quot; (does not imply that the patient is in serious or life-threatening circumstance)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, in actual clinical application, which is the accurate position?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the former (the published FDA position) then there could be real concern that a patient is in significant danger of a life-threatening illness, however if the latter (the Regeneron statement) is accurate, then then there would be no concern that the patient is in great danger.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-10-06T02:33:26.583" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T02:33:26.583" Title="What is the definition and significance of administration of &quot;Compassionate Use Drug&quot;?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24815" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-03T09:47:34.520" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since in these days there are lots of different devices and appliances which are sending out all kinds of waves or radiation and different strengths (e.g. RFID scanners, induction cookers, Bluetooth, power lines above earth, security scanners, etc. ), I'd like to understand what of these influences in which strengths can influence a pacemaker.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anybody have a detailed reference for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20502" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-04-27T10:32:05.657" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T11:03:55.340" Title="What technical influences can a pacemaker for heart have?" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24817" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23840" CreationDate="2020-10-03T14:31:50.633" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I got the answer from my professor, though it's nowhere given on the net.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apexification is done in cases where there is &lt;strong&gt;2-2/3rd root canal length&lt;/strong&gt; is remaining and the root canal apex is &lt;strong&gt;convergent&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The objective of this procedure is to induce root end closure (apexification) at the apices of immature roots through the formation of mineralized tissue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apexification#:%7E:text=4%20Follow%20up-,Indication%20and%20objectives,the%20formation%20of%20mineralized%20tissue.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regeneration procedure is done in cases where the root canal apex is &lt;strong&gt;blunderbuss&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;parallel&lt;/strong&gt; and the canal length is &lt;strong&gt;less than half&lt;/strong&gt; and hence less dentinal wall left.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Immature teeth with a large open apex and short roots seem to be more conducive to the successful treatment of pulp revascularization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212590/#:%7E:text=Immature%20teeth%20with%20a%20large,successful%20treatment%20of%20pulp%20revascularization.&amp;amp;text=This%20pulp%20revascularization%20is%20used,cells%20are%20able%20to%20survive.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fSKH5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S1677-32252013000100013&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the left tooth the root canal apex is convergent with open apex whereas in the right tooth the open canal apex is divergent or blunderbuss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2020-10-03T14:31:50.633" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24819" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24855" CreationDate="2020-10-03T22:44:45.870" Score="2" ViewCount="260" Body="&lt;p&gt;The title says it all: Are there known outdoor events or gatherings where the virus was spread to a large number of persons?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know of many &lt;strong&gt;indoor&lt;/strong&gt; super spreader events (choirs, bars, private parties etc.). We also know that the infection risk &lt;strong&gt;outdoors&lt;/strong&gt; is much lower. But how low is it? One indicator could be the existence or absence of such super spreader events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Response to comment: I don't have an exact quantitative threshold but such an event would make at least local headlines, as did many indoor super spreader events, starting with Ischgl. Let's suffice it to say that the number of resulting infections should be a multiple of the number of spreaders present, and that it was a statistically significant incident at least on the local level (town, city).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After BrenBarn's comment that there appear to be very few if any reports about confirmed outdoor transmissions at all I have extended the question to ask for reports about &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; outdoor transmission event.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17661" LastEditorUserId="17661" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T06:34:07.463" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T18:41:06.300" Title="Are there known outdoor super spreader events for COVID-19? Are there *any* known outdoor infections at all?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;risks&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24820" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24824" CreationDate="2020-10-04T02:06:21.340" Score="-1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the instruction manual for a dehumidifier, I note that it says the condensed water is not fit for drinking and should be disposed of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Okay, but why? This is literally distilled water, condensed from the air; I would expect it to be of the highest possible purity. If the answer is that there could be bacteria growing in it, then how? I would expect the water to be of the highest possible purity, so what organic material would there be in it to feed bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1392" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T17:07:31.953" Title="Why is dehumidifier water not fit to drink?" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-10-05T14:45:52.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24821" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-04T10:46:56.233" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Foot X Ray: Oblique vs Lateral View - Same or different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Side note / prelude to question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I am currently in a high Covid city in Asia and its Sunday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I‘be been already advised to get an AP &amp;amp; Oblique view x rays done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came across this terminology mix up because of the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to book appointment via apps / websites for Monday and AP&#xA;view is clear and some Radio Labs seem to call it Lateral View, Some&#xA;Oblique View and some aggregator apps have both in options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even when I google each separately or together, based on what I got I am not sure if they are same w 2 names or different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;**This is a question on medical terminology used by various different entities; this is not to ask medical advise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are they same or different? I am just more confused as the verbiage is all over and unclear.**&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://musculoskeletalkey.com/radiology-in-foot-and-ankle/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://musculoskeletalkey.com/radiology-in-foot-and-ankle/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/foot-medial-oblique-view-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/foot-medial-oblique-view-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apma.org/files/Evans_Daniel_AM_Assistants%27%20Program.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apma.org/files/Evans_Daniel_AM_Assistants%27%20Program.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aliem.com/emrad-foot-x-ray/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aliem.com/emrad-foot-x-ray/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1399" LastEditorUserId="1399" LastEditDate="2020-10-04T15:45:30.583" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T08:00:55.093" Title="Foot X Ray: Oblique vs Lateral View - Terminology points to Same or different?" Tags="&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;&lt;legs&gt;&lt;barefoot&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24823" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-04T15:20:24.910" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is well-known that when cooking, you should never raise the temperature of oil above its smoke point, since many toxins are produced after that point. However, seasoning of an ironcast pan &lt;a href=&quot;https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/110772/when-seasoning-a-cast-iron-pan-should-you-let-the-oil-smoke&quot;&gt;requires&lt;/a&gt; you to apply a thin layer of oil to the pan, and raise the temperature above the smoke point. The idea is that most of this oil polymerizes, so you don't ingest it. But what about inhaling some of the smell/smoke that comes from the oil? Is that very toxic?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20506" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-10-04T16:23:57.383" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T00:40:37.970" Title="Is inhaling oil smoke dangerous?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;oil&gt;&lt;inhalation&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24820" CreationDate="2020-10-04T18:23:15.817" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The condensate from a dehumidifier is unlike a water distillation unit.&#xA;In the dehumidifier ambient air is forced across refrigerated fins, causing the high humidity air to condense on the cold surface, but it is an &lt;strong&gt;open&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-of-the-dehumidifier-unit-1_fig2_327791284&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt; system that is also drawing air pollutants, dust, mites, whatever nasties are also present in the humid air. When the water condenses in that system it also takes with it all those &amp;quot;nasties&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A water distillation system (for human consumption) is a &lt;strong&gt;closed&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/wq/wq-12.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link2&lt;/a&gt; system herein water is boiled (by a combination of heat and vacuum) to create saturated steam. That saturated steam is then condensed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other difference is that the dehumidifier relies on ambient air as the source, while the water distillation (for drinking purposes) relies on water as the distilland, that is flushed out as it becomes progressively more concentrated with minerals, salts, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Commercial distillation systems (for human consumption) are nevertheless cleaned and disinfected, unlike your dehumidifier.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-10-05T17:07:31.953" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T17:07:31.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24826" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24815" CreationDate="2020-10-05T00:51:17.270" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is something called electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can mess with electrical devices normal function. However, manufacturers can use certain materials to make devices with that can prevent EMI (however nothing is perfect; as per Murphy’s law, if it can, it will).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pacemakers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here’s&lt;/a&gt; a link that discusses some of the risk factors of having a pacemaker and things that can cause EMI&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cardiovascular.abbott/us/en/patients/living-with-your-device/arrhythmias/emi.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here’s&lt;/a&gt; another source to check out that talks about risk factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You should really talk to a medical profession or even call the manufacturer of the pacemaker for more specific questions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would also say that the chance of EMI occurring depends on how close you are to the source. So WiFi throughout the house may not affect the pacemaker unless your holding the device right next to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20479" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T00:51:17.270" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24828" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24829" CreationDate="2020-10-05T08:24:39.087" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a database of Diabetes patients with labs, drugs, diagnosis information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the database doesn't have explicit labels/information on who is suffering from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For ex: I have clinical information of 5000 diabetes patients. In this 5000 patients, I don't know who is Type 1 and who is Type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried some phenotype algorithms like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.phekb.org/phenotype/type-2-diabetes-mellitus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;eMERGE&lt;/a&gt; to identify Type 2 Diabetes patients based on some rules curated by the clinicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any other rule-based techniques that make use of clinical information such as drugs, labs, and conditions to identify who is Type 2 and Type 1?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are some of the most commonly used rules which indicate that a patient is definitely T2DM or T1DM? ex: If a patient has only insulin in his drug records, does it mean he is T1DM. I am not sure whether this makes clinical sense, but what I am trying to get at is list of rules that can help me identify who is T2DM&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you help me with how can I identify who is Type 1 and who is Type 2, please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:00:03.450" Title="How to differentiate between Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24829" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24828" CreationDate="2020-10-05T22:00:03.450" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The answer to this question is for classification as Type 1 or Type 2 in adults (age &amp;gt;20 years) known (or believed) to have diabetes.  Distinguishing Type 1 from Type 2 diabetes in children (age &amp;lt; 20 years) would require a different approach and has a separate literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are citations and links to three publications that describe the use “administrative data” or data from electronic health records to classify adults as having Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.  The papers describe algorithms and tree-based classification schemes and the performance of the classification schemes in relation to a “gold standard.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lo-Ciganic W, Zgibor JC, Ruppert K, Arena VC, Stone RA. Identifying type 1 and type 2 diabetic cases using administrative data: a tree-structured model. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 May 1;5(3):486-93. PubMed PMID: 21722564; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3192615.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192615/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192615/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Klompas M, Eggleston E, McVetta J, Lazarus R, Li L, Platt R. Automated detection and classification of type 1 versus type 2 diabetes using electronic health record data. Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr;36(4):914-21. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0964. Epub 2012 Nov 27. PubMed PMID: 23193215; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3609529.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609529/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3609529/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schroeder EB, Donahoo WT, Goodrich GK, Raebel MA. Validation of an algorithm for identifying type 1 diabetes in adults based on electronic health record data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018 Oct;27(10):1053-1059. doi: 10.1002/pds.4377. Epub 2018 Jan 2. PubMed PMID: 29292555; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6028322.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6028322/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6028322/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper by Lo-Ciganic gives a tree-based model for predicting T1DM and T2DM cases (Figure 1).&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192615/bin/dst-05-0486-g001.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192615/bin/dst-05-0486-g001.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The tree-based model performed well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Considering T1DM as the positive category, sensitivity, specificity,&#xA;PPV, and NPV of T1DM cases for the tree-structured model were 92.8%,&#xA;99.3%, 89.5%, and 99.5%, respectively (Table 3). Approximately 7.2% of T1DM cases were misclassified as T2DM, and 0.73% of T2DM cases were&#xA;misclassified as T1DM, with an overall misclassification rate of&#xA;1.1%.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this model uses information on in-patient care and whether insulin or an oral hypoglycemic drug were used as an inpatient.  This information is often not available in electronic health records.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper by Klompas describes development of an &amp;quot;optimized&amp;quot; algorithm to identify people with Type 1 diabetes from adults with a mix of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.  Table 3 of this paper shows the many factors examined as possible factors that distinguish Type 1 from Type 2 diabetes (e.g., age, triglycerides, prescriptions for insulin) and the sensitivity and positive predictive value of each factor in identifying Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.  The Table is useful in understanding what distinguishes Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors describe an “optimized” classification scheme for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes using electronic health record data.  The optimized algorithm used only data on ICD-9 codes, prescriptions, and laboratory tests to classify patients as having Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes  (Table 4).  Classified as Type 1 diabetes were people with any of the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“a plurality of ICD-9 codes for type 1 diabetes and a prescription for&#xA;glucagon, a plurality of ICD-9 codes for type 1 diabetes and a&#xA;negative history of prescriptions for oral hypoglycemics other than&#xA;metformin, a negative plasma C-peptide, positive diabetes autoantibody&#xA;tests, or a prescription for urine acetone test strips.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other people with diabetes were classified as Type 2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The performance of the Klompas algorithm was good:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The final algorithm flagged 73 patients [as Type 1], including all 66&#xA;patients with type 1 diabetes (raw sensitivity, 100% [95% CI 96–100];&#xA;positive predictive value, 90% [82–96]). Correcting for the sampling&#xA;strategy yielded a net population-weighted sensitivity of 100%&#xA;(100–100) and a positive predictive value of 96% (91–99).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The paper by Schroeder and colleagues describes an evaluation of the “Klompas” algorithm using an independent data source.  The authors found that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The Klompas algorithm identified 3,286 (4.9% of 66,690) adults with&#xA;diabetes as having type 1 diabetes. Based on chart reviews, the&#xA;overall positive predictive value was 94.5%. The requirement that the&#xA;majority of diabetes diagnosis codes be type 1 identified 3,000 (4.5%)&#xA;as having type 1 diabetes, and had a positive predictive value of&#xA;96.4%.  However, the algorithm criterion involving dispensing of urine acetone test strips performed poorly, with a positive predictive value&#xA;of 20.0%.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schroeder and co-authors ultimately recommended that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“In settings where C-peptide and diabetes autoantibodies lab results&#xA;values are available, we recommend using the Klompas algorithm without&#xA;the urine test strips criterion to identify type 1 diabetes in adults:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over 50% of diabetes codes (ICD-9 250.x0, 250.x1, 250.x2, and ICD-9 250.x3; or ICD-10 E9.xx, E10.xx) were type 1 codes (ICD-9 250.x1, 250.x3, or ICD-10 E10.xx), AND no dispensing for a non-insulin antidiabetic drug (excluding metformin)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over 50% of diabetes codes were type 1 codes (same codes as in #1), AND a dispensing for glucagon&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Negative C-peptide result or positive diabetes autoantibodies lab test result.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-05T22:00:03.450" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24830" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-05T23:58:26.717" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can symptoms start months after a tick bite or would the allergy develop within days or weeks?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Edit: I have tried the below sources for information:&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ Google &lt;code&gt;alpha gal allergy development time from tick bite&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ Google &lt;code&gt;alpha gal allergy onset time from tick bite&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235259/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235259/&lt;/a&gt; (Quote: &lt;em&gt;the patient reported being bitten by ticks 2 months before the reaction.&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/alpha-gal/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/alpha-gal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/alpha-gal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xA;▷ &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)00076-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)00076-7/fulltext&lt;/a&gt; (Quote: &lt;em&gt;At this time, red meat allergy developed in 3 members of our group, and each one distinctly remembered being bitten by ticks weeks or months before the development of symptoms&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xA;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20515" LastEditorUserId="20515" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T02:33:50.093" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T02:33:50.093" Title="How long can it take for an alpha-gal allergy to develop after a tick bite?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;meat&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24832" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T06:11:20.993" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing something where hair is used as evidence. The hair sample was found on a crime scene, but there isn't a lot of it - two, three hairs tops. One would be best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I need to happen is that the &lt;em&gt;only&lt;/em&gt; things the police finds out from the hair sample are the sex of the person and their ethnicity. Nothing else. Is it possible to determine these things from such a small sample? Is it plausible that &lt;em&gt;nothing else&lt;/em&gt; is determined? How long would it take to carry out the analysis, typically? The story is set in 2008.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure this is the right SE, but it's the closest I could find...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20518" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T06:11:20.993" Title="Hair analysis for a fictional story" Tags="&lt;hair&gt;&lt;dna&gt;&lt;forensic-pathology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24833" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T06:13:54.847" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm looking into the body's response to traumatic hypovolemia, and I was wondering if there exists a mathematical relationship between total blood volume (TBV) and stroke volume (SV). All of the publications I've seen qualitatively assert that hemorrhage results in a decreased stroke volume, which is quite intuitive. Has anyone come across a quantitative function of stroke volume as a function of blood loss (BL)? &lt;br&gt;&#xA;I know that the body's response can be complicated, so if such a function does not exist, then what would the plot of SV vs BL look like? Is it linear, logarithmic; does the shape vary with the amount of blood lost?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20517" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T06:13:54.847" Title="Is there a mathematical relationship between total blood volume and cardiac output / stroke volume?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;trauma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24834" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24842" CreationDate="2020-10-06T07:16:28.207" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was reading pancreatic digestive enzymes from a Textbook of Medical Physiology and I came across Trypsin Inhibitor, it stated that &lt;em&gt;It is important that the proteolytic enzymes of the pancreatic juice not become activated until after they have been secreted into the intestine because the trypsin and the other enzymes would digest the pancreas itself.... ....substance called trypsin inhibitor. This substance is formed in the cytoplasm of the glandular cells, and it prevents activation of trypsin both inside the secretory cells and in the acini and ducts of the pancreas.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also states that 'When first synthesized in the pancreatic cells, the proteolytic digestive enzymes are in the inactive forms &lt;em&gt;trypsinogen&lt;/em&gt;, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypolypeptidase, which are all inactive enzymatically. They become activated only after they are secreted into the intestinal tract.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why is Trypsin Inhibitor secreted if trypsin is already secreted as trypsinogen and can only be activated in intestine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20520" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-06T10:59:54.033" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T16:42:59.520" Title="Why is trypsin inhibitor present if trypsin is already secreted in form of trypsinogen?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;pancreas&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24835" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23910" CreationDate="2020-10-06T11:04:35.343" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This means that the diagnosis has been made and is present. As for whether it is a common phrase, this might depend on where you are looking: pubmed.gov does find the phrase, while scholar.google.com does (e. g.: &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=%22presence+of+a+diagnosis%22&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=%22presence+of+a+diagnosis%22&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19070" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T11:04:35.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24836" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T14:12:20.090" Score="4" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is so much arguing over covid-19 vs. influenza. I would like to have some solid data in my hands. Can anyone point to a simple graph of the following?&#xA;age vs. either CFR or IFR&#xA;with one line for covid-19 and another for flu.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For covid there is some relevant, possibly-reliable info at &lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/mortality-risk-covid#case-fatality-rate-of-covid-19-by-age&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Our World in Data&lt;/a&gt;, which has data from March (I couldn't find anything more recent, but this is at least something). This is case fatality rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For flu, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-death-rate-us-compared-to-flu-by-age-2020-6?op=1&amp;amp;r=US&amp;amp;IR=T&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a chart on Business Insider from June 23 which cites &amp;quot;Estimated flu cases and deaths from the CDC&amp;quot;. I believe the CDC data used is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/2018-2019.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; (for 2018-2019, for example). And the chart shows Deaths/Symptomatic Illnesses. I suppose that ratio corresponds more or less to the infection fatality rate (IFR), or at least the symptomatic infection fatality rate (sIFR?), which is probably the best we can do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the covid side of the chart from Business Insider the caption says &amp;quot;Confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths from CDC&amp;quot;. This is kind of vague but it looks like they're comparing apples and oranges -- flu IFR vs. covid CFR -- which is useless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, can someone point either to a covid IFR by age or a flu CFR by age so we can make the comparison? IFR vs IFR would be best but in that case I would also like to see at least an attempt to estimate the error bars for IFR for both diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think such a plot could have a high impact on public understanding of this situation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bonus:&#xA;Is there another plot that compares how transmissible covid is compared to flu? (I'm not sure what the appropriate metric is for transmissibility. R number I guess.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20523" LastEditorUserId="20523" LastEditDate="2020-10-06T16:47:37.153" LastActivityDate="2020-10-12T14:24:34.613" Title="Is there a simple plot comparing covid lethality to flu as a function of age?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24837" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T16:40:00.593" Score="1" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have always been fascinated with our immune system and, although it is not my specialization, I have been reading about it lately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Auto immune diseases are particularly interesting because it seems that our body have a given number of systems that protect us from creating auto antibodies, and when these systems fail, we get an auto immune disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ignoring any technical limitations we have today (eg. the fact that we are still unable to perform gene editing in-vivo safely), knowing what we know today about the immune system, &lt;em&gt;theoretically&lt;/em&gt; how could we stop our body from producing a given (auto) antibody?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maybe using a vector virus that when injected would kill all effector&#xA;and B cells with those antibodies in their surface? Maybe injecting a&#xA;B cell type that creates an antibody that would attach to the target auto&#xA;antibody and neutralize it? (Just wild ideas, I have no idea if they&#xA;would work even at the theoretical level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. This is not opinion based, this is factual based on the theoretical possible ways to stop an auto imune response based on our current model of the immune system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20508" LastEditorUserId="20508" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T07:14:49.410" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T07:14:49.410" Title="How can we stop our immune system from producing a particular antibody?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2020-10-07T01:12:15.270" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T19:11:23.910" Score="2" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I must admit that I am an absolute medical layman, trying to keep myself informed at best though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today I had a consultation at my dermatologist about a bad healing wound I have, to talk about the results of a swab they did last week.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It turned out that the wound is infected by several bacteria, and he said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Worst is that we found some &lt;em&gt;gram negative&lt;/em&gt; bacteria ... (some other facts) ... , pseudomonas in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back at home I looked up what &lt;em&gt;gram negative&lt;/em&gt; actually means, and found out to my astonishment, that it mainly (merely?) means the reaction of these bacteria in a coloring test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course I looked up pseudomonas as well, and it's a fact that these are well known to be highly resistant to antibiotics (and my doctor explained that as well of course), and sometimes hard to medicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am wondering, why he mentioned &lt;em&gt;gram negative&lt;/em&gt; in 1st place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is it that the &lt;em&gt;gram negative&lt;/em&gt; reaction in general indicates such hard to medicate, antibiotics resistant strains of bacteria?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Please excuse my laymans wording, I'm also not a native english speaker. Feel free to edit my question for better wording.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13674" LastEditorUserId="13674" LastEditDate="2020-10-06T21:24:50.750" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T21:42:05.457" Title="Does &quot;gram negative&quot; generally indicate highly antibiotics resistant bacteria strains?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24839" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-06T20:22:23.003" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a doctor but I have read quite a bit on how COVID-19 affects the body. The ability of a critically afflicted patient to efficiently exchange oxygen drops off a cliff as the lungs fill with a slimy fluid that clogs the alveoli, as the body tries to combat the viral cell damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even with ventilator assisted breathing, their blood-oxygen saturation can go down to 50% or less, which then causes permanent injury or complete failure of the kidneys and other organs due to prolonged oxygen starvation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A ventilator does not do much to help when the lungs are full of fluid, and seems to be the wrong technology when the lungs are not working properly anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apparently we should really be using artificial lung technology, which Wikipedia tells me is called Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), and is less complex than a heart-lung machine as it is assistive to the working heart of the patient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I never hear anything in the news about this being used for COVID-19. All the focus has been on ventilators. So why isn't it being widely used and why isn't it being widely discussed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I expect that the main problem is that it is an even more rare, expensive, and hard to obtain technology than a ventilator. The ratio of artificial lung machines to ventilators is probably 1:100 or even 1:1000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plus also I expect that most insurance companies don't value their patients lives highly enough to justify the cost of this technology to save them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7949" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T17:00:46.713" Title="Why aren't lung machines / ECMO widely used for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24840" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24838" CreationDate="2020-10-06T21:37:10.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Seems I found the answer about the correlation of &lt;em&gt;gram negative&lt;/em&gt; test and high resistance against antibiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Wikipedia &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gram-negative bacteria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gram-negative bacteria are found everywhere, in virtually all&#xA;environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria&#xA;include the model organism Escherichia coli, as well as many&#xA;pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia&#xA;trachomatis, and Yersinia pestis. &lt;strong&gt;They are an important medical&#xA;challenge, as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics&#xA;(including penicillin); detergents that would normally damage the&#xA;peptidoglycans of the (inner) cell membrane; and lysozyme, an&#xA;antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate&#xA;immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane&#xA;comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid A component&#xA;can cause a toxic reaction when these bacteria are lysed by immune&#xA;cells.&lt;/strong&gt; This toxic reaction can include fever, an increased respiratory&#xA;rate, and low blood pressure — a life-threatening condition known as&#xA;septic shock.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's clear for me, why &lt;em&gt;gram-negative&lt;/em&gt; was mentioned by my dermatologist in 1st place.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;It is a general indication of antibiotic resistance of bacteria strains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13674" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T21:37:10.383" CommentCount="0" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-10-06T21:37:10.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24841" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24838" CreationDate="2020-10-06T21:42:05.457" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gram positivity/negativity&lt;/a&gt; is sort of a historical classification that comes down to an ability to separate bacteria types without knowing what that separation really meant physically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, what really matters isn't whether or not a bacterial species takes up a particular stain, but rather that the reason that they stain well or poorly is because they have a different type of outer coat. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gram-positive&lt;/a&gt; bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan (sugars+amino acids) wall. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gram-negative bacteria&lt;/a&gt; have a second membrane on the outside, and typically a thinner peptidoglycan layer in the middle.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is some complexity in this because not all bacteria necessarily follow the same staining &amp;quot;rule&amp;quot; by their coat, but it works as a rough characterization for many species and is quick and cheap.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some antibiotics target the peptidoglycan wall, so they are most effective against Gram-positive bacteria (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;penicillin&lt;/a&gt; is an example).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there is nothing that says a Gram-positive bacteria can't also have antibiotic resistance. &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus&lt;/em&gt; are a common Gram-positive pathogenic strain, and you may have heard of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MRSA&lt;/a&gt;, a particularly troublesome antibiotic-resistant Staph strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-10-06T21:42:05.457" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24842" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24834" CreationDate="2020-10-06T22:41:37.227" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This excellent description of the pathophysiology of digestion answers your question by explaining in more detail how trypsinogen gets from the pancreas to the intestinal lumen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Several proteases are synthesized in the pancreas and secreted into&#xA;the lumen of the small intestine. The two major pancreatic proteases&#xA;are trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are synthesized and packaged into&#xA;secretory vesicles as the inactive proenzymes trypsinogen and&#xA;chymotrypsinogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As you might anticipate, proteases are rather dangerous enzymes to have in cells, and packaging of an inactive precursor is a way for the&#xA;cells to safely handle these enzymes. The secretory vesicles also&#xA;contain a trypsin inhibitor which serves as an additional safeguard&#xA;should some of the trypsinogen be activated to trypsin;&lt;/strong&gt; [bolded for&#xA;emphasis]  following exocytosis this inhibitor is diluted out and&#xA;becomes ineffective - the pin is out of the grenade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are released into the lumen of&#xA;the small intestine, they must be converted into their active forms in&#xA;order to digest proteins. Trypsinogen is activated by the enzyme&#xA;enterokinase, which is embedded in the intestinal mucosa.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The source of this quotation is an online pathophysiology textbook from Colorado State University with this hyperlink.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pancreas/exocrine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pancreas/exocrine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible for trypsinogen to be prematurely activated in the pancreatic interstitium and this can lead to pancreatitis.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10Pa576341/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10Pa576341/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Packaging the trypsinogen with an inhibitor provides &amp;quot;extra protection&amp;quot; for the pancreas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastEditorUserId="20133" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T16:42:59.520" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T16:42:59.520" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23521" CreationDate="2020-10-07T02:46:13.407" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems we are looking at the kinetics of viral growth in the body, the time to release of the cell containing the replicated virus, the amount of virus released per cell and the rate of adsorption of the virus into the cell.  I don't speak with authority regarding the biochemistry of this process, but I do remember quite a lot about chemical kinetics. If the rate of replication of the virus in the body is faster than the rate of adsoprtion through the ACE-2 enzyme then you can launch all the virus you want at the cell, it is replicating the virus faster than the virus can penetrate cells. Similarly the time to release the virus from the infected cell  and the amount of virus released per cell all contribute to the effect of any viral infection.   See this for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.005&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.005&lt;/a&gt;.  This more recent article seemed to try to answer the question - but did not &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/9/20-1495_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/9/20-1495_article&lt;/a&gt;  So it depends.. I guess.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20529" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T02:46:13.407" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24849" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-07T10:17:48.757" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I hope this is the right Exchange. For background, I do have official military combat trauma training and official civilian first aid training but the particulars of Scenario 3 below have me wondering if I possess the understanding that I think I do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that if a person gets impaled, say in the leg with a piece of rebar, the object should not be removed as removal could cause further tissue damage and could lead to more uncontrolled bleeding as the &amp;quot;plug&amp;quot; is now removed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also know that if a person is suffering from a sucking chest wound, an occlusive bandage on the wound is needed to prevent air from filling the chest cavity instead of the lungs when inhaling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Assuming all I have is a few rolls of gauze and some tape, ignoring the realities of a flailing injured person, and assuming advanced medical assistance is at best ~45 minutes away, what is the procedure for when the puncturing object is still present?&lt;/strong&gt; I'm sure this scenario has a decently large number of &amp;quot;situation dictates&amp;quot; sort of conditions but I can't quite get a warm and fuzzy on what I'd do if it were up to me to respond to this situation; Specifically scenario 3 below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario 1 - Fully self sealed:&lt;/strong&gt; I am one of three people in a remote area and person 2 falls on a loose 36 inch piece of rebar with enough force to result in the rebar entering their chest through the left lung and exiting the back, luckily not shattering any ribs in the process. After instructing person 3 to go call for emergency services, I assess that the rebar's entry and exit wound are sufficiently sealed by the rebar and the clotting blood around it so a sucking chest wound is unlikely to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do the standard practice of placing two rolls of gauze on either side of the protrusion and tape in place to both help stabilize the metal and further promote clotting around the entry and exit points. With gauze in place, I then lay the injured person on their side in the recovery position, insulated from material that would whisk away their body heat, so that the injured lung is down to ensure the in-tact lung is not impeded as much as possible. Monitor for changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario 2 - Only entry or exit self sealed:&lt;/strong&gt; Same situation as above except the object is an irregular shape resulting in the exit wound being sufficiently sealed but the entry wound cannot self seal and is being held open by the shape of the protruding metal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I currently think I should do is try to get the wound to seal around the chest protrusion by packing with gauze as much as I can into the part of the wound that is being held open, prioritizing the available gauze to filling the hole over bracing the protruding metal from their back. If I &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; get the wound to seal, treat as above in scenario 1. If I &lt;em&gt;cannot&lt;/em&gt; get the wound to seal enough to prevent suffocation before help will &lt;em&gt;hopefully&lt;/em&gt; arrive, I feel I am left with no choice but to carefully remove the object, ensuring not to twist or turn, and then treat both chest and back with an occlusive dressing (e.g. Insides of clean sandwich bags, some clean plastic wrap, credit card, etc.). I think I should then try to have them sitting up against something to make sure the injury is not the lowest point to help prevent blood from entering the lung as much as possible. Monitor for changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Scenario 3 - No self sealing:&lt;/strong&gt; Same situation except worst case: The metal was a piece of punched metal tubing (Hollow tube with holes all throughout the sidewalls). The end person 2 fell on was capped so no tissue entered the tubing to act as a plug. I could &lt;em&gt;probably&lt;/em&gt; tape up the holes and un-capped end to essentially seal the tubing off from atmosphere but, not only would that volume allow for lots of blood loss, I feel like there is now a highway for blood to pour into the impaled lung which would quickly begin getting into the uninjured lung causing them to drown or, at least a highway for blood to leave the body unchecked via the tubing and causing them to die from blood loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I currently think I should do is try to pack the tubing within their torso with gauze/fabric to seal everything up internally. Once I've packed in as much as I can, treat as above in scenario 1. Monitor for changes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this response the best I can do in this dire situation?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20533" LastEditorUserId="20533" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T12:33:50.793" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T12:33:50.793" Title="Complete torso/lung impalement, object still present - Do I have it right?" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24850" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-07T16:39:25.433" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;How do SSRIs alleviate migraine pain?  Can anyone shed any light into the mechanism please?  More broadly, I am interested in the roles of neurotransmitters in the cause and potential prevention of migraine.  In particular, I am interested in the roles of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;20 years ago, I did some casual studies into the chain of events that led to vasodilation.  I cannot remember any of it now.  But I believe it went something along the lines of an imbalance of serotonin induced by an imbalance of dopamine  caused by an imbalance of norepinephrine caused by dysfunctional locus coeruleus.  Can anyone shed any light into this or a possible mechanism that could lead to vasoconstriction and vasodilation during migraines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would like to understand the chain of events that lead to cerebral vasodilation.  I am aware that vascular model of migraine is no longer considered to describe the primary pathophysiology of migraines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20535" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T16:39:25.433" Title="The Roles of SSRIs and Neurotransmitters in Migraines" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;migraine&gt;&lt;vasoconstriction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24851" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24839" CreationDate="2020-10-07T16:51:00.357" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why aren't lung machines / ECMO widely used for COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are being used &lt;a href=&quot;https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/health-tech/ecmo-last-resort-life-support-option-helped-majority-of-critically-ill-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Michigan&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200926/ECMO-appears-to-be-saving-the-lives-of-many-critically-ill-COVID-19-patients.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;News Medical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Beyond that, you have already suggested the &amp;quot;why&amp;quot; not being used more widely, there are far fewer ECMO devices than ventilators.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The remark about insurance companies is an inappropriate speculation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-10-07T17:00:46.713" LastActivityDate="2020-10-07T17:00:46.713" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24855" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24819" CreationDate="2020-10-08T01:00:20.373" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are known instances of outdoor transmission, and even some fairly large spread, but every study I've been able to find that attempted to differentiate between indoor and outdoor transmission found that indoor transmission accounted for the overwhelming majority of analyzed cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An early preprint in April by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058v1&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Qian et al&lt;/a&gt; found that &amp;quot;among our 7,324 identified cases in China with sufficient descriptions, only one outdoor outbreak involving two cases occurred&amp;quot;.  This refers to a single incidence of transmission (i.e., the two cases were one person who had COVID-19 and transmitted it to the other person).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A peer-reviewed article from June by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7327724/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Leclerc et al&lt;/a&gt; reviewed data from various published reports.  Their data comprises 6123 cases, of which 5838 (95%) occurred in settings they categorized as &amp;quot;Indoor&amp;quot;.  150 occurred in &amp;quot;outdoor&amp;quot; settings and 135 in &amp;quot;indoor/outdoor&amp;quot; settings (about 2% each).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the authors of the latter study have created &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19settings.blogspot.com/p/about.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a project&lt;/a&gt; to collect information about transmission events.  In July they released &lt;a href=&quot;https://superspreadingdatabase.github.io/Evidence_on_clusters_final.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a brief note&lt;/a&gt; (not a peer-review publication) based on updated information about 616 known clusters, stating (among other things): &amp;quot;Over 96% of the identified clusters (and of all cases associated with clusters) were associated with indoor environments&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their database appears to have grown since then, containing information about 192,000 cases in about 1500 clusters, of which about 176,000 (91%) were categorized as indoor, with an additional 15,000 or so indoor/outdoor, leaving less than 1,000 (&amp;lt;1%) categorized as outdoor or with no information recorded on this dimension.  (Glancing at the data, it looks like they have recategorized some events from the earlier publication, such as some at construction sites, from &amp;quot;outdoor&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;indoor/outdoor&amp;quot;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As regards &amp;quot;superspreading&amp;quot;, the database mentioned above contains only three clusters explicitly identified as outdoors, consisting of 26, 11, and 2 cases.  The 26-case event is listed as occurring at &amp;quot;Mountain King Potatoes&amp;quot; in Colorado.  It appears to be referring to &lt;a href=&quot;https://crestoneeagle.com/second-san-luis-valley-ag-worker-covid-outbreak/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this event&lt;/a&gt;, but that report refers to a &amp;quot;potato warehouse&amp;quot; so the spread may not in fact have occurred outdoors.  The 11-case event is listed as &amp;quot;Greenways Landscape Services&amp;quot; but I wasn't able to find specific information about that event.  The status of the &amp;quot;indoor/outdoor&amp;quot; events is unclear since some may have been predominantly indoor with a bit of outdoor interaction, while others may have been the reverse, so it's possible that some larger superspreading events were driven, at least in part, by outdoor interaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with many COVID-19 matters it remains somewhat difficult to find straightforward, peer-reviewed research on specific dimensions of transmission, presumably because there has been relatively little time to gather such information.  Also, all the existing publications (and their associated datasets) come with many provisos about how they are not comprehensive and are necessarily convenience-based in that they rely on a hodgepodge of sources of varying reliability (e.g., news reports).  That said, a group of researchers explicitly trying to create the &amp;quot;superspreading database&amp;quot; mentioned above, to track large-scale transmission events, and having so far accumulated data on nearly 200,000 such cases, have so far identified a grand total of 39 cases which they have categorized as being transmitted in events with no indoor component.  Even including all events with any outdoor component (or an unknown indoor/outdoor status) brings the total to less than 10% of cases in the database.  This is clearly suggestive of a very limited role for outdoor transmission in COVID-19 spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastActivityDate="2020-10-08T01:00:20.373" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24860" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24862" CreationDate="2020-10-09T02:48:40.470" Score="-1" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pete Buttigieg&lt;/a&gt; has a decent educational and professional background and good command of the English language and some appreciation for facts, which is why I call this choice of words into question &lt;strong&gt;and seek a strictly technical answer&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/nypfBi_B1bs?t=485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this recent video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;code&gt;08:05&lt;/code&gt;) of a discussion with a late night talk show host there is the following exchange (transcribed from closed caption, verified by audio):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BUTTIGIEG: I mean, for one thing, let’s remember that to the best of our knowledge, even as we speak, &lt;strong&gt;he is on psychoactive steroid medication&lt;/strong&gt;, and he’s making policy decision.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TALK SHOW HOST: And he did’t bring enough for everybody!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that taking a psychoactive substance isn't necessarily bad or even remarkable; having a single, good cup of coffee before making a decision would not be considered ill-advised or reckless (I often do that before &amp;quot;deciding&amp;quot; if I should get out of bed each day) and it is correct to say that that person has take a psychoactive substance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also understand that some steroid medications can have &lt;em&gt;psychological side effects&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; But is calling dexamethasone a &amp;quot;psychoactive steroid medication&amp;quot; correct medical use of the term psychoactive? If so, is that simply because it has reported psychological side effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drug in question seems&lt;sup&gt;2,3&lt;/sup&gt; to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dexamethasone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fictitious &amp;quot;bonus points&amp;quot; for any background information on accepted medical advice given to decision makers when these kinds of medications are prescribed; are there standard cautions?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;The Late Show with Stephen Colbert circa 2020-10-07&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54418464&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dexamethasone, remdesivir, Regeneron: Trump's Covid treatment explained&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ft.com/content/428bcf66-c348-4d82-8bd2-ba1059c0312e&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Which coronavirus drugs has Trump been prescribed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="16606" LastEditDate="2020-10-13T14:52:46.813" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T14:52:46.813" Title="Is calling dexamethasone a &quot;psychoactive steroid medication&quot; correct use of the term psychoactive? Because it has reported psychological side effects?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24862" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24860" CreationDate="2020-10-09T15:17:34.950" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Dexamethasone and other steroids have &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C7&amp;amp;as_vis=1&amp;amp;q=psychological%20effects%20of%20dexamethasone&amp;amp;btnG=&amp;amp;oq=psychological%20effects%20of%20dexa&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;well-documented&lt;/a&gt; psychological effects. There are so many citations available that it's not necessary to pick one in particular.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The definition of &amp;quot;psychoactive&amp;quot; as used in medicine is &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/psychoactive&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;affecting the mind or behavior&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, his usage was correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2020-10-09T15:17:34.950" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24864" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24901" CreationDate="2020-10-09T21:03:48.967" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;A couple of days ago World Health Organization said that around 780 million people worldwide (or one in ten people worldwide) are suspected to have had COVID-19. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(One in 10 worldwide may have had virus, WHO says)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have searched throughout the internet and WHO's official website and couldn't find the model they used to make this estimate. Can anyone tell me what kind of model did they use to make it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-10-15T21:31:44.620" Title="How did WHO estimate the number of suspected worldwide COVID-19 cases?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;&lt;pandemic&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-09T22:14:16.047" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know the name (if there is one) of the condition where you remember things while you do it on a repeated basis with a whole group of people, but forget when you are doing it alone, as if you have never done it before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I searched the question on similar terms on Google, I found these results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alzheimer's disease&lt;/strong&gt; - The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self-care, and behavioural issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dementia&lt;/strong&gt; - Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is severe enough to affect daily functioning. Other common symptoms include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and a decrease in motivation. Consciousness is usually not affected. A diagnosis of dementia requires a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hyperthymesia&lt;/strong&gt; - It is a condition that leads people to be able to remember an abnormally large number of their life experiences in vivid detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Athazagoraphobia&lt;/strong&gt; - Athazagoraphobia is a fear of forgetting someone or something, as well as a fear of being forgotten. For example, you or someone close to you may have anxiety or fear of developing Alzheimer’s disease or memory loss. This might come from caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not read these articles in very detail. However I already knew two of the conditions, namely, Alzheimer and Dementia. But it doesn't seem like my problem concerns these diseases or medical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;What makes me ask this?&lt;/em&gt; - I faced this problem in my childhood when I used to recite the poem with my group, by-heart and fluently if I must add. However while practising it alone, it sometimes appeared like I was not able to do it, though doing it almost fifty times before time. And might I add, this happened only in the case when I performed with group and practised alone later. It didn't occur anytime when I studied the notes by myself and appear for a test or something (I mean I sometimes forget the exact lines in my notes and make something up, but this certainly is something different).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I am not a doctor, nor am I pursuing career in medical science. You can say I am a medical enthusiast who likes to know about things that happens to me/ happened to me at some stage in life. Again, I am not asking about any medical advice, I just want to know if this condition has a name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance to those who answer or comment on my question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20549" LastEditorUserId="20549" LastEditDate="2020-10-10T22:23:47.670" LastActivityDate="2020-10-10T22:23:47.670" Title="What is the name of the condition where you remember something while doing it together with others, but forget when you do it alone?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24866" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24864" CreationDate="2020-10-10T00:00:10.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your post links to a BBC News article.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BBC News article was reporting about a special meeting of WHO leaders that took place on October 5-6, 2020.  The BBC article was posted on October 6, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO meeting and its goals are described here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/10/05/default-calendar/executive-board-special-session-on-the-covid19-response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/10/05/default-calendar/executive-board-special-session-on-the-covid19-response&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BBC News article stated that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Just over 35m people have been confirmed as being infected with&#xA;coronavirus - the WHO's estimate puts the true figure at closer to&#xA;800m.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The BBC News article stated that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The estimate that 10% of the world's population has contracted the&#xA;virus came from Mike Ryan, the executive director of the WHO's Health&#xA;Emergencies Programme.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The documents from the WHO meeting on October 5-6, 2020 can be reviewed here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/gb/e/e_ebss5.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://apps.who.int/gb/e/e_ebss5.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See in particular the technical report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is nothing in the posted meeting documents that explains the 10% estimate that is attributed to Mike Ryan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The WHO October 2020 Situation Report also does not contain a mention of the 10% estimate in the BBC News article that is attributed to Mike Ryan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of October 9, 2020, there is no WHO News Release that mentions the 10% figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/releases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news-room/releases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You are correct.  There is nothing identifiable at WHO that explains the 10% figure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-10T00:00:10.300" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-10T21:28:48.453" Score="5" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question is in the title, really. I have seen this distinction being made since March this year in regards to COVID-19 strategies, but how long have epidemiologists used this categorization? Is it in any classic textbooks? Has suppression been tried without vaccine before?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here the distinction is made in the influential &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Imperial College report&lt;/a&gt; by Ferguson et al, from March 16, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whilst our understanding of infectious diseases and their prevention is now very different compared to in 1918, most of the countries across the world face the same challenge today with COVID-19, a virus with comparable lethality to H1N1 influenza in 1918. Two fundamental strategies are possible&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(a) &lt;strong&gt;Suppression&lt;/strong&gt;. Here the aim is to reduce the reproduction number (the average number of secondary cases each case generates), R, to below 1 and hence to reduce case numbers to low levels or (as for SARS or Ebola) eliminate human-to-human transmission. The main challenge of this approach is that NPIs (and drugs, if available) need to be maintained – at least intermittently - for as long as the virus is circulating in the human population, or until a vaccine becomes available. In the case of COVID-19, it will be at least a 12-18 months before a vaccine is available&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that initial vaccines will have high efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(b) &lt;strong&gt;Mitigation&lt;/strong&gt;. Here the aim is to use NPIs (and vaccines or drugs, if available) not to interrupt transmission completely, but to reduce the health impact of an epidemic, akin to the strategy adopted by some US cities in 1918, and by the world more generally in the 1957, 1968 and 2009 influenza pandemics. In the 2009 pandemic, for instance, early supplies of vaccine were targeted at individuals with pre-existing medical conditions which put them at risk of more severe disease&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. In this scenario, population immunity builds up through the epidemic, leading to an eventual rapid decline in case numbers and transmission dropping to low levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The strategies differ in whether they aim to reduce the reproduction number, R, to below 1&#xA;(suppression) – and thus cause case numbers to decline – or to merely slow spread by reducing R, but&#xA;not to below 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20553" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-22T14:56:43.157" LastActivityDate="2020-12-22T16:08:39.140" Title="How old is the suppression/mitigation distinction in epidemiology?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24868" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24880" CreationDate="2020-10-10T23:25:36.243" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;The supplement &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5241507/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;N-ACETYL CYSTEINE (NAC)&lt;/a&gt; is increasingly popular among patients suffering from the mental and physical issues &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/nac-benefits&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NAC claims to improve&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the article also states &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;it is found in most high-protein foods, such as chicken, turkey, yogurt, cheese, eggs, sunflower seeds and legumes&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a patient wants to know if they are deficient or need to add more:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a direct test to measure L-cysteine amino acid levels in the&#xA;body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If not, is there an indirect test to measure correlated amino acids (such as methionine and serine)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2313" LastEditorUserId="2313" LastEditDate="2020-10-10T23:36:29.793" LastActivityDate="2020-10-12T16:52:20.210" Title="Is it possible to measure L-cysteine amino acid levels in the body?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24870" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24871" CreationDate="2020-10-11T09:01:28.407" Score="8" ViewCount="2027" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-virus-outbreak-joe-biden-donald-trump-health-a9b581897fff3c034d8fa838a2eb0768&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This may sound like yet another anti-trump post, but, really I am more concerned for my own health, and that of my family. He is just an easily accessible example (feel free to migrate this to a medical site, if we have one). Inevitably, some whom we know have succumbed, and we are concerned about meeting them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;WASHINGTON (AP)&#xA;— The White House doctor said that President Donald Trump was no&#xA;longer at risk of transmitting the coronavirus but did not say&#xA;explicitly whether Trump had tested negative for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then how can it be said that he can no longer transmit it? How am I to decide whether to allow others into my home, if they have not tested negative (or, even if they have)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a memo released Saturday night by the White House, Navy Cmdr. Dr.&#xA;Sean Conley said Trump met the Centers for Disease Control and&#xA;Prevention criteria for safely discontinuing isolation and that by&#xA;“currently recognized standards” he was no longer considered a&#xA;transmission risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone here know what these &amp;quot;current standards&amp;quot; are?  Could you please provide a link? Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some medical experts had been skeptical that Trump could be declared&#xA;free of the risk of transmitting the virus so early in the course of&#xA;his illness. Just 10 days since an initial diagnosis of infection,&#xA;there was no way to know for certain that someone was no longer&#xA;contagious, they said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok, this part &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;is&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; trump question. I believe that that was the initial announcement. Is there any public record of the initial diagnosis? Just curious, as a side question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to the important stuff - can you tell me whether someone is considered no longer a transmission risk after X days from the start or the end of their covid infection? I imagine that it would be from the end,&#xA;but would like confirmation - especially as to the value of X.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2523" OwnerDisplayName="Mawg says reinstate Monica" LastActivityDate="2020-10-11T21:34:18.473" Title="How/when can a doctor say that someone will no longer transmit Covid?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24871" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24870" CreationDate="2020-10-11T15:57:11.623" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I can tell the most relevant CDC guidelines are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/disposition-hospitalized-patients.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Discontinuation of Transmission-Based Precautions and Disposition of Patients with COVID-19 in Healthcare Settings (Interim Guidance)&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients with mild to moderate illness who are not severely&#xA;immunocompromised:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 10 days have passed since symptoms first appeared and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 24 hours have passed since last fever without the use of fever-reducing medications and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath) have improved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note:  For patients who are not severely immunocompromised1 and who&#xA;were asymptomatic throughout their infection, Transmission-Based&#xA;Precautions may be discontinued when at least 10 days have passed&#xA;since the date of their first positive viral diagnostic test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients with severe to critical illness or who are severely&#xA;immunocompromised1:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 10 days and up to 20 days have passed since symptoms first appeared and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At least 24 hours have passed since last fever without the use of fever-reducing medications and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath) have improved&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Consider consultation with infection control experts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The document also notes&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A test-based strategy is no longer recommended (except as noted below) because, in the majority of cases, it results in prolonged isolation of patients who continue to shed detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA but are no longer infectious.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it appears that a mostly time-based decision is supported by the CDC guidelines. But there are some important conditions here that are not based on the duration of the illness alone, but on the symptoms and the severeness of the illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the case of Donald Trump we simply don't have all the information that is necessary to apply these guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="Mad Scientist" LastActivityDate="2020-10-11T15:57:11.623" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24875" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24870" CreationDate="2020-10-11T21:34:18.473" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here is a nice graphic that aggregates data from CDC &amp;amp; WHO that demonstrates the stages of Covid19 progression.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the contagious/infectious period tends to begin  3 days after exposure, reaches a peak about 5 or 6 days after exposure and gradually diminishes over the period of 10/11 after initial exposure.  By the 16th day after exposure the anticipated infectionness is near zero.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note,  however the persons may continue to test positive well after infectiousness ends (up to three months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As it applies to Trump, we do not know when he was exposed, nor do we know when his last negative test occurred prior to his first positive test. Similarly, we do not know if he has tested negative since returning from Walter Reed (although I would be very surprised if he has had a PCR negative result yet).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/P1vmk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/P1vmk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Link&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-10-11T21:34:18.473" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24876" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="7051" CreationDate="2020-10-11T21:50:11.653" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I can confirm/verify that many (50+ times, 25 different people wearing medical coats with company logo) of my phlebotomists regularly advised &amp;quot;Use Vitamin E because it prevents scar tissue.&amp;quot; verbatim&lt;/strong&gt; (when sitting for Vitals Check, &amp;amp;/or during blood plasma donation process, often repeated by docs/nurses/staff if I go the full twice a week [U.S. Food &amp;amp; Drug Administration {FDA} max allowed by law is 2 donations per week], especially if you've a noticable mark forming/developing, generally seems a kind suggestion).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If you're referring to the iodine er alcohol based disinfectants (to clean the area) they're applying 30 seconds before inserting the venipuncture needle, I never heard or was told that is linked/connected/effected by or with Vitamin E specifically, though of course the cleaning effect is the goal to sterilize (which would theoretically clean away the E), I think generally the advice/suggestion is just to (re)apply Vit E regularly and keep checking results to find the correct self-dosage.&lt;/strong&gt; I've been mainly told to apply to the skin, but occassionally they'll suggest taking a few drops orally as well (as a precaution maybe, or to balance if you do not get enough from food), though direct epidermal application is the primary method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From personal experience (about a hundred donations total so far), I never bought &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; (ever) item from the pharmacies' alternative medicines isle before blood plasma donation, and then I just had to buy another vial of Vitamin-E because when I stopped the scars came back. Before now I only believed in prescription medications, so Vitamin E is impressive. &lt;strong&gt;Pharmacies have the concentrated form of Vitamin E which is usually what is told to find for medical purposes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All said, it is interesting that &lt;strong&gt;there is not any clear signage suggesting Vitamin E in donation centers' heavy promotional and medical educational materials which are usually filled with pretty varied risk assessments and guidelines&lt;/strong&gt; (&amp;quot;Drink lots of water, eat a good meal.&amp;quot; in funky print, or on the PA system reminder between hip/pop songs), and yet all (easily 90%, meaning the questions must be frequent about that ugly scar tissue) of the phlebotomists I've worked with knew to suggest the product (there could be a good very extremely profitable cross-promotion opportunity between donation centers and Vitamin E producers to be made), so I gather there is some formal and informal uncertaintly in line with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20201011135835/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://web.archive.org/web/20201011135835/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486820/&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18050247519683909952&amp;amp;as_sdt=20000005&amp;amp;sciodt=0,21&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18050247519683909952&amp;amp;as_sdt=20000005&amp;amp;sciodt=0,21&amp;amp;hl=en&lt;/a&gt;), generally speaking about the greater blood donation world, saying &amp;quot;It is time to shift attention back to donor health, which is indeed no less important than insuring a safe blood supply.&amp;quot; ...because medical science is not there yet, there is not any official word yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I link to the US National Institutes of Health generally there &lt;strong&gt;because there is not any specific known Vitamin E + Blood Vessel information listed, nor for FDA guidelines apparently.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does it mean if that the phlebotomists/doctors/nurses/staff make suggestions (for Vitamin E, pronouncedly) but the organizations behind them do not want to speak so clearly (pronouncedly about Vitamin E)? &lt;strong&gt;For us it means we might have to make the decision on our own about what to value (in terms of Vitamin E).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;In terms of your question wording--I notice you wrote &amp;quot;after&amp;quot; in the question title, but you wrote &amp;quot;before&amp;quot; in the question body--do you mean Before + After then? &lt;strong&gt;I asked &amp;amp; was told to apply afterwards, you were told before? So if regular, both?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I apply before and after between several times a week and sometimes multiple times a day depending on the severity of the wound, which depends on who the phlebotamist is that sticks you, and the angle of the needle maybe,&lt;/strong&gt; which varies because they're human (and if you by yourself move your muscles while needled it can tear, you're human too), so you need to be the final judge of how much you were pricked and how it's healing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="93" LastEditorUserId="93" LastEditDate="2020-10-13T13:50:50.583" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T13:50:50.583" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24878" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24836" CreationDate="2020-10-12T12:24:39.190" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.zorinaq.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Marc Bevand&lt;/a&gt; presents this graph of IFR versus age for both COVID-19 and flu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fzj7r.png&quot; alt=&quot;[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mbevand/covid19-age-stratified-ifr/master/covid_vs_flu.png]&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sources of data are documented on this &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mbevand/covid19-age-stratified-ifr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;github page&lt;/a&gt;. There is a summary of the sources in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/mbevand/covid19-age-stratified-ifr/blob/master/README.md&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;README file&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, the IFR data in the graph does not come with error bars.&#xA;However, most of the underlying sources do include error bars.&#xA;For instance, Table 1 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30243-7/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis&amp;quot;, by Verity, et. al.&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;| age group | IFR      | confidence interval |&#xA;|-----------+----------+---------------------|&#xA;| 0–9       | 0.00161% | (0.000185–0.0249)   |&#xA;| 10–19     | 0.00695% | (0.00149–0.0502)    |&#xA;| 20–29     | 0.0309%  | (0.0138–0.0923)     |&#xA;| 30–39     | 0.0844%  | (0.0408–0.185)      |&#xA;| 40–49     | 0.161%   | (0.0764–0.323)      |&#xA;| 50–59     | 0.595%   | (0.344–1.28)        |&#xA;| 60–69     | 1.93%    | (1.11–3.89)         |&#xA;| 70–79     | 4.28%    | (2.45–8.44)         |&#xA;| ≥80       | 7.80%    | (3.80–13.3)         |&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;US CDC&amp;quot; COVID-19 IFR data&lt;/a&gt; are presented as &amp;quot;current best estimates&amp;quot; which do not state confidence intervals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found the graph by google searching for &amp;quot;ifr flu by age&amp;quot;, and clicking the &amp;quot;Images&amp;quot; link. Sifting through the graphs led to &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/zorinaq/status/1311025455655301120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tweets&lt;/a&gt; which reference the github page.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastEditorUserId="17575" LastEditDate="2020-10-12T14:24:34.613" LastActivityDate="2020-10-12T14:24:34.613" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24879" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-12T14:02:06.323" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently I came across a &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HBWzvyPJlqJjI8aeR6ZpIavthceHEs5e/view?usp=sharing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; in which a group of people was trying to predict the medication ( especially anticonvulsants like Dilantin and Keppra ) a patient was using from his EEG. Does this have any actual significance in the treatment of epileptic seizures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20559" LastEditorUserId="20559" LastEditDate="2020-10-12T18:35:05.970" LastActivityDate="2020-10-12T18:35:05.970" Title="Understanding the use of medication from EEG" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;seizure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24880" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24868" CreationDate="2020-10-12T16:52:20.210" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Measuring the concentration of amino acids &amp;quot;in the body&amp;quot; is a bit difficult. Your body is made up of lots of cells and organs, each one of which exists in a constant state of flux and contains many proteins and amino acids.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Assuming perhaps that you meant &amp;quot;in the blood&amp;quot;, then yes, such kits do exist -- e.g. this enzyme-linked spectrophotomeric assay --  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.antibodies-online.com/kit/1503021/Cysteine+ELISA+Kit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.antibodies-online.com/kit/1503021/Cysteine+ELISA+Kit/&lt;/a&gt; -- but it costs €642,85 (+€40 shipping and 22% VAT) for 96 tests, and requires a molecular biology laboratory to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only commonly performed similar tests I am aware of are whole plasma amino acid counts, commonly performed on infants to look for inborn errors of metabolism -- i.e. specific birth defects of metabolism. You can find an example US Hospital page &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/tests/003361.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; that contains the reference range for each amino acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20154" LastActivityDate="2020-10-12T16:52:20.210" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-12T22:03:54.720" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found this article: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/29/myopia-possible-link-increased-refined-carbohydrate-intake-and-hyperinsuli&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/29/myopia-possible-link-increased-refined-carbohydrate-intake-and-hyperinsuli&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which by no means is a hard evidence by itself but it suggests that western diet that is high in refined carbs and sugars may be the one to blame for the rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those statements are based on the fact that some formerly hunter-gatherer communities who adopted the western way of living (schooling and foods) went from 1-2% to 50% in myopia prevalence in under a generation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Communities that adopted schooling but not diet (mostly on rural areas) are not nearly that much affected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think high sugar / high carb diet could contribute to myopia progression? Do you think their explanation with IGF-1 makes sense in this case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14811" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-14T18:19:55.057" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T18:19:55.057" Title="Does a high-carbohydrate and sugar diet induce or worsen myopia in kids?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24884" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24941" CreationDate="2020-10-13T10:56:41.483" Score="1" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;H. pylori&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; infections are a frequent cause of peptic ulcers, and a positive result from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_breath_test&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;urea breath test&lt;/a&gt; indicating the likely presence of &lt;em&gt;H. pilori&lt;/em&gt; may be followed by treatment that includes one or more antibiotic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The urea breath test is a rapid diagnostic procedure used to identify infections by &lt;em&gt;Helicobacter pylori&lt;/em&gt;, a spiral bacterium implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcer, and peptic ulcer disease. It is based upon the ability of H. pylori to convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urea breath tests are recommended in leading society guidelines as a preferred non-invasive choice for detecting H. pylori before and after treatment&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The test introduces labeled urea (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C or &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C) which the bacteria regularly breaks down to produce ammonia to neutralize acidity. A bi-product is carbon dioxide, some of which is absorbed into the blood. When labeled urea is introduced and acted upon by &lt;em&gt;H. Pylori&lt;/em&gt; a patient may exhale ab enhanced amount of labeled carbon some time later (e.g. a half hour).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; Are &lt;em&gt;H. Pylori&lt;/em&gt; infections the most common cause of both gastric and duodenal ulcers? Is the urea breath test a useful diagnostic for both kinds?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="16606" LastEditDate="2020-10-19T02:02:12.000" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T18:25:20.493" Title="Are H. Pylori infections the most common cause of both gastric and duodenal ulcers? Is the urea breath test a useful diagnostic for both kinds?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;ulcers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="13" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-13T11:28:11.167" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;We are building a solution to deliver drugs to HIV+ patients through the use of lockers installed inside authorized hospitals in Italy, where these kind of drugs are paid for by the National Health Service. We will also offer the medical team an anonymized dashboard to monitor whether patients are following the therapy correctly so that no drugs will go to waste. For this purpose, we would like to find out how much this solution could be of help to these hospitals and calculate their advantage in terms of savings for not throwing away drugs that will be left unused. So far I have only found a figure that says that the average cost of antiretroviral therapy is 8000 euros a year per patient. But what we're really looking for is how many patients don't stick to the therapy. Where can I find this kind of information? Also, if any of you has a direct experience with this issue, please answer below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20570" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T11:28:11.167" Title="How much do refused HIV drugs cost?" Tags="&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24886" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-13T13:51:06.010" Score="2" ViewCount="68" Body="&lt;p&gt;I thought doctors support lockdown measures and populist politicians oppose them, but then this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54442386&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Barrington Declaration&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; cropped up and I don't know what to think now. Are lockdowns good or bad, after all? What is the scientific consensus, if any? Do mental health issues and other drawbacks really outweigh the risks of contracting and transmitting Covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20572" LastActivityDate="2020-10-13T13:51:06.010" Title="Are lockdowns good or bad? What is the scientific consensus, if any?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-10-16T14:03:57.310" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24887" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-13T17:16:23.340" Score="4" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been reading about addiction medicine, and a lot of the discussion on pharmacokinetics seems to imply a truth that is never actually stated in words.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: The Plasma Concentration vs. Time Curve&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you look at the following curve, you see a rapid increase marked &amp;quot;absorption phase&amp;quot;, and a gradual decrease marked &amp;quot;elimination phase&amp;quot;. This is the amount of a particular medication in the blood, which quickly increases after the medication is administered, reaching a peak some time after, and then gradually decreases following first-order kinetics as the medication is broken down and/or eliminated from the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YJEby.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YJEby.png&quot; alt=&quot;Plasma concentration vs. time&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note for the pedants:&lt;/strong&gt; there are medications broken down with other kinetics profiles, for example alcohol is broken down following zero-order kinetics, so the elimination phase just looks like a downward sloping line with no curve to it.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Question&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The slope of the curve during the absorption phase indicates how quickly the medication reaches peak plasma concentration (&amp;quot;kicks in&amp;quot;) after administration. The text seems to imply that the greater this slope, the more addictive a substance is likely to be. Of course there are countless other contributors to addictive potential, but given, for example, two variants of the same drug, that is to say two formulations with the same active ingredient in the same dosage, if the active ingredient happens to be addictive, the formulation with the greater slope during the absorption phase will be &lt;em&gt;more&lt;/em&gt; addictive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Is this the case?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T22:32:10.717" Title="Is there a relationship between slope of the plasma concentration-time curve and addictiveness?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24888" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-14T02:43:31.177" Score="3" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Johnson and Johnson as well as Astra Zeneca recently announced that they were going to &amp;quot;pause&amp;quot; in their respective clinical trials for a Covid19 vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What exactly are they &amp;quot;pausing&amp;quot;?&#xA;I would expect that participants who have received the innoculation(s) would continue to be followed per the protocol schedule. So no &amp;quot;pause&amp;quot; there, right ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only things I can think of that they might be pausing is recruitment, and those participants who have qualified but not been given their innoculation(s) yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Something I'm missing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T02:43:31.177" Title="What does &quot;pause&quot; mean in Covid19 Vaccine Clinical Trials?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24892" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-14T16:24:42.993" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's assume a few people were stranded in the wilderness and didn't have access to proper medical equipment. One suffers a simple, closed fracture of the tibia right between knee and foot joint due to a fall. One of the stranded people is a surgeon and he has to come up with a way of treating that fracture with very limited equipment and tools (basically nothing but a first-aid-kit and anything that's available in the wilderness). How would he approach that and how high would the wounded person's chances of healing without permanent damage be?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I'm asking this because I'm currently working on a fictional piece in which exactly this is featured. I already found out from a bit of googling that, in such a case, conservative, non-invasive therapy would be the only feasible approach. Would you do this with an improvised orthesis? Or could you fashion some kind of gypsum-based aid if you had access to that? And how would the reduction of the fracture work? Could you even do that without X-Ray or some other imaging technique? How did people fix broken legs before such things came along?&#xA;I'd be very grateful for someone who could describe their personal approach at such a procedure in detail, as I'd like to stay as realistic as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20577" LastEditorUserId="20577" LastEditDate="2020-10-14T18:23:52.173" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T18:23:52.173" Title="How would someone with medical experience treat a closed fracture of the tibia without proper equipment?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;bones&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;tibia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24893" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-14T21:34:30.763" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;to my knowledge we do not have any robust experience with RNA vaccination. Most likely this will change in the near future as RNA vaccines against COVID are in the pipline. The rational behind this method: Viral RNA (mRNA) is injected (I guess in a muscel), the RNA is translated (in  muscle cells), the protein is exposed on the cell surface to cause a response of the immune system. As we know proteins tend to interact, building complexes for instance. I speculate that this could easily lead to an immune response against cellular protein structures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any knowledge or speculation concerning an autoimmune disease in succession of an RNA vaccination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Friedrich&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20580" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T21:34:30.763" Title="RNA vaccination and autoimmune reactions" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24894" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24887" CreationDate="2020-10-14T22:32:10.717" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It appears that there is indeed an association between pharmacokinetics and development of addiction to psychostimulant drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, as a general note, it should be noted that pharmacokinetics govern a drug's plasma level, while pharmacodynamics govern the body's response to the drug (i.e. to the drug's plasma level), and in this case, addiction may be thought of as a pharmaco&lt;strong&gt;dynamic&lt;/strong&gt; concept, since it is the result of activation and modulation of certain receptors in the central nervous system (more specifically, in the mesolimbic system). These two concepts - pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, or PK-PD for short - when combined together, give the full picture of the relationship between the body and the drug as effect over time, from first contact to biological response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HaxQi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HaxQi.png&quot; alt=&quot;PK-PD relationship&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another general note is that PK-PD relationship is not always simple to evaluate and explain and is not always 'linear', in the sense that the body's response does not always directly reflect the plasma level of the drug, and vice versa. Therefore, we must not simplify the discussion by saying that the steeper the slope (i.e. the faster the absorption of the drug), the more addictive the drug is, or in other words, the rate of absorption is not the only, and may not even be the primary, factor in determining addictiveness of a drug. Addiction is a multi-factorial condition, based on genetic predisposition, social factors, etc. as well as pharmacokinetics (&lt;a href=&quot;https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, to be more particular, the slope of the curve in the absorption phase is dependent on the route of administration (and the formulation) of the drug, since different routes of administration provide different rates of absorption depending on the path the drug has to take to reach the general circulation, where we measure its plasma levels.&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M7B13.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/M7B13.png&quot; alt=&quot;Route of administration curves&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;Thus, common non-oral routes of administration such as IV infusion, intranasal administration (snorting) and smoking all allow the drug to reach the general circulation quickly through small blood vessels in the nose and lungs, or directly, as in the case of an IV infusion. Once a drug reaches the general circulation it quickly reaches the brain (provided its molecules are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier), &lt;strong&gt;and it has indeed been found that rapid routes of delivery increase the risk for developing an addiction&lt;/strong&gt;. To quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763415001669?via%3Dihub&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a very comprehensive review&lt;/a&gt;, which deals with that subject precisely:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addiction is more likely and more severe in individuals who&#xA;take drugs via rapid routes of drug delivery. For instance,&#xA;addiction to cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, nicotine&#xA;or heroin is more probable in people who consume these drugs&#xA;via smoking or i.v. injection than in individuals who use slower&#xA;routes of drug administration (e.g., the intranasal or transdermal&#xA;routes; Barrio et al., 2001, Budney et al., 1993, Carpenter et al.,&#xA;1998, Ferri and Gossop, 1999, Gossop et al., 1992, Gossop et&#xA;al., 1994, Hatsukami and Fischman, 1996, Hughes, 1989,&#xA;Rawson et al., 2007, Van Dyke and Byck, 1982, Volkow and&#xA;Swanson, 2003 and Winger et al., 1992). Compared to&#xA;intranasal drug users, individuals who smoke or inject drugs&#xA;i.v. also use drugs more frequently, for a longer time, spend&#xA;more money on drugs, report a greater loss of control over drug&#xA;taking and are more likely to overdose (Barrio et al., 2001,&#xA;Carpenter et al., 1998, Ferri and Gossop, 1999, Gossop et al.,&#xA;1992, Gossop et al., 1994, Hatsukami and Fischman, 1996,&#xA;Hughes, 1989, Rawson et al., 2007, Van Dyke and Byck, 1982,&#xA;Volkow and Swanson, 2003 and Winger et al., 1992).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That review and the sources cited in it (especially those mentioned in the cited paragraph above) will probably provide enough evidence for this association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-10-14T22:32:10.717" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24897" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24939" CreationDate="2020-10-15T17:50:25.960" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to know whether or not the nerves regenerate in human adults.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My Question&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Please give me evidences for this issue.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What experiments and logic do they use to prove that the nerves are/are not  regenerate?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's proven evidence that this is completely the case since many studies provide great amounts of margins of error then please link me to all those updated studies or even personal findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20581" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T18:43:51.863" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T18:43:51.863" Title="Would neurons regenerate even in adults?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-10-21T15:13:07.853" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-15T20:50:55.627" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multiple sclerosis (MS) is classically described as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Luzzio, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since MS only involves the CNS and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;cranial nerves I and II are part of the CNS, and the rest are considered part of the PNS (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-61166-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hagan, et al. 2012&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it makes sense for MS to be associated with optic neuritis and other visual conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why then is MS also associated with trigeminal neuralgia (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5649347/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fallata, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;), which involves CN V and is not part of the CNS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fallata, A., Salter, A., Tyry, T., Cutter, G. R., &amp;amp; Marrie, R. A. (2017). Trigeminal Neuralgia Commonly Precedes the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. &lt;em&gt;International journal of MS care, 19&lt;/em&gt;(5), 240–246. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2016-065&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2016-065&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hagan, C. E., Bolon, B., &amp;amp; Keene, C. D. (2012). Nervous system. In &lt;em&gt;Comparative Anatomy and Histology&lt;/em&gt; (pp. 339-394). Academic Press. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-61166-1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-61166-1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luzzio, C. (n.d.) Multiple Sclerosis (Updated 2020). &lt;em&gt;Medscape&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13163" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T09:57:17.530" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T09:57:17.530" Title="Why is multiple sclerosis associated with trigeminal neuralgia?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;&lt;myelin-sheath&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24900" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-15T20:57:02.647" Score="2" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I have used a surgical mask multiple times. And say I left it on a safe place, untouched, for three days which is the longest that viable SARS-CoV-2 has been found on different materials (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1&lt;/a&gt;). How efficient is this mask?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MY OWN RESEARCH&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Almost every public health agency is saying that disposable surgical masks shouldn't be reused but should be disposed after using them. Those who are saying surgical masks can be reused (e. g. CDC) are saying this only because there is/was a shortage of surgical masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I have searched throughout the internet and couldn't find a proper explanation why surgical masks should be disposed. I did find that the middle layer of masks can be made out of microfibers with an electrostatic charge which creates the effect of electrostatic capture of microbes and that water can interfere with this charge (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask#Physical_form&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia - Physical form of surgical masks&lt;/a&gt;). But this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Disinfection_and_reuse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;page states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UVGI (ultraviolet light), boiling water vapour, and dry oven heating do not seem to reduce the filter efficiency, and these methods successfully decontaminate masks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the water coming from our respiratory system is mostly vapour and just some droplets (this part is an assumption as I couldn't find any article confirming this statement) the argument that exhaled water discharges the electrostatic charge doesn't hold water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is - how much protection against SARS-CoV-2 does a surgical mask that has been used multiple times and that has surely been decontaminated from SARS-CoV-2 offer? Does it perhaps stay as efficient as it was at the beginning? Is it maybe just a bit less efficient than a new surgical mask? Is it as efficient as a cloth mask? A scarf? And, of course, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T11:32:06.057" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T11:32:06.057" Title="How effective are reused surgical masks?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24901" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24864" CreationDate="2020-10-15T21:31:44.620" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mike Ryan wasn't quoted correctly. Here is the explanation of his statement from a virtual press conference (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-virtual-press-conference-transcript---12-october-2020&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 Virtual Press conference transcript - 12 October 2020&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AN: Good evening. Hello. This is a question to Dr Ryan. Last week Dr Ryan announced - it was last Monday - that 10% of the world's population might be infected by the COVID so the first question would be how do you get to that figure. With so many people infected do you suppose the fatality rate is much lower than we thought before and similar to the flu fatality rates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is, can we still say that COVID is more worrying than the flu?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MR: I made my remarks, I believe, at an executive board meeting with our member states where what I was actually trying to communicate was that the vast majority of human beings on this planet remain susceptible to the virus. I believe what I said was that many studies had demonstrated that 10% or less of people had been infected although that was very variable with some slum areas, high-risk populations like health workers being much higher.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So I was using that 90/10 as an illustration of the fact that most people in the world were susceptible. In fact in many countries that seroprevalence is very low but again what you have to remember is some of those seroprevalance studies were done a number of months ago.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we currently have is a lot of work going on to summarise all of the serologic studies that have been done. We also have a series of unity studies which are longitudinal studies which are studying seroprevalance around the world or the number of people who have been infected much more systematically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So from that perspective you can say that, if you look at some of these studies, on average 10% or less; in some it's much less and in some studies much more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My point was illustrative and we will be coming out with much more detailed data as we make our estimates more accurate. I don't know, Maria, if you want to speak to that issue of how we're looking at the data right now.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15516" LastActivityDate="2020-10-15T21:31:44.620" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T09:23:22.860" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard board-certified dermatologist Dr. Sandra Lee (aka Dr. Pimple Popper) refer to a Nasolabial triangle as the &amp;quot;triangle of danger&amp;quot; on one of her tv show episodes. Re-reading the question and accepted answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/20602/7951&quot;&gt;How likely is intracranial thrombophlebitis after nasal hair removal?&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_triangle_of_the_face&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia source link&lt;/a&gt; in the question to the &amp;quot;triangle of danger&amp;quot;, mentions risk for retrograde infection from the nasal area spreading to the brain causing meningitis or brain abscesses as well as the risk of cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) mentioned in the accepted answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no citations linked to this claim in Wikipedia and I was wondering what the risk levels are for these 2 conditions. All I can find are newspaper reports repeating this &lt;a href=&quot;https://metro.co.uk/2016/11/22/theres-a-danger-triangle-in-your-face-and-plucking-nose-hairs-can-kill-you-6275733/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;such as in Metro UK&lt;/a&gt; with no risk level information other than &amp;quot;it is rare&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the risk level the same as CST — Approximately 0.2 to 1.6 per 100,000 per year (Plewa et al., n.d.) — or is the risk level different for meningitis or brain abcesses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Plewa MC, Tadi P, Gupta M. (n.d.) Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis. (Updated 2020). In: StatPearls [Internet] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448177/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448177/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T09:23:22.860" Title="What is the risk of meningitis after nasal hair plucking?" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;hair&gt;&lt;nose&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24905" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T13:24:06.423" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Surgical masks protect other people but provide almost no protection for the wearer. Respirators (with valves) protect the wearer but don't protect those around you. What should you put on your face if you want to protect both yourself and others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20572" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T02:50:33.883" Title="What should you put on your face if you want to protect both yourself and others?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T14:42:22.797" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;In breast cancer immunohistochemistry (IHC), usually breast tissues are stained with ER/PR (Estrogen/Progesterone) stains so that ER/PR receptors (if present) show up. Allred score is a way of finding how well the receptors show up and if hormonal therapy can be applied or not. I have gone thru the technique from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHpRPgYqBbY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt;. Since, I am finding almost no resources on the Allred score (not even an image dataset related to it), I can't visualize how the technique works.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is can anyone explain the concept of proportion and intensity (the two components of Allred score) with an image stained for above receptors. Proportion means area of receptors showing up. Can we identify each receptor like we identify a nuclei if the tissue is stained with Ki-67? Then for intensity which is defined as &amp;quot;how well receptors show up&amp;quot;. What does it mean quantitatively in an image?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20588" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T23:22:03.883" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T22:02:19.977" Title="How is Allred score found in an IHC breast tissue image?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T16:07:46.053" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;I used to think that you can wear a mask for up to two hours, regardless of how many times you put it on and take it off. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nccn.org/covid-19/pdf/Guidance_for_Patient_Use_of_Medical_Face_Mask.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This&lt;/a&gt; guide says you can wear it for up to five times without any specifications on a time limit. So if I want to stretch the use of a mask for as long as possible, what should I do? I suppose there are some limits on both how much time it's on your face in total and the number of times you put it on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20572" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T16:07:46.053" Title="For how long can you wear a surgical mask?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-10-17T15:12:20.220" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24908" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25291" CreationDate="2020-10-16T16:16:26.013" Score="3" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;Caffeine has a typical half-life of 5–6 hours, but some of us take much longer to metabolize it (1 cup of coffee at breakfast can leave me sleepless that night).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know I can cut the caffeine's half-life in half by taking up smoking, but that's not a reasonable solution.  (&amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;Smoking tobacco increases caffeine clearance by 56%&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot; — &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine#Tobacco&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Caffeine - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other than that, I haven't been able to find anything that can speed up the caffeine elimination.&#xA;&lt;em&gt;Are&lt;/em&gt; there any foods, drugs, etc. that have this effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I'm not asking for personal medical advice; simply using myself as an example.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastEditorUserId="17364" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T20:44:09.267" LastActivityDate="2020-12-13T22:28:56.803" Title="How to reduce half-life of caffeine?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24909" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T17:52:24.013" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently (September/October 2020) there is a large increase in the percentage of COVID-19 tests that come out positive, at least in several countries in Europe.  And, at least in the Netherlands, both the number of hospitalizations and ICU admissions linked to COVID-19 are increasing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(For the positive test percentage in Europe, see the spreadsheet on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-testing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-testing&lt;/a&gt;, column 'positivity_rate'.  For hospitalizations and ICU admissions in the Netherlands, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://coronadashboard.rijksoverheid.nl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coronadashboard.rijksoverheid.nl/&lt;/a&gt; (in Dutch), sections 'Ziekenhuisopnames per dag' and 'intensive care-opnames per dag'.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the EUROMOMO data (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euromomo.eu/graphs-and-maps&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.euromomo.eu/graphs-and-maps&lt;/a&gt;) doesn't show any unusual mortality increase (except perhaps starting last week, week 41, in Spain), after mid-August.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where does this mismatch come from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20589" LastActivityDate="2020-10-16T17:52:24.013" Title="Why the mismatch between the EUROMOMO mortality rate and 'COVID-19 second wave' positive tests and hospitalizations?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24910" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-16T19:53:09.007" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assume a cracked tooth with a cubic zirconia crown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If something sweet touches this tooth/crown... YEOUCH! Pain shoots through the tooth and into the root.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar reaction occurs from cold or hot foods (like ice cream or tea), but this is understandable, as head is transferred through conduction. But why from sugar?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20592" LastEditorUserId="20592" LastEditDate="2020-10-16T20:24:59.597" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T08:43:50.677" Title="Why does a capped cracked tooth hurt when sugar hits it?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;sugar&gt;&lt;cracked-broken-tooth&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24911" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24925" CreationDate="2020-10-16T21:17:03.437" Score="4" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;I often see different types of medical imaging &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)#By_medical_imaging_type&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;effective doses&lt;/a&gt; compared to time required for an equivalent effective dose from background radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_radiography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dental x-ray&lt;/a&gt; is compared here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... around 0.150 mSv for a full mouth series equivalent to a few days'&#xA;worth of background environmental radiation exposure, or similar to&#xA;the dose received during a cross-country airplane flight&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(concentrated into one short burst aimed at a small area).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My questions is, how should 0.150 mSv in the example be interpreted?  I assume the dental x-ray radiation would result in a higher risk for the small area it focuses on.  Similarly the same effective dose from the more diffuse background radiation would be a comparatively smaller risk to any area of the body taken individually (including the area focused on by the dental x-ray), but the sum of those smaller risks in all areas of the body would be equivalent to the more concentrated risk from the dental x-ray?  In simpler terms, the dental x-ray might increase the risk of cancer in the area it targeted more than the equivalent background radiation would, but the background radiation would involve the same &lt;em&gt;overall&lt;/em&gt; added risk of cancer (considering that it affects all areas of the body).  Is my interpretation correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)#Calculation_of_effective_dose&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; description, that seems to be the case?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An effective dose will carry the same effective risk to the whole body&#xA;regardless of where it was applied, and it will carry the same&#xA;effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly&#xA;to the whole body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20590" LastEditorUserId="20590" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T19:50:59.527" LastActivityDate="2020-10-23T19:50:59.527" Title="Does the Sievert unit account for how concentrated the radiation dose was?" Tags="&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24912" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24905" CreationDate="2020-10-17T02:40:43.563" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A mask. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks#:%7E:text=If%20worn%20properly%2C%20a,respiratory%20secretions%20to%20others.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If worn properly, a surgical mask is meant to help block large-particle droplets, splashes, sprays, or splatter that may contain germs (viruses and bacteria), keeping it from reaching your mouth and nose. Surgical masks may also help reduce exposure of your saliva and respiratory secretions to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other types on masks may afford further protection, but the surgical mask is generally accepted as an acceptable minimum. If a person is in a highly contaminated field an N95 mask or self-contained breathing apparatus. Likewise, if the wearer is significantly vulnerable a greater degree of protection is advisable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2020-10-17T02:50:33.883" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T02:50:33.883" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24914" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-17T06:30:40.287" Score="2" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;To the extent that toothpaste can remineralize tooth enamel, how quickly does it happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a as-soon-as-there's-contact occurrence? Is it after ~30-120 seconds of scrubbing? Is it 10+ minutes after fluoride-laden toothpaste has remained undisturbed on the tooth/enamel surface?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17218" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T06:30:40.287" Title="How quickly does remineralization of teeth happen from brushing?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24915" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24910" CreationDate="2020-10-17T07:09:29.927" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;A tooth has two parts- crown and a root. Now going from outside to inside the crown portion has 3 layers- enamel, dentin and pulp. The root has 3 layers- cementum, dentin and pulp.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Now among these only pulp is vascular and innervated.&#xA;Dentin has got dentinal tubules containing dentinal fluid. Whenever there is any stimulus which has not yet reached the pulp, but may have reached the dentin, eg of stimulus in the form of pressure, temperature change, sweet food, sour food etc, cause the fluid to move or get displaced. The displacement of dentinal fluid stimulates nerve endings in the pulp and hence generates a pain/sensitivity response to your brain.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oSvFm.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.deardoctor.com/inside-the-magazine/issue-23/treatment-of-tooth-sensitivity/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HW9AB.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentin.co/new-blog/2017/6/9/dentinal-hypersensitivity-hydrodynamic-theory&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are three main theories of dentine hypersensitivity: Direct Innervation (DI) Theory Odontoblast Receptor (OR) Theory Fluid Movement/Hydrodynamic Theory&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Hydrodynamic or Fluid Movement theory is one of the main theories in dentistry to explain the mechanism by which a tooth perceives the sensation of pain. It is currently the most widely accepted theory used to explain tooth sensitivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic_theory_dentistry&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now coming back to your question. As the tooth is cracked, the enamel in that area must have been chipped off and the dentinal tubules and/or pulp must have been exposed.&#xA;As mentioned earlier the sweet food also causes the dentinal fluid to be displaced causing a sharp shooting pain as perceived by your brain.&#xA;This is because of change is osmolarity. The sweets/sugars changes the osmolarity of dentinal fluid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinically, osmotic stimuli such as a wide variety of&#xA;sweet food, particularly chocolate and sugar syrup, are&#xA;one of the main factors causing dentin hypersensitivity.&#xA;Previous studies showed that the different stimuli, including osmotic, when applied to dentin caused pain by a hydrodynamic mechanism that involves displacement of&#xA;the dentinal fluid and excites intradental nerve endings.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.quintpub.com/userhome/jad/jad_2010_02_s0103.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I have satisfactorily answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-10-17T08:43:50.677" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T08:43:50.677" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24918" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24906" CreationDate="2020-10-17T22:02:19.977" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Allred score is based on an assessment of the percentage/proportion of tumor cells in a histopathologic specimen that stain positively and the intensity of the staining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2010, the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline Recommendations for Immunohistochemical Testing of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer described how to estimate the percentage/proportion of tumor cells staining positively and how to assess the intensity of staining:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073033/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073033/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The percentage/proportion of tumor cells staining positively should&#xA;be recorded and reported; all tumor containing areas of the tissue&#xA;section on the slide should be evaluated to arrive at this percentage.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;The percentage can be arrived at either by estimation or by&#xA;quantification, either manually by counting cells or by image&#xA;analysis.&lt;/strong&gt;” [bolded for emphasis]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The intensity of staining should be recorded and reported as weak,&#xA;moderate, or strong; this measurement &lt;strong&gt;should represent an estimate of&#xA;the average staining of the intensity of the positively stained tumor&#xA;cells on the entire tissue section relative to the intensity of&#xA;positive controls run with the same batch&lt;/strong&gt;.” [bolded for emphasis]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, either using a microscope to look at a slide of a stained specimen or an image of a slide, count all tumor cells and then count positively stained tumor cells.  Divide the positively stained tumor cells by the total tumor cells to get the percentage/proportion positively stained.  Estimate intensity of staining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Allred score is calculated as the sum of the percentage/proportion of tumor cells staining positively and the intensity of staining using the table given here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalcriteria.com/web/allred/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicalcriteria.com/web/allred/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the Allred score takes values of 0 or 2-8.  There is no Allred score 1 because tumors that have 0 cells that stain (score on first component 0) must have an intensity value of 0 and tumors that have more than 0 and &amp;lt;1% of cells that stain (score on first component 1) must have an intensity of staining with a minimum value of 1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 2020 update of the 2010 guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists has been published.  It does not mention the estimation of the percentage/proportion of tumor cells staining positively or assessment of intensity of staining or describe any changes to the 2010 guidance on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928354/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928354/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T22:02:19.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24919" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-17T22:26:00.740" Score="1" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I compared Covid-19 data on the 17th of October 2020, using this source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;UK population = 66650000 &#xA;Uk cases = 708297 &#xA;UK deaths = 43669&#xA;66650000 / 708297 = 1 positive on each 94 people&#xA;66650000 / 43669 = 1 death on each 1526 people&#xA;&#xA;Sweden population = 10230000&#xA;Sweden cases = 103200&#xA;Sweden deaths = 5918&#xA;10230000 / 103200 = 1 positive on each 99 people&#xA;10230000 / 5918 = 1 death on each 1728 people&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: there are fewer cases and fewer deaths in Sweden, although they didn't do any lockdown and they didn't impose any restrictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any explanation for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17356" LastActivityDate="2020-10-17T22:26:00.740" Title="UK - Sweden Covid-19 Comparison" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-18T15:23:47.523" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm curious if there is any scientific investigation into the active ingredient in chamomile tea,‎ and whether there is any research into chemically similar supplements.‎ Asking out of interest in chemistry,‎ not for personal medical advice.‎&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've tried reading this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995283/#:%7E:text=Optimum%20chamomile%20extracts%20contain%20about,-7-O-glucoside.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI article&lt;/a&gt; which suggests that the active ingredient is apigenin,‎ and this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6472148/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCBI article&lt;/a&gt; that discusses the chemistry of apigenin, both interesting but slightly over my head.‎ Then I looked into chemicals which were said to have a similar mechanism to apigenin,‎ and the chemical Fisetin came up several times,‎ though my chemistry is not strong enough to understand what neurotransmitters are involved and whether they might have the same activity site.‎ I've also seen articles suggesting all flavanoids have a similar behavior,‎ in which case I am curious if that is true and what the common flavanoids are.‎&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19827" LastEditorUserId="19827" LastEditDate="2020-10-18T16:48:02.133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-18T16:48:02.133" Title="Active ingredient of Chamomile" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;anxiety-disorders&gt;&lt;tea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24922" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24923" CreationDate="2020-10-18T23:58:20.567" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a neoplasm of uncertain behavior of skin on a patient's face that is suspected to be a basal cell carcinoma, the typical first step is to do a shave biopsy to determine the type of basal cell carcinomas so that one can decide the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g., &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#:%7E:text=A%20skin%20biopsy%20is%20often,is%20all%20that%20is%20required.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201019001724/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histologic subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Most often, a shave biopsy is all that is required. [Mar 2, 2020]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside of a shave biopsy is that it leaves a small scar. Why not use a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy instead to diagnose suspected facial BCCs, since FNA doesn't leave a visible scar and highly accurate for the diagnosis of BCC according to the 2012 study {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We, therefore, recommend this technique for the initial evaluation of a patient with suspected BCC or in cases of recurrence. The technique is cheap, quick, less invasive, and highly accurate for the diagnosis of BCC. The limitation of the technique is low yield in some of the cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1}'s sample size was 37 so I wonder whether other studies contradicted these findings (e.g., showed that the fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy wasn't accurate enough to diagnose BCC types). So far I've found {2}, which is a case study (= not high level of evidence) on a recurrent BCC of skin successfully diagnosed through FNA is reported.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kassi, Masoom, Pashtoon Murtaza Kasi, Abaseen Khan Afghan, Shah Mohammad Marri, Mahwash Kassi, and Iqbal Tareen. &amp;quot;The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma.&amp;quot; Isrn Dermatology 2012 (2012). &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402%2F2012%2F132196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402%2F2012%2F132196&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318887/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318887/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2] Moatasim, Ambreen. “A Case of Recurrent Basal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.” Experimental pathology 2014 (2014): n. pag. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0681.1000177&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0681.1000177&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-case-of-recurrent-basal-cell-carcinoma-diagnosed-on-fine-needle-aspiration-cytology-2161-0681.1000177.php?aid=30650&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-case-of-recurrent-basal-cell-carcinoma-diagnosed-on-fine-needle-aspiration-cytology-2161-0681.1000177.php?aid=30650&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNucSN&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/jdrdx6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-10-19T02:18:09.690" LastActivityDate="2020-10-19T08:22:10.027" Title="Why isn't fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy used to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24923" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24922" CreationDate="2020-10-19T08:09:56.010" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kassi et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; does state that there is low yield in some cases as you pointed out in your quote and was highlighted in the Reddit cross-post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Again, pointed out in Reddit, you are sucking up individual cells and not taking a piece of tissue and therefore it can have an incredibly low yield and sometimes produce false negative results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With the figures on low yield, as you said in the comments, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kassi et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; points out that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The limitation of the technique is low yield in some of the cases (5.7%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may be correct that this points to 2 out of their 37 patient cohort, however when you consider that about 4.32 million basal cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the US alone,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to one estimate, about 5.4 million basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year in the US (occurring in about 3.3 million Americans, as some people have more than one). About 8 out of 10 of these are basal cell cancers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/about/key-statistics.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Cancer Society, 2020&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that figure of 2 rises to a potential of a much larger number of false negatives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is more accurate to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/testing-biopsy-and-cytology-specimens-for-cancer/what-doctors-look-for.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;look at the &lt;strong&gt;structure/organization&lt;/strong&gt; of the cells&lt;/a&gt; via a shave biopsy. An FNA does not allow you do do that. That is why &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kassi et al. (2012)&lt;/a&gt; only recommends FNA for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the initial evaluation&lt;/strong&gt; of a patient with suspected BCC or in cases of recurrence. The technique is cheap, quick, less invasive, and highly accurate for the diagnosis of BCC. However, “cytology does not give much information about tumor patterns or subtypes which can be related to aggressive behavior and can be very important in further therapeutic decisions” [(&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00893.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vega‐Memije, et al. 2000&lt;/a&gt;)]. This should, thus, be followed by “histopathological confirmation before any therapeutic maneuver is considered” [(&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00893.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vega‐Memije, et al. 2000&lt;/a&gt;)].  &lt;strong&gt;[emphasis mine]&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Cancer Society (2020). Key Statistics for Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers. &lt;em&gt;American Cancer Society&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/about/key-statistics.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/about/key-statistics.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Kassi, M., Kasi, P. M., Afghan, A. K., Marri, S. M., Kassi, M., &amp;amp; Tareen, I. (2012). The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma. &lt;em&gt;Isrn Dermatology, 2012&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Open Access&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132196&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/132196&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vega‐Memije, E., De Larios, N. M., Waxtein, L. M., &amp;amp; Dominguez‐Soto, L. (2000). Cytodiagnosis of cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinoma. &lt;em&gt;International journal of dermatology, 39&lt;/em&gt;(2), 116-120. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00893.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00893.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-10-19T08:22:10.027" LastActivityDate="2020-10-19T08:22:10.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24925" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24911" CreationDate="2020-10-19T16:07:31.193" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Effective dose&amp;quot; is not a physical quantity, but a calculated summary value meant to evaluate the risk of some radiation exposure to other sources and to set occupational limits.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Fisher &amp;amp; Fahey 2017:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Effective dose is a mathematical construct, concept, or surrogate of risk, used in radiation protection as the basis for calculating annual radiation limits to workers and members of the public from exposure to radiation and intakes of radionuclides.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection&lt;/a&gt; is the body that determines how to make these calculations. They weight the absorbed dose targeted to different organs by the risk of radiation exposure to those organs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, radiation exposure to the head has a higher risk to tissues in the head than elsewhere in the body, but the effective dose is a measure that allows for equivalent comparisons to be made when radiation is targeted elsewhere or received by the whole body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Fisher &amp;amp; Fahey paper goes into more depth on the appropriate and inappropriate uses for this measure and related measures, so I recommend it for further reading if you are interested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fisher, D. R., &amp;amp; Fahey, F. H. (2017). Appropriate use of effective dose in radiation protection and risk assessment. Health physics, 113(2), 102.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-10-19T16:07:31.193" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24927" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-19T23:59:19.290" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a neoplasm of uncertain behavior of skin on a patient's face that is suspected to be a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the typical first step is to perform a shave biopsy to determine the type of basal cell carcinomas so that one can decide the treatment {1}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The downside of a shave biopsy is that it leaves a small scar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The main 4 types of BCCs are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;superficial: often treatable with imiquimod cream {2,3,4},&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;nodular: sometimes treatable with imiquimod cream {2,3},&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;micronodular: requires surgery (preferably Mohs if on face for cosmetic reason),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;infiltrative: requires surgery (preferably Mohs if on face for cosmetic reason).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't imiquimod cream used prior to performing a biopsy used for a suspected facial basal cell carcinoma?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rationale: if imiquimod cream is successful in treating the BCC, no need to perform a biopsy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#:%7E:text=A%20skin%20biopsy%20is%20often,is%20all%20that%20is%20required.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201019001724/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histologic subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Most often, a shave biopsy is all that is required. [Mar 2, 2020]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{2} Bath-Hextall, Fiona, Mara Ozolins, Sarah J. Armstrong, Graham B. Colver, William Perkins, Paul SJ Miller, and Hywel C. Williams. &amp;quot;Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.&amp;quot; The lancet oncology 15, no. 1 (2014): 96-105. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70530-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70530-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod was inferior to surgery according to our predefined non-inferiority criterion. Although excisional surgery remains the best treatment for low-risk basal-cell carcinoma, imiquimod cream might still be a useful treatment option for small low-risk superficial or nodular basal-cell carcinoma dependent on factors such as patient preference, size and site of the lesion, and whether the patient has more than one lesion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Note: I believe the statement &amp;quot;Although excisional surgery remains the best treatment for low-risk basal-cell carcinoma&amp;quot; is incorrect, as from what I recall Mohs surgery has been shown to yield superior results compared to excisional surgery.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{3} &lt;a href=&quot;https://dermnetnz.org/topics/imiquimod/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dermnetnz.org/topics/imiquimod/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod is mainly used to treat: [...] Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), especially superficial BCC and sometimes low-risk nodular BCC&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{4} Raasch, Beverly. &amp;quot;Management of superficial basal cell carcinoma: focus on imiquimod.&amp;quot; Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology: CCID 2 (2009): 65. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2Fccid.s3507&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2Fccid.s3507&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047930/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047930/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To date one long-term study indicates a treatment success rate [of Imiquimod for superficial BCCs] of 78%–81% and that initial response is a predictor of long-term outcome. Recurrences tend to occur within the first year after treatment. Future research will com&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pNuE00&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/jeeis3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://redd.it/jeh1m7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit 2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskDocs/comments/jdxrqx/weekly_discussiongeneral_questions_thread_october/g9eb81x/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit 3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-10-21T16:31:56.537" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T16:31:56.537" Title="Why isn't imiquimod cream used prior to performing a biopsy used for suspected facial basal cell carcinomas?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24932" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-20T21:05:25.947" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Prior to the availability of the chickenpox vaccine in the mid-90s, I recall the prevailing medical recommendation was to expose children to the virus at &amp;quot;chickenpox parties&amp;quot; with other kids who were sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Today of course, there is a vaccine which is a more controlled way of gaining immunity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What aspects/conditions of the disease made these &amp;quot;chickenpox parties&amp;quot; recommended?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any similar approaches to any other viruses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20613" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T01:07:36.217" Title="What makes &quot;chickenpox parties&quot; recommended?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;chickenpox&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24933" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24932" CreationDate="2020-10-21T01:07:36.217" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;My recollection of that time was not that &lt;strong&gt;doctors&lt;/strong&gt; recommended being exposed to chickenpox but rather that &lt;strong&gt;parents&lt;/strong&gt; sometimes chose to expose their children at a time they felt might be more convenient for the family, since everyone would catch it eventually. Some recommended times to get it: while you only had one child to look after (subsequent children then each getting it one at a time), while it was summer and they could play outside without clothes that might hurt on rashed skin, before they started school so they wouldn't miss class time, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the vaccine was new, there was uncertainty about how long the immunity lasted. My doctor recommended at that time that if a girl didn't get it by puberty, she should get the vaccine (chickenpox while you're pregnant is serious.) I believe the current recommendations are to get the vaccine and try to avoid catching the virus, which thanks to the vaccine is a strategy you can actually follow, since less kids now catch it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pox_party&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; says doctors have never recommended deliberately getting infected with anything, and it seems pretty easy for reporters doing a story on such parties to find a doctor who says it's a bad idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T01:07:36.217" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-21T01:46:03.153" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;Resveratrol, an antioxidant that has been linked to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28668442/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;decrease in thyroid function&lt;/a&gt; due to the suppression of certain thyroid genes related to the iodide uptake in thyrocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baking soda might be able to &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21042013/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;improve the function of the thyroid&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can taking an oral supplementation of baking soda negate and/or counteract the decrease in thyroid function caused by resveratrol?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20614" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T22:08:19.387" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T11:26:33.493" Title="Does oral baking soda supplementation improve decreased thyroid function caused by resveratrol?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;thyroid&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-21T03:17:12.823" Score="0" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that the chief reason likely the vast majority of ludicrously priced medications are as such, is not because they're expensive to produce per se, but because pharmaceutical companies have to make a profit (after initial development costs, other overhead, etc), and &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to make the biggest profit possible (and so engage in whatever price gougery they can get away with against a captive market).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm not really interested in those reasons right now. I'm wondering which medications are most expensive for their &lt;em&gt;reagents and/or production processes alone&lt;/em&gt; (excluding startup costs, for the latter). As in, if a vial of the medicine were accidentally destroyed, how much would that mistake materially cost to the manufacturer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20615" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-10-21T18:03:22.437" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T18:03:22.437" Title="What are the most expensive medications to manufacture?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24937" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24943" CreationDate="2020-10-21T07:40:58.133" Score="1" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know the process of drug approval; the flow from R＆D, planning a clinical trial to drug approval, or other additional process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I am aware, some documents provide too much detail about a clinical trial's procedural flow, still, I could not find any documents that provide an overview of the entire process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may vary from country to country, but I'd like to know about the following, mainly for the US and Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I understand the typical flow from planning to a clinical trial to approval to be as follows? If I'm wrong, please correct it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical trial's procedural flow　(As I understand it.):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(1)Pre-clinical study:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Simulate the efficacy and safety of an investigational drug by in vivo studies.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(2) Pre IND consultation:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;Consult with regulatory authorities to bring the clinical trial plan to an acceptable level. (Target Disease, Optimize dosage, number of subjects and endpoints, setting up observation periods, etc.)&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(3) IND:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Submission of Clinical Trial Plan.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(4) Review of Clinical Trial Plans by Regulatory Authorities：&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Regulatory Authorities determine the acceptance/rejection of the clinical trial plan.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(5) Conducting a Clinical Trial:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;Patient Recruitment, FPI, ..., LPI, and data analysis.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(6)Pre-NDA/BLA consultation:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;Pre-consultation to meet the requirements for the NDA/BLA.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(7)NDA/BLA:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; Request to have regulatory authority's review to the investigational drug.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;(8)Approval&lt;/strong&gt;：&lt;br&gt;&#xA;To obtain permission to sell it as a pharmaceutical product. Permission is granted to advocate that the product has specific medicinal properties.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T11:39:31.303" LastActivityDate="2020-11-15T20:21:41.757" Title="The process of drug approval; The flow from R＆D, planning a clinical trial to drug approval, or other additional process" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24938" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23575" CreationDate="2020-10-21T07:55:21.870" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think the term &amp;quot;clinical study&amp;quot; is broader in meaning than the term 'clinical trial'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think a 'clinical trial' is a clinical study to obtain approval for an investigational drug or medical device, and the notion of the 'clinical study' includes studies that are not aimed at obtaining approval.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, 'the study to find the effect of &amp;quot;Azadirachta indica&amp;quot;' is a clinical study, but I think it is somewhat incongruous to call this a clinical trial.  However, if the active ingredient is purified and then sought for approval as a drug, I think it would regarded as a clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/learn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;website&lt;/a&gt; of ClinicalTrials.gov has following descriptions;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two main types of clinical studies: clinical trials (also called interventional studies) and observational studies. ClinicalTrials.gov includes both interventional and observational studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the description above, if it is an interventional study, it might be called a clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-21T08:07:32.897" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T08:07:32.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24939" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24897" CreationDate="2020-10-21T08:28:07.543" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The followings are English translations of quotations from one &lt;a href=&quot;https://bsd.neuroinf.jp/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F#cite_note-ref10-10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;commentary&lt;/a&gt;, written by a Japanese brain expert. (Unfortunately, the commentary itself is written in Japanese)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By closely examining brain tissue samples from patients who died after taking anticancer drugs, researchers found that even in adult brains, neurons were nascent, at least in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809557/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809557/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, a study using 14C as a tracer suggest that neurogenesis in the neocortex is very limited.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567918/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567918/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the abstract of the first literature, you can achieve general understanding of how to prove neurogenesis. The following is a definitive statement of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809557/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first literature&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Human brain tissue was obtained postmortem from patients who had been treated with the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), that labels DNA during the S phase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nature of the anticancer drug of first literature  was such that it was only taken up into the DNA when the cells were dividing. The fact that these anticancer drug-incorporated nerve cells were located near the hippocampus seems to prove neurogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second paper used  14C level in DNA as a date mark for when a cell was born based on following facts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Concentration of environmental 14C (these are produced in nuclear tests) has decreased exponentially since the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The DNA is stable after a cell has gone through its last cell division.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The key is to use substances having  both of following properties; if we can prove that the substance was taken up at least after adulthood, then we can prove that the cells divided after adulthood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;only taken up into the cell when the cell divides, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stay stably inside the cell after the cell divides.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For more information, read the references　(written in English) cited above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-21T15:58:28.797" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T15:58:28.797" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24941" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24884" CreationDate="2020-10-21T18:25:20.493" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an excellent description of exactly how the urea breath test is done and why it is useful in detecting whether there might be H. pylori.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123218/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123218/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Berger A.  Helicobacter pylori breath tests.  BMJ.  2002;324:1263.  doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7348.1263 PMCID: PMC1123218 PMID: 12028983&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As described in this paper,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Patients first drink a sachet of orange juice or citric acid. This&#xA;rapidly closes the duodenal sphincter to contain the stomach contents.&#xA;They are then asked to blow through a straw into a glass tube with a&#xA;screw cap lid. This provides the baseline sample. Next, they consume a&#xA;drink containing 13C enriched urea (about 100 ml) and after 30 minutes&#xA;repeat the blowing exercise into a second tube. This provides the&#xA;post-dose sample. Both samples are sent away for carbon dioxide&#xA;isotope analysis by mass spectrometry (laboratories usually return the&#xA;results within a few days).  The level of 13C in the baseline sample&#xA;will be normal. If levels rise in the post-dose sample, this suggests&#xA;the presence of H pylori. The enriched urea provided by the testing&#xA;kit must have been broken down to produce high levels of 13C in the&#xA;breath and this implies the presence of urease excreting H pylori in&#xA;the stomach. “&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Peptic ulcer disease is a term that includes both ulcers in the stomach (i.e., gastric ulcers) and ulcers in the duodenum (duodenal ulcers).  H. pylori is involved in the pathogenesis of both gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers but the mechanisms are different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This lecture prepared by Dr. Mahra Arafah and Dr. Ahmed Al Humaidi for medical education at the King Saud University and posted on slide share provides an especially understandable explanation of the complex pathogenesis of peptic ulcers.  To understand better the role of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers compared with duodenal ulcers, see in particular slides 21-26.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://slideplayer.com/slide/13083448/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://slideplayer.com/slide/13083448/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is explained in detail in the lecture is summarized in the abstract of a paper by Walker and Crabtree (1998):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative spiral bacterium confined to&#xA;the habitat of gastric-type epithelium.  [bolded for emphasis]  H.&#xA;pylori causes duodenal ulceration by a cumulative effect of antral&#xA;predominant gastritis with increased acid secretion, consequent&#xA;gastric metaplasia in the duodenum (a site of further colonization by&#xA;H. pylori), duodenitis, reduced duodenal bicarbonate secretion, and&#xA;mucosal damage.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9928373/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9928373/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As explained in a 1996 article by Khulusi et al.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Gastric metaplasia (GM) of the duodenum is the replacement of groups&#xA;of duodenal epithelial cells by those with a gastric mucosal&#xA;phenotype. It is a feature of the duodenal bulb and is generally&#xA;believed to occur as a nonspecific response to acid/peptic damage and&#xA;is strongly associated with duodenal ulceration.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Khulusi S, Badve S, Patel P, et al.  Pathogenesis of gastric metaplasia of the human duodenum: role of Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, and ulceration. Gastroenterology. 1996 Feb;110(2):452-8. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566592. PMID: 8566592.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In answer to your question, the urea breath test is used to detect/diagnosis H. pylori in the stomach.  The test can be useful in evaluating people with symptoms of duodenal ulcer but does not specifically detect/diagnose H. pylori colonization of the duodenum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-21T18:25:20.493" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-21T21:17:37.370" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a neoplasm of uncertain behavior of skin on a patient's face that is suspected to be a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the typical first step is to perform a shave biopsy to determine the type of basal cell carcinomas so that one can decide the treatment {1}. Punch biopsies are also sometimes used instead of shave biopsies {2}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Shave biopsies and punch biopsies used to diagnose suspected BCCs measure a few mm {2}. The downside of such shave or punch biopsies is that they leave a small scar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do shave biopsies and punch biopsies used to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas measure a few mm instead of being below 1mm to avoid visible scarring? Of perhaps I am mistaken and there does exist biopsies to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas that avoid visible scarring?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't think we need to get over 1mm of cells for a histology to determine whether a neoplasm of uncertain behavior of skin is a BCC, and if it is, the BCC type, since a human skin cell is much smaller than 1mm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#:%7E:text=A%20skin%20biopsy%20is%20often,is%20all%20that%20is%20required.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201019001724/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histologic subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Most often, a shave biopsy is all that is required. [Mar 2, 2020]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{2} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201021194830/https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZnWnq.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZnWnq.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have crossposted the question at:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/unanswered/Why-do-shave-biopsies-and-punch-biopsies-used-to-diagnose-suspected-facial-basal-cell-carcinomas-measure-a-few-mm-which-causes-a-small-scar-instead-of-being-below-1mm-to-avoid-visible-scarring?sharing=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Quora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/AskDocs/comments/jdxrqx/weekly_discussiongeneral_questions_thread_october/g9l1tbl/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reddit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-10-30T23:49:19.360" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T23:49:19.360" Title="Why do shave biopsies and punch biopsies used to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas measure a few mm instead of being below 1mm?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24943" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24937" CreationDate="2020-10-22T01:46:53.550" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm afraid it would be frowned you all if I answered it by myself and took my response as a solution, but...&#xA;As I mentioned in the comments section above, I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/fdas-drug-review-process-continued&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a very summarized resource&lt;/a&gt; on the FDA's web site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(1)FDA&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/fdas-drug-review-process-continued&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;, Drug Review Steps Simplified is as follows.(This is a regular approve route. Not a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24343/progress-of-the-fdas-review-of-rmat-products&quot;&gt;shortcut-way&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BoxF1&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Preclinical (animal) testing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An investigational new drug application (IND) outlines what the sponsor of a new drug proposes for human testing in clinical trials.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 1 studies (typically involve 20 to 80 people).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 2 studies (typically involve a few dozen to about 300 people).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Phase 3 studies (typically involve several hundred to about 3,000 people).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The pre-NDA period, just before a new drug application (NDA) is submitted. A common time for the FDA and drug sponsors to meet.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Submission of an NDA is the formal step asking the FDA to consider a drug for marketing approval.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After an NDA is received, the FDA has 60 days to decide whether to file it so it can be reviewed.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the FDA files the NDA, an FDA review team is assigned to evaluate the sponsor's research on the drug's safety and effectiveness.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The FDA reviews information that goes on a drug's professional labeling (information on how to use the drug).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The FDA inspects the facilities where the drug will be manufactured as part of the approval process.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FDA reviewers will approve the application or issue a complete response letter.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now that's a generally satisfactory answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While #1, #2, and ... describe &amp;quot;what action is to be taken&amp;quot;, it is not clear who is to perform these action. However, #1 is likely to be a matter for the drug companies (sponcer) side.　Perhaps the action should be taken by the sponsor, except for the step where the subject of the action is specified as the FDA　(For example #8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The #2 above is an explanation of the role of the document being reviewed, not &amp;quot;what action will be taken,&amp;quot; but the reality is probably &amp;quot;the action will be that this document will be submitted at this step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, although it's not specified in the Box above, I think you probably need to get permission to conduct a separate clinical trial for each　of phase 1 to 3 (see #3 through #5 in the Box above). But, I don't have the rationale for that at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/pre-ind-consultation-program&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pre-IND Consultation&lt;/a&gt; described in the questions section also appears to be a real process in the US.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, in addition to the INDs and NDAs mentioned in the Box above, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/special-features/frequently-asked-questions-about-fda-drug-approval-process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;following types&lt;/a&gt; of drug applications that can be submitted to FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Biologic License Application (BLA)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Other FDA's resources&lt;/a&gt; have been narrowed down to five from BoxF1's (See Box F2); it omits typical administrative procedures, such as IND, NDA,... . On the other hand, it also contains an explanation of post marketing surveillance, which is not described in Box F1.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BoxF2&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;STEP1:&lt;/strong&gt; Discovery and Development&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Research for a new drug begins in the laboratory.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;STEP2:&lt;/strong&gt; Preclinical Research&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Drugs undergo laboratory and animal testing to answer basic questions about safety.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;STEP3:&lt;/strong&gt; Clinical Research&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Drugs are tested on people to make sure they are safe and effective.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;STEP4:&lt;/strong&gt; FDA Review&lt;br&gt;&#xA;FDA review teams thoroughly examine all of the submitted data related to the drug or device and make a decision to approve or not to approve it.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;STEP5:&lt;/strong&gt; FDA Post-Market Safety Monitoring&lt;br&gt;&#xA;FDA monitors all drug and device safety once products are available for use by the public.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cderlearn-training-and-education/drug-approval-case-studies&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more detailed course&lt;/a&gt; designed for non expert .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA has committees that advise on drugs, medical devices and regenerative medicine products. That is discussed in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24980/relationship-between-fda-agencies-and-the-advisory-committee&quot;&gt;Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(2)EMA &lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;For EMA, the followings are beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/from-lab-to-patient-timeline&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/from-lab-to-patient-timeline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/how-are-new-medicines-approved-ema&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/how-are-new-medicines-approved-ema&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/evaluation-medicines-step-step&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/evaluation-medicines-step-step&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/laboratory-patient-journey-centrally-authorised-medicine_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/laboratory-patient-journey-centrally-authorised-medicine_en.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EMA's schema of Drug Review includes the followings (This is a regular approve route. Not a shortcut-way;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BoxE1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scientific advice &lt;br&gt;・EMA can provide scientific advice to help medicine developers generate robust data on medicines.&lt;br&gt;・Developers ask specific questions about their plans to develop their medicine.&lt;br&gt;・EMA responds to the questions, often consulting additional experts and patients.&lt;br&gt;・EMA provides its advice, which is not binding either on EMA regarding future assessment of the medicine or on the developer, which can decide not to follow it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Research &amp;amp; development&lt;br&gt;・Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, doctors and academics research new medicines.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Evaluation &lt;br&gt;・Developers apply for marketing authorization and submit data.&lt;br&gt;・EMA starts its assessment and prepares questions for the medicine developer.&lt;br&gt;・EMA often consults additional experts, healthcare professionals and patients.&lt;br&gt;・EMA recommends whether or not the medicine can be authorized for use in patients.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Authorization&lt;br&gt;The European Commission takes a final decision on whether the medicine can be marketed in the EU&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Access&lt;br&gt;National and regional authorities decide on pricing and reimbursement.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Safety monitoring &lt;br&gt; Once the medicine is authorized, EMA and national authorities continuously monitor its safety.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has following seven &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/committees/how-committees-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scientific committees&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Paediatric Committee (PDCO)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the EMA's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/committees/how-committees-work&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;, committees and working parties also contribute to the development of medicines and medicine regulation, by the followings;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box E2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;providing scientific advice to companies researching and developing new medicines;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;preparing scientific guidelines and regulatory guidance to help pharmaceutical companies prepare marketing authorisation applications;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;contributing to the harmonisation of regulatory requirements n the EU and internationally.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical devices in Europe seem to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326593/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CE-mark based&lt;/a&gt;, but now it's in the middle of the confusion. I don't understand this, so I'd like to split the question separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-15T20:21:41.757" LastActivityDate="2020-11-15T20:21:41.757" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-22T08:21:37.297" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that the recommended daily dose of folic acid is 400 mcg/day. What would be the equivalent daily doses of folinic acid and of 5MTHF, if a person would decide to substitute folic acid with them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mean, what would be the dose of folinic acid or 5MTHF with a vitamin activity similar to that of 400 mcg of folic acid? What are the conversion coefficients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can see two downvotes for &amp;quot;lacking prior research&amp;quot;, but that is just untrue. I googled to find the answer using all word combinations I could come up with. Try googling and you'll soon discover that it's not easy to get the answer. I haven't managed to find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-10-24T15:32:54.853" LastActivityDate="2020-10-24T15:32:54.853" Title="Dose of folinic acid/5MTHF equivalent to 400 mcg folic acid?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24945" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-22T18:23:20.567" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I must begin with the fact that I am not a physician nor a soon to-be one, I ask this question in a naïve and not-so-professional way because I don't want to mislead anyone - the examples and analogies I write here may be false and deceiving - it is because I want to be extra clear and using these examples I will be able to convey the main question/idea.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The big &amp;quot;straight-forward&amp;quot; question is the same as the title:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Why do we need histamines - even if the allergen is not harmless to us?&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I will give myself as an explanation to this question.&#xA;I was diagnosed with Allergic Rhinitis a couple of months ago (even though the allergy was still my &amp;quot;friend&amp;quot; for a long time before that). I am allergic to dust, seasonal allergy and dog/cat fur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I do get an allergic attack - My body starts one hell of a ride that consists of: sneezing, fatigue/sleepiness and a runny nose, for at least 10 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My main question is why shouldn't I take a pill or a medicine that suppresses the &amp;quot;manufacturing&amp;quot; of histamine, if those are the reason I get these kinds of allergic attack. Does sneezing / having a runny nose / being tired actually help the body to treat the allergy? If no, then why do we need histamines to trigger those kind of mechanisms in our body? Would you harm yourself if you would take a medicine that suppresses the manufacturing of histamines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparing myself to other people who are not allergic to (let's say) dog fur, they can pet a dog all day long and not sneeze once, or even wash their hands (let's leave the hygiene behind for a moment). This tells me that the histamines don't trigger an allergic reaction because they don't recognize dog fur as an &amp;quot;enemy&amp;quot; - because it is not (I am not talking about the extreme cases that can lead to death - because this is not the case here - I've pet a lot of dogs and did not die, which means I am not one of these rare cases)!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope I was clear, and I also hope I am in the right exchange site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I am &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; asking for any diagnostics, it is a theoretical question.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you very much for your time! :-)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20621" LastActivityDate="2020-10-22T18:23:20.567" Title="Why do we need histamines - If the allergen does not really bother you?" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;allergen&gt;&lt;seasonal-allergies&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24947" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-23T01:40:51.317" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I watched a surgery on youtube &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_pKvASMuxw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. It's a lower blepharoplasty - a cosmetic surgery to remove &amp;quot;eye bags&amp;quot;. The surgeon in that video cuts out small chunks of fat from pockets around the eye. Then, to my surprise, the assistant chops the fat into tiny bits and the surgeon stuffs it back in the face, in another pocket closer to the nose. (This happens around the 12 minute mark.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm surprised that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The fat tissue can survive after it has been cut off from its blood vessels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;They are not worried about the fat moving around.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone address those two points? Does the fat regrow blood vessel connections to surrounding tissue? Or does it somehow survive by simply being close to blood vessels? And for point #2, does it regrow attachments or connective tissue to keep in place?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20624" LastEditorUserId="20624" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T03:29:44.123" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T04:44:53.293" Title="Fat cut out and repositioned in facial surgery - how does it survive and reattach?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24951" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-23T14:26:53.777" Score="3" ViewCount="64" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm 40 years old, and remember the years in my youth when stem cells were touted as the great new miracle discovery.  And like most promising new discoveries I've seen the press quietly died away and we never heard about them again for whatever reason.  I'm now seeing clinics popping up all over the country offering PRP (platelet rich plasma) and MSC (Mesenchymal Stem Cell) injections to treat a variety of issues, including bulging/turn discs and spinal arthritis, since around 2013ish.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I cannot tell if there is any real clinical evidence of efficacy.  I have found studies that imply PRP treatments are showing promise, but are have several years old.  I have found some press about clinical trials from 2017, but no follow up.  I found one paper on animal studies that showed great results.  And clinics like Regenexx say that they have data showing incredible effectiveness, but I haven't seen any analysis or corroboration of such data.  Much of my Googling is coming up with out-of-date information, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of 2020, is there any peer-reviewed clinical evidence (double blind studies preferred) that show efficacy (or lack thereof) of either PRP or MSC injections for back pain caused by disc herniations and/or arthritis?  If not, is there any peer-reviewed clinical evidence of the efficacy of these treatments for any conditions?  Or are these clinics just selling a new brand of pyramid power?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some of the studies and (mutually inconsistent) information I've run across:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Per a comment suggesting I link some of the information I've come across that is confusing me:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reference to positive in vitro and animal data: &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-016-3178-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-016-3178-3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NY Times article from 2019 implying no benefit but referencing unspecified success data from Regenixx: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/health/stem-cells-fda.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/health/stem-cells-fda.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Article from 2018 that implies evidence exists, but is a little above my level to understand fully: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911760/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911760/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19551" OwnerDisplayName="Nicholas" LastEditorUserId="19551" LastEditDate="2020-10-23T16:33:33.740" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T04:29:47.680" Title="Is there any clinical evidence that PRP or MSC injections help spinal arthritis or disc problems?" Tags="&lt;stem-cells&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24956" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24934" CreationDate="2020-10-24T16:47:06.597" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK. I'll tackle your question in two parts....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The baking soda part:&#xA;If you've read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21042013/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source article&lt;/a&gt; cited by you till the end, you will understand that oral sodium bicarbonate, &lt;strong&gt;through correction of metabolic acidosis&lt;/strong&gt;, improved thyroid function in CKD patients. So...the so called helpful effect which you've mentioned is seen only in patients with chronic kidney disease. It doesn't directly effect thyroid metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Resveratrol part:&#xA;Again in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28668442/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; cited by you, the said 'negative' effects were seen only in in-vitro cell lines. Not in humans. Even the in-vivo rat study showed no clinical effects (only biochemical and histological evidence of goitrogenic potential). These kinds of anti-oxidants are prescribed by doctors only after weighing the risks and benifits (like in case of cancer patients).&#xA;Remember:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Only the right dose differentiates a drug from poison&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20636" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-10-25T11:26:33.493" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T11:26:33.493" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24958" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-25T13:40:51.530" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;My PCR report contains my personal information and the following information. I want to understand what the values and terminologies mean.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SARS-CoV-2 by Real-Time RT-PCR ASSAY (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Result: Positive&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ORF1ab gene - 28.50 | Ct value - ≤38&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N gene - 29.18 | Ct value - ≤38&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E gene 28.40 | Ct value - ≤37&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20639" LastActivityDate="2020-10-25T13:40:51.530" Title="What do these terminologies and values in a PCR report mean?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-25T18:49:49.567" Score="2" ViewCount="97" Body="&lt;p&gt;People who are already suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease(IBD) are at risk of developing nutritional deficiency. One clinical option is to supplement them. But as their gut is already compromised such conventional supplements are contraindicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-154756-280/complete-multivitamin-multimineral-oral/multivitamins-w-iron-includes-prenatal-vitamins-oral/details/list-contraindications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMd&lt;/a&gt; these are some of the contraindications of multimineral supplements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;an ulcer from too much stomach acid&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;a type of stomach irritation called gastritis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;ulcerative colitis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;an inflammatory condition of the intestines&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do guidelines exist for how people with Inflammatory Bowel Disorder should supplement with multiminerals and not risk a flare?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other ways of supplementing? Are there supplements that are not contraindicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-01-26T15:48:58.067" LastActivityDate="2021-01-30T22:30:22.790" Title="How can people supplement minerals when they have IBD?" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;minerals&gt;&lt;crohns&gt;&lt;ulcerative-colitis&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24961" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24974" CreationDate="2020-10-25T23:32:27.500" Score="0" ViewCount="71" Body="&lt;p&gt;With my work we're required to get frequent COVID tests. Sometimes it happens we get COVID tested twice before the first day of work. So for example if I'm working Saturday I may get tested the previous Saturday and Thursday. Wouldn't the most recent test be the most accurate? What's the point of doing two? Even if COVID is dormant in the body, wouldn't the second one still be more accurate? There's a lot of bureaucracy in the industry and it wouldn't surprise em if this practice is pointless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17109" LastActivityDate="2020-10-27T13:57:49.543" Title="Do having multiple COVID tests decrease the chance of a false negative?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;intestine&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-11-12T05:27:16.207" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24962" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-25T23:53:31.160" Score="-1" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how frequently the use of topical imiquimod cream results in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration (e.g., hyper- or hypopigmentation). What I have found so far doesn't give any source supporting their claims and is sometimes contradictory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rxlist.com/aldara-side-effects-drug-center.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.rxlist.com/aldara-side-effects-drug-center.htm&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changes in skin color of the treated area may occur and may not go away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/imiquimod-topical-route/side-effects/drg-20067474&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/imiquimod-topical-route/side-effects/drg-20067474&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less common [side effect]: white, yellow or waxy scar-like area&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/imiquimod-skin-cancer-treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/imiquimod-skin-cancer-treatment&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Little scarring&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No skin discoloration&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/14441Paldara.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/14441Paldara.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201121005607/https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Allergic reactions to Aldara are rare. If you have a severe reaction, there is a small risk of scarring or hair loss. Rarely, Aldara can cause a flare up of a pre-existing autoimmune disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(note: Aldara is a US Brand Name for 5% imiquimod cream and Zyclara is for 2.5% and 3.75%)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387%7B1%7D&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387{1}&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Topical 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod: Noninvasive. Rarely causes scarring. Avoids operative risks. Able to use in patients who are otherwise not candidates for surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How frequently does the use of topical imiquimod cream (e.g., to treat a superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC)) result in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration? I'm looking for a percentage from some study instead of a vague, unsupported &amp;quot;rare&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sometimes&amp;quot;, etc. that the quotes above give&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Aasi, S., and Robert S. Stern. &amp;quot;Treatment of basal cell carcinomas at high risk for recurrence.&amp;quot; 2011. &lt;a href=&quot;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201121005607/https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?34/35/35387&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-21T00:57:28.910" LastActivityDate="2020-11-21T00:57:28.910" Title="How frequently does the use of topical imiquimod result in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;&lt;hyperpigmentation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24821" CreationDate="2020-10-26T07:34:22.203" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your first reference points out the difference between a lateral ankle view versus an oblique view. The oblique view is taken from a lateral position but the joint is tilted so that the rays travel parallel to the joint surface. Otherwise, a lateral view results in superimposition of different parts of the joint being imaged rendering it unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3414" LastActivityDate="2020-10-26T07:34:22.203" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24966" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-26T13:49:03.543" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that normal MRIs use a &amp;quot;coil&amp;quot; which is wrapped around the body and the machine scans only the area where the coil is located and the area is only about 12-16 inches or so in width. So, for example, if the spine needs to be MRI'ed then it is done in several segments, thoracic, lumbar, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it seems that some MRI centers offer &amp;quot;full body MRI&amp;quot; that can scan the entire body in one step.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the difference between these processes? Is the same type of machine used for both?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-02-16T17:06:15.623" Title="What is the difference between a regular and full body MRI?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24969" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24951" CreationDate="2020-10-26T22:22:43.823" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The question of the efficacy of stem cell treatments is a topic of great current (October 2020) interest with randomized clinical trials on-going or planned for a variety of conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This 2020 publication is a systematic review of studies of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies for the treatment of osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Maleitzke T, Elazaly H, Festbaum C, et al. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapy-An Alternative to Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis? A State of the Art Review of Clinical Trials. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2062. Published 2020 Jun 30. doi:10.3390/jcm9072062&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409016/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409016/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review provides a description of studies of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies for treatment of osteoarthritis that are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and are currently recruiting along with their registration numbers.  Review of these registered and recruiting trials gives an idea of the scope of interest in these therapies for one condition—osteoarthritis—as well as the diversity of approaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The review identified published randomized placebo-controlled trials of mesenchymal stromal cell treatments for osteoarthritis as well as randomized trials with an active treatment comparison and non-randomized studies (sometimes called trials but not really trials).  These are described in Table 2 of the cited publication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors do not try to meta-analyze data from these published studies.  Nor do they draw conclusions about whether mesenchymal stromal cell treatments should or should not be used to treat osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two studies cited in this review (reference 83 and 103) seem to address the question of whether there are any randomized trials that show benefits of mesenchymal cell-based therapies for any condition.  There are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FREITAG, BATES, WICKHAM et al.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference 83 is a reference to a study of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Freitag J, Bates D, Wickham J, et a.  Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Regen Med. 2019;14:213-230. doi: 10.2217/rme-2018-0161. Epub 2019 Feb 14. PMID: 30762487.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article is available in full-text form for free. The link is accessed from PubMed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trial was registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinic Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12614000814673).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were 30 patients in the trial.  They were randomized to three groups with 10 patients in each group—a single intra-articular injection of 108 (100 million) mesenchymal cells, two injections of 108 (100 million) mesenchymal cells six months apart, and a control (ongoing conventional conservative management only).  The mesenchymal cells were autologous—derived from the treated persons own adipose tissue.  The participants were not blinded to their treatment assignment.  Randomization was “prepared in advance using a random number generator.”  However, researchers with direct involvement in participant recruitment and treatment were blinded to the randomization process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In spite of random assignment, participants in the control group had a lower body mass index than participants in the treatment groups (25.2 for control compared with 31.6 in the group given 1 injection and 30.4 in the group given two injections).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow-up was done at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Main results for pain and function were as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Pain, as measured by the NPRS [Numeric Pain Rating Scale], in the&#xA;one-injection group and two-injection group improved from a mean&#xA;(standard deviation) of 6.7 (1.7) and 6.5 (1.4) to 2.6 (1.8) and 2.3&#xA;(2) respectively at completion of the study. Within group improvement&#xA;when compared with baseline was statistically significant (&amp;lt; 0.05)&#xA;throughout all time points in both the single and two injection&#xA;protocol treatment groups.   Similarly, between group differences&#xA;revealed that both the one-injection and two-injection groups had&#xA;significantly less pain at 12 months compared with the Control group.&#xA;No significant differences were found between the two treatment&#xA;groups.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“KOOS [Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score] subscale analysis&#xA;showed consistent improvement in all subscales during follow-up and&#xA;this was maintained until completion of follow-up at 12 months. There&#xA;was no significant difference at 12 months in all subscales between&#xA;the two treatment groups. All subscales displayed statistically&#xA;significant improvement against control at 12 months of follow-up. The&#xA;one-injection group had more consistent improvement against Control&#xA;throughout the follow-up period.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MATAS, ORREGO, AMENABAR et al.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference 103 is a reference to a study of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Matas J, Orrego M, Amenabar D, et al. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for Knee Osteoarthritis: Repeated MSC Dosing Is Superior to a Single MSC Dose and to Hyaluronic Acid in a Controlled Randomized Phase I/II Trial. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019;8(3):215-224. doi:10.1002/sctm.18-0053&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The full-text can be accessed on PMC.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6392367/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6392367/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study was registered at Clinical Trials.gov (NCT02589695).  It was a randomized, double-blind study of a single versus repeated (two) injections of umbilical-derived mesenchymal stromal cells compared with compared with standard therapy--repeated (two) injections of intra‐articular hyaluronic acid—in patients with knee OA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were 29 patients in the trial.  They were randomized to three groups—10 were allocated to receive a single intra-articular injection of 20 x 106 (20 million) umbilical-derived mesenchymal cells at baseline and a plasma/saline placebo injection at six month; 10 were allocated to receive a baseline intra-articular injection of 20 x 106 (20 million) umbilical-cord mesenchymal cells and another injection of 20 x 106 (20 million) cells at six months; 9 were allocated to receive two intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid--one at baseline and another at six months.  There was 1 drop-out in each of the three groups leaving 9 patients in the single injection group, 9 in the two injection group, and 8 in active treatment comparator.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mesenchymal cells were allogenic—derived from the umbilical cords obtained from full‐term human placentas by cesarean section after informed consent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The investigators and the participants were blinded to their treatment assignment.  Randomization was described as being “by electronic data entry system.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Follow-up was done at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 52 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pain and function outcomes were assessed using a number of instruments-- the Western Ontario and Mc Master Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), the Pain Visual Analog scale (VAS), the Short‐form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire, the Patient Global Assessment, and the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Committee (OMERACT)‐Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) Responder Index Criteria .&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results were reported for the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, the Pain Visual Analogue Scale, the SF-36, and Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT)-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARS) Responder Index.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results were as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 12 months follow‐up, scores on the pain subscale of the WOMAC‐A were statistically lower [better] in the group treated with 2 mesenchymal stromal cell injections (1.1 ± 1.3) compared with the group treated with hyaluronic acid (4.3 ± 3.5).  (Table 3)  (p = 0.04 after correction for multiple comparison)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the total WOMAC, at 12 months, the group treated with 2 mesenchymal stromal cell injections also had statistically significantly lower [better] scores than the group with hyaluronic acid at 12 months (4.2 ± 3.9 vs. 15.2 ± 11).  (Table 3) (p = .05 after correction for multiple comparisons).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 12 months, scores on the pain VAS were statistically significantly lower [better] in the group treated with two mesenchymal stromal cell injections compared with group treated with hyaluronic acid (2.4 ± 2.1 vs. 22.1 ± 9.8).  (Table 3) (p = .03 after correction for multiple comparison).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups on functional component of the WOMAC or the SF-36.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors also reported that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“When comparing how often patients in the trial would achieve&#xA;responder status at study endpoint, as defined by the OMERACT‐OARSI&#xA;responder index criteria, all individuals in the repeated MSC (two&#xA;injections of mesenchymal stromal cell) group were found to be&#xA;responders as opposed to 62.5% of patients in the control HA group, a&#xA;tendency that did not reach significance (p = .08; Figure 3D).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the answer to your question is yes, there are randomized controlled trials—with one being blinded--that report benefits of mesenchymal stromal cell (stem cell) treatment for knee osteoarthritis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given the small number of patients in these two trials and the findings in other randomized trials, these findings should &lt;strong&gt;NOT&lt;/strong&gt; be used as evidence that the treatments studied in these two trials, or any other stem cell treatment, are recommended for any patient with knee osteoarthritis (or any other condition).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2020-10-26T22:22:43.823" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24970" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-26T23:59:10.450" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how effective topical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluorouracil&lt;/a&gt; is to treat facial superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far doesn't give any source supporting their claims or I cannot access them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bpac.org.nz/2017/skin-cancer.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bpac.org.nz/2017/skin-cancer.aspx&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apply twice daily, for six to 12 weeks; N.B. Fluorouracil is generally only used to treat small, very superficial BCC, and treatment is associated with a high rate of recurrence&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluorouracil-topical.html#ra&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fluorouracil-topical.html#ra&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Used topically for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma when conventional methods are impractical (e.g., in patients with multiple lesions or difficult treatment sites).a b g Efficacy not established for treatment of other basal cell carcinomas; establish diagnosis before initiating treatment. [references a b g]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When lesions are isolated and easily accessible, conventional techniques (e.g., surgery, curettage and dessication, cryotherapy) are preferred because they have a higher response rate. [references a b g]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I don't have access to references a b g)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;{1,2} focus on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinic_keratosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;actinic keratoses&lt;/a&gt;, e.g. from {2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The results of this meta-analysis show that both imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil are effective methods for the treatment of actinic keratosis and provide a useful alternative to cryotherapy. However, this analysis suggests that imiquimod may have higher efficacy than 5-fluorouracil for actinic keratosis lesions located on the face and scalp and therefore provides another option to dermatologists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Tanghetti, Emil, and Philip Werschler. &amp;quot;Comparison of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream and 5% imiquimod cream in the management of actinic keratoses on the face and scalp.&amp;quot; Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD 6, no. 2 (2007): 144-147. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373172/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373172/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Gupta, Aditya K., Valerie Davey, and Heather Mcphail. &amp;quot;Evaluation of the effectiveness of imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Critical review and meta-analysis of efficacy studies.&amp;quot; Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 9, no. 5 (2005): 209-214. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502198/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502198/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-10-27T01:38:34.823" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T10:02:25.273" Title="How effective is topical fluorouracil to treat facial superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-27T02:03:41.470" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder how frequently the use of topical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorouracil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluorouracil&lt;/a&gt; cream results in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration (e.g., hyper- or hypopigmentation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I have found so far doesn't give any source supporting their claims and is sometimes contradictory:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorouracil&amp;amp;oldid=983527347#During_topical_use&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorouracil&amp;amp;oldid=983527347#During_topical_use&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Uncommon (&lt;strong&gt;0.1–1% frequency&lt;/strong&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;hyper- or hypopigmentation&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scarring&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They give 2 references (&amp;quot;[9][14]&amp;quot;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[9]: Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[14]: &amp;quot;Efudex, Carac (fluorouracil topical) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more&amp;quot;. Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I don't have access to [9] and the reference [14] only says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hyperpigmentation (&lt;strong&gt;rare&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Scarring (&lt;strong&gt;rare&lt;/strong&gt;)&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;without any references and precise frequency numbers (&amp;quot;rare&amp;quot; can mean anything from &amp;gt;0 to ~20%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found on &lt;a href=&quot;http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/fluorouracil.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/fluorouracil.aspx&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These side effects are less common side effects (occurring in about &lt;strong&gt;10-29%&lt;/strong&gt;) of patients receiving Fluorouracil:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Skin reactions : Dry, cracking, peeling skin. Darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), darkening of the skin where previous radiation treatment has been given (radiation recall).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How frequently does the use of topical fluorouracil cream (e.g., to treat a superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC)) result in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration? I'm looking for a percentage from some study instead of a vague, unsupported &amp;quot;rare&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sometimes&amp;quot;, etc. that the quotes above give.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T09:07:55.763" Title="How frequently does the use of topical fluorouracil cream result in permanent scarring and/or skin discoloration?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;hyperpigmentation&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24972" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-27T04:46:04.407" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;(Not sure if this is the right SE for this question)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-covid-outbreaks-could-worsen-this-winter/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Why COVID Outbreaks Could Worsen This Winter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baker has tried to tease apart the effect of climate on the seasonal pattern of cases during the course of a pandemic, using data about the humidity sensitivity of another coronavirus. She and her colleagues modelled the rise and fall in infection rates over several years for New York City with and without a climate effect, and with different levels of control measures. They found that a small climate effect can result in substantial outbreaks when the seasons change if control measures are only just managing to contain the virus. “That could be a location where climate might nudge you over,” Baker says. The team posted its results on the preprint server medRxiv on 10 September; the authors suggest that stricter control measures might be needed during winter to reduce the risk of outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/10/07/covid-winter-second-wave-may-bad-experts-warn-continued-vigilance/5873746002/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What can we expect from a winter COVID-19 second wave? No one knows for sure, but there is reason for hope and concern&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dr. Michael Mina, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said people tend to forget one crucial fact about coronaviruses like the one that causes COVID-19: They're seasonal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The drop in COVID-19 cases in August and most of September might have been a seasonal benefit, Mina said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the Southern hemisphere just went through winter, why are scientists seemingly still so uncertain about how COVID will behave during winter? At first glance it feels like all the data is already there, and in fact many scientists (those based in the Southern hemisphere) will already be familiar with dealing with COVID during winter and can help their Northern hemisphere colleagues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastActivityDate="2020-10-27T04:46:04.407" Title="Why do we seemingly not know how COVID will behave during winter, when it was winter in much of the world?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24974" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24961" CreationDate="2020-10-27T13:04:00.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Multiple tests can decrease the chance of a false negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The probability of detection varies with the time since exposure. This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02661-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nature article&lt;/a&gt; presents an informative (albeit rough) graph. Suppose, for example, your Saturday and Thursday tests occurred at the times I labeled on the graph below:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hnagd.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Hnagd.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then it would be quite possible for the Saturday test to return a (false) negative result while the Thursday test returns a positive result, even though both were testing for the same infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice (in the scenario above) that both tests occurred before the onset of symptoms, so it would be impossible to know if you were infected without testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both tests are valuable since detecting infections as early as possible reduces opportunities for the virus to spread (assuming the infected person quarantines themself).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The second test may not always be the more accurate. With an antigen test, for example, it is conceivable that the Saturday test could occur near the peak of the orange curve (when probability of detection is most likely), and the Thursday test then occur when the probability of detection is much lower.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, keep in mind that the graph is only depicting &lt;em&gt;probabilities&lt;/em&gt;. If the Saturday test has, say, a 40% chance of detecting the virus, but the Thursday test has an 80% chance, then there is still an 8% chance (= 0.40 * (1 - 0.80)) that if the person is infected, the Saturday test returns a true positive while the Thursday test returns a false negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17575" LastEditorUserId="17575" LastEditDate="2020-10-27T13:57:49.543" LastActivityDate="2020-10-27T13:57:49.543" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24976" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25001" CreationDate="2020-10-27T15:22:12.040" Score="-1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some people tell me that yes, by eliminating all auto-antibodies the auto-immune disorder would cease (and maybe some old-cell/toxins removal abilities as well).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Others say that auto-antibodies are just correlated with auto-immune activity, but that their removal does not affect the auto-immune disease, and the underlying mechanism is still not known, but is clearly not dependent on the concentration of auto-antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a correct answer to this question?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20508" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T13:27:35.543" Title="If we could remove all auto-antibodies would the auto-immune disease get cured?" Tags="&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24980" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25013" CreationDate="2020-10-28T09:31:32.640" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biospace.com/article/fda-rejects-mesoblast-s-remestemcel-l-for-graft-versus-host-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; has the following descriptions;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Perhaps what is most surprising is that in mid-August, the FDA's Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) voted 9 to 1 to recommend the drug for that indication. Although the agency isn't required to follow an advisory committee's recommendation, it usually does.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to that article, at least two groups are involved in the final stage of the FDA's approval process: the 'Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC)' and the 'agency'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the final stage of FDA's approval process, what does the 'AGENCY'?  What is the role of them? Is this the group writing the review report?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What kind of Committees or Groups involve the review at the final stage of approval?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is the relationship between the groups or committees or ... involved?  (In Japan's case, it appears to be as shown in Figure 1 below.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZst1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZst1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Fig.1 Review Process for Drug or Medical Device Application in Japan(Quoted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/0001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;; it is in the public domain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/posts/24980/edit&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; has following description&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the advisory committees’ recommendations are not binding, the FDA typically follows those endorsements when it comes to final approval of a new drug. A recent study conducted by the Milbank Quarterly found that the FDA followed the guidelines of the scientific advisory committees 78% of the time. To come to that conclusion, researchers examined public documents from FDA advisory committee meetings and medical product databases for all FDA advisory committee meetings from 2008 through 2015.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a previous &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24937/the-process-of-drug-approval-the-flow-from-r-d-planning-a-clinical-trial-to-dr&quot;&gt;Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt;, I asked about the entire process from R&amp;amp;D to approval. In this board, I'd like to focus on the final stages (around NDA / BLA) to get approval from the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Japan, according to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_and_Medical_Devices_Agency&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMDA&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/0001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;web site&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The PMDA reviews all drugs or medical devices to be approved in Japan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;After PMDA's review, the reasons, logic, rationale, and so on behind the decision to approve a drug or medicine are reported on the PMDA's review reports.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PMDA's review reports are further reviewed by the 'Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council'. This Council may be a regularly scheduled gathering of experts.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-04T11:31:01.457" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T11:31:01.457" Title="Relationship between FDA Agencies and the Advisory Committee" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-28T14:24:24.460" Score="0" ViewCount="359" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a patient on rounds the other day w/ MG (Myasthenia Gravis) and it was mentioned that DTR (deep tendon reflexes) are preserved. I've been going over it in my head and I am confused why they would be preserved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Textbooks are specifically pointing out that in classic MG, DTR is remained and therefore this is one of the findings that we can use to differentiate MG from Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome. I am wondering why DTR is remained in classic MG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ANSWER TO THE QUESTİON:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In MG as in LEMS the afferent limb of the reflex ark is unaffected as&#xA;is the efferent up until the neuromuscular junction. The explanation&#xA;of preserved reflexes in MG is that the initial barrage arrives at a&#xA;rested neuromuscular junction. The initial release of acetylcholine is&#xA;larger than later in a train of impulses and this is sufficient to&#xA;overcome any deficit in the number of acetylcholine receptors. Only&#xA;brief transmission is needed to provide the mechanical response, and&#xA;this occurs before fatigability can set in.&#xA;(Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mus.880180821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mus.880180821&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20654" LastEditorUserId="20654" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T17:10:10.153" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T20:04:06.820" Title="Myasthenia Gravis and preserved deep tendon reflexes, why?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24987" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25010" CreationDate="2020-10-29T03:41:38.503" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lately, I've been thinking about how we can't make various decisions without going back to what data and the logic behind the drug's approval. I'd like to ask a question about how to search such documents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My questions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I would like to know how to search for documents such as review reports that summarize &amp;quot;what data and the logic behind the approval of the drug.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If there is an advisory committee, like a U.S version of Japan's 'Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council', I'd like to know how to search the committee meetings' minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Japan, the PMDA writes in their review-reports based on information from the drug and medical device review process regarding what data and logic behind the drug's approval. The 'Pharmaceutical Affairs Council'', a group of experts, review the review-reports   (see Figure 1). I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24980/relationship-between-fda-agencies-and-the-advisory-committee&quot;&gt;asked separately&lt;/a&gt; about similar systems of Fig.1's in the U.S. and Europe. Contrarily, we would like to focus on how to get the review-reports or meeting-minutes in this thread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZst1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZst1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;Fig.1 Review Process for Drug or Medical Device Application in Japan(Quoted from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/0001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;; it is in the public domain.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Japan, you can find such files by following way;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For almost all review-reports on drugs and medical devices approved in Japan are available on the web.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PMDA's Drug Review-Reports are available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/PmdaSearch/iyakuSearch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;PMDA's Medical Device Review-Report are available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/PmdaSearch/kikiSearch/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;  (Written in Japanese).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the PMDA's review-reports have been translated into English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;English-translated versions are;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;English-translated PMDA's &lt;strong&gt;drug&lt;/strong&gt; review reports are available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/approved-information/drugs/0001.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;English-translated PMDA's &lt;strong&gt;medical device&lt;/strong&gt; review report are available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/approved-information/devices/0003.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;English-translated PMDA's &lt;strong&gt;regenerative medicine&lt;/strong&gt; review-report are available from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/review-services/reviews/approved-information/0004.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, The meeting-minutes of the Council can be found in the following ways. But there are no English version.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (Division 1)'s &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/shingi-yakuji_127851.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meeting-minutes&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council (Division 2)'s &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/shingi-yakuji_127852.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;meeting-minutes&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example,&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The minutes of the Council's deliberations against &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favipiravir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avigan&lt;/a&gt; to the flu;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/0000056624.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minutes of February 3, 2014&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The minutes of the Council's deliberations against &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000231946.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stemilac&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/0000056624.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Minutes of the September 2, 2015&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each of these minutes were a for the meetings held on the same day; therefore not separated from the proceedings on another product discussed on the same day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, my questions are;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are these kinds of documents available on the web in the U.S. and Europe?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How to seek them?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T11:37:59.937" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T06:11:47.157" Title="How to find FDA's and EMA's review reports and related minutes" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24988" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="24989" CreationDate="2020-10-29T04:01:57.640" Score="3" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/70/5/748/5429562&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reinfection is possible&lt;/a&gt; with the seasonal flu and one could surmise that it was also possible with the 1918 flu strain. But if reinfection is possible and immunity to the flu doesn't last forever, why did the 1918 pandemic ever end? Shouldn't we have kept seeing massive flu casualties every single year starting in 1918?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Question is inspired by the recent verified COVID reinfections, which is claimed to be the reason why herd immunity is impossible to achieve with the 2020 pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-10-29T06:50:01.317" Title="Given that reinfection is possible with the flu viruses, why didn't the 1918 flu pandemic last forever?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24989" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24988" CreationDate="2020-10-29T06:50:01.317" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/01/1918-flu-pandemic-end/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/01/1918-flu-pandemic-end/&lt;/a&gt; explains the 1918 flu strain became weaker and similar to typical seasonal flu:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over time, those who contracted the virus developed an immunity to the novel strand of influenza, and life returned to normal by the early 1920s, according to historians and medical experts. Reports at the time suggest the virus became less lethal as the pandemic carried on in waves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the strand of the flu didn’t just disappear. The influenza virus continuously mutated, passing through humans, pigs and other mammals. The pandemic-level virus morphed into just another seasonal flu. Descendants of the 1918 H1N1 virus make up the influenza viruses we’re fighting today.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The 1918 flu is still with us, in that sense,” said Ann Reid, the executive director of the National Center for Science Education who successfully sequenced the genetic makeup of the 1918 influenza virus in the 1990s. “It never went away.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-10-29T06:50:01.317" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24990" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-29T07:03:37.273" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wonder whether Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) is not helpful as an adjunctive treatment of a facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) prior to a Mohs surgery. Helpful in this context means 1) Reducing amount of cells removed during Mohs surgery 2) Reducing recurrence likelihood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The closest study I could find so far, a published in 2009 {1}, concluded:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod 5% cream was not helpful as an adjunctive treatment of nodular, nasal BCCs before Mohs surgery, but a larger study might show a benefit. Clearance of nodular, nasal BCCs treated with imiquimod prior to Mohs surgery was less than described in previous studies. Nasal BCCs may be more resistant to imiquimod treatment. Local inflammatory reactions limit imiquimod's usefulness in this setting. Histologic assessment of nasal BCCs treated with imiquimod is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;4 limitations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small sample size (12),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Published over a decade ago,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Focused on nodular BCCs, whereas I also wonder whether it helps for superficial BCCs too (in the case where imiquimod didn't fully treat the BCC),&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Focused on nasal BCCs, whereas I'm interested in other part of the face (forehead).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) helpful as an adjunctive treatment of a facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) prior to a Mohs surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Butler, David F., Palak K. Parekh, and Armando Lenis. &amp;quot;Imiquimod 5% cream as adjunctive therapy for primary, solitary, nodular nasal basal cell carcinomas before Mohs micrographic surgery: a randomized, double blind, vehicle‐controlled study.&amp;quot; &lt;em&gt;Dermatologic surgery&lt;/em&gt; 35, no. 1 (2009): 24-29. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34378.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34378.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T11:07:55.857" Title="Is Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) helpful as an adjunctive treatment of a facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) prior to a Mohs surgery?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24991" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-29T08:34:29.203" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am an ESL editor and I came across a manuscript where the authors mentioned a mean Health Assessment Questionnaire score of 0.47±0.64. This seemed odd to me because the &lt;strong&gt;(-) part would go into negative&lt;/strong&gt;. It is possible that the number of data elements is small and the author used the sample formula rather than the population formula for standard deviation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20661" LastActivityDate="2020-10-29T15:45:12.467" Title="Can a Health Assessment Questionnaire Score be negative?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-11-12T05:27:44.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24993" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24991" CreationDate="2020-10-29T15:45:12.467" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's common for people to use mean and standard deviation in situations where it doesn't make a lot of sense. Sometimes it's okay, but yes it can lead to weird behavior like you've described. You should not interpret &amp;quot;+/-&amp;quot; here to mean that the values range from 0.47-0.64 to 0.47+0.64, just that the standard deviation is 0.64. Whether it makes sense to think of a standard deviation for these data is another matter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This doesn't have anything to do with sample vs population standard deviation. Imagine your data are six 0s and two 2s:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mean is 0.5. The standard deviation is about 0.9. You could report that as 0.5 +/- 0.9 but that doesn't really describe the data very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-10-29T15:45:12.467" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24995" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25004" CreationDate="2020-10-29T18:01:51.357" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;I heard about tea tree oil antimicrobal properties. But does it something similar to active oxygen or nitrogen pyroxide? Or it makes them whiter just killing organisms that cause change in color or dissolves everything just like any other acid?&#xA;People on the Internet tell it's cheap and better than more hi tech types of whiteners, but hard to figure out what exactly it does and how well in comparison?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1682" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T13:26:13.963" Title="Does tea tree oil acutally whiten teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;natural-remedy&gt;&lt;bleach-teeth-whitening&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24997" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24951" CreationDate="2020-10-30T01:30:10.850" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is your question focused on the clinical trial on the spine, rather than arthritis in general? If so, the following articles will be helpful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As for the PRPs,&lt;/strong&gt; how about this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6394242/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They conclude that;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical studies for evaluating the effects of the injection of PRP into degenerated IVDs for patients with discogenic LBP have been reviewed. Although there was only one double-blind randomized controlled trial, all the studies reported that PRP was safe and effective in reducing back pain. While the clinical evidence of tissue repair of IVDs by PRP treatment is currently lacking, there is a great possibility that the application of PRP has the potential to lead to a feasible intradiscal therapy for the treatment of degenerative disc diseases. Further large-scale studies may be required to confirm the clinical evidence of PRP for the treatment of discogenic LBP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They say they need larger-scale trials, but remember that any small difference can be made statistically significant by increasing the sample size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;As for the MSCs&lt;/strong&gt;, how about this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6711491/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt;?&#xA;They conclude that;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Treatment of LBP by implantation of MSCs is unlikely to effect a significant repair or relieve pain. ＜＜omission of middle part＞＞ &lt;br&gt;&#xA;In addition clinical studies suggesting MSC injections as a possible treatment for LBP, all lack high patient numbers and long‐term results. As not all of them have controls, they are not able to rule out that the positive results reported could arise from a placebo effect.  ＜＜omission of middle part＞＞&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Hence the treatment of the illustrated case through injection of MSCs cannot thus be recommended. MSC implantation is very unlikely to effect a clinically relevant repair and even if it could, it is unclear whether the patient would benefit from repair of her disc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, as you can see from other &lt;a href=&quot;https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sctm.19-0202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; review the spine is not a major target of the MSCs; you can see how many clinical trials on MSC are registered on &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above reviews, in general, one &lt;strong&gt;should conclude that the benefits of MSCs and PRP for arthritis or similar diseases on the spine have not been proven to be worth the cost&lt;/strong&gt;. No credible evidence has yet been found to establish their effectiveness. Conducting larger sample size trials may lead to statistically significant differences in some surrogates, but I don't think that dramatic treatment exists as an extension of the current MSC and PRP;I think we need a radically improved MSC or PRP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, Mesoblast Group appears to have an MSC-based pipeline, MPC-25-Osteo, for the spine. There appears to be a Phase 3 clinical trial underway, so I suspect we'll know more about it when the results come in. (See this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mesoblast.com/product-candidates/spine-orthopedic-disorders/spinal-fusion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;). However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zvwdxn93kMU&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&amp;amp;t=9m00s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they say&lt;/a&gt; their target is opioid substitution; in other words, the goal might be pain relief rather than a cure for the root cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-30T04:29:47.680" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T04:29:47.680" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="24999" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-30T09:00:57.920" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is potentially a causal chain leading from high initial infectious dose to high viral load to high disease severity for COVID-19. See, for example, evidence surveyed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/sars-cov-2-viral-load-and-the-severity-of-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, once someone has been infected with a given infectious dose and is displaying a certain viral load and disease severity, is it possible to receive further infectious doses that can increase viral loads and disease severity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask for the sake of informing public health guidance: Say an elderly couple have both been exposed to COVID-19 and have developed mild symptoms. Is there any reason that they should isolate from each other to avoid the risk that they each keep exposing the other person to further infectious doses and potentially worse outcomes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we have any evidence on this from other coronaviruses/influenzas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20668" LastEditorUserId="20668" LastEditDate="2020-10-30T10:04:02.587" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T10:04:02.587" Title="Is it possible to increase viral load and COVID-19 disease severity through subsequent infectious doses?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-11-20T22:05:19.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24982" CreationDate="2020-10-30T10:13:58.830" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;During your rotations you will notice that not every disease  will show itself with the classic &amp;quot;Textbook&amp;quot; presentation (this actually very rare). Moreover MG can be considered a cluster of different diseases: because of different groups of muscles affected by the disease (e.g. ocular or generalized) or because of pathogenesis (anti achR, anti MusK etc. etc.) - You can read more about it &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4156422/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;So, your pathophysiological reasoning is correct: without any Ach (to be precise, without a satisfactory interaction between Ach and its receptor), you have no DTR. Still, in MG it can be very variable depending on the type of MG that the patient had, on the clinical phase the patient was going through (MG can have a relapsing remitting disease course, as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26802912/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this case&lt;/a&gt; where patients were treated with azathioprine) and even on the medications the patient was on (such as Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, long story short: in medicine there's no absolute truth and no thing such as 100%. Every piece must be carefully placed in the big frame.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT: I thought in the beginning that the question was going to be more general and less clinical. As of the clinical explanation to why in MG the DTR are spared (opposed to LEMS), here's a good neurophysiological basis for it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In MG as in LEMS the afferent limb of the reflex ark is unaffected as&#xA;is the efferent up until the neuromuscular junction. The explanation&#xA;of preserved reflexes in MG is that the initial barrage arrives at a&#xA;rested neuromuscular junction. The initial release of acetylcholine is&#xA;larger than later in a train of impulses and this is sufficient to&#xA;overcome any deficit in the number of acetylcholine receptors. Only&#xA;brief transmission is needed to provide the mechanical response, and&#xA;this occurs before fatigability can set in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mus.880180821&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mus.880180821&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20669" LastEditorUserId="20669" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T20:04:06.820" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T20:04:06.820" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25001" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24976" CreationDate="2020-10-30T10:24:13.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, there actually is a correct answer to this: not every autoimmune disease is antibody driven. Take coeliac disease: antibodies are just an epiphenomenon of the immune process, which is actually cell-mediated (&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932104-overview#a5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt;). Thinking about the pathophysiology of certain autoimmune diseases should help in understanding this: something goes wrong in the antigen presenting cell - T cell interaction and a &amp;quot;self&amp;quot; component gets recognized as potentially harmful. T cells start attacking it, B cell start producing antibodies against it. In certain diseases, it's the antibodies that do the harm. In others, it's the cells.&#xA;So, by eliminating all autoantibodies you most certainly won't eradicate all autoimmune disease. Probably some (such as Myasthenia gravis, which can be treated with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/1171206-92688/what-is-the-role-of-plasmapheresis-in-the-treatment-of-myasthenia-gravis-mg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;plasmapheresis&lt;/a&gt;), but not all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this helped, i tried using a simple language but since English is not my mothertongue I maybe overdid it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20669" LastEditorUserId="20669" LastEditDate="2020-10-30T13:27:35.543" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T13:27:35.543" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25004" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24995" CreationDate="2020-10-30T13:26:13.963" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have not found any whitening properties of tea tree oil but it can help prevent tooth discolouration and I have seen toothpaste with tea tree oil sold in shops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://saspublisher.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SJAMS-21C253-257.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jain et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tea tree oil’s major active component is terpinen-4-ol (30%–40%). This compound is responsible for its antibacterial and antifungal&#xA;properties [(&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s007840050118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arweiler, et al. 2000&lt;/a&gt;)].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.08.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chromogenic bacteria&lt;/a&gt; can cause tooth discolouration, pore formation in teeth and also has the ability to form biofilm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.08.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ashe, et al. 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://saspublisher.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SJAMS-21C253-257.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jain et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; also states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using tea tree oil orally is not recommended as it may cause possibly serious side effects such as confusion, loss of muscle control, or coma. In dentistry, tea tree oil has been used to destroy microorganisms in the mouth before dental surgery, removal of smear layer when used as a root canal irrigant and to relieve mouth soreness caused by dental procedures [9-12]. In studies&#xA;of patients who suffered from oral candidiasis mouth rinses containing tea tree oil have shown some effectiveness in reducing symptoms when taken in a&#xA;dose of one table spoonful of 5% tea tree oil solution as a mouth wash that is held in the mouth and then spit out&#xA;four times a day for up to 4 weeks [13, 14].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arweiler, N. B., Donos, N., Netuschil, L., Reich, E., &amp;amp; Sculean, A. (2000). Clinical and antibacterial effect of tea tree oil–a pilot study. &lt;em&gt;Clinical oral investigations, 4&lt;/em&gt;(2), 70-73. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s007840050118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s007840050118&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ashe, S., Agasti, S., Lakkoji, S., Rauta, P. R., Sahoo, H., Mishra, M., &amp;amp; Nayak, B. (2017). Novel chromogenic bacteria characterized and their probable treatment options using herbal products and reagents to restrict biofilm formation. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 15&lt;/em&gt;(4), 291-298. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.08.001&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.08.001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jain, N., Rajwar, Y. C., Batra, M., Singh, H. P., Bhandari, R., &amp;amp; Agarwal, P. (2014). Dentistry: Turning towards herbal alternatives: A review. &lt;em&gt;Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 2&lt;/em&gt;(1C), 253-7. &lt;a href=&quot;http://saspublisher.com/sjams-21/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://saspublisher.com/sjams-21/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-10-30T13:26:13.963" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25007" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-30T21:46:48.597" Score="-1" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I want to determine the top medical science professors in a specific field and contact them, how would I go about doing so?  I especially want to contact clinical professors.  Currently, I am looking for contacts in obstetrics but I will have the need to contact clinical professors in other fields.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any guidance and advice would be appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20672" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T23:38:20.493" Title="How to Determine the Top Medical Science Professors in Specific Fields?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-10-31T23:38:26.323" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25008" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25030" CreationDate="2020-10-30T23:01:49.423" Score="-2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the success rate of topical imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) to treat infiltrative  basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I've only found some case study {1} and some study on using topical imiquimod 5% cream in complement to surgical excisions {2}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Chun-Guang, M., L. Qi-Man, Z. H. Yu-Yun, C. H. Li-Hua, Tiffany Cheng, and H. Jian-De. &amp;quot;Successful treatment of giant basal cell carcinoma with topical imiquimod 5% cream with long term follow-up.&amp;quot; Indian journal of dermatology 59, no. 6 (2014): 575. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5154.143520&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5154.143520&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248494/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248494/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Roldán-Marín, Rodrigo, and Sonia Toussaint-Caire. &amp;quot;Imiquimod 5% as adjuvant therapy for incompletely excised infiltrative nodular basal cell carcinoma and dermoscopy to monitor treatment response.&amp;quot; Dermatology and therapy 5, no. 4 (2015): 265-272. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13555-015-0088-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13555-015-0088-z&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674454/#:%7E:text=Imiquimod%205%25%20cream%20acts%20as,adjuvant%20topical%20therapy%20for%20the&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674454/#:~:text=Imiquimod%205%25%20cream%20acts%20as,adjuvant%20topical%20therapy%20for%20the&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-09T05:04:54.823" Title="What is the success rate of topical imiquimod 5% cream to treat infiltrative basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25009" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24619" CreationDate="2020-10-31T05:44:52.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Just for a comment;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have a Q＆A about the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24937/the-process-of-drug-approval-the-flow-from-r-d-planning-a-clinical-trial-to-dr?noredirect=1&amp;amp;lq=1&quot;&gt;approval route for drugs&lt;/a&gt;, but according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/types-applications/drug-applications-over-counter-otc-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA's website&lt;/a&gt;, drugs and OTCs have different approval routes. Therefore, the way you look for evidence about OTC may be different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Amazon's &lt;a href=&quot;https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B07Y2C4LMH&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; of this product has following description;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Legal Disclaimer&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it is certainly strange that &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndclist.com/?s=Cetirizine%20HCl&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cetirizine HCl&lt;/a&gt; is being treated as a dietary supplement. I believe there is sufficient reason for the questioner to be confused.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;■Who is the Sda Laboratories ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://ndclist.com/labeler/sda-laboratories-inc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt;, sda Laboratories Inc. labeler's code (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/national-drug-code-directory&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NDC&lt;/a&gt;) is 66424. The labeler has 12 products that have an assigned National Drug Code. Thus, the SDA appears to be a company that has at least an approved OTC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;■FDA's OTC list&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The FDA's list of OTCs is this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfivd/search.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; but when I try to find an OTC that has apparently been approved, I don't get any hits. This database doesn't seem to be user-friendly in the least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;■FDA says;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;This FDA's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/types-applications/drug-applications-over-counter-otc-drugs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;site&lt;/a&gt; has following descriptions;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For each category, an OTC drug monograph is developed and published in the Federal Register. OTC drug monographs are a kind of &amp;quot;recipe book&amp;quot; covering acceptable ingredients, doses, formulations, and labeling. Many of these monographs are found in section 300 of the Code of Federal Regulations.&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Once a final monograph is implemented, companies can make and market an OTC product without the need for FDA pre-approval. These monographs define the safety, effectiveness, and labeling of all marketing OTC active ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/over-counter-otc-drug-monograph-process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OTC monograph drugs&lt;/a&gt;, then maybe they don't need FDA approval.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;However, I have yet to find a list of FDA's OTC monographs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm still learning how to find out what basis the drug authorities used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the product.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are any errors or constructive comments, I welcome them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T06:01:33.490" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T06:01:33.490" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25010" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24987" CreationDate="2020-10-31T06:45:25.210" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'll write down what I've just found out as an answer. However, this is not a complete answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(F1)How do I find the review reports on FDA approved drug?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The FDA's database on medical devices appears to be compiled &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For drug, following you can find the  review reports from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if you search for the tamiflu, following two are hit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&amp;amp;ApplNo=021246&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;021246&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;NDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&amp;amp;ApplNo=021087&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;021087&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that, the FDA seems to make a distinction between drugs and OTCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(F2)How do I find the review reports on FDA approved  medical devices?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The FDA's database on medical devices appears to be compiled &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance/medical-device-databases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(F3)How do I find the review reports on FDA approved  regenerative medicine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is the official list of regenerative medicine products that have been finally approved by the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clicking on the name of each listed product will take you to a page where you can access the description and review information for each product. These pages has a link to a zip file containing all of the documents related to the review.&#xA;For example, following Fig is a capture of the page for &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-prod*ucts/gintuit-allogeneic-cultured-keratinocytes-and-fibroblasts-bovine-collagen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GINTUIT&lt;/a&gt;. On the following Fig, you can find the link for the Package Insert and &amp;quot;Approval History, Letters, Reviews, and Related Documents&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f6Gxt.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/f6Gxt.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(F4)How do I find the meeting-minutes of FDA's committees?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Thanks to the @Chris Rogers 's &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24980/relationship-between-fda-agencies-and-the-advisory-committee/25013#25013&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; to previous my Q＆A, I found the following three articles on the FDA's website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(F4-1) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/advisory-committees-critical-fdas-product-review-process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/advisory-committees-critical-fdas-product-review-process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(F4-2) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(F4-3) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/committees-and-meeting-materials&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/committees-and-meeting-materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to jump to conclusions, the minutes of all FDA committees can be obtained from the (F4-3)'s website above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (F4-1)'s web page has the following description, may indicating that the committee consults not all products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, how does the agency determine which products will undergo advisory committee review in the first place?&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;Surprisingly,&amp;quot; Sherman says, &amp;quot;many products do not make it to advisory committees.&amp;quot; Those that do usually represent new technology or some element of controversy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The web page of (F4-1) has the following description, indicating that the committee will consult not all products. The FDA has five centers, and the director of each center seems to have the discretion to decide whether or not to use the committees / which committees to use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The decision to involve an advisory committee is usually at the discretion of the division director in one of the FDA's five product centers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for the pharmaceutical products, it is common sense that one of the subcommittees under the committee on pharmaceutical products. For the medical devices, it is common sense that one of the subcommittees under the committee on pharmaceutical products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The schedule of each committee can be found at the link of (F4-2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As one example, let's look for the minutes of a committee meeting on a regenerative medicine, Mesoblast's Ryoncil for Pediatric GVHD. (This regenerative medicine appears to have been rejected by the FDA in October 2020.) Presumably, the ODAC minutes mentioned in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biospace.com/article/fda-rejects-mesoblast-s-remestemcel-l-for-graft-versus-host-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; can be accessed from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/human-drug-advisory-committees/oncologic-drugs-advisory-committee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(E1)How do I find the review reports on EMA approved drug and regenerative medicine?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find review reports on EMA approved drug and regenerative medicine from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/field_ema_web_categories%253Aname_field/Human/ema_group_types/ema_medicine_en/ema_group_types/ema_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't forget check On the &amp;quot;European public assessment reports (EPAR)&amp;quot;(See following Figure).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1rvGm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/1rvGm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, that of tamiflu(drug) and alofisel(regenerative medicine) are available from the following links.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/tamiflu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/tamiflu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/alofisel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/alofisel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The database also seems to be able to search for &amp;quot;animal medicine&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Withdrawn applications&amp;quot; depending on the settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T06:11:47.157" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T06:11:47.157" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25011" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25007" CreationDate="2020-10-31T07:36:57.153" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, it mostly depends on what you mean by &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;Top Professor&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot;. In my opinion, there's no thing as &amp;quot;Top&amp;quot;. There's the most influents on the scientific community (e.g. in my field, if &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HXRv1ZAAAAAJ&amp;amp;hl=en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Milton Packer&lt;/a&gt; says something about Heart failure, you're more prone to trust him because of his resumé), there's the good teachers, the ones with outstanding human qualities et cetera.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here's some hints:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for the ones that have the most impact on the scientific community, you could go and search the topic you're interested in (e.g. &amp;quot;Placenta Previa&amp;quot;) on google scholar and then look at the authors of the most cited articles (this method is far from being perfect because citations can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_10/10_2_2_3_citation_bias.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biased in many ways&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One other thing you could do is searching for guidelines on the topic you're interested in and looking at who wrote them. For example, these are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Cardiovascular-Diseases-during-Pregnancy-Management-of&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular disease during pregnancy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Then, if you're curious about who gives the &amp;quot;best&amp;quot; lectures (better: the ones you like the most), you can search on google for congresses where they were invited and give a look at their lectures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to give you some directions but bear in mind that every method is not perfect and there most certainly are very good professors, super skilled at teaching, that are just average researchers and not incredibly influent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20669" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T07:36:57.153" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25012" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24343" CreationDate="2020-10-31T07:59:30.080" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since no one has responded, I offer the following information as far as I have been able to find out myself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There does not appear to be an official list of candidate drugs designated for RMAT at the moment. This means that until the drug is finally approved, we have to trust the news or the applicant's self-reporting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've made a concerted effort to find that list on the FDA's website, but I cannot find any list of RMATs. Only the number of RMATs by status appears to be officially available to the public&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/cumulative-cber-regenerative-medicine-advanced-therapy-rmat-designation-requests-received-fiscal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;■&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One &lt;a href=&quot;https://ipscell.com/rmat-list/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;unofficial list&lt;/a&gt; says;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a list of firms/products that have self-reported that they have received FDA regenerative medicine advanced therapy designation or RMAT.&lt;br&gt;＜omit＞&lt;br&gt; Note that the FDA has recently updated it’s RMAT totals to indicate that it has approved 52 RMATs as of mid-2020 so about 8 are not in the public domain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They, also seem to have made the list by checking the press release by the applicant against the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/cumulative-cber-regenerative-medicine-advanced-therapy-rmat-designation-requests-received-fiscal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;total number&lt;/a&gt; released by the FDA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that &lt;strong&gt;being designated/approved as an RMAT&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;being approved as a regenerative medicine&lt;/strong&gt;  are different things. The former merely gives them the right to simplify the review process. The latter seems to mean that the product has received permission to be sold in the US. A list of products approved for use in regenerative medicine can be found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So how many candidate drugs have been approved as regenerative medicine products via the RMAT way at this point?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xA;The following description was found in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rhoworld.com/rmat-designationwhat-is-it-and-is-it-right-for-your-therapeutic-product/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the Agency has granted 52 RMAT awards as noted in the table above, as of 30 June 2020, none of the products had received approval yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I did not know how many of these were in clinical trials or under review and how many were jugged as Refusal to File (RTF).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T08:24:35.060" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T08:24:35.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25013" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24980" CreationDate="2020-10-31T09:21:20.910" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In the final stage of FDA's approval process, what is the 'agency'?  What is the role of them?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The agency is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They are an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services.&lt;/a&gt; As the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biospace.com/article/fda-rejects-mesoblast-s-remestemcel-l-for-graft-versus-host-disease/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; and quote in your question says,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although the agency isn't required to follow an advisory committee's recommendation, it usually does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately in the instance you mentioned, they didn't, and there can be a number of reasons for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In its CRL, the FDA recommended the company run at least one more randomized controlled trial in adults and/or children to generate more evidence of the drug’s effectiveness for SR-aGVHD.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;* &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.meta.stackexchange.com/q/972&quot;&gt;For those who may not know&lt;/a&gt;, CRL stands for Complete Response Letter and SR-aGVHD stands for &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What kind of Committees or Groups involve the review at the final stage of approval? And, what is the relationship between the committees and the FDA?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA advisory committees are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/advisory-committees-critical-fdas-product-review-process&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;critical to the FDA's Product Review Process&lt;/a&gt; and the Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) mentioned in the article you linked and quoted is one of many different committees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A calendar of FDA committee meetings can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees&lt;/a&gt; and the calendar mentions the names of the committees involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The committees &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-basics/what-fda-advisory-committee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;provide FDA with independent advice from outside experts&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, advisory committees include a chair, several members, plus a consumer, industry, and sometimes a patient representative. Additional experts with special knowledge may be added for individual committee meetings as needed. Although the committees provide advice to the agency, FDA makes the final decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T09:42:13.167" LastActivityDate="2020-10-31T09:42:13.167" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23831" CreationDate="2020-10-31T13:10:18.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Favipiravir, the brand name of Avigan and was first developed in Japan. The official English translation of the PMDA's review report on Avigan's indication for influenza is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000210319.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;This review report has a very unusual logic to it. In summary;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It has no clinical significance for any flu tested.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, it may work against the unknown flu, but they don't have any evidence.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;So when any existing drugs don't work, if the government requested, that can be used.　Approval is for that purpose.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;However, the results of animal studies strongly suggest that Avigan is a dangerous drug, so it must never be used until the government says it is OK to use it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000210319.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review report&lt;/a&gt; pointed out the harmful effects of avigan; the following two are especially remarkable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even when daily doses were about the levels of clinical use, 9 of 12 young canines died within 30 days.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avigan is teratogenic.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The minutes of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24980/relationship-between-fda-agencies-and-the-advisory-committee?noredirect=1&amp;amp;lq=1&quot;&gt;Review Board&lt;/a&gt;'s deliberations against &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favipiravir&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avigan&lt;/a&gt; to the flu is the&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/0000056624.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;'Minutes of February 3, 2014'&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can read out Review Board member's various objections from the above meeting-minutes. However, they did not overturn this approval for the following reasons;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Avigan will never be distributed without the government's order.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Crisis management was not an area of expertise of this review board&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two clinical studies in Japan for Avigan to the COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(1)Fujita Study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;One is the study led by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_Health_University&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fujita Health University&lt;/a&gt; in Japan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCTs041190120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jRCTs041190120&lt;/a&gt; :Multicenter, open-label, randomized trial of favipiravir in asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV2 to evaluate viral load reduction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, such studies should be called intervention studies, but they are treated as observational studies for some reason. I don't know the details, but apparently, observational studies simplify the legal process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This appears to be running as part of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid-registry.ncgm.go.jp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;registry study&lt;/a&gt;(Written in Japanese) on COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&amp;amp;action=brows&amp;amp;recptno=R000045453&amp;amp;type=summary&amp;amp;language=J&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UMIN000039873&lt;/a&gt;: COVID-19 Registry&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That interim report  of Fajita study is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kansensho.or.jp/uploads/files/topics/2019ncov/covid19_casereport_en_200529.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In response to this study, a non-profit organization on drug abuse in Japan has written this&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yakugai.gr.jp/topics/file/Fujita_kansatsukenkyu_chuukan_houkoku_ikensho.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese).&#xA;In brief, the mortality rate of corona-affected patients who received Avigan in the Fujita study is much higher than that of corona-affected patients in the real-world data. As real-world data, they used the &amp;quot;Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's Guide to Medical Care of New Coronaviruses, Version 2.1&amp;quot; and the &amp;quot;China CDC's data.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trial has already been completed, The registry still says &amp;quot;recruiting&amp;quot; (probably due to a delay in updates) as of November 1, 2020.　In July 2020, they published a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/news/j93sdv0000006eya.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;webpage&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanese) on the website of Fujita Health University. That is a briefly report of the final results of the study. The webpage states that &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;no one became seriously or died during participation in the study&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot;. But this description seems to contradict the earlier &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kansensho.or.jp/uploads/files/topics/2019ncov/covid19_casereport_en_200529.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;interim report&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(2)Phase III Clinical Trial by Fujifilm&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;The clinical trial registry for the Phase III Clinical Trial, titled &amp;quot;Phase 3 Clinical Study of Favipiravir in Patients with COVID-19 Non-Severe Pneumonia&amp;quot; is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clinicaltrials.jp/cti-user/trial/ShowDirect.jsp?japicId=JapicCTI-205238&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://bio.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/news/p1/20/09/23/07423/#:%7E:text=%E5%90%8C%E7%A4%BE%E3%81%AF%E5%89%AF%E6%AC%A1%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1,%E3%81%A6%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%80%82&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;newspaper article&lt;/a&gt; (Written in Japanease) states;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The median time to negative SARS-CoV-2, the primary endpoint, was the primary endpoint. The results of the study showed that the median time to negative SARS-CoV-2 was 11.9 days in the intervention group and 14.7 days in the control group, which was significantly reduced by Avigan (p=0.0136, adjusted hazard ratio: 1.593, 95% confidence interval: 1.042-2.479). ).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;No serious side effects were identified, and no new safety concerns were identified.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The company plans to submit an application to Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for approval by October 2020.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article also says the independent committee recommended that the number of subjects, originally planned to be 96, be increased to 156 considering the interim report results. Increasing the sample size would make it easier to detect even a small difference as significant, but I doubt the p-value is still greater than 0.01.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore,  there is no mention of hard endpoints, such as preventing severe disease or reducing mortality. The animal study data in the PMDA's review report strongly suggests that Avigan is a dangerous drug. Even in the Fujita study data, the mortality outcomes appear to be worse than the real-world data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, chatting with other Japanese peoples,  the lower education levels in Japan seem to feel a strong sense of patriotism towards Avigan; they feel that Avigan is like a miracle hero.  In addition, the Japanese government　at the time seems to have been taking a &lt;a href=&quot;https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Abe-s-arm-twisting-of-bureaucrats-paved-way-for-Avigan-blunder2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;proactive stance&lt;/a&gt; in approving Avigan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to the convention, the PMDA would make a decision in November 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my personal discussions with my friends (they are highly educated), many think that the PMDA will probably be approved because the government and public opinion can influence it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T07:55:27.517" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T07:55:27.517" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25015" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23029" CreationDate="2020-10-31T14:36:33.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a paper which suggest that ivermectin is unlikely to be an effective antiviral vs. SARS-CoV-2 at recommended dosing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Please find this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.20073262v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;preprint&lt;/a&gt; or this &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.1889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This paper has the following description.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recently, an article by Caly et al. reported that ivermectin inhibited severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) in vitro causing an ~ &lt;strong&gt;5,000‐fold reduction in viral RNA at 48 hours with ivermectin at 5 μM&lt;/strong&gt;. The concentration resulting in &lt;strong&gt;50% inhibition (IC50) of 2 μM&lt;/strong&gt; (1,750 ng/mL) is &amp;gt; 35× higher than the &lt;strong&gt;maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.05 µM&lt;/strong&gt; (46.6 ng/mL)2 after oral administration of the approved dose (~ 200 μg/kg) and ivermectin showed little to no activity 1 μM in vitro. Because ivermectin is highly bound to serum albumin (93%), the IC50 is orders of magnitude higher than the &lt;strong&gt;unbound plasma Cmax after approved doses of ivermectin (0.0035 µM; 3.26 ng/mL)&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, a large estimate is that the plasma concentration is 2 μM /0.0035 µM =571 times insufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the key points of above paper are as follows;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The development of methods to realize enough concentrations of ivermectin in the lungs/plasma.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is ivermectin still safe when the enough concentration is achieved in the lungs/plasma?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These questions follow naturally from the preprint/paper above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as described in the @Matthew Elvey 's answer, as of December 5, 2020, &lt;strong&gt;there are many clinical results which suggest that we can get enough efficiency&lt;/strong&gt; with far less dosage than would be assumed from pharmacokinetic considerations; formulas that combine several things such as zinc and vitamins seem to be more desirable.(Added on December 5, 2020)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The gap between inadequate blood levels and a strong clinical effect is one puzzle. It is an exciting scientific topic. This gap will be bridged as the mechanism of action of ivermectin is elucidated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far, various mechanisms have been proposed, but it has not been decided which one is the mainstay. That's what Satoshi Omura said in his &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aETVHbqlDbo?t=1:10:07&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;open youtube lecture&lt;/a&gt; (In Japanese, the relevant part has been headed out.) at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Pharmaceutical_University&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Showa Pharmaceutical University&lt;/a&gt; at the end of October, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following is a summary of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aETVHbqlDbo?t=1:10:07&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;youtube lecture&lt;/a&gt; by Satoshi Omura.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;There are various proposed mechanisms of action by which ivermectin inhibits coronaviruses, and it is not clear which theory is definitively correct. He introduced the following two mechanisms &lt;strong&gt;as examples&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One is that ivermectin inhibits the process by which the viral spike joins &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACE2&lt;/a&gt; and enters the cell. This is an example of the idea of inhibiting viral entry. (Figure 1, left)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dr. Maruta and colleagues in Australia have proposed a different mechanism. In that theory ivermectin acts on the human body. Briefly, when the virus binds to receptors such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ACE2&lt;/a&gt;, a kinase called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PAK1&lt;/a&gt; is induced. This is a release kinase, which appears to be released when infection occurs and suppresses the immune system. Their idea seems to be that ivermectin also protects the immune system by inhibiting PAK1. (Figure 1, right)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SknF.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6SknF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Fig.1&lt;/strong&gt; Examples of proposed mechanisms of action. Adapted from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aETVHbqlDbo?t=1:10:07&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lecture&lt;/a&gt; given by Satoshi Omura at the end of October 2020, partially written in Japanese.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In September 2020, Japan's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitasato_University&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Kitasato University&lt;/a&gt; appears to have begun a physician-led clinical trial for COVID-19. Kitasato University is where &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Satoshi Omura&lt;/a&gt;, one of the discoverers of ivermectin, is affiliated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCT2031200120&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;jRCT2031200120&lt;/a&gt;:A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study in Covid-19&#xA;patients with ivermectin; An investigator initiated trial&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They will administer the Ivermectin Tablets, sold under the brand name &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rad-ar.or.jp/siori/english/kekka_plain.cgi?n=40911&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;STROMECTOL&lt;/a&gt;, orally.&#xA;According to a Japanese newspaper &lt;a href=&quot;https://yakuyomi.jp/industry_news/20200923a/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; (written in Japanese), the trial is expected to be completed in March 2021. (Completion = LPI?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, scandalous clinical data also exists.　It seems that one data analysis company, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgisphere&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Surgisphere&lt;/a&gt; published a preprint saying that ivermectin was beneficial based on analysis of real world data, but it was later retracted. According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/06/mysterious-company-s-coronavirus-papers-top-medical-journals-may-be-unraveling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, it seems to have pointed out many unnatural aspects of the data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, Ivermectin's 'birthplace' features hot news about Ivermectin. Note that a bit slow in terms of information; as of 5 December 2020, the introduction of the paper published on 10 November is the most recent. Even more unfortunate is that the information is in Japanese. However, it will be helpful to see the trends. For many people, though, they may need the help of machine translation.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://kitasato-infection-control.info/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://kitasato-infection-control.info/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;(Written in Japanese)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-12-12T12:14:27.193" LastActivityDate="2020-12-12T12:14:27.193" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25017" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-31T16:26:43.837" Score="2" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;While taking first-aid classes I realized that &lt;a href=&quot;https://firstaidforlife.org.uk/amputated-finger-what-to-do/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;you cannot wash an amputated finger&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Does anyone know why is that? Will it induce more damages?&#xA;And why should we &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/knocked-out-tooth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;rinse a knocked-out tooth&lt;/a&gt; then?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20208" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-10-31T23:41:47.497" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T20:42:48.373" Title="Why can't you wash an amputated finger" Tags="&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;&lt;amputation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25020" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-10-31T23:54:46.417" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235808/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;364 patients with primary superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) were treated with Aldara Cream or vehicle cream 5X/week for 6 weeks. Patients with one biopsy-confirmed sBCC tumor were enrolled and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to active or vehicle treatment. Target tumors were to have a minimum area of 0.5 cm2 -and a maximum diameter of 2.0 cm (4.0 cm2 ). Target tumors were not to be located within 1.0 cm of the hairline, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, on the anogenital area or on the hands or feet, or have any atypical features. On a scheduled dosing day, &lt;strong&gt;the study cream was applied to the target tumor and approximately 1 cm (about 1/3 inch) beyond the target tumor&lt;/strong&gt; prior to normal sleeping hours; 5X/week dosing was continued for a total of 6 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) be applied 1 cm beyond the target tumor when treating a facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and if so, why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1 cm sounds quite large to me when the tumor is less than 1cm².&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T00:00:30.177" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T00:00:30.177" Title="Should Imiquimod 5% cream be applied 1 cm beyond the target tumor when treating a facial basal cell carcinoma, and if so, why?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25022" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-01T02:59:16.250" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://bpac.org.nz/2017/skin-cancer.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bpac.org.nz/2017/skin-cancer.aspx&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201101025635/https://bpac.org.nz/2017/skin-cancer.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is less effective when used on lower limbs and generally impractical for the posterior trunk due to inaccessibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) used to treat a superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) less effective on lower limbs than the rest of the body?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The papers studying the effectiveness of Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) used to treat sBCC I have found so far doesn't mentions the effectiveness on lower limbs in particular. E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235808/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/20723s016lbl.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/988I5.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/988I5.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T02:59:16.250" Title="Why is Imiquimod 5% cream used to treat a superficial basal cell carcinoma less effective on lower limbs than the rest of the body?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25023" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-01T03:01:48.637" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently heard about a practice where the pores of skin are expanded by steam or pierced with small holes. The body or portion of is then submersed or lathered in a nutrient solution for absorption &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;inside the body&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. I can't find much evidence for or against the practice but in any case, still leads to the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given we have some of the most &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/olympic_national_park._photo_by_adam_jewell._ste.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fertile&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;q=&amp;amp;esrc=s&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=&amp;amp;cad=rja&amp;amp;uact=8&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi08L-ZreDsAhXjJzQIHfPCCuIQFjALegQIBhAC&amp;amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2FInternet%2FFSE_DOCUMENTS%2Fnrcs144p2_034094.pdf&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3zHxW_L9vWm9XLCJ6aDTqY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nutrient rich soil&lt;/a&gt; here in the North West:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is it possible for the human body to absorb nutrients, minerals and water, specifically from the earth's soil via some sort of contact or submersion, similar to the way roots of a tree work ?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20680" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T03:01:48.637" Title="Is it possible for humans to absorb nutients from the soil similar to trees?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25024" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25025" CreationDate="2020-11-01T06:21:57.123" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouleaux&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt; that erythrocyte aggregation causes disease:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conversely, the presence of rouleaux is a cause of disease because it&#xA;will restrict the flow of blood throughout the body because&#xA;capillaries can only accept free-flowing singular and independent red&#xA;blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but also it &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_aggregation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt; that the body has special proteins that cause it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most important protein causing rouleaux formation in plasma is fibrinogen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does erythrocyte aggregation serve a useful function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastEditorUserId="19070" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T08:32:42.307" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T18:31:37.613" Title="Does erythrocyte aggregation serve a useful function?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25025" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25024" CreationDate="2020-11-01T09:12:32.217" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The information you've aggregated is accurate. Our blood contains RBCs (red blood cells), platelets and plasma (the fluid that carries these RBCs and other proteins like fibrinogen). Ofcourse, there are many other components in there not pertaining to this answer. The purpose of all these haemostatic(clot forming) factors is to stop us from bleeding to death in case of injuries. This is achieved when fibrinogen in plasma gets activated to fibrin which is a mesh or net like structure which traps platelets and RBCs forming what is called a 'fibrin plug' (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/npmTj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pic&lt;/a&gt; below) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/dvt/blood-clots&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;). This mechanism happens in all of us and saves us every time there is an injury. However, occasionally, in cases of coexisting comorbidities, this mechanism may lead to complications like DVT, stroke, MI etc..&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/npmTj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/npmTj.png&quot; alt=&quot;blood clot&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20636" LastEditorUserId="20636" LastEditDate="2020-11-02T18:31:37.613" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T18:31:37.613" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25026" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-01T11:46:37.790" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person somehow gets a fixed amount of fluid or fine particles into their lungs such as by accidentally inhaling rather than swallowing and the cough reflex doesn't expel it how is it removed and how long does this take on average?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have so far searched for 'what happens when you inhale liquid' which generally says that if any reaches the vocal chords the cough reflect will expel it, but inevitably this could be suppressed or might not be enough to expel all liquids and fine particles so I am curious about that aspect in particular. People with minor pulmonary edemas don't always have liquid removed from their lungs through surgery right? So how is it removed if at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16417" LastEditorUserId="16417" LastEditDate="2020-11-01T19:31:32.417" LastActivityDate="2020-11-01T19:31:32.417" Title="How long does it take for fluid to clear from the lungs on average and how does this happen?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;choking&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25029" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24947" CreationDate="2020-11-02T04:44:53.293" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, I think it's useful to clarify exactly what the surgeon is doing here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182121618&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Five-Step Lower Blepharoplasty: Blending the Eyelid-Cheek Junction.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Rohrich &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.&lt;/em&gt; 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to aesthetic benefits, the functional and supportive role of cheek fat on lower lid shape has been elucidated by numerous surgeons. Whether cheek-lower lid soft tissue is augmented through fat mobilization, direct injection, or by means of implants, the goal remains the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What we're seeing at the ~12 minute mark is fat processing and mobilization. Why is the surgeon doing this? Because, as the tissue has been severed from its original blood supply, &amp;quot;fat  grafts  must  obtain  oxygen  via  diffusion  until  neovascularization  occurs:&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://doi.org/10.1097/10.1097/GOX.0000000000000183&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diffusion and Perfusion: The Keys to Fat Grafting.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Khouri &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;PRS Global Open.&lt;/em&gt; 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, it seems that the core principle of fat graft survival is that oxygen concentration at any point in a graft is a function of the oxygen concentration of the surrounding capillaries,  the diffusion rate of oxygen to reach that point in the tissue, the distance from the oxygen source,  and the metabolic rate.  In other words,  at every point within a fat graft, there is a race between the rate at which oxygen is needed by the cells and the rate at which oxygen can be delivered by the capillaries and diffused through the adipose tissue.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QgAuP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QgAuP.png&quot; alt=&quot;Figure1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although this review largely centers on fat grafting via &lt;em&gt;injection&lt;/em&gt;, the relationship between oxygen diffusion limits and tissue thickness (graft radius) holds true regardless of the exact surgical method of fat harvesting, processing, and reinjection. In my comment, I summarized this as &amp;quot;reducing the perfusion requirements of the tissue,&amp;quot; which is technically true, but it should be noted that the grafted fat is initially dependent on &lt;em&gt;diffusion&lt;/em&gt; (circumventing &amp;quot;perfusion requirements&amp;quot;) before eventual revascularization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14251" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T04:44:53.293" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25030" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25008" CreationDate="2020-11-02T04:59:42.903" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the 2007 study {1}, imiquimod 5% cream successfully treated infiltrative BCCs for 60% of the 26 studied patients (outcome at 5-year follow-up)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the intent-to-treat data set, the long-term clearance rate for imiquimod was 65% for all BCCs (n = 36), 100% for superficial BCCs (n = 4), 75% for nodular BCCs (n = 6), &lt;strong&gt;60% for infiltrative BCCs (n = 26)&lt;/strong&gt;, and 65% for both dosing regimens (n = 23 and n = 13). &lt;strong&gt;Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only baseline BCC size had a significant association with long-term clearance&lt;/strong&gt; (P = .02) (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-0.10): &lt;strong&gt;the smaller the tumor, the higher the chance to be cured with imiquimod&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Limitations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Small sample size.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Two authors of the study have disclosed a conflict of interest (paid by 3M Pharmaceuticals, which manufactures Imiquimod).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The study was published in 2007. Hopefully larger, more objective studies have been published since then.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the 2018 study {2}, in table 1, 4 out of 5 infiltrative BCC were has retreated with imiquimod 5% cream (5 days/week during 6 weeks). Outcome at around 5-year follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2013 letter {3} strongly advises against using imiquimod for a BCC that has not been confirmed to be superficial via biopsy:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any way there should be a clear consensus today that imiquimod treatment should only be applied to superficial BCC which have been biopsied before. Treatment of nodular or more aggressive BCC with imiquimod is obsolete. In case of recurrence after imiquimod treatment, surgery is always more damaging and more expensive because of the increased aggressivity as well as the poor clinical delimitation of these tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A similar concern is shared by the 2015 letter {4} for fluorouracil (but likely the same argument can be made for imiquimod):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, despite approval since the 1970’s, the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention trial noted that prior treatment with topical fluorouracil was associated with a higher risk of development of morpheaform BCCs. These authors concede that &lt;strong&gt;fluorouracil may have destroyed superficial cancer cells while leaving deeper pockets untouched&lt;/strong&gt;. However, they open the door to a causal relationship between therapy and these tumors by stating that “fluorouracil treatment may predispose to development of morpheaform BCC.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  Fifty-five Basal Cell Carcinomas Treated With Topical Imiquimod: Outcome at 5-Year Follow-up. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=David+Vidal&amp;amp;q=David+Vidal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Vidal, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&amp;amp;q=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xavier Matías-Guiu, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&amp;amp;q=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Agustín Alomar, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Arch Dermatol.&lt;/em&gt; 2007;143(2):264-276. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Bostanci, Seher, Pelin Kocyigit, Seçil Vural, Aylin Okcu Heper, and Aysenur Botsali. &amp;quot;Long-term follow-up results of topical imiquimod treatment in basal cell carcinoma.&amp;quot; Dermatologic Surgery 44, no. 1 (2018): 36-41. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Secil_Vural/publication/320317367_Long-Term_Follow-Up_Results_of_Topical_Imiquimod_Treatment_in_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma/links/5b27ae41a6fdcc3cce9c2011/Long-Term-Follow-Up-Results-of-Topical-Imiquimod-Treatment-in-Basal-Cell-Carcinoma.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Secil_Vural/publication/320317367_Long-Term_Follow-Up_Results_of_Topical_Imiquimod_Treatment_in_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma/links/5b27ae41a6fdcc3cce9c2011/Long-Term-Follow-Up-Results-of-Topical-Imiquimod-Treatment-in-Basal-Cell-Carcinoma.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.vn/Nzt4K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Skaria, A. M. &amp;quot;Facial basal cell carcinomas recurring after imiquimod therapy.&amp;quot; Dermatology 226, no. 1 (2013): 13. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1159/000345763&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1159/000345763&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{4} Ruiz, Emily Stamell, Joel L. Cohen, and Adam Friedman. &amp;quot;Before or after: is there a connection between the use of adjunctive nonmelanoma skin cancer treatments and subsequent invasive tumors?.&amp;quot; J Drugs Dermatol 14 (2015): 3. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961615P0450X/2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961615P0450X/2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-09T05:04:54.823" LastActivityDate="2020-11-09T05:04:54.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25032" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24962" CreationDate="2020-11-02T05:26:12.677" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The studies I found very significantly contradict each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2020 systematic review {6} states that the risk of after the use of topical imiquimod 5% cream to treat a nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is ~2%:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G6OOU.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G6OOU.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2009 systematic review {5} summarized the likelihood of scarring and/or skin discoloration (e.g., hyper- or hypopigmentation) after the use of topical imiquimod 5% cream  to treat a basal cell carcinoma (BCC):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b641V.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/b641V.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yAsMi.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/yAsMi.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A8oYu.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/A8oYu.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2018 study {4} states 0% of permanent hypopigmentation/depigmentation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hypopigmentation depigmentation was present in 71% (17/24) of the lesions immediately after treatment and 6 months later.  &lt;strong&gt;Hypopigmentation/depigmentation eventually healed, with normal skin pigmentation, in all patients&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whereas 67% of treated cases of BCC treated by imiquimod 5% cream had hypopigmentation in this 2007 study {1}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cosmetic results were excellent in 33% of cases (n = 24), but a permanent hypopigmented macule was observed in 67% of cases (n = 12) (&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/410920#drs60017f2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Figure 2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important note&lt;/strong&gt;: most patients in this study have a skin type 3 on the Fitzpatrick scale, which may strongly the impact the percentage of hypopigmentation cases, see below for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of hypopigmentation following a treatment of BCC treated by imiquimod 5% cream (see last picture &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rGrAR.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rGrAR.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Limitations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Small sample size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two authors of the study have disclosed a conflict of interest (paid by 3M Pharmaceuticals, which manufactures Imiquimod).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study was published in 2007. Hopefully larger, more objective studies have been published since then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patients had different skin types, as assessed with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Fitzpatrick scale&lt;/a&gt;. I was told by a dermatologist the darker the skin, the more likely it is to get hypopigmentation from a imiquimod 5% cream. To be confirmed with a study. The following table shows the skin type distributions in the {1} study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kp7Pb.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kp7Pb.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rfwY4.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rfwY4.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the location of the hypopigmentation, all studies I have found state the hypopigmentation, if any, is mostly limited to the site of application. Quote from {2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod-induced pigment loss has mainly been limited to the site of application.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which collaborates {3}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient with multiple hypopigmented macules coalescing into large hypopigmented&#xA;patches at the site of topical imiquimod therapy&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1}  Fifty-five Basal Cell Carcinomas Treated With Topical Imiquimod: Outcome at 5-Year Follow-up. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=David+Vidal&amp;amp;q=David+Vidal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Vidal, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&amp;amp;q=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xavier Matías-Guiu, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&amp;amp;q=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Agustín Alomar, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Arch Dermatol.&lt;/em&gt; 2007;143(2):264-276. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Edgar, Natalie, Stacey Pilkington, and Daniel J. Hogan. &amp;quot;Imiquimod-induced hypopigmentation following treatment of periungual verruca vulgaris.&amp;quot; Cutis 101, no. 6 (2018): 466-468. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/167571/pigmentation-disorders/imiquimod-induced-hypopigmentation-following/page/0/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/167571/pigmentation-disorders/imiquimod-induced-hypopigmentation-following/page/0/1&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201104074934/https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/167571/pigmentation-disorders/imiquimod-induced-hypopigmentation-following/page/0/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;); &lt;a href=&quot;https://mdedge-files-live.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/June-2018/CT101006466.PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mdedge-files-live.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/June-2018/CT101006466.PDF&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201104075123/https://mdedge-files-live.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/files/s3fs-public/Document/June-2018/CT101006466.PDF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Induction of Vitiligo-like Hypopigmentation with Use of Topical&#xA;Imiquimod for Superficial and Nodular Basal Cell Carcinomas&#xA;Roxanne Rajaii, Elizabeth Young, DO, Sean Stephenson, DO, Michelle Legacy, DO, Lynn Sikorski, DO &lt;a href=&quot;https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.aocd.org/resource/resmgr/jaocd/contents/volume41/41-03.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.aocd.org/resource/resmgr/jaocd/contents/volume41/41-03.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.vn/CssXF&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{4} Bostanci, Seher, Pelin Kocyigit, Seçil Vural, Aylin Okcu Heper, and Aysenur Botsali. &amp;quot;Long-term follow-up results of topical imiquimod treatment in basal cell carcinoma.&amp;quot; Dermatologic Surgery 44, no. 1 (2018): 36-41. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Secil_Vural/publication/320317367_Long-Term_Follow-Up_Results_of_Topical_Imiquimod_Treatment_in_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma/links/5b27ae41a6fdcc3cce9c2011/Long-Term-Follow-Up-Results-of-Topical-Imiquimod-Treatment-in-Basal-Cell-Carcinoma.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Secil_Vural/publication/320317367_Long-Term_Follow-Up_Results_of_Topical_Imiquimod_Treatment_in_Basal_Cell_Carcinoma/links/5b27ae41a6fdcc3cce9c2011/Long-Term-Follow-Up-Results-of-Topical-Imiquimod-Treatment-in-Basal-Cell-Carcinoma.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.vn/Nzt4K&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{5} Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or&#xA;fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a&#xA;systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1431–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{6} Huang, Christina M., and Mark G. Kirchhof. &amp;quot;Topical Imiquimod as a Treatment Option for Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.&amp;quot; Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery (2020): 1203475420931770. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475420931770&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475420931770&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-09T04:56:01.333" LastActivityDate="2020-11-09T04:56:01.333" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25033" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-02T06:42:17.603" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67211-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; paper from Columbia University, a special type of UV light called Far-UVC can help the CV-19 issue. Also, there is a claim from an opthalmologist in his Discussion on UVeology (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vx4_snGlUTg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Part-1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwBFEk6PVbg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Part-2&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iis5IND3CjQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Part-3&lt;/a&gt;) that this tech can even treat the patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q. Will it be a good idea to install such low-dose Far-UVC lights in public areas, since it does not affect human skin and eyes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Talking about the above-mentioned ophthalmologist, he one of the highly respected doctors in our state.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q2. Do, you think he is scientifically correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19091" LastEditorUserId="19091" LastEditDate="2020-11-02T06:49:38.573" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T06:49:38.573" Title="Can we use UVC (Far-UVC) light safe for human eyes and skin to fight CV19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;uv-rays&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25035" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-02T11:25:43.410" Score="0" ViewCount="116" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a certain product that says there were 8 g of fat. Listed below it are the fats content such as Omega 3 - 4379 mg, Trans fat - 0 g, Saturated fat - 1.5 g. But all these does not add up! I looked into other products and this seems to be a common practice. Some even include the cholesterol content, but it still does not add up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, where are these unlisted fats coming from? And what is on it that it seems to warrant less attention?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have attached here an example, note that this is even from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/whats-new-nutrition-facts-label&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0hbUe.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0hbUe.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16352" LastEditorUserId="16352" LastEditDate="2020-11-02T14:39:47.410" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T04:28:01.633" Title="Fats in nutrition information does not add up. Where are the unknown fats coming from?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25035" CreationDate="2020-11-02T17:15:19.960" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The FDA's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/files/food/published/Food-Labeling-Guide-%28PDF%29.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;food labeling guide&lt;/a&gt; is a more complete reference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, these labels are not precise to any scientific standard. Fat quantities are rounded to the nearest gram or half gram, fat quantities &amp;lt;0.5g are reported as zero, only saturated and trans fats must be labeled separate from total fat (if &amp;gt;0.5g per serving) and others are up to the manufacturer. These are meant to provide general information to consumers, not to be an exact representation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Omega-3&lt;/a&gt; fats are a particular category of polyunsaturated fat. Manufacturers can add information about unsaturated fat as a whole or in categories, often separated into polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, but they don't have to. Often when they do it's because they are attempting to make some sort of health claim, so this is a form of allowed marketing rather than a government standard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-11-02T17:15:19.960" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25043" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-03T12:25:45.810" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the idea is that the density of viable hosts for a pathogens is reduced so as to effectively halt infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4aYFU.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4aYFU.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The question is posed because ABC news indicates that nearly 1/3 of the US population would not COVID19 vaccinate. Assuming this is true: what is the likelihood of achieving herd immunity with 2/3 of the population?  and why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a minimum percentage that will produce herd immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T03:48:24.000" Title="What is the required vaccination percentage of a 330M population to achieve herd immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25047" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25048" CreationDate="2020-11-03T19:47:54.750" Score="0" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently I'm using &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?t=canonical&amp;amp;q=mask&amp;amp;iax=images&amp;amp;ia=images&amp;amp;iai=https%3A%2F%2Fae01.alicdn.com%2Fkf%2FHTB1HjSbMXXXXXbKXFXXq6xXFXXXS%2F10pcs-Medical-masks-Non-woven-disposable-anti-dust-mouth-mask-Anti-virus-mask-Mouth-muffle-Flu.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;conventional blue mask&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;But there are masks with exhale valve (there are mostly FFP2 ones and they're cheaper, I'm considering &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=respirator%20exhaust%20valve&amp;amp;t=canonical&amp;amp;iar=images&amp;amp;iax=images&amp;amp;ia=images&amp;amp;iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierra12.com%2Fuploads%2F2%2F9%2F5%2F2%2F29525509%2F1002798_orig.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;to buy one&lt;/a&gt;, for COVID protection). I didn't try such and it's hard to find information about this aspect on the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20035" LastActivityDate="2020-11-03T20:15:17.297" Title="Is repirator easier to breathe through than conventional medical mask?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;protection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25048" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25047" CreationDate="2020-11-03T20:15:17.297" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Masks with exhalation valves are meant to be used to protect against particulates like sawdust or smoke. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/respirator-use-faq.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;They must not be used in a pandemic because a large part of the usefulness of masks is &lt;strong&gt;preventing people who are infected and don't know it from spreading the virus&lt;/strong&gt;. If you have an exhalation valve on your mask you're exposing everyone around you.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Public health guidelines would suggest you continue to use a surgical mask and do not advise using masks with exhalation valves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-11-03T20:15:17.297" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25050" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-03T23:54:44.437" Score="0" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Given a neoplasm of uncertain behavior of skin on a patient's face that is suspected to be a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the typical first step is to perform a shave biopsy to determine the type of basal cell carcinomas so that one can decide the treatment {1}. Punch biopsies are also sometimes used instead of shave biopsies {2,3}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which criteria are used to choose whether to perform a shave biopsy or a punch biopsy to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas? (i.e., confirming whether it is a BCC and if so, determining which type of BCC it is).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#:%7E:text=A%20skin%20biopsy%20is%20often,is%20all%20that%20is%20required.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medscape&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201019001724/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histologic subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Most often, a shave biopsy is all that is required. [Mar 2, 2020]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{2} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201021194830/https://www.apma.org/files/Derm-%20case%20reports%20APMA%202018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{3} Fifty-five Basal Cell Carcinomas Treated With Topical Imiquimod: Outcome at 5-Year Follow-up. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=David+Vidal&amp;amp;q=David+Vidal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;David Vidal, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&amp;amp;q=Xavier+Mat%c3%adas-Guiu&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Xavier Matías-Guiu, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?author=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&amp;amp;q=Agust%c3%adn+Alomar&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Agustín Alomar, MD, PhD&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Arch Dermatol.&lt;/em&gt; 2007;143(2):264-276. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/archderm.143.2.266&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 4-mm punch biopsy specimen was taken during the first 3 weeks of therapy to study the mechanism of action of imiquimod in BCC,2 and a final biopsy specimen was obtained 6 weeks after treatment to assess clearance of BCC.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-04T07:53:24.817" LastActivityDate="2021-04-12T05:07:30.793" Title="Which criteria are used to choose whether to perform a shave biopsy or a punch biopsy to diagnose suspected facial basal cell carcinomas?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;biopsy&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25051" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25043" CreationDate="2020-11-04T03:48:24.000" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a minimum percentage that will produce herd immunity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Answer from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19#:%7E:text=The%20percentage%20of%20people%20who,a%20population%20to%20be%20vaccinated.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201104034709/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The percentage of people who need to have antibodies in order to achieve herd immunity against a particular disease varies with each disease. For example, herd immunity against measles requires about 95% of a population to be vaccinated. The remaining 5% will be protected by the fact that measles will not spread among those who are vaccinated. For polio, the threshold is about 80%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The estimation of the threshold for COVID-19 herd immunity is 70% according to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201104034707/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if infection with the COVID-19 virus creates long-lasting immunity, a large number of people would have to become infected to reach the herd immunity threshold. &lt;strong&gt;Experts estimate that in the U.S., 70% of the population — more than 200 million people — would have to recover from COVID-19 to halt the epidemic&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T03:48:24.000" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25052" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25035" CreationDate="2020-11-04T04:28:01.633" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are many different ways of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat#Classification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classifying fats&lt;/a&gt;, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Chain length of the constituent fatty acids.  This is mostly of interest in determining if the fat will be solid or liquid at room temperature, so it doesn't show up on nutrition labels.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Presence of carbon-carbon double bonds in the constituent fatty acids.  Saturated fats don't have any double bonds, while unsaturated fats do.  (Monounsaturated fats have one double bond per fatty acid, while polyunsaturated fats have multiple double bonds.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The arrangement of atoms around any carbon-carbon double bonds.  &lt;em&gt;Cis&lt;/em&gt;-fatty acids have a &amp;quot;C&amp;quot; shape, while &lt;em&gt;trans&lt;/em&gt;-fatty acids have a zig-zag shape.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nutrition label you show lists only some of the constituent fats of the product: the saturated fats, and those unsaturated fats with a &lt;em&gt;trans&lt;/em&gt; arrangement.  &lt;em&gt;Cis&lt;/em&gt;-unsaturated fats aren't listed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2020-11-04T04:28:01.633" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25053" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25060" CreationDate="2020-11-04T05:41:16.323" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am a nonmedical scientist trying to make sense of medical terms that were involved in the following study: Transmission onset distribution of COVID-19. I am attaching a link to the paper for your reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220306123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220306123&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: what is a layman's definition of what transmission onset is? Can I construed it as the infectiousness of the disease or transmissibility of the disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I bring your attention to the crucial Figure (attached here, Figure 3 of the paper)&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R6F7b.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/R6F7b.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The figure presents the probability density function vs number of days after onset of symptoms. The caption reads: Estimated distribution of the transmission onset of COVID-19 relative to the onset of symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can someone kindly explain this 'transmission onset' thing in plain language please?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20701" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T06:57:35.297" Title="Definition of 'transmission onset' in this paper" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25056" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-04T13:27:03.847" Score="-1" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone begins intense cardio training and develops their heart muscle, it seems to me that the increase in volume of blood that the heart can pump with every beat might manifest as a higher systolic blood pressure.  Is that right?  If not, why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16397" LastEditorUserId="16397" LastEditDate="2020-11-04T17:30:41.313" LastActivityDate="2020-11-06T13:16:48.917" Title="Could an increase in heart strength result in an increase in systolic blood pressure?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2020-11-06T16:08:22.773" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25060" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25053" CreationDate="2020-11-05T06:57:35.297" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The transmission onset of an individual is the time when the individual first contaminated someone else, as defined in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220306123&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper you mentioned&lt;/a&gt;, section Procedures, first paragraph, P_j definition:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BIW1O.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/BIW1O.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T06:57:35.297" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25061" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24971" CreationDate="2020-11-05T07:21:04.460" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2009 systematic review {1} summarized the likelihood of scarring and/or skin discoloration (e.g., hyper- or hypopigmentation) after the use of topical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorouracil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluorouracil&lt;/a&gt; cream to treat a basal cell carcinoma (BCC):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0032S.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/0032S.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8WSRr.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8WSRr.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I believe it is very likely the likelihood of skin discoloration (e.g., hyper- or hypopigmentation) depends on the skin type and the size+location of the BCC tumor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or&#xA;fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a&#xA;systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1431–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T07:21:04.460" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25062" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24970" CreationDate="2020-11-05T07:38:13.673" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2009 systematic review {1} summarized the success rate of the use of topical &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorouracil&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fluorouracil&lt;/a&gt; cream to treat a superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It found only 1 study, which reported a 90% success rate (at 3-week follow-up, so an important remaining question is what the success rate is after a few years). See the first row of this table (Gross et al.) from {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cUIxn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/cUIxn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or&#xA;fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a&#xA;systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1431–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T07:38:13.673" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25063" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24990" CreationDate="2020-11-05T08:31:53.237" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2018 systematic review {1} whether Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara) is helpful as an adjunctive treatment of a facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) prior to a Mohs surgery. Summary: Two studies show it is beneficial, and one shows it wasn't but that's unlikely because they looks at nasal BCC, which tends not to respond well to Imiquimod 5% cream. Quote from {1} with more details:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the literature explores the option of pretreatment&#xA;with imiquimod 5% cream before Mohs surgery. In one&#xA;study, a total of 70 adults with primary nodular BCC were&#xA;identified, with one group given imiquimod 5% cream for&#xA;4 weeks prior to Mohs and the other treated only with Mohs&#xA;surgery. It was found that there was less of an increase in&#xA;tumor size and area from baseline, fewer Mohs stages, and&#xA;shorter reconstruction times in the group given neoadjuvant&#xA;imiquimod [22]. Another study used reflectance-mode&#xA;confocal microscopy as well as histological imaging to confirm&#xA;decreased tumor burden with the use of 5% imiquimod&#xA;cream used before Mohs excision. When two, four, and six&#xA;week regimens were tested in comparison to vehicle cream,&#xA;the four and six week regimen groups showed significant&#xA;reduction or clearance of tumors with confocal microscopic&#xA;findings that paralleled histologic diagnosis [23].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of note, one study was found to have different findings. In&#xA;this study, a total of 31 patients were followed. Some applied&#xA;imiquimod cream each night for 6 weeks and underwent a&#xA;4 week rest period prior to having Mohs surgery, while the&#xA;others underwent only Mohs surgery. No differences were&#xA;found in the number of Mohs stages, tumor sizes, or costs&#xA;between the two groups. In the treatment group, 5 of 12&#xA;remaining patients were confirmed on histology to be clear&#xA;of tumor. In this study adjunctive imiquimod 5% cream&#xA;before Mohs surgery was not found to be useful in treating&#xA;nodular BCC, in fact the clearance of the nasal nodular BCC&#xA;pre-treated with imiquimod before Mohs was less than what&#xA;had been found in prior studies [24]. However, compared to&#xA;other studies, this study had a smaller sample size. Furthermore,&#xA;this study specified nasal BCCs, which may respond&#xA;less to imiquimod therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[22]. van der Geer S, Martens J, van Roij J, Brand E, Ostertag JU,&#xA;Verhaegh ME, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream as pretreatment&#xA;of Mohs micrographic surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma&#xA;in the face: a prospective randomized controlled study.&#xA;Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(1):110–5. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10924.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10924.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[23]. Torres A, Niemeyer A, Berkes B, Marra D, Schanbacher C, Gonzalez&#xA;S, et al. 5% imiquimod cream and reflectance-mode confocal&#xA;microscopy as adjunct modalities to Mohs micrographic surgery&#xA;for treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(12&#xA;Pt 1):1462–9. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30504.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30504.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;[24]. Butler DF, Parekh PK, Lenis A. Imiquimod 5% cream as adjunctive&#xA;therapy for primary, solitary, nodular nasal basal cell carcinomas&#xA;before Mohs micrographic surgery: a randomized, double&#xA;blind, vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(1):24–9. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34378.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34378.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kamath, Preetha, Evan Darwin, Harleen Arora, and Keyvan Nouri. &amp;quot;A review on imiquimod therapy and discussion on optimal management of basal cell carcinomas.&amp;quot; Clinical drug investigation 38, no. 10 (2018): 883-899. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-018-0681-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-018-0681-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T08:31:53.237" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-05T08:53:26.070" Score="2" ViewCount="152" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know, in root canal treatment the tooth is cleaned of bacteria; however, it cannot be 100% cleaned of bacteria. &amp;quot;There is always bacteria left behind in the auxiliary canals&amp;quot; and the bacteria can grow and multiply around the tooth, so this means bacteria which maybe anaerobic gets into the blood stream. From there the bacteria, through the blood, travels to other parts of the body such as the brain (maybe causing a brain abscess) and heart; this problem is always present since &amp;quot;there is always bacteria left behind in the auxiliary canals&amp;quot; and that quote comes from a dentist whose website is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://askthedentist.com/root-canals-know-before-you-go/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://askthedentist.com/root-canals-know-before-you-go/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, on the NHS website at&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/root-canal-treatment/what-happens/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/root-canal-treatment/what-happens/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it says &amp;quot;Around 9 out of 10 root-treated teeth survive for 8 to 10 years&amp;quot; which may suggest that 9 out of 10 teeth are eventually infected, with bacteria,to stop the tooth surviving after 8 to 10 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is does every tooth that has had a root canal treatment carry the risk for the health of other organs such as brain and heart?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20709" LastEditorUserId="20709" LastEditDate="2020-11-05T20:11:08.497" LastActivityDate="2020-11-21T21:41:05.300" Title="Are All Root Canal Treatments Safe?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-05T08:59:12.090" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the following logic valid?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Getting an influenza vaccine is less necessary this season, if one is going to live under conditions (mask-wearing, drastically reduced contacts with others etc) designed to minimise exposure to COVID-19, but that also have the (beneficial) side-effect of minimising exposure to viruses in general, including influenza ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the case be made for the flu shot still being necessary if living conditions return to normal for the second half of the season, i.e. after one has resumed social contacts while still being in the protection time-window of the flu shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7540" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T10:07:54.647" Title="Necessity of flu shots under pandemic living conditions" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-11-05T15:26:27.237" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25066" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25065" CreationDate="2020-11-05T10:07:54.647" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could the case be made for the flu shot still being necessary if living conditions return to normal for the second half of the season&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, one argument would be that even with the current precautions, there are still currently half a million new covid cases daily, so it's preferable to have only one pandemic instead of two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T10:07:54.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25071" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-05T23:59:00.890" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both Imiquimod 5% cream and topical 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have been used to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with a fair amount of success (~60 to 90% success rate at 5-year follow-up) {1}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod and 5-Fluorouracil work differently, e.g. from {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Imiquimod is a toll-like&#xA;receptor that modifies the immune response via the up-regulation of cytokines and has the capacity to improve a person’s&#xA;immune response.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;5-Fluorouracil attacks cancer cells by inhibiting thymidylate&#xA;synthetase.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This makes me wonder: does it make sense to try 5-Fluorouracil in case Imiquimod 5% cream failed to treat a BCC. In other words, how effective is topical fluorouracil to treat facial superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; Imiquimod 5% cream failed to treat it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or&#xA;fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a&#xA;systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1431–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-05T23:59:00.890" Title="How effective is topical fluorouracil to treat facial superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) after Imiquimod 5% cream failed to treat it?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25072" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25056" CreationDate="2020-11-06T08:55:08.893" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Intense cardio training over sufficiently prolonged time tend to incerease the capacity of your cadiovascular system to carry oxygen to the muscle. One aspect (among many) is the increase in volume of the left chamber of the heart which is seen in professional athletes of enurance sports.&#xA;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771151/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771151/&lt;/a&gt;)&#xA;Blood pressure rises in excercise (not easy to measure, but can be observed in stress tests, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/hs0901.095395&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/hs0901.095395&lt;/a&gt;) to accomodate the need for extra oxygen. As the excerise continue, the arteries diameter get larger and it helps in regulating the blood pressure. It suppose to go back to normal as exercise stops and it actually goes lower than usual (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/01.cir.83.5.1557&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/01.cir.83.5.1557&lt;/a&gt; since the blood vessels remain large. You can also test it on yourself) for a few minutes after stopping. Prolonged aerobic training helps to reduce hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20716" LastEditorUserId="20716" LastEditDate="2020-11-06T13:16:48.917" LastActivityDate="2020-11-06T13:16:48.917" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25078" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25064" CreationDate="2020-11-07T06:16:08.923" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is an important question.&#xA;The article that you have &lt;a href=&quot;https://askthedentist.com/root-canals-know-before-you-go/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned&lt;/a&gt; is an excellent article explaining almost everything in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as mentioned in that article, root canal treatment is indicated in irreversible pulpitis or when the pulp is dead or necrosed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now how does one know whether he/she has irreversible pulpitis or dead pulp?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the name suggests irreversible pulpitis means the pulp now can not be healed back.&#xA;The infection is irreversible.&#xA;So the typical symptoms which one may experience include-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Irreversible pulpitis is marked by:&#xA;-Pain to hot or cold that lingers.&#xA;-Spontaneous pain, especially pain that wakes the patient from sleep.&#xA;-Pain with chewing, especially if it is accompanied by one and two above.&#xA;-Pain that is generally sharp and acute.&#xA;-Pain that arises relatively recently after a) the placement of a new restoration b) multiple restorations in the same tooth and c) deep restorations relative to the pulp. The greater the number of insults to the pulp, aside from restorations (bruxism, abrasion, erosion, caries, etc.), the higher the probability of irreversible pulpal damage.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentaleconomics.com/science-tech/article/16391899/endodontic-diagnosis-if-it-looks-like-a-horse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, in reversible pulpitis where there are other better, restorative options other than root canal treatment, eg removing the infection followed by a restoration, the typical symptoms are-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reversible pulpitis, pain occurs when a stimulus (usually cold or sweet) is applied to the tooth. When the stimulus is removed, the pain ceases within 1 to 2 seconds.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/common-dental-disorders/pulpitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another form wherein if one ignores the symptoms of irreversible pulpitis then slowly the infection will affect the whole pulp making the pulp dead and then the infection may go apically from the canals to affect the parts apical to a tooth. This is known as necrosed pulp or dead pulp. And if the parts apical to tooth have been involved it will be known as apical periodontitis and this may have different forms, eg. cyst, granuloma etc.&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p3pWe.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the pulp is necrosed and the infection is not much apical, in that case also root canal treatment is indicated.&#xA;So looking at the symptoms of a necrosed pulp-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a non-vital pulp is symptomatic there can be 1) pain to chewing, 2) spontaneous pain that is generally dull and less localized than that of irreversible pulpitis, 3) a lack of response to thermal testing, 4) palpation sensitivity, or 5) swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or else pulp necrosis may be asymptomatic.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentaleconomics.com/science-tech/article/16391899/endodontic-diagnosis-if-it-looks-like-a-horse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21000/why-does-a-dental-abscess-infection-usually-go-away-after-a-root-canal/23842#23842&quot;&gt;How does root canal treatment heal the periapical infection?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, as mentioned by op's reference article,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;root canal treatment the tooth is cleaned of bacteria; however, it cannot be 100% cleaned of bacteria. &amp;quot;There is always bacteria left behind in the auxiliary canals&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, this is true. However before that, I will brief about what &lt;em&gt;exactly&lt;/em&gt; happens in the RCT procedure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An access hole will then be drilled into the tooth. The pulp, along with bacteria and related debris, is removed from the tooth. The cleaning-out process is accomplished using root canal files. A series of these files of increasing diameter are each subsequently placed into the access hole and worked down the full length of the tooth to scrape and scrub the sides of the root canals. Water or sodium hypochlorite is used periodically to flush away the debris.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once the tooth is thoroughly cleaned, it needs to be sealed. Some dentists like to wait a week before sealing the tooth. For instance, if there is an infection, your dentist may put a medication inside the tooth to clear it up. Others may choose to seal the tooth the same day it is cleaned out. If root canal therapy is not completed on the same day, a temporary filling is placed in the exterior hole in the tooth to keep contaminants out between appointments.&#xA;At the next appointment, to fill the interior of the tooth, a sealer paste and a rubber compound called gutta-percha are placed into the tooth's root canal. To fill the exterior access hole created at the beginning of treatment, a filling is placed.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/root-canals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the last part, i.e. sealing of the root canal also known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/professional-education/ce-courses/ce562/obturation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;obturation&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;is very crucial.&#xA;This is because as mentioned in the op's reference article, that, there are chances for the infection/bacteria to be left behind in the root canal. Hence if one seals the canals, including the auxillary, accessory canals then there is no chance for the remaining infection or bacteria to go apical to the tooth and hence into the bloodstream.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nowadays there so many techniques of root canal obturation so that one can seal all the potential openings of the root.&#xA;This is an excellent &lt;a href=&quot;https://pocketdentistry.com/obturation/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; describing the same.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZWvmD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S1517-74912002000200006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can appreciate the whiteness on x ray image in the left most tooth indicating sealing of all the canals including the accessories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The dentinal tubules also do contain bacteria. Now the outermost layer of the root is cementum. This is again a hard tissue. So according to various &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=http://medcraveonline.com/ATROA/ATROA-04-00070.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj34vKmnPPsAhUtIbcAHeU6CxQQFjASegQIExAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3z-YGP0c3voVgrehxo3lLg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;articles&lt;/a&gt; the cementum layer is impermeable to bacteria. Unless there is a breach in the cemental layer, say due root resorption the bacteria can not penetrate via dentinal tubules through the cementum into the periapical area and hence into the bloodstream. Also as the canals are obturated, making the nutritional supply for the bacteria deficient in the dentinal tubules, they don't survive long enough. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227528618_Invasion_of_dentinal_tubules_by_root_canal_bacteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;. Also along with the bactericidal intracranial medicament(if used) in between the appointments hardly any bacteria survive!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence, to conclude, yes the root canal treatment may carry a risk of infection for organs like brain or heart, but only rarely, when it is not properly sealed.&#xA;Hence it is recommended to visit a well experienced dentist, much better, an endodontist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2020-11-08T15:18:56.163" LastActivityDate="2020-11-08T15:18:56.163" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25097" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15519" CreationDate="2020-11-11T02:56:49.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bisphosphonate drug holidays should be considered if the person has taken the drug for an extended period of time and have a reservoir built up in their bone. Secondary therapy should be considered during the holiday to maintain bone density.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source :&#xA;Diab, D. L., &amp;amp; Watts, N. B. (2013). Bisphosphonate drug holiday: who, when and how long. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease, 5(3), 107–111. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X13477714&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X13477714&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20742" LastActivityDate="2020-11-11T02:56:49.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25100" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-12T08:31:33.410" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Everywhere I look online (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11920-cholesterol-numbers-what-do-they-mean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;), it says about keeping LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins) to less than 100mg/dL and where possible raise HDL (High Density Lipoproteins) to 50mg/dL or higher and reaching this is considered to be good. HDL of 60 or more is considered to be optimum and a protection against heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/4001/7951&quot;&gt;What natural supplements exist to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol?&lt;/a&gt; asks for natural remedies, but I am asking what dietary changes will help lower LDL &lt;strong&gt;and at the same time raise HDL levels&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When looking at how to raise HDL levels &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493531/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;McTaggart &amp;amp; Jones (2008)&lt;/a&gt; points out that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statins are effective in raising HDL-C in mixed hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and T2D, but this seems to be dependent on baseline parameters. Statins are less effective than fibrates in raising HDL-C in these conditions but achieve much greater LDL-C reductions. The evidence suggests that combination of a statin with a fibrate may provide benefits both on LDL and on the TG-HDL axis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this vastly increases the length of the answer I need to ask this in a separate question.  Please advise me in the comments of that, but &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia says&lt;/a&gt; that fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids. Does this mean that fibrates are a pharmaceutical version of dietary fibre (complex [often large] carbohydrates)?  If so, is introducing more fibre into your diet going to raise HDL levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;McTaggart, F., &amp;amp; Jones, P. (2008). Effects of statins on high-density lipoproteins: a potential contribution to cardiovascular benefit. &lt;em&gt;Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 22&lt;/em&gt;(4), 321–338. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493531/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PMC2493531&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-008-6113-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-008-6113-z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-11-12T08:31:33.410" Title="Cholesterol: How can you lower LDL and maintain OR raise HDL?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25101" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-12T08:33:01.827" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Linked to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/25100/7951&quot;&gt;Cholesterol: How can you lower LDL and maintain OR raise HDL?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everywhere I look online (e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11920-cholesterol-numbers-what-do-they-mean&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cleveland Clinic&lt;/a&gt;), it says about keeping LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins) to less than 100 mg/dL and where possible raise HDL (High Density Lipoproteins) to 50mg/dL or higher and reaching this is considered to be good. HDL of 60 or more is considered to be optimum and a protection against heart disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot find any figures for Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) but the Cleveland Clinic gives a &lt;strong&gt;Non-HDL&lt;/strong&gt; limit of&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Less than 130 mg/dL.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean that the VLDL level should be lower than 30mg/dL considering the 100mg/dL limt for LDL?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do you lower the VLDL levels?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-11-12T08:33:01.827" Title="Cholesterol: What is the upper limit for VLDL and how do you lower the levels?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25103" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-12T23:55:35.860" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100162/which-histologic-findings-are-characteristic-of-superficial-basal-cell-carcinoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100162/which-histologic-findings-are-characteristic-of-superficial-basal-cell-carcinoma&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201112235434/https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100162/which-histologic-findings-are-characteristic-of-superficial-basal-cell-carcinoma&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approximately 10-15% of all BCCs are of this type [superficial]. This is the most common pattern seen in BCCs of the shoulder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) the most common pattern seen in BCCs of the shoulder, even though only 10-15% of all BCCs are superficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-12T23:55:35.860" Title="Why is superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) the most common pattern seen in BCCs of the shoulder?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25104" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25050" CreationDate="2020-11-13T03:37:11.780" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#c8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#c8&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201113033425/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) explains that using a shave biopsy is the typical biopsy to use but a punch biopsy is preferable in some situations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A skin biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the histologic subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Most often, a &lt;strong&gt;shave biopsy&lt;/strong&gt; is all that is required. Nevertheless, in the case of a pigmented lesion where there may be difficulty distinguishing between pigmented BCC and melanoma, an excisional or &lt;strong&gt;punch biopsy&lt;/strong&gt; may be indicated; this is to ensure that the depth of the lesion can be determined if it proves to be a malignant melanoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In most cases, a superficial biopsy specimen that contains dermis is all that is required to confirm the diagnosis of BCC, although it is possible to miss the tumor. For example, an ulcerated BCC may reepithelialize with normal epidermis while tumor is still present at a deeper level. Part or all of the BCC may be sampled, but avoid going beyond the clinical margins if the biopsy is only for diagnostic purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Punch biopsy is an easy method to obtain a thick specimen, but is rarely required. The most suspicious area of a lesion may be sampled, or multiple biopsy samples may be taken if the tumor is large or has a varied appearance in different areas. Avoid punch biopsy if curettage is planned for final treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-13T03:37:11.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-13T05:59:03.113" Score="0" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/2010/078548Orig1s000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Approval Package for Imiquimod Cream, 5% on February 25, 2010&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201113055917/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/2010/078548Orig1s000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference Drug (NDA number): Aldara® (imiquimod) 5% Cream (NDA 20-723), Graceway&#xA;Pharmaceuticals. Date of approval: 2/27/97&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Approved indication(s) based on label approved on 3/22/07: For the topical treatment of:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;clinically typical, nonhyperkeratotic, nonhypertrophic actinic keratoses (AK) on the face&#xA;or scalp in immunocompetent adults,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;biopsy-confirmed, primary superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) in immunocompetent&#xA;adults; maximum tumor diameter of 2.0 cm on trunk, neck, or extremities (excluding&#xA;hands and feet), only when surgical methods are medically less appropriate and patient&#xA;follow-up can be reasonably assured.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why isn't Imiquimod Cream 5% recommended for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma located on the face?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-13T05:59:03.113" Title="Why isn't Imiquimod Cream 5% recommended for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma located on the face?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25112" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25115" CreationDate="2020-11-15T13:20:43.570" Score="1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;David Sinclair (Harvard Medical School) has said to take NMN and resveratrol supplements to fight ageing and degenerative diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6isKH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6isKH.png&quot; alt=&quot;tweet&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Example of same supplements taken: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWx77ARQ9lo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWx77ARQ9lo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific studies about the effects of them for a healthy person at different ages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20759" LastEditorUserId="20759" LastEditDate="2020-11-15T17:41:30.197" LastActivityDate="2020-11-15T23:47:01.210" Title="Taking resveratrol and NMN supplements" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-12-05T17:11:30.550" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25114" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21067" CreationDate="2020-11-15T19:21:29.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;■What is the ATMPs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I didn't clearly read from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/advanced-therapies/advanced-therapy-classification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMA's description&lt;/a&gt; of the ATMP, whether the ATMP is as being a &amp;quot;sales approval&amp;quot; or a &amp;quot;preferential treatment that lowers the bar to obtain approval&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the noun &lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;ATMP&amp;quot; has three different meanings&lt;/strong&gt;; I was confused because of the mix of these in the EMA's site.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box1.&lt;/strong&gt; Three different means of ATMPs&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(1)ATMP as the name of the category, similar to 'drugs' or 'medical devices'&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(2)Products that fall into the &lt;strong&gt;category&lt;/strong&gt; of ATMPs can receive accelerated reviews compared to regular drugs.　There appears to be a stage where the EMA confirms whether a particular product falls into this category or not&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/accelerated-assessment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;■&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(3) ATMP as a name for a form of &lt;strong&gt;sales authorization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/advanced-therapies/marketing-authorisation-procedures-advanced-therapy-medicinal-products&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;■&lt;/a&gt;. ATMP in this sense can be sold within Europe.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you said, &amp;quot;This product is an ATMP&amp;quot;, it is unclear in which sense of (1) to (3) above.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In the sense of (1), it would be possible for any product to call itself an ATMP if it followed the &amp;quot;unapproved drug is a drug&amp;quot; sense.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The meaning of (2) is similar to what we mean by &amp;quot;RMAT designation&amp;quot; in the US. If it is an 'ATMP' in this sense, it can be understood as a &amp;quot;They can get a shortcut review.&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If you want to clarify that the product have been given permission to sell, you should emphasize that you mean (3), for example, like &amp;quot;Approved for sale by the EMA as an ATMP&amp;quot;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;■List for the ATMPs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found unofficial &lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmaboardroom.com/facts/european-medicines-agency-ema-advanced-therapy-medicinal-product-atmp-approvals/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list&lt;/a&gt; for RMATs by the private sector.　According to this, the Full list of ATMPs around the date 20.05.2020 is as shown in Box 2, below. &lt;strong&gt;An ATMP here might be one that is an ATMP in the sense of Box 1, (3), or has been an ATMP in the sense of Box 1, (3), at least once in the past.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Box2.&lt;/strong&gt; Unofficial ATEMPs list as of 20.05.2020 from &lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmaboardroom.com/facts/european-medicines-agency-ema-advanced-therapy-medicinal-product-atmp-approvals/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#,NAME,DEVELOPER,INDICATION,APPROVAL DATE,STATUS,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;1,Dectova,GSK,Influenza,Mar-19,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;2,Luxturna,Spark Therapeutics,Retinal dystrophy,Sep-18,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;3,Yescarta,Kite Pharma,Blood cancer,Aug-18,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;4,Kymriah,Novartis,Blood cancer,Aug-18,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;5,Alofisel,TiGenix,Perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease,Mar-18,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;6,Spherox,CO.DON,Cartilage defects in the knee,May-17,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;7,Zalmoxis,MolMed,Stem cell transplantation in high-risk blood cancer,Jun-16,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;8,Strimvelis,GSK,ADA-SCID,Apr-16,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;9,Imlygic,Amgen,Melanoma,Oct-15,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;10,Holoclar,Chiesi,Severe limbal stem cell deficiency in the eyes,Mar-15,Approved,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;11,Provenge,Dendreon,Metastatics prostate cancer,Oct-13,Withdrawn in 2015,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;12,MACI,Vericel,Cartilage defects in the knee,Jul-13,Withdrawn in 2014,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;13,Glybera,uniQure,Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD),Nov-12,Withdrawn in 2017,&lt;br&gt;&#xA;14,Chondrocelect,TiGenix,Cartilage defects,Nov-09,Withdrawn in 2016,&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I couldn't find the official full list as far as I could find it.&#xA;However, &lt;strong&gt;if you search for the name of the Box 2's product in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/field_ema_web_categories%253Aname_field/Human/ema_group_types/ema_medicine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EMA’s database&lt;/a&gt; you will get a hit&lt;/strong&gt;.&#xA;Therefore, if the name of the product is known, it appears that it can be checked in the official EMA's database to see if it was &lt;strong&gt;approved or at least once approved&lt;/strong&gt; as the ATMP.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spherox and Alofisel, for example, are still in approved status (AUTHORISED) as of November 15, 2020.　That can be found in the search results at the following link.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/spherox&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Spherox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/alofisel&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alofisel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of ATMPs have been approved once but were later withdrawn. For example, as of November 15, 2020, MACI has fallen into this category. In fact, a search in the EMA database yields the following results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/maci&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MACI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MACI's EPAR has the following description(※).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;WITHDRAWN&#xA;This medicine is now withdrawn from use in the European Union.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This statement strongly suggests that the &amp;quot;Approved as an ATMP&amp;quot; means  ”Marketing approval has been granted across Europe”. From the structure of this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/advanced-therapies/advanced-therapy-classification&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; strongly suggests that there is a  marketing-authorisation way named &amp;quot;ATMP&amp;quot;, as the link in the EMA's explanation contains the string &amp;quot;/marketing-authorisation/advanced-therapies/&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;※.For reference, MACI appears to still have approved status at the FDA as of November 15, 2020.　In other words, it's commercially available in the United States as of November 15, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/maci-autologous-cultured-chondrocytes-porcine-collagen-membrane&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/maci-autologous-cultured-chondrocytes-porcine-collagen-membrane&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's interesting that, even though the MACI was Withdrawn as an ATMP in 2014, it was later approved by the FDA as the &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/maci&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;first tissue engineering product&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; in 2016.&#xA;However, it doesn't seem to negate the effectiveness of MACI from this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/maci&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;document&lt;/a&gt;;Probably due to the applicant's market strategy, they did not renew.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastEditorUserId="16820" LastEditDate="2020-11-15T21:30:11.977" LastActivityDate="2020-11-15T21:30:11.977" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25115" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25112" CreationDate="2020-11-15T23:30:20.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any scientific studies about the effects of them for a healthy person at different ages?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding NMN: study {1} shows it is safe to use on humans, but no study yet on the efficiency in terms of lifespan increase. Studies on NMN have been on other animals. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide&lt;/a&gt; for some references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the efficiency of resveratrol in terms of lifespan increase, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resveratrol&amp;amp;oldid=981556075#Lifespan&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resveratrol&amp;amp;oldid=981556075#Lifespan&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is insufficient evidence to indicate that consuming resveratrol has an effect on human lifespan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FYI:  &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/18931/43&quot;&gt;Is there any downside in combining the ingestion of NR and NMN supplements to increase one's level of NAD+?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/advpub/0/advpub_EJ19-0313/_pdf/-char/en&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Endocrine Journal&lt;/em&gt;. November 2019.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-15T23:47:01.210" LastActivityDate="2020-11-15T23:47:01.210" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25116" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-15T23:58:50.447" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#c8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup#c8&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201116000410/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-workup&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Superficial basal cell carcinoma: Approximately 10-15% of all BCCs are of this type. This is the most common pattern seen in BCCs of the shoulder.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The solid (nodular) type accounts for approximately 70% of all cases.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Infiltrative basal cell carcinoma: This type of BCC accounts for 10% of BCCs.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However &amp;quot;This is the most common pattern seen in BCCs of the shoulder.&amp;quot; seems to&#xA;indicate that the percentage of a given BCC types depends on its location (face, neck, extremities, trunk, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What percentage of facial basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are superficial or infiltrative? (I'm looking for 2 percentages: 1 for superficial and 1 for infiltrative)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-16T00:08:16.203" LastActivityDate="2020-11-16T00:08:16.203" Title="What percentage of facial basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are superficial or infiltrative?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-17T19:58:41.537" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;Each year, many people get the flu vaccine (and I'm sure there are many more other than flu).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if you get this vaccine, and from what I've understood, you can still catch the same strain of flu as the one you were vaccinated for! Whilst the vaccine does not make us immune to the flu, we suffer with milder symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question seems like common sense, but I find nothing on my searches to back up if a person who is vaccinated can no longer infect others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, does this mean during the time where catching the same strain of flu you took the vaccine for you can still be infectious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20774" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T23:17:17.797" Title="Does being vaccinated prevent transmission of disease if you catch it" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25132" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-17T23:59:22.957" Score="-1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dermnetnz.org/cme/dermoscopy-course/dermoscopy-of-basal-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dermnetnz.org/cme/dermoscopy-course/dermoscopy-of-basal-cell-carcinoma/&lt;/a&gt; mentions that one can use dermoscopy to diagnose basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and their subtype (nodular, superficial, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How accurate is dermoscopy to predict whether a skin lesion is a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and if it is, whether it is superficial or some aggressive form?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-18T11:18:59.433" Title="How accurate is dermoscopy to predict if a skin lesion is a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and if it is, whether it is superficial or aggressive form?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-11-20T00:20:17.883" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25134" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25132" CreationDate="2020-11-18T11:18:59.433" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190962213010554&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190962213010554&lt;/a&gt;, and this, &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjd.14499&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bjd.14499&lt;/a&gt;, sensitivity and specificity for BCC as a whole is pretty good. Predictive values for the different types of BCC is pretty good in some variants but not so much in others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastActivityDate="2020-11-18T11:18:59.433" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25135" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14104" CreationDate="2020-11-18T11:38:39.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tension pneumothorax is an emergency in that it an kill somebody quickly.&#xA;Venous catheters are part of standard management in trauma or resuscitation settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for pneumothorax itself; keep in mind that the needle decompression is not actually a definitive treatment but rather something to buy you time to do something more definitive like a tube thoracostomy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you read the article carefully, you can see that those recommendations are in a prehospital setting for a patient that will essentially die if you don't do something right away.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8186" LastEditorUserId="8186" LastEditDate="2020-11-19T11:32:07.120" LastActivityDate="2020-11-19T11:32:07.120" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-18T18:44:56.987" Score="2" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a friend who last year suffered severe drug addiction and decided to consume windshield washer fluid that contains methanol/isopropanol. He drank it from Saturday to Wednseday before being caught in college and taken to A&amp;amp;E.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luckily for him, he didn't die or  suffer from retinal damage/organ damage/kidney damage. The doctors were baffled. He had 2900mg/L of methanol in his blood and was treated with fomepizole.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nephrologist said that he was lucky that the mixture contained isopropanol (propan-2-ol) because that most likely inhibitied alcohol dehydrogenase in his liver from converting methanol to formaldehyde and then formic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Methanol in it's unconverted form is not harmful to the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20783" LastActivityDate="2020-11-18T20:57:50.367" Title="Can an individual survive methanol poisoning if the drink is mixed with isopropanol?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;alcohol&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-12-05T17:05:36.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-18T18:55:07.447" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;if an eye gets lighted with a fleshlight or other lightsources the pupils will decrease their width. This pupillary response is a typical indicator in diagnostics. Is there any specific value which can be used as threshold to decide wether the test of pupillary response is passed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&#xA;I read much about the pupillary response. There is much literature about how to do the checks and what are possible diagnoses but I was not able to find a specific value to decide wether the test of pupillary response is passed. I also asked medical staff and they told me you will see it and its about experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20784" LastEditorUserId="20784" LastEditDate="2020-11-20T15:50:51.703" LastActivityDate="2020-11-20T15:50:51.703" Title="Light adaption of pupil. When is a size adaption normal?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;reflex-impulse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-12-05T17:17:40.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25137" CreationDate="2020-11-18T20:57:50.367" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The nephrologist is right, in toxicology we learn that the theory behind a methanol intoxication is due to the fact that methanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and then aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolizes formaldehyde into formic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trick however is that, since ethanol uses the same enzymes as methanol to be metabolized, &lt;strong&gt;and once those enzymes have more affinity to ethanol than for methanol&lt;/strong&gt;, then methanol will not be metabolized and thus formic acid will never be formed (which is the main source of toxicity) in summary, ethanol as fomepizole act as a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question regards &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/isopropanol-toxicology-overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isopropanol&lt;/a&gt;, which uses the same enzymes than ethanol and methanol and once &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/alcohol-dehydrogenase-from-ethanol-to-acetaldehyde-biology-essay.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;isopropanol shows a higher affinity for AD (alcohol dehydrogenase) than methanol&lt;/a&gt;, and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Isopropanol does not get metabolized to a toxic acid metabolite like ethylene glycol and methanol&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;then same logic is applied, it can act as competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastActivityDate="2020-11-18T20:57:50.367" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-19T11:49:26.223" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;What percentage of vaccines are deemed unsafe at what stage of the testing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it common that vaccines reach stage 2 for example and are deemed unsafe there? What about vaccines making it to stage 3?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am most interested in whether the vaccine failed for being unsafe rather than ineffective but a great answer would of course include all these percentages.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13404" LastActivityDate="2020-11-19T11:49:26.223" Title="What percentage of vaccines are deemed unsafe at which stage in the testing?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25147" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-19T20:59:32.920" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know correlation is not causation.&#xA;Consider following example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say we observe that on average people who smoke, die earlier that those who don't.&#xA;This is correlation right?&#xA;But &lt;strong&gt;how do you design a study&lt;/strong&gt; that would &lt;strong&gt;exclude&lt;/strong&gt; that above correlation&#xA;exists because of following factor: people have a need to smoke because they have condition A,&#xA;condition A is what makes them die early.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20790" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T23:22:53.687" Title="How do you determine causation? (based on this example)" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;smoking&gt;&lt;cause-and-effect&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2020-12-05T17:19:18.297" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25148" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-19T23:59:11.910" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive imaging technique that has been used to diagnose basal cell carcinoma (BCC). How accurate is RCM to predict whether a BCC is infiltrative or superficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2006 study {2} was inconclusive:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Limitations: The pigmented BCCs imaged in this study were predominantly nodular; a different set or additional criteria may be necessary for detection of infiltrative and metatypical BCCs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2016 study {1} focused on superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) but only looked at 3 cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Motivations:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Understanding if RCM is a decent replacement for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/25050/43&quot;&gt;biopsy&lt;/a&gt; to diagnose BCC.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/25022/43&quot;&gt;Superficial BCCs can be treated quite well with Imiquimod 5% cream (US brand: Aldara)&lt;/a&gt; but &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/25008/43&quot;&gt;Imiquimod not doesn't work as well on infiltrative BCCs&lt;/a&gt;, which typically requires surgery (Mohs if cosmesis is important or old-fashioned excision).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Ghita, Mihaela A., Constantin Caruntu, Adrian E. Rosca, Harillaq Kaleshi, Ana Caruntu, Liliana Moraru, Anca Oana Docea et al. &amp;quot;Reflectance confocal microscopy and dermoscopy for in vivo, non-invasive skin imaging of superficial basal cell carcinoma.&amp;quot; Oncology letters 11, no. 5 (2016): 3019-3024. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.3892%2Fol.2016.4354&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.3892%2Fol.2016.4354&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840988/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840988/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Agero, Anna Liza Chan, Klaus J. Busam, Cristiane Benvenuto-Andrade, Alon Scope, Melissa Gill, Ashfaq A. Marghoob, Salvador González, and Allan C. Halpern. &amp;quot;Reflectance confocal microscopy of pigmented basal cell carcinoma.&amp;quot; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 54, no. 4 (2006): 638-643. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1096&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1096&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-20T00:16:47.253" LastActivityDate="2020-11-20T00:16:47.253" Title="How accurate is reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) to predict whether a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is infiltrative or superficial?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-20T22:55:53.963" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;My six-year-old just went through knee surgery to treat a torn discoid meniscus. I'm curious about which tissues were touched in the procedure (and are now of course now having to heal).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Disregarding the meniscus itself, are incisions made exclusively in the skin or are there additional parts (muscle? tendon?) that have to be cut to get to the interior of the joint?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some details of my trouble finding an answer to this question myself. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-arthroscopic-surgery/successful-knee-arthroscopy-techniques&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This fairly detailed article&lt;/a&gt;, for instance, mentions &amp;quot;incisions through skin, subcutaneous tissues, fascia and muscle,&amp;quot; but doesn't get any more specific, and for the end of procedure, simply says, &amp;quot;The wounds are closed with non-absorbable sutures.&amp;quot; And in a couple of videos I've sampled, it seems the procedure goes straight from making the portals through the skin, to doing the main part of the surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20799" LastEditorUserId="20799" LastEditDate="2020-11-23T19:36:27.857" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T19:43:33.440" Title="What tissues are incised to perform knee arthroscopy?" Tags="&lt;knee&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-20T23:59:03.000" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://skinio.com/education/basal-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://skinio.com/education/basal-cell-carcinoma/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20201120235927/https://skinio.com/education/basal-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients diagnosed with BCC should be examined by their dermatologist at least twice a year. Remember, 50% of individuals with a history of BCC will develop another one within 5 years of diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder to what extent the age of the individual impacts this 50% statistics, since the older the individual, the more likely they are to have BCCs {1}.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do 50% of individuals with a history of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) will develop another one within 5 years of diagnosis regardless of the age of the individual? If not, how does this number changes as their age of the individual changes? (e.g., 80% at age 70, 50% at age 60, 30% at age 50 etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100129/how-does-the-incidence-of-basal-cell-carcinoma-bcc-vary-by-age#:%7E:text=The%20likelihood%20of%20developing%20BCC,mean%20age%20is%2064%20years&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100129/how-does-the-incidence-of-basal-cell-carcinoma-bcc-vary-by-age#:~:text=The%20likelihood%20of%20developing%20BCC,mean%20age%20is%2064%20years&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The likelihood of developing BCC increases with age. Data indicate that BCC incidence is far higher (more than 100-fold) in persons aged 55-70 years than in those aged 20 years and younger. Patients 50-80 years of age are affected most often. The median age at diagnosis is 67 years and the mean age is 64 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nevertheless, BCC can develop in teenagers and now appears frequently in fair-skinned patients aged 30-50 years. Approximately  5% to 15% of cases of BCC occur in patients aged 20- 40 years. Aggressive-growth types of BCC are more frequently noted in patients younger than 35 years than in older individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-21T01:01:27.897" LastActivityDate="2021-04-21T08:09:56.843" Title="Do 50% of individuals with a history of BCC will develop another one within 5 years of diagnosis regardless of the age of the individual?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25158" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25064" CreationDate="2020-11-21T21:41:05.300" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After researching about the safety of root canals by reading a few recent refereed scientific papers I found the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a published link,in refereed scientific journals, for root canal treated teeth being linked to heart attack.For example this paper (published in the journal of cardiology)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNA of Pathogens typical for periodontal infection and endodontic (root canal) origin were present in blood clots aspirate from patients with acute myocardial infarction, , T. Pessi 2013, 23418311&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above paper they took blood clots (that caused the heart attack) from&#xA;from some persons that had root canal treated teeth  and they found root canal pathogens (1600% times more normal) in those bloods clots; so those pathogens caused the blood clot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20709" LastActivityDate="2020-11-21T21:41:05.300" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-21T22:42:34.793" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;BCC = basal cell carcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read on {4}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Certain clinical and pathological features of BCC are associated with an elevated risk for recurrence after treatment. Recurrent BCC may reappear months to years after initial treatment, leading to local tissue destruction, morbidity, increased risk for metastasis, and the need for retreatment (picture 1A-B). (see &amp;quot;Treatment and prognosis of basal cell carcinoma&amp;quot;, section on 'Local recurrence' and &amp;quot;Treatment and prognosis of basal cell carcinoma&amp;quot;, section on 'Metastasis')&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The following characteristics have been proposed as factors associated with increased risk for tumor recurrence {1-3}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Location and size&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Greater than or equal to 6 mm in diameter in high-risk areas (eg, central face, nose, lips, eyelids, eyebrows, periorbital skin, chin, mandible, ears, preauricular and postauricular areas, temples, hands, feet)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over 10 mm in diameter in other areas of the head and neck&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Over 20 mm in diameter in all other areas (excluding hands and feet)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are some areas of the face more likely to have BCC recurrences than others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2010 paper {3} illustrates  the areas of the face with high BCC recurrence in this image (grey = higher BCC recurrence):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/clcof.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/clcof.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From {3}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical Risk Factors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several clinical risk factors apply to both basal and squamous cell cancers (see pages 840 and 848). These risk factors include tumor location and size, the status of tumor borders, whether the tumor is primary or recurrent, certain settings of immunosuppression, and tumors developing in previously irradiated sites.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Location and Size&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The panel elected to group together 2 separate risk factors: location and size. The science of dividing these factors into low- and high-risk categories is somewhat arbitrary because, to a certain extent, both factors, especially size, involve a continuous spectrum of risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For many years, location has been known to be a risk factor for NMSC recurrence and metastasis.{5,6} Stated in general terms, both basal and squamous cell cancers that develop in the head and neck area are more likely to recur than carcinomas developing on the trunk and extremities. Squamous cell carcinomas that develop on the genitalia, mucosal surfaces, and ear are also at greater risk of metastasizing. The concept of a so-called high-risk “mask area of the face” dates back to at least 1983 (Figure 1).24,25 Size has also been shown to be a risk factor for NMSC recurrence.26–28 Various different divisions have been used; probably the most common has been “greater than (or less than) 2 cm in diameter.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't have access to studies {5,6} (I can't even find their abstracts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Batra RS, Kelley LC. Predictors of extensive subclinical spread in nonmelanoma skin cancer treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138:1043.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Walling HW, Fosko SW, Geraminejad PA, et al. Aggressive basal cell carcinoma: presentation, pathogenesis, and management. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2004; 23:389.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Miller SJ, Alam M, Andersen J, et al. Basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8:836. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/8/8/article-p836.xml;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/8/8/article-p836.xml;&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{4} Treatment of basal cell carcinomas at high risk for recurrence. Sumaira Z Aasi, MD; Timothy K Chartier, MD. &lt;a href=&quot;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?13/8/13440/abstract/1-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://somepomed.org/articulos/contents/mobipreview.htm?13/8/13440/abstract/1-3&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.vn/d41aV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;). Note: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-basal-cell-carcinomas-at-high-risk-for-recurrence?sectionName=Staged%20excision%20with%20circumferential%20margin%20assessment&amp;amp;topicRef=5338&amp;amp;anchor=H20395114&amp;amp;source=see_1iok#subscribeMessage&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-basal-cell-carcinomas-at-high-risk-for-recurrence?sectionName=Staged%20excision%20with%20circumferential%20margin%20assessment&amp;amp;topicRef=5338&amp;amp;anchor=H20395114&amp;amp;source=see_1iok#subscribeMessage&lt;/a&gt;  is slightly more up-to-date but it is pay-walled.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{5} Boeta-Angeles L, Bennett RG. Features associated with recurrence (basal cell carcinoma). In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME, eds. Cutaneous Oncology: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Malden: Blackwell Science; 1998:646–656.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{6} Haas AF. Features associated with metastasis (squamous cell carcinoma). In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME, eds. Cutaneous Oncology: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Malden: Blackwell Science; 1998:500–505.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-11-21T22:56:48.167" LastActivityDate="2020-11-21T22:56:48.167" Title="Why are some areas of the face more likely to have basal cell carcinoma (BCC) recurrences than others?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25162" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25151" CreationDate="2020-11-22T06:29:24.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2010 study {1} reviewed a few existing studies and seems to lean toward age as not having an impact on the recurrence rate (however, note that 1 of the reviewed studies does indicate youth+female as a risk factor of recurrence after Mohs surgery):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(NMSC = non-melanoma skin cancer, e.g. basal cell carcinoma (BCC))&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Young Age Is Not a Clinical Risk Factor&#xA;Although young age (typically &amp;lt; 40 years) is generally&#xA;viewed as a clinical risk factor for aggressive NMSC behavior, after much deliberation the panel&#xA;decided it is not. The published biomedical literature&#xA;does not strongly support “young age,” per se, as a&#xA;risk factor. Leffell et al.{46} documented an increased&#xA;percentage of basal cell cancer with aggressive histologic&#xA;growth patterns in young persons, but this&#xA;histologic feature is already a separate risk factor in&#xA;the algorithm&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the features of 54 basal cell cancers in&#xA;young patients referred for Mohs surgery were compared&#xA;with similar tumors in older patients,{47} tumor&#xA;location, histology, and clinical morphology did not&#xA;differ appreciably between the groups. In fact, initial&#xA;lesion and final defect sizes were statistically smaller&#xA;in the younger group. In a study from the United&#xA;Kingdom in which 39 young patients with basal cell&#xA;cancer were followed up for a minimum of 5 years,{48}&#xA;4 tumors were incompletely excised, 2 recurred, and&#xA;1 metastasized. Another study observed a higher&#xA;number of recurrent tumors in younger women referred&#xA;for Mohs surgery than in other demographic&#xA;groups.{49} Finally, 2 more recent studies found no difference&#xA;in either recurrence rates or presence of aggressive&#xA;histologic subtypes in younger versus older&#xA;patients with basal cell skin cancer.{50,51}&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The panel decided that, taken together, these&#xA;studies do not support the suggestion that young age&#xA;alone is a high-risk factor for NMSC behavior. Any&#xA;tumor showing an aggressive histologic growth pattern,&#xA;regardless of patient age, becomes a high-risk&#xA;tumor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Miller SJ, Alam M, Andersen J, et al. Basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8:836. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/8/8/article-p836.xml;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jnccn.org/view/journals/jnccn/8/8/article-p836.xml;&lt;/a&gt; DOI: &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2010.0062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{46} Leffell DJ, Headington JT, Wong DS, Swanson NA. Aggressivegrowth&#xA;basal cell carcinoma in young adults. Arch Dermatol&#xA;1991;127:1663–1667.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{47} Dinehart SM, Dodge R, Stanley WE, et al. Basal cell carcinoma&#xA;treated with Mohs surgery. A comparison of 54 younger patients&#xA;with 1050 older patients. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:560–566.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{48} Cox NH. Basal cell carcinoma in young adults. Br J Dermatol&#xA;1992;127:26–29.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{49} Robins P, Albom MJ. Recurrent basal cell carcinomas in young&#xA;women. J Dermatol Surg 1975;1:49–51.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{50} Milroy CJ, Horlock N, Wilson GD, Sanders R. Aggressive basal&#xA;cell carcinoma in young patients: fact or fiction? Br J Plast Surg&#xA;2000;53:393–396.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{51} Roudier-Pujol C, Auperin A, Nguyen T, et al. Basal cell carcinoma&#xA;in young adults: not more aggressive than in older patients.&#xA;Dermatology 1999;199:119–123.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-22T06:29:24.720" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25167" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-21T15:09:20.083" Score="3" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For an &lt;a href=&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/informed-consent/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Informed Consent (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)&quot;&gt;informed consent&lt;/a&gt; of a patient to be respected, the patient needs to be decisionally capacitated. The &lt;em&gt;necessary&lt;/em&gt; components of &lt;a href=&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/decision-capacity/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;Decision-Making Capacity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)&quot;&gt;decision-making capacity&lt;/a&gt; are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Choice)&lt;/strong&gt; The ability to express or communicate one’s choice&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Understanding)&lt;/strong&gt; The understanding of the facts involved in that decision&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Appreciation)&lt;/strong&gt; A genuinely belief that the information truly applies to them&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;(Reasoning)&lt;/strong&gt; The ability to derive consistent conclusions from premises, to weigh risks and benefits and evaluate putative consequences&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the problem is that there are cases in which patients do acquire those 4 abilities, but still seem to not have sufficient decisional capacity. For example, to quote a patient with anorexia nervosa (who seems to have those 4 abilities):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I didn’t mind dying, I really didn’t want to, it’s just I wanted to lose weight, that was the main thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is one explanation on how to assess whether such patients have decisional capacity or not (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope et al. (2013) have argued that individuals with anorexia are in the grip of affective states that shape how they see the world. Yet, although the world presents to them as one way, they may at another more reflective level, reject the appearances. Thus an individual may have a strong feeling or emotional sense that she is fat. &lt;strong&gt;But even though these feelings incline her to accept the proposition that she is fat she may not in fact believe at a higher level that she is fat.&lt;/strong&gt; She may know quite well that she is dangerously thin. An analogy here with optical illusions is helpful. The experience of seeing a stick in water as bent is incredibly powerful, but we may nonetheless know it is not bent. However, &lt;strong&gt;the mental state that is most authoritative when it comes to reporting our beliefs may not be the same as the mental state that is most motivationally powerful.&lt;/strong&gt; When it comes time to make choices about treatment, the salience of the affective phenomena and the relative lack of salience of the dangers of self-starvation may lead a person to refuse treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order word, that patient seems to be announced as &lt;strong&gt;not having decision-making capacity&lt;/strong&gt;, and thus may be fed by force.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, isn't this the same with addiction or fear? For example, a smoker who acknowledge its harm, or a patient who refuses to be helped because they have incorrect or maladaptive beliefs, which based on past traumas. For example, a smoker can say a similar statement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I didn’t mind dying, I really didn’t want to, it’s just I wanted to smoke so bad, that was the main thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In those cases, would we say that they are not having sufficient decisional capacity, and thus it is allowed to force them into treatment? How do addiction and fear affect patient's decisional-making capacity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; One of the expectation for an &lt;em&gt;ethical&lt;/em&gt; theory of decision-making capacity is &lt;a href=&quot;https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/decision-capacity/#AllNothAsseRelaPartDeci&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;All-or-nothing assessment&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot;To avoid potentially endless controversy and ensure the smooth operation of the healthcare system, law and practice need a “yes-or-no” verdict about whether a person can make a particular decision for herself or not.&amp;quot; I suppose that this is irrelevant at best, and an skewing condition at worst, for a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;psychological&lt;/em&gt; theory of decision-making process&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;I live in Vietnam, but I don't think it much matters.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;FYI:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://politics.stackexchange.com/q/60345/16430&quot;&gt;If the justifications for informed consent are questionable, then why would it be a legal requirement?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/q/77901/19487&quot;&gt;What would Kant say about treating people who lack strength of will?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" OwnerDisplayName="Ooker" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2020-12-23T07:26:22.067" LastActivityDate="2020-12-23T07:26:22.067" Title="A patient refuses treatment because of addiction or fear. How do medical and legal professionals assess their decision-making capacity?" Tags="&lt;medical-ethics&gt;&lt;legal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25172" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-20T18:46:55.813" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;The rollout of vaccination programs tends to be based on a given set of rules (advice) devised by government &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/priority-groups-for-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccination-advice-from-the-jcvi-25-september-2020/jcvi-updated-interim-advice-on-priority-groups-for-covid-19-vaccination&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK example&lt;/a&gt;. Such a rule-set are generally limited in complexity in order to be consistently applied by humans administering the roll-out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a strong association between age and risk &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2521-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;nature&lt;/a&gt; but it appears below the age of 60 that other factors such as sex/deprivation/ethenicity predominate. There is also mounting evidence towards mental disorders holding a significant risk factor &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wps.20806&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;risk factors and mental disorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any openly available papers or modelling showing a data-driven prioritization of vaccination (for example using machine-intelligence), especially in the scenario of limited vaccine availability, would be more effective than simply using age alone as the predicate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="andrew pate" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T08:41:00.357" Title="Could using machine-intelligence to determine prioritisation for vaccine rollout program be effective" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25175" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-23T18:51:15.763" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Prelude&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anterior ankle impingement as illustrated &lt;a href=&quot;https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/bones-joints-and-muscles/ankle-anterior-impingement.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (random example) seems to occur often enough that it has the name &amp;quot;Footballer's Ankle&amp;quot;. It seems a pretty simple affair: some initial accident damages some part in/on or near the anterior ankle joint, leading to unwanted protective growth there (bone spur, calcific deposit etc.). Eventually, the movement is restricted simply for mechanical reasons - for example a bone spur on the talus or tibia hitting the other side during dorsiflexion. The blocking happens like &amp;quot;hitting a wall&amp;quot;, not like a muscle or ligament that slowly goes into the stretch limit. It seems (according to my superficial research) that the issue is quickly diagnosed by ultrasound, x-ray or MRT/MRI, and fixed by arthroscopy, whereby the extraneous mass is easily shaved off, and the patient is in rehab after two weeks, and back to normal after two months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far so good. What I noticed is that many people (basically, everyone except &amp;quot;operating&amp;quot; doctors) seem to advocate manual therapy or training - diverse stretching routines forcing movement &amp;quot;into the pain&amp;quot;, mostly, sometimes preceded by trying to stretch the talus a little bit away from the tibia to make more space. The root cause - physical growth where none should be - is mostly not even mentioned, or done aside with a half sentence. Mostly, it seems like it is treated like a usual stretching/mobilization problem.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand the dilemma of operating too quickly (for example, in complicated knee operations where there is a significant risk of doing more damage than good). But this specific injury seems to be almost trivial since - aside from the usual risks of infection, anesthesia and so on - arthroscopy seems inherently side-effect free, and the operation is not about restoring function to a damaged part, but about removing material that is not supposed to be there in the first place. While it certainly calls for a skilled operateur, the action itself seems almost trivial to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Instead, trying to somehow force the patient or client past the point of pain would not only be futile (a bone spur is not like a muscle, fascia or ligament that just needs to get stretched or &amp;quot;freed&amp;quot;), but possibly much more damaging if it leads to the other side of the joint (where the bone spur rubs against) becoming worn in and thus arthritic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Questions&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there other causes with the same symptom of &amp;quot;anterior ankle impingement&amp;quot; than what I described at length up there, and which &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; in fact be remedied by manual therapy or training techniques?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is my assumption about it being useless or even damaging to try to get past the blocked range of movement wrong?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Do you know other reasons why repairing the issue is not prioritized higher by many professionals (trainers, therapists) instead of trying to fix it by moving through the pain? This seems a bit like advising someone with tooth pain to change their chewing habits instead of sending them to a dentist... surely, not all of them (including well-known people like Kelly Starrett) are hacks that just want to generate more customers for themselves.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11625" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T18:51:15.763" Title="Why are there many suggestions for fixing anterior ankle impingement by stretching/movements?" Tags="&lt;ankle&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25150" CreationDate="2020-11-23T19:43:33.440" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://orthop.washington.edu/patient-care/articles/sports/arthroscopic-meniscus-repair.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video linked in the first comment to my question&lt;/a&gt; doesn't say what is cut to make the portals, but it does mention the existence of the knee &amp;quot;capsule&amp;quot; (cartilage, I believe).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I finally googled &amp;quot;portals through knee capsule&amp;quot; and the top result (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4539473/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arthroscopic approach to the posterior compartment of the …&lt;/a&gt;) says, &lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;The entry point skin and capsule are incised…&amp;quot;&lt;/strong&gt;. So I suppose with that, I may well have my answer. Thank you, Mr. Gregory.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20799" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T19:43:33.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25179" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-23T23:17:33.693" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/blog/ask-the-expert-why-am-i-having-surgery-to-remove-a-small-basal-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.skincancer.org/blog/ask-the-expert-why-am-i-having-surgery-to-remove-a-small-basal-cell-carcinoma/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.vn/9veRj&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, a small BCC in an area previously treated with radiation may be much more aggressive than it appears on the surface. Again, treating such a tumor nonsurgically is likely to leave cancer cells behind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why may a small basal cell carcinoma (BCC) treated with radiation be much more aggressive than it appears on the surface? Is that specific to radiation therapy, or any nonsurgical treatment? Is that because the radiation therapy increases the likelihood of getting an aggressive BCC type? etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't encountered any research article yet on the deleterious consequence of radiation therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T23:17:33.693" Title="Why may a small basal cell carcinoma (BCC) treated with radiation be much more aggressive than it appears on the surface?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25180" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25147" CreationDate="2020-11-23T23:22:53.687" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think this question is too vague for a definite answer, but areas to consider would include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;confounding vs effect modifier: where do smoking and condition A lie in relation to the outcome of mortality?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;matched pairs study: if it is ethical, you could get a simple random sample consisting of people with condition A that do not smoke and pair each individual in that sample with another individual in a simple random sample consisting of people with condition A that do smoke.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;case-control study: this study design is useful for if condition A is a rare disease (note: not rare exposure; in that case you would use a cohort study). You would then adjust for confounding variables based on your study population.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16713" LastActivityDate="2020-11-23T23:22:53.687" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25181" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25182" CreationDate="2020-11-23T23:51:27.407" Score="1" ViewCount="93" Body="&lt;p&gt;The study &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.19.20214494&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Attributes and predictors of Long-COVID: analysis of COVID cases and their symptoms collected by the Covid Symptoms Study App&lt;/a&gt; is a prospective observational cohort study of COVID-19 symptoms in a subset of  4182 users of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid.joinzoe.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID Symptom Study app&lt;/a&gt; meeting inclusion criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Briefly, the subset comprised individuals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;who had tested positive for SARS-CoV2 by PCR swab  testing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;who logged as “feeling physically normal” before the start of illness (up to 14d ays before testing) so that we could determine onset.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;From Table 1.&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;quot;Characteristics of COVID-19 by duration of symptoms&amp;quot; contains values in brackets() and i would like to know what they mean&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;            |   A       |    B      |     C     |     D     |&#xA;            | Overall   |   Short   |   LC28    |    LC56   | Remark&#xA;Number      |  4182     |   1591    |    558    |    189    | A-B-C-D = 1844 question 7&#xA;Age (years) | 42.8(13.4)| 40.1(13.6)| 48.9(12.7)| 50.9(12.5)| questions 1 to 3&#xA;BMI         | 27.3(5.9) | 26.8(5.7) | 27.5(5.7) | 27.5(5.8) | question 4&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Questions 5 and 6 concerns line 111:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cardiac symptoms (palpitations, tachycardia) were over-represented in&#xA;the LC28 group (6.1%) compared to in short-COVID (0.5%) (p&amp;lt;0.0005)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My understanding&lt;/strong&gt; (Q5, Q6)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;I assume that p stand for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;p-value&lt;/a&gt;. According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_of_the_null_hypothesis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;exclusions of null hypothesis&lt;/a&gt; (often denoted H0) the null hypothesis is a default hypothesis that there is no difference between two measured phenomena.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If &lt;code&gt;H0&lt;/code&gt; is the  hypothesis that there is no correlation between cardiac symptoms among short-covid compared to LC28 than the likelihood / probability of this hypothesis is very low (0.0005)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Questions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Row &lt;code&gt;Age (years)&lt;/code&gt; What does &lt;code&gt;42.8 (13.4)&lt;/code&gt; mean - is 42.8 the median age and 13.4 Interquartile range (IQR) from 25% to 75%?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;code&gt;13.4&lt;/code&gt; is the IQR does that mean the lower boundary (25%) age is 29.4 years &lt;code&gt;(42.8 - 13.4)&lt;/code&gt; or 36.1 years &lt;code&gt;(42.8 - (13.4/2))&lt;/code&gt;?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;code&gt;42.8 (13.4)&lt;/code&gt; means something different could you explain?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Row &lt;code&gt;BMI&lt;/code&gt; What does &lt;code&gt;27.5(5.8)&lt;/code&gt; mean regarding body mass index?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does &lt;code&gt;(p&amp;lt;0.0005)&lt;/code&gt; mean the p-value (likelyhood) for no correlation?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is my understanding correct?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Does anyone know what is up with the delta of 1844 persons? Are they without symptoms?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20818" LastActivityDate="2020-11-24T00:01:16.787" Title="Basic Questions regarding Long-COVID from COVID Symptom Study app" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lasting-effects-duration&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25182" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25181" CreationDate="2020-11-24T00:01:16.787" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You're looking at a non-peer-reviewed study with some sloppy conventions. There is not enough information contained in the paper to answer your questions about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can assume what you want for many of your questions, but they are better directed at the authors, who have not indicated when they present means or medians, standard deviations or IQR, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's really quite sloppy, but these mistakes happen. Ordinarily they get caught by careful peer reviewers before final publication (or journal staff, or, preferably, their own coauthors before they post a preprint).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-11-24T00:01:16.787" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-25T06:07:14.617" Score="-4" ViewCount="106" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not a doctor or medical student, so I may understand this wrongly,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to most article, corona vaccine success rate would be around 95%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to status, only around 2.5% died from covid-19. So roughly, 97.5% will survive.&#xA;So I don't understand what is the purpose of having corona vaccine with 95% success rate since without a vaccine also 97.5%  survive?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20826" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T16:19:49.580" Title="What is the purpose of having corona vaccine with 95% success rate since without a vaccine also 97.5% survive" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-12-05T17:30:10.247" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25189" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25188" CreationDate="2020-11-25T11:51:48.683" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two major reasons and one minor:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Herd immunity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;: The 95% for which the vaccine works are not only spared from the disease, but they also do not infect others and thus do not contribute to spreading the virus. In absence of hygienic countermeasures, an average person infected with Covid-19 infects about 3 others on average (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basic reproductive rate&lt;/a&gt;). As this number is bigger than 1, the virus can spread; otherwise it would die out. Now, if 95% of those 3 would be immune thanks to the vaccine, only 0.15 people would get infected on average, which is far less than 1 (and it gets even better with hygiene). If the entire population were vaccinated instantly (with 95% success rate), Covid-19 would die out in a few weeks, simply because it could not spread anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Independence of probabilities:&lt;/strong&gt; There is no reason to expect that the vaccine works exclusively for people who would also survive an infection. For a simple calculation, let’s assume that the vaccine is equally likely to work for everybody, i.e., independent of their chances to survive an infection¹. In that case the vaccine saves 95% of the 2.5% that would be killed by the virus and only 0.125% would die (0.05·0.025 = 0.00125).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;It’s not only about deaths&lt;/strong&gt;. Survivors of Covid-19 can still suffer from severe long-lasting or permanent damage. This is also something you want to avoid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&#xA;¹ This is a simplifying assumption, because whether the vaccine works for you depends on your immune system, which also influences whether you survive corona. However, probably nobody knows yet how strong this correlation is and what its direction is, i.e., whether the vaccine works better or worse for corona-sensitive people (this would also depend on the individual vaccine). The assumption is certainly closer to the truth than that the vaccine only works for those who would survive anyway.&#xA;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1409" LastEditorUserId="1409" LastEditDate="2020-11-25T15:32:10.440" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T15:32:10.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25191" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25188" CreationDate="2020-11-25T15:43:20.823" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;You seem to have misunderstood efficacy.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 95% efficacy figure is a derived from a ratio of the number of cases in the control group (no vaccine) to the number of cases in the vaccine group. So, if both groups have 1000 people, perhaps 100 people in the control group become infected, while only 5 people in the vaccine group become infected. The vaccine efficacy is 95%, since the number of cases in the vaccine group is 95% lower than what you saw in the no-vaccine group (note that these numbers are illustrative and not actual figures).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 95% efficacy does not mean that 5% of people will die from the disease. It doesn't even mean that 5% of people will become infected. It means that 95% of people &lt;em&gt;who would have otherwise been infected&lt;/em&gt; will not be. If everyone was magically vaccinated today, you would expect the number of cases to drop by 95%, and the number of deaths from the disease to drop by a similar amount. Instead of 2.5% of the population dying, it might be more like 0.13%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that there will be major downstream effects since viruses spread in an exponential manner - an important number you may have heard of is called R0, which represents the average number of new people an infected person will infect. A vaccine can cause R0 to drop below 1, meaning that the number of cases will dwindle over time. It's not just the case that a vaccine will prevent infection in 95% of people who would have otherwise gotten the disease, it also drastically lowers the number of people who &amp;quot;would have otherwise gotten the disease&amp;quot;, since 95% of vaccinated individuals won't spread the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1050" LastEditorUserId="1050" LastEditDate="2020-11-25T16:19:49.580" LastActivityDate="2020-11-25T16:19:49.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25196" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21409" CreationDate="2020-11-26T17:36:37.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A single CoV-2-SARS virus weight is around one femtogram (10&lt;sup&gt;-15&lt;/sup&gt;g).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An infected person contains between one billion and one hundred billion viruses, i.e. between one and one hundred micrograms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimating the number of contaminated people at a given time to 50 million (including undetected cases), we reach a worldwide number of five hundred millions of billions viruses, with a cumulative weight being somewhere between 100 g and 1 kg.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person&lt;/a&gt; by&#xA;Ron Sender, Yinon M. Bar-On, Avi Flamholz, Shmuel Gleizer, Biana Bernsthein, Rob&#xA;Phillips, Ron Milo&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update: 2021-02-15:&#xA;A more recent computation didn't focus on the weight but on the volume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://theconversation.com/all-the-coronavirus-in-the-world-could-fit-inside-a-coke-can-with-plenty-of-room-to-spare-154226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;All the coronavirus in the world could fit inside a Coke can, with plenty of room to spare&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17838" LastEditorUserId="17838" LastEditDate="2021-02-15T00:22:46.320" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T00:22:46.320" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-27T10:55:09.560" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drugs in this class are Prozac(fluoxetine), Zoloft (setraline), Lexapro (escitalopram) and many more. I've had the experience of using Prozac and Zoloft. I found that within two weeks, my ability to get an erection was nearly gone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've heard that other indidivuals who tried to have sex/masturbate on these drugs found that their orgasms were 'dulled' and just not as pleasant as when not on the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a theory I've read about of serotonin being the &amp;quot;breaks&amp;quot; in sexual drive, and dopamine being the &amp;quot;gas/accelerator&amp;quot;. Could someone explain if this is the reason?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20783" LastEditorUserId="20783" LastEditDate="2020-11-27T11:00:20.807" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T11:00:20.807" Title="Why do SSRI antidepressants cause a reduction in sex drive?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;ssri-selective-serotonin&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-11-27T20:03:19.863" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25200" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-27T15:12:30.427" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the lingo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The time from exposure to symptom onset(known as the incubation period) is thought to be three to 14 days, though symptoms typically appear within four or five days after exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term incubation period is typically associated with earliest symptoms and not earliest detectable laboratory test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is terminology for the exposure-time to earliest detectable laboratory test?  This word should allow me to Google said duration I seek.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-11-27T15:12:30.427" Title="COVID19 PCR Nasal Swab incubation period" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25209" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25218" CreationDate="2020-11-29T05:58:02.293" Score="1" ViewCount="94" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Russian, there is a semi-colloquial medical term &amp;quot;рабочее давление&amp;quot; (working pressure) - the blood pressure that is excessive, but is typical for this particular patient and causes no symptoms in him/her.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, a person may have a blood pressure of 140/90 chronically yet feel nothing out of the ordinary. In the past, doctors would say &amp;quot;it's just your working pressure, if you feel okay, your organism must have adapted&amp;quot;. Today this is considered unscientific and is actively discouraged, but the colloquial term remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problematically, the term tends to crop up in documents that a translator like me has to translate into English, so the translator has to come up with some English term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there is a term in English for this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2020-11-30T14:51:34.130" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T16:13:05.793" Title="Is there a term for a blood pressure level that is too high but which is typical for the patient and causes no symptoms?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-11-29T22:55:50.460" Score="0" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to search the scientific medical literature (journals, textbooks), in the same way we typically search the broader internet with common search engines? Is there a website that can do this? Or would I need to physically go to a medical school library? Or do I need to pay for the ability?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Obviously, when you have a medical question, the easiest thing to do is usually to ask a doctor. But in some cases I'd like to do my own research as well. Today my question happens to be: &amp;quot;Can statins cause atrial flutter?&amp;quot;. I'm aware of some articles say that statins might &lt;em&gt;prevent&lt;/em&gt; cardiac arrhythmias, but I wanted to learn more, to see if it's possible they might &lt;em&gt;cause&lt;/em&gt; them in rare patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyway, this is the kind of oddball research that a typical doctor is not going to do for me. I'm looking for pointers on how someone with some background in college biology and chemistry can start digging and do deeper research on their own.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20624" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T21:03:15.467" Title="How to search for a topic in humanity's medical knowledge?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-01T06:21:21.850" Score="0" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am self studying Clinical Costing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Today is my first day in this study and I have read that UK is using Healthcare Resource Group (&lt;strong&gt;HRG&lt;/strong&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although I am not familiar what is &lt;strong&gt;HRG&lt;/strong&gt; but I understood that it is set of rules that governs the costing method for clinical procedures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to know what other systems these countries use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;1- Australia&#xA;2- Saudi Arabia&#xA;3- Canada&#xA;4- USA&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do they use &lt;strong&gt;HRG&lt;/strong&gt; model or other models and what is it that they use?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T06:21:21.850" Title="Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) equavalent in other countries?" Tags="&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;&lt;ndc-ntl-drug-codes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25218" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25209" CreationDate="2020-12-01T13:05:06.907" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a historical and obsolete term in English called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Benign hypertension&lt;/a&gt;. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypertension&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;History of hypertension&lt;/a&gt; article in Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... hypertension was often classified into &amp;quot;malignant&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;benign&amp;quot; ... Charles Friedberg's 1949 classic textbook &amp;quot;Diseases of the Heart&amp;quot;,[17] stated that &amp;quot;people with 'mild benign' hypertension ... [defined as blood pressures up to levels of 210/100 mm Hg] ... need not be treated&amp;quot;.[15] However, the tide of medical opinion was turning: it was increasingly recognised in the 1950s that &lt;strong&gt;&amp;quot;benign&amp;quot; hypertension was not harmless&lt;/strong&gt;.[18] Over the next decade increasing evidence accumulated from actuarial reports[2][19] and longitudinal studies, such as the Framingham Heart Study,[20] that &amp;quot;benign&amp;quot; hypertension increased death and cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T13:05:06.907" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25219" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25209" CreationDate="2020-12-01T16:13:05.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I also found this expression: &lt;strong&gt;habitual blood pressure&lt;/strong&gt;. I don't know how common it is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An excerpt from &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/amg-acta-geneticae-medicae-et-gemellologiae-twin-research/article/constitutional-disorders-of-homeostasis-the-genetic-aspect-of-diabetes-mellitus-essential-hypertension-and-obesity/F191D93B196EB0E00B234A0AC851DEB7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Constitutional disorders of homeostasis. The genetic aspect of diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension and obesity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; by Julius Bauer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gYHVB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/gYHVB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T16:13:05.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25221" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-01T23:14:22.940" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Codeine and morphine are metabolized by the same key enzymes UGT2B7 and CYP3A4. Obviously codeine and morphine should inhibit each other's metabolism.&#xA;Did anyone experimentally measure this competition using purified/recombinant enzymes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20866" LastActivityDate="2020-12-01T23:14:22.940" Title="Codeine vs Morphine competition for UGT2B7 and CYP3A4" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;opioids-opiates&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25223" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="886" CreationDate="2020-12-02T05:10:46.537" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/added-sugars-new-nutrition-facts-label&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has recently added guidance for &amp;quot;added sugars&amp;quot; as a part of enhancing the existing nutrition facts label&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They differentiate between &amp;quot;total sugars&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;added sugars&amp;quot; and provide the following regarding %DV for total sugars:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;There is no Daily Value* for total sugars because no recommendation&#xA;has been made for the total amount to eat in a day.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for %DV of added sugars, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/99059/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;they also appear to have a PDF&lt;/a&gt; of daily recommended values for food components which suggests for adults and 4 years and older that the daily recommended value is 50g:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kiHYn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kiHYn.png&quot; alt=&quot;chart showing daily recommended values for food components&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20868" LastActivityDate="2020-12-02T05:10:46.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25226" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25212" CreationDate="2020-12-02T19:59:41.363" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I second Thomas' suggestion of pubmed.gov! Below are some details of my favorite sources for this kind of thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NOTE - It can definitely be tricky to find reliable sources that aren't behind a paywall using databases, but once you know a specific article you can often chuck the citation into regular google to find a free version. If you can't find a specific article that you really want to read, you can always reach out to one or more of the authors; (in most cases) they can legally send you a copy for free and many will.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.gov&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pubmed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run by National Library of Medicine (VERY reliable)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Citations for 30 million+ journal articles and textbooks&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;User-friendly searching&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usually free abstract&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usually links to full article (though many links lead behind a paywall)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cochranelibrary.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cochrane Library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run by the same company as Cochrane Reviews, pretty much the gold standard in review articles&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Search journal articles and/or Cochrane Reviews&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In reviews, experts look all the literature available on the subject and write a summary about what the literature says as a whole. I like this because you're less likely to be led astray by a single study, which might contradict dozens of other, better-designed studies.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;For reviews, usually have the citation, a free abstract, and a free plain-language summary of the findings&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Full articles are (usually) behind a paywall&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Run by National Library of Medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Search a broad range of sources:&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;FDA medication summaries (here's the one for &lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/statins.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statins&lt;/a&gt;, for example)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Online articles from reliable, but not peer-reviewed, sources (e.g., an article from the Mayo Clinic on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/rhabdomyolysis/FAQ-20057817?p=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rhabdomyolosis and Statins&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Information on ongoing clinical trials (obligatory &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA+Reductase+Inhibitors%22&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statin example&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All free!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Merck Manual, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Professional&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.merckmanuals.com/home&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consumer&lt;/a&gt; Editions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This is the online version of the print dictionaries Merck has produced for decades. My grandfather, a research-enthusiast primary care doctor, was a HUGE fan&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Extremely reliable&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Reflects actual current recommendations; recent journal publications don't always reflect how things are done &amp;quot;in the real world&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Thousands of pages explaining diseases and medications, plus clinical calculators, reference values (e.g. for bloodwork)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The Professional Edition is more science-y, but you don't need to be an MD to understand most of it. The Consumer Edition is very easy to understand.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I write fiction as a hobby, and I use this all the time as a quick reference for pretty much anything related to health and medicine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I also find this to be the most user-friendly, and they have a pretty nice iOS app&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;All free!&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're really looking for original research, Pubmed and Cochrane Library are your best bets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're looking for free, reliable info that isn't necessarily from original research articles, MedlinePlus and Merck Manual will serve you well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20873" LastActivityDate="2020-12-02T19:59:41.363" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-02T21:16:51.093" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was arguing with an anti-vaxxer (clearly a favorite pastime) when he made the argument that there are certain risks, like triggering of autoimmune disease, inherent to the process of the adaptive immune system &amp;quot;learning&amp;quot; a new pathogen (memory B/T cell formation, etc.). His argument is that by administering vaccines, we are causing the body to &amp;quot;learn&amp;quot; new pathogens at several times the normal rate, thereby increasing the number of exposures to these risks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I'm thoroughly pro-vaccine, there is some truth to there being risks to &amp;quot;learning&amp;quot; new pathogens, with devastating diseases like MS, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis commonly triggered by viral infections (though not as commonly as, you know, &lt;em&gt;dying of diphtheria&lt;/em&gt;). Human parvovirus B19 for instance has been specifically linked by numerous studies to development of these diseases. I can't counter his argument without knowing more about how often a typical American or European adapts to a new pathogen, but I've found references to this information very difficult to track down in the literature.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how often does the typical American/European &amp;quot;learn&amp;quot; a new pathogen, specifically meaning the adaptive immune system beginning the process of forming memory immune cells targeted toward a new pathogen? Once a minute? Once a day? Once a year?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T13:22:32.340" Title="How often does the adaptive immune system &quot;learn&quot; a new pathogen?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-03T15:29:27.790" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why diabetic people have a higher risk of mortality due to COVID-19?&#xA;I saw in a conference broadcasted by Amazon that in India the risk of death due to COVID-19 is in diabetic persons 300% higher&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HEJh7.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/HEJh7.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this picture we can see that Cortisol rise up glycemic levels. When you are stressed, your glands produce cortisol and getting a disease like COVID-19 produce stress.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastEditorUserId="14531" LastEditDate="2020-12-08T13:21:39.887" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T13:21:39.887" Title="Why diabetic people have a higher risk of mortality due to COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;glycemic-index&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-25T04:13:09.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25232" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25254" CreationDate="2020-12-03T20:07:31.590" Score="2" ViewCount="63" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/21/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moderna’s problem seemed fitting for late summer 2020, when the United States was reeling from not just a pandemic but unrest over racial injustice. Dr. Slaoui informed Mr. Bancel that Moderna had not recruited enough minority candidates into its vaccine trials. If it could not prove its vaccine worked well for Black and Hispanic Americans, who have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic, it would not make it over the finish line.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there vaccines which work for humans of one ethnicity, but have a lesser efficacy for humans of a different efficacy? If not, why would medical authorities be concerned about recruiting humans of different ethnicities for the trial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2020-12-07T11:46:51.417" Title="Are there vaccines which have a varying effect on people of different ethnicities?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;race&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25233" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25232" CreationDate="2020-12-03T23:47:13.827" Score="-2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there vaccines which work for humans of one ethnicity, but have a lesser efficacy for humans of a different efficacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes, e.g. influenza vaccine {1,2}. One reason is that some genes influence the anti-influenza antibody response, and some of these genes are correlated to the ethnicities. E.g., from {2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition, we analyzed ethnically diverse individuals within the 1000 genomes project and discovered marked variations in F- and L- genotypes and CN among the various ethnic groups that may impact HV1-69-sBnAb responses. These results have immediate implications for understanding HV1-69-sBnAb responses at the individual and population level and for the design and implementation of “universal” influenza vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Watson, Corey T., Jacob Glanville, and Wayne A. Marasco. &amp;quot;The individual and population genetics of antibody immunity.&amp;quot; Trends in immunology 38, no. 7 (2017): 459-470. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2017.04.003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2017.04.003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Avnir, Yuval, Corey T. Watson, Jacob Glanville, Eric C. Peterson, Aimee S. Tallarico, Andrew S. Bennett, Kun Qin et al. &amp;quot;IGHV1-69 polymorphism modulates anti-influenza antibody repertoires, correlates with IGHV utilization shifts and varies by ethnicity.&amp;quot; Scientific Reports 6 (2016). &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754645/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754645/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-12-04T06:36:17.043" LastActivityDate="2020-12-04T06:36:17.043" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-04T07:06:01.450" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;In many basal cell carcinomas (BCC), the histology shows that they coexist more than one BCC subtype. For example, a patient may have 1 skin lesion that is diagnosed as BCC of subtypes superficial+microdular. This makes me wonder: What is the basal cell carcinoma subtype cooccurrence matrix? I.e., given BCC subtype A, what's the likelihood of also having BCC subtype B on the same skin lesion at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My unsuccessful research so far:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have read &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/search?q=user%3A43+%5Bbasal-cell-carcinoma%5D&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;50&lt;/a&gt; BCC research paper abstracts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&amp;amp;btnG=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&amp;amp;oq=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&amp;amp;oq=basal+cell+carcinoma+cooccurrence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-12-04T07:06:01.450" Title="What is the basal cell carcinoma subtype cooccurrence matrix? (I.e., given BCC subtype A, what's the likelihood of also having BCC subtype B)" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25237" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23029" CreationDate="2020-12-04T07:18:17.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes.  Prevents it too.  100% in some studies, but not others, but then, the vaccines aren't proven stop it 100%, and ivermectin's safety profile is far superior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's established/true has changed a lot since this question was asked and initially answered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;CHEST&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does CHEST only publish results of INvalid clinical evidence?  No.  It's v. reputable. Yes, this retrospective study shows it works, and likely works much better than the other treatments already in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chest Article : &lt;a href=&quot;https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(20)34898-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019&lt;/a&gt; (Title, Link)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;FLCCC review&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in addition to reliable clinical evidence (which Cochrane says evidence shows is as reliable as RCT evidence) there are a great many preprint results from RCT and published results from RCT. Rather than put up a static, soon to be wrong summary, I point to this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;FLCCC&lt;/strong&gt;'s &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19criticalcare.com/flccc-ivermectin-in-the-prophylaxis-and-treatment-of-covid-19/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;comprehensive review of the emerging evidence for Ivermectin use in our I-MASK+ protocol&lt;/strong&gt; (PDF, continuously updated)&lt;/a&gt; (It recently had 87 citations and resolves to &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19criticalcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/FLCCC-Ivermectin-in-the-prophylaxis-and-treatment-of-COVID-19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this URL&lt;/a&gt; but that has changed or is sure to change.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is more than an incredibly popular preprint that has surely saved tens of thousands of lives; it has now passed peer review for publication in &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Pharmacology&lt;/em&gt;.  doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643369.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They put it thus in their review:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To our knowledge, the current review is the earliest to compile&#xA;sufficient clinical data to demonstrate a strong signal of therapeutic&#xA;efficacy based on numerous clinical trials in multiple disease phases,&#xA;however it is limited by the fact that only a minority of studies have&#xA;been published in peer-reviewed publications, with the majority of&#xA;results compiled from manuscripts uploaded to medicine pre-print&#xA;servers or from registered trials that have posted preliminary results&#xA;on clinicaltrials.gov.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;] But &amp;quot;minority&amp;quot; != 0.  Overall, the results are largely highly significant.  Results from 16 clinical trials and 3 large case series are reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They even mention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two manuscripts reviewing the scientific rationale and evolving&#xA;published clinical evidence base in support of the MATH+ protocol&#xA;passed peer review and have been accepted for publication in major&#xA;medical journals at two different time points in the pandemic (2, 3).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;E-BMC for Cochrane's &lt;strong&gt;Tess Lawrie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.e-bmc.co.uk/#comp-k86k1hw8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt; e-bmc.co.uk &lt;/a&gt; : This organization has published a meta-analysis to the rigorous standards of the WHO by these extremely experienced and prolific Cochrane authors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their Tess Lawrie &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHPkR6QRcCc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discusses it here.  ESSENTIAL&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Ivermectin has helped Billions of patients, is helping Millions fight the pandemic.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People have already received far over three billion &amp;lt; sic &amp;gt; doses, and the record of significant adverse reports indicates is about as safe as medicine gets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another retrospective study is based on over 1 million doses distributed in one of each of several &lt;strong&gt;paired Brazilian cities&lt;/strong&gt;.  Another compares &lt;strong&gt;regions in Paraguay&lt;/strong&gt; that did and didn't receive ivermectin.  Another compares &lt;strong&gt;African states&lt;/strong&gt; where ivermectin is and isn't distributed nationwide.  In each study, cases and deaths, tracked over time, diverge, strongly according to ivermectin distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are now several literature reviews and meta-analyses by several groups of doctors including the from FLCCC - who are some of the most experienced in emergency medicine.  These are confirmed by their clinical experience as well as large population studies and medical groups in several countries on the latest research.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;100% prevention???&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yup.  The 100% figure comes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.31546/2633-8653.1007&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Carvallo&lt;/a&gt;. It reports:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The overall infection rate in health care workers recruited for this study was 20% with 237 testing positive for CoViD 19 during the 3 month study recruitment. Of those infected, all patients were from the comparator group of using PPE alone. This represented an overall infection rate of 58.2% ( 237 of 407) in the PPE group.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;No patients of the 788 treated with [IVERMECTIN] tested positive for CoViD 19 during the study.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.e. 100% did not.  And this was a multi-center study in 4 major hospitals, including the pilot, with 1,424 &lt;strong&gt;health care workers&lt;/strong&gt;.  &lt;strong&gt;Of the 919 who got ivermectin, 100% remained CoViD-19-free.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;WHO endorsements&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are two recent WHO-originated and funded endorsements of ivermectin. First, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on the WHO website, ivermectin is recommended&lt;/a&gt; for treatment of Covid-19 patients when they are being treated with immunosuppressants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Secondly the WHO funded an evaluation of the evidence to date and Dr Hill, the expert consultant the WHO relies on for such evaluations of evidence to be used as the basis for official WHO recommendations has spoken very encouragingly regarding the evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrating the utility of Ivermectin in treating Covid-19 that his work so far has uncovered:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrew Hill for WHO: &lt;a href=&quot;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yOAh7GtvcOs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yOAh7GtvcOs&lt;/a&gt; (censored)&#xA;Original is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://medincell.com/IvermectinWorkshop/AndrewHill.mp4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medincell.com/IvermectinWorkshop/AndrewHill.mp4&lt;/a&gt;, (works) and I have a copy as well.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/li4i3pyl52t88dy/AndrewHill%20WebOpt%2Ch265%2C0%2C-fps%2CRF31%2C%20placebo%2C%20to1920x1k%20-36%2C106%2C-94%2C-4%2CnoALL%2CHE-AAC40kbps.m4v?dl=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/s/li4i3pyl52t88dy/AndrewHill%20WebOpt%2Ch265%2C0%2C-fps%2CRF31%2C%20placebo%2C%20to1920x1k%20-36%2C106%2C-94%2C-4%2CnoALL%2CHE-AAC40kbps.m4v?dl=0&lt;/a&gt; (works; sign-up/login NOT needed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;--&#xA;(The ~Sphere data-derived paper is obviously garbage and merits scant not attention outside the tabloids.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Hill's presentation:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yc722.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Sources&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17268" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T20:00:23.410" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T20:00:23.410" CommentCount="14" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25240" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25228" CreationDate="2020-12-04T16:30:42.120" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm a little leery of answering here since it's difficult to address the &lt;em&gt;specific&lt;/em&gt; postulate in the question. But hope this helps!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But that's kind of the point&lt;/strong&gt; - your Anti-Vaxxer foe probably uses this argument because it doesn't get dismissed with data, so they think it's a win for them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not of course - because them arguing that you can't provide data disproving their claim holds even more so in reverse. Or to put it bluntly Hitchens' Razor applies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That which can be asserted without evidence, can be dismissed without evidence&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words if they want to tell you that the vaccination schedule they are criticizing is &amp;quot;causing the body to &amp;quot;learn&amp;quot; new pathogens at several times the normal rate&amp;quot; then it's on him to provide information as to what the &amp;quot;normal rate&amp;quot; is for the body. We know the body encounters thousands of pathogens every day just in daily life, breathing, eating etc. (&lt;strong&gt;NB:&lt;/strong&gt; I did have a great link for this but it seems to have rotted since I last needed it, will edit in if I can find a replacement) but how many of these are &lt;em&gt;novel&lt;/em&gt; to the body is harder to know, obviously one day one they're &lt;em&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; new but assuming the environment is reasonably consistent it's going to level off to some degree.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The numbers of &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; antigens introduced to the immune system through vaccination actually significantly &lt;em&gt;decreased&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.immunizeforgood.com/fact-or-fiction/too-many-too-soon&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;during the 20th century&lt;/a&gt; as vaccination technology and our understanding of the immune system improved, even as the number of actual vaccinations (and diseases protected against) increased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The argument your anti-vaxxer foe is bringing out is essentially nothing more than the tired old &amp;quot;too many, too soon&amp;quot; trope with a bit of tinsel stuck to it. While it doesn't specifically address the question you're asking the &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673970&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Glanz et al&lt;/a&gt; study did a great job of addressing the more general version of the trope - that the number of vaccinations &amp;quot;overloads&amp;quot; the immune system and makes the person more vulnerable to other infections (spoiler alert: it doesn't), the publication of that (and others) is possibly the reason why the trope has mutated into the variant you encountered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11188" LastActivityDate="2020-12-04T16:30:42.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25241" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24603" CreationDate="2020-12-04T18:37:35.437" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The interim results of the Solidarity trial are now out: see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20184" LastActivityDate="2020-12-04T18:37:35.437" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25242" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-05T02:56:22.193" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can an individual who has had a covid-19 vaccination test positive and is that a problem?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Up to now and for some time to come, testing has been important to help control the spread of this disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccines are now a real prospect so when that starts, would testing strategies and interpretation of data need to change, to accomodate for a growing number of individuals who've had the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14092" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T02:56:22.193" Title="Can an individual who has had a covid-19 vaccination test positive and is that a problem?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25244" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-05T11:32:01.253" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that PubMed cites articles that are on other sources, so it might not have a direct link to a full article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The very question I am asking is actually answered in the FAQs of the site, and there is even a YouTube video that is really easy to understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In both the FAQ section and the youtube video, are presented multiple ways to find the full article from a PubMed page, or to find where to buy it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, for some pages, such as this one &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7701351/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7701351/&lt;/a&gt; none of those options seems to be available, and I have no idea where to find, or purchase, such articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that some articles might not be made for public use, I would sometimes be glad to pay to read some full articles, if I just knew where to do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know where to find full articles in cases such as the one I linked? Or how do I know who to contact to find a way to obtain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I should say that Medical Sciences are not my field of study, so there might be something obvious that I don’t know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20888" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T23:42:24.663" Title="Find full article from PubMed page without any indication?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25245" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25244" CreationDate="2020-12-05T12:01:56.800" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article you linked has the following citation in APA format when clicking &amp;quot;cite&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Goldman, A. S., Chheda, S., Keeney, S. E., Schmalstieg, F. C., &amp;amp; Schanler, R. J. (1994). Immunologic protection of the premature newborn by human milk. &lt;em&gt;Seminars in perinatology, 18&lt;/em&gt;(6), 495–501.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Google searching for the journal &lt;em&gt;Seminars in perinatology&lt;/em&gt; comes up with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/seminars-in-perinatology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/seminars-in-perinatology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching for the volume and issue numbers seems to indicate that the journal website &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/seminars-in-perinatology/issues?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only goes back as far as  Volume 19 (1995)&lt;/a&gt; — 1 year before the article you wish to read.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would suggest that the only way you are going to get hold of a copy of this article is by &lt;a href=&quot;https://service.elsevier.com/app/contact/supporthub/sciencedirect/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;contacting Elsevier&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T12:01:56.800" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25247" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25248" CreationDate="2020-12-05T13:39:27.240" Score="1" ViewCount="104" Body="&lt;p&gt;R naught is defined as number of infections from one sick person, and most of the paper when simulating the infectious number tends to directly multiply the current infectious number by R naught to get the newly infectious number. However, my doubt is this calculation seems to ignore the possibility that one people might be infected by the same two person, i.e., we would overestimate the newly infected people with direct multiplication.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is do we ever need to remove the overlap part in rigorous pandemic simulations or we don't have to at all ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20890" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T16:23:10.070" Title="From R naught to infectious number" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;pandemic&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:43:57.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25248" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25247" CreationDate="2020-12-05T16:23:10.070" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The correct interpretion of R is on a population-based, statistical level. In your example, if two infected people have contact with one person who becomes infected, we do not say they each have an &amp;quot;individual R&amp;quot; of 1, we say the population has an R of 0.5: 2 infected people result in 1 infected person.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because you are basing R on population level statistics, you would never count an infected person multiple times based on multiple contacts, they are just one infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sometimes R might be estimated from contact tracing, and in this case the situation you describe may be a problem, if you assume everyone in contact with a patient who goes on to get infected was infected by that person. Breban et al addresses this concern and is strongly relevant to your question (there might be better resources, too, this was just the first I found). The contact tracing method is more accurate if you have very few infected people such that it is unlikely that someone would be exposed to more than one possible source.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Breban, R., Vardavas, R., &amp;amp; Blower, S. (2007). Theory versus data: how to calculate R 0?. PLoS One, 2(3), e282.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T16:23:10.070" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25250" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-05T21:51:57.887" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some years ago while experimenting with MCT oil and caffeine, I found that after a night's sleep and in a state of natural fasting (not eating for ~10 hours), I have been able to reliably enter into ketosis within 30 minutes after consuming a small amount of caffeine (around 50 mg) and drinking around a tablespoon of MCT oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the biological process that occurs to facilitate such a rapid entry into ketosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="897" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T21:51:57.887" Title="How does MCT (Medium Chain Triglycerides) oil + caffeine biologically provoke accelerated entry into ketogenesis?" Tags="&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;&lt;ketosis&gt;&lt;ketone&gt;&lt;keto-adaption&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:38:34.707" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25251" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25244" CreationDate="2020-12-05T23:42:24.663" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I know where to find full articles in cases such as the one I linked? Or how do I know who to contact to find a way to obtain it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you can't find the research article via Google, you can always try to contact the authors of the article and ask for a copy of it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-12-05T23:42:24.663" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-06T23:00:54.460" Score="2" ViewCount="87" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supposedly people who got covid-19 get immunity after it. According to this article,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/more-sars-cov-2-reinfections-reported-but-still-a-rare-event-68089&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;More SARS-COV-2 reinfections reported but still a rare event&lt;/a&gt; citing several studies,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bertollini and his colleagues conclude in their report that “the risk&#xA;for documented reinfection was very rare at about 1-2 reinfections per&#xA;10,000 infected persons.” The researchers further note that the&#xA;“findings suggest that most infected persons do develop immunity&#xA;against reinfection that lasts for at least [a] few months, and that&#xA;reinfections (if they occur) are well tolerated and no more&#xA;symptomatic than primary infections&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any reasons for people to get vaccinated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Will getting a vaccine have any additional effect on your immune system if you already got covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-01-21T06:51:47.060" LastActivityDate="2021-01-21T06:51:47.060" Title="Will getting a vaccine have any additional effect on your immune system if you already got covid-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25254" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25232" CreationDate="2020-12-07T11:19:58.247" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some differences have been observed in certain studies, although most reviews nowadays seem focused on the genetics angle in variations to vaccine response. One such &lt;a href=&quot;https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2014.0341&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2015) review&lt;/a&gt; cites (somewhat in passing) as evidence for known variation in ethnically linked response a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8651234/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study in Taiwan&lt;/a&gt; that found response variation for some vaccines but not for others (the groups involved being aboriginals vs Han Chinese):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;children whose parents were both aborigines had lower anti-HBs [hepatitis B] mean titer than did children whose parents were both ethnic Han Chinese. Children of mixed parental origins had intermediate mean titer of anti-HBs. Serologic responses to Japanese encephalitis virus and diphtheria vaccines did not show such correlation with ethnic groups, indicating that the determinant for HBV hyporesponsiveness among the aboriginal children is distinct from that of other childhood vaccines. It was therefore concluded that host factors pertaining to ethnic origin might be responsible for the hyporesponsiveness to HBV vaccine in the aboriginal populations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Such differences in the immediately quantifiable immune response were observed in other studies, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3980440/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;, one in the US (on response to rubella vaccine in African-Americans vs others):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;individuals of African descent have significantly higher rubella-specific neutralizing antibody levels compared to individuals of European descent and/or Hispanic ethnicity&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our study provides consistent evidence for racial/ethnic differences in humoral immune response following rubella vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in the conclusion section, the authors note that some caution may be required in interpreting such results from the angle of clinical relevance:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;although it would be difficult to interpret our findings [...] in terms of possible protection from infection [... we] speculate that the higher neutralizing antibody levels observed for African-Americans (compared to Caucasians and/or Hispanics) in our study may potentially denote genetic and racial differences in the long-term immunity and protection following vaccination&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstor.org/stable/26679592&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2007 review&lt;/a&gt; (also on genetic variations) mentions two studies for observed ethnic differences in vaccine response; both studies found differences in the response to measles vaccine &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358652/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; on Bedouin vs Jewish Israelis response (to the MMR combo):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Seroconversion to measles was 99% in Bedouin and 79% in Jewish children (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and that to mumps and rubella was 92 to 100% in both groups [For the latter two presumably not a statistically significant difference; P not reported in the abstract.] Measles neutralizing antibody titers were higher in Bedouin (333 +/- 39 mIU/ml) than Jewish (122 +/- 60 mIU/ml) children (P &amp;lt; 0.002). [...] It is not known whether genetic differences or environmental exposure accounts for these differences.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10195789&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other&lt;/a&gt; on Inuit/Inuit vs Caucasian:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Native (Innu and Inuit) schoolchildren (n = 253) had a significantly higher seropositive rate (83%) after a single dose of measles vaccine compared to Caucasian (n = 353) children (76%; p = 0.025),&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One interesting result to highlight perhaps is that a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325335/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2016 study&lt;/a&gt; on influenza vaccine (components) found that the ethnic/race differences were mainly found in the younger groups:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Race-related differences were caused by samples from younger African Americans, while results obtained with samples of aged African Americans were similar to those of aged Caucasians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-07T11:46:51.417" LastActivityDate="2020-12-07T11:46:51.417" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25255" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25262" CreationDate="2020-12-07T13:14:58.913" Score="6" ViewCount="363" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a petition written on December 1, 2020 to European Medicines Agency (EMA) by Dr. med. Wolfgang Wodarg and Dr. Michael Yeadon. You can see it &lt;a href=&quot;https://dryburgh.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Wodarg_Yeadon_EMA_Petition_Pfizer_Trial_FINAL_01DEC2020_signed_with_Exhibits_geschwarzt.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Both of them are well known for spreading misinformation about COVID-19. Yeadon used to work in Pfizer till 2011, and he is &amp;quot;Allergy &amp;amp; Respiratory Therapeutic Area expert&amp;quot;. Some sources falsely claim that he was &amp;quot;head of research&amp;quot; in Pfizer, which was debunked by snopes.com, he was in fact a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/covid-vaccine-female-sterilization/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;vice president and chief scientist for allergy and respiratory&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among other things, they want EMA to &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;stay the Phase III trial of BNT162&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;stay the clinical trials of all vaccine candidates [...]&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;. &amp;quot;Stay&amp;quot; here  means &amp;quot;to stop&amp;quot;, I guess. They provide some reasons for why this should be done. In said petition, in section &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;C&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;STATEMENT OF GROUNDS&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;) in point &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;XI&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; there is a claim about fertility:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several vaccine candidates are expected to induce the formation of humoral antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Syncytin-1 (see Gallaher, B., “Response to nCoV2019 Against Backdrop of Endogenous Retroviruses” - &lt;a href=&quot;http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019-against-backdrop-of-endogenous-retroviruses/396&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://virological.org/t/response-to-ncov2019-against-backdrop-of-endogenous-retroviruses/396&lt;/a&gt;), which is derived from human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) and is responsible for the development of a placenta in mammals and humans and is therefore an essential prerequisite for a successful pregnancy, is also found in homologous form in the spike proteins of SARS viruses. There is no indication whether antibodies against spike proteins of SARS viruses would also act like anti-Syncytin-1 antibodies. However, if this were&#xA;to be the case this would then also prevent the formation of a placenta which would result in vaccinated women essentially becoming infertile. To my knowledge, Pfizer/BioNTech has yet to release any samples of written materials provided to patients, so it is unclear what, if any, information regarding (potential) fertility-specific risks caused by antibodies is included.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to section 10.4.2 of the Pfizer/BioNTech trial protocol, a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant or breastfeeding, and is using an acceptable contraceptive method as described in the trial protocol during the intervention period (for a minimum of 28 days after the last dose of study intervention).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that it could take a relatively long time before a noticeable number of cases of postvaccination infertility could be observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that this two gentlemans are not very credible. But is it true, that there is a significant chance that antibody response against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 could result also in antibody response against syncytin-1, which is important in formation of placenta and then basically would cause intertility of unknown duration? I know that we are never 100% sure with things that complicated, but &lt;strong&gt;is it a valid concern scientifically, or something very unlikely and he just abuses the fact that he found some connection between spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human placenta?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words: does the authors of this petition ommited some important difference between antibody reaction to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and reaction to syncytin-1 that is forming human placenta? Something that could be use to ease people's minds, that was taken into consideration by teams developing SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way to put this in question would be: &lt;strong&gt;what are the chances that antibodies against spike proteins of SARS viruses would also act like anti-Syncytin-1 antibodies?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20897" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T21:26:32.667" Title="Is there a reason to be anxious about claim that COVID-19 vaccine could turn out to be inducing infertility in females?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25256" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25270" CreationDate="2020-12-07T19:35:40.927" Score="2" ViewCount="84" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a term for a condition or inclination of only sleeping on an as-needs basis? (analogous, perhaps, to hydration habits, where some people may have a regular pattern for when they drink water, but others may only do so on an 'as needs' basis e.g. whenever they feel thirsty)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another analogy: eating. Some people eat on a very set schedule (e.g. 3 meals a day), but others eat whenever they're hungry. I wonder if some perfectly normally functioning people &lt;em&gt;sleep&lt;/em&gt; in the same way the latter of the aforementioned &lt;em&gt;eat&lt;/em&gt;, that is, when they feel they need it, rather than on any predetermined schedule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A can find &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep/what-is-segmented-sleep-and-is-it-healthy.aspx#:%7E:text=Segmented%20sleep%20is%20a%20sleep,sleep%20pattern%20for%20many%20people.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;segmented sleep&lt;/a&gt;, which still seems organised, but into 2 segments per 24 hour period rather than the more common 1 segment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I am looking at something a bit different, where the person simply sleeps as they feel they require it (other activities permitting). For example, someone with this sleep habit might sleep for 8 hours, stay up for 20, sleep for 4, stay up for 12, sleep for 10, stay up for 16, sleep for 4, stay up for 3, sleep for 2, stay up for 13. If we study the data for how humans consume food or water, we should find many who consume in similarly highly irregular and unpredictable patterns, yet would be considered completely normal people. Does the same exist for sleep?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20431" LastEditorUserId="20431" LastEditDate="2020-12-09T21:10:38.623" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T03:21:00.097" Title="Term for a person who sleeps as they need to, rather than with any regular pattern?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;sleep-cycles&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2020-12-18T20:01:23.643" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25259" CreationDate="2020-12-07T20:11:25.820" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across two different papers claiming the opposite thing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3336857/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Although there was a dose dependent increase in serum TNF-α levels in the CSHE treated groups as compared to control, the synovial expression of macrophage derived pro-inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptor was found to be lower in the CSHE treated groups as compared to control.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And this&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://rjptonline.org/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=Research%20Journal%20of%20Pharmacy%20and%20Technology;PID=2020-13-2-48&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The TNF α levels were statistically reduced by CSEO group compared to Indomethacin group.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So does Corriander Seed increase or decrease tnf alpha and il-6?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20117" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2020-12-08T18:26:15.587" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T18:26:15.587" Title="Does Coriander Seed increase or decrease tnf alpha and il-6?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;autoimmune-disease&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;cytokines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25258" CreationDate="2020-12-07T21:25:56.310" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Both of these studies involve a rodent inflammation model where complete freund's adjuvant is injected to incite inflammation, and then rats are given an alcohol-based coriander seed extract or other injections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are pretty low-quality papers in low-quality journals. I'll start with the one you link second:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Deepa, B., Acharya, S., &amp;amp; Holla, R. (2020). Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of Coriander seed essential oil in Wistar albino rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(2), 761-766.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study, which declares &amp;quot;The TNF α levels were statistically reduced by CSEO group compared to Indomethacin group.&amp;quot; makes this declaration based on &amp;quot;p&amp;lt;0.05&amp;quot; where the p-value they actually report is 0.055. 0.055 is not less than 0.05, and based on their statistical threshold they should not have rejected the null hypothesis of no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, they also completely failed their Stats 101 class and instead of comparing the interaction between Time (i.e., baseline vs 21 days) and Treatment, they just compare Baseline to Day 21 in individual groups. This is wrong, and not meaningful. At worst, they should have compared Day 21 among treatment groups, but they did not do this. Their statistical tests do not measure what they say they do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can throw this study in the bin, it's worthless as presented, and it's embarrassing to the journal, the researchers, and their institution that it was published.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nair, V., Singh, S., &amp;amp; Gupta, Y. K. (2012). Evaluation of disease modifying activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models. The Indian journal of medical research, 135(2), 240.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other paper is not quite as bad, but still lacking in statistical methodology. They don't really provide enough information to critique their analysis, which to me is sufficient to consider it junk. You don't make your case better by leaving out details that can be used to critique, we have to assume that those details are hiding something when they are missing. They present standard errors that are miniscule compared to what one would expect in these sorts of experiments, so I have to assume that they may have included pseudoreplication by testing multiple samples from the same animals and not accounting for these multiple comparisons in the statistical analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They've also used a vehicle (control) that is sufficiently different from their treatment that it is just as likely that the non-active ingredients cause the effects they see.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Their IL-6 results are purely qualitative, and even the qualitative approach they use is seriously lacking. Basically &amp;quot;look at these example pictures and trust us&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, these studies do not actually conflict because they do not actually show anything robust - on this they are actually quite in agreement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-12-07T21:25:56.310" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25261" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-08T10:58:33.213" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Obviously we don't have precedent for mRNA vaccines like the now available SARS-CoV-2 vaccine from German-American Joint Venture Biontech/Pfizer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But how about the other, more conventional vaccine technologies? Was there at some point ever a trial which needed to be suspended because e.g. after 3 years people, which initially (first few months after being administered a vaccine) seemed totally fine, got health issues?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to be the crucial question, as we already vaccinated a large group of people, but were not able to observe them for very long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17494" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T10:58:33.213" Title="Have there been vaccines in the past, which revealed side effects only after extended periods of times?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2020-12-08T22:18:32.940" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25255" CreationDate="2020-12-08T20:08:26.750" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is probably as good as it gets for now, but experts &lt;a href=&quot;https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9856420671&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quoted by AP&lt;/a&gt; have dismissed the idea as highly improbable, basically on the argument that the common sequence is too short to be of concern and that other viral fusion proteins e.g. used in the flu vaccine haven't been observed to cause such an effect (on fertility):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Experts say there is no evidence that the Pfizer vaccine would result in sterilization of women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rebecca Dutch, chair of University of Kentucky’s department of molecular and cellular biochemistry, said in an email that while syncytin-1 and the spike protein broadly share some features, they are quite different in the details that antibodies recognize.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside from the fact that COVID-19’s spike protein and syncytin-1 are viral fusion proteins that cause membrane fusion, they are not related at all, Dutch said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jacob Yount, an associate professor of the department of microbial infection and immunity at Ohio State University, College of Medicine, has studied the syncytin proteins as well as SARS-CoV-2. Yount said the COVID vaccines do not contain syncytin-1 protein or mRNA encoding syncytin-1, and thus there is no reason to think that an immune response against syncytin-1 would be developed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We don’t see infertility with the flu vaccine and that is also targeting a viral fusion protein in a similar way that the spike is a viral fusion protein of the coronavirus,” he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pfizer spokeswoman Jerica Pitts confirmed to The Associated Press that their vaccine candidate has not been found to cause infertility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“It has been incorrectly suggested that COVID-19 vaccines will cause infertility because of a shared amino acid sequence in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and a placental protein,” she said in an email. “The sequence, however, is too short to plausibly give rise to autoimmunity.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N.B. some of this info (i.e. what Yount said) can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fusion_protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gleaned from Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Class I fusion proteins resemble influenzavirus hemagluttinin in their structure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a more detailed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649671/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; (see table 1 in there) the coronaviruses fusion proteins also belong to this class I.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytin-1#Structure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Also&lt;/a&gt; from Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Syncytin-1 shares many structural elements with class I retroviral glycoproteins (such as, Murine Leukemia Virus gp, Ebolavirus gp, and HIV gp120, gp41).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems that viruses (or vaccines against them) from the filoviridae family would be even more likely (out of all in class I) to produce an effect like this on fertility. Alas these are more obscure in the sense that there haven't been many vaccines against filoviridae, nor were such vaccines in widespread use (compared to influenza), e.g. the ones &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for Ebola&lt;/a&gt; have seen some use, but in more limited areas. The Wikipedia page doesn't mention any effects on fertility or pregnancy from these.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... but (for what's worth it) there is actually a &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/3/19-1018_article&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;March 2020 CDC paper&lt;/a&gt; on &amp;quot;Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Receiving rVSV?-ZEBOV-GP Ebola Vaccine during the Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine against Ebola&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among immediate vaccinated women, 45% (14/31) reported pregnancy loss, compared with 33% (11/33) of unvaccinated women with contemporaneous pregnancies (relative risk 1.35, 95% CI 0.73–2.52). Pregnancy loss was similar among women with higher risk for vaccine viremia (conception before or &amp;lt;14 days after vaccination) (44% [4/9]) and women with lower risk (conception &amp;gt;15 days after vaccination) (45% [10/22]). No congenital anomalies were detected among 44 live-born infants examined. These data highlight the need for Ebola vaccination decisions to balance the possible risk for an adverse pregnancy outcome with the risk for Ebola exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas because of were the study was conducted it&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;had several limitations, however, beyond the small sample size and inability to adjust for confounding factors. In cases of pregnancy loss, information on the timing of the loss was often lacking, limiting our ability to differentiate between early and late pregnancy loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding influenza vaccination and fertility, I also found a recent study &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409134/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jun 2020&lt;/a&gt; on a fairly large US sample (thousands), with the conclusion:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compared with couples in which neither participant was vaccinated, FRs [fecundability ratios] were 1.13 for female-only vaccination (95% CI: 0.99-1.29), 0.94 for male-only vaccination (95% CI: 0.78-1.12), and 1.07 when both partners were vaccinated (95% CI: 0.94-1.21). When restricted to recent vaccination before peak influenza season, results were similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: Our data indicate no adverse effect of influenza vaccination on fecundability&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-08T21:26:32.667" LastActivityDate="2020-12-08T21:26:32.667" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25267" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-09T16:09:22.707" Score="3" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-britain-vaccine/uk-warns-people-with-serious-allergies-to-avoid-pfizer-vaccine-after-two-adverse-reactions-idUSKBN28J1D1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pfizer Covid vaccine caused allergic reactions&lt;/a&gt;. For patients that are deemed to be at an increased risk of adverse side effects following a risk assessment (e.g. because of diabetes, heart disease), should the vaccine be given in 3 stages instead of 2, where the first stage is a preliminary very small amount to test for adverse reactions, and then the latter 2 stages are as originally planned?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20915" LastEditorUserId="20431" LastEditDate="2020-12-09T20:42:45.633" LastActivityDate="2020-12-11T08:21:09.963" Title="Covid vaccine side effects" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:41:48.727" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25256" CreationDate="2020-12-10T00:28:20.967" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, there's no medical term for a person who does such a thing (and I doubt it would be labelled a disorder since practically everyone can do it to some extent), but the 2nd part of the act that you're talking about (i.e. sleeping longer after a shorter/insufficient sleep before) is often called &lt;strong&gt;recovery sleep&lt;/strong&gt;, while the term for the first part is much more broadly know, i.e. (partial) sleep deprivation. I wrote a more extensive answer to a question on the effects/efficacy of recovery sleep &lt;a href=&quot;https://psychology.stackexchange.com/questions/868/can-you-catch-up-on-sleep-over-the-weekend&quot;&gt;on Psychology SE&lt;/a&gt;, which has a bunch of references.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also on this theme, you may be interested in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079215000908&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; on daily intraindividual variability of sleep/wake patterns&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Features of an individual's sleep/wake patterns across multiple days are governed by two dimensions, the mean and the intraindividual variability (IIV). The existing literature focuses on the means, while the nature and correlates of sleep/wake IIV are not well understood. A systematic search of records in five major databases from inception to November 2014 identified 53 peer-reviewed empirical publications that examined correlates of sleep/wake IIV in adults. Overall, this literature appeared unsystematic and post hoc, with under-developed theoretical frameworks and inconsistent methodologies. Correlates most consistently associated with greater IIV in one or more aspects of sleep/wake patterns were: younger age, non-White race/ethnicity, living alone, physical health conditions, higher body mass index, weight gain, bipolar and unipolar depression symptomatology, stress, and evening chronotype; &lt;strong&gt;symptoms of insomnia and poor sleep were associated with higher sleep/wake IIV&lt;/strong&gt;, which was reduced following sleep interventions. The effects of experimentally reduced sleep/wake IIV on daytime functioning were inconclusive. In extending current understanding of sleep/wake patterns beyond the mean values, IIV should be incorporated as an additional dimension when sleep is examined across multiple days. Theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the existing literature, and opportunities for future research are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, a more persistent pattern of such intraindividual variability can be linked to some sleep disorders. However, the review also discusses the extent to which this correlation may be misinterpreted, i.e. proposes that some IIV may actually be adaptive/beneficial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;despite more variable&#xA;sleep/wake patterns being associated with a range of adverse&#xA;outcomes, it is not clear that greater sleep/wake IIV is always&#xA;related to deleterious outcomes, or whether such associations are&#xA;linear. In different contexts, greater IIV can be theorized as being&#xA;both non-adaptive and adaptive [71]. For example, much has been&#xA;said about irregular sleep as a non-adaptive behavior in the context&#xA;of insomnia, with the implication that regular sleep is adaptive.&#xA;However, very low variability in sleep timing among patients with&#xA;insomnia sometimes stems from rigid rules about sleep timing that&#xA;are anchored in a general maladaptive belief that sleep is fragile or&#xA;there is a critical window for sleep. Moreover, a finding that healthy&#xA;irregular sleepers were less prone to microsleep after sleep deprivation&#xA;[57] suggests that these individuals might adapt better to&#xA;changing sleep durations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[citing for that para:]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[71] Roecke C, Brose A. Intraindividual variability and stability of affect and wellbeing. GeroPsych 2013;26:185-99.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[57] Innes CRH, Poudel GR, Jones RD. Efficient and regular patterns of nighttime sleep are related to increased vulnerability to microsleeps following a single night of sleep restriction. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:1187-96.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the matter of terminology, the review says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;inconsistent terminologies (e.g., “night-to-night variability”,&#xA;“daily variation”, “daily instability”, “day-to-day fluctuation”)&#xA;have been used to describe IIV of sleep/wake patterns. A&#xA;consistent terminology across future studies will help enhance&#xA;coherence of this literature and improve the access of relevant&#xA;findings. For this purpose, we recommend “intraindividual variability&#xA;(IIV)”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, there isn't a lot of agreement how exactly to measure the day-to-day variation, while also taking into account the external constraints that may vary from day to day (e.g. workday vs free day). Various metrics have been proposed; see section 3 in a fairly recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejn.14255&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2018) review&lt;/a&gt; by Vetter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To point to a fairly intersting recent paper (that happens to be open access) as an example in this area, see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phillips et al. (2017)&lt;/a&gt;. In their paper they use &amp;quot;irregular sleeper&amp;quot; for someone exhibiting such pattern, if they are in the bottom quintile in their Sleep Regularity Index, defined as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This index calculates the percentage probability of an individual being in the same state (asleep vs. awake) at any two time-points 24h apart, averaged across the study. The index is scaled so that an individual who sleeps and wakes at exactly the same times each day scores 100, whereas an individual who sleeps and wakes at random scores 0. This index is constructed on the reasoning that changes in sleep schedules from one 24-h interval to the next may cause circadian disruption and thus impact normal biological functioning and health. The SRI differs from previous approaches in that it does not require designation of a main daily sleep episode, and can thus be applied in populations such as college students, where additional daytime sleep episodes and all-nighters are commonly observed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, since this is a fairly recent paper, one can only guess if the terminology (or their way of measuring sleep irregularity) will gain widespread acceptance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the the lead author of that paper is a co-author of &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31837266/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another one (2019)&lt;/a&gt; that contrasts it to a different (recently proposed) metric:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two metrics have been recently developed to specifically capture day-to-day changes in sleep patterns: the Composite Phase Deviation (CPD [24]) and the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI [9]). The CPD metric combines sleep irregularity and sleep mistiming by quantifying (i) how different the mid-sleep times are compared to those on the previous day, and (ii) how far away mid-sleep times occur from an individual’s preferred sleep timing (chronotype, as measured by midsleep time on weekends [25]). The SRI calculates the probability of an individual being in the same state (asleep vs. awake) at any two time-points 24h apart, scaled to values between 0 (completely irregular) and 100 (completely regular). While CPD and SRI both capture day-to-day changes in sleep patterns, CPD may be complementary to SRI due to its composite nature, combining features of irregularity with mistiming. For example, in shift work, sleep during the daytime for several consecutive night shifts tends to be highly regular (as captured by SRI and the irregularity component of the CPD metric) but as it occurs during the day it is largely mistimed for the majority of shift workers [26]. This mistiming is captured by the second component of the CPD metric but not by the SRI.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the Vetter review (had) noted, this field of research is still evolving fairly rapidly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-10T03:21:00.097" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T03:21:00.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25272" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25267" CreationDate="2020-12-10T05:14:35.730" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider this a very tentative answer, employing analogy rather than any hard data on the Pfizer vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general it can be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/ask-the-expert/Vaccine-allergy-testing#:%7E:text=A%3A,live%20zoster%20vaccine%20(1)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fairly difficult&lt;/a&gt; to know exactly what component in a vaccine caused the allergic reaction. So, an option is indeed to test with the actual vaccine. An AAAAI Q&amp;amp;A on the matter points to &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276555/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this study&lt;/a&gt; that experimented with the influenza and measles vaccines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the results of the skin prick test (undiluted vaccine) and the intradermal skin test (1:10 diluted vaccine) indicated that the latter was more useful in both cases of measles (54 patients) and influenza vaccine (69 patients) Overall, the skin test using 1:10 diluted vaccine was the more suitable for predicting an immediate-type reaction to measles and influenza vaccinations. Patients having negative 1:10 skin tests can be expected to show no adverse reactions to the remaining injections and even the positive subjects will complete the course of vaccine doses by the stepwise method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly, I find the abstract (and the rest of the paper) fairly confusing in their terminology. I think they use &amp;quot;skin test&amp;quot; interchangeably with intradermal [skin] test, and in opposition to [skin] prick test, i.e. I think they ultimately recommend an intradermal 1:10 v/v diluted solution as the best method in terms of balancing risk of a severe reaction with actually detecting one at all.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually, they have this protocol illustrated in the paper, which does a prick test first, followed by an intradermal only if the prick test was negative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RCmiQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RCmiQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the conclusions of the paper are just about as confusing as the abstract. It's not terribly clear to me if they recommend following this more elaborate protocol, or just doing the intradermal test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2020-12-11T08:21:09.963" LastActivityDate="2020-12-11T08:21:09.963" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25273" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-10T17:10:43.957" Score="3" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see recommendations across the web for anywhere from 20 to 38 grams of daily fiber intake, depending on your demographic.  Now, I'm a big fan of fiber and how it helps digestion.  But looking at the numbers, I'm skeptical about the feasibility of such high daily fiber intake without supplements like Metamucil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After searching around, it looks like I'm not alone, either.  No matter the fiber-related topic I Google for, the dominant result is pages talking about &amp;quot;how to get enough fiber.&amp;quot;  Take &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diet/eat-this-fiber-chart&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; for example, where meeting the daily recommendation requires 3 full meals and 3 between-meal snacks composed entirely of foods specifically chosen for their extremely high fiber content.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's so difficult for anyone to reach the recommended fiber intake, it begs the question &amp;quot;Why is the recommended intake so high?&amp;quot;  I find it hard to believe that humans have ever regularly been able to meet the current recommendation, aside from cultures where beans are the dominant food.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what's the basis for current recommendations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20920" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T17:10:43.957" Title="What is the basis for fiber intake recommendations" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;fibre&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:43:29.383" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25275" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-10T19:39:20.607" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per the NCCN guidelines version 4.2020 (which is unfortunately pay-walled), for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), the recommended margins are &lt;strong&gt;no tumor on ink&lt;/strong&gt;, while isolated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) margins are &lt;strong&gt;2 mm&lt;/strong&gt;. This alone never made sense to me, as I would imagine an already invasive cancer is more aggressive and likely to cause local recurrence if microscopic residual cancer was left behind. So if no tumor on ink was adequate enough for IDC, shouldn't it be adequate for DCIS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some authors (such as in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5894883/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this 2018 review article&lt;/a&gt;) suggest that there is a difference in the growth pattern of DCIS compared to IDC that may warrant the margin of 2 mm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Faverly and colleagues examined the growth pattern of DCIS and found&#xA;that while 90% of poorly differentiated lesions grew continuously, 70%&#xA;of well-differentiated lesions had a multifocal, skip pattern, with&#xA;82% of skip lesions measuring between 0mm to 5mm, and only 8% having&#xA;skip lesions &amp;gt;10mm. These studies suggest that that a small negative&#xA;margin may lie within a skip lesion and may be associated with a&#xA;substantial residual tumor burden.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ok - I'm not a pathologist, oncologist, or surgical oncologist so I would of course defer to their expertise. At least this explains the apparent discrepancy I perceive in the recommended surgical margins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But the guidelines further clarify that in circumstances where the specimen contains both IDC and DCIS, the negative margin definition remains &lt;strong&gt;no ink on tumor&lt;/strong&gt; based on the invasive margin guideline regardless of the extent of DCIS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not sure how to fit this into my mental model - if DCIS has fundamentally different growth patterns and underlying physiology such as to warrant wider margins, why does this change when co-present with IDC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12870" LastActivityDate="2020-12-10T19:39:20.607" Title="Why are the surgical margins for invasive ductal carcinoma less than the margins required for invasive ductal carcinoma in situ?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;breast&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25276" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21368" CreationDate="2020-12-11T13:16:28.063" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flights are much faster than cars/trains/boats. In turn, that means COVID spreads slower if cars/trains/boats are the only viable means of transport. It also means that COVID spreads in a connected way: if there was no air travel for example, you would not expect to see COVID in Europe before it hits Western Asia. With it, Europe can be affected first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare e.g. what happened with the Black Death. During that time when the fastest means of travel was by horse, it took several years for the disease to spread around Europe, and it never actually reached China. These days, it only took a few weeks for the disease to get from China to Europe, and then around the world.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12423" LastActivityDate="2020-12-11T13:16:28.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25281" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-12T00:03:31.860" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2014 phase II trial {1} indicates that oral itraconazole is beneficial for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Imiquimod 5% cream and topical 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have also been used to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with a fair amount of success (~60 to 90% success rate at 5-year follow-up according to systematic reviews {2,3}).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does ingesting itraconazole pills increase the likelihood of success for a topical cream (Imiquimod/5-Fluorouracil) to treat BCC?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Kim, D.J., Kim, J., Spaunhurst, K., Montoya, J., Khodosh, R., Chandra, K., Fu, T., Gilliam, A., Molgo, M., Beachy, P.A. and Tang, J.Y., 2014. Open-label, exploratory phase II trial of oral itraconazole for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 32(8), pp.745-751. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.49.9525&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.49.9525&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or&#xA;fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a&#xA;systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(12):1431–8. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.291&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} Kamath, Preetha, Evan Darwin, Harleen Arora, and Keyvan Nouri. &amp;quot;A review on imiquimod therapy and discussion on optimal management of basal cell carcinomas.&amp;quot; Clinical drug investigation 38, no. 10 (2018): 883-899. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-018-0681-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-018-0681-x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2020-12-12T00:03:31.860" Title="Does ingesting itraconazole pills increase the likelihood of success for a topical cream (Imiquimod/5-Fluorouracil) to treat BCC?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25282" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-12T14:41:23.987" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What, if any,  global health organization coordinates global vaccine production?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Context:&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is in the global interest to produce qualified (safety / efficacy) COVID-19 vaccine doses as quick as possible to arrest and reverse the pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I understand the matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Global vaccine production capacity is finite&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pfizer, Moderna, Astra-Zeneca vaccines require 2 doses: JNJ = 1dose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some vaccines do not have phase 3 trials (Sputnik)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/explaining-operation-warp-speed/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Operation Warp Speed&lt;/a&gt; coordinates a US effort&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Other Global vaccine producers include Cansino (CA-CN), J&amp;amp;J, Samsung Biologics (KR)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would seem that there is an opportunity for production sites to coordinate with a single body to coordinate production to optimize safety/efficacy/speed in a global context.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2020-12-13T03:43:21.333" LastActivityDate="2020-12-13T03:43:21.333" Title="What global health organization coordinates vaccine production?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25284" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25282" CreationDate="2020-12-12T19:41:41.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;No one coordinates global vaccine production. Vaccines, like other pharmaceuticals, are produced by individual companies. Individual companies have been entering into agreements with individual governments to deliver vaccine for the residents of their countries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation has made &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gavi.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;GAVI&lt;/a&gt; (along with partners in the WHO and UNICEF) as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;public-private partnership&lt;/a&gt; to do something like maybe what you are thinking of as coordination to try to ensure poorer countries have vaccine access, and they now have a Covid-19 vaccination program, but this is really just an effort to combine resources among those that have the fewest resources. They don't have any say over what other countries do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-12-12T19:41:41.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-13T10:24:01.650" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I live in France, and we have been told to give our baby 3 droplets of a vitamin D supplement that amounts to 3x330 IU = 1000IU.  The baby formula amounts (hopefully I did not mix up units) to roughly 400IU, so in total 1400IU.  I've read on US websites that the daily needs for a baby of this age are 400IU of Vitamin D.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The baby does not have any special deficiency or nothing, and I have talked to the pediatrician:  giving Vitamin D supplements to any baby seems to be the standard guideline in France (independently on bottle or breastfeeding).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I overlooking something (different units in US than in France, different type of measurement... don't know) or is the French guideline really by a factor &amp;gt; 3 higher than the US one?  Is it harmful to give such a high dose?  Where does this large difference in the guidelines stem from?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:  The supplement leaflet makes reference to this governmental text from 1971:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ipubli.inserm.fr/bitstream/handle/10608/190/?sequence=26&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prévention du rachitisme. Circulaires de la Direction générale de la Santé du 21 février 1963 et du 6 janvier1971(extraits)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20928" LastEditorUserId="20928" LastEditDate="2020-12-13T20:31:30.703" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T04:26:57.340" Title="Vitamin D supplement in infants in France" Tags="&lt;supplement&gt;&lt;vitamin-d&gt;&lt;infant&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:35:47.293" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25289" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25290" CreationDate="2020-12-13T15:28:54.943" Score="3" ViewCount="244" Body="&lt;p&gt;These are the ingredients of &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2020/74543a-eng.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medicinal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mRNA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Non-medicinal:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ALC-0315 = ((4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl)bis(2-hexyldecanoate)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ALC-0159 = 2-[(polyethylene glycol)-2000]-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;cholesterol&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;monobasic potassium phosphate&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;potassium chloride&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sodium chloride&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;sucrose&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;water for injection&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sucrose is broken up into glucose and fructose by digestion, and so it normally never enters the blood system.&#xA;Yet here, it is being directly injected into the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What happens to this sucrose when it enters the blood system, and why choose sucrose rather than the more standard glucose (dextrose)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2020-12-13T17:54:00.073" Title="Why use sucrose rather than glucose in an injectable vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25290" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25289" CreationDate="2020-12-13T16:45:53.927" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sucrose is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/540318d&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;used&lt;/a&gt; as a preservative in vaccines, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13520&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more specifically&lt;/a&gt; as a cryoprotectant:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Earlier empirical approaches stabilize liquid formulations of Ad5 viral vaccines were described by Evan et al.10. They identified freeze-thaw damage, surface adsorption and free radical oxidation as reasons of virus destruction. They tested a combination of buffering molecules, ions and sucrose and found a solution containing 5 w/v% sucrose as the most effective cryoprotectant. [...]  Stewart et al. showed that a preservation of infectivity of adenovirus for a sucrose-stabilized liquid formulation for up to 6 weeks at 40 °C, hence confirming the stabilizing effect of sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/digestion-absorption-sucrose-3680.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;breakdown&lt;/a&gt; of sucrose in other parts of the body is much slower than in the small intestine, which has a specific molecule (sucrase) to speed-up its breakdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Through a process called hydrolysis, water assists in severing the glycosidic bond to separate the glucose and fructose molecules; one molecule of water is needed for each molecule of sucrose. However, this reaction naturally occurs very slowly. The presence of sucrase, an enzyme in the small intestine, accelerates this reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I haven't found what level is safe in humans, but presumably the regulators took that into account. A quick search &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0041008X65900487&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; that even if given orally, sucrose is lethal in rats above a certain amount. The adage that dose makes the poison applies here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, I found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442034/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1967 study&lt;/a&gt; in which 10 g of various dissacharides (including sucrose) were administered &lt;em&gt;intravenously&lt;/em&gt; in humans, so presumably that much of it is safe even in injections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Studies in man [...] Four adult subjects were given iv infusions of 10 g&#xA;in 100 ml of water of either lactose, sucrose, or maltose&#xA;over a 30-minute period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've only glossed over this study, but its main finding regarding sucrose is that its breakdown in the bloodstream is too slow to cause a detectable spike in measured bloodstream glucose. Also&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A mean of 8.7 +/- 1.8 g of the lactose lactose and and 6.3 +/- 1.3 g of the sucrose was excreted in the 24-hour urine sample. In contrast, only 0.11 +/- 0.03g, or 1%, of the infused maltose was excreted into the urine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What might have happened to the sucrose not excreted during that observation period they didn't say/study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-13T17:54:00.073" LastActivityDate="2020-12-13T17:54:00.073" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25291" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24908" CreationDate="2020-12-13T18:48:34.017" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;TLDR summary of what I found:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;diet-wise brassica vegetables, in particular broccoli seems to have this effect (but other vegetables that share P450 inhibitors in common with citrus fruits have the opposite effect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;medication-wise, the OTC &amp;quot;heartburn&amp;quot; drug Omeprazole has been fairly consistently reported to have this effect (but many, many more drugs of various classes have the opposite effect)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;out of the cigarette smoke components, it's the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons and not the nicotine that's responsible for this interaction with caffeine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a more extensive list of caffeine-drug interactions in &lt;a href=&quot;https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/70/2/384/tab-figures-data&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pharma. Rev.&lt;/a&gt;, but few drugs shorten the half-life of caffeine, mainly some (but not all) proton pump inhibitors (&amp;quot;heartburn&amp;quot; drugs) like Omeprazole (−41%) and Cimetidine (−31%). (I think PPIs like Omeprazole are generally available without prescription.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would caution on using the claims that source without double-checking with the primary studies because they listed Fluvoxamine (an antidepressant) as −80% &amp;quot;decreases caffeine half-life by sixfold&amp;quot;. Most other drugs in this class have the opposite effect on caffeine half-life. And it seems they misinterpreted that &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8807660/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; as Fluvoxamine is one of the more potent inhibitors of P450 pathway involved, actually having the opposite effect on caffeine half-life:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine is a very potent inhibitor of the liver enzyme CYP1A2, which is the major P450 catalysing the biotransformation of caffeine. [...] During fluvoxamine, the median of the total clearance of caffeine decreased from 107 ml min-1 to 21 ml min-1 and the half-life increased from 5 to 31 h&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;31 / 5 = 6.2 so they almost used this study as a ref, but misinterpreted the direction of the effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But their listing of PPIs effect on caffeine metabolism is probably correct; a quick search found a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8162667/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; tiled &amp;quot;Accelerated caffeine metabolism after omeprazole treatment [...]&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Omeprazole has previously been shown to induce hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 activity, as evidenced by an accelerated N-3-demethylation in the 13C-[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00788.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review of PPIs&lt;/a&gt; (see table 3) confirms this with additional studies, i.e. there is indeed &lt;strong&gt;increased/faster caffeine clearance on Omeprazole&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pharma Rev source alas also claims that some anti-psoriasis / anti-eczema drugs decrease caffeine half-life, listing Methoxsalen (−70%) and 5-Methoxypsoralen (−31%)... but again that seem to be an error because a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3690940/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;primary study&lt;/a&gt; I found says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the period of maximum inhibition the mean elimination half-life of caffeine increased from 5.6 hours at baseline to 57 hours after administration of methoxsalen&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And likewise &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8735685/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for 5-methoxypsoralen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a much longer list of drugs that increase the half-life of caffeine though (presumably mostly by competing on the P450 pathway). I would not be surprised if some foods do the same (given the known interactions between e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit%E2%80%93drug_interactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;grapefruit and some drugs&lt;/a&gt;), but I couldn't find any data specific to foods and caffeine, except for grapefruit, which does increase caffeine half-life too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From an older &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003088-200039020-00004&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2000) review&lt;/a&gt; on the same caffeine-drug interaction issue, it seems indeed that Omeprazole is the only drug with such a significant effect (well included in the review):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Nq7oX.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Nq7oX.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact that 2000 review lists Cimetidine in the opposite direction than Pharma Rev, which actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7306430/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seems&lt;/a&gt; to be the correct one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also an interesting &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243019/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2011 study&lt;/a&gt; on what exact components of cigarette smoke accelerate the clearance of caffeine. It seems that these components of cigarette smoke are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cigarette smoking accelerates the metabolism of certain drugs, particularly those primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and, to a lesser extent, CYP2E1 and some UDP-glucuronosyltransferases [1, 2]. The induction of CYP1A2 is mediated by binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the tobacco smoke to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) with consequent transcriptional activation of the CYP1A2 gene. Furthermore, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes are induced by tobacco smoking via AHR in various human tissues such as lung and placenta.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon#Human_health&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PAHs are carcinogenic&lt;/a&gt; and don't seem to have any uses as drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2011 study itself looked at whether nicotine itself contributes to this effect on caffeine clearance, but the contribution from nicotine seems to be nonexistent (or at least undetectable after 8 days of dosing with nicotine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There was no significant influence of nicotine administration on the pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine or the formation pharmacokinetics of paraxanthine, theophylline and theobromine. Since caffeine metabolism to paraxanthine is a specific probe reaction for CYP1A2 [13], it can be concluded that CYP1A2 activity is not affected by 8 days of nicotine dosing. Although previous studies in experimental animals have provided evidence for the role of nicotine in the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzymes [4–10], our study disproves the hypothesis that nicotine induces CYP1A2 activity in humans in vivo. The discrepancy between human and animal data may be explained by tissue and species specific expression patterns. The human caffeine phenotyping probes the hepatic CYP1A2 activity, whereas the animal studies are mainly on extrahepatic CYP1A1 induction or based on methods not capable of differentiating between CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzymes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now on the ARH angle, it seems that Omeprazole also works this way with regard to caffeine (being listed in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540743/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; on the receptor), but the evidence is pretty muddy (or at least was in the year 2003 when that review was written):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, some chemicals have&#xA;been identified that can induce AhR-dependent gene expression, yet they reportedly&#xA;fail to competitively bind to the AhR (Table 1 [first entry there is Omeprazole]). It has been proposed that&#xA;these chemicals are not AhR ligands themselves, but that they can activate AhR-dependent&#xA;gene expression indirectly, either via metabolic conversion into a ligand&#xA;or by their ability to affect some cellular pathway that results in AhR activation.&#xA;These conclusions are difficult to reconcile, especially given what is known about&#xA;the AhR-dependent mechanism of gene activation. Although these weak inducers&#xA;have not been observed to competitively bind to the AhR, they may still be AhR&#xA;ligands, albeit ligands that bind with relatively low affinity. Demonstration of the&#xA;ability of weak ligands (Kd in the uM range) to competitively bind to the AhR in&#xA;standard binding assays is technically challenging, especially given the extremely&#xA;high AhR binding affinity of TCDD [Kd in the pM range (143)]. Recent modifications&#xA;of the AhR ligand binding assay that favor competitive binding by weak&#xA;AhR ligands (i.e., reduction of [3H]TCDD and increased competitor concentration)&#xA;have been used to demonstrate that carbaryl, previously reported to not bind to&#xA;the AhR (144, 145), is actually a weak AhR ligand (146). The 300,000-fold lower&#xA;potency of carbaryl, as compared to TCDD (146), likely explains its inability to&#xA;competitively displace [3H]TCDD from the AhR ligand binding domain using the&#xA;ligand binding assay conditions described by those investigators. In addition, &lt;strong&gt;the&#xA;competitive binding of Trp metabolites (namely tryptamine and indole acetic&#xA;acid) and several benzimidazoles (omeprazole, thiabendazole, albendazole, and fenbendazole) has also been observed (87, 147), even though these chemicals were&#xA;previously reported to induce AhR-dependent gene expression in a ligand independent&#xA;manner&lt;/strong&gt; (148–151). Not only are these binding results consistent with what is&#xA;known about other CYP1A1 inducers and AhR activators, but it is likely that many&#xA;(if not all) of the other chemicals that reportedly induce in an AhR-independent&#xA;manner (Table 1) are actually weak AhR ligands. The absolute requirement for&#xA;the AhR in the chemical-inducible response, combined with the demonstration&#xA;that some “ligand independent” inducers actually bind to the AhR, raises questions&#xA;as to the existence of these proposed alternative induction pathways. Unlike&#xA;other ligand-dependent receptors (i.e., steroid hormone receptors) that can be&#xA;activated in a ligand-independent manner by processes such as phosphorylation&#xA;(152, 153), ligand-independent activation for the AhR remains to be confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And on other sources of ArH ligands, particularly dietary, it notes that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The formation&#xA;of relatively potent AhR ligands from precursors that have little or no AhR&#xA;agonist activity is significant, especially considering that most dietary ligands are&#xA;themselves relatively weak AhR ligands/agonists. Flavonoids, including flavones,&#xA;flavanols, flavanones, and isoflavones, represent the largest group of naturally&#xA;occurring dietary AhR ligands. Although the majority of these natural plant products&#xA;are AhR antagonists (43–47), numerous agonists, such as quercetin (48),&#xA;diosmin (49), tangeritin (50), and tamarixetin (43), have also been identified. In&#xA;addition to interacting with the AhR, many of these flavonoids are also substrates&#xA;for CYP1A1 (51). These chemicals are widely distributed in dietary vegetables,&#xA;fruits, and teas (52–55), and flavonoid levels in human blood have been reported&#xA;to be in the low uM-range (56–58), concentrations sufficient to inhibit/activate the&#xA;AhR. Thus, it is not surprising that crude extracts of a large number of different&#xA;vegetables, teas, fruits, and natural herbal products have AhR agonist and/or antagonist&#xA;activity (59, 60). Thus, plant-derived materials appear to commonly contain&#xA;AhR ligands or products that can readily be converted into AhR ligands, and as&#xA;such, they are perhaps the largest class of natural AhR ligands to which humans&#xA;and animals are exposed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems somewhat plausible that some dietary sources of such ligands might have a similar effect to PAHs on caffeine clearance, but insofar I haven't found some specific studies on the interaction in the direction of increased clearance. Actually, there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one study&lt;/a&gt; in the opposite direction that we might have hoped for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quercetin significantly inhibits the caffeine metabolism&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is actually one &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/21/6/1157/2896318&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;year 2000 study&lt;/a&gt; on diets and CYP1A2 activity, as&#xA;measured by excreted caffeine metabolites. It found that adding &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/brassica-vegetable&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;brassica&#xA;vegetables&lt;/a&gt; (specifically, they added broccoli, cabbage, radish sprouts, and cauliflower)&lt;/strong&gt; to a diet increased caffeine&#xA;metabolism (by some 18-37%), while apiaceous vegetables (carrots, parsnips,&#xA;celery, dill and parsley) had the opposite effect by 13-25%. (Exact measure&#xA;depends on the metabolite.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It also notes that furanocoumarins are probably responsible for the latter&#xA;effect, in common with that observed with citrus fruits and caffeine, while for the increased caffeine clearance on brassica vegetables, they suggest glucosinolates are responsible. (There's an &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625493/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;older study&lt;/a&gt; adding just broccoli, which found the same effect. The broccoli-only study was also &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17266520/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;replicated&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-13T22:28:56.803" LastActivityDate="2020-12-13T22:28:56.803" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25292" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-13T21:49:44.977" Score="3" ViewCount="109" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the news about the COVID-19 vaccines which are about to begin distribution, I've seen statements to the effect that &amp;quot;it’s not clear if the shot keeps the disease from being transmitted&amp;quot; (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-08/pfizer-vaccine-s-effect-on-transmission-still-unknown-fda-says&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding was that viruses spread by replicating themselves within the host's cells, and that a vaccine prevents this by stimulating antibody production so that the virus cannot gain a foothold and is unable to create many copies of itself.  Under this view, it seems strange that the vaccine would prevent the disease but not prevent transmission.  It seems there are a few possible ways this could happen:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vaccine limits virus replication to a level that is low enough to prevent symptoms, but not low enough to prevent transmission.  This would seem to imply that higher levels of replication lead to more severe (or more likely) symptoms, which seems reasonable, but also not certain given hypotheses that some COVID-19 symptoms are due to overactive immune response (rather than to high viral load).  It also does not totally jibe with the mixed data on COVID-19 in children, where it seems possible that they spread it at a higher rate than they show symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vaccine provides different levels of immunity in different parts/systems of the body, allowing the virus to replicate in one part but preventing it from spreading to other parts to cause symptoms.  This is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/poliomyelitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apparently&lt;/a&gt; the case to some extent with the inactivated polio vaccine, which produces a weaker immune response in the intestines, allowing the virus to replicate there and potentially be transmitted via feces, although unable to spread via the bloodstream and cause symptoms in the host.  From what I understand this seems less plausible for COVID-19, because as far as I can tell the main replication site is also the main source of transmission (the lungs), but perhaps I'm misunderstanding what I've read.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The vaccine somehow provides protection against symptoms without actually limiting replication of the virus (e.g., by tamping down immune-system overreaction), thus rendering the virus harmless without actually destroying it.  This doesn't align with my conception of what a vaccine is (as opposed to a treatment) but maybe I'm wrong.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that I'm excluding here the case where the vaccine is simply ineffective for a particular patient.  I'm interested in cases where the vaccine works for an individual in that it protects them against COVID-19, but still does not prevent them from transmitting the disease to others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is: Which (if any) of my three ideas above explains how a vaccine could prevent getting COVID-19 but not prevent spreading it, or is there some other explanation?  Also, how common is it for a vaccine to prevent disease but not transmission?  (Until looking into this and reading about the polio vaccines I was unaware such a thing was even possible.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastActivityDate="2020-12-14T15:59:01.233" Title="How can a vaccine prevent an individual from getting a disease but not from transmitting it?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25292" CreationDate="2020-12-13T22:46:22.410" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#1 seems possible with Covid given the preliminary data &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4777&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; from one of the Covid vaccine trials, which reported lower efficacy on asymptomatic transmission. It's also been observed with flu vaccines, although the picture there is a lot more complicated by a longer history of, multiple vaccinations/infections, faster strain evolution (compared to coronavirues etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#2 seem possible based an animal (monkey) model of Covid, which &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2787-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;found&lt;/a&gt; that vaccine candidates reduced replication rates differently in lower vs upper respiratory tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also note that #1 and #2 are not independent hypotheses, as #2 can cause #1, although other factors can contribute to #1 as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;#3 seems very unlikely to me given the substantial antibody seroconversion observed with Covid vaccines. Also I'm not aware of an approved vaccine (for anything) that doesn't substantially cause seroconversion, but in the oddball bin, I did find a &lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/73/7/5527&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; on a Japanese encephalitis vaccine candidate that seems to fit that description, again in an animal model. It seems that vaccine somehow affected only/mainly the primary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity but not the neutralizing antibodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article you linked explains what they mean by that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the shots from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech SE avert symptomatic cases of Covid-19, their wide use could prevent virus transmission, the FDA staff report said. But if the vaccine doesn’t work as well in infections that lack symptoms, those cases “in combination with reduced mask-wearing and social distancing could result in significant continued transmission,” according to the staff report. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pfizer expects to report data on whether or not its vaccine stops virus transmission in the first quarter of 2021, Chief Executive Officer Albert Bourla said on Tuesday at a press briefing held by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers &amp;amp; Associations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR: data insofar tells us something about vaccinated people who didn't get &lt;em&gt;symptomatic&lt;/em&gt; Covid. This was remarked &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-pfizer-and-biontech-reporting-interim-results-from-phase-3-covid-19-vaccine-trial/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;earlier&lt;/a&gt; when the data was released:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary efficacy being reported is based on symptomatic cases.  So this does not tell us whether it prevents the same level of infections nor anything about onward transmission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it seems strange that the vaccine would prevent the disease but not prevent transmission&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;that's actually the case (to some extent) with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684491/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flu vaccine(s)&lt;/a&gt; in that they lower symptoms in infected people too, perhaps to the point where someone would not report symptoms (e.g. they might get myalgias but not fever)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A total of 155 cases of influenza (A/H1N1, n=69; A/H3N2, n=66; A/untyped, n=3; B, n=17) were identified, of whom 111 (72%; A/H1N1, n=44; A/H3N2, n=52; A/untyped, n=3; B, n=12) [...] In multivariate analysis, vaccinated individuals were significantly less likely to report a fever &amp;gt;101° F (OR 0.24; 95%CI [0.10, 0.62]) and more likely to report myalgias (OR 3.31; 95% CI [1.22, 8.97]) than vaccinated individuals. Among patients with A/H3N2 infection, upper respiratory and total symptom severity scores were significantly lower for vaccinated patients during the first two days of illness, and differences in total symptom severity persisted over seven days (p&amp;lt;0.05 for all comparisons). Differences across additional symptom categories (lower respiratory and systemic) were also observed throughout seven days of illness in bivariate analyses. Differences in symptom severity were not observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants with A/H1N1 infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And discussing similar papers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Influenza vaccine-associated disease attenuation has also been observed in several pediatric studies, though there has been considerable variability in study design and the definition of severity. Jain and colleagues reported decreased “moderate-to-severe” disease in vaccinated children, where severity was described as a combination of body temperature &amp;gt;39° C, otitis media, lower respiratory disease or serious extra-pulmonary manifestations [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328444/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More recently, post-hoc analyses of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) efficacy trials demonstrated that in &amp;gt;1,600 children aged 2-17 years, relative efficacy was higher in the prevention of severe as opposed to mild disease. Variability of these effects by season and influenza types and subtypes was also observed [&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25131746/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One can hope that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (which being a coronavirus mutates slower--at about &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02544-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;half the speed&lt;/a&gt; of influenza[s]) will fare better. (There are some additional factors to discuss here, but maybe someone else wants to delve into that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861809/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;why&lt;/a&gt; that happens with flu, generally speaking:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even though strain-specific neutralizing antibodies confer protection against infection with matching influenza virus strains, non-neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to the virus that are cross-reactive to other viral strains also contribute to reduce disease severity and infectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding Covid, there's actually a recently published preliminary &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4777&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;result&lt;/a&gt; on one of the vaccines and asymptomatic infection:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic transmission was 59% in the group that received a half dose followed by a standard dose (seven cases among 1120 participants versus 17 cases among 1127 participants in the control group), but just 4% in the group that received two standard doses (22 among 2168 participants versus 23 among 2223 for the control). The researchers said, however, that as this was a secondary outcome, additional confirmation was still required.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nobody seems to know why just yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But at least one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2787-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;animal model&lt;/a&gt; for Covid-19 suggests that vaccines may be better a reducing replication in the lower than in the upper respiratory tract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent studies have reported the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of several candidates for a COVID-19 vaccine in the rhesus macaque model. [...] the vaccines tested so far have induced binding and neutralizing antibodies and have resulted in substantial reductions of viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, and—to a lesser extent—the upper respiratory tract, following challenge with SARS-CoV-2. These findings raise the possibility that vaccines may be more effective at blocking disease of the lower respiratory tract than of the upper respiratory tract.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(One has to keep in mind that such animal model don't always match what happens in humans.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-14T15:59:01.233" LastActivityDate="2020-12-14T15:59:01.233" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25295" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-14T05:01:07.573" Score="2" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an October NEJM &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2026913&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; it was stated that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recent virologic, epidemiologic, and ecologic data have led to the hypothesis that facial masking may also reduce the severity of disease among people who do become infected. This possibility is consistent with a long-standing theory of viral pathogenesis, which holds that the severity of disease is proportionate to the viral inoculum received. Since 1938, researchers have explored, primarily in animal models, the concept of the lethal dose of a virus — or the dose at which 50% of exposed hosts die (LD50). With viral infections in which host immune responses play a predominant role in viral pathogenesis, such as SARS-CoV-2, high doses of viral inoculum can overwhelm and dysregulate innate immune defenses, increasing the severity of disease. Indeed, down-regulating immunopathology is one mechanism by which dexamethasone improves outcomes in severe Covid-19 infection. As proof of concept of viral inocula influencing disease manifestations, &lt;strong&gt;higher doses of administered virus led to more severe manifestations of Covid-19 in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;citing: Imai M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Hatta M, et al. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/117/28/16587&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development&lt;/a&gt;. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:16587-16595.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any replications of this finding? (If they exist they are almost certainly in other animal models, which there are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2787-6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a few&lt;/a&gt; for Covid-19.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I see &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/01/health/viral-dose-coronavirus-severity/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentioned&lt;/a&gt; on CNN that there might be a similar study in ferrets, but I can't locate it:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;I don't think we're going to actually get to that value. We can in animals -- there's been a ferret model and there's been a hamster model -- now two animal models where the more you give them the more sick those animals get and that is helpful, and it may give us a sense. But we won't know with humans, unfortunately, how much it takes,&amp;quot; she [Dr. Monica Gandhi, an infectious disease doctor and professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco] said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Interestingly enough, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03304-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;it seems&lt;/a&gt; no animal model managed to reproduce severe Covid-19 as seen in humans, i.e. ARDS and coagulopathy outcomes.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-16T18:04:13.137" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T18:04:13.137" Title="Any replications for the finding that SARS-CoV-2 disease severity depends on the initial ineffective dose?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;animal-model&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-16T13:57:09.600" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;Exercise generally acidises the blood. I'm looking for information on the timing of onset and how long this lasts after the exercise. Furthermore, I'm looking for info on alkalization of blood caused by exercise. What might be the reason for this? Lactic acid seems to play a role in the acidization, right? Are there conditions where exercise might lead to a rise in pH? Can, in untrained people or those who don't build up enough acidity heavy breathing be enough to shift blood pH towards the alkaline range? McArdle comes to mind, but I can't find any actual sensitivities on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20952" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T23:14:42.603" Title="Blood pH when exercising. Rising pH? Maybe somehow related to lactic acid and hyperventilation" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;hyperventilation&gt;&lt;alkaline&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-16T22:39:07.917" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25306" CreationDate="2020-12-16T23:14:42.603" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unaware of any mechanism by which exercise can cause &amp;quot;blood alkalization&amp;quot; (usually called &amp;quot;alkalosis&amp;quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood pH is VERY tightly regulated at 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline), so it rarely changes much except in severe illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, slight acidosis can occur in exercise due to an increase in carbon dioxide released from muscles (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000092.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline Plus - Respiratory Acidosis&lt;/a&gt;). Onset would depend heavily on a person's conditioning and the intensity of exercise, with poor conditioning and high intensity being associated with faster onset. In most cases, any acidosis would dissipate quickly after stopping exercise - i.e. within minutes. After heavy exercise it may take a bit longer. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1568991/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PubMed - Acid-base regulation during exercise and recovery in humans&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over production of lactic acid may also cause acidosis during exercise, but this is up for debate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/38/5/622?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=9586c059d64990bbc2715aa49eaf0497ff122170-1608160071-0-AZWfSoKW2FiITIHgj5NYCTVy6-77XXYNB-A_5heDcfHPWLv_prTI4-3iLjTG3YK4D8cB2sb2HoGIdVz5XYbhek6wfqaoa1mzUpOYWglaQe1O9qDMMbTw5wp9xsrvwgLJ6NU2NBMrWS-NPTAQzU1L1VbQSqyuyH2M5tACG96t3kpr-iXDLEUq9RpdoKvc6ddGpjfvCbC0NJq9QrlOIcjTjiYiIB9DlwtYwmluQcNfC-_0_sFHWLBGHUm9xqpXNGxRCyk_B4sBdZTVDA21W1b6OgnPFD0PXpPwTewNqNP4IRUsepUoq6ZHOAR93TDOqnV-Kb-viyfFADNyBoA2Xo7_af0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this BMJ article&lt;/a&gt; says yes, whereas &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004#:%7E:text=The%20development%20of%20acidosis%20during,the%20acid%20salt%20sodium%20lactate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review from the American Journal of Physiology&lt;/a&gt; says no, for example).&#xA;In any case, severe lactic acidosis occurs much more commonly due to serious diseases like AIDs, sepsis, or kidney failure (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000391.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline Plus - Lactic Acidosis&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further, heavy breathing in exercise doesn't &amp;quot;build up acidity&amp;quot;, it counter-acts acidosis by getting rid of the excess carbon dioxide. Severe hyperventilation not during exercise (e.g. during a panic attack) can cause slight alkalosis because it causes a person to exhale more carbon dioxide than their body is producing (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000111.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Medline Plus - Respiratory Alkalosis&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the links above, I suggest you look at these Medline Plus pages; they do a good job explaining blood acidosis and alkalosis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000335.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Metabolic Acidosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001183.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Alkalosis - General&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20959" LastActivityDate="2020-12-16T23:14:42.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-17T09:33:27.403" Score="4" ViewCount="53" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what the set of differential equations is that is used to model how viruses spread in a population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also wondering how epidemiologists get around the highly irregular shape of a country to make more-or-less accurate predictions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seem to be a couple possible approaches that come to mind, one being a partial differential model based on density and time over a spatial distribution, but as well a system of several ordinary differential equations that resemble logistical modeling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most likely set of equations seems to be something pertaining to what is mentioned here&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/the-sir-model-for-spread-of-disease-the-differential-equation-model&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/the-sir-model-for-spread-of-disease-the-differential-equation-model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;but this also mentions logistical-appearing variants.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have seen others related to reaction-diffusion and second-order partial differential models.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20965" LastEditorUserId="20965" LastEditDate="2020-12-18T06:17:15.123" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T06:17:15.123" Title="What are the standard demographic equations for modeling virus spread?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-17T19:17:35.293" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a software developer I asked myself, if there is a public dataset of ICDs which could indicate a severe medical condition in the future?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g. F06.7, F32.X, F33.X could led to F00.0&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is it not possible to see such a correlation on the base of ICDs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20968" LastActivityDate="2020-12-17T19:17:35.293" Title="Is there a dataset of ICDs which could indicate a severe medical condition in the future?" Tags="&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;icd-intrntl-classif-disea&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2020-12-19T16:40:34.710" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-17T21:00:53.377" Score="1" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does consuming L-theanine with caffeine, either in drink (like &lt;em&gt;matcha&lt;/em&gt;) or in pill form, affect the half-life of caffeine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All I can find about these substances ares claims that L-theanine slows the absorption of caffeine, or that it removes the jitters and crash associated to caffeine, as you can read &lt;a href=&quot;https://aiya-america.com/blog/matcha-green-tea-and-l-theanine/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://matcha.com/blogs/news/l-theanine-tea-trumps-coffee&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we jump to the conclusion that it probably increases caffeine's half-life? Are there studies on that? I cannot find anything on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20969" LastEditorUserId="20969" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T01:39:26.297" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T10:57:20.573" Title="Does L-theanine increase caffeine's half-life?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;caffeine&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;drug-interactions&gt;&lt;half-life&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-18T02:40:26.050" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;h1&gt;Background&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back in October, Dr. Fauci said that the United States will need societal restrictions potentially until the beginning of 2022 according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20201022/fauci-masks-social-distancing-likely-until-2022&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coronavirus vaccines -- once approved and distributed widely to the public -- won’t be a “knockout punch” that eradicates the virus, he said. Instead, he expects the process to take time and anticipates a 70% effectiveness rate for an approved vaccine. Public precautions such as face masks and social distancing will need to continue during the distribution process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The Vaccine(s)&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several vaccines that are coming out in the United States are upwards of 90% projected effectiveness. This is a significant increase from the 70% mentioned by Dr. Fauci in October.  Because of this marked difference in effectiveness, I would like to know the following....&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Question&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long would restrictions likely have to last in the United States if the vaccine was upwards of 90% effective?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20971" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T02:40:26.050" Title="How long would societal restrictions be in place if a COVID-19 vaccine has upward of 90% effectiveness?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2020-12-18T16:40:42.127" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25323" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25017" CreationDate="2020-12-18T20:42:48.373" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, immediately after a finger amputation has occured, your first steps in terms of providing first aid are going to be ensure the scene is safe and that there are no additional life threats to the patient so. Life threats being things such as not breathing/no pulse and severe bleeding.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, for the finger... You're going to want to gently clean both the wound and the part that has been amputated with sterile water or sterile saline. It's not recommended on any of the resources I've looked at for the basic first-aider to be scrubbing out the wound or putting any heavy-duty antiseptics on either part at this point. Debriding the wound (scrubbing it) is best left to the medical professionals. You're going to then wrap the part that is still attached to the person in sterile gauze. You'll want to make sure that your bandage is not cutting off circulation since you still want good blood flow getting to that injury site for healing purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wrap the amputated part in a moist, non-fluffy sterile dressing, place it in a plastic bag and place that plastic bag on ice. I'd recommend double bagging this or sealing it in some other type of container. You do not want this ice and/or water getting in there and causing any type of freeze damage to that finger, nor do you want to risk that part becoming contaminated through the ice or water leaking into it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You rinse both an amputated part and a tooth for the same reasons. To help remove any major debris as well as to give the part the cleanest environment you can prior to a doctor attempting any type of reattachment/reinsertion process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I referenced &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/severed-finger#first-aid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Healthine's Severed Finger First Aid page&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href=&quot;https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/fingertip-injuries-and-amputations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons page on Fingertip Injuries and Amputations&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aae.org/patients/dental-symptoms/knocked-out-teeth/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The American Association of Endodontists page on caring for knocked out teeth&lt;/a&gt; for this answer. I hope this helps and I welcome any questions or comments about any part of this answer!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="74" LastActivityDate="2020-12-18T20:42:48.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25324" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-19T01:28:48.210" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Oftentimes, SIR model is used in epidemiology to model infection. Based on the model form, the original SIR model is continuous, and strictly should be solved with continous ode solver. However, it seems to me that the SIR model, provided with day data, originally captures the day dynamics so perhaps using discrete dynamic might be more of the epidemiology case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, in epidemiology, which form should be considered as more accurate, or it does not matter at all ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20890" LastActivityDate="2020-12-19T01:28:48.210" Title="Solve SIR in continuous or discrete form, which one is more accurate in epidemiology sense" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;animal-model&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25326" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1948" CreationDate="2020-12-19T06:18:54.027" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Eustachian tube which connects the ear and throat can get blocked and the pressure difference during the altitude change can give rise to pain. If there is infection in the throat it can produce infection in the ear through the ET. Altitude is not the cause of ear infection. ET has to open for the pressure on both sides of the ear drum to become equal and the pain and blockage in the ear will be reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20934" LastActivityDate="2020-12-19T06:18:54.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-19T18:39:25.720" Score="1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am sure we have all seen US TV shows where a patient needs a scan of some sort. The star doctor, often two of them so they can have dialog, is shown looking at a screen live while the scan proceeds, interacting with the patient, and making diagnostic observations in real time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, here in Canada, I have had uncountably many CT scans, PET scans, Xrays, and ultrasounds. I have done so as an admitted patient who is wheeled to the scan by nurses, and as a person with an appointment who brings myself to the hospital, gets my scan, and goes home. Not once has &amp;quot;my&amp;quot; doctor been there. There has been a tech, who introduces themselves, starts an IV if contrast will be used, and gets me positioned on the bed-thing. There is usually another person&#xA;in the other room who doesn't introduce themself but I think is another tech, and often there's a pause while a doctor (not mine, a radiologist on duty I believe) looks at the images to see if they got good ones or need to redo any parts, and then I leave. Within a few hours a radiologist looks at the images and writes a report which goes to my doctor and I get a copy. My doctor can look at the images if they want, and often they do, and I've been shown them on the doctor's screen, but days after they were taken.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a genuine difference between Canadian and American hospital norms, or simply artistic license to make a rather boring work of diagnostic imagery followed by report reading into something more TV-friendly?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2020-12-19T21:36:13.400" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T22:02:00.287" Title="Is it typical for US doctors to be in the room and participating in their patient's CT Scan, MRI, etc?" Tags="&lt;practice-of-medicine&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25331" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25332" CreationDate="2020-12-20T01:06:49.157" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm currently revising the intrinsic muscles of the hand and according to my notes, the palmar interossei are unipennate and the dorsal interossei are bipennate. The lumbricals of the index and middle fingers are unicipital, whilst the lumbricals of the ring and little fingers are bicipital. I was wondering if unipennate and unicipital can be used synonymously?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20984" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T01:35:10.197" Title="Can unipennate and unicipital be used interchangeably?" Tags="&lt;hand&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25331" CreationDate="2020-12-20T01:35:10.197" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nope -- unipennate refers to the way in which the muscle fibers spread out from the head(s), while unicipital refers to the number of heads (aka origns).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the best with your studies!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1694" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T01:35:10.197" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-20T04:53:28.193" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the paper &lt;a href=&quot;https://web.stanford.edu/%7Echadj/sird-paper.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://web.stanford.edu/~chadj/sird-paper.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (p6-7), the authors define a resolving state right after the infectiousness being resolved. They claim the resolving state resolves after around 2-3 weeks, reported in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694/pdf/elife-57309.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694/pdf/elife-57309.pdf&lt;/a&gt;. However, I don't find this resolving state but only quarantine takes 2 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is what is this resolving state in the infection ? Is it just quarantine period ? If not, then it is a period where people cannot infect others but are still sick ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20890" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T04:53:28.193" Title="What is resolving state after infection period?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25314" CreationDate="2020-12-20T10:30:13.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action of L-Theanine is not quite well understood and at some degree recent studies find themselves in contradictory with the results, nevertheless I think the essencial is this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Glutamate&lt;/strong&gt; is a powerful excitatory neurotransmitter. It plays an important role in cognitive functions such as learning and memory due to its role in synaptic plasticity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169117308420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;L-Theanine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;blocks the reuptake of glutamine and glutamate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and thus it will increase the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft,&#xA;prolonging the effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mechanism of action of caffeine at the Central Nervous System can be summed up to one thing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Adenosine&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, adenosine has an inhibitory effect in the central nervous system (CNS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Regarding Caffeine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Caffeine demonstrates antagonism of all 4 adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, A3) in the central nervous system&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which means that caffeine will have an excitatory effect on the central nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are both stimulants of the CNS, however when combining the two we have an interesting conclusion by the authors in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169117308420&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; so that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;l-theanine can counteract the stimulatory effect of caffeine. In rats, after caffeine administration intravenously with theanine at the same dose, the stimulant effect of caffeine was blunted. Whereas given by normal dose of caffeine with a smaller dose of theanine administration resulted in excitatory effects of caffeine, which suggested a dose specific dual activity of theanine&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary it depends on the dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T10:57:20.573" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T10:57:20.573" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-20T17:22:40.077" Score="3" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Can someone please explain why PR depressions are seen on an ECG when a patient has pericarditis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, from an electrophysiological perspective:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the exact changes on the cell membrane which cause this specific manifestation/presentation on the ECG?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20989" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-12-23T15:30:54.430" LastActivityDate="2020-12-23T15:30:54.430" Title="PR depressions on ECG when a patient has pericarditis" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25339" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25343" CreationDate="2020-12-20T19:21:16.430" Score="7" ViewCount="403" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to know what happens to the people in the vaccine studies who received a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Essentially they have not been vaccinated. However, in order for the study to stay blind so that long term effects can be observed, they cannot be told they received a placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do the pharmaceutical companies deal with this issue?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When do they inform the placebo people so that they can be vaccinated? Or do they let them think they have had the vaccine already so that they can study what happens?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20992" OwnerDisplayName="Burt" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T19:49:03.660" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T04:54:37.953" Title="How do pharmaceutical companies deal with people who received a placebo?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;placebo&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-20T20:26:50.173" Score="1" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;The new Covid December 2020 mutation in UK is believed to be 70% more contagious than the original version. Could one reason be that Airborne transmission by normal breathing is now a dominant form of transmission? If this is the case, then are standard masks insufficient for any indoor setting, and should face masks that have filtration capability of N95 (or even stronger) be made mandatory?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20915" LastEditorUserId="20915" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T20:52:04.817" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T09:01:21.507" Title="New Covid December 2020 mutation in UK and its consequences" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-01-08T14:31:15.253" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25341" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25330" CreationDate="2020-12-20T21:17:11.993" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As with anything, it depends. As a surgeon who often covers trauma call, I will accompany my sick and traumatically injured patients to the CT scanner from the emergency room. Often times, in the setting of trauma, the injuries I am looking for are obvious immediately (such as a subdural hematoma or a large liver laceration). As soon as I see these images on the tech's monitor, I can begin the process of moving to the operating room or arranging ICU admission.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an additional &amp;quot;rule&amp;quot; (really a variant of Murphy's law), if a sick patient is going to code, it will probably happen in the CT scanner. So I like to be there for my sick patients so I can intervene immediately if necessary.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For non-emergent or elective imaging - no, typically I will not be there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12870" LastEditorUserId="12870" LastEditDate="2020-12-20T21:23:27.017" LastActivityDate="2020-12-20T21:23:27.017" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25343" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25339" CreationDate="2020-12-21T04:54:37.953" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;This actually has been the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03219-y&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;subject&lt;/a&gt; of a recent debate/article in &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt;. The answer is that the approach varies, depending on the perceived risk for the subjects... One method previously used is to create a 3rd arm for participants on the placebo that receive[d] the actual vaccine later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Once a vaccine is granted emergency approval, there is pressure on developers to offer the immunization to trial participants who received a placebo. But if too many people cross over to the vaccine group, the companies might not have enough data to establish long-term outcomes, such as safety, how long vaccine protection lasts and whether the jab prevents infection or just the disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On 10 November, Pfizer sent a letter to participants, seen by Nature, which states that the company is exploring ways to allow interested participants in the placebo group who meet eligibility criteria for emergency access to cross over into the trial’s vaccine arm. A spokesperson told Nature that the company would have “an ethical responsibility to inform all study participants about the availability of an Emergency Authorized Vaccine.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pfizer spokesperson says that the company will discuss with the FDA how it will gather data to comprehensively measure safety and efficacy if participants cross over. The company’s clinical-trial plan says it intends to monitor participants for two years after their final vaccine dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are ways of managing such disruptions without jeopardizing the trial outcome, says Kathleen Neuzil, director of the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. She is also co-chair of the US National Institutes of Health’s COVID-19 Prevention Trials Network, which arranges clinical trials for companies including Pfizer and Moderna. Participants who initially received a placebo but crossed over to get the vaccine could be monitored as a separate group, and a comparison of the vaccine’s long-term efficacy and safety could be made between those groups, she says. Neuzil used a similar set-up to determine the length of protection offered by the first shingles vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before unblinding the trials, companies could also ask volunteers to remain in the study and receive the vaccination as soon as the trial is over, says Corey.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T04:54:37.953" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25340" CreationDate="2020-12-21T08:26:43.300" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The higher transmissibility of this VUI-202012/01 strain (if it is confirmed) is almost certainly due to mutations in the spike gene of the virus; see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_19-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;preliminary report from COG UK&lt;/a&gt;; another &lt;a href=&quot;https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;version&lt;/a&gt; of that with slightly more analysis confirms that one of the (17) mutations involved had been previously confirmed as causing higher transmissibility in a mouse model&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N501Y has been associated with increased infectivity and virulence in a mouse model (Gu et al. 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think even the epidemiological implications haven't been quite dissected yet; I've seen the newspaper &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-variant-de/factbox-uk-says-new-coronavirus-variant-up-to-70-more-transmissible-idINKBN28T0V8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reports&lt;/a&gt; of (up to) 70% more contagiousness and R increase by 0.4 and that it's responsible for more infections in some areas, but I haven't seen any more scientific publications on the epidemiology of that strain (unlike for its genetics).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also premature to conclude anything about masks with respect to transmission of this strain.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;N.B., the ECDC has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-variant-multiple-spike-protein-mutations-United-Kingdom.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lengthier report&lt;/a&gt; on it now, although it doesn't add much in the way of facts (other than the strains was seen in a few cases in continental Europe too.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; has a more insightful &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/12/mutant-coronavirus-united-kingdom-sets-alarms-its-importance-remains-unclear&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;coverage&lt;/a&gt;, in that some experts have questioned the epidemiological conclusions as possibly rushed, but also there being a real concern because N501Y has apparently been seen in a different strain in South Africa that apparently also spreads faster, although data on this is still/also unpublished:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A fortunate coincidence helped show that B.1.1.7 (also called VUI-202012/01, for the first “variant under investigation” in December 2020), appears to be spreading faster than other variants in the United Kingdom. One of the PCR tests used widely in the country, called TaqPath, normally detects pieces of three genes. But viruses with 69-70del lead to a negative signal for the gene encoding the spike gene; instead only two genes show up. That means PCR tests, which the U.K. conducts by the hundreds of thousands daily and which are far quicker and cheaper than sequencing the entire virus, can help keep track of B.1.1.7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a press conference on Saturday, chief science advisor Patrick Vallance said that B.1.1.7, which first appeared in a virus isolated on 20 September, accounted for about 26% of cases in mid-November. “By the week commencing the 9th of December, these figures were much higher,” he said. “So, in London, over 60% of all the cases were the new variant.” Boris Johnson added that the slew of mutations may have increased the virus’s transmissibility by 70%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Christian Drosten, a virologist at Charité University Hospital in Berlin, says that was premature. “There are too many unknowns to say something like that,” he says. For one thing, the rapid spread of B.1.1.7 might be down to chance. Scientists previously worried that a variant that spread rapidly from Spain to the rest of Europe—confusingly called B.1.177—might be more transmissible, but today they think it is not; it just happened to be carried all over Europe by travelers who spent their holidays in Spain. Something similar might be happening with B.1.1.7, says Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at Georgetown University. Drosten notes that the new mutant also carries a deletion in another viral gene, ORF8, that previous studies suggest might reduce the virus’s ability to spread.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But further reason for concern comes from South Africa, where scientists have sequenced genomes in three provinces where cases are soaring: Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and KwaZulu Natal. They identified a lineage separate from the U.K. variant that also has the N501Y mutation in the spike gene. “We found that this lineage seems to be spreading much faster,” says Tulio De Oliveira, a virologist at the University of KwaZulu Natal whose work first alerted U.K. scientists to the importance of N501Y. (A preprint of their results on the strain, which they are calling 501Y.V2, will be released on Monday, De Oliveira says.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]  In the case of N501Y, more young people may be getting sick because many more are getting infected; Oliveira says some recent post-exam celebrations in South Africa have turned into superspreading events. Studies in cell culture and animal experiments will have to show how a virus with several or all of the mutations carried by the new variant compares with previous variants, says Drosten.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]  In the lab, Gupta’s group found that virus carrying the two mutations [ 69-70del and D796H] was less susceptible to convalescent plasma from several donors than the wildtype virus. That suggests it can evade antibodies targeting the wildtype virus, Gupta wrote in a preprint published this month. He also engineered a lentivirus to express mutated versions of the spike protein and found that the deletion alone made that virus twice as infectious. He is now conducting similar experiments with viruses that carry both the deletion and the N501Y mutation. The first results should appear just after Christmas, Gupta says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-21T09:01:21.507" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T09:01:21.507" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-21T09:59:52.857" Score="0" ViewCount="38" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens if you consistently have high CRP levels from inflammation, but, even after multiple examinations in the hospital the underlying cause for the high CRP levels cannot be found?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean there is no inflammation to begin with and the CRP levels are just high for some other reason? Or is it the doctors could not test every possible possibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By this logic, if CRP levels are consistently high especially in elderly and underlying cause cannot be identified, eventually they will die from the complications to high CRP ( as clearly something is not right in the body).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what is the usual medical actions taken by doctors in cases like these?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16817" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2020-12-23T16:18:46.190" LastActivityDate="2020-12-23T16:18:46.190" Title="High CRP levels" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;crp-c-reactive-protein&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-21T10:01:52.747" Score="1" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Watching a historical based TV drama, which is usually pretty accurate in medical history as far as I know, portrayed a postmortem on a discovered skelton where death by consumption was determined due to holes in the bones of the sternum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lung.org/blog/how-we-conquered-consumption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis&lt;/a&gt; (TB), also known in the past as consumption, is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a disease caused by bacteria that usually attacks the lungs, and at the turn of the 20th century, the leading cause of death in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can TB cause bones to become full of holes? Is that why it was called &lt;em&gt;consumption&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T12:31:49.700" Title="Consumption and Tuberculosis" Tags="&lt;tuberculosis&gt;&lt;medical-history&gt;&lt;forensic-pathology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25349" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12404" CreationDate="2020-12-21T10:19:14.687" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Probably because it was only available from one company (Taractan from Roche) and it was no longer successful on the market, so the &lt;em&gt;company&lt;/em&gt; discontinued it, apparently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-01-09/html/97-524.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in 1997&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., et al.; Withdrawal of Approval of 11 New&#xA;Drug Applications [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EFFECTIVE DATE: February 10, 1997.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The holders of the applications listed in&#xA;the table in this document have informed FDA that these drug products&#xA;are no longer marketed and have requested that FDA withdraw approval of&#xA;the applications. The applicants have also, by their request, waived&#xA;their opportunity for a hearing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NDA 12-486......................  Taractan            Do.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(chlorprothixene)&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Tablets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-01-09/pdf/97-524.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in pdf&lt;/a&gt; should you care).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And no other company in the US seems to have found it worthwhile to apply for authorization for a drug with the same active compound. (This isn't all that &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/14507/why-dydrogesterone-is-no-longer-available-in-us-why-dienogest-is-not-approved&quot;&gt;unusual&lt;/a&gt;, by the way.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can actually send an inquiry to the FDA which forces them to say whether the drug was withdrawn for either safety of efficacy reasons. I haven't found one published for TARACTAN, which basically means nobody cared to inquire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that by 1997 2nd gen (&amp;quot;atypical&amp;quot;) antipsychotics were starting to eclipse the 1st gen ones on the US market. (Ten years later, in 2008, they were &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4102178/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90%&lt;/a&gt; of the US market. This was not the case in Europe, where that fraction was only 40% in France in the same year.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mgREY.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mgREY.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taractan received its FDA authorization sometime in the early 1970s or so (there are several notices some with changes in recommendation from that era, and I'm not inclined to read all of them.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-21T10:42:53.537" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T10:42:53.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25350" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25351" CreationDate="2020-12-21T10:39:11.580" Score="3" ViewCount="323" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have been looking at this &amp;quot;new variant&amp;quot; of the virus which causes COVID-19 and the British Medical Journal has said&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What do we know about this new SARS-CoV-2 variant?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;It’s been snappily named VUI-202012/01 (the first “Variant Under Investigation” in December 2020) and is defined by a set of 17 changes or mutations. One of the most significant is an N501Y mutation in the spike protein that the virus uses to bind to the human ACE2 receptor (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4857&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wise, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/new-strain-covid-more-infectious-1.892276&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The University of Sheffield (2020)&lt;/a&gt; pointed out that there was a virulent &amp;quot;new strain&amp;quot; (G614 vs D614) identified sometime before July. Is this the same variant but renamed to VUI-202012/01 or am I confused?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The University of Sheffield (2020). &lt;em&gt;New, more infectious strain of Covid-19 now dominates global cases of virus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/new-strain-covid-more-infectious-1.892276&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/new-strain-covid-more-infectious-1.892276&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wise, J. (2020) Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK &lt;em&gt;BMJ 371&lt;/em&gt; :m4857 &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4857&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4857&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T10:56:41.610" Title="COVID-19 Variants" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25351" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25350" CreationDate="2020-12-21T10:51:36.293" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;You are confused. The VUI-202012/01 strain has some 17 mutations, &lt;em&gt;some&lt;/em&gt; of which have been seen separately before. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COG UK summary&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jUm8x.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/jUm8x.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;COG UK suspects that that many mutations have accumulated in a chronic case of infection which served as a &amp;quot;living lab&amp;quot;. ECDC give this approximation of the spread of the new kid:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oX5UB.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/oX5UB.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420308205&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;G614&lt;/a&gt; has been dominant for a while by now:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VzUQm.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/VzUQm.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that more &amp;quot;new strains&amp;quot; have been discussed before, aside from G614; see e.g. my snippet from comments in &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/25344/10980&quot;&gt;a related question&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-21T10:56:41.610" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T10:56:41.610" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25352" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25347" CreationDate="2020-12-21T12:01:26.403" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, TB can affect bones (in extrapulmonary or more precisely osteoarticular TB), but that form is relatively rare nowadays [even more so in the West], and even rarer for the sternum to be affected. On the other hand, it is one of the ways in which ancient skeletons (or mummies) were diagnosed with TB, but sometimes confirming by some other means (e.g. PCR), as noted in a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691411/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2013 review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bone and joint tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease. Evidence of osteoarticular TB has been detected in Egyptian mummies [7, 22, 70], Iron Age remains from Asia [63, 64], and skeletons of Europeans living in the Middle Ages [23] by histological or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study [70, 71]. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bone and joint TB currently accounts for 2.2–4.7 % of all TB cases in Europe and the USA and around 10–15 % of EPTB [extrapulmonary tuberculosis] cases [...], whereas in undeveloped countries, particularly Asia, the incidence of EPTB increases to 15–20 % [68].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TB is one of the most common causes of rib osteomyelitis. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tuberculosis of the sternum is rarely reported and accounts for 1.5 % of bone and joint TB cases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And from a more [paleo]history oriented &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230418&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Paleopathological diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) essentially relies on the identification of macroscopic lesions in the skeleton that can be related to different manifestations of TB.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alas the rest of the paper discusses tuberculous meningitis and its identification from skull impressions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11275959/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on diagnosing ancient skeletons with TB notes that a criterion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;lesions that are mainly destructive, producing cavitation&#xA;into the cancellous bone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and on prevalence in older times:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;data from the preantibiotic era indicate that about 5–7% of cases showed bone&#xA;changes (Steinbock, 1976)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far naming goes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuberculosis&amp;amp;oldid=993357961&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according&lt;/a&gt; to Wikipedia, TB&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;was historically called consumption due to the weight loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that popular name was not due to effects on bones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-21T12:31:49.700" LastActivityDate="2020-12-21T12:31:49.700" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25357" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24867" CreationDate="2020-12-22T15:45:29.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;From another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/117/41/25897&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2020 paper&lt;/a&gt; which makes this distinction (in those terms) but cites an older &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158572/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2020 paper&lt;/a&gt; that never mentions &amp;quot;suppression&amp;quot; but e.g. refers to China's strategy as &amp;quot;containment&amp;quot;... it's easy to search for the (right) terms in the 6th ed. of the &lt;em&gt;Dictionary of Epidemiology&lt;/em&gt;, which again doesn't mention &amp;quot;suppression&amp;quot; but...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;containment: The concept of regional eradication of a communicable disease, first proposed&#xA;by Soper in 1949 for the elimination of smallpox. Containment of a worldwide&#xA;communicable disease demands a globally coordinated effort, so that countries that&#xA;have effected an interruption of transmission do not become reinfected following&#xA;importation from neighboring endemic areas.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mitigation is a less obscure term, but only defined rather broadly in that dictionary as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mitigation: Reduction of the risk of disaster. Actions taken to avoid or minimize negative&#xA;environmental, medical, or social impacts&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The [re]definition in sharper terms of R is pretty new, I conclude, and in line with the UK government's focus on R (at the time anyway), which has itself received &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02009-w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some flak&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One could argue that &amp;quot;containment&amp;quot; is a somewhat bad term for &amp;quot;regional eradication&amp;quot;, and that &amp;quot;suppression&amp;quot; is a better one, but I haven't quite seen someone make this word argument explicit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A March 2020 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/flattening-the-covid-19-peak-containment-and-mitigation-policies-e96a4226/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;OECD paper&lt;/a&gt;, while making the same rough dichotomy uses &amp;quot;containment&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the absence of effective drugs and vaccines, containment and mitigation measures are the key public health interventions currently available to minimise the dramatic health consequences caused by COVID‑19. More specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Containment strategies aim to minimise the risk of transmission from infected to non-infected individuals in order to stop the outbreak. This may include actions to detect cases early on and trace an infected individual’s contacts, or the confinement of affected persons;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mitigation strategies aim to slow the disease, and to reduce the peak in health care demand. This may include policy actions such as social distancing, including a full society ‘lock-down’, and improved personal and environmental hygiene.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not too clear who wrote that, as they only give some OECD secretariat contacts, and they might not be the actual authors...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far putting containment in opposition to mitigation... it's hard to say when such a contrast started to be made. A quick search finds at least one &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0037549715581637&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2015 paper &lt;/a&gt; from China on their response to the 2009 H1N1 outbreak that speaks of containment &lt;em&gt;and&lt;/em&gt; mitigation, and looking a bit through the paper I don't see a place where they make a sharp contraposition. So it may be a bit hard to find when the distinction was turned into a clear contrast.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-22T16:08:39.140" LastActivityDate="2020-12-22T16:08:39.140" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25361" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-23T11:07:09.060" Score="2" ViewCount="105" Body="&lt;p&gt;From what I've read, COVID vaccines belong to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mRNA vaccines&lt;/a&gt; category.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read in the above article that mRNA vaccines act in a &lt;strong&gt;different way than traditional vaccines.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[..]Traditional vaccines stimulate an antibody response by injecting antigens, an attenuated virus (weakened or harmless virus), or a recombinant antigen-encoding viral vector (carrier virus engineered to have antigens) into muscles. These antigen-containing ingredients are prepared and grown outside the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In contrast, mRNA vaccines introduce a synthetically created fragment of the RNA sequence of a virus into the vaccinated individual. These mRNA fragments are taken up dendritic cells – a type of immune system cell – by phagocytosis.[14] The dendritic cells use their own internal machinery to read the mRNA and produce the viral antigens that the mRNA encodes.[..]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is: are there &lt;strong&gt;any known mRNA vaccines, other than COVID vaccines&lt;/strong&gt; that have been &lt;strong&gt;widely adopted by any country&lt;/strong&gt; (e.g. as part of the national vaccination program)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17794" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2020-12-24T07:54:21.210" LastActivityDate="2020-12-25T00:25:31.083" Title="What are some mRNA vaccines, other than COVID vaccines, that are widely used?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25362" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25361" CreationDate="2020-12-23T15:36:33.560" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no other mRNA vaccines with an allowance for use yet. There have been promising tests before COVID-19 though. See this review article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pardi, N., Hogan, M., Porter, F. et al. mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17, 261–279 (2018). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Available &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;  (Last accessed December 2020)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21003" LastEditorUserId="21003" LastEditDate="2020-12-25T00:25:31.083" LastActivityDate="2020-12-25T00:25:31.083" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25363" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-23T21:19:22.837" Score="0" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you may know, there are medical devices to track things to some certain points, like glucometers. Question is why do we strive to track such things (take glucose level for example) more accurately? (Curious: Talking specifically about this particular subject(glucometers), what's the reason to actually crave for precision?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;these are a few sources I’ve been reading recently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-do-glucometers-work/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/how-do-glucometers-work/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article shows different approaches to measure the glucose level with different mechanisms with different level of accuracy and efficacy; using enzymatic detection, using photonics, and using carbon nanotubes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this book&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780857096609/nanosensors-for-chemical-and-biological-applications&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780857096609/nanosensors-for-chemical-and-biological-applications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in chapter 2,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Electrochemical nanosensors for blood glucose analysis]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;discusses the detection of glucose using various approaches like again enzymatic detection, Nanosensors, Nano-sized materials like carbon nanotubes, gold nanowire array electrode for non-enzymatic voltammetric and amperometric glucose detection and...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also the last one : Nanophotonics Paras N. Prasad Page 268-269 glucose detection using photonic crystal sensors&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fulviofrisone.com/attachments/article/406/Nanophotonics_0471649880.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.fulviofrisone.com/attachments/article/406/Nanophotonics_0471649880.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I asked this question just out of curiosity)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;why bother improving the accuracy of glucometers?&amp;quot; I'm saying that, with the typical glucometer devices, we are able to measure the glucose level in the bloodstream and with some more advanced methods(or maybe alternative ways), we are trying to make the measurement more accurate. Question is why, while we are already able to measure it. I mean is there a medical condition that there is a need to measure with higher accuracy than the typical glucometers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Pt: I don't come from a medical background,so my question may sound a little bit obscure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19685" LastEditorUserId="19685" LastEditDate="2020-12-25T08:08:04.920" LastActivityDate="2020-12-25T08:08:04.920" Title="Why have we striven to accurately biosense things?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;sensors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25364" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="13445" CreationDate="2020-12-23T21:35:36.983" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Physician and Professor of Medicine David Rabago (Penn State University) has published multiple articles suggesting the modality known as prolotherapy stimulates cartilage re-growth, including a &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-017-0659-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review article&lt;/a&gt;, a clinical study with pre/post-arthroscopic images of &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27058744/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cartilage growth&lt;/a&gt;, and a &lt;a href=&quot;https://jeo-esska.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basic science study on molecular mechanisms&lt;/a&gt; of which the poster is a co-author.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21009" LastEditorUserId="21009" LastEditDate="2020-12-23T22:53:40.753" LastActivityDate="2020-12-23T22:53:40.753" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25365" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-23T23:43:17.700" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;There exist different treatments to remove a seborrheic keratosis, such as cryotherapy and curettage {2,3}. I wonder what the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and curettage is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have only found one study {1}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are, however, statistically significant differences between the 2 techniques in blinded physician ratings at both time points. More redness at 6 weeks and tendency for hypopigmented scar formation at greater than 12 months occurred with curettage. Leftover SK lesion occurred more frequently with cryotherapy in the short and long term.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the study dates back from 2013 and the sample size is only 25, and interestingly the patients, unlike the physicians, didn't see any difference in cosmesis:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are no statistically significant differences in subject ratings for cosmesis at either time point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there more recent and larger studies comparing the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and curettage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Effectiveness of Cryosurgery vs Curettage in the Treatment of Seborrheic Keratoses.&#xA;Lance D. Wood, MD; Jaimon K. Stucki, BS; Christopher S. Hollenbeak, PhD; et alJeffrey J. Miller, MD&#xA;Author Affiliations Article Information. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(1):108-109. doi:10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.275 ; &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/1557760&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/1557760&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aocd.org/page/SeborrheicKeratoses&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aocd.org/page/SeborrheicKeratoses&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{3} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-01-11T07:20:32.757" LastActivityDate="2021-01-11T07:20:32.757" Title="What is the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and curettage?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;seborrheic-keratoses&gt;&lt;cosmesis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25366" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-24T23:59:36.967" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;mRNA vaccines have been developed for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;over 30 years&lt;/a&gt;. What invention or condition made it possible for mRNA vaccines to work for COVID-19, despite the fact that they haven't been successful yet for other diseases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My research so far: I've watched/read the following resources on mRNA vaccines, but couldn't find the answer yet:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/oMXGGmBfkf8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/oMXGGmBfkf8&lt;/a&gt; (3 min)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/XTLYXmgG8DU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/XTLYXmgG8DU&lt;/a&gt; (5 min)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/-92HQA0GcI8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/-92HQA0GcI8&lt;/a&gt; (10 min)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-are-mrna-vaccines-so-exciting-2020121021599&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-are-mrna-vaccines-so-exciting-2020121021599&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've also unsuccessfully Googled &amp;quot;What invention or condition made it possible for mRNA vaccines to work for COVID-19?&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2020-12-25T00:19:38.827" LastActivityDate="2020-12-25T00:19:38.827" Title="What invention or condition made it possible for mRNA vaccines to work for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25367" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-25T07:23:22.387" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my prior research I understand that the current available solutions for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipomastia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Adipomastia/Lipomastia/Pseudogynecomastia&lt;/a&gt; (Gynecomastia with no or sub-clinical amount of non-adipose-gynecomastia tissues) in a healthy post pubertal man include:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possibly &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218826/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cryolipolysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Possibly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183714/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hydrolipoclasy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Non electromechanical Syringe liposuction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Electromechanical liposuction&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Certain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;SERM medications&lt;/a&gt; combined with optimal diet and optimal sport program, but I don't know about evidence that it helps after the condition has finished to develop and if so, how&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Topical &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;nonaromatized testosterone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstanolone&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;androstanolone&lt;/a&gt; combined with optimal diet and optimal sport program but I don't know about evidence that it helps after the condition has finished to develop and if so, how&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is possible that I have missed some method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the current available solutions for Adipomastia/Lipomastia/Pseudogynecomastia in a healthy post pubertal man?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21015" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-01-08T14:18:35.873" LastActivityDate="2021-01-08T14:18:35.873" Title="What are the current available solutions for Adipomastia/Lipomastia/Pseudogynecomastia in a healthy post pubertal man?" Tags="&lt;gynecomastia-man-boobs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25368" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25382" CreationDate="2020-12-25T12:57:39.443" Score="2" ViewCount="293" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some dubious websites (which I won't link) are claiming that COVID-19 vaccine caused disabilities in more than 3.000 people. As a support of this claim, they cite the table &amp;quot;V-safe Active Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccines&amp;quot; on pag. 6 of the following report of Centers of Disease Control and Prevention:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2020-12/slides-12-19/05-COVID-CLARK.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2020-12/slides-12-19/05-COVID-CLARK.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The table says that at Dec 18, 2020, more than 3.000 people had a &amp;quot;Health Impact Event&amp;quot; after being vaccinated against COVID-19, with a footnote indicating that &amp;quot;Health Impact Events&amp;quot; means being &amp;quot;unable to perform normal daily activities, unable to work, required care from doctor or health care professional.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My guess is that those &amp;quot;Health Impact Events&amp;quot; lasted at most a couple days, similarly to the effect of other vaccines, and so cannot be conflated with long-lasting disabilities. However, I cannot find more details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does somebody have more information of the duration of these &amp;quot;Health Impact Events&amp;quot; ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21017" LastActivityDate="2020-12-28T10:02:28.823" Title="Details on &quot;Health Impact Events&quot; on V-safe Active Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccines" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25373" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-26T05:17:26.037" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;How much time (how many seconds) can a human withstand without breathing? (after expelling all the air from the lungs)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any paper?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21021" LastActivityDate="2020-12-26T05:17:26.037" Title="How much time can a human withstand without breathing? (after expelling all the air from the lungs)" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25376" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-26T15:04:21.367" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across a term called &lt;code&gt;Acute length of stay&lt;/code&gt; recently from a medical dataset hosted in Kaggle [here]&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/aws-challenge-2020-phase-1/overview&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I understand that the usual &lt;code&gt;length of stay&lt;/code&gt; is given by the formula &lt;code&gt;date of discharge - date of admission&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But may I know what does &lt;code&gt;acute length of stay&lt;/code&gt; mean? and how is it different from our regular length of stay calculation using the above formula?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2020-12-26T15:04:21.367" Title="Length of stay vs Acute length of stay in a hospital" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;icu-intensive-care-unit&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25379" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-27T03:04:35.703" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;So I've been keeping track of the number of people have received a vaccine for COVID-19 in the US. If we want to vaccinate 70%-90% of the population, per latest Dr. Fauci's estimates, then we need to vaccinate between &lt;code&gt;243,285,000&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;312,795,000&lt;/code&gt; people (assuming 331 Million in the US).  Studies suggest immunity might last around 8 months (for infected people).  Which means from Dec 26th going forward we'd need to vaccinate &lt;code&gt;1,194,755&lt;/code&gt; - &lt;code&gt;1,538,863&lt;/code&gt; people per day to reach the 70% - 90% by July 2021 (assuming 7 days / week).  I believe the US government's goal is to reach &lt;code&gt;100,000,000&lt;/code&gt; people vaccinated by end of April which would require a modest &lt;code&gt;925,926&lt;/code&gt; vaccinations per day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far as of Dec 26, 2020 &lt;code&gt;1,944,585&lt;/code&gt; people have received vaccine in the US.  Given that we started to vaccinate people on Dec 14, 2020 that means we are roughly vaccinating around &lt;code&gt;162,000 / day&lt;/code&gt;.  Obvious about a factor of 1/10 the rate we want to be doing it if we want to reach the 8 month immunity window.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm estimating between &lt;code&gt;50,000 - 72,000&lt;/code&gt; technicians would be needed to deliver shots every day to reach the goals above.  That's assuming 32 shots per day per technician and 1.5x people so people can have a 5 day work week and added redundancy for sick leave, time off, etc.  Also that's excluding clerical staff and support staff.  To me that doesn't sound impossibly high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the question is are there enough people to administer a 10x number of vaccines per day to reach herd immunity?  How much of the health care staff would be required to administer that many doses per day (as opposed to doing other health care related activities - curing cancer, birthing babies, treating trauma, ER visits, etc).  Or how is the government going to have enough people to administer the shot in people's arms if you can't rely on the capacity of health care workers alone?  Can states individually produce this amount of staff to administer the vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21027" LastEditorUserId="21027" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T04:01:15.703" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T04:01:15.703" Title="How can we realistically vaccinate our way to herd immunity?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25380" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-27T08:04:55.703" Score="5" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How do mRNA vaccines work?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To my intuitive understanding, for an mRNA vaccine to work, the mRNAs injected into the patient need to first enter a cell and get translated into proteins. Those proteins must then somehow exit the cell so that they can be seen by T cells. An mRNA vaccine hence appears considerably more complex than a traditional/protein vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I envision these three steps as critical&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mRNAs get in cells&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;mRNAs get translated&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;proteins exit cells&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right to think that such vaccine must go through these steps (or is there some other way around)? I failed to find anywhere explanations about these three steps? Could you give some explanations what exactly we inject to ensure these three steps will happen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was thinking of potential advantage of such a complex vaccine and thought that maybe it has the advantage of inputting proteins into the bloodstream at a rate (rate that decreases over time with the half-life of the mRNA) while a traditional/protein vaccine makes a single large input of protein into the bloodstream. I am thinking, that might reduce risks of strong inflammation caused by the vaccine. Would it be true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine#Advantages&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia &amp;gt; RNAVaccine#advantages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RNA vaccines can be produced faster, more cheaply, and in a more standardized fashion (with fewer error rates in production), which can improve responsiveness to serious outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you please explain why this is true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1723" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T14:50:12.650" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T21:46:00.137" Title="How do mRNA vaccines work and what are their advantages over traditional vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25381" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25380" CreationDate="2020-12-27T15:37:00.023" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding the steps, I'll get to #1 a bit later. It's actually a bit subtle how mRNA vaccines work in re #2, i.e. actually making sure translation happens. It also makes sense to discuss this first; otherwise, there's not much point in delivering something that doesn't work. A popsci &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;explanation&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;from the helicopter&amp;quot; is that one needs to use &amp;quot;modified nucleosides&amp;quot; to begin with:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The stumbling block, as Karikó’s many grant rejections pointed out, was that injecting synthetic mRNA typically led to that vexing immune response; the body sensed a chemical intruder, and went to war. The solution, Karikó and Weissman discovered, was the biological equivalent of swapping out a tire.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Every strand of mRNA is made up of four molecular building blocks called nucleosides. But in its altered, synthetic form, one of those building blocks, like a misaligned wheel on a car, was throwing everything off by signaling the immune system. So Karikó and Weissman simply subbed it out for a slightly tweaked version, creating a hybrid mRNA that could sneak its way into cells without alerting the body’s defenses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“That was a key discovery,” said Norbert Pardi, an assistant professor of medicine at Penn and frequent collaborator. “Karikó and Weissman figured out that if you incorporate modified nucleosides into mRNA, you can kill two birds with one stone.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And the more in-depth version of that, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Enzymatically synthesized mRNA preparations contain double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) contaminants as&#xA;aberrant products of the IVT reaction. As a mimic of&#xA;viral genomes and replication intermediates, dsRNA is&#xA;a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)&#xA;that is sensed by pattern recognition receptors in multiple cellular compartments [...]. Recognition of IVT&#xA;mRNA contaminated with dsRNA results in robust&#xA;type I interferon production, which upregulates the&#xA;expression and activation of protein kinase R (PKR; also&#xA;known as EIF2AK2) and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase&#xA;(OAS), leading to the inhibition of translation and the&#xA;degradation of cellular mRNA and ribosomal RNA respectively. Karikó and colleagues have demonstrated&#xA;that contaminating dsRNA can be efficiently removed&#xA;from IVT mRNA by chromatographic methods such as&#xA;reverse-phase fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)&#xA;or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).&#xA;Strikingly, purification by FPLC has been shown to&#xA;increase protein production from IVT mRNA by up&#xA;to 1,000-fold in primary human DCs. Thus, appropriate purification of IVT mRNA seems to be critical for&#xA;maximizing protein (immunogen) production in DCs&#xA;and for avoiding unwanted innate immune activation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Besides dsRNA contaminants, single-stranded mRNA&#xA;molecules are themselves a PAMP when delivered to&#xA;cells exogenously.&lt;/strong&gt; Single-stranded oligoribonucleotides&#xA;and their degradative products are detected by the endosomal sensors Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8, resulting in type I interferon production.&#xA;Crucially, it was discovered that the incorporation of&#xA;naturally occurring chemically modified nucleosides,&#xA;including but not limited to pseudouridine and&#xA;1-methylpseudouridine, prevents activation of TLR7,&#xA;TLR8 and other innate immune sensors, thus reducing type I interferon signalling. Nucleoside modification&#xA;also partially suppresses the recognition of dsRNA species. As a result, Karikó and others have shown that&#xA;nucleoside-modified mRNA is translated more efficiently&#xA;than unmodified mRNA in vitro, particularly in primary&#xA;DCs, and in vivo in mice. Notably, the highest level of&#xA;protein production in DCs was observed when mRNA&#xA;was both FPLC-purified and nucleoside-modified.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, the mRNA gets &amp;quot;blown to bits&amp;quot; by the immune system before much translation, unless you're &amp;quot;really clever&amp;quot; how you introduce it, i.e. sans dsRNA contaminants (that are alas actually quite easy to produce) and with nucleoside-modification pseudouridine / 1-methylpseudouridine. If you look at the wiki article for &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudouridine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pseudouridine&lt;/a&gt;, you'll see that it's naturally occurring in RNA, but it is rare. (It's actually a good question whether it is this relative rarity in nature that (evolutionary) has made the immune system not PAMP-react strongly to the pseudouridine-modified mRNA so that it can &amp;quot;sneak in&amp;quot; and get translated, instead of being mostly destroyed before translation. Alternatively or additionally, there's also the fact that pseudouridine seems to act as a more potent version of uridine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far step #1 is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;concerned&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;quot;naked&amp;quot; mRNA doesn't survive for long in the extracellular space because of the &amp;quot;omnipresence of extracellular ribonucleases&amp;quot;. On top of that, mRNA from extracellular space is not take up effectively by the cells due to its &amp;quot;hydrophilicity and strong net negative charge&amp;quot;. So some kind of wrapper/vehicle that basically emulates a virus' envelope is needed. Various techniques/envelopes have been tried, but to keep this simple (and relevant to Covid vaccines currently approved), it's the LNP (lipid nano-particle) method that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has&lt;/a&gt; been used most successfully:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have&#xA;become one of the most appealing and commonly used&#xA;mRNA delivery tools. LNPs often consist of four components:&#xA;an ionizable cationic lipid, which promotes&#xA;self-assembly into virus-sized (~100 nm) particles and&#xA;allows endosomal release of mRNA to the cytoplasm;&#xA;lipid-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG), which increases&#xA;the half-life of formulations; cholesterol, a stabilizing&#xA;agent; and naturally occurring phospholipids, which&#xA;support lipid bilayer structure. Numerous studies&#xA;have demonstrated efficient in vivo siRNA delivery&#xA;by LNPs [...], but it has only recently&#xA;been shown that LNPs are potent tools for in vivo delivery&#xA;of self-amplifying RNA and conventional, non-replicating&#xA;mRNA. Systemically delivered mRNA–LNP&#xA;complexes mainly target the liver owing to binding of&#xA;apolipoprotein E and subsequent receptor-mediated&#xA;uptake by hepatocytes, and intradermal, intramuscular&#xA;and subcutaneous administration have been shown&#xA;to produce prolonged protein expression at the site&#xA;of the injection. The mechanisms of mRNA escape&#xA;into the cytoplasm are incompletely understood, not&#xA;only for artificial liposomes but also for naturally&#xA;occurring exosomes. Further research into this area&#xA;will likely be of great benefit to the field of therapeutic&#xA;RNA delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia has &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_lipid_nanoparticle&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; on some variety of these LNPs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Whether a RNA vaccine produces a more gradual immune response (than the traditional ones) is a good question (I don't know the answer off-hand),  but if in &amp;quot;inflammation&amp;quot; we include allergic reactions, alas the sudden infusion of LNPs does &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/12/suspicions-grow-nanoparticles-pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-trigger-rare-allergic-reactions&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;seem to cause some such allergic reactions&lt;/a&gt;, although the link doesn't seem conclusive at the moment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anaphylactic reactions can occur with any vaccine, but are usually extremely rare—about one per 1 million doses. As of 19 December, the United States had seen six cases of anaphylaxis among 272,001 people who received the COVID-19 vaccine, according to a recent presentation by Thomas Clark of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps worth mentioning here that a naive (not using modified nucleosides) approach to RNA vaccines is basically &amp;quot;pain for no (or little) gain&amp;quot; as the response that comes with the immune-response destruction of mRNA is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/the-promise-of-mrna-vaccines-68202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;apparently&lt;/a&gt; inflammatory in its symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ordinary mRNA produces only low levels of proteins, and the molecule degrades too quickly inside the body to make it suitable as a therapeutic. On top of that, RNA can trigger an immune response that’s independent of the response to the protein it encodes. “If you just inject foreign RNA into people or animals, you can induce a very serious inflammatory response,” Pardi [an mRNA vaccine specialist at the University of Pennsylvania] says. He adds that this is our bodies’ defense mechanism against viruses, which can use either DNA or RNA to store their genetic information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's unclear whether the mRNA vaccines (of the clever, i.e. modified nucleosides kind) produce less inflammatory reactions than vaccines based on entirely different technologies for the same disease, but some experts have speculated that the high efficacy observed from the Covid-19 mRNA vaccines may actually be boosted by the &amp;quot;usual&amp;quot; inflammatory response to mRNA, as these are not completely absent even in modified nucleoside vaccines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[Margaret] Liu [the chairman of the board of the International Society for Vaccines] also hypothesizes that one explanation for the high levels of efficacy is that the vaccines might be triggering a nonspecific inflammatory response to the mRNA that could be heightening its specific immune response, given that the modified nucleoside technique reduced inflammation but hasn’t eliminated it completely. On the flip side, she adds, this may also explain the intense reactions such as aches and fevers reported in some recipients of the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. (Others have suggested that the lipid nanoparticle is responsible for these severe, but transient, side effects reported in some trial participants.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a November &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/fever-aches-pfizer-moderna-jabs-aren-t-dangerous-may-be-intense-some&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;story in Science&lt;/a&gt; the Covid-19 mRNA vaccines produced more reactogencity (which includes inflammation) than typically expected in vaccines in general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fewer than 2% of recipients of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines developed severe fevers of 39°C to 40°C. But if the companies win regulatory approvals, they’re aiming to supply vaccine to 35 million people globally by the end of December. If 2% experienced severe fever, that would be 700,000 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other transient side effects would likely affect even more people. The independent board that conducted the interim analysis of Moderna’s huge trial found that severe side effects included fatigue in 9.7% of participants, muscle pain in 8.9%, joint pain in 5.2%, and headache in 4.5%. For the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, the numbers were lower: Severe side effects included fatigue (3.8%) and headache (2%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s a higher rate of severe reactions than people may be accustomed to. &lt;strong&gt;“This is higher reactogenicity than is ordinarily seen with most flu vaccines, even the high-dose ones,”&lt;/strong&gt; says Arnold Monto, an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More up-to-date numbers on reactogenicity were actually the subject of &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25368/details-on-health-impact-events-on-v-safe-active-surveillance-for-covid-19-vac&quot;&gt;another question&lt;/a&gt; here. (Apparently there were around 1% in a larger sample, i.e. around 3,000 cases in the 272,000 sample that was the topic of a recent CDC report.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And contra to Liu, Weissman says it's the LNPs that cause the local reactions, not the mRNA in its modified form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We suspect the lipid nanoparticle causes the reactogenicity, because lipid nanoparticles without mRNA in them do the same thing in animals,” [...] “We see production, in the muscle, of inflammatory mediators that cause pain, [redness], swelling, fever, flulike symptoms, etc.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Briefly, as far as advantages of mRNA vaccines (despite the tech challenges, only resolved fairly recently), these come from the disadvantages of other vaccine techs. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/a&gt;, attenuated vaccines have more safety risks, adenovirus-platform vaccines present some risk of non-response due to anti-bodies to the vector etc. Basically mRNA vaccines produce response to a &amp;quot;minimal target&amp;quot; (also because the wrapper is synthetic &amp;quot;nanotech&amp;quot;.) Although many publications (from mRNA field) only speak of this as an advantage, clearly getting the target wrong in terms of the relevant proteins can be a problem, but presumably one that is fast and easy to identify.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one (theoretical at least) immunological advantage to gene-based vaccines, the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770485&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recruitment&lt;/a&gt; of the MHC-I pathway&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;genetic approaches have a potential immunological advantage. In addition to eliciting antibodies and CD4+ helper T cells, they recruit CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T cells, through the major histocompatibility class I pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Otto Yang, MD, an infectious disease researcher and clinician at the University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, the body’s cells only display viral proteins on their surface through this pathway if those cells themselves have produced the proteins. “If you just inject a protein or inject a dead virus, it doesn’t get into that pathway and doesn't get displayed that way, and so the T cells don’t get stimulated,” he said.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to sorta put it all in a one picture, the ACS &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cas.org/blog/covid-mrna-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has&lt;/a&gt; this probably most informative &amp;quot;all in one&amp;quot; pictures of how mRNA vaccines work, both before and after protein release, although the diagram eschews subtleties relating to step #2 (i.e. why modified nucleosides are needed):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ShgvM.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ShgvM.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the final quote in your question, that has more to do with how mRNA are produced (at scale), a discussion which is often eschewed in medical sources or dealt with in one sentence like &amp;quot;fully synthetic manufacturing process that allows production of different vaccines using the same established production process and facility&amp;quot;. Perhaps Chemistry SE would be a better place to ask for details on the latter, i.e. how mRNA vaccines are &lt;em&gt;produced&lt;/em&gt; and why that is an industrial advantage. (I'm not saying it's off-topic here, just that questions on the manufacturing process of medications are practically non-existent here on Med SE, especially on the industrial angle.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518734/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;level of generalities&lt;/a&gt;, and mostly with respect to (difficulties of) vaccine manufacture by non-synthetic techniques:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccine manufacture is one of the most challenging industries. Even the most basic manufacturing steps necessary to produce vaccines in a manner that is safe, effective, and consistent over the life cycle of a vaccine are difficult to execute. Outcomes can vary widely due to the nearly infinite combinations of biological variability in basic starting materials, the microorganism itself, the environmental condition of the microbial culture, the knowledge and experience of the manufacturing technician, and the steps involved in the purification processes. To add to the complexity, the methods used to analyze the biological processes and antigens resulting from vaccine production often have high inherent variability. Failure to manage these risks can result in costly product recalls, and suspensions and penalties may be assessed if a manufacturer fails to fulfil supply agreements. In addition, lack of supply can disrupt routine immunization programs and negatively impact national public health outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regulatory authorities license not only a specific biological entity, but also the processes by which that entity is produced, tested, and released for use. Subtle changes in the production process may alter the final product and change its purity, safety, or efficacy. Further, the in vitro analytics required to release the product may not detect a change in process and a clinical trial may be needed to validate a new process and to maintain licensure of a product. &lt;strong&gt;This compounded risk of biological and physical variability makes vaccine manufacturing more challenging than typical small molecule pharmaceuticals and is a primary root cause of the high proportion of vaccine manufacturing failures&lt;/strong&gt; and supply shortages. This is also the main reason why the number of vaccine manufacturers that succeed and thrive remains low despite unmet demand for many vaccines globally. Moreover, individual vaccine prices do not always decline, even after the patents expire, in contrast to pharmaceutical products. In fact, many vaccine patents protect the manufacturing process rather than the antigen that is produced by the process, which is not always the analogous case for small molecule pharmaceutical products. These process patents may present a more significant barrier to entry than the patent on the vaccine composition itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Significant changes in the manufacturing process, such as new facilities, manufacturing equipment or changes in raw materials, will typically trigger new regulatory requirements, including clinical trials. These requirements will confirm that the vaccine is still effective and comparable to the product produced by the original vaccine process and studied in the original clinical studies. [...] &lt;strong&gt;Manufacturers are challenged to balance the competing goals of speed to market and process optimization; getting to market earlier increases revenue in the short term, but locking in a further optimized process may generate cost savings over the entire vaccine life-cycle.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many production platforms in use today and they vary widely [...] At one end [of production complexity] is live attenuated oral polio vaccine with significantly lower Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) while at the other end is the highly complex pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. While there may be common equipment across platforms such as bio reactors, filtration and chromatography equipment, filling and lyophilization equipment, the sequence of operations and the specific cycles for each product vary. In most cases, each product (or group of products within a product family) has its own dedicated facility and production team. This dedicated labor and equipment allows for flexibility to address unpredictable demand, but tends to increase costs. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Facilities can cost 50–500 M USD per antigen based on the high complexity of design, automation, segregation, utilities, and contamination controls, and as much as 700 M USD for multiple vaccines. [...] The US Department of Defense estimated the 25-year life-cycle cost of a 3-product facility to be 1.56 billion USD and that 7 years are needed to design, build, validate, and commence commercial manufacturing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T21:46:00.137" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T21:46:00.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25382" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25368" CreationDate="2020-12-27T17:51:39.037" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't have a concrete technical answer to this (regarding CDC's precise definition--they have a lot of pages on V-safe as how to participate in it, but no other published results besides those slides, it seems), but note that the same presentation puts anaphylaxis in a separate category (there were 6 cases in the same sample).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as the (higher) reactogencity of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines this has been noted in the scientific press before. If you want some vignettes, &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; obliges with an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/fever-aches-pfizer-moderna-jabs-aren-t-dangerous-may-be-intense-some&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; from Nov, based on the clinical trials...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ian Haydon, who received the highest dose of the Moderna vaccine in its first human trial, knows what that’s like. (He received 250 micrograms, but partly in response to reactions like his, the company chose to take forward a lower dose of 100 micrograms.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Twelve hours after receiving his second injection in May, Haydon got chills as well as “headache, muscle ache, fatigue, nausea,” and had a fever of 39.6°C. He went to urgent care, and later vomited and fainted before the symptoms receded, roughly 24 hours after they started, he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Haydon says his experience was “a small price to pay” for the possibility of returning to normal life. “For me, this was a rough day. But if you compare it to what COVID can do, I think it really pales in comparison.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;or&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Luke Hutchison, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology–educated computational biologist, volunteered for a trial of Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine. After he got the second injection, his arm immediately swelled up to the size of a “goose egg,” Hutchison says. He can’t be sure he got the vaccine and not a placebo, but within a few hours, the healthy then-43-year-old was beset by bone and muscle aches and a 38.9°C fever that felt, he says, “unbearable.” “I started shaking. I had cold and hot rushes,” he says. “I was sitting by the phone all night long thinking: ‘Should I call 911?’”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hutchison’s symptoms resolved after 12 hours. But, he says, “Nobody prepared me for the severity of this.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also from the CDC presentation, which is based on a sample of some 272,000 people vaccinated, that's about a 1% incidence of the &amp;quot;Health Impact Events&amp;quot;. (Actually, the V-safe data was reported for just 112,807 participants; since V-safe is a phone app for self-reporting one cannot expect this to match other monitoring systems except approximately; relative to the V-safe reporting sample, the incidence was around 3%.) In the clinical trials that preceded FDA authorization, the incidence of various kinds of temporary side-effects (e.g. headache, fatigue) was actually higher than that, but for &amp;quot;severe&amp;quot; ones that &amp;quot;prevent[ed] daily activity&amp;quot;, the incidence was around 2% in the clinical trials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;most people will escape “severe” side effects, defined as those that prevent daily activity. Fewer than 2% of recipients of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines developed severe fevers of 39°C to 40°C. But if the companies win regulatory approvals, they’re aiming to supply vaccine to 35 million people globally by the end of December. If 2% experienced severe fever, that would be 700,000 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other transient side effects would likely affect even more people. The independent board that conducted the interim analysis of Moderna’s huge trial found that severe side effects included fatigue in 9.7% of participants, muscle pain in 8.9%, joint pain in 5.2%, and headache in 4.5%. For the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, the numbers were lower: Severe side effects included fatigue (3.8%) and headache (2%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That’s a higher rate of severe reactions than people may be accustomed to. “This is higher reactogenicity than is ordinarily seen with most flu vaccines, even the high-dose ones,” says Arnold Monto, an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&#xA;Adds Drew Weissman, an immunologist at the University of Pennsylvania whose work contributed to both vaccines: “The companies just have to warn people: ‘This is what you need to expect. Take Tylenol and suck it up for a day.’”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/moderna/reactogenicity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detailed page&lt;/a&gt; with reactogenicity results from the Moderna's clinical trial. From that page, in 65 and older people, &amp;quot;chills&amp;quot; were reported by a whopping 30% of participants on the 2nd dose (non-placebo; for placebo it was 4%), but &amp;quot;Chills – Grade 3: prevented daily activity and required medical intervention&amp;quot; only by 0.8% (non-placebo; for placebo it was &amp;quot;&amp;lt; 0.1%&amp;quot;; in raw numbers: 27 vs 2 cases of &amp;quot;grade 3 chills&amp;quot; on vaccine vs placebo on the 2nd dose). For 18-64 y.o., the proportion who reported any chills was even higher on the 2nd dose, 48.3% (5001 cases) vs 730 (6.4%) on placebo. And for &amp;quot;grade 3&amp;quot; chills, the number in that younger group was 151 (1.5%) on the 2nd dose, vs 14 (0.1%) on placebo.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also have a similar &amp;quot;grade 3&amp;quot; distinction for the other 4 categories of side-effects reported: &amp;quot;Fatigue, Myalgia, Arthralgia&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Nausea/Vomiting&amp;quot;, headache, and fever; you can read the detailed stats there... The numbers for &amp;quot;grade 3&amp;quot; fever (39.0 – 40.0°C) were roughly comparable with those for (grade 3) chills. The &amp;quot;grade 3&amp;quot; myalgias were however about an order of magnitude higher (10%) in the 18-64 y.o., but only about half of that in 65 and older. (&amp;quot;Any&amp;quot; myalgia was reported by around half the subjects on the 2nd dose, non-placebo.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They have an analogous page for Pfizer's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/reactogenicity.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccine too&lt;/a&gt;, from clinical trial data. I didn't delve into the numbers for this... but at a glance it uses a similar breakdown by grade &amp;quot;Mild: does not interfere with activity; moderate: some interference with activity; severe: prevents daily activity; Grade 4: emergency room visit or hospitalization&amp;quot;, but the Pfizer page reports more detailed numbers for each grade.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-28T10:02:28.823" LastActivityDate="2020-12-28T10:02:28.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25383" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-27T17:58:02.980" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;People often clean and dress minor wounds.  What other sorts of things might not be worth going to the hospital for?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T17:58:02.980" Title="What are some medical procedures that can easily be performed at home?" Tags="&lt;home-remedies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2020-12-27T18:31:56.243" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25384" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-27T22:25:08.503" Score="4" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been widely reported in the press that Pfizer's vaccine needs storage at -70C but Moderna's only needs -20C. Why is this so, when they are both mRNA vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's actually a looong &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-19-why-vaccines-cold-freeze-pfizer-moderna&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; in a publication called Science News (published by the SSP, no relation to the journal &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; or the AAAS) which sorta, kinda tries to explain this, but actually it seems able only to say that there's a proprietary formulation difference... (99% of that article explains the common basis of mRNA vaccines, actually.) So, is there a more insightful explanation than punting to proprietary formulation differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MIT News &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.mit.edu/2020/rna-vaccines-explained-covid-19-1211&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;quotes&lt;/a&gt; an expert saying that it may have something to do with freeze drying:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both the Moderna and Pfizer RNA vaccines are carried by lipid nanoparticles with PEG. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One way to make RNA vaccines more stable, [Daniel] Anderson [a professor of chemical engineering at MIT] points out, is to add stabilizers and remove water from the vaccine through a process called lyophilization, which has been shown to allow some mRNA vaccines to be stored in a refrigerator instead of a freezer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lyophilization is more or less a fancy for free drying, which &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze-drying#Pharmaceuticals_and_biotechnology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has been&lt;/a&gt; used for (traditional) vaccines as well. There's mention in a Nature news &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00022-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; that Pfizer is working on a lyophilized formulation, but it's not said there if Moderna is already using one (or not). I'm not sure what the studies of freeze drying for mRNA (alluded by Anderson) are though. Did these some of these show stability at -20C, for instance?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-27T23:19:28.257" LastActivityDate="2020-12-27T23:19:28.257" Title="Why does the Pfizer vaccine need storage at -70C but Moderna's only needs -20C, when they are both mRNA vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25387" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-28T09:55:25.123" Score="2" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/en/covid-eu-to-start-vaccinations-on-december-27/a-55973609&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Multiple&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/12/14/world/covid-19-coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;countries&lt;/a&gt; have already started the COVID-19 vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Local media covered this extensively and I saw that many medical doctors and researchers arguing that the vaccines are very safe because they have already been tested on dozens of thousands of volunteers before being released.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other side, I saw some posts made by what seems to be vaccine experts arguing that there was not enough testing being done and some side effects show up only after many months or even 1-2 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This somewhat contradictory information is confusing for the layman: the media message seems biased (it is very safe despite short testing period) vs. some expert's message that seems to make sense (that's why all the other vaccines require so much testing time before they are released).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My assumption is that the vaccine benefit (prevented deaths and ICU cases + economical problems) greatly outweigh the worst long term side-effects as clearly put in &lt;a href=&quot;https://creakyjoints.org/living-with-arthritis/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccines/can-you-get-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-immunocompromised/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Granting emergency authorization is not the same thing as the vaccine&#xA;being officially licensed and approved by the FDA. It means that,&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;given the life-threatening emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic, public&#xA;health, virology, and infectious disease experts agree that the&#xA;benefits of the vaccine outweigh potential risks and side effects.&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;However, Pfizer has said that it will seek full approval by April&#xA;2021.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am wondering about getting more details about the emphasized part. I am aware that nobody can know for sure what the vaccine's long-term side effects, but I expect that experts might have an educated guess based on the vaccine type, pathogen type, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; Are there any educated guesses related to the type and probability of severe side effects caused by the COVID-19 vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By severe and estimations I expect something along the line of: &amp;quot;there might a 1:50K chance for a vaccinated person to develop an auto-immune disease&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3142" LastEditorUserId="3142" LastEditDate="2020-12-28T11:03:04.713" LastActivityDate="2020-12-28T11:03:04.713" Title="Are there any educated guesses related to the type and probability of severe side effects caused by the COVID-19 vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25388" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-28T12:55:30.480" Score="0" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is one question constantly running in my mind: how were COVID-19 vaccines discovered in a very short time span, but Herpes did not find its way even after years of painstaking research?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21034" LastEditorUserId="7205" LastEditDate="2020-12-28T15:44:05.987" LastActivityDate="2020-12-31T08:43:51.050" Title="Why Herpes Vaccine Hasn't Been Discovered Yet While Corona Vaccines Find Its Way Within A Year?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-22T17:17:40.533" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25389" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25388" CreationDate="2020-12-28T13:10:17.807" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Two things that come to mind:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Unlike COVID-19, the herpes virus does not completely shut down society. So there's much more incentive and hence funding to finding a vaccine for COVID-19.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;We already have researched (but not completed) vaccines for other corona-type diseases like SARS and MERS, and luckily this knowledge helped in accelerating the process of finding a vaccine for COVID-19. See e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the recently published article 'Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19'&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7205" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2020-12-31T08:43:51.050" LastActivityDate="2020-12-31T08:43:51.050" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25390" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25391" CreationDate="2020-12-28T14:19:46.730" Score="2" ViewCount="181" Body="&lt;p&gt;I see the clear benefit of the vaccination if one didn't have the disease. However, there are a lot of people who had the disease already. So I assume they also have the anti-bodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is this a probabilistic thing; e.g. when you had the disease you're 50% likely to have antibodies (in a high-enough number) several months later?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the immune systems &amp;quot;preparation&amp;quot; for future COVID-19 infections, is there a difference between the vaccination and having had the disease? (I'm not speaking about side-effects / symptoms)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T00:00:20.490" Title="Is there a benefit of a COVID-19 vaccination if one had COVID-19 before?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25391" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25390" CreationDate="2020-12-28T17:27:41.577" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;We don't know, and may never know or won't know for a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reason we think the recently approved mRNA vaccines are effective is due to randomized controlled trials. You take a population of people who haven't previously gotten COVID-19, give half the vaccine and half the placebo, and determine efficacy based on the ratio of subsequent infections in both groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your question, whether there is a benefit to vaccination after having COVID-19, you'd have to repeat the same trial in people who were already infected. That's...probably not going to happen. For one, any protection that prior infection provides is going to mean the &amp;quot;control&amp;quot; group in such a trial has a lower infection rate. This means that the overall &lt;em&gt;power&lt;/em&gt; of the study will be lower for the same vaccine protection, so they trial may need to be &lt;em&gt;much much larger&lt;/em&gt; to show an effect. Trials are expensive, and there's little reason to do this trial so little chance anyone will want to fund it. Companies manufacturing the vaccine want to show it works in the uninfected population, because most people still remain uninfected. Secondly, to answer conclusively that the vaccine has &lt;strong&gt;no&lt;/strong&gt; benefit in people previously infected is even more difficult; it's actually statistically impossible to demonstrate this so it's necessary to set a threshold&amp;gt;0 to compare to. It's very unusual to design trials like this for anything but safety.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overall, it's likely that people who have had COVID-19 before will still be recommended to get vaccinated. We won't have sufficient data to recommend against it, and can't be certain those people won't benefit from the vaccine. Prior knowledge of other coronaviruses causing &amp;quot;common cold&amp;quot; illnesses suggests that coronavirus immunity is not long-lasting; the worry is that people with generally cold-like symptoms will only get cold-like immunity to the virus, and hope that the vaccines will elicit a stronger immune response. We still don't know exactly how long vaccine protection will last (because the vaccines are still so new), but it's far more likely for us to understand the extent of vaccine protection than to understand the effect of natural infection since the former is possible in a controlled study setting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-12-28T17:27:41.577" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25392" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-28T18:10:07.917" Score="7" ViewCount="337" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of the most common worries expressed against the new coronavirus vaccine is that, supposedly, injecting mRNA into a cell has the potential to alter the human genome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am constantly bombarded by my family with links to conspiracy theory and vaccine hesitancy websites. Notably, these links often feature scientists with high academic degrees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stolikwolnosci.pl/wywiad-z-prof-romanem-zielinskim/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;One example of such links features professor Roman Zieliński, who -- among other claims -- warns that the new vaccine has the potential to alter human genome&lt;/a&gt;. Notably, his field of specialization is genetics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The explanation he gives looks convincing and sound, at least to a layman like me. I will try my best to translate the parts of the interview I linked to that are relevant to this issue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Journalist&lt;/strong&gt;: Claims are made that mRNA included in the 'vaccine' against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (commonly called C-19) may have an impact on our human DNA. In what way? And what does it mean for an average Joe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Roman Zieliński&lt;/strong&gt;: Your question brings up Watson and Crick's Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. These scientists had earlier received the Nobel prize for developing the double helix DNA model. Accordig to their Dogma, which is a part of the foundations of molecular biology, the genetic information does not only flow from DNA through RNA to protein, but also in the other direction, from RNA to DNA. Information, therefore, circulates between these two nucleic acids. This means that every RNA molecule that enters a cell may be transformed into DNA and may join the genome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this indeed happens. Viral retrotransposons incorporated into the human genome are one example. Around 60% of the human genome consists of them. tRNA and mRNA move towards the nucleus in a similar way. Cells have enzymes known as reverse transcriptases that enable rewriting RNA into DNA. Such enzymes include the human telomerase and reverse transcriptase of viral origin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of reverse transcription, that is rewriting ribonucleic acid into deoxyribonucleic acid inside a cell is an evolutionarily old mechanism. It would be odd if mRNA molecules brought into our cells by this &amp;quot;vaccine&amp;quot; was exempt from this mechanism. There are numerous threats posed by introducing this mRNA construct in this &amp;quot;vaccine&amp;quot;. The possibility that it includes itself into the human genome and further impacts the expression of genes and their mutations is one of such threats. The potential of transgenes to impact genome cannot be overestimated and the results of genetic research on plant GMOs support this. Their mutagenic potential on the genome is even stronger than the potential of chemical mutagens.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to do my research. I entered the terms Zieliński used into Wikipedia. It seems that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;central dogma of molecular biology&lt;/a&gt; is indeed an instrumental principle of this field, even though it is called in a suspicious way (&amp;quot;dogma&amp;quot;) and this principle indeed explicitly states that information may be transcribed from RNA into DNA. The Wikipedia article about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;telomerase&lt;/a&gt; indeed states that this is an reverse transcriptase enzyme present in human adults in, for example, &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;in male sperm cells (...) in epidermal cells, in activated T cell and B cell lymphocytes, as well as in certain adult stem cells&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;. And so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a relevant Skeptics.SE answer: &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/48250/can-an-rna-vaccine-change-your-dna-permanently/48250&quot;&gt;Can an RNA vaccine change your DNA permanently?&lt;/a&gt;. It states: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;mRNA produced in a cell doesn't modify your DNA, and neither would an mRNA vaccine.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;, but this seems to contradict the aforementioned central dogma of molecular biology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally, and perhaps most importantly, I found mainstream scientists deny such claims:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/54893437&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Injecting RNA into a person doesn't do anything to the DNA of a human cell,&amp;quot; says Prof Jeffrey Almond of Oxford University.&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://konkret24.tvn24.pl/zdrowie,110/apel-lekarzy-i-naukowcow-przeciw-szczepieniom-covid-19-tezy-bez-potwierdzenia,1041571.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prof. Krzysztof Pyrć, responding directly to similar claims made by Zieliński on another occasion, says he cannot even imagine how can mRNA work in that way (impact the expression of genes)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medonet.pl/koronawirus/to-musisz-wiedziec,genetyczne-szczepionki-na-covid-19--co-o-nich-wiemy-,artykul,74573173.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr Maciej Przybylski says a human body cell does not contain enzymes necessary for RNA to be included in human genome&lt;/a&gt; &lt;sub&gt;(but Zieliński mentioned such enzymes!)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, these are just denials. These scientists repeat &lt;strong&gt;that&lt;/strong&gt; mRNA included in the vaccine cannot impact human DNA, but do not elaborate &lt;strong&gt;why&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;how&lt;/strong&gt; it cannot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is, therefore, what I would like to ask in this question. Why is it not possible for the mRNA included in the vaccine to impact human genome? In particular, how does the central dogma of molecular biology not mandate such a possibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T03:15:17.340" Title="Why is the new mRNA vaccine unable to modify human DNA?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25393" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25392" CreationDate="2020-12-28T19:06:03.117" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Roman Zieliński seems to be intentionally misleading you by making an implausible circumstance that is technically possible sound like a likely outcome. This strategy is not unusual among people who argue against vaccination, because they have very little actual science to argue based on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Central Dogma as stated by Crick says nothing about RNA vs DNA. It does not say that RNA must enter DNA, or anything like that. It only says that information in protein sequence does not become information in nucleic acid sequence, and that information in nucleic acid sequence &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; become information in protein sequence. The historical basis of this is that there was a time in which people thought protein might be the hereditary material. We know now this is not the case, and Crick was trying to make a special point of it by giving it this &amp;quot;central dogma&amp;quot; name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Telomerase&lt;/a&gt; is a special reverse transcriptase that adds a &amp;quot;cap&amp;quot; to human chromosomes by replicating a specific RNA it holds. It does not copy random sequences of RNA to DNA or put DNA anywhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reverse transcriptase of viral origin comes from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;retroviruses&lt;/a&gt;. You don't have these reverse transcriptases present unless you are infected with such a virus, like HIV. These viruses do not insert all RNA into the genome, they use another protein called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrase#In_HIV&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;integrase&lt;/a&gt; that specifically inserts virus-derived double-stranded DNA copies into the genome. Even if this process were less specific, the only affected cells would be those already infected with HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, he might be making reference to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;endogenous retroviruses&lt;/a&gt; but these do not incorporate random RNA into the genome as he implies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If random RNA present in cells regularly inserted itself into the genome, we would have a huge huge problem &lt;strong&gt;all the time&lt;/strong&gt;, not just when adding some exogenous RNA. Human cells are full of all sorts of mRNA, and if it was inserted back into the DNA genome we'd have multiple extra copies of all sorts of genes. They'd be in the wrong places, getting transcribed under the wrong promoters, ending up in the middle of other genes, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2020-12-28T19:06:03.117" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25395" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-29T04:50:42.500" Score="2" ViewCount="80" Body="&lt;p&gt;What risks are associated with the use of cosmetic crowns (as opposed to veneers) in a healthy mouth? In other words, if the goal is essentially cosmetic and crowns would give a better cosmetic result, what reasons are there to use veneers even so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Googling around this topic (prior to posting the question) brought up a few relevant comments on sites like realself, but they were too vague to be really useful. For example, it was pointed out that since crowns involve removing more healthy material, it's better to go with veneers if possible. That sounds like common sense, but given that it doesn't say exactly what risks go along with removing more healthy material, or what can be done to guard against them, it's not much help when it comes to judging how much of a cosmetic benefit might justify using crowns. Another comment was along the lines that the choice depends on the bite analysis, but it didn't say what it was about the bite analysis that might indicate crowns rather than veneers, or vice versa - hence my question here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21041" LastEditorUserId="21041" LastEditDate="2020-12-30T15:16:08.073" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T04:21:55.597" Title="Crowns vs veneers" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25397" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25392" CreationDate="2020-12-29T07:39:42.927" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;To supplement Bryan's answer (although I'm not going to say anything fundamentally different here), according to their proponents, mRNA vaccines are considered the safest genetic vaccines (in this integration regard) because mRNA transcription (&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;transfection&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;) to proteins happens outside the nucleus. Quoting from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963/full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;mRNA vaccines do not interact with the host-cell DNA, they avoid the potential risk of genomic integration posed by DNA-based vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On other hand, if you're really curious about this, DNA vaccines have also been proposed and even tried in clinical studies, and regulators are a bit more concerned about integration effects with these, even just at the local, administration-site level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;employing DNA as a basis for vaccination also implicates some disadvantages. A concern in this context is the long-term persistence of DNA plasmids upon injection. Indeed, DNA persistence was shown in various preclinical studies that demonstrated the presence of plasmid DNA for up to 2 years upon IM injection with low but detectable expression and immunogenicity in a mouse model. According to the FDA, DNA persistence is not generally evident at ectopic sites in biodistribution and persistence studies, but remains detectable at the injection sites for periods exceeding 60 days. Especially in the context of this long-term persistence, the presence of foreign genetic information in the nucleus of transfected cells poses the additional risk of genomic integration into the host's chromosomes and the resulting threat of mutagenesis and oncogenesis. Despite negative results in several studies focusing on detection of DNA integration events upon IM injection in small animal models, genomic integration events were detectable following electroporation in mice demonstrating that integration represents a small risk that nevertheless needs to be considered in systems with enhanced DNA uptake. The FDA recommends integration studies to be included whenever plasmid DNA exceeding 30,000 copies per μg of host DNA persists in any tissue by study termination. The WHO advises integration studies as part of the preclinical safety program of DNA vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you read that carefully, the regulators are concerned about DNA vaccines giving the patient some form of cancer, and so they require tests showing low integration effects, however this [integration] is generally regarded as a remote risk. Note that this kind of concern didn't stop DNA vaccine from proceeding to clinical trials, e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNA based vaccines were among the first to proceed to clinical trials upon the Zika crisis in 2016.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, DNA vaccines have proven to be less effective in clinical trials in part because they need to cross two membranes (cell and then nucleus) to actually have their desired transfection effect. mRNA vaccines have required quite a bit of engineering just to achieve the former (i.e. cell entry) well enough--the whole liquid nanoparticles thing is about that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;vaccination with a DNA vector alone generally leads to relatively low immunogenicity, especially in large animal models and humans. A factor that may play a role is the need for DNA vaccines to cross two cellular membranes, i.e., the plasma, as well as the nuclear membrane, in order to achieve protein expression. Of note, this does not hold true for RNA vaccines, which are translated upon crossing the plasma or endosomal membrane, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, DNA vaccine proponents &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6631684/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;point out&lt;/a&gt; that even for these the risk of integration has been overblown, and that even DNA vaccines are &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; considered &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;gene therapy&lt;/a&gt; (i.e. host-DNA modification):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNA vaccines did not need to be evaluated by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Recombinant Advisory Committee prior to human clinical trials, unlike viral vectors for gene therapy. Nevertheless, significant safety studies were initially required to evaluate the possibility of integration of the plasmid DNA into the host genome. As a result of these studies for both human vaccines and for the licensed DNA vaccines for fish, as well as the many human studies with DNA vaccines that have demonstrated safety, little concern now exists regarding integration. Comparisons have stated that mRNA offers an advantage because RNA itself cannot integrate into genomic DNA without the presence of the viral elements in a retrovirus that enable such integration (reverse transcriptase and integrase). However, HERVs (human endogenous retroviruses) whose remnants are now permanent parts of human genomes as retrovirus-like sequences comprise up to 8% of the human genome. In addition, some recipients of mRNA drugs or vaccines may be already infected with a retrovirus (e.g., HIV), thus providing a theoretical means for provision of the proteins needed for integration. Nevertheless, the risk of integration remains, at this point, extremely unlikely for mRNA, even from a theoretical standpoint, nor is it any longer a significant concern for plasmid DNA. This means that mRNA does not offer any clear advantage compared to plasmid DNA in this regard. From a regulatory perspective, mRNA prophylactic vaccines appear to not be considered gene therapy products, similar to DNA vaccines before them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words (as Bryan said and you can see reflected in the quote above), the only (theoretically) known means by which such integration of mRNA into cell-host DNA could happen is co-infection with a retrovirus, which is regarded as an unlikely coincidence/risk. There don't seem to be any experiments that have actually tried to even demonstrate this risk, i.e. that mRNA (particularly one from a vaccine) could be integrated in the host in the presence of e.g. HIV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-12-29T07:39:42.927" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25398" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-29T10:14:15.840" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across the term &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;водно-сифонная проба&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; in a Russian case report in which a child undergoes medical investigation for his symptoms. Multitran says that it's &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.multitran.com/m.exe?l1=2&amp;amp;l2=1&amp;amp;s=%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0&amp;amp;langlist=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aqueous-siphon test&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; in English, but I highly doubt that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Russian descriptions I've found online, during this test the patient is asked to drink a glass of water or juice while lying on their back, and the technician assesses the workings of the GI tract by observing how this liquid passes into the stomach and further on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What could be the proper English term for this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Googling for &amp;quot;aqueous-siphon&amp;quot; ultrasound in English, I came across &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ewg-board.eu/archiv-euromedica/archiv-euromedica-02-2017/archiv_euromedica_02_2017_maket_06_02_2018_WEB.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a text&lt;/a&gt; that was clearly translated from Russian:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultrasonography (US) of the stomach with an &lt;strong&gt;aqueous-siphon test&lt;/strong&gt; (intake of&#xA;200 ml of water). Trendelenburg positioning for five minutes did not show the presence of gastroesophageal reflux (GR). However, signs of GR complicated by&#xA;esophagitis with spontaneous reopening of esophageal hiatus were revealed during a fibrogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2020-12-29T10:14:15.840" Title="What do we call a stomach ultrasound during which the patient is asked to drink liquid to assess GI functioning?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;ultrasounds&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25399" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-29T16:59:29.927" Score="4" ViewCount="75" Body="&lt;p&gt;Vaccination makes sure that you have anti-bodies so that your immune system has a heads-start once you get infected. If you were infected before, your body also built anti-bodies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there diseases where one knows (or at least has a good reason to believe) that having had the disease provides less protection than the vaccination?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is a follow-up question to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/25390/2445&quot;&gt;Is there a benefit of a COVID-19 vaccination if one had COVID-19 before?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2445" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T23:05:31.760" Title="Is there a disease where having had the disease provides less protection for the future than the vaccination?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25400" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25402" CreationDate="2020-12-29T18:15:52.780" Score="7" ViewCount="139" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand it, the mRNA vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize and attack the spike protein on the surface of the novel coronavirus. Don't all coronaviruses share this same spike protein? If so, will the vaccine grant immunity to other coronaviruses like SARS, MERS, and coronaviruses that cause the common cold?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21045" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T22:08:35.767" Title="Will the COVID-19 vaccine grant immunity to other coronaviruses?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25401" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-29T20:01:23.013" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am interested in statistical procedures and study designs used to determine the absence/acceptability of long-term side effects of the anti-covid vaccines. Given that these vaccines were created and approved within a short period of time (less than a year), it seems that the studies using conventional survival analysis are of little value (i.e., we cannot make predictions for decades ahead). I assume that one relies on the similarity with other, well-tested vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the statistical procedures for evaluating long-term side effects in such cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I have posted earlier a &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/97370&quot;&gt;similar question&lt;/a&gt; in the biology community, which evolved through the discussions with the members of that community. I do not repost it in its entirety, as it may bias the answers in a wrong direction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I come from a quantitative field and have some experience in biostatistics, so I am looking for a serious answer or references to the relevant literature.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21047" LastEditorUserId="21047" LastEditDate="2020-12-30T07:16:33.697" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T07:16:33.697" Title="Long-term side effects of anti-covid vaccines" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25402" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25400" CreationDate="2020-12-29T22:04:08.293" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elemental.medium.com/every-covid-19-vaccine-question-youll-ever-have-answered-9a0eeb334ded&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;An article&lt;/a&gt; on Medium had a Q&amp;amp;A with various medical and public policy experts about the vaccine and its rollout.  One of the questions was exactly what you asked.  The answer is basically &amp;quot;probably not but it might help against SARS and the research could lead to multi-coronavirus vaccines later.&amp;quot;  Here is the main part of the response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“We do not expect any cross-protection against other coronavirus infections since the vaccines trigger an immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein,” Belongia said. “The immune system sees this as distinct from other human coronaviruses with little or no cross-reactivity. Seasonal coronaviruses cause mild upper respiratory illness, and the focus of vaccine development has been to prevent serious illness due to Covid-19.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But we can’t completely rule out cross-strain protection against a new coronavirus that comes along later, or even SARS-CoV (which causes SARS) if it returns, said Maria Elena Bottazzi, PhD, associate dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine and co-director of Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“There is evidence, for instance, that because of the genetic similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, antibodies generated from SARS vaccines or SARS-2 vaccines can cross neutralize both viruses,” Bottazzi said. “This provides initial evidence for the development of multivalent vaccines or possibly universal coronavirus vaccines. This will be the new research moving forward.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bottazzi's credentials are mentioned there.  Belongia's are given elsewhere in the Q&amp;amp;A piece:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edward Belongia, MD, director of the Center for Clinical Epidemiology &amp;amp; Population Health at Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2020-12-30T18:03:48.373" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T18:03:48.373" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25405" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="22823" CreationDate="2020-12-30T02:52:42.567" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;If by the model being &amp;quot;correct&amp;quot;, you mean that the model will correctly predict what happens, then my understanding is it's mostly your first point. But if you consider a model correctly predicting what &lt;em&gt;would&lt;/em&gt; happen if its assumptions turn out to be accurate, but those assumptions turn out to be false, then that's a separate points. Other points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's downright foolish to not work on all possible responses simply because you think they won't be needed. Even if people thought that there was, say, a 60% chance of cases going to zero by July, it would be silly to say &amp;quot;Well, there's only a 40% chance we'll need this vaccine, so no point working on it.&amp;quot; When you're facing the possibility of millions of deaths, the probability of that doesn't need to be very high for it to warrant working to address.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't take 18 months to develop a vaccine. It took a few weeks to create a vaccine, and then several more months to test it, and it will take several months after that to deploy it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12695" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T02:52:42.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25408" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-30T05:17:32.800" Score="3" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm familiar with the basic principles by which the moderna/pfizer vaccines work. I'm confused about how the vaccines are able to make sure that mRNA is only taken up by dendritic cells. If mRNA is taken up by unintended cells, they will also produce the viral spike protein. We definitely don't want this. We wouldn't want to trigger an immune response to random cells in our body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why is the mRNA not taken up by many types of cells? Will non-immune cells taken them up and display the spike protein? How do we know?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another question is I have is the degradation time of the mRNA. Normally mRNA degrades soon after it is transcribed but wouldn't the lipid nanoparticle drug delivery coating delay this? If the spike protein is being displayed by cells for long after antibodies are already produced this could lead to unwanted symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source that only dendritic cells take up the mRNA:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine#Mechanism&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine#Mechanism&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597572/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3597572/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21051" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T05:17:32.800" Title="Why isn't the mRNA in covid-19 vaccines taken up by all types of cells?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25412" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-30T20:23:23.213" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;By &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7604128/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;all accounts&lt;/a&gt; the &amp;quot;common cold&amp;quot; virus HCoV-NL63 although much further away (genetically) from SARS and SARS-CoV-2 it actually uses the same ACE2 receptor for entry (or at least the S1A spike subunit of HCoV-NL63 binds to ACE2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So... some obvious questions stemming from that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why doesn't HCoV-NL63 cause a disease as severe as SARS-CoV-2 (or SARS)? And&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is/was there no HCoV-NL63 pandemic?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that NL63 might have some &amp;quot;nasty potential&amp;quot; though, because China &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996093/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported a 2018 outbreak&lt;/a&gt; that did cause severe lower tract infections in infants; the virus subgenotypes&#xA;involved also showed enhanced entry in vitro compared to other NL63s. (I'm guessing this actually provides a part of the clue/answer to 1st point/question above.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(As an interesting aside: this NL63 also targeting ACE2 seems to be a case of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_evolution&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;parallel evolution&lt;/a&gt; because the S1 of HCoV-NL63 seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302248/figure/F1/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;only 10% genetically similar&lt;/a&gt; to that of SARS-CoV-1. The same is true with NL63 and SARS-CoV-2; only &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-78506-9/figures/3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;around&lt;/a&gt; 15% similarity on S1, albeit by a different measure.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-30T22:24:16.023" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T22:24:16.023" Title="If HCoV-NL63 also binds to ACE2 (like SARS and SARS-CoV-2) why doesn't it cause a more severe disease (on one hand) or a pandemic (on the other)?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25413" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25530" CreationDate="2020-12-30T21:49:29.763" Score="2" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’ The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears Green-top Guideline No. 29 June 2015 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-29.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;updated link)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reported rate of OASIS (in singleton, term, cephalic, vaginal first births) in England has tripled from 1.8% to 5.9% from 2000 to 2012. The overall incidence in the UK is 2.9% (range 0–8%), with an incidence of 6.1% in primiparae compared with 1.7% in multiparae.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same pamphlet notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were no systematic reviews or randomised controlled trials to suggest the best method of delivery following OASIS [obstetric anal sphincter injuries]. The risk of sustaining a further third- or fourth-degree tear after a subsequent delivery is 5–7%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it seems like the proportions – 3rd and 4th degree tears during first births, and 3rd and 4th degree tears in second births amongst women who had a 3rd or 4th degree tear during first birth – are similar (both ~6%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet my understanding is that doctors recommend C-section for second birth to women who have 3rd or 4th degree tears in first birth. Why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14991" LastEditorUserId="14991" LastEditDate="2021-01-03T20:29:41.567" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T09:38:20.870" Title="Why do doctors recommend C-section for second birth to women who have 3rd or 4th degree tears in first birth?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;gynecology&gt;&lt;birth&gt;&lt;vaginal-delivery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25414" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25400" CreationDate="2020-12-30T22:08:35.767" Score="3" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't all coronaviruses share this same spike protein?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No they don't, although the spikes do share a &amp;quot;shaft&amp;quot; fragment &amp;quot;S2&amp;quot; that is recognized by some anti-bodies across several coronavirues. This cross-reactivity &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/11/prepandemic-coronavirus-antibodies-may-react-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;was&lt;/a&gt; even in blood samples collected as far back as 2011, but it was at low levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two preliminary retrospective studies in the United Kingdom, sub-Sahara Africa, and the United States suggest that some people who were never infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 have cross-reactive antibodies against it—perhaps from previous exposure to similar human coronaviruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the researchers analyzed more than 300 blood samples collected from 2011 to 2018. While almost all samples had antibodies against coronaviruses that cause the common cold, 16 of 302 adults (5.3%) had antibodies that would recognize SARS-CoV-2—regardless of whether they had recently had a cold&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in slightly more technical &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6522/1339&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detail&lt;/a&gt;,  which explains these findings, a sub-unit of the spike is indeed shared between SARS-CoV-2 and &amp;quot;common cold&amp;quot; coronavirues [hCov], but not all of the spike:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ng et al. report that in a cohort of 350 SARS-CoV-2–uninfected individuals, a small proportion had circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that could cross-react with the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [...] By contrast, COVID-19 patients generated IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies that recognized both the S1 and S2 subunits. The anti-S2 antibodies from SARS-CoV-2–uninfected patients showed specific neutralizing activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotypes. A much higher percentage of SARS-CoV-2–uninfected children and adolescents were positive for these antibodies compared with adults. This pattern may be due to the fact that children and adolescents generally have higher hCoV infection rates and a more diverse antibody repertoire, which may explain the age distribution of COVID-19 susceptibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In case you wonder, from the paper's supplementary &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2020/11/05/science.abe1107.DC1/abe1107-Ng-SM.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;materials&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotyping&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pseudotyping&lt;/a&gt; involved &amp;quot;Lentiviral particles pseudotyped with either SARS-CoV-2 S or Vesicular Stomatitis&#xA;Virus glycoprotein (VSVg)&amp;quot;; the latter was basically the control.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diagrammatically, the S2 unit is the &amp;quot;shaft&amp;quot; (or the &amp;quot;stalk&amp;quot;) of the spike, not its tip (aka &amp;quot;bulbous head&amp;quot;); &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41401-020-0485-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shown&lt;/a&gt; below for SARS-CoV-2. And it is the tip (S1) that actually provides specificity to the receptor (ACE2 in the case of SARS-CoV-2, but that receptor is also targeted by the original SARS virus, albeit with a spike that is only ~75% similar to the one in SARS-CoV-2, at the genome level).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IGnu3.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IGnu3.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7604128/#sec3title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In general&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among HCoVs, the S1 subunit varies in length and amino acid sequence, while the S2 subunits share relatively high sequence homology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-78506-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; published this December even found some cross-reactivity to the S1 &amp;quot;tip&amp;quot; part of the spike between antibodies for HCoV-NL63 (which also targets ACE2 like SARS-CoV1 &amp;amp; 2, although by a spike that is very substantially genetically dissimilar). Again this cross-reactivity was slight (and actually HCoV-OC43 which targets a different receptor with its S1 has somewhat higher cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 on S1):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qOd7z.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qOd7z.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's even less clear how much protection one can expect &amp;quot;in reverse&amp;quot; i.e. to hCoV while having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, because this basically was not studied, as far as I can tell... (understandably since the risk of severe disease from &amp;quot;common cold&amp;quot; HCoVs is extremely rare, although &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996093/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;not totally&lt;/a&gt; inexistent.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2020-12-30T22:08:35.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25416" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-31T01:29:22.273" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;A somewhat odd &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X20304159&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt;, which declares its funding source as &amp;quot;none&amp;quot; (but which one might suspect sponsored by a PAPR manufacturer in some way given its conclusions)... has these data findings that wearing a N95 mask alone increases the MFV,  &amp;quot;pulsatility index&amp;quot; and  EtCO2, which return to normal if one also wears a PAPR on top of the N95 mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H3Xoj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/H3Xoj.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do these findings have some clinical relevance? The authors seems to imply they are related to comfort...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Combined use of N95 respirator-mask and PAPR was more comfortable as compared to N95 respirator-mask alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They don't actually have any subjective tests on this, they just infer that from those physiological test numbers. In their conclusion section they further say that N95 (alone) may cause headaches because of these specific physiological findings, but that adding a PAPR thus alleviates such headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The use of N95 respirator mask causes significant&#xA;increase in MCA-MFV and ET-CO2, coupled with reduction in PI.&#xA;However, these changes, which probably contribute to the new onset&#xA;headache by healthcare workers due to the wearing of N95 masks, are&#xA;mitigated by the use of additional PAPR. Overall, PAPR maintains a&#xA;favorable intracranial physiologically as compared to N95 respirator&#xA;mask alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there inferences justified? Do those physiological tests correlate with more headaches and/or discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2020-12-31T01:35:32.623" LastActivityDate="2020-12-31T01:35:32.623" Title="Does it have clinical relevance that wearing a N95 mask (alone) increases the MFV, &quot;pulsatility index&quot;, and EtCO2? Does that cause headaches?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;ppe&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25417" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25390" CreationDate="2020-12-31T04:08:27.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As I understand the matter:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;there are case of C19 where the same person is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/reinfection.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;re-infected after recovery&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Moderna / Pfizer vaccines tout &lt;a href=&quot;https://lmgtfy.app/?q=covid%2019%20vaccine%20efficacy%20rate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;90%+ efficacy&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the case and 90%+ efficacy holds for recovered patients, then it follows that yes, it is reasonable to expect a benefit of a COVID-19 vaccination if one had COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2020-12-31T04:08:27.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25419" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2020-12-31T18:03:17.057" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that—post holiday pot roast, cheese, and cookie eating that borders on indulgence—your January 2nd blood test reveals that your (LDL) cholesterol is high.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No surprise there. You were asking for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you get back to a more careful diet. You specify your maximum daily tolerable saturated-fat intake, and you stop eating anything with saturated fats once you hit that limit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How many weeks do you have to wait before a subsequent blood test so that you can reasonably assert that your diet is now acceptable?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, is there such a thing as a (LDL) cholesterol half life?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Understood that:&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(LDL) cholesterol is synthesized by homo-sapiens.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;(LDL) cholesterol is used for multiple cell functions, including bile synthesis.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Even with a zero-fat diet (a bad idea by itself), the plateau for (LDL) cholesterol will never be zero.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19350" LastActivityDate="2020-12-31T18:03:17.057" Title="Is there such a thing as (LDL) cholesterol half life?" Tags="&lt;cholesterol&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25421" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-01T11:16:58.353" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the UK at the moment there's some controversy regarding the changing of the timing of the Covid vaccination boosters.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All the vaccines I can think of that need boosters are given to babies, whose immune systems aren't fully developed yet. So they get some protection initially but need a booster when they're more mature. Are there any vaccines given to adults that actually need a booster? Was it used in the Covid trials for a good reason, or just to make doubly sure the results would be good? The information I can find online only covers the standard childhood vaccinations, and similar questions on this forum by other people over the past few years have remained unanswered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21067" LastActivityDate="2021-01-01T11:16:58.353" Title="Why do adults need vaccination boosters?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-02T22:09:03.857" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25430" PostTypeId="5" CreationDate="2021-01-01T23:05:14.693" Score="0" Body="" OwnerUserId="-1" LastEditorUserId="-1" LastEditDate="2021-01-01T23:05:14.693" LastActivityDate="2021-01-01T23:05:14.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25431" PostTypeId="4" CreationDate="2021-01-01T23:05:14.693" Score="0" Body="Tag should not be used, use &quot;dehydration&quot; instead." OwnerUserId="11" LastEditorUserId="11" LastEditDate="2021-01-08T15:09:57.820" LastActivityDate="2021-01-08T15:09:57.820" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25432" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-01T23:06:08.690" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;The going recommendation for patients who present to the emergency room with dehydration is IV fluids. It seems to me that this is fairly wasteful and needlessly expensive. Is rehydrating with a saline drip really that much better than &amp;quot;here, drink this&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To keep the question limited in scope (there are other benefits to starting an IV, like if a medication has to be administered there's already a line ready to go), I'll ask specifically about time. How much faster is rehydrating over IV vs. oral fluids? For detail, I'd love some input on what the process of absorbing fluids looks like, timing-wise.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2021-01-01T23:06:08.690" Title="How long is the delay when rehydrating orally vs. IV?" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;dehydration&gt;&lt;intravenous&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25433" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-01T23:24:23.507" Score="5" ViewCount="98" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pfizer's and even more obscure mRNA vaccines that haven't been approved &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;have&lt;/a&gt; an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;INN&lt;/a&gt;, which ends with &lt;em&gt;-meran&lt;/em&gt; (e.g. CureVac's is &amp;quot;zorecimeran&amp;quot;). But as far as I can tell Moderna's vaccine doesn't have an INN. Why is that? Do they need to apply to the WHO for an INN (and they haven't done that)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T08:47:11.473" Title="(Why) doesn't Moderna's Covid vaccine have an INN?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;who-world-health-org&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25434" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-01T20:56:30.027" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm wondering how to go about evaluating the long term effects of a biological intervention, like a new therapeutic. There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/drug-medication/news/20150717/medications-too-long#1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;emergent evidence&lt;/a&gt; that common medications like NSAIDs or anticholinergics significantly increase the risk of heart disease and dementia respectively. It seems to me that many therapeutics could have similarly devastating long-term effects, and we've found the side effects in NSAIDs and anticholinergics because they're some of the most commonly consumed medicines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, I want to know how to think about long-term effects, and if any frameworks are in use today to consider potential long-term effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are a couple derivative questions I sought to answer:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;To what degree are long term side effects preceded by detectable short term side effects?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there common systems in which damage accumulates over the long term, reaching a threshold that causes catastrophic damage?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21074" OwnerDisplayName="Kush Sharma" LastActivityDate="2021-02-01T09:00:50.113" Title="How to evaluate long-term safety of biological interventions?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25437" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-02T02:16:42.480" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;With the right eye having astigmatism corrected (Cyl increased from -0.5 to -1.25), the computer monitor looks like a trapezoid with the left edge shorter than the right edge.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the patient is getting used to the new glasses and start to see the perfect rectangle after the brain adjustment, will he see the opposite slanted vision (longer edge on left while shorter edge on the right) &lt;em&gt;without&lt;/em&gt; wearing the glasses?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3050" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T02:16:42.480" Title="Slanted view with one eye having astigmatism corrected" Tags="&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;astigmatism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25438" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25434" CreationDate="2021-01-02T08:39:13.537" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The long-term side effects are typically studied within the framework of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_analysis#:%7E:text=Survival%20analysis%20is%20a%20branch,and%20failure%20in%20mechanical%20systems.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;survival analysis&lt;/a&gt;. E.g., a cohort if individuals is followed throughout many years, recording the number of cases of adverse side effects and deaths, or none happening (&lt;em&gt;censored data&lt;/em&gt;). Previous medicalninterventions, short-term side effects, and other risk factors are included as statistical covariates. One can then use the methods of the survival analysis, such as Cox regression, to establish whether any of these risk factors is related to the incidence of the adverse conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the context of new types of medication/intervention, such a study essentially constitutes the Phase IV clinical study, which often lasts throughout all the time while the medication/intervention is in use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21047" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T08:39:13.537" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25439" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25433" CreationDate="2021-01-02T10:48:43.020" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &amp;quot;-meran&amp;quot; suffix was selected by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a common stem suffix for mRNA drug products in 2016 (though the technology originated in the early 1990s). Curevac were involved in pioneering this technology and they made the application. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/curevac-announces-meran-has-been-approved-by-the-world-health-organization-as-suffix-for-mrna-drug-substances-300222034.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; announcing the news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the WHO &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/innquidance/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guidance on International Nonproprietary Name (INN)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another important feature of the INN system is that the names of pharmacologically-related substances demonstrate their relationship by using a common &amp;quot;stem&amp;quot;. By the use of common stems the medical practitioner, the pharmacist, or anyone dealing with pharmaceutical products can recognize that the substance belongs to a group of substances having similar pharmacological activity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The extent of INN utilization is expanding with the increase in the number of names. Its wide application and global recognition are also due to close collaboration in the process of INN selection with numerous national drug nomenclature bodies. The increasing coverage of the drug-name area by INN has led to the situation whereby the majority of pharmaceutical substances used today in medical practice are designated by an INN. The use of INN is already common in research and clinical documentation, while their importance is growing further due to expanding use of generic names for pharmaceutical products.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While INN use is widespread, it is not complete, nor is it a requirement for drug approval at local or national level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process of INN selection follows three main steps:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A request/application is made by the manufacturer or inventor;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After a review of the request a proposed INN is selected and published for comments;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;After a time-period for objections has lapsed, the name will obtain the status of a recommended INN and will be published as such if no objection has been raised.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process is entirely separate from drug approval through national agencies (like the FDA in the USA, EMA in the EU and MHRA in the UK). It may take some time to complete as it includes time for objections to be registered. Commonly, drugs are referred to by a code name during trials, before being assigned an INN and of course a proprietary name later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozinameran&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine&lt;/a&gt; has an INN of &amp;quot;Tozinameran&amp;quot; but was code-named &amp;quot;BNT162b2&amp;quot; during development and trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/20_480_Annex_INN_Form_nucleic_20200518.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Specific guidance&lt;/a&gt; is available on the application process for nucleus acid drugs (like mRNA).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;INN are selected in principle only for single, well-defined substances that can be unequivocally characterized by a chemical name (or formula). It is the policy of the INN programme not to select names for mixtures of substances, while substances that are not fully characterized are included in the INN system in exceptional cases only.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not every substance can or should have an INN. However, as you rightly state, mRNA vaccines are getting INNs ending in the &amp;quot;-meran&amp;quot; suffix.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In summary, I suspect that the Moderna vaccine will get a INN with a &amp;quot;-meran&amp;quot; suffix, but as these vaccines are only just being approved for emergency use, the process has not completed yet. I could not find any information on the status (if any) of an INN application for Moderna’s mRNA-1273 vaccine, but I did find an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/update-assessment-marketing-authorisation-application-modernas-mrna-1273-covid-19-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;update&lt;/a&gt; from the EMA about the approval process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Other sources&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;INN&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;RNA Vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2021-01-03T08:47:11.473" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T08:47:11.473" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25440" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-02T10:50:58.460" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CAQI&lt;/a&gt; (Common Air Quality Index) in my region has been around 60-70 because of smog for the last few days. That's around 105-125 in US AQI scale. What is the maximum CAQI (or US AQI) level at which I can still run safely outdoor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7320" LastEditorUserId="7320" LastEditDate="2021-01-02T13:16:40.237" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T13:16:40.237" Title="CAQI max level to do outdoor sport?" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25441" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25395" CreationDate="2021-01-02T12:00:57.603" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, this question is definitely relevant.&#xA;First I will clear some terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Filling&lt;/strong&gt;- The decayed tooth structure is drilled out and replaced with a white (composite) or silver (amalgam) filling.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/V0L9I.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inlay&lt;/strong&gt;- In case when the cavity is too large. The inlay is fabricated as a single solid piece to fit the specific shape and size of the cavity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Onlay&lt;/strong&gt;- More than an inlay, but not quite a crown, this restoration covers a cusp of the tooth as a single solid piece.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Crown&lt;/strong&gt;- More of a replacement than a repair, a cap is placed over an entire tooth after removing the existing tooth decay.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www-rsfdentist-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.rsfdentist.com/our-blog/2016/12/1/filling-vs-inlay-vs-onlay-vs-crown-whats-the-difference?amp_gsa=1&amp;amp;amp_js_v=a6&amp;amp;format=amp&amp;amp;usqp=mq331AQHKAFQArABIA%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&amp;amp;aoh=16095851297268&amp;amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp;ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsfdentist.com%2Four-blog%2F2016%2F12%2F1%2Ffilling-vs-inlay-vs-onlay-vs-crown-whats-the-difference&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6wDd1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Veneers&lt;/strong&gt;-Dental veneers (sometimes called porcelain veneers or dental porcelain laminates) are wafer-thin, custom-made shells of tooth-colored materials designed to cover the front surface of teeth to improve your appearance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/veneers&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6OkGY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While they function similarly to dental crowns, veneers only cover the front of the tooth and don’t provide the structural support of a crown, inlay, or onlay.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.millpointdentalcenter.com/2020/09/22/dental-restoration-demystifying-crowns-vs-veneers-vs-inlays-vs-onlays/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now coming back to your question,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Usually crowns are indicated when there is a dental decaya and a good deal of tooth structure is lost in the decay. The tooth is then prepared, i.e. cut more so as to receive a retentive crown.&#xA;Aesthetic crowns are given for the front teeth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now in veneers are indicated when the teeth are stained, or there is a gap between two front teeth or the shape of one's tooth is abnormal or the teeth are malpositioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/professional-education/ce-courses/ce333/indications-for-veneer-placement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So basically, veneers are given when a good amount of tooth structure is remaining.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a veneer to work properly, your tooth has to have enough enamel on it for a veneer to bond to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also for the same reason,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;veneers don’t need as much grinding of the tooth surface.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/veneers-vs-crowns#veneer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And hence,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They’re not as invasive as crowns, because the preparation leaves more of your original tooth intact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/veneers-vs-crowns#veneer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is an advantage over crowns.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hence between crowns and veneers as such there are no risks to choose either of them,&#xA;But if the case is that veneers or crowns both can be given and the cosmetic or aesthetic demands of a patients are high then veneers will be a better option-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They may be more aesthetically pleasing than crowns in the long run, because they don’t show a gum margin after several years, as crowns sometimes do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some veneers don’t require a lot of trimming, so more of your healthy natural tooth remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Teeth with veneers have minimal movement.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/veneers-vs-crowns#pros-and-cons&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I have satisfactorily answered your questions :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastEditorUserId="19734" LastEditDate="2021-01-09T21:21:19.150" LastActivityDate="2021-01-09T21:21:19.150" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25442" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-02T13:24:27.977" Score="7" ViewCount="862" Body="&lt;p&gt;Pfizer's paper (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine&lt;/a&gt;) published recently states the following in the Efficacy subsection of the Results section:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Between the first dose and the second dose, 39 cases in the BNT162b2 group and 82 cases in the placebo group were observed, resulting in a vaccine efficacy of 52% (95% CI, 29.5 to 68.4) during this interval and indicating early protection by the vaccine, starting as soon as 12 days after the first dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can anyone explain in simple terms the calculation of 52%? I am guessing that this number was obtained from:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zbFa2.png&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zbFa2.png&quot; alt=&quot;formula&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But why is that the calculation? Does it depend on the fact that the vaccine and placebo groups were in equal numbers, such that by observing 82 COVID-19 cases in the placebo group, we match 82 subjects in the vaccine group, and since only 39 confirmed cases were observed in the vaccine group, the authors conclude that the &amp;quot;complementary (to 82)&amp;quot; 43 subjects did not become sick, and thus the vaccine is efficient in 52% of the subjects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T19:28:24.040" Title="BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine efficacy after 1st dose - explain the statistics" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25443" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25442" CreationDate="2021-01-02T18:43:31.457" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The paper itself describes how this is calculated (see the Methods section), but also see this Q&amp;amp;A at Biology.SE talking more broadly about how efficacy has been defined in these vaccine trials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/96941/27148&quot;&gt;https://biology.stackexchange.com/q/96941/27148&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They define efficacy as the fraction of infected in the vaccine compared to placebo categories, normalized for observation time (the integral of time by number observed). Quoting from the paper you linked:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccine efficacy was estimated by 100×(1−IRR), where IRR is the calculated ratio of confirmed cases of Covid-19 illness per 1000 person-years of follow-up in the active vaccine group to the corresponding illness rate in the placebo group&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;giving the equations&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IRR = (VaccineInfections/VaccinePersonYears/1000)/(PlaceboInfections/PlaceboPersonYears/1000)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;VE = 100 * (1 - IRR)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If VaccinePersonYears and PlaceboPersonYears are equal, then IRR reduces to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IRR = VaccineInfections/PlaceboInfections= 39/82 = 0.48&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;100 * (1-0.48) = 52% effective&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So yes, this is algebraically equivalent to the equation you give, but it's originally calculated based on the actual data, not the simplified formula. It's just likely that VaccinePersonYears and PlaceboPersonYears are sufficiently similar (remember, they're giving the vaccine and placebo 50:50 to people in the same time frame), and it's a large study with thousands of participants so drop outs and such are likely to even out statistically and reduce to the simplified form you give.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-01-02T19:18:05.587" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T19:18:05.587" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25444" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25442" CreationDate="2021-01-02T19:21:50.380" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;The formula used for vaccine efficacy is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;VE = (ARU - ARV) / ARU&#xA;&#xA;(VE: vaccine efficacy, ARU: attack rate in unvaccinated participants, ARV: attack rate in vaccinated participants)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is equivalent to:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;VE = 1 - RR&#xA;&#xA;(RR: Relative risk)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The attack rate is simply the number of new cases divided by the total group size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ARV = 39 / 21,314 = 0.00182978&#xA;&#xA;ARU = 82 / 21,258 = 0.00385737&#xA;&#xA;VE = 0.5256 which is approximately 52%&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers are from figure three in the linked paper, showing the number of cases in each group between the first dose and the second dose (i.e. ignoring the effect of a second dose). The vaccine efficacy rose to approximately 95% by seven days after the second dose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your calculation produced a similar result due to the very similar group sizes (21,314 and 21,258).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Importantly, the authors note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study was not designed to assess the efficacy of a single-dose regimen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This places caveats on the conclusions that can be drawn from this study with regard to a single-dose regimen of this vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccine efficacy&lt;/a&gt; provides a good summary of the measure and the associated caveats.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14056" LastEditorUserId="14056" LastEditDate="2021-01-02T19:28:24.040" LastActivityDate="2021-01-02T19:28:24.040" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25448" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-03T10:49:28.827" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;Practitioners from my country (France) tend to classify disorders of water and sodium balance as either concerning the intracellular compartment (IC), the extracellular compartment (EC) or both. I guess that this classification of water/sodium balance disorders is not specific to France, but I did not manage to find useful references dealing with this subject in the English literature.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Assuming that the concepts of intra/extracellular over/dehydration are widely accepted, here is my question: &lt;b&gt;why is diabetes insipidus said to cause isolated intracellular dehydration?&lt;/b&gt; From my understanding of the condition, people with DI do (of course) lose water in their urine, but also salt due to the limited dilution capacity of the kidneys. Because loss of salt means decrease of the osmotic pressure in the EC, the dehydration seen in people with DI should not only concern the IC, but also (I would even say predominantly) the EC.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Where am I wrong here? Thank you very much for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21079" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T10:49:28.827" Title="Water/sodium balance in diabetes insipidus" Tags="&lt;water&gt;&lt;sodium&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25451" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-03T14:37:05.753" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Oxford-AstraZeneca made furore two months ago for a dosage error in its 3rd phase trial. The 3000 or so trial participant who got the regimen with the erroneous dosage, showed apparent greater resistance to covid-19, in terms of the contrast of the number of acquired infections in the vaccinated group vs. those in the control group. I believe the company announced shortly after that it would start a larger follow-up 3rd phase trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of this apparently superior regimen. Since I didn't hear any news regarding publication or announcement of results of this follow-up trial, I was wondering whether the regulators in the UK and/or India have approved the initial &amp;quot;1 dose + 1 dose&amp;quot; regimen or the alternative &amp;quot;1/2 dose + 1 dose&amp;quot; regimen (or both)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17835" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T14:37:05.753" Title="Which regimen of the AstraZeneca vaccine was approved (in UK and India respectively)?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25453" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-03T16:26:23.790" Score="2" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm seeing different approaches to try protect/alleviate against airborne viruses (e.g. HRV). Let's take some examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Enzymatica ColdZyme&lt;/strong&gt; - oral spray&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;P&amp;amp;G Vicks First Defense&lt;/strong&gt; - nasal spray&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Taffix&lt;/strong&gt; - nasal spray&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They all claim they stop cold viruses (and more generically airborne viruses) from spreading if used within first hours/day from the symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Note: there are some claims they can also help against SARS-CoV-2, but this is not the goal of this discussion&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understand, they are acting at different layers:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vicks and Taffix are trying to shield the nasal cavity as it's considered the first body entrypoint&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;ColdZyme shields the oral cavity as they claim that once the virus enters through the nasal cavity, it will be moved from the nasal cavity to the throat by the action of the cilia&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also hear that there is some research going on about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines through nasal spray, which makes me think that nasal cavity protection is the common used approach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, why Enzymatica decided to go through the route of oral cavity protection? Wouldn't be a much less effective scenario as the virus already started its replication in the nasal cavity and it might be already late?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though on the other hand, by protecting only the nasal cavity, wouldn't be the mouth the other main entrypoint for airborne viruses, which would be left unprotected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to understand the reasons behind choosing one approach instead of another for protecting again the same viruses family.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the nasal cavity is by far the biggest risk and only a small percentage of infections (SARS-CoV-2 included) happen by &amp;quot;mouth&amp;quot;/oral cavity?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21082" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T10:45:46.603" Title="Nasal spray or oral spray against airborne viruses" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;&lt;airborne-transmission&gt;&lt;nasal-cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25454" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25453" CreationDate="2021-01-03T19:09:12.370" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any evidence that the oral sprays you list work.  The ColdZyme website, for example, lists exactly zero studies, and specifically disclaims being a medicine.  Taffix claims that a number of studies have been done, but the only &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; study was very low quality, being an unblinded study.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, these give strong evidence of being &amp;quot;snake oil&amp;quot;, and thus any design decision should be assumed to be driven by marketing purposes, not medical purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="333" LastActivityDate="2021-01-03T19:09:12.370" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25456" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-02T11:49:02.303" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read that patients suffering from astigmatism sometimes experience monocular diplopia but I don't understand why this is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we have an idea of why this occurs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21096" OwnerDisplayName="James" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-07T15:50:44.213" LastActivityDate="2021-02-07T15:50:44.213" Title="Why is monocular diplopia a symptom of astigmatism in some cases?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25457" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25399" CreationDate="2021-01-03T20:28:05.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tetanus&lt;/strong&gt; infections do not produce immunity. Vaccination with the tetanus toxoid does. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/clinicians.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moderna recently published results from a Phase II study for &lt;strong&gt;SARS-CoV-2&lt;/strong&gt; that showed that people who were vaccinated had higher spike-binding and neutralizing antibody responses than serum from people who had symptomatic COVID-19 (see Figure 3 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21001535&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chu 2021&lt;/a&gt;). Note that this is just looking at antibody responses, not protection from disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dengue virus&lt;/strong&gt; famously exhibits &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibody-dependent enhancement&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; of disease, meaning that it's typically worse each time you get the disease. There's no vaccine for dengue, but if there were, it would necessarily be more protective than infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12748" LastEditorUserId="12748" LastEditDate="2021-02-14T23:05:31.760" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T23:05:31.760" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25458" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25453" CreationDate="2021-01-04T03:11:59.777" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree with Mark, administration route probably doesn't matter because none of these were shown to work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ColdZyme &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17461391.2020.1771429&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has&lt;/a&gt; an open-label trial but which found no reduction in incidence, and only a very modest reduction in symptom duration. They do mention and even have &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26554&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more recent&lt;/a&gt; in vitro trials, but those results insofar don't hold in vivo for reasons that they don't really discuss (the enzyme gets cleared too quickly in vivo maybe?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P&amp;amp;G got &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/procter---gamble--health---beauty-care--ltd-g19-1042950-procter--gamble--health--beauty-care--ltd.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;spanked&lt;/a&gt; by the UK regulator for misleading advertisement, despite having had a similar trial [which is not clear if it was published somewhere or just provided to the regulator upon complaint.] Tthe regulator decided that P&amp;amp;G could not continue to claim what they did.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T03:11:59.777" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25459" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-04T09:51:31.790" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to know if impaired oxygen uptake by muscles and a return of this oxygen via the venous system has any influence on blood pH. I'm thinking about patients with for example mitochondrial myopathies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If a person exercises, breathes heavily and oxygen uptake is limited then anaerobic metabolism would increase. This will likely lead to an increase of lactic acid, and possibly a mild acidosis. Is it possible that in such a scenario a respiratory alkalosis could also develop, similar to hyperventilating if effect of hyperventilation &amp;gt;&amp;gt; lactic acid production or could this create a mixed acid-base problem? How common is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lhsc.on.ca/critical-care-trauma-centre/central-venous/mixed-venous-oxygen-saturation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.lhsc.on.ca/critical-care-trauma-centre/central-venous/mixed-venous-oxygen-saturation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20952" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T09:51:31.790" Title="In impaired tissue oxigen update, are other acid-base problems than lactic acidosis possible?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25461" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="18121" CreationDate="2021-01-04T13:23:49.900" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hans Asperger, who first reported this kind of condition, used the term &amp;quot;autistic psychopathy&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511526770.002&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DOI&lt;/a&gt;). From very beginning of discovery of this condition, people were aware that Aspergers is sort of autism.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asperger, H. (n.d.). “Autistic psychopathy” in childhood. Autism and Asperger Syndrome, 37–92. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526770.002  Translated by Uta Frith&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wolff, S. (1996). The first account of the syndrome Asperger described? European Child &amp;amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, 5(3), 119–132. doi:10.1007/bf00571671 Translation of a paper entitled &amp;quot;Die schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter&amp;quot; by Dr. G.E. Ssucharewa; scientific assistant, which appeared in 1926 in the Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie 60:235-261&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7262" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T13:23:49.900" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25462" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-04T13:54:36.387" Score="1" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a lot of neurodevelopmental conditions which are hidden-type and resembles mental conditions. These includes sensory processing disorders, prosopagnosia, developmental coordination disorder (dyspraxia), ADHD, autism, dyslexia, dyscalculia etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which speciality is better suited to diagnose these type of conditions?  A neurologist or a psychologist or a psychiatrist?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7262" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T00:18:22.933" Title="A neurologist or a psychiatrist or a psychologist, who is better suited to diagnose neurodevelopmental disorders?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;development-disorder&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25465" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25466" CreationDate="2021-01-04T17:11:10.453" Score="-1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Background: I have no background in medical sciences, and this is something I've been thinking about since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic; please ELI5 your answer if you can.  Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We estimate the age of the Earth to be in the hundreds of millions of years old, and the age of human society to be in the tens of thousands of years.  One would therefore posit, modulo changes in environment, that pretty much every naturally occurring virus that exists, has probably been discovered, or at the very least, has been experienced and has some kind of history; even if we didn't know what it was at the time, we could at least look back at historical records and go &amp;quot;oh, that was that disease, now we know what it is and can treat it&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the Covid-19 pandemic began, scientists were not sure if it was natural or made in a lab, and to the best of my knowledge that question has still not been conclusively answered a year later (I may be unaware of that being decided).  My question is: Why do we believe that the Covid-19 virus is (possibly) naturally occurring, given that for the tens of thousands of years of human history, prior to 2019, we have no evidence (to my knowledge) of it ever being encountered, and it is sufficiently different from anything we had seen before that we (humans as a whole) were unequipped to deal with it sufficiently (reducing the probability of it being a recent mutation of something we had seen before)?  What sorts of precedents exist for this sort of situation, where a very virulent, potent, and communicable disease has existed in nature for a long period of time, but has never been discovered until &amp;quot;recently&amp;quot; (for some definition of &amp;quot;recently&amp;quot; in context)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21097" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T17:26:07.323" Title="How can &quot;new viruses&quot; exist?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-24T05:12:51.830" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25466" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25465" CreationDate="2021-01-04T17:26:07.323" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Your premise that this virus is &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; in the way you imagine it is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The virus that causes COVID-19 is very similar to other viruses we already know about. Similar enough to one that we even call the virus &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;SARS-CoV-2&amp;quot;, the &amp;quot;2&amp;quot; indicating it's the second such virus in that group&lt;/a&gt;, and also similar to another virus named &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MERS-CoV&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It has even more similarity to other viruses we know circulate in other animals, in particular bats. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Coronaviruses&lt;/a&gt; come in various categories that cause illness in a variety of species. These include forms that circulate in human populations and cause &amp;quot;common cold&amp;quot; symptoms. These viruses have a long history of recent evolution over the history of human civilization, as well as the distant past in other species. Quoting from Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.[73] The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and of the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-01-04T17:26:07.323" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25469" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-05T06:21:29.450" Score="-1" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I understand things correctly the popular COVID 19 vaccine gives the body RNA that teaches the body cells to create a protein that looks like the virus. And then the body learns to fight against it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now my question is, why not to give the body directly the protein and skip the RNA stuff.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's hard to create that protein, why not use animals for that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people are against the vaccine because of the RNA, so maybe it's a better approach?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21104" LastActivityDate="2021-01-05T18:43:42.073" Title="For fighting COVID19, Why we give the body the RNA and not give the body the protien itself?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-05T21:57:05.407" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25473" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-05T10:30:40.070" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the effect of intermittent fasting on sleep, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The 2018 review {1} was quite inconclusive, except for REM sleep in the case of diurnal intermittent fasting:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The impact of diurnal intermittent fasting (IF) on circadian rhythm, sleep, and daytime sleepiness is an exciting topic that deserves future research. Earlier studies have suggested that diurnal IF during Ramadan causes a delay in the circadian rhythm of core body temperature and hormonal secretion. However, more recent studies controlling for lifestyle changes that may influence circadian rhythm showed no effects of diurnal IF on the circadian rhythm. [...] The only consistent change in all studies that assessed sleep architecture during diurnal IF is a decrease in the amount of REM sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if there exists more recent and more conclusive studies on the effect of intermittent fasting on sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Almeneessier, Aljohara S, and Ahmed S BaHammam. “How does diurnal intermittent fasting impact sleep, daytime sleepiness, and markers of the biological clock? Current insights.” Nature and science of sleep vol. 10 439-452. 7 Dec. 2018, doi:10.2147/NSS.S165637 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6292409/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6292409/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-01-05T10:30:40.070" Title="What is the effect of intermittent fasting on sleep, if any?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25475" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25469" CreationDate="2021-01-05T16:55:30.673" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, if you want to ask if anybody is working a protein sub-unit vaccine, the answer is yes, NIH &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/phase-3-trial-novavax-investigational-covid-19-vaccine-opens&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; on Dec 28 that Novavax began phase III trials for NVX-CoV2373.  (They are actually conducting concurrent trials in the UK and Mexico &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nihr.ac.uk/news/novavax-phase-3-covid-19-vaccine-trial-completes-enrollment-in-two-months/26321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;too&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/will-small-long-shot-us-company-end-producing-best-coronavirus-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;story&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;, Novavax uses armyworm moth cells to grow these proteins; the spike protein DNA is transfected to these cells via a baculovirus. The &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt; article also mentions that Novavax has had some issues with scaling production. As I mentioned in my answer to the related question, in general &amp;quot;manufacturers are challenged to balance the competing goals of speed to market and process optimization&amp;quot;. (One can also find more in-depth articles on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20313736&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;animal trials&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2026920&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phase 1-2 trials&lt;/a&gt; for this vaccine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00480-0/tables/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;at least two&lt;/a&gt;  Chinese vaccine candidates that use a protein sub-unit, one in phase III trials (Anhui Zhifei Longcom -- ChiCTR2000040153). This is one is interesting perhaps because it &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321023/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aims&lt;/a&gt; to immunize against MERS and the original SARS as well. For the biotech inclined, there is actually a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/8/12/1539/pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;technical paper&lt;/a&gt; from a 3rd group (linked to the Swiss biotech ExcellGene) on making SARS-CoV-2 proteins in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_hamster_ovary_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CHO&lt;/a&gt; bioreactors, which is what the aforementioned Chinese group is using as underlying tech, broadly speaking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2798-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; linked from that paper discusses the challenges with these protein-sub-unit vaccines in general:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;such vaccines also have disadvantages. The spike protein is relatively hard to express, and this is likely to have an effect on production yields and on how many doses can be produced. The RBD is easier to express; however, it is a relatively small protein when expressed alone and, although potent neutralizing antibodies bind to the RBD, it lacks other neutralizing epitopes that are present on the full-length spike. This might render RBD-based vaccines more prone to impact from antigenic drift than vaccines that include the full-length spike protein. Many recombinant protein vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are currently in preclinical development, and several spike-protein-based and RBD-based vaccines have entered clinical trials [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of further note here, the (Chinese) Longcom vaccine only targets the RBD, while Novavax's targets the whole spike protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; on vaccine candidates I found (Dec 20) mentions that some 13 companies actually have protein sub-unit vaccines in clinical trials, at various stages, with Novavax being the one that has done most testing up to date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-05T18:43:42.073" LastActivityDate="2021-01-05T18:43:42.073" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25476" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-05T20:37:06.280" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;For context, in the past the CDC has published time series data of COVID case counts by State: &lt;a href=&quot;https://healthdata.gov/dataset/united-states-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-state-over-time&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://healthdata.gov/dataset/united-states-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-state-over-time&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, CDC are beginning to publish vaccination distribution/administration information by State. However, best as I can tell, vaccine administration counts by State are only kept on a live web page and has not yet been turned into time series: &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my best recourse for now to suggest pulling daily counts by State with the Wayback machine? Curious if anyone has found this data hosted elsewhere? I looked on Healthdata.gov, where the case counts time series is hosted, and only found counts on vaccine shipments by State - not counts of the vaccines administered, which that live-updated page hosts (&lt;a href=&quot;https://healthdata.gov/search/type/dataset?query=vaccine&amp;amp;sort_by=changed&amp;amp;sort_order=DESC&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://healthdata.gov/search/type/dataset?query=vaccine&amp;amp;sort_by=changed&amp;amp;sort_order=DESC&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not interested in live web pages hosted by NYT/Bloomberg - would prefer to get direct from the source. Bloomberg reported (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/&lt;/a&gt;) they edit the vaccine data they publish a bit: 'Local governments and the CDC sometimes report different totals for the same jurisdiction; in these cases Bloomberg uses the higher number.'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21113" LastActivityDate="2021-01-05T20:37:06.280" Title="CDC COVID Vaccine Administration Time Series Data?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25477" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-05T20:48:52.353" Score="2" ViewCount="92" Body="&lt;p&gt;I would like to clarify my understanding because anatomy atlases do not provide me an explanation. As far as I know, the aortic bulbus is a part (the widest, the sinuses of Valsalva) of the aortic root.&#xA;But browsing through some medical reports, I can see these are often reported individually, e.g. Ascending Aorta (X mm), Aortic Root (Y mm), Aortic Bulbus (Z mm).&#xA;As the bulbus should be part of the root, what is the &amp;quot;root&amp;quot; exactly referring to?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21114" LastEditorUserId="21114" LastEditDate="2021-01-26T14:06:34.623" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T08:22:45.687" Title="Bulbus aortae is a part of aortic root, then where are the two measurements taken?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;heart&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;arteries-artery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25479" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25453" CreationDate="2021-01-06T10:45:46.603" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;A relevant, unique research paper I found with particular relevance for COVID-19: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7467121/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hypothesis: Nasal vs. oral inhalation accounts for the severity of COVID-19&lt;/a&gt;. People who lose their sense of smell apparently generally experience milder cases than those who do not. This paper theorizes that when a higher percentage of coronavirus particles enter through the nose, more become lodged close to entry, rather than reaching the lungs, trapping the pathogens in a less vulnerable part of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine having infection initially build up in the nasal area also gives the body more lead time to build a strong immune response and produce antibodies before a higher load of coronaviruses possibly reaching the lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the lungs are the site with most severe vulnerability, it would seem that shielding infection through the mouth could possibly be a higher priority area to focus on, if indeed its natural barriers are being less effective at inhibiting infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 in the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For minimizing risks of infection with COVID-19, an interesting combined approach using both a nasal spray (Snoot) in conjunction with an oral rinse (DioxiRinse) has been proposed in one research paper: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7441790/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Acidified sodium chlorite solution: A potential prophylaxis to mitigate impact of multiple exposures to COVID-19 in frontline health-care providers&lt;/a&gt;. The acidified sodium chlorite products mentioned produce chlorine dioxide, which has rapid effectiveness on pathogens even when used at low levels that have minimal impact on the human body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Various dental rinses have shown high effectiveness SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. A trial is scheduled to begin specifically testing four mouthwashes for their potential to help with COVID-19 contagion control and possibly reduction of symptoms: &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.ucsf.edu/trial/NCT04409873&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Antiseptic Mouthwash / Pre-Procedural Rinse on SARS-CoV-2 Load (COVID-19)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The news article &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/mouthwash-inactivate-covid-study/2020/10/22/1735cdd4-13c5-11eb-bc10-40b25382f1be_story.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What those studies on mouthwash and coronaviruses actually mean&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; cautions that findings we have to-date should be evaluated carefully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21117" LastActivityDate="2021-01-06T10:45:46.603" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25482" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25483" CreationDate="2021-01-06T18:09:20.677" Score="4" ViewCount="117" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not a health expert, just trying to understand possible long-term side effects of the vaccine, so if my terminology and thinking is off, feel free to correct.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The prominent vaccines right now &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are the mRNA vaccines that cause our cells to recreate the spike protein that the COVID-19&lt;/a&gt; causing virus uses to bind to our lung cells' receptors.  I'm fairly confident from my limited understanding that spike proteins (or all types of envelope proteins, generally) &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelope&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;are specific only to viruses&lt;/a&gt;, which don't help our bodies in any way.  However, my concern is that I can't find any evidence or articles that specifically confirm &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;that our immune system won't start targeting&lt;/a&gt; healthy ligands, such as hormones, other proteins, or even pharmaceutical drugs assuming they may have a similar enough structure to the mRNA-manufactured spike protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, &lt;a href=&quot;https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectious-disease/know-novel-coronaviruss-29-proteins/98/web/2020/04&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; suggests that the the SARS-CoV-2 S protein  &amp;quot;allows an enzyme called furin, which is made by many types of human cells, to do the first cut...ACE2 is present in many organs throughout the body and interfering with it may have side effects, so researchers want to avoid hitting the receptor&amp;quot;, suggest that it is possible that a vaccine response could have negative side effects to possible enzyme uptake.  The article was written long before the vaccine was developed, so unfortunately it doesn't have commentary about whether or not the vaccine has been proven to accomplish that end.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any research, evidence, or information that someone can link to that helps put my mind at ease on this possibility?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since mRNA vaccines are novel and haven't had long-term test results, I'm frankly worried that there may be implications for such vaccines that may be more dangerous to healthy young adults more so than the risks of even the virus itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21130" LastEditorUserId="21130" LastEditDate="2021-01-07T06:38:46.613" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T06:38:46.613" Title="Could the COVID-19 vaccine adversely impact healthy protein reception?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25483" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25482" CreationDate="2021-01-07T02:22:31.373" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;You say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't find any evidence or articles that specifically confirm that our immune system won't start targeting healthy ligands, such as hormones, other proteins, or even pharmaceutical drugs assuming they may have a similar enough structure to the mRNA-manufactured spike protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;mRNA-manufactured&amp;quot; is a red herring here. If the spike protein could cause such an auto-immune response you'd see it from any vaccine that uses the SARS-CoV-2 spike in any shape or form (e.g the classic protein-subunit vaccines that are in phase III trials), as well as from the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now it's true that the virus itself does cause an immune overreaction in some people but this actually &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997220300926&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leads&lt;/a&gt; to ARDS often leading to death--something that would be hard to miss in clinical trials of the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking of such auto-immune reactions, some have been observed from the vaccines, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/fda-modernas-covid-19-vaccine-may-cause-side-effects-in-people-with-facial-fillers/2485434/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;involving&lt;/a&gt; cosmetic facial fillers. You can't compare these to ARDS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is a more reasonable question if &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;long Covid&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; reactions could be caused by administration of the vaccine alone, but again &amp;quot;long Covid&amp;quot; symptoms from the actual virus don't take months to &lt;em&gt;emerge&lt;/em&gt;, even though various symptoms do persist that long. (I'm actually not sure how quickly the reactions observed in those with cosmetic facial fillers actually subside--maybe you can ask a more focused q on that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, consider that phase II or III trials for the vaccines have been done for roughly 6-9 months now... (Actually, the FDA advisory on facial fillers is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbc12.com/2020/12/30/moderna-covid-vaccine-may-cause-side-effects-people-with-facial-fillers/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;based&lt;/a&gt; on the two or so people who had them among the tens of thousands in the phase III trials. Those reactions were actually in line with the reactogenicity more generally observed in the trials--see another &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/a/25382/10980&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; of mine here which touched on that. Note that that might not actually be from the spike protein though.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-07T03:18:34.970" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T03:18:34.970" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25484" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-07T18:38:40.703" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lets say a serum blood test shows bicarbonate of 20mmol/l but an ABG of 15mmol/l, both tests taken 3 minutes apart in a person with acute metabolic acidosis with compensation. Can anyone explain why in simple words? I know bicarbonate is CO2 calculated from all three types: CO2, C2HO3 and HCO3. Is something missing in the venous sample or something else overestimated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20952" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T18:38:40.703" Title="Why is there a difference between venous bicarbonate and bicarbonate in ABG?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;emergency&gt;&lt;laboratory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25485" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21625" CreationDate="2021-01-07T20:52:51.797" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As the other answerer said, the functional difference (for airborne virus) in filtration is low between N95, N99, and N100. However, it should be noted that &lt;em&gt;fit&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;leakage&lt;/em&gt; is very important. If there are gaps, even small gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fit testing is part of the NIOSH standard. Google QLFT and QNFT. I'm not sure about other standards, which might just be about the filter. (I assume if they are respirator standards, then there is also a fit test).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Proper &lt;em&gt;usage of&lt;/em&gt; / protection with N95 masks requires a good seal. Based on talking to some nurses, N95 fit testing in hospitals (in the USA) isn't that prevalent or well known.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to run a very cheap variant of the QLFT fit test, take a look at this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/viralHelmets/comments/khwdhy/use_saccharin_to_test_your_mask_fit/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; (I made it, but has references) that mimics the QLFT.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also touch on PAPRs / Viral Helmets  &lt;a href=&quot;https://viralhelmets.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (also my site) and opine that N95 or KN95 is usually sufficient for most cases if you have good fit. I don't go through the underlying modeling, but that is based on the &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid-estimators.org&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jimenez model&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19917" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T20:52:51.797" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25487" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-07T23:10:04.610" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems like a stupid question: does it &amp;quot;just&amp;quot; mean that 90% of the population won't be infected?  But if only 10% of the population would have been infected without the vaccine, then it's not effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus, does &amp;quot;90% effective&amp;quot; mean that only 1% (10% of 10%) will now get infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21135" LastActivityDate="2021-01-07T23:10:04.610" Title="What does it mean for a vaccine to be &quot;90% effective&quot;?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-01-07T23:49:26.473" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25489" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-08T10:06:17.030" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;One covid vaccine must be stored at -70 degrees Celsius. What type of substance or mechanism ensures that the structure of the virus mRNA elements is not distorted at this temperature? And why does this vaccine have to be stored at such a temperature?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the vaccine contain a cryoprotectant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoprotectant&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoprotectant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not why?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry for My English.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21138" LastEditorUserId="21138" LastEditDate="2021-01-08T15:52:36.153" LastActivityDate="2021-01-08T15:52:36.153" Title="One covid vaccine must be stored at -70 degrees Celsius" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2021-01-12T16:05:08.820" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25492" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15499" CreationDate="2021-01-09T18:59:05.950" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;as you noted in comments about England context:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gender-dysphoria/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;according to&lt;/a&gt; NHS UK, one has to pass assessment at one of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/how-to-find-an-nhs-gender-identity-clinic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gender dysphoria clinics in England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After a detailed assessment to confirm the diagnosis of gender dysphoria and what it means for you, the GDC team will work with you on an agreed treatment plan.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Before that, it's just feeling or symptom from medical point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Same reference from NHS states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gender dysphoria is not a mental illness, but some people may develop mental health problems because of gender dysphoria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20996" LastEditorUserId="20996" LastEditDate="2021-01-11T21:44:15.447" LastActivityDate="2021-01-11T21:44:15.447" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25494" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="14001" CreationDate="2021-01-10T08:18:18.160" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can [silicone gels and silicone plasters] be used simultaneously to enhance their positive effect?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, according to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.myscaraway.com/faq/#toggle-id-16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ScarAway's user manual&lt;/a&gt; (ScarAway is one of the main brands for silicone gels and silicone sheets in the United States):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do not use [silicone gels and silicone sheets] at the same time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I guess that the reason is that using silicone gels and silicone sheets (= plasters) at the same time would interfere with the adherence of the sheets to the skin, thereby reducing its effect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as mentioned on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.myscaraway.com/faq/#toggle-id-16&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.myscaraway.com/faq/#toggle-id-16&lt;/a&gt;, you can use the silicone gel when not using the silicone sheets:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can I use ScarAway® Scar Diminishing Gel with ScarAway® Silicone Scar Sheets?Yes.  ScarAway® Scar Diminishing Gel may be used as part of your complete scar treatment regimen. Simply apply ScarAway® Scar Diminishing Gel as directed when not wearing your ScarAway® Silicone Sheet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that ScarAway's packaging mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For best results: Use as part of a complete scar treatment regimen, alternating use with ScarAway Silicone Scar Sheets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3ZPD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3ZPD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However no evidence is given of the usefulness of alternating Scar Sheets with gel and obviously, there could be a financial bias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ScarAway's user manual:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZyUNa.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZyUNa.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/duIiY.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/duIiY.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-01-10T08:46:21.753" LastActivityDate="2021-01-10T08:46:21.753" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25495" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-10T08:50:37.840" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;ScarAway's packaging mentions (ScarAway is one of the main brands for silicone gels and silicone sheets in the United States):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For best results: Use as part of a complete scar treatment regimen, alternating use [of silicone get] with ScarAway Silicone Scar Sheets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3ZPD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r3ZPD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However no evidence is given of the usefulness of alternating Scar Sheets with gel and obviously, there could be a financial bias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-01-10T08:50:37.840" Title="Does alternating silicone sheets with silicone gel yield a better scar reduction than using silicone sheets or silicone gel alone?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;wound-care&gt;&lt;sutures&gt;&lt;cosmesis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25501" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-12T17:41:31.383" Score="0" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;ACE2 protein on the surface of lung epithelial cell and and other cell types is a homologue to ACE which is popularly as the target protein/enzyme of blood pressure medication (&amp;quot;ACE inhibitors&amp;quot;. ACE2 is not ACE, they are homologues).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the ACE2 protein is the target of Covid-19 virus, cells that have ACE2 on their surface are being killed by the virus and ACE2's physiological function is lost. This function seems to be related to blood pressure regulation and is said to counteract ACE-mediated elevation of blood pressure by AngiotensinII hormone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any theory on the physiological specific effects of such loss of function?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did quite a bit of google research on the ACE2 receptor to no avail and got related questions I asked answered at SE-biology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21148" LastActivityDate="2021-02-08T08:15:48.270" Title="What are specific effects of a loss ACE2 functionality caused by COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25502" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-12T18:34:13.987" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any infection(s) of the nape caused by a foreign body (bacterial, viral, fungal, etc)? I mean a foreign body infection found or originating primarily or solely in the nape.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know some ENT infections can spread to the neck but they don't originate in the neck (or the nape).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also understand that trauma (cut or wound) to the nape can become infected or a keloid on the nape can become infected by bacteria. But as I understand, these bacteria don't have any more special affinity for the nape as they would for a wound anywhere else.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21153" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T03:11:19.630" Title="Is there any infection that targets/found in specifically the nape of the neck?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;neck&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25504" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23029" CreationDate="2021-01-13T06:37:18.020" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;(What's true has changed even further!!  A lot changed AGAIN - since this question was asked and initially answered, AND THEN since it was (last month) initially answered by me!  So time  for another new answer!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YES!  In addition to several literature reviews by several groups of doctors including some of the most experienced in emergency medicine, and confirmed by their clinical experience as well as large population studies and medical groups in several countries on the latest research, there are two recent WHO-originated and funded endorsements of ivermectin. First, on the WHO website, ivermectin is recommended for treatment of Covid-19 patients when they are being treated with immunosuppressants. Secondly The WHO funded an evaluation of the evidence to date and the expert consultant the WHO relies on for such evaluations of evidence to be used as the basis for official WHO recommendations has spoken very encouragingly regarding the evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrating the utility of Ivermectin in treating Covid-19 that his work so far has uncovered.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrew Hill for WHO: &lt;a href=&quot;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yOAh7GtvcOs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yOAh7GtvcOs&lt;/a&gt; (censored)&#xA;Original is at &lt;a href=&quot;https://medincell.com/IvermectinWorkshop/AndrewHill.mp4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medincell.com/IvermectinWorkshop/AndrewHill.mp4&lt;/a&gt;, (works) and I have a copy as well.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/s/li4i3pyl52t88dy/AndrewHill%20WebOpt%2Ch265%2C0%2C-fps%2CRF31%2C%20placebo%2C%20to1920x1k%20-36%2C106%2C-94%2C-4%2CnoALL%2CHE-AAC40kbps.m4v?dl=0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/s/li4i3pyl52t88dy/AndrewHill%20WebOpt%2Ch265%2C0%2C-fps%2CRF31%2C%20placebo%2C%20to1920x1k%20-36%2C106%2C-94%2C-4%2CnoALL%2CHE-AAC40kbps.m4v?dl=0&lt;/a&gt; (works; sign-up/login NOT needed)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/news/item/17-12-2020-a-parasitic-infection-that-can-turn-fatal-with-administration-of-corticosteroids&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yc722.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Sources&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17268" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T07:26:05.673" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T07:26:05.673" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25505" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23328" CreationDate="2021-01-13T11:09:40.337" Score="-4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to my  google searching there is no authority on physiological or immunological reasons for asymptomatic infection with CoV-19, so general principles should apply.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals may differ in their immune system, but also  may differ in their coping with a loss of normal   cell function.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refering to the immune system:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People differ genetically in their MHC, major histocompatibility complex. T-cells that kill infected cells to prevent further - symptomatic - spreading are being activated by a signal that is a combination of the specific viral antigen and the individual's specific MHC. That might explain why all  - other factors equal - people will have different affinity of their killer t-cells. These t-cells also (as T4-Helper-cells) activate antibody production by B cells which should lead to indivually different patterns of antibody production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Compare e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-39241-7_10&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-39241-7_10&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;By predicting the immunodominant peptides from various common viruses we found that different MHC alleles are expected to provide quite different levels of protection.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refering to the functions of normal body cells killed by virus:&#xA;CoV-19 specifically attacks ACE2-cells which not only produce surfactant that enhances breathing but, functioning as stem cells, renew normal lung pneumocytes I. It seems evident that with age and existing diseases people differ in their coping with a loss of a certain amount of this functionality. What's more, infection might be stopped before CoV-19 enters the blood systems and affects different functionality of ACE2-cells that are part not of the lung but of the blood vessel epithelia. There again, people might differ in preexisting diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some hint from a beginner's standpoint: any reaction of the immune system, be it innate or adapative, litterally needs at least some infection of cell, thus replication of the virus, thus infectivity, of the virus, to start up the defence mechanisms - as the infection of some cell triggers the defence. Thus, symptomless transmission, surprisingly, appears as the rule, not the exception! You'd need some level of neutralizing antibodies present in your blood,in your lung epithelia, e.g. some recent preinfection leading to antibodies present, to possibly fend off the infection of cells and the &amp;quot;incubative&amp;quot;, symptomless infectivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21148" LastEditorUserId="21148" LastEditDate="2021-05-02T11:43:57.853" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T11:43:57.853" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25506" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25456" CreationDate="2021-01-13T18:08:13.910" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/double-vision-diplopia-a-to-z#:%7E:text=The%20double%20vision%20continues%20even,front%20surface%20of%20the%20cornea.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diplopia is not one of the more common symptoms of astigmatism, however it is certainly one of the possible manifestations.&lt;/a&gt; In general diplopia (double vision) is categorized as either binocular (you only have double vision when both eyes are open) or monocular (you have double vision even if only the affected eye is open). Binocular diplopia is typically caused by misalignment of the eyes (most commonly a problem with the muscles that control the eyes), while monocular diplopia is typically caused by a problem within an eye itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/astigmatism?sso=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Astigmatism most commonly presents as blurry vision due to irregularities in the cornea&lt;/a&gt;. However if the irregularity causes the lens to refract the same image to two different areas of the retina, one would see two copies of that object and thus would have monocular diplopia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12678" LastActivityDate="2021-01-13T18:08:13.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25507" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25502" CreationDate="2021-01-14T03:11:19.630" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, there is no infection &amp;quot;found or originating primarily or solely in the nape&amp;quot;. Any skin infection (eg. Staphyloccus, Streptococcus) can affect the nape of the neck. Hope this helps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21170" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T03:11:19.630" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25510" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-14T11:40:20.343" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;While some of the medical companies like AstraZeneca and Russian Gamaleya, which use a vectored approach for their Covid-19 vaccines, choose a two-jab schedule, the others like CanSino and J&amp;amp;J consider one dose would be enough.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why do you think the latter ones don't need a second dose as a booster when the former ones do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21166" LastActivityDate="2021-01-14T11:40:20.343" Title="Why do some vectored vaccine makers rely on 1-jab only for their Covid-19 vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;vector&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25514" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-14T20:35:35.933" Score="-5" ViewCount="81" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand how vaccines can be thought to be effective against respiratory viruses. We have influenza &amp;quot;vaccines&amp;quot; and now the new mRNA vaccine against COVID-19. However, my understanding is that vaccines inform only the adaptive immune system, which acts within the body. In other words, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system#:%7E:text=The%20adaptive%20immune%20system%2C%20also,pathogens%20by%20preventing%20their%20growth.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;adaptive immune system&lt;/a&gt; only reacts to virions that have penetrated the body's exterior defenses and entered into the body itself. For example, the adaptive immune system primarily uses lymphocytes as its agents. Lymphocytes are not normally used against respiratory viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The virions of respiratory viruses exist primarily in mucus (on the exterior of the body) and infect primarily apical epithelial cells, which are on the outer surface of the body. This means that respiratory viruses never need to enter the body to either infect a mammal or to spread from one mammal to another.  Normally, the immune system that defends against this is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;innate immune system&lt;/a&gt;, a part of the immune system that has nothing to do with vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, while I certainly can understand how a vaccine might prevent a respiratory virus from getting into the body and attacking cells in the interior of the body, I don't understand how they could prevent a respiratory virus from either infecting epithelial cells or spreading to other hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could someone please explain how these vaccines are supposed to work in light of the above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastEditorUserId="5371" LastEditDate="2021-01-15T02:45:34.303" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T07:26:00.060" Title="How can vaccines be effective against respiratory viruses when it is the innate immune system that is the primary response to such pathogens?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25516" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25540" CreationDate="2021-01-15T04:00:43.240" Score="0" ViewCount="138" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose a person, drank 400ml-800ml of water, and he pees after 6 hours, when he wakes after sleep in the night. Keeping that context I'm concerned, if this could cause kidneys to damage (or fail!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On searching multiple reliable sources (via Google), conclusion is:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;holding your pee can cause your bladder wall to strech and can damage,&#xA;and may increase risks for kidney disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I'm doubting, that does this just &lt;strong&gt;increases risk, or does actually does damage&lt;/strong&gt; to kidneys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321408&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321408&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21177" LastEditorUserId="21177" LastEditDate="2021-01-17T09:52:27.970" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T19:29:07.327" Title="Can holding pee cause kidney damage?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;kidney-disease&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;&lt;urination&gt;&lt;urinary-tract-infect-uti&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25517" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-15T04:03:34.903" Score="0" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;The 2015 review {1} mentions different therapies for scar reduction, including:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Treatment&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Description&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Advantages&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Disadvantages&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Pressure therapy&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Application of elastic bandages or pressure garments to apply pressure to scar sites.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Noninvasive. Can be applied at home by the patient.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Often cause discomfort to the wearer which affects compliance. To achieve optimum results from pressure therapy require 6–12 months constant wear.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Silicone gel therapy&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Application of silicone gel sheets or gel formulated in a tube.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Noninvasive. Can be applied at home by the patient.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;To achieve optimum results from silicone gel therapy require 6–12 months constant wear.&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does combining silicone gel therapy and pressure therapy help scar reduction (vs. using just&#xA;one of these therapies)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Bleasdale B, Finnegan S, Murray K, Kelly S, Percival SL. The Use of Silicone Adhesives for Scar Reduction. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015 Jul 1;4(7):422-430. doi: 10.1089/wound.2015.0625. PMID: 26155385; PMCID: PMC4486716. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486716/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486716/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T04:03:34.903" Title="Does combining silicone gel therapy	and pressure therapy help scar reduction (vs. using just one of these therapies)?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;scar-tissue-scars&gt;&lt;cosmesis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25519" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-15T06:09:00.447" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Suppose that for now I have 2 EMG electrodes attached to my back, right above my hip (that is, at the bottom of my spinal erector muscles). Also, I am wearing a waistbag which right covers the electrodes. Now, if I bend down (for example, 90 degrees), how will the measurement when wearing the waistbag differ from that without the waistbag? If no definite answer exists, what might the measurement depend on?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any of your help will be greatly appreciated!:)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21178" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T06:09:00.447" Title="How will external pressure on the EMG electrodes affect the measurement of muscle strengths?" Tags="&lt;sensors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25520" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24655" CreationDate="2021-01-15T08:39:13.590" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Regarding one of the topics of this subject: &lt;em&gt;Why can’t painkillers be both safe and effective?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71804-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;It should be duly noted that,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the most problematic conditions when using opioids in clinic is the respiratory depression that they can cause&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The most common cause of opioid overdose and death is opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;essentially due to a neuronal malfunction at the brainstem level&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opioids such as morphine depress the hypoxic ventilatory response in the brainstem by affecting the chemosensitive cells that respond to changes in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difficulty to treat an overdose and the &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30640650/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;narrow therapeutic window that opioids are known for&lt;/a&gt;, make them drugs that need to be monitored very well and thus not much &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;safe&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312206/pdf/bumc0013-0007.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;although there are a lot being made to counter that effect with the new development of drugs, such as Fentanyl or Remifentanil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conventional µ receptor opioids have a narrow therapeutic window in part because of their mechanism of action&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2014.00280/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The opioid receptor desensitization is also a problem,&lt;/a&gt; that diminish their effectiveness, being also a cause of dependency and overdose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, regarding your question: &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are opioids just dependency inducing or are they actually addictive to a majority of patients?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The answer is both. Opioids are in fact addictive to the majority of patients due to their ability to desensitize quickly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opioids are required in ever-increasing doses as you develop a tolerance to them. In other words, the dose you used to take to relive your pain will eventually not work as well, which means you’ll need more of the opioid to get the same effect&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a clinical standpoint, opioid withdrawal is one of the most powerful factors driving opioid &lt;strong&gt;dependence and addictive behaviors&lt;/strong&gt;. Treatment of the patient’s withdrawal symptoms is based on understanding how withdrawal is related to the brain’s adjustment to opioids&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a psychological point of view&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other areas of the brain create a lasting record or memory that associates these good feelings with the circumstances and environment in which they occur. These memories, called conditioned associations, often lead to the craving for drugs when the abuser reencounters those persons, places, or things, and they  drive abusers to seek out more drugs in spite of many obstacles&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also they induce dependency essentially with the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851054/pdf/spp-01-1-13.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;release of endorphins&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;With the definition being stated on the article that you have provided such that &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dependence is characterized by the symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the brain circuits that is activated by opioids is the mesolimbic (midbrain) reward system. This system generates signals in a part of the brain called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that result in the release of the chemical dopamine (DA) in another part of the brain, the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This release of DA into the NAc causes feelings of pleasure. Other areas of the brain create a lasting record or memory that associates these good feelings with the circumstances and environment in which they occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Two clinically important results of this alteration are &lt;strong&gt;opioid tolerance&lt;/strong&gt; (the need to take higher and higher dosages of drugs to achieve the same opioid effect) &lt;strong&gt;and drug dependence&lt;/strong&gt; (susceptibility to withdrawal symptoms).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By all those reasons chronic pain is thus a very difficult condition to treat and is usually regarded according to the principle of the &lt;em&gt;gate control theory of pain&lt;/em&gt; which leads to a &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;broad spectrum analgesia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding the fact that&#xA;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;If the cause(s) of the chronic pain are removed and the patient is being weaned off the opioids, do the damaging behaviours associated with addiction appear in a large proportion of these patients?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Naturally a high intake for a longer duration is associated with more severe withdrawal and to better grasp this concept there is a psychological scale that enable us to measure that (Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale - COWS) by quantifying the severity of opiate withdrawal symptoms,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/education-docs/cows_induction_flow_sheet.pdf?sfvrsn=b577fc2_2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patients who score between 5-12 are classified as mild withdrawal, 13-24 as moderate, 25-36 as moderately severe, and over 36 as severe withdrawal&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, sometimes the chronic use of opioids can lead to brain abnormalities (dependce/addiction abnormalities) and here we have a clear difference about dependence and addiction, because it will lead to different ends.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abnormalities that produce dependence, well understood by science, appear to resolve after detoxification, within days or weeks after opioid use stops.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The abnormalities that produce addiction, however, are more wide-ranging, complex, and long-lasting. [...] Such abnormalities can produce craving that leads to relapse months or years after the individual is no longer opioid dependent.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastEditorUserId="20058" LastEditDate="2021-01-15T11:57:12.177" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T11:57:12.177" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25522" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25529" CreationDate="2021-01-15T13:11:47.847" Score="2" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is the code from the mRNA vaccine executed by the cell that has taken it up as a one-off or does the cell produce the spike proteins endlessly (like a programming loop) until the cell is killed by the immune system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, are the mRNA instructions executed once and then discarded, the result is a single batch of whatever the mRNA is telling the cell to produce and then the cell goes back to doing its usual stuff? Or, is it the case that this cell, once it absorbs the mRNA, it then executes only this instruction forever - until recognised by the immune system and killed? If that is the case then can, hypothetically, the same cell absorb a different mRNA later on (before it is killed) and start producing something new based on that new mRNA or is it stuck with that previous mRNA until killed?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21182" LastEditorUserId="21182" LastEditDate="2021-01-15T14:59:08.553" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T14:45:14.243" Title="Is the code from the mRNA vaccine executed by the cells as a one-off?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2021-01-24T05:13:49.890" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25523" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25228" CreationDate="2021-01-15T13:22:32.340" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The argument is not logical because it assumes that there is some novelty to the body being presented with a pathogen, thus administering dozens of vaccines creates some numeric risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, organisms are assaulted by large numbers of pathogens constantly. Each of these pathogens can have multiple features, called antigens, that trigger the immune system. For example, large bacteria, like &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;, can generate dozens of different antigens and there are hundreds of different variations and species of &lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt;. The collected assortment of viruses present in the typical animal, called the &amp;quot;virome,&amp;quot; is thought to have thousands of different members at least. Thus, the human adaptive immune system is accustomed to processing tens of thousands of different antigens on a routine basis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore administering a few dozen additional pathogens via vaccines will not significantly affect the overall viral load of the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of far greater concern is blood sharing, where the blood of one person is one way or another, by transfusion for example, introduced into another person. Since a person's blood contains many thousands of different viruses, taking the blood of one person and putting into someone else can present the recipient's immune system with thousands of new pathogens to deal with. This will stress the immune system far, far more than administering a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that my answer pertains to a pure vaccine only. Administering a &lt;em&gt;serum&lt;/em&gt; that has been derived from the blood of another person or animal involves the same immunological stress as blood sharing. However, serums are rarely used in modern medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-01-15T13:22:32.340" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25529" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25522" CreationDate="2021-01-16T14:45:14.243" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Basically neither of your hypotheses is correct. A piece of mRNA isn't usually destroyed after one transcription. Nor does it create an &amp;quot;infinite loop&amp;quot; in the cell. Instead there's &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA#Eukaryotic_mRNA_turnover&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;a balance&lt;/a&gt; between transcription and decay. The mechanisms for mRNA decay are fairly complex in themselves. (see link for details)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For vaccines, it's obviously beneficial to delay the decay, so various &amp;quot;counters&amp;quot; to a (more) rapid decay are introduced, which increase the half-life of mRNA. For example, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6453560/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;double UTR&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, comprised of two sequences that were experimentally observed (in combination) to give the longest half-life from all pair combinations in a library.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, more than one mRNA (type) can compete for translation inside the same cell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, cells will usually try to recognize and rapidly decay/degrade foreign mRNA as well; again countering this was &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25380/how-do-mrna-vaccines-work-and-what-are-their-advantages-over-traditional-vaccine&quot;&gt;major problem&lt;/a&gt; for mRNA vaccine development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T14:45:14.243" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25530" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25413" CreationDate="2021-01-16T15:10:58.327" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Having done some research, the simple answer here is that it's not true that doctors generally recommend a C-section to women who have 3rd or 4th degree tears in first birth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdul_Sultan/publication/26246637_Mode_of_delivery_after_previous_obstetric_anal_sphincter_injuries_OASIS--a_reappraisal/links/55e467d008aecb1a7ccb4d78/Mode-of-delivery-after-previous-obstetric-anal-sphincter-injuries-OASIS--a-reappraisal.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Scheer Thakar &amp;amp; Sultan 2009&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a questionnaire-based survey amongst obstetricians and colorectal&#xA;surgeons in the UK, Fernando et al. (Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Radley S, Jones PW, Johanson RB (2002) Management of obstetric sphincter injury: a systematic review and national practice survey. BMC 2:9) reported that following previous&#xA;OASIS more than 70% of colorectal surgeons but only 22% of obstetric&#xA;consultants and 14% of obstetric trainees would recommend an elective&#xA;caesarean section for a subsequent delivery after previous OASIS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25040835/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Edozien et al. (2014)&lt;/a&gt; notes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among women who had a third- or fourth- degree tear at first birth,&#xA;24.2% were delivered by elective caesarean section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, this rate &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; higher than the background elective caesarean section rate. From Endozien et al. (2014) again:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At second birth, 2.3% [of] women had an elective caesarean section.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So the spirit of the original question remains – why does a 3rd- or 4th-degree tear on first birth cause women to have higher rates of elective c-section on their second birth, despite the fact that the rate of 3rd- or 4th-degree will be similar (6%) for these women on their second birth as it was on their first birth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that the reasons for this increased use of elective c-section are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fears that a vaginal birth after a 3rd or 4th degree tear can increase the risk of faecal incontinence even if there isn't another major tear during the second birth. See for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1471-0528.12887&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Barber 2014&lt;/a&gt; responding to Edozien et al. 2014:&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The current evidence, although limited, suggests that a second vaginal delivery even without a sphincter tear in a woman with prior OASI increases the risk of developing new faecal incontinence, and exacerbates faecal incontinence in those who already have it (Fynes et al. Lancet 1999;354:983–6; Faltin et al. BJOG 2001;108:684–8).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Relatedly, fears that two 3rd/4th-degree tears in a row are worse (e.g. create a higher risk of faecal incontinence) than just one.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That said, Barber ends his note:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The role of elective caesarean section to prevent development or exacerbation of pelvic floor disorders remains controversial, and its practice varies based on regional or national obstetrical practices and cultural norms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14991" LastEditorUserId="14991" LastEditDate="2021-01-19T09:38:20.870" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T09:38:20.870" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25531" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25514" CreationDate="2021-01-16T16:03:17.843" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Summary:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer the bounty question&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a simple and straightforward answer which describes in a few sentences the mechanism by which the adaptive immune system, informed by a vaccine, would prevent infection of the epithelia of the respiratory system by a virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt; (not &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt;) mechanism by which the adaptive immune system affects respiratory viruses before cell entry is antibodies presence in mucus, which does seem to have a noticeable [counter]effect on &lt;em&gt;viral particle mobility&lt;/em&gt; in mucus &lt;em&gt;for the specific viruses against which the host has antibodies&lt;/em&gt;. (See last section of this answer for details.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I'll also that (adaptive) humoral immune system response in the mucus is hardly the end of the adaptive immune system relevance to the epithelium, as avoiding cellular infection &lt;em&gt;altogether&lt;/em&gt; cannot be &lt;em&gt;guaranteed&lt;/em&gt; by mucus (even with antibodies in it). The epithelium is also &amp;quot;guarded&amp;quot; by adaptive cellular mechanisms (e.g. T cells) that preferentially attack [epithelium] cells infected with specific viruses, as &amp;quot;bits&amp;quot; of these viruses are exposed on infected cells' surface via MHC I.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the immune system &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197993/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;does function in the respiratory epithelium&lt;/a&gt; contra to your theory, and the usual cascade of innate mechanisms triggering the adaptive ones also works in the epithelium:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several immune cell populations are resident in epithelium including CD103+ CD8+ T cells and CD103+ conventional dendritic cell populations which act as sentinel cells. Other immune cell populations including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), mucosal associated invariant T cell (MAIT), natural killer cells (NKT) and γδ T cells are in close proximity to the epithelium.  [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The airway epithelium utilizes structural and barrier defence provided by the mucociliary escalator and their incumbent anti-microbial proteins, and intra- or epithelial-associated immune cells like resident dendritic cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, γδ T cells and intra-epithelial lymphocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're correct that respiratory viruses often have the epithelium as their preferred/evolved target, but this is also where they are usually &amp;quot;defeated&amp;quot; (in fact if they're not defeated there, the host is usually in big trouble). Furthermore, experimentally interfering with this signalling cascade results in much worse outcomes--see emphasized part on dendritic cells further below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Upon binding sialic acid receptors on the epithelial cell surface, IAV are internalised via receptor-mediated endocytosis [...] The host cell begins sensing IAV as soon as it is internalised, utilising pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), primarily the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RNA-sensing RIG-I–like receptors (RLRs), such as retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5) [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those (TLRs, RLRs etc.) are indeed part of the innate immune system, but that's not the end of the story:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Activation of type I interferons is the key consequence of intracellular recognition of IAV infection by TLRs and RLRs. These cytokines bind to the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) on infected as well as neighbouring cells and induces the transcription of a large group of genes (interferon stimulated genes or ISG) whose main task is to limit spread of infection. [...] In epithelial cells, type I IFN has the additional task of acting as an early warning system, communicating viral threat between infected and uninfected cells. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But epithelial cells also signal &amp;quot;the invasion&amp;quot; through a more specific mechanism: type III interferons (IFN-λ). In any case:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Activation of both type I and III IFN results in induction of hundreds of ISGs. ISGs trigger apoptosis, shut down protein synthesis and activate key components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, including antigen presentation and production of cytokines involved in activation of T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, thanks to interferons the adaptive immune system does get triggered, even in the epithelium. Furthermore&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is substantial cross-talk between epithelial and immune cells sequestered in the epithelium. CD103+cDCs continuously sample the airway via extended dendrites and respond to chemokines and cytokines (including type I and III IFNs) and DAMPs secreted by IAV- infected epithelial cells&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intra-epithelial dendritic cells are essential to generate protective IAV-specific CD8+ T cells; mice lacking this DC subset succumb to severe disease and impaired viral clearance.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, not having the adaptive immune system active/functional in the epithelium is usually fatal for the host, even in relation to &amp;quot;mere&amp;quot; influenza infection. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;DCs&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, at least the epithelium of the lungs has additional defenses (iNKT cells). If you look at &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;their Wikipedia page&lt;/a&gt;, the NKT cells are somewhat of a hybrid of adaptive (T cells) and innate (NK cells) immune system; they in turn release a plethora of signalling molecules &amp;quot;large quantities of interferon gamma, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as well as multiple other cytokines and chemokines (such as IL-2, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21, and TNF-alpha)&amp;quot; that activate the adaptive immune system, although I think NKTs mostly respond to bacterial rather than viral infections. (I could be wrong though on this.) But if they do &amp;quot;get triggered&amp;quot;, e.g. in a co-infection scenario (not uncommon in pneumonias), NKTs seem to help with the viral [part of the] infection as well (going back to quoting from the review paper [1st link]):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the mouse, presence, and exogenous activation, of lung iNKT cells by α-GalCer, protects against lethal H1N1 and H3N2 influenza in prophylactic settings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But to reiterate again the more common mechanisms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The epithelial cells’ attempt to clear IAV results in inevitable tissue injury, in part because of collateral damage from the accompanying innate immune response and direct induction of apoptosis by IAV, &lt;strong&gt;but also because cytotoxic T cells will eventually kill cells with IAV peptides presented on their MHC class I molecules&lt;/strong&gt;. If epithelial cells are not killed they undergo apoptosis or de-differentiation. If IAV reaches the alveolar epithelium, various injurious events can occur. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Speaking of that last (emphasized) issue, the influenza viruses &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548845/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;try pretty hard&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; to make themselves invisible to the MHC I pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we showed that infection of several cell types, including epithelial A549 cells, with a panel of IAV and IBV viruses downregulated the surface MHC-I expression on IAV/IBV-infected cells during the late stages of influenza virus infection in vitro. [...] Importantly, the two viruses utilized two distinct mechanisms for MHC-I downregulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If MHC I (triggering T cells) wasn't a problem for them, why would they have evolved these camouflage/countermeasures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since you confusion (or argument) seems to be whether Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are or aren't part of the adaptive immune system (they are), let's side-step such categorization discussion and simply &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2814-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;observe&lt;/a&gt; that a Covid-19 mRNA vaccine trains them so that significant fraction recognize the virus bits:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fractions of RBD-specific IFNγ+ CD8+ T cells reached up to several per cent of total peripheral blood CD8+ T cells in immunized individuals&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;RBD here means the receptor binding domain (protein) of the specific virus (SARS-CoV-2 in this case).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(The same is true for vaccines that target the full spike protein, which are the ones actually approved by regulators, although the corresponding &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.20245175v1.full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper(s)&lt;/a&gt; still seem to be in the preprint stage. The latter paper speaks of &amp;quot;S-specific CD8+&amp;quot;, meaning SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if you want to focus/ask only what happens &lt;em&gt;before any cell entry&lt;/em&gt;, the humoral immune system is present in mucus. It (also) has innate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4752725/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt; mucins, lactoferrin) and adaptive components; antibodies &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; present in the mucus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Antibodies importance (relative to innate mechanism) in mucus has been less studied, but their presence in mucus has surely been (commonly) observed, and some studies comparing viral movement speeds in mucus do suggest that specific antibodies slow down the corresponding viruses in mucus &lt;a href=&quot;https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/49/1/1601709&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To investigate whether trapping of influenza in airway mucus can be attributed primarily to haemagglutinin binding to mucin-associated sialic acid, we prepared VLPs fluorescently labelled internally using HIV-1 GAG-mCherry capsid proteins in the core, and expressing both neuraminidase and haemagglutinin from H1N1 (influenza A/PR/8/34) (WT-Inf), or the same neuraminidase and haemagglutinin that has the sialic acid-binding domain deleted (ΔSAB-Inf) and hence cannot bind directly to mucins. Interestingly, both WT-Inf and ΔSAB-Inf were trapped in airway mucus to a similar extent as H1N1 and H3N2, with roughly 98% of WT-Inf and 97% of ΔSAB-Inf immobilised in airway mucus and average diffusivities ∼1700- and ∼1100-fold lower than expected speeds in buffer, respectively (figure 1b, online supplementary movies S4 and S5).  [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using whole-virus ELISA assays, we detected substantial quantities of endogenous IgG and IgA against influenza in airway mucus (data not shown), as well as against both WT-Inf and ΔSAB-Inf VLPs. [...] This leaves open the possibility that influenza-specific antibodies in airway mucus may immobilise virions by cross-linking the antibody–virus complex to mucus constituents, such as mucins. We sought to measure virus and VLP mobility in airway mucus devoid of antibodies; however, we were not able to adequately remove Ig by dialysis, possibly due to membrane clogging, and mucus secretions isolated from air–liquid interface cultures of bronchial epithelial cells did not produce a sufficiently rigid matrix to immobilise mucoadhesive latex nanoparticles. We also attempted to “saturate” the mucus–antibody barrier by mixing &amp;gt;20-fold more unlabelled than labelled influenza viruses into airway mucus prior to adding labelled viruses, and still observed no discernible difference in the trapping of the labelled influenza viruses. Therefore, &lt;strong&gt;we investigated whether the lack of binding antibodies in mucus correlates to greater virus mobility by tracking HIV VLPs that were prepared similarly to the influenza VLP, but expressing HIV YU2 gp160. We found no detectable HIV-binding IgG or IgA in airway mucus (figure 1d, e), and HIV VLPs exhibited markedly greater diffusivity in airway mucus (figure 1b, online supplementary movie S6; p&amp;lt;0.05), with &amp;gt;45% of HIV VLPs classified as mobile and ∼10-fold higher ensemble effective diffusity than WT-Inf and ΔSAB-Inf. HIV VLP mobility was similar to that of PS-PEG in the same airway mucus samples (data not shown).&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Together, these results demonstrate that influenza virus can be trapped in human airway mucus without binding to sialic acids on mucins, in good agreement with the evidence that human influenza viruses possess haemagglutinin that preferentially binds α2,6-linked sialic acids on the airway epithelium rather than α2,3-linked sialic acids on mucins. Trapping of influenza in human airway mucus can probably be attributed to the presence of influenza-binding antibodies that can cross-link individual virions to the mucus mesh network. &lt;strong&gt;Importantly, adhesive interactions between the array of pathogen-bound antibodies and mucus gel provide a universal strategy that enables the otherwise relatively nonadaptive and nonspecific biochemistry and microstructure of mucus secretions across different mucosal surfaces to be fortified with adaptive antibodies against an ever-changing spectrum of pathogens.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fIgYe.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/fIgYe.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But before you get too excited about this finding, remember that the immune systems is &amp;quot;defense in depth&amp;quot;, some virus particles will make it through the mucus, even if you do have specific antibodies against them there; this is when&#xA;the cellular mechanisms kick in. There's no one mechanism that is going to be 100% foolproof.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-19T07:26:00.060" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T07:26:00.060" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25532" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-16T16:26:53.870" Score="1" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to find a description of how the milton method works, but can't find a description online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It doesn't require rinsing after, does the chemical break down after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20366" LastActivityDate="2021-01-16T16:26:53.870" Title="How does cold water sterilizing work" Tags="&lt;sterilization&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25533" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-17T04:51:41.387" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering what the best method of preventing Repetitive Strain Injury is... A mouse or keyboard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Specifically, using an application like &lt;a href=&quot;https://vimacapp.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vimac&lt;/a&gt;. With Vimac, you can navigate all the menus with only the keyboard. It can be hard to find computer operations that you &lt;em&gt;can't&lt;/em&gt; control with a keyboard.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's say that you had excellent ergonomics. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Split keyboard such as the &lt;a href=&quot;https://kinesis-ergo.com/shop/freestyle-pro/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Freestyle Pro&lt;/a&gt; (with &lt;a href=&quot;https://kinesis-ergo.com/shop/freestyle-vip3-pro-accessory/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;accessory&lt;/a&gt; to angle the keyboard to more of a handshake position)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Ergonomic keyboard layout such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dvorak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Proper configurations and usage of shortcuts&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's also say that we're talking about a typical user that only needs to accomplish basic computer operations. In this case, could a mouse be replaced with a keyboard entirely? Or should a mouse still be used in order to &amp;quot;take a break&amp;quot; from the repetitive task i.e. using the keyboard?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Prior research:&lt;/h3&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://techhq.com/2020/05/carpal-tunnel-rsi-repetitive-strain-injury-mouse-computer-alternatives-to-best-2020/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article&lt;/a&gt; mentions that &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qutebrowser.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Qutebrowser&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; (very similar to Vimac) can be beneficial for Repetitive strain injury, but is more anecdotal and &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; have conflicting interests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/tips-to-prevent-rsi/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS.uk&lt;/a&gt; mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use keyboard shortcuts instead of the mouse to navigate and execute commands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's good information and lends to the idea that using a keyboard &lt;em&gt;more often&lt;/em&gt; is a good idea. However, this doesn't address whether it can be especially harmful to &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; switch input devices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21189" LastEditorUserId="21189" LastEditDate="2021-01-18T02:13:04.230" LastActivityDate="2021-01-18T02:13:04.230" Title="The effects of operating a computer with only a keyboard" Tags="&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ergonomics&gt;&lt;repetitive-strain-injury&gt;&lt;carpal-tunnel-syndrome&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25537" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-17T15:42:13.177" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;In an interview with Ron Klain (Biden's Chief of Staff) on CNN this morning, it was suggested that Biden would invoke the National Defense Production act to increase the production of syringes that would result in an ability to obtain 20% more doses from each vial of vaccine. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2021/01/17/sotu-klain-vaccines.cnn&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CNN at about 1:04 minute interview &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not heard this previously reported, and I am unsure about the implications. (for example, does it imply that the use some syringes are wasting vaccine?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since the patient dose for the Pfizer vaccine is 0.3 cc (approximately 6 drops), I would have thought that the preferred syringe capacity would be 0.5 or 1cc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What are the scientific basis about this proposal (that would lead to a to recommendation to use particular types of syringes),  and is the rationale well reasoned?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2021-01-19T14:01:12.913" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T20:39:59.913" Title="How does the type of syringe impact the number of doses of Corona vaccine available per vial?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25538" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24966" CreationDate="2021-01-17T16:03:37.660" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's indeed the same &amp;quot;big magnet&amp;quot; machine as for normal MRI, but in WB-MRI (ideally) multiple coils are placed on the patient's body, e.g.:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4TnED.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/4TnED.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The process does indeed last 30-60 minutes (as Carey noted) as multiple scans passes are made. (More technical details in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://cdn0.scrvt.com/39b415fb07de4d9656c7b516d8e2d907/1800000005233721/0ae8b57d0026/mreadings_mr-in-rt_4th-edition_whole-body-mri-at-1-5t_mcguire_1800000005233721.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article linked&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a bit of history and/or variation in WB-MRI techniques&#xA;discussed on p. 1110 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7752049.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another paper&lt;/a&gt;. There exists&#xA;a variant (commercially) called AngioSURF/BodySURF which sacrifices&#xA;spatial resolution by making the patient glide under&#xA;the body coil itself (which in that setup is a spine coil). A bit of searching found an image of what that looks like, in one of the papers referenced&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NmraQ.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/NmraQ.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-17T16:46:26.290" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T16:46:26.290" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25540" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25516" CreationDate="2021-01-17T19:29:07.327" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;My career choice (primarily Emergency Medicine) guaranteed that it would be necessary to postpone micturition on a regular basis. A nights-only colleague in our very busy ED would succinctly sum up how busy the night was: a) &amp;quot;Not a wink&amp;quot; (too busy to grab any sleep), b) &amp;quot;Not a bite&amp;quot; (too busy to stop to eat),  or c) &amp;quot;Not a pee&amp;quot; (so busy there was no time for a bathroom break.) Since I mostly worked days, which are busier than nights, I often had 12 hour &amp;quot;type c&amp;quot; shifts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does one's bladder accommodate? Yes, it does.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/bladder-filling&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The normal adult bladder response to filling at a &lt;strong&gt;physiologic rate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is an almost imperceptible change in intravesical pressure. During at least the initial stages of bladder filling, after unfolding of the bladder wall from its collapsed state, this very high compliance (Δ volume/Δ pressure) of the bladder primarily results from its elastic and viscoelastic properties. Elasticity allows the constituents of the bladder wall to stretch to a certain degree without any increase in tension. Viscoelasticity allows stretch to induce a rise in tension, followed by a decay (i.e., stress relaxation) when the filling (i.e., stretch stimulus) slows or stops. ...&lt;em&gt;The urothelium also expands but must preserve its barrier function while doing so.&lt;/em&gt; ...In the usual clinical setting, &lt;strong&gt;filling cystometry&lt;/strong&gt; seems to show a slight increase in intravesical pressure, but Klevmark elegantly showed that this pressure rise is a function of the fact that cystometric filling is carried out at a greater than physiologic rate and, at physiologic filling rates, there is essentially no rise in bladder pressure until bladder capacity is reached.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Physiological&amp;quot; means, basically, normal human activity, including heavy fluid consumption. &amp;quot;Filling cystometry&amp;quot; is not &amp;quot;normal/physiological&amp;quot;:  it's a bladder with a catheter that is filled by forcing fluid into the bladder trough the catheter at a much faster rate than the kidney can produce urine. (It's unpleasant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In plain English, the empty bladder is wrinkled and folded upon itself &lt;em&gt;somewhat&lt;/em&gt; like a raisin. Think of raisin -&amp;gt; grape. There is basically no change in pressure (which would result in backing up into the ureters/kidney) from fully empty to fully full. At that point, you couldn't hold it in anymore; you'd &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;leak&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suppose a person, drank 400ml-800ml of water, and he pees after 6 hours, when he wakes after sleep in the night.  ...could (this) cause kidneys to damage (or fail!)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. If your bladder is small (some people do have smaller bladders than others), you will awaken with an urge to go long before urine backs up into the ureters to the kidney (urine backing up is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; normal. It indicates pathology of some kind.) 400 cc is only 13 oz, or a bit more than 1.5 cups. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which decreases the production of urine, one of the adaptions that lets us get a full night's sleep. You probably  wouldn't wake up for that. 800 cc, on the other hand, is a (relative) lot of water. You might wake up during the night with the urge to go. I probably would not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Have you ever noticed that even if you urinate on getting up, you still need to urinate a relatively short time (1-2 hrs) later? That's partly because ADH secretion is turned off.)&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;em&gt;Some&lt;/em&gt; of what  that article stated is true, but not much, and not for the correct reasons. Beware of believing what &amp;quot;sounds true enough&amp;quot; on the internet. Reliable sources will have citations to reputable literature. While this article does have citations (click on &lt;em&gt;5 Sources&lt;/em&gt;), the author has misinterpreted and cherry-picked bits. That's why people with advanced Biology degrees &lt;strong&gt;must&lt;/strong&gt; learn how to evaluate the literature. MDs are even tested on their ability to best interpret papers. PhDs learn by doing it day in and day out. Ask me how I know.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;If holding urine back caused kidney damage, I'd be on dialysis and the kidney transplant list right now!&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastActivityDate="2021-01-17T19:29:07.327" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25541" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-17T22:30:52.953" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently reading up on hypomagnesemia and found that hypoparathyroidism could be the cause of this imbalance. The book I was reading (Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests) explained it as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this disease, calcium levels are reduced. Calcium enhances intestinal absorption of&#xA;magnesium, and with &lt;strong&gt;low calcium&lt;/strong&gt; levels, &lt;strong&gt;magnesium is not well absorbed&lt;/strong&gt;, so blood levels diminish. In hyperparathyroidism, calcium levels are high and magnesium levels increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was curious to learn a little bit about the mechanism, so I googled, &amp;quot;How does calcium affect magnesium absorption?&amp;quot; Surprisingly, I got this as the response from Medscape:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the gut, calcium and magnesium intakes influence each other's absorption; a &lt;strong&gt;high calcium&lt;/strong&gt; intake may &lt;strong&gt;decrease magnesium absorption&lt;/strong&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did not get much further in looking into the mechanism as I got stuck on this contradiction. How can this inconsistency be explained? Does calcium have a concentration dependent effect on magnesium absorption, or is there some other reasoning behind the differing explanations?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medscape link: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/answers/2038394-35946/how-is-magnesium-absorbed#:%7E:text=In%20the%20gut%2C%20calcium%20and,appears%20to%20increase%20magnesium%20absorption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medscape.com/answers/2038394-35946/how-is-magnesium-absorbed#:~:text=In%20the%20gut%2C%20calcium%20and,appears%20to%20increase%20magnesium%20absorption&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17703" LastEditorUserId="17703" LastEditDate="2021-01-21T06:17:24.177" LastActivityDate="2021-01-21T06:17:24.177" Title="How does calcium affect magnesium absorption?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;magnesium&gt;&lt;electrolytes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25542" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25544" CreationDate="2021-01-17T23:14:00.933" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;It has been found that hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a greater risk of dying if they are men or are obese or have complications from diabetes or hypertension (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201218152733.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;University of Maryland School of Medicine, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yet, use of the diabetes drug metformin — before a diagnosis of COVID-19 — is associated with a threefold decrease in mortality in COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.600439&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crouse, et al. 2021&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[N]either BMI nor HbA1C were lower in metformin users who survived as compared to those who died (Table 4). While surprising, this is consistent with the notion that long-term glycemic control does not affect COVID-19 outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I understand at the moment that more investigation is needed to determine how Metformin helps, if BMI or HbA1C is not a contributing factor in the protective nature of Metformin, what other effects of Metformin on the body &lt;strong&gt;could&lt;/strong&gt; be helping type 2 diabetics and how?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Crouse, A. B.; Grimes, T.; Li, P.; Might, M. Ovalle, F.; Shalev. A. (2021). Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes. &lt;em&gt;Frontiers in Endocrinology&lt;/em&gt; 11(600439) &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.600439&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.600439&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;University of Maryland School of Medicine. (2020). New study identifies greatest risk factors of mortality from COVID-19: Findings could help guide healthcare clinicians with managing hospitalized patients in the weeks ahead. &lt;em&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201218152733.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/12/201218152733.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-01-18T22:16:38.453" Title="Covid-19 mortality rates lower among some diabetes patients" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25543" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-17T23:58:07.550" Score="3" ViewCount="69" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/pfizer-moderna-covid-vaccine-side-effects-trials.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cnbc.com&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210111001716/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/pfizer-moderna-covid-vaccine-side-effects-trials.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;) mentions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA says Pfizer’s Covid vaccine is safe and effective. But trial participants warn of intense symptoms after second shot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does the Pfizer’s Covid vaccine cause more intense intense symptoms after second shot then after the first shot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-01-19T21:24:08.323" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T21:24:08.323" Title="Why does the Pfizer’s Covid vaccine cause more intense intense symptoms after second shot then after the first shot?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;symptoms&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25544" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25542" CreationDate="2021-01-18T00:41:19.097" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The latter paper (Crouse, et al.) discusses this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, metformin has previously been shown to also have anti-inflammatory (16, 17) and anti-thrombotic effects (18, 19) and excessive inflammatory responses, e.g., cytokine storm as well as disseminated thromboembolic events have been recognized as deadly complications of COVID-19 infection (20–22). It is therefore tempting to speculate that by exerting some of its anti-fibrinolytic activities (18) and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-6 (16, 17), suspected to play a role in the immune response to COVID-19 (12), metformin might improve outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It wouldn't be surprising given that dexamethasone is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.14540&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basically&lt;/a&gt; used for that anti-thrombotic effect in treating Covid-19. I'm not sure how much of an anti-thrombotic effect metformin has in comparison; you may wan to check the refs cited in Crouse, et al.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-01-18T00:41:19.097" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25547" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-18T18:28:09.747" Score="2" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-known-so-far-about-the-post-vaccination-deaths-in-norway-7150517/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What is known so far about the post vaccination deaths in Norway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Medical director Steinar Madsen stated,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Q: Were these problems unexpected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A: No. A mass vaccination campaign by definition involves a very large&#xA;number of people — and as a general principle, some adverse events,&#xA;which could include serious side effects and deaths, should be&#xA;expected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this normal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are &amp;quot;some serious side effects and deaths expected&amp;quot; from a mass vaccination campaign of a new vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T09:02:57.317" Title="Are &quot;some serious side effects and deaths expected&quot; from a mass vaccination campaign of a new vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25548" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-18T20:47:10.607" Score="0" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bright field microscopy has too-low contrast and phase contrast microscopy has diffraction halos that can look like noise?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21199" LastEditorUserId="21199" LastEditDate="2021-01-20T02:28:42.767" LastActivityDate="2021-01-20T02:28:42.767" Title="Why doesn't semen analysis usually use darkfield microscopy?" Tags="&lt;male&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;sperm&gt;&lt;andrology&gt;&lt;semen&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25549" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25542" CreationDate="2021-01-18T22:16:38.453" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The following information obtained by searching PUBMED is NOT a systematic review.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The search yields interesting information in support of the speculation by the previous answer (and by Crouse) that an effect of metformin in reducing the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by an anti-thrombotic effect of metformin.  One of the three identified studies (Xin) involving rats is cited by Crouse et al.  The two epidemiologic studies provide direct evidence of a possible anti-thrombotic effect of metformin in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;THREE PERTINENT STUDIES&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Metformin in Experimental Study in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study that involved rats with and without diabetes published in 2016, metformin treatment:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“significantly decreased the incidence of pulmonary embolism (Fig.&#xA;4G), reduced the weight and length of arterial and venous thrombus&#xA;(Fig. 4A–F), prolonged the average time to occlusive thrombosis in&#xA;FeCl3-induced inferior vena cava and carotid arteries injury&#xA;(Supplementary Fig. 3C,D), and improved blood viscosity (Supplementary&#xA;Table 1).”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Xin G, Wei Z, Ji C, et al. Metformin Uniquely Prevents Thrombosis by Inhibiting Platelet Activation and mtDNA Release. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36222. Published 2016 Nov 2. doi:10.1038/srep36222&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27805009/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27805009/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Epidemiologic Studies in Humans&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a record linkage study based on data about 14,945 people with Type 2 diabetes published in 2014, the adjusted hazard ratio for deep vein thrombosis comparing 7,167 people who had a prescription for metformin with 7,778 people who had no prescription for metformin (matched by age, sex, and co-morbidity) was 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.24-0.76).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lu DY, Huang CC, Huang PH, et al. Metformin use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with reduced risk of deep vein thrombosis: a non-randomized, pair-matched cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:187. Published 2014 Dec 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-187&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274716/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274716/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an epidemiologic cohort study based on data from 277 patients age 65+ years with a venous thromboembolism that was published in 2020, the adjusted hazard ratio for recurrent venous thromboembolism was 0.16 (95% confidence interval 0.08-0.33) in patients who took metformin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aleidan FAS. The Cumulative Incidence and Risk Factors of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in the Elderly. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2020;16:437-443. Published 2020 Oct 19. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S264814&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116554/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116554/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2021-01-18T22:16:38.453" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25550" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25547" CreationDate="2021-01-19T02:43:11.200" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even if you just read a bit further in the article, there is a quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“The Norwegian Medicines Agency has communicated, prior to the vaccination, that when vaccinating the oldest and sickest, it is expected that deaths will occur in a time-related context with vaccination. This does not mean that there is a causal link between vaccination and death. We have also, in connection with the reported deaths, conveyed that it is possible that common and known side effects of the vaccines may have been a contributing factor to a serious course or fatal outcome.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some frail elderly people were vaccinated. These are the type of people that die all the time, they are frail and elderly. For just a thought experiment, imagine you vaccinate 10000 people that have a 1% likelihood to die this week. You'd expect 100 of them to die within a week of being vaccinated. It would be false to attribute causality to the vaccine in this circumstance, but it would still show up in the numbers discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As said in the article, so far we have no idea if the vaccine is causal in any of these deaths. Perhaps in a very frail person it could (we know in healthy people there are some mild side effects; sometimes mild effects are serious for the frail) so we shouldn't vaccinate those people, but no matter what it's important to realize that tens of thousands of people die every day around the world; if we vaccinate everyone we should expect thousands of deaths to occur post-vaccine even with no vaccine-related increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T02:43:11.200" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25552" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-19T07:07:21.160" Score="2" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've recently read an article mentioning how &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-19/kids-sign-up-for-vaccine-trials-in-next-step-to-conquer-covid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;vaccine companies are enrolling children&lt;/a&gt; to test if their vaccines work on kids too. But is this just a theoretical concern or is there historical precedent for such trials to take place? To clarify, I'm looking for examples of a vaccine that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Was approved to be used for adults&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Did not have significant side effects in adults&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Had significant side effects in children, possibly resulting in lack of approval for child vaccinations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;Children&amp;quot; here is defined as humans over the age of 6, as no studies are currently recruiting kids younger than that&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If anything, the vaccines that we get these days are usually given at a young age rather than during adulthood so I'd expect the opposite issue to be more common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T00:51:02.093" Title="Are there vaccines that are safe to use in adults, but harmful in children?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25555" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-19T13:32:57.837" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am working on a fiction piece and would like to better understand the affects on the human body of a loss of consciousness from a lack of blood supply to the brain and the treatment required after. I am mainly looking at the blocking of the carotid arteries as done during a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.wikihow.com/Do-a-Sleeper-Choke-Hold&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleeper hold&lt;/a&gt;. I have broken this down into the following parts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the blood supply goes back to normal after a loss of consciousness, is consciousness regained automatically or is CPR or&#xA;other steps needed in addition for consciousness to be regained?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research&lt;/strong&gt;: In &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/ovb6ZAOJ8mg?t=107&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt;, the trauma specialist mentions that once pressure is relieved from the carotid arteries that they will open up straight away, but what does this mean for the rest of the body eg. does the person regain consciousness straight away (if so how quickly) or is there more to it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If the blood supply is restricted even after a loss of&#xA;consciousness, will this affect how easily consciousness can be&#xA;regained? Eg. is there risk of a more severe level of&#xA;unconsciousness such as a coma, can consciousness still be regained&#xA;automatically be allowing blood supply back to normal at this point&#xA;or will CPR or other steps always be required? This goes to the&#xA;point that sleeper holds are generally recommended to be only held&#xA;for a maximum of 10-15 seconds, I would like to know the possible&#xA;medical reasons for this and consequences of going beyond this&#xA;point.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research&lt;/strong&gt;: In the first answer &lt;a href=&quot;https://martialarts.stackexchange.com/a/866/6502&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; (3rd quote down), it is described that after releasing pressure, the unconscious person generally woke back up after 10-12 seconds. I am interested in what factors determine this wake up eg. if the pressure is maintained for 1 minute vs 15 seconds and then the pressure released, will it take longer for the person to wake up or at what point will they not be able to anymore and need help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once losing consciousness what would generally be the&#xA;treatment/steps attempted to regain consciousness?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research&lt;/strong&gt;: Most articles I have found on unconsciousness treatment, including &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/unconsciousness-first-aid#treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; simply suggest administering CPR if the subject isn't breathing, and contacting emergency help. So I am wondering if the subject is still breathing do you not do anything (other than call emergency help) and they should wake up themselves? Secondly in this specific case is it common for the subject to not be breathing? Thirdly once emergency help does arrive what they would do differently/in addition to the CPR to wake the person up?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Once consciousness is regained via the treatment/steps above, would there need to be any follow up treatment and if so how long would the patient generally need to stay at the hospital for such a treatment or would they be discharged once conscious again?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Research&lt;/strong&gt;: I wasn't able to find anything specific on this, since most articles state that the physician will provide a treatment based on the patient's specific circumstances. In this case, the circumstances are: loss of consciousness due to pressure on carotid arteries, regaining of consciousness via CPR (or other method as per answer to pt 3 above).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope that provides enough background. Please let me know if more details/research is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21201" LastEditorUserId="21201" LastEditDate="2021-01-21T02:24:58.493" LastActivityDate="2021-01-21T02:24:58.493" Title="Treatment for loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow to brain" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;&lt;unconsciousness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25556" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-19T15:26:05.393" Score="0" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question has been inspired by current events, namely the Covid-19 pandemic and, ermm... let's graciously call them &amp;quot;vaccine skeptics&amp;quot;. Also of note is that I'm not a medical scientist or even in any way connected to medicine, so my knowledge can be waaaay off.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I feel like I have a rough, general understanding of the process required to bring a new drug to market. You first come up with the substance, then you try it in a petri dish and/or animal models, then you gather evidence that it does no harm, then you gather evidence that it does bring benefits, and along the way you also gather data on the exact efficiency, side effects, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, all this research is almost always done and funded by private pharmaceutical businesses. It's all very expensive so the companies are very interested in shining results of the tests so that they can sell lots of the new drug. This has on occasion lead to foul play, but I gather that most of the time these results are pretty trustworthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is - what makes them trustworthy? I understand that the research gets both peer review and government oversight (so we have neutral and/or competing third parties looking over their shoulder), but how do you check that the reported results are actually the same as observed in the field? In general, what steps are taken to make cheating in this research difficult?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19758" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T15:26:05.393" Title="How is trustworthiness of medical research established?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-01-30T01:54:00.053" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25557" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-19T19:58:12.540" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Phase 3 clinical trials for Covid-19 vaccines have been completed, and the &amp;quot;effectiveness&amp;quot; values have been made available.  The trials involved a placebo arm, such that if the vaccine were completely ineffective, the control arm and the intervention arm would show the same (statistically equivalent) results.  The difference in the intervention results are what was publicized as the effectiveness of the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This question is about whether the same math can be applied to a situation where a group was split by whether they had recovered from the disease (equivalent to the intervention arm) or had never had the disease (equivalent to placebo arm).  This was done in &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.15.20247981&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the SIREN trial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have assumed the numbers of individuals counted in the vaccine trials were were based on symptomatic individuals, so to be consistent, only symptomatic counts were used from the SIREN trial.  So out of the 44 people in that trial that got sick, 30% were symptomatic, which leads to the value 13, below.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Trial&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Total&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Vaccinated&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Placebo&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;ACTUALLY GOT SICK Symptomatic No Intervention&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Symptomatic EXPECTED count if completely Ineffective Intervention&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;OBSERVED (saw symptoms) Vaccinated&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Reduction In Likelyhood (Effectiveness)&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Moderna&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;30000&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;15000&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;15000&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;185&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;185&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;-94%&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Pfizer&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;43448&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;21720&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;21728&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;162&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;162&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;-95%&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Prev Disease&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;No Prev Disease&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;No Prev Disease&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Ineffective Intervention&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Prev Disease&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;(Effectiveness)&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;SIREN&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;20787&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;6614&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;14173&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;248&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;116&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;-89%&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above calculations, on the surface, seem to indicate that having recovered from the disease is slightly less beneficial than having had the course of the vaccinations. Is the premise behind this math generally sound?  If not, why not? If generally sound, then, based on the procedures and details in the vaccine trials and SIREN trial, and what factors might detract from this kind of analysis, and what factors might support this kind of analysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16005" LastActivityDate="2021-01-19T19:58:12.540" Title="What are the pitfalls using the standard vaccine effectiveness calculation process if applied to reinfectivity observations?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25561" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-20T10:25:26.537" Score="0" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a marker of AMI, different enzymes are used. Creatine Kinase-MB peaks within 24 hrs and returns to normal relatively quickly. Where as LDH-1 peak appears later (~72 hrs) and stays high for a week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What can be the biological basis of this finding?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545216/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545216/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20040" LastEditorUserId="20040" LastEditDate="2021-01-23T05:17:08.167" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T05:17:08.167" Title="Why does LDH-1 peak later than CK-MB in acute myocardial infarction?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;biochemistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25562" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25253" CreationDate="2021-01-20T12:33:38.170" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found an answer to this,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I have already had COVID-19 and recovered, do I still need to get&#xA;vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. Due to the severe health risks associated with COVID-19 and the&#xA;fact that re-infection with COVID-19 is possible, vaccine should be&#xA;offered to you regardless of whether you already had COVID-19&#xA;infection. CDC is providing recommendations to federal, state, and&#xA;local governments about who should be vaccinated first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At this time, experts do not know how long someone is protected from&#xA;getting sick again after recovering from COVID-19. The immunity&#xA;someone gains from having an infection, called natural immunity,&#xA;varies from person to person. Some early evidence suggests natural&#xA;immunity may not last very long.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We won’t know how long immunity produced by vaccination lasts until we&#xA;have more data on how well the vaccines work.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity are important&#xA;aspects of COVID-19 that experts are trying to learn more about, and&#xA;CDC will keep the public informed as new evidence becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html#:%7E:text=It%20typically%20takes%20a%20few,vaccination%20and%20still%20get%20sick.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2021-01-20T12:33:38.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25564" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25586" CreationDate="2021-01-20T14:00:35.743" Score="1" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a beginner in medical sciences I found a fact that was seemingly interesting to me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I was doing some simulations with patient monitors and advanced cardiac life support cases, I found that the way form between post oximetry PLETH and a BP waveforms looks surprisingly similar.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IuJ19.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/IuJ19.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Pulse Oximetry PLETH Waveform&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZoJN2.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZoJN2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;ABP Waveform&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that post oximetry is a representation of blood flow over peripheral limbs, however its almost exact representation of ABP waveforms got me thinking if dynamic blood pressure can be achieved by monitoring SPO2 only, rather than invasive monitoring which may cause a amount of discomfort.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried searching on the Internet, but found no devices articles whatever documenting using SPO2 to measure blood pressure. Are there actually limitations which caused this hypothetical technology to not work, or is it under development in someway where is the evidence of such development, should it exist, was not discovered by me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would appreciate any information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21206" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T18:44:27.710" Title="Post oximetry PLETH waveform and ABP waveform similarities" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25566" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-20T21:59:05.643" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is irritable bowel syndrome a psychosomatic disorder? Given that people with IBS often suffer from depression or anxiety and that the colon is partly controlled by the nervous system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16583" LastActivityDate="2021-01-20T21:59:05.643" Title="Is IBS a psychosomatic disorder?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;irritable-bowel-syndrome&gt;&lt;psychosomatic-illness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-01-24T05:14:50.730" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25567" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-20T23:59:32.087" Score="1" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read several news articles mentioning that doubling up masks offer some additional protection for COVID-19. E.g.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://denver.cbslocal.com/2021/01/20/doubling-up-face-masks-creates-obstacle-course-covid-colorado-doctor/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://denver.cbslocal.com/2021/01/20/doubling-up-face-masks-creates-obstacle-course-covid-colorado-doctor/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even in my own family, when we have outside contact — as limited as it may be — we double mask. So the question is, ‘Is it effective?’ The answer is, ‘Yes’ and it’s something you may want to consider.” [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Specifically what we’re saying is that two masks may actually equal the protection you would get from N-95 masks, which is considered the best mask there is short of a complete respirator-type unit.” [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has that been scientifically demonstrated, and if so, how much more protection does doubling up masks offer for COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T19:26:28.597" LastActivityDate="2021-02-11T03:44:18.320" Title="How much more protection does doubling up masks offer for COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25570" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25547" CreationDate="2021-01-21T04:18:46.820" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, they're normal. No, these problems were not unexpected. In the big trial of one of the first two vaccines, 6 people died. &lt;strong&gt;Four who received placebo&lt;/strong&gt; and two received the vaccine.  &lt;em&gt;But none of the six died from something that the vaccine is believed likely to have caused or prevented&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17268" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T09:02:57.317" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T09:02:57.317" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25571" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23569" CreationDate="2021-01-21T04:29:59.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;“ Peer-reviewed IFR estimates for (seasonal) influenza?”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This isn’t really an answerable question as is because influenza isn’t an illness.  It’s a group of illnesses caused by a pretty wide variety of infectious agents.&#xA;For starters:&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qz5kW.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Influenza A&amp;amp;B last year in the US&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and it will vary from year to year:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QIC2S.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;annual flu chart&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H1N1? H3N2? Yamagata? Victoria? Not equally lethal.&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/I4hiw.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Stats per strain&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Aside: Although nominally it’s not a question you’re asking, I would suggest you look at the number of deaths,total, in places where the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread the most, like New York City.  See row below, but NOTE: NYC deaths are around 26,000, last I checked, per NYTimes.  So &lt;strong&gt;nearly .2% of NYC is dead due to COVID&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here’s a graphic from Twitter by @Thomas Kirch&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/zMf8G.png&quot; alt=&quot;chart&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I mentioned it here instead of in a comment so that I can post the image; forgive the rule bending.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17268" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2021-01-28T02:51:00.343" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T02:51:00.343" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25573" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-21T18:04:02.037" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;Meningeal irritation, as indicated by features such as neck stiffness, is a common finding during subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, its pathophysiology is rather unclear to me. In particular, I do not see how simple blood extravasation could cause features similar to those seen in meningitidis.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;I have found a great number of articles dealing with neck stiffness mechanisms during meningitis, but none explaining what causes it during subarachnoid hemorrhage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Can someone explain to me how does meningeal irritation works during subarachnoid hemorrhage?&lt;/b&gt; Many thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21079" LastActivityDate="2021-01-21T18:04:02.037" Title="Meningeal irritation in subarachnoid hemorrhage" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;pathophysiology&gt;&lt;stroke&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25574" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-21T23:21:59.900" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I saw a health worker in a short video clip wearing some kind of mask that loops around the back and has LEDs on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does anyone know what this is?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ERijn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ERijn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15893" LastEditorUserId="15893" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T06:55:45.563" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T10:31:40.207" Title="What face mask with glowing LEDs on the back is this health worker wearing?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25576" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-22T03:41:55.587" Score="3" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I just listened to the NPR news item and podcast &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/21/959140732/just-move-scientist-author-debunks-myths-about-exercise-and-sleep&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Just Move: Scientist Author Debunks Myths About Exercise And Sleep&lt;/a&gt; and Daniel Lieberman (professor, Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University) discusses their new book &lt;em&gt;Exercised.&lt;/em&gt; and the transcript of highlights includes the following passage:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I walk into a village in a remote part of the world where people don't have chairs or a hunter-gatherer camp, people are always sitting. ... Some friends and colleagues of mine actually put some accelerometers on some hunter-gatherers and found that they sit on average about 10 hours a day, which is pretty much the same amount of time Americans like me spend sitting.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So it turns out that I think we've kind of demonized sitting a little falsely.&lt;/strong&gt; It's not unnatural or strange or weird to sit a lot, but it is problematic if, of course, that's all you do. As I started to explore the literature more, I was fascinated because most of the data that associates sitting a lot with poor health outcomes turns out to be leisure-time sitting. &lt;strong&gt;So if you look at how much time people spend sitting at work, it's not really that associated with heart disease or cancers or diabetes. But if you look at how much people sit when they're not at work, well, then the numbers get a little bit scary.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background/context only:&lt;/strong&gt; When I first heard &amp;quot;Sitting is the new smoking.&amp;quot; I got worried because I sit and think/work for hours at a time without getting up. I get engrossed in thought and the &amp;quot;news&amp;quot; and popular press recommendations that we should get up every 15 or 30 minutes and go get a drink or something frustrated me because I love being engrossed in thought and I find it very productive and would find frequent interruptions of it deleterious to both joy and productivity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's what the author suggests as well:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Just getting up every once in a while, every 10 minutes or so&lt;/strong&gt; — just to go to the bathroom or pet your dog or make yourself a cup of tea — even though you're not spending a lot of energy, you're turning on your muscles. And your muscles, of course, are the largest organ in your body — and just turning them on turns down inflammation. It uses up fats in your bloodstream and sugars in your bloodstream, and it produces molecules that turn down inflammation. So the evidence is that interrupted sitting is really the best way to sit. In hunter-gatherer camps, people are getting up every few minutes, to take care of the fire or take care of a kid or something like that. And that kind of interrupted sitting, as well as not sitting in a chair that's kind of nestling your body and preventing you from using any muscles, all that kind of keeps your muscles going and turns out to be a much healthier way to sit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Question:&lt;/strong&gt; So is the problem with long bouts of sitting that one is not &amp;quot;turning on my muscles&amp;quot; frequently enough throughout the day, and a separate daily bout of exercise doesn't make up for this? Are there still health risks like heart disease or cancer associated with long daily bouts of sitting independent of getting sufficient exercise including some aerobic exercise each day?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16606" LastEditorUserId="16606" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T03:51:37.583" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T03:51:37.583" Title="Science behind &quot;sitting is the new smoking&quot;; regular long bouts of sitting associated with cancer and heart disease even though one gets exercise?" Tags="&lt;exercise&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25578" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-22T06:11:31.330" Score="1" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen that a pharmacist can help with hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/excessive-sweating-hyperhidrosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHS website&lt;/a&gt; you can buy things without a prescription which can help, such as:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;stronger antiperspirants instead of deodorant&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;armpit or sweat shields to protect your clothing&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;foot powders for sweaty feet&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;soap substitutes that are more gentle on your skin.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what if they don't help?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgically, I have heard of endoscopic bilateral thoracic sympathicolysis (EBTS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Endoscopic bilateral thoracic sympathicolysis (EBTS) is an effective and minimally invasive procedure used for patients with primary hyperhidrosis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.05.018&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ramos, et al. 2006&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.02.062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ureña, et al. 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, there are a fair few risks involved from what I understand, where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thoracic sympathectomy will change many bodily functions, including sweating,&lt;sup&gt;[14]&lt;/sup&gt; vascular responses,&lt;sup&gt;[15]&lt;/sup&gt; heart rate,&lt;sup&gt;[16]&lt;/sup&gt; heart stroke volume,&lt;sup&gt;[17][18]&lt;/sup&gt; thyroid, baroreflex,&lt;sup&gt;[19]&lt;/sup&gt; lung volume,&lt;sup&gt;[18][20]&lt;/sup&gt; pupil dilation, skin temperature and other aspects of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;autonomic nervous system&lt;/a&gt;, like genitourinary functions and the essential &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;fight-or-flight response&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_thoracic_sympathectomy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The procedure can also lead to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Horner's Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_syndrome&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Harlequin Syndrome&lt;/a&gt; and I have found that for 92% of patients (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg487&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2014&lt;/a&gt;), the surgery can cause them to sweat more heavily than the hyperhidrosis did, defeating the object of the surgery while risking more serious complications &lt;strong&gt;all surgeries&lt;/strong&gt; carry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what other options are available (if any) for those who suffer from generalised primary (idiopathic) hyperhidrosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Generalised&lt;/em&gt; meaning &lt;em&gt;all over the body&lt;/em&gt; rather than localised to hands, feet or armpits; and &lt;em&gt;idiopathic&lt;/em&gt; meaning &lt;em&gt;of no known underlying medical cause&lt;/em&gt; such as obesity, menopause, a tumor, diabetes mellitus, or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there surgical alternatives to EBTS which can help with hyperhidrosis, and maybe with less risk to other functions of the autonomic nervous system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NICE (2014). Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis of the upper limb: Interventional procedures guidance [IPG487] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg487&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg487&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ramos, R., Moya, J., Morera, R., Masuet, C., Perna, V., Macia, I., Escobar, I., &amp;amp; Villalonga, R. (2006). An assessment of anxiety in patients with primary hyperhidrosis before and after endoscopic thoracic sympathicolysis. &lt;em&gt;European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, 30&lt;/em&gt;(2), 228–231. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.05.018&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.05.018&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ureña, A., Ramos, R., Masuet, C., Macia, I., Rivas, F., Escobar, I., Villalonga, R., &amp;amp; Moya, J. (2009). An assessment of plantar hyperhidrosis after endoscopic thoracic sympathicolysis. &lt;em&gt;European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery 36&lt;/em&gt;(2), 360–363. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.02.062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.02.062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T06:11:31.330" Title="Treatment options for generalised primary hyperhidrosis" Tags="&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;sudoriferous-sweat-glands&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25581" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25574" CreationDate="2021-01-22T10:31:40.207" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I guess it's some kind of compact PAPR in semi-mask form. Here's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://cleanspacetechnology.com/healthusa/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;similar product&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r1tum.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/r1tum.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T10:31:40.207" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25582" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-22T12:43:28.290" Score="1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to do a literature review on double-blind controlled experiments on neonatal/infant salt intake/supplementation. Many such experiments would be unethical to do on humans so I was thinking more of animal experiments. Presumably, there would be a constellation of factors to monitor from infancy to old age, with a corresponding large body of literature, to support recommendations on human infant diet. However, I haven't been able to find anything.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm a math prof, so I don't know anything about medicine and maybe this is why I can't find the literature. But I do know about math, so I'm not interested in correlational/observational studies of human populations. If they managed to do double blind controlled experiments in humans ethically, I'd love to see those papers!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21220" LastEditorUserId="21220" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T13:06:16.153" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T12:07:45.837" Title="Controlled experiments on neonatal/infant salt intake/supplementation?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;salt&gt;&lt;scientific-method&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25583" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25537" CreationDate="2021-01-22T14:06:42.060" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Found this that appears to answer the question of the differences between two types of syringes.&#xA;Apparently the mean loss difference is 0.082 ml. Over the course of 5 inoculations (using a new syringe each time) a total of 0.41 ml would be conserved using the low dead-space syringe. Since the dosage per patient is 0.3,  ml, theoretically 1 more inoculation can be obtained when using low dead space syringes. (20% increase). This is in agreement with what Ron Klain was saying.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going beyond that however it also appears that 7 doses per vial is feasible (which would represent a 40% increase in the number of innoculations per vial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Pfizer vaccine vial is prefilled with 0.45 ml, and to that the clinician is to add 1.80 ml, so that the total volume per vial is 2.250 ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If using a &amp;quot;high&amp;quot; dead space syringe, drawn to .3 ml, the total withdrawn from the vial is 0.382 ml per dose. With the vial volume at 2.250 ml, only 5 complete doses can be withdrawn&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;OTOH, if using the &amp;quot;low&amp;quot; dead space syringe, drawn to 0.3 ml, the total withdrawn from the vial is 0.302 ml per dose.  With the vial volume at 2.250 ml, 7 complete doses can be withdrawn.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;7 doses per vial versus 5 is a 40% increase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What I was hoping to see was that the WH COVID19 scientists were making and publishing similar calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5WagG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5WagG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Wikipedia image comparing syringes&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastEditorUserId="11421" LastEditDate="2021-01-22T20:39:59.913" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T20:39:59.913" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25586" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25564" CreationDate="2021-01-22T18:44:27.710" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;You have observed a relationship in &lt;em&gt;phase/frequency&lt;/em&gt; of these two signals, which indicates that you can use both to get the same rate information. In this case, that information is the &lt;em&gt;heart rate&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You cannot infer from this that there is sufficient information in one signal to predict the amplitude of the other. For a given recording, you may be able to use regression to attempt this, but you will likely find the accuracy is not good, and certainly not good enough to extrapolate and predict blood pressure in other patients with only PLETH.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When measuring blood pressure, we are not typically concerned as much with the shape of the waveform as with the mean, maximum, and minimum pressures observed. External blood pressure monitoring is not particularly invasive. When invasive blood pressure monitoring is used it is for the improved accuracy and rapid information; you won't obtain these features with a surrogate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-01-22T18:44:27.710" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25587" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-22T20:22:27.093" Score="2" ViewCount="112" Body="&lt;p&gt;How common is it for male children to masturbate in early childhood (before kindergarten)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it normal for extremely young male boys to fondle their own genitals?&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Is that part of normal human biology or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21225" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T14:09:19.580" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T14:09:19.580" Title="How common is it for boys to masturbate in early childhood (before kindergarten)?" Tags="&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;children-kids&gt;&lt;developmental-milestones&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25588" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-23T03:08:30.713" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Every year, the influenza vaccine changes a little bit, incorporating different strains every year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I believe that these vaccine variants don't have to undergo clinical trials, that they piggyback on the prior influenza vaccine trials. (Right?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does that mean that manufacturers of vaccines approved for the COVID-19 Wuhan strain could tweak their process to include the B.1.1.7 and/or P.1 strain without having to go through trials again?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or do influenza vaccines have a special dispensation somehow?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are the rules for what you can change in a vaccine without having to go through trials?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21226" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T06:56:37.500" Title="Would vaccines against COVID variants (e.g. B.1.1.7) need *additional* clinical trials?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25589" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-23T04:38:43.943" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I came across the term &lt;strong&gt;subcortical retraction&lt;/strong&gt; and cannot understand its meaning. Does it mean &amp;quot;the withering of the subcortical areas&amp;quot; (shrinking of subcortical white matter)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302586/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Follow-up of folinic acid supplementation for patients with cerebral folate deficiency and Kearns-Sayre syndrome&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case 2. Multi Vane T2-Weighted TSE (T2W-MV) disclosed hyperintensity in dorsal brain stem (A), globus pallidus atrophy (B), &lt;strong&gt;subcortical retraction&lt;/strong&gt; and white matter hyperintensity (C).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qx6fS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/qx6fS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2021-01-23T04:53:56.297" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T04:53:56.297" Title="What is the meaning of &quot;subcortical retraction&quot; in a description of MRI of a Kearns-Sayre syndrome patient?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;brain&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;white-matter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25590" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25587" CreationDate="2021-01-23T05:28:17.163" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to one &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994165/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2010 paper&lt;/a&gt;, which actually tried to identify the correlates of the behavior, albeit in a small sample (n=13, 3 males, 10 females) that was referred to a clinic:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The median age at the first incident was 19.5 months (range, 4-36 months); the median masturbation frequency, 4 times/day; and the median duration of each event, 3.9 min. The subjects masturbated in both prone (n=10) and supine positions (n=3); two subjects used the knee-chest position. All subjects showed facial flushing; 6, friction between the thighs; 5, sweating; 9, sleeping after the event; and 12, disturbance on interruption. EEG was abnormal in one of eight subjects tested, and neuroimages were normal in all of nine subjects examined. The case and control groups had comparable levels of all sex hormones, except estradiol, which showed significantly lower levels in the case group (P=.02).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSION:&#xA;Masturbation in children seems to be associated with reduced estradiol levels, but not with other sex hormones. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, there was nothing too obviously wrong with these children otherwise...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sample is from a clinic in Jordan but I didn't sense any obvious cultural bias, except for the higher presumed referral rate... and lack of follow-up:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since Jordan is a sexually conservative country with no formal sex education, childhood masturbation may create more parental concern than in Western societies, and the referral rate may differ. Ten (77%) of our children did not attend any follow-up visits after their parents were informed about the diagnosis of childhood masturbation, possibly due to the concern of stigmatization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, there is a term for this masturbation-like behavior in children (as mentioned in the paper) namely &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratification_disorder&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gratification disorder&lt;/a&gt;. Alas the Wikipedia article cites only a handful of even older articles, to say that not much research was done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some similar studies conducted &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719833/pdf/v089p00225.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10834518/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in Turkey&lt;/a&gt; actually had somewhat larger samples, but otherwise there's not a lot to say about this. The UK study had a broader age range... and there's the odd bit about the car seat:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thirty one patients were diagnosed (11 males and 20 females). [...] The median age at first symptoms was 10.5 months (range 3 months to 5 years 5 months). The median age at diagnosis was 24.5 months (range 5 months to 8 years). [...] Events occurred in any situation in 10 children, and in a car seat in 11.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The discussion section also notes something about stigma:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Masturbation in children is commonly recognised to be a&#xA;variant of normal behaviour. Once the diagnosis is made and&#xA;there are no suspicions of child sexual abuse requiring&#xA;further investigation and management, reassurance seems to&#xA;be the most effective management. Parents prefer the term&#xA;gratification (or even benign idiopathic infantile dyskinesia)&#xA;to infantile masturbation as there is less social stigma&#xA;attached to these terms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Classification-wise, one 2008 &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-008-0766-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; says that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CM is defined as self-stimulation of the genitalia in a&#xA;prepubescent child. It is not included in the DSM-IV,&#xA;the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#xA;(4th edition) of the American Psychiatric Association,&#xA;which means that it is not classified as a (specific)&#xA;psychiatric disorder. The WHO places (excessive) CM&#xA;under the title “Other specified behavioural and emotional&#xA;disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and&#xA;adolescence” (F98.8) in the ICD-10, the International&#xA;Statistical Classification System of Diseases and Related&#xA;Health Problems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And to help answer your title question, this review actually does cite (and even include a table from) a study on prevalence, although this was assessed indirectly (parental reporting):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a study of Friedrich, the frequencies of a lot of&#xA;different sexual behaviours in 1,114 2- to 12-year-old&#xA;children were rated by their mothers (by means of the&#xA;CSBI and the CBCL). Friedrich excluded children with a&#xA;history or suspicion of sexual abuse in order to compose a&#xA;normative sample. His results were consistent with earlier&#xA;research and showed that a broad spectrum of sexual&#xA;behaviours appears in children with varying frequencies.&#xA;Self-stimulation is one of the most frequently seen sexual&#xA;behaviours (Table 1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkrOW.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkrOW.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9521975/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; actually used a combined sample from Los Angeles and Minnesota, with the stated reason for doing so to average over possible cultural bias of the respondents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's yet another &lt;a href=&quot;https://macpeds.com/documents/TheEvaluationofSexualBehaviorsinChildren.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2009 review&lt;/a&gt; which is open-access, but on the broader topic sexual-like behaviors in childhood including such interactions with other children, exhibitionism etc. This review notes that &amp;quot;more than 50% of children will engage in some type of sexual behavior before their 13th birthday&amp;quot; but this is across the aforementioned broader range of behaviors. For childhood masturbation proper, they don't cite any other study besides Friedrich's already discussed above. But (I guess mainly from that) they summarize in a table of &amp;quot;Examples of Sexual Behaviors in Children 2 to 6 Years of Age&amp;quot; that &amp;quot;Normal, Common Behaviors&amp;quot; include &amp;quot;Touching/masturbating genitals&#xA;in public/private&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actually Friedrich is a co-author to another &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10506230/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that (using a translated questionnaire) had roughly similar findings in a Dutch sample, but a bit lower e.g. only 9.2% for &amp;quot;masturbates with hand&amp;quot; in the 2-5 y.o. I've cropped the most relevant part of their questionnaire report:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3KIsh.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3KIsh.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They also note some parental correlates of higher reporting, which not surprisingly include a more liberal attitude towards nudity, homosexuality etc.&#xA;A more &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213419303539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent study&lt;/a&gt; mentions that results turned out not to be so easily generalizable because what parents report seems to vary across cultures...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Comparison of the available research based on US, European, and Asian samples, reveals that European parents score highest on the CSBI total (de Graaf &amp;amp; Rademakers, 2007), whereas Asian children hardly show any sexual behavior according to the CSBI total score (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.336&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jin, Chung, Jeong, &amp;amp; Lee, 2013&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One good news (perhaps) is that within the same culture, mothers and fathers make consistent reports on their children. The latter paper does note, culture-wise:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;we must take into consideration the conservative Korean culture based on Confucian strictures including sexual taboos even among the adults, which likely affected the parents' ability to observe and report their children's sexual behavior.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-01-23T07:11:53.007" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T07:11:53.007" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25592" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25588" CreationDate="2021-01-23T06:56:37.500" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found an answer.  From &lt;a href=&quot;https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2021/01/the-new-strain-and-the-need-for-speed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2021/01/the-new-strain-and-the-need-for-speed.html&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the big virtues of mRNA vaccines is that much like switching a&#xA;bottling plant from Sprite to 7-Up we could tweak the formula and&#xA;produce a new vaccine using exactly the same manufacturing plants.&#xA;Moreover, Marks and Hahn at the FDA have said that the FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/943266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;would not&#xA;require new clinical trials&lt;/a&gt; for safety and efficacy just smaller,&#xA;shorter trials for immune response (similarly we don’t do new&#xA;large-scale clinical trials for every iteration of the flu vaccine.)&#xA;Thus, if we needed it, we could modify mRNA vaccines (not other types)&#xA;for a new variant in say 8-12 weeks. As Zeynep notes, however, the&#xA;vaccines are very likely to work well for the new variant. It’s nice&#xA;to know, however, that we do have some flexibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21226" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T06:56:37.500" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25593" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-23T07:00:21.110" Score="3" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;I understand that the time it took Modena to go from the SARS-CoV-2 sequence to shipping doses for clinical trial was 44 days:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.modernatx.com/modernas-work-potential-vaccine-against-covid-19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.modernatx.com/modernas-work-potential-vaccine-against-covid-19&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know exactly what happened in that 44 days, but I am guessing it was things like synthesizing a DNA template, making sure that the protein would fold, maybe figuring out how to purify it, printing the shipping labels, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If Modena (or Pfizer) wanted to switch their vaccine from the Wuhan strain to the B.1.1.7 strain, how fast could they get a B.1.1.7 variant dose into someone's arm?  I presume it would be less than 44 days, but what's a guess as to the fastest it could happen (assuming they didn't have to go through trials again)?  Is it just like two days to synthesize the template DNA?  If not, what are the other steps they would need to go through?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21226" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-26T09:15:59.890" LastActivityDate="2021-02-26T09:15:59.890" Title="How fast could mRNA COVID manufacturers switch from the Wuhan strain to e.g. B.1.1.7 and why?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25594" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-23T10:04:52.530" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am studying &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractography&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;tractography&lt;/a&gt; technique which aims to reconstruct bundles of axons in brain by following the diffusion direction of water. It exploits the difference between grey matter and white matter: in white matter (axons) we find an anisotropic environment since there is a preferential direction of diffusivity of water molecules that is along the axons direction, while in grey matter the environment is isotropic since molecules do not move with a preferential direction. The diffusion of molecules is generally given by a difference of concentration of molecules between two points but they should move even though this gradient is not present because of the temperature so because of the fact that they have a certain thermal energy. Therefore my question is: why do molecules move along the axons direction ? Is there a biological aspect that causes like a difference in concentration between the starting point and the ending point ? Maybe the answer is trivial but since I am neither a biologist nor a medicine graduated student, I do not know it :) and I am not able to find something on web . It seems that I find only explanations for diffusion of water molecules from outside the cell to inside... However I would like to know the reason why they move in the same direction of the axon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21227" LastEditorUserId="21227" LastEditDate="2021-01-23T11:23:46.327" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T11:23:46.327" Title="Why do water molecules diffuse along axons direction?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;microbiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-01-24T05:21:04.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25595" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25582" CreationDate="2021-01-23T11:29:47.343" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;After posting this, I did a lot more research and I was finally able to find some publications with controlled experiments on Na+ neonatal/infant intake, mostly in animals of course, with a few human experiments when they were ethical to do so (e.g. testing two Na+ supplementation regime in Na+ deficient neonates).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1]. &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01213376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Haycock, The influence of sodium on growth in infancy.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review article quotes a number of experiments on rats and other animals, and to my untrained eye, the methodology looks to be gold standard. In one experiment, some populations of rats are apparently in completely indistinguishable environments, except that the concentration of Na+ is varied across these groups (Cl- is constant across all groups). Na+ deprivation seems to lead to growth delay, progressively larger dose of Na+ mitigate this delay up to a certain threshold where normal development is achieved. This article describes many more related experiments studying related aspects, e.g. showing that Na+ deprivation followed by adequate Na+ intake does not produce &amp;quot;catch-up&amp;quot; growth (the growth gap is permanent).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This paper also describes two experiments on human neonates. The first such experiment had substantial Na+ losses in the ileostomy fluid. There does not seem to be any controls, and no mention of blinding the clinicians. These infants failed to grow, which was remedied when the infants were provided with Na+ supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A second clinical experiment on humans is described. Premature neonates (&amp;lt;34 weeks) were provided either 4-5mmol/kg/day (treatment group) or 1-1.5/mmol/kg/day (&amp;quot;control&amp;quot; group) of Na+. The &amp;quot;control group&amp;quot; seems to have delayed growth compared to the treatment group. Further observations are described, comparing &amp;quot;mature&amp;quot; maternal milk against maternal milk of mothers whose infants are premature, and whey-based formula with high mineral contents. It wasn't clear to me how many of these experiments were double-blind controlled, but also the three treatments don't prove much about Na+ because so many other atoms and molecules vary between the three treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Elsewhere in the literature, I've seen many mentions that &amp;lt;34 week preemies should receive Na+ supplementation, but &amp;gt;34 week preemies should not. Although it is scientifically correct in the abstract, not to give unproven treatments to patients, it may be that the question of Na+ sufficiency in mature neonates is an open problem. I was not able to find scientific evidence to support confident assertions that mature neonates and infants have sufficient Na+ intake from maternal milk. For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2]. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093947531200097X?casa_token=_4q-VgUMfywAAAAA:j7uuo9FZRJY6sTw8pl28icirHS-T4KDBZGG8c2aWurb59kV7WPknH3Rmw07pfUYXRokQ3Z7Paw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Strazzullo, Campanozzi, Avallone. Does salt intake in the first two years of life affect the development of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] is a highly cited paper that sets out excellent protocols for the clinical setting. However, I am using [2] as an example because I feel that the wording they use is sometimes stronger than the scientific evidence that they have. This is par for the course in medicine, but as a mathematician, and for the context of my question, I am looking for unambiguous, objective, gold-standard science.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In [2], the authors write &amp;quot;The amount of sodium to be retained by an infant for proper physiological growth is largely covered by breast feeding (or low sodium formula milk) in the first six months...&amp;quot; However, according to my reading, they do not have gold-standard double blind controlled experiments on humans to prove this. One piece of their argument is to cite a rat experiments co-authored by Hancock (the author of [1]) and extrapolate to humans. Their argument is that rats need 0.3mmol/day, and they somehow conclude that therefore humans would need 0.9mmol/day. If that were the case, there is a good likelihood that maternal milk would indeed be sufficient, but this begs the question: why does maternal milk contain 60+mmol/L of Na+? Also, I am suspicious of this extrapolation, tripling from newborn rats to newborn humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from the rat evidence, these authors attempt to link &amp;quot;salt preference&amp;quot; with later bad outcomes, but this is not the sort of science I am looking for. It suffers from the usual flaws. Observational studies can, at best, show correlations. You can never tell the direction of the causality, and you can never uncover confounding factor. My favorite way of teaching confounding factors and causation is the story of Bob, who always gets a headache after sleeping with his shoes on. Because of the time difference, people assume that Bob's shoes are magical headache-causing footwear but the reality is that Bob only sleeps in his shoes after partying at the pub.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I realize that if [2] had used confusing language like &amp;quot;we recommend no Na+ supplementation for mature neonates, although the question of Na+ sufficiency for such patients remains an open problem&amp;quot;, that would be confusing for clinicians and it's a lot easier to publish papers that have a clear message.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My personal, unscientific opinion is that it is likely that mature neonates and young infants have sufficient salt, but it is also possible that they do not. Salt sufficiency is presumed because it is assumed that maternal milk is &amp;quot;perfect food&amp;quot; for neonates. But this is in tension with the consensus elsewhere that breastfed children are iron deficient. Would prehistoric infant mammals somehow get iron intake from their environments? Would they also get sodium intake from their environments? I don't think these questions have been answered, from what I can tell.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21220" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T11:29:47.343" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25596" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25597" CreationDate="2021-01-23T19:11:57.653" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bacterial colonies in vivo develop biofilms that are hard to treat with oral/systemic antibiotics because their extracellular matrices - and, of course, the bacteria themselves - become resistant. I am writing this question with respect to Hidradenitis Suppurativa, a chronic disease that causes persistant lesions of bacterial infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, why not inject an antibiotic, such as gentamycin, locally: directly into a lesion, ensuring it penetrates the matrix?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have done lots of research but have found almost nothing supporting the idea of injecting an antibiotic locally; most articles and journals relate to filler injections (botox) gone wrong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21231" LastEditorUserId="21231" LastEditDate="2021-01-23T23:37:50.097" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T23:37:50.097" Title="Local antibiotic injections to manage chronic bacterial infections" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;antibacterial-resistance&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25597" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25596" CreationDate="2021-01-23T20:07:34.387" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I think you are imagining a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;biofilm&lt;/a&gt; to be like castle walls; once you've breached the walls, you have free access to the inside.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A biofilm is more like a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_dessert&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;gelatin dessert&lt;/a&gt;. Even if you have a biofilm that is large enough to inject into, it will still be a barrier to free movement of the drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There certainly is interest in &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;q=local+antibiotic+delivery&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;local antibiotic delivery&lt;/a&gt;, the simplest of which is topical application, but it won't work quite the way I think you're envisioning it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-01-23T20:07:34.387" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25599" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-24T04:50:08.350" Score="2" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that bacteria can be infected by viruses. Are there viruses that affect both organisms (bacteria and humans)? Is it possible to get a virus from a bacterial infection (the bacteria is the carrier of the virus)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20006" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T04:50:08.350" Title="Can we become infected with a virus that reaches our body in a bacterium?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25600" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25593" CreationDate="2021-01-24T05:09:05.510" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found a different upper bound.  From &lt;a href=&quot;https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2021/01/the-new-strain-and-the-need-for-speed.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2021/01/the-new-strain-and-the-need-for-speed.html&lt;/a&gt; (emphasis mine):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One of the big virtues of mRNA vaccines is that much like switching a bottling plant from Sprite to 7-Up we could tweak the formula and produce a new vaccine using exactly the same manufacturing plants. Moreover, Marks and Hahn at the FDA have said that the FDA would not require new clinical trials for safety and efficacy just smaller, shorter trials for immune response (similarly we don’t do new large-scale clinical trials for every iteration of the flu vaccine.) Thus, if we needed it, &lt;strong&gt;we could modify mRNA vaccines (not other types) for a new variant in say 8-12 weeks&lt;/strong&gt;. As Zeynep notes, however, the vaccines are very likely to work well for the new variant. It’s nice to know, however, that we do have some flexibility.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.axios.com/biontech-vaccine-covid-variant-2388f93a-190a-45f4-ba97-ac50f33fabe6.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this reference&lt;/a&gt; says that the BioNTech CEO said it would be 2-6 weeks plus testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21226" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T05:09:05.510" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25607" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-24T23:59:50.917" Score="0" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;There exist different treatments to remove a seborrheic keratosis (SK), such as cryotherapy and electrodesiccation {1}. I wonder what the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and electrodesiccation is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have only found one study {2}:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Conclusion: Cryosurgery and electrodesiccation are both effective treatment modalities for truncal SKs. While cosmetic outcomes were similar, cryosurgery resulted in less postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, the sample size is only 33.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other, preferably larger studies comparing the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and electrodesiccation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0515/p2365.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0515/p2365.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Ethington, Elizabeth, Andia Mitri, David Surprenant, Michael Murphy, Rebecca Rovner, Jeave Reserva, James Swan, William Adams, Rebecca Tung, and Kristin Lee. &amp;quot;Patient Preferences and Comparative Outcomes Regarding Cryosurgery versus Electrodesiccation in the Removal of Truncal Seborrheic Keratoses.&amp;quot; The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology 12, no. 9 (2019): E53. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777698/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777698/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-01-24T23:59:50.917" Title="What is the difference in cosmesis of the treatment of a seborrheic keratosis between cryotherapy and electrodesiccation?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;cryotherapy&gt;&lt;seborrheic-keratosis&gt;&lt;electrodesiccation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25608" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-25T22:09:58.223" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;The effective reproduction number gives us the average number of people an infected person will transmit a disease to. Though R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; doesn't include a time dimension, perhaps related would be the average time between becoming infected to transmitting the disease to others. Are there any concepts in epidemiology along the lines of &amp;quot;average time to transmit an infection&amp;quot;? If so, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1155" LastEditorUserId="1155" LastEditDate="2021-01-25T22:39:01.840" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T03:48:10.593" Title="Is there a term for &quot;average time to transmit&quot; in epidemiology?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25609" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25608" CreationDate="2021-01-25T22:35:32.300" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes of course; it would not be possible to create epidemiological models without some measure of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The equivalent of what you ask for is usually expressed as the number of infection-causing contacts per unit time, or as a total rate of contacts times a probability of transmission. Typically R is derived from this number rather than the other way around, since R is given by (rate of infected)*(time infectious).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-01-25T22:35:32.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25610" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25608" CreationDate="2021-01-25T22:36:15.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;h2&gt;Clinical&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The term &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_interval&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;serial interval&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; refers to the time between successive cases; there are a number of similar serial interval statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The clinical onset serial interval is defined in terms of symptoms: the mean time between symptoms appearing in an infected person, and the symptoms appearing in the infectees. This can also be used to estimate the serial interval empirically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The diagnostic serial interval is the mean time between diagnoses for the infector and infectees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The interval between successive infections is usually called &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; serial interval. The theoretical value of the serial interval is estimated to be the sum of the mean latent period (time from infection to infectiousness) and half the infectious period; whether this value has its own name, I haven't been able to determine. The &amp;quot;average transmission interval&amp;quot; is the sum of the mean latent period and the full infectious period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/158/11/1039/162725&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Interval between Successive Cases of an Infectious Disease&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; for a more extensive description.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Modeling&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a prevalent class of epidemiological models, compartmental models, the population is partitioned into groups, such as susceptible, infectious and immune (called &amp;quot;removed&amp;quot;). The transition rate between susceptible and infectious compartments (∂(S/N)/∂t) corresponds to the concept in the question. With:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;β&lt;/code&gt; being the average number of contacts per person over a unit of time,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;S&lt;/code&gt; being the number of susceptible individuals,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt; being the number of infected individuals, and&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; being the total population,&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=tx&amp;amp;chl=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+%5Cfrac%7BS%7D%7BN%7D%7D%7B%5Cpartial+t%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cbeta+S+I%7D%7BN%5E%7B2%7D%7D&quot; alt=&quot;d(S/N)/dt = -βSI/N²&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1155" LastEditorUserId="1155" LastEditDate="2021-01-26T03:48:10.593" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T03:48:10.593" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25614" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-26T19:40:01.043" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;Why do we use antiseptics to sterilize the skin prior to surgery instead of topical antibiotics?&#xA;Or is it that we have already given oral pre-operative antibiotics?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it a worry about developing topical antibiotic resistance?&#xA;Plus, antiseptics mainly target transient flora on the skin, how does that make it a more superior choice to topical antibiotics or a mix of other topical anti-infectives?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21264" LastActivityDate="2021-01-26T19:40:01.043" Title="Why are antiseptics used instead of topical antibiotics for pre-surgical skin sterilization?" Tags="&lt;pre-suregery-pre-op&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25615" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-27T05:49:30.223" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a person stops masturbating, will it have negative effects on their health? Can a person live perfectly without masturbating at all?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21265" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-01-27T08:34:05.457" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T05:13:51.943" Title="Is it unhealthy not to masturbate at all?" Tags="&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;sexuality&gt;&lt;masturbation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-01-28T05:14:06.523" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25617" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-28T03:20:46.493" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've read a book which argues that the modern society, which exposes us to the light even in night, has caused increase of insomnia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But I failed to find the evidence (journal article) that shows the increase of the morbidity of insomnia either within the modern society, or across the eras.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any epidemiological, sociological, or anthropological evidence that has shown the increase of insomnia in the modern society?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21267" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T03:20:46.493" Title="Is the morbidity of insomnia increasing?" Tags="&lt;sleep&gt;&lt;insomnia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25618" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-28T05:57:19.367" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;the patient cannot walk normally, but can only walk if there are black and white squares on the floor. How can we explain this visual feedback physiologically? basically what is visual feedback? What are the resource books on this subject?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21269" LastActivityDate="2021-01-28T05:57:19.367" Title="what is the visual feedback in parkinson's disease?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25621" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25630" CreationDate="2021-01-28T11:36:52.680" Score="0" ViewCount="121" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Covid-19 epidemic has been with us for nearly a year, and I'm still having trouble understanding in simple terms just how contagious it is or isn't.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lets say I have a 1 hour face-to-face conversation at a distance of 2 meters with someone with covid-19. To keep it simple we'll assume no face masks, and no physical contact. What are the odds of me catching Covid in that period? 0.1 percent? 1 percent? 10 percent? More? Less?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or a different scenario - imagine 100 people in a room 100m by 100m randomly mingling (again, assume no masks and no physical contact). If one of those people has Covid-19, how many others are likely to have caught Covid after 1 hour?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that there are many different factors in the spread of disease, age, health, behaviour etc but even so I amazed that I can find no real-world practical examples of just how likely I am to catch covid in different situations. I've seen a couple of statements describing things as 'low risk' or 'high risk' but never with numeric examples. For example spectating at a football match has been described as 'high risk' - but what does that mean? 1% chance of catching Covid? or 30% chance? Similarly visiting close family for 1 day over Xmas was described as 'low risk' but again no indication (in numbers) of what 'low' means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Update - I'll admit I'm amazed by the apparent difficulty in answering this question (even with very approximate estimates), covid is currently the &lt;em&gt;worlds&lt;/em&gt; number 1 problem, I would have expected this to have been computer modelled to hell and back by now, even if I can't get the answer to three decimal places, I'd have hoped to get an approximation to +-2%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2nd Update - firstly, sorry if my tone upset anyone. Two more says of digging around and BrenBarns spreadsheet is the still the best/closest thing to an answer I've found. My request for a 'laypersons answer' is basically asking for something that a non-doctor or non-virologist can understand. As an engineer myself, I'm still looking for a science/math based answer, with some numbers attached, something a bit more explicit than just 'high risk' or 'low risk'&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20619" LastEditorUserId="20619" LastEditDate="2021-01-31T21:51:14.733" LastActivityDate="2021-01-31T21:51:14.733" Title="How contagious is Covid-19 - in laypersons terms?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="9" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25623" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24960" CreationDate="2021-01-29T08:34:47.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other ways of supplementing? Are there supplements that are not contraindicated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Yes. There are ways to deliver vitamins directly to the cell without needing to be passed by the intestinal system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. Vitamin B12, one of the most commonly deficient vitamins observed in IBD and crohn's patients as uptake is mainly oral and the main site of oral absorption being in the ileum, can be delivered intramuscularly via injection. [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112015/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Oral Vitamin D supplements also tend to be less effective in IBD patients with active inflammation in the small bowel as that is where most absorption takes place. And can be supplemented through natural biosynthesis by the keratinocytes in the epidermis when in the presence of UV light.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21286" LastEditorUserId="21286" LastEditDate="2021-01-29T08:40:02.137" LastActivityDate="2021-01-29T08:40:02.137" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25624" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-29T09:15:38.817" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am from a data science/programming field, but for my work, i need to better understand what happens when an organe is removed (just removed, not replaced). Indeed, there is nerves, mucles, veins, arteries, ... and i guess that all these are either not used anymore or used a different way. I am more focused on what nerves becomes after organ removal, but a more broader view about the rest is welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my focus about nerves is because we are wondering weither it is possible to mesure nerve impulse when the nerve is not attached to the organ anymore ? and if it is possible, does the impulse disapear after an (long) amount of time due to, say, brain reorganisation or something else ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you have explainations, it would be great. But what I need the most is some keywords, terminologies, sources, studies, ... . Anything you have that can get me started on the field. Obviously, my lack of knowledge in medicine will stop me at a point. But i need to know where to start looking for informations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21287" LastEditorUserId="21287" LastEditDate="2021-01-29T22:15:02.220" LastActivityDate="2021-01-29T22:15:02.220" Title="what happens to the nerves when an organ is removed?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;nerves&gt;&lt;removal&gt;&lt;neuroscience&gt;&lt;internal-organs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25628" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-01-29T17:57:52.070" Score="2" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;By now, millions of people have been given the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines in the US, and the same is true for those and other vaccines in many other countries. I have not found in the media any news about infection rates in that group, and I think that would be interesting to know. I would be particularly interested to know whether there have been any hospitalizations among the vaccinated population. On the one hand, I would expect it to make the news if a vaccinated person ended up hospitalized with the disease, but 22 million Americans have been vaccinated (at least the first dose), and surely more than ten million got vaccinated  more than a week ago. Have there really been no hospitalizations in that group? If so, that would be great news.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20854" LastActivityDate="2021-01-29T17:57:52.070" Title="How well are the covid-19 vaccines doing in the field?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25630" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25621" CreationDate="2021-01-29T20:12:38.553" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The closest thing I have found to this is a tool called the &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16K1OQkLD4BjgBdO8ePj6ytf-RpPMlJ6aXFg3PrIQBbQ/edit#gid=519189277&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 Airborne Transmission Estimator&lt;/a&gt;.  It is basically a spreadsheet on which you can tweak various parameters and get an estimate of the number of people infected at a given gathering.  It was developed last summer by a professor at the University of Colorado; he is not a doctor but is a chemist who studies aerosols.  Here is &lt;a href=&quot;http://cires1.colorado.edu/jimenez/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a page about his research group&lt;/a&gt; and here is &lt;a href=&quot;https://cires.colorado.edu/news/covid-19-airborne-transmission-tool-available&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a brief press release about the tool&lt;/a&gt;.  As far as I can tell there has been no peer review of this model and it seems to be still quite provisional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Spanish newspaper El Pais wrote &lt;a href=&quot;https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-10-28/a-room-a-bar-and-a-class-how-the-coronavirus-is-spread-through-the-air.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; which describes some examples of risk based on the model.  National Geographic also did &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article&lt;/a&gt; showing some graphs of risk in various situations based on the model.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those articles are useful because the spreadsheet itself can be somewhat overwhelming to use.  The model requires values for certain parameters that the average person has no real knowledge about, such as the volume of air breathed in by a person in an hour and the rate at which the air in the space is replaced with fresh air from an external source; as well as parameters that are not definitively known or may be quite variable, such as the number of infectious doses of the virus exhaled per hour.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the model comes with a major &amp;quot;garbage in, garbage out&amp;quot; caveat.  Also, of course, it is not so much an analysis of experimental data as a mathematical model, and it relies on many simplifying assumptions.  For instance, it does not consider the details of airflow within the space, although there is evidence that that can be important.  Nonetheless, it is the only model I've seen that attempts to push the numbers all the way through to direct estimates of infection.  The author is quoted in the National Geographic article as saying, &amp;quot;We do not have a ton of information, but we cannot afford to wait for a ton of information.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2021-01-29T20:19:39.483" LastActivityDate="2021-01-29T20:19:39.483" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25635" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24960" CreationDate="2021-01-30T22:30:22.790" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Supplementation of vitamins and minerals in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) should be &lt;strong&gt;specific to existing deficiencies&lt;/strong&gt; in each patient (&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nutritional+management+of+inflammatory+bowel+diseases:+a+comprehensive+guide&amp;amp;publication_year=2016&amp;amp;&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is little evidence in this context for blind ingestion of over the counter supplements without a diagnostic correlate for, or at least reasonable clinical suspicion of a particular deficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do guidelines exist for how people with Inflammatory Bowel Disorder should supplement with multiminerals and not risk a flare?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Guidelines exist for management of IBD including treatment of deficiency (for example: &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/13/2/144/5078195#130780346&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gesa.org.au/public/13/files/Education%20%26%20Resources/Clinical%20Practice%20Resources/IBD/2018_IBD_Clinical_Update_May_update.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;). The intended audience is physicians. Informational resources for patients are also available (for instance: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gesa.org.au/public/13/files/Education%20%26%20Resources/Patient%20Resources/Diet%20in%20IBD/Diet_in_IBD_Final_2018.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gesa.org.au/public/13/files/Education%20%26%20Resources/Patient%20Resources/IBD/IBD_Crohns_Colitis_Factsheet.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;). Patients should consult with their physicians to determine the necessity of taking supplements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...as their gut is already compromised such conventional supplements are contraindicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IBDs are variable in their severity: the function of the gut is not necessarily &lt;em&gt;continuously&lt;/em&gt; compromised and different sections of the gut can be affected. As such the choice of supplement and method of administration must be tailored to the individual situation: disease activity, patient tolerance, degree of deficiency and success or failure of a given supplement are relevant factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there other ways of supplementing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Application methods depend on the substance. The most common deficiencies in the context of IBD are Iron, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Zinc and Calcium (&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/article/18/10/1961/4608026&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;). All of these can be administered per os or intravenously (1, 6). As pointed out elsewhere, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D can be administered under the skin or in the muscle (&lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgh.13359&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21296" LastActivityDate="2021-01-30T22:30:22.790" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25636" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25621" CreationDate="2021-01-30T23:49:08.593" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Utilizing a sprinkling of good will, perhaps, I find the general impetus (which I think I detect) behind your question quite pertinent — to the whole ordeal which nearly every layman and grocery shopper (etc.) in the world is going through right now, that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Models trying to account for in-situ transmissibility of a respiratory virus will of course allow for a vast morass of input variables, and quickly become very complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I don't see why it wouldn't be of great interest (to the &amp;quot;layperson&amp;quot;, as it were) to be taken through a slew of comparable contact tracing case scenarios (from real world incidents, chosen for their comparability), which point to concrete, known infections that either corroborate or thwart expectations that have been formed in public consciousness — about what behavior straddles the spectrum from very safe to very unsafe behavior. Using as a guiding benchmark, here, for instance, what has been defined by various health authorities to be a &amp;quot;close contact&amp;quot; or not. (Less/more than 2 meters, various time frames, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Statistics, percentages  and encroaching complexity aside, I am absolutely inclined to think that a robust accumulation of expert-curated case material here would be interesting. &lt;em&gt;Not least if there are case studies that can speak to the new, allegedly more transmissible virus strains&lt;/em&gt;. I would've been quite willing to enter the thicket and do some work here for you, provided that such case data can be procured (One should think so, cf. &amp;quot;currently the world's number 1 problem&amp;quot;) but I'm not even close to the kind of expert that can strike a good path here.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is rather an attempt, I suppose, to turn your question at a somewhat different reflective angle. Does this seem a fair one?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And, if this is so, can anyone knowledgeable pick up the thread from here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21229" LastActivityDate="2021-01-30T23:49:08.593" CommentCount="1" CommunityOwnedDate="2021-01-31T00:06:23.217" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25639" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23650" CreationDate="2021-01-31T14:51:59.383" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The short answer is: No.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your question is a good question, but I think, in this case, that you should focus on the nature of testing in general, rather than on the specifics of this test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sensitivity and specificity of a test are an empiric result, with the test being held to some gold standard. Whether or not the false positives are false because of systematic error or random error doesn't matter when using the test in the sense you are using it here (generally and practically speaking).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you were trying to improve the test itself, then it would (e.g. you were an engineer designing a better test, or a researcher designing a better trial looking at the se/sp of the test). But at the point of care, think of it as a black box: your pre test probability &amp;quot;multiplied by&amp;quot; your test (usually the likelihood ratio) is your post test probability.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To retest using the same test is nonsensical (though the explanation is beyond the scope of this question).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of note, in some settings (HIV: elisa/western blot) you run tests in series, but you don't retest twice (elisa/elisa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="374" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-01-31T16:00:32.640" LastActivityDate="2021-01-31T16:00:32.640" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25648" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-03T15:05:22.000" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;In google, there are plenty of articles about what to do (i.e. First Aid) when you get skin-burn (doing this or that...etc..). However, I was unable to find any solid article that refer to treating of blisters that form on burnt skin (after initial hour or two), and are there during next days and we may observe different scenarios ( after blister is filled with liquid):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A) About blisters - should we try to keep them untouched (thus, not it is necessary the liquid stayed there and not removed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B) Even if the blister is popped accidentally, what to do (i.e. let it resurge itself ? or what. )&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;C) Accidental removal of the whole protective blister skin, while it is in the middle of healing (thus,  exposing the inner layer to the infection ). Is the inner layer considered still as &amp;quot;vulnerable&amp;quot; for infection, and should we treat same, as if we had treated the open wound (like as if skin was removed from the 1st minute of the accident)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what are the correct guidelines/approaches for each case (A,B,C). Also, in case of child, who can't retain &amp;quot;loose bandages&amp;quot; even for 10 mins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7459" LastEditorUserId="7459" LastEditDate="2021-02-05T14:30:02.607" LastActivityDate="2021-02-05T14:30:02.607" Title="How to treat blisters on burnt skin after initial period?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;burns&gt;&lt;second-degree-burn&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25650" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25651" CreationDate="2021-02-03T19:14:11.583" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;I want to decipher this graph, but it confuses me:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3Tike.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3Tike.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/41/4/917&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The color indicates the age bracket of the patient, but the age bracket is already in the x axis. For example, what does the gray bar in the bracket 40-49 mean? Should be over 65 according to legend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6814" LastActivityDate="2021-02-03T19:34:59.143" Title="How do I read this graph about pneumonia death rates in the elderly?" Tags="&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25651" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25650" CreationDate="2021-02-03T19:34:59.143" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;I agree the presentation is confusing. There are 4 categories, two are the same category except separated by age. The other two categories are not separated by age. There are two gray colors; the darker one is &amp;quot;NHAP patients, not bedridden&amp;quot; (nursing home acquired pneumonia), and is the one you refer to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'll note that only 3 categories are present at any age range except 60-69, because that decade includes both above/below 65.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-02-03T19:34:59.143" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25658" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21316" CreationDate="2021-02-05T09:02:47.867" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Accepted Answer by Ray Butterworth, while reasonable when it was written (March 2020), now appears to be &lt;strong&gt;wrong&lt;/strong&gt;. Hardest hit countries have mainly been those with longest life expectancies (Europe, N. America) while Africa has had very low death rates from Covid (Europe 964 per million,  Africa 70 per million, &lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&amp;amp;minPopulationFilter=1000000&amp;amp;country=USA%7EAfrica%7EEurope&amp;amp;region=World&amp;amp;deathsMetric=true&amp;amp;interval=total&amp;amp;hideControls=true&amp;amp;perCapita=true&amp;amp;smoothing=0&amp;amp;pickerMetric=location&amp;amp;pickerSort=asc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Our World In Data&lt;/a&gt;, 2021 Feb 5). Multiple studies have found a high correlation between life expectancy and covid deaths, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339/full#SM6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Frontiers | Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited Margins of Adaptation&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/11/e042750&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Factors associated with COVID-19 infections and mortality in Africa: a cross-sectional study using publicly available data | BMJ Open&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21337" LastEditorUserId="21337" LastEditDate="2021-02-05T09:08:10.523" LastActivityDate="2021-02-05T09:08:10.523" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25660" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-05T22:12:23.813" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Lacrimation does commonly occur with salivation especially when eating spicy food. Urination also tends to occur concurrently or shortly after defecation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the parasympathetic nervous system is discrete and localized, then how does this come about? Is proximity of the organs an important factor here? Is there a function behind it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21264" LastActivityDate="2021-02-05T22:12:23.813" Title="Why is it that some parasympathetic actions are not always as discrete and localized?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25661" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-06T01:05:11.370" Score="0" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read several studies on the success rate of Imiquimod Cream 5% for the treatment of facial superficial basal cell carcinoma, however none of them looked at beyond 5 years post-treatment. E.g. {2} looked at 1-year post-treatment and {1} looked at 5-year post-treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the success rate of Imiquimod Cream 5% recommended for the treatment of facial superficial basal cell carcinoma beyond 5 years post-treatment?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} Bath-Hextall, Fiona, Mara Ozolins, Sarah J. Armstrong, Graham B. Colver, William Perkins, Paul SJ Miller, and Hywel C. Williams. &amp;quot;Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.&amp;quot; The lancet oncology 15, no. 1 (2014): 96-105. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70530-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70530-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{2} Arits, A.H., Mosterd, K., Essers, B.A., Spoorenberg, E., Sommer, A., De Rooij, M.J., van Pelt, H.P., Quaedvlieg, P.J., Krekels, G.A., van Neer, P.A. and Rijzewijk, J.J., 2013. Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: a single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. The lancet oncology, 14(7), pp.647-654. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70143-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70143-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T01:05:11.370" Title="What's the success rate of Imiquimod Cream 5% recommended for the treatment of facial superficial basal cell carcinoma beyond 5 years post-treatment?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;basal-cell-carcinoma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25663" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="19107" CreationDate="2021-02-06T03:42:20.663" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;You could try &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ClinicalTrials.gov&lt;/a&gt;, where you can search a massive database of clinical trials in every stage of completion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21341" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-06T09:16:08.997" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T09:16:08.997" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25666" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-06T08:22:39.440" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been researching various approaches to modelling vaccine shelf life, using Arrhenius or Q10 equations to give broad estimates. I've also looked at more complex two-step equations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What puzzles me is, when we say a vaccine has a shelf life of 30 days at 2 - 8 °C, does this mean that it has lost 10%, 50% or 100% of its potency (immunogenicity) ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read some papers that use 5% as a cut off, that is, after say, 30 days it has lost 5% of its effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21342" LastEditorUserId="21342" LastEditDate="2021-02-06T15:32:43.347" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T15:32:43.347" Title="How much potency is lost by the end of a vaccine shelf life?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25670" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-06T18:32:48.370" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;Facebook is replete with comments that 'the aftermath of the second Moderna vaccine shot was wicked', 'hit me much harder than the first' etc&#xA;Understanding that many facebook postings are unreliable sources of information, I cannot find any &amp;quot;reliable&amp;quot; sources that would inform about the frequency of short-term reactions to innoculations of the Covid 19 vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How often do recipients report &amp;quot;flu-like symptoms&amp;quot;.&#xA;Is it less than 1 in 10, more than 5 in 10?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2021-02-06T18:32:48.370" Title="Frequency of reactions to Covid19 vaccinations" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25671" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-06T18:47:38.207" Score="0" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;All of a sudden (yesterday apparently) there blossomed on the major news outlets an admonition not to take either Tylenol or Advil prior to and or immediately after Covid-19 vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The logic articulated is that their reduction of a fever or inflammation  attenuates the intended immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is surprising on several levels. I have received several vaccinations in my adult life - flu, both shingles, both pneumonia - and never has this reservation been mentioned. Actually the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Separately, as a rank amateur, I wonder which way the logic works. I would think in that fever and inflammation are part of the body's defence mechanism, so that limiting them would allow vaccine antigens more &amp;quot;running room,&amp;quot; thereby giving a better immune response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a validity in the notion of not taking either or both of the medications coincident with a vaccination in general?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there a distinction in this context between acetaminophen and ibuprofen?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is there something specific to Covid-19 vaccinations that gives the admonition bearing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What if someone has already been vaccinated before this purported warning became publicized, are they in limbo?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17714" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-07T15:56:28.027" LastActivityDate="2021-02-07T15:56:28.027" Title="Acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen before or after vaccination" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25672" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-06T19:02:56.277" Score="-1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, during a common cold epidemic, do doctors get reported beforehand that there is a trend going on so that they can use this information to suspect diagnosis?&#xA;Does every health care unit have a special website where physicians log on to, to see these disease trends?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21348" LastActivityDate="2021-02-10T00:44:51.570" Title="Do health departments inform hospitals/doctors of disease trends?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25673" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25675" CreationDate="2021-02-06T19:42:35.217" Score="-2" ViewCount="174" Body="&lt;p&gt;Have regulators historically allowed enough time for Phase 3 trials to show that a vaccine does not cause congenital defects? Are they making an exception for Covid vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because the Pfizer/Biontech vaccine for coronavirus is now available for all over-16s in Israel (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ft.com/content/0cdc8563-1e6d-4089-bedb-b0f675c0d683&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/0cdc8563-1e6d-4089-bedb-b0f675c0d683&lt;/a&gt; ), but I wonder whether it would not have been better to wait a few months to give Phase 3 trials a chance to yield data on congenital defects after some participants give birth. (Phase 3 trials started on July 27 according to   &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine&lt;/a&gt; ). What do we know about the Pfizer/Biontech vaccine which would make researchers confident that it doesn't cause congenital defects? What data do we have to show it does or doesn't? When did/would we get this data? Did the Israeli regulator decide to take a risk in the absence of data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also interested in these questions applied to the Oxford/AstraZenica vaccine, Moderna vaccine, and other regulators/vaccine approval processes for coronavirus vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21349" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T13:18:21.543" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T13:18:21.543" Title="Can COVID-19 vaccines cause birth defects?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25675" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25673" CreationDate="2021-02-06T20:59:53.817" Score="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't think there can be data on this, given how short the trials were. On the other hand, I don't think that scientists fear birth defects from COVID-19 vaccines (These vaccines' intended mechanism does not involve modifying &lt;em&gt;your&lt;/em&gt; DNA, mind you)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only known mechanism I could find where a vaccine would cause birth defects was when the virus itself was causing birth defects, and the vaccine, rather than being useful, was enhancing the virus.&#xA;(This is called &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;antibody-dependent enhancement&lt;/a&gt;, and the virus in question was Zika, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31130472/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;studied in mice&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is not to say that birth defects from COVID-19 vaccination are known to be completely impossible. But one must weigh the rather theoretical (and likely non-existent) risk of COVID-19 vaccines causing birth defects vs the very real risk of dying from COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2021-02-10T23:12:44.307" LastActivityDate="2021-02-10T23:12:44.307" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25676" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-07T02:00:00.973" Score="1" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have a simple question regarding glucose and the blood, for which I have not been able to find a satisfactory answer through some independent research through Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is the glucose in the blood stream found? Does it flow through the plasma alone, just like red blood cells, platelets, or white blood cells; or, does it rather flow in the plasma attached to some other blood component (i.e. attached to or carried by red blood cells)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, how does the oxygen in the blood flow and move into cells? Does it flow alone, or is ALL of it carried by red blood cells?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21350" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T10:02:10.227" Title="The state of glucose in the blood" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;glucose&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25678" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25676" CreationDate="2021-02-07T09:15:08.183" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As pointed out in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/14609/GCSE/Biology/How-do-glucose-and-oxygen-get-into-the-blood-to-be-used-for-respiration/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mytutor.co.uk&lt;/a&gt; in the basic biology section&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we breathe we inhale oxygen from the air into our lungs. The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lung where oxygen diffuses into the blood via small blood vessels, known as capillaries. The blood in these capillaries has a low concentration of oxygen which allows oxygen in the alveoli to diffuse down the concentration gradient and into the blood. When we eat food, it is broken down by enzymes, such as amylase, in the digestive system. Glucose is formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Glucose is then absorbed into the blood from the small intestine via the villi by active transport. Glucose and oxygen travel in the bloodstream and are taken up into cells. Respiration takes place in the mitochondria, producing energy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_transporter&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Role of Diffusion: Glucose and other small molecules (but not macromolecules) diffuse in and out of capillaries through the liquid filled spaces between the cells, not by diffusing across the cell membrane. Most proteins are too big to enter or leave capillaries by diffusion (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2006/lectures11/lect6.11.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Colombia University&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The blood glucose levels are expressed as millimoles per litre (mmol/l) and stay stable amongst people &lt;strong&gt;without&lt;/strong&gt; diabetes at around 4-8mmol/L.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the body processes sugar, glucose in the bloodstream naturally attaches to haemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The amount of glucose that combines with this protein is directly proportional to the total amount of sugar that is in your system at that time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because red blood cells in the human body survive for 8-12 weeks before renewal, measuring glycated haemoglobin (or HbA1c) can be used to reflect average blood glucose levels over that duration, providing a useful longer-term gauge of blood glucose control. (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/what-is-hba1c.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Diabetes UK&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normal (non-diabetic) HbA1c levels will give a measurement of below 42 mmol/mol (below 6%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-02-07T09:15:08.183" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25683" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25501" CreationDate="2021-02-08T07:40:56.650" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's not clear to me if any of this has been confirmed to a good degree (meaning in terms of actual mechanisms), but in the realm of hypotheses, a fairly cited &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167588/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; indeed links ACE2 deficiency (caused by a combination of genetic and viral factors) with thrombotic processes:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clinical reports of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 show that several features associated with infection and severity of the disease (i.e., older age, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease) share a variable degree of ACE2 deficiency. We suggest that ACE2 down-regulation induced by viral invasion may be especially detrimental in people with baseline ACE2 deficiency associated with the above conditions. The additional ACE2 deficiency after viral invasion might amplify the dysregulation between the ‘adverse’ ACE→Angiotensin II→AT1 receptor axis and the ‘protective’ ACE2→Angiotensin1-7→Mas receptor axis. In the lungs, such dysregulation would favor the progression of inflammatory and thrombotic processes triggered by local angiotensin II hyperactivity unopposed by angiotensin1-7.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even this paper notes that there are obviously competing or concurrent mechanisms, at least in the lungs, responsible for lung symptoms:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;the damage of pneumocytes type II due to the binding of coronavirus to ACE2 receptors is devastating for at least three reasons: 1) local unopposed ACE→Angiotensin II→AT1 receptor axis over-activity; 2) reduced production of alveolar surfactant by injured pneumocytes type II leading to reduced lung elasticity; 3) reduced repair of pneumocytes type I leading to impaired gas exchanges and fibrosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another paper&lt;/a&gt; (citing the above) on &amp;quot;(micro)thrombosis&amp;quot; in Covid-19 patients, but again it does little more than&#xA;repeat that hypothesis, although it does mention a couple of experiments:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;human blood vessel organoids, which closely resemble human capillaries, contain viral RNA after exposure to COVID-19 in vitro. Strikingly, the application of human recombinant soluble ACE-2 markedly inhibited viral infection in human capillary organoids, pointing to a direct role for endothelial ACE-2 in viral uptake in blood vessels. Intriguingly, the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 into cells is associated with the downregulation of ACE-2 expression. This appears to play an important role in promoting a proinflammatory and prothrombotic milieu since ACE-2 plays a pivotal role in regulating the RAS (renin-angiotensin system), by degrading angiotensin II to angiotensin 1–7. While angiotensin II induces vasoconstriction and promotes a proinflammatory/prothrombotic phenotype, angiotensin 1–7 opposes these effects via binding to the MAS receptor, which is widely expressed including on endothelial cells and platelets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-08T08:15:48.270" LastActivityDate="2021-02-08T08:15:48.270" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25687" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-09T17:23:59.813" Score="2" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been trying to understand the ivermectin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/944440&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;controversy&lt;/a&gt; (especially in view of NIH's recent [partial] change of heart). Based on one of the more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577703/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;papers&lt;/a&gt; (Jans &amp;amp; Wagstaff) which proposes ivermectin as an antiviral, there are 70+ clinical trials of ivermectin for Covid-19 ongoing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But what strikes me as odd is that besides a few in vitro research papers mentioned, there's almost a complete dearth of mentions/citations of animal models where ivermectin was successfully used &lt;em&gt;as an antiviral&lt;/em&gt;. Contrast this with almost any antiviral for which there are dozens of such animal studies, e.g. for a nearly random example see oseltamivir in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/17/application/OSELTAMIVIR.pdf?ua=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO review&lt;/a&gt;. So, for ivermectin, as an antiviral, it seems a jump straight from &amp;quot;the test tube&amp;quot; to people.... which seem very unusual, especially since Jans &amp;amp; Wagstaff acknowledge that dosing something as an antiviral is not trivial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As in many other disciplines, one of the biggest challenges in antiviral research is to transition from laboratory experiments to preclinical/clinical studies, with the question of dosing in the case of ivermectin for viral infectious indications contentious [...]. It is important, firstly, to stress the obvious in this context: that the antiviral activities of ivermectin documented in Table 2 have been derived from laboratory experiments that largely involve high, generally non-physiological, multiplicities of infection, and cell monolayer cultures, often of cell lines such as Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells impaired in interferon α/β production) that are not clinically relevant.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(In addition, jwatch &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/index.php/ivermectin-for-covid-19-breakthrough-treatment-or-hydroxychloroquine-redux/2021/01/04/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mentions&lt;/a&gt; the same dosing aspect but citing more clear critiques/concerns from &lt;a href=&quot;https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.1889&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;three&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022354920304950&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2020.1775118&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;papers&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And then Jans &amp;amp; Wagstaff mention (just) one animal trial:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;preclinical studies in a lethal Pseudorabies (PRV) mouse challenge model showed that dosing (0.2 mg/kg) 12 h post-infection protected 50% of mice, which could be increased to 60% through administration of ivermectin at the time of infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But maybe this paper is just not revealing the full breadth of animal studies for ivermectin as an antiviral, even though there are a lot more of them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-09T17:37:16.437" LastActivityDate="2021-02-23T16:17:11.917" Title="(Why) are there so few studies of ivermectin as an antiviral in animal models?" Tags="&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;&lt;animal-model&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25688" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-09T18:50:16.390" Score="1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Among the more obscure &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778723/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;papers&lt;/a&gt; proposing ivermectin as a treatment for Covid-19 there are some that suggest it acts directly by binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (and other proteins of that virus too), based on &lt;em&gt;in silico&lt;/em&gt; (computational) studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be deduced that Ivermectin has efficient binding with: (1) spike S1-RBD, where it binds with Thr 500, Asn 501 and Tyr 505 residues. These sites are critical to the SARS CoV-2 spike protein-mediated recognition from ACE-2 receptors in the host cellular system. Prominent H-bonding with Thr 500 and Asn 501 and water bridges were observed for more than 80% of simulation (Fig. 4a). (2) Spike S2-fusion domain, it binds to two specific regions of S2 fusion domain namely HR-1 sub-domain and fusion peptide domain. Major interactions were observed at the HR-1 domain, where it binds for up to 80% of simulation duration with Ser 968, Asn 969 and Gly 971 with H-bonds and water bridges. The fusion peptide region also exhibits weak affinity for ivermectin at Phe 797 and extremely weak interactions at Pro 792 residues with hydrophobic contact (Figs. ​4b). The S2 fusion domain is necessary to build the fusion bridge between the viral and host membrane, where the fusion peptide is highly non-polar flexible region which facilitates the direct contact with the host membrane components. (3) N-protein, the poly-nucleotide (RNA) interacting cleft of nucleocapsid N-protein characterized by residues Arg 69, Tyr 124, Asn 127 and Glu 137 were found interacting with ivermectin with rich H-bond ratio, see Fig 4c. (4) Main protease, the main protease of the SARS-CoV 2 is another target which exhibits good affinity for ivermectin in inhibition site too at Glu 19, Thr 25, Glu 47, Leu 50 (Fig. ​4d).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nBfgE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nBfgE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, the somewhat more cited &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577703/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;papers&lt;/a&gt; on ivermectin don't mention that (putative) direct mechanism of action on SARS-CoV-2 at all and only mention host-directed (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_%CE%B1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;IMPα&lt;/a&gt;-directed) effects via as the plausible mechanism. (Effects of this latter kind would not be specific to particular viruses, but result in broad anti-viral action, as I understand the issue.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So are there &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; (as opposed to &lt;em&gt;in silico&lt;/em&gt;) studies that find any direct effect (i.e. affinity/avidity) of ivermectin to SARS-CoV-2 proteins as suggested in that first study?&lt;/strong&gt; (Such lab studies are normally conducted with pseudoviral particles with just the protein of interest, at least for the spike protein; I'm not sure how one could test the main protease (aka 3CLpro) in that regard though.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-09T19:01:42.767" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T04:11:56.350" Title="Are there *in vitro* studies that find ivermectin directly effective against the SARS-CoV-2 spike or its other proteins?" Tags="&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antivirals&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25690" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25672" CreationDate="2021-02-10T00:44:51.570" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the United States, state and county public health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conduct “surveillance” for a large number of infectious diseases.  In the “flu season,” the public health departments present up-to-date data on trends in influenza and “influenza-like illness”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here, as an example, is a report about influenza in Arizona comparing the 2020-2021 influenza season (up to the date of the report, which was February 6, 2021 when accessed) and the five-year average data for the same date.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.azdhs.gov/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/flu/index.php#surveillance-influenza-season&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.azdhs.gov/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/flu/index.php#surveillance-influenza-season&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data are also presented on emergence department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for “influenza-like illness.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Virtually all other states have similar almost “real-time” data for influenza and influenza-like illness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also conducts near “real-time” surveillance of trends (by date) for (non-COVID-19) coronaviruses, human parainfluenza virus, respiratory adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data are readily available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s website.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/hmpv/natl-trend.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/hmpv/natl-trend.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They are published periodically in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, which has a wide distribution to physicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the data are readily available to physicians (and others), there is no systematic “push” of the data to physician offices and practices.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2021-02-10T00:44:51.570" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25691" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-10T13:59:45.243" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the weekly death statistics or the UK (something a few of us may have started the morbid habit of doing), I noticed an interesting phenomenon which seems to happen every year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The reports of death around 27th December to 1st January drop off dramatically from the curve line - by about 5,000 per week, the lowest ebb of the year - and then regain their trend.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine this has something to do with the holiday period, but what exactly? Is it more people staying home so less deaths on the roads? People around family so 'hanging on' for a bit longer? Lots of big meals and alcohol (though I imagine this would have the opposite effect, there should be a spike!). Or is it more morgues and coroners are off duty so there are less reports....??&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QAq5R.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QAq5R.png&quot; alt=&quot;weekly deaths in the UK&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111804/weekly-deaths-in-england-and-wales/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111804/weekly-deaths-in-england-and-wales/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21384" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-12T08:56:22.367" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T15:05:30.587" Title="Why do weekly deaths in the UK dramatically decrease during the end of December / beginning of January?" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;mortality-rate&gt;&lt;united-kingdom&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25693" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25567" CreationDate="2021-02-11T02:46:48.150" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The CDC published &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7007e1.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study&lt;/a&gt; on this recently, but it's not doubling the same mask.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JDho5.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JDho5.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Double mask refers to a three-ply medical procedure mask covered by a three-ply cloth cotton mask.&lt;/strong&gt; A knotted and tucked medical procedure mask is created by bringing together the corners and ear loops on each side, knotting the ears loops together where they attach to the mask, and then tucking in and flattening the resulting extra mask material to minimize the side gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/06ydq.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/06ydq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, the whole study was more geared to improving mask &lt;em&gt;fit&lt;/em&gt;. Wearing a different type mask on top is basically one way to achieve that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During January 2021, CDC conducted experimental simulations using pliable elastomeric source and receiver headforms to assess the extent to which two modifications to medical procedure masks, 1) wearing a cloth mask over a medical procedure mask (double masking) and 2) knotting the ear loops of a medical procedure mask where they attach to the mask’s edges and then tucking in and flattening the extra material close to the face (knotted and tucked masks), could improve the fit of these masks and reduce the receiver’s exposure to an aerosol of simulated respiratory droplet particles of the size considered most important for transmitting SARS-CoV-2. The receiver’s exposure was maximally reduced (&amp;gt;95%) when the source and receiver were fitted with modified medical procedure masks. &lt;strong&gt;These laboratory-based experiments highlight the importance of good fit to optimize mask performance.&lt;/strong&gt; Until vaccine-induced population immunity is achieved, universal masking is a highly effective means to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2** when combined with other protective measures, such as physical distancing, avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated indoor spaces, and good hand hygiene. Innovative efforts to improve the fit of cloth and medical procedure masks to enhance their performance merit attention.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At least two recent studies examined use of mask fitters to improve the fit of cloth and medical procedure masks. Fitters can be solid (2) or elastic (3) and are worn over the mask, secured with head ties or ear loops. The results indicated that &lt;strong&gt;when fitters are secured over a medical procedure mask, they can potentially increase the wearer’s protection by ≥90% for aerosols in the size range considered to be the most important for transmitting SARS-CoV-2 (generally &amp;lt;10 μm)&lt;/strong&gt;. Other studies found that knotting and tucking a medical procedure mask or placing a sleeve made of sheer nylon hosiery material around the neck and pulling it up over either a cloth or medical procedure mask (3,4) also significantly improved the wearer’s protection by fitting the mask more tightly to the wearer’s face and reducing edge gaps. A recent expert commentary (5) proposed double masking as another means to improve the fit of medical procedure masks and maximize the filtration properties of the materials from which they are typically constructed, such as spun-bond and melt-blown polypropylene. Based on experiments that measured the filtration efficiencies of various cloth masks and a medical procedure mask (6), it was estimated that the better fit achieved by combining these two mask types, specifically a cloth mask over a medical procedure mask, could reduce a wearer’s exposure by &amp;gt;90%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Results from the first experiment demonstrated that the unknotted medical procedure mask alone blocked 42.0% of the particles from a simulated cough (standard deviation [SD] = 6.70), and the cloth mask alone blocked 44.3% (SD = 14.0). The combination of the cloth mask covering the medical procedure mask (double mask) blocked 92.5% of the cough particles (SD = 1.9).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the second experiment, adding a cloth mask over the source headform’s medical procedure mask or knotting and tucking the medical procedure mask reduced the cumulative exposure of the unmasked receiver by 82.2% (SD = 0.16) and 62.9% (SD = 0.08), respectively. When the source was unmasked and the receiver was fitted with the double mask or the knotted and tucked medical procedure mask, the receiver’s cumulative exposure was reduced by 83.0% (SD = 0.15) and 64.5% (SD = 0.03), respectively. When the source and receiver were both fitted with double masks or knotted and tucked masks, the cumulative exposure of the receiver was reduced 96.4% (SD = 0.02) and 95.9% (SD = 0.02), respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[...] these experiments did not include any other combinations of masks, such as cloth over cloth, medical procedure mask over medical procedure mask, or medical procedure mask over cloth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Don't ask me why they haven't tested the other combos.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most of the media headlines reporting on this study are already (perhaps by necessity) already glossing over the details and reporting that double masking gives &amp;gt;90% protection or something like that. :/&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you're curious, &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2774266&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; of those previous studies cited has these more elaborate details on improving mask efficiency, but not [really] by double masking (unless you want to consider the nylon hosiery on top as such):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As expected based on data from our previous work, a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–approved 3M 9210 N95 respirator used as a reference control provided very high mean FFE (98.4% [0.5%]; n = 1) (Table). The medical procedure masks with elastic ear loops tested in this study had a mean (SD) FFE of 38.5% (11.2%), which was lower than that of medical surgical masks with tie strings (71.5% [5.5%]; n = 4). Tying the ear loops and tucking in the corners of the procedure mask to minimize gaps in the sides of the mask increased the mean (SD) FFE to 60.3% (11.1%). The “fix-the-mask” 3–rubber band modification and the nylon hosiery sleeve modifications, which were also intended to reduce gaps between the mask and the wearer’s face, improved mean (SD) FFE to 78.2% (3.3%) and 80.2% (3.1%), respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've cropped part of the table to the most relevant mods (which are illustrated in the subsequent figure):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dWIAj.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/dWIAj.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p9vpP.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/p9vpP.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure how much one can learn from this bit alone, but that study&#xA;also contrasted/tested a commercial mask with (and without) inserts:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, the 2-layer nylon mask with ear&#xA;loops was tested under various conditions, including with and&#xA;without an aluminum nose bridge, with and without a commercially&#xA;available insert, and after 1 wash cycle in a standard&#xA;household washing machine (air-dried on a drying rack). &lt;strong&gt;The&#xA;unwashed nylon mask without a nose bridge or insert had an&#xA;FFE of 44.7%. The addition of a nose bridge reduced visible&#xA;gaps around the nose and increased FFE to 56.3%. Adding a&#xA;filter insert to the mask with the nose bridge in place resulted&#xA;in a further increase in FFE to 74.4%. Interestingly,&#xA;the FFE of the nylon mask (with the nose bridge but without&#xA;the filter insert) improved slightly to 79.0% after washing.&#xA;It is unclear why washing alone improved the FFE from&#xA;56.3%to 79.0%. It may be that the washing/drying process unraveled&#xA;some of the fibers to increase the overall filtration surface,&#xA;and thus filtration efficiency, of the medium, or perhaps&#xA;it modified the mask shape or size in away that improved fit&#xA;or both.&lt;/strong&gt; The washing/drying test was not repeated with additional&#xA;nylon masks. Further investigation to assess the association&#xA;of single and multiple washing with mask integrity and&#xA;material disposition would be necessary to validate any improvement&#xA;in FFE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2TbbK.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/2TbbK.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mask discussed in that last para looks like this, i.e. has fairly good side fit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5TC7o.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5TC7o.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;although that image doesn't really show all the [inner] details (nose bridge, inserts).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As the paper noted, the odd bit is that while inserts surely helped in the new state, washing it achieved the same effect (without inserts)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-11T03:44:18.320" LastActivityDate="2021-02-11T03:44:18.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25699" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25688" CreationDate="2021-02-12T04:11:56.350" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; studies that find ivermectin directly effective against the SARS-CoV-2 spike or its other proteins?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; studies: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354220302011&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro&lt;/a&gt;, but the exact mechanism appears to be uncertain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taken together these results demonstrate that ivermectin has antiviral&#xA;action against the SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate in vitro, with a single&#xA;dose able to control viral replication within 24–48 h in our system.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;We hypothesise that this is likely through inhibiting IMPα/β1-mediated&#xA;nuclear import of viral proteins (Fig. 1G), as shown for other RNA&#xA;viruses&lt;/strong&gt; (Tay et al., 2013; Wagstaff et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2020);&#xA;confirmation of this mechanism in the case of SARS-CoV-2, and&#xA;identification of the specific SARS-CoV-2 and/or host component(s)&#xA;impacted (see (Yang et al., 2020)) is an important focus &lt;strong&gt;future work&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;in this laboratory. Ultimately, development of an effective anti-viral&#xA;for SARS-CoV-2, if given to patients early in infection, could help to&#xA;limit the viral load, prevent severe disease progression and limit&#xA;person-person transmission. Benchmarking testing of ivermectin against&#xA;other potential antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 with alternative mechanisms&#xA;of action (Dong et al., 2020; Elfiky, 2020; Gordon et al., 2020; Li&#xA;and De Clercq, 2020; Wang et al., 2020) would thus be important as&#xA;soon as practicable. This Brief Report raises the possibility that&#xA;ivermectin could be a useful antiviral to limit SARS-CoV-2, in similar&#xA;fashion to those already reported (Dong et al., 2020; Elfiky, 2020;&#xA;Gordon et al., 2020; Li and De Clercq, 2020; Wang et al., 2020); until&#xA;one of these is proven to be beneficial in a clinical setting, all&#xA;should be pursued as rapidly as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T04:11:56.350" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25700" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-12T14:23:45.847" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;In a recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; on why hydroxychloroquine doesn't really work against Covid-19, it's been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is much better at taking advantage of TMPRSS2 at the cell membrane surface, so that the cathepsin-mediated endosomal-entry pathway (which hydroxychloroquine inhibits) is basically irrelevant most of the time for SARS-CoV-2 infections in the cells it actually infects in humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is one inhibitor of TMPRSS2 mentioned in that paper namely &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camostat&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;camostat&lt;/a&gt;, but it seems it's only approved as a drug in Japan and for  other diseases: pancreatitis etc. Wikipedia does cite one small-scale retrospective &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7671878&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; of camostat for Covid-19 (but actually conducted in Germany). That paper ends with the predictable suggestion that &amp;quot;Camostat mesylate thus warrants further evaluation within randomized clinical trials.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also found an older (2017) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7116903/#sec4title&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;review&lt;/a&gt; on other TMPRSS2 inhibitors, but it's not exactly clear if any of the [other] compounds mentioned (aprotinin, nafamostat, AEBSF, leupeptin, bromhexine hydrochloride, and a few more which only have [long] chemical names) has been tested in any way against Covid-19, although some of these compounds were previously tested against influenzas. So, has any RCTs for a TMPRSS2 inhibitor been even started for Covid-19? Or is there some (other) reason to think such drugs would likely not be useful against Covid-19, so it makes no sense to test them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-12T15:02:59.020" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T16:07:50.783" Title="Are there any randomized clinical trials being conducted on TMPRSS2 inhibitors for Covid-19 treatment?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;medications&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;rct&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25701" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25700" CreationDate="2021-02-12T15:33:45.230" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=TMPRSS2&amp;amp;cond=Covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Yes, there are a number of trials&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;16 of these studies are recruiting, &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04321096?term=TMPRSS2&amp;amp;recrs=d&amp;amp;cond=Covid19&amp;amp;draw=2&amp;amp;rank=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1 study started in April 2020, is  no longer recruiting and will finish in May 2021&lt;/a&gt; and no trials have been completed so far.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T15:33:45.230" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25703" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20124" CreationDate="2021-02-12T18:49:08.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Nice visual summary from the practice &lt;a href=&quot;https://urgentcarelajolla.com/services/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://urgentcarelajolla.com/services/&lt;/a&gt; (ER = Emergency Room):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RmlJR.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/RmlJR.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-02-12T18:49:08.747" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25705" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-13T05:09:53.413" Score="4" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that both mRNA vaccines encode for a pathogen-like protein that prompts the immune system to bind to the simulated pathogen and render it harmless.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does the Pfizer and Moderna encode for different proteins that are the same or different?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="453" LastEditDate="2021-02-13T07:54:04.213" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T09:54:31.647" Title="Moderna vs Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine mechanisms" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;mrna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25707" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25705" CreationDate="2021-02-13T09:31:36.747" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;They both &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00022-y&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;encode&lt;/a&gt; the full spike.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The two mRNA front-runners share many commonalities. Both take advantage of modified RNA chemistry to encode the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with stabilizing mutations added to lock the shape-shifting surface protein into a form easily recognizable to the immune system. Both also use lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In slightly more (comparative) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00480-0&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;detail&lt;/a&gt; it's also known they both use the same proline substitions, which stabilize the protein:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The S protein is metastable when produced as a recombinant protein and prone to transform from its pre-fusion to a post-fusion conformation, shedding the S1 subunit. However, the S1 subunit is the immunodominant antigen during CoV infections due to its accessibility for immune recognition and it contains neutralizing epitopes mainly on its RBD. Strategies to stabilize the S protein in its pre-fusion conformation and enhance pre-fusion S protein expression are thought to increase the quality and quantity of vaccine-induced antibodies targeting the functionally relevant epitopes on the S1 subunit. Pallesen et al. reported two proline substitutions (2P) at the apex of the central helix and HR1 that can retain the S proteins of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and HKU1 in the antigenically optimal pre-fusion conformation. The resulting antigen, S-2P, induced much greater nAb titres than wild-type S protein in mice. Learning from the previous experience with these CoVs, the S-2P design is now being used in several vaccine strategies against COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SARS-CoV-2 S-2P (comprising proline substitutions at residues K986 and V987) is used as the target antigen in three gene-based vaccine candidates (mRNA vaccines by Moderna/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and BioNTech/Pfizer&lt;/strong&gt; and a recombinant Ad26 vaccine by Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies) and a protein-based candidate (by Novavax) (Table 1). Moreover, mutation at the cleavage sites in the S protein is also believed to stabilize the pre-fusion conformation of the S protein. S-2P in the Janssen Ad26-vectored vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S) and in the Novavax protein-based vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) contains additional mutations at the S1–S2 polybasic cleavage site from RRAR to SRAG or QQAQ to render it protease resistant, which helps to further stabilize the S protein in its pre-fusion conformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, some other vaccines have additional tweaks to the proteins, but it's not known/said if Pfizer and Moderna's differ in any way in that regrad.&#xA;Pfizer has released more data on the exact sequence they used (&lt;a href=&quot;https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/media/docs/11889.doc&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;through the WHO&lt;/a&gt;); the published sequence includes the untranscribed stabilizing elements. I don't know if Moderna has publicly released the same level of information (i.e. exact sequence) for a meaningful, detailed comparison.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-13T09:54:31.647" LastActivityDate="2021-02-13T09:54:31.647" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25708" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25723" CreationDate="2021-02-13T17:22:28.390" Score="4" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;Looking at the death counts for 2020 published on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the CDC's website&lt;/a&gt;, total deaths &amp;quot;involving COVID-19&amp;quot; were 375,581, but total deaths &amp;quot;involving COVID-19 and pneumonia&amp;quot; were only 175,653.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So if less than half of all COVID deaths were caused by pneumonia, what were the rest caused by?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21397" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T13:06:58.397" Title="What are the most common ways that COVID kills?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;death&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;&lt;pneumonia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25713" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-14T13:58:05.263" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have often heard the theory that the waves in, for example, the UK, were caused by a harsh lockdown, followed by a release that kicked off the second wave. To my knowledge, Sweden did not relax its approach at any point and yet still had a second wave. What else could have caused this? I have heard scientists talk about seasonal causes but I don't understand the mechanism. Or maybe did Sweden have a &lt;em&gt;de facto&lt;/em&gt; lock and release?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21401" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T13:58:05.263" Title="By what mechanism did Sweden have a second wave of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;infection-control&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25714" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25691" CreationDate="2021-02-14T14:19:55.040" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;official&lt;/strong&gt; source for information on death records is the Office of National Statistics (ONS) and there are stats available with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/monthlyfiguresondeathsregisteredbyareaofusualresidence&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;monthly figures&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/weeklyprovisionalfiguresondeathsregisteredinenglandandwales&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;weekly figures&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you look at the weekly total deaths figures for 2019 for example, you notice a drop in numbers during the last week of May, the last 2 weeks of August, and Christmas week.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When you look at the monthly figures, the figures are pretty consistent except there is a much higher figure in January and there are lower figures in June, August and September.  Strangely, July's figures are fairly consistent with the rest of the year.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Averages are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;based on the actual number of death registrations recorded for each corresponding week over the previous five years. Moveable public holidays, when register offices are closed, affect the number of registrations made in the published weeks and in the corresponding weeks in previous years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This could also explain the high figure for January as Christmas will shift some of the December figures into January.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The weekly stats spreadsheets downloadable from the ONS give figures for&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All respiratory diseases (ICD-10 J00-J99) ICD-10 v 2013 (IRIS)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The trouble is that without access to ONS data held within their IRIS software, deaths by cause is difficult to ascertain for causes other than respiratory diseases, and you cannot make any meaningful data comparisons with the ONS sheets on suicides as they are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/suicidesintheunitedkingdom/previousReleases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recorded in annual figures&lt;/a&gt; rather than weekly or monthly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I am able to find, there is no meaningful information that can be sought regarding causes for the dips in the figures you mention&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T14:19:55.040" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25716" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-14T15:03:00.150" Score="0" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;The lingual surfaces of the incisors tend to accumulate more tartar and stains than any other location.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not asking about how to remove or prevent stains, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm asking &lt;em&gt;why that specific area&lt;/em&gt; is so susceptible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17364" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T15:03:00.150" Title="Why are tartar and stains more likely to occur on the lingual incisor surfaces?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25719" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25390" CreationDate="2021-02-14T23:09:58.027" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's now more data supporting a &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt; answer: Moderna just published results of a phase 2 trial that found that vaccinated individuals had higher antibody responses than people who had symptomatic COVID-19. See Figure 3 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21001535&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chu 2021&lt;/a&gt;. While antibody levels aren't a direct measure of protection from disease, those two things generally correlate very well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12748" LastActivityDate="2021-02-14T23:09:58.027" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25723" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25708" CreationDate="2021-02-15T13:06:58.397" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;On the same CDC website, there is a section titled:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/mortality-overview.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;COVID-19 Mortality Overview&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A link on this page (last but one) leads to a detailed analysis of comorbidalities:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/index.htm#Comorbidities&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Most Frequently Listed Comorbidities with COVID-19 Deaths&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and also adds that as of 2nd Feb 2021, deaths involving:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Influenza/Pneumonia (44%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Hypertension (20%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Diabetes (16%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Dementias (15%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Sepsis (9%)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;i.e. the patients already had these illnesses &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; catching COVID-19, and later died.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T13:06:58.397" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25724" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-15T14:05:14.020" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the timeframe one can reasonably expect for elevated serum Methylmalonic Acid and Homocysteine levels to be normalized by supplementation (e.g. 250 μg daily cyanocobalamin), assuming functional Vitamin B12 deficiency is the context of the abnormal results?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21405" LastEditorUserId="21405" LastEditDate="2021-02-15T14:13:32.217" LastActivityDate="2021-02-15T14:13:32.217" Title="Timeframe of MMA / HCY response to Vitamin B12 supplementation" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;micronutrients&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25727" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-16T00:22:02.443" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;My parents have been using infrared lamps for a while now to treat sinuses, headaches (and other body parts) and for home treatment in general. I am wondering if these lamps are really effective in treating pain in the body parts they are concerned about. I've never really thought about how specifically they work and if they actually help. Has anyone had contact with such equipment and know anything about their effectiveness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21408" LastActivityDate="2021-02-16T00:22:02.443" Title="Are infrared lamps really effective for treating sinuses, headaches, etc.?" Tags="&lt;health-education&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;&lt;headache&gt;&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;sinus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25729" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-16T18:16:22.427" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a book in which my protagonist is hit by a car in a foreign country. Her injuries need to prevent her from traveling home for 4 to 6 weeks. And be in need of a person to care for her during her rehab.&#xA;After doing research I came up with&#xA;Three broken ribs, a fractured left tibia, ankle, and shoulder blade, and a mild concussion.&#xA;I figured the upper body and lower body injury will prevent her from being able to fully care for herself alone.&#xA;Questions:&#xA;Would her cast be below knee only or a full cast from him to toe? And how long will she have to be in a cast?&#xA;Is a mild concussion enough to be able to stop her from flying home?&#xA;Will an upper body injury prevent her from using crutches? I'd like her to be on crutches pretty quickly and I don't love the idea of her in a wheelchair.&#xA;Obviously I want to get these injuries as realistic as possible.&#xA;I would really appreciate any advice.&#xA;Thank you so much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21412" LastActivityDate="2021-02-16T18:16:22.427" Title="Pedestrian Car Collision - book research" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;&lt;recovery&gt;&lt;vehicle-car-accident&gt;&lt;concussion&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25730" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-16T18:28:39.447" Score="2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are few SARS-Cov-2 vaccines that use adenovirus vectors as vehicles (human's Ad5, Ad26, chimps' ChAdOx1, probably something else). A side effect of such a vaccine is that an inoculated organism develops an immunity against the vector itself.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This (probably) means that for some time, while the immunity is effective, inoculation with a vaccine using the same serotype of adenovirus will not be effective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, as some types of genetic therapy could also use the same adenovirus-based technique, an inoculation-induced immunity would (probably) also negate (or lessen) the effect of such therapies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In this light, it seems that it is important to know how long such an immunity lasts. (Please note that I'm talking about the immunity to the adenovirus, not SARS-Cov-2). I tried to find 'how long does it last?'. I found something like 'adenovirus immunity does not last long', but nothing concrete. Also, there are articles like this &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30266488/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30266488/&lt;/a&gt; that study the matter in... mice... but I'd like to get an answer applicable to humans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any estimates?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21411" LastActivityDate="2021-02-16T18:28:39.447" Title="How durable is a human immunity to an adenovirus (at least specific serotypes)?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;vector&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25732" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-16T22:09:23.803" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the context of a new drug going through trials, what does &amp;quot;favorable pharmacological profile&amp;quot; mean?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e.g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;YTX-7739, a potential disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease, was safe, well-tolerated, and found to have a &lt;strong&gt;favorable pharmacological profile&lt;/strong&gt; when given to a group of healthy volunteers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;ref:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/2021/02/16/yumanity-therapeutics-potential-parkinsons-treatment-ytx-7739/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/2021/02/16/yumanity-therapeutics-potential-parkinsons-treatment-ytx-7739/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21414" LastEditorUserId="21414" LastEditDate="2021-02-18T00:04:47.760" LastActivityDate="2021-02-18T20:38:47.260" Title="What does &quot;favorable pharmacological profile&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25734" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-17T03:34:46.137" Score="3" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Several physicians (incl. two profesors in allergology, regarded among highest authorities in allergology in my country) told me and insisted that people with atopic dermatitis must avoid certain foods (such as all nuts, cocoa, chocolate, beer, wine, and others, in addition to other personal exclusions) for the rest of their lives, even if one is not allergic to these foods. According to these physicians these foods are known to exacarbate atopic dermatitis in some non-specific ways, since atopic dermatitis is a complex disease which cannot be reduced to a simple IgE mediated allergy. I am not certain that I understand the theory correctly (as I mainly hearing the recommendation rather than the underlying theories), but perhaps the explanation may be that the lack of filaggrin associated with the disease makes the skin vulnerable to various irritants both from the outside and from the inside of the body (such as substances found in foods) thereby introducing food intolerances that are distinct from food allergies (and therefore will not show up in allergy tests) but nonetheless trigger skin flares. Note that these physicians do &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; mean the controversial IgG mediated intolerances.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it somehow surprising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I spent a few days searching the internet, but I can't seem to be able to find much relevant information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The AAAAI explicitly &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/eczema-atopic-dermatitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;states&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;of particular note, eliminating a variety of foods from the diet that you are not allergic to is rarely helpful in patients with eczema&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;. This seems to be a direct negation of this theory of the aforementioned professors, but sadly this is just a simple negation, with no explanation nor discussion.&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The ASCIA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-allergy/food-allergy-challenges-faqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that in general if one is not allergic to a food one needs to consume this food daily since this is how the body maintains the tolerance to a food. Therefore, if the above AAAAI claim is true, then treating AD patients with strict elimination diets that go far beyond food allergies may be beyond superfluous, it may cause significant harm to these patients, it would seem to me.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;At the same time the AAAAI &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/food-allergy-drinks&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;expresses&lt;/a&gt; similar concerns wrt. alcohol: &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;alcohol can decrease the threshold level to trigger an allergic reaction, can decrease the time to develop an allergic reaction, and increase severity. However, alcohol itself is an unlikely allergen.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; This doesn't yet outright contradict the previous statement (since alcohol is not a food), but is dangerously close to such a contradiction.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Likewise, the AAAAI &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/spice-allergy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that some spice can cause skin rash even though one is not allergic to this spice. I am not certain if spice qualifies as food - if it doesn't then this statement again falls short of outright contradicting the statement from the first bullet, but is dangerously close.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Medycyna Praktyczna (a website &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pta.med.pl/o-nas/ciekawe-linki/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;officially recommended&lt;/a&gt; by the Polish Society of Allergology) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mp.pl/pacjent/alergie/chorobyalergiczne/choroby/168572,nadwrazliwosc-na-pokarmy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt; that food intolerances can be allergic or non-allergic, that non allergic food intolerances encompass substances that cause allergy symptoms and are released in non specific ways as well as trigger mechanism such as coffee or wine.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;These two articles from the National Eczema Association (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nationaleczema.org/leaky-gut/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-food-allergies/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;) present a somewhat moderate approach: they say that the line between food allergies and sensitivities is blurred in inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis and that therefore certain foods may trigger the immune system and cause eczema or astma without causing the severe symptoms of bonafide allergies such as anaphylaxis, that such intolerances will not always show up on allergy tests and that for some people a restrictive diet may be helpful with alleviating the symptoms, but it does not work for everyone.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Poradnik Zdrowe (I'm not sure about the quality of this website) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.poradnikzdrowie.pl/zdrowie/alergie/ukryta-alergia-pokarmowa-przyczyny-objawy-leczenie-aa-ohQZ-CKma-qpkd.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lists&lt;/a&gt; certain foods that may exacarbate allergic diseases even though the patient is not allergic to them. For example, pickles, raspberries, sausages, cheese, smoked fish contain high amounts of histamine according to this website, while chocolate, wine and herring are high in tyramine. Also tartrazine (commonly used as food a food coloring) is supposed to stimulate the production of histamine by the body.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am frustrated by my inability to find any definitive answers, since it seems that everyone says something different. It would seem to me that the scientific community is split apart, research has not yet converged to any conclusions accepted by the majority of scientists. Is this the case? Since trying to find answers in the internet only left me with more questions, could someone briefly outline the current state of the art with regard to the issue whether or not a elimination diets that go far beyond confirmed food allergies help alleviate eczema?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6604" LastEditorUserId="6604" LastEditDate="2021-04-06T20:43:04.607" LastActivityDate="2021-04-06T20:43:04.607" Title="Can foods one is not allergic to exacarbate atopic dermatitis?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25736" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-17T11:18:19.290" Score="-1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have done research on the various &lt;a href=&quot;https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthjade.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2Flong-bone-fracture-types.jpg&amp;amp;f=1&amp;amp;nofb=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;different types&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href=&quot;https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15241-bone-fractures&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;bone fractures&lt;/a&gt; however I am not able to find any resources discussing specifically the severity of fractures. For example I had assumed that the size/length of a fracture would be relevant to its severity however as pointed out by @anongoodnurse this is not always so straight forward. The other factors I am guessing relate to the severity are whether the fracture is open (more severe?) or closed (less severe?), and a displaced (more severe?) or a stress (less severe?) fracture?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As a simple theoretical example, if there is a person with a greenstick fracture in the same metacarpal bone on their right and left hands, but one fracture is more severe than the other, what terminology would be used to describe/communicate this difference in severity? Would it be the size/length difference, the fact that it is open/closed, displaced/not, etc. What terminology would be used to make it clear that yes this person has the same type of fracture on each hand, but the left is more severe because of x, y and z factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I hope this is clearer, please comment where further detail is needed and I'll be happy to add it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21201" LastEditorUserId="21201" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T10:56:28.580" LastActivityDate="2021-02-26T22:10:05.647" Title="Is their terminology for varying bone fracture severity?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;&lt;bone-fractures&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25738" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-18T09:38:32.463" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unable to understand the molecular mechanism of hPL induced insulin resistance. Sharing of relevant article/text would be of immense help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20040" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T14:40:00.773" Title="How human placental lactogen (hPL) is associated with insulin resistance in pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25739" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25738" CreationDate="2021-02-18T16:19:27.780" Score="-2" Body="&lt;p&gt;hPL elevates insulin resistance due to it causes free fatty acid consumption. With this way, the fetus can consump the mother's glucose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/human-placental-lactogen&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/human-placental-lactogen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21388" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-02-22T14:40:00.773" LastActivityDate="2021-02-22T14:40:00.773" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25740" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-18T17:37:42.053" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are quite a few studies on the impact of vitamin K2 supplementation on calcification of the arteries.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566462/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566462/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071387/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071387/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775440/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775440/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and many more...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of them seem to imply that vitamin K2 supplementation seems to reduce, or at the minimum prevent increase, of artery calcification.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, none of them cover the topic of stable plaque in the arteries. Since the plaque is stable as it is calcified, and the studies show a reduction of the calcification, the question that comes up is: could supplementation lead to plaque destabilization and eventually rupture.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;One link seems to imply this is not the case: &lt;a href=&quot;https://prevmedhealth.com/vitamin-k2-can-it-remove-plaque/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://prevmedhealth.com/vitamin-k2-can-it-remove-plaque/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;but it's more like general information without any real explanation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this question been studied somewhere? is there any existing literature discussion plaque stability vs. K2 supplementation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7943" LastActivityDate="2021-02-18T17:37:42.053" Title="Effects of Vitamin K2-7 on existing plaque" Tags="&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;plaque&gt;&lt;vitamin-k&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25742" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25732" CreationDate="2021-02-18T20:38:47.260" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The drug development process has several stages and before proceeding to human trials, parameters such as relative safety and probable therapeutic action are evaluated in order to assure safety and effectiveness on the treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some information about the pharmacokinetics of a compound is also required before clinical evaluation is begun.  - Katzung and Trevor's Pharmacology&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nVmku.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nVmku.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;image1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Katzung and Trevor's Pharmacology, pharmacological profile is defined as&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JRfaD.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/JRfaD.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;pharmacological profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your question, &lt;em&gt;favorable pharmacological profile&lt;/em&gt; means that, in general, the pharmacological effect studied in the drug [YTX-7739] (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, CNS, etc.) had a beneficial behavior and ensured the therapeutic safety for the people being tested.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20058" LastActivityDate="2021-02-18T20:38:47.260" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25745" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25758" CreationDate="2021-02-19T05:41:05.153" Score="1" ViewCount="82" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have came across two questions on the topic, however they both seem to assume that mouthwash is beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/475/8861&quot;&gt;How frequently should non-alcoholic mouthwashes be used?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;• &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/875/8861&quot;&gt;How often should I use mouthwash?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is mouthwashing beneficial?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8861" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T05:55:26.893" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T07:41:47.610" Title="Does mouthwash provide any benefits?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;oral-health&gt;&lt;brushing-teeth&gt;&lt;mouthwash&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25746" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-19T06:33:07.857" Score="1" ViewCount="124" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read of some cases where teeth moved after having been aligned with braces or similar procedures. &lt;a href=&quot;https://askthedentist.com/wearing-retainers/#what-happens-if-you-stop-wearing-your-retainer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is one of those sources&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The longer the amount of time since you’ve had braces, the less likely&#xA;your teeth will relapse into their old position.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, I wonder if teeth have some sort of memory? What causes this movement?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, are there preventative measures that can be taken?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8861" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2021-05-07T22:55:13.280" LastActivityDate="2021-05-07T22:55:13.280" Title="Do teeth have some sort of memory?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;mouth&gt;&lt;teeth-alignment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="12" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25749" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1376" CreationDate="2021-02-19T10:28:53.823" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a number of techniques available to brush one's teeth and gums.&#xA;Now each technique has its own indications and contraindications.&#xA;To name a few these include, modified bass technique, charter's technique, horizontal scrub technique, vertical, Stillman, etc etc.&lt;a href=&quot;https://periobasics.com/tooth-brushing-techniques/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now as you have mentioned that the best technique for someone who has healthy teeth and healthy gums, and considering that individual is dextrous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A number of researches and studies have been done to find out the best technique for plaque removal.&#xA;And all of them have presented similar results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This review has found that, compared to all the prevalent&#xA;toothbrushing techniques, modified Bass/Bass technique is the most effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.jcdr.net/articles/PDF/12204/32186_CE%5BRa1%5D_F(SL)_PF1(AB_SHU)_PFA(SHU)_PB(AB_SL)_PN(SHU).pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1gJ_02fXuAhVKAXIKHVCED-gQFjAVegQIDBAC&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0wlr_qTMS8hTt4_ym6flW_&amp;amp;cshid=1613729391294&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283495464_Tooth_Brush_and_Brushing_Technique&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1gJ_02fXuAhVKAXIKHVCED-gQFjAUegQIIRAC&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0_7SwaIJlJFBVzJN_VlvsY&amp;amp;cshid=1613729391294&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; to claim that modified bass technique is the most effective method-&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most widely accepted and most effective method.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now how to do the modified bass technique?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/3N2DF.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/kH0ob.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/rIv4S.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sensodyne.in/blogs/tooth-brushing-techniques.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Dental Association&lt;/a&gt; also suggests this same technique.&#xA;Also according to ADA,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regardless of the technique used, brushing should touch upon all surfaces—inner, outer and chewing. Also, when brushing, the ADA recommends that people use a soft-bristled toothbrush and apply gentle pressure, both of which may help reduce the risk of gingival injury&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may also find other helpful instructions in the same website regarding toothpastes, toothbrushes, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope I have satisfactorily answered your question :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19734" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T10:28:53.823" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25752" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24285" CreationDate="2021-02-19T12:31:34.683" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wouldn't be surprised if dogs could detect COVID-19, as they can help detect &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190115144053.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hypoglycaemia in diabetics&lt;/a&gt;, warn people who are about to have an &lt;a href=&quot;https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-and-seizure-management-tools/seizure-alert-dogs/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;epileptic seizure&lt;/a&gt; and have been used to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323620&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sniff out some cancers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03149-9&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This article on Nature's website&lt;/a&gt; (23 November 2020) has the following&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Canines seem to detect coronavirus infections with remarkable&#xA;accuracy, but researchers say large-scale studies are needed before&#xA;the approach is scaled up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8861" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2021-02-19T15:56:06.113" LastActivityDate="2021-02-19T15:56:06.113" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25754" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="23029" CreationDate="2021-02-20T14:27:16.403" Score="2" Body="&lt;h2&gt;We do not know. Until there is a phase 3 clinical trial and ivermectin gets FDA approval, it is too early to draw definite conclusions.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[The NIH has selected some of the studies performed and combined them into a table][1]. &lt;strong&gt;At the time, all of them&lt;/strong&gt; had one or more methodical disadvantage or limitation such as no peer review, no randomisation or a small sample size (20 patients in each arm) and were deemed insufficient to draw a conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2589-5370%2820%2930464-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;most recent study published in The Lancet&lt;/a&gt; (one of the most prestigious scientific journals) found no statistically significant difference in clinical endpoints for the usage of ivermectin, and maybe smaller viral loads but no difference in vital signs etc. This study also had a very small sample size (12 patients in each arm, all at low risk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1]: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/tables/table-2c/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 2c. Ivermectin: &lt;strong&gt;Selected&lt;/strong&gt; Clinical Data. NIH.gov&#xA;Last Updated: February 11, 2021&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8212" LastEditorUserId="17268" LastEditDate="2021-05-11T18:22:36.023" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T18:22:36.023" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25756" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-21T04:43:40.290" Score="0" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grace Meachim, 32, from West Sussex, was unaware that she was 37 weeks&#xA;pregnant as she had no visible baby bump, was taking her contraceptive&#xA;pill &amp;quot;religiously&amp;quot; and &lt;strong&gt;still had periods&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://archive.is/C1Ow6&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can a pregnant lady have periods?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21442" LastActivityDate="2021-02-21T04:43:40.290" Title="How can a pregnant lady have periods?" Tags="&lt;pregnancy-test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25758" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25745" CreationDate="2021-02-21T18:52:04.017" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, yes fluoridated mouthwash seems beneficial against carries, at least in children. ADA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/mouthrinse&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fluoride ions, which promote remineralization, may be provided by certain mouthwashes. A Cochrane systematic review found that regular use of fluoride mouthwash reduced tooth decay in children, regardless of exposure to other sources of fluoride (i.e., fluoridated water or toothpaste containing fluoride).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[citing:] Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6999805/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents.&lt;/a&gt; Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(4):CD002782.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mouthwashes also seem to help with gingivitis, although which active ingredient is best/responsible for that seems less clear:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When used in mouthwashes, antimicrobial ingredients like cetylpyridinium, chlorhexidine, and essential oils have been shown to reduce plaque and gingivitis when combined with daily brushing and flossing. While some studies have found that chlorhexidine achieved better plaque control than essential oils, no difference was observed with respect to gingivitis control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frankly that seems more controversial, as the meta-analyses &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227646/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cited&lt;/a&gt; (by ADA) for the latter seems to have had some comments/correspondence. I didn't follow the exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The NHS &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gum-disease/treatment/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommends&lt;/a&gt; against using a mouthwash with chlorhexidine for longer than 4 weeks because of the staining it can cause.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-02-21T18:57:19.320" LastActivityDate="2021-02-21T18:57:19.320" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25759" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-21T18:57:35.920" Score="6" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;Certain COVID-19 vaccines such as the Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna are specified to be administered in two doses separated by a 21 and 28 day interval, respectively. My questions are:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why administered in two doses versus (perhaps) one larger dose? Some vaccines are &amp;quot;single dose&amp;quot; but some are not. What is going on biologically/biochemically that requires or favors a two-dose regimen and why does this not apply in the case of single-dose vaccines? Does it relate to the &amp;quot;platform&amp;quot; (mRNA vs adenovirus, etc.)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why the specified interval? How was it determined that 21 or 28 days would be the optimum interval between doses? What is going on in the body at or about 21 or 28 days that makes it optimal to administer a second dose at that time but not sooner or later?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Why is there a difference in interval between the Pfizer at 21 days and Moderna at 28 days?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20044" LastEditorUserId="20044" LastEditDate="2021-02-21T19:02:45.673" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T22:00:44.567" Title="COVID-19 vaccination second doses: why two doses and why the specified interval?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25760" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-21T20:35:50.120" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Rh disease is caused by the irruption in the fetal circulation of anti-Rh(D) antibodies. This only happens when there has been a prior exposure of the mother to Rh+ RBC. To prevent Rh sensitization during pregnancy, anti-Rh(D) antibodies are typically administered during pregnancy.&lt;br&gt;The way anti-Rh(D) work in preventing Rh sensitization has been studied extensively: in short, it seems that they cover fetal RBC that have crossed the placenta, thereby preventing the mother's immune system from recognizing the Rh antigens. However, I have not been able to find a satisfying answer to the following question: &lt;b&gt;given that anti-Rh(D) use in the prevention of Rh disease are the same antibodies that &lt;i&gt;cause&lt;/i&gt; Rh disease, and given in particular that they do cross the placenta, how does it come that they have no harmful effect on the fetus?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21079" LastActivityDate="2021-02-21T20:35:50.120" Title="Effects of anti-Rh(D) antibodies on the fetus" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25769" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25687" CreationDate="2021-02-23T16:17:11.917" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;First, we should focus on &amp;quot;ivermectin plus covid19 or a virus that mimics covid19.&#xA;For now, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt; recognizes ivermectin as an antiviral drug. Therefore, the comparison should be &amp;quot;antiviral drug + covid19 or covid19-mimicking virus&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19criticalcare.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FLCCC&lt;/a&gt; may have a bit of a bias because they are enthusiastic proponents of ivermectin, but their &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19criticalcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/FLCCC-Ivermectin-in-the-prophylaxis-and-treatment-of-COVID-19.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; has the following description;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arevalo et al investigated in a murine model infected with a type 2 family RNA coronavirus&#xA;similar to SARS-CoV-2, (mouse hepatitis virus), the response to 500 mcg/kg of ivermectin vs.&#xA;placebo (Arevalo et al., 2020). The study included 40 infected mice, with 20 treated with ivermectin,&#xA;20 with phosphate buffered saline, and then 16 uninfected control mice that were also given phosphate&#xA;buffered saline. At day 5, all the mice were euthanized to obtain tissues for examination and viral load&#xA;assessment. The 20 non-ivermectin treated infected mice all showed severe hepatocellular necrosis&#xA;surrounded by a severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration associated with a high hepatic&#xA;viral load (52,158 AU), while in the ivermectin treated mice a much lower viral load was measured&#xA;(23,192 AU; p&amp;lt;0.05), with only few livers in the ivermectin treated mice showing histopathological&#xA;damage such that the differences between the livers from the uninfected control mice were not&#xA;statistically significant. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Dias De Melo and colleagues recently posted the results of a study they did with golden&#xA;hamsters that were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 virus, and at the time of the infection,&#xA;the animals also received a single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at a dose of 0.4mg/kg on day 1&#xA;(de Melo et al., 2020). Control animals received only the physiologic solution. They found the&#xA;following among the ivermectin treated hamsters; a dramatic reduction in anosmia (33.3% vs 83.3%,&#xA;p=.03) which was also sex-dependent in that the male hamsters exhibited a reduction in clinical score&#xA;while the treated female hamsters failed to show any sign of anosmia. They also found significant&#xA;reductions in cytokine concentrations in the nasal turbinate’s and lungs of the treated animals despite&#xA;the lack of apparent differences in viral titers&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on this statement, the following two papers seem to fit our purpose. However, it should be noted that these are preprints.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.363242v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Arevalo et al&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392639v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;de Melo et al&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Arevalo et al has following  description;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, experimental conditions with SARS-CoV2 are not easily available in research laboratories due to biosecurity reasons, thus having in vivo preclinical data is not always easy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Isn't this description the answer to your question?&lt;/strong&gt; If it is clinical research, there is no need to contain infected animals in a laboratory. It must be quite difficult to control a virus that is considered more dangerous than the flu. Also, in the case of influenza, the pharmaceutical companies are probably planning and conducting trials over a long period of time. In contrast, MSD does not seem to be active in the coronary indication of ivermectin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16820" LastActivityDate="2021-02-23T16:17:11.917" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25780" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-25T19:17:53.887" Score="2" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am aware that SARS-CoV-2 shows overdispersion, that is that many infected people cause no subsequent infections, but a small number of people cause very many infections (superspreading). The best illustration I could find of this is the one below, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/11/07/a-minority-of-people-with-covid-19-account-for-the-bulk-of-transmission&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the Economist&lt;/a&gt; (begid a paywall). The figure shows a histogram of the number of subsequent infections per case, where the x-axis is the percentile. This particular data is from a study from Andhra Pradesh &amp;amp; Tamil Nadu, from March-August 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, does this still reflect the current knowledge? Is there a more recent publication that shows this kind of graph (or an other illustration of dispersion), preferably for Europe?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And finally, how does the picture change with the virus variants, e.g. B.1.1.7 - are there less &amp;quot;non-infecting&amp;quot; people, or are the infecting people causing more cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MEg4.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MEg4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21470" LastActivityDate="2021-02-25T19:17:53.887" Title="Number of subsequent infections per case / overdispersion of COVID-19" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25781" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-26T06:19:40.530" Score="1" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the context of contact tracing, I tried to find whether the number of contacts people have follows some well known distribution, e.g. Gaussian, Zipf etc. But I'm coming up empty. Were any such studies conducted? I did find a somewhat vague &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01187-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;discussion&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A leading factor that determines the strengths of these statistical biases is the structural properties of the underlying contact network itself, in particular the heterogeneity of the degree (that is, the number of contacts). Heterogeneous networks, where the number of contacts varies substantially among individuals, have a larger variance in the degree, which in turn produces a stronger friendship paradox effect. Real networks are known to be heterogeneous, with strong implications for epidemiology because these properties alter the fundamental nature of the epidemic dynamics in the form of, for example, vanishing epidemic threshold, hierarchical spreading, and large variance in an individual’s reproductive number, as well as the final outbreak size.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This seems to suggest that some kind of muti-modal or maybe Zipf law holds for contacts,  but has any concrete distribution been (best) fitted?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-02-26T06:19:40.530" Title="Does the number of contacts people have follow some well known distribution?" Tags="&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25784" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25736" CreationDate="2021-02-26T22:10:05.647" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, as far as I am aware there is no specific grading of severity of fracture. Severity in fractures can be individual and based on age, debility, etc. Most classification systems I am aware of are based on describing the fracture. Open/closed, oblique, longitudinal, etc. There are also specific common fractures with names, such as a tri-malleolar fracture Colles fracture. There are some classification systems based on describing the fracture. You might look up Salter-Harris or Gustillo-Anderson, to name a few.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: I almost forgot to add- there are classification systems for internal organ injuries that are based on severity. The American academy of trauma surgeons has a good resource on this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21476" LastActivityDate="2021-02-26T22:10:05.647" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25785" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-28T02:49:40.757" Score="1" ViewCount="76" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any reason NOT to vaccinate with more than one brand of COVID 19 vaccine?  For example, 2nd Pfizer in January and JNJ in April.  Nothing returned via Google.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Clarification: the context is that two &lt;strong&gt;complete&lt;/strong&gt; dosages (JNJ requires 1 dose,  Pfizer requires 2,  Moderna requires 2) of different vaccines are under consideration for the question.  US CDC guidance advises completing a regimen with the same vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="7446" LastEditDate="2021-03-11T16:51:45.847" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T16:51:45.847" Title="Is there any reason not to vaccinate with more than one covid 19 vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25787" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25789" CreationDate="2021-02-28T17:03:25.880" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;From sources such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.canesten.co.uk/en/female/symptoms/thrush/faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; the consensus seems to be that Candida Albicans is not an STI, but can be &amp;quot;passed back and forth&amp;quot; if engaging in intercourse with the same partner. So, why would this not affect say, a new partner?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21480" LastActivityDate="2021-02-28T17:33:54.947" Title="Why is Candida Albicans not regarded as an STI if it can be passed back and forth during intercourse?" Tags="&lt;sti&gt;&lt;fungal-infection&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25789" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25787" CreationDate="2021-02-28T17:33:54.947" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although &lt;em&gt;Candida Albicans&lt;/em&gt; can be transmitted sexually, generally it is developed without sexual contact. WebMD gives &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322722#types-of-infections&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the following details&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, a type of bacteria called &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; keeps the amount of Candida in the genital area under control. However, when &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; levels are disrupted in some way, &lt;em&gt;Candida&lt;/em&gt; can overgrow and cause an infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also develop a Candida genital infection after participating in certain sexual activities, particularly those that involve oral-genital contact.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although otherwise healthy individuals can get genital Candida infections, the following groups are at an increased risk:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;people that have taken antibiotics recently&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;people with uncontrolled diabetes&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;immunosuppressed individuals&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;pregnant women&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;people that are taking oral contraceptives or who are on hormone therapy&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-02-28T17:33:54.947" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25790" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-02-28T22:24:09.927" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I have understood it, persons who have contacted virusses (that are to a substantial part transmitted through the air, such as covid-19) tend to be only or most strong infectuous during a short time frame, during which they exhale air with big amounts of viral copies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given that viruses are basically packaged RNA, I was wondering if there was a simple way to assess viral content in exhaled air (potentially independent of the virus type). A problem could be that viral and endogenous RNA cannot be distinguised, but maybe this would not even be nessesary as long as we can measure an increase over baseline of overall RNA levels.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find information about such a method myself, but only end up with tests for specific viruses. Also, I could not find any baseline information about exhaled RNA or similiar either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine such a test could have advatanges, such as 1) beeing able to track the progression of the disease within a person, 2) beeing useful for to assess the need of quarantine and its duration. 3) beeing less expensive compared to more specific tests and 4) serve as detector to assess contamination of a room, and guide airing praxis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21483" LastActivityDate="2021-02-28T22:24:09.927" Title="Is there a simple way to quantify viral content beeing exhaled by a person potentially independent of the specific virus type?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;viral-load&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25791" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25793" CreationDate="2021-03-01T10:28:29.603" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;From the &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Apart from BH4Ds, the differential diagnosis of HPA includes phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency, DNAJC12 deficiency, &lt;strong&gt;high natural protein intake&lt;/strong&gt;, prematurity, and liver disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder what the meaning of &lt;strong&gt;natural&lt;/strong&gt; here is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Natural (protein) as opposed to synthetic (protein)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Or natural intake as opposed to unnatural intake?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don't know what may count as &amp;quot;unnatural intake&amp;quot;. Maybe forced feeding or elevated intake of protein in preparation for a bodybuilding contest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2021-03-01T17:42:20.170" Title="Meaning of &quot;natural&quot; in &quot;high natural protein intake&quot; in a consensus guideline on BH4 deficiencies" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25792" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-01T12:43:12.200" Score="-3" ViewCount="72" Body="&lt;p&gt;Reduction in social contact, without full restriction of social contact, creates an environment where the 'success' of a virus depends more on how infectious it is and less on how good it is at preserving the host.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this a fair assessment? Do these &amp;quot;lockdown&amp;quot;* measures result in more contagious strains? (*lockdown is a loose term it seems - what I mean are the restrictions where society is asked to do things like wear masks, avoid only certain types of shops, not others, etc).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot easily find any research assessing the relationship between these lockdown measure, their level of implementation, and virus contagion/mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, does this evolutionary pressure on the virus lead to more deadly strains? (Because, presumably, the criteria becomes more about contagion and rapid spread and less about preserving the host)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this what is happening as a result of social distancing policy today and is it something epidemiologists weigh up against the risks to the healthcare system of a freer policies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT/UPDATE: I realise that the downvotes are largely due to the way I posed the question and that there is a lot of political sensitivity here. Let me please assure you that my intentions are merely to find research and understand the real effect of lockdown. With no political bias. So to clarify:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I agree that successful isolation will cause the virus to die off. However, looking at society as a whole rather than at individuals, is it safe to say that the practical reality of lockdown is that face masks are worn incorrectly, with incorrect materials, for extended lengths of time beyond their applicability, that people don't fully self isolate but just to a certain extent, etc etc. It still seems to me the virus is given opportunities to replicate but only if they acclimatize to the tougher conditions. Is there any research around to refute or understand this claim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17384" LastEditorUserId="17384" LastEditDate="2021-03-08T10:20:28.693" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T10:20:28.693" Title="Do partial lockdown/social-distancing measures lead to more contagious and more deadly (Covid) virus mutations?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2021-03-13T01:19:00.157" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25793" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25791" CreationDate="2021-03-01T17:42:20.170" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;By &amp;quot;natural protein intake&amp;quot; they are referring to normal dietary protein intake, in contrast to amino acid supplements given as protein substitutes for people with disorders related to protein/amino acid metabolism. See for example from &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria#Treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Supplementary &amp;quot;protein substitute&amp;quot; formulas are typically prescribed for people PKU (starting in infancy) to provide the amino acids and other necessary nutrients that would otherwise be lacking in a low-phenylalanine diet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other sources where this phrasing is used:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evans, M., Truby, H., &amp;amp; Boneh, A. (2017). The relationship between dietary intake, growth and body composition in Phenylketonuria. Molecular genetics and metabolism, 122(1-2), 36-42.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hoeksma, M., Van Rijn, M., Verkerk, P. H., Bosch, A. M., Mulder, M. F., de Klerk, J. B., ... &amp;amp; van Spronsen, F. J. (2005). The intake of total protein, natural protein and protein substitute and growth of height and head circumference in Dutch infants with phenylketonuria. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease: Official Journal of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, 28(6), 845-854.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Huemer, M., Huemer, C., Möslinger, D., Huter, D., &amp;amp; Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, S. (2007). Growth and body composition in children with classical phenylketonuria: results in 34 patients and review of the literature. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 30(5), 694-699.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-03-01T17:42:20.170" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25794" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-01T17:42:41.483" Score="1" ViewCount="86" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adding additional information after digging around.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First, I am not a medical professional.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found this article studying the rates of DNA integration via adenovirus vectors in mice, specifically measuring for rates of integration in their liver cells.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937808/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937808/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From Table 2, they plainly state that they observed integration of certain genome sequences as a result of administering the adenovirus. In their discussion they also state that further possible side-effects of integration need to be directly studied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the list of articles that cite the above source, I found a journal discussing the J&amp;amp;J vaccine for Covid-19: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8006140/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8006140/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In it they state the following: &amp;quot;There are concerns about the possibility of DNA integration from the modified adenoviral vaccine, but this has not been reported to date&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They then cite the above article as their source for this statement. However, it seems completely incongruent with respect to what I understand about the first article.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If I understand the first article correctly, the blanket statement in the second article (as a defense for the safety of the J&amp;amp;J vaccine) seems greatly concerning. Any insight would be very welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ORIGINAL:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exactly the same question posed here, except with reference to the new Johnson and Johnson viral vector vaccine rather than mRNA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25392/why-is-the-new-mrna-vaccine-unable-to-modify-human-dna&quot;&gt;Why is the new mRNA vaccine unable to modify human DNA?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was able to find a great video source on the RNA vaccines: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK0C5tFHze8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK0C5tFHze8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But haven't seen an equivalent for the Johnson and Johnson adenovirus vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above quoted MedicalScience.SE contains an answer using this as a reference: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963/full&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963/full&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This resource was published late 2018 and specifically contains the following quote:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Especially in the context of this long-term persistence, the presence of foreign genetic information in the nucleus of transfected cells poses the additional risk of genomic integration into the host's chromosomes and the resulting threat of mutagenesis and oncogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has there been any additional research on this topic when evaluating the safety of the new J&amp;amp;J vaccine, as well as the oft-referenced Ebola vaccine (as a proxy for the safety of this method) that uses a similar technology?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;TL;DR I'm looking for an explanation for why or how the J&amp;amp;J vaccine method &lt;strong&gt;cannot&lt;/strong&gt; modify target cell DNA&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it &lt;strong&gt;can&lt;/strong&gt; modify target cell DNA, have the above issues posed in the 2018 review been addressed in the latest safety trials?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If &lt;strong&gt;yes&lt;/strong&gt; to the second question, are we certain that the side-effects cannot manifest in a longer timeframe? If not, how certain can we be?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9661" LastEditorUserId="9661" LastEditDate="2021-04-13T02:48:46.050" LastActivityDate="2021-04-13T02:48:46.050" Title="UPDATED Why is the new viral vector vaccine unable to modify human DNA?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25796" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-02T13:59:40.933" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;In research journals, there are often operationalisations of such terms as &amp;quot;muscle cross-sectional area&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;muscle volume&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;adipose tissue volume&amp;quot; by means of MRI or CT scanning. Hence, I understand that MRI or CT can be used to measure the area and volume of muscle or fat tissue. It can be used for measurements, eg. for research purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I actually see another potential use for measurement using MRI and CT - to monitor one's muscle and fat volume eg. in a fitness program, to evaluate progress. Hence, I'd like to ask if there are MRI or CT clinics in the world (or wherever you are) that accept patients for MRI or CT for this purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am in Singapore, and with extensive searching, I have found that MRI and CT services are only available in:&#xA;universities, the use of which are only for researchers&#xA;hospitals and private clinics, the use of which can only be summoned by a referral letter from a registered doctor&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find this a little frustrating, and like to know if this is the same elsewhere. Or if you are based in Singapore, please tell me if you know of any MRI or CT services that cater to the purpose I mentioned.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, if an MRI or CT is used instead for this purpose, will there be a difference in the way the machine is operated? eg. Must different machine settings be used?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I might also add that I wish to use the MRI and/or CT output for 3D reconstruction eg. with InVesalius (&lt;a href=&quot;https://invesalius.github.io&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://invesalius.github.io&lt;/a&gt;) and maybe use programming languages like Python to track changes of specific muscles and adipose tissue over time, as I have programming experience. For this to be accomplished, must the radiographer know this beforehand and operate the machine differently? (eg. a photographer will have to change their camera settings to change the output file format to H254 or H265, so I can guess that this is the same for MRI).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;P.S. I understand some might say that I can just use body composition machines to fulfil the purpose I mentioned without going to the extent of MRI. eg. from Tanita. But I find these machines a little wanting, in accuracy. Also I cannot monitor the spatial location of fat tissue, and the growth of specific muscles. This is also not for personal monitoring, but also for a larger research and commercial project I am working on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21490" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T16:13:46.897" Title="Is there commercially available MRI or CT that can be used for anthropometric rather than diagnostic purposes?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25797" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-02T14:47:02.733" Score="3" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/flu-cases-covid-england-phe-latest-b1805124.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt;, the UK lockdowns have had the effect of virtually eliminating Flu. As most of Europe/ The World has seen similar lockdowns, my expectation is that this would be reflected in other countries too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As Flu is an ever-changing virus, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-20611937&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;existing outbreaks&lt;/a&gt; are used to determine what next years Flu Vaccine should be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The World Health Organization (WHO) has a global network of 147&#xA;laboratories in 110 countries monitoring influenza outbreaks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data collected informs which strains should be vaccinated against&#xA;for the next winter.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The aforementioned article details this is usually a challenging process.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, with the lack of Flu this year, will this pose a problem for those making a Flu vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9847" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T14:47:02.733" Title="Might the lack of Flu this year cause a problem creating next years flu vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25798" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-02T15:29:23.090" Score="2" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I don't understand why do MRI Scan and CT Scan take more time than X- Ray?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Depending on the size of the area being scanned and how many images&#xA;are taken, the whole procedure will take 15 to 90 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mri-scan/what-happens/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source for &lt;strong&gt;MRI Scan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Actual scan times vary from a few seconds to several minutes. If no&#xA;oral contrast is required, the examination will take about 15 to 30&#xA;minutes, including the time for intravenous preparation and interview.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/imaging/ctscan/faq.php&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source for &lt;strong&gt;CT Scan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21491" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T15:55:22.520" Title="Why do MRI Scan and CT Scan take more time than X- Ray?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25799" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25798" CreationDate="2021-03-02T15:55:22.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;An xray is one image. Sometimes they might take a few more. CT and MRI scans are many more images. What's more, they aren't all taken from the same place, so you have to be moved into position a few times or the equipment needs to move around you or both.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If contrast is needed, the whole thing needs to be done twice - once without and once with contrast. (Or in my experience, each part needs to be done twice so they do the body without and with, then change where my arms are, reposition the bed, and do the head without and with.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where I get my scans done there is also a pause while a radiologist looks at them to see if it is all clear and readable or if some parts need to be redone. I typically spend 45 minutes on the bed for MRIs (just my hip, no contrast) and 20-30 for CTs (whole body[*], with contrast)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is also substantially more &amp;quot;prep&amp;quot; time -- I've had Xrays with my clothes on, but for CT and MRI scans you have to get into a gown, multiple people ask you the same questions you just answered on the form, if there will be contrast someone starts an IV, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; a &amp;quot;whole body&amp;quot; CT scan does not include your arms, legs, or anything above your nose. It doesn't even do hips very well. It's really most-torso-plus-throat-and-mouth.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T15:55:22.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25800" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25796" CreationDate="2021-03-02T16:13:46.897" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan#Adverse_effects&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CT scans use ionizing radiation&lt;/a&gt;. It's safe to get a CT scan for a medical purpose: the marginal risks of the scan are outweighed by the diagnostic benefits. However, repeated CT scans can potentially raise the risk of cancer. Monitoring ones progress in a fitness program can easily be done with other methods that do not cause cancer. I would consider it medical malpractice to offer CT scans for the purposes you describe.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;MRI does not use radiation, but the machines are quite expensive to purchase and operate and potentially dangerous due to the strong magnets interacting with metal. In the US, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gehealthcare.com/feature-article/how-much-does-an-mri-cost&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;average cost of an MRI scan is ~$2600&lt;/a&gt;. I'm not sure what a reputable source would be for estimating the cost of an MRI in Singapore, but I see estimates in the $100s. For research or diagnosis these costs are reasonable, but I doubt there is a market of patients willing to pay that cost regularly, and are likely subsidized figures that would not be available for non-medically necessary scans.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T16:13:46.897" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25801" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-02T20:38:36.857" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.27.433180v1.full.pdf+html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This preprint&lt;/a&gt;, which was just released today, says that while some of the Covid-19 variants evade antibody immunity, they do not evade T-cell immunity.  It says that this is true both of T-cell immunity obtained naturally by contracting standard Covid-19, and of T-cell immunity obtained through the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is, what degree of protection does T-cell immunity confer against Covid-19?  Have there been any studies on how effective it is against preventing severe disease?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9100" LastActivityDate="2021-03-02T20:38:36.857" Title="What protection does T-cell immunity confer for Covid?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25802" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25821" CreationDate="2021-03-02T22:36:42.867" Score="3" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/already-produced-40-50-million-dosages-of-covishield-vaccine-says-serum-institute/article33438655.ece&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Some sources&lt;/a&gt; simply equate the two. On the other hand, Covishield seems to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://vaccine.icmr.org.in/covid-19-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;undergoing its own clinical trials&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://vaccine.icmr.org.in/images/pdf/HFW-DCGI-authorisation-3rdJanuary.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;statement by the Indian authorities&lt;/a&gt; calls it “Recombinant Chimpanzee Adenovirus vector vaccine (Covishield) encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein with technology transfer from AstraZeneca/Oxford University” and refers to overseas clinical studies totaling 23 745 participants, presumably AZD1222 phase III clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This all is very confusing. Are the two biologically equivalent substances produced by different factories, or different vaccines using the same core ideas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16000" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T07:05:27.810" Title="Are Covishield and AstraZeneca AZD1222 the same?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25803" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-03T02:50:53.657" Score="3" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;How are vaccination schedules determined for multi-dose vaccines? That is, are several different schedules tested in an early-phase trial? Or do the developers of a vaccine choose a schedule (based on results from similar vaccines, computer models, etc) before anyone is ever injected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25759/covid-19-vaccination-second-doses-why-two-doses-and-why-the-specified-interval&quot;&gt;This question&lt;/a&gt; asks about the medical/biological reasons that two-dose COVID-19 vaccines are taken 21/28 days apart, but I'm interested in the development side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21492" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T02:50:53.657" Title="How are two-dose vaccine schedules developed?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25804" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25745" CreationDate="2021-03-03T07:41:47.610" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mouthwash however is believed to increase the rate of mouth cancers according to an Australian study I believe.  Google it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21493" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T07:41:47.610" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25805" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-03T07:48:01.517" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the paper titled &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932918/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effect of Short-term Consumption of Amul Probiotic Yogurt Containing &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus acidophilus&lt;/em&gt; La5 and &lt;em&gt;Bifidobacterium&lt;/em&gt; Lactis Bb12 on Salivary &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus&lt;/em&gt; mutans Count in High Caries Risk Individuals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am having trouble deciphering the degree of difference between the probiotics used and controls (I am no scientist but like to read studies). Here are the highlights which I think discuss the effectiveness:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mauchly's test of sphericity for the case group showed that there were significant differences between the “variance of differences” of the S. mutans count at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks as a result the readings were subjected to Hyunh and Feldt's test to compare difference in &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count during the 4-week period which was of highly significant value, &lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt; (1.664, 34.000) = 169.607, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.000. Thus, a pairwise comparison was done further that showed a significant difference of &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; between the baseline and 1st follow-up and also 1st and 2nd follow-up with a &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; value of 0.000. The difference of count was not significant between baseline and 2nd follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Mauchly's Test of Sphericity for the control group showed that there were no significant differences between the “variance of differences” of the &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks in control group. As a result, the readings were subjected to Wilks Lambda test which suggested that there was no significant difference of the &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count during the 4 weeks period. Thus, a pair-wise comparison was not done in control group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table 3 shows the effect of time and interaction between time and intervention on &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count in all the study participants. The effect was observed using Hyunh and Feldt's correction and a significant difference was observed in the &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count as the time passed, &lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt; (1.663, 113.117) = 164.780, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.000 and also there was a significant effect of interaction between the time and intervention on &lt;em&gt;S. mutans&lt;/em&gt; count, &lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt; (1.663, 113.117) = 168.899, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.000.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21493" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-03-03T17:20:14.560" LastActivityDate="2021-03-03T17:20:14.560" Title="How much do certain probiotics reduce cavity causing bacteria?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;diet&gt;&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;experiment&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25807" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-03T15:48:19.420" Score="2" ViewCount="246" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on what I have &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/coronavirus/pfizer-moderna-johnson-johnson-comparing-the-3-covid-vaccines-now-available/2450279/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt;, the Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson COVID-19 vaccines all work by training the immune system to recognize the spike protein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that the vaccines deliver the genetic instructions for creating the spike protein in different ways - the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use mRNA, while the AstraZeneca and Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson vaccines use an adenovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if the end result is the same - a person's immune system being able to recognize the same spike protein no matter which of the 4 vaccines was administered, then shouldn't the vaccines be equally effective? I assume they are not though - why is that?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It has been reported in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-explained.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Live Science&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/01/johnson-johnson-covid-vaccine/617880/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The Atlantic&lt;/a&gt; that the vaccines each have a different efficacy - 95% for Pfizer, 94% for Moderna, 70% for AstraZeneca, and 66% for Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson - but those efficacy numbers cannot be compared since they are based on trials conducted during different stages of the pandemic with different people in different regions.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="346" LastEditorUserId="346" LastEditDate="2021-03-04T16:02:46.973" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T07:52:01.940" Title="Why wouldn't the Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson &amp; Johnson vaccines be equally effective?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25809" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-03T18:15:52.210" Score="0" ViewCount="56" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any well-understood way or any info, in the medical literature, regarding the possibility of iron tablets and high fibre foods triggering hypermetabolism characterized by tachycardia, anxiety, insomnia, tremors, weight loss, hypermotility coupled with peptic ulcer and tarry stools?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only thing I could think of is through them triggering some form of dormant colitis or exasperation of a very sensitive gut into perforation or GI bleeding. But I still cannot understand the mechanism of this leading to hypermetabolism. What could be the possible mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-03-13T05:03:25.413" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T05:03:25.413" Title="Can iron tablets or high fibre food trigger hypermetabolism?" Tags="&lt;gastroenterology&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25813" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-04T06:08:57.147" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read that the electronic health record (&lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; electronic medical record) stores the complete history of a patient in the US. So, do all physicians use the same EHR system? (Like facebook i.e. there is 1 facebook for everyone) or does each hospital/doctor have their own EHR and they have to transfer/request patient data from the patient's previous doctor?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21499" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T02:47:50.390" Title="Is electronic health record (EHR) in the US centralized or does each hospital/doctor have their own?" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25814" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25815" CreationDate="2021-03-04T07:40:49.950" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Am a data analyst working on healthcare data analysis. I came across the below terms in my source data from the hospital system. I did a google &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?ei=vItAYJf9OsmH9QOWqo_QDA&amp;amp;q=glycated%20hb&amp;amp;oq=glycated%20hb&amp;amp;gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyFAgAELADEIoDELcDENQDEOUCEIsDMhQIABCwAxCKAxC3AxDUAxDlAhCLAzIUCAAQsAMQigMQtwMQ1AMQ5QIQiwMyFAgAELADEIoDELcDENQDEOUCEIsDMhQIABCwAxCKAxC3AxDUAxDlAhCLAzIUCAAQsAMQigMQtwMQ1AMQ5QIQiwMyFAgAELADEIoDELcDENQDEOUCEIsDMhQIABCwAxCKAxC3AxDUAxDlAhCLAzIUCAAQsAMQigMQtwMQ1AMQ5QIQiwMyFAgAELADEIoDELcDENQDEOUCEIsDUABYAGC-ri1oAnACeACAAZMCiAGTApIBAzItMZgBAKoBB2d3cy13aXrIAQq4AQPAAQE&amp;amp;sclient=gws-wiz&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwiXy_ChjpbvAhXJQ30KHRbVA8oQ4dUDCA0&amp;amp;uact=5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;search&lt;/a&gt; and found that they all are the same&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Glycated HB        %           &#xA;Glycated HB, POCT  %           &#xA;HbA1c, IFCC        mmol/mol &#xA;HbA1c, NGSP/DCCT   % &#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right to understand that all these indicates &lt;code&gt;HbA1c&lt;/code&gt; measurement only and they are just different names with different representations (&lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;mmol/mol&lt;/code&gt;)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2021-03-05T15:17:26.983" Title="Different names for HbA1c" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;glycated-hemoglobin-hba1c&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25815" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25814" CreationDate="2021-03-04T09:04:06.187" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you found, HbA1c is glycated Haemoglobin (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.co.uk/what-is-hba1c.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hb&lt;/a&gt;)  the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/glycated-hemoglobin-test-hba1c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;A1c&lt;/a&gt; bit refers to the type of Haemoglobin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;POCT is Point of Care Testing. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296814538940&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296814538940&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;IFCC is International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ifcc.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ifcc.org/&lt;/a&gt;) a standardisation program for HbA1c testing&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DCCT is the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. (See &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/blood-glucose-control-studies-type-1-diabetes-dcct-edic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/blood-glucose-control-studies-type-1-diabetes-dcct-edic&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NGSP is an organisation looking to standardise HbA1c testing (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ngsp.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ngsp.org/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the NGSP began in 1996 it was originally called the “National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program”.  As the program grew and became international in scope the official name was shortened to the acronym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-03-05T15:17:26.983" LastActivityDate="2021-03-05T15:17:26.983" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25816" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25822" CreationDate="2021-03-04T12:18:00.457" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a look at our hospital database and found out that we have the below measurements&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Estimated Glomerular Filtration          ml/min&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate     ml/min&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Estimated Glomerular Filtration, Female  ml/min&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;Estimated Glomerular Filtration, Male    ml/min&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right to understand that terms with &lt;code&gt;Male&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Female&lt;/code&gt; are being very specific or the doctor/data entry was made in such a specific manner.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, if we look at &lt;code&gt;Estimated Glomerular Filtration&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Estimated Glomerular Filtration&lt;/code&gt; they are no different from &lt;code&gt;Estimated Glomerular Filtration, Male&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Estimated Glomerular Filtration, Female&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Am I right to understand this? It's just the level of info which was keyed in the EHR system?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T15:43:07.793" Title="Different names for eGFR measurement" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;coloration-discoloration&gt;&lt;urine&gt;&lt;glomerular-filtration-grf&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25817" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-04T23:00:32.243" Score="0" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that once I'm vaccinated I try the rapid serological test and the result is negative. My question is: let's admit that the reliability of the test is 100%; does it mean that the vaccine didn't work? Or is it more probable that the working mechanism of the rapid test does not catch the antibodies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21505" LastActivityDate="2021-03-10T15:06:42.953" Title="Covid19 Rapid serological tests and Vaccine" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25818" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25817" CreationDate="2021-03-05T08:58:39.580" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found on the internet (see sources below) that the answer is in general no, for two reasons:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the serological test must detect the antibodies related to the Spike protein, and this condition is not respected by most of rapid tests. In particular, some look for the nucleocapside protein which is contained inside the virus (not on its &lt;em&gt;corona&lt;/em&gt; like the Spike protein) and it is not induced by the vaccine;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;the tests are actually very low in reliability.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This result is meaningful especially for a study in a large number of people: other kind of tests have to be performed. Indeed, specific tests which look for the vaccine induced Spike protein are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sources:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.focus.it/scienza/salute/dopo-il-vaccino-come-capire-se-si-e-immuni-alla-covid&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.focus.it/scienza/salute/dopo-il-vaccino-come-capire-se-si-e-immuni-alla-covid&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/53057/v44e1492020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;amp;isAllowed=y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/53057/v44e1492020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hope this could help. Bye&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21505" LastEditorUserId="21505" LastEditDate="2021-03-10T15:06:42.953" LastActivityDate="2021-03-10T15:06:42.953" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25819" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-05T14:04:50.420" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;From this paper:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193646/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevalence and concordance of oral and genital HPV in women positive for cervical HPV infection and in their sexual stable partners: An Italian screening study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HPV was detected in 84% of Cervical Samples, in 24.3% of oral samples&#xA;and in one urine sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems that it is possible to have genital HPV without having oral HPV. Maybe also vice versa.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do viruses fundamentally work? I always thought that everything in the body is connected by the blood stream. Does this mean that the virus lives only inside the tissue cells, but never enters bloodstream?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16760" LastEditorUserId="16760" LastEditDate="2021-03-05T16:05:36.403" LastActivityDate="2021-03-05T16:05:36.403" Title="How can you have Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in your body, but not in your throat?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;hpv&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-03-13T01:21:07.193" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25820" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25813" CreationDate="2021-03-06T02:47:50.390" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Short answer: there are many different EHR systems, and they don’t like to talk to each other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Long answer: There are a lot of different pieces of software out there for EHR systems. Soarian, Epic, Powerchart are a few of the ones I have worked with. Usually, an EHR system will be throughout a Health System. All the hospitals in that system will be able to share data and medical records. To send medical records to a physician or hospital not in that system, they, in my experience, are printed and faxed over.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even if two systems use the same EHR program, those programs are usually customized to that system, and won’t necessarily transfer data between them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I highly recommend requesting and keeping your own copies of your medical records for this very reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21476" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T02:47:50.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25821" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25802" CreationDate="2021-03-06T07:05:27.810" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The India-produced Covishield vaccine and the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (codenamed AZD1222) are intended to be identical.  Covishield is manufactured by Serum Institute of India under license from AstraZeneca, in the same manner as manufacturing of AZD1222 has been licensed to companies in Thailand and South Korea.&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine#Production_and_supply&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The agreements include transfer of the recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus seed culture (which Oxford and AstraZeneca developed), but also the manufacturing and quality assurance procedures need for reliable production.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.astrazeneca.com/what-science-can-do/topics/technologies/innovating-production-and-manufacture-to-meet-the-challenge-of-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; AstraZeneca is also partnering with companies in at least a dozen other countries to manufacture the vaccine in a distributed manner to quickly increase the available supply.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.astrazeneca.com/what-science-can-do/topics/technologies/innovating-production-and-manufacture-to-meet-the-challenge-of-covid-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-halix-astrazeneca/astrazeneca-partners-with-halix-to-manufacture-covid-19-vaccine-in-netherlands-idUSKBN28I24E&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Indian Council of Medical Research is funding clinical trials by Serum Institute of India of blinded clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of the Serum Intitute-manufactured vaccine (Covishield) in the Indian population versus AstraZeneca-supplied vaccine doses and against placebos.&lt;a href=&quot;http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=46186&amp;amp;EncHid=&amp;amp;userName=covid-19%20vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  Export of Covishield is limited to non-first-world countries and so far has been exported only to nearby countries such as Bangladesh.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55748124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14781" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T07:05:27.810" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25822" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25816" CreationDate="2021-03-06T15:43:07.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The eGFR is calculated differently based on several factors, including sex and race. So there are different calculation formulas based on male vs female, and African American vs Caucasian. There are not currently differences for other ethnicities, but there are some studies working on validating those.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/12-10-4004_abe_faqs_aboutgfrrev1b_singleb.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21476" LastActivityDate="2021-03-06T15:43:07.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25823" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25807" CreationDate="2021-03-06T22:34:17.273" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even assuming the same ecological conditions, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-difference-between-efficacy-and-effectiveness&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;efficacy&lt;/a&gt; of a vaccine is in a (&lt;a href=&quot;https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1324092/retrieve&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;dose-dependent&lt;/a&gt; trade-off with side effects. (This was e.g. easily &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/fever-aches-pfizer-moderna-jabs-aren-t-dangerous-may-be-intense-some&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;shown&lt;/a&gt; in the phase I/II &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2022483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trials&lt;/a&gt; of Moderna's vaccine.) Even for the exact same tech/vaccine, manufacturers may choose different points along this curve.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, the amount of &amp;quot;training&amp;quot; and thus resulting levels of antibodies etc. depends on how long the injected vaccine lasts in your body. There are numerous factors that affect this, see e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25380/how-do-mrna-vaccines-work-and-what-are-their-advantages-over-traditional-vaccine&quot;&gt;prior discussion here&lt;/a&gt; what affects that in mRNA vaccines alone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Changing the delivery vector to something more substantially different, e.g. from a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) to an adenovirus (Janssen, Astra-Zeneca, Sputnik) can have more substantial effects in both of the above regards; i.e. the side-effect vs efficacy profile may be on different curve; the technology that makes a pure mRNA vaccine persist long enough in your body is not the same as that using an adenovirus--by the way, the latter is a DNA virus, so the protein is coded in a slightly different substrate, with a different &amp;quot;decay rate&amp;quot;. You can also have prior immunity to some adenoviruses (and also develop it from the vaccine, I think).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, some other Covid-19 vaccines (e.g. Novavax) deliver the proteins themselves (in a LNP) rather then mRNA, so they are even more fundamentally different than mRNA/DNA based ones with respect to all of the above. The same mRNA molecule can &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25522/is-the-code-from-the-mrna-vaccine-executed-by-the-cells-as-a-one-off&quot;&gt;get reused&lt;/a&gt; a good number times in a cell to produce (spike, in this case) proteins, but a protein is more or less of &amp;quot;one use&amp;quot; for the immune system. Generally speaking, protein vaccines (and this include's Novavax) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423510/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use&lt;/a&gt; various adjuvants to get more immune response out of the same dose of proteins, which are fairly &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25469/for-fighting-covid19-why-we-give-the-body-the-rna-and-not-give-the-body-the-pro&quot;&gt;involved to manufacture&lt;/a&gt;. (Such adjuvants &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/vaccines/vaccines-information--faq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;aren't&lt;/a&gt; used by current mRNA vaccines that have been approved, probably because they generate [translate to] more than enough proteins.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the vaccines you've listed, Pfizer/Biontech and Moderna &lt;a href=&quot;https://asm.org/Articles/2020/December/COVID-19-Vaccine-FAQs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;are&lt;/a&gt; the most similar to each other technology-wise (both mRNA in a PEGylated LNP--their actual formulation differences are somewhat obscure), so somewhat not surprisingly they produced the most similar results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, small changes have been made to the genetic sequence of the spike protein; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00480-0/tables/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more specifically&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Astra-Zeneca &amp;amp; Sputnik don't report any modifications&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pfizer and Moderna (both) made the same proline substitutions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Janssen additionally made two mutations at furin cleavage sites&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Novavax made three of those&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6510/1501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;role&lt;/a&gt; of proline substitutions is to keep the (produced) spike protein in the prefusion conformation for a longer time, thus effectively increasing yield. If you wonder how they both got this idea: it's because this was first&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/114/35/E7348&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;done&lt;/a&gt; on a MERS vaccine.&#xA;It was observed that most of the naturally produced antibodies target the&#xA;RBD, which is only exposed in the prefusion conformation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to Janssen's pre-clinical &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-020-00243-x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt;, their furin mutations have an additional&#xA;stabilizing effect and cause the host to produce a greater ratio of neutralizing to non-neutralizing antibodies (compared to the variant with the two proline substitutions only). Novavax basiscally &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20653-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;did&lt;/a&gt; the same thing but altered the cleavage site at three points RRAR→QQAQ.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-09T22:05:32.100" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T22:05:32.100" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25824" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25792" CreationDate="2021-03-06T23:56:22.123" Score="2" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I cannot easily find any research assessing the relationship between lockdowns and virus contagion/mortality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Try looking at it backwards: what encourages mutations (some of which will render an organism more &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; (and/or &lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt;, and/or &lt;em&gt;z&lt;/em&gt;) and some of which will render it less &lt;em&gt;x&lt;/em&gt; (and/or &lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt;, and/or &lt;em&gt;z&lt;/em&gt;). To mutate, an organism must reproduce in order to pass on a mutation. Look at the &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-biology/2017/07/21/the-genesis-of-mrsa-resistance-emerged-years-before-the-introduction-of-methicillin-in-the-clinic/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;evolution of MRSA&lt;/a&gt; as a good example: all that was needed was reproduction; environmental pressure selected the successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Understanding this fundamental concept sheds light on the confusion you have.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Simply stated, if lockdowns decrease the chances of viral replication (which they do very well), they will also decrease the chances of viral mutations, whether that be for a less contagious/lethal virus (not a good candidate for responding well to environmental pressure) or a more contagious/lethal one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this what is happening as a result of social distancing policy today and is it something epidemiologists weigh up against the risks to the healthcare system of a freer policies?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nope, not at all. Because that's not how viruses become more successful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edited to add: Imagine a patient, J. Doe, early 60s, lives alone, leaves the house only to do monthly grocery shopping.  During one of these outings, J. becomes infected with SARS-CoV 2. Early in the course of infection, a mutation occurs which increases the transmissibility of the virus by 50%. J., however, has mild symptoms only, and during a teleconference with a physician, J. is told to stay home and treat symptomatically. J. follows this advice, the infection runs its course, and the viruses die off. J. has avoided all contact with others and the newer, more transmissible virus had no where (else) to go.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now imagine J. Dope, early 60s, lives alone, doesn't like it, so goes out a lot despite warnings.  During one of these outings, J. becomes infected with SARS-CoV 2. Early in the course of infection, a mutation occurs which increases the transmissibility of the virus by 50%. J., however, has mild symptoms only, so doesn't alter social behaviors. J. sheds the newer, more transmissible virus everywhere, and suddenly, a spike in cases is seen in the area J. lives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which scenario is likely to increase the prevalence of the now more highly transmissible virus variant?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="169" LastEditorUserId="169" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T00:16:12.580" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T00:16:12.580" CommentCount="21" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25826" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-07T06:04:50.097" Score="0" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340062/#appsec1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; that talked about an air filtration system that heats up air to 200°C that kills SARS-CoV-2 in a single pass. But they seem to not be so sure of how hot it should actually be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've read &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361064/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;other papers&lt;/a&gt; that talked about the virus's temperature rating and the highest temperature they checked was 80°C. At that heat the virus still takes about a minute to die. I would guess 100°C would kill it faster but how fast? Has there been a study that tested the virus on temperatures above 100°C?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any help is appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21511" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T16:52:18.610" Title="What is the minimum air temperature that can kill SARS-CoV-2 instantaneously?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;heat&gt;&lt;air-temperature&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25827" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25826" CreationDate="2021-03-07T09:41:11.207" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_heat_sterilization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dry heat sterilization&lt;/a&gt; is fairly inefficient, time-wise, in general. According to Wikipedia, which cites the CDC for this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The proper time and temperature for dry heat sterilization is 160 °C (320 °F) for 2 hours or 170 °C (340 °F) for 1 hour or in the case of High Velocity Hot Air sterilisers 190°C (375°F) for 6 to 12 minutes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this is for all mirco-organisms, which some of which are more hardy than coronaviruses. I'm not sure if there's a study just on the latter in re dry heat.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also this is not exactly what you're asking here, as you want to sterilize the air, but it is somewhat relevant if you're trying to do that by heat transfer from a surface, e.g. a hot plate, coil etc. Because of inefficiency relative to other methods,  this way of sterilizing air it might not have been studied too much, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216408701321&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many ways have been suggested for sterilizing air. These include destruction of microorganisms by: dry heat-gas fired or electrical; adiabatic compression; and irradiation or removal of microorganism. The removal of microorganisms involve: scrubbing, electrostatic precipitation, sieving, and filtration fibrous or granular beds. Of these, only adiabatic compression, filtration through beds of fibrous materials, and filtration through beds of granular materials have found widespread usage on an industrial scale.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Albeit that's a 1960's article, but physics didn't change much since...)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The (1st) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2020) paper&lt;/a&gt; you've linked to uses a &lt;em&gt;heated filter&lt;/em&gt;, so it's really a combination method. (The filter had non-zero effect even without it being heated, if you look at their graphs--fig 3.) That paper also mentions the air flow rate at which they've tested their system. Which of course is a factor in heat transfer too; e.g. they quantified the observed temperature drop with increased air flow, albeit only at couple of points.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See also &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterility_assurance_level&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sterility assurance level&lt;/a&gt; for what professionals mean when they say something is sterilized. Basically, it's a statistical measure/guarantee, not an absolute one. In the 2020 paper you've linked to, they set/measured that at 99.8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T10:08:33.090" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T10:08:33.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25829" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-07T16:34:28.987" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;A famous near-fatal injury is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.si.com/nfl/2016/09/22/drew-bledsoe-hit-tom-brady-mo-lewis-jets&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ruptured blood vessel suffered by Drew Bledsoe in a football game in 2001&lt;/a&gt;. He was hit in the chest by the tackler's shoulder and this sheared a blood vessel in his thoracic cavity. He began suffering hemothorax, which went initially unnoticed until a CAT scan was performed. Once the problem was recognized, the blood was drained and the hemorrhage stopped.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, in accounts I have read of the incident, no description is given of the procedure used to solve the problem. In this kind of injury where an internal blood vessel has been cut or torn completely, how the injury treated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T16:34:28.987" Title="How is a ruptured blood vessel repaired? (Drew Bledsoe)" Tags="&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25830" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25826" CreationDate="2021-03-07T16:52:18.610" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Viruses are not &amp;quot;alive&amp;quot; in the sense that larger organism is. They are like little machines. So, they do not &amp;quot;die&amp;quot;, they simply function at different levels of efficiency. So, for example, an increase in temperature may damage a virus and impair its function. Even if a virus is impaired and unable to reproduce by itself, it can still act in various ways, such as loaning its DNA to other viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807520/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In a recent study of inactivation of various shellfish viruses&lt;/a&gt;, it was found that a temperature of 80-degrees centigrade (176 Farenheit) for 12 seconds was sufficient to inactivate all the viruses under study and this appeared to be due to capsid disruption. Since SARS-COV2 and all coronaviridae have a similar capsid, they probably subject to the same rule.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study found that a lesser temperature of 62-degrees centigrade was sufficient to inactivate some viruses, if it was applied for as long as 30 minutes, but not all of the test viruses were completely inactivated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that the chemical behavior of a virus can differ depending on the media in which it exists. Respiratory viruses spend their lives adhering to various proteins in mucus. If they are removed from that environment in placed dry air or even water, they can become unstable and more fragile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, it is worth noting that even small variations in temperature can signficantly affect the efficiency of viral reproduction. For example, animals will often raise body temperature (a fever) to defend against an infection, and this change in temperature in the case of humans is only from 98 degrees Farenheit to 104 degrees, but even so it is enough to impair viral reproduction significantly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T16:52:18.610" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25832" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1191" CreationDate="2021-03-07T23:08:03.890" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm not an electrician so there might be some inaccuracies here and I couldn't find an exact study about the long-term effects so take it with a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Frequent damage to tissues can cause cumulative damage. We can extrapolate some data here:&#xA;Some direct 200 mV pulses (0.6 mA) are enough to kill a cell. And 50 mV Pulse is enough to activate a nerve cell.&#xA;The question is whether the current reaches the cells. It probably varies based on where the current is applied.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An educated guess is that you need 4 times (any scattering ignored - I'm not an electrician so idk) the voltage required for you to feel the current to actually kill a cell. So maybe around 25-35VAC could cause some minor damage- definitely much higher than 2 VAC.&#xA;Once you go over that threshold the exposure durations start to matter and could cause scarring if prolonged.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18600343/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;In vitro currents&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/physics/p616/safety/fatal_current.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lowest perceptible Current&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21514" LastEditorUserId="21514" LastEditDate="2021-03-07T23:38:53.513" LastActivityDate="2021-03-07T23:38:53.513" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25834" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="1589" CreationDate="2021-03-08T00:22:38.690" Score="0" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I do not feel any pain when I sleep chest-side down other than pain on my neck, but this is only because I have to turn my face to one side, and this can be fixed if I buy a special pillow (something used at a massage shop).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In any medical topic, you shouldn't assume that a habit is healthy just because it doesn't immediately cause pain.&#xA;If you feel pain in the neck muscles this might hurt your &lt;a href=&quot;https://radianthealthchiropractic.com/blog/poor-posture-leads-to-spinal-degeneration&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;posture and in turn, hurt your back&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We are mammals and almost all mammals live and sleep chest-side down. Dogs, for example, seem to love to rest their chest and head laid down on the floor.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I think the way the dogs sleep depends more on their personality rather than anatomy. Many dogs do sleep on the side. If you look at our closer relatives - chimps they typically sleep on the side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally, the human spine suffers a lot from bad posture. Asymmetrical weight distributions, prolonged stretch, prolonged contractions can cause the vertebrae to wear down.&#xA;A problem in sleeping prone is the fact that you need to contract lower back muscles and neck muscles (regardless if your face is pointing sideways or down). This causes tension which can sometimes be felt the day later. However, the main problem here is that long-term sleeping in that position will reflect on your posture and cause additional wear and tear on the back and possibly &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020829/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cumulative trauma disorders&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I recommend you this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JM9qGOsIfZc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; for understanding how muscles work during sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are many reasons to sleep on the side, but this goes beyond the scope of the question. If you want to sleep on the stomach, you can, but you should make sure that you take care of your posture and don't overexert your lumbar and neck muscles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21514" LastEditorUserId="21514" LastEditDate="2021-03-08T00:29:29.807" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T00:29:29.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25836" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="12237" CreationDate="2021-03-08T03:29:10.587" Score="-3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is called &amp;quot;sensitization&amp;quot; and is a common effect that you can see in many different contexts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, I was immune to poison ivy for most of my life. Then one day I cleared a large area that had poison ivy in it and I got heavily exposed to it and this caused me to have a severe reaction. Now, I can get poison ivy even if I have a relatively minor exposure. This effect is called being &amp;quot;sensitized&amp;quot; to the allergen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sensitization typically occurs when the person gets a large, shocking dose of whatever it is, but I know of no way to predict under what circumstances it might occur.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By the way, peanuts are not nuts. Peanuts are legumes. The allergy you are referring to is an allergy to legumes, not nuts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-03-08T03:29:10.587" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25838" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-08T15:11:45.303" Score="2" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/cytokine-storm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytokine storm&lt;/a&gt; means a cell pathway has been turned on, leading to the production of a number of biological mediators (which are kind of like signal transmitters) that cause changes to the body and interfere with normal cell function. Commonly, this means an excessive number of cytokines are released, which create high levels of inflammation in the area of the body being flooded—so much inflammation, even, that it can be fatal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the Cytokine Storm the root cause of fatality mechanisms of COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T17:24:38.860" Title="Is the Cytokine Storm the root cause of fatality mechanisms of COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25841" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-09T01:15:06.313" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;a href=&quot;https://urgentcarelajolla.com/services/covid-tests-travel/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;read&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our nose swabs only enter the nose ½ inch, not all the way up the nostril, ensuring no pain or damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A few months ago, I had a COVID-19 test with a nose swabs that looked like ~5cm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's the difference between rt-PCR COVID-19 test using different lengths of nose swab? Do they yield the same detection accuracy? Is there any other upside of downsides aside from the length of what is being inserted in one's nose? I searched online but couldn't find a good answer yet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T01:15:06.313" Title="What's the difference between rt-PCR COVID-19 test using different lengths of nose swab?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25842" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-09T06:31:16.367" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to figure out why most hospital it still seems to predominantly use fingertip sensor (LED+photodiode) based oximeter for SpO2. I tried searching for example of FDA 510(k) cleared oximeter devices, and there were at least a few dozen (&amp;gt;50) oximeter with fingertip sensor. There are only a dozen or two (at most) wrist sensor based oximeter that are FDA 510(k) approved. There are even less ring sensor and chest patch based oximeter (probably one or two each) that are FDA 510(k) cleared.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there any US hospitals that rely on wrist sensor based oximeter? My question is specific to the sensor (LED and photodiode) placement, and not on the placement of electronics itself. For example, Masimo RadiusPPG, Nonin 3150, etc. all use sensor in the fingertip. Oximeter which has electronics in the wrist but sensor coming via. wire to the fingertip is not considered fully wrist oximeter. I am curious to know how commonly do US hospitals use completely wrist (sensor on the wrist), or ring (sensor on the ring) or chest (sensor on the chest) based oximeter devices? Why is this not a clinically acceptable and popular practice?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does this practice differ in general ward, intensive or critical care unit, out-patient setting, etc.? Does anyone have any survey data or information on this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21522" LastEditorUserId="21522" LastEditDate="2021-03-09T17:58:19.847" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T17:58:19.847" Title="Do US hospitals use pulse oximeter with sensor (not electronics) directly on wrist, base of the finger (ring), or on the chest?" Tags="&lt;medical-device&gt;&lt;pulse-oximeter&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25843" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-09T14:20:08.177" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I wanna know what the latest scientific researches conclude — as I'm sure there must have been some but I couldn't find any on google beyond those &amp;quot;The More You Know&amp;quot; type short articles that are basically in the league of blog posts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wish to know about all the data, statistics and figures. For example: &amp;quot;20% of such cases ended in spreading the virus&amp;quot;, or, &amp;quot;It is estimated that less than 5% of such cases where one partner showing no symptoms resulted in the passing on of the virus&amp;quot;, something like that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have consulted 2 medical professionals on HSV-1 (but not on HSV-2), neither gave any actual numbers but both suggested the chances are quite slim and not to the point that serious concerns should be had. However this seems to contradict what the CDC's website: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm&lt;/a&gt; projects/implies. Once again, the CDC page did not supply any concrete data but instead gave a few rather vague binary possible/impossible style statements which isn't exactly helpful as 1% is also &amp;quot;possible&amp;quot;. Inferring from the undertone (which isn't at all objective) of the article it appears that a symptomless spreader event has quite a significant chance of taking place, perhaps larger than 20%?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So just how infectious are they (HSV-1 &amp;amp; 2, respectively)? What are the chances of a symptomless spread?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21525" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T14:20:08.177" Title="How infectious is HSV-1 &amp; 2 respectively, when no noticeable symptoms are showing?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;herpes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25844" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25785" CreationDate="2021-03-09T17:55:40.807" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Is it a good idea to mix and match COVID-19 vaccines? Experts aren't so sure&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/is-it-a-good-idea-to-mix-and-match-covid-19-vaccines-experts-aren-t-so-sure-1.5252873&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/is-it-a-good-idea-to-mix-and-match-covid-19-vaccines-experts-aren-t-so-sure-1.5252873&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Barry Pakes does not have a safety concern per se but is concerned about efficacy being compromised. Later in the article Dr. Isaac Bogoch, though open to the idea, has a concern about safety and efficacy alike. Both experts admit that more research and data is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Britain Opens Door to Mix-and-Match Vaccinations, Worrying Experts&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/health/coronavirus-vaccines-britain.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/health/coronavirus-vaccines-britain.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Some scientists say Britain is gambling with its new guidance. “There are no data on this idea whatsoever,” said John Moore, a vaccine expert at Cornell University. Officials in Britain “seem to have abandoned science completely now and are just trying to guess their way out of a mess.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CDC practically agrees here:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html#Interchangeability&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html#Interchangeability&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Interchangeability with other COVID-19 vaccine products either of the currently authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines can be used when indicated; ACIP does not state a product preference. However, these mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are not interchangeable with each other or with other COVID-19 vaccine products. The safety and efficacy of a mixed-product series have not been evaluated. Both doses of the series should be completed with the same product.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If certain countries end up requiring certain vaccines for entry [assuming they make it mandatory] then it would complicate the matter all the more than it already is. It does not seem advisable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21527" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T17:55:40.807" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25845" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="10253" CreationDate="2021-03-09T20:07:59.337" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways for both doctors and researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;First we have to know when an optimal ammount of sleep did a Person get. There are 2 Aspects to judge it: Risks of pathological developements and Change in Performance.&#xA;The first can only be tested in a large population (mostly in meta-analysis rather than randomized control trials), but the latter can also be tested on individuals.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You let the patient/subject sleep various ammounts of time and take some critical metrics that correlate with some pathological developments. For instance if high blood pressure gets lowered by increasing the ammount of sleep, then you can assume that the person should sleep more. If you probe a person on the cortisol secretion, you could also determine if a person has enough sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's say a person has some particular performance on a task. Now we can have the person do the task daily with various ammounts of sleep. After normalization (taking into account the average improvement and average loss of performance during sleep duration change), we can determine which ammount of sleep was optimal for the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another way is to use an electrocardiogram&amp;amp;electroencephalogram and analyse whether the sleep process corresponds to a healthy sleep process (sleep cycle durations, count, &lt;a href=&quot;https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/stages-of-sleep/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;sleep waves&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far these methods are being used by researches, but you have to remember that a doctor will most likely not use any of those. Instead, a doctor will be more interested in sleep deprivation (when you're clearly missing sleep, not when you want to optimize sleep). A doctor will ask you about drops of performance and take some basic metrics (like blood pressure). If they see a negative trend, they might recommend longer sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In case you just wanted to know how much sleep you need: I think the best way is to simply trust your body. Go to sleep without setting an alarm, when you wake up, get out of the bed. It's not scientific, but you'll get a good idea on how long should you sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further reading:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075948/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep duration optimalisation&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10996/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sleep stages and at the end some rule of thumb sleep durations.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21514" LastEditorUserId="21514" LastEditDate="2021-03-09T20:19:26.697" LastActivityDate="2021-03-09T20:19:26.697" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25846" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25807" CreationDate="2021-03-09T20:15:42.747" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As Fizz noted in a comment, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00480-0/tables/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;what we know&lt;/a&gt; about the vaccines, the Novavax and Janssen vaccines make slightly different modifications to the spike protein than the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines.  In other words, they are not delivering the exact same instructions for recognizing the virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We don't &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; if these small differences are what causes the difference in efficacy.  But your assumption that the &amp;quot;end result&amp;quot; is the same is not necessarily valid.  There may be differences in the nature or degree of the immune system's ability to recognize the virus because, in a manner of speaking, the different vaccines give slightly different instructions for doing so.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's also worth noting that the different vaccines were tested at different times and in different places.  It's possible that differences in their measured efficacy reflect different COVID-19 variants that were prevalent in the populations where the trials took place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastEditorUserId="17847" LastEditDate="2021-03-13T07:52:01.940" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T07:52:01.940" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25851" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-10T08:44:27.383" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;My research is on extracting diagnoses from clinical notes/reports using Artificial Intelligence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am strugling with finding good datasets that has big number of records&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have MIMIC dataset but one dataset is not enough and need at least 4 datasets more.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read in this research&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-017-0556-8.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12911-017-0556-8.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They used MGH dataset with more than 91,000 records&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to find this dataset but could not&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found another dataset called MGH Waveform but this is not mainly for clinical notes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I tried to contact the author of this research to ask but no response.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I wonder if anyone can help me find big datasets for clinical notes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9404" LastActivityDate="2021-03-10T08:44:27.383" Title="Clinical Notes database for research" Tags="&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;&lt;medical-records&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;database&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25852" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-10T14:24:39.763" Score="0" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;This idiom pops up in many articles, yet I have yet to find a definition of it, because it's always used in a specific context (e.g. surgical stabilization of the spine)...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that the meaning of stabilization is to keep a patient's state from degrading too much until he can be treated at a medical facility, but is this even related to surgical stabilization?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21530" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T13:38:53.220" Title="What is meant by surgical stabilization?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25855" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-11T11:21:19.487" Score="-1" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;As we know, that if our brain (thinking, memory, logics, etc.) functioning is damaged, there would be other symptoms associated with it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let me clarify,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 1: suppose a person had COPD due to high carbon dioxide levels in his home. Now, he would be unconscious, headache. And due to this COPD, he'd also face short term memory loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 2: An experiment found that a person had held his breath for &amp;gt;6 minutes. He became unconscious, and after he was treated at hospital, he was having trouble recalling past events.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the above two examples, there is a slight damage in memory part of the brain &lt;strong&gt;with symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, coming to my question, I had to ask that has anyone known any such compound, or any such chemical which could damage (without any symptoms) - certain parts of our brain (for example: higher order thinking skills, calculation, logical thinking, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21294" LastEditorUserId="21177" LastEditDate="2021-03-12T00:48:08.767" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T00:48:08.767" Title="Can any substance directly damage our certain functions of brain?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;&lt;toxins&gt;&lt;brain-damage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-03-11T15:16:25.583" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25857" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25852" CreationDate="2021-03-11T13:38:53.220" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Stabilization means taking action so that a patient's state does not degrade. While this is often performed by paramedics, in order to be able to transport a patient to a medical facility for further treatment, it is also performed in hospitals, e.g. to stop bleeding during surgery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Surgical stabilization is stabilization through surgical means. For instance, plating a fracture to ensure primary bone healing may be considered a form of surgical stabilization. In this case, it is a stabilization in the mechanical sense of the word as well, as the two bone fragments are stably held together.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21530" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T13:38:53.220" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25859" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25863" CreationDate="2021-03-11T16:20:21.813" Score="3" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are various degrees of 'lockdown'. From poorly worn masks and poor material choices, to people being confined to their homes for long periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It is safe to assume that practical lockdown applications are only a diluted version of what the desired policy is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What effect do these measures have on the contagiousness and lethality of the C19 virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why, in the context of social distancing measures, is the Kent mutation both more lethal and more contagious?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17384" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T22:50:19.953" Title="What effect does social distancing have on the contagiousness and lethality of virus spread?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25860" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25838" CreationDate="2021-03-11T17:24:38.860" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Even though the virus mutates and it is hard to predict what could change,&#xA;according to a small &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532142/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's website, main cause of death is what has always been: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, it appears to be related to the cytokine storm:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 show high levels of IL-2,&#xA;IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, CXCL10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-alpha in serum, suggesting&#xA;that severe COVID-19 is dictated as a cytokine release syndrome (CRS),&#xA;which is a disorder induced by cytokine storms&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527296/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The cytokine storm often leads to multiorgan failure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11663" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T17:24:38.860" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25863" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25859" CreationDate="2021-03-11T22:04:22.543" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If the (preliminary) Harvard &lt;a href=&quot;https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37366884&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;data&lt;/a&gt; on the Kent (B 1.1.7) strain is correct, it is more contagious because infections with it last longer. This would be a selective advantage in any context. I see the news from yesterday, based on a large UK study, is that B 1.1.7 also has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n579&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;higher CFR&lt;/a&gt; and its survival curve diverges around day 13, which isn't actually incompatible with infection with it lasting longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What this means in the context of social distancing measures, is that B 1.1.7 has higher probability of defeating partial/shorter timeframe measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The ECDC &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-covid-19-14th-update-15-feb-2021.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;said&lt;/a&gt; a month ago that a full strain replacement with a more contagious one may even beat the vaccine rollout in their region, in the sense of causing a large &amp;quot;bump&amp;quot; in daily deaths (this wasn't even taking into account a higher CFR, I think):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the increased transmissibility [of variants] Modelling analysis shows that unless NPIs [non-pharmacetical intervetions] continue, or are strengthened in terms of compliance during the coming months, a significant increase in COVID-19-related cases and deaths in the EU/EEA should be anticipated. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ECDC modelling analysis suggests that if a novel strain of SARS-CoV-2 with an&#xA;increased transmissibility of 70% replaces the previously circulating strains in the EU/EEA by the end of February&#xA;2021, the NPIs in place at the end of January 2021 would be insufficient to prevent a substantial increase in&#xA;COVID-19 mortality, even as vaccines are being rolled out (Figure 2). However, some strengthening of these&#xA;measures has already taken place.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UFGLK.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/UFGLK.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While some of that was probably overly pessimistic, in some of the EU countries (from which there's not news in English) one has to wonder what is going on...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to some experts, failing to account for the increased transmissibility of the new variants, and thus adjust the lockdown measures more &amp;quot;ahead of time&amp;quot; was partly responsible for the &lt;a href=&quot;https://time.com/5945220/europe-covid-19-surge-2021/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recent spike&lt;/a&gt; in Central/Eastern Europe:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mRCgy.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/mRCgy.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The “most likely explanation” for the rise in cases [in Europe] is the spread of a new variant, first identified in South East England in December, says Martin McKee, professor of European public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The new variant, technically referred to as “B.1.1.7.,” is believed to be about 50% more transmissible than the earlier forms of SARS-CoV-2, he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Czech Republic, lack of mass sequencing of the virus in December and January has meant scientists were unable to identify if and where the B.1.1.7 variant had spread in the country, says Rastislav Madar, Head of the Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health at the University of Ostrava and a former advisor to the government. It remains unclear how widespread the variant is. A Feb. 12 Reuters report cites “data from January“ showing “between 45% and 60% of new patients were infected with the U.K. variant,” and according to Madar, in February, the variant accounted for 60% to 80% of cases in some parts of the country, says Madar. “It was so dominant that it was really unstoppable,” he adds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lockdown measures imposed to keep previous iterations of SARS-CoV-2 under control have generally “not been effective enough” at containing the B.1.1.7 variant, says McKee. “Many countries are struggling with two parallel epidemics of the old and new variants.” He argues that E.U. countries should have reviewed their COVID-19 strategies in early December when the variant was first found to be spreading in the U.K. “Countries almost needed to put their restrictions up a tier at that point to control the new variant,” says McKee. But many did not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article then discusses the see-saw of measures in the Czechia, which partly explains that graph, but not much in the way of explanation is provided for Estonia...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-11T22:50:19.953" LastActivityDate="2021-03-11T22:50:19.953" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25864" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-12T04:08:16.967" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;The RDI for calcium is 1000-1300 mg. I wonder if it was established simply by observing what normal healthy people consume daily, or has it actually been shown that consuming only, say, 500 mg is bad for you?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2021-03-12T04:45:14.823" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T04:45:14.823" Title="Has it been shown that consuming less than 1000 mg of calcium per day is harmful?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;calcium&gt;&lt;rda-recommend-daily-allow&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-03-12T05:07:51.227" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25865" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-12T06:27:12.297" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have this general question. Imagine someone has eyesight: -1.75. (He is nearsighted)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, if this person doesn't wear glasses, will the eyesight get worse because of this?&#xA;In other words is wearing glasses optional for such people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21536" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T06:27:12.297" Title="does 'not wearing' glasses make vision worse for nearsighted?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-03-12T06:45:33.957" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25867" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-12T07:27:52.940" Score="1" ViewCount="96" Body="&lt;p&gt;Someone wrongly tagged as duplicate my previous question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question is: When a person who &lt;strong&gt;is nearsighted (eyeglass needs minus sign) doesn't wear corrective glasses&lt;/strong&gt;, does it make the situation worse?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone tagged this question as duplicate of &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/507/can-wearing-eyeglasses-cause-your-eyesight-to-degrade-further&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; which is opposite question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21537" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T17:50:20.620" Title="When a person who is nearsighted doesn't wear corrective glasses, what happens?" Tags="&lt;vision&gt;&lt;glasses&gt;&lt;opthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25868" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-12T12:11:42.447" Score="1" ViewCount="46" Body="&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/breakfast-lose-weight&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;WebMD&lt;/a&gt; we read&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people skip the a.m. meal because they’re rushing to get out the door. That’s a mistake. You need food in your system long before&#xA;lunchtime.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However I have come across &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/01/30/tim-spector-breakfast-the-most-important-meal-of-the-day/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article&lt;/a&gt; that says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The disadvantages of skipping breakfast have now been debunked by several randomised trials. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the 11 randomised trials of skipping breakfast performed to date is published today in this journal. The studies varied widely in duration and quality, and seven looked at changes in weight as well as changes in energy usage. The conclusions were the same as in recent, largely ignored qualitative reviews namely, that no evidence supports the claim that skipping breakfast makes you gain weight or adversely reduces your resting metabolic rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There seems to be various opinions on the importance of eating breakfast, however, I wonder if there's any long term problem in the stomach/guts associated with skipping breakfast?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8861" LastEditorUserId="8861" LastEditDate="2021-05-07T23:05:07.320" LastActivityDate="2021-05-07T23:05:07.320" Title="Is it problematic for stomach/guts to skip breakfast?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;stomach&gt;&lt;physical-health&gt;&lt;meal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ClosedDate="2021-03-12T20:24:26.147" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25869" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25870" CreationDate="2021-03-12T18:37:24.773" Score="2" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777328/table/T5/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 5&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777328/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychiatric Emergencies: Assessing and Managing Suicidal Ideation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Baseline chronic risk factors&lt;/strong&gt;. Minimal mood symptoms. Maintained self-control. Rare acute risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What are &amp;quot;baseline chronic risk factors&amp;quot;? I'm confused, especially because this phrase is located in the column titled &amp;quot;Acute Risk Factors&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean &amp;quot;initially, this patient had some chronic risk factors&amp;quot;? (&amp;quot;baseline&amp;quot; = &amp;quot;initially&amp;quot;) I'm not a native speaker so I'm not sure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A screenshot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4hMF.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4hMF.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T19:52:20.827" Title="What are &quot;baseline chronic risk factors&quot; in a table describing levels of suicidality risk in a scientific paper?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;depression&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;&lt;suicide&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25870" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25869" CreationDate="2021-03-12T19:52:20.827" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;They are referring to chronic (long-lasting) influences on acute (immediate) risk of suicide (this is relevant because they're talking about immediate intervention steps to take; if you were interested in epidemiology instead you might instead consider &lt;em&gt;chronic&lt;/em&gt; risk of suicide, say over years or decades).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we were talking about heart health instead, you might say that high blood pressure is a chronic risk for acute myocardial infarction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chronic risks they are referring to are found in Table 3, and include &amp;quot;prior attempts, recent hospitalization, living alone, family history of suicide, LBGTQ population, adverse childhood events, stressful life-events, mental illness, physical illness, unemployment, advancing age.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By saying &amp;quot;baseline&amp;quot; I presume they are referring to baseline for that individual. So someone with one or several of these risk factors over a long period would fit into this category: they're at a higher risk than someone without these chronic factors, but at a lower risk than someone with new acute risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-03-12T19:52:20.827" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25873" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-13T00:53:32.807" Score="0" ViewCount="40" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a single documented case of severe COVID-19 (reinfection) in a patient having fully recovered from COVID-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the purposes of this question, I'm excluding people with an immune disease, such as HIV. Further, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_standard&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence&lt;/a&gt;, so both COVID-19 cases should have  positive antibody and PCR tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerDisplayName="user10901" LastEditorDisplayName="user10901" LastEditDate="2021-03-13T01:31:03.000" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T10:21:06.760" Title="Is there a single documented case of severe COVID-19 in a patient having fully recovered from COVID-19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25876" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-13T06:08:06.457" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777328/table/T5/?report=objectonly&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Table 5&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777328/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Psychiatric Emergencies: Assessing and Managing Suicidal Ideation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Evaluation for inpatient hospitalization, either by on-site psychiatric professional or through an emergency room.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does it mean &amp;quot;evaluation by on-site psychiatric professional&amp;quot;, or does it mean &amp;quot;hospitalization by on-site psychiatric professional&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Hospitalization&amp;quot; seems to fit well to &amp;quot;through an emergency room&amp;quot;, but &amp;quot;evaluation&amp;quot; seems to fit well to &amp;quot;psychiatric professional&amp;quot;. But the sentence is constructed in such a way that a single noun (either &lt;strong&gt;evaluation&lt;/strong&gt; or &lt;strong&gt;hospitalization&lt;/strong&gt;) commands both prepositional phrases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Screenshot:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CSaew.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/CSaew.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="2248" LastEditDate="2021-03-15T10:54:36.137" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T10:54:36.137" Title="Meaning of &quot;Evaluation for inpatient hospitalization, either by on-site psychiatric professional or through an emergency room&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;psychiatrist-psychiatry&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25877" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-13T06:23:53.193" Score="2" ViewCount="74" Body="&lt;p&gt;In my country there is a general fear for side effects of the Pfizer and Astrazeneca vaccines, also due to some deaths among people having taken the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I reason that since the vaccines replicate some of the proteins of the complete virus and the body immune system reacts to those proteins, in a person having severe side effects, the reaction to the complete virus should be anyway worse.&#xA;This is because, the virus is composed by the proteins of the vaccine plus potentially other proteins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this true?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If yes, then one could conclude that, assuming one will be infected by the virus sooner or later, it is still a gain to take the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21545" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T16:03:31.020" Title="Are side effects of corona virus vaccines no worse than virus symptoms?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;" AnswerCount="3" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25879" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25877" CreationDate="2021-03-13T14:49:12.940" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The covid vaccine is as an RNA vaccine which needs to be delivered to the cells via RNA delivery technologies like LNP.&#xA;From what I understand, the reactions to some vaccines are  not due to the actual viral component, but the 'medium'  or molecular 'packaging' ITSELF, e.g. the lipid nano particles (LNP).  Otherwise, your reasoning may be correct. However, please also keep in mind that the body's immune response may be modified depending on other factors as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21546" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T14:49:12.940" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25880" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-13T18:35:39.853" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that a very large proportion of bacteria are essential to our good health.  Every other day we see press release about the microbiome, and its multitude of health implications.  Is there something equivalent with viruses.  Do we have a stealthy microvirome that is essential to our health?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We know a few things about viruses:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Typically, the more successful ones are more contagious but also less lethal.  A virus that is more lethal and kills its human host more readily essentially commits suicide by depleting its resources quickly (human host).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Viruses kill a lot of bacteria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Viruses fight each other off, crowd each other out.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From the above, we can advance an hypothesis of what a smart virus would do:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;a) It would be highly contagious, but be rather benign;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;b) It would kill &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; bacteria and not &amp;quot;good&amp;quot; ones;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;c) It would crowd out all other viruses to colonize the human host most successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, this smart virus would attempt to keep its human host as healthy as possible and keeping it free from all other bacterial and viral infections and diseases.  Meanwhile, it would attempt to keep its human host as healthy and vibrant as possible.  So, this human would remain mobile, interact closely with others, so the virus could propagate itself as successfully as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I intuit they are many examples of such smart viruses.  The common cold and the flu both come to mind.  The common cold being the smarter of the two for obvious reasons (flu certainly reduces your energy and mobility a lot more relative to the common cold).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the above has a grain of coherence, it would suggest that some benign viral infections and diseases such as the common cold may be actually good for us, as they actually protect us from a bunch of far worse bacterial and viral infections and diseases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Similarly, do we have zillions of viruses within our bodies that are actually very good for us?  They would not need to cause a disease at all, they would live in perfect harmony with their human host.  Maybe they would be essential to a human host survival.  In essence, do we have a bunch of good viruses within our system just as we have a bunch of good bacteria?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T15:50:00.253" Title="Are many viruses actually good for us?... maybe even essential to our survival?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;influenza&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25881" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-13T18:55:08.970" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;The COVID vaccines have reignited the discussion about vaccines’ potential side effects. While we all know these are extremely rare, I would like to understand how they are even possible at all. A vaccine works by tricking the body into thinking that there is a viral attack, therefore how can we have any side effect at all aside from potentially the same ones that the disease itself, albeit in much more serious form, would cause to the organism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14516" LastActivityDate="2021-04-12T22:05:50.533" Title="Can vaccines cause side effects that the virus itself will not cause?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-04-12T23:24:09.960" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25882" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25877" CreationDate="2021-03-13T19:19:54.903" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've a couple of thoughts. I've been following and studying SARS-CoV-2 since before the first case was &amp;quot;identified&amp;quot; in the United States, and have amassed a reasonable library of medical literature about it, COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment, and now, the vaccines. No advice you receive online should replace competent medical advice from a healthcare provider you know (and hopefully see professionally), but I can offer some thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, when I am asked this question, I respond that I can treat side effects and anaphylaxis successfully and fairly simply (of course, there are exceptions, but they are vanishingly few), but treating severe COVID-19 is much more questionable. The current vaccines (and I'm not sufficiently familiar with the data from Sinovax or Sputnic-V as their data are not readily available in a form I trust yet; this comment is thus limited to Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen/J+J, and AstraZenica) are either messenger RNA (mRNA) or recombinant DNA (rDNA) processes where proteins consistent with elements of the Spike protein are manually reproduced without culturing or utilizing live, attenuated or killed virus in the production. Thus, there is literally no way to contract COVID-19 from any of the vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mRNA vaccines are encased in a lipid layer preventing the host immune system from responding to and destroying the encoding mRNA but allowing the mRNA to pair with ribosomes and have the host create the elements of the Spike protein that are released and seen as foreign material by the host immune system allowing creation of antibodies to the elements of that particular protein complex that can subsequently neutralize the ability of the coronavirus to attach to the acetylcholinesterase-2 receptors that are common in the mouth, nose, nasopharynx and other elements of the airway, as well as other communicating passages including the tear (lacrymal) ducts and corneal surfaces. These receptors, if the virus attaches to them, allow entry of the viral RNA material into the cell, and subsequent viral reproduction will create millions of infectious viral particles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The primary mechanism of immunity seen so far, either by immunity conferred by infection or by vaccination, is that the antibodies prevent the Spike from attaching to the ACE2 receptor, usually by neutralizing the S1 protein. In addition, cellular immunity is recruited, where your innate immune system utilizes memory cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which respond to repeated exposure of antigens by initiating the predetermined immune response to the detected foreign material and initiating the response much faster than the first time one is exposed to the antigen naturally (or artificially with the vaccine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most reactions to the vaccines are relatively mild, and are considerably less intense than the result of infection with COVID-19 if you have a symptomatic case. Some people are asymtomatic, perhaps the majority, but they are not completely free from later complications. I'm including personal experiences for myself and my wife, as we both had bouts of COVID-19 and have also completed a full regimen of the Moderna vaccine. With COVID-19, my symptoms were present but mild enough to allow me to think they were associated with the high level of airborne allergens at the time, up to the time I lost my sense of taste and smell. The other clue was that none of my normal antihistamine treatments provided any relief. My wife had was met the criteria for moderate-to-severe symptoms and would have been hospitalized had I not been available to care for her. My symptoms lasted for about 4.5 days; hers lasted 14 days and she was debilitated for nearly 3 months thereafter, and has x-ray evidence of lung scarring.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By contrast, the side effects we had to the two shots of Moderna's mRNA vaccine were nearly identical: Lethargy for about 12 hours starting roughly 12 hours after the injection, and soreness at the injection site. I also experienced itching near the injection site for several days after the second injection. These are consistent with other vaccine injections such as influenza, shingles or pneumonia. Overall, significant reactions are rare and are on a level consistent with other vaccines. Quoting from &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777417&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777417&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Acute allergic reactions were reported by 2.10% overall, more frequently with the Moderna vaccine compared with Pfizer-BioNTech (2.20% [95% CI, 2.06%-2.35%] vs 1.95% [95% CI, 1.79%-2.13%]; P = .03). Anaphylaxis was confirmed in 0.025% (95% CI, 0.014%-0.040%): 0.027% from the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (95% CI, 0.011%-0.056%) and 0.023% from the Moderna vaccine (95% CI, 0.011%-0.044%) (P = .76).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Individuals with anaphylaxis were a mean (SD) age of 41 (13) years, and 15 (94%) were female; 63% had a prior allergy history and 31% had an anaphylaxis history. Mean time to anaphylaxis onset was 17 minutes (SD, 28; range, 1-120). One patient was admitted to intensive care, 9 (56%) received intramuscular epinephrine, and all recovered. Three employees, with prior anaphylaxis history, did not seek care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The long-term effects of infection by SARS-CoV-2 are still being evaluated because the virus is relatively new, but have included long-term scarring to the lungs, clotting of peripheral vessels as well as clots migrating to the lung (pulmonary embolism) and increased clotting leading to stroke. In addition, cardiac anomalies have been seen including eosinophyllic infiltration of cardiac muscle, heart failure, shortness of breath, previously undiagnosed reactive airway disease, &amp;quot;brain fog&amp;quot;, and loss of stamina. I'm sure there are others but I'm still coffee-deficient and only briefly looked at my literature cache. The US Centers for Disease Control has some good information: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An additional concern is the rise of viral variants. These variations are normal. Viruses, especially coronaviruses mutate &amp;quot;all the time&amp;quot;. The variants that do not promote virus genomic survival do not tend to survive: If the virus kills too many hosts then it can't replicate in additional hosts and that variant will die off with its hosts. On the other hand, a variant that is more infective, as we've been seeing with the so-called UK-, South African- Brazilian, and California-variants will tend to become more prevalent because they aren't killing a larger proportion of their victims but are recruiting new hosts.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some news has cited that the various vaccines have reduced efficacy against the recent variants, but the conventional wisdom of virologists, epidemiologists and vaccinologists is that the current set of vaccines remains sufficiently effective against the known variants. In addition, because of how the mRNA and rDNA vaccines are made, updating them requires relatively minor modifications to the workflow, and much smaller studies and datasets for approval because the heavy work of proving safety and efficacy has been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About the only way to prevent another surge in cases involving the recognized (and over-hyped, in my opinion) variants is to increase the worldwide rate of vaccination, and to continue use of the simple and effective precautions including use of a 2-3 ply cloth mask (or even two masks), maintaining 2 meter social distancing, staying home if you don't feel completely well, and hand hygiene using soap and water or hand sanitizer based on 60% (ethanol) or higher sanitizers and the approved techniques for hand hygiene. Duration of handwashing or sanitizing matters. 20 seconds is the minimum to engage in effective hand cleaning, not the maximum.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, if you've read all of this, the short answer is: Vaccination has some exceedingly minor risks, and the side effects generally do NOT rise to the level of symptoms and risks of COVID-19. My recommendation is to get vaccinated as soon as you can. One benefit is that the fewer susceptible persons out there, the fewer variant strains will infect people. Don't quibble over which vaccine you want, get the first of the approved vaccines available to you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vaccination&#xA;Masking&#xA;Social Distancing&#xA;Hand hygiene&#xA;Self-isolate if you do not feel well&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21548" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T19:19:54.903" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25884" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25881" CreationDate="2021-03-13T21:51:21.720" Score="0" Body="&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;I assume the SEs you mentioned here are severe allergic reaction to COVID vaccine ( moderna + Pfizer ). People have different allergic rxn with different severities. Most commonly seen allergic rxns are type I sensitivity which leads to hives, narrowed airways etc.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most people experience very short term reactions to the 2nd or 1st dose of Pfizer + modern a vaccine such as fever, chills, back pain because of the immune response those mRNA vaccines elicit. That means that your body learned how to response to the specific viral spike proteins properly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21550" LastActivityDate="2021-03-13T21:51:21.720" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25885" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-14T06:49:41.860" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am 48 years old and have recently undergone a bypass surgery on heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not a medical student but if its true ( correct me if i am wrong ), magnesium helps in healing inflammation in arteries. And because of inflammation plaque starts to stick to the walls of artery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is it possible to heal the inflamed arteries that caused blockage and that too after a bypass is already done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9112" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T12:03:21.833" Title="is it possible to heal inflamed artieries after a CABG" Tags="&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;cabg-coronary-art-bypass&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25886" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25885" CreationDate="2021-03-14T12:03:21.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am unable to give medical advice here. However, the issue that they correct with a CABG is not inflammation of the arteries, it’s a buildup of plaque within the arteries in your heart.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A CABG usually occurs when the plaque is too extensive to simply open up the arteries with a stent, or a combination of stenting and CABG may be used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Magnesium is an electrolyte. It is particularly important for the heart muscle, and, if too low (or too high), it can cause arrhythmias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I don’t know anything about magnesium and inflammation, but I wouldn’t start any supplements or vitamins without consulting your cardiologist or surgeon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21476" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T12:03:21.833" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25888" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25877" CreationDate="2021-03-14T16:03:31.020" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was vaccinated by the pfizer vaccine, as milions of others in Israel, twice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also had the side effects that apply to a large percantage of those who got the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After the 1st dose- nothing.&#xA;After the second one- i had a couple hours of fever and a day of wekness, and that was it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Those are the majority of people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you get covid and get sick, you will have 10% chance of long covid, you will suffer much more, and you will be a danger to others, as the vaccine is already proven to also partially protect against non symptomatic contagiousness.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The side effects are subjectively nothing, and objectively nothing as compared to real covid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The chances of dying from covid are around 1%, depending where you live, your age, ect. The chance to catch it sooner òr later is large. The chance to dye from the vaccine is nullable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Go get vaccinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9125" LastActivityDate="2021-03-14T16:03:31.020" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25890" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25880" CreationDate="2021-03-14T22:58:20.793" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;After being educated on the issue by a virologist (Georges Natsoulis), I understand the question needs answers at two completely different levels.  First, our very own human genome has been in good part developed in conjunction with the input of left over viruses.  Thus, without the input from viruses we would not be who we are.  Second, viruses within our bodies do have their own virome (counterpart to the bacteria microbiome).  And, the virome does influence our health and survival in a multitude of ways.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Back to the first answer that viruses make up a good part of our human genome, among the more frequent gene in our genome is reverse transcriptase, the key gene in retroviruses (e. g. HIV and relatives).  Some scientists estimate that we have about 20,000 functional genes and up to 10,000 copies of reverse transcriptase.  So, the latter (virus derived genes) would represent around half of the former (our own genes).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many of our genes are in fact coopted versions of viral genes.  Thus, viruses are an essential ingredient of our very own genome.  And, these virus-related genes are very stable, passed on from one generation to the next just like any other genes.  They do change slowly over time due to natural selection factors in a similar way as other genes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, back to the second answer about the virome, the study reference disclosed by Chris Rogers (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150430170750.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;American Society for Microbiology, 2015&lt;/a&gt;) within the comment section under my question indicates that some viruses are explicitly beneficial.  For instance some types of herpes viruses protect against various cancers.  The virome, just like the microbiome are pretty lively and dynamic and can change quite a bit over the life of an individual depending on lifestyle, recent infections, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just like bacteria, nature is probably in a chronic state of fragile disequilibrium/equilibrium.  A bacteria located within a certain organ can be very &amp;quot;good.&amp;quot;  While the very same bacteria located elsewhere in the body may be very &amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot;  Viruses may follow a fairly similar pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When we suffer from a viral disease, we are only aware of the negative effect of a given virus without always fully understanding its implications (including good ones).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Society for Microbiology. (2015). Viruses: You've heard the bad; here's the good. &lt;em&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150430170750.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150430170750.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1309" LastEditorUserId="1309" LastEditDate="2021-03-15T15:38:19.247" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T15:38:19.247" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25891" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-15T05:28:26.753" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have found info on canned tuna containing Mercury, but not about how much Mercury can be &lt;em&gt;in the water/oil in which it's canned&lt;/em&gt;, so if someone can point to  studies/actual data measuring this, please point to it.&#xA;In absence of data, informed guessings are welcome, like what % of the Hg in the tuna could be expected to leak to the water/oil, and if this % would keep increasing [guessing numbers if possible, like eg 'each year in the can, the water could get 3% of the tuna Hg, in oil it would be 2%'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21556" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-03-15T14:59:53.253" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T14:59:53.253" Title="Mercury in the water/oil in canned tuna?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;&lt;mercury&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25894" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-15T15:05:54.157" Score="2" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;Some studies examined the effect of Valsalva maneuver on intraocular pressure with most of them stating a temporary but significant increase (see studies linked &lt;a href=&quot;https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/10195/Schmidtmann_2011.pdf;sequence=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12362583_Effect_of_Wind_Instrument_Playing_on_Intraocular_Pressure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647731/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cxo.12303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Activities that may involve repeated Valsalva maneuvers were involved in those studies, mainly with wind instrument playing. One &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647731/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;older study&lt;/a&gt; linked this to visual field defects that correlated with lifelong hours of play but I haven't seen this result replicated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have not seen studies though that would examine optic nerve / RNFL thickness changes in wind musicians vs controls. Which means I cannot conclude if the measured transient IOP raises actually result in clinically significant damage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do you think the Valsalva maneuver induced, repeated but transient IOP changes patients are exposed to during some activities actually result in glaucomatous optic nerve damage over time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14811" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T15:05:54.157" Title="Do temporary IOP elevations doing activities involving Valsalva maneuver result in glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve?" Tags="&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;glaucoma&gt;&lt;valsalva-maneuver&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25895" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-15T22:14:44.280" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;NOTE: If there is a better-suited forum for this question, please migrate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are academic articles on elevated blood sugar's possible impact on the heart muscle lending to a tendency toward atrial fibrillation events, however what I'm looking for is data on the reverse, specifically if a (temporary) elevated fasting blood glucose can be caused by a AFIB episode.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11421" LastActivityDate="2021-03-15T22:14:44.280" Title="Fasting blood sugar cause and effect relationship with Atrial Fibrillation" Tags="&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;blood-sugar&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25899" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-16T11:26:44.590" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am wondering how does the level of B12 in the blood (veins) looks like over the time, starting oral intake.&#xA;There are few forms of B12 and I am interested in the ones that are melting well in the month (e.g. methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin). To be more specific on the question/answer, if that helps, I am providing the exact values of each - 1mg of B12 (500µg methylcobalamin and 500µg adenosylcobalamin).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, let's say I put that 1mg in the month. It starts to melt there. When will the peak happen in the blood stream (veins)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Someone says it should be &amp;quot;fast&amp;quot;, but this isn't about the time therefore not acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I did some sort of research on it and came with the following.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After oral administration of a drug, absorption into the bloodstream&#xA;occurs in the stomach and intestine, which usually takes about one to&#xA;six hours.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/drug-chemical-agent/Absorption&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/drug-chemical-agent/Absorption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This suggests B12 absorption will be faster than 1 hour because it does not need to reach the stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The same article later states the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To pass from the bloodstream to the target site, drug molecules must&#xA;cross the walls of blood capillaries. This occurs rapidly in most&#xA;regions of the body. The capillary walls of the brain and spinal cord,&#xA;however, are relatively impermeable, and in general only drugs that&#xA;are highly lipid-soluble enter the brain in any appreciable&#xA;concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume the same &amp;quot;rapidly&amp;quot; will apply to the direction month -&amp;gt; bloodstream. However, even if I am right, the &amp;quot;rapidly&amp;quot; looks the same as &amp;quot;fast&amp;quot; to me here. Therefore not really acceptable too. So I tend to think it will be up to 1 hour. I would like to say the peak of the B12 in the veins will be in about 15 minutes after the intake. However, I am lacking the data to back this guess up at this point. Do someone have the better answer here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21565" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T11:26:44.590" Title="When 1mg of B12 (500µg methylcobalamin and 500µg adenosylcobalamin) reaches it's highest level in the blood after oral intake?" Tags="&lt;micronutrients&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;absorption-absorb&gt;&lt;b-12-supplements&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25901" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25902" CreationDate="2021-03-16T16:53:21.683" Score="2" ViewCount="101" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the Czech Republic there is now mandatory testing for factory employees.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anecdotally I am now being told by people I am acquainted with, who run medium sized firms here, that their employees are getting about 40 per 1000 rapid antigen positive test results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These are then sent for PCR tests.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 1 or 2 of those are coming back with PCR positive results.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So it's looking like about 20 or 40 to 1 antigen tests are false positives.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What's going on here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17384" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T23:50:38.013" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T23:50:38.013" Title="Antigen vs PCR test" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;pcr&gt;&lt;antigen&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25902" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25901" CreationDate="2021-03-16T17:19:13.283" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;The ratio of false positives to true positives (as well as overall &amp;quot;accuracy&amp;quot;) is a function of the underlying rate in the population.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's imagine you have a test that has 95% &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;specificity&lt;/a&gt;. Specificity is the number of negatives that you correctly identify as negative. If you test 1000 negative samples with a 95% specificity test, you will find 95% of them correctly return negative, and the other 5% (=50 tests) return positive. In this case, because we've tested an entirely negative population, 100% of the positive tests are false positives. &lt;strong&gt;You will always get this result when you test an entirely negative population, even if your test is 99.999% specific: if you test on entirely negative samples, 100% of the positives are false positives by definition.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's instead consider testing a combined population of 500 positive and 500 negative. For simplicity let's assume the test is 100% sensitive while still being 95% specific. 100% of 500=500 positives will test positive, and 5% of 500=25 negatives will test positive. You have a total of 525 positive tests, and only 25/525 (&amp;lt;5%) of these are false positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sensitivity and specificity are a trade-off according to your decision threshold, so if you want to have fewer false negatives it's going to cost you in more false positives. For antigen screening followed up by PCR, the goal is to set a threshold for the antigen test that results in few false negatives, to avoid infected people from spreading to their coworkers. However, you expect you are going to get a lot of false positives that way, which is why the strategy is to then follow up on these tests with PCR. A combined positive on the antigen test + follow-up PCR test is much less likely to be a false positive.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the antigen test here is less to identify true positive cases, and instead it is to add a rapid way to isolate potential positives and to make the most efficient use of the PCR test.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Bayesian statistics&lt;/a&gt; to better interpret results after a test if you start out with a prior understanding of expected ratios of positive to negative cases in the population you're testing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-03-16T17:27:29.570" LastActivityDate="2021-03-16T17:27:29.570" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25903" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-17T07:42:49.057" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;physicians often apply topical numbing agents (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;local anesthetics&lt;/a&gt;) such as Lidocaine+Prilocaine or Benzocaine+Lidocaine+Tetracaine (BLT) as a cream/ointment about 30 minutes before laser treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume that sometimes a patient might contemplate an injection, assuming that it might &amp;quot;be stronger&amp;quot; but a dermatologist would advice against it; I personally assume that this is because injections tend to be watery solutions and laser can cause too much heat to all these water --- damaging a broad range of cells (especially in large beams).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a standard between dermatologists not to inject numbing agents before laser treatments (rather, to always give them topically)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just for comparison; F.U.T hair transplants do generally include a numbing agent injections, but of course, generally it is much more invasive than laser treatments and doesn't include heating water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21573" LastEditorUserId="21573" LastEditDate="2021-03-17T11:11:51.727" LastActivityDate="2021-03-17T11:11:51.727" Title="Is there a standard between dermatologists not to inject numbing agents before laser treatments?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;&lt;numbness&gt;&lt;laser&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25905" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24305" CreationDate="2021-03-17T14:17:15.337" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;You can use Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (camera and laser sheet) to get a 2D image of velocity vector fields which show the velocity of plastic microbeads (whose size is known beforehand) to measure how long they remain suspended in the air. You can set up the experiment to measure the settling times for different sized microparticles. You cannot use (PIV) to measure the size of the particulates because the laser sheet used during the experiments has a Gaussian profile and finite thickness so you cannot easily provide a link between the intensity of light emitted by the particulates (and exposed to a camera) as they enter the sheet and the size of the particulate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also use Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) to measure simultaneously the size and velocity of the droplets but this is a 1D point measurement system so you would need to apply the technique at several locations. Laser Doppler works under the same principle with the exception it only provides velocity measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other more advanced techniques but these are the most common to measure velocity. Both techniques can be used to measure the background air flow conditions in both quiescent and turbulent flows, but there are technical and practical difficulties in setting up experiments which can measure both the continuous phase (air) and dispersed phase (particulates) simultaneously. If you don't introduce too many particulates in the air flow, then their presence does not adversely affect the background air flow (we call this &amp;quot;one way coupling&amp;quot;) and therefore it would be reasonable to measure the air flow first and then measure the particulate velocities separately.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can use basic imaging techniques with natural light rather than a laser to obtain estimates of the size of the particulates, but the light source would need to be powerful enough to illuminate the very small droplets or it would need to be very close to the source which may not make it practical.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can find more information in common journals like Physics of Fluids, Journal of Fluid Mechanics and Experiments in Fluids. Numerous experiments have been carried out in fields such as combustion, drying, cloud physics etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21575" LastActivityDate="2021-03-17T14:17:15.337" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25906" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-18T01:33:02.627" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is my understanding that uric acid is a byproduct of the body breaking down certain proteins, and if the body can not get rid of this acid fast enough it can lead to gout and other complications.  Are there other acids that your body is actively getting rid of by a similar or different mechanism?  If so is there &amp;quot;competition&amp;quot; in getting rid of the different types, and what makes uric acid in particular so problematic vs any others?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7928" LastActivityDate="2021-03-18T01:33:02.627" Title="Is uric acid processed/removed differently than other acids?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;blood&gt;&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;acidic&gt;&lt;uric-acid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25907" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-18T02:05:38.737" Score="5" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;Currently, researchers say that there is &lt;strong&gt;no evidence of COVID-19 spreading through food&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;The risk of infection by the virus from food products, food packaging, or bags is thought to be very low. Currently, no cases of COVID-19 have been identified where infection was thought to have occurred by touching food, food packaging, or shopping bags.&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/food-and-COVID-19.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: CDC, updated Dec 31, 2020&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since I would say eating is one of the more &amp;quot;high transmission&amp;quot; ways of interacting with an infected object, to me this implies that COVID-19 transmission &lt;em&gt;is very low or nonexistent through objects in general.&lt;/em&gt; This seems to also be supported by the CDC listing inedible food-related items in the above source, such as packaging or shopping bags.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In spite of this, there are &lt;strong&gt;recommendations for extensive cleaning of shared objects&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;[If caring for someone sick at home,] Clean and disinfect “high-touch” surfaces and items every day: This includes tables, doorknobs, light switches, handles, desks, toilets, faucets, sinks, and electronics.&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/care-for-someone.html#handwashing&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: CDC, updated Feb 11, 2021&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Surfaces and objects in public places, such as shopping carts, point of sale keypads, pens, counters, vending machines, and ATMs should be cleaned and disinfected before each use or as much as possible.&#xA;Other high touch surfaces include: Tables, doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles, desks, phones, keyboards, toilets, faucets, sinks.&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/disinfecting-building-facility.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: CDC, updated Jan 5, 2021&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are some excerpts that discuss why disinfection is theoretically useful, but since there is no evidence of spread through food, &lt;strong&gt;I'm inclined to think this is just precautious assumptions&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(note that the language is often &amp;quot;it is possible...&amp;quot;, not &amp;quot;there is evidence of...&amp;quot;)&lt;/em&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;COVID-19 spreads less commonly through contact with contaminated surfaces[.] Respiratory droplets can also land on surfaces and objects. It is possible that a person could get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes. Spread from touching surfaces is not thought to be a common way that COVID-19 spreads&amp;quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;source: CDC, updated Oct 28, 2020&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Given the above, is disinfecting shared objects actually important for limiting the spread of COVID-19, or are those recommendations based in unsubstantiated claims about COVID-19 transmission?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21578" LastEditorUserId="21578" LastEditDate="2021-03-20T06:27:01.820" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T06:27:01.820" Title="If COVID-19 isn't spread through even food, why is it recommended to disinfect common objects?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;disease-transmission&gt;&lt;disinfection&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25912" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-19T01:11:20.907" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;In New York State are specialists, surgeons, anesthesiologists, etc. reported to a state agency when a patient, undergoing surgery or medical procedure with them, dies during the procedure or from complications following the procedure?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If so, what is this state agency and is the information shared with the public (via web app, public/searchable database tool, etc.)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In other words, if you're scheduled for a procedure, how can you tell whether you're being operated on by &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Grey&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Grey&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Giggles&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dr. Giggles&lt;/a&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14269" LastActivityDate="2021-03-19T01:11:20.907" Title="Are deaths resulting from medical procedures reported and searchable?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;&lt;legal&gt;&lt;medical-malpractice&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25920" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-19T21:15:50.490" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to create a FHIR Observation from a given Hunt and Hess score (HHS) ranging from 1-5.&#xA;FHIR resources are using terminologies like LOINC, ICD or SNOMED but i cannot find the HHS score in any of them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The only similar mapping is the Glasgow Coma Score (GSC) but it seems far fetched to use this instead, although there is some kind of mapping:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/wfns-grading-system&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://radiopaedia.org/articles/wfns-grading-system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any terminology system that contains the HHS?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21592" LastActivityDate="2021-03-19T21:15:50.490" Title="Is there any known terminology/coding system for the Hunt and Hess score?" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25923" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-20T08:10:22.893" Score="1" ViewCount="58" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen a few trackers for the vaccination campaign:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any live tracker following the adverse events for  COVID-19 vaccines?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T02:21:07.990" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T02:48:47.340" Title="Is there any live tracker following the adverse events for COVID-19 vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25924" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="21536" CreationDate="2021-03-20T08:18:52.500" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;One more tracker for COVID-19 trials: &lt;a href=&quot;https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccines-by-country/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccines-by-country/&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20210226194811/https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccines-by-country/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Jg5r.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Jg5r.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T08:18:52.500" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25925" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-20T15:48:32.980" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Recommendation #27 (conditional): &lt;strong&gt;Routine imaging&lt;/strong&gt; of the brain is not required to diagnose BH4Ds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can we rephrase &lt;strong&gt;routine&lt;/strong&gt; as &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;typically&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; thus:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Typically&lt;/strong&gt;, imaging of the brain is not required to diagnose BH4Ds.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is there some other meaning of the word &lt;strong&gt;routine&lt;/strong&gt; here?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Could it mean &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;typical methods of scanning&lt;/strong&gt; are useless in diagnosing BH4Ds, but maybe some advanced techniques are better, but thus far we don't know&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T15:48:32.980" Title="Meaning of &quot;Routine&quot; in &quot;Routine imaging of the brain is not required to diagnose BH4Ds&quot;" Tags="&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;metabolism&gt;&lt;mri&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25926" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-20T19:59:55.710" Score="2" ViewCount="164" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm aware that some people don't want to take a vaccine for Covid-19, and in fact some countries have suspended rollout of some vaccines due to some young people getting blood clots. Also some people have had adverse reaction from the virus e.g. anaphylaxis. My question is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; about any of these rare, short-term reactions to the vaccine (which I think are poor justification to refuse the vaccine, because the probability of death or serious illness from the virus is far greater than these rare reactions from the vaccine).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People in different countries are weighing the advantages vs the disadvantages of taking the vaccine. A large proportion of people in France are choosing to delay taking the vaccine, probably for various different reasons, whereas most people here in Britain are choosing to take the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that one of the main reasons that many people including myself are choosing to delay taking the vaccine, is: &amp;quot;fear of the (unknown) long-term potential health effects of taking the Covid-19 Vaccine.&amp;quot; Many people express this opinion in the comments here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/jpxv55/only_58_of_people_across_europe_were_willing_to/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/jpxv55/only_58_of_people_across_europe_were_willing_to/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and in the comments here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ft.com/content/c576e15f-e5b1-4369-a5f0-073b4466036f&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ft.com/content/c576e15f-e5b1-4369-a5f0-073b4466036f&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In fact, even in the above article itself, it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Among the 2,305 survey respondents, many feared long-term side&#xA;effects...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I suspect that these fears are irrational and that scientists took the unknowns of the long-term effects of the vaccine into account before rolling out the millions of vaccines. Furthermore, people have to make decisions on incomplete information, and everyone does this all the time.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I am a layman when it comes to virology and medicine in general. I believe I have some vague understanding of how the vaccines work based on for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWGTciX795o&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this video&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So my question is, what is the science behind why it is so unlikely (&amp;lt;1%?) that the long-term health effects of the vaccine will be harmful to a significant proportion of the population?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Or is this the wrong way of viewing things, and a better way of viewing things is: Whatever long-term harmful effects that you get from the vaccine if you take it, you are very likely to get even worse long-term effects of a similar kind the when you (inevitably at some point) catch the virus if you didn't take the vaccine. Is this correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Addendum: One point made by the only current answer is that, &amp;quot;There is no way to completely rule out the possibility of totally unexpected side effects that don't show up until much later.&amp;quot;  My response to this is that you can't completely rule out anything ever, so &amp;quot;completely ruling out&amp;quot; is irrelevant. I am asking why it is believed to be &lt;em&gt;so unlikely&lt;/em&gt; to get side effects from vaccines - in particular the Covid ones - years later (in particular, less likely than getting seriously ill from Covid)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.beaumont.org/health-wellness/blogs/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-addressing-common-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This website&lt;/a&gt; says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;ARE THERE LONG-TERM SIDE EFFECTS? Long-term side effects following any&#xA;vaccination are extremely rare. Millions of people have received&#xA;COVID-19 vaccines safely.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why does no serious side effects in the population after a few months imply no side serious side effects in the population after 10, 20, or 30+ years? Linear extrapolation of the data is surely insufficient justification (extrapolation of data is unreliable). Wouldn't one have to do long-term simulations of multi-variable analysis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21566" LastEditorUserId="21566" LastEditDate="2021-05-02T10:07:20.317" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T05:59:49.210" Title="Why should/shouldn't one fear the long-term health effects of the Covid vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25928" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25926" CreationDate="2021-03-20T21:07:24.273" Score="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chop.edu/news/long-term-side-effects-covid-19-vaccine&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;This general-audience article&lt;/a&gt; from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia gives a good overview of reasons to believe that long-term side effects are unlikely.  To summarize its two main points:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Previous vaccine research and development has found that most side effects occur within about two months.  The FDA approval process for COVID vaccines required the trial to follow participants for eight weeks before submitting the vaccine for approval.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Although the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are the first mRNA vaccines in wide use, previous mRNA vaccines were developed and tested for Zika, influenza, and other diseases.  Thus although the technology is &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; it is not as if this is the first time anyone has been injected with mRNA.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In assessing long-term side effects, one problem is you have to wait a long time, but another problem is that the longer you wait, the more difficult it becomes to track the results and determine which events can be attributed to the vaccine.  Answers to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/23094/was-there-ever-a-vaccine-candidate-that-showed-negative-side-effects-many-months&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; discuss such issues with the oral polio vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no way to completely rule out the possibility of totally unexpected side effects that don't show up until much later.  You can't really know what will happen in ten years until ten years have passed.  However, all that is known from previous vaccines suggests it is unlikely that some catastrophic side effect will suddenly arise years later.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your last question is also relevant: any decision about the use of the vaccine has to take into account the risks of &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; using it.  Given the massive public health crisis and other societal damage caused by COVID-19, there would probably need to be significant justification for waiting, say, an extra year &amp;quot;just to be sure&amp;quot; that no side effects emerged in that time.  Also, preliminary data on &amp;quot;long COVID&amp;quot; mean that it is also possible there will be long-term &amp;quot;side effects&amp;quot; of COVID-19 itself, meaning that delaying the vaccine to avoid its possible side effects could just result in people suffering different long-term effects from the disease.  So even if a catastrophic vaccine side effect &lt;em&gt;did&lt;/em&gt; arise years later, that could still be better than not getting the vaccine.  (Of course, we won't know the long-term effects of COVID until time passes, just as we won't know the long-term effects of the vaccine.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Another thing to remember is that people's subjective feelings about risk levels are often only vaguely connected to reality.  I'm sure there are people out there who worry about the risk of the COVID vaccine but smoke a pack of cigarettes a day; three guesses which one of those is likely to pose a greater health risk.  Some people worry about the risk of dying in a crash when they get on a commercial airline flight in the US, despite the fact that annual total deaths from such events rarely exceed zero.  (&lt;a href=&quot;https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/22549/Slovic_089.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; is one classic paper on risk perception.)  Fear of long-term side effects is as likely to be due to the human tendency to exaggerate unfamiliar risks as it is to be due to any actual risk from the vaccine.  In other words, even apart from the scientific evidence for the safety of this vaccine, there is a fair amount of scientific evidence that how safe you think something is may not be a good predictor of how safe it actually is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastActivityDate="2021-03-20T21:07:24.273" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25929" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25923" CreationDate="2021-03-21T00:43:19.057" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/profile/Liam-Goldstein-5&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Liam Goldstein&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://qr.ae/pGXARc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pointed&lt;/a&gt; me to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://vaers.hhs.gov/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)&lt;/a&gt; in the United States.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.html#collapse17&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://vaers.hhs.gov/faq.html#collapse17&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Healthcare providers [in the United States] are required to report to VAERS the following adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination [under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)], and other adverse events if later revised by CDC:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The VAERS makes their data available for download at &lt;a href=&quot;https://vaers.hhs.gov/data.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://vaers.hhs.gov/data.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over &lt;strong&gt;109 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered in the United States&lt;/strong&gt; from December 14, 2020, through March 15, 2021. During this time, &lt;strong&gt;VAERS received 1,913 reports of death (0.0018%) among people who received a COVID-19 vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;. CDC and FDA physicians review each case report of death as soon as notified and CDC requests medical records to further assess reports. A review of available clinical information including death certificates, autopsy, and medical records revealed &lt;strong&gt;no evidence that vaccination contributed to patient deaths&lt;/strong&gt;. CDC and FDA will continue to investigate reports of adverse events, including deaths, reported to VAERS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note, from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-links-found-between-vaccination-and-deaths/a-56458746&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-no-links-found-between-vaccination-and-deaths/a-56458746&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far back as 2015, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4599698/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a study&lt;/a&gt; assessing claims of deaths from vaccinations highlights that data from the VAERS system is skewed, as it is a system which &amp;quot;accepts any submitted report of an adverse event without judging its clinical significance or whether it was caused by a vaccination.&amp;quot; The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-01/06-COVID-Shimabukuro.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt; also warns against reporting bias and inconsistent data quality in the VAERS system.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T02:27:06.837" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T02:27:06.837" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25930" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-21T02:12:36.260" Score="1" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let me ask a &amp;quot;devils' advocate&amp;quot; question that hopefully clarifies a point on another popular (for some reason) question here:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We can read &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26350571/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt; (in a meta-analysis that's not even specific to vaccines but was done across all types of medications; actually 26.1% of these were for vaccines [n=124]) that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data on adverse events and trial characteristics were extracted from all phase I trials published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and PsycINFO (1 January 2008 through 1 October 2012). [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 475 [Phase I] trials enrolling 27,185 participants, there was a &lt;strong&gt;median of zero serious adverse events (interquartile range, 0-0) and a median of zero severe adverse events (interquartile range, 0-0) per 1000 treatment group participants/day of monitoring.&lt;/strong&gt; The rate of mild and moderate adverse events was a median of 1147.19 per 1000 participants (interquartile range, 651.52 – 1730.9) and 46.07 per 1000 participants/AE monitoring day (interquartile range, 17.80 – 77.19).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are these Phase I trials even conducted if they can't find any truly serious safety problems?&#xA;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/clinical-trial-phases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;healthline&lt;/a&gt;, Phase I trials [normally] last several months. Are they a waste of time? Why not start with a larger sample?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T02:12:36.260" Title="Why do phase I [vaccine] trials [normally] last several months if [on average] they can't find any serious adverse effects?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25931" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-21T02:21:18.340" Score="0" ViewCount="90" Body="&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/adverse-events.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&lt;/a&gt; states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over &lt;strong&gt;109 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered in the United States&lt;/strong&gt; from December 14, 2020, through March 15, 2021. During this time, &lt;strong&gt;VAERS received 1,913 reports of death (0.0018%) among people who received a COVID-19 vaccine&lt;/strong&gt;. CDC and FDA physicians review each case report of death as soon as notified and CDC requests medical records to further assess reports. A review of available clinical information including death certificates, autopsy, and medical records revealed &lt;strong&gt;no evidence that vaccination contributed to patient deaths&lt;/strong&gt;. CDC and FDA will continue to investigate reports of adverse events, including deaths, reported to VAERS.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is the number of deaths (1,913) amongst people who received a COVID-19 vaccine higher than amongst people who didn't receive a COVID-19 vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm interested in the ratio death/person, i.e. prorated number of deaths, since the number of people who received a COVID-19 vaccine is different from the number of people who didn't receive a COVID-19 vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T06:18:09.857" Title="Is the number of deaths (1,913) amongst people who received a COVID-19 vaccine higher than amongst people who didn't receive a COVID-19 vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25932" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25931" CreationDate="2021-03-21T06:18:09.857" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Based on provisional data, yes, the death rate among vaccine recipients is much lower than that of non-recipients.  But this kind of raw comparison leaves out important details, as I'll mention at the end of this post.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not too hard to run the numbers here.  Your quote says that from 2020/12/14 through 2021/03/15, there were 1913 deaths.  I went to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/COVID19/index.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this CDC page&lt;/a&gt; which gives (provisional!) weekly death counts from all causes.  I selected the weeks ending 2020/12/19 through 2020/12/13 as this is the closest to matching the date range you gave.  Adding up the weekly totals gives a total of 843,804 deaths from all causes over that time period.  Subtracting the 1913 vaccine-recipient deaths leaves 841,891 deaths that we assume were among those who did not receive the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This other CDC page&lt;/a&gt; tracks the number of people who received a COVID-19 vaccine.  According to that, 79,367,225 people have received at least one dose of vaccine.  (Note this is less than the 109 million you quoted, as some people received two doses.)  If we estimate US population at 330 million, that means the other 250,632,775 have not received a vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thus the death rate among vaccine recipients is &lt;code&gt;1913 / 79367225&lt;/code&gt; or (scaling for easier-to-interpret numbers) about 2.4 deaths per 100,000 people.  The death rate among non-recipients is &lt;code&gt;841891 / 250632775&lt;/code&gt; or about 335.9 deaths per 100,000.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, there's a lot of sloppiness in these calculations.  The date ranges do not correspond exactly, and even if they did, it's difficult to find reliable data on deaths up to such a recent date.  There were almost surely deaths before March 13 which are not yet represented in the CDC data for various reasons.  (That's why the CDC page lists &lt;em&gt;provisional&lt;/em&gt; death counts.)  The same is true of vaccine totals.  And of course the value used for the total US population is just a very rough estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, although I don't have data on this, I would be especially suspicious of the vaccinated death count given by the CDC.  As noted on that page, that death count is based on reports submitted to VAERS, which tracks adverse events.  Healthcare providers are required to report deaths of vaccinated individuals.  However, due to the rapid, varying, and often chaotic rollout of the vaccine, record-keeping may lag, I could easily imagine that there are people who were vaccinated and then died without their death being flagged as a death of a vaccinated person, let alone reported as such to VAERS.  This would mean that the death would be included in the total of all deaths but not in the total of vaccinated deaths.  (For instance, I received my first dose of the vaccine three days ago; no one has a record of this except the pharmacy where I got it.  At some point they may transmit that to my insurance company or somewhere else, but if I happen to get hit by a bus next week I have serious doubt that my vaccination record would be linked up with that, at least not for some time.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I mentioned at the beginning, though, this whole calculation is an extremely coarse way of looking at the vaccine.  We are dividing the entire US population into only four groups, based on whether they are dead or alive and whether or not they received a COVID vaccine.  The populations that were vaccinated first included disparate groups with wildly different mortality patterns.  The benefit in reduced death rate may be even larger among the elderly, who are at high risk of death from COVID if infected; on the other hand, the figures for total deaths and total population include children under 16, who cannot yet even receive the vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the time period in question about a quarter of all deaths in the US &amp;quot;involved COVID-19&amp;quot; according to the CDC.  The death rates above are broadly consistent with the idea that the vaccine is reducing the death rate due to COVID, but I wouldn't want to read too much into them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17847" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T06:18:09.857" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25934" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-21T16:48:31.880" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;We all heard of the danger of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infection, if the antibiotic treatment is stopped too early, but are there any quantitative studies on the likelihood of that? I realize that this may depend on various circumstances, but I am curious of any even more narrowly defined studies.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For the sake of specific example: my rabbit was treated with several different antibiotics for a persistant respiratory infection. I realize now that all these treatments were stopped prematurely. I wonder if on the basis of existing research, one would expect the probability of his infection resistance to these antibiotics in a 5%, 50% or 90% range?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21596" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T16:48:31.880" Title="How likely an incomplete antibiotic treatment leads to antibiotic resitance?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;antibiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25936" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-21T19:22:44.413" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's been &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25901/antigen-vs-pcr-test/25933#comment50313_25933&quot;&gt;pointed out&lt;/a&gt; to me that most studies comparing antigen with PCR tests either consider these as independent tests carried out over the whole sample (and report concordance/discordance that way, e.g. relative to presence or lack of symptoms) or report the probability of getting a certain antigen test result conditioned on the PCR one, i.e. consider the PCR the &amp;quot;true thing&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there any studies that estimate the &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; (i.e. non lab) probability of getting a negative PCR result &lt;em&gt;conditioned&lt;/em&gt; on getting a positive antigen test result first?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: I'm not asking this to diss PCR or something like that. Simply asking because using antigen tests to screen ahead of PCR appears to be even government-mandated practice in some countries. For example the EU &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2483&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;recommends&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Use rapid antigen tests for population-wide screening in epidemiological situations or areas where the proportion of test positivity is high or very high;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ensure that strategies are put in place that clarify when confirmatory testing by RT-PCR or a second rapid antigen test is required;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So what kind of concordance/discordance results have been observed (and thus are expected to be &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;) in that kind of (conditioned) scenario, when PCR is only done on the subset of positive antigen tests samples/subjects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T19:48:06.403" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T19:48:06.403" Title="Covid-19: what's (usually) the probability of getting a negative PCR result conditioned on getting a positive antigen test result first?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25937" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-21T19:37:18.333" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Beta carotene is processed into aldehyde metabolites in cells Aldehydes can damage DNA .Can there be too much aldehyde for a cell to process so some aldehyde goes on to damage DNA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21597" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T19:37:18.333" Title="Can beta carotene cause cancer by flooding cells with aldehyde metabolites?" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;cancer&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25940" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25901" CreationDate="2021-03-21T23:38:00.753" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Bryan is correct, especially in his comment in the case of 0% true/prior prevalence&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;40/1000 = 4% positive. 1-2/40 = 2.5-5%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But even in such a &lt;em&gt;conditioned&lt;/em&gt; test scenario, in which the 2nd test is only applied to the positive-reporting sample of the first test, a decent test (e.g. 90% sensitivity, 95% specificity) will actually converge pretty quickly (i.e. &amp;quot;disagree with itself&amp;quot; a lot less).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;E.g. if the true prevalence is 1% (instead of 0%) instead of t2:t1 positive reports ratio of 1:20 (i.e. 5%), you'll actually get (in the 1% prevalence case) just a 1:5 (t2:t1) ratio (more precisely 18.85%). Also this t2:t1 positive report ratio further drops to just 1:3 (29.18%) on just 2% true prevalence.&#xA;Here's a table of such calculations below, in which I assume the same test is repeated (as not to complicate this example with two sets of sensitivity/specificity.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AQ1CH.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/AQ1CH.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, for a highly specific test, i.e. 99% (instead of 95%) specificity, the convergence is even faster, e.g. for just 1% true prevalence, the t2:t1 positive report ratio is now almost 1:2 (43.86%; up from 18.85% when the specificity was just 95%).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ht3xn.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ht3xn.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ironically however, if the true prevalence is 0%, a more specific test (99% vs 95% specificity) will &amp;quot;disagree with itself&amp;quot; on a retest even more, i.e. 1:100 vs 1:20 concurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering the specificities and sensitivities of the tests known (which is alas a bit iffy in &amp;quot;real world&amp;quot; situations as opposed to lab settings) you can basically find out what the true prevalence is, e.g. assuming 60% sensitivity and 95% specificity for the antigen test and 95% sensitivity and 99% specificity for the (t2) PCR test, from a range of t2:t1 like you reported (2:20 to 1:40), you can get somewhere between 0.1% and 1% true prevalence in the starting population... which is still a fairly large range. (Of some note, this doesn't depend on the initial population size anymore, i.e. having two tests allows us to &amp;quot;factor out&amp;quot; that.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8bwdI.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/8bwdI.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In reality (even for lab-settings tests) you only have confidence intervals for the sensitivity and specificity as opposed to their true number, which makes the above exercise a bit more involved... and as Bryan's numerical example showed, 0% (true) prevalence could well be in the solution interval. The specificity of the 2nd test (PCR) is actually critical in this regard, if you relax it to 95% (from 99%), then 0% true prevalence becomes a (realistic) solution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-03-21T23:48:01.843" LastActivityDate="2021-03-21T23:48:01.843" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25941" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25953" CreationDate="2021-03-21T23:39:47.093" Score="3" ViewCount="108" Body="&lt;p&gt;Last year, the US FDA issued an &amp;quot;Emergency Use Authorization&amp;quot; for Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I read the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Use_Authorization&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;wikipedia page on what that means&lt;/a&gt;, and it seems as though this can be issued under very lax conditions (e.g. human use after animal-only experiments). On the other hand, I know that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine passed &amp;quot;Phase III&amp;quot; trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is missing, therefore, for the vaccine to qualify for &amp;quot;regular&amp;quot; FDA approval? Is it a longer period of time for evaluating the possibility of unexpected mid/long-term detrimental effects in vaccinated patients? Are there additional missing experiments/trials? Or perhaps just administrative procedures?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS - I've gotten (both doses of) this vaccine already, so please don't mistake this question to about whether or not to get vaccinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2021-03-23T14:50:27.773" LastActivityDate="2021-03-31T09:11:35.167" Title="What is missing for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to get &quot;regular&quot; FDA approval?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;&lt;regulatory-agencies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25942" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-22T02:50:50.197" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is based on something I remember reading back in 80's, in an article about plastic surgery. Sorry if it does not meet quality standards as I have not been able to verify this anywhere online.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article stated that one of the considerations with plastic surgery on the face was that some chemical(s) that was/were commonly used had a negative effect on melanin and could cause loss of skin pigmentation. The article did not name the chemical(s) and also did not specify how they were used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What chemical used with plastic surgery would have been known for potentially causing a loss of skin pigmentation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1554" LastActivityDate="2021-03-22T02:50:50.197" Title="What chemical used with plastic surgery would have had an effect on skin pigmentation?" Tags="&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25944" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-22T15:08:14.803" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;As per my study, there are two tests which are performed to confirm/dispute a Lidocaine allergy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Patch test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Intradermal Test&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is the most conclusive of the above? Are there any other tests?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21603" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-03-23T13:42:57.970" LastActivityDate="2021-03-23T13:42:57.970" Title="Which is the best test to confirm a Lidocaine allergy?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;allergy&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;anesthesia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25948" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-23T07:18:53.567" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read about &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation?wprov=sfla1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation&lt;/a&gt;. However, under &amp;quot;Graft types&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Autologous&amp;quot;, it states:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The patient's own stored stem cells are then transfused into his/her bloodstream, where they replace destroyed tissue and resume the patient's normal blood-cell production.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What i do not understand from Wikipedia is, after the hematopoietic cells are extracted from the bone marrow, and then after chemotherapy or radiotherapy is applied, and then after the hematopoietic cells are reinjected into the blood stream, how do these hematopoietic cells make it back from the blood stream, into the bone marrow of the patient?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for your answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If not clear, it would be great to add this explanation to Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21608" LastActivityDate="2021-03-23T07:18:53.567" Title="Transplant of haematopoietic stem cells, how do they get back into the bone marrow?" Tags="&lt;hematology&gt;&lt;chemotherapy&gt;&lt;bone-marrow&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25949" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-23T07:46:21.700" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;We see figures like &amp;quot;ACMECorp covid vaccine is 90% effective&amp;quot;. I guess that this means something like:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the trial the number of people receiving the vaccine who caught covid is only 10% of the number who didn't receive the vaccine and caught covid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is about the interpretation of the figure &amp;quot;90%&amp;quot;. For example it could mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;90% of people who received the vaccine are completely protected and will never catch covid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;all the people who received the vaccine are 90% protected i.e. will only catch covid once out of every ten exposures to it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;something in between.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;the trial doesn't tell us this so we don't know.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Do we know which, if any, of the above apply to the effectiveness figures given by Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, etc? Or is the situation (even) more complicated than I've described above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="474" LastActivityDate="2021-03-23T07:46:21.700" Title="Meaning of vaccine effectiveness?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-03-23T15:16:25.933" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25953" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25941" CreationDate="2021-03-24T09:02:46.980" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, it turns out I was wrong: The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine's &lt;strong&gt;Phase 3 trials have not been completed&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US Government listing of the trials&lt;/a&gt;. They will not be over before 2023...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FDA approval requirements/process is summarized as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;An Investigational New Drug application&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Pre-licensure vaccine clinical trials&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;A Biologics License Application (BLA)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Inspection of the manufacturing facility&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Presentation of findings to FDA’s Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Usability testing of product labeling&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, it seems the vaccine is in step 2 of the above. Although it theoretically may have already cleared steps (3.), (4.) and (6.) independently. Perhaps others can shed light on this point.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="14781" LastEditDate="2021-03-31T09:11:35.167" LastActivityDate="2021-03-31T09:11:35.167" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25954" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3272" CreationDate="2021-03-24T12:47:51.707" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;The good news is that expired probiotic capsules won’t hurt you, though they likely won’t give you the probiotic health benefits you were hoping for.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drruscio.com/do-probiotics-expire/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;All about probiotic shelf life&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13" LastActivityDate="2021-03-24T12:47:51.707" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25959" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-25T09:14:46.077" Score="1" ViewCount="51" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there any way that one could explain the following?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;San Marino has the most total deaths per million and a CFR of 1.8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently 8th for the most total deaths per million but it has a CFR of 3.8%.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Case-fatality ratio – is the proportion of deaths from a certain disease compared to the total number of people diagnosed with the disease for a particular period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that in B&amp;amp;H way more people who get the disease end up dying from it, but somehow San Marino ended up on the first place in relative death cases despite the much lower CFR?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I just am wondering if there is a mathematical / scientific explanation for this. Like for example because San Marino has a smaller population? Perhaps there is something I am missing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The data is taken from here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is the wrong stack exchange, please let me know so I can move the question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21637" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T16:11:00.303" Title="Why does San Marino have the most total deaths per million and a CFR of 1.8%?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25960" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-25T12:43:45.423" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Commercial cold sweat alarms monitor the skin temperatures and relative humidity of diabetics, normally using a device strapped to the wrist. Usually worn at night, the devices give an alert of a potential hypoglycemic event (cold sweat) when the skin falls below a predefined temperature and above a predefined relative humidity. For example, I have seen one device where the default alarm settings are a SIMULTANEOUS fall in temperature below 30.5 degrees C and above 80% humidity.&#xA;I would like to know whether any research lies behind these threshold levels, especially that of the skin temperature? &lt;strong&gt;How far does the skin temperature typically drop during a cold sweat?&lt;/strong&gt; It should be emphasised that the temperature being measured is of an area of skin trapped behind a  tightly worn device, i.e. there is no ventilation, rather like the skin temperature underneath a wristwatch.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21432" LastEditorUserId="21432" LastEditDate="2021-03-25T15:33:53.473" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T15:33:53.473" Title="Change in skin temperature due hypoglycemia (cold sweat)" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;body-temperature&gt;&lt;sweat&gt;&lt;hypoglycemia&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25961" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25959" CreationDate="2021-03-25T16:05:46.890" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;San Marino&lt;/a&gt; is, from an epidemiology perspective, effectively a city in Italy. It's also quite small (just over 30,000 people), and the total number of deaths there from your source is 80. This is a tiny sample compared to the other countries on that list.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Italy is also quite high on that list. ~175 deaths vs ~237 deaths per 100,000 is certainly in the same ballpark. From the statistics posted by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-cases.html#states&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NY Times&lt;/a&gt;, there are several regions in Italy that have higher death rates than San Marino, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Valle d'Aosta, 333&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lombardy, 299&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Friuli Venezia Giulia, 262&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emilia-Romagna, 259&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Emilia-Romagna is particularly relevant, because this is the region of Italy that most surrounds San Marino (Marche is the other, with 166 deaths per 100,000). So really, there is nothing unusual about San Marino relative to the region of Italy it is located in; it falls right between the rates for the broader regions that surround it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can expect CFRs to be strongly influenced by three factors: demographic susceptibility (for example, an older population), testing (CFR goes down if you test extensively and find more asymptomatic/mild cases), and actual medical care.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Let's start with testing, because in many ways this is the &amp;quot;least interesting&amp;quot; factor: it reflects something with the data rather than anything &amp;quot;real&amp;quot; about the CFR.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;worldometer&lt;/a&gt;, San Marino has done 1.5 million tests per 1 million residents, with 132k cases/mil, 29 tests per case. Bosnia and Herzegovina have 234k tests per 1 million residents, with 49k cases/mil, less than 5 tests per case. Of course expressing these in #s/million is a bit funny for San Marino, which is far from having 1000000 residents, but at least these numbers can be compared with other places.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Using Italy again for comparison, Italy had 791k tests per million and 57k cases per million, about 14 tests per case, with a CFR of 3.1%, falling between the other two countries on both measures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These numbers suggest that there was less overall less testing in Bosnia and Herzegovina vs San Marino, which you'd expect to show up as a higher CFR (fewer mild cases in the denominator).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that in B&amp;amp;H way more people who get the disease end up dying from it, but somehow San Marino ended up on the first place in relative death cases despite the much lower CFR?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A more thorough statistical analysis would be required to discover smaller measurable differences between countries, but the basic anomalies you point out do not seem unusual when these influential factors are considered. The simplest explanation is that San Marino is a small enclave in a severely impacted region of Italy. The deaths per population there are not unusual for local region. The differences in CFR are most easily explained by differences in testing that influence the number of mild cases included in the CFR calculations.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The other big factor in how many deaths per population is in how many &lt;em&gt;actual&lt;/em&gt; cases per population there are. We can't know this number exactly, only estimate from assumptions about how many cases are tested positive, but the numbers suggest that probably more people in San Marino (along with the adjacent regions of Italy) were infected, so more people there died. An older population could have also contributed slightly.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-03-25T16:11:00.303" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T16:11:00.303" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25964" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25965" CreationDate="2021-03-25T18:47:06.970" Score="1" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that granulocytes consists of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils but why is this group called granulocytes?  What does each type of granulocyte do?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21645" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T18:56:53.520" Title="What does granulocytes mean?" Tags="&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25965" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25964" CreationDate="2021-03-25T18:56:53.520" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;They're called that because they look like they have little granules in them. Anatomists and histologists often start out with describing what they see, and they often see things well before any function is understood; often the names stick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia has a page on granulocytes: &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It seems you've already gathered that they are white blood cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-03-25T18:56:53.520" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25971" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-26T22:18:43.193" Score="2" ViewCount="57" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have read online (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/08910600510031376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Vásquez et al. 2005&lt;/a&gt;) that oral lactobacillus is more effective than local suppository in the treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So how can an oral probiotic which has lactobacillus reach the vaginal mucosa through the Gastro Intestinal Tract?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know bacteria is not absorbed so I can not figure the mechanism of action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Vásquez, A., Ahrné, S., Jeppsson, B., &amp;amp; Molin, G. (2005). Oral administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains of intestinal and vaginal origin to healthy human females: re-isolation from faeces and vagina. Microbial ecology in health and disease, 17(1), 15-20. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/08910600510031376&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/08910600510031376&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21653" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-03-29T07:40:27.237" LastActivityDate="2021-03-29T07:40:27.237" Title="How do oral probiotics reach vaginal mucosa?" Tags="&lt;probiotics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25978" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-30T12:37:26.630" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching around the web, I found a lot of resources saying that baking soda (NaHCO₃) is good to relieve an itch. For example, this article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/baking-soda-for-skin#conditions-it-may-help&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Baking Soda for You Skin: Is It Safe, When to Use, and More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Baking soda is not a cure for eczema, but it may help relieve the itch associated with it. The National Eczema Association recommends adding 1/4 cup baking soda to a warm (not hot) bath and soaking for 10 to 15 minutes. Gently towel dry your skin and moisturize afterwards.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How does it work? I get that itching is caused by histamine, so does it simply reduces the histamine, or does it block the receptors, similar to how anti-histamine works? I tried searching for &lt;a href=&quot;https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;amp;q=baking%20soda%20itch%20review&amp;amp;btnG=&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot; title=&quot;baking soda itch review - Google Scholar&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;baking soda itch review&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt; on Google Scholar, but there are no useful articles at a glance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastEditorUserId="99" LastEditDate="2021-05-01T09:29:43.240" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T09:29:43.240" Title="How does baking soda relieve an itch?" Tags="&lt;itching&gt;&lt;eczema&gt;&lt;baking-soda&gt;&lt;histamine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25979" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-30T17:24:46.880" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm trying to get a good estimate of the risks associated with sun exposure.&#xA;I'm assuming things scale linearly (the UV index units, which need a name (&amp;quot;UVees&amp;quot;?) are linear).&#xA;This may not be a good assumption, but it seems somewhat likely that it would be within the range I most care about (significant exposure, but not enough to get burnt -- if I'd get burnt, I'll certainly cover up or wear sunscreen).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know sun exposure is a major source of skin cancer risk, but I'm not sure how much of that is coming from people who have tons of exposure, and how much risk a moderate level of exposure actually brings.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21026" LastActivityDate="2021-03-30T17:24:46.880" Title="How many micromorts do you get from 1 UV-index-hour?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25980" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-03-30T19:50:08.753" Score="0" ViewCount="79" Body="&lt;p&gt;How accurate is the individual number of covid-19 variant cases in each state?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant-cases.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;US COVID-19 Cases Caused by Variants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am trying to estimate the risk of being exposed to the one B.1.351 variant where the vaccine has been estimated to provide the least protection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Currently (check the link for updates) the incidence of B.1.351 (The South African variant) cases is 1.0% of all new cases.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Update:&#xA;Vaccine resistant South African Variant B.1.351 is doubling every month&lt;/h1&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The standard error of the proportion should provide a reliable estimate of the degree that the CDC numbers might be inaccurate. Current Genomic testing capacity is 9000 tests per week which is about 2% of the weekly case rate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I just found this much better data It has the current proportion of B.1.351 (and other) variant cases:&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-proportions.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Variant Proportions in the U.S&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be seen from the March 13 graph that the B.1.1.7 UK variant is dominant (59.6% of all recent cases).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17307" LastEditorUserId="17307" LastEditDate="2021-05-07T23:01:36.850" LastActivityDate="2021-05-07T23:08:06.300" Title="How accurate is the individual number covid-19 variant cases in each state?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;covid-19-datasets&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25982" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-01T12:00:56.790" Score="2" ViewCount="137" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-much-water-should-you-drink&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-much-water-should-you-drink&lt;/a&gt;) it says to drink four-to-six cup of water.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I find it weird that they don't mention how big the cup should be? &lt;strong&gt;How many liters should the cup contain? 0.2L?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've seen other places mentioning cups. So what size are cups assumed in such cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21690" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-04-01T12:24:12.220" LastActivityDate="2021-04-01T14:59:07.300" Title="Daily dose of recommended water" Tags="&lt;diet&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;water&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25983" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25982" CreationDate="2021-04-01T12:23:17.647" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;A cup is a non-standard unit of measurement for volume:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_(unit)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_(unit)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It usually varies between 200ml and 250ml.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the U.S., it is 2.365882365 decilitres exactly (which is 236.5882365 millilitres exactly).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-04-01T14:59:07.300" LastActivityDate="2021-04-01T14:59:07.300" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25985" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-02T11:28:04.347" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is an ongoing discussion about the use of the AstraZeneca covid-19 vaccine (Vaxzevria) in Europe.&#xA;Some countries like Germany restrict the use of this vaccine, some - like Austria - do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do the national vaccination boards (or similar institutions) reach this decision?&#xA;I am not only interested in COVID-19, but in general. Europe and world-wide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I imagine the process to be quite simple and something like this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;x = risk of a &amp;quot;serious&amp;quot; case of the illness&#xA;a = risk of getting infected&#xA;y = risk of having a &amp;quot;serious&amp;quot; negative reaction to the vaccine&#xA;Z = some constant, that need to be decided&#xA;&#xA;if (x * a &amp;gt; y * Z )&#xA;then -&amp;gt; recommend vaccination &#xA;else -&amp;gt; do not&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is this a sensible approach? Why is there so much controversy?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How is Z chosen in practice?  Should it be 1, 10, 100, 1000...?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How do you estimate the risk of getting infected in the first&#xA;place (per month/year/life)?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found some numbers from Austria here (German, December 2020, page 6):&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sozialministerium.at/dam/jcr:1bad4099-e0a4-4d91-a30d-a3e6d7827748/Kurzinformation%20f%C3%BCr%20Gesundheitspersonaldocx.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sozialministerium.at/dam/jcr:1bad4099-e0a4-4d91-a30d-a3e6d7827748/Kurzinformation%20f%C3%BCr%20Gesundheitspersonaldocx.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which indicate a 1% chance of &amp;quot;serious&amp;quot; covid-19 cases for health workers,&#xA;and a vaccination risk of less than 1:10000&#xA;So in this case we would have (assuming everybody gets covid):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;0.01 * 1 &amp;gt;= 0.0001 * 100  (Z=100)&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21694" LastActivityDate="2021-04-02T11:28:04.347" Title="How is the decision for recommending a vaccine reached" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;risks&gt;&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;european-union&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25986" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-02T19:43:42.633" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Are there any natural proteins or cells (or anything) made by the human body with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;spikes&lt;/a&gt; like those of Covid-19?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that there have been no serious side effects reported from the Covid-19 vaccine, but I am wondering&#xA;what theoretical interference might occur if the immune system started attacking any similarly-spiked&#xA;thing that it found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9517" LastActivityDate="2021-04-02T19:43:42.633" Title="Are coronavirus-like spikes only seen in viruses?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25993" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="25994" CreationDate="2021-04-03T09:41:37.543" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;ACh &lt;strong&gt;contracts&lt;/strong&gt; the wall of the bladder(by &lt;em&gt;M3&lt;/em&gt; receptor). How does it &lt;strong&gt;relax&lt;/strong&gt; the sphincter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21707" LastActivityDate="2021-04-03T20:58:33.567" Title="Muscarinic receptors in bladder" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;&lt;urinary-system&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25994" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25993" CreationDate="2021-04-03T20:58:33.567" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260432019_Neural_Mechanisms_Underlying_Lower_Urinary_Tract_Dysfunction&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this paper&lt;/a&gt; (full text freely available), &amp;quot;the somatic pudendal nerve stimulates striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter, mediated by ACh activating nicotinic (N) receptors&amp;quot; (from Figure 2 caption).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And here is Figure 2 from that paper:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vXxR8.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/vXxR8.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On page 83 of the paper the Guarding Reflex - which is the bladder-to-external urethral sphincter (EUS) reflex - is explained, and in the top-right it says:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In order for the guarding reflex to be reversed and the EUS relaxed, a final inhibitory signal is generated from the pontine micturition center (PMC). Bladder afferent fibers&#xA;in the pelvic nerve form synapses in the spinal cord, and axons from the second-order neurons travel rostrally to the micturition center. The center integrates this sensory information with signals from more rostral brain regions and ultimately generates inhibitory input to the sympathetic and somatic centers in the spinal cord and stimulatory input to the parasympathetic center (Fig. 5). This spino-bulbo-spinal reflex results in relaxation of the EUS and internal urethral sphincter, followed by contraction of detrusor muscles, increase in bladder pressure, and flow of urine [4].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2021-04-03T20:58:33.567" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25995" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-04T06:10:41.220" Score="1" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;From a &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;guideline&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the inhibitory effect of methotrexate on DHPR and the interaction with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), this treatment may lead to HPA and &lt;strong&gt;early neurotoxicity&lt;/strong&gt;, possibly combined with folate deficiency [153].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the meaning of &amp;quot;early neurotoxicity&amp;quot;? An early-stage neurotoxicity that has not yet progressed to a more severe form? Or a neurotoxicity at an early age, meaning that methotrexate should be avoided in children? Or a neurotoxicity that developed too early for the person's age, &amp;quot;a neurotoxicity that is untypical because it developed too early&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1793349/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference 153&lt;/a&gt; leads to an article in French, so it's hard for me to understand the meaning. I'm a Russian.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Netter, J. C., Dhondt, J. L., Rance, F., &amp;amp; Petrus, M. (1991). Neurotoxicité précoce du méthotrexate à haute dose et déficit en tétrahydrobioptérine [Early neurotoxicity of high-dose of methotrexate and tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency]. &lt;em&gt;Archives francaises de pediatrie, 48&lt;/em&gt;(10), 719–722. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1793349/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1793349/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Opladen, T., López-Laso, E., Cortès-Saladelafont, E., Pearson, T. S., Sivri, H. S., Yildiz, Y., ... &amp;amp; Hübschmann, O. K. (2020). Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies. &lt;em&gt;Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 15&lt;/em&gt;(126). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2248" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-04-04T06:51:10.777" LastActivityDate="2021-04-04T06:51:10.777" Title="Meaning of &quot;early neurotoxicity&quot; in description of methotrexate treatment effects - at an early age? or an early-stage neurotoxicity?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="25997" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-04T15:33:09.453" Score="0" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;In PubMed results sometimes there are no links to read the article.&#xA;For example &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23009275/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23009275/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Why is this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7453" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T08:34:28.233" Title="In PubMed results sometimes there are no links to read the article?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26000" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25997" CreationDate="2021-04-05T06:28:07.010" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As suggested by @CareyGregory you need to speak to PubMed about that. I have noticed that recently too with quite a few articles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The one linked can actually be read at &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ajmc.com/view/a09_12aug_rls_sethi&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ajmc.com/view/a09_12aug_rls_sethi&lt;/a&gt; as it is open access.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Going off tangent a little, interestingly the author information is weird to me too as there are only 2 authors, and 2 authors don't make an &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt; citation as far as I am aware. The citation for this article is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sethi, K. D., &amp;amp; Mehta, S. H. (2012). A clinical primer on restless legs syndrome: what we know, and what we don't know. &lt;em&gt;The American journal of managed care, 18&lt;/em&gt;(5 Suppl), S83-88.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-04-05T06:33:30.390" LastActivityDate="2021-04-05T06:33:30.390" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26005" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-06T11:48:01.250" Score="1" ViewCount="70" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know people for example can lose taste or smell due to covid, some have this even for months, but is there data if people eventually do get this senses back or not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21717" LastActivityDate="2021-04-07T19:58:58.063" Title="Did those who lose smell due to covid regain it after all?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;smell&gt;&lt;taste&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26006" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-06T14:48:40.013" Score="13" ViewCount="1335" Body="&lt;p&gt;Consider:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G2bgG.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G2bgG.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20210330/where-do-covid-vaccines-stand-against-the-variants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Where Do COVID Vaccines Stand Against the Variants?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The nomenclature seems to follow a hierarchical pattern. What does the first letter and the subsequent numbers indicate? Location of the mutation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7446" LastEditorUserId="1678" LastEditDate="2021-04-08T00:28:21.563" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T00:28:21.563" Title="COVID-19 mutation nomenclature" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26007" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26006" CreationDate="2021-04-06T16:08:08.990" Score="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;The full details are quite complicated, but this nomenclature defines SARS-CoV-2 variants by a lineage depending on which variant they are descended from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046086v1.full.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 to assist genomic&#xA;epidemiology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Andrew Rambaut, Edward C. Holmes, Verity Hill, Áine O’Toole, JT McCrone, Chris Ruis, Louis du Plessis, Oliver G. Pybus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article can be found from &lt;a href=&quot;https://pangolin.cog-uk.io/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Pangolin&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;strong&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;hylogenetic &lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;ssignment of &lt;strong&gt;N&lt;/strong&gt;amed &lt;strong&gt;G&lt;/strong&gt;lobal &lt;strong&gt;O&lt;/strong&gt;utbreak &lt;strong&gt;LIN&lt;/strong&gt;eages, in case you were wondering!).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;which uses the above system in it's software.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The concept is not unique however, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://nextstrain.org/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;NextStrain&lt;/a&gt; use the following to name their COVID-19 clades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nextstrain.org/en/latest/tutorials/SARS-CoV-2/steps/naming_clades.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://docs.nextstrain.org/en/latest/tutorials/SARS-CoV-2/steps/naming_clades.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-04-06T16:42:21.370" LastActivityDate="2021-04-06T16:42:21.370" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26008" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26006" CreationDate="2021-04-06T17:34:27.470" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Alas (Pangoling/COG-UK) base letterings don't stand for location. And neither do the numbers following them stand for directly identifiable mutations except for the &amp;quot;with E484K&amp;quot; designators. Those directly stand for specific mutations relative to the first-identified/original variant. As Wikipedia explains&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The name of the mutation, E484K, refers to an exchange whereby the glutamic acid (E) is replaced by lysine (K) at position 484. It is nicknamed &amp;quot;Eeek&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for designations like B.1.1.7 those refer indirectly to mutations. The competing designation for that from Nextstrain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is&lt;/a&gt; 20I/501Y.V1 (formerly 20B/501Y.V1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nextstrain.org/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Nextstrain&lt;/a&gt; is a US-Swiss endeavor, while Pangolin/COG-UK &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium#Developments&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is&lt;/a&gt; (somewhat evidently) UK based.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the Pangolin naming, they started with two letter (A and B) but the first letter actually changes when the nesting gets too deep:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;We propose that major lineage labels begin with a letter. At the root of the phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 are two lineages that we simply denote as lineages A and B. The earliest lineage A viruses, such as Wuhan/WH04/2020 (EPI_ISL_406801), sampled on 2020-01-05, share two nucleotides (positions 8782 in ORF1ab and 28144 in ORF8) with the closest known bat virus (RaTG13). Different nucleotides are present at those sites in viruses assigned to lineage B, of which Wuhan-Hu-1 (Genbank accession MN908947) sampled on 2019-12-26 is an early representative. Hence, although viruses from lineage B were sequenced and published first (Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020; Lu et al. 2020), it is likely (based on current data) that lineage A viruses form the root of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic phylogeny. At the time of writing, viruses from both lineages A and B are still circulating in many countries around the world [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;e then defined&#xA;further SARS-CoV-2 lineages, each of which descends from either lineage A or B and is&#xA;assigned a numerical value (e.g. lineage A.1, or lineage B.2). Lineage designations were made&#xA;using the following set of conditions: [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each descendent lineage should show phylogenetic evidence of emergence from an&#xA;ancestral lineage into another geographically distinct population, implying substantial&#xA;onward transmission in that population. In the case of a rapidly expanding global lineage&#xA;the recipient “population” may comprise multiple countries. In the case of large and&#xA;populous countries it may represent a new region or province. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The iterative procedure in step II can proceed for a maximum of 3 sublevels (e.g. A.1.1.1) after which new descendent lineages are given a letter (in English alphabetical sequence from C - so A.1.1.1.1 would become C.1 and A.1.1.1.2 would become C.2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time that paper was written B.1.1.7 had not yet been identified, but its ancestors were:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tnv0J.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tnv0J.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As you can see B.1.1 had spread to the UK, so the &amp;quot;Kent&amp;quot; variant discovered in late 2020 was assigned under B.1.1 for those reasons.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_P.1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lineage P.1&lt;/a&gt; for example&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;has also been called 'B.1.1.28.1', although strictly only three sublevels are permitted in the PANGO Lineage system of nomenclature, hence the designation 'P.1'.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-04-07T19:27:19.530" LastActivityDate="2021-04-07T19:27:19.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26011" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-07T15:53:57.997" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Wikipedia:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;Erysipelas is a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelas&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;Cellulitis is a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;Paronychia is an inflammation of the skin around the nail.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronychia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can understand the distinction made between erysipelas and cellulitis. However, I do not get why the term &amp;quot;paronychia&amp;quot; has been introduced. Given the previous definitions, paronychia could have been named &amp;quot;finger erysipelas&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;finger cellulitis&amp;quot;. By the way, I am not aware of any other anatomical location where skin infections get such a specific name.&lt;br&gt;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;What is, therefore, the motivation of using the term &amp;quot;paronychia&amp;quot; in place of &amp;quot;erysipelas&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;cellulitis&amp;quot; ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Many thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21079" LastActivityDate="2021-04-11T06:34:33.767" Title="Erysipelas vs cellulitis vs paronychia" Tags="&lt;infection&gt;&lt;terminology&gt;&lt;fingers&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26014" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26005" CreationDate="2021-04-07T19:42:32.443" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/public-health/when-will-smell-taste-come-back-5-covid-19-questions-answered.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;summary&lt;/a&gt; of one study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of 2,581 COVID-19 patients studied, 95 percent of patients regained their sense of smell within six months, according to the study in the Journal of Internal Medicine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study appears to be &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33403772/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; (on patients from continental Europe) and it has more details even its abstract:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A total of 328 patients (24.1%) did not subjectively recover olfaction 60 days after the onset of the dysfunction. The mean duration of self-reported OD [olfactory dysfunction] was 21.6 ± 17.9 days. [...] At 60 days and 6 months, 15.3% and 4.7% of anosmic/hyposmic patients did not objectively recover olfaction, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure if there's any study that has tracked those &amp;lt;5% who had not recovered at 6 months for a longer period.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, there are more studies on short[er] term recovery, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341046/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one in the US&lt;/a&gt; which also has a summary of&#xA;other studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Initial publications from Europe and Asia report higher rates of recovery. A French study of PCR-tested patients showed 98% experiencing a complete subjective recovery within 28 days, with mean duration of anosmia near 9 days. Workers in the United Kingdom repeated surveys 1 week after initial survey, revealing that 80% had experienced some recovery, while only 17% remained anosmic. They also noted a “plateau” in recovery after approximately 3 weeks, with a 70% recovery rate for those with anosmia of 3 or more weeks duration. Similarly, a study from Korea using daily phone surveys of almost 500 newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients showed median duration of anosmia or ageusia of 7 days, and almost all recovering within 3 weeks. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study presents 1-month follow-up of patients with chemosensory changes participating in a large national longitudinal survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the severity of smell and taste loss experienced by most patients, nearly three-quarters will recover to normal or near-normal chemosensation within 2 months. The continued improvement noted between 14-day and 1-month surveys suggests that ongoing recovery is still in progress. Long term recovery and treatment effects will be a topic of further investigation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-04-07T19:58:58.063" LastActivityDate="2021-04-07T19:58:58.063" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26015" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26020" CreationDate="2021-04-07T19:56:29.257" Score="3" ViewCount="65" Body="&lt;p&gt;I stumbled upon some videos showing real brain surgeries and noticed how the surgeon often uses a hand-held drill to create a hole in the skull (for accessing the brain). This made me wonder:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How does the surgeon ensure that the drill doesn't drill deeper than they want, thus damaging the brain?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, just from drilling holes in wood, I know that at the moment the wood is completely punctured through, the drill jerks forward deeper into the hole (since my hand is still applying a force forward, and my reaction time isn't quick enough to stop my hand immediately after the wood is completely punctured). What prevents this from occurring during surgeries?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21754" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T16:21:03.947" Title="How do neurosurgeons drill into skull without damaging the brain?" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26018" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-08T11:17:43.730" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Many medicines and supplements specify that they should be taken either before of after a meal—and I know that this means some time must pass, not gulping the med immediately next to the meal. However, I've never heard any general recommended durations between the meal and the medicine, other than vague handwavey numbers—and instructions define it only for a few medicines that seem to differ from the usual. Since I and many other people keep taking vitamins and whatnot, it would probably help to set any kind of average optimal durations, that I could put into my phone's timer app instead of the arbitrary interval with which I came up so far and which could easily be too long or too short.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foreseeing the nitpicking: I sure know that &lt;em&gt;‘it varies’&lt;/em&gt; depending on both the medicine and the person's metabolism and food habits. Still, any science-supported numbers would be better than nothing at all, which is what I have now. And if I judge my metabolism to be faster or slower than the ‘average’, I can adjust the duration myself—or perhaps a range of intervals could be defined, for lifestyles from active to sedentary. As for the medicine, I'll be glad to see the manufacturer's opinion in the instruction.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Previous research effort: was looking for this on the web on-and-off for months, found bupkis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21760" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T11:17:43.730" Title="What is the average optimal time interval before or after a meal when medicines should be taken?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26019" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-08T14:35:10.890" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;For the Sputnik V vaccine there has been a study about the efficacy of the vaccine 2 doses which states it has 91.6% efficacy against infection and a 100% efficacy against hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00234-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sputnik V efficacy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study also states that even though it wasnt made for it, they suppose the efficacy of the first dose against infection is around 73,6%. Though, no data is given about the efficacy of the first dose against hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also for other vaccines such as Pfizer and Astrazeneca, there is a study on the efficacy of the first dose against hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/scotland_firstvaccinedata_preprint.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admissions in Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They state it to be 85% - 94% respectively, so these kind of studies for the effectiveness of the first dose of the vaccine against hospitalization are made sometimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my country they've decided with no study to back up the decision, to give the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine only, to have more people vaccinated soon. So people who received the vaccine dont really know how much protected they are. My question is,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any study on the efficacy against hospitalizations of the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T14:35:10.890" Title="Is there any study on the efficacy against hospitalizations of the first dose of the Sputnik V vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26020" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26015" CreationDate="2021-04-08T16:21:03.947" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;The drill is a specialised device and not a standard type of drill. It is called a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trephine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;trephine&lt;/a&gt;, which is an instrument used for cutting out a round piece of skull bone to relieve pressure beneath a surface in situations such as a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/subdural-haematoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;subdural haematoma&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the earlier days, the risk of damage to the brain was down to a combination of skill of the surgeon and luck. Since 1950, there have been trephines with motors or shafts which &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1951.9951539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;automatically stop when in contact with soft tissue&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Smith, G. W. (1950). An automatic drill for craniotomy. &lt;em&gt;Journal of neurosurgery, 7&lt;/em&gt;(3), 285-286. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1951.9951539&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.1951.9951539&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T16:21:03.947" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26022" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25759" CreationDate="2021-04-08T22:00:44.567" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776229&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an article in JAMA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When the [Pfizer and Moderna] vaccines were first tested, a relatively weak immune reaction was found within a few weeks after people received the first dose of vaccine, followed by a strong reaction when a second dose was given.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Multiple doses are not uncommon in vaccinations. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/shingrix/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shingrix&lt;/a&gt;, a shingles vaccination is also two dose, as are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147727/#R12&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HPV vaccines&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147727/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Additional Information&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Successful immunization depends upon immune memory and vaccine immunization schedules (i.e. the number of doses and the time elapsed between doses) that are designed to generate optimal immune memory. [...] Memory is evoked as a consequence of initial or primary immunization, which elicits a primary immune response. This “priming” enables the immunized individual to mount a more potent and rapid response to subsequent challenges with the same antigen. The response to each subsequent immunization (secondary, tertiary, etc.) thus increases in intensity [of immune response].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21765" LastActivityDate="2021-04-08T22:00:44.567" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26023" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25462" CreationDate="2021-04-09T00:18:22.933" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The best practices regarding neurodevelopmental issues are inter and transdisciplinary, consider this example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The pediatrician is usually the first practitioner to see the patient, he should suspect and make a screening test, a psychologist might then perform a diagnostic evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with ASD have increased risk of epilepsy so an EEG might then be performed and interpreted by a neurologist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If it's comorbid or otherwise a complex case, a psychiatrist might then come into action.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people with neurodevelopmental disorders will have some form of motor difficulties so a physiatrist might be called.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In short, there are many professionals that can and should be involved in the evaluation and management. There is no one &amp;quot;jack of all trades&amp;quot; practitioner for developmental disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21768" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T00:18:22.933" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26028" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-09T10:33:16.367" Score="0" ViewCount="47" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is there a database that allows me to query for available vaccine products by ingredients?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For instance, I want to find an available vaccine product that contains &amp;quot;Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens&amp;quot; AND &amp;quot;Haemophilus influenzae type B antigens&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So far I used a spreadsheet provided by WHO which, however, is not complete (available here: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/procurement/mi4a/platform/module1/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/procurement/mi4a/platform/module1/en/&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I also used a european database for medicines (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/field_ema_web_categories%253Aname_field/Human?search_api_views_fulltext=streptococcus%20pneumoniae%20and%20haemophilus%20influenzae&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/field_ema_web_categories%253Aname_field/Human?search_api_views_fulltext=streptococcus%20pneumoniae%20and%20haemophilus%20influenzae&lt;/a&gt;) that was not helpful either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, I used a national register, which is more precise and helpful at finding vaccine products with the single ingredients available within Germany but did not take me further.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21689" LastEditorUserId="21689" LastEditDate="2021-04-09T10:50:02.513" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T11:28:50.547" Title="Is there a free vaccine or medicinal product database?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26030" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-09T17:09:59.477" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;What aside from physical injury could explain pain in the upper/posterior part of the leg (thigh bone), more pronounced on the right side but that also exists as pain on the left side? The pain radiates slightly into the rest of the thigh bone.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultrasound revealed some tissue damage at the right-hand site, possibly hematoma that is a sequela of an old injury (2 years ago) on the right side, or stone/calcifiation. There was no injury to the left side. No orthopedic or other comorbidities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there inflammation markers that can be examined in a blood test that would rule out some of the more plausible internal causes of this symptomatology, such as symmetrical (possibly rheumatoid) arthritis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient in question is a 39 year old male, 72 kg, 180cm, no medications, nonsmoker. The symptoms have existed for 9 months, at more or less the same level of intensity (with some day-to-day fluctuations).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7540" OwnerDisplayName="z8080" LastEditorUserId="7540" LastEditDate="2021-04-10T13:20:55.567" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T13:20:55.567" Title="Inflammation markers to reveal source of thigh bone pain (symmetrical rheumatoid arthritis?)" Tags="&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;inflammation&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;&lt;joints&gt;&lt;hips&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26031" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-09T21:56:09.623" Score="2" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is unprotected sex with a pregnant woman safe (for the baby) if the male is taking (prescription) drugs that are not approved as safe in pregnancy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Due to the risk of a small amount of those drugs being contained in the male's semen and being passed on to the woman.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the answer is &amp;quot;it depends on the drug&amp;quot; then do we have any information on whether certain general categories of drugs will be safer than others or even on specific drugs?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I undertook some proir research before asking but couldn't find anything due to the difficulty of constraining a search like this to not just return information focussed on women taking drugs during pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21775" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T21:56:09.623" Title="Is unprotected sex with a pregnant woman safe (for the baby) if the male is taking (prescription) drugs that are not approved as safe in pregnancy?" Tags="&lt;drug-metabolism&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26032" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26033" CreationDate="2021-04-09T22:43:53.193" Score="4" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is often claimed that even though COVID is a very inconsequential disease for people under the age of 16, it is still dangerous to let them get infected as there might be unknown long-term problems down the line. But are there diseases that are in fact known to cause such long-term issues? To clarify, I'm looking for examples of viral diseases where:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Humans (or some groups of people, such as children) recover from the virus quickly and without strong symptoms&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Everything seems fine for many months or years&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Some major issue pops up in their body several years down the line&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7314" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T23:18:36.793" Title="Is there a viral disease which causes weak symptoms initially but then results in significant problems in the long-term?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26033" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26032" CreationDate="2021-04-09T23:18:36.793" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Viruses of the herpes family tend to be capable of causing long-term issues due to their particular habit of latent infections. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingles&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Shingles&lt;/a&gt; is a specific well-known consequence, caused by reactivation of the same virus that causes chickenpox (most often in children). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Epstein-Barr virus&lt;/a&gt; is another herpesvirus that has been associated with long-term symptoms. Both of these are also associated with illness during the acute phase, but these symptoms are quite different from the long-term symptoms and the acute illness can be quite mild.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;HPV&lt;/a&gt; are a family of viruses most associated with genital warts, but also cervical and other cancers. In particular, the strains most associated with cancer may produce no notable skin infection at all and the first symptoms of the infection are those related to cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, coronaviruses are not particularly similar to either of these virus families, and worries about long-term effects in youth are &lt;strong&gt;mostly being motivated by the long-term symptoms seen with COVID-19 itself&lt;/strong&gt;, including in young people, not only by hypothetical comparisons to other unrelated viruses. As far as I know so far these are mostly case studies or small single-center studies and not all have been peer-reviewed, like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.23.21250375v1.full&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7753397/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this one&lt;/a&gt;, and further study is needed, but some things simply can't be known at this time because the pandemic is only just over a year old.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-04-09T23:18:36.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26034" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="17458" CreationDate="2021-04-10T11:05:32.867" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Per the for &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2061541-bf1c-4ee3-afde-36894394dbea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;label&lt;/a&gt; for Sodium Fluoride chewable tablets.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A treatment dose of Sodium Fluoride Chewable Tablets contains 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg fluoride&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A standard OTC toothpaste, in this case &lt;a href=&quot;https://smartlabel.pg.com/00037000907237.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Crest Pro-Health&lt;/a&gt;, contains 0.454% fluoride. For you to get 1mg of fluoride from this toothpaste, you would have to swallow just over 220g. One tube is 130g.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If we assume that you use 5g of toothpaste with each brushing, you would have to brush your teeth, and swallow the toothpaste 44 times per day to get 1mg of fluoride, still within what is considered a normal dose for this drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even redoing this calculation with a prescription only toothpaste, &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=83986c58-25ed-45a4-9d19-36f6ce32d76c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Prevident 1.1%&lt;/a&gt;, you would still need to brush and swallow 18 times per day to get 1mg of fluoride&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;TLDR: Unless you brush your teeth multiple times an hour and swallow the toothpaste, you likely wont ingest a significant enough quantity of fluoride to cause any issues&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21765" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T11:05:32.867" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26035" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26028" CreationDate="2021-04-10T11:28:50.547" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The US' National Institute of Health maintains the &lt;a href=&quot;https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Daily Med database&lt;/a&gt;, which is searchable by active and inactive ingredients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21765" LastActivityDate="2021-04-10T11:28:50.547" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26036" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-10T19:50:41.793" Score="2" ViewCount="731" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, I lost a loved one to suicide by hanging. There was a man who arrives at him at some point after the person committed suicide. The man did not make any attempts to save the victim, saying the victim was already dead. On the other hand, he says that the hands were fisted. Do fist hands not mean the victim was alive back then? I suspect if the body was dead, the hands ought to have been loosened already. Could there have been a shortcoming in saving the victim?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's very tough time for me to find the truth given that the person arrived about 30 minutes after the deceased committed suicide (based on the timing given by rigor mortis) and that he had some old resentments with the decreased.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2244" LastEditorUserId="2244" LastEditDate="2021-04-11T03:05:58.507" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T14:30:55.677" Title="Do the hands fist after a body is hanged?" Tags="&lt;choking&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26037" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26036" CreationDate="2021-04-10T23:04:13.033" Score="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;First off, my condolences on your loss.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No one can tell you whether the person was alive when found or if more could be done because that would be pure speculation. We don't have sufficient information to even make an educated guess. But I can tell you that finding the fists clinched alone is not sufficient to conclude that they were still alive or that more could have been done.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Normally, when cardiac arrest occurs, all the muscles in the body go limp immediately and stay that way until rigor sets in. However, what you've described fits the phenomenon known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Cadaveric Spasm&lt;/a&gt; very closely, as you can see from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539741/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this description&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cadaveric spasm is a condition in which a group of muscles that were&#xA;used profusely just before death becomes stiff and rigid immediately&#xA;after death.[24] This ‘instantaneous rigor’ mostly involves hands,&#xA;very rarely, the entire body may undergo cadaveric spasm. It can occur&#xA;in assaults involving a scuffle before death, in suicides, and cases&#xA;of drowning, etc. In such scenario, the victim’s hand presents as&#xA;rigid and clenched, holding/ grasping on to the clothing, buttons, or&#xA;hair, etc. of the assailant (in assault), maybe holding the weapon&#xA;used for committing suicide, or the weeds, gravel mud, etc. from the&#xA;water bed (in drowning). While rigor mortis provides information about&#xA;time since death, the cadaveric spasm is valuable in commenting on the&#xA;manner of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Your description matches several key points in the description above:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;In a hanging death, it's quite likely the victim struggled and&#xA;clutched at the rope in the final moments, thereby using their hand&#xA;muscles profusely.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;It was a suicide.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&amp;quot;the victim’s hand presents as rigid and clenched&amp;quot; -- as did yours.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So you can't base any conclusions on what the first arriving person found and what they should or should not have done based on the clinched fists.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cadaveric spasm was &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/468552&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;described in JAMA in 1898&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-04-11T04:37:28.737" LastActivityDate="2021-04-11T04:37:28.737" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26038" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-11T04:05:12.497" Score="0" ViewCount="19" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say I order an allergy blood test. The test will, for example, test for White Oak (Quercus alba). Would a positive result for that specific allergen indicate, broadly speaking, a hypersensitivity to a similar tree in the same genus (for example, Quercus coccinea)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21615" LastActivityDate="2021-04-11T04:05:12.497" Title="Allergy test for specific allergens" Tags="&lt;allergy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26039" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26011" CreationDate="2021-04-11T06:34:33.767" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Paronychia could be seen as an umbrella term for any inflammation around the nails of fingers or toes. Cellulitis being one kind.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The umbrella term is referring to the anatomical region as it is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Latin, from Greek [παρωνυχία] paronykhia &amp;quot;whitlow,&amp;quot; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.etymonline.com/word/paronychia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;para- &amp;quot;beside&amp;quot; (see para- (1)) + onyx &amp;quot;nail&amp;quot; (see nail (n.)) + abstract noun ending -ia.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronychia#Differential&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Wikipedia section&lt;/a&gt; for differential (more specific) diagnoses of paronychia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am not aware of any other anatomical location where skin infections get such a specific name.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many names for inflammatory conditions come from the place on the body &lt;a href=&quot;https://globalrph.com/medical-terms-introduction/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;and have the suffix &lt;em&gt;-itis&lt;/em&gt; meaning inflammation&lt;/a&gt;. You already mentioned cellulitis. There are also, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Conjunctivitis (also known as pink eye) is inflammation of the conjunctiva (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519502/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;outer layer of the white of the eye&lt;/a&gt;). It also affects the inner surface of eyelids? That's an inflammation.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Gingivitis which is inflammation of the gingiva (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/gingiva&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the gums&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-04-11T06:34:33.767" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26040" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26036" CreationDate="2021-04-11T09:33:35.533" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;I lost a friend to a hanging suicide about 30 years ago, so I looked into this. I'm not medically trained, so the following is a summary of what I could discover; please check it before relying on it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rigor, either of the whole body, or localized as spasm, is where myofiber (muscle) cells fully contract once they exhaust their internal energy reserves. These cells are relatively tolerant of anoxia, so this doesn't usually start until around 2 hours after respiration ceases, but may occur much sooner if the muscles have been exercising or heated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many people who attempt suicide by hanging wrongly assume that it is an instantaneous method. However like any method that relies on depriving the brain of oxygen, loss of consciousness may take up to 15 seconds after blood flow to the brain stops, or several minutes if breathing is stopped but blood flow to the brain continues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Suicide by hanging often fails to break the neck, and fails to constrict the carotid artery, allowing for vigorous activity by the forearm muscles so that they may become both &amp;quot;exercised&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;heated&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The adrenal stress response increases metabolism within the brain, continuing to burn the small-and-now-depleted energy reserves in brain tissue even after consciousness is lost, which reduces the time during which they could potentially be revived.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unless the victim is (unusually) strong enough to lift their own weight and relax the asphyxia, and has the presence of mind to do so, they are unlikely to remain conscious long enough for muscular activity to make any appreciable difference to the length of time for whole-body rigor mortis to set in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21789" LastEditorUserId="21789" LastEditDate="2021-05-19T14:30:55.677" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T14:30:55.677" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26048" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-13T08:50:50.163" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I can't find any logical answer on the internet - sorry if I'm just being stupid!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In my head: if the bile duct is blocked/cholestasis (eg. by gallstones) then surely substances can't leave the liver and thus many synthetic markers would be low when LFT is taken. Why is it that many of these markers appear raised? Do they leave the liver via a different route? - if so, by which route.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13899" LastActivityDate="2021-04-13T08:50:50.163" Title="Why does ALP become raised in obstructive liver disease?" Tags="&lt;physiology&gt;&lt;liver&gt;&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26049" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26075" CreationDate="2021-04-13T13:44:34.107" Score="-1" ViewCount="88" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, Astrazeneca, Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson have suspected cases of&#xA;thrombosis.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/04/13/986709618/u-s-recommends-pausing-use-of-johnson-johnson-vaccine-over-blood-clot-concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;U.S. Recommends Pausing Use Of Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson Vaccine Over Blood Clot Concerns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.menshealth.com/es/salud-bienestar/a35875084/pfizer-moderna-caso-trombosis/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Moderna and Pfizer also registered some case of thrombosis.&#xA;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How about the others? (Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which covid-19 vaccines have suspected cases of thrombosis?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7049" LastActivityDate="2021-04-17T00:25:24.590" Title="Which covid-19 vaccines have suspected cases of thrombosis?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="5" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26051" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-14T09:46:47.280" Score="0" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;So, I have this doubt. I searched the internet and everywhere they mention that rabies can't go through unbroken skin but nowhere they explain what broken skin means? When I scratch myself because of itching does my skin break? If I scratch too hard it is going to break but what if its a mild scratch? By mild scratch I mean the scratch only leaves a white mark that can be seen clearly on dark colored people but doesn't involve any bleeding and feeling of pain and the mark easily goes away even by gently smudging with hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21830" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T09:46:47.280" Title="What is the meaning of a broken skin? How broken it has to be for rabies virus to go inside human body?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;itching&gt;&lt;rabies&gt;&lt;animal-bites&gt;&lt;scratch-scratching&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26052" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-14T11:56:49.867" Score="0" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am thinking especially of abnormally short legs in proportion to the trunk for an average height. Could this be a side effect of growth hormone treatment in childhood?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21831" LastEditorUserId="21831" LastEditDate="2021-04-15T16:24:36.340" LastActivityDate="2021-04-16T19:46:57.603" Title="Can growth hormone treatment affect body proportions?" Tags="&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;growth-hormones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26053" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-14T13:51:05.337" Score="2" ViewCount="459" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Orcein&lt;/a&gt; was long used as a food dye before it was banned in &amp;quot;Europe&amp;quot; in 1977, according to the Wikipedia. Of course, Europe is composed of many different countries, so the statement in the Wikipedia seems suspect. Also, no explanation for the alleged ban is provided either in the Wikipedia or any other readily available source that I can find. What was the rationale or specific study that led to its being &amp;quot;banned&amp;quot; and exactly how was it &amp;quot;banned&amp;quot; in Europe given that in 1977 Europe had something like 20 different countries with no central administration.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T18:23:49.887" Title="Why was orcein banned in Europe?" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26054" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26053" CreationDate="2021-04-14T14:27:03.143" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Because it &lt;em&gt;may&lt;/em&gt; be toxic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ihcworld.com/royellis/ABCSafe/chemicals/orcein.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://www.ihcworld.com/royellis/ABCSafe/chemicals/orcein.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HEALTH HAZARD DATA&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The toxicity of orcein has not been quantified but&#xA;other dyes in this group are known to be highly toxic and mutagenic,&#xA;eg. thionine. Because of its chemical composition it is assumed to be&#xA;an eye and possible skin irritant. Can be absorbed through the skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for how it was banned in Europe before the EU existed, I would imagine that's a bit of an overstatement. It was probably banned by one or more of the larger, more influential countries and others followed suit, but I would be very surprised to learn that all of Europe followed that lead, particularly the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc. A detailed answer to that part of the question is better suited for History.SE.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T14:27:03.143" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26055" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26053" CreationDate="2021-04-14T18:23:49.887" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Searching for Orcein on the EU website:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://op.europa.eu/en/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://op.europa.eu/en/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;returns this publication, amongst others:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REPORTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR FOOD. First series. (European Commission).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The article that discusses Orchil and Orcein (page 17)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR FOOD ON THE REVISION OF THE DIRECTIVE ON COLOURING MATTERS AUTHORIZED FOR USE IN FOODSTUFFS INTENDED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (1975)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/275edf96-6233-416c-952a-ca5ebc68ade6/language-en/format-PDF/source-199724795&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;claims that an ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) could not be found (bottom of page 18), and then proceeds to outline the case for banning it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="97" LastActivityDate="2021-04-14T18:23:49.887" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26064" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-15T15:29:33.447" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am given different CT perfusion maps like cerebral blood flow (CBF) or mean transit time (MTT). Given these 3D images, I have to produce predictions using machine learning algorithms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can you explain how these perfusion maps are produced (input and output)? I just need a general overview from a medical POV.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is my understanding correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;inject contrast material in the patient&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;perform CT scan, the output is a 4D dimensional image with x, y, z and time axis. The time axis shows how the blood flows during the k seconds of the scan.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;reduce the 4D image into a 3D image with some computations to produce MTT, CBF, ...&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The medical practitioner analyzes the different maps (MTT, CBF, ...) and looks at different window settings (stroke window, brain window, ...)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21836" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T15:29:33.447" Title="How are CT scans (perfusion maps) produced?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;ct-scans&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26065" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-15T16:33:49.587" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;For example, for someone who has donated a kidney, do they have either a higher or lower risk of kidney stones developing in their single kidney than someone with two kidneys?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-04-15T19:09:51.813" LastActivityDate="2021-04-15T19:09:51.813" Title="Is the risk of kidney stones different in people with only a single kidney?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;organ-donation&gt;&lt;kidney-stones&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26069" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-15T23:47:18.563" Score="0" ViewCount="14" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am currently conducting a research project on the diagnostic tools currently used for Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) suspected patients. As this is rare genetical disorder, there aren't many tools established in this field.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering if anyone had any recent and new screening methods found for this disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21840" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T13:32:56.137" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T13:32:56.137" Title="What are the current diagnostic tools for screening CMMRD?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;disease&gt;&lt;diagnostics&gt;&lt;diagnosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26070" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-16T09:41:45.173" Score="0" ViewCount="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamizole&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dyprione/Metamizole&lt;/a&gt; is common as the active ingredient of analgesics - in some countries. It also has some adverse potential side effects, such as agranulocytosis (or more specifically &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Neutropenia&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there studies of the deterioration of the positive and negative effects of Dyprione-based analgesics stored for long periods of time (e.g. similar to the US FDA shelf-life extension program)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2021-04-16T09:41:45.173" Title="Studies of Dyprione effects after long storage period?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;analgesics&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26073" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-16T21:34:00.190" Score="-2" ViewCount="95" Body="&lt;p&gt;What are the senses of 'spike protein' in the context of sars-cov-2? Please give me an idea of how many 'spike proteins' in each sense there would be per spike, and per virus, to help me get an idea of what exactly is being referred to in each sense of the phrase.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are some actual examples:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/moderna-pfizer-vaccines-blood-clots-inflammation-brain-heart/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/moderna-pfizer-vaccines-blood-clots-inflammation-brain-heart/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The injected spike protein was also found in the lung, spleen, kidney and liver of the mice. [The protein here is clearly more than one molecule.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Spike-Proteins.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Spike-Proteins.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The viral envelope of coronaviruses is typically made up of three proteins that include the membrane protein (M), the envelope protein (E), and the spike protein (S). [The protein here is clearly more than one molecule.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-what-is-a-spike-protein&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-what-is-a-spike-protein&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Members of the coronavirus family have sharp bumps that protrude from the surface of their outer envelopes. Those bumps are known as spike proteins.[Sounds like individual molecules are being referred to this time. By the way, &amp;quot;sharp&amp;quot; is flat wrong, no pun intended, since the bumps are not pointed and hence &amp;quot;spike&amp;quot; is a bit of a misnomer. &amp;quot;Stud&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;knob&amp;quot; would seem to make much more sense and indeed they are often referred to as &amp;quot;studs&amp;quot;.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://globalbiodefense.com/2020/12/22/what-is-the-spike-protein-and-why-are-mutations-on-it-important/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://globalbiodefense.com/2020/12/22/what-is-the-spike-protein-and-why-are-mutations-on-it-important/&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;The spike protein is composed of a linear chain of 1,273 amino acids, neatly folded into a structure, which is studded with up to 23 sugar molecules. Spike proteins like to stick together and three separate spike molecules bind to each other to form a functional &amp;quot;trimeric&amp;quot; unit.['up to'? Wouldn't it be a different molecule if it had a different number of 'studs'? The spike molecule is one and the spike molecule is three? Doesn't the spike molecule have a unique name? How about I coin one: 'the thousand two hundred seventy-three plus sugars molecule'? But it does sound like individual molecules are being referred to.]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplomer&lt;/a&gt; &amp;quot;Peplomer (sic)[Gr. peplos = robe, (woman’s) dress + Gr. meros = part] (also called a spike) is one of the knoblike structures (spikes), generally composed of glycoproteins (spike protein (sic)), projecting from the lipid bilayer of the surface envelope of an enveloped virus.&amp;quot; but on the side of the same part of the page is the image of a single peplomer (correct me if I'm wrong) &lt;a href=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_Spike_Protein_%2849583626473%29.jpg/330px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_Spike_Protein_%2849583626473%29.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_Spike_Protein_%2849583626473%29.jpg/330px-Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_Spike_Protein_%2849583626473%29.jpg&lt;/a&gt; which is captioned: &amp;quot;3D print of the peplomers (sic) of SARS-CoV-2&amp;quot;. [glycoproteins are spike protein?; a single peplomer is peplomers? Also, I see six colors in that peplomer. How does that fit with it being a 'trimer']&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21794" LastEditorUserId="21794" LastEditDate="2021-04-30T17:53:02.563" LastActivityDate="2021-04-30T17:53:02.563" Title="How many protein molecules are being referred to in &quot;there is a protein on the end of each spike of the sars-cov-2 virus&quot;?" Tags="&lt;sars-cov-2&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26074" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-16T23:28:41.333" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is medical training rather uniform around the world?  Or are there significant differences between the training provided to doctors depending on the geographic region or country?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, does a medical doctor trained in France have similar training to one trained in Iran?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there are substantial differences, is there any sort of chart, guide, or even ranking to understand these differences?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2021-04-16T23:28:41.333" Title="Is medical training rather uniform or variable around the world?" Tags="&lt;medical-training&gt;&lt;qualifiy-certify&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26075" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26049" CreationDate="2021-04-17T00:25:24.590" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of April 16, 2021, information about blood clots in people vaccinated with the Sputnik V and the CanSino COVID-19 vaccines come from news articles and press releases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here is a link to an April 14, 2021 article in MedExpress that discusses the Sputnik V vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-04-russia-sputnik-vaccine-blood-clots.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-04-russia-sputnik-vaccine-blood-clots.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A statement from the state-run Gamaleya Research Institute, which developed Sputnik V vaccine, is quoted as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“A comprehensive analysis of adverse events during clinical trials and over the course of mass vaccinations with the Sputnik V vaccine showed that there were no cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;An April 14, 2021 article in the South China Morning Post discusses blood clots for the CanSino vaccine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3129553/covid-19-vaccines-chinas-cansino-distances-itself-blood-clot&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3129553/covid-19-vaccines-chinas-cansino-distances-itself-blood-clot&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The articles quotes CanSino Biologics, manufacturer of the vaccine, as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“In a filing to the Hong Kong stock exchange, the company said no serious adverse events related to blood clots had been reported among the almost 1 million doses of its COVID-19 vaccine that had been administered to date.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Based on past experience with surveillance of potential adverse effects of new drugs and vaccines, one must anticipate that information about blood clots for all of the COVID-19 vaccines will evolve (and change).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastActivityDate="2021-04-17T00:25:24.590" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26076" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-17T01:27:19.130" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;It was my understanding that the reason why some people suffered serious effects from a COVID19 infection is that their immune system over-reacted to the disease, causing havoc all over.  Why doesn't the vaccine --- which stimulates the creation of COVID19 antibodies --- similarly cause the immune system to over-react in the same way among those who would be susceptible to immunological over-reaction?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21845" LastActivityDate="2021-04-17T01:27:19.130" Title="Why do the COVID vaccines not cause the body's immune system to over-react?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26077" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-17T02:40:41.257" Score="1" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;When measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer (BP cuff), you listen for Korotkoff sounds caused by turbulent blood flow through the artery. They appear as beating noises. Is this beating noise correlated with the pulse? Is the frequency the same?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21846" LastActivityDate="2021-05-15T08:50:34.970" Title="Is the frequency of Korotkoff beats equal to the pulse rate?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26079" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-17T15:53:00.247" Score="0" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question arose out of a discussion about fasting during Ramadan. Which, if you are not aware, involves abstaining from eating and drinking between dawn and dusk. Something which can be quite difficult in the summer time if you live far away from the equator. Particularly concerning is the effects of dehydration. I am interested in knowing how to ameliorate the effects of not drinking water for as much as 20 hours a day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It occurs to me that the digestive process itself might consume a significant amount of water and that it might be beneficial if the persons observing the fast not eat very much in the short period of time they are allowed to.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But it's just a wild stab in the dark, I am by no means an expert, so I am looking for refutation or confirmation from an expert. Google searches have yielded nothing with all the results being about whether it's OK to drink water with meals. So here we are.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just to be clear when I say digestive process I mean the processing of food to extract nutrients in the stomach and intestines, not the subsequent conversion of those nutrients to ATP in the cells (which I understand creates water).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I assume (perhaps wrongly) that the production of bile and stomach acid requires water, some of which will be lost during their interaction with the food and the body won't have a use for everything that enters the bloodstream from the digestive tract and some waste will have to be excreted as urine, causing water loss&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21847" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-28T23:10:04.757" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T23:10:04.757" Title="Does the digestive process in humans consume water?" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;digestion&gt;&lt;water&gt;&lt;fasting&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26080" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26079" CreationDate="2021-04-17T18:25:24.753" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;When plants photosynthesize, the net reactions are to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen, using energy from the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When animals and other aerobic organisms obtain usable energy from sugars and other compounds, the net outcome is the inverse: turning sugars and oxygen into water and carbon dioxide.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, humans are net &lt;em&gt;producers&lt;/em&gt; of water through digestion. See &lt;a href=&quot;https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/74561&quot;&gt;this Biology.SE Q&amp;amp;A&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_water&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: metabolic water&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course water is also used and lost by animals in many ways: it's used in anabolic reactions (just like in plants), used to cool through sweat, excrete waste through urine, etc, and a lot is lost in respiration. There's also a lot of water used in the digestive process, it's just that it is ordinarily reabsorbed in the digestive tract (failure to reabsorb this water causes &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;diarrhea&lt;/a&gt;). Therefore, over a span of days it is necessary to intake some additional water beyond that which is obtained through metabolism to replace what is lost.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-04-17T18:25:24.753" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26081" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-18T03:10:44.427" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;If someone at the time of death has high measured oxygen saturation (eg 98%) is it still possible that they died of asphyxiation? In other words, does death via asphyxiation always kill by reducing oxygen saturation?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14910" LastActivityDate="2021-04-18T06:10:29.053" Title="Can someone die of asphyxiation while still having high oxygen saturation?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;death&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26082" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-18T05:33:42.307" Score="1" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a little bit of Panic for Actemra 400 mg Injection in India these days but I see that Actemra 162 mg is available. If in an unfortunate situation one cannot find Actemra 400mg dose can monitored multiple dose of Actemra 162 mg along with 80mg dose used under the supervision of doctor? If any doctor here can answer the same that would be great!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21848" LastActivityDate="2021-04-18T05:33:42.307" Title="Alternative to Actemra 400 mg" Tags="&lt;injections&gt;&lt;arthritis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26083" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-18T05:44:27.590" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;Mechanical issues aside, the process of human reproduction involves a very large number of sperm meeting an egg. It would seem then that given conception can either fail before, during, or after the fertilization phase (there is no fourth option), there are only two logical causes of failure to conceive, failure to fertilize (before/during) and failure of the zygote post-fertilization (after). Which of these two options is dominant in typical failure to conceive? Asked another way, statistically speaking (as of course every case is different), for couples struggling to conceive, is the issue generally that the egg does not fertilize, or that the egg does fertilize but fails to develop, akin to a very early miscarriage?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2021-04-18T05:44:27.590" Title="Is the ultimate cause of failure to conceive generally early miscarriage?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;&lt;fertility&gt;&lt;conceive-conception&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26084" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26081" CreationDate="2021-04-18T06:10:29.053" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes, it is absolutely possible. There are several poisons, most notably cyanide, which interfere with the body's ability to take up or use oxygen from the blood, despite it being present in ample amounts to otherwise support life. This is known as &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histotoxic_hypoxia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;histotoxic hypoxia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As an example, a telltale sign of cyanide poisoning is a flushing of the skin, turning deep red over time. This is caused by veins, which typically carry oxygen-deficient blood, carrying oxygen-rich blood as the cells are unable to use the oxygen before arteries become veins at the capillaries. Cyanide interferes with one of the enzymes, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cytochrome c oxidase&lt;/a&gt;, involved in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;electron transport chain&lt;/a&gt; and ultimately responsible for producing &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ATP&lt;/a&gt;. Without this step in the electron transport chain, ATP production slows to a halt, and so does the consumption of oxygen, so many victims of cyanide poisoning have close to 100% blood oxygen saturation at their time of death.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="11" LastActivityDate="2021-04-18T06:10:29.053" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26085" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-18T10:17:38.183" Score="1" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;There was some news, possibly based on &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/a9jdq/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; paper, that the risk of thrombosis caused by COVID-19 is supposedly 10 times higher than that of &amp;quot;vaccination&amp;quot;. To me this conclusion seems flawed in two ways:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The paper talks only about mRNA vaccines while the one that is mainly suspected of causing blood clots (AstraZeneca) is not an mRNA vaccine as far as I know.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The paper compares the risk in confirmed COVID-19 cases with the risk in the general population (because everyone gets the vaccine). Isn't that a huge Bayesian fallacy? The probability of getting a blood clot from the vaccine should be compared to the probability of getting a blood clot from COVID-19 &lt;em&gt;times the probability of getting COVID-19&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21849" LastActivityDate="2021-04-18T10:17:38.183" Title="How does the thrombosis risk of COVID compare to that of the vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26086" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26100" CreationDate="2021-04-18T14:44:26.130" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;Could one devise a first image that contained a &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; sub-image where said sub-image is such that colorblind people would typically have an easier time seeing said sub-image embedded within said first image than a normally sighted person&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Can i hide a picture of my cat inside another picture so that only my colorblind son could see the cat, as a way to empower him?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21850" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T14:54:26.530" Title="Can colorblind people see any types of images that normally sighted people have a hard time with?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;vision&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26087" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-18T16:53:13.570" Score="1" ViewCount="61" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=india+covid+cases&amp;amp;oq=india+covid+cases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=india+covid+cases&amp;amp;oq=india+covid+cases&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/we16M.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/we16M.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why have so few people received a second dose of the vaccine COVID-19 in India?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I've searched for &amp;quot;india second dose vaccine&amp;quot; without any success.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastActivityDate="2021-04-22T06:36:51.107" Title="Why have so few people received a second dose of the vaccine COVID-19 in India?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26092" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-19T12:08:29.777" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've found several contradicting answers to this question from several sources. Below are a few examples. The website everydayhealth.com and a research published on ncbi.nlm.nih.gov mention a link between weight gain and oral steroids while getasthmahelp.org mentioned the opposite.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asthma and Weight Gain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Weight gain can be an unfortunate side effect of oral steroids, taken in pill or inhaler form to treat asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is a proven link between weight gain and oral steroids, says&#xA;Christine Gerbstadt, MD, RD, registered dietitian and spokesperson for&#xA;the American Dietetic Association. The reason? “Steroids simply&#xA;increase your appetite,” says Dr. Gerbstadt, adding that steroids&#xA;raise blood glucose levels and cause other metabolic changes that not&#xA;only put the patient at risk of gaining weight, but perhaps even&#xA;developing diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.everydayhealth.com/asthma/asthma-and-weight-gain.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.everydayhealth.com/asthma/asthma-and-weight-gain.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...the use of corticosteroids has been linked to high incidence of weight gain...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562111/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562111/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Q: Will I gain weight by taking inhaled steroids or steroid tablets?&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;A: NO. Your inhaler contains such a low dose of steroids that it will not make you put on weight. Sometimes steroid tablets can make you feel hungry, and eating more will make you start to gain weight. The tablets themselves don't make you gain, so eat your normal amounts while you take them and you should be fine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Source:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://getasthmahelp.org/kids-faq.aspx&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://getasthmahelp.org/kids-faq.aspx&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16786" LastEditorUserId="16786" LastEditDate="2021-04-28T11:05:40.427" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T11:05:40.427" Title="Does inhaled corticosteroids as a treatment for asthma result in weight gain?" Tags="&lt;weight&gt;&lt;body-fat&gt;&lt;asthma&gt;&lt;steroids&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26096" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-20T08:42:41.040" Score="1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have heard many times, for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes-diet-soda&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in HealthLine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://patient.info/news-and-features/can-diet-drinks-cause-type-2-diabetes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;in Patient Info&lt;/a&gt; that diet soft drinks can be just as bad as sugary soft drinks when it comes to risk of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also reading what &lt;strong&gt;seems to be&lt;/strong&gt; conflicting information such as &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.diabetes.org.uk/guide-to-diabetes/enjoy-food/what-to-drink-with-diabetes&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this article from DiabetesUK&lt;/a&gt; which suggest drinking diet or light versions of hot chocolate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the status of diet drinks and diabetes risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T08:42:41.040" Title="Diet soft drinks and Diabetes" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26097" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-20T08:45:27.973" Score="0" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;With &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/26096/7951&quot;&gt;Diet soft drinks and Diabetes&lt;/a&gt; I have heard that aspartame is one of those risks, which has led to bans in some countries, and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sustainweb.org/news/nov20-calls-to-ban-aspartame/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;calls for it to be banned here in the UK&lt;/a&gt;, so is there a risk with stevia, saccharine or other sweeteners used in foods as sugar substitute?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/12254/7951&quot;&gt;Does aspartame cause the body to absorb more sugar?&lt;/a&gt; talks about the possibility of increased sugar absorption and &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/46/7951&quot;&gt;Are artificial sweeteners safe?&lt;/a&gt; asks about cancer risks but neither ask or answer specifically about risk of diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-04-20T08:50:56.057" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T08:50:56.057" Title="Sweeteners and Diabetes Risk" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-2-diabetes&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;sweeteners&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26098" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-20T09:38:17.370" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Half of prostate cancer screening patients are given false positive results using the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/psa-test/about/pac-20384731&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PSA test&lt;/a&gt; according to estimates (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Schröder et al. 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The rate of overdiagnosis of prostate cancer (defined as the diagnosis in men who would not have clinical symptoms during their lifetime) has been estimated to be as high as 50% in the screening group.&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; Consistent estimates of overdiagnosis (a third of cancers detected on screening) have also been obtained by identifying potentially indolent prostate cancers on the basis of clinical and pathological characteristics.&lt;sup&gt;31-33&lt;/sup&gt; Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are probably the most important adverse effects of prostate-cancer screening and are vastly more common than in screening for breast, colorectal, or cervical cancer. &lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/guide/prostate-cancer-digital-rectal-exam&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;digital rectal exam (DRE)&lt;/a&gt; but there are concerns within some groups that this can create false negatives (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0765-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Jones et al. 2018&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The PSA test seems to have been available since 1987 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198710083171501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stamey et al. 1987&lt;/a&gt;), and seemingly DREs started from an earlier time (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.169.2.3140290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Torp-Pedersen, et al. 1988&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;With PSA tests producing so many false positives, that induces worry in many men who don't necessarily need to, and the false negatives with DREs are definitely unwanted.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has a more reliable test been developed for diagnostic screening for prostate cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Jones, D., Friend, C., Dreher, A., Allgar, V., &amp;amp; Macleod, U. (2018). The diagnostic test accuracy of rectal examination for prostate cancer diagnosis in symptomatic patients: a systematic review. &lt;em&gt;BMC family practice, 19&lt;/em&gt;(1), 1-6. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0765-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0765-y&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Schröder, F. H., Hugosson, J., Roobol, M. J., Tammela, T. L., Ciatto, S., Nelen, V., ... &amp;amp; Auvinen, A. (2009). Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. &lt;em&gt;New England journal of medicine, 360&lt;/em&gt;(13), 1320-1328. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810084&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810084&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Stamey, T. A., Yang, N., Hay, A. R., McNeal, J. E., Freiha, F. S., &amp;amp; Redwine, E. (1987). Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. &lt;em&gt;New England Journal of Medicine, 317&lt;/em&gt;(15), 909-916. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198710083171501&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198710083171501&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Torp-Pedersen, S. T., Littrup, P. J., Lee, F., &amp;amp; Mettlin, C. (1988). Early prostate cancer: diagnostic costs of screening transrectal US and digital rectal examination. &lt;em&gt;Radiology, 169&lt;/em&gt;(2), 351-354. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.169.2.3140290&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.169.2.3140290&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T09:38:17.370" Title="Reliability of Prostate Cancer Screening" Tags="&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;&lt;enlarged-prostate-bph&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26099" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-20T10:00:45.130" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the maximum amount of toothpaste an adult can safely use when brushing his or her teeth, and why? The person brushes his or her teeth and rinses out the mouth thoroughly after, once a day (just before bed).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit after the question was closed as a duplicate: the duplicate question has answers that seem to clearly indicate that there any amount of toothpaste of toothpaste can be used by an adult when brushing his or her teeth, as long as the toothpaste is not swallowed but rather spat out after use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21794" LastEditorUserId="21794" LastEditDate="2021-04-22T17:12:20.780" LastActivityDate="2021-04-22T17:12:20.780" Title="What is the maximum amount of toothpaste an adult can safely use when brushing his or her teeth?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-04-20T14:15:52.347" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26100" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26086" CreationDate="2021-04-20T14:54:26.530" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yep, in fact there is a '&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.moillusions.com/reverse-color-blindness-test/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reverse Color Blind Test&lt;/a&gt;' that is difficult for normal sighted people to pass but is relatively easy for colorblind people to pass. Here's an example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YaoEG.gif&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/YaoEG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;BTW, the word is &amp;quot;NO&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21861" LastActivityDate="2021-04-20T14:54:26.530" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26102" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-20T22:02:28.783" Score="1" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've heard that using cough during heart attacks as an improvised CPR &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/emergency-treatment-of-cardiac-arrest/cough-cpr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;is a complete myth&lt;/a&gt;. (&lt;strong&gt;Important note disproving self-CPR&lt;/strong&gt;: CPR shall not be performed on conscious people.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is what are the proper actions and tactics for self-aid during a heart attack? Is any form of self-&lt;del&gt;CPR&lt;/del&gt; &lt;strong&gt;aid&lt;/strong&gt; a thing? How effective is it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20945" LastEditorUserId="20945" LastEditDate="2021-04-21T15:17:20.693" LastActivityDate="2021-04-21T15:17:20.693" Title="What is the proper self-aid during a heart attack?" Tags="&lt;heart-disease&gt;&lt;first-aid&gt;&lt;heart-attack&gt;&lt;self-help&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26105" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-21T07:14:57.613" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;There an age old movie (Atlantis: the lost empire 2001) that a doctor/medic as a character. He sometimes performs some kind of neck cracking/straightening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ever since I've first see it, about in the early 2010s, I've been wondering what it's called. Here's a clip of him performing it about at 0:26±5 seconds&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/UMv9TbwzjpY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/UMv9TbwzjpY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Anyone know what's the medical, physiotherapeutic or technical term for this action?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'd be super thankful, if you'd help me!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks a lot in advance,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Marcus&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21865" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T04:18:39.580" Title="What is the technical term for this neck straightening/crack?" Tags="&lt;physiotherapy&gt;&lt;neck&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26107" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26087" CreationDate="2021-04-21T16:56:43.053" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Look at the graph carefully. In the second week of March less than half of 50M have been vaccinated. It is April's third week and if you look carefully almost as many people who had to take a second jab seem to have taken it. Majority of first shots have been taken in the end of March so we need to check the data at the end of April i.e after a month because that is the recommended gap between the two shots. Moreover the vaccine is said to have been made free of cost at government hospitals. Dr.Reddy's a reputed pharma company reported that SputnikV shall be arriving very soon into India. The graph should go up soon.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There were some issues though:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The only two vaccines that had been granted emergency use authorization by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/FAQsforHCWs%26FLWs.pdf&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiM6L6BnpHwAhWg7XMBHW2iBMcQFjAOegQIGBAC&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0-IfYugOSN6waixYUF7C3O&amp;amp;cshid=1619073334574&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Central Drugs Standard Control Organization&lt;/a&gt; (CDSCO) in India are Covishield® (AstraZeneca's vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin® (manufactured by Bharat Biotech Limited). &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; you can read about the latest developments.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both these vaccines were not trusted by the public. Blood clotting side effect of Astra-Zeneca and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-01-14/india-begins-covid-19-vaccinations-amid-doubts-over-drug?_amp=true&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;because Covaxin wasn't put through the final trial phase before allowing it's use&lt;/a&gt;. One of the very esteemed &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/i-would-not-take-the-vaccine-without-efficacy-data-gagandeep-kang/article33527186.ece/amp/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;scientists&lt;/a&gt; also denied taking the Covaxin because of the lack of efficacy data.&#xA;Bharat Biotech recently provided efficacy data and the public might've started trusting it since then and hence the recent surge in first vaccine shots.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;It was recently &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-huge-vaccine-wastage-by-states-till-april-11-most-in-tamil-nadu-rti-shows-2417643%3famp=1&amp;amp;akamai-rum=off&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; that a huge number of COVID vaccines were wasted. Some news articles like &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.livemint.com/news/india/why-6-5-of-coronavirus-vaccine-doses-in-india-are-going-to-waste/amp-11615993563664.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; explain why this is happening.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21868" LastEditorUserId="21868" LastEditDate="2021-04-22T06:36:51.107" LastActivityDate="2021-04-22T06:36:51.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26108" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-21T17:21:51.090" Score="1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm gonna be honest here, I'm writing a story where a guy has the classical evil red eyes you can find everywhere, and I want to base it in science. I've thought about posting this on worldbuilding, but the subject itself is probably more appropreate here. I've come across Hyphema, which would be a perfect fit, but it either pools at the bottom or hinders your vision, then I found Rubeosis Iridis, which isn't &amp;quot;red enough&amp;quot; for me, and albinism doesn't work with the rest of the design. So, my question: is there any variant of these, or something else, that could realistically cause red eyes? I know it might be a dumb question, since in the end I could just suspend my own disbelief, but I know it'd bother me later, and asking here won't hurt.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21869" LastActivityDate="2021-04-21T17:21:51.090" Title="Hyphema type that doesn't pool?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;eye&gt;&lt;hemorrhage&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26109" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26077" CreationDate="2021-04-22T11:24:59.467" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As you correctly mentioned, Korotkoff sounds are caused by a turbulent flow wave, going through the artery - which, by definition, occurs when the heart muscle contracts. So yes, what you hear is the same as what you would feel when taking a pulse.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;em&gt;Additional note: in some cases peripheral pulse might not represent the exact heart beat (see &lt;a href=&quot;https://study.com/academy/lesson/pulse-deficit-definition-causes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;pulse deficit&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15382" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-05-15T08:50:34.970" LastActivityDate="2021-05-15T08:50:34.970" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26111" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-22T15:49:50.117" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;Around the world organizations that seek blood donations usually have a policy to discourage men who have sex with men (MSM) from donating blood. This is due to the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is reliant, of course, on those men reporting they have sex with men before donation to have themselves excluded.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men#List_of_estimated_HIV_infection_rates_by_country&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; I have found that an estimated 14% of MSM are infected with HIV but I haven't found information about how good the testing processes for donated blood happens to be to detect infected blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As pointed out in the comments, there are other sources of HIV infected blood. And, what about those who don't know they are infected?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Given current testing standards for donated blood, what are the chances of such a blood donation infecting the receiving person with the HIV?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="588" LastEditorUserId="588" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T09:52:30.547" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T17:04:40.383" Title="What would be the chances of catching HIV when getting a blood donation from a man who has sex with Men?" Tags="&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;&lt;blood-donation&gt;&lt;aids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26113" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-22T17:22:10.233" Score="0" ViewCount="39" Body="&lt;p&gt;What amount of standard over the counter fluoride toothpaste used by an adult when brushing his or her teeth provides the maximum protection against new cavities (formation of new dental caries)? In other words, at what point is there no benefit to increasing the amount to toothpaste used, assuming the user has an unlimited supply of free toothpaste and doesn't care how much toothpaste is inside his mouth when he or she is brushing his or her teeth, and brushes his or her teeth once a day, at bedtime, and spits out the toothpaste after and rinses the mouth twice with water after?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride#Ingestion&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride#Ingestion&lt;/a&gt; says that fluoride poisoning can kill an adult.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand:&#xA;&amp;quot;Toothpastes typically contain NaF or MFP, which are not able to get into your bloodstream unless they enter your intestine or an open wound in your mouth. If you rinse out your mouth after brushing and don't swallow any toothpaste, your exposure should be VERY little to none.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over the counter toothpastes typically contain 1000-1100 ppm available fluoride. The amount of fluoride in tap water varies from city to city and state to state although the CDC currently recommends a fluoride level of 0.7-1.2 ppm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When taking these things into account, the fluoride in toothpaste is a TOPICAL application and your exposure is negligible if you spit it out since it doesn't leech into your mucousa. The fluoride in water is SYSTEMIC, and is safe by the scientific literature that has been published through meta analysis (which is the top position in the hierarchy of scientific evidence).&amp;quot; says &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/profile/Geoff-Skinner&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.quora.com/profile/Geoff-Skinner&lt;/a&gt; who is a &amp;quot;Dentist and Dental Boards Expert&amp;quot;, according to Quora.com.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21794" LastEditorUserId="21794" LastEditDate="2021-04-22T19:49:47.690" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T20:28:00.593" Title="What amount of standard fluoride toothpaste used by an adult when brushing his or her teeth provides the maximum protection against new cavities?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;fluoride&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26114" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-22T20:23:59.560" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that anti-TNF therapy (infliximab) induces apoptosis of macrophages [1] and monocytes [2].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By what mechanism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Suggests this is via &amp;quot;intracellular signalling&amp;quot; but that is rather vague and I haven't been able to find further detail on the exact pathway&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1:&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641091&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15641091&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2: &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11677207/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11677207/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15135" LastActivityDate="2021-04-22T20:23:59.560" Title="How does anti-TNF therapy induce apoptosis of macrophages?" Tags="&lt;white-blood-count&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26120" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-23T14:33:42.837" Score="1" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Well, I'm a student and have many interesting things to learn, but not enough time. So, one thing I'm trying is that I pick one of the things that I really want to learn, but can't make time for, then the moment alarm rings I resume the video that I setup to learn at night. Then I'm on screen for like 15-20mins.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This style not only gets the thing done, but also motivates me to wake up in the morning. But I'm worried if it may damage my eyes since they are getting exposed to these radiations immediately after a long period of relaxation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be of immense help if you could give me some information regarding this concern. Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21881" LastActivityDate="2021-04-23T14:33:42.837" Title="Is it safe to see smartphone first thing in the morning?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;safety&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-04-23T15:00:21.667" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26121" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-24T01:06:27.873" Score="1" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;We know that cleaning lungs from Microorganisms in Covid-19 patients is hard. But In Weightlessness materials easily move around. So could Artificial Weightlessness help doctors for safer and more efficient cleaning lung from Microorganism?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21883" LastEditorUserId="21883" LastEditDate="2021-04-24T01:22:40.910" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T01:22:40.910" Title="Can Weightlessness help cleaning lungs from Microorganism in Covid-19 patients?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-04-24T04:18:28.640" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26124" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26126" CreationDate="2021-04-24T16:51:25.953" Score="4" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently learnt that vaccine basically involves making the body ready by informing it the structure of spike protiens the virus has before hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why are we not able to do this for HIV. What's so differnt about it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T18:55:55.123" Title="Why is it so difficult to develop vaccine for HIV?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;hiv&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26126" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26124" CreationDate="2021-04-24T18:47:41.510" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) positive means a person has an infection not a disease. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is caused if infected by HIV.&#xA;Before we dig into why making a vaccine for HIV is so difficult, let's learn more about what it does to our body so our understanding is better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The issue is that HIV attack nothing but the immunity providing cells.&#xA;The cell meditated immunity of a HIV positive human gradually depletes and makes the human prone to multitudes of infections. The human succumbs to these infections and dies, not just because of HIV. The human can be expected to live for about 10 years before a simple or a horrible infection/cancer takes over and kills the human.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now you might wonder, cancer? How can HIV cause cancer?&#xA;Yeah, so your immune cells kill cancer cells as well. Cancer is nothing but our own body cells going out of control and causing havoc inside our body. Usually cancer cells are quickly detected by our immune cells and destroyed thus protecting us from cancer. But when HIV causes reduced cell meditated immunity, cancer risks are the highest.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HIV is like the mafia of the most horrible viruses according to me. It can pass through the mother's placenta (which is known to be like the most high level security zone in non-medical terms) during pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So with all this, it is pretty clear that HIV is no ordinary virus. It's strong.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So let's get to why it is a difficult task to formulate a vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Vaccines mimic immunological response from recovered individuals. And since AIDS patients mostly succumb to death it is an issue to actually formulate a vaccine for such a virus.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Our immune cells are pretty much blind to it. The mechanism of this smart virus is to hide inside the body of our immune cells and grow a factory that replicates more viral stuff. The virus can have a characteristically long incubation period and hence be toughest to even detect by our immune cells before symptoms suddenly appear.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-attenuated organisms; killed HIV-1 does not retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus vaccine raises safety issues.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used direct references and added some touch of my own to this answer. If anyone wants to read the original+detailed version please see the following:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV vaccine - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HIV &amp;amp; AIDS - Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are not so used to reading complicated medicine related stuff, I found this article from a reputed source that you can read and comprehend easily and I'm linking it &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/vaccine-how-close-are-we#goals&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; so that any random visitors to the site with similar questions can understand it too.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21868" LastEditorUserId="21868" LastEditDate="2021-04-24T18:55:55.123" LastActivityDate="2021-04-24T18:55:55.123" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26129" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-26T05:00:35.113" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;When a patient is diagnosed with a huge trigeminal schwannoma for example and undergoes a surgery to remove it, what happens exactly to the area where the tumor was growing?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since schwannomas grow in the sheaths of nerves, this means the sheaths keep expanding more and more. When the surgery is done to remove the tumor, does the surgeon remove the expanded part of the sheath? or is the expanded sheath kept intact and it starts shrinking again on its own?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21632" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T05:00:35.113" Title="What happens after removing a schwannoma tumor?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;mri&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26130" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-26T08:21:56.780" Score="1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;In Germany, there is no official endorsement of COVID mRNA vaccines for pregnant women and nursing mothers due to a lack of study data. Still, professional societies generally recommend considering the vaccines for this population, as there is no known harmful mechanism for those vaccines that would be concerning, and the benefits would vastly outweigh any &amp;quot;theoretical risk&amp;quot;. I was, however, unable to find any sources on what these &amp;quot;theoretical risks&amp;quot; could be, aside from &amp;quot;something happens we had no idea could happen&amp;quot;. The mRNA surely isn't gonna cause problems. Are there any known theoretical risks for any of the components, e.g. adverse effects only observed in high dosage etc.?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21896" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T08:21:56.780" Title="What are the &quot;theoretical risks&quot; of COVID vaccines in mothers" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26131" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-26T09:57:54.283" Score="2" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;Often we see in news they say AstraZeneca is 95% effective, while Chinese vaccine is 50%. I have question how to interpret these numbers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that if you get vaccinated with AstraZeneca for example, then assuming above numbers, there is 5% chance &lt;strong&gt;you will get the virus?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also my question is do these percentages say anything about &lt;strong&gt;whether you will develop severe symptoms or not?&lt;/strong&gt; For example does it mean that when we say Chinese vaccine is 50% effective does it mean it will reduce the severity of symptoms on half (due to 50%)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21898" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T15:38:58.363" Title="what does 95% effectivenes mean for vaccines (covid)" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;effectiveness&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-04-26T15:45:08.007" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26133" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26131" CreationDate="2021-04-26T14:48:55.733" Score="1" Body="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Does this mean that if you get vaccinated with AstraZeneca for example, then assuming above numbers, there is 5% chance you will get the virus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No. {1} gives a clear example to understand the definition of what &amp;quot;AstraZeneca is 95% effective&amp;quot; mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A 95% vaccine efficacy means that instead of 1000 COVID-19 cases in a population of 100 000 without vaccine (from the placebo arm of the abovementioned trials, approximately 1% would be ill with COVID-19 and 99% would not) we would expect 50 cases (99.95% of the population is disease-free, at least for 3 months).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Regarding your second question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also my question is do these percentages say anything about whether you will develop severe symptoms or not? For example, does it mean that when we say Chinese vaccine is 50% effective does it mean it will reduce the severity of symptoms on half (due to 50%)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;No, the &amp;quot;95% vaccine efficacy&amp;quot; says nothing about whether one will develop severe symptoms. One can read the results of the trials to get numbers on how often participants developed severe symptoms (e.g., see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/01/pfizer-covid-vaccine-is-91percent-effective-in-updated-data-protective-against-south-african-variant.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/01/pfizer-covid-vaccine-is-91percent-effective-in-updated-data-protective-against-south-african-variant.html&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot;The shot was also 100% effective in preventing illness among trial participants in South Africa&amp;quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that this is the definition used in Pfizer and Moderna trials but nothing prevents someone else to change the definition. E.g. in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3odScka55A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3odScka55A&lt;/a&gt;, they use a definition of vaccine “efficacy rate” that focuses on the ability of the vaccine to prevent death or hospitalization, not necessarily symptoms or illness. In this context, the video argued that of the vaccines listed, all have the same 100% efficacy rate based on their clinical trials (but not necessarily real world settings.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;{1} What does 95% COVID-19 vaccine efficacy really mean?. Piero Olliaro. Published:February 17, 2021DOI:&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00075-X&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00075-X&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="43" LastEditorUserId="43" LastEditDate="2021-04-26T15:38:58.363" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T15:38:58.363" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26135" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-26T20:15:39.640" Score="0" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm given a vaccine requirement form. I have problem understanding the following requirement:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Td/Tdap: YES, substitute 1-time dose of Tdap for Td booster; then&#xA;boost with Td every 10 years&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On my imunization record, I find :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tdap Unspecified (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis): 12/18/2017&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can't quite understand if I meet the requirements here. With a quick research, I can see that Td is for adults only, while Tdap is for adolescent and adult. But I'm still having hard time to Understand what &amp;quot;substitute&amp;quot; means.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My understanding: I just need to have had a single shot of Tdap within the previous 10 years. so I'm good.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21906" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T21:21:40.120" Title="On Td/Tdap Vaccine requirement" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26136" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26135" CreationDate="2021-04-26T21:16:21.067" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/tdap.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Tdap&lt;/a&gt; is the tetanus+diptheria+pertussis vaccine, usually given to adolescents but some people miss it and get as an adult (may also vary by country, but see &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this CDC page for recommended vaccine ages in the US&lt;/a&gt;), and also to pregnant women.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/td.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Td&lt;/a&gt; is a tetanus+diptheria vaccine given as a booster, typically every 10 years or more frequently if there has been a recent wound/other higher risk exposure. It's not really that Td is for &amp;quot;adults only&amp;quot; but rather that if you are following the recommended schedule adults have had Tdap by the time they are adults, so they'll only be getting the booster, whereas adolescents have either not gotten Tdap so they'd be preferred for Tdap over Td, or they already got Tdap and won't typically need a booster as an adolescent because the inexorable passage of time means they will be adults by the time 10 years have passed. CDC guidance has no problem with Tdap being given instead of Td as a booster, though, if it's more available/convenient (the important bit is that people &lt;em&gt;get the Td booster part&lt;/em&gt;; it's not important that they avoid the pertussis part).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's common for employers to require employees to be up-to-date on these vaccinations because employers don't want to be liable for workers getting infected with tetanus due to an injury on the job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The first phrasing is pretty nonsensical English. The simplest interpretation is that they require being current on Td/Tdap, which would suggest having a Tdap sometime in the past and either Td or Tdap within the last 10 years. If someone has never had Tdap, then the recommendation would be to get Tdap (&amp;quot;substitute for&amp;quot;) one time only, and then to get Td every ten years after that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-04-26T21:21:40.120" LastActivityDate="2021-04-26T21:21:40.120" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26137" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-27T05:15:26.967" Score="1" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know that when a Rh- mother pregnant with Rh+ baby there might be a complication during the pregnancy, if the mother is sensitized to Rh+.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I have not found out any resource that states &lt;strong&gt;what happens when the reverse is true, the mother is Rh+ and the child is Rh-?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any risk?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21908" LastActivityDate="2021-04-27T05:15:26.967" Title="What happens when a Rh+ mother pregnant with Rh- baby?" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;blood-type&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26140" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="4125" CreationDate="2021-04-27T08:56:02.773" Score="-1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Ella Adoo Kissi-Deborah coroner's inquest determined that she died after an asthma attack that was caused by air pollution.  Air pollution is what is on her death certificate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The coroner's inquest in the death of Ella Adoo-Kisi-Deborah involved two of the leading respiratory consultants in the UK (Professor Sir Stephen Holgate &amp;amp; Professor Jonathan Grigg) who gave information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fairly unique to asthma sufferers, Ella was not allergic to anything; she had many allergy tests that returned negative.  Local authority air quality monitoring data showed that the air quality where Ella lived breached EU and UK air quality legal levels.  She was also tested for respiratory infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Asthma is caused only by allergens, dirty air or respiratory infections only (Holgate).  Both respiratory infections and the allergens were ruled out.  Dirty air was found where she lived, at her school and on her commute.  Therefore dirty air was the most likely likely cause of her fatal asthma attack because there was no other reason.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tissue samples were also analysed.  There have been air pollution chamber studies that show that the airway contracts in some asthma patients when they breathe in air pollution.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17422" LastEditorUserId="17422" LastEditDate="2021-04-27T12:39:58.587" LastActivityDate="2021-04-27T12:39:58.587" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26143" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-27T09:34:01.903" Score="3" ViewCount="28" Body="&lt;p&gt;Do Bradyarrhythmia &amp;amp; Bradycardia denote same abnormality or are there some finer differences between the two?? In text provided by my college, it appears bradycardia condition comes under the condition bradyarrhythmia..I tried searching about the difference between them but most sites do not offer a correct explanation..Kindly help!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21897" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T23:41:48.693" Title="Bradyarrhythmia &amp; Bradycardia- same or different?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;blood-circulation&gt;&lt;electrocardiogram&gt;&lt;cardiac-physiology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26144" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-27T11:08:57.630" Score="4" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here's an excerpt from a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dovepress.com/coronil-a-tri-herbal-formulation-attenuates-spike-protein-mediated-sar-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; published in &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Journal of Inflammation Research&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; by Dove Press for a popular and controversial herbal supplement from India:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Coronil effectively inhibited the interaction of ACE-2 not only with&#xA;the wild-type S protein (SWT) but also with its currently prevalent&#xA;and more infectious variant (SD614G) and another mutant (SW436R) with&#xA;significantly higher affinity toward ACE-2&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now assuming what the paper says is true, the herbal drug is mediating the interaction between spike protien and host cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In vaccination, the spike proteins are introduced to body through various methods, so that the immune system can interact with it and familiarize itself with the spike protein before hand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But if the herbal drug, as claimed, reduces the interaction of spike protein itself, then is it a possibility that the drug can interfere in the efficacy of vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-05-05T12:18:38.533" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T12:18:38.533" Title="Is there any data on herbal supplements interfering with the efficacy of vaccination?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;health-informatics&gt;&lt;covid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26146" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-27T19:21:20.190" Score="2" ViewCount="110" Body="&lt;p&gt;Recently, Danish health authorities including Denmark's SSI &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ssi.dk/vaccinationer/injektionsteknik/intramuskulaer-injektion-beorn-og-voksne&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;issued new guidelines for intramascular vaccination to be done &lt;strong&gt;with&lt;/strong&gt; aspiration&lt;/a&gt;, in case some of the vaccine-induced blood clot cases are due to injection into the bloodstream. Unfortunately, I have been unable to find any recent scientific sources on this. But I found that &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148587&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;thrombocytopenia has been consistently reported following the administration of adenoviral gene transfer vectors&lt;/a&gt;, and that &lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/81/9/4866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;downstream effects of platelet activation and aberrant initiation of coagulation upon intravenous adenovirus injection are dangerous&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand that with proper technique, one can with very high confidence perform an intramascular injection without using aspiration to confirm it. However, since the blood clot cases are very rare (on the order of 10&lt;sup&gt;−5&lt;/sup&gt;), I do not believe that we can exclude accidental errors as a potential cause, unless we have sufficient evidence that intravenous injection of the vaccines do not cause blood clots. Are there any experts that know of actual scientific studies on this matter?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21912" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-08T10:39:48.593" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T09:17:21.767" Title="Is there evidence that vaccine-related blood clots could be due to injection technique?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;hematology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26149" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-28T08:21:33.827" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;How does the Control Zone on Rapid Covid Tests work? The Test Zone reacts to covid cells, from what I understand. But to what reacts to Control Zone?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21918" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T08:21:33.827" Title="How does the Control Zone on Rapid Covid Tests work?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;test&gt;&lt;test-results&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26150" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-28T15:55:03.603" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I volunteer with kids a decent amount.  A little while ago my doctor recommended that I get the tetanus shot specifically due to the fact that I spend so much time around small children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At the time I didn't think to ask, but now I'm wondering why is the amount of time I spend around children relevant to my risk of tetanus?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="797" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T15:55:03.603" Title="Why does my volunteering with kids mean I should get a tetanus shot?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;tetanus-shot&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26151" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-28T16:45:48.687" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;A CDC/MMWR &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm?s_cid=mm7002e1_w&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; that made the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/cdc-says-severe-allergic-reactions-to-covid-vaccine-run-10-times-the-flu-shot-but-still-rare.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;news&lt;/a&gt; back in January found that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The CDC said there were 21 cases of anaphylaxis — a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination — out of the nearly 1.9 million people who received their first shot of Pfizer’s Covid-19 vaccine in mid- to late December, according to a study published in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on Wednesday.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That would mean roughly 11 people out of every million vaccinated would likely experience anaphylaxis, according to CDC data — roughly 10 times higher than the rate for the flu vaccine. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of the 21 people who experienced the severe allergic reactions [after the Covid-19 vaccine], 17 of them had a documented history of allergies or allergic reactions. Seven of those people had a history of anaphylaxis, the study found.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Has this rate of anaphylaxis reports been sustained in later months' data on the Pfizer vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(It makes some sense to ask in view of the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943880/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Weber effect&lt;/a&gt;, which is the observation that adverse events reports [relative to treatment administrations] sometimes decrease after an initial period of heightened vigilance.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-04-28T16:45:48.687" Title="Has the initially reported rate of anaphylaxis following the Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine been sustained in later data?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;anaphylaxis&gt;&lt;adverse-events&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26152" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-28T19:01:36.050" Score="2" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;What would be the impact of keeping the sample (nose swab) for 5 days before performing RT-PCR on it? If no, then is there a particular way of storing the sample.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there any standard set by the government, say in the USA, that defines the accepted method of performing RT-PCR that must be followed by Pathologists?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21919" LastEditorUserId="21919" LastEditDate="2021-04-30T19:36:47.307" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T00:46:16.230" Title="Will there be any error in the result if the sample taken for COVID-19 RT PCR test is kept for days before performing the test?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;blood-tests&gt;&lt;laboratory&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26153" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-29T05:51:46.007" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding of original antigenic sin, which I admit is minimal, is that with some pathogens, your immune system gets too focused on one variant and thus is wholly unprepared to deal with a future, similar infection.  Your immune system learns to fight one variant of Covid, and then when facing another variant, it reacts the same way.  But the antibodies for the first variant don't work on the second.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I ask because I recently watched &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/BNyAovuUxro&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Geert Vanden Bossche discuss the hypothesis with Bret Weinstein&lt;/a&gt;.  I saw him discuss it about a month ago on another channel as well, and he seemed like a crank, but the fact that Bret Weinstein takes him seriously is giving me second thoughts.  I don't want to just take his ideas as gospel, but I also haven't seen anyone debunk what he says.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So have there been any studies about original antigenic sin with regards to Covid-19 and the vaccine?  Does it even make sense consider it?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not an anti-vaxxer loon, I get my flu shot every year and if I ever have kids they'll get their childhood vaccines, please do not just discount me as yet another conspiracy theorist.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17856" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T05:51:46.007" Title="Covid-19 and Original Antigenic Sin" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26155" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26111" CreationDate="2021-04-29T16:15:20.197" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;TL;DR — The transmission of HIV through blood products is very rare, but examples have occurred in some low-income countries which lack the equipment to test all blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You said:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Around the world organizations that seek blood donations usually have a policy to discourage men who have sex with men (MSM) from donating blood. This is due to the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not entirely accurate. There have been blanket bans in the past with regard to MSM blood donations in the US and the UK.  I am unsure on the US, but in the UK the ban included women who have had sex recently with a man who has sex with men. However, there have been changes in the rules to remove restrictions &lt;strong&gt;in certain circumstances&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries have followed suit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Other countries have similarly amended MSM-specific restrictions on blood donation in the past decade, including Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Israel, Mexico, Peru, and South Africa. In 2016, France began allowing MSM to donate apheresis plasma under the same policy as other donors (ie, plasma from people with more than one recent sexual partner is quarantined for at least 2 months until the donor can return for HIV retesting). Then, in 2019, the country announced whole blood donation regulations would be aligned for gay and straight donors by 2022. In 2020, both Hungary and Brazil repealed bans on blood donation by MSM, with Brazil's Supreme Court ruling that such restrictions were unconstitutional (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30326-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Skelly, et al. 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Bans such as this rely on self-reporting donors, and the FAIR report on BBIs from MSM blood donation (which I talk about later - in the UK section) even covers the fact that there is non-compliance in positive donors reporting sex between men.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;HIV vs other blood borne infections (BBIs)&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The thing is, there are many other BBIs other than HIV which are a cause for concern for the Blood Transfusion teams around the world.  Among others, there is syphilis and hepatitis.  And, just like with these BBIs, &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/5261/how-do-you-get-infected-with-hiv&quot;&gt;there is more than one way to get HIV&lt;/a&gt; other than a man having sex with another man.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;What are the chances of receiving blood infected with BBIs&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avert — a UK-based charity that has been providing accurate and trusted information about HIV and sexual health worldwide for over 30 years — points out that in order to prevent transmission of BBIs, international health regulations require all blood products, such as organs or tissues, to be screened for a number of viral or bacterial contaminants before they are used.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;During the screening process any blood products which contain HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or syphilis will be disposed of.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This means that the transmission of HIV through blood products is very rare, but examples have occurred in some low-income countries which lack the equipment to test all blood (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/blood-transfusions-transplants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Avert, n.d.&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;In the US&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In 2015, US policy changed from a lifetime ban on donations (‘indefinite referral’) from any man who reported having sex with another man after 1977, to a 12-month deferral period. This means that men who last had sex with another man more than a year ago are eligible to donate blood, while men who have had sex more recently are not (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2020/no-increase-hiv-blood-donations-rules-gay-men-were-relaxed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;AIDS Map, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Referring to the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2020/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CROI 2020&lt;/a&gt;), there was a study (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Grebe, et al. 2020&lt;/a&gt;) which found that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;HIV incidence in first-time donors was similar before and after implementation of the 12-month MSM deferral, both overall and in males.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The residual risk of HIV transfusion transmission for components sourced from first-time donors was low and did not change significantly.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nhZPC.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/nhZPC.png&quot; alt=&quot;chart of incidence differences&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;image from page 50 of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.croiconference.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/resources/2020/ebook/croi2020-boston-abstract-ebook.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CROI 2020 Oral Abstracts PDF Book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Bivariable and multivariable Poisson regression models using data from the entire TTIMS period showed that MSM deferral policy was not a significant correlate of incidence, although male sex (risk ratio 5.0, 95% CI: 2.8–9.5), age 18-24 (RR: 4.3, 1.5–18.3), black race (RR: 10.1, 5.8–17.9), Hispanic ethnicity (RR: 2.6, 1.3–5.0) and Southern region (RR: 2.0, 1.4–7.9) were significant (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.croiconference.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/resources/2020/ebook/croi2020-boston-abstract-ebook.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;CROI 2020 Oral Abstract&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was concluded that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is no evidence that the implementation of a 12-month MSM deferral policy resulted in increased HIV incidence in, and therefore transfusion transmission risk from, first-time blood donors in the United States&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;In the UK&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The criteria that are used by the UK blood services to select blood donors on the basis of behaviours that may increase the risk of acquiring and transmitting blood borne infections (BBI) last underwent major review by SaBTO [Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs] in 2011. That review led to a change in selection criteria for potential blood donors who are men who have sex with men (MSM). The selection criteria were changed from a permanent deferral to a twelve month deferral from last sexual contact in England, Scotland and Wales Blood Services in 2011, and by The Northern Irish Blood Transfusion Service in 2016 (&lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/809909/sabto-donor-selection-criteria-report-2017-v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK Government, 2017&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In December last year, the UK Government announced &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-change-to-blood-donation-criteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;a further change in the rules to allow more gay and bisexual men to donate blood in the UK&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nat.org.uk/blog/changes-blood-donation-rules-explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National AIDS Trust, 2020&lt;/a&gt;) and the UK Government state that changes will take place by Summer 2021 and will have no impact on the safety of blood donated in the UK (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-change-to-blood-donation-criteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;UK Government 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) led a steering group called FAIR (For the Assessment of Individualised Risk).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FAIR membership includes representatives from the four UK blood services (NHS Blood and Transplant, Scotblood, the Welsh Blood Service and the Northern Ireland Blood Transfusion Service), Public Health England, Nottingham University, the National Aids Trust (NAT), Stonewall, Freedom to Donate, Terrence Higgins Trust (THT), and includes experts in epidemiology, virology and psychology and other key stakeholders (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/news-and-statements/fair-steering-group/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHSBT, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was set up to consider how risk could be assessed on a more individual basis when people go to donate blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;New criteria, based on findings from the FAIR report (&lt;a href=&quot;https://nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net/umbraco-assets-corp/21001/fair_sabto_20201211.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FAIR, 2020&lt;/a&gt;), focuses on individual behaviours, and lifts a blanket deferral for men who have had sex with men in the last 3 months.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The FAIR (For the Assessment of Individualised Risk) steering group has recently concluded that donors who have had the same sexual partner in the last three months and who don’t have an STI should be eligible to donate (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/news-and-statements/fair-steering-group/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NHSBT, 2020&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;AIDS Map (2020). &lt;em&gt;No increase in HIV in blood donations since rules for gay men were relaxed&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2020/no-increase-hiv-blood-donations-rules-gay-men-were-relaxed&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.aidsmap.com/news/mar-2020/no-increase-hiv-blood-donations-rules-gay-men-were-relaxed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Avert (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Blood transfusions &amp;amp; transplants and HIV&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/blood-transfusions-transplants&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/blood-transfusions-transplants&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;CROI (2020). &lt;em&gt;Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2020&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2020/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.croiconference.org/croi-2020/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;FAIR (2020). &lt;em&gt;Can donor selection policy move from a population-baseddonor selection policy to one based on a more individualised risk assessment? Conclusions from the For the Assessment of Individualised Risk (FAIR) group&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net/umbraco-assets-corp/21001/fair_sabto_20201211.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net/umbraco-assets-corp/21001/fair_sabto_20201211.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Grebe, E., Busch, M. P., Notari, E. P., Bruhn, R., Quiner, C., Hindes, D., ... &amp;amp; Custer, B. (2020). HIV incidence in US first-time blood donors and transfusion risk with a 12-month deferral for men who have sex with men. &lt;em&gt;Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 136&lt;/em&gt;(11), 1359-1367. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007003&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007003&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;National AIDS Trust (2020). &lt;em&gt;Changes to blood donation rules explained&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nat.org.uk/blog/changes-blood-donation-rules-explained&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nat.org.uk/blog/changes-blood-donation-rules-explained&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;NHSBT (2020). &lt;em&gt;Blood donor selection policy: the work of the FAIR steering group&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/news-and-statements/fair-steering-group/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/news-and-statements/fair-steering-group/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skelly, A. N., Kolla, L., Tamburro, M. K., &amp;amp; Bar, K. J. (2020). Science over stigma: the need for evidence-based blood donation policies for men who have sex with men in the USA. &lt;em&gt;The Lancet Haematology, 7&lt;/em&gt;(11), e779-e782. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30326-4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30326-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UK Government (2017). &lt;em&gt;Donor Selection Criteria Report (2017) Version 2&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/809909/sabto-donor-selection-criteria-report-2017-v2.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/809909/sabto-donor-selection-criteria-report-2017-v2.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UK Government (2020). &lt;em&gt;Landmark change to blood donation criteria&lt;/em&gt; [Press Release] &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-change-to-blood-donation-criteria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-change-to-blood-donation-criteria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T16:15:20.197" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26159" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-29T22:23:45.777" Score="1" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;It would be dangerous for the general public to provide advice on 'what they reckon' would be a good treatment or a good guideline for medical advice; and that has clearly caused problems in the past.  However, some of the major breakthroughs in medicine have occured by the non medical world (tribesmen knowing which plants to use, a sufferer identifying something that always solves their medical problem).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How can an individual seek to get an idea investigated as a potential treatment or seek a change in a particular guideline?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I understand how the principle of effectiveness and the do no harm principle affects what treatments and guidance are given but I also strongly believe that individuals can provide unique solutions themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17422" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T09:13:58.927" Title="How can an individual seek to get an idea investigated as a potential treatment, or seek a change in a particular guideline?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;guidelines&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26160" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26073" CreationDate="2021-04-29T23:35:06.247" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes.[54] Each spike is about 20 nm long and is composed of a trimer of the S protein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 subunit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a spike protein in its native conformation is a single protein consisting of a trimer of a 2-subunit dimer. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Quaternary structure&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; is a critical organizing feature of proteins, and it's typical to refer to a cluster of polypeptide chains as a single unit, and occasionally to refer to the individual components as separate proteins as well if they tend to function both together and separately. Anyone working in biology is familiar with this. Additionally, in case it isn't clear, a &amp;quot;protein&amp;quot; is not necessarily a covalently linked chain of atoms like a polypeptide chain is, but may instead be held together in part by hydrogen bonds or other intermolecular forces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Protein&amp;quot; is often used as an &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;uncountable noun&lt;/a&gt;, for example when talking about protein in diet when someone says a meal has &amp;quot;10 g protein&amp;quot; you do not infer they mean a single polypeptide weighing 10 grams. Like &amp;quot;fish&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;fishes&amp;quot;, plural &amp;quot;proteins&amp;quot; often refers to &amp;quot;multiple varieties of protein&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;multiple molecules&amp;quot;. In other cases, when it makes sense to count individual molecules, protein can also be used as a countable noun.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The injected spike protein was also found in the lung, spleen, kidney and liver of the mice&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This refers to multiple protein molecules (obviously), all of the same uncountable category (&amp;quot;spike protein&amp;quot;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The viral envelope of coronaviruses is typically made up of three proteins that include the membrane protein (M), the envelope protein (E), and the spike protein (S).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This refers to three types of protein that &amp;quot;make up&amp;quot; the viral envelope; that is, the viral envelope is made up of constituent parts of these types. The number is not specified, but you can safely assume it's used in the uncountable noun sense.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Members of the coronavirus family have sharp bumps that protrude from the surface of their outer envelopes. Those bumps are known as spike proteins&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each bump is, like written above, an individual trimer. The author here is using protein as a countable noun which nonetheless makes sense here because they are not talking about spike protein contained in some soup, but rather the individual &amp;quot;spikes&amp;quot; visible under a microscope that each consist of a single fully assembled spike protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The spike protein is composed of a linear chain of 1,273 amino acids, neatly folded into a structure, which is studded with up to 23 sugar molecules. Spike proteins like to stick together and three separate spike molecules bind to each other to form a functional &amp;quot;trimeric&amp;quot; unit&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Spike proteins are glycoproteins, so they aren't just an amino acid chain, they are modified with sugars. I infer from this sentence that there is some probability that the number of attached sugar molecules varies. It's still the same protein just like a boat is a boat no matter how many crew members you put on it. One can still assume that the function of the boat depends somewhat on the crew members yet it isn't a different boat if the crew is absent. This paragraph is clearly not written for an expert audience; someone is trying to describe the biology in terms for an interested but non-technical audience. That said, there's nothing wrong with them referring to both the individual polypeptide subunits as &amp;quot;spike protein&amp;quot; as well as the assembled trimer as &amp;quot;spike protein&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you wanted to be specific about the S1 and S2 subunits or the individual component molecules you would use specific language to do that, but it gets incredibly clunky in descriptive language to refer to biological molecules by long, complicated, definitive names, as well as clunky and confusing to create new names for each to keep them separate. You're probably familiar with other proteins referred to this way, for example you may be familiar with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;hemoglobin&lt;/a&gt;, the protein that assists in carrying oxygen in blood. Hemoglobin is a heterotetramer made out of two alpha and two beta subunits. HBA1 is a protein. HBA2 is a protein. HBB is a protein. Two HBA1 proteins with two HBB proteins together makes one hemoglobin protein.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-04-29T23:44:45.487" LastActivityDate="2021-04-29T23:44:45.487" CommentCount="10" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26161" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-04-30T02:23:44.860" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've been performing many web searches using combinations of the words &amp;quot;vaccine&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;vaccination&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;COVID-19&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;coronavirus&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;efficacy&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;effectiveness&amp;quot;, and have yet to find anything that provides an accurate answer to the following question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a vaccine manufacturer states that their vaccine is &amp;quot;95% effective&amp;quot;, does that mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A. 100% of people receiving the vaccine during studies developed antibodies from the vaccine, but 5% still got sick.  (Which, I think, would actually mean it is less than &amp;quot;95% effective&amp;quot; because not everyone would get exposed to the virus that causes the illness.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(or)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;B. 95% (or less) of the study participants receiving the vaccine developed antibodies from the vaccine, therefore 5% of the people who received it still got sick.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Which is it (or is it something else), and if it is &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;, is my parenthetical understanding correct?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although my interest lies predominantly regarding COVID-19 vaccines, I think this question is general enough that it could apply to any vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="453" LastActivityDate="2021-04-30T02:23:44.860" Title="When speaking of vaccine efficacy (for COVID-19, or other), is immune response or efficacy really being measured?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-05-01T23:31:56.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26168" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26159" CreationDate="2021-04-30T22:30:53.460" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Here’s one way, assuming your suggestion is relevant to the UK.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nihr.ac.uk/patients-carers-and-the-public/i-want-to-help-with-research/suggest-a-research-topic.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nihr.ac.uk/patients-carers-and-the-public/i-want-to-help-with-research/suggest-a-research-topic.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though generally most lay people are not well placed to come up with tractable research questions. Most clinicians can’t do it either.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="12501" LastEditorUserId="12501" LastEditDate="2021-05-01T09:13:58.927" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T09:13:58.927" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26170" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5924" CreationDate="2021-05-01T13:13:56.163" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, the only blood thinner that is  known for its potential to reduce platelet count is Heparine.  See e.g. Wikipedia,  HIT - heparin induced thrombocytopenia, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin-induced_thrombocytopenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin-induced_thrombocytopenia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;If someone receiving heparin develops new or worsening thrombosis, or if the platelet count falls, HIT can be confirmed with specific blood tests.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some other link on &amp;quot;HIT&amp;quot;: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.106.632653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.106.632653&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For a popular blood thinner that seems to be based on heparin see &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxaparin_sodium&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxaparin_sodium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For several other substances of the same category  see e.g.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.106.632653&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.106.632653&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question says: &amp;quot;creation&amp;quot; of platelets. There is not known any &amp;quot;blood thinner&amp;quot;  that prevents the creation of platelets. Typically, Vitamin K which is blocked by certain blood thinners, is needed for the creation of factors of the coagulation cascade. Thus, blood thinners interfering with vitamine K do not prevent the &amp;quot;creation&amp;quot; of platelets/thrombocytes (which medication blocking cell division does, cp. cancer medication), but the creation of coagulation factors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Creation of platelets is different from &amp;quot;creation of blood clots&amp;quot; and its prevention. The question is not coherent in respect of its explanatory text. The answer to the question reformulated in the explanatory note &amp;quot;...platelets are used to prevent ... blood loss from the wound, so how do Blood Thinners prevent this?&amp;quot;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They inhibit the aggregation of platelets by interfering with the thrombocyte's  signaling hormone thromboxane.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane#Inhibitors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane#Inhibitors&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;The widely used drug aspirin acts by inhibiting the ability of the COX enzyme to synthesize the precursors of thromboxane within platelets.&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane#Inhibitors&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane#Inhibitors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are blood thinners that do not directly act on platelets but on the coagulation cascade.The question does not seem to refer to these. What's more, they do not lead to low platelet count and do not interfere with cell devision i.e. creation of platelets. However, for some dispute on Thrombocytopenia in the context of novel blood thinners see  e.g.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3219062&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3219062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21148" LastEditorUserId="21148" LastEditDate="2021-05-02T11:06:17.377" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T11:06:17.377" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26173" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-01T19:49:52.023" Score="1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Over the past several decades, computer monitors have typically gotten larger, and more specifically wider. Also, it has become (somewhat) more common for people to use an multiple monitors next to each other, or ultra-wide curved monitors like &lt;a href=&quot;https://duckduckgo.com/?q=curved%20comoputer%20monitors&amp;amp;t=ffab&amp;amp;iax=images&amp;amp;ia=images&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;these&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was wondering, intuitively, whether there wasn't some detrimental effect in bright light and small high-resolution items demanding attention shining at you from relatively large angles.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question: Is there any research on potential detrimental effects of use of such monitor setups? I mean ophtalmological and neurological effects.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Related, but not about monitor dimensions/viewing angles:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/9117/is-the-blue-light-emitted-by-computer-monitors-deleterious-for-the-human-eyes&quot;&gt;Is the blue light emitted by computer monitors deleterious for the human eyes?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastActivityDate="2021-05-01T19:49:52.023" Title="Detrimental effects of very-wide or multiple monitors?" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;research&gt;&lt;computers&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26174" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-02T10:27:31.393" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In reviewing reports concerning symptomology of respiratory viruses, I find that incidence of activation of the submandibular lymph nodes is described as possible or &amp;quot;frequent&amp;quot; but have not found any characterization of when or under what circumstances the submandibular nodes would or would not be activated. Has there been research to investigate this question? If so, I cannot find it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For example, are the submandibular nodes activated for particular viruses and not for others? would be one obvious question. What is the research on this subject, if any?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="5371" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T10:27:31.393" Title="Under what circumstances are submandibular lymph nodes activated in cases of infection by respiratory viruses?" Tags="&lt;immunology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26175" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26176" CreationDate="2021-05-02T10:55:28.167" Score="1" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the past Tritium was used in watch dial lume. Even though it is mildly radioactive, it was deemed safe because its radioactivity doesn't penetrate the skin. However, we have other tissues in our body other than skin, and I'm particularly interested in its effect on eye tissue. Does Tritium radioactivity penetrate the eyes, or not? Also, perhaps it doesn't even get past the watch glass, and the whole query is moot?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17035" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T19:05:45.897" Title="Does Tritium radioactivity penetrate eye tissue?" Tags="&lt;radiation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26176" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26175" CreationDate="2021-05-02T12:45:45.710" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Tritium decays by emission of low-energy (&amp;lt;19 keV) electrons (and anti-neutrinos that are irrelevant here) [1].  Such particles have a very short range in matter, of the order of a few cm in air, and less than a micrometer in water [1].  These electrons are most likely stopped by whatever material houses the tritium.  For instance in a watch, the light comes from the interactions of the electrons with a phosphor mixed with tritium in a paint used on the watch dial [2], so there is little risk if the watch is intact.  Inhaling or ingesting tritium is, however, a health risk, as is diffusion of tritium through the skin after contact [1].&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[1] Myers and Johnson 1991, Toxicity and Dosimetry of Tritium: A Review &lt;a href=&quot;https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/23/082/23082972.pdf?r=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/23/082/23082972.pdf?r=1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[2] Frame, Radioluminescent Paint &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21935" LastEditorUserId="21935" LastEditDate="2021-05-02T19:05:45.897" LastActivityDate="2021-05-02T19:05:45.897" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26177" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26179" CreationDate="2021-05-02T20:35:50.333" Score="1" ViewCount="43" Body="&lt;p&gt;I had a lot of times in my life when I got seriously sunburned (my skin got extremely red). Though, after the sunburns pass, I become a lot darker and tanned and then I do not get burned any more, until the next summer when my skin turns pale again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I learned that each time one gets such sunburns, it dramatically increases the chances of skin cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is this damage permanent and cumulative, or can it be treated, or will the body heal it with time?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21938" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-05-02T20:41:42.027" LastActivityDate="2021-05-03T11:12:32.307" Title="Sun exposure damage" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;sun-exposure&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26179" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26177" CreationDate="2021-05-03T11:12:32.307" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Skin Cancer Foundation covers this:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[A]fter the sunburn fades, lasting damage remains.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sunburn accelerates skin aging and is a leading cause in the majority of cases of &lt;a href=&quot;https://skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;basal cell carcinoma&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;squamous cell carcinoma&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;melanoma&lt;/a&gt;, the deadliest form of &lt;a href=&quot;https://skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;skin cancer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The later went on to say:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Skin damage builds up over time&lt;/strong&gt; starting with your very first sunburn. The more you burn, the greater your risk of skin cancer. Subsequent UV damage can occur even when there is no obvious burn.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Five or more sunburns&lt;/strong&gt; more than doubles your risk of developing potentially deadly melanoma&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Cancer Research UK &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/sun-uv-and-cancer/how-does-the-sun-and-uv-cause-cancer&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says similar&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/risk_factors.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;points out&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any change in skin color after UV exposure (whether it is a tan or a burn) is a sign of injury, not health. Over time, too much exposure to UV rays can cause skin cancers including melanoma (the deadliest type of skin cancer), basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. UV exposure can also cause cataracts and cancers of the eye (ocular melanoma). &lt;strong&gt;Every time you tan, you increase your risk of getting skin cancer.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More can be read in &lt;a href=&quot;https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/noninfectious-health-risks/sun-exposure&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Chapter 3 of the CDC Traveller's Health Yellow Book 2020&lt;/a&gt; &lt;strong&gt;(Free access via the CDC)&lt;/strong&gt; which lists the following references:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;American Cancer Society (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Skin cancer&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Diaz, J. H., &amp;amp; Nesbitt Jr, L. T. (2013). Sun exposure behavior and protection: recommendations for travelers. &lt;em&gt;Journal of travel medicine, 20&lt;/em&gt;(2), 108-118. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00667.x&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00667.x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Monteiro, A. F., Rato, M., &amp;amp; Martins, C. (2016). Drug-induced photosensitivity: Photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. &lt;em&gt;Clinics in dermatology, 34&lt;/em&gt;(5), 571-581. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.006&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.05.006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Skin Cancer Foundations (n.d.). Sun protection. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Young, A. R., Claveau, J., &amp;amp; Rossi, A. B. (2017). Ultraviolet radiation and the skin: Photobiology and sunscreen photoprotection. &lt;em&gt;Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 76&lt;/em&gt;(3), S100-S109. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.038&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.038&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-05-03T11:12:32.307" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26182" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-03T17:03:49.263" Score="2" ViewCount="32" Body="&lt;p&gt;I've noticed that my blood oxygen is nearly always in the 95-98 range whereas my wife is 98-99.&#xA;I'm healthy with no known conditions whereas she has asthma.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the normal range for healthy humans and what does a slightly lower average level mean, if anything? Does it correlate positively or negatively with fitness for example, as resting heart rate?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="2279" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T06:58:54.607" Title="What is a normal lower limit for blood oxygen (sp02)?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26183" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-03T20:42:45.187" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;There's a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.healthline.com/health-news/covid-19-vaccines-using-mrna-appear-safe-and-effective-in-pregnant-people&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;lot of talk&lt;/a&gt; about whether COVID vaccines are safe for pregnant women and their fetuses. Current guidelines, while mentioning that there's little data, suggest that they are safe. However, I'm curious about what basis there is to suspect that they &lt;em&gt;might not&lt;/em&gt; be safe. Is there a historical precedent of a vaccine which, say, harmed the fetus? If so, what was the mechanism of action? Is there a concern about inflammation, fever, etc? The articles I find in the popular media never address what the underlying concern is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21952" LastActivityDate="2021-05-03T20:42:45.187" Title="What is the historical or scientific basis for concern about COVID vaccines and pregnant women and their babies?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26184" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="15282" CreationDate="2021-05-03T21:28:37.270" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;There is a huge number of what you are asking about, commonly referred as evolutionary baggage or evolutionary holdovers and come in a wide variety of severities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You breath and eat using the same tube (&lt;strong&gt;esophagus&lt;/strong&gt;), in fish temporarily blocking the esophagus has little impact since they can still breath, the esophagus is behind the gills.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You only get two sets of &lt;strong&gt;teeth&lt;/strong&gt;, a weird feature unique to mammals believed to be connected to our ancestors being insectivores. Teeth in general evolved as temporary continuously replaced structures that mammals have press ganged into acting as permanent structures.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;You are trying to support your body upright on your &lt;strong&gt;spine,&lt;/strong&gt; this is like trying to build stilts out of rope. Spines evolved for support of a horizontally oriented body so are quite good at remaining flexible while supporting horizontal load. This is very detrimental in a upright stance and the reason &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12862-015-0336-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;humans have so many back problems&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your &lt;strong&gt;retinas&lt;/strong&gt; detach because our eyes are built out of folds. Vertebrate eyes form by layers of tissue folding back on itself creating a weak connection between the two layers, cephalopods start with a single layer which thickens and differentiates. This difference is irrelevant with the most primitive form of the eye but locks vertebrates into having a permanent weak point in the our complex eyes. &lt;a href=&quot;https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-008-0091-2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Here is a great work up on it&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a slew of &lt;strong&gt;vestigial muscles&lt;/strong&gt; in humans. the vary in functionality, from the remains of whisker muscles in the upper lip (&lt;em&gt;vibrissal capsular&lt;/em&gt;) with zero function in humans but function to control whiskers in most mammals. The &lt;em&gt;palmaris longus&lt;/em&gt; has so little function in humans it is missing in about a fifth of the population, but is vital in climbing primates.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;tailbone&lt;/strong&gt; in humans is essentially functionless, at least in the sense there is no reason for it to be several separate pieces.  Two important tendons attach to it, but there is no reason for it to be ~4 bones/ossification centers, this makes it fragile and easy to break, but since important tendons for supporting the anus attack to the end the number of bones can't be reduced.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hernias&lt;/strong&gt; happen because the testes exist the body cavity during development, this is unique to mammals, everything else keeps the &lt;strong&gt;testes&lt;/strong&gt; on the inside. Mammals did it to keep the testes cool with the evolution of fur and endothermy because important proteins in the testes do not tolerate heat well, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702119/#:%7E:text=While%20most%20mammals%2C%20with%20a,41%20%C2%B0C%206%2C13.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;birds who had the same problem just evolved heat resistant testes proteins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21950" LastActivityDate="2021-05-03T21:28:37.270" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26185" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-03T23:53:54.510" Score="2" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;Although it happened more than two decades ago, I still remember being very ill, vomiting so much blood at one point. I was given an IV drip and had to stay in hospital for a while.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Would having had severe dengue increase the risk of getting an adverse side effect from the AZ vaccine; in particular the very rare blood disorders that the vaccine can cause? Are the mechanisms which lead to the blood disorders caused by dengue and the vaccine even the same/related? I tried searching for some guidance online but the only thing I could find was a study from Brazil which suggests the possibility that having dengue can provide some protection from Covid 19, although I'm not sure if the study has been peer-reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21954" LastEditorUserId="21954" LastEditDate="2021-05-04T00:22:17.310" LastActivityDate="2021-05-04T00:22:17.310" Title="Would it be okay to have the Astrazeneca vaccine if I had dengue hemorrhagic fever as a child?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;dengue&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ClosedDate="2021-05-04T03:45:46.657" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26186" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-04T18:14:42.150" Score="0" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;According to Reuters news of May 3, vaccinations have also fallen in the US &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-us-covid-cases-fall-third-week-deaths-lowest-since-july-2021-05-03/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for two weeks in a row&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nationally, deaths from COVID-19 fell 3% to 4,819 in the week ended May 2, the fewest deaths in a week since July.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average number of COVID-19 patients in hospitals fell 8%, the first weekly decrease after rising or holding steady for four weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vaccinations fell for a second week in a row, dropping 12% after falling 14% in the previous week.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to what Google captures from Our World in Data, the US seems to be approaching the middle point on Covid-19 vaccines uptake :&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZRSsS.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZRSsS.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And in more (textual) &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/02/us-covid-vaccinations-clinics-outreach-campaigns-vaccine-hesitancy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;detail&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in the last two weeks daily vaccination rates in the US have peaked and declined from a high of 3.2m daily vaccine administrations per day to 2.5m. Now, health authorities nationally are experiencing what red states such as Mississippi and Wyoming began to see early signs of – a major slowdown.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The phenomenon is repeated across the country. Local authorities in Los Angeles, California; Colorado; Florida; Nevada and Texas are poised to close mass vaccination sites by the end of May. Georgia has already decided to shut down all of its mass vaccination sites by the end of May, citing lack of demand. The state is far behind the nation in terms of administering vaccines, with 34% of the population having received at least one dose, compared with 43% nationally. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Data from the CDC shows states across the south and west have the highest levels of vaccine hesitancy, and uptake is notably low across these states.  [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There exist various kinds of models of vaccine uptake over time, some more sophisticated than others.&#xA;E.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17056073/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;some&lt;/a&gt; take into account the disease spread as modulating&#xA;the personal risk estimation in deriving temporal dynamics of vaccine demand, which may be&#xA;convergent or even unstable/oscillating--the latter may happen if demand is very sensitive to the disease spread. (Most models in this area seem just to derive an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950864&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;equilibrium point&lt;/a&gt; in the most tractable/stable scenarios. Such models have been applied to influenza vaccine uptake in the US, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pnas.org/content/104/13/5692&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, have any such temporal models of vaccine uptake been applied to Covid-19 vaccination in the US? And if so, did/do they reasonably predict the currently observed uptake data?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-04T19:25:35.787" LastActivityDate="2021-05-04T19:25:35.787" Title="Is the decrease in vaccine uptake in the US for two weeks in a row in line with some models' expectation?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;public-health&gt;&lt;united-states&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26187" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26182" CreationDate="2021-05-05T06:15:52.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/hcp/pulseoximetry.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;According&lt;/a&gt; to Minnesota Dept. of Health:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A normal level of oxygen is usually at least 95% or higher. Some people with chronic lung disease or&#xA;sleep apnea can have normal levels of around 90%. The SpO2 reading on a pulse oximeter shows the&#xA;percentage of oxygen in someone’s blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The instructions that came with my home-use pulse oximeter (in German) roughly concur: 94-99% &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot;. 90-93 &amp;quot;consult an MD&amp;quot;, &amp;lt;90% &amp;quot;call an ambulance&amp;quot;. It does also come with a table for compensating for (earth's) elevation too, as that affects O2 concentration. Basically below 1500m altitude 90 is the safety limit, but at 5800m for example that decreases to 80% and to 70% at 7500m. (It even comes with a citation for this part: Hackett PH, Roach RC, &amp;quot;High-Altitude Medicine&amp;quot; in Auerbach PS (ed.) Wilderness Medicine, 3rd ed., Mosby, 1995)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From a more recent &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29536370/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; on that (high-altitude angle), there's actually a fairly  substantial spread in how individual SpO2 responds to altitude&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/duSFD.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/duSFD.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-05T06:58:54.607" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T06:58:54.607" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26188" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-05T07:34:55.913" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Perusing the manual of my home-use pulse oximeter it has the usual warnings easily found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.monroecc.edu/depts/pstc/ems/paramedic/paramedic-training-at-mcc/degree-program-content/factors-affecting-pulse-oximeter-readings/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;elsewhere&lt;/a&gt; on factors that may affect accuracy, but these are indicated qualitatively from &amp;quot;anemias&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;compression by the probe&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;nail polish, heavy, or dark&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;artificial fingernails&amp;quot; etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly however, an FDA page &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/pulse-oximeter-accuracy-and-limitations-fda-safety-communication&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;says&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many patient factors may also affect the accuracy of the measurement. The most current scientific evidence shows that there are some accuracy differences in pulse oximeters between dark and light skin pigmentation; this difference is typically small at saturations above 80% and greater when saturations are less than 80%. In the recently published correspondence by &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2029240&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sjoding, et. al.&lt;/a&gt;, the authors reported that Black patients had nearly three times the frequency of occult hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) as detected by blood gas measurements but not detected by pulse oximetry, when compared to White patients. It is important to note that this retrospective study had some limitations. It relied on previously collected health record data from hospital inpatient stays and could not statistically correct for all potentially important confounding factors. However, the FDA agrees that these findings highlight a need to further evaluate and understand the association between skin pigmentation and oximeter accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So (oddly enough) it looks like darker skin pigmentation can give &lt;em&gt;higher&lt;/em&gt; SpO2 readings. What about the other factors usually listed in such warnings? In which direction do they affect the readings?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-05-05T07:34:55.913" Title="In what direction do the usual &quot;warning factors&quot; affect SpO2 measurements?" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;measurement&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26192" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-05T19:22:16.430" Score="-2" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Soya oil has been described as the most unhealthy oil, even more unhealthy than processed sugar. Does this apply to raw oil used in tuna cans, and is there any way to reverse its adverse effects?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=Dr+berg+soy+oil&amp;amp;oq=Dr+berg+soy+oil&amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i22i30.3686j0j4&amp;amp;client=ms-android-huawei-rev1&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/search?q=Dr+berg+soy+oil&amp;amp;oq=Dr+berg+soy+oil&amp;amp;aqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i22i30.3686j0j4&amp;amp;client=ms-android-huawei-rev1&amp;amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;amp;ie=UTF-8#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200117080827.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200117080827.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21959" LastEditorUserId="21959" LastEditDate="2021-05-06T07:14:46.790" LastActivityDate="2021-05-06T07:14:46.790" Title="How unhealthy is soya oil?" Tags="&lt;mental-health&gt;&lt;fatty-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26194" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-05T21:29:37.310" Score="0" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;Phrased in another way, what are the factors which may increase the probability that a given tooth to have cavity over other tooth in the whole set of our teeth?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Searching on google, I got hints relating to general risk factors for a person to have a cavity rather than the risk factors for a given tooth from a set. For example, this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.longfamilydental.com/blog/2018/11/18/cavities/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; states that one of the factors causing it is that having a lot of nooks and crannies increase risk.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19645" LastEditorUserId="19713" LastEditDate="2021-05-07T05:45:58.793" LastActivityDate="2021-05-07T05:45:58.793" Title="When we get a cavity, do some teeth get cavities more frequently than others?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;cavity&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26196" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-06T18:16:20.580" Score="0" ViewCount="17" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm doing a biology course and we are studying human teeth. We are given a picture and asked to say if the individuals teeth are normal or not. If not, what malocclusion do they suffer from.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I would have first thought that the person suffers from protrusion of the maxillary incisors. &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a74jk.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/a74jk.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Image &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1ZLE.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l1ZLE.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20783" LastEditorUserId="805" LastEditDate="2021-05-06T21:14:39.247" LastActivityDate="2021-05-06T21:14:39.247" Title="What type of malocclusion would this person have?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;face&gt;&lt;homework&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26197" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26201" CreationDate="2021-05-07T05:15:55.113" Score="2" ViewCount="35" Body="&lt;p&gt;The Mayo clinic advises us to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/how-to-take-pulse/art-20482581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;use our index and long finger to take our carotid pulse&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/how-to-take-pulse/art-20482581&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/l5dDO.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is there a reason to not use other fingers? Do the others have stronger pulses that we want to avoid mistakening?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21983" LastActivityDate="2021-05-08T00:35:55.427" Title="Measuring Carotid pulse" Tags="&lt;blood&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26199" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-07T10:15:55.117" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am in Medical school and I've been going thru the chapter on cleft palate in Bailey. In the repair of Cleft lip, it says&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Muscular continuity is achieved by subperiosteal undermining over anterior maxilla.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What does this &lt;em&gt;subperiosteal undermining&lt;/em&gt; mean? What's exactly done here during surgery?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21985" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2021-05-07T21:07:31.287" LastActivityDate="2021-05-07T21:07:31.287" Title="Meaning of subperiosteal undermining" Tags="&lt;surgery&gt;&lt;pediatrics&gt;&lt;plastic-surgery&gt;&lt;ears-nose-throat-ent&gt;&lt;post-surgical&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26201" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26197" CreationDate="2021-05-08T00:35:55.427" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;TL;DR: You can use any fingers you want except the thumbs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see the reason for that in the diagram below. Notice that there are two arteries supplying each finger that run down both sides of the finger, but there is a single artery supplying the thumb that runs down the middle of it. That means you can't feel the pulse in your fingers when you press them against something, but you might feel the pulse in your thumb.  This can cause you to mistake the pulse you feel in your thumb for a pulse in your carotid (or other) artery, as you suspected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPlfL.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPlfL.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://anatomy.lexmedicus.com.au/collection/wrist-hand&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Image source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Here are the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw233473#hw233490&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;instructions&lt;/a&gt; for taking a pulse from another site (emphasis is mine). Note that these instructions apply to any location on the body.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gently place 2 fingers of your other hand on this artery.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do not use your thumb because it has its own pulse that you may feel.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Count the beats for 30 seconds; then double the result to get the number of beats per minute.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It might seem tempting to think it's okay to take your own pulse using your thumb, but that's wrong because a pulse wave will reach your carotid before it reaches your hand, so you'll feel the pulse once in your carotid and then again a moment later in your thumb. The result could be you'll count one pulse as two.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Notice that the instructions don't mention which fingers to use. You can use any two you wish, but I just tried it using my ring and little finger. It's less sensitive and so cumbersome I can't imagine why anyone would do that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="805" LastActivityDate="2021-05-08T00:35:55.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26204" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T12:29:28.973" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I know the &lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12630-010-9275-7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;bupivacaine story&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt; which [in some countries] was withdrawn from IVRA [intravenous regional anesthesia] use (aka Bier block) following some deaths, but still, for instance...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;this has not prevented&#xA;deaths due to its unintended intravenous administration. In&#xA;the decade leading up to 2004, bupivacaine was directly&#xA;responsible for the deaths of three patients in the United&#xA;Kingdom as a result of accidental intravenous administration. The most recent death involved a 30-year-old parturient whose inquest was held in February 2008. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a recent survey of 135 academic anesthesiology departments by Corcoran et al., 55%&#xA;vs 43% of respondents reported a preference for bupivacaine over ropivacaine for the long-acting local anesthetic of choice for peripheral nerve blockade. Factors other&#xA;than safety, such as perceived quality and duration of&#xA;nerve blockade, may influence choice of local anesthetic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Topical thrombin &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ismp.org/resources/accidental-injection-topical-thrombin-continues&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;leading&lt;/a&gt; to [a few] nearly fatal events (and at least one death) when being accidentally i.v. administered seems to be a similar kind of example.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Basically, a few fatal events from incorrect [i.v.] administration don't seem to be enough to completely &amp;quot;pull the plug&amp;quot; on an otherwise useful drug.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But maybe there's some such story I'm unaware of... So are there any drugs that &lt;em&gt;were&lt;/em&gt; entirely withdrawn from market only due to adverse events following &lt;em&gt;incorrect&lt;/em&gt; administration?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T07:11:49.990" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T07:11:49.990" Title="Were any drugs completely withdrawn from market only due to accidental/incorrect administration resulting in serious adverse events (incl. death)?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;adverse-events&gt;&lt;medical-errors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26205" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T14:22:34.937" Score="0" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;As of May 8, 2021 which companies have the highest rate of covid vaccine production? I would be satisfied to see a list of 10, but a list of 5 or 3 would be good as well. Also any unit is fine number/month or number/day.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21991" LastEditorUserId="21991" LastEditDate="2021-05-08T16:04:33.850" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T14:55:43.187" Title="Vaccine production by company" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;data&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26206" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T16:29:45.223" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am writing a critical appraisal regarding a radiological study using an anthropomorphic imaging phantom. The phantom is constructed of materials that mimic human tissue but negate the need to account for factors like age, sex, health status etc and also avoid the need to consider ethical issues surrounding the use of ionizing radiation on humans for research purposes. In the study, 9 images were taken - 3 from each of 3 different body areas, and for each body area exposure factors set according to 3 different 'rules' - namely system pre-sets, 10kVp rule, and the 15% rule. Doses and exposure indices are recorded for each image and then later compared to find out which rule offers the greatest reduction in dose whilst maintaining perceptible image quality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the study in question:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coffey H, Chanopensiri V, Ly B, Nguyen D. Comparing 10 kVp and 15% Rules in Extremity Radiography. Radiol Technol. 2020;91(6):516-524.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My issue is that I don't know how to appraise the sampling methodology or study design, as there is no sample population of people involved.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Several hours of googling and research article searches has not helped much either. My best understanding so far is that this study is a quantitative quasi-experimental study:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quantitative&lt;/strong&gt; because it involves the generation of quantifiable and statistically analyzable data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Experimental&lt;/strong&gt; because a causal relationship is being investigated (i.e. the 'rules' vs dose/image quality).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quasi&lt;/strong&gt; because it does not involve a control group (seemingly to me) and is not feasible due to the above-mentioned ethical issues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How do I describe the sampling methodology and study design when there are no humans involved - only a single artificial surrogate phantom?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21992" LastEditorUserId="21992" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T11:10:54.837" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T11:10:54.837" Title="Radiological Phantom Studies - Sampling with no People" Tags="&lt;statistics&gt;&lt;radiology&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26207" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T17:41:48.993" Score="2" ViewCount="30" Body="&lt;p&gt;Maybe I'm just missing something, but on a quick look, I find it a bit strange that since issues with thrombocyte (platelet) counts in adenovirus-vectored therapeutics have (1) been &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/%28SICI%291521-2254%28199909/10%291%3A5%3C360%3A%3AAID-JGM54%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;known&lt;/a&gt; for about two decades and (2) the ChAd3 (Ebola vaccine) trials have have looked at these &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30016-5/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;over&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1411627&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;over&lt;/a&gt; and the papers had something to say on the topic, albeit reassuring things like &amp;quot;No clinically meaningful thrombocytopenia was reported&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;None of the prolongations [of partial-thromboplastin time] were associated with symptoms or clinical features of coagulopathy&amp;quot;... the ChAdOx1 (Covid-19 vaccine) trials don't seem to mention such issues at all, at least in the two Lancet papers I found (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31604-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Aug 15&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32661-1/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Dec 8&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After all the brouhaha with temporary suspension of the AZ vaccine (turned permanent in some countries like Denmark or Norway), there's now a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-484111/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;draft paper&lt;/a&gt; based on a survey in Norway that suggests there's even more besides the severe cases namely that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hypothesis is that milder symptoms indicating altered thrombocyte function may affect a larger proportion of vaccinated individuals than the recently reported severe cases with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More than 80 000 cohort participants responding to electronic questionnaires about covid-19 vaccination and potential side effects during weeks 11-13, 2021. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Four of the 3416 subjects (0.2%) who were vaccinated with a single dose of mRNA vaccine reported skin bleeding as a side effect, as opposed to 163 of 5132 subjects (3.2%) vaccinated with a single dose of the adenovirus-vectored vaccine, OR (odds ratio)=16.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5-34.1). Corresponding ORs for nose and gingival bleeding were 8.0 (4.0-15.8) and 9.3 (4.3-20.0), respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This was a survey conducted on March 17 after the suspension of the AZ vaccine in Norway (on March 11), so it's possible that the respondents were influenced by the news etc. But 3.2% is a high enough percentage of side effects that some of it should/would have been spotted in clinical trials, had these particular kinds of events been measured back then.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, my question is: were bleeding events or thrombocyte counts measured at all in any ChAdOx1 clinical trials?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-08T18:01:02.590" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T03:55:32.080" Title="Were thrombocyte counts or bleeding events monitored at all during ChAdOx1 (AZD1222) clinical trials?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;clinical-study&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26208" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T18:06:25.610" Score="-1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;It seems that almost every painkiller medication that I can think of has some addictive qualities, such as morphine and panadol and many others.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;just now I have realised that medical marijuana is sometimes used to treat chronic pain.. Marijuana is quite common for people to become addicted to, so I was thinking that perhaps the addictive qualities of marijuana come from its painkilling qualities, and if it did, that would indicate perhaps why so many pain killers are addictive as a group. I just find it very suspicious that so many painkillers are addictive, yet have no halucinogenic effect or even make you high, and I was imagining that that would be a sign that the way pain works might be linked to the way addiction works. My question lies there: am I right that pain killers are just inherently addictive? If not, why do so many painkillers have addictive qualities? what mechanism is causing this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;oh and with your answers please be simple, I’m not a medical practitioner of any sort, just a curious person with a stackexchange account, so please give simple answers a layman would understand.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21993" LastActivityDate="2021-05-08T18:06:25.610" Title="why are pain killers as a whole so addictive?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;pain&gt;&lt;medical-myths&gt;&lt;addiction&gt;&lt;chronic-pain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="7" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26209" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-08T18:07:35.133" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'd like to have complete genomic DNA sequencing done at some point in the future (weeks or months from now) on some samples taken last week. These samples are standard clinical blood draws (EDTA tubes), stored at 4C. Unfortunately, I am unable to obtain any further samples and do not have easy access to a laboratory.  What is the best way to process them to stabilize them for genomic  sequencing use weeks or months from now (at an as-yet undetermined sequencing company)?&#xA;I do not have easy access to e.g. a centrifuge, but do have access to 4C refrigeration, ice, dry ice, dry ice/alcohol baths and similar real-world resources.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastActivityDate="2021-05-08T18:07:35.133" Title="What is a good way to preserve an already-collected blood sample for future genomic DNA sequencing?" Tags="&lt;dna&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26210" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26207" CreationDate="2021-05-08T18:38:31.490" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently some testing was conducted; it's mentioned on p. 49 in the &lt;a href=&quot;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/963928/UKPAR_COVID_19_Vaccine_AstraZeneca_23.02.2021.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MHRA assessment report&lt;/a&gt;,&#xA;albeit not in a lot of detail:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Laboratory testing was only conducted in a subgroup of subjects up to 28 days after each&#xA;dose. The incidence of decreases in white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets was slightly&#xA;higher in the AZD1222 group compared with control. However, there were very few&#xA;unsolicited haematology or biochemistry adverse events reported and these were balanced&#xA;between the 2 study groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's also a table with a line &amp;quot;Thrombotic, thromboembolic, and neurovascular&#xA;events&amp;quot;; there 4 in the treatment group and 8 in the control one.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a (very long) EMA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/prac-recommendation/signal-assessment-report-embolic-thrombotic-events-smq-covid-19-vaccine-chadox1-s-recombinant_en.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report&lt;/a&gt; [no. 19683] it's noted by one reviewer somewhere towards the end that one weird event was apparently noted in the animal trials:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a non-clinical study in monkeys one animal (26Z) presented with very low (zero) thrombocytes (and other haematological parameters) following vaccination with ChAdOx nCOV-2 vaccine and before viral challenge. The MAH [marketing authorisation holder -- i.e. AZ] should comment on this finding in relation to the current issue of rare thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in humans following vaccination with Vaxevria.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's not clear if that was a measurement or reporting error though... (Can a monkey even live at all with absolutely zero thrombocytes? Actually, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(17)30600-9/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;answer&lt;/a&gt; to that seems to yes.) Alas there was no MAH response included in time for the report on that specific issue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If there's more detail somewhere else, I'd accept that as a better answer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="13428" LastEditDate="2021-05-20T03:55:32.080" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T03:55:32.080" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26211" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26146" CreationDate="2021-05-09T03:55:13.480" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;While I realize this doesn't answer your question in the narrow way that you frame it (&amp;quot;I do not believe that we can exclude accidental errors as a potential cause&amp;quot; as you put it), I'm offering this as a frame challenge to the theory that accidental i.v. injection is the &lt;em&gt;main&lt;/em&gt; reason why STT occurred in those patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's a 2020-published &lt;a href=&quot;https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jat.3941&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study&lt;/a&gt; on the biodistribution of ChAd3 vaccine in rats. (The vaccine itself has already been administered in humans in some years prior.) In my non-expert opinion, the important point is that even after presumably-as-properly-as-I.M.-injection-can-be-done-in-a-lab-setting, there was systemic DNA circulation detected in the blood within 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9pXnM.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/9pXnM.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the biodistribution study, rats received a single intramuscular injection of&#xA;either ChAd3-EBO-Z or saline&#xA;[...] Blood was collected before necropsy from the abdominal aorta or&#xA;vena cava of animals (under deep anesthesia)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So while you seem to have a binary approach (i.v. accident/error vs totally proper I.M. injection), biology doesn't seem to work that way in practice.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, it's also true from &lt;a href=&quot;https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(199909/10)1:5%3C360::AID-JGM54%3E3.0.CO;2-Q&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;older studies&lt;/a&gt; (cited in that paper) that the level of such effects was (administration) dose-dependent, so very likely it's also dose-dependent on the amount of DNA that does get into the blood even after a as-proper-as-can-be-done I.M. injection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, a more proper way to frame the problem would be to measure the amount of circulating viral DNA (even after a seemingly-totally-proper-I.M.-injection) and correlate &lt;em&gt;that&lt;/em&gt; with the side effects of concern here. But I don't know of any study that has done that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, one interesting, perhaps, angle here is that most of the papers cited in the (two) studies you've linked to were actually done on Ad5. Quoting from one of these (&lt;a href=&quot;https://jvi.asm.org/content/81/9/4866&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Lieber et al. (2007)&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Adenovirus-Platelet Interaction in Blood Causes Virus Sequestration to the Reticuloendothelial System of the Liver [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;it is well documented that Ad5-based vectors induce thrombocytopenia after i.v. delivery (7, 37, 47, 50) [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lieber's study itself was done on Ad5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the Ad26-related literature (relevant to J&amp;amp;J's vaccine), and more generally in  &amp;quot;species D&amp;quot; favoring literature (Ad5 is &amp;quot;species C&amp;quot;; Ad26 is &amp;quot;species D&amp;quot;), some effort is made claim that those Ad5-findings might not apply to them, at least to the same extent, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762200/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;e.g.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Biodistribution studies of Ad26 and Ad48 demonstrated no liver sequestration after intravenous delivery, in contrast to Ad5.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The latter claim seem to rely on single 2008 paper (Baker et al.), which did look at the precise (Ad5) protein [hexon] involved; the gist of it is in its &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(08)00116-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867408001165%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#fig7&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;figure 7&lt;/a&gt;. The Ad-26 treated mice literally glow in the dark less than the Ad5-treated ones, in the liver area. That Baker paper also dabbled with swapping out the precise Ad5 genes involved with ones from Ad48, creating a chimeric Ad5 that was more &amp;quot;nicely behaved&amp;quot; with respect to liver accumulation &amp;amp; toxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, Ad26-proponents (at least the Gamaleya press releases) thus seem to want to claim that Ad26-vectored therapeutics would be less susceptible to other kinds of side effects (besides lower liver toxicity) that were noted with &amp;quot;stock&amp;quot; Ad5. But I think the difference is rather insufficiently quantified otherwise; (insofar) I could not find comparative studies on how much the precise choice of Ad vector subtype matters for thrombocyte count or coagulation issues. (There is however a more in-depth &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762479/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;2012 study&lt;/a&gt; on how Species C (Ad5) triggers coagulation.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T09:17:21.767" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T09:17:21.767" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26212" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T05:03:54.693" Score="1" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;In connection with &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/26146/is-there-evidence-that-vaccine-related-blood-clots-could-be-due-to-injection-tec&quot;&gt;another question&lt;/a&gt; here (which discusses the theory that TTS effects in [Covid-19] adenovirus-based vaccines are due to i.v. administration error) let met ask: are there any known case reports of inadvertent i.v. administration of an adenovirus-based vaccine (in humans)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I was able to find &lt;a href=&quot;https://pmj.bmj.com/content/early/2021/02/15/postgradmedj-2021-139870&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;one&lt;/a&gt; case report of inadvertent &lt;em&gt;subcutaneous&lt;/em&gt; administration of a Covid-19 vaccine; its type not specified in the report though.&#xA;This seemingly had no serious side effects, but (as discussed in that report) it's presumed to be of poor efficacy, precisely because&#xA;for the such vaccines to work some level of vascularization at injection site is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I.v. injection of such vaccines is also counterindicated. In theory, such an error could have very serious side effects, like rapid [&amp;lt;24 hrs] and substantial thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, should such a &amp;quot;natural experiment&amp;quot; happen by chance, it may have characteristics that distinguish it from TTS (Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome), which &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/vaccine-induced-immune-thrombotic-thrombocytopenia&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;insofar&lt;/a&gt; has been reported to have relatively slow onset &amp;gt;4 days, albeit that is in terms of patient-noticed symptoms like headaches.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So [to repeat the Q]: are there any known case reports of inadvertent i.v. administration of an adenovirus-based vaccine in humans?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T05:03:54.693" Title="Any known case reports of inadvertent i.v. administration of an adenovirus-based vaccine?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;injections&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;medical-errors&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26213" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="25926" CreationDate="2021-05-09T05:26:30.447" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since there are a number of vaccine technologies being used for Covid vaccines, a complete answer is complex.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the simplest situation is that of the mRNA vaccines (e.g. Pfizer and Moderna). With these, a short piece of mRNA (the genetic &amp;quot;working instructions&amp;quot; that direct the production of one or more proteins) is injected into a person, enters some of their cells, and directs them to make a slightly modified version of the Covid &amp;quot;spike&amp;quot; protein. Only the mRNA and some fatty molecules that coat the mRNA and protect it until it gets into the cell are injected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The fatty molecules are small and simple and quite safe. Although a very few people may have an allergic reaction to them, that shows up very quickly and is the reason for the post-shot 15-30 minute waiting period. We are confident that there will be no long-term effects from the tiny amount of fatty molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The mRNA is essentially a small snippet of the virus's mRNA. The spike protein it codes for is used by a full-blown intact virus to attach to a cell and &amp;quot;inject&amp;quot; a full virus mRNA into that cell as the first stage of infection. However, the vaccine mRNA snippet contains no instructions for the other viral proteins, so no infection results and no working viruses are produced. The spike protein that is made appears on the cell's surface, both whole and in pieces, and the body's immune system recognizes these as foreign molecules appearing on the body's own cells, triggering an immune response.  What happens over the next few weeks is that out of the body's many antibody-producing cells (B cells), each recognizing a single semi-random shape, those that match the shape of part of the spike protein get activated, divide over and over, and produce lots of antibodies matching that shape. At the same time, T cells, also each recognizing a single semi-random shape, get activated and divide if they match the shape of part of the spike protein.  Some of these T cells directly kill cells showing part of the spike protein on their surface (presumably, infected cells). Some of the T cells activate B cells matching the spike protein so they produce more antibodies, which circulate in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Over a time span of months, the antibody levels slowly drop if no further spike protein is present, but a small number of the B cells and T cells continue to circulate for months or years. If they are again activated by the presence of spike protein, they quickly jump-start the reaction process to produce more B cells, antibodies and T cells in only a day or two instead of the few-week process from a first exposure. The 2nd shot of 2-dose vaccines triggers this second phase, which helps the &amp;quot;memory&amp;quot; effect last even longer and be more potent at the next exposure (i.e. when actually exposed to the real virus).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The whole process triggered by the vaccine mRNA is a subset of that in the real viral infection -- the actual viral infection also involves more viral genes and additional attacks on immune system and other cells. Thus, any reaction that is due to the vaccine should also happen in an actual viral infection, so in theory there is nothing to be gained and much to lose by forgoing an mRNA vaccine and instead waiting to get an actual Covid virus infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an additional danger in waiting to get vaccinated: the live Covid virus is mutating, and selection seems to be favoring &amp;quot;variants&amp;quot; that infect people much more easily and/or make people sicker once they are infected.  Thus, the longer one waits to get a vaccine, the greater the chance of being infected by Covid once exposed, and the greater the chance of more serious illness once infected.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The above analysis does not apply for other types of vaccines, such as those that use modified or crippled helper viruses to introduce parts of the Covid virus genetic material into cells, as the additional material introduced into cells is substantially more complex than just some fatty molecules.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS - In general, a vaccine just gives the body's immune response a &amp;quot;preview&amp;quot; of a likely future infectious agent, so that system is able to respond within hours or days instead of weeks once that agent infects the body, and clear it with little or no obvious illness symptoms.  We are constantly exposed to infectious agents, triggering the specific immune system at some level probably daily.  This immune response is so important to continued life that the system has been maintained and extended by evolution over hundreds of millions of years in vertebrate animals. That would likely not have been the case if it were easy to induce negative long-term consequences by triggering it (e.g. from vaccines). Thus, you can think of &amp;quot;vaccines&amp;quot; as essentially having a many-hundred-million year good safety record.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastEditorUserId="21994" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T05:59:49.210" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T05:59:49.210" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26214" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T12:13:09.180" Score="1" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;All screens I've used before are LCDs. Considering now an OLED option on a smartphone. However, there's lots of info about harmful effects of OLED on eyes, among those:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;PWM flicker, which, while not immediately noticeable, might affect eyes negatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Infinite contrast of OLEDs, which is also something that our eyes might not like (like, white text on black background or vice versa).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pentile subpixel arrangement vs rectangular LCD arrangement. Might negatively affect text clarity etc., and thus cause extra eye strain due to eyes being unable to focus (?)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Not sure about all of the above myself. I'd agree with #1 though, as long time ago I've been working on a laptop that had some low quality PWM implementation that flickered at 90Hz, and it's been terrible.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What truth is there to the above statements? Is there any research available to validate or disprove them?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="927" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T12:13:09.180" Title="Is there any research on health effects of OLED screens?" Tags="&lt;headache&gt;&lt;vision&gt;&lt;eye-strain&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26215" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T13:51:07.270" Score="1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I was recently looking at how long can Remdesivir be stored in its different forms.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I came up across several articles provided by the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/137566/download&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gilead.com/-/media/files/pdfs/remdesivir/eua-fact-sheet-for-hcps.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gilead Sciences&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chkd.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/COVID-19/remdesivir%20CHKD%20guideline%204-3.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;others&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What caught my eye was the fact that after you reconstitute Remdesivir with sterile water you cannot store it at all! The manual and articles provided by numerous sources all say the same thing. they clearly state that you should use the reconstituted solution right away, meaning combine it with a NaCl serum. The serum then can be stored for up to 48 hours inside the fridge (no more than that).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Of course, I am not a medical professional and will not advise anyone to do anything other than what has been said inside the manual, however, I'm still curious as to how accurate this information is. specifically:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Will Remdisivir reconstituted with sterile water inside its vial &amp;quot;&lt;strong&gt;Go bad&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;quot; when stored in the refrigerator for a week or two?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;If so, &lt;strong&gt;how&lt;/strong&gt; does it do so?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;What can you do to store reconstituted drug (e.g: Remdesivir) vials for later use? (e.g: wanting to use the drug for a longer period but at a lower daily dose)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21998" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T13:51:07.270" Title="Does Remdesivir really go bad after reconstitution with sterile water?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;drug-administration&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="11" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26216" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T15:54:33.313" Score="-1" ViewCount="36" Body="&lt;p&gt;In fact why does it even needs 6L/min that seems so unrealistic. Also what does this per minute thing means since we are talking about oxygen i.e. a gas &amp;amp; gases have no definite volume.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Read this article for reference:&#xA;60 litres of oxygen per minute: How doctors are treating COVID-19 patients without ventilators&#xA;So far, 40 patients have recovered with the help of high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) at Tiruchy’s Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Government Hospital (MGMGH), said the Dean, Dr K Vanitha&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jul/14/60-litres-of-oxygen-per-minute-how-doctors-are-treating-covid-19-patients-without-ventilators-2169716.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/jul/14/60-litres-of-oxygen-per-minute-how-doctors-are-treating-covid-19-patients-without-ventilators-2169716.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This research article here &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9066318/#:%7E:text=Results%3A%20The%20human%20lung%20consumes,198%20%2B%2F-%2028%20ml%2Fmin&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9066318/#:~:text=Results%3A%20The%20human%20lung%20consumes,198%20%2B%2F-%2028%20ml%2Fmin&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;Suggests human lungs require only 5 to 6ml/min of oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;This WHO guidelines says greater than 10L/min of oxygen is required for adult patients&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.who.int/medical_devices/priority/Tech_Specs_O2_Therapy_monitoring_final_draft.pdf%3Fua%3D1&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjoqrHz_7zwAhWBi1wKHVN1BqkQFjATegQICRAC&amp;amp;sqi=2&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1StBE4Mcyy-tsME7qiNQyA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.who.int/medical_devices/priority/Tech_Specs_O2_Therapy_monitoring_final_draft.pdf%3Fua%3D1&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjoqrHz_7zwAhWBi1wKHVN1BqkQFjATegQICRAC&amp;amp;sqi=2&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1StBE4Mcyy-tsME7qiNQyA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here this minute volume thing gives some direction but I'm still very much puzzled.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_ventilation&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_ventilation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21999" LastEditorUserId="21999" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T16:41:32.397" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T16:41:32.397" Title="Why Covid-19 patient require 60 L/min of oxygen while lungs of a normal person only needs 6 L/min" Tags="&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;covid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26217" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T16:28:15.747" Score="1" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;How true is this? Should I be cautious as I spend too much time in front of a laptop screen? I already have glasses with power 0.5 and 0.25, ( this was 3 years ago, I haven't tested recently) but I very rarely use it because I feel I'm less human that I have to use glasses, that I have poor eyesight and its psychologically unsettling for me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21110" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T16:28:15.747" Title="Is the common saying that sitting close to a screen regularly can cause short-sightednes backed by medical science?" Tags="&lt;eye&gt;&lt;ophthalmology&gt;&lt;myopia-nearsightedness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26218" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T16:56:52.110" Score="1" ViewCount="62" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is known right now about the causes of hypoxia in Covid19 infection ?&#xA;Does it comes from thrombosis formation in lung vessels ? And/or because of damage of lung alveoli by viral replication ? Or maybe totally distinct mechanisms ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22000" LastEditorUserId="22000" LastEditDate="2021-05-09T17:11:14.033" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T18:22:29.403" Title="what causes hypoxia in Covid19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;thrombosis&gt;&lt;hypoxia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26219" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-09T17:39:01.333" Score="0" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;What is the up to date art of knowledge about precise molecular mechanisms in asthma condition ? Were there disvovery of new mechamisms in the last decade or so ? Is it known why does the bronchi tissu alteration cannot be reversed ?&#xA;I guess the subject is vast, so you can refer me to books or articles for details.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22000" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T17:39:01.333" Title="What are the patological mechanisms in asthma?" Tags="&lt;asthma&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26220" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26218" CreationDate="2021-05-09T18:22:29.403" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first its through pulmonary edema and inflammation of the lungs. Later you can develop ARDS which causes diffuse alveolar damage and worsening hypoxia. Pulmonary embolism is a distinct mechanism apart from those mentioned and its contribution depends on the size of the thrombus and underlying cardiac reserve. These are the two main mechanisms. Other more rare mechanisms would include myocarditis and pulmonary edema from heart failure (which is distinct than that caused by infection and inflammation), and lung fibrosis at the very late stage of the disease. My view is through a clinical perspective.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21996" LastActivityDate="2021-05-09T18:22:29.403" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26221" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26238" CreationDate="2021-05-10T13:33:33.107" Score="0" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;After vaccination with BBIBP-CorV (inactivated) which of the following tests can be taken to determine if the vaccine produced an immune response:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IgM for N protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IgG for N protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;IgG for S protein&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sorry if it's obvious, but I'm not an expert and cannot find a clear answer after googling for an hour.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;My current understanding that it's test 2 - IgG for N protein for inactivated vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastActivityDate="2021-05-13T20:44:36.793" Title="Antibody test after vaccination with BBIBP-CorV" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;antibodies&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26222" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26281" CreationDate="2021-05-10T15:26:31.970" Score="2" ViewCount="42" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question arose due to an answer in Cooking Exchange.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It was stated that certain &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_martzu#Health_concerns&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;larvae&lt;/a&gt; can survive stomach acid and pass thru to the intestine.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When a patient is on PPIs, are there foods to be avoided &lt;em&gt;due to&lt;/em&gt; reduced stomach acid production in order to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.&#xA;I have read that immunocompromised individuals may require dietary restrictions, e.g. avoid Alfalfa sprouts or soft cheeses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="16600" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T14:42:28.780" Title="PPIs and foodborne illnesses" Tags="&lt;food-safety&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26224" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26143" CreationDate="2021-05-10T23:41:48.693" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;Literally translating the terms would say that bradycardia is a &amp;quot;slow heart&amp;quot; and a bradyarrhythmia is a &amp;quot;slow abnormal/irregular (heartbeat)&amp;quot;. In many cases they will substantially overlap, and I think you will find that different writers make different levels of distinction between them, so you'll have to use surrounding context to infer the intended meaning.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Consider the opinion statement at the beginning of this article:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Dresing, T. J., &amp;amp; Wilkoff, B. L. (2001). Bradyarrhythmias. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine, 3(4), 291-298.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;in which the authors argue:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In our opinion, the term bradyarrhythmia should be reserved for bradycardias (heart rates less than 60) that are associated with symptoms such as syncope or near-syncope, congestive heart failure, exercise intolerance, fatigue, or a confusional state that improves with resolution of the bradycardia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;They're suggesting that &amp;quot;bradycardia&amp;quot; should be reserved for the simple meaning of a &amp;quot;slower than normal resting heart rate&amp;quot; &amp;lt;60 beats per minute, and &amp;quot;bradyarrhythmia&amp;quot; should be used only when some evidence of pathology is present. An athlete with a naturally slow heart rate due to their level of physical fitness could then be said to have &amp;quot;bradycardia&amp;quot; but not a &amp;quot;bradyarrhythmia&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Why mention this opinion at the beginning of their paper? I think the best explanation is that the authors see the terms used interchangeably (especially implied assumptions that slow heart rate == pathology) and are looking to separate them better.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-05-10T23:41:48.693" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26225" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-11T08:31:13.760" Score="0" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;I need some help with a chapter of a novel I am writing. The main character, a teenage girl, is informed by her father on the phone that her mother has been run over by a car and been taken to hospital. (Dad had of course been notified by police). Daughter then goes from the party she was at by taxi to the hospital where her father is waiting. Soon after the girl's arrival the mother will die of her injuries. In order to get the right atmosphere and make it sound right, I would like to know how the girl would be greeted by medical staff, where her father might be waiting - I imagine in the lobby or the front entrance  -  what she and her father would be told about the injuries, and where they would have to wait until told the news - is there a special quiet room, or would they just be in the lobby or general waiting room? Would they be allowed to see the mother either before or after her death? The scene takes place in the late evening, around eleven pm, in a major city. Thanks very much for your help.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22020" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T08:31:13.760" Title="Artistic research question - How would a road accident victim&quot;s family be received at the emergency room? What would they be told?" Tags="&lt;hospital&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26226" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26227" CreationDate="2021-05-11T10:02:38.167" Score="1" ViewCount="44" Body="&lt;p&gt;If I live alone in a house, how can I tell relatives / civil defense / hospital when I am suffering from a severe health condition or a serious unexpected injury (let's say fainting, stroke, or severe injury that I cannot speak because of it)?  I mean, is there a device installed in the body that sends basic health data (heartbeat, blood sugar, pressure, blood oxygen percentage, respiratory rate ...) daily to a health organization, and if critical data is received, a notification is sent to them and they call and then they come if there is no answer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22021" LastEditorUserId="400" LastEditDate="2021-05-11T17:03:03.610" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T17:03:03.610" Title="How can someone lives alone call hospital or 911 after fainting or something similar?" Tags="&lt;home-medical-equipment&gt;&lt;elderly-seniors-aged-old&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26227" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26226" CreationDate="2021-05-11T13:13:18.793" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;A device to constantly measure &amp;quot;vitals&amp;quot; such as pulse and blood oxygen would be expensive, possibly invasive (a pulse oximeter on your finger while you lie in a hospital bed is no big deal, but will really get in the way while you're cooking or gardening) and subject to many false positives, such as when the device slips or the person removes it. Further, daily reporting would be of no value, you would need to detect dangerous patterns and send immediate help: this raises the cost, the complexity, and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many older or medically fragile people do have &amp;quot;alert buttons&amp;quot; that they can push if they experience dramatic pain, weakness, neurological symptoms and so on. Often these are set up with two-way voice and if the person doesn't reply when the call centre responds to the button push, the call centre sends an ambulance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You may worry that something would strike you without warning. In that case you would most likely collapse. Some of these &amp;quot;alert buttons&amp;quot; have fall detectors for this reason. They won't help if the medical emergency happens when the person is in bed, but covers all the rest of the possible problems. If you fall down and when the call centre responds, you don't talk -- we don't need to know your pulse, blood sugar, blood pressure, or anything else, an ambulance is on the way.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Finally some of these buttons are connected to the home's landline, others to the person's cell phone, while others have a SIM card of their own so that they work if the person has gone for a walk or is out doing errands.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="400" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T13:13:18.793" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26228" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-11T16:30:01.320" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;What happens to the cells once the body doesn't have the lysosomal enzymes to degrade lipids and such. Inclusion bodies appear, but how do they provoke so many symptoms like hepatomegaly motoric delay and finally death?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20135" LastActivityDate="2021-05-11T16:30:01.320" Title="Result of Inclusion-cells in the I-cell disease" Tags="&lt;disease&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;genetic-predisposition&gt;&lt;cells&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26231" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-12T11:53:06.820" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have seen lots of youtube videos which has confused me a lot and it looks like all of them are lying, I have not seen anybody before and after the experience.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is the best treatment which has actually worked for alopecia aerate&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22028" LastActivityDate="2021-05-12T15:07:21.273" Title="What is the best treatment which has actually worked for alopecia aerata" Tags="&lt;alopecia&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26232" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26231" CreationDate="2021-05-12T15:07:21.273" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia_areata#Treatment&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt; suggests that there are no known reliable and safe treatments. Corticosteroids have been used but evidence for efficacy is weak. The US FDA &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lilly-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-baricitinib&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;has allowed breakthrough use of at least one drug&lt;/a&gt; that is ordinarily prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis following early trial successes, with a &lt;a href=&quot;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03899259&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;phase 3 trial ongoing&lt;/a&gt;, but there is no FDA-approved treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general as a rule there is a lot more financial (and other) incentive to say there is a magic cure for something, and almost no incentive to say there is not. Even if someone provides before and after &amp;quot;evidence&amp;quot;, this is not reliable unless it is coming from a reputable source (such as a scientific article in a reputable journal, a trusted government regulatory agency or public health institute, etc). For a simple example, you could take an &amp;quot;after&amp;quot; photo, remove some hair and take a &amp;quot;before&amp;quot; photo, and claim whatever treatment you want worked.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-05-12T15:07:21.273" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26233" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-12T22:23:59.290" Score="2" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;Flu like symptoms are noted as possible reactions on nearly every vaccine I've had since adolescence, but I've never actually seen these symptoms in myself or anyone, until now? I don't doubt that they happen, but the fact that I've never seen them to me says that they're not very common?&#xA;However, with the recent COVID19 vaccines, nearly everyone taking an mRNA (or AstraZeneca) vaccine reports having about 24 hours of a fever at the very least.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are reactions more common in mRNA vaccines?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is there something different about mRNA vaccines that makes the reactions more common/severe?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Is fixing these reactions feasible? Would this affect effectiveness?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22032" LastActivityDate="2021-05-12T22:23:59.290" Title="Why do some vaccines cause flu-like symptoms? Why does this seem to be more severe in mRNA vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;immune-system&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26234" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-13T14:15:23.053" Score="1" ViewCount="37" Body="&lt;p&gt;The recommendations for protein intake is about 0.8 - 0.9 g/kg/day for a person with moderate activity.&#xA;Does one should stick to that quite closely, or would it be prejudicial for health to have just half or two thirds of this intake ? If it is so, what would be the kind of consequences that one should expect in a long run ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22011" LastEditorUserId="22011" LastEditDate="2021-05-13T16:53:06.883" LastActivityDate="2021-05-13T16:53:06.883" Title="about official recommendations for protein intake" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="8" ClosedDate="2021-05-14T04:11:12.693" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26235" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26260" CreationDate="2021-05-13T17:30:11.233" Score="3" ViewCount="77" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin#Mechanism_of_action&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mechanism of action&lt;/a&gt; of Metformin is&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Ultimately, it &lt;strong&gt;decreases gluconeogenesis&lt;/strong&gt; (glucose production) in the&#xA;liver&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gluconeogenesis results from breaking up of fat. Metformin also inhibits cellular lipolysis and increases glucagon storage.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Insulin resistance, which is the cause for Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes is itself caused by excess accumulation of fat in muscle cells and liver.&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://diabetesstrong.com/mastering-diabetes/#:%7E:text=The%20Mastering%20Diabetes%20Method%20is,to%20the%20action%20of%20insulin.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reference&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Insulin resistance occurs when your muscles and liver have an impaired&#xA;response to the action of insulin. This is caused by the accumulation&#xA;of excess fat in tissues that are not designed to store large&#xA;quantities of fat, resulting in a reduced ability of insulin to&#xA;promote glucose uptake in both muscle and liver cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If this is true, then even though, in short term, Metformin reduces blood glucose levels by reducing the hepatic contribution, it simply is working for the disease on long term by progressively making a person more and more insulin resistant by making sure the fat accumulated in the cells and liver is not broken down. This may explain why people on Metformin for Pre-diabetes will almost always progress into Type 2 Diabetes and need insulin secretagogues.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, what is the rationale of using Metformin in Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastEditorUserId="20133" LastEditDate="2021-05-18T13:44:35.927" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T17:09:12.543" Title="What is the rationale of using Metformin in Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes?" Tags="&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;endocrinology&gt;&lt;pre-diabetes&gt;&lt;insulin-resistance&gt;&lt;metformin&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26236" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-13T18:14:06.817" Score="-1" ViewCount="41" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am not sure if this is a right question, but I do not intend to hurt anybody’s sentiments. We assume there are 10 people of different ethnic origins. All 10 belong to the same social class, and they are at one place but at different locations and none of them meet each other or come in contact with each other. They breathe the same air, consume the same food, use similar personal utilities and so on. All of them have the same behaviour pattern (social, personal etc.). It is impractical to assume this but let us keep that way. None of the 10 people belong to this place that is, their origin has nothing to do where they are currently now. They have been left or may be abandoned at that place. So, in brief, we assume that they are in the same surroundings. They do not have any health problems; they have the same blood group and blood parameters are same. They have the same breathing rate and have same weight and height.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now we assume that the place is severely affected by Covid. And all of them are equally indisciplined. Will all of them get affected equally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19099" LastActivityDate="2021-05-14T10:49:08.617" Title="The impact of Covid in relation to human origin" Tags="&lt;covid&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="9" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26238" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26221" CreationDate="2021-05-13T20:44:36.793" Score="0" Body="&lt;h2&gt;TL;DR;&#xA;3 - IgG for S protein&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561304/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The secondary outcome was immunogenicity, assessed as the neutralising&#xA;antibody responses against infectious SARS-CoV-2.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.abingdonhealth.com/what-are-covid-19-neutralising-antibody-rapid-tests/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;What are COVID-19 neutralising antibody rapid tests and why use them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neutralising antibodies bind to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and&#xA;interfere with the virus’ ability to enter human cells. IgG antibodies&#xA;are the most common antibody in blood and have the largest part to&#xA;play in conferring immunity to bacteria or viruses.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="491" LastActivityDate="2021-05-13T20:44:36.793" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26240" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26244" CreationDate="2021-05-14T05:15:57.930" Score="1" ViewCount="122" Body="&lt;p&gt;As far as I know, both Astrazeneca and Sputnik V lite are Vector vaccines using an Adeno virus as a vehicle for the DNA of the spike protein of Covid-19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But Astrazeneca requires two vaccine shots between 8-12 weeks but Sputnik V lite requires only one shot. Why? What's the difference?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And also why the difference in efficacy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T15:00:55.107" Title="What exactly is the difference between Sputnik V lite and Astrazeneca vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;covid&gt;&lt;immunology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26241" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26242" CreationDate="2021-05-14T08:35:21.843" Score="0" ViewCount="73" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are two differences between as vector virus vaccines and mRNA vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One uses Adenovirus and the other uses Nano Lipid Particle(NLP) to deliver the gene material.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;One has DNA for the manufacturing of spike proteins and the other has RNA for the same.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, the question is why don't we have mDNA vaccines where we use NLP with DNA inside it? Also why don't we have Adenoviruses with RNA?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastActivityDate="2021-05-14T10:27:39.053" Title="Why don't we have mDNA vaccines?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;virus&gt;&lt;genetic-engineering&gt;&lt;immunology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26242" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26241" CreationDate="2021-05-14T09:57:36.437" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;mRNA (messenger RNA) is the &amp;quot;working copy&amp;quot; of gene that the machinery in the cell's cytoplasm uses to direct synthesis of a protein (translation). Thus, if you can get a suitable-looking mRNA into the cytoplasm (e.g. by coating it with NLP), the cell will start translating it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;DNA, on the other hand, first needs additional machinery to make an mRNA working copy from it (transcription), which process takes place in the cell's nucleus. It's much harder to get things into the nucleus from outside the cell. Adenoviruses are not only robust (hence their long shelf life under refrigeration), but as double-stranded DNA viruses they are already specialized to get their DNA contents into the nucleus and get it transcribed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's all a matter of the right tool for the job.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Regarding transport of the viral DNA into the nucleus, here's part of an abstract from a relevant paper: (&amp;quot;Viral entry into the nucleus&amp;quot; PMID: 11031249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.627)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Because many viruses replicate in the nucleus of their host cells, they must have ways of transporting their genome and other components into and out of this compartment. For the incoming virus particle, nuclear entry is often one of the final steps in a complex transport and uncoating program. Typically, it involves recognition by importins (karyopherins), transport to the nucleus, and binding to nuclear pore complexes. Although all viruses take advantage of cellular signals and factors, viruses and viral capsids vary considerably in size, structure, and in how they interact with the nuclear import machinery. Influenza and adenoviruses undergo extensive disassembly prior to genome import&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just injecting DNA into the cytoplasm won't do much of anything - a lot of machinery is needed to get it to and into the nucleus, some supplied by the virus and some supplied by the cell.  NLPs have none of that.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastEditorUserId="21994" LastEditDate="2021-05-14T10:27:39.053" LastActivityDate="2021-05-14T10:27:39.053" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26243" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26236" CreationDate="2021-05-14T10:14:59.980" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;No, because they don't have exactly the same DNA and the same history of exposure to pathogens, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thinking about such issues in terms of ethnicity is not helpful because our DNA is so different, no matter whether or not we consider ourselves as the same ethnicity as someone else. With roughly 6 billion DNA &amp;quot;letters&amp;quot; in each of our cells, &amp;quot;ethnicity&amp;quot; tells us almost nothing about our DNA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That's why the expanding availability of complete genomic DNA sequencing promises to be helpful in guiding true individualized medical treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: Here's a useful article with actual data on Covid disease vs. many individual factors:&#xA;Ogedegbe G, Ravenell J, Adhikari S, et al. Assessment of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hospitalization and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York City. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2026881. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26881&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastEditorUserId="21994" LastEditDate="2021-05-14T10:49:08.617" LastActivityDate="2021-05-14T10:49:08.617" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26244" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26240" CreationDate="2021-05-14T11:09:37.240" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;Astrazeneca uses a modified chimpanzee adenovirus vector. Sputnik uses a modified hybrid human adenovirus vector. Since many (most?) humans have been previously exposed to human adenoviruses (but not chimp adenoviruses), some will have previously-existing antibodies and cellular immunity that may be enough to block a human-adenovirus-based vaccine from fully working. This is also a likely problem with at least one of the Chinese adenovirus-based vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;None of the vaccines &amp;quot;require&amp;quot; one dose or two doses (or even three :) -- it's just a choice made by the manufacturer, trading off convenience vs. level of protection. Since clinical trials are complex and time-consuming, each had to choose an initial dosing regime.  The more doses, the better the expected level of protection, but the more complicated the administration (records of when billions of people got their first shots and are due for second ones!), and the more doses needed.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The difference in efficacy is likely mostly because they are different vaccines, but is also affected by the number of doses and the amount of viral vector used for one dose. Astrazeneca made some dosing mistakes in their trial and surprisingly found that the smaller of the two amounts of vector they were testing worked better!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Refs:&#xA;&amp;quot;COVID-19: How do viral vector vaccines work?&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-how-do-viral-vector-vaccines-work&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-how-do-viral-vector-vaccines-work&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;A Novel Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector with Low Human Seroprevalence: Improved Systems for Vector Derivation and Comparative Immunogenicity&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040385&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040385&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;&amp;quot;Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective&amp;quot;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00191-4/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00191-4/fulltext&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastEditorUserId="21994" LastEditDate="2021-05-18T15:00:55.107" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T15:00:55.107" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26248" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26255" CreationDate="2021-05-14T23:41:59.290" Score="1" ViewCount="45" Body="&lt;p&gt;Does it have something to do with differences between leukemia versus other cancers, or differences between the treatments of leukemia versus other cancers?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Quote from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/managing-side-effects/septic-shock/?region=on&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the source&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;People with cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, are more likely to develop septic shock than those with solid tumours.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22045" LastEditorUserId="22045" LastEditDate="2021-05-16T11:59:12.483" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T14:58:07.910" Title="Why is sepsis more common with leukemia than with cancers involving physical tumors?" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;infection&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;bacteria&gt;&lt;tumors&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26249" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-15T05:19:43.433" Score="0" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;Or do they use &amp;quot;oscillometric pulses&amp;quot; that are easily detectable, and then use some empirical relation to the actual Korotkoff sounds?&#xA;Here is a picture from &lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/22/6/624/242014&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;an academic paper &amp;quot;Improving Auscultatory Blood Pressure Measurement...&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sb0qk.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/sb0qk.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="9612" LastActivityDate="2021-05-15T05:19:43.433" Title="Do consumer-grade BP monitors use Korotkoff sound detection?" Tags="&lt;blood-pressure&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26251" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-16T17:28:36.993" Score="0" ViewCount="16" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Commonalities &amp;amp; Differences between these Scans for Knee Joint?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MRI Scan Knee Joint&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MRI Scan Knee Arthrography&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MRI Scan Knee Joint Contrast (Fasting Reqd)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;MRI Scan Knee with Cartilage Mapping&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(This is as listed in Radio Imaging Lab's options and similar but different words are being used online from whatever I read. More confused and less clear).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Direction on inquiry:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are some of them Super Sets of other on the list?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What can each of them help show/ uncover from the knee structures &amp;amp; tissues and/or not?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;When would one be preferred over another and when might one escalate to the &amp;quot;greater/ finer&amp;quot; one of them?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Maybe someone can share some highlights&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;+&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Link me to a good comparative article or study that can shed light on the above?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS: My googling has not been able to give much clarity on the above&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;UPDATE:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;More reading and more confusion between these terms and wondering which are same or different.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arthrography | Arthrogram | Arthro-Scopy | Angiography |&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some articles mention MR with Athrogram as with Contrast dye injection&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://alliance-mri.com/2018/07/arthrogram-vs-mri-what-are-the-key-differences/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://alliance-mri.com/2018/07/arthrogram-vs-mri-what-are-the-key-differences/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mrimaster.com/PLAN%20MRA%20LEGS.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://mrimaster.com/PLAN%20MRA%20LEGS.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.omegapds.com/mri-vs-mra-how-to-know-which-imaging-test-is-best-for-you/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.omegapds.com/mri-vs-mra-how-to-know-which-imaging-test-is-best-for-you/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/(S(mjf4pgrpk51jog45znsawg55))/details/ncd-details.aspx?NCDId=177&amp;amp;NCAId=246&amp;amp;NcaName=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+(MRI)&amp;amp;bc=AEAAAAAAEAgA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/(S(mjf4pgrpk51jog45znsawg55))/details/ncd-details.aspx?NCDId=177&amp;amp;NCAId=246&amp;amp;NcaName=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+(MRI)&amp;amp;bc=AEAAAAAAEAgA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mri-q.com/2d-vs-3d-mra.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://mri-q.com/2d-vs-3d-mra.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1399" LastEditorUserId="1399" LastEditDate="2021-05-17T11:01:46.330" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T11:01:46.330" Title="Commonalities &amp; Differences between these Scans for Knee Joint?" Tags="&lt;medical-imaging&gt;&lt;orthopedics&gt;&lt;knee&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26252" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-16T17:37:59.967" Score="3" ViewCount="59" Body="&lt;p&gt;When mRNA (from a vaccine) enters a cell and the transcription process gets underway, the host cell effectively becomes an antigen factory. How does the antigen leave the cell so that it can trigger the intended immune response, and what is the fate of the host cell? As I understand it, one mRNA molecule can produce many antigen particles before it decays; does this continue until the host cell ruptures? After antigen production has shut down, does the host cell &amp;quot;get back to its normal life&amp;quot;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20044" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T03:26:24.123" Title="Does antigen expression from an mRNA vaccine damage the host cell?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;mrna&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="4" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26253" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-17T08:38:19.093" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;At first ,i have understood that PGE2 function on bronchial smooth muscle is relaxation of smooth muscles and it is even used as inhalant in case of bronchoconstriction (eg.asthma) Source:Katzung-Basic and clinical Pharmacology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Even big robbin describe that PGE 2 main functions are smooth muscle relaxation which may lead to vasodilation and bronchodlilation in case of lungs.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But many other sources on google and some books also mention that PGE2, and PGD2 can cause smooth muscle constriction of air ways.  &lt;a href=&quot;https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-6-85&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-6-85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that PGF2 alpha and leukotrienes are main bronchoconstrictors.&#xA;If PGE2 causes vasodilation which means relaxtion of smooth muscle cells of endothelium,it should also cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle cells ,right?Kindly help me,i am second year medical student and this is fustrating me alot.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22058" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T08:38:19.093" Title="What is the actual function of PGE2 on bronchial smooth muscles?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26254" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-17T11:47:24.000" Score="0" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Drugs are systematically tested for toxicity according to strict standards nowdays. But are products and materials used in dentistry (varnishes, resins, metals, acrylic, cements, etc..) tested using the same standards as for usual drugs ? In particular, are they tested for long term low grade toxicity or just for short term acute toxicity ? I have in mind for instance the role of BPA as a well known endocrine disruptor, and that substance is nevertheless allowed and used in dentistry.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22011" LastEditorUserId="22011" LastEditDate="2021-05-17T15:41:20.983" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T17:02:24.873" Title="Are products used in dentistry tested for toxicity?" Tags="&lt;dentistry&gt;&lt;toxicity&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26255" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26248" CreationDate="2021-05-17T14:58:07.910" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's a combination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By definition, leukemia affects the production and/or development of white blood cells (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/leukemia.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus - Leukemia&lt;/a&gt;). If not enough white blood cells are produced (AKA neutropenia) or those white blood cells don't work properly, the body is less able to fight infection, potentially leading to sepsis (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000675.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus - Low WBC&lt;/a&gt;). A solid tumor won't usually affect white blood cell production like this.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, leukemia is pretty much always treated with chemotherapy (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374378&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Leukemia&lt;/a&gt;), which causes neutropenia. Chemo is common in treating solid tumors, but not universal; some early breast cancers, for example, are treated only with surgery, or only surgery and radiation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/content/PDF/stage_0_breast-patient.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NCCN Patient Guidelines DCIS - see pg. 29&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, radiation for leukemia can weaken the immune system. Radiation for solid tumors is usually very targeted to minimize side effects, but for leukemia a larger area often needs to be treated. This makes many side effects, including neutropenia, more common for that type of radiation (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/cancer-treatment/ART-20046192?p=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mayo Clinic - Low Blood Cell Counts&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Lastly, &amp;quot;Full body radiation&amp;quot;, which completely destroys the body's ability to produce any white blood cells, may be done in preparation for a bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia. Severe infections, including sepsis, are a serious potential side effect (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003009.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus - Bone Marrow Transplant&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22060" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T14:58:07.910" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26257" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26254" CreationDate="2021-05-17T17:02:24.873" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the US, medical devices including those used in dentistry both for diagnostic equipment and for things like cement, amalgams, etc are &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=872&amp;amp;showFR=1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;regulated by the FDA&lt;/a&gt;. Presumably in other countries the equivalent regulatory agencies are involved. FDA device regulation is similar to that of drugs, and in some ways can be even more stringent due to the difficulty in removing medical devices (vs stopping medication) should problems arise. The specific support required for approval will depend on what exactly the device is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_040.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;EU guidance&lt;/a&gt; seems to be that exposure to BPA from medical devices (including dental devices) is low and not of much concern. Most BPA release from dental products is within the first hour after implant and at levels below that which causes harm.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastActivityDate="2021-05-17T17:02:24.873" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26258" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26259" CreationDate="2021-05-17T19:03:43.463" Score="20" ViewCount="17619" Body="&lt;p&gt;I recently saw a post online which called into question the safety of the Moderna vaccine through an interesting argument. One of the ingredients in the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is the ionizable amino lipid SM-102. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/HealthU/2021/01/11/a-simple-breakdown-of-the-ingredients-in-the-covid-vaccines/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt; [Source]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Information about this chemical can be found on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caymanchem.com/product/33474/sm-102&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;this website&lt;/a&gt;. As expected, the description of this chemical is the following:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;SM-102 is an ionizable amino lipid that has been used in combination&#xA;with other lipids in the formation of lipid nanoparticles.1&#xA;Administration of luciferase mRNA in SM-102-containing lipid&#xA;nanoparticles induces hepatic luciferase expression in mice.&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;Formulations containing SM-102 have been used in the development of&lt;/strong&gt;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;lipid nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA-based vaccines.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, as a standalone chemical it seems to have many safety warnings and hazards. This information is available on &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/33474m.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;the accompanying safety data sheet for SM-102&lt;/a&gt;. Here are some of the listed hazards:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING&lt;/strong&gt; This product is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; for human or veterinary use.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H310 Fatal in contact with skin.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H351 Suspected of causing cancer&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;H372 Causes damage to the central nervous system, the kidneys, the&#xA;liver and the respiratory system through prolonged or repeated&#xA;exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now, my presumption is that these hazards are supposed to be overly cautionary, and also only apply to the direct handling of the raw chemical. But many people do not see it this way, and thus are reasonably skeptical about the safety of the Moderna vaccine. So, I have a couple questions:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Questions.&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are all these hazards relevant to the chemical's pharmacological use as part of an mRNA vaccine? Why?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;How are these hazards determined in the first place?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Are there examples of other chemicals with similar hazards/warnings, which are ingredients in common medical drugs?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Opposite to the previous question, are there chemicals with little to no hazards/warnings, which nevertheless form key components to actually dangerous drugs?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="3302" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T23:15:55.607" Title="Is SM-102 a safe ingredient in the Moderna vaccine, despite these safety warnings?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;safety&gt;&lt;lipids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" FavoriteCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26259" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26258" CreationDate="2021-05-17T19:17:10.490" Score="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;The MSDS linked to is for a product sold as a solution of 10% SM-102 in 90% chloroform. It's listed as &amp;quot;SM-102&amp;quot; because that's the interesting/useful thing that the company is selling. It's common for chemicals to be sold packaged with solvents to make a solution. Sometimes that solvent is just water, but if the product is not water-soluble in sufficient concentrations then other solvents may be necessary. Alcohol solutions are quite common, but for more hydrophobic chemicals it may be necessary to use more &amp;quot;exotic&amp;quot; solvents.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Because chloroform is quite a dangerous chemical for people to be exposed to and because this product is mostly chloroform, the MSDS is also primarily based on chloroform, not SM-102.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can see this in some of the language in the MSDS itself, for example:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Hazard-determining components of labeling:&#xA;Chloroform&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(this notes that the hazards listed below it are attributable to the presence of chloroform in the packaging)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;· Chemical characterization: Mixtures · Description: Mixture of the&#xA;substances listed below with nonhazardous additions&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;· Dangerous&#xA;components: CAS: 67-66-3 RTECS: FS9100000 Chloroform 90.0%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;· Other&#xA;ingredients 2089251-47-6 SM-102 10.0%&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You'd have the same hazards listed on the MSDS of 10% water and 90% chloroform. Presenting this as an argument about vaccine safety seems misleading at best.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;From this &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/media/144637/download&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;fact sheet&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Each (0.5 mL dose) dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine contains the following ingredients: a total lipid&#xA;content of 1.93 mg (SM-102, polyethylene glycol [PEG] 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol [DMG],&#xA;cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [DSPC]), 0.31 mg tromethamine,&#xA;1.18 mg tromethamine hydrochloride, 0.043 mg acetic acid, 0.20 mg sodium acetate trihydrate,&#xA;and 43.5 mg sucrose.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(the section in parenthesis is added by me from the previous section)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Chloroform is not listed as an ingredient in the Moderna vaccine, and determinations about the safety of the vaccine should not be based on MSDS for a product that is 90% chloroform.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-05-18T23:15:55.607" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T23:15:55.607" CommentCount="16" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26260" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26235" CreationDate="2021-05-17T23:01:36.947" Score="4" Body="&lt;p&gt;Metformin has effects on many body systems and its many effects are not completely understood, as explained in this 2019 review article discussing use of metformin to treat Type II diabetes mellitus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Foretz, M., Guigas, B. &amp;amp; Viollet, B. Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 15, 569–589 (2019). &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0242&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0242&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This article can be accessed through Google Scholar at a site that is an open-access site and is not paywalled.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;According to this article,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“…..several actions have been attributed to its ability to lower blood&#xA;glucose. For example, metformin acts primarily by the suppression of&#xA;enhanced basal endogenous glucose production in individuals with T2DM&#xA;through a 25–40% decrease in the hepatic gluconeogenesis rate…..”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“Moreover, in some euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies, a&#xA;beneficial effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity has been&#xA;reported in skeletal muscle.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“……the drug increases peripheral glucose utilization by the intestine,&#xA;primarily via non‐oxidative metabolism…..”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;That is, according to this article, citing references, metformin does &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; increase insulin resistance.  It increases insulin &lt;strong&gt;sensitivity.&lt;/strong&gt;  That is one reason it is given both in people with Type 2 diabetes and in people with pre-diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The question states that&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“people on metformin for pre-diabetes will almost always progress into&#xA;Type 2 Diabetes and need insulin secretagogues.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is not a correct statement.  Metformin decreases the chances that a person with pre-diabetes will progress to Type 2 diabetes.   The most convincing evidence for this statement comes from a 2019 Cochrane Systematic Review of randomized trials of metformin compared with placebo or diet/exercise in people with pre-diabetes reported that the:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;“incidence of T2DM was 324/1751 versus 529/1881 participants (RR 0.50,&#xA;95% CI 0.38 to 0.65; P &amp;lt; 0.001; 3632 participants, 12 trials;&#xA;moderate‐quality evidence.”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889926/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6889926/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The detail of the trials that compared progression to Type 2 diabetes comparing metformin with placebo or diet/exercise can be found on page 102 of this publication—Analysis 1.2 and 1.3.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;EDIT.  The Diabetes Prevention Program trial, which is the largest trial of metformin in people with pre-diabetes, showed an effect of metformin in decreasing the chances of progression from pre-diabetes to Type 2 diabetes at 3 years.  The percentages of people with pre-diabetes who had progressed to Type 2 diabetes were 28.9% in the placebo group, 21.7% in the metformin group, and 14.4% in the lifestyle group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370926/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370926/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The authors estimated that metformin delayed onset of Type 2 diabetes by 3 years.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20133" LastEditorUserId="20133" LastEditDate="2021-05-19T17:09:12.543" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T17:09:12.543" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26262" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="20794" CreationDate="2021-05-18T07:28:21.747" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes you can just close the eyes to relax them. The cure for fatigue is rest. It's not just the intraocular muscles that need to be relaxed. Even the extraocular muscles need the rest. Moreover, it also helps to relax the face muscles and neck muscles. I've recovered from severe eye strain. I know. The 20-20-20 rule didn't work for me, since my strain was severe. However, the simple fact of getting periodic rest was proven beneficial (Ref1). Getting 8 hours of sleep every night and closing my eyes after 20 minutes of computer use, slowly cured my strain and proper sleep and nutrition is also studied and accepted by researchers (Ref2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28546777/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ref1&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;rest breaks for 30 seconds every 30 minutes of computer use, and 15-minute rest break (in the morning and the afternoon)...was associated with reduction in percentage of eye strain&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24195055/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ref2&lt;/a&gt;: &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;analysis revealed a significant relationship between the use of computer and asthenopia...Good sleep...were found to be strong predictors of decreasing the occurrence of asthenopia complaints.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22066" LastEditorUserId="22066" LastEditDate="2021-05-18T17:11:39.867" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T17:11:39.867" CommentCount="4" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26263" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="3190" CreationDate="2021-05-18T07:38:04.770" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a programmer who has been through much more severe eye strain than you for a decade, I know of how people recommend eye drops, special lenses and screens as a cure. DOES NOT WORK.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;What helped in my recovery are three simple things:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Eight hours of &lt;strong&gt;uninterrupted&lt;/strong&gt; sleep every night. Even 7 hours is not enough. It has to be eight. Children need &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep#Recommendations&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;more than 8 hours of sleep&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Closing my eyes and relaxing my neck muscles and face muscles after 20 minutes of computer use and then waiting until the strain subsides (the wait is usually 5 minutes, but it could be lesser for you).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting a well balanced diet of properly cooked food. When food is not fully cooked or burnt, it causes stomach discomfort that leads to sleep loss. Also, your eye muscles need protein and the rest of your body needs a lot of essential nutrition to keep all functions running well. So search for what a &amp;quot;well balanced&amp;quot; diet is, and eat it.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This problem of severe eye strain and people not knowing what to do, is quite evident from blogs like &lt;a href=&quot;https://jack-vanlightly.com/blog/2017/2/21/10-years-of-eye-pain&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and the comments on the blog where more people are reporting how severe it got for them. Don't let it get severe. Start getting rest and sleep.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22066" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T07:38:04.770" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26264" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="5466" CreationDate="2021-05-18T07:46:43.257" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;From my experience with chronic eye strain and subsequent recovery, computer glasses didn't help, because the blue light was not the reason for strain (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30570598/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32007978/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;ref2&lt;/a&gt;). Eye drops and all the other methods suggested by people didn't help either. The strain was caused by lack of rest for the intraocular and extraocular muscles. So there were three things that cured the strain:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting 8 hours of &lt;strong&gt;uninterrupted&lt;/strong&gt; sleep each night.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Closing the eyes after 20 minutes of computer use, and relaxing the neck muscles and face muscles.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Getting a well balanced diet of properly cooked food. Food that's not properly cooked or burnt will cause stomach discomfort, leading to sleep loss (and sleep loss is one of the major reasons for fatigue-related strain). Also, get sufficient protein in your diet. Muscles need protein. A well balanced diet is necessary.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22066" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T07:46:43.257" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26269" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-18T18:18:20.530" Score="0" ViewCount="54" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am having troubles studying anatomy. Specifically, memorizing all the relations, courses and branches of certain arteries or veins. Can someone suggest a good way to study efficiently? Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="19940" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T22:40:59.070" Title="Studying Anatomy" Tags="&lt;anatomy&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26270" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26269" CreationDate="2021-05-18T19:53:30.440" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;This is normal, anatomy is a complex subject to grasp at first. I can suggest the following to help you study more efficiently:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learning Strategies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Begin by knowing all &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;systems&lt;/a&gt; of the human body&#xA;(learn the skeletal system first and then the muscular system etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Focus on a particular system and &lt;a href=&quot;https://human.biodigital.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;visualize&lt;/a&gt; its parts&#xA;(learn the head and go down or start with fingers then limbs etc.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Learning Approaches&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Exercise your knowledge and ability to recollect using anatomy &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Anatomy_Flashcards/qbZNMQEACAAJ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;flashcards&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Actively engage in your learning (don't only read), &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Anatomy_Coloring_Book/x3eArHrj6x4C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;color&lt;/a&gt; and explain relations&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1881" LastActivityDate="2021-05-18T19:53:30.440" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26271" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26275" CreationDate="2021-05-18T20:45:53.513" Score="0" ViewCount="27" Body="&lt;p&gt;As a result from my recent concerns regarding &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phenylketonuria&lt;/a&gt;, I would like to ask the community:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Where can I find the quantities of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Phenylalanine&lt;/a&gt; in common&#xA;nutritional items such as milk, eggs, cheese, nuts, soybeans, chicken,&#xA;beef, pork, beans and fish?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am aware it may vary between producers but I am at a loss when a &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;label&lt;/a&gt; only states &lt;em&gt;contains phenylalanine&lt;/em&gt; (without mention to the amount). Would there be a resource available for researching the levels that occur naturally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="1881" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T02:44:50.487" Title="Determining levels of Phenylalanine in common foods" Tags="&lt;nutrition&gt;&lt;labeling&gt;&lt;amino-acids&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26275" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26271" CreationDate="2021-05-19T02:44:50.487" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;OK, it seems this is more what you were asking for:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Food Data Chart&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data2e.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data2e.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Table of Phenylalanine Content of Foods: Comparative Analysis of Data Compiled in Food Composition Tables&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509543/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509543/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21994" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T02:44:50.487" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26278" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26282" CreationDate="2021-05-19T05:29:50.877" Score="1" ViewCount="111" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/K3odScka55A&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;This video by Vox&lt;/a&gt; says people who are vaccinated have zero risk of mortality by Covid 19.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-9V_MCCC6E&amp;amp;t=21s&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;NDTV reports&lt;/a&gt; (at 00:21 and again at 07:53 in the video) that even fully vaccinated 8 frontline medical workers have died due to Covid-19, through breakthrough infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Indian Medical Association: India has lost 269 doctors in second wave.&#xA;3% of doctors who died were fully vaccinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Are there other reports of post vaccination mortality due to Covid 19?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So given that the news is from a reputable source and if there other such reports, &lt;strong&gt;is the Vox claim that vaccine offers zero mortality risk is wrong??&lt;/strong&gt; and is only applicable to trials and not large number of people in real world?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Edit: For many people who are having trouble understanding this&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;The news outlet is not giving out any science, its simply givong out stats which were given out by Indian Medical Association.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;66% of medical personell have been vaccinated in India&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;269 medical personell have been dead in the second wave, out of which 3% were vaccinated. Which is 8 people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As of Google there are around 1.16 million doctors. 66% of them are vaccinated, so 0.76 million are vaccinated. Now 269 of doctors are dead in second wave, &lt;strong&gt;out of those 269 people, 3% were vaccinated&lt;/strong&gt;. So 8 people died of covid despite being vaccinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20181" LastEditorUserId="20181" LastEditDate="2021-05-20T05:32:16.777" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T05:32:16.777" Title="Do vaccinated people not have zero risk of mortality by Covid 19?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;covid&gt;&lt;immunology&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26281" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26222" CreationDate="2021-05-19T14:42:28.780" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There are no dietary restrictions recommended for people taking PPIs (&lt;a href=&quot;https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a693050.html#special-dietary&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;MedlinePlus&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You're correct that there is a theoretical basis suggesting that taking PPIs might increase the risk of food-borne illness, but the research has been inconsistent on whether that holds in the real world. It's possible that the decrease in acidity isn't enough to make a practical difference.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It's widely accepted that taking PPIs increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infections (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643276/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Systematic Review&lt;/a&gt;) - a gastrointestinal illness that isn't food-borne. I mention this because it provides evidence that PPIs could create a gastrointestinal environment that is hospitable to infection.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For common food-borne illnesses like salmonella and campylobacter, some studies have found an association with PPI use, some have not (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40261-017-0519-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - See &amp;quot;Other Enteric Bacterial Infections&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There's some evidence linking listeriosis, a less common but more serious food-borne illness, with PPI use, but the body of research is fairly small (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40261-017-0519-y&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - See &amp;quot;Other Enteric Bacterial Infections&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For brucellosis, another serious food-borne illness, acid suppressing therapy (which includes PPIs) is often given as a risk factor, but most evidence comes from decades-old theory-based studies (nearly everything cites a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1603344/?page=2&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;classic 1978 BMJ study&lt;/a&gt;). It's also worth mentioning that most cases of brucellosis come from eating unpasteurized dairy products, which is broadly discouraged by food safety organizations (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/dangers-raw-milk-unpasteurized-milk-can-pose-serious-health-risk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/a&gt;) and illegal in some countries (&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_milk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Wikipedia: Raw Milk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While there's some evidence that taking PPIs might increase the risk of food-borne illness, the evidence isn't strong enough and the risk isn't great enough to merit specific dietary recommendations. Following broad food safety recommendations (like washing produce, avoiding uncooked eggs, avoiding unpasteurized milk and cheese, etc.) is probably sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22060" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T14:42:28.780" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26282" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26278" CreationDate="2021-05-19T15:18:47.837" Score="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;No it's not zero, even in the US. The March 20 Vox report is talking about the clinical trials, which were conducted on tens of thousands of people, who were generally healthy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the subsequent rollout in the US, some vaccinated people have died as CNN &lt;a href=&quot;https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/14/health/breakthrough-infections-covid-vaccines-cdc/index.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; in mid-April:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 5,800 people who have been vaccinated against coronavirus have become infected anyway, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tells CNN.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some became seriously ill and 74 people died, the CDC said. It said 396 -- 7% -- of those who got infected after they were vaccinated required hospitalization.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is the CDC's first public accounting of breakthrough cases, and the agency is searching for patterns based on patient age and gender, location, type of vaccine, variants and other factors. [...]&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;About 77 million people in the US are fully vaccinated against coronavirus, according to a CNN analysis of CDC data.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So that's almost 1 in a million deaths among the vaccinated, in the US. Clearly not something that would have been likely caught in the clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;By April 26, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/past-breakthrough-data.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;CDC's website&lt;/a&gt; reported 132 deaths in the US among the vaccinated, which had reached 95 million by then. However, this report also says that &amp;quot;20 (15%) of the 132 fatal cases were reported as asymptomatic or not related to COVID-19.&amp;quot; These [20 or so] might have been excluded from CNN's earlier report.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There most recent data, as I'm writing this, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/breakthrough-cases.html&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;seems&lt;/a&gt; to be from May 10: 223 deaths among the vaccinated (42 of which &amp;quot; asymptomatic or not related to COVID-19&amp;quot;) out of 115 million fully vaccinated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-19T15:31:10.763" LastActivityDate="2021-05-19T15:31:10.763" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26285" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26293" CreationDate="2021-05-19T21:34:18.243" Score="3" ViewCount="55" Body="&lt;p&gt;If an obese person and a &amp;quot;fit&amp;quot; person were marooned on an island where there was plenty of drinkable water but literally nothing to eat; all else being equal, would the obese person stay alive for significantly longer than the &amp;quot;fit&amp;quot; person?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(Let's assume that the weather remains mild and tolerable, and there is adequate shelter and opportunity for restful sleep)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Related framing of the question: Could a person intentionally starve themselves by depending solely on their body fat as a substitute for food intake (perhaps also taking some essential multivitamins, if that is necessary)?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13209" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T14:20:44.060" Title="Would excess body fat provide a significant survival/longevity advantage in a situation of sudden starvation?" Tags="&lt;body-fat&gt;" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26286" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26252" CreationDate="2021-05-20T03:26:24.123" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;It's difficult to find a straightforward explanation, but it sounds like the cells present the spike protein on their surface, and are then recognized as infected and killed by T-cells.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Some of the spike proteins form spikes that migrate to the surface of the cell and stick out their tips. The vaccinated cells also break up some of the proteins into fragments, which they present on their surface. These protruding spikes and spike protein fragments can then be recognized by the immune system&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;…&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;The antigen-presenting cells can also activate another type of immune cell called a killer T cell to seek out and destroy any coronavirus-infected cells that display the spike protein fragments on their surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/moderna-covid-19-vaccine.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/moderna-covid-19-vaccine.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In an article about N protein vaccines:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Tiny fragments of N protein are then displayed on the surface of infected cells. T cells recognise these fragments, identify cells as infected, then kill the cell and consequently any virus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://theconversation.com/covid-vaccines-focus-on-the-spike-protein-but-heres-another-target-150315&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://theconversation.com/covid-vaccines-focus-on-the-spike-protein-but-heres-another-target-150315&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Presumably vaccinated cells present the spike protein on the surface the same way as infected cells, and are killed in the same way, but neither of these articles explicitly say so, and I can't find any that do.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDEduT62Awc&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDEduT62Awc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13428" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T03:26:24.123" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26287" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-20T07:00:35.897" Score="1" ViewCount="18" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the circles that decry mask &amp;quot;totalitarianism&amp;quot; and its dangers, much has been made about a 2008 Turkish study of &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130147308702355&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Beder et al.&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Repeated measures, longitudinal and prospective observational study was performed on 53 surgeons using a pulse oximeter pre and postoperatively.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Our study revealed a decrease in the oxygen saturation of arterial pulsations (SpO2)&lt;/strong&gt; and a slight increase in pulse rates compared to preoperative values in all surgeon groups. &lt;strong&gt;The decrease was more prominent in the surgeons aged over 35.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Considering our findings, pulse rates of the surgeon's increase and SpO2 decrease after the first hour. This early change in SpO2 may be either due to the facial mask or the operational stress. &lt;strong&gt;Since a very small decrease in saturation at this level, reflects a large decrease in PaO2, our findings may have a clinical value for the health workers and the surgeons.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study has been one of the linchpins of a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4344&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;narrative review&lt;/a&gt; by a group of 8 German doctors (published alas in a journal that &lt;a href=&quot;https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/50702/are-vaccinated-children-significantly-less-healthy-than-the-unvaccinated-as-rec?noredirect&quot;&gt;also&lt;/a&gt; publishes anti-vaxxer studies like linking ADHD to vaccines) which aims to prove that masks not only don't work in the general public (they have a full page in their review on that) but are also are potentially dangerous.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Somewhat amusingly, the same journal published &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7662944/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;another study&lt;/a&gt; (from Canada) that proves the contrary at least in a young healthy people, even on cycling stress to exhaustion, in a cross-over RCT:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Wearing face masks is recommended for the prevention of contracting or exposing others to cardiorespiratory infections, such as COVID-19. Controversy exists on whether wearing face masks during vigorous exercise affects performance. We used a randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design to evaluate the effects of wearing a surgical mask, a cloth mask, or no mask in 14 participants (7 men and 7 women; 28.2 ± 8.7 y) during a cycle ergometry test to exhaustion. Arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) and tissue oxygenation index (indicator of hemoglobin saturation/desaturation) at vastus lateralis (near-infrared spectroscopy) were assessed throughout the exercise tests. Wearing face masks had no effect on performance (time to exhaustion (mean ± SD): no mask 622 ± 141 s, surgical mask 657 ± 158 s, cloth mask 637 ± 153 s (p = 0.20); peak power: no mask 234 ± 56 W, surgical mask 241 ± 57 W, cloth mask 241 ± 51 W (p = 0.49)). &lt;strong&gt;When expressed relative to peak exercise performance, no differences were evident between wearing or not wearing a mask for arterial oxygen saturation, tissue oxygenation index, rating of perceived exertion, or heart rate at any time during the exercise tests. Wearing a face mask during vigorous exercise had no discernable detrimental effect on blood or muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in young, healthy participants&lt;/strong&gt; (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04557605).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are also some media reports, e.g. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-leeds-53503124&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;on BBC&lt;/a&gt;, of doctors wearing several masks while using a SpO2 meter showing no O2 decreases, albeit only in a short time span (and the doctor demonstrating that looked fairly young). A similar &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/2ZWV_6N9kb0?t=58&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;video&lt;/a&gt; has been posed by UC San Diego; it took 7 layered masks to register a 1% change in SpO2; again the subject looked fairly young though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So, are there some meta-analyses of such O2 measurements while wearing masks studies, as opposed to narrative reviews? And any such with moderator analyses, e.g. are there consistently replicated settings in which wearing a mask &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; decrease O2, e.g. older people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-20T07:28:02.930" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T07:28:02.930" Title="Do medical/surgical masks [consistently] reduce O2 levels in some settings?" Tags="&lt;face-mask-respirator&gt;&lt;reference-request&gt;&lt;oxygenation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26288" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-20T08:01:27.413" Score="1" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;The article &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051332/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; tells that in &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;HCM&lt;/a&gt; due to ventricular premature contraction there is enough time for dilatation of ventricular filling which increases end diastolic volume thereby increasing obstruction due to increase in gradient across the obstruction (Frank starling mechanism).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand when we talk about increase in preload, we say that it decreases the obstruction which can be appreciated on hearing the murmur which is of less intensity. Examples can be like  in squatting and leg raising.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aren't these two situation contradicting each other?&lt;/strong&gt; On one hand due increase in preload there increase in obstruction causing Brockenbrough-Braunwald-Morrow sign to occur while on the other hand increase in preload decreases the intensity of murmur?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15514" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T08:01:27.413" Title="Why in Brockenbrough-Braunwald-Morrow there is a paradoxical decrease in arterial pulse pressure?" Tags="&lt;cardiology&gt;&lt;cardiovascular-disease&gt;&lt;pulse&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26289" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-20T08:30:52.607" Score="0" ViewCount="49" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have to design a hypothetical study in critical care medicine. The aim of the study is to examine wether the outcome of patients (survivor vs. non-survivor) is associated with certain ventilator settings during mechanical ventilation. Since all patients enrolled in this study are treated with mechanical ventilation, would it be reasonable to call this a retrospective case-control study, where the cases (death) and control (survivor) are exposed either to ventilator settings below a certain threshold or above?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22095" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T15:02:14.717" Title="Is my study design a case-control study?" Tags="&lt;mechanical-ventilation&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26291" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-20T11:28:56.410" Score="-3" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;There seems to be a rumor, at least in my country, that the &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Ice Bucket Challenge&lt;/a&gt; was created to make people experience the paralysis the people with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis&lt;/a&gt; feel everyday. However, I can't see anywhere in these pages saying anything about that. Moreover, it seems that the ice bucket challenge was not the first challenge to involve cold water. It was intended to lean into being fun, and to lean into the trend of social media challenges, to raise awareness and funds for the disease. Therefore, I think it's safe to conclude that the rumor is false.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, I still wonder if the two types of paralysis can relates to each other? Maybe for an ALS patient, it's a world of difference, but at least for normal people it still gives a sense of what paralysis is. So it's still somewhat helpful in understanding ASL people?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="99" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T11:28:56.410" Title="How is the paralysis of ALS compared to the paralysis of suddenly getting cold by ice water?" Tags="&lt;multiple-sclerosis&gt;&lt;paralysis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-05-21T04:01:37.980" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26292" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26285" CreationDate="2021-05-20T14:19:28.750" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Yes ... unless the fit person uses their advantage to kill and eat the other.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This is probably the evolutionary cause of obesity: if you have an irregular food supply, it is sensible to build up a stock, either externally stored food or internally stored fat. This gave us physiology, and preferences, that work less well in rich countries, where you are surrounded 24/7 by a buffet.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15829" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T14:19:28.750" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26293" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26285" CreationDate="2021-05-20T14:20:44.060" Score="6" Body="&lt;p&gt;Assuming no underlying health problems and similar muscle stores, the obese person would survive significantly longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When eating normally, the body gets most of its energy from free glucose and glycogen stores. After a day or two of no food intake, the body will switch to get most of its energy from the breakdown of fat tissue. Some cell types can't utilize energy from fat, so those cells will get energy from the breakdown of muscle protein which can be converted to glucose (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemistry Textbook - 30.3.1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Death from starvation can occur due to running out of fat tissue, or running out of muscle tissue that can be safely broken down. A person of average body weight would generally run out of fat tissue first, whereas an obese person would run out of muscle tissue first (&lt;a href=&quot;https://watermark.silverchair.com/12.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApYwggKSBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKDMIICfwIBADCCAngGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM7kXz8ihHKFkF-nGBAgEQgIICSRUCL3Zaqv4xt1DDaWoEP8PSFEFoyxsEhoYtpWDTS6XTn1d4R_TCafoYl9K-LuUtZmQ1btjnF5ld1DSatPQsaR2V2-KoAblzVq1CbymPtIYplz9C5elGh1DsLI1cp4cThIaVWdnYcWAmuj7-ZQ6EHUSy18PSMUjL1yVwDHjdZFhOmNolv_EIZCJGZAbuiHbYEveT00ElX7I60onRhTKWGKhkcCdqL-rEN7UKYv9jn3Go3ONI4eHHr7-H3tPVjgMPGREnj2amF-fzOIlWpnYp9yNn1OayfKQnc-WxU2ascwiAXeNdNm7PNL-QgSbav07uVfyWNE06UMBQx4Cno7uLDr5fxVPhaGf1Dbzp6yrMx5_Aif0uSMTvYBhwFFn53mO9DzICvlKuKMjuSDFAFUn0ZxQ22wIy33IIXtP0PTWMJxOAaZ1TAaCRwh9LjMBGjDNWIFLN94BF9-iWxCUooe8Vnk08scUS9RziNJO6Kx4UZ7VwjoapWg0aEcXARkJNyNqSZROcKmBL3e_t9fKvF_i03dqdcTV4UFt6ALbiXPA2ZYnumypDLxZNDyCaPzRVpmr3zQrx2y5XroU-L3iOH6RMqgqRiE-eX1KJDIymJGO2O-BGwUcRyDVk9xarN9daTIb1Y12_MpFZPmB7b7Mt2N4yWZe1OSFdcgYmSNdOnkfj8QKgm22kRDbIj6zWGrDu8SjUCkVd03YMFUYSyY2ghufwqA9dxig3uV0ZTYF_CKzIs5jcFJWwlozH4wkAGzsqYY3uT5UOI3B_c25YAw&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - see pg. 15&lt;/a&gt;). Assuming they started with the same amount of muscle tissue, that means the obese person would survive longer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A caveat: The immune system is significantly weakened in starvation due to metabolic changes, making deadly infections common (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.who.int/emergencies/humanitarian-emergencies/famine/en/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;WHO&lt;/a&gt;). An obese person would not have advantage against those infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To answer your second framing:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The average person can survive a long time without eating - about 1 to 3 months (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22414/&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Biochemistry Textbook - 30.3.1&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;b&gt;NOTE: This does NOT mean a person can safely fast for more than a day or so at a time. After a few days there will be significant, often permanent damage to many organs&lt;/b&gt;). That said, vitamin deficiencies take even longer to develop in most cases (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/vitamins-common-misconceptions#deficiencies-and-illness&quot; rel=&quot;noreferrer&quot;&gt;Victoria Dept. of Health&lt;/a&gt;), so taking a multivitamin wouldn't help much.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22060" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T14:20:44.060" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26294" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-20T23:15:14.190" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;Not counting the &lt;em&gt;intended&lt;/em&gt; double dose of the 2-dose vaccines such as Moderna and Pfizer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I can imagine this in several instances.  Say someone threw away their vaccine card after the second shot, and later learn they need that card to document their vaccination for an employer or school, and getting vaccinated again is the most expedient way to solve that. Or, they aim to do international travel, but they don't think their vaccine is on the list of that country's accepted vaccines, so they get a vaccine that is.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Are there known risks to doubling up on vaccines generally?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is anything documented about the various COVID vaccines that warns against taking them when already vaccinated?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is an existing question but it was confused for a &amp;quot;what if you split doses 1 Pfizer 1 Moderna&amp;quot; question.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14568" LastActivityDate="2021-05-20T23:15:14.190" Title="Are there adverse health risks to taking multiple COVID vaccines?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26295" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26296" CreationDate="2021-05-21T02:54:20.003" Score="2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Let's say that patient A is taking drugs like as shown below&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;|---atenolol-----esmolol----nebivolol---------------------|&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;|---s------e-----s-----e----s-------e---------------------|&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;here &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; indicates start and end date of drugs, meaning a patient started with atenolol first....after completing atenolol course, he started esmolol....after finishing esmolol, he started nebivolol...&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So now, am I right to understand that patient was in monotherapy treatment throughout?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Though he had multiple drugs (which belonged to the same class) at different time points, he was on monotherapy. Am I right to understand this?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17323" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-05-21T06:29:08.503" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T06:40:37.120" Title="Monotherapy of multiple drugs or combination therapy - Beginner 101" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;infectious-diseases&gt;&lt;hypertension&gt;&lt;therapy&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26296" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26295" CreationDate="2021-05-21T06:40:37.120" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;If it is planned this way, it can be seen to be combination therapy but generally it would be monotherapy throughout.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Generally speaking, monotherapy is using one medication to treat a condition. If that medication is not as effective as required and an alternative was later prescribed it is still monotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If more than one medication is prescribed in the same regime then it is combination therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_therapy&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this Wikipedia article&lt;/a&gt; for more information.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T06:40:37.120" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26297" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-21T08:47:35.093" Score="-1" ViewCount="26" Body="&lt;p&gt;I'm here as a guest--inquiring for a novel I'm writing.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How long does it take for someone to die by stabbing themselves in the heart? (The knife is a bread knife) If death is immediate in the heart, what part of the body is best for someone to stab themselves and have a few seconds to remove the knife (in my novel, my character has a very reasonable purpose for doing so) before dying? (Assuming X was lying down on the floor)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thanks in advance!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22104" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T08:47:35.093" Title="Of knives and wounds" Tags="&lt;heart&gt;&lt;wound&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-05-21T14:54:10.240" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26298" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-21T11:37:12.800" Score="2" ViewCount="48" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have recently come across the following two studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982836/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The first paper&lt;/a&gt; was performed on an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, and found that protein restriction cycles reduce IGF-1 and phosphorylated Tau, the latter of which is a commonly observed biomarker related to neurodegenerative diseases. It was also found that mice that had protein restriction cycles had improved cognition, among other findings.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad170742&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;The second one&lt;/a&gt; was performed on cognitively normal adults, and found a decreased burden of brain beta-amyloid, which is also a biomarker that is usually correlated with cognitive decline.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While I understand that none of these studies attempt to suggest that either dietary protein consumption habit is better for humans, they seem to contradict themselves a bit. Though different biomarkers were observed, they both came to a different conclusion regarding cognitive function, albeit with obviously different experimental conditions as well.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These results got me asking the following question: what does the current literature suggest is better for humans regarding retaining or improving cognitive function, as it pertains to dietary protein?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21856" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T13:11:28.090" Title="The effect of dietary protein on neurodegeneration" Tags="&lt;neurology&gt;&lt;proteins&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;alzheimers&gt;&lt;neurodegenerative-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26299" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-21T11:42:24.223" Score="1" ViewCount="13" Body="&lt;p&gt;What does &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;poor suppression of CSF signal in the basal cisterns&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; mean in head MRI findings? I've tried googling for it, but couldn't find anything about it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22105" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T11:42:24.223" Title="What does &quot;poor suppression of CSF signal in the basal cisterns&quot; mean?" Tags="&lt;mri&gt;&lt;csf-cerebrospinal-fluid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" FavoriteCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26301" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-21T12:56:35.173" Score="3" ViewCount="29" Body="&lt;p&gt;My understanding is that cells modified by COVID-19 vaccines will eventually get killed by immune system. Do we know what cells are usually targeted by vaccines and how many of those get killed as a result of a single vaccine dose?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22105" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T12:56:35.173" Title="What cells and how many of those are infected and destroyed as a result of COVID-19 vaccine?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" FavoriteCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26302" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26298" CreationDate="2021-05-21T13:11:28.090" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;There really isn't enough research to say more or less dietary protein is &amp;quot;better&amp;quot; for Alzheimer's in the long-term (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627761/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - Protein and Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the short-term, Alzheimer's occurs mostly in older adults, who are at risk of muscle degradation with insufficient protein intake. Muscle degradation dramatically increases the risks of fall and generally decreases quality of life (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269139/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - Sarcopenia&lt;/a&gt;); for the elderly, then, the benefits of consuming more protein would probably outweigh any slightly increased risk of Alzheimer's. Again, it isn't clear whether protein consumption plays a significant role either way (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627761/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Review Article - Protein and Alzheimer's&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Most evidence regarding diet and long-term Alzheimer's risk says that eating a healthy diet (lots of vegetables, not so much red meat, etc.) is beneficial (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-do-we-know-about-diet-and-prevention-alzheimers-disease&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;National Institute on Aging&lt;/a&gt;). As with most diseases, the cumulative effect of a healthy diet is probably more important than any single aspect.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22060" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T13:11:28.090" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26303" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26289" CreationDate="2021-05-21T14:54:58.537" Score="3" Body="&lt;p&gt;If you are just starting with a whole bunch of patients that are on mechanical ventilation, then you have identified a &lt;em&gt;cohort&lt;/em&gt; and you aren't doing case-control.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, this sounds like it could be &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;case-control&lt;/a&gt; approach &lt;em&gt;if you approach and analyze it as such&lt;/em&gt;. In a case-control approach, you identify cases by some outcome measure, and take controls from a similar population without the outcome. So, if you started with a group of patients who died after mechanical ventilation, and then take some controls who did not die but were also on mechanical ventilation, you could call that case-control. The figure on Wikipedia shows how a case-control and retrospective cohort study are nearly the same, except for what the investigator takes as &amp;quot;known&amp;quot; going in.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In a non-experimental paradigm, there is little distinction between &amp;quot;independent&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;dependent&amp;quot; variables, since neither is manipulated by the investigator; everything is just an observation, and the estimated relationships are all correlative. In a cohort study, you fit a model of the form:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Outcome ~ Exposures + error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;whereas in a case-control study you fit a model:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Exposures ~ Outcome + error&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the classic &amp;quot;lung cancer vs cigarettes&amp;quot; example, this is the difference between asking &amp;quot;Are people who smoke (exposure) more likely to get lung cancer (outcome)?&amp;quot; and asking &amp;quot;Are people who get lung cancer (outcome) more likely to be smokers (exposure) than people who are cancer-free?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note that while case-control studies often involve some sort of &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(statistics)&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;matching&lt;/a&gt;, the matching approach has been under more scrutiny lately and the popular &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propensity_score_matching&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;propensity score matching&lt;/a&gt; is disfavored.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Often you use a case-control approach because cases are rare. It's more efficient in that circumstance to instead start with a bunch of cases and then identify controls that go with them to have a (at least roughly) balanced sample; otherwise, you might need 1000s of subjects in a study to find just a couple cases, and yet not have enough statistical power to say anything about them.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As with other correlative studies, whichever approach you take you need to be wary of drawing &lt;a href=&quot;https://xkcd.com/552/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;causative conclusions from correlation&lt;/a&gt;. If different ventilator settings are used for sicker patients, then you're likely to find correlations between settings and mortality that are not causative.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8728" LastEditorUserId="8728" LastEditDate="2021-05-21T15:02:14.717" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T15:02:14.717" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26304" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-21T17:25:39.733" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;This question is about people who are on the Autism spectrum. People who are on the Autism spectrum tend to have literally no sense of time. Same for people with ADHD. I just thought that it would make sense that someone who is absent of an “internal clock” would have issues with energy levels. I’m not sure why though. This might be physics related, which is a subject that I’m not an expert in. Nor am I an expert in health. Do you agree? Why or why not?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22107" LastActivityDate="2021-05-21T17:25:39.733" Title="Could having no sense of time be a major cause of why one is always tired?" Tags="&lt;brain&gt;&lt;mental-health&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-21T21:33:59.143" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26306" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-22T04:26:51.877" Score="1" ViewCount="50" Body="&lt;p&gt;I have frequently heard variations of the following claim: &amp;quot;The vaccination reduces your chances of getting covid, and even if you do get it, it is much less likely to be severe.&amp;quot; I can't find the source, but I recall a quote of someone saying that, if they tested positive after being vaccinated, they wouldn't be worried because the vaccine would reduce their chances of getting severe disease.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But, as I read the statistics, they seem to call this claim into question. Of course, different vaccines have different efficacies, but in general, the values seem to be in the same ballpark for the merely symptomatic and the severe categories.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I want to make two important points:&lt;/strong&gt; First all the evidence indicates that the vaccines are &lt;strong&gt;very&lt;/strong&gt; effective against all levels of severity. The statistics from Michigan below are hugely positive for the vaccine. There were less than three hundred cases out of 1.7 million vaccinated people, at a time when you would have expected many thousands if they weren't vaccinated. Being vaccinated makes the risk low enough that you can basically ignore it for most purposes. This question is about differences in effectiveness for more severe outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Second, the efficacy indicates how much the vaccine reduces a risk. So, if a vaccine has an efficacy of 95% against both documented infection and death, then it makes the chances of both 20 times smaller than they were, which is great.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;All of that said, here are examples of what I mean:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clalit study&lt;/a&gt; in Israel reports 92% efficacy for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine against both documented and severe infection. There were no deaths in the vaccinated group, but there were so few deaths in the control group that no real conclusions can be drawn.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00947-8/fulltext&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Another study in Israel&lt;/a&gt; found 92% efficacy against documented infection and approximately 97% efficacy against more serious outcomes. So, based on this study, the efficacy is almost the same against any symptomatic illness as it is against death.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;More informally, a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.clickondetroit.com/health/2021/04/06/what-the-data-says-about-how-effective-the-covid-vaccine-is-in-michigan/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;report from Michigan&lt;/a&gt; indicates that there were 246 fully vaccinated residents who got covid, of whom 3 died. Both of these numbers are tiny compared to the vaccinated population, but of those rare people who did get sick, more than 1% died, similar to the general pattern. Also the accepted answer to &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/26278/do-vaccinated-people-not-have-zero-risk-of-mortality-by-covid-19&quot;&gt;this question&lt;/a&gt; suggests a roughly similar fatality rate for the country as a whole.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are somewhat countervailing studies:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;The original Moderna study had no severe cases in the treatment group (but the number in the control group was only 30).&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Different sources report efficacy values for the Janssen/J&amp;amp;J vaccine of 60-75% for infection and values in the 80's for severe infection, a significant difference.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;This &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2104974&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study from Qatar&lt;/a&gt; is maybe the most supportive of this idea. They find efficacies of 75-90% (depending on the variant) against documented infection, but 97.4% against severe disease.&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Taking all the data together, can a fully vaccinated person with a symptomatic case of covid be reassured that their chances of death (given that they have a symptomatic case) are much less than if they had not been vaccinated? For instance, is there a strong argument for supporting the Qatar study over the Israel studies? Or are there reasons for thinking that the statistics on deaths among fully vaccinated people are misleading? (If most or all of the deaths are from cases that were acquired before full vaccination, that would be significant.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am also interested in the same question for severe illness as an outcome, which I should have made clear; this paragraph is being added in an edit.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="20854" LastEditorUserId="20854" LastEditDate="2021-05-23T03:51:16.533" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T03:51:16.533" Title="Are the covid-19 vaccines more protective against severe disease and death than against simple infection?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26308" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-22T11:38:15.347" Score="0" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a list of disciplines related to human fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In Liu, H., Yu, Z., Chen, C., Hong, R., Jin, K., &amp;amp; Yang, C. (2018). Visualization and Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on Human Fatigue Assessment. Journal of Medical Systems, 42(10), 1–12. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-1033-3&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-1033-3&lt;/a&gt;, I found this list:&#xA;&lt;em&gt;neurosciences neurology behavioral sciences pharmacology pharmacy psychology geriatrics gerontology pathology oncology physiology biochemistry molecular biology health care sciences services&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I want to divide it into more detail, including non-medicine sciences (internal environment in civil engineering, math, cybernetics, ...).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22112" LastActivityDate="2021-05-22T11:38:15.347" Title="What are disciplines related to human fatigue?" Tags="&lt;immune-system&gt;&lt;psychologist-psychology&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-05-24T14:07:25.907" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26309" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26306" CreationDate="2021-05-22T12:36:55.163" Score="2" Body="&lt;p&gt;Apparently, you are asking whether CFR (i.e. chance of dying given a confirmed infection) is lower in the vaccinated group. Note that chance of getting a [symptomatic] infection in vaccinated groups is much lower, so your question isn't capturing the whole effect of vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But nonetheless, Public Health England has published some such &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/recent-falls-in-age-specific-estimates-of-the-case-fatality-ratio-in-england/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;data in Feb 2021&lt;/a&gt; relative to the previous month.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;[CFR] estimates exhibit large falls in recent weeks, particularly in the 80+ population that was first prioritised for vaccination.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6fzES.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/6fzES.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QP7d1.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/QP7d1.png&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As I noted in my comments, it's also pointed out in this study that one needs to be careful with interpreting such observational studies. This one was possible because at the time there were different rates of vaccination among different age groups, the over 80 were vaccinated in [much] greater numbers, and [in the graphs above] the CFR reduction was noted among them:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the 80+ population was prioritised for vaccination and was vaccinated in much greater proportion as a result, substantial numbers of the under 80 population have also been vaccinated. While this would tend to dampen down our ability to detect any impact, the much greater extent of vaccination among the 80+ population should still allow the detection of such an effect: as of 7 January, just over one month ago, official Public Health England figures show around 28% of the 80+ population to have been vaccinated compared to only 3% of the 75-79 population. Furthermore, smaller numbers of deaths in younger age groups may make more difficult the accurate estimation of the CFR for younger such groups.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Nonetheless, there was also other unexplained variation in CFR among other age groups [in those graphs] so one cannot be totally certain of the causality.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If, on the other hand, you want to consider the combined effect of not getting a symptomatic case plus death, vaccines (even the Chinese ones) do much better, as e.g. shown in this &lt;a href=&quot;https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-says-sinovacs-vaccine-98-effective-to-prevent-deaths-from-covid19&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;study/data in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(table not formatted as block quote as that seems to mess up the table.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of Covid-19 deaths among health workers in the study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Groups&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Deaths&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Total&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;%&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Not vaccinated&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;28,055&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;0.66&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Vaccinated with the first dose&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;8,458&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;0.03&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Vaccinated with the second dose&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;91,777&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;0.001&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Health Ministry&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As for the number of cases:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The number of Covid-19 infection among health workers in the study&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;div class=&quot;s-table-container&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;table class=&quot;s-table&quot;&gt;&#xA;&lt;thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Groups&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Infected&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;Total&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;th&gt;%&lt;/th&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/thead&gt;&#xA;&lt;tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Not vaccinated&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;2,431&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;28,055&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;8.66&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Vaccinated with the first dose&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;657&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;8,458&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;7.76&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;Vaccinated with the second dose&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;521&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;91,777&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;td&gt;0.56&lt;/td&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tr&gt;&#xA;&lt;/tbody&gt;&#xA;&lt;/table&gt;&#xA;&lt;/div&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Source: Health Ministry&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you want to do a quick CFR estimate here: for those vaccinated with both doses 1/521 = 0.19% vs no vaccine 17/2,431 = 0.7% doesn't seem that much of an improvement (although there is some), but deaths relative to the treatment/control group size (0.001% vs 0.66%) certainly is a much more noticeable improvement for the vaccine group.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="10980" LastEditorUserId="10980" LastEditDate="2021-05-22T12:56:33.673" LastActivityDate="2021-05-22T12:56:33.673" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26310" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-22T17:02:21.203" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;My wife is carrying dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins with anterior and posterior placentas. She did an ultrasound one day before we started our attempt to conceive, and the ultrasound picture showed one big ovum and several small ova.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Our doctors think that because the twins are DCDA and the placentas are not close, these cannot be identical twins. How is this so if there was only one ovum during ovulation? Is it possible that the ultrasound missed one ovum?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In general, is it possible to have DCDA twins with anterior and posterior placentas?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22114" LastActivityDate="2021-05-22T17:02:21.203" Title="Dichorionic diamniotic twins with anterior and posterior placentas" Tags="&lt;obstetrics&gt;&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;reproduction&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-23T04:17:29.047" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26311" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-23T01:25:17.483" Score="0" ViewCount="52" Body="&lt;p&gt;I noticed some vape stores offer Pure Vegetable Glycerine(C3H8O3) or Pure Propylene Glycol(C3H8O2).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Is pure &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;VG&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycol&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;PG&lt;/a&gt; (see also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJ--FU0T7xo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;) safer to vape than nicotine-less e-liquid? E-cigarettes are debatable less harmful than cigarettes according to USA &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html#:%7E:text=Top%20of%20Page-,Are%20e%2Dcigarettes%20less%20harmful%20than%20regular%20cigarettes%3F,in%20smoke%20from%20regular%20cigarettes.&amp;amp;text=However%2C%20e%2Dcigarette%20aerosol%20is%20not%20harmless.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;cdc.gov&lt;/a&gt; (see also: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Pwj6BuS8Ds&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The obvious answer would seem to be yes because it contains no additives but after further review, I'm not certain what &lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/tuSV3.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;there&lt;/a&gt; is in e-liquids. E-liquids contain Natural Flavoring(no specifics), Artificial Flavoring, nicotine, PG, and VG typically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="6786" LastEditorUserId="7951" LastEditDate="2021-05-25T17:46:44.650" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T13:21:16.533" Title="Are Pure Vegetable Glycerine or Propylene Glycol safer to vape then standard vape juice?" Tags="&lt;e-cigarette-vape&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="6" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26312" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-23T11:01:28.413" Score="0" ViewCount="34" Body="&lt;p&gt;I &lt;strong&gt;have&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;also described the incidences&lt;/strong&gt; where I have faced any injury to the stomach for anyone who wishes to know. If anyone does not wish to know the events, he/she may read the bold text.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I am a &lt;strong&gt;22 year old woman&lt;/strong&gt;. I recently joined a gym. But &lt;strong&gt;2 weeks ago&lt;/strong&gt; when I stayed late, there were two other well-muscled women, with whom I got into a heated argument. Since there was no one and the gym was also kind of isolated, they both grabbed me and &lt;strong&gt;punched and kicked hard in my stomach&lt;/strong&gt;. I had never been hit before, so the punches felt like pistons ramming into my stomach, crushing my insides and I vomited after getting some. &lt;strong&gt;Slow aching and cramps started with constricting pain,&lt;/strong&gt; but after seeing the bruises on my stomach they pinned me to the wall and started punching again. After that was a blur as I saw fists ramming into my stomach which had turned red. As I fell down, they both sat on one knee and I fell on them, their knees digging into my abdomen. Again I was pinned to the wall and kneed, now to both side of my abdomen by both of them at the same time and was able to feel their knees pinching my waist against the wall. Then they pinned me down on the ground and &lt;strong&gt;dropped 0.5kg weights repeatedly on my stomach,&lt;/strong&gt; knocking out any air in me, which is when I fell unconscious on the gym floor. The pain started again when I regained consciousness an hour later. My abdomen &lt;strong&gt;had a bright red bruise&lt;/strong&gt; and was warm. From then I have &lt;strong&gt;hot, searing pain in the lower ribs which hurt while breathing for a week&lt;/strong&gt;. I have &lt;strong&gt;a dark purple bruise now in the middle of the abdomen&lt;/strong&gt; just above my belly button till the solar plexus which &lt;strong&gt;hurts when touched,&lt;/strong&gt; and is &lt;strong&gt;about four fingers in diameter,&lt;/strong&gt; roughly circular in shape. Whenever &lt;strong&gt;I move, I feel a stabbing pain in the middle of my stomach and at the sides,&lt;/strong&gt; with cramps while breathing. Even while sitting idle, &lt;strong&gt;I feel like my abdomen is being pressed from outside when I exhale and always tends to sink in.&lt;/strong&gt; I have lost my appetite and had &lt;strong&gt;constricting pain around (not directly inside) the belly button during bowel movement for the next 5 days, with mild pain sometimes after that.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I vomited only on the next day after the gym incident. &lt;strong&gt;I suspect muscle tear because I am unable to straighten up comfortably&lt;/strong&gt; without my stomach feeling painfully stretched. I don't suspect any organ damage or internal bleeding. There was &lt;strong&gt;no blood in either the vomit or stool.&lt;/strong&gt; But my &lt;strong&gt;whole abdomen has turned weak and soft.&lt;/strong&gt; I am unable to harden my abdomen much, providing &lt;strong&gt;no resistance against external blows&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;even mild pressure hurts a little.&lt;/strong&gt; Wearing a shirt or covering the stomach causes discomfort due to the bruise (except a hot water bag which is on my stomach right now), so I have stopped wearing anything over my stomach.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;To make matters worse, I don't have much fat protecting my abdomen. Also, my abdomen is untrained for receiving strong blows and is soft. &lt;strong&gt;Three days after&lt;/strong&gt; getting punched, I slipped and &lt;strong&gt;fell stomach first on a basketball in my house which dug inside my stomach&lt;/strong&gt;. It &lt;strong&gt;hit right on the bruise&lt;/strong&gt; and the pain was so intense that &lt;strong&gt;I fell unconscious&lt;/strong&gt; right there.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;strong&gt;constant aches which last a minute or two.&lt;/strong&gt; These are very painful, like my insides are getting crushed. These aches are &lt;strong&gt;accompanied with a hot, sharp pain deep inside the stomach&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;around the belly button region, two fingers above it and along the ribs&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;making it impossible to breathe. These pains cause me to faint sometimes.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I have &lt;strong&gt;only used a hot water bag on my stomach,&lt;/strong&gt; thinking the pain would go within 2-3 days. But the bag only provides slight comfort and nothing else. I don't know any technique to massage properly to reduce pain. I also get intense &lt;strong&gt;cramps after drinking coffee&lt;/strong&gt; or anything other than water and eating anything heavy.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Although at a minimal rate, &lt;strong&gt;it is also lessening day by day.&lt;/strong&gt; For example, &lt;strong&gt;before last week&lt;/strong&gt; I was unable to move, and most of my days were spent on my bed, curled up grabbing my stomach, when &lt;strong&gt;an occasional ache would make me lose consciousness.&lt;/strong&gt; But now I am able to sit up with only some discomfort and very rarely, am even able to walk for sometime. Also, touching the bruise now is though very painful but not unbearable. Although sometimes when I have a stomachache, I feel like fainting but now actually do not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;...........................................................................................................................................................................................................&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Should I wait to let the pain heal by itself? I have found that &lt;strong&gt;warm oil provides some comfort&lt;/strong&gt; to my stomach. &lt;strong&gt;Massaging it is extremely painful,&lt;/strong&gt; but afterwards does provide some temporary relief, after which the &lt;strong&gt;pain starts again but with slightly less intensity.&lt;/strong&gt; Should I keep this on and &lt;strong&gt;go through with the pain?&lt;/strong&gt; Or should I &lt;strong&gt;let my abdomen rest undisturbed&lt;/strong&gt; for another week or so in open air &lt;strong&gt;with no intervention?&lt;/strong&gt; I think the pain would lessen after a week or so. But until then it really painful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also if anyone needs to know, I have never been pregnant and I live alone in my house.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Any tips and remedies to reduce pain would be immensely appreciated.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;PS. I have complained to the gym against the two women and now they are banned from the gym.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22116" LastEditorUserId="22116" LastEditDate="2021-05-23T12:56:07.683" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T12:56:07.683" Title="I am suffering from stomach pain after multiple hits to the abdomen" Tags="&lt;pain&gt;&lt;injury&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-05-23T15:49:16.040" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26313" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-23T13:06:03.993" Score="-1" ViewCount="25" Body="&lt;p&gt;Sorry if this is a weird question, but I'm in the process of doing research for a post-apocalypse book I'm writing, and one of the plot points is a mother trying to keep her 13-year-old type-1 diabetic son alive as long as possible when all of a sudden insulin is no longer easily available and it's very rare to find places where electronics work at all. I was planning on asking a question about how long she could realistically stall for time once the insulin supplies run out (since the fantasy elements of the apocalypse provide a solution to save her son no matter how bad his condition gets as long as he's still alive by the time that solution becomes available), but during my research I discovered a potential problem that definitely needs addressing first.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Everywhere I look, I see people talking about using an electronic device to measure blood glucose levels, an important part of knowing when you need to take insulin (and I think how much too). Now, as I said, in most places electricity just flat-out doesn't work anymore in this story for supernatural reasons, so unless she finds one of the exceptions nearby and takes her son there multiple times a day, that's not an option for her. But every time I try to google ways to measure glucose levels without electricity, I get article after article about ways to measure glucose levels without &lt;em&gt;needles&lt;/em&gt;, so I thought I'd ask here to be sure, because it sounds like my character would just flat-out not have any non-electronic options.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What options, if any, are available to test blood glucose levels without relying on any electronic device?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22115" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T13:06:03.993" Title="How can one measure blood glucose levels without electricity?" Tags="&lt;research&gt;&lt;diabetes&gt;&lt;type-1-diabetes&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26314" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-23T20:50:38.100" Score="1" ViewCount="20" Body="&lt;p&gt;Is transcendental meditation pseudoscience or it is confirmed by official medical science? Does students learn it at study?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22118" LastActivityDate="2021-05-23T20:50:38.100" Title="Is transcendental meditation pseudoscience?" Tags="&lt;meditation&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-05-23T22:29:07.947" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26315" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-23T23:49:18.933" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;I read an &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57027829&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; on the BBC which said that corticosteroids where used to treat Covid-19 patients in India. Later they changed the word corticosteroids into steroids and they added that they were used to reduce lung inflammation. I didn't know what corticosteroids were so I checked on Wikipedia, where I also found this &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycosis&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt;, which repeats from another source that corticosteroids where used to treat Covid-19 patients.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;As far as I understood corticosteroids are immunosuppressors, therefore I cannot understand why they are used to threat a viral infection. Isn't there a more appropriated treatment to reduce lung inflammation in such cases?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is another question about corticosteroids and covid-19, but it asks something different:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/21481/why-do-corticosteroids-harm-covid-19-patients&quot;&gt;Why do corticosteroids harm COVID-19 patients?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22119" LastEditorUserId="22119" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T09:56:19.293" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T09:56:19.293" Title="Why are corticosteroids used to treat Covid-19" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;corticosteroids&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-24T14:15:15.627" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26316" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-24T13:11:46.100" Score="0" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;One of my relatives is admitted in the hospital because he got infected with COVID. And yesterday, his lungs had fluid in them because he exerted pressure during defecation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;How is this possible? Pressure in the lower abdomen affecting the chest? I'm not understanding it. Also I can't meet the doctor incharge so that option of inquiry was closed. But I'm very curious to understand this and would appreciate if someone provided insights. Also I thought it'd be an interesting case for you'll as well!&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21868" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T13:11:46.100" Title="Fluid in lungs from pressure during bowel movement?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;chest&gt;&lt;abdominal&gt;&lt;covid&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-05-24T14:13:52.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26317" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-24T14:39:07.833" Score="-1" ViewCount="22" Body="&lt;p&gt;In regard to breathing. Why air is not composed of Helium instead of Nitrogen? As Helium is not reactive, why air is not composed of it?&#xA;I saw &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd5j8mG24H4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; about breathing noble gases.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Note: i think if air is composed by oxygen only, all will trend to turn on fire and the damage too tissues made by oxidation will cause cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="14531" LastEditorUserId="14531" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T14:59:32.743" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T14:59:32.743" Title="In regard to breathing. Why air is not composed of Helium (noble gas) instead of Nitrogen?" Tags="&lt;breathing&gt;&lt;air-quality&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-05-24T15:15:00.760" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26318" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-24T16:12:48.157" Score="-1" ViewCount="31" Body="&lt;p&gt;Very interesting work by Fiocruz (Brazil) brings evidence that the coronavirus reactivates a primitive virus that has been present in human beings for millennia.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The hypothesis is that this reactivation may be involved in the aggravation and death by covid.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Scientific article, still in preprint version:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-514541/v1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-514541/v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The study analyzed the viroma (set of viruses) of samples aspirated from the trachea of patients with covid on mechanical ventilation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In these samples, there was a large presence of the primitive HERV-K virus, compared to patients with mild cases and uninfected people.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;HERV-K is an endogenous retrovirus, an ancestral virus that infected the human genome when humans and chimpanzees were dissociating on the evolutionary scale. Some of these genetic elements are present in our chromosomes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Many are silent for most of their lives, but it seems that Sars-CoV-2 may have reactivated this retrovirus.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The death rate in critically ill covid-19 patients reaches 50% among those with high levels of HERV-K.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/erxTQ.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/erxTQ.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;enter image description here&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;We have established, in fact, that Sars-CoV-2 is the trigger for the increase of these endogenous retroviruses, to awaken the silent genes&amp;quot;, said Thiago Moreno, coordinator of the study to Agência Fiocruz de Notícias.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is your view on this? Does it appear to be a coherent search?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22121" LastEditorUserId="22121" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T16:52:33.787" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T16:52:33.787" Title="Reactivation of a primitive virus present in human beings for millennia by the coronavirus" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;research&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ClosedDate="2021-05-24T22:06:37.647" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26319" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26322" CreationDate="2021-05-24T19:08:09.810" Score="0" ViewCount="23" Body="&lt;p&gt;Research showed that women, diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), have an increased risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;After an extensive literature search, there seems to be little to no research devoted to the differences in evolution of NAFLD-PCOS and NAFLD in general, and the therewith related (potentially) different comorbidities.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It would be a great help, if anyone could share some insights or provide some links to studies with regard to this topic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Thank you.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22123" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T17:58:30.427" Title="Differences in evolution and comorbidities between NAFLD-PCOS and NAFLD in general?" Tags="&lt;pcos&gt;&lt;fatty-liver-disease&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26320" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26269" CreationDate="2021-05-24T22:31:24.683" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;Aitía gave you good answers to start with in structuring your learning: If you sort into digestable chunks what is up for learning, you can feed your long term potentiation with the necessary repetition.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;A friend once told me that he started to learn the (peripheral) nervous system first, so he found it easier, later, to attach muscles, and then muscles to bones - this approach is a functional one, not a structural one, though.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I happen to memorize things better - and research has shown that to be effective for the brain - when I imagine a patient case (a pathology) related to an anatomical structure. If that is what you like, books of functional anatomy (you can lay them out side to side with those of structural anatomy) tend to explain more clinical cases or &amp;quot;why's&amp;quot;. Find something that connects the content to your life, so that your brain thinks, &amp;quot;aah, that is why that matters&amp;quot;, for example, if you do fitness, think of how muscles stretch or contract when you make a movement or how ligaments limit a certain movement etcetera. Many books come with clinical cases (take, for example, golfer's elbow - you may palpate your own Epicondylus medialis when making a fist - this lets you remember where the flexor muscles have their origin). The sensory experience of palpating what you just &amp;quot;learned&amp;quot; turns theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge. &amp;quot;Learning&amp;quot; often meant to the brain that the two were apart, and this performative approach often meant fatigue, thus, the disappearance of joy, which is a central motivating factor in the physiological learning of children.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;You can also be rigorous and make a learning plan. That is suggested in an exam preparation book series (The GK Series by Thieme, referring to a forum for German medial students, medi-learn.de), here a summary in my free and brief simplification:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;reserve 6-8 hours / day for learning, 5 days a week&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;keep track of until when you want to (or &amp;quot;have to&amp;quot;) learn &amp;quot;what&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;don't learn too much &amp;quot;all new&amp;quot; stuff on one day/session, repetition is okay&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;if it is too complicated, learn it in chunks&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;read/learn before noon on one day, what you check/ask yourself in the afternoon of the next day (you can connect the dots with Aitía's flashcard example here)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;truly seek in yourself what you know already, before you look at the back of a flashcard too fast&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let me add: There are also flashcard learning systems that put aside those cards you either labeled &amp;quot;I don't need to repeat THAT&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;I could repeat that&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;I should repeat that&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It may also be worth to note that learning benefit from healthy sleep, even only naps, if the brain becomes tired after learning (studies show that after sleep, long term potentiation is improved). Most probably, if you ask it, your brain tells you about the way it likes to digest certain types of information. The more neurons blink, the more connections you make because things and their interdependence become important to your growing understanding, the better the connection between them gets and long term potentiation is reinforced. Podcasts, for example, can be a medium to listen to in supermarkets or subways, still keeping your mind &amp;quot;at it&amp;quot; ... I also imagined me being very small and the structures of the body like roads I'd travel (the french series &amp;quot;Il était une fois… la Vie&amp;quot; may have stimulated that). There is also good 3D visualisation software out there, if you look for it.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are types of questions explicity linking the &amp;quot;chunks&amp;quot; of structural anatomy, like &amp;quot;What nerve innervates this muscle/organ&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;what muscle sits on that part of this bone&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;which ligament restricts that joint movement&amp;quot; - you see that my anatomy is more or less based on musculoskeletal needs, but you might want to take that as a metaphor. In school we had a guy whom I talked to about his learning, and he said: &amp;quot;I don't &lt;em&gt;learn&lt;/em&gt; muscle functions at all, I simply remember where they are and then imagine what happens when they contract&amp;quot;. He was somehow already thinking like the body when I was still learning some thinking. (However, the full scope of some muscle function also can't be explained by just looking at a drawing of them, but he made an important point to my slightly overfocused and a little bit narrow minded brain at the time. I was so busy in attempting &amp;quot;to get it all right&amp;quot; that I lost the big picture, &amp;quot;that I can, basically, grasp things&amp;quot;, just not all at once).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you speak with a buddy (like with us, here), but maybe off-Internet, you get a taste of the personal depth their learning had. One of my other buddies was the son of a doctor. He had a serious love for the stuff. Man, that still inspires me today! It helps me to understand that whatever I understand, &amp;quot;why do I have the feeling he'd understand it better&amp;quot;? But through always knowing-or-feeling that, I always learn, and it never gets &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; boring ... :)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;In the end, I wish to you that you can make learning fun and sometimes think of the smiles of the people that are grateful, when you help them .. it is really the most rewarding thing. My greatest joy is in balancing mild leg length differences with marginal heel lifts and check the results of possibly symmetrically aligned zygapophysial joint movement (with palpation, while radiology hardly is there so far). Here, I desperately &lt;em&gt;need&lt;/em&gt; functional anatomy :)! Hardly anyone does mild leg length difference compensation in such relative precision, it is very successful and people are so thankful. Really strange that there's not much more science about &amp;quot;the hard problem of practical relevance&amp;quot; for LLD/LLI, which is of course my favorite example for why learning matters and is fun. I wish you all the success you can have, and that you find your own &amp;quot;favourite problem&amp;quot; to work with! Go for it :) !&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22124" LastEditorUserId="22124" LastEditDate="2021-05-24T22:40:59.070" LastActivityDate="2021-05-24T22:40:59.070" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26321" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-25T06:05:09.890" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am looking for a database or a publication that lists well-known nephrotoxic agents, and perhaps classifies them by severity of nephrotoxicity and/or level of evidence for nephrotoxicity.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;For hepatotoxic agents, for example, there is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547852/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Livertox&lt;/a&gt;, which is an excellent credible source for information about hepatotoxic agents. I also came across a publication titled: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783956/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Hepatotoxicity by Drugs: The Most Common Implicated Agents&lt;/a&gt;, which organizes data from Livertox by level of evidence. Those are great resources for data about hepatotoxic agents. Is there anything similar for &lt;strong&gt;nephrotoxic agents&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found that DrugBank has a &lt;a href=&quot;https://go.drugbank.com/categories/DBCAT003959&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;list of nephrotoxic agents&lt;/a&gt;, but I cannot find a way to download it in list form (e.g., csv or xls file).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T06:05:09.890" Title="Is there a definitive database/publication that lists nephrotoxic agents (preferably with classification by severity)?" Tags="&lt;kidney&gt;&lt;healthcare-data&gt;&lt;database&gt;&lt;renal&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26322" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26319" CreationDate="2021-05-25T17:58:30.427" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The pathophysiology of NAFLD is not fully understood, so it makes sense that there isn't much literature exploring differences in pathophysiology between people with PCOS and people without. There is an excellent explanation of the current understanding of NAFLD pathophysiology in &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127277/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;this review article - see &amp;quot;Pathogenesis&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;. You'll notice a lot of &amp;quot;this suggests&amp;quot; languages as opposed to &amp;quot;we know this is what happens.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found a few review articles that suggest PCOS is a risk factor for NAFLD because people with PCOS are more likely to be obese, and more likely to have metabolic syndrome - insulin resistance, high cholesterol and triglycerides, etc. I've included a list below. There may also be other hormonal influences. Several of the review articles suggest that hyperandrogenism in PCOS can contribute to fast progression of NAFLD, for example, but the evidence is inconsistent (i.e. not every study has found an association).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I'm not sure what you mean by &amp;quot;different comorbidities.&amp;quot; Most common comorbidities with NAFLD are also common with PCOS, such as type 2 diabetes. If you mean complications of NAFLD, there is some evidence that PCOS is associated with faster progression of NAFLD (see review articles below), so all complications could be more common.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Review Articles:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/41/1/66/5601173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Endocrine Reviews Review Article on NAFLD from Endocrine Reviews&lt;/a&gt; - nice section on potential endocrine influences under &amp;quot;Epidemiology of NAFLD&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093689/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Journal of Gastroenterology Review Article on NAFLD &amp;amp; PCOS (1)&lt;/a&gt; - mostly focuses on screening &amp;amp; treatment&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202347/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;World Journal of Gastroenterology Review Article on NAFLD &amp;amp; PCOS (2)&lt;/a&gt; - large section on possible pathogenesis mechanisms for NAFLD in PCOS&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/177/3/EJE-16-1063.xml&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Clinical &amp;amp; Translational Endocrinology Review Article on NAFLD &amp;amp; PCOS&lt;/a&gt; - focuses on hormonal influences on NAFLD&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946415/#:%7E:text=According%20to%20the%20results%20of,risk%20of%20NAFLD%20than%20controls.&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Reproductive Health Meta-analysis on NAFLD &amp;amp; PCOS&lt;/a&gt; - suggests relationship between NAFLD &amp;amp; PCOS may be independent of features like obesity and insulin resistance&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22060" LastActivityDate="2021-05-25T17:58:30.427" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26323" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-25T19:47:03.103" Score="-2" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;In temperate regions the pandemic appear to wane when temperatures become warm enough that people don't have a runny nose from stepping outdoors. There aren't any targeted studies correlating ambient temperature with transmission rates, but the average temperature at time of death in 85 countries was 5-6'C (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87803-w/figures/1&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87803-w/figures/1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So a first question is: Why is there not better data on temperature vs tranmission?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps runny noses in winter are a major vector for Covid-19 ? Are there studies of the Covid-19 content of nose mucus in symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers, as a function of time during infection, i.e. is mucus a significant vector of Covid-19 through the 14 days of immune response?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7384" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-05-28T03:24:13.563" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T03:24:13.563" Title="What is the covid content of runny nose mucous?" Tags="&lt;covid-19&gt;&lt;coronavirus&gt;&lt;epidemiology&gt;&lt;common-cold&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="9" ClosedDate="2021-05-26T05:05:02.600" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26325" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-26T01:54:45.083" Score="0" ViewCount="11" Body="&lt;p&gt;If a 23-and-me kit (used for genealogy and health screening) is taken out of USA and then brought back it can go through multiple check points with x-rays or whatever they use for security measure. (Assume 6 scans on the way out and another 6 scans for the way back.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question is how does that affect the result of the genealogy test?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Can a person be diagnosed with health problems just because the sample was affected by the x-ray?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22131" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T01:54:45.083" Title="What are the effects of X-ray scans on genealogy kits?" Tags="&lt;genetics&gt;&lt;x-rays&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-26T04:00:45.257" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26326" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-26T03:14:35.483" Score="-2" ViewCount="21" Body="&lt;p&gt;For examole a relatively large, half a football field sized space without windows.&#xA;What happens when there are around 10 people in there, one for each 5,6 square meters?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22132" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T03:14:35.483" Title="What are the health effects of physical activity in poorly ventilated spaces?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26328" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26311" CreationDate="2021-05-26T13:21:16.533" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;VG and PG are the main ingredients of almost all liquids you can buy. &lt;br&gt;The 'pure' ones you mentioned are just for people who want to make their own flavored liquids at home (the big bottles of pure VG and PG). &lt;br&gt; Ready to vape liquids can contain many different flavors, natural ones like terpene and artificials as well and nicotine (either free-base or salt).&lt;br&gt;All in all its a bit difficult because its not only about the raw ingredients in the liquids but which 'chemical components' are created during heating them in your vape. (I'm not aware of many studies touching this topic but if you search a bit, you might find a few) But as less you heat (e.g. pure VG/PG) as less can be 'created' during heating.&lt;br&gt;But vaping pure VG/PG doesn't taste/feel good&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="13574" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T13:21:16.533" CommentCount="5" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26329" PostTypeId="1" AcceptedAnswerId="26336" CreationDate="2021-05-26T14:28:12.177" Score="-1" ViewCount="33" Body="&lt;p&gt;Will people who never had chicken pox due to being vaccinated against it still need the shingles vaccine?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8021" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T21:00:04.510" Title="Do people who were vaccinated against chicken pox need to be vaccinated against shingles?" Tags="&lt;vaccination&gt;" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-28T04:25:51.300" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26330" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-26T15:02:55.927" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;Actually I was doing History for my medical Work. Following is the History&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Patient K., 45 years old, was admitted to the neurological department with complaints of numbness of the trunk and legs, severe weakness in the legs, girdle pain in the chest at the level of the shoulder blades.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;He fell ill acutely, a week ago there was a blur in the interscapular region, and after 3 days there was numbness in the lumbar region and in the feet.  Then the numbness rose higher, to the level of the shoulder blades, and 2 days ago there was a delay in urination (urine was drained with a catheter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Objectively: the general condition of the abdominal cavity, pathology of the heart, lungs, is not detected, body temperature - 37.8 °, AP - 120/180 mm Hg, pulse - 90 beats / min., Rhythmic.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Neurological status: the patient is conscious, there are no general cerebral symptoms, Neri's symptom +, slight stiffness of the occiput muscles.  In the sphere of the cranial nerves: finely sweeping horizontal nystagmus, otherwise unremarkable.  The strength of the muscles of the arms is sufficient.  Paraplegia in the legs with decreased tone and tendon reflexes.  Abdominal reflexes are absent.  Hypesthesia of superficial sensitivity with D3.  Painful spinal percussion at the D2-D3 level.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Blood test: E-4.1, Hb-130 g / l, CP-0.9, L-10.7, p / i-10, s / i-71, L-15, M-4, ESR-  13 mm / h, glucose - 3.8 mm / l.  Urine analysis: no pathology.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22145" LastActivityDate="2021-05-26T15:02:55.927" Title="What are the symptoms of Spinal Cord Injury at D2 and D3 Level" Tags="&lt;injury&gt;&lt;spine&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26332" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26105" CreationDate="2021-05-26T22:05:04.833" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;The most common technical term would probably be &amp;quot;spinal manipulation&amp;quot; in general, and &amp;quot;manipulation of the cervical spine&amp;quot; / &amp;quot;cervical spinal manipulation&amp;quot; to denote the treatment of the neck portion of the spine specifically.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Cavitation&amp;quot; is the term for the sound that can be produced during the quick separation of joint surfaces.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Unfortunately, @Desai seems to be not quite correct to include the term &amp;quot;crepitation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;crepitus&amp;quot; here, however, it is related to the sounds that joints can produce. My understanding is that crepitus is frequently caused by pathologic conditions (for example hypermobility, damage of the joint cartilage, muscle weakness) and rather not as a common side effect during spinal manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The technique that brought you to ask your question here is a general technique. There are &lt;em&gt;general&lt;/em&gt; techniques for &amp;quot;hitting several joints at once&amp;quot; (I observed that a certain therapist would rather be &lt;em&gt;hoping&lt;/em&gt; that the pain-causing segment would be affected by the general technique) - and &lt;em&gt;specifically&lt;/em&gt; targeted techniques which require more skill and experience for adequate localization and angular position of the joint (portion) to be treated, as well as for the execution of the technique itself. But these specific techniques also require more time, as well in practicing as also in execution... chiropractors, orthopedic manual therapists or doctors of osteopathic medicine may have the greatest expertise with &amp;quot;High-Velocity-Low-Amplitude&amp;quot;-techniques, as &amp;quot;spinal manipulation&amp;quot; is sometimes also called (&amp;quot;HVLA&amp;quot;-techniques).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot;Low amplitude&amp;quot; suggests that &amp;quot;if you use high velocity&amp;quot; (apply more force than with the softer, slower &amp;quot;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mobilisation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;quot;, which is probably &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; central term in manual therapy), then &amp;quot;you better head for a very small movement that you try to guide the joint to&amp;quot;. If you think of what these words mean, it could be easy to &amp;quot;go a little bit too far&amp;quot;. It is much easier for a therapist - and safer for the patient - to use (slower) &lt;em&gt;mobilisation&lt;/em&gt; instead of (faster) &lt;em&gt;manipulation&lt;/em&gt; techniques. With them, you have a lot more time, during the application, to change direction, position, intensity, duration ... so, your own brain has more time to actually learn &amp;quot;how joints feel&amp;quot;. As a learning professional, I do find value in such a viewpoint.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While the evidence base supports the use of these techniques in modern musculoskeletal practice (1), the effect of manipulation techniques is correlating with the kind of subjective hope (expectation) patients may direct towards it. For example, the source I use here states that the technique of spinal manipulation may cause &amp;quot;a reduction of [&lt;em&gt;perception&lt;/em&gt;] of pain&amp;quot; (1).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The original goal of reflexively applied manipulation and mobilisation techniques is, of course, to improve range of movement exactly where it is needed (nowhere else, hopefully). There is a somewhat clarifying story worth to tell, written by one of the more famous manual therapists, Geoffrey Maitland. In the 3rd edition of his book about spinal manipulation (2) he reflects that [&amp;quot;a decade ago, of the patients that would improve on application of passive moment, 85% would need mobilisation, while 15% would require manipulation&amp;quot;]. One sentence later, he displays his personal professional development in stating that he came to the conclusion that a rate of 99% (mobilisation) to 1% (manipulation) seemed to be the more adequate estimate for him.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;While that would have been a good point to end this little trip through the universe of spinal &lt;em&gt;manipulation&lt;/em&gt;, it is still worth to at least mention the bias or blindness that generalized perception seems to have towards specific &lt;em&gt;mobilisation&lt;/em&gt;, which is less effect-presenting, but not less effective. Also, while both methods are known to not permanently relieve pain, I feel the serious obligation to argue that adequate &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mild heel lifts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - even &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;as a back pain prevention tool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; for the general population - will push overall symmetric movement in all our spines facet joints on the long run (and thus lower back pain efficiently). For the biomechanical genesis of spinal pain, manual therapy and its relatives provide diagnostic skill that, if taken seriously, by far transcends its &amp;quot;special fx unit&amp;quot; :) ... for example, &lt;em&gt;functional&lt;/em&gt; radiology is not up to this level of restricted movement detection yet, it is, by today, very much still a &lt;em&gt;static&lt;/em&gt; radiology facing very specific and localizable problems from its own and evolved angle. When we speak to it about &lt;em&gt;movement&lt;/em&gt; ... the current focus of therapies is upon exercise and load transfer (to my mind, &lt;em&gt;mild leg length differences&lt;/em&gt; are gravely overlooked in modern clinical practice, according to the high influence of their causal link to spinal pain, even enough to with some urgency refer towards this phenomenon in an article about spinal manipulation).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(1) Grieve's Modern Musculoskeletal Therapy, 4th ed., 2015, p. 277 ff.&lt;br /&gt;&#xA;(2) Maitland, Manipulation der Wirbelsäule, 3rd ed., 2006, p. 182&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22124" LastEditorUserId="97" LastEditDate="2021-05-27T04:18:39.580" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T04:18:39.580" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26334" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-27T01:48:52.740" Score="0" ViewCount="24" Body="&lt;p&gt;Hypothetically say someone with perfect hearing became deaf from a medication overdose as an infant. What medications can cause someone to go deaf?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22149" LastEditorUserId="22149" LastEditDate="2021-05-27T22:59:17.240" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T22:59:17.240" Title="What medication can cause someone to become deaf?" Tags="&lt;medications&gt;&lt;side-effects&gt;&lt;overdose&gt;&lt;deaf&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="5" ClosedDate="2021-05-28T04:18:08.140" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26335" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-27T20:01:23.587" Score="0" ViewCount="10" Body="&lt;p&gt;Common prostate cancer, a.k.a. prostatic adenocarcinoma, develops gradually (like any cancer I guess): Increasing in size, breaching the prostate capsule, settling in nearby lymph nodes etc.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;However, it seems that the main avenues of recommended treatment are dichotomous: Surgical removal of some/all the prostate, on the one hand, and radiation and chemotherapy on the other hand. The former is recommended for less-developed tumors which have not breached the capsule, and the latter for metastasized tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;(I realize the above is an oversimplification, and these aren't the only kinds of treatment, and there are different kinds and ways of doing surgery and of applying radiation, and maybe some others are more significant than I am assuming etc.)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;My question regards the liminal state of affairs: When an adenocarcinoma is about to breach or has just breached the prostate capsule, but no cancerous cells are observed (*) anywhere else. I guess this would be a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Stage IIIA or IIIB&lt;/a&gt; case.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In such situations, is it customary to still choose dichotomously between these two main avenues?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the one hand, if a prostatectomy is chosen - some cancer cells may already be out and about and settling into a new location, in which they will later re-grow (and that's doubly the case for a partial prostatectomy I would guess).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;On the other hand - if almost all, if not all, of the cancer cells are perfectly located in one spot, albeit a large one - does it really make sense to leave them be and attack a much wider area?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;... or maybe there is some sort of combination of those which increases the chances of clearing all cancerous cells relative to the prostatectomy-only, but doesn't incur the full brunt of adverse effects of the radiation and/or chemotherapy?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="8418" LastEditorUserId="8418" LastEditDate="2021-05-28T06:57:29.903" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T06:57:29.903" Title="&quot;Dichotomy&quot; in prostate cancer treatment options at the cusp of locality" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;treatment&gt;&lt;treatment-options&gt;&lt;radiation&gt;&lt;prostate&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="2" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26336" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="26329" CreationDate="2021-05-27T20:54:08.807" Score="1" Body="&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535228/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Varicella virus vaccine strain Oka (V-Oka) has in rare cases caused zoster in vaccinated people.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;But this study on children show that even after vaccination the wild virus still ends up settling in your body: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3540599/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;VZV was found in at least some ganglia of all of the other subjects.&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is interesting about the singles vaccine is prior to October 2017 there was only one FDA approved vaccine which was just discontinued silently in November 2020 which leaves us with one vaccine again.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22149" LastEditorUserId="22149" LastEditDate="2021-05-27T21:00:04.510" LastActivityDate="2021-05-27T21:00:04.510" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26337" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T08:12:38.030" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;What research is available on the prevention of Prostate Cancer?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I know that a healthy diet will help as obesity and diabetes leads to increased risk of high grade prostate cancer [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pcf.org/about-prostate-cancer/diagnosis-staging-prostate-cancer/gleason-score-isup-grade/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gleason Score&lt;/a&gt; ≥7] (&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Gong, et al. 2006&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;When I visit a pharmacy, I see various products touting their benefits on this matter and it seems most contain a &amp;quot;Saw Palmetto Complex&amp;quot;, Selenium Yeast, Lycopene, and/or pumpkin seed oil.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Have there been any natural remedies which have been found to be of benefit?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Gong, Z., Neuhouser, M. L., Goodman, P. J., Albanes, D., Chi, C., Hsing, A. W., ... &amp;amp; Kristal, A. R. (2006). Obesity, diabetes, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. &lt;em&gt;Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 15&lt;/em&gt;(10), 1977-1983. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0477&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0477&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T08:12:38.030" Title="Prostate Cancer Prevention" Tags="&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26338" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T09:07:07.787" Score="0" ViewCount="12" Body="&lt;p&gt;It is a 3 year old bottle but a year or so ago the plastic cap popped possibly letting the air in. Also, is it alright if I use cooking oil as a carrier oil? I tried it and it appears to be working.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22044" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T09:07:07.787" Title="Is it safe to use clove oil that popped its cap?" Tags="&lt;tooth-decay&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ClosedDate="2021-05-28T14:51:51.500" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26339" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T09:49:34.530" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;In the answer by @Jan to the question &lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/q/17981/7951&quot;&gt;What is &amp;quot;stagnation in the prostate&amp;quot;?&lt;/a&gt; it is pointed out via &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Rider, et al. (2016)&lt;/a&gt; what is sometimes referred to as the &lt;strong&gt;prostate stagnation hypothesis&lt;/strong&gt;. Apparently, one biological mechanism involves prostatic accumulation of &amp;quot;potentially carcinogenic&amp;quot; secretions, which may create more opportunity for prostate cancer development.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Further research using Google Scholar and Google points out that &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.webmd.com/men/picture-of-the-prostate&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm&lt;/a&gt;, but nothing seems to enlighten me as to what excretions (or part thereof) are potentially carcinogenic. So, what are they?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;References&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Rider, J. R., Wilson, K. M., Sinnott, J. A., Kelly, R. S., Mucci, L. A., &amp;amp; Giovannucci, E. L. (2016). Ejaculation frequency and risk of prostate cancer: updated results with an additional decade of follow-up. &lt;em&gt;European urology, 70&lt;/em&gt;(6), 974-982. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.027&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7951" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T09:49:34.530" Title="What are potentially carcinogenic prostatic secretions" Tags="&lt;prostate&gt;&lt;prostatitis&gt;&lt;enlarged-prostate-bph&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26340" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T11:43:21.863" Score="0" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I’ve been wondering about this for a long time and hope I can get answers.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Walking:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;At 27 yrs old I taught myself to walk properly swinging my arms and walking in a balanced straight line my knees no longer hurt. I still revert to my old walking style and have to consciously swing my arms and walk in straight lines until it becomes automatic again, I’ve been doing this for a year. I noticed that people never cross each other’s paths, I used to always make way for others by moving along their path to the other side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I only started doing this after it was pointed out to me that I walk with my arms static straight down and veer side to side.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Breathing:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I’ve been a mouth breather all my life, in school it was pointed out to me that I sit with my mouth open, from then on I breathed through my teeth mouth closed teeth touching, I developed a click in my jaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Now I have found that if you put your tongue to the roof of your mouth when your mouth is closed and you have your teeth just barely away from each other it’s ideal, the tongue seems to open up the nasal passages and keep the roof of the mouth moist, I no longer have click jaw.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eye contact:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I had a lot of trouble making eye contact, I would tear up if I made eye contact with people so I forced myself to look into eyes, it still doesn’t come naturally, when I’m talking to someone I consciously stare into their eyes unflinchingly and it has made some people uncomfortable.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Talking:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I used to have to rehearse conversations or I just couldn’t speak, after using alcohol I found that words flow naturally and don’t have to be rehearsed, I retained this ability somewhat after my years of drinking.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There are other things that don’t come naturally that I have hx to learn as well but these are the most important ones.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Having spoken to people they don’t even realise they do these things but then agree with me.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;So why do I lack the instinct that comes naturally to most other people? I seem to have to learn everything I feel like I’m not human sometimes.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21583" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T11:43:21.863" Title="Why do I have to learn everything that others do by instinct?" Tags="&lt;behavior&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ClosedDate="2021-05-28T14:34:15.787" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26341" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T12:08:19.140" Score="-2" ViewCount="15" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am curious what can be done to reduce the timeline from the appearance of a virus to the appearance of a vaccine. For purposes of this question, I am asking answerers to pretend that the current legal environment does not exist. What can be done to reduce the timeline? How fast can we make the process?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Just a comment about why this matters -- there is no reason to think that Covid will be the only time it happens. If something is technically possible, it would make a whole lot of sense to see if the law can be changed to make it legal worthwhile.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="17762" LastEditorUserId="17762" LastEditDate="2021-05-28T14:07:05.877" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T14:07:05.877" Title="What is technically possible in terms of cutting down the timeline for vaccine development?" Tags="&lt;virus&gt;&lt;pandemic&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26344" PostTypeId="2" ParentId="24819" CreationDate="2021-05-28T18:41:06.300" Score="0" Body="&lt;p&gt;“A database by Gwenan Knight and colleagues at the London School of Hygiene &amp;amp; Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)”4,5 shows that over 94% of COVID-19 superspreading events occurred in limited ventilation areas suggesting aerosolized transmission is a strong contributor to COVID-19 infections. “Professors and Ph.D. students at the London School of Hygiene &amp;amp; Tropical Medicine have pulled together an incredibly useful database of known superspreader events from around the world. It pulls together four existing databases into one.”6,7&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be seen from the London Medicine google docs spreadsheet that, out of a total of 1576 superspreading event entries, 1493 (94.7%) were classified as “Indoor”, 63 were “Indoor/Outdoor”, 4 were “Outdoor”, and the remainder were “unknown”. The large number of total cases in many of these indoor settings and anecdotal evidence of subject and index patient locations8,9 suggests high likelihood of aerosolized transmission and tends to rule-out “droplet or fomite” only transmission. Some anecdotal descriptive notes from the spreadsheet included: “&lt;em&gt;Every&lt;/em&gt; resident in this nursing home was infected. A defective ventilation system is one of the possible causes.”, “Squash game: suspected aerosol (players used the same squash hall after each other but had no physical contact) or surface transmission”.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;It can be shown that over 94% of COVID-19 superspreading events occurred in limited ventilation areas suggesting aerosolized transmission is a strong contributor to COVID-19 infections.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;This study helps answer “How long may a person safely remain within various environments?” And “What exposure levels could result in immunity without becoming ill via asymptomatic graduated inoculation?”&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110v6.full-text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110v6.full-text&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22152" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T18:41:06.300" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26345" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T18:53:15.960" Score="0" ViewCount="8" Body="&lt;p&gt;Since at least the late 80's, &lt;strong&gt;overtraining syndrome&lt;/strong&gt; has been extensively studied and discussed in the field of sport medicine. It is know considered as an established entity, yet its pathophysiology remains unclear according to many authors (see for example &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000027&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the following review&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Overtraining syndrome essentialy consists in a decrease in mood and physical performance occurring when an ahtlete fails to cope with high training load, despite adequate rest. In this type of situations, athlete's performance may even decrease, compared with their pre-overtraining level. Decrease in the training load is central in the management of the syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What strikes me is how this description could also apply to the form of cognitive exhaustion that many students experience during their curriculum. Anyone who has engaged in demanding studies has already felt exhausted, cognitively impaired and depressed during the most difficult times of the year, despite taking enough rest.&#xA;This could suggest that there exists a forme of &amp;quot;cognitive overtraining syndrome&amp;quot;, but I cannot find any material dealing with the subject.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Has &amp;quot;cognitive overtraining syndrome&amp;quot; ever been identified as such?&lt;/strong&gt; If so, how extensively has it been studied ?&lt;br&gt;&#xA;Many thanks in advance.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21079" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T18:53:15.960" Title="Cognitive overtraining syndrome" Tags="&lt;sports&gt;&lt;cognitive-science&gt;&lt;fatigue&gt;&lt;mood-moodiness&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="4" ClosedDate="2021-05-28T19:38:14.673" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26346" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T22:23:11.507" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;What concerns should I be aware of about BHA and BHT listed as ingredients in my sunscreen? I’ve read this paper on BHT (&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396675/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396675/&lt;/a&gt;) but I can’t find anything related to BHA.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="15427" LastEditorUserId="15427" LastEditDate="2021-05-28T23:56:59.523" LastActivityDate="2021-05-28T23:56:59.523" Title="Are there concerns about the presence of BHA and BHT in sunscreen?" Tags="&lt;dermatology&gt;&lt;sunscreen-sunblock&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="3" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26347" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-28T22:52:28.527" Score="-1" ViewCount="7" Body="&lt;p&gt;How to detect location of points, blood vessels perforate the outer bone layer with USG, image processing or another technology ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;What is a number of perforation points for the given bone&#xA;and are they borne at human's birth or can develop at a later time&#xA;and if a given perforation point can be closed at some time and a new opened later ?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;There is research paper&#xA;Automatic Detection of Blood Vessels in Retinal Images for&#xA;Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2015/419279.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2015/419279.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Problem is more complicated with a bone&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&amp;amp;ccid=ztpm%2bdLD&amp;amp;id=4885455C4707AECD5F5756DBAD4AEE6C273A32AC&amp;amp;thid=OIP.ztpm-dLDj4qCezh1dsOnTgHaEv&amp;amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fRceda66f9d2c38f8a827b387576c3a74e%3frik%3drDI6J2zuSq3bVg%26riu%3dhttp%253a%252f%252fdxline.info%252fimg%252fnew_ail%252fbone-marrow.jpg%26ehk%3dUG4HAcoAdvZWNBGanJyM%252bWWUY9XF741fUrxwGhI8seU%253d%26risl%3d%26pid%3dImgRaw&amp;amp;exph=541&amp;amp;expw=845&amp;amp;q=bone+marrow+blood+vessels&amp;amp;simid=608046800895351688&amp;amp;ck=8675D7B289D9C8D0AD71A9BD21B0DEA2&amp;amp;selectedIndex=10&amp;amp;FORM=IRPRST&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&amp;amp;ccid=ztpm%2bdLD&amp;amp;id=4885455C4707AECD5F5756DBAD4AEE6C273A32AC&amp;amp;thid=OIP.ztpm-dLDj4qCezh1dsOnTgHaEv&amp;amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fRceda66f9d2c38f8a827b387576c3a74e%3frik%3drDI6J2zuSq3bVg%26riu%3dhttp%253a%252f%252fdxline.info%252fimg%252fnew_ail%252fbone-marrow.jpg%26ehk%3dUG4HAcoAdvZWNBGanJyM%252bWWUY9XF741fUrxwGhI8seU%253d%26risl%3d%26pid%3dImgRaw&amp;amp;exph=541&amp;amp;expw=845&amp;amp;q=bone+marrow+blood+vessels&amp;amp;simid=608046800895351688&amp;amp;ck=8675D7B289D9C8D0AD71A9BD21B0DEA2&amp;amp;selectedIndex=10&amp;amp;FORM=IRPRST&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;since reply to @carey-gregory fails&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;short explanation:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;relevant question including images&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24156/haemopoiesis-blood-cell-development-in-bone-marrow#&quot;&gt;Haemopoiesis (blood cell development) in bone marrow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;relevant comment by @ThePointer ( thank you)&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&amp;quot; @ThePointer addressing your comment to the question: the developing cells are outside the sinuses, then once they mature they are released into the sinuses, meaning in the marrow microcirculation. This all happens in the marrow - inside the bone. From there, via veins that perforate the outer bone layer (compact bone), they find connection to bigger veins and systemic circulation. – practiZ Jul 16 '20 at 0:40&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22153" LastEditorUserId="22153" LastEditDate="2021-05-29T21:08:43.870" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T21:08:43.870" Title="How to detect location of points, blood vessels perforate the outer bone layer?" Tags="&lt;bone-marrow&gt;&lt;blood-vessels&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26348" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-29T07:32:45.580" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am reading about sulfonamides and I see that &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfamethoxazole&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Sulfamethoxazole&lt;/a&gt; is considered to be bacteriostatic on its own, but when combined with &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Trimethoprim&lt;/a&gt;, the combination is considered bactericidal, and I am wondering why is that, because these two antibiotics work on two sequential stages of the enzymatic process of producing folate from para-aminobenzoic acid:&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G8per.png&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://i.stack.imgur.com/G8per.png&quot; alt=&quot;From PABA to purines&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;And this inhibition is bacteriostatic, because it does not kill the bacteria off directly, but simply prevents them from multiplying (which indirectly leads to their demise).&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If the antibacterial effect of each antibiotic separately is essentially the same (inhibiting folate production) and the difference is merely the stage, then why is inhibiting two enzymatic stages of the same process confer bactericidal properties? Shouldn't the end result (lack of folate) be just the same? What is it about the combined effect that makes it bactericidal?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;I found &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.quora.com/Why-sulfamethoxazole-is-bacteriostatic-but-sulfamethoxazole-with-trimethoprim-is-cidal&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;the same question&lt;/a&gt; on Quora, but the answer given there did nothing to actually explain the reason for this shift from bacteriostatic to bactericidal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Also, the (very) comprehensive antimicrobial manual - &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781455748013/mandell-douglas-and-bennetts-principles-and-practice-of-infectious-diseases&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noreferrer&quot;&gt;Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Eighth Edition, 2015, chapter 33&lt;/a&gt; - says the following about these antibiotics (bolding is mine for clarity):&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sulfonamides:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;The sulfonamides are &lt;strong&gt;bacteriostatic&lt;/strong&gt; in that they inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with microbial folic acid synthesis. More specifically, sulfonamides inhibit competitively the incorporation of PABA&#xA;into tetrahydropteroic acid, and they may be incorporated into dihydropteroate.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trimethoprim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Trimethoprim owes its activity to powerful inhibition of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, which is the enzyme step after the step in folic acid synthesis blocked by sulfonamides. Trimethoprim is 50,000 to 100,000 times more active against bacterial dihydrofolate reductase than against the human enzyme. Trimethoprim interferes with the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, the precursor of folinic acid and ultimately of purine and DNA synthesis (Fig. 33-3). &lt;strong&gt;The sequential blockage of the same biosynthetic pathway by sulfonamides and trimethoprim results in a high degree of synergistic activity against a wide spectrum of microorganisms&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Potentiation of the action of trimethoprim is seen in combination with sulfamethoxazole ... Variable &lt;strong&gt;bactericidal&lt;/strong&gt; effects have been noted when enterococci are tested against TMP-SMX, but TMP-SMX is not clinically useful.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;These excerpts also do not fully explain the mechanism of bacteriostatic effect turning bactericidal.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="7166" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T07:32:45.580" Title="Why is the antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole on its own is considered bacteriostatic and in combination with Trimethoprim it is considered bactericidal?" Tags="&lt;antibiotics&gt;&lt;enzyme&gt;&lt;mechanism-of-action&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26349" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-29T12:17:11.337" Score="0" ViewCount="9" Body="&lt;p&gt;Say I inhale a liter of air. What is roughly the volume of the exhaled gas? Is the volume exhaled more or less than the volume inhaled?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22154" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T12:17:11.337" Title="What is roughly the human inhale/exhale volume ratio?" Tags="&lt;lungs&gt;&lt;breathing&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26350" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-29T18:43:41.277" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;If cancer is positioned in a very sensitive area of the eye, is it possible to lead to blindness?&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="21339" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T18:43:41.277" Title="Asking about eye cancer" Tags="&lt;cancer&gt;&lt;eye&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
  <row Id="26351" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2021-05-29T21:18:43.817" Score="0" ViewCount="5" Body="&lt;p&gt;I am trying to wrap my head around the function of &amp;quot;gut microbiota - large intestine&amp;quot; system. I have read in wiki that:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Intestinal bacteria also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols, and xenobiotics.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Since this process happens in the large intestine, I was wondering:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;What substances can be absorbed by the large intestine?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;and consequently,&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Can there be microbes that produce/synthesize substances that we cannot absorb?&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;" OwnerUserId="22155" LastActivityDate="2021-05-29T21:18:43.817" Title="Question regarding gut microbiota and their function in the large intestine" Tags="&lt;intestine&gt;&lt;gut-microbiota-flora&gt;" AnswerCount="0" CommentCount="0" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
</posts>